bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative characterization of prostaglandins in the uterus of early pregnant cattle
Authors: Ulbrich S E , Schulke K , Groebner A E , Reichenbach H D , Angioni C , Geisslinger G , Meyer H H D
Published: May 2009

Prostaglandins (PGs) are important regulators of reproductive processes including early embryonic development. We analyzed the most relevant PG in bovine uteri at different preimplantation pregnancy stages when compared with non-pregnant controls. Additionally, endometrium and trophoblast tissues were examined regarding specific enzymes and receptors involved in PG generation and function. Simmental heifers were artificially inseminated or received seminal plasma only. At days 12, 15, or 18, post-estrus uteri were flushed for PG determination by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Endometrium and trophoblast tissues were sampled for RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. At all days and points of time examined, the concentration of 6-keto PGF1α(stable metabolite of PGI2) was predominant followed by PGF2α>PGE2>PGD2≈TXB2(stable metabolite of TXA2). At days 15 and 18, PG increased from overall low levels at day 12, with a much more pronounced increase during pregnancy. The PGF2α/PGE2ratio was not influenced by status. The highest PG concentration was measured at day 15 with 6-keto PGF1α(6.4 ng/ml) followed by PGF2α(1.1 ng/ml) and PGE2(0.3 ng/ml). Minor changes in endometrial PG biosynthesis enzymes occurred due to pregnancy. Trophoblasts revealed high transcript abundance of general and specific PG synthases contributing to uterine PG. As PGI2and PGF2αreceptors were abundantly expressed by the trophoblast, abundant amounts of PGI2and PGF2αin the uterine lumen point towards an essential role of PG for the developing embryo. High amounts of PG other than PGE2in the preimplantation uterus may be essential rather than detrimental for successful reproduction.
Orexin-stimulated MAP kinase cascades are activated through multiple G-protein signalling pathways in human H295R adrenocortical cells: diverse roles for orexins A and B
Authors: Ramanjaneya Manjunath , Conner Alex C , Chen Jing , Kumar Prashanth , Brown James E P , Jöhren Olaf , Lehnert Hendrik , Stanfield Peter R , Randeva Harpal S
Published: May 2009

Orexins A and B (ORA and ORB) are neuropeptide hormones found throughout the central nervous system and periphery. They are required for a host of physiological processes including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulation, steroidogenesis, appetite control and energy regulation. While some signalling mechanisms have been proposed for individual recombinant orexin receptors in generic mammalian cell types, it is clear that the peripheral effects of orexin are spatially and temporally complex. This study dissects the different G-protein signalling and MAPK pathways activated in a pluripotent human adrenal H295R cell line capable of all the physiological steps involved in steroidogenesis. Both extracellular receptor kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 were phosphorylated rapidly with a subsequent decline, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, in response to both ORA and ORB. Conversely, there was little or no direct activation of the ERK5 or JNK pathway. Analysis using signalling and MAPK inhibitors as well as receptor-specific antagonists determined the precise mediators of the orexin response in these cells. Both ERK1/2 and p38 activation were predominantly Gq- and to a lesser extent Gs-mediated; p38 activation even had a small Gi-component. Effects were broadly comparable for both orexin sub-types ORA and ORB and although most of the effects were transmitted through the orexin receptor-1 subtype, we did observe a role for orexin receptor-2-mediated activation of both ERK1/2 and p38. Cortisol secretion also differed in response to ORA and ORB. These data suggest multiple roles for orexin-mediated MAPK activation in an adrenal cell-line, this complexity may help to explain the diverse biological actions of orexins with wide-ranging consequences for our understanding of the mechanisms initiated by these steroidogenic molecules.
The stimuli-specific role of vasopressin in the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress
Authors: Zelena Dóra , Domokos Ágnes , Jain Subodh Kumar , Jankord Ryan , Filaretova Ludmila
Published: May 2009

Adaptation to a constantly changing environment is fundamental to every living organism. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis is a key component of the adaptation process. The present study tests the hypothesis that vasopressin (AVP) is required for the HPA response to acute stimuli. To accomplish this, naturally AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats were exposed to a wide range of stimuli and their HPA response was compared with heterozygous littermattes. The circadian rhythmicity of plasma ACTH and corticosterone was not different between the two genotypes. The ACTH and corticosterone response to volume load, restraint or aggressive attack were decreased in AVP-deficient rats. The stress-induced increase in ACTH, but not corticosterone, was significantly impaired in AVP-deficient animals after novelty, elevated plus-maze, forced swim, hypoglycaemia, ulcerogenic cold immobilisation, lipopolysaccharide, hypertonic saline and egg white injection. The HPA response to social avoidance, ether inhalation and footshock was not different between the genotypes. In vitro, the hypophysis of AVP-deficient animals showed a reduction in stimulated ACTH production and their adrenal glands were hyporeactive to ACTH. A dissociation between the ACTH and corticosterone response was observed in several experiments and could not be explained by an earlier ACTH peak or enhanced adrenal sensitivity, suggesting the existence of paraadenohypophyseal neuroendocrine regulators. Loss of AVP affected the HPA response to a wide variety of stressors. Interestingly, the contribution of AVP to the HPA response was not specific for, nor limited to, a known stressor category. Thus, there is a context-specific requirement for AVP in stress-induced activation of the HPA axis.
Gsα signalling suppresses PPARγ2 generation and inhibits 3T3L1 adipogenesis
Authors: Zhang Lei , Paddon Carol , Lewis Mark D , Grennan-Jones Fiona , Ludgate Marian
Published: May 2009

