bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idle No More
Authors: Webber Jeffery R.
Published: October 2016

This article introduces the symposium on Glen Coulthard’sRed Skin, White Masks. It begins by situating the book’s publication in the wake of the extensive mobilisations of the Idle No More movement in Canada in 2012–13. Coulthard’s strategic hypotheses on the horizons of Indigenous liberation in the book are intimately linked to his participation in these recent struggles. The article then locatesRed Skin, White Maskswithin a wider renaissance of Indigenous Studies in the North American context in recent years, highlighting Coulthard’s unique and sympathetic extension of Marx’s critique of capitalism, particularly through his use of the concept of ‘primitive accumulation’. Next, the article outlines the long arc of the argument inRed Skin, White Masksand the organisation of the book’s constituent parts, providing a backdrop to the critical engagements that follow from Peter Kulchyski, Geoff Mann, George Ciccariello-Maher, and Roxanne Dunbar-Oritz. The article closes with reflections on Coulthard’s engagement with Fanon, who, besides Marx, is the most important polestar inRed Skin, White Masks.
From Countersovereignty to Counterpossession?
Authors: Mann Geoff
Published: October 2016

Although neither sovereignty nor possession are explicit themes of Glen Coulthard’sRed Skin, White Masks, both concepts are essential to his critique of ‘recognition’ and the ongoing dynamics of Canadian colonialism. In this response, I offer a critical examination of the status of these liberal concepts in Coulthard’s work, and suggest that he has in fact given us a powerful theory of ‘countersovereignty’. Countersovereignty forces us to consider the meanings of possession and dispossession that animate the book, which in turn allow us to grasp the radical significance of Coulthard’s emphasis on the reciprocity at the heart of Indigenous relations with the land.
The Relationship between Marxism and Indigenous Struggles and Implications of the Theoretical Framework for International Indigenous Struggles
Authors: Dunbar-Ortiz Roxanne Amanda
Published: October 2016

Glen Coulthard’s masterly work,Red Skin, White Masks, raises the theoretical work of Indigenous scholarship in North America to a new level, bringing Marxism into the mix in looking at the political-economic effects of settler-colonialism on Indigenous peoples in North America. He charts a way forward for Indigenous activism outside the state, eschewing the politics of recognition. In addition to assessing Coulthard’s perspective on Marxism, this paper poses questions about privileging Indigenous social movements without addressing the national question and without including the role of the robust international Indigenous movement that has entered its fortieth year.
Phylogenetic position reevaluation of Kyrtuthrix and description of a new species K. huatulcensis from Mexico´s Pacific coast
Authors: LEÓN-TEJERA HILDA P. , GONZÁLEZ-RESENDIZ LAURA , JOHANSEN JEFFREY R. , SEGAL-KISCHINEVSKY CLAUDIA , ESCOBAR VIVIANA , ALBA LOIS LUISA
Published: October 2016

Benthic marine heterocytous cyanoprokaryotes of Mexico´s tropical coast are being recognized as an important and conspicuous component of the supralittoral and intertidal zones usually described as an extreme and low diversity biotope. Although Kyrtuthrix has been reported from different coasts worldwide, its complex morphology has led to differing taxonomic interpretations and positioning. Ten marine supra and intertidal populations of Kyrtuthrix were analyzed using a detailed morphological approach, complemented with ecological and geographical information as well as DNA sequence data of the 16S rRNA gene and associated 16S–23S ITS. Kyrtuthrix huatulcensis is described as a new species, different from K. dalmatica Ercegovic and K. maculans (Gomont) Umezaki based primarily on morphological data. Our material has smaller dimensions in thalli, filaments, trichomes and cells, and possesses differences in qualitative characters as well. Our material is epilithic as in K. maculans but not endolithic as in K. dalmatica. The analysis of molecular data, mainly 16S rRNA gene sequence, show that this genus is within the Rivulariaceae clade, and outside of the Scytonemataceae clade. ITS secondary structure comparison with some of the closer representatives of Rivulariaceae shows considerable differences with these related genera. Based on the evidence gathered in this study, inclusion of Kyrtuthrix within the Rivulariaceae, rather than the Scytonemataceae, is fully supported.
Lectotypifications in Brazilian Porophyllum (Asteraceae: Tageteae)
Authors: CARNEIRO CAMILA REZENDO , RITTER MARA REJANE
Published: October 2016

Porophyllum Guettard (1754: 377) is a genus of the tribe Tageteae Cassini (1819: 162), which contains 28 species occurring from southwestern USA to northern Argentina (Johnson 1969).
A new species of Pisionidens (Aiyar & Alikunhi, 1943) (Annelida: Sigalionidae) from Southeastern Brazil
Authors: MIRANDA VINÍCIUS DA ROCHA , BRASIL ANA CLAUDIA DOS SANTOS , SANTOS CINTHYA SIMONE GOMES
Published: October 2016

Herein we describe specimens found along the southeastern coast of Brazil which belong to a new species, P. caissara sp. nov. This species differs from the other species of the genus by the glabrous antennae and palps, proboscis extending up to the sixth segment, jaws with smooth cutting edge and a pair of lateral wing-like sheaths, two pairs of seriate male copulatory organs, first pair of testes on segment 19 and ovaries from segment 26 onward. Reproductive characters commonly used for characterizing species are also discussed.
Redescription of two Ctenidae (Araneae) from Taiwan
Authors: MARUSIK YURI M. , OMELKO MIKHAIL M.
Published: October 2016

