bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Two Native Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases for Asymmetric Synthesis of Bulky Chiral Sulfoxides
Authors: Zhang Yan , Liu Feng , Xu Na , Wu Yin-Qi , Zheng Yu-Cong , Zhao Qian , Lin Guoqiang , Yu Hui-Lei , Xu Jian-He
Published: May 2018

Two Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs), designated
Bo
BVMO and
Am
BVMO, were discovered from
Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum
and
Aeromicrobium marinum
, respectively. Both monooxygenases displayed novel features for catalyzing the asymmetric sulfoxidation of bulky and pharmaceutically relevant thioethers. Evolutionary relationship and sequence analysis revealed that the two BVMOs belong to the family of typical type I BVMOs and the subtype ethionamide monooxygenase. Both BVMOs are active toward medium- and long-chain aliphatic ketones as well as various thioether substrates but are ineffective toward cyclohexanone, aromatic ketones, and other typical BVMO substrates.
Bo
BVMO and
Am
BVMO showed the highest activities (0.117 and 0.025 U/mg protein, respectively) toward thioanisole among the tested substrates. Furthermore, these BVMOs exhibited distinct activity and excellent stereoselectivity toward bulky and prochiral prazole thioethers, which is a unique feature of this family of BVMOs. No native enzyme has been reported for the asymmetric sulfoxidation of bulky prazole thioethers into chiral sulfoxides. The identification of
Bo
BVMO and
Am
BVMO provides an important scaffold for discovering enzymes capable of asymmetrically oxidizing bulky thioether substrates by genome mining.

IMPORTANCE
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are valuable enzyme catalysts that are an alternative to the chemical Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction. Although BVMOs display broad substrate ranges, no native enzymes were reported to have activity toward the asymmetric oxidation of bulky prazole-like thioether substrates. Herein, we report the discovery of two type I BVMOs from
Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum
(
Bo
BVMO) and
Aeromicrobium marinum
(
Am
BVMO) which are able to catalyze the asymmetric sulfoxidation of bulky prazole thioethers (proton pump inhibitors [PPIs], a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production). Efficient catalysis of omeprazole oxidation by
Bo
BVMO was developed, indicating that this enzyme is a promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of bulky and pharmaceutically relevant chiral sulfoxide drugs. These results demonstrate that the newly identified enzymes are suitable templates for the discovery of more and better thioether-converting BVMOs.
Complete Genome Sequences of 10 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Isolates Recovered from Wild Boars in Germany
Authors: Reinhardt Marie , Hammerl Jens A. , Hertwig Stefan
Published: May 2018

We report here the draft genome sequences of 10
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
isolates recovered from tonsils of wild boars hunted between 2015 and 2016 in Germany. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed to assess the diversity of
Y. pseudotuberculosis
, which may result in human infections caused by the consumption of game meat.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Salmonella Strains Isolated from Wild Animals on the Eastern Shore of Virginia
Authors: Libuit Kevin G. , Turner Lauren
Published: May 2018

Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR)
Salmonella
infections pose a significant public health threat. Here, we announce two draft genomes of
Salmonella
strains isolated from wildlife harboring an alarming array of antibiotic resistance genes. Continued investigations of these genomes will provide insight into the possible attribution of AMR
Salmonella
infection of wild animals.
Genomic Sequence of the WHO International Standard for Hepatitis A Virus RNA
Authors: Jenkins Adrian , Minhas Rehan , Morris Clare , Berry Neil
Published: May 2018

The World Health Organization (WHO) international standard for hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA nucleic acid assays was characterized by complete genome sequencing. The entire coding sequence and noncoding regions were assigned HAV genotype IB. This information will aid the design, development, and evaluation of HAV RNA amplification assays.
Genome Sequence of a Novel Alloherpesvirus Isolated from Glass Catfish (Kryptopterus bicirrhis)
Authors: Henriquez Rachel N. , Polchana Jaree , Kanchanakhan Somkiat , Davison Andrew J. , Waltzek Thomas B. , Subramaniam Kuttichantran
Published: May 2018

The 149,343-bp genome of silurid herpesvirus 1, which was isolated in Thailand from glass catfish, was sequenced. The genome was most closely related to that of ictalurid herpesvirus 2, which infects black bullhead catfish. To our knowledge, this was the first silurid catfish alloherpesvirus genome to be sequenced.
First Complete Genome Sequence of an Isolate of Tomato Mottle Mosaic Virus Infecting Plants of Solanum lycopersicum in South America
Authors: Nagai Alice , Duarte Lígia M. L. , Chaves Alexandre L. R. , Alexandre Maria A. V. , Ramos-González Pedro L. , Chabi-Jesus Camila , Harakava Ricardo , dos Santos Déborah Y. A. C.
Published: May 2018

The complete nucleotide sequence of an isolate of tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) was determined. The virus, originally isolated from symptomatic tomato plants found in a county near the city of São Paulo, Brazil, has a genome with 99% nucleotide sequence identity with ToMMV from Mexico, China, Spain, and the United States.
Changes in IgA Protease Expression Are Conferred by Changes in Genomes during Persistent Infection by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Gallo Mary C. , Kirkham Charmaine , Eng Samantha , Bebawee Remon S. , Kong Yong , Pettigrew Melinda M. , Tettelin Hervé , Murphy Timothy F.
Published: May 2018

Nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NTHi) is an exclusively human pathobiont that plays a critical role in the course and pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). NTHi causes acute exacerbations of COPD and also causes persistent infection of the lower airways. NTHi expresses four IgA protease variants (A1, A2, B1, and B2) that play different roles in virulence. Expression of IgA proteases varies among NTHi strains, but little is known about the frequency and mechanisms by which NTHi modulates IgA protease expression during infection in COPD. To assess expression of IgA protease during natural infection in COPD, we studied IgA protease expression by 101 persistent strains (median duration of persistence, 161 days; range, 2 to 1,422 days) collected longitudinally from patients enrolled in a 20-year study of COPD upon initial acquisition and immediately before clearance from the host. Upon acquisition, 89 (88%) expressed IgA protease. A total of 16 of 101 (16%) strains of NTHi altered expression of IgA protease during persistence. Indels and slipped-strand mispairing of mononucleotide repeats conferred changes in expression of
igaA1
,
igaA2
, and
igaB1
. Strains with
igaB2
underwent frequent changes in expression of IgA protease B2 during persistence, mediated by slipped-strand mispairing of a 7-nucleotide repeat, TCAAAAT, within the open reading frame of
igaB2
. We conclude that changes in
iga
gene sequences result in changes in expression of IgA proteases by NTHi during persistent infection in the respiratory tract of patients with COPD.
YopN Is Required for Efficient Effector Translocation and Virulence in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Bamyaci Sarp , Ekestubbe Sofie , Nordfelth Roland , Erttmann Saskia F. , Edgren Tomas , Forsberg Åke
Published: May 2018

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are used by various Gram-negative pathogens to subvert the host defense by a host cell contact-dependent mechanism to secrete and translocate virulence effectors. While the effectors differ between pathogens and determine the pathogenic life style, the overall mechanism of secretion and translocation is conserved.
Performance Evaluation of a Prototype Architect Antibody Assay for Babesia microti
Authors: Cheng Kevin , Coller Kelly E. , Marohnic Christopher C. , Pfeiffer Zachary A. , Fino James R. , Elsing Randee R. , Bergsma Janet , Marcinkus Marilee A. , Kar Alak K. , Gumbs Orlando H. , Otis Kathy S. , Fishpaugh Jeffrey , Schultz Phillip W. , Pope Mark R. , Narvaez Alfredo R. , Wong Susan J. , Madison-Antenucci Susan , Leary Thomas P. , Dawson George J.
Published: May 2018

The tick-borne protozoanBabesia microtiis responsible for more than 200 cases of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis (TTB) infection in the United States that have occurred over the last 30 years. Measures to mitigate the risk of TTB include nucleic acid testing (NAT) andB. microtiantibody testing.
STAT2-Dependent Immune Responses Ensure Host Survival despite the Presence of a Potent Viral Antagonist
Authors: Le-Trilling Vu Thuy Khanh , Wohlgemuth Kerstin , Rückborn Meike U. , Jagnjic Andreja , Maaßen Fabienne , Timmer Lejla , Katschinski Benjamin , Trilling Mirko
Published: May 2018

A pathogen encounter induces interferons, which signal via Janus kinases and STAT transcription factors to establish an antiviral state. However, the host and pathogens are situated in a continuous arms race which shapes host evolution toward optimized immune responses and the pathogens toward enhanced immune-evasive properties. Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) counteracts interferon responses by pM27-mediated degradation of STAT2, which directly affects the signaling of type I as well as type III interferons. Using MCMV mutants lacking
M27
and mice lacking STAT2, we studied the opposing relationship between antiviral activities and viral antagonism in a natural host-pathogen pair
in vitro
and
in vivo
. In contrast to wild-type (wt) MCMV, ΔM27 mutant MCMV was efficiently cleared from all organs within a few days in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and 129 mice, highlighting the general importance of STAT2 antagonism for MCMV replication. Despite this effective and relevant STAT2 antagonism, wt and STAT2-deficient mice exhibited fundamentally different susceptibilities to MCMV infections. MCMV replication was increased in all assessed organs (e.g., liver, spleen, lungs, and salivary glands) of STAT2-deficient mice, resulting in mortality during the first week after infection. Taken together, the results of our study reveal the importance of cytomegaloviral interferon antagonism for viral replication as well as a pivotal role of the remaining STAT2 activity for host survival. This mutual influence establishes a stable evolutionary standoff situation with fatal consequences when the equilibrium is disturbed.

