bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation for Low Back Pain of Pregnancy: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Lisi Anthony J.
Published: January 2006

Low back pain is a common complaint in pregnancy, with a reported prevalence of 57% to 69% and incidence of 61%. Although such pain can result in significant disability, it has been shown that as few as 32% of women report symptoms to their prenatal provider, and only 25% of providers recommend treatment. Chiropractors sometimes manage low back pain in pregnant women; however, scarce data exist regarding such treatment. This retrospective case series was undertaken to describe the results of a group of pregnant women with low back pain who underwent chiropractic treatment including spinal manipulation. Seventeen cases met all inclusion criteria. The overall group average Numerical Rating Scale pain score decreased from 5.9 (range 2–10) at initial presentation to 1.5 (range 0–5) at termination of care. Sixteen of 17 (94.1%) cases demonstrated clinically important improvement. The average time to initial clinically important pain relief was 4.5 (range 0–13) days after initial presentation, and the average number of visits undergone up to that point was 1.8 (range 1–5). No adverse effects were reported in any of the 17 cases. The results suggest that chiropractic treatment was safe in these cases and support the hypothesis that it may be effective for reducing pain intensity.
Environmental Contaminants in Breast Milk
Authors: Nickerson Krista
Published: January 2006

Toxic environmental contaminants can be transferred from mother to infant via breastfeeding. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a family of lipophilic stable chemicals that bioaccumulate in adipose tissue and create a lasting toxic body burden. Breastfeeding provides a significant source of exposure to POPs early in human life, the effects of which are unknown, and is the subject of a growing body of research. Despite the possibility of harm from environmental contaminants in breast milk, breastfeeding is still recommended as the best infant feeding method. This article reviews what is known about POPs in breast milk and their effect on infant development to inform clinicians about the issue, provide recommendations for practice, and promote environmental and public health policies that reduce human exposure to harmful pollutants.
Screening for Pesticide Exposure: A Case Study
Authors: Quackenbush Robi , Hackley Barbara , Dixon Jane
Published: January 2006

Pesticide use is ubiquitous in the United States in both agricultural and urban environments. Although pesticide exposure can occur anywhere, migrant and seasonal farmworkers in medically underserved communities are at particular risk. Health care providers often feel ill‐equipped to recognize or manage pesticide exposure or pesticide‐related illness. In 2002, the National Environmental Education Foundation published a series of reports that describe national goals for improving the recognition, management, and prevention of pesticide‐related health conditions. This article illustrates how to diagnose and manage pesticide exposures by analyzing a pesticide exposure case using a framework suggested by the National Environmental Education Foundation. Basic screening techniques and available resources for use in the primary care setting are presented.
A comparative model of firm size and the global operational dynamics of U.S. firms in Europe
Authors: Prater Edmund , Ghosh Soumen
Published: January 2006

This study focuses on the global operations of U.S. firms that have shifted from direct exporting to the location of facilities in Europe. All U.S. firms with physical facilities in Europe were surveyed. We develop a general model that integrates firms’ experience in global operations with their operations strategy, their global supply chain structure, and their ability to coordinate global operations through information technology. From the model emerge hypotheses that are tested using the structural equation modeling approach, taking into account differences in challenges across small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) and large to very large firms. Our testing and comparisons give insight into the dynamics of the globalization process and provide direction for future research.
Deaths from all causes in a long-term follow-up study of 11583 deliberate self-harm patients
Authors: HAWTON K. , HARRISS L. , ZAHL D.
Published: January 2006

Background. Deliberate self-harm (DSH) may be associated with increased risk of death from a variety of causes, not just suicide.

Method. A follow-up study of 11583 DSH patients who presented to a general hospital over a 20-year period was conducted to examine risk of death from a range of causes during a follow-up period of between 3 and 23 years. Deaths were identified through national death registries. Expected numbers of deaths were calculated from national death statistics.

Results. The number of deaths (1185, 10·2%) was 2·2 times the expected number, the excess being significantly greater in males than females. Suicides were 17 times more frequent than expected and undetermined causes of death and accidental poisonings 15 times more frequent. Significantly more than expected numbers of deaths from most natural causes were found, including respiratory disease, circulatory, neurological, endocrine, digestive, skin and musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders, and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions. Deaths due to accidents other than poisoning were more frequent than expected in both genders and homicides more frequent in males.

