bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Open Innovation–Business Model Innovation Nexus
Authors: Lu Qinli , Tucci Christopher L.
Published: February 2024

Despite the fact that business model innovation (BMI) is an important driver of business success, most studies on BMI have emphasized conceptual definitions, content analysis, and literature reviews. Theoretical underpinnings are often cited as necessary to advance this field. This chapter illustrates some key attributes of open innovation (OI) that support the advancement of business model and BMI research, and this link has not been investigated comprehensively by prior research. The development of OI and the development of BMI are proposed to keep pace with each other in a dynamic innovation process. To develop a consistent body of knowledge on BMI and OI, this chapter sheds light on how OI shapes business models and the relationship between OI and BMI, by providing a framework and two short case studies and discussing their implications.
The Changing Nature of Open Innovation
Authors: Teece David J.
Published: February 2024

Open innovation practices are an important dimension of the innovation ecosystem, but they take place in an evolving geopolitical context. For decades, the rapid advances in technology have been underpinned openness not only in basic science, but also in elements of technology development, especially in the field of software. This chapter examines the concept of cross-border innovation and explores geopolitical dimensions China is not aligned with current western norms and seems to be on a collision course with the liberal democracies. Firms and their home-country governments must now feel the need to circumscribe “openness” in order to preserve their ability to capture economic value and protect national security.
Open Source, The Ubiquitous Software Innovation Building Block
Authors: Zemlin James
Published: February 2024

In less than two decades, open source software has come to dominate the technology landscape across a wide swathe of key software categories, including operating systems, machine learning, databases, web servers, and more. The open source innovation model has evolved to support a rapidly expanding ecosystem and body of practice supplanting traditional technology development, sales, marketing, and management practices. Open source is also increasingly sparking innovation and forming communities to tackle broad industry problems in diverse fields, including agriculture, public health, motion pictures, and telecommunications. Building on the foundational work of Henry Chesbrough, Eric von Hippel, and Yochai Benkler in Open Innovation, hobbyist technology innovation, and peer-based production, this chapter explores the rise to dominance of open source, the market disruption this emergence has created, and how open source is reshaping legacy business practices not only for early-stage innovation but also for later-stage innovation and collaboration, at scale.
Open Innovation
Authors: Bagherzadeh Mehdi , Gurca Andrei
Published: February 2024

To tap external knowledge, firms use various open innovation (OI) mechanisms, such as crowdsourcing and partnerships, which have very different cost-benefit profiles. Firms use OI to serve the needs of specific innovation projects with diverse attributes, even in the same firm. This chapter first argues that the OI mechanism needs to be aligned with the project attributes for the successful completion of OI projects. It then develops a two-phased decision framework to provide insights into this alignment. The first phase seeks to align two main OI mechanisms––crowdsourcing and partnerships––with the project’s complexity level. In the second phase, crowdsourcing types (“fishing” vs. “hunting”) are aligned with knowledge pervasiveness and partnership types (non-equity vs. equity) with knowledge hiddenness.
Doubt, Stringency, and Leniency in Jewish Law
Authors: Pill Shlomo C.
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the relationship between legal uncertainty and the practice of legal leniency and stringency in Jewish law. The chapter begins by discussing halakhic perspectives on the sources of doubt in Jewish law and considers the contrasting rabbinic views of such doubt as either a jurisprudential flaw or feature of the halakhic system. The chapter further describes two general approaches that rabbinic authorities take to addressing legal uncertainty, as some halakhists sought to resolve doubts analytically, while others instead preferred to rely on formalistic doubt-resolving rules that offered greater predictability and consistency in legal outcomes. The chapter also discusses how humrah, or legal stringency, is a prominent rabbinic tool for resolving halakhic uncertainties. Beyond doubt resolution, the adoption of stringency or leniency is examined as a broader tool in shaping religious observance. Stringency is seen as a safeguard against legal infractions, an expression of piety, and a means of fortifying religious commitment. Conversely, leniency is recognized for its role in addressing changing circumstances and preventing undue legal rigidity. The chapter concludes by presenting a unique rabbinic perspective that views legal doubt positively, considering it a necessary component for effective legal processes, adaptability to evolving circumstances, and the prevention of legal standards from becoming overly fixed.
Jewish Law as a Duty-Based System and Why it Matters
Authors: Porat Benjamin
Published: February 2024

