bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Wind Turbine Curtailment on Bird and Bat Fatalities
Authors: Smallwood K. Shawn , Bell Douglas A.
Published: February 2020

Bird and bat fatalities increase with wind energy expansion and the only effective fatality‐reduction measure has been operational curtailment, which has been documented for bats but not for birds. We performed opportune before‐after, control‐impact (BACI) experiments of curtailment effects on bird and bat fatalities and nocturnal passage rates during fall migration at 2 wind projects, where 1 continued operating and the other shut down from peak migration to the study's end (study 1). We also performed BACI experiments during a 3‐year study of curtailment and operational effects on bird fatalities among wind turbines of varying operational status (study 2). In study 1, wind turbine curtailment significantly reduced near‐misses and rotor‐disrupted flights of bats, and it significantly reduced fatalities of bats but not of birds. In study 2, converting wind turbines from inoperable to operable status did not significantly increase bird fatalities, and bird species of hole or sheltered‐ledge nesters or roosters on human‐made structures died in substantial numbers at vacant towers. Of bird species represented by fatalities in study 2, 79% were found at inoperable wind turbines. Because the migration season is relatively brief, seasonal curtailment would greatly reduce bat fatalities for a slight loss in annual energy generation, but it might not benefit many bird species. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Head and Neck Dystonia Following Chimeric‐Antigen Receptor T‐Cell Immunotherapy: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Daniel D. , Lin Yufan , Galati Lisa T. , Shapshay Stanley M.
Published: February 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy (CAR‐T) is a novel immunotherapy used for the treatment of refractory B‐cell leukemias and lymphoma. As clinical trials continue to expand, multiple treatment toxicities have been documented. Treatment‐associated toxicities are typically systemic, however, focal manifestations have been described. We present a unique case of a 55‐year‐old female who developed oropharyngeal and laryngeal dystonia following CAR‐T therapy. This case points to a possible association between CAR‐T therapy and focal head and neck dystonia. Laryngoscope, 2020
Bile Biochemistry Following Liver Reperfusion in the Recipient and Its Association With Cholangiopathy
Authors: Gaurav Rohit , Atulugama Niroshan , Swift Lisa , Butler Andrew J. , Upponi Sara , Brais Rebecca , Allison Michael , Watson Christopher J. E.
Published: February 2020

Cholangiocytes secrete bicarbonate and absorb glucose, producing bile with alkaline pH and low glucose content. These functions of cholangiocytes have been suggested as a marker of bile duct viability during normothermic ex situ liver perfusion, and they are now monitored routinely after reperfusion in our center. In this study, we reviewed the composition of bile immediately after reperfusion in liver transplant recipients to determine normal posttransplant parameters and the predictive value of bile biochemistry for the later development of cholangiopathy. After reperfusion of the liver graft, a cannula was placed in the bile duct to collect bile over a median 44‐minute time period. The bile produced was analyzed using a point‐of‐care blood gas analyzer (Cobas b221, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). A total of 100 liver transplants (35 from donation after circulatory death and 65 from donation after brain death) were studied. Median bile pH was 7.82 (interquartile range [IQR], 7.67‐7.98); median bile glucose was 2.1 (1.4‐3.7) mmol/L; median blood‐bile‐blood pH difference was 0.50 (0.37‐0.62); and median blood‐bile glucose difference was 7.1 (5.6‐9.1) mmol/L. There were 12 recipients who developed cholangiopathy over a median follow‐up of 15 months (IQR, 11‐20 months). Bile sodium (142 versus 147 mmol/L; P = 0.02) and blood‐bile glucose concentration differences (5.2 versus 7.6 mmol/L; P = 0.001) were significantly lower and were associated with ischemic cholangiopathy. In conclusion, bile biochemistry may provide useful insights into cholangiocyte function and, hence, bile duct viability. Our results suggest bile glucose is the most sensitive predictor of cholangiopathy.
Well‐posedness and stability for a mixed order system arising in thin film equations with surfactant
Authors: Bruell Gabriele
Published: February 2020

The objective of the present work is to provide a well‐posedness result for a capillary driven thin film equation with insoluble surfactant. The resulting parabolic system of evolution equations is not only strongly coupled and degenerated, but also of mixed orders. To the best of our knowledge the only well‐posedness result for a capillary driven thin film with surfactant is provided in [4] by the same author, where a severe smallness condition on the surfactant concentration is assumed to prove the result. Thus, in spite of an intensive analytical study of thin film equations with surfactant during the last decade, a proper well‐posedness result is still missing in the literature. It is the aim of the present paper to fill this gap. Furthermore, we apply a recently established result on asymptotic stability in interpolation spaces [15] to prove that the flat equilibrium of our system is asymptotically stable.
Dynamics of a delayed predator‐prey model with Allee effect and Holling type II functional response
Authors: Anacleto María , Vidal Claudio
Published: February 2020

