bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of ERP System Implementations on the Management of Earnings and Earnings Release Dates
Authors: Brazel Joseph F. , Dang Li
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: ERP systems have become the system of choice for the majority of publicly traded companies and have radically changed the way accounting information is processed, prepared, audited, and disseminated. In this study, we examine whether ERP system implementations have affected the extent to which firms manage earnings amounts and release dates. We find, for a sample of ERP adopters, that implementations led to increases in the absolute value of discretionary accruals (i.e., greater earnings management). We also find a positive relationship between the extent of ERP module adoption and the extent of earnings management. With respect to earnings release dates, firms with incentives to increase the timeliness of their release dates experienced a decrease in reporting lag after implementing ERP systems. These results should be of interest to financial statement preparers initially adopting or implementing new versions of ERP applications, auditors serving clients with ERP systems, and regulators overseeing the financial markets and consolidation in the ERP industry.
Modeling an Object-Oriented Accounting System with Computer-Aided Software Engineering
Authors: Levitan Alan S. , Guan Jian , Cobb Andrew T.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this case is, first, to provide students with an experience in systems modeling, using facts gathered through interviews with employees who may not be skilled in presenting their responsibilities in a systematic, logical, sequential manner. Second, students will gain actual hands-on experience learning and using a leading modeling language, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), through a popular Computer-Aided Software Engineering (C.A.S.E.) tool. Finally, the students will be using those interview facts to model an object-oriented system for processing cash receipts. In that effort, they will learn and apply the unique documentation techniques used in analyzing and designing object-oriented systems with design features such as use cases, class diagrams with inheritance, and sequence diagrams.
KaDo: An Advanced Enterprise Modeling, Database Design, Database Implementation, and Information Retrieval Case for the Accounting Information Systems Class
Authors: Geerts Guido L. , Tam Kinsun
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: The KaDo case, designed for either an advanced undergraduate AIS class or a graduate AIS class, has four parts: enterprise modeling, relational database design, integration of legacy systems, and information retrieval. The first part exposes students to advanced enterprise modeling concepts such as subtypes and advanced REA concepts such as policy specifications. The second part asks students to translate advanced modeling concepts such as subtypes into relational database structures. The objective of the third part is for students to learn how to use database software to integrate legacy systems. Their task involves two steps: importing data and integrating data. The fourth part involves information retrieval where students map information requirements into queries that can be executed by the computer. The advanced query techniques that students apply include multi-column join definitions, union, and view hierarchies. KaDo is a dynamic case that allows instructors to create a version of the case adapted to their own learning objectives. KaDo's Web Environment (KWE) further enables them to create and deliver case materials online.
Putting Continuous Auditing Theory into Practice: Lessons from Two Pilot Implementations
Authors: Alles Michael G. , Kogan Alexander , Vasarhelyi Miklos A.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: In the almost twenty years since Vasarhelyi and Halper (1991) reported on their pioneering implementation of what has come to be known as Continuous Auditing (CA), the concept has increasingly moved from theory into practice. A 2006 survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers shows that half of all responding firms use some sort of CA techniques, and the majority of the rest plan to do so in the near future. CA not only has an increasing impact on auditing practice, but is also one of the rare instances in which such a significant change was led by the researchers. In this paper we survey the state of CA after two decades of research into continuous auditing theory and practice, and draw out the lessons learned by us in recent pilot CA projects at two major firms, to examine where this unique partnership between academics and auditors will take CA in the future.
Automating REA Policy Level Specifications with Semantic Web Technologies
Authors: Sedbrook Tod , Newmark Richard I.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: Enterprise modelers require tools and techniques that consistently represent and logically apply domain knowledge. Current modeling approaches rely on entity relationship or unified modeling diagrams to represent semantic descriptions of business exchanges. However, it remains difficult to transform the implicit metadata, ontologies, and logic embedded in diagrams into a coherent form that can be interpreted by machines and delivered across the web. This study explores the uniting of machine processing capabilities of semantic web technologies with resource event agent (REA) enterprise ontologies to model complex multienterprise partnerships. Web Ontology Language (OWL) and Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) were used to model REA policies for a distributed e-commerce partnership selling nearly new vehicles. We combine a specialized REA application ontology with semantic technologies to direct multienterprise collaborations. We present a prototype that encodes the ontology's concepts within OWL and SWRL and explore these machine-readable representations within the context of a case study.
Modeling a Business Process and Querying the Resulting Database: Analyzing RFID Data to Develop Business Intelligence
Authors: Borthick A. Faye , Bowen Paul L. , Gerard Gregory J.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: This case supports the high-level objective of learning to model business situations to design databases and query them to solve business problems. Students analyze Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and related fulfillment data to develop business intelligence for a grower of bedding plants selling to big-box retailers. Students prepare a business process diagram to understand the business process; identify objectives for detecting and correcting data errors and analyzing business performance; construct a Resource, Event, Agent (REA) diagram to specify a database design; implement the database and query it to satisfy business objectives; communicate results; document data error correction procedures; and prepare adjusting journal entries. The case is appropriate for students with moderate database querying proficiency. The case's managerial and financial accounting and internal control implications make it suitable for courses in Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and database systems for advanced undergraduate students and in AIS, database, and managerial courses for master's students. The data are supplied in Microsoft Access® databases.
Knowledge Sharing: The Effects of Incentives, Environment, and Person
Authors: Wolfe Christopher , Loraas Tina
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: We study factors that promote knowledge sharing in a professional service firm. We performed two laboratory experiments with MBA students acting as participants. Our results indicate that an incentive must be considered sufficient to promote full knowledge sharing regardless of the incentive's type (monetary or nonmonetary). However, we find that the nonmonetary incentives used in our experiment were not deemed sufficient when participants self-determined incentive sufficiency. Additionally, when the peer environment promoted knowledge hoarding, knowledge sharing dropped the most when incentives were initially deemed sufficient. Finally, we find that competitive individuals are active sharers of valuable, proprietary knowledge only when heir competitiveness is team-oriented. To promote knowledge sharing, our results suggest careful monitoring of perceived incentive sufficiency, especially in the case of nonmonetary incentives, and a culture that directs employee competitiveness between teams.
Use of Knowledge Management Systems and the Impact on the Acquisition of Explicit Knowledge
Authors: McCall Holli , Arnold Vicky , Sutton Steve G.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: In an era where knowledge is increasingly seen as an organization's most valuable asset, many firms have implemented knowledge-management systems (KMS) in an effort to capture, store, and disseminate knowledge across the firm. Concerns have been raised, however, about the potential dependency of users on KMS and the related potential for decreases in knowledge acquisition and expertise development (Cole 1998; Alavi and Leidner 2001b; O'Leary 2002a). The purpose of this study, which is exploratory in nature, is to investigate whether using KMS embedded with explicit knowledge impacts novice decision makers' judgment performance and knowledge acquisition differently than using traditional reference materials (e.g., manuals, textbooks) to research and solve a problem. An experimental methodology is used to study the relative performance and explicit knowledge acquisition of 188 participants partitioned into two groups using either a KMS or traditional reference materials in problem solving. The study finds that KMS users outperform users of traditional reference materials when they have access to their respective systems/materials, but the users of traditional reference materials outperform KMS users when respective systems/materials are removed. While all users improve interpretive problem solving and encoding of definitions and rules, there are significant differences in knowledge acquisition between the two groups.
Study of the island morphology at the early stages of Fe/Mo(110) MBE growth
Authors: Goykolov Dmytro , Kotrla Miroslav
Published: October 2008

