bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Populations of the damselflyCoenagrion hastulatumat the edge of the species range have fewer gregarine and water mite parasites
Authors: Kaunisto Kari M. , Kaunisto Pipsa , Vahtera Varpu , Suhonen Jukka
Published: January 2015

The metapopulation theory predicts that the more distant a host population is from other populations, the more challenged will be a parasite to colonise it. We studied parasite prevalence of two parasite taxa across the geographical range of their host in Finland, from more dense host population structure in the south of Finland, towards the northern edge of the host distribution characterised by more isolated populations.

We found that prevalence of both water mites and gregarines decreased with increasing latitude towards the distribution edge with more isolated population structure of the host damselfly,Coenagrion hastulatum. Furthermore, the prevalences of the two parasite groups were positively correlated.

The results are discussed in the context of three non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses, explaining why host species have fewer parasites at the edge of their geographic range: (i) unsuitable host hypothesis, (ii) physiological barrier hypothesis and (iii) metapopulation hypothesis.
Methane sources in arctic thermokarst lake sediments on the North Slope of Alaska
Authors: Matheus Carnevali P. B. , Rohrssen M. , Williams M. R. , Michaud A. B. , Adams H. , Berisford D. , Love G. D. , Priscu J. C. , Rassuchine O. , Hand K. P. , Murray A. E.
Published: January 2015

The permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska is densely populated by shallow lakes that result from thermokarst erosion. These lakes release methane (CH4) derived from a combination of ancient thermogenic pools and contemporary biogenic production. Despite the potential importance of CH4 as a greenhouse gas, the contribution of biogenic CH4 production in arctic thermokarst lakes in Alaska is not currently well understood. To further advance our knowledge of CH4 dynamics in these lakes, we focused our study on (i) the potential for microbial CH4 production in lake sediments, (ii) the role of sediment geochemistry in controlling biogenic CH4 production, and (iii) the temperature dependence of this process. Sediment cores were collected from one site in Siqlukaq Lake and two sites in Sukok Lake in late October to early November. Analyses of pore water geochemistry, sedimentary organic matter and lipid biomarkers, stable carbon isotopes, results from CH4 production experiments, and copy number of a methanogenic pathway‐specific gene (mcrA) indicated the existence of different sources of CH4 in each of the lakes chosen for the study. Analysis of this integrated data set revealed that there is biological CH4 production in Siqlukaq at moderate levels, while the very low levels of CH4 detected in Sukok had a mixed origin, with little to no biological CH4 production. Furthermore, methanogenic archaea exhibited temperature‐dependent use of in situ substrates for methanogenesis, and the amount of CH4 produced was directly related to the amount of labile organic matter in the sediments. This study constitutes an important first step in better understanding the actual contribution of biogenic CH4 from thermokarst lakes on the coastal plain of Alaska to the current CH4 budgets.
Change in terrestrial ecosystem water‐use efficiency over the last three decades
Authors: Huang Mengtian , Piao Shilong , Sun Yan , Ciais Philippe , Cheng Lei , Mao Jiafu , Poulter Ben , Shi Xiaoying , Zeng Zhenzhong , Wang Yingping
Published: January 2015

Defined as the ratio between gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET), ecosystem‐scale water‐use efficiency (EWUE) is an indicator of the adjustment of vegetation photosynthesis to water loss. The processes controlling EWUE are complex and reflect both a slow evolution of plants and plant communities as well as fast adjustments of ecosystem functioning to changes of limiting resources. In this study, we investigated EWUE trends from 1982 to 2008 using data‐driven models derived from satellite observations and process‐oriented carbon cycle models. Our findings suggest positive EWUE trends of 0.0056, 0.0007 and 0.0001 g C m−2 mm−1 yr−1 under the single effect of rising CO2 (‘CO2’), climate change (‘CLIM’) and nitrogen deposition (‘NDEP’), respectively. Global patterns of EWUE trends under different scenarios suggest that (i) EWUE‐CO2 shows global increases, (ii) EWUE‐CLIM increases in mainly high latitudes and decreases at middle and low latitudes, (iii) EWUE‐NDEP displays slight increasing trends except in west Siberia, eastern Europe, parts of North America and central Amazonia. The data‐driven MTE model, however, shows a slight decline of EWUE during the same period (−0.0005 g C m−2 mm−1 yr−1), which differs from process‐model (0.0064 g C m−2 mm−1 yr−1) simulations with all drivers taken into account. We attribute this discrepancy to the fact that the nonmodeled physiological effects of elevated CO2 reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration (TR) in the MTE model. Partial correlation analysis between EWUE and climate drivers shows similar responses to climatic variables with the data‐driven model and the process‐oriented models across different ecosystems. Change in water‐use efficiency defined from transpiration‐based WUEt (GPP/TR) and inherent water‐use efficiency (IWUEt, GPP×VPD/TR) in response to rising CO2, climate change, and nitrogen deposition are also discussed. Our analyses will facilitate mechanistic understanding of the carbon–water interactions over terrestrial ecosystems under global change.
In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)
Authors: Castello M. , Stefanova K. , Nichols P. G. H. , Nutt B. J. , Revell C. K. , Croser J. S.
Published: January 2015

