bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representation Delimited and Historicized
Authors: Grethlein Jonas
Published: September 2020

This chapter enriches the volume’s overall diachronic approach with an additional transmedial perspective as it compares cases of metalepsis in archaic and classical vase-painting with violations of levels of representation in epic and lyric poetry. It focuses, first, on how characters in texts and figures in painting address the recipients, either with apostrophe (in texts) or en face gaze (in pictures). It then considers cases in which the represented world of a painting seems to acknowledge its own representation, for instance when figures apparently lean against the edges of the vessel on which they are painted. The chapter argues that medial differences have a significant impact on metalepsis: not all textual metalepses have pictorial parallels, nor can we find equivalents to all pictorial metalepses in literature. However, it concludes that ancient literature and vase-painting nevertheless share traits that reveal a distinct tendency of ancient metalepsis: in both media the boundaries between the representation, the represented object, and the recipient were less clear-cut than in our modern view. The chapter concludes by suggesting a possible reason for this in the rootedness of ancient representations in specific contexts: specifically, performative settings for literature, and pragmatic utility for painted pots.
Metalepsis and Readerly Investment in Fictional Characters
Authors: Budelmann Felix
Published: September 2020

This chapter is a critical discussion of the metaleptic phenomenon of apostrophizing fictional and/or long-dead characters. It asks what model of engagement with fiction emerges if one takes the gesture of speaking to a fictional character literally, not merely as a rhetorical trope but a meaningful speech act. In this mode of reading, modelled by an apostrophizing author as first reader of their own text, apostrophe suggests that characters are, somehow, still available to be interacted with. Apostrophe therefore serves as an invitation for readers to invest in characters and form relationships with them, for instance loving them or mourning for them. By discussing four rather different examples—Homeric epic, Sapphic lyric, a bucolic poem by Theocritus, and a progymnasma by Musonius Rufus—the chapter argues that apostrophe not only repays reading as a model of how readers engage with fiction, but that each text offers its own version of this engagement.
Metalepsis and the Apostrophe of Heroes in Pindar
Authors: Jong Irene J. F. de
Published: September 2020

This chapter is an analysis of the metaleptic effect of apostrophe in narratives that are embedded in a lyric frame, using the example of the Pindaric epinician ode. In apostrophe, a narrator ‘turns away’ from his default addressee, but in contrast to epic, Pindaric lyric has many addressees: the chapter therefore begins with an analysis of the Pindaric ‘you’, a topic much less explored than the Pindaric ‘I’, and concludes that in an epinician ode the victor and his family are the default addressee. Turning to the three instances of narrative apostrophe in Pindaric myths, the chapter argues that, owing to the hymnic associations of early Greek apostrophe, these instances serve to anticipate a mythical (Pelops) or historical (Battus) character’s status as a hero enjoying hero cult. These apostrophes suggest the movement of a character into the world of the ode’s performance (epiphany) rather than the movement of the narrator and his narratee into the world of the mythical past (immersion or enargeia). The conclusion is drawn that whereas modern metalepsis usually has an illusion-breaking effect and is typically found in experimental texts, the narrative apostrophes in Pindar show that ancient metalepsis rather tends towards increasing the authority of the narrator and the ideological force of his tale.
Secondary Metalepsis?
Authors: Kearey Talitha
Published: September 2020

This analysis of metalepsis in the Expositio Virgilianae Continentiae, an allegorical exposition of Virgil’s Aeneid by the sixth-century Christian Fulgentius, enables the formulation of a new critical concept, ‘secondary metalepsis’. In this phenomenon, the diegetic levels of author, narrator, and narrative are blurred not by the same author but by another, who employs the figure of the first author and their text within their own new (‘secondary’) work. The chapter identifies Genette’s ‘Virgil has Dido die’ as an example of secondary metalepsis rather than (as Genette claims) authorial metalepsis, before discussing key hermeneutic dynamics in the Expositio, a work whose most striking feature is its necromantic conceit that the exegesis is not in fact Fulgentius’, but is delivered by the shade of Virgil himself. In doing so, the chapter demonstrates how considering the metaleptic dynamics of literary criticism—both ancient and modern, both ‘nonfictional’ and embedded within unequivocally fictional frames—can help refine our understanding of metalepsis itself, its use in classical antiquity, and its far-reaching implications for literary-critical practice in general.
Iain Sinclair’s Early Writing
Authors: Anderson David
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5, ‘Iain Sinclair’s Early Writing: The Arcane Scholarship of Place’, begins by exploring the special influence of an eccentric 1914 text by Elizabeth Gordon entitled Prehistoric London: Its Mounds and Circles (1914) on Sinclair’s occult-inflected poetic geographies of London. Examining his creative exchanges with other writers, including Peter Ackroyd and Alan Moore, it explores the coterie atmosphere of Sinclair’s early work before going on to navigate his increasingly venomous and toxic vision of East London and the Thames Estuary in the period spanning 1970 to 1994, adumbrating and critiquing the parallel development of what Patrick Wright has called the ‘acid negativity’ of Sinclair’s prose.
Constitutional Change in the Contemporary Socialist World
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

