bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A classification of periodic turtle sequences
Authors: Holdener J. , Wagaman A.
Published: June 2003

A turtle sequence is a word constructed from an alphabet of two letters: F, which represents the forward motion of a turtle in the plane, and L, which represents a counterclockwise turn. In this paper, we investigate such sequences and establish links between the combinatoric properties of words and the geometric
properties of the curves they generate. In particular, we classify periodic turtle sequences in terms of their closure (or lack thereof).
Weakly periodic and subweakly periodic rings
Authors: Rosin Amber , Yaqub Adil
Published: June 2003

Our objective is to study the structure of subweakly periodic
rings with a particular emphasis on conditions which imply that
such rings are commutative or have a nil commutator ideal.
Related results are also established for weakly periodic (as
well as periodic) rings.
Mean convergence of Grünwald interpolation operators
Authors: Chen Zhixiong
Published: June 2003

We investigate weighted Lp mean convergence of Grünwald interpolation
operators based on the zeros of orthogonal polynomials with
respect to a general weight and generalized Jacobi
weights. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for
such convergence for all continuous functions.
Existence of solutions of minimization problems with an increasing cost function and porosity
Authors: Zaslavski Alexander J.
Published: June 2003

We consider the minimization problem f(x) → min, x ∈ K, where K is a closed subset of an ordered
Banach space X and f belongs to a space of increasing lower semicontinuous functions on K. In our previous work, we showed that the complement of the set of all functions f, for which the corresponding minimization problem has a solution, is of the first category. In the present paper we show that this complement is also a σ‐porous set.
Natural History of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Kearon Clive
Published: June 2003

Most deep vein thromboses (DVTs) start in the calf, and most probably resolve spontaneously. Thrombi that remain confined to the calf rarely cause leg symptoms or symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE). The probability that calf DVT will extend to involve the proximal veins and subsequently cause PE increases with the severity of the initiating prothrombotic stimulus. Although acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) usually presents with either leg or pulmonary symptoms, most patients have thrombosis at both sites at the time of diagnosis. Proximal DVTs resolve slowly during treatment with anticoagulants, and thrombi remain detectable in half of the patients after a year. Resolution of DVT is less likely in patients with a large initial thrombus or cancer. About 10% of patients with symptomatic DVTs develop severe post-thrombotic syndrome within 5 years, and recurrent ipsilateral DVT increases this risk. About 10% of PEs are rapidly fatal, and an additional 5% cause death later, despite diagnosis and treatment. About 50% of diagnosed PEs are associated with right ventricular dysfunction, which is associated with a ≈5-fold greater in-hospital mortality. There is ≈50% resolution of PE after 1 month of treatment, and perfusion eventually returns to normal in two thirds of patients. About 5% of treated patients with PE develop pulmonary hypertension as a result of poor resolution. After a course of treatment, the risk of recurrent thrombosis is higher (ie, ≈10% per patient-year) in patients without reversible risk factors, in those with cancer, and in those with prothrombotic biochemical abnormalities such as antiphospholipid antibodies and homozygous factor V Leiden.
Venous Thromboembolism and Cancer: Risks and Outcomes
Authors: Lee Agnes Y.Y. , Levine Mark N.
Published: June 2003

Cancer and its treatments are well-recognized risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Evidence suggests that the absolute risk depends on the tumor type, the stage or extent of the cancer, and treatment with antineoplastic agents. Furthermore, age, surgery, immobilization, and other comorbid features will also influence the overall likelihood of thrombotic complications, as they do in patients without cancer. The role of hereditary thrombophilia in patients with cancer and thrombosis is still unclear, and screening for this condition in cancer patients is not indicated. The most common malignancies associated with thrombosis are those of the breast, colon, and lung, reflecting the prevalence of these malignancies in the general population. When adjusted for disease prevalence, the cancers most strongly associated with thrombotic complications are those of the pancreas, ovary, and brain. Idiopathic thrombosis can be the first manifestation of an occult malignancy. However, intensive screening for cancer in patients with VTE often does not improve survival and is not generally warranted. Independently of the timing of cancer diagnosis (before or after the VTE), the life expectancy of cancer patients with VTE is relatively short, because of both deaths from recurrent VTE and the cancer itself. Patients with cancer and acute VTE who take anticoagulants for an extended period are at increased risk of recurrent VTE and bleeding. A recent randomized trial, the Randomized Comparison of Low Molecular Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for Long-Term Anticoagulation in Cancer Patients with Venous Thromboembolism (CLOT) study, showed that low molecular weight heparin may be a better treatment option for this group of patients. The antineoplastic effects of anticoagulants are being actively investigated with promising preliminary results.
The Epidemiology of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: White Richard H.
Published: June 2003

