bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residential Relocation as a Remedy to Recidivism
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

Relying upon Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment, Chapter 4 provides quantitative evidence on the extent to which residential change lessens the likelihood of criminal recidivism during the first eight years following prison release. Analyses reveal that formerly incarcerated individuals who moved away from their old parish after release had substantially lower rates of reincarceration than those who returned to their previous parish of residence. An estimated 59 percent of parolees who returned to their home parish were reincarcerated within eight years of release. In contrast, an estimated 46 percent of parolees who moved to a new parish were reincarcerated. Findings presented in the chapter also reveal that short-distance moves are insufficient to separate someone from his or her criminal past. Moving from one metropolitan area to another can provide the type of separation from one’s past that can be crucial to desistance from crime. The chapter also considers evidence on the effects of residential change from government-funded housing mobility programs, including the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration. These programs offer important lessons about how residential mobility programs for the formerly incarcerated might be designed.
Considering Negative Cases
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

While the weight of the evidence presented thus far in the book suggests that residential change is an important contributor to desistance from crime, it is not always sufficient to bring about a change in behavior. Chapter 8 presents negative cases, including individuals who managed to move away from their old parishes following Hurricane Katrina, but who nevertheless still persisted in their criminal behavior, partly due to their addiction to drugs. If residential relocation has the potential to lower the likelihood of recidivism, it is important to understand under what conditions it can promote desistance from crime and under what conditions it does not appear to be sufficient. Conversely, this chapter also examines the case of an individual named Darnell who desisted from crime despite returning to the familiar setting of New Orleans, partly due to strong social bonds. Consideration of negative cases is critical for refining our understanding about the role of residential change in curtailing recidivism.
Chronotopes of Good Governance in the Office
Authors: Goebel Zane
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines how the chronotopes discussed in earlier chapters are inhabited by interviewees during the same interviews discussed in the previous chapter. The chapter synthesizes sociolinguistic scholarship on affiliation, alignment, role alignment, and value, while offering the concept of “acts of belonging” as a concept that covers the discursive commentaries that value or compare particular social practices that are part of participants’ attempts to align with particular figures of personhood. In looking at how interviewees engage in acts of belonging, the author points out how this relates to both the researcher’s and interviewees’ efforts to convince each other about the truthfulness of their accounts of social life. This is referred to as “believability.”
Reflexivity, Connotation, and Believability
Authors: Goebel Zane
Published: April 2020

This chapter develops the concepts of believability and scalar reflexivity through an engagement with anthropological and sociolinguistic concerns about interviewing, rapport, reflexivity, and representing social life. These concerns intersect when considered as issues of denotation versus connotation. The author demonstrates these intersections through a focus on how researcher and consultant engage in role alignment and acts of belonging during the interviews discussed in previous chapters. It is argued that by taking a discursive view of how role alignment and acts of belonging figure in the construction of social relationships in the field, one can provide more nuanced accounts of the scaled and reflexive interpretative processes that scholars engage in as they produce their ethnographic accounts.
Conclusion
Authors: Goebel Zane
Published: April 2020

The concluding chapter considers how the concepts developed throughout the book can contribute to the emerging field of complex sociolinguistics in general, and leadership talk in particular. These concepts included interdiscursive hub, mass-mediated chronotopic identity, scalar reflexivity, acts of belonging, and signswitching. All were developed to address issues around the believability of our accounts of language in social life. In doing so, it points to how the concepts and methodologies developed in the book can also contribute to discussions of leadership in Java which to date have not provided any empirical evidence of how leadership is enacted through everyday talk.
Play the Way You Feel
Authors: Whitehead Kevin
Published: April 2020

This book—both a narrative and a film directory—surveys and analyzes English-language feature films (and a few shorts and TV shows/movies) made between 1927 and 2019 that tell stories about jazz music, its musicians, its history and culture. Play the Way You Feel looks at jazz movies as a narrative tradition with recurring plot points and story tropes, whose roots and development are traced. It also demonstrates how jazz stories cut across diverse genres—biopic, romance, musical, comedy and science fiction, horror, crime and comeback stories, “race movies” and modernized Shakespeare—even as they constitute a genre of their own. The book is also a directory/checklist of such films, 67 of them with extensive credits, plus dozens more shorter/capsule discussions. Where jazz films are based on literary sources, they are examined, and the nature of their adaptation explored: what gets retained, removed, or invented? What do historical films get right and wrong? How does a film’s music, and the style of the filmmaking itself, reinforce or undercut the story?
Independents in Black and White 1961–1967
Authors: Whitehead Kevin
Published: April 2020

