bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words
Authors: Meldrum Helen Mary , Szymanski David , Oches Eric A. , Davis P. Thompson
Published: November 2016

Broadcast meteorologists are trusted by the general public to convey knowledge on climate change and they make choices about what information to present to their viewing audiences. Interviews with broadcast meteorologists revealed a wide range in their knowledge base and confidence in conveying climate science to their audiences. However, all interviewees agreed that visual images are an essential means for communicating with their viewers. Three major themes emerged from interviews with participants: visual imagery is important, dramatic images are powerful motivators, and the new visual presentation technologies have great value.
Paradigm Shift
Authors: Yoshida Osamu Rosan , Iwamoto Hidekazu
Published: November 2016

“Wrong views and values” fortify desires, but “right views and values” curb their desires bringing satisfaction and subsistence. Section 2 describes the current crisis of global warming on the earth and the sea, warning its grave danger for humanity. Section 3 suggests measures to prevent environmental destruction, arguing the necessity of a paradigm shift from “Greedy economics” (modern economics) to Chisoku economics (Buddhist economics). Section 4 explains the necessity of religion (reunion with holiness), Buddhism, and Zen, which enable the concrete witness of nirvana (no-wind, of karma, Pure Land) and a wakeful life to actualize this paradigm shift. Section 5 explains how the practice of Zen can facilitate an actual shift of ego, economy, and ecology to the solution of these problems. The authors conclude that it is necessary for us to wake up from wrong “views and values” (due to karma) to realize the wholly wholesome way of all on all levels and realms in cultivation (education, practice) and verification (enjoyment, perfection).
Fostering Environmental Performance Management within Indian SMEs
Authors: Nulkar Gurudas
Published: November 2016

Research and discussions on environmental sustainability of businesses generally focus on large corporations. Their environmental impacts are more likely to be noticed while small and medium enterprises (SME) are largely ignored. With a small scale of operations, SMEs are generally perceived to have less environmental impacts. However, as larger corporations outsource their manufacturing to SMEs the environmental burden shifts within their supply chain. This research was conducted within manufacturing SMEs in industrial markets (B2B) in Pune, India. In depth interviews with large and small firms helped develop the conceptual model and the questionnaire. Responses from 60 SMEs were analysed. The research identified factors like owner awareness, barriers and influencers to green practices and categorized environmental practices within product life cycle. The results showed that owners with high awareness levels had advanced environmental activities. The strength of barriers and influencers was established and the author makes recommendations based on these findings.
Process and Energy Data Acquisition on Machining Center and Individual Machine Components
Authors: Müller Julian , Michos Gordana , Koch Lukas , Hermann Maximilian , Hubert Markus , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2016

This paper describes possibilities of process and condition data acquisition on universal milling centers with Sinumerik 840D-sl control. The measurement and process data is gathered mostly with the present control system architecture of the machine tool. This internal data collection has been extended by additional sensors and an external measurement system to enable further and partially deeper analysis. This setup is also explained in this publication. The demonstrator together with the measuring system allows an investigation of the introduced components close to reality and the observation of the overall system at once. The latter is considered energetically on a comparative measurement to ascertain discrepancies in energy consumption between two different milling strategies for a pocket cycle.
A Method and a Software-Tool for Comparing Inbound Logistics Systems in Respect of Energy Consumption
Authors: Serno Mario , Renz Carmen , Endrizzi Stefan , Schuderer Peter , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2016

This article introduces a method and a software-tool for comparing inbound logistics systems in respect of energy consumption. In the field of green logistics numerous methods are already existing, but mostly they focus either on the evaluation of the energy consumption of single logistics components or the improvement of the energy efficiency of logistics processes. There is no hands-on solution which can be used in the rough planning phase of logistics projects to evaluate and compare whole system configurations. With the new method we try to fill this gap by integrating existing methods to a holistic approach. It comprises three steps: “identification”, “quantification” and “aggregation and comparison”. In the identification step every system variant will be divided into subsystems and components by using a hierarchical representation. Quantification means to determine the energy consumption of every component by using physical models or reference values. In the last step the resulting energy values will be summed up to an overall figure which can be used to compare multiple system variants. The Sofware-Tool E|stimate is for the part automation of the calculation method. It comprises a component for transport logistics, one for intralogistics and one for the analysis of the aggregated consumption. In summary, the new method and software-tool enables practitioners to compare inbound logistics system variants quickly with sufficient precision. Because of its ease of application, it contributes to implement the concept of sustainability in daily business.
Investigation and Prognosis of Waste Heat Occurrence during the Extrusion Process of Tubular Profiles
Authors: Reichel Herbert , Krause Roland
Published: November 2016