This book explores and explains how and why the five current socialist countries (China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam) have changed their constitutions since the fall of the Cold War and the rise of globalization. It demonstrates that constitution-making, replacement, and amendment in the contemporary socialist world display the dynamic constitution, party institutionalization, power distribution, rights universalization, and economic marketization. The function of this progressive constitutional change is to facilitate the active role of the party-state in improving the living conditions of local residents. Integrating comparative constitutional law and social sciences, this book explains the intellectual foundations, legal-institutional aspects, and political economy of socialist constitutional change. This book identifies five divergent models of socialist constitutional change depending on the prominence of influential factors: universal convergence (Vietnam), ethnic integration (Laos), historical reservation (Cuba), exceptional attitude (China), and personal rule (North Korea).
Introduction
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

This book seeks to fill the academic gap in the existing literature on comparative constitutional law by examining how and why five current socialist countries (China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam) have changed their constitutions after the fall of the Soviet Union. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach which integrates comparative constitutional law with social sciences (particularly political science and sociology), this book explores and explains: the progressive function; institutional and socio-economic causes; legal forms, processes, and powers; and five variations (universal, integration, reservation, exceptional, and personal) of socialist constitutional change. It uses qualitative methodology, including the support of fieldwork. It contributes to a better understanding of dynamic socioeconomic, legal, and constitutional change in socialist countries and comparative constitutional law and theory, generally.
Socialist Constitutional History
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines constitutional history in the five socialist countries. Their constitutional history can be analytically divided into three periods: pre-socialist, Soviet-era, and transitional. During the pre-socialist period, the five countries had their own constitutional history, which was predominantly informed by traditional values (e.g. Confucianism in China, Vietnam, and Korea, and Buddhism in Laos) and liberal modern values, although some socialist ideas were also partially adopted in some cases, such as the 1946 Constitution of Vietnam. In the Soviet era, except for the belated constitution-making in Laos, the four other countries made, replaced, or amended the socialist constitutions which were predominantly informed by five elements of socialist constitutional identity. Immediately after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, the five countries adapted their socialist constitutional system in the early 1990s in a transition with three separate elements: independent states, economic reforms, and institutional adjustment. The examination of socialist constitutional history has implications for comparative constitutional history.
The Exceptional Model
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses China’s constitutional amendments in 1999, 2004, and 2018 in the global era. China’s Constitution and its amendment processes are surrounded by controversial constitutional dynamics, which struggled for rights and constitutional change. This chapter examines the formal constitutional change and the functional constitutional dynamics. It demonstrates that, in the era of globalization, constitutional change in China is being shaped by Chinese constitutional exceptionalism: the country’s confident attitude and belief in developing its own socialist constitutional model as a competitive alternative to those of the West.
Conclusion
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

This conclusion summarizes trends and major points in socialist constitutional change, and addresses broader implications. The socialist constitutions’ history or progress indicates the trend to incremental adaption of core socialist constitutional institutions. In some case, socialist constitutional change leads to partial adoption of some institutions of liberal democracy and market economy. But, the resistance to institutions of liberal constitutional democracy is also vehement in several cases. In addition, the divergence between socialist and liberal political and economic institutions is increasingly sharp. This institutional divergence is mainly due to socialist and local constitutional innovation. The partial adaption, resistance, and local innovation suggest that socialist constitutional change has not converged with “the end of history.” The socialist constitutions are increasingly dissonant documents, which is the condition for continuing evolution of the socialist constitutional order. Socialist constitutional change is connected to the broader global constitutional landscape. Constitutional change to improve the material wellbeing of living conditions is a part of human development.
Infinitival forms
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

In this chapter an overview is presented of the main characteristics of infinitival verb forms. First of all, the infinitive is the form in which a verb is included in most dictionaries and word lists. Secondly, the infinitive form is built up by a verb stem plus a suffix and application of this suffix is required whenever the verb (plus its complements) is used as the object of some other verb, the main verb. Depending on the type of main verb, the infinitive behaves in some respects like a noun: it can take a case marker, but not a plural marker. Apart from its syntactic role as object, an uninflected infinitival verb form is used as subject or predicate.
Projections
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

