bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'Ancienne Église Abbatiale Saint-Jean-des-Vignes À Soissons
Authors: Héliot Pierre
Published: November 2011

Of the abbey church of St.-Jean-des-Vignes at Soissons, pulled down at the beginning of the nineteenth century, there remain only the façade and the western towers and spires. The rest of the building can be reconstructed thanks to the survival of ample illustrations. It was a church of basilical form, following the Gothic style of Picardy and Reims. Planned in the shape of a Latin cross, it had a square-ended eastern arm and also a triforium. Its somewhat archaic choir was unvaulted and was probably built about 1200–30, as were the transepts. The nave appears to have been built between 1340 and 1478.
Excavations at Bigberry, near Canterbury 1978–80
Authors: Thompson F. H.
Published: November 2011

Excavations at the Iron Age hillfort of Bigberry, Kent, in 1978–80 had the object of a fresh appraisal since the excavations of 1933–4 of a site customarily regarded as the first obstacle encountered by Caesar after his second landing in Britain in 54 B.C. The main defences and those of the annexe were sectioned, and a hitherto unrecorded cross-dyke also. Various magnetic anomalies located by a geophysical survey were investigated and gave evidence of internal occupation and structures. It is suggested that there was a settlement preceding the hillfort, with the cross-dyke as a possible second phase; the hillfort may have been built in the second century B.C. by newcomers from Gaul, and after Caesar's passage through Kent the occupants moved down into the valley of the Stour to the site of Canterbury, though the precise point in the second half of the first century B.C. remains uncertain.

The opportunity has been taken of a simple but complete republication of the nineteenth-century discoveries of the metalwork from the site now dispersed among museums at Canterbury, Maidstone and Manchester. It is suggested that this material represents the abandoned possessions of the inhabitants and varied aspects of their life, and industrial or ritual explanations are discounted.
Chalton, Hants: The Evolution of a Landscape
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: November 2011

Intensive fieldwork in an area 4½ miles (NS) by 3 miles (EW) based on the village of Chalton, Hants, has led to the discovery of over 120 archaeological sites on this typical stretch of chalk country. Human activity began as early as 7000 B.C. and has been continuous until the present day. Settlements of different periods reflect the ways in which man has adapted himself to the physical environment and has in turn adapted it to his needs.
Historical Archaeology in Kenya 1948–56
Authors: Kirkman James
Published: November 2011

In 1948 the ruined Arab town, sixty-five miles north of Mombasa, known as Gedi was declared a National Park, and an archaeologist was appointed as Warden of the Royal Gedi National Park and the Coastal Historical Sites of Kenya. In the ensuing eight years dangerous trees were cut down, crumbling walls were consolidated, and the fallen rubble round the principal buildings was removed. Gedi is now presented to the world as a place of interest and public resort. Excavations were carried out to discover when it was built, and by whom, and the way of life of its inhabitants. Excavations were also undertaken at a number of other sites to recover the history of the coast of Kenya (pl. XII). From these excavations it has been proved that from the thirteenth century there were extensive Arab or Arab-African settlements all down the coast of Kenya. The extent to which the East African coastal culture of the later middle ages can be regarded as truly ‘Arab’ is still undecided. I am beginning to think that there is a tendency to overstress, or to assume, a state of ‘arabism’ in provincial towns, such as Gedi and Ungwana, which never existed. These towns from their foundation would have comprised a mixed population which had come from the older settlements in Somalia. This mixed population would have contributed Hamitic, Bantu, Persian, Indian, and perhaps Indonesian elements to the predominantly Arab culture of East Africa.
The Rediscovery of the Lost Hoard of Late Bronze Age Axes from Roxby, Lincs.
Authors: Harrison R. J. , Craddock P.
Published: November 2011

A hoard of eighteen bronze axes and three pieces of unwrought metal cake was discovered at Roxby, Lincs. in November 1882. After the sale of the pieces in 1931 all trace of the hoard was lost until it was identified in 1975 among the Wellcome Collection of prehistoric antiquities, which had been transferred to the Department of Prehistoric and Romano-British Antiquities of the British Museum. The hoard is fully described, illustrated and analysed by atomic absorption. It includes scrap axes as well as local ‘Yorkshire’ ones of the Late Bronze Age Heathery Burn Tradition, datable to the eighth/sixth centuries B.C., and was probably deposited towards the end of this period.
Some British and Iberian Penannular Brooches and Other Early Types in the Rhineland and the ‘Decumates Agri’
Authors: Simpson Grace , Hawkes C. F. C. , Hull M. R.
Published: November 2011