One of the features that distinguishes Jewish law from modern law is its legal language. While modern legal discourse predominantly employs a language of rights, Jewish law centers on a language of duty, rooted in the significance of commandments (mitzvot) and obligations. Although there is a correlation between rights and duties, the pivotal question remains whether a specific legal system opts to articulate its norms through the vocabulary of rights or through the language of duties. This chapter analyzes a variety of legal outcomes that result from the decision of Jewish law to frame its legal world through duties rather than rights. The choice between a rights-based language and a duty-based language arises from differing sets of values. The adoption of a specific legal language mirrors a choice of specific values, thereby foreshadowing the nature of the legal outlines. The chapter analyzes the advantages and disadvantages inherent in each form of legal discourse, and advocates for developing of a legal language that integrates both legal perspectives.
The Rabbinical Courts of our Generation
Authors: Radzyner Amihai
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this chapter is to offer an overview of the variety of rabbinic courts operating today in the Jewish world. This chapter provides two basic forms of classification. The first proposes to distinguish between the official courts in the State of Israel—which have the status of courts on behalf of the state with all that entails—and between “private” courts that operate by virtue of the agreement of the parties only and do not receive state backing. The second proposes to distinguish between courts dealing with family law (in particular divorce cases) and courts dealing solely with civil litigation. This distinction holds special importance in the State of Israel. The chapter focuses on the history of the official rabbinical courts and discusses the characteristics of the various courts. It deals, among other things, with the procedures of the various courts and the issue of their attitude toward the laws of the state.
Rendering the Infinite
Authors: Mayse Ariel Evan
Published: February 2024

This chapter highlights the specifically religious dimensions of Jewish law by investigating visions of halakhah in kabbalistic and Hasidic literatures. It examines mystical attempts to theorize the structures, aims, and jurisprudential processes of Jewish law, arguing that Kabbalists and Hasidic leaders approached halakhah as part of a broader religious and philosophical system in which ritual plays a vital role. Grappling with the contradictions and tensions of this literature as well as its remarkable intellectual vitality, this chapter claims that that the exceptionality of Jewish mysticism lies not in whether its leaders broke or upheld rabbinic norms, but in their vivid attempt to rethink the purpose of Jewish practice.
International Relations Theory and the Evolution of “Peaceful Purposes” in Outer Space
Authors: Pekkanen Saadia M. , Blount P.J.
Published: February 2024

This introductory chapter serves to situate and contextualize the handbook within the field of international relations (IR) theory and its major questions—why states go to war and what makes them stay at peace. These questions are especially pertinent now in the space domain, with a rising number of players, unprecedented commercial innovations, and creeping weaponization in the context of great power competition. The overview sets out the volume’s core concern with state-centric models, technological development, and peaceful uses of outer space. It then briefly summarizes the contributions of the various chapters in the volume. Finally, it ends by reflecting on the core takeaways that these contributions lead to.
Ethics in Space Security
Authors: Tachibana Koji
Published: February 2024

The peaceful uses of space is the focal meaning of space security. As documents that concern this idea work as legally non-binding soft law instruments, nations furtively tend not to follow such instruments if they do not deem it to be in their national interests. Therefore, to realize this idea, a certain shared understanding of ethics must be required to dissuade countries from taking advantage of loopholes and make them understand the intrinsic value of the idea. This chapter scrutinizes which ethics is most appropriate to realize the idea. First, it identifies two conditions of such realization that ethics must satisfy. Then, examining three moral views in international relations theory (skepticism, state moralism, and cosmopolitanism) and three moral theories (deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics), it argues that virtue ethics-based cosmopolitanism satisfies the conditions most. It concludes that nations and space agencies must promote space education to cultivate a cosmopolitan mind.
A Short History of Space Security
Authors: Buono Stephen , Bateman Aaron
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a brief, whirlwind tour of international space security as it developed—primarily as a feature of US-Soviet rivalry—during the Cold War. With special attention devoted to anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, the chapter charts the development of US and Soviet military space policy and the concurrent achievements of multilateral space diplomacy at the United Nations. It argues that the first epoch in space security (1957–1991) can be divided into two general periods: one defined by the search for stability and legal norms, the other by growing threats and the search for safety. Following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, some stability emerged, but the ambiguity surrounding the use of space for peaceful and military reasons remained, while new players entered the arena.
French Space Security in Historical Perspective
Authors: Pasco Xavier
Published: February 2024

The third country to orbit a satellite using a domestic launcher, France has been quick to recognize the strategic value of a national space effort. A product of the 1960s, the Gaullist years, the French space program has been propelled by the perception of its prime importance for defense and security by key national players. The development and consolidation of a national deterrence force at the time created the background that made the military space effort a natural element of a policy based on the principle of strategic autonomy. This explains the priority given to independent access to space as well as the high level of investment devoted by France to military Earth observation satellites as compared to its European neighbors. This chapter attempts to better assess how much the international environment marked both by the post-war period but also by the necessities of European construction, has helped craft the balance between national autonomy and cooperation and how it has become a traditional feature of the French military space program.
Space Security from Latin American Perspectives
Authors: Bittencourt Neto Olavo de O. , Becerra Jairo
Published: February 2024

