bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the relationship between palaeomagnetic secular variation and excursions—records from MIS 8–ODP Leg 172
Authors: Lund Steve , Acton Gary , Clement Brad , Okada Makoto , Keigwin Lloyd
Published: November 2020

Palaeomagnetic secular variation (PSV) and excursion data obtained across MIS 8 (243–300 ka) from the western North Atlantic Ocean ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) sites 1060–1063 show composite high-resolution PSV records (both directions and relative palaeointensity) developed for each site and intercompared. Two methods of chronostratigraphy allow us to date these records. First, we used published results that compared the calcium carbonate records of ODP Leg 172 sediments and tuned them with Milankovich cyclicity. We also compared our palaeointensity records with the PISO-1500 global palaeointensity record that was dated with oxygen isotope stratigraphy. We prefer the PISO-1500 record to date our cores. Two excursions are preserved in our PSV records—Excursions 8α and 9α. Our revised age estimates for both excursions are 8α (236.7–239.8 ka) and 9α (283.7–286.9 ka). We have compared shipboard measurements of the two excursions with u-channel measurements of selected excursion intervals. Excursion 8α is interpreted as a ‘Class II’ excursion (local reversal) with in-phase inclination and declination changes; Excursion 9α is a ‘Class I’ excursion with 90° out-of-phase inclination and declination changes. Averaged directions (after removal of true excursional directions) and relative palaeointensity in 3 and 9 ka overlapping intervals show significant PSV directional variability over 104 yr timescales that is regionally correlatable among the four sites. A notable pattern of angular dispersion variability involves most time spent with low (∼10°) dispersion, with three shorter intervals of high (∼25°) dispersion. The relative palaeointensity variability also shows significant variability over 104 yr timescales with three notable intervals of low palaeointensity in all four records and a direct correspondence between the three low-palaeointensity intervals and the three intervals of high angular dispersion. The two magnetic field excursions occur in two of the three low-palaeointensity/high-dispersion intervals. This suggests that the geomagnetic field operates in two states between reversals, one with regular to high palaeointensity and low directional variability and one with low palaeointensity and significantly higher directional variability and excursions.
Competing interests, clashing ideas and institutionalizing influence: insights into the political economy of malaria control from seven African countries
Authors: Parkhurst Justin , Ghilardi Ludovica , Webster Jayne , Snow Robert W , Lynch Caroline A
Published: November 2020

This article explores how malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa is shaped in important ways by political and economic considerations within the contexts of aid-recipient nations and the global health community. Malaria control is often assumed to be a technically driven exercise: the remit of public health experts and epidemiologists who utilize available data to select the most effective package of activities given available resources. Yet research conducted with national and international stakeholders shows how the realities of malaria control decision-making are often more nuanced. Hegemonic ideas and interests of global actors, as well as the national and global institutional arrangements through which malaria control is funded and implemented, can all influence how national actors respond to malaria. Results from qualitative interviews in seven malaria-endemic countries indicate that malaria decision-making is constrained or directed by multiple competing objectives, including a need to balance overarching global goals with local realities, as well as a need for National Malaria Control Programmes to manage and coordinate a range of non-state stakeholders who may divide up regions and tasks within countries. Finally, beyond the influence that political and economic concerns have over programmatic decisions and action, our analysis further finds that malaria control efforts have institutionalized systems, structures and processes that may have implications for local capacity development.
A discontinuous least squares finite element method for time-harmonic Maxwell equations
Authors: Li Ruo , Liu Qicheng , Yang Fanyi
Published: November 2020

We propose and analyze a discontinuous least squares finite element method for solving the indefinite time-harmonic Maxwell equations. The scheme is based on the $L^2$ norm least squares functional with weak imposition of continuity across interior faces. We minimize the functional over the piecewise polynomial spaces to seek numerical solutions. The method is shown to be stable without any constraint on the mesh size. We prove the optimal convergence rate under the energy norm and sub-optimal convergence rate under the $L^2$ norm. Numerical results in two and three dimensions are presented to verify the error estimates.
Anderson acceleration for contractive and noncontractive operators
Authors: Pollock Sara , Rebholz Leo G
Published: November 2020

A one-step analysis of Anderson acceleration with general algorithmic depths is presented. The resulting residual bounds within both contractive and noncontractive settings reveal the balance between the contributions from the higher and lower order terms, which are both dependent on the success of the optimization problem solved at each step of the algorithm. The new residual bounds show the additional terms introduced by the extrapolation produce terms that are of a higher order than was previously understood. In the contractive setting these bounds sharpen previous convergence and acceleration results. The bounds rely on sufficient linear independence of the differences between consecutive residuals, rather than assumptions on the boundedness of the optimization coefficients, allowing the introduction of a theoretically sound safeguarding strategy. Several numerical tests illustrate the analysis primarily in the noncontractive setting, and demonstrate the use of the method, the safeguarding strategy and theory-based guidance on dynamic selection of the algorithmic depth, on a p-Laplace equation, a nonlinear Helmholtz equation and the steady Navier–Stokes equations with high Reynolds number in three spatial dimensions.
Analysis of Electronic Health Records Reveals Medication-Related Interference on Point-of-Care Urine Drug Screening Assays
Authors: Ayala-Lopez Nadia , Colby Jennifer M , Hughey Jacob J
Published: November 2020

