bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Mild Gestational Hyperglycemia on Exclusive Breastfeeding Cessation
Authors: Verd Sergio , De Sotto Diego , Fernández Consuelo , Gutiérrez Antonio
Published: November 2016

Gestational diabetes increases the risk of a range of adverse perinatal outcomes, including breastfeeding failure, but the best cut-off point for gestational diabetes is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between mild gestational glucose tolerance impairment and the early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). This is an observational study of 768 women with full term pregnancies that were screened for gestational diabetes at 24–28 weeks gestation. Subjects were divided into two groups: those with a normal 1-h glucose challenge test and those with an elevated 1-h glucose challenge test but still did not qualify for gestational diabetes. We constructed multivariable logistic regression models using data from 616 women with normal gestational glucose tolerance and 152 women with an isolated positive 1-h glucose challenge test. The risk of early exclusive breastfeeding cessation was found to increase in women with mildly impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy (adjusted OR, 1.65; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.45). Risks of early EBF cessation were also independently associated with the amount of neonatal weight loss and admission to the neonatal ward. Instead, parity was associated with a decreased risk for shorter EBF duration. Insulin resistance—even in the absence of gestational diabetes mellitus—may be an impeding factor for EBF.
Structure and Transport Properties of Mixed-Matrix Membranes Based on Polyimides with ZrO2 Nanostars
Authors: Sokolova Maria , Smirnov Michael , Geydt Pavel , Bugrov Alexander , Ovaska Sami-Seppo , Lahderanta Erkki , Toikka Alexander
Published: November 2016

Mixed-matrix membranes based on amorphous and semi-crystalline polyimides with zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanostars were synthesized. Amorphous poly(4,4′-oxydiphenylenepyromellitimide) and semi-crystalline polyimide prepared from 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene and 4,4’-oxydiphthalic anhydride were used. The effect of ZrO2 nanostars on the structure and morphology of nanocomposite membranes was studied by wide-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Thermal properties and stability were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Transport properties of hybrid membranes containing 5 wt % ZrO2 were tested for pervaporation of a mixture of butanol–water with 10 wt % H2O content. It was found that a significant amount of the ZrO2 added to the semi-crystalline polyimide is encapsulated inside spherulites. Therefore, the beneficial influence of inorganic filler on the selectivity of mixed-matrix membrane with respect to water was hampered. Mixed-matrix membranes based on amorphous polymer demonstrated the best performance, because water molecules had higher access to inorganic particles.
Loving the Many in the One: Augustine and the Love of Finite Goods
Authors: Smith J.
Published: November 2016

This is an essay in comparative ethics within the Platonist tradition. Although the primary focus is on Augustine’s account of rightly ordered love of neighbor in De vera religione, it analyzes Augustine’s account of the love of finite goods by comparing it with Plato’s grounding of the love of imperfect creatures within an ontological hierarchy in Symposium. Against the backdrop of the critique by modern readers that neither thinker’s teleological and hierarchical view of love allows for a real love of particular individuals, this essay will show how for Plato and Augustine alike, the love of the One—the Beautiful, for Plato, and God, for Augustine—conditions all other loves. Augustine’s ontological hierarchy of the one eternal God and the many created goods leads him to insist that the love of God, who alone is loved for his own sake, conditions the Christian’s love of neighbors whom she loves not for their own sake but for God’s. The Platonic ontology of Augustine’s theodicy, it will be argued, allows him to explain how use-love is a genuine expression of love for the neighbor in her particularity and yet remains subordinated to one’s highest love of God.
Scanning, Multibeam, Single Photon Lidars for Rapid, Large Scale, High Resolution, Topographic and Bathymetric Mapping
Authors: Degnan John
Published: November 2016

Several scanning, single photon sensitive, 3D imaging lidars are herein described that operate at aircraft above ground levels (AGLs) between 1 and 11 km, and speeds in excess of 200 knots. With 100 beamlets and laser fire rates up to 60 kHz, we, at the Sigma Space Corporation (Lanham, MD, USA), have interrogated up to 6 million ground pixels per second, all of which can record multiple returns from volumetric scatterers such as tree canopies. High range resolution has been achieved through the use of subnanosecond laser pulsewidths, detectors and timing receivers. The systems are presently being deployed on a variety of aircraft to demonstrate their utility in multiple applications including large scale surveying, bathymetry, forestry, etc. Efficient noise filters, suitable for near realtime imaging, have been shown to effectively eliminate the solar background during daytime operations. Geolocation elevation errors measured to date are at the subdecimeter level. Key differences between our Single Photon Lidars, and competing Geiger Mode lidars are also discussed.
Global Daily High-Resolution Satellite-Based Foundation Sea Surface Temperature Dataset: Development and Validation against Two Definitions of Foundation SST
Authors: Hosoda Kohtaro , Sakaida Futoki
Published: November 2016

This paper describes a global, daily sea surface temperature (SST) analysis based on satellite microwave and infrared measurements. The SST analysis includes a diurnal correction method to estimate foundation SST (SST free from diurnal variability) using satellite sea surface wind and solar radiation data, frequency splitting to reproduce intra-seasonal variability and a quality control procedure repeated twice to avoid operation errors. An optimal interpolation method designed for foundation SST is applied to blend the microwave and infrared satellite measurements. Although in situ SST measurements are not used for bias correction adjustments in the analysis, the output product, with a spatial grid size of 0.1°, has an accuracy of 0.48 ∘ C and 0.46 ∘ C compared to the in situ foundation SST measurements derived by drifting buoys and Argo floats, respectively. The same quality against the two types of in situ foundation SST (drifters and Argo) suggests that the two definitions of foundation SST proposed by past studies can provide same-quality information about the sea surface state underlying the diurnal thermocline.
Ex-Vivo Characterization of Bioimpedance Spectroscopy of Normal, Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Rabbit Brain Tissue at Frequencies from 10 Hz to 1 MHz
Authors: Yang Lin , Zhang Ge , Song Jiali , Dai Meng , Xu Canhua , Dong Xiuzhen , Fu Feng
Published: November 2016

