bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Hydrogen on Catalytic Properties of Ziegler‐Natta Catalysts Prepared by Different Methods in Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Niyomthai Thanyathorn , Ratchadaphet Aniroot , Jongsomjit Bunjerd , Praserthdam Piyasan
Published: August 2016

Ethylene homopolymerization by two types of Ziegler‐Natta catalyst including ZN‐THF and ZN‐EtOH catalysts was compared. The influences of hydrogen pressure and reaction time on catalytic activity using different types of catalyst were investigated. The EDX analysis and surface area measurement confirmed that ZN‐EtOH catalyst had better active center distribution than that of ZN‐THF. Thus, the ZN‐EtOH catalyst could retard the effect of hydrogen and show higher activity with increased hydrogen pressures. However, catalytic activity was lower with high hydrogen pressure. Moreover, polymerization time also has an influence on activity. Both catalysts showed the similar result where an increase in polymerization time can improve yield of polymer, but it decreased activity. In addition, it is seen that the increase in hydrogen pressure leads to decrease the melting temperature for polyethylenes, but it increases the crystallinity.
A system of delivering medical staff members by helicopter to manage severely wounded patients in an area where medical resources are limited
Authors: Ishikawa Kohei , Omori Kazuhiko , Ohsaka Hiromichi , Jitsuiki Kei , Yoshizawa Toshihiko , Oode Yasumasa , Sakurada Mutsumi , Mogami Atsuhiko , Yanagawa Youichi
Published: August 2016

Aim

We review the case of a severely injured patient to evaluate the system of delivering medical staff by helicopter in areas with limited medical resources.

Methods

The patient's chart was reviewed, summarized, and presented.

Results

A 22‐year‐old woman attempted a suicidal fall after using a knife to stab herself. She was transported to a local hospital. A radiological study revealed fractures to the patient's face and the base of her skull, pneumocephalus, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, stab wounds to the neck and chest, pneumothorax, unstable pelvic fracture, and right femoral shaft fracture. Her circulation status became unstable. We sent medical staff members to the local hospital by doctor helicopter. The patient underwent tracheal intubation and the insertion of a chest drain, and was evacuated by doctor helicopter. After aggressive intensive treatments in our hospital, the patient finally obtained social rehabilitation.

Conclusion

In an area where medical resources are limited, sending trained physicians to a referring hospital to appropriately prepare a severely wounded patient for transportation might be the key for the patient to maximize his or her chance of survival.
Inhibition wirkstoffresistenter Mutationsvarianten der Rezeptortyrosinkinase EGFR
Authors: Engel Julian , Becker Christian , Lategahn Jonas , Keul Marina , Ketzer Julia , Mühlenberg Thomas , Kollipara Laxmikanth , Schultz‐Fademrecht Carsten , Zahedi René P. , Bauer Sebastian , Rauh Daniel
Published: August 2016

Die zielgerichtete Therapie erworbener Wirkstoffresistenz stellt die größte Herausforderung in der Behandlung von EGFR‐abhängigem nicht‐kleinzelligen Lungenkrebs (NSCLC) dar. Hier berichten wir über die strukturbasierte Entwicklung, Synthese und biologische Evaluierung einer neuen Klasse von kovalenten EGFR‐Inhibitoren, die sich durch eine exzellente Inhibition wirkstoffresistenter, EGFR‐mutierter Zellen auszeichnet. Röntgenkristallstrukturen in Kombination mit Bindungskinetiken führen zu einem tieferen Verständnis des Inhibitionsmechanismus in EGFR‐T790M und liefern Erkenntnisse über Schlüsselaspekte für die effektive Inhibition der kürzlich entdeckten tertiären EGFR‐C797S‐Mutation.
Redox‐Dependent Transformation of a Hydrazinobuckybowl between Curved and Planar Geometries
Authors: Higashibayashi Shuhei , Pandit Palash , Haruki Rie , Adachi Shin‐ichi , Kumai Reiji
Published: August 2016

A red‐fluorescent heterobuckybowl with an embedded hydrazine structure was synthesized from a cyclobiphenothiazine derivative via a strained cyclobicarbazole. The hydrazinobuckybowl was found to possess bowl and twist structures in the neutral state, a shallow bowl structure in the monocation state, and a planar structure in the dication state by means of X‐ray crystallographic analysis, DFT calculations, and a comparison of experimental and calculated 13C NMR chemical shifts. The hydrazinobuckybowl is the first buckybowl that changes its geometry between curved bowl/twist structures and a planar structure depending on the oxidation state. The drastic geometrical change was possible as a result of the presence of two heteroatoms in the bowl skeleton and the multiple reversible redox reactions of the compound. Owing to the two kinds of bowl and twist conformations, the bowl‐inversion dynamics of the hydrazinobuckybowl were found to follow a triple‐well potential model.
Enantiodivergent Atroposelective Synthesis of Chiral Biaryls by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Mori Keiji , Itakura Tsubasa , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: August 2016