The Latin American perspective regarding space security, considering points of contact and collaborative mechanisms, reflects local particularities. A complex and vast region, sharing a similar history and common future, Latin America comprises a total of twenty states. Space programs are conducted by many but not all Latin American nations, with different organizational structures and budgets. Regional space cooperation mechanisms have been accorded during the past decades, announcing complimentary needs and capacities, but insufficient regional coordination. As they include several emerging spacefaring nations, which tend to rely on a limited assortment of space assets, Latin American countries have particular interests in the safe and sustainable access to outer space. To that end, this chapter identifies Latin American general assessments on space security, considering military, economic, environmental, and societal dimensions. Case studies of Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia are subsequently presented, assessing their space policies and national concerns. Lastly, the chapter considers possible future trajectories, addressing related challenges.
Illiberalism as a Culture
Authors: Kubik Jan
Published: February 2024

Illiberalism is examined here as a specific form of common sense or ethos, while anti-liberalism is approached as an ideology. The latter will be studied not through an examination of written works but through a close reading of two artistic exhibitions. They differ in their treatment of such topics as women’s rights, criticism of the European Union, and most prominently in their understanding of liberty. The analysis reveals several key ideological differences between liberal and anti-liberal modes of artistic representation. The contrast between liberal and illiberal types of ethos is illustrated by a comparison of political cultures in different locations in Poland. They are compared to show systematic association of illiberalism and liberalism with different types of social capital, conceptions of individualism, and models of authority. Challenges to liberalism are seen not as mere expressions of rebellion against an externally imposed call for imitation of the “West” but as components of the historically shaped illiberal forms of ethos in some areas that are amplified by the systematic propagation of anti-liberal ideologies.
An Illiberal Left?
Authors: Kováts Eszter
Published: February 2024

Representatives of the progressive left in Western academia, social movements, and institutionalized politics aim to increase inclusion and democracy in various policy fields. Meanwhile, their opponents—Marxist leftists, universalist liberals, as well as conservative forces, both within and outside of academia—insist that the progressives’ anti-intellectual, quasi-religious moralizing and authoritarian tendencies threaten academic freedom, free speech, and democracy. Having been ubiquitous in public discourse for years, recently academics have started to describe these phenomena as “illiberal” too, indicating that more research is needed in this field. This chapter examines three policy fields in Germany where these debates are currently playing out: (1) the bill on gender self-identification, (2) gender-inclusive language use, and (3) the emergence of the Academic Freedom Network (Netzwerk Wissenschaftsfreiheit). The concrete political claims being made in these three fields (sex/gender, language, and scientificity/cancel culture) in Germany represent paradigmatic cases of crucial terms of liberal democracy being rewritten. This chapter explores the theoretical underpinnings of these progressive claims and asks to what extent these theories about power, reality, truth, and knowledge contribute to those political practices. It presents the research problems relating to this question using the three cases, as well as draws some preliminary observations relating to the democratic stakes of the debate.
Agent-based Modelling Approaches to Sustainability Management and Social Responsibility
Authors: García-Díaz César
Published: February 2024

This chapter highlights the importance of studying sustainability management and social responsibility issues from a systems perspective and argues that agent-based computational modelling is a suitable methodology for studying sustainability issues from an interdisciplinary, multilevel systems viewpoint. The chapter presents relevant computational-oriented works in the field of sustainability management, organized according to key research themes derived from the extant literature. The chapter also illustrates representative computational modelling works that focus on studying the adoption of corporate social responsibility practices. It argues that agent-based modelling can be used to capture not only the heterogeneous incentives of stakeholders, as more traditional methodologies have done, but also the intricate relations among such incentives that, additionally, may evolve over time. The chapter concludes by arguing that agent-based modelling can be fully leveraged if it takes into account considerations of intraorganizational dynamics, joint effects of first-order and second-order behavioural change, multilevel aggregation, systems resilience, interdependencies and temporal dynamics of stakeholders’ incentives, organizational structure, and complex forms of the firm–environment relations.
Agent-based Encoding of Disruption and Disaster Management Knowledge
Authors: Inan Dedi I. , Beydoun Ghassan
Published: February 2024

