bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Diseases Based on Iridology Using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Madhouse Zakaria , Kayli Ammar , Himmami Luna
Published: December 2020

Many automatic methods have been introduced in iridology to predict diseases according to the iridology chart. This is important to prevent diseases before they develop. This research aims to find a computer model for the early diagnosis of diseases in the brain, back, pelvis, abdomen, and chest using the iridology chart based on fuzzy logic. Image preprocessing for the iris aims to find the ring, code, and features of the iris. Five fuzzy models have been built for diagnosis and to determine a person's disease rate based on specific features that were extracted from the iris as the input variables. Each model contains four membership functions for each input or output variables and 64 fuzzy rules for fuzzification and defuzzification. The five models that were built to diagnose the five diseases of iridology have an accuracy rate of over 98%, with an average accuracy of 98.6223%. The results mean that the models are qualified for use by doctors as medical tools to diagnose specific diseases or as a tool for the public to reassure them about their health.
Pre-Service Teachers and Student Assessment: Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdelrasoul Sherif
Published: December 2020

Evaluation is highly important in improving learning. Therefore, trainee teachers must be taught to evaluate effectively before commencing teaching. This research aimed to study the difficulties teachers in the field of art education face while evaluating students’ work. A descriptive analytical method was used to study a cohort of 63 students from the Department of Art Education at the College of Education at Jazan University. The researcher used a questionnaire consisting of nine paragraphs to collect information and data, which was presented to a committee of specialists to ensure its validity. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to calculate the reliability of the resulting data, giving a reliability coefficient of 0.96, which was acceptable for this study. The results focused on the school administration’s lack of reliance on evaluation in art education to determine the students’ outcomes and the students’ poor interest in the evaluation results and in improving their performance. The study suggests some methods of evaluation in art education, with the most important recommendations relating to the importance of placing art education grades within the grades of students, writing a list of criteria with which to evaluate students in order to measure their performance and supporting and motivating talented students.
COVID-19 VE EĞİTİM
Authors: ÇİÇEK İlhan , TANHAN Ahmet , TANRIVERDİ Selami
Published: December 2020

Covid-19 salgını dünya üzerinde yaklaşık 24 milyon vaka ve 800.000 ölüme sebebiyet vermiştir (29.08.2020). Covid-19 salgını, hayatın birçok alanını olumsuz etkilediği gibi eğitim alanını da derinden etkilediği görülmektedir. Salgından dolayı okulların kapanması, eğitimin temel bileşenleri olan öğrenci, öğretmen ve eğitim sistemini ciddi anlamda etkilediği görülmektedir. Bu düşüncelerden yola çıkılarak bu çalışmadaki amaç, Covid-19 salgının öğrenci ve öğretmenler üzerindeki etkilerini, öğrenci ve öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitime ilişkin bakış açılarını inceleyen literatürün taranmasıdır. Bu çalışmada anlatı incelenmesi yöntemi kullanılarak araştırmalardaki verilerin bir karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. İlgili literatür incelendiğinde, yapılan çalışmaların daha çok öğrencilerin Covid-19 salgını süresince verilen uzaktan eğitime ilişkin görüşleri (n= 6, %37.5) ve öğrencilerin Covid-19’dan etkilenme durumları (n=6, %37.5) üzerinde yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Sonuçlar, öğrencilerin saldırganlık düzeylerinin artış gösterdiği, Covid-19’dan dolayı olumsuz duygular yaşadıkları, sosyal yaşam ritüellerinin değişkenlik gösterdiği, uykusuzluk, depresyon, iştahsızlık, aşırı stres, korku, endişe ve çabuk sinirlenme gibi olumsuzluklar yaşadıkları saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin, genel olarak uzaktan eğitime ilişkin hem olumlu hem de olumsuz düşüncelere sahip oldukları gözlemlenmiştir. Öğretmenler üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar, genç ve bekâr öğretmenler ile kadın öğretmenlerin depresyon, kaygı ve psikolojik esneksizlik düzeylerinin yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca Covid-19 salgını sürecinde öğretmenlerin sosyal medya ve internette daha fazla zaman geçirdikleri, uzaktan eğitim sistemine olumlu yaklaştıkları görülmüştür. Covid-19 salgınından dolayı özellikle ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise kademelerindeki öğrencelerin nasıl etkilendikleri ile ilgili yeni çalışmaların yapılmasına ihtiyaç vardır.
Telemedicine in the EAEU countries: reality and prospects
Authors:   Saint Petersburg University, Akulin I. M. , Chesnokova E. A. ,   Saint Petersburg University, Presnyakov R. A. ,   Association of Medical Law to St. Petersburg, Letova A. D. ,   Saint Petersburg University, Zimina E. I. ,   Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Guryanova N. E. ,   Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Published: December 2020

This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of telemedicine in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union: its legal regulation, methods of implementation and development prospects. The authors pay attention not only to a comparative legal analysis of telemedicine regulation in the EAEU countries, but also to determining the possibility of creating a general agreement on telemedicine between the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic. Identifying gaps in the national regulation of telemedicine in these countries, the authors point out the aspects in which it is necessary to harmonize the regulatory framework for telemedicine consulting, and also provide for those provisions that must be necessarily disclosed in the agreement on telemedicine within the EAEU.
Analisis kemampuan koneksi matematika dalam mengerjakan soal cerita
Authors: Atmaja Andi , Rohman Muhammad Saefur , Utami Wikan Budi
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this article is to describe the mathematical connection ability of students in working on stories on statistics material. This article uses aqualitative approach. The data collection was obtained from the method of documentation, tests, and interview. There are 2 students of class VIII semester II as subjects in this article. The analysis was obtained from the test results of students which consisted of 5 description questions and the results of interviews on 6 indicators of mathematicalconnection ability. The results of the study obtained that the twostudents were less capable of applyingmathematics in other fields of study or everyday life and the relationships between mathematical topics and between mathematics topics and topics outside mathematics. So it can be concluded that the two students have a poor mathematical connection ability in solving story problems on statistics material.
Analisis pemahaman konsep bentuk aljabar ditinjau dari gaya belajar siswa
Authors: Yuniarti Titin , Supriyono Supriyono , Nugraheni Puji , Wasiman Wasiman
Published: December 2020

