bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contextual experience modifies functional connectome indices of topological strength and efficiency
Authors: Pompilus Marjory , Colon-Perez Luis M. , Grudny Matteo M. , Febo Marcelo
Published: November 2020

Stimuli presented at short temporal delays before functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can have a robust impact on the organization of synchronous activity in resting state networks. This presents an opportunity to investigate how sensory, affective and cognitive stimuli alter functional connectivity in rodent models. In the present study we assessed the effect on functional connectivity of a familiar contextual stimulus presented 10 min prior to sedation for imaging. A subset of animals were co-presented with an unfamiliar social stimulus in the same environment to further investigate the effect of familiarity on network topology. Rats were imaged at 11.1 T and graph theory analysis was applied to matrices generated from seed-based functional connectivity data sets with 144 brain regions (nodes) and 10,152 pairwise correlations (after excluding 144 diagonal edges). Our results show substantial changes in network topology in response to the familiar (context). Presentation of the familiar context, both in the absence and presence of the social stimulus, strongly reduced network strength, global efficiency, and altered the location of the highest eigenvector centrality nodes from cortex to the hypothalamus. We did not observe changes in modular organization, nodal cartographic assignments, assortative mixing, rich club organization, and network resilience. We propose that experiential factors, perhaps involving associative or episodic memory, can exert a dramatic effect on functional network strength and efficiency when presented at a short temporal delay before imaging.
Effect of desalted Salicornia europaea L. ethanol extract (PM-EE) on the subjects complaining memory dysfunction without dementia: a 12 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Lee Woo-Jin , Shin Yong-Won , Kim Da-Eun , Kweon Mee-Hyang , Kim Manho
Published: November 2020

Desalted Salicornia europaea L. (SE) inhibits acetylcholine esterase, attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, and activates neurotrophic pathway. We performed 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of PhytoMeal(a desalted SE)-ethanol extract (PM-EE), in improving the cognitive performance in patients with subjective memory impairment. 63 participants complaining memory dysfunction without dementia (Korean Mini-Mental State Examination [K-MMSE] score ≥ 23) were assigned to PM-EE 600 mg/day or placebo. The cognitive domain of the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-Korean version (ADAS-K) was set as the primary outcome. After 12 weeks, there was no differences in the changes in the primary outcome or the frequency of adverse events between the groups. In the subgroup analysis for the 30 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, baseline K-MMSE scores ≤ 28), PM-EE significantly improved the color-reading score of the Korean color-word stroop test (8.2 ± 25.0 vs. − 4.7 ± 13.2, P = 0.018). Our findings suggest that PM-EE is safe but might not be effective in this setting of this study. However, PM-EE may improve the frontal executive function in the patients with MCI. Further large-sized studies with longer follow-up period is warranted (trial registration number KCT0003418).
Zwitterionic hydrogel for sustained release of growth factors to enhance wound healing
Authors: Xiao Zecong , Zheng Xinyao , An Ying , Wang Kangning , Zhang Junwen , He Huacheng , Wu Jiang
Published: November 2020

Zwitterionic hydrogels outperform PEG hydrogels in delivering FGF2 for enhanced wound healing.
Development of potent inhibitors for strigolactone receptor DWARF 14
Authors: Yoshimura Masahiko , Kim Sojung F. , Takise Ryosuke , Kusano Shuhei , Nakamura Sakuya , Izumi Masanori , Yagi Akiko , Itami Kenichiro , Hagihara Shinya
Published: November 2020

Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that suppress shoot branching through perception by their receptor protein DWARF 14 (D14). Based on the binding model of DL1, a small-molecule D14 inhibitor, more potent compounds were developed.
Experimental and theoretical studies on circularly polarized phosphorescence of a [2.2]paracyclophane-based platinum(ii) complex
Authors: Inoue Ryo , Kondo Riki , Morisaki Yasuhiro
Published: November 2020

The study describes the C2-cyclic Pt(ii) complex based on [2.2]paracyclophane showing circularly polarized phosphorescence, along with a theoretical investigation of the |glum| value.
Transformation between 2D covalent organic frameworks with distinct pore hierarchy via exchange of building blocks with different symmetries
Authors: Ma De-Li , Qi Qiao-Yan , Lu Jian , Xiang Meng-Hui , Jia Chao , Lu Bing-Yi , Jiang Guo-Fang , Zhao Xin
Published: November 2020

Direct structural transformation between 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via exchange of molecular building blocks with different symmetries has been realized, which gives rise to the conversion between 2D COFs with distinct pore hierarchy.
Investigation of Yb:CaWO4 as a potential new self-Raman laser crystal
Authors: Chen Junxian , Dong Liang , Liu Fenfen , Xu Honghao , Liu Junhai
Published: November 2020

High-quality Yb:CaWO4 crystal was grown using the Czochralski method; laser action and self-Raman conversion were demonstrated.
Strengthening mechanism of Si, V and Ti atoms to the Ag/AlN interface: a study from first-principles calculations
Authors: Bian Wenshan , Li Runlin , Guo Weibing , Xue Haitao , Zhang Xiaoming
Published: November 2020

