bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Interstitial Echo-Guided Diode Laser 980-nm for Deep Vascular Anomalies in Pediatric Patients: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Santecchia Luigino , Bianciardi Valassina Maria Francesca , Ciprandi Guido , Fruhwirth Rodolfo , Zama Mario
Published: September 2013

A wide range of therapeutic options is available to treat vascular anomalies, arising from the systemic therapies to surgery or using lasers. The purpose of this preliminary study is to assess the effectiveness of treatment of vascular anomalies anywhere in the body, along with the use of interstitial echo-guided 980 nm diode laser. The analysis occurs through accurate angio magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pre- and post-treatment measurements. We enrolled all the patients (16) affected on vascular malformations everywhere in the body, treated from January to August 2012. We obtained excellent results in 6 patients (37.5%) with mean mass reduction of 85%, good in 9 patients (56%) with mean mass reduction of 65% and unsatisfactory in 1 patient (6%). In pediatric patients, low-flow vascular malformations resistant to progressive sclerotherapy or in critical anatomical sites, benefit of echo guided interstitial 980-nm diode laser.
An epigrammatic analysis on open theism and its impact on classical Christianity
Authors: Pretorius Mark
Published: September 2013

Open theism is a theological position taken by a number of scholars and deals with human free will and its relationship to God, including the nature of the future. This brief article explores this relationship and challenges the tenets of open theism by arguing that it is a flawed system. The major thrust of the article asks two questions: Firstly, are the views of open theism consistent with God’s divine attributes, namely all-knowing and all-powerful. Secondly, how should Christians relate their beliefs to a particular Zeitgeist?
Maintaining a Sufficient and Quality Physician Workforce: The Role of For-profit Medical Schools
Authors: Babcock Jessica M. , Babcock Blake D. , Schwartz Marshall Z.
Published: September 2013

Currently, in the United States there is a significant physician workforce shortage. This problem is likely to persist as there is no quick solution. The nature of this shortage is complex and involves factors such as an absolute physician shortage, as well as physician shortages in primary care and certain specialty care areas. In addition, there is a misdistribution of physicians to medically underserved areas and populations. The medical education system trains medical school graduates that eventually feed the physician workforce. However, several factors are in place which ultimately limits the effectiveness of this system in providing an appropriate workforce to meet the population demands. For-profit medical schools have been in existence in and around the continental US for many years and some authors have suggested that they may be a major contributor to the physician workforce shortage. There is currently one for-profit medical school in the US, however the majority exist in the Caribbean. The enrollment in and number of these schools have grown to partially meet the ever-growing demand for an increase in medical school graduates and they continue to provide a large number of graduates who return to the US for postgraduate medical training and, ultimately, increase the physician workforce. The question is whether this source will benefit the workforce quality and quantity needs of our growing and aging population.
A Simplified Approach to Fabricate a Custom-made Ocular Prosthesis
Authors: Ramkumar K , Debnath Nitai , Gupta Renu , Meenakshi A , John Jiji
Published: September 2013

Loss of eye causes psychological trauma because of the facial disfigurement associated with the loss of facial structures. Rehabilitation with ocular prosthesis relieves this psychological trauma by restoring the lost facial structure and esthetics of the patient, thus aiding the individual in leading a normal, social and professional life. Though prefabricated ocular prostheses are available, due to better adaptation, comfort and esthetics custom-made ocular prosthesis is more preferable than prefabricated stock shells. This article aims at describing a simplified technique to fabricate a custom-made ocular prosthesis.

