bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Culture on Consumers’ Consumption and Generation of Online Reviews
Authors: Kim Jong Min , Jun Mina , Kim Chung K.
Published: June 2018

In the globalized industry of online travel agencies, it is well known that providing culturally customized reviews can attract more customers by sharing similarity-oriented experiences. Given the importance of culturally customized reviews, if national cultures lead to systematic differences in the review generating process, it is necessary to examine whether culturally customized information would be useful in customers’ decision-making processes and whether customers prefer online travel agencies providing such information. The objective of this research is to investigate whether (1) culturally customized review information based on nationality might have an influence on consumers’ intention to recommend an agency, and whether (2) cultural differences have differential impacts on review posting in terms of the valence and dispersion of review ratings and textual contents of reviews. We find that customers from Western societies, such as the U.K. and the U.S., tend to be positively predisposed and that the dispersion of their ratings is significantly less for hotels in Beijing where they stayed compared to that of Chinese customers. Furthermore, using two experimental surveys, we reveal that customers regard the average review rating from review posters with same cultural background as more useful than those from all reviewers in their decision-making process.
Dalfsen
Authors: van der Velde Henk M. , Bouma Niels
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the way development-led archaeology in the Netherlands disseminates archaeological knowledge to and with the public using the way archaeological projects were designed in Dalfsen (Netherlands) as a case study. In the early days of contract archaeology, which in the Netherlands was designed after the Valetta Convention, archaeologists were primarily concerned with the financial and planning aspects of projects, and there was little room for public archaeology. We suggest that this caused archaeologists to forget to involve the public in their projects. In time, it became almost impossible to rectify this mistake because archaeological contractors became extremely bureaucratic. In the case of Dalfsen, a spectacular project was needed to change this situation. The project, and especially its media value, inspired the municipality to invest in community archaeology and make choices that an archaeologist would not primarily be concerned with. Thus, we discuss the effects of these choices and archaeologists’ actions in this process. We conclude that it is important for archaeologists to act as facilitators because it improves the success rate of community archaeology projects.
On the Character of a “Great Patriot”: A New Essay Ascribed to Bolingbroke
Authors: Hone Joseph , Skjönsberg Max
Published: June 2018

This article presents the first addition in recent years to the canon of the British eighteenth-century statesman and political thinker Lord Bolingbroke (1678–1751), a manuscript essay “On the Character of a Great Patriot.” For the first time, this article identifies Bolingbroke as the likely author of this unascribed, undated, and untitled essay in the Senate House Library manuscript collection. Using internal and contextual evidence, the article demonstrates that the “Character” is a description of Bolingbroke's opposition colleague William Pulteney, and that it was written in the final months of 1731, most likely for publication in the opposition journal theCraftsman. The “Character” dates from a period in which Bolingbroke wrote very little, and it is thus a crucial addition to his biography as well as an early exposition of his theory of opposition politics. Moreover, study of the essay shows that Bolingbroke drew extensively on the example of Pulteney when formulating his idea about the necessity of a systematic opposition party, not fully formulated untilOn the Spirit of Patriotism(1736). The “Character” thus sheds further light on the important relationship between political practice and theory in the age of Walpole.
The 1753 Jewish Naturalization Bill and the Polemic over Credit
Authors: Yuval-Naeh Avinoam
Published: June 2018

The polemic surrounding the 1753 Jewish Naturalization Bill was one of the major public opinion campaigns in Britain in the eighteenth century, as well as the most significant event in the history of Britain's Jews between their seventeenth-century admission and nineteenth-century emancipation. The bill proposed to offer Jews a private act of naturalization without the sacramental test. A costly and cumbersome process, the measure could have had only minor practical impact. Due to its symbolic significance, however, the bill ignited public clamor in hundreds of newspaper columns, pamphlets, and prints. What made it so resonant, and why was the opposition so successful in propagating opposition to the motion? It has been commonly argued that the entire affair was an instance of partisan conflict in which the Jews themselves played an incidental role. This paper throws light on the episode from an alternative perspective, arguing that a central reason for its resonance was that the discussion on the Jews evoked concerns with the expanding financial market and its sociopolitical implications. As Jews had by that time become emblematic of modern finance, they embodied contemporary anxieties about the economy, national identity, and their interrelations.
One British Thing: A Bottle of Welfare Orange Juice, c. 1961–1971
Authors: Durbach Nadja
Published: June 2018

This essay inaugurates a new series in the Journal of British Studies titled “One British Thing.” This short essay uses a bottle of welfare orange juice distributed sometime between 1961 and 1971 to tell a larger story about the relationship between Britain's Welfare State and the colonization and decolonization of the British West Indies. The history of the Welfare State has largely been told as a metropolitan story severed from a wider global history of empire. The empty bottle of concentrated orange juice, however, tells a different story. It exposes Britain's own dependency on its colonial subjects to provide the means of furnishing welfare benefits to its metropolitan citizens. The history of welfare orange juice thus opens up a richer understanding of the politics and economics of the Welfare State and its relationship to colonial development projects on the one hand and the slow processes of decolonization on the other.
ESTUDIOS MORFOMÉTRICOS APLICADOS A PUNTAS DE PROYECTIL LANCEOLADAS DEL HOLOCENO TEMPRANO-MEDIO EN SIERRAS Y LLANURAS PAMPEANAS DE ARGENTINA
Authors: Heider Guillermo , Rivero Diego
Published: June 2018

