bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of pathological reporting for renal cell cancer: implications for systemic therapy, prognostication and surveillance
Authors: Shuch Brian , Pantuck Allan J. , Pouliot Frederic , Finley David S. , Said Jonathan W. , Belldegrun Arie S. , Saigal Chris
Published: November 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (retrospective cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Pathology reporting is an important aspect of cancer care for all solid malignancies and the College of American Pathologists has set forth specific guidelines. Many prognostic nomograms for kidney cancer rely on important pathologic characteristics but it is unknown if current reporting practices permit use of these models.

This study shows limitations in the current pathological reporting practices for kidney cancer. Guidelines set forth by the College of American Pathologists are frequently not met and this could limit the use of prognostic models and enrollment into adjuvant trials. Efforts should be made to improve reporting practices by methods such as standard template reporting.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether current nephrectomy pathology reports are sufficient to allow clinicians to use prognostic nomograms, tailor surveillance, enroll patients into adjuvant trials and select systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Nephrectomy pathology reports were obtained from the LA County Tumor Registry. Key reporting elements identified by the College of American Pathology (CAP) and utilized in RCC prognostic models were abstracted. Hospital type was coded as community, teaching or cancer centre.

Reporting quality was assessed across hospital type and year.

RESULTS

A total of 317 of 344 sampled reports (92.2%) met the inclusion criteria. Tumour size and margin status were commonly reported. Some 90.2% and 84.2% of reports provided data on histology and Fuhrman grade. Tumour classification was omitted in 27.8%.

Microvascular invasion and necrosis were infrequently reported (44.5% and 25.6%, respectively). Only 59.9% of reports met CAP guidelines for tumour classification, margin, size, histology and grade.

Two prognostic nomograms (Stage, Size, Grade and Necrosis system and Kattan) could rarely be utilized (15.8% and 12.3%, respectively), whereas the UCLA Integrated Staging System could be used frequently (65.6%). There were discrepancies satisfying CAP guidelines between community, teaching and cancer centre hospitals, with 54.7%, 70.5% and 75% of reports meeting CAP criteria (P= 0.0102).

CONCLUSIONS

Current RCC pathology reporting fails to satisfy CAP guidelines, does not permit the use of prognostic systems, and may hinder enrollment into adjuvant trials and the selection of systemic therapy. Important reporting discrepancies exist between hospital types, with cancer centres performing best.

Quality improvement initiatives to encourage consistent, comprehensive and clinically relevant pathology reports would improve the quality of RCC patient care.
Prognostic risk stratification of pathological stage T2N0 bladder cancer after radical cystectomy
Authors: Sonpavde Guru , Khan Myrna M. , Svatek Robert S. , Lee Richard , Novara Giacomo , Tilki Derya , Lerner Seth P. , Amiel Gilad E. , Skinner Eila , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Bastian Patrick J. , Kassouf Wassim , Fritsche Hans‐Martin , Izawa Jonathan I. , Ficarra Vincenzo , Dinney Colin P. , Lotan Yair , Fradet Yves , Shariat Shahrokh F.
Published: November 2010

Study Type – Therapy (individual cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) and pathological (p) stage T2N0 disease exhibit a range of clinical outcomes with an overall estimated 10–25% experiencing recurrence and death after radical cystectomy (RC). Nomograms to prognosticate UCB post‐RC have been developed in heterogeneous datasets of patients across different stages and do not address factors unique to pT2N0 disease.

A user‐friendly prognostic risk model was devised for patients with pT2N0 UCB undergoing RC based on residual pathological stage at RC (pT2a, pT2b, <pT2), grade (high, low) and lymphovascular invasion (present or absent). The three risk groups exhibited five‐year recurrence‐free survivals of 95%, 86% and 62%, respectively. These data warrant validation and may help design adjuvant therapy trials as well as tailor the intensity of post‐operative monitoring.

OBJECTIVE

• To stratify risk of pathological (p) T2N0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder after radical cystectomy (RC) based on pathological factors to facilitate the development of adjuvant therapy trials for high‐risk patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• The study comprised 707 patients from a database of patients with pT2N0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder who had undergone RC and not received perioperative chemotherapy.

• The effect of residual pT‐stage at RC, age, grade, lymphovascular invasion and number of lymph nodes removed on recurrence‐free survival was evaluated using Cox regression analyses. A weighted prognostic model was devised with significant variables.

RESULTS

• The median follow up was 60.9 months. In multivariable analyses, residual disease at RC (pT2a: hazard ratio (HR) 1.740, P = 0.03; for pT2b: HR 3.075, P < 0.001; both compared with <pT2), high‐grade (HR 2.127, P = 0.09) and lymphovascular invasion (HR 2.234, P < 0.001) were associated with recurrence‐free survival (c = 0.70).