Point-of-care (POC) urine drug screening (UDS) assays provide immediate information for patient management. However, POC UDS assays can produce false-positive results, which may not be recognized until confirmatory testing is completed several days later. To minimize the potential for patient harm, it is critical to identify sources of interference. Here, we applied an approach based on statistical analysis of electronic health record (EHR) data to identify medications that may cause false positives on POC UDS assays. From our institution’s EHR data, we extracted 120,670 POC UDS and confirmation results, covering 12 classes of target drugs, along with each individual’s prior medication exposures. Our approach is based on the idea that exposure to an interfering medication will increase the odds of a false-positive UDS result. For a given assay–medication pair, we quantified the association between medication exposures and UDS results as an odds ratio from logistic regression. We evaluated interference experimentally by spiking compounds into drug-free urine and testing the spiked samples on the POC device. Our dataset included 446 false-positive UDS results (presumptive positive screen followed by negative confirmation). We quantified the odds ratio of false positives for 528 assay–medication pairs. Of the six assay–medication pairs we evaluated experimentally, two showed interference capable of producing a presumptive positive: labetalol on the 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) assay (at 200 μg/mL) and ranitidine on the methamphetamine assay (at 50 μg/mL). Ranitidine also produced a presumptive positive for opiates at 1,600 μg/mL and for propoxyphene at 800 μg/mL. These findings highlight the generalizability and the limits of our approach to use EHR data to identify medications that interfere with clinical immunoassays.
Biology, Ecology, and Management of Key Sorghum Insect Pests
Authors: Okosun Olabimpe O , Allen Kerry C , Glover James P , Reddy Gadi V P
Published: November 2020

Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (Poaceae), is a highly valued crop cultivated worldwide, with the grain and stover being of equal importance in some developing countries. Sorghum can produce high yields even under adverse environmental conditions, however, damage from insect pests at various stages of the plant’s development can reduce its productivity, impacting low-income farmers in developing countries. Important sorghum insect pests include leaf-sucking species, leaf-feeding species, stalk or stem borers, pests of the panicle and of the stored grain. Modern control strategies include cultural controls, biological control, pesticides (chemical, botanicals, or microbial), and host plant resistance. An integrated approach is recommended and based on a combination of insect growth regulators and conservation practices to protect natural enemies at the landscape level. Long-term successful management also requires regulatory policies to limit the invasion of new pests.
Carnivoran intraspecific tooth-size variation shows heterogeneity along the tooth row and among species
Authors: Reuter Dana M , Hopkins Samantha S B , Davis Edward B
Published: November 2020

Developing morphological diagnoses for fossil mammals requires an understanding of intraspecific variation in the anatomical elements under study. Dental traits along with tooth size can be informative of taxonomic identify for extinct species. However, it is unclear what selective or developmental processes are responsible for documented patterns in tooth-size variation making application to the fossil record difficult. We assessed combined species tooth-type variation and intraspecific tooth-size variation for 19 species to evaluate whether developmental controls or occlusion-driven functional demands influence carnivoran tooth-size variation. We also estimated phylogenetic signal for the coefficient of variation (CV). Combined species tooth-size variation separated by tooth type shows that canines are more variable than molars and lower premolars. We found intraspecific tooth-size variation patterns differ between species. However, comparisons of the CVs did not support the hypotheses that developmental controls or functional demands of occlusion constrain size variation in mammal teeth. Our results suggest that a combination of factors influence carnivoran tooth-size variation, such as differences in ontogeny, diet, sexual dimorphism, and evolutionary history. Patterns of carnivoran intraspecific tooth-size variation suggest a better understanding of dental size variation in extant species is essential for accurate morphological studies of fossil taxa.
Lost in a sagebrush sea: comparative genetic assessment of an isolated montane population ofTamias amoenus
Authors: Bell Kayce C , Van Gunst Jane , Teglas Mike B , Hsueh Jennifer , Matocq Marjorie D
Published: November 2020

