bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marine archaea and archaeal viruses under global change
Authors: Danovaro Roberto , Rastelli Eugenio , Corinaldesi Cinzia , Tangherlini Michael , Dell'Anno Antonio
Published: July 2017

Global change is altering oceanic temperature, salinity, pH, and oxygen concentration, directly and indirectly influencing marine microbial food web structure and function. As microbes represent >90% of the ocean’s biomass and are major drivers of biogeochemical cycles, understanding their responses to such changes is fundamental for predicting the consequences of global change on ecosystem functioning. Recent findings indicate that marine archaea and archaeal viruses are active and relevant components of marine microbial assemblages, far more abundant and diverse than was previously thought. Further research is urgently needed to better understand the impacts of global change on virus–archaea dynamics and how archaea and their viruses can interactively influence the ocean’s feedbacks on global change.
Formation of Educational Space by Means of Metasubject and Interdisciplinary Concepts in the Subjects of Humanities and Social Sciences
Authors: Коростелева  , Kororsteleva A. , Крючкова  , Kryuchkova E. , Французова  , Francuzova O.
Published: July 2017

The paper deals with an overview of metasubject and interdisciplinary concepts included in the educational space of the subjects of humanities and social sciences (history, geography, social sciences), as well as the basic approaches to the understanding of this conceptual series. A modern educational space is a multi-aspect complex-structured concept. Aside from including an information education component, skills gained in the learning process, as well as multi-level environmental infl uence on all space of its formation (ICT, etc.), the system of teacher-student and person-environment interrelationships itself, a modern educational space also admits the importance of general training concepts exploration by students. In basic school, the concepts (metasubject, interdisciplinary, subject) are formed systematically and by stages, considering the requirements of educational standards to the results of basic education. It also off ers methodical approaches to working with these concept clusters.
On the role of mathematics in competence formationrelated to cognition and creativity
Authors: Маскина  , Maskina Mariya
Published: July 2017

The article tells about the essence of cognition process; creative thinking starts with an insight, which is a sudden elucidation of the general idea, structure or situation. In this context guessing is based on the formed concepts and schemes, as we can enunciate only the things, which our knowledge and language are capable of. Consequently, cognition is a translation of the accumulated information into a customary language, provided that this language should be relatively rich. Mathematics as a cognitive tool is a language and a prepared device for a research in science and technology, due to the informatization and computerization process. Mathematics classes form not only the competencies, related to logical thinking, but also such characteristic features as a skill and a habit of time-consuming intense activity, strictness, determination and discipline, laconic and accurate phrasing.
Does the Implication Elimination Rule Need a Minor Premise?
Authors: Francez Nissim
Published: July 2017

The paper introduces NJ g , a variant of Gentzen’s NJ natural deduction system, in which the implication elimination rule has no minor premise. The NJ g -systems extends traditional ND-system with a new kind of action in derivations, assumption incorporation, a kind of dual to the assumption discharge action. As a result, the implication (I/E)-rules are invertible and, almost by definition, harmonious and stable, a major condition imposed by proof-theoretic semantics on ND-systems to qualify as meaning-conferring. There is also a proof-term assignment to NJ g -derivations, materialising the Curry-Howard correspondence for this system.
Flu vaccination in children 2017/18
Authors: Letley Louise
Published: July 2017

The annual nasal flu vaccine for children is expected to substantially reduce flu-related illness, GP consultations, hospital admissions and deaths. Practice managers and their teams can make a big impact on the success of the campaign
Travel consultations: Cruises
Authors: Brewer Catherine
Published: July 2017

Cruise ships are a growing sector in the travel industry and it is vital to understand the health risks faced by this group of travellers. Catherine Brewer discusses why the cruise environment may facilitate disease outbreaks and how passengers can avoid illness
The clinical pharmacist role in a changing landscape
Authors: Stacey Richard
Published: July 2017

Tapping into the pool of clinical skills across the wider healthcare community will be important in helping to tackle the challenges facing primary care, but how can a clinical pharmacist help? Richard Stacey spoke to clinical pharmacist Rena Amin to find out
Legal aspects of patient data-sharing
Authors: Fry Elliot
Published: July 2017

Elliot Fry, an associate at law firm Cripps, looks at the importance – and risks – of data-sharing for GPs
Sociedad política y diálogo con la realeza en Navarra (1134-1329)
Authors: Ramírez Vaquero Eloísa
Published: July 2017

