bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology for Forming of Barrier Ribs on a Plasma Display Panel (PDP) by Applying a Photosensitive Glass Paste
Authors: Iguchi Yuichiro , Masaki Takaki , Nobumasa Hitoshi , Okuyama Kentaro , Kitamura Yoshiyuki , Deguchi Yukichi
Published: September 2004

Technologies for processing inorganic compounds into high-definition products are used in many areas including thin-film transistors and liquid crystal displays. These technologies are based on the technology of depositing thin films of 1 μm or less in thickness using vacuum processes such as sputtering and vapor deposition. The present review compiles the results of research made on photosensitive paste technology for processing inorganic materials into high-definition thick films of several micrometers to less than 200 micrometers in thickness. The technology for processing inorganic materials into films of several micrometers to less than 200 micrometers in thickness is used for producing the electrodes and barrier ribs of plasma display panel (PDP), and is expected to widely spread into such areas as IC packages in the future.
Characterization of Ag+-Exchanged Zeolite A with H2 and CO Adsorption by FTIR
Authors: Wang Ping , Yang Shuwu , Kondo Junko N , Domen Kazunari , Baba Toshihide
Published: September 2004

The reversible reduction–oxidation processes of Ag+ ions in Ag+-exchanged zeolites A (AgA) with H2 and O2 adsorption were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. CO adsorption was carried out at low temperature to probe the functional groups present on AgA (before and after H2 adsorption) and their locations in the channels of zeolite. The hydroxy groups were formed upon H2 (D2) adsorption on AgA with different IR frequencies depending on the degree of Ag+-exchange. It was found that these generated hydroxy groups mainly locate inside the β-cages in AgA at 30%-exchange degree, as evidenced by the inaccessibility of CO due to the small six-oxygen ring windows. On the contrary, the hydroxy groups, which had already been formed before H2 adsorption due to the dissociation of H2O on Ag+ ions, could interact with CO, showing an IR band at 2156 cm−1. This indicates that of hydroxy groups of this type are situated inside the larger α-cages containing 8-membered rings or on the external surface. The CO stretching band of CO–Na+ adducts appeared at 2165 cm−1 and could be easily removed by evacuation, while the CO–Ag+ species was detected at 2182 cm−1 and was highly resistant toward evacuation even at ambient temperature.
Stability of the Cu(II) Complexes of Tripeptides, Cu(H−2L), in Dynamic Aspects; L = Tripeptides Composed of Various Combinations of α-, β-, and γ-Amino-Acid Residues. Stopped-Flow Kinetic Studies on the Reaction of Cu(H−2L) with Cysteine
Authors: Hanaki Akira , Ueda Jun-ichi , Ikota Nobuo
Published: September 2004

The stability of the fused chelate-ring structures of Cu(H−2L) concerning dynamic aspects was evaluated based on the rate constant (k1+) for the formation of ternary complexes, Cu(H−1L)(Cys−), from Cu(H−2L) and cysteine (Cys), where L denotes tripeptides composed of various combinations of α-, β-, and γ-amino-acid residues. The ligand-exchange reaction was examined by the stopped-flow spectrophotometric method. The Cu(H−2L) species, having 5–6–5- and 6–5–5-membered fused-chelate rings, were kinetically fairly stable; k1+ = 2–3 × 104 M−1 s−1. Other Cu(H−2L) species, having 5–5–5-, 5–5–6-, 5–5–7-, 5–6–6-, and 6–5–6-membered rings, reacted rapidly with Cys to form the Cu(H−1L)(Cys−) species; k1+ ≥ 1 × 105 M−1 s−1. The Cu(H−1L)(Cys−) species, upon forming, successively reacted with Cys to afford a binary complex, Cu(Cys−)2. The Cu(H−1L)(Cys−) species, with the β-Ala residue at the N-terminus, were kinetically labile to be rapidly transformed to Cu(Cys−)2.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of a Planar Binuclear Copper(II) Phthalocyanine Complex
Authors: Handa Makoto , Kataoka Norihito , Ito Yoshifumi , Tonomura Takahiro , Hiromitsu Ichiro , Sugimori Tamotsu , Sogabe Kunihisa , Kasuga Kuninobu
Published: September 2004

A binuclear copper(II) phthalocyanine complex, in which two Cu(II) phthalocyanine units are linked by their common benzene ring to give a planar structure, was prepared and investigated concerning its magnetic properties. No significant magnetic interaction was found between the copper(II) ions through the benzene ring.
A Short-Step Synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylproline, a Component of Polyoxypeptins, Using a Tandem Michael–Aldol Reaction and Optical Resolution
Authors: Makino Kazuishi , Suzuki Tatsuya , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: September 2004

A short-step synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-3-methylproline, a component of polyoxypeptins, using a tandem Michael–aldol reaction followed by its optical resolution using (−)-cinchonidine has been achieved.
Nitrogen Fixation: Synthesis of Heterocycles Using Molecular Nitrogen as a Nitrogen Source
Authors: Mori Miwako , Akashi Masaya , Hori Masanori , Hori Katsutoshi , Nishida Mayumi , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: September 2004