Stroke is a severe cerebrovascular disease and is the second greatest cause of death worldwide. Because diagnostic tools (CT and MRI) to detect acute stroke cannot be used until the patient reaches the hospital setting, a portable diagnostic tool is urgently needed. Because biological tissues have different impedance spectra under normal physiological conditions and different pathological states, multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (MFEIT) can potentially detect stroke. Accurate impedance spectra of normal brain tissue (gray and white matter) and stroke lesions (ischemic and hemorrhagic tissue) are important elements when studying stroke detection with MFEIT. To our knowledge, no study has comprehensively measured the impedance spectra of normal brain tissue and stroke lesions for the whole frequency range of 1 MHz within as short as possible an ex vivo time and using the same animal model. In this study, we established intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic models in rabbits, then measured and analyzed the impedance spectra of normal brain tissue and stroke lesions ex vivo within 15 min after animal death at 10 Hz to 1 MHz. The results showed that the impedance spectra of stroke lesions significantly differed from those of normal brain tissue; the ratio of change in impedance of ischemic and hemorrhagic tissue with regard to frequency was distinct; and tissue type could be discriminated according to its impedance spectra. These findings further confirm the feasibility of detecting stroke with MFEIT and provide data supporting further study of MFEIT to detect stroke.
Quencher-Free Fluorescence Method for the Detection of Mercury(II) Based on Polymerase-Aided Photoinduced Electron Transfer Strategy
Authors: Liu Haisheng , Ma Linbin , Ma Changbei , Du Junyan , Wang Meilan , Wang Kemin
Published: November 2016

A new quencher-free Hg2+ ion assay method was developed based on polymerase-assisted photoinduced electron transfer (PIET). In this approach, a probe is designed with a mercury ion recognition sequence (MRS) that is composed of two T-rich functional areas separated by a spacer of random bases at the 3′-end, and a sequence of stacked cytosines at the 5′-end, to which a fluorescein (FAM) is attached. Upon addition of Hg2+ ions into this sensing system, the MRS folds into a hairpin structure at the 3′-end with Hg2+-mediated base pairs. In the presence of DNA polymerase, it will catalyze the extension reaction, resulting in the formation of stacked guanines, which will instantly quench the fluorescence of FAM through PIET. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection for Hg2+ ions was estimated to be 5 nM which is higher than the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard limit. In addition, no labeling with a quencher was requiring, and the present method is fairly simple, fast and low cost. It is expected that this cost-effective fluorescence method might hold considerable potential in the detection of Hg2+ ions in real biological and environmental samples.
Expanding the Detection of Traversable Area with RealSense for the Visually Impaired
Authors: Yang Kailun , Wang Kaiwei , Hu Weijian , Bai Jian
Published: November 2016

The introduction of RGB-Depth (RGB-D) sensors into the visually impaired people (VIP)-assisting area has stirred great interest of many researchers. However, the detection range of RGB-D sensors is limited by narrow depth field angle and sparse depth map in the distance, which hampers broader and longer traversability awareness. This paper proposes an effective approach to expand the detection of traversable area based on a RGB-D sensor, the Intel RealSense R200, which is compatible with both indoor and outdoor environments. The depth image of RealSense is enhanced with IR image large-scale matching and RGB image-guided filtering. Traversable area is obtained with RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) segmentation and surface normal vector estimation, preliminarily. A seeded growing region algorithm, combining the depth image and RGB image, enlarges the preliminary traversable area greatly. This is critical not only for avoiding close obstacles, but also for allowing superior path planning on navigation. The proposed approach has been tested on a score of indoor and outdoor scenarios. Moreover, the approach has been integrated into an assistance system, which consists of a wearable prototype and an audio interface. Furthermore, the presented approach has been proved to be useful and reliable by a field test with eight visually impaired volunteers.
Grassland and Wheat Loss Affected by Corn and Soybean Expansion in the Midwest Corn Belt Region, 2006–2013
Authors: Lin Meimei , Henry Mary
Published: November 2016

Increases in agricultural commodity price triggered by ethanol production and other socioeconomic conditions have dramatically affected land uses and agronomic practices in the U.S. This study used crop-specific land cover data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to analyze agricultural expansion and crop rotation pattern from 2006 to 2013 in the Midwest Corn Belt (MWCB): nine states including Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, and South Dakota. We identified a total of 3.9 million acres’ grassland loss between 2007 and 2012. The net loss of grassland occurred mainly along the western MWCB, an area with competing demand for limited water supply. Net conversion of grassland to corn or soybean is likely the result of a resumption of cropping on lands previously enrolled under the USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), as well as expansion beyond CRP lands. Wheat, small grains, and other crops were also impacted by corn and soybean expansion. The amount of corn planted on corn increased by 23% between 2006 and 2013, whereas the amount of continuous soybean cropping fluctuated over time.
The Impact of High-Speed Rail on Residents’ Travel Behavior and Household Mobility: A Case Study of the Beijing-Shanghai Line, China
Authors: Chen Hongsheng , Sun Dongqi , Zhu Zhenjun , Zeng Jun
Published: November 2016