Two ctenid species, Anahita maolan Zhu, Chen & Song, 1999 and Ctenus yaeyamensis Yoshida, 1998 from Taiwan are redescribed in detail based on both sexes. Anahita maolan is reported from Taiwan for the first time. For both species, Kenting National Park (southernmost Taiwan) is the southernmost known locality.
Two new Pediopsis species and a new Ruandopsis species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae) from Madagascar
Authors: YANG LIYUAN , DIETRICH CHRISTOPHER H. , ZHANG YALIN
Published: October 2016

Three new species, Pediopsis tripartita, P. subtilis and Ruandopsis elongata spp. nov., from Madagascar are described. These species represent the first records of their respective genera in Madagascar. Images of adults and genitalia of the three species are provided.
Three unusual species of Erythroneurini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with description of new genera
Authors: DMITRIEV DMITRY A.
Published: October 2016

Two new genera of the leafhopper tribe Erythroneurini, Nedotepa gen. n. and Alerrawia gen. n., and three new species, Nedotepa curta sp. n. from Ghana, Alerrawia meliae sp. n. from Kenya, and Musbrnoia linnavuorii sp. n. from Indonesia, are described and illustrated. Nedotepa curta sp. n. has an unusually reduced ovipositor, a feature not previously recorded in Typhlocybinae. Musbrnoia linnavuorii sp. n. has extremely elongated parts of the male terminalia, which remarkably resemble parts of the female ovipositor.
Completing and Complementing: The Work of Consumers in the Division of Labour
Authors: Glucksmann Miriam
Published: October 2016

Few goods are delivered ‘complete’ to consumers as ready for use without further processing. The operation of markets and capitalist production presuppose the work of consumers in searching for, completing and coordinating between goods and services. Yet the critical contribution of consumers in finalising and complementing a division of labour is rarely acknowledged in theories of either work/production or consumption. The article argues for a radical extension of the division of labour, a central and classical concept of sociology, in order to overcome this limitation. Consumption work is defined as ‘all work undertaken by consumers necessary for the purchase, use, re-use and disposal of consumption goods’ and its distinguishing characteristics are delineated. Building on a relational socio-economic perspective, which emphasises the connections between different forms of work (paid/unpaid, formal/informal, production/consumption), an analytical framework for consumption work is developed and then elaborated by reference to comparative empirical research.
Estimation of Survival Probabilities for Use in Cost-effectiveness Analyses: A Comparison of a Multi-state Modeling Survival Analysis Approach with Partitioned Survival and Markov Decision-Analytic Modeling
Authors: Williams Claire , Lewsey James D. , Mackay Daniel F. , Briggs Andrew H.
Published: October 2016

Modeling of clinical-effectiveness in a cost-effectiveness analysis typically involves some form of partitioned survival or Markov decision-analytic modeling. The health states progression-free, progression and death and the transitions between them are frequently of interest. With partitioned survival, progression is not modeled directly as a state; instead, time in that state is derived from the difference in area between the overall survival and the progression-free survival curves. With Markov decision-analytic modeling, a priori assumptions are often made with regard to the transitions rather than using the individual patient data directly to model them. This article compares a multi-state modeling survival regression approach to these two common methods. As a case study, we use a trial comparing rituximab in combination with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide v. fludarabine and cyclophosphamide alone for the first-line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We calculated mean Life Years and QALYs that involved extrapolation of survival outcomes in the trial. We adapted an existing multi-state modeling approach to incorporate parametric distributions for transition hazards, to allow extrapolation. The comparison showed that, due to the different assumptions used in the different approaches, a discrepancy in results was evident. The partitioned survival and Markov decision-analytic modeling deemed the treatment cost-effective with ICERs of just over £16,000 and £13,000, respectively. However, the results with the multi-state modeling were less conclusive, with an ICER of just over £29,000. This work has illustrated that it is imperative to check whether assumptions are realistic, as different model choices can influence clinical and cost-effectiveness results.
‘Serengeti Shall Not Die’: Transforming an Ambition into a Reality
Authors: Kideghesho Jafari R.
Published: October 2016

The slogan “Serengeti shall not die” (German: Serengeti darf nicht sterben) is widely credited for alerting the global community to the urgency of conserving the Serengeti and its biological values for the benefit of local and global communities. The slogan has become popular since 1960 when Bernhard and Michael Grzimek authored a book, Serengeti Shall Not Die. However, despite this commitment the management challenges in Serengeti are growing, causing skepticism about the potential for realizing such a goal. These challenges include illegal hunting, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflicts aggravated by human population growth and poverty. In addressing these challenges and therefore transforming the ambition “Serengeti shall not die” into reality, the multiple strategies required are presented in this paper. The paper starts by reviewing the challenges contradicting the ambition.
Legalizing Environmental Exploitation in Brazil: The Retreat of Public Policies for Biodiversity Protection
Authors: Novaes Roberto Leonan Morim , de Souza Renan França
Published: October 2016