In the 1960s, jazz is increasingly viewed as art music as opposed to popular music, and now it inspires art movies not pop entertainments: a wave of low-budget independent films in black and white. This chapter limns the influence of filmmaker John Cassavetes, via his low-budget film Shadows, and looks at how the director’s jazz story Too Late Blues is really a meditation on his film career. Two English films are discussed, one a horror anthology in which a jazz musician visiting the Caribbean engages in reckless cultural appropriation; the other is a jazz version of Othello featuring a Duke Ellington character. Ellington himself, as soundtrack composer, hijacks the ending of a studio jazz picture. Sammy Davis Jr. shoots a gritty jazz film after hours while starring on Broadway and comedian Dick Gregory plays a fictionalized Charlie Parker.
Spectacles 1972–1984
Authors: Whitehead Kevin
Published: April 2020

Between 1972 and 1984, Hollywood produced several lavish jazz-related films. The failure of Lady Sings the Blues to do justice to the life or music of Billie Holiday is detailed. Martin Scorsese’s New York, New York is a swing-era musical about a clash of artistic temperaments and of musical styles, reinforced by a disjunction between stylized sets and naturalistic acting. Gangsters and musicians mix in Francis Ford Coppola’s film about Harlem’s historic Cotton Club. In the 1970s, low-budget features are also produced: TV biopics of Louis Armstrong (with Ben Vereen) and Scott Joplin (Billy Dee Williams), and the Afrofuturist spectacle Space Is the Place, starring bandleader Sun Ra as an interstellar traveler come to rescue Earth’s black people.
Exceptions
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

Previous chapters focused on youth whose identities followed from their resources, making identities and resources difficult to separate. This chapter examines individuals whose resources and identities are misaligned as well as those whose resources or identities dramatically changed. These stories show that resources and identities each relate to downward mobility. Among those with the same resource inheritances, identities relate to who falls. And among those with the same identities, resources relate to who falls. Moreover, when inherited resources change, identities and then mobility pathways sometimes change as well. And when identities alone change, mobility pathways tend to change too.
Fooling Father Time
Authors: Paul Sharon J.
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses varied methods for achieving what psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi calls “flow,” the feeling that all members of a team are working smoothly and effectively together. In order to achieve flow in rehearsal, instructions must be delivered clearly and efficiently. Based on music education research and the author’s many years of experience, this chapter examines the mechanics of giving short and cogent instructions. It further explores lessons from thin-slicing research about the importance of one’s tone of voice when delivering instructions and the impact of non-verbal behaviors. Conductors can benefit from research on interleaving, which involves taking advantage of spaced practice and the mixing of learning activities when structuring rehearsals. The chapter further examines how rehearsal efficiency will increase when conductors understand the primacy/recency effect, the phenomenon that people remember best what happens first in a learning episode, and they remember second best what happens last.
The Ringelmann Effect
Authors: Paul Sharon J.
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the myriad ways that individuals in a group can function. In a rehearsal environment, conductors who understand group dynamics can endeavor to counteract the common negative effects of group work, and elevate the positive aspects of working within a team. The chapter further explores methods to create accountability in the choral rehearsal, with the goal of inspiring each individual singer to consistently put forth their full effort. Additionally, the author discusses various methods for designing effective assessments that will encourage practice and accountability. This chapter also examines the role priming can play in setting up a positive rehearsal environment, and considers the positive and negative effects of stress on one’s ability to learn.
Yearn for the Sea
Authors: Paul Sharon J.
Published: April 2020

This chapter concludes the book with a range of advice and reminders for the conductor/educator. These recommendations include guidance about professional behavior, how to cultivate a growth mindset, effective approaches to taking over a choral program from a colleague, and the imperative to reach out for professional support and assistance when necessary. The author examines the importance for conductors to reconnect daily with the passion that first drew them to their chosen field. Finally, the chapter draws inspiration from a letter written by a fifteen-year-old who credits acquiring the joy of discovery in all learning through her experiences as a choral musician.
Introduction
Authors: Rao Rahul
Published: April 2020

The chapter identifies the book’s central question: how does time matter in the queer postcolony? More specifically, how do the afterlives of British colonialism in Uganda, India, and Britain shape contemporary queer politics in each of these locations? It outlines the three principal contributions of the book. First, the book provides an account of the global frictions surrounding Uganda’s Anti Homosexuality Act, demonstrating the ways in which the crisis precipitated by this legislation was generative of new forms of global governmentality around LGBT rights. Second, revitalising thinking around intersectionality, the book demonstrates how queerness functions as a metonym for a range of other identities in different contexts. Third, the book intervenes in a hitherto US-centric queer theoretical literature on temporality to demonstrate how memory and futurity present distinctive battlegrounds for queer postcolonial politics. Finally, the chapter discusses key methodological orientations and problems.
Re-Membering Mwanga, Mourning the Martyrs
Authors: Rao Rahul
Published: April 2020

