bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myenteric plexus of the upper part of the human esophagus: A quantitative study
Authors: Coimbra Dagoberto Telles , Ferraz‐de‐Carvalho Claudio Antonio , Fujimura Ikurou , Rodrigues‐de‐Souza Romeu
Published: February 2005

The myenteric plexus of the upper 12 cm of the human esophagus was studied quantitatively in five necropsy esophagi using whole‐mount preparations in which the neurons were stained by a modified Giemsa method. The numerical densities of ganglia and neurons that first appear just below the caudal edge of the cricopharyngeus muscle increase progressively along the oral aboral axis of the esophagus. In the proximal third of the upper esophagus, the plexus contains 10–34 ganglia/cm and 223–1,306 neurons/cm2. The ganglia in this segment are relatively small, containing 17–55 neurons. In the middle third there are 7–35 ganglia/cm2 and 298–1,991 neurons/cm2. The ganglia contain 30–64 neurons. In the distal third of the upper esophagus, the plexus contains 11–46 ganglia/cm2 and 468–1,955 neurons/cm2. The ganglia contain 33–65 neurons. The total number of neurons in this upper part of the esophagus was calculated to be approximately 225–250,000. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoarchitecture of diabetic myopathy during the pathogenesis of the disease: Fast versus slow muscle
Authors: Klueber Kathleen M. , Porta David J.
Published: February 2005

Diabetic patients exhibit varying degrees of peripheral neuropathy. One of the sequelae of the neuropathy is muscle weakness in the lower limbs, described either as diabetic amyotrophy if the weakness affects the proximal musculature, or motor neuropathy if it affects the distal musculature. The weakness is thought to be related to metabolic disturbances of the disease and changes in the peripheral nerve. In animal models of diabetes, degeneration of myofibers and imyoneural junctions has been noted in both fast (extensor digitorum longus, EDL), and slow (soleus, SOL) muscles. However, observations of changes in skeletal muscle during the pathogenesis of the disease have not been made in either human or animal models of diabetes. It is the purpose of this study to compare the time course in the pathogenesis of diabetic myopathy in these two different types of muscles. Soleus and EDL muscles from 6, 14, and 24+‐week‐old C57BL/KsJ‐db/db and db/+ female mice (N = 12/group) were fixed in situ, processed using standard electron microscopic procedures, and analyzed under the electron microscope. Although both muscles exhibited signs of degeneration, disruption of the mitochondria, and excessive lipid stores, the initial onset and the extent of the myopathy were delayed in soleus. In addition, fewer myofibers in the soleus muscle exhibited signs of denervation and reinnervation. Therefore, diabetic myopathy is progressive during the pathogenesis of the disease but SOL appears to be more resistant to progression of the disease. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its clinical implications
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , El‐Sherif Motasem , Youssef Adel , Olfat El‐Sibai
Published: February 2005

A study of the surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve (PN) was performed in 13 female and 7 male cadavers. The knowledge of the precise anatomy and anomalies of this important nerve would help in better localization of the nerve and its roots and branches for neurostimulation or for pudendal canal decompression in pudendal canal syndrome. Two routes were used in the dissection: gluteal and perineal. The PN was identified and its course was followed from its roots to its termination.

The PN was composed of three roots derived from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th anterior sacral rami (S 2,3,4). The roots received a contribution from S 1 in five cadavers and from S 5 in one. The three roots formed two cords. The first root continued as the upper cord while the second and third root fused together producing the lower cord. The PN was formed by union of the two cords a short distance proximal to the sacrospinous ligament, and then crossed the back of the ligament. In no specimen did the nerve cross the ischial spine.

The inferior rectal nerve arose from the PN in the pudendal canal in 18 cadavers. In two cases it came out proximal to the canal; this would spare the two subjects the anorectal manifestations of the pudendal canal syndrome. As the PN crossed the back of the sacrospinous ligament, it gave origin to a branch that supplied the levator ani muscle. This branch was only found in male cadavers and we call it “accessory rectal nerve”; the levator ani muscle in such cadavers was doubly innervated on its perineal aspect. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of basic medical sciences in an integrated systems‐based curriculum
Authors: Moqattash S. , Harris P. F. , Abu‐Hijleh M. F. , Gumaa K. A.
Published: February 2005

Basic medical sciences at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) are taught in a systemsbased curriculum. During the development of the courses different formats have been used for the written examinations and also different types of questions. This paper compares students' performance in relation to examination format and to types of questions used.

The formats were non‐coordinated (NCAs), each discipline having a separate paper; coordinated (CAs), questions from various disciplines being given in the same paper but with separate sections for each discipline; and integrated assessments (IAs), questions being grouped under structure, function, and problem‐based integrated long essays. The types of questions used were multiple choice (MCQs), short essays (SEQs), and structured integrated long essays (SILEQs).

Students performed better in SEQs than in MCQs. Our analyses also show that SILEQs measure skills similar to those of MCQs and SEQs combined. Students performed best in NCAs. In CAs, students concentrated on those disciplines carrying most weight in the final grade.

