bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Imaging of Lithographic Materials by Radical Photopolymerization and Photonic Baking with NIR Diode Lasers
Authors: Brömme Thomas , Schmitz Christian , Oprych Dennis , Wenda Andre , Strehmel Veronika , Grabolle Markus , Resch‐Genger Ute , Ernst Steffen , Reiner Knut , Keil Dietmar , Lüs Patrick , Baumann Harald , Strehmel Bernd
Published: September 2015

Photo‐initiated cross‐linking of multifunctional acrylic esters in polymeric binders was investigated based on digital imaging using the Computer‐to‐Plate (CtP) technology applying laser exposure in the near‐infrared (NIR). Generation of initiating radicals occurs by electron transfer from the excited state of the NIR‐sensitizer to the radical generator, an onium salt. Iodonium salts derived from several borates and those with the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion resulted in lithographic materials with high sensitivity. Photo‐induced electron transfer plays a major function to generate initiating radicals by a sensitized mechanism but thermal events also influence sensitivity of the coating. Internal conversion was the major deactivation pathway while a certain fraction of NIR‐dye fluorescence was also available. A line shape focused laser system with emission in the NIR was successfully used to bake the materials.
A Robust Strategy for “Living” Growth of Lead Sulfide Quantum Dots
Authors: Shrestha Aabhash , Jin Bo , Kee Tak W. , Qiao Shi Zhang , Dai Sheng
Published: September 2015

Colloidal quantum dot (QD) nanocrystals of lead sulfide (PbS) have promising applications in diverse scientific fields due to their size‐tuned band gaps, but the batch synthesis of differently sized QDs is cumbersome. In this paper, we report a robust method to synthesize monodisperse PbS QDs through a novel “living” growth process, in which a series of differently sized QDs can be easily produced upon step‐wise heating the preformed seed QDs in the presence of excessive PbS monomers, that is, un‐crystallized PbS. The mechanism for such a QD growth is associated with the combination of “living” monomer addition to existing QDs to increase particle sizes and Ostwald ripening to focus particles. The outcome is not only able to produce various high‐quality QDs without extensive synthetic work, but also provide new insight into the mechanism of synthesizing semiconducting colloidal nanocrystals.
Pharmaceutical quantities of yohimbine found in dietary supplements in the USA
Authors: Cohen Pieter A. , Wang Yan‐Hong , Maller Gregory , DeSouza Renan , Khan Ikhlas A.
Published: September 2015

In the USA, botanical dietary supplements are presumed to be safe, but this is not necessarily always the case. Extracts of the evergreen tree yohimbe, Pausinystalia johimbe, though banned in many countries, are sold in hundreds of dietary supplements in the USA. We analyzed 49 brands of supplements labelled as containing yohimbe or yohimbine available for sale from seven major retailers in the USA. Supplements were analyzed using ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry detectors for quantity of three alkaloids found in P. johimbe (yohimbine, rauwolscine, and corynanthine). The alkaloids were confirmed on the basis of retention time, ultraviolet spectra, and mass spectra against reference standards. The quantity of the most active alkaloid, yohimbine, per recommended serving ranged from none detected to 12.1 mg. Thirty‐nine percent of the supplements (19/49) did not contain rauwolscine and corynanthine suggesting that the yohimbine was either from highly processed plant extract or synthetic in origin. Only 11 supplement brands (22%, 11/49) listed a specific quantity of yohimbine on the label. Most of these were inaccurately labelled (actual content ranged from 23% to 147% of the content on the label). Eighteen percent (9/49) of the supplements' labels did not provide any information about yohimbine's adverse effects. Of the 49 yohimbine supplement brands sold at seven major retail chains in the USA, only 4.1% (2/49) provided consumers with both accurate information about the quantity of yohimbine as well as information about yohimbine's known adverse effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor suppressor WWOX moderates the mitochondrial respiratory complex
Authors: Choo Amanda , O'Keefe Louise V. , Lee Cheng Shoou , Gregory Stephen L. , Shaukat Zeeshan , Colella Alexander , Lee Kristie , Denton Donna , Richards Robert I.
Published: September 2015

Fragile site FRA16D exhibits DNA instability in cancer, resulting in diminished levels of protein from the WWOX gene that spans it. WWOX suppresses tumor growth by an undefined mechanism. WWOX participates in pathways involving aerobic metabolism and reactive oxygen species. WWOX comprises two WW domains as well as a short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzyme. Herein is described an in vivo genetic analysis in Drosophila melanogaster to identify functional interactions between WWOX and metabolic pathways. Altered WWOX levels modulate variable cellular outgrowths caused by genetic deficiencies of components of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes. This modulation requires the enzyme active site of WWOX, and the defective respiratory complex‐induced cellular outgrowths are mediated by reactive oxygen species, dependent upon the Akt pathway and sensitive to levels of autophagy and hypoxia‐inducible factor. WWOX is known to contribute to homeostasis by regulating the balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Reduction of WWOX levels results in diminished ability to respond to metabolic perturbation of normal cell growth. Thus, the ability of WWOX to facilitate escape from mitochondrial damage‐induced glycolysis (Warburg effect) is, therefore, a plausible mechanism for its tumor suppressor activity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teaching statistical variability with equivalence‐based instruction
Authors: Albright Leif , Reeve Kenneth F. , Reeve Sharon A. , Kisamore April N.
Published: September 2015