Since TSH receptor (TSHR) expression increases during adipogenesis and signals via cAMP/phospho-cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), reported to be necessary and sufficient for adipogenesis, we hypothesised that TSHR activation would induce preadipocyte differentiation. Retroviral vectors introduced constitutively active TSHR (TSHR*) into 3T3L1 preadipocytes; despite increased cAMP (RIA) and phospho-CREB (western blot) there was no spontaneous adipogenesis (assessed morphologically, using oil red O and QPCR measurement of adipogenesis markers). We speculated that Gβγ signalling may be inhibitory but failed to induce adipogenesis using activated Gsα (gsp*). Inhibition of phosphodiesterases did not promote adipogenesis in TSHR* or gsp* populations. Furthermore, differentiation induced by adipogenic medium with pioglitazone was reduced in TSHR* and abolished in gsp* expressing 3T3L1 cells. TSHR* and gsp* did not inactivate PPARγ (PPARG as listed in the HUGO database) by phosphorylation but expression of PPARγ1 was reduced and PPARγ2 undetectable in gsp*. FOXO1 phosphorylation (required to inactivate this repressor of adipogenesis) was lowest in gsp* despite the activation of AKT by phosphorylation. PROF is a mediator that facilitates FOXO1 phosphorylation by phospho-Akt. Its transcript levels remained constantly low in the gsp* population. In most measurements, the TSHR* cells were between the gsp* and control 3T3L1 preadipocytes. The enhanced down-regulation of PREF1 (adipogenesis inhibitor) permits retention of some adipogenic potential in the TSHR* population. We conclude that Gsα signalling impedes FOXO1 phosphorylation and thus inhibits PPARγ transcription and the alternative promoter usage required to generate PPARγ2, the fat-specific transcription factor necessary for adipogenesis.
Can faulty antennae increase adiposity? The link between cilia proteins and obesity
Authors: Sen Gupta Piya , Prodromou Natalia V , Chapple J Paul
Published: May 2009

Primary cilia are sensory organelles that protrude from the surface of most mammalian cell types. In humans and mice, mutations in proteins required for normal cilia function have been identified as causing a class of disorders with overlapping phenotypes known as ciliopathies. Recent evidence has linked obesity in ciliopathies to both the regulation of energy homeostasis in the hypothalamus and to adipogenesis. This article considers the role of cilia in these processes and whether cilia dysfunction may be relevant to more common forms of obesity.
Protecting Home Health Care Workers: A Challenge to Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning
Authors: Baron Sherry , McPhaul Kathleen , Phillips Sally , Gershon Robyn , Lipscomb Jane
Published: May 2009

The home health care sector is a critical element in a pandemic influenza emergency response. Roughly 85% of the 1.5 million workers delivering in-home care to 7.6 million clients are low-wage paraprofessionals, mostly women, and disproportionately members of racial and ethnic minorities.

Home health care workers' ability and willingness to respond during a pandemic depends on appropriate communication, training, and adequate protections, including influenza vaccination and respiratory protection. Preparedness planning should also include support for child care and transportation and help home health care workers protect their income and access to health care.

We summarize findings from a national stakeholder meeting, which highlighted the need to integrate home health care employers, workers, community advocates, and labor unions into the planning process.
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Vulnerable Populations in Tribal Communities
Authors: Groom Amy V. , Jim Cheyenne , LaRoque Mic , Mason Cheryl , McLaughlin Joe , Neel Lisa , Powell Terry , Weiser Thomas , Bryan Ralph T.
Published: May 2009

American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) governments are sovereign entities with inherent authority to establish and administer public health programs within their communities and will be critical partners in national efforts to prepare for pandemic influenza. Within AIAN communities, some subpopulations will be particularly vulnerable during an influenza pandemic because of their underlying health conditions, whereas others will be at increased risk because of limited access to prevention or treatment interventions.We outline potential issues to consider in identifying and providing appropriate services for selected vulnerable populations within tribal communities. We also highlight pandemic influenza preparedness resources available to tribal leaders and their partners in state and local health departments, academia, community-based organizations, and the private sector.
Block tilting of the North Provence early Cretaceous carbonate margin: stratigraphic, sedimentologic and tectonic data
Authors: Masse Jean-Pierre , Villeneuve Michel , Leonforte Emmanuelle , Nizou Jean
Published: May 2009