Currently we use IAs consisting of two parts: part I, comprising MCQs and SEQs, and part II, comprising SILEQs. To date, students are performing better in part II than in part I. We suggest that it is prudent to use different types of questions to measure students' knowledge and skills when IAs are used for systems‐based courses. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
A new retinacular ligament and vein of the human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Shiraishi Yosuke , Hayakawa Midori , Hoshino Takeshi , Tanaka Shigenori
Published: February 2005

In the human temporomandibular joints of 14 Japanese cadavers, we observed a new retinacular ligament that connected to the retrodiskal pad posterolaterally and was accompanied by a vein draining the retrodiskal pad. This retinacular ligament originated from lateral to posterolateral part of the joint. The origin included the articular tubercle of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The ligament descended along the mandibular ramus to insert into the fascia of the masseter muscle at the mandibular angle. The vein originated from the venous plexus in the retrodiskal pad and ran parallel to the retinacular ligament, giving off branches to the retromandibular, transverse facial, and superfacial temporal veins. There were no remarkable differences in the size of the retinacular ligaments among individuals as well as between the left and right sides. The retinacular ligament had firm fibrous connections with the posterolateral part of the retrodiskal pad, where the external fibrous membrane of the articular capsule was lacking. These findings suggest that the retinacular ligament and its accompanying vein function together to maintain blood circulation during jaw movement and may also be related to the development of occlusal disorders. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative study of the tortuosity of the splenic artery
Authors: Borley Neil R. , McFarlane Jonathan M. , Ellis Harold
Published: February 2005

The splenic artery of four mammals‐pig, greyhound, rhesus macaque, and olive baboon‐was studied to determine its tortuosity and pattern of convolutions. The results were compared to those previously gathered in humans. It was found that the isolated cadaveric arteries showed a noticeable species variation in mean index of tortuosity. In the pig and dog, the artery was nearly straight throughout its length, with a very low index of tortuosity, not significantly different in the two species (P >0.1). The artery was significantly more tortuous in the rhesus macaque and baboon than in both pig and dog, (Ps < 0.001), with a single large convolution present in the proximal one‐third. In humans, the artery is commonly tortuous throughout its length and is significantly more tortuous than in the pig and dog (P < 0.001), but not significantly more tortuous than in the baboon (P > 0.1) and only just significantly more so than in the rhesus macaque (0.02 < P > 0.05). The speculation that the tortuosity of the artery may be related to habitual posture, being less in the pronograde pig and dog than in the partly orthograde rhesus macaque and baboon, is not supported by results in the wholly orthograde human. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Presacral tumors: Case, report, review of the literature
Authors: Wagner Marvin , Zastrow Raymond , Reasa Douglas A.
Published: February 2005

A case report involving a 42‐year‐old female is presented. The symptoms and objective physical findings manifest a diagnostic problem. The anatomical site of the tumor depends on the consideration of the numerous possible etiological factors, and one of which is the embryologic knowledge of the region involved. The clinical, pathological, and embryologic features of a case of presacral tumor is presented. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The hand as a concept: Digital differences and their importance
Authors: Ranney Don
Published: February 2005

Digits of the hand vary from each other with respect to bone and joint architecture, muscles, tendons, and degree of functional independence. The hand may be conceived as having a central rigid framework moved at the wrist by flexors, extensors, abductors, and adductors. But on each side of this central structure lies a mobile (hinged) segment necessary for pinch and to increase the strength of grasp. At the distal end of this triplex framework lie multijointed appendages essential for any type of pinch or grasp more sophisticated than that of a lobster claw. The thumb has a highly mobile carpometacarpal joint but lacks a middle phalanx. Therefore, it has no proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and consequently no mechanical need for a lumbrical. Since the thumb has excellent coordination without a lumbrical, the lumbrical's function as a sense organ cannot be simply to coordinate finger movement. Mechanically the lumbrical is a deflexor of the PIP joint. Because lumbricals are richly endowed with muscle spindles, their passive stretch by contraction of the flexor digitorum profundus might both inhibit finger extensors and facilitate wrist extensors. Since each digit is unique, accurate mathematical and computer modelling of the hand must take into consideration this uniqueness. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative ultrastructural study of collagen fibrils in human skin normal scars, and hypertrophic scars
Authors: Stewart K. J.
Published: February 2005

The diameter‐distribution of collagen fibrils in the dermis of human skin and scar tissue has been investigated. In samples of normal skin, normal scar, and hypertrophic scar, prepared for transmission electron microscopy, collagen fibrils were systematically random‐sampled and their diameters measured. There was a statistically significant difference between the diameter‐distribution of fibrils in the papillary and reticular layers of dermis in normal skin. A similar pattern was found in normal scar, but not in hypertrophic scar. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Variations in the lumbosacral ligament and associated changes in the lumbosacral region resulting in compression of the fifth dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerve
Authors: Briggs Christopher A. , Chandraraj Seba
Published: February 2005