Nitrogen fixation using transition metals is a fascinating process. We have already reported on the incorporation of molecular nitrogen into organic compounds using a titanium–nitrogen complex reported by Yamamoto. We developed a novel titanium-catalyzed nitrogenation procedure using TiCl4 in the presence of an excess amount of Li and TMSCl. In this reaction, a 1 atm pressure of nitrogen gas can be used and the reaction proceeds at room temperature. The procedure is very simple. A THF solution of TiCl4 or Ti(OiPr)4 (1 equiv.), Li (10 equiv.), and TMSCl (10 equiv.) was stirred under an atmosphere of nitrogen at room temperature overnight to give titanium–nitrogen complexes. Although the structures of the titanium–nitrogen complexes have not yet been determined, they would consist of N(TMS)3, X2TiN(TMS)2, and XTi=NTMS. Using this procedure, various heterocycles, such as indole, quinoline, pyrrole, pyrrolizine, and indolizine derivatives, could be synthesized from molecular nitrogen in good-to-moderate yields as a stoichiometric reaction based on a titanium complex by a one-pot reaction. Furthermore, monomorine I and pumiliotoxin C were synthesized from molecular nitrogen as a nitrogen source. This procedure was further extended for the syntheses of heterocycles using a catalytic amount of titanium complex; also, indole and pyrrole derivatives were obtained in high yields.
The Interaction of Ribonucleotides with Metal Hexacyanochromates(III) and the Relevance to Chemical Evolution
Authors: Ali Shah Raj , Kamaluddin
Published: September 2004

The interaction of ribonucleotides, namely 5′-AMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-CMP, and 5′-UMP, with cobalt(II) and cadmium(II) hexacyanochromates(III) has been studied. Maximum adsorption was observed at a neutral pH. Adsorption isotherms were found to be Langmuirian in nature. Values for Xm and KL were calculated. Purine nucleotides showed more adsorption than pyrimidine nucleotides on both the metal hexacyanochromates(III), whereas cobalt(II) hexacyanochromate(III) was found to be a better adsorbent for all of the ribonucleotides studied. Infrared spectral studies of the adsorption adducts suggested that adsorption occurs due to interactions between the phosphate moiety and base residue of the ribonucleotide molecule with outer divalent metal ions present in the lattice of metal hexacyanochromates(III). The results of the present study support the hypothesis that metal cyanogen complexes might play an important role in concentrating and stabilizing the biomonomers on their surfaces through adsorption processes during the course of chemical evolution.
[2,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Unstable Sulfur Ylides from Allyl Sulfonium Salts. Comparative Study of Electrochemical Reduction with the Base Method and Mechanism Elucidation by the MO Method
Authors: Okazaki Yuichi , Ando Fumio , Koketsu Jugo
Published: September 2004

The cathodic reduction of sulfonium salts in acetonirile under the presence and absence of benzaldehyde were carried out and compared with the results of the base method. Under the presence of benzaldehyde, the electrochemical reduction gave epoxides as a result of a Corey–Chaykovsky reaction confirming ylide formation. The electrochemical reduction of sulfonium salt without benzaldehyde yields the same [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement product as those obtained by the base method, in high yield. The reaction mechanism was studied by semi-emprical MO methods.
Total Syntheses of Natural Pseurotins A, F2, and Azaspirene
Authors: Aoki Shin-ya , Oi Takahiro , Shimizu Kazuya , Shiraki Ryota , Takao Ken-ichi , Tadano Kin-ichi
Published: September 2004

We describe the total syntheses of natural pseurotins A and F2, inhibitors of chitin synthase, both of which possess an unusual 1-oxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]non-2-ene-4,6-dione ring system. The total syntheses of these spiro-hetereocyclic natural products feature: 1) a stereoselective preparation of two segments, i.e., a 2,3-dihydroxylated heptenal derivative and a highly functionalized γ-lactone, each from d-glucose, 2) the connection of the two segments via an aldol-type carbon–carbon bond formation, 3) spirocyclic ring formation from the aldol adduct through convenient 3(2H)-furanone formation, 4) the transformation of a spirocyclic γ-lactone into a γ-lactam hemiaminal derivative, and 5) conversion of the benzyl substituent in the γ-lactam ring into a benzoyl group via a cyclic enamide followed by m-CPBA oxidation in the final stage of the total synthesis. In the initial stage, the quaternary spiro-carbon center in the target molecules was efficiently constructed by a stereochemically exclusive vinyl Grignard addition to the d-glucose-derived 3-ulose. Furthermore, the preparation of the γ-lactone included a stereo- and regioselective Cu(I)-mediated benzyl Grignard addition to aldehyde. We have also completed the total synthesis of a structurally related novel angiogenesis inhibitor, azaspirene, using the analogous reaction sequence.
Facile One-Pot Syntheses of Amidines and Enamines from Oximes via Beckmann Rearrangement Using Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Minowa Tomofumi , Onishi Jim Yoshitaka , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: September 2004

Iminocarbocation intermediates were in situ-generated by treating various oximes with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O) in the presence of triethylamine in toluene and nucleophilic trapping with amines or sodium enolates under mild conditions afforded the corresponding amidines and enamines. Some of the thus-obtained enamines were converted to 2-substituted 4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid derivatives by subsequent intramolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation.
Development of Radical Reactions with Zirconocene Complexes as Electron Transfer Reagents
Authors: Fujita Kazuya , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: September 2004

Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chloride hydride (Schwartz reagent) proved to be an efficient radical chain carrier for radical reduction of organic halides. Treatment of 1-bromoadamantane with Cp2Zr(H)Cl in THF at 25 °C in the presence of triethylborane furnished adamantane quantitatively. Radical cyclization of 2-haloalkyl allyl ethers afforded five-membered products under the same reaction conditions. Reduction with Cp2Zr(H)Cl generated in situ from Cp2ZrCl2 and sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride (Red-Al) also proceeded smoothly. Moreover, the reduction could function by using a catalytic amount of Cp2ZrCl2. A zirconocene–olefin complex also induced reductive radical cyclization of 2-haloalkyl allyl ethers in THF. This complex served as a single electron transfer reagent to promote the radical cyclization. Furthermore, the cyclization reaction in DME afforded 3-tetrahydrofuranylmethylzirconium efficiently.
Ehrlich’s Reaction of Furanoeremophilanes
Authors: Kuroda Chiaki , Ueshino Tadashi , Nagano Hajime
Published: September 2004

6-Ethoxyfuranoeremophilane and its synthetic analogue, 4-ethoxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran, reacted with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Ehrlich’s reagent) under acidic conditions in a 2:1 ratio to afford condensation products in 34% and 78% yields, respectively. 6-Hydroxyfuranoeremophilane and 4-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran afforded the same products as in the case of ethoxy derivatives, respectively. The intermediate 1:1 adduct was not obtained from 6-ethoxyfuranoeremophilane, but obtained from the synthetic analogue in low yield. It was deduced that the colored compound in Ehrlich’s test is the cationic species of the intermediate 1:1 adduct, and that the concentration of the colored intermediate in the reaction mixture is very low.
The Oxidation of Alcohols in N-Oxyl-Immobilized Silica Gel/Aqueous NaOCl Disperse Systems. A Prominent Access to a Column-Flow System
Authors: Tanaka Hideo , Chou Jingyu , Mine Machiko , Kuroboshi Manabu
Published: September 2004

The oxidation of alcohols was performed successfully in a disperse system with N-oxyl-adsorbed or immobilized silica gel as a disperse phase and aqueous NaOCl as a disperse medium. In the disperse system, the oxidation of sec-alcohols afforded the corresponding ketones, while prim-alcohols were oxidized to aldehydes and/or carboxylic acids depending on their structures and reaction conditions. The N-oxyl-immobilized silica gel was recovered and repeatedly used without a significant change in the product yields. A column-flow system was also investigated for the oxidation of alcohols by use of a newly devised column packed with the N-oxyl-immobilized silica gel.
Direct Rate Measurements of the Reactions of Benzophenone with RMgX and RLi: Effects of Substituents and Reagent Concentration on Rates
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Yamataka Hiroshi
Published: September 2004

Rates of reactions of MeMgBr and MeLi with substituted benzophenones (BPs) were determined by using a stopped-flow method. The Hammett plots for the reactions of MeMgBr in THF and in Et2O at 0 °C gave ρ values of 0.99 ± 0.09 and 0.99 ± 0.08, respectively; such values were in excellent agreement with the ρ value determined previously by competition experiments in THF. The Hammett ρ value (0.40 ± 0.07) for the reaction of MeLi in Et2O at 0 °C also agreed with that determined by competition experiments within experimental errors. A logarithmic plot of the rate constant vs the reagent concentration for the reaction of BP and MeMgBr in THF gave a linear plot with a slope of close to unity, whereas that in Et2O showed saturation at a higher MeMgBr concentration, reflecting different aggregation states in different solvents. An analogous plot for MeLi in Et2O gave a curved logarithmic plot with a slope of 1/4 at a higher reagent concentration and a slope of 1/2 at a lower reagent concentration range, suggesting that the aggregation of MeLi is concentration dependent.
Ruthenium–Bipyridine Complex-Catalyzed Photo-Induced Reduction of Nitrobenzenes with Hydrazine
Authors: Hirao Toshikazu , Shiori Jun , Okahata Naoki
Published: September 2004

The photo-induced reduction of nitrobenzenes with hydrazine hydrate was catalyzed by the ruthenium–bipyridine complex to give the corresponding anilines.
Metal Cation-Exchanged Montmorillonite (Mn+-Mont)-Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Acylation of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene and 1-Trimethylsilyl-1-alkynes
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Ohtaka Seiji , Hashimoto Keiji , Yamauchi Takayoshi , Hasegawa Takuji , Imanaka Kaori , Tateiwa Jun-ichi , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Uemura Sakae
Published: September 2004

The acylation of 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene and 1-trimethylsilyl-1-alkynes with acyl chlorides has been investigated in the presence of a variety of metal cation-exchanged montmorillonites (abbreviated as Mn+-monts), where the catalysts are recyclable for several times after simple washing.
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles Protected by a Cubic Silsesquioxane and Their Monolayer Formation on a Glass Substrate
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Itoh Hideaki , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: September 2004

