bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment in Sustainable Infrastructure Development Projects: A Tool for Mitigating Cost Overruns
Authors: Canesi Rubina , Gallo Beatrice
Published: December 2023

The persistent decline in infrastructure spending, notably within the transportation sector, raises concerns about governments’ capacity to meet the demands of a sustainable growing economy. The incorporation of risk assessment in the analysis and computation of potential cost overruns emerges as an effective and efficient tool, underpinning the economic and financial sustainability of infrastructure expansions. Focusing on the “State Road No. 51 of Alemagna Vittorio Veneto” (SSv-51) variant, this study analyzes and proposes a model to forecast the possible cost overruns of an infrastructure project. The application of the risk assessment tool proposed by the National Anti-Corruption Authority (ANAC) offers valuable insights into potential risks associated with project costs and their valuation. The matrix developed in the current study draws from the ANAC Matrix, which comprises four categories of risk divided into 21 risk types. The selection is based on the project’s characteristics, and a matrix is compiled that forecasts the combination of the probability of risk occurrence and the cost impacts on the project. The proposed risk matrix serves as a practical tool for managing uncertainties and estimating potential cost overruns, estimating ex ante a possible cost increase of 7.53%. This projected increase differs only by 1.34% from the final execution costs, mitigating the unforeseen cost overruns not estimated by the initial project. The proposed risk assessment tool emphasizes the importance of integrating risk management into project planning and execution. The research investigated an applied case utilizing an easily adaptable tool, suitable for potential future implementation, further advancement, and broader testing across various project samples in the future. The study provides a framework to assess and mitigate risks linked to cost overruns. As nations navigate infrastructure development complexities, proactive risk management practices are indispensable for efficient resource management, ensuring the economic and financial sustainability of these complex projects.
Effects of a Nutrition Education Programme in Stage IV Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients: A 3-Arm Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Sinclair Jonathan , Dillon Stephanie , Lowe Nicola M. , Melia April
Published: December 2023

This trial examined the influence of two nutrition intervention programmes on health-related and nutritional intake indices pertinent to cardiovascular disease compared to usual care in stage IV cardiac rehabilitation patients. Sixty-six patients were recruited from the Heartbeat North-West cardiac rehabilitation centre in Preston (United Kingdom). Patients were randomly assigned to Usual care, Biggest loser or Nutrition education arms. Usual care undertook their usual two exercise classes per week without nutritional support, Biggest loser underwent weekly education sessions focussing on weight loss using the themes within the British Heart Foundation ‘So You Want to Lose Weight for Good’ guidelines, and Nutrition education followed the same themes as Biggest loser but in a more focussed manner informed by patient focus groups. In total, this was a 12-week trial in which patients spent 6 weeks engaged in their allocated intervention arm, after which all participants switched to Usual care. The primary outcome was systolic blood pressure, and secondary measures of anthropometric, blood biomarker, nutritional knowledge (via the Mediterranean Diet Assessment Tool) and nutritional intake indices were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks (follow-up). Intention-to-treat analyses revealed no significant alterations in the primary outcome (Usual care: baseline = 130.45 mmHg, 6 weeks = 127.83 mmHg, and follow-up = 126.35 mmHg, Biggest loser: baseline = 133.50 mmHg, 6 weeks = 123.06 mmHg, and follow-up = 135.22 mmHg, or Nutrition education: baseline = 135.23 mmHg, 6 weeks = 129.20 mmHg, and follow-up = 126.26 mmHg) between arms. However, at 6 weeks, improvements in triglycerides were significantly greater in Usual care (baseline = 1.61 mmol/L and 6 weeks = 1.43 mmol/L) group compared to Nutrition education (baseline = 1.70 mmol/L and 6 weeks = 2.21 mmol/L). Improvements in nutrition knowledge were significantly greater in Nutrition education (baseline = 8.48, 6 weeks = 9.77, and follow-up = 10.07) compared to Usual care (baseline = 7.71, 6 weeks = 8.00, and follow-up = 8.00) and Biggest loser (baseline = 7.71, 6 weeks = 8.73, and follow-up = 8.36). At 6 weeks, the Biggest loser group (baseline = 4.75 g and 6 weeks = 3.83 g) exhibited significantly greater improvements in salt intake compared to Usual care (baseline = 4.87 g and 6 weeks = 4.28 g) and Nutrition education (baseline = 19.25 g and 6 weeks = 16.78 g) in saturated fatty acids compared to Usual care (baseline = 20.26 g and 6 weeks = 21.34 g). This trial shows the effectiveness of nutritional interventions for improving nutritional knowledge and dietary practices in stage IV cardiac rehabilitation, but the mechanisms and longer-term effects of increased triglyceride levels in the Nutrition education group requires further exploration.
Chronic Hepatitis B: A Summarized Anecdote of Complexities in Natural History, Treatment, and Complications
Authors: Noverati Nicholas , Jun Jay W. , Yan Vivian , Halegoua-DeMarzio Dina , Hann Hie-Won
Published: December 2023

