bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oil/Water Separation with Selective Superantiwetting/Superwetting Surface Materials
Authors: Chu Zonglin , Feng Yujun , Seeger Stefan
Published: November 2014

The separation of oil from oily water is an important pursuit because of increasing worldwide oil pollution. Separation by the use of materials with selective oil/water absorption is a relatively recent area of development, yet highly promising. Owing to their selective superantiwetting/superwetting properties towards water and oil, superhydrophobic/superoleophilic surfaces and underwater superoleophobic surfaces have been developed for the separation of oil/water‐free mixtures and emulsions. In this Review, after a short introduction to oil/water separation, we describe the principles of materials with selective oil/water absorption and outline recent advances in oil/water separation with superwetting/superantiwetting materials, including their design, their fabrication, and models of experimental setups. Finally, we discuss the current state of this new field and point out the remaining problems and future challenges.
Solution‐Grown Organic Single‐Crystalline Donor–Acceptor Heterojunctions for Photovoltaics
Authors: Li Hanying , Fan Congcheng , Fu Weifei , Xin Huolin L. , Chen Hongzheng
Published: November 2014

Organic single crystals are ideal candidates for high‐performance photovoltaics due to their high charge mobility and long exciton diffusion length; however, they have not been largely considered for photovoltaics due to the practical difficulty in making a heterojunction between donor and acceptor single crystals. Here, we demonstrate that extended single‐crystalline heterojunctions with a consistent donor‐top and acceptor‐bottom structure throughout the substrate can be simply obtained from a mixed solution of C60 (acceptor) and 3,6‐bis(5‐(4‐n‐butylphenyl)thiophene‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐dione (donor). 46 photovoltaic devices were studied with the power conversion efficiency of (0.255±0.095) % under 1 sun, which is significantly higher than the previously reported value for a vapor‐grown organic single‐crystalline donor–acceptor heterojunction (0.007 %). As such, this work opens a practical avenue for the study of organic photovoltaics based on single crystals.
Metal Dendrimers: Synthesis of Hierarchically Stellated Nanocrystals by Sequential Seed‐Directed Overgrowth
Authors: Weiner Rebecca G. , Skrabalak Sara E.
Published: November 2014

Hierarchically organized structures are prevalent in nature, where such features account for the adhesion properties of gecko feet and the brilliant color variation of butterfly wings. Achieving artificial structures with multiscale features is of interest for metamaterials and biomimetic applications. However, the fabrication of such structures relies heavily on lithographic approaches, although self‐assembly routes to superstructures are promising. Sequential seed‐directed overgrowth is now demonstrated as a route to metal dendrimers, which are hierarchically branched nanocrystals (NCs) with a three‐dimensional order analogous to that of molecular dendrimers. This method was applied to a model Au/Pd NC system; in general, the principle of sequential seed‐directed overgrowth should enable the synthesis of new hierarchical inorganic structures with high symmetry.
Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidative Ring Expansion of 2‐Alkynyl‐1,2‐Dihydropyridines or ‐quinolines: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Azepine or Benzazepine Scaffolds
Authors: Chen Ming , Chen Yifeng , Sun Ning , Zhao Jidong , Liu Yuanhong , Li Yuxue
Published: November 2014

A gold‐catalyzed highly regio‐ and chemoselective oxidative ring expansion of 2‐alkynyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridines and its analogues using pyridine‐N‐oxide as the oxidant has been developed. Ring expansion proceeds through exclusive 1,2‐migration of a vinyl or phenyl group, whereas no 1,2‐H and 1,2‐N migration take place. The reaction provides an efficient and attractive route to various types of medium‐sized azepine derivatives in generally high to excellent yields with a broad functional group tolerance. DFT studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through the formation of a cyclopropyl gold intermediate, and no gold carbene species is involved.
Adsorption isotherms, kinetic, and desorption studies on removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous solutions by polymeric adsorbent
Authors: Samadi Naser , Hasanzadeh Reza , Rasad Mohamad
Published: November 2014

Adsorption of Cd(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) on aminopyridine modified poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) crosslinked by 1,2‐diaminoethane as an ion exchange resin has been investigated in aqueous solution. Adsorption behavior of these metal ions on the resin was studied by varying the parameters such as pH (2–6), adsorbent dose (0–4.0 g/L), contact time (0–240 min), and metal ions concentration (20–300 mg/L). Adsorption percentage was increased by increasing each of these parameters. The isotherm models such as: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich were used to describe adsorption equilibrium. The results showed that the best fit was achieved with the Langmuir isotherm equation, yielding maximum adsorption capacities of 81.30, 49.02, and 76.92 mg/g for Cd(II), Co(II), and Ni(II), respectively. The pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, and intra‐particle diffusion kinetics equations were used for modeling of adsorption data and it was shown that pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equation could best describe the adsorption kinetics. The intra‐particle diffusion study revealed that external diffusion might be involved in this case. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41642.
Direct and Short Construction of the ACDE Ring System of Daphenylline
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Guo‐Ping , Wang Shao‐Feng , Shi Zi‐Fa , Cao Xiao‐Ping
Published: November 2014

