bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reformulating the commons
Authors: Ostrom Elinor
Published: April 2005

The western hemisphere is richly endowed with a diversity of natural resource systems that are governed by complex local and national institutional arrangements that have not, until recently, been well understood. While many local communities that possess a high degree of autonomy to govern local resources have been highly successful over long periods of time, others fail to take action to prevent overuse and degradation of forests, inshore fisheries, and other natural resources. The conventional theory used to predict and explain how local users will relate to resources that they share makes a uniform prediction that users themselves will be unable to extricate themselves from the tragedy of the commons. Using this theoretical view of the world, there is no variance in the performance of self-organized groups. In theory, there are no self-organized groups. Empirical evidence tells us, however, that considerable variance in performance exists and many more local users self-organize and are more successful than it is consistent with the conventional theory . Parts of a new theory are presented here.
Brazilian environmental sociology: a provisional review
Authors: Ferreira Leila da Costa
Published: April 2005

The article aims firstly at the reconstitution and analysis of history within the scope of international environmental sociology situated in the context of contemporary sociology. It also discusses - from the standpoint of literature (Buttel, Dunlap, Hanning, among others) - its theoretical-methodological and institutional aspects as well in order to understand the obstacles encountered to legitimate and consolidate a set of problems which, until recently, were not dealt with by social sciences. Secondly, it analyses the Brazilian case. Environmental sociology in Brazil is strongly influenced by American empirical sociology, the precursor of the institutionalization process for the themes. On the other hand, further analysis of this case is relevant to understand the relationship between the scientific sphere, and the creation of environmental policies and social movements.
Ecologia política: Guerreiro Ramos e Fritjof Capra
Authors: Boeira Sérgio Luís
Published: April 2005

Este ensaio tem por objetivo contribuir com a articulação de um campo de pesquisa trans-disciplinar, a ecologia política, por meio da síntese comparativa de duas obras: A Nova Ciência das Organizações, de Alberto Guerreiro Ramos (1981), e O Ponto de Mutação, de Fritjof Capra (1982). A hipótese central deste trabalho é que os autores, apesar de suas formações acadêmicas muito diferentes, chegaram a resultados muito semelhantes nestas obras, a partir de um mesmo paradigma emergente. Dado o contexto ainda difuso do pensamento ambientalista, estes livros podem ser considerados clássicos da ecologia política.
A atualização do conceito de quilombo: identidade e território nas definições teóricas
Authors: Schmitt Alessandra , Turatti Maria Cecília Manzoli , Carvalho Maria Celina Pereira de
Published: April 2005

O presente artigo trata das novas definições sobre comunidades de quilombo, elaboradas a partir da necessidade de reconhecimento oficial destas para que lhes seja assegurado o direito constitucional de propriedade sobre suas terras. Discute-se aqui o abandono de uma visão cristalizada pela historiografia clássica baseada no isolamento dos quilombos, bem como de sua formação única por meio das fugas, em prol de um conceito ampliado que alça o território e a identidade - especialmente ligados à resistência - à condição de elementos fundamentais na determinação destes agrupamentos sociais denominados remanescentes de quilombo.
Meio ambiente, Celso Furtado e o desenvolvimento como falácia
Authors: Cavalcanti Clóvis
Published: April 2005

O trabalho de Celso Furtado como pensador social é conhecido por suas enormes contribuições ao entendimento dos problemas do desenvolvimento no contexto dos países subdesenvolvidos. Sua teoria do subdesenvolvimentom, elaborada há quatro décadas, persiste como uma visão atual da realidade. Furtado repassa constantemente conceitos como o de dependência, concentração de renda, mimetismo cultural, relações assimétrias centro-periferia, mercado interno e muitos outros, além de trabalhar uma visão estruturalista do subdesenvolvimento, do desenvolvimento e de fenômenos correlatos. No livro O Mito do Desenvolvimento ele levanta duas questões não comuns ao restante da sua obra. A primeira delas diz respeito aos impactos do processo econômico no meio físico, na natureza _ um tema completamente alheio ao núcleo do pensamento tradicional da ciência da economia . A segunda se refere à constatação do caráter de mito moderno do desenvolvimento econômico. Que Furtado tenha feito isso em 1974, época do Milagre, demonstra o vigor de seu pensamento visionário. Vale a pena voltar ao assunto. É o que se faz no artigo.
O valor de existência de um ecossistema costeiro tropical através da disposição ao trabalho voluntário: o caso da lagoa de Itaipu (Niterói,RJ)
Authors: Fonseca Sérgio Mattos , Drummond José Augusto
Published: April 2005

Propõe-se que os valores de uso de recursos naturais identificados devem ser complementados por investigações sobre a importância que os cidadãos comuns atribuem aos ecossistemas. Isso implica em computar o valor de existência, que inclui componentes subjetivos da cultura. Aplicando o Método de Valoração Contingente (MVC) e agregando a ele o componente do trabalho voluntário, o texto estima o valor de existência de um ecossistema, comparando a Disposição a Pagar (DAP) com a Disposição ao Trabalho Voluntário (DATv) pela recuperação e/ou preservação da laguna de Itaipu, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As cifras encontradas foram R$5.563.320,00 usando a DAP e R$19.980.000,00 usando DATv, revelando um significativo diferencial atribuível à disposição a trabalhar voluntariamente.
Água, população rural e políticas de gestão: o caso do vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais
Authors: Ribeiro Eduardo Magalhães , Galizoni Flávia Maria
Published: April 2005