A re-examination of Fowler Aa, B, and C penannulars leads to a reassessment of omega brooches at Numantia. The inception of particular types of penannulars could be before 75 B.C., certainly before 27, and they continue through Augustan–Claudian times with Aucissa and ‘Hod Hill’-type brooches. The distributions of certain types in pre-Roman Britain, based on Mr. Hull's researches, and of two groups of factory-made brooches and others only found in the area of early Roman conquest in Britain, are contemporary with early omega brooches here. There is no evidence for taking any of these forms into the Flavian period, and the supposed basis for dating some of them into the second century is found wanting. Instead of associating old finds of all these early types with certain forts on the Limes, from A.D. 90, or later, it is suggested that there is evidence for Germani or Celts at these places long before the Province of Upper Germany was formed and the ‘decumates agri’ were taken into it.
Early Medieval Bone Spoons from Winchester
Authors: Collis John , Kjølbye-Biddle Birthe
Published: November 2011

Winchester has produced six bone spatulate spoons decorated with Ringerike–Winchester style engravings which are, in some cases, dated by their contexts to the eleventh century. The range of motifs and the style of execution suggest they are the work of an individual craftsman. They form part of a sequence of spoons spanning the period from the late Roman to the thirteenth century, but unlike the examples in more precious substances, which have primarily Christian ecclesiastical associations, the wooden and bone spoons of the eleventh century seem, at least from their contexts, to be domestic.
A section through the Roman Defences in Watermoor Recreation Ground, Cirencester
Authors: Rennie D. M.
Published: November 2011

The Roman defences of Cirencester are described by Buckman and Newmarch in Remains of Roman Art in Corinium (1850), 9 ff. and map, by Church in A Guide to Corinium Museum (1905), 9 ff., and by Haverfield in Archaeologia, lxix (1920), 161 ff., who quote earlier authorities.
An Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Broadway Hill, Broadway, Worcestershire
Authors: Cook Jean M.
Published: November 2011

The existence of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery on Broadway Hill was first revealed during quarry workings by the Baillie Brind Quarry Company in the autumn of 1954, when human bones were thrown up by the mechanical digger. The site was visited early in December 1954 by Professor F. W. Shotton of the Department of Geology of Birmingham University and he handled the skeletal remains and some of the finds. The finding of the skeleton was reported to the office of H.M. Coroner at Evesham and, acting on this information, the Evesham Historical Society became interested in the site. Mr. B. G. Cox, the secretary of this society, obtained some finds from the police.
The twelfth-century castle at Ascot Doilly, Oxfordshire: Its history and excavation
Authors: Jope E. M. , Threlfall R. I.
Published: November 2011

The castle of Ascot Doilly appears from documentary sources to have been put up c. 1129–50. Excavation in 1946–7 of a small mound on this manorial site showed that it had contained a stone tower 35 ft. square which had been built up from the natural surface of a 4-ft. rise of Lias clay protruding through the gravel of the Evenlode valley bottom. Round this tower, as it was raised, had been piled a low mound of clay; thus the impression of a tower on a mound was created. Beside it are remains of a bailey and contemporary paddocks. The tower had been deliberately demolished, probably c. 1180.

The excavation thus revealed a new principle in smaller defensive building of the period, a mound piled round a stone tower. It also yielded a useful series of mid- to later twelfth-century pottery and other objects, and evidence of domestic window glass in the twelfth century.

There are remains of thirteenth-century and later buildings in the bailey area. The village of Ascot represents a dual holding, with two mound-and-bailey castles at opposite ends 800 yds. apart, and between them the church (with twelfth-century work). There is also evidence of pottery-making in the village, at least in the early thirteenth century.
Excavations at Verulamium 1958. Fourth Interim Report
Authors: Frere S. S.
Published: November 2011

Excavations were carried out by the Verulamium Excavation Committee, on behalf of the Research Committee of this Society, for a fourth season lasting 7½ weeks in July and August 1958. Work was confined to two areas. The plan of the extra-mural building (Site S) north-east of Verulamium on the opposite side of the river, beside the A5 road, was recovered in so far as affected by the new road which is soon to cover it; the remainder of the work was devoted towards completing the plans of, and obtaining the fullest information about, sites in Insulae XIV and XXVIII, which had been already partly explored in 1957. Those parts are already sealed under the new road; if the Committee fails to explore the remainder of such buildings, in so far as they extend outside the area of the new road, before pegs and landmarks disappear it will never be possible to complete the plans accurately. In view of the importance of most of the buildings which need further treatment in this way, it is to be hoped that support will not fail before the work is done.
Stukeley's Lamp, The Badge of the Society of Antiquaries
Authors: Richmond I. A.
Published: November 2011

‘A Roman brass lamp from St. Leonard's Hill was given to the Society of Antiquaries and adopted by them for their common seal.’ So runs the note by Haverfield in the Victoria County History of Berkshire which records, under the heading ‘Windsor’, the discovery and subsequent fate of the bronze lamp which forms this Society's seal and adorns, in brass inlay, the marble pavement of its entrance hall.
Bronze Age Barrows on Charmy Down and Lansdown, Somerset
Authors: Williams Audrey
Published: November 2011