Chronic hepatitis B is still a disease process that affects millions around the world. Serologies used to diagnose and follow the progression (or resolution) of the disease can be confusing for clinicians. Further, throughout years of treatment, there may be nuances in presentation that complicate management even further. In this short communication, we highlight six themes in response to treatment and outcomes, including complications. We have the unique perspective of following many patients over extended periods of time at our institution, which has brought these themes to life in order that they can be shared with other clinicians who may encounter similar situations.
Atomistic-Continuum Study of an Ultrafast Melting Process Controlled by a Femtosecond Laser-Pulse Train
Authors: Meng Yu , Gong An , Chen Zhicheng , Wang Qingsong , Guo Jianwu , Li Zihao , Li Jiafang
Published: December 2023

In femtosecond laser fabrication, the laser-pulse train shows great promise in improving processing efficiency, quality, and precision. This research investigates the influence of pulse number, pulse interval, and pulse energy ratio on the lateral and longitudinal ultrafast melting process using an experiment and the molecular dynamics coupling two-temperature model (MD-TTM model), which incorporates temperature-dependent thermophysical parameters. The comparison of experimental and simulation results under single and double pulses proves the reliability of the MD-TTM model and indicates that as the pulse number increases, the melting threshold at the edge region of the laser spot decreases, resulting in a larger diameter of the melting region in the 2D lateral melting results. Using the same model, the lateral melting results of five pulses are simulated. Moreover, the longitudinal melting results are also predicted, and an increasing pulse number leads to a greater early-stage melting depth in the melting process. In the case of double femtosecond laser pulses, the pulse interval and pulse energy ratio also affect the early-stage melting depth, with the best enhancement observed with a 2 ps interval and a 3:7 energy ratio. However, pulse number, pulse energy ratio, and pulse interval do not affect the final melting depth with the same total energies. The findings mean that the phenomena of melting region can be flexibly manipulated through the laser-pulse train, which is expected to be applied to improve the structural precision and boundary quality.
Synthesis of Cobalt Particles and Investigation of Their Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Characteristics
Authors: Li Hong , Li Hongyang , Sheng Bo , Zheng Bing , Shi Sujun , Cai Qing , Xu Wenqi , Zhao Xiuchen , Liu Ying
Published: December 2023

As the integration technology for integrated circuit (IC) packaging continues to advance, the issue of electromagnetic interference in IC packaging becomes increasingly prominent. Magnetic materials, acknowledged for their superior electromagnetic absorption capabilities, play a pivotal role in mitigating electromagnetic interference problems. In this study, we employed a liquid-phase reduction method. We prepared three types of cobalt (Co) particles with distinct morphologies. Through variations in the synthesis process conditions, we were able to control the aspect ratio of protrusions on the surface of the Co particles. It was found that the sword-like Co particles exhibit superior electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities, showing a reflection loss value of up to −50.96 dB. Notably, when the coating thickness is only 1.6 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth is extended up to 7.6 GHz. The spatially expansive sword-like Co particles, with their unique structure featuring dipole polarization and interfacial polarization, demonstrated enhanced dielectric and magnetic loss capabilities, concurrently showcasing superior impedance-matching performance.
A Novel Planning and Tracking Approach for Mobile Robotic Arm in Obstacle Environment
Authors: Yu Jiabin , Wu Jiguang , Xu Jiping , Wang Xiaoyi , Cui Xiaoyu , Wang Bingyi , Zhao Zhiyao
Published: December 2023

In this study, a novel planning and tracking approach is proposed for a mobile robotic arm to grab objects in an obstacle environment. First, we developed an improved APF-RRT* algorithm for the motion planning of a mobile robotic arm. This algorithm optimizes the selection of random tree nodes and smoothing the path. The invalid branch and the planning time are decreased by the artificial potential field, which is determined by the specific characteristics of obstacles. Second, a Fuzzy-DDPG-PID controller is established for the mobile robotic arm to track the planned path. The parameters of the PID controller are set using the new DDPG algorithm, which integrated FNN. The response speed and control accuracy of the controller are enhanced. The error and time of tracking of the mobile robotic arm are decreased. The experiment results verify that the proposed approach has good planning and tracking results, high speed and accuracy, and strong robustness. To avoid the occasionality of the experiments and fully illustrate the effectiveness and generality of the proposed approach, the experiments are repeated multiple times. The experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It outperforms existing planning and tracking approaches.
A Predictive Control Model of Bernoulli Production Line with Rework Loop for Real-Time WIP Optimization in Permutation Flowshop
Authors: Gu Wenbin , Guo Zhenyang , Wang Xianliang , Yang Yiran , Yuan Minghai
Published: December 2023