Sixty‐five lumbosacral regions from adult cadavers were dissected and the position and relations of the lumbosacral ligament noted. The lumbosacral ligament was present in all specimens; in 22 (34%) it extended medially across the ventral ramus of the fifth lumbar nerve, and in six (9%) of these the underlying nerve was compressed and visibly flattened. On two of these specimens the nerve, together with its dorsal root ganglion, was removed, processed, and stained with Masson's trichrome. The compressed nerve showed increased thickness of endoneurial and perineurial connective tissue, and the cells of the dorsal root ganglion were smaller and surrounded by increased connective tissue, particularly at the periphery of the ganglion. Observation of the lumbosacral ligament and surrounding anatomical structures suggests that anatomical variation in this region may be attributed to the health of the lumbosacral articular elements. In those specimens showing compression of the fifth lumbar spinal nerve there was also narrowing of the lumbosacral interspace. In these the disc itself was compressed and showed degenerative changes. The articular processes at the lumbosacral joint were irregular, with thinning and fissuring of the articular cartilage. It is suggested that the processes which lead to the further development of the ligament, by the formation of additional fibrous bands, are mechanical in nature and result from instability at the lumbosacral region itself. Instability subsequently leads to the initiation of a chain of degenerative changes, involving pathology at the lumbosacral disc and zygapophyseal joints. Compression of the dorsal root ganglion occurs either within a narrowed inter vertebral foramen, or in the case described here just external to the foramen, while compression of the nerve occurs in the accessory ligamentous bands formed to resist the instability. A mechanism by means of which compression of the ganglion may give rise to pain is suggested. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Topography of the perforating veins on the medial side of the leg (cockett's veins)
Authors: Staubesand J. , Hacklünder A.
Published: February 2005

A macroscopic anatomical investigation was carried out on 67 embalmed dissecting‐room legs in order to determine the position, course, and origin of so‐called Cockett's perforating veins. This information was considered to be of particular importance because of the frequency with which varicoses in this region are treated with sclerosing agents and the serious adverse effects that can follow a misplaced injection. In view of the almost universal credence given to the accuracy of Cockett's original description (Cockett FP, 1955, Br. J. Surg. 43:260‐278 ), and the general acceptance of the constancy of “Cockett's veins,” it was felt to be of importance to see to what extent we could confirm this description. It was found that the origins of these vessels and the places at which they penetrate the deep fascia are not constant, and that—in our series—only 7.3% of the veins belonging to these groups occupy the positions that are repeatedly cited in the literature as the most common. The clinical importance of any discrepancy between expectation and reality can hardly be exaggerated. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Rotation of dissecting groups among different cadavers provides students of anatomy with increased opportunity to observe human variations
Authors: Champney Thomas H. , McCord Gary C. , Wayne Sampson H.
Published: February 2005

One way to increase medical students' awareness of anatomical variability is the dissection of different cadavers throughout laboratory coursework. This report covers such a procedure successfully instituted in a human gross anatomy course. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Allylic Stereocontrol of the Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Lilly Michael J. , Miller Natalie A. , Edwards Alison J. , Willis Anthony C. , Turner Peter , Paddon‐Row Michael N. , Sherburn Michael S.
Published: February 2005

The stereochemical outcome of the intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction of ester‐linked 1,3,8‐nonatrienes can be controlled by substituents about a stereogenic center attached to C1. The scope and limitations of this approach have been investigated, with variation in substrate structure about the allylic stereocenter and the dienophile. The stereochemical outcomes of these reactions are explained by reference to B3 LYP/6–31G(d) transition structures. New insights into the conformational preferences of allylic alcohol derivatives are reported, results which allow an explanation of the differing levels of π‐diastereofacial selectivity and cis/trans (i.e. endo/exo) selectivity from the reaction.
Generation of Quaternary Stereocenters by Asymmetric Michael Reactions: Enamine Regiochemistry as Configuration Switch
Authors: Kreidler Burkard , Baro Angelika , Frey Wolfgang , Christoffers Jens
Published: February 2005