How to cite this article

Debnath N, Gupta R, Meenakshi A, Ramkumar K, John J. A Simplified Approach to Fabricate a Custom-made Ocular Prosthesis. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(1):25-29.
Black carbon emissions from in-use ships: a California regional assessment
Authors: Buffaloe G. M. , Lack D. A. , Williams E. J. , Coffman D. , Hayden K. L. , Lerner B. M. , Li S-M. , Nuaaman I. , Massoli P. , Onasch T. B. , Quinn P. K. , Cappa C. D.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) mass emission factors (EFBC; g-BC (kg-fuel)−1) from a variety of ocean going vessels have been determined from measurements of BC and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in ship plumes intercepted by the R/V Atlantis during the 2010 California Nexus (CalNex) campaign. The ships encountered were all operating within 24 nautical miles of the California coast and were utilizing relatively low sulphur fuels. Black carbon concentrations within the plumes, from which EFBC values are determined, were measured using four independent instruments: a photoacoustic spectrometer and a particle soot absorption photometer, which measure light absorption, and a single particle soot photometer and soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer, which measure the mass concentration of refractory BC directly. The measured EFBC have been divided into vessel type categories and engine type categories, from which averages have been determined. The geometric average EFBC, determined from over 71 vessels and 135 plumes encountered, was 0.31 g-BC (kg-fuel)−1. The most frequent engine type encountered was the slow speed diesel (SSD), and the most frequent SSD vessel type was the cargo ship sub-category. Average and median EFBC values from the SSD category are compared with previous observations from the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) in 2006, during which the ships encountered were predominately operating on high sulphur fuels. There is a statistically significant difference between the EFBC values from CalNex and TexAQS for SSD vessels and for the cargo and tanker ship types within this engine category. The CalNex EFBC values are lower than those from TexAQS, suggesting that operation on lower sulphur fuels is associated with smaller EFBC values.
Ground-based stratospheric O3 and HNO3 measurements at Thule, Greenland: an intercomparison with Aura MLS observations
Authors: Fiorucci I. , Muscari G. , Froidevaux L. , Santee M. L.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. In response to the need for improving our understanding of the evolution and the interannual variability of the winter Arctic stratosphere, in January 2009 a Ground-Based Millimeter-wave Spectrometer (GBMS) was installed at the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) site in Thule (76.5° N, 68.8° W), Greenland. In this work, stratospheric GBMS O3 and HNO3 vertical profiles obtained from Thule during the winters 2010 (HNO3 only), 2011 and 2012 are characterized and intercompared with co-located measurements of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiment. Using a recently developed algorithm based on Optimal Estimation, we find that the GBMS O3 retrievals show good sensitivity (> 80%) to atmospheric variations between ~ 17 and ~ 50 km, where their 1σ uncertainty is estimated to be the larger of ~ 11% or 0.2 ppmv. Similarly, HNO3 profiles can be considered for scientific use between ~ 17 and ~ 45 km altitude, with a 1σ uncertainty that amounts to the larger of 15% or 0.2 ppbv. Comparisons with Aura MLS version 3.3 observations show that, on average, GBMS O3 mixing ratios are biased negatively with respect to MLS throughout the stratosphere, with differences ranging between ~ 0.3 ppmv (8%) and 0.9 ppmv (18%) in the 17–50 km vertical range. GBMS HNO3 values display instead a positive bias with respect to MLS up to 26 km, reaching a maximum of ~ 1 ppbv (10%) near the mixing ratio profile peak. O3 and HNO3 values from the two datasets prove to be well correlated at all altitudes, although their correlations worsen at the lower end of the altitude ranges considered. Column contents of GBMS and MLS O3 (from 20 km upwards) and HNO3 (from 17 km upwards) correlate very well and indicate that GBMS measurements can provide valuable estimates of column interannual and seasonal variations for these compounds.
Validation and empirical correction of MODIS AOT and AE over ocean
Authors: Schutgens N. A. J. , Nakata M. , Nakajima T.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. We present a validation study of Collection 5 MODIS level 2 Aqua and Terra AOT (aerosol optical thickness) and AE (Ångström exponent) over ocean by comparison to coastal and island AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) sites for the years 2003–2009. We show that MODIS (MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) AOT exhibits significant biases due to wind speed and cloudiness of the observed scene, while MODIS AE, although overall unbiased, exhibits less spatial contrast on global scales than the AERONET observations. The same behaviour can be seen when MODIS AOT is compared against Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) data, suggesting that the spatial coverage of our datasets does not preclude global conclusions. Thus, we develop empirical correction formulae for MODIS AOT and AE that significantly improve agreement of MODIS and AERONET observations. We show these correction formulae to be robust. Finally, we study random errors in the corrected MODIS AOT and AE and show that they mainly depend on AOT itself, although small contributions are present due to wind speed and cloud fraction in AOT random errors and due to AE and cloud fraction in AE random errors. Our analysis yields significantly higher random AOT errors than the official MODIS error estimate (0.03 + 0.05 τ), while random AE errors are smaller than might be expected. This new dataset of bias-corrected MODIS AOT and AE over ocean is intended for aerosol model validation and assimilation studies, but also has consequences as a stand-alone observational product. For instance, the corrected dataset suggests that much less fine mode aerosol is transported across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Odin-OSIRIS detection of the Chelyabinsk meteor
Authors: Rieger L. A. , Bourassa A. E. , Degenstein D. A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. On 15 February 2013 an 11 000 ton meteor entered Earth's atmosphere south east of Chelyabinsk creating a large fireball at 23 km altitude. The resulting stratospheric aerosol loading was detected by the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) in a high altitude polar belt. This work confirms the presence and lifetime of the stratospheric debris using the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) onboard the Odin satellite. Although OSIRIS coverage begins in mid-March, the measurements show a belt of enhanced scattering near 35 km altitude between 50° N and 70° N. Initially, enhancements show increased scattering of up to 15% over the background conditions, decaying in intensity and dropping in altitude until they are indistinguishable from background conditions by mid-May.
The calcareous nannofossil Prinsiosphaera achieved rock-forming abundances in the latest Triassic of western Tethys: consequences for the δ13C of bulk carbonate
