bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Tracking of Vape Shop Compliance With State Business Regulations Within Southern California Ethnic Neighborhoods During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Medel Donna , Galimov Artur , Meza Leah , Steinberg Jane K. , Berg Carla J. , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes , Sussman Steve
Published: January 2021

The overall aim of this study is to examine vape shop business operations during COVID-19 among a cohort of 88 vape shops in the Greater Los Angeles area in Southern California, located in ethnically diverse communities. A total of six web- and/or phone-based assessments were conducted over a 12-week period (April 1, 2020–June 10, 2020), extending from the mandated closure of nonessential businesses (Stage 1; Assessments 1–3) to the reopening of nonessential sectors (Stage 2; Assessments 4–6), to evaluate business operations (open and closure statuses). The proportion of vape shops found to be noncompliant with the Governor’s executive order (i.e., open) during Stage 1 gradually increased from 54 (61.4%) at Assessment 1 (week of April 1, 2020) to 58 (65.9%) at Assessment 3 (week of April 29, 2020). Moreover, vape shops located in Hispanic/Latino and Korean/Asian communities (vs. those in non-Hispanic White and African American communities) were more likely to stay open both during and after the shutdown at Assessments 1 and 6. More specifically, vape shops located in Hispanic/Latino communities were significantly more likely to offer walk-in service during Assessment 1 (during the shutdown), and vape shops in Hispanic/Latino and Korean/Asian were significantly more likely to offer walk-in service during Assessment 6 (after the re-opening). This study demonstrates high rates of noncompliance with shutdown orders among vape shops located in ethnic communities, thus suggesting higher contextual risk factors of COVID-19 exposure among certain ethnic communities.
‘Culture for Sale’: The Effects of Corporate Colonization on the UK Museum Sector
Authors: Aroles Jeremy , Hassard John , Hyde Paula
Published: January 2021

For the United Kingdom, the 2008 financial crisis coupled with the subsequent economic austerity programme forced many public institutions to engage in various cost-cutting and fundraising ventures. In parallel, corporate ideologies came to dominate how academics, officials and professionals debated public activities, in turn profoundly affecting the provision of communal services. This paper explores how ‘corporate colonization’ ( sensu Deetz, 1992), fuelled by austerity, claims public institutions for commercial interests. Drawing on in-depth interviews with senior staff, this paper demonstrates how retrenchment of external support in the UK museum sector has been an uneven process, resulting in the manifestation of three experiential states of corporate colonization: organizational perennity, organizational perseverance and organizational precarity. We thus investigate the differential and uneven ways in which corporate colonization affects organizations pertaining to the UK cultural sector. Overall, we argue that the austerity culture in the UK affects museums in largely negative ways by forcing them to respond to the progressive need to satisfy short-term financial interests.
Ex-athletes as Parents Promoting Healthy Lifestyles in Their Families: The Nutrition and Physical Activity of Mothers, Fathers, and 6-Year-Old Children
Authors: Lipowski Mariusz , Lipowska Małgorzata , Jochimek Magdalena , Paweł Jurek
Published: January 2021

Parents healthy behaviors have an undeniable influence on the long-term health of their children by preventing risky behaviors, as well as overweight or obese, which are currently a global problem. The aim of this study was to examine whether parents being ex-athletes is associated with their family having a healthy lifestyle and raising preschool children in healthy ways. An ex-athletes families ( n = 350) with partners (mean age Mmother = 34.20, SD = 5.29; Mfather = 36.73, SD = 5.63) and children and a control group of families ( n = 336; mean age Mmother = 34.47, SD = 5.05; Mfather = 36.88, SD = 5.69) participated in the study. We analyzed the influence of current participation in physical activity (PA) and proper nutrition habits of parents on the parents’ feeding styles and children PA. When at least one parent was an ex-athlete, the control over eating feeding style was used more often and the emotional feeding style was used less often in comparison to the control group. Children from families with an ex-athlete spent more hours per week on PA compared to children from the control group.
International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Dog
Authors: Woicke Jochen , Al-Haddawi Muthafar M. , Bienvenu Jean-Guy , Caverly Rae Jessica M. , Chanut Franck J. , Colman Karyn , Cullen John M. , Davis Wendell , Fukuda Ryo , Huisinga Maike , Walker Ursula Junker , Kai Kiyonori , Kovi Ramesh C. , Macri Nicholas P. , Marxfeld Heike-Antje , Nikula Kristen J. , Pardo Ingrid D. , Rosol Thomas J. , Sharma Alok K. , Singh Bhanu P. , Tamura Kazutoshi , Thibodeau Michael S. , Vezzali Enrico , Vidal Justin D. , Meseck Emily K.
Published: January 2021

