bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlamisus cribripennis (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a New Pest of Blueberries in Nova Scotia
Authors: Ellis C. R. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

This report constitutes the first mention of Chlamisus cribripennis (Lec.) in Nova Scotia and its first mention as an economically important pest of blueberries in Canada. Also included are observations on the life history, parasitism, and laboratory rearing of this species.
A New Subgenus of Ammophila from the Neotropical Region (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: Menke A. S.
Published: December 2009

A new subgenus is proposed for the following species of Ammophila: opulenta Guérin-Méneville, melanaria Dahlbom, binodis (Fabricius), aureonotata Cameron, catamarcensis Schrottky, willinki Menke, eximia Lepeletier, auromaculata Perez, and asperata Fox. A key to species is provided, with comparative and distributional notes. Ammophila willinki from Argentina and Brazil is described as new. Lectotypes are established for the following species: A. bimaculigera Strand, A. melanaria Dahlbom, A. miliaris Cameron, A. iridipennis Cameron, A. aureonotata Cameron, and A. asperata Fox. The following new synonymy is proposed: A. bimaculigera Strand (= opulenta Guérin-Méneville); A. lobicollis Cameron (= melanaria Dahlbom); Pelopoeus abbreviatus Fabricius, A. guiana Cameron, A. oxystoma Cameron (= binodis (Fabricius)); A. eugenia Smith, Sphex nigrocinctus Fernald, A. friedrichi Schrottky, A. trimaculigera Strand (= eximia Lepeletier); A. giacomellii Schrottky, (= auromaculata Perez); A. miliaris Cameron, A. iridipennis Cameron, A. velutina Schrottky (?= melanaria Dahlbom).
Some Biological Control Aspects of Taxonomy Exemplified by the Genus Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: December 2009

The biological control of agricultural pests is not dependent on the specific identification of the natural enemies employed if their host relations are known. Such identification is often made after the natural enemies are imported and established in a new habitat. This is well exemplified by the genus Aphytis, a genus notable for species that consist of “host-controlling” and “non-host-controlling” races and for certain species that, after importation from South China into California and Israel, were colonized by two methods, direct and indirect. The direct method is characterized by the “screening out” of species in the field, the indirect method by the “screening out” of species in the laboratory.
Life History and Habits of a Midge, Phytophaga thujae Hedlin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Western Red Cedar Cones
Authors: Hedlin A. F.
Published: December 2009

The midge, Phytophaga thujae Hedlin, is a common pest in cones of western red cedar, Thuja plicata Donn. In some years nearly 100% of cones in localities on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, are infested.

Adults emerge in March and April to oviposit on young cones. Eggs hatch during April and May. Larvae feed on seeds and scales, and in late summer spin cocoons in the cones, in which to overwinter. Prepupal and pupal development occur during winter.

Mortality factors include parasites and competition. Species of Torymus and Tetrastichus parasitize larvae of the midge. In years of severe infestation, competition in early stages can cause considerable mortality.

A portion of the population may remain in diapause in the larval stage each year.
Further Notes on the Genus Evylaeus Robertson (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Knerer G. , Atwood C. E.
Published: December 2009

Mining bees of the genus Evylaeus are remarkable in that their behaviour ranges from a strictly solitary to a complex social level. Knowledge of the many sexually dimorphic species is fragmentary, and the present paper describes one new species from northern Ontario and associates the sexes in two others. Biological notes and the illustration of male terminalia of closely related species are presented to facilitate their separation.
L'Élevage du Puceron du Pois sur une Diète Artificielle de Composition Chimique Connue
Authors: Auclair J. L. , Cartier J. J.
Published: December 2009

La diète se compose du sucrose, de 23 acides aminés et amides dont les proportions ont été établies à la suite de l'analyse de l'hémolymphe et du miellat du puceron, de dix vitamines du complexe B, d'acide ascorbique, de benzoate de cholestérol et d'un mélange de sels, le tout en solution dans l'eau.

Sur cette diéte, les pucerons du pois du biotype R1 se développent normalement, ont une croissance larvaire légèrement inférieure à celle des pucerons témoins maintenus sur des pois de la variété Perfection et presque tous atteignent l'état adulte sans mortalité.
Some Maternal Influences on Progeny Quality in the Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar)
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

The different types of individuals among the progeny of the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), are concentrated in different parts of the egg mass. The most agile progeny come from some of the first eggs laid, and the least viable are among the last deposited. There is evidence that this serial arrangement stems from unequal partitioning of the maternal food reserves during egg production: a relationship similar to that recently demonstrated in the spruce budworm by I. M. Campbell. In M. pluviale, however, there also is evidence that the differences in feeding rate and food capacity displayed by the different types of females during their own larval stage affect the proportions of the various types of progeny per egg mass as well as the viability of consecutive groups of eggs within the mass. Although these maternal influences are not heritable in the usual genetic sense, they are clearly transmissible between generations. And field studies have shown that their more adverse consequences for local populations are cumulative and ultimately lethal.
A New Genus, New Species and Previously Undescribed Morphs of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