Permutation flowshop design and optimization are crucial in industry as they have a direct impact on production scheduling and efficiency. The ultimate goal is to model the production system (PSM) based on revealing the fundamental principles of the production process, and to schedule or reschedule production release plans in real time without interrupting work-in-progress (WIP). Most existing PSMs are focused on static production processes which fail to describe the dynamic relationships between machines and buffers. Therefore, this paper establishes a PSM to characterize both the static and transient behaviors of automatic and manual machines in the permutation flowshop manufacturing system. Building upon the established PSM, based on Bernoulli’s theory, discrete event model predictive control is proposed in this paper; its aim is to realize real-time optimization of production release plans without interfering with work-in-progress. According to the results of numerical examples, the discrete event model predictive control proposed in this paper is feasible and effective. The model established in this paper provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the effective operation of work-in-progress and replacement process systems.
Paradoxes of Competition in Periodic Environments: Delta Functions in Ecological Models
Authors: Il’ichev Vitaly G. , Rokhlin Dmitry B.
Published: December 2023

We demonstrate a basic technique for simplifying time-periodic competition models, which is based on the utilization of periodic delta functions as population growth rates. We show that the Poincare mapping splits into a sequence of one-dimensional mappings. The study of the corresponding stable equilibria allows us to make conclusions concerning the coexistence and selection of the family of competitors. In particular, in “all vs. all” systems, for one of the populations to dominate, it is enough to surpass the others with a certain margin, and the correspondent stock constant does not depend on the number of competitors. We present paradoxical examples, where (1) a low-productive population can displace a highly productive one, (2) the displacement is non-transitive, (3) the coexistence is non-transitive. We also show how the delta functions can be utilized for the analysis of a “predator–prey” system.
Exploring the Manufacturing Process of a Renaissance Breach Pike
Authors: Merico Paolomarco , Faccoli Michela , Gotti Roberto , Cornacchia Giovanna
Published: December 2023

An archaeometallurgical study of a Renaissance breach pike was performed to elucidate its manufacturing process. Optical microscopy observations and microhardness measurements indicated that the breach pike was forged starting from a heterogeneous steel lump. The microstructural features were compatible with post-forging air cooling. The chemistry of a large set of nonmetallic inclusions was investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray dispersive spectroscopy. Compositional data were analyzed by multivariate statistics to distinguish smelting-related slag inclusions. A logistic regression model indicated that the steel was probably produced by the direct method. The liquidus temperatures of the slag inclusions indicated maximum smelting temperatures in the range of 1200 °C to 1300 °C. A thermodynamic-based model was adopted to estimate the average smelting conditions in terms of temperature and oxygen chemical potential and investigate the disequilibrium of slag inclusion–metal systems. For low-disequilibrium systems, the computed temperature values range between 1095 °C and 1118 °C, while the oxygen chemical potentials (μO2) span from −442 to −374 kJ/mol.
Effect of Nb Content on the Microstructure and Impact Toughness of High-Strength Pipeline Steel
Authors: Jiang Jinxing , Zhang Zhongde , Guo Kai , Guan Yingping , Yuan Liangzeng , Wang Qingfeng
Published: December 2023

In this study, X80 pipeline steel is prepared with different Nb contents through the thermo-mechanically controlled rolling process. The effects of using two different Nb contents on the impact toughness and microstructure of the pipeline steel are examined using various experimental techniques. The results show that with the increase in Nb content, the transformation temperature Ar3 decreases, and the nucleation and growth of bainitic ferrite with lath features (LB) are promoted, while those of granular bainite (GB) are inhibited. In addition, the stability of the austenite phase increases with the increase in Nb content. Therefore, the volume fractions of LB and martensite–austenite (M/A) constituents increase, while the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) decreases. The impact energy of pipeline steel at −45 °C is closely related to the Nb content. Specifically, the impact energy decreases from 217 J at 0.05 wt.% Nb to 88 J at 0.08 wt.% Nb. The cracks are preferentially formed near the M/A constituents, and the HAGBs significantly inhibit the crack propagation. The steel with 0.05 wt.% Nb has a lower content of M/A constituents and a higher proportion of HAGBs than the one with 0.08 wt.% Nb. In addition, as the Nb content increases, the crack initiation energy and the crack propagation energy decrease. Thus, the 0.05 wt.% Nb steel has a higher low-temperature impact energy.
Evaluation of Austenitic Stainless Steel ER308 Coating on H13 Tool Steel by Robotic GMAW Process
Authors: Hernandez-Flores Jorge Eduardo , Rodriguez-Vargas Bryan Ramiro , Stornelli Giulia , Pérez Argelia Fabiola Miranda , García-Vázquez Felipe de Jesús , Gómez-Casas Josué , Di Schino Andrea
Published: December 2023

Within the drilling, petrochemical, construction, and related industries, coatings are used to recover components that failed during service or to prevent potential failures. Due to high stresses, such as wear and corrosion, which the materials are subjected to, industries require the application of coating between dissimilar materials, such as carbon steels and stainless steels, through arc welding processes. In this work, an austenitic stainless steel (ER308) coating was applied to an H13 tool steel substrate using the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) robotic process. The heat input during the process was calculated to establish a relationship between the geometry obtained in the coating and its dilution percentage. Furthermore, the evolution of the microstructure of the coating, interface, and substrate was evaluated using XRD and SEM techniques. Notably, the presence of martensite at the interface was observed. The mechanical behavior of the welded assembly was analyzed through Vickers microhardness, and a pin-on-disk wear test was employed to assess its wear resistance. It was found that the dilution percentage is around 18% at high heat input (0.813 kJ/mm) but decreases to about 14% with reduced heat input. Microhardness tests revealed that at the interface, the maximum value is reached at about 625 HV due to the presence of quenched martensite. Moreover, increasing the heat input favors wear resistance.
A Review of Irradiation-Tolerant Refractory High-Entropy Alloys
Authors: Wang Beiya , Yang Chao , Shu Da , Sun Baode
Published: December 2023

