bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh Thermoelectric Performance in Environmentally Friendly SnTe Achieved through Stress‐Induced Lotus‐Seedpod‐Like Grain Boundaries
Authors: Guo Fengkai , Cui Bo , Li Chun , Wang Yumei , Cao Jian , Zhang Xinghong , Ren Zhifeng , Cai Wei , Sui Jiehe
Published: May 2021

In an effort to improve the thermoelectric performance of the environmentally friendly SnTe, here, a multilevel structure composed of “lotus‐seedpod‐like” grain boundaries, dense dislocations, and nanopores is innovatively constructed, which synergistically reduces the sound velocity and the phonon relaxation time, resulting in ultralow lattice thermal conductivity throughout a wide temperature range. An ultrahigh figure of merit, ZT, of ≈1.7 and an unprecedented average ZT of ≈1 from 300 to 873 K are obtained. In contrast to the common pore‐forming method of volatilization, the strategy of stress‐induced recrystallization and gas expansion cogenerating interfacial pores that is used here, is believed to be more widely applicable for many other materials, which opens up a new avenue for improving thermoelectric performance.
3D‐Printed Hydrogel‐Filled Microneedle Arrays
Authors: Barnum Lindsay , Quint Jacob , Derakhshandeh Hossein , Samandari Mohamadmahdi , Aghabaglou Fariba , Farzin Ali , Abbasi Laleh , Bencherif Sidi , Memic Adnan , Mostafalu Pooria , Tamayol Ali
Published: May 2021

Microneedle arrays (MNAs) have been used for decades to deliver drugs transdermally and avoid the obstacles of other delivery routes. Hydrogels are another popular method for delivering therapeutics because they provide tunable, controlled release of their encapsulated payload. However, hydrogels are not strong or stiff, and cannot be formed into constructs that penetrate the skin. Accordingly, it has so far been impossible to combine the transdermal delivery route provided by MNAs with the therapeutic encapsulation potential of hydrogels. To address this challenge, a low cost and simple, but robust, strategy employing MNAs is developed. These MNAs are formed from a rigid outer layer, 3D printed onto a conformal backing, and filled with drug‐eluting hydrogels. Microneedles of different lengths are fabricated on a single patch, facilitating the delivery of various agents to different tissue depths. In addition to spatial distribution, temporal release kinetics can be controlled by changing the hydrogel composition or the needles’ geometry. As a proof‐of‐concept, MNAs are used for the delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Application of the rigid, resin‐based outer layer allows the use of hydrogels regardless of their mechanical properties and makes these multicomponent MNAs suitable for a range of drug delivery applications.
A Smart Nanoplatform with Photothermal Antibacterial Capability and Antioxidant Activity for Chronic Wound Healing
Authors: Ma Tengfei , Zhai Xinyun , Huang Yongkang , Zhang Mengzhen , Zhao Xiaoli , Du Yaping , Yan Chunhua
Published: May 2021

Chronic wounds, such as the diabetic ulcer wounds have serious effect on people's lives, and can even lead to death. Diabetic ulcer wounds are different from normal wounds and much easier to be infected and induce oxidative stress due to the special surrounding microenvironment, which makes it necessary to prepare materials with antibacterial property and antioxidant activity simultaneously. The molybdenum disulfide‐ceria (MoS2‐CeO2) nanocomposite possesses both the photo‐thermal therapy (PTT) antibacterial capability of polyethylene glycol modified molybdenum disulfide nanosheets and the antioxidant activity of cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs). By combining the inherent antibacterial activity of CeO2 NPs, the MoS2‐CeO2 nanocomposite exhibits excellent PTT antibacterial capability against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria through 808 nm laser treatment, thereby reducing the risk of wound infection. Owing to the abundant oxygen vacancies in CeO2 NPs, Ce3+ and Ce4+ can transform reversibly which endows MoS2‐CeO2 nanocomposite with remarkable antioxidant ability to clear away the excessive reactive oxygen species around the diabetic ulcer wounds and promote wound healing. The results demonstrate that MoS2‐CeO2 nanocomposite is a promising class for the clinical treatment of chronic wounds especially the diabetic ulcer wounds, and 808 nm laser can be used as a PTT antibacterial switch.
In Situ Construction of Functional Assemblies in Living Cells for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yang Xuejiao , Cao Zeyuan , Lu Honglei , Wang Huaimin
Published: May 2021

Peptide‐based materials hold great promise for various biomedical applications and have drawn increasing attention over the past five years. Despite the progress in fabrication and handling peptide materials in vitro, manipulating assemblies of peptides in living cells (or animals) is still in its infancy. In this contributing review, recent work is summarized using endogenous triggers to construct functional assemblies of peptides in vivo. After introducing the triggers for inducing peptide assemblies, the recent progress is highlighted of the in situ construction of assemblies for biomedical applications with emphasis on cancer therapy. Finally, a brief perspective is provided to discuss the future promises and challenges of this emerging area of supramolecular chemistry.
NIR‐Responsive Ti3C2 MXene Colloidal Solution for Curing Purulent Subcutaneous Infection through the “Nanothermal Blade” Effect
Authors: Wang Xiaolan , Yao Mengyu , Ma Limin , Yu Peng , Lu Teliang , Zhang Luhui , Yuan Xinyuan , Zhang Yu , Ye Jiandong
Published: May 2021

