bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aphid Transmission of Potato aucuba mosaic virus Strains Mediated by Different Strains of Potato virus Y
Authors: Manoussopoulos I. N.
Published: May 2008

Three British strains of potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) were tested for transmissibility by the aphid Myzus persicae. None was aphid transmissible on its own but all three were transmitted in the nonpersistent manner by aphids that had previously been fed on a source of the potyvirus potato virus Y (PVY). Different PVY strains mediated PAMV transmission from Nicotiana clevelandii to Capsicum annuum to different degrees, and different PAMV strains were transmitted at different frequencies when assisted by the same PVY strain. These results are compatible with the idea that subtle differences in the PAMV coat protein and in the PVY helper component are responsible for diffrences in frequencies of transmission of PAMV, without however, excluding the possibility of effects of other undefined factors. Transmission of PAMV was no less frequent when mediated by a PVY strain that was unable to infect C. annuum than when a C. annuum‐infecting PVY strain was used.
Prophylactic intratubal injection of methotrexate after linear salpingostomy for prevention of persistent ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Akira Shigeo , Negishi Yasuyuki , Abe Takashi , Ichikawa Masao , Takeshita Toshiyuki
Published: May 2008

Aim:  To examine the efficacy of local methotrexate (MTX) administration following linear salpingostomy for tubal pregnancy in the prevention of persistent ectopic pregnancy (PEP).

Methods:  Patients who underwent a laparoscopic linear salpingostomy between January 1996 and December 2006 were enrolled in the study. Patients who were assigned to the prophylaxis group were administered MTX (50 mg) into the tubal wall in the vicinity of the lesion immediately following linear salpingostomy (n = 41). Patients who were treated without MTX were assigned to the control group (n = 40). Serum human chorionic gonadotrophin levels were followed in both groups postoperatively once every 3 days until they became undetectable. The incidence of PEP was compared between the two groups.

Results:  Persistent ectopic pregnancy occurred in seven patients (17.5%) in the control group compared with zero patients in the prophylaxis group (P < 0.05). There were no side‐effects attributable to MTX in the prophylaxis group.

Conclusion:  A single prophylactic intratubal injection of MTX following laparoscopic linear salpingostomy is a safe and effective regimen for the prevention of PEP.
Efficiency of follicle‐stimulating hormone, commenced in the luteal phase, for overcoming a poor response in assisted reproduction
Authors: Kucuk Tansu , Göktolga Ümit , Sozen Eran
Published: May 2008

Aim:  The efficacy of commencement of recombinant follicle‐stimulating hormone (recFSH) during the luteal phase in the long‐protocol gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist regimen in poor responders was compared with the conventional protocol in a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

Methods:  Forty‐two women who responded poorly to previous conventional controlled ovarian hyperstimulation were included in the study. Recombinant FSH (150 IU) was started simultaneously with the GnRH agonist long protocol in the study group. The control group was started recFSH on Day 2 of menstruation in the long‐protocol GnRH agonist regimen. The number of metaphase (M) II oocytes, the number of embryos transferred, and the pregnancy rate were analyzed as main outcome measures.

Results:  Patients in the study group had a higher number of MII oocytes compared with the control group (6.8 vs 3.2, respectively; P < 0.005), received a higher number of embryos (2.7 vs 1.2, respectively; P < 0.05), and had higher pregnancy rates (38% vs 15%, respectively; P < 0.005).

Conclusions:  Commencement of recFSH during the luteal phase simultaneously with the long‐protocol GnRH agonist regiment in poor responder women produces better results compared with the conventional long‐protocol GnRH agonist plus high‐dose recFSH regimen.
Environmental genomics reveals a functional chlorite dismutase in the nitrite‐oxidizing bacterium ‘Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii’
Authors: Maixner Frank , Wagner Michael , Lücker Sebastian , Pelletier Eric , Schmitz‐Esser Stephan , Hace Karin , Spieck Eva , Konrat Robert , Le Paslier Denis , Daims Holger
Published: May 2008

Nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria of the genus Nitrospira are ubiquitous in natural ecosystems and also in wastewater treatment plants. Nitrospira are members of a distinct phylum, not closely related to other nitrifiers, and no genomic sequences from this genus have been available so far. Here we applied an environmental genomics approach to sequence and assemble a 137 kbp‐long genome fragment of ‘Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii’, which had been enriched from activated sludge and belongs to Nitrospira sublineage I without isolated representatives. The annotation of this contig, which carried the 16S rRNA gene of N. defluvii, offered first insight into the genome of Nitrospira. Surprisingly, we found a gene similar to genes encoding chlorite dismutase (CLD), an enzyme degrading chlorite (ClO2‐) to Cl‐ and O2. To date, CLDs with high catalytic activity have been found only in perchlorate‐ and chlorate‐reducing bacteria but not in nitrifiers. Heterologous expression in E. coli followed by enzymatic tests confirmed that this gene of Nitrospira encodes a highly active CLD, which is also expressed in situ by Nitrospira, indicating that this nitrite oxidizer might be involved in the bioremediation of perchlorate and chlorite. Phylogenetic analyses showed that CLD and related proteins are widely distributed among the Bacteria and Archaea, and indicated that this enzyme family appeared relatively early in evolution, has been subject to functional diversification and might play yet unknown roles in microbial metabolism.
Incipient Reproductive Isolation between Geographic Populations of Ophryotrocha labronica (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae)
Authors: Åkesson Bertil
Published: May 2008