Se analiza aquí el ensanchamiento de la base social operativa en Navarra, un proceso que debe retrotraerse al siglo xii y que alcanza su punto álgido en el tránsito del siglo XIII al XIV. En 1329 se producirá un freno inesperado, que atajará una parte importante de esa ampliación. Si hasta ahora se conocían bastante bien las claves esenciales de la renovación altonobiliaria del siglo XIII, y se habían tratado por separado tanto el progresivo protagonismo de la baja nobleza como la articulación de las identidades urbanas, faltaba una reflexión de conjunto que situara estos elementos en un argumento común. Queda quizá únicamente el clero –inusitadamente ausente de este escenario– como elemento merecedor de una mayor atención ulterior, desde el punto de vista de su espacio natural en la sociedad política. El hilo conductor aquí ha sido el estudio de los interlocutores de la corona, y el análisis de las relaciones de éstos con los reyes hasta la crisis desatada en 1328 con el llamado “golpe de estado”. La complejidad de una realeza “ausente”, y de sus etapas de legitimidad cuestionada o dudosa en los inicios del siglo XIV, dan a Navarra unos parámetros explicativos ciertamente singulares en el panorama peninsular.
Realms, regions and lords: Ireland and Scotland in the later Middle Ages
Authors: Brown Michael
Published: July 2017

Studies of the polities of the British Isles in the later middle ages have tended to deal with the individual lands or to place the English kingdom at the centre of discussions. However, in terms of their size and internal character there are good reasons for considering the Scottish kingdom and the lordship of Ireland as models of political society. Beneath the significant differences of status, law and external relationships, around 1400 the two lands can be regarded as sharing common experiences of government and internal warfare. These are most apparent from a regional perspective. Both Ireland and Scotland operated as regionalised polities in which the interests of major aristocratic houses predominated. The importance of such houses was recognised both internally and by the royal government. By looking at parallel regions, Munster and north-east Scotland, it is possible to identify comparable features and long-term differences between these societies.
Urban Diplomacy: Cologne, the Rhenish League (1254-1257) and the Rhenish Urban League (1381-1389)
Authors: Huffman Joseph P.
Published: July 2017

One of the distinctives of Rhineland cities of the central and later Middle Ages is their propensity to form leagues (Städtebünde) on their own initiative in the absence of strong imperial central authority. These alliances represent remarkable diplomatic collaborations between otherwise economic rivals in order to resolve conflicts and sustain the “king’s peace” (Landfriede) when the monarch was incapable of doing so. The inclusion of these regional and interregional Rhenish urban leagues into the historiography of European urban history has only recently begun in German-language medieval scholarship, yet it remains profound in its absence among Anglophone or any other western historiography on medieval urban history. This article seeks to address such an historiographical absence by introducing the subject within the context of this volume’s comparative, European-wide focus on medieval institutional structures, conflicts, and political culture. After situating the subject in its modern historiographical context, the two great Rhenish urban leagues (1254-1257 and 1381-1389) are studied, providing a further framing context for a close consideration of the Cologne-led Rhineland urban alliance of 1301-1320 directed against the elector-prince archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier. The sophistication of administrative, diplomatic, financial, military, and communication organs among the Rhenish cities in this period is extraordinary and thus provides additional insight into central and later medieval European political culture, conflict resolution, and territorial government. Medieval urban history thereby extends its landscape from that within the city walls to the pathways of diplomatic discourse between them.
Pragmatismo y distinción: el estatus privilegiado de la ciudad de Zaragoza en la baja edad media
Authors: Lafuente Gómez Mario
Published: July 2017

Este artículo analiza la evolución del estatus privilegiado de la ciudad de Zaragoza entre el reinado de Jaime II (1291-1327) y el de Fernando II (1479-1516). Para ello, se han observado tres de sus expresiones más directas: la vigencia de los estatutos otorgados a la ciudad en su etapa fundacional (Fuero de los infanzones de Aragón y Privilegio de los Veinte), la obtención de nuevos privilegios de inmunidad fiscal y la configuración de una categoría social a medida de la oligarquía urbana. La conservación de ese estatus exigió de una labor de actualización permanente, en la que tomaron parte tanto la monarquía como las autoridades locales.
The effect of catalyst precursors and conditions of preparing Pt and Pd-Pt catalysts on their activity in the oxidation of hexane
Authors: Kucharczyk Barbara , Szczygieł Bogdan , Chęcmanowski Jacek
Published: July 2017

