bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic extension of an ATN knowledge base
Authors: Kaiser Gail E.
Published: July 2002

A computer program is described that acquires much of its knowledge from conversations among operators on Morse code radio networks. The system consists of a learning component and a language understander. The learning component extends a ‘core’ augmented transition network (ATN) knowledge base by generalizing from sentences taken from scripts of actual conversations. The extensions enable the understanding component to process a large number of sentences that are syntactically and semantically similar to the examples.
An abstract programming model
Authors: Rothe Christopher E.
Published: July 2002

An abstract model of a processor is presented informally. The model can be used by itself to abstractly describe algorithms, or with a direct implementation to write and run programs, or as the foundation of a programming language. In the last case, a translator allows higher level descriptions of algorithms for the model.
A model for and discussion of multi-interpreter systems
Authors: Manthey Michael J.
Published: July 2002

A multi-interpreter system is a system in which programs execute by virtue of being interpreted by other programs, which themselves may either be interpreted (i.e. nested interpreters) or run directly on the host machine. The model reveals the anatomy of interpreters and how these differ from procedures, and exhibits links to protection domains and multiprocessor architectures.
Computer science faculties
Authors: Mamrak Sandra A. , Montanelli Richard G.
Published: July 2002

The results of a survey conducted in the fall of 1975 to determine the status of women and minority faculty members in academic computer science are presented. Faculty members were compared with respect to professional background, salaries, teaching load, publication records, and research grants. Analysis of the data indicated that the over-all verdict is one of general equality among women, minorities, and men.
Comment on weighted increment linear search for scatter tables
Authors: Bandyopadhyay S. K.
Published: July 2002

I would like to comment on an article by Fabrizio Luccio [1] which discusses weighted increment linear search for scatter tables.
General equations for idealized CPU-I/O overlap configurations
Authors: Teorey Toby J.
Published: July 2002

General equations are derived for estimating the maximum possible utilization of main storage partitions, CPU and I/O devices under different conditions in an idealized CPU-I/O overlap model of multiprogrammed computer systems. The equations are directly applicable to any configuration consisting of sets of identical CPU's, I/O processors, main storage partitions and user tasks. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of the equations to compute effective processing time per record and expected timesharing response time under both balanced and unbalanced resource utilization conditions.
Fast parallel sorting algorithms
Authors: Hirschberg D. S.
Published: July 2002

A parallel bucket-sort algorithm is presented that requires time
O
(log
n
) and the use of n processors. The algorithm makes use of a technique that requires more space than the product of processors and time. A realistic model is used in which no memory contention is permitted. A procedure is also presented to sort n numbers in time
O
(
k
log
n
) using
n

1
+
1
/
k

processors, for
k
an arbitrary integer. The model of computation for this procedure permits simultaneous fetches from the same memory location.
A comparison of hardware and software associative memories in the context of computer graphics
Authors: Stillman Neil J. , Berra P. Bruce
Published: July 2002

The Associative Processing of Line Drawings (APLD) System utilizes a hardware associative memory and creates, modifies, deletes, stores, and retrieves two-dimensional line drawings consisting of points, lines, rectangles, and triangles. The APLD functions were duplicated on the TX-2 computer at M.I.T.'s Lincoln Laboratory under the LEAP Language and Data Structure. A comparison of the hardware approach with the software simulation illustrates the advantages of the hardware associative memory in three areas: (1) processing speed, (2) storage requirements, and (3) flexibility. The major problem areas of hardware associative memory technology, namely input/output and cost effectiveness, are also addressed.
A comparison of heaps and the TL structure for the simulation event set
Authors: Franta W. R. , Maly Kurt
Published: July 2002

Following publication of our paper [2], questions arose with respect to the superiority of the TL structure over heaps,
1
particularly in the face of the remarks of Gonnet [3], concerning the use of heaps for the physical realization of the simulation event set. Gonnet's communication was in response to the Vaucher and Duval paper [5], and suggested the heap to be a more efficient structure than any proposed in [5]. As regards a comparison of heaps and the TL structure we can make the following remarks:
A simply extended and modified batch environment graphical system (SEMBEGS)
Authors: Wendorf J. W.
Published: July 2002

SEMBEGS is a complete batch environment graphical system containing components for handling graphical data files, for displaying the contents of these files on a variety of graphical hardware, and for performing graphical batch input operations. SEMBEGS is easy to extend and modify to meet the growing needs of a large batch environment, and is even extendable to a fully interactive system. The paper presents the conceptual view of graphics leading to the design of SEMBEGS and outlines the major components of the system. The design of SEMBEGS is founded upon the basic assumption that the true aim of computer graphics is to describe graphical entities, rather than, as commonly held, to provide graphical input and output functional capabilities. SEMBEGS is built around a Basic Graphical Data Management System (BAGDAMS) which provides a common means of communicating the descriptions of graphical entities between the various components of SEMBEGS. BAGDAMS provides facilities for storing, retrieving, and manipulating the descriptions of graphical entities provided by, and received by application programs, graphics packages, and graphical devices.
Two Hadamard numbers for matrices
Authors: Birkhoff Garrett
Published: July 2002

