bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanic’s hand; is it a prodromic sign of disease relapse of anti-synthetase syndrome; a case report
Authors: Rosa C. T. , Thilakarathne A. S. , Senevirathne L. A. , Wijeyeratna A. , Munidasa D.
Published: July 2021

Background

Anti-synthetase syndrome is the collection of myositis and/or interstitial lung disease with the presence of various antibodies directed against an aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase. Anti Jo − 1 antibody is the commonest of these antibodies and its presence is characteristically associated with the dermatological manifestation of mechanic’s hands. However, in the absence of other features, whether the presence of mechanic’s hands could be considered as a prodromic sign of disease relapse is not proven. We would like to present a patient who developed mechanic’s hands and subsequently went on to have recurrence in her myositis.

Case presentation

A 45-year-old female initially presented with a progressive proximal muscle weakness. Her muscle enzymes were elevated, EMG and biopsy were also in keeping with an inflammatory myositis. Subsequently she was found to have an interstitial lung disease with a non-specific interstitial pneumonitis pattern radiologically. Her anti Jo-1 was positive. However, she did not have any dermatological manifestations at the time. With immunosuppressive therapy she achieved remission which lasted for about 2 years. Then she developed fissuring and cracking of the palms and fingers suggestive of mechanic’s hands without any muscle pain, weakness and elevation of muscle enzymes. A few months later she did develop muscle pain, weakness and elevation of muscle enzymes heralding a disease relapse.

Conclusion

The presence of mechanic’s hands without other features should be considered as a prodromic sign of disease relapse.
Quantitative evaluation of deep convolutional neural network-based image denoising for low-dose computed tomography
Authors: Usui Keisuke , Ogawa Koichi , Goto Masami , Sakano Yasuaki , Kyougoku Shinsuke , Daida Hiroyuki
Published: July 2021

To minimize radiation risk, dose reduction is important in the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of computed tomography (CT). However, image noise degrades image quality owing to the reduced X-ray dose and a possible unacceptably reduced diagnostic performance. Deep learning approaches with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been proposed for natural image denoising; however, these approaches might introduce image blurring or loss of original gradients. The aim of this study was to compare the dose-dependent properties of a CNN-based denoising method for low-dose CT with those of other noise-reduction methods on unique CT noise-simulation images. To simulate a low-dose CT image, a Poisson noise distribution was introduced to normal-dose images while convoluting the CT unit-specific modulation transfer function. An abdominal CT of 100 images obtained from a public database was adopted, and simulated dose-reduction images were created from the original dose at equal 10-step dose-reduction intervals with a final dose of 1/100. These images were denoised using the denoising network structure of CNN (DnCNN) as the general CNN model and for transfer learning. To evaluate the image quality, image similarities determined by the structural similarity index (SSIM) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) were calculated for the denoised images. Significantly better denoising, in terms of SSIM and PSNR, was achieved by the DnCNN than by other image denoising methods, especially at the ultra-low-dose levels used to generate the 10% and 5% dose-equivalent images. Moreover, the developed CNN model can eliminate noise and maintain image sharpness at these dose levels and improve SSIM by approximately 10% from that of the original method. In contrast, under small dose-reduction conditions, this model also led to excessive smoothing of the images. In quantitative evaluations, the CNN denoising method improved the low-dose CT and prevented over-smoothing by tailoring the CNN model.
Green tea catechins in combination with irinotecan attenuates tumorigenesis and treatment-associated toxicity in an inflammation-associated colon cancer mice model
Authors: Borah Gaurab , Bharali Manuj Kumar
Published: July 2021

Background

Administration of green tea (GT) catechins has been reported to ensue antitumor activity in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs against different cancer types. Irinotecan (IRN) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic drug against various types of cancer including colon cancer along with its analogous dose-limiting side effects viz. diarrhea, neutropenia, leucopenia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as major toxicities.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects of GT alone or in combination with IRN in inflammation-associated colon cancer mouse model induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). We also evaluated the effect of GT- on IRN-induced toxicity and histopathological alterations. Animals were divided into six groups (n = 5 per group). After induction of cancer model, animals were treated with GT and/or IRN. We observed the inflammation, tumor progression, and ameliorative effects of GT and IRN alone or in combination.

Results

Because of antioxidant potential of GT, IRN-induced toxicity ameliorative effect of GT was also studied in combined treated groups. It was found that co-administration of IRN and GT significantly decreased number of tumors and simultaneously was found to ameliorate diarrhea along with leucopenia and neutropenia. Besides these, mitigation of adenomatous characters and NAFLD was also observed in the IRN- and GT-treated group when analyzed histologically.

Conclusions

GT significantly reduced the toxicity induced by IRN in terms of diarrhea, neutropenia, leucopenia, and NAFLD and works as an effective anticancer agent as it mitigates histopathology of colon adenocarcinoma.