Extrusion is a fundamental procedure of polymer processing and is used to produce tubular profiles, foils, cable coatings, etc. Rising energy prices increase the pressure for extruder manufacturers and operators to cut costs. Nowadays, extruder manufacturers are forced to develop more energy-efficient extruders. One possibility to reach that goal is to reuse the occurring waste heat during the extrusion process. Operators could use the waste heat within their own company to reduce their primary energy costs. The prediction of energy consumption and usage of waste heat for new extrusion lines as well as existing extrusion lines with new products within the planning stage is very important. Additionally the energy recovery for new extrusion lines has to be projected within planning stage. The research approach is to enable the construction of energy recovery for future production based on theoretical view and the energy monitoring of real extrusion lines. Therefor a program was developed to forecast the amount of waste heat. The energy monitoring included the energy consumption of the main consumers and the waste heat amount of cooling chambers and barrel cooling for three different single grooved barrel extruders. The energy monitoring results show that some of the temperature of the cooling chambers qualifies for reutilization. The barrel cooling waste heat can be fully reused. The program calculates the cooling of the tubular profile with finite element difference wherein the heat transfer is calculated in the radial direction. The thermal state of the tubular profile can be simulated at every position within the extrusion line. Furthermore the thermal output into the coolant can be calculated. The calculated and collected data are satisfactory more often than not. Based on the energy monitoring results concepts for the usage of waste heat were elaborated. Thereupon measures for the usage of waste heat were implemented and validated.
Investments in the Optimization of Energy Efficiency - A Comparative Study
Authors: Brandmeier Markus , Krinner Anton , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2016

Resource and energy efficiency of production facilities is a crucial competitive factor for industry. Due to increasing cost pressure and competition on the market, identifying and unleashing energy saving potentials as well as avoiding inefficiency is inevitable. However, for investment policy, the increase of energy efficiency is not always given highest priority. In this study we consider industry’s investment behavior for energy efficiency in relation to alternative production factors. For this purpose, this paper analyzes potential optimization issues and criteria that are taken into consideration for the decision making process for investments.
Calculation of the Least Energy Demand as Energy Benchmark for Applied Production Processes Based on the Unit Operation Model
Authors: Kreitlein Sven , Baumhoer Fabian , Ultsch Fabian , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2016

This paper presents the Least Energy Demand as a comprehensive reference value for evaluating energy efficiency. An objective evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes represents a substantial challenge with regard to the state of the art. The reason for this is the lack of appropriate reference values. A comprehensive comparison of the energy efficiency is not possible without consistent reference values. However, this comparison is essential for revealing the actual energy savings potential of production processes and for establishing actions on its basis. Therefore, the first step is to define the general conditions necessary to transfer the model concepts from the microscopic to the macroscopic level for the calculation of the Least Energy Demand. Then, the transferability is verified by reducing the macroscopic material parameters, which determine the amount of the Least Energy Demand significantly, to their atomic interrelations. Moreover, the unit operation-specific Least Energy Demand EGM is introduced on the basis of the unit operation and can be spent through several forms of energy. In conclusion, the importance of the EGM as a reference value for evaluating the energy efficiency of production processes of the DIN 8580 is explained. The EGM of the evaluated production process is the result of the energetic interrelations of the unit operation (s). These are identified and shown for the considered production process according to the DIN 8580.
Potentials for Energy Saving and Quality Improvement of Assembly Presses Using Data Mining
Authors: Sand Christian , Seidl Matthias , Leinauer Christian , Neuner Maximilian , Meiners Moritz , Baumann Stephanie , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2016

Modern assembly lines are usually optimized towards output and tact time as well as process capability and quality. Yet, approaches for energy saving are hardly used in assembly presses. Therefore, assembly lines are using more electric power and compressed air than necessary. Especially at high load, during handling phases and in different idle modes there is a huge potential for energy savings. Current research is focusing on high-power consuming turning and milling machines as well as laser welding. Energy saving projects usually focus on whole factory halls instead of manufacturing lines and single assembly machines. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology using a top-down-approach and data mining analysis regarding a conventional assembly press as well as a whole assembly line. Here, relevant information types like process data, quality factors, expenditure of energy per produced part and power consumption are used to generate more insight into chained assembly processes. Various tools like energy analysis, process flow and correlation analysis are used to identify focus stations of a whole assembly line for energy saving projects and quality improvements. This novel holistic approach regards the electrical power and compressed air consumption of each relevant station and its machine components during different operating states as well as its correlations between process data, quality factors and energy consumption. Besides tact-time-analysis of the process, the scheduled and unplanned downtimes of the machine are also regarded. Furthermore, it enables predictions of tool wear and breakdown, quality impacts of supplied parts, as well as energy savings on process and machine level. Due to an increased quality, the material efficiency may rise as well.
Modification of Eutectic Si in Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloys with Erbium Addition
Authors: Tantiwaitayaphan Tanawat , Pandee Phromphong , Limmaneevichitr Chaowalit
Published: November 2016

