bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
بنية الأصول والنسق الإبستمولوجي: مسالك فلسفية التكامل بين علم الأصول والعمران والسير
Authors: البطيوي عزيز
Published: March 2023

ينطلق البحث من الرؤية الإبستمولوجية التكاملية المؤسسة لبنية أصول الفقه خاصة والنسق الداخلي للعلوم الإنسانية عامة، والمتجاوزة للنسق المنهاجي للأفلاطونية والأرسطية الذي سجن الأنساق المعرفية ضمن حدود تفكيكية. ويتأسس على قيمة الإبستمولوجي في مسالك فلسفة التكامل بين علم الأصول والعمران والسير من حيث هو كشف عن فلسفة العلم التي حكمت علوم الوحي، ومحاولة قراءة تاريخ هذه العلوم قراءة تركيبية توليفية تراعي طبيعة المجال التداولي الإسلامي. وقد عرج البحث على شواهد عديدة للحوار بين الاجتماع وطبائعة وأسرار الشريعة والفقه المتجدد لهدي خير العباد، غير غافل عن مشروع التكامل المعرفي في السوسيولوجيا (علم العمران) المعاصرة وتوصل إلى أن مشروع النظر في مسالك التكامل المعرفي بين الأصول والعمران والسيرة مشروع إبستمولوجي بأفق رحب، يسعى على الكشف عن براديغم أو نموذج إرشادي تصدر عنه كل العلوم والمعارف وتنتظم داخله بصورة تبدو معها المعرفة نسقا بنائيا لا يلغي شرعية الاختلاف والتعدد وإنما يؤسس لرؤية أكثر ضبطا وتوجيها للمعرفة.
إبستمولوجيا الظاهرة الدينية بين الاستحالة والإمكان
Authors: الإدريسي محمد
Published: March 2023

ينطلق البحث من دراسة العلاقة بين الدين والمعتقد الديني من منظور العلوم الاجتماعية المعاصرة لفهم طبيعة الانتاجات العلمية الجديدة حول الحقل التديني وبعد ذلك يعرج على النماذج العلمية لدراسة المعتقدات الدينية من وجهة نظر إبستمولوجية، كما يركز بشكل أساسي على قيمة وضرورة تجديد الحوار بين العلوم الاجتماعية بوصفه رد فعل ضد سوقنة وسلعنة الدين باعتباره حقل ممكنات إستراتيجية مفرغا من الفعالية العقدية والإنتاجية العلمية ومن ثم ضد التركيز على الظاهرة التدينية لفهم النسق الديني العالمي الجديد. وتوصل إلى أن البحث في إمكانية قيام إبستمولوجيا للظاهرة الدينية من عدمه، مقترن في جوهره بالتراكمات المعرفية التي حققتها العلوم الاجتماعية في مقاربتها للظاهرة الدينية في سياق ما هو كوني، وتفرض على الباحث تبني مقاربة انعكاسية ونقدية تجعل مساءلة المنطلقات المنهجية والابستيمية ضرورة لا غنى عنها لربط العلوم الاجتماعية بتحولات الحقل الديني.
التحول القبطي إلى الإسلامي واسلمة مصر
Authors: عبد الظاهر مصطفى
Published: March 2023

يقدم هذا المقال ترجمة لمقال شون أوسوليفان التحول القبطي إلى الإسلامي واسلمة مصر، الذي ناقش فيه اعتناق الأقباط للإسلام، ومشيرا فيه إلى المقالات الثلاث التي كتبها جاستون فييت فيب عشرينيات القرن المنصرم وبيرلمان سنة 1942، ودونالد ليتل سنة 1976م التي عززت التصور القائل أن القرن الئاول من العصر المملوكي مثل نقطة تحول فارقة في تاريخ اعتناق الاقباط الإسلام، مشيرا إلى ما ذكره فييت في مقاله بإن حكومة الاقباط قد أطلقت رصاصة الرحمة على المسيحية في مصر.
قاعدة الفهم الجمهوري للشريعة وآثارها عند الشاطبي في "الموافقات"
Authors: شلال عراك جبر
Published: March 2023

يهدف البحث يهدف البحث إلى معرفة قاعدة الفهم الجمهوري للشريعة وآثارها عند الشاطبي في "الموافقات"، ويعالج مظهرا من مظاهر الغلو الفكري الذي نعاني منه ونكتوي بناره، ويرشد إلى الدواء الناجع لغلواء الإقصاء وهو العلم الصحيح المنضبط. فقد تناول البحث توضيح الفهم الجمهوري للشريعة، وكونه قاعدة صحيحة يحتكم إليها، وبيان أن كل أصل لا يفهمه إلا الخواص أو النخبة فهو ليس من الأصول العامة للشريعة الإسلامية، ومن ثم فلا يجوز تنزيل أحكام التكفير أو التبديع أو التفسيق لمن خالفه، من خلال كلام عالم محقق مشهود له بالإمامة وهو الشاطبي، في كتاب اعتنى به السابق واللاحق وهو الموافقات، وقد تضمن ذلك تقرير هذه القاعدة، وذكر الأدلة عليها، والردود على الاعتراضات، والثمار التي تبنى على هذه القاعدة وآثارها في المجالات المعرفية المختلفة.
Causal Discovery for Observational Sciences Using Supervised Machine Learning
Authors: Petersen Anne Helby , Ramsey Joseph , Ekstrøm Claus Thorn , Spirtes Peter
Published: March 2023