Authors: Preto N. , Agnini C. , Rigo M. , Sprovieri M. , Westphal H.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The onset of pelagic biomineralization was a milestone in the history of the long-term inorganic carbon cycle: as soon as calcareous nannofossils became major limestone producers, the pH and supersaturation state of the global ocean were stabilized (the so-called mid-Mesozoic revolution). But although it is known that calcareous nannofossils were abundant already by the end of the Triassic, no estimates exist on their contribution to hemipelagic carbonate sedimentation. With this work, we estimate the volume proportion of Prinsiosphaera, the dominant late Triassic calcareous nannofossil, in hemipelagic and pelagic carbonates of western Tethys. The investigated Upper Triassic lime mudstones are composed essentially of microspar and tests of calcareous nannofossils, plus minor bioclasts. Prinsiosphaera had become a significant component of lime mudstones since the late Norian, and was contributing up to ca. 60% of the carbonate by the late Rhaetian in periplatform environments with hemipelagic sedimentation. The increasing proportion of Prinsiosphaera in upper Rhaetian hemipelagic lime mudstones is paralleled by an increase of the δ13C of bulk carbonate. We interpreted this isotopic trend as related to the diagenesis of microspar, which incorporated respired organic carbon with a low δ13C when it formed during shallow burial. As the proportion of nannofossil tests increased, the contribution of microspar with low δ13C diminished, determining the isotopic trend. We suggest that a similar diagenetic effect may be observed in many Mesozoic limestones with a significant, but not yet dominant, proportion of calcareous plankton.
Live foraminiferal faunas (Rose Bengal stained) from the northern Arabian Sea: links with bottom-water oxygenation
Authors: Caulle C. , Koho K. A. , Mojtahid M. , Reichart G. J. , Jorissen F. J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Live (Rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminifera from the Murray Ridge, within and below the northern Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), were studied in order to determine the relationship between faunal composition, bottom-water oxygenation (BWO), pore-water chemistry and organic matter (organic carbon and phytopigment) distribution. A series of multicores were recovered from a ten-station oxygen (BWO: 2–78 μM) and bathymetric (885–3010 m depth) transect during the winter monsoon in January 2009. Foraminifera were investigated from three different size fractions (63–125 μm, 125–150 μm and > 150 μm). The larger foraminifera (> 125 μm) were strongly dominated by agglutinated species (e.g. Reophax spp.). In contrast, in the 63–125 μm fraction, calcareous taxa were more abundant, especially in the core of the OMZ, suggesting an opportunistic behaviour. On the basis of a Principal Component Analysis, three foraminiferal groups were identified, reflecting the environmental parameters along the study transect. The faunas from the shallowest stations, in the core of the OMZ (BWO: 2 μM), were composed of "low oxygen" species, typical of the Arabian Sea OMZ (e.g., Rotaliatinopsis semiinvoluta, Praeglobobulimina spp. , Bulimina exilis, Uvigerina peregrina typeparva). These taxa are adapted to the very low BWO conditions and to high phytodetritus supplies. The transitional group, typical for the lower part of the OMZ (BWO: 5–16 μM), is composed of more cosmopolitan taxa tolerant to low-oxygen concentrations (Globocassidulina subglobosa, Ehrenbergina trigona). Below the OMZ (BWO: 26–78 μM), where food availability is more limited and becomes increasingly restricted to surficial sediments, more cosmopolitan calcareous taxa were present, such as Bulimina aculeata, Melonis barleeanus, Uvigerina peregrina and Epistominella exigua. Miliolids were uniquely observed in this last group, reflecting the higher BWO. At these deeper sites, the faunas exhibit a clear depth succession of superficial, intermediate and deep-infaunal microhabitats, because of the deeper oxygen and nitrate penetration into the sediment.
Orbital and millennial-scale environmental changes between 64 and 25 ka BP recorded in Black Sea sediments
Authors: Shumilovskikh L. S. , Fleitmann D. , Nowaczyk N. R. , Behling H. , Marret F. , Wegwerth A. , Arz H. W.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. High-resolution pollen and dinoflagellate cyst records from marine sediment core 25-GC1 were used to reconstruct vegetation dynamics in Northern Anatolia and surface conditions of the Black Sea between 64 and 25 ka BP. During this period, the dominance of Artemisia in the pollen record indicates a steppe landscape and arid climate conditions. However, the presence of temperate and warm-temperate arboreal pollen suggests the existence of glacial refugia in Northern Anatolia. A general cooling trend towards 25 ka BP is evidenced by the decrease of Quercus and increase of Pinus. There is evidence of orbital-driven vegetation dynamics in Northern Anatolia during 64–25 ka BP with spread of steppe during precession minima (insolation maxima) and development of forests during precession maxima (insolation minima). Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) events are characterized by a marked increase in temperate tree pollen, indicating a spread of forests due to warm and wet conditions in Northern Anatolia. The dominance of Pyxidinopsis psilata and Spiniferites cruciformis in the dinocyst record indicates a rather brackish Black Sea during the last glacial period. The decrease of marine indicators (marine dinocysts, acritachs) at ~ 54 ka BP and increase of freshwater algae (Pediastrum, Botryococcus) from 32 to 25 ka BP reveals freshening of the Black Sea surface water, related to orbital-driven arid/humid phases in the region, influencing hydrology and level changes of the Black Sea. D–O interstadials are characterized by high dinocyst concentrations and calcium carbonate content, as a result of an increase in primary productivity in the Black Sea. Heinrich events show a similar impact on the environment in Northern Anatolia/Black Sea region as D–O stadials.
Transport of Antarctic bottom water through the Kane Gap, tropical NE Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Morozov E. G. , Tarakanov R. Y. , van Haren H.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. We study low-frequency properties of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) flow through the Kane Gap (9° N) in the Atlantic Ocean. The measurements in the Kane Gap include five visits with CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth) sections in 2009–2012 and a year-long record of currents on a mooring using three AquaDopp current meters. We found an alternating regime of flow, which changes direction several times during a year. The seasonal signal seems to dominate. The maximum daily average values of southerly velocities reach 0.20 m s−1, while the greatest north-northwesterly velocity is as high as 0.15 m s−1. The velocity and transport at the bottom are aligned along the slope of a local hill near the southwestern side of the gap. The distribution of velocity directions at the upper boundary of AABW is wider. The transport of AABW (Θ < 1.9 °C) based on the mooring and LADCP (Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) data varies approximately within ±0.35 Sv in the northern and southern directions. The annual mean AABW transport through the Kane Gap is almost zero.
Un modèle d’accompagnement entrepreneurial fondé sur des apprentissages au sein d’un collectif d’entrepreneurs : le cas de La Ruche
Authors: Fabbri Julie , Charue-Duboc Florence
Published: September 2013