The effectiveness of under-air n-hexane oxidation over monolithic catalysts made of heat-resistant foil, containing Pt, Pd or Pt-Pd, was compared. Pt and Pd precursors, either containing chlorine or devoid of chlorine, were used to prepare the catalysts. The chlorine- containing Pt (H2PtCl6) and Pd (PdCl2) precursors were found to lower the activity of the catalysts in hexane oxidation. Studies of the effect of 0.15% Pt/Al2O3catalyst (using H2PtCl6as the precursor) calcination conditions on catalyst activity showed the catalyst calcined in static air at 500°C to be the most active. Airflow calcination of the catalyst does not change its catalytic properties. In comparison with the 0.5% Pd/Al2O3catalyst obtained from Pd(NO3)2, the use of a bimetallic 0.5% Pd/0.1% Pt/Al2O3catalyst, in which the precursors were Pd(NO3)2and Pt(NO3)4, resulted in the lowering of 10% and 50% n-hexane temperature by 15°C and 10°C.
Glass fiber reinforced rigid polyurethane foam: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Kaur Raminder
Published: July 2017

The present study emphasizes the reinforcement of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) by the addition of glass fibers (GFs) for diverse engineering applications. In contrast to the conventional RPUF, the foam developed in this case is castor oil based. The developed reinforced foam was tested for its mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile, flexural and compressive strength and for its morphology. Mechanical properties of the resulted reinforced RPUF were found to be improved with addition of the GF content. The foam density was also observed to be increased with the insertion of GF. The SEM results clearly indicated the decreased cell size in the reinforced RPUF.
Protecting Foreign Investments in Public Services: Regulatory Stability at Any Cost?
Authors: Costamagna Francesco
Published: July 2017

The article addresses the tension between regulatory stability and regulatory change within the international regime for the protection of foreign investments. The work focuses on public services, a sector where striking a balance between stability and change has been highly problematic. In this context, modifications of the regulatory framework may substantially affect the profitability of investments that normally presuppose large network infrastructures. On the other hand, adapting the regulatory framework to ever-changing social needs is crucial to pursue fundamental social purposes. The article deals with this tension through the prism of the fair and equitable treatment standard and the protection of investors’ legitimate expectations. The analysis shows that there has been an evolution in the arbitral practice, but that there is still considerable uncertainty on key aspects. The paper proposes the adoption of an interpretive approach that can help ease the tension between stability and change.
State Estimation Based on Nonlinear Observer for Hydrogen Production in a Photocatalytic Anaerobic Bioreactor
Authors: Aguilar López Ricardo , Ruiz Camacho Beatriz , Neria-González M. Isabel , Rangel Eduardo , Santos Omar , López Pérez Pablo A.
Published: July 2017

Hydrogen concentration in a photocatalytic continuous bioreactor was estimated. For the above system, a novel kinetic model of the sulfate-reducing process for hydrogen production was proposed and experimentally confirmed. In addition, we present the design of an estimator based on nonlinear observer, which is robust against modeling errors, to estimate the observable states of the bioreactor. Sulfate, biomass, sulfide, carbon dioxide, cadmium in liquid, cadmium sulfide, and hydrogen concentrations were estimated in spite of errors in the evaluation of the parameters using sulfate concentration as measurable output. The convergence of the proposed observer was analyzed using Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, maximum hydrogen production was 225 mL and 175 mL for batch and continuous processes, respectively.
Complex Challenges, Complex Responses and the State
Authors: Boldizsár Gábor
Published: July 2017

After the Cold War, military challenges were generated on the periphery of Europe and beyond. Europe and NATO dealt with such challenges within the framework of crisis response and peace support operations. During the development of operations in the increasingly complex environments military actors carried out increasingly complex tasks and missions. The top of the efforts is state building affecting almost all of the governmental and state organizations and actors. Today in Central Europe and in the Carpathian Basin we are facing new threats. The massive and uncontrolled migration, terrorism and hybrid threats pose new challenges for the states. Today the physical and internal security in the homeland has to be reconsidered by the state. The new threats require a new type of response. The military and law enforcement organizations, vital governmental authorities have to effectively act together in order to provide safe and secure environment in the country. This joint effort is a new type of home- and collective defence. The complex security of the state and citizens can be guaranteed by coordinated cooperation based on mutual trust and knowledge among organizations only. This activity is labelled as Inter-agency Operations, in which the intent and capability of interoperability are required from all actors.
The Hybrid Warfare in the 21St Century: An Old Concept with a New Face
Authors: Cîrdei Ionut Alin
Published: July 2017

In the last years the focus of the military specialists changed from the asymmetrical threats to the hybrid threats, seen as one of the main challenge for the security in the 21st century. The increased attention paid to hybrid threats is due to the events that took place in Ukraine, Syria and other confrontation areas and which highlighted the vulnerability of the modern societies and modern armies toward this type of actions. The use of hybrid type tactics can ensure the achievement of the main objectives of an international actor, with a low effort, usually without using the force, and can deny to the target/victim the possibility to take any defensive actions. The hybrid warfare can represent the war of the 21st century, a new type of direct or indirect confrontation, with effects on short and medium term, impossible to be anticipated.
Hybrid Warfare – A Form of Asymmetric Conflict
Authors: Herța Laura-Maria
Published: July 2017