Active elements play key roles in improving the interfacial bonding between Ag-based fillers and AlN ceramics.
Mechanistic investigations via DFT support the cooperative heterobimetallic C–H and O–H bond activation across TaIr multiple bonds
Authors: Del Rosal Iker , Lassalle Sébastien , Dinoi Chiara , Thieuleux Chloé , Maron Laurent , Camp Clément
Published: November 2020

Tantalum and iridium join forces to promote the unconventional cooperative activation of unactivated C–H and O–H bonds across the two metals.
A metal-free catalyst: sulfur-doped and sulfur nanoparticle-modified CMK-3 as an electrocatalyst for enhanced N2-fixation
Authors: Wang Jin , Wang Peng , Wang Shuang , Li Jinping
Published: November 2020

S/CMK-3 was fabricated by sulfur-doped and sulfur nanoparticles modified by a one-pot method for enhanced N2reduction.
A novel “turn-on” fluorescent probe based on naphthalimide for the tracking of lysosomal Cu2+ in living cells
Authors: Xu Tingting , Huang Junjie , Fang Min , Sui Mingshuai , Zhu Yujing , Shentu Yupeng , Li Cun , Zhu Weiju
Published: November 2020

The lysosome-targeted probe CuNI exhibits highly effective fluorescence detection ability for Cu2+ in aqueous solution and cells. The fluorescent enhancement is due to the Cu2+-catalyzed hydrolysis of CuNI and the AIE effect of the hydrolysate MFNI.
Design of Prussian blue analogue-derived double-cone structure Ce–Fe catalysts and their enhanced performance for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3
Authors: Guo Jie , Zhang Guodong , Tang Zhicheng , Zhang Jiyi
Published: November 2020

Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues (PBA) with different structures and adjustable compositions have been recognized as promising materials for catalysis, energy storage, and biological applications.
Electrospun zirconia nanofibers for enhancing the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia by artificial nitrogen fixation
Authors: Xia Jiaojiao , Guo Haoran , Cheng Maozeng , Chen Chuyan , Wang Minkang , Xiang Yong , Li Tingshuai , Traversa Enrico
Published: November 2020

ZrO2 nanofibers are fabricated using the electrospinning technique and they are used as an electrocatalyst to convert nitrogen to ammonia based on the reaction of N2 + 3H2O = 2NH3 + 1.5O2.
CoNi alloys with slight oxidation@N,O Co-doped carbon: enhanced collective contributions of cores and shells to multifunctional electrocatalytic activity and Zn–air batteries
Authors: He Xiaobo , Yin Fengxiang , Li Guoru , Chen Biaohua , Wang Shuo , Gu Mingcheng
Published: November 2020

Enhanced collective contributions of shells (direct ones) and cores (indirect ones) to multifunctional activity and rechargeable Zn–air batteries.
Work function regulation of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes triggered by metal nanoparticles for efficient electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation
Authors: Yuan Menglei , Bai Yiling , Zhang Jingxian , Zhao Tongkun , Li Shuwei , He Hongyan , Liu Zhanjun , Wang Zhongde , Zhang Guangjin
Published: November 2020

The work function (W) is utilized as an effective descriptor to predict the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) activity. The lower W value of M@NCNTs promotes the transfer of electrons from the catalyst surface to the adsorbed N2.
Fabricating nano-IrO2@amorphous Ir-MOF composites for efficient overall water splitting: a one-pot solvothermal approach
Authors: Li Lei , Li Guilin , Zhang Yaping , Ouyang Wenjun , Zhang Huiwen , Dong Feifei , Gao Xuehui , Lin Zhan
Published: November 2020

IrO2@Ir-MOF composed of ultrafine IrO2 nanoparticles confined in Ir-MOF was developed to achieve accelerated oxygen evolution kinetics for efficient water splitting.
Individual gas sensor detecting dual exhaled biomarkers via a temperature modulated n/p semiconducting transition
Authors: Xing Xiaxia , Du Lingling , Feng Dongliang , Wang Chen , Yao Mingshui , Huang Xiaohu , Zhang Shixi , Yang Dachi
Published: November 2020

Individual gas sensor prototype detecting dual H2S and acetone biomarkers via modulating the n/p semiconducting transition is studied, contributing to the integration and miniaturization of sensors for upcoming intelligent medical treatment.
Magnetic mesoporous silica/ε-polylysine nanomotor-based removers of blood Pb2+
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Xu Tingting , Wang Meng , Mao Chun , Chi Bo
Published: November 2020

A newly designed magnetic nanomotor-based remover with good biocompatibility can efficiently remove blood lead ions.
A methylation-inspired mesoporous coordination polymer for identification and removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions
Authors: Chen Zhonghui , Lv Ziyu , Lin Zirong , Chen Jun , Zhang Yifang , Wang Cunli , Qing Guangyan , Sun Yifeng , Chi Zhenguo
Published: November 2020

Tuning the interfacial chemistry of a metal–biomolecule coordination hybrid via bio-inspired methylation for structure enhancement and selective hazard adsorption/identification.
Chalcogen-vacancy group VI transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution
Authors: Kwak In Hye , Kwon Ik Seon , Lee Jong Hyun , Lim Young Rok , Park Jeunghee
Published: November 2020

