bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration and Fertility: Behavioral Change on the American Frontier
Authors: Mineau Geraldine P. , Bean Lee L. , Anderton Douglas L.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the relationship between fertility and migration in families settling the Utah Territory. Genealogical data are used to identify the timing of migration (i.e., after, during, or before childbearing) and country of originfor migrants; and to analyze both fer tility levels for different types of migrants and the changes in fertility behavior associated with these levels. The highest fertility levels are among adults who migrated during their reproductive ages. Those who migrated young, before childbearing began, have lower fertility and are similar to natives of the frontier. Adult immigrants and emigrants of the Utah Territory use multiple strategies offamily formation.
Close-Kin Marriage and Upper-Class Formation in Late-Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia
Authors: Gough Robert J.
Published: March 2007

In contrast with other contemporary urban elites, relatively few wealthy Philadel phians in the late eighteenth rentury married first cousins, and these marriages led to the forma tion of divisions among the wealthy rather than to social integration. These divisions and the social conflict which resulted from them were often strengthened by an emerging trend of rich Philadel phians marrying affinal kin. Philadelphia's religious norms, pluralistic social and political en vironment, changing business atmosphere, and latitudinarian marriage practices accounted for these patterns. The patterns, in turn, were part of a shift by wealthy Philadelphians toward "modern" family arrangements, based on affection, individualism, and voluntarism.
Introduction
Authors: Ericsson Tom , Tedebrand Lars-Göran
Published: March 2007

Church examination registers and population registers, both started in the seventeenth century, are the basis for the Demographic Data Base at Umeå University in Sweden. Interdisciplinary research using the Data Base is extending Swedish population research in many new directions, of which the essays in this issue are a good example.
Parity-Dependent Fertility in a Population with Natural Fertility in Northern Sweden 1720-1900
Authors: Stenflo Gun Alm
Published: March 2007

Recent discussion has questioned the usefulness of the concept of natural fertility and Swedish data have shown very poor fit to proposed models for natural fertility. Skellefteå is an example of a parish with a natural fertility regime, in which prenuptial births and conceptions cause deviation from the Goale-Trussel model. Dynamic analysis of the risk of passing from one parity to another shows that there is a systematically changing pattern over time, suggesting a change of nonparity dependent control, in a period with no sign of parity-dependent family limitation methods. It is also well known that birth intervals tend to increase with maternal age and higher parity. However, these two concepts—age ofmother and parity—are highly correlated. When there is no evidence of parity-dependent limiting methods, parity dependence can be explained by coital frequency and maternal age.
Kinship and the Neighborhood in Nineteenth-Century Rural England: the Myth of the Autonomous Nuclear Family
Authors: Reay Barry
Published: March 2007

There is an influential strand in the history of the Englishfamily, casting its shadow over interpretations of the nineteenth century and rapidly becoming sociological orthodoxy, which stresses the centrality of what has been termed the autonomous nuclear family. In this interpretation, the nuclear family dominates household structures, kinship is weak, and the community rather than family or kin is the main source of support for the needy sections of society. This article, which employs the technique of total reconstitution, examines the role of kinship in three adjoining rural communities in nineteenth-century Kent to question some of these orthodoxies. It shows that as many households in the area went through an extended phase as experienced only the simple family structure, and that kinship links in the immediate area were strong. Any separation between kin and commu nity would have been meaningless in these rural parishes where kinship was part of neighborhood.
Handing Down the Farm: Values, Strategies, and Outcomes in Inheritance Practices Among Rural German Americans
Authors: Gross Stephen John
Published: March 2007

This article examines inheritance practices among German Catholic immigrants and their children in Stearns County, Minnesota. It argues that fairness, embedded within an "ethic of equity" and rooted in Catholic sacramentalism, provided the guiding principle in distributing property. Farmers modified strategies to meet the demands of rural capitalism but still managed to preserve key family values. However, inheritance strategies varied according to the wealth of individual farmers and their German home districts. Wealthier farmers and settlers from areas where partible inheritance was the norm seemed to have been more aggressive in pursuing land for their sons and more often opted to hand down the home place to a younger child. Middlingfarmers and those from impartible regions were more conservative and generally selected the eldest son as the primary heir. These strategies also informed mobility patterns, and these in combination with differ ences in inheritance regimes effected a stubborn egalitarianism, one that persisted throughout the frontier phase well into this century.
The First American Valentine: Nahua Courtship and Other Aspects of Family Structuring in Mesoamerica
Authors: Schroeder Susan
Published: March 2007

By juxtaposing Classic European and Mesoamerican mythohistories about court ship and family beginnings, it is possible to perceive how, at the same time, the Nahua (Aztec) "family" might be construed as a paradigm for empire. However, the Nahuatl language lacks a term for family, and therefore Western applications of the concept simply have no place in Nahua America. Instead, indigenous sociopolitical institutions must be appreciated in their own right. Thus, by exam ining the ancient histories by the Nahuas themselves, we discern how desire, gender complementarity, marriage, fertility, and children as aspects of household are also critical functions of Aztec religion and state.
Masculinity and Adolescence in Antebellum America: Robert Wirt At West Point, 1820-1821
Authors: Jabour Anya
Published: March 2007