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs for the first time in ≈100 persons per 100,000 each year in the United States, and rises exponentially from <5 cases per 100,000 persons <15 years old to ≈500 cases (0.5%) per 100,000 persons at age 80 years. Approximately one third of patients with symptomatic VTE manifest pulmonary embolism (PE), whereas two thirds manifest deep vein thrombosis (DVT) alone. Despite anticoagulant therapy, VTE recurs frequently in the first few months after the initial event, with a recurrence rate of ≈7% at 6 months. Death occurs in ≈6% of DVT cases and 12% of PE cases within 1 month of diagnosis. The time of year may affect the occurrence of VTE, with a higher incidence in the winter than in the summer. One major risk factor for VTE is ethnicity, with a significantly higher incidence among Caucasians and African Americans than among Hispanic persons and Asian-Pacific Islanders. Overall, ≈25% to 50% of patient with first-time VTE have an idiopathic condition, without a readily identifiable risk factor. Early mortality after VTE is strongly associated with presentation as PE, advanced age, cancer, and underlying cardiovascular disease.
Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Anderson Frederick A. , Spencer Frederick A.
Published: June 2003

Until the 1990s, venous thromboembolism (VTE) was viewed primarily as a complication of hospitalization for major surgery (or associated with the late stage of terminal illness). However, recent trials in patients hospitalized with a wide variety of acute medical illnesses have demonstrated a risk of VTE in medical patients comparable with that seen after major general surgery. In addition, epidemiologic studies have shown that between one quarter and one half of all clinically recognized symptomatic VTEs occur in individuals who are neither hospitalized nor recovering from a major illness. This expanding understanding of the population at risk challenges physicians to carefully examine risk factors for VTE to identify high-risk patients who could benefit from prophylaxis.

Factors sufficient by themselves to prompt physicians to consider VTE prophylaxis include major surgery, multiple trauma, hip fracture, or lower extremity paralysis because of spinal cord injury. Additional risk factors, such as previous VTE, increasing age, cardiac or respiratory failure, prolonged immobility, presence of central venous lines, estrogens, and a wide variety of inherited and acquired hematological conditions contribute to an increased risk for VTE. These predisposing factors are seldom sufficient by themselves to justify the use of prophylaxis. Nevertheless, individual risk factors, or combinations thereof, can have important implications for the type and duration of appropriate prophylaxis and should be carefully reviewed to assess the overall risk of VTE in each patient.
Publish and Perish?
Authors: Baumann Henrikke
Published: June 2003

The publishing of research has implications for the evaluation of research careers, research departments, and funding for research projects. Researchers' academic evaluation relies heavily on the status of the journals in which they publish. The inclusion of one's work in the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) is often used as an indicator of academic quality. This is unfortunate for many environmental researchers, as their journals are not represented in the SCI and SSCI. Two investigations were carried out to determine the reasons for this. The first investigation identified 352 existing environmental academic journals, classified into seven categories (and several subcategories). Of these, two categories were not represented in the SCI or SSCI: environmental systems analysis journals and corporate environmental management journals. The second survey investigated the publishing patterns of interdisciplinary research groups and the characteristics of the journals in which they publish. In spite of acceptable citation levels, interdisciplinary environmental journals are excluded from the SCI and SSCI. A major reason seems to be that citations of their articles are uncounted by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), the organization producing the SCI and SSCI, because citations mostly take place in a group of journals completely unrepresented in ISI's database.
Further Efforts to Clarify Industrial Ecology's Hidden Philosophy of Nature
Authors: Isenmann Ralf
Published: June 2003

As an emerging discipline, industrial ecology represents a promising interdisciplinary field that studies industrial systems and their fundamental linkage with nature. At the root of its scientific profile lies a refreshingly different perspective on nature as a model in comparison with other disciplines' orthodox understanding nature in terms of a “sack of resources” the “biophysical limit”“something outside”“surrounding” or just “environment”. In contrast to these phrases, industrial ecology's perspective indicates an important change in the interpretation of nature, from the interest in intervening in or preserving nature toward an orientation by nature, from the comprehension of nature as an object toward understanding nature as a model, and from exploiting natural resources toward learning from nature as, in part, an ideal. This characteristic perspective of industrial ecology is typically stated with an appealing natural ecosystem metaphor and based on an analogy between industrial systems and natural ecosystems. On the basis of initial efforts to conceptualize industrial ecology's underlying assumptions concerning nature, a philosophically focused analysis of nature as a model is presented. Industrial ecology's implicit philosophy of nature is thus uncovered and clarified. Finally, a set of arguments drawing on the philosophy of science and on Kantian epistemology and philosophical anthropology is provided to gain greater conceptual clarity and to contribute to laying a solid foundation for industrial ecology's stimulating role in achieving sustainability at large.
Traci
Authors: Bare Jane C.
Published: June 2003

The tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts (TRACI) is described along with its history, the research and methodologies it incorporates, and the insights it provides within individual impact categories.

