bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Mega‐Environments and Essential Test Locations for Pearl Millet Cultivar Selection in India
Authors: Gupta S. K. , Rathore A. , Yadav O. P. , Rai K. N. , Khairwal I. S. , Rajpurohit B. S. , Das R. R.
Published: October 2013

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is grown under a wide range of environmental conditions in India. The All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP) has the responsibility of testing and releasing pearl millet cultivars adapted to such conditions. As a part of this process, AICPMIP has divided the entire pearl millet growing regions into three different zones (A1, A, and B) based on the rainfall pattern and local adaptation of the crop. This study was conducted to define the presently used test locations into possible mega‐environments and to identify essential test locations for cost‐effective evaluation of pearl millet cultivars. Grain yield data of different sets of 34 to 45 medium‐maturity pearl millet hybrids tested at 29 to 34 locations during 2006 to 2008 were analyzed using genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction biplot method. Two distinct pearl millet mega‐environments with consistent grouping of locations across the years and corresponding to AICPMIP's designated A and B zones were identified. No such consistent grouping of locations corresponding to AICPMIP's designated A1 zone was, however, observed. Based on the discriminating ability, uniqueness, and research resources, 13 locations were identified as essential test locations for evaluation across the two mega‐environments. Testing at these locations appeared to provide good coverage of the whole pearl millet growing areas of India. Based on these findings, it is suggested to conduct initial yield trials at identified 13 locations across all the pearl millet growing zones represented by two mega‐environments followed by testing of selected hybrids with specific adaptation in their respective adaptation zones.
Annual runoff change in the headstream of Yangtze River and its relation to precipitation and air temperature
Authors: Xiong Lihua , Yu Kunxia , Zhang Honggang , Zhang Liping
Published: October 2013

We analyse the change trends of the annual and seasonal runoff series of the hydrological station Batang on the headstream of the Yangtze River over the period 1960–2007. The relations between runoff series and precipitation and temperature conditions are investigated, and the influence of the refreezing process of meltwater of the glaciers on the Yangtze River flow is examined with the proposed accumulated temperature deficit (ATD) index. It is found that annual runoff at the Batang station is not stable during the period 1960–2007. From 1960 to 1980, there was a rather strong decrease of 14.4 m3 s−1 year−1 on average in spite of the statistically significant increase in air temperature and rather stable precipitation. It is argued that the annual rate of glacier runoff generation is possibly controlled by the ATD rather than by the direct air temperature. Seasonal analysis indicates that ATD might be of greater influence in autumn and winter in affecting runoff than in spring and summer. The research in this paper may be helpful in understanding how the hydro-climatic conditions affect runoff generation in the cold regions.
Improving kinematic wave routing scheme in Community Land Model
Authors: Ye Aizhong , Duan Qingyun , Zhan Chesheng , Liu Zhaofei , Mao Yuna
Published: October 2013

Version 3.5 of Community Land Model (CLM) has incorporated a river routing module, called the River Transport Model (RTM), to simulate the runoff routing process over a hydrologic basin. RTM treats river routing as a linear reservoir process propagated through a gridded domain. Because the flow velocity at each grid is set as a constant, RTM cannot simulate river routing well. In this paper, we developed a large scale catchment-based kinematic wave routing (KWR) model to be coupled with CLM, which simulates the movement of water through floodplains and river channels. An advantage of KWR over RTM is that the flow velocity is calculated by the Manning equation, which considers the difference in friction slope and hydraulic radius in each sub-basin (or grid) and time step. A second advantage is that the KWR velocity parameterization accounts for spatial–temporal variability. Using the daily runoff simulations in continental China over the time period 1995–2004 from CLM3.5 as inputs to both RTM and KWR, we found that the simulated discharge of KWR is closer to observed discharge than that of RTM. Our study has shown that KWR may be a valid alternative to RTM in CLM.
A validation of river routing networks for catchment modelling from small to large scales
Authors: Donnelly Chantal , Rosberg Jörgen , Isberg Kristina
Published: October 2013

Underpinning all hydrological simulations is an estimate of the catchment area upstream of a point of interest. Locally, the delineation of a catchment and estimation of its area is usually done using fine scale maps and local knowledge, but for large-scale hydrological modelling, particularly continental and global scale modelling, this level of detailed data analysis is not practical. For large-scale hydrological modelling, remotely sensed and hydrologically conditioned river routing networks, such as HYDRO1k and HydroSHEDS, are often used. This study evaluates the accuracy of the accumulated upstream area in each gridpoint given by the networks. This is useful for evaluating the ability of these data sets to delineate catchments of varying scale for use in hydrological models. It is shown that the higher resolution HydroSHEDS data set gives better results than the HYDRO1k data set and that accuracy decreases with decreasing basin scale. In ungauged basins, or where other local catchment area data are not available, the validation made in this study can be used to indicate the likelihood of correctly delineating catchments of different scales using these river routing networks.
Incidence of Stroke According to Presence of Diabetic Nephropathy and Severe Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hägg Stefanie , Thorn Lena M. , Putaala Jukka , Liebkind Ron , Harjutsalo Valma , Forsblom Carol M. , Gordin Daniel , Tatlisumak Turgut , Groop Per-Henrik ,   on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

Type 1 diabetes is associated with a markedly increased risk of stroke, but only a few studies on the incidence of stroke in type 1 diabetes exist. Therefore, we assessed the incidence of stroke in patients with type 1 diabetes and studied the impact of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and severe diabetic retinopathy (SDR) on this risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied 4,083 patients with type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study. Mean age was 37.4 ± 11.8 years, duration of diabetes was 21.6 ± 12.1 years, and 52% were men. Strokes were identified from medical records, death certificates, and the National Hospital Discharge Register and classified based on medical files and brain images.