A discussion is given of two functions of the entries of a square matrix, both related to Hadamard's determinant theorem, which have some merits as alternatives to norm-bound “condition numbers.” One (for linear systems) is known; the other (for eigensystems) seems to be new.
A model for masking rotational latency by dynamic disk allocation
Authors: Gold D. E. , Kuck D. J.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the background and algorithms for masking the rotational latency of a disk or drum. It discusses the anticipatory input and output of blocks of data to buffer and primary memories for a mono-programmed computer system. A basic permutation algorithm and several variations are given. Because of the anticipatory nature of the I/O scheduling, these algorithms are restricted to classes of programs with predictable behavior. While the methods are not restricted to numerical computations, matrix and partial differential equation methods are typical examples of their use. It is shown that latency may be masked using a small amount of buffer memory. The methods discussed are independent of the overall size of the data base being considered.
Operating system performance
Authors: Lynch W. C.
Published: July 2002

An overview of the current and future positions with respect to operating system performance is given. While a great deal of information and a large number of models for subsystems have been developed, gaps still exist in our knowledge. Because of the severe interactions between the various subsystems of an operating system, an overall model of the total system must be developed to be able to analyze and design the performance aspects of an operating system Although such total system designs are exceptional today, it is projected that they will become increasingly more common and necessary in the near future. Such a design philosophy will clearly have a severe impact on the way we go about modularizing operating and computer systems.
Language analysis in the humanities
Authors: Sedelow Sally Yeates
Published: July 2002

The use of the computer in the language-oriented humanities for exhaustive listing of detail (as in indices and concordances) is widespread and accepted as desirable. The implications of the computer for a “science” of the humanities—a science entailing gathering data for the construction and testing of models—are neither widely recognized nor accepted. This paper argues that the computer's major role as to language analysis in the humanities will be the establishing of such a science. Thus, for those areas of the humanities for which rigor and precision are necessary (e.g. analyzing literature or teaching a student to write a composition) the computer can be a critically important facilitator.
Constrained polygon transformations for incremental floorplanning
Authors: Liao Swanwa , Lopez Mario A. , Mehta Dinesh
Published: July 2002

A productivity-driven methodology for incremental floorplanning is
described and the
constrained polygon transformation problem
, a key step of this methodology, is formulated. The input to the problem consists of a floorplan computed using area estimates and the actual area required for each subcircuit of the floorplan. Informally, the objective is to change the areas of the modules without drastically changing their shapes or locations. We show that the constrained polygon transformation problem is NP-hard and present several fast algorithms that produce results within a few percent of a theoretical lower bound on several floorplans.
Computer instruction set usage by programmers: an empirical investigation
Authors: Coulter Neal S. , Kelly Norman H.
Published: July 2002

The elimination of unused instruction sets would encourage more uniform programming practices and could allow the inclusion of more useful instructions.
Imbalance between growth and funding in academic computing science: two trends c
Authors: Gries D , Miller R , Ritchie R , Young P
Published: July 2002

This report is endorsed by the Computer Science Board and prepared by the board's Committee on Research Funding in Computer Science.
Age and Empire in the Indian Census, 1871–1931
Authors: Alborn Timothy L.
Published: July 2002

The age returns in the British-administered Census of India between 1871 and 1931 were problematic. Owing to low levels of numeracy and poor records of births and deaths in India, census officials resorted to a number of technical innovations to generate useful statistical regularities out of the imperfect data. In the process, they came to realize that even so putatively a “universal” category as age might be impossible to determine accurately in a culture that lacked certain assumptions about time, and in a state that lacked the resources to tabulate when people began and ended their lives.
Employing the Z-Transform to Optimize the Calculation of the Synaptic Conductance of NMDA and Other Synaptic Channels in Network Simulations
Authors: Köhn J. , Wörgötter F.
Published: July 2002

Calculation of the total conductance change induced by multiple synapses at a given membrane compartment remains one of the most time-consuming processes in biophysically realistic neural network simulations. Here we show that this calculation can be achieved in a highly efficient way even for multiply converging synapses with different delays by means of the Z-transform. Using the example of an NMDA synapse, we show that every update of the total conductance is achieved by an iterative process requiring at most three multiplications, which together need only the history values from the two most recent iterations. A major advantage is that this small computational load is independent of the number of synapses simulated. A benchmark comparison to other techniques demonstrates superior performance of the Z-transform. Nonvoltage-dependent synaptic channels can be treated similarly (Olshausen, 1990; Brettle & Niebur, 1994), and the technique can also be generalized to other synaptic channels.
Further study of the cation ordering in phengite 3T by neutron powder diffraction
Authors: Pavese A. , Ferraris G. , Pischedda V. , Radaelli P.
Published: July 2002

Phengite 3T (Dora-Maira massif, Italian western Alps), with chemical composition K0.96Na0.01Al1.44Mg0.56(Si3.59 Al0.41)O10(OH)2 has been investigated using powder neutron diffraction, at the ILL (Institut Laue-Langevin) Facility, on the D2B diffractometer. Data sets were collected at 293 and 873 K, and the present results are compared with those obtained previously using the time-of-flight (TOF) technique, on the same compound. In the octahedral sheet, Al tends to order into the M2 site, in accordance with the measurements mentioned above, whereas the Al/Si tetrahedral ordering we observe (i.e. Si fully into T1 site) is at variance with that determined previously. These discrepancies are ascribed to the presence of talc impurities in the sample used previously (∼6 wt.%), which affected the results obtained.
SHP2 and cbl participate in α-chemokine receptor CXCR4–mediated signaling pathways
Authors: Chernock Rebecca D. , Cherla Rama P. , Ganju Ramesh K.
Published: July 2002

