bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organ Donation: Opt In and Opt Out Strategies
Authors: Saunders Ben
Published: April 2013

Opt‐in strategies only take organs from those who have specifically consented to donation, whereas opt‐out strategies treat everyone as a willing donor unless they exempt themselves. Both strategies allow individuals (or their next of kin) power to determine what happens to their cadaveric organs; the difference between them is the ‘default’ treatment of someone who has expressed no wish either way. Opt‐out strategies are likely to increase donation rates, because those who do not register a preference either way will be treated as donors. Opt‐out strategies are often called ‘presumed consent’ and critics contend that this is unjustifiable. In fact, numerous other justifications for such a policy are available, for instance it may be that those who do not opt out thereby tacitly consent to the use of their organs.

Key Concepts:

Opt‐in donation strategies means no one's organs are used without their consent.

Opt‐out donation strategies mean that everyone is treated as a donor unless they specifically refuse.

Few countries operate ‘pure’ opt‐in or opt‐out strategies, because consent is usually sought from next of kin.

It is difficult to measure or predict the effects of a change in policy, but likely that an opt‐out strategy will procure more organs than an opt‐in strategy.

An opt‐out strategy should not be identified with ‘presumed consent’.

There are a variety of possible justifications for an opt‐out strategy, including tacit consent and normative consent.

‘Tacit consent’ means that one's consent is implied by one's silence.

Tacit consent does not necessarily meet the conditions of informed consent.
Genetics of Dyskeratosis Congenita
Authors: Mason Philip J , Reeves Dara , Perdigones Nieves
Published: April 2013

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare, inherited, skin and bone marrow failure disease. It is a multisystem disorder which is heterogeneous at the genetic and clinical levels. Genetically, nine genes have so far been identified whose mutation causes DC, and inheritance of the disease can be X linked, autosomal dominant or recessive. Clinically, the disease can present in childhood as classical DC with a characteristic triad of nail dystrophy, leukoplakia and abnormal skin pigmentation along with progressive bone marrow failure. More severe forms presenting in infancy and milder forms in adults, as aplastic anaemia or pulmonary fibrosis, exist. All forms of the disease with known pathogenesis are due to failure of telomere maintenance, often leading to stem cell exhaustion. Recent progress in the identification of mutations in human syndromes has revealed that DC overlaps clinically and genetically with a number of other rare syndromes.

Key Concepts:

The major cause of death in DC is bone marrow failure.

The most common form of DC is X linked.

In the X‐linked form, females are not, or very mildly, affected, but they show extremely skewed X‐inactivation, with cells expressing the mutated gene being outgrown by cells expressing the wild type gene.

Dyskeratosis congenita is a disease caused by defective telomere maintenance.

Nine genes have been discovered to cause dyskeratosis congenita when mutated, and their products are involved in telomerase and its assembly or as part of the telomere.

When the disease is caused by mutations in the core components of telomerase, TERT and
TERC
families show an increase in severity of the disease in later generations, a phenomenon known as genetic anticipation.

Genetic anticipation is due to shortening of telomeres from one generation to the next.

Some DC mutations are also known causes of pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis and Coats retinopathy.

Now that genes responsible for rare syndromes are being discovered, it is becoming evident that there is overlap between DC and several other rare syndromes that have been described.
Molecular Genetics of
MUTYH
‐Associated Polyposis
Authors: Nielsen Maartje , Aretz Stefan , Sampson Julian R
Published: April 2013

MUTYH‐associated polyposis (MAP) is an autosomal recessive condition characterised by the development of multiple colon polyps and colorectal cancer (CRC). It is caused by biallelic germline mutations in the human mutY homologue
(MUTYH)
gene on 1p34.3. The MUTYH protein is a base excision repair glycosylase involved in the repair of oxidation of a guanine leading to 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine. MUTYH recognises an oxoG:A mismatch and excises the undamaged adenine base using a base‐flipping mechanism.