RESULTS

During 36,680 person-years of follow-up, 149 (4%) patients suffered an incident stroke (105 infarctions and 44 hemorrhages). Of the infarctions, 58 (55%) were lacunar. The incidence of stroke, cerebral infarction, and cerebral hemorrhage was 406 (95% CI 344–477), 286 (234–347), and 120 (87–161) per 100,000 person-years, respectively. In an adjusted analysis, microalbuminuria increased the risk of stroke with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.2 (1.9–5.6), macroalbuminuria 4.9 (2.9–8.2), and end-stage renal disease 7.5 (4.2–13.3), and SDR increased the risk with an HR of 3.0 (1.9–4.5). The risk of cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and lacunar infarction increased in a similar manner. The proportion of lacunar versus nonlacunar infarction did not change across DN groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of SDR and DN, independently, increases the risk of stroke, cerebral infarction, and cerebral hemorrhage in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep With Reduced Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Grimaldi Daniela , Beccuti Guglielmo , Touma Carol , Van Cauter Eve , Mokhlesi Babak
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

Severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with poorer glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. It is not known whether obstructive events during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have a different metabolic impact compared with those during non-REM (NREM) sleep. Treatment of OSA is often limited to the first half of the night, when NREM rather than REM sleep predominates. We aimed to quantify the impact of OSA in REM versus NREM sleep on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

All participants underwent polysomnography, and glycemic control was assessed by HbA1c.

RESULTS

Our analytic cohort included 115 subjects (65 women; age 55.2 ± 9.8 years; BMI 34.5 ± 7.5 kg/m2). In a multivariate linear regression model, REM apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was independently associated with increasing levels of HbA1c (P = 0.008). In contrast, NREM AHI was not associated with HbA1c (P = 0.762). The mean adjusted HbA1c increased from 6.3% in subjects in the lowest quartile of REM AHI to 7.3% in subjects in the highest quartile of REM AHI (P = 0.044 for linear trend). Our model predicts that 4 h of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use would leave 60% of REM sleep untreated and would be associated with a decrease in HbA1c by approximately 0.25%. In contrast, 7 h of CPAP use would cover more than 85% of REM sleep and would be associated with a decrease in HbA1c by as much as 1%.

CONCLUSIONS

In type 2 diabetes, OSA during REM sleep may influence long-term glycemic control. The metabolic benefits of CPAP therapy may not be achieved with the typical adherence of 4 h per night.
Germination characteristics of Salicornia patula Duval-Jouve, S. emerici Duval-Jouve, and S. veneta Pign. et Lausi and their occurrence in Croatia
Authors: Šajna Nina , Regvar Marjana , Kaligarič Simona , Škvorc Željko , Kaligarič Mitja
Published: October 2013

- According to recent molecular analyses of Salicornia, we revised the annual glassworts from the Croatian coast, classified until now only as Salicornia europaea. Two species, a diploid Salicornia patula and a tetraploid S. emerici were recognized. They can be easily distinguished by floral characters, but not only by their habitus, which varies extremely according to environmental factors. Both species differ also in seed morphology. Salicornia patula has dimorphic seeds, with larger central seeds reaching high germination rates. Germination patterns helped to explain the habitat preferences. The species rarely co-occur, however. The rare S. patula occupies drier habitats, on coastal mudflats or sands that are irregularly inundated. It occurs within the assoc. Suaedo maritimae-Salicornietum patulae. Salicornia emerici occupies the lowest coastal mudflats, regularly inundated, where nutrient-rich conditions prevail, and forms an almost monotypical assoc. Salicornietum emerici. Due to the synonymy of S. veneta with S. emerici, we exclude the occurrence of S. veneta in Croatia as an independent taxon.
The Industrial Monuments Route of the Silesian Voivodeship as an example of the regional tourism product enhancing tourism competitiveness of the region
Authors: Staszewska Anna , Żemła Michał
Published: October 2013

The paper deals with the idea of destination competitiveness and its relations with competitiveness of spatial tourism products and competitiveness of entities catering tourism in the region. The case study method is used in the paper and the example of Industrial Monuments Route of the Silesian Province is analysed. The Route is a tourist product which presents the major and most interesting industrial facilities in the Silesian Region in terms of tourist, historic and architectonic values. The creation of the new spatial product - the Route by the regional authority - enhanced competitiveness of the Province as the image was improved, as well as a competitive advantage of operators of attractions within the Route was built. Some difficulties and challenges of such a way of enhancing destination competitiveness are discussed in the text.
Modelling of Postproduction Suspensions’ Concentration Processes by “Batch” Membrane Microfiltration
Authors: Szwast Maciej , Szwast Zbigniew , Grądkowski Marian , Piątkiewicz Wojciech
Published: October 2013