Effect of erbium (Er) on the eutectic Si morphologies in hypoeutectic Al-Si based alloys was investigated using thermal analysis and microstructure examination. The microstructural observations show that the addition of Er causes significant modification of the eutectic silicon morphology from a coarse plate-like to a fine fibrous one. Furthermore, the results of thermal analysis reveal that the addition of Er decreased the temperatures of eutectic nucleation and growth, and increased the eutectic undercooling. The eutectic undercooling caused by the presence of Er plays an important role in the modification of eutectic silicon.
Study on Factor of the Quenching Performance on the Polymer Material Characteristics of an Air Circuit Breaker
Authors: Tonmitr Norrawit , Ganaha Kazuki , Kaneko Eiji , Hayashida Takehiro
Published: November 2016

Usage of polymer materials in a quenching chamber is one of the most effective methods of improving performance of an air circuit breaker [1, 2]. During a high current interruption in the air circuit breaker, an arc discharge touches the insulator, and ablation gasses are emitted [3]. It is considered that the quenching performance and an arc characteristic are affected by this ablation gasses. In order to clarify the quenching performance of each polymer material, we are conducting the experiments. With these experiments, the relationships of the ablation gasses among the number of arcing cycles, arcing peak voltage, arcing conductances, and the pressure rise will be discussed with four kinds of polymer materials.
Physical and Thermal Properties of Fired Clay Bricks Mixed with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash
Authors: Srinavin Korb , Tunming Patipat
Published: November 2016

Thailand is located in a tropical region, with high intensity of sunlight, high temperature and humidity. Thus, preventing heat transfer into the building is required in order to save electrical energy for air-conditioning systems. This study aims to investigate the physical and thermal properties of construction bricks in order to increase their effectiveness of heat prevention. An attempt is made to increase discontinuous voids in fired clay bricks. Rice Husk Ash (RHA; 0-30 % by weight) and Fly Ash (FA; 0-30 % by weight) were added in brick mixture to increase those voids. Compressive strength and water absorption of bricks were tested. The testing results showed that compressive strength decreased and water absorption increased when RHA and FA were added. The thermal conductivity coefficient of bricks were also investigated. The results confirmed that the higher amount of RHA added, the higher thermal resistance of bricks. Similar results were found for FA. Increasing an amount of FA also increased thermal resistance of bricks. Thermal time-lag behavior was also tested. The results showed that RHA hollow bricks took the longest time in heating and took the shortest time in cooling. These properties are good for heat prevention. These bricks which were developed and tested in this research are conformed to the Thai Industrial Standard. Finally, it can be concluded that because of its thermal behavior, RHA hollow brick is a suitable energy-saving brick for hot and humid climates.
A Study on Modification Properties of Silicone Rubber Using Organic Filler from Golden Apple Snail Shell
Authors: Tepsila Sujirat , Suksri Amnart
Published: November 2016

Silicone rubber room temperature vulcanization (RTV) is widely used as an insulator. This paper aims to improve the electrical and mechanical properties of RTV with organic filler from golden apple snail shells. The processed golden apple snail shells have the particle size of 75 μm. Specimen were made from silicone rubber with an addition of organic filler and inorganic filler for tested under ASTM D638-2a standard. The filler ratio was varying from 0 to 50% by weight with incremental of 5%. Experimental results showed that, there were good agreement in threshold of electrical and mechanical properties. RTV with the organic filler ratio of 40% out performed the inorganic filler in electrical aspect. Tensile strength of RTV was found to be increased when 5% addition of organic filler is used and decreases steadily as this filler is increased. The amount of filler has greater contribution to the hardness property of the RTV and it may become brittle when it is used in excessive amount.
Nanostructure and Microstructure Evolution of D.C. Reactive Magnetron Sputtered CrN Thin Films
Authors: Buranawong Adisorn , Witit-Anun Nirun
Published: November 2016

The CrN thin films were deposited on silicon (100) substrate using reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The films were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDS and nanoindentation techniques to examine the effect of deposition time on crystal structure, compositions, microstructure and hardness. The crystal structure, microstructure, element composition and hardness. The higher crystallinity through longer deposition time were investigated. The grain aggregration with columnar structure were obtained from FE-SEM. The Cr and N contents were not direct relationship with deposition time. The CrN coated sample performed hardness varied between 9 - 16 GPa.
Synthesis, Characterization and Performance Validation of Hybrid Cation Exchanger Containing Hydrated Ferric Oxide Nanoparticles (HCIX-Fe) for Lead Removal from Battery Manufacturing Wastewater
Authors: Chanthapon Nopphorn , Praipipat Pornsawai , Sarkar Sudipta , Padungthon Surapol
Published: November 2016