Causal inference can estimate causal effects, but unless data are collected experimentally, statistical analyses must rely on pre-specified causal models. Causal discovery algorithms are empirical methods for constructing such causal models from data. Several asymptotically correct discovery methods already exist, but they generally struggle on smaller samples. Moreover, most methods focus on very sparse causal models, which may not always be a realistic representation of real-life data generating mechanisms. Finally, while causal relationships suggested by the methods often hold true, their claims about causal non-relatedness have high error rates. This non-conservative error trade off is not ideal for observational sciences, where the resulting model is directly used to inform causal inference: A causal model with many missing causal relations entails too strong assumptions and may lead to biased effect estimates. We propose a new causal discovery method that addresses these three shortcomings: Supervised learning discovery (SLdisco). SLdisco uses supervised machine learning to obtain a mapping from observational data to equivalence classes of causal models. We evaluate SLdisco in a large simulation study based on Gaussian data and we consider several choices of model size and sample size. We find that SLdisco is more conservative, only moderately less informative and less sensitive towards sample size than existing procedures. We furthermore provide a real epidemiological data application. We use random subsampling to investigate real data performance on small samples and again find that SLdisco is less sensitive towards sample size and hence seems to better utilize the information available in small datasets.
How Is Society Possible?
Authors: Lechner Frank J.
Published: March 2023

This paper questions the adequacy of Georg Simmel’s answer to the question, how is society possible? Treating his essay on the question as a contribution to his overall sociology, it argues that the “a prioris” he identifies add little to the general understanding of social forms, are neither necessary nor sufficient to make society possible as a coherent mental construct, and play at best a modest role in Simmel’s own analysis of forms. Taking a step beyond Simmel’s essay, the paper briefly suggests that, if a Simmelian “epistemological” grounding is to remain relevant to the broader interactionist tradition, conditions for the possibility of society as interaction order should include schemas pertaining to social Wechselwirkung.
Expertise as a Control and Supervisory Action: Gaps in Legislation
Authors: Korepina Anna  Viktorovna
Published: March 2023

Subject of study. Provisions of Federal Law No. 248-FZ of 31.07.2020 "On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation" concerning the procedure for implementing the powers of an inspector to engage an expert or expert organization to conduct an examination when carrying out a control (supervisory) measure. The purpose of the study. Justification of the need to supplement and specify normative legal acts, in terms of establishing requirements to the execution of the inspector's decision to conduct an examination, the content of the expert assignment, the timing and method of sending it to the expert, the procedure for notifying the supervised person about the examination, the content and execution of the expert report. The method and methodology of the study. The formal-logical, formal-legal, sociological methods of research, the method of system analysis and the method of legal interpretation were used during the study. Novelty of research, conclusions. The article defines the place and importance of the institute of expertise in the sphere of control and supervisory activity. Expertise acts as an independent control (supervisory) action, providing research on issues, the resolution of which requires special knowledge in various fields of science, technology, arts or crafts. Organization of expertise in the sphere of control and supervisory activity is one of the important powers of an official of a control and supervisory body (inspector), the implementation of which allows getting a professional assessment of compliance with mandatory requirements by a supervised person. In the course of a systematic analysis the basic provisions of expert activities in the field of state control and supervision were formulated, gaps in legislation were identified in terms of regulation of the procedure for implementing the powers of an inspector to engage an expert or expert organization to conduct an examination during the implementation of control (supervisory) activities. It is established that the normative provisions of expert activities in the field of state control and supervision require improvement. The author of the article substantiates possible ways to eliminate the identified normative gaps.
The Government of the Russian Federation as an Object of Public Control: Constitutional and Legal Analysis
Authors: Goncharov Vitalii Viktorovich
Published: March 2023

This article is devoted to the constitutional and legal analysis of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation as an object of public control. This topic of scientific research is of particular interest due to the fact that this public authority has significant powers and a place in the state mechanism. Materials and methods of research. The subject of the analysis is the relevant provisions of Russian legislation devoted to the organization and activities of public control in relation to the activities, acts and decisions of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation and the practice of their application; general and private scientific methods are used - analysis, synthesis, analogy, formal legal, comparative legal, interpretation of legal norms, sociological, historical and legal and others. The paper analyzes the institute of public control as the most important guarantee of the implementation and protection of the constitutional principles of democracy and the participation of society in the management of state affairs. The author explores the legal status and place of the Presidential Administration in the system of objects of public control. The work not only analyzes modern problems that hinder the organization and implementation of public control in relation to the above-mentioned object of public control, but also develops and justifies a system of measures to resolve them. The issues of development and implementation of new forms, methods, types of public control measures in relation to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation need further scientific understanding.
The History of Shipbuilding of the Baltic Fleet during the Peter the Great era in Russian Historiography: Geography and Activities of Admiralty and Shipyards
Authors: Alekseev Timofei Vladimirovich
Published: March 2023