This article uses the family correspondence and private writings of Robert Wirt, a young cadet at the U.S. Military Academy, to explore masculinity and adoles cence in antebellum America. While boys in previous generations assumed they would simply follow in their fathers' footsteps, the Jacksonian era offered new opportunities—for failure as well as success. Forced to find their own—not their fathers'—route to self sufficiency, middle-class white males in nineteenth-century America experienced a turbulent adolescence that was foreign to their parents' experience. Robert Wirt's life sheds light on important themes in family history, including coming-of-age, homosocial friendship, and rebellion against parental authority.
Structure and Practice in the Labor Theory of Value
Authors: Gintis Herbert , Bowles Samuel
Published: March 2007

The Marxian labor theory of value has been criticized in recent years by neoclassical and Sraffian economists as superfluous to the analysis of capitalist economies. It is argued in this paper the usual presentations and de fenses of the labor theory of value are indeed faulty, but the theory itself is never theless indispensable. We develop a defense of the labor theory of value based on the proposition that both labor and labor-power fail to reduce to generalized commodity relations.
Stalinism as the Ideology of State Capitalism
Authors: Bettelheim Charles , Chavance Bernard , Bettelheim Charles , Chavance Bernard
Published: March 2007

The Soviet ideological formation of the Stalin period was closely linked with the class struggles and the economic and social transformations of that period. This article examines two major themes running through the some times contradictory ideology of Stalinism: 1) "state socialism" as a political ide ology, and 2) the "socialist mode of production" as an economic ideology. On the first theme, the reinforcement of the state was identified with the reinforce ment of socialism. The denial of social contradictions was combined with praise for the dictatorial apparatus. "Workerism" meant that certain pretended qual ities of workers (discipline, self-sacrifice) were used as a means of repression and that the existence of a "worker base" was seen as a guarantee of the party's revo lutionary character. The second section, on economic ideology, is only summar ized here. Socialism was increasingly identified with a planned economy subject to objective laws — an organized form of capitalism.
Georges Bataille's Diagnosis of Fascism and Some Second Opinions
Authors: Stephens Anthony
Published: March 2007

Nietzsche is to Hegel what a bird breaking its shell is to a bird contentedly absorbing the substance within. Georges Bataille, 1938.
The Effect of Practice and Instruction on the Word Comprehension Subtest of the Woodcock
Authors: Franklin Melvin R.
Published: March 2007

The Word Comprehension Test of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test uses an analogies format to assess a pupil's knowledge of word meanings. Poor performance on the Word Comprehension test may be a function of confusion with the analogies format, as opposed to inadequate word identification skills or lack of word meanings. The effect of presenting 15 additional sample items prior to administration of the Word Com prehension subtest was examined using a Solomon-Four Group Design. Statistically significant increases in Word Comprehension standard scores were found for low performing seventh-grade pupils.
Interpreting WISC-R Profiles: Reliability of Subtest Composites
Authors: Piotrowski Richard J. , Siegel Don J.
Published: March 2007

The reliability of subtest composites corresponding to the abilities and influences included in Kaufman's (1979) system for interpreting Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised profiles was examined at 6½, 11½ and 16½ years of age. These composites were found to consistently demonstrate high reliability. Increasing reliability was generally related to the number of subtests in a composite and to the proportion of Verbal to Performance subtests in a composite. The reliability of certain composites also fluctuated as a result of age. The implications of these findings for the practitioner interpreting a Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised profile are discussed.
Cognitive-Processing Approaches to the Assessment and Remediation of Learning Problems: An Interview with J. P. Das and Reuven Feuerstein
Authors: Snart Fern
Published: March 2007

The majority of this text results from an interview held with J. P. Das and Reuven Feuerstein while Dr. Feuerstein was visiting the University of Alberta as a distinguished visiting speaker. The article proceeds from a brief description by Fern Snart of the theoretical models associated with each interviewer to the actual interview.
Correction for Guessing and Nedelsky's Standard-Setting Method: Are they Compatible?
Authors: Melican Gerald J. , Plake Barbara S.
Published: March 2007

Combining the Livingston and Zieky (1982) correction to a cut score for an examination using correction-for-guessing scoring is reasonable if minimally competent candidates (MCCs) omit only those items for which they cannot eliminate any of the options. Otherwise, the corrected cut-score will be overly harsh, resulting in additional errors in classifications. In this study, omit behavior on a 48-item Mathematics Achievement Test of an empirically established group of MCCs was compared to the predictions of five expert judges. The results suggest that this group of examinees tended to respond to the items with an omit pattern similar to that predicted by the judges.
Vocational Assessment Procedures for School Psychologists at the Secondary Level
Authors: Shepard John W. , Levinson Edward
Published: March 2007