Pathogenic microorganisms’ infections have always been a difficult clinical challenge and lead to serious health problems. Thus, a new strategy is urgently needed. In this study, a simple preparation method for Ti3C2 MXene colloidal solution is proposed. In vitro, Staphylococcus aureus is treated with 250 µg mL−1 of Ti3C2 colloidal solution under 5 min of 808 nm near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation twice. Staphylococcus aureus is eliminated by the “nanothermal blade” effect from Ti3C2 combined with NIR; the antibacterial rate is 99%, which is higher than the antibacterial rate of pure Ti3C2 alone 78%. The antibacterial mechanism underlying this treatment may be that the thermal Ti3C2 nanosheets first transfer heat to the cell membrane, disrupting the membrane structure, disturbing the metabolism and causing leakage of bacterial protein and deoxyribonucleic acid, consequently leading to bacterial death. In vivo results indicate that Ti3C2 colloidal solution under NIR can effectively kill Staphylococcus aureus and prevent inflammation. Moreover, 250 µg mL−1 Ti3C2 colloidal solution is nontoxic to mouse organs during the therapeutic process. Therefore, Ti3C2 colloidal solution can be an ideal candidate for subcutaneous infection application. The antibacterial mechanism proposed in this study aids the investigation of other MXenes as antibacterial agents.
All‐in‐One DNA Extraction Tube for Facilitated Real‐Time Detection of Infectious Pathogens
Authors: Song Younseong , Kim Yong Tae , Choi Yunho , Kim Hogi , Yeom Min Hee , Kim Yesol , Lee Tae Jae , Lee Kyoung G. , Im Sung Gap
Published: May 2021

An “all‐in‐one tube” platform is developed, where the genetic analysis involving DNA extraction, amplification, and detection can be performed in a single tube. The all‐in‐one tube consists of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tube in which the inner surface is conformally modified with a tertiary‐amine‐containing polymer to generate a strong electrostatic interaction with DNA. The all‐in‐one tube provides high DNA capture efficiency exceeding 80% from Escherichia coli O157: H7 pathogen at a wide range of DNA amount from 0.003 to 3 ng. Indeed, the use of the surface‐functionalized PCR tube enables direct amplification and detection of the surface‐captured DNA without the modification of standard real‐time PCR instrument. Besides, this platform has sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability enough for accurate detection at the minimal infective dose of both gram‐positive and negative pathogens. The all‐in‐one tube enables the direct molecular diagnosis, substantially reducing the labor‐intensive pathogen detection steps while providing high compatibility with the currently established real‐time PCR instruments, and illustrates its on‐site applicability with convenience expandable to various genetic analyses including food safety testing, forensic analysis, and clinical diagnosis.
Insights into Mechanism of Aβ42 Fibril Growth on Surface of Graphene Oxides: Oxidative Degree Matters
Authors: He Huan , Xu Juan , Li Chen‐Qiao , Gao Tian , Jiang Peng , Jiang Feng‐Lei , Liu Yi
Published: May 2021

The filamentous β‐amyloid deposition has been regarded as the hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nanomaterials such as graphene oxides (GOs) have achieved significant progress in the therapy of AD, but the molecular pathway of the growth propagation remains challenging to investigate, especially on the surfaces of materials. The thermodynamics and kinetics of fibril elongation on GO surfaces with different oxidative degrees have been investigated by a combination of in vitro experiments and simulations. ThT kinetics, calorimetric measurements, and TEM observations suggest that low oxidative GO‐10 promotes the fibril elongation, while both high oxidative GO‐20 and GO‐40 inhibit the fibril elongation. Computational results reveal that the apparent regulation behaviors of GOs on filament growth depend on the balance between the promoting effect by templating the incoming of monomers and the retarding effect by capturing the monomer during docking and locking phases through hydrogen bonding. This work will promote the understanding of the interplay between biomolecules and materials, thus providing new thoughts for the rational design of novel materials for amyloidosis therapy.
Smart Asymmetric Hydrogel with Integrated Multi‐Functions of NIR‐Triggered Tunable Adhesion, Self‐Deformation, and Bacterial Eradication
Authors: Feng Lan , Shi Wenbin , Chen Qin , Cheng Huitong , Bao Jianxu , Jiang Chunji , Zhao Weifeng , Zhao Changsheng
Published: May 2021

Multifunctional hydrogels acting as wound dressing have received extensive attention in soft tissue repair; however, it is still a challenge to develop a non‐antibiotic‐dependent antibacterial hydrogel that has tunable adhesion and deformation to achieve on‐demand removal. Herein, an asymmetric adhesive hydrogel with near‐infrared (NIR)‐triggered tunable adhesion, self‐deformation, and bacterial eradication is designed. The hydrogel is prepared by the crosslinking polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid, during the sedimentation of conductive PPy‐PDA nanoparticles based on the polymerization of pyrrole (Py) and dopamine (DA). Due to the conversion capacity from NIR light into heat for PPy‐PDA NPs, the formed temperature‐sensitive hydrogel exhibits tissue adhesive as well as NIR‐triggered tunable adhesion and self‐deformation property, which can achieve an on‐demand dressing refreshing. Systematically in vitro/in vivo antibacterial experiments indicate that the hydrogel shows excellent disinfection capability to both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. The in vivo experiments in a full‐layer cutaneous wound model demonstrate that the hydrogel has a good treatment effect to promote wound healing. Overall, the asymmetric hydrogel with tunable adhesion, self‐deformation, conductive, and photothermal antibacterial activity may be a promising candidate to fulfill the functions of adhesion on skin tissue, easy removing on‐demand, and accelerating the wound healing process.
2D III‐Nitride Materials: Properties, Growth, and Applications
Authors: Ben Jianwei , Liu Xinke , Wang Cong , Zhang Yupeng , Shi Zhiming , Jia Yuping , Zhang Shanli , Zhang Han , Yu Wenjie , Li Dabing , Sun Xiaojuan
Published: May 2021