Graphical abstract
Assessing the impact of case mobility: issues and recommendations from Greece
Authors: Giannopoulos Athanasios Thanos
Published: July 2021

This paper is concerned with the assessment of future applications of CASE (Co-operative, Autonomous, Shared, and Electric) mobility—a term that is also taken to include the more traditionally known applications of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems). It sets the objective of making such assessments more holistic and horizontal in nature because future CASE mobility applications will include many technologies and service concepts as an integrated whole serving specific mobility objective. Traditional evaluation methodologies will therefore have to be modified to account for this situation, and to this end, the paper focuses on assessing and adapting such “traditional” methodologies. It draws from the experience gained in Greece in the last decade when a substantial number of ITS applications were implemented and assessed, especially in the second largest urban area of the country, the city of Thessaloniki (part of the EU’s European Network of Living Labs). Four basic methodologies are selected: the use of KPIs (Key Performance Indicators), focused interviews, the CMME (CASE Mobility Matrix Evaluation), and the use of safety audits before and after the CASE mobility application. For the first three, the paper suggests specific indicators and/or content. It also gives an example of the use of CMME based on a use case from Thessaloniki. The contents and recommendations of this paper provide a better understanding of the emerging situation as regards CASE mobility applications and point to the need for establishing a timely and comprehensive CASE mobility evaluation framework at both national and European levels, for future implementations.
The Emerging Role of the Fetal Insulin Receptor in Hormone-refractory Breast Cancer
Authors: Mathur Tanvi , Yee Douglas
Published: July 2021

Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and a mediator of the biologic effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II. Inhibitors of IGF-1R signaling were tested in clinical cancer trials aiming to assess the utility of this receptor as a therapeutic target; essentially all IGF-1R inhibitors failed to provide an additional benefit compared with standard-of-care therapy. In this review, we will evaluate the role the insulin receptor (IR) plays in mediating IGF signaling and subsequent metabolic and mitogenic effects as 1 possible reason for these failures. IR is expressed as 2 isoforms, with the fetal isoform IR-A derived from alternative splicing and loss of exon 11, the adult isoform (IR-B) includes this exon. Cancer frequently re-expresses fetal proteins and this appears to be the case in cancer with a re-expression of the fetal isoform and an increased IR-A:IR-B ratio. The biological effects of IR isoform signaling are complex and not completely understood although it has been suggested that IR-A could stimulate mitogenic signaling pathways, play a role in cancer cell stemness, and mediate tolerance to cancer therapies. From a clinical perspective, the IR-A overexpression in cancer may explain why targeting IGF-1R alone was not successful. However, given the predominance of IR-A expression in cancer, it may also be possible to develop isoform specific inhibitors and avoid the metabolic consequences of inhibiting IR-B. If such inhibitors could be developed, then IR-A expression could serve as a predictive biomarker, and cotargeting IR-A and IGF-1R could provide a novel, more effective therapy method.
Hydatidiform Mole With Coexisting Fetus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion: A Case Report
Authors: Mickelsen Riley , French Valerie , Amaya Stephanie
Published: July 2021

Context

Molar pregnancies have been associated with hyperthyroidism and hypertensive disorders. Coexisting molar and fetal pregnancies, which are very rare, have an even higher risk of complications.

Case Description

We describe a case of hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) associated with a molar pregnancy. A 36-year-old patient at 13 weeks gestation with a coexisting molar pregnancy presented with headache, nausea, and vomiting. She was found to have hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and hyponatremia. The hyponatremia was further assessed with an isotonic saline challenge which resulted in a diagnosis of SIADH. The patient underwent dilation and curettage and her hyponatremia resolved. She later developed gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Conclusions

A molar pregnancy can present with unusual associated conditions, such as SIADH. Hyponatremia in a patient with molar pregnancy may be mistakenly attributed to other side effects of trophoblastic tissue (hyperthyroidism, pre-eclampsia, or hyperemesis gravidarum). Hyponatremia in a patient with a molar pregnancy warrants evaluation for SIADH.
Extracellular Vesicles: A New Paradigm for Cellular Communication in Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care, and Pain Management
Authors: Zhou Yingqiu K. , Patel Hemal H. , Roth David M.
Published: July 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in many health and disease states, including ischemia, inflammation, and pain, which are major concerns in the perioperative period and in critically ill patients. EVs are functionally active, nanometer-sized, membrane-bound vesicles actively secreted by all cells. Cell signaling is essential to physiological and pathological processes, and EVs have recently emerged as key players in intercellular communication. Recent studies in EV biology have improved our mechanistic knowledge of the pathophysiological processes in perioperative and critical care patients. Studies also show promise in using EVs in novel diagnostic and therapeutic clinical applications. This review considers the current advances and gaps in knowledge of EVs in the areas of ischemia, inflammation, pain, and in organ systems that are most relevant to anesthesiology, perioperative medicine, critical care, and pain management. We expect the reader will better understand the relationship between EVs and perioperative and critical care pathophysiological states and their potential use as novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
Cardiac Output Assessments in Anesthetized Children: Dynamic Capnography Versus Esophageal Doppler
Authors: Karlsson Jacob , Svedmyr Anders , Wiegele Marion , Lönnqvist Per-Arne , Wallin Mats , Hallbäck Magnus
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to compare esophageal Doppler cardiac output (COEDM) against the reference method effective pulmonary blood flow cardiac output (COEPBF), for agreement of absolute values and ability to detect change in cardiac output (CO) in pediatric surgical patients. Furthermore, the relationship between these 2 methods and noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) parameters was evaluated.

