bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women's Political Activism In Japan And Other Late Developing Asian Countries, 1870–1945
Authors: Shin Youngtae
Published: August 2010

The main thrust of this paper is that countries at different industrial and developmental stages experience different pressure from both within and without. And these differences largely shape the nature of women's political activities. This paper examines the nature of Japanese women's political activities in initial stages, between 1868–1945, as an example to shed some light on where there exist differences between political activities of advanced Western industrial countries, especially the United States, and the late developing countries such as Japan and some other Asian countries. The paper asserts that the study of women's political consciousness and participation should be approached from the larger issue of international political environment in which internal politics of a country takes place. That is, the presence and absence of feminism in women's political activities should be understood in the context of the world historical time.
Making Trust or Breaking Trust: Cooperation and Conflict Between Organizations—The Case of the Active Services and National Guard
Authors: Buterbaugh Kevin
Published: August 2010

Cooperation between organizations creates a dilemma—should an organization cooperate risking exploitation or should an organization refuse to cooperate and perhaps keep itself from successfully performing a task? The answer to this dilemma is trust. If an organization can trust another then it need not fear cooperating with it. How does trust develop? This question is answered using a comparison of the air force and army with their respective National Guards. It is shown that air force procedures facilitated the development of trust while army procedures hindered it. Air force policies also incrementally increased the number of interactions between it and the guard allowing trust to develop. Army policies did not.
The Gubernatorial Coattail Hypothesis Considered: Determining the Effects of the Gubernatorial Race on the Senatorial Contest
Authors: Burns Peter F.
Published: August 2010

Do gubernatorial races influence Senate outcomes when the two candidates run on the same ticket? The gubernatorial coattail hypothesis posits that gubernatorial elections have a major influence on senatorial elections because of the governor's (1) visibility, (2) accountability, and (3) role as state party leader. The hypothesis also claims that the voters use the gubernatorial race as the barometer for the rest of the ticket. Analyses of five diverse states indicate that a uniform gubernatorial coattail effect is not present. Each state varies in its electoral dynamics indicating that political orientation, party organizational and institutional differences among the states are important determinants of gubernatorial and senatorial votes.
Elections, Partisanship and the Institutionalization of the Tennessee General Assembly
Authors: Williams Steven D. , McGinnis H. Coleman
Published: August 2010

For the past half‐century most scholarly attention has focused on the advent of two‐party competition in the South. More recently scholars have examined the impact of redistricting and incumbency on the advancement of two‐party competition. This redistricting and incumbency is producing a unique result in the Tennessee State Assembly. The Tennessee House has become a strongly partisan body ruled by Democrats, while the state Senate has become a bipartisan institution ruled by incumbents.
Changing Racial Attitudes in Eastern North Carolina
Authors: Mani Bonnie G. , Eamon Thomas F. , McCurley Carl
Published: August 2010

This is an extensive analysis of African‐Americans' and whites' perceptions of each other, and the relationships between racial attitudes and social‐welfare preferences, cultural traditionalism, levels of trust toward government, and levels of political conceptualization. The project consists of two phases. First, a mail survey and both individual and focus group interviews were conducted in 1995. Second, a telephone survey of eastern North Carolina residents was conducted in 1996. Both the surveys and the interviews revealed expected differences between the opinions of black and white people—for example, perceptions of prejudice, equality of opportunities and integration. In addition to six questions which were asked in 1995, the 1996 telephone survey collected black and white people's opinions of four strategies for ameliorating racial friction. Not only did the survey show that one of the four proposed strategies seems viable to both black and white people but also that, again, division between the races is remarkably intense.
Re‐Writing Maastricht: The Politics of the 1999 Inter‐Governmental Conference
Authors: Glen Carol M.
Published: August 2010

The Treaty on European Union (1993), otherwise known as the Maastricht Treaty, made provisions for the convening of an intergovernmental conference to be held during 1996 in order to make revisions to that treaty as required. This paper examines the negotiations surrounding the 1996–97 intergovernmental conference and asks why some issues were successfully incorporated into the new Treaty of Amsterdam which emerged, while others were not. Particular attention is paid to the domestic constraints which several EU leaders faced as they approached the bargaining table, and which effectively blocked compromise. This paper argues that the post‐Maastricht political environment has produced a more realistic view of what is politically possible, but that this has resulted in a new treaty which is uncertain and weak.
PARTY PROMISES AND PRESIDENTIAL PERFORMANCE: SOCIAL POLICIES OF THE MODERN PRESIDENTS, FDR‐CLINTON
Authors: Sussman Glen , Daynes Byron W.
Published: August 2010

This study focuses on the relationship between party platforms and presidential performance in making public policies. The research of Gerald Pomper among others indicates that in a majority of cases, presidents fulfill party promises made in the platforms presented at the national conventions. The study reported here builds upon this previous work and investigates one aspect of the party platform/presidential action relationship—namely, the extent to which presidents carry out the promises made by their party about social issues.
Context and Ambiguity in the Making of Law: A Comment on Amending India's Patent Act
Authors: Rangnekar Dwijen
Published: August 2010

