bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Base‐Free Aqueous‐Phase Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural over Ruthenium Catalysts Supported on Covalent Triazine Frameworks
Authors: Artz Jens , Palkovits Regina
Published: October 2015

The base‐free aqueous‐phase oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐furandicarboxilic acid (FDCA) was performed at 140 °C and 20 bar of synthetic air as the oxidant. Ru clusters supported on covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) enabled superior conversion (99.9 %) and FDCA yields in comparison to other support materials such as activated carbon and γ‐Al2O3 after only 1 h. The properties of the CTFs such as pore volume, specific surface area, and polarity could be tuned by using different monomers. These material properties influence the catalytic activity of Ru/CTF significantly as mesoporous CTFs showed superior activity compared to microporous materials, whereas high polarities provide further beneficial effects. The recyclability of the prepared Ru/CTF catalysts was comparable to that of Ru/C at high conversions and product yields. Nevertheless, minor deactivation in five successive recycling experiments was observed.
Use of fine‐needle aspirate calcitonin to detect medullary thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: Trimboli Pierpaolo , Guidobaldi Leo , Bongiovanni Massimo , Crescenzi Anna , Alevizaki Maria , Giovanella Luca
Published: October 2015

Background

The measurement of calcitonin in washout fluids of thyroid nodule aspirate (FNA‐calcitonin) has been reported as accurate to detect medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The results from these studies have been promising and the most updated version of ATA guidelines quoted for the first time that “FNA findings that are inconclusive or suggestive of MTC should have calcitonin measured in the FNA washout fluid.” Here we aimed to systematically review published data on this topic to provide more robust estimates.

Research Design and Methods

A comprehensive computer literature search of the medical databases was conducted by searching for the terms “calcitonin” AND “washout.” The search was updated until April 2015.

Results

Twelve relevant studies, published between 2007 and 2014, were found. Overall, 413 thyroid nodules or neck lymph nodes underwent FNA‐calcitonin, 95 were MTC lesions and 93 (97.9%) of these were correctly detected by this measurement regardless of their cytologic report.

Conclusions

The present study shows that the above ATA recommendation is well supported. Almost all MTC lesions are correctly detected by FNA‐calcitonin and this technique should be used to avoid false negative or inconclusive results from cytology. The routine determination of serum calcitonin in patients undergoing FNA should improve the selection of patients at risk for MTC, guiding the use of FNA‐calcitonin in the same FNA sample and providing useful information to the cytopathologist for the morphological assessment and the application of tailored ancillary tests. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:45–51. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supply chain coordination with revenue‐sharing contracts considering carbon emissions and governmental policy making
Authors: Cao Jian , Zhang Xuemei , Zhou Gengui
Published: October 2015

Considering the opening up of carbon emission trading market, this article investigates the government's role in allocating the appropriate emission quota to maximize social members' (including enterprises and customers) utilities and analyzes how the emission‐dependent enterprise improves revenues of both itself and the whole system through supply chain collaboration. Within this, a two‐echelon supply chain consisting of one emission‐dependent manufacturer and one retailer is discussed. Taking revenue‐sharing contract into account and combining practical situations with Stackelberg game method, decision‐makings of traditional supply chain (T‐SC) without carbon emission limits and carbon‐emission‐considering supply chain (C‐SC) are examined, respectively, along with the determination of the optimal range of revenue‐sharing ratio. Furthermore, government's policy making in distributing the optimal emission quota is studied as well as supply chain members' efforts on fulfilling the revenue‐sharing contract to accomplish Pareto improvements of social members' utilities. It is proved that profits of both manufacturer and retailer increase with the growth of the emission quota, proper governmental regulations not only help to achieve balance among social members but also improve overall utilities, and a reasonable revenue‐sharing contract is essential to raise supply chain members' profits even under low‐carbon conditions. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 479–488, 2016
Macro‐ and micro‐morphological characters of Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq. subsp. diversifolius (Malvaceae): A new record for the flora of Egypt
Authors: Badry Mohamed O. , Tate Jennifer A. , Sheded Mohamed G. , El‐Naggar Salah M. , Hamed Sohair T.
Published: October 2015

Hibiscus diversifolius. subsp. diversifolius (Malvaceae) has been recently recorded as a new addition to the flora of Egypt. This study provides the first detailed morphological, anatomical, palynological and seed coat characteristics for this taxon. Anatomical investigations of stem, petiole and leaf characteristics under light microscopy, as well as scanning electron microscopy investigations of leaf surfaces, pollen grains and seed pattern suggest that this taxon is closely related to Hibiscus sabdariffa of section Furcaria. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Learning by subtraction: Hippocampal activity and effects of ethanol during the acquisition and performance of response sequences
Authors: Ketchum Myles J. , Weyand Theodore G. , Weed Peter F. , Winsauer Peter J.
Published: October 2015