The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project ( www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp ) is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the dog used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet ( http://www.goreni.org/ ). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions, lesions induced by exposure to test materials, and relevant infectious and parasitic lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
Screening For Bone Marrow Cellularity Changes in Cynomolgus Macaques in Toxicology Safety Studies Using Artificial Intelligence Models
Authors: Smith Mark A. , Westerling-Bui Thomas , Wilcox Angela , Schwartz Julie
Published: January 2021

Many compounds affect the cellularity of hematolymphoid organs including bone marrow. Toxicologic pathologists are tasked with their evaluation as part of safety studies. An artificial intelligence (AI) tool could provide diagnostic support for the pathologist. We looked at the ability of a deep-learning AI model to evaluate whole slide images of macaque sternebrae to identify and enumerate bone marrow hematopoietic cells. The AI model was trained and able to differentiate the hematopoietic cells from the other sternebrae tissues. We compared the model to severity scores in a study with decreased hematopoietic cellularity. The mean cells/mm2 from the model was lower for each increase in severity score. The AI model was trained by 1 pathologist, providing proof of concept that AI model generation can be fast and agile, without the need of a cross disciplinary team and significant effort. We see great potential for the role of AI-based bone marrow screening.
Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation in Veterans With Comorbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnea
Authors: Dhanda Patil Reena , Hong Michael P. , Ishman Stacey L.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Insomnia and sleep apnea frequently co‐occur, with additive effects of both disorders presenting clinicians with unique treatment challenges compared to one disorder alone. The hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HNS) is a promising treatment for patients with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea (COMISA), many of whom have positive airway pressure (PAP) intolerance. Our aim was to determine adherence to and efficacy of HNS in veterans with COMISA refractory to PAP therapy compared to those with obstructive sleep apnea alone (OSA only).

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Setting

A single, academic Veterans Affairs medical center.

Methods

Review of clinical records, pre‐ and postoperative polysomnography, and clinical measures of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), sleepiness, and insomnia was conducted in 53 consecutive cases of veterans with OSA undergoing HNS implantation. HNS adherence was obtained at postoperative visits. HNS adherence and efficacy were compared between individuals with COMISA and OSA only.

Results

COMISA was noted in 30 of 53 (56.6%) veterans studied. There was no significant difference between HNS adherence in patients with COMISA and OSA only (5.6 vs 6.4 h/night, P =. 17). HNS implantation improved polysomnographic and clinical measures of OSA and sleepiness in both COMISA and OSA only, and 56.5% (13/23) of patients with COMISA self‐reported improvement in insomnia after surgery.

Conclusion

HNS was successful in treating a complex veteran population with COMISA refractory to PAP when examining measures of treatment adherence and efficacy. Future studies of patients with COMISA undergoing HNS will examine effective combination therapy targeting insomnia and a multidisciplinary effort to optimize treatment adherence.
The Future of Telemedicine: Revolutionizing Health Care or Flash in the Pan?
Authors: Losorelli Steven D. , Vendra Varun , Hildrew Douglas M. , Woodson Erika A. , Brenner Michael J. , Sirjani Davud B.
Published: January 2021

The meteoric rise of telemedicine early in the COVID‐19 pandemic might easily be mistaken for an ephemeral trend—one reaching its zenith in a moment of crisis. To the contrary, momentum has been mounting for telehealth over decades. The recent increase in telecare reveals its potential to deliver efficient, patient‐centered, high‐quality care in an increasingly technology‐dependent landscape. Prior to COVID‐19, surgeons lagged behind medical counterparts in embracing telemedicine; however, the pragmatic imperatives for remote care of patients and changes to Medicare removed key barriers to adoption. Otolaryngology–head and neck surgery has innovated across subspecialties, leading in COVID‐19 scholarship and year‐over‐year publications on telemedicine. Yet, improved access to subspecialists is tempered by a digital divide that threatens to exacerbate disparities. Otolaryngology is poised to lead the transformation of procedural specialties while ensuring equitable care.
Learning in lockdown: A case study in rapid transition to remote teaching
Authors: Webb Jela
Published: January 2021

Disruption is the by-word for 2020. Across the globe organisations have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdowns, which accelerated new ways of working and learning. In this article, I share my experience of transitioning from a face-to-face model of delivering post-graduate education to a remote learning model. I reflect on how the corporate sector might learn from my experience as it considers re-skilling and up-skilling the workforce to meet the demands faced by a changing jobs landscape.
Therapeutic efficacy of physical combined therapy in the treatment of venous crural ulcers
Authors: Pasek Jarosław , Szajkowski Sebastian , Cieślar Grzegorz
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Venous crural ulcer is a serious medical problem indeed, which is connected with patients’ suffering and long term treatment generating high cost. The prognosis is unfavourable in many cases, as complete treatment of ulceration, when it is profound or really extensive is difficult to achieve, and sometimes impossible altogether. The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of treatment of venous crural ulcers with the use of multifunctional device LASEROBARIA–S, designed for combined physical therapy procedures.