En este trabajo exponemos y discutimos los resultados obtenidos a partir de estudios realizados a puntas de proyectil lanceoladas recuperadas en sectores acotados de las sierras y llanuras pampeanas de Argentina. El análisis se basó en puntos morfométricos adicionando, además, variables como largo, ancho, espesor y materia prima de los especímenes. La morfometría geométrica fue la principal herramienta utilizada, complementada por estudios tipológicos clásicos y estadística multivariada. Los instrumentos líticos examinados, pertenecientes a sistemas de armas utilizados por cazadores-recolectores, son comúnmente identificados como puntas Ayampitín. Estos constituyen un elemento diagnóstico sobre la tecnología existente en el centro de Argentina durante el Holoceno temprano-medio. Los resultados permitieron discutir que a la variabilidad propia del conjunto se adiciona una variabilidad interna en los tipos morfológicos básicos (pedunculadas y apedunculadas). Además, la selección de rocas para la talla estuvo fuertemente ligada a las aptitudes físicas de aquellas, existiendo, asimismo, una correlación entre algunas materias primas y las formas de los ejemplares. Finalmente, los diseños básicos fueron utilizados en un sistema de propulsor. La discusión permitió plantear nuevas líneas de evidencia a desarrollar para aportar al conocimiento de las etapas iniciales del poblamiento sudamericano.
Judicial review and the future of UK development assistance: On the Application of O v Secretary of State for International Development (2014)
Authors: Harrington John , Manji Ambreena
Published: June 2018

In this paper we explore a case for judicial review brought against the Secretary of State for International Development by an Ethiopian national, Mr O. The claimant alleged that the Department for International Development (DfID) had failed adequately to assess evidence of human rights violations in Ethiopia to which funds provided by DfID had contributed. Warby J ruled that the claim merited a full hearing. DfID is unaccustomed to judicial review: the O case is the first time since the 1995 Pergau Dam case that UK development aid has been reviewed by the courts. We study Warby J's judgment and its implications for accountabiity for aid decisions. We argue that both the wider context for aid and the legal framework governing development assistance have changed significantly in the 20 or so years since Pergau. In particular, we show that despite the UK's new legal commitment, made in 2015, to spend 0.7% of gross national income (GNI) on official development assistance, the existing mechanisms for scrutinising aid decisions are inadequate. We argue that there is an accountability gap in relation to the UK's now considerable development spending and explore the role of judicial review in this context.
Institutional Forces and Environmental Management Strategy: Moderating Effects of Environmental Orientation and Innovation Capability
Authors: Kang Yuanfei , He Xinming
Published: June 2018

We examine the mechanisms through which firm capabilities moderate the impact of institutional forces upon firms’ adoption of environmental management strategy (EMS). Viewing the limitations of the institutional perspective in explaining the heterogeneity in firms’ EMS, we suggest that an important source of variation is the idiosyncratic capabilities of the firm in acquiring and allocating resources. Based on the strategic response theme of institutional theory and the resource-based view, we argue that the influence of institutional forces on EMS is contingent on the presence of environmental orientation and innovation capability. Using data collected from China, we test these notions. Our empirical results suggest that both environmental orientation and innovation capability positively moderate the effect of institutional forces on firm's EMS. By demonstrating how institutional forces and firm capabilities interact with each other, we enhance our understanding of how firms succeed in developing EMS.
Engaging with Identity Politics in Canadian Political Science
Authors: Bernhardt Nicole S. , Pin Laura G.
Published: June 2018

This paper critiques the deployment of the term “identity politics” in Canadian political science. Through a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of research articles in leading English language academic journals in the Canadian social sciences, we examine whose politics are labelled identity politics and what intellectual work transpires through this label. Identity politics tends to be applied to scholarship that foregrounds analyses of ethnicity, race and gender, but with a lack of analytical rigour, indicating a degree of conceptual looseness. Moreover, the designation identity politics is not neutral; it is often mobilized as a rhetorical device to distance authors from scholarship that foregrounds analyses of ethnicity, race and gender, and to inscribe a materialist/culturalist divide in claims-making. We argue that the effect of this demarcation of identity from politics is to control the boundaries of political discourse, limiting who and what gains entry into the political. This serves to reassert an exclusionary conception of Canadian identity.
A graptolite-rich Ordovician–Silurian boundary section in the south-central Pyrenees, Spain: stratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical significance
Authors: ŠTORCH PETR , BERNAL JOSEP ROQUÉ , GUTIÉRREZ-MARCO JUAN CARLOS
Published: June 2018