Gold nanoparticles were prepared via reduction of HAuCl4 in the presence of octa(3-aminopropyl)octasilsesquioxane octahydrochloride (1) as a cubic linker. The cubic silsesquioxane 1 would stabilize the gold nanoparticles in addition to providing the amino-functionalized surface of the gold nanoparticles, which allows some chemical modification of their shells. We describe their monolayer formation on a glass substrate without any modification by electrostatic interaction.
Novel Oligodipyridylamine Ligands with Chiral N-Alkyl Side Chains. Synthesis of Coordination Polymers Consisting of Copper Complexes Containing the Ligands and Their Crystal Structure and Optical and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Yamaguchi Isao , Fujinaga Emiko , Ozeki Tomoji , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: September 2004

Dipyridylamine (dpa) oligomers having chiral (S)-2-methylbutyl (MB) side chains at the amine-N atoms, (MBdpa)m (H–(C5H3N–N(MB)–C5H3N)m–H; m = 2, 3, and 4), were synthesized. Complexation of (MBdpa)2 with CuCl2 provided a coordination polymer, [{Cu2Cl4–(MBdpa)2}n]. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of [{Cu2Cl4–(MBdpa)2}n] showed that intermolecular interactions linked the Cu2Cl4–(MBdpa)2 complexes into one-dimensional coordination polymers. The crystal of [{Cu2Cl4–(MBdpa)2}n] exhibited a phase transition between 100 and 85 K due to the ordering of the MB side chains, resulting in a quadrupling of the unit cell. (MBdpa)m had an expanded electron system along the oligomer main chain as revealed by UV–vis spectroscopy. (MBdpa)m were photoluminescent in solutions and copper complexation quenched their photoluminescence.
Preparation of Polyion Complex Fibers and Capsules of DNA and Chitosan at an Aqueous Interface
Authors: Nishida Ayako , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Nishi Norio
Published: September 2004

Hybrid fiber and capsule creation based on the electrostatic polynucleotide–polysaccharide interaction has been studied. The fibrous form is made from single (SS)- and double (DS)-stranded DNAs and chitosan via polyion complex (PIC) formation. When DNA solutions with and without NaCl are added to an aqueous chitosan solution without mixing, PIC films are formed at the interface. When these PIC films are withdrawn from the interface, fiber lines form in the wet states. After the intact wet fibers are dried in air, SS- and DSDNA–chitosan fibers form. The tensile strength of the strongest DSDNA–chitosan fiber is 84 MPa. The strength and the strain of the fibers depend on the NaCl concentrations of the DNA solutions. Stable SS- and DSDNA–chitosan PIC capsules can also be prepared.
Plastic Shape Material “Urushi-Nendo” Applying Lacquer Tree Paint
Authors: Watanabe Osamu , Takeuchi Katsumi
Published: September 2004

A new material for use in shaping has been created using urushi (Japanese lacquer) as a matrix, with natural fibers, such as cellulose as a filler and a primary amine as an additive, to promote the lacquer curing reaction. The cured material is characterized by exhibiting a strength comparable to that of wood.
The Other Half of the Equation: Serving Young Men In a Young Women's Reproductive Health Clinic
Authors: Raine Tina , Marcell Arik V. , Rocca Corinne H. , Harper Cynthia C.
Published: September 2004

CONTEXT Efforts to improve reproductive health typically target women. Family planning agencies serving high‐risk young women may be particularly suited to integrating young men in their health promotion efforts.

METHODS In 2001, a family planning clinic in San Francisco serving primarily young women opened a male clinic as part of a male involvement program that includes education and outreach components. Client volume was assessed by reviewing billing data. New male clients completed questionnaires on their demographic characteristics, sexual and health‐seeking behavior, and reason for clinic visit. Before and after the male clinic opened, female clients completed questionnaires assessing their satisfaction with services and their attitudes on males' being served at the clinic. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and chi‐square statistics.

RESULTS In the first year of the male clinic, the number of adolescent and adult male clients served at the facility increased by 192% and 119%, respectively, over the previous year. Among 110 males making first visits, 88% came for sexually transmitted disease testing or treatment. Three‐quarters had learned of the clinic by word of mouth–from a sexual partner (37%), friend (29%) or sibling (6%)–rather than directly from outreach efforts. The proportion of female respondents very or mostly satisfied with their care was similarly high before (98%) and after (92%) the male clinic opened.

CONCLUSIONS Increasing capacity within the female reproductive health model to serve males is feasible. To reach at‐risk males, “in‐reach” efforts with female clients may be as important as targeted outreach efforts. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2003, 35(5):208‐214.
Boundary elements and nuclear organization
Authors: Capelson Maya , Corces Victor G.
Published: September 2004

Abstract Functional compartmentalization of eukaryotic genomes is thought to be necessary for the proper regulation of gene expression. Chromatin insulators or boundary elements have been implicated in the establishment of this compartmentalization, as they may be involved in creating independent chromatin domains. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of insulator function suggest a role for boundary elements in determining transcriptional identity of chromatin and in organizing chromatin into structural compartments within the nucleus. Insulators may thus be involved in setting up topological chromatin domains associated with particular transcriptional states.
Effects of varying aerosol regimes on low‐level Arctic stratus
Authors: Garrett T. J. , Zhao C. , Dong X. , Mace G. G. , Hobbs P. V.
Published: September 2004

