bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical Profiling of Canine Intestinal T-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Matsumoto Isao , Nakashima Ko , Goto-Koshino Yuko , Chambers James Kenn , Tsujimoto Hajime , Nakayama Hiroyuki , Uchida Kazuyuki
Published: October 2018

Human enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is classified into 2 distinct subgroups based on their phenotypes (type I and type II). Canine intestinal T-cell lymphoma can be morphologically classified into large and small cell lymphomas (LCL and SCL, respectively). Their association with human EATL or immunohistochemical and biological features has not been well characterized. In this study, the immunohistochemical profiles of 17 cases of LCL and 33 cases of SCL were evaluated with markers used for human EATL classification. Morphologically, LCL was characterized by sheet-like proliferation of large to moderately sized neoplastic lymphocytes, with scant clear cytoplasm and pleomorphic, irregularly shaped nuclei containing distinctive nucleoli and scattered chromatin. In contrast, SCL was characterized by the proliferation of monomorphic small neoplastic lymphocytes, accompanied by infiltration of nonneoplastic plasma cells. Interestingly, 8 cases demonstrated mixed LCL and SCL morphologies. Granular cytoplasmic expression of granzyme B was observed in most LCL and SCL cases. Membranous expression of CD56 was demonstrated in only 2 of 17 LCL and 0 of 33 SCL cases. Coexpression of CD20 by neoplastic T cells was observed in more SCL cases (16/33; 48%) than LCL cases (1/17; 6%). The CD56-positive cells in 2 cases were negative for CD20. Although canine LCL shares common features with human EATL type I, canine SCL cells and human EATL type II differ in their immunophenotype. Canine intestinal T-cell lymphoma had a homogeneous immunophenotype regardless of cell morphology. The findings of this study may indicate large cell transformation of SCL rather than 2 distinct entities.
Eliminating the Achievement Gap: The 21ST Century Program
Authors: Hummel Mary L.
Published: October 2018

According to professor of psychology Claude Steele, practices such as support services for so-called at-risk students and the sidelining of minority interests in university life can actually undermine minority achievement. So what helps promote it? The answer for Steele and other educators at the University of Michigan is to raise expectations for all students. This is the philosophy behind the 21st Century Program.
Comparing Two Measures of Electoral Integrity in the American States
Authors: Flavin Patrick , Shufeldt Gregory
Published: October 2018

We compare two widely publicized measures of state electoral integrity in the United States: the Electoral Integrity Project's 2016 U.S. Perceptions of Electoral Integrity Survey and the Pew 2014 Elections Performance Index. First, we review the theoretical and empirical differences between the two measures and find that they correlate at a surprisingly low level across the states. Second, given this low correlation, we examine the component parts of these indices and find that both are capturing multiple dimensions. Third, we examine how the components and the individual indicators that comprise each measure are linked to citizens' stated perceptions about electoral integrity. Throughout the article, we articulate a set of preemptive recommendations that urge researchers to be cautious and deliberate when choosing among measures of electoral integrity to use in future empirical studies.
Accessing and Recruiting a Community-Based Sample of Men of Mexican Origin to Explore Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Mancera Bibiana M. , Mungal Angus Shiva , De Santis Joseph , Provencio-Vasquez Elias
Published: October 2018

Introduction:

Vulnerable populations are at greater risk for the burden of disease and negative health outcomes including alcohol abuse, high-risk sexual behavior, and intimate partner violence (IPV). Moreover, health disparities experienced by vulnerable populations are mediated by socioeconomic, ethnic, and racial factors. Risk factors for IPV perpetration are exacerbated by cultural and gender norms, particularly among men of Mexican origin.

Purpose:

To discuss research methods used in a community-based sample of men of Mexican origin and ways to overcome recruitment barriers through community engaged approaches.

Discussion:

Barriers can impede sampling, recruitment, and enrollment of vulnerable populations (e.g., IPV) but can be overcome. Strategies include: qualitative research methods, identifying key informants, and community engagement approaches, such as listening to the concerns of the community, incorporating the community’s knowledge to inform and improve the study, and building rapport to establish trust.

Conclusion:

Conducting research within vulnerable populations can be challenging but can be mitigated by incorporating multiple strategies. Thus, allowing researchers to gain access and valuable insight into traditionally underrepresented and understudied populations.
Bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Erlinge David , Koul Sasha , Omerovic Elmir , Fröbert Ole , Linder Rikard , Danielewicz Mikael , Hamid Mehmet , Venetsanos Dimitrios , Henareh Loghman , Pettersson Björn , Wagner Henrik , Grimfjärd Per , Jensen Jens , Hofmann Robin , Ulvenstam Anders , Völz Sebastian , Petursson Petur , Östlund Ollie , Sarno Giovanna , Wallentin Lars , Scherstén Fredrik , Eriksson Peter , James Stefan
Published: October 2018

Background:

The optimal anti-coagulation strategy for patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention is unclear in contemporary clinical practice of radial access and potent P2Y12-inhibitors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bivalirudin was superior to heparin monotherapy in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction without routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use.