School psychologists can have a meaningful impact on the career education of both handicapped and nonhandicapped secondary-aged students. This article presents an overview of ways and means by which school psychologists can assist in the vocational appraisal of junior and senior high school students. Career development theory, particularly as it pertains to handicapped students, is briefly discussed. Specific vocational assessment techniques are presented. A format for psychological vocational report writing is also outlined.
Determinants of Professional-Parental Agreement for the Developmental Status of Young Handicapped Children
Authors: Sexton David , Miller James H. , Rotatori Anthony F.
Published: March 2007

Several factors have resulted in an increased interest on the part of professionals in collecting and using data from parents during assessment procedures conducted with young handicapped children. However, the results of recent studies which have examined differences between the developmental status of the child as described by parents and as evaluated by professionals have been contradictory. Some have concluded that parents provide significantly higher estimates of the child's development, while others have found no such differences. This study was designed to investigate relationships between parent- and child-related demographic variables and percentages of agreement calculated between both mothers and fathers and a diagnostician. Forty mothers and 32 fathers of handicapped children enrolled in early intervention programs were interviewed in order to complete the Developmental Profile. An overall percentage of agreement was calculated for each child by comparing parental data with that obtained by a diagnostician who scored the Developmental Profile by direct testing and observation. Significant relationships were found between some of the demographic variables and percentages of agreement. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for assessment procedures.
Responses of Mothers and Fathers on the Personality Inventory for Children: Are they Significantly Different?
Authors: Clark Elaine
Published: March 2007

The ability of fathers to identify salient cognitive and personality characteristics of their handicapped children using the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) was compared to that of mothers. Furthermore, the relationship between each of their PIC responses and independently derived measures of classroom behavior (i.e., WPBIC) and cognitive functioning (i.e., WISC-R) was studied. Even though the results showed high interparent agreement across all 16 PIC profile scales for 30 learning disabled and 15 emotionally disturbed children, mothers consistently rated their children as having greater difficulty. Scale to criterion correlations, nonetheless, indicate that PICs completed by either the mother or father can be interpreted similarly.
The Psychometric Properties of Four Systems for Scoring Divergent Thinking Tests
Authors: Runco Mark A. , Okuda Shawn M. , Thurston Becky J.
Published: March 2007

The traditional system for scoring divergent thinking tests has been criticized for its lack of predictive and discriminant validity. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate alternative scoring systems. Two divergent thinking tests (Uses and Line Meanings) were administered to 120 seventh- and eighth-grade children; the psychometric properties (i.e., reliability, and predictive and discriminant validity) of four scoring systems were evaluated and compared. Correlational analysis indicated (a) that the Uses test had notably higher validity coefficients than Line Meanings; (b) that the summation score (the sum of fluency, originality, and flexibility), the uncommon score (the number of ideas given by less than 5% of the sample), and the weighted-fluency score had the highest validity coefficients; (c) that ratio scores (e.g., flexibility divided by fluency) were generally unreliable and invalid; and (d) that all divergent thinking test scores were unrelated to IQ, but were related to achievement test scores. These findings have practical and theoretical implications for the testing of divergent thinking and creativity.
Scheme for Observing Activity Level: Reliability and Convergent Validity
Authors: Eaton Warren O. , Enns Lesley R. , Pressé Monique C.
Published: March 2007