The most authoritative textual accounts of the ‘Uganda martyrs’ pivot around the commission of ‘sodomy’ by Kabaka (king) Mwanga with his pages in the 1880s. This chapter asks how commemoration of the martyrdoms coexists with the claim that same-sex intimacy is alien to Ugandan culture. The chapter begins with a methodological discussion of the distinction and overlap between memory and history. It offers a historical account of the production of memory about the martyrdoms from the time of their occurrence to the present. It then offers an ethnographic account of contemporary memorialisation, arguing that Ugandans today relate to the question of sex in the story of the martyrdoms in the modes of disinterest, displacement, denial, and disidentification. Through a mapping of public memory and a historicisation of its narratives, the chapter makes visible the genealogies of homophobia as well as the possibilities for sexual dissidence that lurk within public culture.
The Right Soldier for the Right Job
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

Military members serve in a wide variety of specific jobs that mirror civilian organizations, such as transportation, accounting, and law enforcement. They also serve in jobs unique to the military involving combat. A major contribution of military psychology is developing tests to aid the military in both screening out candidates unable to perform in a military setting, and once they are in the military, assigning them to jobs in which they may perform at their best. This chapter reviews how psychologists developed some of the first aptitude tests, used to select and assign personnel during World War I, to emerging developments in the twenty-first century that focus on noncognitive skills, including grit, hardiness, character, and a host of other attributes.
Character: The Essential Ingredient in Success
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

In recent years psychologists have developed new and comprehensive models of positive human character and methods for assessing it. This chapter reviews these developments as they apply to training and preparing soldiers for combat. Positive character is especially important for those who lead others in dangerous and threatening contexts, including leaders in the military, law enforcement, firefighting, and similar occupations. A model of character strengths is described, and different approaches to formally teaching character are explored. The West Point Leader Development System in described in detail. Specific character strengths linked to successful performance in in extremis conditions are described. The relevance of new developments in character science to nonmilitary domains is discussed.
When the Going Gets Rough, the Rough Get Going: Leading in Combat
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

Leadership in dangerous, sometimes life or death, situations may call for different skills compared to managing a team of workers in a corporate setting. This chapter reviews recent research that defines the type of attributes that these in extremis leaders possess, including inherent task motivation, embracing continuous learning, sharing risk with followers, having a common lifestyle with followers, and having and inspiring high competence, trust, and loyalty. How such leaders develop psychological body armor is reviewed, with emphases on courage and resilience. Approaches to influencing others in dangerous situations and how organizations may be built and structured to support leadership when threat to life and well-being is tangible are considered. The chapter concludes with a model that helps clarify and define different types of in extremis situations and how these leadership styles and traits may apply in nonmilitary settings.
The Twenty-First-Century Patton
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

The image of a tough, overbearing military leader, exemplified by the portrayal of General Patton in the movie Patton, has never truly reflected the characteristics and attributes of effective combat leaders. The Hollywood image of officers barking orders to soldiers loudly and with threats to comply are seldom seen on or off the battlefield. This chapter explores the types of leadership skills and attributes needed to successfully lead soldiers in the twenty-first century in conflicts characterized by insurgencies and cultural/religious divides. After reviewing military leadership doctrine, the role of trust is discussed in depth. The chapter closes with a discussion of functional contemporary leader attributes, including egalitarianism, transformational leadership style, adaptive thinking, technological competence, social and political intelligence, diversity, and the ability and willingness to work with nonmilitary organizations to achieve goals.
Building Better Soldiers Through Science
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter looks at how psychology and related sciences may contribute to training and developing more effective soldiers. Topics include approaches to engineering a more resilient soldier, one that is less vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder and other forms of combat stress. Engineering 24/7 soldiers, that is, soldiers who can perform for extended periods of time without sleep, is examined. Psychological approaches to increasing the ability of soldiers to kill are considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of approaches to increase the physical capabilities of soldiers that also have psychological consequences, including advanced prosthetics, robotics and human-robot interface, and augmented cognition.
Reproducing Music
Authors: Goodman Glenda
Published: April 2020

