bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MONEY, RELIGION, AND POLITICS: THE OUDH BEQUEST IN NAJAF AND
KARBALA[ham], 1850–1903
Authors: Litvak Meir
Published: September 2019

“Money was the life blood of Najaf.” Thus observed the Shi[ayn]i author,
[ayn]Ali Khaqani.1The story of the Oudh Bequest, which channeled more than 6
million rupees from the Shi[ayn]i kingdom of Awadh2in India to the two Shi[ayn]i
shrine cities of Najaf and Karbala[ham] in Iraq during the second half of the 19th century is a fine
example of Khaqani's assessment. These [ayn]Ataba¯t-i
[ayn]a¯liya¯t (“sublime thresholds”) were the most important
centers of learning in Shi[ayn]ism during the 19th century. For this reason, a study of the bequest
provides important insights into the internal workings of a leading community of ulama during a
period of change, as well as into the role of European players in the life of such communities.
THE FORCED CONVERSION OF JEWISH ORPHANS IN YEMEN
Authors: Eraqi-Klorman Bat-Zion
Published: September 2019

Reports emanating from Yemen as early as the 1920s indicated that local Jews were subjected
to a unique statute, known in Jewish sources as the “Orphans' Decree.” This
law obligated the Yemeni (Zaydi) state to take custody of dhimmi children who had
been orphaned, usually of both parents, and to raise them as Muslims. The statute, anchored in
18th-century Zaydi legal interpretations and put into practice at the end of that century, has no
parallel in other countries.1 S. D. Goitein suggests that the legal basis for this
religious interpretation rested on the hadith: “Every person is born to the natural religion
[Islam], and only his parents make a Jew or a Christian out of him”
(Muhammad al-Bukhari 82, 3).2
BABER JOHANSEN, Contingency in a Sacred Law: Legal and
Ethical Norms in the Muslim Fiqh, Studies in Islamic Law and Society (Leiden, Boston,
Cologne: E. J. Brill, 1999). Pp. 535.
Authors: IMBER COLIN
Published: September 2019

Baber Johansen is perhaps the most original scholar currently working in the field of classical
Islamic—predominantly Hanafi—law. It is useful therefore to have fifteen of his
articles, not all of which were easily accessible, collected in a single volume, together with a new
Introduction. The themes that emerge in the Introduction serve to highlight some of the leitmotifs
that occur in the articles that follow. In it, he sketches the development of fiqh as a
discrete branch of Islamic learning and outlines some of the characteristic Western approaches to
its study. The theme of fiqh as a development independent of theology and formal
ethical literature is one that occurs in several of the articles that follow. In “Die
sündige gesunde Amme,” Johansen discusses in detail how the systematic
reasoning of the jurists and the principle of judging according to only external appearances often
led to a sharp distinction between religious ethics and legal rulings. This distinction is also the
subject of “Le jugement comme preuve: preuve juridique et verité religieuse
dans le droit islamique hanéfite.” Here, he shows how in Hanafi law only
what is externally apparent is acceptable as evidence, and how legal proof depends on a formal
procedure that recognizes a fixed hierarchy in the different forms of testimony. A consequence of
this procedural formalism was that judgments could be unjust but nevertheless valid in law. The
injustices that this distinction between legal and ethical norms could on occasion produce was
something that the fuqaha¯ acknowledged. However, although a judgment could
not be reversed, the aggrieved party could bring a new case with new evidence if a court's
decision appeared unjust.
KATE FLEET, European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: The Merchants of Genoa and Turkey, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Pp. 214. $59.95 cloth.
Authors: RISSO PATRICIA
Published: September 2019

Kate Fleet is curator of the Skilliter Centre for Ottoman Studies, Newnham College,
Cambridge. Her book is a study of trade between Genoa and Asia Minor from about 1300 to
shortly after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, a time period corresponding to
commercial strength of Genoa and the development of the Ottoman state toward empire. Citing
the scarcity of Turkish sources, other than chronological lists, Fleet depends heavily on Western
materials, particularly notary deeds in the Genoese archives and published primary sources such as
Balducci Pegolotti's La practica della mercatura. She also includes, however,
some Arabic and Ottoman Turkish sources.
ANN MOSELY LESCH, The Sudan: Contested
National Identities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press; and Oxford: James Currey,
1998). Pp. 299. $39.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: HALE SONDRA
Published: September 2019

With nearly a half-century of intermittent civil war in the background, it is becoming
impossible to write a social-science monograph about Sudan without referring to contested
national, ethnic, and religious identities. Few such works are gendered, however, and perhaps
even fewer attempt a class analysis. Sudanese scholars contend more successfully with class;
Euroamericans with gender. Despite good intentions, Sudan is usually explored through the
binary model of “north” and “south.” Ann Lesch is no exception, but
her ability to complicate matters is a welcome addition to the
“integration–segregation” or “unionist–separatist”
literature on Sudan.
URI BIALER, Oil and the Arab–Israeli Conflict,
1948–63 (London: Macmillan; and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999). Pp.
289.
Authors: TÉTREAULT MARY ANN
Published: September 2019