Reported herein is an enantiodivergent synthesis of chiral biaryls by a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction. Upon treatment of biaryl lactols with aromatic amines and a Hantzsch ester in the presence of chiral phosphoric acid, dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) involving a reductive amination reaction proceeded smoothly to furnish both R and S isomers of chiral biaryls with excellent enantioselectivities by proper choice of hydroxyaniline derivative. This trend was observed in wide variety of substrates, and various chiral biphenyl and phenyl naphthyl adducts were synthesized with satisfactory enantioselectivities in enantiodivergent fashion. The enantiodivergent synthesis of synthetically challenging, chiral o‐tetrasubstituted biaryls were also accomplished, and suggests high synthetic potential of the present method.
Preparation and characterization of innovative cellulose diacetate/epoxy resin blends modified by isophorone diamine
Authors: Ye Ming , Zhu Nianqing , Ni Zhongbin , Dong Weifu , Chen Mingqing
Published: August 2016

Cellulose diacetate (CA)/epoxy resin (EP) blends with excellent mechanical performance were prepared with simple blending followed by curing with isophorone diamine (IPDA). The reaction between the amino groups of IPDA and epoxide groups of EP was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the cured EP particles gradually became larger and closer to each other to form semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks in the CA matrix; this contributed to the improved mechanical properties of the CA/EP blends. Dynamic rheological experiments indicated that the CA/EP blends with semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks retained processability. After the introduction of a low content (5–10 phr) of IPDA, the mechanical properties of the CA/EP blends were significantly enhanced. With the addition of 20–30‐phr IPDA, the CA/EP blend exhibited a tensile strength of 77 MPa, a flex strength of 65 MPa, a flex modulus of 2.6 GPa, and a hardness of 94 HD; these values were much higher than those of the pristine CA/EP binary blend. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44151.
Improving thermo‐oxidative degradation resistance of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composites with antioxidants. Part II: Effect on other select properties
Authors: Ren D. , Zhang X. X. , Wang H. K. , Li W. J. , Yu Y.
Published: August 2016

The first of this two‐article study showed that the addition of antioxidants can significantly improve the thermo‐oxidative resistance of bamboo fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (BFPCs). In this article, the effect of antioxidants on water absorption, thermal stability, crystallinity, and the dynamic mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The results showed that the addition of antioxidants resulted in a slight increase in water absorption, but this increase can be reduced by controlling the ratio of the primary and secondary antioxidants. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of composites also slightly increased. However, the effects of antioxidants on the crystallinity as well as other thermal properties of BFPCs were small or even insignificant. The different combinations, ratios, and the adding amounts of antioxidants show tiny differences for all these properties. As a whole, the addition of minor antioxidants in the bamboo fiber (BF) polymer composites will not produce obvious negative effects on their overall performances. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44199.
Preparation and characterization of antimicrobial PVA hybrid films with N‐halamine modified chitosan nanospheres
Authors: Yin Maoli , Chen Xiaoli , Li Rong , Huang Dan , Fan Xiaoyan , Ren Xuehong , Huang Tung‐Shi
Published: August 2016

Chitosan is a promising candidate as an antimicrobial agent in food packaging materials and biomaterials due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non‐toxicity and biocidal activity. In this study, chitosan derivatives, α‐(5,5‐dimethyl hydantoin amino)‐chitosan (CS‐HDH), were synthesized. The CS‐HDH nanospheres were prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized by SEM, FT‐IR, XRD, and TGA‐DTG. The prepared novel chitosan nanospheres in the range of 200–300 nm had good dispersibility. The CS‐HDH nanospheres were used to prepare antibacterial PVA hybrid films by solvent evaporation technique. The surface morphology and thermal property of hybrid films were measured by SEM, AFM, and TGA‐DTG. The results of antibacterial test showed that the hybrid film with 1.24 × 1018 atoms/cm2 of active chlorine exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7, and all of bacteria could be inactivated within 5 min. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44204.
Construction of Large‐Scale Ultrathin Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets by a Hydrogen‐Bond‐Assisted Strategy for Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production and Ciprofloxacin Degradation Activity
Authors: Xing Weinan , Chen Gang , Li Chunmei , Sun Jingxue , Han Zhonghui , Zhou Yansong , Hu Yidong , Meng Qingqiang
Published: August 2016

Two‐dimensional nanosheets have attracted attention because of their fascinating properties in areas such as photocatalysis, sensors, and energy storage. Herein, a facile hydrogen‐bond‐assisted approach was designed to prepare graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) with large‐scale ultrathin nanosheets. Compared with previous methods, this method is simple, economical, and eco‐friendly. The as‐prepared ultrathin g‐C3N4 nanosheets have a few‐layer thickness of 2–3 nm and exhibit a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity in both H2 production and ciprofloxacin degradation under visible light compared to pristine g‐C3N4. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the minimal sheet thickness, high surface area, increased band gap, outstanding electron transport ability, and long charge‐carrier lifetime. In addition, the possible formation mechanism, transfer and separation behavior of the charge carriers, and the photocatalytic mechanism are discussed. This work presents a new hydrogen‐bond‐assisted self‐assembly strategy for the preparation of ultrathin g‐C3N4 nanosheets for application in photocatalysis.
Yttrium Siloxide Complexes Bearing Terminal Methyl Ligands: Molecular Models for Ln−CH3 Terminated Silica Surfaces
Authors: Dettenrieder Nicole , Dietrich H. Martin , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Anwander Reiner
Published: August 2016

Surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) on silica materials is a prominent approach for the generation of highly active heterogenized polymerization catalysts. Despite advanced methods of characterization, the elucidation of the catalytically active surface species remains a challenging task. Alkylated rare‐earth metal siloxide complexes can be regarded as molecular models of respective covalently bonded alkylated surface species, primarily used for 1,3‐diene polymerization. Here, we performed both salt metathesis reactions of [Y(MMe4)3] (M = Al, Ga) with [K{OSi(OtBu)3}] and alkylation reactions of [Y{OSi(OtBu)3}3]2 with AlMe3. The obtained complexes [Y(CH3)[(AlMe2){OSi(OtBu)3}2](AlMe4)]2, [Y(CH3)[(AlMe2){OSi(OtBu)3}2]‐{OSi(OtBu)3}], [Y{OSi(OtBu)3}3(μ‐Me)Y(μ‐Me)2Y{OSi(OtBu)3}2(AlMe4)], and [Y(CH3)(GaMe4){OSi(OtBu)3}]2 represent rare examples of organoyttrium species with terminal methyl groups. The formation and purity of the mixed methyl/siloxy yttrium complexes could be enhanced by treating [Y(MMe4)3] with [K(MMe2){OSi(OtBu)3}2]n (M=Al: n=2; M=Ga: n=∞). Complexes [K(MMe2){OSi(OtBu)3}2]n were obtained by addition of [K{OSi(OtBu)3}] to [Me2M{OSi(OtBu)3}]2. Deeper insight into the fluxional behavior of the mixed methyl/siloxy yttrium complexes in solution was gained by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies at variable temperature and 1H–89Y HSQC NMR spectroscopy.
Removal of direct red 81 from aqueous solution by adsorption onto magnesium oxide‐coated kaolinite: Isotherm, dynamics and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Khan Tabrez Alam , Dahiya Sarita , Khan Equbal Ahmad
Published: August 2016

Natural clays are considered to be excellent low cost adsorbents for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions due to high surface area and porosity, layered structure, and high cation exchange capacity. The adsorption efficiency of the clays is considerably enhanced after chemical modifications. In this work, the efficiency of kaolinite (Kaol) and magnesium oxide‐coated kaolinite (Mg‐Kaol) for the removal of azo‐dye (direct red 81) from aqueous solution was studied. The objective of the work was to evaluate the adsorption capacity of Mg‐Kaol, and optimum operation conditions such as contact time, initial DR81 concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature for uptake of direct red 81 (DR81) from aqueous solution. The experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models using nonlinear regression analysis. Freundlich isotherm best fitted the equilibrium data for adsorption of DR81 onto Kaol and Mg‐Kaol. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity (Qm) of Mg‐Kaol (55.70 mg/g) showed considerable improvement compared with Kaol (26.55 mg/g). The RL values below unity supported favorable adsorption of the dye. The nonlinear pseudo‐second order kinetic model provided best correlation suggesting adsorption of one DR81 molecule onto two active sites. The mechanism of removal of DR81 was controlled by both liquid‐film and intra‐particle diffusion. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔGo and ΔHo) suggested the adsorption process to be spontaneous and endothermic. The study revealed that Mg‐Kaol can be an efficient low‐cost adsorbent for decolorization of wastewaters containing DR81. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 45–58, 2017
Bacterial contaminants from frozen puff pastry production process and their growth inhibition by antimicrobial substances from lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Rumjuankiat Kittaporn , Keawsompong Suttipun , Nitisinprasert Sunee
Published: August 2016

Seventy‐five bacterial contaminants which still persisted to cleaning system from three puff pastry production lines (dough forming, layer and filling forming, and shock freezing) were identified using 16S rDNA as seven genera of Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Dermacoccus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus with detection frequencies of 24.00, 2.66, 1.33, 37.33, 1.33, 2.66, and 30.66, respectively. Seventeen species were discovered while only 11 species Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, Corynebacterium striatum, Dermacoccus barathri, Enterobacter asburiae, Staphylococcus kloosii, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. warneri, and S. aureus were detected at the end of production. Based on their abundance, the highest abundance of E. asburiae could be used as a biomarker for product quality. While a low abundance of the mesophile pathogen C. striatum, which causes respiratory and nervous infection and appeared only at the shock freezing step was firstly reported for its detection in bakery product. Six antimicrobial substances (AMSs) from lactic acid bacteria, FF1‐4, FF1‐7, PFUR‐242, PFUR‐255, PP‐174, and nisin A were tested for their inhibition activities against the contaminants. The three most effective were FF1‐7, PP‐174, and nisin A exhibiting wide inhibition spectra of 88.00%, 85.33%, and 86.66%, respectively. The potential of a disinfectant solution containing 800 AU/ml of PP‐174 and nisin A against the most resistant strains of Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Klebsiella was determined on artificially contaminated conveyor belt coupons at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 hr. The survival levels of the test strains were below 1 log CFU/coupon at 0 hr. The results suggested that a combined solution of PP‐174 and nisin A may be beneficial as a sanitizer to inhibit bacterial contaminants in the frozen puff pastry industry.
Heterogeneous Effects of a Nonlinear Price Schedule for Outpatient Care
Authors: Farbmacher Helmut , Ihle Peter , Schubert Ingrid , Winter Joachim , Wuppermann Amelie
Published: August 2016