METHODS:

Fifteen children American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I and II (median age, 8 months; median weight, 9 kg) scheduled for surgery were investigated in this prospective observational cohort study. Baseline COEPBF/COEDM/NIBP measurements were made at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 3 cm H2O. PEEP was increased to 10 cm H2O and COEPBF/COEDM/NIBP was recorded after 1 and 3 minutes. PEEP was then lowered to 3 cm H2O, and all measurements were repeated after 3 minutes. Finally, 20-µg kg−1 intravenous atropine was given with the intent to increase CO, and all measurements were recorded again after 5 minutes. Paired recordings of COEDM and COEPBF were examined for agreement and trending ability, and all parameters were analyzed for their responses to the hemodynamic challenges.

RESULTS:

Bias between COEDM and COEPBF (COEDM − COEPBF) was −17 mL kg−1 min−1 (limits of agreement, −67 to +33 mL kg−1 min−1) with a mean percentage error of 32% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25–37) and a concordance rate of 71% (95% CI, 63–80). The hemodynamic interventions caused by PEEP manipulations resulted in significant decrease in COEPBF absolute numbers (155 mL kg−1 min−1 [95% CI, 151–159] to 127 mL kg−1 min−1 [95% CI, 113–141]) and a corresponding relative decrease of 18% (95% CI, 14–22) 3 minutes after application of PEEP 10. No corresponding decreases were detected by COEDM. Mean arterial pressure showed a relative decrease with 5 (95% CI, 2–8) and 6% (95% CI, 2–10) 1 and 3 minutes after the application of PEEP 10, respectively. Systolic arterial pressure showed a relative decrease of 5% (95% CI, 2–10) 3 minutes after application of PEEP 10. None of the recorded parameters responded to atropine administration except for heart rate that showed a 4% relative increase (95% CI, 1–7, P = .02) 5 minutes after atropine.

CONCLUSIONS:

COEDM was unable to detect the reduction of CO cause by increased PEEP, whereas COEPBF and to a minimal extent NIBP detected these changes in CO. The ability of COEPBF to react to minor reductions in CO, before noticeable changes in NIBP are seen, suggests that COEPBF may be a potentially useful tool for hemodynamic monitoring in mechanically ventilated children.
Case Report: Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular myocardial non-compaction
Authors: Mannoubi Syrine , Mesrati Med Amin , Hassen Ibn Hadj Amor , Hasnaoui Taha , Limem Hiba , Boussaid Marwa , Ben Abdejlil Nouha , Aissaoui Abir
Published: July 2021

Ventricular non-compaction (VNC) is a rare myocardium disorder, which can be both genetic and sporadic. A poor wall compaction process or an excessive trabeculae formation may be at the genesis of myocardial hypertrabeculation with multiple recesses. It is often complicated by ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias and cardiac embolism. Herein we report a case of a 20-year-old male patient with no particular past medical history who was followed up at the cardiology department for dyspnea. Echocardiography showed reduced ejection fraction of the left ventricle with potential hypertrabeculation in the right ventricle, confirmed by cardiac MRI. The patient was not put under medication and was later lost to follow-up. He died few months later without a clear cause explaining death. A forensic autopsy was performed that attributed death to acute ventricle arrhythmia secondary to VNC, emphasizing the major role of an early and specific treatment to avoid such a fatal outcome.
Evolution of human respiratory virus epidemics
Authors: Rochman Nash , Wolf Yuri , V. Koonin Eugene
Published: July 2021

Background: Pathogens are often assumed to evolve towards reduced virulence, but counterexamples abound. Faced with a new pathogen, such as SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to be able to forecast the case fatality rate (CFR) and the overall disease burden. Considerable effort has been invested towards developing a mathematical framework for predicting virulence evolution. Although many approaches accurately recapitulate complex outcomes, most rely on an assumed trade-off between CFR and infection rate. It is often impractical to empirically validate this constraint for human pathogens.

Methods: A compartment model with parameters tuning the degree to which symptomatic individuals are isolated and the duration of immunity is constructed and evaluated at both short timescales and at equilibrium.

Results: We reveal kinetic constraints whereby variation of multiple parameters in concert leads to decreased CFR and increased pathogen fitness, whereas independent variation of the parameters decreases pathogen fitness. Smallpox, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza are analyzed as diverse representatives of human respiratory viruses. We show that highly virulent viruses, such as smallpox, are often constrained by the host behavior, whereas moderately virulent viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, appear to be typically constrained by the relationship between the duration of immunity and CFR.