The Scheme for Observing Activity Level (SOAL) is described. Nine mutually exclusive combinations of posture and movement intensity are defined for use in observational studies. Duration of time spent in each category is multiplied by energy expenditure estimates drawn from the empirical literature, and the products are summed to create the SOAL score. Interobserver reliability for the SOAL is evaluated in three studies with preschool children and is found to range from .90 to .94. SOAL scores also converged, as hypothesized, with observer rankings, a mechanical motion recorder measure, and teacher rankings. It is concluded that the SOAL is practical and reliable for use in observational studies that utilize real-time data collection.
A Comparison of the K-ABC with the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Academic Achievement in a Referred Population
Authors: Hooper Stephen R. , Brown Lou Ann , D'Elia Francine A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the concurrent relationship between the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (W-J). Subjects included 80 consecutive special education referrals (51 males and 29 females) in one large southern school district. The subjects ranged in age from 5-2 to 12-5 and were placed in kindergarten through fifth grade. Results indicated that the K-ABC Sequential Processing Global Score and its respective subtests related significantly to the W-J Reading and Mathematics Clusters, while the Simultaneous Global Score and its subtests correlated significantly with W-J Mathematics and Knowledge. The K-ABC Achievement Global Score correlated significantly with three of the four W-J Achievement Clusters, and K-ABC subtests that measure reading, mathematics, and general knowledge related significantly to their W-J counterparts. These results are consistent with other studies that have compared the K-ABC to individual and group achievement measures. Although none of the K-ABC scores correlated significantly with WJ Written Language, these data suggest that W-J Written Language may be adding another dimension to the K-ABC evaluation, particularly when administered to children referred for special education services.
Use of the PPVT-R for Intellectual Screening with Adults: A Caution
Authors: Altepeter Thomas S. , Johnson Kathleen A.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the construct validity of the PPVT-R as a general screening instrument for intellectual functioning with adults. The sample included 60 normal, neurologically intact adults, aged 18 to 48 years. The PPVT-R correlated positively and significantly (p < .05) with the WAIS-R Full Scale IQ(.47), Verbal IQ(.52), and Performance IQ (.24). Coefficients between the PPVT-R and WAIS-R subtests ranged from .52 (Vocabulary) to − .07 (Digit Symbol). The mean PPVT-R standard score (103.47) was not significantly different than the mean WAIS-R Full Scale IQ (105.38), Verbal IQ(103.90), or Performance IQ (106.33). Cross-tabulation matrices revealed that less than half of the cases were classified correctly by the PPVT-R. Additionally, mean score comparisons within the discrete classification levels revealed that the PPVT-R overestimated the WAIS-R Full Scale and Verbal IQs within the lower ability ranges and underestimated the mean WAIS-R IQs within the upper ability ranges. Regression analyses determined that the PPVT-R was most predictive of the WAIS-R Verbal IQ but only accounted for half of the variance in the Verbal IQ. On the basis of these findings, caution is advised when the PPVT-R is used as a general screening instrument for intellectual functioning.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the WPPSI-R
Authors: Gyurke James S. , Stone Brian J. , Beyer Marie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the underlying factor structure of the WPPSI-R. Previous factor analyses of the WPPSI generally have supported a two-factor interpretation. Three separate maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the WPPSI-R standardization sample (N = 1,700). A one-factor (general), a two-factor (verbal and performance), and a three-factor solution were imposed on the median intercorrelation matrix of the 12 WPPSI-R subtests. A comparison of underlying theory and goodness-of-fit statistics for the three analyses provided support for the two-factor solution as best representing the underlying structure of the WPPSI-R. The verbal and performance factors correlated highly, which indicates an underlying general component. The results lend continued support for the interpretation of separate Verbal and Performance Scales and for the interpretation of a Full Scale Score.
Use of the KTEA and WRAT-R with Learning-Disabled and Referred But not Placed Students
Authors: Prewett Peter N. , Bardos Achilles N. , Fowler Diane B.
Published: March 2007

The WISC-R, KTEA-Comprehensive Form, and the WRAT-R were administered to 55 specific learning disabled (SLD) students and 55 referred students who did not qualify for special education services. Grade placements of the subjects ranged from 1 to 5. Both tests correlated significantly with the WISC-R Full Scale IQ and with each other The average WRAT-R subtest scores were significantly lower than the average scores on the corresponding KTEA subtests. This difference was especially pronounced between the WRAT-R and KTEA reading scores for the SLD group (M difference = 11.4 points). Implications are discussed.
Psychometric Characteristics of a Psychological Skills Inventory as Applied to Preschool Children
Authors: Strayhorn Joseph M. , Weidman Carla S. , Majumder Amita
Published: March 2007

A rating scale, the Psychological Skills Inventory, was completed by a sample of parents of Head Start children, as well as by research assistants who observed these children in classrooms. The scale yields a total score, plus a subscale score for each of 22 psychological skills. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .97) and good interrater reliability among classroom observers (intraclass correlation = .76). The pattern of correlations with other measures of parent and child behavior and mental health suggests that the total score measures overall adjustment or psychological health of the child. Individual skills as measured by the inventory were fairly reliable (average intraclass correlation = .58). The reliability of the subscales in measuring individual psychological skills provides evidence that the scale can be useful in constructing individual treatment plans for children.
Estimating the Accuracy of Decisions Based on Cutting Scores
Authors: Sicoly Fiore
Published: March 2007

Classifications based on test results are used routinely in educational research and practice. Although test validity usually is expressed as a correlation coefficient, this does not indicate the expected accuracy of pass-fail or eligible-not eligible decisions based on test scores. This paper describes expectancy tables for converting a validity or test-retest reliability coefficient, r, into measures of classification accuracy for dichotomous categories. Results for a sample of correlation coefficients and cut-off scores are reported using several indicators of accuracy: sensitivity, efficiency, specificity, hit rate, and kappa. It appears that a validity coefficient above .90 is required to achieve a kappa above .70 and to keep false positive and false negative error rates below 25%. This suggests that many tests and measures considered to have adequate validity (between .60 and .90) often will have limited utility in making diagnostic, placement, or treatment decisions.
An Integrated Study of the Predictive Properties of the Gesell School Readiness Screening Test
Authors: Banerji Madhabi
Published: March 2007