Tense is typically a trait of verbs and the suffixes associated with it cannot be applied to members of other lexical categories. But still it is possible to imagine something expressed by a nominal sentence to have been the case in the past. Turkish has a small number of suffixes which can be applied to all types of sentence in order to create a certain projection. The first section deals with projection in the past, and interestingly, application to a tensed verbal predicate leads to compound tenses. Next, the suffix associated with indirect observation (reported past, inference) is introduced, and thirdly, the suffix which deals with hypothetical statements is discussed. There are many possible and impossible combinations across these three suffixes. The fourth suffix is used for assumptions and in statements of general validity.
Clause linking
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

There are several types of clause-linking devices and one of them makes use of a particle that carries a minimal ‘amount of meaning’, such as reason, purpose, cause, and the like. One verbal suffix that fulfils the function of clause linker is –(y)Ip, without any indication of tense, number, or person. A subtype of this construction consists of two adjacent verb stems. To mention only two of its applications, two different stems express an ordinary sequence of actions, but two identical stems stand for a repetitive action. Other connective devices are abundantly present. Conditional sentences are formed by the realis and irrealis constructions: “If A then B.” The remainder of the chapter presents an extensive account of so-called converbs, verbal connectors that signal all sorts of temporal relations.
Postpositional complements
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

Postpositions can be classified according to several criteria, one of which is the type of complement one of them can take. In this chapter person-bound complements are distinguished from temporal phrases and from purpose phrases. The reason is that person-bound complements all contain a nominalized verb plus a personal (possessive) ending, whereas the other two types have other verbal forms. Temporal phrases have a deverbal suffix, and purpose phrases are all based on an infinitival verb form. A type of complement which typically occurs with the instrumental and case-marker annex postposition is phrases specifying circumstance or detail. This specification is based on a kind of sentence, a “small clause,” which always contains a locative phrase, including an element reminiscent of the anticipatory possessive. The final section discusses the properties of postpositions in predicate and attributive position.
Verbal complexes *
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

There are many combinations of tense forms which are not transparent with respect to their overall meaning. That makes such forms complex. Another factor is the fact that some verbs can be used independently and as an auxiliary. Both functions of the verb olmak are extensively discussed in the first section, immediately followed by the aspectual properties of a tensed verb plus a form of olmak. Another type of aspect is expressed with a verbal suffix composed of a linking vowel and a second verb stem. Although it has been advanced that a classification in terms of nominal, existential, and verbal sentences is motivated by the type of negation each class requires, the verbal system is the one that deviates from this partition because of double negation. This is explained in the final two sections.
Griffith’s Equation
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