Daphenylline, a novel daphniphyllum alkaloid, boasts a fused and bridging ring system coupled with six stereogenic centers. Here we present a direct and short construction of the ACDE ring system of daphenylline from the known 3‐(2‐bromophenyl)propanal in 10 steps and 17 % overall yield. The synthesis features an iron(III)‐catalyzed aza‐Cope‐Mannich reaction, a self‐terminating 6‐exo‐trig aryl radical‐alkene cyclization and an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation.
Excess surface area in bioelectrochemical systems causes ion transport limitations
Authors: Harrington Timothy D. , Babauta Jerome T. , Davenport Emily K. , Renslow Ryan S. , Beyenal Haluk
Published: November 2014

We investigated ion transport limitations on 3D graphite felt electrodes by growing Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms with advection to eliminate external mass transfer limitations. We characterized ion transport limitations by: (i) showing that serially increasing NaCl concentration up to 200 mM increased current linearly up to a total of +273% vs. 0 mM NaCl under advective conditions; (ii) growing the biofilm with a starting concentration of 200 mM NaCl, which led to a maximum current increase of 400% vs. current generation without NaCl, and (iii) showing that un‐colonized surface area remained even after steady‐state current was reached. After accounting for iR effects, we confirmed that the excess surface area existed despite a non‐zero overpotential. The fact that the biofilm was constrained from colonizing and producing further current under these conditions confirmed the biofilms under study here were ion transport‐limited. Our work demonstrates that the use of high surface area electrodes may not increase current density when the system design allows ion transport limitations to become dominant. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 858–866. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Freeform inkjet printing of cellular structures with bifurcations
Authors: Christensen Kyle , Xu Changxue , Chai Wenxuan , Zhang Zhengyi , Fu Jianzhong , Huang Yong
Published: November 2014

Organ printing offers a great potential for the freeform layer‐by‐layer fabrication of three‐dimensional (3D) living organs using cellular spheroids or bioinks as building blocks. Vascularization is often identified as a main technological barrier for building 3D organs. As such, the fabrication of 3D biological vascular trees is of great importance for the overall feasibility of the envisioned organ printing approach. In this study, vascular‐like cellular structures are fabricated using a liquid support‐based inkjet printing approach, which utilizes a calcium chloride solution as both a cross‐linking agent and support material. This solution enables the freeform printing of spanning and overhang features by providing a buoyant force. A heuristic approach is implemented to compensate for the axially‐varying deformation of horizontal tubular structures to achieve a uniform diameter along their axial directions. Vascular‐like structures with both horizontal and vertical bifurcations have been successfully printed from sodium alginate only as well as mouse fibroblast‐based alginate bioinks. The post‐printing fibroblast cell viability of printed cellular tubes was found to be above 90% even after a 24 h incubation, considering the control effect. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1047–1055. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental evidence for growth advantage and metabolic shift stimulated by photophosphorylation of proteorhodopsin expressed in Escherichia coli at anaerobic condition
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Yan , Xu Tuan , Shi Zhenyu , Wu Qiong
Published: November 2014

Since solar light energy is the source of all renewable biological energy, the direct usage of light energy by bacterial cell factory has been a very attractive concept, especially using light energy to promote anaerobic fermentation growth and even recycle low‐energy carbon source when energy is the limiting factor. Proteorhodopsin(PR), a light‐driven proton pump proven to couple with ATP synthesis when expressed heterogeneously, is an interesting and simple option to enable light usage in engineered strains. However, although it was reported to influence fermentation in some cases, heterogeneous proteorhodopsin expression was never shown to support growth advantage or cause metabolic shift by photophosphorylation so far. Hereby, we presented the first experimental evidence that heterogeneously expressed proteorhodopsin can provide growth advantage and cause ATP‐dependent metabolism shift of acetate and lactate changes in Escherichia coli at anaerobic condition. Those discoveries suggest further application potential of PR in anaerobic fermentation where energy is a limiting factor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 947–956. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superior laryngeal nerve monitoring using laryngeal surface electrodes and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during thyroidectomy
Authors: Hodnett Benjamin L. , Schmitt Nicole C. , Clayburgh Daniel R. , Burkowsky Alex , Balzer Jeffrey , Thirumala Parthasarathy D. , Duvvuri Umamaheswar
Published: November 2014

The objective of this study is to establish normative waveform data for the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) utilizing laryngeal surface electrodes and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) in conjunction with a clinical neurophysiologist. A retrospective chart review of 91 consecutive at‐risk SLN were identified in 51 patients in whom IONM using laryngeal surface electrodes was performed by a clinical neurophysiologist using Dragonfly (Neurovision Medical Products, Ventura, CA) recording electrodes and a Protektor (Natus Medical Inc., San Carlos, CA)16 channel‐ intraoperative nerve monitoring system. Inclusion criteria were met for 30 SLN. Data collected included preoperative diagnosis, surgical procedure, rates of nerve identification and stimulation, and waveform characteristics. Waveform analysis for 30 SLN yielded a peak latency of 4.0 ± 0.2 ms, onset latency 2.3 ± 0.1 ms, peak‐to‐peak amplitude of 220.4 ± 31.1 µV, onset‐to‐peak amplitude of 186.0 ± 25.0 µV, and stimulation current threshold of 0.55 ± 0.03 mA (data = mean ± SEM). Two patients had abnormal SLN function documented clinically on postoperative laryngoscopic examination. Laryngeal surface electrodes were successfully utilized to identify and monitor SLN function intraoperatively. IONM using laryngeal surface electrodes enables analysis of waveform morphology and latency in addition to threshold and amplitude data obtained with the traditional NIM system, potentially improving the performance of nerve monitoring during thyroid surgery. Clin. Anat. 28:460–466, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical Synthesis of A Pore‐Forming Antimicrobial Protein, Caenopore‐5, by Using Native Chemical Ligation at a Glu‐Cys Site
Authors: Medini Karima , Harris Paul W. R. , Hards Kiel , Dingley Andrew J. , Cook Gregory M. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: November 2014