IMPORTANCE
The host limits viral replication by the use of interferons (IFNs), which signal via STAT proteins. Several viruses evolved antagonists targeting STATs to antagonize IFNs (e.g., cytomegaloviruses, Zika virus, dengue virus, and several paramyxoviruses). We analyzed infections caused by MCMV expressing or lacking the STAT2 antagonist pM27 in STAT2-deficient and control mice to evaluate its importance for the host and the virus
in vitro
and
in vivo
. The inability to counteract STAT2 directly translates into exaggerated IFN susceptibility
in vitro
and pronounced attenuation
in vivo
. Thus, the antiviral activity mediated by IFNs via STAT2-dependent signaling drove the development of a potent MCMV-encoded STAT2 antagonist which became indispensable for efficient virus replication and spread to organs required for dissemination. Despite this clear impact of viral STAT2 antagonism, the host critically required the remaining STAT2 activity to prevent overt disease and mortality upon MCMV infection. Our findings highlight a remarkably delicate balance between host and virus.
Dengue Virus Induces Increased Activity of the Complement Alternative Pathway in Infected Cells
Authors: Cabezas Sheila , Bracho Gustavo , Aloia Amanda L. , Adamson Penelope J. , Bonder Claudine S. , Smith Justine R. , Gordon David L. , Carr Jillian M.
Published: May 2018

Severe dengue virus (DENV) infection is associated with overactivity of the complement alternative pathway (AP) in patient studies. Here, the molecular changes in components of the AP during DENV infectionin vitrowere investigated. mRNA for factor H (FH), a major negative regulator of the AP, was significantly increased in DENV-infected endothelial cells (EC) and macrophages, but, in contrast, production of extracellular FH protein was not. This discord was not seen for the AP activator factor B (FB), with DENV induction of both FB mRNA and protein, nor was it seen with Toll-like receptor 3 or 4 stimulation of EC and macrophages, which induces both FH and FB mRNA and protein. Surface-bound and intracellular FH protein was, however, induced by DENV, but only in DENV antigen-positive cells, while in two other DENV-susceptible immortalized cell lines (ARPE-19 and human retinal endothelial cells), FH protein was induced both intracellularly and extracellularly by DENV infection. Regardless of the cell type, there was an imbalance in AP components and an increase in markers of complement AP activity associated with DENV-infected cells, with lower FH relative to FB protein, an increased ability to promote AP-mediated lytic activity, and increased deposition of complement component C3b on the surface of DENV-infected cells. For EC in particular, these changes are predicted to result in higher complement activity in the local cellular microenvironment, with the potential to induce functional changes that may result in increased vascular permeability, a hallmark of dengue disease.

IMPORTANCEDengue virus (DENV) is a significant human viral pathogen with a global medical and economic impact. DENV may cause serious and life-threatening disease, with increased vascular permeability and plasma leakage. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying these features remain unclear; however, overactivity of the complement alternative pathway has been suggested to play a role. In this study, we investigate the molecular events that may be responsible for this observed alternative pathway overactivity and provide novel findings of changes in the complement system in response to DENV infection in primary cell types that are a major target for DENV infection (macrophages) and pathogenesis (endothelial cells)in vivo. Our results suggest a new dimension of cellular events that may influence endothelial cell barrier function during DENV infection that could expand strategies for developing therapeutics to prevent or control DENV-mediated vascular disease.
Aerobic exercise interventions reduce blood pressure in patients after stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Cheng , Redgrave Jessica , Shafizadeh Mohsen , Majid Arshad , Kilner Karen , Ali Ali N
Published: May 2018

Objective

Secondary vascular risk reduction is critical to preventing recurrent stroke. We aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on vascular risk factors and recurrent ischaemic events after stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA).

Design

Intervention systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, TRIP Database, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, UK Clinical Trials Gateway and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from 1966 to October 2017.

Eligibility criteria

Randomised controlled trials evaluating aerobic or resistance exercise interventions on vascular risk factors and recurrent ischaemic events among patients with stroke or TIA, compared with control.

Results

Twenty studies (n=1031) were included. Exercise interventions resulted in significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) −4.30 mm Hg (95% CI −6.77 to −1.83) and diastolic blood pressure −2.58 mm Hg (95% CI −4.7 to −0.46) compared with control. Reduction in SBP was most pronounced among studies initiating exercise within 6 months of stroke or TIA (−8.46 mm Hg, 95% CI −12.18 to −4.75 vs −2.33 mm Hg, 95% CI −3.94 to −0.72), and in those incorporating an educational component (−7.81 mm Hg, 95% CI −14.34 to −1.28 vs −2.78 mm Hg, 95% CI −4.33 to −1.23). Exercise was also associated with reductions in total cholesterol (−0.27 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.54 to 0.00), but not fasting glucose or body mass index. One trial reported reductions in secondary vascular events with exercise, but was insufficiently powered.

Exercise interventions can result in clinically meaningful blood pressure reductions, particularly if initiated early and alongside education.
A multi-block adaptive solving technique based on lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Zhang Yang , Xie Jiahua , Li Xiaoyue , Ma Zhenghai , Zou Jianfeng , Zheng Yao
Published: May 2018

In this paper, a CFD parallel adaptive algorithm is self-developed by combining the multi-block Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) with Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR). The mesh refinement criterion of this algorithm is based on the density, velocity and vortices of the flow field. The refined grid boundary is obtained by extending outward half a ghost cell from the coarse grid boundary, which makes the adaptive mesh more compact and the boundary treatment more convenient. Two numerical examples of the backward step flow separation and the unsteady flow around circular cylinder demonstrate the vortex structure of the cold flow field accurately and specifically.
Simulation of interfacial waves of two-layer flows through phase field lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Shao Jiang-Yan , Shu Chang
Published: May 2018

