bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Regression Models as Analytical Procedures: An Empirical Investigation of Effect of Data Dispersion on Auditor Decisions
Authors: Wilson Arlette C.
Published: January 2017

The newly issued Statement on Auditing Standards No. 56—Analytical Procedures [AICPA 1988] has placed greater emphasis on analytical procedures by requiring their use in the audit of financial statements. Regression analysis may be used as an analytical procedure and has been shown through research to be an effective audit tool.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate whether different levels of dispersion of the data around the regression line affects auditor decisions when using regression models as analytical procedures.

Monthly data from 15 companies in various industries used in analytical reviews by a CPA firm were used to determine the effect of data base dispersion on auditor's decisions.

The decision model used in this study is the statistical technique for analytical review (STAR) approach used in the audit practice of Deloitte, Haskin, & Sells. This study reveals data bases with larger dispersions are more likely to have incorrect rejections than those data bases with smaller dispersions (an incorrect rejection is the signaling of a month for investigation when no error exists in that month). This study also develops a rule of thumb model for the auditor as follows:

[Formula: see text]

then dispersion may be too large, and results should be carefully interpreted. Regression analysis has proven to be a useful technique for auditors in the analytical review phase of the audit; however, care should be exercised to identify individual data sets which may not be suitable for application of this type of model.
Estimating Accounting Errors in Audit Sampling: Extensions and Empirical Tests of a Decomposition Approach
Authors: Chan K. Hung
Published: January 2017

A decomposition approach was presented by Chan (1988) to estimate accounting errors based on a ratio estimator in audit sampling. That approach decomposed the tainting distribution into several distinct components according to the characteristics of typical accounting populations, and modeled each component separately. A simulation procedure was then used to combine the probabilistic components to determine the error bounds. A deficiency with this approach is its reliance on the central limit theorem (CLT) to model an important component of the tainting distribution when the error rate is low. This paper proposes two alternatives, the chi-square and the exponential distributions to replace the use of the central limit theorem in the model. Empirical tests confirm that the proposed alternatives improve on the overall reliability of the original CLT method for low-error-rate populations. For populations with high error rates of 10 percent or more, however, the performance of all three methods is similar.
Corporate Taxes, Choice among Accounting Alternatives, and Information Content of Earnings
Authors: John Kose , John Teresa A. , Ronen Joshua
Published: January 2017

A model is developed to study managerial strategies vis-à-vis choice of accounting alternatives and earnings reports where the manager is better informed than the market about firm prospects. How corporate taxation affects these strategies is a focal aspect of this study. In the information equilibrium identified, managers of firms with higher future cash flows choose income-increasing accounting alternatives and report higher earnings in spite of the potential corporate tax consequences. The optimal earnings reports are shown to involve some intertemporal smoothing. The announcement effects and the comparative statics properties derived provide a rich menu of testable implications.
Effects of Differential Tax Rates on Transfer Pricing
Authors: Li Shu-hsing , Balachandran Kashi R.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this paper is to study transfer pricing under asymmetric information and taxation. In accordance with the empirical evidence documented in accounting literature, this paper assumes that the firm uses one pricing system instead of two pricing systems—one for the tax purposes and the other for internal control. We provide a closed-form solution for the optimal mechanism under a dual-price system, which allows for the price credited to the manufacturing division to not equal the price charged to the distribution division. The equilibrium outcomes of the analysis suggest several interesting findings. Under a dual-price system, both divisional accounting profits at equilibrium change in the same direction with respect to the change of tax rate. However, the direct effect is larger than the indirect effect. Under a dual-price system, the division with the lower tax rate should be credited more profits than the division with the higher tax rate, but it would not fully bear all the profits.
Unobservable Risk Preferences and Value of Information in Financial Markets with Adverse Selection
Authors: Sarath Bharat , Natarajan Ramachandran
Published: January 2017

We demonstrate the existence of a partially separating equilibrium based on the level of equity retention when a project of unknown value is taken public by an entrepreneur whose risk preferences are unobservable. We show that any such equilibrium results in some (endogenous) strictly positive level of equity retention. The value of a second public signal corresponding to audited reports required under the 1933 Securities Act is also analyzed. We show that this second signal derives informational value from the presence of unobservable risk preferences even though it only concerns cash flows and is completely independent of risk characteristics. The paper concludes with some empirical implications.
The Audit Committee and Earnings Quality
Authors: Wild John J.
Published: January 2017