The effects on low‐level cloud microstructures of varying aerosol regimes in the Arctic are examined using ground‐based measurements obtained near Barrow, Alaska. Episodic ‘arctic haze’ events produced high cloud droplet concentrations, and small cloud droplet effective radii. By contrast, the fresh nucleation of aerosols within the Arctic produced particles high in number concentration but generally too small to be efficient cloud condensation nuclei. Comparisons with similar analyses done at lower latitudes suggest that the ‘indirect effect’ of haze aerosol on low‐cloud effective radii is particularly high in the Arctic.
Aerosol composition and size versus altitude measured from the C‐130 during ACE‐Asia
Authors: Kline J. , Huebert B. , Howell S. , Blomquist B. , Zhuang J. , Bertram T. , Carrillo J.
Published: September 2004

During the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE‐Asia) intensive experiment in the spring of 2001 we used a total aerosol sampler (TAS) and a micro‐orifice impactor (MOI) to collect dust and pollution aerosols for ion chromatographic analysis. An aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) was used to estimate the total coarse‐mode volume. We conducted postexperiment passing efficiency measurements on the APS, the MOI, and their delivery tubing to constrain the inevitable (and sometimes large) artifacts associated with sampling supermicron particles from an aircraft. We have combined TAS and corrected MOI data to estimate ambient coarse and fine sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and oxalate. We found significant differences between aerosol composition in the free troposphere (FT) and boundary layer (BL). The molar ratio of nitrate to soluble calcium averaged 1.8 in the BL, but only 0.2 in the FT. Nitrate and calcium frequently had identical coarse size distributions, while sulfate and ammonium often had identical fine distributions. Dust clearly directs NOy toward coarse‐mode nitrate. Sulfate in the FT was closest to ammonium bisulfate (half neutralized), while non‐sea‐salt sulfate (NSS) in the BL was usually completely neutralized to ammonium sulfate. In the presence of dust, up to half the NSS was found in the coarse mode, probably the result of SO2 uptake by CaCO3 in the dust. Soluble calcium averaged 5–8% of the coarse dust mass inferred from the APS. BL aerosol chemistry was seldom a good indicator of ionic composition in the FT.
Enhanced bone formation in lipodystrophic PPARγhyp/hyp mice relocates haematopoiesis to the spleen
Authors: Cock Terrie‐Anne , Back Jonathan , Elefteriou Florent , Karsenty Gérard , Kastner Philippe , Chan Susan , Auwerx Johan
Published: September 2004

The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) controls adipogenesis and metabolism. We demonstrate here that the absence of PPARγ in fat has potent osteogenic activities, which affect haematopoiesis. The congenital absence of PPARγ in fat of lipodystrophic PPARγhyp/hyp mice, strongly enhanced bone mass and consequentially reduced the bone‐marrow cavity. Consistent with this, PPARγhyp/hyp mice had a significant decrease in bone marrow cellularity and resorted to extramedullary haematopoiesis in the spleen to maintain haematopoiesis. Our data indicate that antagonizing PPARγ activity in fat could be an effective way to combat osteoporosis and suggest that haematopoietic function should be scrutinized in lipodystrophic subjects.
NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables. III. Diatomic Hydrogen Halide Gases
Authors: Shenyavskaya Elena A. , Yungman Vladimir S.
Published: September 2004

The spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of the four diatomic hydrogen halide molecules—HX(g), where X=F, Cl, Br, and I—have been reviewed. Four revised thermochemical tables result from this critical review. The revisions involved the consideration of new spectroscopic information and the use of a direct summation over states for the generation of the thermochemical tables. Compared to previous calculations, the entropies at 298.15 K are unchanged, but the high temperature values (T>4000 K) are significantly different.
Use of Semiempirical Methods for Detecting Anomalies in Reported Enthalpies of Formation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Stewart James J. P.
Published: September 2004

Using semiempirical methods, a survey of the enthalpies of formation of ∼1300 compounds in the NIST Chemistry WebBook database was performed and compared to the reported values. Five sets of compounds were identified: a large set in which theory and experiment agreed, a set in which they disagreed strongly due to transcription errors, a set in which they disagreed strongly due to experimental errors, a set that disagreed strongly due to errors in the method, and a set in which the difference between calculation and experiment was not obvious.
Critical Evaluation of Rate Constants and Equilibrium Constants of Hydrogen Peroxide Photolysis in Acidic Aqueous Solutions Containing Chloride Ions
Authors: Yu Xiao-Ying
Published: September 2004

Equilibrium constants and rate constants involving Cl⋅(aq), Cl−, Cl2−⋅(aq), HO⋅, H2O, and H2O2(aq) determined at 297±2 K in the aqueous phase are updated and evaluated. Most of the rate constants and equilibrium constants are obtained by either pulse radiolysis or laser flash photolysis. The recommended values of rate constants and equilibrium constants are achieved by un-weighted averaging of the reliable experimental measurements.
Reanalysis of the 1992 South Pole Millimetre-Wavelength Atmospheric Opacity Data
Authors: Chamberlin Richard A.
Published: September 2004