A new genus,Pseudasiphonaphis, is described, with type speciesAsiphonaphis anogisHottes and Frison, 1931. Two new species are described,Macrosiphum olmsteadifromAsterspp., andMacrosiphum(Sitobion)manitobensisfromCornus stoloniferaMichx. Descriptions of previously undescribed fundatrix, ovipara and male ofMasonaphis wahnaga(Hottes), and ovipara and male ofDactynotus richardsiRobinson are also given.
Diaphnidia Uhler and Diaphnocoris Kelton in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Diaphnidia richardsi n. sp. is described. Orthotylus chlorionis (Say) and O. ulmi Knight are transferred to Diaphnocoris Kelton n. comb. Orthotylus translucens Tucker is a synonym of Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque) n. syn. Diaphnidia capitata Van D. (= Diaphnocoris capitata, Kelton 1961) is transferred to Paraproba Distant n. comb. Species are keyed and male genitalia are illustrated.
Density and Spatial Relationships Between a Wasp Parasite and Its Housefly Host
Authors: Madden John L. , Pimentel David
Published: December 2009

The density and spatial relationship between the wasp parasite, Nasonia vitripennis, and the housefly host, Musca domestica, were investigated. As parasite dispersion decreased in a defined space, parasitism increased from 30 to 76% and host survival decreased from an average of 65.0 to 18.9%. The number of host pupae producing parasite progeny and the survival of host pupae decreased as the proportion of small host pupae increased. With host numbers increasing and parasite numbers constant, the mean number of eggs deposited per host increased significantly from 31.25 to 87.25 and the number of stings increased from 2.25 to 8.00. As parasite density increased and host number remained constant, the number of hosts which were nor attacked declined from a mean of 2.2 with 1 parasite to none with 32 parasites. Host survival declined from about 50% at the 1:8 ratio of female parasites to hosts to no survival at the 2:1 ratio.
Artificial Initiation of Virus Epizootics in Forest Tent Caterpillar Populations
Authors: Stairs Gordon R.
Published: December 2009

Nuclear-polyhedrosis virus, introduced into virus-free populations of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner), in 1963, was carried over into the 1964 host generation and was spread into the surrounding areas from the points of introduction. The extent of spread in 1964 appeared to be influenced by the size of the area treated in 1963. In 1964 the epizootics developed slowly during the early instars and reached the highest levels late in the last instar. Many infected larvae crawled to the tops of the trees and died while eggs were being laid, thus, some egg masses were contaminated. This is one means by which virus may be spread from one generation to the next, but egg-transmission by adults appears to be the main method of spread over wide areas. Adults of the dipterous parasite, Sarcophaga aldrichi Park, may be important dispersal agents of disease in localized areas because they feed on virus-diseased larvae and are present from the time larvae enter the third instar until after adults have oviposited.
A New Nearctic Species of Euderus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Miller C. D. F.
Published: December 2009

A new Nearctic species of Euderus Haliday is described and illustrated. Description is based on eight specimens reared from poplar twigs containing galls formed by Saperda moesta Leconte (Coleoptera) at Gore Bay, Ontario, seven specimens collected at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, and three specimens reared from poplar trunks at Kerrick, Minnesota.
Mass Transport of Forest Tent Caterpillar Moths, Malacosoma disstria Hübner, by a Cold Front
Authors: Brown Clifford E.
Published: December 2009

On 12–13 July 1964, forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner, adults were carried southward from an outbreak in the forested area of central Alberta for at least 300 miles by the turbulent air associated with a cold front. Details of the area of dispersal and the weather system responsible are given.
Additions and Revisions to the Genera of North American Caddisflies of the Family Brachycentridae With Special Reference to the Larval Stages (Trichoptera)
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B.
Published: December 2009

Larval characterizations for the genera of North American Brachycentridae are revised and two new genera created, bringing to five the total number now recognized on this continent. Previous concepts of larval morphology inMicrasemaare emended. Discovery of the larval stage ofBrachycentrus(Amiocentrus)aspilusRoss necessitates elevation of this subgenus to generic status. Association of larvae with the two North American species placed inOligoplectrumnecessitates removal of one,O.dimicki(Milne), toMicrasema. Discovery of all stages of a new species on Mount Hood, Oregon, necessitates creation of a new genus. A provisional larval key to the genera of the North American Brachycentridae is proposed and the phylogenetic relationships of the genera are discussed. Validity of the Asian genusOligoplectrodesis questioned.
A New Species of Parapandemis Obraztsov, a Genus New to Canada (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: December 2009

The genus Parapandemis is recorded from Canada, and P. borealis n. sp. is described from New Brunswick, Ontario, and Alberta.
Contemporaneous Mortality Factors in Population Dynamics
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

The effect of any mortality factor on population trend is influenced greatly by other factors that operate contemporaneously within the same age interval, and by the extent to which it interacts with these other factors. A general equation which makes provision for different degrees of interaction is proposed as a simplified first step in the study of interaction, and some theoretical examples are presented to illustrate the importance of the interaction coefficient. Methods for obtaining estimates of the coefficient, both through statistical inference from field population data and through direct observation and experimentation, are discussed.
The Fecundity of the Black-headed Budworm Acleris variana (Fern.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Coastal Alaska
Authors: Schmiege Donald C.
Published: December 2009

