bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban high school students' learning about HIV/AIDS in different contexts
Authors: Brotman Jennie S. , Mensah Felicia Moore , Lesko Nancy
Published: July 2010

Science education researchers increasingly focus on the use of controversial science topics in the classroom to prepare students to make personal and societal decisions about these issues. However, researchers infrequently investigate the diverse ways in which students learn about controversial science topics outside the classroom, and how these interact with school learning. Therefore, this study uses qualitative, ethnographic research methods to investigate how 20 high school students attending a New York City public school learn about a particular controversial science topic—HIV/AIDS—in different contexts, as well as how different sources of learning interact. In addition to finding that learning about HIV/AIDS happens across seven contexts of students' lives in diverse ways, including and beyond school settings, this study finds that students integrate learning that happens in these different contexts to shape their understandings and perspectives on HIV/AIDS issues. These findings are used to discuss the place of school learning within students' thinking about HIV/AIDS, highlighting ways in which students both value and discount their school learning in relation to other sources of learning. On the basis of our analysis, we make suggestions for bringing different sources of learning into the classroom to facilitate critical analysis of controversial science topics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95: 87–120, 2011
Comparative effectiveness research: Policy context, methods development and research infrastructure
Authors: Tunis Sean R. , Benner Joshua , McClellan Mark
Published: July 2010

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) has received substantial attention as a potential approach for improving health outcomes while lowering costs of care, and for improving the relevance and quality of clinical and health services research. The Institute of Medicine defines CER as ‘the conduct and synthesis of systematic research comparing different interventions and strategies to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor health conditions. The purpose of this research is to inform patients, providers, and decision‐makers, responding to their expressed needs, about which interventions are most effective for which patients under specific circumstances.’ Improving the methods and infrastructure for CER will require sustained attention to the following issues: (1) Meaningful involvement of patients, consumers, clinicians, payers, and policymakers in key phases of CER study design and implementation; (2) Development of methodological ‘best practices’ for the design of CER studies that reflect decision‐maker needs and balance internal validity with relevance, feasibility and timeliness; and (3) Improvements in research infrastructure to enhance the validity and efficiency with which CER studies are implemented. The approach to addressing each of these issues should be informed by the understanding that the primary purpose of CER is to help health care decision makers make informed clinical and health policy decisions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint modeling of performance and subjective reporting to assess sensitivity to drug‐induced sleepiness
Authors: Fiedler James , Feiveson Alan H. , Hayat Matthew J. , Vaksman Zalman , Boyd Jason L. , Putcha Lakshmi
Published: July 2010

In an NASA ground study, two forms of cognitive tests were evaluated in terms of their sensitivity to sleepiness induced by the drug promethazine (PMZ). Performance for the two test modes (Y1 and Y2), PMZ concentration, and a self‐reported sleepiness using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) were monitored for 12 h post dose. A problem arises when using KSS to establish an association between true sleepiness and performance because KSS scores are discrete and also because they tend to concentrate on certain values. Therefore, we define a latent sleepiness measure X* as an unobserved continuous random variable describing a subject's actual state of sleepiness. Under the assumption that drug concentration affects X*, which then affects Y1, Y2, and KSS, we use Bayesian methods to estimate joint equations that permit unbiased comparison of the performance measures' sensitivity to X*. The equations incorporate subject random effects and include a negativity constraint on subject‐specific slopes of performance with respect to sleepiness. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Savoy Hotel enhancement Part I: south façade
Authors: Bieker Cornelia
Published: July 2010

The Savoy is London’s landmark hotel located on the Thames Embankment between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster. It was closed in December 2007 and an auction was held — broadcasted worldwide on TV — to sell many pieces of the hotel’s original furniture and art. This marked the starting point for the complete refurbishment of the hotel which will soon come to an end.

A major part of the refurbishment was the work on the south façade. This Grade II listed façade is hung back from cantilevered existing lattice trusses which are supported by a 1000 mm thick brick wall. To open up the rooms to the river front, this wall was replaced by a six‐storey moment frame. In order to achieve this, the existing lattice trusses had to be underpinned and therefore temporary steel towers had to be installed first.

These works are described in this paper. Other structural works, such as the installation of a large ornate glass dome, necessary due to alterations to existing steel trusses, will be published in Part II.
The Ardant truss: a forgotten rival of the well‐known Polonceau truss
Authors: de Bouw Michael , Wouters Ine , Lauriks Leen , Collette Quentin , Younes Abdelrahman Hussein
Published: July 2010

In 1839 the engineer Camille Polonceau invented the structurally efficient Polonceau truss. However, for a long time architects refused to leave iron structures exposed in public buildings for aesthetical reasons. Despite this, engineers acknowledged the ample structural opportunities of iron roofs, which urged them to experiment with curved trusses in order to avoid the bar roof trusses so reminiscent of industrial buildings. Nevertheless, today everyone knows the Polonceau truss, whereas few are familiar with its aesthetical counterpart: the Ardant truss.