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH4Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.
Diamine Oxidase rs10156191 and rs2052129 Variants Are Associated With the Risk for Migraine
Authors: García‐Martín Elena , Martínez Carmen , Serrador Mercedes , Alonso‐Navarro Hortensia , Ayuso Pedro , Navacerrada Francisco , Agúndez José A. G. , Jiménez‐Jiménez Félix Javier
Published: January 2015

Background

Histamine has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine. We investigated the possible association between functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the diamine oxidase gene (DAO; chromosome 7q36.1, involved in histamine metabolism) and the risk for migraine.

Methods

We studied the frequency of the rs2052129, rs10156191, rs1049742, and rs1049793 genotypes and allelic variants in 197 patients with migraine and 245 healthy controls using a TaqMan‐based qPCR Assay.

Results

The DAO SNP rs10156191, which is related to decreased DAO enzyme activity, is associated with the risk of developing migraine, particularly in women. The odds ratio (OR) for the defect allele positivity is 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.31‐2.37) for overall migraine patients and 2.08 (1.29‐3.36) for women suffering from migraine. The association was not influenced by confounders such as the age at onset, the presence of aura, positivity of alcohol as a triggering factor, positive family history of aura, or family history of allergy. Multiple regression analyses did not confirm association with the rest of genetic factors.

Conclusion

Our findings, which should be framed as hypothesis generating, suggest that DAO genotypes and allelic variants are associated with the risk for migraine in Caucasian Spanish people, especially in women.
Effects of pulsed electric field on selected properties of L‐tryptophan
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Yu Qian , Zeng Xin‐An , Han Zhong , Sun Da‐Wen , Muhammad‐Aadil Rana
Published: January 2015

The effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment on the solubility, surface tension and fluorescence spectra of L‐tryptophan were systematically investigated using a range of PEF intensities (0–50 kV cm−1) and a number of pulses (0–216). PEF frequency and pulse width used in this experiment were 1000 Hz and 40 μs, respectively. Under these conditions, the solubility, pH value and maximum relative fluorescence value (RFV) of L‐tryptophan were generally increased and then decreased with both increasing the PEF intensity and pulse number. Conductivity of the solution was insensitive to changes but still increased slightly with increasing the PEF intensity. In addition, surface tension was decreased at higher PEF intensity and pulse number. Results from the mass spectrum analysis confirmed that after the PEF treatment, the basic structure of L‐tryptophan remained unchanged. These results suggested that PEF treatment induced some function alteration to the isolated L‐tryptophan without changing the basic structure.
Cubic Pyrochlore Bismuth Zinc Niobate Thin Films for High‐Temperature Dielectric Energy Storage
Authors: Michael Elizabeth K. , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan
Published: January 2015

Thin films of cubic pyrochlore bismuth zinc niobate, a lead‐free dielectric, were fabricated using a solution chemistry based upon the Pechini method. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the films are smooth and mostly dense. The films exhibit a dielectric constant of 145 ± 5, a low dielectric loss of 0.00065 ± 0.0001, and a room temperature, 1 kHz maximum field of approximately 4.7 MV/cm. At frequencies of 100 Hz and 10 kHz, the maximum field sustained by the material increased to 5.0 MV/cm and 5.1 MV/cm, although the dielectric loss increased to 0.0065 ± 0.001. At a measurement frequency of 10 kHz, the maximum energy storage density was ~60.8 ± 2.0 J/cm3, while at a measurement frequency of 100 Hz, the maximum energy storage was ~46.7 ± 1.7 J/cm3. As the temperature was increased to 200°C, the breakdown strength of the films decreased, while the loss tangent remained modest. At 200°C and a measurement frequency of 100 Hz, the maximum energy storage density was ~23.1 ± 0.8 J/cm3, and at 10 kHz, the maximum energy storage density was ~27.3 ± 1.0 J/cm3.
Desert Rose‐Shaped Zircon Synthesized by Low‐Temperature Hydrothermolysis
Authors: Lei Binglong , Qin Wu , Kang Guiluan , Peng Cheng , Wu Jianqing
Published: January 2015

This study has presented synthesis, characterization, and formation mechanism of a kind of novel porous zircon with desert rose‐shaped morphology, which was hydrothermally fabricated by a two‐step quasi‐in situ reaction in a system of silica hydrogel and well‐dispersed ZrO2 precursor microspheres. The micro–mesoporous zircon product possesses a sole crystalline phase of hydroxyl‐fluorinated ZrSiO4 without unreacted ZrO2 or SiO2 in the final resultant. It has a specific surface area exceeding 120 m2/g and can maintain more than 50% micro‐mesoporic pores after calcination at 800°C due to its magnificent thermal stability. A four‐stage formation mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the process of quasi‐in situ crystallization and growth for the rose‐shaped zircon.
Effects of Annealing Temperature on the Structure and Capacitive Performance of Nanoscale Ti/IrO2–ZrO2 Electrodes
Authors: Shao Yan‐Qun , Yi Zhao‐Yu , He Chong , Zhu Jun‐Qiu , Tang Dian
Published: January 2015