Pressures to lift economic sanctions against Iraq and Iran make studies of such sanctions,
along with other restraints on investment and commerce, welcome additions to the
political-economy literature. Uri Bialer's book is a diplomatic history of the effects of the
Arab League boycott on Israeli oil supplies and the countermeasures Israel took to overcome
them. The story he tells is powerful, and it has made me rethink carefully my former position on
economic sanctions. This highly sympathetic consideration of Israel's difficult situation
under sanctions reveals the extent to which desperation lowers inhibitions against actions that
might have been disdained by policy-makers facing happier choices. Perhaps the ultimate irony is
that this story shows that even when sanctions are operationally effective, they rarely achieve the
strategic goals the initiators had in mind; indeed, sanctions are more likely to work at
crosspurposes to those goals.
DAVID MITTELBERG, The Israel Connection and American Jews (London and
Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999.) Pp. 209. $55.00 cloth.
Authors: WINTER J. ALAN
Published: September 2019

The Israel connection whose impact on American Jews David Mittelberg examines is that
engendered by a visit to Israel by an American Jew, not that of any special relationship between
the nation-state of Israel and of the United States. The book's conclusions, then, are not
offered with an eye toward Israeli or American foreign policy. Instead, they are offered as a
possible contribution to those “formulating strategies and allocating resources which will
have an impact on Jewish education and community survival” (p. 2) in the United States.
Mittelberg advises those engaged in such activities that the survival of an American Jewish
identity requires not only a religious component, but also an ethnic one based in a Jewish
community. Moreover, that community “must choose to exist not mainly for the sake of
philanthropic, social welfare, and political activities, but as an end unto itself [whose]
boundaries include all of Jewish history and Jewish peoplehood” (p. 133).
ADEEB KHALID, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform. Jadidism in Central Asia, Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998). Pp. 353.
Authors: ATKIN MURIEL
Published: September 2019

This book focuses on the cultural dimensions of the Central Asian form of an Islamic
modernist movement, Jadidism, which arose among several groups of Muslims of the Russian
Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Politics was not an option for the Jadidists until
the final years of the czarist monarchy and the early revolutionary period, so the author relegates
that aspect of the movement to the later chapters. To the extent that involvement in politics in
Russia became possible, Central Asian Jadidists sought to participate, not to pursue either
isolationism or separatism. According to the author, Russian officials were the ones who
mistakenly assumed that Jadidism posed a separatist threat; subsequent generations of scholars
misperceived the movement through the lens of those fears. The author argues that culture is a
significant dimension of the movement in its own right. It mattered in Central Asia both in the
rivalry between the Jadidists and traditionalists for leadership of the region's Muslims and
as a way for educated Muslims to preserve their distinctiveness within the Russian Empire.
JOHN FISHER, Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle
East, 1916–1919 (London and Portland, Ore.: Frank Cass, 1999). Pp. 358.
Authors: CLEVELAND WILLIAM L.
Published: September 2019

It should be noted from the outset that for this reviewer, Curzon and British Imperialism proved to be a very difficult read. It falls within the category of pure diplomatic
history—the kind that unfolds dispatch by dispatch, direct quotation by direct quotation;
that contains an overwhelming number of endnotes (1,170 for 244 pages of text); and that is
packed with sentences such as: “Neither the objection raised by Chamberlain, that this
would contravene the Hague Convention, nor the possibility of upsetting the Russians, to which
Robert Graham alluded, deterred Curzon who, noting the concurrence of Hardinge and
McMahon, suggested that the views of the Government of India be sought on a change in
Cox's status” (p. 58). The inclusion of so much undigested material tends to
obscure any larger theme that John Fisher may be pursuing. And although he claims to admire Elie
Kedourie, that scholar, whatever one may think of his views, was a master at synthesis and
pointed argumentation. These qualities are mostly lacking in Fisher's work.
YASEMIN ÇELIK, Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publications, 1999). Pp. 203.
Authors: TACHAU FRANK
Published: September 2019

This book purports to be a study of Turkish foreign policy and decision-making in the
post–World War II era. The author declares that her book “explores the contention
that Turkish foreign policy has been greatly affected by the end of the cold war” (p. xi).
She also “examines the argument that the . . . removal of the Soviet threat diminished
Turkey's strategic importance for the United States and Western Europe” and led
“Turkish policymakers . . . to search for new foreign policy partners” (p. xxii).
Finally, Çelik suggests that the changed environment of the post–Cold War era
entailed a shift from reliance on military power for the maintenance of national security to an
emphasis on economic resources and relations.
MICHAEL M. GUNTER, The Kurdish Predicament in Iraq: A Political Analysis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), Pp. 191. $39.95 cloth.
Authors: ENTESSAR NADER
Published: September 2019