In implementing its patent‐related obligations to the Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), India opted for the optional additional transitional provisions in article 65.4. This, delayed the introduction of product patents in exempt technologies, notably pharmaceuticals, until 1 January 2005. Ostensibly, this gave India the opportunity to exploit changing circumstances to and emergent views on TRIPS implementation, in particular exploring new interpretations to residual flexibility in TRIPS and any continuing legal ambiguity in TRIPS obligations. Here, the Panel Report in Canada: Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products is pertinent in having exhibited rare reticence in stepping back from defining the principle of non‐discrimination in article 27.1 of TRIPS. In maintaining legal ambiguity, this reticence also provides space for law‐making and regulatory diversity. The article reviews the three amendments to India's Patent Act 1970 and finds mixed use of residual flexibility and some evidence of efforts to explore legal ambiguity. Thus, despite a favourable climate to TRIPS implementation and an active transnational access to medicine campaign, legislators in India have demonstrated a degree of caution. The article concludes that this caution is best explained in terms of deepening ambivalence concerning intellectual property within the government and the changing economic interests of sections of Indian pharma.
The Phenomenology of Agency
Authors: Bayne Tim
Published: August 2010

This paper provides an overview of recent discussions of the phenomenology of agency. By ‘the phenomenology of agency’ I mean those phenomenal states that are associated with first‐person agency. I call such states ‘agentive experiences’. After briefly defending the claim that there is a phenomenology distinctive of first‐person agency, I focus on two questions: (i) What is the structure of agentive experience? (ii) What is the representational content of agentive experience? I conclude with a brief examination of how agentive experiences might be generated and what role they might play in the subject's cognitive economy.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS OF LIGAMENTO‐MUSCULAR PROTECTIVE REFLEXES
Authors: STENER BERTIL
Published: August 2010

STESER, B. Experimental evaluation of the hypothesis of ligamento‐muscular protective reflexes. I. A method for adequate stimulation of tension receptors in the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint of the cat, and studies of the innervation of the ligament.

A method is described for effecting a large increase in the ligament's tension. The ligament is loaded in situ transversely to the line of the leg. The slight dissection required by the method involves no appreciable damage to afferent nerve fibres of the ligament. A study was made of the effect of loading the ligament on the impulse flow in the medial and posterior articular nerves. The course of the branches of these two nerves in relation to different parts of the ligament was investigated by probing with auditive registration of the impulse response and by anatomical dissection.
LRb signals act within a distributed network of leptin‐responsive neurones to mediate leptin action
Authors: Leinninger G. M. , Myers M. G.
Published: August 2010

The adipose tissue‐derived hormone, leptin, acts via its receptor (LRb) in the brain to regulate energy balance and neuroendocrine function. In order to understand leptin action we have explored the physiological function of LRb signalling pathways, defining important roles for signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3 (STAT3) in positive signalling and for LRbTyr985‐mediated feedback inhibition in leptin signal attenuation. As the cells on which leptin acts are not homogeneous, but rather represent a broadly distributed network of neurones with divergent projections and functions, it is also crucial to consider how each of these populations responds to LRb signals to contribute to leptin action. While well‐known LRb‐expressing neurones within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus mediate crucial effects on satiety and energy expenditure, other populations of LRb‐expressing neurones in the ventral tegmental area and elsewhere likely control the mesolimbic dopamine system. Additional populations of LRb‐expressing neurones likely contribute to other aspects of neuroendocrine regulation. It will be important to define the molecular mechanisms by which leptin acts to regulate neurophysiology in each of these LRb‐expressing neural populations in order to understand the totality of leptin action.
Rab proteins in endocytosis and Glut4 trafficking
Authors: Kaddai V. , Le Marchand‐Brustel Y. , Cormont M.
Published: August 2010

The intracellular trafficking of numerous proteins requires a tight control to fulfil their physiological functions. It is the case of the adipocyte and muscle glucose transporter Glut4 that is retained intracellularly until insulin induces its recruitment to the plasma membrane. Rabs are evolutionarily conserved small GTPases that control intracellular traffic events from yeast to mammalian cells. In the past few decades, considerable progresses have been made in identifying the route of Glut4, the Rabs involved in controlling it, and more recently the connection between insulin signalling and Glut4 trafficking through Rab activity control.
Muscarinic excitation–secretion coupling in chromaffin cells
Authors: Olivos L. , Artalejo A. R.
Published: August 2010