The oviposition and fecundity of field- and lib-reared specimens of the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), were studied. Each female produced from 13 to 179 eggs. Those from field-collected pupae averaged B6.5 eggs in 1963 and 86.7 in 1964; those reared in the laboratory produced significantly fewer. Forcing late-instar larvae to feed on old foliage did not reduce fecundity significantly. Individuals with an early seasonal development produced more eggs than those with a late seasonal development. The regression of pupal size on fecundity was significant at the 1% level. Because the correlation coefficient for the relationship was low (0.48), pupal size provides only a rough estimate of expected fecundity.
Environmental Effects Upon Reproduction of a Mushroom-infesting Cecid Fly, Mycophila speyeri (Barnes) (Diptera: Ceciodomyiidae)
Authors: Chung Shiu-Ling , Snetsinger Robert
Published: December 2009

Mycophila speyeri Barnes is presently the most important mushroom-infesting cecid fly in Pennsylvania. Larval paedogenesis is the main means of reproduction (used by this species). Adult cecid fiies and sexual reproduction arc rarely observed in mushroom growing houses. The higher temperatures of spawn-run (70 ° to 75 °F.) are very favorable to paedogenetic reproduction of M. speyeri. Under these conditions, a generation is completed in about one week and about ten daughter-larvae per mother-larva are produced. The quantity of malt in the culture medium, the age of the spawn, and strain differences in spawn also play roles in the length of a generation and the number of young produced by a mother-larva. The lower temperatures (55 ° to 60 °F.), normal during mushroom cropping, approximately triple the time required to complete a generation. Prevention of cecid infestations during the spawn-run and sanitation to prevent spread, once larvae are present, are important considerations in the control of M. speyeri. Adult cecid flies occur only when populations become crowded on old growing media.
Plecopteracoluthus downesigen. et sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae), a Species Whose Larvae Live Phoretically on Larvae of Plecoptera
Authors: Steffan A. W.
Published: December 2009

In a creek northwest of the Gatineau Hills (Quebec) larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) were found living in phoretic association with the immature stages of Perlidae (Plecoptera). The larvae were reared to the adult stage in the laboratory. Life pattern and morphological comparisons are made with other phoretic and parasitic forms of Orthocladiinae and with certain other genera, and it is concluded that the form represents a new genus and species of Orthocladiini, and has probably originated from the common ancestors of the generaRheocricotopus,ParacricotopusandMicrocricotopus. Detailed descriptions are given of the imago, pupa and larva of this insect.
Interrelations of Damage to Wheat and Feeding by the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Jacobson L. A. , Peterson L. K.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison, were fed on wheat in the laboratory, greenhouse, and in field plots. Larvae did not completely sever the plants until the third-instar. The rate and amount of damage varied directly with size and densities of larvae, temperatures above 15 °C., and soil moisture; and inversely with the age and size of the wheat plant. The findings were related to field conditions to appraise potential damage and the necessity of insecticides for crop protection. Possible procedures are discussed for evaluation of the efficiency of various chemicals in the laboratory and in field plots.
Relative Toxicity of Parathion and Kelthane to the Predacious Mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and its Prey, Tetranychus urticae Koch, (Acarina: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) in the Laboratory
Authors: Herne D. C. , Chant D. A.
Published: December 2009

The relative toxicity of Kelthane (1,1-bis (p-chlorophenyl) -2,2,2-trichloroethanol), and parathion to Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and its prey, Tetranychus urticae K. (= telarius (L.)), was determined using a Potter Spray Tower. Parathion was found to be far more toxic to P. persimilis than was Kelthane. The LD50 values for Kelthane were 0.051% and 0.29% for T. urticae and P. persimilis respectively, and for parathion were 0.050% and 0.0044% respectively. The LD95 values bore a similar relationship to each other. The two materials were equally toxic to T. urticae. Therefore, use of Kelthane rather than parathion in an environment where P. persimilis and T. urticae were interacting would favour the beneficial species. The statistical aspects of the test method are discussed.
A Gynandromorph of Aedes punctor (Kirby) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Alberta
Authors: Happold D. C. D.
Published: December 2009

A gynandromorph of Aedes punctor, collected while it was sucking blood, is described and figured.
Correction to “A Comparison of Radiograph Analysis and Bark Dissection in Estimating Numbers of Western Pine Beetle”
Authors: DeMars C. J.
Published: December 2009

It has come to my attention that results I reported (DeMars 1963) were incorrect.