Electrodes consisting of coating of the Iridium oxide–Zirconium oxide (70%IrO2–30%ZrO2) binary oxide were formed on Ti substrates by thermal decomposition and annealing at 340°C–450°C. The effects of the annealing temperature on the structure, surface morphology, surface composition, and capacitive performance of the coatings were investigated using X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The XRD and TEM analyses showed that 360°C is greater than but very close to the crystallization temperature of the 70%IrO2–30%ZrO2 oxide coating. The 70%IrO2–30%ZrO2 oxide coatings annealed at this temperature consisted of an amorphous matrix containing a few IrO2 nanocrystalline particles (diameter of 1–2 nm). The degree of crystallinity of the coatings was approximately 13.2%. EIS analysis showed that the electrode annealed at 360°C exhibited the highest specific capacitance, which was much higher than that of the electrode annealed at 340°C (which had a purely amorphous structure) as well as those of the electrodes annealed at 380°C and 400°C (which had higher degrees of crystallinity). On the basis of the obtained results, the following conclusion can be drawn: oxide coatings prepared at temperatures slightly higher than the crystallization temperature of the oxide and containing conductive nanocrystalline particles exhibit the best capacitive performance. We suggest that this phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the electronic conductivity of the coating is greatly improved by the presence of the homogeneously distributed conductive nanocrystalline particles in the amorphous matrix. Furthermore, the protonic conductivity and loose atomic configuration of the amorphous structure of the electrode are not adversely affected by the annealing treatment.
Information and the Cost of Capital in a Mean‐Variance Efficient Market
Authors: Johnstone D.J.
Published: January 2015

Before information ϕ arrives, market observers must be uncertain whether the stock price conditioned on ϕ will be higher or lower than the current price. Otherwise there is an obvious arbitrage opportunity. By assuming this minimal condition of efficient markets, it is shown under the mean‐variance CAPM that information that leaves the future value of a firm more certain, in the sense that its perceived covariance with the market is reduced towards zero, can lead to a higher expected return on that asset. A further result is that it is theoretically possible that the required return on the stock will necessarily fall after observing signal ϕ, or (in other circumstances) that it will necessarily rise. In general, information that allows better discrimination between firms leads some firms to have higher costs of capital and other firms to have lower costs of capital. Less obviously, better discrimination between firms can induce a higher average cost of capital across the market.
Evolutionary affinities of the ‘Lost World’ mouse suggest a late Pliocene connection between the Guiana and Brazilian shields
Authors: Leite Yuri L. R. , Kok Philippe J. R. , Weksler Marcelo
Published: January 2015

Aim

To investigate the biogeographical history of the Pantepui region based on the phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of a tepui‐endemic small mammal: the Roraima mouse, Podoxymys roraimae. This mouse is one of the rarest and most restricted mammals in terms of geographical distribution, and its evolutionary position has never been evaluated within a rigorous phylogenetic framework.

Location

The Pantepui biogeographical region of northern South America, which harbours a remarkable flora and fauna in one of the most dramatic landscapes on Earth.

Methods

We used maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial (cytb) and nuclear (irbp) DNA sequences from a specimen of P. roraimae to infer phylogenetic affinities and estimate divergence times of Podoxymys from its closest relatives based on a relaxed molecular clock model.

Results

Podoxymys lies within the Akodontini tribe of the rodent subfamily Sigmodontinae, closely related to Thalpomys and Necromys, two taxa found on the Brazilian Plateau. The divergence of Podoxymys from its closely related genera was estimated at 2.47–3.68 Ma, at the end of the Neogene (Pliocene) and before the start of the Pleistocene climatic oscillations.

Main conclusions

Podoxymys roraimae is a relict species restricted to tepui summits, and its closest relatives are taxa found in open‐vegetation biomes, especially the Cerrado vegetation on the Brazilian Plateau. Our results do not conform to the predictions of currently proposed models of Pantepui faunal evolution, but instead indicate a possible relationship between the Guiana and Brazilian shields during the Pliocene.
Living alongside more affluent neighbors predicts greater involvement in antisocial behavior among low‐income boys
Authors: Odgers Candice L. , Donley Sachiko , Caspi Avshalom , Bates Christopher J. , Moffitt Terrie E.
Published: January 2015

Background

The creation of economically mixed communities has been proposed as one way to improve the life outcomes of children growing up in poverty. However, whether low‐income children benefit from living alongside more affluent neighbors is unknown.