Method

147 succeeding patients (67 women and 80 men) diagnosed with venous crural ulcer participated in the study, with age varied between 41 and 79 years (average age – 70.2 years). The patients underwent a 60 day cycle of combined physical therapy, with the use of multifunctional device LASEROBARIA–S, during which therapy the lower extremity of the patient was placed in the therapeutic chamber and simultaneously subjected to the action of: local oxygen hyperbaria, low-frequency variable magnetic field and low energy light radiation emitted by semiconductor LED diodes. Prior to the therapeutic cycle and after its completion, planimetric measurements of the area of ulcer and the assessment of pain intensity with use of VAS scale were performed, in relation to selected factors potentially affecting therapeutic effects of applied therapy, as: sex and age of patients, as well as initial size of the ulcer and duration of the ulcer presence.

Results

After the completion of therapeutic cycle, statistically significant reduction of the area of treated ulcer was found, by 5.4 cm2 on the average (16.3 cm2 vs 10.5 cm2) (p < 0.05). Moreover, as a result of the combined therapy procedures performed, the statistically significant lowering of the intensity of pain sensation experienced by patients, assessed by means of VAS scale, was obtained (2.55 points vs 0.48 points) (p < 0.05). The obtained improvement was not dependent statistically significantly on any of analysed selected factors potentially affecting regenerative and analgesic effect of applied therapy.

Conclusions

The application of combined physical therapy with the use of LASEROBARIA–S device results in significant reduction of the area of the venous crural ulcer surface, as well as reduction of the intensity of accompanying pain complaints and this therapeutic effect was not dependent on sex and age of patients, as well as initial size of the ulcer and duration of the ulcer presence.
The effects of water immersion and walking on leg volume, ankle circumference and epifascial thickness in healthy subjects with occupational edema
Authors: Mosti Giovanni , Caggiati Alberto
Published: January 2021

Background

Balneotherapy has been considered beneficial in patients with chronic venous disease due to patient-reported positive outcomes on improvement of symptoms and quality of life. Study aim: Assessing the effects of prolonged water immersion (WI) on leg edema and epifascial thickness and to compare these data with those achieved after continuous walking on ground.

Material and methods

On three consecutive days, 14 otherwise healthy volunteers (9 females, 5 males, mean age 53 ± 10 years) affected by occupational edema (OE), defined as the edema developing during the time period of the working day and disappearing overnight, stayed standing immobile in a swimming pool for 30 minutes (30’), continuously walking again for 30’ in the same pool and walking on ground for 30’ without interruptions in a randomized sequence. Leg volume, ankle circumference and epifascial thickness of both legs were assessed each day before and after each intervention.

Results

Leg volume showed a median reduction by 4.20% (IQR 5-3.6) (p = 0.0002) after 30’ of immobile standing immersion and by 6.50% (IQR 7.30-5.61) (P < 0.0001) when the patients walked in the pool. Ankle circumference showed a median reduction by 2.89% (IQR 4.23-2.03) (p = 0.02) with the subjects staying standing still in water and by 5.98% (IQR 7.47-4.14) (p = 0.0002) after 30’ walking in the pool. Epifascial thickness showed a median reduction by 24.35% (IQR 35.26-22.5) (P < 0.0001) when the volunteers remained standing still and by 32.66% (IQR 36.91-28-84) (P < 0.0001), when walking in water. Leg volumetry showed a median reduction by 0.20% (IQR-0.44-0.29) (p = 0.375) after walking on ground for 30’. Ankle circumference and epifascial thickness did not show any difference walking on ground compared to baseline situation.

Conclusions

This study showed that 30’ of WI, especially when associated with walking, reduced leg volume in otherwise heathy subjects with OE and that walking outside the water did not.
Efficacy of inspiratory muscle training on inspiratory muscle function, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with asthma: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lage Susan Martins , Pereira Danielle Aparecida Gomes , Corradi Magalhães Nepomuceno Anna Luísa , Castro Anna Cláudia de , Araújo Augusto Gonçalves , Hoffman Mariana , Silveira Bruna Mara Franco , Parreira Verônica Franco
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of an inspiratory muscle training protocol on inspiratory muscle function, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with asthma.

Design:

A single-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting:

Community-based.

Subjects:

Patients with asthma, aged between 20 and 70 years old, non-smokers.

Interventions:

Participants were randomized into two groups: inspiratory muscle training group performed inspiratory muscle training 5 days a week for 8 weeks, consisting of six sets of 30 breaths per day with a training load ⩾50% of maximal inspiratory pressure, plus an educational program; the control group only received the educational program.

Main measurements:

Maximal inspiratory pressure, inspiratory muscle endurance, and the distance performed on the incremental shuttle walking test were assessed pre-intervention, post-intervention and at follow-up (3 months after the end of the intervention). The asthma quality of life questionnaire was applied pre and post-intervention.