This paper provides empirical evidence on the association between audit committee formation and the quality of accounting earnings. The audit committee is responsible for overseeing the financial reporting and auditing process of the firm. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the audit committee in discharging these responsibilities by comparing the quality, or informativeness, of earnings reports before and after audit committee formation. For this paper, informativeness is measured by the extent to which the market reacts to the release of earnings reports. Economic theory predicts that the magnitude of the market's reaction to earnings is a nondecreasing function of earnings quality. The results show a significant increase in the market's reaction to earnings reports subsequent to the formation of the audit committee. Specifically, the reaction to earnings reports is more than 20 percent greater after the formation of the committee than before. These findings are robust to alternative variations in the research design. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the audit committee providing meaningful oversight of the financial reporting and auditing process.
Time-Series Properties of Financial Series and Implications for Modeling
Authors: Wu Chunchi , Kao Chihwa , Lee Cheng F.
Published: January 2017

This paper investigates the time-series properties of a wide range of corporate financial and accounting series. Unit root tests developed by Dickey and Fuller (1979) are applied to these series. The results support the hypothesis that most of these series contain both permanent (random walk) and transitory components. The results show that most financial series are dominated by a random walk component. However, for some series, such as net sales, net income, earnings per share, and returns on investments, there is a relatively significant stationary component, which suggests the presence of successful smoothing for these series. We show that smoothing may reduce volatility of financial series but it cannot produce a deterministic growth trend. Implications of nonstationarity for financial modeling are explored.
Earnings Management of Chemical Firms in Response to Political Costs from Environmental Legislation
Authors: Cahan Steven F. , Chavis Betty M. , Elmendorf Richard G.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the earnings management of chemical firms at the end of 1979 when Congress was considering legislation leading to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Recovery Act of 1980. This legislation gave the U.S. government the authority to remediate hazardous chemical waste sites and set up a Superfund, funded largely by the chemical industry, to cover cleanup costs. Unlike prior studies that use single, often crude, measures of political costs, we employ seven different measures of the firms' exposure to costs arising from Superfund. Additionally, using factor analysis, we construct a composite measure of political costs. There is some evidence from time-series tests that chemical firms took income-decreasing accruals in 1979 at the height of the Superfund debate but, as expected, they did not in the prior or preceding year. Cross-sectional tests show that the size of the earnings response is correlated negatively with four of the seven individual proxies for political costs. Also, the common factor for political cost is related significantly to the earnings response. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the political cost hypothesis.
Regression as an Analytical Procedure: Are Adjustments for Autocorrelation Really Necessary?
Authors: Wilson Arlette C. , Weld Leonard G.
Published: January 2017

Auditors who use regression analysis when performing analytical procedures may be exposed to the problem of autocorrelation, especially if small-interval time-series data are used. The existence of autocorrelation may bias the standard error of the estimate, which is used in calculating the upper precision limit. This limit determines the acceptance or rejection of an account balance as not materially misstated.

Using real-world data and the STAR decision rule, the results of this study suggest that transforming autocorrelated models increases effectiveness (capability of detecting material errors) only slightly, if at all. The results, however, did indicate that efficiency may increase significantly (reduced Type I errors), and that the more severe the autocorrelation, the more likely that efficiency will increase. Therefore, auditors have the most to gain in terms of audit-time savings when models are more severely affected by autocorrelation since fewer incorrect rejections requiring unnecessary additional audit attention would occur with successful transformation.
The Implications of Alternative Litigation Cost Allocation Systems for the Value of Audits
Authors: Boritz J. Efrim , Zhang Ping
Published: January 2017

When an auditor's effort is not observable, auditor liability becomes an important mechanism for motivating the auditor to exert an appropriate level of audit effort. However, although the presence of legal liability helps to preserve the value of an audit to investors, some aspects of the liability system may motivate suboptimal behavior and perhaps, ultimately, detract from investors' welfare. This paper seeks to contribute to the analysis of litigation-related issues by examining the effects of alternative legal cost allocation systems—the so-called American versus British rules—on the value of audits.

Using a game theoretic model, the paper characterizes investors' and an auditor's equilibrium strategies in pretrial negotiation and the auditor's effort decisions. The paper finds that the American system (where the parties pay their own litigation costs) provides a higher audit value than the British system (where the loser of a case pays the winner's litigation costs), although the auditor's total expected costs are higher in the American system than in the British system.
Management Buyouts and Earnings Management
Authors: Wu Y. Woody
Published: January 2017

This study examines earnings manipulation in 87 management buyout cases during 1980–1987. Using a different research design than DeAngelo (1986), this paper shows that earnings changes for the sample are significantly lower than the industry median change in the year before the MBO. An examination of pre-MBO stock prices indicates a downward movement. This downward movement is systematically associated with pre-MBO earnings changes. Moreover, preannouncement declines in earnings are specific to MBOs. In the case of third-party takeovers, income did not decline in the preannouncement period. When this research design is applied to DeAngelo's (1986) sample, results consistent with earnings management are obtained. Taken together, the overall evidence favors the hypothesis that managers manipulated earnings downward prior to the MBO proposal. The potential benefit from earnings manipulation is estimated to be almost $50 million on average for the sample firms.
Incentive Regulation, Investment Decisions, and Stock Returns
Authors: Nwaeze Emeka T.
Published: January 2017

