bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of chlorine sanitizer spray bottles exposed to various temperatures and ambient light
Authors: Kobylarz Jan , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , Shaw Fred
Published: September 2020

Background: Gastroenteritis is largely under reported across Canada. It is estimated that one reported case represents on average 313 cases. In addition, improper cleaning is one of the top ten reported causes of food borne illness. Sanitization is important to reduce the number of pathogenic microorganisms present on food contact surfaces to a safe level. Correct concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are to be prepared and used within the range of 100ppm – 200ppm on food contact surfaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of degradation of sodium hypochlorite in spray bottles to assess if these solutions need to be prepared fresh daily to achieve efficacy. Two variables seen within a food service establishment were chosen to evaluate the rate of degradation, temperature and ambient light. Method: Room temperature (20˚C), 35˚C and ambient light exposure were tested to evaluate their effect on the degradation of free chlorine in spray bottles over time in days. The experiment was preformed by setting up 3 individual spray bottles at 20˚C with no light, 20˚C with ambient light and 35˚C with no light. The sodium hypochlorite was then sampled and recorded periodically three times a week over a 15-day period to determine the stability of the chorine solutions prepared at around 200ppm. Results: In the order of spray bottles tested, 20˚C no light, 20˚C ambient light and 35˚C no light, a correlation coefficient of -0.3027, -0.8235 and -0.8169 were recorded. In addition, the following test spray bottles held a r-squared value of 0.0916, 0.6781 and 0.6674. A p-value of 0.5094, 0.0249 and 0.0249 were also assessed, with a corresponding power of 8.99%, 73.74% and 71.75%. Conclusions: By calculating the linear regression formula, it was concluded that chlorine solution in spray bottles do not need to be prepared fresh daily. For 200ppm 20˚C no light, 200ppm 20˚C ambient light and 200ppm 35˚C no light, at days 128, 67 and 45, the estimated concentration of sodium hypochlorite will be at the minimum requirement of 100ppm respectively.
Electronic cigarettes
Authors: Kaspick Spencer , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background: Electronic cigarettes are a widely-used, yet still emerging technology. As such, there is relatively little data regarding the reasons why people take up their use. Many claim to use them as a smoking-cessation method. Concern exists that experimentation in non-smokers may lead to nicotine addiction and subsequent smoking. The purpose of this study was to determine the primary reasons for the commencement of electronic cigarette use, and to suggest way in which these findings could affect current policies and regulations pertaining to electronic cigarettes. Methods: A survey examining electronic cigarette use was prepared. The survey contained questions respecting primary motivation for use, frequency of use, present and former smoking status as well as agreement with common perception about electronic cigarettes. Basic demographic information was also collected. The survey was posted to “www.reddit.com” and was accessible to users who used electronic cigarettes themselves via the “/r/electronic_cigarettes” sub-Reddit for a period of five days. Once responses were collected, Chi-square tests of independence were run to determine if any associations existed. Responses were also compared to previous studies of a similar nature to see if any similarities existed. Results: In total, 155 responses were received. The majority of the respondents were males (89.7%) between the ages of 19 and 28 (47.7%). 30.32% listed their occupation as “student”, and almost three-quarters of the respondents had some post-secondary experience. 78.1% of respondents were former smokers, and 61.3% identified their primary reason for electronic cigarette use as “to quit smoking.” Chi-squared tests for association between responses yielded statistically-significant associations between being a previous smoker and believing that electronic-cigarettes are healthier than conventional cigarettes, and between gender (specifically being male) and reasons for electronic cigarette use (specifically “to quit smoking”). However, the latter result was possibly skewed by a higher response rate from males as opposed to females. Conclusion: The high proportion of previous smokers among electronic cigarette users suggested that quitting smoking was the most common reason individuals take up electronic cigarette usage. It is therefore suggested that studies be done to determine if their use is less harmful than that of conventional cigarettes, and that existing legislation regarding their use in public be modified in light of this evidence. It is also suggested that they be given consideration as a legitimate means of smoking cessation.
Evaluating two methods of testing residual sanitizer concentrations in food service establishments
Authors: Kumar Pooja , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Objective: Utensils and tableware are food contact surfaces that have the potential to transmit disease-causing microorganisms if not washed, cleaned and sanitized correctly in a food service establishment. To prevent utensils and tableware from becoming vectors of disease, it is essential that operators and staff are able to adequately sanitize them and accurately test for it in a quick and convenient manner. It is also essential that Environmental Health officers are able to test whether adequate sanitization is occurring during their routine inspections. Currently there are no guidelines indicating the correct method of testing. Therefore, this study investigated two methods used to test residual sanitation concentration in a dishwasher. The purpose of this research was to determine if there is any difference in the two methods currently being used, and if so, which method is the more reliable one. Methods: LaMotte Chlorine Test Strips were used to detect the levels of chlorine in a commercial dishwasher. The chemically treated strips were dipped onto a freshly wet and washed utensil and directly in the rinse water of a dishwasher. Results: The difference in the mean of 60 samples from two independent groups was analyzed. Thirty samples were obtained from location one, the dishware l, and thirty samples were obtained from location two, the rinse water of the commercial dishwasher. The mean residual concentration was calculated and compared. The means demonstrated there is a significant difference (p = 0.035)between the two groups; the average residual concentration was lower for the dishware compared to the rinse water. Conclusion: Dishware is a vector capable of transmitting disease causing microorganisms if not sanitized adequately. Thus, it is important to ensure that dishes in a food service establishment have been thoroughly sanitized. The testing of that requires a consistent and reliable method. It is safe to assume that testing on the dishware is the best course of action to err on the side of caution.
Presence of nicotine in marketed nicotine-free e-liquids for electronic cigarettes
Authors: Wu Michael , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , Tirado Maria , Shaw Fred
Published: September 2020