Chalcogen vacancies of MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2 nanosheets enhanced the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction in solar photoelectrochemical cells.
Spectral and thermometric properties altering through crystal field strength modification and host material composition in luminescence thermometers based on Fe3+doped AB2O4type nanocrystals (A = Mg, Ca; B = Al, Ga)
Authors: Kniec K. , Piotrowski W. , Ledwa K. , Carlos L. D. , Marciniak L.
Published: November 2020

The influence of the crystal field strength and host material composition on the spectral position of the emission band and thermal stability of Fe3+luminescence was investigated in order to develop a highly sensitive luminescence thermometer.
Pressure build-up analysis in the flow regimes of the CO2 sequestration problem
Authors: Sarris Ernestos , Gravanis Elias , Papaloizou Loizos
Published: November 2020

In this work we analyse theoretically and numerically the pressure build-up on the cap rock of a saline aquifer during CO2 injection in all flow regimes. Flow regimes are specific regions of the parameter space representing the mathematical spread of the plume. The parameter space is defined in terms of the CO2-to-brine relative mobility λ and the buoyancy parameter Γ. In addition to the known asymptotic self-similar solutions for low buoyancy regimes, we introduce two novel ones for the high buoyancy regimes via power series solutions. Explicit results for the peak pressure value on the cap, which arises in the vicinity of the well, are derived and discussed for all flow regimes. The analytical results derived are then applied for cap integrity considerations in six test cases of CO2 geological storage from the PCOR partnership, most of which correspond to high buoyancy conditions. The validity of the self-similar solutions which are late time asymptotics, is verified with CFD numerical simulations with a commercial software. The comparison between the self-similar solutions and CFD for the pressure estimations are in excellent agreement and the self-similar solutions are valid for typical injection durations even for early times.
An immersed phase field fracture model in fluid-infiltrating porous media with evolving Beavers-Joseph-Saffman condition
Authors: Suh Hyoung Suk , Sun WaiChing
Published: November 2020

This study presents a phase field model for brittle fracture in fluid-infiltrating vuggy porous media. While the state-of-the-art in hydraulic phase field fracture considers Darcian fracture flow with enhanced permeability along the crack, in this study, the phase field not only acts as a damage variable that provides diffuse representation of cracks or cavities, but also acts as an indicator function that separates the domain into two regions where fluid flows are governed by Stokes and Darcy equations, respectively. Since the phase field and its gradient can be respectively regarded as smooth approximations of the Heaviside function and Dirac delta function, our new approach is capable of imposing interfacial transmissibility conditions without explicit interface parametrizations. In addition, the interaction between solid and fluid constituents is modeled by adopting the concept of mixture theory, where the fluid velocities in Stokes and Darcy regions are considered as relative measures compared to the solid motion. This model is particularly attractive for coupled flow analysis in geological materials with complex microstructures undergoing brittle fracture often encountered in energy geotechnics problems, since it completely eliminates the needs to generate specific enrichment function, integration scheme, or meshing algorithm tailored for complex geological features.
Finite element analyses of energy piles using different constitutive models
Authors: Iodice Chiara , Di Laora Raffaele , Mandolini Alessandro
Published: November 2020

Energy piles are foundation elements having the double scope of transferring structural loads from the structure to the ground and of exchanging heat with the surrounding soil. It follows that pile state of stress and settlement are altered by the time-dependent temperature change in both pile and soil. This work is aimed at investigating the effect of thermal cycles on the behaviour of a single energy pile. To this end, fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical analyses have been carried out using the Finite Element code ABAQUS. The single pile is installed in a normally consolidated clay behaving according to different constitutive models involving Mohr-Coulomb, Modified Cam Clay and Hypoplastic. The latter is employed with and without the thermal formulation capable of accounting for the thermal collapse of NC clays during heating. A single free-head pile is considered and the results are presented in terms of pile axial force and settlement developed cycle by cycle.
Experimental study: Effect of pore geometry and structural heterogeneity on the repetitive two-phase fluid flow in porous media and its implications to PM-CAES
Authors: Zhang Jingtao , Zhang Haipeng , Lee Donghee , Ryu Sangjin , Kim Seunghee
Published: November 2020

Compressed air energy storage in porous media (PM-CAES) has recently been suggested as a promising alternative to existing CAES plants. PM-CAES incurs repetitive two-phase fluid flow caused by the cyclic injection and withdrawal of air to/from the porous medium that is initially saturated with the formation water during the operation. Therefore, predicting the overall macro-scale performance of porous media for energy storage requires a better understanding of repetitive two-phase fluid flow in the pore network at the fundamental pore-scale level. To answer this need, we conducted an experimental study using the microfluidics technology; we constructed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based micromodels with two different geometries (Type I: circular solids and Type II: square solids) and three different structural heterogeneities (coefficient of variation: COV=0, 0.25 and 0.5). Then, we applied a total of ten injection-withdrawal cycles to each micromodel (i.e., ten cyclic drainage-imbibition processes) at different flow rate conditions (Q=0.01 and 0.1 ml/min). It was observed that the displacement patterns of the initially residing fluid (wetting fluid; oil in this study) and the injected fluid (non-wetting fluid; water in this study) were greatly influenced by the geometry and heterogeneity of the pore structure, and imposed flow rate. Results such as the effective sweep efficiency and residual saturation of the non-wetting fluid were analyzed at each drainage-imbibition cycle to aid in understanding the impact of repetitive fluid flow. The experimental observations imply that the flow rate and structural heterogeneity may influence the efficiency of PM-CAES more than the pore geometry does.
Analysis of the efficiency of an embedded floor heating for snow melting and freeze protection
Authors: Penkova Nina , Zlateva Merima , Mladenov Boian
Published: November 2020

