bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperbolic, Trigonometric, and Rational Function Solutions of Hirota‐Ramani Equation via (G′/G)‐Expansion Method
Authors: Abazari Reza , Abazari Rasoul
Published: July 2011

The (G′/G)‐expansion method is proposed to construct the exact traveling solutions to Hirota‐Ramani equation:
ut − uxxt + aux(1 − ut) = 0, where a ≠ 0. Our work is motivated by the fact that the (G′/G)‐expansion method
provides not only more general forms of solutions but also periodic and solitary waves. If we set the parameters in the obtained wider set of solutions as special values, then some previously known solutions can be recovered. The method appears to be easier and faster by means of a symbolic computation system.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens G1: A Potential Antagonistic Bacterium against Eel‐Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Cao Haipeng , He Shan , Wei Ruopeng , Diong Marek , Lu Liqun
Published: July 2011

Recent studies have revealed that the use of probiotics is an alternative to control marine aeromonas. However, few probiotics are available against Aeromonas hydrophila infections in eels. In the present study, a potential antagonistic strain G1 against the eel‐pathogenic A. hydrophila was isolated from sediment underlying brackish water. Its extracellular products with antibacterial activities were shown to be stable under wide range of pH, temperature, and proteinase K. It was initially identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using API identification kits and confirmed to be B. amyloliquefaciens strain (GenBank accession number DQ422953) by phylogenetic analysis. In addition, it was shown to be safe for mammalians, had a wide anti‐A. hydrophila spectrum, and exhibited significant effects on inhibiting the growth of the eel‐pathogenic A. hydrophila both in vitro and in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a promising antagonistic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain from brackish water sediment against eel‐pathogenic A. hydrophila.
Vibration Analysis of Multilink Manipulators Based on Timoshenko Beam Theory
Authors: di Castri Carmelo , Messina Arcangelo
Published: July 2011

Timoshenko's theory is adopted in order to accurately describe the freely vibrating dynamics of a multilink flexible manipulator. It is herein presented an analytical modelling strategy that extends previous works through a more refined model which accounts for elastic complicating effects along with lumped inertial loads which are typically mounted on joints of manipulators; in this regard, more accurate results are provided. The eigenproblem is presented from an analytical point of view through a matrix formulation, thus providing an essentially closed formula. Apart from the limitations of the implementing calculator, the formulation can take into account an arbitrary number of links in an arbitrary settled configuration, thus allowing relevant analytical analysis and avoiding the need to recur to nonimmediate numerical schemes. Once the analytical model is introduced, solutions are compared to both those achieved by previous models and those obtained by a finite elements method.
Construction of Papaya Male and Female BAC Libraries and Application in Physical Mapping of the Sex Chromosomes
Authors: Gschwend Andrea R. , Yu Qingyi , Moore Paul , Saski Christopher , Chen Cuixia , Wang Jianping , Na Jong-Kuk , Ming Ray
Published: July 2011

Papaya is a major fruit crop in the tropics and has recently evolved sex chromosomes. Towards sequencing the papaya sex chromosomes, two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries were constructed from papaya male and female genomic DNA. The female BAC library was constructed using restriction enzyme BstY I and consists of 36,864 clones with an average insert size of 104 kb, providing 10.3x genome equivalents. The male BAC library was constructed using restriction enzyme EcoR I and consists of 55,296 clones with an average insert size of 101 kb, providing 15.0x genome equivalents. The male BAC library was used in constructing the physical map of the male‐specific region of the male Y chromosome (MSY) and in filling gaps and extending the physical map of the hermaphrodite‐specific region of the Yh chromosome (HSY) and the X chromosome physical map. The female BAC library was used to extend the X physical map gap. The MSY, HSY, and X physical maps offer a unique opportunity to study chromosomal rearrangements, Y chromosome degeneration, and dosage compensation of the papaya nascent sex chromosomes.
Alcohol and Smoking
Authors: Singer Manfred V. , Feick Peter , Gerloff Andreas
Published: July 2011

The WHO ranks smoking and alcohol consumption as the first and third leading causes of the global burden of disease in industrialized countries, using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as a combined measure of premature death and disability. Smoking is responsible for 12.2% of all DALYs and alcohol consumption for 9.2%. For example in Germany, annually 110,000–140,000 humans die prematurely because of cigarette smoking and 40,000 because of alcohol drinking. In Europe and the USA, more than 20% of all hospitalized men and more than 9% of all hospitalized women suffer from alcohol-associated diseases. In Germany, about 2.0 million people in the age group 18–64 years (3.8% of all Germans) are alcohol abusers and 1.3 million people (2.4%) are alcohol-dependent. Alcohol can cause acute as well as chronic damage in nearly all body organs. Smoking damages also nearly every human body organ and is worldwide the most important single preventable health risk factor as well as the main cause for premature mortality in industrial countries. One third of the adult Germans as well as of the world population are active smokers; men smoke more frequently than women (34.0 vs. 25.1%). In this review a short overview will be given on the most important deleterious effects of alcohol and smoking. The most recent data about the pathophysiological relevance of non-alcoholic compounds of alcoholic beverages will also be discussed.
Gallstones: Environment, Lifestyle and Genes
Authors: Stokes Caroline S. , Krawczyk Marcin , Lammert Frank
Published: July 2011

