bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inde : quelles stratégies face à la Chine ?
Authors: Saint-Mézard Isabelle
Published: July 2019

Cet article analyse les stratégies auxquelles l’Inde a recours pour préserver ses intérêts face à un voisin qui, d’une part, a accumulé beaucoup plus de ressources qu’elle sur les trois dernières décennies et qui, d’autre part, les met désormais au service d’une politique d’influence tous azimuts. L’article souligne par ailleurs trois éléments centraux pour comprendre l’évolution de la relation sino-indienne. Premièrement, le rapport à la Chine est, pour l’Inde, structurellement difficile ; le conflit frontalier, le facteur pakistanais et les jeux d’influence régionaux sont « là pour rester ». Les réflexes de suspicion et de rivalité continueront donc de façonner la relation sino-indienne. Deuxièmement, tant que le rapport à la Chine sera marqué par une forte asymétrie, l’Inde devra maintenir un jeu subtil, fait de constants réajustements entre la recherche de coopérations avec ce voisin, la quête de soutiens extérieurs pour lui faire face, et la nécessité de ne pas le provoquer par des alignements trop ostensiblement hostiles. Enfin, en raison de ses multiples enjeux et contraintes, il semble clair que la relation à la Chine est d’ores et déjà le facteur le plus déterminant de la politique extérieure indienne et qu’elle le sera toujours plus dans les années à venir.
Le BJP de Modi à la conquête des États indiens. Une hégémonie en trompe-l’œil ?
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: July 2019

Après la victoire du BJP de Narendra Modi en 2014, cette formation politique est partie à la conquête des États de la fédération indienne. Il a remporté un nombre record d’élections régionales faisant de lui une force hégémonique. Ce succès s’explique par l’effort de rénovation de l’appareil militant qu’a mis en œuvre le président du BJP, Amit Shah, mais aussi et surtout par l’implication du Premier ministre dans tous les scrutins provinciaux où il a donné libre cours à son discours populiste. L’expansion du BJP a connu un coup d’arrêt en 2018 suite à la perte de trois de ses États où il s’était aliéné de nombreux électeurs ruraux. Les modalités de son essor recèlent d’autres faiblesses susceptibles de se retourner contre lui, à commencer par la nécessaire inféodation des leaders régionaux – nécessairement dépourvus de base locale – au Premier ministre et le manque de souplesse avec les partis régionaux de la coalition dirigée par le BJP, l’Alliance démocratique nationale.
Servir l’entreprise ou la changer ?
Authors: Bereni Laure , Prud'homme Dorothée
Published: July 2019

En s’appuyant sur une série de 68 entretiens avec des « responsables diversité » de grandes entreprises françaises, cet article explore les conditions de possibilité et les formes de la mobilisation de postures critiques ou « orientées vers les valeurs » par des cadres de grandes entreprises, dans leur travail. Ces cadres envisagent-ils/elles cette fonction atypique, située à l’interface entre l’entreprise et la société, comme un lieu de défense de principes juridiques, de convictions politiques ou de valeurs éthiques, au-delà de la cause de l’entreprise ? Nous mettons au jour la variété des manières d’investir la fonction en distinguant trois postures idéales-typiques : l’expert·e distancié·e (ou gestionnaire de projets), qui prend soin de mettre à distance ce qui pourrait l’associer non seulement à une militante mais aussi à une spécialiste de la diversité ; l’expert·e critique (ou militant professionnel) qui poursuit une mission de réforme de l’entreprise, en s’appuyant sur des principes juridiques et politiques ; l’expert·e investi·e (ou professionnelle de la vertu), qui valorise fortement la dimension civique de la fonction, tout en se tenant à distance de toute dimension politique – conflictuelle et critique. En croisant les apports de la littérature sur le militantisme intra-organisationnel et des travaux sur l’ ethos professionnel des cadres exerçant des fonctions associées à la « responsabilité sociale des entreprises », l’article met au jour différentes formes d’articulation entre la rationalité gestionnaire et d’autres sphères de valeurs dans le monde des affaires.
Quand le cancer rencontre le genre
Authors: Meidani Anastasia , Alessandrin Arnaud
Published: July 2019

Cet article revient sur le volet français et qualitatif d’une recherche européenne de méthodologie mixte portant sur les expériences du cancer. À travers 100 entretiens auprès de malades, leurs proches et les professionnel·le·s impliqué·e·s dans leur prise en charge et 400 observations in situ réalisées dans cinq établissements de soins, il explore la manière dont le genre intervient dans le travail du malade et les expériences de soins. L’analyse se déploie en trois temps. Dans une première partie, la reproduction des normes de genre est interrogée à partir d’un double paradoxe : la « vulnérabilité » apparente des femmes se couple à une résistance sociale et relationnelle forte, là où l’endurance supposée des hommes laisse souvent place à des subjectivités affaiblies. Dans une deuxième partie, les ajustements de genre que la maladie initie sont discutés afin de distinguer ce qui, en termes de masculinités et de féminités plurielles, contribue à la mise en place des stratégies visant à tenir tête à la maladie. Enfin, dans une troisième et dernière partie, les relations de soins sont scrutées à partir de ce double mouvement qui oscille entre reproduction normative et ajustements de genre situés.
La réception américaine de Frame Analysis d’Erving Goffman
Authors: Heinich Nathalie
Published: July 2019