In the present study, equivalence‐based instruction was used to teach 2 4‐member classes representing high and low statistical variability to 10 college students. Computerized equivalence‐based instruction with multiple‐exemplar training was used to teach the classes. A pretest–training–posttest design evaluated performances on both computer‐based tests and written multiple‐choice tests. Scores improved from pretest to posttest on both the computerized and the multiple‐choice tests for all students following equivalence‐based instruction. Class‐consistent selections also generalized from training to novel stimuli and to a novel context (i.e., written test). Finally, class‐consistent performances maintained 1 week after equivalence‐based instruction was completed. The study demonstrated that equivalence‐based instruction can be used to teach labeling of statistical variability and that a selection‐based teaching protocol administered on a computer can promote the emergence of responses to a written selection‐based testing protocol.
Estimation of Dynamic Panel Data Models with Cross‐Sectional Dependence: Using Cluster Dependence for Efficiency
Authors: Verdier Valentin
Published: September 2015

This paper considers the estimation of dynamic panel data models when data are suspected to exhibit cross‐sectional dependence. A new estimator is defined that uses cross‐sectional dependence for efficiency while being robust to the misspecification of the form of the cross‐sectional dependence. We show that using cross‐sectional dependence for estimation is important to obtain an estimator that is more efficient than existing estimators. This new estimator also uses nuisance parameters parsimoniously so that it exhibits good small‐ and large‐sample properties even when the number of time periods is large. As an empirical application, we estimate the effect of attending private school on student achievement using a value‐added model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intervention Thresholds and the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
Authors: Kanis John A , McCloskey Eugene V , Harvey Nicholas C , Johansson Helena , Leslie William D
Published: September 2015

A position paper of the National Bone Health Alliance recently recommended that diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis be redefined. We review the merits and demerits of this proposal and argue that the operational bone mineral density (BMD)-based definition be retained while clarity is brought to bear on the distinction between diagnostic and intervention thresholds. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis following plasma exchange during myasthenia gravis crisis
Authors: Ritzenthaler Thomas , Grousson Sébastien , Dailler Frédéric
Published: September 2015

Background: Therapeutic plasma exchanges are increasingly used, notably during myasthenia gravis crisis. Repeated exchanges may induce severe adverse events. Case: We reported a case of symptomatic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis following a therapeutic plasma exchange. Analysis of 4% albumin substitution solution revealed a chloride concentration of 145 mmol/L, which could explain this acidosis. Discussion: Infusion of high volume of 4% albumin during plasma exchanges may produce hyerchloremic metabolic acidosis. Conclusion: Special attention should be paid when repeated plasma exchanges are performed. J. Clin. Apheresis 31:479–480, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Female Therapist's Perspective on Growing Older
Authors: Fodor Iris
Published: September 2015

As an older woman therapist, I find that my life experience grounds me in my work with people of all ages and backgrounds as they deal with life crises, aging issues, and loss. People with whom I work in therapy appreciate the fact that I am older and have had varied life experiences. Gender issues are still central to my work with clients whether I am working with a man or a woman. I am an integrative therapist, with a background in cognitive‐behavioral therapy and gestalt therapy. Therapists need to help clients to identify less with their aging bodies and our culture's view of attractiveness, shifting instead to a paradigm that values life experience and the cultivation of wisdom. We need to find ways of embracing what we have learned about life instead of extolling youthful values. As I get older, I more fully appreciate a constructivism framework and life‐cycle perspective, focusing on making sense of clients’ life narratives. Storytelling and memoirs have both provided a framework for working with clients on coping with the many changes and challenges of life that bring them to therapy and added another layer to my integrative therapeutic work.
A convenient method for the preparation of radioiodinated meta‐iodobenzylguanidine at a no‐carrier‐added level
Authors: Wang Gang , Chen Zhiming , Wu Erming , Wang Yang , Huang Heyun
Published: September 2015

Radioiodinated meta‐iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in high effective specific activity was prepared using 3‐tributylstannylbenzylguanidine as the precursor. The labeling was carried out in aqueous solution with the insoluble and lyophilized precursor suspended in the solvent. Simply by filtration, the starting material and by‐products were readily separated from the labeled solution. Less than 1.15 ppb tin has remained in the filtrate as determined by the atom fluorescence spectrometry. By this approach, high specific activity (3.4 GBq/µmol) [131I]MIBG was obtained in 72.3 ± 3% (n = 3) radiochemical yield and 97.3 ± 2% (n = 3) radiochemical purity. The whole preparation could be finished in less than 10 min. According to this method, a kit for the preparation of 123I‐MIBG and 131I‐MIBG is currently being developed.
High dynamic range thermometry at 5 kHz in hydrogen–air diffusion flame using chirped‐probe‐pulse femtosecond coherent anti‐stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Dennis Claresta N. , Satija Aman , Lucht Robert P.
Published: September 2015