Regioselective enamine formation from cyclic β‐diketones 1 is obtained by the appropriate choice of activating agent: Brønsted acid catalyzed condensation gives endocyclic enamines 3 as the thermodynamically favored products. Activation with Lewis acid BF3⋅OEt2 affords betaines 8 as intermediate products, which can be reacted with L‐valine diethylamide (2) to preferentially furnish exocyclic enamines 4 as kinetic products. Derivatives with quaternary stereocenters were accessible from both isomeric enamines by using asymmetric, copper(II)‐catalyzed Michael reactions at ambient temperature. Both regioisomers afford the triketones 7 with the same constitution but bearing the opposite absolute configuration at the quaternary stereocenter. Thus, both enantiomers of the product are prepared by using the same chiral auxiliary derived from L‐valine.
Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescence Properties of Eu2+ and Ce3+ Activated BaYSi4N7.
Authors: Li Y. Q. , de With G. , Hintzen H. T.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cesium Hexamminesodium Decahydro‐closo‐decaborate‐Ammonia(1/1), Cs[Na(NH3)6] [B10H10]×NH3.
Authors: Kraus Florian , Albert Barbara
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Polyoxovanadium Cluster Shell: β‐As8V14O42.
Authors: Zheng Shou‐Tian , Zhang Jie , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Anderson‐Type Anion (TeMo6O24)6‐ — A Multidentate Ligand for Trivalent Rare Earth Cations.
Authors: Drewes Daniel , Limanski Eva Melanie , Krebs Bernt
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (PPh4)3[Re2NCl10].
Authors: Schwarz Simon , Straehle Joachim
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Application of Chiral Cyclopropane‐Based Ligands in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Burke Jason P. , Carroll Patrick J.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Diethylzinc Additions to Aldehydes Catalyzed by Chiral Relay Ligands.
Authors: Sibi Mukund P. , Stanley Levi M.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Construction of Chiral Quaternary Carbon Centers by Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution with P,N‐1,1′‐Ferrocene Ligands.
Authors: Hou Xue‐Long , Sun Na
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High‐Efficiency and Minimum‐Waste Continuous Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Alcohols by Using Lipase in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Matsuda Tomoko , Watanabe Kazunori , Harada Tadao , Nakamura Kaoru , Arita Yoshitaka , Misumi Yukihiro , Ichikawa Shinichiro , Ikariya Takao
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of gem‐(Difluorocyclopropyl)amine Derivatives of Bicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes.
Authors: Nowak Ireneusz , Cannon John F. , Robins Morris J.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unexpected Formation of Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenyl Methanesulfonate from Tricyclo[4.3.0.02,9]nonan‐8‐ol.
Authors: Srikrishna A. , Vijaykumar D. Vijaykumar D.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Construction of Carbobicyclic Scaffolds.
Authors: Taber Douglass F. , He Yigang , Xu Ming
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Carbon Dioxide‐Expanded Liquid Substrate Phase: An Effective Medium for Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol.
Authors: Zhao Fengyu , Fujita Shin‐ichio , Sun Jianmin , Ikushima Yutaka , Arai Masahiko
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Enantioselective Fluorination of α‐Cyano Esters by Phase‐Transfer Catalysis Using Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salts.
Authors: Park Eun Joo , Kim Hye Ran , Joung Chang Ung , Kim Dae Young
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Boronic Acids with Chiral and Racemic α‐Bromo Sulfoxides.
Authors: Rodriguez Nuria , Cuenca Ana , Ramirez de Arellano Carmen , Medio‐Simon Mercedes , Peine Denissa , Asensio Gregorio
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aqueous‐Phase, Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Bromides under Mild Conditions, Using Water‐Soluble, Sterically Demanding Alkylphosphines.
Authors: DeVasher Rebecca B. , Moore Lucas R. , Shaughnessy Kevin H.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rh‐Catalyzed Addition of Boronic Acids to Alkynes for the Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes in a Biphasic System — Mechanistic Study and Recycling of the Rh/m‐TPPTC Catalyst.
Authors: Genin Emilie , Michelet Veronique , Genet Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloadditions Between Bicyclic Alkenes and Alkynyl Halides.
Authors: Villeneuve Karine , Riddell Nicole , Jordan Robert W. , Tsui Gavin C. , Tam William
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvent‐Free Al(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Aminolysis of 1,2‐Epoxides by 2‐Picolylamine: A Key Step in the Synthesis of Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Fringuelli Francesco , Pizzo Ferdinando , Tortoioli Simone , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Cytotoxic 4‐Sulfonyl‐, 4‐Sulfonylthio‐ and 4‐Sulfothioazetidinones‐2.
Authors: Veinberg G. , Vorona M. , Musel D. , Bokaldere R. , Shestakova I. , Kanepe I. , Lukevics E.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Samarium(II)‐Mediated Intermolecular Couplings of Ketones and β‐Alkoxyacrylates: A Short Asymmetric Synthesis of an Antifungal γ‐Butyrolactone.
Authors: Kerrigan Nessan J. , Upadhyay Tejas , Procter David J.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Functionalized Spiro[cycloalkanono‐2,3′‐thiophenes] via Tandem Conjugate Addition—Cyclization of 3‐Oxoacid Thioanilides to Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Bogdanowicz‐Szwed Krystyna , Gil Regina
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Central and Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor Affinity of Pyrazole and Pyrazole‐Containing Polycyclic Derivatives.
Authors: Campagna Francesco , Palluotto Fausta , Carotti Angelo , Maciocco Elisabetta
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses of NLO Diamino Chromophores Containing Imidazole and Thiophene Rings as Conjugation Linkage.
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhang Zhaoli , Zhang Xiaoyun
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interaction of O‐Allyl and O‐Propargyl Derivatives of N‐Aryl Carbamates with Acetaldoximes in the Presence of Chloramine B.
Authors: Velikorodov A. V.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Some 3‐(Arylalkylthio)‐4‐alkyl/aryl‐5‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole Derivatives and Their Anticonvulsant Activity.
Authors: Kuecuekguezel Ilkay , Kuecuekguezel Gueniz S. , Rollas Sevim , Oetuek‐Sanis Guelten , Oezdemir Osman , Bayrak Ibrahim , Altug Tuncay , Stables James P.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of N‐Phenylbenzamidine with O‐Acetylbenzeneoximoyl Chloride.