This study is aimed to synthesize, characterize and validate the performance of a novel hybrid nanoadsorbent for selective removal of lead from a battery manufacturing wastewater. The hybrid nanosorbent, named as HCIX-Fe, was prepared by impregnating hydrated Fe (III) oxide (HFO) nanoparticles inside polymeric cation exchange resin containing negatively charged sulfonic acid (-SO3-) fixed functional groups. HCIX-Fe was characterized by SEM-EDX and XRD to confirm the distribution and determination of phase of HFO dispersed inside the hybrid nanosorbent. Fixed-bed column runs with HCIX-Fe beads were carried out using wastewater from a battery manufacturing plant. The wastewater had a pH of 1.8 and contained of 3.5 mg/L of Pb2+ coexisted with 250 mg/L Ca2+ ions. The results have shown that HCIX-Fe column could treat lead-contaminated water up to 6,500 bed volumes (BVs) before the occurrence of breakthrough concentration of 0.2 mg/L Pb2+ resulting in a removal capacity of 6.85 mg Pb2+/ml of the HCIX-Fe bed. Under similar condition, adsorbent columns with cation exchange resin (C100), granulated activated carbon (GAC) and granulated activated carbon impregnated with HFO (GAC-Fe), could treat the same wastewater only until 400, 900 and 1,500 BVs, respectively. When compared with the parent adsorbents, impregnation by HFO greatly enhanced the Pb2+ removal capacity of C100 and GAC by 1,625% and 167%, respectively. Both HFO and high density of sulfonic acid (-SO3-) in the host cation exchanger are individually capable of selective removal of Pb2+ ions; however the hybrid material demonstrated a synergistic effect for Pb2+ removal through the Donnan Membrane effect. Due to amphoteric behavior of HFO, the HCIX-Fe could be regenerated and reused with 10 BVs of 2% HNO3 and 1% FeCl3·6H2O solution.
Trace Lead Removal in Drinking Water Using High Capacity Polymeric Supported Hydrated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Padungthon Surapol , Chanthapon Nopphorn , El-Moselhy Medhat Mohamed , Praipipat Pornsawai
Published: November 2016

Ferric oxide nanoparticles are environmentally benign and can be selective toward lead, especially in neutral to mildly alkaline pH of groundwater. However, due to very fine particles and low mechanical strength, it prevents these materials to apply in point of use filter or large scale fixed-bed adsorption. In this study, polymeric gel cation exchanger, Purolite C100, supported ferric oxide nanoparticles, C100-Fe, was synthesized, characterized, and tested with challenging water according to NSF standards 53. From SEM-EDX studies, it can imply that high concentration of iron can be doped and distributed within the gel phase structure of the C100 approximately 22% by mass. The TEM micrographs confirm the size of hydrated ferric oxide fall into the nanometer range about 10-60 mm. The fixed-bed adsorption experiments demonstrated that C100-Fe can remove lead below the stringent standard of 0.05 mg/L up to 15,000 BVs, whereas the GAC, GAC-Fe, and C100 can treat the same test water only 1200, 1700, and 3500 BVs, respectively. The results confirm that C100-Fe can be efficiently substituted to the traditional GAC for lead removal in drinking water.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silaned-Graphene Oxide-Mordenite Grafting
Authors: Pattanapisutkun Noppawan , Prapainainar Chaiwat , Kongkachuichay Paisan , Prapainainar Paweena
Published: November 2016

The grafted materials of silaned-graphene oxide-mordenite (s-GO-MOR) were synthesized by grafting graphene oxide (GO) sheets to acid-treated mordenite and followed by functionalization with silane. GO sheets were prepared according to the modified Hummers method. 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES) was used as a silane coupling agent. The products were characterized by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results confirmed the success of s-GO-MOR and showed excellent thermal stability.
Preparation of Coal-Based Columnar Activated Carbon for Removal of Benzene
Authors: Gong Guo Zhuo , Liu Ji , Yang Wen Fen , Zhou Yun Yun , Sheng Hai Tao , Fang Yan
Published: November 2016

In the paper, a series of coal-based columnar activated carbons (CCACs) for adsorption of benzene were prepared using a factorial experiment method. The CCACs prepared were characterized, and their adsorption capacities toward benzene were measured in a differential fixed-bed reactor. Besides, through a statistical method, the importance degree of preparation variables was studied, and the effects of preparation variables on benzene adsorption capacities of the CCACs were fully evaluated. It was found that pore structure of CCACs prepared was beneficial for benzene adsorption, but preparation variable in the process has little effect on the surface chemistry of CCACs prepared. Based on statistic analysis, it was revealed that among the four process variables studied for the sorbent prepared in this work, the activation temperature was found to be the most significant one for benzene adsorption capacity, next ones are the activation time and the amount of KOH, and the last one is the flow rate of water vapor and their optimal levels were 950 °C, 3.0 h, 2.5 % and 1.25 mL/g/h respectively.
Effect of Groove Geometry on Rolling Contact Fatigue of PEEK Thrust Bearings in Water
Authors: Orito Masaya , Kida Katsuyuki , Hashizume Yuuki , Ishida Masayuki , Mizobe Koshiro , Kashima Yuji
Published: November 2016

Bearings have been used in various environments. Recently, small and light-weight bearings are developed in order to downsize mechanical components. Polymer bearings, such as PEEK (Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone), PTFE (Poly-Tetra Fluoro-Ethylene) and PPS (Poly-Phenylene-Sulfide-Resin), are designed because of advantages of light weight, high corrosion resistance and self-lubricating. However, industrial design standards of these bearings have not been established yet, i.e., the relation between working conditions, shape, geometry, and lives of bearing components under RCF (Rolling Contact Fatigue) is not fully understood as well as crack propagation, wear and/or failure. In this study, we focused on the manufacture process of groove curvature decreasing contact stress, and observed cracks and flaking failures on groove surfaces and cross sections. Based on these observations, we investigated the relation between the groove geometry and lives of all-PEEK thrust bearings in water.
Investigation on Strength Model of Metal Plastic Deformation under High Strain Rate
Authors: Fu Yong Pei , Yang Lian Fa
Published: November 2016