The 2014 report from the World Health Organization (WHO) on antimicrobial resistance revealed an alarming rise in antibiotic resistance all around the world. Unlike classical antibiotics, with the exception of a few species, no acquired resistance towards antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been reported. Therefore, AMPs represent leads for the development of novel antibiotics. Caenopore‐5 is constitutively expressed in the intestine of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and is a pore‐forming AMP. The protein (82 amino acids) was successfully synthesised by using Boc solid‐phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation. No γ‐linked by‐product was observed despite the use of a C‐terminal Glu‐thioester. The folding of the synthetic protein was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism and compared with data recorded for recombinant caenopore‐5. The permeabilisation activities of the protein and of shortened analogues were evaluated.
Challenges in the Management of Giant Intraductal Breast Papilloma
Authors: Fatemi Yasaman , Hurley Rachel , Grant Clive , Henrichsen Tara , Chen Beiyun , Ghosh Karthik
Published: November 2014

Key Clinical Message

The differential diagnosis of a large breast mass in a post‐menopausal woman can include both benign and malignant etiologies. Although rare, diagnosis of giant intraductal papilloma must be considered in the differential. Furthermore, although benign, papillomas presenting as a large breast mass affecting the skin require extensive breast surgical treatment.
Magnetically Recoverable Palladium(0) Nanocomposite Catalyst for Hydrogenation Reactions in Water
Authors: Pélisson Carl‐Hugo , Denicourt‐Nowicki Audrey , Meriadec Cristelle , Greneche Jean‐Marc , Roucoux Alain
Published: November 2014

An easy and straightforward strategy has been used for loading palladium(0) nanoparticles onto the magnetic surface of maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3), without the use of organic modifiers. The nanocomposite was fully characterized by TEM, XRD, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device measurements. The Pd0@γ‐Fe2O3 nanocatalyst has been investigated in various catalytic reactions, under mild conditions (100 kPa H2, RT), and in neat water. Relevant catalytic activities were achieved in the hydrogenation of olefinic substrates, as well as in hydrodehalogenation reactions of halogenoarenes, that constitutes a promising process for wastewater treatment. These nanocatalysts proved also pertinent for the reduction of nitroarene derivatives into the corresponding anilines, which are promising substrates for fine chemistry. Finally, these catalysts proved to be easily recoverable through the use of an external magnet, without significant loss of activity.
Enzymatic Synthesis of a Key Intermediate for Rosuvastatin by Nitrilase‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Ethyl (R)‐4‐Cyano‐3‐hydroxybutyate at High Substrate Concentration
Authors: Yao Peiyuan , Li Jianjiong , Yuan Jing , Han Chao , Liu Xiangtao , Feng Jinhui , Wu Qiaqing , Zhu Dunming
Published: November 2014

An enzymatic method for the synthesis of ethyl (R)‐3‐hydroxyglutarate from ethyl (R)‐4‐cyano‐3‐hydroxybutyate was developed by using free and immobilized recombinant Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS harboring a nitrilase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtNIT2). The hydrolysis of ethyl (R)‐4‐cyano‐3‐hydroxybutyate proceeded with the freely suspended cells of the biocatalyst under the optimized conditions of 1.5 mol L−1 (235.5 g L−1) substrate concentration and 6.0 wt % loading of wet cells at pH 8.0 and 25 °C, with 100 % conversion obtained in 4.5 h. Furthermore, immobilization of the whole cells enhanced their substrate tolerance, stability, and reusability. Under the optimized conditions (100 mmol L−1 tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride buffer, pH 8.0, 25 °C), the immobilized biocatalyst could be reused for up to 16 batches, with a biocatalyst productivity of 55.6 g gwet cells−1 and a space‐time productivity of 625.5 g L−1 d−1. These results demonstrated that the immobilized whole cells might be used as a biocatalyst in the industrial production of ethyl (R)‐3‐hydroxyglutarate, a key intermediate for the synthesis of rosuvastatin.
Birdcage coils: Equivalent capacitance and equivalent inductance
Authors: Giovannetti Giulio
Published: November 2014

Birdcage coil is extensively used in MR systems thanks to its possibility to provide high signal‐to‐ noise ratio and high radiofrequency magnetic field homogeneity that guarantee a large field of view. This work describes how to schematize the birdcage coil in terms of an equivalent inductance and an equivalent capacitance, whose knowledge can be useful for coil design and characterization. In particular, the knowledge of equivalent capacitance and equivalent inductance permits to estimate theoretically coil resonant frequency, quality factors and matching circuit capacitor values in a quick way, while workbench tests permit to estimate coil resistance and sample‐induced resistance. The presented theory is validated for both lowpass and highpass birdcage coils.by using literature data. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 44B: 32–38, 2014
Reduced‐intensity conditioning with fludarabine and busulfan versus fludarabine and melphalan for patients with acute myeloid leukemia: A report from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Baron Frédéric , Labopin Myriam , Peniket Andy , Jindra Pavel , Afanasyev Boris , Sanz Miguel A. , Deconinck Eric , Nagler Arnon , Mohty Mohamad
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Fludarabine plus busulfan (FB) and fludarabine plus melphalan (FM) are 2 widely used reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT).

