bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The swollen optic nerve: an approach to diagnosis and management
Authors: Margolin Edward
Published: June 2019

The differential diagnosis of swollen optic nerves differs according to whether the swelling is unilateral or bilateral, or whether visual function is normal or affected. Patients with a unilaterally swollen optic nerve and normal visual function most likely have optic nerve head drusen. Patients with abnormal visual function most likely have demyelinating optic neuritis or non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Patients with bilaterally swollen optic nerve heads and normal visual function most likely have papilloedema, and require neuroimaging followed by lumbar puncture. However, if their visual function is affected, the most likely causes are bilateral demyelinating optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein optic neuritis: these patients require investigating with contrast-enhanced MRI of the orbits.
Automatic clustering using quantum-based multi-objective emperor penguin optimizer and its applications to image segmentation
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Kumar Vijay , Kumari Rajani
Published: June 2019

In this study, a novel quantum-based multi-objective is proposed using Schrödinger equations. The two new operations namely weighted cluster centroid computation and threshold setting are also introduced to refine cluster centroids. A novel fitness function strategy is also proposed for efficient searching. The proposed technique is compared with various well-known approaches. Experimental outcomes show that the proposed quantum approach outperforms other existing approaches.
Effective action study of the 𝒫𝒯-symmetric (iϕ3)6−𝜖 theory and the Yang–Lee edge singularity
Authors: Shalaby Abouzeid M.
Published: June 2019

We use the effective potential method to study the [Formula: see text]-symmetric [Formula: see text] field theory in [Formula: see text] space–time dimensions. For [Formula: see text], we obtained the first two energy levels which are real as well as reflecting the stability of the spectrum. [Formula: see text]-symmetry breaking occurs at [Formula: see text] where the two levels merge and beyond this critical point they have complex values. Since there exist no results in the literature to compare with, we extracted the critical exponents of the theory to test the accuracy of our calculations where we find them agree with exact results from the literature. We showed that the critical point is in fact a Yang–Lee edge singularity which is the first time to link [Formula: see text]-symmetry breaking to the existence of a Yang–Lee edge singularity. For [Formula: see text], the fixed point is nontrivial and exists for negative [Formula: see text] values as expected from Yang–Lee theory for ferromagnetic systems.
One-sided triangulated categories induced by concentric twin cotorsion pairs
Authors: Zheng Qilian , Wei Jiaqun
Published: June 2019

Extriangulated categories were introduced by Nakaoka and Palu by extracting the similarities between exact categories and triangulated categories. Nakaoka and Palu introduced the notion of concentric twin cotorsion pairs in extriangulated categories. In this paper, let [Formula: see text] be a concentric twin cotorsion pair in an extriangulated category and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], we prove that [Formula: see text] has one-sided triangulated structure.
Effect of lung hypoplasia on the cardiorespiratory transition in newborn lambs
Authors: McGillick Erin V. , Davies Indya M. , Hooper Stuart B. , Kerr Lauren T. , Thio Marta , DeKoninck Philip , Yamaoka Shigeo , Hodges Ryan , Rodgers Karyn A. , Zahra Valerie A. , Moxham Alison M. , Kashyap Aidan J. , Crossley Kelly J.
Published: June 2019

Newborns with lung hypoplasia (LH) commonly have limited respiratory function and often require ventilatory assistance after birth. We aimed to characterize the cardiorespiratory transition and respiratory function in newborn lambs with LH. LH was induced by draining fetal lung liquid in utero [110–133 days (d), term = 147d, n = 6]. At ~133d gestation, LH and Control lambs ( n = 6) were instrumented and ventilated for 3 h to monitor blood-gas status, oxygenation, ventilator requirements, and hemodynamics during the transition from fetal to newborn life. Lambs with LH had significantly reduced relative wet and dry lung weights indicating hypoplastic lungs compared with Control lambs. LH lambs experienced persistent hypercapnia and acidosis during the ventilation period, had lower lung compliance, and had higher alveolar-arterial differences in oxygen and oxygenation index compared with Control lambs. As a result, LH lambs required greater respiratory support and more supplemental oxygen. Following delivery, LH lambs experienced periods of significantly lower pulmonary artery blood flow and higher carotid artery blood flow in association with the lower oxygenation levels. The detrimental effects of LH can be attributed to a reduction in lung size and poorer gas exchange capabilities. This study has provided greater understanding of the effect of LH itself on the physiology underpinning the transition from fetal to newborn life. Advances in this area is the key to identifying improved or novel management strategies for babies with LH starting in the delivery room, to favorably alter the fetal-to-newborn transition toward improved outcomes and reduced lifelong morbidity.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current clinical management of newborns with lung hypoplasia (LH) is largely based on expert opinion rather than scientific evidence. We have generated physiological evidence for detrimental effects of LH on hemodynamics and respiratory function in newborn lambs, which mimics the morbidity observed in LH newborns clinically. The unfavorable consequences of LH can be attributed to a reduction in lung size and poorer gas exchange capabilities.
Mechanical and Biochemical Methods for Rigor Measurement: Relationship with Eating Quality
Authors: Álvarez Carlos , Morán Lara , Keenan Derek F. , Mullen Anne-Maria , Delgado-Pando Gonzalo
Published: June 2019