Simulation of the interfacial wave growth in a plane channel is performed by a phase field lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) in this work. The numerical results are validated against linear theory analysis. The influence of viscosity ratio and liquid layer height on the wave initiation is studied Results show that the wave grows slower with increasing viscosity ratio. On the other hand, the wave growth rate has more complex relationships with the liquid layer height. It is also found that there is a critical liquid layer height that prompts the strongest wave growth. Besides the linear characteristics during the early stage, nonlinear interfacial changes such as forming of ligament and droplets are also captured in this work.
Analysis of influential factors on haze pollution in China
Authors: Liu Xiao-Hong , Jiang Keshen
Published: May 2018

This study tests the hypothesis of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) between PM[Formula: see text] concentrations and economic growth and analyzes the influential factors of PM[Formula: see text] concentrations from the economic perspective by using the panel data on the PM[Formula: see text] concentrations of 30 provinces from 2003 to 2015 in China. Results of the regression estimation from the fully modified OLS (FMOLS) method show that a relationship characterized by an inverted U-shaped curve is observed between PM[Formula: see text] concentrations and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and that an EKC exists in China’s haze pollution problem. PM[Formula: see text] concentrations have the most sensitive response to GDP. The elastic coefficients of the possession of civilian vehicles, urbanization and trade openness are positive values. More importantly, the elastic coefficient of the tertiary industry proportion is less than 0. Increase in the proportion of tertiary industry can effectively alleviate China’s problem on haze pollution. Lastly, relevant countermeasures and suggestions are presented.
A Semi-Analytical Method for Solving Problems on the Role of Prey Taxis in a Biological Control-Mathematical Model
Authors: Nave OPhir , Baron Yifat , Sharma Manju
Published: May 2018

In this paper, we applied the well-known homotopy analysis methods (HAM), which is a semi-analytical method, perturbation method, to study a reaction–diffusion–advection model for the dynamics of populations under biological control. According to the predator–prey model, the advection expression represents the predator density movement in which the acceleration is proportional to the prey density gradient. The prey population reproduces logistically, and the interactions of prey population obey the Holling’s prey-dependent Type II functional response. The predation process splits into the following subdivided processes: random movement which is represented by diffusion, direct movement which is described by prey taxis, local prey interactions, and consumptions which are represented by the trophic function. In order to ensure a successful biological control, one should make the predator-pest population to stabilize at a very low level of pest density. One reason for this effect is the intermediate taxis activity. However, when the system loses stability, for example very intensive prey taxis destroys the stability, it leads to chaotic dynamics with pronounced outbreaks of pest density.
Smart Grid Creatures
Authors: Stefanov S. Z. , Wang Paul P.
Published: May 2018

In this paper, we revisit the research results of DAD, Daily Artificial Dispatcher, published in 2010 [S. Z. Stefanov, New Mathematics and Natural Computation 6 (2010) 275–283], and give it new interpretation bring out the best of its meaning, as well as some more quantitative novel formula. In metaphorical sense, DAD is the analogue to DNA and hence the Smart Grid is analogue to the Creature by invoking the postmodern theory [J.-F. Lyotard, Moralités Postmodernes (Éditions Galilée, 1993) (in French)]. Specifically, the DAD’s binary expressions are generated by an innocent dialogue between DAD and Smart Grid in the form of world-strings. Namely, the living space-time of the DAD’s binary symbols is generated via a discussion between DAD and Smart Grid. Metaphorically speaking, DAD’s world is digitally described as a dramatic game and the Smart Grid as a creating cartoon loaded with an integral holographic complexity. Overall, the so called creatures capable of innocent discussions under near-zero temperature are generated by the epidemic growth of the Smart Grid cartoon. It is further concluded that the number of the Smart Grid creatures is inversely proportional to the half-time of the DAD’s binary “DNA” life cycle. Each Smart Grid can be coded in one of eight colors pool, as an aging in one of the four ways and as being in one of three possible development phases, dynamically. Finally, we take the liberty of calling the DAD’s world, a string prescribed as topology and landscape, to be “Aria”.
Directed Graphs Applied to Human Trafficking
Authors: Mordeson John N. , Mordeson John H. , Mathew Sunil
Published: May 2018

Mathematical models are constructed using directed graphs in order to study the human trafficking flow of male customers and victims. The models are constructed so that the flow can be studied over time. We show that the classes in the models interact with each other in a way one would expect. We study the interaction between the two models. We use results from graph theory to determine the classes which are strengthening, weakening, or neutral members of the directed graphs involving the male customers and victims.
Co-existence thresholds in the dynamics of the plant–herbivore interaction with Allee effect and harvest
Authors: Asfaw Manalebish Debalike , Kassa Semu Mitiku , Lungu Edward M.
Published: May 2018