This study aims to describe students' understanding of solving algebraic problems with visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles. This research is qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive method. The research subject was students of class VII SMP Negeri 2 Puring who had visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles with 2 students' learning styles. The technique of taking the subject uses purposive. The instruments used were questionnaires and tests. This study shows that (1) Understanding the concept of restating a concept on the elements of algebraic form fulfilled by students with visual and auditory styles. (2) According to certain characteristics, classifying objects determines similar and dissimilar terms, and all student learning styles have not fulfilled its reasons. (3) providing examples and non-examples of the concept in determining similar and dissimilar tribes fulfilled by students with kinesthetic learning styles. (4) presenting concepts in various forms of mathematical representations in making all student learning styles have not fulfilled mathematical models. (5) use, utilize and select certain procedures or operations in determining operations fulfilled by all student learning styles. (6) applying the concept or problem-solving algorithm in applying the concept of algebraic forms has not been fulfilled by all student learning styles.
Analisis kemampuan pembuktian matematis parabola menggunakan guided learning berdasarkan tingkat resiliensi
Authors: Hidayati Destia Wahyu , Wahyuni Arie
Published: December 2020

One of the geometry materials at the high school level is a parabolic. The ability to prove parabolic formulas is needed by students majoring in Mathematics Education who will become mathematics teachers after graduating. Having an understanding of proof of the formula will make learning more meaningful. The purpose of this research is to find out a description of the proof of parabolic formula based on high, medium, and low resilience levels, so that various obstacles can be overcome early. This research is qualitative research. Data collection techniques used resilience questionnaires, test questions to prove the parabola formula, and interviews. The data analysis technique used data triangulation. The results showed that (1) there are three indicators in mathematical proof of parabolic mastered by students at high, medium, and low resilience levels, namely drawing the vertex, fixed point, and directrix line, determining the length of the two points, determining the results of the equation squared, (2) determining the coordinates of the vertex, fixed point, and the equations of the directrix mastered by students with a high level of resilience, but not yet mastered by students at moderate and low resilience levels, (3) determining two lines of the same length in the image according to the definition parabolic and determining the results of the multiplication distribution on addition and subtraction have been mastered by students at high and medium resilience levels, but not yet mastered by students at low resilience levels,
Pemanfaatan Flutter dan Electron Framework pada Aplikasi Inventori dan Pengaturan Pengiriman Barang
Authors: Tjandra Suhatati , Chandra Gerry Surya
Published: December 2020

Pemesanan air minum dalam kemasan sekarang masih menggunakan telepon, yaitu customer menelepon toko untuk membuat pesanan. Customer perlu menyebutkan alamat pengiriman, dan barang yang akan dipesan. Cara ini sungguh tidak efisien, karena banyak customer yang memesan setiap hari dengan alamat dan barang yang sama. Dengan adanya aplikasi pengiriman dan inventori yang dibuat ini, pengguna dapat mempermudah membuat pesanan terhadap pemilik distributor air mineral dalam kemasan.

Flutter adalah SDK untuk pengembangan aplikasi mobile dengan kinerja tinggi, aplikasi untuk iOS dan Android, dari satu codebase (basis kode) yang di buat oleh Google dengan lisensi open source. Electron adalah framework untuk membuat aplikasi desktop dengan JavaScript murni dengan menyediakan API dari OS. Pada aplikasi ini terdapat empat aktor yaitu, admin, manajer pengiriman, kurir, dan customer. Yang mendasar aplikasi ini adalah back-end, yaitu sebuah API yang bertugas untuk mengelola data. Back-end pada aplikasi ini menggunakan framework CodeIgniter dan MySQL sebagai database, kemudian aplikasi-aplikasi yang dipakai oleh aktor baru bisa berjalan dengan baik. Kurir menggunakan aplikasi pada Android yang dibuat menggunakan framework Flutter. Customer menggunakan aplikasi pada Android yang dibuat menggunakan framework Flutter. Admin menggunakan aplikasi yang dibuat menggunakan framework Electron dan Angular pada komputer. Manajer pengiriman menggunakan aplikasi yang dibuat menggunakan framework Electron dan Angular, manajer pengiriman menggunakan Raspberry Pi untuk menjalankan aplikasi, dan menggunakan balenaCloud untuk mengelola perangkat.
Revision of the family Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera) of the Oriental Region. I. Introduction and genera Encaumaptera Hampson 1893, Orgyarbela gen. nov., and Hollowarbela gen. nov.
Authors: Yakovlev Roman V. , Zolotuhin Vadim V.
Published: December 2020