A partir de l’étude du cas de « La Ruche », espace collectif de travail pour entrepreneurs sociaux à Paris (France), nous proposerons un modèle d’accompagnement entrepreneurial original reposant sur des apprentissages collectifs. Contrairement à la démarche traditionnelle de l’accompagnement dans laquelle l’accompagnateur a un rôle de prescription, ici la figure de l’accompagnateur disparaît au profit du collectif formé par les entrepreneurs. Les conditions de fonctionnement de ce dispositif reposent sur la sélection, articulant une tension entre diversité des projets et partage de valeurs communes, la dynamique interactionnelle supportée par la programmation d’événements, et le rôle de l’environnement physique de travail.
Association of changes in predicted body composition with subsequent risk of dementia
Authors: Kim Sung Min , Choi Seulggie , Lee Gyeongsil , Oh Yun Hwan , Son Joung Sik , Ko Ahryoung , Kim Ji Soo , Cho Yoosun , Keum NaNa , Park Sang Min
Published: July 2024

Objective

The effect of body composition change on the risk of dementia is not clear. This study analyzed the associations of changes in predicted lean body mass index (pLBMI), predicted appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (pASMI), and predicted body fat mass index (pBFMI) with the risk of dementia.

Methods

In this nationwide cohort study, data were obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. The exposure was defined as changes in pLBMI, pASMI, and pBFMI derived from validated prediction equations. The outcome was dementia, defined based on the dementia diagnosis with prescription of anti‐dementia medication. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to obtain the hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval for risk of dementia according to changes in predicted body composition.

Results

A total of 13,215,208 individuals with no prior record of dementia who underwent health screenings twice between 2009–2010 and 2011–2012 were included. A 1‐kg/m2 increase in pLBMI and pASMI had an association with reduced risk of dementia (aHR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.84–0.87; aHR: 0.70, 95% CI 0.69–0.72, respectively for men, and aHR: 0.69, 95% CI 0.67–0.71; aHR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.57–0.61, respectively for women). A 1‐kg/m2 increase in pBFMI had an association with a raised risk of dementia (aHR: 1.19, 95% CI 1.17–1.21 for men and aHR: 1.53, 95% CI 1.48–1.57 for women). These results remained consistent regardless of sex or weight change.

Interpretation

Increase in pLBMI or pASMI, or reduction in pBFMI was linked to lower risk of dementia.
36‐40% of Routine Care Patients With Osteoarthritis or Rheumatoid Arthritis Screen Positive for Anxiety, Depression, and/or Fibromyalgia on a Single MDHAQ
Authors: Schmukler Juan , Malfait Anne‐Marie , Block Joel A. , Pincus Theodore
Published: July 2024

Objective

Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are associated with similar patient disease burdens and a high prevalence of comorbid anxiety (ANX), depression (DEP), and fibromyalgia (FM). Nonetheless, these comorbidities are infrequently assessed in routine care, in part because multiple questionnaires are not feasibly completed by patients. We analyzed the prevalence of ANX, DEP, and FM in patients with OA versus patients with RA seen in routine care using indices within a single Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) and associations with \ Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) and its component function, pain, and patient global scores.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of MDHAQ data in unselected patients with OA or RA receiving routine care at one setting included four indices within an MDHAQ: MDHAQ ANX screen, MDHAQ DEP screen, Fibromyalgia Assessment Screening Tool, and RAPID3. The prevalence of each comorbidity and associations with RAPID3 and components were analyzed in unadjusted and age‐adjusted (Mantel‐Haenszel) odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Overall, 40.4% of 361 patients with OA and 36.3% of 488 patients with RA screened positive for ANX, DEP, and/or FM (8.1% and 7% for all three, respectively). RAPID3 and each component were elevated significantly in patients with any positive screen result for ANX, DEP, and/or FM in both diagnoses (ORs of 2.6–35.8).

Conclusion

FM, DEP, and/or ANX rates were 40.4% in patients with OA and 36.3% in patients with RA, associated with significantly poorer patient status measures. Each of these three common comorbidities of patient distress may be feasibly screened for on a single MDHAQ in routine care.
Effect of Extrusion Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg–Al–Zn Alloy Prepared by Solid‐State Recycling of Mixed Waste Chips
Authors: Lei Shuang , Xu Hongyu , Jiang Bo , Wang Ye , Hu Maoliang , Ji Zesheng
Published: July 2024

The recycled Mg–Al–Zn alloys are successfully fabricated through solid‐state recycling of mixed waste chips, including cold pressing and hot extrusion. The effects of extrusion temperature on the microstructure evolution, slip mode, tensile properties, and hardness are studied. The homogeneous fine dynamic recrystallization (DRXed) grains with an average grain size of less than 13.1 μm can be obtained at four different extrusion temperatures (250, 300, 350, and 400 °C). The average grain size of the DRXed grains continuously increases with the rising extrusion temperature. However, the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation to failure (EL) of the recycled alloys increase first and then decrease. The recycled Mg–Al–Zn alloys at 350 °C demonstrate excellent mechanical properties with the YS of 134.6 MPa, UTS of 286.2 MPa, EL of 7.4%, and Vickers hardness of 75.2 HV, respectively. In addition, the slip mode is transformed from the previous basal slip to the coactivation of multiple slips composed of the basal slip, prismatic slip, and pyramidal slip with the rising extrusion temperature.
One Meter Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Harvesting of Meter‐Scale Wave Energy
Authors: Chen Chunjin , Guo Dongxin , Tuo Liang , Wen Yongsheng , Li Jiawei , Qu Hang , Wen Honggui , Wan Lingyu , Liu Guanlin , Guo Hengyu
Published: July 2024