An algorithm for modelling and numerical simulation of the three dimensional conjugate heat transfer in slab-embedded snow melting and freeze protecting systems is developed. The influence of the climate conditions on the heat transfer in the constructions is modelled according to the correspondent design method of ASHRAE. The models are verified and solved numerically via finite volume method for a road embedded hydronic installation at different piping configurations. The fluid flow parameters and temperature fields in the construction are obtained at steady state climate conditions, hardest for 95 % of the wintertime for the region. An analysis of the efficiency of the modelled configurations is implemented based on the computed snow-free area ratio of the road surfaces.
The updated DESGW processing pipeline for the third LIGO/VIRGO observing run
Authors: Herner Kenneth , Annis James , Garcia Alyssa , Soares-Santos Marcelle , Brout Dillon , Glaeser Noemi , Sherman Nora , Kessler Richard , Morgan Robert , Palmese Antonella , Paz-Chinchon Francisco , Lenon Amber , Bachmann Tristan
Published: November 2020

The DESGW group seeks to identify electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave events seen by the LIGO-VIRGO network, such as those expected from binary neutron star mergers or neutron star-black hole mergers. DESGW was active throughout the first two LIGO observing seasons, following up several binary black hole mergers and the first binary neutron star merger, GW170817. This work describes the modifications to the observing strategy generation and image processing pipeline between the second (ending in August 2017) and third (beginning in April 2019) LIGO observing seasons. The modifications include a more robust observing strategy generator, further parallelization of the image reduction software and difference imaging processing pipeline, data transfer streamlining, and a web page listing identified counterpart candidates that updates in real time. Taken together, the additional parallelization steps enable the identification of potential electromagnetic counterparts within fully calibrated search images in less than one hour, compared to the 3-5 hours it would typically take during the first two seasons. These performance improvements are critical to the entire EM follow-up community, as rapid identification (or rejection) of candidates enables detailed and rapid spectroscopic follow-up by multiple instruments, leading to more information about the environment immediately following such gravitational wave events.
Integration of custom DAQ Electronics in a SCADA Framework
Authors: Granado Cardoso Luís , Gaspar Clara , Viana Barbosa João , Alessio Federico , Jost Beat , Neufeld Niko , Frank Markus , Schwemmer Rainer , Durante Paolo
Published: November 2020

LHCb is one of the 4 experiments at the LHC accelerator at CERN. During the upgrade phase of the experiment, several new electronic boards and Front End chips that perform the data acquisition for the experiment will be added by the different sub-detectors.

These new devices will be controlled and monitored via a system composed of GigaBit Transceiver (GBT) chips that manage the bi-directional slow control traffic to the Slow Control Adapter(s) (SCA) chips. The SCA chips provide multiple field buses to interface the new electronics devices (I2C, GPIO, etc). These devices will need to be integrated in the Experiment Control System (ECS) that drives LHCb.

A set of tools was developed that provide an easy integration of the control and monitoring of the devices in the ECS. A server (GbtServ) provides the low level communication layer with the devices via the several user buses in the GBT-SCA chip and exposes an interface for control to the experiment SCADA (WinCC OA), the fwGbt component provides the interface between the SCADA and the GbtServ and the fwHw component, a tool that allows the abstraction of the devices models into the ECS. Using the graphical User Interfaces or XML files describing the structure and registers of the devices it creates the necessary model of the hardware as a data structure in the SCADA. It allows then the control and monitoring of the defined registers using their name, without the need to know the details of the hardware behind. The fwHw tool also provides the facility of defining and applying recipes named sets of configurations which can be used to easily configure the hardware according to specific needs.
Fast and resource-efficient Deep Neural Network on FPGA for the Phase-II Level-0 muon barrel trigger of the ATLAS experiment
Authors: Giagu Stefano
Published: November 2020

The Level-0 muon trigger system of the ATLAS experiment will undergo a full upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC to stand the challenging requirements imposed by the increase in instantaneous luminosity. The upgraded trigger system will send raw hit data to off-detector processors, where trigger algorithms run on a new generation of FPGAs. To exploit the flexibility provided by the FPGA systems, ATLAS is developing novel precision deep neural network architectures based on trained ternary quantisation, optimised to run on FPGAs for efficient reconstruction and identification of muons in the ATLAS “Level-0” trigger. Physics performance in terms of efficiency and fake rates and FPGA logic resource occupancy and timing obtained with the developed algorithms are discussed.
JANA2 Framework for Event Based and Triggerless Data Processing
Authors: Lawrence David , Boehnlein Amber , Brei Nathan
Published: November 2020