In the first part of the revision of the family Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera) of the south-eastern Asia, a complete literature review of the previously described taxa and biology of the Asian group members is given. The images of the adults and male genitaias of all known Metarbelidae genera of the Oriental region are illustrated. Two genera are described as new for the science: Orgyarbela Yakovlev & Zolotuhin, gen. nov. (type species Arbela millemaculata Hampson, 1897, by original designation here) and Hollowarbela Yakovlev & Zolotuhin, gen. nov. (type species Indarbela kinabalua Holloway, 1976, by original designation). The genus Encaumaptera Hampson, 1893 is revised. The following new species are described here: Encaumaptera aurora Yakovlev & Zolotuhin, sp. nov. (type locality: Thailand, Changwat Nan, 5 km N of Bo Luang), E. devyatkini Yakovlev & Zolotuhin, sp. nov. (type locality: C. Vietnam, Kon Tum Prov., Sa Thay Distr., Bargok, Chu Mot Ray NP), Orgyarbela kerri Yakovlev & Zolotuhin, sp. nov. (type locality: Laos, Nam Guak [Yuak river Valley, Wiengchau]), and O. mackwoodi Yakovlev & Zolotuhin, sp. nov. (type locality: Burma, Kawkerait [Kawkarike, Karen Prov., Myanmar]). The new combinations are established: Orgyarbela millemaculata (Hampson, 1897), comb.nov. and Hollowarbela kinabalua (Holloway, 1976), comb. nov.
Mit nevezünk katasztrófának? Katasztrófaelméleti megközelítések és vizsgálatuk
Authors: Papp Bendegúz
Published: December 2020

A katasztrófa nehezen meghatározható fogalom, amely kontextustól függően eltérő jelentéssel bír. A katasztrófatudomány rövid története során számos megközelítéssel élt alapterminusát illetően: történelmi, politikai, szakmai és kulturális környezetének megfelelően máshogy definiálta kutatásának tárgyát, a katasztrófát. Éppen ezért egyértelmű fogalom nehezen alkotható. Jelen tanulmány egy összefoglaló írás, amely megvizsgálja a katasztrófaelméleti iskolák tudományelméleti megközelítését és veszélyhelyzet-értelmezését. Számos elmélet létezik, azonban a cikk csak a legszélesebb körben alkalmazott klasszikus, társadalomtudományi, természettudományi, antropológiai és politikai elméletekre tér ki. A fentieken kívül még egy kategóriával, a problémaközpontú megközelítéssel foglalja össze a szakmai dokumentumokban használt szemléletmódokat. A szerző tájékozódási pontot kíván nyújtani a magyar katasztrófatudomány művelőinek, a témát kutató egyetemi hallgatóknak, illetve a katasztrófavédelem szakembereinek.
THE EFFICIENCY OF PROGNOSTIC SCALES IN STRATIFICATION OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS. LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Yelskyi I. K. , Vasylyev A. A. , Smirnov N. L.
Published: December 2020

The work carried out by analyzes of the literature data on assessing the severity of acute pancreatitis and predicting its course and mortality. A comparison of traditional point scales for assessing the severity of AP was made.As a result of a comparative analysis, it was found that the most objective instrumental method for diagnosing acute pancreatitis and its complications was MSCT with the determination of the CT index of severity. Balthazar scale allows assessing the severity of the disease and forming a prognosis for the development of complications. However, computed or magnetic resonance imaging with intravenous contrast enhancement allows an accurate assessment of the severity of the disease not earlier than 72 hours and has some contraindications.Estimating and predictive systems Ranson, APACHE, Krasnorogov, Bozhenkov systems, Pugaeva and Achkasova, BISAP and HAPS allow identyfying the severity of the clinical course of acute pancreatitis, have a high sensitivity, but at the same time require significant time and resources for execution. Glasgow-Imrie, SAPS, MODS, and SOFA scales mainly calculate mortality and degree of multiple organ failure in critically ill patients; these severity assessment systems are not specific for patients with acute pancreatitis.The optimal scale for assessing the severity of AP should allow assessing the patient's condition and prognosis from the moment of admission to the outcome of the disease. The practicing surgeon will be interested in an affordable, inexpensive, easy-to-use system for determining the severity of acute pancreatitis. For surgeons, the time factor plays a key role in determining tactics, and, therefore, improves the prognosis of the disease.
ACHALASIA: DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT METHODS. REVIEW
Authors: Galliamov E. A. , Erin S. A. , Agapov M. A. , Gorbacheva I. V. , Yurkyliev N. A. , Gololobov G. Yu. , Gadlevskiy G. S. , Kosyakov A. N. , Chicherina M. A. , Burmistrov A. I. , Sarukhanyan I. G.
Published: December 2020

Еsophageal achalasia is a neuromuscular disease of esophagus characterized by a distortion of the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and manifested by marked clinical symptoms. To date, methods for diagnosing pathology and various surgical methods for its correction have been developed and actively used. In this review, the authors summarized all available data on principles of modern classification based on the identification of characteristic diagnostic criteria of the disease. The modern treatment methods are described in detail, the effectiveness of the presented methods is evaluated.
RECURRENT PERINEAL HERNIA — LAPAROSCOPIC SURGICAL TREATMENT: CLINICAL CASE
Authors: Galliamov E. A. , Agapov M. A. , Markaryan D. R. , Kakotkin V. V. , Kazachenko E. A. , Kubyshkin V. A.
Published: December 2020