Meat quality parameters are affected by a complex series of interacting chemical, biochemical, physical, and physiological components that determine not only the suitability for consumption and the conditions for further processing and storage but also consumer acceptability. Deep understanding and careful manipulation of these intrinsic and extrinsic factors have to be taken in account to ensure high quality of meat, with better technological properties and increased safety for consumers. Among meat quality characteristics, meat tenderness has been perceived as the most important factor governing consumer acceptability. Therefore, being able to early predict meat texture and other related parameters in order to guarantee consistent eating quality to the final consumer is one of the most sought-after goals in the meat industry. Accurate measurements of both the biochemical and mechanical characteristics that underpin muscle and its transformation into meat are key factors to an improved understanding of meat quality, but also this early-stage measurements may be useful to develop methods to predict final meat texture. It is the goal of this review to present the available research literature on the historical and contemporary analyses that could be applied in early postmortem stages (pre-rigor and rigor) to determine the biochemical and physical characteristics of the meat that can potentially impact the eating quality.
Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Hospital-Based Study in Central Taiwan
Authors: Chou Jen-Wei , Lai Hsiang-Chun , Chang Chia-Hsi , Cheng Ken-Sheng , Feng Chun-Lung , Chen Tsung-Wei
Published: June 2019

The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are low but increasing in Taiwan. We aimed to investigate the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of IBD in central Taiwan. We retrospectively analyzed patients with IBD diagnosed at our hospital between January 2000 and September 2018. The diagnostic criteria were based on endoscopic and pathologic findings. Clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. A total of 190 patients with IBD were enrolled (80 with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 110 with ulcerative colitis (UC)). The mean age at diagnosis was 38.4 years (CD: 36 years, UC: 40 years). Male patients accounted for the majority of patients (71.1%). The male-to-female ratio was 3 : 1 for CD and 2.1 : 1 for UC. Current and ever smokers accounted for 30.5% of all patients. Only 4.2% of patients had a family history of IBD. Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) were reported in 7.9%, and colorectal cancers (CRCs) were reported in 2.1% of all patients. In patients with CD, the ileal type was the most common disease phenotype (57.5%), and the stricturing type was the most common disease behavior (60.0%). In patients with UC, left-sided colitis was the predominant disease extent (42.7%). The seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was 13.3%. The incidence of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) in patients with UC was 22%. 5-Aminosalicylic acids were the preferred treatment for UC, whereas corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologic agents were preferred for CD. In patients with CD, the bowel resection rate was 38.8%, and the incidence of hip avascular necrosis was 3.8%. In Taiwan, patients with IBD showed a male predominance, lack of familial clustering, a higher prevalence of HBV infection, and a lower prevalence of p-ANCA, EIMs, and CRC. Moreover, a higher incidence of the ileal type with poor outcomes of CD and left-sided predominance in UC were found.
Chinese Herbal Medicines Compared with N-Acetylcysteine for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Guo Jing , Li Bin , Wu Wenbin , Wang Zhichao , Wang Fei , Guo Taipin
Published: June 2019

Background. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a major global health problem. The prevalence of the disease appears to be increasing. There is no curative therapy for IPF except lung transplantation. Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are showing promise for treatment of IPF. However, their effectiveness and safety are still unclear and deserve further investigation. The aim of this systematic review is to access the efficacy and safety of CHMs in treating IPF. Methods. The protocol of this review is registered at PROSPERO. We searched seven main databases for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on CHMs for IPF from their inception to June 4, 2018. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. All trials included were analyzed according to the criteria of the Cochrane Handbook. Review Manager 5.3, R-3.5.2 software, and Grade pro GDT web solution were used for data synthesis and analysis. Results. Thirteen randomized clinical trials enrolling 733 patients were included. All trials included had clear outcome indicators. The methodological quality of included trials was generally “poor.” Few trials reported methods of randomization. One trial on Xuefu-zhuyu capsule assessed rate of acute exacerbation and mortality after treatment for 72 weeks and found no statistically significant difference between two groups. This meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in QOL of IPF patients when CHMs was applied or combined with conventional medicine treatment. 6MWT was significantly improved in IPF patients after using CHMs or combined with conventional medicine treatment. CHMs treatment also had a certain improvement in TLC and DLCO, but the effect on FVC was not significant. Besides, CHMs failed to provide benefits in terms of PaO2. The reported adverse events were not obvious and severe. Conclusions. Some CHMs seem effective and safe as alternative remedies for patients with IPF, suggesting that further study of CHMs in the treatment of IPF is warranted. Although this systematic review suggests that CHMs may have positive effect on quality of life, 6-minute walk test distance, and lung function (TLC, DLOC%) and seem to be relatively safe during the course of treatment, the results must be treated with great caution because of the methodological flaws of the included trials. Long-term and high-quality trials are needed in the future to provide clear evidence for the use of CHMs.
Is Subcutaneous Route an Alternative to Intravenous Route for Mouse Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 1.5 T?
Authors: Dillenseger Jean-Philippe , Goetz Christian , Sayeh Amira , Zorn Pierre-Emmanuel , Kremer Stéphane , Rémond Yves , Constantinesco André , Aubertin-Kirch Gaëlle , Choquet Philippe
Published: June 2019