Stromal cell–derived factor (SDF)-1α and its receptor, CXCR4, play an important role in cell migration, embryonic development, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. However, the cellular signaling pathways that mediate these processes are not fully elucidated. We and others have shown that the binding of SDF-1α to CXCR4 activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase), p44/42 mitogen-associated protein kinase, and the transcription factor nuclear factor–κB, and it also enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation and association of proteins involved in the formation of focal adhesions. In this study, we examined the role of phosphatases in CXCR4-mediated signaling pathways. We observed significant inhibition of SDF-1α–induced migration by phosphatase inhibitors in CXCR4-transfected pre-B lymphoma L1.2 cells, Jurkat T cells, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Further studies revealed that SDF-1α stimulation induced robust tyrosine phosphorylation in the SH2-containing phosphatase SHP2. SHP2 associated with the CXCR4 receptor and the signaling molecules SHIP, cbl, and fyn. Overexpression of wild-type SHP2 increased SDF-1α–induced chemotaxis. Enhanced activation of fyn and lyn kinases and the tyrosine phosphorylation of cbl were also observed. In addition, SDF-1α stimulation enhanced the association of cbl with PI-3 kinase, Crk-L, and 14-3-3β proteins. Our results suggest that CXCR4-mediated signaling is regulated by SHP2 and cbl, which collectively participate in the formation of a multimeric signaling complex.
Dissociation of thymic positive and negative selection in transgenic mice expressing major histocompatibility complex class I molecules exclusively on thymic cortical epithelial cells
Authors: Capone Myriam , Romagnoli Paola , Beermann Friedrich , MacDonald H. Robson , van Meerwijk Joost P. M.
Published: July 2002

Thymic positive and negative selection of developing T lymphocytes confronts us with a paradox: How can a T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide interaction in the former process lead to transduction of signals allowing for cell survival and in the latter induce programmed cell death or a hyporesponsive state known as anergy? One of the hypotheses put forward states that the outcome of a TCR-MHC/peptide interaction depends on the cell type presenting the selecting ligand to the developing thymocyte. Here we describe the development and lack of self-tolerance of CD8+ T lymphocytes in transgenic mice expressing MHC class I molecules in the thymus exclusively on cortical epithelial cells. Despite the absence of MHC class I expression on professional antigen-presenting cells, normal numbers of CD8+ cells were observed in the periphery. Upon specific activation, transgenic CD8+ T cells efficiently lysed syngeneic MHC class I+ targets in vitro and in vivo, indicating that thymic cortical epithelium (in contrast to medullary epithelium and antigen-presenting cells of hematopoietic origin) is incapable of tolerance induction. Thus, compartmentalization of the antigen-presenting cells involved in thymic positive selection and tolerance induction can (at least in part) explain the positive/negative selection paradox.
HIV-specific effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes and HIV-producing cells colocalize in white pulps and germinal centers from infected patients
Authors: Hosmalin Anne , Samri Assia , Dumaurier Marie-Jeanne , Dudoit Yasmine , Oksenhendler Eric , Karmochkine Marina , Autran Brigitte , Wain-Hobson Simon , Cheynier Rémi
Published: July 2002

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by the massive infiltration of secondary lymphoid organs with activated CD8+ T lymphocytes. While converging data indicated that these cells were HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responsible for HIV spread limitation, direct evidence was lacking. Here, the presence of HIV-specific effector CTLs was demonstrated directly ex vivo in 15 of 24 microdissected splenic white pulps from an untreated patient and in 1 of 24 tonsil germinal centers from a second patient with incomplete viral suppression following bitherapy. These patients had plasma HIV RNA loads of 5900 and 820 copies per milliliter. The frequencies of HIV-1 DNA+ cells in their lymphoid organs were more than 1 in 50 and 1 in 175, respectively. Spliced viral messenger RNA (a marker for ongoing viral replication) was present in most immunocompetent structures tested. Conversely, CTL activity was not found in spleens from 2 patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy, with undetectable plasma viral load. These patients had much lower spleen DNA+ cell frequencies (1 in 2700 and 1 in 3800) and no white pulps containing spliced RNA. CTL effector activity as well as spliced viral messenger RNA were both concentrated in the white pulps and germinal centers. This colocalization indicates that viral replication in immunocompetent structures of secondary lymphoid organs triggers anti-HIV effector CTLs to these particular locations, providing clues to target therapeutic intervention.
It Is Back to School Time—The Status of Healthy School Meals for All Students
Authors: Bleich Sara N. , Cohen Juliana , Kenney Erica
Published: September 2024

This JAMA Forum discusses key government efforts to advance the availability of healthy school meals, the evidence of the effects of these efforts, and the role for health professionals.
Economic Evaluation of Population-Based BRCA1 and BRCA2 Testing in Canada
Authors: Sun Li , Wei Xia , Fierheller Caitlin T. , Dawson Lesa , Oxley Samuel , Kalra Ashwin , Sia Jacqueline , Feldman Fabio , Peacock Stuart , Schrader Kasmintan A. , Legood Rosa , Kwon Janice S. , Manchanda Ranjit
Published: September 2024

Importance

Population-based BRCA testing can identify many more BRCA carriers who will be missed by the current practice of BRCA testing based on family history (FH) and clinical criteria. These carriers can benefit from screening and prevention, potentially preventing many more breast and ovarian cancers and deaths than the current practice.