Learning is believed to be reflected in the activity of the hippocampus. However, neural correlates of learning have been difficult to characterize because hippocampal activity is integrated with ongoing behavior. To address this issue, male rats (n = 5) implanted with electrodes (n = 14) in the CA1 subfield responded during two tasks within a single test session. In one task, subjects acquired a new 3‐response sequence (acquisition), whereas in the other task, subjects completed a well‐rehearsed 3‐response sequence (performance). Both tasks though could be completed using an identical response topography and used the same sensory stimuli and schedule of reinforcement. More important, comparing neural patterns during sequence acquisition to those during sequence performance allows for a subtractive approach whereby activity associated with learning could potentially be dissociated from the activity associated with ongoing behavior. At sites where CA1 activity was closely associated with behavior, the patterns of activity were differentially modulated by key position and the serial position of a response within the schedule of reinforcement. Temporal shifts between peak activity and responding on particular keys also occurred during sequence acquisition, but not during sequence performance. Ethanol disrupted CA1 activity while producing rate‐decreasing effects in both tasks and error‐increasing effects that were more selective for sequence acquisition than sequence performance. Ethanol also produced alterations in the magnitude of modulations and temporal pattern of CA1 activity, although these effects were not selective for sequence acquisition. Similar to ethanol, hippocampal micro‐stimulation decreased response rate in both tasks and selectively increased the percentage of errors during sequence acquisition, and provided a more direct demonstration of hippocampal involvement during sequence acquisition. Together, these results strongly support the notion that ethanol disrupts sequence acquisition by disrupting hippocampal activity and that the hippocampus is necessary for the conditioned associations required for sequence acquisition. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Soil Wetting Pattern from Subsurface Drip Irrigation as Affected by Application of a Polyacrylamide Layer†
Authors: Zin El‐Abedin Tarek K. , Mattar Mohamed A. , Alazba A. A.
Published: October 2015

A soil box was used to investigate the water movement and soil water distribution around subsurface drip laterals with two emitters in the presence of a thin layer of polyacrylamide (PAM). Sandy soil was uniformly packed into a soil box. The PAM was applied at a rate of 29.3 kg ha‐1 as a 0.01% solution by spraying it directly onto the soil surface at the required depths. With an operating pressure of 150 kPa and no PAM layer, the water consumption with a dripper line depth of 0.15 m was 12% lower than with a dripper line depth of 0.10 m. The greatest improvement in soil water‐holding capacity after the addition of a PAM layer (47%) was observed when the dripper line was placed at a depth of 0.15 m under an operating pressure of 100 kPa. With a dripper line depth of 0.15 m and an operating pressure of 100 kPa, the average moisture content in the vertical planes below and above the dripper line directly increased by about 7.4 and 20%, respectively, with PAM layers at 0.25 and 0.30 m depths when compared with the moisture content with no PAM layer. The combination of a dripper line depth of 0.15 m, a PAM layer depth of 0.30 m and an operating pressure of 100 kPa will achieve optimal water management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current status of deceased donor split liver transplantation in Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Seisuke , Kasahara Mureo , Ogura Yasuhiro , Inomata Yukihiro , Uemoto Shinji ,   on behalf of the Japanese Liver Transplantation Society
Published: October 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of deceased donor split liver transplantation (LT) in Japan.

Methods

Among 257 deceased donor LTs, 36 recipients underwent split LT until the end of 2014. The clinical data of donors and recipients were collected from the national organ transplant network and 11 liver transplant institutions, and the outcomes of split LT were evaluated.

Results

Most of the whole livers were divided using the ex‐situ splitting technique. Twelve livers were divided to left lateral segment/extended right lobe grafts and six livers to left lobe/right lobe grafts. The common underlying liver diseases consisted of graft failure in 11 patients, followed by acute liver failure in nine. Seventeen cases (48.6%) suffered from surgical complications, including biliary complications in six, all of which occurred in the cases receiving right‐sided lobe grafts; intra‐abdominal hemorrhage in five; and vascular complications in four. The overall graft 1‐year and 3‐year survival rates were 91.0% and 87.1%, respectively.

Conclusions

An initial experience of deceased donor split LT in Japan shows acceptable outcomes despite the high incidence of surgical complications. Further advances in the development of the splitting technique are necessary to expand the application of split LT.
Salvage of the proximal femur following pathological fractures involving benign bone tumors
Authors: Carvallo Pedro I. , Griffin Anthony M. , Ferguson Peter C. , Wunder Jay S.
Published: October 2015

Background and Objectives

To describe the surgical treatment of patients with a pathologic fracture through a benign tumor of the proximal femur to determine if there is a difference in local recurrence, complications or functional outcome compared to patients with tumors in the same location without pathologic fractures.

Methods

From 1989–2010, of 97 patients, 29 presented with a pathologic fracture (PF) through a proximal femoral benign bone tumor and 68 presented without a pathologic fracture (NPF). Outcomes of the two groups were compared in terms of surgical management, postoperative complications, local recurrence and functional scores.

Results

Fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumor of bone and chondroblastoma were the most common subtypes. Most patients were managed with joint preservation in both PF (86.2%) and NPF (98.5%) groups (P = 0.03). Local recurrence risk was similar for patients in the PF (10.3%) and NPF (8.8%) groups. Mean follow‐up was 105.7 months (P = 0.8). Functional outcome scores were high in both groups and not statistically significantly different.