The predictive properties of the Gesell School Readiness Screening Test, which measures developmental age (DA), were examined in two independent subject samples. Analyses examined the correlational properties of DA with first-grade achievement, incremental validity of DA over chronological age, effects on long-term achievement of 2-year and 1 -year kindergarten programs for students who start school with low DAs, and accuracy of classification by DA. Modest positive correlations were found between DA and achievement (.29 -. 39); DA showed a significant increment in prediction over chronological age. Correlations were not sufficient to enable accurate classification of mature and immature students. Students with low DAs were found to be misclassified most frequently. Inadequate support was found for the 2-year treatment of students who start school with initially low DAs.
K-Abc Score Patterns of Sioux Children: Mental Processing Styles, Effects of School Attendance, and Relationship Between Raw Scores and Age
Authors: Cummings Michael A. , Merrell Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

This study examined several relationships with and between scores on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and a group of Sioux children (N = 48) living in a rural reservation area. The specific relationships that were examined included the relationship among raw scores on the K-ABC and age; mental processing patterns of the K-ABC Simultaneous, Sequential, and Achievement scores; and the effects of school attendance on K-ABC scores. The study sample was found to have a significantly stronger and less variable relationship between age and K-ABC raw scores. Consistent with some previous research, the simultaneous Processing scores for this group were found to be significantly higher than either their Sequential Processing or Achievement. Additionally, school attendance patterns appeared to have very limited and nonsignificant effects on the subjects' K-ABC performances. Findings of this study are discussed in terms of the relationship to previous studies that used the K-ABC with American-Indian children. Finally, implications of this study are discussed.
The Relationship between the WJ-R Gf-Gc Cognitive Clusters and Mathematics Achievement across the Life-Span
Authors: McGrew Kevin S. , Hessler Gary L.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised (WJ-R) cognitive clusters (Long-Term Retrieval, Short-Term Memory, Visual Processing, Auditory Processing, Processing Speed, Comprehension-Knowledge, Fluid Reasoning) and mathematics achievement measures (WJ-R Basic Mathematics Skills and Mathematics Reasoning clusters) was investigated in the WJ-R standardization sample. Multiple regression analysis with the WJ-R cognitive clusters as predictors and the mathematics achievement measures as criteria at 21 different age groups revealed significant relationships among three of the seven cognitive clusters and mathematics achievement at various ages. The degree of relationship between the cognitive clusters and mathematics achievement changed as a function of age. The results have implications for using standardized measures of cognitive abilities to explain problems of mathematics achievement.
Assessing the Similarity of the Factor Structure of the K-ABC for African-American and White Children
Authors: Fan Xitao , Willson Victor L. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: March 2007

The K-ABC test data from both the standardization sample and a sociocultural sample were analyzed for African-American (n = 345) and White children (n = 887) to assess the similarity of the factor structure of the test for the two ethnic groups. Four statistical techniques are applied in the analysis: comparison of the first principal component loadings; congruence coefficients based on loadings from exploratory factor analysis; congruence coefficients based on loadings from confirmatory factor analysis; and correlational analysis for assessing the similarity of the correlation matrices of the test battery for the two ethnic groups. The results show that the factor structure of the K-ABC is very similar for the Black and the White samples across the age groups. These empirical findings indicate that the construct validity of the K-ABC should hold well for both the Black and White groups.
Exploration of the Underlying Dimensions and Overlap between the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised
Authors: McIntosh David E. , Waldo Susan L. , Koller James R.
Published: March 2007

The canonical relationship between the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) was studied. Two significant canonical variates accounted for approximately 53% of the overlap in variance between the two measures. The WMS-R was found to offer unique and valuable information beyond the KAIT when assessing individuals classified as learning disabled (LD). Principal components analysis, using the KAIT Composite IQs and the WMS-R Index scores, yielded a two-factor solution. The addition of a specific measure of memory during the psychoeducational evaluation of adolescents and adults classified as LD was supported. Implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Use of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) Special Nonverbal Composite among Young Children with Linguistic Differences
Authors: Riccio Cynthia A. , Ross Carl M. , Boan Candace H. , Jemison Sandra , Houston Felicia
Published: March 2007

The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was administered to young children (ages 3 to 6) to determine the appropriateness of the instrument with children with linguistic differences. Specifically, the Special Nonverbal Composite (SNC) of the DAS was investigated for children with linguistic differences and children who speak English as their first language. The ability of the SNC to differentiate children with linguistic differences as opposed to more global developmental delays was also of interest. The children who participated in the study were grouped as: (a) no identified concern, English as primary language (control); (b) identified as having Specific Language Impairment (SLI); (c) identified as Deaf/Hearing Impaired (Deaf/HI); (d) identified as Developmentally Delayed (DD); or (e) no identified developmental concern, English as a Second Language/Limited English Proficiency (ESL/LEP). Children in the SLI, Deaf/HI, and DD groups had been identified previously by their school district, local Speech and Hearing Clinic, or other agency. Children in the ESL/LEP group were from a variety of cultural backgrounds and spoke minimal English. Results indicate that SNC scores obtained for children in the ESL/LEP group were comparable to those obtained by the control group. Children in the SLI and Deaf/HI groups obtained scores lower than those of the control and ESL/LEP groups; however, their scores were significantly higher than those obtained by the children in the DD group. Implications for the use of the SNC in the assessment of young children with linguistic differences are discussed.
Burning Behavior of Upholstered Furniture Mockups
Authors: Krasny John F. , Babrauskas Vytenis
Published: March 2007