Most materials fracture suddenly because they contain small internal and surface cracks, which propagate under an applied stress. Griffith’s equation shows how fracture strength depends inversely on the square root of the size of the largest crack. It was developed by Alan Griffith, while he was working as an engineer at Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough just after the First World War. This chapter examines brittle and ductile fracture, the concepts of fracture toughness, stress intensity factor and stBiographical Memoirs of Fellows ofrain energy release rate, the different fracture modes, and the use of fractography to understand the causes of fracture in broken components. The importance of fracture mechanics was recognised after the Second World War, following the disastrous failures of the Liberty ships from weld cracks, and the Comet airplanes from sharp window corner cracks. Griffith’s father was a larger-than-life buccaneering explorer, poet, journalist and science fiction writer, and Griffith lived an unconventional, peripatetic and impoverished early life. He became a senior engineer working for the UK Ministry of Defence and then Rolls-Royce Aeroengines, famously turning down Whittle’s first proposed jet engine just before the Second World War as unworkable because the engine material would melt, then playing a major role in jet engine development after the war, including engines for the first vertical take-off planes.
The End of the World is Nigh!
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Astronomy was the first science. Even in the fourteenth century, astronomers could accurately predict the date and time of an eclipse that lay one hundred years in the future. But early astronomers also developed some strange ideas which still resound today. Astrologers of the past identified conjunctions of the planets, especially the outer planets Jupiter and Saturn, with disastrous events such as floods, schisms, and pestilence. These ideas were related to the notion that world history can be understood as a series of 1,000-year cycles. This idea dates back to ancient Persian and Babylonian astrologers, but it has been perpetuated within Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity and is known today as ‘millennialism’. It is quite remarkable that the sequence of conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn was also the key that led Johannes Kepler to dedicate himself to astronomy and ultimately to transform astronomy into a modern science.
The Book of Changes
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Leibniz promoted the idea of binary numbers as part of his programme to mechanize calculation. He argued that binary numerals originate in the Chinese divinatory system known as the I Ching. Mechanical combination is explored in the short story The Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges. The fictional library includes books containing all possible combinations of letters. The scale of the library can be understood by considering a sentence of just sixty characters. There are more sequences of sixty characters than there are atoms in the visible universe. Borges and his story formed part of the inspiration for Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Rose, which revolves around a secret library within a medieval monastery.
Free Love in Many Dimensions
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Higher dimensions were explored by mathematicians Bernhard Riemann and Ludwig Schläfli in the middle years of the nineteenth century. Charles Howard Hinton was the key figure to popularize the notion of higher dimensions, and Chapter 17 introduces the idea of a fourth spatial dimension and the methods devised by Hinton to make higher dimensions accessible. Hinton’s books were very influential in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, and H. G. Wells’ The Time Machine was inspired by Hinton’s ideas. A simplified version of Hinton’s methods was published in a famous short story, Flatland, written by the Reverend Edwin A. Abbott. Following conviction and imprisonment for bigamy, Hinton left England with his family and eventually settled in America.
Let’s Do the Twist
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Topology is the study of the most fundamental characteristics of shape—the properties that are unaltered when bodies are stretched, twisted, or otherwise distorted. The London Underground map, originally devised by Harry Beck, is an everyday application of topology. Topology is often described as rubber-sheet geometry. Any two objects that can be transformed into each other by stretching, bending, and twisting are considered to be topologically equivalent as long as no tearing or gluing is required to transform one into the other. Chapter 21 explains topology by looking at some of the surfaces that can be formed by stretching and gluing the edges of a rectangle: the Möbius strip, the Klein bottle, and the torus.
The Gordian Knot
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Chapter 22 includes a brief survey of knots and their uses. The nineteenth-century physicist Lord Kelvin suggested that atoms might be knots in the aether. This idea led to the development of knot theory as a branch of mathematics. Knots are classified by their crossing number. As the crossing number increases, the number of prime knots rises rapidly. This chapter explains an important class of knots known as torus knots that can be produced by winding a string around a torus. Knots that are formed of more than one component are known as links.
All for One and One for All
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Chapter 23 tells the story of the Borromeo family and the origin of the motif on their coat of arms. It is a link known to mathematicians as the Borromean rings. The link is formed of three rings, which cannot be separated although no two of the rings are linked. This motif has a long history. It was known to the Vikings as the Walknot, and is inscribed on the Stora Hammars 1 picture-stone. Some of John Robinson’s abstract geometrical sculptures take the form of the Borromean rings. The mathematician Hermann Brun investigated how the structure of the Borromean rings could be extended to form other links, and these are known as Brunnian links. The emblem of the Principia Discordia—a satirical counter-culture text written in 1963—is a pentagonal Brunnian link formed of five nonagons known as the Mandala Discordia.
Brexit May 1940
Authors: Fielding Steven , Schwarz Bill , Toye Richard
Published: September 2020

The chapter explores the trajectories of the Churchill myths in the UK, from 1940 to the time of Brexit, unearthing the how the past (May 1940) exists in the historical present. It reviews how the myths operated in popular life as well as in the formal historiography. It demonstrates how the shifting configurations of Churchill underwrite the larger political shifts. It introduces the making of the myth at the end of the 1940s; the long stretch of Churchill as the personification of the Westminster system, in the latter decades of the twentieth century; and the present reimagining of him in harder populist mode.
Rescripting Sinai
Authors: Pregill Michael E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter interprets the Golden Calf narrative in the Qur’an as a profound, subtle, and intentional engagement with the version of the story known from the book of Exodus, reshaped according to exegetical predispositions anticipated by older late antique Jewish and Christian approaches to the story. It discusses the findings of the previous chapter in the context of both the Qur’an’s relationship to its literary precursors and the Calf narrative’s particular points of resonance with other themes and topoi in the qur’anic corpus. Though the term is a problematic one, the Qur’an’s novel treatment of the Calf story will be considered as an example of “rewritten Bible” here—a reshaping of an older scriptural story that is not only a reimagining but in some ways a re-revelation of a narrative with a considerably freighted history in previous scriptural tradition. This chapter also considers a possible context for the qur’anic presentation of the Calf narrative, particularly its subordination of Aaron as priest to Moses as prophet, in the conflict that traditional Muslim sources describe between Muḥammad and the Jews of Medina after the hijrah. At the same time, the chapter also takes into account the significance of central themes of the story such as transgression, repentance, and authority for the Qur’an’s original audience at a transformative moment in their history.
Ties that Bind
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the relationship between local social structures and the popularity of religion through structured comparisons of three Scottish islands (Lewis, Orkney, and Shetland) and four Welsh villages. It also considers whether the apparent resistance of fishing and mining communities to secularization is best explained by the unpredictably dangerous nature of fishing and mining or by the relative isolation of those communities. It argues that, contra the view of some US sociologists, competition between churches, sects, and denominations weakens rather than strengthens religion. The enduringly religious parts of Britain remained so because they shared a common religion, and that consensus was possible because such communities were unusually socially homogenous and were relatively isolated (by geography and by language barriers) from the cultural mainstream.
Social Roles of the Clergy
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2020