The subject of the study is the results of the study by domestic researchers of the history of the formation and development of the objects of the shipbuilding base of the Baltic Fleet during the Peter the Great era. The aim of the work is to analyze the works of Russian scientists-historians of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods on this problem and to form on this basis a holistic view of the formation and development at the initial stage of one of the most important branches of the domestic military industry. In the course of the study, the main attention will be paid to the consistent consideration of the history of the origin, the specifics of the organization and maintenance of activities, as well as the results of the activities of all shipyards that worked in the interests of the Baltic Fleet during the designated period. The research methodology is based on a combination of general philosophical, general scientific historical and special historical methods, such as analysis and synthesis, modeling, problem-chronological and perspective analysis method. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the fact that such an approach to the study of the initial stage of the history of the shipbuilding industry in the interests of the Baltic Fleet has not been applied in Russian historiography. According to the results of the study, a generalized picture of all shipbuilding enterprises established in the Peter the Great era in the north-western region of Russia and in the territories of the Baltic States and Finland conquered during the Northern War is presented. The results of the study allowed us to assess the nature of the formation of the industry as mainly spontaneous, although not devoid of a certain logic in the specific historical conditions of the Northern War. Certain patterns of placement of certain objects of shipbuilding infrastructure, the influence of geographical, hydrographic, production-logical and other features on their specialization are shown. A problematic issue requiring further study is formulated.
The First Head of Works on the Construction of the Volga-Don Canal (on Kamyshenka) Yagan Brekkel and his Activities in Russia in 1695-1698.
Authors: Kleitman Aleksandr Leonidovich
Published: March 2023

The article presents an analysis of historiography devoted to the biography of J. Broeckell, an engineer who in 1697 supervised the construction of the first shipping canal, which was supposed to connect the Volga and the Don through their tributaries Kamyshinka and Ilovlya. The analysis showed that despite the fact that in the XVIII-XX centuries many sources containing reliable information about the activities of J. Broeckell in Russia were introduced into scientific circulation, the authors of works on the history of the construction of the Volga-Don Canal were based mainly not on these sources, but on the book by Englishman John Perry "The State Russia under the present tsar", who led the construction work on Kamyshinka in 1698-1702. In the course of the research, it was possible to establish the main biographical information about Johann Broeckell before his arrival in Russia, to clarify the circumstances of his admission to the tsarist service. Analysis of a wide range of published and archival data allowed us to prove that in 1696 J. Broeckell took part in the Azov campaign, was engaged in the construction of earthworks after the capture of the city by Russian troops. In 1697, under his leadership the canal between the tributaries of the Volga and Don Kamyshinka and Ilovlya was begun to built. At the beginning of 1698, apparently realizing that he would not be able to successfully complete the construction of the canal, J. Broeckell left Russia. At the end of 1698, he was captured by Russian troops while trying to transfer to the service of the Turks.
Perfect optomechanically induced transparency and slow light in an Rydberg atom-assisted optomechanical system
Authors: Wang Xin , Ren Fei-Fan , Han Song , Han Hai-Yan , Yan Dong ,   School of Science and Key Laboratory of Materials Design and Quantum Simulation, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China,   School of Automotive Engineering, Jilin Communications Polytechnic, Changchun 130015, China
Published: March 2023

Rydberg atoms have attracted considerable attention due to their several singular properties, such as strong long-range interactions, extremely long lifetimes, and very large polarizability. These characteristics make Rydberg atoms a good candidates for cavity quantum electrodynamics, quantum information, and many-body physics. Recently, the study of optomechanics has become a rapidly developing field due to its important applications in cooling of mechanical resonators, implementing precision measurements, slowing light, and preparing quantum entanglement. Obviously, optomechanical systems pave the way for quantum information processing and quantum communication. Specially, there is significant interest in quantum optomechanics due to its high compatibility that can be combined, to build hybrid systems for certain purposes, with the ultracold atoms, a superconducting single electron transistor, a magnetostrictive actuation, a charged oscillator resonator, etc. In this work, we investigate the optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT) and the resulting effect of slow light in a hybrid system composed of a Rydberg atomic ensemble embedded inside a simple optomechanical cavity. As a typical effect of destructive quantum interference, OMIT is widely used in quantum optics and quantum information processing. Based on the Rydberg blockade effect, a Rydberg atomic ensemble in the same blockade region embedded inside an optomechanical cavity can be regarded as a superatom that contains only a single Rydberg excitation. Therefore, the problem of exponentially increasing system size with the number of atoms increasing can be circumvented easily. The hybrid system becomes a coupling between a Rydberg superatom and an optomechanical cavity and the coupling strength is enhanced by a factor of square root of the number of atoms in the ensemble. In this system, the perfect OMIT, namely, an ideal OMIT dip with a very narrow window, can be attained when an effect of non-rotating wave approximation (NRWA) is considered. Further, we demonstrate that the term of NRWA plays a key important role in achieving perfect OMIT by comparing the optomechanical spectra obtained with and without NRWA effects. Our results show that in the resolved sideband regime the higher the quality factor of cavity is, the stronger the slow light effect becomes in the window of the perfect OMIT. Particularly, in achieving the ultraslow light, the long lifetime of the Rydberg atom shows its superiority.
Explainability of deep learning models in medical video analysis: a survey
Authors: Kolarik Michal , Sarnovsky Martin , Paralic Jan , Babic Frantisek
Published: March 2023