2D III‐nitride materials have been receiving considerable attention recently due to their excellent physicochemical properties, such as high stability, wide and tunable bandgap, and magnetism. Therefore, 2D III‐nitride materials can be applied in various fields, such as electronic and photoelectric devices, spin‐based devices, and gas detectors. Although the developments of 2D h‐BN materials have been successful, the fabrication of other 2D III‐nitride materials, such as 2D h‐AlN, h‐GaN, and h‐InN, are still far from satisfactory, which limits the practical applications of these materials. In this review, recent advances in the properties, growth methods, and potential applications of 2D III‐nitride materials are summarized. The properties of the 2D III‐nitride materials are mainly obtained by first‐principles calculations because of the difficulties in the growth and characterizations of these materials. The discussion on the growth of 2D III‐nitride materials is focused on 2D h‐BN and h‐AlN, as the developments of 2D h‐GaN and h‐InN are yet to be realized. Therefore, applications have been realized mostly based on the 2D h‐BN materials; however, many potential applications are cited for the entire range of 2D III‐nitride materials. Finally, future research directions and prospects in this field are also discussed.
Comprehensive Understandings into Complete Reconstruction of Precatalysts: Synthesis, Applications, and Characterizations
Authors: Liu Xiong , Meng Jiashen , Zhu Jiexin , Huang Meng , Wen Bo , Guo Ruiting , Mai Liqiang
Published: May 2021

Reconstruction induced by external environment (such as applied voltage bias and test electrolytes) changes catalyst component and catalytic behaviors. Investigations of complete reconstruction in energy conversion recently receive intensive attention, which promote the targeted design of top‐performance materials with maximum component utilization and good stability. However, the advantages of complete reconstruction, its design strategies, and extensive applications have not achieved the profound understandings and summaries it deserves. Here, this review systematically summarizes several important advances in complete reconstruction for the first time, which includes 1) fundamental understandings of complete reconstruction, the characteristics and advantages of completely reconstructed catalysts, and their design principles, 2) types of reconstruction‐involved precatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction catalysis in wide pH solution, and origins of limited reconstruction degree as well as design strategies/principles toward complete reconstruction, 3) complete reconstruction for novel material synthesis and other electrocatalysis fields, and 4) advanced in situ/operando or multiangle/level characterization techniques to capture the dynamic reconstruction processes and real catalytic contributors. Finally, the existing major challenges and unexplored/unsolved issues on studying the reconstruction chemistry are summarized, and an outlook for the further development of complete reconstruction is briefly proposed. This review will arouse the attention on complete reconstruction materials and their applications in diverse fields.
Recent Advances in Engineered Materials for Immunotherapy‐Involved Combination Cancer Therapy
Authors: Liang Jun‐Long , Luo Guo‐Feng , Chen Wei‐Hai , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: May 2021

Immunotherapy that can activate immunity or enhance the immunogenicity of tumors has emerged as one of the most effective methods for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, single‐mode immunotherapy is still confronted with several critical challenges, such as the low immune response, the low tumor infiltration, and the complex immunosuppression tumor microenvironment. Recently, the combination of immunotherapy with other therapeutic modalities has emerged as a powerful strategy to augment the therapeutic outcome in fighting against cancer. In this review, recent research advances of the combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, phototherapy, radiotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, metabolic therapy, and microwave thermotherapy are summarized. Critical challenges and future research direction of immunotherapy‐based cancer therapeutic strategy are also discussed.
Two‐Dimensional Silicene/Silicon Nanosheets: An Emerging Silicon‐Composed Nanostructure in Biomedicine
Authors: Ma Lifang , Song Xinran , Yu Yongchun , Chen Yu
Published: May 2021

Silicon‐composed nanomedicines are one of the most representative inorganic nanosystems in theranostic biomedicine. The emerging of new family members of silicon‐composed nanosystems substantially contributes to their further clinical translation. 2D silicene/silicon nanosheets have recently been developed as an emerging topology of silicon‐composed nanoparticles, which features unique planar nanostructure with large surface area, abundant surface chemistry, specific physiochemical property, and desirable biological effects. This progress report highlights and discusses the state‐of‐art developments of the elaborate construction of 2D silicene/silicon nanosheets for versatile biomedical applications, including top–down fabrication, multifunctionalization, surface engineering, and their available biomedical applications in tumor theranostics (e.g., bioimaging, photothermal ablation, chemotherapy, chemoreactive nanotherapy, radiotherapy, and synergistic nanotherapy) and antibacteria. Their large surface area originating from 2D nanostructure not only enables efficient loading and delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs, but also guarantees the multifunctionalization. Especially, 2D silicene/silicon nanosheets harness desirable photothermal‐conversion performance for photonic hyperthermia and photoacoustic imaging in the near infrared biowindow, accompanied with the desirable biodegradability and biocompatibility, which is typically not possessed in other silicon‐composed counterparts. The multivariate analysis on the facing challenges and future developments of these 2D silicene/silicon nanosheets have also been conducted and outlooked for further underpinning their clinical translations.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐Conjugated Enynyl Homoallylic Alcohols
Authors: Horino Yoshikazu , Ishibashi Mayo , Sakamoto Juri , Murakami Miki , Korenaga Toshinobu
Published: May 2021

The diastereoselective synthesis of anti‐homoallylic alcohols bearing conjugated (Z)‐enynes through a palladium‐catalyzed three‐component reaction is described. This reaction features a broad substrate scope, good functional group compatibility, and high levels of (Z)‐alkene stereocontrol. In this reaction, Pd(0) functions as a catalyst in two fundamental steps of the tandem sequence: 1) the generation of a borylated π‐allylpalladium species from bifunctional conjunctive reagents, inducing umpolung allylation of aldehydes, and 2) C(sp2)−C(sp) cross‐coupling. Further transformations of the obtained products highlight their synthetic utility.