Most carriers of biallelic
MUTYH
mutations develop between 10 and 500, predominantly adenomatous polyps and CRC, but a number of MAP patients have CRC without polyps. The lifetime CRC risk in MAP patients is between 40% and 100% in the absence of timely surveillance. The lifetime risk for duodenal cancer is approximately 4% and a modest, but significant increase in incidence has been shown for ovarian, bladder and skin cancer.

Key Concepts:

MUTYH‐associated polyposis (MAP) is an autosomal recessive inherited polyposis and CRC syndrome.

MAP is caused by mutations in both alleles of the
MUTYH
gene.

One of the key functions of the MUTYH protein is prevention of mutagenesis caused by oxidative DNA damage of guanine.

Loss of MUTYH activity leads to somatic G>T transversions.

In the North West (NW) European population, two founder missense mutations, the p.G396D and p.Y179C, compromise more than 90% of mutations reported.

A somatic hotspot
KRAS2
mutation in codon 12 (c.34 G>T) is present in about half of MAP‐associated colon tumours.
Molecular Biology of Small Heat Shock Proteins associated with Peripheral Neuropathies
Authors: Holmgren Anne , Bouhy Delphine , Timmerman Vincent
Published: April 2013

Heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that protect the cell from various types of stress. Although regulated by stress, some of these proteins are constitutively expressed and responsible for quality control and protein folding. Based on their molecular weight, the HSP family mainly consists of two groups: large and small HSPs. The large HSPs requireadenosine triphosphate(ATP) for their functioning, whereas the small HSPs (HSPBs) are ATP independent. The latter bind improperly folded proteins and assist in the targeting process for refolding or degradation. These HSPBs are not only molecular chaperones but they are also involved in many essential cellular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, splicing, cytoskeleton dynamics and neuronal survival. This review focusses on the small HSPs HSPB1, HSPB3 and HSPB8, as mutations in these proteins are causative for Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease and distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN). Moreover, this review discusses the functional consequences of these mutations and their role in the length‐dependent neurodegeneration typical of CMT diseases.

Key Concepts:

The molecular signature of the small HSPs is the conserved α‐crystallin domain.

Mutations in HSPB1, HSPB3 and HSPB8 are associated with dHMN and CMT subtypes.

Mutant HSPB1 causes instability of the cytoskeletal elements and therefore disorganisation of the neuronal cytoskeleton could underlie the peripheral neuropathies.

Mutant HSPB8 may induce pathomechanisms leading to CMT diseases through a loss of autophagy function, rather than a toxic gain of function.

The HSPB3 protein differs considerably from the other members regarding sequence similarity such as the poor conservation in theN‐terminal region and the very shortC‐terminal domain.

It remains fragmentary how mutations in these small HSPs initiate a molecular cascade leading to progressive axonal degeneration.
Molecular Genetics of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Mayer Karin
Published: April 2013

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) subsumes a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare connective tissue diseases, characterised by tissue fragility and a highly variable clinical spectrum involving skin, ligaments, joints, blood vessels and internal organs. Based on clinical criteria as well as genetic and biochemical data, the current Villefranche classification subdivides EDS into six major subtypes, which are caused by mutations in genes encoding fibrillar collagens or enzymes involved in collagen biosynthesis. Mutations in type V and type III collagen cause classic and vascular EDS, respectively, whereas mutations affecting the processing of type I collagen lead to the kyphoscoliotic, arthrochalasic and dermatosparactic EDS types. During the last years, specific biochemical and molecular investigations identified several new EDS variants and have brought new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of EDS. Establishing the correct EDS subtype has important implications for genetic counselling and management and offers the opportunity for clinical trials, which are still at the beginning.

Key Concepts:

EDS is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of connective tissue diseases.

The Villefranche classification distinguishes six major EDS subtypes.

The most frequent molecular causes in EDS are mutations in fibrillar collagens or enzymes involved in collagen metabolism.