The present work compares intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) routes for contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) in mice. For that purpose, we selected two contrast media used in clinical practice. MRI acquisitions were performed at 1.5 T on five adult mice (Swiss, 41 g +/- 3 g). On each animal, four acquisitions were achieved with IV and SC administration of either Gd-DOTA or MS-325 (1 acquisition per week). For each route, 0.1 mL of NaCl and 0.1 mL of contrast agent were injected. For each acquisition, 200 T1-weighted images were acquired in a 2 h 34 min time lapse. For each route and contrast medium, dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) curves were obtained. Time-to-peak (TTP), uptake, and washout constant-time values and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were extracted. IV route TTP value was 4.9 min with Gd-DOTA and 5.4 min with MS-325. SC route TTP was 43.3 min with Gd-DOTA and 45.0 min with MS-325. Despite slower uptake constant-time, we show that SC is a potentially valuable alternative to the IV route in mouse preclinical CE-MRI.
Detection ofNTRKFusions: Merits and Limitations of Current Diagnostic Platforms
Authors: Solomon James P. , Hechtman Jaclyn F.
Published: June 2019

Oncogenic fusions involving NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 with various partners are diagnostic of infantile fibrosarcoma and secretory carcinoma yet also occur in lower frequencies across many types of malignancies. Recently, targeted small molecular inhibitor therapy has been shown to induce a durable response in a high percentage of patients with NTRK fusion–positive cancers, which has made the detection of NTRK fusions critical. Several techniques for NTRK fusion diagnosis exist, including pan-Trk IHC, FISH, reverse transcription PCR, DNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS), and RNA-based NGS. Each of these assays has unique features, advantages, and limitations, and familiarity with these assays is critical to appropriately screen for NTRK fusions. Here, we review the details of each existing methodology.
Radiation-Induced Amplification of TGFB1-Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Mediated Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) Gene 131I Therapy
Authors: Schug Christina , Kitzberger Carolin , Sievert Wolfgang , Spellerberg Rebekka , Tutter Mariella , Schmohl Kathrin A. , Eberlein Bernadette , Biedermann Tilo , Steiger Katja , Zach Christian , Schwaiger Markus , Multhoff Gabriele , Wagner Ernst , Nelson Peter J. , Spitzweg Christine
Published: June 2019

Purpose:

The innate tumor homing potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been used for a targeted delivery of the theranostic sodium iodide symporter (NIS) transgene into solid tumors. We have previously shown that external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) results in the enhanced recruitment of NIS-expressing MSCs into human hepatocellular carcinoma (HuH7). In parallel, the tumor-associated cytokine TGFB1 becomes strongly upregulated in HuH7 tumors in response to EBRT.

Experimental Design:

We therefore evaluated the effects of combining focused EBRT (5 Gy) with MSC-mediated systemic delivery of the theranostic NIS transgene under control of a synthetic TGFB1-inducible SMAD-responsive promoter (SMAD-NIS-MSCs) using 123I-scintigraphy followed by 131I therapy in CD1 nu/nu mice harboring subcutaneous human hepatocellular carcinoma (HuH7).

Results:

Following tumor irradiation and SMAD-NIS-MSC application, tumoral iodide uptake monitored in vivo by 123I-scintigraphy was enhanced as compared with nonirradiated tumors. Combination of EBRT and SMAD-NIS-MSC–mediated 131I therapy resulted in a significantly improved delay in tumor growth and prolonged survival in therapy mice as compared with the combined therapy using CMV-NIS-MSCs or to control groups receiving EBRT or saline only, or EBRT together with SMAD-NIS-MSCs and saline applications.

Conclusions:

MSC-based NIS-mediated 131I therapy after EBRT treatment dramatically enhanced therapeutic efficacy when a TGFB1-inducible SMAD-responsive promoter was used to drive NIS expression in adoptively applied MSCs. The remarkable therapeutic effect seen is thought to be linked in large part to the enhanced TGFB1 produced in this context, which leads to a highly selective and focused amplification of MSC-based NIS expression within the tumor milieu.
Diagnosis of Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma (MANEC) after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Pancreatic and Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Oneda Ester , Liserre Barbara , Bianchi Denise , Rota Luigina , Savelli Giordano  , Zorzi Fausto , Zaniboni Alberto
Published: June 2019

Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is a rare tumor of the gastrointestinal tract involving both epithelial and neuroendocrine (NE) components, each of which represents at least 30% of the tumor. Because of the low frequency of this histotype, only a few cases have been described. In this report we discuss two cases treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a pancreatic adenocarcinoma and a gastric adenocarcinoma. The histopathological specimens examined after surgery showed an additional NE component with a possible indication of the MANEC histotype. We hypothesize two possible explanations: tumor NE cells are more chemo-resistant than adenocarcinoma cells, and cytotoxic injury induces NE differentiation in tumor cells. The clinical significance and prognostic value of endocrine differentiation, however, remain controversial issues.
Moda, consumo e gênero na corte de d. Pedro II (Rio de Janeiro 1840-1889)
Authors: Monteleone Joana
Published: June 2019