Amateur musicians played an important role in the material reproduction of musical texts in the eighteenth century. Their work represents the coalescence of technological, bibliographical, and cultural forces in the early national period. Print and manuscript were mutually informing technologies for music reproduction, and both entailed manual and creative labor and expertise. Yet, unlike print, chirography (handwriting) focused attention on the creation of unique, personalized items; moreover, the practice of copying music by hand challenged the primacy of the author by emphasizing an effort to re-cord (to take material to heart). Thus, manuscript music books can be linked to earlier modes of book production, such as commonplace books. Yet they also align with other genres, such as anthologies. Finally, gendered expectations informed books’ creation: like other forms of handwork, musical penmanship expressed femininity. The work of copying music was subject to the same gendered evaluations that minimized the significance of (and yet relied on) women’s domestic work.
Consumerism and the Materiality of Music Books
Authors: Goodman Glenda
Published: April 2020

Well-to-do amateur musicians were consumers of luxury goods. Consumer culture in the early American republic was heavily reliant on imports. Not only was sheet music imported, often from Britain, but the raw materials out of which manuscript books were made relied on global trade. Although amateurs’ music books were not particularly fine, making the books required time, expense, and effort—all of which meant they were considered luxuries. The music books of Sarah Brown [Herreshoff] and Elizabeth Van Rensselaer demonstrate the importance of consumer expertise and decision-making, while their elite upbringing in wealthy homes contextualizes their collecting habits. Furthermore, Sarah Brown’s family wealth stemmed from overseas trade, including the transatlantic slave trade, implicating her privileged music consumerism with regimes of oppression. The refined and leisurely labor of collecting and creating music books is contrasted with the invisible, immiserated labor of foreign workers who produced the raw materials of those same books.
The Arrival of the Romans
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: April 2020

Mithridates II was succeeded by his ephemeral son, Mithridates III, and then by 220 bc his son, Pharnakes I, was on the throne. He was a powerful and aggressive monarch who ruled for over thirty years and greatly expanded the territorial extent of the kingdom. He lived in an era of great change in the Hellenistic world, as the Romans began to become involved in the destinies of the eastern Mediterranean states: Pharnakes reached out to the Romans in the 180s bc concerning territorial disputes in Asia Minor. He engaged in war with his powerful neighbor to the west, Pergamon, but was forced to sign a peace treaty not to his advantage. Yet he expanded Pontic territory along the Black Sea coast and made several alliances with the Greek cities on the northern and western coast of the sea, especially in the kingdom of Bosporos (modern Crimea).
The End of the Mithridatic Kingdom
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: April 2020

Under wide-ranging legislation, the proconsul C. Pompey was given a command in 66 bc to settle the matter of Mithridates for once and all. As the Romans pressed him, Mithridates made an epic journey around the east side of the Black Sea and took up residence in Pantikapaion, in the Bosporan territories on the north short of the sea. Here he lived for nearly two years, devoting himself to scholarship, gardening, and planning an invasion of Italy. Pompey pursued him for a while but lost interest and turned to other matters. Yet the king had effectively lost control of his kingdom and was in poor health. In early 63 bc his son Pharnakes II was proclaimed king, and Mithridates committed suicide. The parts of the kingdom in Asia Minor were taken over by the Romans; Pharnakes II was recognized as king of Bosporos. But the reputation of Mithridates VI the Great continued into modern times in art, literature, and opera.
Introduction
Authors: Isaacs Bruce
Published: April 2020

Hitchcock’s clearest articulation of a pure cinema method appears in a lengthy discussion with François Truffaut in 1962. Discussing landmark works such as Rear Window and Vertigo, Hitchcock frames pure cinema as a philosophical approach to film style. It is both medium-specific and part of a larger narrative describing the evolution of moving image art forms in the twentieth century. The introduction situates the relationship between Hitchcock and his “imitators,” filmmakers who reflexively evolved the pure cinema method. Brian De Palma emerges in the 1970s as the Hitchcockian imitator par excellence, the New Hollywood director who strove to take Hitchcock’s pure cinematic method further in terms of mise en scène, montage, and sound design.
Pure Cinema in Context
Authors: Isaacs Bruce
Published: April 2020

Pure cinema is situated in terms of a larger aesthetic narrative that involves visual artists, theorists, intellectuals, and avant-garde filmmakers such as René Clair, Germaine Dulac, and Sergei Eisenstein. Hitchcock appears in this milieu in his relation to a German experimental cinema tradition, and most obviously in his work with F. W. Murnau at UFA studios from 1924 to 1925. The chapter traces pure cinema as an evolution of a silent cinematic ethos that championed pure form: shape, pattern, line, symmetry, and the freedom of expression of movement and time within a moving image medium.
Music You Can Hear
Authors: Isaacs Bruce
Published: April 2020