The montane sky islands of the Great Basin are characterized by unique, isolated habitats and communities that likely are vulnerable to extirpation with environmental change. A subspecies of yellow pine chipmunk, the Humboldt yellow pine chipmunk (Tamias amoenus celeris), is associated with the whitebark and limber pine forests of the Pine Forest Range (PFR) in Nevada. We sampled T. amoenus and least chipmunks (T. minimus) from the isolated PFR and compared genetic diversity between these populations and more “mainland” populations, including other subspecies of chipmunks. Given the high frequency of hybridization in Tamias, we tested for hybridization between T. amoenus and T. minimus in the PFR. We examined phylogenetic relationships, population divergence and diversity, and screened populations for a common pathogen, Borrelia hermsii, to gain insight into population health. We found T. amoenus of the PFR are closely related to T. amoenus in the Warner Mountains and Sierra Nevada, but maintain substantively lower genetic variation. Microsatellite analyses show PFR T. amoenus are highly genetically differentiated from other populations. In contrast, PFR T. minimus had higher genetic diversity that was comparable to the other T. minimus population we sampled. Pathogen screening revealed that T. amoenus carried higher pathogen loads than T. minimus in the PFR, although the prevalence of infection was similar to other Tamias populations. Our assessment of habitat associations suggests that the Humboldt yellow pine chipmunk almost entirely is restricted to the conifer systems of the PFR, while least chipmunks are prevalent in the other forests. Our work highlights the need for continued conservation and research efforts to identify how response to environmental change can be facilitated in isolated species and habitats.
Congeneric invasive versus native plants utilize similar inorganic nitrogen forms but have disparate use efficiencies
Authors: Yu Hong-Wei , He Wei-Ming
Published: November 2020

Aims

Soil inorganic nitrogen (N) has long been recognized to play an important role in plant invasions. Whilst comparing the N use strategies of multiple invasive versus native plant congeners along an entire N gradient is key to understanding plant invasion success, there are few related studies.

Methods

We conducted a potted experiment with six invasive and native congeneric pairs, which were subjected to 11 nitrate/ammonium (NO3−/NH4+) ratios (i.e. 100% NO3− at one end and 100% NH4+ at the other end), each with low- and high-N levels. Each species–N combination was replicated eight times, and thus there were 2112 pots in total. We measured the following traits: the total biomass, growth advantage, biomass allocation, leaf chlorophyll content and low-N tolerance.

Important Findings

Invasive and native congeners grew well at any NO3−/NH4+ ratios, and their responses of growth, allocation and tolerance were approximately parallel along the 11 NO3−/NH4+ ratios across two N levels. Plant invaders grew larger and had greater chlorophyll contents, higher root biomass allocation and stronger low-N tolerance than their congeneric natives. These findings suggest that invasive and native plant congeners may utilize similar inorganic N forms (i.e. NO3− and NH4+) across an entire N composition gradient and that higher N use efficiencies could favor alien plants to invade new plant communities where congeneric natives are dominants.
The Influence of Early Childhood Temperament on Later Social–Emotional Functioning in Youth with Cancer
Authors: Willard Victoria W , Tillery Rachel , Harman Jennifer L , Long Alanna , Phipps Sean
Published: November 2020

Objective

One of the peak incidences of childhood cancer is during the early childhood years. This is also an important time for psychosocial and personality development, and it is well known that early childhood temperament influences later psychosocial functioning. However, this association has not been examined in young children with cancer.

Methods

Parents of children with cancer (N = 39) and healthy comparisons (N = 35) completed an indicator of temperament (Children’s Behavior Questionnaire) when children were young (Mage=4.99 ± 1.05 years). Five years later, parents and youth completed measures of psychosocial functioning (Mage=10.15 ± 1.10 years; Behavior Assessment Scale for Children, 2nd edition and Social Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale).

Results

Parents of healthy comparisons reported that their children demonstrated greater surgency than youth with cancer; there were no differences in negative affect or effortful control. Children with cancer and healthy comparisons were rated similarly on measures of psychosocial functioning. Health status was not a significant predictor of later functioning, but socioeconomic status and temperament were. The influence of temperament was stronger for strengths-based functioning (e.g., social competence, adaptive functioning) versus distress (internalizing and externalizing problems).

Conclusions

Early childhood temperament is a strong predictor of later psychosocial functioning, regardless of health status. Findings highlight the need to consider temperament in the clinical assessment of psychosocial functioning in children with cancer. Additional research is needed to specifically assess how a diagnosis of cancer in early childhood influences temperament over time.
Variability in the Use of Novel Diagnostic Technology in Children With Suspected Encephalitis and in the Management of Emerging Encephalitides by Pediatric Infectious Disease Providers
Authors: Dehority Walter , Janowski Andrew B , Messacar Kevin , Polgreen Philip M , Beekmann Susan E
Published: November 2020

We surveyed pediatric infectious disease physicians through the Infectious Disease Society of America’s Emerging Infections Network regarding the diagnosis and management of encephalitis. We identified practice variations, particularly with the use of new diagnostic modalities and management of autoimmune encephalitides. These findings may inform the creation of updated management guidelines.
Empowerment Perspectives and Practices of Refugee-Related NGOs in Turkey: Family, Protection, or Solidarity?
Authors: Özgür Keysan Asuman , Şentürk Burcu
Published: November 2020