Objective

To estimate the incremental lifetime health outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness associated with population-based BRCA testing compared with FH-based testing in Canada.

Design, Setting, and Participants

For this economic evaluation, a Markov model was developed to compare the lifetime costs and outcomes of BRCA1/BRCA2 testing for all general population women aged 30 years compared with FH-based testing. BRCA carriers are offered risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy to reduce their ovarian cancer risk and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammography screening, medical prevention, and risk-reducing mastectomy to reduce their breast cancer risk. The analyses were conducted from both payer and societal perspectives. This study was conducted from October 1, 2022, to February 20, 2024.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes of interest were ovarian cancer, breast cancer, additional heart disease deaths, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ICER per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). One-way and probabilistic-sensitivity-analyses (PSA) were undertaken to explore the uncertainty.

Results

In the simulated cohort of 1 000 000 women aged 30 years in Canada, the base case ICERs of population-based BRCA testing were CAD $32 276 (US $23 402.84) per QALY from the payer perspective or CAD $16 416 (US $11 903.00) per QALY from the societal perspective compared with FH-based testing, well below the established Canadian cost-effectiveness thresholds. Population testing remained cost-effective for ages 40 to 60 years but not at age 70 years. The results were robust for multiple scenarios, 1-way sensitivity, and PSA. More than 99% of simulations from payer and societal perspectives were cost-effective on PSA (5000 simulations) at the CAD $50 000 (US $36 254.25) per QALY willingness-to-pay threshold. Population-based BRCA testing could potentially prevent an additional 2555 breast cancers and 485 ovarian cancers in the Canadian population, corresponding to averting 196 breast cancer deaths and 163 ovarian cancer deaths per 1 000 000 population.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this economic evaluation, population-based BRCA testing was cost-effective compared with FH-based testing in Canada from payer and societal perspectives. These findings suggest that changing the genetic testing paradigm to population-based testing could prevent thousands of breast and ovarian cancers.
Amygdala Reactivity, Antidepressant Discontinuation, and Relapse
Authors: Erdmann Tore , Berwian Isabel M. , Stephan Klaas Enno , Seifritz Erich , Walter Henrik , Huys Quentin J. M.
Published: September 2024

Importance

Antidepressant discontinuation substantially increases the risk of a depression relapse, but the neurobiological mechanisms through which this happens are not known. Amygdala reactivity to negative information is a marker of negative affective processes in depression that is reduced by antidepressant medication, but it is unknown whether amygdala reactivity is sensitive to antidepressant discontinuation or whether any change is related to the risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation.

Objective

To investigate whether amygdala reactivity to negative facial emotions changes with antidepressant discontinuation and is associated with subsequent relapse.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The Antidepressiva Absetzstudie (AIDA) study was a longitudinal, observational study in which adult patients with remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) and currently taking antidepressants underwent 2 task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements of amygdala reactivity. Patients were randomized to discontinuing antidepressants either before or after the second fMRI measurement. Relapse was monitored over a 6-month follow-up period. Study recruitment took place from June 2015 to January 2018. Data were collected between July 1, 2015, and January 31, 2019, and statistical analyses were conducted between June 2021 and December 2023. The study took place in a university setting in Zurich, Switzerland, and Berlin, Germany. Of 123 recruited patients, 83 were included in analyses. Of 66 recruited healthy control individuals matched for age, sex, and education, 53 were included in analyses.

Exposure

Discontinuation of antidepressant medication.

Outcomes

Task-based fMRI measurement of amygdala reactivity and MDD relapse within 6 months after discontinuation.

Results

Among patients with MDD, the mean (SD) age was 35.42 (11.41) years, and 62 (75%) were women. Among control individuals, the mean (SD) age was 33.57 (10.70) years, and 37 (70%) were women. Amygdala reactivity of patients with remitted MDD and taking medication did not initially differ from that of control individuals (t125.136 = 0.33; P = .74). An increase in amygdala reactivity after antidepressant discontinuation was associated with depression relapse (3-way interaction between group [12W (waited) vs 1W2 (discontinued)], time point [MA1 (first scan) vs MA2 (second scan)], and relapse: β, 18.9; 95% CI, 0.8-37.1; P = .04). Amygdala reactivity change was associated with shorter times to relapse (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09; P = .01) and predictive of relapse (leave-one-out cross-validation balanced accuracy, 67%; 95% posterior predictive interval, 53-80; P = .02).

Conclusions and Relevance

An increase in amygdala reactivity was associated with risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation and may represent a functional neuroimaging marker that could inform clinical decisions around antidepressant discontinuation.
Characterization of kilovoltage x‐ray image guidance system with a novel post‐processing algorithm on a new slip ring‐mounted radiotherapy system
Authors: Zhu Heling , Dong Tingting , Pang Tingtian , Guan Qiu , Yang Jingru , Zhao Feini , Yang Bo , Qiu Jie
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study evaluates the performance of a kilovoltage x‐ray image‐guidance system equipped with a novel post‐processing optimization algorithm on the newly introduced TAICHI linear accelerator (Linac).