This study investigates the return implications of investment decisions by firms that are subject to incentive regulation (IR). The analysis controls for the mediating effects of regulatory climate and firm size and allows for industry-wide effects by incorporating a control sample of traditional rate-of-return firms. It is shown that the information contents of unexpected capital expenditures and unexpected investment costs derived from the allowance for funds used during construction are positively related to incentive regulation. The results further reveal that differences in IR types are associated with differences in the information contents of unexpected investments. Furthermore, regulatory climate has positive effects on the association between returns and unexpected investments, whereas firm size has negative but weak effects on the association between returns and unexpected investments.
The Effects of a 10% Soybean Oil Emulsion on Lymphocyte Transformation
Authors: Ota D.M. , Copeland E.M. , Corriere J.N. , Richie E.R. , Jacobson K. , Dudrick S.J.
Published: January 2017

Free essential “fatty acids (EFA) are reported to suppress cell‐mediated immunity. Because Intralipid contains a high concentration of esterified EFA, the effects of this emulsion on in vitro lymphocyte transformation were studied. Intralipid concentrations of 11.5,115, and 230 mg% in lymphocyte cultures increased phytohemag‐glutinin (PHA) stimulation by an average of 8.2% (not significant [NS]), 18.1%(p<0.01), and 11.8% (NS), respectively. These same concentrations also increased Varidase stimulation in lymphocyte cultures by an average of 11.3 (p < 0.02), 18.9 (p < 0.02), and 4.4% (NS), respectively. Control wells did not demonstrate allergic reactions to Intralipid. These data demonstrate that Intralipid can significantly increase the mitogenic response of human thymic lymphocytes and the antigenic response of human lymphocytes, in vitro.
Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Leukemia and Non‐Hodgkin Malignant Lymphoma Under Chemotherapy
Authors: Michallet Mauricette , Hollard D. , Guignier Agrégé M. , La Verve X. , Laturaze J.
Published: January 2017

Because of a high incidence of weight loss and amyotrophy in patients with hematologic malignant diseases during induction therapy, an analysis of the metabolism of proteins was made in 14 patients, some of whom were receiving parenteral nutrition. Proteins, fibrinogen, amino acids in blood, and nitrogen and amino acids in urine showed hypercatabolism with a very negative nitrogen balance. This disorder is associated with a significant decrease in proteinemia and fibrinemia, which returns to normal during complete remission and in spite of continuation of the same chemotherapy. Total parenteral nutrition does not influence these metabolic disorders during this period. In 2 patients who received total parenteral hypernutrition (TPHN) that provided more calories and more nitrogen (4800 cal and 25 g nitrogen), nitrogen balance tended to zero despite high urinary nitrogen excretion; proteinemia and albuminemia remained normal. Here, TPHN was well tolerated, induced a compensatory hypercatabolism with a high quantity of calories and nitrogen and, thus, decreased morbidity risks during induction treatment by correcting the metabolic disorders; also, tolerance to chemotherapy was considerably improved.
“She's a Natural”: Identifying and Developing Athletic Talent
Authors: Gray H. Joey , Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: January 2017

Similarities between the identification and development of athletic talent and that of gifted children are rarely compared. Interestingly, however, they share analogous processes. The purpose of this review is to investigate the progress of research regarding athletic talent identification and development, including current issues, and provide suggestions for future research. Key roadblocks to the identification of athletic talent include attempting to identify talent at an early age, use of flawed athletic talent identification models, and lack of education of coaches, parents, and teachers regarding how to properly identify athletic talent.
Enhancing Preservice Teacher Development: Field Experiences with Gifted Students
Authors: Chamberlin Michelle T. , Chamberlin Scott A.
Published: January 2017

During 3 field experience visits, 23 elementary preservice teachers implemented mathematical problem-solving tasks with grade 3–6 gifted students. Researchers investigated what the teachers learned about gifted students regarding student characteristics, mathematical problem-solving tasks, and pedagogy. Each teacher completed a pre- and post-journal, detailing what they expected to occur and then describing what occurred and how their initial expectations were altered. Further, no training was provided regarding gifted students or conceptions of giftedness in previous course-work. Researchers found that teachers broadened their view of giftedness, recognized the need to adapt instruction for gifted students, made efforts to align problem-solving tasks with gifted students' readiness and interests, realized the necessity of knowing students to differentiate instruction, and emphasized student-centered instruction. These results contribute to the promise of having preservice teachers engage in a field experience with gifted students to supplement discussions about gifted education in methods courses.
Recommendations for Development: The Evaluation Report: a Tool for Teacher Growth
Authors: Conley David T. , Dixon Keith M.
Published: January 2017

These writers reviewed teacher evaluation reports from a midsize school district. After analyzing teacher and administrator evaluation reports over a period of several years, a number of patterns emerged. These generalizations, along with some observations gleaned from practice, form the basis of this article.
A Reflective Approach: Educative Possibilities in Teacher Evaluation: Two Alternatives
Authors: Gitlin Andrew , Smyth John
Published: January 2017