METHODS

The current survey compared transplantation outcomes for a cohort of 394 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients given bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells from human leukocyte antigen–identical siblings after FB (n = 218) or FM (n = 176). Patients given manipulated grafts and those given T‐cell–depleting agents (anti‐thymocyte globulins or alemtuzumab) were not included.

RESULTS

At the time of transplantation, 266 patients (68%) were experiencing their first complete remission (CR), 69 (18%) were experiencing a later CR, and 59 (15%) had advanced disease. The incidences of acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease were similar in the 2 groups of patients. The 2‐year relapse incidence (RI), nonrelapse mortality (NRM) rate, leukemia‐free survival (LFS) rate, and overall survival (OS) rate were 31% ± 3%, 18% ± 3%, 51% ± 4%, and 54% ± 4%, respectively, for FB patients and 20% ± 3% (P = .007), 20% ± 3% (P = .4), 60% ± 4% (P = .08), and 62% ± 4% (P = .2), respectively, for FM patients. Among FB patients given intravenous busulfan (n = 81), the 2‐year RI, NRM, LFS, and OS rates were 26% ± 5% (P = .43 vs FM patients), 25% ± 6% (P = .18), 49% ± 7% (P = .07), and 54% ± 7% (P = .13), respectively. In multivariate analyses, FM was associated with a lower RI (hazard ratio [HR], 0.5; P = .01) and a trend toward higher NRM (HR, 1.6; P = .1) with similar LFS (HR, 0.8; P = .2) and OS (HR, 0.9; P = .6).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that although FM provides better AML control than FB as an RIC regimen for allo‐SCT, the 2 regimens provide similar survival. Multicenter randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2015;121:1048–1055. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Subclass‐specific formation of perineuronal nets around parvalbumin‐expressing GABAergic neurons in Ammon's horn of the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Yamada Jun , Jinno Shozo
Published: November 2014

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are closely associated with parvalbumin‐positive (PV+) neurons, and play a major role in controlling developmental neural plasticity. Considering the recent advances in classification of PV+ neurons, here we aimed to clarify whether PNNs might be associated with specific subclasses of PV+ neurons in the hippocampus. In this study, we labeled PNNs by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), and classified PV+ neurons based on the combination of cellular location, molecular expression (neuropeptide Y [NPY], somatostatin [SOM], special AT‐rich sequence‐binding protein‐1 [SATB1]), and retrograde tracing through stereotaxic injection of Fluoro‐Gold (FG) into the medial septum. The criteria of each subclass can be summarized as follows: axo‐axonic cells, PV+/SATB1–/NPY– cells in the stratum pyramidale; basket cells, PV+/SATB1+/NPY– cells in the stratum pyramidale; bistratified cells, PV+/SATB1+/NPY+ cells in the stratum pyramidale; oriens‐lacunosum‐moleculare (O‐LM) cells, PV+/SOM+/FG– cells in the stratum oriens; hippocampo‐septal projection (H‐S) cells, and PV+/SOM+/FG+ cells in the stratum oriens. The ratios of formation of WFA+ PNNs around each subclass of PV+ neurons were estimated according to the optical disector principle. The vast majority (over 90%) of putative PV+ basket cells were surrounded by PNNs, while only a minor population (less than 10%) of putative PV+ axo‐axonic, O‐LM, and H‐S cells were enwrapped with PNNs. The ratios of formation of PNNs around putative PV+ bistratified cells were intermediate (25–50%). These findings indicate that PNNs may be specifically associated with PV+ basket cells, and also provide a key to understand the functional significance of PNNs and PV+ neurons in the hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:790–804, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BC3Sheet Functionalized with Lithium‐Rich Species Emerging as a Reversible Hydrogen Storage Material
Authors: Hussain Tanveer , Chakraborty Sudip , Kang T. W. , Johansson Börje , Ahuja Rajeev
Published: November 2014

The decoration of a BC3monolayer with the polylithiated molecules CLi4and OLi2has been extensively investigated to study the hydrogen‐storage efficiency of the materials by first principles electronic structure calculations. The binding energies of both lithiated species with the BC3substrate are much higher than their respective cohesive energies, which confirms the stability of the doped systems. A significant positive charge on the Li atom in each of the dopants facilitates the adsorption of multiple H2molecules under the influence of electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. We observe a high H2‐storage capacity of 11.88 and 8.70 wt % for the BC3‐CLi4and BC3‐OLi2systems, respectively, making them promising candidates as efficient energy‐storage systems.
Classification of Clock Reactions
Authors: Horváth Attila K. , Nagypál István
Published: November 2014