• Three risk groups were devised based on weighted variables with 5‐year recurrence‐free survival of 95% (95% CI 87–98), 86% (95% CI 81–90) and 62% (95% CI 54–69) in the good‐risk, intermediate‐risk and poor‐risk groups, respectively (c = 0.68). The primary limitation is the retrospective and multicenter feature.

CONCLUSIONS

• A prognostic risk model for patients with pT2N0 bladder cancer undergoing RC with generally adequate lymph node dissection was constructed based on residual pathological stage at RC, grade and lymphovascular invasion.

• These data warrant validation and may enable the selection of patients with high‐risk pT2N0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder for adjuvant therapy trials.
Ethnicity, Development and Gender: Tsáchila Indigenous Women in Ecuador
Authors: Radcliffe Sarah , Pequeño Andrea
Published: November 2010

In recent decades, indigenous populations have become the subjects and agents of development in national and international multicultural policy that acknowledges poverty among indigenous peoples and their historic marginalization from power over development. Although the impact of these legal and programmatic efforts is growing, one persistent axis of disadvantage, male–female difference,1 is rarely taken into account in ethno‐development policy and practice. This article argues that assumptions that inform policy related to indigenous women fail to engage with indigenous women's development concerns. The institutional separation between gender and development policy (GAD) and multiculturalism means that provisions for gender in multicultural policies are inadequate, and ethnic rights in GAD policies are invisible. Drawing on post‐colonial feminism, the paper examines ethnicity and gender as interlocking systems that structure indigenous women's development experiences. These arguments are illustrated in relation to the case of the Tsáchila ethno‐cultural group in the South American country of Ecuador.
Children’s Reasoning About Disclosing Adult Transgressions: Effects of Maltreatment, Child Age, and Adult Identity
Authors: Lyon Thomas D. , Ahern Elizabeth C. , Malloy Lindsay C. , Quas Jodi A.
Published: November 2010

A total of two hundred ninety‐nine 4‐ to 9‐year‐old maltreated and nonmaltreated children of comparable socioeconomic status and ethnicity judged whether children should or would disclose unspecified transgressions of adults (instigators) to other adults (recipients) in scenarios varying the identity of the instigator (stranger or parent), the identity of the recipient (parent, police, or teacher), and the severity of the transgression (“something really bad” or “something just a little bad”). Children endorsed more disclosure against stranger than parent instigators and less disclosure to teacher than parent and police recipients. The youngest maltreated children endorsed less disclosure than nonmaltreated children, but the opposite was true among the oldest children. Older maltreated children distinguished less than nonmaltreated children between parents and other types of instigators and recipients.
Differing Levels of Gender Salience in Preschool Classrooms: Effects on Children’s Gender Attitudes and Intergroup Bias
Authors: Hilliard Lacey J. , Liben Lynn S.
Published: November 2010

Developmental intergroup theory posits that when environments make social‐group membership salient, children will be particularly likely to apply categorization processes to social groups, thereby increasing stereotypes and prejudices. To test the predicted impact of environmental gender salience, 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children (N = 57) completed gender attitude, intergroup bias, and personal preference measures at the beginning and end of a 2‐week period during which teachers either did or did not make gender salient. Observations of peer play were also made at both times. After 2 weeks, children in the high‐ (but not low‐) salience condition showed significantly increased gender stereotypes, less positive ratings of other‐sex peers, and decreased play with other‐sex peers. Children’s own activity and occupational preferences, however, remained unaffected.
Race Salience and Essentialist Thinking in Racial Stereotype Development
Authors: Pauker Kristin , Ambady Nalini , Apfelbaum Evan P.
Published: November 2010

The authors explored the emergence and antecedents of racial stereotyping in 89 children ages 3–10 years. Children completed a number of matching and sorting tasks, including a measure designed to assess their knowledge and application of both positive and negative in‐group and out‐group stereotypes. Results indicate that children start to apply stereotypes to the out‐group starting around 6 years of age. Controlling for a number of factors, 2 predictors contributed significantly toward uniquely explaining the use of these stereotypes: race salience (i.e., seeing and organizing by race) and essentialist thinking (i.e., believing that race cannot change). These results provide insight into how and when real‐world interventions aimed at altering the acquisition of racial stereotypes may be implemented.
BODIES AT THE MARGINS: The Case of Transsexuality in Catholic and Shia Ethics
Authors: Bucar Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2010