Most teacher evaluation schemes follow a similar, research-based logic. These writers argue that this approach alienates teachers and limits the possibility of change.
Enhancing Counselor Effectiveness: Toward the 1990s: Emerging Themes in School Counseling
Authors: Terrill Jerry L.
Published: January 2017

School counseling is at the point where assessment and redirection may be appropriate. This discussion of emerging trends may serve as an impetus for principals and counselors to examine together the needs and programs in their school.
Restructuring the Curriculum: Tandem Teaching Relieves Boredom, Maximizes Class Time
Authors: Bergman Floyd L.
Published: January 2017

Tandem teaching is a way to restructure the curriculum, relieve the boredom of the “same old schedule,” and better utilize classroom time, according to the author, who developed the idea based on more than 35 years of experience in education.
Corporate America's Link with Educators: Instructional Innovation: What is it?
Authors: Frank Charlotte
Published: January 2017

In today's rapidly changing educational climate, what constitutes instructional innovation? Business Week recently recognized more than 100 teachers for their innovative projects—projects that stimulate both the teachers and the students.
Underlying Beliefs Associated With College Student Consumption of Energy Beverages
Authors: Thorlton Janet , Collins William B.
Published: January 2017

College students are heavy consumers of energy beverages, yet further study is needed to better understand determinants of use. The purpose of this cross-sectional study ( N = 283) was to identify beliefs explaining unsafe consumption practices. A principal components analysis revealed three eigenvalues >1 explaining approximately 55% of the variance (health and appearance, performance and fatigue, and recreation and alcohol). Multiple regression analysis explained 75% of the variance for intent to consume. Standardized beta for attitude and subjective norms was p < .001; perceived behavioral control was p < .05. MANOVA was used to determine the effect of gender on eight dependent variables (Wilks’s lambda = 3.78, p < .001). Attitudes and subjective norms influenced the intent to consume energy beverages, particularly in males. Students viewed energy beverages as useful for managing health and appearance and performance and fatigue, and as a way to enhance recreation and alcohol consumption.
Indian Banking Sector: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Kamath K V , Kohli S S , Shenoy P S , Kumar Ranjana , Nayak R M , Kuppuswamy P T , Ravichandran N
Published: January 2017

A distinguished panel of managing directors and chief executive officers of some of the well-known banks in the country responded to the theme on the challenges and opportunities faced by the Indian banking sector in the liberalized environment. The contributors addressed the following issues: Financial reforms with specific reference to Indian banking industry focusing on implications to the existing players, new entrants, multinationals, and consumer behaviour. New and emerging opportunities: consumer and commercial banking. Competition: players, intensity, market size, profitability, and growth. Responses to challenges with reference to restructuring, automation, product delivery, and process reengineering. Issues related to governance, regulation, and audit. Product engineering, product design, and product delivery. Consumer expectations, feedback, cross-selling, customer relationship management(CRM), market segmentation, marketing, branding, and new products introduction. HR related issues: VR5, compensation, education and training, empowerment, and career plan. Future scenario: Broad trends in the next five years and the expected position. E-banking and its importance.

Salient features of the responses included: The Indian banking sector is at an exciting point in its evolution. The opportu- nities to enter new business and new markets and to deliver higher levels of customer service are immense. As the Indian banks position themselves as financial service providers, banking business is getting redefined. Technology is unsettling the earlier business processes and customer behaviour is undergoing change. These have enhanced the forces of competition. Competitive advantage can be achieved through harnessing the potentialavailable in the employees by creating a positive work culture and enlisting the support of all the employees to the organizational goals. Indian banks have adopted better operational strategies and upgraded their skills. They have withstood the initial challenges and have become more adaptive to the changing environment. In the complex and fast changing environment, the only sustainable competitive advantage for banks is to give the customer an optimum blend of technology and traditional service. Four trends are fundamentally altering the banking industry: consolidation, globalization of operations, development of new technologies, and universali- zation of banking.
Ahmedabad Regional Passport Office: Rapid Response Time by Process Redesign
Authors: Bahuguna Doorva , Ravichandran N
Published: January 2017

If all your documents are in order, you should get your fresh passport in five weeks. If you already hold a passport, then your passport should be re-issued in one week. In case of damaged or lost passports (except in case of habitual losers), provided you apply to the same office that issued your original passport, you should get your passport in about five weeks. If you have applied for a duplicate passport to an office other than the one that issued the passport you have lost or damaged, you should get your passport in six weeks. Remember – It is the applicant's right to obtain a passport within the prescribed timeframe and without harassment.
Deciding Information Systems (IS) Outsourcing: A Multi-Criteria Hierarchical Approach
Authors: Gulla Umesh , Gupta M P
Published: January 2017