Background and Purpose: Ever since the electronic cigarette made its debut in the market, it has been garnering great popularity due to public perception of it being a safer alternative to conventional cigarette. As a result, aside from being utilized in tobacco cessation programs, susceptible populations such as teenagers are slowly adopting this new trend of recreational E-cigarette smoking or “vaping”. The literature review conducted suggests that not only do different E-cigarette models exhibit different delivery efficiencies regarding percentage nicotine vapourization, there are discrepancies between what is labelled by the manufacturer and the actual nicotine content in the electronic cigarette liquids. This has serious public health implications because nicotine is the active chemical component in inducing addiction in cigarettes. As a result, recreational electronic cigarette users such as teenagers, may unknowingly become exposed to improper levels of nicotine, leading to a higher probability of nicotine dependence or switching to conventional smoking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether presence of nicotine can be detected in marketed nicotine-free electronic cigarette liquids. Methods: The nicotine content in electronic cigarette liquids was isolated and determined using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Descriptive and inferential statistics was conducted using NCSS11 to see if there was a statistically significant difference between the labelled concentration of 0 mg in marketed “nicotine-free” electronic cigarettes from two popular brands, VapeWild and Mt Baker Vapour, to determine whether one brand has better quality control for nicotine content in nicotine-free E-liquids compared to the other brand. Results: Based on the analyzed E-liquid samples from the two brands, no nicotine was detected. Conclusion: E-cigarettes can be putatively considered as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes because nicotine levels can be pre-determined and limited with a high degree of confidence.
An evaluation of the knowledge and practices of Metro Vancouver residents regarding mould
Authors: LeTourneau-Paci Chloe , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background: The average Canadian spends approximately 90% of their day indoors, a proportion of which may be in public spaces, thereby making Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) a pertinent topic for the fields of Public and Environmental Health. Mould complaints are one of the top IAQ complaints received by Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) in BC. Mould is ubiquitous in both the outdoor and indoor environment. However, once indoors, mould will grow unhindered on most surfaces as long as moisture is present. Accumulating evidence has established relationships between indoor environments and health. Thanks to the Internet, the amount of readily available information regarding mould today is vast but may not necessarily be valid nor reliable. It is important, therefore, to consider what the public does or does not know and where they are getting their information. This study evaluated the public perception of Metro Vancouver residents in regards to mould as an IAQ issue in order to provide Public and Environmental Health practitioners, including EHOs, with a deeper understanding of how to effectively address queries from the public regarding this topic. Methods: Data for this study was collected through a self-administered online questionnaire and disseminated using social media and the snowball effect. Questions were designed to collect demographic information and evaluate the knowledge and attitudes as well as the behaviour and practices of participants. Descriptive and inferential statistics, specifically the independent samples t-test and the analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to analyze the results. Results: With an average 14.59 out of 20 points, respondent knowledge scores were, in general, fair. There was no statistically significant difference between respondent knowledge score and their gender, age, level of education, income or housing status. Conclusions: Although respondent knowledge scores were fair, a few gaps in knowledge were identified. Further, most of the sample population did not know specifically where to access reliable information on mould. These insights may be useful for Public and Environmental Health professionals when addressing queries from the public regarding this topic.
Can risk rating tool results be used to predict results of inspection categories of dairy processing plants?
Authors: Waugh Brad , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , McIntyre Lorraine , Trmčić Aljoša
Published: September 2020