Recent and ongoing research is leading to the discovery of new EDS variants and to an improvement of understanding the molecular pathology of EDS.

Defining the EDS subtype has an important value for the patient and is the basis for clinical management and possible future clinical trials.
Molecular Genetics of Nail–Patella Syndrome
Authors: McIntosh Iain
Published: April 2013

Nail–patella Syndrome (NPS) is a pleiotropic disorder affecting development of the limbs, kidneys, eyes and central nervous system, which is the result of heterozygous, loss‐of‐function mutations in the transcription factor, LIM‐homeobox 1β (LMX1B). There is no correlation between the type or nature of individual mutations and the severity of the phenotype. The availability of animal models, together with analysis of gene expression patterns during development, has substantiated that the range of clinically relevant signs and symptoms is greater than appreciated previously. Evidence is building that attention deficit±hyperactivity disorder and depression may be constituent parts of the syndrome. The variation in the range and severity of symptoms, and the diverse range of affected tissues, make NPS an appropriate model in which to study the effects of gene interactions on the observed phenotype.

Key Concepts:

NPS is a pleiotropic, clinically variable autosomal dominant disorder.

LMX1B is a member of a gene family primarily involved in regulating neuronal patterning.

Loss of function mutations in LMX1B cause NPS but do not predict disease severity.

Analysis of Lmx1b expression has helped explain previously unknown neural aspects of NPS.

Physicians should be aware of the extra‐skeletal aspects of NPS and institute appropriate monitoring and treatment.
Fluid Drag Reduction with Shark‐Skin Riblet Inspired Microstructured Surfaces
Authors: Bixler Gregory D. , Bhushan Bharat
Published: April 2013

Engineering marvels found throughout living nature continually provide inspiration to researchers solving technical challenges. For example, skin from fast‐swimming sharks intrigue researchers since its low‐drag riblet microstructure is applicable to many low drag and self‐cleaning (antifouling) applications. An overview of shark skin related studies that have been conducted in both open channel (external) and closed channel (internal) flow experiments is presented. Significant work has been conducted with the open channel flow, and less with closed channel flow. The results provide design guidance when developing novel low drag and self‐cleaning surfaces for applications in the medical, marine, and industrial fields. Experimental parameters include riblet geometry, continuous and segmented configurations, fluid velocity (laminar and turbulent flow), fluid viscosity (water, oil, and air), closed channel height dimensions, wettability, and scalability. The results are discussed and conceptual models are shown suggesting the effect of viscosity, coatings, and the interaction between vortices and riblet surfaces.
Materials and Fabrication Processes for Transient and Bioresorbable High‐Performance Electronics
Authors: Hwang Suk‐Won , Kim Dae‐Hyeong , Tao Hu , Kim Tae‐il , Kim Stanley , Yu Ki Jun , Panilaitis Bruce , Jeong Jae‐Woong , Song Jun‐Kyul , Omenetto Fiorenzo G. , Rogers John. A.
Published: April 2013

Materials and fabrication procedures are described for bioresorbable transistors and simple integrated circuits, in which the key processing steps occur on silicon wafer substrates, in schemes compatible with methods used in conventional microelectronics. The approach relies on an unusual type of silicon on insulator wafer to yield devices that exploit ultrathin sheets of monocrystalline silicon for the semiconductor, thin films of magnesium for the electrodes and interconnects, silicon dioxide and magnesium oxide for the dielectrics, and silk for the substrates. A range of component examples with detailed measurements of their electrical characteristics and dissolution properties illustrate the capabilities. In vivo toxicity tests demonstrate biocompatibility in sub‐dermal implants. The results have significance for broad classes of water‐soluble, “transient” electronic devices.
Regulation of Stem Cell Fate in a Three‐Dimensional Micropatterned Dual‐Crosslinked Hydrogel System
Authors: Jeon Oju , Alsberg Eben
Published: April 2013