An Ordovician–Silurian boundary section marked by an uninterrupted, relatively high rate of black shale sedimentation and abundant, diverse graptolites is described from the south-central Pyrenees. The structurally simple Estana section comprises the uppermost part of the quartzite-dominated Bar Formation and overlying black shales of late Hirnantian and early Rhuddanian age, which have been dated by graptolites to the upperMetabolograptus persculptusand lower–middleAkidograptus ascensus–Parakidograptus acuminatusbiozones. Due to the absence ofM. persculptus, aMetabolograptus parvulusBiozone correlative with the upper part of thepersculptusBiozone is recognized below the lowest occurrence of akidograptids, which indicate the base of the Silurian System. The graptolite fauna comprise 27 species includingNormalograptus minor,N. lubricus,N. rhizinus,Hirsutograptus,Korenograptus bifurcus,K. bicaudatus, K. lanphereiandNd. shanchongensis, most of which were formerly considered to be endemic to the low-latitude palaeobiogeographical province of China, Siberia and northern North America. Two new species,N. baridaensisandN. ednae, are described. The succession of graptolite assemblages in the Estana section, and occurrence of several cosmopolitan taxa in itsparvulusand lowerascensus–acuminatusbiozones that are unknown elsewhere in peri-Gondwanan Europe, suggest that strata immediately surrounding the Ordovician–Silurian boundary may be absent, highly condensed or oxic and barren of graptolites in other sections of northwestern peri-Gondwana. Common graptolite synrhabdosomes and abnormal rhabdosomes may indicate some environmental stress in theparvulusBiozone, although the rather uniform black shale lithology, total organic carbon content andδ13Corgvalues suggest uninterrupted sedimentation under stable, anoxic conditions.
A Dissection of Trading Capital: Trade in the Aftermath of the Fall of the Iron Curtain
Authors: Beestermöller Matthias , Rauch Ferdinand
Published: June 2018

We study trade in Europe after the fall of the Iron Curtain, and show that the countries of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy trade significantly more with one another after 1989 than predicted by a standard gravity model. Cultural trading capital, established under Habsburg rule and maintained in the period of the Iron Curtain, seems to have survived over four decades of separation and gives an initial boost to trade. This surplus trade disappeared rapidly after 1990 as countries rearranged themselves with the new geopolitical circumstances. We document the rate of decay of these forces.
The Impact of World War II on the Demand for Female Workers in Manufacturing
Authors: Shatnawi Dina , Fishback Price
Published: June 2018

Most studies of female workers in the 1940s focus on labor supply. We use the basics of supply and demand to measure the impact of WWII on the short- and medium-run demand for female workers in manufacturing. Demand rose for both salaried and production female workers during the war and then fell after the war. However, the post-war demands for both groups were substantially higher than before the war and higher than the levels that would have been reached had the demands followed a counterfactual growth path from the boom period in the 1920s.
The Economics of Renaissance Art
Authors: Etro Federico
Published: June 2018

I analyzed the market of paintings in Florence and Italy (1285–1550). Hedonic regressions on real prices allowed me to advance evidence that the market was competitive and that an important determinant of artistic innovation was driven by economic incentives. Price differentials reflected quality differentials between painters as perceived at the time (whose proxy is the length of the biography of Vasari) and did not depend on regional destinations, as expected under monopolistic competition with free entry. An inverse-U relation between prices and age of execution is consistent with reputational theories of artistic effort, and prices increased since the 1420s.
The use of the Vocal Profile Analysis for speaker characterization: Methodological proposals
Authors: San Segundo Eugenia , Foulkes Paul , French Peter , Harrison Philip , Hughes Vincent , Kavanagh Colleen
Published: June 2018

Among phoneticians, the Vocal Profile Analysis (VPA) is one of the most widely used methods for the componential assessment of voice quality. Whether the ultimate goal of the VPA evaluation is the comparative description of languages or the characterization of an individual speaker, the VPA protocol shows great potential for different research areas of speech communication. However, its use is not without practical difficulties. Despite these, methodological studies aimed at explaining where, when and why issues arise during the perceptual assessment process are rare. In this paper we describe the methodological stages through which three analysts evaluated the voices of 99 Standard Southern British English male speakers, rated their voices using the VPA scheme, discussed inter-rater disagreements, and eventually produced an agreed version of VPA scores. These scores were then used to assess correlations between settings. We show that it is possible to reach a good degree of inter-rater agreement, provided that several calibration and training sessions are conducted. We further conclude that the perceptual assessment of voice quality using the VPA scheme is an essential tool in fields such as forensic phonetics but, foremost, that it can be adapted and modified to a range of research areas, and not necessarily limited to the evaluation of pathological voices in clinical settings.
Is There Progress in Philosophy? The Case for Taking History Seriously
Authors: Slezak Peter P.
Published: June 2018