Methods:

In a large pre-specified subgroup of the multicentre, prospective, randomised, registry-based, open-label clinical VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial we randomised patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, treated with ticagrelor or prasugrel, to bivalirudin or heparin monotherapy with no planned use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors during percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary endpoint was the rate of a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction or major bleeding within 180 days.

Results:

A total of 3001 patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, were enrolled. The primary endpoint occurred in 12.1% (182 of 1503) and 12.5% (187 of 1498) of patients in the bivalirudin and heparin groups, respectively (hazard ratio of bivalirudin compared to heparin treatment 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.78–1.18, p=0.69). The results were consistent in all major subgroups. All-cause death occurred in 2.0% versus 1.7% (hazard ratio 1.15, 0.68–1.94, p=0.61), myocardial infarction in 2.3% versus 2.5% (hazard ratio 0.91, 0.58–1.45, p=0.70), major bleeding in 8.9% versus 9.1% (hazard ratio 0.97, 0.77–1.24, p=0.82) and definite stent thrombosis in 0.3% versus 0.2% (hazard ratio 1.33, 0.30–5.93, p=0.82).

Conclusion:

Bivalirudin as compared to heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction did not reduce the composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction or major bleeding in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients receiving current recommended treatments with modern P2Y12-inhibitors and predominantly radial access.
Pomalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma
Authors: Garderet Laurent , Kuhnowski Frederique , Berge Benoit , Roussel Murielle , Escoffre-Barbe Martine , Lafon Ingrid , Facon Thierry , Leleu Xavier , Karlin Lionel , Perrot Aurore , Moreau Philippe , Marit Gerald , Stoppa Anne-Marie , Royer Bruno , Chaleteix Carine , Tiab Mourad , Araujo Carla , Lenain Pascal , Macro Margaret , Voog Eric , Benboubker Lofti , Allangba Olivier , Jourdan Eric , Orsini-Piocelle Frederique , Brechignac Sabine , Eveillard Jean-Richard , Belhadj Karim , Wetterwald Marc , Pegourie Brigitte , Jaccard Arnaud , Eisenmann Jean-Claude , Glaisner Sylvie , Mohty Mohamad , Hulin Cyrille , Loiseau Herve Avet , Mathiot Claire , Attal Michel
Published: October 2018

It is important to have an effective therapy for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) at first relapse, particularly if an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is considered at this stage. This multicenter, phase 2 trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of weekly oral pomalidomide-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone (PCD) in patients with MM in first relapse after treatment with lenalidomide-bortezomib-dexamethasone (RVD). All patients had received RVD as induction and consolidation therapy, plus lenalidomide maintenance for 1 year (arm A). Half had also received an ASCT after induction (arm B). At MM relapse, all patients received 4 oral cycles of pomalidomide 4 mg (days 1-21), cyclophosphamide 300 mg (days 1, 8, 15, and 22), and dexamethasone 40 mg (days 1-4 and days 15-18 of a 28-day cycle; PCD). Responding patients in arm A underwent ASCT and received 2 additional cycles of PCD, whereas those in arm B received 5 cycles of PCD. All patients received pomalidomide-dexamethasone maintenance until disease progression. Primary end point was partial remission or better after the initial 4 cycles of PCD. Responses were obtained in 82/97 (85%) patients evaluated: complete remission (n = 1; 1%), very good partial remission (n = 32; 33%), and partial remission (n = 49; 51%). Three patients (3%) had stable disease, and 6 (6%) had disease progression (6 response failures). Forty-five (94%) of the 48 patients in arm A underwent planned ASCT. PCD was effective therapy after first relapse with RVD. After 4 cycles, the rate of partial remission or better was 85%, and 94% of planned ASCTs were performed. Toxicity was mostly hematologic and manageable. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02244125.
Salivary Cortisone to Estimate Cortisol Exposure and Sampling Frequency Required Based on Serum Cortisol Measurements
Authors: Harrison Robert F , Debono Miguel , Whitaker Martin J , Keevil Brian G , Newell-Price John , Ross Richard J
Published: October 2018

Context

Population studies frequently measure cortisol as a marker of stress, and excess cortisol is associated with increased mortality. Cortisol has a circadian rhythm, and frequent blood sampling is impractical to assess cortisol exposure. We investigated measuring salivary cortisone and examined the sampling frequency required to determine cortisol exposure.

Methods

Serum and saliva with cortisol and cortisone were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in independent cohorts. The relationship between serum cortisol and salivary cortisone was analyzed in cohort 1 using a linear mixed effects model. The resulting fixed effects component was applied to cohort 2. Saliva cannot easily be collected when a patient is sleeping, so we determined the minimum sampling required to estimate cortisol exposure [estimated area under the curve (eAUC)] using 24-hour cortisol profiles (AUC24) and calculated the relative error (RE) for eAUC.

Results

More than 90% of variability in salivary cortisone could be accounted for by change in serum cortisol. A single serum cortisol measurement was a poor estimate of AUC24, especially in the morning or last thing at night (RE >68%); however, three equally spaced samples gave a median RE of 0% (interquartile range, −15.6% to 15.1%). In patients with adrenal incidentalomas, eAUC based on three serum cortisol samples showed a difference between those with autonomous cortisol secretion and those without (P = 0.03).