Authors: Szczepankiewicz W. , Suwinski J. , Karczmarzyk Z.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions of Ester‐Tethered 1,7,9‐Decatrienoates Catalyzed by Bis‐Aluminated Trifluoromethanesulfonamide.
Authors: Saito Akio , Yanai Hikaru , Taguchi Takeo
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Organic Superconductor β‐(meso‐DMBEDT‐TTF)2PF6.
Authors: Kimura Shinya , Maejima Tomoko , Suzuki Hideaki , Chiba Ryoma , Mori Hatsumi , Kawamoto Tadashi , Mori Takehiko , Moriyama Hiroshi , Nishio Yutaka , Kajita Koji
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient, High Yield Protocol for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones Catalyzed by Iodine.
Authors: Bhosale Rajesh S. , Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Wang Tianyu , Zubaidha P. K.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Recyclization of 4,6,7‐Trichloro‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐(2‐pyrimidyl‐amino)‐2,3‐dihydrobenzo [b]furan.
Authors: Karlivans G. , Valters R.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a][1,5]benzodiazepines.
Authors: Kosychova L. , Stumbreviciute Z. , Pleckaitiene L. , Janciene R. , Puodziunaite B. D.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Functionalized Homoallylsilanes.
Authors: Saad Rim Ouled , Ayed Taicir Ben , Lebreton Jacques , Amri Hassen
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Copper‐Catalyzed Dimerization of Chromium Fischer Carbene Complexes: Synthesis of Dialkoxytrienes and Their Nazarov‐Type Cyclization to 2‐Alkoxy‐2‐cyclopentenones.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Barrio Pablo , Vicente Ruben , Lopez Luis A. , Tomas Miguel
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of the First α‐Fluoro‐phosphotyrosyl Mimetic.
Authors: Shi Zhen‐Dan , Liu Hongpeng , Zhang Manchao , Yang Dajun , Burke Terrence R. Jr.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convenient Synthesis and Isolation of Conformationally Rigid Glutamic Acid Analogues.
Authors: Greenfield A. A. , Butera J. A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Addition of Secondary Phosphines to a Vinyl Ether of Diacetone‐D‐Glucose: A New Approach to Optically Active Phosphines and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Sukhov Boris G. , Malysheva Svetlana F. , Belogorlova Natal'ya A. , Tantsirev Anatolii P. , Parshina Lidiya N. , Oparina Ludmila A. , Tunik Sergey P. , Gusarova Nina K.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of C‐3,5‐Acyl Furanoses via Highly Selective Intramolecular Acyl Migration.
Authors: Xu Feng , Simmons Bryon , Savary Kimberly , Yang Chunhua , Reamer Robert A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Method for Synthesizing Cyclic Bis(3′‐5′)diguanylic Acid (c‐di‐GMP).
Authors: Hyodo Mamoru , Hayakawa Yoshihiro
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of N9‐ and N7‐[2‐Hydroxy‐3‐(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] Derivatives of N6‐Substituted Adenines, 2,6‐Diaminopurines and Related Compounds.
Authors: Krecmerova Marcela , Masojidkova Milena , Holy Antonin
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modulation of Cytarabine Induced Cytotoxicity Using Novel Deoxynucleoside Analogues in the HL60 Cell Line
Authors: Hubeek I. , Peters G. J. , Broekhuizen A. J. F. , Kaspers G. J. L.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Comparative Immunologic and Kinetic Evaluation of AMP‐Deaminase Isolated from Normal Human Liver and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Authors: Szydlowska M. , Sledzinski Z. , Krzyzanowski M. , Nagel‐Starczynowska G. , Kaletha K.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Amidox, an Inhibitor of Ribonucleotide Reductase, Potentiates the Action of Ara‐C in HL‐60 Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Bauer W. , Horvath Z. , Hoechtl T. , Saiko P. , Karl D. , Fritzer‐Szekeres M. , Szekeres T. Szekeres T.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Role in Human Carcinoma Pathogenesis
Authors: Di Nicola Maurizio , Santoleri Fiorenzo , Soscia Stefano , Fioroni Massimiliano , Rubini Corrado , Piattelli Adriano , Spoto Giuseppe
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Stereoselective Aldol Reaction for the Synthesis of γ‐Lactones Starting from Tartaric Acid.
Authors: Barros M. Teresa , Burke Anthony J. , Lou Ji‐Dong , Maycock Christopher D. , Wahnon Jorge R.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phorboxazole B Synthetic Studies: Construction of C(1—32) and C(33—46) Subtargets.
Authors: Paterson Ian , Steven Alan , Luckhurst Chris A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cytotoxic Isoprenylated Flavonoids from the Roots of Sophora flavescens
Authors: Ding Peilan , Chen Daofeng , Bastow Kenneth F. , Nyarko Alexander K. , Wang Xihong , Lee Huo‐Hsiung
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multianvil High‐Pressure / High‐Temperature Synthesis in Solid State Chemistry
Authors: Huppertz Hubert
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase Equilibria of Water—Salt Systems at High Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Valyashko V. M.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Near‐Critical Behavior of Aqueous Systems
Authors: Anisimov Mikhail A. , Sengers Jan V. , Sengers Johanna M. H. Levelt
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Chia‐Cheng , Wan Chi‐Chao , Lee Chien‐Liang
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Jayadevan K. P. , Tseng T. Y.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions with Matrix‐Isolated SiO Molecules
Authors: Schnoeckel Hansgeorg , Koeppe Ralf
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Argon and the Non‐Inert Pair: Rayleigh and Ramsay
Authors: Thomas John Meurig
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Applications of Nitriles as Reagents for Organic Synthesis with Loss of the Nitrile Functionality (Including Cycloaddition Reactions)
Authors: Collier S. J. , Langer P.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis from Nitriles with Retention of the Cyano Group
Authors: Murahashi S.‐I.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Introduction of the Cyano Group by Addition to Alkynes
Authors: Podlech J.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Introduction of the Cyano Group by Substitution of Metals
Authors: Subramanian L. R.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Calculation of NMR Parameters in Carbocation Chemistry
Authors: Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Vrcek Valerije
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NMR of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Membranes
Authors: Hounsell E. F.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Control by calcium of the contractility of Labyrinthula slimeways and of the translocation of Labyrinthula cells
Authors: Nakatsuji Norio , Bell Eugene
Published: February 2005

