bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Fifteen-Year Follow-Up Study on Renal Dysfunction among People Living in Cadmium-Polluted Area
Authors: Teranishi H. , Horiguchi H. , Morikawa Y. , Nishijo M. , Iwata K. , Katoh T. , Aoshima K. , Kasuya M. , Kanai M.
Published: May 2018

Epidemiologica1 follow-up studies were carried out to clarify the process and prognosis of renal tubular dysfunction induced by cadmium(Cd) among the people living in Cd-polluted area in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. The concentrations of β2-microglobulin(β2-m) were measured among family members of Itai-itai disease (osteomalacia) patients in 1975 and 1985. The data of 93 persons(43 men, 50 women) were compared in 1985 with those of 1975. 15 persons were followed up from 1975 through 1990. β2-microglobulinuria were observed more frequently in the aged than in young persons. The concentrations of urinary β2-m of the 15 parsons showed similar values in 1975, 1983, 1985 and 1990. Itai-itai disease had developed in a woman who showed severe β2-microglobulinuria during this 15 years. There were some cases, however, which showed a decrease of urinary β2-m concentrations in young people who had not been exposed to heavy dosages of Cd. These results indicate that the renal tubular damage by Cd persists over a long period of time and a long follow-up study is needed to prevent its severe health effects.
Development of Detection Methods for Monitoring of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Released into Environment
Authors: Ishibashi Y. , Endo G. , Koseki T. , Hasegawa N.
Published: May 2018

Application of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) to solve many kinds of environmental pollution problems such as removing environmental hazardous contaminants has been studied. Before releasing GEMs into environment, the behavior of these newly developed microorganisms must be checked sufficiently. The fundamental checking points for GEMs are their survival and propagative possibilities in the environment and their capability of transferring or mobilizing their genetically engineered genes. In this study, the authors investigated and developed highly sensitive methodology for monitoring the GEMs' genes, to establish the effective analytical methods for the GEMs' behavior in water pollution control systems. DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was adopted to amplify the detecting sensitivity against target genes of GEMs. Nucleic acids hybridization technology is usually used to detect specific genes or DNA segments. In this study, the combined methodology of PCR amplification of target DNA and detection by nucleic acid hybridization with specific DNA probes was developed. The other important factor of the detection is recovering target genes or DNAs from environmental samples. Therefore, we also established the recovering methods of GEMs' nucleic acids from water or soil to which GEMs were released.
Genotoxicity of Organic Substances in Municipal Sewage and Its Ozonated Products
Authors: Ono Y. , Somiya I. , Kawamura M. , Uenishi K.
Published: May 2018

Some organic substances contaminated in industrial wastewaters are not easily decomposed through biological treatment plant. In order to investigate the genotoxicity of the substances which remain in effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant receiving industrial wastewaters, bacterial and mammalian assays were applied to the concentrated samples of secondary effluent. Ozonation was applied to decompose hard-biodegradable organic matters and to decrease its genotoxic intensity.

Genotoxicity was surveyed for the concentrated samples using umu test system which can detect the umuDC genes that are known to cause error-prone repair. Positive results were observed in the case of Sep-pak-methanol extracts of secondary effluents with microsomal activation. Results of umu test showed negative in the ozonated samples of the effluent. Genotoxic substances in secondary effluents were decomposed by ozone into non-genotoxic substances.

The concentrated sample was fractionated by gel chromatography using Sephadex LH-20 which can separate the molecule in the range from 100 to 5,000. A fraction of the effluent was determined as positive in umu test. The substances were detected in the range of over 5,000 molecular size.
A UV/Oxidation Technology Demonstration to Treat Ground Water Contaminated with VOCs
Authors: Topudurti K.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the field demonstration results of the ultraviolet radiation (UV)/oxidation technology developed by Ultrox International, Santa Ana, California. The technology was demonstrated at the Lorentz Barrel and Drum (LB&D) site in San Jose, California, under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program.

The UV/oxidation technology uses UV radiation, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize organic contaminants present in water. At the LB&D site, this technology was evaluated in treating groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Ultrox system achieved VOC removals greater than 90 percent. The majority of VOCs were removed through chemical oxidation. However, for a few VOCs, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) and 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) stripping also contributed toward removal. The treated groundwater met the applicable discharge standards for disposal into a local waterway at 95 percent confidence level. There were no harmful air emissions from the Ultrox system into the atmosphere.
Formation Characteristics of Formaldehyde and the Formaldehyde Precursors Which Release Formaldehyde through Thermal Decomposition in Water
Authors: Yamada H. , Matsui S.
Published: May 2018