This essay explores the ways in which emerging religious understandings of sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) have potential for new work in comparative ethics. I focus on the startling diversity of teachings on transsexuality among the Vatican and leading Shia clerics in Iran. While the Vatican rejects SRS as a cure for transsexuality, Iranian clerics not only support decisions to transition to a new sex, they see it as necessary in some cases given the gendered nature of the moral life. In this essay, after describing the practical justification for sexual reassignment surgeries in Iranian fatwas and the emerging official Vatican position on transsexuality, I explain how these divergent positions are based on different semiotics of sex and gender that reflect specific ontological views of the human body.
SPIRITUALITY AS AN EXPLANATORY AND NORMATIVE SCIENCE: APPLYING LONERGAN'S ANALYSIS OF INTENTIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS TO RELATE PSYCHOLOGY AND THEOLOGY
Authors: HELMINIAK DANIEL A.
Published: November 2010

In a pluralistic society, consensus in spirituality must rest on a common human basis. The relevant social sciences as currently conceived cannot provide one. Bernard Lonergan's analysis of the human spirit – or intentional consciousness – elaborates the overlooked element in a psychological account of the human mind and, thus, grounds a psychology of spirituality as the natural expression of ongoing human integration, an account that is fully open to and, indeed, begs for theological elaboration. Initially unpacking the complexities of this matter and sketching a Lonerganian response, this paper focuses on the key complexity – the misidentification of the spiritual with the divine and the pervasive insistence, inherited from a pre‐scientific age and perpetuated by Western piety, that first and foremost spirituality entails an explicit relationship with God. Treatment of a specifically Lonerganian topic – the suggestion that, because of the transformation effected by sanctifying grace in the human soul, consciousness includes a supposed fifth level characterized by the love of God – occasions an in‐depth argument for the practical adequacy of a psychological treatment of spirituality apart from theological considerations. The ultimate goal of this argument is to establish, within a coherent interdisciplinary framework, an explanatory and normative treatment of spiritual issues, a science of spirituality.
Identifying Cheating on Unproctored Internet Tests: The Z‐test and the likelihood ratio test
Authors: Guo Jing , Drasgow Fritz
Published: November 2010

Unproctored Internet testing (UIT) is becoming more popular in employment settings due to its cost effectiveness and efficiency. However, one of the major concerns with UIT is the possibility of cheating behaviors: a more capable conspirator can sit beside the real applicant and answer test items, or the applicant may use unauthorized materials. The present study examined the effectiveness of using a proctored verification test following the UIT to identify cheating in UIT, where 2 test statistics, a Z‐test and a likelihood ratio (LR) test, compare the consistency of test performance across the testing conditions. A simulation study was conducted to test the effectiveness of the two test statistics for a computerized adaptive test format. Results indicate that both test statistics have high power to detect dishonest job applicants at low Type I error rates. Compared with the LR test, the Z‐test was more efficient and effective and is therefore recommended for practical applications. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Investigating the Moderating Role of Cultural Practices on the Effect of Selection Fairness Perceptions
Authors: Walsh Benjamin M. , Tuller Michael D. , Barnes‐Farrell Janet L. , Matthews Russell A.
Published: November 2010

Utilizing a sample of applicants to positions in a global corporation, we examined whether cultural practices moderate the effect of selection fairness perceptions on organizational attractiveness and job choice. Positive relationships were anticipated between fairness perceptions and outcomes, and performance orientation and uncertainty avoidance cultural practices were hypothesized to moderate the effects of structural and information sharing perceptions, respectively. Structural fairness perceptions were positively associated with both outcomes, but information‐sharing perceptions were significantly related only to organizational attractiveness. National variability in the effect of selection fairness perceptions was observed only for the effect of structural perceptions on organizational attractiveness. Performance orientation moderated this effect such that the strongest relationship was seen among applicants from more performance‐oriented countries.
Environment‐dependent inbreeding depression: its ecological and evolutionary significance
Authors: Cheptou Pierre‐Olivier , Donohue Kathleen
Published: November 2010

Inbreeding depression is a major evolutionary and ecological force that influences population dynamics and the evolution of inbreeding‐avoidance traits such as mating systems and dispersal. There is now compelling evidence that inbreeding depression is environment‐dependent. Here, we discuss ecological and evolutionary consequences of environment‐dependent inbreeding depression. The environmental dependence of inbreeding depression may be caused by environment‐dependent phenotypic expression, environment‐dependent dominance, and environment‐dependent natural selection. The existence of environment‐dependent inbreeding depression challenges classical models of inbreeding as caused by unconditionally deleterious alleles, and suggests that balancing selection may shape inbreeding depression in natural populations; loci associated with inbreeding depression in some environments may even contribute to adaptation to others. Environment‐dependent inbreeding depression also has important, often neglected, ecological and evolutionary consequences: it can influence the demography of marginal or colonizing populations and alter adaptive optima of mating systems, dispersal, and their associated traits. Incorporating the environmental dependence of inbreeding depression into theoretical models and empirical studies is necessary for understanding the genetic and ecological basis of inbreeding depression and its consequences in natural populations.