Charmy Down is a plateau three miles north-east of Bath (fig. 1, 1), east of the Bath-Tetbury road. About a square mile in extent it has a general height of well over 600 ft. To the north the scarp falls swiftly, on the east more gently, to the wooded valley of St. Catherine's Brook, a tributary of the Bristol Avon and the modern Somerset–Gloucester boundary. At the foot of the steep western scarp a second stream flows south to the Avon. On the south Chilcombe Bottom separates Charmy Down from Solsbury Hill, distinguished by its Iron Age earthwork. The underlying rock is oolite, a southward continuation of the Cotswold formation.
The Orientation of Churches
Authors: Cave C.J.P.
Published: November 2011

Papers have been written on the orientation of churches, but most of them deal with the origin of orientation. In only two that I have come across are there any data of actual orientations, namely, ‘The Orientation of Scottish Churches’ by F. C. Eeles, and ‘Orientation of Churches in Hampshire’ by T. W. Shore.

I have measured the orientation of 642 churches. I had originally planned to measure many more, but the war and its aftermath have prevented it, and I feel it is better to publish what I have done rather than to wait indefinitely.
Voter Choice and Parliamentary Politics: An Emerging Research Agenda
Authors: Kedar Orit
Published: November 2011

This article offers organizing principles to an emerging research agenda that analyses how parliamentary politics affects voter considerations. It uses the process by which votes are turned into policy as a unifying framework: every step in the process poses incentives for voters and encourages different types of strategic behaviour by voters. The standard version of strategic voting commonly found in analyses of voter choice is about the step familiar from the Anglo-American model – the allocation of seats based on votes – yet insights about voter behaviour originated from that model have been inadvertently reified and assumed to apply universally. The article identifies a set of empirical implications about the likelihood of voters employing policy-oriented strategies under different circumstances.
A method for trend-based change analysis in Arctic tundra using the 25-year Landsat archive
Authors: Fraser Robert , Olthof Ian , Carrière Mélanie , Deschamps Alice , Pouliot Darren
Published: November 2011

Remote sensing has provided evidence of vegetation changes in Arctic tundra that may be attributable to recent climate warming. These changes are evident from local scales as expanding shrub cover observed in aerial photos, to continental scales as greening trends based on satellite vegetation indices. One challenge in applying conventional two date, satellite change detection in tundra environments is the short growing season observation window, combined with high inter-annual variability in vegetation conditions. We present an alternative approach for investigating tundra vegetation and surface cover changes based on trend analysis of long-term (1985-present) Landsat TM/ETM+ image stacks. The Tasseled Cap brightness, greenness, and wetness indices, representing linear transformations of the optical channels, are analysed for per-pixel trends using robust linear regression. The index trends are then related to changes in fractional shrub and other vegetation covers using a regression tree classifier trained with high resolution land cover. Fractional trends can be summarised by vegetation or ecosystem type to reveal any consistent patterns. Example results are shown for a 3 000 km2 study area in northern Yukon, Canada where index and fractional changes are related to growth of vascular plants and coastal erosion.
Analysis of human impact on boreal vegetation around Monchegorsk, Kola peninsula, using automated remote sensing technique
Authors: Shipigina E. , Rees W. G.
Published: November 2011

The boreal vegetation of the sub-Arctic comprises more than 30% of the Earth's forest area and plays a major role in controlling the global environment. In the 20th century the boreal vegetation of Fennoscandia was significantly changed by heavy industrialisation leaving many forest areas damaged or dying. Due to severe climate conditions of the sub-Arctic such vegetation changes are traceable over long periods of time. This provides an opportunity to study all types of human impact on vegetation in time and to develop methods to monitor geographical and structural changes in the vegetation cover. Here we present the first part of a larger study in which we use the remote sensing technique to investigate the dynamics of the boreal vegetation in Fennoscandia in context of human impact. We have developed a novel method for an automated analysis and mapping of vegetation and of all types of human impact based on a single support-vector-machines classifier (for the whole area). Implemented with free and open source software the method uses Landsat TM and ETM+ band data (for which it automatically performs atmospheric correction) and a number of indices like NDVI, NBR, etc. The accuracy of the 16-class classification has been assessed using field data and literature sources and determined to be 74.1%. The method has been successfully applied to a study area around Monchegorsk, Kola peninsula, Russia, the most industrialised part of northern Europe. We have characterised all major types of human impact on the boreal forest and tundra vegetation performing the change detection analysis in an area of 1750 km2 between 1986 and 2005. The analysis has confirmed industrial atmospheric pollutions as the primary type of human impact here. We have discussed the role of forest fires and uncovered temporal trends in the vegetation cover. We have found that during the 19 years covered by the study more than one third of all coniferous forest in the area was transformed primarily to wetland, deciduous forest and typical tundra vegetation. The success of the method in this area allows us to extend the study to the rest of Fennoscandia and look at large scale changes in the boreal vegetation cover.
Downward entailment in child Mandarin
Authors: SU YI (ESTHER) , ZHOU PENG , CRAIN STEPHEN
Published: November 2011