We present theoretical study of morphology of Fe islands grown at Mo(110) surface in submonolayer MBE mode. We utilize atomistic SOS model with bond counting, and interactions of Fe adatom up to third nearest neighbors. We performed KMC simulations for different values of adatom interactions and varying temperatures. We have found that, while for the low temperature islands are fat fractals, for the temperature 500 K islands have faceted rhombic-like shape. For the higher temperature, islands acquire a rounded shape. In order to evaluate qualitatively morphological changes, we measured average aspect ratio of islands. We calculated dependence of the average aspect ratio on the temperature, and on the strength of interactions of an adatom with neighbors.
Prediction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt dependency in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Chan Michael , Alaraj Ali , Calderon Mateo , Herrera Sebastian Ramon , Gao Weihua , Ruland Sean , Roitberg Ben Zion
Published: October 2008

Object

Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated using external ventricular drainage due to obstructive hydrocephalus commonly remain shunt-dependent. Based on identified risk factors for external ventricular drain (EVD) challenge failure, the authors sought to determine the likelihood that a patient will require a permanent shunt.

Methods

The authors reviewed 89 consecutive cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus for parameters associated with EVD challenge failure and permanent shunt requirement. Significant parameters were combined in a discriminant function analysis to create a failure risk index (FRI). Linear regression analysis was performed correlating the FRI with the actual rate of shunt dependency.

Results

Patients requiring a permanent shunt had: a larger third ventricular diameter (7.0 vs 5.4 mm; p = 0.02) and a higher Hunt and Hess grade (3 vs 2; p = 0.02) at the time of admission; and a larger third ventricular diameter (6.6 vs 5.2 mm; p = 0.04), a larger bicaudate diameter (31.9 vs 30.2 mm; p = 0.03), and higher CSF protein levels (76.5 vs 40.3 mg/dl; p < 0.0001) at the onset of EVD challenge. These patients were also more likely to be female (p = 0.01) and have a posterior circulation location of their aneurysm (p = 0.01). The FRI score was calculated based on a weighted combination of the above parameters. Linear regression analysis between FRI values and the percentage of patients who required a permanent shunt had a correlation coefficient of 91%; the risk of a permanent shunt requirement increased linearly with a rising FRI score.