Methods

A comparative study involving image quality tests and radiation dose measurements was conducted across six scanning protocols of the kV‐cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) system on the TAICHI Linac. The performance assessment utilized the conventional Feldkamp–Davis–Kress (FDK) algorithm and a novel Non‐Local Means denoising and adaptive scattering correction (NLM‐ASC) algorithm. Image quality metrics, including spatial resolution, contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), were evaluated using a Catphan 604 phantom. Radiation doses for low‐dose and standard protocols were measured using a computed tomography dose index (CTDI) phantom, with comparative measurements from the Halcyon Linac's iterative CBCT (iCBCT).

Results

The NLM‐ASC algorithm significantly improved image quality, achieving a 300%–1000% increase in CNR and SNR over the FDK‐only images and it also showed a 100%–200% improvement over the iCBCT images from Halcyon's head protocol. The optimized low‐dose protocols yielded higher image quality than the standard FDK protocols, indicating potential for reduced radiation exposure. Clinical implementation confirmed the TAICHI system's utility for precise and adaptive radiotherapy.

Conclusion

The kV‐IGRT system on the TAICHI Linac, with its novel post‐processing algorithm, demonstrated superior image quality suitable for routine clinical use, effectively reducing image noise without compromising other quality metrics.
Impact of Sex, Serostatus, and Smoking on Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Subtypes
Authors: McDermott Gregory C. , Hayashi Keigo , Juge Pierre‐Antoine , Gill Ritu , Byrne Suzanne , Gagne Staci , Wang Xiaosong , Paudel Misti L. , Moll Matthew , Cho Michael H. , Vanni Kathleen , Kowalski Emily , Qian Grace , Bade Katarina , Saavedra Alene , Kawano Yumeko , DiIorio Michael , Wolfgang Taylor , Kim Edy Y. , Dellaripa Paul F. , Weinblatt Michael E. , Shadick Nancy , Doyle Tracy J. , Sparks Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2024

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis–associated interstitial lung disease (RA‐ILD) includes multiple subtypes with varying histopathology, prognosis, and potential treatments. Limited research has investigated risk factors for different RA‐ILD subtypes. Therefore, we examined demographic, serologic, and lifestyle associations with RA‐ILD subtypes.

Methods

We systematically identified RA‐ILD cases and RA controls without ILD (RA‐noILD) in the Brigham RA Sequential Study and Mass General Brigham Biobank RA cohort. We determined RA‐ILD subtype (usual interstitial pneumonia [UIP], nonspecific interstitial pneumonia [NSIP], and other/indeterminate) through chest high‐resolution computed tomography imaging pattern. We investigated associations of demographic, lifestyle, and serologic factors with major RA‐ILD subtypes using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Among 3,328 patients with RA, we identified 208 RA‐ILD cases and 547 RA‐noILD controls. RA‐UIP was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 per year, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.01–1.05), male sex (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.33–3.48), and seropositivity (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.24–3.48), whereas RA‐NSIP was significantly associated only with seropositive status (OR 3.21, 95% CI 1.36–7.56). Nonfibrotic ILDs were significantly associated with smoking (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.52–5.21). Having three RA‐ILD risk factors (male, seropositive, smoking) had an OR of 6.89 (95% CI 2.41–19.7) for RA‐UIP compared with having no RA‐ILD risk factors.

Conclusion

Older age, seropositivity, and male sex were strongly associated with RA‐UIP, whereas RA‐related autoantibodies were associated with RA‐NSIP. These findings suggest RA‐ILD sex differences may be driven by RA‐UIP and emphasize the importance of further studies to clarify RA‐ILD heterogeneity and optimize screening and treatment approaches.
Design of Visualized Ratiometric Mechanoluminescent Materials for High‐Resolution Pressure Sensing
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Wu Yuanting , Guo Ziyi , Song Yunmei , Hu Jingyue , Liu Haojin , Zhao Lei
Published: September 2024

Optical sensing technology based on mechanoluminescent (ML) materials offers advantages such as rapid response, real‐time monitoring, visual signal output, and multi‐functional sensing, making it promising for various applications. However, traditional sensing techniques based on the absolute intensity of ML suffer from issues of low accuracy and large errors, which have a significant impact on the reliability and visual effectiveness of the sensor. To address these problems, this study employs a ratiometric ML pressure sensing method. By utilizing the primary color recognition of human cone cells, transition metal ion Mn2+ and rare earth ion Tb3+ are selected as luminescent centers. The rich intermediate colors ensure a wide range of colors that are easily distinguishable by the human eye. Through studies involving mechanical stimulation and similar high‐energy radiation, it is confirmed that the differences in sensitivity between rare earth ions and transition metal ions, as well as the contributions of shallow trap states, are the reasons for the dynamic changes in the ratiometric ML intensity. Finally, a conceptual application of pressure sensing is realized by combining homogeneous gas compression with pipeline monitoring for dynamic visualization, self‐referencing, and high‐precision mechanical sensing.
Stable 2e−/2CO2 Electrochemistry Triggered by Enriched Interfacial Oxygen Mo2N@Ti3C2O2 Elcetrocatalyst for High Rates and High Energy Efficiency Li‐CO2 Batteries
Authors: Zheng Ruixin , Yang Mengmeng , Zhu Xiaoqi , Fang Qisheng , Wang Xilin , Lei Pengyang , Zhou Jingwen , Wang Bin , Cheng Jianli
Published: September 2024