Frame Analysis , ouvrage tardif dans l’œuvre d’Erving Goffman, suscita à sa parution, et dans les années qui suivirent, une réception étonnamment controversée pour un chercheur aussi reconnu qu’il l’était à l’époque. Il vaut la peine de reconstituer cet épisode de l’histoire de la sociologie américaine, et de tenter d’en repérer les causes. En effet, au-delà du cas particulier de ce livre, il soulève des questions théoriques récurrentes dans l’histoire mondiale des sciences sociales, tenant notamment aux statuts respectifs de l’interactionnisme et du structuralisme et, plus généralement, à l’importance qu’il convient d’accorder aux catégorisations théoriques.
Facilitateurs et barrières pour l’accès aux soins chez les requérants d’asile du canton de Vaud en Suisse et recommandations
Authors: Maillefer Françoise , Bovet Émilie , Jaton Laure , Bodenmann Patrick , Ninane Françoise
Published: July 2019

Introduction : face à un afflux exceptionnel de requérants d’asile en Suisse en 2015, les soignants ont dû faire face à de nouvelles problématiques. Contexte : il manque des travaux locaux ayant investigué parallèlement le vécu des requérants d’asile en lien avec le système de santé et les perceptions des professionnels de santé en contact avec les requérants d’asile. Objectifs : avoir une meilleure compréhension des besoins spécifiques des RA puis mettre en place des actions concrètes afin d’améliorer l’accès aux soins et augmenter l’efficience de la prise en charge. Méthode : étude qualitative comprenant des entretiens individuels et de groupe avec des requérants d’asile et trois focus group avec des soignants et des interprètes. Résultats : les résultats concernent l’accès aux soins dans le pays d’origine, les représentations sur les conditions de vie en Suisse, les effets du parcours migratoire sur la santé, les représentations vis-à-vis de la psychiatrie et de la bonne santé, la fréquentation des urgences, les motifs des rendez-vous manqués, l’aide par les pairs. Discussion : l’information, la confiance, suffisamment de temps, sont les éléments-clé identifiés pour créer un lien qui optimise l’accès aux soins. Conclusion : la recherche a permis une meilleure compréhension des besoins spécifiques. Des recommandations pour la pratique ont été émises.
A Nurse-Led Cognitive Training Intervention for Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cuevas Heather E. , Stuifbergen Alexa K. , Brown Sharon A. , Ward Catherine
Published: July 2019

Diabetes increases the risk for cognitive impairment and doubles the rate of cognitive decline after diagnosis. In turn, cognitive dysfunction makes diabetes self-management more difficult. Nurses who help manage these conditions are focused on identifying patients at risk for complications, promoting symptom management, and preventing further decline. The purpose of the current study was to develop and pilot test a nurse-led comprehensive cognitive training intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the Memory Attention and Problem Solving Skills in Persons With Diabetes Mellitus (MAPSS-DM). The 8-week intervention combined in-person classes and online computer training. Development included: (a) adaptation of established, tested interventions; (b) interviews with stakeholders; (c) integration of course content; and (d) pilot testing of the intervention in a one-group, pre-/posttest design (
N
= 19). Postintervention scores improved in all areas; improvements were statistically significant for diet adherence (
t
[18] = −2.41,
p
< 0.005), memory ability (
t
[18] = 5.54,
p
< 0.01), and executive function (
t
[18] = 3.11,
p
< 0.01). Fifty-eight percent of participants stated the intervention helped their diabetes self-management, and 74% indicated they wanted to continue using cognitive strategies learned in the intervention. Results from this study showed the MAPSS-DM to be a promising cognitive training intervention for individuals with T2DM.

Targets:

Individuals with T2DM.

Intervention Description:

In-person classes and online computer training of a cognitive training intervention.

Mechanisms of Action:

Participants who completed the intervention would show improved cognitive function, which would result in improved self-management adherence followed by better glycemic control.

Outcomes:

Improved diabetes self-management and sustained use of learned cognitive strategies.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2019; 12(4):203–212.]
Systèmes urbains et pollution de l’air extérieur : application du concept de résilience
Authors: Cariolet Jean-Marie , Vuillet Marc , Diab Youssef
Published: July 2019

La pollution de l’air extérieur est considérée comme un risque diffus auquel les villes doivent s’adapter pour éviter des impacts sanitaires et économiques de plus en plus importants. Le concept de résilience, jusqu’alors essentiellement appliqué aux chocs en milieu urbain, peut apporter un regard nouveau mais aucun cadre conceptuel n’existe pour la pollution de l’air. Le but de cet article est de proposer une première réflexion sur l’applicabilité du concept de résilience à la problématique de la pollution de l’air extérieur pour les villes, que nous considérons ici comme des systèmes urbains. Les résiliences adaptatives et inhérentes sont considérées pour, respectivement, observer des mécanismes de résilience des villes et caractériser les propriétés qu’une ville doit posséder pour être résiliente à la pollution de l’air. L’application des propriétés des systèmes socio-écologiques résilients à notre problématique permet d’apporter un premier cadre de réflexion et d’identifier plusieurs exemples de leviers d’actions pour améliorer la résilience des villes à la pollution de l’air extérieur, selon les différentes dimensions de la résilience (technique, organisationnelle, politique, sociale et économique).
Using Chitosan Besides Nano Hydroxyapatite and Fluorohydroxyapatite Boost Dental Pulp Stem Cell Proliferation
Authors: Tondnevis Farbod , Ketabi Mohammadali , Fekrazad Reza , Sadeghi Ali , Abolhasani Mohamad Mahdi
Published: July 2019