Furniture mockups consisting of various arrangements of full-size cushions were tested in the NBS furniture calorimeter. Measurements included heat release, combustion product concentrations, and flame spread characteristics. Major variations in burning were observed: neoprene mockups only smoldered, flame retardant treated polyurethane mockups burned more slowly than un treated mockups but eventually reached similar maximum heat release rates. Fabrics were ranked, in terms of maximum heat release rate and several other measured characteristics, from low to high: heavy cotton fabric; light cotton and heavy olefin, and light olefin. Flame spread rate measured on the mockups cor related with the time to reach a 100 kW heat release rate. Heat release rate and combustion product concentration generally increased with increasing number of cushions per mockup. Thinner cushions burned more rapidly than thicker ones.
Ammonium Pentaborate: an Intumescent Flame Retardant for Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
Authors: Myers Ronald E. , Dickens E. Douglas , Licursi Eugene , Evans Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Ammonium pentaborate (APB) is shown to be an effective intumescent, char- forming additive for thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU). As little as 5 to 10 parts of APB, added to a flame retarded TPU, provides a 7 to 10-fold improve ment in burn-through resistance. The APB/TPU char is characterized by its glassy, multicellular structure which provides virtually instantaneous thermal protection to heat-sensitive substrates and is able to resist thermo-oxidative degradation.

In contrast to its behavior in polyurethanes, APB is found to be somewhat less effective as an intumescent additive for several non-urethane polymers such as natural rubber, polyester resin, polyamide and polyvinyl chloride. A mechanism is proposed to account for the unique nature of the APB/TPU system. It is suggested that, via a series of chemical reactions, APB redirects the thermal decomposition of the polyurethane thereby producing less volatiles and increased char.
Effect of Pressure on Polymer Ignition
Authors: Kishore K. , Sankaralingam S.
Published: March 2007

Auto-ignition temperature of polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride) and carboxy terminated polybutadiene has been measured at various oxygen pressures (1-28 atm) in a high pressure differential thermal analysis assembly at a heating rate of 10°C/min. The exothermic peak appears between 250-350°C in polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) and between 150-200°C for carboxy terminated polybutadiene. Ignition appears to be controlled by in situ forma tion and degradation of polymeric peroxides. Inverse dependence of ignition temperature on oxygen pressure is explained by the rate equation which con siders that ignition of a particular sample, of a fixed geometry, occurs when gasification rate reaches a unique critical value.
High Temperature Decomposition of Military Specification L-23699 Synthetic Aircraft Lubricants
Authors: Wyman John F. , Porvaznik Martin , Serve Paul , Hobson David , Uddin David E.
Published: March 2007

Previous investigations reported the formation of a neurotoxicant, tri methylolpropane phosphate (TMP-P) during pyrolysis of synthetic, aircraft engine lubricating oils. Employing both sealed-tube and open-to-air methods of pyrolysis, we confirmed the formation of TMP-P during lubricant pyrolysis. Rodent bioassay and GC/MS analysis were performed for detection and quanti tation of neurotoxicant production. Maximal production of TMP-P for sealed- tube pyrolysis occured after 20 min at 500°C. A comparable amount of TMP-P was formed after 5 min at 650°C in open-to-air pyrolysis of lubricants. Our examination of TMP-P production was limited to L-23699 lubricants composed primarily of a trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester base stock. The formation of TMP-P was only dependent upon the presence of an organic phosphorous addi tive and TMP. Pyrolysed lubricants composed of a pentaerythritol base did not cause neurotoxicity in mice or rats following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Other toxic bicyclophosphorous ester homologues were not detected in any pyrolyzed lubricants following GC/MS analysis. L-23699 lubricants which had been operationally employed in aircraft engines under rigorous test conditions, produced no neurotoxicity when intraperitoneally administered to rats.
Standard Flaming Ignition Sources for Upholstered Composites, Furniture and Bed Assembly Tests
Authors: Paul K.T. , Christian S.D.
Published: March 2007