Pure cinema and the aesthetic of the fragment is applied to the evolution of sound design in the avant-garde experimental silent cinema of the late 1920s and early 1930s. The chapter argues that sound design and production were conceived as an integral part of pure cinema, tracing the emergence and development of this philosophy within the avant-garde experimentation with film form. Hitchcock articulates a philosophy of pure sound cinema in a number of critical pieces from the early 1930s and is clearly influenced by European philosophies of the early sound image. Sound is read as a discretized contrapuntal aesthetic form, achieving the abstraction of noise as patterned pitch (melodic), harmonic, and rhythmic form, in close analyses of Rear Window, The Birds, the imitation of Vertigo’s “Madeleine” theme in Pino Donaggio’s score for Dressed to Kill, and Argento’s cutting of a narrative segment of Deep Red to a standard blues I–IV–V harmonic progression. The chapter concludes with a study of Bernard Herrmann’s concluding sonic motif in Psycho as the purity of sound form in its atonal harmonic structure.
The Era of the Seven Brothers in Avignon, 1783–1790
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on what can be seen as a golden era in the history of the Avignon Society. Although dating from the time when A.-J. Pernety relocated to Valence in southern France, in late 1783, the era of the Seven Brothers only began when Grabianka arrived in Avignon in early 1787. Thenceforth, a leadership council of seven brothers was formed, and it remained intact until 1790. This three-year period began with a determined effort to promote the society among like-minded peers throughout Europe. This part of the book examines the society’s success in persuading illuminists from across Europe to travel to Avignon to be consecrated into the millenarian sect. The chapter mines the accounts left by those foreign travellers and provides new insights into the remarkable consecration rite practised in Avignon, as well as the everyday life of the society in the late 1780s. The chapter also analyses the seeds of discord that were planted in late 1787 by the arrival of Ottavio Cappelli in Avignon, whose influence as a purported prophet led the group to renounce its espousal of Swedenborgian doctrine in favour of an emphasis on a Marian cult.
Light from the North
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the five-year period between 1802 and 1807 when key members of the Avignon Society relocated to St. Petersburg in Russia. It carries out an in-depth examination of the pivotal role played by Natal’ia Pleshcheeva, the widow of Sergei Pleshcheev, the first Russian initiate of the Avignon Society, in harbouring leaders of the society in her home between 1802 and 1805. The chapter also examines the time Grabianka spent in Galicia and Podolia between 1803 and 1805, prior to his arrival in the Russian capital, when he succeeded in recruiting a number of rich, pro-Russian members of the Polish nobility. The bulk of the chapter then focuses on Grabianka’s residence in St. Petersburg between August 1805 and his arrest in February 1807, when he oversaw the initiation of over sixty new members, from among the highest echelons of the Russian nobility, into what was now known as the New Israel Society.
The “Shield” of the Sacred Sea
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

During the mid-1960s, industrial development on the southern shore of Lake Baikal raised grave concerns among scientists, writers, and the general public. These concerns prompted geographers, architectural institutes, economists, and others to develop plans for national parks (or a single park) on Baikal’s shoreline. Although the ideas for Baikal’s parks varied, their supporters believed they would orient the regional economy to tourism and stave off future industrial development. In the years after the establishment of Zabaikal’skii and Pribaikal’skii National Parks in 1986, the USSR’s political and economic crisis resulted in the neglect of these parks. Supporters of Baikal’s parks turned to foreign support, especially after the USSR’s collapse, only to realize that without state support it would yield minimal results. While few planned Russian national parks were more ambitious in scope, perhaps none were more disappointing to a broad swathe of Russian environmentalists than those around Lake Baikal.
Paddling Upstream
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

The Samara Bend region on the Volga River experienced rapid industrial growth in the two decades after World War II. Uncertain about the future of the Zhiguli Zapovednik after the government had twice eliminated it (it was re-established after being eliminated the first time) and wanting to expand the area of Samara Bend under protection, some environmentally concerned citizens conceived a national park that they hoped would transform the regional economy. From its establishment in 1984, Samara Bend National Park was mired in conflicts with local populations whose uses of the land were made illegal and industries that had long operated in the park’s territory. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, a young radical environmentalist named Sergei Fomichev staged a protest against continued illegal mining and gained the support of many of the park’s supporters who had become deeply frustrated about what they saw as the indifference of government officials to the park.
The Crisis of National Parks in the 1990s
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter takes a broad view of the state of Russia’s national parks in the 1990s by looking at three case studies—Meshcherskii National Park, the proposed Beringia International Park, and Nalychevo Nature Park—and the broader discourse about national parks among Russian environmentalists. Park supporters knew that state support for park development would be difficult in the wake of the USSR’s collapse, but they initially believed that Yeltsin and the new government would become still more responsive to environmental concerns. Moreover, they now felt more connected than ever to Western colleagues and hoped that support from international NGOs and organizations might help develop parks until the state could undertake this independently. However, by the end of the decade, Russian park supporters realized that international support was no panacea and were increasingly convinced that their Russian government had little interest in national parks or environmental protection.
The Challenges of Communication in the Dementia Context
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: April 2020