Due to the ongoing conflict in Syria and all that it signifies, the number of women refugees is seeing a rapid upturn, and this has led to a rise in the number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Turkey providing support to this specific segment of society. Most of the studies carried out in the field recently focus on the status of Syrian women in Turkey and the impacts migration has had on them, while the perspectives of NGOs on the empowerment of women has been, on the whole, understudied. Based on the data collected from representatives of NGOs this study aims to fill this gap by analysing the approaches and practices of NGOs to the empowerment of refugee women. The results clearly indicate that the approach of NGOs to the empowerment of women differ depending on their type, being either family-oriented, protection-based, or women solidarity-focused. It was further found that the women solidarity-focused approach has a potential to pave the way for social empowerment with the ability to challenge gender inequality.
Group belief
Authors: Ågotnes Thomas , Wáng Yì N
Published: November 2020

While logical formalizations of group notions of knowledge such as common and distributed knowledge have received considerable attention in the literature, most approaches being based on modal logic, group notions of belief have received much less attention. In this paper we systematically study standard notions of group belief under different assumptions about the properties of belief. In particular, we map out (lack of) preservation of belief properties against different standard definitions of group belief. It turns out that what is called group belief most often is not actually belief, i.e. does not have the properties of belief. In fact, even what is called group knowledge is sometimes not actually knowledge either. For example, under the common assumption that belief has the KD45 properties, neither common belief (does not satisfy the negative introspection axiom 5) nor distributed belief (does not satisfy the consistency axiom D) are not actually belief. There has been some confusion in the literature regarding soundness of proposed axiomatizations of logics with distributed knowledge, related to the mentioned lack of preservation. In this paper we also present detailed completeness proofs of sound and complete axiomatizations of KD45 with distributed belief, both with and without common belief.
Dust delivery and entrainment in photoevaporative winds
Authors: Hutchison Mark A , Clarke Cathie J
Published: November 2020

We model the gas and dust dynamics in a turbulent protoplanetary disc undergoing extreme-UV photoevaporation in order to better characterize the dust properties in thermal winds (e.g. size distribution, flux rate, trajectories). Our semi-analytic approach allows us to rapidly calculate these dust properties without resorting to expensive hydrodynamic simulations. We find that photoevaporation creates a vertical gas flow within the disc that assists turbulence in supplying dust to the ionization front. We examine both the delivery of dust to the ionization front and its subsequent entrainment in the overlying wind. We derive a simple analytic criterion for the maximum grain size that can be entrained and show that this is in good agreement with the results of previous simulations where photoevaporation is driven by a range of radiation types. We show that, in contrast to the case for magnetically driven winds, we do not expect large-scale dust transport within the disc to be effected by photoevaporation. We also show that the maximum size of grains that can be entrained in the wind (smax) is around an order of magnitude larger than the maximum size of grains that can be delivered to the front by advection alone ($s_{\mathrm{crit}}\lesssim 1 \,\, \mu {\mathrm{m}}$ for Herbig Ae/Be stars and $\lesssim 0.01 \,\, \mu {\mathrm{m}}$ for T Tauri stars). We further investigate how larger grains, up to a limiting size slimit, can be delivered to the front by turbulent diffusion alone. In all cases, we find smax ≳ slimit so that we expect that any dust that is delivered to the front can be entrained in the wind and that most entrained dust follows trajectories close to that of the gas.
Galactic 26Al traces metal loss through hot chimneys
Authors: Krause Martin G H , Rodgers-Lee Donna , Dale James E , Diehl Roland , Kobayashi Chiaki
Published: November 2020

Radioactive 26Al is an excellent tracer for metal ejection in the Milky Way, and can provide a direct constraint on the modelling of supernova feedback in galaxy evolution. Gamma-ray observations of the 26Al decay line have found high velocities and hence require a significant fraction of the Galactic 26Al in the hot component. At the same time, meteoritic data combined with simulation results suggest that a significant amount of 26Al makes its way into stars before decay. We investigated the distribution into hot and cold channels with a simulation of a Milky-Way-like galaxy with massive-star feedback in superbubbles and with ejecta traced by 26Al. About 30–40 per cent of the ejecta remain hot, with typical cooling times of the order Gyr. 26Al traces the footpoints of a chimney-fed outflow that mixes metals turbulently into the halo of the model galaxy on a scale of at least 50 kpc. The rest diffuses into cold gas ≲ 104 K, and may therefore be quickly available for star formation. We discuss the robustness of the result by comparison to a simulation with a different global flow pattern. The branching ratio into hot and cold components is comparable to that of longer term average results from chemical evolution modelling of galaxies, clusters, and the intracluster medium.
The age of the carina young association and potential membership of HD 95086
Authors: Booth Mark , del Burgo Carlos , Hambaryan Valeri V
Published: November 2020

