bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OSL dating and lithological characteristics of loess deposits from Biały Kościół
Authors: Moska Piotr , Adamiec Grzegorz , Jary Zdzisław
Published: March 2011

Absolute dating using luminescence methods is widely applicable in geology, geomorphology, palaeogeography and in archaeology in establishing ages of sediments and archaeological artefacts. By creating absolute time scales for different events in the history of Earth scientists are able to reconstruct changes in climate and environment in the past, and the history of colonization and development of culture.

Grain size is the most important loess lithologic property. Grain size composition depends mainly on factors connected with depositional processes (i.e. variety of source areas, distance from source areas, frequency and intensity of dust transporting winds). The influence of post depositional processes on changes in grain size composition seems to be of less importance with the exceptions for warm and long periods of intensive pedogenesis, which are favorable for formation of clay minerals. Therefore the grain size differentiation within thick loess sections may be used as a proxy record of climate changes during loess cover development.

Here we present results for 12 samples dated at the profile at Biały Kościół. Obtained OSL results in some cases are quite different as compared with the OSL and TL dates obtained during last 10 years by other authors and presented in previous publications relating to this loess profile.
Record of the meso- and neoholocene palaeoenvironmental changes in the Jesionowa landslide peat bog (Beskid Sądecki MTS. Polish Outer Carpathians)
Authors: Margielewski Włodzimierz , Kołaczek Piotr , Michczyński Adam , Obidowicz Andrzej , Pazdur Anna
Published: March 2011

The paper presents an analysis of depositional sequences of landslide peat bog situated in the depressions developed within the landslide landforms Jesionowa in the Beskid Sądecki Mts. (Outer Carpathians). The peat bog, with depositional sequence 2.80 m long, started to form at the beginning of the Atlantic Phase ca. 6390–5910 cal BC. Palynological and lithological analyses as well as several (14) radiocarbon age determinations of different horizons in the sediments enabled the reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental changes during the Meso-and Neoholocene. The increase in climate humidity at the beginning of the Subboreal and Subatlantic Phases was observed as delivery of minerogenic material to the peat bog basin and formation of a mineral horizon and an illuvial level within the peat. The particularly intensive delivery of allochthonous material to the peat bog took place at the beginning of the Subboreal Phase and was the result of both significant humid climate and increased human impact (colonization of the Funnel Beaker Culture) in the landslide area. Similar influence of younger colonisations of landslide area (Przeworsk Culture and, later, Valachian colonisation) was also recorded within the deposits of peat bog (illuvial and mineral horizons) in the early Subatlantic Phase. Rejuvenation of the landslide zone and formation of the younger landslide were connected with the increase in climate humidity at the beginning of the Subboreal Phase. The peat bog deposits situated within this younger landslide, which are ca. 1.8 m thick, are significantly contaminated with mineral material.
Radiocarbon dating of the bronze age bone pins from Eurasian steppe
Authors: Shishlina Natalia , Plicht Johan , Zazovskaya Elya
Published: March 2011

Bone catapult and hammer-headed pins played one of very specific roles in funerary offerings in the Bronze Age graves uncovered in the Eurasian Steppes and the North Caucasus. Scholars used different types of pins as key grave offerings for numerous chronological models. For the first time eight pins have been radiocarbon dated. 14C dating of bone pins identified the catapult type pin as the earliest one. They marked the period of the Yamnaya culture formation. Then Yamnaya population produced hammer-headed pins which became very popular in other cultural environments and spread very quickly across the Steppe and the Caucasus during 2900–2650 cal BC. But according to radiocarbon dating bone pins almost disappeared after 2600 cal BC.
Geochronology of vegetation stages of south-east Baltic coast (Kaliningrad region) during the middle and Late Holocene
Authors: Arslanov Khikmatulla , Druzhinina Olga , Savelieva Larisa , Subetto Dmitry , Skhodnov Ivan , Dolukhanov Pavel , Kuzmin Gennady , Chernov Sergey , Maksimov Fedor , Kovalenkov Segey
Published: March 2011

The raised bog sediments that have been continuously accumulated over time represent the most suitable natural object which enables us to reconstruct Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation and palaeoclimates. Bog peat consists of organic carbon formed in situ. It contains moss, plant fragments and microfossils that are necessary for the study of palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate. However, a successful study of palaeoenvironment can be carried out on the basis of investigation of a great quantity of samples along the whole peatbog thickness. In the present paper, the authors present the results of palynological, botanical investigations and radiocarbon dating of 31 peat samples taken from the raised bog Velikoye, located in the eastern part of Kaliningrad Region. The data obtained have enabled us to reconstruct the palaeovegetation, reveal the evolution of the bog and determine rate of peat formation at different evolutional stages over the last 7500 cal BP.
A sedimentation study of St. Ana Lake (Romania) applying the 210Pb and 137Cs dating methods
Authors: Begy Robert , Timar-Gabor Alida , Somlai Janos , Cosma Constantin
Published: March 2011