Autocatalytic systems are sometimes designated as clock reactions or reactions that exhibit clock behavior. To resolve the recent dispute over the term clock reaction, we describe a new approach to classify systems featuring clock behavior into three distinct groups: substrate‐depletive clock reactions, autocatalysis‐driven clock reactions, and systems that have pseudo clock behavior. Many of the well‐known classical and recently discovered reactions can conveniently be put into these categories. We also provide a convincing argument for classifying some autocatalytic processes as clock reactions, but it does not necessarily mean that all autocatalytic processes should be classified as autocatalysis‐driven clock reactions. This classification can be conveniently performed if the kinetic nature of the given system has been completely elucidated and understood.
The growth and spectral analysis of mixed crystal of Yb‐doped Lu0.5Y0.5PO4 mixed crystals
Authors: Yu‐yi Li , Bing Teng , De‐gao Zhong , Chao Wang , Shi‐ming Zhang , Li‐ting Yang , Meng‐hua Yu , Xin‐yu Quan , Chen Chen , Yun‐long Wu
Published: November 2014

A new kind of 5 at% Yb‐doped Lu0.5Y0.5PO4 crystals were firstly grown by spontaneously nucleated high‐temperature solution method using lead pyrophosphate (Pb2P2O7) as the solvent. The X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns recorded at room temperature showed the crystals possessed tetragonal xenotime structure. The polarized absorption spectra and the fluorescence spectra of Yb:LuxY1‐xPO4 were measured at room temperature, respectively. The results show that Yb:LuxY1‐xPO4 mixed crystal will be a promising laser material if the crystal size and quality is further improved.
Shewanella‐mediated Biosynthesis of Manganese Oxide Micro‐/Nanocubes as Efficient Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Jiang Congcong , Guo Zhaoyan , Zhu Ying , Liu Huan , Wan Meixiang , Jiang Lei
Published: November 2014

Developing efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical for promoting the widespread application of fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Here, we develop a biological low‐cost, ecofriendly method for the synthesis of Mn2O3 micro‐/nanocubes by calcination of MnCO3 precursors in an oxygen atmosphere. Microcubic MnCO3 precursors with an edge length of 2.5 μm were fabricated by dissimilatory metal‐reducing Shewanella loihica PV‐4 in the presence of MnO4− as the sole electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. After calcining the MnCO3 precursors at 500 and 700 °C, porous Mn2O3‐500 and Mn2O3‐700 also showed microcubic morphology, while their edge lengths decreased to 1.8 μm due to thermal decomposition. Moreover, the surfaces of the Mn2O3 microcubes were covered by granular nanoparticles with average diameters in the range of 18–202 nm, depending on the calcination temperatures. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the porous Mn2O3‐500 micro‐/nanocubes exhibit promising catalytic activity towards the ORR in an alkaline medium, which should be due to a synergistic effect of the overlapping molecular orbitals of oxygen/manganese and the hierarchically porous structures that are favorable for oxygen absorption. Moreover, these Mn2O3 micro‐/nanocubes possess better stability than commercial Pt/C catalysts and methanol‐tolerance property in alkaline solution. Thus the Shewanella‐mediated biosynthesis method we provided here might be a new strategy for the preparation of various transition metal oxides as high‐performance ORR electrocatalysts at low cost.
Detection of iso‐α‐acids to confirm beer consumption in postmortem specimens
Authors: Rodda Luke N. , Gerostamoulos Dimitri , Drummer Olaf H.
Published: November 2014

Iso‐α‐acids (IAAs) can be used as markers for the consumption of beer. Postmortem specimens from a range of coronial cases were analyzed for IAAs in order to determine the prevalence of beer consumption and any correlation to blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). A total of 130 cases were included in this study including those where beer was mentioned in the case circumstances, cases where beer was not mentioned specifically but alcohol was detected, and cases where neither beer was mentioned nor a positive BAC was present. Available blood, serum, vitreous humour and urine specimens were analyzed. Of the 50 cases where beer was mentioned, 86% had one or more IAAs detected. In cases that only had a positive BAC (n = 60), 57% of these cases also showed the presence of these beer markers. IAAs were detected in specimens obtained from traumatized, burnt, and decomposed cases with a mention of beer consumption or where BAC was positive in blood. No IAAs were detected in cases where BAC was negative. There was little or no correlation between blood IAA concentrations and BAC. This study demonstrates the possible detection of IAAs as a marker for beer consumption. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAIIA EPO SeLect – a rapid screening kit for the detection of recombinant EPO analogues in doping control: Inter‐laboratory prevalidation and normative study of athlete urine and plasma samples
Authors: Dehnes Yvette , Myrvold Linda , Ström Helene , Ericsson Magnus , Hemmersbach Peter
Published: November 2014

Recombinant analogues of erythropoietin (EPO), epoetins, have been misused by athletes due to their performance enhancing effect since the first pharmaceutical epoetin was launched in 1987. The current methods for screening urine and plasma samples for the presence of epoetins, IEF and SAR‐PAGE, have high sensitivity but are time‐consuming to carry out. In an effort to ease and speed up the screening procedure for EPO, MAIIA Diagnostics has developed a combined affinity chromatography and lateral flow immunoassay, MAIIA EPO SeLect, which determines the percentage of migrated isoforms (PMI) of EPO in a sample. The reproducibility of the kit was tested by analyzing a set of negative and positive urine and plasma samples in three different laboratories. All data were analyzed with both curve fit parameters from the individual assay runs, and with lot‐specific predefined curve calibration. To get a measure of endogenous variation, a normative study with athlete urine and plasma samples was conducted. The average intra‐laboratory variation was 6.7% while the inter‐laboratory variation for all samples was calculated to 8.8%. The athlete samples yielded an average PMI and standard deviation of 71.4 ± 7.7 for urine and 83.1 ± 10.2 for plasma, respectively. There were no signs of deviating results from tested effort urines. The results also support the use of predefined curve parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anorexia nervosa and gender dysphoria in two adolescents
Authors: Couturier Jennifer , Pindiprolu Bharadwaj , Findlay Sheri , Johnson Natasha
Published: November 2014

