bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Output Growth and Output Variability: Quantifying Connections and Tradeoffs
Authors: Rötheli Tobias F.
Published: April 2016

We study the historical trends in the coverage of the related topics growth and stability in the field of macroeconomics. It is argued that over the past 25 years research on growth has quantitatively dominated research on output variability. The article seeks to make a contribution to an integrated study of output growth and output volatility. This integration builds on ideas proposed by Fischer Black. We clarify Black’s contribution and show that the variability of output depends on the level of output as well as on the growth rate of output. The study then focuses on the experience of OECD countries since 1970. Based on statistical estimates we document the minimal (or efficient) level of output variability that a country could have achieved over the last four decades. This normative benchmark is similar to the notion of a tradeoff between portfolio return and portfolio variance known from the field of finance. A country’s excessive level of output variability suggests necessary improvements in the design of stabilization and regulation policies. The international comparison of countries based on this approach indicates that many (although not all) of the high growth economies have experienced output variability significantly above the efficient level.
Die Europäische Schuldenkrise: Ursachen und Lösungsstrategien
Authors: Heinemann Friedrich
Published: April 2016

This contribution highlights the complex causes of the European debt crisis and discusses available options for a solution. Relevant causes included are debt incentives which are effective permanently, the lacking optimality of the European currency area and deficient institutional debt brakes. Furthermore, the acute dimension of the crisis as a self-fulfilling crisis of confidence with a highly destructive potential is stressed. All solution strategies face the challenge that a self-fulfilling confidence crisis cannot be contained through an improvement of long-run fundamentals alone. Based on this analysis the crisis management is assessed. One insight is that the often criticized cautious and muddling-through approach towards a permanent solution is adequate. In contrast to that, allegedly courageous solutions like the introduction of eurobonds or the quick exclusion of crisis countries from the euro zone are unconvincing. Links to the economic literature of the early 1990s prove that the risk of a debt crisis has clearly been identified and analyzed as a particular risk of the European Monetary Union well before its start.
Regionale Bildungsrenditen – von der Methode zur Rendite
Authors: Reilich Julia
Published: April 2016

The paper shows an empirical analysis of regional returns to education in Germany. Therefore the returns to education are estimated for Germany as a whole and for the eastern and western part seperately. Additionally the analysis examines the returns for each federal state. For the estimations it is necessary to identify an efficient method and the best estimable model. It can be shown that the Three-Stage-Least-Squares-method yields the best results. For Germany the regression shows an average return for an additional year of education of about 10 %. By comparing the eastern and western part, it can be shown that in the east german states - the New Länder - employees get a much higher return. A further separation of states verifies the heterogeneities of the regions.
Trading many goods with many countries: Exporters and importers from German manufacturing industries
Authors: Wagner Joachim
Published: April 2016

In Germany, for the reporting year 2009 transaction-level data on exports and imports of goods have been aggregated at the level of the exporting or importing firm for the first time. In these data the number of goods exported and imported and the number of countries exported to and imported from is reported, together with the values of these cross-border transactions. This paper uses these newly available data for firms from manufacturing industries to uncover new facts and to test theoretical hypotheses of the relationship between a core dimension of firm performance, namely productivity, and the number of goods traded and countries traded with.
EWU-Krisenmanagement: Warum die Politik auf dem richtigen Weg ist
Authors: Becker Werner , Löchel Horst
Published: April 2016

With troubles in the European Monetary Union (EMU) showing great persistence, the emergency measures and ad-hoc crisis management of European authorities has been subject to harsh criticism. The current fierce debate among economists and the broad public has given rise to two camps advocating fundamentally different approaches how to exit the sustained crisis. While according to the Integrationists′ view, the only viable way to get rid of pressing debt problems and to restore confidence in the Euro area lies in a common guarantee for national debt obligations, so-called Minimalists advocate a strict return to the cornerstones of the Maastricht Treaty, in particular strict compliance with the debt and deficit limits laid out by the Treaty as well as a credible application of the ‚no-bail-out‘ rule. However, in their pure form, both strategies do not serve for a timely and effective crisis management as they either require a level of supranational integration that - given the still prevalent Westphalian order - cannot be attained in the short run nor is it on the agenda of European policy, or essentially deny the significant flaws within the EMU architecture that failed to prevent current fiscal woes.

The current crisis management of European authorities has followed neither of the two extremes but has taken a viable middle-of-the-road approach that resulted in useful and necessary repairs to the institutional architecture of the Euro area, most notably the establishment of the commonly guaranteed stability mechanisms EFSF and ESM as well as the first steps taken towards a European banking union. Hence, in contrast to most observers, we argue that the European authorities, by operating a prudent stepby- step approach, are on the right track towards solving the current crisis. As a result, European Central Bank could move back to its original approach of monetary policy.
Dutch Disease – Ökonomische Prozesse und Implikationen für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
Authors: Liebig Klaus , Ressel Gerhard , Rondorf Ulrike
Published: April 2016

We analyze some potential adverse macroeconomic side-effects of aid transfers: Real appreciation of the recipient′s currency may impair the aggregate output via crowding-out productive export sectors, the so-called Dutch Disease.