The mathematical model of postproduction suspension concentration by microfiltration has been developed. This model describes a process conducted in a batch system with membrane washing by reverse flow of permeate. The model considerations concern filtration pseudocycles consisting of the filtration period and the membrane washing period. The balances of continuous phase volume, dispersed phase mass and energy, for each period of pseudocycle respectively, have been presented.
High Pressure Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium of Volatiles in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Gurgenova Karina , Bogeł-Łukasik Rafał , Wawrzyniak Paweł
Published: October 2013

Binary vapour-liquid equilibrium of thymoquinone and carbon dioxide at the isothermal conditions was carried out at temperature 323.15 K and pressures from 6 to 10 MPa. The experimental data were fitted to the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Results could be used for selection of process parameters in separation of volatiles from raw oil or for evaluation of existing separation technologies.
An Evaluation of the Levels of Vitamin D and Bone Turnover Markers After the Summer and Winter Periods in Polish Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Kopeć Aleksandra , Solarz Krzysztof , Majda Filip , Słowińska-Lisowska Małgorzata , Mędraś Marek
Published: October 2013

Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin during exposure to sunlight. The fundamental roles of vitamin D are the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone mineralisation. Low vitamin D levels in athletes may adversely affect their exercise capabilities. The aim of our study was to investigate changes in serum levels of 25(OH)D3, calcium and bone turnover markers in football players in two training periods differing in the exposure to sunlight (after the summer period and after the winter period). We investigated 24 Polish professional soccer players. Serum levels of the following parameters were determined: 25(OH)D3, calcium, osteocalcin (OC), parathormone (PTH), procollagen type I N - terminal peptide (P1NP), and beta - CrossLaps (beta - CTx). We showed significantly higher levels of 25(OH)D3 and calcium and lower levels of PTH after the summer period versus the winter period. No significant differences in the levels of bone turnover markers were found. Furthermore, we did not observe any significant correlations between the levels of 25(OH)D3 and other parameters. Normal levels of 25(OH)D3 were observed in 50% of the players after the summer period and only in 16.7% of the players after the winter period. It is justified to measure the levels of 25(OH)D3, calcium and PTH in soccer players, especially after the winter period, when the exposure to sunlight is limited.
The Importance of Sports Performance Factors and Training Contents From the Perspective of Futsal Coaches
Authors: Serrano João , Shahidian Shakib , Sampaio Jaime , Leite Nuno
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study was to identify the importance assigned by futsal coaches with different education levels to the sports performance factors (technical, tactical, physical and psychological) and to the training contents. The sample was divided into three groups (novice: n=35, intermediate: n=42; and elite coaches: n=15) depending on the degree of specific education, coaching experience and the level of the teams trained. To achieve this goal, the coaches answered a questionnaire previously validated by specialists in sport sciences. The results showed significant differences between the novice and elite group in small-sided games, inferiority games, opposition and execution timing of the training and drill items. The analyses also showed significant differences between the novice and intermediate group in inferiority games and opposition of the training and drill items. Although, no differences were identified between groups for the remaining performance factors and training and drill items considered, the identified trends provide a baseline related to the knowledge that contributes to the development of expertise of futsal coaches.
Local abundance and spatial distribution of some migratory birds during post-breeding period
Authors: Gyurácz József , Kalmár Sándor , Baráth Réka
Published: October 2013

The local abundance and spatial distribution of the short- to medium-distance migratory and daytime stopover passerines (Robin Erithacus rubecula, Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, Blue tit Parus caeruleus, Great tit P. major) were studied in a West Hungarian stopover ground during post-breeding season. The dispergation index of all migratory bird species revealed clumped distribution both in „smallest annual capture year” (abb. SACY) and the „largest annual capture year” (abb. LACY). According to the PCA the spatial occurrences of Blackcap, Blue tit and Great tit captured in LACY showed significantly higher concentration than of those migrating in SACY. The studied species appeared in all four habitats (bushy, forest, grassland, marsh) of the study stopover area, but their clumped spatial distribution showed habitat preference. The abundance-dependent shift of habitat selection was found only in Great tit, the most of them captured in SACY concentrated in grassland with bushy, while the ones captured in LACY grouped in forest habitat type. Blackcaps were grouped the grassland with bushes habitat type where many Dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus) bushes were available during autumn migration.
Gdansk Bay sea bed sounding and classification of its results
Authors: Grelowska Grażyna , Kozaczka Eugeniusz , Kozaczka Sławomir , Szymczak Wojciech
Published: October 2013