Conclusions

An FRI score created by discriminant function analysis can predict whether or not a permanent shunt is required, even if separate factors are not in agreement with each other or show a weak correlation when considered separately. An increased FRI score was strongly and linearly correlated with the risk of EVD challenge failure. A prospective study is necessary to validate the FRI.
Attenuation of cerebral vasospasm and secondary injury by 17β-estradiol following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Lin Chih-Lung , Dumont Aaron S. , Su Yu-Feng , Tsai Yee-Jean , Huang Jih-Hui , Chang Kao-Ping , Howng Shen-Long , Kwan Aij-Lie , Kassell Neal F. , Kao Cheng-Hsing
Published: October 2008

Object

Cerebral vasospasm remains a major complication in patients who have suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previous studies have shown that 17β-estradiol (E2) attenuates experimental SAH–induced cerebral vasospasm. Moreover, E2 has been shown to reduce neuronal apoptosis and secondary injury following cerebral ischemia. Adenosine A1 receptor (AR-A1) expression is increased following ischemia and may represent an endogenous neuroprotective effect. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of E2 in preventing cerebral vasospasm and reducing secondary injury, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and AR-A1 expression, following SAH.

Methods

A double-hemorrhage model of SAH in rats was used, and the degree of vasospasm was determined by averaging the cross-sectional areas of the basilar artery 7 days after the first SAH. A cell death assay was used to detect apoptosis. Changes in the protein expression of AR-A1 in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and dentate gyrus were compared with levels in normal controls and E2-treated groups (subcutaneous E2, 0.3 mg/ml).

Results

The administration of E2 prevented vasospasm (p < 0.05). Seven days after the first SAH, DNA fragmentation and protein levels of AR-A1 were significantly increased in the dentate gyrus. The E2 treatment decreased DNA fragmentation and prevented the increase in AR-A1 expression in the dentate gyrus. There were no significant changes in DNA fragmentation and the expression of AR-A1 after SAH in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in the animals in the control and E2-treated groups.

Conclusions

The E2 was effective in attenuating SAH-induced cerebral vasospasm, decreasing apoptosis in the dentate gyrus, and reducing the expression of AR-A1 in the dentate gyrus after SAH. Interestingly, E2 appears to effectively prevent cerebral vasospasm subsequent to SAH as well as attenuate secondary injury by reducing both apoptosis and a compensatory increase in AR-A1 expression in the dentate gyrus.
Use of the 8 French Simmons-2 guide catheter for carotid artery stent placement in patients with difficult aortic arch anatomy
Authors: Chang Feng-Chi , Tummala Ramachandra P. , Jahromi Babak S. , Samuelson Rodney M. , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Levy Elad I. , Hopkins L. Nelson
Published: October 2008

Inability to achieve vascular access is a common reason for failure to perform carotid artery angioplasty and stent placement. The authors report their experience with the use of an 8 Fr Simmons-2 catheter to gain carotid artery access in the setting of complex aortic arch anatomy. This guide catheter was used successfully to perform carotid artery angioplasty and stent placement in 10 patients with markedly tortuous aortic arches or supra-aortic branches. As the authors gained experience with this catheter, they used it as a first option in patients with the appropriate aortic arch anatomy.
Vision salvage after resection of a giant meningioma in a patient with a loss in light perception
Authors: Sughrue Michael E. , McDermott Michael W. , Parsa Andrew T.
Published: October 2008

Clinical approaches to the surgical management of optic chiasm compression stress quick action, as several case series have demonstrated minimal vision restoration following aggressive decompression in patients presenting more than 3 days after the onset of blindness. The authors here report the case of a 48-year-old woman who presented with near-complete binocular vision loss but regained visual function following surgical removal of a giant planum-tuberculum meningioma, which was performed 8 days after a documented loss in light perception. The interval between the patient's vision loss and successful vision-restoring decompressive surgery is the longest recorded to date in the literature. This case shows the importance of aggressive decompression of mass lesions despite extended intervals of optic nerve dysfunction.
Persisting embryonal infundibular recess
Authors: Šteňo Andrej , Popp A. John , Wolfsberger Stefan , Belan Vít'azoslav , Šteňo Juraj
Published: October 2008

Persisting embryonal infundibular recess (PEIR) is a rare anomaly of the third ventricular floor that has an unclear pathogenesis. In all 7 previously described cases, PEIR was present in adult patients and was invariably associated with hydrocephalus and, in 4 reported cases, with an empty sella. These associated findings led to speculations about the role of increased intraventricular pressure in the development of PEIR.