The biggest problem with most lakes that have no contact with other water sources and are being charged by precipitation is the massive eutrophication. The aim of this work was to determine the sedimentation rate in order to evaluate the progress of eutrophication for St. Ana Lake (Ciomad Mountain near the Băile Tuşnad in Harghita County (Romania)). The concentration of 210Pb was determined by means of high resolution gamma spectrometry as well as derived from 210Po activity which was measured through alpha spectrometry; values obtained are in good agreement. For the excess 210Pb activity values between 4.0±0.5 Bq/kg and 218±20 Bq/kg have been found. As an alternative method, the 137Cs dating method was applied as well. Calculated mass sedimentation rates are in the range of 0.06±0.01 to 0.32±0.05 g/cm2 year with a mean of value of 0.15±0.02 g/cm2 year. Linear sedimentation rates yielded much higher sedimentation values (between 0.5±0.1 and 7.9±0.7 cm/year with a mean of 2.4±0.6 cm/year), due to the predominant organic matter composition and the long suspension time of the sediment. This is an indication for the process of eutrophication which will probably lead to the transformation of the lake into a peat bog.
Reconstruction of local environments of ancient population in a changeable river valley landscape (The Middle Vychegda River, Northern Russia)
Authors: Karmanov Victor , Zaretskaya Natalia , Panin Andrey , Chernov Alexey
Published: March 2011

In river valleys, both human occupation and subsequent preservation of archaeological sites are affected by active landscape transformation caused by river lateral migration, incision/aggradation cycles and changes of river hydrological regime. In the middle Vychegda River valley (Northern Russia), there are numerous traces of human presence since the Mesolithic. We exploit multi-disciplinary archaeological, geomorphological and geochronological approach to elucidate the environmental preferences of settlements positioning during different epochs of the Holocene. High resolution space image supplemented with data on alluvial stratigraphy derived from bank exposures and hand cores, as well as 51 radiocarbon dates were used to make the geomorphic map showing ages of floodplain/terrace segments and palaeochannels. Using this map together with sediment facial interpretation, position of archaeological sites was analysed in the context of local geomorphic and hydrologic situation. The majority of archaeological sites and modern settlements are found on terraces at river banks or at oxbow lakes which were well connected to the river. Few exceptions from this rule may be explained by seasonal character of dwelling functioning, ritual burial practice or specialization of settlements. Geomorphic situation was used as a background for planning further prospection of different-age archaeological objects.
Dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating of subfossil wood from the Morava River basin
Authors: Kolář Tomáš , Rybníček Michal
Published: March 2011

The paper deals with dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating of subfossil trunks found in the basin of the Morava River. The research into subfossil trunks had been conducted in the Czech Republic in the past but the research stopped in 2001. 160 records of measurements of subfossil, predominantly oak trunk samples, are preserved from that time. Three years ago the research was reopened and again the most trunks were found in the basin of the Morava River. 92 samples of oak trunks and 7 samples of other tree species (poplar, elm, maple, beech) were taken from selected sites. The samples were processed in compliance with the standard dendrochronological methodology. To date the samples, Czech, Austrian, Polish and German standard chronologies were used. In cases when the dendrochronological dating was unsuccessful, the samples were sent for radiocarbon dating. In total, 35 samples were dated, mainly by the radiocarbon method. Subfossil trunks from gravel pit Tovačov were dated and classified into 4 different periods, the oldest being from 2780–2190 BC. In Osek nad Bečvou, the samples were taken from two sites. Whereas from the 4 trunks taken in the river channel each was from a different period, the trunks from the gravel pit come from 981–1015 AD. The trunks found in the Morava River basin near Strážnice were dated to the 10th–15th century. In the future, we expect to extend the amount of the acquired samples with the aim to create a link to the existing standard chronology or to create a long floating average treering curve.
Concordant 210Pb and 137Cs ages of black sea anoxic unconsolidated sediments
Authors: Florea Nelida , Cristache Carmen , Oaie G. , Duliu O.
Published: March 2011

Two independent geochronologic radiometric methods: 137Cs and 210Pb were used to determine the sedimentation rate and subsequently to date the oldest sediments of a 50 cm core containing unconsolidated sediments collected at a depth of 600 m below sea surface in the anoxic zone of the Western Black Sea, off the Romanian town of Constanta. Both methods gave coincident value within experimental uncertainties of 0.42±0.20 mm·y−1 for 137Cs and 0.49±0.03 mm·y−1 in the case of 210Pb, within the Constant Initial Concentration model, which gave for the lower most sediments an age of 1.00±0.01 ka. The constant sedimentation model as well as the possible causes of observed discrepancy between experimental uncertainties are discussed.
Upper Cretaceous volcanoclastic deposits from the Haţeg basin, south Carpathians (Romania): K-Ar ages and intrabasinal correlation
Authors: Bojar Ana-Voica , Halas Stanislaw , Bojar Hans-Peter , Grigorescu Dan , Vasile Stefan
Published: March 2011

In order to constrain the age of the Upper Cretaceous continental Densuş-Ciula Formation from the Haţeg basin, South Carpathians, and correlate it with the other continental unit that occurs in the region, the Sânpetru Formation, we separated and dated by the K-Ar method biotites and amphiboles from volcanoclastic deposits. The mineral phases analysed are from two tuff layers and volcanic bombs cropping out near Rachitova village. Two tuff layers from the Densuş-Ciula Formation give early Maastrichtian ages of 69.8±1.3 and 71.3±1.6 Ma, respectively. The ages determined for the tuff layers constrain the age of deposition for the Densuş-Ciula Formation and enable further correlations with the available palaeomagnetic data from the deposits occurring along the Sibişel Valley that belong to the Sânpetru Formation. The volcanic bombs collected near to Răchitova village are andesites and dacites. The age determined by K-Ar method on hornblende separated from a volcanic bomb is 82.7±1.5 Ma, which is older than the underlying Campanian marine deposits in turbidite facies. This suggests that the volcanic bombs were re-deposited during the early Maastrichtian. Thus, the volcanics found at Răchitova have at least two origins: one type is related to an explosive synsedimentary volcanic activity, and the other type is represented by older andesitic/dacitic bombs, which most probably originate from a volcanic centre situated in the Haţeg region.
Application of the Spectral Analysis for Modeling the Rotations of the Moon
Authors: Pashkevich V. , Eroshkin G.
Published: March 2011