TRACI, a stand‐alone computer program developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, facilitates the characterization of environmental stressors that have potential effects, including ozone depletion, global warming, acidification, eutrophication, tropospheric ozone (smog) formation, ecotoxicity, human health criteria‐related effects, human health cancer effects, human health noncancer effects, fossil fuel depletion, and land‐use effects. TRACI was originally designed for use with life‐cycle assessment (LCA), but it is expected to find wider application in the future.

To develop TRACI, impact categories were selected, available methodologies were reviewed, and categories were prioritized for further research. Impact categories were characterized at the midpoint level for reasons including a higher level of societal consensus concerning the certainties of modeling at this point in the cause‐effect chain. Research in the impact categories of acidification, smog formation, eutrophication, land use, human cancer, human noncancer, and human criteria pollutants was conducted to construct methodologies for representing potential effects in the United States. Probabilistic analyses allowed the determination of an appropriate level of sophistication and spatial resolution necessary for impact modeling for each category, yet the tool was designed to accommodate current variation in practice (e.g., site‐specific information is often not available). The methodologies underlying TRACI reflect state‐of‐the‐art developments and best‐available practice for life‐cycle impact assessment (LCIA) in the United States and are the focus of this article. TRACI's use and the impact of regionalization are illustrated with the example of concrete production in the northeastern United States.
Impact Characterization in the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts
Authors: Norris Gregory A.
Published: June 2003

The tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts (TRACI) is a set of life‐cycle impact assessment (LCIA) characterization methods that has been developed by a series of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency research projects. TRACI facilitates the characterization of stressors that may have potential effects, including ozone depletion, global warming, acidification, eutrophication, tropospheric ozone (smog) formation, eco‐toxicity, human particulate effects, human carcinogenic effects, human non‐carcinogenic effects, fossil fuel depletion, and land‐use effects. This article describes the methodologies developed to address acidification, eutrophication, and smog. Each of these methods offers the ability to take account of differences in expected strength of impact as a function of pollution release location within North America. Specifically, the methods employ regionalized fate and transport modeling. The resulting factors differ regionally by up to more than an order of magnitude.
The Role of Voluntary Industry Standards in Environmental Supply‐Chain Management
Authors: Rosen Christine Meisner , Beckman Sara L. , Bercovitz Janet
Published: June 2003

Our article uses a new institutional economics (NIE) framework to explore the role of voluntary industry standards in the development and implementation of environmental supplier‐management programs in the computer industry. We examine two different voluntary standards, one for the management of design for environment (DfE) in the semiconductor fabrication equipment sector and the other for assessing the implementation and use of environmental management systems throughout the computer industry supply chain. We compare and contrast the two standards to explain why the former was widely adopted and has helped integrate DfE into buyer‐supplier relations among adopters, whereas the latter failed to gain acceptance. In line with NIE logic, both standards aimed to lower transaction and customization costs by setting “rules of the game” for interfirm transactions that would help simplify and routinize novel environmental supply‐chain programs and activities. Their differential success can be elucidated in terms of how well each met the NIE criteria for remediableness and legitimacy. We conclude that voluntary standards have the potential to play an important role in promoting DfE in industrial supply chains. We further conclude that NIE provides a conceptual framework of great value to industrial ecologists who analyze how industry standards and other institutions help firms move toward more sustainable supply‐chain management practices.
An Engineering Approach to Plastic Recycling Based on Rheological Characterization
Authors: Kuswanti Christiana
Published: June 2003

Millions of kilograms of virgin plastics are used annually to manufacture new products, yet only a small percentage of this material is recovered for reuse in new plastic products. Many companies hesitate to use regrind and postconsumer resins (PCRs) because of the extensive testing required to identify plausible uses and processing parameters. Although used polymers may be labeled by general type, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate, such labels do not provide adequate information to determine molding parameters. Because used polymers may be degraded or mislabeled, it is important to characterize the used polymer rather than track the original virgin polymer properties. Another major challenge to plastics recycling is that standard industry polymer databases do not contain information about regrind resins or PCRs. Such polymer databases not only provide selection assistance, but also are used with mold‐filling simulations to reduce the experimental time to determine molding parameters.