Much has been learned about how to provide good-quality care for dementia. While specific methods and approaches may come and go, some core underpinning principles—respect for personhood, empathy, quality engagement, identity, and sense of purpose and worth—have become well established, are consistently focal, and are recognized as vital for the well-being of not only people living with a dementia but also those caring for them. This chapter poses the question that shapes the book: Why is it so difficult to sustain effective communication practices in dementia interaction? Preliminary explanations are considered, and the book’s approach to finding more in-depth answers is outlined. The terms dementia and communication are defined, and the core orientation of care, personhood, is described, along with consideration of how ego-centrism shapes cultural expectations about dementia care.
The Role of Memory in Communication
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the nature of memory and the impact on communication of the memory deficits associated with dementia. The main types of memory are described (long-term, short-term, working, declarative, implicit, emotional, episodic). The process of recalling information is discussed, and the natural changes associated with ageing are considered. The general impact on communication of impaired event memory is explored before a deeper look is taken at why disruption to episodic memory has such a significant impact on communication. Specifically, the role of autonoesis (knowing one was present at an event) is explored. Without autonoesis, it is harder to speak with authority and confidence about what happened. People living with a dementia are vulnerable to being doubted, out-argued, and shouted down by those able to produce a stronger case for their own claims. Not being believed is a significant assault on the sense of self.
Approaches to Effective Communication in Care
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: April 2020

In many ways, communication problems are the most debilitating feature of dementia. While deficits of memory and information processing are challenging in their own right, it is their impact on communication that undermines a person’s social functioning, relationships and identity. This chapter asks how existing approaches to care attempt to address challenges in communication. Person-centred and relationship-centred care are defined, and an extensive list of such approaches is described with reference to their approaches to communication. Typical recommendations for communication, including content, delivery, environment and the speaker’s attitude are critically examined. It is argued that while all approaches may improve communication, there are some potential unintended consequences of certain recommended approaches.
Drivers of Disrupted Communication
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: April 2020

This chapter opens part 3, within which the focus is a new understanding of why communication is challenging in the dementia context and how improvements could be made to practice. The Communicative Impact model is used to shed light on how the various ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ causes of dementia interact with the generation of messages, and why failing to achieve the intended change in one’s world negatively affects one’s confidence and self-esteem. Attention is paid to the high risk of a mismatch of contextual information between people living with a dementia and their interlocutors (communication partners). The many ways in which either party can attempt to fix communication problems is then considered, noting that such solutions can create additional problems, one of which is awkward pragmatic gaps, where the speaker is not sure why an issue has arisen and, thus, how to respond. Finally, brief consideration is given to similarities between communicating with people living with a dementia and people using a second language in which they are not fully proficient.
An Agenda for Improving Communication in the Dementia Context
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: April 2020

This final chapter draws together the ideas from the book to consider what the priorities should be for improving communication by and with people living with a dementia. The main ideas from the book are summarized. Desirable features for effective and humane communication in the dementia context are suggested, including: opportunities for ‘real’ communication; practical support, flexibility, and empowerment; and respect, dignity, and kindness. The importance of building and sustaining social and emotional reserve is reiterated. These ideas are linked to existing practices to help shed light on what is most likely to work and why. Kindness is identified as the lynchpin for intuitively embracing these approaches.
Conclusion
Authors: Medie Peace A.
Published: April 2020

This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical contributions of the book. It explains that while international pressure is important for the creation of specialized mechanisms, strong domestic pressure and favourable political and institutional conditions are key to how these mechanisms are institutionalized, and thus, to how the international women’s justice norm is implemented. The chapter connects this finding to the international relations, gender and politics, and African studies literatures and shows how the insights generated advance scholarship in these areas. It also discusses the policy implications of the findings and argues that specialized mechanisms can serve to increase girls’ and women’s access to justice in Africa, but only if embedded within a holistic framework.
The Aftermath of GRIEF
Authors: Shneer David
Published: April 2020