Along with the globalization of environmental problems and the rapid development of the field of nuclear technologies, the severe irradiation damage of materials has become a big issue, restricting the development of advanced nuclear reactor systems. Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have the characteristics of a complex composition, a short-range order, and lattice distortion and possess a high phase stability, outstanding mechanical properties, and excellent irradiation resistance at elevated temperatures; thus, they are expected to be promising candidates for advanced nuclear reactors. This review summarizes the design, preparation, and irradiation resistance of irradiation-tolerant RHEAs. It encompasses a comprehensive analysis of various aspects, including the evolution of defects, changes in microstructure, and the degradation in properties. Furthermore, the challenges and insufficiently researched areas regarding these alloys are identified and discussed. Building on this foundation, the review also provides a forward-looking perspective, outlining potential avenues for future research.
Study on Mechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanism of Fe-28Mn-10Al-C High-Strength Steel during Dynamic Deformation Process
Authors: Cao Shanji , Zhang Hanwen , Tang Zhengyou , Yu Shuo
Published: December 2023

For the purpose of investigating the microstructure deformation of 28Mn-10Al-C steel at high speeds under different strain rates, the dynamic properties of 28Mn-10Al-C steel under varying strain rates and the feasibility of the tensile specimens with a variable cross-section were evaluated using a combination of tensile test, optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). The test results demonstrate that the high-tension tensile process of 28Mn-10Al-C steel involves a competitive process of work hardening, deformation speed reinforcement, and adiabatic temperature elevation. The elasticity limit, tensile strength, and elongation of 28Mn-10Al-C steel increase with the rate of deformation. Specifically, at a deformation rate of 103 s−1, the yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of the test steel increase to 817 MPa, 1047 MPa, and 60.6%, respectively, indicating significant improvements in all properties. Through analyzing its mechanical properties, dislocation density, and angle grain boundary density, this article discusses the deformation behavior of 28Mn-10Al-C steel during dynamic deformation. It is found that the dominant hardening mechanism and softening mechanism in the deformation process change with the increase in strain rate.
A Potential Role for the Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment: Exploring Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence
Authors: Oliveira Tadeu P. D. , Morais Ana L. B. , dos Reis Pedro L. B. , Palotás András , Vieira Luciene B.
Published: December 2023

Given the remarkable progress in global health and overall quality of life, the significant rise in life expectancy has become intertwined with the surging occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). This emerging trend is poised to pose a substantial challenge to the fields of medicine and public health in the years ahead. In this context, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is regarded as an ND that causes recent memory loss, motor impairment and cognitive deficits. AD is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and its development is linked to multifactorial interactions between the environment, genetics, aging and lifestyle. The pathological hallmarks in AD are the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, neurotoxic events and impaired glucose metabolism. Due to pharmacological limitations and in view of the prevailing glycemic hypometabolism, the ketogenic diet (KD) emerges as a promising non-pharmacological possibility for managing AD, an approach that has already demonstrated efficacy in addressing other disorders, notably epilepsy. The KD consists of a food regimen in which carbohydrate intake is discouraged at the expense of increased lipid consumption, inducing metabolic ketosis whereby the main source of energy becomes ketone bodies instead of glucose. Thus, under these dietary conditions, neuronal death via lack of energy would be decreased, inasmuch as the metabolism of lipids is not impaired in AD. In this way, the clinical picture of patients with AD would potentially improve via the slowing down of symptoms and delaying of the progression of the disease. Hence, this review aims to explore the rationale behind utilizing the KD in AD treatment while emphasizing the metabolic interplay between the KD and the improvement of AD indicators, drawing insights from both preclinical and clinical investigations. Via a comprehensive examination of the studies detailed in this review, it is evident that the KD emerges as a promising alternative for managing AD. Moreover, its efficacy is notably enhanced when dietary composition is modified, thereby opening up innovative avenues for decreasing the progression of AD.
Mineralogy and Geochemical Characteristics of Scheelite Deposit at Xuebaoding in Pingwu, Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Cao Qinyuan , Shi Miao , Yuan Ye , Ma Shiyu , Lu Haoyu
Published: December 2023