First, we summarize the current plastics collection, identification, and separation processes. Then, we present an engineering approach for plastics recycling, based on rheological characterization. To characterize the plastic rheology, we measure the viscosity versus shear rate at various temperatures. In our proposed approach, we introduce a sequence of steps to obtain used‐plastic input data for mold‐filling simulations. Our goal is to reduce the amount of experimental testing needed to determine injection‐molding parameters for re‐grind resins or PCRs. We test our method by molding American Society of Testing and Materials test specimens and a thin‐wall application with high‐impact polystyrene from recycled printer and monitor housings. Our tests demonstrate that matching the viscosity versus shear rate curves of PCR and a virgin resin provides a proxy resin for input to mold‐filling simulation software to determine PCR molding parameters. We compare our new approach with other approaches to polymer recycling and discuss directions for future research.
Differential Convergence of Life‐Cycle Inventories toward Upstream Production Layers
Authors: Lenzen Manfred
Published: June 2003

We present an input‐output analysis of the life‐cycle labor, land, and greenhouse gas (GHG) requirements of alternative options for three case studies: investing money in a new vehicle versus in repairs of an existing vehicle (labor), passenger transport modes for a trip between Sydney and Melbourne (land use), and renewable electricity generation (GHG emissions). These case studies were chosen to demonstrate the possibility of rank crossovers in life‐cycle inventory (LCI) results as system boundaries are expanded and upstream production inputs are taken into account. They demonstrate that differential convergence can cause crossovers in the ranking of inventories for alternative functional units occurring at second‐and higher‐order upstream production layers. These production layers are often excluded in conventional process‐type life‐cycle assessment (LCA) by the delineation of a finite system boundary, leading to a systematic truncation error within the LCI. The exclusion of higher‐order upstream inputs can be responsible for ranking crossovers going unnoticed. In this case, an incomplete conventional process‐type LCA of two alternative options can result in preferences and recommendations to decision makers that are different from preferences and recommendations concluded from a complete hybrid input‐output‐based assessment. Therefore, the need to avoid misleading effects on the ranking of alternative functional units due to differential convergence supports the practice of hybrid input‐output‐based LCA techniques.
Pollution and Cost in the Coke‐Making Supply Chain in Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Kraines Steven
Published: June 2003

An integrated system trade‐off model has been developed to assess costs and pollution associated with transportation in the coke‐making supply chain in Shanxi Province, China. A transportation‐flow, cost‐minimization solver is combined with models for calculating coke‐making plant costs, estimating transportation costs from a geographic information system road and rail database, and aggregating coke‐making capacity among plants. Model outputs of economic cost, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, and transport distributions are visualized using an Internet‐based graphic user interface. Data for the model were collected on survey trips to Shanxi Province as well as from secondary references and proxies. The modularity and extensibility of the system trade‐off model facilitate introduction of new data sets in order to examine various planning scenarios.

Scenarios of coke‐making plant aggregation, rail infrastructure improvement, and technology transfer were evaluated using the model. Costs and pollution emissions can be reduced by enlarging coke‐making plants near the rail stations and closing down other plants. Preferential minimization of transportation costs gives a lower total cost than simply minimizing plant costs. Therefore, policy makers should consider transportation costs when planning the reallocation of coke‐making capacity in Shanxi Province. Increasing rail‐transport capacity is less effective than aggregating plant capacity. On the other hand, transfer of low‐pollution truck technology results in a large emission reduction, however, reflecting the importance of truck transportation in the Shanxi Province coke‐making industry.
The Environmental Impact of Getting the News
Authors: Reichart Inge
Published: June 2003

The environmental impact associated with reading an on‐line and a printed newspaper is analyzed and compared with respective parts of a television (TV) broadcast. Two reference units were chosen for comparison to account for differences between media in presentation and consumption (reading or watching a news item) and consumption of the daily news as a whole. The environmental impact is assessed using life‐cycle assessment (LCA).

Key drivers of the environmental impact for both electronic delivery systems are energy consumption and power generation. Not only do the manufacturing of the products and their use have an environmental impact, but so does the use of the necessary infrastructure, that is, energy consumption of the telephone network or data transfer via Internet. Printing of on‐line information also turned out to be important.

In the case of the printed newspapers, energy consumption is again important, here for the manufacturing of pulp and paper. Complete printed newspapers (the form in which they are typically purchased) have a very high environmental burden relative to watching the TV news or reading on‐line news, even if the propensity to extend TV viewing is taken into consideration.
Experience with the Use of Substance Flow Analysis in Denmark
Authors: Hansen Erik
Published: June 2003