With the improvement of China’s high-speed rail network, there have been many economic and social benefits for local residents. Based on a questionnaire conducted in stations on the Beijing-Shanghai line, and through an analysis of high-speed rail passenger travel behavior and family relocation, we explored the social effects of high-speed rail. The study found that high-speed rail passengers are mainly young, highly educated, and have a middle to high income. However, with the popularization of high-speed rail, such differences in the social stratum of high-speed rail passengers are expected to disappear. Through an analysis of passenger travel status, we found that the areas surrounding high-speed rail stations are very accessible to the main cities, and are well connected by other public transport. With the emergence of the “high mobility era” based on the high-speed rail network, the separation of workplace and residence and the number of “double city” households are increasing, primarily in the Beijing-Tianjin and Shanghai-Nanjing (especially in Suzhou-Kunshan-Shanghai) regions. In addition, high-speed rail introduces the possibility of household mobility, with 22.7% of the respondents in this study having relocated since the Beijing-Shanghai line opened. Household mobility is apparent primarily among big cities, with movement toward nearby cities. We also found that occupation, income, residence time, and schooling of children have a significant impact on households. With the improvement of high-speed rail networks, household mobility will become a common phenomenon and research on domestic mobility will continue to increase.
Emerging Development Pathways of Urban Livestock Production in Rapidly Growing West Africa Cities
Authors: Roessler Regina , Mpouam Serge , Muchemwa Tichaona , Schlecht Eva
Published: November 2016

In this study, we try to capture the degree of specialization or integration, and of intensification or extensification, of (peri-) urban livestock production, along with the factors that influence such decisions and their impact on natural resource uses. A total of 181 and 187 structured questionnaires were completed in livestock-keeping households in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Tamale (Ghana). Categorical principal component and two-step cluster analysis were used to identify homogenous groups of livestock-keeping households. Cross tabulation and logistic regression analysis revealed factors that influence livestock husbandry, showing their impacts on resource use by livestock keepers in the two cities. A diversity of livestock species was kept, mostly integrated with crop farming. Yet, some households specialized in either sheep, pig or commercial milk production, and partly intensified their production. The decision to specialize and/or intensify livestock production is site-specific and influenced by the education level of the household head and security of land ownership. Higher inputs in livestock systems do not necessarily lead to higher outputs, and specialization inevitably leads to higher manure wastages. Therefore, links of livestock producers to crop farmers and markets for livestock manure must be strengthened to enable recycling of resources and limit negative externalities of specialized livestock production. Strategies need to be identified to improve livestock productivity by enhancing outputs as input use increases.
Mapping Dynamic Urban Land Use Patterns with Crowdsourced Geo-Tagged Social Media (Sina-Weibo) and Commercial Points of Interest Collections in Beijing, China
Authors: Wang Yandong , Wang Teng , Tsou Ming-Hsiang , Li Hao , Jiang Wei , Guo Fengqin
Published: November 2016

In fast-growing cities, especially large cities in developing countries, land use types are changing rapidly, and different types of land use are mixed together. It is difficult to assess the land use types in these fast-growing cities in a timely and accurate way. To address this problem, this paper presents a multi-source data mining approach to study dynamic urban land use patterns. Spatiotemporal social media data reveal human activity patterns in different areas, social media text data reflects the topics discussed in different areas, and Points of Interest (POI) reflect the distribution of urban facilities in different regions. Human activity patterns, topics of discussion on social media, and the distribution of urban facilities in different regions were combined and analyzed to infer urban land use patterns. We collected 9.5 million geo-tagged Chinese social media (Sina-Weibo) messages from January 2014 to July 2014 in the urban core areas of Beijing and compared them with 385,792 commercial Points of Interest (POI) from Datatang (a Chinese digital data content provider). To estimate urban land use types and patterns in Beijing, a regular grid of 400 m × 400 m was created to divide the urban core areas into 18,492 cells. By analyzing the temporal frequency trends of social media messages within each cell using K-means clustering algorithm, we identified seven types of land use clusters in Beijing: residential areas, university dormitories, commercial areas, work areas, transportation hubs, and two types of mixed land use areas. Text mining, word clouds, and the distribution analysis of POI were used to verify the estimated land use types successfully. This study can help urban planners create up-to-date land use patterns in an economic way and help us better understand dynamic human activity patterns in a city.
Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops and Processed Products (Ogi) from Nigeria
Authors: Chilaka Cynthia , De Boevre Marthe , Atanda Olusegun , De Saeger Sarah
Published: November 2016

In Nigeria, maize, sorghum, and millet are very important cash crops. They are consumed on a daily basis in different processed forms in diverse cultural backgrounds. These crops are prone to fungi infestation, and subsequently may be contaminated with mycotoxins. A total of 363 samples comprising of maize (136), sorghum (110), millet (87), and ogi (30) were collected from randomly selected markets in four agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Samples were assessed for Fusarium mycotoxins contamination using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Subsequently, some selected samples were analysed for the occurrence of hidden fumonisins. Overall, 64% of the samples were contaminated with at least one toxin, at the rate of 77%, 44%, 59%, and 97% for maize, sorghum, millet, and ogi, respectively. Fumonisins were the most dominant, especially in maize and ogi, occurring at the rate of 65% and 93% with mean values of 935 and 1128 μg/kg, respectively. The prevalence of diacetoxyscirpenol was observed in maize (13%), sorghum (18%), and millet (29%), irrespective of the agro-ecological zone. Other mycotoxins detected were deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and their metabolites, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, HT-2 toxin, and hidden fumonisins. About 43% of the samples were contaminated with more than one toxin. This study suggests that consumption of cereals and cereal-based products, ogi particularly by infants may be a source of exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins.
Effect of Fusarium-Derived Metabolites on the Barrier Integrity of Differentiated Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells (IPEC-J2)
Authors: Springler Alexandra , Vrubel Galina-Jacqueline , Mayer Elisabeth , Schatzmayr Gerd , Novak Barbara
Published: November 2016

