bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of subsoiling and injection of pelletized organic matter on soil quality and productivity
Authors: Leskiw Leonard A. , Welsh Catherine M. , Zeleke Takele B.
Published: January 2012

Leskiw, L. A., Welsh, C. M. and Zeleke, T. B. 2012. Effect of subsoiling and injection of pelletized organic matter on soil quality and productivity. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 269–276. Subsoil compaction is a widespread problem in most reclamation and other industrial operations. The objective of our research was to evaluate effectiveness of coupling deep subsoiling with injection of 20 Mg ha−1 organic matter pellets. Research was conducted at seven sites on a pipeline right-of-way in central Alberta. Treatments were subsoiling, subsoiling with pellets and a compacted right-of-way (control), established in spring and fall 2009. Treatment effects on soil physical properties and nutrient status were assessed in fall 2009 for spring-established sites and on all sites in fall 2010. Density and height of canola plants were determined in late summer 2010. Relative to the control, subsoiling with pellet treatments had lower bulk density in the 20- to 40-cm depth interval (up to 40%) in 2010, particularly in clay-loam soils. This treatment often had higher available phosphorus and total organic carbon in 2010, and total nitrogen in spring treated sites in 2009. Relative to the control, subsoiling with pellets had 46% higher canola plant density in clay loam soils of fall-treated sites. Subsoiling with pellets is recommended on heavy-textured, compacted soils to alleviate compaction and increase plant productivity.
Epidemiology of Imported Cutaneous Leishmaniasis at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom: Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Identify the Species
Authors: Wall Emma C. , Watson Julie , Armstrong Margaret , Chiodini Peter L. , Lockwood Diana N.
Published: January 2012

This study reviewed all patients diagnosed with imported cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London, United Kingdom, over an 11-year period. Diagnostic and epidemiologic information was collected prospectively for all patients with imported CL to this hospital during 1998–2009. A total of 223 patients were given a diagnosis of CL. Ninety patients were diagnosed with Old World CL, which was caused most commonly by Leishmania donovani complex (n = 20). A total of 71% were tourists to the Mediterranean region, 36% were migrants or visiting friends and relatives, and 17% were soldiers. One hundred thirty-three patients were given a diagnosis of New World CL. The Leishmania subgenus Viannia caused 97 of these cases; 44% of these were in backpackers and 29% were in soldiers. Polymerase chain reaction was more sensitive and faster for detecting Leishmania DNA (86% for Old World CL and 96% for New World CL) than culture. This is the largest study of imported leishmaniasis, and demonstrates that tourists to the Mediterranean and backpackers in Central and South America are at risk for this disease.
A Cluster of Dengue Cases in American Missionaries Returning from Haiti, 2010
Authors: Sharp Tyler M. , Pillai Parvathy , Hunsperger Elizabeth , Santiago Gilberto A. , Anderson Teresa , Vap Trina , Collinson Jeremy , Buss Bryan F. , Safranek Thomas J. , Sotir Mark J. , Jentes Emily S. , Munoz-Jordan Jorge L. , Arguello D. Fermin
Published: January 2012

Dengue is an acute febrile illness caused by four mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV-1 to -4) that are endemic throughout the tropics. After returning from a 1-week missionary trip to Haiti in October of 2010, 5 of 28 (18%) travelers were hospitalized for dengue-like illness. All travelers were invited to submit serum specimens and complete questionnaires on pre-travel preparations, mosquito avoidance practices, and activities during travel. DENV infection was confirmed in seven (25%) travelers, including all travelers that were hospitalized. Viral sequencing revealed closest homology to a 2007 DENV-1 isolate from the Dominican Republic. Although most (88%) travelers had a pre-travel healthcare visit, only one-quarter knew that dengue is a risk in Haiti, and one-quarter regularly used insect repellent. This report confirms recent DENV transmission in Haiti. Travelers to DENV-endemic areas should receive dengue education during pre-travel health consultations, follow mosquito avoidance recommendations, and seek medical care for febrile illness during or after travel.
Social and News Media Enable Estimation of Epidemiological Patterns Early in the 2010 Haitian Cholera Outbreak
Authors: Chunara Rumi , Andrews Jason R. , Brownstein John S.
Published: January 2012