There are three hallmarks of core linguistic properties. First, they are expected to be manifested in typologically different languages. Second, they should unify superficially unrelated linguistic phenomena. Third, they are expected to emerge early in the course of language development, all things being equal (Crain, 1991). The present study investigates a candidate for a core linguistic property, namely the semantic property of downward entailment. We report the findings of two experimental studies of children's knowledge of downward entailment. These experiments explore two different aspects of downward entailment, in a study with Mandarin-speaking children. Taken together with previous research findings, the results of the present study support the conclusion that downward entailment is a core property of human languages.
Low seroprevalence of Q fever in The Netherlands prior to a series of large outbreaks
Authors: SCHIMMER B. , NOTERMANS D. W. , HARMS M. G. , REIMERINK J. H. J. , BAKKER J. , SCHNEEBERGER P. , MOLLEMA L. , TEUNIS P. , VAN PELT W. , VAN DUYNHOVEN Y.
Published: November 2011

The Netherlands has experienced large community outbreaks of Q fever since 2007. Sera and questionnaires containing epidemiological data from 5654 individuals were obtained in a nationwide seroprevalence survey used to evaluate the National Immunization Programme in 2006–2007. We tested these sera for IgG phase-2 antibodies againstCoxiella burnetiiwith an ELISA to estimate the seroprevalence and to identify determinants for seropositivity before the Q fever outbreaks occurred. Overall seroprevalence was 1·5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·3–1·7]. Corrected for confirmation with immunofluorescence results in a subset, the estimated seroprevalence was 2·4%. Seropositivity ranged from 0·48% (95% CI 0·00–0·96) in the 0–4 years age group to 2·30% (95% CI 1·46–3·15) in the 60–79 years age group. Keeping ruminants, increasing age and being born in Turkey were independent risk factors for seropositivity. The low seroprevalence before the start of the outbreaks supports the hypothesis that The Netherlands has been confronted with a newly emerging Q fever problem since spring 2007.
Maternal work hours in early to middle childhood link to later adolescent diet quality
Authors: Li Jianghong , O'Sullivan Therese , Johnson Sarah , Stanley Fiona , Oddy Wendy
Published: November 2011

Objective

Previous studies on maternal work hours and child diet quality have reported conflicting findings possibly due to differences in study design, lack of a comprehensive measure of diet quality and differing ages of the children under investigation. The present study aimed to prospectively examine the impact of parental work hours from age 1 year to age 14 years on adolescent diet quality.

Design

Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine independent associations between parents’ work hours at each follow-up and across 14 years and adolescent diet quality at age 14 years. A diet quality index was based on the international literature and Australian recommendations, consisting of six food groups and nine nutrients.

Setting

Perth, Western Australia.

Subjects

Children (n1629) participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study.

Results

Compared with children of mothers in full-time employment, children of mothers who were not employed in early childhood up to age 5 years had a higher average diet quality score at age 14 years, independent of maternal and family socio-economic status. Across 14 years the number of years the mother worked full time and increasing average weekly hours were associated with lower diet quality. Father's work hours had little association with adolescent diet quality.

Conclusions

Having a mother stay at home in early to middle childhood is associated with better diet quality in adolescence. Support may be beneficial for families where the mother returns to full-time employment before the child reaches 8 years of age.
Food systems veterinary medicine
Authors: Hurd H. Scott
Published: November 2011

The objectives of this review are to suggest the use of the systems thinking framework to improve how veterinary medicine is applied to food production. It applies the eight essential skills of systems thinking to a few selected veterinary examples. Two of the skills determine how we approach or define a problem, and are (i) dynamic thinking (taking a longer term perspective) and (ii) the 30,000 foot view (expanding the boundary of analysis beyond the animal, farm, or even country). The other skills are (iii) system-as-cause, (iv) operational thinking, (v) closed-loop (feedback) thinking, (vi) non-linear thinking, (vii) scientific thinking and (viii) generic thinking. The challenge is to adopt and apply this systems framework to veterinary medicine and food production. The result will be a rigorous new approach to solving the complex food and health problems of the 21st century.
Impact of dependence in river flow data on flood frequency analysis based on regression in quantile plots: Analysis and solutions
Authors: Boniphace E. R. , Willems P.
Published: November 2011

Quantile‐quantile plots (QQ plots) are often applied to investigate tail behavior in extreme value analysis. When used for flood frequency analysis, based on river flow data, dependence in these data affects the extreme value distribution's tail behavior in the QQ plot. This problem is investigated on the basis of both synthetic and observed river flow series. The synthetic series are generated on the basis of a stochastic simulation procedure, which allows the real statistical flow properties to be known. Through simulation study, we demonstrate that serial dependence causes bending behavior in the QQ plot in the region of higher quantiles. This leads to the estimating error when the slope of the QQ plot is used as an estimator in the extreme value analysis. A correction method is proposed by modifying the plotting position using the extremal index.
Geographical analysis of the role of water supply and sanitation in the risk of helminth infections of children in West Africa
Authors: Soares Magalhães Ricardo J. , Barnett Adrian G. , Clements Archie C. A.
Published: November 2011