We use simplified balance sheets to elucidate the effects of four typical combinations of the following actions: The government may or may not spend the value of the aid transfer for nontradable goods. The central bank may or may not sell the respective reserves.

If the loss of competitiveness induced by the appreciation is over-compensated by the improved productivity induced by the use of the transfer, then there is no need to worry about the Dutch Disease.
Ovarian Dysgerminoma / Disgerminom Jajnika
Authors: Devic Ana , Vasiljevic Mladenko , Devic Aleksandar , Sorak Marija
Published: April 2016

Ovarian dysgerminoma (OD) is one of the most common malignant tumours of the ovarian germ cells, comprising 1-2% of all malignant ovarian tumours. It most commonly occurs between the ages of 10 and 30. The treatment is primarily surgical; however, in the advanced stages of the disease, surgical treatment is followed by chemotherapy.

We report a case of a 19-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with bilateral ovarian dysgerminoma. The patient was first operated for dysgerminoma on the left ovary and an ovariectomy was performed. A month later, she underwent surgery again because of the appearance of a residual tumour in the lodge of the removed ovary; the rest of the tumour was removed at that time. The histological finding was dysgerminoma ovarii, FIGO stage 1c. As agreed on by the consulting team, the patient returned for a follow-up ultrasound examination every three months. Nevertheless, nine months after the operation, she was diagnosed with dysgerminoma of the right ovary. Surgical treatment was performed again, and the tumour was removed. The histological finding on the second occasion was dysgerminoma ovarii, FIGO stage IIa, according to the TNM classification T2aNxMx. To preserve the reproductive capacity of the patient, the consulting team agreed to treat the patient with chemotherapy, i.e., 3 cycles of BEP [Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin (Platinum)]. Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and clinical examination after the therapy were normal. The patient is monitored in regular intervals, feels good and has no signs of the disease after five years.
Zinc and Gold Complexes in the Treatment of Breast Cancer / Kompleksi Cinka I Zlata U Lecenju Karcinoma Dojke
Authors: Benazic Sasa , Silconi Zana Besser , Milovanovic Jelena , Arsenijevic Aleksandar , Stojanovic Bojana , Milovanovic Marija , Kanjevac Tatjana
Published: April 2016

Metals are essential components in indispensable biochemical processes for living organisms. This review article highlights the metals zinc and gold in the development and treatment of breast cancer. Metal compounds off er many advantages as therapeutics due to their ability to coordinate ligands in a three-dimensional configuration. In aqueous solution, they form positively charged ions that can bind to negatively charged biological molecules. Metal complexes that contain metal ions such as zinc(II) and gold have received considerable attention as potential anticancer agents. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in a wide range of cellular processes that include structural, signalling, catalytic and regulatory functions. Zinc acts as a key structural component in many proteins and enzymes, including transcription factors, cellular signalling proteins, and DNA repair enzymes, and perturbed levels of zinc in tissues may play a role in cancer aetiology and outcome. Unlike zinc, gold is feasible as a component of compounds for effective anticancer therapy. Some progress in anticancer therapy may include interactions between zinc and gold.
Diabetes Mellitus Directs NKT Cells Toward Type 2 and Regulatory Phenotype / Diabetes Melitus Usmerava Diferencijaciju NKT Celija U Pravcu Tip 2 I Regulatornog Fenotipa
Authors: Gajovic Nevena , Jovanovic Ivan , Ilic Aleksandar , Jeremic Nevena , Jakovljevic Vladimir , Arsenijevic Nebojsa , Lukic Miodrag L.
Published: April 2016

Diabetes mellitus is chronic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia induces mitochondrial dysfunction, enhances oxidative stress and thus promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Earlier studies suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Previous studies have revealed that hyperglycaemia changes the functional phenotype of monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells and CD8+ T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether diabetes affects the functional phenotype of NKT cells.

Diabetes mellitus was induced in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a single dose of 170 mg/kg body weight. The number and functional phenotype of splenic NKT cells was assessed by fl ow cytometry, 28 days after diabetes induction.

The diabetic condition facilitated the production of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (p<0.05) and superoxide dismutase. Hyperglycaemia enhanced oxidative stress and thus decreased the number of splenic NKT cells but did not change the percentage of splenic CD3+CD49+ NKT cells that express the activatory receptor NKP46 or produce IFN-γ. However, hyperglycaemia increased the frequency of splenic NKT cells that express KLRG-1 and produce TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-5, and it decreased the frequency of IL-17+ NKT cells.