No espaço rural brasileiro coexistem a pequena gestão comunitária e grandes consumidores de água. Nos últimos anos a regulação comunitária do recursos e o grande empreendimento consumidor começaram a se confrontar pela água, forçando uma reflexão sobre a lógica dos usos e dos diálogos entre a aparente irracionalidade das populações rurais e as propostas de desenvolvimento. Este artigo analisa o descompasso entre essas lógicas e perspectivas analisando o caso do alto Jequitinhonha, no Nordeste de Minas Gerais. O artigo inicialmente comenta a recente e crescente emergência da escassez de água; como a escassez tende a resultar em conflito e este em norma, comenta-se a seguir a normatização da escassez - consolidada na legislação brasileira de águas. Em seguida analisa a percepção costumeira de água que vigora nas comunidades rurais do vale do Jequitinhonha mineiro, e, por fim, coloca a norma costumeira face à lei das águas, analisando a ausência dos pequenos consumidores na construção das agências e no exercício da legislação.
Os supermercados na oferta de alimentos orgânicos: apelando ao estilo de vida ego-trip
Authors: Guivant Julia S.
Published: April 2005

A medida que a produção e o mercado de alimentos orgânicos foram se expandindo durante os anos 90, tanto no contexto internacional quanto no Brasil, os supermercados passaram a ter um papel dominante em relação aos canais alternativos de comercialização.Este artigo pretende contribuir na análise do papel do setor supermercadista na comercialização de produtos orgânicos, fundamentalmente frutas, legumes e verduras (FLV), e nos tipos de consumidor focalizados nas suas estratégias. Para isto, analisamos diversas referências bibliográficas - publicações especializadas no setor supermercadista e relatórios de agências de consultoria internacional, que nos permitam delinear algumas das características das estratégias dos supermercados na comercialização de orgânicos no mundo e no Brasil. Também procuramos, a partir da análise da estratégia dos supermercados, delinear algumas características do perfil dos consumidores. Argumentamos, a partir dos dados acima referenciados, que o consumo crescente de orgânicos nos supermercados é parte de uma demanda mais ampla por alimentos saudáveis que, por sua vez, faz parte de um estilo de vida que tem sido caracterizado como ego-trip, em contraste com o ecológico-trip.
Conflito ambiental em águas costeiras: relação porto - cidade no Canal de São Sebastião
Authors: Cunha Ícaro
Published: April 2005

O artigo descreve os conflitos ambientais associados aos usos das águas do Canal de São Sebastião, litoral norte de São Paulo, onde ocorrem atividades portuárias de um porto de cargas gerais e do maior terminal de petróleo da América Latina. Recuperando referências da literatura sobre cidades com frentes de água e da discussão de conflitos ambientais, o trabalho explora a dinâmica porto - cidade e as possibilidades de novas combinações entre as atividades em ambos os compartimentos territoriais, na perspectiva da sustentabilidade.
Recursos hídricos e cidadania no Brasil: limites, alternativas e desafios
Authors: Machado Carlos José Saldanha
Published: April 2005

O artigo discute a relação entre a gestão de recursos hídricos e o exercício da cidadania no Brasil. Inicialmente, apresenta um quadro descritivo da distribuição da água e dos problemas associados com o crescimento populacional; em seguida, faz uma descrição das características da gestão da água e das inovações introduzidas com a Lei das Águas nº 9.433/97; na terceira parte, formula e defende argumentos em prol de uma gestão pública integrada e colegiada com negociação sociotécnica das águas ; finalmente, apresenta e discute algumas dificuldades e limites para a implantação e consolidação de uma política de recursos hídricos descentralizada, participativa e sustentável, bem como alguns mecanismos para que aquelas dificuldades e limites venham a ser superados, ou ao menos minimizados.
Xylitol production by Candida parapsilosis under fed-batch culture
Authors: Furlan Sandra A. , Castro Heizir F. de
Published: April 2005

Xylitol production by Candida parapsilosis was investigated under fed-batch cultivation, using single (xylose) or mixed (xylose and glucose) sugars as substrates. The presence of glucose in the medium induced the production of ethanol as secondary metabolite and improved specific rates of growth, xylitol formation and substrate consumption. Fractionated supply of the feed medium at constant sugar concentration did not promote any increase on the productivity compared to the single batch cultivation.
Isolation and characterization of three distinct forms of lipases from Candida rugosa produced in solid state fermentation
Authors: Benjamin Sailas , Pandey Ashok
Published: April 2005

Three distinct forms (Lip A, Lip B and Lip C) of extra-cellular lipases (EC- 3.1.1.3), produced by Candida rugosa in solid state fermentation (SSF) were purified and characterised. SSF was carried out in glass columns using coconut oil cake and wheat bran. The enzyme was purified from the aqueous extract of fermented matter by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis, ultra-filtration and gel filtration using Sephadex-200 to a 43-fold purification and 64.35-mg/ml specific activity. SDS-PAGE of purified enzyme revealed three distinct bands, indicating the existence of three iso-forms, Lip A, Lip B and Lip C with apparent molecular weight about 64,000, 62,000 and 60,000 Da, respectively. All the three iso-forms were optimally active at 35-40°C and pH 7-8. They showed marked differences in their Km values with different saturated and unsaturated triacyl glycerols. Ag++ and Hg++ strongly inhibited enzyme activity of all the iso-forms, Mn++ has no effect and Ca++ and Mg++ enhanced the activity. EDTA also strongly inhibited the enzyme activities of iso-forms. However, activities of all the three lipases were completely inhibited by serine protease inhibitors such as 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin, pefabloc and partially by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the purification and characterisation of C. rugosa lipase iso-forms from solid cultures. These lipase iso-forms with diverse characteristics produced in solid cultures may find potential application in biomedical field.
Bioaccumulation of silver and the isolation of metal-binding protein from P.diminuta
Authors: Ibrahim Zaharah , Ahmad Wan Azlina , Baba Abu Bakar
Published: April 2005