The amount of formaldehyde (FA) in surface water and the amount of FA formed by boiling the water were analyzed. Formation characteristics of FA and of the formaldehyde precursors which release FA through thermal decomposition (FA-PTDs), in surface water and the culture solution of blue-green algae (Phormidiumtenue and Anabaenamacrospora), were investigated. The characteristics by ozonation were also investigated. FA is released by the artificial oxidation process such as ozonation and by thermal decomposition. It is also released from a natural oxidation process in lake water during algal growth cycles. However, FA and FA-PTDs are biodegradable and do not last long in water. At present, it is not clear what kind of chemical structures FA-PTDs have. In general, FA-PTDs are different from the other formaldehyde precursors which form FA through artificial oxidation processes such as chlorination and ozonation. However, it is indicated that there is a certain type of FA-PTDs which can also be a formaldehyde precursor which easily forms FA by oxidation.
New Biological Method for Detoxification and Removal of Hexavalent Chromium
Authors: Ohtake H. , Hardoyo
Published: May 2018

Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is toxic for most organisms. We isolated a bacterial strain that is capable of reducing toxic Cr6+ to trivalent chromium ( Cr3+ ). The reduced chromium formed insoluble hydroxides at a neutral pH and precipitated, thus making it less available to biological systems. The bacterial ability to reduce Cr6+ was proved to be useful for treating a Cr6+-contaminated industrial effluent.
Total Degradation of 4-Chlorobenzoic Acid by an Acinetobacter sp.
Authors: Tobita S. , Iyobe S.
Published: May 2018

An organism isolated from a soil sample with 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-CBA) as the sole carbon and energy source was tentatively identified as an Acinetobacter sp. This organism, strain ST-1, could completely mineralize 4-CBA in pure culture. The strain hydrolytically dehalogenated 4-CBA as the first step in the degradation pathway. The product, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, was further metabolized via protocatechuic acid (PCA) under aerobic conditions. The conversion of 4-CBA into 4-hydroxybenzoic acid occurred with a yield greater than 80% under anaerobic conditions with continuous passage of nitrogen into the culture, so molecular oxygen was not essential for dehalogenation. Spectrophotometrical studies showed that the strain oxidized PCA to form β-carboxy-cis, cis-muconic acid as the ortho-ring fission product. Cell extracts converted PCA to β-ketoadipic acid, which was evidence that PCA was cleaved by ortho fission and further degraded in the β-ketoadipate pathway.
Behaviour of Micropollutants in Soils Amended with River Cleaning out Sludge in Northern France
Authors: Gandais V. , Marchandise P.
Published: May 2018

Thisstudyis aimed at determining the fate of some heavy metals and hydrocarbons in soils amended with sludge from river cleaning out. Northern France has been chosen for the experiment because it is a heavily industrialized region where contamination by micropollutants has been very acute for many years. Several French laboratories are associated in this joint project which is partly sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Artois-Picardie Water Agency.

The parcel of land studied has a surface area of 100m2. It has been instrumented with Chamberland candles in order to get water for micropollutants analysis, tensiometers and a neutronic probe so as to collect informations on the hydric state of the soil. Once instrumented the parcel has been spread with sludge from river cleaning out.

The main objective is to obtain an estimation of the fluxes of micropollutants and to evaluate the respective proportions of infiltration and drainage.

A lab study based on lysimeters is carried out together with the field study. The field study will last at least 2 years while the lab study will be going on for a year.
Optimizing Bioassay Use in Environmental Management through Test System Selection
Authors: Herricks E. E.
Published: May 2018

Bioassays, the use of a living system to test or assay an effect or response, are finding expanding use in environmental management. Testing procedures have become standardized and new technologies support development of biosensors with the sensitivity and accuracy needed for routine application in monitoring and assessment programs. While new methods allow more accurate and sensitive detection of biological response, if response measurement is not connected with an environmental or ecological consequence, testing may have little use in management or regulation. It is possible to optimize bioassay use in environmental management by following study design assurance procedures that carefully select testing procedures and batteries of tests to meet defined objectives. This paper first reviews procedures for selecting measurement metrics for wastewater treatment process control and environmental assessment. Test systems are suggested that optimize bioassay use in the management of complex environmental systems. For example, an ecological paradigm can be applied to wastewater treatment processes as well as receiving water ecosystems. This paradigm considers both the structure and function of the system in selection of measurement metrics and test batteries in the development of a test system. Examples are provided that demonstrate how optimal bioassay use can lead to improved environmental management.
Sludge Disposal from an Island Community
Authors: Gross T. S. C. , Cohen R. R.
Published: May 2018

The small island of Jersey is served by a single wastewater treatment plant at Bellozanne. Since its inception some 30 years ago the sludge produced has been used on agricultural land.

Inevitably there are circumstances which prevent this happening without interruption, eg, poor weather, or seasonal demand. On these occasions, the island has no other disposal option to fall back on. Furthermore, concerns over the practice have created a perception that it might be doing harm to the ‘quality' of the farm produce.

The responsible body, the Public Services Department, formulated a flexible, multiple option solution and commissioned Halcrow to engineer the capital works. The works centre around a thermal drying plant using biogas produced by the digestion process as the main fuel. Waste heat is recovered for digester heating making the total process potentially self sufficient in energy. At the same time, the bulk of the product is reduced considerably, providing an easily transported material with potential for use directly on the land as a fertilizer substitute or as a low grade fuel.