In the fields of explosive forming, aerospace industry, military industry etc. metallic materials will withstand a high strain rate in the process of deformation. It is very instructive to put forward an accurate strength model which can be used to describe the process of deformation reasonably. In this paper, several strength models are introduced which are mainly based on the macroscopic mechanical behavior of materials and the mechanisms of deformation of material, and their sphere of application, shortcomings and advantages were introduced and reviewed.
Gas Blow Forming in AA2017 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Gillo Giuliano
Published: November 2016

In this paper the hot behaviour of AA2017 aluminium alloy sheet was analyzed through gas blow forming tests. The material, heated and kept at a constant temperature, was subjected to gas blow forming tests under a constant pressure. Specimens with a thickness of 1.00 mm and 0.55 mm were employed. The study defines a reference value for the forming temperature as well as the hardness of the finished component. In addition, the hardness was also measured following tests conducted in several steps of the forming process.
Study on Friction of Bearing Cable and Saddle with Different Material in Freight Ropeways
Authors: Qin Jian , Chen Jun , Wan Jian Cheng , Xia Yong Jun
Published: November 2016

The contract model of the freight ropeways bearing cable and the saddle is established by FEM software, and the simulation calculation is carried out. The calculating formula for total contact pressure is fitted from the analysis result. According to setting requirement of the freight ropeway, simulation calculations of the different bearing cables are carried out under different operation conditions, and the relationships are obtained between contact pressure and influent factors, such as curvature radius of the saddle, the envelope angle and the drawing force. The results shows that contact pressure is in inverse proportion to the curvature radius of the saddle, in direct proportion to envelope angles and drawing force of the cable. Friction force between the bearing cable and the saddle made of nylon, bronze and steel three different materials are summarized through field test, and the friction coefficients applicable to the saddle of different material are obtained in combination with simulation results of the touch models.
Influence of Autogenous Shrinkage and early Anti-Cracking Behavior of USHC with Pretreatment RHA
Authors: Wu Xiong , Peng Yuan , Li Wei Qin , Wang Shu , Lin Jia Chao
Published: November 2016

The effect of calcinations time on carbon content and grinding time on fineness of rice husk ash (RHA) has studied. The influence of workability, compressive strength, autogenous shrinkage and early anti-cracking behavior of pretreatment RHA with calcined 30min-grinded 30min-pre-wet as admixture to UHSC has researched, the result shows that, when the content of cement replaced by RHA is 10%, the workability and compressive strength change little, while the autogenous shrinkage of UHSC reduce by 28.3%, and early anti-cracking grade increase from III to IV.
An Experiment on the Bond-Slip Behaviors of Pre-Tensioned Prestressed UHPC Members
Authors: Kim Jee Sang , Choi Dong Hun
Published: November 2016

An Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) exhibits very high compressive and tensile strength and excellent durability comparing to those of the conventional concrete. The applications of UHPC to precast and/or prestressed concrete result the optimum utilization of high strength characteristics. This paper experimentally investigates the bond-slip behaviors between prestressing strands and UHPC in pretnesioned members. The diameters of strands, 12.7mm and 15.2mm, the cover depths and tensioning forces are chosen as variables, which are known to affect the bond behaviors. The bond-slip curves for various specimens are obtained and the equations for bond strengths of UHPC are derived based on experiments.
Study on Process Parameters on Single Point Incremental Forming of PVC
Authors: Zhang Xiao Bo , Wang Jin , Zhang Shu Qin
Published: November 2016

Effects of polyvinylchloride (PVC) sheet thickness (t), feed speed (υ), spindle speed (ω), Z-axis feed rate (p) and tool head diameter (Φ) as well as their interactions during the single point incremental forming (SPIF) on forming performance of the PVC sheet material were studied through an orthogonal experimental test. In this experiment, the angle-variable cone was used and the maximum forming limiting angle was taken as the experimental index. Results showed that and ω×Φ influence forming performance of PVC sheet material significantly. υ is the main influencing factor of SPIF performance of PVC sheet material. Small υ is good for sheet material forming. p and Φ are proportional to forming performance of sheet material. Over ω will cause material wear-out. Effect of t could be neglected.
Isotope Effect of the Stereodynamics for the Reactions N(4S)+HD→NH+D and N(4S)+HD→ND+H
Authors: Guo Ya Hui
Published: November 2016

Quasi-classical trajectory calculations have been employed to investigate the influence of isotope effect on the stereodynamics of the title reactions N(4S)+HD→NH+D and N(4S)+HD→ND+H on the 4A" double many-body expansion (DMBE) potential energy surface (PES) newly constructed by L. A. Poveda et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 7 (2005) 2867]. The generalized polarization-dependent differential cross sections (PDDCSs) and the three angular distributions of P(θr), P(φr) and P(θr,φr) are presented and discussed. It is revealed isotope effect exert a substantial influence on the product polarizations.
Graduate-Assistant Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Professional Socialization in the Collegiate Setting: Part I
Authors: Thrasher Ashley B. , Walker Stacy E. , Hankemeier Dorice A. , Mulvihill Thalia
Published: November 2016

Context: Many newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs) pursue graduate assistantships, which allow them to gain experience while being supervised by an experienced AT. The graduate-assistant (GA) ATs' perception of their socialization process into the collegiate setting is unknown.