Nonlinear price schedules generally have heterogeneous effects on health‐care demand. We develop and apply a finite mixture bivariate probit model to analyze whether there are heterogeneous reactions to the introduction of a nonlinear price schedule in the German statutory health insurance system. In administrative insurance claims data from the largest German health insurance plan, we find that some individuals strongly react to the new price schedule while a second group of individuals does not react. Post‐estimation analyses reveal that the group of the individuals who do not react to the reform includes the relatively sick. These results are in line with forward‐looking behavior: Individuals who are already sick expect that they will hit the kink in the price schedule and thus are less sensitive to the co‐payment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Common Themes in Teaching Reading for Understanding: Lessons From Three Projects
Authors: Goldman Susan R. , Snow Catherine , Vaughn Sharon
Published: August 2016

This article reflects a metaview of the work of the three research projects funded through the Institute for Education Sciences under the Reading for Understanding competition that addressed middle‐grade through high school readers (grades 4–12). All three projects shared the assumption that instruction is necessary for successful reading to learn just as it is for learning to read. Through multiple studies conducted independently, the three projects arrived at common themes and features of productive instruction for reading for understanding with adolescent readers. These common themes are elaborated with instructional examples and include the following: (a) Students purposefully engage with multiple forms of texts and actively process them, (b) instructional routines incorporate social support for reading through a variety of participation structures, and (c) instruction supports new content learning by leveraging prior knowledge and emphasizing key constructs and vocabulary.
ACT‐ONE ‐ ACTION at last on cancer cachexia by adapting a novel action beta‐blocker
Authors: Lainscak Mitja , Laviano Alessandro
Published: August 2016

Novel action beta‐blockers combine many different pharmacological effects. The espindolol exhibits effects through β and central 5‐HT1α receptors to demonstrate pro‐anabolic, anti‐catabolic, and appetite‐stimulating actions. In the ACT‐ONE trial, espindolol reversed weight loss and improved handgrip strength in patients with cachexia due to non‐small cell lung cancer or colorectal cancer. With this trial, another frontier of cachexia management is in sight. Nonetheless, more efficacy and safety data is needed before new therapeutic indications for novel action beta‐blockers can be endorsed.
New genetic signatures associated with cancer cachexia as defined by low skeletal muscle index and weight loss
Authors: Johns Neil , Stretch Cynthia , Tan Benjamin H.L. , Solheim Tora S. , Sørhaug Sveinung , Stephens Nathan A. , Gioulbasanis Ioannis , Skipworth Richard J.E. , Deans D.A. Christopher , Vigano Antonio , Ross James A. , Bathe Oliver F. , Tremblay Michel L. , Kaasa Stein , Strasser Florian , Gagnon Bruno , Baracos Vickie E. , Damaraju Sambasivarao , Fearon Kenneth C.H.
Published: August 2016

Background

Cachexia affects the majority with advanced cancer. Based on current demographic and clinical factors, it is not possible to predict who will develop cachexia or not. Such variation may, in part, be due to genotype. It has recently been proposed to extend the diagnostic criteria for cachexia to include a direct measure of low skeletal muscle index (LSMI) in addition to weight loss (WL). We aimed to explore our panel of candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) for association with WL +/− computerized tomography‐defined LSMI. We also explored whether the transcription in muscle of identified genes was altered according to such cachexia phenotype

Methods

A retrospective cohort study design was used. Analysis explored associations of candidate SNPs with WL (n = 1276) and WL + LSMI (n = 943). Human muscle transcriptome (n = 134) was analysed using an Agilent platform.

Results

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the following genes showed association with WL alone: GCKR, LEPR, SELP, ACVR2B, TLR4, FOXO3, IGF1, CPN1, APOE, FOXO1, and GHRL. SNPs in LEPR, ACVR2B, TNF, and ACE were associated with concurrent WL + LSMI. There was concordance between muscle‐specific expression for ACVR2B, FOXO1 and 3, LEPR, GCKR, and TLR4 genes and LSMI and/or WL (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The rs1799964 in the TNF gene and rs4291 in the ACE gene are new associations when the definition of cachexia is based on a combination of WL and LSMI. These findings focus attention on pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the renin–angiotensin system as biomarkers/mediators of muscle wasting in cachexia.
Advances in solar tower technology
Authors: Alexopoulos Spiros , Hoffschmidt Bernhard
Published: August 2016