Method

Prospectively gathered data on over 1,600 children from the Environmental Risk (E‐Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study living in urban environments is used to test whether living alongside more affluent neighbors (measured via high‐resolution geo‐spatial indices) predicts low‐income children's antisocial behavior (reported by mothers and teachers at the ages of 5, 7, 10, and 12).

Results

Results indicated that low‐income boys (but not girls) surrounded by more affluent neighbors had higher levels of antisocial behavior than their peers embedded in concentrated poverty. The negative effect of growing up alongside more affluent neighbors on low‐income boys' antisocial behavior held across childhood and after controlling for key neighborhood and family‐level factors.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that efforts to create more economically mixed communities for children, if not properly supported, may have iatrogenic effects on boys' antisocial behavior.
Contact allergy to finished woods in furniture and furnishings: a small allergic contact dermatitis epidemic to western red cedar in sauna interior decoration
Authors: Huilaja L. , Kubin M.E. , Riekki R.
Published: January 2015

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by wood dust remains uncommon and most cases are occupational. Contact allergy to finished wooden products is even more rare and only few cases of contact dermatitis to wooden furnishings and furniture are described.

Objective

During 2012–2014 surprisingly many patients with dermatitis associated to sauna baths were referred to our clinic.

Methods

We report three novel cases with allergic contact dermatitis to western red cedar due to exposure during sauna baths.

Results

Three cases of non‐occupational contact dermatitis to western red cedar were confirmed by patch testing.

Conclusion

Allergic contact dermatitis to interior decoration or furniture is a rarity, but can be induced by novel exposures, like western red cedar in sauna interior decoration.
Multilocus phylogenetic and geospatial analyses illuminate diversification patterns and the biogeographic history of Malagasy endemic plated lizards (Gerrhosauridae: Zonosaurinae)
Authors: Blair C. , Noonan B. P. , Brown J. L. , Raselimanana A. P. , Vences M. , Yoder A. D.
Published: January 2015

Although numerous studies have attempted to find single unifying mechanisms for generating Madagascar's unique flora and fauna, little consensus has been reached regarding the relative importance of climatic, geologic and ecological processes as catalysts of diversification of the region's unique biota. Rather, recent work has shown that both biological and physical drivers of diversification are best analysed in a case‐by‐case setting with attention focused on the ecological and life‐history requirements of the specific phylogenetic lineage under investigation. Here, we utilize a comprehensive analytical approach to examine evolutionary drivers and elucidate the biogeographic history of Malagasy plated lizards (Zonosaurinae). Data from three genes are combined with fossil information to construct time‐calibrated species trees for zonosaurines and their African relatives, which are used to test alternative diversification hypotheses. Methods are utilized for explicitly incorporating phylogenetic uncertainty into downstream analyses. Species distribution models are created for 14 of 19 currently recognized species, which are then used to estimate spatial patterns of species richness and endemicity. Spatially explicit analyses are employed to correlate patterns of diversity with both topographic heterogeneity and climatic stability through geologic time. We then use inferred geographic ranges to estimate the biogeographic history of zonosaurines within each of Madagascar's major biomes. Results suggest constant Neogene and Quaternary speciation with divergence from the African most recent common ancestor ~30 million years ago when oceanic currents and African rivers facilitated dispersal. Spatial patterns of diversity appear concentrated along coastal regions of northern and southern Madagascar. We find no relationship between either topographic heterogeneity or climatic stability and patterns of diversity. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that western dry forests were important centres of origin with recent invasion into spiny and rain forest. These data highlight the power of combining multilocus phylogenetic and spatially explicit analyses for testing alternative diversification hypotheses within Madagascar's unique biota and more generally, particularly as applied to phylogenetically and biologically constrained systems.
Rheological Properties of a Commercial Food Glaze Material and Their Effect on the Film Thickness Obtained by Dip Coating
Authors: Meza Bárbara E. , Peralta Juan Manuel , Zorrilla Susana E.
Published: January 2015

Glazing refers to the application of a coating material onto the surface of foods to enhance their shine and appearance. The objectives of this work were to analyze the rheological properties of a commercial food glaze material and to study their effect on the film thickness obtained by dip coating. Glazing suspension (83.33% total solids content) was obtained using a commercial powder product. Apparent viscosity was determined (shear rate 0.6–50/s) and yield stress was estimated with a creep test (0.5–10 Pa for 5 s). Experimental data were analyzed by applying the generalized Herschel–Bulkley model. A comparison between average thickness values obtained by dip coating and using a phenomenological mathematical model was carried out. All determinations were carried out at 20, 30, 40 and 50C. Rheological parameters were obtained with satisfactory root mean square errors. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical film thickness as affected by temperature was obtained.