Background: Recurrent postoperative perineal hernia is a rare complication of such operation as posterior pelvic evisceration. This condition can reduce the quality of life in the postoperative period and requires surgical restoration of the impaired pelvic anatomy.Clinical case: A 54-year old female patient applied to the MSU University clinic in July 2020 with the protrusion in the perineal area. She was diagnosed with recurrent perineal postoperative hernia. She was diagnosed with rectal cancer T4N1M0 and uterine dysplasia in 2017, 6 courses of neoadjuvant polychemoradiation therapy were performed; she underwent extralevator abdominal-perineal resection with uterine extirpation and the permanent colostomy formation in 2018. A perineal postoperative hernia was diagnosed in March 2020, perineal transabdominal plastic surgery was performed with a mesh implant. A recurrent perineal hernia was diagnosed in April 2020, the patient underwent laparoscopic alloplasty with a composite mesh implant. On the 9th postoperative day, she was discharged in a satisfactory condition without any complaints.Conclusion: Postoperative perineal hernia is a fairly rare complication in surgical practice. The recurrent rate is quite high. The insufficient number of patients, the short follow-up period and the wide range of surgical treatment methods do not allow evaluating the results adequately. It is necessary to conduct large randomized clinical trials to assess the efficacy of surgical interventions and to determine the indications for certain procedures.
The White Dwarf Binary Pathways Survey. V. The Gaia White Dwarf Plus AFGK Binary Sample and the Identification of 23 Close Binaries
Authors: Ren J.-J. , Raddi R. , Rebassa-Mansergas A. , Hernandez M. S. , Parsons S. G. , Irawati P. , Rittipruk P. , Schreiber M. R. , Gänsicke B. T. , Torres S. , Wang H.-J. , Zhang J.-B. , Zhao Y. , Zhou Y.-T. , Han Z.-W. , Wang B. , Liu C. , Liu X.-W. , Wang Y. , Zheng J. , Wang J.-F. , Zhao F. , Cui K.-M. , Shi J.-R. , Tian H.
Published: December 2020

Close white dwarf binaries consisting of a white dwarf and an A-, F-, G-, or K-type main-sequence star, henceforth close WD+AFGK binaries, are ideal systems to understand the nature of type Ia supernovae progenitors and to test binary evolution models. In this work we identify 775 WD+AFGK candidates from TGAS (The Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution) and Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2), a well-defined sample of stars with available parallaxes, and we measure radial velocities (RVs) for 275 of them with the aim of identifying close binaries. The RVs have been measured from high-resolution spectra obtained at the Xinglong 2.16 m Telescope and the San Pedro Mártir 2.12 m Telescope and/or from available LAMOST DR6 (low-resolution) and RAVE DR5 (medium-resolution) spectra. We identify 23 WD+AFGK systems displaying more than 3σ RV variation among 151 systems for which the measured values are obtained from different nights. Our WD+AFGK binary sample contains both AFGK dwarfs and giants, with a giant fraction ∼43%. The close binary fractions we determine for the WD+AFGK dwarf and giant samples are ≃24% and ≃15%, respectively. We also determine the stellar parameters (i.e., effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, mass, and radius) of the AFGK companions with available high-resolution spectra. The stellar parameter distributions of the AFGK companions that are members of close and wide binary candidates do not show statistically significant differences.
As the Worlds Turn: Constraining Spin Evolution in the Planetary-mass Regime
Authors: Bryan Marta L. , Ginzburg Sivan , Chiang Eugene , Morley Caroline , Bowler Brendan P. , Xuan Jerry W. , Knutson Heather A.
Published: December 2020

To understand how planetary spin evolves and traces planet formation processes, we measure rotational line broadening in eight planetary-mass objects (PMOs) of various ages (1–800 Myr) using near-infrared high-resolution spectra from NIRSPEC/Keck. Combining these with published rotation rates, we compile 27 PMO spin velocities, 16 of which derive from our NIRSPEC/Keck program. Our data are consistent with spin velocities v scaling with planetary radius R as v ∝ 1/R. We conclude that spin angular momentum is conserved as objects cool and contract over the sampled age range. The PMOs in our sample spin at rates that are approximately an order of magnitude below their break-up values, consistent with the hypothesis that they were spun down by magnetized circum-PMO disks (CPDs) during the formation era at ages ≲a few Myr. There is a factor of 4–5 variation in spin velocity that has yet to be understood theoretically. It also remains to be seen whether spin evolves on timescales ≳1 Gyr for PMOs, as it does for stars and high-mass brown dwarfs emitting magnetized winds.
Determining Subparsec Supermassive Black Hole Binary Orbits with Infrared Interferometry
Authors: Dexter Jason , Lutz Dieter , Shimizu T. Taro , Shangguan Jinyi , Davies Richard I. , de Zeeuw P. Tim , Sturm Eckhard , Eisenhauer Frank , Förster-Schreiber Natascha M. , Gao Feng , Genzel Reinhard , Gillessen Stefan , Pfuhl Oliver , Tacconi Linda J. , Widmann Felix
Published: December 2020

Radial-velocity monitoring has revealed the presence of moving broad emission lines in some quasars, potentially indicating the presence of a subparsec binary system. Phase-referenced, near-infrared interferometric observations could map out the binary orbit by measuring the photocenter difference between a broad emission line and the hot dust continuum. We show that astrometric data over several years may be able to detect proper motions and accelerations, confirming the presence of a binary and constraining system parameters. The brightness, redshifts, and astrometric sizes of current candidates are well matched to the capabilities of the upgraded Very Large Telescope Interferometer/GRAVITY+ instrument, and we identify a first sample of 10 possible candidates. The astrometric signature depends on the morphology and evolution of hot dust emission in supermassive black hole binary systems. Measurements of the photocenter offset may reveal binary motion whether the hot dust emission region is fixed to the inner edge of the circumbinary disk, or moves in response to the changing irradiation pattern from an accreting secondary black hole.
A Systematic Search of Zwicky Transient Facility Data for Ultracompact Binary LISA-detectable Gravitational-wave Sources
Authors: Burdge Kevin B. , Prince Thomas A. , Fuller Jim , Kaplan David L. , Marsh Thomas R. , Tremblay Pier-Emmanuel , Zhuang Zhuyun , Bellm Eric C. , Caiazzo Ilaria , Coughlin Michael W. , Dhillon Vik S. , Gaensicke Boris , Rodríguez-Gil Pablo , Graham Matthew J. , Hermes JJ , Kupfer Thomas , Littlefair S. P. , Mróz Przemek , Phinney E. S. , Roestel Jan van , Yao Yuhan , Dekany Richard G. , Drake Andrew J. , Duev Dmitry A. , Hale David , Feeney Michael , Helou George , Kaye Stephen , Mahabal Ashish. A. , Masci Frank J. , Riddle Reed , Smith Roger , Soumagnac Maayane T. , Kulkarni S. R.
Published: December 2020