O crescimento da produção industrial de mercadorias no XIX é acompanhado de uma transformação importante na outra ponta da economia, a do consumo. A crescente relevância social da mercadoria é resultado de mudanças na forma de produzir, mas também é consequência do exercício cotidiano da vida social. Nesse processo, há uma redefinição do papel social da mulher que passa a exercer uma parte considerável da tarefa de escolher o que ela e a família devem consumir no dia a dia. No Brasil e especialmente na corte do Rio de Janeiro, o século XIX significou para as mulheres da elite econômica adquirir mercadorias importadas essencialmente da Europa. Neste trabalho é analisado o consumo de roupas e de objetos relacionados à moda no Rio de Janeiro.
Integrating Quality of Life and Survival Outcomes in Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: Results From the PARTNER Trial
Authors: Spertus Jacob V. , Hatfield Laura A. , Cohen David J. , Arnold Suzanne V. , Ho Martin , Jones Philip G. , Leon Martin , Zuckerman Bram , Spertus John A.
Published: June 2019

Background:

Survival and health status (eg, symptoms and quality of life) are key outcomes in clinical trials of heart failure treatment. However, health status can only be recorded on survivors, potentially biasing treatment effect estimates when there is differential survival across treatment groups. Joint modeling of survival and health status can address this bias.

Methods and Results:

We analyzed patient-level data from the PARTNER 1B trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves) of transcatheter aortic valve replacement versus standard care. Health status was quantified with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) at randomization, 1, 6, and 12 months. We compared hazard ratios for survival and mean differences in KCCQ scores at 12 months using several models: the original growth curve model for KCCQ scores (ignoring death), separate Bayesian models for survival and KCCQ scores, and a Bayesian joint longitudinal-survival model fit to either 12 or 30 months of survival follow-up. The benefit of transcatheter aortic valve replacement on 12-month KCCQ scores was greatest in the joint-model fit to all survival data (mean difference, 33.7 points; 95% credible intervals [CrI], 24.2–42.4), followed by the joint-model fit to 12 months of survival follow-up (32.3 points; 95% CrI, 22.5–41.5), a Bayesian model without integrating death (30.4 points; 95% CrI, 21.4–39.3), and the original growth curve model (26.0 points; 95% CI, 18.7–33.3). At 12 months, the survival benefit of transcatheter aortic valve replacement was also greater in the joint model (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% CrI, 0.32–0.73) than in the nonjoint Bayesian model (0.54; 95% CrI, 0.37–0.75) or the original Kaplan-Meier estimate (0.55; 95% CI, 0.40–0.74).

Conclusions:

In patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and prohibitive surgical risk, the estimated benefits of transcatheter aortic valve replacement on survival and health status compared with standard care were greater in joint Bayesian models than other approaches.
Trajectories of Oral Anticoagulation Adherence Among Medicare Beneficiaries Newly Diagnosed With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Hernandez Inmaculada , He Meiqi , Chen Nemin , Brooks Maria M. , Saba Samir , Gellad Walid F.
Published: June 2019

Background

Only 50% of atrial fibrillation (
AF
) patients recommended for oral anticoagulation (
OAC
) use these medications, and less than half of them adhere to
OAC
. In a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries newly diagnosed with
AF
, we identified groups of patients with similar trajectories of
OAC
use and adherence, and evaluated patient characteristics affecting group membership.

Methods and Results

We selected continuously enrolled Medicare Part D beneficiaries with first
AF
diagnosis in 2014 to 2015 (n=34 898). We calculated the proportion of days covered with
OAC
over the first 12 months after diagnosis and identified
OAC
adherence trajectories using group‐based trajectory models. We constructed multinomial logistic regression models to evaluate how demographics, system‐level factors, and clinical characteristics were associated with group membership. We identified 4 trajectories of
OAC
adherence: patients who never used
OAC
(43.8%), late
OAC
initiators (7.6%), early
OAC
discontinuers (8.9%), and continuously adherent patients (40.1%). Predictors such as sex, black race, residence in the South, or
HAS
‐
BLED
score were associated with not only
OAC
use, but also the timing of initiation and the likelihood of discontinuation. For example,
HAS
‐
BLED
score ≥4 was associated with a higher likelihood of not using
OAC
(odds ratio 1.35; 95%
CI
, 1.14–1.62), of late initiation (1.55; 95%
CI
, 1.11–2.05), and of early discontinuation (odds ratio 1.35; 95%
CI
, 1.01–1.84).