This curved roof truss makes use of an inscribed arch, tangential and framed to the principal rafters of a gable roof, in order to add rigidity to the roof structure and avoid interfering tension ties. According to the spirit of those times, this solution with its high decorative potential seemed to provide a satisfying answer to both the aesthetical as well as the structural problems of iron roof trusses in public buildings. Subsequently, it was used many times in swimming pools, stock exchange buildings, schools, platform coverings, palaces, malls, etc.

In Belgium it was widely used to span the central covered courtyard of the Brussels model schools which were built between 1875 and 1920 and which were very innovative with regard to their architecture, educational policy, hygiene, heating and ventilation techniques, safety, etc.

This paper deals with the ongoing debates on the efficiency and aesthetics of iron architecture in the 19th and 20th centuries by analysing the truss designs of three Brussels model schools.
Ultimate strength of duplex stainless steel plates under uniaxial compression
Authors: Miyoshi Takao , Miyazaki Yasuhiro , Nara Satoshi
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses the ultimate compressive strength of stainless steel plates made from JIS SUS329J3L duplex stainless steel (EN 1.4462). Firstly, based on coupon test results for SUS329J3L, the applicability of the existing constitutive equation for SUS329J3L is confirmed and the validity of a numerical analysis incorporating the equation shown in comparison with the results of compression testing for a stiffened stainless steel plate. Secondly, the ultimate compressive strength of simply supported plates and outstanding plates made from SUS329J3L is examin ed by way of a numerical analysis and compared with that of JIS SM570 structural carbon steel. Finally, the ultimate compressive strength of plates made from SUS329J3L is discussed in relation to existing ultimate strength curves.
Spatial systems for modelling steel‐concrete composite bridges — comparison of grillage systems and FE models
Authors: Vayas Ioannis , Adamakos Theodoros , Iliopoulos Aristidis
Published: July 2010

Plane grillages and finite element models are widely used for the design of bridges. In a grillage idealization the entire superstructure of the bridge is suitably represented by different sets of bar elements. On the other hand, the finite element method makes use of plane and solid elements for the three‐dimensional representation of the structure. Although these models are generally accepted as sufficiently accurate, they are associated with some drawbacks. To overcome the difficulties of plane grillage and finite element analyses, a new way of modelling steel composite bridges is presented in this paper. The proposed model is based on the simulation of steel I‐girders through the use of equivalent trusses. The concrete slab is represented by a set of bar elements and the bearings by the use of appropriate springs. Diaphragms and stiffeners may also be taken into account.

This new way of modelling composite bridges using a spatial system of beam‐like structural elements allows deformations and internal forces to be predicted reliably, and can be used for dynamic and stability analysis. Worked examples are also provided to illus trate the setup procedure for 3D modelling and to compare the different analysis methods. The work presented in this paper is part of a research project investigating the modelling of steel and composite bridges which is being carried out at the National Technical University of Athens.
Seismic performance of sheet steel deck in shear diaphragm design
Authors: Engleder Thomas , Gould William G.
Published: July 2010

This article outlines the current experimental research activities of Hilti with respect to the seismic performance of sheet steel decks in shear diaphragm designs. Hilti’s vast range of products includes steel screws as well as powder‐actuated nails and tools for the fastening of sheet steel decks and sandwich panels on steel structures. Common designs in North America include shear diaphragms constructed with sheet steel deck which is fastened to thin steel bar joists and structural steel framing supports. In contrast to Europe, most of the fastenings (approx. 85 %) are still made using of arc‐spot puddlewelds, the rest are mechanically fastened.

The objective of this ongoing research project is to prove the suitability and performance of such mechanically fastened diaphragm systems when subjected to seismic loading. Therefore, static and dynamic testing of these assemblies are carried out in the “Fastening Systems Research Laboratory” at Hilti headquarters in Schaan, which has been awarded DAP accreditation (DAP, German Accreditation System for Testing — DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025). Static preliminary tests provide the calibration data for the seismic load protocol developed by Prof. Robert Tremblay (University of Montreal, Canada).

The results of multiple tests using different sheet metal thicknesses and fastening patterns confirm the ductile behaviour of such constructions.
Major Histocompatibility Complex-I Expression on Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Vascular Progenitor Cells Is Critical for Syngeneic Transplant Survival
Authors: Ma Mingchao , Ding Shunli , Lundqvist Andreas , San Hong , Fang Fang , Konoplyannikov Mikhail , Berry Colin , Beltran Leilani E. , Chen Guibin , Kovacic Jason C. , Boehm Manfred
Published: July 2010