Contents

Summary
395

I.
Introduction
396

II.
What is inbreeding depression?
396

III.
Causes of environment‐dependent inbreeding depression
397

IV.
Ecological and evolutionary consequences of environment‐dependent inbreeding depression
401

V.
Feedbacks when inbreeding depression influences the environment
404

VI.
Conclusions and future directions
405

Acknowledgements
406

References
406
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects against oxidative stress‐related renal dysfunction in rats treated with cyclosporin A
Authors: Wongmekiat Orawan , Gomonchareonsiri Sumittra , Thamprasert Kamthorn
Published: November 2010

The therapeutic index of cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug, is limited by its nephrotoxic effect. Oxidative stress is suggested to play a crucial role as pathogenic factors. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a phenolic antioxidant, on renal function, morphology, and oxidative stress following CsA treatment. Rats were treated with vehicle, CsA (50 mg/kg), and CsA plus CAPE (10 and 30 μmol/kg) for 10 days. Renal function, histopathology, and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated 24 h after the last treatment. CsA produced nephrotoxicity as indicated by a significant increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, but decrease creatinine and urea clearance compared to those treated with vehicle. Severe vacuolations and tubular necrosis were evident in the kidney of CsA‐treated rats. CsA also increased renal MDA and decreased GSH content significantly. Administration of CAPE along with CsA restored all the changes caused by CsA. These results clearly demonstrate the pivotal role of oxidative stress and its relation to renal dysfunction and also point to the protective potential of CAPE against CsA nephrotoxicity. The protection afforded by CAPE is mediated, at least in part, through inhibiting renal lipid peroxidation and enhancing or maintaining the antioxidant glutathione content.
Radiofrequency Ablation Within the First Intercoccygeal Disk for Coccygodynia: A Case Report
Authors: Scemama Pascal , Shaparin Naum , Kaufman Andrew , Dua Susheel
Published: November 2010

Interventional procedures for coccydynia (coccygodynia) are limited. This is a case report of long‐term improvement following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) within the 1st intercoccygeal disk.

Case Presentation:  A 44‐year‐old female presented with a 1 year history of coccydynia following a fall. Examination under fluoroscopy localized her pain at the disk between the 1st and 2nd coccygeal vertebrae. Provocation with needle entry reproduced the patient's pain, and the 1st intercoccygeal disk was injected with 40 mg of methylprednisolone. This gave the patient excellent relief for about 3 weeks. The procedure was repeated at 4 weeks, providing with the same response. Decision was then made to proceed with RFA. Her symptoms were reproduced in response to stimulation at 50 Hz with 0.9 V, and stimulation at 2 Hz at 2 V did not result in any motor stimulation. RFA was then carried out at 70°C for 80 seconds, followed by injection of 20 mg of methylprednisolone. The patient's Numeric Rating Scale pain score decreased from 9/10 to 3/10 after the RFA. She had about 70% relief for about 6 months.

Discussion:  There is evidence that intercoccygeal disks can be a source of coccydynia. Immunohistochemistry has shown mechanoreceptors in intercoccygeal disks, and coccygeal discography has been shown to reproduce coccygeal pain. Intercoccygeal disk injection is described as a therapeutic option in the literature. Because various RFA techniques have been successfully used for intervertebral diskogenic pain, the decision was made to attempt RFA at the 1st intercoccygeal disk with resultant significant long‐term improvement.
Clarifying the Standard Deviational Ellipse
Authors: Gong Jianxin
Published: November 2010

For a set of geographical units in the Cartesian coordinate system, the locus of the standard deviation of the x coordinates of the set forms a closed curve as the system is rotated about the origin. This curve, often referred to as “standard deviational ellipse” (SDE), is not in fact an ellipse. The actual shape of the curve has remained unclear since the issue was mentioned initially by Lefever in 1926. In the present paper this closed curve, referred to as “standard deviation curve” (SDC), is clarified mathematically, and some of its applications in spatial analysis are discussed.

The shape of SDC changes from a single circle to double circles when the distribution of the set of geographical units changes from an even condition to a straight line. The shape of SDC is determined explicitly by the ratio of its minor axis to its major axis. This ratio, therefore, is a useful index to show to what extent the distribution of a set of geographical units is circular, or linear. In addition, the size and radius of SDC can be used to indicate the distribution density of geographical units. The major axis of SDC, whose angle is determined explicitly for the first time, indicates the major orientation of geographical units.