Farfrom being a disposal problem requiring manpower and expense, sludge will soon be regarded by the States of Jersey as a valuable resource with a revenue potential.
Bathing in the Rain - The Use of Mathematical Models for Storm Water Management to Achieve Bathing Water Quality (The Fylde Coast-NW England)
Authors: Head P. C. , Crawshaw D. H. , Dempsey P. , Hutchings C. J.
Published: May 2018

One of the major problems in trying to design wastewater treatment schemes to protect bathing water for coastal communities with combined sewerage systems, is to ensure that discharges of storm water do not prejudice compliance with the requirements of the EC Bathing Water Directive. In order to develop an appropriate storm water management strategy for the Fylde coast it was necessary to integrate a number of mathematical models simulating the hydraulic behaviour of the sewerage system and the dispersion of discharges in the receiving waters.

From the sewerage system modelling it was apparent that frequent discharges of storm water to the bathing waters could only be avoided by the provision of considerable additional storage in the system. By means of a suitably calibrated simplified sewer model it was possible to investigate the volumes of storm water generated by a 15 year record of local rainfall when different amounts of extra storage and different pumping regimes were employed. The results from these investigations were used to determine the probable concentrations of faecal bacteria in the coastal waters for each of the 15 bathing seasons and determine the percentage of time for which faecal coliform concentrations exceeded the Bathing Water directive standards for the model grid cells representing the identified bathing waters. As a result of the extensive integrated modelling programme for the Fylde coast it has been possible to design a base flow and storm water management system which should maximize the flow passed forward for treatment whilst also ensuring that there is just sufficient storage to ensure protection of the towns from flooding and the compliance of the beaches with the Bathing Water Directive standards.
Enteric Bacteria Survival Factors
Authors: Pommepuy M. , Guillaud J. F. , Dupray E. , Derrien A. , Le Guyader F. , Cormier M.
Published: May 2018

In order to improve bacterial water quality of shellfish farming areas, studies were conducted in the English Channel (Morlaix) and on the Mediterranean coast (Toulon). These two areas were chosen in order to compare behaviour of fecal bacteria in two different ecosystems. In the estuary of Morlaix sediments are polluted by way of settlement, but most of the bacteria are mixed with turbid waters and are able to survive a very long time (T90 are in a range of several hours to several days). By measuring the increase in salt tolerance of the strains grown in natural organic matter, it was demonstrated that Salmonella can tolerate coastal water salinities. Moreover, because light penetration is prevented by suspended matter, the solar bactericidal effect is very low. On the contrary, through lack of nutrients and very high sunlight intensity, die-off rates in Mediterranean waters are very high (at the surface T90 are less than 2 hours, and several hours in deep waters). A close relationship was found between the light intensity received by bacteria and the T90. Predicted T90 must be found using these two parameters(including turbidity and deep effect on light intensity). The authors suggest that precautions must be taken to carry out impact studies depending on water quality of the area, especially in turbid areas. The knowledge of these mechanisms is very important to evaluate waste water impact on the quality of shellfish farming areas, and to improve elimination of fccal bacteria in sewage treatment plants.
Biological Phosphorus Removal in Fixed Films Reactors
Authors: Franci Gonçalves R. , Rogalla F.
Published: May 2018

Possible procedures to achieve biological phosphorus removal in a fixed film reactor are discussed and the feasibility of phosphorus removal process in a fixed film reactor under continous flow is demonstrated. The behaviour of an upflow aerated filter operating under continuous feed and alternate aerobic/anaerobic conditions is analyzed. The influence of the duration of anaerobic and aerobic contact periods and of organic substrate loadings on the phosphorus removal process is verified. During the anaerobic state, the longer the duration, or the higher the substrate load, the better the phosphorus release and consequently the higher the uptake in the aerobic phase. The excess of accumulated phosphorus in the aerobic phase over released phosphorus in the anaerobic phase approaches 33 %. For each mg of phosphorus released, 5 mg filtered COD are consumed.

Continuous phosphorus removal on two biofilters in series was performed by alternating aeration conditions, always introducing the influent to the anaerobic reactor.The tests carried out on laboratory scale showed that this system carrys out complete nitrification and removal of 80% of the phosphorus with a maximum hydraulic retention time of 5 hours. The hydraulic retention time and the residence time of the biomass in the reactor are independent and, therefore, the time the bacteria are exposed to alternate A/O conditions can be optimized. The very low concentrations of suspended solids in the effluent of the biofilter enable residual levels below 1 mg PO4-P/l to be obtained. Further investigations are carried out on full scale and to introduce denitrification in the same reactor.
Determination of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Partitioning within Components of the Biomass in a High Rate Algal Pond: Significance for the Coastal Environment of the Treated Effluent Discharge
Authors: Cromar N. J. , Martin N. J. , Christofi N. , Read P. A. , Fallowfield H. J.
Published: May 2018