Excitation–secretion coupling in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells physiologically commences when acetylcholine molecules released from splanchnic nerve terminals bind to cholinergic receptors located at the cell’s plasma membrane. While nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ensure a rapid and efficacious transmission of preganglionic impulses, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are considered to play a subsidiary role mostly by facilitating the nicotinic responses. Nevertheless, the variety of effects brought about by muscarinic stimulation in chromaffin cells (release of intracellular Ca2+, activation of Ca2+entry through non‐selective cation channels and voltage‐dependent Ca2+channels, impairment and/or enhancement of action potential firing, etc.) and the long‐lasting nature of many of them suggests that muscarinic receptors might contribute to the fine tuning of the catecholamine secretory response upon graded preganglionic stimulation and prolonged periods of time. Such a variety of effects probably reflects not only the diversity of muscarinic receptors expressed in chromaffin cells but also the existence of differences among the animal species employed in the reported investigations. Accordingly, we first review on an animal species‐based approach the most relevant features of the muscarinic response in chromaffin cells from a set of mammals, and finally present a unified picture of the mechanisms of muscarinic excitation–secretion coupling in chromaffin cells.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTION OF Chelonia mydas UNDER FARM CONDITIONS
Authors: Ulrich Glenn F. , Owens David Wm.
Published: August 2010

Wild‐caught turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the nesting beaches of Costa Rica, Surinam, Guyana, Ascension Island, and the turtle fishing grounds off the eastern coast of Nicaragua were successful in breeding under farm conditions. of 11,268 eggs laid, 4,770 normal turtles hatched.
ADVANCES IN HATCHERY PRODUCTION OF Penaeus semisulcatus IN KUWAIT WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE REFINEMENT OF FEEDING PRACTICES1
Authors: Al‐Hajj Adnan B. , James Charles M. , Al‐Ablani Salam , Farmer Anthony S. D.
Published: August 2010

Rearing of Penaeus semisulcatus has been conducted by the Shrimp Culture Project since 1970. Hatchery production has improved rapidly since 1980 due to modifications in tank design, live food production, and feeding practices. Since 1972, hatchery tank size has been reduced from 1,600 m3 to 400 m3 and finally to 15 m3 in 1980. Such modifications have increased survival rates from 25% to more than 60% and reduced the quantities of live food required. Studies of various live feeds showed 175 times 103 cells ml‐1 per day of marine yeast provided the best survival when feeding the protozoeal stages of P. semisulcatus. An average of 240 rotifers were consumed per larva per day between the first protozoeal and the first mysis stages. For feeding the later mysis stages to the first post‐larval stages, an average of 183.33 Artemia nauplii per larva was found to be optimal. Of the formulated diets which were obtained from Japan, Sweden, and that produced locally, the Swedish diet proved to be the best. A summary of the current hatchery production is also provided.
Avian influenza infections in birds – a moving target
Authors: Capua Ilaria , Alexander Dennis J.
Published: August 2010

Avian influenza (AI) is a complex infection of birds, of which the ecology and epidemiology have undergone substantial changes over the last decade. Avian influenza viruses infecting poultry can be divided into two groups. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), with flock mortality as high as 100%. These viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all H5 and H7 viruses cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a milder, primarily respiratory, disease (low pathogenic avian influenza, LPAI), unless exacerbated by other infections or environmental conditions. Until recently, HPAI viruses were rarely isolated from wild birds, but for LPAI viruses extremely high isolation rates have been recorded in surveillance studies, particularly in feral waterfowl. In recent years, there have been costly outbreaks of HPAI in poultry in Italy, the Netherlands and Canada and in each of these countries millions of birds were slaughtered to bring the outbreaks under control. However, these outbreaks tend to have been overshadowed by the H5N1 HPAI virus, initially isolated in China, that has now spread in poultry and/or wild birds throughout Asia and into Europe and Africa, resulting in the death or culling of hundreds of millions of poultry and posing a significant zoonosis threat. Since the 1990s, AI infections due to two subtypes, LPAI H9N2 and HPAI H5N1, have been widespread in poultry across large areas of the world, resulting in a modified eco‐epidemiology and a zoonotic potential. An extraordinary effort is required to manage these epidemics from both the human and animal health perspectives.
A launch vector for the production of vaccine antigens in plants
Authors: Musiychuk Konstantin , Stephenson Natalie , Bi Hong , Farrance Christine E. , Orozovic Goran , Brodelius Maria , Brodelius Peter , Horsey April , Ugulava Natalia , Shamloul Abdel‐Moneim , Mett Vadim , Rabindran Shailaja , Streatfield Stephen J. , Yusibov Vidadi
Published: August 2010

Historically, most vaccines have been based on killed or live‐attenuated infectious agents. Although very successful at immunizing populations against disease, both approaches raise safety concerns and often have limited production capacity. This has resulted in increased emphasis on the development of subunit vaccines. Several recombinant systems have been considered for subunit vaccine manufacture, including plants, which offer advantages both in cost and in scale of production. We have developed a plant expression system utilizing a ‘launch vector’, which combines the advantageous features of standard agrobacterial binary plasmids and plant viral vectors, to achieve high‐level target antigen expression in plants. As an additional feature, to aid in target expression, stability and purification, we have engineered a thermostable carrier molecule to which antigens are fused. We have applied this launch vector/carrier system to engineer and express target antigens from various pathogens, including, influenza A/Vietnam/04 (H5N1) virus.
Ageism: A Review of Research and Policy Implications
Authors: Bugental Daphne Blunt , Hehman Jessica A.
Published: August 2010