The dental tissue scaffold must provide a favorable surface for dental pulp stem cell attachment and proliferation. Employing nanohydroxyapatite (HA) and nanofluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) beside synthetic and organic polymer in favor of scaffolds would be used in bone and dental tissue engineering. In this research, nanoHA and FHA/chitosan scaffolds were synthesized by freeze-drying technique. Surface morphology, chemical composition and hydrophilicity have a great impact on initial cell attachment which will further affect the cell viability and proliferation which evaluated by SEM, XRD and contact angle measurement. Bioactivity of scaffolds was investigated by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) and cell proliferation assay. In freeze-drying technique percentage usage of hydroxyapatite could be risen up to 40% and shown better macro-mechanical and physical properties and bioactivity. According to obtained results by adding chitosan, contact angle was decreased by %54 and %37 for polycaprolactone (PCL)/HA and PCL/FHA scaffolds. In addition, addition of chitosan causes significant increase in the cell proliferation for PCL/HA and PCL/FHA up to 81% and 164%, respectively. These results indicate that PCL/FHA/chitosan scaffold represent a big potential for dental tissue engineering.
In Vitro Nucleic Acid Hybridization for the Identification of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Cervical Clinical Specimens
Authors: Parmin N.A. , Hashim Uda , Mustafa Wan Azani , Gopinath S.C.B. , Rejali Zulida , Uda M.N.A.
Published: July 2019

The reliability and specificity of the Pap smear rely on the eyewitness to perceive and an assortment of cell variations in clinically obtained cervical specimens. The improvement in early diagnosis to distinguish Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been an issue. ELISA has been intended to analyze the immune response against HPV, and they can be utilized to distinguish the phase of the infection. The objective of this study to characterize the performance of In Vitro Nucleic Acid Hybridization with a correlation with Liquid-Based Cytology and HPV DNA Genotyping Test to assess its use as the potential for the identification of high-risk HPV in cervical clinical specimens. Hybridization utilizing an in vitro nucleic acid DNA-based ELISA method was performed with an improved chemiluminescent for the qualitative and semi-quantitative identification of high-risk HPV in cervical specimens. For analyzing the reliability to identify HPV DNA in cervical Pap smear, we studied the effectiveness of FDA-approved Hybrid Capture II (HCII) utilizing cervical swapping from 20 patient clinical specimens. Two scrapes-outs were positive for the occurrence of HPV. Only specimens displayed positive with HCII test were further confirmed by HPV Genotyping Test. Specimen 2 and 13 were positive for one of the 13 high-risk types in HCII test. Specimen 2 was confirmed by HPV genotyping test as a positive high-risk HPV type 58.
Classification of Mammograms Using Texture and CNN Based Extracted Features
Authors: Debelee Taye Girma , Gebreselasie Abrham , Schwenker Friedhelm , Amirian Mohammadreza , Yohannes Dereje
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a modified adaptive K-means (MAKM) method is proposed to extract the region of interest (ROI) from the local and public datasets. The local image datasets are collected from Bethezata General Hospital (BGH) and the public datasets are from Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS). The same image number is used for both datasets, 112 are abnormal and 208 are normal. Two texture features (GLCM and Gabor) from ROIs and one CNN based extracted features are considered in the experiment. CNN features are extracted using Inception-V3 pre-trained model after simple preprocessing and cropping. The quality of the features are evaluated individually and by fusing features to one another and five classifiers (SVM, KNN, MLP, RF, and NB) are used to measure the descriptive power of the features using cross-validation. The proposed approach was first evaluated on the local dataset and then applied to the public dataset. The results of the classifiers are measured using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, kappa, computation time and AUC. The experimental analysis made using GLCM features from the two datasets indicates that GLCM features from BGH dataset outperformed that of MIAS dataset in all five classifiers. However, Gabor features from the two datasets scored the best result with two classifiers (SVM and MLP). For BGH and MIAS, SVM scored an accuracy of 99%, 97.46%, the sensitivity of 99.48%, 96.26% and specificity of 98.16%, 100% respectively. And MLP achieved an accuracy of 97%, 87.64%, the sensitivity of 97.40%, 96.65% and specificity of 96.26%, 75.73% respectively. Relatively maximum performance is achieved for feature fusion between Gabor and CNN based extracted features using MLP classifier. However, KNN, MLP, RF, and NB classifiers achieved almost 100% performance for GLCM texture features and SVM scored an accuracy of 96.88%, the sensitivity of 97.14% and specificity of 96.36%. As compared to other classifiers, NB has scored the least computation time in all experiments.
T Cell–Activating Bispecific Antibodies in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Trabolsi Asaad , Arumov Artavazd , Schatz Jonathan H.
Published: July 2019