The ignitability and burning behaviour of upholstered furniture has received considerable attention from fire authorities, fire scientists and test authorities. A wide variety of ignition sources occur in real life situations but it is clearly essential to use a limited number of ignition sources in standard ignition tests which simulate real life sources. This paper reviews real life flaming ignition sources in comparison with flaming ignition sources used in standard ignition tests for upholstered composites furniture and bed assembly tests.
An Early Warning Effect™ Wallcovering System for Enhanced Fire Detection
Authors: Lattimer M.B. , Mason J.D. , Hinderer R.K. , Varga R.S.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a new material that is designed to reduce fire hazard by increasing the probability of escape from potential fire conditions. Specifically, The BFGoodrich Company includes an Early Warning Effect™ (EWE) system for poly (vinyl chloride) coated wallcovering. When heated to approximately 150°C, the wallcoverings release an odorless, colorless vapor that activates ionization smoke detectors prior to the development of smoke and flames. As such, the wallcoverings provide an "earlier warning" of a fire hazard compared to conventional interior furnishing materials.
Rapid Oxidation of Polyester/ Cellulosic Fiber Blends in Air
Authors: Needles Howard L. , Alger Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

The rapid oxidation of polyester/cellulosic fiber blends (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) and of 100% polyester, cotton, and viscose rayon in air was studied and characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study focuses on the nature of the exotherm that occurs following melting of the polyester component in polyester-rich fiber blends and is attributed to oxidation of the polyester component.
New York State Fire Gas Toxicity Requirements: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Chien William P. , Delain Gary E. , Richards Frederick S.
Published: March 2007

In the early 1980s, New York State initiated fire safety legislation in response to great public concern regarding the combustion toxicity of materials used in the modem built environment. By December, 1986, New York had become the first state in the nation to require that combustion tox icity data on specified building materials and finishes be registered and made publicly accessible.
The OSU Heat Release Unit as a Screening Tool for California TB 133
Authors: Gallagher James A. , Smiecinski Theodore M. , Grace Oscar M.
Published: March 2007

The California TB 133 (TB 133) full-scale burn test was adopted by Illinois and Minnesota in 1990 as a performance standard for furniture to be used in places of public occupancy. TB 133 will become effective in California on January 1,1992 and is under consideration in Ohio and several other states. Since full-scale burn tests are expensive, we embarked on a program to deter mine if the OSU Heat Release Unit could be used as a screening test for TB 133.

The percentage weight loss of foam/fabric composites after ten minutes in the OSU Unit at a radiant heat flux of 1.0 Watt/cm2 appears to be a good predictor of TB 133 performance. A series of 39 upholstery fabric/melamine-modified polyurethane foam composites were tested in BASF Corporation's Wyandotte, Michigan TB 133 burn facility and in our OSU Heat Release Unit. We found:

· 11 of 12 samples which clearly failed the Cal TB 133 test lost over 40% of their weight at a heat flux of 1.0 Watt/cm2 in the OSU test.

· 22 of 23 samples which clearly passed the Cal TB 133 test lost less than 40% of their weight at 1.0 Watt/cm2.

· Four samples marginally passed the Cal TB 133 test and their weight loss values could not be correlated.

The TB 133 criteria adopted in mid 1990 was used for this series of tests rather than the newer criteria using oxygen consumption calorimetry. All of the TB 133 failures in this study were due to weight loss using fabric-covered foam cushions on a metal test frame. No side arms were used. Work is continu ing to determine whether this correlation can be extended to other foam/fabric combinations.
Data Reduction of Room Tests for Zone Model Validation
Authors: Janssens Marc , Tran Hao C.
Published: March 2007

Compartment fire zone models are based on many simplifying assumptions, in particular that gases stratify in two distinct layers. Because of these assumptions, certain model output is in a form unsuitable for direct com parison to measurements made in full-scale room tests. The experimental data must first be reduced and transformed to be compatible with the model output. In this article, new techniques are described to calculate neutral plane height, vent flow rates, uniform upper and lower layer temperature and interface height from measured temperature profiles. The new calculation procedures conserve mass in the room. The procedures were used for data reduction of a series of 8 gas burner calibration room tests. The results of one of the tests are discussed in detail as an illustrative example.
On the Simulation of Atrium Fire Environment in Hong Kong Using Zone Models
Authors: Chow W.K. , Wong W.K.
Published: March 2007

This article is a report studying the potential fire risk in atrium buildings in Hong Kong. The general shapes of the atrium buildings are sur veyed and classified into three types. Fire environments in those three types of atria are simulated using three mathematical fire zone models, the FIRST, the ASET and the FAST, developed at the Building and Fire Research Laboratory, NIST, U.S.A. In addition, simulations on four actual atria are also performed. All the results show that smoke will bring many problems, and controlling smoke is essential to providing safety in the atrium spaces.
Synergistic Fire Performance Between Metal or Metal Filled Organic Coatings and Engineering Plastics
Authors: Benrashid Ramazan , Nelson Gordon L.
Published: March 2007

Metal filled organic and EMI coatings affect the fire performance properties of engineering plastics. Zinc arc spray, zinc/epoxy, and zinc borate/epoxy coatings on modified-polyphenylene oxide (m-PPO) are particu larly effective. The results from non-flaming NBS smoke chamber tests show a dramatic reduction in smoke for zinc and zinc borate coatings, whereas a ZnO coating did not show the same effect. Heat release data (Radiant Panel) for these samples show lower Q values for zinc, zinc borate coatings compared to m-PPO, epoxy coated m-PPO and ZnO epoxy coated m-PPO. The Fs values for zinc and zinc borate coatings are low compared to a m-PPO control and ZnO coated m-PPO.