For a few decades now, a vivid scholarly discussion centred on new forms of conflict has been developing. Military historians and political scientists entered into debates building consistent pro and counter-arguments about whether armed conflict at the end of the 20thcentury and beginning of the 21st century features novel aspects. Several concepts have been coined in order to describe the nature and dynamic of warfare in a post-clausewitzian/post-conventional era, such as new wars, Fourth Generation Warfare, compound wars and last, but not least, hybrid warfare. This article will briefly present the core of each category and will stress hybrid warfare as most recent development of such intellectual categories. The main argument defended here is that hybrid wars are a contemporary feature of global politics, mostly associated with non-state actors (such as terrorist groups) and with Russia’s strategies in eastern Ukraine, but also that they are a form of asymmetric conflict.
Wargaming and Challenges in the Experimentation Domain
Authors: Hodicky Jan
Published: July 2017

Military domain lacks the sufficient funding. It becomes extremely critical investing into the right projects that will deliver the expected outcome in the acquisition phase from the medium and long term perspective. The Concept Development and Experimentation (CD&E) is a powerful approach to reduce the related risk if it is consistently applied. Wargaming is a method that is used in the military to get insight about the examined phenomena when employing the military decision making process. The article deals with the role of wargaming in the CD&E. The second part of the article describes the architecture of wargame, main constructs, phases and critical factors of its design. The last part of the article describes the proposed Case Study of the Computer Assisted Wargaming (CAW) to be used for the complex problem like military capability planning and risk reduction under the specified uncertainty. Uncertainty is reduced by proper Design of Experiment when the CAW plays the crucial role.
Competence to the Leadership and It’s Concept in the Army of Czech Republic
Authors: Mikulka Zdeněk , Nekvapilová Ivana , Pospíšil Roman
Published: July 2017

The performance of commanding roles in non-standard situations and cooperation within NATO troops showed the need for the development of leadership skills among the commanders of the Army of the Czech Republic at all levels of command. The competence to lead people hasn't been yet systematically developed and explored in the Czech Army. It lacks not only a precise definition for the role of commander but also specifications for each level of command. The aim of this article is to inform about the initial approach to the concept of competence to lead people in the Czech Army, to generate the structure of given competence and a description of its sub-skills for the position of team and platoon from the available theoretical sources. To compare the theoretical model with the results of the research among selected military professionals, which will permit to more accurately identify, for the military experience, necessary elements of competence. The results will be usable for following internal differentiation of the researched competence for other levels of command. This article was written as a part of the project Development of social competencies of the military leader.
Slovak Troops in Italy During Second Word War
Authors: Šimko Juraj
Published: July 2017

This article deals with activities of Slovak military troops in Italy during the World War II in the period from October 1943 to the end of war. Article describes the construction of field fortifications on the German defensive lines in central and northern Italy. As well it describes the appearance of resistance to the alliance with Nazi Germany, the involvement of the Slovaks in Italian resistance and the culmination of the fight against Nazism. The resulting manifestation was the creation of the 1st Czechoslovak division in Italy, which fought against German troops alongside the Allies at the end of the war.
The Relationship Between Leadership and Employees
Authors: Andronic Oana Georgiana , Dumitrașcu Dănuț
Published: July 2017

The leadership style and the thereof oriented behavior pattern represents the basic attitude in which a person exercises its leadership tasks. There are a series of different leadership styles with numerous explanation attempts aiming to present a model for a successful leadership behavior. The worldwide trend leads in the direction of Management by Delegation with clear operating principles which is nowadays the central point of all general interests concerning this topic but a thorough documentation regarding the different leadership styles is the starting point for each manager when trying to build a good relation with the employees. A well-defined and applied leadership style will influence the working behavior of the employees and in turns lead to a better functioning of the whole organization. The knowledge-based organization needs to be up to date with both the oldest and the newest theories concerning leadership so it can create a working relationship with its employees. The present paper aims to present the main aspects concerning leadership, leadership styles and concepts in order to find the best way of creating a successful relationship between leadership and employees by strengthening the individual responsibility of each employee and hence improving the functioning of an organization.
Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Gorski Hortensia
Published: July 2017

Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are some of the most widely studied topics, generating an extensive literature. Nowadays, leaders are facing economic, social and environmental challenges. Unfortunately, today trust in business is low. In this complex global environment of uncertainty and ambiguity, leaders have to anticipate the changes and to be catalysts for shifting their organizations towards a sustainable society. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate leaders’ opinion regarding: Corporate responsibilities (Carroll’s’ four-layered pyramid model); Reasons for CSR actions/ projects; Areas of interest for CSR projects/ activities/ initiatives. Taking into account the growing interest towards a sustainable society is a need for a new type of leadership that promotes the CSR’s ideals.
Security Management of University Campuses
Authors: Oprean Constantin , Țîțu Mihail , Tănăsescu Cristina
Published: July 2017

The paper is approaching a sensitive topic which the whole society is facing, namely the security at a macro and micro-economic level. In this context, increasing the level of terrorism at all levels requires important measures to prevent the acts of terrorism and of providing a security that allows the development of all entities in the society. University offsets represent areas of agglomeration of young students living together, susceptible to challenging actions and to acts of terrorism that may occur at any time. The paper approaches a systemic and systematic thinking of untried actions to be taken for these structures, components of the university.
Intangible Resource Management - an Organisational Approach
Authors: Stan Sebastian Emanuel
Published: July 2017

This article is seeking to improve the intangible resource management at organisation level by highlighting the importance of this type of management on one hand and, on the other hand, by creating a pattern describing the process to be followed by the organisations that wish to implement an intangible resource management system. Thus, this study shows the premises underlying the author’s approaches on the importance of intangible resource management, the concept of intangible resource management is substantiated, and some general principles are formulated regarding the substantiation and implementation of this type of management. Specific processes representing the scope of the management at the organization level are analysed, which may be grouped in five phases largely corresponding to the functions of the intangible resource management. Eventually, the phases for implementing an intangible resource management system are identified.
The Importance of European Funding on Public Finances in Romania - Implications for The General Consolidated Budget of The State
Authors: Bătușaru Cristina Maria
Published: July 2017

The "health" state of the economy which will receive European funding is a key element in the efficiency with which these funds can be used, the effects that the injection of foreign capital entails are being significant at the macroeconomic level, since a Member state of the European Union eligible to receive finance capital can absorb a flow of up to 4% of GDP. The manner of the allocation of these funds is also a key component of efficient use of European funds allocated under the multiannual financial programming period. Annual indicative allocation corresponding to the seven years of a programming period allows to identify specific priorities for investment of these funds and the co-financing obligation incumbent upon the recipient state has the role to lead to a more responsible and appropriate use of these funds. However, the gradual release of these cash flows in the national economy may lead to a delay in the occurrence of short-term positive results for the economy, given that the allocation is made after approval by the European Commission of some strategic documents that the recipient state assumes to follow according to common objectives. Beyond the effort that the recipient state must make to become eligible for European funding, the longterm effects of the injection of capital into the economy are significant and certainly favorable to the economic and social development as a whole. One of the controversial issues on the opportunity of accessing European funding is represented by the financing cost that this entails. The problematic issues that the injection of foreign capital flows have on fiscal policy and their implications on the general consolidated budget of the state are complex and are a subject of debate among researchers in economics.
Spatial Differentiation of Synthetic Measure of Economic Security of Local Government. Case Study of Financial Variables of The Cities in The Eastern Poland Macro-Region
Authors: Dziekański Paweł , Piwowarski Juliusz
Published: July 2017

In this article the authors focus on the element of security culture which is economic security. It is the ability of an economic system to use internal factors of development on a local level and international economic interdependence in such a way that it can guarantee its safe development. Stability and certainty of funding sources determine the scope and level of public services and tasks of a municipality that it fulfils. Economic security is a resulting category that allows to assess functioning of security culture from the perspective of local economy. The aim of the article is to provide determinants of shaping of economic security in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship municipalities in the context of selected elements of financial management for 2010 and 2015. In the calculations the data of the Central Statistical Office (Local Data Bank) were used. The determined synthetic measure allows to arrange Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship municipalities according to the examined aspect. It gives the basis for evaluation of effectiveness of economic policy instruments that were applied in the past. They provide a comparative picture between the objects that were analysed, allow to indicate weaker and better areas of functioning of a unit.
Modality of Determining The Risk Scores and Their Ranking for The Direct Acquisition Made in SEAP
Authors: Lazăr Cristiana Daniela , Marin Andreea Mihaela , Pereş Ion
Published: July 2017

In order to shape a representative economic model, meant to be used for the analysis of direct acquisitions conducted by the public institutions on the electronic platform called SEAP (Electronic System of Public Acquisitions) we need to make a series of calculations which can lead to the establishment of risk scores for this types of acquisitions or procurements and their ranking, This hierarchy shall provide the public institutions with valuable items of information for the awareness of direct acquisitions particularities.
Causes of Fiscality Generating Economic and Social Effects in Romania
Authors: Popa Ioan Gabriel
Published: July 2017