Interpretation

Accepting that most people sleep 7 to 8 hours, ∼8-hourly salivary cortisone measurements provide a noninvasive method of estimating 24-hour cortisol exposure for population studies.
Resident Competency and Proficiency in Combined Spinal–Epidural Catheter Placement Is Improved Using a Computer-Enhanced Visual Learning Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Nixon Heather C. , Stariha Jillian , Farrer Jason , Wong Cynthia A. , Maisels Max , Toledo Paloma
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:

Physician educators must balance the need for resident procedural education with clinical time pressures as well as patient safety and comfort. Alternative educational strategies, including e-learning tools, may be beneficial to orient novice learners to new procedures and speed proficiency. We created an e-learning tool (computer-enhanced visual learning [CEVL] neuraxial) to enhance trainee proficiency in combined spinal–epidural catheter placement in obstetric patients and performed a randomized controlled 2-center trial to test the hypothesis that use of the tool improved the initial procedure performed by the anesthesiology residents.

METHODS:

Anesthesiology residents completing their first obstetric anesthesiology rotation were randomized to receive online access to the neuraxial module (CEVL group) or no access (control) 2 weeks before the rotation. On the first day of the rotation, residents completed a neuraxial procedure self-confidence scale and an open-ended medical knowledge test. Blinded raters observed residents performing combined spinal–epidural catheter techniques in laboring parturients using a procedural checklist (0–49 pts); the time required to perform the procedure was recorded. The primary outcome was the duration of the procedure.

RESULTS:

The CEVL group had significantly shorter mean (±standard deviation) procedure time compared to the control group 22.5 ± 4.9 vs 39.5 ± 7.1 minutes (P < .001) and had higher scores on the overall performance checklist 36.4 ± 6.6 vs 28.8 ± 7.1 (P = .012). The intervention group also had higher scores on the open-ended medical knowledge test (27.83 ± 3.07 vs 22.25 ± 4.67; P = .002), but self-confidence scores were not different between groups (P = .64).

CONCLUSIONS:

CEVL neuraxial is a novel prerotation teaching tool that may enhance the traditional initial teaching of combined spinal–epidural procedures in obstetric anesthesiology. Future research should examine whether the use of web-based learning tools impacts long-term provider performance or patient outcomes.
Predicting the Depth of the Lumbar Plexus in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Jang Young-Eun , Lee Joon-Hee , Yoon Hee-Chul , Kim Eun-Hee , Lee Ji-Hyun , Kim Hee-Soo , Kim Jin-Tae
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:

The lumbar plexus (LP) block is commonly used for analgesia for lower extremities. If the depth of the LP (LPD) can be predicted, the performance time and procedure-related complications could be reduced.

METHODS:

Three hundred sixty-one magnetic resonance images of pediatric patients (<18 years of age) were analyzed. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to predict the LPD using patient age, weight, height, and the distance between the midline and posterior superior iliac spine (midline-PSIS). The ratio of the distance between the midline and the most lateral aspect of the LP (midline-LP) to midline-PSIS (midline-LP/midline-PSIS ratio) was calculated to suggest a needle insertion point at the L4/L5 intervertebral level. The presence of the kidney at the L4 level and the L4/L5 intervertebral level was determined.

RESULTS:

The LPD at the L4/L5 intervertebral levels was predicted using the equation LPD = 0.844 × weight (kg) + 25.8 (mm) in pediatric patients <18 years of age (r
2 = 0.791; 95% confidence interval [CI] of r
2, 0.753–0.829). The overall midline-LP/midline-PSIS ratio was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.86–0.89), and the ratio was higher in neonates and infants (0.98 [95% CI, 0.95–1.02]) than in the other age groups. The presence of the lower kidney pole at the L4 level was common in pediatric patients (43.7% of neonates and infants and 13.7% of toddlers and preschool-aged children). The lower kidney pole was observed at the L4/L5 level in 6 patients (1.7%).

CONCLUSIONS:

When LP block is performed in pediatric patients, the LPD and risk of renal injury should be considered for successful and safe analgesic block.
#TurbanteoConsciente
Authors: Serrano-Abreu María Beatriz
Published: October 2018

Turbanteo Consciente, literally “consciousness headwrap wearing,” is the term facilitators, participants, and collaborators have coined to name the process of thinking, creating, and promoting the headwrap workshops, a self-developed project that has been going on for more than a year in Puerto Rico. Through the lens of Welmo E. Romero Joseph and Gloribel Delgado Esquilín, this photo essay highlights some of the faces and moments that happen commonly during the process of a headwrap workshop. Our purpose as facilitators is to utilize the headwrap as a strategic hook to address three main subjects: the presence of racism in Puerto Rico and its connections to colonialism, a proposal to subvert patriarchal forms that dictate relationships between women, and an invitation to embrace our Afro-Caribbean identity as a manifestation of cultural resistance.
Panther Teacher
Authors: New Michael J.
Published: October 2018