Little has been published about the co‐occurrence of gender dysphoria (GD) and eating disorders (ED) in adults, with no cases described in the adolescent population. The emphasis on body shape in both conditions suggests that there may be some overlap in symptomatology. We report two adolescent cases initially diagnosed with anorexia nervosa who later met criteria for GD. The drive for thinness for the 16‐year‐old male was associated with a wish to achieve a feminine physique whereas there was an emphasis for stunted breast growth and a desire for muscularity in the 13‐year‐old female. Complexities in presentation, evolution of symptoms over time, and the treatment of the two cases are discussed. Clinicians should inquire about sexual issues in the presentation of ED and should monitor for symptoms of GD, not only at initial presentation, but throughout treatment, especially as weight gain progresses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:151–155)
Electrospinning of Ionogels: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Taubert Andreas
Published: November 2014

Ionogels (IGs), also termed ion gels, are functional hybrid materials based on an ionic liquid (IL) and a polymeric, hybrid, or inorganic matrix. IGs combine the properties of the matrix such as mechanical strength with IL properties like high ionic conductivity, high thermal stability, or catalytic activity. IGs are thus attractive for many applications, but the vast majority of IGs made and published so far are bulk materials or dense films. Applications like sensing or catalysis, however, would benefit from IGs with high surface areas or defined surface morphologies or architectures. In spite of this, only relatively few examples of high‐surface‐area IGs have been made so far; this has mostly been achieved by electrospinning, which has proven to be a promising strategy towards advanced IGs. The current review discusses first developments and outlines the future potential of electrospun ionogels, predominantly from a materials and inorganic chemistry perspective.
Fluorescence Detection of Anilines and Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B by a Multifunctional Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Wang Fengqin , Dong Caifu , Wang Zechuan , Cui Yaru , Wang Chengmiao , Zhao Yongnan , Li Guodong
Published: November 2014

A multifunctional transition metal CdII coordination polymer based on an amide‐inserted flexible multicarboxylate ligand, bis(3,5‐dicarboxyphenyl)terephthalamide (H4L), [CdL]·[+H2N(CH3)2] (DMF)(H2O)3 (MOF1) was synthesized by the solvothermal method. Its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and it was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. MOF1 shows selective sensitivity to detecting aniline pollutants in both aqueous media and as vapors due to its strong fluorescence emission and microporous structure. In addition, the visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) by MOF1 and polyaniline (PANI) composite material (named PANI/MOF1), which was prepared by loading PANI onto the surface of MOF1, was also studied. The results obtained illustrate that PANI/MOF1 exhibits improved photocatalytic activity over MOF1, which could be used to effectively treat wastewater containing organic dyes in the future.
Glycoconjugated Rhenium(I) and 99m‐Technetium(I) Carbonyl Complexes from Pyridyltriazole Ligands Obtained by “Click Chemistry”
Authors: Czaplewska Justyna A. , Theil Frank , Altuntas Esra , Niksch Tobias , Freesmeyer Martin , Happ Bobby , Pretzel David , Schäfer Hendrik , Obata Makoto , Yano Shigenobu , Schubert Ulrich S. , Gottschaldt Michael
Published: November 2014

A series of pyridyltriazole ligands containing sugar moieties have been prepared by copper(I)‐mediated 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (“click” reaction) of azides functionalized with D‐glucose, D‐galactose, D‐mannose, D‐xylose as well as D‐maltose residues, and 2‐ethynylpyridine as alkyne. The peracetylated saccharide residues as well as their water‐soluble deprotected derivatives were treated with Re(CO)5Cl to obtain the corresponding mononuclear rhenium(I) carbonyl complexes [LRe(CO)3Cl]. For comparison, one ReI complex bearing a tert‐butylbenzyl residue instead of a sugar moiety as well as two dinuclear rhenium complexes derived from a branched ligand containing two pyridyltriazole units were prepared. The structure and integrity of the ligands and complexes was established by NMR, IR, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and by elemental analysis. Coordination of the metal ion occurred by both the pyridyl nitrogen atoms and one of the triazole nitrogen atoms. Upon treatment with an excess of histidine, the ReI complexes were stable for only 2.5 h. After a longer period (24 h) ligand exchange was detected by HPLC measurements. In contrast, a complex labeled with 99mTc was found to be stable for up to 24 h against an excess of histidine. Cytotoxicity was screened for all ReI complexes against HepG2 cells using a concentration of 100 μM. All sugar‐functionalized complexes were found to be nontoxic, except for the complex derived from the pyridyl (tert‐butylbenzyl)‐triazole, which exhibited remarkable toxicity.
Pentaerythritol‐Based Energetic Materials Related to PETN
Authors: Axthammer Quirin J. , Krumm Burkhard , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: November 2014