Application of the Spectral Analysis for Modeling the Rotations of the Moon

The main purposes of this research are the development of the optimal spectral analysis schemes for the investigation of the rotational motion of the Moon and then the comparison between the result of the optimal spectral analysis of the rotational motions of the Earth and the Moon. Dynamics of the rotational motion of the Moon is studied numerically by using Rodrigues-Hamilton parameters over 418.9 year time interval. The results of the numerical solution of the problem are compared with the composite semi-analytical theory of the Moon rotation (SMR) represented by Cassini relations and the semi-analytical solutions of the lunar physical libration problem (Eckhardt, 1981), (Moons, 1982), (Moons, 1984), (Pešek, 1982). The initial conditions of the numerical integration are taken from SMR. The investigation of the discrepancies is carried out by the optimal spectral analysis methods for the Newtonian case. All the periodic terms representing the behavior of the residuals are interpreted as corrections to SMR semi-analytical theory. As a result, the Moon Rotation Series (MRS2010) is constructed, which is dynamically adequate to the DE200/LE200 ephemeris over 418.9 year time interval. A numerical solution for the Moon rotation is obtained anew with the new initial conditions calculated by means of MRS2010. The discrepancies between the new numerical solution and MRS2010 do not surpass 20 mas over 418.9 year time interval. The result of the comparison demonstrates that MRS2010 series represent more accurately the Moon rotation than SMR series.
Equilibrium and rate of iron(III) extraction from chloride solutions by individual hydrophobic extractants and their mixtures
Authors: Staszak Katarzyna , Cierpiszewski Ryszard , Prochaska Krystyna
Published: March 2011

Equilibrium and rate of iron(III) extraction from chloride solutions by individual hydrophobic extractants and their mixtures

The main goal of this work was to study and compare the rate of iron(III) extraction from chloride solutions by commercial extractants: Alamine 336, TOPO and LIX 54 and their mixtures. Using the interfacial tension data, obtained for mixed systems, the values of surface mole fraction and molecular interaction parameter of extractants were estimated. Determination of the extraction rates was performed by using the Lewis-type stirred transfer cell. It was found that the extraction efficiency of extractants are changed in the following order: Alamine 336>TOPO>β-diketone. The addition of a chelating extractant to the system decreases the extraction efficiency, for example the addition of β-diketone to TOPO decreases the extraction efficiency by about 50%.
Analysis of a Detailed Kinetic Model of Natural Gas Combustion in IC Engine
Authors: Mansha M. , Saleemi A. , Javed S. , Nadeem Feroz
Published: March 2011

Analysis of a Detailed Kinetic Model of Natural Gas Combustion in IC Engine

Detailed kinetic models are important to describe the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels. In the present study, a detailed kinetic models has been developed to simulate the combustion of natural gas in IC engine. The proposed models consists of 208 elementary reactions and 72 species. The rate of the production and sensitivity analysis of the proposed reaction models were carried out to visualize the effect of reactions on the formation of various pollutants. In the rate of production analysis, an absolute rate of production coefficients and the normalized rate of production coefficients were calculated for the reactions involved in the formation of pollutant species (CO, NO, NO2, & NH3). In sensitivity analysis, normalized logarithmic sensitivity coefficients were determined the reactions of rates affects the output concentrations of the pollutant species. These two analysis were carried out for two temperatures ranges i.e. 1500 °C and 4000 °C under stoichiometric conditions (when φ=1.0).
The effect of thermal treatments on the mechanical and electrical properties of nickel-coated carbon fibre composites
Authors: Pierozynski Boguslaw
Published: March 2011

The effect of thermal treatments on the mechanical and electrical properties of nickel-coated carbon fibre composites

Nickel-coated carbon fibre (NiCCF) composites may find technological applications within many industrial sectors, including: laptop computers, automotive and military industries. Typically, these applications require that NiCCF be subjected to extensive material processing; thus, optimization of mechanical (and electrical) properties for this material at the stage of its production is of significant importance. The present paper reports the application of specific, high-temperature heat treatments to laboratory-produced 12K50 NiCCF material, carried-out in order to improve the ductility and interfacial adhesion of electrodeposited Ni coating to the surface of carbon fibre substrate.
Utilization of agricultural and industrial wastes for metal removal from aqueous solutions
Authors: Biegańska Marta , Cierpiszewski Ryszard
Published: March 2011

Utilization of agricultural and industrial wastes for metal removal from aqueous solutions