In this paper, a delayed with Holling type II functional response (Beddington‐DeAngelis) and Allee effect predator‐prey model is considered. The growth of the prey is affected by the parameter
, which defines the Allee effect. In addition, the delay
also influences the logistic growth of the prey, which can be interpreted as the maturity time or the gestation period. In the study of the characteristic equation, we observe that the delay
also depends on the parameter
, which affects the dynamics in the prey population. Considering the delay as a bifurcation parameter, the local asymptotic stability of the positive equilibrium is investigated. On the other hand, we find that the system can also suffer a Hopf bifurcation in the positive equilibrium when the delay passes through a sequence of critical values. In particular, we study the direction of the Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions, an explicit algorithm is provided applying the normal form theory and center manifold reduction for the functional differential equations. Finally, numerical simulations that support the theoretical analysis are included.
Maternal Choline Intake Programs Hypothalamic Energy Regulation and Later‐Life Phenotype of Male Wistar Rat Offspring
Authors: Hammoud Rola , Pannia Emanuela , Kubant Ruslan , Liao Chih‐Sheng , Ho Mandy , Yang Neil V. , Chatterjee Diptendu , Caudill Marie A. , Malysheva Olga V. , Pausova Zdenka , Anderson G. Harvey
Published: February 2020

Scope: High‐folic‐acid diets during pregnancy result in obesity in the offspring, associated with altered DNA‐methylation of hypothalamic food intake neurons. Like folic acid, the methyl‐donor choline modulates foetal brain development, but its long‐term programing effects on energy regulation remain undefined. This study aims to describe the effect of choline intake during pregnancy on offspring phenotype and hypothalamic energy‐regulatory mechanisms.

Methods and results: Wistar rat dams are fed an AIN‐93G diet with recommended choline (RC, 1 g kg−1 diet), low choline (LC, 0.5‐fold), or high choline (HC, 2.5‐fold) during pregnancy. Male pups are terminated at birth and 17 weeks post‐weaning. Brain 1‐carbon metabolites, body weight, food intake, energy expenditure, plasma hormones, and protein expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides are measured. HC pups have higher expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide‐Y neurons at birth, consistent with higher cumulative food intake and body weight gain post‐weaning compared to RC and LC offspring. LC pups have lower leptin receptor expression at birth and lower energy expenditure and activity during adulthood.

Conclusion: Choline content of diets that are consumed by rats during pregnancy affects the later‐life phenotype of offspring, associated with altered in utero programing of hypothalamic food intake regulation.
Dual band bandpass filter based on substrate integrated waveguide loaded with mushroom resonators
Authors: Chaudhury Soumit S. , Awasthi Seema , Singh Rajat K.
Published: February 2020

This article presents a dual band bandpass filter by loading two cascaded mushroom resonators inside the cavity of a rectangular substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The passbands are generated by exciting TE101 and TE201 modes of dual mushroom structures loaded inside SIW cavity. The fundamental mode, that is, TE101 of the entire filter structure is utilized to create the first passband and the next higher order mode, that is, TE201 of the filter structure is employed for the generation of second passband. Due to the incorporation of mushroom resonators into SIW, which are composite right/left handed transmission lines, the anticipated frequency response represents highly selective passbands with three transmission zeros (TZs) and an improved out‐of‐band response beyond the second passband. The effects of some structural parameters of the filter on the control over coupling parameters (k101 and k201) and quality factor (Q) are studied. This modified SIW based dual bandpass filter is fabricated and measured to verify two passbands centered at 2.25 and 4.1 GHz with 12.9% and 10.8% fractional bandwidth (FBW) and minimum insertion loss of 0.86 dB and 1.6 dB, respectively. Mobile satellite communications, weather radar systems and Wi‐Fi technology are the actual fields where such bandpass filters can be thoroughly applied.
Polycaprolactone solution–based ink for designing microfluidic channels on paper via 3D printing platform for biosensing application
Authors: Sreenivasan Priyadarsini , Wilson Jijo , Nair Prabha Damodaran , Thomas Lynda Velutheril
Published: February 2020

This work reports a novel fabrication technique for development of channels on paper‐based microfluidic devices using the syringe module of a 3D printing syringe–based system. In this study, printing using polycaprolactone (PCL)‐based ink (Mw 70 000‐90 000) was employed for the generation of functional hydrophobic barriers on Whatman qualitative filter paper grade 1 (approximate thickness of 180 μm and pore diameter of 11 μm), which would effectively channelize fluid flow to multiple assay zones dedicated for different analyte detection on a microfluidic paper‐based analytical device (μPAD). The standardization studies reveal that a functional hydrophilic channel for sample conduction fabricated using the reported technique can be as narrow as 460.7 ± 20 μm and a functional hydrophobic barrier can be of any width with a lower limit of about 982.2 ± 142.75 μm when a minimum number of two layers of the ink is extruded onto paper. A comparison with the hydrodynamic model established for writing with ink is used to explain the width of the line printed by this system. A fluid flow analysis through a single channel system was also carried out to establish its conformity with the Washburn model, which governs the fluid flow in two‐dimensional μPAD. The presented fabrication technique proves to be a robust strategy that effectively taps the advantages of this 3D printing technique in the production of μPADs with enhanced speed and reproducibility.
Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of polyimide composites with mixed fillers of BN flakes and SiC@SiO2 whiskers
Authors: Yang Yang , Gao Jiming , Lei Ting , Yang Jun , Wang Jin , Liu Jie
Published: February 2020