The main goal of this paper is to describe the results of sounding the Gdansk Bay sea bed by using a SES- 2000 Standard parametric sub-bottom profiler. Quality of data obtained during trials depends inter alia on a proper location of transducer array to reduce influence of pitch, roll and heave motions as well as ship self noise (resulting from bubbles due to propeller and flow around hull, vibration generated by main engine and auxiliary devices). Furthermore, calibration of complementary units such as GPS, heading sensor, MRU-Z motion sensor and navigation devices make sea-bed investigating system capable of working with its whole capability. Results of so prepared surveys have been presented and discussed. They contain also an elaborated map of Gdansk Bay with preliminarily classified sea-bed materials and description of most interesting areas.
Some Remarks on the Choice of Ductility Class for Earthquake-Resistant Steel Structures
Authors: Matejčeková-Farhat Miroslava , Ároch Rudolf
Published: October 2013

The implementation of the Eurocodes in current structural design practice has brought about a new emphasis on the design of earthquake-resistant structures. In some European countries, new earthquake zones have been defined; henceforth, the design requirements of many ongoing projects have changed as well. The choice of the ductility class of steel structures as one of the key design parameters, the consequences of this choice on design procedure, and some applications of the Eurocode 8 design criteria by comparing French and Slovak national practice are discussed, using a practical example of a structure.
Silo with a Corrugated Sheet Wall
Authors: Németh Csaba , Brodniansky Ján
Published: October 2013

Silos and tanks are currently being used to create reserves of stored materials. Their importance is based on balancing the production and consumption of bulk materials to establish an adequate reserve throughout the year. The case study introduced within the framework of this paper focuses on thin-walled silos made of corrugated sheets and on an approach for designing these types of structures. The storage of bulk materials causes compression or tensile stresses in the walls of a silo structure. The effect of a frictional force in the silo walls creates an additional bending moment in a wave, which ultimately affects the resulting bending moments. Several mathematical and physical models were used in order to examine various types of loading and their effects on a structure. Subsequently, the accuracy of the computational models was verified by experimental measurements on a grain silo in Bojničky, Slovakia. A comparison of the experimental and mathematical models shows a reasonable match and confirms the load specifications, while indicating that the mathematical model was correct.
Augmentation of major isoflavones in Glycine max L. through the elicitor-mediated approach
Authors: Saini Ramesh K. , Akithadevi Muthu K. , Giridhar Parvatam , Ravishankar Gokare A.
Published: October 2013

- Isoflavone content in soybean seeds was enhanced by the elicitor-mediated approach under field conditions through the floral application of abiotic elicitors-salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate and biotic elicitors-Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oligosporus. Among isoflavones, daidzein and glycitein were found to be highly responsive to elicitors, with an increase of 53.7% and 78.7%, respectively as compared to control. Highest total isoflavone content (1276.4 mg g-1 of seeds) was observed upon the administration of 0.1 mMsalicylic acid, which is 92.7% higher than in control. This study would be valuable for augmentation of the isoflavone content in soybean seeds in field grown plants for better nutraceutical potential.
Oxidative stress and antioxidant indices of the marine red alga Porphyra vietnamensis
Authors: Pise Navnath M. , Gaikwad Dattatry K. , Jagtap Tanaji G.
Published: October 2013

-Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence systems were assessed in a marine red alga Porphyra vietnamensis Tanaka et Pham-Hoang Ho, from India. Lipid peroxidation (LPX) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were measured as oxidative stress markers. Antioxidant defences were measured as catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and ascorbic acid (AsA), in order to understand their dissimilarity with respect to environmental conditions (pollution levels) from selective locations along the central west coast of India. Levels of LPX, H2O2, CAT and GST were significantly higher in samples collected from Dona Paula than in samples from Malvan and Kunkeshwar, while a lower concentration of AsA was found in samples from Dona Paula. Heavy metals such as Cd, Pb and Hg in higher concentrations in these areas than in other sites were also observed. Variation of oxidative stress indices in response to the accumulation of heavy metals within P. vietnamensis could be used as molecular biomarkers for the assessment and monitoring of environmental quality in ecologically sensitive marine habitats.
Impact of Opened, Non Opened Pollination and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Sesame Production in the Reclaimed Lands, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt
Authors: Blal A.E.H. , Kamel S.M. , Mahfouz H.M. , Said M.
Published: October 2013

The research was conducted at the Agriculture Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Suez Canal, during the sesame growing seasons of 2011 and 2012. For studying the impact of insect pollination and nitrogen fertilization on sesame production, the experiment was divided to 13 treatments of open pollination and non open pollination, with three different levels of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and one level of seryalin as biofertilizer. Non opened pollination treatments were covered before the start of flowering period with a perforated net bag, to allow the air to pass through and to prevent insects from approaching the plants. Quantitative and qualitative indicators, were measured as follows: rate of capsule per plant, capsule weight, rate of seeds in each capsule, weight of 1000 seeds, germination (%), seedlings vigour and oil content (%). Results clearly demonstrate that qualitative and quantitative indicators of sesame crop was significantly increased with opened pollination and with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level up to 40 kg N/feedan-1 plus or minus seryalin, in reclaimed sandy soils, in Ismailia, Egypt.
Marked reduction in mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Gerber Linda M. , Chiu Ya-Lin , Carney Nancy , Härtl Roger , Ghajar Jamshid
Published: October 2013

Object

In spite of evidence that use of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (Guidelines) would dramatically reduce morbidity and mortality, adherence to these Guidelines remains variable across trauma centers. The authors analyzed 2-week mortality due to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) from 2001 through 2009 in New York State and examined the trends in adherence to the Guidelines.