The current literature on aging and ageism is summarized in support of a theoretical perspective that includes both the biological and the psychosocial components of these processes. Conceptual and methodological problems are identified in models that rely on a deficit approach to aging. We suggest that the biased responses of others foster older adults' stress‐related emotional and hormonal responses—responses that may effectively reduce their social and cognitive competence. This negative feedback process ultimately acts in a stereotype‐maintaining fashion. Implications are drawn for possible changes in social policy and institutional practices that may reduce or prevent the harmful effects of ageism. Examples are given of existing policies and practices that limit the lives of older adults (in the guise of protection), along with newly instituted policies and practices (including those at an international level) that place the welfare of older adults in the context of life course issues shared by all.
The effect of platelet autoantibodies on the course of the disease and clinical response of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: SIKORSKA A. , KONOPKA L. , MAŚLANKA K.
Published: August 2010

In this study, we evaluated the response to treatment of 409 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) patients who were tested for the presence of platelet‐associated autoantibodies by direct‐platelet immunofluorescence test (PIFT) and for the presence of plasma antibodies directed against the GPIIb/IIIa, GPIb and GPIa/IIa by monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA). In patients with platelet autoantibodies in comparison with patients without antibodies more frequently were observed the chronic form of disease (83.5%vs. 68.5%) and severe symptoms of haemorrhage diathesis (17.3%vs. 6.9%). Evaluation of the treatment response (to corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs and splenectomy) referred to patients with complete response, e.g. complete remission defined as platelet count of >100 × 109/l for at least 2 years. The percentage of complete response in the whole population of ITP patients, both with and without autoantibodies regardless of the method of treatment, was similar (about 54%). However, the presence of platelet autoantibodies had effect on patients treated with corticosteroids: complete response approximately 71% (36/51) of patients with autoantibodies and in 60% (72/120) of patients without antibodies, as well as in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, vincristin and vinblastin); complete response approximately 51% (11/21) of patients with autoantibodies and in 34.8% (6/17) of patients without autoantibodies. The presence of autoantibodies had no effect on the response of splenectomy patients.
¿Prestaciones universales o a favor de grupos diana? Vulnerabilidad del seguro social y protección de los ingresos mínimos con comprobación de recursos en 18 países, 1990‐2002
Authors: Nelson Kenneth
Published: August 2010

Las publicaciones sobre el Estado providente han manifestado un interés y una inquietud considerables por el estancamiento y la contracción de las políticas sociales en las últimas décadas. En el presente estudio analizaremos las diferencias entre la evolución de las prestaciones con comprobación de recursos y la evolución de las disposiciones del seguro social. También examinaremos cuestiones relacionadas con la evaluación de la contracción de las políticas y la vulnerabilidad de las prestaciones sociales y discerniremos dos hipótesis contradictorias. Según la primera, la evolución de las prestaciones con comprobación de recursos se asemeja a la del seguro social. La segunda hipótesis, más reciente, afirma que la evolución de las prestaciones con comprobación de recursos sigue su propio curso. Los análisis empíricos se basan en datos institucionales sobre el nivel de las prestaciones sociales. Por último, demostraremos que el seguro social tiene mayores probabilidades de sobrellevar los períodos de racionalización y que la mayor vulnerabilidad de las prestaciones con comprobación de recursos se relaciona con la organización de las disposiciones del seguro social.
Ensayo de evaluación de la incidencia de las transferencias públicas en la dinámica de la pobreza: el caso de Rusia
Authors: Clément Matthieu
Published: August 2010

El objeto de este artículo es proponer un análisis de la incidencia dinámica aplicada al sistema ruso de transferencias, sobre la base de una comparación entre un indicador del bienestar anterior a la intervención pública y un indicador del bienestar posterior a la intervención. En primer lugar, estimaremos la incidencia de las transferencias públicas en las formas de pobreza y mostraremos que si bien el sistema colabora en la reducción de la pobreza crónica y transitoria, los movimientos entre categorías son muy limitados. En segundo lugar, evaluaremos en qué medida el sistema es capaz de proteger a los hogares no pobres contra un riesgo de entrada en la pobreza (protección) y de ayudar a los hogares pobres a salir de la pobreza (promoción). Varias investigaciones indican que el sistema ruso de transferencias es capaz de proteger a los hogares pero no responde al objetivo de promoción. En otras palabras, en su forma actual, no puede servir de instrumento eficaz de lucha contra la pobreza de larga duración.
Will Marx be proved right?
Authors: Glyn Andrew
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Marx argued that, as capitalism evolved, workers would receive a declining share of national income. The experience of the last century has not supported this prediction. But the entry of the vast labour forces of China and India into the world economy might just prove Marx right after all. In any case, it suggests that study of the shares of national income going to different factors of production will be interesting once more.
THE MASS MEDIA AND SMOKING CESSATION: THE ABC‐TV NATIONWIDE ‘I QUIT’ PROGRAM
Authors: Chapman Simon , Reynolds Ingrid
Published: August 2010