Åkesson, B. (Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.) Incipient reproductive isolation between geographic populations of Ophryotrocha labronica (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae). Zocl. Scripta 1 (5): 207–210, 1972.–The mechanism of sex determination and the incipient reproductive isolation between geographic populations of Ophryotrocha labronica are studied in intra‐ and interpopulation crosses. Two populations from the Naples area and one from Leghorn are employed in the crosses. The considerable genetic difference between the Leghorn population and any of the Naples populations is reflected in some crossing combinations by changes in sex ratios, by occurrence of individuals with a reduced viability in the progeny, by a decreased mating propensity, and by discrimination of mates from alien populations. It is stated that the changes in sex ratios, the decreased mating propensity, the dwarfed individuals in the progeny, and the preferential mating all reflect the incompatibility of gene complexes. The differences between reciprocal crosses are not fully explained. The occurrence of extranuclear DNA, as well as the existence of a maternal heredity in intrapopulation crosses, indicate that cytoplasmic inheritance may be one of the factors behind these reciprocal differences.
Zur Kenntnis von Morphologie und Systematik einiger Arten der Gattung Diaptomus (s. restr.) (Crustacea, Copepoda)
Authors: Kiefer Friedrich
Published: May 2008

Kiefer, F. (Staatliches Institut fur Seenforschung und Seenbewirtschaftung, Abteilung Max‐Auerbach‐Institut, Kcnstanz Bodensee, GFR) Zur Kenntnis von Morphologie und Systematik einiger Arten der Gattung Diaptomus (s. restr.) (Crustacea, Copepoda). Zool. Scripta 1 (5): 229–240, 1972.–Based on a detailed morphological comparison of the type material of Diaptomus mirus Lilljeb. and of some Diaptomus‐populations from SE Europe and Anatolia, the author has distinguished 3 species of this group: Diaptomus mirus Lilljeb., occurring in western Sibiria and perhaps in the central region of the European USSR; D. falsomirus sp. n. in Bulgaria and in Anatolia; D. serbicus Gjorg. being found in Italy, in Yugoslavia, in the island of Corfu (Greece), in Bulgaria, in Rumania and perhaps in Ukraina. In addition, a more exact description is given of Diaptomus glacialis Lilljeb. based on the type material.–In an appendix Diaptomus kostromanus sp. n. is described on material from the European USSR.

Eine eingehende vergleichend‐morphologische Untersuchung des ori‐ginalen Materiales von Diaptomus mirus Lilljeb. und mshrerer Diap‐fom‐5‐Populationen aus Siidosteuropa und Anatolien führt zum Ergebnis, daß drei verschiedene Arten dieser Gruppe zu unterschei‐den sind: Diaptomus mirus Lilljeb. mit Vorkommen in W. Sibirien und vielleicht im mittleren Teil der europäischen USSR; D. falsomirus sp. n. in Bulgarien und Anatolien; D. serbicus Gjorg., ge‐funden in Italien, Jugoslawien, Bulgarien, Rumänien, auf der lnsel Korfu (Griechenland) und vielleicht in der Ukraine. Zusätzlich wird Diaptomus glacialis Lilljeb. ausführlicher gekennzeichnet. –Diaptomus kostromanus sp. n. wird in einem Nachtrag beschrieben (Material aus der europäischen USSR).
The Latero‐sensory Component of the Dermal Skeleton in Lower Vertebrates and Its Phyletic Significance
Authors: Ørvig Tor
Published: May 2008

Ørvig, T. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.) The latero‐sensory component of the dermal skeleton in lower vertebrates and its phyletic significance. Zool. Scripta 1(3–4): 139–155, 1972.–A latero‐sensory component of the dermal skeleton is met with not only in teleostomian fishes, but also in arthrodires, holocephalians (the lateral line canal “rings”), some fossil selachians, bradyodonts and acanthodians, and a few, at least, of the Osteostraci. Although not yet traceable with certainty in the Heterostraci, such a component probably existed even in early stages of vertebrate history. The persistence in the adult of this component as separate ossicles embracing the lateral line canals is surely the result of regression or other modifications of the dermal skeleton in fishes like arthrodires, coelacanthids and actinopterygians, but is apparently a primitive feature in e.g. acanthodians. In discussing the phyletic relations between the latero‐sensory and membranous components of the dermal skeleton, it is concluded that these probably were separate formations from the very beginning. A condition (exemplified by certain acanthodians) where separate latero‐sensory ossicles of the lateral line canals are surrounded by a mosaic of small scales of membranous origin is presumably that from which the various dermal bone‐patterns in lower vertebrates are all derived. A discussion is also included in this paper of the scales and otoliths in acanthodians.
Faerlea echinocardii sp. n. und Diskussion der Gattungen Avagina Leiper und Faerlea Westblad (Turbellaria Acoela)
Authors: Dörjes Jürgen
Published: May 2008

Dörjes, J. (Institut für Meeresgeotogie u. Meeresbiotogie ˝Senckenberg”, Wilhelmshaven, GFR.) Faerlea echinocardii sp. n. und Diskussion der Gattungen Avagina Leiper und Faerlea Westblad (Turbellaria, Acoela). Zool. Scripta 1 (3–4): 185–189, 1972.–In the present paper Faerlea echinocardii, a parasite in the heart‐urchin Echinccardium flavescens, is described. The description of Faerlea echinocardii as well as the incomplete description of Avagina tenuissima by Westblad (1946) are used to discuss the known genera Avagina Leiper and Faerlea Westblad. Based on more recent information Avagina tenuissima has been eliminated from the genus Avagina. For this species the new genus Proaphanostoma gen.n. has been erected. For the genus Proaphanostoma gen.n. a diagnosis is given.