Gallstone disease represents one of the most common and costly gastroenterological disorders. In Germany, 0.25% of the population undergo cholecystectomy per year, and cholelithiasis incurs annual medical expenses of more than USD 6.5 billion in the United States. The paradigm of environmental risk factors for gallstones has lately been challenged by genetic studies in experimental models and humans. The analysis of more than 40,000 Swedish twin pairs with gallstones demonstrated that genetic factors account for 25% of the phenotypic variance. Since then, studies employing genome-wide association analysis, case-control cohorts and analysis of sib-pairs in families with gallstones have expanded our knowledge of ‘gallstone genes’. Indeed, gallstone disease phenotypes are likely to result from the complex interaction of genetic factors, chronic overnutrition with carbohydrates, depletion of dietary fibre and other not fully defined environmental factors including physical inactivity and infections. This hypothesis is supported by the profound increases of cholesterol gallstone prevalence rates in Native Americans, post-war European countries and current urban centres in East Asia, all of which were associated with ‘westernized’ nutrition. Herein, we summarise the spectrum of environmental and genetic risk factors which should pave the way to ‘personalised’ strategies for the prevention and therapy of gallstones.
Effects of Environment and Lifestyle on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Sonnenberg Amnon
Published: July 2011

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is comprised of a spectrum of related disorders, including hiatal hernia, reflux disease with its associated symptoms, erosive esophagitis, peptic stricture, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Besides multiple pathophysiological associations among these disorders, they are also characterized by their comorbid occurrence in identical patients and by their similar epidemiologic behavior. The occurrence of GERD is shaped by marked temporal and geographic variations, suggesting the influence of environmental risk factors in the etiology of these diseases. Variations by Time, Geography, and Race: Between 1975 and 2005, the incidence of GERD and esophageal adenocarcinoma increased fivefold in most Western countries. The incidence of GERD also appears to be rising in the most developed countries of Asia. All severe forms of GERD, such as erosive esophagitis, peptic stricture, Barrett’s metaplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma, are more common among whites than other ethnic groups. Affluence and Obesity as Risk Factors: Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma tend to occur slightly more often in subjects with higher income. Overweight and obesity contribute to the development of hiatal hernia, increase intra-abdominal pressure, and promote gastroesophageal reflux. Weight gain increases reflux symptoms, whereas weight loss decreases such symptoms. Other risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol, dietary fat, or drugs, play only a minor role in shaping the epidemiologic patterns of GERD. Protection through Helicobacter pylori: On a population level, a high prevalence of H. pylori infection is likely to reduce levels of acid secretion and protect some carriers of the infection against reflux disease and its associated complications. Several studies have confirmed a lesser prevalence of H. pylori among subjects with than without GERD. Until recently, populations in Africa and Asia may have been protected against the development of GERD and esophageal adenocarcinoma by their higher prevalence of H. pylori infection. Conclusion: The study of environmental risk factors may provide an opportunity to better understand GERD and develop a means of its prevention.
Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling Inhibit Tubular Epithelial Cell-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation
Authors: Liu Qingjuan , Liu Shuxia , Shi Yonghong , Li Hang , Hao Jun , Xing Lingling , Cao Yanping , Duan Huijun
Published: July 2011

Background/Aims: Tubular epithelial cell-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (TEMT) can be induced by diverse cytokines. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate cytokine signaling. This study is aimed at examining the role of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in TEMT induced by cytokines. Methods: The cell ultrastructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The protein and mRNA levels of cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by immunocytochemistry, Western blot and real-time PCR. The levels of phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription (p-STAT) 1 and 3 were detected by Western blot. The protein and mRNA levels of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 were detected by Western blot and real-time PCR. The levels of collagen type I and fibronectin (FN) were determined by ELISA. Results: Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and oncostatin M (OSM) were able to downregulate CK18 expression and upregulate α-SMA, p-STAT1, p-STAT3, collagen type I and FN expression in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HKCs), whereas pretreatment with AG490 prevented these expression changes from occurring. All of the changes induced by IL-1β or OSM could be decreased by SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 overexpression, and were increased by SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 knockdown. Conclusions: SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 can prevent tubulointerstitial fibrosis by inhibiting TEMT, which may be connected with the activation of STAT1 and STAT3.
Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Cardiac Function Assessment in Chronic Dialysis Patients
Authors: Sanjuan R. , Martín Oliva S. , Blasco M.L. , Puchades M. , Torregrosa I. , García Ramón R. , Miguel Carrasco A.
Published: July 2011