Background: Dairy products are consumed by a large portion of the population. The dairy processing plants (DPP) that produce these perishable products may create health hazards (chemical, physical, biological). In order to minimize any health risks from these products, DPP are inspected by regulating authorities. This study examined secondary data derived from the BCCDC dairy program’s semi-quantitative risk ranking tool (RRT) to examine trends over time with DPP inspections, and to assess risk factors within the tool. Methods: RRT based data from individual DPP inspections from 2015 through 2018 were entered into a master spreadsheet. The RRT has two overall risk categories, inherent and measured risk. Inherent risk categories in the tool were sourced from surveys of dairy plants, while measured risks in the tool were sourced from inspection visits (routine and in-depth), environmental and food result submissions from dairy plants and inspectors, and based on compliance and history. In total, 107 items were assessed within the eight categories. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and statistical analyses performed using NCSS 12 software (NCSS, 2018). Results: A total of 128 inspection reports from 30 different DPP were included in this study. From these inspections, 65% were considered low risk, 12% moderate and 23% high risk. DPP that were located on-farm were found to have significantly higher overall inspection risk scores than dairy plants located off-farm (average on-farm inspection risk ranking score = 694; average off-farm inspection risk ranking score = 153; p=0.0003, power=95%). When the microbiological scores category, derived from environmental swabs and food submissions, were compared to the inspection score category, these categories were statistically significantly correlated (p=0.0000, power=100%); when inspection score increases, so too does microbiological score. Higher risk scores were also found in DPP producing more than one category of dairy product (comparing one product versus 6 or 7 products, p=0.009, power=76%). Conclusion: Dairy inspections ensure DPP follow good manufacturing practices and therefore help to protect the population from disease outbreaks or other contaminations. This study demonstrated that there is increased risk of having a dairy processing facility located on-farm, that more complex dairy processing operations that produce more than one type of dairy product have higher risk rating scores and that higher inspection score violations positively correlated to positive microbiological scores. This study further showed that in the absence of microbiological results, a risk score could still be calculated by analyzing the inspection violations alone. The Food Safety Specialists at the BCCDC can use this data to focus their inspection time on higher risk areas and items to maximize time spent out in the field.
Did anyone get sick this weekend?
Authors: Tan Calvin , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Chen Dale , Dix-Cooper Linda , McIntyre Lorraine
Published: September 2020

Background Recreational water illnesses are not as well known as food borne illnesses in the media. There are several pathogens associated with ingesting surface water including Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasmosis. The use of technology for public health surveillance is also little known to the public and can provide much insight into other illnesses on social media not otherwise reported to public health and medical professionals. Illnesses on social media could represent a portion of unreported cases. These cases could be found on social media as a popular outlet for individual expression. Methods Social media posts were found using a variety of keywords including symptoms of significant waterborne illnesses and terms associated with human and environmental contamination. Social media posts were collected from forums and popular social media platforms such as reddit. The posts were then correlated with beach water quality data for a sampling site as geographically close to a case location as possible. Results Social media and water quality data collected from the Columbia river region were correlated. The correlation coefficient of 0.2335 indicates that there is no correlation between social media posts and beach water quality data. Numerous limitations may have impacted the correlation coefficient. Keywords associated with symptoms were more effective in obtaining quality threads and posts compared to other terms. Conclusions Correlating social media posts to water quality data in the Columbia river region does not provide statistically significant results. Manual gathering of social media data for public health surveillance is found to be inefficient and impractical. Further study is required in order to determine the effectiveness of using social media for public health data gathering. It remains to be seen whether correlating posts about illness on social media to water quality data is an effective method of surveillance for public health.
Evaluating the effects of using plastic, silicone, and glass on time of sous vide cooking of gravy
Authors: Guan May-Lee , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , McIntyre Lorraine
Published: September 2020

Background: Sous vide cooking is popular method of cooking involving a water bath with immersion circulator or a steam convection oven. This process is also known as low-temperature long-time method (LTLT), where food is held at a lower temperature over extended time for cooking (1). Plastic is the more commonly used medium with sous vide cooking. Glass and silicone are an environmentally alternative to plastic, since they are reusable mediums. These alternative mediums have not been studied and may affect the time to reach pasteurization. The purpose of this experiment is to determine how plastic, silicone, and glass influence time in sous vide cooking of gravy to 56.5°C. Methods: Four of each medium: plastic, silicone, and glass containing 500 mL of gravy with SmartButton data loggers at 4°C were introduced into a 56.5 °C water bath for 150 minutes. The data loggers recorded the temperature at one minute intervals. The data was used to run a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to analyze if there were any statistically significant differences between the three mediums and time, and a Scheffe’s test to compare the mean time of each of the mediums. Results: There was a difference in time of sous vide cooking for gravy at 56.5°C between the mediums: plastic, glass, silicone. The p-value was 0.00, therefore rejecting Ho and accepting there is a difference in time of sous vide cooking gravy at 56.5°C between the different mediums: plastic, glass, silicone. Comparing the mediums among each other, it showed that there was a difference between glass and silicone, glass and plastic and no significant difference between plastic and silicone medium. Conclusion: The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference in time that it took for gravy to reach 56.5°C between the mediums: plastic, silicone, and glass. The mean time for each medium to reach 56.5°C differed; 65 minutes for plastic, 68 minutes for silicone, and 129 minutes for glass. This shows that a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic sous vide pouches can be used. Silicone pouches show to be the best alternative, least compromising of the come-up and pasteurization time. If sous vide users opt to use glass, the come-up time almost doubles in time.
Prevelance of Listeria in produce
Authors: Sweezey Christine , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Chen Dale , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background: Fruits, vegetables, and ready to eat processed produce are vulnerable to bacteria contamination during production, harvesting, transportation, packaging, and distribution. Agencies like the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate and create legislative policies to ensure the food is safe for public consumption. When a product does not meet CFIA or FDA regulations or if the product is tested positive to biological, chemical, or physical contamination the product will be recalled. The main objective of this study is to determine if Listeria monocytogenes recalls in produce have increased over the last ten years. Listeria is a food-borne pathogen that is often overlooked and underreported. The diagnosis of Listeriosis can be difficult because symptoms can take up to 70 days to surface. Despite this, it is responsible for 41% of food-borne deaths in Canada. Methods: To determine if Listeria has increased over the last ten years, food recalls were collected from the CFIA, FDA, Food and Safety Inspection Service (FSIS), and Health Canada websites and recorded in Microsoft Excel. All food recalls were counted and analyzed using a one-tailed T-Test conducted in NCSS. Results: The study concluded that produce recalls due to the pathogen Listeria have increased by 60% over the last ten years. During the years of 2016 to 2018 the top pathogen responsible for food recalls was Listeria followed by the pathogens Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The study also concluded that total food recalls during the years of 2016 to 2018 was 45% higher than ten years ago. Conclusion: The results of this study could indicate that there is a need to increase traceability by obtaining produce through approved sources. This could allow for stricter policies, programs, and legislation regarding the use of irrigation water during production and identify breakdowns in sanitation procedures during processing and distribution.
Analyzing knowledge, attitudes and practices around reusable water bottles
Authors: Amadi Amamchi , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Chen Dale , Tong Esther
Published: September 2020