I think I am in the same line with the majority of finance and especially tax specialists in arguing that taxation is an economic and social phenomenon, i.e. a chain of actions and deeds which take place in time and space. The main argument in considering taxation in a broader sense, as an economic and social phenomenon, is that taxation should ensure the achievement of the economic and social objectives of the state. This phenomenon is caused by a complex of factors that are general and perpetual and whose actions breed measurable consequences. Like any economic and social phenomenon, taxation is characterized by generating causes, specific to the time and space framework of the event, vectors of influence of the intensity of the action (accelerators or reducers) and noticeable results (effects) on the surface of the economic reality. The economic and social causes of the phenomenon of taxation are not usually measurable given the continuous interaction of the vectors of influence, but the effects are real, reliable and quantifiable. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake in-depth studies in order to understand the lesser known side of the elements that trigger the emergence and development of the economic and social phenomena.
The Nature and Purpose of The General Meetings of The Supranational Economic Associations in The European Union
Authors: Vodenicharov Asen
Published: July 2017

The general meeting is the supreme body of the European company as well as of the other European entities for economic association. It is a body forming and expressing the intention of a company. It is a specific forum for the free and voluntary expression of the intentions of its individual participants. The intentions can be expressed by an individual or a group, but they always express a specific attitude. A meeting collects, as a “funnel”, the expressed concerns, the suggestions supporting or rejecting the expressed theses, etc., with regard to the discussed issues. This forms the common will of the participating parties. The general meeting of shareholders is a legally established body of an European company. In view of its structure, the general meeting of shareholders is a collective body. It includes all shareholders entitled to vote. Therefore, it can be defined as a college because it approves all decisions as a college at in-person meetings or in absentia. Thus the meeting in question is the only legal means by which shareholders may exercise moral management rights: participation in management, right to vote, active and passive right to elect and be elected to the board of directors, management or supervisory board, etc. The legal framework of the general meeting of shareholders has hybrid nature.
Some Implications of Adopting New Codes - Tax and Fiscal Procedure - On SME Business
Authors: Asalos Nicoleta , Hurjui Ioan , Roman Costica , Nistoreanu Puiu
Published: July 2017

Given the entry into force of the new Tax Code and of the New Tax Procedure Code in 2016, our approach is aimed at addressing the most important issues of interest to SME entrepreneurship. Obviously, we are referring both to the rules of the respective codes that bring benefits to the shareholders/ entrepreneurs engaged in small business, but also to those designed to displease. Based on the Romanian and foreign literature, in the end, we also propose some solutions in order to improve this situation.
Motive or Reason in Criminal Law
Authors: Boțian Elisabeta
Published: July 2017

Guilt often encompasses volitional and intellectual mental processes and only in rare cases it will include affective processes. The motive and purpose are certain mental processes which the legislator sometimes introduces in the content of the offenses. The motive is the psychological causal support of human facts. The doctrine currently uses both the term of motive and that of reason, but the Criminal Code uses exclusively the term motive, which better communicates the conscious and rational character of these psychological processes. In the general section of the Criminal Code, mental processes of the motive are common among the general criteria of punishment individualization and also in listing the aggravating circumstances. In the special part of the Criminal Code mental processes of the motive can be found both for typical or special variants and aggravated or qualifying forms of certain crimes. Motive can be expressed explicitly by equivalent terms or by an implied manner, which entails the need for interpretation of the text.
The Indirect Intent in The International Criminal Case-Law
Authors: Pașca Viorel , Băra Bianca-Codruța
Published: July 2017

This study focuses on the analyse of the indirect intent in the international criminal caselaw. Traditionally, the Romanian Criminal Code defines the indirect intent through the pshychological position of the offender towards the result of the crime, which can lead, in some circumstances, to unfair result. Finding an appropriate definition has been a constant problem for the international courts of justice, especially taking into consideration the effort to reconcile this attempt with the national regulations and principles. The International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia developed a new form of criminal participation in which it described the mens rea using the notion of `risk`. The Tadić case represents a significant step for the definition of indirect intent, in the way it is considered in our legal system.The international criminal court emphasizes the importance of the person`s position towards the risk that criminal acts could lead to relevant results and it outlines the standards of foreseeability of such risk.
Multidimensional Diagnosis of Occupational Pressure Perception for The Medical Staff of an Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Authors: Bouleanu Elena-Luminița , Brate Adrian Tudor
Published: July 2017