Donor–recipient cell interactions are essential for functional engraftment after nonautologous cell transplantation. During this process, transplant engraftment is characterized and defined by interactions between transplanted cells with local and recruited inflammatory cells. The outcome of these interactions determines donor cell fate. Here, we provide evidence that lineage-committed embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived vascular progenitor cells are the target of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-dependent, natural killer (NK) cell-mediated elimination in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with interferon γ was found to significantly upregulate MHC class I expression on ESC-derived vascular progenitor cells, rendering them less susceptible to syngeneic NK cell-mediated killing in vitro and enhancing their survival and differentiation potential in vivo. Furthermore, in vivo ablation of NK cells led to enhanced progenitor cell survival after transplantation into a syngeneic murine ischemic hindlimb model, providing additional evidence that NK cells mediate ESC-derived progenitor cell transplant rejection. These data highlight the importance of recipient immune–donor cell interactions, and indicate a functional role for MHC-I antigen expression during successful ESC-derived syngeneic transplant engraftment.
Essential Role of PDZ-RGS3 in the Maintenance of Neural Progenitor Cells
Authors: Qiu Runxiang , Wang Jun , Tsark Walter , Lu Qiang
Published: July 2010

Ephrin-B plays an important role in neural progenitor cells to regulate self-renewal and differentiation. Cellular and embryological evidence suggest this function of ephrin-B is mediated through a PDZ-dependent reverse signaling mechanism. Here, we have genetically investigated the function of PDZ-RGS3, a proposed downstream signaling mediator of ephrin-B function, and found that knockout of PDZ-RGS3 caused early cell cycle exit and precocious differentiation in neural progenitor cells of the developing cerebral cortex, reminiscent of the phenotype observed in ephrin-B1 knockout mice. This resulted in a loss of cortical neural progenitor cells during cortical neurogenesis and led to impairment in the production of late born cortical neurons. These results reveal an essential role of PDZ-RGS3 in maintaining the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of neural progenitor cells and provide genetic evidence linking PDZ-RGS3 to ephrin-B reverse signaling. As ephrin-B molecules are often differentially expressed in different types of neural progenitor/stem cells during development or in adult life, deletion of PDZ-RGS3 can achieve a uniform loss of function of the ephrin-B/regulator of G protein-signaling (RGS) pathway, thereby providing a genetic tool useful for dissecting the mechanisms and functions of the ephrin-B/RGS reverse signaling pathway in neural progenitor/stem cell regulation.
Study of the cure characteristics and viscoelastic behavior of styrene‐butadiene rubber compounds by using a rubber process analyzer
Authors: Karrabi Mohammad , Mohammadian‐Gezaz Somayyeh
Published: July 2010

Viscoelastic and cure properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber compounds were investigated by using a “Rubber Process Analyzer.” The effects of sulfur content in the cure system and carbon black (CB) type and concentration on the cure behavior of samples were studied. As the ratio of S/accelerator in the curative increased, the cure rate increased, and the cure time decreased. Here, the elasticity was analyzed by considering the drop in the maximum of viscous torque (DS″) and the resilience, which increased for the cure systems in the order of conventional < semiefficient < efficient. Compounds with the higher loading and fine particle size of CB had the greater cure torque values, higher vulcanization rates, and the lower cure times. With increasing CB content and CB specific surface area, DS″ diminished, hence the elasticity. The Payne effect was observed in all strain‐sweep curves. At higher level and surface area of CB, the linear viscoelastic region disappeared, and the strain dependency of G′ was more pronounced. For higher loading and smaller particle size of CB, the relaxation modulus declined rather abruptly, and relaxation time increased. These observations signified more viscous and less elastic responses in these samples. Viscoelastic properties of compounds were explained by considering the hydrodynamic and dilution effects. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fabrication and properties of nano‐ZnO/glass‐fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Cui Yi‐Hua , Wang Xin‐Xin , Li Zhi‐Qi , Tao Jie
Published: July 2010

Polypropylene (PP) is widely used in many fields, such as automobiles, medical devices, office equipment, pipe, and architecture. However, its high brittle transformation temperature, low mechanical strength, dyeing properties, antistatic properties, and poor impact resistance, considerably limit its further applications. Nano‐ZnO treated by KH550 coupling agent and glass fibers (GFs) were introduced in order to improve the mechanical performance and flowability of PP in this research. The crystallization behavior and microstructure of nano‐ZnO/GFs/PP hybrid composites were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of crystallization behavior on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites was investigated and analyzed. The results indicated that nano‐ZnO surface‐coupled by KH550 could be uniformly dispersed in the PP matrix. The incorporation of nano‐ZnO and GFs resulted in increases of the crystallization temperature and crystallization rate of PP and a decrease of the crystallization degree. The introduction of nano‐ZnO and GFs also enhanced the tensile strength and impact toughness of the hybrid composites and improved their fluidity. Composites containing 2% of nano‐ZnO and 40% of GFs possessed the optimum mechanical properties. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of the combination of a benzotriazole‐type ultraviolet absorber with thermal stabilizers on the photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Xiang Xiuqin , Chai Ruidan , Chen Shuangjun , Zhang Jun
Published: July 2010