In response to widespread doubts among professional philosophers (Russell, Horwich, Dietrich, McGinn, Chalmers), Stoljar argues for a ‘reasonable optimism’ about progress in philosophy. He defends the large and surprising claim that ‘there is progress on all or reasonably many of the big questions’. However, Stoljar's caveats and admitted avoidance of historical evidence permits overlooking persistent controversies in philosophy of mind and cognitive science that are essentially unchanged since the 17thCentury. Stoljar suggests that his claims are commonplace in philosophy departments and, indeed, the evidence I adduce constitutes an indictment of the widely shared view among professional analytic philosophers.
Autonomous In-motion Alignment for Land Vehicle Strapdown Inertial Navigation System without the Aid of External Sensors
Authors: Fu Qiangwen , Liu Yang , Liu Zhenbo , Li Sihai , Guan Bofan
Published: June 2018

This paper describes a fully autonomous real-time in-motion alignment algorithm for Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems (SINS) in land vehicle applications. Once the initial position is available, the vehicle can start a mission immediately with accurate attitude, position and velocity information determined within ten minutes. This is achieved by two tightly coupled stages, that is, real-time Double-vector Attitude Determination Coarse Alignment (DADCA) and Backtracking Fine Alignment (BFA). In the DADCA process, the vehicle motion is omitted to roughly estimate the attitude at the very start of the alignment. Meanwhile, attitude quaternions and velocity increments are extracted and recorded. The BFA process utilises the stored data and exploits the Non-Holonomic Constraints (NHC) of a vehicle to obtain virtual velocity measurements. A linear SINS/NHC Kalman filter with mounting angles as extended states is constructed to improve the fine alignment accuracy. The method is verified by three vehicle tests, which shows that the accuracy of alignment azimuth is 0·0358° (Root Mean Square, RMS) and the positioning accuracy is about 15 m (RMS) at the end of the alignment.
Fear of Falling in Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: The IMIAS Study
Authors: Hewston Patricia , Garcia Angeles , Alvarado Beatriz , Deshpande Nandini
Published: June 2018

Plusieurs déterminants associés au développement de la peur de tomber (PT) coïncident avec les conséquences du diabète sucré (DS). Nous avons comparé la prévalence et la sévérité de la PT chez des personnes âgées avec et sans DS, et avons identifié quels déterminants de la PT contribuent à la sévérité de la PT chez les aînés avec DS. Des données de base canadiennes provenant de l’étude ‘International Mobility in Aging Study’ (IMIAS) ont été utilisées. Cent quarante-et-un adultes âgés avec DS ont été identifiés (groupe DS; âge: 68.88±2.80 ans), et 620 ont été classés sans DS (groupe sans DS; âge: 68.81±2.68 ans). La PT a été quantifiée avec l’échelle Falls Efficacy Scale–International (FES-I). Les déterminants de la PT ont été évalués en fonction de variables démographiques liées à la santé, ainsi que selon des variables physiques, psychologiques et sociales. Une préoccupation élevée pour la PT était particulièrement prévalente et sévère pour 10/16 activités FES-I dans le groupe DS, comparativement au groupe sans DS. Une PT plus grave dans le groupe DS était associée à une mauvaise condition physique, au sexe féminin, à un historique de chute et à des symptômes dépressifs. Le développement de protocoles pour le dépistage et d’interventions permettraient de réduire la gravité de la PT dans cette population.
Crystal structures of tricalcium citrates
Authors: Kaduk James A.
Published: June 2018

The crystal structures of calcium citrate hexahydrate, calcium citrate tetrahydrate, and anhydrous calcium citrate have been solved using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Both the hexahydrate and tetrahydrate structures are characterized by layers of edge-sharing Ca coordination polyhedra, including triply chelated Ca. An additional isolated Ca is coordinated by water molecules, and two uncoordinated water molecules occur in the hexahydrate structure. The previously reported polymorph of the tetrahydrate contains the same layers, but only two H2O coordinated to the isolated Ca and two uncoordinated water molecules. Anhydrous calcium citrate has a three-dimensional network structure of Ca coordination polyhedra. The new polymorph of calcium citrate tetrahydrate is the major crystalline phase in several commercial calcium supplements.
Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate
Authors: Stahl Stephen M.
Published: June 2018

Psychosis is now widely hypothesized to involve neural networks beyond the classical dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway, including serotonin and glutamate systems as well.
Crop productivity and adaptation to climate change in Pakistan
Authors: Gorst Ashley , Dehlavi Ali , Groom Ben
Published: June 2018

The effectiveness of adaptation strategies is crucial for reducing the costs of climate change. Using plot-level data from a specifically designed survey conducted in Pakistan, we investigate the productive benefits for farmers who adapt to climate change. The impact of implementing on-farm adaptation strategies is estimated separately for two staple crops: wheat and rice. We employ propensity score matching and endogenous switching regressions to account for the possibility that farmers self-select into adaptation. Estimated productivity gains are positive and significant for rice farmers who adapted, but negligible for wheat. Counterfactual gains for non-adapters were significantly positive, which is potentially a sign of transactions costs to adaptation. Other factors associated with adaptation were formal credit and extension, underscoring the importance of addressing institutional and informational constraints that inhibit farmers from improving their farming practices. The findings provide evidence for the Pakistani Planning and Development Department's ongoing assessment of climate-related agricultural losses.
Implementing Document Automation: Benefits and Considerations for the Knowledge Professional
Authors: Lankester Robert
Published: June 2018