Chirped probe pulse femtosecond coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CPP fs‐CARS) thermometry was performed at 5 kHz in a hydrogen jet diffusion flame with an air co‐flow. Measurements were performed at different heights and radial locations within the jet diffusion flame, up to 16 nozzle exit diameters downstream (x/d = 16). The near‐nozzle measurements were characterized by large, organized, buoyancy‐driven instabilities that become more chaotic at the downstream locations x/d ≥ 4. The diffusion flame results highlight temperature fluctuations characteristic of the buoyancy‐driven Kelvin–Helmholtz‐type instability and provide new insights into the transient structure of these flames. At some measurement locations, the time‐varying temperatures ranged from 300 K to nearly 2400 K. The CPP fs‐CARS signal intensity is a factor of approximately 1000 times lower at 2400 K compared with 300 K. A dual‐channel detection system was used to increase the dynamic range of the CARS measurements. The determination of temperature from the single shot spectra is discussed in detail. Laser and detection system parameters were determined from CPP fs‐CARS spectra obtained from a near‐adiabatic laminar calibration flame apparatus. The temperature precision of the system was determined from these calibration measurements and was found to be better than 2.0% at 2200 K. The influence of an instrument response function on spectral fitting parameters is systematically assessed. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Impact of processes of care aimed at complication reduction on the cost of complex cancer surgery
Authors: Short Marah N. , Ho Vivian , Aloia Thomas A.
Published: September 2015

Background and Objectives

Health care providers add multiple processes to the care of complex cancer patients, believing they prevent and/or ameliorate complications. However, the relationship between these processes, complication remediation, and expenditures is unknown.

Methods

Data for patients with cancer diagnoses undergoing colectomy, rectal resection, pulmonary lobectomy, pneumonectomy, esophagectomy, and pancreatic resection were obtained from hospital and inpatient physician Medicare claims for the years 2005–2009. Risk‐adjusted regression analyses measured the association between hospitalization costs and processes presumed to prevent and/or remedy complications common to high‐risk procedures.

Results

After controlling for comorbidities, analysis identified associations between increased costs and use of multiple processes, including arterial lines (4–12% higher; P < 0.001) and pulmonary artery catheters (23–33% higher; P < 0.001). Epidural analgesia was not associated with higher costs. Consultations were associated with 24‐44% (P < 0.001) higher costs, and total parenteral nutrition was associated with 13–31% higher costs (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Many frequently utilized processes and services presumed to avoid and/or ameliorate complications are associated with increased surgical oncology costs. This suggests that the patient‐centered value of each process should be measured on a procedure‐specific basis. Likewise, further attention should be focused on defining the efficacy of each of these costly, but frequently unproven, additions to perioperative care. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:610–615. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Surgical Oncology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: A population‐based analysis
Authors: Dubal Pariket M. , Bhojwani Amit , Patel Tapan D. , Zuckerman Omry , Baredes Soly , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: September 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for > 90% of head and neck cancers and 60% to 75% of malignancies of the paranasal sinuses. The most commonly affected paranasal sinus is the maxillary. Epidemiologic, incidence, and survival trends have been studied for maxillary sinus SCC (MSSCC), but far less is known about its metastatic potential.

Study Design

Retrospective database analysis.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to extract frequency, incidence, and survival data for MSSCC between 2004 and 2012. The resultant cases were stratified according to patient demographics and collaborative stage information, including extent of disease, lymph node involvement, TNM staging, and regional and distant metastasis.

Results

A total of 854 cases of MSSCC were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 66.6 years, with 87.4% presenting at > 50 years. Most patients (65.1%) were male. Whites accounted for 74.6% of cases. A majority (64.3%) of cases presented with stage IV disease. Overall 5‐year disease‐specific survival was 23.4%. Neck involvement was seen in 7.6% of T1 tumors, 22.2% of T2 tumors, 18.5% of T3 tumors, and 12.2% of T4 tumors. Distant metastasis was not seen in T1–T3 tumors, but was present in 6.8% of T4 tumors.

Conclusions

MSSCC is a rare entity with poor overall prognosis. The majority of patients included in this study were white males aged ≥50 years, with most tumors presenting at advanced stages. Nodal involvement and distant metastasis are poor prognostic indicators. T1–T3 tumors did not metastasize to distant sites.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 126:399–404, 2016
When Price Discrimination Fails – A Principal Agent Problem with Social Influence
Authors: Radoias Vlad
Published: September 2015

I develop a theoretical model of price discrimination under social influence. I find that social influence gives sellers the incentive to artificially create and maintain excess demand on the market. The rationing occurs mainly at the low end of the market and sometimes results in full rationing of the low end. Furthermore, the incidence of price discrimination under social influence is much lower than in the absence of it. Social influence lowers the profitability of price discrimination and incentivizes sellers to reduce product variety and to only target the high end of the market, a fact that is consistent with many empirical observations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in, and predictors of, anxiety and specific worries following colposcopy: a 12‐month longitudinal study
Authors: O'Connor Mairead , O'Leary Eamonn , Waller Jo , Gallagher Pamela , D'arcy Tom , Flannelly Grainne , Martin Cara M. , McRae Judith , Prendiville Walter , Ruttle Carmel , White Christine , Pilkington Loretto , O'Leary John J. , Sharp Linda ,   on behalf of the Irish Cervical Screening Research Consortium (CERVIVA)
Published: September 2015

Objective

Little is known about which women are at greatest risk of adverse psychological after‐effects following colposcopy. This study examined time trends in, and identified predictors of, anxiety and specific worries over 12 months.