Attracted by the desire to cut cost and improve performance continuously, managers across the continents are showing interest in outsourcing their Information Systems. Influenced by this global trend, Indian firms, e.g., Bharti Telecom, Ballarpur Industries, Bank of India and many others have followed the path of extensive outsourcing of their IS services. However, while there is optimism regarding the benefits of outsourcing, there are also concerns regarding security issues, technological obsolescence, vendor captivity, risk assessment in IS outsourcing relationship and so on which require serious consideration in deciding on IS outsourcing,

Outsourcing is a complex decision process, which is the interplay of various internal as well as external environmental factors. The concerned manager has to factor various dimensions, both short term and long term. Strategic alignment of business and information technology dimensions influence IS outsourcing strategy. Further, outsourcing drivers would also influence the IS outsourcing decisions in any organization. The manager therefore needs to identify various factors and also measure the intensity of each factor influencing the outsourcing decision.

In this paper, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)—that has been used extensively in complex decisions and situations where hierarchical structure in factors are involved in decision goals—has been applied for analysing the IS outsourcing decisions. The.key outcome of the study are as follows: High IS outsourcing is the preferred strategy over low and selective IS outsourcing strategy. Strategic alignment of business and information technology emerges as the most important factor followed by the medium-term impact of outsourcing in deciding the degree of IS outsourcing. Among the sub-factors, business strategy is the most important factor in deciding the IS outsourcing degree, and its role is maximum in high IS outsourcing option. The second most important decision element emerges to be outcome-based performance. Among the business drivers, focus on core operations comes out to be the most important outsourcing driver.

While the illustration in this paper tries to cover broad factors, it gives flexibility to practitioners to account for different sub-factors under these factors. The application of AHP using these broad array of sub-factors would lead to a decision model and customized solutions for the IS outsourcing in the particular situations.
Understanding Indian Consumer Attitudes towards Celebrity Based Television Advertising (CBTA)
Authors: Sharma Rajesh
Published: January 2017

Despite the obvious economic advantage of using relatively unknown personalities as endorsers in advertising campaigns, the choice of celebrities to fulfill that role has become common practice for companies competing in today's cluttered media environment During the past decades, celebrities have had a growing influence on consumers through mass media such as television. The proliferation of entertainment media worldwide has increased the exposure of celebrities to consumers and given them i.e., celebrities, an iconic status. In this article, we explore few important research questions. First, we seek to determine how attractive is celebrity based television advertising (CBTA) to the Indian consumer and what is the effect of CBTA on consumers' brand choice behavior? Next, we seek to explain how important is the celebrity-product match up? Lastly we seek to explain whether consumer attitudes towards CBTA, with respect to brand-choice behavior, vary by demographic variables such as sex and income. These research objectives were pursued through the empirical study of respondents in New Delhi. The data was analyzed primarily by One Sample t-test and One Way ANOVA. The main findings showed that the Indian consumers were interested in celebrity endorsements in advertising and found it attractive. Further, CBTA was found to positively influence consumers' brand choice behaviour. The study also found that celebrity-product match up was important for customers and that consumers' brand-choice is influenced by CBTA, due to demographic characteristics such as sex and income.
Nurturing Interpersonal Trust for Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Singh Upasana , Srivastava Kailash B. L.
Published: January 2017

This study has examined the determinants of interpersonal trust in lateral and vertical relationships, and its impact on knowledge sharing behavior' among the employees. The data were collected from 303 respondents using structured questionnaire, across the service and manufacturing organizations belonging to junior, middle, and higher levels in the hierarchy. The result showed that enabling factors with regard to colleagues, seniors, and juniors were positively associated with the dimensions of interpersonal trust, which facilitated knowledge sharing. It has implications for the management and policy makers as they have to create a culture for the development of trust among the employees to facilitate knowledge sharing.
Energy Security for India - Some Environmental Implications
Authors: Prasad Lakshntan
Published: January 2017

Appreciating the importance of a heightened energy security to fuel industrial and economic growth of India, the article analyses the environmental implications of various energy options. While coal takes the lead role for power generation in the country, in view of its polluting potential a case of promoting the use of beneficiated coal has been pleaded with numerous environmental gains. Considering the nation's sensitivity to climate change, there is need to remain on the path of low carbon growth without compromising with the energy security. In view of this, it asserts tapping renewable, non-depleting and non-polluting sources of energy at a fast pace to dilute the carbon intensity of our energy mix.
An Insight into Private Label Brands
Authors: Kar Sudhanshu Sekhar , Prashar Rohit
Published: January 2017