During infectious disease outbreaks, data collected through health institutions and official reporting structures may not be available for weeks, hindering early epidemiologic assessment. By contrast, data from informal media are typically available in near real-time and could provide earlier estimates of epidemic dynamics. We assessed correlation of volume of cholera-related HealthMap news media reports, Twitter postings, and government cholera cases reported in the first 100 days of the 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak. Trends in volume of informal sources significantly correlated in time with official case data and was available up to 2 weeks earlier. Estimates of the reproductive number ranged from 1.54 to 6.89 (informal sources) and 1.27 to 3.72 (official sources) during the initial outbreak growth period, and 1.04 to 1.51 (informal) and 1.06 to 1.73 (official) when Hurricane Tomas afflicted Haiti. Informal data can be used complementarily with official data in an outbreak setting to get timely estimates of disease dynamics.
Modelling large-scale ice-sheet–climate interactions following glacial inception
Authors: Gregory J. M. , Browne O. J. H. , Payne A. J. , Ridley J. K. , Rutt I. C.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We have coupled the FAMOUS global AOGCM (atmosphere–ocean general circulation model) to the Glimmer thermomechanical ice-sheet model in order to study the development of ice-sheets in North-East America (Laurentia) and North-West Europe (Fennoscandia) following glacial inception. This first use of a coupled AOGCM-ice-sheet model for a study of change on long palæoclimate timescales is made possible by the low computational cost of FAMOUS, despite its inclusion of physical parameterisations of a similar complexity to those of higher-resolution AOGCMs. With the orbital forcing of 115 ka BP, FAMOUS-Glimmer produces ice-caps on the Canadian Arctic islands, on the north-west coast of Hudson Bay, and in Southern Scandinavia, which over 50 ka grow to occupy the Keewatin region of the Canadian mainland and all of Fennoscandia. Their growth is eventually halted by increasing coastal ice discharge. The expansion of the ice-sheets influences the regional climate, which becomes cooler, reducing the ablation, while precipitation increases. Ice accumulates in places that initially do not have positive surface mass balance. The results suggest the possibility that the Laurentide glaciation could have begun on the Canadian Arctic islands, producing a regional climate change that caused or enhanced the growth of ice on the mainland. The increase in albedo due to snow and ice cover is the dominant feedback on the area of the ice-sheets, and acts rapidly, whereas the feedback of topography on SMB does not become significant for several centuries, but eventually has a large effect on the thickening of the ice-sheets. These two positive feedbacks are mutually reinforcing. In addition the change in topography perturbs the tropospheric circulation, producing some reduction of cloud and mitigating the local cooling along the margin of the Laurentide ice-sheet. Our experiments demonstrate the importance and complexity of the interactions between ice-sheets and local climate.
Phenomena of electrostatic perturbations before strong earthquakes (2005–2010) observed on DEMETER
Authors: Zhang X. , Shen X. , Parrot M. , Zeren Z. , Ouyang X. , Liu J. , Qian J. , Zhao S. , Miao Y.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. During the DEMETER operating period in 2004–2010, many strong earthquakes took place in the world. 69 strong earthquakes with a magnitude above 7.0 during January 2005 to February 2010 were collected and analysed. The orbits, recorded in local nighttime by satellite, were chosen by a distance of 2000 km to the epicentres during the 9 days around these earthquakes, with 7 days before and 1 day after. The anomaly is defined when the disturbances in the electric field PSD increased to at least 1 order of magnitude relative to the normal median level about 10−2μV2/m2/Hz at 19.5–250 Hz frequency band, and the starting point of perturbations not exceeding 10° relsupative to the epicentral latitude. Among the 69 earthquakes, it is shown that electrostatic perturbations were detected at ULF-ultra low frequency and ELF-extremely low frequency band before the 32 earthquakes, nearly 46%. Furthermore, we extended the searching scale of these perturbations to the globe, and it can be found that before some earthquakes, the electrostatic anomalies were distributed in a much larger area a few days before, and then they concentrated to the closest orbit when the earthquake would happen one day or a few hours later, which reflects the spatial developing feature during the seismic preparation process. The results in this paper contribute to a better description of the electromagnetic (EM) disturbances at an altitude of 660–710 km in the ionosphere that can help towards a further understanding of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere (LAI) coupling mechanism.
Building Teachers’ Understanding of Classroom Action Research: A Rural Case Study in Indonesia
Authors: Sukmayadi Dodi , Chandrawati Titi , Susilo Adhi , Marsinah Ngadi , Herawati [None] , Jovanka Della Raymena , Setiawati Denny , Kartono [None] , Hasanudin [None] , Afriani [None]
Published: January 2012

Indonesia Open University (UT: Universitas Terbuka) is a large, open university delivering distance education to students throughout Indonesia. An important aspect of its mission is to provide opportunities for Indonesian teachers to improve their education in-service. This includes two courses on classroom action research. In order to assess the effectiveness of these courses and, if necessary, improve them, a team of lecturers from UT conducted an investigation of the challenges teachers were facing in learning to conduct classroom action research through the UT modules. The team found that the modules did not adequately reflect an understanding of the actual characteristics of the teachers they were serving and were thus less effective than they might be in teaching teachers to conduct classroom action research. Changes in both the content and scheduling of the modules are recommended in order to more effectively promote classroom action research in Indonesian schools. Key Words: Classroom Action Research, Distance Education, Indonesia, Teacher Development
Glomus cubense sp. nov., an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from Cuba
Authors: Rodríguez Y. , Dalpé Y. , Séguin S. , Fernández K. , Fernández F. , Rivera R.A.
Published: January 2012