The human, animal and plant pathogen Fusarium, which contaminates agricultural commodities worldwide, produces numerous secondary metabolites. An example is the thoroughly-investigated deoxynivalenol (DON), which severely impairs gastrointestinal barrier integrity. However, to date, the toxicological profile of other Fusarium-derived metabolites, such as enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, apicidin, aurofusarin, rubrofusarin, equisetin and bikaverin, are poorly characterized. Thus we examined their effects—as metabolites alone and as metabolites in combination with DON—on the intestinal barrier function of differentiated intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) over 72 h. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured at 24-h intervals, followed by evaluation of cell viability using neutral red (NR) assay. Enniatins A, A1, B and B1, apicidin, aurofusarin and beauvericin significantly reduced TEER. Moniliformin, equisetin, bikaverin and rubrofusarin had no effect on TEER. In the case of apicidin, aurofusarin and beauvericin, TEER reductions were further substantiated by the addition of otherwise no-effect DON concentrations. In all cases, viability was unaffected, confirming that TEER reductions were not due to compromised viability. Considering the prevalence of mycotoxin contamination and the diseases associated with intestinal barrier disruption, consumption of contaminated food or feed may have substantial health implications.
Comparative Analysis of RNAi-Based Methods to Down-Regulate Expression of Two Genes Expressed at Different Levels in Myzus persicae
Authors: Mulot Michaël , Boissinot Sylvaine , Monsion Baptiste , Rastegar Maryam , Clavijo Gabriel , Halter David , Bochet Nicole , Erdinger Monique , Brault Véronique
Published: November 2016

With the increasing availability of aphid genomic data, it is necessary to develop robust functional validation methods to evaluate the role of specific aphid genes. This work represents the first study in which five different techniques, all based on RNA interference and on oral acquisition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), were developed to silence two genes, ALY and Eph, potentially involved in polerovirus transmission by aphids. Efficient silencing of only Eph transcripts, which are less abundant than those of ALY, could be achieved by feeding aphids on transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing an RNA hairpin targeting Eph, on Nicotiana benthamiana infected with a Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-Eph recombinant virus, or on in vitro-synthesized Eph-targeting dsRNA. These experiments showed that the silencing efficiency may differ greatly between genes and that aphid gut cells seem to be preferentially affected by the silencing mechanism after oral acquisition of dsRNA. In addition, the use of plants infected with recombinant TRV proved to be a promising technique to silence aphid genes as it does not require plant transformation. This work highlights the need to pursue development of innovative strategies to reproducibly achieve reduction of expression of aphid genes.
Using Exceedance Probability to Determine Total Maximum Daily Loads for Reservoir Water Quality Management
Authors: Chen Chi-Feng , Tsai Lin-Yi , Fan Chi-Hsuan , Lin Jen-Yang
Published: November 2016

Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) are used to protect water bodies based on their assimilative ability and are transferred as a maximum allowable load, which is the sum of all pollution emissions in a watershed that cannot be exceeded. This allowable load is calculated from a target water quality concentration and a flow state. The target water quality concentration is typically consistent with water quality standards; however, it is difficult to determine which flow state to use, especially for lakes and reservoirs. In this study, an exceedance probability method is established for determining the TMDL for reservoirs. The SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) was used to understand the pollution loads from the watershed, and the Vollenweider model was used to simulate the total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the reservoir. Using the validated Vollenweider model, the relationship between pollution loads and the target TP concentration is illustrated. This relationship is associated with real changes in the reservoir water volume and is presented as the exceedance probability. In the study area (i.e., the Shiman Reservoir in Taiwan), an exceedance probability of 50% is suggested, and the allowable TP load is 22,209 kg/year when considering a target TP concentration of 20 μg/L. When considering effective management, the pollution sources in three hot spots are priorities, and controlling their point and nonpoint pollution sources can decrease TP from 25 to 22 μg/L.
Estimation of Variability Characteristics of Regional Drought during 1964–2013 in Horqin Sandy Land, China
Authors: Wang Yongfang , Zhang Jiquan , Guo Enliang , Dong Zhenhua , Quan Lai
Published: November 2016

Drought has an important influence on the hydrological cycle, ecological system, industrial and agricultural production, and social life. Based on the different time scales of characteristics of drought variability, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), a multi-timescale index with consideration of evaporation, was used in this study to estimate the spatial and temporal variability characteristics of drought. Climatic data from 15 meteorological stations across Horqin Sandy Land during 1964–2013 were used to calculate the SPEI of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. In order to examine the relationship between droughts and other variables, 10 extreme climate indices were calculated based on the daily precipitation and maximum/mean/minimum temperature data of 15 meteorological stations, and linkages between SPEI-12 and atmosphere indices were established using by the cross wavelet transform method. The results indicated that the climate of Horqin Sandy Land had a tendency towards drought conditions, which is particularly apparent from the year 2000 onwards. During the study period, drought events were frequent in the region. Mild drought occurred in a quarter of the month, with that of moderate, severe, and extreme drought accounting for 0.11, 0.05, and 0.02 of the total months. The spatial trend of multi-timescale drought revealed that there was an increase in the severity of drought throughout Horqin Sandy Land, among which the magnitude in southern parts was larger than that of northern parts. The results also showed that the short time scale drought negatively correlated with precipitation extremes and positively correlated with temperature extremes. Furthermore, the long time scale drought (SPEI-12) was associated with atmosphere indices. Significant resonance periods were found between El Nino southern oscillation (ENSO), the East Asian summer monsoon index (EASMI), and SPEI-12.
MODIFIED BIOCHAR: A REVIEW ON MODIFICATIONS OF BIOCHAR TOWARDS ITS ENHANCED ADSORPTIVE PROPERTIES
Authors: Chemerys Valeriia , Baltrėnaitė Edita
Published: November 2016