Two High-Rate Algal Ponds were operated over residence times of 4 and 6 days respectively, at three COD loading rates equivalent to 600, 350 and 100 kg ha−1d−1 from early September to late October 1991. Samples of pond N and P feed were analysed to obtain nutrient input values to the system. Pond filtrates were also analysed for soluble nutrients. The pond biomass was separated into constituent components of algae and bacteria. Following separation, the discrete fractions were analysed for dry matter, chlorophyll content, and paniculate carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorus balances were then calculated which were used to partition the nutrients into soluble and paniculate phases, and to further separate the paniculate phase into algal and bacterial components. The partitioning of these nutrients, responsible for eutrophication, enables the calculation of removal rates of N and P from the pond systems and makes possible more effective strategies for the removal of the nutrient-rich biomass from receiving water bodies.
Chesapeake Bay Stock Assessment: Who are they, and Where are they?
Authors: Austin H. M.
Published: May 2018

The Chesapeake Bay, while a significant habitat for fisheries resources, is in actuality an aquatic “bedroom community”, as many of the economically important species are seasonally transient. The pressure on these resources due to their demand for human consumption and recreation, proximity to extensive industrial activity along the shores, and climate scale environmental fluctuations has resulted in stock declines by most important species. Our inability to separate natural population fluctuations from those of anthropogenic origin complicates management efforts. The only way to make these separations, and subsequent informed management decisions is by supporting long-term stock assessment programs (monitoring) in the Bay which allow us to examine trends, cycles and stochastic processes between resource and environment. These programs need to monitor both recruitment and fishing mortality rates of the economically important species, and to identify and monitor the environmentally sensitive “canary” species.
Genotoxic Evaluation on Aromatic Organochlorine Compounds by Using umu Test
Authors: Ono Y. , Somiya I. , Kawaguchi T.
Published: May 2018

Genetic activities are evaluated on 96 aromatic organochlorine compounds and their isomers, some of which are used as intermediates of pesticides and dyes by using umu-test which can detect the induction of DNA error-prone repair. Some chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes and chloroanilines are determined as positive with microsomal activation. In some chemicals of chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, chloronitrobenzenes, chloroanilines and chlorotoluenes, genotoxic activities are detected without microsomal activation. The structure-genotoxic activity analysis is discussed with some structural factors of each chemical. Higher correlations are observed between the structural factors and chlorophenol and its isomers. Especially, n-octanol/water partition coefficient, index of valence molecular connectivity, parameter of efficient cross section of molecule, number of chlorine substituent and Hammett's constant have high correlations with genotoxicity. The analysis concludes that the permeability to the cell membrane and the bonding to DNA of chlorophenols by steric, electrovalent and electrophilic effects may be assumed to have relations to the introduction of genotoxicity.
A Numerical Leaching Model for Solidified/Stabilized Wastes
Authors: Batchelor B.
Published: May 2018

A numerical leaching model is described which considers interactions among four components. One is calcium, which is associated with the alkalinity of the treated waste. One is the hydrogen ion and one is lead, which represents a contaminant that can precipitate as a hydroxide. The other is acetate, which is associated with the acid used in the leaching solution. A chemical equilibrium sub-model calculates concentrations of eight species as a function of the total concentration of the four components. A modified Crank-Nicholson algorithm is used to solve the dynamic material balances for each component in the solid. The results of the numerical model agree well with predictions of a simple analytical model for infinite bath. The model is applied to simulate leaching conditions such as found during an acidic leaching test such as the TCLP. The simulated behavior of calcium and pH is simple, but lead is found to initially leach from the solid and then to leach back into the solid. This behavior is described in terms of the interaction between lead chemistry and calcium chemistry. The model shows that lower concentrations of contaminants in the TCLP test can be achieved in some cases by increasing the leachability characteristics of the treated solid. Therefore, the TCLP test is not always a good method for measuring leachability of contaminants from solidified wastes.
Comparison of Acid and Microbial Leaching for Metal Removal from Municipal Sludge
Authors: Blais J. F. , Tyagi R. D. , Auclair J. C. , Huang C. P.
Published: May 2018

The metal removal from municipal sewage sludge was studied by acid treatment and two microbial leaching processes in laboratory reactors. The leaching potential of the three processes tested were compared from results obtained on twenty-three sludges, and the influence of solids content and types of sludges was also investigated. The use of a microbial leaching process with elemental sulfur and or ferrous sulfate as substrate permits to reduce considerably the quantity of acid required for metal extraction with a reduction of 100 and 83% respectively. Bioleaching process with sulfur as substrate and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (bioreaction time of 5 days) was revealed to be better than the acid treatment process and microbial leaching with ferrous sulfate and iron-oxidizing bacteria (bioreaction time of 10 days) for solubilization of all metals tested. Microbial leaching process with ferrous sulfate as substrate permits a better solubilization of cadmium, copper, manganese and zinc than the acid tratment with sulfuric acid (1 day, at pH 1.5). However, the solubilization of aluminium, chromium, nickel and lead was less than acid leaching.
VOC Fate Model Verification at Multiple Pulp Mill Wastewater Treatment Sites
Authors: Barton D. A. , McKeown J. J. , Chudyk W.
Published: May 2018