Disruption and disaster management (DM) are inseparable concepts with reciprocal influence. While DM’s objective is to achieve resiliency, disruption level is a key determinant. However, the disruption might not be foreseeable and strike on short notice. Thus, having knowledge to effectively respond to it is crucial, and learning from best practices is envisaged as the most feasible way to deal with it. However, it is important to have a representative mechanism to allow learning to happen. This is approached by advocating a DM knowledge analysis framework, an agent-based modelling framework rooted in agent-oriented software engineering that can represent social-technical attributes of DM activities. The framework also has the ability to well-knit formal and local knowledge for a more complete one, facilitating a better decision-making mechanism in DM. This chapter shows the efficacy and effectiveness of the framework in various real case studies, as well as limitations and future research directions.
Communicating Agent-Based Models in Management Research and Managerial Practice
Authors: Meyer Matthias , Spitzner Jan
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities of communicating agent-based models (ABMs) in management research and managerial practice. The simulation modelling cycle structures our discussion. Hence, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of all steps of a simulation project. Following a brief description of each step, the typical communication tasks arising from the respective step’s activities are presented. The chapter distinguishes between three different generic communication purposes in simulation projects—documenting, explaining, and creating agreement—and discusses how they can be served in the respective step. References to the authors’ experiences in science and management consulting illustrate shared challenges and ways to manage them, including the use of approaches such as the overview description details protocol or the design of experiments principles. Ultimately, these efforts lead to the creation of a communication checklist that facilitates the effective communication of ABMs, specifying essential communication tasks and critical issues along the modelling cycle.
Theory-Building in Organization Science with Agent-Based Computational Models
Authors: Chang Myong-Hun
Published: February 2024

This chapter traces the lineage of organizational theory to methodological individualism as a mode of explanation in social sciences. In this framework, an organization is viewed as a multiagent system, where an observed phenomenon at the aggregate organizational level is explained as the result of the behaviour of and interactions among the constituent individuals within the organization. In this context, a formal theory as an explanation through deductive logic can be expressed in two distinct ways: (1) mathematical model and analysis and (2) computational model and simulation. This chapter offers a comparative review of these two approaches to theory development in organizational science. It first provides a brief review of the mathematical modelling literature, often referred to as organizational economics. This is followed by a review of the progress made in agent-based models of organizations. This sequence of reviews allows us to highlight the complementary roles that the agent-based modelling and formal mathematical modelling approaches play with one another. The lacunae in the organizational theory literature that could be filled with the agent-based modelling approach are identified, thus charting a path forward.
Populism, Nationalism, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Jenne Erin K. , Thies Cameron G.
Published: February 2024

Previous work on populism and nationalism has focused on domestic politics, but the rise in the number of populist and nationalist heads of state has led International Relations (IR) scholars to speculate about their implications for foreign policy and the liberal international order (LIO). In order to make sense of this emerging literature, this chapter begins with a review of the three main schools of thought on how populism and nationalism may influence foreign policy: (1) ideational theories, (2) supply-side theories and (3) demand-side theories. It draws attention to the contributions and blind spots of each. The penultimate section offers a novel mobilizational model that connects these three traditions into an integrated ‘inside-out’ theory of foreign policy that considers the effects of populism, nationalism, and their combination. It also suggests ways that our model can be enhanced in future research using the conceptual and methodological toolkit of FPA.
Democratic Institutions and Foreign Policy
Authors: Oppermann Kai
Published: February 2024

The chapter maps the contributions and limitations of Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) scholarship in the study of democratic foreign policy and how it connects to International Relations (IR) research agendas. To this purpose, the discussion takes up the distinction between FPA as a subfield and perspective. As a subfield, FPA foregrounds how the diversity of democratic institutions and actors lead to variance in democratic foreign policy. As a perspective, FPA focuses on how individual foreign policy-makers understand and interact with their democratic decision contexts. The chapter argues that FPA scholarship can address important blind spots in IR research on the international behaviour of democracies, playing a leader role in unpacking the democratic politics of foreign policy, an innovator role in theorizing the agency of democratic decision-makers and a bridge builder role to scholarship in comparative politics and psychology. To illustrate this promise, the chapter sketches a research agenda on the politicization of democratic foreign policy.
Legislatures, Political Parties, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Raunio Tapio , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: February 2024

Legislatures and political parties are key elements of democratic politics. In the wake of the Democratic Peace debate, legislatures in particular have received ample attention from International Relations scholars. Research in Foreign Policy Analysis, however, has qualified notions of them as effective institutional constraints on bellicose executives. Drawing on research in Comparative Politics, this research has instead pointed to the close cooperation between executives and majorities in the legislature as well as to the importance of political parties in politicizing external relations. Political parties differ systematically over free trade, development aid, and the appropriateness of using armed force abroad. While the left-/right-dimension captures these differences best, a socio-cultural new politics dimension is likely to become more important in the future.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Constructivism
Authors: Kowert Paul A. , Barkin J. Samuel
Published: February 2024