In Table I the values for samples 4 through 7 in column 4 (Larvae-Dead-Rad.) should read 1, 10, 7, and 4 instead of 10, 7, 4, and 0. In Table II the values for sample 13 in columns 8 and 12 (Beetles of all stages-Live and Total-Rad.) should read 102 instead of 103.
Biology of Pachygonatopus minimus Fenton (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) a Parasite of the Six-spotted Leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), in Manitoba
Authors: Barrett C. F. , Westdal P. H. , Richardson H. P.
Published: December 2009

The six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), is the only known host of Pachygonatopus minimus Fenton; parasitism has reached 37%. The female adult is also a predator of the leafhopper. In the adult stage of the parasite the sexes differ in form, color and habits; the male is winged and the female wingless. The egg is laid in the abdomen of the host. As the larva develops it protrudes through an intersegmental membrane. There are five larval instars. The first four are sedentary and attached to the host; the fifth is an active feeding stage. The larva spins a cocoon within which it pupates. The period from egg to adult is about 28 days. P. minimus does not provide effective control of the leafhopper.
Notes on Species ofLecaniumBurmeister (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, with a Description of a New Species
Authors: Phillips J. H. H.
Published: December 2009

Progeny of individual females ofLecaniumspp. from orchard, ornamental, and wild trees and shrubs were colonized on rooted willow cuttings in a greenhouse and insectary. Some forms with distinctive morphological and colour characters on their original hosts maintained these characters through one to six generations on willow. These results and many years’ observations indicated that lecanium scale infestations in fruit orchards of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, were usually composed of a complex of forms. Some of these were distinct species but others, less sharply differentiated, were considered as varieties of these species. One new species is described.
Host-Finding and Repulsion of Aedes aegypti
Authors: Daykin P. N. , Kellogg F. E. , Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

The spontaneous activation of Aedes aegypti, and their responses to external stimuli (especially changes in temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration) have been analyzed in a way that allows the controlling neural mechanisms to be inferred. In general, the flying insect turns back on leaving a favorable air stream, but does not turn on entering one. The normal attack program reduces to four basic steps: a general search initiated by a small rise in the CO2 level, no turn when the insect enters the "host stream" (i.e., the convective or other air current whose temperature and/or relative humidity has been modified by the host), an induced turn on leaving the host stream, and a visual landing. Repellents resemble CO2 in activating previously resting mosquitoes. If, however, the host stream contains a repellent vapor, the insect is made to turn on entering the host stream and is prevented from turning on leaving it. Thus the repellent vapor reverses the normal response to the host stream in two ways that are vital to success in locating a warm-blooded host. It also tends to inhibit probing. The antennal setae through which the various environmental influences are perceived can be inferred from a quantitative consideration of the responses.
Techniques for Increasing the Convenience and Sensitivity of Dry-Film Bioassay of Insecticide Residues with Drosophila spp.
Authors: Yule W. N.
Published: December 2009

A flightless strain of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. was used with a dry-film bioassay technique for the analysis of dieldrin residues in wheat grain. The flightless fruitflies were much more convenient to handle than a wild strain and the use of a slippery plastic barrier on collecting and sorting dishes avoided the need for immobilising flies by cold or CO2. Experimental evidence is given for the adoption of standardised breeding and handling systems for controlling certain intrinsic factors in the fly population. Also, by controlling such extrinsic factors in the bioassay system as the number of flies per test vial, replication, and holding temperature, a satisfactorily reproducible LD50 of 0.015 μg. dieldrin per vial was obtained. When this technique was applied to the analysis of dieldrin residues in wheat grain, 0.01-0.10 ppm. dieldrin could be conveniently assayed after chromatographic cleanup of a solvent extract of the grain. The accuracy of the bioassay estimates has been confirmed by gas-chromatographic analysis.
Effects of Mating on Fecundity of the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
Authors: Neilson W. T. A. , McAllan J. W.
Published: December 2009

In the laboratory, it has been found that females of R. pomonella (Walsh) mating frequently throughout their lives laid about twice as many fertile eggs as females allowed to mate only a few times during their first two weeks after emergence. However, mating had little effect on the total numbers of eggs laid. Females mating frequently averaged 395 eggs and 95% were fertile whereas those mating only a few times averaged 360 eggs and 46% were fertile.
A Redescription and Revision of the Genus Balsameda Thomson (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Goodrich Michael A.
Published: December 2009

The genus Balsameda Thomson is elevated from synonymy and redescribed on the basis of the type species, Cotinis pulverulenta Burmeister. One additional species, Cotinis adspersa Sharp, is referred to the genus. Both species are described and the male and female genitalia are illustrated.
Biological and Behavioural Differences between Lecanium cerasifex Fitch and Lecanium putmani Phillips (Homoptera: Coccoidea)
Authors: Phillips J. H. H.
Published: December 2009

Lecanium cerasifex is facultatively parthenogenetic and deuterotokous whereas L. putmani is arrhenotokous. Males of both L. cerasifex and L. coryli L. failed to fertilize females of L. putmani and in all such attempted crosses the progeny were males.

In the field larvae of L. cerasifex typically settled on the lower surface of leaves and those of L. putmani on the upper surface and this behaviour was influenced by light.