Knowledge professionals are often responsible for document automation projects in law firms and in-house legal departments. This article by Robert Lankester is written to provide insight for a wide range of knowledge professionals (in fact anyone curious about document automation), from those for whom it is a new concept to the experienced document automation specialist. First is a discussion of what document automation is (and is not), and the benefits for knowledge management (KM). The main focus of the article is guidance on project implementation, with a specific focus on resourcing. Specific tips for preparing a document for automation and alternative project ideas are included. The article concludes that document automation is a powerful tool for internal knowledge development, enabling deeper collaboration with clients and changing the way legal services are delivered. Resourcing document automation can be approached in a number of ways but whatever the approach, the key is to ensure that business engagement is appropriately catered for.
Walking the Walk: Changing Familial Forms, Government Policy and Everyday Social Work Practice in England
Authors: Walsh Julie , Mason Will
Published: June 2018

Although contemporary sociological thought reports a diversification of family forms in society, ‘the family’ continues to influence national and international political agendas. Social workers, as ‘street level bureaucrats’, are social agents that both work with citizens and implement policies made by senior officials. Despite this, the extent to which conceptual and policy developments in family diversity manifest in family-based social work practice remains under explored. This article brings together the findings of two comparative studies, and explores the transfer of conceptual understandings of family, and policy, in England, through two examples: gendered caring expectations and culturally located familial norms. Significantly, we show that, when prompted, social workers recognise family complexity and diversity, but myriad constraints complicate the application of these understandings, and related policies. Bringing together literature from sociology, social policy and social work, this article, thereby, offers a unique lens and highlights a lag between conceptual developments, policy and implementation.
JOHN LOCKE AND THE POLITICS OF MONETARY DEPOLITICIZATION
Authors: EICH STEFAN
Published: June 2018

During the Coinage Crisis of 1695, John Locke successfully advocated a full recoinage without devaluation by insisting on silver money's “intrinsick value.” The Great Recoinage has ever since been seen as a crucial step toward the Financial Revolution and it was long regarded as Locke's most consequential achievement. This article places Locke's intervention in the context of the postrevolutionary English state at war and reads his monetary pamphlets as an integral, if largely neglected, part of his political philosophy. Instead of taking Locke's insistence on “intrinsick value” itself at face value, I argue that it was precisely money's fragile conventionality that threatened its role as a societal bond of trust. In response to this fragility and corruptibility, Locke tied money by fiat to an initially arbitrary but unalterable quantity of metal. While Locke's argument contributed to the modern naturalization of money, it arose from a paradoxical political act of monetary depoliticization.
Subsurface Structure of Long Valley Caldera Imaged With Seismic Scattering and Intrinsic Attenuation
Authors: Prudencio J. , Manga M. , Taira T.
Published: June 2018

We image seismic intrinsic () and scattering () attenuations in Long Valley Caldera, California, by analyzing more than 1,700 vertical component waveforms from local earthquakes. Observed energy envelopes are fit to the diffusion model and seismic attenuation images are produced using two‐dimensional space weighting functions. Low intrinsic and low scattering attenuation anomalies in the center south of the caldera correspond to the location of an earthquake swarm in 2014. We identify high intrinsic and high scattering attenuation anomalies in the fluid‐rich western and eastern areas of the caldera. From a comparison with other geophysical images (magnetotellurics and seismic tomography) we attribute these anomalies to a hydrothermal system (high attenuation). Average to high attenuation values are also observed at the adjacent Mammoth Mountain (southwest of the caldera) and may also have a hydrothermal origin. High intrinsic attenuation at low frequencies to the west of the Hartley Springs Fault may be produced by the magmatic system that produced the Inyo Craters. Seismic attenuation imaging provides insights into subsurface structures that are complementary to velocity and conductivity images.
Atmospheric Boundary Layer Classification With Doppler Lidar
Authors: Manninen A. J. , Marke T. , Tuononen M. , O'Connor E. J.
Published: June 2018

We present a method using Doppler lidar data for identifying the main sources of turbulent mixing within the atmospheric boundary layer. The method identifies the presence of turbulence and then assigns a turbulent source by combining several lidar quantities: attenuated backscatter coefficient, vertical velocity skewness, dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, and vector wind shear. Both buoyancy‐driven and shear‐driven situations are identified, and the method operates in both clear‐sky and cloud‐topped conditions, with some reservations in precipitation. To capture the full seasonal cycle, the classification method was applied to more than 1 year of data from two sites, Hyytiälä, Finland, and Jülich, Germany. Analysis showed seasonal variation in the diurnal cycle at both sites; a clear diurnal cycle was observed in spring, summer, and autumn seasons, but due to their respective latitudes, a weaker cycle in winter at Jülich, and almost non‐existent at Hyytiälä. Additionally, there are significant contributions from sources other than convective mixing, with cloud‐driven mixing being observed even within the first 500 m above ground. Also evident is the considerable amount of nocturnal mixing within the lowest 500 m at both sites, especially during the winter. The presence of a low‐level jet was often detected when sources of nocturnal mixing were diagnosed as wind shear. The classification scheme and the climatology extracted from the classification provide insight into the processes responsible for mixing within the atmospheric boundary layer, how variable in space and time these can be, and how they vary with location.
A Physically Based Daily Simulation of the Glacier‐Dominated Hydrology of the Copper River Basin, Alaska
Authors: Van Beusekom Ashley E. , Viger Roland J.
Published: June 2018