Conclusions: Evolution of human respiratory epidemics appears to be often kinetically constrained and a reduction in CFR should not be assumed. These results agree with previous work demonstrating an increase in virulence for smallpox and further predict that SARS-CoV-2 is likely to continue presenting a substantial disease burden. Herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and viruses with similar life history traits might be unachievable without vaccination. However, partial isolation of symptomatic individuals can have a major effect on the epidemic dynamics not only by reducing the number of fatalities in the short term but also by changing the evolutionary trajectory of moderate CFR viruses towards reduced CFR.
Trends and Variation in the Use of Observation Stays at Children's Hospitals
Authors: Tian Yao , Hall Matt , Ingram Martha‐Conley E , Hu Andrew , Raval Mehul V
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Observation status could improve efficiency of healthcare resource use but also might shift financial burdens to patients and hospitals. Although the use of observation stays has increased for adult patient populations, the trends are unknown among hospitalized children.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to describe recent trends in observation stays for pediatric populations at children's hospitals.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

Both observation and inpatient stays for all conditions were retrospectively studied using the Pediatric Health Information System database (2010 to 2019).

EXPOSURE, MAIN OUTCOMES, AND MEASURES

Patient type was classified as inpatient or observation status. Main outcomes included annual percentage of observation stays, annual percentage of observation stays having prolonged length of stay (>2 days), and growth rates of observation stays for the 20 most common conditions. Risk adjusted hospital‐level use of observation stays was estimated using generalized linear mixed‐effects models.

RESULTS

The percentage of observation stays increased from 23.6% in 2010 to 34.3% in 2019 (P < .001), and the percentage of observation stays with prolonged length of stay rose from 1.1% to 4.6% (P < .001). Observation status was expanded among a diverse group of clinical conditions; diabetes mellitus and surgical procedures showed the highest growth rates. Adjusted hospital‐level use ranged from 0% to 67% in 2019, indicating considerable variation among hospitals.

CONCLUSION

Based on the increase in observation stays, future studies should explore the appropriateness of observation care related to efficient use of healthcare resources and financial implications for hospitals and patients.
A Termodinâmica da Vida
Authors: Silva Mayara Gomes da , Costa Alessandra Do Nascimento , Dias Márcia Adelino da Silva , Luna Karla Patrícia de Oliveira
Published: July 2021

⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
Measuring the absorption coefficient of optical materials with arbitrary shape or distribution within an integrating sphere
Authors: Martinez Anton Juan Carlos , Manzanares Angela Gomez , Fernandez-Balbuena Antonio Alvarez , Molini Daniel Vazquez
Published: July 2021

The absorption coefficient of a material is classically determined by measuring the transmittance of a homogeneous sample contained within flat optical faces and under collimated illumination. For arbitrary shapes this method is impracticable. The characterization of inhomogeneous or randomly distributed samples such as granules, powders or fibers suffers the same problem. Alternatively, an integrating cavity permits us to illuminate a sample under a homogenous and isotropic light field where the analysis simplifies. We revisit this strategy and present a new formal basis based on simple radiometric laws and principles. We introduce a new concept to describe the absorption: the optical form factor. We tackle a rigorous treatment of several regular forms, including full absorption range and the reflection at its surfaces. We also model and improve an integrating sphere setup to perform reliable measurements. Altogether, it permits achieving simple but general conclusions for samples with arbitrary shape or spatial distribution, from weak to highly absorbing, expanding the applicability of quantitative absorption spectroscopy. Finally, we validate it by measuring different sample formats made of PMMA: a cube, groups of granules and injection molding loose parts. The absorption coefficient of PMMA varies near three orders of magnitude in the explored range (380-1650 nm).
Monolithic chalcogenide glass waveguide integrated interband cascaded laser
Authors: Lin Hongtao , Kim Chul Soo , Li Lan , Kim Mijin , Bewley William W. , Merritt Charles D. , Canedy Chadwick L. , Vurgaftman Igor , Agarwal Anu , Richardson Kathleen , Hu Juejun , Meyer Jerry R.
Published: July 2021

Mid-infrared photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that combine on-chip light sources with other optical components constitute a key enabler for applications such as chemical sensing, light detection, ranging, and free-space communications. In this paper, we report the monolithic integration of interband cascade lasers emitting at 3.24 µm with passive, high-index-contrast waveguides made of chalcogenide glasses. Output from the chalcogenide waveguides exhibits pulsed peak power up to 150 mW (without roll-over), threshold current density 280 A/cm2, and slope efficiency 100 mW/A at 300 K, with a lower bound of 38% efficiency for coupling between the two waveguides. These results represent an important step toward the realization of fully integrated mid-infrared PICs.
Evaluation of substrate composition and exogenous hormone application on vegetative propagule rooting success of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Authors: Campbell Sean M. , Anderson Steven L. , Brym Zachary T. , Pearson Brian J.
Published: July 2021

To support the rapidly expanding industrial hemp industry, a commercial supply of high-quality starter plants with low genetic variability from nurseries will be key to consistent and efficient cultivation efforts. Rooting success was evaluated across four propagation medias, five rooting hormones, and eight commercially available high-cannabidiol (CBD) essential oil hemp cultivars. Cuttings were placed in a climate-controlled room and assessed for rooting success 12 days after cloning. Rooting success was determined by quantifying total root number, cumulative total root length, and total root mass. Propagation media had the greatest effect on rooting success (13–80%). Rockwool had the highest rooting success resulting in 10-fold increases in rooting traits over the next highest scoring medium (Berger BM6). Hormone applications significantly improved (15- to 18-fold) rooting success compared to no hormone application, while non-statistical differences were observed across auxin hormone concentrations and application methods. Genetic variation in rooting response was observed between cultivars with ‘Cherry Wine’ outperforming all other cultivars with an approximate 20% increase in rooting success over the next highest rooting cultivar, ‘Wife’. Although the ideal combination was not specifically identified in this study, findings provide insight into how rooting hormone application and medium selection impact vegetative propagule rooting success of essential oil hemp.
Combinatorial constraint coding based on the EORS algorithm in DNA storage
Authors: Xiaoru Li , Ling Guo
Published: July 2021