Conceiving of foreign policy analysis (FPA) as the study of choices driven by assumed interests and bounded by structural constraint has tended to exclude theorization of the goals embraced by states and their leaders. Constructivist FPA initially tended to replicate this choice under constraint model, although its ontological commitment to interpretivism led many scholars to argue for fewer constraints and more choice. A shift in the field’s sociological underpinnings from structurationist to interactionist approaches, however, has increasingly led a new generation of constructivist scholars to develop culturally informed accounts of identity and foreign policy scripts. Drawing on the intellectual inheritance of Erving Goffman and George Herbert Mead, they argue for culturally situated models of state interests that address not simply what choices are possible, but which are more likely in a given geocultural context.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Feminism
Authors: Aggestam Karin , True Jacqui
Published: February 2024

There are two contrary trends in contemporary global politics. There is a striking advancement of pro-gender norms in foreign policy where gender equality has become a salient issue. At the same time, there is a growing number of countries expressing a foreign policy that is characterized by misogyny and populism, which is eroding women’s rights globally. Yet, there are nearly no studies in foreign policy that seek to address and explain these gendered dynamics. This chapter forges a new direction in foreign policy analysis (FPA) by drawing on feminist theory to explain change and continuity in foreign policy. It advances a feminist approach to the agency-structure debate in FPA and elaborates on three mutually constitutive levels: (a) gendered leadership; (b) gendered institutions between and among states; and (c) gendered structures. The chapter concludes with suggesting three directions to be taken in research to advance scholarship on feminist theory and FPA.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Realism
Authors: Wivel Anders
Published: February 2024

Realists emphasize the importance of structural and systemic factors for foreign policy but differ in their views on the density of the international system, the typical foreign policy behaviour of states, the impact of domestic politics and individuals on foreign policy, and the relative weight of and interplay between material and ideational factors. They unpack the foreign policy challenges and opportunities following from the anarchic structure of the international system, explain how relative power matters for what states can and cannot do, and explore the mechanisms by which structural incentives are translated into foreign policy through decision-makers and domestic politics and discourses. The chapter provides a critical overview of realist approaches to foreign policy analysis (FPA) and discusses how one of these approaches, neoclassical realism, may be reconceptualized as a template for multi-factor and multi-level analysis benefitting from recent advances in FPA.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Ethics of Responsibility
Authors: Gaskarth Jamie
Published: February 2024

This chapter outlines five key theoretical perspectives in International Relations (IR), namely Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Poststructuralism, and Critical Theory. In each case, the chapter explores how Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) scholarship allows us to understand how the insights garnered from these theoretical perspectives translate into the real-world choices and actions of decision-makers. Using the idea of responsibility, the chapter investigates each theory and how it: identifies different responsible actors; differently defines responsible action; and holds different perceptions of what constitutes responsible scholarship. The result is multiple possible FPAs, each providing important insights into the ethical and practical application of IR theory.
The Politics of Robert Burns from the 1780s to the 1790s
Authors: Carruthers Gerard , Gallagher Kevin Thomas
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the development of Burns’s politics in local and national contexts, from his earliest days as a poet till his death in 1796. Beginning with a discussion of Burns’s Jacobitical tendencies and contextualizing his proclivities during his politically formative years, the chapter advances chronologically from the 1780s through to the 1790s. This chapter views his political thought through the prism of his poetry and song, examining works which span across his public and reserved canons, as well as works which did not appear until decades after his death. ‘A Birthday Ode’ and ‘Epistle to Mr Tytler of Woodhouselee’ are emblematic of Burns’s emotional links to Jacobitism, while his kirk politics are identifiable in others such as ‘The Kirk of Scotland’s Garland’ and ‘The Ordination’. Burns’s views on and relationships with both the American and French Revolutions are discussed in detail.
Robert Burns and Book Illustration
Authors: Jung Sandro
Published: February 2024

This chapter charts the early mediation of Robert Burns’s poems in the form of printed book illustrations, but it also contextualizes the visualization of the poet’s works in terms of the paintings that were produced from the late eighteenth century. It understands book illustrations as metatextual commentary and interpretive of the poems they accompany, but also as significant marketing devices that were used multifariously by Scottish and English publishers. Illustrations are shown to contribute to the popular reception of Burns’s poetry by making poems present visually. The essay reads the illustration of Burns’s work through Robert Hartley Cromek’s plans for a projected illustrated edition. Cromek defined a range of ‘classes’ of subjects that were to be illustrated by Thomas Stothard, and these classes subsequently underpinned the selection of poems that were frequently visualized as part of newly published editions of the poems. In addition to commenting on the illustration of a number of Burns poems, the chapter will focus on ‘Tam o’Shanter’ and its illustration, charting how different artists engaged with the poem and thus offered different imagological interpretations of the work as fundamentally Scottish.
Anti-Calvinism and the Ayrshire Enlightenment
Authors: Kidd Colin
Published: February 2024