Our study indicates that diabetes mellitus induces oxidative stress and switches the functional phenotype of NKT cells towards type 2 (IL-4 and IL-5 producing NKTs) and regulatory (TGF-β Thproducing NKTs) phenotypes. These findings are correlated with the clinical observation in humans that diabetic patients are more prone to infections and tumours.
Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Motor Vehicle Taxation in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Konečný Vladimír , Gnap Jozef , Šimková Ivana
Published: April 2016

The article deals with the motor vehicle tax in relation with fiscal decentralization, particularly from 2005 with competence delegated to the self-governing regions in the area of motor vehicle tax. The result of this provision in the field of fiscal decentralization is increasing of differences in the motor vehicle tax burden in self-governing regions of Slovakia. The paper is the result of solving a series of impact studies solved by the authors in this field. Gradually over time from the transfer of competences in setting tax rates on motor vehicles to self-governing regions and usage of the incomes of this tax can realistically assess the development and impact of this element of fiscal decentralization in the Slovak Republic as well as propose a solution of resulting situation. The aim is to eliminate differences in motor vehicle tax burden at regional and interstate level while maintaining the current level of tax revenues of self-governing regions.
Groupage Cargo Transportation Model
Authors: Aleksejevs Ruslans , Guseinovs Raufs , Medvedev Alexander N. , Guseynov Sharif E.
Published: April 2016

In this work we consider a specific problem of optimal planning of maritime transportation of multiproduct cargo by ships of one (corporate strategy) or several (partially corporate strategy) companies: the core of the problem consists of the existence of the network of intermediate seaports (i.e. transitional seaports), where for every ship arrived the cargo handling is done, and which are situated between the starting and the finishing seaports. In this work, there are mathematical models built from scratch in the form of multicriteria optimization problem; then the goal attainment method of Gembicki is used for reducing the built models to a one-criterion problem of linear programming.
Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Correlates With Strength, Sprint, and Agility Performance in Collegiate Rugby Union Players
Authors: Wang Ran , Hoffman Jay R. , Tanigawa Satoru , Miramonti Amelia A. , La Monica Michael B. , Beyer Kyle S. , Church David D. , Fukuda David H. , Stout Jeffrey R.
Published: April 2016

Wang, R, Hoffman, JR, Tanigawa, S, Miramonti, AA, La Monica, MB, Beyer, KS, Church, DD, Fukuda, DH, and Stout, JR. Isometric mid-thigh pull correlates with strength, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3051–3056, 2016—The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationships between isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) force and strength, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate rugby union players. Fifteen members of a champion-level university's club rugby union team (mean ± SD: 20.67 ± 1.23 years, 1.78 ± 0.06 m, and 86.51 ± 14.18 kg) participated in this investigation. One repetition maximum (1RM) squat, IMTP, speed (40 m sprint), and agility (proagility test and T-test) were performed during 3 separate testing sessions. Rate of force development (RFD) and force output at 30, 50, 90, 100, 150, 200, and 250 milliseconds of IMTP, as well as the peak value were determined. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between these measures. Performance in the 1RM squat was significantly correlated to the RFD between 90 and 250 milliseconds from the start of contraction (r's ranging from 0.595 to 0.748), and peak force (r = 0.866, p ≤ 0.05). One repetition maximum squat was also correlated to force outputs between 90 and 250 milliseconds (r's ranging from 0.757 to 0.816, p ≤ 0.05). Sprint time over the first 5 m in the 40 m sprint was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) correlated with peak RFD (r = −0.539) and RFD between 30 and 50 milliseconds (r's = −0.570 and −0.527, respectively). Time for the proagility test was correlated with peak RFD (r = −0.523, p ≤ 0.05) and RFD between 30 and 100 milliseconds (r's ranging from −0.518 to −0.528, p's < 0.05). Results of this investigation indicate that IMTP variables are significantly associated with strength, agility, and sprint performance. Future studies should examine IMTP as a potential tool to monitor athletic performance during the daily training of rugby union players.
The Association Between Visual Assessment of Quality of Movement and Three-Dimensional Analysis of Pelvis, Hip, and Knee Kinematics During a Lateral Step Down Test
Authors: Rabin Alon , Portnoy Sigal , Kozol Zvi
Published: April 2016

Rabin, A, Portnoy, S, and Kozol, Z. The association between visual assessment of quality of movement and three-dimensional analysis of pelvis, hip, and knee kinematics during a lateral step down test. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3204–3211, 2016—Altered movement patterns including contralateral pelvic drop, increased hip adduction, knee abduction, and external rotation have been previously implicated in several lower extremity pathologies. Although various methods exist for assessing movement patterns, real-time visual observation is the most readily available method. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differing visual ratings of trunk, pelvis, and knee alignment, as well as overall quality of movement, are associated with differences in 3-dimensional trunk, pelvis, hip, or knee kinematics during a lateral step down test. Trunk, pelvis, and knee alignment of 30 healthy participants performing the lateral step down were visually rated as “good” or “faulty” based on previously established criteria. An additional categorization of overall quality of movement as either good or moderate was performed based on the aggregate score of each individual rating criterion. Three-dimensional motion analysis of trunk, pelvis, hip, and knee kinematics was simultaneously performed. A faulty pelvis alignment displayed a greater peak contralateral pelvic drop (effect size [ES], 1.65; p < 0.01) and a greater peak hip adduction (ES: 1.04, p = 0.01) compared with participants with a good pelvis alignment. Participants with a faulty knee alignment displayed greater peak knee external rotation compared with participants with a good knee alignment (ES, 0.78; p = 0.02). Participants with an overall moderate quality of movement displayed increased peak contralateral pelvic drop (ES, 1.07; p = 0.01) and peak knee external rotation (ES, 0.72; p = 0.04) compared with those with an overall good quality of movement. Visual rating of quality of movement during a lateral step down test, as performed by an experienced physical therapist, is associated with differences in several kinematics previously implicated in various pathologies.
Technical Actions, Heart Rate, and Locomotor Activity in 7v7 and 8v8 Games for Female Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Ørntoft Christina , Larsen Malte N. , Andersen Thomas B. , Rasmussen Lasse S. , Póvoas Susana C.A. , Randers Morten B. , Krustrup Peter
Published: April 2016