Polyimide (PI) composites with mixed fillers of BN flakes and SiC whiskers exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. In order to improve dispersion and interaction of these mixed fillers within the PI matrix, BN flakes were modified by a titanate coupling agent while SiC whiskers were oxidized at 750°C for 60 minutes to produce SiC@SiO2 followed by silane coupling agent modification. PI composites reached a maximum thermal conductivity of 0.95 W/m K at volume fraction of mixed fillers of 27.6 vol% when the weight ratio of BN flakes to SiC@SiO2 whiskers was 1:4. The enhanced thermal conductivity is likely attributed to the formation of heat conductive networks constructed by BN flakes and SiC@SiO2 whiskers and the improved interfacial affinity between fillers and matrix. The optimized Nielsen‐mold confirms the distribution and morphology of fillers affect the thermal conductivity of PI composites. In addition, SiC whiskers enhanced the mechanical property of PI composites and the influence of fillers on the mechanical property was further elaborated.
Quality of Evidence Supporting Major Psychotropic Drug‐Drug Interaction Warnings: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Nguyen Trinh , Liu Xinyue , Abuhashem Wafa , Bussing Regina , Winterstein Almut G.
Published: February 2020

Among pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug‐drug interactions (DDIs), psychotropic drug‐drug interactions (pDDIs) are of particular interest because psychopharmacologic agents mark one of the fastest growing therapeutic drug classes over the past 2 decades, and prescribing multiple psychotropic drugs has become increasingly prevalent in clinical practice. However, the documentation of pDDIs across drug references has lacked consistency. Thus we set out to review the primary evidence directly supporting 58 pDDIs that were uniformly reported as “major” or “contraindicated” in three prominent drug references: Clinical Pharmacology, Micromedex, and Lexicomp. We identified 134 citations from Micromedex in December 2017 and 4251 citations from Medline in March 2018 involving any of the 58 pDDIs. The included articles directly observed a clinical adverse effect or effects on drug plasma concentrations from the concomitant use of the two listed drugs in each pDDI. These articles were classified as controlled studies (e.g., randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, or observational studies) or uncontrolled studies (case reports). A total of 124 studies with 2716 patients were included in this review. Commonly evaluated adverse effects related to the studied pDDIs included decreased effectiveness, central nervous system depression, neurotoxicity, QT‐interval prolongation, and serotonin syndrome. Among the 58 pDDIs, 18 (31%) were not supported by any primary studies. Among the remaining 35 pDDIs supported by studies on clinical adverse effects, only 14 (40%) included evidence from controlled study designs. Only 7 (12.1%) of the 58 pDDIs had evidence from studies with a combined sample size of more than 100 patients. This literature review highlights the poor quality of evidence supporting major or contraindicated psychotropic DDI warnings. Most DDIs lacked support from controlled studies that evaluated clinically significant adverse effects, leaving uncertainty about the clinical relevance of the warning. More postmarketing studies are needed to evaluate the safety of psychotropic combination therapy.
Proteomic Investigation on Anopheles gambiae in Burkina Faso Related to Insecticide Pressures from Different Climatic Regions
Authors: Zouré Abdou Azaque , Serteyn Laurent , Somda Zéphirin , Badolo Athanase , Francis Frédéric
Published: February 2020

In Sub‐Saharan Africa, An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) Giles 190, largely contributes to malaria transmission. Therefore, the authors carry out a proteomic analysis to compare its metabolic state, depending on different pesticide pressures by selecting areas with/without cotton crops. The proteomes data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD016300. From a total of 1.182 identified proteins, 648 are retained for further statistical analysis and are attributed to biological functions, the most important of which being energy metabolism (120 proteins) followed by translation‐biogenesis (74), cytoskeleton (71), stress response (62), biosynthetic process (60), signalling (44), cellular respiration (38), cell redox homeostasis (25), DNA processing (17), pheromone binding (10), protein folding (9), RNA processing (9), other proteins (26) and unknown functions (83). In the Sudano‐Sahelian region, 421 (91.3%) proteins are found in samples from areas both with and without cotton crops. By contrast, in the Sahelian region, only 271 (55.0%) are common to both crop areas, and 233 proteins are up‐regulated from the cotton area. The focus is placed on proteins with putative roles in insecticide resistance, according to literature. This study provides the first whole‐body proteomic characterisation of An. gambiae s.l. in Burkina Faso, as a framework to strengthen vector control strategies.
Deviations of body functions and structure, activity limitations, and participation restrictions of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model in children with cystic fibrosis and non–cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
Authors: Ozipek Melike , Arikan Hulya , Calik‐Kutukcu Ebru , Kerem‐Gunel Mintaze , Saglam Melda , Inal‐Ince Deniz , Vardar‐Yagli Naciye , Livanelioglu Ayse , Bozdemir‐Ozel Cemile , Cakmak Aslihan , Sonbahar‐Ulu Hazal , Emiralioglu Nagehan , Ozcelik Ugur
Published: February 2020