Practical Applications

Glazing refers to the application of a coating glaze material onto the surface of foods to enhance their shine and appearance, contributing to extend the shelf life of foods (like in bakery and confectionery products). In the present paper, the rheological properties of a commercial food glaze material were analyzed and their effect on the film thickness obtained by dip coating was evaluated. This study provides new experimental data to validate the mathematical modeling of the dip‐coating process developed in our research group. The general approach proposed to face the food glazing process will be of great significance for industry mainly to improve the control of film thickness of glazes.
Downregulation of ARNT2 promotes tumor growth and predicts poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Li Weiwei , Liang Ying , Yang Biwei , Sun Huichuan , Wu Weizhong
Published: January 2015

Background and Aim

Aryl‐hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) is a transcriptional regulator and member of the basic helix‐loop‐helix/Per‐ARNT‐SIM (bHLH/PAS) superfamily. Recently, evidence of that ARNT is involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression has emerged. The aim of current study was to investigate the role of ARNT2, a homolog of ARNT, in tumor growth, invasion, and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining were used to examine the expression of ARNT2 in 195 HCC tissues. Factors associated with ARNT2 levels were assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assays were performed by using ARNT2 silencing and overexpressing HCCLM6 cell line. Orthotopic xenograft HCC model was used to elucidate the effects of ARNT2 on HCC progression in vivo.

Results

High intratumoral of ARNT2 level was well correlated with longer overall survival (OS) and lower tumor to recurrence (TTR) of HCC patients after resection. Multivariate analysis revealed that intratumoral ARNT2 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and TTR. Knockdown of ARNT2 in HCCLM6 cells was significantly enhanced while overexpression of ARNT2 significantly inhibited the ability of cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. In animal studies, downregulation of ARNT2 in HCCLM6 cells promoted, whereas upregulation of ARNT2 in HCCLM6 cells reduced HCCLM6 growth in vivo.

Conclusions

Our data demonstrate that ARNT2 plays an inhibitory role in HCC progression and suggest that ARNT2 may be a potential prognostic predictor and therapeutic target for HCC.
Clinical significance of the glucose breath test in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Lee Ji Min , Lee Kang‐Moon , Chung Yoon Yung , Lee Yang Woon , Kim Dae Bum , Sung Hea Jung , Chung Woo Chul , Paik Chang‐Nyol
Published: January 2015

Background and Aim

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth which has recently been diagnosed with the glucose breath test is characterized by excessive colonic bacteria in the small bowel, and results in gastrointestinal symptoms that mimic symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. This study aimed to estimate the positivity of the glucose breath test and investigate its clinical role in inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods

Patients aged > 18 years with inflammatory bowel disease were enrolled. All patients completed symptom questionnaires. Fecal calprotectin level was measured to evaluate the disease activity. Thirty historical healthy controls were used to determine normal glucose breath test values.

Results

A total of 107 patients, 64 with ulcerative colitis and 43 with Crohn's disease, were included. Twenty‐two patients (20.6%) were positive for the glucose breath test (30.2%, Crohn's disease; 14.1%, ulcerative colitis). Positive rate of the glucose breath test was significantly higher in patients with Crohn's disease than in healthy controls (30.2% vs 6.7%, P = 0.014). Bloating, flatus, and satiety were higher in glucose breath test‐positive patients than glucose breath test‐negative patients (P = 0.021, 0.014, and 0.049, respectively). The positivity was not correlated with the fecal calprotectin level.

Conclusions

The positive rate of the glucose breath test was higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, especially Crohn's disease than in healthy controls; gastrointestinal symptoms of patients with inflammatory bowel disease were correlated with this positivity. Glucose breath test can be used to manage intestinal symptoms of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Australian clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus and early esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Whiteman David C , Appleyard Mark , Bahin Farzan F , Bobryshev Yuri V , Bourke Michael J , Brown Ian , Chung Adrian , Clouston Andrew , Dickins Emma , Emery Jon , Eslick Guy D , Gordon Louisa G , Grimpen Florian , Hebbard Geoff , Holliday Laura , Hourigan Luke F , Kendall Bradley J , Lee Eric YT , Levert‐Mignon Angelique , Lord Reginald V , Lord Sarah J , Maule Derek , Moss Alan , Norton Ian , Olver Ian , Pavey Darren , Raftopoulos Spiro , Rajendra Shan , Schoeman Mark , Singh Rajvinder , Sitas Freddy , Smithers B Mark , Taylor Andrew C , Thomas Melissa L , Thomson Iain , To Henry , von Dincklage Jutta , Vuletich Christine , Watson David I , Yusoff Ian F
Published: January 2015