Background: It has been acknowledged that personal reusable water bottles pose hazards, such as disease-causing organisms, associated with poor water bottle hygiene practices. Currently, there are no recommended frequencies or procedures, or guidelines for personal water bottle cleaning and sanitation. Likewise, there is little information on outbreaks or cases of illness arising from poor personal water bottle hygiene. This may be due to lack of awareness and non-reporting of cases. Therefore, the importance of knowledge, attitudes and practices around reusable water bottles cannot be over emphasized. This research study will ascertain if water bottle hygiene practices among post-secondary education students are adequate to avoid consumption of drinking water with growth of multiple pathogenic microbes like Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Pseudomonas species, Vibrio cholera and viruses. Method: 83 participants were surveyed using an in person administered survey method. The survey was conducted on British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) student sample using the Survey Monkey platform and was delivered in person via an iPad at a survey stand. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the survey data using NCSS version 12 statistical package. Tables and bar charts were used to explain and give interpretation to p-values from the chi-square tests. Results: There were found to be no associations between knowledge level around reusable water bottles and either gender or hygiene practices. However, the survey data did show an association between gender and hygiene level. The female participants were more likely to clean their water bottles more frequently than the male participants. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, a health promotion initiative targeted toward male students is recommended to achieve behaviour change in cleaning practices with reusable drinking water bottles. Moreover, despite the study findings showing a high level of knowledge among participants, this did not translate to better water bottle hygiene practices, as there was no statistical association between knowledge level and hygiene practice. Therefore, more frequent cleaning of reusable water bottles should be encouraged, highlighting the appropriate cleaning agents and method to be used.
Delivering disease
Authors: Latter Matthew , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background and Purpose: Online food delivery services are third party entities that deliver foods from restaurants to consumers. These services are exploding in popularity around the world. The lack of regulation in this industry creates a scenario for time temperature abuse to occur. This study specifically investigates the efficacy of thermally insulated delivery bags used ubiquitously by these online food services. Methods: 30 samples of Janes Pub-Style Chicken Nuggets were cooked for 30 minutes to an internal temperature of 74°C. The nuggets were then inserted with a SmartButton temperature data logger. The nuggets were then placed into a High-Density Polyethylene take-out container. The whole set-up was then placed into a Winco Thermally Insulated Delivery Bag for a one hour period. Time and temperature of the chicken nuggets was recorded over a one hour period to reflect realistic delivery times. Results: A correlation/regression analysis was performed which showed that as the time increased so too did the temperature. Correlational coefficient, r = -0.9363, coefficient of determination, r2 = 0.8766, (p = 0.000). The equation of the line was Temperature = (67.9996) + [(-0.6828) × Time]. Temperature of the chicken nuggets fell below 60°C after 12 minutes in the delivery bag. The median temperature of chicken nuggets after a one hour period was 44.5°C. This was found to be statistically different from the standard of 60°C with a p-value of 0.0000 Conclusion: The median temperature of chicken nuggets after the one hour sampling period did not reach the food safety standard of 60°C. Foods kept at a temperature below 60°C and above 4°C are considered in the temperature danger zone. In this range, pathogenic bacteria grow at their optimal rate. Therefore, it was determined that thermally insulated bags were unable to maintain foods at temperatures hot enough to be considered safe.
Is this too ugly for you?
Authors: Cho Sarina , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background: Globally 1.3 billion tonnes of food are wasted every year equating to approximately 750 billion US dollars (1). In Canada it has been estimated that $31 billion of food is wasted annually (2). This amount can easily be used to feed hundreds of thousands of undernourished people across the world. Food wastage can occur at every level of the food supply chain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the food waste generated by residents of British Columbia, Canada. The study aimed to identify the general knowledge regarding food waste and ugly produce, the attitudes of the public towards food waste, and the general practices of waste disposal. Methods: A self-administered electronic survey created on Survey Monkey Canada was distributed on various social media platforms over a two-week period in January 2020. The survey contained questions that resulted in a score for knowledge of food waste, attitude towards food waste and the waste reduction practices of British Columbian residents. Chi square and correlational analyses were performed using the statistical package NCSS. Results: 96 respondents met the inclusion criteria and completed the survey. Many participants received a medium score for knowledge (N=67) and possessed a positive attitude (N=71) towards food waste. There was an even distribution between good and fair practice level (N=49 and N=46). There was no association between level of food waste knowledge and demographic categories except for age (p=0.025). Younger participants were less knowledgeable. Between practice and demographic variables, no statistically significant associations were found. The results for attitude were determined to be non-statistically significant for age, gender and experience working in the food industry while there was a statistically significant association between attitude and an individual’s education level (p = 0.008). Those with higher levels of education had a more positive attitude. No correlation was determined between knowledge and practice indicating that there is no influence of knowledge on practice and vice versa. The study found that there is a positive correlation (p = 0.0004 and r = 0.3542) between attitude and practice indicating that these two variables influence each other. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the population in B.C. who responded to the survey has adequate knowledge, a positive attitude and moderate practice behaviours regarding food waste. Younger individuals were less knowledgeable about food waste and the more educated one is, the more positive their attitude towards food is. The study also indicated that positive attitudes translated into better practice. These results are only a starting point in determining the causes for food loss and waste in B.C as it reveals the need for more local initiatives to bring everyone to start adopting food waste reduction strategies.
The perceived health effects of e-cigarette use among adult smokers
Authors: Cheng Joey , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Chen Dale
Published: September 2020