Using photometry collected with the Zwicky Transient Facility, we are conducting an ongoing survey for binary systems with short orbital periods (

with the goal of identifying new gravitational-wave sources detectable by the upcoming Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). We present a sample of 15 binary systems discovered thus far, with orbital periods ranging from 6.91 to 56.35 minutes. Of the 15 systems, seven are eclipsing systems that do not show signs of significant mass transfer. Additionally, we have discovered two AM Canum Venaticorum systems and six systems exhibiting primarily ellipsoidal variations in their lightcurves. We present follow-up spectroscopy and high-speed photometry confirming the nature of these systems, estimates of their LISA signal-to-noise ratios, and a discussion of their physical characteristics.
Measuring Dark Matter in Galaxies: The Mass Fraction within Five Effective Radii
Authors: Harris William E. , Remus Rhea-Silvia , Harris Gretchen L. H. , Babyk Iu. V.
Published: December 2020

Large galaxies may contain an “atmosphere” of hot interstellar X-ray gas, and the temperature and radial density profile of this gas can be used to measure the total mass of the galaxy contained within a given radius r. We use this technique for 102 early-type galaxies with stellar masses M
⋆ > 1010
M
⊙, to evaluate the mass fraction of dark matter (DM) within the fiducial radius r = 5r

e
, denoted f
5 = f
DM(5r

e
). On average, these systems have a median

with a typical galaxy-to-galaxy scatter ±0.15. Comparisons with mass estimates made through the alternative techniques of satellite dynamics (e.g., velocity distributions of globular clusters, planetary nebulae, satellite dwarfs) as well as strong lensing show encouraging consistency over the same range of stellar mass. We find that many of the disk galaxies (S0/SA0/SB0) have a significantly higher mean f
5 than do the pure ellipticals, by Δf
5 ≃ 0.1. We suggest that this higher level may be a consequence of sparse stellar haloes and quieter histories with fewer major episodes of feedback or mergers. Comparisons are made with the Magneticum Pathfinder suite of simulations for both normal and centrally dominant “Brightest Cluster” galaxies. Though the observed data exhibit somewhat larger scatter at a given galaxy mass than do the simulations, the mean level of DM mass fraction for all classes of galaxies is in good first-order agreement with the simulations. Finally, we find that the group galaxies with stellar masses near M
⋆ ∼ 1011
M
⊙ have relatively more outliers at low f
5 than in other mass ranges, possibly the result of especially effective AGN feedback in that mass range leading to expansion of their DM halos.
The Wind beneath My Wings. I. Spectral Types and Multiplicity of the Central Stars Supporting Stellar Bow Shock Nebulae
Authors: Chick William T , Kobulnicky Henry A. , Schurhammer Danielle P. , Andrews Julian E. , Povich Matthew S. , Buser Elle R. , Dixon Don M. , Lindman Michael J. , Munari Stephan A. , Olivier Grace M. , Sorber Rebecca L. , Wernke Heather N.
Published: December 2020

Arcuate mid-infrared nebulae known as stellar bow shock nebulae (SBNe) have been previously hypothesized to be supported by the strong stellar winds and/or luminosity of massive early-type stars. We present an optical spectroscopic survey of 84 stars identified from mid-infrared images as candidate SBN-supporting stars. Eighty-one of 84 sources, 96%, are O or early-B spectral types. K-band luminosities for a larger sample of 289 stars at the centers of bow shock nebulae are overwhelmingly consistent with OB stars. This affirms both that SBNe are supported by massive stars and that arcuate mid-infrared nebulae are reliable indicators of the presence of a massive star. The radial velocity dispersions of these systems and detections of double-lined systems indicate that at least 27 of the 74 systems with multiple observations (>36%) are candidate multiple-star systems. This rate is consistent with observed multiplicity rates of field OB stars detected with similar radial velocity surveys and lower than, but not inconsistent with, the multiplicity rates of OB stars in clusters and associations.
LAMOST Observations in 15 K2 Campaigns. I. Low-resolution Spectra from LAMOST DR6
Authors: Wang Jiangtao , Fu Jian-Ning , Zong Weikai , Smith M. C. , De Cat Peter , Shi Jianrong , Luo Ali , Zhang Haotong , Frasca A. , Corbally C. J. , Molenda-Żakowicz J. , Catanzaro G. , Gray R. O. , Wang Jiaxin , Pan Yang
Published: December 2020

The Large Sky Area Multi-object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST)-K2 (LK2) project, initiated in 2015, aims to collect low-resolution spectra of targets in the K2 campaigns, similar to the LAMOST-Kepler project. By the end of 2018, a total of 126 LK2 plates had been observed by LAMOST. After cross-matching the catalog of the LAMOST data release 6 (DR6) with that of the K2 approved targets, we found 160,619 usable spectra of 84,012 objects, most of which had been observed more than once. The effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, and radial velocity from 129,974 spectra for 70,895 objects are derived through the LAMOST Stellar Parameter Pipeline (LASP). The internal uncertainties were estimated to be 81 K, 0.15 dex, 0.09 dex, and 5 km s−1, respectively, when derived from a spectrum with a signal-to-noise ratio in the g band (S/N
g
) of 10. These estimates are based on results for targets with multiple visits. The external accuracies were assessed by comparing the parameters of targets in common with the APOGEE and Gaia surveys, for which we generally found linear relationships. A final calibration is provided, combining external and internal uncertainties for giants and dwarfs, separately. We foresee that these spectroscopic data will be used widely in different research fields, especially in combination with K2 photometry.
CO Outflow Candidates toward the W3/4/5 Complex. II. Feedback from Candidate Outflows
Authors: Li Yingjie , Xu Ye , Sun Yan , Yang Ji
Published: December 2020