This article begins with a short introduction and continues with a presentation of solar tower power plants around the world. The focus is set on the developments of the last five years and in the near future of the most important components of a central receiver system (CRS). For each of the components, a description of each technology, its applicability, and the advantages and disadvantages is presented. The chapter also includes a state of the art review for almost each system and points out the Research and Development (R&D) needs. A further issue is the choice of the heat‐transfer fluid (HTF) as well as the improvement of new solar tower power plant cycle systems. The paper introduces recent R&D activities, with the majority occurring in Europe and the United States, as has been presented in international journals and conferences by scientific personnel. It also reflects opinions of experts who specialized in the planning and erection of solar power plants and carrying out CRS research projects. The future effort of R&D in these fields should improve efficiencies, increase durability and reliability, and reduce investment and Operation & Maintenance (O&M) costs. Nowadays, and in this decade, the most advances in CRS occur in the United States, in Europe, and in China. Furthermore, a great interest, especially for add‐ons to existing research platforms as well as the construction of new ones, can be observed for the last years for countries in the Middle East & North Africa region, such as Morocco as well as India, Australia, and South Africa. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e217. doi: 10.1002/wene.217

This article is categorized under:

Concentrating Solar Power > Science and Materials

Concentrating Solar Power > Systems and Infrastructure

Concentrating Solar Power > Climate and Environment
Determinants of variation in home range of wild pigs
Authors: Schlichting Peter E. , Fritts Sarah R. , Mayer John J. , Gipson Philip S. , Dabbert C. Brad
Published: August 2016

Home range is expected to vary with ecological conditions to minimize size while still meeting the biological needs of the individual animal. Understanding the determinants of variation in home range size can be important when trying to manage or control an invasive species. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) have been introduced throughout the globe and cause notable damage to native ecosystems. We quantified relationships of wild pig home range with environmental conditions across varying spatial and temporal scales to better understand population space use in areas invaded by wild pigs during March 2011 to August 2012 in Kent County, Texas, USA. We used mixed‐effects linear‐regression models to assess how allometric effects of body size and environmental variables (temp, elevation, latitude, and rainfall) could be used to predict home range size at a local scale. We then used general linear models with published data from 31 studies from the species’ global distribution to investigate the efficacy of environmental parameters as home range predictors. On account of either temporal or incomplete variables, home range was not well‐predicted at a local scale. Across their global distribution, the top ranked model included all 4 variables with home range positively associated with temperature, elevation, and latitude, but negatively associated with rainfall. Use of the global model represents a cost‐efficient way to estimate home ranges to control or eradicate wild pig populations. This information can be valuable for management of both established and newly introduced populations for population estimation and trapping density. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Annual survival rates of migratory shore and upland game birds
Authors: Arnold Todd W. , De Sobrino Cristina N. , Specht Hannah M.
Published: August 2016

Band recoveries from hunted populations are widely used to estimate survival and harvest rates. We used long‐term (1950–2010) band‐recovery data from the United States and Canada to estimate average survival and recovery rates for juvenile and adult sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis), American coots (Fulica americana), clapper rails (Rallus longirostris), and Wilson's snipe (Gallinago delicata). Banding data were typically sparse and Brownie recovery rates ( f ) were <1% for most species and age classes, so we also utilized encounters from birds banded and recovered throughout the year, including nonhunting recoveries. Estimated juvenile and adult annual survival rates based on combined dead recoveries were 0.917 (SE = 0.080) and 0.884 (SE = 0.006) for sandhill cranes; 0.325 (SE = 0.025) and 0.583 (SE = 0.008) for American coots; 0.368 (SE = 0.070) and 0.500 (SE = 0.025) for clapper rails; and 0.372 (SE = 0.077) and 0.653 (SE = 0.020) for Wilson's snipe. American coots had sufficient band‐recovery data during 1951–1987 to estimate annual process variation in survival for juveniles ( = 0.017) and adults ( = 0.056). Based on average estimated juvenile and adult survival rates for each species, stable populations could be achieved with average annual recruitment rates (expressed as fledged young per adult in the preseason population) of 0.15 (SD = 0.02) for sandhill cranes, 1.26 (SD = 0.19) for American coots, 1.41 (SD = 0.31) for clapper rails, and 0.97 (SD = 0.23) for Wilson's snipe, with uncertainty reflecting measurement error in survival rates. Although band‐recovery models can be successfully applied to small data sets (e.g., 300–3,000 total recoveries in our analyses), juvenile survival estimates lacked precision and annual variation was inestimable for most species, leading to considerable uncertainty for population modeling efforts. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Sosa on knowledge, judgment and guessing
Authors: Carter J. Adam
Published: August 2016

In Chapter 3 of Judgment and Agency, Sosa (Judgment and Agency, 2015) explicates the concept of a fully apt performance. In the course of doing so, he draws from illustrative examples of practical performances and applies lessons drawn to the case of cognitive performances, and in particular, to the cognitive performance of judging. Sosa’s examples in the practical sphere are rich and instructive. But there is, I will argue, an interesting disanalogy between the practical and cognitive examples he relies on. Ultimately, I think the source of the disanalogy is a problematic picture of the cognitive performance of guessing and its connection to knowledge and defeat. Once this critical line of argument is advanced, an alternative picture of guessing, qua cognitive performance, is articulated, one which avoids the problems discussed, and yet remains compatible with Sosa’s broader framework.
Embracing Uncertainty in Policy-Making: The Case of the Water Sector
Authors: Jensen Olivia , Wu Xun
Published: August 2016