Background: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is elevated in patients with end-stage renal disease and could reflect left ventricular dysfunction. Aim: To evaluate the plasma levels of BNP in two groups of asymptomatic patients on different dialysis programs and to correlate their variations with echocardiographic parameters. Methods: Group A consisted of 36 patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD), and group B included 38 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). ECG and echocardiography were performed, and concomitantly plasma BNP levels were determined before and after a regular 4-hour session in HD patients and before performing a dialysate exchange in patients on CAPD. Results: BNP values in group A were found to be higher than in group B (419 ± 76 vs. 193 ± 56 pg/ml; p < 0.03). The cutoff point which discriminated both groups was 194 pg/ml (sensitivity: 64% and specificity: 76%; p = 0.001). Significant differences were found with respect to the following echocardiographic data (group A vs. group B): left atrial (LA) size (40 ± 13 vs. 34 ± 1 mm), LA volume (59 ± 16 vs. 41 ± 32 ml), transmitral flow E/A (1.17 ± 0.01 vs. 0.9 ± 0.06), the movement of the mitral valve annulus e/a (tissue Doppler imaging; 1.19 ± 0.15 vs. 1.05 ± 0.13) and left ventricular mass index (133 ± 10 vs. 108 ± 11). Conclusion: Patients on CAPD had lower levels of BNP, and echocardiographic findings indicated decreased volume overload. In asymptomatic patients, marked increases in BNP levels may reflect early stages of pathological processes that precede the development of apparent cardiac manifestations (left ventricular hypertrophy). Only echocardiographic parameters of cardiac dysfunction should be used as diagnostic criteria.
Sirtuin 1 Retards Hyperphosphatemia-Induced Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Takemura Aya , Iijima Katsuya , Ota Hidetaka , Son Bo-Kyung , Ito Yuki , Ogawa Sumito , Eto Masato , Akishita Masahiro , Ouchi Yasuyoshi
Published: July 2011

Objective—

Arterial calcification is associated with cardiovascular disease as a complication of advanced atherosclerosis. Aged vascular cells manifest some morphological features of a senescent phenotype. Recent studies have demonstrated that mammalian sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a histone deacetylase, is an exciting target for cardiovascular disease management. Here, we investigated the role of SIRT1 in a calcification model of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs).

Methods and Results—

In adenine-induced renal failure rats with hyperphosphatemia, massive calcification was induced in the aortic media. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SAβ-gal) activity, a marker of cellular senescence, in medial SMCs was significantly increased, and its induction was positively associated with the degree of calcification. In cultured SMCs, inorganic phosphate (Pi) stimulation dose-dependently increased SAβ-gal-positive cells, and Pi-induced senescence was associated with downregulation of SIRT1 expression, leading to p21 activation. The activation via SIRT1 downregulation was blunted by inhibition of Pi cotransporter. Activation of SIRT1 by resveratrol significantly reduced the senescence-associated calcification. Conversely, SIRT1 knockdown by small interfering RNA accelerated the Pi-induced SMC senescence and subsequent calcification. In addition, SIRT1 knockdown induced phenotypic change from a differentiated state to osteoblast-like cells. The senescence-related SMC calcification was completely prevented by p21 knockdown. In addition to Pi-induced premature senescence, SMCs with replicative senescence were also more sensitive to Pi-induced calcification compared with young SMCs, and this finding was attributable to augmented p21 expression.

Conclusion—

SIRT1 plays an essential role in preventing hyperphosphatemia-induced arterial calcification via inhibition of osteoblastic transdifferentiation. In addition, Pi-induced SMC calcification may be associated with both premature and replicative cellular senescence.
Roles of SST Anomalies on the Wintertime Turbulent Heat Fluxes in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Confluence Region: Influences of Warm Eddies Detached from the Kuroshio Extension
Authors: Sugimoto Shusaku , Hanawa Kimio
Published: July 2011