Glomus cubense (Glomeraceae, Glomeromycetes) was isolated from a lagoon vegetation area on a clay soil deposition environment in the vicinity of San José de las Lajas, Cuba. The species description is based on spore morphological parameters from in vivo pot cultures
and molecular analyses. The new species is characterized by its small, generally irregular in shape, 20-48 × (24–)54-72 μm hyaline to faintly yellow spores that have a 2-layered spore wall and arise in clusters. Phylogenetic analyses of the rDNA ITS region and H+ATPase place
the species into the Glomeraceae without close relatives among named Glomus species. Glomus cubense forms mycorrhizal associations with sorghum and leek plants under greenhouse pot-culture growing conditions and with a diversity of crop plants under field conditions. The
name cubense refers to Cuba, the country where the species was found.
Subulicystidium curvisporum sp. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from the Patagonian Andes
Authors: Gorjón Sergio P. , Greslebin Alina G. , Rajchenberg Mario
Published: January 2012

Subulicystidium curvisporum is described as a new species from the Patagonian Andes forests. It differs from its closest related species, S. longisporum and S. perlongisporum, in considerably longer and characteristically curved basidiospores. A key to all known
Subulicystidium species is included, and the new species is compared with other species in the genus.
Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study from Spain
Authors: Martín-Peña Almudena , Márquez Rafael Luque , Guerrero M José Marco , Espinosa Nuria , Blanco Yolanda , Ibeas José , Ríos-Villegas Ma José , Miguel Cisneros José ,   The Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases
Published: January 2012

Purpose

Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are common among patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis (HD) worldwide. The aim of this study was look into the incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors for CRBSI in four medical centers and Spanish dialysis facilities following a common protocol for insertion and management of tunneled hemodialysis catheters (THCs).

Methods.

Prospective study including all THCs inserted from September-04 to October-05. Follow-up was from THC insertion to its withdrawal, onset of CRBSI or end of study. Data of all THCs, CRBSI episodes, and catheter complications were collected. A descriptive analysis of CRBSI incidence and etiology and multivariate Cox regression to identify risk factors for CRBSI was performed.

Results.

A total of 130 THCs in 123 patients were inserted. There were 34 879 catheter-days. Twelve CRBSI in 11 patients with a CRBSI rate of 0.34/1000 catheter-days were recorded. CRBSI was caused by gram-positive coccus in 91.7% of the cases. Vascular cause of renal disease (HR 25.5 CI95% 5.5–117.2), and a previous THC (HR 5.1 CI95% 1.3–19.1) were identified as risk factors for CRBSI. CRBSI were satisfactorily resolved in 83.3% of the cases. Overall mortality was 14.6% (18/123), in two cases (2/11) death occurred within 30 days after CRBSI onset.

Conclusions.

Although some factors, such as vascular cause of renal disease and previous THC medical history, have been related to the onset of tunneled catheter-related bloodstream infections, the incidence of these bacteremia, mainly produced by gram-positive coccus, is low among hemodialysis patients and the mortality rate is not high.
An Overview of the Hemodynamic Aspects of the Blood Flow in the Venous Outflow Tract of the Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Georgakarakos Efstratios I. , Kapoulas Konstantinos C. , Georgiadis George S. , Tsangaris Adamantios S. , Nikolopoulos Evagelos S. , Lazarides Miltos K.
Published: January 2012

Upper limb vein aneurysms complicate all types of autogenous arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and comprise false aneurysms secondary to venipuncture trauma as well as true aneurysms, characterized by dilatation of native veins. The dilatation of a normal vein and the development of a true aneurysm are strongly influenced by local hemodynamic factors affecting the flow in the drainage venous system and are also the target of operative interventions. This review article focuses on the description of these hemodynamic aspects which all physicians involved in the management of dialysis patients should be aware of. Furthermore, it delineates their complicated interactions and also highlights their utility in clinical decision-making and therapeutic management.
An Old Universe in K-Essence Cosmology
Authors: Yang Rong-Jia , Zhang Shuang Nan , Chen Bohai , Qi Jing-Zhao
Published: January 2012

Models in which the Lagrangian contains only a kinetic factor and does not depend explicitly on the field itself in k-essence cosmology are considered. In the case of a constant potential, we
obtain an exact analytic solution of k-essence, wk=−(3α−2)/3α, under a simple hypothesis, a=a0(t/t0)α, but without any assumption about the form of F(X). In purely kinetic k-essence model, the acceleration can only be induced after the matter-dominated epoch; the Universe is about 33.5−3.4+4.2 Gyr old now and about 3.1 Gyr old at z=3.9 which is consistent with the fact of quasar observation, while this observation contradicts with the prediction of ΛCDM model, and the year where a transition from deceleration to acceleration expansion is about from 18.43 Gyr to 25.2 Gyr after the beginning of the Universe. These results may offer clues to test observationally the k-essence scenario in the future.
SCLC Degradation in 980 nm Pump Laser by Using Electrical Noise
Authors: Orsal B. , Asaad I.
Published: January 2012