Development of the second generation JANA2 multi-threaded event processing framework is ongoing through an LDRD initiative grant at Jefferson Lab. The framework is designed to take full advantage of all cores on modern many-core compute nodes. JANA2 efficiently handles both traditional hardware triggered event data and streaming data in online triggerless environments. Development is being done in conjunction with the Electron Ion Collider development. Anticipated to be the next large scale Nuclear Physics facility constructed. The core framework is written in modern C++ but includes an integrated Python interface. The status of development and summary of the more interesting features are presented.
40 MHz Level-1 Trigger Scouting for CMS
Authors: Badaro Gilbert , Behrens Ulf , Branson James , Brummer Philipp , Cittolin Sergio , Da Silva-Gomes Diego , Darlea Georgiana-Lavinia , Deldicque Christian , Dobson Marc , Doualot Nicolas , Fulcher Jonathan Richard , Gigi Dominique , Gladki Maciej , Glege Frank , Golubovic Dejan , Gomez-Ceballos Guillelmo , Hegeman Jeroen , James Thomas Owen , Li Wei , Mecionis Audrius , Meijers Frans , Meschi Emilio , Mommsen Remigius K. , Mor Keyshav , Morovic Srecko , Orsini Luciano , Papakrivopoulos Ioannis , Paus Christoph , Petrucci Andrea , Pieri Marco , Rabady Dinyar , Raychinov Kolyo , Racz Attila , Rodriguez-Garcia Alvaro , Sakulin Hannes , Schwick Christoph , Simelevicius Dainius , Soursos Panagiotis , Stahl Andre , Stankevicius Mantas , Suthakar Uthayanath , Vazquez-Velez Cristina , Zahid Awais , Zejdl Petr
Published: November 2020

The CMS experiment will be upgraded for operation at the HighLuminosity LHC to maintain and extend its physics performance under extreme pileup conditions. Upgrades will include an entirely new tracking system, supplemented by a track finder processor providing tracks at Level-1, as well as a high-granularity calorimeter in the endcap region. New front-end and back-end electronics will also provide the Level-1 trigger with high-resolution information from the barrel calorimeter and the muon systems. The upgraded Level-1 processors, based on powerful FPGAs, will be able to carry out sophisticated feature searches with resolutions often similar to the offline ones, while keeping pileup effects under control. In this paper, we discuss the feasibility of a system capturing Level-1 intermediate data at the beam-crossing rate of 40 MHz and carrying out online analyzes based on these limited-resolution data. This 40 MHz scouting system would provide fast and virtually unlimited statistics for detector diagnostics, alternative luminosity measurements and, in some cases, calibrations. It has the potential to enable the study of otherwise inaccessible signatures, either too common to fit in the Level-1 accept budget, or with requirements which are orthogonal to “mainstream” physics, such as long-lived particles. We discuss the requirements and possible architecture of a 40 MHz scouting system, as well as some of the physics potential, and results from a demonstrator operated at the end of Run-2 using the Global Muon Trigger data from CMS. Plans for further demonstrators envisaged for Run-3 are also discussed.
Scalable monitoring data processing for the LHCb software trigger
Authors: Petrucci Stefano , Matev Rosen , Aaij Roel
Published: November 2020

The LHCb High Level Trigger (HLT) is split in two stages. HLT1 is synchronous with collisions delivered by the LHC and writes its output to a local disk buffer, which is asynchronously processed by HLT2. Efficient monitoring of the data being processed by the application is crucial to promptly diagnose detector or software problems. HLT2 consists of approximately 50000 processes and 4000 histograms are produced by each process. This results in 200 million histograms that need to be aggregated for each of up to a hundred data taking intervals that are being processed simultaneously. This paper presents the multi-level hierarchical architecture of the monitoring infrastructure put in place to achieve this. Network bandwidth is minimised by sending histogram increments and only exchanging metadata when necessary, using a custom lightweight protocol based on boost::serialize. The transport layer is implemented with ZeroMQ, which supports IPC and TCP communication, queue handling, asynchronous request/response and multipart messages. The persistent storage to ROOT is parallelized in order to cope with data arriving from a hundred of data taking intervals being processed simultaneously by HLT2. The performance and the scalability of the current system are presented. We demonstrate the feasibility of such an approach for the HLT1 use case, where real-time feedback and reliability of the infrastructure are crucial. In addition, a prototype of a high-level transport layer based on the stream-processing platform Apache Kafka is shown, which has several advantages over the lower-level ZeroMQ solution.
The Performance of Belle II High Level Trigger in the First Physics Run
Authors: Itoh R. , Braun N. , Li C. , Nakao M. , Yamada S. , Suzuki S. Y. , Zhou Q. , Konno T. , Liu Z-A. , Zhao J. , Hartbrich O. , Park SH. , Guan Y. , Lautenbach K. , Reiter S. , Spruck B.
Published: November 2020