In the western part of the Castellane tectonic arc, the so-called “ Provence platform area “, corresponding to the foreland of the Alpine nappes (figs. 1–2), is marked by Tithonian-Berriasian shallow water carbonates capped by hemipelagic sediments deposited from the Valanginian up to the Aptian-Albian. A detailed biostratigraphic study of the Berriasian succession, based on calcareous algae and foraminifera, allows us to distinguish a Lower to Middle Berriasian, with Clypeina sulcata, Clypeina isabellae and Holosporella sarda, from an Upper Berriasian with Pfenderina neocomiensis, Danubiella cernavodensis, Falsolikanella campanensis and Macroporella praturloni (fig. 3). We performed a field survey of 30 sites located from Quinson to the west, and Escragnolles to the east (figs. 4–5) including the study of measured stratigraphic sections and the collection of samples for biostratigraphic interpretations. These stratigraphic investigations show that below the Valanginian beds, the Berriasian platfom carbonate succession, is locally incomplete, i.e. Upper Berriasian beds are frequently absent. During the Early and Middle Berriasian, depositional environments are marked by a strong bathymetric instability, with frequent subaerial exposure events, and a significant marine restriction; by contrast, during the Late Berriasian, the overall biological diversity increases and water agitation as well, which means a significant marine opening towards the basin. The Upper Berriasian hiatus is consequently regarded as the result of a Berriasian/Valanginian and/or a lowermost Valanginian erosion (fig. 6). The spatial distribution of complete or truncated Berriasian successions identifies east-west bands, in each band truncated series are located northward and complete series are located southward. Bands are limited by thrust or strip faults interpreted as palaeofaults reactivated during the Alpine orogeny (fig. 7). These fault-bounded blocks, 3 to 10 km in width, known as the Aiguine, La Palud-sur-Verdon, Carajuan-Audibergue and Peyroulles-La Foux blocks, are southerly rotated by 1 to 2o. We regard this structural architecture as the result of basinward tilting of blocks. Due to their rotation, the uplifted parts were eroded whereas the depressed parts were protected against erosion (fig. 8). Such a dynamic behavior reflects a distensive tectonic regime, which has been active at least during the Valanginian, that is after the drowning of the North-Provence carbonate platform. These structural events are considered as the regional expression of the Neocimmerian tectonic phase coupled with an enhancement of the Atlantic rifting. The orientation of the major Alpine structural elements (folds and faults) of the Castellane arc, is mostly inherited from these early Cretaceous tectonic events.
Isotopic (S, Sr, Sm/Nd, D, Pb) evidences for multiple sources in the Early Jurassic Chaillac F-Ba ore deposit (Indre, France)
Authors: Sizaret Stanislas , Marcoux Eric , Boyce Alice , Jebrak Michel , Stevenson Roos , Ellam Rob
Published: May 2009

During the earliest Jurassic, a widespread hydrothermal event occurred in western Europe producing large veins and stratiform F-Ba-Pb-Zn ore deposits. Previous work argued about genetic processes involving circulation of mineralising brines. Two main alternative genetic models are proposed. The first one proposes a convection of brines through the crust to produce ore deposits, the second an early infiltration of brine in the basement followed by expulsion during Mesozoic extension. In the northern French Massif Central, new data on the F-Ba Chaillac deposit suggest that the genesis of these mineralising brines requires a new discussion.

Located in the northern French Massif Central, the Chaillac barite and fluorite ore deposit is an exceptional site where a stratiform deposit is rooted onto a vein. The ore deposition is split in two stages: 1) precipitation of green and purple fluorite within the vein (Fg-p stage), with associated fluid inclusions indicating 135°C for deposition from a low salinity fluid, and 2) yellow fluorite and barite stage (Fy-Ba) filling the vein and forming the stratiform deposit. Fluid inclusions depict a mineralising brine at 110°C. The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios measured in the fluorite are compared to those of French Massif Central rocks. The ratios in green and purple fluorite are similar to those of monzogranite and granodiorite of the basement; those measured in yellow fluorite involve the granulites and other metamorphic rocks of the basement. Measurements of the Sr isotopic ratio and δ34SCDT in barite and δD in fluorite fluid inclusions suggest a deposition process by the mixing of a hydrothermal fluid with meteoric water.

At the scale of the northern Massif Central district, the successive hydrothermal fluid salinities are highly contrasted as in Chaillac deposit. We propose that the two types of hydrothermal fluids have been produced by the boiling of a single fluid at depth.
Design of a User‐Friendly Automated Multistep Outflow Apparatus
Authors: Figueras Jordi , Gribb Molly M.
Published: May 2009

The multistep outflow (MSO) test is a widely used laboratory method for direct measurement of the soil moisture retention curve, θ(h), or indirect estimation of θ(h) and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve, K(h). Manual MSO testing is time consuming and while automated systems have been described in the literature, many require significant effort to fabricate and operate, or have not been described in sufficient detail to allow rapid setup and implementation by others. In this work, a user‐friendly, easily assembled, automated multistep outflow (AMSO) test apparatus was designed and built using National Instruments (Austin, TX) hardware and LabVIEW software. Control codes were written to support four testing regimes. The first option allows the pressure steps to be set manually while continuously measuring the water level in the burette. Three fully automated options are also available in which pressure steps are changed automatically after (i) a user‐specified time period has elapsed, (ii) water level changes in the burette are negligible, or (iii) tensiometer measurements of the soil‐water pressure head in the sample become constant for a specified period of time. To verify performance, five soil samples were subjected to a manual hanging column test and then retested using the automated system. Good correspondence between soil moisture values at the applied pressure steps with manual and AMSO tests was observed (RMSE values < 0.0125 m3 m−3). Two samples were also drained and rewetted with the new system to show its utility for studying hysteresis.
New Observations of Gas‐Phase Expansion above a Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Pool
Authors: Mumford Kevin G. , Smith James E. , Dickson Sarah E.
Published: May 2009