Featuring subtle lithological alterations in the host rocks and containing colossal gemstone crystals, the scheelite deposit at Xuebaoding in the Pingwu region of Sichuan Province exhibits characteristics typical of a vein-like hydrothermal-type deposit. The scheelite from the Xuebaoding region is renowned for its high saturation of color, perfect crystal shape, and pure color. In this study, its crystal structure and mineralogical, geochemical, and in situ Sr-Nd isotope characteristics are all systematically characterized. Our objective is to determine the source of ore-forming materials, the timing of the mineralization, and the chemical composition of scheelite, including major elements, trace elements, and rare earths elements (REE). The scheelite samples were analyzed with a variety of methods such as polarizing microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), electron probing, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). In addition, conventional gemological tests were performed using instruments including gemstone microscopes, GI-UVB ultraviolet fluorescent lamps, grating spectroscopy, etc. The results demonstrate that scheelite exhibits a high refractive index, excellent crystallinity, and a granular structure. Clear color bands and ring structures are observed within the minerals, accompanied by interference colors of light blue, blue, and yellow. Additionally, the mineral components are relatively concentrated, with muscovite and illite serving as accessory minerals. Furthermore, the chemical composition of scheelite reveals a WO3/CaO mass ratio that approaches or exceeds the ideal value. Moreover, it exhibits a wide range of variations in total rare earth element (∑REE) content, which is characterized by an enrichment of light rare earths (LREE), significant negative Eu anomalies, and insignificant Ce anomalies. In addition, the metallogenic formation of scheelite can be estimated to have occurred during the Toarcian stage in the Lower Jurassic Epoch period, approximately 183 Ma. The study further revealed that A-type granite serves as the genesis type of scheelite, with most of the ore-forming materials originating from the upper crust and a few derived from younger crustal sources.
Predicting Flowability at Disposal of Spent Heap Leach by Applying Artificial Neural Networks Based on Operational Variables
Authors: Herrera Nelson , Sinche Gonzalez María , Okkonen Jarkko , Mollehuara Canales Raul
Published: December 2023

The mining sector actively seeks to improve operational processes and manage residual materials, especially in areas used for heap leaching disposal. The flowability of residues following deposition can have an impact on storage capacity, productivity, and workers’ safety. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach is applied to evaluate the accuracy of three models in predicting the flowability of spent heap leach when it is discharged into the dump, considering three or five segregation categories. The models with five categories exhibited the highest level of accuracy, with learning responses ranging from 72% to 78% and predictions from 88% to 96%. These indicate that ANN models have the potential to be a decision-making tool for the discharge strategy in the dump. Modules containing lithologies such as clays and phyllosilicates exhibited increased susceptibility to separation due to their water retention capacity, which negatively impacted their permeability and conductivity. The decomposition of iron oxide, along with clays and low hardness, led to the formation of fines, limited permeability, and inadequate solution drainage. Rock competence and low formation of fines provide good permeability, and better drainage conditions for the solution, and help maintain the stability of the spent heap leach in the dump.
H2S/Butane Dual Gas Sensing Based on a Hydrothermally Synthesized MXene Ti3C2Tx/NiCo2O4 Nanocomposite
Authors: Sadaf Shama , Zhang Hongpeng , Akhtar Ali
Published: December 2023

Real-time sensing of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at room temperature is important to ensure the safety of humans and the environment. Four kinds of different nanocomposites, such as MXene Ti3C2Tx, Ti3AlC2, WS2, and MoSe2/NiCo2O4, were synthesized using the hydrothermal method in this paper. Initially, the intrinsic properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were studied using different techniques. P-type butane and H2S-sensing behaviors of nanocomposites were performed and analyzed deeply. Four sensor sheets were fabricated using a spin-coating method. The gas sensor was distinctly part of the chemiresistor class. The MXene Ti3C2Tx/NiCo2O4-based gas sensor detected the highest response (16) toward 10 ppm H2S at room temperature. In comparison, the sensor detected the highest response (9.8) toward 4000 ppm butane at 90 °C compared with the other three fabricated sensors (Ti3AlC2, WS2, and MoSe2/NiCo2O4). The MXene Ti3C2Tx/NiCo2O4 sensor showed excellent responses, minimum limits of detection (0.1 ppm H2S and 5 ppm butane), long-term stability, and good reproducibility compared with the other fabricated sensors. The highest sensing properties toward H2S and butane were accredited to p–p heterojunctions, higher BET surface areas, increased oxygen species, etc. These simply synthesized nanocomposites and fabricated sensors present a novel method for tracing H2S and butane at the lowest concentration to prevent different gas-exposure-related diseases.
Water Intake and Hydration Status among Pregnant Women in the Second Trimester in China: A Three-Day Metabolic Trial
Authors: Xie Zhencheng , Li Xiaocheng , Li Genyuan , Lu Xiaolong , Wu Jieshu , Lin Xiaofang , Yang Yue , Shi Xi , Ding Ye , Wang Zhixu
Published: December 2023