The Belle II experiment is a new generation B-factory experiment at KEK in Japan aiming at the search for New Physics in a huge sample of B-meson decays. The commissioning of the accelerator and the detector for the first physics run has started from March this year. The Belle II High Level Trigger (HLT) is fully working in the beam run. The HLT is now operated with 1600 cores clusterized in 5 units, which is 1/4 of the full configuration. The software trigger is performed using the same oﬄine reconstruction code, and events are classified into a set of physics categories. Only the events in the categories of interest are finally sent out to the storage. Live data quality monitoring is also performed on HLT. For the selected events, the reconstructed tracks are extrapolated to the surface of the pixel detector (PXD) and quickly fed back to the readout electronics for the real time data reduction by sending only the associated hits. The maximum trigger rate in the first physics run was 3.5kHz, and the Belle II data acquisition system was stably operated. There were several problems in the HLT operation, but they have successfully been fixed during the data taking period. The HLT reduction factor is measured to be 8 which is still higher than the design because of the high background environment.
New Developments in the VMC Project
Authors: Hřivnáčová Ivana , Volkel Benedikt
Published: November 2020

Virtual Monte Carlo (VMC) provides a unified interface to different detector simulation transport engines such as GEANT3 and GEANT4. Since recently all the VMC packages (the VMC core library, also included in ROOT, and the GEANT3 and GEANT4 VMC) are distributed via the VMC Project GitHub organization. In addition to these VMC related packages, the VMC project also includes the Virtual Geometry Model (VGM), which is optionally used in GEANT4 VMC for conversion between GEANT4 and ROOT TGeo geometry models.

In this contribution we will present the new organization of the VMC project at GitHub and new developments in the VMC interfaces and the VMC packages. We will cover the introduction of the sensitive detector interface in the VMC core and both GEANT3 and GEANT4 VMC and the new GEANT4-related developments.

GEANT4 VMC 3.0 with the integration of multithreading processing was presented at CHEP in 2015. In this presentation we will report on new features included since this version: the improved support for magnetic fields, the integration of fast simulation, Garfield physics, GEANT4 transition radiation and monopole physics. Five new VMC examples demonstrating these new features, and serving also for tests, will be also discussed. Finally we will mention the work towards the code quality and improvements in testing, documentation and automated code formatting.
The Virtual Geometry Model
Authors: Hřivnáčová Ivana
Published: November 2020

The Virtual Geometry Model (VGM) is a geometry conversion tool, providing conversion between Geant4 and ROOT TGeo geometry models. Its design allows inclusion of another geometry model by implementing a single sub-module instead of writing bilateral converters for all already supported models.

In this presentation we will give an update on the tool architecture, implementation and supported features, the user examples, testing and documentation. We will discuss the opportunities for using the tool for verification of the user geometries. Finally, we will also present the tool build system, distribution and releases policy.
Prompt calibration automation at Belle II
Authors: Dossett David , Sevior Martin
Published: November 2020

The Belle II detector began collecting data from e+e− collisions at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider in March 2019. Belle II aims to collect a data sample 50 times larger than the previous generation of B-factories. For Belle II analyses to be competitive it is crucial that calibration payloads for this data are calculated promptly prior to data reconstruction. To accomplish this goal a Python plugin package has been developed based on the open-source Apache Airflow package; using Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) to describe the ordering of processes and Flask to provide administration and job submission web pages. DAGs for calibration process submission, monitoring of incoming data files, and validation of calibration payloads have all been created to help automate the calibration procedure. Flask plugin classes have been developed to extend the built-in Airflow administration and monitoring web pages. Authentication was included through the use of the pre-existing X.509 grid certificates of Belle II users.
A VecGeom navigator plugin for Geant4
Authors: Wenzel Sandro , Apostolakis John , Cosmo Gabriele
Published: November 2020

VecGeom is a geometry modeller library with hit-detection features as needed by particle detector simulation at the LHC and beyond. It was incubated by a Geant-R&D initiative and the motivation to combine the code of Geant4 and ROOT/TGeo into a single, better maintainable piece of software within the EU-AIDA program.

So far, VecGeom is mainly used by LHC experiments as a geometry primitive library called from Geant4, where it was shown to provide 7–12% reduction in CPU time due to its faster algorithms for complex primitives [1].

In this contribution, we discuss how VecGeom can be used as the navigating library in Geant4 in order to benefit from both its fast geometry primitives as well as its vectorised navigation module. We investigate whether this integration provides the speed improvements expected, in addition to the gain obtained from geometry primitives. We discuss and benchmark the application of a VecGeomnavigator plugin to Geant4 for a simplified geometry and show paths towards production usage.
Fast simulation methods in ATLAS: from classical to generative models
Authors: Chapman John , Cranmer Kyle , Gadatsch Stefan , Golling Tobias , Ghosh Aishik , Gray Heather M. , Lari Tommaso , Pascuzzi Vincent R. , Raine John A. , Rousseau David , Salamani Dalila , Schaarschmidt Jana
Published: November 2020

The ATLAS physics program relies on very large samples of Geant4 simulated events, which provide a highly detailed and accurate simulation of the ATLAS detector. However, this accuracy comes with a high price in CPU, and the sensitivity of many physics analyses is already limited by the available Monte Carlo statistics and will be even more so in the future. Therefore, sophisticated fast simulation tools have been developed. In Run 3 we aim to replace the calorimeter shower simulation for most samples with a new parametrised description of longitudinal and lateral energy deposits, including machine learning approaches, to achieve a fast and accurate description. Looking further ahead, prototypes are being developed using cutting edge machine learning approaches to learn the appropriate calorimeter response, which are expected to improve modeling of correlations within showers. Two different approaches, using Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) or Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), are trained to model the shower simulation. Additional fast simulation tools will replace the inner detector simulation, as well as digitization and reconstruction algorithms, achieving up to two orders of magnitude improvement in speed. In this talk, we will describe the new tools for fast production of simulated events and an exploratory analysis of the deep learning methods.
Dirac-based solutions for JUNO production system
Authors: Zhang Xiaomei
Published: November 2020