In der vorgelegten Arbeit wird die in dem Herzigel Echinocardium flavescens parasitierende Acoele Faerlea echinocardii sp. n. be‐schrieben. Sowohl die Neubeschreibung von Faerlea echinocardii als auch die unvollständige Beschreibung von Avagina tenuissima durch Westblad (1946) werden zum Anlaß genommen, die Gattungen Avagina Leiper und Faerlea Westblad neu zu diskutieren. Avagina tenuissima (Westblad) mußte aufgrund neuerer Erkenntnisse aus der Gattung Avagina eliminiert werden. Für sie wird die neue Gattung Proaphanostoma gen. n. eingerichtet, da sie in keine der bestehenden Gattungen eingereiht werden konnte. Für die Gattung Proaphanostoma gen. n. wird eine Diagnose gegeben.
Classification, Convention and Logic
Authors: Løvtrup Søren
Published: May 2008

An attempt has been made to establish axiomatically the principles of biological classification. It is shown that if phylogenetic classification is based on the notion of dichotomous origin of new taxa implied in Hennig's theory of cladism then the outcome must be a hierarchy in the form of a dichotomous dendrogram. Since the rules of traditional classification do not lead to this type of “phylogenetic tree” it is concluded that the conventions of ordinary systematics do not permit the erection of a “natural system”.
Some Antarctic Entoprocta with Notes on Morphology and Taxonomy in the Entoprocta in General
Authors: Franzén Åke
Published: May 2008

‐Six entoprocts are reported and figured from the Antarctic Region, collected by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903. The species are: Barentsia discreta (Busk, 1886), Pedicellina cernua (Pallas, 1774), Loxosomella antarctica sp.n., Loxosomella murmanica (Nilus, 1909), Loxosomella compressa Nielsen & Ryland, 1961, subsp. antarctica ssp.n., and Loxosomella brachystipes sp.n. The original diagnosis by Robertson of the genus Myosoma is discussed on the basis of the muscle strands in the calyx and the stalk.
Musculature and Muscle Scars in the Cytherid Ostracode Cytheridea papillosa (Bosquet)
Authors: Andersson Anders
Published: May 2008

The intrinsic and extrinsic musles in Cytheridea papillosa are described and their function discussed. Special attention has been paid to the extrinsic muscles and the scars these muscles form on the valves. Two scars, close together, in the central area, earlier referred to as frontal or an‐tennal scars, have muscular origin. The larger of these belongs to the carapax adductor system, and the name frontal adductor muscle scar is suggested for it. The smaller scar is associated with the mandible, whose muscle acts as an abductor. The name mandibular abductor muscle scar is suggested for it.
The Sensory Line System and Its Innervation in the Osteostraci (Agnatha, Cephalaspidomorphi)
Authors: Janvier Philippe
Published: May 2008

A comparative study of the sensory line system and the lateralis nerve complex in osteostracans on one hand, and in petromyzontids on the other, reveals further similarities between these two groups. The interrelationships between the lateralis nerve complex and the other cranial nerves in osteostracans lead to the conclusion that, in these forms, the first, second and third branchial nerves correspond respectively to the ramus maxillaris trigemini, the ramus mandibularis trigemini and the facialis of petromyzontids.

L'étude comparative des lignes sensorielles et du complexe du nerf latéral chez les Ostéostracés et les Pétromyzontides révele A nouveau de grandes similarités entre ces deux groupes. En outre, les rapports anatomiques entre le complexe du nerf latéral et les autres nerfs crâniens conduisent a la conclusion que les trois premiéres paires de nerfs branchiaux des Ostéostracés correspondaient respectivement aux rameaux maxillaire et mandibulaire du trijumeau ainsi qu'au nerf facial chez les Pétromyzontidés.
Two New Proschizorhynchus Species from the Coast of Massachusetts, USA (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia)1
Authors: Doe David A.
Published: May 2008

Proschizorhynchus nahantensis sp. n. and Proschizorhynchus papillatus sp. n. are described and their taxonomy discussed. P. nahantensis is characterized by its penis papilla which has a proximal spherical and distal tubular portion. A simple stylet is present. The female system is distinguished by the external opening of the vagina and the prominent bursal mouthpiece. P. papillatus is distinguished by the two muscle layers of the copulatory organ, the large straight stylet in the penis papilla, a single gonopore and uterus. Notes on the ecology of the species are included. Views are given on the taxonomy of the genus Proschizorhynchus Meixner, 1928.
Etude histologique des marques squelettiques de croissance chez Vipera aspis (L.)(Ophidia, Viperidae)
Authors: Castanet Jacques
Published: May 2008

The skeletal marks present in numerous po'ikilo‐therm Vertebrates are, for numerous workers, the expression of an annual growth periodicity. They have been used, therefore, to calculate the individual age. Nevertheless, few works exist about the nature of these marks. We have begun, by various techniques to study the histo‐logical structure of these marks on a series of native Vipera aspis (L.). Skeletal marks are made of two types of osseous tissues: (1) lamellar bone, with parallel fibers, for the annuli, considered to be the result of a period of slow growth; (2) woven fibered bone, for the zones, considered to be the expression of a period of rapid growth. The value of these skeletal marks as an index of age is still to be demonstrated by experimental methods.