Results:

Data from 39 participants were analyzed. Maximal inspiratory pressure in percentage of predicted and endurance test duration were significantly higher post-intervention in the inspiratory muscle training group (∆ post–pre: 50.8% vs 7.3% of predicted – P < 0.001 and ∆ post–pre: 207.9 seconds vs 2.7 seconds – P < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the incremental shuttle walking distance between groups (∆ post–pre: 30.9 m vs −8.1 m, P = 0.165). Quality of life was perceived as significantly better, without a difference between groups ( P > 0.05).

Conclusions:

About 8 weeks of inspiratory muscle training in patients with controlled asthma significantly increased inspiratory muscle strength and endurance.
Acute acetate administration increases endogenous opioid levels in the human brain: A [11C]carfentanil molecular imaging study
Authors: Ashok Abhishekh H , Myers Jim , Frost Gary , Turton Samuel , Gunn Roger N , Passchier Jan , Colasanti Alessandro , Marques Tiago Reis , Nutt David , Lingford-Hughes Anne , Howes Oliver D , Rabiner Eugenii A
Published: January 2021

Introduction:

A recent study has shown that acetate administration leads to a fourfold increase in the transcription of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA in the hypothalamus. POMC is cleaved to peptides, including β-endorphin, an endogenous opioid (EO) agonist that binds preferentially to the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). We hypothesised that an acetate challenge would increase the levels of EO in the human brain. We have previously demonstrated that increased EO release in the human brain can be detected using positron emission tomography (PET) with the selective MOR radioligand [11C]carfentanil. We used this approach to evaluate the effects of an acute acetate challenge on EO levels in the brain of healthy human volunteers.

Methods:

Seven volunteers each completed a baseline [11C]carfentanil PET scan followed by an administration of sodium acetate before a second [11C]carfentanil PET scan. Dynamic PET data were acquired over 90 minutes, and corrected for attenuation, scatter and subject motion. Regional [11C] carfentanil BPND values were then calculated using the simplified reference tissue model (with the occipital grey matter as the reference region). Change in regional EO concentration was evaluated as the change in [11C]carfentanil BPND following acetate administration.

Results:

Following sodium acetate administration, 2.5–6.5% reductions in [11C]carfentanil regional BPND were seen, with statistical significance reached in the cerebellum, temporal lobe, orbitofrontal cortex, striatum and thalamus.

Conclusions:

We have demonstrated that an acute acetate challenge has the potential to increase EO release in the human brain, providing a plausible mechanism of the central effects of acetate on appetite in humans.
A new airfoil design method for wind turbine to improve maximum lift of airfoil
Authors: Wang Qing , Li Deshun
Published: January 2021

A new wind turbine airfoil design method is established. This method generates an airfoil by fusing different airfoils. The airfoil designed by this method could restrict the airflow separation near the trailing edge of airfoil at high angle of attack, meanwhile the turbulence also is restricted. As a result, the maximum lift force is increased about 16.4% at high angle of attack. Meanwhile, the drag force is decreased about 31.3%. By analyzing the influence of scale factor and rotation angle on the airfoil aerodynamic force characteristics, the simulated results indicate that the larger scale factor and rotation angle could increase the lift stall angle and the maximum lift force. Therefore, this method could be used for designing wind turbine airfoil with high maximum lift force characteristics.
Electric Vehicle Charger Placement Optimization in Michigan Considering Monthly Traffic Demand and Battery Performance Variations
Authors: Fakhrmoosavi Fatemeh , Kavianipour MohammadReza , Shojaei MohammadHossein (Sam) , Zockaie Ali , Ghamami Mehrnaz , Wang Joy , Jackson Robert
Published: January 2021

Limited charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) is one of the main barriers to adoption of these vehicles. In conjunction with limited battery range, the lack of charging infrastructure leads to range-anxiety, which may discourage many potential users. This problem is especially important for long-distance or intercity trips. Monthly traffic patterns and battery performance variations are two main contributing factors in defining the infrastructure needs of EV users, particularly in states with adverse weather conditions. Knowing this, the current study focuses on Michigan and its future needs to support the intercity trips of EVs across the state in two target years of 2020 and 2030, considering monthly traffic demand and battery performance variations. This study incorporates a recently developed modeling framework to suggest the optimal locations of fast EV chargers to be implemented in Michigan. Considering demand and battery performance variations is the major contribution of the current study to the proposed modeling framework by the same authors in the literature. Furthermore, many stakeholders in Michigan are engaged to estimate the input parameters. Therefore, the research study can be used by authorities as an applied model for optimal allocation of resources to place EV fast chargers. The results show that for charger placement, the reduced battery performance in cold weather is a more critical factor than the increased demand in warm seasons. To support foreseeable annual EV trips in Michigan in 2030, this study suggests 36 charging stations with 490 chargers and an investment cost of $23 million.
Automatic Communication Error Detection Using Speech Recognition and Linguistic Analysis for Proactive Control of Loss of Separation
Authors: Sun Zhe , Tang Pingbo
Published: January 2021