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are effective in harvesting high‐entropy low‐frequency wave energy, yet traditional TENGs struggle to align with the meter‐scale wavelengths prevalent in marine environments, significantly impairing their wave energy conversion efficiency. Addressing this, the One Meter TENG (OM‐TENG) is introduced, a pioneering advancement in TENG design that extends the shell size to 1 m. This innovation features a novel lantern‐shaped stacked silicon‐manganese steel sheet configuration, optimizing internal space usage, and achieving a single‐cycle transfer charge of 60.82 µC and a friction layer area density of 1.76 cm−1. Furthermore, by integrating a segmented limiter device for rational control of different sliders, effective contact separation among numerous TENG units is realized. Comprehensive evaluations through theoretical analysis, multiphysics field numerical simulations, sensor data analytics, and comparative experimental measurements have unequivocally demonstrated OM‐TENG's superior capability in capturing meter‐scale wave energy under actual environmental conditions, alongside its remarkable anti‐capsize performance. Achieving peak outputs of 584 V and 444 µA, OM‐TENG can power 96 2 W LEDs and drive wireless communication modules, marking a significant step forward in the efficient utilization of wave energy and the design of large‐scale TENGs.
A Straightforward Solvent‐Pair‐Enabled Multicomponent Coassembly Approach toward Noble‐Metal‐Nanoparticle‐Decorated Mesoporous Tungsten Oxide for Trace Ammonia Sensing
Authors: Jiang Fengluan , Deng Yu , Chen Keyu , Li Jichun , Huang Xin‐Yu , Zou Yidong , Wu Limin , Xie Wenhe , Deng Yonghui
Published: July 2024

The straightforward synthesis of noble‐metal‐nanoparticle‐decorated ordered mesoporous transition metal oxides remains a great challenge due to the difficulty of balancing the interactions between precursors and templates. Herein, a solvent‐pair‐enabled multicomponent coassembly (SPEMC) strategy is developed for straightforward synthesis of noble‐metal‐nanoparticle‐decorated nitrogen‐doped ordered mesoporous tungsten oxide (abbreviated as NM/N‐mWO3, NM = Pt, Rh, Pd). The amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐polystyrene (PEO‐b‐PS) copolymers coassemble with ammonium metatungstate (AMT) clusters and different kinds of hydrophilic noble metal precursors without phase separation. SPEMC synthesis requires no direct interaction between PEO‐b‐PS and AMT, thus the assembly equilibriums between noble metal precursors and PEO‐b‐PS can be readily controlled. The obtained NM/N‐mWO3 nanocomposites possess ordered mesopores, abundant oxygen vacancies, and metal–metal oxide interfaces. As a result, the Pt/N‐mWO3 sensors exhibit superior ammonia sensing performances with high sensitivity, an ultralow limit of detection (51.2 ppb), good selectivity, and long‐term stability. Spectroscopic analysis reveals that ammonia is oxidized stepwise to NO, NO2−, and NO3− during the sensing process. Moreover, a portable wireless module based on Pt/N‐mWO3 sensor can recognize ppm‐level concentration of ammonia, which lays a solid foundation for its application in various fields.
Constructing Pd and Cu Crowding Single Atoms by Protein Confinement to Promote Sonogashira Reaction
Authors: Zhao Qinying , Zhao Xudong , Liu Zhiyi , Ge Yi , Ruan Jiaxiong , Cai Hongyi , Zhang Shasha , Ye Chenliang , Xiong Yu , Chen Wei , Meng Ge , Liu Zhiliang , Zhang Jian
Published: July 2024

For multicenter‐catalyzed reactions, it is important to accurately construct heterogeneous catalysts containing multiple active centers with high activity and low cost, which is more challenging compared to homogeneous catalysts because of the low activity and spatial confinement of active centers in the loaded state. Herein, a convenient protein confinement strategy is reported to locate Pd and Cu single atoms in crowding state on carbon coated alumina for promoting Sonogashira reaction, the most powerful method for constructing the acetylenic moiety in molecules. The single‐atomic Pd and Cu centers take advantage in not only the maximized atomic utilization for low cost, but also the much‐enhanced performance by facilitating the activation of aryl halides and alkynes. Their locally crowded dispersion brings them closer to each other, which facilitates the transmetallation process of acetylide intermediates between them. Thus, the Sonogashira reaction is drove smoothly by the obtained catalyst with a turnover frequency value of 313 h−1, much more efficiently than that by commercial Pd/C and CuI catalyst, conventional Pd and Cu nanocatalysts, and mixed Pd and Cu single‐atom catalyst. The obtained catalyst also exhibits the outstanding durability in the recycling test.
Elucidating the Mechanism of Iron‐Catalyzed Graphitization: The First Observation of Homogeneous Solid‐State Catalysis
Authors: Hunter Robert D. , Takeguchi Masaki , Hashimoto Ayako , Ridings Kannan M. , Hendy Shaun C. , Zakharov Dmitri , Warnken Nils , Isaacs Jack , Fernandez‐Muñoz Sol , Ramirez‐Rico Joaquín , Schnepp Zoe
Published: July 2024