The JUNO (Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory) Monte Carlo production tasks are composed of complicated workflow and dataflow linked by data. The paper will present the design of the JUNO production system based on the DIRAC transformation framework to meet the requirements of the JUNO Monte Carlo production activities among JUNO data centres according to the JUNO computing model. The approach allows JUNO data-driven workflow and dataflow to be chained automatically with availability of data and also provides a convenient interface for production groups to create and monitor production tasks. The functions and performance tests for evaluating the prototype system would be also presented in the paper.
Using OpenMP for HEP framework algorithm scheduling
Authors: Jones Christopher , Gartung Patrick
Published: November 2020

The OpenMP standard is the primary mechanism used at high performance computing facilities to allow intra-process parallelization. In contrast, many HEP specific software packages (such as CMSSW, GaudiHive, and ROOT) make use of Intel’s Threading Building Blocks (TBB) library to accomplish the same goal. In these proceedings we will discuss our work to compare TBB and OpenMP when used for scheduling algorithms to be run by a HEP style data processing framework. This includes both scheduling of different interdependent algorithms to be run concurrently as well as scheduling concurrent work within one algorithm. As part of the discussion we present an overview of the OpenMP threading model. We also explain how we used OpenMP when creating a simplified HEP-like processing framework. Using that simplified framework, and a similar one written using TBB, we will present performance comparisons between TBB and different compiler versions of OpenMP.
C++ Modules in ROOT and Beyond
Authors: Vassilev Vassil , Lange David , Muzaffar Malik Shahzad , Rodozov Mircho , Shadura Oksana , Penev Alexander
Published: November 2020

C++ Modules, one of the new features of C++20, aim to fix the long-standing build scalability problems in the language. They provide an IOefficient, on-disk representation capable to reduce build times and peak memory usage. ROOT already employs the C++ modules technology in its dictionary system to improve performance and reduce the memory footprint.

ROOT with C++ Modules was released as a technology preview in fall 2018, after intensive development during the previous few years. The current state is ready for production, however, there is still room for performance optimizations. In this talk, we show the road map for making this technology enabled by default in ROOT. We demonstrate a global module indexing optimization which allows reducing the memory footprint dramatically for many workflows. We will report user feedback on the migration to ROOT with C++ Modules.
Heterogeneous data-processing optimization with CLARA’s adaptive workflow orchestrator
Authors: Gyurjyan Vardan , Mancilla Sebastian
Published: November 2020

The hardware landscape used in HEP and NP is changing from homogeneous multi-core systems towards heterogeneous systems with many different computing units, each with their own characteristics. To achieve maximum performance with data processing, the main challenge is to place the right computing on the right hardware. In this paper, we discuss CLAS12 charge particle tracking workflow orchestration that allows us to utilize both CPU and GPU to improve the performance. The tracking application algorithm was decomposed into micro-services that are deployed on CPU and GPU processing units, where the best features of both are intelligently combined to achieve maximum performance. In this heterogeneous environment, CLARA aims to match the requirements of each micro-service to the strength of a CPU or a GPU architecture. A predefined execution of a micro-service on a CPU or a GPU may not be the most optimal solution due to the streaming data-quantum size and the data-quantum transfer latency between CPU and GPU. So, the CLARA workflow orchestrator is designed to dynamically assign micro-service execution to a CPU or a GPU, based on the online benchmark results analyzed for a period of real-time data-processing.
Utilizing Unsupervised Machine Learning in BSM Physics Searches At The LHC
Authors: Leinweber Adam , White Martin
Published: November 2020

Recent searches for supersymmetric particles at the Large Hadron Collider have been unsuccessful in detecting any BSM physics. This is partially because the exact masses of supersymmetric particles are not known, and as such, searching for them is very difficult. The method broadly used in searching for new physics requires one to optimise on the signal being searched for, potentially suppressing sensitivity to new physics which may actually be present that does not resemble the chosen signal. The problem with this approach is that, in order to detect something with this method, one must already know what to look for. I will showcase one machine-learning technique that can be used to define a “signal-agnostic” search. This is a search that does not make any assumptions about the signal being searched for, allowing it to detect a signal in a more general way. This method is applied to simulated BSM physics data and the results are explored.
Faster RooFitting: Automated parallel calculation of collaborative statistical models
Authors: Bos E G Patrick , Burgard Carsten D , Croft Vincent A. , Hageboeck Stephan , Moneta Lorenzo , Pelupessy Inti , Attema Jisk J , Verkerke Wouter
Published: November 2020