The effect of the combination of a benzotriazole type of UV absorber (UV326) with different types of thermal stabilizers, including an organic calcium complex and an organotin mercaptide, on the photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated by color difference measurements, UV‐vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and viscosity‐average molecular weight (Mη) determinations. Films of PVC containing 0.5 phr of UV326, with or without 2 phr of thermal stabilizer, were prepared by solution casting and subjected to accelerated UV weathering under xenon light with an irradiance of 0.51 W/(m2 nm) at 65°C. The results revealed that both UV326 and the mixture of UV326 with the organic calcium complex displayed good performance in inhibiting the photodehydrochlorination and photooxidation of PVC. In contrast, the combination of UV326 and the methyltin mercaptide remarkably accelerated the discoloration of PVC when the irradiation time increased from 300 to 400 h because of the UV sensitivity of the organotin. However, carbonyl index data indicated that a hydrogen abstraction reaction did not take place between UV326 and the methyltin mercaptide, so that the photooxidation of the PVC film was prevented effectively during the whole period of exposure, a result which may be attributed to the strong steric hindrance effect of the tert‐butyl group at the 3‐position of the phenyl ring in UV326. The changes of Mη were in good accordance with the results obtained from other characterizations. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Neurocognitive mechanisms of action control: resisting the call of the Sirens
Authors: Richard Ridderinkhof K. , Forstmann Birte U. , Wylie Scott A. , Burle Borís , van den Wildenberg Wery P. M.
Published: July 2010

An essential facet of adaptive and versatile behavior is the ability to prioritize actions in response to dynamically changing circumstances. The field of potential actions afforded by a situation is shaped by many factors, such as environmental demands, past experiences, and prepotent tendencies. Selection among action affordances can be driven by deliberate, intentional processes as a product of goal‐directed behavior and by extraneous stimulus–action associations as established inherently or through learning. We first review the neurocognitive mechanisms putatively linked to these intention‐driven and association‐driven routes of action selection. Next, we review the neurocognitive mechanisms engaged to inhibit action affordances that are no longer relevant or that interfere with goal‐directed action selection. Optimal action control is viewed as a dynamic interplay between selection and suppression mechanisms, which is achieved by an elaborate circuitry of interconnected cortical regions (most prominently the pre‐supplementary motor area and the right inferior frontal cortex) and basal ganglia structures (most prominently the dorsal striatum and the subthalamic nucleus).WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 174–192 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.99

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention

Neuroscience > Cognition
Circular data
Authors: Lee Alan
Published: July 2010

The special nature of circular data means that conventional methods suitable for the analysis of linear data do not apply. In this article, we survey a range of methods that have been developed over the last 50 years to handle the special characteristics of data consisting of angular measurements. We discuss summary statistics and graphical methods, methods for the analysis of single and multiple samples of circular data, circular correlation, regression methods, and time series. We discuss the standard probability models on which these analyses are based, and give several examples of the application of these methods. A reasonably comprehensive bibliography is provided. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Data: Types and Structure > Traditional Statistical Data
Synthetic biology: putting synthesis into biology
Authors: Liang Jing , Luo Yunzi , Zhao Huimin
Published: July 2010

The ability to manipulate living organisms is at the heart of a range of emerging technologies that serve to address important and current problems in environment, energy, and health. However, with all its complexity and interconnectivity, biology has for many years been recalcitrant to engineering manipulations. The recent advances in synthesis, analysis, and modeling methods have finally provided the tools necessary to manipulate living systems in meaningful ways and have led to the coining of a field named synthetic biology. The scope of synthetic biology is as complicated as life itself—encompassing many branches of science and across many scales of application. New DNA synthesis and assembly techniques have made routine customization of very large DNA molecules. This in turn has allowed the incorporation of multiple genes and pathways. By coupling these with techniques that allow for the modeling and design of protein functions, scientists have now gained the tools to create completely novel biological machineries. Even the ultimate biological machinery—a self‐replicating organism—is being pursued at this moment. The aim of this article is to dissect and organize these various components of synthetic biology into a coherent picture. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 7–20 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.104

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Metabolomics
Li6PO5Br and Li6PO5Cl: The first Lithium‐Oxide‐Argyrodites
Authors: Kong Shiao‐Tong , Deiseroth Hans‐Jörg , Maier Joachim , Nickel Vera , Weichert Katja , Reiner Christof
Published: July 2010