Carbon is a critical material for existing and emerging energy applications and there is considerable global effort in generating sustainable carbons. A particularly promising area is iron‐catalyzed graphitization, which is the conversion of organic matter to graphitic carbon nanostructures by an iron catalyst. In this paper, it is reported that iron‐catalyzed graphitization occurs via a new type of mechanism that is called homogeneous solid‐state catalysis. Dark field in situ transmission electron microscopy is used to demonstrate that crystalline iron nanoparticles “burrow” through amorphous carbon to generate multiwalled graphitic nanotubes. The process is remarkably fast, particularly given the solid phase of the catalyst, and in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction is used to demonstrate that graphitization is complete within a few minutes.
Optimizing Double‐Fibril Network Morphology via Solid Additive Strategy Enables Binary All‐Polymer Solar Cells with 19.50% Efficiency
Authors: Song Jiali , Li Chao , Ma Haisheng , Han Bingyu , Wang Qianqian , Wang Xunchang , Wei Donghui , Bu Laju , Yang Renqiang , Yan He , Sun Yanming
Published: July 2024

Double‐fibril network morphology (DFNM), in which the donor and the acceptor can self‐assemble into a double‐fibril structure, is beneficial for exciton dissociation and charge transport in organic solar cells. Herein, it is demonstrated that such DFNM can be constructed and optimized in all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) with the assistance of 2‐alkoxynaphthalene volatile solid additives. It is revealed that the incorporation of 2‐alkoxynaphthalene can induce a stepwise regulation in the aggregation of donor and acceptor molecules during film casting and thermal annealing processes. Through altering the alkoxy of 2‐alkoxynaphthalene solid additives, both the intermolecular interactions and molecular miscibility with the host materials can be precisely tuned, which allows for the optimization of the molecular aggregation process and facilitation of molecular self‐assembly, and thus leading to reinforced molecular packing and optimized DFNM. As a result, an unprecedented efficiency of 19.50% (certified as 19.1%) is obtained for 2‐ethoxynaphthalene‐processed PM6:PY‐DT‐X all‐PSCs with excellent photostability (T80 = 1750 h). This work reveals that the optimization of DFNM via solid additive strategy is a promising avenue to boosting the performance of all‐PSCs.
Flash Joule Heating: A Promising Method for Preparing Heterostructure Catalysts to Inhibit Polysulfide Shuttling in Li–S Batteries
Authors: Dong Huiyi , Wang Lu , Cheng Yi , Sun Huiyue , You Tianqi , Qie Jingjing , Li Yifan , Hua Wuxing , Chen Ke
Published: July 2024

The “shuttle effect” issue severely hinders the practical application of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, which is primarily caused by the significant accumulation of lithium polysulfides in the electrolyte. Designing effective catalysts is highly desired for enhancing polysulfide conversion to address the above issue. Here, the one‐step flash‐Joule‐heating route is employed to synthesize a W‐W2C heterostructure on the graphene substrate (W‐W2C/G) as a catalytic interlayer for this purpose. Theoretical calculations reveal that the work function difference between W (5.08 eV) and W2C (6.31 eV) induces an internal electric field at the heterostructure interface, accelerating the movement of electrons and ions, thus promoting the sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) process. The high catalytic activity is also confirmed by the reduced activation energy and suppressed polysulfide shuttling by in situ Raman analyses. With the W‐W2C/G interlayer, the Li–S batteries exhibit an outstanding rate performance (665 mAh g−1 at 5.0 C) and cycle steadily with a low decay rate of 0.06% over 1000 cycles at a high rate of 3.0 C. Moreover, a high areal capacity of 10.9 mAh cm−2 (1381.4 mAh g−1) is obtained with a high area sulfur loading of 7.9 mg cm−2 but a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 9.0 µL mg−1.
High rhizospheric ammonium levels in Sorghum halepense (johnsongrass) suggests nitrification inhibition potential
Authors: Ghosh Eeshita , Rajan Nithya , Phuyal Dinesh , Subramanian Nithya , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar
Published: July 2024

Plants, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), have been shown to secrete root exudates involved in biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), an ability to suppress the conversion of ammonium to nitrate and thereby minimize its loss. Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), a weedy relative of cultivated sorghum, may also possess BNI potential, but little is known in this regard. Here, we conducted a field survey at seven different sites in Southeast Texas to determine this evolutionary trait of johnsongrass in different soil environments. It was found that johnsongrass rhizosphere retains high levels (>60%) of ammonium within the total available N (ammonium + nitrate). Furthermore, the degree of ammonium retention by johnsongrass rhizosphere was significantly greater (up to 40%) in the roadside habitat compared to cultivated fields. The high ammonium retention potential by johnsongrass may explain, in part, their persistence and dominance, especially in marginal environments.

Core Ideas

Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for plant growth, and nitrification causes loss of nitrogen.

Ammonium retention was higher in roadside johnsongrass biotypes compared to that of cropland biotypes.

The high rhizoshpheric ammonium retention by johnsongrass may explain, at least in part, its invasiveness.