In 1992 an NRAO 225-GHz site survey heterodyne radiometer was placed at the Geographical South Pole. The instrument operated over an entire annual cycle and provided direct measurements of the millimetre-wave sky brightness temperature as a function of zenith angle. Interpreted in a single-slab ‘skydip’ radiation transfer model of the atmosphere, these sky brightness measurements provided a time series of the millimetre atmospheric opacity. Statistics derived from this opacity time series were important for making comparisons with other candidate millimetre and sub-millimetre wave astronomy sites. This paper reexamines the 1992 measurements and the original analysis. Details of the skydip fit model, radiometer gain error, instrument stability, and a mid-season replacement to a window in the instrument enclosure combined to cause a modest under-reporting of the atmospheric opacity in previous reports. Unchanged are earlier conclusions that dry air makes a significant contribution to the total opacity at 225 GHz.
Submillimeter Site Testing at Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Calisse Paolo G. , Ashley Michael C. B. , Burton Michael G. , Phillips Michael A. , Storey John W. V. , Radford Simon J. E. , Peterson Jeffrey B.
Published: September 2004

We have developed a 350 μm radiometer to perform automated site testing in remote regions of Antarctica. In summer 2000–2001 the instrument operated at Concordia, a new station under construction at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau. We present the results, and compare them with the atmospheric opacity measured at the South Pole in the same five-week period. During these five weeks, observing conditions at Dome C were, on average, substantially better than those at the South Pole.
Radio Emission from Ultrashort-Period Double Degenerate Binaries
Authors: Willes A. J. , Wu K. , Kuncic Z.
Published: September 2004

Timing measurements of periodic X-ray pulses from two ultrashort-period double degenerate binaries, RX J1914+24 and RX J0806+15, show that the rates of change of their orbital periods are consistent with gravitational radiation losses. This contradicts the predictions of models which invoke mass transfer between the two white dwarfs. The X-ray emission is, therefore, unlikely to be powered by accretion processes. The unipolar inductor model explains the source of X-ray emission as electrical dissipation at the base of a flux tube, which connects the magnetic white dwarf to its companion. This model is most consistent with the observed X-ray pulse properties. A similar current system exists in the Jupiter–Io system, where a mildly relativistic electron current produces an auroral footprint at the base of the Io flux tube and highly polarized beamed radio emission by means of the electron cyclotron maser mechanism. Detection of radio emission from RX J1914+24 and RX J0806+15 would thus provide further support for the unipolar inductor model. We present theoretical predictions, based on a loss-cone-driven electron cyclotron maser model, of radio fluxes from systems with parameters similar to RX J1914+24 and RX J0806+15.
The Bias of Molecular Clump Identification Programs: the Example of the Carina Molecular Clouds
Authors: Schneider N. , Brooks K.
Published: September 2004

A large scale 12CO J = 1 → 0 molecular line map of the Carina molecular cloud complex was obtained with the Mopra radio telescope in order to investigate its spatial and kinematic structure. The data show a complex velocity structure in two distinct cloud regions — the Northern and Southern Carina clouds. Two different clump identification methods (GAUSSCLUMPS and CLUMPFIND) were applied to the data. Though both algorithms find a similar clump mass spectral index (1.95 and 1.8, respectively), the properties of the clumps (mass, size, virial equilibrium) differ significantly. We discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy and question the validity of the Larson relations which could be an artifact of the limited spatial resolution and dynamic range of the observations.
Rotation of Early B-type Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: The Role of Evolution and Metallicity
Authors: C. Keller Stefan
Published: September 2004

I present measurements of the projected rotational velocities of a sample of 100 early B-type main-sequence stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This is the first extragalactic study of the distribution of stellar rotational velocities. The sample is drawn from two sources: from the vicinity of the main-sequence turnoff of young clusters (ages 1–3 × 107 yr) and from the general field. I find that the cluster population exhibits significantly more rapid rotation than that seen in the field. I have drawn analogous Galactic cluster and field samples from the literature. Comparison of these samples reveals the same effect. I propose that the observed difference between cluster and field populations can be explained by a scenario of evolutionary enhancement of the surface angular momentum over the main-sequence lifetime. A comparison is made between the cluster and field populations of the LMC and the Galaxy in order to explore the effects of metallicity. This shows that the stars of the LMC are more rapid rotators than their Galactic counterparts.
Molecular systematics of the enigmatic 'phascolosoricine' marsupials of New Guinea
Authors: Krajewski Carey , Moyer Gregory R. , Sipiorski Justin T. , Fain Matthew G. , Westerman Michael
Published: September 2004

Previous analyses of DNA sequences for mitochondrial cytochrome-b and 12S rRNA, along with the nuclear protamine P1 genes, suggested that the New Guinean dasyurid genera Phascolosorex and Neophascogale (phascolosoricines) form the sister groups of quolls (Dasyurus) and Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus). This runs counter to a common perception that phascolosoricines are anatomically primitive and only distantly related to other dasyurids. We report the DNA sequences of two additional mitochondrial loci (tRNAVal and 16S rRNA) and nuclear loci (interphotoreceptor binding protein exon 1, beta-fibrinogen intron 7) from Phascolosorex dorsalis, Neophascogale lorentzii, and all but three other dasyurid species. These sequences, along with those previously published, comprise a dataset of 7053 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that phascolosoricines form a clade that is highly resolved as sister to Dasyurus + Sarcophilus. This result is obtained independently by mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and cannot be attributed to taxon- or gene-sampling bias, compositional heterogeneity, or the use of overly simplistic phylogenetic estimation procedures. A re-evaluation of published morphological data bearing on the relationships of phascolosoricines demonstrates that, although the conflict with molecular results is significant, it is limited to a small number of correlated dental features that show considerable homoplasy in their evolution.
A comparison of the gross gastrointestinal morphology of genetically-similar tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) from different nutritional environments
Authors: Lentle R. G. , Stafford K. J. , Hume I. D.
Published: September 2004