A television series on quitting smoking was incorporated into a weeknightly current affairs program. The series produced 30,324 written requests for quit kits. Problems in estimating the quit rate for the program are discussed and a range of 4109–5482 is given as the number likely to have quit following the program. The value of such mass‐media vehicles for the delivery of smoking cessation programs is discussed particularly in comparison with small group programs.
A REGIONALISED NURSING HOME PLACEMENT LIST SYSTEM
Authors: Gray Leonard , Lazarus Ross
Published: August 2010

An administrative system which rationalizes the management of nursing home waiting lists has been developed and introduced to the Bundoora Extended Care Centre catchment area. The system improves the reliability and ease of management of each individual nursing home list, without interfering with the nursing home's right to select its own applicants. The high level of continued voluntary participation in the service is one measure of its benefits. In addition to administrative functions, the system provides a potentially valuable research tool in monitoring the unmet demand by appropriately assessed applicants for nursing home care. This should facilitate rational planning for this increasingly important area of the welfare budget.
CHANGES IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN 1986 AND 1988 IN MATCHED SAMPLES OF HOMOSEXUALLY ACTIVE MEN
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Freedman Brook , Brew Ralph
Published: August 2010

Matched samples of homosexually active men were obtained using identical sampling methods in a city of one million people in 1986 and 1988. Data indicated that reported sexual behaviours had significantly changed in the direction of safer sex, particularly oral sex without ejaculation, anal sex with a condom (both insertive and receptive), which increased in frequency, and analingual and digitoanal receptive practices, wet kissing, and anal receptive intercourse generally, which decreased. Reported sources of education for both samples were primarily gay media and gay organisations. These data, with some caveats concerning design and comparability of samples, suggest that behavioural change in the appropriate direction has occurred in homosexually active men, and that gay organisations and media have been perceived as the most common source of information on safer sex in this population.
Jean Valade's Portraits of the Faventines Family
Authors: JEFFARES NEIL
Published: August 2010

The Faventines family, from Le Vigan in the Gard region of France, pursued a path very similar to that of other local financiers such as the Peyrenc de Moras family. Pierre Faventines left his native town for Paris, where he became treasurer of the estates of the house of Bourbon and later a fermier general. His second son, Jean‐Maurice Faventines de Fontenilles, followed him, becoming his assistant in 1764. The children in the family made important alliances, acquiring the houses, lands, titles and possessions of the old aristocracy; at the same time, they mixed with the money of other nouveaux riches such as Baudard de Sainte‐James, whose sister Fontenilles married. It was in the pursuit of this grand social and economic ambition that they commissioned Jean Valade to execute a large number of family portraits, works which display little of the psychological treatment favoured by Valade's rivals but which instead reflect his subjects' aspirations through their vibrant colouring. This whole world foundered with the Revolution: the family's chateaux were largely destroyed or abandoned; their furniture was scattered without trace; and only this extraordinary series of portraits by Valade survives to commemorate this magnificence which was the object of so much admiration in the eighteenth century.
The Joule-Thomson Effect in Superheated Steam
Authors: Potter J. H.
Published: August 2010

Over a broad range of temperatures and pressures the Joule-Thomson coefficients have been computed from the enthalpy equations developed by the International Formulation Committee, 1967. The computed data are compared with the available experimental determinations, including some hitherto unpublished values.
High-Pressure Water Jets for Undersea Rock Excavation
Authors: Cooley W. C. , Clipp L. L.
Published: August 2010

The paper reviews past research on pulsed high-pressure water jets and their application to breaking rock. Experiments are reported showing the input energy per unit volume required to fracture various types of rock as a function of the pertinent variables. The stagnation pressure of the liquid jets was varied from 50,000 to 5 million psi. The theories of jet penetration through water and rock are compared with experimental results. The feasibility and potential advantages of using pulsed water jet equipment for ocean-floor excavation are discussed.
Solution of Thermal Stress Problems in Tube Sheets by the Boundary Point Least Squares Method
Authors: Hulbert L. E.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the application of the boundary point least squares approach to the plane stress analysis of tube sheets with either mechanical or thermal loads. The paper includes a derivation of appropriate stress functions, a discussion of the point matching and boundary point least squares methods, and a description of the application of the method to the analysis of different hole configurations in tube sheets. It concludes with numerical results obtained from the analysis of the thermal stresses near the divider lane of a tube sheet from a two-pass heat exchanger.
Transient Thermal Stresses on a Finite Disk Due to a Continuous Point Heat Source
Authors: Hsu T. R.
Published: August 2010