Variations of turbulent heat fluxes (sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes) in the North Pacific during 16 winters from December 1992/February 1993 to December 2007/February 2008 are investigated because the months from December to February correspond to the period having peak winter conditions in the atmosphere field. Turbulent heat fluxes are calculated from the bulk formula using daily variables [surface wind speed, surface air specific humidity, surface air temperature, and sea surface temperature (SST)] of the objectively analyzed air–sea flux (OAFlux) dataset and bulk coefficients based on the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) bulk flux algorithm 3.0. The winter turbulent heat fluxes over the Kuroshio–Oyashio Confluence Region (KOCR; 142°–150°E, 35°–40°N) have the largest temporal variances in the North Pacific. The relative contributions among observed variables in SST, surface air temperature, and surface wind speed causing turbulent heat flux variations in the KOCR are assessed quantitatively by performing simple experiments using combinations of two types of variables: raw daily data and daily climatological data. Results show that SST is primarily responsible for the turbulent heat flux variations—a huge amount of heat is released in the state of the positive SST anomaly. Using the datasets of satellite-derived SST and sea surface height with high spatial and temporal resolutions, it is found that the SST anomalies in the KOCR are formed through activities of the anticyclonic (warm) eddies detached northward from the Kuroshio Extension; SSTs take positive (negative) anomalies when more (less) anticyclonic eddies are distributed there, associated with a more convoluted (straight) Kuroshio Extension path.
Seasonal Modulation of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillations on Tropical Cyclone Geneses in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Huang Ping , Chou Chia , Huang Ronghui
Published: July 2011

The seasonal modulation of tropical intraseasonal oscillation (TISO) on tropical cyclone (TC) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean (WNP) is investigated in three periods of the WNP TC season: May–June (MJ), July–September (JAS), and October–December (OND). The modulation of the TISO–TC geneses over the WNP is strong in MJ, while it appears weaker in JAS and OND. In MJ, TISO propagates northward via two routes, the west route through the South China Sea and the east route through the WNP monsoon trough region, which are two clustering locations of TC geneses. TISO can synchronously influence most TC geneses over these two regions. In JAS, however, the modulation is out of phase between the monsoon trough region and the East Asian summer monsoon region, as well as the WNP subtropical high region, as a result of further northward propagation of TISO and scattered TC geneses. The TISO–TC genesis modulation in each individual region is comparable to that in MJ, although the modulation over the entire WNP in JAS appears weaker. In OND, TISO has a stronger influence on TC geneses west than east of 150°E because TISO decays and its convection center located at the equator is out of the TC genesis region when propagating eastward into east of 150°E. Midlevel relative humidity is the primary contribution to the modulations of TISO on the genesis environment, while vorticity could contribute to the modulation over the subtropics in JAS.
Application of the Marsupial Paradigm to Tropical Cyclone Formation from Northwestward-Propagating Disturbances
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Dunkerton Timothy J. , Montgomery Michael T.
Published: July 2011

A wave-tracking algorithm is developed for northwestward-propagating waves that, on occasion, play a role in tropical cyclogenesis over the western oceans. To obtain the Lagrangian flow structure, the frame of reference is translated obliquely at the same propagation speed with the precursor disturbance. Trajectory analysis suggests that streamlines in the obliquely translated frame of reference can be used to approximate flow trajectories. The algorithm was applied to Super Typhoon Nakri (2008), Tropical Cyclone Erika (2009), and a few other examples. Diagnoses of meteorological analyses and satellite-derived moisture and precipitation fields show that the marsupial framework for tropical cyclogenesis in tropical easterly waves is relevant also for northwestward-propagating disturbances as are commonly observed in the tropical western Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the western North Pacific. Finally, it is suggested that analysis of the global model data and satellite observations in the marsupial framework can provide useful guidance on early tropical cyclone advisories.
The Response of the Tropospheric Circulation to Water Vapor–Like Forcings in the Stratosphere
Authors: Tandon Neil F. , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Davis Sean M.
Published: July 2011

An idealized, dry general circulation model is used to examine the response of the tropospheric circulation to thermal forcings that mimic changes in stratospheric water vapor (SWV). It is found that SWV-like cooling in the stratosphere produces a poleward-shifted, strengthened jet and an expanded, weakened Hadley cell. This response is shown to be almost entirely driven by cooling located in the extratropical lower stratosphere; when cooling is limited to the tropical stratosphere, it generates a much weaker and qualitatively opposite response. It is demonstrated that these circulation changes arise independently of any changes in tropopause height, are insensitive to the detailed structure of the forcing function, and are robust to model resolution. The responses are quantitatively of the same order as those due to well-mixed greenhouse gases, suggesting a potentially significant contribution of SWV to past and future changes in the tropospheric circulation.
Sensitivity of a Simulated Squall Line to Horizontal Resolution and Parameterization of Microphysics
Authors: Bryan George H. , Morrison Hugh
Published: July 2011