In this study a possibility of obtaining sorbents from basketry wastes has been investigated. Therefore, adsorption of cadmium ions on wicker bark of Salix americana has been studied. The obtained experimental results were described by the Freundlich equation and adsorption kinetics by the pseudo-second order equation. The effect of pH on cadmium ions adsorption by S. americana was also investigated. It has been found that for the pH values ranging from 2 to 7 cadmium removal from the solution was held at almost constant level.
New thermoplastic poly(carbonate-urethane) elastomers
Authors: Kultys Anna , Rogulska Magdalena
Published: March 2011

New thermoplastic poly(carbonate-urethane) elastomers

Two series of novel thermoplastic poly(carbonate-urethane) elastomers, with different hard-segment content (30 - 60 wt %), were synthesized by melt polymerization from poly(hexane-1,6-diyl carbonate) diol of Mn = 2000 as a soft segment, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) or hexane-1,6-diyl diisocyanate (HDI) and 6,6'-[methylenebis(1,4-phenylenemethylenethio)]dihexan-1-ol as a chain extender. The structure and basic properties of the polymers were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Shore hardness and tensile tests. The resulting TPUs were colorless polymers, showing almost amorphous structures. The MDI-based TPUs showed higher tensile strengths (up to 21.3 MPa vs. 15.8 MPa) and elongations at break (up to 550% vs. 425%), but poorer low-temperature properties than the HDI-based analogs.
Development of photoreactive UV-crosslinkable solvent-free acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives coated at room temperature and used for removable and repositionable self-adhesive materials
Authors: Czech Zbigniew , Butwin Agnieszka
Published: March 2011

Development of photoreactive UV-crosslinkable solvent-free acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives coated at room temperature and used for removable and repositionable self-adhesive materials

The goal of this article is to review the development of photoreactive UV-crosslinkable acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) characterized by low viscosity, which can be coated at room temperature in the form of adhesive layers and are characterized by removable properties after UV-crosslinking. Surfactants and stearic acid have been used to improve the performance of the acrylic PSA, too. They are used for the manufacturing of removable and repositionable self-adhesive products, such as easy peel-able decorative films and wide range version of post-it articles.
Investigation of applying calcium oxide for the removal of bitter substances from hop wastes
Authors: Hoffmann Krystyna , Hoffmann Józef , Huculak-Mączka Marta , Skut Jakub
Published: March 2011

Investigation of applying calcium oxide for the removal of bitter substances from hop wastes

Utilization of brewery wastes is one of the solutions for the production of the fodder supplements containing biogenic nutrients. The condition of such application is to meet the requirements included in the regulations regarding animal feeding, particularly removing a bitter taste. The aim of the performed investigations was the removal of bitter acids from the post-extraction hop waste using the calcium oxide addition. For the examination hop wastes obtained as a by-product from the CO2 plant extraction in supercritical conditions, were applied. Physicochemical properties of the waste samples collected for the investigations were determined by applying the available standard analytical techniques. The analyses of the determination of bitter acids were carried out by the high performance liquid chromatography method. During the experiments very good effects of bitter acids removal from hop wastes, were obtained by using CaO suspensions in water. The investigations on the influence of the CaO concentration in suspension on the efficiency of bitter acids removal indicate the possibility of applying suspensions by 2 wt% for this purpose.
Obtaining protein hydrolysates with chemical and enzymatic methods
Authors: Kowalski Zygmunt , Makara Agnieszka , Banach Marcin
Published: March 2011

Obtaining protein hydrolysates with chemical and enzymatic methods

The goal of our research was to work up a method of hydrolisates protein production using as raw material fresh pork meat-bone tissue after dismantling the process of half carcasses. Actually this raw material was practically all utilized as waste. The results of laboratory research and an industrial test allowed to state that is possible to produce hydrolysates containing 8 - 10% of proteins, and the most advantageous parameters of the chemical process are: the reaction time ~105 min., temperature 120°C, pressure 3.0 bars. With the use of enzymes (Protamex and Flavourzyme), it is possible to obtain a non-gelling protein hydrolysate with a high degree of clarity and light cream colour. The best results were achieved with the following parameters: the meat-bone feedstock to the water ratio from 1:1 to 1:2, the temperature of 40 - 45°C, the time of the process 3 h, pH ~6.
Polyurethane pressure-sensitive adhesives as raw materials for the manufacturing of protective films
Authors: Łągiewczyk Monika , Czech Zbigniew
Published: March 2011

Polyurethane pressure-sensitive adhesives as raw materials for the manufacturing of protective films

The present paper relates to water-borne polyurethane pressure-sensitive adhesives (PU-PSA) systems for self-adhesive protective films, and methods of their preparation. The typical protective films are self-adhesive films with excellent removability. Their manufacture is a film conversion process using common materials developed for the packaging industry (PVC and polyolefins). The most often used carrier for the constructions of protective films is PE. Polyurethane PSA layers are characterized by constant low peel adhesion between 3 and 5 N/2,5 cm.
Preparation of sorbents from selected polymers
Authors: Ciesińska Wiesława , Makomaski Grzegorz , Zieliński Janusz , Brzozowska Tatiana
Published: March 2011