Carina is a nearby young stellar association. So far, only a small number of stars have been clearly identified as members of this association. In this paper, we reanalyse the membership of the association in light of Gaia DR2 data, in particular finding that HD 95086 is a potential member (probability of 71 per cent). This star is noteworthy as one of the few stars that hosts both a detected debris disc and a directly imaged planet. It has previously only been considered as a potential member of the Lower Centaurus Crux (LCC) – part of the Scorpius–Centaurus association. We also reanalyse the age of the Carina association. Using a Bayesian inference code applied to infer a solution from stellar evolution models for the most probable (>99 per cent) members of Carina, we infer an age for the association of 13.3$^{+1.1}_{-0.6}$ Myr, much younger than previous studies. Whilst we have revised HD 95086’s association membership from LCC to Carina, the fact that we also find Carina to have a younger age, similar to that of LCC, means that the estimates of HD 95086b’s mass remain unchanged. However, the younger age of Carina does mean that the companion to another Carina member, HD 44627 (AB Pic), has a mass that is more clearly in the planet rather than brown dwarf range.
New constraints on the mass of fermionic dark matter from dwarf spheroidal galaxies
Authors: Alvey James , Sabti Nashwan , Tiki Victoria , Blas Diego , Bondarenko Kyrylo , Boyarsky Alexey , Escudero Miguel , Fairbairn Malcolm , Orkney Matthew , Read Justin I
Published: November 2020

Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are excellent systems to probe the nature of fermionic dark matter due to their high observed dark matter phase-space density. In this work, we review, revise, and improve upon previous phase-space considerations to obtain lower bounds on the mass of fermionic dark matter particles. The refinement in the results compared to previous works is realized particularly due to a significantly improved Jeans analysis of the galaxies. We discuss two methods to obtain phase-space bounds on the dark matter mass, one model-independent bound based on Pauli’s principle, and the other derived from an application of Liouville’s theorem. As benchmark examples for the latter case, we derive constraints for thermally decoupled particles and (non-)resonantly produced sterile neutrinos. Using the Pauli principle, we report a model-independent lower bound of $m \ge 0.18\, \mathrm{keV}$ at 68 per cent CL and $m \ge 0.13\, \mathrm{keV}$ at 95 per cent CL. For relativistically decoupled thermal relics, this bound is strengthened to $m \ge 0.59\, \mathrm{keV}$ at 68 per cent CL and $m \ge 0.41\, \mathrm{keV}$ at 95 per cent CL, while for non-resonantly produced sterile neutrinos the constraint is $m \ge 2.80\, \mathrm{keV}$ at 68 per cent CL and $m \ge 1.74\, \mathrm{keV}$ at 95 per cent CL. Finally, the phase-space bounds on resonantly produced sterile neutrinos are compared with complementary limits from X-ray, Lyman α, and big bang nucleosynthesis observations.
Elicitive Dramaturgy
Authors: Ritter Julia M.
Published: November 2020

Chapter 3 suggests that with the emergence of immersive productions, wherein spectators now constitute a component of performances, a novel form of dramaturgical thinking has developed to account for the spectator as a mobile entity with agency. Elicitive dramaturgy is proposed as a dance-driven theory and practice of composing immersive performance affords spectators agency while simultaneously managing their contributions through carefully designed choreographic parameters. Three specific considerations of elicitive dramaturgical thinking are identified and analyzed, including how practitioners attempt to manage the degree to which spectators participate, the possibility that spectators can participate outside of the structures designed for them, and lastly, the ethical concerns of choreographing participation.
Insider Dynamics and Extended Audiencing
Authors: Ritter Julia M.
Published: November 2020

Drawing on theories of kinesthetic empathy and research on embodied cognition, insider dynamics is proposed as a theory of embodied affective engagement that occurs for spectators during immersive performance in four distinct phases: complicity, porosity, contagion, and inclusion. Insider dynamics occurs as spectators access their kinesthesia, and these dynamics function to guide the decision-making of audiences as participants during performances. Insider dynamics also makes it possible for immersion to extend beyond the boundaries of performances through communities known as fandoms. Reflecting upon their experiences of participatory engagement in highly sensory, choreographic performances, fans transform those experiences into creative responses such as fan fiction and art through a recursive process identified by the author as extended audiencing.
The Saints of Santa Ana
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E.
Published: November 2020