Conclusions

The majority of pathologic fractures through a benign bone tumor of the proximal femur can be successfully treated with curettage, burring, bone grafting and internal fixation without increasing the risk of local recurrence or negatively impacting functional outcome.J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:846–852. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Auditory brainstem implant in postlingual postmeningitic patients
Authors: Bayazit Yildirim , Kosaner Julie , Celenk Fatih , Somdas Mehmet , Yilmaz Ismail , Altin Gokhan , Cevizci Rasit , Yavuz Haluk , Ozluoglu Levent
Published: October 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of postlingual postmeningitic patients who received an auditory brainstem implant (ABI).

Study Design

Retrospective analysis was performed on postlingual postmeningitic patients with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss who underwent ABI between the years 2007 and 2014

Methods

All patients were postlingually deaf due to cochlear ossification as a consequence of bacterial meningitis. The patients received a MED‐EL or Neurelec ABI. All patients were operated on at different hospitals by the same primary surgeon. The patients were tested using Ling 5 sound detection, sound field implant thresholds between 250 Hz and 6 kHz, and 6 to 12 choice closed‐set word and sentence tests.

Results

Nine patients with postmeningitic cochlear ossification received an ABI. Five of nine ABI users (55.5%) wear their audio processors (AP) most of the time. Four (44.5%) with no perceivable benefit have become nonusers. Three of the five consistent ABI users reported good benefit. The other two ABI users who do wear their APs do not respond to sound in daily living but reported benefits such as “feeling sound” in a good way.

Conclusions

In this study, five of nine patients (55.5%) with bilateral ossified cochlea had some degree of benefit from their ABI. An ABI may be useful in hearing restoration in postlingual patients with bilateral ossified cochlea due to meningitis. However, poor results may be related to side effects, which may necessitate deactivation of electrodes, long duration of auditory deprivation, or impairments in the auditory neural structures as a result of meningitis.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1889–1892, 2016
Diffusion MRI in the heart
Authors: Mekkaoui Choukri , Reese Timothy G. , Jackowski Marcel P. , Bhat Himanshu , Sosnovik David E.
Published: October 2015

Diffusion MRI provides unique information on the structure, organization, and integrity of the myocardium without the need for exogenous contrast agents. Diffusion MRI in the heart, however, has proven technically challenging because of the intrinsic non‐rigid deformation during the cardiac cycle, displacement of the myocardium due to respiratory motion, signal inhomogeneity within the thorax, and short transverse relaxation times. Recently developed accelerated diffusion‐weighted MR acquisition sequences combined with advanced post‐processing techniques have improved the accuracy and efficiency of diffusion MRI in the myocardium. In this review, we describe the solutions and approaches that have been developed to enable diffusion MRI of the heart in vivo, including a dual‐gated stimulated echo approach, a velocity‐ (M1) or an acceleration‐ (M2) compensated pulsed gradient spin echo approach, and the use of principal component analysis filtering. The structure of the myocardium and the application of these techniques in ischemic heart disease are also briefly reviewed. The advent of clinical MR systems with stronger gradients will likely facilitate the translation of cardiac diffusion MRI into clinical use. The addition of diffusion MRI to the well‐established set of cardiovascular imaging techniques should lead to new and complementary approaches for the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with heart disease. © 2015 The Authors. NMR in Biomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Amorphous silicon solar cells on nano‐imprinted commodity paper without sacrificing efficiency
Authors: van der Werf C. H. M. , Budel T. , Dorenkamper M. S. , Zhang D. , Soppe W. , de Neve H. , Schropp R. E. I.
Published: October 2015

Paper is a cheap substrate which is in principle compatible with the process temperature applied in the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) and hot wire CVD (HWCVD) of thin film silicon solar cells. The main drawback of paper for this application is the porosity due to its fibre like structure. The feature size (micrometre scale) is larger than the thickness of the applied photovoltaic layers. To overcome this problem, UV curable lacquer was used to planarize the surface. Plain 80 grams printer paper was taken as a substrate and the lacquer smoothens the rough surface of the paper such that a designed nanostructure can be imprinted for light scattering. In this manner single junction amorphous silicon solar cells with a HWCVD deposited intrinsic layer were processed on paper, without any concessions to the process temperature of 200 °C. The cell performance is comparable to that of reference cells grown on stainless steel, proving that solar cells can be deposited on paper substrates without sacrificing performance. PV on paper could be applied as ”disposable” power source for gadgets, electronic labelling, remote sensing systems, etc. (Internet of Things). (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Estimating causal effects for multivalued treatments: a comparison of approaches
Authors: Linden Ariel , Uysal S. Derya , Ryan Andrew , Adams John L.
Published: October 2015