The knowledge of the noise levels is important for pump laser diodes as it allows to study and to locate the noise sources and their origin. 980 nm fresh and aged pump lasers have been characterized by using electrical noise measurements. At 10 Hz, the spectra are dominated by () noise. Current noise spectral density (CNSD) is dominated by
(). The trapping defect density near the n+n- and p+p- interfaces is related to pinching of the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) effect. An excess electrical noise due to longitudinal mode hopping is correlated with optical power fluctuations.
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Photoconversion: A New Method to Stabilize Fluorescently Labeled Cellular Elements for Electron Microscopic Analysis
Authors: Colello Raymond J. , Tozer Jordan , Henderson Scott C.
Published: January 2012

Photoconversion, the method by which a fluorescent dye is transformed into a stable, osmiophilic product that can be visualized by electron microscopy, is the most widely used method to enable the ultrastructural analysis of fluorescently labeled cellular structures. Nevertheless, the conventional method of photoconversion using widefield fluorescence microscopy requires long reaction times and results in low‐resolution cell targeting. Accordingly, we have developed a photoconversion method that ameliorates these limitations by adapting confocal laser scanning microscopy to the procedure. We have found that this method greatly reduces photoconversion times, as compared to conventional wide field microscopy. Moreover, region‐of‐interest scanning capabilities of a confocal microscope facilitate the targeting of the photoconversion process to individual cellular or subcellular elements within a fluorescent field. This reduces the area of the cell exposed to light energy, thereby reducing the ultrastructural damage common to this process when widefield microscopes are employed. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:2.15.1‐2.15.12. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of Channelrhodopsin for Activation of CNS Neurons
Authors: Britt Jonathan P. , McDevitt Ross A. , Bonci Antonello
Published: January 2012

Optogenetics—the use of optically activated proteins to control cell function—allows for control of neurons with an unprecedented degree of spatial, temporal, and neurochemical precision. Three protocols are presented in this unit describing the use of channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2), a light‐activated cation channel. These protocols emphasize practical issues of working with ChR2, including guidelines for selecting a gene delivery method, light source, and method of tissue implantation, as well as steps for fabricating fiber optic patch cables and chronic implantable optical fibers. The first protocol describes the use of ChR2 in electrophysiological recordings from brain slices. The second and third involve the use of ChR2 in vivo, with light delivered through chronic fiber implants or guide cannula. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:2.16.1‐2.16.19. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Culture of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons
Authors: Gong Qizhi
Published: January 2012

Olfactory sensory neurons, located in the nasal epithelium, detect and transmit odorant information to the central nervous system. This requires that these neurons form specific neuronal connections within the olfactory bulb and express receptors and signaling molecules specific for these functions. This protocol describes a primary olfactory sensory neuron culture technique that allows in vitro investigation of olfactory sensory neuron differentiation, axon outgrowth, odorant receptor expression, and function. Olfactory epithelium is obtained from the nasal cavity and is enzymatically treated to reduce stroma tissue. Dissociated olfactory sensory neurons are cultured directly on a layer of cortical astrocytes to support their survival. Using this method, cultured olfactory sensory neurons maintain their bipolar morphology and express odorant signal transduction molecules, which are specific for olfactory sensory neurons. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:3.24.1‐3.24.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Skilled Forelimb Movement in Rats: The Single Pellet Reaching Test and Staircase Test
Authors: Klein Alexander , Dunnett Stephen B.
Published: January 2012

Brain damage, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Huntington's disease can cause severe motor deficits in skilled forelimb use in both humans and rats. These deficits are typically analyzed in a reach‐to‐eat paradigm. Skilled reaching in rats has been found to be a good model of human skilled reaching. Therefore, rats serve as an excellent tool to monitor the development of deficits after neurological insults or changes after medical intervention. The following protocols comprise two different tests of rat skilled reaching. The single pellet reaching test is a paradigm that involves detailed rating and analysis of qualitative aspects of the reaching movement itself. The staircase test is an objective, high‐throughput reaching task that allows reaching success (number of pellets eaten) to be investigated in multiple rats at the same time. Both tests have been used extensively to investigate motor deficits and effects of treatment. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:8.28.1‐8.28.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) Kindling Model of Epilepsy
Authors: Dhir Ashish
Published: January 2012

This unit describes a protocol to perform chemical kindling in mice. Kindling is a chronic animal model of epilepsy that has been extensively studied to understand the process of epileptogenesis and discover novel anti‐epileptic compounds. Kindling is a phenomenon where a sub‐convulsive stimulus (either chemical or electrical), if applied repetitively and intermittently, will ultimately lead to the generation of full‐blown convulsions. Kindling can be induced either by (1) electrical stimulation of different brain regions (electrical kindling) or (2) using various chemical agents (chemical kindling). This unit discusses in detail the methodology to execute pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; a GABAA receptor antagonist)–induced chemical kindling in mice. PTZ is administered chronically at a sub‐convulsive dose for a number of days. Seizure score is calculated after each PTZ injection. The effect of test/reference compounds can be tested by administering them either prior to the initiation of kindling (pre‐kindling phase) or after animals are fully kindled (post‐kindling phase). Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:9.37.1‐9.37.12. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Rubric for Extracting Idea Density from Oral Language Samples
Authors: Chand Vineeta , Baynes Kathleen , Bonnici Lisa M. , Farias Sarah Tomaszewski
Published: January 2012