Effector lymphocytes are multifunctional cells of the immune system that promote cytolysis of pathogen-infected cells and nascent tumors. Tumors must learn to evade effectors and employ a wide variety of mechanisms to do so. Bispecific Abs (BsAbs) are an emerging cancer immunotherapy approach seeking to re-engage either T effectors or NK cells with malignant cells. Possessing specificity for effector cells on one end and a tumor Ag on the other, these molecules work by attracting effectors to the target cell to build an immunologic synapse and induce tumor cell killing. The BsAb blinatumomab, for example, has specificity for the T cell–activating cell surface protein CD3 and the B cell Ag CD19. The only BsAb with regulatory approval currently, blinatumomab is used in the treatment of relapsed or refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Many additional BsAbs are in preclinical development, however, targeting many different tumor types. The variety of potential effector cells and cancer Ags, along with potential combination therapies, make BsAbs an active area of drug development. In this review, we discuss cancer recognition by the immune system and structural and mechanistic aspects of BsAbs. We summarize key steps in preclinical development and subsequent translation to medical practice. Future directions for BsAbs include combinations with a wide variety of both immunologic and nonimmunologic therapies. Defining their optimum clinical use is at early stages.
Epidemiology of Cervical Muscle Strains in Collegiate and High School Football Athletes, 2011–2012 Through 2013–2014 Academic Years
Authors: Lee Katherine M. , Kay Melissa C. , Kucera Kristen L. , Prentice William E. , Kerr Zachary Y.
Published: July 2019

Context

Cervical muscle strains are an often-overlooked injury, with neck- and spine-related research typically focusing on spinal cord and vertebral injuries.

Objective

To examine the rates and distributions of cervical muscle strains in collegiate and high school football athletes.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

Collegiate and high school football teams.

Patients or Other Participants

The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) collected data from collegiate football athletes. The High School National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (HS NATION) and High School Reporting Information Online (HS RIO) collected data from high school football athletes. Data from the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years were used.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Athletic trainers collected injury and exposure data for football players. Injury counts, injury rates per 10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs), and injury rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results

The NCAA-ISP reported 49 cervical muscle strains (rate = 0.96/10 000 AEs), of which 28 (57.1%) were TL (time loss; rate = 0.55/10 000 AEs). High School NATION reported 184 cervical muscle strains (rate = 1.66/10 000 AEs), of which 33 (17.9%) were TL injuries (rate = 0.30/10 000 AEs). The HS RIO, which collects only TL injuries, reported 120 TL cervical muscle strains (rate = 0.51/10 000 AEs). The overall injury rate was lower in the NCAA-ISP than in HS NATION (injury rate ratio = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.79); when restricted to TL injuries, the overall injury rate was higher in the NCAA-ISP (injury rate ratio = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.11, 3.03). No differences were found when comparing TL injuries in HS RIO and the NCAA-ISP. Cervical muscle-strain rates were higher during competitions than during practices across all 3 surveillance systems for all injuries. Most cervical muscle strains were due to player contact (NCAA-ISP = 85.7%, HS NATION = 78.8%, HS RIO = 85.8%).

Conclusions

The incidence of cervical muscle strains in football players was low compared with other injuries. Nonetheless, identifying and implementing interventions, particularly those aimed at reducing unsafe player contact, are essential to further decrease the risk of injury and associated adverse outcomes.
Editorial
Authors: Beenhakker J. C.
Published: July 2019

No Abstract available
Basic matrix perturbation theory
Authors: Texier Benjamin
Published: July 2019

In this expository note, we give proofs of several results in finite-dimensional matrix perturbation theory: continuity of the spectrum, regularity of the total eigenprojectors, existence and computation of one-sided directional derivatives of semi-simple eigenvalues, and Puiseux expansions of coalescing eigenvalues. These results are all classical, at least in the case of one-dimensional, analytical perturbations; a standard reference is the treatise of T. Kato,
Perturbation theory for linear operators
(Springer, 1980). In contrast with Kato, we consider perturbations which are not necessarily smooth, in arbitrary finite dimension, and for coalescing eigenvalues we do not use the notion of multi-valued function. The proofs use Rouché’s theorem, representations of projectors as contour integrals, and the description of conjugacy classes of connected covering maps of the punctured disk.
Planar tropical cubic curves of any genus, and higher dimensional generalisations
Authors: Bertrand Benoît , Brugallé Erwan , López de Medrano Lucía
Published: July 2019

We study the maximal values of Betti numbers of tropical subvarieties of a given dimension and degree in

\mathbb TP^n

. We provide a lower estimate for the maximal value of the top Betti number, which naturally depends on the dimension and degree, but also on the codimension. In particular, when the codimension is large enough, this lower estimate is larger than the maximal value of the corresponding Hodge number of complex algebraic projective varieties of the given dimension and degree. In the case of surfaces, we extend our study to all tropical homology groups. As a special case, we prove that there exist planar tropical cubic curves of genus

g

for any non-negative integer

g

.
Boundary effects on the magnetic Hamiltonian dynamics in two dimensions
Authors: Nguyen Duc Thọ , Raymond Nicolas , Vũ Ngọc San
Published: July 2019