Methods

Women attending two hospital‐based colposcopy clinics for abnormal cervical cytology were invited to complete psychosocial questionnaires at 4, 8 and 12 months following colposcopy. General anxiety and screening‐specific worries (about cervical cancer, having sex and future fertility) were measured. Generalised estimating equations were used to assess associations between socio‐demographic, lifestyle and clinical variables and risk of psychological outcomes.

Results

Of 584 women initially recruited, 429, 343 and 303 completed questionnaires at 4, 8 and 12 months, respectively. Screening‐specific worries declined significantly over time but were still relatively high at 12 months: 23%, 39% and 18% for worries about cervical cancer, fertility and having sex, respectively. Anxiety remained stable (20%) over time. Risks of cervical cancer worry and anxiety were both almost double in women without private health insurance (cervical cancer worry: OR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.25–2.61; anxiety: OR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.20–2.84). Younger women (<40 years) had higher risk of fertility worries. Non‐Irish women had higher risk of anxiety (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.13–4.01).

Conclusions

Screening‐specific worries declined over time but anxiety remained stable. Notable proportions of women still reported adverse outcomes 12 months following colposcopy, with predictors varying between outcomes. Women in socio‐demographically vulnerable groups were at greatest risk of adverse psychological outcomes. This information could inform development of interventions to alleviate psychological distress post‐colposcopy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Permafrost Warming in a Subarctic Peatland – Which Meteorological Controls are Most Important?
Authors: Sannel A. Britta K. , Hugelius Gustaf , Jansson Peter , Kuhry Peter
Published: September 2015

Because climate change can affect the carbon balance and hydrology in permafrost peatlands, a better understanding of their sensitivity to changes in temperature and precipitation is needed. In Tavvavuoma, northernmost Sweden, meteorological parameters and ground thermal properties have been monitored in a peat plateau from 2006 to 2013. During this time period, the air temperature record shows no warming trend, and the late‐season thaw depth has been relatively stable at around 55–60 cm. Meanwhile, the mean annual ground temperature at 1 m depth has increased by 0.06 °C/yr and at 2–5 m depth the permafrost is currently warmer than ‐0.3 °C. Statistical analyses suggest that interannual changes in thaw depth and ground temperatures are affected by different meteorological factors. Summer air temperatures and annual thawing degree‐days control thaw depth (p ≤ 0.05), whereas winter precipitation/snow depth affects ground temperatures (p ≤ 0.1). The permafrost in this peat plateau is likely relict and not in equilibrium with current climatic conditions. Since the early 20th century, there has been a regional increase in air temperature and snow depth. If the ongoing permafrost warming in Tavvavuoma is a result of these long‐term trends, short‐term variability in meteorological parameters can still have an impact on the rate of permafrost degradation, but unless pronounced climate cooling occurs, thawing of the peat plateau is inevitable. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic parameters for response to enzalutamide after docetaxel and abiraterone treatment in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients; a possible time relation
Authors: Badrising Sushil K. , van der Noort Vincent , van den Eertwegh Alfons J.M. , Hamberg Paul , van Oort Inge M. , van den Berg Hendrik P. , Los Maartje , Aarts Maureen J.B. , Coenen Jules L.L.M. , Gelderblom Hans , de Jong Igle J. , Kerver Emile D. , Vrijaldenhoven Suzan , van Voorthuizen Theo , Warmerdam Fabienne , Haanen John B. , Bergman Andries M. ,   On behalf of the Dutch Uro‐Oncology Studygroup (DUOS)
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Abiraterone Acetate (AA) and Enzalutamide (Enz) are effective hormonal treatments in mCRPC patients. Retrospective studies suggested clinical cross‐resistance between Enz and AA. However, 12.8–39.1% of patients previously treated with docetaxel (Doc) and AA do respond to Enz. These responders have not been characterized.

METHODS

102 Enz treated mCRPC patients after AA and Doc treatment were included in this study. Differences in patient characteristics and previous treatment outcomes between PSA responders and non‐responders on Enz were evaluated.

RESULTS

Median Progression‐Free Survival was 12.2 weeks (95%CI 11.7–14.3) and Overall Survival 43.5 weeks (95%CI 37.4–61.2). There were 26 (25%) Enz‐responders and 76 (75%) non‐responders. Significant higher percentages of Gleason scores ≥8 and PSA doubling times (PSA‐DT) <3 months were found in Enz responders than in non‐responders. The interval between end of AA and start of Enz treatment (IAE) for responders was 24.6 weeks (IQR 4.0‐48.1) and 8.9 weeks for non‐responders (IQR 3.7–25.9) (P = 0.08). In an IAE <40 days subgroup (34 patients), Enz responses were related to AA non‐responsiveness, while univariate and logistic regression analysis of baseline criteria of a subgroup of patients with an IAE≥40 (68 patients) revealed significant differences in baseline PSA levels, PSA‐DT <3 months, Gleason scores ≥8 and IAE's between Enz responders and non‐responders.