Résumeé

Les marques squelettiques présentes chez de nombreux Vertébrés poikilothemes, témoignent pour les auteurs d'une périodicité annuelle de la croissance. Elks ont de ce fait été utilisées dans le calcul de 1'âge individuel. Cependant peu de travaux nous renseignent sur la nature de ces formations. Nous avons entrepris sur un lot de Vipera aspis (L.) indigènes et par des techniques variées, l'étude de la structure histologique de ces stries de croissance. Celles‐ci correspondent A deux types de tissus osseux: (1) os lamellaire ou L fibres paralleles, pour les annuli, considéré comme le resultat d'une phase de croissance ralentie; (2) os A fibres entrecroisées, pour les zones, consider6 comme le resultat d'une phase de croissance rapide. La valeur des marques squelettiques comme critère d'Lge reste cependant A démontrer par la méthode experimentale.
Harpacticoiden (Crustacea, Copepoda) aus dem Küstengrundwasser der französischen Mittelmeerküste
Authors: Kunz Helmut
Published: May 2008

Investigations of the ground water of the French Mediterranean coast gave 28 different species of harpacticoid copepods. Among them, six species are new to the French coast and three species and one form are described as new, viz. Ectinosoma mediterraneum sp.n., Sigmatidium rouchi sp.n., Ameira atlántica mediterránea forma n., and Taurocletodes gallicus sp.n. Comparison of the harpacticoid fauna of the French coast with other marine districts shows close relations to the fauna of the Black Sea, while the relations to the Atlantic coast (Portugal) and the Baltic Sea (Bay of Kiel) are only remote. A genus is established, Taurocletodes gen.n. Sigmatidium noodti sp.n. is described from the Sea of Marmara.
Terminology in Phoronida
Authors: Emig Christian C.
Published: May 2008

A terminology (in three languages) of the main descriptive terms of the anatomy of the phylum Phoronida is established and proposed to facilitate communication in future anatomical studies and taxonomical works. A brief discussion is given of the names (Latin and common) of this phylum. The present note must be considered as a preliminary work on nomenclature problems.
Neue Wassermilben (Acari, Hydrachnellae) aus Australien1
Authors: Viets Kurt O.
Published: May 2008

Five new species of water mites from Australia are described: Limnesia maceripalpis sp.n., Limnesia inga sp.n., Unionicola (Giselaiax) lundbladi subgen.n., sp.n., Neumania (Lemienia) gila sp.n. and Koenikea iinka sp.n. Giselaiax subgen.n. is established. In addition some remarks are made on the special fauna of water mites in Australia.

fünf neue Arten von Wassermilben aus Australien werden beschrieben: Limnesia maceripalpis sp.n., Limncsia inga sp.n., Unionicola (Giselatax) lundbladi subgen. n., sp.n., Neumania (Lemienia) gila sp.n., Koenikea tinka sp.n. Eine der Arten gehört zu einem neuen Subgenus: Giselatax subgen.n. Dazu werden einige Bemerkungen iiber die besondere Wassermilben‐Fauna Australiens gemacht.
Pattern of Pads and Folds in the Foot of European Oscines (Aves, Passeriformes)
Authors: Lennerstedt Ingvar
Published: May 2008

A comparative study of pads and folds in the foot is made on 56 passerine species, classified in 18 families or subfamilies of the suborder Oscines. A basic pattern of thirteen pads is recognized: twelve in the digits, each related to one phalanx; the thirteenth in the central part of the foot, ventral to the trochleas of tarsometatarsus. Certain pads in the anterior digits are divided in species with long and narrow pads. The number of folds varies, even in the same species, but a basic pattern is recognized. There is one fold at each joint. Except for the fold at the distal joint in the four digits, these folds are comparable with pads in certain non‐Passerifor‐mes. The folds at the proximal phalanx of the third and the fourth digit are interpreted as reduced pads. Some folds are separated parts of phalanx pads. – Most passerine birds have this basic pattern of pads and folds, clearly adapted to a life on branches or on twigs. Certain species, exemplified by Alauda arvensis, Plectrophenax nicalis, Certhia familiaris, and Regulus regulus, have different morphology of pads and folds, depending on a reduced number of papillae, and being adaptations to life on the ground, on tree trunks, or on very thin twigs. Relatively few papillae occur in certain species that winter in temperate or cold climates. This means a reduced area of contact with the substrate and is probably important in heat regulation by reducing the conductive heat flow through the papillae to the substrate.–The pads and folds have a restricted value for the classification on family or subfamily level.
A Functional Study of Papillae and Pads in the Foot of Passerines, Parrots, and Owls
Authors: Lennerstedt Ingvar
Published: May 2008

The pattern of pads, the morphology and microscopical anatomy of the papillae, the structure of dermis, and the attachment of the skin to the skeletal elements were studied in species representing Passeriformes, Psittaciformes, and Strigiformes. Functional observations were made while dissecting fresh material. The secondary insertion of the flexor muscles on the skin structures is discussed. The papillae in the pad of the passerine species is connected to a plate mainly composed of the horny cells of stratum corneum; only the top of the papillae are free to penetrate roughnesses in the bark of branches or twigs. The parrot has papillae free from one another and often supplied with Herbst corpuscles, indicating touch function. The owl has also free papillae, but these are supported by densely packed collagenous fibres in the dermis, forming a plate functionally comparable to the horny plate of the passerine. The pads and folds in the passerine are attached to the skeletal elements, both directly by collagenous fibre bundles and indirectly by the large scales on the dorsal side of the digit, which are firmly anchored to the phalanges. The pads in the parrot and the owl are directly attached by collagenous fibres to the skeletal elements. The structure of the pad and the papillae correlate with the habits: in the passerine, to jump and fly between branches; in the parrot, to move sluggishly on branches and manipulate food with the feet; and in the owl, to perch on branches and grasp prey.
Studies on Species of HolarcticPardosaGroups (Araneae, Lycosidae). I:Redescription ofPardosa albomaculataEmerton and description of two new species from North America, with comments on some taxonomic characters
Authors: Kronestedt Torbjörn
Published: May 2008