Deep learning methods have proven to be effective for multiple diagnostic tasks in medicine and have been performing significantly better in comparison to other traditional machine learning methods. However, the black-box nature of deep neural networks has restricted their use in real-world applications, especially in healthcare. Therefore, explainability of the machine learning models, which focuses on providing of the comprehensible explanations of model outputs, may affect the possibility of adoption of such models in clinical use. There are various studies reviewing approaches to explainability in multiple domains. This article provides a review of the current approaches and applications of explainable deep learning for a specific area of medical data analysis—medical video processing tasks. The article introduces the field of explainable AI and summarizes the most important requirements for explainability in medical applications. Subsequently, we provide an overview of existing methods, evaluation metrics and focus more on those that can be applied to analytical tasks involving the processing of video data in the medical domain. Finally we identify some of the open research issues in the analysed area.
A tragedy of the commons case study: modeling the fishers king crab system in Southern Chile
Authors: Zambrano Alan , Laguna María F. , Kuperman Marcelo N. , Laterra Pedro , Monjeau Jorge A. , Nahuelhual Laura
Published: March 2023

Illegal fishing in small-scale fisheries is a contentious issue and resists a straightforward interpretation. Particularly, there is little knowledge regarding cooperative interactions between legal and illegal fishers and the potential effects on fisheries arising from these interactions. Taking the Chilean king crab (Lithodes santolla; common name centolla) fishery as a case study, our goal is twofold: (i) to model the effect of illegal-legal fishers’ interactions on the fishery and (ii) analyze how management and social behavior affect fishery’s outcomes. We framed the analysis of this problem within game theory combined with network theory to represent the architecture of competitive interactions. The fishers’ system was set to include registered (legal) fishers and unregistered (illegal) fishers. In the presence of unregistered fishers, legal fishers may decide to cooperate (ignoring the presence of illegal fishers) or defect, which involves becoming a “super fisher” and whitewashing the captures of illegal fishers for a gain. The utility of both players, standard fisher and super fisher depend on the strategy chosen by each of them, as well as on the presence of illegal fishers. The nodes of the network represent the legal fishers (both standard and super fishers) and the links between nodes indicate that these fishers compete for the resource, assumed to be finite and evenly distributed across space. The decision to change (or not) the adopted strategy is modeled considering that fishers are subjected to variable levels of temptation to whitewash the illegal capture and to social pressure to stop doing so. To represent the vital dynamics of the king crab, we propose a model that includes the Allee effect and a term accounting for the crab extraction. We found that the super fisher strategy leads to the decrease of the king crab population under a critical threshold as postulated in the tragedy of the commons hypothesis when there are: (i) high net extraction rates of the network composed of non-competing standard fishers, (ii) high values of the extent of the fishing season, and (iii) high density of illegal fishers. The results suggest that even in the presence of super fishers and illegal fishers, the choice of properly distributed fishing/closure cycles or setting an extraction limit per vessel can prevent the king crab population from falling below a critical threshold. This finding, although controversial, reflects the reality of this fishery that, for decades, has operated under a dynamic in which whitewashing and super fishers have become well established within the system.
The Impact of Digital Transformation of Circulation Industry on The Circulation Efficiency of Agricultural Products
Authors: Na ZHOU , Liming CHEN
Published: March 2023

This paper aims to study the impact of the digital transformation of the circulation industry on the efficiency of agricultural product circulation. Through literature review and empirical analysis, this paper finds that digital transformation can promote the improvement of the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, mainly in the aspects of informatization, logistics and intelligence. Digital transformation can improve the information transparency of agricultural products, reduce circulation costs, increase circulation speed, and shorten the length of the supply chain. Digital transformation can also improve the transportation efficiency of agricultural products through the application of logistics technology, and further improve the circulation efficiency. Digital transformation can also improve the quality and safety of agricultural products and increase consumers' trust in agricultural products through the application of intelligent technologies. This paper proposes the impact mechanism of digital transformation on the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and puts forward policy recommendations to promote the application of digital transformation in the circulation of agricultural products.
Data Extraction and Intelligent Analysis of Aesthetic Laws Accepted by VR Digital Media Art on Film Art Based on NVIDIA GPU Hardware
Authors: Xu Wenyao
Published: March 2023

On the premise of analyzing traditional computer VR technology, this paper explores the application value of VR technology based on NVIDIA GPU hardware in the design of digital media systems, and proposes corresponding application measures to further improve the practical application capability of VR technology. These technologies integrate the achievements of modern high-performance computer systems, artificial intelligence, computer graphics, human-machine interfaces, stereoscopic images, stereophonic sound, measurement control, simulation simulation and other technologies. Analytical models and multi-grained formal conceptual analysis.
Revalorización de un paisaje tejido en la confluencia aguas abajo : rutas y parque del agua en Isla de Maipo
Authors:   ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Arquitectura, Retamal Espinoza Aníbal Andrés
Published: March 2023