Recent research on policy-making under uncertainty in the water sector has contributed to our understanding of types and sources of uncertainty as well as to the development of tools and approaches to manage uncertainty. This paper reviews the literature and identifies several strands of systematic bias, notably an emphasis on natural sources of uncertainty over human sources; a tendency to treat sources of uncertainty as independent and a corresponding neglect of interaction between sources; and a focus on tools to reduce or contain uncertainty rather than to accommodate it. The papers in this issue contribute to overcoming these biases.
Wind-tunnel tests of a heavy-class helicopter optimised for drag reduction – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Zanotti A. , Droandi G. , Gibertini G. , Grassi D. , Campanardi G. , Auteri F. , Aceti A. , Le Pape A.
Published: August 2016

The authors were listed incorrectly in the article by Zanotti(1). The authors should have appeared in the following order:

G. Gibertini, A. Zanotti, G. Droandi, D. Grassi, G. Campanardi, F. Auteri, A. Aceti and A. Le Pape

The article has now been updated with all authors listed in the correct order. This change has been made to the online and print PDF and HTML copies.
Flow Measurement Handbook
Authors: Baker Roger C.
Published: August 2016

Flow Measurement Handbook is a reference for engineers on flow measurement techniques and instruments. It strikes a balance between laboratory ideas and realities of field experience and provides practical advice on design, operation and performance of flowmeters. It begins with a review of essentials: accuracy, flow, selection and calibration methods. Each chapter is then devoted to a flowmeter class and includes information on design, application installation, calibration and operation. Among the flowmeters discussed are differential pressure devices such as orifice and Venturi, volumetric flowmeters such as positive displacement, turbine, vortex, electromagnetic, magnetic resonance, ultrasonic, acoustic, multiphase flowmeters and mass meters, such as thermal and Coriolis. There are also chapters on probes, verification and remote data access.
Language and the Law
Authors: Kibbee Douglas A.
Published: August 2016

Language policy is a topic of growing importance around the world, as issues such as the recognition of linguistic diversity, the establishment of official languages, the status of languages in educational systems, the status of heritage and minority languages, and speakers' legal rights have come increasingly to the forefront. One fifth of the American population do not speak English as their first language. While race, gender and religious discrimination are recognized as illegal, the US does not currently accord the same protections regarding language; discrimination on the basis of language is accepted, and even promoted, in the name of unity and efficiency. Setting language within the context of America's history, this book explores the diverse range of linguistic inequalities, covering voting, criminal and civil justice, education, government and public services, and the workplace, and considers how linguistic differences challenge our fundamental ideals of democracy, justice and fairness.
Aristotle on Political Community
Authors: Riesbeck David J.
Published: August 2016

Aristotle's claims that 'man is a political animal' and that political community 'exists for the sake of living well' have frequently been celebrated by thinkers of divergent political persuasions. The details of his political philosophy, however, have often been regarded as outmoded, contradictory, or pernicious. This book takes on the major problems that arise in attempting to understand how the central pieces of Aristotle's political thought fit together: can a conception of politics that seems fundamentally inclusive and egalitarian be reconciled with a vision of justice that seems uncompromisingly hierarchical and authoritarian? Riesbeck argues that Aristotle's ideas about the distinctive nature and value of political community, political authority, and political participation are coherent and consistent with his aristocratic standards of justice. The result is a theory that, while not free of problems, remains a potentially fruitful resource for contemporary thinking about the persistent problems of political life.
The Federal Design Dilemma
Authors: Clouser McCann Pamela J.
Published: August 2016

The level of government responsible for implementing policies affects intent, services provided, and ultimate outcomes. The decision about where to locate such responsibility is the federal design dilemma faced by Congress. Taking a new approach to this delegation and decentralization, The Federal Design Dilemma focuses on individual members of Congress. Not only are these legislators elected by constituents from their states, they also consider the outcomes that will result from state-level versus national executive branch implementation of policies. Here, Pamela J. Clouser McCann documents congressional intergovernmental delegation between 1973 and 2010, and how individual legislators voted on decentralization and centralization choices. Clouser McCann traces the path of the Affordable Care Act from legislative proposals in each chamber to its final enactment, focusing on how legislators wrestled with their own intergovernmental context and the federal design of health insurance reform in the face of political challenges.
Force and Contention in Contemporary China
Authors: Thaxton, Jr Ralph A.
Published: August 2016