Rich in aromatic carbon and minerals, biochar is produced by biomass pyrolysis at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 1000 °Cin low-oxygen environment. Traditionally biochar was applied to soilto improve its fertility and carbon sequestration. However, due to low production costs, availability of the feedstock and specific biochar properties related to adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solutions, biochar has gained much interest in other fields, e.g. health sciences and engineering. The aim of the study was to distinguish the types of biochar modifications and to determine biochar characteristics contributing to adsorption. This paper is focused on recentexperimental studies related tobiochar modifications enhancing the adsorption of contaminants. Mechanisms of adsorption and the key factors affecting adsorptive properties of biochar are analyzed. Finally, recommendations for further research in designing the biochar are proposed.
ŽALIOJI INFRASTRUKTŪRA, KAIP TVARIOSIOS APLINKOS INŽINERIJOS IR KRAŠTOVAIZDŽIO ARCHITEKTŪROS SĄVEIKOS REZULTATAS
Authors: Deveikienė Vaiva
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje aptariami kai kurie žaliosios infrastruktūros kūrimo elementai (sandai) – želdynų ir želdinių planavimo
miesto struktūrose, gamtinio karkaso pozicionavimo miesto teritorijose, urbanizuotų teritorijų hidrologiniai ir hidrotechniniai
tvarkybos aspektai. Straipsniu siekiama atskleisti tarpdisciplininio bendradarbiavimo galimybes kuriant miesto
žaliosios infrastruktūros sistemas. Straipsnyje analizuojama žaliosios infrastruktūros samprata ir sprendiniai, kurie savo
esme yra tvariosios aplinkos inžinerijos, urbanistinio projektavimo ir kraštovaizdžio architektūros kūrybinės sąveikos rezultatas,
aptariami kai kurie tokios sąveikos sprendiniai ir jų integralumo tendencijos.
CHEMINĖS EKSTRAKCIJOS METODO TAIKYMAS SUNKIAISIAIS METALAIS UŽTERŠTO DIRVOŽEMIO VALYMUI
Authors: Motiejūnas Mindaugas , Paliulis Dainius
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas cheminės ekstrakcijos metodo taikymas sunkiaisiais metalais užteršto dirvožemio
valymui įvairiose pasaulio šalyse. Taip pat analizuojami dirvožemio parametrai, lemiantys sunkiųjų metalų akumuliacijos
ir migracijos procesus. Cheminės ekstrakcijos metodas pasaulyje taikomas tik labai užterštoms teritorijoms valyti. Pateikiami
Kinijos ir Prancūzijos mokslininkų atlikti cheminės ekstrakcijos metodo taikymo sunkiaisiais metalais užteršto dirvožemio
valymui tyrimų rezultatai. Daugelis atliktų studijų atskleidžia, jog cheminė sunkiųjų metalų ekstrakcija yra vienas
efektyviausių dirvožemio valymo būdų. Naudojant šį metodą, sunkieji metalai yra ištraukiami iš dirvožemio, taip tiesiogiai
sumažinamos dirvožemyje esančios sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos. Šis metodas taikomas ex-situ principu, todėl jo kaina
yra aukštesnė, lyginant su in-situ (didžiąją kainos dalį sudaro ne cheminiai reagentai, bet grunto nukasimo, pervežimo ir
sandėliavimo darbai). Nepaisant didesnės kainos, šis dirvožemio valymo būdas yra ne tik efektyvus, bet ir greitas – >50 %
išvalymo efektyvumą galima pasiekti per kelias savaites. Nepaisant aukšto metodo efektyvumo, Lietuvoje sunkiaisiais
metalais užteršto dirvožemio valymui cheminė ekstrakcija iki šiol nebuvo taikyta.
222Rn TŪRINIO AKTYVUMO PATALPOSE IR JO NULEMTOS GYVENTOJŲ APŠVITOS TYRIMAS UTENOS RAJONE
Authors: Pliopaitė-Bataitienė Ingrida , Kepalaitė Ingrida
Published: November 2016