La confluencia de los ríos Mapocho y Maipo comprende un territorio en los márgenes de la ciudad de Santiago, que configura un paisaje único dentro del valle y la cuenca del Maipo. Este particular paisaje aguas abajo, se define a partir de una serie de corredores fluviales y cursos de agua que irrigan un tejido enmarcado por la accidentada topografía de la cordillera de la Costa y los cerros circundantes. De este modo, el agua, en sus distintas escalas y estructuras de orden, configura un modo de habitar e interactuar con el territorio distinto a otros sitios de la cuenca, donde las variables antrópicas y los procesos ecológicos están vinculados al espacio fluvial. Dentro de este territorio de confluencia coexisten un conjunto de localidades que han ido perdiendo un vínculo con el paisaje del agua, producto de su proceso de expansión en los últimos años, siendo necesario revalorar los cursos de agua como elementos ordenadores que integren el paisaje. Esta tensión entre los cursos de agua y su necesidad de revalorización se ve intensificada en la comuna de Isla de Maipo al presentar un complejo sistema de aguas que cruza el territorio a partir de estructuras de distinto orden, compuestas por el río Maipo, sus esteros y canales, en contraposición con elementos y situaciones que degradan y fragmentan este paisaje. Por un lado, la íntima relación que tiene Isla de Maipo con el río, sus esteros y los canales, posicionan al agua como principal componente del paisaje, constituyendo un tejido que permite un desarrollo de la cultura asociada a actividades productivas agrícolas y vitivinícolas, junto con el uso recreativo de las aguas por la condición balnearia del lugar. En contraste, la dificultad de acceso, la discontinuidad de la estructura fluvial como espacio público, el crecimiento del polígono urbano y el desarrollo de actividades contaminantes en el lecho de esteros y río, son evidencias de un paisaje cultural y ecológicamente frágil, susceptible al deterioro. En este sentido, esta tesis proyectual busca dar respuesta a este paisaje fragmentado a través de la revalorización de los cursos fluviales como componentes esenciales de este paisaje, y de la remediación y restauración de los cursos de agua como corredores y hotspots ecosistémicos y de paisaje. Para ello, se establecen dos estrategias. A escala urbanopaisajística, se propone una red de infraestructura del paisaje, que reconozca y consolide rutas en torno a río, esteros y canales, vinculando puntos de interés y generando circuitos de paisaje que doten de continuidad los cursos de agua. Y a escala menor, se propone un proyecto de arquitectura del paisaje que dé respuesta a un área de confluencia, activando programática y ecológicamente este sitio en torno a un Parque del Agua-Balneario.
Propuesta de un manual psicoeducativo para familiares o cuidadores de personas con trastorno de personalidad
Authors:   ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología, Paulina Soto Bulnes
Published: March 2023

La propuesta de un manual psicoeducativo para familiares o cuidadores de personas con Trastorno de Personalidad nace desde la necesidad de brindar contenido de calidad, simple, didáctico, y de fácil acceso a los usuarios, a lo anterior se suma el contexto Chileno y Latinoamericano, en el que no se encuentra información disponible de esta índole, y a la vez siendo esta tan necesaria para el proceso de mejoría del Trastorno. Ya que se ha visto que la psicoeducación a los familiares o cuidadores ha generado cambios significativos en el tratamiento de personas con Trastorno de Personalidad, y así mismo en quienes cuidan, aumentando su nivel de bienestar y reduciendo el estrés. El objetivo general de este Trabajo de Grado es, realizar funa propuesta de un Manual de Psicoeducación para Familiares o Cuidadores de personas con Trastorno de la Personalidad. Es por ello, que se realizó una recopilación y revisión de literatura académica, manuales y hojas informativas disponibles acerca de contenidos psicoeducativos para familiares o cuidadores de personas con Trastorno de Personalidad. Principalmente se utilizó el contenido de Project Air Strategy y Mind, el cual se tradujo, parafraseó y contextualizó a la cultura chilena. La estructura de la propuesta del manual consta de dos ejes principales, el primero enfocado en la psicoeducación del Trastorno llamada “Entendiendo el Trastorno de Personalidad” y el segundo eje “¿Cómo puedo ayudar a mi familiar o cercano con Trastorno de Personalidad? La cual tiene el foco en brindar estrategias concretas para la convivencia con dichas personas. Posteriormente, se realizó la propuesta del manual, la cual fue entregada a profesionales especializados en la temática (Psiquiatras y psicólogos) quienes por medio de una encuesta otorgaron su retroalimentación. Los resultados de esta fueron altamente positivos, en donde el 100% de ellos recomendaría este manual a los usuarios. A modo de proyección, se espera que el manual sea publicado, de dos maneras por medio de las instituciones de los profesionales que evaluaron el manual, y en conjunto con la publicación en la Web Psiconecta, para así llegar a la mayor cantidad de familias que necesiten esta información y herramientas.
Photocatalytic Degradation and Kinetics of Dyes in Textile Effluent Using UV – ZnO-Al System
Authors: Effiong J. F. , Nyong A. E. , Boekom E. J. , Simon N.
Published: March 2023