This paper contains exact solutions for the transient temperature distribution and the associated quasi-static thermal stresses and deformations which arise in a thin circular disk of finite radius subjected to a continuous point heat source acting on its periphery. It has been proven in this paper that the solutions of this type of problem may be obtained by integrating the time variable of the corresponding solutions in the case of an instantaneous point heat source. The solutions are given in the form of double infinite series and graphical representations of the solutions in dimensionless terms are included. Reference is made to methods of applying the solutions to shapes other than disks. The solutions are pertinent to problems which occur in welding engineering and modern nuclear technology.
Effect of Resilient Mounts on Surface Finish and Machining Accuracy
Authors: Schmidt A. O. , Ham Inyong , Kunica Serge , Bhattacharyya Amitabha , Mason James
Published: August 2010

External disturbances, as well as internal ones, cause a relative motion between the cutter and workpiece and thereby influence detrimentally the surface finish and machining accuracy. By properly mounting the machine tools upon soft isolators thus reducing the system’s natural frequencies, the amplitude of relative displacement between the cutter and workpiece can be decreased, thereby improving surface finish and accuracy.
An Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Factors in Spur and Helical Gears
Authors: Houser D. R. , Seireg A.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes a comprehensive test program for the investigation of the influence of errors and variations in mesh stiffness on the peak stresses developed in spur and helical gears. The study is primarily concerned with speed effects on tooth loads in regions away from resonance. Four sets of specially designed and instrumented gears were tested in an open-loop setup. The interaction between tooth loads and system shaft torques at different operating conditions is also investigated. The results are utilized in the accompanying paper for the development of a generalized dynamic load formula for spur and helical gears.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPLEX PROCESSING OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING WITH NONLINEAR TEMPLATES OF CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: CHEN HONGXIN , ADHIKARI SHYAM PRASAD , YOON HYONOK , KIM HYONGSUK
Published: August 2010

A complex processing of the dynamic programming is implemented with the parallel architecture of Cellular Neural Networks. Dynamic programming is an efficient algorithm to find optimal path and Cellular Neural Network is a parallel computation architecture composed of identical computation cell array and identical connections at each cell. Breaking down complex processing of the dynamic programming into a sequence of simple steps, the dynamic programming algorithm can be built with the nonlinear templates of Cellular Neural Networks. The procedure to breakdown the complex computation into the sequence of CNN building blocks is illustrated. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, the designed CNN-based dynamic programming is applied for detecting the traces of road boundaries. Edge information of road image is extracted and assigned as local distance value accordingly, then dynamic programming algorithm is implemented by a nonlinear CNN template. The proposed algorithm and its possible circuit structure are described, and simulation results are reported.
SK3 channel expression during pregnancy is regulated through estrogen and Sp factor-mediated transcriptional control of theKCNN3gene
Authors: Pierce Stephanie L. , England Sarah K.
Published: August 2010

Overexpression of the small-conductance calcium-activated K+channel 3 (SK3) in transgenic mice compromises parturition, suggesting that the SK3 channel plays a role in pregnancy. In wild-type mouse myometrium, expression of SK3 transcript and protein is significantly reduced during pregnancy, but the mechanism(s) responsible for this attenuation of channel expression is unknown. The promoter region of the SK3-encoding mouse KCNN3 gene contains two binding sites for specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors, two of which are expressed in the uterus: Sp1, which enhances gene transcription in response to estrogen; and Sp3, which competes for the same binding motif as Sp1 and can repress gene expression. We investigated the hypothesis that Sp1 and Sp3 regulate SK3 channel expression during pregnancy. In mouse myometrium, Sp1 expression was reduced during late gestation, whereas Sp3 expression levels were constant throughout pregnancy. Using a reporter system, we found that Sp1 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in SK3 promoter activation and that Sp3 cotransfection reduced promoter activation to basal levels. These findings indicate that Sp3 outcompetes Sp1 to decrease SK3 transcription. To determine whether high levels of estrogen in vivo can affect the regulation of SK3 protein levels by Sp factors, ovariectomized mice were implanted with a 17β-estradiol or placebo pellet for 3 wk; estrogen-treated mice had reduced uterine SK3 protein expression compared with placebo-treated counterparts. In human myometrial cells overexpressing Sp1, estrogen treatment stimulated expression of the SK3 transcript. Overall, our findings indicate that Sp1 and Sp3 compete to regulate SK3 channel expression during pregnancy in response to stimulation by estrogen.
A reduction of unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis by a therapy combining valsartan with aliskiren
Authors: Wu Wen-Pyng , Chang Chi-Hao , Chiu Yung-Tsung , Ku Cheng-Lung , Wen Mei-Chin , Shu Kuo-Hsiung , Wu Ming-Ju
Published: August 2010