Colonies of Labyrinthula, a colonial marine protist, expand by protrusive movements of the specialized slimeways. The movements recorded in time‐lapse films are of two types – filopodial and lamellipodial – and occur at rates equivalent to those of cell translocation.

Evidence is presented that Ca2+ regulates the contraction of the actomyosin system of filaments present in the slimeways of Labyrinthula. In glycerinated models or in colonies exposed to ionophore A23187 contraction is evidenced by the occurrence of periodic contractions of the slimeways, giving them the appearance of strings of beads. Glycerinated slimeways contract on the addition of Ca2+ and ATP while slimeways provided with ionophore A23187 contract on addition of Ca2+ alone. The concentration required is 1.1 × 10−7 M Ca2+ while concentrations of 6.2 × 10−8 or lower were ineffective. Rates of contraction were measured in time‐lapse films which provide evidence that contractions and beading occur everywhere in the slimeway system. When beading occurs, the 6‐nm filaments transform from an array of parallel single filaments into an interwoven meshwork.

We have identified by pyroantimonate‐OsO4 fixation, as possible Ca2+ reservoirs, deposits of Ca2+ in bothrosomes – structures through which cell secretions pass into the slimeways. The electron‐dense deposits are located at the base of the bothrosome and disappear after incubation with EGTA. We propose that the translocation of cells as well as the movements of slimeways may be regulated by the cells through the local measured liberation of Ca2+ from the bothrosome where it is sequestered.
An analysis of spindle ultrastructure during anaphase of micronuclear division in Tetrahymena
Authors: Lafountain James R. , Davidson Lloyd A.
Published: February 2005

Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila and data on spindle ultrastructure were obtained from serial, transverse sections. Comparison of data from nuclei at meta‐ and early anaphase with data from nuclei at late anaphase showed that during anaphase, sister kinetochores move from the equator to the spindle poles, but kinetochore translocation occurs without any apparent change in either the number or length of kinetochore microtubules. This unprecedented result is ascribed significance with regard to the mechanism of kinetochore transport since there are only a limited number of ways that result could be achieved. The organization of the peripheral sheath changes during anaphase as evidenced by gaps in the sheath at late anaphase. Numerous kinetochore and non‐kinetochore microtubules are located in polar regions of the spindle at late anaphase, whereas those regions contained only peripherally arranged microtubules at earlier stages. Tracking of individual kinetochore microtubules in late anaphase nuclei showed that some of them appeared to become incorporated into the peripheral sheath near the pole. At early and late anaphase, crossbridges connect adjacent microtubules throughout the spindle poleward to the kinetochores, as well as in the interzone.
Identification of genetic elements associated with muscle structure in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Zengel Janice M. , Epstein Henry F.
Published: February 2005