Barrett's esophagus (BE), a common condition, is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). There is uncertainty about the best way to manage BE as most people with BE never develop EAC and most patients diagnosed with EAC have no preceding diagnosis of BE. Moreover, there have been recent advances in knowledge and practice about the management of BE and early EAC. To aid clinical decision making in this rapidly moving field, Cancer Council Australia convened an expert working party to identify pertinent clinical questions. The questions covered a wide range of topics including endoscopic and histological definitions of BE and early EAC; prevalence, incidence, natural history, and risk factors for BE; and methods for managing BE and early EAC. The latter considered modification of lifestyle factors; screening and surveillance strategies; and medical, endoscopic, and surgical interventions. To answer each question, the working party systematically reviewed the literature and developed a set of recommendations through consensus. Evidence underpinning each recommendation was rated according to quality and applicability.
Evidence for an Altered Sex Ratio in Clinic-Referred Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria
Authors: Aitken Madison , Steensma Thomas D. , Blanchard Ray , VanderLaan Doug P. , Wood Hayley , Fuentes Amanda , Spegg Cathy , Wasserman Lori , Ames Megan , Fitzsimmons C. Lindsay , Leef Jonathan H. , Lishak Victoria , Reim Elyse , Takagi Anna , Vinik Julia , Wreford Julia , Cohen-Kettenis Peggy T. , de Vries Annelou L.C. , Kreukels Baudewijntje P.C. , Zucker Kenneth J.
Published: January 2015

Introduction

The number of adolescents referred to specialized gender identity clinics for gender dysphoria appears to be increasing and there also appears to be a corresponding shift in the sex ratio, from one favoring natal males to one favoring natal females.

Aim

We conducted two quantitative studies to ascertain whether there has been a recent inversion of the sex ratio of adolescents referred for gender dysphoria.

Methods

The sex ratio of adolescents from two specialized gender identity clinics was examined as a function of two cohort periods (2006–2013 vs. prior years). Study 1 was conducted on patients from a clinic in Toronto, and Study 2 was conducted on patients from a clinic in Amsterdam.

Results

Across both clinics, the total sample size was 748. In both clinics, there was a significant change in the sex ratio of referred adolescents between the two cohort periods: between 2006 and 2013, the sex ratio favored natal females, but in the prior years, the sex ratio favored natal males. In Study 1 from Toronto, there was no corresponding change in the sex ratio of 6,592 adolescents referred for other clinical problems.

Conclusions

Sociological and sociocultural explanations are offered to account for this recent inversion in the sex ratio of adolescents with gender dysphoria.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism effectively identifies exon 1 mutation of UGT1A1 gene in patients with Gilbert's Syndrome
Authors: Shiu Tzu‐Yue , Huang Hsin‐Hung , Lin Hsuan‐Hwai , Shih Yu‐Lueng , Chu Heng‐Cheng , Chang Wei‐Kuo , Hsieh Tsai‐Yuan
Published: January 2015

Background & Aims

Gilbert's syndrome causes pharmacological variation in drug glucuronidation and unexpected toxicity from therapeutic agents. The two common genotypes of Gilbert's syndrome are a dinucleotide polymorphism (TA)7 in TATA‐Box as well as the 211G>A mutation in the coding exon 1, particularly in Asians, of human UGT1A1 gene. In this study, we aimed to establish an effective method to detect the 211G>A mutation.

Methods

The coding exon 1 sequence of human UGT1A1 gene was analysed by Vector NTI software. The 211G>A mutation in the coding exon 1 of UGT1A1 gene was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Serum total bilirubin level was measured as well.

Results

A newly identified BsmBI site was located in the coding exon 1 of UGT1A1 gene. The 211G>A mutation in the coding exon 1 of UGT1A1 gene was determined by DNA RFLP. Furthermore, we reported our present work on genetic analysis of mutations of UGT1A1 gene, and the correlation of UGT1A1 mutations with serum total bilirubin levels in Taiwanese population. The results showed that 15 subjects carried 211G>A mutation in 23 subjects related with Gilbert's syndrome. The homozygous 211G>A mutant as well as simultaneously heterozygous mutants both in TATA‐Box and 211G>A significantly increased the risk of Gilbert's syndrome similar to subjects carrying homozygous TATA‐Box mutant.

Conclusions

BsmBI RFLP is an effective method to detect 211G>A mutation in the coding exon 1 of UGT1A1 gene. The common 211G>A mutation is one of the causes of Gilbert's syndrome in Taiwanese population.
Evolution of the mating system in colonizing plants
Authors: Pannell John R.
Published: January 2015

Colonization is likely to be more successful for species with an ability to self‐fertilize and thus to establish new populations as single individuals. As a result, self‐compatibility should be common among colonizing species. This idea, labelled ‘Baker's law’, has been influential in discussions of sexual‐system and mating‐system evolution. However, its generality has been questioned, because models of the evolution of dispersal and the mating system predict an association between high dispersal rates and outcrossing rather than selfing, and because of many apparent counter examples to the law. The contrasting predictions made by models invoking Baker's law versus those for the evolution of the mating system and dispersal urges a reassessment of how we should view both these traits. Here, I review the literature on the evolution of mating and dispersal in colonizing species, with a focus on conceptual issues. I argue for the importance of distinguishing between the selfing or outcrossing rate and a simple ability to self‐fertilize, as well as for the need for a more nuanced consideration of dispersal. Colonizing species will be characterized by different phases in their life pattern: dispersal to new habitat, implying an ecological sieve on dispersal traits; establishment and a phase of growth following colonization, implying a sieve on reproductive traits; and a phase of demographic stasis at high density, during which new trait associations can evolve through local adaptation. This dynamic means that the sorting of mating‐system and dispersal traits should change over time, making simple predictions difficult.
Dialysis outcomes in India: A pilot study
Authors: Jha Vivekanand , John Oommen , Joshi Rohina , Kotwal Sradha , Essue Beverley , Jan Stephen , Gallagher Martin , Knight John
Published: January 2015