Rechargeable lithium‐carbon dioxide (Li‐CO2) batteries present a compelling strategy for carbon capture and utilization techniques. Nevertheless, the formation of Li2CO3 as the main discharge product in the 4e−/3CO2 electrochemistry of Li‐CO2 batteries necessitates an elevated applied voltage to achieve full decomposition, which leads to severe performance issues in Li‐CO2 batteries. In this work, a stable lithium oxalate (Li2C2O4) electrochemistry involving a 2e−/2CO2 process triggered by Mo2N@Ti3C2O2 electrocatalyst is proposed, which facilitates highly reversible redox reactions in Li‐CO2 batteries. The presence of enriched ‐O terminations at the interface between Mo2N and Ti3C2O2 strengthens charge redistribution of Mo 3d orbital electron and enhances the coupling between Mo 3d orbitals and O 2p orbitals in Li2C2O4. The adsorption energy of Li2C2O4 on Mo2N@Ti3C2O2 surface and energy barrier for self‐disproportionation reaction of Li2C2O4 are further increased, enabling the stable Li2C2O4 electrochemistry. Therefore, the Mo2N@Ti3C2O2 based Li‐CO2 battery can produce Li2C2O4 discharge products even at a high discharge rate of 500 mA g−1 (ten times to previous studies) and during deep cycling processes. Due to the stable Li2C2O4 electrochemistry, Li‐CO2 batteries exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, including ultra‐low overpotential (0.55 V), ultra‐high energy efficiency (82.9%), and excellent cycling stability electrode (800 h).
Covalent Grafting of Tanfloc on Titania Nanotube Arrays: An Approach to Mitigate Bacterial Adhesion and Improve the Antibacterial Efficacy of Titanium Implants
Authors: Singh Ramesh , Madruga Liszt Y. C. , Savargaonkar Aniruddha , Martins Alessandro F. , Kipper Matt J. , Popat Ketul C.
Published: September 2024

Implanted medical devices often face the challenge of infections, which can compromise their successful integration and use. To address this issue, this study demonstrates the covalent grafting of a tannin‐based antimicrobial biopolymer tanfloc (TAN) onto the titania nanotube arrays (TiNTs) surface to enhance antibacterial properties. Due to its polyphenolic and ionic structural configuration, tanfloc possesses unique properties that enable it to interact with and disrupt bacterial cell walls and membranes. Combining the topographical effect of TiNTs with the inherent antibacterial properties of tanfloc, this approach aims to mitigate bacterial threats on medical implants effectively. The successful attachment of tanfloc on TiNTs is confirmed through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of the tanfloc‐functionalized TiNTs is evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram‐negative) bacteria. The findings suggest that the covalent conjugation of tanfloc onto TiNTs is a promising approach to improve the infection resistance of titanium‐based medical implants, with potential applications in orthopedic, dental, and other biomedical device areas.
Microwave‐Assisted Rhodium (III)‐Catalyzed [3+3] Annulation of 2‐Benzyl‐2H‐Indazole‐6‐carboxylic Acids with Iodonium Ylides: A Regioselective Synthesis of Indazole‐Fused Chromenes
Authors: Chen Hong‐Ren , Barve Indrajeet J. , Hsieh Hung‐Sheng , Liu Kuan‐Miao , Pawar Ganesh P. , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: September 2024

A Rh(III)‐catalyzed redox‐neutral C−H activation/[3+3] cyclization of 2‐benzyl‐2H‐indazole‐6‐carboxylic acids with iodonium ylides under microwave irradiation for the synthesis of indazole‐fused chromenes has been reported. The critical feature of this method is that the C−H activation of the C7−H bond of 2‐benzyl‐2H‐indazole‐6‐carboxylic acid proceeds regioselectively in the presence of the proximate C5−H bond without the need of external oxidant. Microwave irradiation reduced the reaction time as compared to conventional heating. The detailed mechanistic study disclosed the mechanistic pathway of the reaction.
Size Enlargement of CsPbI3 Perovskite Nanocrystals by Trioctylphosphine in the Synthesis for Highly Efficient Deep‐Red Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cheng Huiyuan , Zheng Yifan , Lou Yu , Sun Mengjie , Zhang Guodong , Wang Haoran , Wu Tom , Bai Yang , Shao Yuchuan
Published: September 2024

Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) hold great promise for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY), tunable colors, and low‐cost solution processability. However, their electroluminescence efficiencies are currently limited by the small size of the PNCs and the weak binding between ligands and PNCs. The small size makes PNCs sensitive to environmental factors due to their large specific surface area, leading to a loss of PLQY during post‐treatment. Additionally, the weak binding between ligands and PNCs causes the ligands to detach during post‐treatment, further reducing PLQY. To address these challenges, an in situ ligand‐capped synthesis method is introduced for PNCs, replacing the aliphatic solvent octadecene (ODE) with trioctylphosphine (TOP). The presence of TOP increases the concentration of monomers, accelerating nucleation and crystal growth, enabling the production of cubic PNCs ranging from 8 nm to over 28 nm. Moreover, TOP acts as a ligand to resurface PNCs, enhancing their stability and maintaining high PLQY after post‐treatment. As a result, by utilizing these larger PNCs, a high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 21.23% in LEDs is achieved. This method provides a significant advancement in the development of high‐performance PNC‐based LEDs.
Dispersed plug flow photocatalytic reactor using TiO2‐coated foams, 2D modeling, and experimental operating mode
Authors: Ribeiro E. , Goetz V. , Dezani C. , Caliot C. , Plantard G.
Published: September 2024