In laboratory experiments L. cerasifex was photokinetic whereas the activity of L. putmani was little affected by light. Both were weakly phototactic but L. putmani appeared to show the stronger phototactic response. It was concluded that the differences in photokinetic and phototactic responses alone were sufficient to explain the location of the larvae on leaves.
The Distribution of Termites in Ontario after 25 Years
Authors: Kirby C. S.
Published: December 2009

The eastern subterranean termite has been present in Ontario for over 25 years. Economic damage caused by the pest was first reported in 1944 and has increased considerably in the last decade, particularly in the Toronto region. Termites have also been found in four other localities in the Province.
Effects of Superparasitism on Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Superparasitism created a food shortage and thereby reduced survival and size of adult Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reared on pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Superparasitism also reduced the percentage of females in the adult progeny but had no effect on rate of development, ability to emerge, or incidence of diapause in N. vitripennis.
Some Notes on Rhagio (Diptera: Rhagionidae) of the Western United States and Canada
Authors: James Maurice T.
Published: December 2009

The western species of Rhagio other than the dimidiatus group are reviewed, with a key to their identification. R. chillcotti, new species, is described from British Columbia (type), Washington, and Oregon. Confirmation of previous identifications of Bigot’s species is given and lectotypes are designated.
Review of the Miltogrammid Genus Eumacronychia (Sarcophagidae:
Diptera)
Authors: Reinhard H. J.
Published: December 2009

The generic characters of Eumacronychia are
reviewed and as here considered the genus includes 21 nominal forms of which
9 are described as new. All members are quite similar in habitus and
difficult to distinguish except by reference to the male terminalia. A key
to all known species is included to facilitate identification. The maximum
distribution of the genus is centered in the southwestern United States with
the present known extreme range extending from Canada to Guatamala.
Generic Concepts in the Family Phytoseiidae (Acarina:
Mesostigmata)
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: December 2009

The family Otopheidomenidae Treat is transferred to the Phytoseiidae
Berlese as a subfamily, and the subfamily Macroseiinae Chant et
al. is considered as a genus in the subfamily
Phytoseiinae. The subfamily Otopheidomeninae contains four genera:
Otopheidomenis Treat,
Hemipteroseius Evans,
Treatia Krantz and Khot, and
Entomoseius Nov. The subfamily Phytoseiinae
contains 10 genera: Typhlodromus Scheuten,
Phytoseius Ribaga,
Chantia Pritchard and Baker,
Platyseiella Muma,
Iphiseius Berlese,
Paraamblyseius Muma,
Phytoseiulus Evans,
Amblyseius Berlese,
Macroseius Chant et
al., and Gigagnathus Nov. Keys
and descriptions of genera are included.
The Immature Stages of Scolytidae: The GenusDendroctonusErichson
Authors: Thomas J. B.
Published: December 2009

The external anatomy of the larvae and pupae of a number of species of the genusDendroctonuswas studied to determine its value in the classification of the genus. It was found that the larval and pupal characters supported the synonomy proposed in a revision of the genus based on imaginal characters recently published by another worker.
Nabiseius duplicisetus, a New Genus and Species of Otopheidomeninae (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from Nabid Bugs
Authors: Chant D. A. , Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

A new genus of Otopheidomeninae is described, keyed, and based on a new species, Nabiseius duplicisetus. Larvae, nymphs, and females of this mite were found on the abdominal dorsum of a nabid bug, where presumably they are ectoparasitic, as with related species.
The Diptera Medetera aldrichii Wheeler (Dolichopodidae) and Lonchaea furnissi McAlpine (Lonchaeidae) Associated with the Douglas-fir Beetle in Western Oregon and Washington
Authors: Johnsey R. L. , Nagel W. P. , Rudinsky J. A.
Published: December 2009

Preliminary studies on the association of the Douglas-fir beetle with species of Diptera found in windthrown Douglas-firs were conducted in 1962 and 1963. These studies revealed that larvae of Medetera aldrichii Wheeler preyed upon larvae and pupae bur only rarely on teneral adults of the Douglas-fir beetle whereas larvae of Lonchaea furnissi McAlpine did not kill the bark beetle in any stage. Adults of M. aldrichii lived up to i weeks at 70° F. on granary mites, and L. furnissi adults survived for more than 3 weeks on honey and Metrecal. Seasonal and daily emergence patterns from naturally infested Douglas-firs are presented and the effects of temperature and light on emergence and flight are discussed.
New Species and Stages of Nearctic Fannia R.D. (Diptera: Muscidae) Associated with Nests of Hymenoptera
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

Descriptions and figures are presented of both adult and immature stages of a new species, Fannia moseri, from nests of Atta texana in Louisiana; and the female and larvae of F. binotata Chillcott, and mature larvae of F. americana Malloch, from nests of Bombus spp.
A Review of Ciconiphilus Bedford (Mallophaga: Menoponidae)
Authors: Price Roger D. , Beer James R.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