Preparation of sorbents from selected polymers

In this work, the results of studies on the preparation of sorbents from selected polymers were presented. The polymers were carbonized and subsequently physically activated by steam or carbon dioxide, or alternatively, chemically activated with potassium hydroxide. For the obtained materials, a specific area was evaluated by means of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and benzene adsorption, iodine number was also determined. The obtained results indicated a possibility to procure hydrophobic sorbents of microporous structure. Sorbents having the best properties, i.e. the specific area of above 2000 m2/g were produced from poly(ethylene terephthalate) and phenol-formaldehyde resin.
A preliminary study of the degradation of selected commercial packaging materials in compost and aqueous environments
Authors: Musioł Marta , Rydz Joanna , Sikorska Wanda , Rychter Piotr , Kowalczuk Marek
Published: March 2011

A preliminary study of the degradation of selected commercial packaging materials in compost and aqueous environments

The paper presents the results of the degradation of two commercial packaging materials CONS-PET and BioPlaneta in the compost and distilled water at 70°C. The materials containing polylactide (PLA), CONS-PET 13% and BioPlaneta 20%, aliphatic-aromatic copolyester terephthalic acid/adipic acid/1,4-butanediol (BTA) and commercial additives degraded under the industrial composting conditions (composting pile or container) and in distilled water at 70°C in the laboratory holding oven. Distilled water provided the conditions for the hydrolytic (abiotic) degradation of the materials. Weight loss, changes of molecular weight, dispersity monitored via the GPC technique and the macroscopic surface changes of the tested materials were monitored during the experiments. The investigated systems show similar trends of degradation, however on the last day of the incubation the decrease of the molecular weight was higher in water than under the industrial composting conditions. The results indicate that commercial packaging materials can be degraded both while composting ((bio)degradation) and during the incubation in distilled water at 70°C (abiotic hydrolysis).
Possibilities of utilizing the solid by-products of biodiesel production - a review
Authors: Gąsiorek Elżbieta , Wilk Marta
Published: March 2011

Possibilities of utilizing the solid by-products of biodiesel production - a review

As a consequence of the intended rise in the volume of the biodiesel produced by the member states of the European Union, predominantly from rapeseeds and sunflower seeds, the quantity of the by-products being generated, e.g. glycerol, rapeseed/sunflower seed straw and rapeseed/sunflower seed meal, will increase dramatically. It is therefore recommendable to find effective methods for their processing or utilization in order to reduce the costs of biodiesel production without polluting the environment by excessive wastes. As the utilization of glycerol has often been addressed in the literature1, the aim of our study is to describe the potentiality for utilizing the solid by-products of biodiesel production, namely rapeseed/sunflower straw and rapeseed/ sunflower seed meal.
Epoxy adhesive formulations using latent imidazole metal cation complexes
Authors: Pilawka Ryszard , Maka Honorata
Published: March 2011

Epoxy adhesive formulations using latent imidazole metal cation complexes

Complexes of 2-methylimidazole with cations from several metal sulfates were prepared and investigated as curing agents for epoxy resins. The reactivity of one-part formulations of these complexes with a bisphenol A type epoxy resin was determined by the differential scanning calorimetry and the pot life observed by viscosity measurements. Tensile lap shear tests at room temperature and at 120°C were used to evaluate the adhesive strength of the formulations directly after preparation as well as after one and three months of storage at room temperature.

The DSC measurements showed much lower reactivity (7 - 32%) and higher reaction temperatures of the complex formulations in comparison to the mixtures with pure 2-methylimidazole. The viscosity of most formulations remained almost unchanged over the observed period of three months. The adhesive strength of the freshly prepared complex formulations is comparable to a formulation with pure 2-methylimidazole and decreases over time, depending on the type of metal cation and the cation-to-imidazole molar ratio. The obtained results indicate that complexes of 2-methylimidazole with cations are suitable as latent curing agents for epoxy resins.
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in HCl solution by Tinidazole
Authors: Reza Imran , Saleemi A. , Naveed S.
Published: March 2011

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in HCl solution by Tinidazole

Tinidazole, a pharmaceutical compound has been investigated with reference to the inhibition of mild steel acidic corrosion in 1 molar HCl by means of weight loss and electrochemical measurements. The outcomes attained at 30°C revealed that the Tinidazole had obtained 90% inhibition efficiency at 400 ppm concentration. These results explain that the inhibition process occurs by means of adsorption. The inhibitor molecules adsorb on the surface of the metal, following Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements established that Tinidazole is an inhibitor of a mixed type. An appropriate equivalent electric circuit for modeling and the analysis of impedance data to give a better explanation of the process of corrosion inhibition have been proposed.
STUDY OF SUPERCONDUCTING EFFECTS IN TRANSITION METALS BASED BINARY ALLOYS USING PSEUDOPOTENTIAL THEORY
Authors: M. Vora Aditya
Published: March 2011

STUDY OF SUPERCONDUCTING EFFECTS IN TRANSITION METALS BASED BINARY ALLOYS USING PSEUDOPOTENTIAL THEORY

Superconducting state parameters (SSP) (viz., electron-phonon coupling strength λ, Coulomb pseudopotentialμ*transition temperatureTC, isotope effect exponent α and effective interaction strengthNOV) of transition metals based binary alloys are studied using - for the first time - a potential formalism with a pseudoatom-alloy model. In the study, noticeable influence of various exchange and correlation functions on λ andμ*has been revealed. The SSP results are found to be in a qualitative agreement with the available experimental data.
ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF Sb/Se THIN FILM MICRO-SCALE STRUCTURES
Authors: Shiman O. , Gerbreder V. , Sledevsky E. , Bulanov A.
Published: March 2011

ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF Sb/Se THIN FILM MICRO-SCALE STRUCTURES

Research into the phase change transition (PCT) from amorphous to crystalline state in chalcogenide glass semiconductors is often more associated with large-scale samples. The authors present a micro-scale structural model of the Sb/Se thin films. They have also extended the investigations of photo- and thermo-stimulated inter-diffusion and PCT effects between two adjacent layers. The results show that the optical and electrical characteristics of such a film change simultaneously. It has been found that the electric conductivity of the films increases 3 times during a PCT process.
Associations between circulating adiponectin and selected plasma biochemical variables in physically active young men and women
Authors: Malara Marzena , Lutosławska Grażyna
Published: March 2011

Associations between circulating adiponectin and selected plasma biochemical variables in physically active young men and women

Study aim: To evaluate the relationships between circulating adiponectin and FFA, and other biochemical variables (glycerol, glucose and insulin) in young, healthy non-obese men and women.

Material and methods: A group of 53 male and 54 female students participated in the study. The following compounds were determined in plasma: free fatty acids (FFA), glucose and glycerol (colorimetrically), and insulin and adiponectin (by immunoassay). Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated from fasting insulin and glucose concentrations.

Results: Mean plasma glucose was slightly lower (p<0.01), and plasma insulin and HOMA-IR markedly higher (p<0.01 - 0.001) in female than in male subjects. Percent body fat was positively correlated with plasma FFA in both groups (p<0.01), but with plasma glycerol (p<0.001) in female students only. Plasma adiponectin was negatively correlated with percent body fat (p<0.02), plasma glycerol (p<0.001) and FFA (p<0.05) in female subjects only.

Conclusions: Gender-related differences in body fat may affect the relationship between adiponectin and indices of lipid metabolism.
Survival and height of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in Chrostowa I experimental trial in Brzesko Forest District
Authors: Banach Jacek
Published: March 2011

Przeżywalność i wysokość dębu szypułkowego (Quercus robur l.) testowanego na powierzchni doświadczalnej "Chrostowa I" w Nadleśnictwie Brzesko
Susceptibility of third instar Melolontha spp. white grubs to the contact action of neonicotinoid insecticides
Authors: Malinowski Henryk
Published: March 2011

Wrażliwość trzeciego stadium pędraków chrabąszczy (Melolontha spp.) na kontaktowe działanie insektycydów neonikotynoidowych
Long-term vegetation change in marshy pine forest Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum Kleist 1929
Authors: Czerepko Janusz
Published: March 2011

Długookresowe zmiany roślinności w zespole sosnowego boru bagiennegoVaccinio uliginosi-PinetumKleist 1929
Occurrence of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) and six-toothed spruce bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) in spruce stands damaged by wind in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains
Authors: Borkowski Andrzej
Published: March 2011

Występowanie kornika drukarzaIps typographus(L.) i rytownika pospolitegoPityogenes chalcographus(L.) w drzewostanach świerkowych uszkodzonych przez wiatr w Górach Świętokrzyskich
Preliminary studies on the influence of dune-slope exposure on a pine forest ecosystem in the Toruń Basin
Authors: Sewerniak Piotr , Bednarek Renata , Szymańska Aneta
Published: March 2011

Ekspozycja stoków wydm w Kotlinie Toruńskiej a wybrane elementy ekosystemu boru sosnowego - wstępne wyniki badań
Occurrence of the fungus Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.): Fr. and the associated beetle species Triphyllus bicolor (Fabr.) in the Natolin Forest Reserve
Authors: Piętka Jacek , Borowski Jerzy
Published: March 2011

Występowanie ozorka dębowegoFistulina hepatica(Schaeff.): Fr. oraz związanego z nim gatunku chrząszczaTriphyllus bicolor(Fabr.) w rezerwacie "Las Natoliński"
Consistency in the classification of oligotrophic forest sites and forest vegetation in Scots pine stands of successive age classes in Bolesławiec Forest
Authors: Stefańska-Krzaczek Ewa
Published: March 2011

Przemiany ubogich siedlisk borowych a aktualny stan roślinności runa w drzewostanach sosnowych kolejnych klas wieku w Nadleśnictwie Bolesławiec
Isoenzyme polymorphism and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] provenances on the IPTNS-IUFRO 1964/68 experimental site in Krynica
Authors: Masternak Katarzyna , Zielińska Monika , Sabor Janusz
Published: March 2011

Polimorfizm izoenzymów i wzrost wybranych pochodzeń świerka pospolitego [Picea abies(L.) Karst.] doświadczenia IPTNS-IUFRO 1964/68 w Krynicy
A growth model for European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) based on stand characteristics
Authors: Bruchwald Arkadiusz , Dmyterko Elżbieta , Wojtan Rafał
Published: March 2011

Model wzrostu dla modrzewia europejskiego (Larix deciduaMill.) wykorzystujący cechy taksacyjne drzewostanu
Assignment of recreational function to forests and forest management in urban areas
Authors: Gołos Piotr , Zając Stanisław
Published: March 2011

Delimitacja rekreacyjnej funkcji lasów i gospodarki leśnej na terenach zurbanizowanych
Morphology of peatland lakes
Authors: Banaś Krzysztof
Published: March 2011