A dispersed plug flow heterogeneous photocatalytic reactor is investigated. A two‐dimensional (2D) model adapted to the media, a photocatalyst supported on a macroporous ceramic foam, was built. It is based on the couplings at the local scale between mass transfer, radiative transfer, and reaction kinetics. The simulations are compared to experimental results obtained in the case of the degradation of a target organic micro‐pollutant. The 2D concentration fields resulting from these couplings bring to light the very specific characteristic operation of the photoreactor. They allow the low performances of the dispersed plug flow mode when compared to the perfectly mixed, a result both unexpected and original, to be explained. Simulations also reveal the major influence of the foam thickness, the characteristic dimension of the radiative transfer, on the performance of the dispersed plug flow photoreactor.
Novel Clinical Manifestation and Favorable Treatment Outcome of Cochlear Implant in a Chinese Family With Likely Pathogenic Variant of the P2RX2 Gene
Authors: Li Qiang , Sun Shuping , Zuo Bin , Lian Chengyu , Tang Wenxue , Xu Hongen , Lu Wei
Published: September 2024

The rapid development and clinical application of sequencing technologies enable the genetic diagnosis of inherited deafness. P2RX2, as the gene responsible for autosomal dominant non‐syndromic deafness‐41 (DFNA41), has been proven to be essential for life‐long normal hearing and for the protection of noise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL). Our present study reports a missense variant in the P2RX2 gene (c.178G > T (p.V60L)), for the second time worldwide, in a five‐generation kindred living in Henan, China. Despite carrying the same variant, the affected members in this family appear to present with earlier‐onset hearing loss and poorer hearing compared to the original DFNA41 families. In addition, this study supplements some content that was not covered in previous reports. We quantitatively evaluated the pain perception ability of some members using the Pain Vision PS‐2100 system, and further found an interesting clinical manifestation, that is, hyperalgesia, in heterozygotes for P2RX2 p.V60L. The cochlear implant (CI) was also provided for the proband of profound deafness, resulting in satisfactory clinical outcomes. Finally, we carried out a systematic review of recently published articles on the P2RX2 gene, which is beneficial for better understanding the role of the P2RX2 gene in the auditory system and the pathogenic mechanisms in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).
Controllable Multi‐Exciton Zero‐Dimensional Antimony‐Based Metal Halides for White‐light Emission and β‐Ray Detection
Authors: Wei Chang‐hong , Dong Shipeng , Xu Zhiheng , Li Muzi , Zhang Tao , Xu Zhibin , Lan Si , Wang Shuao , Mao Liang
Published: September 2024

Self‐trapped exciton (STE) emission, typified by antimony (Sb), with broadband characteristics, represents the next generation of materials for solid‐state lighting and radiation detection. However, little is known about the multiexciton behavior of the Sb emission center. Here, we proposed a general approach for designing antimony‐centered multi‐exciton emitting materials through self‐assembly. Benefitting from controllable multiexciton behavior, dual‐band white light emission spanning the entire visible spectrum was achieved. Relying on the reduction of an effective atomic number brought by self‐assembly, excellent scintillation response to β‐rays was attained. This study offers unprecedented insight into hybrid single/triple STE emission and unveils new avenues for single‐emitter white‐light emission, as well as radiographic testing using low‐risk β‐rays as sources.
Two‐Coordinate Gold(I) Complex with Rotational Freedom: A Platform Integrating Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence, Polymorphism, and Linearly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Zhang Xi , Song Xiu‐Fang , Jiang Shan , Yao Yi‐Ge , Chang Xiaoyong , Gao Yunan , Li Kai , Chen Yong
Published: September 2024

Two‐coordinate coinage metal complexes have been exploited for various applications. Herein, a new donor‐metal‐acceptor (D–M–A) complex PZI‐Au‐TOT, using bulky pyrazine‐fused N‐heterocyclic carbene (PZI) and trioxytriphenylamine (TOT) ligands, was synthesized. PZI‐Au‐TOT displays decent thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with a quantum yield of 93 % in doped film. The crystals of PZI‐Au‐TOT show simultaneous TADF, polymorphism, and linearly polarized luminescence (LPL). The polymorph‐dependent emission properties with widely varied peaks from 560 to 655 nm are attributed to different packing modes in terms of isolated monomers, discrete π–π stacked dimers or dimer PLUS. Two well‐defined microcrystals of PZI‐Au‐TOT exhibit linearly polarized thermally activated delayed fluorescence with a degree of polarization up to 0.64. This work demonstrates that the molecular rotational flexibility of D–M–A type complexes endows an integration of multiple functions into one complex through manipulation of supramolecular aggregation. This type of complexes is expected to serve as a versatile platform for the fabrication of crystal materials for advanced photonic applications.
An n‐Doping Cross‐Linkable Quinoidal Compound as an Electron Transport Material for Fully Stretchable Inverted Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Cheng , Xin Yufei , Gu Haoran , Ye Long , Liu Yongsheng , Zhou Yinhua , Deng Yunfeng , Geng Yanhou
Published: September 2024