The protective effect of combination therapy with valsartan and aliskiren against renal fibrosis remains to be defined. This study was undertaken to examine the protective effects of the combination of valsartan and aliskiren against renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Combination therapy with valsartan (15 mg·kg−1·day−1) and aliskiren (10 mg·kg−1·day−1), valsartan monotherapy (30 mg·kg−1·day−1), and aliskiren monotherapy (20 mg·kg−1·day−1) all significantly ameliorated the increase in blood urea nitrogen and the degree of hydronephrosis determined by the increase in weight and length of the obstructed kidney. The dose titration study and blood pressure measurement confirmed that the combination therapy provided a greater benefit independent of the vasodilatory effect. There were no significant changes in serum levels of creatinine, sodium, and potassium in UUO rats and any treatment groups. Combination therapy also attenuated UUO-related increases in the scores of tubular dilatation, interstitial volume, interstitial collagen deposition, α-smooth muscle actin, the activation of ERK 1/2, the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages, the mRNA expression of snail-1, and transforming growth factor-β1 to a greater extent compared with aliskiren or valsartan used alone. The mRNA expression of renin and the (pro)renin receptor significantly increased after UUO. Combination therapy and monotherapy of valsartan and aliskiren had a comparable enhancing effect on the mRNA expression of renin, whereas all these treatments did not affect the expression of the (pro)renin receptor. In conclusion, a direct renin inhibitor in conjunction with an angiotensin II receptor blocker exerts increased renal protection against renal fibrosis and inflammation during obstruction over either agent alone.
Motor Resonance May Originate From Sensorimotor Experience
Authors: Petroni Agustín , Baguear Federico , Della-Maggiore Valeria
Published: August 2010

In humans, the motor system can be activated by passive observation of actions or static pictures with implied action. The origin of this facilitation is of major interest to the field of motor control. Recently it has been shown that sensorimotor learning can reconfigure the motor system during action observation. Here we tested directly the hypothesis that motor resonance arises from sensorimotor contingencies by measuring corticospinal excitability in response to abstract non-action cues previously associated with an action. Motor evoked potentials were measured from the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) while human subjects observed colored stimuli that had been visually or motorically associated with a finger movement (index or little finger abduction). Corticospinal excitability was higher during the observation of a colored cue that preceded a movement involving the recorded muscle than during the observation of a different colored cue that preceded a movement involving a different muscle. Crucially this facilitation was only observed when the cue was associated with an executed movement but not when it was associated with an observed movement. Our findings provide solid evidence in support of the sensorimotor hypothesis of action observation and further suggest that the physical nature of the observed stimulus mediating this phenomenon may in fact be irrelevant.
Measurement of Weight in Clinical Trials: Is One Day Enough?
Authors: Maruthur Nisa M. , Vollmer William M. , Clark Jeanne M. , Jerome Gerald J. , Lien Lillian F. , Loria Catherine M. , Appel Lawrence J.
Published: August 2010

Background. Weight is typically measured on a single day in research studies. This practice assumes negligible day-to-day weight variability, although little evidence exists to support this assumption. We compared the precision of measuring weight on one versus two days among control participants in the Weight Loss Maintenance trial.Methods. Trained staff measured weight on two separate days at baseline, 12 months, and 30 months (2004–2007). We calculated the standard deviation (SD) of mean weight change from baseline to the 12- and 30-month visits using (a) the first and (b) both daily weights from each visit and conducted a variance components analysis (2009).Results. Of the 316 participants with follow-up measurements, mean (SD) age was 55.8 (8.5) years, BMI was 30.8 (4.5) kg/m2, 64% were women, 36% were black, and 50% were obese. At 12 months, the SD of mean weight change was 5.1 versus 5.0 kg using one versus two days of weight measurements(P=.76), while at 30 months the corresponding SDs were 6.3 and 6.3 kg(P=.98). We observed similar findings within subgroups of BMI, sex, and race. Day-to-day variability within individuals accounted for <1% of variability in weight.Conclusions. Measurement of weight on two separate days has no advantage over measurement on a single day in studies with well-standardized weight measurement protocols.
Identification and Partial Characterization of an L-Tyrosine Aminotransferase (TAT) fromArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Prabhu Pranav R. , Hudson André O.
Published: August 2010

The aminotransferase gene family in the model plantArabidopsis thalianaconsists of 44 genes. Twenty six of these enzymes are classified as characterized meaning that the reaction(s) that the enzyme catalyzes are documented using experimental means. The remaining 18 enzymes are uncharacterized and are therefore deemed putative. Our laboratory is interested in elucidating the function(s) of the remaining putative aminotransferase enzymes. To this end, we have identified and partially characterized an aminotransferase (TAT) enzyme from Arabidopsis annotated by the locus tag At5g36160. The full-length cDNA was cloned and the purified recombinant enzyme was characterized usingin vitroandin vivoexperiments.In vitroanalysis showed that the enzyme is capable of interconverting L-Tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, and L-Phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate.In vivoanalysis by functional complementation showed that the gene was able to complement anE. coliwith a background of aminotransferase mutations that confers auxotrophy for L-Tyrosine and L-Phenylalanine.
In-Hospital Mortality of Disseminated Tuberculosis in Patients Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: dos Santos Rodrigo Pires , Deutschendorf Caroline , Scheid Karin , Zubaran Goldani Luciano
Published: August 2010