This study investigates the photodegradation of a mixture of 4 azo dyes (direct orange 39, chlorantine fast red 5B, viscose black B and direct sky blue K) present in textile effluents and the influence of catalyst dose, irradiation time, UV power intensity on the overall photodegradation kinetics of the process. The photocatalytic experiments were conducted in a batch stirred photoreactor equipped with a 10 W, 30W and 60 UV lamps, magnetic stirrer and thermometer. The photocatalysts used was zinc oxide nanoparticle doped with aluminium (AZO, 15nm, 99.99 to %). The results obtained showed that variation in the physical parameters influenced the efficiency of photodegradation. The kinetic study indicated that the photodegradation of the dyes present in the effluent from the textile industry followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model that is modified to accommodate reactions occurring at a solid-liquid interphase. At the catalyst dose of 0.5g/l, the apparent first order rate constant K1, was 0.00615 min-1 but at 2.5g/l it reduced to 0.00567 min-1. The best degradation was at the catalyst dose of 2.0g/L with the rate constant of 0.0134 min-1.
Gender Equity in Leadership Positions in Print Media Companies in Tanzania: A Literature Review
Authors: Temu Hoyce , Ng’atigwa Francis , Matumaini Joseph
Published: March 2023

Gender equity has been discussed for over 33 years. The 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the worldwide policy declaration on gender equality, makes it a strategic goal. In the 33 years since the Beijing Declaration, equity in leadership dispensation has made little headway toward this strategic objective. Women continue to be underrepresented in administration, which is a severe issue across all nations with regard to the gender gap in leadership positions (Julius, 2018). Media companies have gender inequity. Even while more women are studying and entering journalism, they remain underrepresented and face major challenges to leadership, safety, support, and career advancement. According to the IWMF, 35% of journalists globally are women, and 27% are in leadership positions. This paper reviews the pertinent literature on gender equity in leadership positions to benchmark what is happening in print media companies in Tanzania, particularly with regard to women’s occupational advancement within media organisations, as well as the theoretical underpinnings of gender equity. It strives to increase knowledge about gender equity, specifically women's role in a profession that gives women visibility, a voice, and greater civic and political participation. Additionally, the paper reviews the literature on gender equity impediments and suggests solutions for better media gender equity practice in leadership positions.
Structure–function relationships of the NMDA receptor antagonist peptide, conantokin‐R
Authors: Blandl Tamas , Warder Scott E , Prorok Mary , Castellino Francis J
Published: July 2002

Conantokin‐R (con‐R) is a γ‐carboxyglutamate‐containing 27‐residue neuroactive peptide present in the venom of Conus radiatus, and acts as a non‐competitive antagonist of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor. This peptide features a single disulfide bond, a type of structural element found in most classes of conotoxins, but not in other conantokins. The NMDA receptor antagonist activity of chemically synthesized con‐R was determined through an assay involving inhibition of the spermine‐enhanced binding of the NMDA receptor channel blocker, [3H]MK‐801, to rat brain membranes, and yielded an IC50 of 93 nM. This value represents a 2–5 times better potency than con‐G or con‐T, the other two characterized conantokins. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis of the metal‐free form of con‐R is indicative of a low α‐helical content. There is an increase in α‐helicity upon the addition of divalent cations, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, or Zn2+. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed one detectable Mg2+ binding site with a K
d of 6.5 μM, and two binding sites for Zn2+, with K
d values of 150 nM and 170 μM. Residue‐specific information of the conformational state of con‐R was obtained by two‐dimensional 1H‐NMR. Analyses of the α‐proton chemical shifts, NOE patterns, and hydrogen exchange rates of the peptide indicated an α‐helical conformation for residues 1–19. Synthetic con‐R‐derived peptide variants, containing deletions of 7 and 10 amino acid residues from the carboxy‐terminus of the wild‐type peptide, displayed unaltered cation binding and NMDA receptor antagonist properties. The α‐helical secondary structures of the two truncation peptides were more stable than full‐length con‐R, as evidenced by CD measurements and reduced backbone hydrogen exchange rates. These results provide experimental evidence that the structural elements common to the three conantokins thus far identified are the primary determinants for receptor function and cation binding/secondary structure stability.
Pressurization facilitates adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer into vein graft
Authors: Suzuki Masatoshi , Ishizaka Nobukazu , Tsukamoto Kazuhisa , Minami Kayo , Taguchi Jun-ichi , Nagai Ryozo , Ohno Minoru
Published: July 2002

We investigated whether application of non‐distending hydrostatic pressure facilitates gene transfer into vein grafts. An external jugular vein was placed in a chamber with 100 μl adenovirus solution at a titer of 1010 pfu/ml and was pressurized to up to 8 atm above ambient pressure for 10 min. Histochemical analysis demonstrated a positive transgene expression in all layers of the vessel wall. Gene transfer with 8 atm pressurization resulted in an approximately 50 times higher transgene expression than that without pressurization. Under 8 atm pressurization, the efficiency of gene transfer reached a plateau at 7.5 min. The application of hydrostatic pressure may improve the effectiveness of intraoperative genetic engineering of vein grafts.
Extraordinary politics in the Polish transition
Authors: Rose Amanda
Published: July 2002