This essay locates Burns in the context of the intense and combative ecclesiastical politics of Ayrshire during the second half of the eighteenth century, a period when the county saw not only a culture of robust pamphleteering on theological matters but also a couple of high-profile heresy trials. Whereas the Scottish Enlightenment as a whole was, the issue of lay patronage apart, a relatively sedate affair which—surprisingly—witnessed no major theological controversies over subscription to the Calvinist doctrines enshrined in the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), Ayrshire was a disputatious outlier from those consensual norms. There was a marked theological gulf in Burns’s Ayrshire between hardline Calvinist ‘auld lichts’ and theologically liberal anti-Calvinist ‘new lichts’, including the Reverend William McGill of Ayr, who was tried for heresy, and the polymathic layman John Goudie of Kilmarnock, who published a direct attack on the doctrine of original sin which Burns celebrated in verse. Burns’s ecclesiastical satires emerged in a local environment of vigorous, vicious and personalized theological debate, much of it focused on the core doctrines of Calvinism.
Robert Burns and the Cultural Politics of Food
Authors: McCracken-Flesher Caroline
Published: February 2024

Although it is one of Robert Burns’s most famous poems, ‘To a Haggis’ has also proved to be one of his most controversial. A centrepiece of Burns Suppers, it caught Hugh MacDiarmid’s negative attention for its public response. Burns and the panoply of events surrounding his poem, MacDiarmid thought, unfortunately invited participation from all and sundry. Scottish literature could not advance with so many unsuitable speakers aligning themselves with Burns. Burns’s poem, however, stands as a culinary and cultural challenge. Through the discourses of gastronomy, it provokes its own communal, varied, and even resistant response. The performance of attraction/repulsion is coded in the poem itself. The poem, thus, is a site of emerging authenticity for Scots and cultural tourists alike.
Why the English Had to Invent Robert Burns
Authors: Mee Jon
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the early engagement with Burns in England. Burns created special kinds of problems for English writers attempting to construct the notion of a national literature in a British context. The chapter looks first at the early positive reception of Burns among progressive Dissenters like Anna Laetitia Barbauld and John Aikin Jr, who had long-standing familial, professional, and denominational ties with Scotland that placed them aslant the British state. Their links to the area around Liverpool and Manchester provide a context for James Currie’s edition of Burns, on which he worked with William Roscoe, a close associate of the Barbauld-Aikin circle. The second context concerns the progressive English antiquarians Francis Grose and Joseph Ritson, who celebrated popular cultural for the challenge it made to elite traditions. Ritson was sometimes critical of Burns for not expressing enough of what he saw as the characteristic radicalism of Scottish ballad culture. The essay ends with a comparison of the responses of William Hazlitt and William Wordsworth, heirs of the traditions outlined above. Wordsworth’s sympathy for Burns celebrated his native fire, but with reservations that subordinated Scottish to English tradition. Hazlitt, on the other hand, although often very hostile to Scottish economists and philosophers in directly national terms, used Burns as a positive contrast to Wordsworth’s perceived egotism. Both responses suggest a need in England to reinvent Burns for English purposes in the context of the emergence of competing ideas for a national literature.
‘My Heart’s in the Highlands’
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: February 2024