Ørntoft, C, Larsen, MN, Andersen, TB, Rasmussen, LS, Póvoas, SCA, Randers, MB, and Krustrup, P. Technical actions, heart rate, and locomotor activity in 7v7 and 8v8 games for female youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3298–3303, 2016—The purpose of this study was to evaluate technical performance, heart rate (HR), and activity profile in 7v7 and 8v8 soccer games for 9- to 10-year-old girls (U11). A total of 24 female youth players participated in the study, all playing 20-minute 7v7 and 8v8 games with 160 and 223 m2 per player, respectively. Technical actions, HR, and activity profile were measured during the games using video filming, HR monitors, and 5-Hz Global positioning system (GPS) units. The number of technical actions was higher in 7v7 than in 8v8 games (34 ± 19 vs. 28 ± 14; p = 0.03; d = 0.37), as was the number of successful actions (25 ± 16 vs. 20 ± 12; p = 0.01; d = 0.35), with no difference in success rate for technical actions (70 ± 13 vs. 69 ± 14%; p = 0.63; d = 0.07). No differences were found between 7v7 and 8v8 in total distance covered (1,574 ± 251 and 1,622 ± 281 m; p = 0.66; d = 0.18), peak speed (19.5 ± 2.6 and 20.7 ± 1.5 km·h−1; p = 0.16; d = 0.56), mean HR values (85 ± 5 and 86 ± 6%HRpeak; p = 0.85; d = 0.18), and time of >90% HRpeak (37 ± 16 and 35 ± 14% of playing time; p = 0.70; d = 0.13). Distance covered at the highest running speeds of >16 km·h−1 was lower in 7v7 than in 8v8 games (34 ± 24 vs. 63 ± 34 m; p = 0.018; d = 0.98), as was the number of entries into this speed zone (8 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 7; p = 0.006; d = 0.82). In conclusion, more technical actions and successful actions were observed in 7v7 than in 8v8 games, but players covered more ground with high-speed running in 8v8 games. This study also revealed that HR values were high in both game formats for U11 adolescent female players, with no difference between formats.
Total Hemoglobin Mass, Aerobic Capacity, and HBB Gene in Polish Road Cyclists
Authors: Malczewska-Lenczowska Jadwiga , Orysiak Joanna , Majorczyk Edyta , Zdanowicz Ryszard , Szczepańska Beata , Starczewski Michal , Kaczmarski Jacek , Dybek Tomasz , Pokrywka Andrzej , Ahmetov Ildus I. , Sitkowski Dariusz
Published: April 2016

Malczewska-Lenczowska, J, Orysiak, J, Majorczyk, E, Zdanowicz, R, Szczepańska, B, Starczewski, M, Kaczmarski, J, Dybek, T, Pokrywka, A, Ahmetov, II, and Sitkowski, D. Total hemoglobin mass, aerobic capacity, and the HBB gene in polish road cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3512–3519, 2016—The relationship between genes, amount of hemoglobin, and physical performance are still not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to examine the association between-551C/T and intron 2, +16 C/G polymorphisms in the beta hemoglobin (HBB) gene and total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) and aerobic capacity in endurance athletes. Total hemoglobin mass and aerobic capacity indices, i.e.,V̇o
2max, oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (V̇o
2AT), maximal power output (Pmax), and power at anaerobic threshold (PAT) were determined in 89 young road cyclists, female (n = 39) and male (n = 50), who were genotyped for 2 polymorphisms in the HBB gene. The relative values of aerobic capacity indices differed significantly among intron 2, +16 C/G polymorphisms of the HBB gene only in female cyclists; athletes with GG genotype had significantly higher values of V̇o
2max (p = 0.003), V̇o
2AT (p = 0.007), PAT (p = 0.015), and Pmax (p = 0.004) than C carriers. No relationships were found between the C-carrier model (CC + CG vs. GG in the case of intron 2, +16 C/G and CC + CT vs. TT for -551 C/T polymorphisms of the HBB gene) and relative values of tHbmass. Our results demonstrated that the HBB gene could be related to aerobic capacity, but it seems that it does not result from an increase in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
Ingestion of a Nitric Oxide Enhancing Supplement Improves Resistance Exercise Performance
Authors: Mosher Scott L. , Sparks S. Andy , Williams Emily L. , Bentley David J. , Mc Naughton Lars R.
Published: April 2016