In the present case, PEIR was found in a 24-year-old man without the presence of hydrocephalus or empty sella. Disorders of pituitary function had been present since childhood. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic expansion in an enlarged sella turcica. A communication between the third ventricle and the sellar cyst was suspected but not apparent. During transcranial surgery, the connection was confirmed. Later, higher-quality MR imaging investigations clearly showed a communication between the third ventricle and the sellar cyst through a channel in the tubular pituitary stalk. This observation and knowledge about the embryology of this region suggests that PEIR may be a developmental anomaly caused by failure of obliteration of the distal part of primary embryonal diencephalic evagination. Thus, PEIR is an extension of the third ventricular cavity into the sella.

Although PEIR is a rare anomaly, it is important to identify when planning a procedure on cystic lesions of the sella. Because attempts at removal using the transsphenoidal approach would lead to a communication between the third ventricle and the nasal cavity, a watertight reconstruction of the sellar floor is necessary.
Radiation exposure in the environment of patients after application of radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Boldt F. , Kobe C. , Eschner W. , Schicha H. , Sudbrock F.
Published: October 2008

Aim: After application of radiopharmaceuticals the patient becomes a radioactive source which leads to radiation exposure in the proximity. The photon dose rates after administration of different radiopharmaceuticals used in diagnostic nuclear medicine were measured at several distances and different time intervals. These data are of importance for estimating the exposure of technologists and members of the public. Patients, method: In this study dose rates were measured for 67 patients after application of the following radiopharmaceuticals: 99mTc-HDP as well as 99mTcpertechnetate, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, 111In-Octreotid and Zevalin® and 123I-mIBG in addition to 123I-NaI. The dose rates were measured immediately following application at six different distances to the patient. After two hours the measurements were repeated and – whenever possible – after 24 hours and seven days. Results: Immediately following application the highest dose rates were below 1 mSv / h: with a maximum at 780 μSv/h for 18F (370 MBq), 250 μSv/h for 99mTc (700 MBq), 150 μSv/h for 111In (185 MBq) and 132 μSv/ h for 123I (370 MBq). At a distance of 0.5 m the values decrease significantly by an order of magnitude. Two hours after application the values are diminished to 1/3 (99mTc, 18F), to nearly ½ (123I) but remain in the same order of magnitude for the longer-lived 111In radiopharmaceuticals. Conclusion: For greater distances the doses remain below the limits outlined in the national legislation.
Manipulation and Control of Micro‐Organic Matter in Architecture
Authors: Pike Steve
Published: October 2008

Steve Pike looks to a future in which architects will work alongside microbiologists and mycologists, in much the same way as they now engage with a team of engineering consultants. He explains how, with the merging of the design studio and laboratory, the manipulation and control of micro‐organisms themselves have to take precedence in any successful design and production process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic Neoplasms
Authors: Cruz Marcos
Published: October 2008

Marcos Cruz explores the cultural precedents for the evolution of synthetic neoplasms ‐ artificial matter and bio‐synthetic flesh composites. He draws on a rich artistic and filmic lineage, ranging from the hybrid forms of 16th‐century Breugel to Patricia Piccinini's more recent mutant creations, and most vividly and perhaps alarmingly the flesh formations of the game‐pods in David Cronenberg's 1999 film eXistenZ. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density Fields in Viscous Bodies
Authors: Klein Tobias
Published: October 2008

Taking raw data of a human MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan as a starting point, Tobias Klein reimagines the body in a new viscous stage where the body's inner and outer layers are irrelevant and it becomes a fluctuating variable in concentrated mass and matter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyborgian Interfaces
Authors: Cruz Marcos
Published: October 2008

A synthesis of organic and synthetic parts, the cyborg in film and fiction provides an important means in the digital age by which to question and explore the difference between human and artificial intelligence. As cyberspace becomes ever more pervasive, and invasive, and interfaces become softer, William J Mitchell's vision of plugging the individual's nervous system into electronic organs hastens. Here, Marcos Cruz breathes life into the cyborg in his Cyborgian Interfaces and In‐Wall projects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comfo‐Veg Club
Authors: Cook Peter
Published: October 2008

Drawn expressly for this issue of AD, Peter Cook's Comfo‐Veg Club builds on the biological theme and aesthetic of some of his earlier works. A garden and definitely ‘green’, the space is amorphous and ambiguous in every other way. Vegetative, it is soft, draping and melting, ever shifting in its spatial and material qualities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal Surface Geometry and the Green Paradigm
Authors: Kolatan Sulan
Published: October 2008

Sulan Kolatan introduces two projects by Kol/Mac ‐ INVERSAbrane and MUTEN Galataport ‐ that create a new biological or green paradigm through minimal surface geometry, reinterpreting and reinventing the notion of urban ecology, as defined topologically. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algaetecture and Nonsterile
Authors: Pike Steve
Published: October 2008