A search for new mutants with altered body‐wall muscle cell structure has been undertaken in the nematode C elegans. One‐hundred seventeen mutants were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate or ultraviolet light, enrichment by a motility‐requiring test, and screening by polarized light microscopy; 102 of these mutants were in ten previously established genes, whereas 15 mutants permitted the identification of seven new complementation groups in C elegans. Two of the new genes map on linkage group I (unc‐94 and unc‐95) and four genes are sex linked (unc‐96, unc‐97, unc‐98, and unc‐99). One complementation group (unc‐100) could not be mapped because of the special characteristics of its cohort mutants. Representative mutants of the mapped genes were examined by polarized light and electron microscopy. All of the mutants exhibit disruptions of the normal A and I band organization of thick and thin filaments. Several of the mutants produce collections of thin filament‐like structures. In one of these cases, HE177 demonstrated collections of somewhat wider, intermediate‐sized filaments as well, and the HE195 mutant produces paracrystalline aggregates of thin filaments amidst looser arrangements of similar structures. The mutants in newly identified genes, as well as the new mutants in previously established genetic loci, have promise as tools in the study of myofibrillar assembly and function. Among the 22 complementation groups associated with body‐wall structure in C elegans, it is likely that some genes code for regulatory and morphogenetic functions in addition to the well‐studied structural, contractile, and calcium‐associated proteins in muscle.
The role of the extracellular matrix in cell motility in fibroblast aggregates
Authors: Armstrong Margaret T. , Armstrong Peter B.
Published: February 2005

The effect of specific components of the extracellular matrix on the motility of tissue cells was studied using organ‐cultured aggregates of embryonic fibroblasts. Spherical aggregates of chick embryo heart and skin fibroblasts were fused with [3H]‐thymidine‐labeled aggregates of the identical cell type. The movement of labeled cells into the unlabeled partner aggregate served as an estimate of cell motility in the cultured tissue‐like aggregates. Collagenase treatment decreased the collagen content of heart fibroblast aggregates and increased cell motility; ascorbic acid treatment increased the collagen content of skin fibroblast aggregates and decreased cell motility. Reduction of the glycosaminoglycan content with testicular hyaluronidase had no measurable effect on cell motility in heart fibroblast aggregates.
Ultrastructural studies of a polygonal myofilament network in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Toselli Paul , Oliver Pamela , Cox Molly , Faris Barbara , Franzblau Carl
Published: February 2005

Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) were examined by electron microscopy and found to contain polygonal networks of 75 A° thin myofilament bundles. The cells also had large bundles of longitudinally aligned thin myofilaments with periodically spaced dense bodies. Abundant plasmalemmal vesicles were present at the cell periphery, and the cells were connected by desmosomes. Intercellular spaces contained sparse amounts of elastic fibers, a material generally present in SMC cultures. Analyses of amino acids by automated column‐chromatography showed that isodesmosine and desmosine, two amino acid residues unique for elastin, were present. Accordingly, it was concluded that polygonal networks, previously detected solely in cultured nonmuscle cells, were present in SMC.

Other findings suggest (1) a change in myofilament arrangement takes place during cell migration, and (2) rat aortic SMC grown in tissue culture flasks is an important experimental tool in the study of cell motility since such myofilament rearrangements were observed to occur up to fourteen days in first passage.
Chemotaxis in Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Almagor M. , Ron A. , Bar‐Tana J.
Published: February 2005

The motility pattern of Tetrahymena thermophila in a homogeneous attractant field consists of successive “runs” and “turns.” The turning frequency decreases or increases upon an abrupt increase in attractant or repellent concentration, respectively. The dose‐response curve for leucine and methionine yields a saturation curve with half maximum modulation of the turning frequency at a concentration of 15 μM and 2 μM, respectively. The turning frequency is modulated at a threshold concentration of 0.02 μM and 0.50 μM for leucine and methionine, respectively. The decrease (increase) in turning frequency in the presence of an attractant (repellent) jump reverts to prestimulus frequency in a time proportional to the concentration jump. Hence, Tetrahymena seem to employ temporal‐gradient sensing for chemotaxis. Spatial‐gradient taxis is thus exerted by random walk, which is biased in the direction of the gradient.
The identification and localization of actin and actin‐like filaments in lactating guinea pig mammary gland alveolar cells
Authors: Amato Philip A. , Loizzi Robert F.
Published: February 2005

Cytochalasin B, a microfilament‐altering drug, inhibits lactose synthesis in lactating guinea pig mammary gland [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 392:20, 1975] but not primarily by inhibiting glucose transport [Eur. J. Cell Biol. 20:150, 1979]. In order to study the possible role of microfilaments in lactose synthesis and secretion, we isolated both the alveolar (milk‐secreting) and myoepithelial (contractile) cells from lactating mammary gland. Light microscopy shows that the alveolar cell fraction (viability approximately 71%) is homogenous and that the cells retain strong polarity of secretory structures in the apical region. Two proteins were extracted from the alveolar cell fraction. One (mol wt 42,000) comigrates with skeletal muscle actin on SDS‐PAGE gels. The other, a high‐molecular‐weight (180,000) protein (HMWP) may be analogous to actin‐binding protein or clathrin. An extract from the myoepithelial cell fraction also contains a protein that comigrates with actin but no HMWP. Whole tissue extract contains the 42K protein, and a 185K HMWP. Examination of the alveolar cell extract by electron microscopic (EM) negative staining revealed meshworks of multistranded, interconnecting filaments, with attached globular structures (100–200 A) (possibly the HMWP) and single filaments (40–60 A diameter) branching off. To localize these filamentous structures in situ, whole tissue was glycerinated and incubated with rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). Masses of filaments in myoepithelial cells served as convenient standards for HMM decoration. Decorated filaments have cross‐arms or projections, unlike the narrow, smooth filaments of control tissue. Decorated filaments in alveolar cells are located beneath the plasma membrane, in close association with secretory vacuoles, and near the Golgi apparatus; filaments near the latter two are often oriented perpendicular to the plasma membrane. Microvesicles are embedded in meshworks under the plasmalemma and near the Golgi apparatus. Intermediate‐sized (85–115 A diameter), non‐decorated filaments diverge from the meshworks of decorated filaments. Microvesicles are associated with intermediate‐sized filaments as well. The association of actin‐like filaments with secretory vacuoles and microvesicles and their location in areas of the cell concerned with biosynthetic activities suggest a possible function in the intracellular transport of secretory products.
Quantitative studies on polarization optical properties of living cells III: Cortical birefringence of the dividing sea urchin egg
Authors: Shôji Yôko , Hamaguchi Yukihisa , Hiramoto Y.
Published: February 2005