The large, highly glacierized Copper River basin is an important water resource for the south‐central region of Alaska. Thus, information is needed on the reaction of its hydrologic timing and streamflow volumes to historical changes in climate, in order to assess the possible impact of future changes. However, the basin is remote, and therefore, it has proved difficult to collect field data in a frequent temporal and spatial manner. An extension of the distributed‐parameter, physical‐process code Precipitation Runoff Modeling System, PRMSglacier, has been specifically developed to simulate daily hydrology without requiring extensive input data. In this study, PRMSglacier was used to characterize the hydrology of the Copper River basin from 1959 to 2015. The basin was split into subbasins for specific regional climatic calibrations and finer resolution characterization. The model was calibrated and performed well against data of glacier mass balance, glacier area change, snow cover, gaged streamflow, evapotranspiration, and solar radiation. Ice melt contributed 26% of the total basin streamflow, with differences temporally from climate oscillations. Furthermore, differences were seen geographically in subbasins depending on the state of the glaciers in each subbasin. Decreasing trends in ice melt volume were mostly seen on smaller steeper glaciers responding to a critical level of glacier recession, while increasing trends in ice melt volume were mostly seen on larger valley glaciers responding to increasing temperature. The areas with substantially decreasing ice melt had decreasing streamflow, possibly indicating health concerns for the ecosystems therein.
A Quantitative Hydrological Climate Classification Evaluated With Independent Streamflow Data
Authors: Knoben Wouter J. M. , Woods Ross A. , Freer Jim E.
Published: June 2018

Classification is essential in the study of natural systems, yet hydrology has no formal way to structure the climatic forcing that underlies hydrologic response. Various climate classification systems can be borrowed from other disciplines but these are based on different organizing principles than a hydrological classification might need. This work presents a hydrologically informed way to quantify global climates, explicitly addressing the shortcomings in earlier climate classifications. In this work, causal factors (climate) and hydrologic response (streamflow) are separated, meaning that our classification scheme is based only on climatic information and can be evaluated with independent streamflow data. Using gridded global climate data, we calculate three dimensionless indices per grid cell, describing annual aridity, aridity seasonality, and precipitation‐as‐snow. We use these indices to create several climate groups and define the membership degree of 1,103 catchments to each of the climate groups, based on each catchment's climate. Streamflow patterns within each group tend to be similar, and tend to be different between groups. Visual comparison of flow regimes and Wilcoxon two‐sample statistical tests on 16 streamflow signatures show that this index‐based approach is more effective than the often‐used Köppen‐Geiger classification for grouping hydrologically similar catchments. Climate forcing exerts a strong control on typical hydrologic response and we show that at the global scale both change gradually in space. We argue that hydrologists should consider the hydroclimate as a continuous spectrum defined by the three climate indices, on which all catchments are positioned and show examples of this in a regionalization context.
Unsurprising Surprises: The Frequency of Record‐breaking and Overthreshold Hydrological Extremes Under Spatial and Temporal Dependence
Authors: Serinaldi Francesco , Kilsby Chris G.
Published: June 2018

Record‐breaking (RB) events are the highest or lowest values assumed by a given variable, such as temperature and precipitation, since the beginning of the observation period. Research in hydroclimatic fluctuations and their link with this kind of extreme events recently renewed the interest in RB events. However, empirical analyses of RB events usually rely on statistical techniques based on too restrictive hypotheses such as independent and identically distributed (i/id) random variables or nongeneral numerical methods. In this study, we propose some exact distributions along with accurate approximations describing the occurrence probability of RB and peak‐over‐threshold (POT) events under general spatiotemporal dependence, which enable analyses based on more appropriate assumptions. We show that (i) the Poisson binomial distribution is the exact distribution of the number of RB events underi/id, (ii) equivalent binomial distributions are accurate approximations underi/id, (iii) beta‐binomial distributions provide the exact distribution of POT occurrences under spatiotemporal dependence, and (iv) equivalent beta‐binomial distributions provide accurate approximations for the distribution of RB occurrences under spatiotemporal dependence. To perform numerical validations, we also introduce a generator of spatially and temporally correlated binary processes, called BetaBitST. As examples of application, we study RB and POT occurrences for monthly precipitation and temperature over the conterminous United States and reanalyze Mauna Loa daily temperature data. Results show that accounting for spatiotemporal dependence yields strikingly different conclusions, making the observed frequencies of RB and POT events much less surprising than expected and calling into question previous results reported in the literature.
Universal geometric frustration in pyrochlores
Authors: Trump B. A. , Koohpayeh S. M. , Livi K. J. T. , Wen J.-J. , Arpino K. E. , Ramasse Q. M. , Brydson R. , Feygenson M. , Takeda H. , Takigawa M. , Kimura K. , Nakatsuji S. , Broholm C. L. , McQueen T. M.
Published: June 2018