Pardosa albomaculataEmerton is found to be a distinct species (previously treated as synonym toP. groenlandica(Thorell)); comments are given on synonyms, variation and distribution.P. lowrieisp.n. is described on material from Washington state, USA, and British Columbia, Canada;P. buckleisp.n. on material from Saskatchewan, Canada.P. albomaculataandP. lowrieiare closely related, differing in certain features of the male palps, notably the shape of the conductor, the terminal apophysis, and the embolus, as well as details of the epigynes. These two species andP. buckleibelong to the provisionally namedglacialis/groenlandicacomplex, including several Nearctic and Palae‐arctic species still not investigated in detail taxonomically. Comments are given on some taxonomic characters in the copulatory organs. In this respect emphasis is given to the importance of the shape of the mentioned palpal parts, which have hitherto been very little studied inPardosaspecies. Viewpoints on some species group characters are also given.
Palaeohistological Notes
Authors: Ørvig Tor
Published: May 2008

Ørvig, T. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S‐104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.) Palaeohistological notes. 4. The interpretation of osteodentine, with remarks on the dentition in the Devonian dipnoan Griphognathus. Zool. Scr. 5 (2): 79–96, 1976.—A renewed discussion of the ontogeny and structure of osteodentine (“trabecular dentine”) reaffirms the writer's earlier conclusions that this hard tissue forms initially as a system of bony trabeculae and achieves its final character of dentine by the development of denteons (instead of, as in bone tissue, osteons) on the margins of these trabeculae. In this connection remarks are given on the hard tissue surrounding the tritural columns of the tooth plates in various fossil and recent holocephalans. Osteodentine differs in conditions of mineralization, fibrous texture and growth from the vascular pleromin (pleromic hard tissue) of many dipnoan tooth plates with which it has on occasion been confused. In the Devonian dipnoan Griphognathus, the dentition is in certain respects suggestive of that in some elasmobranchs. — In connection with this paper, methods of investigating fossil hard tissue by the SEM are discussed.
Rhabdom Adaptation and Its Phylogenetic Significance
Authors: Elofsson Rolf
Published: May 2008

Elofsson, R. (Zoological Institute, University of Lund, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden.) Rhabdom adaptation and its phylogenetic significance. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 97–101, 1976. — The rhabdoms of arthropod compound eyes are structurally differentiated into open, fused layered, and fused continuous. All are capable of perceiving polarized light. The fused layered, and under certain conditions the fused continuous, perform particularly well. — The fused layered rhabdoms occur in malacostracan crustaceans and in various insect groups. This, together with, among other things, the presence of open rhabdoms in insects and crustaceans, indicates convergent development of organs and parts of organs. — Elaborate visual organs of more than one kind occur in crustaceans, as is exemplified by the compound and nauplius eyes. This shows that more than one construction on the organ level is possible in a restricted taxo‐nomical unit for the. perception of light. The different rhabdom types performing well in receiving polarized light also show parallel evolution on a level below the organ. — The result of adaptation analyses indicates the need for a restricted use of the concept of homology basic to morphological investigations and a base for phylogenetic speculations. It also envisages a fruitful approach to a peep into the workshop of evolution. — It is concluded that a fully formed compound eye in arthropod ancestors is hardly conceivable. A realistic alternative is an inherent capacity of forming a compound eye. Thus the ancestral compound eye could have ranged from nothing to a partly‐developed stage. The recent eyes need not originate from one source.
The Proboscis Hooks in Karkinorhynchidae and Gnathorhynchidae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) as Basement Membrane or Intracellular Specializations
Authors: Doe David A.
Published: May 2008

Doe, D. A. (Department of Zoology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA.) The proboscis hooks in Karkinorhynchidae and Gnathorhynchidae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) as basement membrane or intracellular specializations. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 105–115, 1976.—The fine structure analysis of the proboscis hooks in the genus Cheliplana Beauchamp revealed that these structures are specializations within the basement lamina enclosing the proboscis. The fine structure analysis of the proboscis hooks in the genus Gnatho‐rhynchus Meixner revealed that these structures are intracellular specializations within a fold of epithelium located at the junction of the proboscis sheath and proboscis cone. The electron dense hook material is deposited primarily in microvilli along the outer cell surface of the cone epithelium. The fine structural analysis of the unarmed proboscis in the genus Proschizorhynchus Meixner agrees with the description for the armed schizorhynchs and these findings support the view that the Schizorhynchia is a monophyletic group. The fine structural analysis of the unarmed proboscis in Florianella bipolaris Rieger & Sterrer agrees with the description for Gnathorhynchus. A comparison of the proboscis and hooks in the two kalyptorhynch suborders suggests a more distant relationship between them. A discussion of the methods for the anchorage of intracellular, intercellular and extracellular hard structures is also included.
A Neocomian Chironomid and Podonominae‐Aphroteniinae (Diptera) in the Light of Phylogenetics and Biogeography
Authors: Brundin Lars
Published: May 2008