New tetravalent pentaerythritol tetranitrocarbamate (PETNC) and its tetraammonium salt have been synthesized by an efficient two‐step synthesis starting from the cheap and commercially available pentaerythritol. In addition to full spectroscopic characterization, their thermal stabilities were examined by differential thermal analysis, and their energies of formation calculated. Furthermore, the structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Ultraviolet A radiation potentiates the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of 7H‐dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and its methyl derivatives
Authors: Sedlačková Eva , Bábelová Andrea , Kozics Katarína , Šelc Michal , Srančíková Annamária , Frecer Vladimír , Gábelová Alena
Published: November 2014

7H‐Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) is a heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is carcinogenic in many species and tissues. DBC is a common environmental pollutant, and is therefore constantly exposed to sunlight. However, there are limited data exploring the toxicity of DBC photoexcitation products. Here, we investigated the impact of ultraviolet (UV) A radiation on the biological activity of DBC and its methyl derivatives, 5,9‐dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and N‐methyl dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, on human skin HaCaT keratinocytes. Co‐exposure of HaCaT cells to UVA and DBC derivatives resulted in a sharp dose‐dependent decrease in cell survival and apparent changes in cell morphology. Under the same treatment conditions, significant increases in DNA strand breaks, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and oxidative damage to DNA were observed in HaCaT cells. Consistent with these results, an apparent inhibition in superoxide dismutase, but not glutathione peroxidase activity, was detected in cells treated with DBC and its derivatives under UVA irradiation. The photoactivation‐induced toxicity of individual DBC derivatives correlated with the electron excitation energies approximately expressed as the energy difference between the highest occupied and the lowest vacant molecular orbital. Our data provide the first evidence that UVA can enhance the toxicity of DBC and its derivatives. Photoactivation‐induced conversion of harmless chemical compounds to toxic photoproducts associated with reactive oxygen species generation may substantially amplify the adverse health effects of UVA radiation and contribute to increased incidence of skin cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:388–403, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PBMP: priority‐based multi‐path packet routing for vehicular ad hoc network system in city environment
Authors: Lai Wei Kuang , Tai Chih Kun , Wu Tin‐Yu , Anpalagan Alagan , Chen Jian Zhi
Published: November 2014

In vehicular ad hoc networks, efficient routing mechanisms are needed for data transmission to adapt to rapidly changing topology. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a priority‐based multi‐path packet routing strategy based on geographic routing. The goal is to achieve high delivery ratio and low end‐to‐end delay. By collecting real‐time traffic flow information, we derive a connectivity probability function to select road intersections efficiently for transmission and to reduce the path's sensitivity to vehicle movements. In addition, the data loads are also referred to assist with intersection selections and avoid packet congestions. Furthermore, packets are classified with three priority levels for different transmission strategies. To enhance reliability, multiple paths are constructed to achieve high probability of robust receptions. Simulation results show that priority‐based multi‐path has significant performance improvement in comparison with other existing geographic routing protocols. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and biological activity of nanocapsulated Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glabra
Authors: Esmaeili Akbar , Rafiee Roghayeh
Published: November 2014

Glycyrrhiza glabra is a medicinal plant found in Asia, the Mediterranean and parts of southern Europe. It used for the treatment of upper respiratory tract ailments including coughs, hoarseness, sore throat and bronchitis. In this study, natural polymers, chitosan and alginate were used for preparing nanocapsules containing turmeric oil and a methanol extract of G. glabra. The antimicrobial activity of G. glabra as an extract and in a nanocapsule was investigated. In the preparation of nanocapsules, a three‐step procedure involving emulsification, cross‐linking with calcium chloride and solvent removal was used. Morphological characteristics of the nanocapsules were investigated by particle size using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that turmeric oil‐to‐extract ratio, surfactant and molecular weight of chitosan all affect the size of the nanocapsule produced. An oil‐to‐extract ratio of 10:10 mg/ml, Tween 80 and low molecular weight chitosan resulted in the optimal (smallest) nanoparticle size. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wetting boundary conditions in numerical simulation of binary fluids by using phase‐field method: some comparative studies and new development
Authors: Huang Jun‐Jie , Huang Haibo , Wang Xinzhu
Published: November 2014

We studied several wetting boundary conditions (WBCs) in the numerical simulation of binary fluids by using phase‐field method. Five WBCs, three using the linear, cubic, and sine form surface energy (LinSE, CubSE, and SinSE), the other two using the geometric formulation (Geom) and the characteristic interpolation (CI), were compared through the study of several problems: (1) the static contact angle (CA) of a drop; (2) a Poiseuille flow‐driven liquid column; (3) a wettability gradient (WG)‐driven liquid column; and (4) drop dewetting. It was found that while all WBCs can predict the static CA fairly accurately, they may affect the simulation outcomes of dynamic problems differently, depending on the CA. For the flow‐driven problem with a CA near 90°, using different WBCs had almost no effect on the flow characteristics over a large scale. For the WG‐driven problem, to use different WBCs may lead to different steady drop velocities, and all WBCs except LinSE can give reasonably consistent prediction between the drop velocity and dynamic CAs. For drop dewetting, Geom led to the most violent drop motion, whereas CubSE caused the weakest motion. For several problems, CubSE and SinSE gave almost the same results, and those by Geom and CI were also close, possibly due to similar consideration in their design. Besides, a new implementation that may be used for all WBCs was proposed to mimic the wall energy relaxation and control the degree of slip. This new procedure made it possible to allow the simulations to match experimental measurements well. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐dimensional numerical scheme of dry/wet fronts for the Saint‐Venant system of shallow water equations
Authors: Horváth Zsolt , Waser Jürgen , Perdigão Rui A. P. , Konev Artem , Blöschl Günter
Published: November 2014