Globally, inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are major contributors to mortality and burden of disease. We aimed to quantify the role of WASH in the risk of
Schistosoma hematobium
,
Schistosoma mansoni
, and hookworm infection in school-aged children; to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of helminth infection due to WASH; and to spatially predict the risk of infection. We generated predictive maps of areas in West Africa without piped water, toilet facilities, and improved household floor types, using spatial risk models. Our maps identified areas in West Africa where the millennium development goal for water and sanitation is lagging behind. There was a generally better geographical coverage for toilets and improved household floor types compared with water supply. These predictions, and their uncertainty, were then used as covariates in Bayesian geostatistical models for the three helminth species. We estimated a smaller attributable fraction for water supply in
S. mansoni
(PAF 47%) compared with
S. hematobium
(PAF 71%). The attributable fraction of
S. hematobium
infection due to natural floor type (PAF 21%) was comparable to that of
S. mansoni
(PAF 16%), but was significantly higher for hookworm infection (PAF 86%). Five percent of hookworm cases could have been prevented if improved toilet facilities had been available. Mapping the distribution of infection risk adjusted for WASH allowed the identification of communities in West Africa where preventive chemotherapy integrated with interventions to improve WASH will yield the greatest health benefits.
Subjective perception of health in elderly inpatients
Authors: Trentini Clarissa , Wagner Gabriela , Chachamovich Eduardo , Figueiredo Michelle , da Silva Leda , Hirakata Vania , Fleck Marcelo
Published: November 2011

There is evidence that subjective health is an important variable in general health outcomes. It can be an indicator of the individual's overall health status, creating a reliable and valid estimate about health. Quality of life (QoL) assessment can be associated with the individuals’ subjective assessment of their own health status. The aim of the present study was to investigate variables associated with subjective perception of health in older inpatients. Ninety elderly inpatients over 60 years old were interviewed. The perception of health assessment (healthy/unhealthy) allocated elders in either of two groups. All the elders answered sociodemographic questions, the WHOQOL‐100 and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Comparing the group that considered themselves unhealthy to the other group, the former showed a tendency of worse QoL assessments in five out of six domains investigated. Significant differences were found for the physical and level of independence domains, as well as overall QoL. There was a significant association between health perception and lower intensity of depressive symptoms, as well as better QoL perception in the level of independence domain. This study shows the existence of an association between depressive symptoms and health assessment. It also suggests that the independence dimension is important in the elders’ perception of their health status. These findings can help identify cause–effect relations between variables in aging studies involving health indicators and bring new intervention proposals for the elderly.
A molecular analysis of the evolutionary relationships in the Callitrichinae, with emphasis on the position of the dwarf marmoset
Authors: Schneider Horacio , Bernardi Jose Antonio R. , Da Cunha Divino B. , Tagliaro Claudia H. , Vallinoto Marcelo , Ferrari Steve F. , Sampaio Iracilda
Published: November 2011

Schneider, H., Bernardi, J. A. R., da Cunha, D. B., Tagliaro, C. H., Vallinoto, M., Ferrari, S. F. & Sampaio, I. (2011). A molecular analysis of the evolutionary relationships in the Callitrichinae, with emphasis on the position of the dwarf marmoset. —Zoologica Scripta,41, 1–10.

The phylogenetic relationships among the Neotropical primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae (marmosets and tamarins) are controversial, especially with regard to the proposal of a new marmoset genus,Callibella, based on the analysis of sequences of a single mitochondrial gene. In this study, we combine the fast‐evolving mitochondrial Control Region with four nuclear regions containingAluelements in an attempt to provide a more conclusive assessment of the phylogenetic relationships among the marmosets (Callithrix,CebuellaandMico), with special attention to the validity ofCallibella. A large, representative sample of specimens was obtained, which include all the recognized genera and principal morphological and geographic groupings. The results of the analysis indicate unequivocally the existence of three independent lineages, corresponding to the Atlantic Forest (Callithrix), Amazonian (Mico) and pygmy marmoset (Cebuella) groups. The evidence also confirms the monophyletic relationship of the dwarf marmoset (Callibella) with the Amazonian marmosets (Mico), which indicates conclusively that this taxon is a member of the genusMico, upholding the original description of the species asMico humilis.
Text features and preschool teachers’ use of print referencing
Authors: Dynia Jaclyn M. , Justice Laura M. , Pentimonti Jill M. , Piasta Shayne B. , Kaderavek Joan N.
Published: November 2011