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Preparation and Utilization of Contiguous Bisaziridines as Chiral Building Blocks
Authors: Rhee Hyong‐Jin , Ranjith Jala , Byeon Huimyoung , Ha Hyun‐Joon , Yang Jung Woon
Published: May 2021

Chiral contiguous bisaziridines were prepared by the aziridination of chiral 3‐[1‐(1‐phenylethyl)aziridin‐2‐yl)]acrylaldehydes with either N‐Boc‐O‐tosyl or N‐Ts‐O‐tosyl hydroxylamine as a nitrogen source and (2R)‐ or (2S)‐[diphenyl(trimethylsilyloxy)methyl]pyrrolidine as a chiral organocatalyst. The regioselective ring opening of bisaziridines afforded chiral nitrogen‐rich molecules.

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Low‐Power Memristive Logic Device Enabled by Controllable Oxidation of 2D HfSe2 for In‐Memory Computing
Authors: Liu Long , Li Yi , Huang Xiaodi , Chen Jia , Yang Zhe , Xue Kan‐Hao , Xu Ming , Chen Huawei , Zhou Peng , Miao Xiangshui
Published: May 2021

Memristive logic device is a promising unit for beyond von Neumann computing systems and 2D materials are widely used because of their controllable interfacial properties. Most of these 2D memristive devices, however, are made from semiconducting chalcogenides which fail to gate the off‐state current. To this end, a crossbar device using 2D HfSe2 is fabricated, and then the top layers are oxidized into “high‐k” dielectric HfSexOy via oxygen plasma treatment, so that the cell resistance can be remarkably increased. This two‐terminal Ti/HfSexOy/HfSe2/Au device exhibits excellent forming‐free resistive switching performance with high switching speed (<50 ns), low operation voltage (<3 V), large switching window (103), and good data retention. Most importantly, the operation current and the power consumption reach 100 pA and 0.1 fJ to 0.1 pJ, much lower than other HfO based memristors. A functionally complete low‐power Boolean logic is experimentally demonstrated using the memristive device, allowing it in the application of energy‐efficient in‐memory computing.
A 3D Fiber‐Hydrogel Based Non‐Viral Gene Delivery Platform Reveals that microRNAs Promote Axon Regeneration and Enhance Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Zhang Na , Lin Junquan , Lin Vincent Po Hen , Milbreta Ulla , Chin Jiah Shin , Chew Elaine Guo Yan , Lian Michelle Mulan , Foo Jia Nee , Zhang Kunyu , Wu Wutian , Chew Sing Yian
Published: May 2021

Current treatment approaches toward spinal cord injuries (SCI) have mainly focused on overcoming the inhibitory microenvironment that surrounds lesion sites. Unfortunately, the mere modulation of the cell/tissue microenvironment is often insufficient to achieve desired functional recovery. Therefore, stimulating the intrinsic growth ability of injured neurons becomes crucial. MicroRNAs (miRs) play significant roles during axon regeneration by regulating local protein synthesis at growth cones. However, one challenge of using miRs to treat SCI is the lack of efficient delivery approaches. Here, a 3D fiber‐hydrogel scaffold is introduced which can be directly implanted into a spinal cord transected rat. This 3D scaffold consists of aligned electrospun fibers which provide topographical cues to direct axon regeneration, and collagen matrix which enables a sustained delivery of miRs. Correspondingly, treatment with Axon miRs (i.e., a cocktail of miR‐132/miR‐222/miR‐431) significantly enhances axon regeneration. Moreover, administration of Axon miRs along with anti‐inflammatory drug, methylprednisolone, synergistically enhances functional recovery. Additionally, this combined treatment also decreases the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes and enhance gene expressions related to extracellular matrix deposition. Finally, increased Axon miRs dosage with methylprednisolone, significantly promotes functional recovery and remyelination. Altogether, scaffold‐mediated Axon miR treatment with methylprednisolone is a promising therapeutic approach for SCI.
1/f Noise Characterization of Bilayer MoS2 Field‐Effect Transistors on Paper with Inkjet‐Printed Contacts and hBN Dielectrics
Authors: Pimpolari Lorenzo , Calabrese Gabriele , Conti Silvia , Worsley Robyn , Majee Subimal , Polyushkin Dmitry K. , Paur Matthias , Casiraghi Cinzia , Mueller Thomas , Iannaccone Giuseppe , Macucci Massimo , Fiori Gianluca
Published: May 2021