To examine the intersection of religion and ethnicity among Mexican immigrants, this volume takes readers into the vibrant neighborhoods of central Santa Ana, California, a Mexican-majority metropolis with high rates of religious participation. Ethnic Mexicans have traditionally been characterized by their religiosity, and have historically been marked as ethno-racially distinct from the white majority. On the one hand, this volume investigates whether Mexican ethnicity is indeed a cohesive organizing principle that continues to mark Mexicans as distinct. On the other hand, the volume examines the mechanisms of religion that sustain or alter in-group understandings of ethnicity. To highlight the mechanisms that shape ethnic identity, the volume takes a comparative approach, juxtaposing the experiences of Catholic and evangelical Mexican immigrants, the two largest religious groupings in the city. Through five years of participant observation within formal and informal Catholic and evangelical spaces in Santa Ana, and based on in-depth interviews of fifty parishioners, this book argues that religious affiliations set Catholics and evangelicals along diverging trajectories of ethnic identity construction. In particular, the author argues that while Mexican Catholics ritualize a sense of their ethnic past, Mexican evangelicals posit a rupture with the past rooted in conversion. Catholics and evangelicals’ diverging understandings of ethnic community and of ethnic identity manifest as distinct practices of ethnic space.
Social Life and Religion
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: November 2020

Chapter 9 serves as another break from the main narrative with a discussion of social life and religion. The chapter discusses everyday life, or as much as we know of it; family life; and in particular, the changing roles of women from the Classical through the Hellenistic eras to the Roman era in Athens and Greece. Then there is a discussion on religion and religious life in Athens in these periods, along with the Athenian attitude toward religion. Topics include the major festivals and how they changed, foreign cults such as that of Sarapis from Egypt, and especially the Roman imperial cult.
Hadrian’s Arch
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: November 2020

The final chapter completes the narrative with an examination of Hadrian’s dealings with Athens, thanks to whom the city was again made prominent in the Greek world. After discussing Hadrian’s economic and constitutional arrangements for Athens, the chapter turns to the religious and intellectual life in the city and how these appealed to a polymath like Hadrian. Most importantly there is a focus on Hadrian’s Panhellenion, a league of cities of the East created by the emperor that made Athens its center. As a result, Athens’ reputation and prestige skyrocketed once again, and it became in effect the second city of the Roman Empire after Rome. The Panhellenion also spawned a burst of building activity under Hadrian not seen since the days of Augustus. The completion of the monumental Temple to Olympian Zeus was meant to be the focal point of the Panhellenion. A section on Hadrian’s Arch is also discussed, as the monument was commissioned by the Athenians and shows the extent of Hadrian’s power over the city, Greece, and the east. As a postscript, there is a broad brushstroke description of Athens after Hadrian, including the activity of Herodes Atticus and up to the Herulian sack.
Trust in a Polarized Age
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: November 2020

Americans today don’t trust each other and their institutions as much as they used to. The collapse of social and political trust arguably has fueled our increasingly ferocious ideological conflicts and hardened partisanship. But is the decline in trust inevitable? Are we caught in a downward spiral that must end in war-like politics, institutional decay, and possibly even civil war? This book argues that American political and economic institutions are capable of creating and maintaining trust, even through polarized times. Combining philosophical arguments and empirical data, the author shows that liberal democracy, markets, and social welfare programs all play a vital role in producing social and political trust. Even more, these institutions can promote trust justly, by recognizing and respecting our basic human rights.
Civil Society and Freedom of Association
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: November 2020

A right to freedom of association can both be justified to a diverse public, and exercises of that right help create and sustain social and political trust in the real world. Freedom of association can be justified to multiple points of view, both liberal and illiberal, to protect the pursuit of diverse forms of life. It creates real trust by putting people in contact with other members and with nonmembers. It creates trust for the right reasons because the recognition, protection, and exercise of the right of association serve as public evidence of the trustworthiness of association members and governments that recognize and respect and protect the rights of associations members. Since freedom of association creates trust for the right reasons, it can help arrest falling trust and increasing polarization.
Back to the Future
Authors: Dixon Marc
Published: November 2020

This chapter identifies the historical roots of union decline in a period of unparalleled labor strength—the 1950s. Like their contemporary counterparts, unions in the 1950s often struggled to secure influential political allies, to forge coalitions with groups outside of the labor movement, to push back against powerful business interests, and to make a compelling case for labor rights. These weaknesses came to a head at the end of the decade in conflicts over right-to-work laws and public-sector collective bargaining rights in the industrial Midwest. Social movement theory is presented to account for labor’s mixed showing across the heavily unionized states of the Midwest in the 1950s and to identify the political, organizational, and strategic factors critical to labor success then and now. The principal case studies and research design are introduced.
Flipping the Script in Ohio
Authors: Dixon Marc
Published: November 2020

This chapter shows how unions effectively flipped the script on right-to-work. Emboldened by the right-to-work victory in highly unionized Indiana in 1957 and the sensational allegations of union corruption emerging from the McClellan Committee in 1958, business leaders pushed ahead on right-to-work even when their more cautious political allies warned against it. Six states put right-to-work on the ballot, right-to-work organizations formed across the Midwest, and the Ohio campaign was the center of it all. Labor succeeded in Ohio due to solid organization and an unusually broad coalition, a development aided by the more active role of the national labor movement in the conflict. The coalition allowed unions to move away from a purely defensive approach to right-to-work and to keep union leaders from becoming the focus as they had in prior campaigns. By contrast, the Ohio Chamber of Commerce struggled to mobilize some of their closest allies.
The Insider Route in Wisconsin
Authors: Dixon Marc
Published: November 2020