The photocatalytic activity and inherent brittleness of ZnO, which is commonly used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in inverted organic solar cells (OSCs), have impeded advancements in device stability and the development of fully stretchable OSCs. In this study, an intrinsically stretchable ETL for inverted OSCs through a side‐chain cross‐linking strategy has been developed. Specifically, cross‐linking between bromine atoms on the side chains of a quinoidal compound and the amino groups in polyethylenimine resulted in a film, designated QBr‐PEI‐50, with high electrical conductivity (0.049 S/m) and excellent stretchability (crack‐onset strain>45 %). When used as the ETL in inverted OSCs, QBr‐PEI‐50 was markedly superior to ZnO in terms of device performance and stability, yielding a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.27 % and a T80 lifetime exceeding 10000 h. Moreover, incorporation of QBr‐PEI‐50 in fully stretchable inverted OSCs yielded a PCE of 14.01 %, and 80 % of the initial PCE was maintained after 21 % strain, showcasing its potential for wearable electronics.
1,4‐Benzodioxane Substituted Aza‐BODIPY: Towards Photostable yet Efficient Triplet Photosensitizer
Authors: Łapok Łukasz , Obłoza Magdalena , Pędziński Tomasz , Stadnicka Katarzyna M.
Published: September 2024

We report herein the synthesis of aza‐BODIPY substituted with 1,4‐benzodioxane‐6‐yl substituents at 3,5 positions of the chromophore system. Both pyrrole rings of the aza‐BODIPY in question were substituted with bromine atoms in order to induce highly desirable photophysical properties, such as highly populated excited triplet state (T1) and long excited triplet‐state lifetime (τT) of 21 μs. The photosensitized oxygenation of a model compounds, viz. DPBF, points to a high singlet oxygen and/or other ROS formation quantum yield of 0.42. The photosensitizer studied exhibited an absorption band within the so‐called “therapeutic window”, with λabs 678 nm. As estimated by CV/DPV measurements the 1,4‐benzodioxane‐6‐yl substituted aza‐BODIPYs studied exhibited a multi‐electron oxidations at a relatively low potentials (Eox), pointing to the very good electron‐donating properties of these molecules. High photostability and thermal stability was observed for all compounds studied. The good singlet oxygen quantum yield measured combined with an exceptional photostability makes this aza‐BODIPY a promising candidate for applications such as photocatalysis and photodynamic therapy (PDT).
Reduced p63 expression is linked to unfavourable prognosis in muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Furlano Kira , Plage Henning , Hofbauer Sebastian , Weinberger Sarah , Ralla Bernhard , Fendler Annika , Roßner Florian , Schallenberg Simon , Elezkurtaj Sefer , Kluth Martina , Lennartz Maximilian , Blessin Niclas C. , Marx Andreas H. , Samtleben Henrik , Fisch Margit , Rink Michael , Slojewski Marcin , Kaczmarek Krystian , Ecke Thorsten , Koch Stefan , Adamini Nico , Minner Sarah , Simon Ronald , Sauter Guido , Weischenfeldt Joachim , Klatte Tobias , Schlomm Thorsten , Horst David , Zecha Henrik
Published: September 2024

Objective

There is a shortage of established prognostic biomarkers in bladder cancer. One candidate is tumour protein 63 (p63), a transcription factor of the p53 gene family that is expressed in the normal urothelium. Recently proposed RNA expression‐based molecular classifiers of bladder cancer identified high p63 expression as a component of a basal/squamous subtype linked to poor patient prognosis.

Methods

In this study, p63 protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry on more than 2500 urothelial bladder carcinomas in a tissue microarray format to determine its relationship with clinicopathological parameters of disease progression and patient outcome.

Results

Nuclear p63 staining was seen in all cells of normal urothelium and at elevated levels in pTaG2 tumours. The rate of p63 positive cases and the staining intensity was lower in pTaG3 tumours (93.2%, p < 0.0001 for pTaG3 vs. pTaG2) and markedly lower in pT2‐4 carcinomas (83.5%, p = 0.0120 for pT2‐4 vs. pTaG3). Within 1018 pT2‐4 carcinomas treated by cystectomy, low p63 expression was linked to nodal metastasis (p = 0.0028) and overall survival (p = 0.0005). The association with survival was independent of pT and pN (p = 0.0081). p63 expression was associated with GATA3 expression (p < 0.0001), a luminal cell type marker associated with favourable disease. A joint analysis of p63 and GATA3 did not suggest that GATA3 could provide additional prognostic information.

Conclusion

The independent prognostic role of reduced p63 expression in advanced urothelial carcinomas suggests that p63 could be a useful biomarker to distinguish pT2‐4 urothelial carcinomas.
Multifunctional electroless nickel boron composite coatings incorporated by magnesium diboride ceramic particles
Authors: Bülbül Ferhat , Kara Adem
Published: September 2024

In this study, the role of MgB2 in composite coatings is pivotal. Electroless Ni–B plating, a current‐free chemical reduction process, deposits nickel–boron coatings. Other than MgB2, reinforcements like SiC, B4C, and so forth are used with Ni–B coatings for improved properties. The research focuses on Ni–B/MgB2 coatings on AISI 4140 steel using electroless deposition and annealing at different temperatures. Initially, the coating appears dense and amorphous, transforming into worm‐like structures through crystallization with MgB2. Higher annealing temperatures lead to brush‐like, feathery, and oyster mushroom structures, forming crystalline nickel boron compounds and oxide phases due to synergy. Interestingly, the newly introduced phases disrupt friction patterns nonlinearly, which is linked to MgB2’s ceramic nature and reinforcement quantity. Conversely, incorporating MgB2 and annealing‐induced intermetallic phases notably enhances hardness (up to 6) and improves hydrophilicity and antibacterial traits in the coating.