Birefringence (BR) at the cell surface of fertilized eggs of the sand‐dollar, Clypeaster japonicus, during mitosis and cleavage was determined with a photoelectric BR detection apparatus [Hiramoto et al, 1981a]. The cortex of about 2 μm thickness is birefringent positive with respect to the normal to the cell surface. The hyaline layer is negatively birefringent. The halo‐layer consisting of a row of microvilli surrounding the egg is positively birefringent in normal Ca‐free sea water, while it is negatively birefringent in Ca‐free sea water with high refractive index. The BR of the cortex gradually increases over the entire surface during mitosis until the onset of cleavage. The BR of the cortex at the polar region reaches a maximum shortly after the onset of cleavage and then decreases, while the BR of the cortex at the equatorial region begins to decrease shortly before the onset of cleavage, reaches a minimum shortly after the cleavage starts, and then increases again as the cleavage furrow advances. The coefficient of birefringence of the cortex is about 2.5 × 10−5 at the maximum. The BR change of the cortex during mitosis and cleavage is interpreted as a passive deformation caused by the constriction of the contractile ring as well as an active structural change of the cortex occurring in the dividing cell.
Simultaneous oscillations of Ca2+ efflux and tension generation in the permealized plasmodial strand of physarum
Authors: Yoshimoto Y. , Matsumura F. , Kamiya N.
Published: February 2005

Calcium is now generally thought to play a key role in regulating a variety of cellular movements. When the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum was treated with the calcium‐ionophore A23187 or the quasi‐ionophore amphotericin B, Ca2+ leaked out. Ca2+ efflux into the ambient solution from the plasmodial strand segment was measured by the luminescence of a photoprotein aequorin, and the tensile force production was recorded simultaneously. Ca2+ efflux oscillated with the same period as the cycle of tension generation in the strand, but the phase of cyclic changes in Ca2+ efflux was opposite to that of tension generation. That is, Ca2+ efflux fell in the increasing tension phase and rose in the decreasing tension phase. Cyclic changes in efflux of Ca2+ are provisionally interpreted as reflecting corresponding changes in concentrations of free Ca2+ in the cytoplasm.
Nucleated assembly of mitotic microtubules in living PTK2 cells after release from nocodazole treatment
Authors: De Brabander Marc , Geuens Gustaaf , Mey Jan De , Joniau Marcel
Published: February 2005

The reassembly of microtubules is described in mitotic cells after release from nocodazole‐induced block. The formation of microtubules was followed by light microscopic immunocytochemical staining using the PAP method, combined with to‐luidine blue staining of the chromatin. The light microscopic observations on whole cells were compared with ultrastructural observations on thin sections. This step is essential to ascertain complete destruction of microtubules during the nocodazole treatment and to correlate immunocytochemical staining with the presence of microtubules.

Removal of nocodazole (10 or 1 μg/ml) after a sufficiently long incubation to induce a complete disappearance of microtubules resulted in the appearance of tubulin staining specifically associated with the centromeres and with one or two isolated points in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopy confirmed that the staining was due to the massive accumulation of small microtubules at the kinetochores and centrosomes. Kinetochore nucleation was seen only in association with condensed metaphase‐stage chromosomes and not with the less‐condensed prophase chromosomes.

In a second type of experiment cells were allowed to enter mitosis in the presence of an incompletely active concentration of nocodazole (0.1 μg/ml). The construction of the mitotic spindle was arrested; however, short microtubules were assembled at the kinetochores and centrosomes.

These experiments demonstrate that in living mitotic PTK2 cells the kinetochores, as well as the centrosomes, exert a nucleating action on tubulin assembly.

The further elongation of microtubules after removal of nocodazole was seen to occur preferentially along axes between the centrosomes and the kinetochores. This resulted in the construction of normal metaphases that evolved through anaphase and telophase. We have attempted to formulate a hypothesis that may explain the oriented assembly that seems to be essential in the construction of the spindle.