Methods

The authors calculated trends in adherence to the Guidelines and age-adjusted 2-week mortality rates between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2009. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of time period on case-fatality. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor insertion was modeled in a 2-level hierarchical model using generalized linear mixed effects to allow for clustering by different centers.

Results

From 2001 to 2009, the case-fatality rate decreased from 22% to 13% (p < 0.0001), a change that remained significant after adjusting for factors that independently predict mortality (adjusted OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.39–0.70; p < 0.0001). Guidelines adherence increased, with the percentage of patients with ICP monitoring increasing from 56% to 75% (p < 0.0001). Adherence to cerebral perfusion pressure treatment thresholds increased from 15% to 48% (p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients having an ICP elevation greater than 25 mm Hg dropped from 42% to 29% (p = 0.0001).

Conclusions

There was a significant reduction in TBI mortality between 2001 and 2009 in New York State. Increase in Guidelines adherence occurred at the same time as the pronounced decrease in 2-week mortality and decreased rate of intracranial hypertension, suggesting a causal relationship between Guidelines adherence and improved outcomes. Our findings warrant future investigation to identify methods for increasing and sustaining adherence to evidence-based Guidelines recommendations.
G-Quadruplex Structures in the Human Genome as Novel Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Bidzinska Joanna , Cimino-Reale Graziella , Zaffaroni Nadia , Folini Marco
Published: October 2013

G-quadruplexes are secondary structures that may form within guanine-rich nucleic acid sequences. Telomeres have received much attention in this regard since they can fold into several distinct intramolecular G-quadruplexes, leading to the rational design and development of G-quadruplex‑stabilizing molecules. These ligands were shown to selectively exert an antiproliferative and chemosensitizing activity in in vitro and in vivo tumor models, without appreciably affecting normal cells. Such findings point to them as possible drug candidates for clinical applications. Other than in telomeres, G-quadruplexes may form at additional locations in the human genome, including gene promoters and untranslated regions. For instance, stabilization of G-quadruplex structures within the promoter of MYC, KIT, or KRAS resulted in the down-regulation of the corresponding oncogene either in gene reporter assays or in selected experimental models. In addition, the alternative splicing of a number of genes may be affected for a therapeutic benefit through the stabilization of G-quadruplexes located within pre-mRNAs. It is now emerging that G-quadruplex structures may act as key regulators of several biological processes. Consequently, they are considered as attractive targets for broad-spectrum anticancer therapies, and much effort is being made to develop a variety of ligands with improved G-quadruplex recognition properties. Quarfloxin, a fluoroquinolone derivative designed to target a G-quadruplex within ribosomal DNA and disrupt protein-DNA interactions, has entered clinical trials for different malignancies. This review will provide some hints on the role of G-quadruplex structures in biological processes and will evaluate their implications as novel therapeutic targets.
Blended Learning: Reflections on Teaching Experiences across the Pharmacy Education Continuum
Authors: Schindel Theresa , Hughes Christine , Sadowski Cheryl
Published: October 2013

Experiences with online learning in higher education have grown due to advancements in technology, technological savviness of students, changes in student expectations, and evolution of teaching approaches in higher education. Blended learning, the thoughtful fusion of face-to-face instruction with online learning, can enhance student learning and provide rewarding teaching experiences for faculty members. Pharmacy educators are beginning to employ blended learning across the continuum of professional education from entry-to-practice programs to continuing professional education programs. The objectives of this paper are to describe our early experiences with blended learning and how it has enhanced our teaching experiences. Possibilities for blended learning are considered as new curricula for pharmacy programs are developed at our institution.
SOCS3 Deletion in T Lymphocytes Suppresses Development of Chronic Ocular Inflammation via Upregulation of CTLA-4 and Expansion of Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Yu Cheng-Rong , Kim Sung-Hye , Mahdi Rashid M. , Egwuagu Charles E.
Published: October 2013