Polycarbonate structural foam sheet was coated with epoxy coatings filled with zinc, zinc borate, or ZnO. NBS Smoke Chamber data in the non-flaming mode for zinc or ZnO coatings do not show an improvement in smoke produc tion, but a zinc borate epoxy coating does have a reductive effect on smoke. Ra diant Panel Q was low for all coated samples compared to a control. Fs values also were low for coated samples. From OSU heat release data the zinc borate/epoxy coating shows a low heat release rate and the zinc/epoxy coating a much delayed heat release rate. Data for smoke (2 min) was low for coated samples compared to a control, but for smoke (peak) only zinc borate demon strated the potential for significant smoke reduction.
Studies of the Effects of Hydrogen Chloride and Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Smoke in Rodents
Authors: Kaplan Harold L. , Switzer Walter G. , Hinderer Robert K. , Anzueto Antonio
Published: March 2007

Test methods for evaluating the toxicity of smoke generated by the combustion of materials have traditionally used the mouse or the rat as the animal model. Recently, the guinea pig was used to study the effects of combus tion gases and smoke atmospheres on respiratory function and incapacitation. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of HCl and PVC smoke in the mouse, the rat, and the guinea pig with those in the baboon to evaluate the utility of these rodents as predictive models for humans. Mice, rats and guinea pigs were exposed for 15 minutes to HCl, and the rats and guinea pigs were also exposed to nonflaming and flaming PVC smoke atmospheres containing targeted concentrations of HCl. In the rats and guinea pigs, respiratory re sponses and arterial blood gases were monitored during exposure, CO2 chal lenge response tests were conducted at 3 and 90 days following exposure, and the respiratory tracts were examined by'light microscopy at 90 days postexpo sure. The three rodent species were more sensitive than the baboon to the lethal effects of HCl and PVC smoke, with the mouse and guinea pig being more sensitive than the rat. The respiratory response of the rodents also dif fered from that of the primate. Anatomical differences in the respiratory tracts of rodents and primates may be responsible for these differences in sensitivity and response as well as for apparent differences in the severity and location of respiratory tract injury caused by HCl or PVC smoke. Although all three ro dent species have deficiencies as predictive models for the effects of irritant combustion atmospheres in humans, the mouse and the guinea pig have the most serious limitations.
Thermal Properties of Novel Carbonaceous Fiber Battings
Authors: Shanley Lisa A. , Slaten B. Lewis , Shanley Paul , Broughton Roy , Hall David , Baginski Michael
Published: March 2007

There is a need for materials and battings which provide fire resistant properties and are lightweight, washable, and aesthetically accep table. Thermal properties of batts constructed from a new carbonaceous fiber were evaluated to determine its usefulness in military and commercial applica tions for thermal and fire protection. Carbonaceous batts were compared to batts available in commercial and military products on thermal transmittance (conductance and resistance) and thermal protective performance. Results indicated that experimental batts could be constructed to provide insulation comparable to available products. Thermal protective performance tests indicated that the carbonaceous batts provided flame protection superior to current military and commercial products.
A Phosphorus-Bromine Flame Retardant for Engineering Thermoplastics—A Review
Authors: Green Joseph
Published: March 2007

A brominated phosphate was evaluated as a flame retardant in a polycarbonate and various polycarbonate blends. This flame retardant was found to be significantly more effective than an all-bromine and an all- phosphorus flame retardant, and bromine-phosphorus synergy was demon strated. The synergy is more pronounced when both the bromine and phosphorus are in the same molecule. The brominated phosphate is melt blendable and acts as a processing aid increasing extrusion output, lowering injection molding temperature and reducing energy consumption. The polymers investigated were polycarbonate, polycarbonate/ABS blend and poly carbonate/PET blend, as well as modified polyphenylene oxide.
Fire Degradation of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Using the Cone Calorimeter
Authors: Bourbigot S. , Le Bras M. , Delobel R.
Published: March 2007

This work studies the fire degradation of an intumescent for mulation Polypropylene (PP)-Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)/Pentaerythri tol (PER) using the cone calorimeter. An intumescence model is described which introduces the notion of degradation front. From the weight loss data recorded by the cone calorimeter and the results of the invariant kinetic pa rameters method (given in appendix) applied to the PP and to the PP-APP/PER system, the respective temperatures of the degradation fronts are measured. A stability zone is shown where the protection is effective. The intumescent coating degrades then by forming a carbonaceous residue which reduces the heat flux evolved.