The partitioning of volatile dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) compounds to a discontinuous gas phase results in the repeated expansion, fragmentation, and vertical mobilization of gas clusters. This process has the potential to significantly affect the dissolution of DNAPL source zones and the characterization of DNAPL‐contaminated sites, but has not been included in common conceptual models. This study presents new observations of discontinuous gas‐phase growth above a 1,1,1‐trichloroethane pool in a two‐dimensional flow cell packed with 1.1‐mm diameter sand. In contrast to the behavior observed in coarse glass beads, these visualization results show that the gas phase evolves as a collection of macroscopic fingers, composed of multiple trapped and disconnected gas clusters, and that the growth rate of these fingers is faster at the leading edge of the DNAPL pool due to the stripping of dissolved gases. These results provide valuable information for the incorporation of discontinuous gas phases in our evolving conceptual models of DNAPL source zones.
Hydrologic Characterization of Desert Soils with Varying Degrees of Pedogenesis: 2. Inverse Modeling for Effective Properties
Authors: Mirus Benjamin B. , Perkins Kim S. , Nimmo John R. , Singha Kamini
Published: May 2009

To understand their relation to pedogenic development, soil hydraulic properties in the Mojave Desert were investigated for three deposit types: (i) recently deposited sediments in an active wash, (ii) a soil of early Holocene age, and (iii) a highly developed soil of late Pleistocene age. Effective parameter values were estimated for a simplified model based on Richards' equation using a flow simulator (VS2D), an inverse algorithm (UCODE_2005), and matric pressure and water content data from three ponded infiltration experiments. The inverse problem framework was designed to account for the effects of subsurface lateral spreading of infiltrated water. Although none of the inverse problems converged on a unique, best‐fit parameter set, a minimum standard error of regression was reached for each deposit type. Parameter sets from the numerous inversions that reached the minimum error were used to develop probability distributions for each parameter and deposit type. Electrical resistance imaging obtained for two of the three infiltration experiments was used to independently test flow model performance. Simulations for the active wash and Holocene soil successfully depicted the lateral and vertical fluxes. Simulations of the more pedogenically developed Pleistocene soil did not adequately replicate the observed flow processes, which would require a more complex conceptual model to include smaller scale heterogeneities. The inverse‐modeling results, however, indicate that with increasing age, the steep slope of the soil water retention curve shifts toward more negative matric pressures. Assigning effective soil hydraulic properties based on soil age provides a promising framework for future development of regional‐scale models of soil moisture dynamics in arid environments for land‐management applications.
Computational Modeling of the Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Schnaar Gregory , Digiulio Dominic C.
Published: May 2009

Geologic sequestration of CO2 is a component of C capture and storage (CCS), an emerging technology for reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and involves injection of captured CO2 into deep subsurface formations. Similar to the injection of hazardous wastes, before injection of CO2, operators of geologic sequestration projects may need to demonstrate nonendangerment of groundwater resources during the lifetime of the project. Future requirements related to CO2 accounting and transfer credits may require operators to evaluate and quantify any surface releases. Subsurface fluid flow computational models have been advocated as an integral tool in predicting and tracking the migration of CO2 or mobilized constituents. Modeling the injection and sequestration of CO2 poses unique challenges, such as the need to properly characterize CO2 transport properties across a large range of temperatures and pressures, and the need to couple multiphase flow, reactive transport, and geomechanical processes. In addition, the volumes of CO2 that may be injected are largely unprecedented, and an appropriate amount of site characterization across the potentially impacted area will be difficult. In the last several years, there have been several research studies specifically modeling the problem of subsurface injection of CO2 Existing studies demonstrate the use of modeling in project design, site characterization, assessments of leakage, and site monitoring. Particularly informative components of existing modeling studies include parameter sensitivity analyses, evaluation of numerical artifacts, code comparison, and demonstrations of model calibration to site monitoring data.
Strategic Cost Management in Supply Chains, Part 1: Structural Cost Management
Authors: Anderson Shannon W. , Dekker Henri C.
Published: May 2009