Sarah Webster Fabio taught some of the earliest Black studies courses at Merritt College and the University of California, Berkeley, where founding members of the Black Panther Party and other activist organizations took her classes. In the mid-1960s she earned an international reputation as an essential voice within the Black Arts Movement. She was an early theorist of Black Vernacular English and later extended her work with multimedia by performing with musical accompaniment. In the 1970s she recorded four albums of poetry and music for Folkways Records and published a seven-volume series of chapbooks entitled Rainbow Signs. Yet Webster Fabio’s contributions to the Black Student, Black Power, and Black Arts movements have been largely forgotten by most who aren’t themselves veterans of these struggles. This essay recovers Webster Fabio’s life story and literary art in order to resituate women at the center of revolutionary Black art and activism.
Adverse effects and radiological manifestations of new immunotherapy agents
Authors: Tang Yen Zhi , Szabados Bernadett , Leung Cindy , Sahdev Anju
Published: October 2018

Immunotherapy has had increasing use in Medical Oncology for a diverse range of primary malignancies. There are various types of immunotherapy which are grouped based on mechanism of action. In recent decades, the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) immunotherapies have been at the forefront of Medical Oncology, sparked by very encouraging results. Some patients with metastatic cancer who were previously deemed palliative were seeing durable response rates and significant increased survival with ICIs. The mechanism of action of ICIs vary wildly compared to the conventional, cytotoxic chemotherapy, upon which traditional radiology response criteria were based and validated upon. Novel responses such as pseudo progression, disease response in the context of new metastases and prolonged stable disease were observed and correlated with improved patient survival with ICI. New radiology response criteria were proposed to better capture disease response to ICI; however, the criteria have been applied heterogeneously and there is continued work in this sector. In addition to the novel responses, ICIs have been linked to numerous, diverse immune-related adverse events (irAE) affecting multiple systems. A large majority of these are mild, but some irAEs are life threatening. Only some of the irAEs have radiological manifestations. It is important that the reporting radiologist recognises potential irAE so clinical teams can be alerted, ICI treatment paused or cessated and steroid treatment initiated. This review will discuss the evolution of the radiology response criteria in ICI and the varied radiological appearances of irAE.
New academic year, new challenges: Tips for student midwives to maintain momentum and motivation
Authors: Power Alison , Coiffait Sarah
Published: October 2018

At the start of the academic year, the physical signs of progression from one year to the next for student midwives include an additional stripe on an epaulette, a different coloured badge or perhaps a change of uniform. But what about emotional progression? If we think of learning as a continuum, a lifelong process of developing skills and knowledge, then the transition from one year to the next should be seamless. However, in the context of the pre-registration midwifery programme, each academic year places more complex demands on students in both theory and practice as they progress from concentrating on normality in year one, to altered health in year two, to leadership, consolidation of practice and preparation for qualification in year three.

The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code requires midwives to be ‘lifelong learners’, basing their practice on the best available evidence—an ethos that should be embedded from day one of midwifery training. After a summer break, returning to studies and the physical and emotional demands of the pre-registration midwifery programme can be daunting; this article will provide tips for students to maintain momentum and motivation as they progress to the next year of their studies.
The value of evidence in change
Authors: Cliffe Jonathan
Published: October 2018

An over-emphasis on targets, a lack of communication and worries about learning new skills: change can be daunting. But, as Jonathan Cliffe writes, knowing the evidence can help midwives prepare
Identifying and managing acute migraine attacks in adults
Authors: Bates Paul
Published: October 2018

Paul Bates, Senior Lecturer/Advanced Nurse Practitioner, University of Lincoln, pbates@lincoln.ac.uk , explains the most common symptoms, triggers and treatments of migraine, and the role of the nurse in patient care
Identifying and managing non-complex fractures
Authors: Chilvers Helen
Published: October 2018

Helen Chilvers, Senior Lecturer in Nursing, University of Lincoln, HChilvers@lincoln.ac.uk , emphasises the importance of understanding the bone-healing process and describes the care of patients with bony injuries
An audit of completion of diaries for rehabilitation in an intensive care unit
Authors: Ascough Lisa , Morrell-Scott Nicola
Published: October 2018

Intensive care unit (ICU) diaries are increasingly being used in UK hospitals as a therapeutic means to address the psychological effects of an ICU stay on patients. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends that services are developed to meet the psychological needs of patients following critical illness. This article discusses ICU diaries as a service to meet these needs. There is a greater demand for evidence-based research to support the positive effects of the diaries. Equally, there is a need to highlight the negative impact they may have on patients who would not wish to have a diary because of the traumatic experience of critical illness. To gain an insight into the use of patient diaries, an audit was conducted at one ICU, which found compliance with completing them was poor. This article gives an overview of the available literature. Recommendations are made to improve the use of ICU diaries for clinical practice in the future.
Small Animal Review
Authors: Tennant Bryn
Published: October 2018

Introduction:

Mammary carcinoma in the cat is an aggressive tumour that often shows recurrence. Bilateral mastectomy improves progression-free and disease-specific survival time, and can be performed in a staged fashion to reduce the risk of complications.
Pseudomonas otitis — frequently asked questions
Authors: Paterson Sue
Published: October 2018

Ear disease is a common problem in primary care practice. A clear understanding of the underlying causes of disease, the need to recognise and treat infection effectively and reverse chronic change to the canal, are key to resolving disease and preventing recurrence. Although symptomatic therapy with cleaners and drops have their place when the client presents their pet for the first time, the prolonged use of medication without addressing underlying primary causes and managing change within the canal will lead to recurrence of the problem; ongoing damage to the canal often with extension into the middle ear and potentially the development of multiply resistant infections. This article on Pseudomonas otitis is the third in a series of articles that addresses some of the most common challenges faced in practice in the management of ear disease.
Why work harder than you need to? Maintaining your dental instruments for easier, safer dental surgery
Authors: Crotaz Ivan
Published: October 2018

One of the biggest obstacles to effective dental surgery in general practice is that of blunt or damaged instrumentation. There are two surgical extraction techniques and an instrument type for each technique. The Elevation technique uses instruments with fatter, less acutely edged blades to rotate the tooth in its socket, tearing the periodontal ligament fibres to loosen the tooth. The luxation technique uses instruments with thin acutely edged blades to cut the periodontal ligament to loosen the tooth. Most surgeons use both luxation and elevation techniques during dental surgery. When a blade is used to cut any material, the sharp edge of the blade bends over slightly, widening and blunting the cutting edge. If a honing tool is used to realign this bent section back to the original shape, the blade can be maintained in a perfectly sharp state. If a blade is sharpened, metal has to be removed from the blade edge. If this sharpening is done by hand, the original cutting angles are difficult to replicate, resulting in blades that are not appropriately shaped for the surgery being performed. A number of manual and mechanised sharpening systems are available, but even mechanised sharpening, if incorrectly used, can change the characteristics of the blade and prevent it from working as designed. Instead, blades should be gently honed after each use to realign their cutting edges. Dental instruments are not immortal and should be replaced when the blade edges are damaged or misshapen. Regular honing and replacement when necessary will keep your dental kit in a perfect state at all times, resulting in easier, faster and safer dental surgery.
Help! There's a funny odour coming from my hive
Authors: Carr John , Palgrave Chris
Published: October 2018

While not all bee diseases are accompanied by a foul smell, a strange foul smell coming from a bee hive probably indicates a serious problem. This article describes the investigation of such a hive and the steps to be taken following detection of either European foulbrood or American foulbrood, including informing the local bee inspector or Defra, and practical management. It is important that affected hives are not treated with antibiotics in initial management; use of oxytetracycline may be authorised by the Defra inspector on rare occasions for treatment of European foulbrood.
The importance of quality early musical experiences
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: October 2018

This article considers the place of music in early years provision and brings together some thoughts as to the benefits of this provision to the wellbeing, learning and development of young children.
Why graduates really do matter
Authors: Kalitowski Susanna
Published: October 2018

The government's decision to not take forward commitments in its workforce strategy are, of course, disappointing, but should we be surprised that once again rhetoric is rarely backed with real policy?
Intra-operative imaging in trauma surgery
Authors: Keil Holger , Beisemann Nils , Swartman Benedict , Vetter Sven Yves , Grützner Paul Alfred , Franke Jochen
Published: October 2018

The reconstruction of anatomical joint surfaces, limb alignment and rotational orientation are crucial in the treatment of fractures in terms of preservation of function and range of motion. To assess reduction and implant position intra-operatively, mobile C-arms are mandatory to immediately and continuously control these parameters. Usually, these devices are operated by OR staff or radiology technicians and assessed by the surgeon who is performing the procedure. Moreover, due to special objectives in the intra-operative setting, the situation cannot be compared with standard radiological image acquisition. Thus, surgeons need to be trained and educated to ensure correct technical conduct and interpretation of radiographs. It is essential to know the standard views of the joints and long bones and how to position the patient and C-arm in order to acquire these views. Additionally, the operating field must remain sterile, and the radiation exposure of the patient and staff must be kept as low as possible. In some situations, especially when reconstructing complex joint fractures or spinal injuries, complete evaluation of critical aspects of the surgical results is limited in two-dimensional views and fluoroscopy. Intra-operative three-dimensional imaging using special C-arms offers a valuable opportunity to improve intra-operative assessment and thus patient outcome. In this article, common fracture situations in trauma surgery as well as special circumstances that the surgeon may encounter are addressed.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:541-549. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170074
Sustainable Management of Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich): How Botanical Insecticides and Fungicides Should Promote an Ecofriendly Control Strategy.
Authors: Boulogne Isabelle , Desfontaine Lucienne , Ozier-Lafontaine Harry , Loranger-Merciris Gladys
Published: October 2018

The leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) causes serious damage to crops and protected areas due to its foraging activity. The main method of control of this species consists of the use of synthetic insecticides that can lead to environmental damage and negative side effects on human health. Consequently, alternative strategies, such as biopesticides, are needed. Insecticide evaluation by ingestion assays was performed using A. octospinosus in vitro bioassay and laboratory nests. Chemical analyses were also performed to know the contents of plant extracts. This study showed that Mammea americana L. is the most promising insecticidal plant extract in the control of A. octospinosus. Indeed, the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC99) an the lethal dose (LD99) of the M. americana extract (51.31 mg.mL-1, 131.92 mg.mL-1, and 17.36 mg/g of ant respectively) were the closest to those of Fipronil, 0.03 g/kg, the commercial insecticide used as positive control.
Canopy Ant Assemblage (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Two Vegetation Formations in the Northern Brazilian Pantanal
Authors: Dambros Juliane , França Vanessa Vindica , Delabie Jacques Hubert Charles , Marques Marinez Isaac , Battirola Leandro Dênis
Published: October 2018

The landscape of the northern Pantanal region is a mosaic of fields and forests, distributed according to topography and hydrology of this floodplain, resulting in a particular pattern of vegetation distribution. Among the forest formations, mixedspecies and monodominant landscape units can be found which are associated with floodable or non-floodable habitats. Our study tested the hypothesis that forest formations with greater tree richness and which are non floodable (cordilheiras) maintain distinct richness and composition in canopy ant assemblages in relation to the seasonally floodable monodominant forests (cambarazais). Sampling was performed in 10 sample areas (five cambarazais and five cordilheiras) by means of canopy insecticide fogging during the dry and high water seasons of the Pantanal’s hydrological cycle. The canopy ant assemblages revealed 105 species belonging to 30 genera and nine subfamilies. Myrmicinae (41 spp.), Formicinae (20 spp.) and Pseudomyrmecinae (17 spp.) predominated. Our results revealed that the composition of canopy ant assemblages varied between cambarazal and cordilheira forests, as well as between the dry and high water periods. Nevertheless, the richness was homogeneous between these forests and in the dry and high water periods. These results show the specificity of each forest, as well as its structure, in maintaining distinct compositions in ant assemblages in canopies in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso.
A Fatal Nest Construction: Man-mixed Cement Used by Mud-daubing Wasps
Authors: Falcón-Brindis Armando , Rodriguez-Estrella Ricardo , Jiménez Maria Luisa
Published: October 2018

Some sphecid wasps apparently show tolerance to urban habitats. However, resilience to man-made environments may have harmful consequences when behavioral errors can lead to ecological traps. We report failures in nesting construction of Sceliphron jamaicense by erroneous choosing of building material (i.e. mud). We found a proportion of nests (1.26%)where the wasps used both mud and concrete to seal the nests. Consequently, the brood was unable to emerge through the hardened material. It seems that the discrimination between building materials appears to be poor in these hymenopterans. Such ecological traps could have long term negative consequences around urban environments.
Sequencing the Ant fauna of a Small Island: Can Metagenomic Analysis Enable Faster Identification for Routine Ant Surveys?
Authors: Majer Jonathan David , Heterick Brian E , Gunawardene Nihara R , Castalanelli Mark , Ledger Jason
Published: October 2018

All known ant species from a small Western Australian island were subjected to DNA barcoding of the CO1 gene, with a view to using the database to identify ants by Next Generation Sequencing in subsequent, routine surveys. A further aim was to evaluate whether the data could be used to see if any new species had arrived on the island since the total fauna had been inventoried. Of the 125 unique ant species then known from the island, 72 were successfully barcoded. Those that were refractory to amplification were largely the result of sample age and/or contamination. Following this base-line barcoding, ants were sampled from 14 regular sampling sites and ant sequences were obtained from the bulked ‘metagenomic soup’. Prior to doing this, a parataxonomist had identified all ant species in the samples and returned them to the ‘soup’. Successful identification for each site varied from 38% (Sites 12 and 27) to 100% of species (Site 10). Comparison of the number of species recovered with the number of sequences obtained from each sample showed a positive correlation between the two variables. When a site had >1,000 sequences, the average recovery rate was 79%, which is in contrast to the lowest four recovery rates (Site samples 12, 22, 26 and 27), which had fewer than 440 amplicon sequences. The ability to detect individuals that occur at low frequencies is also important. We analysed each site individually to determine if a species was detected and how that related to the proportion of individuals in the pooled sample. Where a species was present at <4% of the total sample, it was only detected 10% of the time, indicating that adequate sequencing depth is critical to species recovery. We conclude that this technique was only partially successful in replacing conventional taxonomy and that it could have limited ability to detect incursions unless the new arrival is abundant. Current barcoding is no longer limited to the CO1 gene and other genes are characterised for identification of intractable groups where CO1 does not provide appropriate levels of resolution.
“The road to reproduction”: foraging trails of Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) as maternities for Staphylinidae beetles
Authors: Oliveira Mário Herculano de , Vieira Rhian Vilar da Silva , Moreira Igor Eloi , Pires-Silva Carlos Moreno , Lima Hidalgo Valentim Gomes de , Andrade Marllon Rinaldo de Lima , Bezerra-Gusmão Maria Avany
Published: October 2018