This trait could be further investigated and integrated into modern sorghum cultivars.
A novel metal‐organic framework encapsulated iridium oxide nanozyme enhanced antisense oligonucleotide combo for osteoarthritis synergistic therapy
Authors: Wu Shuqi , Nan Fang , Zhang Kewen , Hao Wan , Shi Di , Li Yang , Deng Wei , Jarhen Nur , Li Kaixuan , Xiao Yunyun , Li Jun , Lin Xiao
Published: July 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with metabolic imbalance of articular cartilage and an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Synergistic therapy based on the codelivery of ROS scavengers and antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) into chondrocytes has the potential to effectively treat OA. Here, we developed a novel biocompatible metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐encapsulated nanozyme/ASO delivery platform (miR/IrO2@ZIF‐8) for OA treatment. IrO2 nanoparticles with the catalytic activities of superoxide dismutase/catalase were synthesized using a hydrothermal method, resulting in excellent ROS scavenging performance. IrO2 was further loaded into zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) to maintain its catalytic efficacy and regulate its size, surface charge, and biocompatibility to enhance the therapeutic effect of the platform. As an effective ASO delivery carrier, the synthesized IrO2@ZIF‐8 exhibited high antagomiR‐181a loading and lysosomal escape capacity, enabling it to rebalance cartilage metabolism. In vitro experiments showed that miR/IrO2@ZIF‐8 could restore ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and lipid peroxidation in chondrocytes. At the same time, the expression levels of proinflammatory markers (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and COX‐2) as well as the extracellular matrix degrading enzymes (ADAMTS‐5 and MMP13) were downregulated, indicating effective antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticartilage degradation effects. Notably, miR/IrO2@ZIF‐8 was able to deliver IrO2 nanoparticles and antagomiR‐181a to the cartilage tissue at a depth of up to 1.5 mm, thus solving the problems of poor permeability and difficult retention of drugs in cartilage tissue. This further improves the synergistic therapeutic effect on OA by inhibiting cartilage degradation. The combination of MOF‐encapsulated IrO2 nanozymes with antagomiR‐181a has an excellent therapeutic effect on OA, offering a promising translational medicine paradigm.
Simulation of non‐Newtonian biopolymer extrusion and fall in the centrifugal microencapsulation process
Authors: Badalan Matei , Ghigliotti Giovanni , Roux Denis , Maîtrejean Guillaume , Achard Jean‐Luc , Bottausci Frédéric , Balarac Guillaume
Published: July 2024

We present high‐fidelity numerical simulations of the centrifugal microencapsulation process, that is of interest for biomedical applications as cell therapy. We provide first a comprehensive rheological characterization of high‐molecular‐weight calcium alginate, a commonly used material in microencapsulation. Building upon this, we employ a fluid model that accurately replicates the relevant non‐Newtonian properties of the fluid. This model is applied to numerical simulations of the first three stages of the centrifugal microencapsulation process: capillary flow, ejection from the capillary, and fall through the air. The results are successfully compared with experiments. Furthermore, this model, which can be adapted to various centrifugal microencapsulation devices, effectively elucidates the physical factors contributing to different capsule shapes that can be achieved at the end of the process. This breakthrough opens the door to precise control of capsule shapes and production rates.
Polygene by environment interactions predicting depressive outcomes
Authors: Grillo Alessandra R.
Published: July 2024

Depression is a major public health problem with a continued need to uncover its etiology. Current models of depression contend that gene‐by‐environment (G × E) interactions influence depression risk, and further, that depression is polygenic. Thus, recent models have emphasized two polygenic approaches: a hypothesis‐driven multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS; “MGPS × E”) and a polygenic risk score (PRS; “PRS × E”) derived from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). This review for the first time synthesizes current knowledge on polygene by environment “P × E” interaction research predicting primarily depression‐related outcomes, and in brief, neurobiological outcomes. The “environment” of focus in this project is stressful life events. It further discusses findings in the context of differential susceptibility and diathesis‐stress theories—two major theories guiding G × E work. This synthesis indicates that, within the MGPS literature, polygenic scores based on the serotonin system, the HPA axis, or across multiple systems, interact with environmental stress exposure to predict outcomes at multiple levels of analyses and most consistently align with differential susceptibility theory. Depressive outcomes are the most studied, but neuroendocrine, and neuroimaging findings are observed as well. By contrast, vast methodological differences between GWAS‐based PRS studies contribute to mixed findings that yield inconclusive results.
Independent inheritance of cognition and bipolar disorder in a family sample
Authors: D'Amico Alexander , Sung Heejong , Arbona‐Lampaya Alejandro , Freifeld Ally , Hosey Katie , Garcia Joshua , Lacbawan Ley , Besançon Emily , Kassem Layla , Akula Nirmala , Knowles Emma E. M. , Dickinson Dwight , McMahon Francis J.
Published: July 2024