Brazil is the country with the most biodiversity in the world and also hosts the largest rainforest on the planet. Although Brazil was a pioneer of public policies for conservation of biodiversity and natural resources, it has recently jeopardized all biome conservation through questionable environmental policies. Over the past four years, the government has drastically altered its environmental legislation, removing vast areas from protection and encouraging overexploitation of natural resources, which will result in loss of biodiversity, reduction of forest cover, and increased pollution of soil and water. The Brazilian political-social scene and its relationship with biodiversity conservation are discussed as well.
Insect Functional Guilds in the Flowering Canopy of Myristica Fatua in a Lowland Swamp, Central Western Ghats, India
Authors: Sinu Palatty A. , Sharma Manju V.
Published: October 2016

Little is known of canopy insects and pollinators of the nutmeg family (Myristicaceae), despite its being a common pantropical tree family and a commercially-grown spice. To address this lack of knowledge, an assessment was made of the insect fauna associated with the canopy of Myristica fatua (Myristicaceae), an endemic tree species inhabiting the rare and endangered lowland ‘Myristica’ swamps of the south and central Western Ghats of India. Yellow Sticky Traps were hung in tree canopies to record insect diversity. Insect visitors encountered during the flowering period of Myristica fatua were classified based on their functional role. The captured arthropod fauna was characterised by an abundance of parasitic, predatory, herbivorous and gall-making insects of Chalcidoidea, Platygastroidea, Bethyloidea, Ceraphronoidea, Dolichopodidae, Empididae and Cicadellidae, and a scarcity of beetles. The exclusive gall-making hymenopterans of Cynipidae formed one of the largest insect families in the canopy of M. fatua. The faunal assemblage appeared to be a subset of the entire insect fauna associated with the tree species, as sticky traps leave out the apterygote, sedentary and large insects, and a higher turnover in the insects at the family level could be expected during the fruiting season of the tree. The study highlights the importance of canopy arthropods and their functional roles in community structure.
Mapping Threatened Dry Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest in South-East Asia for Conservation Management
Authors: Wohlfart Christian , Wegmann Martin , Leimgruber Peter
Published: October 2016

Habitat loss is the primary reason for species extinction, making habitat conservation a critical strategy for maintaining global biodiversity. Major habitat types, such as lowland tropical evergreen forests or mangrove forests, are already well represented in many conservation priorities, while others are underrepresented. This is particularly true for dry deciduous dipterocarp forests (DDF), a key forest type in Asia that extends from the tropical to the subtropical regions in South-east Asia (SE Asia), where high temperatures and pronounced seasonal precipitation patterns are predominant. DDF are a unique forest ecosystem type harboring a wide range of important and endemic species and need to be adequately represented in global biodiversity conservation strategies. One of the greatest challenges in DDF conservation is the lack of detailed and accurate maps of their distribution due to inaccurate open-canopy seasonal forest mapping methods. Conventional land cover maps therefore tend to perform inadequately with DDF. Our study accurately delineates DDF on a continental scale based on remote sensing approaches by integrating the strong, characteristic seasonality of DDF. We also determine the current conservation status of DDF throughout SE Asia. We chose SE Asia for our research because its remaining DDF are extensive in some areas but are currently degrading and under increasing pressure from significant socio-economic changes throughout the region. Phenological indices, derived from MODIS vegetation index time series, served as input variables for a Random Forest classifier and were used to predict the spatial distribution of DDF. The resulting continuous fields maps of DDF had accuracies ranging from R2 = 0.56 to 0.78. We identified three hotspots in SE Asia with a total area of 156,000 km2, and found Myanmar to have more remaining DDF than the countries in SE Asia. Our approach proved to be a reliable method for mapping DDF and other seasonally influenced ecosystems on continental and regional scales, and is very valuable for conservation management in this region.
Seasonal Diversity of Butterflies and Its Relationship with Woody-Plant Resources Availability in an Ecuadorian Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Castro A. , Espinosa C. I.
Published: October 2016

Understanding the seasonal community structures of highly diverse animal taxa and how they interact with plants is necessary for efficient conservation efforts such as rapid biodiversity inventory protocols and monitoring programs. This knowledge is particularly important for seasonal tropical dry forests, which are among the most threatened ecosystems on the planet. We sampled a seasonal tropical dry forest over the course of a year to determine the period of greatest butterfly richness. Additionally, we evaluated availability of potential woody plant trophic resources (flower buds, blossoms, unripe fruits, ripe fruits, and foliage) in relation to butterfly richness and community composition. Twenty of the 22 species collected showed flight activity between January-April (rainy season), coinciding with maximum plant resources availability. Lepidoptera species richness correlated positively with amount of ripe fruits and foliage. Community composition changes among sample dates involved losses and gains, and not turnovers, of species. These shifts correlate with seasonal oscillations in the variety of ripe fruits and the amount of foliage. Our results indicate that rapid inventory protocols may be applied in the period of February-March; species richness monitoring can be restricted to the rainy season (saving labor and economic costs); and ripe fruits and foliage may be suitable candidates for temporal plant-butterfly interaction surveillance.
Impacts of Small-Scale Gold Mining on Birds and Anurans Near the Tambopata Natural Reserve, Peru, Assessed Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring
Authors: Alvarez-Berríos Nora , Campos-Cerqueira Marconi , Hernández-Serna Andrés , Amanda Delgado C.J. , Román-Dañobeytia Francisco , Aide T. Mitchell
Published: October 2016