Changes in two communities studied in the 1950s and 1960s by W. M. Williams (Northlew in Devon and Gosforth in Cumbria) form the springboard for reflections on the social roles of the clergy in a largely secular society. That the clergy are often called on to act as community spokespersons and honest brokers is not, as is sometimes argued, a reflection of the enduring popularity of religion. It is precisely because most people are not religious that the clergy can be seen as disinterested and valued for their organizational skills and their experience as public speakers.
Modernizing the Faith
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2020

In the 1970s, British Protestant churches were changed by a movement that criticized formality and tradition as ‘churchianity’ and claimed access to the supernatural ‘gifts of the spirit’. Large numbers of loosely networked fellowships were formed, and many mainstream congregations adopted the movement’s rock-music worship style. Its embodiment in the Alpha course training programme was widely adopted. But the movement attracted few non-Christians, and it peaked in the 1990s, because the pool from which it recruited—young Christians put off the mainstream by conservative mores and traditional worship—was shrinking. Its emphasis on personal experience rather than shared belief meant that, instead of revitalizing the churches, it served as a bridge from conventional faith to personal idiosyncrasy and indifference.
Worktown and Muslims
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2020

In the 1930s, Bolton was the site of Mass Observation’s first major research project, and subsequent restudies allow us to track in detail the decline of Christianity in the town. It was also the site of the first major Muslim demonstration against Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses. The reaction of Boltonians to Islam is discussed as an introduction to wider consideration of the impact of the growth of Islam in Britain. Detailed discussion of media coverage of Muslims and of attitude survey data makes the case that, while some British people dislike Islam, a more powerful trend is growing hostility to any religion that is taken seriously enough to intrude on the public sphere.
Can the Decline be Reversed?
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2020

The final chapter considers whether the decline of religion in Britain is likely to be reversed. It demonstrates the absence of a shared stock of religious knowledge and the current poor public reputation of religion. It considers what we know about the dynamics of religious conversion and makes the point that personal influence often relies on pre-existing social bonds and on social similarity between believers and potential converts. The key problem for British religion is that ‘being religious’ is no longer a common and widespread characteristic but is confined to a few relatively introverted minority populations. The odds on the religiously indifferent associating with committed believers are very small. Hence the chances of any religious revival occurring now, when it failed to occur in the previous century (when religion was far more popular), seem equally slight.
Essence and Existence
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

This book is a collection of essays written by Bob Hale (three co-authored), with a critical introduction from Kit Fine. They comprise Hale’s final years of work, adding to and extending beyond his landmark monograph Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them (OUP, 2013, 2nd edition 2015). The essays develop and consolidate several key themes in Hale’s work, most notably the notion of definition, especially as it extends beyond definition of a word to definition of a thing more generally, and its relations to essence and existence; how the recently influential notion of truthmaking relates to and illuminates some of these issues; and ontological questions connected with Hale’s metaphysical commitments on the one hand, and his commitments in the foundations of mathematics on the other. Several of the essays engage with and respond to work by Kit Fine, and contributions to Being Necessary: Themes of Ontology and Modality from the Work of Bob Hale (OUP 2018). As such, these essays also demonstrate a rich and fruitful philosophical dialogue between Hale and his critics and friends.
Introduction
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

Kit Fine offers a critical introduction to the book, discussing in detail the two chapters in the volume that are on truthmaking—Chapter 6 on truthmakers for universal statements and Chapter 7 on truthmakers for modal statements.
Exact Truthmakers, Modality, and Essence
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