Background: Vaping and e-cigarettes have been an epidemic among youths in recent years. In addition, as of April 2020, there has been hundreds of vaping related illnesses causing fatalities. As such there has been increased coverage by media and the government in regard to reporting vaping-related dangers and implementing regulatory changes such as bans. These actions could deter the target population from engaging in vaping – tobacco users. Research has shown that e-cigarettes are significantly less toxic relative to tobacco and that it could be more effective as a cessation treatment relative to nicotine gums or patches. This study surveyed current perceptions of Canadians with regards to vaping in order to determine if certain groups (i.e. varying ages, smoking status) hold different opinions in terms of harm, health benefits, and support for stricter e-cigarette regulations. Methods: Self-administered online surveys created on Survey Monkey were distributed to Canadians via online platforms Reddit and Facebook. The survey assessed opinions and perceptions of Canadians through multiple choice questions and were collected over a three week period. Results: This study received 157 respondents the majority of which were under 35 (73.08%) and from British Columbia (65.38%). Thirteen chi-square tests were performed comparing group variables (age, smoking status, and awareness of vaping related news) to perception variables (perceived harm, health benefits, safety). There was no association found between age and the tested perception variables. Several associations were found where e-cigarette users viewed e-cigarettes more favourably relative to tobacco users and non-users based on chi-square results. Chi-square associations between media awareness and harm perceptions could not be established due to a small sample size (n< 30). Conclusion: The results indicated that there are associations with e-cigarette perceptions and a person’s smoking status. This may be an indication that there is possible misinformation between groups when it comes to evaluating objective health effects of e-cigarettes. Non-users and a percentage of tobacco users seem to overstate
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TAPEL PERUT DAN JUS CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA TERHADAP PENURUNAN BERAT BADAN PADA IBU NIFAS
Authors: Bainuan Lina Darmayanti , Juaria Henny
Published: September 2020

Latar Belakang: Selama masa kehamilan terjadi penambahan berat badan karena pembesaran uterus sehingga mengakibatkan perut ibu teregang dan menimbulkan stretchmark. Sebagian besar ibu mengalami kenaikan berat badan yang melebihi batas normal mengalami kesulitan untuk menurunkan berat badannnya setelah melahirkan, perut ibu mengalami kekenduran dan berisiko obesitas di masa mendatang. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian tapel perut dan jus jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) terhadap penurunan berat badan pada ibu nifas. Metode : Desain penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimental design, Multiple Group Control. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh ibu yang melahirkan secara normal di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Balongsari dan Puskesmas Manukan Kulon Surabaya periode April – Juli 2018 Sampel penelitian berjumlah 36, pengambilan dengan teknik sistematic random sampling, yang terdiri kelompok intervensi 1 (n=12) responden diberikan tapel perut,kelompok intervensi 2 (n=12) diberikan tapel perut dan jus dan kelompok kontrol (n=12) responden. Analisis menggunakan uji Anova (analisis of variance). Hasil : Temuan menunjukkan Penurunan Berat badan rata-rata pada kelompok intervensi Tapel 3,4 Kg, kelompok intervensi Tapel dan jus C.Aurantifolia 5,07 Kg, dan kelompok kontrol 2,56 Kg. Uji statistik antara kelompok intervensi 1 (Tapel) dengan kelompok kontrol tidak berbeda signifikan (p=0,804), sedangkan antara kelompok kontrol dan intervensi 2 (Tapel+Jus) terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,006). Kesimpulan : Tapel dan jus C.Aurantifolia yang digunakan bersamaan lebih berpengaruh dalam menurunkan berat badan pada ibu nifas dan untuk mengembalikan bentuk tubuhnya serta mencegah terjadinya obesitas dimasa mendatang.
Faktor Dominan Yang Mempengaruhi Perilaku Merokok Mahasiswa D3 Keperawatan
Authors: Artini Budi
Published: September 2020