Interventions with multivalued treatments are common in medical and health research, such as when comparing the efficacy of competing drugs or interventions, or comparing between various doses of a particular drug. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of multivalued treatment effect estimators using observational data. In this paper, we compare the performance of commonly used regression‐based methods that estimate multivalued treatment effects based on the unconfoundedness assumption. These estimation methods fall into three general categories: (i) estimators based on a model for the outcome variable using conventional regression adjustment; (ii) weighted estimators based on a model for the treatment assignment; and (iii) ‘doubly‐robust’ estimators that model both the treatment assignment and outcome variable within the same framework. We assess the performance of these models using Monte Carlo simulation and demonstrate their application with empirical data. Our results show that (i) when models estimating both the treatment and outcome are correctly specified, all adjustment methods provide similar unbiased estimates; (ii) when the outcome model is misspecified, regression adjustment performs poorly, while all the weighting methods provide unbiased estimates; (iii) when the treatment model is misspecified, methods based solely on modeling the treatment perform poorly, while regression adjustment and the doubly robust models provide unbiased estimates; and (iv) when both the treatment and outcome models are misspecified, all methods perform poorly. Given that researchers will rarely know which of the two models is misspecified, our results support the use of doubly robust estimation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image annotation with incomplete labelling by modelling image specific structured loss
Authors: Xu Xing , Shimada Atsushi , Nagahara Hajime , Taniguchi Rin‐ichiro , He Li
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we address the problem of image annotation with incomplete labeling, where multiple objects in each training image are not fully labeled. The conventional one‐versus‐all support vector machine (OVA‐SVM), which performs fairly well on full labeling, decays drastically under the setting of incompleteness. Recently, a structured output learning method termed OVA‐SSVM was proposed to boost the performance of OVA‐SVM by modeling the structured associations of labels and show efficiency under the setting of incompleteness. OVA‐SSVM assumes that each training sample includes a single label and adopts an loss measure of classification style where, as long as one of the predicted label is correct, the overall prediction should be considered correct. However, this may not be appropriate for the multilabel annotation task. Therefore, we extend the OVA‐SSVM method to the multilabel situation and design a novel image‐specific structured loss to account for the dependences between predicted labels relying on image label associations. The superiority of the proposed image‐specific structured loss is that it can directly learn the semantic relationships of labels from training data without predefined semantic hierarchy. Extensive empirical results on a variety of benchmark datasets show that the proposed method performs significantly better than OVA‐SSVM on image annotation tasks with incomplete labeling and achieves competitive performance compared to other state‐of‐the‐art methods. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developmental Psychology
Authors: Birch Ann
Published: October 2015

Developmental Psychology: from infancy to adulthood includes up-to-date coverage of attachment, play, cognitive development, social and moral development, self and self-esteem, gender, achievement, children's friendships, adolescence, young middle and late adulthood and research methods in developmental psychology.
Strukturierte Aufklärung und Beratung bei monogen vererbten Stoffwechselkrankheiten
Authors: Burgard Peter , Wendel Udo
Published: October 2015

Monogene Stoffwechselkrankheiten werden rezessiv, x-chromosomal oder dominant vererbt und stellen für die Mehrzahl konkret oder potenziell betroffener Personen (Patienten, Eltern, Verwandte), aber auch für medizinische und paramedizinische Berufe wenig bis völlig unbekannte Diagnosen dar. Sie sind einzeln selten (mit Prävalenzen zwischen 1:1.000.000 und 1:7000), insgesamt jedoch relativ häufig (ca. 1:800). Zur Erklärung reicht selbst das Standardvokabular der Sprache bildungsnaher Menschen nicht aus. Besondere Anforderungen stellt die Erstinformation nach Diagnosestellung, da bei Krankheiten vom Intoxikationstyp sofort mit der Behandlung begonnen werden muss. Vorhersagen des metabolischen bzw. klinischen Phänotyps auf der Basis des Genotyps sind in der Regel statistischer Natur. Individualprognosen können, wenn überhaupt, meist nur aus dem Verlauf des Phänotyps abgeleitet werden. Adäquate Aufklärung und Beratung ist nicht zuletzt deshalb notwendig, weil die Behandlung von den Familien bzw. Patienten meist lebenslang selbst durchgeführt werden muss und sich im Verlauf stets neue Fragen und Anforderungen zur weiteren Diagnostik und Therapie ergeben. Im Falle einer Schwangerschaft zum Schutz des ungeborenen Kindes notwendige intensivierte Therapien müssen bereits präkonzeptionell eingeübt werden. Die Aufklärung und Beratung von Patienten und deren Familien sollte in enger Kooperation von Stoffwechselmedizinern und Humangenetikern unter Verwendung von anschaulichen grafischen und schriftlichen Materialien unterstützt und diese den Ratsuchenden anschließend ausgehändigt werden.
Children Australia–A 40 Year Retrospective of Australian Out-of-Home Care: Reflections of the Past and Future Directions
Authors: Vicary Dave
Published: October 2015