A program has been developed to apply SDC to spatial analysis (mean center, major orientation, distribution density, circular condition, etc.). The program is available from jx_gong@hotmail.com. It is written in the MapBasic language, and runs under MapInfo.
A Model for Mental Health Needs and Resourcing in Small Geographic Areas: A Multivariate Spatial Perspective
Authors: Congdon Peter
Published: November 2010

This paper considers how small area variations in a set of psychiatric referral outcomes in a London health authority of 750,000 people may inform health need assessment and health resourcing for mental illness based on true need. As well as adopting a multivariate perspective, the spatial interdependence of the outcomes is included in the modelling approach outlined. By contrast, existing studies on mental health need tend to focus on single outcomes, and may not include spatial dependence. The analysis relates to three hospital referral outcomes for psychiatric conditions, and to total community mental health referrals across sixty‐seven electoral wards in East London.
The Effect on Attribute Prediction of Location Uncertainty in Spatial Data
Authors: Gabrosek John , Cressie Noel
Published: November 2010

A datum is considered spatial if it contains location information. Typically, there is also attribute information, whose distribution depends on its location. Thus, error in location information can lead to error in attribute information, which is reflected ultimately in the inference drawn from the data. We propose a statistical model for incorporating location error into spatial data analysis. We investigate the effect of location error on the spatial lag, the covariance function, and optimal spatial linear prediction (that is, kriging). We show that the form of kriging after adjusting for location error is the same as that of kriging without adjusting for location error. However, location error changes entries in the matrix of explanatory variables, the matrix of co‐variances between the sample sites, and the vector of covariances between the sample sites and the prediction location. We investigate, through simulation, the effect that varying trend, measurement error, location error, range of spatial dependence, sample size, and prediction location have on kriging after and without adjusting for location error. When the location error is large, kriging after adjusting for location error performs markedly better than kriging without adjusting for location error, in terms of both the prediction bias and the mean squared prediction error.
Measures of Geographically Uneven Subpopulation Group Change and Local Group Transitions: Examples from Los Angeles
Authors: Reibel Michael
Published: November 2010

The author notes the shortcomings of quantitative tools available for the analysis of local area transitions between subpopulation groups, particularly when compared to the power of methodologies available for the study of static segregation geographies. The author derives simple statistics for examining single‐group, two‐group, and multigroup subpopulation change and provides empirical examples of the properties and uses of these statistics. These measures of group change and transition are suitable for the continuous measurement and modeling of ecological outcomes in multi‐group context. Statistics are also derived to measure aggregate regional unevenness in local subpopulation group change.
A Shift‐Share Method for the Analysis of Regional Fertility Change: An Application to the Decline in Childbearing in Italy, 1952–1991
Authors: Franklin Rachel , Plane David A.
Published: November 2010

This paper applies shift‐share analysis, a tool often used in economic geography and regional science, to regional fertility change in Italy, 1952–1991. During this post–World War II period, Italian fertility declined by over 33 percent, but the decline varied widely from region to region. Moreover, the demographic originations of the decline in births are not fully understood. Using birth data for nineteen Italian regions, this analysis is able to break regional change in births into three main components: a national effect, a cohort effect, and a regional differential effect, which in turn provide insight into the roots of fertility change at the regional level. These three components of change are then further disaggregated to account for the differences between changes due to population change and those related to actual changes in birth rates (the number of children produced by each woman). Strong regional differences between the north and south of Italy are demonstrated.
Does Econometric Methodology Matter? An Analysis of Public Policy Using Spatial Econometric Techniques
Authors: Lacombe Donald J.
Published: November 2010

A popular approach to examining the effects of public policy has been to rely on a spatial data sample of border counties as in Holmes (1998)—border counties from a sample of states that are used in conjunction with least‐squares estimation techniques in an attempt to isolate the policy impact while controlling for spatial dependence that often arises from latent or unobserved variables. This technique is in the spirit of control‐group methodologies from the laboratory sciences. This paper contrasts border‐county estimation results from Holmes' (1998) approach and those from a related methodology set forth in Holcombe and Lacombe (2003), with estimates from a spatial autoregressive model explicitly accounting for within‐state and between‐state public policy effects. As an illustration, the paper examines the effects of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Food Stamp payments on female‐headed households and female labor force participation using the three different methods.
Lessons in Collaboration, Four Years Post‐Katrina
Authors: BAVA SALIHA , COFFEY ELLEN PULLEYBLANK , WEINGARTEN KAETHE , BECKER CAROL
Published: November 2010