The development of information technology has produced massive amounts of data, which has brought severe challenges to information storage. Traditional electronic storage media cannot keep up with the ever-increasing demand for data storage, but in its place DNA has emerged as a feasible storage medium with high density, large storage capacity and strong durability. In DNA data storage, many different approaches can be used to encode data into codewords. DNA coding is a key step in DNA storage and can directly affect storage performance and data integrity. However, since errors are prone to occur in DNA synthesis and sequencing, and non-specific hybridization is prone to occur in the solution, how to effectively encode DNA has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this article, we propose a DNA storage coding method based on the equilibrium optimization random search (EORS) algorithm, which meets the Hamming distance, GC content and no-runlength constraints and can reduce the error rate in storage. Simulation experiments have shown that the size of the DNA storage code set constructed by the EORS algorithm that meets the combination constraints has increased by an average of 11% compared with previous work. The increase in the code set means that shorter DNA chains can be used to store more data.
Sri Lanka’s early success in the containment of COVID-19 through its rapid response: Clinical & epidemiological evidence from the initial case series
Authors: Arambepola Carukshi , Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana , Jayakody Surangi , Hewage Sumudu Avanthi , Wijewickrema Ananda , Gunawardena Nalika , Dhanapala Sapumal , Prathapan Shamini
Published: July 2021

Background

Despite the rising global burden, Sri Lanka reported a relatively low caseload and mortality (13 deaths as of 20 October 2020) for COVID-19. This warrants exploration of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the case series during the initial passive case detection phase in Sri Lanka, in order to understand the success in containment of the disease for more than nine months in the country through its initial early and rapid pandemic response.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted using secondary data (hospital records and investigation reports) extracted from all laboratory-confirmed patients admitted to the three main state-sector hospitals in Sri Lanka from 11 March to 7 April 2020. Clinical outcomes were categorized as mild, severe and critical, as per the international classification. Kruskal-Wallis H, Mann Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests compared differences between the variables.

Results

The case series comprised 146 live discharges and six deaths. Majority were males (63.2%); mean age of 40.9 (SD = 17.9); and symptomatic (72.4%). Sixty-one (40.1%) had co-morbidities, the commonest being diabetes (20.4%) and hypertension (17.8%). Mild (93.4%), severe (2.6%) and critical (4.0%) disease outcomes were noted. Disease severity was significantly higher with older age (p = 0.037), co-morbidities (p = 0.026); and higher white-cell (p = 0.045) and lymphocyte (p = 0.043) counts; but not with being symptomatic (p = 0.683). The commonest symptoms were fever (62.5%), dry cough (48.0%) and sore throat (26.9%). The median duration (IQR) was 3.0 (1.0–5.0) and 18.0 (15.0–29.5) days, respectively before and during hospitalization.

Conclusions

In contrast to high-risk countries, the younger age, milder disease and low mortality observed in local patients during the initial phase of the pandemic, reflect the early success in containment of the pandemic in Sri Lanka. However, once the disease becomes severe, the factors determining disease fatality remain the same as in other countries. This highlights the value of establishing strong public health systems and disease surveillance in a country, which could provide long-term effects on disease control.
Sacha Levy’s unorthodox kindness: Holby City’s medicine and pedagogy
Authors: Ferguson Frank , North Carolann
Published: July 2021

Holby City (1999–present) is a stalwart of British television media. Since its conception in 1999, the show has continued to attract contemporary audiences who tune in to passively, and passionately, experience turbulent battles between life and death. However, the locus of interest is not on the patients within Holby’s wings, but rather the staff themselves; it is their emotional, psychological and pedagogical development which spurs the plot forward and grips viewer attention. Through the use of medical pedagogy, Holby City becomes a drama of perpetual Bildungsromane, where relationships between peers, mentors and mentees are under consistent pressure. Furthermore, this pedagogy does not merely ensure Holby City’s series continuation but becomes a site of transformation, challenging preconceived ideologies of toxic masculinity. This is never more apparent than in the character of Sacha Levy (Bob Barrett), whose emotional availability, vulnerability and religious spirituality directly challenge concepts of the self-destructive ‘burnt-out’ male medic. This article explores the character of Sacha Levy in Holby City, demonstrating how the show’s writers engage actively in research to directly confront stereotypes of toxic masculinity and Jewish underrepresentation in the contemporary medical drama.
ABC Sports: The Rise and Fall of Network Sports Television, Travis Vogan (2018)
Authors: Quade William
Published: July 2021

Review of: ABC Sports: The Rise and Fall of Network Sports Television, Travis Vogan (2018)