Non-reductive essentialist explanations of necessities and possibilities in general locate their source in a special, basic or fundamental kind of necessities—those directly arising from the essences of things. All remaining necessities and possibilities can be seen as grounded, more or less indirectly, in these basic necessities. If this idea is on the right lines, it ought to be possible to distinguish clearly between those necessities which are directly grounded in the natures of things, and those which are indirectly so grounded. Special interest is shown in this question, treated within the framework of Fine’s version of truthmaker semantics. We might expect that within this framework, it would be possible to capture the distinction between what is directly true in virtue of essence, and what is only indirectly true.
S5 as the Logic of Metaphysical Modality: Two Arguments for and Two Arguments against
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

Two arguments for S5 being the logic of metaphysical modality are favourably discussed: one from the logic of absolute necessity, one from Timothy Williamson. Two arguments against S5 being the logic of metaphysical modality are discussed and rebuffed: one from Nathan Salmon against S4, and thereby S5, being the logical of metaphysical modality; and one from Michael Dummett against the B principle for metaphysical modality. In the Appendix, some comments are offered on the logics of ‘true in virtue of the nature of’, and its relation to logical necessity. It is argued that the logic both of ‘true in virtue of the nature of x’ and of essentialist logical necessity is S5.
Powerful Firms and Monopolizing Conduct
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

New Zealand’s efforts to rein in the anticompetitive conduct of market dominant firms has been disappointing overall. Its track record, in terms of the number of successful challenges, has been dismal. The early cases under the 1986 Act were promising with some notable victories for plaintiffs. But this was not to last. A large part of this chapter details the shadow cast by the Privy Council in the momentous Clear v Telecom saga in the mid-1990s. Their Lordships promulgated a stringent “counterfactual” test for contravening conduct under s 36 (the monopolization prohibition), one that almost spelt the death knell for meaningful enforcement of the section. A major attempt to restore the effectiveness of s 36 and reverse the effect of the London ruling was made by Parliament in 2001, but that proved unavailing. Moreover, the Supreme Court, the replacement for the Privy Council, determined that the counterfactual test ought to be retained. Despite the unabridged severity of the test, a few stubborn victories against monopolizing firms were still recorded. Nonetheless, policymakers have determined that reform is required. One proposal is to revise s 36 to embrace a SLC test. The chapter also considers the dormant intellectual property exemption in s 36. New Zealand’s experience of refusals to deal (“essential faculties” doctrine) and predatory pricing are also analysed.
Granting Immunity: Authorisation and “Public Benefit”
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyses the authorisation mechanism—a demanding cost-benefit test for those applicants who seek advance approval of their potentially contravening conduct. The “public benefits” and detriments the Commission can assess under this test are very broad. The potentially relevant matters go well beyond economic efficiencies to intangible and unquantified gains or harms. A thorny issue has been the distributional question. Does the Act have an implicit bias in favour of consumers when it comes to weighing benefits and detriments? Must benefits be passed on to consumers? The Chicagoan thinking came to dominate and the Commission pronounced it was “neutral” regarding wealth transfers from consumers to producers. The 2001 Amendment, which altered the purpose of the Act to clarify that competition operated for the long-term benefit of New Zealand consumers, did not initially alter the Chicagoan stance. Over time, however, the purely neutral stance towards wealth transfers has been eroded. The Court of Appeal decided that private gains, redounding solely to the companies alone, were not sufficient. “Modified total welfare” arrived as a new term in the New Zealand antitrust lexicon. The chapter also analyses the non-neutral stance where the benefits go to foreign owners of local companies.
Phrases
Authors: Zamponi Raoul , Comrie Bernard
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the phrasal syntax of Akabea, in particular a detailed discussion of the noun phrase (including an extensive discussion of possessive noun phrases), and briefer discussions of the adjectival phrase and the postpositional phrase.
Complex sentences
Authors: Zamponi Raoul , Comrie Bernard
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the limited available material on complex sentences, in particular coordination of clauses, relative clauses, and complement clauses.
The Pursuit of Happiness
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

Utilitarianism began as a movement for social reform that changed the world. To understand Utilitarianism, we must understand utility – how is it to be measured, and how aggregate utility of a group can be understood. The authors, a cognitive scientist and a philosopher, pursue these questions from Bentham to the present, examining psychophysics, positivism, measurement theory, meaningfulness, neuropsychology, representation theorems, and dynamics of formation of conventions.
Measurement Essentials in a Nutshell
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

A quick introduction to scales of measurement, ordinal, interval, ratio, and absolute, and related issues of meaningfulness as invariance.
The Creaturely View
Authors: Cheetham David
Published: September 2020