Idealized simulations of the 15 May 2009 squall line from the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) are evaluated in this study. Four different microphysical setups are used, with either single-moment (1M) or double-moment (2M) microphysics, and either hail or graupel as the dense (rimed) ice species. Three different horizontal grid spacings are used: Δx = 4, 1, or 0.25 km (with identical vertical grids). Overall, results show that simulated squall lines are sensitive to both microphysical setup and horizontal resolution, although some quantities (i.e., surface rainfall) are more sensitive to Δx in this study. Simulations with larger Δx are slower to develop, produce more precipitation, and have higher cloud tops, all of which are attributable to larger convective cells that do not entrain midlevel air. The highest-resolution simulations have substantially more cloud water evaporation, which is partly attributable to the development of resolved turbulence. For a given Δx, the 1M simulations produce less rain, more intense cold pools, and do not have trailing stratiform precipitation at the surface, owing to excessive rainwater evaporation. The simulations with graupel as the dense ice species have unrealistically wide convective regions. Comparison against analyses from VORTEX2 data shows that the 2M setup with hail and Δx = 0.25 km produces the most realistic simulation because (i) this simulation produces realistic distributions of reflectivity associated with convective, transition, and trailing stratiform regions, (ii) the cold pool properties are reasonably close to analyses from VORTEX2, and (iii) relative humidity in the cold pool is closest to observations.
An improbable reconstruction
Authors: Viguier Anne
Published: July 2011

This article concerns the city of Madurai in the middle of the nineteenth century, at a time of urban development undertaken by the head of the colonial administration in that district. The difficulties involved in this exceptional operation, at a time when colonial administration was not very concentrated with urban development, reflect how there was not much colonial control in urban areas. The article also looks at how this urban development affected the organisation and appearance of the city, how city inhabitants made use of the space available to them and their rights to property. It also shows how the relationships established between inhabitants and local colonial authorities were very different from those developed in pre-colonial times.
Negotiating the Polycentric City-region: Developmental State Politics of New Town Development in the Seoul Capital Region
Authors: Lee Yong-Sook , Shin HaeRan
Published: July 2011

This study seeks to distinguish patterns and processes of contemporary urbanisation in the east Asian context by investigating contemporary developments at the edge of the Seoul capital city over the past two decades. Through the analytical angle of local politics, the aim is to examine the nature, driving forces and outcomes of these new town developments in the context of South Korean urbanisation through the case of the Pangyo new town development. It is argued that a new form of governance with regard to city-region formation is gradually emerging, while the state still holds significant institutional power and policy tools in the context of new town development. This study utilises triangulation techniques that employ multiple methods of observations, such as interviewing (informal, formal and semi-formal), listening, document analysis and site visits.
The development of coda perception in second language phonology: A variationist perspective
Authors: Cardoso Walcir
Published: July 2011

Within a variationist approach for data collection and analysis, this study investigates the acquisition in perception of post-vocalic word-final stops (codas) by speakers of Brazilian Portuguese learning English as a foreign language in a classroom environment. Because codas are illicit in this variety of Portuguese, the hypothesis holds that learners will process this foreign structure as followed by an illusory epenthetic vowel, [i], a manifestation of ‘perceptual foreign accent’. In a forced-choice phone identification task, 51 participants listened to series of English pseudowords and then decided on whether each word ended in a consonant or in a vowel. The statistical results of the experiment indicate that codas are more likely to be perceived in the following cases: (1) in more advanced levels of proficiency, (2) in the context of segments that belong to the class of coronals [t d] and labials [p b], and (3) when the coda consonant is preceded by a lax vowel. The latter as well as the non-significant word size factor contradict the results established in the investigation of the production of this syllabic constituent. To some extent, the results obtained show a correlation between speech perception and production, and support the view that perception precedes production in the development of second language codas.
Music and moral judgment: The effect of background music on the evaluation of ads promoting unethical behavior
Authors: Ziv Naomi , Hoftman Moran , Geyer Mor
Published: July 2011

Background music is often used in ads as a means of persuasion. Previous research has studied the effect of music in advertising using neutral or uncontroversial products. The aim of the studies reported here was to examine the effect of music on the perception of products promoting unethical behavior. Each of the series of three studies described examined the effect of background music on recall and evaluation of a fictive radio ad promoting different types of cheating. The studies consider the effect of involvement, attitudes, priming and presentation context, and music’s valence. In all the studies, background music led to reduced recall of information. Positive-valence music reduced awareness of the unethical message, and increased acceptance of the product. The results demonstrate the power of music to manipulate and bias moral judgment.
Perceived performance anxiety in advanced musicians specializing in different musical genres
Authors: Papageorgi Ioulia , Creech Andrea , Welch Graham
Published: July 2011