Materials with the pyrochlore/fluorite structure have diverse technological applications, from magnetism to nuclear waste disposal. Here we report the observation of structural instability present in the pyrochlores A2Zr2O6Oʹ (A = Pr, La) and Yb2Ti2O6Oʹ, that exists despite ideal stoichiometry, ideal cation-ordering, the absence of lone pair effects, and a lack of magnetic order. Though these materials appear to have good long-range order, local structure probes find displacements, of the order of 0.01 nm, within the pyrochlore framework. The pattern of displacements of the A2Oʹ sublattice mimics the entropically-driven fluxional motions characteristic of and well-known in the silica mineral β-cristobalite. The universality of such displacements within the pyrochlore structure adds to the known structural diversity and explains the extreme sensitivity to composition found in quantum spin ices and the lack of ferroelectric behavior in pyrochlores.
A biomimetic chiral-driven ionic gate constructed by pillar[6]arene-based host–guest systems
Authors: Sun Yue , Zhang Fan , Quan Jiaxin , Zhu Fei , Hong Wei , Ma Junkai , Pang Huan , Sun Yao , Tian Demei , Li Haibing
Published: June 2018

Inspired by glucose-sensitive ion channels, herein we describe a biomimetic glucose-enantiomer-driven ion gate via the introduction of the chiral pillar[6]arene-based host–guest systems into the artificial nanochannels. The chiral nanochannels show a high chiral-driven ionic gate for glucose enantiomers and can be switched “off” by d-glucose and be switched “on” by l-glucose. Remarkably, the chiral nanochannel also exhibited a good reversibility toward glucose enantiomers. Further research indicates that the switching behaviors differed due to the differences in binding strength between chiral pillar[6]arene and glucose enantiomers, which can lead to the different surface charge within nanochannel. Given these promising results, the studies of chiral-driven ion gates may not only give interesting insight for the research of biological and pathological processes caused by glucose-sensitive ion channels, but also help to understand the origin of the high stereoselectivity in life systems.
Cross-scale neutral ecology and the maintenance of biodiversity
Authors: O’Dwyer James P. , Cornell Stephen J.
Published: June 2018

One of the first successes of neutral ecology was to predict realistically-broad distributions of rare and abundant species. However, it has remained an outstanding theoretical challenge to describe how this distribution of abundances changes with spatial scale, and this gap has hampered attempts to use observed species abundances as a way to quantify what non-neutral processes are needed to fully explain observed patterns. To address this, we introduce a new formulation of spatial neutral biodiversity theory and derive analytical predictions for the way abundance distributions change with scale. For tropical forest data where neutrality has been extensively tested before now, we apply this approach and identify an incompatibility between neutral fits at regional and local scales. We use this approach derive a sharp quantification of what remains to be explained by non-neutral processes at the local scale, setting a quantitative target for more general models for the maintenance of biodiversity.
Biomimetic materials assembled on a photovoltaic cell as a novel biosensing approach to cancer biomarker detection
Authors: Moreira Felismina T. C. , Truta Liliana A. A. N. A. , Sales M. Goreti F.
Published: June 2018

This work describes for the first time the integration of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) technology in biosensors and biomimetic materials, opening doors towards a new dimension of autonomous screening devices that may be used in point-of-care, with zero-power requirements. DSSCs are fabricated with a counter electrode (CE) of polypyrrole (PPy) that was made responsive to a specific protein by biomimetic material (BM) technology. Carcinogenic embryonic antigen (CEA) was selected as target protein. The resulting BM-PPy film acted as biomimetic artificial antibody for CEA. Rebinding of CEA into this film changed its intrinsic electrical properties and the subsequent electrical output of the DSSC using it as CE. The quantity of CEA in solution was deduced by I-V and electrochemical impedance spesctroscopy (EIS). Linear responses to CEA were observed down to 0.25 pg/mL, with 0.13 pg/mL detection limit. Control films of PPy (prepared without CEA in the electropolymerization step) confirmed the ability of the BM material to recognize the target protein. Accurate results were obtained in the analysis of urine samples. Further developments into this ground-breaking self-powered biosensor will display a huge impact in point-to-care medical applications, which may be extended to other fields of knowledge.
Juvenile bovine bone is an appropriate surrogate for normal and reduced density human bone in biomechanical testing: a validation study
Authors: Fletcher J. W. A. , Williams S. , Whitehouse M. R. , Gill H. S. , Preatoni E.
Published: June 2018