Corotoca (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) beetles are known for their close integration in the nests of the termite Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae). Although this relationship is regarded as ancient, many details are still obscure, such as their reproduction and the processes that lead to the dispersal of new beetles. We observed the use of termite foraging trails by Staphylinidae females to deposit and disperse their larvae. We recorded the deposition of larvae of C. melantho, C. fontesi, and C. sp. n. on the dorsal surfaces of termite host workers. The workers continue to follow the foraging trail until the newborn larvae freed themselves and fell into the leaf litter, subsequently burrowing into the ground. Information regarding the life stages of those Staphylinidae larvae outside the termite nest is important to understanding their full lifecycle as those taxa have strong relationships with the nest environment but also require dispersal strategies.
Magnitude and risk factors for hypertension among public servants in Tigray, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Bayray Alemayehu , Meles Kidanu Gebremariam , Sibhatu Yosef
Published: October 2018

Background

Hypertension is a globally recognized threat to social and economic development with premature morbidity and mortality. In middle and low-income countries hypertension appears to be increasing. However, sufficient data on this silent-killer is not available in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study examined the magnitude and risk factors for hypertension among public servants in Tigray, Ethiopia.

Methods

We used a cross-sectional survey from May-June 2016 among 1525 public servants in Tigray region. Field workers collected data using a pre-tested, standardized questionnaire. A multivariate logistic regression analysis conducted to identify risk factors for hypertension. Statistical significance was declared using a p-value<0.05 and 95% of confidence interval (CI) for an adjusted odds ratio (AOR).

Results

The overall prevalence of hypertension was 16% (95% CI: 13.10–21.9) and the proportion of awareness (96.7%), treatment (31.3%) and control of hypertension (40.1%) among employees. Being male [AOR = 2.06, 95%CI:1.49, 2.84], ages groups of 30–49 years [AOR = 2.21, 95%CI:1.25, 3.89] and >50years [AOR = 3.61, 95% CI:1.93, 6.69], Body Mass Index(BMI); underweight [AOR = 0.40, 95% CI; 0.20, 0.78], overweight [AOR = 1.70, 95%CI; 1.22, 2.33] and obesity [AOR = 3.20, 95% CI; 1.78, 5.78] were determinants for hypertension.

Conclusion

The prevalence of hypertension is relatively high in Mekelle city compared with previous reports. This study revealed that male sex, age-group, and BMI were evidenced as risk factors for hypertension. Policy makers need to consider sector wise integrating prevention and control of hypertension. Skilled based information, education and communication strategies should be designed and implemented to avoid unhealthy lifestyles, investing in workforces to eliminate the modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases and promote healthy practices.
Advances in the Treatment of Hemophilia: Implications for Laboratory Testing
Authors: Tripodi Armando , Chantarangkul Veena , Novembrino Cristina , Peyvandi Flora
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Until recently, clinical laboratories have monitored hemophilia treatment by measuring coagulation factors before/after infusion of human-derived or recombinant factors. Substantial changes are expected in the near future based on new therapeutic approaches that have been or are being developed.

CONTENT

Hemophilia treatment includes replacement therapy with human-derived/recombinant factors or treatment with bypassing agents for patients without or with inhibitors, respectively. Accordingly, laboratory methods for monitoring include one-stage clotting or chromogenic assays meant to measure either factor VIII/IX or global coagulation tests to measure the effect of bypassing agents. Recently, modified long-acting coagulation factors have been introduced for which discrepant results may be expected when measurement is performed with one-stage clotting or chromogenic assays. Currently, novel drugs not based on coagulation factors are under development and are being tested in clinical studies. These drugs do require new methods and therefore laboratory evaluation of hemophilia will undergo dramatic changes in the near future.

From the analysis of the current practice and literature, we draw the following conclusions: (a) Thrombin generation or thromboelastometry are the logical candidate assays to monitor bypassing agents. (b) Considerable differences are expected when measuring modified long-acting coagulation factors, depending on whether one-stage or chromogenic assays are used. Although no definitive conclusions can presently be drawn, chromogenic assays are probably more suitable than one-stage clotting. (c) Novel drugs not based on coagulation factors such as emicizumab, fitusiran, or concizumab that are entering the market do require alternative methods that are not yet well established.
Serum IGF-1 and short stature in adolescents with beta-thalassemia major
Authors: Elizabeth Monalisa , Fadlyana Eddy , Reniarti Lelani , Faisal Faisal , Sukandar Hadyana , Rusmil Kusnandi
Published: October 2018

Background The  prevalence  of  short  stature  in  thalassemia  patients ranges from 39.3 to 65%.  The  cause  of short stature is complex  and  still up for debate.  In  Indonesia, data on the  prevalence  and risk  factors  of  short  stature  in  adolescents  with  thalassemia  have been limited.

Objective To assess for the prevalence and risk factors of short stature in adolescents with beta-thalassemia major.