A model of organic compound removal by biological wastewater treatment processes receiving pulp and paper industry wastewaters has been developed and initial model verification performed at a single mill site. This paper presents the results of further model verification conducted at multiple mill sites, including replication of the original site. In addition, VOC losses at other unit processes are quantified. Activated sludge basin chloroform volatilization rates are predicted to within twelve percent of the measured rates. Predicted overall methanol removals are consistent with observed removals although difficulties encountered during off-gas sampling preclude determination of the extent of removal due to volatilization.
Treatment of Bleach Plant Effluent with the Biological Granular Activated Carbon Process
Authors: Jackson-Moss C. A. , Maree J. P. , Wotton S. C.
Published: May 2018

Bleach plant effluent from the pulp and paper industry was treated by means of the anaerobic biological granular activated carbon process. It was found that over 50% of the COD and colour could be successfully removed from this effluent. The adsorptive capacity of the activated carbon was extended as a result of microbial activity inside the anaerobic reactor. The results of this investigation suggest that the anaerobic biological granular activated carbon process could be used to alleviate the pollution problems experienced by the pulp and paper industry.
Endogenous Denitrification in Biofilm
Authors: Chen G. H. , Ozaki H. , Terashima Y.
Published: May 2018

The model on endogenous denitrification in a biofilm, previously presented by the authors, was verified well with bench scale experiments. Production of the secondary substrate due to lysis of microorganisms, which is necessary for the progress of endogenous denitrification, was experimentally proved. In order to investigate metabolic characteristics of the substrate, molecular weight distributions of the substrate on CODcr or carbohydrate bases were measured. The percentage of the secondary substrate with molecular weight less than 10,000, was more than 50% on both bases. The experimental results demonstrated that the production rate of the substrate can be expressed by the first order type expression with respect to the concentration of biomass. The specific constants for microorganisms lysis and maximum endogenous denitrification rate were determined (0.45 day−1 and 0.141 day−1, respectively).
Development of Predictive Structure-Biodegradation Relationship Models with the Use of Respirometrically Generated Biokinetic Data
Authors: Tabak H. H. , Gao C. , Desai S. , Govind R.
Published: May 2018

Biodegradation is an important mechanism determining the fate of chemicals in the aquatic environment. In this paper, experimental data, determined from electrolytic respirometry, for 27 compounds were analyzed using first order and Monod kinetics. Additional data from the literature were also used in our analysis. A method based on group contribution to predict first-order and Monod kinetic rate constants was developed and validated. The group contribution approach gave reasonable results for a variety of compounds. More kinetic data are required to extend the group contribution approach.
Controlling Activated Sludge Process Using EFOR
Authors: Pedersen J.
Published: May 2018

A newly developed simulation program, based on the Activated Sludge Model No. 1, has been investigated for its controlling abilities. The program is capable of simulating most of the control types which have been applied to wastewater treatment plants. The program was tested on a nitrifying and a denitrifying treatment plant. The results showed that the model makes good simulations of the applied controls.
Inhibition of Anaerobic Digestion Caused by Heavy Metals
Authors: Mueller R. F. , Steiner A.
Published: May 2018

The severity of heavy metal inhibition on anaerobic digestion is dependent on the metal species and their dissolved concentration in the digester. The general sequence of inhibition on anaerobic digestion of municipal sewage sludge was found with Ni > Cu > Cd > Cr > Pb. Metal immobilization affinity in the sludge followed the reverse sequence. Due to sulfide production during digestion high quantities of heavy metals are precipitating as highly insoluble sulfide salts.

Nickel was immobilized to 94 % in the digester and indicated the most dramatic effect on anaerobic digestion. At a concentration of 250 to 300 g Ni m-3 toxicity occurred. Lower nickel concentrations resulted in reversible process inhibition. Copper up to 1000 g Cu m-3 caused reversible inhibition of acid producing, fermentative, and methanogenic bacteria. The time necessary for recovery of the process was dependent on the initial copper concentration in the digester. The organisms indicated capability of adaptation to copper. The copper uptake in the digester was 97 %. Cadmium inhibited digestion of sewage sludge up to approximately 50 % at 650 g Cd m-3. For long durations of acclimation a tendency toward recovery was observed. The cadmium uptake in the digested sludge was 99 %. Chromium and lead were uptaken at 99.9 % during digestion. Hence, the addition of these metals up to 1000 mg Cr/l and 600 mg Pb/l showed only little effect on anaerobic digestion.
Extension of the Seehausen Sewage Works to Meet the New Requirements on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Ermel G. , Mennerich A. , Höper G.
Published: May 2018

At the Seehausen Sewage Works, the sewage arising from the City of Bremen is treated. The maximum dry weather sewage flow is about 150,000 m3/d; under storm weather conditions the maximum flow is 300,000 m3/d. The existing plant consists of a primary sedimentation followed by a two stage activated sludge plant. Waste sludge is treated in 5 anaerobic digesters followed by dewatering centrifuges. At present, the plant achieves full removal of the BOD5, however no nitrification. In accordance with the new German water laws and with respect to the eutrophication problems encountered in the North Sea, both nitrogen and phosphorus removal are required in the future.