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative-feedback regulators of the JAK/STAT pathway, and SOCS3 contributes to host immunity by regulating the intensity and duration of cytokine signals and inflammatory responses. Mice with Socs3 deletion in myeloid cells exhibit enhanced STAT3 signaling, expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells, and develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Interestingly, development of the unique IL-17/IFN-γ double-producing (Th17/IFN-γ and Tc17/IFN-γ) subsets that exhibit strong cytotoxic activities and are associated with pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases has recently been shown to depend on epigenetic suppression of SOCS3 expression, further suggesting involvement of SOCS3 in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. In this study, we generated mice with Socs3 deletion in the CD4 T cell compartment (CD4-SOCS3 knockout [KO]) to determine in vivo effects of the loss of Socs3 in the T cell–mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In contrast to the exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in myeloid-specific SOCS3-deleted mice, CD4-SOCS3KO mice were protected from acute and chronic uveitis. Protection from EAU correlated with enhanced expression of CTLA-4 and expansion of IL-10–producing regulatory T cells with augmented suppressive activities. We further show that SOCS3 interacts with CTLA-4 and negatively regulates CTLA-4 levels in T cells, providing a mechanistic explanation for the expansion of regulatory T cells in CD4-SOCS3 during EAU. Contrary to in vitro epigenetic studies, Th17/IFN-γ and Tc17/IFN-γ populations were markedly reduced in CD4-SOCS3KO, suggesting that SOCS3 promotes expansion of the Th17/IFN-γ subset associated with development of severe uveitis. Thus, SOCS3 is a potential therapeutic target in uveitis and other autoinflammatory diseases.
Seroepidemiologic Survey of Epidemic Cholera in Haiti to Assess Spectrum of Illness and Risk Factors for Severe Disease
Authors: Jackson Brendan R. , Talkington Deborah F. , Pruckler James M. , Fouché M. D. Bernadette , Lafosse Elsie , Nygren Benjamin , Gómez Gerardo A. , Dahourou Georges A. , Archer W. Roodly , Payne Amanda B. , Hooper W. Craig , Tappero Jordan W. , Derado Gordana , Magloire Roc , Gerner-Smidt Peter , Freeman Nicole , Boncy Jacques , Mintz Eric D. , _ _
Published: October 2013

To assess the spectrum of illness from toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and risk factors for severe cholera in Haiti, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in a rural commune with more than 21,000 residents. During March 22–April 6, 2011, we interviewed 2,622 residents ≥ 2 years of age and tested serum specimens from 2,527 (96%) participants for vibriocidal and antibodies against cholera toxin; 18% of participants reported a cholera diagnosis, 39% had vibriocidal titers ≥ 320, and 64% had vibriocidal titers ≥ 80, suggesting widespread infection. Among seropositive participants (vibriocidal titers ≥ 320), 74.5% reported no diarrhea and 9.0% had severe cholera (reported receiving intravenous fluids and overnight hospitalization). This high burden of severe cholera is likely explained by the lack of pre-existing immunity in this population, although the virulence of the atypical El Tor strain causing the epidemic and other factors might also play a role.
Impact of Simulation Training on Time to Initiation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for First-Year Pediatrics Residents
Authors: Ross Joshua C. , Trainor Jennifer L. , Eppich Walter J. , Adler Mark D.
Published: October 2013

Background

Pediatrics residents have few opportunities to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Enhancing the quality of CPR is a key factor to improving outcomes for cardiopulmonary arrest in children and requires effective training strategies.

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of a simulation-based intervention to reduce first-year pediatrics residents' time for 3 critical actions in CPR: (1) call for help, (2) initiate bag-mask ventilation, and (3) initiate chest compressions.

Methods

A prospective study involving 31 first-year pediatrics residents at a children's hospital assigned to an early or late (control) intervention group. Residents underwent baseline assessment followed by repeat evaluations at 3 and 6 months. Time to critical actions was scored by video review. A 90-minute educational intervention focused on skill practice was conducted following baseline evaluation for the early-intervention group and following 3-month evaluation for the late-intervention group. Primary outcome was change in time to initiating the 3 critical actions. Change in time was analyzed by comparison of Kaplan-Meier curves, using the log-rank test. A 10% sample was timed by a second rater. Agreement was assessed using intraclass correlation (ICC).

Results

There was a statistically significant reduction in time for all 3 critical actions between baseline and 3-month evaluation in the early intervention group; this was not observed in the late (control) group. Rater agreement was excellent (ICC ≥ 0.99).

Conclusions

A simulation-based educational intervention significantly reduced time to initiation of CPR for first-year pediatrics residents. Simulation training facilitated acquisition of critical CPR skills that have the potential to impact patient outcome.
Factors Influencing the Presence of Interproximal Dental Papillae between Maxillary Anterior Teeth: A Clinical and Radiographic Study of the Indian Population
Authors: Kheur Mohit , Jain Nikhil V , Dugal Ramandeep , Musani Smita
Published: October 2013

Introduction

The presence of a normal and harmonically shaped papilla is crucial to avoid the presence of the ‘black triangle’ which is of major esthetic concern. The distance from the alveolar bone crest (BC) to the base of the contact area (CP) is a significant factor in determining whether a papilla will fill the interdental space.

Aim

To correlate the BC-CP distance with a different anatomic variable using a noninvasive method and to describe a simple, repeatable, observational measuring protocol to contribute to the prosthetic and surgical treatment planning.

Materials and methods

A total of 63 patients were enrolled in the study. A digital radiographs of the interdental embrasure between teeth 12 and 11, 11 and 21 and teeth 21 and 22 were taken with a paralleling cone technique using a RINN film holder. The radiographic data was used to measure the distance between the contact point and the bone crest (BC-CP) and the interdental distance (IDD) at the level of the bone crest.

Results

The number of papillae that filled the interproximal space decreased with the increasing BC-CP and IDD distance.