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASM) is becoming a significant cause of environmental degradation in tropical ecosystems. In this study, we conducted a rapid assessment on the impact of an ASM gold mine on the vocalizing avian and anuran communities in the buffer zone of the Tambopata National Reserve in Peru. We used seven audio recorders (three near an active mine, two in an abandoned mine, and two in an adjacent forest) to collect 2900 recordings to generate soundscapes and compare acoustic activity patterns of birds and anurans among sites. We identified 56 bird species during the morning chorus (05:00-07:00) and 9 anurans species in the evening chorus (18:00-20:00). Bird species richness was similar between the forest (28 bird species), the abandoned mine (25 species) and the active mine (24 species), but species richness of birds sensitive to disturbance was much lower in the active mine. In contrast, anuran species richness was highest in the active mine (5 species) and lowest in the forest (2 species). Results indicate that acoustic monitoring and soundscape analysis can be effective tools for evaluating the impact of mining activities on vocalizing species, and could become useful tools in rapid environmental impact assessments for mitigation and conservation strategies in ASM mining regions.
Meniscal Tearing after ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Ichinohe S , Yoshida M , Murakami H , Takayama H , Izumiyama S , Shimamura T
Published: October 2016

The knees of 72 patients with unilateral anterior-cruciate-ligament (ACL) injury were analyzed before ACL reconstruction as well as by follow-up arthroscopy on the day of staple removal. At ACL reconstruction 31 lateral menisci and 40 medial menisci were found to be normal. 28 lateral menisci and 24 medial menisci were treated surgically, while 13 lateral menisci and 8 medial menisci with small or incomplete meniscal tearing were not treated.

At follow-up arthroscopy there were 3 new cases of lateral meniscal tearing and 3 new cases of medial meniscal tearing in the groups diagnosed as normal prior to surgery. Two of the 13 cases with small or incomplete lateral meniscal tearing required resection, 8 healed and the other 3 demonstrated no progressive change. Four of the 8 cases with small or incomplete medial meniscal tears healed, 3 exhibited no progressive change and one required surgical treatment. There was no correlation between meniscal tearing and knee instability as indicated by a positive Lachman test or a positive pivot shift sign.

The results of the present study indicate that ACL reconstruction prevents progressive changes in meniscal tears and will prevent secondary osteoarthritis, and that some small tears of the lateral meniscus require no surgical treatment.
Prevention of Heterotopic Bone Formation in High Risk Patients Post-Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Ashton L Andrew , Bruce Warwick , Goldberg Jerome , Walsh Willliam
Published: October 2016

A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate prophylaxis for heterotopic ossification (HO) about the hip joint post total hip arthroplasty (THA). Between 1990 and 1996, 20 patients with known risk for developing HO were treated prophylactically to prevent this complication. Patients at risk were divided into 3 groups based on risk factors for HO formation (previous ipsilateral hip HO formation, previous contralateral hip HO formation and bilateral hypertrophic osteoarthritis) Single fraction radiotherapy of 600, 700 or 800 cGy was administered postoperatively to all patients. The aim was to irradiate all patients within 72 hours of THA. 12 (60%) patients received in addition a short course of postoperative indomethacin for less than 13 days.

Patients in this study were investigated for the following treatment variables: relative risk for forming HO, radiotherapy doses administered, time delays between surgery and irradiation, combined radiotherapy and indomethacin treatment versus radiotherapy alone, and surgical approach used for THA. Heterotopic ossification in patients was measured radiographically by use of the Brooker grading sytem, and was assessed clinically by use of the Harris Hip Score (HHS).

A significant difference was found between relative risk groups (p = 0.02). Patients with previous HO formation in the ipsilateral hip joint were at greater risk of developing HO than those with previous contralateral HO formation. Moreover both of these groups were at greater risk than those with advanced bilateral hypertrophic osteoarthritis. Other variables studied showed differences that were not significant due to small sample numbers.

This study, though limited by sample number, addresses questions regarding effective radiotherapy dosage, time delays acceptable before irradiation postoperatively, usefulness of short course postoperative indomethacin, and preferred operative approaches to minimise HO.
Tophaceous Gout Causing Atlanto-Axial Subluxation Mimicking Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report
Authors: Wazir NN , Moorthy V , Amalourde A , Lim HH
Published: October 2016

This is a case report of an extremely rare condition of atlanto-axial subluxation secondary to gouty arthritis, which mimicked rheumatoid arthritis at presentation. Gouty arthritis involving the spine is a rare condition. We highlight a case of gouty arthritis involving the atlanto-axial joint resulting in joint instability, subluxation, and neurological deficit. A 66-year-old obese woman who had a polyarticular disease for the previous 3 years presented with neck pain and progressive neurology. A 2-stage procedure was performed: posterior decompression and occipitocervical fusion followed by further anterior trans-oral decompression. However, after an initial neurological improvement, she succumbed to aspirational pneumonia and septicaemia. Atlanto-axial subluxation caused by gouty arthritis can present in the same way as rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the possibility of this as a differential diagnosis should be kept in mind.
Midterm Results of Cemented Press Fit Condylar Sigma Total Knee Arthroplasty System
Authors: Asif S , Choon DSK
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To evaluate the midterm results of 50 patients who underwent total knee replacement using Press Fit Condylar (PFC) Sigma system.