A silver uptake study by Pseudomonas diminuta was carried out by growing the bacteria in a chloride-free medium (CFM) containing silver ions (50 muM) in a batch culture. From the results, it was found that higher amounts of silver were accumulated inside the cell during early exponential phase compared to the amount bound at the cell surface. This suggested a possible mechanism for metal uptake during bacterial growth. In view of this, attempts were made to isolate proteins which might be associated with silver-binding properties from cultures of P.diminuta grown in the presence and absence of silver. The proteins were first extracted from the bacterial cultures by precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by purification using isoelectric focussing and SDS-PAGE. Results of the experiment showed the presence of low molecular weight and high molecular weight proteins containing silver with pI values ranging from 2.0 to 9.0 for bacteria grown in the presence of silver.
First record of albinism in the smooth dogfish Mustelus Schimitti Springer, 1939 (Carcharhiniformes - Triakidae) from Southern Brazil
Authors: Teixeira Simone Ferreira , Araújo Maria Lúcia Góes de
Published: April 2005

This paper reports on a subadult male specimen of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus schimitti, caught in the continental shelf of Rio Grande Sul, during winter of 1993, which exhibited the characteristics of total albinism.
[NO TITLE AVAILABLE]
Authors: Miyazawa Mário , Pavan Marcos A. , Franchini Júlio C.
Published: April 2005

A baixa mobilidade do calcário aplicado na superfície do solo diminui sua eficiência na redução da acidez subsuperficial. Foram estudados os efeitos de alguns resíduos orgânicos sobre a mobilidade do calcário calcítico aplicado na superfície do solo em colunas de PVC (60 cm de altura por 15 cm de diâmetro). Avaliaram-se resíduos de aveia preta, trigo, centeio, mucuna cinza e leucena na dose equivalente a 40 Mg ha-1. Adicionaram-se os resíduos vegetais e o calcário na superfície do solo e, após um programa de irrigação equivalente a 1500 mm de chuva por ano, avaliaram-se o pH e os teores de Ca, Mg, K e Al trocáveis no solo e solúveis na água efluente. O efeito do calcário sem resíduos vegetais limitou-se aos primeiros 10 cm de profundidade. Os resíduos vegetais quando aplicados junto com o calcário aceleraram os transportes de Ca e Mg na seguinte ordem: aveia > centeio > mucuna > leucena. O resíduo de trigo não afetou o pH e a mobilidade do Ca e do Mg no solo. As reduções nos teores de Ca e Mg do solo foram acompanhadas por aumentos no teor de K. A formação de complexos organo-metálico hidrossóluveis provavelmente foi o principal mecanismo envolvido nas lixiviações de Ca e Mg após a aplicação de calcário e resíduos vegetais na superfície do solo.
LC50 of the Peptide Produced by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson Active Against Third Instar Larvae of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lep.: Noctuidae)
Authors: Onofre Sideney Becker , Riveros Gonzalez Raul , Messias Cláudio Luiz , Azevedo João Lúcio , Barros Neiva Monteiro de
Published: April 2005

The entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson produced a peptide active against Anticarsia gemmatalis 3rd instar larvae. To produce this peptide, N. rileyi was cultivated aerobically in Saboraud, maltose, yeast-extract broth at 26 ± 1ºC for 12 days, after which the medium was filtered and separated in a liquid/liquid extractor, concentrated and the peptide purified chromatographically. The crystals obtained were kept refrigerated until needed for LC50 analysis. The LC50 of this peptide against A. gemmatalis 3rd instar larvae was determined in triplicate experiments using solutions containing 1.0, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001 mg/ml of N. rileyi peptide. The results of these experiments were used to calculate a linear equation in which Y = 6,81176 + 1,01382 * LOGx , giving a LC50 value of 0.0163 mg/ml.
The Influence of Ca2+ on Gluconeogenesis Stimulation by Glucagon in the Liver of Arthritic Rats
Authors: Kelmer-Bracht Ana M. , Fedatto-Júnior Zélio , Ishii-Iwamoto Emy L. , Caparroz-Assef Silvana M. , Bracht Adelar
Published: April 2005

Ca2+ participates in the stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by glucagon and there is evidence that Ca2+ fluxes are modified in arthritic rats. These findings raise the question whether hepatic gluconeogenesis in arthritic rats responds differently to glucagon and Ca2+. The experimental system was the isolated perfused rat liver. In the presence of Ca2+, stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by glucagon in arthritic rats was equal to that in normal rats in absolute terms, but higher in relative terms (104.5 and 45.2%, respectively). In the absence of Ca2+, however, stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by glucagon in arthritic rats was smaller in both absolute and relative terms (18.5 and 41.9%, respectively). It can be concluded that the Ca2+-dependent component of gluconeogenesis activation by glucagon is more important in arthritic than in normal rats.
Life Cycle Observations on Amphilocus neapolitanus (Della Valle, 1853) (Crustacea, Amphipoda) Associated with Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, 1820 in Ubatuba, (SP), Brazil
Authors: Leite Fosca Pedini Pereira
Published: April 2005