Conclusions. In addition to increased risk of suicide, DSH patients are at increased risk of dying from a wide range of other causes. Possible explanations include lifestyle factors, physical disorders contributing to initial risk of DSH, and social disadvantage. The findings are relevant to clinical management and evaluation of outcome and health-care costs associated with DSH.
WHAT'S WRONG WITH IMPERIALISM?
Authors: Morris Christopher W.
Published: January 2006

Imperialism is thought to be wrong by virtually everyone today. The
consensus may be correct. However, there may be a few good things to be said
for empire. More importantly for political philosophy, empires are not
harder to justify or legitimate than states, or so I argue. The bad press
that empires receive seems due to a methodological suspect comparison of
nasty empires to nice states. When nice empires are considered they do not
fare much worse than (nice) states. I suggest that empires can have the same
weak kind of legitimacy that states have and that both lack fuller or
stronger legitimacy.
COLLATERAL BENEFIT
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: January 2006

This essay attempts to identify the ethical principles appropriate to a
second-order political agent—an agent, that is, whose primary responsibility
lies not in the implementation of state power, but in the response to and
evaluation of that state power. The specific agent I examine is the human
rights non-governmental organization, and the specific context is that of
humanitarian military intervention. I argue that the specific role of the
human rights NGO gives rise to ethical permissions not available to
government agents. In particular, such NGOs may have permissions to ignore
the motivation of government agents, and support even substantially unjust
interventions, where such interventions would have substantial benefit for
the defense and preservation of basic human rights.
THE UNEVEN RESULTS OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN
EUROPE: THE ROLE OF CULTURE
Authors: Pejovich Svetozar
Published: January 2006

The main objective of this essay is to show that the process of
transition from socialism to capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe is a
cultural problem rather than a technical one. In pursuing that objective I
analyze two interrelated issues. First, analysis shows why and how cultural
differences in Central and Eastern Europe have, via transaction costs
specific to the process of transition, specific and predictable effects on
the results of institutional restructuring, and, consequently, on economic
performance. Second, I argue that spontaneous changes in the prevailing
culture could, under a set of credible and stable formal rules of the game,
help to close a gap between the culture supportive of capitalism and the
prevailing culture in Central and Eastern Europe.
EQUALITY, HIERARCHY, AND GLOBAL JUSTICE
Authors: Buchanan James M.
Published: January 2006

Western liberal societies are described by a mix of two contrasting
ethical presuppositions, that which commences from a perspective that views
persons as natural equals and that which commences from a perspective that
classifies persons hierarchically. Differences in this mix among separate
polities may create difficulties as principles of justice are extended
across national boundaries in response to continuing globalization.
TOWARD GLOBAL REPUBLICAN CITIZENSHIP?
Authors: Hanasz Waldemar
Published: January 2006

The re-energizers of the civic republican tradition claim that its ideas
can enhance contemporary political theory as well as politics. This essay
focuses on the benchmark of the republican tradition, the notion of
citizenship, and explores the viability of such claims. I argue that serious
limitations make the republican conception of citizenship unable to satisfy
the stipulations of the ongoing global transition. The models of “the
republican citizen” and “the citizen of the world” are essentially
inconsistent. Some traditional ideas of civic republicanism—the high demands
of public service and strong patriotic identity, the rhetorical approach to
individual rights, and the multiple functions of the republican state—are
not adjustable to the global reality. When new republicans attempt to
incorporate the elements of contemporary political theory into republican
thought, their hybrid concepts fly in the face of the old
tradition.
Nomenclature of the functionally univentricular heart
Authors: Jacobs Marshall L. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: January 2006

Hearts which, at first sight, seem to have a solitary chamber within their ventricular mass have long been the subject of controversy. As difficult as it is to manage these cardiac malformations medically and surgically, it has been at least as challenging, to date, merely to describe and classify them. Even the most commonly used terms, “single ventricle” and “univentricular heart”, spark heated debate. In distant times, when congenitally malformed hearts were pathological curiosities, these entities were described as “cor triloculare biatriale”. Therein lies the beginning of the problem, since when hearts of this type were examined by more enlightened pathologists, such as the great Maude Abbott,1it became plain that the apparently solitary ventricular mass in reality possessed a second, albeit much smaller, chamber. Abbott described this second structure as the “outlet chamber”. This convention of describing a “single ventricle”, albeit with a co-existing “outlet chamber”, that presumably lacked ventricular status, continued throughout the first half of the twentieth century, although it had been recognised by then that hearts could rarely be found with truly solitary ventricles, and these were typically deemed to be common structures. Van Praagh et al.2neatly summarised the problem with this approach when they pointed out that the so-called “single ventricle” possessed two ventricular chambers, whilst the “common ventricle” described the truly solitary arrangement. In their seminal investigation of 1964, Van Praagh et al.2analysed only those hearts unified because of double inlet atrioventricular connection, or alignment. They excluded arbitrarily from their investigation all hearts with atrioventricular valvar atresia, despite the similarity in morphology between many of these latter lesions and the hearts with double inlet.3
How to grow a heart: fibreoptic guided fetal aortic valvotomy
Authors: Suh Elsa , Quintessenza James , Huhta James , Quintero Ruben
Published: January 2006