This chapter traces the development of the first statewide public-sector collective bargaining legislation in Wisconsin in 1959 and the campaign waged by municipal employees there. The case for public-sector rights lacked the fanfare of the campaigns in Indiana and Ohio, though it was clearly shaped by the political winds surrounding these efforts. Well before the upsurge of civil rights–inspired public-sector organizing in the 1960s and 1970s, bargaining rights in Wisconsin were rooted in the 1950s fights over labor rights. The success of the public-sector union campaign in Wisconsin is mostly a story of political opportunity. It was after more than a decade of public-sector advocates organizing and introducing bills in the legislature, and after the overreach of business activists on right-to-work in the region, that dissension within the Republican Party and between party leaders and business circles provided the opening that activists needed.
A Holding Pattern in the Midwest
Authors: Dixon Marc
Published: November 2020

This chapter takes up right-to-work and public-sector collective bargaining legislation at the end of the 1950s and shows how they caught on in the Midwest and elsewhere over the next two decades. The chapter then considers the experience of the other two large industrial states in the region, Michigan and Illinois. While there are some notable differences within the region, such as the impressive labor–liberal coalition in Michigan, it is marked mostly by the disorganization of labor and its allies. Armed with this information, the key findings from chapters 3–5 are put in comparative perspective. While there was no magic bullet for union influence, unions succeeded when they cultivated a broad coalition or influential political allies and, importantly, when their opposition crumbled. This required the presence of unusually resourceful local activists or a push from far-sighted national organizations to overcome otherwise weak statewide organization.
Externalising and Internalising Liberty via Discipline
Authors: Epstein Charlotte
Published: November 2020

The role of the fundamental right to liberty in the making of the modern individual, or individualisation, is at the heart of this chapter. It tracks the place of the body in Thomas Hobbes’s and John Locke’s texts on liberty respectively, arguing that, whereas Hobbes externalised political liberty by rooting it solely in the body, Locke instead re-internalised it by bringing into focus the mind and the body. At the heart of Lockean liberty stands a Calvinist conscience, which Locke durably established as a pillar of political modernity. The centrality of the conscience to Locke’s liberty establishes him as the first theoretician of modern discipline. Locke brought back together two distinct functions of the conscience, the moral and the epistemological, which were initially folded together in the theological notion, but had been separated out by Hobbes and Descartes schematically. Key to this recovery of the conscience was another concept that Locke coined for modernity: ‘consciousness’. Together with ‘the mind’, it enabled Locke to negotiate a complicated relationship with the old faculty of ‘reason’. The chapter then analyses how Locke’s epistemological distinctions play out in his political thought, by tracing successively the roles of discipline in his pedagogical treatises, and that of punishment in his legal projects. I argue that Locke conceived the modern state in terms of an exclusive membership of reasonable consenters, to which some innately belonged while others did not (and never would). The chapter’s last part considers the central role of the figure of the criminal in constituting the Lockean polity as an exclusive and exclusionary space, against a historical backdrop where traditional modes of living were being fast criminalised to enable the take-off of capitalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin
Published: November 2020

Can risk assessment be made fair? The conclusion of Calculating Race returns to actuarial science’s foundations in probability. The roots of probability rest in a pair of problems posed to Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat in the summer of 1654: “the Dice Problem” and “the Division Problem.” From their very foundation, the mathematics of probability offered the potential not only to be used to gain an advantage (as in the case of the Dice Problem), but also to divide material fairly (as in the case of the Division Problem). As the United States and the world enter an age driven by Big Data, algorithms, artificial intelligence, and machine learning and characterized by an actuarialization of everything, we must remember that risk assessment need not be put to use for individual, corporate, or government advantage but, rather, that it has always been capable of guiding how to distribute risk equitably instead.
Neo-Aristotelian Supererogation
Authors: Stangl Rebecca
Published: November 2020