SYNOPSIS: Strategic cost management is the deliberate alignment of a firm’s resources and associated cost structure with long-term strategy and short-term tactics. Although managers continue to pursue efficiency and effectiveness within the firm, increasingly improvements are obtained across the value chain: through reconfiguring firm boundaries, relocating resources, reengineering processes, and re-evaluating product and service offerings in relation to customer requirements. In this first paper in a two-part series on strategic cost management in supply chains, we review structural cost management. Structural cost management employs tools of organizational design, product design, and process design to create a supply chain cost structure that is coherent with firm strategy. In the second part of the series we will consider executional cost management, which employs measurement and analysis tools (e.g., variance analysis, cost driver analysis, supplier scorecards) to evaluate supply chain performance. Using selected studies in accounting, operations management, and business strategy, we provide an overview of strategic cost management in supply chains, highlight contemporary developments, and suggest directions for future research.
Dividend Tax Clienteles: Evidence from Tax Law Changes
Authors: Moser William J. , Puckett Andy
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: We investigate institutional investors' preference for dividend-paying stocks following changes in the dividend tax penalty during the sample period from 1987 until 2004. Following prior literature we separate institutions into tax-advantaged and taxable cohorts and find that when the dividend tax penalty is positive, high-dividend firms constitute a significantly larger (smaller) percentage of tax-advantaged (taxable) institutions' portfolios. Multivariate regressions involving institutional ownership levels and changes confirm our initial findings. We estimate (for the median dividend-paying firm) when the dividend tax penalty decreases by 23.3 percent, we expect tax-advantaged (taxable) institutional ownership will decrease by 0.36 percent (increase by 0.25 percent) of a firm's shares outstanding. We find our results are robust for a subsample of firms that do not change their dividend policy. Overall, our paper provides strong support for the existence of institutional dividend tax clienteles.
Inferring U.S. Tax Liability from Financial Statement Information
Authors: Lisowsky Petro
Published: May 2009

Abstract: Using a multi-year matched tax return-financial statement data set, this study builds empirical models that infer U.S. tax liability on the corporate tax return from publicly available financial statement disclosures, including those of Statement on Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes. Results show that current U.S. tax expense, the tax benefit from stock options, current-year tax cushion accrual, consolidation book-tax differences, and R&D are informative in inferring actual tax, while intraperiod tax allocation is not. Additionally, the sign of pretax book income and the existence of net operating loss carryforwards are useful partitioning variables in estimating actual tax. In general, for every dollar of current U.S. tax expense reported on the financial statements, approximately $0.70 is reported in U.S. tax liability on the tax return. The models are validated using a holdout sample, providing support for the notion that public parties can reliably use these results to estimate a firm's tax position. Additional tests reveal a hierarchy of subsamples that researchers may employ when maximizing the usefulness of tax-related disclosures in inferring U.S. tax liability.
Arterial embolisation and coiling for high-output heart failure and pulmonary hypertension ınduced by hepatic arteriovenous fistula in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telengiectasia
Authors: Açikgöz Sadık , Taçoy Gülten , Önal Baran , Yıldırım Beytullah , Çengel Atiye
Published: May 2009

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic vascular disorder characterised by epistaxis, telangiectases, and visceral arteriovenous malformations. Hyperdynamic blood flow associated with arteriovenous malformations may lead to pulmonary hypertension, global heart failure, and valvular insufficiencies. We report a patient who had HHT with severe heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class III-IV) and pulmonary hypertension caused by an hepatic arteriovenous fistula. After successful transarterial embolisation of the right branch of the hepatic artery with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles and coils, 4 to 7 mm in size, the patient was discharged with functional class II (NYHA) heart failure.
Laparoscopic management of chronic gastric volvulus: A case report
Authors: Ozcinar Beyza , Emek Ertan , Kecer Mustafa , Parlak Mesut , Asoglu Oktar
Published: May 2009

Gastric volvulus (GV) is a rare pathological entity, which is difficult to diagnose, may rapidly progress to infarction and necrosis of the stomach, and can be fatal. A 68-year-old woman presented to the surgical outpatient clinic of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, in August, 2006, with a 3-month history of nausea, vomiting, and recurrent abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed epigastric tenderness, but otherwise within normal limits. An urgent abdominal computed tomographic examination revealed only a paraesophageal hernia. A mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus with a large paraesophageal hernia was found on laparoscopy. The surgical procedure involved derotation of the stomach and closure of the paraesophageal hernia with a dual V-shaped graft gastropexy to the triangular ligament of liver; in addition, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed. We found that derotation of stomach and gastropexy to the triangular ligament is technically easy to perform and is a safe procedure in the treatment of gastric volvulus.
Evidence of a large-scale network underlying language switching: a brain stimulation study
Authors: Moritz-Gasser Sylvie , Duffau Hugues
Published: May 2009

This 47-year-old, right-handed bilingual (French and English) man underwent awake surgery for a glioma in the left dominant posterior temporal lobe. During intraoperative picture naming, direct electrostimulation of a discrete cortical area within the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcus elicited an involuntary language switching (French to English). Moreover, during tumor resection, subcortical electrical mapping again generated reproducible language switching (French to English) when stimulating the superior longitudinal fasciculus. After transient immediately postoperative worsening, the patient recovered normal language performance. Both 7 days and 2 months later, however, another language switching episode (French to English) was observed during a naming task. Thus, both intraoperative mapping and transient postsurgical disturbances support involvement of the left dominant posterior temporal area and the superior longitudinal fasciculus in language switching. Interestingly, this pathway is known to connect the posterosuperior temporal gyrus to the Broca center, a region the authors have described as inducing possible switching on stimulation. Therefore, the authors suggest the existence of a large-scale distributed network subserving language switching. Such knowledge may have important clinical implications for the surgical care of a bilingual patient harboring a lesion in the left hemisphere.
Endovascular coil embolization of anterior choroidal artery aneurysms
Authors: Kang Hyun-Seung , Kwon Bae Ju , Kwon O-Ki , Jung Cheolkyu , Kim Jeong Eun , Oh Chang Wan , Han Moon Hee
Published: May 2009