Merokok merupakan masalah yang belum terselesaikan hingga saat ini, merokok sudah melanda berbagai kalangan baik anak-anak sampai orang tua. Secara umum, ketika seseorang ditanya mengenai merokok, hampir sebagian besar orang mengatakan hal yang berbeda, meskipun dalam lingkup yang sama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi perilaku merokok mahasiswa D3 keperawatan di STIKes A. Perilaku merokok dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial, faktor psikologis dan faktor genetik. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa D3 keperawatan yang merokok. Populasi dalam penelitian dengan jumlah 24 adalah seluruh mahasiswa D3 keperawatan, responden yang bersedia diteliti. Metode sampling yang digunakan adalah “Total Sampling”. Data dikumpulkan dengan lembar kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa faktor sosial berpengaruh terhadap perilaku merokok yaitu sebanyak 21 orang (87%), faktor psikologis berpengaruh terhadap perilaku merokok yaitu sebanyak 18 orang (75%), dan faktor genetik berpengaruh terhadap perilaku merokok yaitu sebanyak 18 orang (75%). Dari hasil penelitian, faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi perilaku merokok yakni faktor sosial sebanyak 21 orang (87%). Hal ini karena perilaku merokok dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial, dimana faktor sosial merupakan dorongan untuk melakukan hubungan atau interaksi dengan orang lain. Sama halnya dengan mahasiswa yang mana dalam kegiatan sehari-hari tidak lepas dari pengaruh teman sebayanya. Hal inipun termasuk didalamnya kebiasaan merokok, sehingga apabila didalam pergaulan banyak teman melakukan kebiasaan merokok, maka akan mudah terpengaruh untuk merokok.
Analisis Kejadian Komplikasi Akut dan Kronis Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe-2
Authors: Tjahjono Hendro Djoko
Published: September 2020

Diabetes melitus merupakan sindrom gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak dan protein yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya sekresi insulin atau penurunan sensitifitas jaringan terhadap insulin yang bersifat kronis. Pasien diabetes melitus yang tidak melakukan pengobatan dan perawtaan dengan baik, dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya komplikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis terjadinya komplikasi akut dan kronis pada pasien diabetes melitus di Persadia unit rumah sakit William Booth Surabaya. Hasil menunjukkan dari 16 pasien diabetes melitus yang berpatisipasi dalam penelitian ini, didapatkan bahwa mengalami komplikasi akut diantaranya 4 responden (25%) dan komplikasi kronis yaitu 4 responden (25%) dan yang mengalami komplikasi akut serta kronis sebanyak 8 orang (50%). Dengan demikian, untuk mencegah terjadinya komplikasi lanjutan maka diperlukan identifikasi dan deteksi dini dengan melakukan tindakan-tindakan preventif kepada pasien diabetes melitus sehingga kejadian komplikasi dapat diminimalisasi.
Hubungan Pola Makan Dengan Proses Penyembuhan Luka Episiotomi
Authors: Muniroh Siti
Published: September 2020

Episiotomi atau istilah yang paling tepat adalah perineotomi. Episiotomi adalah tindakan mengiris atau menggunting perineum dengan tujuan untuk memperlancar proses persalinan, tetapi tidak semua ibu memerlukan episiotomi untuk persalinan, namun pengalaman yang matang diperlukan untuk menentukan kapan episiotomi tidak di perlukan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pola makan ibu postpartum dengan fase penyembuhan luka episiotomi di BPM Hj. Umi Salamah Peterongan Jombang. Penelitian ini deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel penelitian ini ibu yang melahirkan dan kontrol di BPM Hj. Umi Salamah Peterongan Jombang dengan episiotomi berjumlah 18 responden, menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Variabel independennya adalah pola makan ibu postpartum dan variabel dependennya adalah fase penyembuhan luka episiotomi. Pengumpulan data dengan kuesioner dan observasi kemudian dianalisis dengan uji SPSS spearman’s correlation ρ ≤ 0,05. Pola makan ibu postpartum dalam kategori makan gizi seimbang sebanyak 17 responden (94,5 %), dan fase penyembuhan luka pada ibu postpartum yang berada pada fase inflamasi sejumlah 13 responden (72,2%). Hasil uji spearman’s correlation ρ = 0,046 yang berarti ada hubungan antara pola makan ibu postpartum dengan penyembuhan luka episiotomy di BPM Hj. Umi Salamah Peterongan Jombang. Sehingga diharapkan bagi ibu postpartum untuk makan makanan dengan gizi seimbang dan rajin kontrol ke pelayanan kesehatan.
PENGARUH RELAKSASI BENSON TERHADAP TINGKAT INSOMNIA PADA LANSIA DI GRIYA USIA LANJUT ST. YOSEF SURABAYA
Authors: Prasetyo Wijar , Nancye Pandeirot M , Sitorus Rismauli Pusparini
Published: September 2020