Conclusions

We identified 4 distinct trajectories of
OAC
adherence after first
AF
diagnosis, with <45% of newly diagnosed
AF
patients belonging to the trajectory group characterized by continuous
OAC
adherence. Trajectories were associated not only with demographic and clinical characteristics but also with regional factors.
Introduction to José Oiticica Filho's “Setting the
Record Straighter”
Authors: Tifentale Alise
Published: June 2019

This text introduces article “Setting the Record Straighter” (1951) by Brazilian photographer and artist José Oiticica Filho (1906–1964). The core of Oiticica Filho's article is a discussion of the significance of photo-club exhibitions, based on the example of an ongoing rivalry between the members of São Paulo-based photo club Foto Cine Clube Bandeirante (FCCB) and Rio de Janeiro-based club Sociedade Fluminense de Fotografia. Oiticica Filho, as a member of the São Paulo-based club who resided in Rio, emerged as a mediator between the two groups—an impartial scientist who sought a solution in data, not in the clashes between egos. The article, partially translated here for the first time, illuminates the inner workings of photo-club culture, the motivation for photographers to participate, and their major concerns about the club exhibitions. Oiticica Filho's method, based on statistics and data analysis, anticipate the sociological approach to photography developed by Pierre Bourdieu in Photography: A Middle-Brow Art (1965). Understanding Oiticica Filho's statistical work is key to establishing a broader perspective on postwar photo-club culture as an international phenomenon that contributed to the recognition of photography as an autonomous art form during the 1950s.
“Sections of One Great Institution”
Authors: Beckman Jenny
Published: June 2019

The paper examines the prizes and publications of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences as part of a transnational system of scientific communication. Nationally and internationally, prizes and publications served as currency in systems of recognition and benchmarking, and could be converted into international reputations as well as honours and positions in national systems of research, education, and administration. The institutional and linguistic conditions for this exchange changed significantly during the nineteenth century. For Swedish scientists, the symbolic translation of scientific capital depended on the literal translation of texts, from Swedish as well as into Swedish. I focus on two cases that highlight the complex and changing relations between prizes and publications in Swedish science, approaching them from the perspective of language and translation: the judgements delivered by the chemist Berzelius in his journal Annual Survey of Progress in the Sciences (1821–1848), and the Letterstedt Prizes of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1862–).
Electric Signals: Emotional Currents, Cultural Conduits, Social Voltage and Power Generation in Eighteenth-Century Cultural Encounters
Authors: Eustace Nicole
Published: June 2019

In the middle of the eighteenth century, natural philosophers began to posit connections between emotion and electricity. The metaphors they explored then have continued methodological implications for scholars today. The electrical concepts of current, resistance, voltage, and power, provide an extended metaphor for conceptualising the history of emotions in ways that usefully bridge the biological and cultural, the individual and social, in order to more fully reveal historical links between emotion and power. By way of example, this article examines cross-cultural negotiations of power made possible through the expression, exchange, and evaluation of grief as recorded in the diary of a British-American Quaker woman who lived among Indians in the Pennsylvania borderlands in the midst of the Seven Years’ War.
Fear, Empathy and Ambition: George Augustus Robinson’s Friendly Mission
Authors: Warren Mick
Published: June 2019

Fear beset the settler community of Van Diemen’s Land throughout the 1820s as Aboriginal resistance to European dispossession intensified, a period referred to as the Black War. Representative of the emerging obligation into the 1830s to treat Indigenous people across the British imperial world more kindly, George Augustus Robinson presents a contradictory figure during this tumultuous period. Decrying the depravity of his fellow settlers and their servants, Robinson adapted the conciliatory agenda of Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur in forming the Friendly Mission, a roving missionary enterprise involving Aboriginal people in the task of their own pacification and exile. At once an insight to the sincere emotional connection he felt with his mission subjects, Robinson’s Friendly Mission journals also embody the deep contradictions of British humanitarian governance and its complicity in the logic of elimination it sought to challenge.
Two new species in Hieracium sect. Alpina (Asteraceae) from the Eastern Carpathians in Poland
Authors: SZELĄG ZBIGNIEW
Published: June 2019

Two apomictic, polyploid (x=9) species in Hieracium sect. Alpina are described from the Western Bieszczady Mountains, Eastern Carpathians, Poland, and illustrated with photos of the holotypes. These are H. jasiewiczii (4x) which combines the morphological features of H. alpinum and H. bifidum, and H. wojcickii (4x) of presumably hybrid origin between H. alpinum and H. pseudobifidum. Both new species are probably relicts originated from diploid, sexual H. alpinum with a wider primary range covering also the Western Bieszczady Mountains, which presently occurs only in the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians.
A new genus with three new species of free-living marine nematodes of the subfamily Desmodorinae (Nematoda: Desmodoridae), from the continental shelf off northeastern Brazil
Authors: LARRAZÁBAL-FILHO ALEXANDRE L. , NERES PATRÍCIA F. , DA SILVA MARIA CRISTINA , ESTEVES ANDRÉ M.
Published: June 2019