Eight species of Ciconiphilus from the Ciconiiformes and Anseriformes are discussed and illustrated; two of these are newly described: melanolophi. (type-host: Gorsachius m. melanolophus) and cygni (type-host: Cygnus cygnus). New synonymies include: quadripustulatus (Burm.) (= maculipes Gieb., planiceps Piag., cingulatum Piag.); temporalis (Piag.) (= femoratum Piag.); decimfasciatus (B. & L.) (= nyctarde Denny, obscurum Gieb., castaneum Piag., boisduvali Eichler, doriabagla Ausari). C. matosi (Tendeiro) is a new combination. A key is given to the species.
The Larva of Epinotia criddleana Kft. and a Note on Pseudexentera oregonana Wlshm. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

The original larval description of Epinotia criddleana Kearfott (MacKay 1959) was based on misidentified material, and a description and illustration of the true larva of this species is presented here. The eastern Pseudexentera sp. and the western Pseudexentera oregonana Wlshm., both feeding on trembling aspen, are now considered to be one species, P. oregonana Wlshm. The identity of P. oregonana has been confirmed by comparison of adults with the Walsingham type in the British Museum (Natural History).
A New Species of Cupressobium (Homoptera: Lachnidae) from Hawaii
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

A species of Cupressobium Börner is described. The aphid was collected from Cryptomeria japonica, the Japanese Cedar, on the Island of Maui, Hawaii. This species differs from the others in the genus in that the terminal process of antennal segment VI is much longer than the diameter of the main rhinarium of this segment while the length of rostral segments IV + V exceeds that of antennal VI.
The ochrogaster Group of the Genus Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with Description of a New Species
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

The ochrogaster group of the genus Euxoa is defined on the basis of genitalic characters, and a new species closely related to Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée) is described from the Yukon and western Northwest Territories of Canada.
Number Triangles Yielding the Numerators for Exact Solutions of the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
Authors: Ghent A. W.
Published: December 2009

A number triangle system is presented which permits determination by simple addition of the Wilcoxon exact-solution numerators to indefinitely large values. Tabulated values of these numerators are included. This approach permits the range of applicability of the exact solution to be extended indefinitely, and has the advantage of requiring only a minimal mathematical background for its understanding. Combinations of these number triangles can be employed to yield exact solutions for samples involving tied ranks.
Morphologie Larvaire des Agrilus liragus Barter et Brown et Agrilus anxius Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Benoit Paul
Published: December 2009

A detailed description of the larva of Agrilus liragus Barter and Brown, and the distinctive characters of Agrilus anxius Gory are given with a short discussion on the taxonomic value of some morphological characters.
A New Species of Perniphora Ruschka (Hymenoptera: Cleonymini)
Authors: Miller C. D. F.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Perniphora Ruschka reared in Maine, U.S.A., and New Brunswick, Canada, from logs of white and yellow birch infested with ambrosia beetles, especially Trypodendron betulae Swaine, is described and illustrated. It is compared with the only other described species, Perniphora robusta Ruschka, a Palearctic species which has been reared, according to Ruschka (1923), Novak (1960a, b), Balazy (1963) and Hedqvist (1963), from a number of ambrosia beetles, especially Trypodendron lineatum Oliv., in Germany, White Russia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Finland and Sweden.
The North American Species in Group X of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: December 2009

Ips calligraphus (Germar), I. ponderosae Swaine and I. interstitialis (Eichhoff) represent one variable species with the oldest name, Ips calligraphus (Germar) taking precedence. Ips calligraphus can always be recognized by the six spines on each side of the declivity. All other species in North America have less than six spines on each side.
Effect of Water-Stress on the Reproduction of European Red Mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) on Young Apple Trees
Authors: Specht H. B.
Published: December 2009

Water-stress in young apple trees potted in sandy soil caused a six-fold retardation in Panonychus ulmi (Koch) population growth during two generations in a greenhouse. A considerably smaller retardation effect on the population growth occurred on water-stress trees growing in a compost-sand soil mixture. The leaves from moist compost-sand soil trees contained nearly the same percentage of nitrogen as those from water-stress trees, thus it is believed the detrimental effect of water-stress is caused by the inability of the mites to secure sufficient food supplies for maximum reproduction and growth.
Reaction of Wheat Varieties to Tetranychus sinhai Baker (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Wallace H. A. H. , Sinha R. N.
Published: December 2009

Twenty-five varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 25 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown in the Western Canadian Co-operative Tests were studied at Morden, Manitoba, in 1964, for their resistance to natural infestation by a spider mite, Tetranychus sinhai Baker. Some of these were heavily infested whereas others showed no infestation. The differences were statistically significant. Generally, the commonly grown varieties, such as, Selkirk, Thatcher, Ramsey, Stewart were resistant, but some of the hybrid varieties, such as Sask. 6070, Q2331-5 under test were susceptible.
Asymmetry in Eocrepuscular Diel Periodicities of Insects
Authors: Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

In certain insects there exist eocrepuscular diel periodicities of activity in which the sunrise peak occurs at a higher light intensity than does the peak at sunset. This may happen because the indicator-process chosen by the observer to designate the activity is not the first in a behavioural sequence released by light of a critical intensity.
Laser Effects on Two Insects
Authors: Wilde W. H. A.
Published: December 2009