While past research has demonstrated that low idea density (ID) scores from natural language samples correlate with late life risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease pathology, there are no published rubrics for collecting and analyzing language samples for idea density to verify or extend these findings into new settings. This unit outlines the history of ID research and findings, discusses issues with past rubrics, and then presents an operationalized method for the systematic measurement of ID in language samples, with an extensive manual available as a supplement to this unit (Analysis of Idea Density, AID). Finally, reliability statistics for this rubric in the context of dementia research on aging populations and verification that AID can replicate the significant association between ID and late‐life cognition are presented. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:10.5.1‐10.5.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Violet Ratiometric Membrane Probe for the Detection of Apoptosis
Authors: Telford William G.
Published: January 2012

This unit describes the use of a novel violet‐excited membrane‐binding probe F2N12S [4′‐N,N‐diethylamino‐6‐(N,N,N‐dodecyl‐methylamino‐sulfopropyl)‐methyl‐3‐hydroxyflavone] for the flow cytometric detection of the changes in membrane asymmetry, fluidity, and charge that accompanies apoptosis. This reagent inserts into the plasma membrane and undergoes a shift in emission from orange to green during the membrane alterations that occur during apoptosis. Since its mechanism of action differs from annexin V, it can be used in situations where annexin V binding is problematic, as in adherent cells removed from their growth substrate. Like annexin V, it can also be readily combined with other flow cytometric assays for apoptosis, allowing detailed multiparametric analysis of the apoptotic process. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 59:9.38.1‐9.38.12. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of Surface FAS—Quantitative Morphological Analysis Using Quantitative Imaging Cytometry
Authors: Zecchini Heather Ireland , English William R. , Reichelt Stefanie
Published: January 2012

Long‐term benefits of cardiovascular therapeutic interventions are often reduced due to reocclusion of the treated vessels. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy to reduce neointima formation would be of great interest. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells would be key in the development of such a strategy. Efficient activation of caspase‐8 regulated apoptosis is largely dependent on the aggregation of FAS at the cell surface, and a method to facilitate the study of FAS clustering and its role in apoptosis in these cells would be particularly useful. Here we describe a protocol for the antibody staining of cell surface FAS foci and the application of the iCys Research Imaging Cytometer for the quantitative and morphological analysis of the cell surface FAS foci. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 59:12.25.1‐12.25.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A modular design of metal catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones
Authors: Aydemir Murat , Baysal Akın , Gümgüm Bahattin
Published: January 2012

The ability of transition metal catalysts to add or remove hydrogen from organic substrates by transfer hydrogenation is a valuable synthetic tool. Towards a series of novel metal complexes with a P―NH ligand, [Ph2PNHCH2―C4H3O] derived from furfurylamine were synthesized. Reaction of [Ph2PNHCH2―C4H3O] 1 with [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(μ‐Cl)Cl]2, [Ru(η6‐benzene)(μ‐Cl)Cl]2, [Rh(μ‐Cl)(cod)]2 and [Ir(η5‐C5Me5)(μ‐Cl)Cl]2 gave a range of new monodentate complexes [Ru(Ph2PNHCH2―C4H3O)(η6‐p‐cymene)Cl2] 2, [Ru(Ph2PNHCH2―C4H3O)(η6‐benzene)Cl2] 3, [Rh(Ph2PNHCH2‐C4H3O)(cod)Cl] 4, and [Ir(Ph2PNHCH2‐C4H30)(η5‐C5Me5)Cl2] 5, respectively. All new complexes were fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. 31P‐{1H} NMR, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) or 1H‐13C heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) experiments were used to confirm the spectral assignments. Following activation by KOH, compounds 1, 2, 3, 4 catalyzed the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone derivatives to 1‐phenylethanol derivatives in the presence of iso‐PrOH as the hydrogen source. Notably [Ru(Ph2PNHCH2‐C4H3O)(η6‐benzene)Cl2] 3 acts as an excellent catalyst, giving the corresponding alcohols in 98–99% yield in 20 min at 82°C (time of flight ≤ 297 h−1) for the transfer hydrogenation reaction in comparison to analogous rhodium or iridium complexes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory Function During Anesthesia: Effects on Gas Exchange
Authors: Hedenstierna Göran , Rothen Hans Ulrich
Published: January 2012