The recent booming of organised retail sector in India has also opened up vast scope for private label players in the market. As retail players are quick to grab a bigger and bigger slice of the retail pie, a new challenge in the shape of private label brands are raising their heads to upturn the applecart of the manufacturer brands. These private label players are no longer seen as cheap me-too products. Rather they are increasingly seen as competitors to the established brands as they lure the random buyers and toss-ups to their fold. Hence it is no wonder that the private label players are playing an increasing role from day to day in the market. They offer less priced products, satisfy local tastes even sometimes their products are of superior quality as compared to established brands. This article therefore, tries to look into the role of private labels in retail market outlining their growth, market share, problems and perspectives.
Liberalisation of Financial Markets: The Developing Country Experience
Authors: Sinha Ram Pratap
Published: January 2017

Tis article encompasses various aspects of financial market liberalisation including the historical evidences of market deregulation, empirical studies on the impact of such liberalisation on economic growth and development. The article also discusses the problem of financial fragility connected with financial sector reform and briefly reviews the theoretical underpinnings. Finally the article discusses the role of the state in mitigating the problems connected with financial sector liberalisation.
Game Theory, Marxism and the Foundations of Collective Action
Authors: Philp Bruce
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses the philosophical foundations of game-theoretic Marxism. Initially the reductionist pretensions of analytical Marxism, which has practised game-theoretic Marxism, are considered and rejected. After advancing an anti-reductionist game-theoretic formulation of Marx’s theory of surplus-value, in terms of bilateral monopoly, problems of collective action are examined. It is recognised that during particular historical epochs instrumental rationality may capture the process through which individual agents act. However, it is proposed that the instrumental view of rationality should not be assumed to be a trans-historical fact of human nature and that alternative philosophical conceptions of rationality recently advanced within the game theory literature provide a more satisfactory basis for social scientific investigation.
Virtue, Virtú, Categorical Imperative and the Civic Constitution: Defining Corporate Governance
Authors: Howell Kerry E. , Letza Stephen
Published: January 2017

As we proceed toward the twenty-first century issues of corporate governance are as important as ever. Unscrupulous business activities, during the late eighties and early nineties, undermined director integrity and emphasised short-termism rather than sustainable economic performance. In an attempt to provide an underpinning for modern corporate governance this article turns toward Western philosophy and draws on the ideas of antiquity, Machiavelli and Kant. The article uses these philosophers to construct a moral framework as a basis for analysing contemporary ideas of corporate governance. It attempts to link the concepts of corporate governance and virtue and investigate how in the pursuit of a ubiquitous idea of good governance philosophers of antiquity were faced with the same difficulties as those of Renaissance and Enlightenment. Indeed, how they were confronted with difficulties very similar to those faced by contemporary society.
Kinetics of Adsorption: The S-Shaped z-t Plot
Authors: Aharoni C.
Published: January 2017

One characteristic property of the kinetics of adsorption is the fact that the plot of the reciprocal of the rate against the time is S-shaped. The initial part of this plot is convex and can be fitted by a power equation (i.e. with the amount adsorbed being proportional to a fractional power of the time), the final part is concave and can be fitted by a Langmuir-type equation (i.e. with the rate decreasing linearly with the amount adsorbed) and the intermediate region around the inflection point can be fitted by the Elovich equation (i.e. with the amount adsorbed increasing logarithmically with the time). In many cases the above regions are preceded by a region at which the rate is constant.

The equation dθ/dt = A(1 – θ)/θ where θ is the fractional coverage, t is the time and a is a constant, is consistent with these kinetics. It corresponds to kinetics in which the activation energy increases logarithmically with the coverage. It can be derived on the basis of a statistical-rate theory or on the basis of a precursor-state theory. The diffusion equation

[Formula: see text]

where q and qx are the quantities adsorbed at time t and t = ∞, an and bn are parameters determined by the integers n, D is the diffusion coefficient and r the length path, is also consistent with the above kinetics. Both equations have also been extended to heterogenous surfaces.

Isotherms with constant initial rate are associated with non-activated adsorption and measurements at low pressures. The constant initial rate corresponds to a state at which the kinetics are determined by the rate of arrival of the gas molecules to the surface.
The Adsorption of Nitrogen on Precipitated and Pyrogenic Silicas
Authors: Carrott P. J. M. , Sing K. S. W.
Published: January 2017

Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen have been determined on three pyrogenic silicas (TK800, TK900, and Aerosil 200) and two precipitated silicas (HiSil 233 and VN3). Application of the αs-method reveals that the precipitated silicas were, to a small extent, microporous, the micropore volume of VN3 becoming appreciable when the outgassing temperature was raised to 383 K. It is concluded that the BET method does not provide an accurate assessment of the surface area of these materials, but that the αs-method can be used to evaluate the external area and the micropore volume. Analysis of the isotherms on the pyrogenic silicas confirms their non-microporous nature but indicates the presence of interparticle capillary condensation. The TK800, which was previously recommended as a non-porous standard, has undergone slight ageing over a ten-year period with the loss of surface area and the development of interparticle mesoporosity.
Preparation of Hydrated Silicon Dioxide for Reproducible Chemisorption Experiments
Authors: Gobet J. , Kováts E. sz.
Published: January 2017