We study the Hamiltonian dynamics of a charged particle submitted to a pure magnetic field in a two-dimensional domain. We provide conditions on the magnetic field in a neighbourhood of the boundary to ensure the confinement of the particle. We also prove a formula for the scattering angle in the case of radial magnetic fields.
Совершенные тройки и гомотопии отображений мотивных пространств
Authors: Panin Ivan Alexandrovich
Published: July 2019

В настоящей статье развиты геометрические методы для решения одной гипотезы Гротендика-Серра, доказанной для случая конечных полей в [1]. Оказывается, что эти методы позволяют решить некоторые когомологические задачи.
В частности, для любого предпучка $S^1$-спектров $E$ на категории $k$-гладких схем все его пучки Нисневича $\mathbf{A}^1$-стабильных гомотопических групп являются строго гомотопически инвариантными. Это показывает, что $E$ является $\mathbf{A}^1$-локальным, если и только если все его пучки Нисневича обычных стабильных гомотопических групп являются строго гомотопически инвариантными. Если поле $k$ бесконечно, то этот результат получен Морелем в [2].
Однако, если поле $k$ конечно, то доказательсво Мореля не работает, так как оно опирается на одну геометрическую лемму Габбера, опубликованное доказательство которой отсутствует. Мы не пользуемся отмеченной леммой Габбера. Вместо этого мы развиваем технику совершенных троек, определенных в [3]. Указанная техника инспирирована техникой стандартных троек Воеводского [4].
Библиография: 13 наименований.
Sickle Cell Education: A Survey of Antenatal Healthcare Givers
Authors: Aboagye Serwah , Torto Magdalene , Asah-Opoku Kwaku , Nuamah Mercy Anna , Oppong Samuel Antwi , Samba Ali
Published: July 2019

To explore the educational practices of antenatal care providers toward pregnant women with sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle cell trait (SCT), a survey was conducted among selected doctors and midwives who provide antenatal care at the outpatient clinic of the Obstetric Department of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. The study explored their practices of screening for and patient education about SCD and SCT. Of the 102 respondents, 100(98%) stated that they were knowledgeable in the medical and genetic aspects of the disease. Regarding screening, 82(80.4%) reported mandatory screening for SCD, 9(8.8%) did not offer screening as routine, and 11(10.8%) gave patients the choice. The majority (93.1%) always informed patients when the test was positive but health-care providers less than six years experience were less likely to communicate SCT status to patients without the trait (odds ratio [OR] = 0.41, 95% CI [0.18–0.93]). Nurses/midwives were less likely to tell patients their carrier status (OR = 0.25, 95% CI [0.10–0.59]). There was also variation in referral practices for genetic counseling, with 26.5% always referring, 28.4% never doing so, and 45.1% only referring if the patient had questions. This may affect patients’ awareness of this genetic condition. Therefore, continuous medical education on SCD/SCT and standardization of counseling may help inform couples’ family planning choices and reduce the burden of the disease on future generation and health care.
A Review of Hearing Loss Associated with Zika, Ebola, and Lassa Fever
Authors: Ficenec Samuel C. , Schieffelin John S. , Emmett Susan D.
Published: July 2019

The neglected tropical diseases Zika, Ebola, and Lassa fever (LF) have all been noted to cause some degree of hearing loss (HL). Hearing loss is a chronic disability that can lead to a variety of detrimental effects, including speech and language delays in children, decreased economic productivity in adults, and accelerated cognitive decline in older adults. The objective of this review is to summarize what is known regarding HL secondary to these viruses. Literature for this review was gathered using the PubMed database. Articles were excluded if there were no data of the respective viruses, postinfectious complications, or conditions related to survivorship. A total of 50 articles were included in this review. Fourteen articles discussing Zika virus and subsequent complications were included. Across these studies, 56 (21.2%) of 264 Zika-infected individuals were found to have HL. Twenty-one articles discussing Ebola virus and subsequent complications were included, with 190 (5.7%) of 3,350 Ebola survivors found to have HL. Fifteen additional articles discussing LF and subsequent complications were included. Of 926 individuals with LF, 79 (8.5%) were found to have HL. These results demonstrate a relationship between HL and infection. The true prevalence is likely underestimated, however, because of lack of standardization of reporting and measurement. Future studies of viral sequelae would benefit from including audiometric evaluation. This information is critical to understanding pathophysiology, preventing future cases of this disability, and improving quality of life after survival of infection.
Associations between Public Awareness, Local Precipitation, and Cholera in Yemen in 2017
Authors: Zhao Shi , Musa Salihu S. , Qin Jing , He Daihai
Published: July 2019