In the interaction between plants and herbivores that live in the same ecosystem, understanding the conditions in which co-existence equilibrium occurs answers a major question in Ecology. In this interaction, plants serve as food for herbivores on the food chain. Then the livelihood of herbivores highly depends on the availability of food, in this case the availability of plants. Moreover, the abundance of the plant density alone does not guarantee the non-extinction of the herbivore population as they are assumed to reproduce sexually. With this motivation, in this paper a predator–prey mathematical model is reformulated such that the death rate of the herbivore population is dependent on the plant density and their emergence is also governed by the Allee effect. Using the mathematical theory of dynamical system, threshold conditions are obtained for the non-extinction of the herbivore population and a trapping region is obtained to ensure co-existence of the population. Moreover, it has been shown that the dynamics of the population is significantly sensitive to the feeding rate and the harvest rate of the herbivore population.
Highly sensitive index of cardiac autonomic control based on time-varying respiration derived from ECG
Authors: Gilfriche Pierre , Arsac Laurent M. , Daviaux Yannick , Diaz-Pineda Jaime , Miard Brice , Morellec Olivier , André Jean-Marc
Published: May 2018

Frequency-domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV) have been used as markers of sympathovagal balance. However, they have been shown to be degraded by interindividual or task-dependent variability, and especially variations in breathing frequency. The study introduces a method to analyze respiration-(vagally) mediated HRV, to better assess subtle variations in sympathovagal balance using ECG recordings. The method enhances HRV analysis by focusing the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) gain on the respiratory frequency. To this end, instantaneous respiratory frequency was obtained with ECG-derived respiration (EDR) and was used for variable frequency complex demodulation (VFCDM) of R-R intervals to extract RSA. The ability to detect cognitive stress in 27 subjects (athletes and nonathletes) was taken as a quality criterion to compare our method to other HRV analyses: Root mean square of successive differences, Fourier transform, wavelet transform, and scaling exponent. Three computer-based tasks from MATB-II were used to induce cognitive stress. Sympathovagal index (HFnu) computed with our method better discriminates cognitive tasks from baseline, as indicated by P values and receiver operating characteristic curves. Here, transient decreases in respiratory frequency have shown to bias classical HRV indices, while only EDR-VFCDM consistently exhibits the expected decrease in the HFnu index with cognitive stress in both groups and all cognitive tasks. We conclude that EDR-VFCDM is robust against atypical respiratory profiles, which seems relevant to assess variations in mental demand. Given the variety of individual respiratory profiles reported especially in highly trained athletes and patients with chronic respiratory conditions, EDR-VFCDM could better perform in a wide range of applications.
Is activation of human brown adipose tissue a viable target for weight management?
Authors: Marlatt Kara L. , Chen Kong Y. , Ravussin Eric
Published: May 2018

To date, human studies show that brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes a small yet highly variable amount to overall energy expenditure. No studies have shown a decrease in body weight with cold-induced BAT activation, and existing pharmacological studies suggest that BAT activation via the sympathetic nervous system may result in increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, even though the amount and/or activity of BAT have been shown to vary with seasons, such variation does not seem to be translated into weight changes. Collectively, these findings do not support the use of BAT activation for weight loss in humans; however, the potential role of BAT in counteracting the metabolic adaptation observed with weight loss is suggested. Although the role of BAT in weight control is currently unsubstantiated, BAT may play a role in improving insulin sensitivity in humans.
Bladder Neck Contracture after Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treated with a Thermo-Expandable Metal Stent (Memokath® 045)
Authors: Wen Jan , Nørby Bettina , Osther Palle Jörn Sloth
Published: May 2018

Bladder neck contracture following transurethral resection of the prostate is a rare but feared complication. Treatment is often challenging with significant recurrence rates. In this report, we present a complicated case treated with a simple procedure. A 75-year-old male developed urinary retention due to bladder neck contracture after transurethral resection of the prostate. He was initially treated with several transurethral incisions, but the obstruction recurred few months after each incision. At urethroscopy, the bladder neck was completely obstructed. Using both retrograde and antegrade endoscopy, it was possible to place a through-and-through guidewire, after which the length of the stricture could be measured. Subsequently, the stricture was slightly dilated, and a double-cone thermo-expandable metal stent (Memokath 045) could be placed. The correct position was monitored with antegrade and retrograde endoscopy, securing the proximal cone expanded above the stricture and the distal cone above the sphincter. The patient was discharged the same day with spontaneous voiding and minimal residual urine. Twenty-one months after stent placement, the patient still had no complaints of his urination. Thus, the double-cone thermo-expandable metal stent, Memokath 045, may be a durable option for treatment of complicated bladder neck contracture after TURP for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Chemical Constituents from Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck.) Merr. Leaves
Authors: Thao Nguyen Phuong , Binh Pham Thanh , Luyen Nguyen Thi , Hung Ta Manh , Dang Nguyen Hai , Dat Nguyen Tien
Published: May 2018