Adequate water intake and optimal hydration status during pregnancy are crucial for maternal and infant health. However, research on water intake by pregnant women in China is very limited. This study mainly aimed to observe the daily total water intake (TWI) of pregnant women and its different sources and to investigate the relationship between their water intake and hydration biomarkers. From October to November 2020, a convenience sample of pregnant women in the second trimester (n = 21) was recruited. Under conditions close to daily life, they undertook a 3-day metabolic trial. Each participant was provided with sufficient bottled water, and the weight of what they drank each time was measured. The intake of other beverages and foods was measured using a combination of weighing and duplicate portion method. Fasting venous blood and 24 h urine samples were collected and analyzed for the hydration biomarkers, including the serum/urine osmolality, urine pH, urine specific gravity, and the concentrations of major electrolytes in urine and serum. The results showed that the mean daily TWI was 3151 mL, of which water from beverages and foods accounted for 60.1% and 39.9%, respectively. The mean total fluid intake (TFI) was 1970 mL, with plain water being the primary contributor (68.7%, r = 0.896). Among the participants, 66.7% (n = 14, Group 1) met the TWI recommendation set by the Chinese Nutrition Society. Further analysis revealed that the TFI, water from beverages and foods, plain water, and milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) were significantly higher in Group 1 than those who did not reach the adequate intake value (Group 2) (p < 0.05). The results of hydration biomarkers showed that the mean 24 h urine volume in Group 1 was significantly higher than that in Group 2 (p < 0.05), while the 24 h urine osmolality, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride, and creatinine concentrations in Group 1 were significantly lower than those in Group 2 (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in serum biomarkers. Partial correlation analysis showed that TWI was moderately positively correlated with 24 h urine volume (r = 0.675) and negatively correlated with urine osmolality, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and chloride concentrations (r = from−0.505 to −0.769), but it was not significantly correlated with serum biomarkers. Therefore, under free-living conditions, increasing the daily intake of plain water and MMDs is beneficial for pregnant women to maintain optimal hydration. The hydration biomarkers in urine are more accurate indicators of water intake and exhibit greater sensitivity compared to serum biomarkers. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing appropriate water intake and hydration status for pregnant women in China.
Association between Anxiety Status and Hydration Status in Spanish University Students
Authors: Castro-Alija María José , Albertos Irene , Pérez Íñigo Claudia , López María , Jiménez José María , Cao María José , Trayling Megan , Ruiz-Tovar Jaime
Published: December 2023

Anxiety disorders are a very common psychiatric pathology among young university students, and the strategies for its mitigation are limited to the consumption of anxiolytic substances. Adequate hydration is essential for staying healthy, as water is the main component of the human body and of several physiological processes. A state of dehydration, in addition to a negative water balance, has serious consequences on health status. We aimed to determine the association between the degree of anxiety and the level of hydration in Spanish university students. A cross-sectional, observational research study with a sample of 65 female university students was conducted. Over 90% of the study population shows anxiety levels above the 95th percentile. The individuals with anxiety above the 95th percentile showed a negative water balance. The consumption of coffee and herbal teas shows correlations with state anxiety and trait anxiety.
Dietary Inflammatory Potential, Inflammation-Related Lifestyle Factors, and Incident Anxiety Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zheng Jiali , Liu Mengdan , Zhao Longgang , Hébert James R. , Steck Susan E. , Wang Hui , Li Xiaoguang
Published: December 2023

It is unclear whether diet-associated inflammation is related to the development of anxiety disorders. We aimed to investigate the association between energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) scores and the incidence of anxiety disorders, and explore the joint effects of E-DII scores with other inflammatory lifestyles in enhancing anxiety risk. In the UK Biobank Study of 96,679 participants, baseline E-DII scores were calculated from the average intake of at least two 24 h dietary recalls. Multivariable-adjusted Cox models were used to evaluate the associations between E-DII scores and the incidence of total anxiety disorders, and primary types and subtypes; additive and multiplicative interactions of a pro-inflammatory diet and seven inflammatory lifestyles were examined. After a median follow-up of 9.4 years, 2785 incident cases of anxiety disorders occurred. Consuming a pro-inflammatory diet was significantly associated with a higher risk of total anxiety disorders (HRQ4vsQ1 = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.00–1.25), and positive associations were consistently identified for primary types and subtypes of anxiety disorders, with HRs ranging from 1.08 to 1.52, and were present in women only. Both additive and multiplicative interactions of current smoking and a proinflammatory diet on total anxiety risk were identified. A proinflammatory diet was associated with a higher incidence of anxiety disorders, and current smoking may synergize with a proinflammatory diet to promote anxiety risk, particularly among women.
Comparative Pathology of Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection
Authors: Kirk Natalie M. , Liang Yuying , Ly Hinh
Published: December 2023

Animal models are essential for studying disease pathogenesis and to test the efficacy and safety of new vaccines and therapeutics. For most diseases, there is no single model that can recapitulate all features of the human condition, so it is vital to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each. The purpose of this review is to describe popular comparative animal models, including mice, ferrets, hamsters, and non-human primates (NHPs), that are being used to study clinical and pathological changes caused by influenza A virus infection with the aim to aid in appropriate model selection for disease modeling.
Correction: Volkova et al. Cyclodextrin’s Effect on Permeability and Partition of Nortriptyline Hydrochloride. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1022
Authors: Volkova Tatyana , Simonova Olga , Perlovich German
Published: December 2023