This chapter develops and defends the following neo-Aristotelian account of supererogation: An action is supererogatory iff it is overall virtuous and either (1) the omission of an overall virtuous action in that situation would not be overall vicious, or (2) there is some overall virtuous action that is less virtuous than it and whose performance in its place would not be overall vicious. This account is non-ad-hoc insofar as it is based on virtue ethical accounts of right and wrong action that are motivated from within the tradition, and thus fully deserving of the label “neo-Aristotelian.” And it is intuitively defensible: it correctly identifies both heroic and saintly actions as supererogatory and gives a plausible explanation of their status as supererogatory. It also correctly identifies those instances of more mundane supererogation as supererogation and explains their status as supererogatory.
War-Worn Subjects
Authors: Rushing Sara
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores how humility and autonomy come into play for “wounded warriors” seeking post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment and for the medical professionals treating them within the particular constraints of the military-medical complex. Analyzing military PTSD illustrates how deeply entangled disease construction, diagnosis, and “cure” are with the complex discourse of “choice and control,” or with medicalization under the pressures of neoliberal rationality. Like with birth and death, but perhaps even more so, veteran PTSD as taken up within the Veterans Health Administration is a site of subjection and potential contestation from which we can learn much about the production of citizen-subjectivity in moments of distinct corporeal and psychic vulnerability. This chapter examines how militarism and masculinity conspire with inadequate conceptions of patient (and doctor) humility and autonomy, to produce an assumption of and fatalism about whether “wounded warriors” can be “fixed.”
Ethical Sources of Political Strength
Authors: Rushing Sara
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the complex relationship between vulnerability and autonomy, in dialogue with two strains of contemporary democratic theory. Engaging Bonnie Honig and Steven White on the debate over whether mortalist humanism displaces from political action, and with theorists of exit and voice about the effects of various kinds of withdrawals from institutional power, the chapter explores when having our vulnerability laid bare functions to orient us toward others and toward generative action aimed at something better, and when it gets stuck at private suffering, or inspires resentment. How might exiting itself become a site of political awakening, where a new citizen-subjectivity takes hold as we say “No” to being interpellated as certain kinds of patients, health citizens, or subjects?
Gratitude in the Later Eighteenth Century
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the three main philosophers associated with Scottish Enlightenment sentimentalism and explores what each of them has to say about the role gratitude plays in their theories about human nature and the sources of motivation for human ethical behavior. The text discusses Hutcheson’s idea of moral sense to show how fundamentally the concept of gratitude is inscribed in it, and then how gratitude plays an important role in Hume’s idea of sympathy, and assumes a foundational role in Adam Smith’s theory of the moral sentiments.
Grateful Sentiment
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the first form that gratitude can take—that is, as an emotion, as something we feel in response to a gift or kindness from another. It examines different theories of what emotions are, from late-nineteenth- to early-twenty-first-century thinkers, and then offers a theory in which gratitude can be considered as a sentiment, that is, a feeling that has intention and direction similar to an emotion, but also duration and intensity somewhat resembling a mood.
Grateful Action
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines philosophers who have written about gratitude as either a kind of duty or a kind of debt, or both. After one feels grateful, one does something to express or demonstrate that feeling. What can be said about that action? What is the relationship between someone’s feeling grateful and someone’s acting out her gratitude? This chapter examines how philosophers through the course of the twentieth century have drawn on Kant, sometimes misunderstanding just what he said, in their efforts to avoid making it a duty to feel a particular emotion. It also discusses in what ways the idea of gratitude as “debt” can be recast in light of what Kant wrote about it.
Ingratitude
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines three forms that ingratitude can take: base ingratitude, indignant ingratitude, and righteous ingratitude. The chapter first of all discerns how philosophers, particularly in the later eighteenth century began to develop and denounce base ingratitude as an inhuman response to the world. The text then discusses Rousseau as an example of what is called here “indignant ingratitude,” in which someone is ungrateful from a heightened sense of independence. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what is termed “righteous ingratitude,” which is developed from what Claudia Card and Cheshire Calhoun have argued is “misplaced gratitude.”
A Somewhat Dour Introduction
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: November 2020

This introduction offers an overview of the basic themes of the book, highlighting the author’s sense of gloom and doom, his view of life as a series of failures in a game of humiliation as the score gets evermore lopsided as one ages. It also provides some autobiography. The chapter’s centerpiece is an account of an embarrassing incident at All Souls College where the author, as in Thor’s visit to Útgarðaloki, found his wine glass connected to the sea. He made a drunken fool of himself before portraits of some of his heroes that graced the walls of the room where the event occurred.
The Paradoxes of Huntingtonian Professionalism
Authors: Brooks Risa
Published: November 2020

Samuel Huntington’s objective control model of civil-military relations has had profound effects on contemporary norms of military professionalism. Huntington anticipated that objective control, premised on a clearly defined division of responsibility between the military and civilians, would create an apolitical ethos among officers. The military’s apolitical character then would ensure its deference to civilian authority and reinforce its professional character. The approach would also enable the military to cultivate expertise in the “management of violence” and guarantee its effectiveness in armed conflict. Those norms, however, are more complex than is sometimes appreciated. They exhibit four paradoxes, producing the very behaviors and outcomes they aim to prevent: they can promote actions and mindsets within the officer corps that work to facilitate political behavior, subvert civilian control of military activity, compromise strategic effectiveness, and even undermine some aspects of military professionalism itself.