Cognitive deficits in people with bipolar disorder (BD) may be the result of the illness or its treatment, but they could also reflect genetic risk factors shared between BD and cognition. We investigated this question using empirical genetic relationships within a sample of patients with BD and their unaffected relatives. Participants with bipolar I, II, or schizoaffective disorder (“narrow” BD, n = 69), related mood disorders (“broad” BD, n = 135), and their clinically unaffected relatives (n = 227) completed five cognitive tests. General cognitive function (g) was quantified via principal components analysis (PCA). Heritability and genetic correlations were estimated with SOLAR‐Eclipse. Participants with “narrow” or “broad” diagnoses showed deficits in g, although affect recognition was unimpaired. Cognitive performance was significantly heritable (h2 = 0.322 for g, p < 0.005). Coheritability between psychopathology and g was small (0.0184 for narrow and 0.0327 for broad) and healthy relatives of those with BD were cognitively unimpaired. In this family sample, cognitive deficits were present in participants with BD but were not explained by substantial overlaps in genetic determinants of mood and cognition. These findings support the view that cognitive deficits in BD are largely the result of the illness or its treatment.
Diet and seed dispersal of bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) in Brasilia National Park
Authors: de Albuquerque Teixeira Samara , Souza‐Alves João Pedro , Bezerra de Melo Risolândia , Henriques Tavares Maria Clotilde , Haugaasen Torbjørn
Published: July 2024

The dietary ecology of a species can provide information on habitat requirements, food resources, and trophic interactions, important to guide conservation efforts of wildlife populations in endangered habitats. In this study, we investigated the dietary ecology of bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) in Brasilia National Park, in the endangered Cerrado biome of central Brazil. To obtain diet composition and evaluate the role of these primates as seed dispersers of local tree species, fecal sample collections and feeding observations were performed for a 7‐month period. To determine whether seeds germinated better after passing through a primate gut, we conducted germination trials with (i) pulped seeds from trees, (ii) depulped seeds from trees, (iii) seeds from feces planted with feces, and (iv) seeds from feces planted without feces. During experimental procedures, 7308 seeds from 8 families and 10 species were planted. We found that S. libidinosus spent more time feeding on fruits than on any other food item and the diet consisted of 33 plant species from 21 families. However, 20% of their diet consisted of anthropic food. Most seeds planted with feces germinated faster compared to seeds in other experimental treatments, suggesting that passing through the gut and being deposited with fecal material is advantageous. The bearded capuchins also defecated many medium‐ (5 species) and large‐sized (2 species) seeds that may be inaccessible to smaller arboreal frugivores. The results obtained emphasize the important role of bearded capuchins as seed dispersers for the maintenance and conservation of the endangered Cerrado biome.
A methodological pipeline for the preclinical evaluation of novel topical agents for the treatment of CRS
Authors: Hale Samuel J. M. , Lux Christian A. , Willoughby James E. , Koefoed Arne , Broderick David , Biswas Kristi , Kim Raymond , Mackenzie Brett Wagner , Douglas Richard G.
Published: July 2024

Key points

Novel topical therapeutics require extensive pre‐clinical testing to assess efficacy and safety.

Antibiofilm or immunosuppressant agents can utilize ex vivo models to measure ciliotoxicity.

Agents that are found to be effective and non‐toxic ex vivo warrant further investigation in vivo.
Shear‐Strained Pd Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts for Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Liu Yunliang , Zhuang Zechao , Liu Yixian , Liu Naiyun , Li Yaxi , Cheng Yuanyuan , Yu Jingwen , Yu Ruohan , Wang Dingsheng , Li Haitao
Published: July 2024

Electrochemical nitrate reduction method (NitRR) is a low‐carbon, environmentally friendly, and efficient method for synthesizing ammonia, which has received widespread attention in recent years. Copper‐based catalysts have a leading edge in nitrate reduction due to their good adsorption of *NO3. However, the formation of active hydrogen (*H) on Cu surfaces is difficult and insufficient, resulting in a large amount of the by‐product NO2−. In this work, Pd single atoms suspended on the interlayer unsaturated bonds of CuO atoms formed due to dislocations (Pd−CuO) were prepared by low temperature treatment, and the Pd single atoms located on the dislocations were subjected to shear stress and the dynamic effect of support formation to promote the conversion of nitrate into ammonia. The catalysis had an ammonia yield of 4.2 mol. gcat−1. h−1, and a Faraday efficiency of 90 % for ammonia production at −0.5 V vs. RHE. Electrochemical in situ characterization and theoretical calculations indicate that the dynamic effects of Pd single atoms and carriers under shear stress obviously promote the production of active hydrogen, reduce the reaction energy barrier of the decision‐making step for nitrate conversion to ammonia, further promote ammonia generation.
Predicting ecology and hearing sensitivities in Parapontoporia—An extinct long‐snouted dolphin
Authors: Sanks Joyce , Racicot Rachel
Published: July 2024

Analyses of the cetacean (whale and dolphin) inner ear provide glimpses into the ecology and evolution of extinct and extant groups. The paleoecology of the long‐snouted odontocete (toothed whale) group, Parapontoporia, is primarily marine with its depositional context also suggesting freshwater tolerance. As an extinct relative of the exclusively riverine Lipotes vexillifer, Parapontoporia provides insight into a transition from marine to freshwater environments. High‐resolution X‐ray CT scans (~3 microns or less) of three individual specimens from two species, P. sternbergi and P. pacifica, were acquired. Digital endocasts of the inner ear labyrinths were extracted non‐destructively. Nine measurements of the inner ear were compared with an existing dataset covering 125 terrestrial and aquatic artiodactyls. These measurements were then subjected to a principal component analysis to interpret hearing sensitivities among other artiodactyls. Based on our analyses, Parapontoporia was likely to have been able to hear within narrow‐band high frequency (NBHF) ranges. This finding indicates another convergence of NBHF‐style hearing, or, more intriguingly, suggests that it may be an ancestral characteristic present among the longirostrine dolphins that dominated in the Miocene prior to the evolution of more modern lineages.