Storybook features, such as linguistic richness and print salience, potentially influence how a teacher references print. This study addressed two research questions: (1) to what extent does the linguistic richness and print salience of children's storybooks relate to teachers’ use of print referencing? and (2) to what extent is there an interplay between storybooks’ linguistic richness and print salience when predicting teachers’ use of print referencing? Fifty‐seven teachers participated in a whole‐group read‐aloud intervention while including print‐referencing behaviours. Researchers analysed teacher videos in order to (1) document teachers’ use of print referencing and (2) document the storybook's linguistic features and print salience. Results indicated that print salience is highly positively related to teachers’ use of print referencing. Also, the constructs of Print Salience Metric (PSM) and total words predicted teachers’ use of print referencing, and the interaction between PSM and mean length of sentence was significant for storybooks with moderate and high PSM scores.
Interspecific and intraspecific differences in habitat use and their conservation implications for Palaearctic harriers on Sahelian wintering grounds
Authors: BUIJ RALPH , VAN DER GOES DIRK , DE IONGH HANS H. , GAGARE SAMA , HACCOU PATSY , KOMDEUR JAN , DE SNOO GEERT
Published: November 2011

The floodplains of the West‐African Sahel region have experienced extensive habitat transformation during the past four decades, coinciding with an impoverishment of raptor populations. We investigated foraging patterns of Palaearctic migratory Eurasian Marsh HarriersCircus aeruginosus, Pallid HarriersC. macrourusand Montagu’s HarriersC. pygarguson a floodplain system in northern Cameroon to assess species, sex‐ and age‐related habitat preferences. Sex and age have rarely been incorporated into general studies of raptor habitat associations, despite clear evidence of intrasexual and age‐related differences in foraging strategies and diet composition, potentially carrying strong conservation implications. We found evidence of sexual differences in foraging preference related to land use, particularly in the most sexually dimorphic Pallid Harrier, and evidence that juveniles used different habitats to adults. This constitutes the first quantitative documentation of such differentiation by Palaearctic raptors on African wintering grounds, indicating that general patterns of habitat use in wintering raptors may obscure sex‐ and age‐specific preferences. Contrary to expectations, we found limited evidence for interspecific foraging segregation. Food partitioning by prey mass was related to harrier body mass and facilitated by a diverse availability of prey on human‐transformed floodplains. Anticipated further large‐scale conversion of floodplain habitat into predominantly desiccated grasslands raises concerns about the survival of wintering harriers.
Economic Considerations in Frequent Home Hemodialysis
Authors: McFarlane Phil , Komenda Paul
Published: November 2011

Hemodialysis (HD) is often used as an example of the most expensive chronic medical intervention that society will pay for on an ongoing basis. More intensive forms of HD have been associated with improved clinical outcomes, but concerns have been raised regarding the possibility of increased costs. We review recent Canadian studies examining the costs and cost utility of intensive HD, with a focus on comparisons with conventional in‐center hemodialysis (IHD). The costs of starting a new home nocturnal hemodialysis (HNHD) program in British Columbia was estimated to be about $510,000 for the first year of the program, including the training of the first 53 patients, or about $18,830 per patient. A study by Lee et al. found the costs of home HD to be substantially less than IHD ($93,976 vs. $54,936,p < 0.001). A study by Kroeker et al. found that the lowest costs were seen with home short daily HD ($82,522), compared with $89,154 for IHD, and $91,218 for HNHD. Two studies by McFarlane et al. found that total costs were lower for those receiving HNHD (IHD $87,172 vs. HNHD $71,313), and that HNHD was associated with a superior cost‐utility ratio (CAN$ 2011, HNHD $84,430/quality‐adjusted life year [QALY] vs. IHD $148,722/QALY, incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio: −$54,281,p < 0.05). While consistent findings of lower staffing and overhead costs for home HD, and higher consumable costs for frequent dialysis are probably reliable, findings of lower medication and hospital admission costs seen with intensive HD will need confirmation in randomized studies. Modifications to conventional dialysis funding are needed to accommodate for the additional costs of supplies and technology needed to support intensive modalities.
Intensive Hemodialysis: Normalizing the “Unphysiology” of Conventional Hemodialysis?
Authors: Curran Simon P. , Chan Christopher T.
Published: November 2011

Interest in intensified hemodialysis (HD) regimens is increasing internationally, as there is growing evidence that they are associated with improved outcomes. Appreciation that conventional hemodialysis (CHD), delivered as 4‐hour sessions three times a week, is not providing optimal physiological replacement of renal function has led to the development of intensified dialysis therapies. These include long intermittent hemodialysis typically lasting 6–8 hours and delivered three times a week, short daily hemodialysis, providing more frequent sessions 4–7 days a week lasting 2–3.5 hours, and nocturnal hemodialysis, performed 5–7 days a week for 6–8 hours. Studies evaluating outcomes from these programs have indicated superior results to those achieved with CHD, including favorable modifications of cardiovascular risk factors and improvements in a variety of clinical measures. The objective of this review is to present available evidence supporting the hypothesis that in an attempt to provide a “more normal physiology,” intensified HD regimens achieve outcomes superior to those historically achieved with CHD.
Short‐distance partial migration of Neotropical birds: a community‐level test of the foraging limitation hypothesis
Authors: Boyle W. Alice
Published: November 2011