Why is contemporary China such a politically contentious place? Relying on the memories of the survivors of the worst catastrophe of Maoist rule and documenting the rise of resistance and protest at the grassroots level, this book explains how the terror, hunger, and loss of the socialist past influences the way in which people in the deep countryside see and resist state power in the reform era up to the present-day repression of the People's Republic of China central government. Ralph A. Thaxton, Jr provides us with a worm's-eye view of an 'unknown China' - a China that cannot easily or fully be understood through made-in-the-academy theories and frameworks of why and how rural people have engaged in contentious politics. This book is a truly unique and disturbing look at how rural people relate to an authoritarian political system in a country that aspires to become a stable world power.
Intelligence Analysis as Discovery of Evidence, Hypotheses, and Arguments
Authors: Tecuci Gheorghe , Schum David A. , Marcu Dorin , Boicu Mihai
Published: August 2016

This unique book on intelligence analysis covers several vital but often overlooked topics. It teaches the evidential and inferential issues involved in 'connecting the dots' to draw defensible and persuasive conclusions from masses of evidence: from observations we make, or questions we ask, we generate alternative hypotheses; we make use of our hypotheses to generate new lines of inquiry and evidence; and we test the hypotheses on the basis of the evidence we are discovering. To facilitate the learning of these issues and enable the performance of complex analyses, the book introduces an intelligent analytical tool, called Disciple-CD. Readers will practice with Disciple-CD and learn how to formulate hypotheses; develop arguments that reduce complex hypotheses to simpler ones; collect evidence to evaluate the simplest hypotheses; assess the relevance, believability, and inferential force of evidence; and finally judge the probability of the hypotheses.
OSCEs for the Final FFICM
Authors: Nichani Raj , McGrath Brendan
Published: August 2016

This study guide includes in-depth coverage of past FFICM exam material, and is an invaluable resource for trainees preparing for the OSCE examination in intensive care medicine. A structured layout gives the reader clear and convenient access to a wealth of model questions and answers that can be used for quick-fire practice or more detailed study. The book is divided into four sections covering data interpretation, equipment, ethics and communication, and resuscitation and simulation. Questions have been matched to the curriculum, ensuring accurate and comprehensive revision guidance, and a sample marking scheme is provided to assist with exam preparation. Incorporating recommendations from the FFICM Court of Examiners, additional data analysis, images and ECGs are included to build on common areas of potential improvement.
Epigram, Art, and Devotion in Later Byzantium
Authors: Drpić Ivan
Published: August 2016

This book explores the nexus of art, personal piety, and self-representation in the last centuries of Byzantium. Spanning the period from around 1100 to around 1450, it focuses upon the evidence of verse inscriptions, or epigrams, on works of art. Epigrammatic poetry, Professor Drpić argues, constitutes a critical - if largely neglected - source for reconstructing aesthetic and socio-cultural discourses that informed the making, use, and perception of art in the Byzantine world. Bringing together art-historical and literary modes of analysis, the book examines epigrams and other related texts alongside an array of objects, including icons, reliquaries, ecclesiastical textiles, mosaics, and entire church buildings. By attending to such diverse topics as devotional self-fashioning, the aesthetics of adornment, sacred giving, and the erotics of the icon, this study offers a penetrating and highly original account of Byzantine art and its place in Byzantine society and religious life.
Failure and Hope
Authors: Mahoney Christine
Published: August 2016

In 2015, 60 million people were displaced by violent conflict globally - the highest since World War II. National and international policy prevents the displaced from working or moving freely outside the camps set up to 'temporarily' house them. This policy has left the displaced with no right to work and move while they remain displaced for years, if not decades. Based on data on all 61 protracted displacement crises worldwide, fieldwork in seven conflict zones around the world, and in-depth interviews with over 170 humanitarian aid workers, government officials and refugees, the book systematically details the barriers to effective advocacy at every level of governance and shows that failure is the norm. Unlike many academic monographs, it goes further and proposes an alternative way forward that capitalizes on social entrepreneurship, crowd-funding and micro-finance to improve the lives of those that have been forced to flee their homes to find safety.
Reynolds-number dependence of turbulent skin-friction drag reduction induced by spanwise forcing
Authors: Gatti Davide , Quadrio Maurizio
Published: August 2016

This paper examines how increasing the value of the Reynolds number $Re$ affects the ability of spanwise-forcing techniques to yield turbulent skin-friction drag reduction. The considered forcing is based on the streamwise-travelling waves of spanwise-wall velocity (Quadrio et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 627, 2009, pp. 161–178). The study builds upon an extensive drag-reduction database created via direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow for two fivefold separated values of $Re$, namely $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=200$ and $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=1000$. The sheer size of the database, which for the first time systematically addresses the amplitude of the forcing, allows a comprehensive view of the drag-reducing characteristics of the travelling waves, and enables a detailed description of the changes occurring when $Re$ increases. The effect of using a viscous scaling based on the friction velocity of either the non-controlled flow or the drag-reduced flow is described. In analogy with other wall-based drag-reduction techniques, like riblets for example, the performance of the travelling waves is well described by a vertical shift of the logarithmic portion of the mean streamwise velocity profile. Except when $Re$ is very low, this shift remains constant with $Re$, at odds with the percentage reduction of the friction coefficient, which is known to present a mild, logarithmic decline. Our new data agree with the available literature, which is however mostly based on low-$Re$ information and hence predicts a quick drop of maximum drag reduction with $Re$. The present study supports a more optimistic scenario, where for an airplane at flight Reynolds numbers a drag reduction of nearly 30 % would still be possible thanks to the travelling waves.
Hill-Forts
Authors: Hawkes Christopher
Published: August 2016