Object

Anterior choroidal artery (AChA) aneurysms are difficult to treat, and the clinical outcome of patients is occasionally compromised by ischemic complications after clipping operations. The purpose of this study was to document the outcome and follow-up results of endovascular coil embolization in patients with AChA aneurysms.

Methods

Between July 1999 and March 2008, 88 patients with 90 AChA aneurysms (31 ruptured and 59 unruptured aneurysms) were treated with endovascular coil embolization in 91 sessions. There were 87 small aneurysms (< 10 mm) and 3 large aneurysms, with a mean aneurysm volume of 60.9 ± 83.3 mm3. Preprocedural oculomotor nerve palsy associated with AChA aneurysms was noted in 8 patients. Efficacy and safety were evaluated based on the degree of initial occlusion, procedure-related complications, patient outcome based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale score, and follow-up results.

Results

The degree of angiographic occlusion of the aneurysms was complete for 15 aneurysms (17%), near complete for 69 aneurysms (77%) and partial for 6 aneurysms (7%). There were 4 (4.4%) symptomatic procedure-related complications (3 thromboembolic events and 1 procedural hemorrhage). The procedural hemorrhage resulted in death; however, the thromboembolic events only caused transient deficits. A favorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 5 or 4) was achieved in 90% (79 of 88) of the patients at the time of discharge. No patient showed signs of bleeding or rebleeding during the follow-up period (mean 25 months). Major aneurysm recanalization occurred in 2 cases. The AChA aneurysm–associated oculomotor nerve palsy tended to become aggravated transiently after coil embolization and then completely recovered over the course of 2–9 months.

Conclusions

Coil embolization is a safe and effective treatment modality in cases of AChA aneurysms. Coil embolization enables procedural recognition of arterial compromise and immediate reestablishment of flow, thus contributing to a favorable outcome.
Assessments of Proliferation Capacity and Viability of New Zealand Rabbit Peripheral Blood Endothelial Progenitor Cells Labeled with Superparamagnetic Particles
Authors: Mai Xiao-Li , Ma Zhan-Long , Sun Jun-Hui , Ju Sheng-Hong , Ma Ming , Teng Gao-Jun
Published: May 2009

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proven to be effective in tracking the distribution of transplanted stem cells to target organs by way of labeling cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO). However, the effect of SPIO upon labeled cells is still unclear on a cellular level. With this study, the proliferation and viability of New Zealand rabbit peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) labeled with SPIO were evaluated and in vitro images were obtained using a 1.5 T MR scanner. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated from peripheral blood of the adult New Zealand rabbit and cultured in fibronectin-coated culture flasks, in which EPCs were identified from cell morphology, outgrowth characteristics, and internalization of DiI-Ac-LDL and binding to FITC-UEA I. EPCs were incubated with the self-synthesized poly-L-lysine-conjugated SPIO (PLL-SPIO) particles in a range of concentrations. The prevalence of iron-containing vesicles or endosomes in the cytoplasm of labeled cells was confirmed with Prussian blue staining and transmission electron microscopy. Tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay, cell apoptosis, and cycle detection were assessed to evaluate proliferation and function of various concentrations, magnetically labeled EPCs. The quantity of iron per cell was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The cells underwent MRI with different sequences. The result showed that rabbit EPCs were efficiently labeled with the home synthesized PLL-SPIO. There was found to be no statistically significant difference in the MTT values of light absorption measured on the third and fifth days. Between labeled and unlabeled cells, there were also no aberrations found in the cell cycles, apoptosis, or growth curves. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer showed that the intracellular content of Fe decreased as more time elapsed after labeling. The labeled EPCs demonstrated a loss of MRI signal intensity (SI) when compared with the SI of unlabeled cells. These signal changes (ΔSI) were visible when cells were labeled with more than 5 × 104/ml of SPIO. The change in SI corresponded to the amount of iron in the EPCs, which reached a maximum at T2*WI. These data demonstrate that EPCs from the peripheral blood of the New Zealand rabbit can be effectively labeled with self-synthesized PLL-SPIO with minimal effects on cell proliferation and activity. Magnetically labeled EPCs can be imaged at 1.5 T MR and can therefore be used as an MR tracker of implanted EPCs.
Generation of Hepatocyte-Like Cells from in Vitro Transdifferentiated Human Fetal Pancreas
Authors: Sumitran-Holgersson Suchitra , Nowak Greg , Thowfeequ Shifaan , Begum Setara , Joshi Meghnad , Jaksch Marie , Kjaeldgaard Anders , Jorns Carl , Ericzon Bo-Göran , Tosh David
Published: May 2009