Radonas – gamtinės kilmės radioaktyviosios inertinės dujos, kurios susidaro skylant 238U skilimo grandinės elementams. Radono ir jo skilimo produktų skleidžiama jonizuojančioji spinduliuotė gali turėti įtakos formuojantis onkologiniams susirgimams. Ypač jautrūs jonizuojančiosios spinduliuotė poveikiui vaikai, senyvo amžiaus žmonės. Pagrindinis radono šaltinis Lietuvoje – gruntas. Ypatingas dėmesys turėtų būti skiriamas šioms dujoms tuose regionuose, kur vyrauja laidūs dirvožemiai, tokie kaip smėlis, žvyras ir pan. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas radono dujų kaupimasis individualių namų patalpose Utenos rajone, kuriame vyrauja laidūs gruntai, be to, vidutinė radono tūrinio aktyvumo vertė šiame regione pagal skirtingus literatūros šaltinius yra artima (40–60 Bq/m3) arba didesnė (95 Bq/m3) nei vidutinė Lietuvos (54 Bq/m3). Radono tūriniai aktyvumai, išmatuoti 14 namuose, pagal tyrimų rezultatus sudaryti 222Rn tūrinio aktyvumo patalpose, įvertinta gyventojų patiriama apšvita.
KIETŲJŲ DALELIŲ TARŠOS IR JOS SKLAIDOS VERTINIMAS APLINKOJE ŠILDYMO SEZONO METU INDIVIDUALIŲ NAMŲ APLINKOJE ŠILDYMO SEZONO METU
Authors: Pliopaitė Bataitienė Ingrida , Jakštonienė Inga , Zamokaitė Miglė
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje vertinama kietųjų dalelių tarša ir jos sklaida individualių namų aplinkoje Utenos mieste, Ąžuolijos
kvartale, Tulpių gatvėje, šildymo sezono metu. Dažniausiai namų ūkiuose šilumos gamybai naudojamo kuro rūšies ir sunaudojamo
vidutinio kiekio nustatymui naudotas pirminis duomenų rinkimo metodas – sudarytas klausimynas bei atliktas
kietųjų dalelių sklaidos vertinimas panaudojant Gauso modelį. Nustatyta, kad didžioji dalis respondentų šilumos gamybai
naudoja malkas (80,6 %), o įvertinus vieno taršos šaltinio kietųjų dalelių koncentraciją ore, 1,8 m aukštyje nuo žemės, 5 m
atstumu nuo taršos, yra 1,86 10–4μg/m3 – t. y. neviršijama paros ribinė leidžiama koncentracija (50 μg/m3). Analizuojamoje
gatvėje yra 10 gyvenamųjų namų, todėl tikėtina, kad intensyvaus kūrenimo laikotarpiu oro tarša kietosiomis dalelėmis bus
didesnė, tačiau tikslesniam jos įvertinimui reikia atlikti sklaidos vertinimą naudojant programinę įrangą, kuri leistų vertinti
kelių taršos šaltinių įtaką aplinkos oro kokybei.
KOMUNALINIŲ ATLIEKŲ DEGINIMO DUGNO PELENŲ NATŪRALAUS SENĖJIMO PROCESO ĮTAKA SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ IŠSIPLOVIMUI
Authors: Seniūnaitė Jurgita , Vasarevičius Saulius
Published: November 2016

Komunalinių atliekų deginimo metu susidaro du pagrindiniai proceso atliekų srautai – lakieji ir dugno pelenai. Pastarųjų sudėtyje gausu oksidų, druskų ir metalų. Šviežių dugno pelenų panaudojimas ar deponavimas gali sukelti aplinkos komponentų užtaršos problemas, nes veikiant atmosferos krituliams susidaro įvairių medžiagų turintis filtratas. Šiame darbe tiriama meteorologinių sąlygų įtaka dugno pelenuose esančių sunkiųjų metalų išsiplovimui. Eksperimentiniams tyrimams atlikti buvo sukonstruotas laboratorinis stendas, parinkta bei sudaryta tyrimų metodika. Tyrimai atlikti esant nepastovioms (lauko) meteorologinėms sąlygoms. Dugno pelenų išsiplovimo tyrimai buvo atliekami 3 mėn., filtrato mėginiai imti 6 kartus (kas 2 sav.). Sunkiųjų metalų (Pb, Cu,) koncentracijos filtrate nustatytos atominės adsorbcijos spektrinės analizės metodu. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad švino koncentracija mėginiuose yra 0,020–0,355 mg/l. Didžiausios Pb koncentracijos nustatytos po 2 ir 8 sav. Didžiausia vario koncentracija (0,0663 mg/l) nustatyta 2 sav. sendintų pelenų filtrate. Komunalinių atliekų deginimo dugno pelenams išbuvus lauke 6–12 sav. vario koncentracija buvo 0,0207–0,0243 mg/l.
KUOSINĖS UPELIO SAVAIMINIO APSIVALYMO VERTINIMAS
Authors: Stankaitis Tauras , Šaulys Valentinas
Published: November 2016

Darbe nagrinėjamas Kuosinės upelio savaiminio apsivalymo nuo nitratų bei fosfatų reguliuotame ir nereguliuotame
ruožuose efektyvumas. Savaiminis upelio apsivalymas nuo nitratinio azoto geriau vyksta nereguliuotame upelio ruože.
Vidutiniškai per tyrimų laikotarpį nereguliuotame ruože apsivalymas siekė 1,97 mg/l, o reguliuotame upelio ruože
nitratinio azoto sumažėjimas siekė 1,03 mg/l. Dispersinė duomenų analizė rodo, kad upelio apsivalymas nuo nitratinio azoto
nereguliuotame ir reguliuotame upelio ruožuose, esant 95 % patikimumui, iš esmės skiriasi. Reguliuotame upelio ruože
bendrojo fosforo sumažėjimas vidutiniškai siekia 0,17 mg/l, o nereguliuotame ruože apsivalymas – 0,11 mg/l. Atlikus dispersinę
duomenų analizę paaiškėjo, kad upelio apsivalymas nuo bendrojo fosforo reguliuotame ir nereguliuotame upelio
ruožuose, esant 95 % patikimumo lygiui, neesminis. Norint pagerinti vandens kokybę ir apsivalymo efektyvumą, reikia reguliuotą
ruožą, kiek leidžia sąlygos, natūralizuoti: leisti augti ant šlaitų daugiau sumedėjusios augalijos, formuoti natūralias
kliūtis upelio tėkmei bei šlapynėms būdingus elementus upės salpoje.
APPLICATION OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL ON AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Authors: Zvaigzne Anete , Blumberga Andra , Vasarevičius Saulius
Published: November 2016