The title compounds Li6PO5Br (Fand Li6PO5Cl (F represent the first oxidic argyrodites in general and the first lithiumoxoargyrodites in particular. The overall crystal structure corresponds to the cubic high temperature (HT) modification of all known cubic argyrodites, however, with a seemingly small but important difference concerning the lithium positions. In all other HT argyrodites with similar lithium content the 24 lithium atoms per unit cell are disordered over a 48 fold position in close vicinity to a 24 fold one causing a high mobility of the Li+. In the title compounds, however, they occupy the 24 fold one in a strictly ordered manner thus establishing a planar triangular first sphere coordination environment. This detail is of great importance for the amount of the specific lithium ionic conductivity and for the possible phase transition to an LT (low temperature) modification accompanied by an ordering of the disordered lithium atoms. Apparently the latter transition is suppressed in the title compounds because the Li+ are already frozen out in the cubic (HT = LT) form. The initially open question how this structural peculiarity influences the ionic conductivity (strengthening or weakening in comparison to oxygen free argyrodites?) is answered by a series of impedance measurements. The specific lithium ionic conductivity of the title compounds in the range 313 K < T < 518 K is significantly lower than in oxygen free argyrodites.
Isolated and Edge‐Connected Tetramers {(C2)2O2Dy14} in the Crystal Structures of {(C2)2O2Dy14}I24 and {(C2)2O2Dy12}I18
Authors: Daub Kathrin , Meyer Gerd
Published: July 2010

{(C2)2O2Dy14}I24 (1) and {(C2)2O2Dy12}I18 (2) were obtained by solid‐state reactions in sealed tantalum containers at a temperature of 1000 °C. {(C2)2O2Dy14}I24 crystallizes in the space group P$\bar1$ with a = 972.97(14) pm, b = 1033.03(13) pm, c = 1677.0(2) pm, α = 101.42(1)°, β = 92.72(1)°, γ = 112.75(1)° and V = 1509.3(3)·106 pm3, Z = 2, and is isotypic with the analogous yttrium and erbium cluster complexes. The tetrameric {(C2)2O2R14}I32 cluster complexes consist of corner‐sharing tetrahedra with endohedral oxygen atoms to which octahedra encapsulating C2 dumbbells are attached on both sides. The tetramers are connected via iodide bridges yielding, e.g., {(C2)2O2Dy14}I24. Connection of the tetramers through common cluster edges leads to the one‐dimensional polymeric cluster complex {(C2)2O2Dy12}I18. It crystallizes in the space group P6/m with a = 2024.18(8) pm, c = 1299.21(4) pm, V = 4610.1(3) × 106 pm3 and Z = 8.
The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)—Number and Type of Positive Criteria Predict Interventions and Outcomes in Acute Surgical Admissions
Authors: Stephenson James A. , Gravante Gianpiero , Butler Nicholas A. , Sorge Roberto , Sayers Rob D. , Bown Matt J.
Published: July 2010

Background

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a syndrome that reflects the widespread activation of inflammatory pathways. The goal of this study was to find whether the presence or absence of SIRS on emergency surgical admissions is related to the subsequent clinical outcome in terms of in‐hospital interventions, length of stay, and mortality.

Methods

The presence of SIRS at admission, final diagnosis of the underlying disease, treatments, and clinical outcomes were prospectively recorded for 1 month. Comparisons of interventions and outcomes were performed between SIRS+ vs. SIRS− patients. In patients with SIRS, the contribution of each positive criterion was evaluated with regards to mortality.

Results

A total of 179 patients were recruited. The prevalence of SIRS at admission was 35.2%. SIRS+ patients required less diagnostic procedures compared with SIRS− (28.6% vs. 34.5%) but had more therapeutic interventions (39.7% vs. 16.4%), surgical interventions (33.3% vs. 3.4%), intensive treatments (11.1% vs. 0.9%; p < 0.05), longer hospital stay (median 6 days vs. 2 days), and more frequent deaths (11.1% vs. 2.6%). SIRS+ patients with four positive criteria had more surgical interventions, intensive treatments, and fatal outcomes compared with the others. Of importance the most influent factor was the respiratory rate followed by the white cell count and the heart rate/temperature.

Conclusions

Patients with SIRS at admission apparently receive more interventions, have longer length of stay, and increased mortality than those patients without SIRS. These findings require separate validation in a larger cohort study.
Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma after the Detection of Distant Recurrence
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miya Akihiro , Miyauchi Akira
Published: July 2010

Purpose

Papillary thyroid carcinoma generally has an excellent prognosis but can have recurrence to the distant organs that is often life‐threatening. To date, prognosis and prognostic factors of papillary carcinoma have been intensively investigated, but our knowledge regarding prognosis after the detection of distant recurrence remains inadequate.

Methods

We investigated the prognosis and prognostic factors of papillary carcinoma after distant recurrence was detected during follow‐up in a series of 105 patients who underwent locally curative surgery between 1987 and 2004.