Methods.

We retrospectively reviewed 87 consecutive cases (50 patients with 37 bilateral cases) of PFC Sigma total knee replacement performed between January 1998 and December 1999. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically by an independent observer. The American Knee Society Score, Oxford Knee Score, and Knee Society radiographic assessment were used to rate knee function and to determine the satisfaction level of each patient.

Results.

The mean age of the patients at the time of operation was 65 years (range, 41–85 years). The mean follow-up period was 5.4 years (range, 4.5–6.4 years). 44 patients (79 knees) were available for follow-up, 3 patients (3 knees) were lost to follow-up, and 3 patients (5 knees) died of unrelated causes. At the final follow-up, the mean Oxford Knee Score was 22. Using the American Knee Society Score, 88% of the knees were rated excellent, 4% good, 2% fair, and 6% poor. Five knees required revision surgery, the indications being infection in 4 knees and aseptic loosening in one knee. The survival rate of the implants was 94% at 6 years.

Conclusion.

The PFC Sigma total knee arthroplasty system has demonstrated good midterm results at our institution.
Rapidly Progressive Necrotising Fasciitis following a Stonefish Sting: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Tang WM , Fung KK , Cheng VC , Lucke L
Published: October 2016

Two patients developed rapidly progressive necrotising fasciitis after being stung by a stonefish. Both were given a hot-water bath for pain relief. The hot water may have accelerated bacterial growth and the consequent development of necrotising fasciitis. Vibrio vulnificus was cultured from one patient. It is recommended that patients should receive high dose of oral and intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis for vibrio prevention. Antibiotics should be given before or during, not after, a hot-water bath, and the patient's condition should be monitored closely.
Ilizarov Technique for Correction of the Shepherd's Crook Deformity: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Sakurakichi K , Tsuchiya H , Yamashiro T , Watanabe K , Matsubara H , Tomita K
Published: October 2016

We report 2 patients with fibrous dysplasia who underwent correction, using the Ilizarov technique, of Shepherd's crook deformities and pathological fractures of the left femurs. A 12-year-old boy underwent an opening wedge osteotomy and a 48° gradual correction, whereas a 43-year-old woman underwent a 34° acute correction without osteotomy at the fracture site. Both patients could initiate early weight bearing. Final leg function was excellent and alignment was maintained. No complications were encountered. Both patients had no difficulty sleeping and no major complaints about the Ilizarov technique. It is more important to achieve accurate alignment than resection of the lesion. The Ilizarov technique is effective for treating the Shepherd's crook deformity in patients with fibrous dysplasia.
Closed Reduction and External Fixation for Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Monga Puneet , Verma Rajeev , Sharma Vinod K
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To assess results of closed reduction and external fixation for displaced proximal humeral fractures.

Methods.

18 men and 2 women aged 18 to 60 (mean, 38) years underwent closed reduction and external fixation using a standard AO fixator for displaced fractures of the proximal humerus. Injury mechanisms were road traffic accident (n=15) and fall from a height (n=5). 15 were 2-part fractures of the surgical neck, 4 were 3-part fractures of the greater tuberosity and surgical neck, and one was a 4-part fracture. One patient also had a grade-1 open fracture. The quality of reduction and shoulder function were assessed.

Results.

The mean duration of external fixation was 38 (range, 29–46) days. The mean time to radiological union was 11 (range, 9–13) weeks. The mean follow-up period was 11 (range, 6–18) months. Reduction was good (position equivalent to minimal displacement) in 12 patients and fair (good bony contact between the fragments) in 8 patients. Seven patients had pin site infection; all responded to local dressings and oral antibiotics. No patient had avascular necrosis of the humeral head. The mean Neer score was 85 (range, 42–98) out of 100. Shoulder function was excellent in 10 patients, satisfactory in 6, unsatisfactory in 2, and a failure in 2.

Conclusion.

External fixation preserves the vascularity of the fracture fragments, enables early mobilisation, and achieves safe healing and good function. It is effective for management of displaced proximal humeral fractures.
Necrotising Fasciitis Caused by Adulterated Traditional Asian Medicine: A Case Report
Authors: Doshi Hitendra K , Thambiah Joseph , Chan Cheng Leng , Nga Min En , Tambyah Paul Ananth
Published: October 2016

Necrotising fasciitis can be life threatening, requiring prompt diagnosis and surgical debridement. We report a case of necrotising fasciitis caused by an adulterate traditional Asian medication— Jamu Pegal Linu, containing toxic levels of phenylbutazone and dipyrone. The patient presented with severe neutropenia and sepsis. An urgent extensive debridement was carried out (within 6 hours of presentation). Repeated debridements were performed on days 2 and 5, augmented with antibiotics and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Radiographic Assessment of Congenital C2–3 Synostosis
Authors: Moon Myung-Sang , Kim Sung-Soo , Lee Bong-Jin , Moon Jeong-Lim , Lin Jin-Fu , Moon Young-Wan
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To evaluate the morphologies of congenital C2–3 synostosis in 25 patients.