High purity fume silica has been treated following the recommended procedure, by heating at 1173 K for 120 h then by boiling in distilled water for 70 h. Finally the wet paste was frozen and liophilized. The resulting light powder, somewhat denser than the starting material, gave reproducible results in chemisorption experiments. Its surface is fully and evenly hydrated and its bulk does not contain water inclusions. After treatment with trimethyl-[dimethylamino]-silane at 453 K for 170 h such a sample was covered with a dense trimethylsiloxy layer with a surface concentration of 4·75 μmol m−2.
The Adsorption of Organic Halides on Silver-Impregnated Silica Gels
Authors: Ishikawa T. , Kondo S. , Yamaoka H. , Muroya M.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption characteristics of methyl and n-propyl iodides, methyl and n-propyl chlorides and chlorobenzene on pure and silver-impregnated silica gels have been studied in order to clarify the mechanism of adsorption of these compounds and to characterize the state of silver on the silica surface under various pretreatment conditions. At least three adsorption sites are found on the surface of impregnated silica, such as free OH groups, silver ions for which protons of free OH groups are ion-exchanged and small clusters and/or colloidal particles of silver which have been reduced from ions. Some adsorption mechanisms of methyl iodide on these sites are suggested.
High Temperature Adsorption of Hydrocarbons by Activated Carbons Prepared from Olive Stones
Authors: Lopez-Garzon F. J. , Moreno-Castilla C. , Guerrero-Ruiz A. , Rodriguez-Reinoso F. , Lopez-Gonzalez J. de D.
Published: January 2017

The evolution of microporosity of activated carbons prepared from carbonized olive stones as a function of burn-off in carbon dioxide (activating agent) has been studied at high temperature using a gas chromatographic technique. The specific net retention volumes have been used to determine the possible molecular sieve properties of the carbons towards several hydra-carbons. This molecular sieving is thought to be due to the existence of slit-shaped pores in the carbons with well-defined dimensions. The retention data have also been used to calculate the heats of adsorption and their dependence on the porosity of the carbons.
Effects of Surface Heterogeneity in Adsorption from Binary Solutions on Modified Silica Gels
Authors: Goworek J.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption of benzene from cyclohexane solutions on modified silica gels is analysed using expressions derived from the model of adsorption of binary solutions on heterogeneous solid surfaces. The adsorption equation is found to represent the data for several systems and leads to a method for estimating the energetical heterogeneity of the adsorbent surface. The energy distribution functions for investigated systems are calculated. The same adsorption data are analysed using the simple form of isotherm equation for adsorption of binary liquid mixtures on heterogeneous solid surfaces. The results obtained by using two different methods for the same adsorption systems are discussed.
Role of Iron in Hydrogen Sulphide Removal from Hot Gas
Authors: Furimsky E. , Palmer A. , Brett M.E. , Provencher R. , Yumura M.
Published: January 2017

Yields of SO2 formed during H2S removal from N2 + H2S mixture at 800°C in the presence of Fe2O3, Mn-nodule and red mud have been determined. The largest yields were observed for Fe2O3 followed by Mn-nodule, whereas no SO2 was detected in the presence of red mud. A mechanism for H2S reaction with Fe oxides has been proposed involving the use of the component distribution in the clean gas as well as the Fe sulphides formed during adsorption. X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy have been used to determine the forms of Fe in the solids at the end of adsorption. FeS was the main sulphide which was always accompanied by FeS2.
Statistical Thermodynamic Calculations of Adsorption Data for the Adsorption of Simple Gases at Solid Surface — A Two Phase Approach
Authors: Wittkopf Hartmut , Bräuer Paeter
Published: January 2017

Statistical thermodynamic calculations were carried out in the two-phase approach to describe the temperature dependence of adsorption data for simple gases on homogeneous and heterogeneous solid surface at low coverages. It was shown that the high temperature region is much more sensitive to the kind of model potential function representing the potential hypersurface of the absorbed phase than it is in the low temperature region. At low temperatures [Formula: see text] the adsorption data can be calculated from using a harmonic potential function with good realistic background.

For the description of a heterogeneous solid surface a potential function Φ(x,y,z) was proposed by Φ(x,y,z) = Φ(z) + Φ(x,y) or Φ(x,y,z) = Φ(z)-φ(x,y). At low temperatures and small heterogenities [Formula: see text] the adsorption data can be approximated by adding one part related to a Φ(z) potential and another one related to Φ(x,y). If an anharmonic potential function Φ(z) is used a maximum in ΔaC (T) appears caused by the anharmonicity of this function. This high temperature maximum is overlayed by the heterogenity maximum in ΔaC and gives additional peaks if Δε is not in the same order of magnitude than ε0.
Adsorptive and Membrane Separations: A Bibliographical Guide (1985–1989)
Authors: Ray Martyn S.
Published: January 2017