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2981 pp.,

ISBN 978-0-52029-295-6, h/bk, $85.00

ISBN 978-0-52029-296-3, p/bk, $29.95
Edari energetikoak eta haien eraginak
Authors: Basterra Olatz , Horrillo Igor
Published: July 2021

Edari energetikoak, osagai nagusitzat kafeina duten eta akidura gutxitzeko, arreta egoera hobetzeko eta errendimendu fisiko zein intelektuala bultzatzeko merkaturatutako edariak dira. Edari motaren arabera, kafeina kantitatea alda daiteke, hau 50 miligramotatik 505 miligramotarainokoa izan daitekeelarik. Hauen kontsumoak gora egin du azken urtetan, salmenta librea dela eta oso eskuragarri daudelako alde batetik, eta bestetik, merkaturatze zabal eta marketin handiak direla medio. Elikadura osagarri gisa sailkatzen direnez, lurralde batzuetan ez daude behartuta etiketan kafeina kantitate zehatza edota erabilera egoki baterako alarma zeinuak idaztera, eta honek kafeina intoxikazioa izateko arriskua asko handitzen du. Kafeinaz gain, karbohidratoz, taurinaz, landare estraktuz, bitaminaz, mineralez, eta hainbat substantzia bioaktiboz osatuta daude. Hala ere, kafeina da, hauek edan ondoren, organismoak pairatzen dituen eragin gehienen erantzule. Kafeina mundu mailan gehien kontsumitzen den psikoestimulatzailea da eta nahiz eta iraganean oso lotua egon den hipertentsioa, arritmia, antsietatea eta loezina bezalako arazoekin, kontrakoa dioten eta beraz baieztapen horiek zapaltzen dituzten entsegu kliniko asko daude. Azkenik, haur, nerabe eta haurdunak talde sentikorrak kontsideratzen direnez, muga bereziak ezarri dira hauek har dezaketen eguneko kafeina kantitate maximoari dagokionez. Hainbat entseguk muga horretatik beherako kontsumoek arazo larririk ekartzen ez dutela frogatu dute. Heldu osasuntsutan, ez dago edari energetikoen kontsumoa debekatzeko ebidentziarik, hala ere, ez lirateke kafeina iturri izan behar haurretan, talde hauetan, edarion kontsumoa arazo ezberdinekin lotuta dagoela ikusi baita.
Cambio climático y sostenibilidad en la Educación Primaria. Problemática y soluciones que proponen los manuales escolares de Ciencias Sociales
Authors: Morote Álvaro Francisco , Olcina Jorge
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las propuestas y actividades relacionadas con la solución a los efectos del cambio climático y la sostenibilidad que se insertan en los actuales libros de texto de Ciencias Sociales españoles (Educación Primaria). A partir de la consulta de las principales editoriales que se usan en España (Anaya, Bromera, Santillana, SM y Vicens Vives), se han analizado los manuales correspondientes al 3er ciclo (5º y 6º). Tras la revisión de estos recursos se han categorizado 3 tipos de soluciones: 1) propuestas sobre recomendaciones a seguir, tanto colectivas como individuales; 2) actividades en las que el alumnado debe proponer soluciones; y 3) información sobre diferentes cumbres internacionales en las que se recogen las principales medidas para resolver el cambio climático. La mayoría de propuestas tienen que ver con las primeras y la alusión a cumbres internacionales. Como conclusión, cabe destacar una ausencia casi total de propuestas que hagan pensar críticamente al alumnado sobre este fenómeno, tanto de las posibles causas como de las medidas de adaptación, especialmente, en la escala local y/o regional.
Los impactos de la obsolescencia programada para lograr la sostenibilidad ambiental en la sociedad consumocentrista y su contribución al efecto de la Teoría de Gaia
Authors: Reato Talissa Truccolo , Calgaro Cleide
Published: July 2021

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo general analizar la dimensión ambiental de la sostenibilidad en la sociedad consumocentrista, con énfasis en la contribución de la obsolescencia programada a la ocurrencia de la Teoría de Gaia. Teniendo en cuenta que la Tierra, según la Teoría de Gaia, es considerada un organismo vivo autorregulado, parece que el planeta puede reaccionar al estilo de vida de las personas en una sociedad consumocentrista, por lo que la obsolescencia programada contribuye a la expulsión de la especie humana en la Tierra. Esto sucede debido al aumento del consumo, por lo que también aumenta la extracción de recursos naturales o la generación de residuos, entre otros impactos que causan numerosas pérdidas ambientales, comprometiendo la realización de la dimensión ambiental de la sostenibilidad. La metodología se ha desarrollado a través de la lectura por el método hipotético-deductivo, siendo esta investigación exploratoria y bibliográfica. Se concluye que es necesario practicar el consumo de manera consciente, es decir, preocupados por el impacto socioambiental de cada elección, así como que es urgente ampliar la educación para el consumo y así afrontar la crisis ambiental de una manera adecuada; de lo contrario el cambio de actitud ya no será una cuestión de elección.
La trayectoria semántica de la Sustentabilidad
Authors: Aguilar Aguilar Rosenda , García Espinosa Salvador , Guerrero García-Rojas Hilda Rosalba
Published: July 2021