This work is a follow-up to Michael Gunter's earlier book, The Kurds of Iraq:
Tragedy and Hope (St. Martin's Press, 1992). In that book, which was published
shortly after the first democratic elections in Iraqi Kurdistan and the subsequent establishment of
the Kurdish regional government (KRG), Gunter was somewhat optimistic about the prospects
for realizing Kurdish national aspirations in Iraq. The book under review, however, strikes a more
pessimistic tone based on political developments in Iraqi Kurdistan in the 1990s. The main focus
of the book is on the causes of continuing conflict between the two major Iraqi Kurdish
parties—namely, the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of
Kurdistan (PUK)—since the end of the 1991 Gulf War and the establishment of the
autonomous Kurdish region in northern Iraq. The author uses a variety of sources, including
interviews with principal Kurdish players and English-language publications.
MANUELA MARIN, ED., The Formation of
al-Andalus. Part 1: History and Society, The Formation of the Classical Islamic World
(Hampshire, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing, 1998). Pp. 529.
MARIBEL FIERROAND JULIO SAMSÓ, ED., The Formation of al-Andalus. Part 2: Language, Religion, Culture and the Sciences, The Formation of the Classical Islamic World (Hampshire, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing, 1998). Pp. 524.
Authors: Safran Janina
Published: September 2019

As Lawrence I. Conrad explains in the general editor's Preface, the intention of the
series, The Formation of the Classical Islamic World, is to present a critical selection of previously
published articles on an aspect of the formative period of Islam, defined as A.D. 600–950. Each of the volumes is edited by an expert in a field of Islamic studies and is meant to serve as an introduction to the state of knowledge of a given topic and significant debates within the scholarship, conveying a variety of approaches. The two volumes under review here have a geographical rather than a thematic focus and together present forty articles on a range of topics having to do with the first three centuries of Islam on the Iberian peninsula. The two volumes on The Formation of al-Andalus are meant to be read together. “Part 1: History and Society” and “Part 2: Language, Religion, Culture and the Sciences” share overlapping themes, and their references and bibliographies are complementary.
STEFAN C. REIF, A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo: The
History of Cambridge University's Genizah Collection (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon,
2000). Pp. 297. $65.00 cloth, $29.95 paper.
Authors: Stillman Norman A.
Published: September 2019

It is, to say the least, rather startling that prior to the appearance of this new book by Stefan
Reif, who is professor of Medieval Hebrew Studies at Cambridge University in England, the
director of the Genizah Research Unit, and head of the Oriental Division at the University Library,
there simply was no detailed history of the discovery of the Cairo Genizah and its transferal
abroad. Neither had there been a convenient single survey of the broad range of its contents, nor a
comprehensive mise au point of the century of scholarship in so many disciplines that
has resulted from this unique treasure trove. Brief introductory sketches existed in the works of
Paul Kahle and S. D. Goitein, and Norman Golb surveyed the first half-century of Genizah
scholarship more than forty years ago in the journal Judaism (1957). But none of these
provided the wealth of detail to be found in A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo.
MOHAMMAD GHOLI MAJD, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and the Ulama in Iran (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000). Pp. 426. $49.95 cloth.
Authors: Marashi Afshin
Published: September 2019

If the history of the Middle East in the 20th century is a history of fundamental social changes
and dislocations, then surely one important part of that story is the transformation that took place
in the agrarian sector of many Middle Eastern societies. The politics of landownership and the
projects of land reform in the 20th century were indeed among the most ambitious of the statist
projects undertaken during what we can now look back on as the “age of
modernization.” Like so many large-scale projects of social engineering, land reform in the
Middle East captured the optimism and idealism of modernization while producing some of its
most brutal and unforeseen consequences.
CHARLES TRIPP, A History of Iraq (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2000). Pp. 328. $59.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Anderson Betty S.
Published: September 2019

Charles Tripp, in his excellent book A History of Iraq, examines the means by
which the Iraqi state consolidated its position throughout the country in the 20th century and, just
as important, how individual Iraqis used “strategies of co-operation, subversion and
resistance” (p. 1) to benefit from its services or to combat its ever-increasing power. While
acknowledging that a number of alternative historical narratives can be studied, Tripp specifically
places his analysis within a state-centric framework because of the pivotal role Iraq's
governmental institutions and leaders have played in reconfiguring the centers of power in the
country. As a result of successive governmental activities, the state became the focal point for
political power and competition, just as an increasingly narrow group of Iraqis came to hold the
reins of that power.
HOSSEIN ALIKHANI, Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of a Failed
Policy (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000). Pp. 448. $95.00 cloth.
Authors: Roshandel Jalil
Published: September 2019

In Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of a Failed Policy, Hossein Alikhani has successfully
organized a useful source that includes various ways to understand the American sanction policy.
Numerous aspects of the policy have been elaborated in a book that contains ten chapters, a
bibliography, and an index. The book provides an excellent and up-to-date, systematic accounting
of the sanction's process.
FOROUGH JAHANBAKHSH, Islam, Democracy and Religious
Modernism in Iran (1953–2000) from Bazargan to Soroush (Leiden: E. J. Brill,
2001).
Authors: Moussavi Ahmad Kazemi
Published: September 2019

This work is a critically informative study of religious modernism in Iran from 1953 to 2000
in the context of Islam versus democracy. It examines the thoughts and works of seven religious
intellectuals who either shaped or influenced the religious-political developments of contemporary
Iran. According to Jahanbakhsh, although Iranians have failed in understanding the meaning of
democracy, the yearning for democracy was the most enticing goal in both the 1906 and 1979
Iranian revolutions.
YERACH GOVER, Zionism: The Limits of Moral Discourse in
Israeli Hebrew Fiction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994). Pp. 222. $49.95
cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Starr Deborah A.
Published: September 2019