The gross morphology of the body and gastrointestinal tract of genetically-similar tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) that had been introduced into two different nutritional environments on the North Island of New Zealand were compared using multivariate analysis. Tammar wallabies from Kawau Island had significantly lower body mass per unit body length than those from the Rotorua district where food was more abundant. Furthermore, wallabies from Kawau Island had longer small intestines and caecae relative to other gut regions than did those from the Rotorua district. This suggests that poor-quality food might reduce the efficiency of primary fermentation in the forestomach; similarly, the efficiency of digestion and absorption in the small intestine might be reduced. In addition, poor-quality food might promote secondary fermentation in the hindgut of grazing tammar wallabies.
What If They Do Not Want Treatment?: Lessons Learned from Intervention Studies of Non‐Treatment‐Seeking, Drug‐Using Pregnant Women
Authors: Jones Hendree E. , Svikis Dace , Rosado James , Tuten Michelle , Kulstad Jody L.
Published: September 2004

Despite specialized drug treatment, many pregnant drug‐using women do not seek admission to such programs. This study examined two types of brief drug use intervention models for attracting and retaining pregnant women in drug abuse treatment. Both models offered motivational interviewing (MI) + behavioral incentives (BI) for drug abstinence. One model had an additional case management (CM) component. The addition of CM resulted in less drug use and fewer psychosocial needs, but similar levels of poor participation in the intervention was observed with both models. The intensity of effort expended to retain participants is discussed.
Unlinking Disability Income, Substance Use and Adverse Outcomes in Dually Diagnosed, Severely Mentally Ill Outpatients
Authors: Ries Richard K. , Short Robert A. , Dyck Dennis G. , Srebnik Debra S.
Published: September 2004

The goals of the current study were to determine whether incorporating disability benefit management into combined outpatient psychiatric / addiction treatment was feasible and clinically useful for managing severely mentally ill, substance‐abusing patients over time, and then if patients in this program would demonstrate the first‐week‐of‐the‐month increased substance abuse and hospitalizations shown in other studies. Forty‐four patients were studied for an average of forty weeks, with little treatment or study dropout. There was no evidence in either the schizophrenic / cocaine abuser or the broader diagnostic sample of the cyclic first‐of‐the‐month pattern of substance use and hospitalizations observed in other studies. Findings suggest that combined treatment benefit management programs are clinically feasible and effective in stabilizing patients and keeping them in treatment.
Variations in the risk of disability pension in Norway 1970 - 99
Authors: Gjesdal Sturla , Lie Rolv T. , Gunnar Maeland John
Published: September 2004

Aims: A study was undertaken to investigate whether cohort or period effects could explain the varying and generally increasing incidence of disability pension in Norway between 1970 and 1999. Methods: The study used data from a complete national register of new disability cases in Norway, including all cases of disability pension in the 16 - 60 age group categorized according to age and gender for each year from 1970 to 1999. The population at risk was defined for each year from census data and number of individuals already receiving disability pension. Data were organized in five-year age groups, five-year time periods and corresponding overlapping nine-year birth cohorts. Age- and gender-specific rates were displayed graphically for periods and cohorts. Separate Poisson regression models were fitted for age periods and age cohorts. Finally a combined age, period, and cohort model was applied. Results: The overall incidence was 7.4/1,000 non-disabled persons per year for women and 6.0/1,000 for men. For women 52.1% of the cases were in the 51 - 60 age group, whereas the corresponding figure for men was 57.6%. Statistical analysis showed an increasing trend for both genders, more pronounced for women than men. All time periods deviated significantly from the trend, either upwards or downwards. Age-cohort models showed less variation, but recent cohorts had higher than expected rates, especially for men. Conclusions: Further studies should investigate why Norwegian women were more affected by the period effects than men. An increasing incidence of disability pension among recent cohorts is a major challenge for the Norwegian welfare system.
A multivariate approach for evaluating progress towards phytoplankton community restoration targets: Examples from eutrophication and acidification case histories
Authors: Nicholls Kenneth H. , Heintsch Lucja , Carney Elaine C.
Published: September 2004

Two disturbed aquatic systems, Bowland Lake, a strongly acidic lake (pH=4.9) in south-central Ontario, and the eutrophic Bay of Quinte at the northeastern end of Lake Ontario were selected as case histories for demonstration of an analytical protocol for defining and evaluating phytoplankton community rehabilitation targets. Bowland Lake was experimentally neutralized in 1983 to evaluate the efficacy of an application of a powdered limestone slurry for rehabilitating biological communities in the lake. The Bay of Quinte was identified by the International Joint Commission in 1985 as one of 42 ‘Areas of Concern’ in American and Canadian waters of the Great Lakes for which a Remedial Action Plan is required to restore beneficial uses. Phosphorus loading controls were implemented in the Bay of Quinte drainage basin in late 1977 to early 1978. In both cases, pre- and post-treatment phytoplankton community structure data were used to assess the degree of phytoplankton community impairment and the response to remediation by comparing the phytoplankton communities to those from suitable reference locations. The rationale, development and application of model phytoplankton communities intended to serve as ‘targets’ for phytoplankton community rehabilitation are presented within a multivariate framework of community structure. It is recommended that these, or similar analytical protocols based on multivariate methods for defining community structure, be more widely applied when corrective actions are taken to rehabilitate aquatic systems.
Inter-laboratory comparison of five marine bioassays for evaluating the toxicity of dredged material
Authors: Stronkhorst J. , Ciarelli S. , Schipper C. A. , Postma J. F. , Dubbeldam M. , Vangheluwe M. , Brils J. M. , Hooftman R.
Published: September 2004