Intensive Care Units (ICU) medical staff is frequently subject of great amount of psychological and physical occupational pressure. There are three main sources of pressure: professional responsability for the medical act, organizational requirements and interpersonal/intrapersonal relationships. Materials and method: The paper presents a study on the multidimensional diagnosis of occupational pressure/stress perception of the medical staff of an ICU (N=34). The romanian form of Pressure Management Indicator (PMI) [1][2][3][7] was applied to all participants. The instrument is designed for multidimensional evaluation of occupational stress. The objective was to identify specific indicators of occupational pressure and formulate predictions regarding the different variables. Results and conclusions: Data analysis showed, for example, that Influence and Control (as personality factors/individual differences) are good predictors for the resilience level in the studied ICU medical staff. We can conclude that individual differences regarding personality factors are the main variables that significantely influence the occupational stress coping for ICU medical staff. The PMI-RO diagnosed profile, resulted for the ICU medical staff showed many differences comparing with general population, including sources of pressure, coping strategies, personality factors, organisational satisfaction and self evaluation of performance. Further implications of the study and intervention strategies for medical personnel in ICU are discussed.
The Myth of Teamwork in The Military
Authors: Bumbuc Ştefania , Paşca Maria Dorina
Published: July 2017

Numerous studies have focused on identifying the relevant conditions and factors that can assure the effectiveness of a team. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of some positive and negative aspects of the teamwork in the military, using as a starting point the components of a scientific instrument of research. Two of the particular features of the military organization were more detailed analyzed, due to the fact that they turn the potential strengths into weaknesses, and military leaders have to face with them: the formal power of the military leaders and the increased mobility of the military team members.
Mass-Media Communication in Romania
Authors: Crețu Ioana-Narcisa
Published: July 2017

Over 1200 new publications have appeared in Romania since the fall of communism. Some of them don’t exist anymore, but there always appear new ones. The Romanian newspaper market comprises about 1500 publications most of which appear on a weekly basis and 200 daily newspapers. Television is the most familiar source of information. The radio landscape has changed considerably - similar to the television - since 1990. Besides the public broadcaster offering several programs, there are over 150 private local radio stations and various other channels. Despite the diversity of the Romanian press, we cannot yet speak of a completely free press (see the report of the Freedom House organization). The limitations of media freedom and freedom of speech are related to media ownership, but also with gaps in the national legislation. This study aims to contribute to the advancement in the conceptualization of qualitative journalism by proposing to analyze different situations of failure in investigative journalism and identifying factors that conduct to limitation of media freedom.
Ancient Greek Military Theory and Practice. Aeneas Tacticus (I)
Authors: Dinu Dana
Published: July 2017

The intention of this article is to present the oldest surviving work of military art of the Greek antiquity written in the mid-fourth century B.C. by of the author known today as Aeneas Tacticus. In 1609 Isaac Casaubon, its first editor, gave it the Latin title Commentarius de toleranda obsidione, How to Survive under Siege. Aeneas Tacticus was an experienced general on the battlefield, and had an equally solid theoretical training based on treatises of warfare which undoubtedly existed before his own, but were less fortunate and have not reached us. The study of this manual reveals that Aeneas Tacticus wrote or designed to write at least five books on military themes and information exists from other sources that he might have written three more books on the subject. Thus, all these works could have formed a Corpus Aeneanum, comparable in value to Clausewitz’s famous work On War. Aeneas’s work was highly appreciated and extremely useful for commanders and strategists of the Antiquity and the Middle Ages and was used and cited by all the authors of treatises on siege until the era of pre-modern warfare.
Foreign Languages and Cultural Awareness - A Must in The Education of The 21st Century European Military Leaders
Authors: Pateşan Marioara , Balagiu Alina , Zechia Dana
Published: July 2017

Europe is characterized by both geographical and cultural diversity. At present, the European countries are under deep transformations due to the migratory trends. These special events need measures not only at the political level but also at the military, social and economic one. By being aware and accepting all these changes, mainly the cultural ones, we have to be open and adapt ourselves to the new context in which we have to be able to accept that our existence with its norms, values, customs and traditions is not unique. The language competences contribute to the mobility, employability and personal development of its citizens, in particular, the young people. As far as the military environment is concerned, we believe that it is of utmost importance not only to speak a common language but also to know the culture of the partners we cooperate with, as well as that of the local populations from various theatres of operations. At the level of our institutions, we tried to integrate into the curriculum topics that help our students, future military leaders, to be ready to efficiently answer to the new changes that they will face in a new military environment. In our paper, we will highlight the ways we can promote the development of our learners’ linguistic and cultural competencies.
Motivation for Education and Learners' Satisfaction with The Choice of Military Specialisation or Civilian Specialty
Authors: Petrova Elitsa
Published: July 2017