As part of an ongoing search for new natural products from medicinal plants to treat type 2 diabetes, two new compounds, a megastigmane sesquiterpenoid sulfonic acid (1) and a new cyclohexylethanoid derivative (2), and seven related known compounds (3–9) were isolated from the leaves of Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck.) Merr. The structures of the compounds were conducted via interpretation of their spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, IR, and MS), and the absolute configurations of compound 1 were determined by the modified Mosher’s method. The MeOH extract of W. chinensis was found to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities as well as by the compounds isolated from this extract. Furthermore, compound 7 showed the strongest effect with IC50 values of 112.8 ± 15.1 μg/mL (against α-amylase) and 785.9 ± 12.7 μg/mL (against α-glucosidase). Compounds 1, 8, and 9 showed moderate α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. Other compounds showed weak or did not show any effect on both enzymes. The results suggested that the antidiabetic properties from the leaves of W. chinensis are not simply a result of each isolated compound but are due to other components such as the accessibility of polyphenolic groups to α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities.
Downregulation of iNOS, IL-1β, and P2X7 Expression in Mast Cells via Activation of PAR4 Contributes to the Inhibition of Visceral Hyperalgesia in Rats
Authors: Hao Yanli , Niu Hao , An Shuhong , Wang Ming , Wang Zhaojin
Published: May 2018

Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is implicated in the inhibition of visceral hyperalgesia. In the present study, the effects of PAR4 activation on visceral hypersensitivity and expression of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β(IL-1β), P2RX7 purinergic receptor (P2X7), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tryptase, in mast cells (MCs) were investigated via in vivo and in vitro studies. The numbers of tryptase-positive MCs with extensive PAR4, P2X7, and iNOS expression were increased in the colons of visceral hyperalgesia rats compared with controls. Intracolonic administration of PAR4-activating peptide (PAR4-AP) significantly attenuated the visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distention and reduced the iNOS, IL-1β, P2X7, and tryptase protein and mRNA levels in the colonic mucosa. Treatment of rat bone marrow MCs (BMMCs) with PAR4-AP also reduced the iNOS, IL-1β, P2X7, and tryptase protein and mRNA levels. ERK1/2 and p38 activators (t-butylhydroquinone, tBHQ, and U-46619) reversed the suppressive effect of PAR4 activation on IL-1βand iNOS expression, whereas ERK1/2 and p38 inhibitors (PD98059 and SB203580) reversed the suppressive effect of PAR4 activation on P2X7 and tryptase expression. Our results indicate that the downregulation of inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, IL-1β, P2X7, and tryptase, in MCs that are mediated by PAR4 activation could inhibit visceral hyperalgesia via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway.
Diurnal Variation in Physiological and Immune Responses to Endurance Sport in Highly Trained Runners in a Hot and Humid Environment
Authors: Boukelia B. , Gomes E. C. , Florida-James G. D.
Published: May 2018

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and immunological response of highly trained runners to an intense bout of exercise performed at two different times of day, in a hot, humid environment. Methods. Using a crossover randomized design, 13 highly trained runners (range 64–79 ml·kg−1 min−1) performed a 10 km time trial run in hot (28°C) and humid conditions (70%), at 2 different times of day (09:00 hs and 18:00 hs). Venous blood samples were taken to determine WBCs (white blood cells), IL‐6 (interleukin‐6), CC16 (club cell protein 16), and HSP70 (heat shock protein‐70) concentrations. Upper respiratory tract inflammation was additionally assessed using a nasal lavage procedure. Results. A significant diurnal difference (p < 0.05) was found for core body temperature, total WBC, and neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations with higher values at 18:00 hs. A phase response in IL‐6, HSP70, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and CC16 was noted, being more pronounced at 18:00 hs, whilst core body temperature and HR phase responses were more pronounced at 09:00 hs. Conclusion. In hot and humid conditions, athletes may wish to consider, when possible, racing and particularly training in the morning where the least homeostatic perturbation occurs.
Tissue Anisotropy Modeling Using Soft Composite Materials
Authors: Chanda Arnab , Callaway Christian
Published: May 2018

Soft tissues in general exhibit anisotropic mechanical behavior, which varies in three dimensions based on the location of the tissue in the body. In the past, there have been few attempts to numerically model tissue anisotropy using composite-based formulations (involving fibers embedded within a matrix material). However, so far, tissue anisotropy has not been modeled experimentally. In the current work, novel elastomer-based soft composite materials were developed in the form of experimental test coupons, to model the macroscopic anisotropy in tissue mechanical properties. A soft elastomer matrix was fabricated, and fibers made of a stiffer elastomer material were embedded within the matrix material to generate the test coupons. The coupons were tested on a mechanical testing machine, and the resulting stress-versus-stretch responses were studied. The fiber volume fraction (FVF), fiber spacing, and orientations were varied to estimate the changes in the mechanical responses. The mechanical behavior of the soft composites was characterized using hyperelastic material models such as Mooney-Rivlin’s, Humphrey’s, and Veronda-Westmann’s model and also compared with the anisotropic mechanical behavior of the human skin, pelvic tissues, and brain tissues. This work lays the foundation for the experimental modelling of tissue anisotropy, which combined with microscopic studies on tissues can lead to refinements in the simulation of localized fiber distribution and orientations, and enable the development of biofidelic anisotropic tissue phantom materials for various tissue engineering and testing applications.
Association betweenMYH9andAPOL1Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in a Chinese Han Population
Authors: Zhao Hailing , Ma Liang , Yan Meihua , Wang Yan , Zhao Tingting , Zhang Haojun , Liu Peng , Liu Yanzhen , Li Ping
Published: May 2018