What is the nature of the creaturely view? This chapter critiques some of the contemporary literature concerning the theology of creation primarily to discern what kind of vehicle it might be for interreligious dialogue. It will give some attention to the different perspectives on creation: the emanationist, pantheist, and feminist views, and so on. However, the chapter settles on a non-contrastive ex nihilo understanding or what has been called ‘the Christian distinction’. This view makes it clear that finite causal world is emphatically not a model for understanding the relationship between God and the world. The difference is of an entirely different order. The chapter argues that this ‘non-contrastive’ relationship allows one to speak of the freedom of God as well as the gift of meaning to the creation. It thus sets the stage for wisdom to speak ‘for itself’ in the immanent.
The Sky Is Not the Limit
Authors: Cheetham David
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, we engage with the work of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. We seek to build on Bonhoeffer’s comment that ‘God’s “beyond” is not the beyond of our cognitive faculties. The transcendence of epistemological theory has nothing to do with the transcendence of God. God is beyond in the midst of our life.’ The chapter addresses the early faultlines in Bonhoeffer’s thought, especially the themes of Mündigkeit, Sicut Deus, penultimacy, ‘natural life’ and creaturehood, evidenced in his Ethics as well as Creation and Fall. The affirmation of this-worldliness and religionless Christianity finds a more profound rendition in the doctrine of creation and creaturehood. The invitation to the religious other is a ‘call to creaturehood’ and to live etsi deus non daretur.
The Shared Making of Signs
Authors: Cheetham David
Published: September 2020

In this chapter we take this discussion in Chapter 6 further by focusing on the shared creation of powerful gestures, ceremonies, and rituals in the ‘immanent frame’. Embodied individuals and communities find ritual or liturgy to be a connection between the material and finite with the transcendent. Is the secular space capable of being ritualized? The chapter will focus mainly on the idea of rituality occurring in an immanent frame or habitus (Pierre Bourdieu). It will engage with a range of sources and argue that there is a broad liturgical potential opened up by an anthropology rooted in ritual. As well as the focus on the doctrine of creation, the chapter explores the phenomenology of ritual in the secular space and asks if it might constitute a positive step towards the joint creation of meaning and practice in the public sphere.
Creational Politics
Authors: Cheetham David
Published: September 2020

In this chapter we will seek to consider ‘creational politics’. In dialogue with the work of Frank Ankersmit, the chapter will review the aesthetic politics of representation, how this seems to eschew strong ethical identities and how it occupies a liminal territory of its own. As part of this discussion, the chapter also considers the idea of ‘comparative classic individual’ that may act as an interfaith exemplar through the work of David Tracy and David Clairmont. Finally, the chapter will consider the important creational theme of ‘the gift’ and consider the ways in which the logic of superabundance challenges how different communities might relate in their contested spaces.
Revolutionary Lyric
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines a set of four poems, written between 1921 and 1924, that combine a certain abstraction of language with visceral violence. Mandelstam develops a set of techniques for his lyric poetry that will permanently enrich his poetics in exploring new themes such as guilt and violence; in another poem he creates an emblem to represent generational warfare, combining the highly pictorial and the abstract, and reflecting on questions of whether the ends justify the means; in a third, Mandelstam uses allegory and emblems to represent, in his own way, the analogy between the French Revolution and the Terror widespread in early Bolshevik culture, interrogating the historiography to see whether the past is of any use in predicting the future. In a eulogy to Lenin, the question of Russia’s direction remains acutely open-ended.
‘Verses on Russian Poetry’
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

The chapter considers Mandelstam’s 1932 ‘Verses on Russian Poetry’ as an act of engagement with Soviet critical debates on poetry and ideology, and on the nature of the poetic canon. The cycle has been deemed to illustrate Mandelstam at his most hermetic and even backward-looking, read as poems that put up a verbal screen. In fact, it is highly topical and draws heavily on contemporary newspaper material about literary groups and reviews of his own work. A new, productive method of reading such difficult texts is proposed here by showing how closely the cycle assimilates its horizon of expectation, using the language of parable, allegory, visual emblem, and political quotation. Flowing out of the events described in Chapter 1, the cycle asks whether there are limits to the evolutionary model of survival of the fittest that operates in an age of class warfare, and whether in a poetic world that formerly cultivated dialogue the poet still has a place.
Painting
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