Partial migration of tropical birds was long believed to be driven by variation in food abundance. Recent evidence from a partially‐migratory species suggests that in contrast, limited foraging opportunities at high elevations during severe wet season storms drives the most metabolically‐challenged individuals down to elevations where rainfall is lighter. Here, I test community‐level predictions of this hypothesis by examining the relationship between high‐elevation rainfall in the second half of the year and counts of migrant birds in lowland forest during late December each year from 1990–2009. I contrast results derived from analysis of all migrant species with both analyses of only the frugivorous migrants, and analyses of resident species. Counts of migrant species were on average positively associated with montane rainfall with differences of up to 72% in the numbers of birds counted in drier or wetter years. Frugivores and smaller birds responded more strongly to variation in rainfall compared to the broader migrant species pool. Interestingly, counts of resident species were also higher following wetter montane wet seasons. Results of analyses exploring the cause of resident responses were not consistent with climatic effects on breeding productivity or short‐term weather effects on detectability. Results were, however, consistent with cryptic down‐slope migration of individuals breeding at higher elevations augmenting lowland resident populations in wet years. These results suggest that changes in rainfall amount, storm intensity, and timing of severe weather events would lead to large increases in or losses of an important behaviour.
The equilibrium population size of a partially migratory population and its response to environmental change
Authors: Griswold Cortland K. , Taylor Caz M. , Norris D. Ryan
Published: November 2011

A partially migratory population consists of non‐migrant and migrant individuals that share a common site during one period of the annual cycle. In this paper, we derive the expected equilibrium population sizes of migrants and non‐migrants and show how the abundance of one type is dependent on the other because their dynamics are coupled through density‐dependent effects. We present an approach for developing hypotheses about how changes in the environment will influence partially migratory populations and for formulating testable predictions about the effects of future changes on the proportions of migrants and non‐migrants. We apply this approach to a hypothesis put forward by Berthold that improved environmental conditions at the shared site will generally increase the number of non‐migrants and decrease the number of migrants, and to a study by Nilsson et al. which observed an increase in the number of migrants in a partially migratory blue titCyanistes caeruleuspopulation in Sweden, but an overall maintenance of the proportion of migrants.
Examining Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), disease‐specific quality of life, and coping behaviors in adolescents with renal disease
Authors: Tay Lynette S. , Wan Deborah , Aw Marion , Kim Yap Hui
Published: November 2011

Introduction

To examine and compare the Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and disease‐specific HRQoL of pediatric renal dialysis and transplant patients based on patients' perspectives. The coping strategies employed by these two groups of patients were also investigated.

Methods

Ten adolescents who had undergone kidney transplants (mean age 17.80 ± 1.55 years) and 19 adolescents who were receiving dialysis treatments (mean age 17.16 ± 2.19 years) participated in the study and were asked to complete three questionnaires: PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Module, PedsQL End‐Stage Renal Disease Module, and the KIDCOPE.

Results

Compared to pediatric kidney transplant patients, adolescents on dialysis reported more difficulties with school functioning and lower overall HRQoL. They also reported having more concerns with adhering to treatment and diets, more problems with family and peer interaction, and lower disease‐specific HRQoL than transplant patients. Differences in preferred types of coping strategies were found based on gender and type of medical treatment.

Discussion

Directions for future research to further investigate the variables associated with psychological wellbeing and adaptive coping among pediatric renal patients were discussed based on study findings. Possible psychosocial variables that might have influenced detected differences in patients' HRQoL outcomes between the transplant and dialysis groups were also discussed, with a focus on the types of coping strategies employed by the respective patient groups.
The Church Is the Mission: Integrating the IMC with the WCC
Authors: Laing Mark
Published: November 2011

This article discusses the reasons for the integration of the International Missionary Council with the World Council of Churches and evaluates the outcome of integration and the role of the International Review of Mission/s in this process. It focuses particularly on the role played by a key figure in this process, Lesslie Newbigin, the last general secretary of the IMC and the first director of world mission and evangelism in the WCC.
“Get Up … Take the Child … and Escape to Egypt”: Transforming Christianity into a Non‐Western Religion in Africa
Authors: Asamoah‐Gyadu J. Kwabena
Published: November 2011

This article examines some of the changes that have taken place within world Christianity in the last century, particularly in Africa, and as reflected in various articles of the International Review of Mission (IRM) over the past 100 years. These changes include a shift in the demographic centre of Christianity from the North to the South, and the rise and development of Pentecostalism. This relates to Africans becoming disenchanted with aspects of mission Christianity that were unable to work with indigenous enchanted worldviews.
Boundary Layer Development in Axial Compressors and Turbines: Part 2 of 4—Compressors
Authors: Halstead D. E. , Wisler D. C. , Okiishi T. H. , Walker G. J. , Hodson H. P. , Shin H.-W.
Published: November 2011