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS. The goal of our study was to determine predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with AIDS and disseminated tuberculosis in a middle-income country.Material and Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care center, for patients with AIDS in southern Brazil. From 1996 to 2008, all patients with the diagnosis of disseminated TB were included.Results. Eighty patients were included. In-hospital mortality was 35%  (N=28). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, low basal albumin(P<.01)was associated with death, and fever at admission was related to better survival(P<.01).Conclusion. Albumin levels or fever are independent predictors of survival in patients with HIV and disseminated TB. They can serve as indirect markers of immunodeficiency in patients with disseminated TB and AIDS.
The Histone Demethylase JMJD2B Is Regulated by Estrogen Receptor α and Hypoxia, and Is a Key Mediator of Estrogen Induced Growth
Authors: Yang Jun , Jubb Adrian M. , Pike Luke , Buffa Francesca M. , Turley Helen , Baban Dilair , Leek Russell , Gatter Kevin C. , Ragoussis Jiannis , Harris Adrian L.
Published: August 2010

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays an important role in breast cancer. Upregulation of HIF-1α in ERα-positive cancers suggests that HIF-1α may cooperate with ERα to promote breast cancer progression and consequently affect breast cancer treatment. Here, we show the histone demethylase JMJD2B is regulated by both ERα and HIF-1α, drives breast cancer cell proliferation in normoxia and hypoxia, and epigenetically regulates the expression of cell cycle genes such as CCND1, CCNA1, and WEE1. We also show that JMJD2B and the hypoxia marker CA9 together stratify a subclass of breast cancer patients and predict a worse outcome of these breast cancers. Our findings provide a biological rationale to support the therapeutic targeting of histone demethylases in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6456–66. ©2010 AACR.
Targeting Wild-Type and Mutant p53 with Small Molecule CP-31398 Blocks the Growth of Rhabdomyosarcoma by Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species–Dependent Apoptosis
Authors: Xu Jianmin , Timares Laura , Heilpern Clay , Weng Zhiping , Li Changzhao , Xu Hui , Pressey Joseph G. , Elmets Craig A. , Kopelovich Levy , Athar Mohammad
Published: August 2010

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood in need of more effective therapeutic options. The expression of p53 in RMS is heterogeneous such that some tumors are wild-type whereas others are p53 mutant. The small molecule CP-31398 modulates both the wild-type and the mutant p53 proteins. Here, we show that CP-31398 blocks the growth of RMS cells that have either wild-type or mutant p53 status. In wild-type A204 cells, CP-31398 increased the expression of p53 and its downstream transcriptional targets, p21 and mdm2; enhanced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins; and reduced proliferation biomarkers. Flow profiling of CP-31398–treated cells indicated an enhancement in sub-G0 and G1 populations. CP-31398 inhibited proliferation in a manner associated with co-induction of SOX9 and p21. Apoptosis induced by CP-31398 occurred with translocation of p53 to mitochondria, leading to altered mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and reactive oxygen species release. In vivo, CP-31398 decreased the growth of tumor xenografts composed of wild-type or mutant p53 tumor cells, increasing tumor-free host survival. Our findings indicate that the ability of CP-31398 to modulate wild-type and mutant p53 results in the inhibition of RMS growth and invasiveness. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6566–76. ©2010 AACR.
Decreased Survival of Human Breast Cancer Cells Expressing HER2/neuonIn vitroIncubation with an Anti-HER2/neuAntibody Fused to C5a or C5adesArg
Authors: Fuenmayor Jaheli , Perez-Vazquez Karin , Perez-Witzke Daniel , Penichet Manuel L. , Montano Ramon F.
Published: August 2010

Treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu)-expressing breast cancer patients with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against HER2/neu improves the outcome of chemotherapy. In cases in which remission is observed, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) seems to be one of the main mechanisms of anti-HER2/neu mAb action, implicating Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) in this tumoricidal activity. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that anti-HER2/neu-mediated ADCC is mainly accomplished by polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). C5a, a cleavage product of the complement component C5, modulates FcγR expression via upregulation of activating and downregulation of inhibitory FcγRs. C5a also recruits PMNs to sites of inflammation and increases PMN survival. To enhance the recruitment and activation of C5a receptor–bearing cells into the tumor microenvironment, we developed antibody fusion proteins composed of a human IgG3 anti-HER2/neu antibody genetically fused to C5a [anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(C5a)] or to its derivative, C5adesArg [anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(C5adesArg)]. Both fusion proteins were expressed, properly assembled, and secreted by murine myeloma cells, and displayed chemotactic activity on human PMN. Under comparable conditions, anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(C5adesArg) increased the survival of PMN more efficiently than anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(C5a) or C5adesArg. Surprisingly, incubation of the fusion proteins with breast cancer cells that overexpress HER2/neu (SK-BR-3) induced cell death at a dose at which the anti-HER2/neu IgG3 antibody was innocuous. In the presence of human peripheral blood leukocytes as effector cells, both fusion proteins induced tumor cell death more efficiently than anti-HER2/neu IgG3. These data suggest that anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(C5a) and anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(C5adesArg) fusion proteins possess novel properties that could be useful in cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(8); 2175–85. ©2010 AACR.