The British hill-fort in these days needs no introduction. Everybody, certainly every reader of ANTIQUITY, is familiar with the ancient earthworks that crown the blunt spurs and whale-backed ridges of the chalk downs, and the grimmer ramparts of stone that take their place as one penetrates the lands of sharper contours and more obstinate rock that lie to the west and north.
The Origin of Cultivated Plants
Authors: Watkins A. E.
Published: August 2016

Most developments of civilization demand a settled system of agriculture, and are not compatible with nomadic life. The exact connexion between the rise of civilization and the rise of agriculture is possibly uncertain. The cultivation of different plants developed in different places: rice in the East and wheat in the West, for example. The cultivators may have attained only a low level of culture, and thousands of years may have elapsed before they produced a civilization of which the marks have endured. But to know where the different species of cultivated plants originated must help to trace the origins and diffusion of civilizations.
Sea-trade in Early Times
Authors: Hornell James
Published: August 2016

The few indications that have come down to us of ancient sea-traffic between the countries lying around the shores of the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean are so fragmentary and obscure that it is extremely difficult to reconstruct any definite picture of their character and extent. In spite of this handicap study of the meagre evidence available compels the belief that movement by sea, although of a fluctuating character and confined for the most part to coastwise voyaging, was far more active and advanced in parts of this area in very early times than is generally realized. Had it been otherwise how could we interpret the signs graven on the rocks of the ravines of the Egyptian desert, and the transport by sea of great blocks of stone to Sumer in the time of Gudea of Lagash?

The earliest evidence at present available comes from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, though it does not follow that either area is the cradle of sea-faring. It consists of :—

(A) innumerable prehistoric and predynastic petroglyphs of ships engraved upon the rocks of the eastern desert of Egypt, particularly those in the Wadi Hammamat region;

(B) the discovery on Sumerian sites of diorite statues, stated specifically to have been brought by sea from foreign lands early in the third millennium B.C.;

(c) the presence in the ruins of Ur, Kish, and Lagash of artifacts cut from the shell of the sacred Indian chank (Xancus pyrum);

(D) historical records of trading expeditions sent by sea from Egypt to Somaliland extending from the Vth to the XIIth Dynasties, and repeated in the XVIIIth Dynasty.
Multiple Ramparts
Authors: Gresham Colin A.
Published: August 2016

One of the many notable results of the Maiden Castle excavations was the formulation of the ‘Sling-stone theory’ to account for the building of multiple ramparts round Early Iron Age camps. The excavations revealed that the Iron Age A2 camp, at first on the eastern knoll only, but later extended to include the whole hill, was surrounded by a single rampart, and that this, at some period in the 1st century B.C., was suddenly reinforced and encircled by two outer ramparts, thus producing the massive defence works to be seen today. The nature of the construction of the new defences led the excavators to the conclusion that they were the work of a ‘foreign dynasty’ of, invaders of the fort, and not of the A2 inhabitants. It was found, however, that this ‘sudden structural change’ was not associated with a similar sudden cultural change, as might have been expected. There was a change, represented by the introduction of the first traces of Iron Age B pottery, but this was slight at first and only gained in importance with the passage of time. The A2 pottery remained but became more and more influenced by the B forms until the latter gradually became ‘dominant and characteristic’.
Archaeological Research in West Africa
Authors: Arkell A. J.
Published: August 2016

The pilgrimage to Mecca made on foot across Africa from west to east between the desert and the tropical forest keeps many West Africans in close touch with the valley of the Nile. The pilgrims follow a route along which culture must from the earliest times have been spread by refugees, traders, military expeditions and the like. (In these latter days motorized convoys of West African troops and aerial reinforcements for the Middle East have followed the same route).

Over twenty years’ service in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (of which twelve years were spent in Darfur, where the cultural and political influence of West Africa was strong in medieval times, and is still felt today), has left me much interested in West Africa, although I have never been there.
Archaeology and Television
Authors: Daniel Glyn E.
Published: August 2016

Serious and sustained archaeological broadcasting began only after the end of the 1939-45 War. It was the result of the general purpose of the S Third Programme and the particular endeavour of the West Region in the persons of Frank Gillard, Head of Programmes at Bristol, and Gilbert Phelps, one of the talks producers there. There had of course been archaeological broadcasts in the pre-war years, and Sir Leonard Woolley’s best-selling Digging up the Past began as a series of talks ; but it was not until The Archaeologist was created by the West Region, and taken over, first by the Third Programme—it was actually the first series of talks to appear on that programme—and then by the Home Service, that archaeology began to have a recognised and acceptable place in sound broadcasting. There have been plenty of archaeological broadcasts outside this series, and so there should be ; but it was the existence of a regular series providing for the discussion of current discoveries, new techniques and new ideas and demanding thought on the part of producers and editors that, to my mind, really put archaeological broadcasting on the B.B.C. map.