This noteworthy book by Yerach Gover has been long overlooked. Gover demonstrates
through his sophisticated analyses of selected Hebrew literary texts how Israeli liberal society
constructs a moral conscience in bad faith. The book's implicit and explicit critiques of
Zionism have likely contributed to the lack of critical interest in this important study. Perhaps in
the public airing of such issues, in both the Israeli press and academic circles, this book may gain
the belated recognition it deserves.
Brassed-Off: The Question of Labour Unfreedom Revisited
Authors: HAGAN JIM , WELLS ANDREW
Published: September 2019

TOM BRASS. Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour. Case
Studies and Debates. [The Library of Peasant Studies, 16.] Frank Cass,
London [etc.] 1999. £47.50. (Paper: £20.00).

Free and Unfree Labour. The Debate Continues. Ed. by Tom Brass and
Marcel van der Linden. [International and Comparative Social History, 5.]
Peter Lang, Bern [etc.] 1997. 603 pp. S.fr. 98.00.
A VIEW OF THE SLAVE TRADE FROM THE MARGIN: SOUROUDOUGOU IN THE LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE OF THE NIGER BEND
Authors: HUBBELL ANDREW
Published: September 2019

The region of Souroudougou played a dynamic role in the regional slave
trade of the western Niger Bend during the nineteenth century, supplying slaves
to neighboring states. A number of mechanisms, termed here ‘indirect linkages’,
connected sources of slaves in Souroudougou to the broader regional slave trade.
These took the form of commercial activity by Muslim mercantile groups,
banditry and alliances formed between neighboring states and local power brokers
in Souroudougou. At the same time, the growing slave trade triggered important
internal processes of change in the local social landscape, termed here the ‘espace
de compétition’. In particular, heightened individual and group competition
transformed established codes of behavior and social networks.
‘CHANGING TRADITIONS TO MEET CURRENT
ALTERING CONDITIONS’: CUSTOMARY LAW,
AFRICAN COURTS AND THE REJECTION OF
CODIFICATION IN KENYA, 1930–60
Authors: SHADLE BRETT L.
Published: September 2019

If the aim of British colonizers, Frederick Lugard wrote, was to civilize
Africans ‘and to devote thought to those matters which…most intimately
affect their daily life and happiness, there are few of greater importance
than the constitution of native courts’. Moreover, he argued that only from
native courts employing customary law was it ‘possible to create rudiments
of law and order, to inculcate a sense of responsibility, and evolve among a
primitive community some sense of discipline and respect for authority’.
Britain had not the manpower, the money nor the mettle to rule by force of
arms alone. Essentially, in order to make colonial rule work with only a ‘thin
white line’ of European administrators, African ideas of custom and of law
had to be incorporated into the new state systems. In a very real way,
customary law and African courts provided the ideological and financial
underpinnings for European colonial rule.

In Kenya from at least the 1920s, but especially in the 1940s and 1950s,
administrators struggled with the question of how customary law could best
be used in African courts. Prominent among their concerns was the
codification of customary law, against which most administrators vigorously
fought. British officials believed that reducing African custom to written law
and placing it in a code would ‘crystalize’ it, altering its fundamentally fluid
or evolutionary nature. Colonizers naturally harbored intentions of using
the law to shape society (as Cooper has demonstrated for the Kenya coast)
but a fluid, unwritten law provided much greater latitude to pursue these
goals. It was necessary, as one administrator put it, to allow ‘changing
traditions to meet current altering conditions’.

This case study of Kenya offers a different understanding of the history of
customary law.
Patriots and Protesters, Mavericks and Manipulators: Assange, Snowden and the Politics of Surveillance Cinema
Authors: SCOTT IAN , THOMPSON HENRY
Published: September 2019

In a world dizzyingly shifted on its axis since 9/11, nothing has aided understanding of the profound twenty-first-century geopolitical slippages more than the revelations from Julian Assange's WikiLeaks site and the actions of whistle-blower Edward Snowden. Much has been written about the pair but little has investigated their persona and pronouncements onscreen. This article sets out to compare and contrast Snowden's and Assange's real as well as fictional cinematic portrayals, therefore. We find that their screen image conforms to notions of star celebrity but at the same time also challenges surveillance activism itself, on film as well as within wider political frames of reference. The movies about them may have deliberately foregrounded reactions towards the politics of surveillance, but that agenda has been conditioned by responses not only towards Assange and Snowden but also to the filmmakers producing these texts. We give resonance, in other words, to a wider discourse that goes beyond the cinematic in contemporary surveillance culture. There is an interlocutory discourse at play that sees cinema as not just a disruptive presence, but now more than ever as an active participant in mapping out the terrain under investigation. The challenge this presence brings to activism, we conclude, affects film's capacity to expose and contest contemporary state surveillance.
From Revivalism to Anti-Revivalism to Whig Politics: The Strange Career of Calvin Colton
Authors: BRATT JAMES D.
Published: September 2019