We propose a new two‐dimensional numerical scheme to solve the Saint‐Venant system of shallow water equations in the presence of partially flooded cells. Our method is well balanced, positivity preserving, and handles dry states. The latter is ensured by using the draining time step technique in the time integration process, which guarantees non‐negative water depths. Unlike previous schemes, our technique does not generate high velocities at the dry/wet boundaries, which are responsible for small time step sizes and slow simulation runs. We prove that the new scheme preserves ‘lake at rest’ steady states and guarantees the positivity of the computed fluid depth in the partially flooded cells. We test the new scheme, along with another recent scheme from the literature, against the analytical solution for a parabolic basin and show the improved simulation performance of the new scheme for two real‐world scenarios. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Model on the International Energy Agency Benchmark Case with Hydrogen Fuel
Authors: Le A. D. , Beale S. B. , Pharoah J. G.
Published: November 2014

A detailed model of a solid oxide fuel cell was developed with an object‐oriented open‐source computational fluid dynamics code based on a finite‐volume method. The methodology is derived from a local Nernst equation with associated irreversible losses. Calculations were performed with the International Energy Agency benchmark case #1 with hydrogen as fuel, for co‐flow, counter‐flow, and cross‐flow. While agreement with the results of previous workers was satisfactory, a number of shortcomings with the benchmark case were identified and highlighted. These include over‐simplified electro‐chemical kinetics, neglect of porous transport layers, and ambiguities associated with the very low flow rates prescribed for the benchmark case.
Ionically Cross‐Linked Proton Conducting Membranes for Fuel Cells
Authors: Wu L. , Zhou D. , Wang H. , Pan Q. , Ran J. , Xu T.
Published: November 2014

For improving stability without sacrificing ionic conductivity, ionically cross‐linked proton conducting membranes are fabricated from Na+‐form sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone kentone) (SPPESK) and H+‐formed sulfonated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (SPPO). Ionically acid‐base cross‐linking between sulfonic acid groups in SPPO and phthalazone groups in SPPESK impart the composite membranes the good miscibility and electrochemical performance. In particular, the composite membranes possess proton conductivity of 60–110 mS cm−1 at 30 °C. By controlling the protonation degree of SPPO within 40–100 %, the composite membranes with favorable cross‐linking degree are qualified for application in fuel cells. The maximum power density of the composite membrane reaches approximately 1100 mW cm−2 at the current density of 2800 mA cm−2 at 70 °C.
Start‐Up and Load‐Change Behavior of a Catalytic Burner for a Fuel‐Cell‐Based APU for Diesel Fuel
Authors: Meißner J. , Pasel J. , Samsun R. C. , Peters R. , Stolten D.
Published: November 2014

The catalytic burner CAB 4 was developed for a fuel‐cell‐based diesel‐APU (auxiliary power unit) with a capacity of 14.5 kWth,APU. In order to operate a catalytic burner in such an APU, several requirements must be met. Normal operation involves combustion of anode off‐gas from the fuel cell. If the fuel cell malfunctions or if the gas quality is insufficient, the burner must also be able to fully convert the reformate while by‐passing the fuel cell. It must be possible to catalytically ignite the burner using a reformate with increased CO‐concentration. The burner must fully convert all combustible components in the fuel‐gas at all operating points. The energy contained in the fuel gas is utilized in the CAB to generate superheated steam with no oscillations and to supply this steam to the autothermal reformer. When the fuel processing system is being shut down, the burner should be able to continue providing steam for sweeping the downstream reactors for a limited period of time. Catalytic ignition of the CAB 4 was demonstrated with a reformate containing up to 5 mol.% CO. The behavior of the burner was characterized in steady‐state operation, during load changes, during transitions in the operating mode, and during shut‐down.
Investigation on Flow Distribution in an External Manifold SOFC Stack by Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique
Authors: Wang K. , Wang L. , Yan D. , Zhang Y. S. , Pu J. , Jian L.
Published: November 2014

In this study, the flow distribution in a planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack with external manifolds is investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. Three dimensional external manifold models are constructed for a SOFC stack composed of 24 cells. CFD simulations with air as operating gas are implemented for two types of stacks with different inlet manifolds, including the manifold with three tube inlets (T‐manifold) and the manifold with a gas chamber on top (C‐manifold). The influences of different parameters such as channel resistance and gas feeding rate on flow distribution are studied. Modeling results indicate that the increase of channel resistance and a lower gas feeding rate can respectively improve the uniformity factor of T‐manifold and C‐manifold from 0.963 to 0.995 and 0.989 to 0.998. For a given channel resistance, the pressure distribution in the inlet manifold plays a dominant role in the flow distribution. In addition, flow distribution in the stack with C‐manifold is generally more uniform than the stack with T‐manifold. Furthermore, flow characteristics of the two type inlet manifolds are investigated by measuring velocity distribution of the gas at manifold outlets using a hot‐wire anemometer.