Steve Pike outlines a series of controlled experiments he embarked upon with microbiologist Conrad Mullineaux, which culminated in a final installation highlighting the potential of a microbiological‐responsive architecture at a human scale. With these experiments, Pike challenges the way in which we commonly understand ‘air’ as a sterile and empty space, exploring the aesthetic implications of it as a mass of densely colonised matter that reflects users' activities via their bacteriological traces. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wonderwall
Authors: Venhoeven Ton
Published: October 2008

A lush, verdant mass of vegetation, the Sportplaza Mercator in Amsterdam by Venhoeven Architekten is an integral part of the environment, changing with the seasons. Ton Venhoeven describes how landscape architects Copijn Utrecht's development of the Wonderwall system enabled him to realise his design for this growing structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial Evolution: A Hands‐Off Approach for Architects
Authors: Armstrong Rachel
Published: October 2008

Rachel Armstrong highlights how developments in molecular biology and genetics are providing architects with insights into the properties of living matter, which are set to revolutionise design through the genesis of artificially evolving architectures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
World Expo 2008 Zaragoza
Authors: Garcia Mark
Published: October 2008

This summer, Expo 2008 at Zaragoza, in Aragon in Spain, splashed on to the planet with the theme of ‘Water and Sustainable Development’. Though the subject of the exposition was driven by the recent controversies surrounding Spain and Aragon's management of water, Mark Garcia outlines how the Expo investigated these issues in a way that was relevant to the rest of the world, delivering in just three months an impressive contribution to national and international debates about the problems and future of water. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pelli Clarke Pelli
Authors: Merkel Jayne
Published: October 2008

Cesar Pelli is best known for dramatic skyscrapers, like the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, and big urban complexes with vast glazed interior spaces, like Canary Wharf and the World Financial Center in Battery Park City. But his renamed firm, Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects, is now doing major hospitals and research centres, museums and concert halls, apartment houses, numerous college buildings ‐ even airports. Jayne Merkel explains how he learnt to do memorable work of considerable complexity as she describes what Pelli Clarke Pelli is doing around the world. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saatchi Gallery/ Duke of York Headquarters
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: October 2008

The Duke of York Headquarters in Chelsea, London, has undergone a major rehabilitation. For many years its fine Georgian facade had belied a run‐down and messed‐about interior, inhabited by the offices of the Ministry of Defence. David Littlefield describes how, under the stewardship of the Cadogan Estate and Paul Davis + Partners, this historic structure is now reasserting its dignity, while also accommodating a series of bespoke gallery spaces. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond White Walls
Authors: Domeisen Oliver
Published: October 2008

With the strictures of Modernism behind us, the possibilities of ornament are being rediscovered, but often in a vacuum without method or understanding. Oliver Domeisen describes how in diploma units at the Architectural Association in London ornament is being pursued with a purpose as contemporary digital design and construction techniques are fused with an awareness of grammar and definition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Getting Wet About Urban Design
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: October 2008

Neil Spiller is thrilled by IwamotoScott's Hydro‐Net ‐ a futuristic design proposal for San Francisco that thinks about water in an entirely new way. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Horizons of User‐Centred Design
Authors: Croci Valentina
Published: October 2008

Valentina Croci outlines how the new focus on the user in new technologies and human‐computer interaction is moving towards ‘cognitive engineering’. This puts less emphasis on the actual hardware and more on who uses it and how technology can give new meaning to our daily lives, as well as relevant computer interfaces. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved nonlinear fault detection technique and statistical analysis
Authors: Zhang Yingwei , Qin S. Joe
Published: October 2008

In this article, first, some drawbacks of original Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) and Kernel Independent Component Analysis (KICA) are analyzed. Then the KPCA and KICA for multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) are improved. The drawbacks of original KPCA and KICA are as follows: The data mapped into feature space become redundant; linear data introduce errors while the kernel trick is used; computation time increases with the number of samples. To solve the above problems, the original KPCA and KICA for MSPM are improved: similarity factors of the observed data in the input and feature space are defined; similar characteristics are measured; similar data are removed according to the similarity measurements; and k‐means clustering in feature space is used to isolate different classes. Specifically, the similarity concept of data in one group is first proposed. Applications of the proposed approach indicate that improved KPCA and KICA effectively capture the nonlinearities. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Mechanically stirred single‐stage column for continuous gelation of colloidal systems
Authors: Zaccone Alessio , Wu Hua , Portaluri Andrea , Lattuada Marco , Morbidelli Massimo
Published: October 2008