To date, few studies have focused on protostellar outflow feedback at scales larger than several parsecs. To address this paucity of research, we investigate the effects of feedback from CO outflow candidates on their parent clouds over ∼110 deg2 toward the W3/4/5 complex and its surroundings. Our search identified 265 13CO clouds with radii being ∼0.04–17.12 pc. We estimate the turbulent support and potential disruptive effect of the outflow activities through analyzing physical properties of outflow candidates and their host clouds in terms of turbulence and gravitational binding energy. We find that (1) clouds of larger size might be less affected by feedback; (2) the possible scale break is ≳4.7 pc for both turbulent support and potential disruptive effect; (3) if outflows couple to dense gas where stars are forming, for clouds in the Perseus arm, a scale ≲0.2–0.4 pc is sufficient for the energy and momentum injected by outflow activity to maintain turbulence, while for clouds in the Local arm, the scale is ≲0.1–0.2 pc; and (4) for clouds in the Perseus arm, a scale ≲0.3–1.0 pc is needed for outflow activity to potentially disperse material away from the natal clouds, while for clouds in the Local arm, the scale is ≲0.2–0.6 pc. The strength of outflow activity may affect the values in points 3 and 4. Finally, we find that outflow feedback probably possesses the power to alter the line width–size relation.
A Repository of Vanilla Long-term Integrations of the Solar System
Authors: Brown Garett , Rein Hanno
Published: December 2020

We share the source code and a 121 GB data set of 96 long-term N-body simulations of the solar system. This data set can be analyzed by itself to study the dynamics of the solar system. In addition, our simulations can be the starting point for future studies wishing to explore different initial conditions or additional physical effects on the solar system. Our simulations can also be used as a comparison and benchmark for new numerical algorithms.
The success story of Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge in the Philippines (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae), with description of 18 new species
Authors: Kaltenbach Thomas , Garces Jhoana M. , Gattolliat Jean-Luc
Published: December 2020

Material collected between 1994 and 2020 in the Philippines, covering most main islands like Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Negros, Cebu, Leyte, and Mindanao and some smaller islands, substantially increased our knowledge of Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge in this archipelago. Only three species were previously reported: L. molawinensis (Müller-Liebenau, 1982) and L. sumigarensis (Müller-Liebenau, 1982) from larvae and L. boettgeri (Ulmer, 1924) from adults. Eighteen new species have been identified using a combination of morphology and genetic distance (COI, Kimura 2-parameter). They are described and illustrated based on their larvae and a key to all species in the Philippines is provided. The total number of Labiobaetis in the Philippines has increased to 21 species. Additional diversity of Labiobaetis based on molecular evidence only is presented as Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) without description. The interspecific K2P distances in the Philippines are between 15% and 27%, the intraspecific distances are usually between 0% and 3%. The total number of Labiobaetis species worldwide is augmented to 144.
Saint Martin, précurseur des saints des Gaules d’après les œuvres de Grégoire de Tours
Authors: Jarousseau Guy
Published: December 2020

Dans les récits hagiographiques du haut Moyen Âge, qu’en est-il de l’intervention conjuguée des saints dans l’histoire humaine ? Et, qu’est-ce que cela révèle de l’histoire du culte rendu à ces saints ? La présente étude se limite à l’action conjointe de la virtus de Martin avec celle d’autres saints dans les œuvres de Grégoire de Tours. Seuls quatorze épisodes répondent à ce questionnement. Ils permettent de distinguer des miracles plus spirituels et d’autres plus politiques. Ils rendent compte d’après Grégoire de la place de saint Martin dans le cortège des saints vénérés dans les Gaules. Ainsi, Martin se situe clairement en relation avec les saints universels du monde chrétien, la Vierge Marie, les Apôtres, saint Jean-Baptiste. Il fait aussi figure de précurseur des saints particuliers des cités des Gaules ou de la royauté mérovingienne. Par ailleurs, dans ces récits, certains saints tiennent une place particulièrement révélatrice de la vénération que Grégoire de Tours a pour eux, comme Julien de Brioude, Illidius de Clermont ou Monégonde de Tours.
L’enfer froid en images (xve et xvie siècles)
Authors: Kermoal Christian
Published: December 2020

L’enfer froid a existé. On le rencontre dans le théâtre et la littérature des xve et xvie siècles ; il figure dans les images des manuscrits puis dans la production imprimée : le Kalendrier des Bergiers, à partir de 1491, et l’Art de bien mourir, à partir de 1492. Il s’agit d’une illustration de la seconde vision de Lazare descendu aux enfers, une adaptation du thème du voyage en enfer. Ce lieu de châtiment des âmes est partagé en espaces spécifiques selon le péché commis. L’enfer froid est réservé aux envieux. On cherche ici à voir comment la représentation de l’enfer froid s’est formée et diffusée. Comment l’enfer froid a puni les coupables de malice, de luxure et enfin d’envie. On s’interroge aussi sur sa circulation en Bretagne où il n’apparaît que dans une inscription de l’ossuaire de La Martyre (1619), copie du Miroir de la mort (1519), dans Buhez mab den (avant 1530) et dans la Passion d’Eozen Quilivéré (1530). Cette production, datée du xvie siècle, s’inscrit dans un mouvement qui concerne la France et l’Europe, un thème à la mode à la Renaissance qui disparaît ensuite.
Le risposte mediche e sociali alle richieste eutanasiche
Authors: Migone Luigi
Published: December 2020

I moderni mezzi di terapia e di sostegno vitale mirano a rimuovere in modo duraturo le malattie, ma quando guarigioni o miglioramenti non sono più possibili, lo scopo è quello di ritardare l’esito mortale. Da qui i timori dei mala ti di non riuscire a sopportare le ultime fasi di malattia e il conseguente radicarsi di tendenze ad anticipare la morte con pratiche eutanasiche. Il presente articolo intende proprio soffermarsi sulle richieste dei pazienti coscienti di anticipare la morte.