Mosher, SL, Sparks, SA, Williams, EL, Bentley, DJ, and Mc Naughton, LR. Ingestion of a nitric oxide enhancing supplement improves resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 30 (12): 3520–3524, 2016—Studies have established that supplementation of nitrate increases nitric oxide which in turn improves exercise performance. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrate ingestion on performance of bench press resistance exercise until failure. Twelve recreationally active (age, 21 ± 2 years, height, 177.2 ± 4.0 cm, weight, 82.49 ± 9.78 kg) resistance-trained men participated in the study. The study used a double-blind, randomized cross-over design, where participants ingested either 70 ml of “BEET It Sport” nitrate shot containing 6.4 millimoles (mmol−1·L−1) or 400 mg of nitrate or a blackcurrant placebo drink. Participants completed a resistance exercise session, consisting of bench press exercise at an intensity of 60% of their established 1 repetition maximum (1RM), for 3 sets until failure with 2 minutes rest interval between sets. The repetitions completed, total weight lifted, local and general rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate were all measured. The results showed a significant difference in repetitions to failure (p ≤ 0.001) and total weight lifted (p ≤ 0.001). However, there were no significant difference between blood lactate over the 2 trials (p = 0.238), and no difference in Local (p = 0.807) or general (p = 0.420) indicators of fatigue as measured by RPE. This study demonstrates that nitrate supplementation has the potential to improve resistance training performance and work output compared with a placebo.
Validity and Reliability of a Submaximal Intermittent Running Test in Elite Australian Football Players
Authors: Veugelers Kristopher R. , Naughton Geraldine A. , Duncan Craig S. , Burgess Darren J. , Graham Stuart R.
Published: April 2016

Veugelers, KR, Naughton, GA, Duncan, CS, Burgess, DJ, and Graham, SR. Validity and reliability of a submaximal intermittent running test in elite Australian football players. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3347–3353, 2016—The aim of this article was to determine the validity and reliability of a submaximal intermittent running (SIR) test in elite Australian rules football (ARF) players. Heart rate (HR) responses of 38 elite ARF players to both the SIR and the yo-yo intermittent recovery 2 (YYIR2) tests were compared over 2 trials. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between SIR test HR responses and YYIR2 test performance. Heart rate responses of 25 elite ARF players to the SIR test were monitored over 3 trials. Day-to-day reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error of measurement, coefficient of variation (CV), and smallest worthwhile change. Large inverse correlations were reported between 2-, 3-, and 4-minute HR during the SIR test and YYIR2 test distance (r = −0.58 to −0.61, p < 0.01). Heart rate recovery after 2 and 3 minutes of the SIR test was moderately correlated to YYIR2 distance (r = 0.32–0.35, p ≤ 0.05). Strong correlations for ICC (r = 0.90–0.97) and low CV (1.3–9.2%) were reported for all HR variables. Monitoring HR during the SIR test is a valid and reliable indicator of YYIR2 test performance in elite ARF players. These findings support the use of the SIR test as a regular and non-fatiguing indicator of intermittent running capacity.
Age-Related Variation in Male Youth Athletes' Countermovement Jump After Plyometric Training: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials
Authors: Moran Jason J. , Sandercock Gavin R.H. , Ramírez-Campillo Rodrigo , Meylan César M.P. , Collison Jay A. , Parry Dave A.
Published: April 2016

Moran, J, Sandercock, GRH, Ramírez-Campillo, R, Meylan, CMP, Collison, J, and Parry, DA. Age-related variation in male youth athletes' countermovement jump after plyometric training: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 552–565, 2017—Recent debate on the trainability of youths has focused on the existence of periods of accelerated adaptation to training. Accordingly, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to identify the age- and maturation-related pattern of adaptive responses to plyometric training in youth athletes. Thirty effect sizes were calculated from the data of 21 sources with studies qualifying based on the following criteria: (a) healthy male athletes who were engaged in organized sport; (b) groups of participants with a mean age between 10 and 18 years; and (c) plyometric-training intervention duration between 4 and 16 weeks. Standardized mean differences showed plyometric training to be moderately effective in increasing countermovement jump (CMJ) height (Effect size = 0.73 95% confidence interval: 0.47–0.99) across PRE-, MID-, and POST-peak height velocity groups. Adaptive responses were of greater magnitude between the mean ages of 10 and 12.99 years (PRE) (ES = 0.91 95% confidence interval: 0.47–1.36) and 16 and 18 years (POST) (ES = 1.02 [0.52–1.53]). The magnitude of adaptation to plyometric training between the mean ages of 13 and 15.99 years (MID) was lower (ES = 0.47 [0.16–0.77]), despite greater training exposure. Power performance as measured by CMJ may be mediated by biological maturation. Coaches could manipulate training volume and modality during periods of lowered response to maximize performance.
Relationship Between the Range of Motion and Isometric Strength of Elbow and Shoulder Joints and Ball Velocity in Women Team Handball Players
Authors: Schwesig René , Hermassi Souhail , Wagner Herbert , Fischer David , Fieseler Georg , Molitor Thomas , Delank Karl-Stefan
Published: April 2016