Among the arguments for rapid economic reform in transitions to the market in Central and Eastern Europe, scholars have argued that rapid reformers could better take advantage of the period of ‘extraordinary politics’ at the beginning of the transition. Regime transitions provide a unique opportunity for politicians to implement economic reform since the public is more likely to grant the government room to reform. If the public is more likely to give politicians this window of opportunity, politicians should implement far-reaching reforms during that period. I test two propositions in this paper: (1) politicians in office during a period of liberalization will get high positive ratings at the polls which will gradually deplete over time; and (2) at the beginning of the transition, views of the current economic situation will not predict views of politics. I find that approval of the Polish government was unusually high in the first one and one-half to two years of the Polish transition. In the same period, assessments of the current economic situation only weakly affected assessments of politics. After the period of extraordinary politics comes to an end, the relationship between political and economic assessments is much stronger. Thus, in a country with a harsh economic reform program and six contentious national elections within eight years, there is strong evidence that politicians benefited from a period of extraordinary politics at the beginning of the regime.
Ty1‐Mediated Integration of Expression Cassettes: Host Strain Effects, Stability, and Product Synthesis
Authors: Lee Frank W. F. , Silva Nancy A. Da
Published: July 2002

The yeast retrotransposon Ty1 has been used to insert multiple copies of heterologous genes into the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Amplification using a GAL1‐regulated Ty1 element carrying a 4.6 kilobase pair expression cassette (Escherichia coli lacZ structural gene under the control of the yeast CUP1 promoter, and the bacterial neo gene) was compared with that of a GAL1‐regulated Ty1 element carrying only the neo gene. Mobilization of Ty1 was induced from a chromosomal element and a 2μ‐plasmid‐based element; similar results were obtained for both locations. The two marked Ty1 cassettes were successfully integrated into the genomes of three different S.cerevisiae strains. Efficiencies were found to vary significantly between strains. The size of the inserted cassette was also important; the efficiency for the CUP1p‐lacZ‐neo cassette was much lower than that for the neo cassette in the same host. All amplified copies were found to be quite stable with or without expression for at least 50 generations in nonselective medium; moreover, there were no significant effects on the growth of the cells. After integration, β‐galactosidase specific activity from the lacZ construct in the three hosts was found to correlate well with the copy number of the CUP1p‐lacZ expression cassette amplified by the Ty1 retrotransposon.
The C-terminal, third conserved motif of the protein activator PACT plays an essential role in the activation of double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)
Authors: HUANG Xu , HUTCHINS Brian , PATEL Rekha C.
Published: July 2002

One of the key mediators of the antiviral and antiproliferative actions of interferon is double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). PKR activity is also involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and signal transduction. We have recently identified PACT, a novel protein activator of PKR, as an important modulator of PKR activity in cells in the absence of viral infection. PACT heterodimerizes with PKR and activates it by direct protein—protein interactions. Endogenous PACT acts as an activator of PKR in response to diverse stress signals, such as serum starvation and peroxide or arsenite treatment, and is therefore a novel, stress-modulated physiological activator of PKR. In this study, we have characterized the functional domains of PACT that are required for PKR activation. Our results have shown that, unlike the N-terminal conserved domains 1 and 2, the third conserved domain of PACT is dispensable for its binding of double-stranded RNA and inter action with PKR. However, a deletion of domain 3 results in a loss of PKR activation ability, in spite of a normal interaction with PKR, thereby indicating that domain 3 plays an essential role in PKR activation. Purified recombinant domain 3 could also activate PKR efficiently in vitro. Our results indicate that, although dispensable for PACT's high-affinity interaction with PKR, the third motif is essential for PKR activation. In addition, domain 3 and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α both interact with PKR through the same region within PKR, which we have mapped to lie between amino acid residues 318 and 551.
Maternal and child constitutional factors and the frequency of melanocytic naevi in children
Authors: Graham  , Fuller  , Murphy  , Jones  , Forman  , Swerdlow
Published: July 2002

This study examined the association between numbers of benign melanocytic naevi in 7‐year‐old children in Oxfordshire born in 1988–9 with their mother’s arm naevus count, and maternal and child pigmentation factors. We believe this is the first time that the relationship between child and maternal naevus counts has been reported. A high naevus count in the child was associated with male sex (P = 0.009), freckling (P = 0.001) and propensity of the child to burn in the sun (P = 0.05). A low naevus count was observed in red‐haired children (P = 0.02). The strongest association of child’s naevus count was with a high maternal arm naevus count, independent of the child’s pigmentation factors (trend P < 0.0001). Maternal pigmentation factors were not associated with child’s naevus count independent of the child’s own pigmentation factors. Maternal arm naevus counts may be a better predictor of child naevus count than the child’s own pigmentation factors.
A follow‐up study of semen quality and fertility in men with varicocele testis and in control subjects
Authors: Lund  , Larsen
Published: July 2002

Objective

 To evaluate semen quality and fecundity in a group of men with initially untreated varicocele testis, in comparison with control subjects.

Patients, subjects and methods

 In a prospective, longitudinal study, 77 men (39 with varicocele and 38 control subjects) were evaluated in 1989 and re‐investigated after 8 years. Fifty‐seven men (29 with varicocele, 28 controls) were available for evaluation and they all completed a questionnaire. Semen from a total of 46 men (24 with varicocele) was compared with findings in 22 men from the control group.

Results

 There was a decline in sperm count in the control group from 80×106 /mL to 55×106 /mL over the 8‐year period, but nearly no change in the sperm count in the men with varicocele. The withdrawal rate from each group was the same and included both men with and without reduced semen quality. There were no differences between the groups in sperm motility values (straight‐line velocity, curvilinear velocity) evaluated using computer‐assisted semen analysis. Paternity was achieved by 10 of 14 men in the varicocele group, compared with 14 of 16 in the control group.