Substance flow analysis (SFA) has been used by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency for more than two decades to identify sources of hazardous substance releases to the environment and to waste streams. More than 35 SFAs have been undertaken using a unified methodology. This article discusses key elements of the methodology and application of the results of the SFAs in Denmark, illustrated by examples. The use of repeated SFAs in the evolution of substance regulation is demonstrated for lead. A cadmium SFA illustrates the use of SFAs to monitor changes in consumption and release of a hazardous substance. Estimates of sources are presented for a number of toxic and resource‐intensive metals in solid waste incineration and sewage treatment. Most of the SFAs concern hazardous substances, but aluminum represents a case in which the resource perspective is an important element in a national SFA. The Danish SFA on brominated flame retardants illustrates some methodological problems with conducting national SFAs in a global economy in which the substances are mainly imported in finished products.
Rhetoric, Discourse, and the Future of Hope
Authors: Bulliet Richard W.
Published: June 2003

Misperceptions, farfetched stories about Islam, and invented connections between Muslims and terrorism have been the guiding factors in shaping the attitudes of the American establishment toward the Muslim world. This article sheds light on the post-1993 bombing of the World Trade Center when journalists and evangelicals looked for sensational and inflammatory statements about the so-called Islamic militancy toward the United States. In this process, the preachers of hatred against Islam attempted to portray the Muslim faith as monolithic, unchanging, and viciously directed against Americans. What they did not choose to highlight was the enormous diversity among Muslim cultures or the focus within many Muslim groups on building community. The article anticipates that such enduring myths about Islam could lead to the rise of a new anti-Semitism in the United States: not against Jews, but against Muslims.
Rethinking Islam Today
Authors: Arkoun Mohammed
Published: June 2003

Islamic revivalism and the activities of those who are its real or perceived proponents have monopolized the discourse on Islam. This article explores how this focus has totally ignored an overwhelming majority of Muslims. Social scientists have failed to liberate Islamic studies from pro- and anti-Orientalism clichés. Islam is still imagined as inferior (to Jewish and Christian traditions), unchanging, and militant by the West; and superior, dynamic, and peace loving by Muslims. The article outlines a need to study Islam as an epistemological project. It argues for a new ijtihād for Muslim as well as non-Muslim scholars to initiate a process of new thinking on Islam with tools such as history of thought rather than political events or fixed parameters; to make unthinkable notions—a historical rather than a religious postulate—thinkable; and to relate secularism, religion, and culture to contemporary challenges rather than substituting one for the other.
“So That You May Know One Another”: a Muslim American Reflects on Pluralism and Islam
Authors: Asani Ali S.
Published: June 2003

This article addresses the anguish and concerns raised by the events of 11 September 2001 among Americans—both Muslims and non-Muslims—about mutual hatred and distrust in light of the Quran. The Holy Book of Islam teaches pluralism, yet on both sides of the imagined fence, this message is misunderstood. It is not so much a clash of civilizations, as some American ideologues propagate, but a clash of ignorance that leads to such perilous situations. The complex economic, political, and global issues have been put under the rubric of stereotypes that dehumanize the “other.” The Quran reveals the beauty of human diversity, accepts the truth of Jewish and Christian traditions, and promotes the idea of pluralism for cooperation, respect, and understanding among various communities. While both Muslims and non-Muslims frequently misuse the Quranic verses for political purposes, Muslim history, on the whole, demonstrates more tolerance and appreciation of other religious traditions than the histories of other religions do.
Interpreting Islam in American Schools
Authors: Douglass Susan L. , Dunn Ross E.
Published: June 2003

How is Islam taught in American schools? Teaching Islam to young Americans is a relatively recent phenomenon. The Israeli-Arab conflict shaped the contours of the study of Islam with images and stereotypes inherited from the Crusades and Colonialism. Islam has been taught not as an essential ingredient of the World History but through the political conflicts of Israelis and Arabs as well as the American global agenda within which Qaddafi, Hafez al-Asad, and Ayatullah Khomeini emerged as the representatives of Islam. The Muslim population in America grew dramatically in the twentieth century, and curriculum was devised to include Islam without disturbing the unitary narrative of Western Civilization: The textbooks disconnect Islam from the Judeo-Christian tradition even as they emphasize how Islam borrowed from Jewish and Christian scriptures. Textbook writers portrayed Islam in light of the Arab nomadic society and the life of the Prophet of Islam while deliberately downplaying the Abrahamic legacy in Islam.
Islam and Muslims in the Mind of America
Authors: Gerges Fawaz A.
Published: June 2003

This article examines the ways in which the U.S. public, media, interest groups, and foreign-policy elites, including Congress, influence the making of American policy toward political Islam. It focuses on the domestic context of American politics, especially the linkages among society, politics, and government. Following an analysis of the historical, cultural, and current political developments that inform Americans' attitudes on Islamic resurgence, this article argues that contemporary security and strategic considerations, not merely culture and ideology, account for America's preoccupation with Islamism.
White Slaves, African Masters
Authors: Baepler Paul
Published: June 2003