Losses of separation (LoS) are breaches of regulations that specify the minimum distance between aircraft in controlled airspace. Erroneous communications between air traffic controllers (ATCs) and pilots are leading contributors to LoS that result in elevated risk of fatal accidents. An air traffic control system that could identify communication errors promptly would, therefore, be advantageous. Establishing such a system requires a systematic characterization of communication errors to reveal how various communication arrangements and errors influence the development of LoS. Such know-how could guide the ATCs and pilots in identifying the parts of their communication processes and content that most influence the occurrence of LoS. Existing studies of LoS focus on simulation of aircraft operation processes with little quantitative analysis about how communication issues arise and result in elevated risks of LoS. This paper presents a method for supporting automatic communication error detection through integrated use of speech recognition, text analysis, and formal modeling of airport operational processes. The proposed method focuses on: identifying communication features to guide the detection of vulnerable communications; characterizing communication errors; and Bayesian Network modeling for predicting communication errors and LoS using the features derived from ATC–pilot communications. Major findings show that incorrect read-backs by pilots are highly correlated with a majority of LoS. Results indicate the proposed method could form a basis for automating communication error detection and preventing LoS. The integrated Automatic Speech Recognition and Natural Language Processing functions may be incorporated into existing aviation applications for real-time ATC–pilot communication monitoring and preventive LoS control.
Pediatric Occipital Spikes at a Single Center Over 26 Years and the Significance of Tangential Dipole
Authors: Datta Anita N. , Wallbank Laura , Micallef Johann , Wong Peter K. H.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Pediatric occipital epileptiform discharges occur in various clinical settings, including self-limited and treatment-resistant epilepsies. The study objective is to determine electro-clinical predictors for prognosis in children with occipital epileptiform discharges.

Methods:

205 patients with occipital epileptiform discharges were classified into seizure groups: self-limited occipital (SLO) (n = 57), including Panayiotopoulos and Gastaut syndrome; non-self-limited occipital (non-SLO) (n = 98), including various seizure etiologies; genetic-generalized (n = 18); febrile (n = 5); and no-seizure (n = 27) groups. Electro-clinical features of the SLO and non-SLO were compared, as this is of most clinical relevance.

Results:

The median age of seizure onset was 3 years (range: 0-19). Occipital epileptiform discharges with frontal/central positivity were present in both groups, but more common in the SLO than non-SLO groups; 21/57 (36.8%) and 19/98 (19.4%), respectively ( P < .022). However, when occipital epileptiform discharges with tangential dipoles ( P < .048) were accompanied by abnormal ictal eye movements ( P < .037), they were predictive of SLO epilepsy.

Conclusions:

In our cohort, occipital epileptiform discharges with tangential dipole detected by visual analysis and abnormal ictal eye movements were predictive of SLO epilepsy.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Alcohol Consumers
Authors: Hallgren Mats , Vancampfort Davy , Nguyen Thi-Thuy-Dung , Ekblom-Bak Elin , Wallin Peter , Andersson Gunnar , Lundin Andreas
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

To describe physical activity habits, sedentary behavior, and cardiorespiratory fitness levels among alcohol abstainers, hazardous and non-hazardous drinkers.

Design:

Cross-sectional study with data collected between 2017-19.

Setting:

Sweden.

Subjects:

Adults aged 18-65 years (n = 47,559; 59.4% male).

Measures:

During a routine health assessment, participants answered validated single-item questions regarding: habitual physical activity, structured exercise, and the percentage of time spent sedentary during leisure-time (past 30 days), and completed a 6-minute cycle ergometer test (V02max) to determine cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Participants were categorized as alcohol abstainers, non-hazardous drinkers or hazardous drinkers (low/high) based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) cut-points for men and women.

Analysis:

Logistic regression models stratified by sex and age.

Results:

Compared to non-hazardous drinkers, the heaviest drinkers were less physically active (males: OR = 1.38, CI = 1.13-1.67, p = .001; females: OR = 1.41, CI = 1.01-1.97, p = .040) and more sedentary during leisure time (males: OR = 1.94, CI = 1.62-2.32, p = .000; females: OR = 1.62, CI = 1.21-2.16, p = .001). Apart from young females, the heaviest drinkers also did less structured exercise than non-hazardous drinkers (males: OR = 1.22, CI = 1.15-1.51, p = .000; females: OR = 1.43, CI = 1.15-1.78, p = .001). The strongest associations were seen among adults aged 40-65 years (shown here). High-hazardous drinking was associated with low CRF among older males only (OR = 1.19, CI = 1.00-1.41).