Conclusions

 There was no evidence that varicocelectomy might benefit patients, because the sperm concentration did not decline among men with varicocele over time. Computer‐assisted semen analysis provided a good assessment of various sperm motility characteristics and we recommend evaluation using such objective methods, to allow comparison among studies
Origin and Evolution of the Lichenized Ascomycete Order Lichinales: Monophyly and Systematic Relationships Inferred from Ascus, Fruiting Body and SSU rDNA Evolution
Authors: Schultz M. , Arendholz W.‐R. , Büdel B.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: The Lichinales are a group of lichenized ascomycetes that almost exclusively possess cyanobacteria as their primary photobiont and are hitherto separated from the Lecanorales, the major group of lichenized ascomycetes, by thallus structure, ascoma ontogeny, ascus structure and ascus function. The relationship of the two families Peltulaceae and Lichinaceae, both placed within the Lichinales, with the Heppiaceae, placed within the Lecanorales, was investigated, as well as a possible sister group relationship of the Lichinales to the Lecanorales. Phylogenetic analyses included non‐molecular data as well as 18S rDNA sequence data. The monophyly of the Lichinales including the family Heppiaceae and a sister group relationship of Lichinales and Lecanorales, based on the shared presence of lecanoralean asci, are proposed in a morphological hypothesis. Parsimony and distance analyses of 18S rDNA sequence data strongly support the monophyly of the Lichinales, including all three families. Therefore, the presence of rostrate, lecanoralean asci in Peltula and part of the Lichinaceae suggests that this ascus type is an autapomorphy of the monophyletic Lichinales. Furthermore, the occurrence of prototunicate asci in the Heppiaceae and most of the Lichinaceae is autapomorphic and was gained independently by reduction of the rostrate ascus. The 18S rDNA analysis did not reject the non‐molecular hypothesis of a sister group relationship of the Lichinales and the Lecanorales as based on ascus characters. The alternative placement of the Lichinales as the sister group of all inoperculate euascomycetes excluding the Sordariomycetes and most of the Leotiales in the gene tree received unsufficient bootstrap support and no support from any non‐molecular data and consequently was rejected.
Relation between the 1.9 eV luminescence and 4.8 eV absorption bands in high-purity silica glass
Authors: Tohmon Ryoichi , Shimogaichi Yasushi , Munekuni Shuji , Ohki Yoshimichi , Hama Yoshimasa , Nagasawa Kaya
Published: July 2002

Photoluminescence measurements of the 1.9 eV emission were carried out on high-purity silica glasses subjected to γ-ray irradiation. The time decay of the luminescence, when excited by the 4.8 eV band, indicates that the 4.8 eV absorption and the 1.9 eV luminescence are caused by two different defects, and that an energy transfer occurs between the two defects. Comparison with electron spin resonance observations shows that both the nonbridging oxygen hole center (responsible for the 1.9 eV luminescence) and another undetermined defect (responsible for the 4.8 eV absorption) must be present in the glass before the 1.9 eV luminescence band can be excited by 4.8 eV photons.
Direct deposition of magnetic dots using a scanning tunneling microscope
Authors: McCord M. A. , Awschalom D. D.
Published: July 2002

A scanning tunneling microscope has been used to directly deposit nanometer-scale structures into the input coil of a planar dc superconducting quantum interference device microsusceptometer. Iron pentacarbonyl was used as the source gas for the deposits, yielding dots with diameters ranging from 10 to 30 nm and heights from 30 to 100 nm. Measurements on the particles at low temperatures show them to be magnetic and reveal macroscopic spin properties.
Highly undercooled W and Re drops in an ultrahigh-vacuum drop tube
Authors: Vinet B. , Cortella L. , Favier J. J. , Desre P.
Published: July 2002

The Grenoble drop tube first experiments and results on pure W and Re droplets are presented. High absolute amounts of undercooling have been reached (530 K for W and 975 K for Re). The solidified samples are single crystals in the case of W and polycrystals in the case of Re. The liquid-solid interfacial energy is derived from these experiments.
Influence of oxygen incorporation on the properties of magnetron sputtered hydrogenated amorphous germanium films
Authors: Schröder B. , Annen A. , Drüsedau T. , Freistedt H. , Deák P. , Oechsner H.
Published: July 2002

Hydrogenated amorphous germanium-oxygen alloy films (a-Ge1−xOx:H) with 10−5≤x≤0.4 were prepared by reactive dc-magnetron sputtering at substrate temperatures of 320 and 420 K in an Ar/H2/O2 atmosphere. No influence of the added oxygen on any material properties could be detected for an oxygen partial pressure p(O2)≤3×10−4 mTorr corresponding to x≤10−4 (unintentional contamination regime). Between 2×10−4≤x≤5×10−3 the dark conductivity of the films linearly increases with x (doping regime). In this regime the optical gap and the hydrogen content remain unchanged, while midgap absorption and Urbach energy weakly increase indicating the increase of network disorder and defect density due to the Fermi level shift caused by the oxygen doping. Maximum conductivity of 8×10−3 Ω−1 cm−1 is achieved for x≊0.02. For x≳0.05 the conductivity and the hydrogen content drop, defect density and Urbach energy strongly increase, and the pronounced increase of the optical gap points to the formation of an alloy (alloy regime).