Four action researchers present a case study of a project conducted by members of a national family therapy organization and members of a local family therapy institute, which describes their efforts to collaborate with local disaster recovery workers 2 years after Hurricane Katrina. The aim of the collaboration was to create a local action research team to study best practices that strengthen resilience after disaster. The authors discuss choice points and dilemmas faced in finding collaborative partners and in clarifying what constitutes an invitation to work in a community. The case study illuminates tensions and understandings between outsiders and a community still facing the long‐term effects of a disaster.
“We Have to Give”: Sinhala Mothers' Responses to Children's Expression of Desire
Authors: Chapin Bambi L.
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Using data gathered through participant‐observation and interviews focused on everyday mothering interactions in a Sinhala family in central Sri Lanka, I argue that the combination of continuous indulgence with disappointing material, social, and emotional results leads children to disavow their own desires by middle childhood. This early socialization to the negative potential of desire makes fertile ground for cultural doctrines that explicitly link desire, suffering, and destruction. Further, mothers who themselves have internalized these understandings react to their children's assertions of desire with intense discomfort combined with indulgence, reproducing their own socialization in the experiences of their children. By being attuned to psychodynamic processes between and within people and as well as attentive to the sociocultural medium in which they occur, I provide a model of and for thinking about how actual practices of mothering lead children to develop culturally patterned habits of thought, behavior, and feeling, preparing them to find subsequently encountered cultural material meaningful. [mothering, child socialization, indulgence, disavowal, desire, Sri Lanka]
Consent and Discipline in Ecuador: How to Avoid Raising an Antisocial Child
Authors: Rae‐Espinoza Heather
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe fear that children may grow up to become “antisocial,” or deviant, directs mothers' behaviors in Ecuador. Mothers teach children about appropriate involvement in society through their continuous engagements. Based on fieldwork with urban, middle‐class mothers in Ecuador's largest city, Guayaquil, I document discipline achieved through expressions of disappointment that arise from the removal of usual reinforcements. A previously established set of positive experiences within the child's social milieu provides comparisons that make a mother's rewards or withdrawal of rewards notable to the child. This comparative frame is established through a balance between disciplining and “consenting,” where mothers acquiesce to children's demands to demonstrate the consideration one must have for others. When mothers give in to children's requests this practice itself exemplifies a positive orientation to others intended to prevent future antisocial behavior. Using ethnographic analysis I reveal the subtle dynamics that shape children's socialization in Ecuador to advance understanding of how cultural ideologies guide mothers' behaviors. With this step I offer a reconsideration of existing developmental theory on discipline. [mothering, children, socialization, practice, Ecuador]
Mothering Expectant Mothers: Consumption, Production, and Two Motherhoods in Contemporary China
Authors: Zhu Jianfeng
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Drawing on four years of field research in Zhengzhou, China with two generations of mothers, older mothers and their younger daughters, who became mothers under the one‐child policy, I document in this article the generational differences in opinions about and practices of nourishing the fetus. I examine distinctive practices of younger mothers consuming prenatal vitamins and their mothers' buying fresh food from the farmer's market, and argue that the distinction between the practices of the two generations of mothers lies in their different life experiences with the governing strategies of the Mao and post‐Mao Chinese state. I further examine encounters between the two groups of mothers regarding vitamin intake and show how argument itself is one of the important mothering practices in China through which mothers and their adult daughters not only reinforce their own identities as “old mothers” and “modern mothers” but also recognize each others' values. Thus, they form interdependent relationships to mother the third generation. This article contributes to broader literatures in anthropology of one child policy in China and consuming motherhood. [mothering, prenatal nutrition, daughter–mother relationship, one child policy, China]
Commentary: Who, How, What, and Why?
Authors: Seymour Susan
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Drawing on established literature on mothering practices, my commentary addresses four dimensions pertaining to the six case studies in this issue: (1) Who, in each case study, constitutes the cast of characters who provide mothering and why; (2) how do discrete interactions between mothering figures and children provide us with examples of overt socializing efforts and implicit enculturation; (3) what can we infer about the intersubjectivity of the mothering process; and (4) in each instance, what is the ecological and historical context that shapes mothering? [mothering; socialization; enculturation; childcare]
Sound and the City: Mimicry and Media in South India
Authors: Weidman Amanda
Published: November 2010

Through an analysis of gramophone recordings of mimicry of scenes of public city life made in Tamil in South India between 1904 and 1907 and marketed to a new urban middle class in the colonial city of Madras, this article examines the relationship between emerging class structures and the technologies that are contemporaneous with them. I argue that through these recordings the gramophone is constructed on analogy with the mimicry artist as a faithful recorder of linguistic difference, while the intertwining of realism and parody inherent in mimicry is used here to recruit an omniscient middle‐class listening subject. [sound recording, linguistic difference, class, voice, verbal performance]
Materialities of Entextualization: The Domestication of Sound Reproduction in Mauritian Muslim Devotional Practices
Authors: Eisenlohr Patrick
Published: November 2010

Mauritian Muslims have recently come to treat sound reproduction as enhancing and authorizing the transnational circulation of devotional discourse and poetry. In this article, I investigate the alternation between the storing of signs through media and their performative recontextualization as a practice that straddles the boundary between signification and materiality. The argument is that particular theological assumptions about mediation shape the deployment of media technology in religious settings. Such assumptions also influence the processes of entextualizing authoritative religious discourse. In the article I analyze how a sense of immediacy between religious performers and spiritual authorities emerges though the combination of uses of sound reproduction informed by a semiotic ideology of recitational logocentrism with particular deictic markers in discourse. [media, Islam, sound reproduction, entextualization, Mauritius]
Transparent Media: Radio, Voice, and Ideologies of Directness in Postdemocratic Nepal
Authors: Kunreuther Laura
Published: November 2010