Conclusion:

Middle-aged adults with AUDIT-C scores of ≥6 (women) and ≥7 (men) were less physically active and more sedentary during leisure time and may be appropriate targets for physical activity interventions.
Social Norms and the Dynamics of Online Incivility
Authors: Shmargad Yotam , Coe Kevin , Kenski Kate , Rains Stephen A.
Published: January 2021

Online discussions are performed in the gaze of fellow users. To increase engagement, platforms typically let these users evaluate the comments made by others through rating systems (e.g., via Likes or Down/Up votes). Understanding how such ratings shape, and are shaped by, features of the underlying discussion is important for our understanding of online behavior. In this study, we focus on an increasingly concerning aspect of online discussions: incivility. We draw on the theory of normative social behavior to analyze a data set of over 6,000 online newspaper comments. We find that repeated incivility by the same person is more likely when their initial incivility was affirmed by both descriptive norms (incivility in nearby comments) and injunctive norms (Up votes). Repeated incivility receives more Up votes if nearby comments also include incivility but fewer Up votes if they do not, suggesting that injunctive norms are contextual and shaped by descriptive norms. We conclude that online incivility is a dynamic, normative process that is responsive to both positive feedback and proximate incivility.
Motivations for Peer-Support Volunteering: Social Identities and Role-Identities as Sources of Motivation
Authors: Thoits Peggy A.
Published: January 2021

Motivations for volunteering described by functional theory are loosely related to the types and duration of these activities. The motivating effects of individuals’ social- and role-based identities may need inclusion. Identity theories suggest that entering a specific service activity depends on whether the service benefits a social group with which a person identifies, while persisting in the work depends on rewards and legitimation gained from the role-identity of “volunteer.” Former cardiac patients’ motivations for engaging in peer-support volunteering were explored ( n = 84). Respondents’ primary motive for starting this work was to reduce current patients’ anxieties, suggesting identification with cardiac patients in general. Respondents viewed their “volunteer” role-identity as deeply rewarding, promoting long-term involvement. Identification with the sponsoring organization (Mended Hearts) supplied additional benefits, supporting continued involvement. Social- and role-identities help to explain the start and persistence of this type of volunteer work and likely influence other volunteer activities.
Heat and mass transfer on a stretching/shrinking and porous sheet of variable thickness with suction and injection
Authors: Alam Aftab , Marwat Dil Nawaz Khan
Published: January 2021

Heat and mass transfer in a viscous flow over a non-uniform porous plate of variable thickness is investigated in this paper. The variably heated plate is stretched/shrunk in a stagnant fluid with variable velocity and has the non-uniform species concentration. The governing partial differential equations are simplified and solved numerically. The transport of heat and mass in the flow regime is governed by a set of PDE’s satisfying certain necessary boundary conditions. The governing PDE’s are simplified by using boundary layer approximations and transformed into a set of ODE’s by invoking a set of new transformations. The system of ODE’s contains several dimensionless numbers (parameters) which demonstrates the behavior of all field quantities. All the unknown variables, rates of heat and mass transfer are evaluated and effects of the existing parameters are seen on them, whereas, they are significantly changed with the variation of these dimensionless quantities. New solutions and results are presented in graphs and tables, whereas, they are thoroughly examined and discussed. In addition to that the modeled problem and its solutions are exactly matched with the classical problems and their corresponding solutions for specific numerical values of the governing parameters involved in the current modeled problem. The engineering applications of heat and mass transfer problems are very famous in many industrial processes. Therefore, these two phenomena are widely discussed and analyzed, whereas, they are frequently utilized for the formation of metallic devices/objects while using additive manufacturing processes, cryogenics, formation of reasonable and suitable heat exchangers, falling film evaporation and the steam boilers. However, most of the engineering systems with or without magnetized and electrically conducting surfaces cannot be expressed in usual coordinates i.e. cartesian coordinate system, moreover, most of the engineering processes involve fluids of different nature and kinds, whereas, sometime they also require different physical and environmental conditions. Therefore, in such situations we need, to upgrade and modify the present modeled problem according to prevailing situations.
Simulation research on temperature field and stress field during rail grinding
Authors: Huang LM , Ding HH , Zhang SY , Zhou K , Guo J , Liu QY , Wang WJ
Published: January 2021

The rail grinding process generates a large amount of heat, which could lead to heat damage on the ground rails. But, the whole temperature field of rail ground by the grinding train has not been explored in detail. In the present study, finite element models of a rail and grinding wheel were established to simulate the rail grinding process. The temperature field and the thermo-mechanical coupling stress during rail grinding, and the residual stress after grinding were studied. Furthermore, through simplifying grinding wheels into heat sources, the temperature field of rail ground by a whole grinding train was investigated as well. The results indicated that the grinding temperature and the residual stress increased with the grinding depth and rotational speed, but decreased with the feed speed and radius of rail head. The thermo-mechanical coupling stress increased with the radius of rail head and grinding depth, and decreased with the rotational speed and feed speed. When ground by the whole grinding train, the increase in the number of grinding wheels at the same grinding angle and adjacent angles could lead to a rise in temperature on the rail surface. The speeds of grinding train and the rail head radius also have an influence on the temperature. The optimal feed speed of the grinding train should be below 12 km/h for R300, 16 km/h for R80, and 18 km/h for R13. The results could be used to optimize the grinding parameters and grinding pattern in the field.
Preparing for the Worst: Attention is Enhanced Prior to Any Upcoming Emotional or Neutral Stimulus
Authors: Makovski Tal , Chajut Eran
Published: January 2021