Most research on musical performance anxiety has focused on musicians coming from a classical background, and performance anxiety experiences of musicians outside the western classical genre remain under-researched. The aim of this study was to investigate perceived performance anxiety experiences in undergraduate and professional musicians and to explore whether musical genre specialization (Western classical, jazz, popular, Scottish traditional) affected musicians’ performance anxiety experiences. The study addressed questions exploring the perceived intensity of performance anxiety, the perceived contributing factors, changes in perceived anxiety levels as performances approached (one hour before, immediately before and during performance) and the perceived impact of performance on the quality of performance. Participants were 244 musicians, 170 undergraduates and 74 portfolio career musicians. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey. Findings suggested that performance anxiety was of concern for a significant majority of undergraduate and professional musicians. Musicians from all participating musical genres shared similar perceptions and concerns. Anxiety appeared to have negative connotations, although it was also reported as beneficial. Solo performance generated more anxiety compared to group performance. Overall, the impact of anxiety on performance was related to its perceived severity during performance, and was mediated by musicians’ performance experience and their general susceptibility to anxiety. The musical genre in which participants specialized affected their perceived anxiety levels. Western classical musicians were generally found to report higher levels of performance anxiety. This study has provided indications that musicians specializing in different musical genres may experience performance anxiety in quantitatively and qualitatively different ways. Further research would benefit from investigating factors contributing to these variations.
Financializing space, spacing financialization
Authors: French Shaun , Leyshon Andrew , Wainwright Thomas
Published: July 2011

The paper develops a sympathetic geographical critique of the concept of financialization which seeks to account for the growing influence of financial markets over the unfolding of economy, polity and society. Processes of financialization are claimed to be manifest at a number of scales, from higher levels of instability within the economy as a whole, through pressure exerted on corporations by capital markets, to the equity effects of the financial system on individuals and households. In seeking to explain change within contemporary society, financialization has circulated less widely than similar and related concepts such as neoliberalization. While financialization has the potential to unite researchers across cognate social science fields, thereby building critical mass and recognition within social studies of money and finance, we argue that research has been insufficiently attentive to space and place, both in terms of processes and effects. Financialization is a profoundly spatial phenomenon, representing as it does the search for a spatial-temporal fix, or quasi-resolution of the crisis tendencies of contemporary capitalism. The paper explores a number of possibly fruitful directions for work on financialization, focusing in particular on the idea of financial ecologies.
Effect of Gender and Sports on the Risk of Full-Thickness Articular Cartilage Lesions in Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Injured Knees
Authors: Røtterud Jan Harald , Sivertsen Einar A. , Forssblad Magnus , Engebretsen Lars , Årøen Asbjørn
Published: July 2011

Background: The presence of an articular cartilage lesion in anterior cruciate ligament–injured knees is considered a predictor of osteoarthritis.

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate risk factors for full-thickness articular cartilage lesions in anterior cruciate ligament–injured knees, in particular the role of gender and the sport causing the initial injury.

Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: Primary unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions prospectively registered in the Swedish and the Norwegian National Knee Ligament Registry during 2005 through 2008 were included (N = 15 783). Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate risk factors for cartilage lesions.

Results: A total of 1012 patients (6.4%) had full-thickness cartilage lesions. The median time from injury to surgery was 9 months (range, 0 days-521 months). Male patients had an increased odds of full-thickness cartilage lesions compared with females (odds ratio = 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.42). In males, team handball had an increase in the odds of full-thickness cartilage lesions compared with soccer (odds ratio = 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-4.19). Among female patients, no sport investigated showed a significant decrease or increase in the odds of full-thickness cartilage lesions. The odds of a full-thickness cartilage lesion increased by 1.006 (95% confidence interval, 1.005-1.008) for each month elapsed from time of injury until anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction when all patients were considered, while time from injury to surgery did not affect the odds significantly in those patients reconstructed within 1 year of injury (odds ratio = 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-1.02). Previous surgery increased the odds of having a full-thickness cartilage lesion (odds ratio = 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.63). One year of increasing patient age also increased the odds (odds ratio = 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.06).

Conclusion: Male gender is associated with an increased risk of full-thickness articular cartilage lesions in anterior cruciate ligament–injured knees. Male team handball players had an increased risk of full-thickness lesions. No other sports investigated were found to have significant effect on the risk in either gender. Furthermore, age, previous surgery, and time from injury to surgery exceeding 12 months are risk factors for full-thickness cartilage lesions.
The Diversity Ideology in the Business World: A New Oppression for a New Age
Authors: Embrick David G.
Published: July 2011

Diversity has become a common term in the business world. But, what exactly does it mean to be diverse? In this article, I examine the notion of diversity in the business world and explore how, in the wane of progressive programs such as affirmative action and organizational multiculturalism policies diversity has become the post-civil rights mantra of equality in America. Using interview data from upper-level managers in Fortune 1000 companies I argue that diversity ideology has enabled many organizations to curtail deeper investigations into the gender and racial inequalities that continue to persist in the workplace. I find that managers tend to exclude race and gender in their definitions of diversity. Further, I find that most managers, even while claiming that their companies were interested in promoting diversity, could not effectively elaborate on their company’s diversity policies or practices.
Investigation on removal of SU-8 electroplating mould using fuming sulphuric acid
Authors: Shao D D , Cui F , Chen W Y , Zhang W P
Published: July 2011