Conclusion

The vertical and horizontal dimensions of the interdental space influence the existence of interdental papilla.

How to cite this article

Jain N, Dugal R, Kheur M, Musani S. Factors Influencing the Presence of Interproximal Dental Papillae between Maxillary Anterior Teeth: A Clinical and Radiographic Study of the Indian Population. World J Dent 2013;4(3):158-163.
Effectiveness of ProTaper Retreatment System associated with Organic Solvents in the Removal of Root Canal Filling Material
Authors: de Toledo Leonardo Renato , Chávez-Andrade Gisselle Moraima , Kuga Milton Carlos , Guiotti Flávia Angélica , Faria Gisele , Magro Miriam Graziele , Cavenago Bruno Cavalini
Published: October 2013

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of ProTaper universal retreatment system in the removal of root canal filling material with thermomechanical compaction, in comparison to manualmechanical technique, associated with orange oil or eucalyptol.

Materials and methods

Forty extracted lower incisors were filled with thermomechanical compaction technique. After 3 years, the root canal filling was removed by: G1 - manualmechanical technique with orange oil; G2 - manual-mechanical technique with eucalyptol; G3 - ProTaper universal retreatment system with orange oil and G4 - ProTaper universal retreatment system with eucalyptol. In sequence, all root canals were instrumented to F5 instrument. The teeth were longitudinally grooved, images of buccal half were obtained in stereomicroscope and covered area by root canal filling material was measured using image tool software, in cervical, middle and apical radicular thirds. The results were subjected ANOVA and Tukey test (p = 0.05).

Results

In all thirds, the manual-mechanical technique showed lower presence of root canal filling material on root canal dentin in comparison to ProTaper retreatment universal system, regardless of organic solvent used (p < 0.05). There is no difference between organic solvents in removal root canal filling material (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The ProTaper universal retreatment system showed lower effectiveness in removal root canal filling material than manual-mechanical technique, regardless of organic solvents (orange oil or eucalyptol oil) used.

Clinical significance

Recently rotary instruments have been proposed to removal of root canal filling material. However, there are no studies evaluating its effectiveness in removal root canal filling material in association with orange oil or eucalyptol oil.

How to cite this article

Guiotti FA, Kuga MC, de Toledo Leonardo R, Chávez-Andrade GM, Magro MG, Cavenago BC, Faria G. Effectiveness of ProTaper Retreatment System associated with Organic Solvents in the Removal of Root Canal Filling Material. World J Dent 2013;4(3):175-179.
Deficient Alveolar Bone with Multiple Unerupted Permanent Teeth
Authors: Sukh Ram , Singh Alka , Tandon Pradeep , Singh Gyan P
Published: October 2013

Deficiency in alveolar bone with multiple unerupted permanent teeth without any known etiology is a rare dental anomaly. Various local and systemic factors have been usually related to the multiple unerupted permanent teeth. In this case report we present a case of deficient alveolar bone in maxillary tuberosity region with multiple unerupted permanent teeth and make an effort to find out all possible causes of it. It is critical to diagnose and make proper treatment plan for eruption disturbance in early stage because treatment at a later stage is usually more complicated. The patient management in such cases needs to be planned specifically from multidisciplinary standpoint.

How to cite this article

Sukh R, Singh A, Tandon P, Singh GP. Deficient Alveolar Bone with Multiple Unerupted Permanent Teeth. World J Dent 2013;4(3):198-201.
Clinical Protocol for Esthetic Restoration using a Self-etching Adhesive
Authors: Tonetto Mateus Rodrigues , Borges Alvaro Henrique , Bandeca Matheus Coelho , Borges Fausto Frizzera , Fontanari Lucas , Andrade Marcelo Ferrarezi de
Published: October 2013

The advent of new adhesive systems is making techniques and clinical protocols to become faster and simpler, however it does not reduce the importance of knowledge of the properties, characteristics and interaction of dental materials with the tooth structure. Among the adhesives that have recently emerged, highlight the self-etching systems, especially the two-step selfetching, in which the acid primer is available in a separate bottle from the adhesive. These adhesives have shown good results for bond strength, microleakage and postoperative sensitivity, being an option for direct adhesive restorations in anterior teeth. This way, the present case report describes the step-by-step making of a class IV restoration in an upper right central incisor using atwo-step adhesive system, obtaining satisfactory results.