Four laboratories were compared to ascertain the reproducibility of test methods for five bioassays: the ten day whole sediment bioassay with the amphipod Corophium volutator, the fourteen day whole sediment bioassay with adult sea urchins Echinocardium cordatum, the Microtox solid phase bioassay with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the oyster larvae sediment elutriate bioassay using Crassostrea gigas and the sediment pore water bioassay with the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. The bioassays were all conducted according to the standard operating procedures of the National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management/RIKZ and carried out with one control sediment and three moderately contaminated dredged materials from the Netherlands. Reference toxicant tests were also performed for every bioassay, to assess the condition of the test species. Reproducibility and inter-laboratory variability were evaluated by calculating coefficients of variation for the sediment bioassays and considering the ability of each laboratory to achieve the test acceptability criteria and to identify a number of confounding factors.

The bioassays involving the amphipods and sea urchins had an acceptable inter-laboratory variability, with average coefficients of variation of 20% or less. The Microtox solid phase bioassay showed high reproducibility and the least variability among laboratories, with average coefficients of variation of 12%. In contrast, the results for percent net response in the oyster larvae bioassay were very variable and poorly reproducible: in three of the four sediments the coefficients of variation exceeded 100%. Two laboratories did not meet the test acceptability criterion for oyster embryo development in the control sediment. Survival in the rotifer bioassay also varied greatly among laboratories with average coefficients of variation of 48%.

We conclude that the main sources of inter-laboratory variability were 1) individual differences in the skill and experience of laboratory technicians (for the amphipod, oyster larvae and rotifer bioassays); 2) the use of different batches of test organisms (sea urchin bioassay) and 3) the use of different dilution water (oyster larvae bioassay).
TheScientificWorldJOURNAL: sustainability through innovation
Authors: Allen Anne Vindenes , Lees Graham Vaughan
Published: September 2004

How can a new publisher and new publication survive in today's climate, where ‘Big Deal’ bundling arrangements and cuts in library budgets are squeezing out smaller publishers and publications? That is a key question for TheScientificWorldJOURNAL. The Journal's innovative editorial approaches together with a new business model combine to present part of the answer, and enable a new journal to make a significant difference.
Human–Mouse Gene Searcher: a tool to assist discovery of malformation-associated genes by using phenotype databases
Authors: Bradford Ian , Winter Robin , Evans Carl , Bard Jonathan
Published: September 2004

An open-access World Wide Web application has been developed which enables the cross-linking of anatomical data on the phenotypic manifestations of human and mouse malformation syndromes to data on gene function and/or expression patterns in the mouse GXD database. Ultimately, the system has been designed to assist biologists in the process of discovering hitherto unidentified malformation genes. More specifically, it facilitates search from the phenotypic level.

Availability: The application and further information is available at http://genetics.ich.ucl.ac.uk/linksearchtool

Contact:  i.bradford@ich.ucl.ac.uk
Postburn Subtalar Dislocation in a Major Foot Contracture
Authors: Coban Y. Kenan , Gurlek Ali
Published: September 2004

An unusual postburn contracture, which consists of calcaneal bone dislocation and severe dorsiflexion contracture of foot and toes, is presented. To our knowledge, subtalar dislocation as the result of postburn contracture has not been previously reported in the literature.
Book reviews
Authors: authors Various
Published: September 2004

Six book reviews in the September 2004 issue of
Notes and Records:
M. Campbell–Kelly, M. Croarken, R. Flood and E. Robson (eds),
The history of mathematical tables: from Sumer to spreadsheets
. Kevin C. Knox and Richard Noakes (eds),
From Newton to Hawking: a history of Cambridge University's Lucasian professors of mathematics
. Patricia Fara,
Pandora's breeches: women, science and power in the enlightenment
. Maurice Crosland,
Gay Lussac: scientist and bourgeois
. John van Wyhe,
Phrenology and the origins of Victorian scientific naturalism
. Donald Cardwell,
The development of science and technology in nineteenth–century Britain: the importance of Manchester
(Edited by Richard L. Hills).
Report. Migrants to The Royal Society, 1930–1940
Authors: Cook A.
Published: September 2004

It is well known that after the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, many scholars, musicians, artists and writers were expelled or found it impossible to continue to work in Gemany. Scientists also, especially those of Jewish descent or connections, similarly left Germany and countries that came under the influence of Germany. Many of those artists, scholars and scientists who came to Britain stimulated the efflorescence of intellectual, artistic and scientific life in the years after the end of World War II. Those influences have been described in a number of books, albeit mostly in rather general terms. The list that is the subject of this note includes by contrast all Fellows and Foreign Members of the Society, so far as it has been possible to identify them, who after leaving for Britain or for other lands, were elected to the Society (electronic Appendix A).