Aim

Long‐term prospective studies of health outcomes for dialysis patients are common in many parts of the world but have been rare in India. As renal replacement therapy becomes more widespread and more affordable, the measurement of patient outcomes and comparison with national and international benchmarks will be a valuable tool in planning health services and demonstrating effective use of resources. To this end, we describe a pilot study of dialysis outcomes in India which could form the basis of a comprehensive national programme of data collection.

Methods

One hundred incident patients commencing chronic haemodialysis in two north Indian nephrology centres will be followed prospectively for 12 months. Clinical outcome data will be collected comparable with that used by established dialysis registries in other countries. The economic impact of dialysis upon patients is central to the use of this treatment, so data will be collected on the direct and indirect costs of the treatment and the economic impact of dialysis on the patient and their family.

Value of Project

This prospective cohort study of dialysis outcomes in northern India is a pilot for the collection of similar comparative data in dialysis centres in different states across the country with a view to the development of a national dialysis registry. The information on the economic impact of dialysis on patients and their families will provide one of the first detailed insights into this critical aspect of dialysis services.
MANAGING INSTITUTIONAL COMPLEXITY IN PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM: HYBRIDIZATION IN FRONT‐LINE SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: FOSSESTØL KNUT , BREIT ERIC , ANDREASSEN TONE ALM , KLEMSDAL LARS
Published: January 2015

In this article, we explore how public front‐line service organizations respond to contradictory demands for institutional reform and the types of hybridization this entails. Our research context is a major administrative welfare reform in Norway characterized by a dominant New Public Management (NPM) logic of uniform user service and central administrative control, and a subordinate post‐NPM logic of holistic user service and local organizational autonomy. We elucidate four types of responses by the front‐line organizations as they have incorporated these contradictory demands: ‘non‐hybridity’ (ignoring post‐NPM demands), ‘ad hoc hybridity’ (indecisive adherence to both demands), ‘negative hybridity’ (separation of the demands), and ‘positive hybridity’ (integration of both demands). On the basis of these findings, we argue that hybridization and agency are possible in fields of public reform characterized by a highly institutionalized NPM logic and explore the key organizational characteristics that facilitate hybridization in such fields.
Retracted: Effect of Post‐Thaw Storage Time on Motility and Fertility of Cryopreserved Beluga Sturgeon (Huso huso) Sperm
Authors: Aramli MS , Nazari RM , Gharibi MR
Published: January 2015

Contents

The aim of this study was to test the influence of post‐thaw storage time on the duration of sperm motility, percentage of motile sperm, and fertilization and hatching rates of fresh sperm and sperm stored for 0, 30 and 60 min at 4°C post‐thawing. After being frozen in liquid nitrogen and then thawed, the percentage of motile sperm and duration of motility were not affected by 30 min of storage at 4°C, whereas a significant decline in these parameters was observed after 60 min of storage. Similarly, fertilization and hatching rates were significantly affected within 60 min of storage at 4°C, and the fertility of frozen‐thawed sperm was significantly lower than that of fresh sperm. We conclude that cryopreserved sperm of beluga sturgeon could be stored for 30 min without the loss of sperm quality. This described procedure for beluga sturgeon cryopreservation is reliable and efficient and therefore can be recommended for hatchery practice after scaling up this technique.
Sorting of a sand–gravel mixture in a Gilbert‐type delta
Authors: Ferrer‐Boix Carles , Martín‐Vide Juan P. , Parker Gary
Published: January 2015