Gangguan pemenuhan kebutuhan tidur sering dijumpai pada lansia adalah ketidakmampuan tidur pada saat seseorang seharusnya tidur, baik dalam hal lama maupun dalamnya tidur. Keluhan yang kerap kali dirasakan oleh lansia adalah kesukaran untuk memulai tidur, sering terbangun selama tidur, tidur cepat tetapi terlalu cepat bangun dan tidak dapat tidur kembali. Beberapa lansia yang menderita insomnia mengatasi masalah tidurnya dengan mengkonsumsi obat dimana obat dapat menyebabkan ketergantungan. Teknik non farmakologi untuk mengatasi insomnia salah satunya dengan cara relaksasi Benson. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh teknik relaksasi Benson terhadap tingkat insomnia. Desain penelitian  yang digunakan adalah pra-eksperimental (one grup pre post design). Populasi berjumlah 21 responden dengan sampel 20 yang dipilih dengan teknik simple random sampling. Tingkat insomnia sebelum dilakukan relaksasi Benson didapatkan sebagian besar insomnia kategori keparahan moderat sebanyak 13 orang (65%). Setelah dilakukan relaksasi Benson didapatkan sebagian besar dalam kategori subthreshold insomnia sebanyak 12 orang (60%). Hasil uji Wilcoxon sign rank test dengan tingkat kemaknaan= 0.05 diperoleh nilai ρ= 0.000 (ρ<) yang berarti H1 diterima. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh relaksasi Benson terhadap tingkat insomnia. Relaksasi Benson dapat menenangkan pikiran dan emosi, mengurangi ketegangan otot dan otak, sehingga tubuh menjadi relaks dan dapat tidur  dengan nyaman dan rileks.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN COKELAT HITAM (DARK CHOCOLATE) DAN JAHE TERHADAP INTENSITAS NYERI HAID (DYSMENORRHEA)
Authors: Faizah Nurul , Mukhoirotin Mukhoirotin
Published: September 2020

Dismenore merupakan nyeri pada waktu haid berupa kram pada perut bawah dan panggul, apabila masalah ini tidak diatasi akan berdampak pada kegiatan sehari-hari. Intervensi nonfarmakologi yang digunakan untuk menangani nyeri haid yaitu menggunakan cokelat hitam dan jahe. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan pengaruh pemberian cokelat hitam dan jahe terhadap intensitas nyeri haid. Desain penelitian menggunakan Quasy Experiment dengan pendekatan Pretest-Postest Design, pengambilan sampel dengan teknik Purposive Sampling. Jumlah populasi penelitian adalah 53 responden. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 36 responden (kelompok coklat hitam n=18, Kelompok jahe n=18). Pemberian cokelat hitam sebanyak 100 gram dan jahe 1500 mg diberikan pada hari pertama menstruasi. Intensitas nyeri dikaji dengan Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Uji statistik menggunakan Paired t test dan Independent t test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan ntensitas nyeri haid sebelum diberikan intervensi pada kelompok cokelat hitam dan jahe adalah sebanding (p>0.05). Intensitas nyeri haid pada kelompok cokelat hitam menurun secara signifikan dari 5.44 menjadi 2.56 dan intensitas nyeri pada kelompok jahe menurun secara signifikan dari 5.28 menjadi 1,89. Tidak ada perbedaan pengaruh antara pemberian cokelat hitam dan jahe terhadap dysmenorrhea (2.56 ± 1.75 vs 1.89 ± 1.45; p>0.05). Dark Chocolate mengandung triptophan yang dapat merangsang pengeluaran serotonin sementara jahe mengandung komponen bioaktif yang terdiri dari gingerol dan shogaol yang berfungsi untuk antiinflamasi yang memblokir prostaglandin sehingga intensitas nyeri haid menurun.
Assorted Attack Detection for IoT
Authors: Govindaraj Mareeswari
Published: September 2020