Calvin Colton (1789–1857) was an important publicist for both evangelical revivalism and the
Whig party in antebellum America. Contrary to the standard historical interpretations, however,
Colton did not move smoothly from the one to the other but took up political advocacy only after
denouncing Yankee revivalism and its attendant social advocacy as threats to Church and State
alike. At the same time his turn to episcopacy went together with a pronounced anglophobia. An
analysis of Colton's rhetoric and career path reveals a consistent pattern beneath his unexpected
changes and some under-explored dimensions of American religion before the Civil War.
Evidence of longitudinal vortices evolved from distorted wakes in a turbine passage
Authors: WU XIAOHUA , DURBIN PAUL A.
Published: September 2019

Two types of longitudinal vortices are found to arise from distorted, migrating wakes
convecting through a low-pressure turbine stator passage. The primary vortices emerge
within the free stream as the wake is subjected to irrotational strains. Their axes align
approximately with the local mean wake velocity. They are dragged over the surface
and induce secondary vortices near the wall, which have the opposite sense of rotation
to the primary vortices. Although they form on the concave side, these secondary
vortices are neither produced, nor sustained by Görtler instability; rather, they are a
consequence of severely straining the passing wakes.

Evidence is drawn from a numerical simulation of the unsteady, incompressible
flow through a turbine stator passage with and without upstream turbulent wakes.
The computations were performed with 2.5 and 5.7 × 107 grid points on a parallel computer.
Quasi-modes in boundary-layer-type flows. Part 1. Inviscid two-dimensional spatially harmonic perturbations
Authors: SHRIRA VICTOR I. , SAZONOV IGOR A.
Published: September 2019

The work, being the first in a series concerned with the evolution of small perturbations
in shear flows, studies the linear initial-value problem for inviscid spatially
harmonic perturbations of two-dimensional shear flows of boundary-layer type without
inflection points. Of main interest are the perturbations of wavelengths 2π/k
long compared to the boundary-layer thickness H, kH = ε [Lt ] 1. By means of an
asymptotic expansion, based on the smallness of ε, we show that for a generic initial
perturbation there is a long time interval of duration ∼ ε−3 ln(1/ε),
where the perturbation representing an aggregate of continuous spectrum modes of the Rayleigh
equation behaves as if it were a single discrete spectrum mode having no singularity
to the leading order. Following Briggs et al. (1970), who introduced the concept of
decaying wave-like perturbations due to the presence of the ‘Landau pole’ into hydrodynamics,
we call this object a quasi-mode. We trace analytically how the quasi-mode
contribution to the entire perturbation field evolves for different field characteristics.
We find that over O(ε−3 ln(1/ε)) time interval,
the quasi-mode dominates the velocity field. In particular, over this interval the share of the perturbation energy contained
in the quasi-mode is very close to 1, with the discrepancy in the generic case being
O(ε4) (O(ε4) for the Blasius flow).
The mode is weakly decaying, as exp(−ε3t). At
larger times the quasi-mode ceases to dominate in the perturbation field and the perturbation
decay law switches to the classical t−2. By definition, the quasi-modes are
singular in a critical layer; however, we show that in our context their singularity does
not appear in the leading order. From the physical viewpoint, the presence of a small
jump in the higher orders has little significance to the manner in which perturbations
of the flow can participate in linear and nonlinear resonant interactions. Since we
have established that the decay rate of the quasi-modes sharply increases with the
increase of the wavenumber, one of the major conjectures of the analysis is that the
long-wave components prevail in the large-time asymptotics of a wide class of initial
perturbations, not necessarily the predominantly long-wave perturbations. Thus, the
explicit expressions derived in the long-wave approximation describe the asymptotics
of a much wider class of initial conditions than might have been anticipated. The
concept of quasi-modes also enables us to shed new light on the foundations of the
method of piecewise linear approximations widely used in hydrodynamics.
Interaction of unequal anti-parallel vortex tubes
Authors: MARSHALL J. S. , BRANCHER P. , GIOVANNINI A.
Published: September 2019

A computational study is reported of the close interaction of nominally anti-parallel
vortex tubes with unequal strengths, Γ1 and −Γ2,
where Γ2/Γ1 [les ] 1. The computations
are performed using a spectral method, with periodic boundary conditions and vortex
Reynolds number Re ≡ Γ1/v = 1500,
and the vortices are perturbed by a wavelength
for which the pair is unstable because of their mutual interaction. The numerical
method is tested for the case of equal-strength vortices, which exhibits the classic
vortex reconnection phenomenon typified by bridging between the vortex cores and
formation of thin vorticity threads as the bridged sections advect away under their
self-induced velocity. Computations for vortices of unequal strengths are reported for
cases with small, moderate and large strength differences, for which
Γ2/Γ1 = 0.82,
0.54 and 0.25 are chosen as representative values. The bridges between the vortex
structures form loops that twist owing to the unequal vortex strengths. In the thread
region, the vortex interaction is controlled by competition between the effects of
stretching of the weak vortex as it wraps around the stronger vortex and the core
distortion induced on each vortex owing to the straining imposed by the opposing
vortex. For cases with large vortex strength difference, the strong vortex remains
nearly straight as the weak vortex wraps around it, inducing an interlaced pattern
of positive and negative vorticity spirals within the core of the strong vortex. Over
long time, the bridge regions form loops that propagate away from the thread region
for cases with small strength difference and wrap around the nearly columnar strong
vortex for cases with large strength difference.
Highly nonlinear standing water waves with small capillary effect
Authors: SCHULTZ WILLIAM W. , VANDEN-BROECK JEAN-MARC , JIANG LEI , PERLIN MARC
Published: September 2019