In the original publication [...]
Soil Seed Banks and Their Relation to Soil Properties in Hilly Landscapes
Authors: Skuodienė Regina , Matyžiūtė Vilija , Šiaudinis Gintaras
Published: December 2023

For the prevention of hilly soils from erosion, a smart selection of crop rotations is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different agrophytocenoses on seed numbers in the soil runoff sediments and soil seed banks’ relations to soil properties in hilly landscapes. This study analyzes long-term monitoring data from three different agrophytocenoses (permanent grassland, cereal–grass crop rotation and crop rotation with a row crop) set up on slopes of 9–11° steepness with collectors for soil and water installed. The soil of the southern exposition slope was a slightly eroded Eutric Retisol. In the soil of permanent grassland, the number of seeds was 4036 seeds m−2, 6.0 and 3.2 times smaller compared to cereal–grass crop rotation and crop rotation with a row crop. The seeds found in the soil runoff sediments composed, on average, 0.9% of the soil seed bank, and the number of seeds depended on the number of days with heavy precipitation during the plant vegetation period, as well as on the plant communities grown in a particular rotation. Correlation analysis showed the seed numbers’ dependence on the soil’s chemical and physical properties. Hill slopes were not affected by water erosion, when agrophytocenoses were based on perennial grassland and also cereal–grass crop rotation, where reduced soil tillage was applied.
Exogenous Melatonin Promotes Glucoraphanin Biosynthesis by Mediating Glutathione in Hairy Roots of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Planch)
Authors: Bao Jinyu , Yang Jie , Lu Xu , Ma Lei , Shi Xiaotong , Lan Shimin , Zhao Yi , Cao Jie , Ma Shaoying , Li Sheng
Published: December 2023

To investigate the mechanism of melatonin (MT)-mediated glutathione (GSH) in promoting glucoraphanin (GRA) and sulforaphane (SF) synthesis, the gene expression pattern and protein content of hairy broccoli roots under MT treatment were analyzed by a combination of RNA-seq and tandem mass spectrometry tagging (TMT) techniques in this study. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that both proteins and mRNAs with the same expression trend were enriched in the “Glutathione metabolism (ko00480)” and “Proteasome (ko03050)” pathways, and most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) regulating the two pathways were downregulated. The results showed that endogenous GSH concentration and GR activity were increased in hairy roots after MT treatment. Exogenous GSH could promote the biosynthesis of GRA and SF, and both exogenous MT and GSH could upregulate the expression of the GSTF11 gene related to the sulfur transport gene, thus promoting the biosynthesis of GRA. Taken together, this study provides a new perspective to explore the complex molecular mechanisms of improving GRA and SF synthesis levels by MT and GSH regulation.
Genetic Mapping of Tolerance to Bacterial Stem Blight Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Moya Yeidymar Sierra , Medina Cesar , Herrera Bianca , Chamba Fabian , Yu Long-Xi , Xu Zhanyou , Samac Deborah A.
Published: December 2023

The bacterial stem blight of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), first reported in the United States in 1904, has emerged recently as a serious disease problem in the western states. The causal agent, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, promotes frost damage and disease that can reduce first harvest yields by 50%. Resistant cultivars and an understanding of host-pathogen interactions are lacking in this pathosystem. With the goal of identifying DNA markers associated with disease resistance, we developed biparental F1 mapping populations using plants from the cultivar ZG9830. Leaflets of plants in the mapping populations were inoculated with a bacterial suspension using a needleless syringe and scored for disease symptoms. Bacterial populations were measured by culture plating and using a quantitative PCR assay. Surprisingly, leaflets with few to no symptoms had bacterial loads similar to leaflets with severe disease symptoms, indicating that plants without symptoms were tolerant to the bacterium. Genotyping-by-sequencing identified 11 significant SNP markers associated with the tolerance phenotype. This is the first study to identify DNA markers associated with tolerance to P. syringae. These results provide insight into host responses and provide markers that can be used in alfalfa breeding programs to develop improved cultivars to manage the bacterial stem blight of alfalfa.
Acidic Metal-Based Functional Ionic Liquids Catalyze the Synthesis of Bio-Based PEF Polyester
Authors: Zhou Qiao , Zhao Yuanyuan , Shi Yafei , Zheng Rongrong , Guo Liying
Published: December 2023