El manejo cotidiano de los términos sostenible y sustentable en el discurso político, económico y social inició en los años ochenta del siglo XX. Desde ese momento hasta el día de hoy, diversos esfuerzos para alcanzar la sustentabilidad se han diluido en función de las múltiples interpretaciones antrópicas que han surgido alrededor del concepto. Lo anterior se considera un problema, ya que la falta de homogeneidad semántica constituye uno de los factores que han dificultado la concreción acertada de la sustentabilidad. El presente texto utiliza el análisis bibliográfico como principal herramienta metodológica para abordar de forma teórica el tema desde la perspectiva histórica de la polisemia del concepto. El artículo respalda la hipótesis de que, para lograr la sustentabilidad de cualquiera de las esferas antrópicas, es fundamental propiciar primeramente la sustentabilidad del entorno natural con el que todavía contamos.
Synergistic effects of sitagliptin and losartan against fipronil-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Elazab Sara T. , Samir Omar , Abass Marwa E.
Published: July 2021

Background and Aim: Fipronil (FPN) is a potent pesticide that is heavily used around the world in agriculture. However, its irrational use could potentially have deleterious effects on animals and humans. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of sitagliptin (Sit) and losartan (LOS), when used both individually or concurrently, to guard rat liver against the acute hepatotoxicity caused by FPN.

Materials and Methods: Forty-two adult male Wistar rats were equally divided into seven groups (6/group). Group I (control) received normal saline (0.5 mL/rat, vehicle for all treatments) by gavage once daily for 10 days. Group II received oral Sit (10 mg/kg body weight [BW]) daily for 10 days and Group III received oral LOS (5 mg/kg BW) daily for 10 days. Group IV received oral FPN (19.4 mg/kg BW; 1/5 of the oral LD50) for the past 5 days of the study. Groups V and VI received oral Sit (10 mg/kg BW) and LOS (5 mg/kg BW) daily, respectively, 5 days prior and 5 days during FPN administration (19.4 mg/kg BW). Group VII received oral Sit (10 mg/kg BW) and LOS (5 mg/kg BW) for 10 days with daily FPN during the past 5 days. After the end of the treatment period, the rats were humanely sacrificed and blood and liver tissue samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations.

Results: FPN administration resulted in elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase serum concentrations as well as increased malondialdehyde levels and reduced catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione activity. The histopathological investigation showed disorganization of the hepatic cords and focal necrosis of the hepatocytes in FPN-intoxicated rats. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination showed that hepatic caspase-3 was overexpressed in the FPN-treated rats. The administration of Sit and LOS before and alongside FPN markedly mitigated the alterations caused by FPN and the hepatoprotective effects were more prominent in the combination group.

Conclusion: Sit and LOS, both individually or in combination, confers considerable hepatoprotection against FPN-induced hepatotoxicity.
Coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and herpesvirus in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand
Authors: Paungpin Weena , Thongdee Metawee , Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan Somjit , Sariya Ladawan , Sirimanapong Wanna , Kasantikul Tanit , Phonarknguen Rassameepen , Darakamas Poonnut , Arya Nlin
Published: July 2021

Background and Aim: For a decade, chlamydial and herpesvirus infections have caused significant morbidity and mortality in farmed crocodiles. In September 2017, a total of 160 juvenile freshwater Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis lesions were admitted at the Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University. All crocodiles did not respond well to antibiotics or supportive treatments and died. This study aimed to detect and identify the causative agents associated with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis and fatal outcomes in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles.

Materials and Methods: A total of 138 pharyngeal and conjunctival swabs and conjunctival scrapes were collected from live crocodiles. All swab and scrape samples were DNA-extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Chlamydiaceae- and herpesvirus-specific primers. Tissue samples (brain, lung, liver, heart, spleen, and intestine) were collected from two representative postmortem animals. All tissue samples were processed for molecular and pathological analyses.

Results: PCR examinations identified chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA in 92% (126/138) and 100% (138/138), respectively, of the tested swab and scrape samples. Of those positive samples, 79% (26/33), 67% (4/6), and 98% (97/99) of the pharyngeal swabs, conjunctival swabs, and conjunctival scrapes, respectively, were positive for both chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA. Histopathological examination indicated necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver, kidney, and intestine of the affected animals. The intracytoplasmic accumulation of Chlamydia was randomly observed in the examined tissue sample. Moreover, the presence of chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA was also detected in the tissue samples, including the heart, intestine, brain, lung, liver, and spleen, of the affected animals by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Chlamydia spp. detected in the juvenile Siamese crocodiles was notably different from other known species in the Chlamydia genus, while the herpesvirus detected in the crocodiles was closely related to crocodyline herpesvirus 1.