Day and night densities, reproductive biology and life cycle of Amphilocus neapolitanus (Della Valle, 1853), associated with Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, 1820, were studied during 13 months. The density of juveniles, males and females was higher in night samples than in day samples. Sex ratio was strongly favorable toward the females. Ovigerous females were present in similar densities in both the periods while the non-ovigerous females were predominant at night. The egg number was not correlated with the size of the females. Breeding occurred throughout the year.
Essential oils of Mentha pulegium and Mentha rotundifolia from Uruguay
Authors: Lorenzo Daniel , Paz Daniel , Dellacassa Eduardo , Davies Philip , Vila Roser , Cañigueral Salvador
Published: April 2005

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Mentha pulegium L. and Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. from Uruguay were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Oxygen-containing monoterpenes were the main group of constituents in both oils. Pulegone, isomenthone and menthone were the major components in the oil of M. pulegium, whereas piperitenone oxide and (Z)-sabinene hydrate were the major ones in M. rotundifolia. Enantiomerically pure (-)-menthone, (+)-isomenthone, (+)-isomenthol, (-)-menthol and (+)-pulegone were detected by multidimensional gas chromatography in the case of M. pulegium oil.
Cloning of a peroxidase gene from cassava with potential as a molecular marker for resistance to bacterial blight
Authors: Pereira Luiz Filipe , Goodwin Paul H. , Erickson Larry
Published: April 2005

Cassava bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, is considered one of the most important bacterial diseases of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). In order to characterize the cassava genes involved in resistance to this disease, a genomic clone of a cationic peroxidase gene, MEPX1, was isolated by PCR from cassava cultivar MCOL 22. The DNA sequence of MEPX1 showed high homology with other plant peroxidase genes and contained a large intron typical of peroxidase genes. The predicted translation product showed a heme-ligand motif, also a characteristic of peroxidases, as well as phosphorylation, myristoylation and glycosylation sites. The amino acid sequence had 75 % homology with two Arabidopsis thaliana peroxidases. A Southern blot of 17 cassava cultivars, probed with MEPX1, showed multiple hybridization bands. Polymorphisms between cultivars generally reflected geographic origin, but there was also an association with resistance to CBB, indicating that MEPX1 could be a potentially useful marker for this trait.
Chemical composition of Ulvaria oxysperma (Kützing) bliding, Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) and Ulva fascita (Delile)
Authors: Pádua Márcia de , Fontoura Paulo Sérgio Growoski , Mathias Alvaro Luiz
Published: April 2005

Chemical composition of three species of Chlorophyta, Ulva lactuca, Ulva fasciata and Ulvaria oxysperma, was determined. Ulvaria oxysperma showed humidity (16-20%), ash (17-31% dry-base), proteins (6-10%db), lipids (0.5-3.2%db), fibers (3-12%db) and carbohydrates (46-72%db) which corresponded to 192-270 kcal.100g-1 (wet-base). U lactuca (15-18%db) and U fasciata (13-16%db) revealed grades slightly higher for proteins, but with similar energetic contents (250-272 and 225-239 kcal.100g-1), respectively. Natural blades of U lactuca and of U fasciata were more rigid than blades of U oxysperma. Other native algae showed higher protein levels. Ulvaria sp could be cultivated on the cotton-nylon net without having significance competition from other algae or predators degradation. On the other hand, it was essential choose a place without destructive tide action. Cultivated Ulvaria sp showed similar chemical composition as that grown on natural substrates.
Effects of light and temperature on seed germination in Cecropia hololeuca Miq. (Cecropiaceae)
Authors: Godoi Simone , Takaki Massanori
Published: April 2005

Seeds of Cecropia hololeuca were submitted to regimes of constant and alternating temperatures, associated with photoperiods of white light, "shade light" and continuous darkness under controlled conditions in laboratory. Seeds did not germinate at constant temperatures of 10°C to 20°C and above 35°C. Seeds only germinated in the darkness when the temperature was alternated. "Shade light" inhibited germination. We concluded that the regime of alternating temperatures suppressed the light effects on seed germination of this species.
Lactococcus bacteriophages isolated from whey and their effects on commercial lactic starters
Authors: Oriani Maria Raquel de Godoy , Yokoya Fumio
Published: April 2005

The incidence of phages of lactic acid bacteria in milk industry and their effects on acidification ability of commercial lactic acid starters were studied. Cheese whey samples (33 samples) were collected from 17 factories. A total of 16 bacteriophages were isolated (12 specific for Lactococcus lactis, 3 for L. diacetylactis and one capable of lysing both species). The results showed that 10% reduction in acidification tests was not good indication of phage in the sample. The majority of samples showed reduction higher than 10%, although only 65% were phage positive. The isolated phages were quite stable and showed no reduction in infectivity even after 20 daily replications. A pool of bacteriophages was prepared from isolates and inoculated in 12 commercial lactic starters. After 8 hours of incubation, only 2 showed reduced acidification. Bacterial strains isolated from commercial starters were tested regarding the phage resistance. Considerable difference in phage sensitivity was observed among different starters (BD, D, O and L. diacetylactis). Five bacteriophages showed no infectivity on any isolates but one was infective for most of isolates.
Reproductive parameters of Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in laboratory
Authors: Lorini Lisete Maria , Rebelato Gisele Sana , Bonatti Juliano
Published: April 2005