Background

To the best of our knowledge, there is no study in the literature investigating the extrapulmonary outcomes of children with non–cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis and CF under the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the children with CF and non‐CF bronchiectasis using the ICF model.

Materials and Methods

Children with CF, non‐CF bronchiectasis, and healthy counterparts were evaluated (20 participants in each group) according to the ICF items in domain b (body functions), domain s (body structures), and domain d (activities and participation). The pulmonary functions, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength tests, and posture analysis were carried out for domain b. For domain d, however, the Glittre‐activities of daily living test and Pediatric Outcome Data Collection were used.

Results

Muscle strength of shoulder abductors and hip extensors in children with CF was significantly lower than healthy children and adolescents (P < .05). The severity of lateral and posterior postural abnormalities in children with CF and non‐CF bronchiectasis was higher than those of healthy children (P < .05). Among the patient groups, global function, sports/physical function, expectations, transfers/basic mobility, and pain/comfort were the most affected participation dimensions (P < .05).

Conclusions

This study highlights the need for comprehensive up‐to‐date evaluation methods according to the ICF model for understanding rehabilitation requirements in CF and non‐CF bronchiectasis in different age groups.
Improving Performance of Inverted Blue Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Adopting Organic/Inorganic Double Electron Transport Layers
Authors: Park Myeongjin , Song Jiyun , Jung Heeyoung , An Myungchan , Lim Jaehoon , Lee Changhee , Roh Jeongkyun , Lee Donggu
Published: February 2020

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have many advantages in optoelectronic applications such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, and photocatalysts because of their superb optical and electrical properties that can be tuned by changing the shapes and sizes of the QDs. The efficiency of QD‐LEDs is significantly improved as inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are adopted for electron transport layers (ETLs) because of the high electron mobility of the NPs. However, there are two significant drawbacks of the ETLs with metal oxide NPs that hinder device performance and stability: low compactness of the metal oxide NP films that generate a massive leakage current pathway and charge imbalance caused by spontaneous electron injection from metal oxide ETLs into the QDs. To address these drawbacks, an organic/inorganic double ETL is introduced consisting of 1,3,5‐tris(2‐N‐phenylbenzimidazolyl)benzene (TPBi) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs. By depositing TPBi on the ZnO NP ETL, the pinholes and cracks present in the ZnO NP layer are filled successfully, preventing the leakage current pathway. Furthermore, TPBi also works as a “charge balancer” by suppressing spontaneous electron injection from the ETL into the QDs. As a result, twice the external quantum efficiency and three times the lifetime are obtained with the blue QD‐LEDs.
Preparation and Characterization of Corn Starch‐Based Composite Films Containing Corncob Cellulose and Cassia Oil
Authors: Chen Hongyan , Yuan Yongli , Li Qingqing
Published: February 2020

Starch–corncob cellulose‐cassia oil (SCC) composite films are fabricated by a solution casting technique, using corn starch as substrate, corncob cellulose fibers as the reinforcing material, and cassia oil added as the bacteriostatic agent. The morphology, transmittance, thermal properties, permeability, and mechanical properties of the SCC composite films are studied. The SCC composite film with 2% w/w corncob cellulose and 0.2% v/w cassia oil show good properties. The surface of the SCC composite film is smooth, and the components are evenly mixed as shown by scanning electron microscopy images. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis also show that both cassia oil and corncob cellulose molecules successfully enter the starch matrix, and a stable starch–corncob cellulose cassia oil composite film is formed. Thermogravimetric analysis of the SCC composite film shows that the film has good thermal stability and good heat resistance. In the SCC composite film with 2% w/w corncob cellulose, tensile strength decreases the content of cassia oil increases, but elongation at break shows the trend of increasing initially and then decreasing. The SCC composite films have good mechanical properties and can keep fruit fresh, indicating that the composite film can be used as a good food packing material.
Rethinking the classroom science investigation
Authors: Manz Eve , Lehrer Richard , Schauble Leona
Published: February 2020