Orthopaedic research necessitates accurate and reliable models of human bone to enable biomechanical discoveries and translation into clinical scenarios. Juvenile bovine bone is postulated to be a potential model of normal human bone given its dimensions and comparatively reduced ethical restrictions. Demineralisation techniques can reduce bone density and alter bone properties, and methods to model osteoporotic bone using demineralised juvenile bovine bone are investigated. Juvenile bovine long bones were quantitatively CT scanned to assess bone density. Demineralisation using hydrochloric acid (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 M) was performed to create different bone density models which underwent biomechanical validation for normal and osteoporotic bone models. All long bones were found to have comparable features to normal human bone including bone density (1.96 ± 0.08 gcm−3), screw insertion torque and pullout strength. Demineralisation significantly reduced bone density and pullout strength for all types, with 0.6 M hydrochloric acid creating reductions of 25% and 71% respectively. Juvenile bovine bone is inexpensive, easy to source and not subject to extensive ethical procedures. This study establishes for the first time, the use of its long bones as surrogates for both normal and osteoporotic human specimens and offers preliminary validation for its use in biomechanical testing.
A new approach of gene co-expression network inference reveals significant biological processes involved in porcine muscle development in late gestation
Authors: Marti-Marimon M. , Vialaneix N. , Voillet V. , Yerle-Bouissou M. , Lahbib-Mansais Y. , Liaubet L.
Published: June 2018

The integration of genetic information in the cellular and nuclear environments is crucial for deciphering the way in which the genome functions under different physiological conditions. Experimental techniques of 3D nuclear mapping, a high-flow approach such as transcriptomic data analyses, and statistical methods for the development of co-expressed gene networks, can be combined to develop an integrated approach for depicting the regulation of gene expression. Our work focused more specifically on the mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes expressed in muscle during late foetal development in pig. The data generated by a transcriptomic analysis carried out on muscle of foetuses from two extreme genetic lines for birth mortality are used to construct networks of differentially expressed and co-regulated genes. We developed an innovative co-expression networking approach coupling, by means of an iterative process, a new statistical method for graph inference with data of gene spatial co-localization (3D DNA FISH) to construct a robust network grouping co-expressed genes. This enabled us to highlight relevant biological processes related to foetal muscle maturity and to discover unexpected gene associations between IGF2, MYH3 and DLK1/MEG3 in the nuclear space, genes that are up-regulated at this stage of muscle development.
Genome-Wide Determination of Gene Essentiality by Transposon Insertion Sequencing in Yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Zhu Jinxiang , Gong Ruiqing , Zhu Qiaoyun , He Qiulin , Xu Ning , Xu Yichun , Cai Menghao , Zhou Xiangshan , Zhang Yuanxing , Zhou Mian
Published: June 2018

In many prokaryotes but limited eukaryotic species, the combination of transposon mutagenesis and high-throughput sequencing has greatly accelerated the identification of essential genes. Here we successfully applied this technique to the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and classified its conditionally essential/non-essential gene sets. Firstly, we showed that two DNA transposons, TcBuster and Sleeping beauty, had high transposition activities in P. pastoris. By merging their insertion libraries and performing Tn-seq, we identified a total of 202,858 unique insertions under glucose supported growth condition. We then developed a machine learning method to classify the 5,040 annotated genes into putatively essential, putatively non-essential, ambig1 and ambig2 groups, and validated the accuracy of this classification model. Besides, Tn-seq was also performed under methanol supported growth condition and methanol specific essential genes were identified. The comparison of conditionally essential genes between glucose and methanol supported growth conditions helped to reveal potential novel targets involved in methanol metabolism and signaling. Our findings suggest that transposon mutagenesis and Tn-seq could be applied in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris to classify conditionally essential/non-essential gene sets. Our work also shows that determining gene essentiality under different culture conditions could help to screen for novel functional components specifically involved in methanol metabolism.
Porcine Alveolar Macrophage-like cells are pro-inflammatory Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages that produce large titers of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Bordet Elise , Maisonnasse Pauline , Renson Patricia , Bouguyon Edwige , Crisci Elisa , Tiret Mathieu , Descamps Delphyne , Bernelin-Cottet Cindy , Urien Céline , Lefèvre François , Jouneau Luc , Bourry Olivier , Leplat Jean-Jacques , Schwartz-Cornil Isabelle , Bertho Nicolas
Published: June 2018

Lung inflammation is frequently involved in respiratory conditions and it is strongly controlled by mononuclear phagocytes (MNP). We previously studied porcine lung MNP and described a new population of cells presenting all the features of alveolar macrophages (AM) except for their parenchymal location, that we named AM-like cells. Herein we showed that AM-like cells are macrophages phagocytosing blood-borne particles, in agreement with a pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIM) identity. PIM have been described microscopically long time ago in species from the Laurasiatheria superorder such as bovine, swine, cats or cetaceans. We observed that PIM were more inflammatory than AM upon infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a major swine pathogen. Moreover, whereas PRRSV was thought to mainly target AM, we observed that PIM were a major producer of virus. The PIM infection was more correlated with viremia in vivo than AM infection. Finally like AM, PIM-expressed genes were characteristic of an embryonic monocyte-derived macrophage population, whose turnover is independent of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic precursors. This last observation raised the interesting possibility that AM and PIM originate from the same lung precursor.