Lonomia obliqua is an insect that has urticant spines in the larval stage. This species may cause death as a result of haemorrhages caused by a toxin released from the caterpillar's spines onto the skin of the victim. Since 1989 when this species was identified in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, many accidents have happened. The aim of this study was to verify the oviposition, fecundity, fertility, viability of eggs and incubation period of the species. Adults were left in a moth's cage to mate and lay eggs. Thirteen couples were observed daily, and the number of eggs and the caterpillars emerged were recorded. The results showed a mean of 2.8 (± 1.3) ovipositions, a mean fecundity of 135.3 (± 54.4) eggs/female, a mean fertility of 111.9 (± 55.4) eggs/female, a mean egg viability of 80.9 (± 20.97) % and a mean incubation period of 31.8 (± 5.8) days.
Influence of medium composition and pH on the production of polygalacturonases by Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Malvessi Eloane , Silveira Mauricio Moura da
Published: April 2005

A liquid medium containing wheat bran, salts and a source of inducer (pectin) was found to be suitable for the production of exo- and endo-polygalacturonases by Aspergillus oryzae CCT3940. Induction of polygalacturonases by purified pectin was significantly higher than when rinds of citrus fruits were used as inducer. A. oryzae growth was favoured by pH close to 4, although a drop of pH to around 3 was needed for enzymes production. Afterwards, decreasing activities were observed with the normal increase in pH to near neutrality. The highest activities were achieved with an initial pH of 4 and controlled when it decreased to a value slightly below 3 (159 units endo-PG.mL-1 at 83 h and 45 units exo-PG.mL-1 at 64 h), being the loss in polygalacturonases activities strongly reduced at this condition. The best values of pH and temperature for the action of exo-PG (4.5/57ºC) and endo-PG (4.3/40ºC) were assessed.
Recovery of ascorbic oxidoreductase from crude extract with an aqueous two-phase system in a perforated rotating disc contactor
Authors: Porto Ana Lúcia Figueiredo , Sarubbo Leonie Asfora , Moreira Keila Aparecida , Melo Homero José Farias de , Lima-Filho José Luís , Campos-Takaki Galba Maria , Tambourgi Elias Basile
Published: April 2005

A continuous perforated rotating disc contactor was used to extract the enzyme ascorbic oxidoreductase (E.C.1.10.3.3) from crude extract of Curcubita maxima with an aqueous two-phase system of poly (ethylene glycol) and phosphate salts. The effect of dispersed phase velocity on either protein mass transfer coefficients or separation efficiency at 1, 2 and 3 mL/min was studied. An increase of the mass transfer coefficients was observed with the dispersed phase velocity, while the separation efficiency showed a small decrease with the increase of this parameter. The experimental results obtained during continuous extraction showed that the ascorbic oxidoreductase activity was partitioned preferentially into the salt-rich phase in all conditions studied. The best recovery of enzyme activity was 236%, with a purification factor of 34 in flow rates of 1 mL/min for dispersed phase.
As artes em nó
Authors: Durão Fabio
Published: April 2005

Baseando-se no ensaio "A arte e as artes" de T.W. Adorno, o presente ensaio tenta explorar as implicações da hipótese de um enodamento das artes [Verfransung], segundo o qual os diversos gêneros artísticos se recusam a ocupar o lugar a eles reservado nos edifícios teóricos da estética tradicional e começam a se aproximar uns dos outros. Uma música espacializada, uma pintura temporalizada, uma literatura serializada e uma partitura literarizada fazem visível o que seria um denominador comum a todas elas: sua natureza lingüística. Neste movimento de unificação é possível encontrar elementos que conduzam a um frutífero diálogo entre a filosofia social da arte em Adorno e os discursos pós-modernos. Por um lado, cria-se um novo espaço artístico, que merece ser chamado de pós-moderno; por outro, o enodamento das artes permite que se critique o que há de ideológico no ecletismo, não enodado, das teorias do pós-moderno.
Theodor Adorno e a poesia em tempos sombrios
Authors: Ginzburg Jaime
Published: April 2005

Este estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre idéias de Theodor W. Adorno, procurando abordar relações entre a sua concepção de poesia lírica, sua valorização da História e sua crítica da experiência política de seu tempo.
Violência, gênero e poder na literatura de Assia Djebar e Leïla Sebbar
Authors: Soares Vera Lucia
Published: April 2005

Este artigo estuda as representações da relação entre violência, gênero e poder na escrita literária de Assia Djebar e Leïla Sebbar, que desconstroem a imagem de fanatismo e barbárie que o Ocidente faz do Oriente árabe-muçulmano.
Barthes, leitor de Malraux: uma ocultação terrorista
Authors: Dieudonné Julien
Published: April 2005

O artigo aborda, através da ocultação que Roland Barthes faz da obra de André Malraux, o desafeto de que goza o autor de Condição humana na França atual. Considerado como um escritor que abandonou sua posição de esquerda ao assumir um cargo político ao lado de De Gaulle, Malraux deixa de ser apreciado como um escritor revolucionário. Barthes quase não cita Malraux ou o cita sempre com o intuito da desmistificação, tanto do escritor quanto do ministro. O artigo tenta, por meio de uma ironia fina, opor-se ao crítico Roland Barthes e resgatar o lugar do romancista dos anos 1930 no panorama da literatura francesa.
Ben Jelloun e o sufismo: o zahir e o bateno
Authors: Nogueira Luciana Persice
Published: April 2005