This article provides a bibliography of published papers on selected topics concerned with adsorptive and membrane separations for the period 1985–1989. During this period rapid growth occurred in the number of papers published in these areas. The following topics are covered: Adsorptive separations: theory; design data; adsorbents; PSA and cyclic systems; systems and applications; liquid-phase adsorption. Membrane separations: membrane materials; membrane separation theory; membrane separation applications.
Effect of γ-Irradiation on the Chemisorption and Catalytic Activity of Ni/Al2O3 and Co/Al2O3 Systems
Authors: Youssef A.M. , El-Nabarawy Th. , Badr G.E.
Published: January 2017

The textural properties of non-irradiated and γ-irradiated Ni/Al2O3 and Co/Al2O3 systems with different chemical compositions were determined from the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K. Chemisorption of hydrogen at 320 K and hydrogenation of benzene at 400 K were studied on the reduced catalysts.

The surface areas of γ-irradiated catalysts are higher than those of their non-irradiated equivalents. γ-Irradiation also increases the hydrogen uptake, the metallic surface area and the percentage dispersion of the metal on the support. The hydrogenation activity also increases upon irradiation with γ-rays. All these changes are more pronounced in catalysts with a high metal loading.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Ytterbium Adsorption on Sand
Authors: Rauf M.A. , Iqbal M.J. , Ellahi I. , Hasany S.M.
Published: January 2017

The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of ytterbium on sand samples from dilute acidic solution are presented. The sorption equilibrium constant, Kc, has been calculated at different temperatures between 18 and 37°C. The sorption data fitted the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) models well. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the sorption of ytterbium on sand was endothermic in nature
Studies on the Adsorption Behaviour of Lutetium on Sand
Authors: Rauf M.A. , Iqbal M.J. , Ellahi I.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption behaviour of lutetium on sand samples was investigated and the conditions for maximum adsorption optimized. The effects of foreign ions, both cations and anions, were also investigated. The distribution coefficient value, KD, was compared to those for other metal ions adsorbed under similar conditions. The adsorption data seem to provide a good fit to the Freundlich isotherm and to the Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) equation.
Determination of the Dependencies Between the Net Retention Volumes and the Parameters Characterizing the Properties of Adsorbents
Authors: Grajek H.
Published: January 2017

Propane adsorption isotherms have been determined chromato-graphically on fine- and coarse-grained activated carbons for different volumes of adsorbate injected on to the column. The dependencies between the net retention volume, Vn, and the molar differential work of adsorption, A, have been determined on the basis of the propane isotherms employing the retention times of the peak maxima. The equations obtained, i.e. In Vn = h(A) and (dW/dA)T.v = k(ln Vn), have been used to explain the chromatographic processes occurring in the adsorbent bed of the chromatographic column. An attempt has been made to explain the dependency between the chromatographic peak profile and the distribution function of the pore volume filled with propane with respect to the molar differential work of adsorption.
Fast Measurements of Adsorption on Porous Materials Using Jäntti's Method
Authors: Robens Erich , Massen Carel H. , Poulis Johannes A. , Staszczuk Piotr
Published: January 2017

In 1972, Jäntti et al. formulated a method to shorten the time taken for adsorption measurements. We suggested at the Kiev International Conference on Vacuum Microbalance Techniques (1999) that the applicability of this method could be widened by considering a number of parallel adsorptions. There is, however, a more complicated but perhaps more interesting variant possible when extra mass transport is considered to occur in series. Such an application could involve adsorption within a porous structure where diffusion must be considered as a process occurring in series with adsorption on the surface.
Study of the Influence of Poly(acrylic acid) and Polyacrylamide on the Electrochemical Properties of the ZrO/Solution Interface
Authors: Chibowski S. , Krupa M.
Published: January 2017

The influence of themolecular weight of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)and polyacrylamide (PAM) on theelectrical properties of the ZrO/polymer solution interface was examined. Themain factors responsible for the observed zetapotential and surface charge changes of zr02 were defined. Changes in the ionicstructure of the Stem layer depend on the number and distribution of -COOH groups in polymer macromolecules. These groups areresponsible forthepolymer chain conformation at the surface and have an influence on theamount of polyelectrolyte adsorbed. The thicknesses of theadsorption layers and thefree energy of adsorption of the polymers examined were calculated.
Influence of the Donor Properties of Silica-immobilized Amines on the Thermodynamic Characteristics of Interfacial Protolytic Reactions
Authors: Oleynik Viktoria D. , Budarin Vitaly L. , Zaitsev Vladimir N.
Published: January 2017

The thermodynamic characteristics of the reaction between amino groups covalently bonded to a silica surface and aqueous solutions of a strong acid were calculated. Data concerning the influence of the surface on the properties of the bonded amino groups and also about the interaction between neighbouring amines were obtained. The characteristics of the protonation process were explained in terms of a bonded layer structure.