There is now a significant research literature devoted to reconceptualizing scientific activities, such as modeling, explanation, and argumentation, to realize a vision of science‐as‐practice in classrooms. As yet, however, not all scientific practices have received equal attention.Planning and Carrying out Investigationsis one of the eight scientific practices identified in the Next Generation Science Standards, and there is a long line of research from both psychological and science education traditions that addresses topics about investigation, such as the generation and interpretation of evidence. However, investigation has not been subject to concerted reconceptualization within recent research and instructional design efforts focused on science‐as‐practice. In this article, we propose a framework that centers the investigation as a key locus for constructing alignments among phenomena, data, and explanatory models and makes visible the work that scientists engage in as they develop and stabilize alignments. We argue that these alignments are currently under‐theorized and under‐utilized in instructional environments. We explore four opportunities that we argue are both accessible to students from a young age and can support conceptual innovation. These are (a) developing empirical systems, (b) getting a grip on empirical systems, (c) determining, defining and operationalizing data as “evidence,” and (d) making sense of what the results of empirical systems do and do not help us understand.
Making Meaning Using a Metalanguage: Grammar and International Curricula
Authors: Callow Jon , Buch Bettina
Published: February 2020

The International Literacy Association is a global advocacy organization, and literacy is viewed as a human right worldwide. This department highlights research and research‐to‐practice at the international level to bring global best teaching practices to the forefront. Topics may include best practices for literacy instruction in Europe or other continents/countries, partnership and collaborative projects between international schools/teachers, and advocacy.
Using trajectory attractor to construct trajectory statistical solution for the 3D incompressible micropolar flows
Authors: Zhao Caidi , Li Yanjiao , Sang Yanmiao
Published: February 2020

In this article, we first prove the existence of trajectory attractor for the three‐dimensional incompressible micropolar fluids. This trajectory attractor is the minimal compact trajectory attracting set for the natural translation semigroup on the trajectory space. Then we construct the trajectory statistical solution for this micropolar fluids via the natural translation semigroup and trajectory attractor. In our construction the trajectory statistical solution is a space‐time probability measure, which is carried by the trajectory attractor and is invariant under the acting of the translation semigroup.
Context, Composition and How Their Influences Vary
Authors: Leyland Alastair H. , Groenewegen Peter P.
Published: February 2020

Individual-level outcomes are influenced by people’s individual characteristics and by characteristics of the higher level units or contexts. In the previous chapter, we discussed the apportioning of variation between lower and higher levels. Here we move to explaining this variation. Higher level variation might be explained by variables at that level, known as contextual effects. However, they may also be the effect of the concentration of people with particular characteristics in higher level units. So the variation at higher level might be reduced just by adding individual-level variables. We illustrate how to disentangle the context and composition with an example of the influence of individual social capital and neighbourhood social capital on people’s self-rated health.

The chapter ends with a general discussion of issues to take into account when estimating the contextual effects.
Modelling Strategies
Authors: Leyland Alastair H. , Groenewegen Peter P.
Published: February 2020

When devising a modelling strategy, researchers determine the steps they will take to answer their research question or test their hypothesis. Two general principles are important. Firstly, most of the steps that you would take in a single-level regression analysis are also relevant for MLA. Secondly, start with simpler models, for example in terms of the number of levels, and add further complexity as required. The statistical model used depends on the measurement level of the dependent variable. In a baseline model, the variances are estimated at each level. After that we can start to analyse the fixed effects in a more exploratory manner or a specific hypothesis can be tested. Disentangling context and composition and providing an indication of their relative importance are often the aims of the modelling strategy. As the number of higher level units is often small, it may not be possible simultaneously to analyse several contextual variables. We end this chapter by discussing the interpretation of results in the light of a number of common assumptions.
Introduction to Children’s Exploration and Cultural Formation
Authors: Eriksen Ødegaard Elin , Hedegaard Mariane
Published: February 2020

The notions and ideas of the United Nations (UN) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which are outlined in Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015), can be seen as an introduction to how exploration can be brought more directly into early childhood education, thus leading to children’s cultural formation both locally and globally. In this document, the UN and UNESCO ask for a loci-based, ecological, integral education. This educational process combines historical knowledge recognizing cycles and planetary boundaries with children’s equity and well-being in efforts to build better education programs for the future also along with critique that challenge the UN and research for not going far enough (Boldermo & Ødegaard, 2019; Holden, Linnerud, Banister, Schwanitz, & Wierling, 2018). With this book, we hope to take a step in this direction by bringing exploration and cultural formation into the debate while outlining our visons for future early childhood education (EEC). In line with Arjen Wals (2017), we find that children’s exploration and cultural formation are important for their creation of meaningful and compassionate lives, where both the nonhuman and human worlds on the Earth is the key questions of our time.
Musical Exploration in Everyday Practices – Identifying Transition Points in Musicking
Authors: Schei Tiri Bergesen , Eriksen Ødegaard Elin
Published: February 2020

This chapter conceptualises exploration through examples of children and teachers taking part in kindergarten music activities. Whether they are musical explorers or only music explorers is an interesting point of departure when the ambition is to elaborate new understandings of children’s exploration with music. While music exploration is the process of examining and being curious about sounds, rhythms and instruments, musical exploration refers to musicality and the embodiment of and sensitivity to music as a possibility for expression. During the exploration process, there are moments when embodiment happens, when the explorer becomes so devoted to that which is explored that the exploration is left behind and the doing is at the core. Such musical moments might be considered transition points characterized by immersive engagement in the activity.