Three new species representing a new genus of marine nematodes were collected on the continental shelf of the Potiguar Basin, northeastern Brazil. Spinonema gen. n. has a coarsely annulated cuticle with the inner layer ornamented with vacuoles, and lateral alae. The lateral alae are formed by raised and bent lateral sections of annules, resembling the letter C. C-shaped refers to each individual segment of ala. Some species have a dorsal spine, arched spicules and a well-developed head capsule, with a thick cuticle without annulations. Spinonema gen. n. has some features in common with certain genera of the family Desmodoridae but can be distinguished by the coarse body annuli, cuticular ornamentation (lateral alae, and in some species a dorsal spine) and the absence of subcephalic setae. The type species of the new genus, Spinonema cuticulatum gen. et sp. n., is characterized by the presence of a spiral fovea amphidialis, hook-shaped spicules in the capitulum, a velum and three ejaculatory glands. Spinonema spirale gen. et sp. n. has body annuli with the inner cuticle ornamented with vacuoles along the entire body, a multispiral fovea amphidialis with 3.15 turns and a gubernaculum intricate, with lateral crurae. Dorsal apophysis of gubernaculum wing-shaped. Spinonema absente gen. et sp. n. has a cryptospiral fovea amphidialis, short spicules, a simple gubernaculum and three precloacal setae.
Mascarapion, a new genus of the Apioninae (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) from the Mascarene Islands
Authors: WANAT MAREK , POUSSEREAU JACQUES
Published: June 2019

A new genus, Mascarapion, is erected, endemic to the Mascarene Archipelago. Three species are included as new combinations: M. mauritii (Beguin-Billecocq, 1905), M. roudieri (Richard, 1957) and M. richardi (Alonso-Zarazaga, 1983). Mascarapion richardi is given a new status of distinct species, its morphological differences from M. roudieri are described. The problematic placement of the new genus in existing apionine tribes is discussed.
A Three-Dimensional Trajectory Model with Advection Correction for Tropical Cyclones: Algorithm Description and Tests for Accuracy
Authors: Miller William , Zhang Da-Lin
Published: June 2019

When computing trajectories from model output, gridded winds are often temporally interpolated to a time step shorter than model output intervals to satisfy computational stability constraints. This study investigates whether trajectory accuracy may be improved for tropical cyclone (TC) applications by interpolating the model winds using advection correction (AC) instead of the traditional linear interpolation in time (LI) method. Originally developed for Doppler radar processing, AC algorithms interpolate data in a reference frame that moves with the pattern translation, or advective flow velocity. A previously developed trajectory AC implementation is modified here by extending it to three-dimensional (3D) flows, and the advective flows are defined in cylindrical rather than Cartesian coordinates. This AC algorithm is tested on two model-simulated TC cases, Hurricanes Joaquin (2015) and Wilma (2005). Several variations of the AC algorithm are compared to LI on a sample of 10 201 backward trajectories computed from the modeled 5-min output data, using reference trajectories computed from 1-min output to quantify position errors. Results show that AC of 3D wind vectors using advective flows defined as local gridpoint averages improves the accuracy of most trajectories, with more substantial improvements being found in the inner eyewall where the horizontal flows are dominated by rotating cyclonic wind perturbations. Furthermore, AC eliminates oscillations in vertical velocity along LI backward trajectories run through deep convective updrafts, leading to a ~2.5-km correction in parcel height after 20 min of integration.
Family caregivers’ needs of young patients with first episode psychosis: A qualitative study
Authors: Kumar Ganesh , Sood Mamta , Verma Rohit , Mahapatra Ananya , Chadda Rakesh Kumar
Published: June 2019

Background:

The caregivers of patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) experience significant distress. It is important to understand their needs to plan adequate interventions for them.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to explore the needs of caregivers of young patients with FEP in India, using a qualitative approach.

Methods:

The study was conducted in two phases. In phase I, a script for conducting focus group discussions (FGDs) with caregivers was developed, based on literature search and expert opinion generated from FGD with mental health professionals. In phase II, five FGDs were conducted with 30 caregivers of young patients with FEP having minimal of 6 participants in each FGD. Data was analyzed using principles of grounded theory.

Results:

Seven broad themes and subthemes of the needs of caregivers emerged from the FGDs. The final themes, which highlighted the needs of caregivers of young patients with FEP, were (in order of ranking) as follows: information regarding treatment, information regarding illness, services provided by the government, optimum quality of care from treatment facility, management of psychosocial issues related to patient’s illness, availability and accessibility of treatment, and identification and recognition of mental health and physical problems in family members.

Conclusion:

Qualitative method was useful to identify the needs of the caregivers of young patients with FEP in multiple domains.
Energy-absorbing performance of graded Voronoi foams
Authors: Lin Hui , Lv Lin , Zhang Jianjun , Wang Zhihua
Published: June 2019

Cellular foams are usually used as energy absorbers in engineering such as cushioning to alleviate the impact energy. To explore their energy absorption property, Voronoi foams with different density gradients were established. Numerical simulations were conducted by using Ls-dyna 971. Two loading conditions were considered: the constant velocity impact and the densification velocity impact. The results indicate that the energy absorption is closely related to loading conditions and profiles of density gradients. Therefore, it is of great importance to select suitable graded foams accordingly. This study paves the way for engineering applications of graded cellular materials as protective devices.
Macrophages Promote Growth of Squamous Cancer Independent of T cells
Authors: Wu F.L. , Nolan K. , Strait A.A. , Bian L. , Nguyen K.A. , Wang J.H. , Jimeno A. , Zhou H.M. , Young C.D. , Wang X.J.
Published: June 2019