1/f noise represents the dominant source of noise in the low‐frequency range in several physical systems, including field‐effect transistors. Its investigation can provide very important information on the fabrication process, highlighting the steps that are more prone to the introduction of defects. Here, 1/f noise in bilayer MoS2 transistors on paper with inkjet‐printed Ag contacts and hBN dielectric is investigated. These devices are promising building blocks for future low‐cost, flexible, and easily recyclable disposable electronics. The analysis of 1/f noise, performed following Hooge's empirical approach, results in a Hooge parameter ≈1–10, which is comparable to those reported for bilayer MoS2 transistors on SiO2. The present results indicate that the noise properties of the investigated devices are stable against substrate bending and are mainly determined by the printing of the dielectric, while not being sensibly affected by the use of the paper substrate. These results are promising for the further development of low noise 2D material‐based flexible electronics on paper.
Seed coating by biofertilizer containing spores of Bacillus pumilus TUAT1 strain enhanced initial growth of Oryza sativa L.
Authors: Agake Shin‐ichiro , Artigas Ramirez Maria Daniela , Kojima Katsuhiro , Ookawa Taiichiro , Ohkama‐Ohtsu Naoko , Yokoyama Tadashi
Published: May 2021

In rice production, early growth is often slow in direct‐seeded system. Techniques to overcome this barrier are needed. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Kikuichi—a biofertilizer containing Bacillus pumilus TUAT1 spore—in promoting rice growth in a direct‐sowing system. Oxygen, iron, and molybdenum as coating materials were also evaluated to combine with biofertilizer. The seeds were coated with powdered Kikuichi with polyvinyl alcohol followed by a coating with calcium peroxide (CALPER), molybdenum (Benmoly), and iron powder. Double coating with the biofertilizer and Benmoly promoted plant growth. We applied amounts of Kikuichi equivalent to one, two and a half, and five times the weight of the seeds and found that the growth‐promoting effect was dependent on the amount applied. The best timing of application of the coating, specifically during sprouting, was before the coleoptile emerged. Bacillus pumilus TUAT1 can enhance the growth of rice when it exists in high concentration on the spermosphere by coating with molybdenum, but double coating with neither calcium peroxide nor iron powder contributed to the initial growth of the seeds. Kikuichi coating with Benmoly has positive effects on the rice growth. This coating method is suitable to apply biofertilizer for direct sowing cultivation of rice.
WAASB‐based stability analysis and simultaneous selection for grain yield and early maturity in soybean
Authors: Nataraj Vennampally , Bhartiya Anuradha , Singh Chandra Pratap , Devi Heisnam Nanita , Deshmukh Milind Panjabrao , Verghese Philips , Singh Kamendra , Mehtre Shivaji Pandurang , Kumari Vedna , Maranna Shivakumar , Kumawat Giriraj , Ratnaparkhe Milind B , Satpute Gyanesh K , Rajesh Vangala , Chandra Subhash , Ramteke Rajkumar , Khandekar Nita , Gupta Sanjay
Published: May 2021

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the leading Indian oilseed crop grown under rainfed conditions. Meticulous understanding of genotype × environment interaction patterns is essential to develop superior and widely adaptable soybean varieties. In the current study, 32 soybean genotypes were evaluated at eight locations for two consecutive years. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction ANOVA revealed that only 41.6% of variance was explained by the first two interaction principal component axes (IPCAs), leaving 58.4% to the remaining 13 IPCs. The weighted average of absolute scores (WAASB) stability index, a best linear unbiased prediction–based mixed model that takes in to account all the IPCAs, has been used in stability analysis. SL1171 (WAASB score, 4.09) was found to be highly stable among the genotypes under study, with grain yield (2,050.87 kg ha−1) lower than the grand mean (2,082.50 kg ha−1). A superiority index that allows weighting between mean performance and stability (WAASBY) was used to select stable and high yielding genotypes. MACS 1620 (WAASBY score, 74.47) was found to be high yielding (2,476.05 kg ha−1) and widely adaptable. A simultaneous selection index (i.e., multi‐trait stability index [MTSI]) has been used for selecting early‐maturing and high‐yielding genotypes. DSb 33 was found to have the lowest MTSI (0.001) and can be used as a parent for breeding for early maturity and higher yield. The 100‐seed weight was found to be positively correlated with grain yield and can be used in direct selection for grain yield. Through genotypic cluster analysis, NRC 146 was found to be more divergent, with the highest mean 100 seed weight (16.39 g), and therefore can be used as a parent for breeding solely for grain yield.
Clinical spectrum of individuals with de novo EBF3 variants or deletions
Authors: Nishi Eriko , Uehara Tomoko , Yanagi Kumiko , Hasegawa Yuiko , Ueda Kimiko , Kaname Tadashi , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Kosaki Kenjiro , Okamoto Nobuhiko
Published: May 2021

Hypotonia, ataxia and delayed development syndrome (HADDS) (MIM#617330) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in EBF3 (MIM; 607,407), which is located on chromosome 10q26, and was first reported in 2017. To date, missense, nonsense and frameshift variants have been reported as causes of HADDS, and EBF3 pathogenic variants have been predicted to result in nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay and haploinsufficiency. It was also reported that total deletion of EBF3 associated with a 10q26.3 microdeletion also causes HADDS symptoms, supporting the concept that HADDS results from haploinsufficiency of EBF3. Here, we report eight unrelated individuals with heterozygous pathogenic variants of EBF3 or haploinsufficiency of EBF3 due to 10q26 deletion, who exhibit clinical findings including craniofacial features of HADDS. In a detailed examination of clinical manifestations in this study, revealed that neurogenic bladder was diagnosed in infancy (the median 6.5 months), was more frequent than previously reported, and required cystostomy in all but one case. For psychomotor delay, it was also found that their motor/skills values were significantly lower than their cognition/adaptation values (p = 0.0016; paired t‐test). Therefore, that HADDS is a recognizable syndrome that shares its characteristic facial features, and that neurogenic bladder diagnosed in infancy and psychomotor delay with marked delay in motor/skills are noteworthy findings in the diagnosis and management of individuals with HADDS.
Blockchain and Smart Agreement Disputes Call for Arbitration's Strengths
Authors: Michaelson Peter L. , Jeskie Sandra A.
Published: May 2021