Results

To date, 30 patients (29%) have died of carcinoma, and the 5‐year and 10‐year cause‐specific survival (CSS) rates after the detection of distant recurrence were 71 and 50%, respectively. Patients aged 55 years or older at recurrence or with massive extrathyroid extension of primary lesions demonstrated a significantly worse CSS. On multivariate analysis, these two parameters were recognized as independent prognostic factors. Gender, tumor size, and lymph node metastasis did not affect patient prognosis. Uptake of radioactive iodine (RAI) to distant metastasis was not significantly linked to CSS, but none of the patients younger than aged 55 years showing RAI uptake died of carcinoma. Appearance of distant recurrence to organs other than lung also predicted a dire prognosis.

Conclusions

Age at recurrence and extrathyroid extension of primary lesions were significantly related to patient prognosis after the detection of distant recurrence. RAI therapy is effective, especially for younger patients, if metastatic lesions show RAI uptake.
Adipocytes participate in storage in α‐galactosidase deficiency (Fabry disease)
Authors: Hůlková Helena , Elleder Milan
Published: July 2010

Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of bioptic and postmortem tissue samples from ten Fabry hemizygotes showed lysosomal storage in adipocytes as a constant feature of the classic phenotype of α‐galactosidase (GLA) deficiency. The storage was represented by a crescent‐shaped line of storage lysosomes of varying thicknesses restricted to the perinuclear subplasmalemmal area. The ultrastructure of the storage lysosomes was dominated by concentric lipid membranes modified by simultaneous deposition of autofluorescent ceroid. Storage was widely expressed in adipose tissue. The number of storage lysosomes was increased, and the lysosomes were more clustered in adipocytes with less voluminous lipid content. The findings should attract interest to studies of adipose tissue biology in Fabry disease, a topic that has not been studied so far. In terms of cell biology, the observations represent indirect evidence of significant lysosomal turnover of α‐galactose lipid conjugates in adipocytes demasked by GLA deficiency. The results extend the thus far limited information on the adipocyte lysosomal system and its participation in lysosomal storage disorders.
Prognostic Factors in Arthroplasty in the Rheumatoid Shoulder
Authors: Rozing Piet M. , Nagels Jochem , Rozing Maarten P.
Published: July 2010

Total shoulder arthroplasty is commonly considered a good option for treatment of the rheumatoid shoulder. However, when the rotator cuff and glenoid bone stock are not preserved, the clinical outcome of arthroplasty in the rheumatoid patients remains unclear. Aim of the study is to explore the prognostic value of multiple preoperative and peroperative variables in total shoulder arthroplasty and shoulder hemiarthroplasty in rheumatoid patients. Clinical Hospital for Special Surgery Shoulder score was determined at different time points over a mean period of 6.5 years in 66 rheumatoid patients with total shoulder arthroplasty and 75 rheumatoid patients with shoulder hemiarthroplasty. Moreover, radiographic analysis was performed to assess the progression of humeral head migration and glenoid loosening. Advanced age and erosions or cysts at the AC joint at time of surgery were associated with a lower postoperative Clinical Hospital for Special Surgery Shoulder score. In total shoulder arthroplasty, status of the rotator cuff and its repair at surgery were predictive of postoperative improvement. Progression of proximal migration during the period after surgery was associated with a lower clinical score over time. However, in hemiarthroplasty, no relation was observed between the progression of proximal or medial migration during follow-up and the clinical score over time. Status of the AC joint and age at the time of surgery should be taken into account when considering shoulder arthroplasty in rheumatoid patients. Total shoulder arthroplasty in combination with good cuff repair yields comparable clinical results as total shoulder arthroplasty when the cuff is intact.
Why I Hate the Index Finger
Authors: White William L.
Published: July 2010

“Why I Hate the Index Finger” by William L. White, M.D., was originally published in Orthopaedic Review, Volume IX, No. 6 (June 1980) pp. 23–29. “The article is reprinted in HAND courtesy of Quadrant HealthCom, Inc., the publisher of The American Journal of Orthopedics (formerly Orthopaedic Review). A related article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11552-010-9278-4 .”
Filtering capacity and endoscopic analysis of sympatric infaunal and epifaunal bivalves of southern Chile
Authors: Navarro Jorge M. , González Loreto P. , Chaparro Oscar R.
Published: July 2010