Objective: To explore the professional socialization of GAs in the collegiate setting.

Design: Qualitative study.

Setting: Phone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants: A total of 19 collegiate GAs (15 women, 4 men; average age = 23 ± 0.15 years; National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I = 13, II = 3, III = 2; National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics = 2; postprofessional athletic training program = 6) participated.

Data Collection and Analysis: Data were collected via phone interviews and transcribed verbatim. Interviews were conducted until data saturation occurred. Data were analyzed through phenomenologic reduction. Trustworthiness was established via member checks and peer review.

Results: Four themes emerged: (1) role identity, (2) initial entry into role, (3) maturation, and (4) success. Before beginning their role, participants envisioned the assistantship as a way to gain independent experience while being mentored. They perceived themselves as the primary care providers for their athletic teams. Those who were immediately immersed into clinical practice adapted to their role quickly despite experiencing stress initially. Participants felt that a formal orientation process and a policies and procedures manual would have alleviated some of the initial stress. The GAs matured as they practiced clinically and developed confidence as they gained experience. Personal attributes, experience, and peer and supervisor support contributed to perceived success as GAs. Factors that hindered perceived success were lack of confidence, an unsupportive environment, and long hours.

Conclusions: When looking for graduate assistantships, ATs should seek a position that allows them to practice independently and provides didactic educational opportunities while aligning with their athletic training philosophies.
Neuromuscular Alterations After Ankle Sprains: An Animal Model to Establish Causal Links After Injury
Authors: Lepley Lindsey K. , McKeon Patrick O. , Fitzpatrick Shane G. , Beckemeyer Catherine L. , Uhl Timothy L. , Butterfield Timothy A.
Published: November 2016

Context: The mechanisms that contribute to the development of chronic ankle instability are not understood. Investigators have developed a hypothetical model in which neuromuscular alterations that stem from damaged ankle ligaments are thought to affect periarticular and proximal muscle activity. However, the retrospective nature of these studies does not allow a causal link to be established.

Objective: To assess temporal alterations in the activity of 2 periarticular muscles of the rat ankle and 2 proximal muscles of the rat hind limb after an ankle sprain.

Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Setting: Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants: Five healthy adult male Long Evans rats (age = 16 weeks, mass = 400.0 ± 13.5 g).

Intervention(s): Indwelling fine-wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes were implanted surgically into the biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, and tibialis anterior muscles of the rats. We recorded baseline EMG measurements while the rats walked on a motor-driven treadmill and then induced a closed lateral ankle sprain by overextending the lateral ankle ligaments. After ankle sprain, the rats were placed on the treadmill every 24 hours for 7 days, and we recorded postsprain EMG data.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Onset time of muscle activity, phase duration, sample entropy, and minimal detectable change (MDC) were assessed and compared with baseline using 2-tailed dependent t tests.

Results: Compared with baseline, delayed onset time of muscle activity was exhibited in the biceps femoris (baseline = −16.7 ± 54.0 milliseconds [ms]) on day 0 (5.2 ± 64.1 ms; t4 = −4.655, P = .043) and tibialis anterior (baseline = 307.0 ± 64.2 ms) muscles on day 3 (362.5 ± 55.9 ms; t4 = −5.427, P = .03) and day 6 (357.3 ± 39.6 ms; t4 = −3.802, P = .02). Longer phase durations were observed for the vastus lateralis (baseline = 321.9 ± 92.6 ms) on day 3 (401.3 ± 101.2 ms; t3 = −4.001, P = .03), day 4 (404.1 ± 93.0 ms; t3 = −3.320, P = .048), and day 5 (364.6 ± 105.2 ms; t3 = −3.963, P = .03) and for the tibialis anterior (baseline = 103.9 ± 16.4 ms) on day 4 (154.9 ± 7.8 ms; t3 = −4.331, P = .050) and day 6 (141.9 ± 16.2 ms; t3 = −3.441, P = .03). After sprain, greater sample entropy was found for the vastus lateralis (baseline = 0.7 ± 0.3) on day 6 (0.9 ± 0.4; t4 = −3.481, P = .03) and day 7 (0.9 ± 0.3; t4 = −2.637, P = .050) and for the tibialis anterior (baseline = 0.6 ± 0.4) on day 4 (0.9 ± 0.5; t4 = −3.224, P = .03). The MDC analysis revealed increased sample entropy values for the vastus lateralis and tibialis anterior.