CONCLUSIONS

PSA response to Enz after previous AA and Doc treatment was associated with a longer IAE, a higher Gleason score and a PSA‐DT <3 months. Identification of these patients might be of value for sequencing of treatment options. Prostate 76:32–40, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Socio‐Economic Sustainability of Refugee Return: Insights from Burundi
Authors: Fransen Sonja
Published: September 2015

This paper studies the socio‐economic sustainability of refugee return in Burundi using household and community data collected from 1,500 households. Socio‐economic sustainability is studied using a wider view that not only compares return households with non‐return households but also focuses on the effects of return on entire communities. Sustainability is operationalised as a multidimensional concept that includes both objective and subjective indicators. The results reveal that from a household perspective and from a community perspective, the sustainability of return in Burundi can be questioned. Return households are less likely to own agricultural land, which is one of the most important assets in Burundi. Households with second‐generation returnees – the children of former refugees who were born abroad – also report worse living conditions. Community analyses show that food insecurity is higher in communities with more first‐generation returnees, and in communities with more second‐generation returnees, all households (return and non‐return) have lower living conditions, lower subjective wealth, and experienced more negative changes in wealth in recent years. These findings provide support for studying sustainability from a wider view that incorporates both household and community perspectives, together with a multidimensional approach that includes multiple indicators. The results also show that returnees are not a uniform group by highlighting the additional challenges confronted by second‐generation returnees in Burundi. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of the Chaplain in the Interdisciplinary Care of the Rehabilitation Patient
Authors: Sailus Marianne C.
Published: September 2015

Chaplains have been utilized for years in acute/tertiary hospitals to meet spiritual needs of patients, their caregivers, and staff. Due to size, nature, and scheduling issues encountered in rehabilitation hospitals, these often do not employ a chaplain, relying on community clergy for religious or emergent needs. This article explores eight roles a chaplain assumes to assist in the total care of the patient and/or support system in conjunction with the rehabilitation nurse and other treatment team members. It also explores the value of the chaplain in ethical situations, as a link to the community and a resource to staff. These eight “roles” come from the author’s nineteen years as a chaplain, as well as other resources, where noted. The article gives some suggestions how, in the chaplain’s absence, the rehabilitation nurse may help to meet these spiritual needs, concluding with recommendations for the future.
Paper No P10: Influence of Dye Molecular Structure on Liquid Crystal Anchoring Energy
Authors: Barabanova N. N. , Belyaev V. V. , Bogdanov D. L. , Dadivanyan A. K. , Nazarov A. P. , Noah O. V. , Chigrinov V. G.
Published: September 2015

Theoretical description of the photoalignment process details is an urgent task to make the LC alignment more perfect and develop displays with new functions. In this paper we describe formation of photoaligning dye dimers and influence of their molecular structure on both polar Wθ and azimuthal Wφ anchoring energy.
Paper No P13: Measurement of Ultra‐Low Water Vapor Permeability Through Barrier‐Coated Flexible Films With Varying Temperature and Humidity for OLED
Authors: Choi Byung Il , Lee Sang‐Wook , Woo Sang Bong , Kim Jong Chul , Seo Sang Joon
Published: September 2015

As organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and other optoelectronic materials are very vulnerable to moisture and oxygen, securing proper encapsulation is critical in the development of flexible OLED displays and other flexible electronic devices. This problem is typically solved by the use of barrier‐coated polymeric films that are composed of alternating organic/inorganic multilayers. Precision devices testing for water vapor permeability in ultra‐low range were developed in KRISS using water containing tritium. These devices are under operation to measure the range covering (10−7 to 10−2) g·m−2·day−1. In this study, various studies on water vapor permeability through barrier‐coated flexible films were conducted with varying temperature and humidity, and it was observed that effects of temperature and humidity were significant. Permeability was increased a few hundred times and 15 times when increasing temperature from 23 to 80°C, and relative humidity (rh) from 6 to 72% rh, respectively. These results can provide valuable information on the reliability evaluation of flexible electronics products.
Paper No P16: Efficient ITO‐Free Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Highly Conductive Polymer Electrodes
Authors: Kim Yong Hyun , Lee Jonghee , Müller‐Meskamp Lars , Leo Karl
Published: September 2015

We demonstrate low‐cost, efficient indium tin oxide (ITO)‐free organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with improved stability based on conductive, transparent poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes. The device structures are carefully optimized by tuning the thickness of doped transport layers and electrodes based on optical simulations. The performance of PEDOT:PSS‐based OLEDs reaches that of ITO‐based reference devices. Furthermore, we present efficient ITO‐free white OLED based on internal light extraction system combined with the PEDOT:PSS electrodes.
Paper No P20: Effects of the Channel Thickness on Characteristics of Ga‐Doped Zinc Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors Fabricated on Glass
Authors: Han Dedong , Zhang Suoming , Wu Jing , Cong Yingying , Huang Lingling , Zhang Yi , Shi Pan , Yu Wen , Zhang Shengdong , Zhang Xing , Wang Yi
Published: September 2015