For 40 years, Children Australia (and previous incarnations) has provided an enormously valuable space for research, practice and policy to delineate challenges, successes and innovation on issues pertaining to the wellbeing and welfare of children and their families. Articles published in the Journal during this period have been incredibly influential and have added to our collective knowledge of children, young people and their families. Nowhere has this been more evident than the area of out-of-home care (OOHC). This paper will explore and reflect on some of the issues that have been articulated in papers published in the journal over the last 40 years – with a specific focus on Australian Kinship, Foster, Residential and Therapeutic Residential Care. Past issues that are still presenting current challenges will be described and opportunities for change and future improvement identified.
Youth Resilience Corps: An Innovative Model to Engage Youth in Building Disaster Resilience
Authors: Acosta Joie , Towe Vivian , Chandra Anita , Chari Ramya
Published: October 2015

Objective

Despite the growing awareness that youth are not just passive victims of disaster but can contribute to a community’s disaster resilience, there have been limited efforts to formally engage youth in strengthening community resilience. The purpose of this brief report was to describe the development of a Youth Resilience Corps, or YRC (ie, a set of tools to engage young people in youth-led community resilience activities) and the findings from a small-scale pilot test.

Methods

The YRC was developed with input from a range of government and nongovernmental stakeholders. We conducted a pilot test with youth in Washington, DC, during summer 2014. Semi-structured focus groups with staff and youth surveys were used to obtain feedback on the YRC tools and to assess what participants learned.

Results

Focus groups and youth surveys suggested that the youth understood resilience concepts, and that most youth enjoyed and learned from the components.

Conclusions

The YRC represent an important first step toward engaging youth in building disaster resilience, rather than just focusing on this group as a vulnerable population in need of special attention. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:47–50)
Automated leaf physiognomic character identification from digital images
Authors: MacLeod Norman , Steart David
Published: October 2015

Research into the relationship between leaf form and climate over the last century has revealed that, in many species, the sizes and shapes of leaf characters exhibit highly structured and predictable patterns of variation in response to the local climate. Several procedures have been developed that quantify covariation between the relative abundance of plant character states and the states of climate variables as a means of estimating paleoclimate parameters. One of the most widely used of these is the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP). The consistency, accuracy and reliability with which leaf characters can be identified and assigned to CLAMP character-state categories is critical to the accuracy of all CLAMP analyses. Here we report results of a series of performance tests for an image-based, fully automated at the point of use, leaf character scoring system that can be used to generate CLAMP leaf character state data for: leaf bases (acute, cordate and round), leaf apices (acute, attenuate), leaf shapes (ovate, elliptical and obovate), leaf lobing (unlobed, lobed), and leaf aspect ratios (length/width). This image-based system returned jackknifed identification accuracy ratios of between 87% and 100%. These results demonstrate that automated image-based identification systems have the potential to improve paleoenvironmental inferences via the provision of accurate, consistent and rapid CLAMP leaf-character identifications. More generally, our results provide strong support for the feasibility of using fully automated, image-based morphometric procedures to address the general problem of morphological character-state identification.
A model for the central control of airflow patterns within the human nasal cycle
Authors: Williams M , Eccles R
Published: October 2015

Background:

The nasal cycle exhibits mainly reciprocal changes in nasal airflow that may be controlled from centres in the hypothalamus and brainstem. This study aims to gather new knowledge about the nasal cycle to help develop a control model.

Method:

Right and left nasal airflow was measured in healthy human subjects by rhinomanometry. This was performed over 7-hour periods on 2 study days separated by approximately 1 week. The correlation coefficient for nasal airflow was calculated for day 1 and day 2.

Results:

Thirty subjects (mean age, 22.7 years) completed the study. The correlation coefficient for nasal airflow varied between r = 0.97 with in-phase changes in airflow and r = −0.89 with reciprocal changes in airflow. The majority of r values were negative, indicating reciprocal changes in airflow (50 out of 60). There was a tendency for r values to become more negative between day 1 and day 2 (p< 0.001).

Conclusion:

A control model involving a hypothalamic centre and two brainstem half centres is proposed to explain both the in-phase and reciprocal changes in airflow associated with the nasal cycle.
Study on size of laser entrance hole shield for ignition octahedral spherical hohlraums
Authors: Li Shu , Lan Ke , Liu Jie
Published: October 2015

In this paper, the influences of laser entrance hole shields on capsule symmetry and coupling efficiency of an ignition octahedral spherical hohlraum are studied using analytical model and three-dimensional Monte-Carlo simulations. As a result, there are two critical shield radii at which the capsule asymmetry tends to minimum, and the coupling efficiency from hohlraum to capsule reaches its maximum when the shield size is taken around the second critical radius. For the ignition octahedral hohlraums used in our study, the first critical radius is 0.625 mm with a capsule asymmetry of 0.24%, and the second is 0.86 mm with 0.26%, and the asymmetry is smaller than 0.58% for shields’ radius in the range of 0.44 and 0.88 mm, which therefore leaves much flexibility in the shield radius design even the shields have an expansion under radiation ablation. The initial shield radius can be taken around the first critical radius in the ignition target design, not only to have a minimum initial capsule radiation asymmetry, but also to get a minimum asymmetry and highest coupling efficiency during the main pulse of drive. Finally, the relative flux of laser spot, wall and shields is 2.2:1:0.6 for our ignition octahedral spherical hohlraum model from the Monte-Carlo simulations.
Increasing herd immunity with influenza revaccination
Authors: MOORING E. Q. , BANSAL S.
Published: October 2015