Various physiologic mechanisms have been proposed to account for the development of hypoplasia of the left heart. The mechanism thus far most widely accepted suggests that the entity starts as severe or critical aortic stenosis during fetal gestation. Obstruction at the level of the abnormal aortic valve is then held to increase left ventricular afterload, resulting in decreased systolic and diastolic function. Shunting across the patent oval foramen is then reversed, so that blood flows from left to right. This reversal of flow during fetal gestation decreases the volume of blood crossing the mitral valve, thus decreasing the further potential for growth of the left ventricle.1 Additional support for this postulated physiologic mechanism was provided with the advent of fetal echocardiography during the 1980s.2–4 It was the group of Allan, working at Guy's Hospital in London, which first documented the fetal development of hypoplasia of the left heart by serial echocardiographic observation.4 In their retrospective study of 7000 pregnancies, 462 fetuses were diagnosed to have a structural cardiac defect at the time of the initial echocardiogram. Among those, 28 patients had dilated and dysfunctional left ventricles and aortic valves. The majority of these patients were also found to have concomitant endocardial fibroelastosis. Out of 15 patients in the series who were followed with serial echocardiograms, five progressed to develop hypoplasia of the left heart. With echocardiographic technology undergoing refinement over the same period, it was during this era that the first fetal cardiac intervention was performed using echocardiographic guidance.2,5,6 With still further technologic advances, fetal diagnosis of hypoplasia of the left heart can now be made as early as 13 weeks gestational age.7 One entity which is frequently associated with the hypoplastic left ventricle and aortic stenosis is endocardial fibroelastosis. There is an overlap of pathology between these three entities.8–10 In this report, we describe our own experience in intervention in a fetus suspected of developing hypoplasia of the left heart.
Conversion of the failed Fontan circulation
Authors: Backer Carl L. , Deal Barbara J. , Mavroudis Constantine , Franklin Wayne H. , Stewart Robert D.
Published: January 2006

Many patients with a functional univentricular heart were treated in the 1970s and 1980s, using an atriopulmonary connection to create the Fontan circulation.1–3Although this procedure, in many patients, was initially successful, and provided arterial saturations of oxygen close to normal, as these patients were followed over the years, in some cases they developed significant complications. One complication of the atriopulmonary connection is progressive right atrial dilation, which leads to atrial arrhythmias, such as atrial flutter or fibrillation.4,5The combination of these two problems leads to low cardiac output, diminished quality of life, and poor categorization within the classification of the New York Heart Association. This, and other issues, has led most centres to abandon the atriopulmonary connection as a means of creating the Fontan circulation in favour of the lateral tunnel with cavopulmonary connections,6or the extracardiac conduit.7
Current insights regarding neurological and developmental abnormalities in children and young adults with complex congenital cardiac disease
Authors: Wernovsky Gil
Published: January 2006

Over a decade ago, I co-authored a review in Cardiology in the Young regarding neurological outcomes following surgery for congenital cardiac disease.1In that review, I placed much emphasis on the conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass, and its role in neurodevelopmental disabilities. Much has been learned in the intervening years regarding the multifactorial causes of abnormal school-age development, in particular, the role of prenatal, perioperative, socioeconomic, and genetic influences. In this update, I will highlight some of the recent advances in our understanding of the protean causes of neurological, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities in children and young adults with complex forms of congenital cardiac disease. In addition, I will summarize the current data on patients at particular high-risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, specifically those with a functionally univentricular heart who have had staged reconstruction with ultimate conversion to the Fontan circulation.
Can syllabification improve pronunciation by analogy of English?
Authors: MARCHAND YANNICK , DAMPER ROBERT I.
Published: January 2006

In spite of difficulty in defining the syllable unequivocally, and controversy over its role in theories of spoken and written language processing, the syllable is a potentially useful unit in several practical tasks which arise in computational linguistics and speech technology. For instance, syllable structure might embody valuable information for building word models in automatic speech recognition, and concatenative speech synthesis might use syllables or demisyllables as basic units. In this paper, we first present an algorithm for determining syllable boundaries in the orthographic form of unknown words that works by analogical reasoning from a database or corpus of known syllabifications. We call this syllabification by analogy (SbA). It is similarly motivated to our existing pronunciation by analogy (PbA) which predicts pronunciations for unknown words (specified by their spellings) by inference from a dictionary of known word spellings and corresponding pronunciations. We show that including perfect (according to the corpus) syllable boundary information in the orthographic input can dramatically improve the performance of pronunciation by analogy of English words, but such information would not be available to a practical system. So we next investigate combining automatically-inferred syllabification and pronunciation in two different ways: the series model in which syllabification is followed sequentially by pronunciation generation; and the parallel model in which syllabification and pronunciation are simultaneously inferred. Unfortunately, neither improves performance over PbA without syllabification. Possible reasons for this failure are explored via an analysis of syllabification and pronunciation errors.
An algorithm for the unsupervised learning of morphology
Authors: GOLDSMITH JOHN
Published: January 2006