Methods.

Radiographs of 11 males and 14 females aged 5 to 74 years with congenital C2–3 synostosis were reviewed. All cases were found incidentally on radiographs when presenting with neck/shoulder discomfort/pain.

Results.

13 of the patients had spondylosis in 21 segments: C1–2 (n=1) and C3–4 (n=1), C4–5 (n=7), C5–6 (n=9), and C6–7 (n=3). Of whom 12 had normal sagittal alignment and one had kyphotic synostosis (who developed compensatory hyperlordosis of the caudal mobile segments and subsequent spondylosis at C3–4 and C5 retrolisthesis). The remaining 12 patients had no spondylosis and had normal sagittal alignment, but had other associated pathologies including disc herniation at C3–4, C1 ring hypoplasia, and calcification of the nuchal ligament.

Conclusion.

Normally aligned congenital synostosis of C2–3 is rarely associated with a junctional problem, whereas a kyphotic synostosis is associated with a caudal junctional problem. Spondylosis developing after age 40 years is not associated with C2–3 synostosis.
Effects of Tranexamic Acid on Blood Loss during Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Singh Jagwant , Ballal Moez S , Mitchell P , Denn PG
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To assess the effects of tranexamic acid (TA) in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) for osteoarthritis.

Methods.

42 patients underwent primary THA for osteoarthritis by a single surgeon. 10 men and 11 women who did not receive TA were controls, whereas 9 men and 12 women who received TA constituted the treatment group. Both groups were matched for age, gender, body mass index, and American Society of Anesthesiologists grading. The type of prosthesis used (cemented or uncemented) was based on the surgeon's preference and patient age, activity level and demands. No hybrid prosthesis was used. 10 minutes prior to incision, a single dose of intravenous TA (10 mg per kg body weight) was given to patients in the treatment group. Comparison was made between both groups with regard to intra-operative blood loss, postoperative reduction in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, blood transfusion, incidence of deep vein thrombosis, and the length of hospital stay.

Results.

The mean intra-operative blood loss (489±281 vs. 339±184 ml, p=0.048) and the decrease in haemoglobin level (38±12 vs. 29±10 g/l, p=0.014) were significantly higher in the control than the treatment group. Two patients among the controls received a transfusion, compared to none in the TA group (p=0.49, Fisher's exact test). The 2 patients who needed blood transfusion had blood losses of 600 and 690 ml, compared to a mean of 489 ml in the whole group. No patient in either group developed deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism up to 3 months.

Conclusion.

A single dose of intravenous TA (10 mg per kg body weight) given 10 minutes prior to THA is a cost-effective and safe means of minimising blood loss and reduction in haemoglobin concentrations as well as the need for allogenic blood transfusion, without increasing the risk of thromboembolic events.
Hemiarthroplasty for Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Shoulder: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Petsatodis George , Karataglis Dimitrios , Kapoutsis Dimitrios B , Papadopoulos Perikles , Christodoulou Anastasios G
Published: October 2016

Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a reactive condition characterised by exuberant proliferation of synovial villi and nodules. It may be localised or diffuse and can cause severe articular damage. This report is of 2 patients with pigmented villonodular synovitis of the shoulder causing extensive arthritic changes. Both patients underwent shoulder hemiarthroplasty and total synovectomy and achieved satisfactory painless range of motion, with no signs of local recurrence or loosening of the prosthesis after 4 to 5 years of follow-up.
Chronic Closed Transection of the Biceps Brachii: A Case Report
Authors: Pandit A , Wang A , McKay S , Ackland T
Published: October 2016

A 32-year-old man presented with chronic closed transection of the biceps brachii of the right arm after 30 months of conservative treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging showed atrophy of both long and short heads of the biceps brachii, with a 5-cm defect secondary to proximal and distal retraction on either side of the tear. There was a similar defect in the coracobrachialis, but the triceps brachii was normal. The self-rated overall arm status was 4 out of 10 (using a visual analogue scale). Objective functional deficit was measured using a dynamometer. Forearm flexion and supination strength of each arm at 120°/s was tested. The patient had a 34% deficit (40 vs. 61 Nm) in peak torque during forearm flexion and a 22% deficit (10 vs. 12 Nm) during forearm supination. The patient could not maintain maximal torque throughout the range of motion, with an approximately 50% deficit in the later part of the range of motion. The patient underwent reconstruction of the biceps brachii using an interposition Achilles tendon allograft.
Correlation between a Bone Resorption Marker and Structural Geometry of the Proximal Femur in Osteoporotic Women Treated with Raloxifene
Authors: Takada Junichi , Iba Kousuke , Yoshizaki Takashi , Yamashita Toshihiko
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To assess correlations between a bone resorption marker and the structural geometry of the proximal femur in raloxifene-treated postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Methods.