In 2017–18, a large-scale cholera outbreak swept Yemen. We calculated the number of culture-confirmed cases from the suspected cases and diagnosis testing records. We estimate 184,248 confirmed cholera cases between April 2017 and the end of 2017, and the reproduction number of 2.2 with 95% CI of [2.1, 2.3] during the initial stage. We find a significantly (nonlinear) positive association between the reproduction number (Rt) and precipitation, explained 13% of transmissibility changes, with one unit (mm) increment in precipitation leading to an increment of 20.1% in Rt. We find a significantly (nonlinear) negative association between the Rt and cumulative Google Trends index (GTI), explained 62% of transmissibility changes, with one unit increment in cumulative GTI leading to a drop of 0.03% in Rt.
Community Epidemiology Approach to Parasitic Infection Screening in a Remote Community in Ecuador
Authors: Anselmi Mariella , Guevara Angel , Vicuña Yosselin , Vivero Sandra , Prandi Rosanna , Caicedo Cintia , Marquez Monica , Bisoffi Zeno , Buonfrate Dora
Published: July 2019

The Awa indigenous people of Ecuador live in remote areas and were included in health programs only recently. The first screening for parasitic infections in the Awa communities was implemented in the context of community epidemiology. During the site visits in each community, the health-care staff collected the samples for stool microscopy and serology for Strongyloides. A total of 705 individuals consented for the study, representing 40% of the Awa population living in the targeted communities; 184 (26%) participants supplied a stool sample. Giardia intestinalis was found in about 11% of samples. Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura was 54.9% and 36.9%, respectively. No hookworm eggs were found. In addition, Strongyloides stercoralis larvae were found in eight individuals (4.3%), whereas serology was positive in 22.7% of the individuals tested. The community-based approach resulted in an impressive participation. There was a high prevalence of parasites associated with relevant morbidity.
Association between Maternal High-Risk Fertility Behavior and Childhood Morbidity in Bangladesh: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Rahman Mosfequr , Hosen Alamgeer , Khan Mostaured Ali
Published: July 2019

In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated data from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), which consisted of 7,707 married women aged 15–49 years who lived with at least one child younger than 5 years. This study’s primary aim was to examine the relationship between maternal high-risk fertility behavior and child morbidity. To define high-risk fertility behaviors, we considered three variables: maternal age at the time of delivery, birth order, and birth interval. The main outcome measures were mortality-related disease in the past 2 weeks (acute respiratory infection [ARI], diarrhea, and fever) and low birth weight (LBW). We used modified Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations to assess the relationships between the variables of interest. Results indicate that a substantial portion of women (34%) exhibited high-risk fertility patterns; 28.7% engaged in a single high-risk behavior and 5.4% engaged in multiple high-risk behaviors. After adjusting for relevant covariates, high-risk fertility behaviors were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of ARI (adjusted relative risk [ARR]: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05–1.50), diarrhea (ARR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.03–1.35), fever (ARR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.11–1.58), and LBW (ARR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.10–1.52). In addition, engaging in multiple high-risk fertility behaviors appeared to have far-reaching consequences on the outcomes measured. Maternal high-risk fertility behaviors are important predictors of morbidity in children younger than 5 years. Preventing high-risk fertility behavior may reduce childhood morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh.
Impact of Dengue Rapid Diagnostic Tests on the Prescription of Antibiotics and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs by Physicians in an Endemic Area in Colombia
Authors: Tello-Cajiao María Elena , Osorio Lyda
Published: July 2019

There is insufficient evidence on whether dengue rapid diagnostic tests (dRDTs) influence clinical decisions in endemic areas. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the impact of dRDTs on the prescription of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs by physicians in a dengue-endemic area in Colombia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted with 330 patients in Cali, Colombia, between January 2012 and December 2017. The exposure was defined by the result of the dRDT. The outcomes were prescription of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs after results of dRDT. Incidence and RR with 95% CIs were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted separately for each outcome. Antibiotics were prescribed in 3% exposed and 14% unexposed. Anti-inflammatory drugs were prescribed in 1.2% exposed and 7.9% unexposed. A positive dRDT reduced the prescription of anti-inflammatories (AdjOR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.008–0.5) but, by itself, had no effect on antibiotics (AdjOR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.2–6); however, in hospitalized patients, a positive result reduced the probability of antibiotic prescription (AdjOR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00–0.8). Despite limitations of current dRDTs, they influence treatment decisions. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of dRDTs in patient outcomes and health-care costs.
Synthesis of biodegradable films obtained from rice husk and sugarcane bagasse to be used as food packaging material
Authors: Gupta Himanshu , Kumar Harish , Kumar Mohit , Gehlaut Avneesh Kumar , Gaur Ankur , Sachan Sadhana , Park Jin-Won
Published: July 2019