In this paper, high‐performance fully transparent bottom‐gate type Ga‐doped zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (GZO TFTs) have been successfully fabricated on glass substrate. The effects of channel thickness on the electrical performances of GZO TFTs are researched. We study to improve the performance of bottom gate Ga‐doped Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors by optimizing the active layer process. Optimized TFTs exhibit excellent electrical properties, with high Ion/Ioff current ratio of 1.3 × 109, saturation mobility (μsat) of 99 cm2/Vs, subthreshold swing (SS) of 77mV/decade and threshold voltage (Vth) of 2.2 V. The variation trend of Ion/Ioff, μsat, SS, and Vth against channel thickness is analyzed in detail. The experimental results suggest that the performance of GZO TFT can be improved effectively by optimum channel thickness.
Paper No P24: Effect of Mechanical Strain on Charge‐Transfer VT‐Shift Compensation Circuits for Flexible AMOLED Displays
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikolas P. , Lee Czang‐Ho , Sachdev Manoj , Wong William S.
Published: September 2015

A 4‐thin‐film transistor (TFT) voltage‐programmed pixel circuit is fabricated using low‐temperature (170°C) hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) TFTs process on flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrate. The electrical stability of the 4‐TFT circuit was characterized under mechanical strain and flat (unstrained) conditions. The compensated drive current degraded approximately 5% under electrical bias and tensile strain. This result was similar to pixel circuits fabricated at high temperature (300°C) on rigid glass substrates.
Paper No P27: Optical Structure of Back Light Unit for 2‐D/3‐D Switchable Autostereoscopic 3‐D Display With Low X‐Talk Performance
Authors: Kang Kihyung , Yoon J. H. , Yang D. K. , Jeon K. B. , Lee J. H. , Son S. H. , Lee W. Y.
Published: September 2015

In this article, we report a new 3‐D backlight display for glasses‐free 2‐D/3‐D switchable displays. In this type of 3‐D display, 3‐D works by line patterned back light unit. But light leakages from the 3‐D light guide cause degrade the 3‐D performance. We analyze the light leakages from light guide plate and suggest a novel backlight structure design to improve x‐talk performance.
Paper No P29: Examination of the Accommodation Response of Integral Photography Still Images
Authors: Yano Sumio , Park Min‐Chul
Published: September 2015

The accommodation response of the integral photography still image was examined. The result was presumed to show the coincidence between vergence and accommodation function for the integral photography still image.
Paper No S10.2: Cathodoluminescence Imaging and EELS of Quantum Dot in Rods Excited in a Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Fern George R. , Silver Jack , Ireland Terry G. , Howkins Ashley , Jochum Tobias , Niehaus Jan S. , Schröder‐Oeynhausen Frank , Weller Horst
Published: September 2015

Red light filtered cathodoluminescent (CL) imaging and chemical spectroscopy are combined with STEM imaging to analyze CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dot in rods. Shape and uniformity is shown in conjunction with the location of the selenide containing cores.
Paper No S11.2: Spectral BRDF and BTDF of Display Optical Components
Authors: Boher Pierre , Leroux Thierry , Collomb‐Patton Véronique , Bignon Thibault
Published: September 2015

Liquid‐crystal display (LCD) have seen their emissive properties much improved these last years due to many efforts at all the levels of the manufacturing. In this respect, the improvement of the films used inside the LCD structure can be noticed. To go further and answer to new needs like autostereoscopic 3D, the future structures will become more and more complex and realistic computer simulations will become mandatory. In this respect, simulations using theoretical reflective and transmission properties do not lead to realistic results. It becomes mandatory to measure the optical properties of all the optical components as accurately as possible and versus all the parameters (angles but also wavelength).
Paper No S12.2: High‐Mobility Indium Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors by Means of Plasma‐Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Yeom H. I. , Ko J. B. , Hwang C.‐S. , Cho S. , Park S.‐H. K.
Published: September 2015

Indium oxide film has been deposited by plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition and adopted as channel materials for high‐mobility thin‐film transistors. The resultant device fabricated at temperature of 200°
showed a field‐effect mobility of as high as 31 cm2/V s in linear region.
Paper No S12.4: Effect of Plasma Power of Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition Process for Gate Insulator Deposition in Top‐Gate Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Ko J. B. , Yeom H. I. , Hwang C.‐S. , Cho S. , Park S.‐H. K.
Published: September 2015

In this work, plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition process (PEALD) was used for the depositing SiO2 as the insulating layer with various plasma power. We investigated the effect of plasma power on the TFT performance in top‐gate structure.
Paper No S12.5: Self‐Aligned a‐IGZO TFTs: Impact of S/D Contacts Formation on Their Negative‐Bias‐Illumination‐Stress (NBIS) Instability
Authors: Nag Manoj , Steudel Soeren , Smout Steve , Bhoolokam Ajay , Genoe Jan , Cobb Brian , Kumar Abhishek , Guido Groeseneken , Heremans Paul
Published: September 2015