L’Autore distingue e analizza tre diverse forme di eutanasia: suicidio concesso dal medico, intervento mortale del medico, rifiuto di iniziare o proseguire le cure vitali. Successivamente vengono affrontati gli aspetti epidemiiologici del fenomeno, i limiti del principio di autonomia che non può assolutamente giustificare l’eliminazione della ragione di essere dell’individuo, il perché delle richieste eutanasiche, le risposte sociali e le cure palliative, l’importanza dell’assistenza psicologica al morente, l’”ortotanasia” come alternativa all’eutanasia (consiste nell’opporsi agli istinti di autodistruzione e ai diversi fattori emotivi che rifiutano la morte, attraverso un atteggiamento razionale di preparazione a questo inevitabile percorso di vita), l’assistenza spirituale, la questione del “duplice effetto”: tutte questioni che aprono un acceso dibattito sui molteplici problemi etici riguardanti le pratiche eutanasiche.
Limits and challenges of the ICH GCP requirements
Authors: Bignamini Angelo A.
Published: December 2020

Dalla pubblicazione della GCP europea (1991) vi è stato un progressivo spostamento dal primario interesse per la protezione dei diritti del soggetto, verso la garanzia formale della completezza dei dati, a torto confusa con la “credibilità”.

Ciò causa conflitti e ritardi nell'approvazione etica e sembra dovuto allo scollamento fra i criteri di stesura dei protocolli nelle aziende farmaceutiche o i criteri con cui alcune autorità sanitarie emettono raccomandazioni per l'esecuzione di studi clinici, ed i criteri secondo i quali i CdE dovrebbero valutare il protocollo per garantire una reale protezione dei diritti del soggetto: conformità con la legge civile e penale; compatibilità con la pratica terapeutica e con l'etica e la deontologia medica; adeguatezza alla condizione culturale, etica, morale e religiosa localmente prevalente; rispetto dei principi di uguale opportunità e giustizia per l'accesso allo studio.

La GCP e le altre raccomandazioni sono considerate solo in questo contesto. Non sono invece considerati criteri interni allo sponsor (SOPs), né eventuali diversi criteri applicabili in altre sedi.

Si suggerisce quindi a sponsor e autorità sanitarie di incorporare tali considerazioni in protocolli e raccomandazioni; di ricordare che la ricerca clinica è soprattutto un atto terapeutico; che non necessariamente un protocollo deve essere identico dappertutto, purché ne sia rispettata l'integrità. Gli elementi non chiave devono essere considerati suscettibili di adattamento secondo le specifiche caratteristiche locali. Ciò suggerisce di limitare il processo in atto di centralizzazione delle procedure di stesura e approvazione etica dei protocolli, lasciando maggiore autonomia alle realtà operative locali.
Implicazioni etiche e medico-legali nell’utilizzo di placebo nella sperimentazione clinica
Authors: Conti Adelaide , Marniga Brunella
Published: December 2020

Gli autori, alla luce di un caso clinico riguardante la sperimentazione farmacologica giunto all’esame di un Comitato Etico, espongono alcune considerazioni sugli aspetti etici e medico-legali dell’utilizzo di placebo.

Una volta analizzato il significato del termine placebo, anche dal punto di vista storico, viene descritto l’uso di tali sostanze: sono numerosi infatti gli esempi relativi alla sperimentazione farmacologica per chiarire l’impiego dei placebo.

I problemi etici implicati sono decisamente importanti: in primo luogo il rispetto dei principi di autonomia, beneficialità, non maleficienza, giustizia.

Le opinioni sono contrastanti: a fronte di chi ritiene che non sia corretto né eticamente né metodologicamente sottoporre a placebo alcun paziente, si pongono coloro che ne promuovono l’utilizzo quando non sia nota altra terapia alternativa efficace.

Peraltro un problema rilevante sembra essere la comunicazione al paziente della terapia a lui somministrata, in sostanza la comunicazione della verità al malato, per garantirne la piena autonomia.

Tuttavia sembra che il placebo per esplicare il suo effetto debba dipendere dalla non consapevolezza e dalla suggestionabilità del paziente. Il Codice Deontologico sottolinea il principio di beneficialità e pone alcune direttive per l’uso di placebo.

Il consenso informato rimane anche in questo ambito un elemento basilare, ribadito dalla Costituzione e dal Codice Penale.
Qual è il rischio delle tecniche di fecondazione artificiale?
Authors: Di Pietro Maria Luisa , Minacori Roberta
Published: December 2020

L’articolo mette a fuoco i rischi che, o per l’imperizia dell’operatore, o per le procedure previste dalla tecnica di fecondazione, sono responsabili della morbilità e mortalità della donna e/o del nascituro. Uno dei rischi per la donna è legato alla stimolazione ovarica che si attua con una induzione farmacologica e che provoca la cosiddetta “iperstimolazione ovarica” e tumori della mammella e dell’ovaio.