In August–September 1787 Robert Burns, accompanied by his friend Willie Nicol, made a tour of the Central Highlands and the east coast of Scotland, basking in the success of his published poems and anxious to ‘make a leisurely pilgrimage through my native country’. In making the tour, Burns and Nicol were following a well-established cultural practice. This essay explores the tour, and Burns’s fragmentary tour journal, in relation to earlier tours by Thomas Pennant, Dr Johnson, and William Gilpin, as well as contemporary and subsequent tourists like Shaw Stebbing and William and Dorothy Wordsworth. This essay argues that Burns was motivated not merely by a desire to admire sublime Highland landscapes and Ossianic sites, and to ‘pick up Scotch songs and Jacobite anecdotes’, but also to extend his patronage network by visiting the seats of prominent Highland aristocrats such as the Earl of Breadalbane, the Duke of Atholl, and the Duke and Duchess of Gordon. Attention is also paid to the verse written during the tour, especially ‘The Humble Petition of Bruar Water to the Duke of Atholl’, in respect to Burns’s plans for extending his patronage network. His tour is thus set in the context of contemporary Highland politics, as Henry Dundas sought to mobilize support for the government from regional magnates. Burns is here shown to have played a significant role in that process, not least in the patronage relationship he initiated with Robert Graham of Fintry, which would lead to his own excise commission.
‘We’ll ne’er forget the people’
Authors: Macdonald Catriona M. M. , Whatley Christopher A.
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the ways that Burns has been appropriated for a variety of political causes in the two centuries after his death. Sometimes these were divergent in the extreme, as in the contest between Scotland’s Tories and radicals in the first half of the nineteenth century. Yet Burns could also be a consensus-inducing figure. The values he espoused had enormous appeal for Liberals in the second half of the nineteenth century. At the same time, too, he was heralded as the voice of Scotland—the savior of the nation’s language and identity. In this respect he was a key figurehead as hesitant steps towards statehood were retraced, from the Home Rulers of the 1880s to the rise of nationalism in the 1920s and beyond. Evidence from contemporary literary works, biographical and critical sources, and political treatises will ground an assessment of the extent to which attempts to ‘own’ Burns galvanized a variety of contradictory cultural and political agendas. Such evidence confirms that essentializing tendencies in traditional Burns criticism underestimate the malleability of Burns scholarship when employed in the pursuit of both overt and covert political causes and cultural agendas.
The Scots Musical Museum
Authors: Pittock Murray
Published: February 2024

The Scots Musical Museum outlines the gestation and history of the historic collection of Scottish song edited by Robert Burns and James Johnson between 1787 and 1803. The essay describes the motivation and musical context behind the collection, and outlines how it came to be put together and how Burns became involved in its development. The initial publication history of the Museum is described as well as the main sources of its songs and the nature of its music; the reputation of Scottish music in general at the time is also examined. The extent of Burns’s authorship is considered, as well as the remarkable combination of circumstances which helped to render this collection canonical.
The Master’s Tools and the Master’s House
Authors: Tzanakopoulos Antonios
Published: February 2024

Audre Lorde wrote a text in 1979, entitled: ‘The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House’. In it, she argued that using the tools of racist patriarchy to examine the fruits of that very same racist patriarchy would only allow the narrowest parameters of change, if any. This is also the predicament faced by any Marxist approach to (international) law. This chapter traces the impact of Marxist thought on international law by focusing on structural aspects of international law: the structure of the (international) legal relation, aka ‘the legal form’; the content of the legal relation with particular emphasis on interpretation; and the justification of the legal relation through ideology. The chapter traces that impact without aspiring to be comprehensive; but aspiring to avoid as much as possible the jargon that tends to alienate (pun intended) non-specialist (in Marxism!) readers, thereby rendering the debate esoteric.
The European Union
Authors: Vasel Johann Justus
Published: February 2024

The European Union (EU) is an immensely complex legal entity, and there have been myriad attempts to define and describe its unique integration fabric. In contrast to traditional approaches, this chapter starts off by portraying a great variety of theories and ideas to label what the Union has developed into over the past seventy years. Subsequently the Union, its practice, and its achievements are assessed with respect to the three overarching topics of this handbook: diversity, pacification, and universality. It will become evident that the EU has a strong record when it comes to implementing these goals internally but falls short with respect to its external affairs. Ultimately, this leads to the conclusion that the EU is currently closer to a kind of Noah’s Ark than the silent and soft superpower it wishes and pretends to be in the international arena.
Religious Demography, Identification, and Practice
Authors: Macourt Malcolm P. A.
Published: February 2024

The last sixty years have seen many changes to the religious demography of Ireland. The amount of public data relating ‘religion’ to other features has increased dramatically. The proportion of the population who do not declare a religion in the census has risen dramatically since the 1960s; however, more than three-quarters of the population still do declare a religion. There are many different understandings of ‘religion’. How ‘religion’ relates to ‘culture’ or ‘tribal identity’ is problematic, with different responses in the two jurisdictions, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The most recent published census data in both jurisdictions show that young adults—especially in large urban areas—are far more likely than others to declare ‘no religion’.
Protestant Ireland
Authors: Wolffe John
Published: February 2024

Irish Protestantism in this period must be understood on its own terms in all its diversity and vitality rather than stereotyping it by over-emphasizing its anti-Catholic aspect. Together with the major groupings of the (Anglican) Church of Ireland and the Presbyterians, smaller denominations became more numerous. While Protestant, and especially Presbyterian, strength was greatest in the northeast, the Church of Ireland had a presence throughout the island. During the early nineteenth century Irish Protestantism was reshaped by the impact of evangelicalism and subsequently gained renewed impetus from the Ulster revival of 1859. There were extensive social engagements, notably with education and temperance, together with a strong commitment to overseas mission and international networks such as the Evangelical Alliance. Controversial endeavours to proselytize Catholics were indeed a significant strand in this history, but for all its insecurities and crises, nineteenth-century Irish Protestantism was much more than a merely sectarian movement.
Catholic Ireland and the Devotional Revolution
Authors: Roddy Sarah
Published: February 2024