This paper describes the measures planned to enlarge the volume of the activated sludge plant for nitrification/denitrification and measures for biological phosphate removal by means of anaerobic basins. A new single stage activated sludge plant for 50% of the total sewage flow will be built. After completion of this plant, it will be operated in parallel with the existing two stage plant. Both, the old and the new part of the plant, will provide nitrification and denitrification. In addition, the new plant is designed for biological phosphorus removal. The existing secondary clarifiers will be connected to both plants at 50% each.
Co-Treatment of Septage and Domestic Sewage for the Greater Athens Area
Authors: Andreadakis A. D.
Published: May 2018

The paper evaluates the performance of the Metamorphosis treatment plant, designed to treat 20,000 m3.d−1 domestic sewage and 24,000 m3. d−1 septage from the Greater Athens region. During the period 1987-1989 the plant received about one third of the design load. Sewage and septage were subjected to separate preliminary and primary treatment and subsequently to joint activated sludge treatment. The performance of the treatment plant was satisfactory, resulting in an overall mean effluent BOD5 concentration of 24 mg.l−1 and an adequately stabilised sludge. However, persistent sludge bulking, which prevailed for most of the studied period, casts doubts on the effectiveness of future performance at full load, not only with respect to final effluent quality but also in relation to the degree of sludge stabilisation, due to possible short retention times in the digestors. Identification of the causes of bulking through systematic research and improvement of the sludge thickening processes are two priority aspects which should be presently addressed, in order to ensure efficient future performance of the plant.
Biological Phosphorus Elimination Combined with Precipitation and Flocculation
Authors: Grünebaum T. , Dorgeloh E.
Published: May 2018

As interactions between chemical precipitation and biological wastewater treatment are well known, biological phosphate removal should be considered for advanced nutrient removal. A combination of biological phosphate removal and chemical precipitation treatment is sensible and economic, when the precipitation step is used for removal of residual amounts of phosphate.

Improved biological phosphate removal and simultaneous precipitation both give increase in dry solids phosphate content. Assuming a concentration of 0.05 gP/gSS and an effluent suspended solids concentration of 20 mg/l the solids contribution accounts for a Ptot-discharge of 1 mgP/l wastewater. Efficient solid/liquid separation is therefore vital in achieving Ptot-limit values.
Boston Harbor Clean-Up: Comparison of Conventional Oxygen Activated Sludge with and without Anaerobic Selectors
Authors: Bowen P. T. , Magar V. S. , Otoski R. , McMonagle T.
Published: May 2018

To determine secondary treatment design parameters for the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority Deer Island Treatment Facility, a pilot study was conducted. Due to the constricted site, oxygen activated sludge processes were considered. A pilot-scale conventional oxygen activated sludge (COAS) and COAS preceded by an anaerobic selector process (ASP) were compared. Both processes achieved comparable levels of total and soluble BOD, total and soluble COD, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and phosphorus removal. Higher percent removals occurred during the spring and summer flow periods. Neither process appeared more stable than the other with respect to changing influent loading and hydraulic stress. Differences in the process were the sludge settleability and sludge yield. The ASP had a slightly higher sludge yield than COAS, but the solids settled faster.
Upgrading of the Stolberg Sewage Treatment Plant for Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Feyen H. A.
Published: May 2018

Because of increased effluent quality standards the central sewage treatment plant (STP) of Stolberg is upgraded into a two stage plant according to the AB-process. Special peculiarities of the rebuilding are several combined technologies for nitrogen and phosphorus removal and for the optimization of sludge treatment including energy recovery. Apart from special features of construction and machinery a remarkable process control system is installed, which operates with several linked personal computers instead of a main frame process computer. At the beginning of the reconstruction tests were carried out in a semitechnical pilot plant. Results of these tests as well as first operation results of the large STP allow a good adjustment of the especially high quality standards to be expected.
Odor Emissions of Large WWTP'S: Source Strength Measurement, Atmospheric Dispersion Calculation, Emission Prognosis, Countermeasures – Case Studies
Authors: Frechen F.-B.
Published: May 2018