Seasonal influenza is a significant public health concern globally. While influenza vaccines are the single most effective intervention to reduce influenza morbidity and mortality, there is considerable debate surrounding the merits and consequences of repeated seasonal vaccination. Here, we describe a two-season influenza epidemic contact network model and use it to demonstrate that increasing the level of continuity in vaccination across seasons reduces the burden on public health. We show that revaccination reduces the influenza attack rate not only because it reduces the overall number of susceptible individuals, but also because it better protects highly connected individuals, who would otherwise make a disproportionately large contribution to influenza transmission. We also demonstrate that our results hold on an empirical contact network, in the presence of assortativity in vaccination status, and are robust for a range of vaccine coverage and efficacy levels. Our work contributes a population-level perspective to debates about the merits of repeated influenza vaccination and advocates for public health policy to incorporate individual vaccine histories.
THE RELEVANT FRAGMENT OF FIRST ORDER LOGIC
Authors: BADIA GUILLERMO
Published: October 2015

Under a proper translation, the languages of propositional (and quantified relevant logic) with an absurdity constant are characterized as the fragments of first order logic preserved under (world-object) relevant directed bisimulations. Furthermore, the properties of pointed models axiomatizable by sets of propositional relevant formulas have a purely algebraic characterization. Finally, a form of the interpolation property holds for the relevant fragment of first order logic.
Physical and Psychological Benefits of Written Emotional Expression
Authors: Kállay Éva
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The last several decades have witnessed a substantial increase in the number of individuals suffering from both diagnosable and subsyndromal mental health problems. Consequently, the development of cost-effective treatment methods, accessible to large populations suffering from different forms of mental health problems, became imperative. A very promising intervention is the method of expressive writing (EW), which may be used in both clinically diagnosable cases and subthreshold symptomatology. This method, in which people express their feelings and thoughts related to stressful situations in writing, has been found to improve participants’ long-term psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social functioning. Based on a thorough analysis and synthesis of the published literature (also including most recent meta-analyses), the present paper presents the expressive writing method, its short- and long-term, intra-and interpersonal effects, different situations and conditions in which it has been proven to be effective, the most important mechanisms implied in the process of recovery, advantages, disadvantages, and possible pitfalls of the method, as well as variants of the original technique and future research directions.
Three Lines of Personality Development
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The paper outlines a new and broadly inclusive conceptual itinerary for the scientific study of personality development across the human life course. From the standpoint of the person as a social actor, a first line of development runs from the temperament dimensions observed in infancy through the establishment of adult personality traits, tracking a movement toward greater elaboration and regulation of the person’s socio-emotional performance style. A second line of development traces continuity and change in the motivated agent, running from the child’s consolidation of theory of mind, through an age 5–7 shift, to the articulation in adolescence and adulthood of life goals and values. From the perspective of the autobiographical author, a third line of personality development runs from the sharing of episodic memories between preschool children and their parents to the emergence of autobiographical reasoning skills in adolescence, ultimately resulting in the construction of an integrative life story, or narrative identity. The itinerary expands the purview of personality development beyond the canonical trait concept to encompass contemporary theories and findings in evolutionary psychology, sociology, and motivational psychology, as well as the study of cognitive development in children, moral development, political orientations, religious attitudes and practices, autobiographical memory, and the master narratives of culture.
Adaptation of Assessment Scales in Cross-National Research: Issues, Guidelines, and Caveats
Authors: Byrne Barbara M.
Published: October 2015

Increasingly, over the past 2 decades, there has been a growing interest in cross-national comparisons. This activity, in turn, has precipitated an escalating number of assessment scales being translated into other languages for use in countries and cultures that differ from those of the original scales (typically developed and normed in the United States). Recent criticism of these translated scales has highlighted the singularity of focus on linguistic equivalence albeit with little to no regard for equivalence of the measured constructs, relevance of item content, familiarity with item format, and insufficient rigor of the methodological strategy, thereby leading to serious biasing effects that ultimately yield a multiplicity of complexities in cross-national research and practice. Intended as an aid to researchers confronted with the task of translating and adapting an assessment scale for use in a country and culture that differs from that of the original scale, this article (a) highlights the critical importance of equivalence as it relates to the translated and adapted scale, in addition to the construct(s) it is designed to measure, (b) identifies the major threats to such equivalence and exemplifies several ways by which they can bias cross-national comparisons, (c) outlines a recommended series of psychometric analytic stages that can lead to both a close translation and a rigorously adapted assessment scale, (d) describes and explicates the hierarchical set of steps necessary in testing equivalence of the adapted instrument within and across national groups, and (e) presents the advantages and disadvantages of the adaptation approach recommended for use in this article.
RNAi pathway participates in chromosome segregation in mammalian cells
Authors: Huang Chuan , Wang Xiaolin , Liu Xu , Cao Shuhuan , Shan Ge
Published: October 2015