Accordingly, we add to current knowledge about the notion of exploration in early childhood pedagogical settings by presenting three narrative descriptions in the more specific context of explorative activities, to raise awareness about children and teachers’ exploration in institutional contexts, and add to understandings of conditions for such pedagogical practices. This implies implications for pedagogical knowledge of how institutional practices can open up or delimit children’s music and musical exploration.
Dialogical Engagement and the Co-Creation of Cultures of Exploration
Authors: Eriksen Ødegaard Elin
Published: February 2020

The aim of this chapter is to argue for, discuss and outline conditions for a pedagogy that promote exploration and how they contribute to children’s cultural formation as it can be understood in the complex context of early childhood education. The conditions and characteristics of explorative practices, found in earlier literature and experiences, interact in dynamic ways and are therefore difficult to grasp. Central to the chapter is the attempt to visualise how characteristics of explorative practices interact with some central conditions in local settings. I formulated a pedagogical model of exploration as dialogical engagement. Moreover, I will present a setup of binary pairs of educational cultures, principles and practices to answer a curiosity about what the characteristics in cultures of exploration will be. By such a setup, the importance of pedagogical dialogical engagement is highlighted. The chapter is anchored in a cultural historical approach, drawing on concepts like heteroglossia, speech genres and Mikhail Bakhtin’s loophole, among others (Bakhtin MM, The problem of the speech genre. In McGee VW (trans.), Speech genres and other late essays. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 60–102, 1986); The chapter argues that dialogism is central to cultures of exploration. Also, Seth Chaiklin and Mariane Hedegaard’s arguments and ideas for a radical local pedagogical approach (Chaiklin Z, Hedegaard M, Radical-local teaching and learning. Århus University Press, London, 2005) are a thinking tool, along with Roland Robertson’s (Featherstone M, Lash S, Robertson R, Global modernities. Sage, London, 1995) concept of ‘glocalisation’ (Khondker HH, Bangladesh J Sociol, 1(2): 1–9. Retrieved from http://muktomona.net/Articles/habibul_haque/Globalization.pdf, 2004). Alternative viewpoints and awareness of the local and the global in framing and recognising children’s experiences are set out in order to argue for a respectful exchange when considering the content and values of the ‘what’ in exploration. Cultures of exploration in early childhood education introduce a promise of a pedagogy where the teacher co-creates kindergarten content when operating in practice, in planning and meeting children and families in their local community and in considering activities, relations, place and space.
Historical Roots of Exploration – Through a Fröbelian Third Space
Authors: Eikset Andrea Synnøve Blomsø , Eriksen Ødegaard Elin
Published: February 2020

References to Fröbel are often seen in early childhood educational research, especially in introductions to topics such as play, learning and pedagogical ideals, and in the origin of early childhood pedagogy, there is however, to our knowledge, not earlier given much attention to the pedagogics of ‘exploration’ in Fröbel’s texts. This chapter will add to body of knowledge that find new interpretations and inspirations in historical roots of pedagogy. The main question we explore in this chapter is: How does the practice of ‘exploration’ appear in Friedrich Fröbel’s texts from the perspective of a Fröbelian ‘third space’? We have selected two texts for this purpose: The Education of Man (Fröbel, Die Menschenerziehung, die Erziehungs-, Unterrichts- und Lehrkunst, angestrebt in der allgemeinen deutschen Erziehungsanstalt zu Keilhau. (Original manuscript). Bayerische Statsbibliotek, Leipzig, 1826, The education of man, trans Jarvis J. A. Lovell & Company, New York, 1885, The education of man, trans Hailmann WN. University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu (Original work published 1885), 2005) and Pedagogics of the Kindergarten (Fröbel, Fredrich Fröbel’s pedagogics of the kindergarten, or, his ideas concerning the play and playthings of the child, trans Jarvis J, vol 30. D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1909). This chapter see texts as a mediated artefact that creates conditions for thinking, understanding and practice, and thereby one of many conditions for what kinds of activities kindergarten teachers and children are allowed and encouraged to do.