Methods This cross-sectional study was done from February to March 2017 at the Thalassemia Clinic at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung. The baseline characteristics data of 80 adolescents with thalassemia aged 10-14 years were recorded. Short stature was assessed by height-for-age, (Z-score <-2SD) based on the 2007 WHO Reference Growth Chart. Mid-upper arm circumference was scored according to age and sex and serum IGF-1 was measured by ELISA method. Data analyses used were Chi-square, Fisher’s, and Mann-Whitney tests. Logistic regression model was used to further analyze for risk factors of short stature.

Results Subjects were 40 males and 40 females, 81.2% of whom had short stature. The mean serum IGF-1 level was 32.2 (SD 26.38) ng/mL. The IGF-1 cut-off point by ROC curve was £38.51 ng/mL, with sensitivity of 64.4% and specificity of 86.7%. The risk factors of short stature were IGF-1 level £38.51 ng/mL (PR 40.66; 95%CI 4.37 to 377.58; P<0.001) and low family income (PR 19.76; 95%CI: 1.152 to 256.08; P=0.022).

Conclusion IGF-1 level may be useful as a predictor of short stature in adolescent beta-thalassemia major patients.
Growth Pattern of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Cassava Mill Effluents
Authors: Chibueze Izah Sylvester
Published: October 2018

Nigeria is the world leading producer of cassava. During processing of gari from cassava tuber large volume of effluents are discharged in the environment which is toxic to the environment and some of its associated biota. This study evaluated the growth pattern of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in cassava mill effluents. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from palm wine following standard microbiological procedure. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae was inoculated into the sterile effluents and incubated for 15 days. At every 3days interval, 1ml of the effluents was obtained from the medium and the population density determined. Results of the growth showed that the population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were 0.00 x 106 cfu/ml at day 0 (without inoculum), which rose to 2.88 x 106 cfu/ml at day 3, 272.67 x 106 cfu/ml at day 12 and decline slightly at day 15 (13.57 x 106 cfu/ml). There was significant variations (P<0.05) among the various period of study. The study showed that the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the effluent was optimum at day 12, then after the density began to decline.
Neuroscience and digital learning environment in universities: What do current research tell us?
Authors: Ng Betsy , Ong Aloysius K. K.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this article is to offer insights into current understanding of digital learning environments (DLEs) from a neuroscientific perspective. Cognitive neuroscience methods are increasingly applied in educational research to examine the neural underpinnings of learning. As such, neuroscientific evidence can play an important role in advancing current knowledge base from the existing self-reported data and behavioural measures in the field of educational technology. In this paper, we focus our review of neuroscience research on DLEs that can potentially transform the way we view learning and instruction. We discuss recent empirical studies done on DLEs using common cognitive neuroscience methods which included eye tracking, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We offer recommendations for future applications of neuroscience methods in behavioural research within DLEs.
China Whispers: The Symbolic, Economic, and Political Presence of China in Contemporary American Science Fiction Film
Authors: Longden Kenneth
Published: October 2018

China has long been present in Western science fiction, but largely through notions of Orientalism and depictions as the 'Yellow Peril'. However, with China's new ascendancy and modernization over the last 15 years, along with its investment and collaboration with Hollywood in particular, contemporary film in general, and contemporary science fiction in particular, has embraced this new China in ways hitherto unseen before. This essay examines three contemporary western/American science fiction films which each represent and construct China in slightly different ways, and in ways which reveal the West, and Hollywood's reappraisal of the relationship with China and its emerging 'Soft Power.'.
Simple one-pot green method for large-scale production of mesalamine, an anti-inflammatory agent
Authors: Vijaya Lakshmi C. , Katari Naresh Kumar , Jonnalagadda Sreekantha B.
Published: October 2018

We report a rapid and efficient synthesis protocol for mesalamine via a green approach with 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid as the starting material, for its large-scale production. This one-pot method involves the conversion of a chloro group into a hydroxyl group using aqueous KOH solution, followed by the reduction of a nitro group to amine using Pd/C. The product was characterised and confirmed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, IR and mass spectrometry techniques. The salient features of the method include excellent conversion (99.3%), high yield (93%), cost effectiveness and validated results for benign, large-scale production.
Structural Characteristics and Hydration Kinetics of Oxidized Steel Slag in a CaO-FeO-SiO2-MgO System
Authors: Jiang Liang , Bao Yiwang , Chen Yuhong , Liu Guiqun , Zhang Xiaoli , Han Fenglan , Yang Qixing
Published: October 2018

Although steel slag exhibits cementitious properties, the addition of steel slag in cement is still limited due to both the presence of excess iron oxides and instability of free lime and periclase. This paper proposes a method for oxidizing molten slag in air, aiming at extraction of superfluous wustite and stabilization of free lime and periclase. Mineralogical characteristics of raw slag and modified products were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy equipped with backscattered electron imaging (SEM-BEI), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermodynamic calculations were performed to aid to discuss the experimental results. The results indicate that non-magnetic wustite and periclase are transformed into magnetic spinel (magnetite/magnesioferrite) after oxidation. Temperature has a significant effect on the formation of spinel. The mass fraction of free lime decreases from 3.54 wt.% to 0.96 wt.% as a result of the conversion from free lime to calcium ferrite.