After introducing the types of agreements that use blockchain technology in Part 1 at “A Guidebook to Arbitrating Disputes Involving Blockchains and Smart Agreements,” 39 Alternatives 57 (April 2021) (available at https://bit.ly/3etKfPf), and last month's Part 2 discussing the disputes that can arise, and jurisdiction, enforceability, and antitrust issues (“Where the Disputes Lie: When Blockchain Technology Will Need Help Sorting Out Its Contracts,” 39 Alternatives 81 (May 2021) (available athttps://bit.ly/3f0MubT)), in this concluding Part 3, the authors focus on arbitrating blockchain technology disputes.
Business Interruption Insurance, Pandemics, And a Very U.K. Story of Dispute Resolution
Authors: Samuel Adam
Published: May 2021

The United Kingdom has a dispute resolution problem that stems from the pandemic that cannot be entirely unique to Great Britain. Providers of business interruption insurance have been less happy about paying out on policies taken out by businesses in view of the extreme nature of the pandemic.
Beta‐amyloid pore linked to controlled calcium influx into the cell: A new paradigm for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Pannuzzo Martina
Published: May 2021

Despite tremendous worldwide efforts, clinical trials assessing Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐related therapeutics have been relentlessly unsuccessful. Hence, there is an urgent need to challenge old hypotheses with novel paradigms. An emerging concept is that the amyloid‐beta (Aβ) peptide, which was until recently deemed a major player in the cause of AD, may instead modulate synaptic plasticity and protect against excitotoxicity. The link between Aβ‐mediated synaptic plasticity and Aβ trafficking is central for understanding AD pathogenesis and remains a perplexing relationship. The crossover between Aβ pathological and physiological roles is subtle and remains controversial. Based on existing literature, as a signaling molecule, Aβ is proposed to modulate its own turnover and synaptic plasticity through what is currently believed to be the cause of AD: the transient formation of pore‐like oligomers. A change of perspective regarding how Aβ pores exert a protective function will unavoidably revolutionize the entire field of anti‐amyloid drug development.
Effect of periodontal treatment on preclinical Alzheimer's disease—Results of a trial emulation approach
Authors: Schwahn Christian , Frenzel Stefan , Holtfreter Birte , Van der Auwera Sandra , Pink Christiane , Bülow Robin , Friedrich Nele , Völzke Henry , Biffar Reiner , Kocher Thomas , Grabe Hans Jörgen ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2021

Introduction

We investigated the relationship between periodontal treatment and pre‐clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

In this quasi‐experimental design, 177 periodontally treated patients from the “Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine” cohort, which used the same protocols as the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania TREND (SHIP‐TREND), and 409 untreated subjects from SHIP‐TREND were analyzed. Subjects were younger than 60 years at the magnetic resonance imaging examination, with a median observation period of 7.3 years. Imaging markers for brain atrophy in late‐onset AD and brain aging were used as the outcomes.

Results

Robust to sensitivity analyses, periodontal treatment had a favorable effect on AD‐related brain atrophy (–0.41; 95% confidence interval: –0.70 to –0.12; P = .0051), which corresponds to a shift from the 50th to the 37th percentile of the outcome distribution. For brain aging, the treatment effect was uncertain.

Conclusion

Periodontitis is related to pre‐clinical AD in our population.
Developing a New Strategy for Delivery of Neural Transplant Populations Using Precursor Cell Sprays and Specialized Cell Media
Authors: Woods William A. , Chowdhury Farhana , Tzerakis Nikolaos , Adams Christopher F. , Chari Divya M.
Published: May 2021

Neural precursor/stem cell transplantation therapies promote regeneration in neurological injuries, but current cell delivery methods have drawbacks. These include risks with surgical microinjection (e.g., hemorrhage, embolism) and high cell loss with systemic delivery/passage through fine gauge needles. Aerosolized cell delivery offers significant benefits including rapid and minimally invasive cell delivery, and ease of delivery to end users. To develop this approach, it is necessary to prove that 1) aerosolization does not have detrimental effects on transplant cells and 2) suitable media can be identified to support cell delivery. To achieve these aims, cells are sprayed using a commercial spray device or stored in Hibernate‐A, a CO2‐independent nutrient solution. Histological assessments consist of cell viability analysis, immunocytochemistry, and EdU labeling. It is shown that a major neural precursor transplant population—oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)—survive following aerosolized delivery and retain their capacity for proliferation and differentiation (key to their repair function). Hibernate‐A can support OPCs’ survival without specialized maintenance conditions, with no detrimental impact on cell fate. It is considered that this data supports the concept of a novel class of advanced medical spray devices to facilitate transport and delivery of transplant populations in neural cell therapy.
Photoactivated In Situ Generation of Near Infrared Cyanines for Spatiotemporally Controlled Fluorescence Imaging in Living Cells
Authors: Song Gang , Heng Hao , Wang Jiaqi , Liu Ronghua , Huang Yiming , Lu Huan , Du Ke , Feng Fude , Wang Shu
Published: May 2021

Photoactivated trimerization of 2,3,3‐trimethyl‐3H‐indole derivatives created near infrared fluorophore Cy5. The synthetic method is air‐tolerant, photosensitizer free, metal free, and condensation agent free. Living cells make Cy5 on a time scale of minutes under white light irradiation at a low power intensity, with the monomer as the only exogenous agent. The new method is promising to find applications in cell studies for in situ spatiotemporally controlled fluorescence imaging in living cells.
Exploiting Anion–π Interactions for Efficient and Selective Catalysis with Chiral Molecular Cages
Authors: Luo Na , Ao Yu‐Fei , Wang De‐Xian , Wang Qi‐Qiang
Published: May 2021