This article introduces narratives by American captives during and after the Barbary Wars (1801-1805, 1815). Set against a background of American imperial pursuits, the accounts reveal the hypocrisy and double-standards common among early Americans (who accepted black slavery in America but reacted strongly against the idea of white slaves in the custody of the North African Muslims). The accounts were largely works of fiction, but were accepted as fact. Arabs are presented as bizarre, gruesome, and primitive. The stories were sold by the thousands, so members of almost every household were exposed to these negative portrayals.
Crusades and Jihads: a Long-run Economic Perspective
Authors: Heston Alan
Published: June 2003

Crusades and jihads have been a part of the histories of Christianity and Islam for more than a century. This article examines this often-violent history from several perspectives, focusing heavily on the period between 1000 and 1300, and on the factors that allowed Europe and its overseas extensions in North America and Australia to economically overtake the rest of the world by 1600. While some weight is given to religion in the discussion, many of the effects seem to have been accidental, both negative and positive. These include the reforms in marriage and family formation introduced by the Catholic Church; demographic pressures in Europe; and the development of institutions in Northern Europe that provided continuity in commerce, administration, and archiving of intellectual advances. The factors that favored the economies of Northern Europe and/or held back other parts of the world do not appear to be related to anything inherent in Christianity or Islam.
Travelers' Tales in the Tablighi Jamaat
Authors: Metcalf Barbara
Published: June 2003

The extensive Islamic missionary movement of Tablighi Jamaat, which originated in colonial India but is now worldwide, encourages participants to go out on small group tours to invite others, primarily nominal Muslims, to return to faithful adherence to Islamic teachings, above all the canonical prayer. At the conclusion of a tour, participants should report back, orally or in writing, their experiences to the mosque-based group (local, regional, or national) from which they set out. A sample of these reports, called karguzari, are the basis of this article. The reports reflect two discourses: one of jihad, in the sense of the nonmilitant “greater jihad” focused on self-discipline; and one of Sufism, embedded in the efforts of the charismatic group rather than in institutional tasawwuf.
Southeast Asia and Islam
Authors: Houben Vincent J. H.
Published: June 2003

Southeast Asia is the most populous Islamic region in the world yet has gained only limited attention. This survey article tries to explain what are the specific characteristics of Islam in this world region. After a historical overview of the spread of Islam in insular Southeast Asia, its contemporary political contexts in Indonesia, Malaysia, South Thailand, and the Philippines are scrutinized. Finally, a number of contentious issues in Southeast Asian Islam are discussed, such as the nature of Islamic revivalism, current outbreaks of ethno-religious conflict, and the possible threat of extremism.
Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People
Authors: Shaheen Jack G.
Published: June 2003

Live images on big screen and television go beyond a thousand words in perpetuating stereotypes and clichés. This article surveys more than a century of Hollywood's projection of negative images of the Arabs and Muslims. Based on the study of more than 900 films, it shows how moviegoers are led to believe that all Arabs are Muslims and all Muslims are Arabs. The moviemakers' distorted lenses have shown Arabs as heartless, brutal, uncivilized, religious fanatics through common depictions of Arabs kidnapping or raping a fair maiden; expressing hatred against the Jews and Christians; and demonstrating a love for wealth and power. The article compares the stereotype of the hook-nosed Arab with a similar depiction of Jews in Nazi propaganda materials. Only five percent of Arab film roles depict normal, human characters.
Kaiser Franz and the Communist Bowl
Authors: Young Christopher
Published: June 2003

This article focuses on the stadium as a site of cultural space. Its key example is that of the Olympiastadion, which was built for the Munich Olympics 1972 and subsequently passed on to Germany's largest soccer club, Bayern Munich. It examines a double problematic relation: that between architecture and the legacy of history (World War II), typified by the stadium's original purpose of presenting a New Germany on the world stage, and that between symbolism and the body, exemplified by the soccer club's abandonment of the site. The article poses wider questions about the role of bodies and history in the discipline of sports geography.
The 1954 Soccer World Cup and the Federal Republic of Germany's Self-discovery
Authors: Heinrich Arthur
Published: June 2003

This article features the importance that the winning of the World Cup tournament in 1954 had for West Germany. Nine years after the defeat of the national socialist regime, this victory in soccer's most important event heralded West Germany's entrance into the international community of nations. The positive result in this forum contributed massively to the creation of a new West German collective identity. An essential ingredient of this identity was a positive orientation toward the newly established Federal Republic as a democratic structure, which—in the wake of this victory in soccer—attained growing acceptance and legitimacy among the West German public.
Sport Space and National Identity
Authors: Horak Roman , Spitaler Georg
Published: June 2003