Dermestid larvae, Trogoderma versicolor (Creutzer), and adult American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (Linné), were affected by ruby laser pulses of two intensities, 0.06 ± 0.04 per 10−7 second duration and 0.57 ± 0.06 joules per 0.2 milliseconds. Laser impact areas were 1.5 mm. in diameter. The first intensity, directed at cephalic regions of dermestid larvae, caused mortality in 3–48 hours. The same intensity directed at larval mid-abdominal areas caused visible outer integument and body-hair scorching, cessation of feeding, growth rate, and movement, and loss of negative phototactic responses. Directed at posterior abdominal regions of larvae, it caused damage to the epidermal layer noticeable in four succeeding moults. It caused temporary (10-15 min.) immobility and loss of negative phototaxis when directed at pro-thoracic regions of cockroach adults. P. americana adults were more severely affected by the second laser treatment, exhibiting immobility, loss of negative phototaxis, and cessation of eating. Total mortality in the five treated specimens occurred in 8-14 days as compared with 45-68 days in controls.
Effects of Food on the Longevity, Fecundity, and Development of Adult Coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: December 2009

Access to drinking water increased the longevity of Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Muls. by about 35%. The water content of field-collected insects was 70% and of laboratory-fed insects 64%. Rate of loss of water increased, and longevity decreased when protein was absent from the food.

Anatis mali Auct. lived more than 1000 days and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake lived more than 400 days when fed on various synthetic foods. Seven of 13 species tested kid eggs when fed on these foods. A diet containing desiccated liver was the best non-prey food supplement for reproduction, and adults of three generations of C. maculata were kept on this food.

A. mali preferred dry powdered pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), to either bean aphids. Aphis fabae Scop., or corn aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), whereas C. maculata preferred corn pollen to aphids and A. pisum and R. maidis to A. fabae. Previous feeding did not affect the preference of either A. mali or C. maculata for dry aphids or pollen. C. maculata produced six eggs per mg. of food while feeding on A. pisum and four on R. maidis. Young adults ate more than older adults.

The rate of food intake was highest in A. mali during the first two weeks and in C. maculata during the first eight days after emergence. The living weight and dry weight of feeding C. maculata adults increased for eight days and then did not vary, whereas the water content decreased in this period. The index of relative growth was about 0.10 mg. per day per mg. of adult weight and food efficiency was about 0.18 mg. per mg. of food.
Laboratory and Field Methods for Assaying Olfactory Responses of the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins
Authors: Jantz O. K. , Rudinsky J. A.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory tests revealed that female Douglas-fir beetles, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, boring in logs of both host and non-host species produce a volatile substance that both attracts and arrests adult beetles. Male arrestment provided a reliable method for laboratory bioassay of volatile substances. Field tests were devised to show the attack, the attraction produced, and the broad development in six tree species: Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco; western larch, Larix occidentalis Nutt.; ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws.; western hemlock, Tsuga heteropbylla (Raf.) Sarg.; western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl.; and grand fir, Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.
Replacement of the Tentorium of Periplaneta americana Linnaeus During Ecdysis
Authors: Sharplin Janet
Published: December 2009

The new cuticle is secreted around the old tentorium which breaks into four pieces. These pieces are withdrawn through the tentorial pits at the moult.
Life History and Some Habits of the Pine Gall Weevil, Podapion gallicola Riley, in Michigan
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

The pine gall weevil has a 3-year life cycle on red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) in Michigan. Adults oviposit from June to August, depositing 1 to 10 eggs in a niche chewed in the bark of a branch internode. Larvae first emerge in August, feed as a group toward the cambium, and then radiate out along the xylem. Head capsule measurements from 1585 larvae indicate that there are three larval instars. Gall development begins in June of the second year, shortly after the larvae begin the second instar. The third instar commences in June of the third year. Pupation occurs in May of the fourth season; adult emergence follows in June. Overwintering occurs in the egg stage or in the three larval instars. Adults do not overwinter, and apparently three distinct broods occur in Michigan.
The Insect Ecology of Red Pine Plantations in Central Ontario: IV. The Crown Fauna
Authors: Martin J. Lynton
Published: December 2009

The faunal changes in the crown stratum of a newly established red pine plantation were observed during the first five years of growth. The crown faunae of three older stands planted in 1950, 1939, and 1929 were sampled throughout the growing seasons of four consecutive years by a technique employing pyrethrum insecticide.

The stands represent four stages in the development of a red pine community over a period of 35 years, and the presence, distribution, density, annual and seasonal fluctuations, species succession, and food relations of arthropod taxa are discussed.