Schwesig, R, Hermassi, S, Wagner, H, Fischer, D, Fieseler, G, Molitor, T, and Delank, K-S. Relationship between the range of motion and isometric strength of elbow and shoulder joints and ball velocity in women team handball players. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3428–3435, 2016—The aims of this study were to investigate relationships between isometric strength and range of motion (ROM) of shoulder and elbow joints and compare 2 different team handball throwing techniques in women team handball. Twenty highly experienced women team handball players (age: 20.7 ± 2.9 years; body mass: 68.4 ± 6.0 kg; and height: 1.74 ± 0.06 m) participated in this study. The isometric strength (hand-held dynamometer) and ROM (goniometer) of shoulder and elbow joints were measured at the beginning of the preseasonal training. After clinical examination, the subjects performed 3 standing throws with run-up (10 m) and 3 jump throws over a hurdle (0.20 m). The mean ball velocity was calculated from 3 attempts and measured using a radar gun. The results showed that the ball velocity of the standing throw with run-up (v
ST) was significantly higher than that of the jump throw (v
JT) (25.5 ± 1.56 vs. 23.2 ± 1.31 m·s−1; p < 0.001). Therefore, significant playing position effects (p = 0.021) were only found for ST. Goalkeepers (n = 2) had the lowest (22.6 ± 0.04 m·s−1) and backcourt players (n = 9), the highest (26.1 ± 1.36 m·s−1) v
ST. The retroversion strength in the shoulder was the only parameter with relevant correlations to both throws (v
ST: r = 0.52, and v
JT: r = 0.43). Other relevant relationships to v
JT were found for adduction strength shoulder (r = 0.55) and ROM flexion elbow (r = −0.54). The v
ST was only correlated to the glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. As a consequence, strength is more important than the ROM, and in addition to this, the shoulder, compared with the elbow, has a greater influence on the v
ST in highly experienced women team handball players.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Acromegaly and cancer: an old debate revisited
Authors: Boguszewski Cesar Luiz , Ayuk John
Published: April 2016

Based on experimental and animal models, epidemiological data from non-acromegaly populations, and longitudinal and cross-sectional cohorts of patients with acromegaly, a potential association between acromegaly and cancer has long been hypothesized, in particular colorectal cancer, and, to a lesser extent, breast, thyroid and prostate cancers. The exact mechanisms underlying this potential association have not been fully elucidated. Results from studies examining cancer incidence and mortality in acromegaly have been inconsistent, with some demonstrating increased risk, whereas others show no increase. This article reviews the existing data relating to cancer risk and mortality in acromegaly, exploring the limitations of study designs and the impact of changes in disease control and patient outcomes over time.
EXTRACELLULAR SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING ACINETOBACTER SCHINDLERI SIZ7 AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY AGAINST FOODBORNE PATHOGENS
Authors: Busi Siddhardha , Rajkumari Jobina , Pattnaik Subhaswaraj , Parasuraman Paramanandham , Hnamte Sairengpuii
Published: April 2016

The present study focuses on the microbial synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and evaluating the antimicrobial property on foodborne pathogens. The bacterial strain, Acinetobacter schindleri SIZ7 was isolated from the waste filling area of Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India. The biogenic synthesis of ZnO NPs was carried out at room temperature and under suitable, eco-friendly environment using culture supernatant of A. schindleri. The physico-chemical properties exhibited by the biogenic ZnO NPs were characterised using UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravitometric Analysis (TGA). The synthesized ZnO NPs are polydispersed and spherical in shape. The antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs was investigated against foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Escherichia coli (MTCC 739), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (MTCC 451) and Salmonella enterica (MTCC 9844). The prepared ZnO NPs exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. enterica with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 100µg ml-1. Thus, the bacterial strain Acinetobacter schindleri SIZ7 could be used for simple, extracellular, non-hazardous and efficient synthesis of antimicrobial ZnO NPs.
IMPACT OF FIBER MIXTURE ON DOUGH AND CHAPATTI QUALITY USING D-OPTIMAL RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: S. Arya Shalini , K. Sonawane Sachin
Published: April 2016

Demand for health oriented products such as sugar-free, low calorie and high fiber products are increasing. One such recent trend is to increase the fiber content in food products to overcome health problems such as hypertension, diabetes, and colon cancer, among others. Chapatti is an important staple food consumed by majority of the population in the Indian subcontinent hence it can be a very good vehicle for fiber fortification. Fiber from natural sources such as wheat, soy fiber and type III resistant starch (RS) were used to study their impact on rheological characteristics of whole wheat flour dough and chapatti singly and in associated mixtures at different levels. D-optimal response surface methodology mixture design was applied to a mixture containing three ingredients: x1, wheat fiber, x2, soy fiber and x3, type III RS. The variation selected to each variable was based on values which were optimized on the basis of sensory properties and textural properties of chapatti, where x1, x2, x3 were changed from 2.5 to 5 g/100 g of whole wheat flour. For each of the response variables, model summarized F-tests and lack of fit tests which were then analyzed for linear or quadratic models. Three-dimensional response surface plots were generated for all quality parameter. Calculation of optimal processing conditions for optimum stickiness, strength, tear force and extensibility of dough and chapatti were performed using a multiple response method called desirability. Addition of wheat, soy fiber and type III RS in wheat flour mixture decreased dough stickiness and improved dough strength. Dough containing wheat fiber (2.5%), soy fiber (5.0%) and type III RS (2.5%) yielded highly acceptable chapattis in terms of textural properties such as low tear force values and high extensibility.
NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF PROCESSED Spondias mombin FOLIAGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS TO THE EXTRACTS
Authors: Omogiade IDAHOR Kingsley , Kolawole ADEWUMI Michael
Published: April 2016