We calculate spatially and temporally periodic standing waves using
a spectral
boundary integral method combined with Newton iteration. When surface tension
is
neglected, the non-monotonic behaviour of global wave properties agrees
with previous
computations by Mercer & Roberts (1992). New accurate results near
the limiting
form of gravity waves are obtained by using a non-uniform node distribution.
It is
shown that the crest angle is smaller than 90° at the largest calculated
crest curvature.
When a small amount of surface tension is included, the crest form is changed

significantly. It is necessary to include surface tension to numerically
reproduce the
steep standing waves in Taylor's (1953) experiments. Faraday-wave
experiments in a
large-aspect-ratio rectangular container agree with our computations. This
is the first
time such high-amplitude, periodic waves appear to have been observed in
laboratory
conditions. Ripple formation and temporal symmetry breaking in the experiments
are
discussed.
Period tripling and energy dissipation of breaking standing waves
Authors: JIANG LEI , PERLIN MARC , SCHULTZ WILLIAM W.
Published: September 2019

We examine the dynamics of two-dimensional steep and breaking standing
waves
generated by Faraday-wave resonance. Jiang et al. (1996) found
a steep wave with a
double-peaked crest in experiments and a sharp-crested steep wave in computations.

Both waveforms are strongly asymmetric in time and feature large superharmonics.
We
show experimentally that increasing the forcing amplitude further leads
to breaking
waves in three recurrent modes (period tripling): sharp crest with breaking,
dimpled or
flat crest with breaking, and round crest without breaking. Interesting
steep waveforms
and period-tripled breaking are related directly to the nonlinear interaction
between
the fundamental mode and the second temporal harmonic. Unfortunately, these

higher-amplitude phenomena cannot be numerically modelled since the computations

fail for breaking or nearly breaking waves. Based on the periodicity of
Faraday waves,
we directly estimate the dissipation due to wave breaking by integrating
the support
force as a function of the container displacement. We find that the breaking
events
(spray, air entrainment, and plunging) approximately double the wave dissipation.
Facial artery musculomucosal flaps in oropharyngeal reconstruction following salvage transoral robotic surgery: a review of outcomes
Authors: Asairinachan A , O'Duffy F , Li M P , Fua T , Chauhan A , Magarey M J R , Dixon B J
Published: September 2019

Objective

There has been little reported on the transoral reconstructive options following salvage transoral robotic surgery. This paper describes the facial artery musculomucosal flap as a method to introduce vascularised tissue to a previously irradiated resection bed.

Methods

A facial artery musculomucosal flap was used to reconstruct the lateral pharyngeal wall in 13 patients undergoing salvage transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Outcomes recorded include flap and donor site complications, length of stay, and swallowing and speech outcomes.

Results

There were no immediate or late flap complications, or cases of delayed wound healing in this series. There were two facial artery musculomucosal related complications requiring surgical management: one bleed from the facial artery musculomucosal donor site and one minor surgical revision. Healing of the flap onto the resection bed was successful in all cases.

Conclusion

The facial artery musculomucosal flap provides a suitable transoral local flap option for selected patients undergoing salvage transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal malignancies.
Sweetness and Water Power: The SICAE Sugarcane Cooperative and Mayo Struggles for Water, 1944 to 1956
Authors: Mestaz James V.
Published: September 2019

Hundreds of indigenous Mayoejidatariosbecame members of the SICAE (Sociedad de Interés Colectivo Agrícola Ejidal) sugarcane cooperative in North-West Mexico in the 1930s, gaining control of irrigated lands and marginalising non-members, called ‘individualists’, by the 1940s. This article focuses on how indigenous individualists of Los Goros and El Teroqueejidosnavigated the SICAE's control of water and attempts to annex their lands. Mayo individualists’ resistance to corruptejidalleadership and the SICAE cooperative allowed them to influence local water development decisions. These individualist Mayo experiences exemplify how hydraulic social mobilisation became an indigenous people's strategy of survival in mid-twentieth-century Mexico.
Transfer of Power and the Crisis of Dalit Politics in India, 1945–47
Authors: BANDYOPADHYAY SEKHAR
Published: September 2019

