Pivoting to the QUAD AIM—Lessons Learned From the Central Texas Market
Authors: Malish Richard , Allen Sean , Arroyo-Cazurro Miguel A , Geslak Kimberly M , Hacker James B , Hall Brian T , Ingram Joan C , Stokoe Scott J , Whiddon Michael S 
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Since 2009, the Military Health System (MHS) has represented its mission as that of attaining the Quadruple Aim (QUAD AIM): increased readiness, better health, better care, and low per capita costs. The journey to reach the four goals is challenging and ongoing. Leaders in the MHS’s Central Texas Market (CTM) sought to understand and overcome the root-cause obstacles that interfered with achieving the QUAD AIM. This process required a self-critical and thoroughly objective review of the behavioral economics of the system. We hypothesized that two corporate behaviors fed upon each other to create a vicious downward spiral. First, as a socialized (salary-based) system, the enterprise has a built-in incentive that covertly competes with the attainment of the QUAD AIM. Because additional work does not result in any material gain for its workers, the system regulates to a comfortable flow. Second, centralized leaders defer important management controls to tactical teammates due to their special medical expertise. This corporate behavior makes overcoming the first one challenging—keeping realization of the QUAD AIM elusive.

Methods

Beginning in July of 2019, CTM leaders strove to replace the two identified corporate behaviors with more productive ones. First, in place of regulating to comfort, we directed teammates to focus wholly on achieving the QUAD AIM. Second, we exerted leadership from the top down to attain the QUAD AIM’s four goals. Because the vicious cycle manifested itself differently in the realms of primary, inpatient, and specialty care, we adapted the application of our virtuous behaviors to match the problem set in each realm. In primary care, we replaced fee-for-service incentives with value-based ones. In inpatient care, we eliminated hidden incentives that resulted in inappropriate and unnecessary transfers. In specialty care, we consolidated the management of referrals, templating, and scheduling—taking central control of system productivity. The interventions in each realm required the introduction of new workflows, policies, and dashboards to ensure change.

Results

Over a 2-year period, the CTM made a quantum to leap toward attaining the QUAD AIM. In our community based primary care homes, we significantly improved our operations as quantified by the value-based metrics of patient satisfaction, Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) quality metrics, access to care, and leakage. In the inpatient realm, we decreased monthly transfers by 73% (110 s to 30 s) resulting in higher bed censuses and multiple downstream positive impacts. In specialty care, we demonstrated our ability to return our specialty service lines quickly to high levels of production in the coronavirus disease-2019 crisis. Each of these interventions demonstrated large-scale movement toward the QUAD AIM.

Conclusions

The CTM’s actions demonstrate that the QUAD AIM can be attained in military medicine. Doing so requires the recognition of two destructive corporate behaviors. Through decades of hardening, these corporate behaviors have been imprinted upon the MHS, making them practically invisible as guiding currents in economic behavior. Counteracting them with persistent regulation to the QUAD AIM facilitated by proactive top-down leadership offers a solution.