A continuous and fast gelation unit, referred to as a single‐stage mechanically agitated gelation column has been proposed to perform gelation of colloidal systems. A fluorinated polymer latex, MFA®, has been used. The column is initially filled with a coagulant solution at a concentration that fully destabilizes the colloid. Under agitation, the colloid is fed continuously to the discharging region of the agitator blades where it forms flocs of gel by mixing with the coagulant. If the density of the colloidal particles is larger than that of water, the flocs settle downward to the bottom of the column and flow out of the unit for further treatment or direct applications. Timescale analysis of the phenomena involved in the column has been carried out to understand the complex interplay between gelation and mixing. Various gelation regimes have been identified, which can interpret the observed gelation behavior in the column. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A preliminary study of dopamine D4 receptor genotype and structural brain alterations in adults with ADHD
Authors: Monuteaux Michael C. , Seidman Larry J. , Faraone Stephen V. , Makris Nikos , Spencer Thomas , Valera Eve , Brown Ariel , Bush George , Doyle Alysa E. , Hughes Samantha , Helliesen Meghan , Mick Eric , Biederman Joseph
Published: October 2008

An emerging literature has demonstrated an association between the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and volumetric brain abnormalities in children with ADHD. However, these results have not been extended to adults and have not addressed the impact of comorbidity. Our objective was to examine the DRD4 7R gene and volumetric brain abnormalities in adults with ADHD while accounting for comorbidity with bipolar disorder (BPD). Subjects were male and female adult outpatient referrals stratified into two diagnostic groups: 24 with ADHD, 19 with ADHD and BPD, as well as 20 male and female adult community controls without ADHD or BPD. We measured volumes (cm3) of a priori selected brain regions (superior frontal, middle frontal, anterior cingulate, and cerebellum cortices) by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Among adults with ADHD, subjects with the 7‐repeat allele of the DRD4 gene had a significantly smaller mean volume in the superior frontal cortex and cerebellum cortex compared to subjects without this allele. In contrast, no such effects were detected in the adults with ADHD + BPD or controls. Our findings suggest that volumetric abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cerebellum may represent an intermediate neuroanatomical phenotype between DRD4 genotype and the clinical expression of ADHD in adults, but only in ADHD subjects without comorbid BPD. These result support the heterogeneity of ADHD and provides insights as to its underlying pathophysiology. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American
Authors: Adachi Noboru , Shinoda Ken‐ichi , Umetsu Kazuo , Matsumura Hirofumi
Published: October 2008

Ancient DNA recovered from 16 Jomon skeletons excavated from Funadomari site, Hokkaido, Japan was analyzed to elucidate the genealogy of the early settlers of the Japanese archipelago. Both the control and coding regions of their mitochondrial DNA were analyzed in detail, and we could securely assign 14 mtDNAs to relevant haplogroups. Haplogroups D1a, M7a, and N9b were observed in these individuals, and N9b was by far the most predominant. The fact that haplogroups N9b and M7a were observed in Hokkaido Jomons bore out the hypothesis that these haplogroups are the (pre‐) Jomon contribution to the modern Japanese mtDNA pool. Moreover, the fact that Hokkaido Jomons shared haplogroup D1 with Native Americans validates the hypothesized genetic affinity of the Jomon people to Native Americans, providing direct evidence for the genetic relationships between these populations. However, probably due to the small sample size or close consanguinity among the members of the site, the frequencies of the haplogroups in Funadomari skeletons were quite different from any modern populations, including Hokkaido Ainu, who have been regarded as the direct descendant of the Hokkaido Jomon people. It appears that the genetic study of ancient populations in northern part of Japan brings important information to the understanding of human migration in northeast Asia and America. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitigating fur seal interactions: relocation from Tasmanian aquaculture farms
Authors: Robinson S. , Terauds A. , Gales R. , Greenwood M.
Published: October 2008

At Tasmanian salmon aquaculture farms, fur seals were trapped and relocated to reduce interactions with stock, operations and equipment. From 1990 to 2005, 4517 relocations of 1124 seals were undertaken, peaking at 1203 relocations in 2003.

Of the relocations, 56% were recaptured seals. Most seals had less than 10 captures (46%), with 3% trapped more than 20 times.

Relocations were mostly seasonal, occurring in the austral winter and spring with a peak in August.

Seal recapture intervals were highly variable, ranging from days to years. Within the same year, recapture intervals per seal ranged from 4 to 258 days, mean 36 days.

Australian fur seals were trapped more frequently than New Zealand fur seals. The first trapped New Zealand fur seal was identified in 2000.

Relocation provides short‐term relief from seal interactions but does not mitigate the interaction problem in the longer term.