Emmet Larkin’s identification in a pioneering 1972 article of a ‘devotional revolution’, a transformation of religious practice that he dated to the period 1850–75, has had an enduring influence on subsequent histories of Catholic Ireland. This chapter first discusses the initial debates Larkin’s thesis prompted, before arguing that the ‘devotional revolution’ as an explanatory framework has not lost its utility. The chapter shows that current research is centred on three significant themes. First, scholars are exploring in multiple ways the material manifestations of the Devotional Revolution, which it should be stressed is not at odds with an appreciation of the deeply felt religiosity of those involved. Second, there is a renewed focus on the agency of the laity in the Devotional Revolution. Third, the consequences of the Devotional Revolution for Catholic culture worldwide have attracted important work.
New Religious Movements
Authors: Mulholland Peter , Salazar Carles
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a sense of the scale and variety of the New Religious Movements (NRMs) that have emerged in Ireland in modern times. Our research is based on a review of media reports about NRMs and church-related events that appeared in newspapers. We focus our attention on a selection of those unorthodox, heterodox, and exotic movements that arrived in Ireland or emerged from obscurity and attracted the attention of mainstream media. Any interpretation or explanation of such a complex phenomenon cannot proceed without paying due attention to the history of its diverse manifestations and, specifically, to the reverberations of those manifestations in the wider society. Accurate research on the ways in which that history has been drawn together and filtered in the press can provide a first step towards that interpretation or explanation.
Religion and Memory in Modern Ireland
Authors: Beiner Guy
Published: February 2024

It is often assumed that modern memory is secular, replacing traditional faith-based memorialization (evident, for example, in liturgy, sermons, iconography, church architecture, and church ritual) with inherently non-religious remembrance. This highly questionable assertion is clearly not the case in Ireland, where religious memorial practices have shown remarkable tenacity and plasticity in face of changing circumstances, undergoing repeated reinvention, and re-emerging in new forms. An examination of how the influence of religion shaped social and cultural remembrance from the early modern period through to the twenty-first century reveals the underlying role of religion as the matrix of Irish memory. The continuing predominance of the legacy of Catholicism (despite recent scandals and the decline in attendance of religious services), alongside the prominence of Anglicanism and Presbyterianism within the memorial cultural of Northern Ireland, has yet to take on board the plurality of faiths in contemporary Ireland
The Etruscans
Authors: Esposito Carmen , Stoddart Simon
Published: February 2024

The Etruscans have traditionally been treated as a special, mysterious case on the margins of the classical world. In fact, they represent a classic case of state formation that deserves to be compared on a global scale, albeit like other Mediterranean civilizations centered on a maritime rather than terrestrial network. This chapter thus focuses on the themes of historical development, political geography, identity, cuisine, and trade that permit such a comparison. Readers should look elsewhere for a comprehensive exegesis of the artistic styles and material culture that were particular to the Etruscan civilization, although often seen as a pale reflection of the Greek and Roman worlds.
Apulia
Authors: Lippolis Enzo
Published: February 2024

In the recent and final Bronze Age, Apulia participated in the Apennine and sub-Apennine cultures that spread throughout the Italian peninsula. However, the region had a specific character due to the intense Mycenaean commercial presence along its coasts. Apulia lacked natural resources and was sparsely populated—with the exception of the Greek colony of Tarentum, large cities did not appear until the third and second centuries. Once inhabited by the Apuli, Daunians, Peucetii, and Messapii, to this day, the area presents diverse linguistic and cultural aspects that coincide with the ancient divisions. This paper examines the development of the region during the early historical period, particularly as contact with Rome increased, changing the relationships within the region, activating a lively social dynamic, and strengthening the local economy.
The Celts of Italy
Authors: Piana Agostinetti Paola
Published: February 2024

Languages of the Celtic branch have been spoken in the Golaseccan and Ligurian areas since at least the second millennium BCE, although language alone is not enough to identify a group. From the late fifth century, Celtic groups of the La Tène culture crossed the Alps, spread throughout the Italian peninsula, and besieged Rome. From the beginning of the third century, the Romans attempted to push back the more recent Celtic invaders who had settled south of the Po River. This chapter traces the Celts who settled south of the Alps, from the seventh century BCE until the Augustan era.