The RNAi machinery is a mighty regulator in a myriad of life events. Despite lines of evidence that small RNAs and components of the RNAi pathway may be associated with structure and behavior of mitotic chromosomes in diverse organisms, a direct role of the RNAi pathway in mammalian mitotic chromosome segregation remains elusive. Here we report that Dicer and AGO2, two central components of the mammalian RNAi pathway, participate in the chromosome segregation. Knockdown of Dicer or AGO2 results in a higher incidence of chromosome lagging, and this effect is independent from microRNAs as examined with DGCR8 knockout cells. Further investigation has revealed that α-satellite RNA, a noncoding RNA derived from centromeric repeat region, is managed by AGO2 under the guidance of endogenous small interference RNAs (ASAT siRNAs) generated by Dicer. Furthermore, the slicer activity of AGO2 is essential for the chromosome segregation. Level and distribution of chromosome-associated α-satellite RNA have crucial regulatory effect on the localization of centromeric proteins such as centromere protein C1 (CENPC1). With these results, we also provide a paradigm in which the RNAi pathway participates in vital cellular events through the maintenance of level and distribution of noncoding RNAs in cells.
Microbial metagenomes from three aquifers in the Fennoscandian shield terrestrial deep biosphere reveal metabolic partitioning among populations
Authors: Wu Xiaofen , Holmfeldt Karin , Hubalek Valerie , Lundin Daniel , Åström Mats , Bertilsson Stefan , Dopson Mark
Published: October 2015

Microorganisms in the terrestrial deep biosphere host up to 20% of the earth’s biomass and are suggested to be sustained by the gases hydrogen and carbon dioxide. A metagenome analysis of three deep subsurface water types of contrasting age (from <20 to several thousand years) and depth (171 to 448 m) revealed phylogenetically distinct microbial community subsets that either passed or were retained by a 0.22 μm filter. Such cells of <0.22 μm would have been overlooked in previous studies relying on membrane capture. Metagenomes from the three water types were used for reconstruction of 69 distinct microbial genomes, each with >86% coverage. The populations were dominated by Proteobacteria, Candidate divisions, unclassified archaea and unclassified bacteria. The estimated genome sizes of the <0.22 μm populations were generally smaller than their phylogenetically closest relatives, suggesting that small dimensions along with a reduced genome size may be adaptations to oligotrophy. Shallow ‘modern marine’ water showed community members with a predominantly heterotrophic lifestyle. In contrast, the deeper, ‘old saline’ water adhered more closely to the current paradigm of a hydrogen-driven deep biosphere. The data were finally used to create a combined metabolic model of the deep terrestrial biosphere microbial community.
Degradation of the ABA co-receptor ABI1 by PUB12/13 U-box E3 ligases
Authors: Kong Lingyao , Cheng Jinkui , Zhu Yujuan , Ding Yanglin , Meng Jingjing , Chen Zhizhong , Xie Qi , Guo Yan , Li Jigang , Yang Shuhua , Gong Zhizhong
Published: October 2015

Clade A protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs) are abscisic acid (ABA) co-receptors that block ABA signalling by inhibiting the downstream protein kinases. ABA signalling is activated after PP2Cs are inhibited by ABA-bound PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors (PYLs) in Arabidopsis. However, whether these PP2Cs are regulated by other factors remains unknown. Here, we report that ABI1 (ABA-INSENSITIVE 1) can interact with the U-box E3 ligases PUB12 and PUB13, but is ubiquitinated only when it interacts with ABA receptors in an in vitro assay. A mutant form of ABI1-1 that is unable to interact with PYLs is more stable than the wild-type protein. Both ABI1 degradation and all tested ABA responses are reduced in pub12 pub13 mutants compared with the wild type. Introducing the abi1-3 loss-of-function mutation into pub12 pub13 mutant recovers the ABA-insensitive phenotypes of the pub12 pub13 mutant. We thus uncover an important regulatory mechanism for regulating ABI1 levels by PUB12 and PUB13.
Derivation of Ethnically Diverse Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines
Authors: Chang Eun Ah , Tomov Martin L. , Suhr Steven T. , Luo Jiesi , Olmsted Zachary T. , Paluh Janet L. , Cibelli Jose
Published: October 2015

The human genome with all its ethnic variations contributes to differences in human development, aging, disease, repair and response to medical treatments and is an exciting area of research and clinical study. The availability of well-characterized ethnically diverse stem cell lines is limited and has not kept pace with other advances in stem cell research. Here we derived xenofree ethnically diverse-human induced pluripotent stem cell (ED-iPSC) lines from fibroblasts obtained from individuals of African American, Hispanic-Latino, Asian and Caucasian ethnic origin and have characterized the lines under a uniform platform for comparative analysis. Derived ED-iPSC lines are low passage number and evaluated in vivo by teratoma formation and in vitro by high throughput microarray analysis of EB formation and early differentiation for tri-lineage commitment to endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. These new xenofree ED-iPSC lines represent a well-characterized valuable resource with potential for use in future research in drug discovery or clinical investigations.
Effect of Electron Energy Distribution on the Hysteresis of Plasma Discharge: Theory, Experiment and Modeling
Authors: Lee Hyo-Chang , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: October 2015