Morphology of peatland lakes

The morphometric features of 10 small (0.1-2.9 ha) and shallow (4-16 m) peatland lakes, located in basins filled with peat, were examined. The elongation of such lakes and the development coefficient of their shorelines are very low. The mean depth is close to the maximum value (7.0±4.8 and 7.8±3.9 m, respectively), as the lake bottom is normally flat and the basin walls are often vertical. In terms of morphometric features, the peatland lakes were divided into large (1.92±1.12 ha) and small (0.33±0.33 ha). The former are surrounded by a relatively narrow belt of peatlands and characterized by low values of Ohle coefficient and Schindler factor (1.81±2.04 and 0.32±0.13), which makes them very susceptible to the effect of peatlands. The smallest lakes are located in the central part of big peatlands. Their values of Ohle coefficient and Schindler factor are five times higher, whereas their volume is ten times less (13 750 m3 as compared to 125 000 m3; p<0.001). The bottom slope angle is considerable. In peatland lakes, there is little space that could be occupied by vegetation. In deep moraine-dammed lakes plants occur only on vertical walls, whereas in shallow water bodies, plants also thrive on the bottom.
Methane and carbon dioxide emission from some reservoirs in SE Poland
Authors: Gruca-Rokosz Renata , Tomaszek Janusz , Koszelnik Piotr , Czerwieniec Ewa
Published: March 2011

Methane and carbon dioxide emission from some reservoirs in SE Poland

The results of emission measurements of carbon dioxide and methane from the surfaces of three man-made lakes in southeastern Poland (two little dam reservoirs - in Rzeszów and Wilcza Wola, and the biggest Polish reservoir situated in Solina) are presented in this paper. The experiments were conducted in summer and autumn of 2009. The gas fluxes on the water - atmosphere interface were measured in the littoral area by so called "static chamber" method. Carbon dioxide and methane concentrations in collected gas samples were measured using a Pye Unicam gas chromatograph (model PU-4410/19) equipped with a methanizer to detect low levels of CO2concentrations. The fluxes of determined gases ranged from -24.98 to 162.51 mmol m-2d-1for carbon dioxide and from 0 to 235.60 mmol m-2d-1for methane. The highest values of flux for both CH4and CO2were observed for Rzeszów Reservoir, the lowest ones - for Solina Reservoir. In some studied cases emission of CO2and CH4was as much high as in tropical reservoirs.
The lake deposits in Płock Basin (case studies of Lakes Rakutowskie and Żłoby)
Authors: Harasimiuk Andrzej , Wicik Bogumił , Grabowski Tomasz
Published: March 2011

The lake deposits in Płock Basin (case studies of Lakes Rakutowskie and Żłoby)

Reconstruction of development of Lakes Rakutowskie and Żłoby in the late Pleistocene and Holocene was the aim of this research. Analysis of content of calcium carbonate, organic matter and C14 datings (7 samples) were done for two cores of sediments of 750 cm long. An average rate of accumulation was counted. Sediments of Lake Rakutowskie show homogeneity along the core which indicates similarity of sedimentation conditions. Sediments of Lake Żłoby were diversified and show variety related to cyclic changes. A common feature is a thick layer of fine sand without carbonate deposited during the older dryas, shown in both cores. The difference in sediment features of both lakes (which have similar depths) indicates that the Lake Żłoby is the more dynamic, filtering element, preceding Lake Rakutowskie in system of water catchment.
Fluvial lakes affect on phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the Samica Stęszewska River
Authors: Ławniczak Agnieszka , Zbierska Janina , Machula Sylwia , Choiński Adam
Published: March 2011

Fluvial lakes affect on phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the Samica Stęszewska River

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of shallow lakes on reactive, total phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the river water and analyse the effect of changes in water retention in lake on nutrient concentrations in river waters. The study was carried out in the Samica Steszewska River. This is lowland river, which flows through two polymictic lakes. The study site is located in the Wielkopolska Lowland, Central-west Poland. Water samples were collected at depths of 0.5 m below the water surface. Reactive, total phosphorus and potassium were analysed monthly by standard methods. The study was carried out from January to December 1999-2002 (period with high water retention), 2005-2008 (period with low water retention), at four control points. Sites were located at the inflow and outflow of the Samica Stęszewska River into and out of Niepruszewskie and Tomickie Lakes. From 1974 to 2002, Lake Niepruszewskie was regulated at its outlet by a weir. In 2002, the water level was reduced. Changes of water retention in Niepruszewskie Lake influenced water discharge of the Samica Stęszewska River. The results indicate that changes in water retention have significantly influenced water quality in the river, particularly total and reactive phosphorus concentrations; however, this influence was not observed in respect to potassium concentrations. Nutrient concentrations in river strongly depend on water quality of the lake ecosystem and their buffering capacity. Additionally, by improving water quality, increased oxygen concentrations, and decreasing dissolved nutrient concentrations, as well as increased amplitude of water level fluctuations in lakes may increase P-fixation rates in outlet streams.
Effect of rushes on evaporation rate in water reservoirs on the example of Powidzkie Lake
Authors: Nowak Bogumił
Published: March 2011

Effect of rushes on evaporation rate in water reservoirs on the example of Powidzkie Lake