In some microelectromechanical system device fabrication, using fuming sulphuric acid to remove crosslinked SU-8 mould from integrated thick metal structures is an inexpensive and effective wet etching technique. The fabrication of stator for a suspended rotational microgyroscope, which has surface-micromachined structures integrated, was investigated to study the removal process of 250-µm thick SU-8 plating mould. Immersion time in the acid was a critical factor for complete removal of SU-8 mould without detectable damage to the nickel structures. Variation of etch rate was investigated every 0.5 h in the range from 0.5 to 6 h; 5 h was found to be a suitable time setting to remove 250-µm thick SU-8 mould. During the process, etch rate was measured slowing down from 110 µm/h in the first 0.5 h to 18 µm/h in the last 0.5 h. It was better to finish the whole removal process in a consistent manner because although taking sample out of the acid, cleaning, and immersing it back into the acid again was able to accelerate subsequent etch rate, metal structures were likely to be etched black. The etch rate which slowed down with the increase of etch time based on continuous etching provided useful reference for time control during SU-8 application for ultra-thick integrated microstructure fabrication.
Numerical strategies for capturing rotating stall in fan
Authors: Choi M , Vahdati M
Published: July 2011

In spite of advances in computational capabilities, most numerical studies for rotating stall use relatively simple models, and there are no established methods to simulate rotating stall accurately. In this study, four numerical approaches for obtaining rotating stall are considered. These cover a range of interface boundary conditions, stall triggering methods, and different algorithms for changing operating conditions. The findings are as follows. First, placing a mixing plane behind the fan causes some non-physical phenomena during stall inception and it should be avoided. The whole-annulus computational domain without initial disturbance simulates the post-stall phenomena well but it has some shortcomings for modelling the stall inception. Asymmetric disturbance, caused by one mis-staggered blade, is successful in both triggering the rotating stall and representing the stall phenomena itself. The slow adjustment of the downstream boundary conditions through on-the-fly nozzle area change can remedy numerical overshoots in performance curves, but it delays stall inception process and increases total computational time significantly. This article contains detailed results on stall inception and development for each methodology.
Delivering Diabetes Care in the Philippines and Vietnam
Authors: Beran David , Higuchi Michiyo
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study is the comparison of 2 studies looking at the barriers to access of diabetes care and medicines in the Philippines and Vietnam. These studies used the Rapid Assessment Protocol for Insulin Access. Diabetes care is provided in specialized facilities and appropriate referral systems are lacking. In Vietnam, no problems were reported with regard to diagnostic tools, whereas this was a concern in the public sector in the Philippines. Both countries had high prices for medicines in comparison to international standards. Availability of medicines was better in Vietnam than in the Philippines, especially with regard to insulin. This affected adherence as did a lack of patient education. As countries aim to provide health care to the majority of their populations through universal coverage, the challenge of diabetes cannot be neglected. Trying to achieve universal coverage in parallel to decentralization, national and local governments need adapted guidance for this.
Impact of Morbidity and Life Events on Successful Aging
Authors: Hsu Hui-Chuan
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the risks of the incidence of chronic conditions and life events on successful aging. Longitudinal data from a 10-year follow-up health survey were used. Successful aging indicators included basic and advanced physical function, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, emotional support, participation in productive activities, and life satisfaction. The stressors included life events and morbidity years of 10 chronic conditions. Loss of offspring increased the risk to physical health, psychological health, and life satisfaction. Being newly widowed was related to depressive symptoms, whereas being newly divorced increased the risk of poor social support. Morbidity years increased the risk of failure in successful aging, especially for stroke, respiratory system disease, diabetes, and cancer. Emotional health of the elderly should be carefully monitored after onset of life events and incidences of chronic conditions.
Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control of X–Y platform driven by shape memory alloy
Authors: Shaw J , Pan R , Huang TW
Published: July 2011

This study describes an X–Y platform driven by SMAs. The advantages of this platform are a simple mechanism design, low power consumption, and low cost. Unlike servo motor control, SMA can undergo thermoelastic martensitic transformation through increases in temperature above a certain level, which results in a pulling force that drives the platform. In the system described herein, an optical sensor is used to track the movements of the platform, which are then sent to a digital signal processor. An adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller with parameters that are tuned online using the gradient descent method is used to enable the optimal tracking control of the X–Y platform.
Improving Cultural Competency Among Hospice and Palliative Care Volunteers
Authors: Jovanovic Maja
Published: July 2011

This case study of 14 hospice and palliative care volunteers looked for recommendations and suggestions on how to increase cultural competency among hospice volunteers. In-depth interviews were conducted with a hospice in Toronto, Canada, and findings reveal that volunteers have very specific and diverse recommendations on how they prefer to be briefed and educated on cultural competency issues surrounding their patients. Findings also reveal hospice volunteers want more cultural competency training and acknowledge the importance of being culturally competent. This article concludes with a précis on recommendations for increasing cultural competency in hospice and palliative care for both volunteers and agencies and discusses the top 4 future trends in cultural competency for hospice care.
Correlates of HIV Testing Among Abused Women in South Africa
Authors: Adams Julie L. , Hansen Nathan B. , Fox Ashley M. , Taylor Baishakhi B. , van Rensburg Madri Jansen , Mohlahlane Rakgadi , Sikkema Kathleen J.
Published: July 2011