This paper describes in detail an algorithm for the unsupervised learning of natural language morphology, with emphasis on challenges that are encountered in languages typologically similar to European languages. It utilizes the Minimum Description Length analysis described in Goldsmith (2001), and has been implemented in software that is available for downloading and testing.
VHF radar observations of convectively generated gravity waves: Some new insights
Authors: Kumar Karanam Kishore
Published: January 2006

VHF radar observations of tropical mesoscale convective systems have provided some new insights on convectively generated gravity waves over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), a tropical station in India. Present observations revealed disturbed tropopause structures and enhanced mass fluxes across the tropopause during the passage of deep convective systems. The analysis suggest that during disturbed tropopause conditions, not only the direct intrusion across the tropopause takes place but also the gravity wave activity associated with convection enhances in the lower stratosphere as compared to the stable tropopause conditions. This result is a major outcome of the present study. Another noteworthy result from the present observations is the phase profile of convectively generated gravity waves, which for the first time provided an opportunity to localize the source region of gravity waves.
Carbon fluxes in a young, naturally regenerating jack pine ecosystem
Authors: Euskirchen Eugénie S. , Pregitzer Kurt S. , Chen Jiquan
Published: January 2006

Within the FLUXNET network of tower stations for performing long‐term measurements of CO2 exchange between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere, most research has focused on mature forests that are strong carbon sinks. Nevertheless, it is just as valuable to quantify fluxes from recently disturbed forests so that we can recognize and predict the impact of disturbance on carbon fluxes. We measured carbon fluxes and microclimatic variables within a naturally regenerating, young (12–14 years of age) jack pine ecosystem in northern Michigan. During the months June to October of 2001–2003, this ecosystem exhibited a low net uptake of approximately 17.8–18.3 g C m−2 5 months−1. Soil respiration was independently measured and then modeled on the basis of soil temperature and soil moisture. Model estimates of soil respiration were 627, 583, and 681 g C m−2 5 months−1 from June to October in 2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and soil respiration were inversely correlated in midsummer (r = −0.6, p = 0.001) during the period of lowest NEE (greatest uptake) and highest soil respiration rates. In the spring, NEE and soil respiration were positively correlated (r = 0.4, p = 0.01). During the fall, when soil temperatures remained fairly steady and air temperatures fluctuated, this coefficient between NEE and soil respiration declined to an average −0.25 (p = 0.2). Our results indicate that 12–14 years following disturbance this ecosystem displays a small net uptake during the June to October months but respiratory losses during the snow season (mid‐October to April) could possibly counterbalance this carbon gain.
Tamoxifen (ICI46,474) as a targeted therapy to treat and prevent breast cancer
Authors: Jordan V Craig
Published: January 2006

Antihormonal therapy targeted to the oestrogen receptor (OER) is recognized as a significant advance in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. However, the research method used to achieve the current successes seen in the clinic was not linear but was based on the changing fashions in research and the application of appropriate testing models. The discovery and investigation of nonsteroidal antioestrogens by the pharmaceutical industry during the 1960s was initially an exciting prospect for clinical development. The drugs were superb antifertility agents in laboratory animals, so the prospect of marketing a ‘morning after’ pill was a high priority. Unfortunately, the reproductive endocrinology of the rat was found to be completely different from that of the human. Antioestrogens, in fact, improved fertility by inducing ovulation in subfertile women so much of the drug development was discontinued. The successful reinvention of ICI46,474 from its origins as a failed contraceptive to a pioneering breast cancer treatment targeted to the OER presaged the development of the current menu of medicines targeted to a range of different survival mechanisms in cancer cells.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S269–S276. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706399
Neuromuscular block
Authors: Bowman W C
Published: January 2006

Descriptions of the South American arrow poisons known as curares were reported by explorers in the 16th century, and their site of action in producing neuromuscular block was determined by Claude Bernard in the mid‐19th century. Tubocurarine, the most important curare alkaloid, played a large part in experiments to determine the role of acetylcholine in neuromuscular transmission, but it was not until after 1943 that neuromuscular blocking drugs became established as muscle relaxants for use during surgical anaesthesia. Tubocurarine causes a number of unwanted effects, and there have been many attempts to replace it. The available drugs fall into two main categories: the depolarising blocking drugs and the nondepolarising blocking drugs. The former act by complex mixed actions and are now obsolete with the exception of suxamethonium, the rapid onset and brief duration of action of which remain useful for intubation at the start of surgical anaesthesia. The nondepolarising blocking drugs are reversible acetylcholine receptor antagonists. The main ones are the atracurium group, which possess a built‐in self‐destruct mechanism that makes them especially useful in kidney or liver failure, and the vecuronium group, which are especially free from unwanted side effects. Of this latter group, the compound rocuronium is of especial interest because its rapid onset of action allows it to be used for intubation, and there is promise that its duration of action may be rapidly terminated by a novel antagonist, a particular cyclodextrin, that chelates the drug, thereby removing it from the acetylcholine receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S277–S286. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706404
GABA and glycine as neurotransmitters: a brief history
Authors: Bowery N G , Smart T G
Published: January 2006

γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) emerged as a potentially important brain chemical just over 50 years ago, but its significance as a neurotransmitter was not fully realized until over 16 years later. We now know that at least 40% of inhibitory synaptic processing in the mammalian brain uses GABA. Establishing its role as a transmitter was a lengthy process and it seems hard to believe with our current knowledge that there was ever any dispute about its role in the mammalian brain. The detailed information that we now have about the receptors for GABA together with the wealth of agents which facilitate or reduce GABA receptor mechanisms make the prospects for further research very exciting. The emergence of glycine as a transmitter seems relatively painless by comparison to GABA. Perhaps this is appropriate for the simplest of transmitter structures! Its discovery within the spinal cord and brainstem approximately 40 years ago was followed only 2 years later by the proposal that it be conferred with ‘neurotransmitter’ status. It was another 16 years before the receptor was biochemically isolated. Now it is readily accepted as a vital spinal and supraspinal inhibitory transmitter and we know many details regarding its molecular structure and trafficking around neurones. The pharmacology of these receptors has lagged behind that of GABA. There is not the rich variety of allosteric modulators that we have come to readily associate with GABA receptors and which has provided us with a virtual treasure trove of important drugs used in anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, anaesthesia, and spasticity, all stemming from the actions of the simple neutral amino acid GABA. Nevertheless, the realization that glycine receptors are involved in motor reflexes and nociceptive pathways together with the more recent advent of drugs that exhibit some subtype selectivity make the goal of designing selective therapeutic ligands for the glycine receptor that much closer.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S109–S119. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706443
Potassium channels – multiplicity and challenges
Authors: Jenkinson Donald H
Published: January 2006

The development of our knowledge of the function, structure and pharmacology of K+ channels is briefly outlined. This is the most diverse of all the ion channel families with at least 75 coding genes in mammals. Alternative splicing as well as variations in the channel subunits and accessory proteins that co‐assemble to form the functional channel add to the multiplicity. Whereas diversity of this order suggests that it may be possible to develop new classes of drug, for example, for immunomodulation and some diseases of the central nervous system, the ubiquity of K+ channels imposes stringent requirements for selectivity. Animal toxins from the snake, bee and scorpion provide useful leads, though only in a few instances (e.g. with apamin) it has been possible to produce non‐peptidic analogues of high potency. The scale of the resources needed to identify, and characterize fully, specific K+ channel as targets and then develop modulators with the required selectivity presents a challenge to both academic and applied pharmacologists.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S63–S71. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706447
G‐protein‐coupled receptors: past, present and future
Authors: Hill Stephen J
Published: January 2006

The G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) family represents the largest and most versatile group of cell surface receptors. Drugs active at these receptors have therapeutic actions across a wide range of human diseases ranging from allergic rhinitis to pain, hypertension and schizophrenia. This review provides a brief historical overview of the properties and signalling characteristics of this important family of receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S27–S37. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706455
The receptor concept: pharmacology's big idea
Authors: Rang H P
Published: January 2006

Chemical signalling is the main mechanism by which biological function is controlled at all levels, from the single cell to the whole organism. Chemical recognition is the function of receptors, which, in addition to recognising endogenous chemical signals, are also the target of many important experimental and therapeutic drugs. Receptors, therefore, lie at the heart of pharmacology. This article describes the way in which the receptor concept originated early in the 20th century, and evolved through a highly innovative stage of quantitative theory based on chemical kinetics, to the point where receptors were first isolated and later cloned, until we now have a virtually complete catalogue of all the receptors present in the genome. Studies on signal transduction are revealing great complexity in the events linking ligand binding to the physiological or therapeutic response. Though some simple quantitative rules of ‘receptor theory’ are still useful, the current emphasis is on unravelling the pathways that link receptors to responses, and it will be some time before we know enough about them to embark on the next phase of ‘receptor theory’.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S9–S16. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706457
Pharmacology of intracellular signalling pathways
Authors: Nahorski Stefan R
Published: January 2006

This article provides a brief and somewhat personalized review of the dramatic developments that have occurred over the last 45 years in our understanding of intracellular signalling pathways associated with G‐protein‐coupled receptor activation. Signalling via cyclic AMP, the phosphoinositides and Ca2+ is emphasized and these systems have already been revealed as new pharmacological targets. The therapeutic benefits of most of such targets are, however, yet to be realized, but it is certain that the discipline of pharmacology needs to widen its boundaries to meet these challenges in the future.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S38–S45. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706468
A brief history of the British Pharmacological Society
Authors: Cuthbert Alan W
Published: January 2006