This chapter is engaged with photography’s fundamental challenge: it is both documentary evidence, in which the camera is a tool of a technician, and a work of art, in which the click of the shutter is but one step on the road to creating an art photograph. It opens with Baltermants’s soaring career with Izvestiia until June 1942, when he was fired for mislabeling a photograph of a blown-up tank and was sent to a penal battalion that fought at Stalingrad. The experience nearly cost him his life. After the victory by the Allies, photographs were used as evidence in war crimes trials, including Baltermants’s. At the end of the war, he returned to photographic preeminence. After Stalin’s death, he became a leading documenter of global Soviet power under Nikita Khrushchev. He took pictures in Vietnam, India, and China, and his work appeared in domestic and international art exhibitions.
How Grief Became a Commodity
Authors: Shneer David
Published: April 2020

In 1990, the G. Ray Hawkins Gallery in Santa Monica hosted Dmitri Baltermants’s first commercial exhibition. By most measures, it was a success. This chapter describes the transformation of his war photographs that portrayed deep human emotion into commodities on the marketplace. Since 1990, Baltermants’s work, especially Grief, has appeared on both sides of the Atlantic at art photography auctions and in exhibitions, often selling over the expected price and garnering much critical attention. In 1999, the Baltermants archive was sold to an American collector hoping to generate enough attention in the photographer to make back his investment. He failed to do so and sold it back to anonymous buyers in Moscow, who ended up incorporating Baltermants’s archive into a massive photo fund. The fund went belly up eighteen months after its founding, and the location of his archive remains a mystery.
Mixed Modes and Performance Codes of Political Demonstrations and Carnival
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

Popular singer Sweet Micky (Michel Martelly) became Haiti’s president in 2011 after a controversial election cycle. Port-au-Prince in late 2010 was overwhelmed with political demonstrations ostensibly in support of Martelly. Alongside other evidence, musical cues suggested that the voting process was less than democratic. Five years later, the 2015–16 presidential elections were again highly contested and ultimately failed to produce an elected government in time for a smooth transition between administrations. The political farce was decried by musicians as an eleksyon madigra (Mardi Gras election), articulating views held by many citizens and observers. This chapter explores how the seemingly unrelated and seldom associated phenomena of carnival and political demonstrations are in fact intricately intertwined, while reassessing the use of the Kreyòl terms anraje (a state of physical and emotional exuberance or enragement) and angaje (an expression of political engagement) that are often applied to describe musical (and civic) behavior in both contexts.
Wyclef’s Score
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

The Haitian elections of 2010–11 were unusually marked by interventions from high-octane pop stars. Not only did Sweet Micky pose his candidature, but so too did Grammy-award winning artist Wyclef Jean. When the Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) dismissed Wyclef from the presidential race, the artist hotly contested the CEP’s decision and quickly released an excoriating critique in song. This chapter offers an evaluation of Wyclef’s musical deeds and post-earthquake interventions as a celebrity and as the almost-candidate who saw himself as the best representation for the nation’s youth. This focus on a notable musical individual is then contrasted against the music-making of the crowd, with an aim toward understanding how songs that get people moving and engaged often emerge out of crowd-sourced improvisation. Resignification of song texts and melodies lies at the core of the deep intertextual play that musicians and music listeners share as they decode political acts.
Sweet Micky’s Allure
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

Though dismissed as jest at the time, in the mid-1990s Sweet Micky declared himself the “President of Konpa” and composed lyrics that avowed his seriousness for the job. Martelly’s play-acts at “presidential” performance suggest that he methodically crafted a political product inherently entangled with his musical product. Fundamental to Martelly’s stage persona are betiz, which encompass obscenities, off-color jokes, and sexual innuendo and which are considered typical carnivalesque behavior. Demonstrating that this staged vulgarity is nothing new, this chapter considers the long history of betiz as documented back to the colonial era. Such expressions have been key to the discursive practices of madigra bands of the 1930s, Coupé Cloué’s konpa hits of the 1960s–1980s, the rara bands of today, and even the Vodou lwa (spirit) Gede. This chapter reveals the deeper work of betiz, in navigating structures of power and oppression while establishing conditions for physical release and psychological healing.
Ti Lili and Nèg Bannann nan (The Banana Man)
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

This chapter describes an unlikely saga that occurred while President Martelly was still in office: he released a song for carnival 2016 that ridiculed respected radio journalist Liliane Pierre Paul, who had called into question selected actions and statements of the president and demanded his accountability as a public leader. The song, called “Bal bannann nan” (Give her the banana), was read euphemistically by many listeners as a misogynistic expression. It simultaneously promoted Martelly’s candidate of choice, Jovenel Moïse, to voters. Moïse, previously entirely unknown, was nicknamed “the banana man” for an agricultural project to trade bananas on the international market as a means for trade and development. This chapter assesses the varied meanings that Haitian listeners took away from the affair. It also continues the conversation on “vagabond politics” and recounts the circumstances of a “zombie invasion” that arose out of the declining economic situation facing Moïse’s administration.
Response from the Roots
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