Gender-based violence increases a woman’s risk for HIV but little is known about her decision to get tested. We interviewed 97 women seeking abuse-related services from a nongovernmental organization (NGO) in Johannesburg, South Africa. Forty-six women (47%) had been tested for HIV. Caring for children (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.07, 1.00]) and conversing with partner about HIV (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.85]) decreased odds of testing. Stronger risk-reduction intentions (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.60]) and seeking help from police (OR = 5.51, 95% CI = [1.18, 25.76]) increased odds of testing. Providing safe access to integrated services and testing may increase testing in this population. Infection with HIV is highly prevalent in South Africa where an estimated 16.2% of adults between the ages of 15 and 49 have the virus. The necessary first step to stemming the spread of HIV and receiving life-saving treatment is learning one’s HIV serostatus through testing. Many factors may contribute to someone’s risk of HIV infection and many barriers may prevent testing. One factor that does both is gender-based violence.
Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in relapsing multiple sclerosis: impact on health-related quality of life in a phase II study
Authors: Montalban X , Comi G , O’Connor P , Gold SM , de Vera A , Eckert B , Kappos L
Published: July 2011

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) worsens with multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses and disease progression. Common symptoms including depression and fatigue may contribute to poor HRQoL.

Objectives: To report exploratory analyses assessing the impact of fingolimod (FTY720) on HRQoL and depression in a phase II study of relapsing MS.

Methods: The Hamburg Quality of Life Questionnaire in MS (HAQUAMS) and Beck Depression Inventory second edition (BDI-II) scores were assessed during a 6-month, placebo-controlled study and optional extension.

Results: HAQUAMS total score improved with fingolimod and worsened with placebo. Mean score change from baseline to month 6 was −0.02 with fingolimod 1.25 mg ( p < 0.05 versus placebo), −0.01 with fingolimod 5.0 mg and + 0.12 with placebo. Categorical data supported a clinically important effect of fingolimod on HRQoL. Fingolimod 1.25 mg was also beneficial over placebo in the fatigue/thinking HAQUAMS sub-domain ( p < 0.05 versus placebo). Change in mean BDI-II scores from baseline to month 6 and the proportion of patients with BDI-II scores indicative of clinical depression favored fingolimod 1.25 mg over placebo ( p < 0.05 for both). At month 4, mean BDI-II and HAQUAMS total scores appeared to be maintained in fingolimod-treated patients.

Conclusion: Fingolimod 1.25 mg may improve HRQoL and depression at 6 onths compared with placebo in patients with relapsing MS.
Policy agendas and births and deaths of political parties
Authors: Lowery David , van Witteloostuijn Arjen , Péli Gábor , Brasher Holly , Otjes Simon , Gherghina Sergiu
Published: July 2011

The standard model of political party density emphasizing the interaction of social cleavages and district magnitude (M) is incomplete in accounting for number of parties in cases of high values of M in an arbitrary way. We explore an alternative model for such cases emphasizing the slack in the issue agenda available to parties with which to construct viable identities or niches they can employ to mobilize cognitively-limited voters. The model is tested with time series data and event history analysis on the sizes of the public policy agenda and the political party system in the Netherlands, an extreme case of large district magnitude given its single national district. Change in the slack of the issue agenda influences the births and deaths of political parties, a result that may also have implications for cases of lower district magnitude.
How things fall apart
Authors: Giollabhuí Shane Mac
Published: July 2011

The politics of African democracies is marked by a curious disjuncture: in spite of severe social diversity and proportional electoral arrangements, dominant parties abound. This peculiarity frustrates the design of constitutional experts, who expect proportional electoral arrangements to translate social cleavages into discrete political parties. In such cases, it follows that the dominant political party – rather than parliament – becomes the primary site of accommodation between competing social formations. Little, however, is known of how groups vie for power within Africa’s dominant political parties; electoral law is largely silent on the subject of intraparty democracy. Under what conditions do dominant parties – understood as coalitions of social formations – remain cohesive? We address this question by looking at the process of candidate selection, often considered ‘one of the best points at which to observe the distribution of power within the party’ (Schattschneider, 1970 [1942]: 64). We conduct a comparative case study of two dominant parties in South Africa and Namibia, using evidence drawn from primary party documentation and interviews with party leaders, officials, candidates and members. We find that inclusive candidate selection mechanisms can stabilize factional competition, while exclusive mechanisms, conversely, can presage elite rupture within the dominant party.