The bivalves Mytilus chilensis, Venus antiqua, Mulinia edulis and Tagelus dombeii inhabit different levels of the tidal flats in Yaldad Bay, southern Chile. Mytilus chilensis is an epifaunal bivalve, which, at this location, is also farmed in culture rafts; whereas the other species belong to the infauna. The objective of this study was to compare filtering capacity of these species; in order to do this, measurements of food consumption were taken by quantifying clearance rates, as well as taking morphological measurements of their feeding systems (gills and labial palps), and endoscopic observations to determine the velocity of particle transport within the gills. All of these parameters were related to the sediments present in environments occupied by these species. In Mytilus chilensis, both wild and farmed, gill area was significantly higher than in the three infaunal species. Mulinia edulis and Venus antiqua did not show any significant differences in gill area. As far as Tagelus dombeii is concerned, the species presented the lowest values among all species studied. Weight of labial palps was significantly higher in Mulinia edulis compared to the other species. There were no significant differences between labial palps of either wild or farmed Mytilus chilensis or in those of Venus antiqua and Tagelus dombeii. A positive, significant relationship was identified between labial palps size and mud sediment content. Both culture-rafts and intertidal Mytilus chilensis displayed a clearance rate that was significantly higher than the infaunal species, concurring with a significant relationship between clearance rate and gill area in the different species studied. Clearance rates displayed by Venus antiqua, Mulinia edulis and Tagelus dombeii did not show significantly different results among them. Mytilus chilensis from both culture-rafts and intertidal zone displayed higher values of particle transport velocity than the infaunal species. Particle transport was not observed in the dorsal canal of any of the species studied. The conclusion is that in these species filtering capacity is determined mostly by gill size and that labial palp size displays a strong relationship with sediment content in the mud of Yaldad tidal flats.
The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses IV, Part 1)
Authors: Bowman A.K. , Thomas J.D. , Tomlin R.S.O.
Published: July 2010

This article contains full editions with commentaries of the first instalment of the approximately 37 ink writing-tablets from Vindolanda discovered in the excavation seasons of 2001, 2002 and 2003. The editions are numbered continuously from 854, following the sequence in A.K. Bowman and J.D. Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses III) (2003), and are grouped in the following categories: Literary Texts, Military Documents, Accounts, Letters. The second instalment, to be published in 2011, will contain the remaining Letters and Descripta.
Revisiting the ‘third debate’ (part I)
Authors: BLAIR BROOK M.
Published: July 2010

D. S. L. Jarvis has led a spirited and well-considered polemic against post-structuralist and post-modernist theories of International Relations, arguing that they still leave much to be desired if they are to succeed in establishing a viable alternative to the traditional theoretical approaches of the field. While Jarvis and his cohorts have clearly delivered a great many important criticisms to this end, the question nonetheless remains as to how adroitly the foundational literature of post-structuralist and post-modernist thought has been deployed by the dissident school of International Relations theory. As this article argues, a return to the foundations of anti-foundationalist thought thus becomes a vital necessity if the footing of the ‘third debate’ is to be secured with some greater degree of perspicuity and, indeed, in a manner more fruitful for the study of International Relations. In so doing, it concludes that the ‘power-knowledge’problématiquehas been poorly construed and must be revisited with much greater care and attention to some clear object of study if the post-structuralist and post-modernist ventures are ultimately to be fulfilled.
Chairs as policy entrepreneurs in multilateral negotiations
Authors: BLAVOUKOS SPYROS , BOURANTONIS DIMITRIS
Published: July 2010

Chairs have a significant potential effect on the bargaining structure and conduct of multilateral negotiations, addressing collective action problems that arise in decentralised bargaining. We examine the role of the Chair as a policy entrepreneur in multilateral negotiations, identifying the parameters that increase the Chair's entrepreneurship potential and condition the outcome of the Chair's entrepreneurial activities. We cluster the identified parameters in three groups of organisational attributes, comprising the Chair'smandate, availableresourcesand (formal)constraints, in particular decision-making rules. We use this typology to analyse four important case studies within the UN setting.
Distributive justice and the durability of peace agreements
Authors: DRUCKMAN DANIEL , ALBIN CECILIA
Published: July 2010

This study explores the relationship between principles of distributive justice (DJ) and the durability of negotiated agreements. Sixteen peace agreements negotiated during the early 1990s were coded for the centrality of each of four principles of DJ – equality, proportionality, compensation, and need – to the core terms of the agreement. The agreements were also assessed on scales of implementation and durability over a five-year period. Another variable included in the analysis was the difficulty of the conflict environment. These data were used to evaluate three sets of hypotheses: the relationship between DJ and durability, the role of the conflict environment, and types of DJ principles. The results obtained from both statistical and focused-comparison analyses indicate that DJ moderates the relationship between conflict environments and outcomes: when principles of justice arecentral toan agreement, the negative effects of difficult conflict environments are reduced; when principles are not central, the negative effects of difficulty are heightened. These relationships are accounted for primarily by one of the four DJ principles – equality. Implications of these findings are discussed along with a number of ideas for further research.
The other as past and present: beyond the logic of ‘temporal othering’ in IR theory
Authors: PROZOROV SERGEI
Published: July 2010

The article ventures a critique of the logic of ‘temporal othering’ in contemporary International Relations (IR) theory. Originally articulated in the field of European integration, this logic presupposes a possibility for a political community to constitute its identity without any spatial delimitation by means of casting as Other its own past, whose repetition in the future it seeks to avoid. While the image of contemporary Europe as ‘othering’ its own past has been subjected to empirical criticism, this article makes a conceptual argument for the indissociability of temporal and spatial aspects in any act of othering. Drawing on Alexandre Kojève's reading of Hegel, I argue that any historical action is necessarily spatiotemporal, combining the abstraction of temporal negation with the concrete actuality of a negated spatial being. Alternatives to the logic of sovereign territoriality are therefore not to be sought in the temporal aspect of othering, but rather by pursuing the possibility of self-constitution in the absence of any negating action whatsoever. The article concludes with an outline of such an alternative ethos, developed on the basis of Giorgio Agamben's reconstruction of the Hegelian-Kojèvian problematic of the end of history and his theory of the subject.
Beyond form-focused instruction: Reflections on past, present and future research
Authors: Spada Nina
Published: July 2010