Conclusion: Based on histopathological and molecular examinations, this report provided the first evidence of coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and crocodyline herpesvirus 1 in juvenile Siamese crocodiles in Thailand.
Indonesia Emas Berkelanjutan 2045: Kumpulan Pemikiran Pelajar Indonesia Sedunia Seri 12: Rekonstruksi Nalar terhadap Isu-isu Timur Tengah
Authors: Al Ghifari Ziyan ,   Hassan II University, Suherman Agus Salim ,   Al Azhar University
Published: July 2021

Timur Tengah (Middle East) terbentang dari pesisir Samudra Atlantik hingga Sungai Amu Darya—dikenal sebagai tempat lahirnya peradaban manusia dan kerap kali menarik perhatian dunia. Sayangnya, banyak stigma terhadap kawasan ini: konflik, perang, dan tertinggal dalam bidang sains dan teknologi. Hal ini karena banyaknya kesalahpahaman yang terus dibiarkan dan kurangnya pandangan objektif sebagai penyeimbang. Seri Timur Tengah mengenalkan Kawasan Timur Tengah melalui perspektif baru. Para penulis, yang hampir semuanya pernah langsung menimba ilmu di Timur Tengah, memberikan pandangan ilmiah terhadap kawasan ini guna menjernihkan stigma yang ada. Dengan kajian lintas disiplin, tampak banyak gambaran positif tentang Timur Tengah, baik mengenai ekonomi, politik, keagamaan, teknologi, pemikiran, dan pendidikan. Temukan beragam sudut pandang baru tentang Timur Tengah dan hal-hal menarik lainnya
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of N-(4-(3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)-phenyl)-4-alkoxybenzamide Derivatives
Authors: Bhalodiya Pradip , Patel Hemant N. , Sangani Chetan B.
Published: July 2021

An alkoxy benzamide derivatives are have been synthesized in four steps. Alkylation, halo phenol coupling, nitro group reduction and acid amine coupling gave in decent yield. Likewise, these targets were synthesized by coupling of 4-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy) aniline with N-(4-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenyl)- 4-alkoxybenzamide by using (1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexa fluorophosphate, hexa fluorophosphate azabenzotriazole tetramethyl uronium) (HATU), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 0 ºC to room temperature. Reduction of nitro group in the presence of 10% Pd/C, H2 (g) in MeOH at room temperature. Obtained in decent to excellent yield. Anti-tuberculosis activity of all synthesized derivatives (7a-l) was complete against the H37RV strain as per reported broth dilution method mentioned in experimental section. Bio-assay results showing that derivatives 7c, 7e and 7i exhibited exceptional activity against the H37RV strain with MIC value 62.5 μg/mL. Furthermore, other derivatives were showed poor potency against same strain when compared with standard drugs isoniazid and rifampicin.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis and QSAR Study of
1-Substituted-3-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes Derivatives
Authors: Kapase Valmik S.
Published: July 2021

Several 1-substituted-3-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (3a-g) derivatives were synthesized by substituted
acetophenone (1a-d), substituted hydrazine (2a-b) and DMF in POCl3 and reaction mixture was irradiated
with microwave at 20% power to furnish 1-substituted-3-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes derivatives
(3a-g).
Spectral Characterization, DNA Binding and Antibacterial Studies of Heterolyptic Metal
Complexes with 2-Acetylthiophene-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone and 2,2′-Bipyridyl
Authors: Srinivasulu K. , Reddy K. Hussain , Dhanalakshmi D. , Anuja K. , Nagamani Y.B.
Published: July 2021

Heterolyptic metal complexes having the composition M(Bpy)Cl2 (where, M = Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II);
Bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl) were reacted with 2-acetylthiophene-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (ATPT) to
produce bivalent metal complexes with molecular formula M(Bpy)(ATPT)Cl·H2O. The complexes
were characterized using physical (molar conductivity) and spectral (mass spectra, infrared and electronic
spectroscopies) methods. Electrochemical behaviour of the complexes was revealed using cyclic
voltammetry. The Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple complexes show a quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetric responses.
The DNA binding properties of complexes were determined through absorption UV-visible
spectrophotometry. Furthermore, the agar well diffusion method was used to screen the metal(II)
complexes for their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains, namely Gram negative
strains such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia and Gram positve strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The synthesized Cu(Bpy)(ATPT)]Cl·H2O complex strongly
inhibits bacteria compared with other complexes.
Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Anticancer
Evaluation of N-[4-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide
Authors: Senthilkumar Gopal , Umarani Chinnusamy , Satheesh Dhurairaj
Published: July 2021

A new organic compound, N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide
was synthesized through the reaction between 4-amino-N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzamide and
pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. The synthesized compound has been characterized by spectroscopic
techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and mass spectroscopy. The synthesized compound
was screened to antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli),
antifungal (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) activities. The anticancer activity of the title
compound was also evaluated against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Substitute
N-(4-(3-Oxomorpholino)phenyl)-2-(4-((phenylamino)methyl)-1H-
1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-acetamide via Click Chemistry Approach
Authors: Pandya H.P. , Joshi K.A.
Published: July 2021

A novel heterocyclic library were synthesized, characterized and tested for biological evaluation against
bacteria and fungus. This novel series of substitute N-(4-(3-oxomorpholino)phenyl)-2-(4-
((phenylamino)-methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamide via click chemistry approach in the presence
of DMF:H2O:n-BuOH and CuSO4·5H2O in good yield. The title compounds have been synthesized
with several structural variations. The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity
against standard drugs. The structure of synthesized compounds characterized by their spectral (IR, 1H
NMR and mass) data. The purity of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by TLC.