Anaesthesia causes a respiratory impairment, whether the patient is breathing spontaneously or is ventilated mechanically. This impairment impedes the matching of alveolar ventilation and perfusion and thus the oxygenation of arterial blood. A triggering factor is loss of muscle tone that causes a fall in the resting lung volume, functional residual capacity. This fall promotes airway closure and gas adsorption, leading eventually to alveolar collapse, that is, atelectasis. The higher the oxygen concentration, the faster will the gas be adsorbed and the aleveoli collapse. Preoxygenation is a major cause of atelectasis and continuing use of high oxygen concentration maintains or increases the lung collapse, that typically is 10% or more of the lung tissue. It can exceed 25% to 40%. Perfusion of the atelectasis causes shunt and cyclic airway closure causes regions with low ventilation/perfusion ratios, that add to impaired oxygenation. Ventilation with positive end‐expiratory pressure reduces the atelectasis but oxygenation need not improve, because of shift of blood flow down the lung to any remaining atelectatic tissue. Inflation of the lung to an airway pressure of 40 cmH2O recruits almost all collapsed lung and the lung remains open if ventilation is with moderate oxygen concentration (< 40%) but recollapses within a few minutes if ventilation is with 100% oxygen. Severe obesity increases the lung collapse and obstructive lung disease and one‐lung anesthesia increase the mismatch of ventilation and perfusion. CO2pneumoperitoneum increases atelectasis formation but not shunt, likely explained by enhanced hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by CO2. Atelectasis may persist in the postoperative period and contribute to pneumonia. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:69‐96, 2012.
History of Respiratory Mechanics Prior to World War II
Authors: West John B.
Published: January 2012

The history of respiratory mechanics is reviewed over a period of some 2,500 years from the ancient Greeks to World War II. A cardinal early figure was Galen (130‐199 AD) who made remarkably perceptive statements on the diaphragm and the anatomy of the phrenic nerves. The polymath Leonardo da Vinci (1452‐1519) contributed observations on pulmonary mechanics including the pleural space and bronchial airflow that still make good reading. Vesalius (1514‐1564) produced magnificent illustrations of the lung, ribcage, and diaphragm. In the 17th century, the Oxford School including Boyle, Hooke, Lower, and Mayow were responsible for many contributions on mechanical functions including the intercostal muscles and the pleura. Hales (1677‐1761) calculated the size and surface area of the alveoli, the time spent by the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, and intrathoracic pressures. Poiseuille (1799‐1869) carried out classical studies of fluid mechanics including one of the first demonstrations of flow limitation in collapsible vessels. The culmination of the pre‐World War II period was the outstanding contributions of Rohrer (1888‐1926) and his two Swiss countrymen, Wirz (1896‐1978) and von Neergaard (1887‐1947). Rohrer developed the first comprehensive, quantitative treatment of respiratory mechanics in the space of 10 years including an analysis of flow in airways, and the pressure‐volume behavior of the respiratory system. von Neergaard performed landmark studies on the effects of surface tension on pressure‐volume behavior. Progress over the 2,500 years was slow and erratic at times, but by 1940 the stage was set for the spectacular developments of the next 70 years. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:609‐619, 2012.
Renal Medullary Circulation
Authors: Pallone Thomas L. , Edwards Aurélie , Mattson David L.
Published: January 2012

The renal medullary microcirculation is a distinctive arrangement of blood vessels that serve multiple functions in the renal medulla. This article begins with a description of the unique anatomy of this vascular bed and the role it plays in transport and countercurrent exchange in the medulla. A segment of the review is then devoted to the important role mathematical modeling has played in the understanding of this vascular bed's function. Succeeding sections focus upon the hematocrit in the vasa recta capillaries and methods utilized to assess blood flow in the renal medulla. An extensive portion of the article is then devoted to the regulation of the medullary circulation, from ion channel architecture to neurohormonal signaling. Finally, we discuss the importance of the renal medullary circulation in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and arterial blood pressure regulation. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:97‐140, 2012.
Control of Breathing During Exercise
Authors: Forster Hubert V. , Haouzi Philippe , Dempsey Jerome A.
Published: January 2012

During exercise by healthy mammals, alveolar ventilation and alveolar‐capillary diffusion increase in proportion to the increase in metabolic rate to prevent PaCO2from increasing and Pao2from decreasing. There is no known mechanism capable of directly sensing the rate of gas exchange in the muscles or the lungs; thus, for over a century there has been intense interest in elucidating how respiratory neurons adjust their output to variables which can not be directly monitored. Several hypotheses have been tested and supportive data were obtained, but for each hypothesis, there are contradictory data or reasons to question the validity of each hypothesis. Herein, we report a critique of the major hypotheses which has led to the following conclusions. First, a single stimulus or combination of stimuli that convincingly and entirely explains the hyperpnea has not been identified. Second, the coupling of the hyperpnea to metabolic rate is not causal but is due to of these variables each resulting from a common factor which link the circulatory and ventilatory responses to exercise. Third, stimuli postulated to act at pulmonary or cardiac receptors or carotid and intracranial chemoreceptors are not primary mediators of the hyperpnea. Fourth, stimuli originating in exercising limbs and conveyed to the brain by spinal afferents contribute to the exercise hyperpnea. Fifth, the hyperventilation during heavy exercise is not primarily due to lactacidosis stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors. Finally, since volitional exercise requires activation of the CNS, neural feed‐forward (central command) mediation of the exercise hyperpnea seems intuitive and is supported by data from several studies. However, there is no compelling evidence to accept this concept as an indisputable fact. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:743‐777, 2012.
Peripheral Circulation
Authors: Laughlin M. Harold , Davis Michael J. , Secher Niels H. , van Lieshout Johannes J. , Arce‐Esquivel Arturo A. , Simmons Grant H. , Bender Shawn B. , Padilla Jaume , Bache Robert J. , Merkus Daphne , Duncker Dirk J.
Published: January 2012

Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:321‐447, 2012.
Structure and Composition of Pulmonary Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
Authors: Townsley Mary I.
Published: January 2012

The pulmonary vasculature comprises three anatomic compartments connected in series: the arterial tree, an extensive capillary bed, and the venular tree. Although, in general, this vasculature is thin‐walled, structure is nonetheless complex. Contributions to structure (and thus potentially to function) from cells other than endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as those from the extracellular matrix should be considered. This review is multifaceted, bringing together information regarding (i) classification of pulmonary vessels, (ii) branching geometry in the pulmonary vascular tree, (iii) a quantitative view of structure based on morphometry of the vascular wall, (iv) the relationship of nerves, a variety of interstitial cells, matrix proteins, and striated myocytes to smooth muscle and endothelium in the vascular wall, (v) heterogeneity within cell populations and between vascular compartments, (vi) homo‐ and heterotypic cell‐cell junctional complexes, and (vii) the relation of the pulmonary vasculature to that of airways. These issues for pulmonary vascular structure are compared, when data is available, across species from human to mouse and shrew. Data from studies utilizing vascular casting, light and electron microscopy, as well as models developed from those data, are discussed. Finally, the need for rigorous quantitative approaches to study of vascular structure in lung is highlighted. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:675‐709, 2012.
Central Chemoreceptors: Locations and Functions
Authors: Nattie Eugene , Li Aihua
Published: January 2012

Central chemoreception traditionally refers to a change in ventilation attributable to changes in CO2/H+detected within the brain. Interest in central chemoreception has grown substantially since the previous Handbook of Physiology published in 1986. Initially, central chemoreception was localized to areas on the ventral medullary surface, a hypothesis complemented by the recent identification of neurons with specific phenotypes near one of these areas as putative chemoreceptor cells. However, there is substantial evidence that many sites participate in central chemoreception some located at a distance from the ventral medulla. Functionally, central chemoreception, via the sensing of brain interstitial fluid H+, serves to detect and integrate information on (i) alveolar ventilation (arterial PCO2), (ii) brain blood flow and metabolism, and (iii) acid‐base balance, and, in response, can affect breathing, airway resistance, blood pressure (sympathetic tone), and arousal. In addition, central chemoreception provides a tonic “drive” (source of excitation) at the normal, baseline PCO2level that maintains a degree of functional connectivity among brainstem respiratory neurons necessary to produce eupneic breathing. Central chemoreception responds to small variations in PCO2to regulate normal gas exchange and to large changes in PCO2to minimize acid‐base changes. Central chemoreceptor sites vary in function with sex and with development. From an evolutionary perspective, central chemoreception grew out of the demands posed by air versus water breathing, homeothermy, sleep, optimization of the work of breathing with the “ideal” arterial PCO2, and the maintenance of the appropriate pH at 37°C for optimal protein structure and function. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:221‐254, 2012.
Mechanobiology in Lung Epithelial Cells: Measurements, Perturbations, and Responses
Authors: Waters Christopher M. , Roan Esra , Navajas Daniel
Published: January 2012

Epithelial cells of the lung are located at the interface between the environment and the organism and serve many important functions including barrier protection, fluid balance, clearance of particulate, initiation of immune responses, mucus and surfactant production, and repair following injury. Because of the complex structure of the lung and its cyclic deformation during the respiratory cycle, epithelial cells are exposed to continuously varying levels of mechanical stresses. While normal lung function is maintained under these conditions, changes in mechanical stresses can have profound effects on the function of epithelial cells and therefore the function of the organ. In this review, we will describe the types of stresses and strains in the lungs, how these are transmitted, and how these may vary in human disease or animal models. Many approaches have been developed to better understand how cells sense and respond to mechanical stresses, and we will discuss these approaches and how they have been used to study lung epithelial cells in culture. Understanding how cells sense and respond to changes in mechanical stresses will contribute to our understanding of the role of lung epithelial cells during normal function and development and how their function may change in diseases such as acute lung injury, asthma, emphysema, and fibrosis. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:1‐29, 2012.
The birth and early growth of a comprehensive multidisciplinary diabetes center in a community hospital: The Bildirici Center for Diabetes Care and Research at Laniado Hospital
Authors: Niven Mordechai (Mark)
Published: January 2012

Diabetes is a multisystem disorder. Diabetes care is a multidisciplinary process. The Bildirici Center for Diabetes Care and Research opened its doors to its first patients in August 2007, as the first center in Israel to offer comprehensive integrated multidisciplinary care for people with diabetes. In addition to direct patient care, the Center has organized courses, lectures and workshops for people with diabetes, as well as for professionals caring for people with diabetes and for the general community. The ability of individuals within different departments to develop and implement such a center may have been facilitated by the smallness of our institution and the familiarity they share as a result. We have shown how a community hospital, without ties to a major medical center or academic institution, can establish a multidisciplinary inpatient and outpatient diabetes center, the first of its kind in a country. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic fatty liver disease is associated with specific changes in blood‐borne markers
Authors: Sharma S. , Barrett F. , Adamson J. , Todd A. , Megson I. L. , Zentler‐Munro P. L. , MacRury S. M.
Published: January 2012

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess if plasma markers associated with NAFLD are increased in people with concomitant diabetes compared with those without.