Hysteresis, which is the history dependence of physical systems, is one of the most important topics in physics. Interestingly, bi-stability of plasma with a huge hysteresis loop has been observed in inductive plasma discharges. Despite long plasma research, how this plasma hysteresis occurs remains an unresolved question in plasma physics. Here, we report theory, experiment and modeling of the hysteresis. It was found experimentally and theoretically that evolution of the electron energy distribution (EED) makes a strong plasma hysteresis. In Ramsauer and non-Ramsauer gas experiments, it was revealed that the plasma hysteresis is observed only at high pressure Ramsauer gas where the EED deviates considerably from a Maxwellian shape. This hysteresis was presented in the plasma balance model where the EED is considered. Because electrons in plasmas are usually not in a thermal equilibrium, this EED-effect can be regarded as a universal phenomenon in plasma physics.
Morphological Variability and Distinct Protein Profiles of Cultured and Endosymbiotic Symbiodinium cells Isolated from Exaiptasia pulchella
Authors: Pasaribu Buntora , Weng Li-Chi , Lin I-Ping , Camargo Eddie , Tzen Jason T. C. , Tsai Ching-Hsiu , Ho Shin-Lon , Lin Mong-Rong , Wang Li-Hsueh , Chen Chii-Shiarng , Jiang Pei-Luen
Published: October 2015

Symbiodinium is a dinoflagellate that plays an important role in the physiology of the symbiotic relationships of Cnidarians such as corals and sea anemones. However, it is very difficult to cultivate free-living dinoflagellates after being isolated from the host, as they are very sensitive to environmental changes. How these symbiont cells are supported by the host tissue is still unclear. This study investigated the characteristics of Symbiodinium cells, particularly with respect to the morphological variability and distinct protein profiles of both cultured and endosymbiotic Symbiodinium which were freshly isolated from Exaiptasia pulchella. The response of the cellular morphology of freshly isolated Symbiodinium cells kept under a 12 h L:12 h D cycle to different temperatures was measured. Cellular proliferation was investigated by measuring the growth pattern of Symbiodinium cells, the results of which indicated that the growth was significantly reduced in response to the extreme temperatures. Proteomic analysis of freshly isolated Symbiodinium cells revealed twelve novel proteins that putatively included transcription translation factors, photosystem proteins and proteins associated with energy and lipid metabolism, as well as defense response. The results of this study will bring more understandings to the mechanisms governing the endosymbiotic relationship between the cnidarians and dinoflagellates.
Interaction of Cx43 with Hsc70 regulates G1/S transition through CDK inhibitor p27
Authors: Hino Hitoshi , Dai Ping , Yoshida Tatsushi , Hatakeyama Tomoya , Harada Yoshinori , Otsuji Eigo , Okuda Tsukasa , Takamatsu Tetsuro
Published: October 2015

Connexin 43 (Cx43) functions as a cell growth suppressor. We have demonstrated that Cx43 interacts with heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) for regulating cell proliferation. Hsc70 interacts with CDK inhibitor p27, which regulates the assembly and subcellular localization of cyclin D1-CDK4-p27 complex. However, the involvement of p27 with Cx43-mediated cell cycle suppression is still poorly understood. Here, we report that nuclear accumulation of p27 is reduced by overexpression of Cx43 and that this reduction is restored by co-overexpression with Hsc70. We found that Cx43 competes with p27 for binding to Hsc70 and as a result, decreases the level of Hsc70 in cyclin D1-CDK4-p27 complex, leading to prevention of the nuclear translocation of the complex and the G1/S transition. Collectively, our findings suggest that, in Cx43 up-regulation, which is most likely an emergency measure, Cx43-Hsc70 interaction regulates cell cycle G1/S progression through a novel mechanism by which Cx43-Hsc70 interaction prevents the nuclear accumulation of p27 through controlling the nuclear translocation of cyclin D1-CDK4-p27 complex.
From Crystals to Disordered Crystals: A Hidden Order-Disorder Transition
Authors: Tong Hua , Tan Peng , Xu Ning
Published: October 2015

To distinguish between order and disorder is of fundamental importance to understanding solids. It becomes more significant with recent observations that solids with high structural order can behave like disordered solids, while properties of disordered solids can approach crystals under certain circumstance. It is then imperative to understand when and how disorder takes effect to deviate the properties of a solid from crystals and what the correct factors are to control the behaviours of solids. Here we answer these questions by reporting the finding of a hidden order-disorder transition from crystals to disordered crystals for static packings of frictionless spheres. While the geometric indicators are mostly blind to the transition, disordered crystals already exhibit properties apart from crystals. The transition approaches the close packing of hard spheres, giving rise to the singularity of the close packing point. We evidence that both the transition and properties of disordered crystals are jointly determined by the structural order and density. Near the transition, the elastic moduli and coordination number of disordered crystals show particular pressure dependence distinct from known behaviours of both crystals and jammed solids. The discovery of the transition therefore reveals some unknown aspects of solids.