This article presents a research on the motivation for education and training activities and their relation with the satisfaction of choosing a military specialisation or a civilian specialty, based on the example of cadets and students from the Vasil Levski National Military University in Bulgaria. Motivation for education and training activities is the main research subject of the study which is conducted in a real educational environment. The object of the study is cadets in the last year of their education in the Military Science professional field, specialising in Organisation and Management of Military Units at a Tactical Level at the National Military University in Bulgaria. The study includes students and cadets in the first year of education as control groups for comparison. The study launched in 2012. It continues to the present. It is supported by military experts from over 11 foreign military educational institutions - universities and academies from all across Europe.
Study on Motivation for Education by Use of Control Groups for Comparison at The National Military University, Bulgaria
Authors: Petrova Elitsa
Published: July 2017

This article presents a study on motivation for education by use control groups for comparison at the National Military University, Bulgaria. The necessary information is collected through a combination of research methods. The basic scientific method, which was used, is empirical survey conducted in a real educational environment. The study is implemented in several stages: diagnostic stage, in which an analysis and assessment of the necessity of such a study is established and proved; basic stage which has been implemented since 2012; and a final stage which includes the development of a forecasting model for the future status of the levels of cadets’ and students’ satisfaction with their training.
The Dacians, The Wolf Warriors
Authors: Strechie Mădălina
Published: July 2017

The Dacians, a very important Indo-European people of the ancient world, were, like all Indo-European peoples, highly trained in the art of war. The legends of the ancient world placed the worship of Ares/Mars, the god of war, in the world of the Thracians, the Dacians being the most important of the Thracians, by the creation of a state and by their remarkable civilization, where war generated rank. The Dacian leaders, military aristocrats, Tarabostes are similar to the Bharathi of the Aryans, therefore the accounts of Herodotus, the father of history, who called the Thracians (including the Dacians, the northern Thracians), “the most important of the Indo-Europeans, after the race of the Indians” (i.e. the Persians and the Aryans, their relatives), also have a military meaning. The totemic symbol of the wolf was much present in Europe, especially with Indo-European peoples, like the Spartans, the aristocrats of war, but mostly with the Romans, the gendarmes of the ancient world. But the Dacians honoured this majestic animal above all, not only as a symbol of the state, but also, apparently, as their eponym. As warriors, the Dacians lay under the sign of the wolf, their battle flag, and acted like real wolves against their enemies, whether they were Celts, during the reign of Burebista, or Romans, during the reign of Decebalus. The Dacians made history in the military art, being perfectly integrated, after the Roman conquest, in the largest and best trained army of the ancient world, the Roman army. Moreover, the wolf warriors, mastering the equestrian art, were a success in the special, though auxiliary troops of the famous equites singulares in the Roman army. If the Romans were the eagles of war, the Dacians were its wolves, these two symbols best illustrating the military art of all times.
The Structure and Methods of Gruppe 6 E from German Secret Service During The Second World War
Authors: Zidaru Marian
Published: July 2017

In this paper I present the general background picture of the development of Gruppe (group) 6 E from German Secret Service. As a result, for the personal interest of Ernst Kaltenbrunner in the work of the Gruppe, 6E developed a working basis which differs from the normal functioning of the other Laendergruppen (groups of countries), a tendency which became more marked after the transfer of the central office from Berlin to Vienna in 1943. A liaison officer only remained in Berlin. This paper presents the final structure of the Gruppe and the leading personnel, and it is under this final organization that the work of the Gruppe in the Balkan States. The Gruppe maintained liaison officers with the Herman Neubacher and Altenberg Dienststellen (Altenberg offices), these liaison officers being directly subordinated to the Gruppenleiter (Group leader). In common with the outside offices, with which he kept in personal contact, and an Auswerter (analyst) responsible for the evaluation and dissemination of information. The Referate (Abstrat) conducted their operation through the Hauptbeauftragte (Chief Comissioner) working in the various countries under suitable cover.
Simulation and Gamification in E-Learning Technical Courses
Authors: Bârsan Ghiţă , Năstăsescu Vasile , Bârsan Vlad-Andrei
Published: July 2017

The paper is based on the experience gained in creating eLearning courses to keep the student’s interest high, to encourage them to study additional materials in order to achieve the level of complexity proposed by the discipline objectives. The combination of specific gaming-techniques with simulation elements has been combined into designing the e-learning content. The degree of motivation and the interest in the discipline were appreciated by comparing the results obtained by students attending a blending-learning to those students who did the didactic activities in the traditional way. At present, there is a decrease in students’ interest in technical subjects. On one hand, the complexity of these disciplines is high, and moreover, in order for the students to achieve the didactic objectives of the discipline, they must make a sustained effort and combine the individual study with the explanations in the classroom.