Altri rischi sono legati alle complicanze delle procedure di fecondazione artificiale e che riguardano soprattutto la fase di recupero delle ovocellule, la coltura in vitro, il trasferimento dei gameti e degli embrioni nelle vie genitali della donna. Il prelievo degli ovociti viene eseguito sotto controllo ecografico con rischio di dolori pelvici o addominali, infezioni ed emorragie, mentre il trasferimento dei gameti si esegue con la laparoscopia con complicanze legate all’anestesia. Il primo rischio per l’embrione è che non arrivi a vita autonoma per mancato trasferimento nelle vie genitali della donna, il mancato attecchimento nell’utero, l’aborto spontaneo o provocato, la maggiore incidenza di morbilità o di mortalità perinatale.

Altri fattori negativi sono dovuti alla micromanipolazione dei gameti. Inoltre, dall’analisi della letteratura si evince che i nati da fecondazione artificiale presentano maggiori malformazioni congenite e una più elevata incidenza di prematurità. A tutti questi problemi si aggiunge l’inadeguata informazione fornita alle coppie che ricorrono alla fecondazione artificiale sui rischi, sugli effetti collaterali, sulle percentuali di successo.
Il corpo e le sue parti. L’allocazione giuridica dei materiali biologici umani
Authors: Tallacchini Mariachiara
Published: December 2020

Lo statuto del corpo umano sta cambiando rapidamente sotto le pressioni dei nuovi sviluppi delle biotecnologie, e pone dilemmi inediti al diritto. Si tratta, in particolare, delle dicotomie tra: corpo-soggetto e corpo-oggetto, uguaglianza o diversità delle parti del corpo, naturalità e artificialità dei prodotti derivati da materiali biologici umani. L’articolo dedica attenzione allo statuto delle parti distaccate del corpo, per valutare la coerenza e l’adeguatezza del loro inquadramento giuridico attuale. Anche se la configurazione proprietaria delle componenti corporee viene generalmente respinta - perché lesiva della dignità umana - le nozioni impiegate nella configurazione degli atti di disposizione e acquisizione delle parti del corpo non riescono veramente a restare immuni dall’idea di proprietà. Benché la connotazione del corpo come res extra commercium indichi la chiara volontà di escludere da questo ogni considerazione economica, paradossalmente il mercato finisce con il divenire l’unico tratto unificante e determinante la disciplina degli atti dispositivi. Una coerente tutela giuridica del corpo e delle sue parti -e la sottrazione al mercato- può passare attraverso nozioni giuridiche che ne sottolineino la natura di bene comune e condiviso, pur nel rispetto della libertà e dignità degli individui.
The use of the condom to prevent the transmission of HIV
Authors: Woodall George J.
Published: December 2020

The aim of this article is to examine a question which has attracted attention from catholic moral theology, namely whether or not there are any circumstances in which the use of the condom may be legitimate as a protection against the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The issue is one of pressing pastoral concern as well as of theological interest, not least as far as it concerns spouses one of whom is HIV-positive.

The scientific effectiveness of the condom as a barrier to the spread of the contagion has been addressed elsewhere. The approach here is a moral theological one. Various principles from the tradition of Catholic moral theology are examined (e.g. follow your conscience’s legitimate defense, double effect, the lesser evil) to see whether a positive response to the question may be given.

The second part of the study reviews these same principles and their application to the question. It is argued that spouses often will have a conditional contraceptive intention to prevent the birth of HIV-positive offspring, while more basically it is asked how an act which exposes the uncontaminated spouse to lethal contagion could be construed as an act of authentic love. More broadly, a careful examination of the criteria for advising the lesser evil queries whether a condom is a lesser evil given its unreliability, but also addresses the danger of scandal where a programmatic policy was to be in view. Particular mention is made of the danger of teachers giving such advice, in the light of their vocation and of their professional ethics.

It is concluded that, however understandable it may appear at first sight to recommend the use of the condom to protect against HIV, from the objective standpoint it does not seem to be justifiable.
Editoriale
Authors: Sgreccia Elio
Published: December 2020

Non disponibile.
L’Italia e la “Dichiarazione di Amsterdam” sui diritti dei pazienti
Authors: Bompiani Adriano
Published: December 2020

In questo lavoro si compie un’analisi della “Dichiarazione sulla promozione dei diritti dei pazienti in Europa”, redatta da un gruppo di esperti sotto gli auspici dell’Ufficio Regionale Europeo dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) nella riunione tenutasi ad Amsterdam (28-30 marzo 1994). L’iniziativa dell’OMS dimostra il crescente interesse degli Stati appartenenti alla Regione Europea a rendere comparabili le norme degli ordinamenti interni concernenti l’accesso e l’utilizzazione da parte dei pazienti dei servizi sanitari, venendo incontro non solamente ad ormai codificati diritti soggettivi della persona umana, ma anche a legittime aspirazioni di miglioramento della qualità e dei rapporti umani nell’assistenza.

Richiamata la lunga serie delle “Dichiarazioni sui diritti dell’uomo” proclamate in diversi documenti internazionali di alto valore morale, e le parallele dichiarazioni riguardanti i “diritti dei pazienti”, l’analisi prosegue delineando i contenuti fondamentali della Dichiarazione di Amsterdam e valutandoli sotto il profilo etico-giuridico.

Si è cercato anche di verificare - brevemente - le analogie intercorrenti fra detta “Dichiarazione di Amsterdam” e la “Carta dei servizi pubblici sanitari”, strumento che intende attuare l’art. 14 del D. Leg. n. 502/1992 (e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni). “Riordino della disciplina in materia sanitaria, a norma dell’art.1 della legge 23 ottobre 1992 n. 421”. L’art. 14, come è noto, ha per oggetto i “Diritti dei cittadini”.

L’applicazione dei principi solennemente dichiarati nei vari documenti esaminati richiede - ormai - una convinta adesione ai postulati dell’etica della cura, interpretati nella tradizione personalista.