This paper presents research on evaporation from the lake surface within the reed bed zone. The main focus of the research was the process of evaporation of water adhered to reed culms in different weather conditions. The process of transpiration, i.e. evaporation of water from plants due to their physiological processes was ignored. To avoid any ambiguity and to stress the different nature of both processes, the studied phenomenon is referred to as "mechanical evaporation". The analysis was based on measurements taken on Powidzkie Lake. The results showed that "mechanical evaporation" from reed culms above the water level can considerably increase evaporation rate of an aquifer. The values of total evaporation within the reed bed zone were estimated. These were compared to the values of evaporation from the open lake surface. The rate difference was at the level of 10-30%. Furthermore, the study showed that the value of "mechanical evaporation" varied depending on the reed species, wind speed and direction, wave height, and width of lakeshore with vegetation. Seasonal variations of the lake's water surface were of slightly lesser importance.
Seasonal variability in phosphorus concentrations in strongly eutrophic Lake Chełmżyńskie
Authors: Solarczyk Adam
Published: March 2011

Seasonal variability in phosphorus concentrations in strongly eutrophic Lake Chełmżyńskie

The results of the monthly examinations of Lake Chełmżyńskie carried out during the vegetation periods in the years 2007-2009 made it possible to define seasonal variability in the concentrations of phosphorus compounds. The examinations showed that the bottom deposits constitute a considerable source of phosphates. The release of phosphates from the deposits began as early as in mid May and with the occurrence of anoxic conditions. A particularly high concentration of phosphates in the near-bottom layer was recorded in the southeast pool of the lake (max. 0.658 mg P l-1). The central part of the lake showed a lower concentration of phosphates near the bottom, yet due to the partial thermal stratification of its waters, it was the main place for the transport of the bio-element to the euphotic zone. The intense transport of phosphates occurred mainly during the short periods of strong winds. The analysis of the meteorological data obtained from the Integrated Natural Environment Monitoring - Station Koniczynka prove that winds, whose mean daily velocity values exceeded 8.0 m s-1, brought about particularly intense and deep water mixing. A very significant increase in the concentration of phosphorus compounds in the epilimnion was recorded in the years 2007 and 2008, and it resulted in the violent development of phytoplankton. The results of the examinations conducted in the years 2007-2009 showed that Lake Chełmżyńskie was classified as a strongly eutrophic lake. The ecological condition of the lake was defined as poor according to the Water Framework Directive. Reclamation works including the inactivation of phosphates in the bottom deposits are indispensable in order to improve the ecological and trophic state of the lake.
Group A β-Haemolytic Streptococcus Infection Presenting with Sore Throat at Paediatric OPD
Authors: Gurung R , Budhathoki S , Amatya R , Poudyal N , Shrestha S , Baral R
Published: March 2011

Objective: To study the prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis in pediatric patients presenting with sore throat. Methods: A total of 100 patients aged 5.15 years were enrolled in the study. Verbal consent was obtained to collect specimens. The specimens were collected with the help of sterile cotton tipped swab, cultured in blood agar and chocolate agar as per the guideline. Streptococcus pyogenes was identified on the basis of Gram.s stain and its sensitivity towards 0.04 units of bacitracin disc. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Finding: Out of 100 patients which were included, 54 were male and 46 were female. GAS was isolated from 5 patients, of which 3 were male and 2 were female. Of the 5, S. pyogenes strains isolated, 2(66.6%) were found to be resistant to cotrimoxazole. Ciprofloxacin resistance was seen in one isolate. No resistance was detected in gentamycin, cefalexin, penicillin, and erythromycin. Conclusion: The results show that the prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis is 5% among OPD cases, further study should be conducted in the community to know the actual prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis. Keywords: Pharyngitis; Prevalence; Streptococcus pyogenes DOI: 10.3126/hren.v8i2.4418 Health Renaissance, May-Aug 2010; Vol 8 (No.2):90-92
Pattern of Distribution of Malocclusions in Patients Seeking Orthodontic Treatment at BPKIHS from Sunsari District of Nepal
Authors: Sharma JN
Published: March 2011

Setting: College of Dental Surgery, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Sunsari, Nepal. Aims: To evaluate the pattern and distribution of malocclusions in patients seeking for orthodontic treatment from Sunsari district of Nepal. Material and Methods: Total of 350 patients who were permanent inhabitants of Sunsari district of age range 8-36 years were included in the study. A standard format was prepared to record the data. Descriptive statistics for mean, standard deviation and frequencies were calculated. Ages and Class I, II and III malocclusions were cross tabulated to check for any relationship using ANOVA. Intra investigator error was calculated using kappa statistics. Results: The prevalence of Class I, II and III malocclusions were 62.28 %, 29.4%.and 8.2% respectively. Out of 350 cases studied for various occlusal traits the nature of distribution of various occlusal findings were: absent teeth-12.6%, supernumerary teeth-2.9% ectopic eruption-7.1%, midline diastema-16%, incisor crowding-52.9%, spacing-30%, malformations-3.1%, increased overjet (>4mm)- 42.3%, anterior open bite . 5.1% and deep bite (>4mm )- 40 % and cleft lip and palate was 0.28%. Most prevalent age group seeking orthodontic treatment was 12-24 years with females to male ratio of 2.3:1 Comparison of mean ages with different malocclusion groups using ANOVA was statistically not significant. Conclusion: Class I malocclusion was the most prevalent followed by Class II malocclusion and the Class III malocclusion showed least prevalence. There were diverse occlusal traits. Keywords: Malocclusion; Angle’s Classification; Sunsari; BPKIHS