The current study stresses on the reuse of waste lignocellulose biomass (rice husk and sugarcane bagasse) for the synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and further conversion of this CMC into a biodegradable film. Addition of commercial starch was done to form biodegradable film due to its capacity to form a continuous matrix. Plasticizers such as Glycerol and citric acid were used to provide flexibility and strength to the film. Biopolymer film obtained from sugarcane bagasse CMC showed maximum tensile strength and elongation in comparison to the film synthesized from commercial CMC and CMC obtained from rice husk. It has been observed that an increase in sodium glycolate/NaCl content in CMC imposed an adverse effect on tensile strength. Opacity, moisture content, and solubility of the film increased with a rise in the degree of substitution of CMC. Therefore, CMC obtained from sugarcane bagasse was better candidate in preparing biopolymer/biocomposite film.
Isolating the climate change impacts on air-pollution-related-pathologies over central and southern Europe – a modelling approach on cases and costs
Authors: Tarín-Carrasco Patricia , Morales-Suárez-Varela María , Im Ulas , Brandt Jørgen , Palacios-Peña Laura , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Air pollution has important implications for human health and associated external costs to society and is closely related to climate change. This contribution tries to assess the impacts of present (1996–2015) and future (2071–2100 under RCP8.5) air pollution on several cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies and estimate the difference in the costs associated with these health impacts on the European population. For this, air quality data from the regional chemistry–climate modelling system of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) are used, together with some epidemiological information from the European Commission. The methodology considered relies on the Economic Valuation of Air Pollution (EVA) exposure–response functions and economic valuations (Brandt et al., 2013a, b). Several hypotheses have been established, in order to strictly isolate the effects of climate change on air pollution and health: constant present-day emission levels and population density in the whole of Europe. In general, the number of cases for the pathologies considered will increase in the future (chronic bronchitis, heart failure, lung cancer, premature deaths), increasing the overall cost associated from EUR 173 billion per year to over EUR 204 billion per year at the end of the present century. Premature deaths are the most important problem in the target area in terms of costs (EUR 158 billion per year, increasing by 17 % in the future RCP8.5 2071–2100 projection) and cases (418 700 cases per year, increasing by 94 900 cases per year in the future). The most affected areas are European megacities, the Ruhr Valley and several cities in eastern Europe (e.g. Chişinău, Bucharest). For the RCP8.5 scenario, cases and costs will increase over southern and eastern Europe, while central and northern Europe could benefit from climate change variations (decreasing both cases and costs for the studied pathologies).
The impact of aerosols on photolysis frequencies and ozone production in Beijing during the 4-year period 2012–2015
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Li Xin , Shao Min , Hu Min , Zeng Limin , Wu Yusheng , Tan Tianyi
Published: July 2019