Annoyance caused by malodors emitted by wastewater treatment plants is a most important problem in the FRG today. The legal regulations existing today in Germany are strict and under discussion with the aim to state even more restrictive stipulations. In the field of “odor-caused annoyance” it is necessary to use test persons as a detector to achieve results that correctly characterize the phenomenon to be assessed. In the case of odor, it is necessary to understand the basic concepts of sensoric measurement in order toassess the results correctly. In addition, special sampling techniques are necessary. On the emission side, olfactometric measurement is required. Olfactometric measurement programs were carried out on several wwtp's giving a picture of the emission strength of large wwtp's. On the immission side, field inspection with direct judgement by the test persons is used. If immission prognoses are required, it is necessary to do atmospheric dispersion calculations combining source strength data and meteorological data in order to gain a somehow correct prediction of future immision situations. If immission standards are exceeded, countermeasures, reaching from simple operational measures to covering and waste air treatment, may be necessary.
Decolourization of Textile Effluent Using a Low Cost Natural Adsorbent Material
Authors: Meyer V. , Carlsson F. H. H. , Oellermann R. A.
Published: May 2018

To evaluate their abilities to remove colour from textile-plant effluents, tests were run using several low cost natural adsorbent materials including vermiculite, sawdust, barbecue charcoal, maize stalks, sand, rice husks and peatmoss. With the exception of vermiculite, more than 50% of the colour was removed from the wastewater, with barbecue charcoal and rice husks showing the best adsorptive qualities (67% and 65% respectively). Under simulated industrial conditions on a laboratory scale a fixed-bed reactor was used to investigate the adsorption capacity of barbecue charcoal with respect to colour removal. An average of 28% of colour was removed at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.6 h over a period of 25 days. The effect of pH on the adsorptive capacity with respect to colour removal and represents a relatively cheap adsorbent material compared to conventionally used granular activated carbon.
A Direct Ammonium Control System Using Fuzzy Inference in a High-Load Biological Denitrification Process Treating Collected Human Excreta
Authors: Aoi T. , Okaniwa Y. , Hagiwara K. , Motomura K. , Iwaihara E. , Imai M. , Serizawa Y.
Published: May 2018

A single basin biological denitrification system with alternative aeration is an excellent system which consists of simple components and performs flexible operation. Usually indirect parameters such as DO or ORP etc. have been used to control denitrification reactors. The authors tried to monitor NH4-N in a reactor by using a newly developed automated analyzer combined with UF sampler. Then the authors tried to control the operation of a denitrification reactor by using fuzzy inference. The fuzzy control system infers a suitable condition from multi variables (NH4-N, DO, ORP and pH) obtained in an actual process. The direct ammonium control system using fuzzy inference performed quick response and high nitrogen removal with stability and easy maintenance.
Elements in the Interpretation of Platinum Electrode Potentials in Biological Treatment
Authors: Heduit A. , Thevenot D. R.
Published: May 2018

The zero current potential of a platinum electrode in a biological medium (wastewater, activated sludge) is strongly dependent on the surface characteristics of the metal. It is also influenced by pH (probably Pt/PtO system), dissolved oxygen (O2/OH- system), and ionic forms of nitrogen (NO2-/NH4+ and NO3-/NO2-systems).

The experimental values of the coefficients relating the stabilized potential of a platinum electrode to the logarithm of the concentration of the elements under consideration (Nernst equations) are significantly different from the thermodynamic coefficients corresponding to each reaction. The platinum is thus not in equilibrium with the dissolved redox reactants and is likely subject to mixed potentials in which the adsorbed components play an important role.
Instrumental Determination of Energy Oxygen and BOD5
Authors: Ciaccio L. L.
Published: May 2018

An instrument has been developed that measures the amount of oxygen consumption of a wastewater sample in the presence of excess microbial population and dissolved oxygen. In a closed circulatory system the sample experiences rapid microbiological oxidation with a measurement of oxygen consumed (designated EO, energy oxygen) by a DO electrode.

The ABODA instrument (automatic BOD analyzer) measures EO of wastewater samples in less than one hour. EO shows an excellent correlation to BOD5 with correlation coefficients, r, of 0.997 and 0.99 for glucose-glutamate standard, and raw sewage and primary effluent samples, respectively. The reproduceability for the analyses are as follows: EO, 209 analyses with a weighted average cv of ± 5.1 % and BOD5, 200 analyses with a weighted average cv of ±9.8%. The instrumental determination of EO is not temperature dependent as the BOD5 test. Considering these factors the instrumental determination of EO allows the rapid measurement of BOD5.
Assessing the Risk of Noncompliance in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Choudhury S. H. , Yu S. L. , Haimes Y. Y.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an integrated methodology that allows determining the probability of noncompliance for a given wastewater treatment plant. The methodology applies fault-tree analysis, which uses failure probabilities of individual components, to predict the overall system failure probability. The methodology can be divided into two parts : risk identification and risk quantification. In risk identification, the key components in the system are determined by analyzing the contribution of individual component failures toward system failure (i.e., noncompliance). In risk quantification, a fault-tree model is constructed for the particular system, component failure probabilities are estimated, and the fault-tree model is evaluated to determine the probability of occurrence of the top event (i.e., noncompliance). A list can be developed that ranks critical events on the basis of their contributions to the probability of noncompliance. Such a ranking should assist managers to determine which components require most attention for a better performance of the entire system.