This chapter observes that references to the eye and parts of the eye (eyelashes, iris, pupil, sclera, retina, and socket) are pervasive in Mandelstam’s prose and poetry. These references intensify around 1931, at a time when his poems establish a visual dialectic between representations of art (cinema, painting, objects) and also make use of images from Soviet life, adding what W.J.T. Mitchell calls ‘iconotexts’ to the emblems or ideograms seen in the poems of the early 1920s. A close reading of a famous passage from the travel piece Journey to Armenia unravels from its references to French painters and theorists the background behind Mandelstam’s terminology and his preoccupation with the physiological sensitivity of the eye. The Russian art scene was strongly influenced by French neo-Impressionist painting, in both theory and practice, and Mandelstam’s references condense a cultural moment of great prominence and influence. The chapter moves on to poems that aim to transpose onto a verbal canvas some of the lessons of these schools of painting, opening up new worlds governed by rules of art rather than rules of ideology at a time when the Soviet state was imposing canons of representation.
Moving Pictures
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

One area of experimentation in Mandelstam’s poetics was the visual. As a young modernist, he wrote poems about new technologies like the telephone and the cinema. During the 1920s he dabbled in writing film scripts. In the early 1930s, beset by the class warfare, Mandelstam dramatized his feelings of urban alienation in the Moscow poems. ‘I’m still far from being a patriarch’ is the focus of a reading that looks at the development of new representational strategies in his work. More Futurist than Acmeist, the poem’s creative vigour lies in its layering of visual material and its use of cinematic techniques of focalization rather than subtextual allusion. While its Chaplinesque hero provides a timely alter ego for a writer famously seen as steeped in high culture, the lyric is also full of ironic self-questioning about its own devices, the mechanization of art, and about the mimetic regime of Socialist Realism.
Into the Fourth Dimension
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

From early 1937, attacks on Mandelstam appeared in the local Voronezh press. The story of adapting to exile and escape from his political plight connects the poems of the notebooks. The chapter examines how the works written in that year explore the various prospects for survival, haunted by the example of homelessness of Schubert’s Winterreise. These experiences drive Mandelstam to consider whether the extensive reach of Stalin can ever be evaded, plotting whether flight might lead to freedom. The remaining possibility might be to surrender politically and submit to Stalin, seeking pardon. The book circles back to Mandelstam’s relation to the revolution by examining his late poem, the ‘Stalin Ode’, one of the most controversial poems in the Russian language, read here as a work of ironic defiance that manipulates panegyric subversively and closes off any possibility of rapprochement. Mandelstam’s final lyrics imagine flight into invisible realms.
Movement of charge carriers in electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

For the detection of charged particles many detector principles exploit the ionisation in sensing layers and the collection of the generated charges by electrical fields on electrodes, from where the signals can be deduced. In gases and liquids the charge carriers are electrons and ions, in semiconductors they are electrons and holes. To describe the ordered and unordered movement of the charge carriers in electric and magnetic fields the Boltzmann transport equation is introduced and approximate solutions are derived. On the basis of the transport equation drift and diffusion are discussed, first in general and then for applications to gases and semiconductors. It turns out that, at least for the simple approximations, the treatment for both media is very similar, for example also for the description of the movement in magnetic fields (Lorentz angle and Hall effect) or of the critical energy (Nernst-Townsend-Einstein relation).
Photodetectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

The chapter covers photodetectors for photons in the optical and near UV range (about 200 nm to 700 nm). Important for particle and astroparticle experiments are photodetectors which detect light generated in scintillation or Cherenkov detectors, for example. The detection of photons always starts with the generation of an electron by photoeffect at a photocathode. The photoelectron can then be either multiplied in a photomultiplier tube by secondary electron emission or the cathode could be the surface of a semiconductor detector; both techniques can also be combined in hybrid photodetectors. A relatively new semiconductor detector is the silicon photomultiplier using an avalanche operation mode to obtain sufficiently large signals. In the last section the different photodetectors are compared and are assigned to typical applications according to their properties.
Prologue
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George
Published: September 2020

The virtues of theatre in a European tradition have generally been connected to its perceived success in concealing or graduating from its (allegedly) degrading origins in travel and movement. Scholarly pursuit of historical itinerant theatre has often been accompanied by evaluative criticism of its achievements, obscuring or misrepresenting the dependence of canonical drama upon transnational circulation of materials and the experience of travel. In the summer of 1592, the English theatrical scene in London disintegrated due to the plague. The Admiral’s Men split into several different groups. Some of its players embarked on tours of the English provinces. Others left England and established the first professional theatre tradition in northern and central Europe. Known as the English Comedians, this latter group would be the first to perform adaptations of Marlowe and Shakespeare abroad. Their tradition overturned ancient festive schedules of performance, with profound consequences for civic life in many Imperial cities. Finding some success, the tradition persisted unevenly for many decades and would assist in creating a lasting impression of theatre and its effect on values cultural, national, economic, moral.