45 postmenopausal, osteoporotic women aged 57 to 79 (mean, 67) years underwent raloxifene treatment (60 mg/day) for 12 months. Serum type-I collagen crosslinked N-telopeptide (sNTX) as the bone resorption marker was measured at baseline and 6 months, whereas hip structure analysis (HSA) parameters of the femur (neck, intertrochanter, and shaft) were measured at baseline and 12 months using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The HSA parameters included areal bone mineral density (BMD), inner diameter, mean cortical thickness, cross-sectional area, section modulus, and buckling ratio. Correlations between sNTX and HSA parameters were analysed using Pearson's R.

Results.

At baseline, sNTX correlated inversely with BMD, cross-sectional area, mean cortical thickness, and section modulus, and positively with buckling ratio in the intertrochanter and shaft (but not the neck). These correlations were significant both crude and adjusted for age. After 12 months of raloxifene treatment, HSA parameters improved significantly for the intertrochanter and shaft only. Of the 3 femoral sites, only the change in sNTX at month 6 correlated positively with changes in the inner diameter at the intertrochanter at month 12 ( r=0.303, p=0.045 adjusted for age). Changes in sNTX did not correlate with changes in any other parameters.

Conclusion.

The surrogate markers for hip fracture including sNTX, BMD, and HSA parameters correlated significantly with each other. Improvement (decrease) of sNTX indicated reduction in bone resorption.
Recurrent Solitary Osteochondroma of the Metacarpal: A Case Report
Authors: Rajappa Srinivasan , Kumar M Mohan , Shanmugapriya S
Published: October 2016

Osteochondromas are the most common benign bone tumours and account for 20 to 50% of benign bone tumours and 10 to 15% of all bone tumours. They usually occur in long bones; 40% occur around the knee joint, but in the hand they are uncommon and usually affect the proximal phalanx. The metacarpal is rarely involved. We report a 32-year-old man with a recurrent solitary osteochondroma of the metacarpal.
Review Article: Regenerative Techniques for Repair of Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Ahmad Zafar , Henson Fran , Wardale John , Noorani Ali , Tytherleigh-Strong Graham , Rushton Neil
Published: October 2016

The failure rate of rotator cuff repair is high. Regenerative techniques using material scaffolds, stem cells, and growth factors help augment repair and regenerate tissue. We reviewed the literature of various regenerative techniques in terms of (1) enhancing the repair process, (2) tissue regeneration, (3) mechanical strength, and (4) clinical outcome.
Outcome after Knee Arthrodesis for Failed Septic Total Knee Replacement Using a Monolateral External Fixator
Authors: Corona Pablo S , Hernandez Alejandro , Reverte-Vinaixa M Mercedes , Amat Carles , Flores Xavier
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To evaluate the pain level and patient satisfaction as well as the fusion and infection eradication rates after knee arthrodesis using a monolateral external fixator for failed septic total knee replacement (TKR).

Methods.

Records of 10 male and 11 female consecutive patients aged 70 to 88 (mean, 81) years who underwent knee arthrodesis using a monolateral external fixator for failed septic TKR were retrospectively reviewed. Each patient had undergone a mean of 3.4 (range, 1–15) procedures. The infection eradication rate, fusion rate, time to achieve fusion, pain level, patient satisfaction, and health-related quality of life were evaluated.

Results.

Infection was eradicated in 18 (86%) of the 21 patients, whereas fusion was achieved in 17 (81%) of the 21 patients after a mean of 10.3 (range, 4–16) months. Those who did and did not achieve fusion differed significantly in terms of the mean pain score (2.3 vs. 6.4, p=0.031). Compared with age-matched Spanish general population, patients aged >75 years fared significantly worse in terms of the mean physical summary component score (40.7 vs. 34.9, p=0.001). Among those who achieved fusion, 82% were very or somewhat satisfied; none was very dissatisfied. Among those who did not achieve fusion, 75% were very or somewhat dissatisfied.

Conclusion.

Knee arthrodesis using a monolateral external fixator for failed septic TKR achieved high fusion and infection eradication rates, despite the extended time needed. When fusion is achieved, patients had good pain relief and satisfaction.
The Use of a Modified Fulcrum for Fulcrum Bending Radiographs: A Technical Note
Authors: Cheung Kenneth MC , Lam Josephine WN , Samartzis Dino , Lu William W , Luk Keith DK
Published: October 2016

We describe a modified fulcrum design to overcome limitations of a traditional fulcrum. The modified fulcrum is a triangular prism–shaped foam with rounded and padded edges. The 3 faces of the fulcrum represent 3 different heights (17.0 cm, 17.5 cm, and 21.0 cm). For fulcrum bending radiographs of the thoracic curve, the patient is placed on an X-ray table in a lateral decubitus position over the fulcrum. The apex of the appropriate height of the fulcrum is positioned under the rib corresponding to the apex of the curve, such that the ipsilateral shoulder is lifted off the X-ray table for maximum passive bending force to the curve. For fulcrum bending radiographs of the lumbar curve, the fulcrum is positioned directly under the apex of the curve such that the ipsilateral iliac crest is lifted off the X-ray table.
Injection of Autologous Blood versus Corticosteroid for Lateral Epicondylitis: A Randomised Controlled Study
Authors: Arik Hasan Onur , Kose Ozkan , Guler Ferhat , Deniz Gokmen , Egerci Omer Faruk , Ucar Mehmet
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To compare the efficacy of autologous blood injection versus corticosteroid injection for lateral epicondylitis.