Agricultural land comprises an important share of the total terrestrial land. Therefore it plays a crucial role in the
health of the so-called foundation of all types of ecosystem services – biodiversity. This research aims at providing a tool
for evaluating the state of biodiversity in an agricultural landscape by using different agri-environmental indicators. A system
dynamics model is built that encloses agricultural land use parameters, agricultural land use intensity, landscape fragmentation
patterns, crop diversity and other aspects that have an important effect on biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
This research is an attempt to use information available for public to assess the degree to which agricultural landscape may
benefit from landscape greening activities, changes in crop management activities etc. At the end of this research landscape
biodiversity of an intensive farming region in Latvia (Bauska district) will be evaluated.
GAP OPENING IN 3D: SINGLE-PLANET GAPS
Authors: Fung Jeffrey , Chiang Eugene
Published: November 2016

Giant planets can clear deep gaps when embedded in 2D (razor-thin) viscous circumstellar disks. We show by direct simulation that giant planets are just as capable of carving out gaps in 3D. Surface density maps are similar between 2D and 3D, even in detail. In particular, the scaling

of gap surface density with planet mass, derived from a global “zero-dimensional” balance of Lindblad and viscous torques, applies equally well to results obtained at higher dimensions. Our 3D simulations reveal extensive, near-sonic, meridional flows both inside and outside the gaps; these large-scale circulations might bear on disk compositional gradients, in dust or other chemical species. At high planet mass, gap edges are mildly Rayleigh unstable and intermittently shed streams of material into the gap—less so in 3D than in 2D.
BOW TIES IN THE SKY. I. THE ANGULAR STRUCTURE OF INVERSE COMPTON GAMMA-RAY HALOS IN THE FERMI SKY
Authors: Broderick Avery E. , Tiede Paul , Shalaby Mohamad , Pfrommer Christoph , Puchwein Ewald , Chang Philip , Lamberts Astrid
Published: November 2016

Extended inverse Compton halos are generally anticipated around extragalactic sources of gamma rays with energies above 100 GeV. These result from inverse Compton scattered cosmic microwave background photons by a population of high-energy electron/positron pairs produced by the annihilation of the high-energy gamma rays on the infrared background. Despite the observed attenuation of the high-energy gamma rays, the halo emission has yet to be directly detected. Here, we demonstrate that in most cases these halos are expected to be highly anisotropic, distributing the upscattered gamma rays along axes defined either by the radio jets of the sources or oriented perpendicular to a global magnetic field. We present a pedagogical derivation of the angular structure in the inverse Compton halo and provide an analytic formalism that facilitates the generation of mock images. We discuss exploiting this fact for the purpose of detecting gamma-ray halos in a set of companion papers.
Les systèmes de contrôle de gestion, vecteurs d’une logique gestionnaire : changement institutionnel et conflits de logiques à l’université
Authors: Boitier Marie , Rivière Anne
Published: November 2016

Les systèmes de contrôle de gestion (SCG) sont au cœur des transformations du Nouveau Management Public faisant émerger une nouvelle logique gestionnaire dans les universités, où préexistent de fortes logiques institutionnelles. Par une perspective centrée sur les groupes professionnels, cette recherche met en évidence de manière originale les mécanismes micro-organisationnels qui contribuent à la diffusion de cette logique dans l’organisation. La caractérisation des logiques en termes de valeurs, missions, sources de légitimité, modes de gouvernance et contrôle, nous permet de préciser leur compatibilité et les sources éventuelles de conflits. Nous montrons également comment de nouveaux SCG formels, et les interactions des individus et des groupes autour de ces SCG, font évoluer les représentations, contribuant à une certaine institutionnalisation de la logique gestionnaire.
La décision judiciaire : jugements pénaux ou jugements sociaux ?
Authors: Gautron Virginie , Retière Jean-Noël
Published: November 2016

La chronique judiciaire est pleine de preuves que la justice suit un cours différent selon la classe ou l’origine des justiciables. Depuis l’interpellation par la police jusqu’au quantum de la peine, la chaîne pénale reproduit et amplifie les inégalités socio-ethniques. Il est cependant toujours difficile d’identifier les mécanismes des traitements biaisés dans l’appareil judiciaire. Virginie Gautron et Jean-Noël Retière ont conduit une observation minutieuse des filières pénales et montrent comment se met en place la sélection sociale des peines conduisant à la sur-incarcération des classes populaires et d’origine immigrée.
La condition carcérale et les minorités
Authors: Simon Patrick
Published: November 2016

Après La Force de l’ordre qui apportait un regard de l’intérieur sur les activités de la police française en suivant une équipe de la BAC en banlieue parisienne, Didier Fassin a publié en 2015 L’Ombre du monde qui aborde le monde de la prison à partir d’une investigation ethnographique au long cours dans une maison d’arrêt. Il revient pour Mouvements sur quelques enseignements tirés de ses analyses, en particulier sur la place spécifique des minorités ethno-raciales dans l’univers carcéral, thématique abondamment étudiée aux États-Unis et encore peu abordée par les sciences sociales en France. Il montre que ce « secret public bien gardé », comme il le nomme, tient à ce paradoxe que tout le monde connaît sans pourtant vouloir prendre le risque de savoir et se donner la peine de comprendre.
Les malades mentaux dans les prisons françaises : le rôle de l’expertise psychiatrique
Authors: Protais Caroline
Published: November 2016