O texto de Ben Jelloun reveste-se de aparentes ambigüidades: masculino-feminino, mentira-verdade, visível-invisível... Essa estrutura dicotômica funda-se no par zahir-bateno, conceitos da filosofia sufi que são inseridos nas entrelinhas através de Jorge Luis Borges (ora personagem, ora intertexto), e pela menção direta ao misticismo islâmico. Os múltiplos contadores de história e a busca trágica da identidade dos protagonistas revelam o uso obstinado e simbólico da máscara por Ben Jelloun, reforçando a dicotomia, mas revelando o seu caráter ilusório. Outros temas do sufismo podem ser ressaltados: o riso, o dhikr, o duplo, o espelho mágico, a unidade na multiplicidade, a dissolução da individualidade, a extinção - fanâ, e a ilusão do tempo. Esses temas representam a situação e a condição ambíguas do migrante.
A carne crua (de um modo poético do pensamento)
Authors: Pucheu Alberto
Published: April 2005

Uma das características daqueles que pensam poeticamente é a confiança nos efeitos da linguagem. Sem a violência de um sentido inesperado sobre a pessoa, sem a coação desse prévio exterior a impor um lance de confusão ao que era interior, sem esse impacto de uma subitaneidade desestruturante das fixidades, não há poético. Nesse lance de confusão, vazador da linha de exclusão entre exterior e interior, nessa instauração de uma zona de mútua permeabilidade, principia o pensamento. No que aqui interessa, tal pensamento poético ocorre tanto nos poetas como nos filósofos que, com aqueles, sulcam um leito de indelimitação entre eles para que um novo fluxo, imprevisível, de múltiplos volumes e velocidades, possa correr. Inventando um dos estilos de pensamento mais fecundos no corte da vida moderna, Montaigne resume alguns dos campos de força de maior intensidade atualizados pelo pensamento contemporâneo. Entre eles, a fragmentação, cuja encenação é decisiva.
A poesia entrevista: uma bio-grafia de Armando Freitas Filho
Authors: Diniz Marcelo
Published: April 2005

Este texto pretende conceber um registro não-literário como um espaço literário, a partir da interpretação de uma entrevista concedida pelo poeta Armando Freitas Filho. Se a entrevista, a princípio, oferece-se à fantasia da intersubjetividade e da apreensão imediata do sentido, ainda mais em se tratando da entrevista de um autor de uma obra literária, a entrevista de Armando parece configurar-se como um exercício de resistência à fantasia, expandindo o espaço erótico de sua própria obra. A entrevista, enfim, configura-se como o espaço de uma bio-grafia, escrita viva da experiência poética.
De Italo Calvino a Ricardo Piglia, do centro para a margem: o deslocamento como proposta para a literatura deste milênio
Authors: Gomes Renato Cordeiro
Published: April 2005

O escritor italiano Italo Calvino deixou como testamento literário seis propostas que caracterizariam a literatura do "próximo milênio", mas não teve tempo de redigir a sexta dessas propostas, justamente a "consistência". O escritor argentino Ricardo Piglia, na conferência "Três propostas para o próximo milênio (e cinco dificuldades)", proferida na Casa de las Américas, Cuba, em 2000, propõe, então, escrevê-la, não a consistência, mas o "deslocamento, a distância", para equacionar o problema do futuro da literatura e sua função na sociedade, vista, entretanto, a partir da margem, das bordas das tradições centrais da América Hispânica.
Notas sobre a recepção e presença do surrealismo no Brasil nos anos 1920-1950
Authors: Ponge Robert
Published: April 2005

Após brevemente situar o surgimento do surrealismo nos anos 1919-1924 e apontar alguns elementos dos processos de transferências culturais entre a Europa e as Américas, bem como alguns aspectos da recepção do surrealismo na América Latina, o artigo se debruça sobre a chegada do surrealismo no Brasil, na segunda metade dos anos 1920 e sua expressão na revista Estética e na Antropofagia. A seguir, procura localizar a presença do surrealismo no Brasil dos anos 1930 e 1940, relacionando-a com a conjuntura cultural vigente no período Vargas. Enfim, destaca, nos anos 1950 e 1960, a segunda presença de Benjamin Péret no Brasil, a exposição Maria Martins no MAM-RJ, a atuação de Sérgio Lima e o início do Grupo Surrealista de São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro.
Fato e ficção em Crônicas de fim do milênio, de Antonio Callado
Authors: Kaimoti Ana Paula Macedo Cartapatti
Published: April 2005

Ao examinar os textos de Antonio Callado publicados na Folha de S. Paulo e reunidos no livro Crônicas de fim do milênio (1997), buscamos investigar de que maneira Callado lança mão de textos literários diversos para constituir seu ponto de vista nos comentários que faz sobre os dados do jornalismo e da história. Mais que uma ilustração do conteúdo das crônicas, essas obras apresentam-se como organizadoras de sua argumentação, revelando-se como um dispositivo de descoberta do mundo, por meio do qual o autor revê a história do Brasil. Nesse contexto, este trabalho aborda a trajetória da crônica brasileira e a obra geral de Antonio Callado, as quais apresentam um ponto fundamental de convergência com as crônicas do autor: a vinculação entre o texto literário, os fatos jornalísticos e os dados históricos, aspecto que se constitui como um dos eixos centrais de nosso estudo.
Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria in red mangrove forest at Mosquitos and Coqueiros estuaries, São Luís, State of Maranhão, Brazil
Authors: NOGUEIRA N. M. C. , FERREIRA-CORREIA M. M.
Published: April 2005