This article explores the ideas of directness and transparency that are fundamental to both the language ideology promoted by FM programs and the media ideology associated with FM radio. Speaking directly about one's desires is also critical to the process of learning to be a self‐conscious individual with a complex interior life. Ideas about the direct voice are shaped by the world of international development, the emergence of new media and publics, and the democracy movements in Nepal. Through a focus on a UNICEF‐sponsored youth program, I argue that direct speech and the direct voice critically shape radio listeners' subjectivity, creating the ideal neoliberal subject, at the level of the technology's material form and the content of its programs. [voice, radio, transparency, development, neoliberal subjectivity]
Millennial Encounters with Mainstream Television News: Excess, Void, and Points of Engagement
Authors: Vidali Debra Spitulnik
Published: November 2010

This article argues that investigations of public sphere engagement are most productively pitched as sociohistorical and discursive analyses that move across the levels of production, textuality, and reception. Through a study of the discourse of young adults who express disaffection with television newscasting, I propose that ideologies and projections of generic personhood and genuine communication are key operators in processes of public connection in the U.S. I analyze how these ideologies and preferred readings inform the stances and rationalizations of young people as they talk about television news, and how they are enabled by the semiotics of both new and old newscasting formats. [media, publics, semiotics, language ideology, personhood]
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Magadiite/Si‐ZSM‐11 Composites
Authors: Ozawa Kiyoshi , Okada Reika , Nakao Yasuhiro , Ogiwara Toshio , Itoh Hiroyasu , Iso Fumio
Published: November 2010

The simplified one‐step hydrothermal synthesis, in which SiO2 is directly reacted with aqueous NaOH in the presence or absence of tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) as the template compound, was investigated. The reaction in the absence of the template compounds leads to the production of pure magadiite, whereas pure Si‐ZSM‐5 is produced by the reaction in the presence of TPABr. On the other hand, crystalline magadiite/Si‐ZSM‐11 composites are synthesized by the reaction in the presence of TBABr. Furthermore, for the composites, the particle sizes of the magadiite and Si‐ZSM‐11 may be influenced by the TBABr concentrations. It was also found that the compositions of magadiite and Si‐ZSM‐11 in the composites can be controlled by regulating the NaOH concentrations.
Toward Industrialization of Ethnography
Authors: UGAI TAKANORI , AOYAMA KOUJI , OBATA AKIHIKO
Published: November 2010

This paper explores a way to expand business using ethnography as an industrial service or product. First, a challenge that companies are facing and trying to deal with, which is industrialization is described. In the software industry, as computer prices go down, the requirements for software development involve accurate estimates of the cost, the time and the resources involved in the process. Due to these new market demands, software development reached a level of maturity, which required a new approach to product development. Likewise, as ethnography grows into more intricate realms, there is a need for a more robust approach to ethnography application in business to help it achieve the right maturity level of industrialized processes. In this context of complexity, case studies from Fujitsu and examples from literature were used to test the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) framework to use to evaluate the practice of ethnography in business. As a result, a brief assessment of ethnography using the CMMI framework is shown. It describes how ethnomethodology can be used in a repeatable manner and provides results within a small margin of difference in quality. Finally, a reflection on the value of experts in this new trend in ethnography is described.
Session 1: The Way of Industry: IZABEL BARROS, Curator: Hyper‐skilling: The Collaborative Ethnographer
Authors: REESE WILLIAM , FLEISCHER WIBKE , HAMAGUCHI HIDESHI
Published: November 2010

Time, budget, and resource pressures will impact ethnographic work into the foreseeable future. As “de‐skilling” threatens ethnography—disrupting an integrated, holistic approach and output—we must seek new work practices. We have advocated and implemented an explicitly integrative model of collaborative practice, which interconnects the knowledge domains within a cross‐disciplinary team to generate effective, powerful insights. This model, which we will call hyper‐skilling, focuses on assembling knowledge and communication with other key perspectives such as branding and marketing strategy, historical analysis, trends forecasting, and in many cases design and engineering. Each plays a key role in determining a company's course of action. We also argue that the multi‐disciplinary team model is well‐suited to corporate settings and the conditions in which ethnographers are increasingly asked to practice. Intended or not, academic environments tend to promote the isolation of individual practitioners and the atomization of their work within specialized theoretical contexts. If instead these environments could be constructed to foster a team model, ethnographers will be better able to address challenges they face as practitioners in industry.
The Power of Participant‐Made Videos: intimacy and engagement with corporate ethnographic video
Authors: FAULKNER SUSAN A. , ZAFIROGLU ALEXANDRA C.
Published: November 2010