The article traces the history of the BPS since its inception in 1931 until the present day. Details are given about the size and nature of the membership and how the governance of the Society has changed during the last 75 years. The emergence of the Clinical Section from within the main Society and the growth of the Society's publications are described.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S2–S8. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706496
Introduction
Authors: North R Alan
Published: January 2006

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, S1. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706499
Synchronization in uncertain complex networks
Authors: Chen Maoyin , Zhou Donghua
Published: January 2006

We consider the problem of synchronization in uncertain generic complex networks. For generic complex networks with unknown dynamics of nodes and unknown coupling functions including uniform and nonuniform inner couplings, some simple linear feedback controllers with updated strengths are designed using the well-known LaSalle invariance principle. The state of an uncertain generic complex network can synchronize an arbitrary assigned state of an isolated node of the network. The famous Lorenz system is stimulated as the nodes of the complex networks with different topologies. We found that the star coupled and scale-free networks with nonuniform inner couplings can be in the state of synchronization if only a fraction of nodes are controlled.
Chaotic and pseudochaotic attractors of perturbed fractional oscillator
Authors: Zaslavsky G. M. , Stanislavsky A. A. , Edelman M.
Published: January 2006

We consider a nonlinear oscillator of the Duffing type with fractional derivative of the order 1<α<2. In this system replacement of the regular derivative by the fractional one leads to decaying solutions. The main feature of the system is that decay is asymptotically the powerwise situation that appears in different applications. Perturbed by a periodic force, the system exhibits chaotic motion called fractional chaotic attractor (FCA). The FCA is compared to the “regular” chaotic attractor that exists in the periodically forced Duffing oscillator. The properties of the FCA are discussed and the “pseudochaotic” case is demonstrated numerically for the case of the “dying attractor.” We call “pseudochaos” the case when the randomness exists with zero Lyapunov exponent, i.e., the dispersion of initially close trajectories is subexponential.
Evaluation of channel coding and decoding algorithms using discrete chaotic maps
Authors: Escribano Francisco J. , López Luis , Sanjuán Miguel A. F.
Published: January 2006

In this paper we address the design of channel encoding algorithms using one-dimensional nonlinear chaotic maps starting from the desired invariant probability density function (pdf) of the data sent to the channel. We show that, with some simple changes, it is straightforward to make use of a known encoding framework based upon the Bernoulli shift map and adapt it readily to carry the information bit sequence produced by a binary source in a practical way. On the decoder side, we introduce four already known decoding algorithms and compare the resulting performance of the corresponding transmitters. The performance in terms of the bit error rate shows that the most important design clue is related not only to the pdf of the data produced by the chosen discrete map: the own dynamics of the maps is also of the highest importance and has to be taken into account when designing the whole transmitting and receiving system. We also show that a good performance in such systems needs the extensive use of all the evidence stored in the whole chaotic sequence.
Transmitting a signal by amplitude modulation in a chaotic network
Authors: Cessac B. , Sepulchre J. A.
Published: January 2006

We discuss the ability of a model of network with nonlinear units and chaotic dynamics to transmit signals, on the basis of a linear response theory developed by Ruelle [D. Ruelle, J. Stat. Phys. 95, 393 (1999)] for dissipative systems. We discuss in particular how the dynamics may interfere with the graph topology to produce an effective transmission network, whose topology depends on the signal, and cannot be directly read on the “wired” network. Then, we show examples where, with a suitable choice of the carrier frequency (resonance), one can transmit a signal from a node to another one by amplitude modulation, in spite of chaos. Also, we give an example where a signal, transmitted to any node via different paths, can only be recovered by a couple of specific nodes. This opens up the possibility for encoding data in a way such that the recovery of the signal requires the knowledge of the carrier frequency and can be performed only at some specific node.
Global point dissipativity of neural networks with mixed time-varying delays
Authors: Cao Jinde , Yuan Kun , Ho Daniel W. C. , Lam James
Published: January 2006

By employing the Lyapunov method and some inequality techniques, the global point dissipativity is studied for neural networks with both discrete time-varying delays and distributed time-varying delays. Simple sufficient conditions are given for checking the global point dissipativity of neural networks with mixed time-varying delays. The proposed linear matrix inequality approach is computationally efficient as it can be solved numerically using standard commercial software. Illustrated examples are given to show the usefulness of the results in comparison with some existing results.
Two-dimensional Raman spectra of atomic solids and liquids
Authors: Nagata Yuki , Tanimura Yoshitaka
Published: January 2006