Utilizing triethylenediamine (DA), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), whose ring opens during the formation of the dizwiterion-intermediate DA-2PS, and the metal chlorides XCly, where X = Sn(IV), Zn(II),Al(III), Fe(III) and Mn(II), are used for the synthesis of five kinds of acidic metal-based functionalized ionic liquid catalysts ([DA-2PS][XCly]2). Their chemical structures, thermal stability and dual acidic active site were analyzed. We investigated the performance of [DA-2PS][XCly]2 in catalyzing the esterification reaction between 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and ethylene glycol (EG) to synthesize poly (ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)(PEF). Among the catalysts tested, [DA-2PS][SnCl5]2 exhibited the best catalytic performance under identical process parameters, and the optimal catalyst dosage was determined to be 0.05 mol% based on FDCA. The optimal conditions for the reaction were predicted using response surface methodology: a feed ratio of EG:FDCA = 1.96:1, an esterification temperature of 219.86 °C, a polycondensation temperature of 240.04 °C and a polycondensation time of 6.3 h, with a intrinsic viscosity of 0.67 dL·g−1. The resulting PEF was experimentally verified to exhibit an intrinsic viscosity of 0.68 dL·g−1 and a number average molecular weight of 28,820 g·mol−1. Finally, the structure and thermal properties of PEF were characterized. The results confirmed that PEF possessed the correct structure, exhibited high thermal stability and demonstrated excellent thermal properties.
Enhancing Pectin Particles with Polymer Additives: Mitigating Rumen Degradation and Minimizing Yellowish Milk Color in Grazed Cows
Authors: Vera-Vázquez Francisco , Ramírez-Bribiesca Jacinto Efrén , Cruz-Monterrosa Rosy G. , Crosby-Galvan María M. , Barcena-Gama José Ricardo , Ramírez Diana Tamara , Mejía-Méndez Jorge L. , Vallejo-Hernández Laura H. , López-Mena Edgar R.
Published: December 2023

The pigments consumed in grazing give the milk from dual-purpose cows raised in tropical conditions a yellowish color, affecting the quality and price of the milk. This study aimed to develop an economical method with supplementary pectin to antagonize the availability of carotenes by designing microparticles with shellac and palm oil as a viable alternative to protect pectin degradation against rumen microbes. Three preparations of microparticles based on citrus pectin were synthesized: unprotected (PnP), protected with palm oil (PwP), and protected with palm oil and shellac (PwPL) microparticles. Samples were roughly characterized by spectroscopy and electron microscopy techniques. The effect of PnP, PwP, and PwPL on blood metabolites and physicochemical characteristics of the milk of grazing lactating cows was evaluated through in vivo assays. The release of citrus pectin from microparticles was determined as uronic acids using solutions with distinct pH, whereas its degradation was studied using in situ tests. Results revealed that PnP, PwP, and PwPL are amorphous structures with sizes that range from 60 to 265 nm or 750 to 3570 µm and have surface charges that range from −11.5 to −50.2 mV. Samples exhibited characteristic peaks during FTIR analyses that corresponded to O-H, C=O, and COOCH3 groups and bands within the UV-vis region that indicated the absorption of pectin. The EDS analysis revealed the presence of carbon, oxygen, or calcium in samples. The release of uronic acids was higher at pH 2–3 with PwPL. The in situ degradability of PnP, PwP, and PwPL was 99, 28.4, and 17.7%, respectively. Moreover, PwPL decreased the blood concentration of glucose, cholesterol, and lactate. In contrast, 100 g of pectin per animal daily during the feed process reduced yellow coloring. In conclusion, designing particles protected with lipids and polymers as shellac is an economical method that resists degradation at pH levels greater than five.
Estimation and Prediction of the Polymers’ Physical Characteristics Using the Machine Learning Models
Authors: Malashin Ivan Pavlovich , Tynchenko Vadim Sergeevich , Nelyub Vladimir Aleksandrovich , Borodulin Aleksei Sergeevich , Gantimurov Andrei Pavlovich
Published: December 2023

This article investigates the utility of machine learning (ML) methods for predicting and analyzing the diverse physical characteristics of polymers. Leveraging a rich dataset of polymers’ characteristics, the study encompasses an extensive range of polymer properties, spanning compressive and tensile strength to thermal and electrical behaviors. Using various regression methods like Ensemble, Tree-based, Regularization, and Distance-based, the research undergoes thorough evaluation using the most common quality metrics. As a result of a series of experimental studies on the selection of effective model parameters, those that provide a high-quality solution to the stated problem were found. The best results were achieved by Random Forest with the highest R2 scores of 0.71, 0.73, and 0.88 for glass transition, thermal decomposition, and melting temperatures, respectively. The outcomes are intricately compared, providing valuable insights into the efficiency of distinct ML approaches in predicting polymer properties. Unknown values for each characteristic were predicted, and a method validation was performed by training on the predicted values, comparing the results with the specified variance values of each characteristic. The research not only advances our comprehension of polymer physics but also contributes to informed model selection and optimization for materials science applications.
Effects of Filler Anisometry on the Mechanical Response of a Magnetoactive Elastomer Cell: A Single-Inclusion Modeling Approach
Authors: Nadzharyan Timur A. , Kramarenko Elena Yu.
Published: December 2023

A finite-element model of the mechanical response of a magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) volume element is presented. Unit cells containing a single ferromagnetic inclusion with geometric and magnetic anisotropy are considered. The equilibrium state of the cell is calculated using the finite-element method and cell energy minimization. The response of the cell to three different excitation modes is studied: inclusion rotation, inclusion translation, and uniaxial cell stress. The influence of the magnetic properties of the filler particles on the equilibrium state of the MAE cell is considered. The dependence of the mechanical response of the cell on the filler concentration and inclusion anisometry is calculated and analyzed. Optimal filler shapes for maximizing the magnetic response of the MAE are discussed.