Ever since its beginning, organized dalit politics under the leadership of

Dr B. R. Ambedkar had been consistently moving away from the Indian National

Congress and the Gandhian politics of integration. It was drifting towards

an assertion of separate political identity of its own, which in the end was

enshrined formally in the new constitution of the All India Scheduled Caste

Federation, established in 1942. A textual discursive representation of

this sense of alienation may be found in Ambedkar's book, What Congress and

Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables, published in 1945. Yet, within two

years, in July 1947, we find Ambedkar accepting Congress nomination for a

seat in the Constituent Assembly. A few months later he was inducted into

the first Nehru Cabinet of free India, ostensibly on the basis of a

recommendation from Gandhi himself. In January 1950, speaking at a general

public meeting in Bombay, organized by the All India Scheduled Castes

Federation, he advised the dalits to co-operate with the Congress and to

think of their country first, before considering their sectarian

interests. But then within a few months again, this alliance broke

down over his differences with Congress stalwarts, who, among other

things, refused to support him on the Hindu Code Bill. He resigned from

the Cabinet in 1951 and in the subsequent general election in 1952, he was

defeated in the Bombay parliamentary constituency by a political nonentity,

whose only advantage was that he contested on a Congress ticket. Ambedkar's

chief election agent, Kamalakant Chitre described this electoral debacle as

nothing but a ‘crisis’.
Arbeit mit der Gemeinde (Röm 16.6, 12). Zur versunkenen Möglichkeit der Gemeindeleitung durch Frauen
Authors: SCHREIBER STEFAN
Published: September 2019

Seit Adolf von Harnack wird die Bedeutung der von Paulus verwendeten Begrifflichkeit des ‘Sich-Mühens’ in weitgehend unspezifischer Weise als Missionsarbeit und Wirken innerhalb der Gemeinde verstanden, doch läßt sich dies für die vier in Röm 16.6, 12 genannten Frauen präzisieren. Im Blick auf weitere Verwendungen des Verbs κoπιαω an textpragmatisch verwandten Stellen der Paulusbriefe (1 Kor 16.15–18; 1 Thess 5.12–13a) läßt sich als Denotation der Terminologie in Röm 16.6, 12 eine in der römischen Gemeinde praktizierte charismatische Leitungsfunktion von Frauen wahrscheinlich machen. Zugleich mit dieser Beobachtung wird ausschnitthaft der Prozeß der Entwicklung genuin paulinischer Gemeindesprache zur Bezeichnung typischer Sozialstrukturen innerhalb der Gemeinden erkennbar.
Gerechtigkeit durch Glauben.
Authors: HYLDAHL NIELS
Published: September 2019

Weil der Galaterbrief unter den paulinischen Briefen der am heftigsten umstrittene Brief ist, muß man mit den lösbaren Problemen der sogenannten Einleitung zum Galaterbrief anfangen. Es gilt, die narrative Substanz des Briefes aufgrund der erzählerischen und referentiellen Sequenz, die nie erschöpfend analysiert worden ist, zu rekonstruieren. Speziell gilt es, die relative Reihenfolge von Gründung der galatischen Gemeinden und Jerusalemer Konferenz festzulegen: Paulus’ Bericht über die Konferenz und die nachfolgende Episode in Antiochien ist erstmals im Brief formuliert worden, weil die Konferenz erst nach der Gründung stattgefunden hat – wäre es umgekehrt, oder hätten die Galater schon von Rechtfertigung durch Glauben gehört, dann wäre die galatische Situation, wie wir sie aus dem Brief kennen, gar nicht entstanden.
Parasite proteinases and amino acid metabolism:
possibilities for chemotherapeutic exploitation
Authors: COOMBS G. H. , MOTTRAM J. C.
Published: September 2019

Parasite enzymes involved in proteolysis and amino
acid metabolism have attracted considerable attention over the last
decade. Nevertheless, current
knowledge is extensive for just a few parasites and
several enzymes. Most enzymes remain largely
unexplored. This review concentrates upon a selection of the better
studied enzymes and the potentially
valuable approaches now being adopted in their
study. We present a personal view on the most
suitable strategies for exploiting this area of parasite
biochemistry with novel antiparasite drugs. The
content of the review reflects our own work and
interests, but we have aimed to include a sufficiently
broad range of topics so that this overview serves as
a useful introduction for those new to the subject.

There have been several reviews that provide good
coverage of the appropriate literature (Barrett, 1991;
McKerrow et al. 1993; North & Lockwood, 1995;
Sakanari et al. 1995; Robertson et al. 1996; Vial,
1996; Coombs & Mottram, 1997; Walker & Barrett,
1997), therefore we detail here just some of the
publications and refer readers to the reviews quoted
for further information. This treatise mainly highlights progress
made in studies with parasitic
protozoa. Parasitic worms present more difficult
problems for drug designers and there has been only
limited progress to date in this area of biochemistry;
we include here mention of just some of the more
exciting advances so far.
New approaches to Leishmania chemotherapy: pteridine
reductase 1 (PTR1) as a target and modulator of antifolate sensitivity
Authors: NARE B. , LUBA J. , HARDY L. W. , BEVERLEY S.
Published: September 2019

Leishmania and other trypanosomatid protozoa require
reduced pteridines (pterins and folates) for growth, suggesting that
inhibition of these pathways could be targeted for effective chemotherapy.