Brundin, L. (Section of Entomology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S‐10405 Stockholm, Sweden.) A Neocomian chironomid and Podonominae‐Aphroteniinae (Diptera) in the light of phylogenetics and biogeography. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 139–160, 1976.—Called upon by a criticism by Schlee in 1975 the present paper delivers a renewed investigation of the monophyly of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and their position in the Chironomidae hierarchy. The validity of the conclusions reached by Brundin in 1966 is confirmed. Additional evidence is given by new cases of synapomorphy and unique parallelism. The concepts inside‐and outside‐parallelism are introduced. It is shown that Schlee, being unaware of the implications of geographical vicariance and different cases of true parallelism, and of the consequences of unequal cleavage and unequal deviation, differs from the methodological approach of Hennig and Brundin. —Libanochlites neocomicus gen.n., sp.n. from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon is described and its phylogenetic position and biogeographical significance discussed and integrated with reviews of the Jurassic‐Cretaceous history of Podonominae and Aphroteniinae.
Hedylopsis risen sp.n., a New Interstitial Mollusc from the New England Coast (Opisthobranchia, Acochlidiacea)1
Authors: Morse M. Patricia
Published: May 2008

Morse, M. Patricia (Marine Science Institute, Northeastern University, Nahant, Mass. 01908, USA). Hedylopsis riseri sp.n., a new interstitial mollusc from the New England Coast (Opisthobranchia, Acochlidiacea). Zool. Scr. 5 (5): 221–229, 1976.—Hedylopsis riseri sp.n. is the first member of the genus to be described and recorded in the USA. The organisms are described from coarse sand collected at Crowe Neck in North Trescott, Maine. The description details the anatomy of living and preserved specimens. The recording of direct development for the species is the first such description in the Acochlidiacea. Comparisons of the new species with the five other known species of Hedylopsis are made.
Notes on Adult Morphology and Larval Development of Tubiluchus corallicola (Priapulida), Based on in vivo and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examinations of Specimens from Bermuda1
Authors: Kirsteuer Ernst
Published: May 2008

Kirsteuer, E. (Department of Fossil and Living Invertebrates, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. 10024, USA). Notes on adult morphology and larval development of Tubiluchus corallicola (Priapulida), based on in vivo and scanning electron microscopic examinations of specimens from Bermuda. Zool. Scr. 5 (6): 239–255, 1976.—Observations are reported on morphology of adults of both sexes and of several larval forms. The latter are separated into four groups due to differences exhibited inter alia in the lorica length and in the number of scalids, neck folds and tubuli. The larvae are compared with those previously described from Curaçao and Barbados, and it is concluded that at present six larval stages of Tubiluchus corallicola can be distinguished. The functional significance of certain structures in adults and larvae is discussed and a few observations on the behavior of the animals are noted. Most of the details described are illustrated with photomicrographs and the pharyngeal armature in larvae is also documented with scanning electron micrographs.
The Morphology and Significance of the Spermoviduct and Prostate in the Evolution of the Reproductive System of the Pulmonata
Authors: VISSER MATTHYS H. C.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to review the reproductive systems of the pulmonates in order to determine the inherent trends displayed by this system in these animals. The different elements composing this system, especially those of the pallial region, are homologised and the functional aspects (s. 1.) of the components described, including the origin and evolutionary development of the various prostatic elements of the pulmonates; and (2) to review ideas on and discuss the origin of the hermaphroditism of the pulmonate reproductive systems.
Structure larvaire et histogenèse post‐larvaire chez Crista denticulata (Lamarck) (Bryozoa, Cyclostomata, Articulata)
Authors: D'HONDT JEAN‐LOUP
Published: May 2008

The larval structure and the first stages of the post‐larval morphogenesis in the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa Crisia denticulata (Lamarck) have been studied with aid of electron microscopy. The various types of cells are described and defined according to a previously proposed terminology; their destiny during the metamorphosis is indicated.
Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Observations on Surface Structures of Three Turbellarian Species
Authors: REUTER MARIA
Published: May 2008

The body surface of Microstomum lineare, Bothriomolus balticus and Archilopsis unipunctata was examined in scanning electron microscope. The threedimensional appearance of adhesive duo‐gland organs, receptor cilia, globular bodies and pistil‐like projections is described. The adhesive duo‐gland papillae of Bothriomolus and Archilopsis appear as bouquetlike structures on either side of the tail as well as on the cilia covered body. In Microstomum the papillae occur as single projections among the ciliary body für. Supplementary TEM investigation revealed crystalline bodies in the cytoplasm of viscid gland cells.
Mesocetus argillarius sp.n. (Cetacea, Mysticeti) from Upper Miocene of Denmark, with Remarks on the Lower Jaw and the Echolocation System in Whale Phytogeny
Authors: ROTH FLEMMING
Published: May 2008

A detailed description is given of the lower jaw and cervical vertebrae of an almost complete skeleton of a baleen whale, Mesocetus argillarius sp.n., from the Gram Formation of Jutland, Denmark. After comparison with other baleen whales it is concluded that the Miocene species of Mesocetus are closely related to recent balaenopterids, although not their direct ancestors. The relationship to recent balaenids is more remote. The voluminous mandibular canal found in various Mesocetus species, in Pelocetus mirabilis and in some Arahaeoceti e.g. Zygorhiza kochi and Dorudon osiris, may be one of the prerequisites for the development during whale phylogeny of the echolocation system found in a highly refined form in modern Odontoceti. Asymmetry in the cranial skeleton characteristic of modern odontocetes seems to be closely linked with the echolocation system and when detected in fossil forms, it may indicate that this system was already established there. Accordingly, it would appear from forms such as Diochotichus vanbenedeni and Prosqualodon australis that some sort of echolocation was in existence as early as in the Lower Miocene.
Proleptusmackenzieisp.n. (Nematoda, Spirurida) from Raja fyllae in the Barents Sea
Authors: WILLIAMS H. HARFORD , RICHARDS D. H. HEDDWYN
Published: May 2008