Abstract. During the period 2012–2015, photolysis frequencies were measured at the
Peking University site (PKUERS), a site representative of Beijing. We
present a study of the effects of aerosols on two key photolysis
frequencies, j(O1D) and j(NO2). Both j(O1D) and j(NO2)
display significant dependence on aerosol
optical depth (AOD; 380 nm) with a non-linear negative
correlation. With the increase in AOD, the slopes of photolysis frequencies
vs. AOD decrease, which indicates that the capacity of aerosols to reduce the
actinic flux decreases with AOD. The absolute values of slopes are equal to
4.2–6.9×10-6 and 3.4×10-3 s−1 per AOD unit for
j(O1D) and j(NO2) respectively at a solar zenith angle (SZA) of 60∘ and AOD
smaller than 0.7, both of which are larger than those observed in a similar,
previous study in the Mediterranean. This indicates that the aerosols in
Beijing have a stronger extinction effect on actinic flux than
absorptive dust aerosols in the Mediterranean. Since the photolysis
frequencies strongly depended on the AOD and the SZA,
we established a parametric equation to quantitatively evaluate the effect
of aerosols on photolysis frequencies in Beijing. According to the
parametric equation, aerosols lead to a decrease in seasonal mean
j(NO2) by 24 % and 30 % for summer and winter, respectively, and
a corresponding decrease in seasonal mean j(O1D) by 27 % and 33 %,
respectively, compared to an aerosol-free atmosphere (AOD =0). Based on
an observation campaign in August 2012, we used a photochemical box model
to simulate the ozone production rate (P(O3)). The simulation results
shows that the monthly mean daytime net ozone production rate is reduced by
up to 25 % due to the light extinction of aerosols. Through further
in-depth analysis, it was found that particulate matter concentrations
maintain a high level under the condition of high concentrations of ozone
precursors (volatile organic compounds, VOCs, and NOx), which inhibits the production of ozone to a large
extent. This phenomenon implies a negative feedback mechanism in the
atmospheric environment of Beijing.
Ozone-sensitive channel selection over IASI full spectrum with correlated observation errors for NWP
Authors: Coopmann Olivier , Guidard Vincent , Josse Béatrice , Marécal Virginie , Fourrié Nadia
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard the Metop satellites provides 8461 channels in the infrared spectrum, covering the spectral interval 645–2760 cm−1 at a resolution of 0.5 cm−1. The high volume of data observation resulting from IASI presents many challenges. In current Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, assimilating all channels is not feasible, due to data transmission, data storage and significant computational costs. One of the methods for reducing the data volume is the channel selection. Many NWP centres use a subset of 314 IASI channels including 15 ozone-sensitive channels. However, this channel selection has been carried out assuming uncorrelated observation errors. In addition, these ozone-sensitive channels have been selected only for ozone information. The objective of this study is to carry out a new selection of IASI ozone-sensitive channels from the full spectrum over a spectral range of 1000–1070 cm−1, in a direct radiance assimilation framework. This selection is done with a full observation error covariance matrix to take into account cross-channel error correlations. A sensitivity method based on the channel spectral sensitivity to variables and a statistical approach based on the Degrees of Freedom for Signal (DFS) have been chosen. To be representative of atmospheric variability, 345 profiles from around the world over a one-year period were selected. The new selection, is evaluated in a One-Dimensional Variational (1D-Var) analyses framework. This selection highlights a new set of 15 IASI ozone-sensitive channels. The results are very encouraging since by adding these 15 channels to 122 operational channels, temperature and humidity analyses are improved by 13.8 % and 20.9 % respectively. Obviously, these 15 channels significantly improve ozone analyses. In addition to considering inter-channel observation error correlations, the channel selection method uses a robust background error covariance matrix that takes into account temperature, humidity and ozone errors using a lagged forecast method over a one-year period. The new selection of IASI ozone-sensitive channels will be soon used in the global 4D-Var ARPEGE (Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle) data assimilation system.
The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5.0.3)
Authors: Swart Neil C. , Cole Jason N. S. , Kharin Viatcheslav V. , Lazare Mike , Scinocca John F. , Gillett Nathan P. , Anstey James , Arora Vivek , Christian James R. , Hanna Sarah , Jiao Yanjun , Lee Warren G. , Majaess Fouad , Saenko Oleg A. , Seiler Christian , Seinen Clint , Shao Andrew , Solheim Larry , von Salzen Knut , Yang Duo , Winter Barbara
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal predictions. This paper describes the model components and their coupling, as well as various aspects of model development, including tuning, optimization and a reproducibility strategy. We also document the stability of the model using a long control simulation, quantify the model's ability to reproduce large scale features of the historical climate, and evaluate the response of the model to external forcing. CanESM5 is comprised of three dimensional atmosphere (T63 spectral resolution/2.8°) and ocean (nominally 1°) general circulation models, a sea ice model, a land surface scheme, and explicit land and ocean carbon cycle models. The model features relatively coarse resolution and high throughput, which facilitates the production of large ensembles. CanESM5 has a notably higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.7 K) than its predecessor CanESM2 (3.8 K), which we briefly discuss, along with simulated changes over the historical period. CanESM5 simulations are contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), and will be employed for climate science and service applications in Canada.
A predictive model for spatio-temporal variability in stream water quality
Authors: Guo Danlu , Lintern Anna , Webb J. Angus , Ryu Dongryeol , Bende-Michl Ulrike , Liu Shuci , Western Andrew William
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Degraded water quality in rivers and streams can have large economic, societal and ecological impacts. Stream water quality can be highly variable both over space and time. To develop effective management strategies for riverine water quality, it is critical to be able to predict these spatio-temporal variabilities. However, our current capacity to model stream water quality is limited, particularly at large spatial scales across multiple catchments. This is due to a lack of understanding of the key controls that drive spatio-temporal variabilities of stream water quality. To address this, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical statistical model to analyse the spatio-temporal variability in stream water quality across the state of Victoria, Australia. The model was developed based on monthly water quality monitoring data collected at 102 sites over 21 years. The modelling focused on six key water quality constituents: total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrate-nitrite (NOx), and electrical conductivity (EC). Among the six constituents, the models explained varying proportions of variation in water quality. EC was the most predictable constituent (88.6 % variability explained) and FRP had the lowest predictive performance (19.9 % variability explained). The models were validated for multiple sets of calibration/validation sites and showed robust performance. Temporal validation revealed a systematic change in the TSS model performance across most catchments since an extended drought period in the study region, highlighting potential shifts in TSS dynamics over the drought. Further improvements in model performance need to focus on: (1) alternative statistical model structures to improve fitting for the low concentration data, especially records below the detection limit; and (2) better representation of non-conservative constituents by accounting for important biogeochemical processes. We also recommend future improvements in water quality monitoring programs which can potentially enhance the model capacity, via: (1) improving the monitoring and assimilation of high-frequency water quality data; and (2) improving the availability of data to capture land use and management changes over time.
Climate risks, digital media, and big data: following communication trails to investigate urban communities' resilience
Authors: Vicari Rosa , Tchiguirinskaia Ioulia , Tisserand Bruno , Schertzer Daniel
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Today, when extreme weather affects an urban area, huge numbers of digital data are spontaneously produced by the population on the Internet. These “digital trails” can provide insight into the interactions existing between climate-related risks and the social perception of these risks. According to this research “big data” exploration techniques can be exploited to monitor these interactions and their effect on urban resilience. The experiments presented in this paper show that digital research can amplify key issues covered by digital media and identify the stakeholders that can influence the debate, and therefore the community's attitudes towards an issue. Three corpora of Web communication data have been extracted: press articles covering the June 2016 Seine River flood, press articles covering the October 2015 Alpes-Maritimes flood, and tweets on the 2016 Seine River flood. The analysis of these datasets involved an iteration between manual and automated extraction of hundreds of key terms, aggregated analysis of publication incidence and key term incidence, graph representations based on measures of semantic proximity (conditional distance) between key terms, automated visualisation of clusters through Louvain modularity, visual observation of the graph, and quantitative analysis of its nodes and edges. Through this analysis we detected topics and actors that characterise each press dataset, as well as frequent co-occurrences and clusters of topics and actors. Profiling of social media users gave us insights into who could influence opinions on Twitter. Through a comparison of the three datasets, it was also possible to observe how some patterns change over time, in different urban areas and in different digital media contexts.