While IoT has huge social impact, it comes with a number of key security Challenges. Smart devices are vulnerable to variety of attacks. In this project, we propose the solution to detect all types of attacks in an IoT environment. For this, we initially create the wireless network and then implement mobility and energy in every node of the network. Later we intentionally create some malicious in the network for detecting the attacks. Then, we Perform data transmission between the nodes as a regular manner. For data transmission we used AODV protocol. Finally, we identified the malicious behavior and perform analysis on that collected data and then detected the attacks. It also detected the types of attack occurred.
Innovation in the globalised world: educating future building professionals
Authors: Cooper-Cooke Barry , Sutrisna Monty , Olatunji Oluwole Alfred
Published: September 2020

Guest Editorial
Assessment of particle size magnifier inversion methods to obtain the particle size distribution from atmospheric measurements
Authors: Chan Tommy , Cai Runlong , Ahonen Lauri R. , Liu Yiliang , Zhou Ying , Vanhanen Joonas , Dada Lubna , Chao Yan , Liu Yongchun , Wang Lin , Kulmala Markku , Kangasluoma Juha
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Accurate measurements of the size distribution of atmospheric
aerosol nanoparticles are essential to build an understanding of new particle
formation and growth. This is particularly crucial at the sub-3 nm range
due to the growth of newly formed nanoparticles. The challenge in
recovering the size distribution is due its complexity and the fact that not many instruments currently measure at this size range. In this study, we used the particle size magnifier (PSM) to measure atmospheric aerosols. Each day was classified into one of the following three event types: a new particle formation (NPF) event, a non-event or a haze event. We then compared four inversion methods (stepwise, kernel, Hagen–Alofs and expectation–maximization) to determine their feasibility to recover the particle size distribution. In addition, we proposed a method to pretreat the measured data, and we introduced a simple test to estimate the efficacy of the inversion itself. Results showed that all four methods inverted NPF events well; however, the stepwise and kernel methods fared poorly when inverting non-events or haze events. This was due to their algorithm and the fact that, when encountering noisy data (e.g. air mass fluctuations or low sub-3 nm particle concentrations) and under the influence of larger particles, these methods overestimated the size distribution and reported artificial particles during inversion. Therefore, using a statistical hypothesis test to discard noisy scans prior to inversion is an important first step toward achieving a good size distribution. After inversion, it is ideal to compare the integrated concentration to the raw estimate (i.e. the concentration difference at the lowest supersaturation and the highest supersaturation) to ascertain whether the inversion itself is sound. Finally, based on the analysis of the inversion methods, we provide procedures and codes related to the PSM data inversion.
A student’s and a teacher's right to freedom of education
Authors: Matusov Eugene
Published: September 2020

This conceptual essay, which opens the special issue, examines why a student’s right to freedom of education – the right for a student to define their own education – is so crucial for the education itself. Four diverse educational approaches are considered: training, closed socialization, open socialization, and critical examination, along with the Bakhtinian dialogic pedagogy to reveal the need for freedom of education within each of the approaches and the pedagogy. The eight aspects of the right to freedom are explicated. Three major objections against the right are considered and rebuked: 1) the Kantian paradox of autonomy and paternalism in education, 2) the paradox of learning and ignorance, and 3) fear of non-participation in education without coercion. The legitimate limitations of the right are discussed. Finally, the two major pathways to the right – radical and gradual – are analyzed.

I sent the earlier draft of the paper to the Dialogic Pedagogy journal community, asking for critical commentaries. Many people submitted their critical commentaries involving their agreements, disagreements, associative readings, extensions, evaluations, and so on. My paper, their commentaries constitute this special, and my reply constitutes this special issue. Three people – David Kirshner, Belkacem TAIEB, and Jim Rietmulder – chose to provide commentaries on the margins. I included most of their comments on the margins as a new genre to promote a critical dialogue in our readers. Also, Belkacem TAIEB and Matthew Shumski submitted short commentaries that I included, below, at the end of this article as Appendix I and II. Jim Cresswell shared the manuscript with his undergraduate psychology students, and one student volunteered to add her commentary. Shelly Price-Jones shared it with her international undergraduate students studying English at a South Korean university. Twenty-one of them chose to provide a video reply. I selected a few of them that attracted my attention. Finally, I chose to address some of the issues brought in the presented critical commentaries either as my reply on the margins or at the end of this special issue. This should not be taken as “the final word” in the debate, but rather a dialogic response inviting other responses in the authors and in the audience.
Efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el comportamiento del consumidor
Authors: Casco Alex Rigoberto
Published: September 2020

Introducción: Es de importancia entender como la pandemia suscitada a partir del SARS-CoV-2, que produce el COVID-19, ha impactado el consumo y el comportamiento del consumidor, considerando las medidas tomadas para combatir la pandemia y los efectos en las empresas. Metódos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica empleando fuentes secundarias de carácter bibliográfico y bases de datos de acceso abierto. Desarollo: Desde que se descubre el SARS-CoV-2 y se va ampliando el COVID-19, se dieron cambios en el comportamiento del consumo, iniciando con el almacenamiento de bienes. A medida que se desarrolló la pandemia y los esfuerzos para contenerla, tuvo efectos en el consumidor. Conclusión: Es importante hacerse la pregunta si los efectos en el consumidor serán perdurables por el COVID-19.