We calculate third- and fifth-order Raman spectra of simple atoms interacting through a soft-core potential by means of molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. The total polarizability of molecules is treated by the dipole-induced dipole model. Two- and three-body correlation functions of the polarizability at various temperatures are evaluated from equilibrium MD simulations based on a stability matrix formulation. To analyze the processes involved in the spectroscopic measurements, we divide the fifth-order response functions into symmetric and antisymmetric integrated response functions; the symmetric one is written as a simple three-body correlation function, while the antisymmetric one depends on a stability matrix. This analysis leads to a better understanding of the time scales and molecular motions that govern the two-dimensional (2D) signal. The 2D Raman spectra show novel differences between the solid and liquid phases, which are associated with the decay rates of coherent motions. On the other hand, these differences are not observed in the linear Raman spectra.
Excitations of lithium ammonia complexes studied by inelastic x-ray scattering
Authors: Burns C. A. , Vankó G. , Sinn H. , Alatas A. , Alp E. E. , Said A.
Published: January 2006

We have carried out high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of the excitations of lithium dissolved in ammonia. The incident x-ray energy was 21.6keV and the resolution was about 2meV. Several different excitations are observed in the energy range of 0–60meV (0–500cm−1). In addition to acoustic phonons at low energies, we see excitations that are associated with vibrations of Li(NH3)4+ complexes. We examined these excitations as a function of momentum transfer, lithium concentration, temperature, and state of the system (solid versus liquid). Data are compared with Hartree-Fock and density-functional theory calculations of the excitations of this complex, which agree well with the measured excitation energies.
Topology of music recommendation networks
Authors: Cano Pedro , Celma Oscar , Koppenberger Markus , Buldú Javier M.
Published: January 2006

We study the topology of several music recommendation networks, which arise from relationships between artist, co-occurrence of songs in play lists or experts’ recommendation. The analysis uncovers the emergence of complex network phenomena in these kinds of recommendation networks, built considering artists as nodes and their resemblance as links. We observe structural properties that provide some hints on navigation and possible optimizations on the design of music recommendation systems. Finally, the analysis derived from existing music knowledge sources provides a deeper understanding of the human music similarity perception.
Pair-correlation entropy of hydrophobic hydration: Decomposition into translational and orientational contributions and analysis of solute-size effects
Authors: Kinoshita Masahiro , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Harano Yuichi , Nakahara Masaru
Published: January 2006

We develop an efficient method to evaluate the translational and orientational contributions to the solute-water pair-correlation entropy that is a major component of the hydration entropy. A water molecule is modeled as a hard sphere of diameter dS=0.28nm in which a point dipole and a point quadrupole of tetrahedral symmetry are embedded. A hard sphere of diameter dM, a hydrophobic solute, is immersed at infinite dilution in the model water. The pair-correlation entropy is decomposed into the translational and orientational contributions in an analytical manner using the angle-dependent Ornstein-Zernike integral equation theory. The two contributions are calculated for solutes with a variety of sizes (0.6⩽dM∕dS⩽30). The effects of the solute-water attractive interaction are also studied. As dM becomes larger, the percentage of the orientational contribution first increases, takes a maximum value at dM=DM (DM∕dS depends on the strength of the solute-water attractive interaction and is in the range of 1.4–2), and then decreases toward a limiting value. The percentage of the orientational contribution reduces progressively as the solute-water attractive interaction becomes stronger. The physical origin of the maximum orientational restriction at dM=DM is discussed in detail.
Cs
*
He
n
exciplexes in solid He4
Authors: Moroshkin P. , Hofer A. , Nettels D. , Ulzega S. , Weis A.
Published: January 2006

We present a theoretical and experimental study of the laser-induced formation process and of the emission spectra of Cs*Hen exciplexes in the hcp and bcc phases of solid helium. Two different exciplex molecules are detected: a linear triatomic Cs*He2, which can exist in two electronic states: AΠ1∕2 and BΠ3∕2, and a larger complex, where six or seven He atoms form a ring around a single cesium atom in the 6P1∕2 state. A theoretical model is presented, which allows the interpretation of the experimentally observed spectra.
Ab initio study of hydrated sodium halides NaX(H2O)1–6 (X=F, Cl, Br, and I)
Authors: Olleta Adriana C. , Lee Han Myoung , Kim Kwang S.
Published: January 2006

We have studied the dissociation phenomena of sodium halides by water molecules. The structures, binding energies, electronic properties, and IR spectroscopic features have been investigated by using the density-functional theory, second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, and coupled clusters theory with single, double, and perturbative triplet excitations. In the case that the sodium halides are hydrated by three water molecules, the most stable structures show the partial (or half) dissociation feature. The dissociated structures are first found for NaX(H2O)n=5 for X=Br∕I, though these structures are slightly higher in energy than the global minimum-energy structure. In the case of hexahydrated sodium halides the global minimum-energy structures (which are different from the structures reported in any previous work) are found to be dissociated (X=F∕I) or partially/half dissociated (X=Cl∕Br), while other nearly isoenergetic structures are undissociated, and the dissociated cubical structures are higher in energy than the corresponding global minimum-energy structure.
Theoretical interpretation of the line shape of crystalline adipic acid
Authors: Blaise Paul , El-Amine Benmalti Mohamed , Henri-Rousseau Olivier
Published: January 2006