Do people allocate more or fewer attentional resources when preparing for negative emotional visual stimuli to appear? In three experiments (total N = 150), participants performed a change-detection task while expecting a neutral, threatening, disgusting, or joyful stimulus or no stimulus to appear at a fixed moment. Responses to an infrequent dot probe were faster when participants were expecting a distracting stimulus. Importantly, although only negative stimuli impaired change-detection performance, there was no difference between the preparation effect for threatening and neutral stimuli (Experiment 1) or disgusting and joyful stimuli (Experiment 3). The preparation effects were also unaffected by the participant’s anxiety level. Experiment 2 confirmed that the threatening images affected performance when the dot probe appeared after the image. These results suggest that the visual system increases alertness in response to any upcoming stimulus and further imply that the effects of emotional stimuli largely occur after, but not before, the stimuli appear.
Moreau de Tours: organicism and subjectivity. Part 1: Life and work
Authors: Pérez Revuelta Jose I , Villagrán Moreno Jose M
Published: January 2021

This is the first of two articles analysing the importance of J.J. Moreau de Tours’ work and its influence on the development of descriptive psychopathology from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Part 1 focuses on biographical aspects and presents Moreau’s main works in their social and cultural context, with special emphasis on his book Du Hachisch et de l’Aliénation mentale, published in 1845. The second article will concentrate on Moreau as a psychopathologist.
Experimental and numerical thermal performance analysis with exergy destruction on nanofluid flow in tube with double strip helical screw inserts
Authors: Chaurasia Shashank Ranjan , Sarviya RM
Published: January 2021

Experimental and numerical analysis is arranged with exergy destruction to evaluate thermal performance of system on nanofluid flow in tube with single and double strip helical screw inserts at different values of twist ratio in laminar flow regime. CFD analysis has occurred on the fluent workbench of ANSYS software. The Nusselt number attained enhancement with the flow of nanofluid in double strip helical screw inserts as compared with single strip helical screw inserts at decreasing values of twist ratio and increasing values of Reynolds number. Maximum enhancement of 421% is found with Nusselt number in the flow of nanofluid in tube with double strip helical screw insert at 1.5 of twist ratio and lower value of Reynolds number as compared with the flow of water in plain tube. Common correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor are generated. Exergy destruction number is attained less than one value for both types of inserts at different values of twist ratio and Reynolds number, whereas attained lower value with the flow of nanofluid in tube with double strip helical screw insert at twist ratio of 1.5 and low value of Reynolds number. Heat transfer enhancement number is attained more than one value for both types of inserts with different values of twist ratio and Reynolds number, whereas double strip helical screw inserts attained maximum value at twist ratio of 1.5 in the range of Reynolds number. Therefore, double strip helical screw inserts are the best inserts as compared with single strip helical screw inserts to compact the size of heat exchangers, whereby size of many thermal applications could be compact such as solar water heater, electronic cooling devices, automobile radiator, power plants etc.
Risk factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy
Authors: Chen Jian , Xiao Zi-Zi , Shi Qing , Wang Hui-Min , He Fang , Zhang Jian-Yu
Published: January 2021

Objective

To investigate the risk factors for Adverse pregnancy outcome (APOs) in patients with new-onset SLE during pregnancy.

Methods

Eighty-five patients with new-onset SLE during pregnancy were analyzed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors for different APOs (pregnancy loss, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and eclampsia/preeclampsia). A two-sided p-value below 0.05 was considered significant, and two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.

Results

Multivariate analysis indicated that renal involvement (aOR: 7.356; 95%CI:1.516,35.692) and greater SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) grade (aOR:5.947;95%CI: 1.586,22.294) increased the risk for composite APO, and that use of heparin therapy (aOR: 0.081; 95%CI: 0.012, 0.532) was a protective factor. Advanced gestational age at disease onset (aOR: 0.879; 95%CI: 0.819,0.943) and high serum albumin level (aOR: 0.908,95%CI: 0.831,0.992) protected against pregnancy loss. Renal involvement increased the risk for preterm birth (aOR: 2.272; 95%CI: 1.030,7.222) and fetal growth restriction (aOR: 9.070; 95%CI: 1.131,72.743). Hypertension (aOR: 19.185; 95%CI: 3.921,93.868), renal involvement (aOR: 8.380, 95%CI: 1.944,74.376) increased the risk for eclampsia/preeclampsia.

Conclusion

New onset SLE during pregnancy increased the risk for multiple APOs. Timely management of the risk factors identified here may help to improve pregnancy outcomes in these patients.
The role of music therapy in Australian mental health services and the need for increased access to service users
Authors: Bibb Jennifer
Published: January 2021

Objectives:

This opinion paper aims to provide an overview of the current evidence base supporting the use of music therapy in mental health care. It also aims to offer critique on the issue of access to music therapy in Australia.