A wastewater treatment plant for treating metal-bearing rinse water from an electroplating industry is used as an example to demonstrate the application of this methodology.
Nitrate Reduction by in-situ Bio-Denitrification in Groundwater
Authors: Dahab M. F. , Lee P. Y.
Published: May 2018

This paper reports the results of a preliminary investigation designed to assess the potential of using in-situ bio-denitrification to reduce nitrate concentration in contaminated groundwater. The main objectives were to identify problems that may be expected to arise in in-situ groundwater denitrification; study chemical, physical and biological factors controlling subsurface bio-denitrification; and evaluate the effects of biological reactions on the resulting groundwater quality. Results confirm the technical feasibility of using in-situ nitrate removal. The relative stability of denitrification performance was observed at high carbon concentration (C:N=1.5), providing a maximum nitrate removal efficiency of 80%. The proliferation of biomass profoundly affected the potential interactions of contaminants and microorganism in subsurface region. Relatively high solids accumulation in the vicinity of the wells and their nearby aquifer matrix caused severe clogging problems and created high head-loss in the aquifer system.
An Analysis of Changing Constraints and Planning for Flexibility in a Water Reclamation Program
Authors: Bailey H. E. , Moutes J. G. , Schlesinger F. D.
Published: May 2018

The City of San Diego is planning to reclaim and beneficially reuse 86 million m3 of reclaimed water per year by 2010. The plan was developed through an analysis of the potential markets for reclaimed water, quality and quantity of reclaimable wastewater, disposal options for excess reclaimed water, and the cost of distribution. The program resulted in a plan to provide 450,000 m3/day of treatment capacity by 2010 in 7 water reclamation plants to be constructed in two or more phases. Flexibility was incorporated into the system by providing options for disposal of excess reclaimed water, plant expansion, shifts in market demand, and changes in regulations.
Algal Flocculation in a Magnesium Exchanger Fluidized Bed
Authors: Elmaleh S. , Coma J. , Borsato J.
Published: May 2018

The effectiveness of the microalgae flocculation by a fluidized bed of magnesium exchanger resin particles was investigated. The results indicated that the total suspended solids abatement could reach 90% at pH 11.5 while the superficial upflow velocity was 30 m/h which corresponds to a residence time through the flocculator less than 1 minute. The abatement remains steady even after exhaustion of the ion exchange capacity while the bed is continuously expanding which makes the resin regeneration easy and lowers the magnesium requirement. The extracted sludge is easily thickened. The destabilized suspension is itself easily concentrated by sedimentation followed by single draining.
Experiences with the French “Agences Financieres de Bassin”
Authors: Teniere-Buchot P. F.
Published: May 2018

The structure and activities of France's ‘Agences Financieres de Bassin' are examined, using the Agence Financiere d l'tau Seine-Normandie as an example. Particular attention is paid to the objectives and finding arrangements in the Agence's five-year programme.
Management of Water Resources and Eutrophication in the Federal District of Brazil
Authors: Somlyódy L. , Altafin I.
Published: May 2018

The water resources management and eutrophication control problem in the Federal District of Brazil including the capital, Brasilia is outlined. Procedure and criteria of the assessment are discussed together with model developments (static and dynamic models for total phosphorus as well as a three-compartment P-cycle model for estimating future algae biomass levels). Population scenarios, sewage treatment options and alternatives of the future Sao Bartolomeu Reservoir for fulfilling drinking water demands for the coming 25 years are summarized. As the best compromise solution the medium size reservoir upstream to the confluence of the River Paranoá and River Sao Bartolomeu is selected. Future sewage treatment conditions are defined in order to keep trophic state at the desired level.
Development of the Phosphorus Dynamic Model in Sediment-Water System and Assessment of Eutrophication Control Programs
Authors: Hosomi M. , Sudo R.
Published: May 2018

The multi-component dynamic model was developed for phosphorus in the sediment-water system in order to obtain quantitative information on the bottom sediment-water interactions of Lake Kasumigaura, a highly eutrophic lake. The ranges of model calculations of phosphorus release fluxes and phosphorus concentrations in the sediment of Lake Kasumigaura were in fair agreement with those of the observed data. The phosphorus dynamics of the upper layers (0-3 cm) of the sediment seemed to regulate the phosphorus transportation from the sediment to the overlying water. The effectiveness of eutrophication control programs in Lake Kasumigaura was assessed using the calibrated model. The reduction of the phosphorus deposition rate to the sediments, artificial aeration, and phosphorus inactivation were more effective than the sediment dredging and bottom sealing for the control of phosphorus release from the sediments.