RooFit [1, 2] is the main statistical modeling and fitting package used to extract physical parameters from reduced particle collision data, e.g. the Higgs boson experiments at the LHC [3, 4]. RooFit aims to separate particle physics model building and fitting (the users’ goals) from their technical implementation and optimization in the back-end. In this paper, we outline our efforts to further optimize this back-end by automatically running parts of user models in parallel on multi-core machines. A major challenge is that RooFit allows users to define many different types of models, with different types of computational bottlenecks. Our automatic parallelization framework must then be flexible, while still reducing run time by at least an order of magnitude, preferably more. We have performed extensive benchmarks and identified at least three bottlenecks that will benefit from parallelization. We designed a parallelization framework that allows us to parallelize likelihood minimization with high performance by splitting over partial derivatives in the minimizer. The basis of the framework is a task queue approach. Preliminary results show speed-ups of factor 2 to 20, depending on the exact model and parallelization strategy.
Monte Carlo event generator with model-independent new physics effects for B → K(*)የየ decays
Authors: Hara Koji , Itoh Ryosuke , Miyake Hideki , Mishima Satoshi
Published: November 2020

At high luminosity flavor factory experiments such as Belle II, global analyses with many observables are important to find new physics. Because the observables obtained by assuming the Standard Model could be changed by new physics effects in the kinematic distribution, such effects must be estimated with the detector simulation. We develop the event generator of B → K*ll decays including new physics effects in the model-independent way by parametrizing with the Wilson coefficients based on the EvtGen and EOS. An example of the kinematic distribution is shown, including possible new physics effects in Wilson coefficients.
Computing the magnetic field response of the proton
Authors: Bignell Ryan , Kamleh Waseem , Leinweber Derek
Published: November 2020

Background field methods offer an approach through which fundamental non-perturbative hadronic properties can be studied. Lattice QCD is the only ab initio method with which Quantum Chromodynamics can be studied at low energies; it involves numerically calculating expectation values in the path integral formalism. This requires substantial investment in high performance supercomputing resources. A particular challenge of lattice QCD is isolating the desired state, rather than a superposition of excited states. While extensive work has been performed which allows the ground state to be identified in lattice QCD calculations, this remains a challenging proposition for the ground state in the presence of a uniform magnetic field field. Quark level projection operators are introduced to resolve this challenge and thus allow for extraction of the magnetic polarisability.
Anomalous magnetic moment of the muon with dynamical QCD+QED
Authors: Westin Alex , Kamleh Waseem , Young Ross , Zanotti James , Horsley Roger , Nakamura Yoshifumi , Perlt Holger , Rakow Paul , Schierholz Gerrit , Stüben Hinnerk
Published: November 2020

There exists a long standing discrepancy of around 3.5σ between experimental measurements and standard model calculations of the magnetic moment of the muon. Current experiments aim to reduce the experimental uncertainty by a factor of 4, and Standard Model calculations must also be improved by a similar factor. The largest uncertainty in the Standard Model calculation comes from the QCD contribution, in particular the leading order hadronic vacuum polarisation (HVP). To calculate the HVP contribution, we use lattice gauge theory, which allows us to study QCD at low energies. In order to better understand this quantity, we investigate the effect of QED corrections to the leading order HVP term by including QED in our lattice calculations, and investigate flavour breaking effects. This is done using fully dynamical QCD+QED gauge configurations generated by the QCDSF collaboration and a novel method of quark tuning.
On the direct detection of multi component dark matter
Authors: Scaffidi Andre
Published: November 2020

We study the case of multi-component dark matter, in particular how direct detection signals are modified in the presence of several stable weaklyinteracting-massive particles. Assuming a positive signal in a future direct detection experiment, stemming from two dark matter components, we study the region in parameter space where it is possible to distinguish a one from a two-component dark matter spectrum. We leave as free parameters the two dark matter masses and show that the two hypotheses can be significantly discriminated for a range of dark matter masses with their splitting being the critical factor. For full details see the first of a series of two publications [1].
A Lightweight Door into Non-Grid Sites
Authors: Dost Jeffrey , Mascheroni Marco , Bockelman Brian , Bryant Lincoln , Cartwright Timothy , Fajardo Edgar , Gardner Robert , Letts James , Lin Brian , Selmeci Mátyás , Sfiligoi Igor , Stephen Judith , Weitzel Derek , Würthwein Frank , Zhu Huijun
Published: November 2020

The Open Science Grid (OSG) provides a common service for resource providers and scientific institutions, and supports sciences such as High Energy Physics, Structural Biology, and other community sciences. As scientific frontiers expand, so does the need for resources to analyze new data. For example, High Energy Physics experiments such as the LHC experiments foresee an exponential growth in the amount of data collected, which comes with corresponding growth in the need for computing resources. Allowing resource providers an easy way to share their resources is paramount to ensure the grow of resources available to scientists.

In this context, the OSG Hosted CE initiative provides site administrator a way to reduce the effort needed to install and maintain a Compute Element (CE), and represents a solution for sites who do not have the effort and expertise to run their own Grid middleware. An HTCondor Compute Element is installed on a remote VM at UChicago for each site that joins the Hosted CE initiative. The hardware/software stack is maintained by OSG Operations staff in a homogeneus and automated way, providing a reduction in the overall operational effort needed to maintain the CEs: one single organization does it in an uniform way, instead of each single resource provider doing it in their own way. Currently, more than 20 institutions joined the Hosted CE initiative. This contribution discusses the technical details behind a Hosted CE installation, highlighting key strengths and common pitfalls, and outlining future plans to further reduce operational experience.