In 1997 I published a paper in Language Teaching entitled ‘Form-focused instruction and second language acquisition: A review of classroom and laboratory research’. The paper reviewed the results of studies investigating the effects of form-focused instruction (FFI) on second language (L2) learning. It was organized around seven questions, including: whether FFI is beneficial to L2 learning; whether particular types of FFI are more beneficial; whether there is an optimal time to provide FFI; and whether different language features benefit more from FFI. In this paper I revisit these questions and reflect on how research on FFI and L2 learning has evolved over the past twelve years.
The older brain, inflammation, vaccination and the prevention of dementia
Authors: Neal JW
Published: July 2010

An important protective function of the brain's innate immune system is to detect the presence of proteins such as amyloid and to remove them before they become neurotoxic, as is thought to occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ageing affects the immune system response to infection and can influence the systemic response to vaccination and other potential immunotherapeutic agents. The generation of systemic antibodies is a vital component of the immune response, facilitating the identification and clearance of pathogens from the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental evidence using transgenic animal models of AD has shown successful clearance of amyloid from the CNS following vaccination with an amyloid peptide, and consequently a trial of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) vaccination was undertaken in older people with AD. This produced some unexpected results, as not only was there evidence for amyloid plaque removal, but also a small number of cases developed encephalitis. A detailed review of the response to vaccination and the neuropathology findings are discussed, showing that the findings are understandable given the effects of ageing upon the innate immune system in the brain. Finally, the therapeutic potential of manipulating the regulatory components of the ageing innate immune system in order to inhibit brain inflammation and reduce cognitive decline is outlined.
Review: Role of tubal environment in preimplantation embryogenesis: application to co-culture assays
Authors: Guérin Pierre , Ménézo Yves
Published: July 2010

The culture of early preimplantation stage embryo is still delicate and the metabolic pathways of embryos are not completely understood. Embryo needs are evolutionary during the preimplantation development, consequently it is difficult to meet embryo needsin vitro.Culture conditions have to respect several physical and chemical equilibria: such as redox potential, pH, osmotic pressure, metabolic flux of energetic compounds, endogenous pools of amino acids and transcripts, etc. Embryo culture media are generally supplemented with amino acids, glucose, other energetic metabolites and antioxidant compounds, vitamin, and growth factors etc. Furthermore autocrine and paracrine regulation of embryo development probably exist. In fact embryo culture conditions have to be as non-toxic as possible. Various types of co-culture systems have been devised to overcome these problems. Complex interrelations exist between embryos and co-cultured cells. The beneficial effects of co-cultured cells may be due to continuous modifications of the culture medium, i.e. the elimination of toxic compounds and/or the supply of embryotrophic factors.
Nutrients and foods consumed by New Zealand children on schooldays and non-schooldays
Authors: Rockell Jennifer E , Parnell Winsome R , Wilson Noela C , Skidmore Paula ML , Regan Asher
Published: July 2010

Objective

To describe and compare food and nutrient intakes in New Zealand (NZ) children on schooldays and non-schooldays.

Design

Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the NZ 2002 Children’s Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake was assessed using computer-assisted multi-pass 24 h dietary recalls in the home. Data were adjusted for survey weightings to be representative of the NZ population. The effect of day category on nutrient intake, and likelihood of consumption of food categories were determined using linear and logistic regression.

Setting

NZ homes and schools.

Subjects

A total of 2572 children (538 non-schooldays and 2034 schooldays) at the age of 5–14 years.

Results

There were differences in the proportion consuming some food groups between schooldays and non-schooldays, although the majority of nutrient intakes including energy did not differ by day category. Mean cholesterol intake was higher on non-schooldays; dietary fibre and available carbohydrate, in particular sucrose and fructose, were higher on schooldays. Hot chips were twice as likely to be consumed on a non-schoolday. Soft drink consumption was higher on non-schooldays for Māori/New Zealand European and others and powdered drinks/cordial consumption did not vary by day category. More children consumed snack bars (normal weight, obese), fruit, sandwiches, biscuits/crackers and snack foods on schooldays. There was no difference in consumption of pies/sausage rolls by day category.

Conclusions

The proportion of consumers of a variety of foods differed significantly between non-schooldays and schooldays; few nutrient intakes differed. The present study indicates that family food, wherever it is consumed, is the mainstay of nutrition for NZ schoolchildren.