This paper presents the results of a Gilbert‐type delta progradation experiment within an impoundment created by a dam. The delta was composed of a poorly sorted sand–gravel mixture in a bedload‐dominated environment. The main goal of the paper is to analyse the sorting process of material within the deposit as the delta progrades towards the dam. Bed profile evolution has been documented and the entire delta has been extensively sampled in order to study sorting processes. Longitudinal and vertical sorting mechanisms are illustrated. What is novel in this investigation is the complete record, within an entire deltaic deposit, of the vertical distribution of streamwise sorting in the absence of suspended load. The data presented herein provide a detailed description of sorting processes in a Gilbert‐type delta. The experimental set‐up, the water flow and the sediment feed rate chosen determine the evolution of the delta: it initially progrades with little topset aggradation and degrades afterwards. Experimental results fit well with a previously presented empirical sorting model, despite the fact that the experimental conditions used here were well outside the range of those used to derive that model. The relative coarsening of the upper layers of the delta is found to be related to the slow speed at which the delta progrades, the formation of a mobile armour layer and the erosion of the topset towards the end of the run. Furthermore, a strong correlation between the coarsening of the bottom layer of the delta and its front height has been documented and explained: as the delta gets higher, as there is more space to sort sediment, it is more likely that coarse particles failing near the top of the foreset reach the bottom of the foreset. These findings provide new and useful data documenting sediment sorting in granular, bedload‐dominated deltas.
Blind and constructive patriotism, national symbols and outgroup attitudes
Authors: Finell Eerika , Zogmaister Cristina
Published: January 2015

We examined whether there is a relationship between the different forms patriotism can take (i.e., blind vs. constructive) and different representations of one's own nation. We considered two types of national symbols representing the nation in terms of confrontation between groups (polarized symbols) and as a unique entity (unpolarized symbols). In Study 1 we found that blind patriotism was positively associated with the degree to which individuals perceived their nation through confrontation whereas constructive patriotism was positively associated with the degree to which individuals perceived their nation as unique entity. In Study 2 we tested how the relationship between blind patriotism and outgroup attitudes changed when the nation was defined either through confrontation or as a unique entity. The results emphasize the essential role of the specific meaning associated to the nation when studying patriotism and its relation to outgroup attitudes.
Social and Economic Aspects of the Transmission of Pathogenic Bacteria between Wildlife and Food Animals: A Thematic Analysis of Published Research Knowledge
Authors: Fournier A. , Young I. , Rajić A. , Greig J. , LeJeune J.
Published: January 2015

Wildlife is a known reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella spp. Transmission of these pathogens between wildlife and food animals can lead to damaging impacts on the agri‐food industry and public health. Several international case studies have highlighted the complex and cross‐sectoral challenges involved in preventing and managing these potential transmission risks. The objective of our study was to develop a better understanding of the socio‐economic aspects of the transmission of pathogenic bacteria between wildlife and food animals to support more effective and sustainable risk mitigation strategies. We conducted qualitative thematic analysis on a purposive sample of 30/141 articles identified in a complementary scoping review of the literature in this area and identified two key themes. The first related to the framing of this issue as a ‘wicked problem’ that depends on a complex interaction of social factors and risk perceptions, governance and public policy, and economic implications. The second theme consisted of promising approaches and strategies to prevent and mitigate the potential risks from transmission of pathogenic bacteria between wildlife and food animals. These included participatory, collaborative and multidisciplinary decision‐making approaches and the proactive incorporation of credible scientific evidence and local contextual factors into solutions. The integration of these approaches to address ‘wicked problems’ in this field may assist stakeholders and decision‐makers in improving the acceptability and sustainability of future strategies to reduce the transmission of pathogenic bacteria between wildlife and food animals.
Rickettsial Infection in Animals, Humans and Ticks in Paulicéia, Brazil
Authors: Silveira I. , Martins T. F. , Olegário M. M. , Peterka C. , Guedes E. , Ferreira F. , Labruna M. B.
Published: January 2015

A previous study in Paulicéia Municipality, south‐eastern Brazil, reported 9.7% of the Amblyomma triste ticks to be infected by Rickettsia parkeri, a bacterial pathogen that causes spotted fever in humans. These A. triste ticks were shown to be associated with marsh areas, where the marsh deer Blastocerus dichotomus is a primary host for this tick species. During 2008–2009, blood serum samples were collected from 140 horses, 41 dogs, 5 opossums (Didelphis albiventris) and 26 humans in farms from Pauliceia Municipality. Ticks were collected from these animals, from vegetation and from additional wildlife in these farms. Overall, 25% (35/140) of the horses, 7.3% (3/41) of the dogs, 3.8% (1/26) of the humans and 100% (5/5) of the opossums were seroreactive (titre ≥64) to spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia spp. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that horses that were allowed to forage in the marsh were 4.8 times more likely to be seroreactive to spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia spp than horses that did not forage in the marsh. In addition, horses that had been living in the farm for more than 8.5 years were 2.8 times more likely to be seroreactive to SFG Rickettsia spp than horses that were living for ≤8.5 years. Ticks collected from domestic animals or from vegetation included Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma dubitatum, Dermacentor nitens and Rhipicephalus microplus. By PCR analyses, only one pool of A. coelebs ticks from the vegetation was shown to be infected by rickettsiae, for which DNA sequencing revealed to be Rickettsia amblyommii. Ticks (not tested by PCR) collected from wildlife encompassed A. cajennense and Amblyomma rotundatum on lizards (Tupinambis sp), and A. cajennense and A. triste on the bird Laterallus viridis. Our results indicate that the marsh area of Paulicéia offers risks of infection by SFG rickettsiae.