This contribution will discuss how the formation of a national sport space interacts with the development of national self-awareness and national identity with reference to the Austrian case. It will be argued that the growing of an Austrian identity is not merely synchronous with the establishment of an Austrian sport space but that this nation-building process has been helped along substantially by the “Austrification” of two leading sports: urban soccer (associated with Vienna) and alpine skiing (linked with rural—mainly alpine—Austria).
On Thin Ice?
Authors: Bairner Alan
Published: June 2003

Sports arenas have played a significant role in urban regeneration in many cities. In Belfast, the spatial character of sectarian division that already affects sport complicates their use for this purpose. This article argues that the Odyssey Arena and the emergence of the Belfast Giants ice hockey franchise have played a positive role in terms of community relations in the city. However, the arena is peripheral to the lives and concerns of most of its people, and the success of the Giants may well be a temporary phenomenon.
The “Olympianization” of Soccer in the United States
Authors: Markovits Andrei S. , Hellerman Steven L.
Published: June 2003

What the world calls “football,” far and away the globe's most popular sport, has led a marginal existence as soccer in the United States, where football denotes a different game that has remained an integral part of American sports culture since the late 19th century. In the past two decades, soccer in the United States has undergone a substantial metamorphosis that has altered its former marginality without, however, giving it cultural power anywhere near that still exerted by baseball, basketball, football, and even ice hockey. Soccer in America now exists in three universes that overlap yet still remain distinct from each other: the world of millions of soccer players who pursue the game on the field but have no interest to follow it beyond their active involvement, a small group of soccer aficionados whose main identification with the game rests precisely in following not playing it, and a newly developed segment that neither plays much soccer nor follows the sport yet has come to delight in the quadrennial event of the World Cup.
Thrown for a Loss?
Authors: van Bottenburg Maarten
Published: June 2003

This article discusses the cultural insignificance of football in Europe despite the receptiveness of Europeans to American popular culture in general. It is argued that this anomaly can be explained by a sociohistorical perspective on the differential popularization of sports and the changing social structure in which sports are being diffused. In doing so, it is shown that football only entered the European sport space after 1980 and that the attempts by the National Football League to launch football as a spectator sport will fail without a basic foundation at a grassroots level.
Hindu Nationalism, Cultural Spaces, and Bodily Practices in India
Authors: McDonald Ian
Published: June 2003

With the opening of India to the global economy, technology, and culture, questions of national identity are being starkly posed and tested. An attendant rise in militant Hindu nationalism can be seen as a bold strategic response to this question as it attempts to place India among the most powerful nations in global modernity. Analyses of this attempt to fundamentally transform India have tended to be pitched at the institutional levels of economics and politics, yet the Hindu nationalist methodology is essentially a cultural project. This article will examine two forms of embodied cultural practices in India, each offering a contrasting set of cultural meanings and political possibilities and each highlighting the complexities and contradictions of the globalization-nationalism nexus in contemporary India.
Speculations on the Body and Sporting Spaces
Authors: Tomlinson Alan
Published: June 2003

Sociological work on sport and the body has escalated in recent years as the theme of the body has become more established on the social scientific research agenda. This article reviews some of that work and also notes that historical work on the sporting body remains relatively undeveloped. The core of the article is dedicated to the examination of sporting bodies in 19th-century England in popular events and pastimes such as pedestrianism and long-distance swimming. This is based on the John Johnson collection of ephemera at the University Of Oxford's Bodleain Library. The range of bodies on display at the 2000 Sydney Olympics is discussed in a concluding commentary. This is based on personal observational work at Sydney. The article proposes that any adequate understanding of the place of the body must be informed by adequate documentary and observational sources.
Philanthropy as Strategy
Authors: Saiia David H. , Carroll Archie B. , Buchholtz Ann K.
Published: June 2003

Scholars and practitioners alike indicate a movement in corporate philanthropy toward “strategic” giving, for example, giving that improves the firm's strategic position (ultimately the “bottom line”) while it benefits the recipient of the philanthropic act. Although the existence of this trend is widely accepted, it is represented in the literature most often by anecdotal evidence. This article presents the findings of a survey of corporate giving managers of U.S. firms that have had an established giving program of at least 5 years, with annual giving totaling at least $200,000 each year. The data show that corporate giving managers believe their firms are becoming increasingly strategic in their philanthropic activities. The findings also indicate that institutional-, firm-, and individual-level influences combine to precipitate strategic philanthropy. These findings lend support to the belief that the nature of corporate philanthropy is evolving to fit a more competitive marketplace.
Foreign Subsidiaries' Government Affairs Activities
Authors: Blumentritt Timothy P.
Published: June 2003