This paper provides the results of a taxonomic survey of the Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria in a frenge red mangrove forest in the estuaries of Estreito dos Mosquitos and Coqueiros, São Luís, State of Maranhão, Brazil. A total of 15 taxa were identified in 8 families, as follows: Synechoccaceae (2), Chroococcaceae (1), Hyellaceae (1), Xenococcaceae (1), Oscillatoriaceae (1), Scytonemataceae (2), Phormidiaceae (5) and Pseudanabaenaceae (2). The species listed in this paper are all new descriptions for Maranhão, and one of them is a new ocurrence for Brazil.
Ecological aspects of black-pincelled marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in the cerradão and dense cerrado of the Brazilian Central Plateau
Authors: MIRANDA G. H. B. de , FARIA D. S. de
Published: April 2005

Ecological data about three free-ranging groups of C. penicillata (black-pincelled marmoset) were observed between March and December 1996, in one cerradão patch (in the Ecological Reserve of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, RECOR) and two patches of dense cerrado (one in the Recor and another in the Botanical Garden of Brasília, JBB), situated in the APA (area of environmental protection) of the Gama/Cabeça-de-Veado, Distrito Federal. Each area was visited weekly during three periods of two months -- end of the rainy season (01/04 to 31/05), dry season (16/06 to 15/08) and beginning of the rainy season (14/10 to 15/12) -- and instantaneous scan records at fifteen minute intervals were made for the vertical and horizontal position of each visible individual of the target group. The group size ranged between 4 and 11 elements. In September, the birth of twins in both groups of the Recor was observed. Home-range varied from 8.25 to 18.5 hectares, while density ranged from 0.4 to 0.82 ind/ha. Twenty two species of nine tree families were identified as exudate sources. Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae), Vochysia thyrsoidea (Vochysiaceae), Scheflera macrocarpum (Araliaceae) and Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae) were more explored. Fruits (14 species, two of which were exotics), nectar, honey, arthropods (mainly orthopterans) and bird eggs complete their diet. The main sleep-tree species was Emmotum nitens (Icacinaceae). Data from different seasons and studied groups/areas were compared along previous data from this primate species in gallery forests. In the cerradão and dense cerrado areas C. penicillata had a similar group size, however a larger home-range and smaller density than in gallery forests were observed in this study.
Development of Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) larvae in different diets
Authors: WERMELINGER E. D. , ZANUNCIO J. C.
Published: April 2005

The objective of this research was to evaluate, in laboratory, the development of Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) larvae, vectors of leishmaniasis in Brazil, in the following diets: industrialized food for rabbits, dogs, hamsters and aquarium fishes, besides liver powder, cooked lettuce, wheat germ, beer yeast, oat, wheat bran and a diet denominated aged food. Except wheat bran for L. intermedia, all diets provided adequate development for both species, which showed that any of them can be used in laboratory insectaries for these insects. L. intermedia showed better development with most nutritious diets and both species presented better development with aged food. Fungi as an additional nutrient source for L. intermedia and L. longipalpis is suggested.
What is so special about mangroves?
Authors: VANNUCCI M.
Published: April 2005

The title question of this short paper has been addressed to me countless times by persons from all walks of life. The paper is a concise answer to the question; it might go halfway towards satisfying the questioners, but not more than halfway. This paper identifies the uniqueness of mangrove ecosystems in that they are created and sustained by a small number of rooted vascular plants in the intertidal area of the tropics. In addition to being a marginal ecosystem, a mangrove is unique in that, as an ecosystem it has various interactions with other ecosystems, both adjoining and remote in space and time. Another unique feaure of mangroves is that, unlike most marginal ecosystems, they are highly productive and dynamic. Healthy mangrove ecosystems also have the peculiar ability to immobilize heavy metals.
Population biology of Parides anchises nephalion (Papilionidae) in a coastal site in Southeast Brazil
Authors: FREITAS A. V. L. , RAMOS R. R.
Published: April 2005

A population of Parides anchises nephalion was studied during seven months in SE Brazil. The population size was about 10-20 individuals (with theoretic maximum near 60 individuals), with small variations in some months. Sex ratio was male biased, with males dominating in all months. The age structure was not stable, with an increase in new individuals before the population peak in December. The residence time was 14.1 ± 8.2 days for males and 9.0 ± 3.6 to females, with the maximum registered of 30 days. Males can travel distances of up to 400 m, but most individuals were always recaptured in the same site. The mean forewing length was greater in females. The population features agree with those found in other species of Parides in other neotropical sites.
Biology of Anicla infecta (Ochsenheimer, 1816) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae), under laboratory conditions
Authors: TESTON J. A. , SPECHT A. , CORSEUIL E.
Published: April 2005

Larvae of Anicla infecta (Ochsenheimer, 1816) (Noctuidae) feed upon many grasses and may be harmful to cereals and fodder of economic importance. This study was developed aiming to contribute to knowledge of the biology of this species. The rearing was done in an environmental chamber with the following settings: temperature of 25 ± 1ºC; relative humidity of 70% ± 10%, and photoperiod of L14: D10. The larvae fed on ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. The results express the mean and standard error for the length of every stage in days. For each stage we observed the following time of development: egg 3.2 ± 0.09; larvae 18.7 ± 0.07; pre-pupae 3.3 ± 0.04; pupae 12.6 ± 0.14; and adult longevity was 12.1 ± 1.03. Also the pre-egg-laying period was 4.4 ± 0.59; the egg-laying period was 8.1 ± 0.84; and the post-egg-laying period was 0.3 ± 0.14. The mean number of egg-laying cycles per female was 6.7 ± 0.73; that of eggs per cycle was 77.5 ± 4.37; and total eggs per female was 521.4 ± 47.36.
Population dynamics of Euglossinae bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in an early second-growth forest of Cajual Island, in the State of Maranhão, Brazil
Authors: SILVA F. S. , REBÊLO J. M. M.
Published: April 2005