This is Part Two of a four-part paper. It begins with Section 6.0 and continues to describe the comprehensive experiments and computational analyses that have led to a detailed picture of boundary layer development on airfoil surfaces in multistage turbomachinery. In this part, we present the experimental evidence used to construct the composite picture for compressors given in the discussion in Section 5.0 of Part 1. We show the data from the surface hot-film gages and the boundary layer surveys, give a thorough interpretation for the baseline operating condition, and then show how this picture changes with variations in Reynolds number, airfoil loading, frequency of occurrence of wakes and wake turbulence intensity. Detailed flow features are described using raw time traces. The use of rods to simulate airfoil wakes is also evaluated.
Evaluation of Flow Field Approximations for Transonic Compressor Stages
Authors: Dorney D. J. , Sharma O. P.
Published: November 2011

The flow through gas turbine compressors is often characterized by unsteady, transonic, and viscous phenomena. Accurately predicting the behavior of these complex multi-blade-row flows with unsteady rotor–stator interacting Navier–Stokes analyses can require enormous computer resources. In this investigation, several methods for predicting the flow field, losses, and performance quantities associated with axial compressor stages are presented. The methods studied include: (1) the unsteady fully coupled blade row technique, (2) the steady coupled blade row method, (3) the steady single blade row technique, and (4) the loosely coupled blade row method. The analyses have been evaluated in terms of accuracy and efficiency.
Stall Precursor Identification in High-Speed Compressor Stages Using Chaotic Time Series Analysis Methods
Authors: Bright M. M. , Qammar H. K. , Weigl H. J. , Paduano J. D.
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a new technique for precursor identification in high-speed compressors. The technique is a pseudo-correlation integral method referred to as the correlation method. To provide a basis for comparison, the traveling wave energy technique, which has been used extensively to study prestall data, is also briefly presented and applied. The correlation method has a potential advantage over the traveling wave energy method because it uses a single sensor for detection. It also requires no predisposition about the expected behavior of the data to detect “changes” in the behavior of the compressor. Both methods are used in this study to identify stall precursive events in the pressure fluctuations measured from circumferential pressure transducers located at the front face of the compressor rig. The correlation method successfully identified stall formation or changes in the compressor dynamics from data captured from four different configurations of a NASA Lewis single-stage high-speed compressor while it was transitioned from stable operation into stall. This paper includes an exposition on the use of nonlinear methods to identify stall precursors, a description of the methodologies used for the study, information on the NASA high-speed compressor rig and experimental data acquisition, and results from the four compressor configurations. The experimental results indicate that the correlation method provides ample warning of the onset of rotating stall at high speed, in some tests on the order of 2000 rotor revolutions. Complementary features of the correlation method and the traveling wave energy method are discussed, and suggestions for future developments are made.
Pharmacokinetic Effects of Coadministration of Lersivirine with Raltegravir or Maraviroc in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Vourvahis Manoli , Langdon Grant , LaBadie Robert R. , Layton Gary , Ndongo Marie-Noella , Banerjee Subhashis , Davis John
Published: November 2011

Lersivirine (UK-453,061) is a new nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor currently being developed as a treatment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Lersivirine shows potent activity against wild-type and clinically relevant drug-resistant strains. Previous studies have demonstrated that lersivirine is metabolized by glucuronidation via UGT2B7 and by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Lersivirine is also a weak inducer of the CYP3A4 enzyme. Therefore, coadministered lersivirine could potentially affect the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist metabolized by CYP3A4, and raltegravir, an integrase inhibitor metabolized by glucuronidation. Two open-label studies assessed the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir and of maraviroc when they were coadministered with lersivirine and the pharmacokinetics of lersivirine when it was coadministered with raltegravir. Minor, clinically nonsignificant effects on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir coadministered with lersivirine were observed at steady state for raltegravir, with estimated mean changes of −15%, −29%, and +25% in the area under the concentration-time profile from time zero to the end of the dosing interval (AUC
tau
), maximum plasma concentration (
C
max
), and concentration observed 12 h postdose (
C
12
), respectively. There were no clinically relevant effects of steady-state raltegravir on lersivirine AUC
tau
,
C
max
, or concentration observed 24 h postdose (
C
24
) (estimated mean changes of −2 to +5%). Coadministration of lersivirine at steady state with maraviroc resulted in no clinically relevant effects on maraviroc AUC
tau
,
C
max
, or
C
12
(estimated mean changes of +3.4 to +8.6%). Lersivirine appeared to be generally well tolerated in these studies and appears to be suitable for coadministration with raltegravir or maraviroc without the need for dose modification.