In this work, we present the impact of S/D contact formation, that is, by SiN plasma doping (hydrogen incorporation), metallic reduction (by calcium) and by argon plasma (compositional change) on NBIS instabilities of self‐aligned a‐IGZO TFTs.
Paper No S13.1: Visual Performance Characterization of Flexible Mobile Displays (Invited Paper)
Authors: Kimmel Jyrki
Published: September 2015

The measurement of flexible displays is possible only with special measurement arrangements using common display characterization devices. A conoscope with a working distance of 15 mm was used to demonstrate the dependency of viewing properties of a flexible active‐matrix organic light‐emitting display.
Paper No S13.2: Quantification Model of Proper Curvature for Large‐Sized Curved TVs
Authors: Park Yongmin , Kang Dongwoo , Kim Sungjin , Yoo Jang Jin
Published: September 2015

We present a feasible modeling method to estimate proper curvature for large‐sized curved TVs. The proposed method was derived from subjective quality assessment and statistical analysis. This model can be used to design large‐sized curved TVs that can offer higher preference and less perceived distortion.
Paper No S15.1: Monocular AR Display for Automobile Navigation and Safety Driving (Invited Paper)
Authors: Okumura Haruhiko , Sasaki Takashi , Hotta Aira , Shinohara Kazumitsu
Published: September 2015

We proposed and developed a novel monocular windshield augmented reality projector: WARP for AR and head‐up display (HUD) applications. They use monocular vision that eliminates the depth cues caused by binocular parallax information. Our developed WARP system achieved not only a high hyper‐reality performance with free depth perception and high visibility but also low eye‐fatigue and wide field of attention.
Paper No S16.1: SVGA Bidirectional OLED Microdisplay for Near‐to‐Eye Projection
Authors: Vogel Uwe , Wartenberg Philipp , Richter Bernd , Brenner Stephan , Thomschke Michael , Fehse Karsten , Baumgarten Judith
Published: September 2015

The bidirectional microdisplay approach combines organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) image display and silicon complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor image sensing in a single chip. Its application in smart glasses might enable gaze‐controlled interaction. This is to present a new bidirectional OLED microdisplay featuring super video graphics array resolution for both image display and acquisition.
Paper No S2.4: Large–Scale and Electroswitchable Polarized Emission From Semiconductor Nanorods Aligned in Polymeric Nanofibers
Authors: Aubert Tangi , Palangetic Ljiljana , Mohammadimasoudi Mohammad , Neyts Kristiaan , Beeckman Jeroen , Clasen Christian , Hens Zeger
Published: September 2015

We demonstrate the fabrication of a large‐scale device allowing for electrical switching of polarized light with a polarization ratio of 0.45 over a 1.5 cm2 area. To achieve this, a film of aligned polymeric nanofibers containing aligned silica‐coated semiconductor nanorods was prepared by electrospinning. This film, which can conveniently be processed further, was integrated in a liquid crystal cell with a polarizer where applying a voltage allows switching the emitted light on and off, a property highly relevant for display applications.
Paper No S3.3: Dielectric Properties of Liquid Crystals for Display and Sensor Applications
Authors: Belyaev V. V. , Chausov D. N. , Kurilov A. D. , Rybakov D. O. , Solomatin A. S. , Murauski A. A. , Muravsky A. A. , Chigrinov V. G. , Fan F.
Published: September 2015

Temperature dependence of dielectric properties of nematic liquid crystals are investigated for two types of devices: wide temperature range liquid crystal displays and capacitor temperature sensor.
Paper No S5.1: Fast Bistable Intensive Light Scattering in Helix‐Free Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Andreev Alexander , Andreeva Tatiana , Kompanets Igor , Xu Huan , Pivnenko Mike , Chu Daping
Published: September 2015

We present results of studying the intensive bistable light scattering in an electro‐optical cell filled with a specially designed helix‐free ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC). A stable scattering state can be switched on and off for 70–100 μs and memorized for a few tens of seconds.
Paper No S6.1: Stable Color Gamut for High‐End Professional Displays
Authors: Carton S.P.W. , van der Schans F. , de Wit A.R.
Published: September 2015

Displays for the medical and avionics market demand for operational lifetimes of up to 100.000 hours and typically 500 h at 85°C/85%RH. Recent developments with blue pumped backlight solutions employing color conversion foils are sensitive to differential aging leading to a shift toward blue over lifetime. It is argued that the proprietary ARPHOS® technology based on inorganic phosphors solves these problems with minor performance loss.
Paper No S6.2: An Advanced Optical Thin Film Structure for Fabricating Multidomain Display
Authors: Zhao C. X. , Fan F. , Du T. , Chigrinov V. G. , Kwok H. S.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, an advanced optical thin film structure, which can be used for fabricating multidomain display is introduced. It is composed of multilayer patterned birefringent thin films, of which each thin film is formed by a liquid crystal (LC) polymer layer with spatially varying optical axes controlled by a patterned photoalignment layer so that it can spatially modulate light propagation directions and polarizations. The overall thickness of the multilayer films, excluding the substrate, can be less than 1 µm, which offers the flexibility to generate high resolution light wavefront structure and the light diffraction within the film is also suppressed. As a result, the optical thin film can be ideally working as a photomask for exposure on a LC photoalignment layer to generate multidomain alignment structures in a single exposure, which can be applied for the manufacturing of LC multidomain displays. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed photomask, a periodic two‐domain thin film structure has been designed and fabricated and a liquid crystal cell with two‐domain alignment structure has been successfully fabricated in a single exposure with the photomask.
Paper No S8.1: Color Volume‐Based Wide Color Gamut Mapping for Rec. 2020 Contents in Digital Television
Authors: Min Byungseok , Wey Hocheon , Moon Youngsu
Published: September 2015