The core of the seal interaction problem is the current inability to exclude seals from pens and fish stock. Salmon farms are providing a predictable, accessible food source for seals.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Source of Carbon Dioxide for Gastric Acid Production
Authors: Steer Howard
Published: October 2008

The source of carbon dioxide for the chemical reaction leading to the production of gastric acid is unknown. The decarboxylation of an amino acid releases carbon dioxide. Pepsinogens provide a rich source of the amino acid arginine. Both the source of carbon dioxide, arginine, and the consequence of arginine decarboxylation, agmatine, have been studied. The site of carbon dioxide production has been related to the survival of the parietal cell. An immunohistochemical study has been carried out on glycol methacrylate embedded gastric biopsies from the normal stomach of 38 adult patients. The sections have been stained using polyclonal antibody to pepsinogen II, polyclonal antibody to agmatine, and polyclonal antibody to Helicobacter pylori. Pepsinogen II and agmatine are found in the parietal cell canaliculi. This is consistent with the production of carbon dioxide from arginine in the parietal cell canaliculi. Evidence is presented for the decarboxylation of arginine derived from the activation segment of pepsinogen as the source of carbon dioxide for the production of gastric acid. The production of carbon dioxide by the decarboxylation of arginine in the parietal cell canaliculus enables the extracellular hydration of carbon dioxide at the known site of carbonic anhydrase activity. The extracellular production of acid in the canaliculus together with the presence of agmatine helps to explain why the parietal cells are not destroyed during the formation of gastric acid. Agmatine is found in the mucus secreting cells of the stomach and its role in acid protection of the stomach is discussed. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging the Paranasal Sinuses: Where We Are and Where We Are Going
Authors: Fatterpekar Girish M. , Delman Bradley N. , Som Peter M.
Published: October 2008

As has happened in all facets of neuroimaging, cross‐sectional imaging has dramatically changed our approach and understanding of the anatomy and pathology of paranasal sinuses. We have moved away from plain film radiographs to modern high‐resolution sinus computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that helps us better depict underlying normal anatomy and evaluate pathology. Recent advances in PET/CT imaging have introduced a physiologic aspect to anatomical imaging and holds promise to better stage and restage head and neck tumors. In this article, we describe the various imaging techniques, concerns, advantages and disadvantages of the individual techniques, and provide an overview of the various pathologies involving the paranasal sinuses. Anat Rec, 291:1564–1572, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Development and Pathologic Processes that Influence Maxillary Sinus Pneumatization
Authors: Lawson William , Patel Zara M. , Lin Fred Y.
Published: October 2008

The maxillary sinus is universally described as a pyramidal‐shaped cavity in the maxilla. Hypoplasia, which can occur unilaterally or bilaterally, is graded by the authors by the degree of failure of descent below the nasal floor in achieving its position adjacent to the posterior dentition in the adult. Unlike early studies using plain X‐rays, which considered pneumatization into the zygomatic recess and dental alveolus as criteria, the authors have adopted the above‐cited parameters based on computed tomography (CT) imaging, which reveals that even when smaller the sinus retains a pyramidal configuration, although truncated. Rarely, the sinus is excessively pneumatized in the nonpathologic state. Review of the literature failed to reveal a comprehensive study of the conditions that alter maxillary sinus volume and configuration. Based on a retrospective review of 6,000 high resolution CT scans of the paranasal sinuses, the types and relative incidences of these conditions have been determined, and a classification system proposed. The mixed‐sex sample group (= 2,540) was comprised of nonpediatric (adolescent and adult) and was of a polyethnic composition. Results showed that enlargement of the sinus is uncommonly encountered, and is produced by air (pneumocele) and mucus (mucocele) entrapment, or by benign tumors which have arisen in the sinus or adjacent maxilla and have grown intracavitarily, with the sinus walls expanding and remodeling to accommodate them. Reduction in size and volume is more frequent. Heredo‐familial syndromic conditions reduce sinus size by impaired facial growth centers, or obliteration by dense osteosclerosis. Irradiation for neoplastic disease in the pediatric population similarly, directly effect growth centers, or impairs pituitary function. Another iatrogenic cause, direct surgical intervention (Caldwell‐Luc procedure) almost universally alters sinus volume and shape by osteoneogenesis. Midfacial fractures involving the sinus also produce distortion by sclerosis as well as by malpositioning of bone fragments. The principal systemic disorders, sickle cell anemia and osteopetrosis, which diffusely effect medullary bone, do so either through compensatory marrow proliferation or sclerotic new bone formation, thus serving to produce maxillary enlargement and sinus obliteration. The greatest source of maxillary sinus distortion and destruction are neoplasms. Malignant sinonasal and oral cavity tumors produce bony erosion of the sinus walls, whereas benign odontogenic cysts remain external to the sinuses and compress it as they enlarge. Most odontogenic tumors produce external compression and remodeling. Fibro‐osseous disorders similarly produce size and shape distortions by external impingement. Although diverse developmental and pathological conditions influence maxillary sinus morphology, there is a limited range of biologic response. Anat Rec, 291:1554–1563, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the Ethmoid Sinus and Extramural Migration: The Anatomical Basis of this Paranasal Sinus
Authors: Márquez Samuel , Tessema Belachew , Clement Peter Ar , Schaefer Steven D
Published: October 2008