We will give special attention to how activities are articulated and proposed as explorative practice in classical texts by Fröbel, and we will also draw on the narrative of a Norwegian kindergarten teacher who grew up attending a Fröbelian kindergarten as a child and in order to illustrate exploration as a pedagogy of a third space. We will trace and discuss how Fröbel’s ideas and ideals meet past and current educational challenges for the kindergarten teacher and we will argue for exploration in early years’ pedagogy for the future.
Introduction: Key Issues and Policies for Extending Working Life
Authors: Ogg Jim , Rašticová Martina
Published: February 2020

Extended working lifepolicies have been widely promoted in Europe and in wider international settings. However, to date, these policies have not, for the most part, taken sufficient account of the gender and health dimensions of working longer. This chapter outlines the empirical and policy landscapes that are present in Europe and several other countries. It examines the different meanings of ‘extended working life’ and the indicators used to justify raising the age of eligibility for a pension. Gender and health inequalities related to extended working life, such as gender pay and pension gaps and differential life expectancy rates are presented. The influence of the labour market on the employabilityofolder workers is examined in the context of economic downturns and digitalisation. The chapter concludes that policy initiatives which meet the diverse needs of older workers and which address gender and health inequalities related to extended working should be a priority for governments and employers in the years ahead.
Bosnia and Herzogovina
Authors: Pranjić Nurka , Račić Maja
Published: February 2020

Similar to other European countries experiencing growth in their 65+ populations, Bosnia and Herzegovina have also been affected by an intensive population ageing process. This national phenomenon affects the pension system, the health system and the labour market. A brief description of extending working life in the socio-economic context in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including gendered statistics on employment forolder workers and pension coverage, is presented in this chapter. There is a discussion on extended working lifepolicies, pension reforms, pensions systems and policy, and relevant employment and healthpolicies for older workers. Flexible employment policies and training forolder workers have not yet been introduced in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Future policy recommendations are also discussed.
Finland
Authors: Salonen Laura , Kähäri Antti , Pietilä Ilkka
Published: February 2020

Finland’s population is ageing due to declining fertility and increasing life expectancy rates. This creates pressure to maintain high employment rates. Lately, Finland has focused on extending working careers by raising statutory pension age and facilitating part-time employment for pensioners. Finland faces high unemploymentrates, low re-employment among over 55-year olds and high gender inequality in pension levels. Gender and educational inequality in pensions reflect the employment gaps and sectoral segregation that have accumulated along lifecourses. Finland aims to extend working life by promoting wellbeing at work, increasing labour market flexibility and supporting workers’ competitiveness through various strategies. The latest reforms on unemployment activation and possible future reforms on the regional government, health and social services and basic income will likely affect pension intentions. To ensure equal levels of pensions, future reforms should focus on whole lifecourses and account for breaks in working life, such as parental leave and unemployment periods.
The ‘Older Worker’ and the ‘Ideal Worker’: A Critical Examination of Concepts and Categorisations in the Rhetoric of Extending Working Lives
Authors: Krekula Clary , Vickerstaff Sarah
Published: February 2020

Policies supporting longer working lives have to a great extent described older people as the problem. In this chapter we challenge this description by looking critically at some of the assumptions underlying the extending working life agenda. The chapter begins with a discussion about the homogeneous representations of increased life expectancy, where we show that the neglect of growing differences in longevity takes privileged aging as the starting point. Next we discuss the use of the concept of genderequality to illustrate how male life courses are taken as the norm. The chapter then considers how increased individualization and the conditions that work organizations provide frames older people as all the same leading to widening inequalities amongst those in retirement. All taken together, extended working life leads to be an individualization of the risks of working life. Based on an analysis of the debates at the country level we further argue that the extended working life agenda is a top-down process and a globally spread implementation of an economically based political project.
Israel
Authors: Benjamin Orly , Nisim Sarit , Segel-Karpas Dikla
Published: February 2020

Israel’s response to population ageing has included policies increasing pension age, flexible working, and privatisation of pensions. These policies have increased povertyrisks for those experiencing exclusion and isolation and limited access to housing, education, quality jobs, and healthcareservices. In this context, polarised gender/class positions leave women at higher risk of poverty in old age, particularly for women not living with a partner or when a pension related to a partner’s work life is not available. Only a minority of Israeli women currently extend their working lives, despite very low state allowances for older people. Policymakers have paid little attention to differences between men and women or among women in different circumstances. This has contributed to an assumption that raising pension age is an appropriate one-size-fits-all solution when it clearly is not.
Netherlands
Authors: Fleischmann Maria , van den Broek Thijs
Published: February 2020

The Netherlands traditionally had ample early retirement possibilities. Several reforms introduced from the late 1990s onward contributed to the successful reversal of this early exit trend. As a result, in 2018, employees on average retired at age 65.0, representing a three-year increase in the last ten years. This chapter describes the Dutch pension system and recent employment, healthand care policies and reforms that have likely shaped the changes in the effective retirement age. We conclude with a short discussion of the current debate about future changes to the statutory retirementage and consider other potential avenues through which policies could yield further increases in the effective retirement age of Dutch workers.
New Zealand
Authors: Davey Judith A. , Phillips Hannah , Alpass Fiona
Published: February 2020