Previous work on species of Proleptus Dujardin, 1845 and related genera is briefly reviewed. Proleptus mackenziei sp.n. is described and figured. P. mackenziei is close to P. obtusus, P. acutus and P. malayi but differs from them in the host, position of the vulva which is 2/5/ of the body length from the anus and in the detailed arrangements of the papillae on the male tail.
Revision of Microlaimidae, Erection of Molgolaimidae fam.n., and Remarks on the Systematic Position of Paramicrolaimus (Nematoda, Desmodorida)
Authors: JENSEN PREBEN
Published: May 2008

The family Microlaimidae contains Bolbolaiminae subfam.n. (Bolbolaimus syn. Pseudomicro‐laimus) and Microlaiminae (Calomicrolaimus, Ixonema and Microlaimus). The new family Molgolaimidae contains Aponematinae subfam.n. (Aponema gen.n.) and Molgolaiminae subfam.n. (Molgolaimus and Prodesmodora). The main differentiating characters applied are: structures of the head region, shape of the oesophagus, position of the excretory pore, shape of the tail, structure of the gonads and ornamentation of the cuticle. The significance of porids and preanal supplements as distinguishing characters is, discussed. Microlaimidae are closely related to Desmodoridae; Molgolaimidae related to Spiriniidae. Paramicrolaimus is transferred from Microlaimidae to Spiriniidae.–Six species from the Øresund, Denmark, are redescribed: Microlaimus punctulatus Gerlach, 1950 and M. acinaces Warwick & Piatt, 1973; Aponema torosus (Lorenzen, 1973) gen.n., comb.n. (syn. Microlaimus torosus Loren‐zen, 1973); Molgolaimus allgeni (Gerlach, 1950) comb.n. (syn. Microlaimus allgeni Gerlach, 1950) and M. turgofrons (Lorenzen, 1972) comb.n. (syn. Microlaimus turgofrons Lorenzen, 1972); Paramicrolaimus spirulifer Wieser, 1959.
Morphology and Taxonomy of Two New Otoplanids (Turbellaria, Proseriata) from the Ligurian Sea
Authors: LANFRANCHI ALBERTO
Published: May 2008

Two new species of Otoplanidae belonging to the subfamily Parotoplaninae are described: Parotoplana macrostyla sp.n. and P. uncinate sp.n. In both species the anterior body end bears a swelling. The rhabdites are grouped into bundles of several elements (up to 20 or more). The caudal plate is fan‐shaped. The cuticular apparatus has a stylet and two types of spines. The germovitelloducts do not form the common duct and the bursa stalk has a peculiar structural pattern.
Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Nacre in Some Gastropods
Authors: MUTVEI HARRY
Published: May 2008

The nacreous layer in Gibbula, Calliostoma, Trochus and Haliotis is described on the basis of scanning electron microscopic studies. The central part of each nacreous tablet contains a significant amount of calcified organic matrix which is insoluble in a chromium sulphate and a 25% glutaraldehyde solution. In most cases, the tablet is subdivided by radial vertical organic membranes into a varying number (2 to 50) of crystalline sectors. These sectors represent polysynthetically twinned crystal individuals which form cyclic or interpenetrant twins. The nacreous tablets in gastropods are compared with those in bivalves, and with the non‐biogenic aragonite. The mechanical properties of the nacre, and the effects of the interlamellar conchiolin membranes upon the nucleation of the tablets, are discussed.
The Reproductive System of Gastrotrichs. I Introduction with morphological data for two new Dolichodasys species1
Authors: RUPPERT EDWARD E. , SHAW KEVIN
Published: May 2008

This paper begins a series aimed at clarifying the structure and function of reproductive organs in Gastrotricha Macrodasyida. Morphological data are presented for Dolichodasys carolinensis sp.n. and D. delicatus sp.n. Both are elongate, have reduced adhesive organs and complex accessory reproductive organs, termed the frontal‐caudal organ system. The system consists of a band of cells behind the gonads in the central body chamber. The anterior portion, the frointal organ, stores foreign spermatozoa; the posterior portion, the caudal organ, may function as a copulatory organ. The caudal organ has two canals forming a loop opening at a single ventral pore. One canal contains a spiralled secretion, the other elongated filaments that appear to be muscle cell derivatives. Systematic groupings are made for other long‐bodied Gastrotricha Macrodasyida.
Observations on Fission, Maturation and Reproduction in Dugesia biblica (Turbellaria, Tricladida) from Israel
Authors: BROMLEY HEATHER J.
Published: May 2008

Laboratory studies on the normally fissiparous Dugesia biblica from Israel (3n=27+x supernumeraries) have been made in order to investigate fission rates and spontaneous maturation of four fissioning populations and one clone. Laboratory induced maturation in a sixth population of D. biblica resulted in the laying of fertile cocoons, the offspring of which were either 3n=27+x, 2n= 18+x or 2n= 18+x It is suggested that triploidy is primarily responsible for the lack of sexual reproduction in the field, and that unequal inheritance of supernumerary chromosomes during mitosis may explain the differing tendencies to undergo spontaneous maturation by individuals of a clone of D. biblica. The karyotype, habitat and reproduction of D. biblica is compared with a closely related but diploid, normally sexually reproducing Dugesia form and possible relationships between these two are discussed.
Demographic Strategy in a Brown Trout Population in Western Norway1
Authors: JONSSON BROR
Published: May 2008