This chapter profiles two classic bands tied deeply to Haiti’s Vodou roots, Boukman Eksperyans and RAM. Both bands are active and revered on the global popular music circuit and have also been instrumental in leading grassroots resistance to abuses of power and authority in Haiti. More than thirty years after their respective musical debuts, the leaders of both groups have become pillars of the music scene and respected figures in society far beyond their music celebrity status. In many regards, both ensembles have established models for civic leadership through their musical activities, and both are well recognized for their politically and socially engaged music. This chapter explores how Boukman Eksperyans and RAM have infused their music with principles of Vodou metaphysics and Haitian cultural values, albeit in different ways. It also describes how the respective bandleaders situate their musical and non-musical work in the larger scheme of Haitian politics and culture.
Epilogue 2
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca
Published: April 2020

I promised a story that does not end, and find myself caught up in that very spiral. Travay la pa janm fini; istwa pa kanpe nan wout. The work is never finished; history does not stop in the middle of the road. The wisdom in this proverb was made evident when, on January 11, 2018, US President Donald Trump evidently dismissed Haiti, El Salvador, and nations of Africa as “shithole countries” while arguing with the US Congress over immigration policy. The remark was unceremoniously delivered one day prior to the eight-year anniversary of the January 12, 2010, earthquake. It was a deeply wounding ...
P and the Emergence of the Infinitival Left Periphery
Authors: Sabel Joachim
Published: April 2020

Languages differ with respect to whether they allow for infinitival interrogatives and infinitival relative clauses. In order to explain this variation, this chapter postulates the “Wh-Infinitive-Generalization” that links the (non-)availability of infinitival interrogatives/relatives to morphological properties of the infinitival C-system. Based on synchronic and diachronic evidence, it is shown that wh-infinitives are impossible in languages in which the left periphery of the infinitive cannot be occupied by a phonetically realized prepositional complementizer. In contrast, languages with wh-infinitives do exhibit prepositional complementizers as a result of grammaticalization. In order to derive the “Wh-Infinitive-Generalization,” the author argues that infinitival C0 is “defective” in languages without wh-infinitives (/ infinitival relatives) where “defective” infinitival C0 is understood in analogy to defective T0def, i.e. C0def cannot bear the complete range of features specific for C0 (i.e. [focus]-, [wh]-, [topic]-, and [pred]-features). As a consequence, the specifier of C0def, like the specifier of T0def, may serve only as an intermediate but not as a final landing site of movement.
Mutation in Spatial Deixis (Dx)
Authors: Hirose Tomio , Déchaine Rose-Marie , Bliss Heather
Published: April 2020

Two neighboring Algonquian languages, Blackfoot and Plains Cree, differ as to how spatial expressions are represented structurally. Blackfoot it- is an adpositional element occurring within the verbal complex, radically discontinuous from a location-denoting DP; Plains Cree -ihk is an adpositional suffix to a DP, with which it forms a morphological unit. This chapter argues that the contrasting behavior of those morphemes is a function of two factors: (i) which head of the adpositional extended projection each morpheme realizes; (ii) whether or not they have undergone a transcategorial shift—dubbed “mutation”—in the lexicon. This mutation approach applies, for example, to the [PERSON] nature of Blackfoot INFL and to the [TENSE] use of source-denoting Plains Cree adposition ohci and its occurrence within the verbal complex. The emergent category status of adpositions is implicated, too.
The Property Species
Authors: Wilson Bart J.
Published: April 2020

What is property, and why does our species happen to have it? The Property Species explores how Homo sapiens acquires, perceives, and knows the custom of property, and why it might be relevant for understanding how property works in the twenty-first century. Arguing from some hard-to-dispute facts that neither the natural sciences nor the humanities—nor the social sciences squarely in the middle—are synthesizing a full account of property, this book offers a cross-disciplinary compromise that is sure to be controversial: All human beings and only human beings have property in things, and at its core, property rests on custom, not rights. Such an alternative to conventional thinking contends that the origins of property lie not in food, mates, territory, or land, but in the very human act of creating, with symbolic thought, something new that did not previously exist. Integrating cognitive linguistics with the philosophy of property and a fresh look at property disputes in the common law, this book makes the case that symbolic-thinking humans locate the meaning of property within a thing. The provocative implications are that property—not property rights—is an inherent fundamental principle of economics, and that legal realists and the bundle-of-sticks metaphor are wrong about the facts regarding property. Written by an economist who marvels at the natural history of humankind, the book is essential reading for experts and any reader who has wondered why people claim things as “Mine!,” and what that means for our humanity.