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inMYH9-APOL1gene regions have been reported to be associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in the American population. We examined the association between polymorphisms inMYH9-APOL1and DKD susceptibility in a Chinese Han population.MYH9rs3752462 (T>C) andAPOL1rs136161 (C>G) were genotyped in 303 DKD patients and 364 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without kidney disease using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the association. We observed that onlyMYH9rs3752462 was associated with DKD (genotype,P=0.004; allele,P=0.002). Genetic model analysis revealed that rs3752462 was associated with increased risk of DKD under a dominant model adjusted by age and sex (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.675; 95% CI 1.225–2.289;P=0.001) and an additive model (TC versus TT: aOR, 1.649; 95% CI 1.187–2.290; CC versus TT: aOR, 1.817; 95% CI 0.980–3.367;P=0.005). The combined effect of rs3752462 TC + rs136161 CC genotype showed an association of DKD adjusted by age and sex (aOR, 1.732; 95% CI 1.128–2.660;P=0.012). After a Holm-Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, the C allele frequencies of the rs3752462 and the TC + CC genotype in the dominant model were considered statistically significant with a markedly increased risk of DKD (P<0.00208;P<0.002). Our results suggest thatMYH9rs3752462 is significantly associated with an increased risk of DKD in Chinese Han individuals.
An Efficient Identity‐Based Proxy Blind Signature for Semioffline Services
Authors: Zhu Hongfei , Tan Yu-an , Zhu Liehuang , Zhang Quanxin , Li Yuanzhang
Published: May 2018

Fog computing extends the cloud computing to the network edge and allows deploying a new type of semioffline services, which can provide real‐time transactions between two entities, while the central cloud server is offline and network edge devices are online. For an e‐payment system and e‐voting with such feature, proxy blind signature is a cornerstone to protect users’ privacy. However, the signature based on number theorem, such as hard mathematical problems on factoring problem, discrete logarithm problem, and bilinear pairings, cannot defeat quantum computers attack. Meanwhile, these schemes need to depend on complex public key infrastructure. Thus, we construct an identity‐based proxy blind signature scheme based on number theorem research unit lattice, which can defeat quantum computers attack and does not need to depend on public key infrastructure. The security of the proposed scheme is dependent on Ring‐Small Integer Solution problem over number theorem research unit lattice. The proposed scheme meets the properties of blind signature and proxy signature. Then we compare the proposed scheme with other existing proxy blind signature schemes; the result shows that the proposed scheme outperforms ZM scheme except in proxy signer’s signature size and can be more secure than TA scheme and MMHP scheme.
Synergistic Effects of FGF-18 and TGF-β3 on the Chondrogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Pellet Culture
Authors: Huang Liangjie , Yi Lingxian , Zhang Chunli , He Ying , Zhou Liangliang , Liu Yan , Qian Long , Hou Shuxun , Weng Tujun
Published: May 2018

Cell-based therapy serves as an effective way for cartilage repair. Compared with a limited source of autologous chondrocytes, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are proposed as an attractive cell source for cartilage regeneration. How to drive chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs efficiently remains to be further investigated. TGF-β3 has shown a strong chondrogenic action on ADSCs. Recently, fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF-18) has gained marked attention due to its anabolic effects on cartilage metabolism, but existing data regarding the role of FGF-18 on the chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are conflicting. In addition, whether the combined application of FGF-18 and TGF-β3 would improve the efficiency of the chondrogenic potential of ADSCs has not been thoroughly studied. In the current study, we isolated human ADSCs and characterized the expression of their surface antigens. Also, we evaluated the chondrogenic potential of FGF-18 on ADSCs using an in vitro pellet model by measuring glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, collagen level, histologic appearance, and expression of cartilage-related genes. We found that FGF-18, similarly to TGF-β3, had a positive impact on chondrogenic differentiation and matrix deposition when presented throughout the culture period. More importantly, we observed synergistic effects of FGF-18 and TGF-β3 on the chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs in the in vitro pellet model. Our results provide critical information on the therapeutic use of ADSCs with the help of FGF-18 and TGF-β3 for cartilage regeneration.
Performance Comparison of Mode Choice Optimization Algorithm with Simulated Discrete Choice Modeling
Authors: Roh Hyuk-Jae , Sharma Satish , Sahu Prasanta K. , Mehran Babak
Published: May 2018

Until recently, a majority of modeling tasks of transportation planning, especially in discrete choice modeling, is conducted with the help of commercial software and only concerned about the result of parameter estimates to get a policy-sensitive interpretation. This common practice prevents researchers from gaining a systematic knowledge involved in estimation mechanism. In this research, to shed a light on these limited modeling practices, a standard discrete choice model’s parameter is estimated using Quasi-Newton method, DFP, and BFGS. Two extended algorithms, called DFP-GSM and BFGS-GSM, are proposed for the first time to overcome the weakness of the Quasi-Newton method. The golden section method (GSM) incorporates a nonlinear programming technique to choose an optimal step size automatically. Partial derivatives of log-likelihood function are derived and coded using Visual Basic Application (VBA). Through extensive numerical evaluation, estimation capability of each proposed estimation algorithms is compared in terms of performance measures. The proposed algorithms show a stable estimation performance and the reasons were studied and discussed. Furthermore, useful insights educated in custom-built modeling are present.
NOMA for Multinumerology OFDM Systems
Authors: Abusabah Ayman T. , Arslan Huseyin
Published: May 2018

Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising technique which outperforms the traditional multiple access schemes in many aspects. It uses superposition coding (SC) to share the available resources among the users and adopts successive interference cancelation (SIC) for multiuser detection (MUD). Detection is performed in power domain where fairness can be supported through appropriate power allocation. Since power domain NOMA utilizes SC at the transmitter and SIC at the receiver, users cannot achieve equal rates and experience higher interference. In this paper, a novel NOMA scheme is proposed for multinumerology orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system, that is, different subcarrier spacings. The scheme uses the nature of mixed numerology systems to reduce the constraints associated with the MUD operation. This scheme not only enhances the fairness among the users but improves the bit error rate performance as well. Although the proposed scheme is less spectrally efficient than conventional NOMA schemes, it is still more spectrally efficient than orthogonal multiple access schemes.
Changes in Serum Electrolytes, ECG, and Baroreflex Sensitivity during Combined Pituitary Stimulation Test
Authors: Kim Sungsu , Kwak Choong Hwan , Jung Jaehoon , Baek Jong Ha , Jung Jung Hwa , Park Ki-Jong , Kim Kyongyoung , Kim Soo Kyoung , Kang Dawon , Hahm Jong Ryeal
Published: May 2018

The mechanisms by which hypoglycemia increases cardiovascular mortality remain unclear. The aim of the study is to investigate changes in serum electrolytes, norepinephrine concentrations, electrocardiography, and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and associations between corrected QT (QTc) intervals and the changes in serum electrolytes during combined pituitary stimulation test (CPST). We recruited the subjects who were admitted to the Gyeongsang National University Hospital to undergo CPST between September 2013 and December 2014. Participants were 12 patients suspected of having hypopituitarism. Among 12 patients, cardiac arrhythmia in two patients occurred during hypoglycemia. There were significant differences in serum levels of potassium (P<0.001), sodium (P=0.003), chloride (P=0.002), and calcium (P=0.017) at baseline, hypoglycemia, and 30 and 120 minutes after hypoglycemia. Also, there was a significant increase in heart rate (P=0.004), corrected QT (QTc) interval (P=0.008), QRS duration (P=0.021), and BRS (P=0.005) at hypoglycemia, compared to other time points during CPST. There was a positive association between QTc intervals and serum sodium levels (P<0.001) in 10 patients who did not develop arrhythmia during CPST. This study showed that there were significant changes in serum levels of potassium, sodium, chloride, and calcium, as well as heart rate, QTc interval, QRSd, and BRS during CPST. It was revealed that QTc intervals had a significant association with concentrations of sodium.
A Rare Case of Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst Infected by Salmonella enteritidis
Authors: Kaur Jasleen , McDonald Philip J. , Bhanot Ravinder D. , Awali Reda A. , Dhar Sorabh , Rowley James
Published: May 2018

Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital malformations which arise from abnormal budding of the primitive tracheobronchial tube and can localize to either the mediastinum or lung parenchyma. They remain clinically silent in most adults unless they become infected or are large enough to compress adjacent structures. Infections involving bronchogenic cysts are often polymicrobial. Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial infections have been reported, though frequently a pathogen is not identified. We present the case of a 46-year-old female with known history of bronchogenic cyst who presented with suspected postobstructive pneumonia. She underwent cyst excision with culture positive for Salmonella enteritidis, an extremely rare finding on review of the literature. The patient recovered following a three-week course of antibiotics for extraintestinal salmonellosis.
Modulations of Foot and Ankle Frontal Kinematics for Breaking and Propulsive Movement Characteristics during Side-Step Cutting with Varying Midsole Thicknesses
Authors: Lin Yi-Jia , Lee Shih-Chi , Chang Chao-Chin , Liu Tsung-Han , Shiang Tzyy-Yuang , Hsu Wei-Chun
Published: May 2018

This study is aimed at determining the effects of midsole thickness on movement characteristic during side cutting movement. Fifteen athletes performed side-step cutting while wearing shoes with varying midsole thicknesses. Temporal-spatial and ground reaction force variables as well as foot and ankle frontal kinematics were used to describe breaking and propulsive movement characteristics and modulation strategies. Regardless of midsole thickness, temporal-spatial variables and breaking and propulsive force during side cutting were statistically unchanged. Significantly greater peaks of ankle inversion and plantarflexion with a thicker sole and greater midtarsal pronation with a thinner sole were observed. Current results demonstrated that hypotheses formed solely based on material testing were insufficient to understand the adaptations in human movement because of the redundancy of the neuromusculoskeletal system. Participants were able to maintain temporal-spatial performance during side cutting while wearing shoes with midsoles of varying thicknesses. Increased pronation for a thinner sole might help reduce the force of impact but might be associated with an increased risk of excessive stress on soft tissue. Increased peak of ankle inversion and plantarflexion for a thicker sole may be unfavorable for the stability of ankle joint. Information provided in human movement testing is crucial for understanding factors associated with movement characteristics and injury and should be considered in the future development of shoe design.