In this article, we propose a wide color gamut mapping system for Rec. 2020 contents in digital television, based on the color volume information of the mastering display. By this methodology, the original color graded in the mastering display could be faithfully reproduced in the customer's display preserving director's intention.
Flow characterization in the near‐wake region of a horizontal axis wind turbine
Authors: Hashemi Tari Pooyan , Siddiqui Kamran , Hangan Horia
Published: September 2015

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the flow dynamics within the near‐wake region of a horizontal axis wind turbine using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Measurements were performed in the horizontal plane in a row of four radially distributed measurement windows (tiles), which are then patched together to obtain larger measurement field. The mean and turbulent components of the flow field were measured at various blade phase angles. The mean velocity and turbulence characteristics show high dependency on the blade phase angle in the near‐wake region closer to the blade tip and become phase independent further downstream at a distance of about one rotor diameter. In the near‐wake region, both the mean and turbulent characteristics show a systemic variation with the phase angle in the blade tip region, where the highest levels of turbulence are observed. The streamlines of the instantaneous velocity field at a given phase allowed to track a tip vortex which showed wandering trend. The tip vortices are mostly formed at r/R > 1, which indicates the wake expansion. Results also show the gradual movement of the vortex region in the axial direction, which can be attributed to the dynamics of the helical tip vortices which after being generated from the tip, rotate with respect to the blade and move in the axial direction because of the axial momentum of the flow. The axial velocity deficit was compared with other laboratory and field measurements. The comparison shows qualitative similarity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐site inspection of potential defects in wind turbine rotor blades with thermography
Authors: Doroshtnasir Manoucher , Worzewski Tamara , Krankenhagen Rainer , Röllig Mathias
Published: September 2015

Recurrent non‐destructive testing inspections are necessary to prevent damages in wind turbine rotor blades, but so far, there is no established method that detects defects in blades from greater distances – although this becomes increasingly important in the context of hardly accessible offshore wind parks.

Thermography is a promising method for detecting subsurface defects, but various challenges arise when this method is applied on‐site to turbine blades in operation. Disturbing influences from the environment easily lead to a misinterpretation of thermograms (i.e. thermographic images), such as thermal signatures caused by reflections, dirt and other superficial inhomogeneities. This study explores several problems and effects that arise, when (rotating) blades are monitored with thermography.

It will then be demonstrated that a meaningful defect inspection in this scenario is essentially restricted to a procedure following three steps: Firstly, calculating the so‐called difference thermograms of all blade pairs for eliminating disturbing reflections. Secondly, identifying potentially relevant signals, which are associated neither with structural features nor with dynamical effects, and the identification of these signals' allocations (through comparison of all difference thermograms with each other). And thirdly, comparing these signals with (processed) photos for excluding incorrect indications by surface effects. Unlike common thermographic analysis methods, which typically only include an aspect of this procedure, the composition presented in this contribution constitutes an advanced technique for minimizing disturbing influences in thermograms. The proposed thermographic technique enables the detection of potential subsurface defects within rotating rotor blades from greater distances – such as from the ground, air crafts or vessels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roles of microRNAs and long‐noncoding RNAs in human immunodeficiency virus replication
Authors: Rice Andrew P.
Published: September 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long‐noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in many biological processes, including viral replication. In this review, the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication will be discussed. The review focuses on miRNAs that target cellular proteins involved in HIV replication—proteins that mediate steps in the viral life cycle, as well as proteins of the innate immune system that inhibit HIV replication. Given the large number of miRNAs encoded in the human genome, as well as the large number of cellular proteins involved in HIV replication, the number of miRNAs identified to date that affect viral replication are certainly only the ‘tip of the iceberg’. The review also discusses two lncRNAs that are involved in HIV gene regulation—7SK RNA and NEAT1 RNA. 7SK RNA is involved in HIV Tat protein stimulation of RNA polymerase II elongation of the integrated provirus, while NEAT1 RNA is involved in HIV Rev protein export of incompletely spliced viral transcripts. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:661–670. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1308

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes

RNA Export and Localization > Nuclear Export/Import

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights
Authors: Marsh Nicholas
Published: September 2015

Chapters on the narrative frame, characters, imagery and symbols, structure and themes use practical analysis to build and refine our insight into Wuthering Heights. Part Two gives information about Emily Brontë's life and works, a discussion of this novel's place in the development of fiction and a comparison of three important critical views. Suggestions for further reading, fully explained examples of analysis and suggestions for further work make this volume both accessible and a bridge to further study.