Conclusions: Manually inducing an ankle sprain in a rat by overextending the lateral ankle ligaments altered the complexity of muscle-activation patterns, and the alterations exceeded the MDC of the baseline data.
Redemption and the imagination of childhood: Dickens’s representation of children in A Christmas Carol
Authors: Robinson David E.
Published: November 2016

This article considers the representation of children in Dickens’s most famous Christmas book. Central to the article is a consideration of historical circumstances in which the book was written, as well as Dickens’s own childhood, and the possibility of redemption through the force of the imagination from the negative consequences of social circumstances and personal choices. The changing conception of the Victorian child, from a conception of sinfulness to that of innocence, provides historical and theoretical positioning of the literary work. The role of childhood memory and its influence on Dickens’s work is presented. The work of Edmund Wilson and the children’s literary scholar Adrienne Gavin is included in this consideration of the short novel.
Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the evaluation of cardiomyopathy
Authors: Moosa Sulaiman , Ntusi Ntobeko A.B.
Published: November 2016

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging plays a central role in the assessment and monitoring of patients with cardiomyopathy. It offers a comprehensive assessment during a single scan setting, with information on ventricular volumes, function and mass as well as tissue characterisation, fibrosis, flow, viability and perfusion. Acute tissue injury (oedema and necrosis) can be distinguished from fibrosis, infiltration and iron overload. It provides information on the cause and prognosis of the cardiomyopathy, and its high measurement accuracy makes it ideal for monitoring disease progression and effects of therapy. The present review highlights the main features of commonly encountered cardiomyopathies in imaging practice.
Giant fibrovascular polyp of esophagus
Authors: Sannidi Ramakanth , Porika Shravan Kumar , Malladi Umadevi , Macherla Ramanna
Published: November 2016

Benign tumors of esophagus are uncommon and account for only 3% of all esophageal neoplasms. Fibrovascular polyps (FVP) are rare intraluminal tumors of esophagus. They are composed of fibrous tissue, vascular structures and covered with normal Squamous epithelium. Here we present a case of a 45 yr old gentleman with progressive dysphagia since 3 months. UGI endoscopy showed a long, linear, compressible mass extending from cricoid area to gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ). Patient was operated, through cervical incision esophgectomy done and polyp of size 16 × 7 cm was removed. Histopathology of polyp was suggestive of fibrovascular polyp. Post surgery patient was asymptomatic and doing well.
Removal of a partially covered stent by endoscopic substent dissection
Authors: Khamaysi Iyad , Suissa Alain , Gralnek Ian M.
Published: November 2016

Herein we describe a new technical endoscopic removal of embedded partially covered esophageal stent that was inserted to treat a iatrogenic perforation of esophagus. Usually, partially covered stents can be removed by the stent-in-stent technique. In this case, the embedded stent could not be removed safely with this technique; so we performed a sub stent dissection to detach the stent from the esophageal wall.
Rare trematode infestation in irritable bowel syndrome: Pathogen or commensal?
Authors: Shukla Sunit K. , Asati Pankaj K. , Banerjee Tuhina , Dixit Vinod K.
Published: November 2016

A healthy young adult male presented with complaints of frequent (>3/day) formed stools and passage of excessive mucous in stool for 3 months. He did not complain of nocturnal motions, recent diarrhea, blood in stool, straining, weight loss, or pain abdomen. Stool test was normal. He was counseled and treated as a case of irritable bowel syndrome. Due to inadequate relief with empirical therapy, colonoscopy was performed in a subsequent visit. Club-shaped small, round organisms with moving proboscis were seen in the cecum. Organism was later identified as a trematode Gastrodiscoides hominis, a rare foodborne trematode. The patient was treated with praziquantel, without complete relief. Trematode infection might not be the cause of symptoms.
Climate elasticity of streamflow revisited – an elasticity index based on long-term hydrometeorological records
Authors: Andréassian Vazken , Coron Laurent , Lerat Julien , Le Moine Nicolas
Published: November 2016

Abstract. We present a new method to derive the empirical (i.e., data-based) elasticity of streamflow to precipitation and potential evaporation. This method, which uses long-term hydrometeorological records, is tested on a set of 519 French catchments. We compare a total of five different ways to compute elasticity: the reference method first proposed by Sankarasubramanian et al. (2001) and four alternatives differing in the type of regression model chosen (OLS or GLS, univariate or bivariate). We show that the bivariate GLS and OLS regressions provide the most robust solution, because they account for the co-variation of precipitation and potential evaporation anomalies. We also compare empirical elasticity estimates with theoretical estimates derived analytically from the Turc–Mezentsev formula. Empirical elasticity offers a powerful means to test the extrapolation capacity of those hydrological models that are to be used to predict the impact of climatic changes.
HIV/AIDS and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Maijama'a Danjuma , Samsudin Shamzaeffa , Mohd Khan Shazida jan
Published: November 2016