(1) The individuals in the densely populated stock of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., living in Lake Lane and Stranda River, are small, mature at an early age, and have a relatively short life span. Such a demographic strategy appears favourable for populations having a large, but physically unstable spawning and nursery area, intense competition for food, and little vertebrate predation except for human exploitation. (2) For females, the age of sexual maturation appears largely dependent on growth‐rate, size, and survival‐rate of the fish. Males do not appear to have the advantage of a corresponding large body size. They mature when smaller and at more varying ages than the females, although the two sexes have almost identical growth‐rates. (3) Sexually mature fish have higher condition coefficients than immature ones, which is probably an adaptation to ensure gonadal development and enhance the prospect of reproductive success. (4) Mortality appears to be largely dependent on the age when the fish achieve sexual maturation. Most individuals seem to die after their first spawning season. Females show a delay of one year in their sexual maturation relative to males. This adaptation gives protection to the females.
Scientific Report on the Belgian Expedition to the Great Barrier Reef in 1967. Nematodes IX Four new species of Quadricoma Filipjev (Nematoda, Desmoscolecida)
Authors: DECRAEMER WILFRIDA
Published: May 2008

The following species are described: Q. papillata sp.n., characterized by its head‐shape with broad truncated anterior end and in males by the possession of 2 single short, stout ventral genital papillae situated anterior to the middle of the body; Q. lizardiensis sp.n., closely related to Q. papillata but distinguished from the latter by its head‐shape with a pronounced distally widened anterior border and the absence of genital papillae in the male; Q. freudenhammeri sp.n., characterized by its head‐shape with an anteriorly tapering naked front part with thickened, sclerotized cuticle and a rounded posterior part covered with thin cuticle and by the stoma with cheilorhabdia; Q. noffsingerae sp.n., characterized by its head‐shape with widened truncated anterior border surrounding 6 sometimes protruding lips, each with a tube‐like papilla and by the position of the ocelli situated along the posterior half of the long cylindrical oesophagus.
The Structure and Mineralization of the Carapace of the Crab (Cancer pagurus L.) 2. The exocuticle
Authors: HEGDAHL TROND , GUSTAVSEN FINN , SILNESS JOHN
Published: May 2008

The exocuticle of the dorsal carapace of the intermoult Cancer pagurus was studied by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and contact microradiography. In the exocuticle a 5‐15 μm wide highly mineralized external zone was seen where prisms were not present. The cross‐sectional shape and diameter of the prisms varied. The prisms were separated by interprismatic areas varying in width and in degree of mineralization. With increasing width of the interprismatic areas the diameter of the prisms decreased. The prism‐less external zone may be the result of complete mineralization of the prisms. The pore canals of the exocuticle were circular in cross section and present both within the prisms and within the interprismatic areas. The lamellar system of the exocuticle was built up by layers of horizontal fibrils which were interconnected by vertical or oblique fibrils. The minerals of the external prism‐less zone occurred as aggregates of crystalline matter or as large brick‐like structures. Crystal edge lengths up to 300 nm were measured. In well mineralized interprismatic areas aggregates of crystals and relatively large crystals were observed. In poorly mineralized interprismatic areas small plate‐like crystals occurred. Occasionally a prism‐less zone was seen near the exocuticle/endocuticle junction.
Zur Feinstruktur der spermatogenetischen Stadien von Myxine glutinosa L. (Cyclostomata)
Authors: ALVESTAD‐GRAEBNER INGRID , ADAM HANS
Published: May 2008

The fine structure of the spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, the Sertoli cell and the epithelial cells of the mesorchial sheath is described. In an early spermatid stage a transient close relationship between the Chromatoid body and the acrosome is demonstrated.
Species of Apistogramma (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Orinoco Drainage Basin, South America, with Descriptions of Four New Species
Authors: KULLANDER SVEN O.
Published: May 2008

Apistogramma macmasteri sp.n. (headwaters of the R. Meta), A. viejita sp.n. (near Puerto Gaitán), A. hongsloi sp.n. (the R. Guarrojo and the Can̄o Perro), and A. iniridae sp.n. (Puerto Inírida and the Can'o Bocón) are described from Colombia. A redescription is given of the types of A. hoignei Meinken (the R. Portuguesa, Venezuela). A. iniridae belongs to a group of chiefly Amazonian species, including also A. pertensis (Haseman). It is characterized by e.g. the absence of black in the anterior dorsal fin and the united dorsal fin lappets in males. The other four species constitute a group of closely related forms. Bars are present in the colour pattern, males have produced anterior dorsal fin lappets, and females have a dark blotch on the chest. Two additional, still undescribed species of Apistogramma in the Puerto Inírida region are noted.
Rhabdochona parastromatei sp.n. (Nematoda, Rhabdochonidae) from the Fish Parastromateus niger (Bleeker) of the Karachi Coast
Authors: BILQEES FATIMA MUJIB
Published: May 2008

Rhabdochona (Rhabdochona) parastromatei sp.n. is characterized by its relatively large body size, 16 teeth in pros tome, right spicule 0.48‐0.50 mm and left 0.10‐0.12 mm in length, 9–10 pairs of caudal papillae, a single adanal papilla, eggs in female 0.029‐0.044 by 0.018‐0.025 mm in size, and by having a marine fish host.