Oral cancers, primarily squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), progress either slowly or aggressively. Here we assessed the role of macrophages in SCC behavior. We used mouse SCC cells derived from tumors harboring a KrasG12D activation mutation and Smad4 deletion in keratin 15–positive stem cells and a human oral SCC cell line, FaDu, which has NRAS amplification and SMAD4 deletion. SCC cells were transplanted into immune-compromised or immune-competent (syngeneic) recipients. After tumors were established, we used clodronate liposomes to ablate macrophages. We found that the number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) was not affected by the presence of T cells but differed considerably among tumors derived from different SCC lines. Clodronate significantly reduced TAMs and splenic macrophages, resulting in reduced SCC volumes. Tumors with clodronate treatment did not show decreased proliferation but did exhibit increased apoptosis and reduced vascular density. FLIP (Fas-associated via death domain-like interleukin 1β–converting enzyme inhibitory protein), an apoptosis inhibitor abundantly produced in tumor cells and TAMs, was reduced in tumor cells of clodronate-treated mice. Reduced FLIP levels correlated with reductions in phosphorylated nuclear NFκB p65 and NFκB inhibitor attenuated FLIP protein levels in SCC cells. Furthermore, TGFβ1 serum levels and pSmad3 were reduced in clodronate-treated mice, but their reductions were insufficient to reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition or TGFβ-mediated angiogenesis in endothelial cells. Consequently, metastasis was not significantly reduced by macrophage reduction. However, reduced pSmad3 correlated with reduction of its transcriptional target, vascular endothelial growth factor A, in clodronate-treated tumor cells, which correlated with reduced vascular density in clodronate-treated tumors. Taken together, our study revealed that macrophages contribute to SCC expansion through interactions with tumor cells but are dispensable for SCC metastasis. Our study provides novel insights into understanding the contributions and limitations of TAMs in SCC progression.
Switching control for coordinated maneuvering of vehicular platoon with sensor failures
Authors: Zou Cunming , Li Hongxing
Published: June 2019

The problem of nonlinear platoon control with sensor failure is studied in this paper. First, a vehicular platoon model involving sensor failure and nonlinearity is established, in which the nonlinear platoon is divided to a linearized model in addition to a nonlinear term. Then, based on the nonlinear model, a switching controller design method is proposed by using a discrete Lyapunov function and then the sufficient state feedback control law is achieved. It is shown that the obtained control scheme can achieve asymptotical stable. Simulations are given to show the efficiency of the proposed methods.
The Social Image of Families of Children and Youth in Residential Care: A Characterization and Comparison With Mainstream Families With Different Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Patrício Joana Nunes , Lopes Diniz , Garrido Margarida Vaz , Calheiros Maria Manuela
Published: June 2019

The literature suggests that families of children and youths in residential care are often associated with negative social images. These images may shape prejudiced attitudes and behavior toward them and, when shared by care professionals, compromise the effectiveness of family intervention and reintegration. This study explored these social images in a sample of 176 participants with and without professional contact with this population. Participants were asked to indicate five attributes describing families of children or youths living in residential care or in mainstream environments with low or medium socioeconomic status (SES). Results indicated that both families of children and youths in residential care and families of low SES were predominantly described with negative attributes. However, only the former were characterized by dysfunctional parenting-related attributes. Medium SES families were overall described with positive attributes. Furthermore, these social images were organized in different profiles. Implications for family intervention and reintegration are discussed
Whole-body MRI added to gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MRI for detection of extrahepatic disease in patients considered eligible for hepatic resection and/or local ablation of colorectal cancer liver metastases
Authors: Sivesgaard Kim , Larsen Lars P , Sørensen Michael , Kramer Stine , Schlander Sven , Amanavicius Nerijus , Mortensen Frank V , Pedersen Erik M
Published: June 2019

Background

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) can detect extrahepatic disease before local treatment of colorectal liver metastases.

Purpose

To investigate if whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) added to gadoxetic acid liver MRI could replace FDG-PET/CT for detection of extrahepatic disease in patients with colorectal liver metastases eligible for hepatic local treatment.

Material and Methods

This health-research-ethics-committee-approved prospective consecutive diagnostic accuracy study with written informed consent analyzed 79 cases included between 29 June 2015 and 7 February 2017. Whole-body MRI covering the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis and FDG-PET/CT including contrast-enhanced CT was performed 0–3 days before local treatment of liver metastases. Whole-body MR images were read independently by two readers. FDG-PET/CT images were read independently by two pairs of readers. Histopathology and follow-up imaging were used as reference standard. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated and compared including noninferiority analysis.

Results

Seventy-five malignant lesions and 419 benign lesions were confirmed. Sensitivities of both PET/CT reader pairs 1 and 2 (56.7 and 67.9%) and MRI reader 2 (63.0%) were significantly higher than that of MRI reader 1 (42.7) (P<0.04). Specificities of both PET/CT reader pairs 1 and 2 (92.5 and 92.4%) and MRI reader 1 (91.1%) were significantly higher than that of MRI reader 2 (86.3%) ( P < 0.02). Sensitivity of MRI reader 2 was non-inferior compared to PET/CT reader pair 1. Specificities of both MRI readers were non-inferior to both PET/CT reader pairs.