Comment se fait-il qu’il y ait tant de malades mentaux en prison ? L’interrogation n’est pas nouvelle et pourtant le phénomène est loin de se réduire : est-ce faute de dépistage ? Ou est-ce que l’expertise psychiatrique elle-même ne tendrait pas à orienter vers la prison certaines catégories de malades mentaux ? Le déclin des déclarations d’irresponsabilité pénale coïncide en effet avec un mouvement de responsabilisation des malades, et avec l’apparition de dispositifs hybrides entre l’hôpital psychiatrique et la prison.
La marchandisation de la gestion carcérale : prison et néolibéralisme
Authors: Salle Grégory
Published: November 2016

Dans un article paru dans Mouvements en 2002, Frédéric Lordon présentait la prison et la télévision comme un couple régulateur central du capitalisme contemporain : « Deux institutions cardinales qui ont la tâche de contenir toute la charge de violence que secrètent inévitablement les tendances inégalitaires et les injonctions idéologiques du néolibéralisme 1  ». Comme pour lui donner raison, la même année, des dispositions juridiques étendent le domaine d’une marchandisation carcérale dont le groupe Bouygues, propriétaire de TF1, sera l’un des principaux bénéficiaires. Sous cet angle comme sous d’autres, ce processus constitue un objet d’étude en soi, mais aussi un observatoire du néolibéralisme. Dans cette perspective, Grégory Salle soulève quelques enjeux à partir des cas français et allemand.
Que nous apprennent les prisons africaines ?
Authors: Morelle Marie , Le Marcis Frédéric
Published: November 2016

Rarement pensées dans un contexte où les réflexions sur le phénomène carcéral sont centrées sur l’Europe et les États-Unis, les prisons africaines offrent pourtant un terrain d’analyse très riche. Hérités de la période coloniale, les modèles carcéraux africains n’en sont pas moins très hétérogènes dans leur ampleur et leurs modes d’organisation. Les formes de gouvernance carcérale, faites d’équilibres précaires entre gouvernance officielle et gouvernance informelle, invitent à questionner le poids du contexte politique, et ce d’autant que l’enfermement politique tient une place importante dans de nombreux pays. Enfin, comme terrain privilégié d’intervention des organisations internationales, les prisons africaines interrogent la circulation des modèles punitifs.
Le nouveau Jim Crow
Authors: Alexander Michelle , Simon Patrick
Published: November 2016

Michelle Alexander enseigne le droit à l’Université d’Etat de l’Ohio, après une carrière d’avocate spécialisée dans les civil rights , aussi bien dans les milieux activistes de défense des libertés fondamentales (elle a dirigé le Racial Justice Project de l’ACLU – American Civil Liberties Union – en Californie du Nord) que dans un cabinet d’avocats où elle était spécialisée dans les actions de groupe contre des cas de discriminations raciales et de genre. Elle a publié en 2010 The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness qui est devenu un best-seller et a relancé le débat aux Etats-Unis sur la sur-incarcération des hommes noirs. Si le fait est connu depuis longtemps, et étudié, l’argument central de l’ouvrage d’Alexander est qu’il ne s’agit pas d’un effet pervers de la politique pénale, mais au contraire d’une forme insidieuse de reconstitution, sous d’autres formes, de la ségrégation raciale abolie par les lois des droits civils dans les années 1960 ( civil rights act ). Pour de nombreux Afro-Américains et plus largement pour l’ensemble de la société étatsunienne, ce livre a provoqué une véritable onde de choc à travers tout le pays, qui a permis de fonder et de donner corps à un plaidoyer contre un système pénal injuste et impitoyable vis-à-vis des hommes noirs. L’article publié ici est initialement paru en 2010, au moment de la sortie du livre The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness dans la revue The American Prospect .
Sortir du continuum carcéral
Authors: Bony Lucie
Published: November 2016

La surincarcération de jeunes de certains quartiers populaires et la surreprésentation de ces quartiers au sein de la prison, produit une expérience particulière pour les détenu.e.s, celle d’une apparente continuité entre leur lieu de résidence et l’espace de leur mise à l’écart. Comment font-ils sens de ces trajectoires de vie ? Comment tentent-ils d’en sortir ? Ces questionnements renvoient à une interrogation cruciale sur l’articulation des politiques pénales et des discriminations résidentielles.
Le « droit d’expression collective » des prisonnier.e.s, entre auto-organisation et projets réformateurs
Authors: Charbit Joël
Published: November 2016

Sujets passifs de leur incarcération, les prisonnier.e.s ont dû se battre pour obtenir des droits en prison. Les mobilisations accompagnées et suscitées par le GIP au début des années 1970 ont permis des avancées, mais la consultation et participation des personnes détenues à l’organisation de leur détention restent encore limitées. Joël Charbit revient ici sur l’histoire récente des expérimentations pour permettre aux détenu.e.s de s’associer ou de se syndiquer et de prendre la parole sur leurs conditions de détention. Une question mise en perspective dans le mouvement de réforme de la prison.
L’abolitionnisme au présent
Authors: Chantraine Gilles
Published: November 2016

Michel Foucault avait déjà bien saisi comment la prison pouvait se nourrir d’une critique monotone, qui vise moins à déstabiliser la prison qu’à la réformer, la perfectionner, la reproduire ; par paresse ou complicité, le rôle organique que la prison joue dans la reproduction des rapports de domination est souvent occulté. En rupture avec cette critique circulaire, les perspectives dites « abolitionnistes », plurielles et hétérogènes, frappent l’institution d’un sceau d’illégitimité radicale. Peu développés dans le champ académique français, les débats abolitionnistes foisonnent pourtant ailleurs. Tour d’horizon de l’actualité de l’abolitionnisme avec deux chercheurs canadiens.