Frontal and/or maxillary sinusitis frequently originates with pathologic processes of the ethmoid sinuses. This clinical association is explained by the close anatomical relationship between the frontal and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoid sinus, since developmental trajectories place the ethmoid in a strategic central position within the nasal complex. The advent of optical endoscopes has permitted improved visualization of these spaces, leading to a renaissance in intranasal sinus surgery. Advancing patient care has consequently driven the need for the proper and accurate anatomical description of the paranasal sinuses, regrettably the continuing subject of persistent confusion and ambiguity in nomenclature and terminology. Developmental tracking of the pneumatization of the ethmoid and adjacent bones, and particularly of the extramural cells of the ethmoid, helps to explain the highly variable adult morphology of the ethmoid air sinus system. To fully understand the nature and underlying biology of this sinus system, multiple approaches were employed here. These include CT imaging of living humans (n = 100), examination of dry cranial material (n = 220), fresh tissue and cadaveric anatomical dissections (n = 168), and three‐dimensional volume rendering methods that allow digitizing of the spaces of the ethmoid sinus for graphical examination. Results show the ethmoid sinus to be highly variable in form and structure as well as in the quantity of air cells. The endochondral bony origin of the ethmoid sinuses leads to remarkably thin bony contours of their irregular and morphologically unique borders, making them substantially different from the other paranasal sinuses. These investigations allow development of a detailed anatomical template of this region based on observed patterns of morphological diversity, which can initially mask the underlying anatomy. For example, the frontal recess, ethmoid infundibulum, and hiatus semilunaris are key anatomical components of the ethmoid structural complex that are fully documented and explained here on the basis of the template we have developed, as well as being comprehensively illustrated. In addition, an exhaustive 2000‐year literature search identified original sources of nomenclature, in order to help clarify the persistent confusions found in the literature. Modified anatomical terms are suggested to permit proper description of the ethmoid region. This clarification of nomenclature will permit better communication in addition to eliminating redundant terminology. The combination of anatomical, evolutionary, and clinical perspectives provides an important strategy for gaining insight into the complexity of these sinuses. Anat Rec, 291:1535–1553, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architecture of the Nasal Complex in Neanderthals: Comparison With Other Hominids and Phylogenetic Significance
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. , Tattersall Ian , Teschler‐Nicola Maria
Published: October 2008

Although paranasal sinus configuration has occasionally been the focus in analyses of the phylogenetic relationships of various primates, other elements of the region of the nasal fossa—in particular, the turbinals—have received far less attention. A preliminary study of Neanderthal cranial morphology revealed the presence of an apparently unique configuration of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity: namely, in the region in which in Homo sapiens the anterior extremity of the maxilloturbinal (also referred to as the inferior nasal concha) articulates with the internal surface of the maxilla along a relatively anteroposteriorly long and essentially horizontally oriented conchal crest, there exists a vertically oriented thickening that protrudes medially into the nasal cavity (Schwartz and Tattersall, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:10852–10854). Subsequent citations of this report either claimed that this “medial projection” in Neanderthals is merely an enlarged maxilloturbinal or mistakenly identified as this structure the base of a maxilloturbinal that had fused to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and subsequently broken off. In light of the potential significance that any novel configuration of the nasal complex architecture may have for elucidating hominid evolution, we present here a comparative overview of this region in fossil and extant large‐bodied hominoids, and demonstrate that Neanderthals do indeed possess a configuration that is unique among hominids. Anat Rec, 291:1517–1534, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Insights Into Mid‐Late Pleistocene Fossil Hominin Paranasal Sinus Morphology
Authors: Zollikofer Christoph P.E. , Ponce De LeÓn Marcia S. , Schmitz Ralf W. , Stringer Christopher B.
Published: October 2008

Mid‐late Pleistocene fossil hominins such as Homo neanderthalensis and H. heidelbergensis are often described as having extensively pneumatized crania compared with modern humans. However, the significance of pneumatization in recognizing patterns of phyletic diversification and/or functional specialization has remained controversial. Here, we test the null hypothesis that the paranasal sinuses of fossil and extant humans and great apes can be understood as biological spandrels, i.e., their morphology reflects evolutionary, developmental, and functional constraints imposed onto the surrounding bones. Morphological description of well‐preserved mid‐late Pleistocene hominin specimens are contrasted with our comparative sample of modern humans and great apes. Results from a geometric morphometric analysis of the correlation between paranasal sinus and cranial dimensions show that the spandrel hypothesis cannot be refuted. However, visualizing specific features of the paranasal sinus system with methods of biomedical imaging and computer graphics reveals new aspects of patterns of growth and development of fossil hominins. Anat Rec, 291:1506–1516, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.