Methods

A total of 68 participants were recruited from diabetes and liver clinics. Fatty liver disease was indicated by routine blood tests and ultrasonography. Forty‐seven participants had type 2 diabetes; of them, 18 had no fatty liver disease as defined previously (DNoFLD) and 29 had fatty liver disease (DFLD); the remaining 21 had fatty liver disease but no diabetes (NonDFLD). Serum samples were analyzed for adiponectin (APN), alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and plasma for cholesterol, triglyceride, hyaluronic acid (HA), procollagen peptide III, alkaline phosphatase and fibrinogen.

Results

Hyaluronic acid and procollagen peptide III were significantly higher and adiponectin significantly lower in DFLD than NonDFLD and DNoFLD, the difference being particularly marked for hyaluronic acid and APN. There was no difference in these markers between NonDFLD and DNoFLD and no association between any plasma or serum marker and ultrasound grade of steatosis.

Conclusion

We have identified markers of hepatic steatosis that appear to be specific for people with type 2 diabetes. A further longitudinal study is merited to assess the role of these markers in understanding the progression of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in people with and without diabetes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iminoether Complexes of the Type, fac‐[Re(CO)3L{HNC(CH3)OCH3}]BF4 (L = Bipyridine or a Substituted Bipyridine): Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Perera Theshini , Abhayawardhana Pramuditha , Fronczek Frank R. , Marzilli Patricia A. , Marzilli Luigi G.
Published: January 2012

The methyl acetimidate (an iminoether) complexes, fac‐[Re(CO)3L{HNC(CH3)OCH3}]BF4 [where L = 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy), 4,4′‐Me2bipy, 5,5′‐Me2bipy, or 6,6′‐Me2bipy], were formed when fac‐[Re(CO)3(CH3CN)3]BF4 in acetonitrile/methanol was treated with 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) or the dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridines (4,4′‐Me2bipy, 5,5′‐Me2bipy, or 6,6′‐Me2bipy). Structural analysis of the four fac‐[Re(CO)3L{HNC(CH3)OCH3}]BF4 complexes revealed that all of the complexes crystallize with the iminoether ligand in the Z configuration and that distortions in L that involved the two pyridyl rings are minor except for 6,6′‐Me2bipy, which is highly distorted. This distortion of the 6,6′‐Me2bipy ligand is reflected in the NMR‐spectroscopic data. Upon complex formation, the methyl group signal in the 13C NMR spectrum shifted downfield significantly for 6,6′‐Me2bipy, but this did not occur in the 13C NMR spectrum of the 5,5′‐Me2bipy complex. The reaction times for forming the respective fac‐[Re(CO)3L{HNC(CH3)OCH3}]BF4 complexes for these two ligands were comparable, which indicated that the differences in the distortion of L and the methyl substituent position have little influence on the ease of iminoether formation. However, a higher steric bulk of the alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and2‐propanol) decreases the ease of fac‐[Re(CO)3(5,5′‐Me2bipy){HNC(CH3)OR}]BF4 formation. Isopropanol did not form the iminoether complex after two days of heating the reaction mixture at reflux. The low reactivity of the alcohols tested versus the amines that were tested previously suggests that selective bioconjugation to the fac‐{99mTc(CO)3}+ core through an amidine linkage is feasible for biomolecules that have both amine and hydroxy groups. Finally, a comparison of the C≡N bond lengths that were obtained for the fac‐[Re(CO)3(CH3CN)3]BF4/PF6 complexes with those values obtained for other rhenium acetonitrile complexes revealed that there is no significant difference between the C≡N bond lengths and that there is no correlation to the acetonitrile reactivity. It is possible that the fac‐{Re(CO)3}+ core stabilizes the transition state for amine or alcohol addition.
On the Coordination of Dinitrogen to Group 4 Metallocenes
Authors: Peigné Benjamin , Cano Joan , Aullón Gabriel
Published: January 2012

A theoretical study on the basis of DFT calculations for complexes with the general formula [{MCp2}2N2] (M = Ti, Zr, or Hf; Cp = cyclopentadienyl ligand) is presented. The relative stability of side‐on and end‐on isomers is determined for each metal atom. A survey of the electronic structure and molecular orbitals provides a simple interpretation of the chemical bonding within the M2N2 unit and reveals the factors that determine the choice of the coordination mode of dinitrogen to metallocenes. These results have been confirmed by vibrational calculations and topological analysis of the electron density together with a structural database study. The influence of the conformational changes on some molecular properties and their implications for the N–N bonding character will be discussed.