Conclusion

For detection of extrahepatic disease in patients with colorectal liver metastases, whole-body MRI was non-inferior to FDG-PET/CT for some reader combinations. However, reader-independent non-inferiority could not be demonstrated.
Effects of 6-months of oral ferrous and ferric supplement therapy in patients who were hospitalized for decompensated chronic heart failure
Authors: Zdravkovic Snezana Ciric , Nagorni Svetlana Petrovic , Cojbasic Irena , Mitic Vesna , Cvetkovic Predrag , Nagorni Ivan , Govedarovic Nenad , Davinic Ivana , Stanojevic Dragana
Published: June 2019

Objective

Anemia is common in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). This study aimed to examine the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in patients with CHF. We investigated the effects of oral ferrous or ferric supplementation on prognosis of CHF and quality of life.

Methods

A total of 201 patients with chronic decompensated heart failure were enrolled in a 6-month prospective study. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Patients in group I (n = 100) received ferrous fumarate and those in group II (n = 101) received ferric hydroxide polymaltose complex. Quality of life was measured by the 6-minute walking test (6MWT).

Results

A total of 49% of the patients had iron-dependent anemia in group I and 53.3% were anemic in group II. In group I, the number of anemic patients was significantly lower at 6 months after admission compared with at initial admission (49% versus 45%). Significant improvements were observed in hemoglobin values, the 6MWT distance, and New York Heart Association class after 6 months in both groups.

Conclusions

Iron deficiency is a significant comorbidity in CHF, even without anemia. Iron should be replaced orally or intravenously because it significantly improves the quality of life of patients.
How Does Offender Rehabilitation Actually Work? Exploring Mechanisms of Change in High-Risk Treated Parolees
Authors: Yesberg Julia A. , Polaschek Devon L. L.
Published: June 2019

Offender rehabilitation is typically thought to have been successful if a higher proportion of a sample of treatment completers avoids being reconvicted for an offence than a comparison sample. Yet, this type of evaluation design tells us little about what brings about these outcomes. In this study, we test whether change in dynamic risk factors during treatment is a recidivism-reducing mechanism in a sample of high-risk offenders. We also examine the extent to which change after treatment—in the period of reentry from prison to the community—mediates this relationship. We found that although individuals made statistically significant change during treatment, this change was not significantly related to recidivism. We did, however, find tentative support for an indirect relationship between treatment change and recidivism, through change that occurred during reentry. These findings signal the importance of the reentry period for understanding how change in treatment is related to long-term outcomes.
Effect of self-awareness on goal engagement and outcomes after acquired brain injury
Authors: Prescott Sarah , Fleming Jennifer , Doig Emmah
Published: June 2019

Introduction

A client’s level of self-awareness may change after acquired brain injury, including impaired self-awareness or hyper-awareness of impairments. As a result of these impairments, engagement in occupational therapy may be more challenging, especially the setting of client-centred goals. Understanding how engagement in goal setting differs according to level of self-awareness is therefore necessary. The aim of this study was to examine differences between: (a) the client-centredness of goal setting; (b) verbal participation in goal setting discussions and (c) the goal outcomes across clients with acquired brain injury who had different levels of self-awareness.

Method

A prospective cohort study design was used. Participants were 35 adults with acquired brain injury attending outpatient rehabilitation. Goal setting discussions were audio-recorded and measures of self-awareness and client-centredness completed immediately afterwards, and goal-outcome data collected 12 weeks later.

Results

Participants were classified into three self-awareness groups: hyper-awareness ( n=9), accurate self-awareness ( n=17) and impaired self-awareness ( n=9). All groups demonstrated high levels of client-centredness of goals and achieved clinically significant goal outcomes.

Conclusion

Clients with impaired self-awareness, hyper-awareness and accurate awareness can be successfully engaged in rehabilitation goal setting to develop and achieve client-centred goals.
Detecting longitudinal changes in activities of daily living (ADL) dependence: Optimizing ADL staircase response choices
Authors: Axmon Anna , Ekstam Lisa , Slaug Björn , Schmidt Steven M , Fänge Agneta Malmgren
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Using a sum score based on a three-graded response scale for the activities of daily living staircase has previously been found to increase the statistical power compared to dichotomized responses when assessing longitudinal changes in activities of daily living. We aimed to investigate if the statistical power could be further increased by using a four-graded scale.

Methods

We used data from two previous studies on community-living people to calculate sum scores based on a dichotomized (independent/dependent), a three-graded (independent/partly dependent/dependent), and a four-graded (independent without difficulty/independent with difficulty/partly dependent/dependent) response scale for the activities of daily living staircase. In total, 1818 paired observations (baseline to follow-up) from 482 people were included. Statistical power was estimated for the entire material as well as stratified by follow-up time and baseline activities of daily living using simulations.

Results

The four-graded scale provided the highest statistical power, particularly for shorter follow-up times and low and high baseline activities of daily living, but had similar statistical power to the three-graded scale for longer follow-up times and medium baseline activities of daily living.

Conclusion

Adding a second level to “independent” in the activities of daily living staircase improved the detection of changes over time.