Exploiting anion–π interactions in catalyst design is a fascinating direction to develop new and fundamental catalysis. For the appealing yet flexible π‐face activation, can two or more π‐acidic surfaces be manipulated for cooperative activation to achieve efficient transformation and particularly selectivity control is highly desirable. Here, we demonstrate a supramolecular π‐catalysis strategy by establishing cooperative π‐face activation in a confined electron‐deficient cage cavity. The catalysts have a triazine based prism‐like cage core and pendant chiral base sites. Only 2 mol % of cage catalyst efficiently catalyzed the decarboxylate Mannich reactions of sulfamate‐headed cyclic aldimines and a series of malonic acid half thioesters in nearly quantitative yields and up to 97 % ee, enabling an unprecedent organocatalytic approach. The supramolecular π‐cavity is essential in harnessing cooperative anion–π interactions for the efficient activation and excellent selectivity control.
Keeping the balance: The noncoding RNA 7SK as a master regulator for neuron development and function
Authors: Briese Michael , Sendtner Michael
Published: May 2021

The noncoding RNA 7SK is a critical regulator of transcription by adjusting the activity of the kinase complex P‐TEFb. Release of P‐TEFb from 7SK stimulates transcription at many genes by promoting productive elongation. Conversely, P‐TEFb sequestration by 7SK inhibits transcription. Recent studies have shown that 7SK functions are particularly important for neuron development and maintenance and it can thus be hypothesized that 7SK is at the center of many signaling pathways contributing to neuron function. 7SK activates neuronal gene expression programs that are key for terminal differentiation of neurons. Proteomics studies revealed a complex protein interactome of 7SK that includes several RNA‐binding proteins. Some of these novel 7SK subcomplexes exert non‐canonical cytosolic functions in neurons by regulating axonal mRNA transport and fine‐tuning spliceosome production in response to transcription alterations. Thus, a picture emerges according to which 7SK acts as a multi‐functional RNA scaffold that is integral for neuron homeostasis.
Does air pollution change a firm's business strategy for employing capital and labor?
Authors: Liu Baohua , Wu Junfeng , Chan Kam C.
Published: May 2021

We examine the impact of air pollution on a firm's capital‐labor ratio. We propose the hypothesis that, in dealing with air pollution, a firm responds strategically by using relatively more capital and less labor to contain labor costs and remain competitive in the market. Using a sample of Chinese firms and a satellite‐based air pollution metric, we test this hypothesis, and our results confirm it. In addition, we document that the impact of air pollution on the capital‐labor ratio is more salient for firms with high economic incentives and close monitoring. Further, we report that to respond to worsening air pollution, a firm uses more capital and substitutes lower‐quality labor with more high‐quality labor. Finally, after increasing the capital‐labor ratio, a firm's value increases, in terms of Tobin's Q, suggesting that the adoption of a higher capital‐labor ratio, due to air pollution, is a sound business strategy.
Sustainability and legitimacy theory: The case of sustainable social and environmental practices of small and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Crossley Richard M. , Elmagrhi Mohamed H. , Ntim Collins G.
Published: May 2021

The aim of this paper is to identify and gain insights into small and medium‐sized enterprises' (SMEs) rationales (why) for engaging in sustainable social and environmental practices (SEPs) that influence social and environmental policy and sustainability changes. Specifically, we depart from the predominately quantitative‐orientated SEPs literature by conducting in‐depth interviews and analysis of owners and managers of SMEs in the United Kingdom within a legitimacy theoretical framework. Our findings from a comprehensive number of interviewees show that SMEs employ a complex mix of both symbolic and substantive SEPs with the aim of enhancing the legitimacy and sustainability of their operations. The results emphasise the strengths of social engagement, reputation and image, environmental embeddedness, industry differentiation and education facilitators. In particular, the paper shows that legitimating strategies can have a dual purpose of being symbolic in nature but also inferring a substantive legitimacy claim. Evidence of SMEs maintaining their legitimacy position stretches further via either a moral and/or a pragmatic standpoint.
miR‐4443 targets TRIM14 to suppress metastasis and energy metabolism of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in vitro
Authors: Zuo Xiao‐ming , Sun Hai‐wen , Fang Hong , Wu Yun , Shi Qun , Yu Yi‐fan
Published: May 2021

Tripartite motif‐containing protein 14 (TRIM14) is a tumor‐promoter in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We found that miR‐4443 expression was significantly downregulated in PTC tumor tissue, and was negatively associated with TRIM14. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between miR‐4443 and TRIM14 on metastasis and energy metabolism in PTC and the underlying mechanisms. To this end, human PTC cells (SW1736 and MZ‐CRC‐1) were transfected with a miR‐4443 mimic or miR‐4443 inhibitor + siRNA‐TRIM14, and then dual‐luciferase assay, Transwell, Seahorse, and western blot analyses were performed to assess the function of miR‐4443 and the underlying mechanism. We found that ectopic expression of miR‐4443 inhibited PTC cell migration, invasion, ATP production, and aerobic glycolysis, while inhibition of miR‐4443 had the opposite effect. miR‐4443 directly targeted TRIM14 and reduced both TRIM14 mRNA and protein levels. Silencing TRIM14 significantly reversed miR‐4443 inhibition‐induced PTC cell migration, invasion, ATP production, aerobic glycolysis, and phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3. These findings suggest that miR‐4443 is a tumor suppressor in PTC and inhibits metastasis and energy metabolism via the suppression of TRIM14 signaling.
3D Carbon Electrode with Hierarchical Nanostructure Based on NiCoP Core‐Layered Double Hydroxide Shell for Supercapacitors and Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Duan Cunpeng , Wang Lili , Liu Jianping , Qu Yuning , Gao Jian , Yang Yuying , Wang Bing , Li Jiahui , Zheng Linlin , Li Mengzhu , Yin Zhen
Published: May 2021