Participant‐generated, self‐made videos engender powerful, often highly emotional, reactions from viewers who experience a stronger connection and identification with participants and their experiences than we have ever achieved with researcher‐shot footage. Reactions have ranged from shock, discomfort, and offers of Freudian psychological analyses to laughter, immediate recognition and discovery. Through several video examples from recent fieldwork we explore the reasons for this heightened reaction, and raise questions related to representation, authenticity, intimacy and the role of the ethnographer in the age of YouTube, social networking sites, and reality TV. What is the ethnographer's role when participants share their lives in videos we request that are stylistically similar to online user‐generated content? What is that ethnographer's ‘Do’, and what role does she play in editing, framing and presenting these videos? How do participants conceptualize what they are creating?
The Best of Both (Virtual) Worlds: Using Ethnography and Computational Tools to Study Online Behavior
Authors: DUCHENEAUT NICOLAS , YEE NICHOLAS , BELLOTTI VICTORIA
Published: November 2010

In recent years, many ethnographers have conducted participant observation studies in virtual worlds, whether in games like World of Warcraft or user‐generated environments like Second Life. However, the acceptance of digital fieldwork as a legitimate form of ethnography does not make it strictly identical to its physical counterpart. In particular, the logistics of virtual ethnography offer both opportunities and pitfalls that practitioners must address. The virtual nature of the space also compounds traditional issues such as generalizability and coverage. In this paper, we will highlight several interesting opportunities and challenges in conducting ethnography in virtual worlds. Moreover, we will then argue that the common problems shared by quantitative and qualitative social scientists in virtual world research serve to bridge the methodological divide, such that virtual ethnography could be greatly enhanced with the use of computational tools usually more associated with quantitative research methods. We will rely on examples from our own research projects to illustrate the value of such a combination and describe how it could be concretely implemented in a “digital ethnography toolkit.”
Living Avatars Network: Fusing traditional and innovative ethnographic methods through a real‐time mobile video service
Authors: KERA DENISA , GRAHAM CONNOR
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a study of new technologies potentially enabling access to a sensory feast of places by ‘wired up’ flaněurs, real‐time as well as remote ‘native’ description and interactions and situated oral histories excavated through ‘being in a place’. We describe an inter‐disciplinary research project examining the cultural heritage of Singapore and the use of geo‐location technologies incorporating social networking platforms as a medium for interactive heritage walks. The goal of the project is to engage both locals and non‐locals in experiencing Singapore from a first person perspective, giving them a wider understanding of the ethnic and cultural diversity. The Living Avatar Network (LAN) supports sharing experiences and realities in real time through making it possible to ‘walk in someone's shoes’ through a living avatar, re‐experiencing someone's memories of a certain place. Here we describe the approaches deployed in evolving a prototypical service –‘traditional’ ethnographic style methods with the access to the real‐time, lived character of ‘local’ experiences offered by digital photo streams and real‐time video. More broadly, the project acknowledges the potential availability of the experience of being in a place and culture to be widely available through Web 2.0 technologies and people spending more time ‘living digitally’.
Turn and Face the Strange: An ethnographic approach to change management
Authors: HOLME MADS
Published: November 2010

The ability to lead organizational and cultural change has never been a more critical factor for success in business than today. With renewed urgency many executives ask what do with their company culture(s): “Why can't we build organizations that are more innovative, inspiring, and more agile – and why do our change initiatives typically fail?” Based on project engagements where questions like these have been a focal point, this paper aims to shed light on the conditions and role of business anthropology to take active part in enhancing organizational change programs. Through concrete examples, it discusses central challenges on how we as ethnographers can strengthen our approach when navigating in change programs – not only in terms of how we decompose and diagnose culture (telling companies what they should not do) – but more importantly on how to play an active role in leading the way and tackling complexity through positive enablers of change.
Keitai, Blog, and Kuuki‐wo‐yomu (Read the atmosphere): Communicative Ecology in Japanese Society
Authors: KIMURA TADAMASA
Published: November 2010

In mobile communications studies, Japan is known for its “keitai culture.” However, the actual use of keitai among the Japanese is anything but glamorous. On the other hand, strong preference of online diary and diary blogs among the Japanese is remarkable. What is puzzling, however, is that the Japanese online diarists and bloggers have been astoundingly self‐effacing. What communications are they engaged in, with providing little information about themselves? Relying on and advancing the methodological perspective of “communicative ecology,” this study discusses the way online diaries and blogs are intertwined with mobile communications, embedded in the communicative ecology. It also reveals the way “kuuki wo yomu” (read the atmosphere) motivates people's expectations and actions in social communications, contributing to the formation of the communicative ecology.