A general quantum theoretical approach of the υX−H IR line shape of cyclic dimers of weakly H-bonded species in the crystal state is proposed. In this model, the adiabatic approximation (allowing to separate the high-frequency motion from the slow one of the H-bond bridge) is performed for each separate H-bond bridge of the dimer and a strong nonadiabatic correction is introduced into the model via the resonant exchange between the fast-mode excited states of the two moieties. Quantum indirect damping and Fermi resonances are taken into account. The present model reduces satisfactorily to many models in the literature dealing with more special situations. It has been applied to the cyclic dimers of adipic acid in the crystal phase. It correctly fits the experimental line shape of the hydrogenated compound and predicts satisfactorily the evolution in the line shapes with temperature and the change in the line shape with isotopic substitution.
Investigation of a binuclear gallium complex with bipolar charge transporting capability for organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Qiao Juan , Tan Hang , Qiu Yong , Balasubramanian K.
Published: January 2006

Detailed theoretical and experimental investigations have been presented on a novel binuclear gallium complex Ga2(saph)2q2, a potentially active and novel material for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The density-functional theory has been employed to shed light on the reason why this complex exhibits bipolar character. Theoretical results, such as ionization potential and electron affinity, and optimized geometries are in good agreement with what we have obtained experimentally. Our theoretical analysis provides new insight into the origin of bipolar features. Such character enables the gallium complex to become a prosperous hole and electron transporter used to fabricate single-layer OLEDs, which exhibit better electroluminescence compared with those originated from the previously well-adopted tri(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3). An OLED device of single Ga2(saph)2q2 layer exhibiting desirable performances has been fabricated, which is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.
Free-energy calculation of structure-H hydrates
Authors: Okano Yamato , Yasuoka Kenji
Published: January 2006

A molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation of structure-H hydrates was performed under constant pressure and temperature with 6120 TIP4P water molecules, 900 OPLS-UA methane molecules, and 180 large molecular guest substance (LMGS) molecules. The LMGS molecules were represented in the form of a one-site Lennard-Jones (LJ) model using the LJ parameters σ and ε. In order to clarify the thermodynamic stability of structure-H hydrates, we calculated the free-energy difference, changing on the σ and ε only of the LMGS molecules. In this simulation, stable crystals of structure-H hydrates and a minimum value of ΔG were obtained at σ∼6.2Å and large values of ε. All simulations were performed using the special-purpose computer hardware MDGRAPE-2.
Infrared microscopy of hot spots induced by Joule heating in flip-chip SnAg solder joints under accelerated electromigration
Authors: Chiu S. H. , Shao T. L. , Chen Chih , Yao D. J. , Hsu C. Y.
Published: January 2006

Joule heating effect in solder joints was investigated using thermal infrared microscopy and modeling in this study. With the increase of applied current, the temperature increased rapidly due to Joule heating. Furthermore, modeling results indicated that a hot spot existed in the solder near the entrance point of the Al trace, and it became more pronounced as the applied current increased. The temperature difference between the hot spot and the solder was as large as 9.4°C when the solder joint was powered by 0.8A. This hot spot may play an important role in the initial void formation during electromigration.
Single-crystalline AlZnO nanowires/nanotubes synthesized at low temperature
Authors: Wang Ruey-Chi , Liu Chuan-Pu , Huang Jow-Lay , Chen Shu-Jen
Published: January 2006

Single-crystalline AlZnO nanomaterials were synthesized through a proposed alloy-evaporation deposition method at the low temperature of 550°C by thermal chemical vapor deposition. Transmission electron microscopy images show that AlZnO nanowires, or nanowire/nanotube junction structures, can be synthesized where the Al∕(Al+Zn) atomic ratio is determined to be about 2.5 and 12at.%, respectively, by electron energy loss spectrometry. Room-temperature cathodoluminescence measurements show that the AlZnO nanowires exhibit a strong ultraviolet emission, which shifts to a higher energy from 3.29to3.34eV due to Al incorporation.
Theoretical prediction of ferromagnetic MnN layers embedded in wurtzite GaN
Authors: Marques M. , Scolfaro L. M. R. , Teles L. K. , Furthmüller J. , Bechstedt F. , Ferreira L. G.
Published: January 2006

We studied, using the spin density functional theory, the manganese mononitride (MnN) grown on GaN in the wurtzite phase, forming the GaN∕MnN heterostructures. We obtained a ferromagnetic ground state with a higher magnetic moment than the hypothetical wurtzite bulk MnN. This behavior can be explained in terms of the high magnetization of the MnN interface monolayers that have longer first and second neighbors bond lengths due to structure relaxation. We suggest that this system can be applied to the new spintronics technology by being able to provide spin polarized carriers in the important wide-gap nitride systems.