Currently, the development of self‐supported and low‐cost earth‐abundant electrocatalysts with well‐defined nanostructure has shown significant potential in energy‐related storage and electrocatalytic reactions. Herein, a three‐dimensional (3D) self‐supporting electrode NiCoP@NiCo LDH/CC (NCP@NCH/CC) constructed with NCP@NCH core‐shell nanostructures and carbon cloth as substrate has been developed via the hydrothermal and subsequent electrodeposition process. The obtained 3D electrode with 1D NiCoP nanowires (NWs) core and 2D NiCo LDH nanosheets shell can exhibit superior electrochemical performance and remarkable stability for the pseudocapacitive reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), even comparable to the best reported transition metal phosphides (TMP) electrodes. It reveals an ultra‐high area specific capacitance (9.4 F/cm2 at 10 mA/cm2 in 3 M KOH electrolyte), outstanding capacitance retention (74.12 % from 10 to 60 mA/cm2) and excellent cycling stability (93.51 % of original capacitance was retained after 5000 cycles at 50 mA/cm2) as supercapacitor electrode material. For HER in alkaline media, it can demonstrate an overpotential of 182 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and Tafel slope of 82 mV/dec in 1 M KOH. For HER in acidic electrolyte, it can exhibit an overpotential of 141 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and Tafel slope of 82 mV/dec in 0.5 M H2SO4. The electrochemical performance enhancement can be ascribed to the core‐shell NiCoP@NiCo LDH nanostructure anchored on the carbon and synergistic effect with the carbon cloth in 3D electrode. Our present work provides a facile strategy to construct 3D TMP‐based carbon electrode with core‐shell nanostructures, demonstrating a great promise for storage processes and energy conversion.
Sophaloseedlines A—G: Diverse Matrine‐Based Alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroides with Potential Anti‐Hepatitis B Virus Activities
Authors: Luo Ding , Wu Zhong‐Nan , Zhang Ji‐Hui , Lin Qiang , Chen Neng‐Hua , Chen Si , Tang Qing , Zhan Zhao‐Chun , Fan Chun‐Lin , Li Yao‐Lan , Wang Guo‐Cai , Zhang Yu‐Bo
Published: May 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Sophaloseedlines A—G (1—7), seven new matrine‐based alkaloids along with two known analogues, were isolated from the seeds of Sophora alopecuroides. The new structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and X‐ray crystallography. Notably, sophaloseedline A (1) represents a novel rearranged 6(5→17)‐abeo‐matrine alkaloid featuring unprecedented highly constructed 7/6/5/6 tetracyclic fused ring skeleton. The hypothetical biosynthetic pathways for sophaloseedlines A—F were proposed based on co‐existing precursors. Additionally, all the isolated alkaloids were screened for their antiviral activities against hepatitis B virus, and new alkaloids 1 and 2 displayed more potent activities than those of matrine (a parent alkaloid of title plant) and positive control (lamivudine).
Tongue conservation treatment for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma with induction chemotherapy, surgery, and risk‐adapted adjuvant therapy: A phase II trial
Authors: Lee Tsung‐Lun , Wei Pei‐Yin , Yang Muh‐Hwa , Chang Peter Mu‐Hsin , Wang Ling‐Wei , Tai Shyh‐Kuan
Published: May 2021

Background

To assess the feasibility of tongue conservation treatment with induction chemotherapy (ICT), tongue conservation surgery, and risk‐adapted postoperative adjuvant therapy in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).

Methods

Patients with newly diagnosed OTSCC cT2‐4 N0‐2 M0 were recruited. The ICT with a regimen of docetaxel, cisplatin, and oral tegafur/uracil (DCU) was administrated every 21 days. After the first cycle of ICT (DCU1), patients with a more than 30% decrease in the longest diameter of primary tumor underwent a second cycle of ICT (DCU2). Tongue conservation surgery was performed after ICT, and risk‐adapted adjuvant therapy was organized based on pathological features.

Results

From July 2011 to December 2015, a total of 23 patients were enrolled, 87% of whom were classified as stage III–IV. Clinical responders to DCU1 and DCU2 were determined in 90.5% (19/21) and 88.2% (15/17) of patients. Tongue conservation surgery was performed in 16 responders to ICT. Only one patient had a positive margin (6.3%), and a complete pathologic response was achieved in eight patients (50%). Only one patient developed local recurrence after a median follow‐up of 58.6 months (range, 7.9–105.2). The 5‐year overall survival (0% vs. 87.5%, P = 0.001) and disease‐specific survival (0% vs. 93.3%, P = 0.000) were significantly different between the DCU1 nonresponders and responders.

Conclusion

Tongue conservation treatment with ICT, followed by conservation surgery and risk‐adapted adjuvant therapy, is feasible for patients with OTSCC who are good responders to ICT. However, the outcomes of nonresponders are dismal. Further study in a larger patient population is warranted.