Methods.

21 men and 59 women (mean age, 45.2 years) presenting with lateral epicondylitis were randomised to receive either autologous blood injection (2 ml of autologous venous blood mixed with 1 ml of 2% prilocaine hydrochloride) or corticosteroid injection (1 ml of 40 mg methylprednisolone acetate mixed with 1 ml of 2% prilocaine hydrochloride) given by a single physician. Patients were assessed before (day 0) and after (days 15, 30, and 90) treatment for elbow pain (using a visual analogue scale [VAS]), function (using the patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation [PRTEE] questionnaire), and grip strength (using a hydraulic hand dynamometer). Patients were followed up at 6 months by telephone to assess elbow pain using the VAS.

Results.

No complications (infection, skin atrophy, neurovascular damage, or tendon rupture) were noted. 10 patients reported increased pain for up to 2 days after autologous blood injection. In both groups, the VAS score for elbow pain, PRTEE score, and grip strength improved significantly after treatment (p=0.0001), but the pattern of improvement differed. Compared with autologous blood injection, corticosteroid injection improved all 3 scores at a faster rate over the first 15 days (p=0.0001), and then started to decline slightly until day 90. After autologous blood injection, all 3 scores improved steadily and were eventually better (p=0.0001). If a 37% decrease in PRTEE is defined as complete recovery, 38 (95%) of patients with autologous blood injection and 25 (62.5%) of patients with corticosteroid injection achieved complete recovery (p=0.0001).

Conclusion.

Autologous blood injection was more effective over the follow-up period than corticosteroid injection in improving pain, function, and grip strength. It is recommended as a first-line injection treatment because it is simple, cheap, and effective.
Multiple Recurrences and Late Metastasis of Adamantinoma in the Tibia: A Case Report
Authors: Giannoulis DK , Gantsos A , Giotis D , Paschos NK , Vagionas A , Arnaoutoglou CM , Pentheroudakis G , Xenakis TA
Published: October 2016

Adamantinoma is a rare, low-grade, malignant bone tumour. We report on a 46-year-old woman who had early multiple recurrences of adamantinoma of the right tibia and late metastasis to the lung and ribs 13 years after the first surgical treatment. She underwent multiple complete tumour excisions and eventually below-knee amputation and removal of the left lung and sixth to eighth ribs.
Transolecranon and Lateral Kirschner Wire Fixation for Displaced Supracondylar Humeral Fracture in Children
Authors: Sharma Anmol , Kahal Karamdeep , Sharma Shardaindu
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To evaluate the outcome after closed reduction and pinning using a Kirschner wire inserted laterally and another inserted vertically through the olecranon for displaced supracondylar humeral fractures.

Methods.

39 boys and 11 girls aged 2 to 12 (mean, 7.27) years underwent closed reduction and pinning using a Kirschner wire inserted laterally and another inserted vertically through the olecranon for posteromedially (n=28), posterolaterally (n=7), or posteriorly (n=15) displaced extension-type supracondylar humeral fractures (Gartland types II and III).

Results.

Compared with the uninjured elbows, the injured elbows had a mean loss of flexion of 4.52° (p<0.001), a mean loss of extension of 1.7° (p=0.008), and mean change in carrying angle of 3.47° (p<0.001). According to the Flynn grading system, outcome was excellent in 35 patients, good in 9, fair in 2, and poor in 4. Outcome did not differ significantly between patients aged 2 to 4, 5 to 8, and 9 to 12 years or between those operated on within 24 hours of injury and those operated on 2 to 5 days after injury. One patient developed superficial pin tract infection, and 2 patients developed cubitus varus deformity. No patient sustained iatrogenic nerve injury.

Conclusion.

Transolecranon vertical and lateral Kirschner wire fixation is a viable option for displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children, especially when there is massive swelling.
Use of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-Reactive Protein to Predict Osteomyelitis Recurrence
Authors: Lin Ziwei , Vasudevan Anupama , Tambyah Paul Anantharajah
Published: October 2016

Purpose.

To determine the association between both erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and osteomyelitis recurrence.

Methods.

Records of 81 males and 27 females aged 10 to 87 (median, 54) years who underwent antibiotic/surgical treatment for primary (n=68) or recurrent (n=40) osteomyelitis that was related (n=26) or unrelated (n=82) to a prosthesis were reviewed. Of the 40 cases of osteomyelitis recurrence followed up for a median of 23.4 (range, 0.6–74.0) months, 7 and 33 were related and unrelated to a prosthesis, respectively. The cutoff points of lowest ESR and CRP for osteomyelitis recurrence were calculated. Risk factors for osteomyelitis recurrence were determined.

Results.

Osteomyelitis recurrence was associated with diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease, non-healing wound, infection in the lower limb, and infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The cutoff points of CRP ≥5 mg/l and ESR ≥20 mm/h were used for osteomyelitis recurrence. Risk factors for osteomyelitis recurrence were ESR ≥20 mm/h, infection with methicillin-resistant S aureus, and infection in the lower limb.

Conclusion.

ESR was more sensitive, specific, and independently associated with osteomyelitis recurrence and should be used to guide the duration of antibiotic treatment.