This article examines the government affairs activities of foreign subsidiaries of multinational enterprises. The article develops hypotheses founded on resource dependence theory that examine organizational and environmental factors that might influence subsidiary government affairs activities. Primary data were gathered from 91 foreign subsidiaries of U.S.-based companies. Results from the empirical tests suggest that subsidiary top managers have a strong influence on the administration of their subsidiaries' government affairs activities.
About Face: How Employee Dishonesty Influences A Stakeholder's Image of an Organization
Authors: Scott Elizabeth D. , Jehn Karen A.
Published: June 2003

This article presents a model of employee dishonesty and formation of stakeholders' images of organizations, which applies theories of moral judgment and attribution. It describes the person-situation interaction effects of characteristics of employee behavior and of persons making moral judgments on stakeholders' moral judgments, amounts of blame, loci of blame, and images of organizations. Using a situationally based definition of dishonesty, the article examines the effects of the act, the actor, the result, the person affected, and the intent of an employee's behavior on stakeholders' images of the organization, as well as the effects of the characteristics of the person making the moral judgment. The situationally based definition of dishonesty provides a theoretical basis for understanding how differences in situations lead to differences in moral judgments by the same individuals. The person making the moral judgment is presented as a part of the model to explain how differences in viewpoints result in different moral evaluations of the same situations by different judges. Research directions are identified and discussed.
Communicating Corporate Ethics on the World Wide Web
Authors: Pollach Irene
Published: June 2003

This dissertation explores how companies communicate their ethical stance on their Web sites. The author analyzed the Web sites of six companies: BellSouth, Lockheed Martin, Ben & Jerry's, McDonald's, Nike, and Levi Strauss. This sample offers both typicality and systematic variety as the six companies belong to three different ethics paradigms. The linguistic analysis of the Web pages draws on a functional approach to discourse analysis, focusing on the ideational, the interpersonal, and the textual function of discourse. Despite the fact that the companies selected for the dissertation project have adopted different approaches to corporate ethics, their communicative strategies turned out to be quite similar regarding content, persuasive appeals, self-reference, audience address, and message organization.
Examinee Characteristics and Score Reliability: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Fan Xitao , Yin Ping
Published: June 2003

The literature on measurement reliability shows the general consensus that examinee group heterogeneity with regard to the trait being measured affects the score reliability. Potentially, the performance level of the examinee group may also affect score reliability because of its potential effect on the relative magnitude of error variance. This article empirically examines the effects of these two examinee sample characteristics on score reliability of optimal-performance measurement. Two large extant data sets (criterionand norm-referenced, respectively) were used in the investigation. The results suggest that both performance variability and group performance level affect score reliability, and measurement error tends to be smaller for high-performance groups than for low-performance groups.
Optimizing Rating Scales for Self-Efficacy (and Other) Research
Authors: Smith Everett V. , Wakely Melissa B. , de Kruif Renée E. L. , Swartz Carl W.
Published: June 2003

This article (a) discusses the assumptions underlying the use of rating scales, (b) describes the use of information available within the context of Rasch measurement that may be useful for optimizing rating scales, and (c) demonstrates the process in two studies. Participants in the first study were 330 fourth- and fifth-grade students. Participants provided responses to the Index of Self-Efficacy for Writing. Based on category counts, average measures, thresholds and category fit statistics, the responses on the original 10-point scale were better represented by a 4-point scale. The modified 4-point scale was given to a replication sample of 668 fourth- and fifth-grade students. The rating scale structure was found to be congruent with the results from the first study. In addition, the item fit statistics and item hierarchy indicated the writing self-efficacy construct to be stable across the two samples. Combined, these results provide evidence for the generalizability of the findings and hence utility of this scale for use with samples of respondents from the same population.
Running a Best-Subsets Logistic Regression: An Alternative to Stepwise Methods
Authors: King Jason E.
Published: June 2003

Although the algorithm for generating a best-subsets variable-selection routine in logistic regression was presented more than a decade ago, a search of the literature reveals that the technique is seldom applied. A possible explanation is its omission from popular statistical computing packages. Newer versions of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) provide limited capabilities, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) does not allow for its calculation. Using a sample data set, this article briefly describes in nonmathematical terms how to implement and interpret results from a best-subsets logistic regression using SAS.
Reliability Generalization of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
Authors: Shields Alan L. , Caruso John C.
Published: June 2003

The present study evaluated the reliability of scores from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a reliability generalization study. This reliability generalization had two primary goals: (a) to characterize the typical reliability of scores for the AUDIT, and (b) to examine factors that may be related to the reliability of AUDIT scores. The median internal consistency reliability across 24 samples was .81, with a range of .59 to .91. Results suggest that the AUDIT is capable of generating generally reliable scores across some varied sample conditions. After controlling for score variability, no sample characteristic was a statistically significantly predictor of score reliability and effects were small. Only 17 of 104 empirical journal articles contained adequate psychometric information to be included in the present study.