How to cite this article

Tonetto MR, Borges FF, Fontanari L, Borges AH, Bandeca MC, de Andrade MF. Clinical Protocol for Esthetic Restoration using a Self-etching Adhesive. World J Dent 2013;4(3):202-207.
NOx emissions in China: historical trends and future perspectives
Authors: Zhao B. , Wang S. X. , Liu H. , Xu J. Y. , Fu K. , Klimont Z. , Hao J. M. , He K. B. , Cofala J. , Amann M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are key pollutants for the improvement of ambient air quality. Within this study we estimated the historical NOx emissions in China for the period 1995–2010, and calculated future NOx emissions every five years until 2030 under six emission scenarios. Driven by the fast growth of energy consumption, we estimate the NOx emissions in China increased rapidly from 11.0 Mt in 1995 to 26.1 Mt in 2010. Power plants, industry and transportation were major sources of NOx emissions, accounting for 28.4%, 34.0%, and 25.4% of the total NOx emissions in 2010, respectively. Two energy scenarios, a business as usual scenario (BAU) and an alternative policy scenario (PC), were developed to project future energy consumption. In 2030, total energy consumption is projected to increase by 64% and 27% from 2010 level respectively. Three sets of end-of-pipe pollution control measures, including baseline, progressive, and stringent control case, were developed for each energy scenario, thereby constituting six emission scenarios. By 2030, the total NOx emissions are projected to increase (compared to 2010) by 36% in the baseline while policy cases result in reduction up to 61% in the most ambitious case with stringent control measures. More than a third of the reduction achieved by 2030 between least and most ambitious scenario comes from power sector, and more than half is distributed equally between industry and transportation sectors. Selective catalytic reduction dominates the NOx emission reductions in power plants, while life style changes, control measures for industrial boilers and cement production are major contributors to reductions in industry. Timely enforcement of legislation on heavy-duty vehicles would contribute significantly to NOx emission reductions. About 30% of the NOx emission reduction in 2020 and 40% of the NOx emission reduction in 2030 could be treated as the ancillary benefit of energy conservation. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the impact of key factors on future emissions.
Aircraft observations of cold pools under marine stratocumulus
Authors: Terai C. R. , Wood R.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Although typically associated with precipitating cumuli, cold pools also form under shallower stratocumulus. This study presents cold-pool observations as sampled by the NSF/NCAR C-130, which made cloud and boundary-layer measurements over the southeast Pacific stratocumulus region at an altitude of approximately 150 m during the VOCALS Regional Experiment. Ninety edges of cold pools are found in the C-130 measurements by identifying step-like changes in the potential temperature. Examination of their mesoscale environment shows that the observed cold pools tend to form under heavier precipitation, thicker clouds, and in cleaner environments. Cold pools are also found to form under clouds with high LWP values over the night of or before sampling. When they form, cold pools often form in clusters or on top of each other, rather than as separate, individual entities. Their sizes range from 2 km to 16 km (middle 50th percentile), where the largest of cold pools are associated with the greatest drops in temperature. Composites of various observed thermodynamic and chemical variables along the cold-pool edges indicate increased humidity, equivalent potential temperature, coarse-mode aerosol, and dimethyl sulfide concentration inside cold pools. The enhancements inside cold pools are consistent with increased static stability that traps fluxes from the ocean surface in the lowest levels of the boundary layer. By using pressure perturbations, the average cold pool is estimated to be approximately 300 m deep. The temperature depression in cold pools also leads to density-driven flows that drive convergence of horizontal winds and measurable, mechanically driven vertical wind velocity at the edges of cold pools.
Sources contributing to background surface ozone in the US Intermountain West
Authors: Zhang L. , Jacob D. J. , Yue X. , Downey N. V. , Wood D. A. , Blewitt D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We quantify the sources contributing to background surface ozone concentrations in the US Intermountain West by using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model with 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution to interpret CASTNet ozone monitoring data for 2006–2008. We isolate contributions from lightning, wildfires, the stratosphere, and California pollution. Lightning increases mean surface ozone in summer by 10 ppbv in the Intermountain West, with moderate variability; constraining the model source with flash rate observations is important. Using a daily wildfire inventory compiled from fire reports in the western US generates high-ozone events in excess of 80 ppbv in GEOS-Chem. The CASTNet observations show no evidence of such events. Models in general may overestimate ozone concentrations in fresh plumes because of inadequate fire plume chemistry. The highest ozone concentrations observed in the Intermountain West (>75 ppbv) in spring are associated with stratospheric intrusions. The model captures the timing of these intrusions but not their magnitude, reflecting numerical diffusion intrinsic to Eulerian models. This can be corrected statistically through a relationship between model bias and the model-diagnosed magnitude of stratospheric influence; with this correction, models may still be useful to forecast and interpret high-ozone events from stratospheric intrusions. We show that discrepancy between models in diagnosing stratospheric influence is due in part to differences in definition, i.e., whether stratospheric ozone is diagnosed as produced in the stratosphere (GEOS-Chem definition) or as transported from above the tropopause. The latter definition can double the diagnosed stratospheric influence in surface air by labeling as "stratospheric" any ozone produced in the troposphere and temporarily transported to the stratosphere. California pollution influence in the Intermountain West frequently exceeds 10 ppbv but is generally not correlated with the highest ozone events.
A system for large-scale automatic traffic sign recognition and mapping
Authors: Chigorin A. , Konushin A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We present a system for the large-scale automatic traffic signs recognition and mapping and experimentally justify design choices made for different components of the system. Our system works with more than 140 different classes of traffic signs and does not require labor-intensive labelling of a large amount of training data due to the training on synthetically generated images. We evaluated our system on the large dataset of Russian traffic signs and made this dataset publically available to encourage future comparison.