Spondias mombin foliage was processed into fresh (as control), air-dried and sun-dried samples and were analyzed for proximate, fibre, minerals, vitamins and antinutrients. Also, Identified rumen microorganisms were exposed to non-reconstituted ethanol extract of the foliage. The results showed that crude protein, crude fibre and gross energy were greatly improved by drying from 4.9% to 15.1%, 2.1% to 18.4% and 0.9 kcal/g to 2.9kcal/g in that order. Fibre constituents improved from 11.5% to 67.9%, 7.2% to 53.6% and 2.9% to 9.3% for neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin. Similarly, all the mineral components were improved from 0.083% to 0.21%, 0.193% to 0.533% and 0.073% to 0.23% for Calcium, Phosphorus and Sodium respectively by drying. Drying decreased the Ascorbic acid, Riboflavin and Niacin contents from 27.8mg/100g to 9.1mg/100g, 0.083mg/100g to 0.033mg/100g and 0.323mg/100g to 0.143mg/100g in that arrangement. Above all, it was observed that drying tremendously improved the nutritional value of S. mombin foliage by reducing tannin from 2.2% to 1.64%, oxalic acid (2.1% to 1.38%), phytic acid (1.15 to 0.45%), saponin (1.18% to 0.72%) and trypsin inhibitor from 39.74% to 16.57%. However, drying did not influence the toxic potential of the foliage as indicated by susceptibility of all the rumen microorganisms except the mould species. The nutritional quality potentials observed in the present study suggested that S. mombin foliage may be efficiently utilized by ruminants for optimal performance.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOXICITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTS OF SENSEVIERIA AETHIOPICA (THUNB) AGAINST BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH OTITIS
Authors: Moses David Oluwole , Anthony Afolayan Jide
Published: April 2016

Otitis is highly prevalent infection caused mainly by bacteria and frequently prone to secondary infections. It may lead to other permanent dysfunctions in children and multidrug-resistance has been reported among implicated bacterial pathogens. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidants and antibacterial potential of acetone and methanolic extracts of Sansevieria aethiopica (Thunb.) leaf against bacterial pathogens responsible for otitis. The phytochemical analyses of the extracts were determined using standard assay methods and the antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferric reducing power. Brine shrimp lethality test was used to determine the cytotoxicity effect of the extract while macrobroth dilution method was used for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts. The phenolic contents of the extracts were 57.13 and 19.06 mg tannic acid/g in acetone and methanolic extracts respectively. Flavonols and proathocyanidin recorded the least values in methanolic and acetone extracts respectively. The extracts have good antioxidant properties although lower than the standard chemicals used as controls. The extracts expressed antibacterial effects on both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria however, their activity was more pronounced on Gram negative organisms. Although, slightly toxic, the extracts have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on the selected bacteria associated with otitis, especially Gram negative.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND EFFECT OF BREAST TUMORS TREATMENT IN DOGS
Authors: Baxtiyor Narziev , Jasurbek Yulchyiev
Published: April 2016

This study reports the spread of tumors of mammary gland in dogs. Changes in blood immunological and morphological parameters of affected dogs are presented. Results of immunotherapy used for activation of immune system after surgery showed various level of stimulation. Application of levamisole increase the percentage of T- and B-lymphocytes as well as the ratio of normalized subpopulations of T lymphocytes (T-helper and T-suppressor cells) indicating potential effect of levamisole. Application of BCG improved performance of T- and B-lymphocytes, but in comparison with the effect of levamisole some imbalance between subpopulations of T-helper and T-suppressor cells was detected. In the control group (simple tumor removal) different results were found indicating immunosuppressive effect of tumors.
The probiotic Enterococcus faecium modifies the intestinal morphometric parameters in weaning piglets
Authors: Ciro Galeano Johana Andrea , López Herrera Albeiro , Parra Suescún Jaime
Published: April 2016

Global trends for animal production have seen a decrease in the use of antimicrobial compounds in feed, generating the need to implement new nutritional strategies that stimulate growth and promote intestinal health. This study aimed to determine whether the addition of E. faecium in drinking water improves intestinal morphometric parameters in post- weaning pigs compared with the probiotics strains L. acidophilus and L. casei on days 1 (21 days of age), 15 and 30 postweaning. The small intestine was completely removed to evaluate the morphometric parameters (length and width of villi and crypts) in the different intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). They were fed for 30 days with two diets: commercial diet with or without antibiotics. The different probiotics, L. acidophillus, L. casei and E. faecium, were administered in the drinking water of the animals that consumed the commercial diet without antibiotics. A randomized block design in split-plot arrangement was used. There was a significant increase (P<0.01) in the width and length of villi, and a decrease (P<0.01) in the values obtained for the width and depth of crypts in the animals that consumed E .faecium, as compared to those that consumed the diet with addition of antibiotics. The use of probiotics, especially E. faecium, is a nutritional treatment strategy when antimicrobial compound are used, improving the intestinal morphometric parameters and, at the same time, the digestive and productive parameters of the animals. Work is in progress to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on the mofication of gut microbiota of post-weaning piglets.
Precipitation effects on soil characteristics in tropical rain forests of the Chocó biogeographical region
Authors: Quinto Mosquera Harley , Moreno Hurtado Flavio
Published: April 2016