A study was conducted in an early second-growth forest aiming at knowing the richness, relative abundance, seasonal distribution, and hourly frequency of euglossine bees, and their association with scent baits. Male bees were attracted to cineole, vanillin, methyl salicylate, and eugenol. The baits were hooked 1.5 m high and 6 m from one another. The specimens were collected from December 1997 to November 1998, once a month, from 7:00 to 17:00 h. A total of 339 male euglossine bees were caughts, accounting for 19 species and four genera. The most common species was E. cordata, making up 69.9% of the individuals, followed by E. truncata (2.3%), E. violaceifrons, and E. smaragdina (2.1%). The most attractive scent was cineole, which baited 87% of the specimens and 73.7% of the species. Vanillin, the second most visited bait, eured 7.6% of the specimens and 26.3% of the species. E. surinamensis was only collected with this bait. Methyl salicylate and eugenol baited combined 2.6% of the specimens. However, by species numbers Methyl salicylate attracted 21% whereas eugenol was attractive for 15.8% of them. In general, the species were more abundantly found in the rainy season (January-June). The hourly activity data showed that the euglossine bees were attracted to the baits all day long, but at a higher frequency in the morning period, peaking between 8:00 and 10:00 h.
Comparative morphology of Astraea latispina (Philippi, 1844) and Astraea olfersii (Philippi, 1846) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Turbinidae)
Authors: MONTEIRO J. C. , COELHO A. C. S.
Published: April 2005

The present study examines comparatively the soft parts of turbinids Astraea latispina and Astraea olfersii. The characters of soft parts of these species, in agreement with Trochoidea organization, allow a differencial diagnosis on the cefalic lappets, appendix of eye-stalk, hypobranchial glands, jaws, radulae, and stomach spiral caecum, which information will be helpful in taxonomic studies.
Distribution pattern of two fish species in a coastal stream in Southeast Brazil
Authors: MAZZONI R. , IGLESIAS-RIOS R.
Published: April 2005

Longitudinal distribution of Mimagoniates microlepis and Hoplias malabaricus was analyzed in a coastal stream system in Southeast Brazil. Six sites were sampled by electrofishing in seven months, from July 94 to July 95. Densities of M. microlepis, and H. malabaricus and its prey (Poecilia vivipara, Deuterodon sp. and Astyanax janeiroensis) were estimated by the Zippin method; environmental variables of: (i) kind of substratum; (ii) percentage of pools, runs, riffles, instream vegetation, and canopy were registered for each site in each sampling month. The relative importance of each biotic and abiotic variable was tested through simple correlation analyses. We verified that M. microlepis occurrence correlates with canopy; H. malabaricus is correlated with instream vegetation, pools, clay substratum, and P. vivipara densities; and P. vivipara correlates with pools and clay substratum. Our results suggest that environmental variables, and food and shelter availability are the main factors in determining M. microlepis and H. malabaricus distribution.
Effect of butanolic fraction of Desmodium adscendens on the anococcygeus of the rat
Authors: BARRETO G. S.
Published: April 2005

The chemical composition of plants can vary according to factors such as soil and time of collection. Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) D.C. var. adscendens (Papillionaceae) is a plant employed in the treatment of asthma in Ghana, Africa. Studies have shown that butanolic extract inhibits contraction of the ileum and trachea in guinea pigs. In Mato Grosso, this plant is used only in the treatment of ovarian inflammation.The objective of this work was to verify if the plant found in Mato Grosso also relaxes smooth muscle and to understand better its action.The cumulative application of the butanolic fraction relaxed the contraction maintained in the isolated anococcygeus of a rat, induced by high potassium, but not that induced by phenylephrine. Relaxation was not altered by methylene blue. The butanolic fraction reduced in a concentration-dependent way the maximum response of concentration-response curve to calcium in the anococcygeus muscle. The results suggest that the butanolic fraction acts, at least partly, through the blockade of voltage-sensitive Ca+2 channels.
Specialized metabolism and biochemical suppression during aestivation of the extant South American lungfish --Lepidosiren paradoxa
Authors: MESQUITA-SAAD L. S. B. , LEITÃO M. A. B. , PAULA-SILVA M. N. , CHIPPARI-GOMES A. R. , ALMEIDA-VAL V. M. F.
Published: April 2005

Lepidosiren paradoxa (pirambóia) is the single representative of Dipnoan (lungfish) in South America. This species is considered a living fossil, in spite of some reports describing this fish as having a very specialized life style. It aestivates during the dry season, and has developed metabolic adaptations to cope with both flooding and drought. The literature describing its tissue ultra-structure shows high glycogen stored in the muscle, suggesting a strong dependence on anaerobic glycolysis. The present paper reports tissue enzyme levels of LDH, MDH, and CS, and isozymic tissue distribution of LDH, MDH, ADH, PGI, SOD, and PGM of 7 aestivating specimens from Lago do Canteiro in the Amazonas River. Animals were caught while burrowed in mud during the aestivation period. Our findings reveal high anaerobic capacity of both skeletal and heart muscles, even during the aestivation period, when enzymes showed suppressed levels compared to those of non-aestivating animals (data from the literature). Isozymic patterns suggest loss of duplicate condition in most analyzed loci, a characteristic that occurs mainly in higher vertebrate categories. These data indicate that, compared to the fish group, lungfish may be considered advanced, despite retaining primitive morphological characters.