New Zealand has high rates of workforce participation for people in the 55+ age groups. These rates have grown rapidly, and growth is expected to continue, especially for women workers. Existing policy settings support extended workforce participation. There is a universal flat rate pension at age 65, which can be received while continuing in paid work; flexiblework arrangements; and legislation againstage discrimination and compulsory retirement. However, assistance for working carers, education and training forolder workers and direct support for employers are all very limited. There are many calls for a comprehensive approach to the challenges and opportunities of workforce ageing in New Zealand, many from government agencies, but comparatively little provides a gender perspective. Much depends on the extent to which individual employers recognise the implications of workforce ageing and respond with appropriate policies and practices.
Poland
Authors: Siemieńska Renata
Published: February 2020

It is estimated that Poland’spopulation is ageing rapidly. It is expected that the proportion of working-age people will decline substantially in the coming decades, while the share of people aged 65+ and of those in advanced old age (80+) will increase significantly. Increasingly, older Poles live in single-person households, a situation associated with loneliness, intensifying the risk of social exclusion, particularly for older people with disabilities and for women. Unlike the situation in many countries where governments have raised the retirement age, the retirement age has been decreased in 2017 in Poland, reversing previous plans to increase retirement age. There remains a gender difference in retirement age where men retire at 65 and women at age 60. This is likely to increase old-age poverty, particularly among women. Institutional long-term care for older people falls significantly short of needs. This chapter shows the complexity of the Polish context and demonstrates the serious problems facing older people, who are vulnerable under current policies.
Romania
Authors: Şoitu Daniela , Tiberiu Şoitu Conţiu
Published: February 2020

This chapter discusses social, economic, and demographic realities in Romania and the public policy challenges they present. In common with many other European countries, Romania is experiencing socio-demographic changes including an increase in the number and proportion of older people in the population, increasing life expectancy, decreasing birth and fertility rates and increasing labour migration. All these phenomena have an impact on the labour market which is already under stress due to macroeconomic factors. Education, health and administration are the largest sectors of public employment. The transition to retirement in the public sector is not accompanied by support programmes such as training, shorter or more flexible working hours or intergenerational transfer of skills, all of which could stimulate older adults who wish to remain in paid work. An extension of working life after retirement is possible and salaries can be combined with pensions. Romania faces an increasing deficit in the pension system.
Slovakia
Authors: Pilková Anna , Mikuš Juraj
Published: February 2020

Although ageing is a universal process that concerns most countries, so far there are great differences particularly in relation to post-socialist countries. In Slovakia, population ageingappears to be irreversible in the coming decades at least up to 2050. Therefore, society must prepare to function under changed conditions and adapt to the increasing number and proportion of older people. The ageing of the population brings serious economic, social and political consequences. In addition, the effects of ageing cannot be eliminated or mitigated by isolated measures in a short period of time. They require comprehensive solutions made over time. For this reason, social, employment, health and education reforms are essential. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of such measures in Slovakia. The chapter starts with an introduction which gives a brief socio-demographic context and the rest of the chapter provide a concise overview of pensions, of the employment of older people, of precariouswork and of healthpolicies as well as the underlying particular characteristics and challenges in Slovakia.
Spain
Authors: Spijker Jeroen , González Juan Manuel García , Puga Dolores
Published: February 2020

This chapter describes recent developments and debates onolder workers’ participation in the labour force, retirement decisions and the pension system in Spain, from a socialclass, health and gender perspective. Spain is one of the most aged countries in the world. However, the Spanish population has one of the lowest levels of employment among people aged 50+ in Europe. Women retire later than men, mainly because they cannot afford to retire earlier. Women have a lower probability of achieving the requisite minimum contributions that give them the right to receive a pension. For women transition to post-employment life depends on perceiving retirement as forced upon them for family reasons or the need to care for other family members in poor health. Health is an important variable in determining the rate of activity among people under 60 years old, however this becomes less important as the incentives of the pension system become more evident. Women are more likely to have temporary work contracts, greater job insecurity and more exposure to emotional pressure. If women also care for relatives, extending working life may further worsen their mental and physicalhealth status.
Switzerland
Authors: Le Feuvre Nicky , Avramito Maurice , Hugentobler Valérie
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores the situation ofolder workers in Switzerland and reflects on the gender implicationsof extending working lifepolicies and practices. Firstly, we describe the current employment patternsofolder workers in the Swiss context, paying particular attention to gender differences over the life-course. In a second section, we present the three-pillarSwiss pension system, before going on to analyse the nature and the origins of the gender pensiongap. In a final section, we summarize the most important extended working life policy initiatives that have taken place in recent years and discuss the mismatch between these reforms and the conservative gender regime that has influenced the life-course of current generations ofolder workers.