This study investigates the effects of the HIV and AIDS epidemic on economic growth in 42
sub-Saharan African countries using data spanning from 1990-2013. Unlike previous studies,
we use a longer data horizon and take the time lag effect of the epidemic’s incubation period
that is, after it might have developed to AIDS into consideration in our estimations. We
estimated an empirical growth equation within an augmented Solow model and applied the
dynamic system GMM estimator. The results suggest that current HIV prevalence rate –
associated with rising morbidity, has a negative effect on GDP per capita growth, conversely
AIDS – associated with higher mortality in addition to morbidity, increases per capita GDP
growth.
Construct Validity for a Cost-effective Arthroscopic Surgery Simulator for Resident Education
Authors: Lopez Gregory , Martin David F. , Wright Rick , Jung James , Hahn Peter , Jain Nickul , Bracey Daniel N. , Gupta Ranjan
Published: November 2016

Introduction:

Arthroscopy is one of the most challenging surgical skills to assess and teach. Although basic psychomotor arthroscopic skills, such as triangulation and object manipulation, are incorporated into many simulation exercises, they are not always individually taught or objectively evaluated. In addition, arthroscopic instruments, arthroscopy cameras, and the cadaver or joint models necessary for practice are costly.

Methods:

A low-cost arthroscopic simulator was created to practice triangulation, probing, horizon changes, suture management, and object manipulation. The simulator materials were purchased exclusively from national hardware stores with a total cost averaging $79. The universal serial bus (USB) camera is included in the total cost. Three residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were tested on the simulator. Replica boards were created at each institution. Participants included medical students (20), residents (46), and attending physicians (9).

Results:

Construct validity—the ability to differentiate between novice, intermediate, and senior level participants—was obtained. On all tasks, junior residents scored at a statistically significant lower rate than senior residents and attending physicians.

Conclusions:

This cost-effective arthroscopic surgical simulator objectively demonstrated that attending physicians and senior residents performed at a higher level than junior residents and novice medical students. The results of this study demonstrate that this simulator could be an important training tool for resident education.
Tremendous non-progressed chromophobe renal cell carcinoma for eight years performed by laparoscope
Authors: Wang Yanbo , Ding Xiaobo , Ma Xiaobo , Yang Lingbo , Li Faping , Wang Chunxi , Hou Yuchuan
Published: November 2016

The prognostic role of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) is still controversial. Here, we report on a patient who lived with tremendous non-progressed renal malignant tumour for eight years. The 32-year-old patient presented to our hospital with a huge renal tumour. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a tumour 12 cm in diameter at the upper pole of the right kidney. Trans-abdominal laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy was performed. Histopathological examination confirmed this tumour to be a ChRCC. The phenomenon of long-term non-progressed renal malignant tumour will help us further understand the characteristics of ChRCC.
Spontaneous uretero-sigmoid fistula secondary to calculus
Authors: Marzouk Ines , Moussa Makram , Saadallah Lotfi , Bouchoucha Sami , Hendaoui Lotfi
Published: November 2016

A 25-year-old man was referred to the urology department after a subacute history of left back pain, burning micturition associated with pneumaturia and fecaluria. Ultrasonography was performed showing hydronephrosis, and plain film radiography demonstrated a long vertical left pelvic calculi. Uro-computed tomography (CT) combined with a water enema CT showed a 10 cm long calculus with the cranial extremity fistulating the sigmoidal wall. Surgical treatment included left nephroureterectomy and sigmoidectomy with a colorectal anastomosis. Postoperative course was uneventful.
Congenital anterior urethral diverticulum presenting as a scrotal mass in a two-year-old child
Authors: Gürağaç Ali , Irkilata Hasan Cem , Yunusov Nahit , Demirer Zafer
Published: November 2016

Here, we describe a case of congenital anterior urethral diverticulum (CAUD) in a two-year-old boy, who presented with right inguinoscrotal swelling that mimicked a spermatic cord cyst or hydrocele. Accurate diagnosis was made intraoperatively by retrograde urethrography. Open diverticulectomy and primary urethroplasty were performed for its management. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and the management of this rare condition is discussed.
Performance Evaluation of MLP and RBF Neural Networks to Estimate the Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Emamzadeh Elmira Sadat Shams , Soltani Jaber , Mashal Mahmuod , Kalanaki Moosa , Asadolahzadeh Tohid
Published: November 2016

Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity is considered one of the physical soil properties that is very important in modeling of water movement and environmental studies. This study aimed to compare the performance of Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) in neural networks for estimation of the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. For this, the data of 27 drilled cased borehole permeameter with three kinds of geometry water flow through the soils and the soil texture properties were used as the input parameters for models. The effectiveness of neural networks to estimate the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity were calculated and compared based on mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient determination (R2). According to the above indicators, for all three types of drilled cased borehole permeameter surveyed in this study, the results show MLP neural networks had better performance than RBF neural networks in estimation of the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and for wells with the horizontal, vertical and horizontal-vertical flow, which the amount of coefficient determination were respectively for all of them 0.94, 0.97 and 0.85.