Species colonizing trees in the establishment stage are largely replaced in the transition stage by a species-complex that persists throughout the succeeding monoculture and young-forest stages. Arthropod density in relation to crown size increases rapidly until the trees are about 15 years of age, and then declines. The pattern of seasonal abundance is dominated by a few species. The ratio between parasite–predator and prey species remains remarkably stable throughout the three older stages of the community.
Effects of Sex Sterilants on the Growth of Coccinellid Larvae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Smith B. C. , Bérubé J. A. C.
Published: December 2009

N,N′-Hexamethylene bisaziridinyl carboxamide and apholate interfered with the growth of Anatis mali Auct. and prevented it from reaching the adult stage. Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake was unable to grow with hexamethylene bisaziridinyl carboxamide in the drinking water but was able to tolerate a 0.01% solution of apholate.
Some Biological Attributes of Sawflies in theNeodiprion fulvicepsComplex in a Brushfield Pine Plantation (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Dahlsten Donald L.
Published: December 2009

Although adults from each of four study areas in California showed no morphological differences and were identified as belonging to theNeodiprion fulvicepscomplex, a number of biological differences in different stages of development indicate that there are three distinct populations of one species or subspecies of a species in the,N.fulvicepscomplex in California.

The life stages are typical ofNeodiprionspecies. Overwintering as eggs, eclosion commences in the spring. The larvae drop to the ground after four to six feeding instars, spinning their cocoons in the duff beneath the host trees. Pre pupal larvae spend the summer in the cocoon; pupation occurs in the fall and adult emergence follows two to three weeks after.

The foliage chosen for oviposition is mainly the current year's growth. Oviposition occurs largely in the upper crown of trees less than 10 feet in height, while in trees larger than 10 feet the lower crown is preferred. The outer two-thirds of the foliage of an individual tip and the lower gravitation edges of needles are favored for oviposition.

Some of the differences supporting the belief that there are distinct species or subspecies include number of eggs per female, number of needles in each fascicle used for oviposition, number of eggs inserted in each needle, spacing of egg pockets, egg color, number of feeding instars, date of larval eclosion, larval size, and larval feeding capacity.

Males and females emerged in synchrony in the laboratory and the field. Males predominated in cocoon collections but females predominated in rearings of larvae. This discrepancy in sex ratio may be due to a differential mortality factor. (In this study no prepupae were found to go into an extended diapause.)

One adult morphological character was found that may be of significance in supporting the contention that distinct populations or subspecies occur. Females in one study area generally had more antennal segments than females in other areas. This character along with the biological differences may prove adequate to describe these populations as subspecies or even species in the future bur it was felt that additional names, at this time, would only add to the confusion in the genus. Such descriptions should wait until the entireN.fulvicepscomplex can be considered.
Transmission of Virus in Tent Caterpillar Populations
Authors: Stairs G. R.
Published: December 2009

The transmission of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in populations of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner), was studied in Sudbury district, Ontario. Virus was transmitted from generation to generation by infected adults. Their progeny died from virus disease during the second and third larval instars. Adult flies of Sarcophaga aldrichi Parker, a dipterous parasite, were attracted to these dead, diseased larvae, became contaminated with virus, and spread the virus to foliage on which healthy larvae were feeding. The importance of these disseminating agents in the development of virus epizootics is discussed.
Three New North American Poplar-infesting Chaitophorinae (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Pseudopterocomma canadensis, Chaitophorus nudus and Chaitophorus nodulosus are described as new. All three infest species of poplar in North America. The affinities of each are discussed.
A Cage for Collecting Insects From Tree Stems and Branches
Authors: Elliott D. P. , Powell J. M.
Published: December 2009

A lightweight and inexpensive cylindrical-sleeve insect cage is described. The cage was constructed of plastic screening and cotton fabric closed by an open-ended zipper. The cage was successfully used to collect insects from rust cankers on the stems and branches of pine trees.
Some Quantitative Aspects of Insect Attraction
Authors: Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

The measurement of insect attraction by the number of specimens collected in a certain time, or by the duration of the attractive effect, does not distinguish between the roles of intrinsic attraction and the attractant concentration. It is shown that the number of D. melanogaster responding to a food odor is proportional to the logarithm of the attractant concentration, in conformity with the Weber–Fechner Law. The implications of this result are discussed.
The Role of Nutritional Principles in Biological Control
Authors: House H. L.
Published: December 2009

The role that nutrition plays in biological control may be seen in natural environments; but to understand and to make use of this role the principles concerned must be understood essentially in terms of specific chemical substances. A number of principles of insect nutrition particularly relevant to biological control concern the food of the host, the host itself, and its parasitoid. These principles may be generalized into three laws and they are called here the rule of sameness, the principle of nutrient proportionality, and the principle of cooperating supplements. Each is discussed in connection with its application in the laboratory or in natural environments, and a few examples of work relating to each are given. Most examples quoted are from work at Belleville, Ontario, on the parasitoid Pseudosarcophaga affinis Auct. nec. Fallén.
A Redescription of Metanopedias brunneipes (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) With Notes on its Geographical Distribution and Host Relationships
Authors: Jackson Dale , Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

Metanopedias sicarius Brues, 1910 is considered a new synonym of Trichacis brunneipes Ashmead, 1887. The genus Metanopedias Brues is redefined and Metanopedias brunneipes (Ashmead) new combination is proposed. The latter species is redescribed and illustrated, its geographical distribution and host relationships are listed and discussed.