Although the appearance of hepatic foci in the pancreas has been described in animal experiments and in human pathology, evidence for the conversion of human pancreatic cells to liver cells is still lacking. We therefore investigated the developmental plasticity between human embryonic pancreatic cells and liver cells. Cells were isolated and expanded from 7–8-week-old human fetal pancreata (HFP) and were characterized for the absence and presence of pancreatic and hepatic markers. In vitro expanded HFP were treated with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and dexamethasone (DX) to induce a liver phenotye in the cells. These treated cells in various passages were further studied for their capacity to be functional in hepatic parenchyma following retrorsine-induced injury in nude C57 black mice. Amylase- and EPCAM-positive-enriched cells isolated from HFP and treated with FGF2 and DX lost expression of pancreatic markers and gained a liver phenotype. Hepatic differentiation was based on the expression (both at the mRNA and protein level) of liver markers albumin and cytokeratin 19. When transplanted in vivo into nude mice treated with retrorsine, both cell types successfully engrafted and functionally differentiated into hepatic cells expressing human albumin, glycogen, dipeptidyl peptidase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. These data indicate that human fetal pancreatic cells have a capacity to alter their gene expression profile in response to exogenous treatment with FGF2 and DX. It may be possible to generate an unlimited supply of hepatocytes in vitro for cell therapy.
On‐Wafer Crystallization of Ultralow‐κ Pure Silica Zeolite Films
Authors: Liu Yan , Lew Christopher M. , Sun Minwei , Cai Rui , Wang Junlan , Kloster Grant , Boyanov Boyan , Yan Yushan
Published: May 2009

A higher goal: An on‐wafer crystallization process to prepare pure silica zeolite (PSZ) MEL‐type films that is superior to the previously used hydrothermal process is reported. These striation‐free MEL‐type films (right, see picture) outperform the traditional spin‐on films (left) in terms of the κ value, mechanical properties, surface roughness, mesopore size, and size distribution.

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Isolation and Hydrogenation of a Complex with a Terminal Iridium–Nitrido Bond
Authors: Schöffel Julia , Rogachev Andrey Yu. , DeBeer George Serena , Burger Peter
Published: May 2009

An N for Ir: The synthesis and X‐ray crystal structure of a late‐transition‐metal complex with a terminal nitrido ligand and its hydrogenation to the related amido complex are reported (see scheme).

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Weakened Hydrogen Bonds in Water Confined between Lipid Bilayers: The Existence of a Long‐Range Attractive Hydration Force
Authors: Arsov Zoran , Rappolt Michael , Grdadolnik Joze
Published: May 2009

Stronger or weaker H‐bonds? H‐bonds in interlamellar water in partially hydrated lipid multibilayers are stronger with respect to bulk water. In contrast, the authors show by ATR–FTIR spectroscopy that the H‐bonds are weaker in multibilayers in excess water (see spectra). This finding is of biological relevance for water‐mediated phenomena in membranes.

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Injection of marinade with actinidin increases tenderness of porcine M. biceps femoris and affects myofibrils and connective tissue
Authors: Christensen Mette , Tørngren Mari Ann , Gunvig Annemarie , Rozlosnik Noemi , Lametsch René , Karlsson Anders H , Ertbjerg Per
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Marination of beef muscles with brine solutions containing proteolytic enzymes from fruit extracts has been shown to tenderize meat. However, the effect of marination with actinidin on tenderness of pork muscles has not been investigated. Tenderness and eating quality of porcine M. biceps femoris was investigated by Warner–Bratzler (WB) shear test and sensory evaluation after injection of brine containing up to 11 g L−1 actinidin‐containing kiwi fruit powder and 2, 5 or 9 days of storage.

RESULTS: Actinidin decreased WB shear force, increased tenderness and did not affect flavour and juiciness. Injection of 2.8 g L−1 actinidin powder and storage for 2 days resulted in WB shear force values similar to control samples stored for 5 or 9 days. In samples injected with 10 g L−1 actinidin powder, degradation of desmin and percentage of heat‐soluble collagen (P < 0.05) increased compared to control samples. Myofibrillar particle size tended to decrease (P < 0.1) with increasing actinidin concentration. No major changes were observed by proteome analysis. Atomic force microscopy showed actinidin‐induced damage of endomysium surrounding isolated single muscle fibres.

CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that actinidin tenderizes pork M. biceps femoris by affecting both the myofibrils and connective tissue. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural determinants for selective recognition of peptide ligands for endothelin receptor subtypes ETAand ETB
Authors: Lättig Jens , Oksche Alexander , Beyermann Michael , Rosenthal Walter , Krause Gerd
Published: May 2009

The molecular basis for recognition of peptide ligands endothelin‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 in endothelin receptors is poorly understood. Especially the origin of ligand selectivity for ETAor ETBis not clearly resolved. We derived sequence‐structure‐function relationships of peptides and receptors from mutational data and homology modeling. Our major findings are the dissection of peptide ligands into four epitopes and the delineation of four complementary structural portions on receptor side explaining ligand recognition in both endothelin receptor subtypes. In addition, structural determinants for ligand selectivity could be described. As a result, we could improve the selectivity of BQ3020 about 10‐fold by a single amino acid substitution, validating our hypothesis for ligand selectivity caused by different entrances to the receptors' transmembrane binding sites. A narrow tunnel shape in ETAis restrictive for a selected group of peptide ligands'N‐termini, whereas a broad funnel‐shaped entrance in ETBaccepts a variety of different shapes and properties of ligands. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The chitin‐binding capability of Cy‐AMP1 from cycad is essential to antifungal activity
Authors: Yokoyama Seiya , Iida Yuto , Kawasaki Yousuke , Minami Yuji , Watanabe Keiichi , Yagi Fumio
Published: May 2009

Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the host innate immune responses by exerting broad‐spectrum microbicidal activity against pathogenic microbes. Cy‐AMP1 found in the cycad (Cycas revoluta) seeds has chitin‐binding ability, and the chitin‐binding domain was conserved in knottin‐type and hevein‐type antimicrobial peptides. The recombinant Cy‐AMP1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to study the role of chitin‐binding domain. The mutants of Cy‐AMP1 lost chitin‐binding ability completely, and its antifungal activity was markedly decreased in comparison with native Cy‐AMP1. However, the antimicrobial activities of the mutant peptides are nearly identical to that of native one. It was suggested that the chitin‐binding domain plays an essential role in antifungal, but not antimicrobial, activity of Cy‐AMP1. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicine on the Fringe: Stem Cell-Based Interventions in Advance of Evidence
Authors: Regenberg Alan C. , Hutchinson Lauren A. , Schanker Benjamin , Mathews Debra J. H.
Published: May 2009

Stem cell-based interventions (SCBIs) offer great promise; however, there is currently little internationally accepted, scientific evidence supporting the clinical use of SCBIs. The consensus within the scientific community is that a number of hurdles still need to be cleared. Despite this, SCBIs are currently being offered to patients. This article provides a content analysis of materials obtained from SCBI providers. We find content that strains credulity and almost no evidence of SCBIs being delivered in the context of clinical trials. We conclude that until scientific evidence is available, as a general rule, providers should only offer SCBIs in the context of controlled clinical trials. Clients should be aware that the risks and benefits of SCBIs are unknown, that their participation is unlikely to advance scientific knowledge, and they are likely to become ineligible to participate in future clinical trials of SCBIs. We recommend steps to promote patient education and enhance global oversight.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Nanog Regulates Proliferation During Early Fish Development
Authors: Camp Esther , Sánchez-Sánchez Ana V. , García-España Antonio , DeSalle Rob , Odqvist Lina , Enrique O'Connor José , Mullor José L.
Published: May 2009

Nanog is involved in controlling pluripotency and differentiation of stem cells in vitro. However, its function in vivo has been studied only in mouse embryos and various reports suggest that Nanog may not be required for the regulation of differentiation. To better understand endogenous Nanog function, more animal models should be introduced to complement the murine model. Here, we have identified the homolog of the mammalian Nanog gene in teleost fish and describe the endogenous expression of Ol-Nanog mRNA and protein during medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryonic development and in the adult gonads. Using medaka fish as a vertebrate model to study Nanog function, we demonstrate that Ol-Nanog is necessary for S-phase transition and proliferation in the developing embryo. Moreover, inhibition or overexpression of Ol-Nanog does not affect gene expression of various pluripotency and differentiation markers, suggesting that this transcription factor may not play a direct role in embryonic germ layer differentiation.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Targeted Synovial Fluid Proteomics for Biomarker Discovery in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Cano Leticia , Arkfeld Daniel G.
Published: May 2009

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that targets the synovium. The autoantigens involved in the autoantibody responses in RA are unknown. A targeted proteomics approach was used to identify proteins in RA synovial fluid (SF) that are recognized by autoantibodies in RA sera.

Methods

RA SF, depleted of abundant proteins, was fractionated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography (chromatofocusing followed by reverse phase HPLC). Protein arrays constructed from these fractions were probed with RA and normal control sera, and proteins within reactive fractions were identified by mass spectrometry. The reactivity of RA sera to an identified peptide was confirmed by ELISA.

Results

RA sera specifically reacted to a SF fraction containing fibrin. Mass spectrometry analyses established the presence of a citrullinated arginine at position 271 of the fibrin fragment present in RA SF. A synthetic peptide corresponding to fibrin residues 259–287, containing the citrulline substitution at Arg 271, was recognized by 10 of 12 RA sera, but by two of 18 normal control sera and one of 10 systemic lupus erythematosus sera.

Conclusion

Proteomics methodology can be used to directly characterize post-translational modifications in candidate autoantigens isolated from sites of disease activity. The finding that RA sera contain antibodies to the citrullinated fibrin 259–287 peptide may ultimately lead to improved diagnostic tests for RA and/or biomarkers for disease activity.