This goal has not yet been realized, indicating
that pteridine metabolism may be unusual in this lower eukaryote. We have

investigated this possibility using both wild
type and laboratory-selected antifolate-resistant strains, and with
defined genetic knockouts of several pteridine metabolic
genes. In Leishmania, resistance to the antifolate methotrexate
is
mediated through several mechanisms singly or in
combination, including alterations in transport leading to reduced drug

influx, overproduction (R-region amplification)
or point mutation of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase
(DHFR-TS), and amplification of a novel pteridine
reductase (PTR1, encoded by the H-region). All of the proteins

involved are potential targets for antifolate chemotherapy.
Notably, parasites in which the gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
has
been deleted (dhfr-ts− knockouts) do
not survive in animal models, validating this enzyme as a target for
effective chemotherapy. However, the properties of
pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) suggest a reason why antifolate chemotherapy

has so far not been successful in trypanosomatids. PTR1, by its ability
to
provide reduced pterins and folates, has the potential to act as a by-pass

and/or modulator
of DHFR inhibition under physiological conditions. Moreover, PTR1 is
less sensitive to many antifolates targeted
primarily against DHFR. These findings suggest that successful antifolate

chemotherapy in Leishmania will have to target
simultaneously both DHFR and PTR1.
God, Information and the World: The Metaphysics of William Dembski and Al-Ghazālī
Authors: Malik Shoaib Ahmed
Published: September 2019

This article intends to review William Dembski's recent monograph entitledBeing as Communion: A Metaphysics of Information, in which he establishes an entire information-centric metaphysics. This viewpoint is compared with al-Ghazālī’s perspective, a Muslim philosophical theologian from the Medieval period. It is concluded that what Dembski defines as information, which for him is the ontological basis of the natural world, seems remarkably close to al-Ghazālī’s notion of God's will and omnipotence. This article is an explorative comparison of their metaphysical frameworks that are discussed in light of modern scientific developments, highlighting their differences and similarities.
Agency, Intelligence and Reasons in Animals
Authors: Glock Hans-Johann
Published: September 2019

What kind of activity are non-human animals capable of? A venerable tradition insists that lack of language confines them to ‘mere behaviour’. This article engages with this ‘lingualism’ by developing a positive, bottom-up case for the possibility of animal agency. Higher animals cannot just act, they can act intelligently, rationally, intentionally and for reasons. In developing this case I draw on the interplay of behaviour, cognition and conation, the unduly neglected notion of intelligence and its connection to rationality, the need to recognize that reasons are objective conditions, and the difference between the ability to act for reasons and the capacity to reflect on reasons.
Inspiring the next generation of polar scientists: Classroom extensions from teachers with research experiences
Authors: Warburton Janet , Hademenos George , Eilers-Guttensohn Alice (Alex) , Garay Lollie , Worssam Jillian Beth
Published: September 2019

PolarTREC-Teachers and Researchers Exploring and Collaborating (PolarTREC) has provided the opportunity for over 160 K-12 teachers and informal science educators from the USA to work directly with scientists in the Arctic and the Antarctic. As a Teacher Research Experience (TRE), PolarTREC has engaged teachers with a unique professional development opportunity to increase their teacher content knowledge and learn about the polar regions by partnering with academic polar scientists who are conducting scientific research in the field. Stimulated by the IPY 2007–2008, PolarTREC has sent teachers on field expeditions for over a decade, and during that time has witnessed teachers not only experiencing the polar regions and bringing that experience back into their classrooms but also seeing their students learn more about the polar regions and become more interested in polar science. It is this secondary effect that is truly inspiring. This article profiles the journey to the polar regions of four PolarTREC teachers through their own perspectives and how they translated that experience into educational outreach opportunities.
Performance anxiety in professional musicians: a systematic review on prevalence, risk factors and clinical treatment effects
Authors: Fernholz I. , Mumm J. L. M. , Plag J. , Noeres K. , Rotter G. , Willich S. N. , Ströhle A. , Berghöfer A. , Schmidt A.
Published: September 2019

Music performance anxiety (MPA) is one of the most common disorders among professional musicians, nevertheless, little is known about the disease. With this systematic review, prevalence, risk factors and treatment procedures for MPA were assessed, and for the first time, quality assessments were carried out for all studies using standardized assessment tools. A systematic literature search was conducted via search algorithms in the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycArticles, PsycInfo and ERIC. Included were case reports, case–control, cohort, cross-sectional and intervention studies examining professional musicians with MPA. For quality assessment, adapted tools of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute were used. A total of 43 studies were included (10 case reports, 21 intervention, 11 cross-sectional, one cohort study). Quality ratings ranged from −11 to 6 out of a maximum of 15/16 points for cross-sectional/cohort studies and −4 to 11 out of 18 points for intervention studies. The prevalence of MPA was between 16.5% and 60%. More women than men were affected and musicians older than 45–50 years reported less MPA than younger musicians. Regarding treatment cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) andβ-blockers were most often researched with beneficial results for CBT. However, studies with adequate control groups for CBT interventions are needed to clarify its efficacy. Studies showed methodological weaknesses, especially in the selection of participants, recording of influencing factors, blinding of interventions, randomization of participants and analysis of comorbidity. Recommendations for further research are made.