Average annual precipitation (AAP) is one of the principal environmental factors that regulates processes in terrestrial ecosystems. The effect of AAP on the availability of edaphic nutrients is poorly understood, especially in tropical zones with high rainfall. In order to evaluate the effects of high AAP on the availability of soil N, P, and K, physicochemical parameters were measured in soils of three tropical rainforests in the Chocó biogeographical region with different AAPs (7,500, 8,000, and 10,000 mm yr-1). Furthermore, a bibliographical review was carried out that including studies for distinct tropical Ultisols and AAP ranging from 1,800 to 10,000 mm yr-1. The evaluated soils presented extreme acidity with high contents of Al, organic matter (OM) and total N, and low quantities of P, Mg, and Ca. The K concentrations were intermediate and the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) was low. On the other hand, in the evaluation of the influence of the AAP on the availability of N, P, and K in the soil, contrasting tendencies were observed. On one side, a positive curvilinear relationship was found between the availability of N and the increase in the AAP. On the other side, the available P content significantly decreased with increasing AAP. In conclusion, the excessive AAP resulted in increases in total N and low availability of P, thereby altering the dynamics of the nutrients and the carbon balance of the tropical forest
Thermal and thermodynamic characterization of a dye powder from liquid turmeric extracts by spray drying
Authors: Coronel Delgado Aura Yazmin , Ciro Velásquez Héctor José , Restrepo Molina Diego Alonso
Published: April 2016

This study aimed to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of sorption isotherms and glass transition temperature (Tg) and the thermal properties of a dye powder obtained from turmeric extracts using spray drying. The sorption isotherms were evaluated at 15, 25 and 35 °C using the dynamic gravimetric method, wherein the isotherm data of the experiment were fit to GAB and BET models. Likewise, the Tg was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the mass loss, and the thermal properties (heat capacity, diffusivity and thermal conductivity) were determined using transient flow method. The results demonstrated that the GAB model best fit the adsorption data. The DSC analysis presented a glass transition temperature of 65.35 °C and a loss of volatiles at 178.07 °C. The TGA analysis indicated a considerable mass loss starting at 193 °C, resulting in degradation of the product. The thermal properties demonstrated a heat capacity of 2.45 J/g °C, a thermal conductivity of 0.164 ± 0.001 W/mK and a thermal diffusivity of 8.7x10-8 ± 0.000 m2/s.
Las trayectorias formativas de los formadores de docentes en México
Authors: Lozano Andrade Inés
Published: April 2016

Este artículo se centra fundamentalmente en desentrañar las urdimbres de significados y sentidos sobre las circunstancias formativas que el profesorado ha experimentado a lo largo de su vida escolar, profesional, personal, laboral. Es producto de un estudio cualitativo donde se recoge información de relatos auto elaborados por los formadores de formadores y se interpretan con técnicas que reconstruyen los procesos simbólicos en categorías sociales analíticas. Algunos aspectos dan cuenta de que la impronta familiar y escolar denotan la razón de ser de ser docente y, después formador, además, los procesos autoformativos cobran relevancia toda vez que, las formas de ingreso a las instituciones formadoras no garantizan una selección basada en criterios, competencias o saberes pertinentes asociados con el quehacer docente.
Ultrasonographic diagnosis of early pregnancy in cattle using different ultrasound systems
Authors: Sickinger Marlene , Włodarek Jan , Jaśkowski Jędrzej M. , Racewicz Przemysław
Published: April 2016

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of different ultrasound devices in achieving an early diagnosis of pregnancy in dairy herds. Material and methods: A total of 1976 Holstein Friesian cows and heifers were artificially inseminated (AI) according to the herd manager’s regime. Pregnancy diagnostics were performed between day 26 and 35 after AI using six different types of ultrasound systems (linear vs. sector scanners). Manual rectal palpation between day 45 and 60 after AI was used as the gold standard for pregnancy diagnostics. Sensitivity (SENS), specificity (SPEC), positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy (ACC) of the diagnostic measures were determined. Results: Average SENS was 82% (range 67.7–95.2%) with a mean SPEC of 73% (range 50.0–81.0%). ACC was 78.2% with a minimum of 64.6% and a maximum of 89.4%, depending on the ultrasound system. The PPV (ratio of the number of pregnant cows with a positive examination result to the number of cows actually pregnant) was 80.8% (range 59.1–88.1%), whereas the NPV (defined as the ratio of the number of cows correctly diagnosed negative to the number of cows actually open) was 74.4% (72.3–91.9%). Significant differences for these parameters were found depending on the ultrasound system used (p ≤ 0.01; Cramer’s V. = 0.14). Conclusion and clinical relevance: Regardless of the ultrasound device used, early pregnancy diagnostics between day 26 and 35 show a moderate diagnostic efficiency. Comparing the accuracy of the different devices, there may be a significant influence of type and technical parameters. Even though ultrasound systems with mechanical sector probes are not as convenient to use as systems with linear probes, according to this study, sector scanners are a reasonable alternative.