Conclusions:

There is a strong evidence base for music therapy to provide symptomatic relief and improve quality of life for people living with mental illness. However, music therapy is underfunded and framed as a supplementary service within mental health services in Australia, which limits its access to consumers. Funding music therapy as an evidence-based treatment option would fill an existing service gap and provide equitable access to a cost-effective and often consumer preferred treatment option for mental health consumers.
The economics of escalation
Authors: D’Orlando Fabio , Ricciotti Sharon
Published: January 2021

Escalation is a key characteristic of many consumption behaviors that has not received theoretical attention. This paper aims to propose both a definition and a theoretical treatment of escalation in consumption. We define escalation as a subject’s attempt to obtain “more” or engage in consumption behaviors that are “more intense” on a measurable, quantitative or qualitative, objective or subjective, scale (more difficult ski slopes, stronger drugs, harder sex, better restaurants etc.), even if the subject preferred less intense consumption behaviors in the past. Further, this evolution in behavior also occurs if the budget constraint does not change. We will find endogenous and exogenous theoretical microfoundations for escalation in models of hedonic adaptation, desire for novelty, acquisition of consumption skills, rising aspirations, positional effects, and envy. However, we will also discuss the possibility that the tendency to escalate is a specific innate behavior inherent to human nature. Finally, we will propose a preliminary theoretical formalization of such behavior and indicate the possible implications of taking escalation into adequate consideration.

JEL codes: B52, D11, D90, D91, I31
Axisymmetric contact analysis of piezoelectric materials with surface effect
Authors: Song Hong-Xia , Su Jie , Ke Liao-Liang
Published: January 2021

Based on the surface piezoelectricity theory, this article predicts the axisymmetric smooth contact of a piezoelectric half-space indented by a rigid insulated punch. In this theory, the surface effect is characterized with four material parameters: the surface elastic constant, surface residual stress, surface piezoelectric constant and surface dielectric constant. By applying Hankel integral transform, the fundamental solution for this axisymmetric contact problem is derived with the surface effect. Then, the normal contact stress, radial electric displacement and radial stress of the contact surface are solved numerically. Finally, the surface effects on the normal contact stress, radial electric displacement and radial stress are analyzed. It is found that the surface effect is a significant influencing factor on the axisymmetric contact behaviors of micro-/nano-scale piezoelectric materials.
The Role of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Patients With Heart Failure, Regardless of Diabetes Status: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Ferrari Filipe , Martins Vítor M. , Scheffel Rafael S. , da Silveira Anderson D. , Motta Marcelo Trotte , Moriguchi Emilio H. , Santos Raul D. , Stein Ricardo
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To provide clinical guidance and an overview of the available data on the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), regardless of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Data Sources:

We searched the MEDLINE database via PubMed (from January 2015 to November 2020) for the following key terms: SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, SGLT2i, heart failure, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

To be included in the review, the articles needed to assess the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in the heart failure (HF) scenario.

Data Synthesis:

There is consistent evidence that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular (CV) events and hospitalization in patients with HFrEF, even in the absence of T2DM. On May 5, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved dapagliflozin for adults with HFrEF, regardless of the presence of T2DM, even in those patients on standard therapy, including an angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor.

Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice:

The SGLT2 inhibitors are well tolerated, and their once-daily dosing without the need for adjustments is convenient. These drugs can be considered a major breakthrough in pharmacotherapy for HF, providing physicians with a new treatment approach to reduce major clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

SGLT2 inhibitor therapy reduces CV death and hospitalizations in HFrEF patients regardless of T2DM. The decision to prescribe this class of drugs should not be determined by glycemic status.
Childhood ADHD Symptoms in Relation to Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms Among College Students: Attending to and Accommodating Trauma
Authors: Miodus Stephanie , Allwood Maureen A , Amoh Nana
Published: January 2021

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid among children and adolescents with a history of maltreatment and trauma. This comorbidity is linked to increased symptom severity and poor academic and social outcomes. Such negative outcomes are shown to have further negative outcomes during the college years. However, research has yet to directly examine the associations between ADHD, trauma exposure, and PTSD among college students. To address this gap, the current study examined the relations between childhood ADHD symptoms, lifetime trauma exposure, and current PTSD symptoms among a racially and ethnically diverse group of college students ( N = 454). Analyses controlled for symptoms of depression and anxiety and examined demographic differences. Findings indicated that college students with a childhood history of elevated ADHD symptoms reported significantly higher numbers of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Findings also indicated that trauma-related arousal symptoms and more general depressive symptoms were the strongest mediators in the association between ADHD symptoms and trauma exposure. These results have implications for child and adolescent clinical interventions, as well as for college counseling and accessibility services related to psychological well-being and academic accommodations.