Micropatterning technology is a powerful tool for controlling the cellular microenvironment and investigating the effects of physical parameters on cell behaviors, such as migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Although there have been significant developments in regulating the spatial and temporal distribution of physical properties in various materials, little is known about the role of the size of micropatterned regions of hydrogels with different crosslinking densities on the response of encapsulated cells. In this study, a novel alginate hydrogel system that can be micropatterned three‐dimensionally is engineered to create regions that are crosslinked by a single mechanism or dual mechanisms. By manipulating micropattern size while keeping the overall ratio of single‐ to dual‐crosslinked hydrogel volume constant, the physical properties of the micropatterned alginate hydrogels are spatially tunable. When human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) are photoencapsulated within micropatterned hydrogels, their proliferation rate is a function of micropattern size. Additionally, micropattern size dictates the extent of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of photoencapsulated hASC. The size of 3D micropatterned physical properties in this new hydrogel system introduces a new design parameter for regulating various cellular behaviors, and this dual‐crosslinked hydrogel system provides a new platform for studying proliferation and differentiation of stem cells in a spatially controlled manner for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Graphen: sicher oder toxisch?
Authors: Bianco Alberto
Published: April 2013

Graphen wird als bahnbrechendes Material der Zukunft angesehen. Für seine weitere Entwicklung ist nun die Beurteilung des Sicherheitsprofils und des Einflusses auf die menschliche Gesundheit von größter Bedeutung. Graphen gehört zu einer größeren Familie von Nanomaterialien, die als Graphenfamilie (“graphene family nanomaterials” GFNs) bezeichnet wird. Es sind verschiedene Formen von Graphen bekannt, deren biologische Wirkungen mit den physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften der jeweiligen Strukturen korreliert werden müssen. Einige In‐vitro‐ und In‐vivo‐Studien zeigten keine besonderen Risiken auf, während andere auf mögliche gesundheitsgefährdende Eigenschaften von GFNs hinweisen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz soll die aktuellen Studien über die Toxizität von GFNs kritisch diskutieren, um die möglichen Risiken für ihre zukünftige Entwicklung in den Material‐ und Biowissenschaften abzuschätzen.
Graphene: Safe or Toxic? The Two Faces of the Medal
Authors: Bianco Alberto
Published: April 2013

Graphene is considered the future revolutionary material. For its development, it is of fundamental importance to evaluate the safety profile and the impact on health. Graphene is part of a bigger family which has been identified as the graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs). Clarifying the existence of multiple graphene forms allows better understanding the differences between the components and eventually correlating their biological effects to the physicochemical characteristics of each structure. Some in vitro and in vivo studies clearly showed no particular risks, while others have indicated that GFNs might become health hazards. This Minireview critically discusses the recent studies on the toxicity of GFNs to provide some perspective on the possible risks to their future development in materials and biomedical sciences.
Facile synthesis of amphiphilic chitosan‐g‐poly(lactic acid) derivatives and the study of their controlled drug release
Authors: Lu Hong‐Wei , He Hong , Zhang Bin , Liu Guo‐Qiang , Li Meng‐Yao , Nie Qiu‐Lin
Published: April 2013

We report here a simple and green procedure for the synthesis of amphiphilic chitosan (CS) derivatives with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) side chains, without the use of high pure lactide, high temperatures, or large amounts of organic solvent. The chemical structure and physical properties of these CS derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. The formation and characteristics of polymeric micelles based on these CS derivatives were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The critical aggregation concentration in water varied from 0.048 to 0.021 mg/mL, and the mean diameter was in the range 169.8–260.7 nm in aqueous solution at 25°C when the PLA grafting percentage increased from 92 to 132%. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the micelles exhibited a nanospheric morphology within a size range of 60–120 nm. For the resulting micellar aggregates, the drug loading and in vitro drug‐release characteristics were studied with indomethacin as the model drug. We found that such micellar aggregates could be potentially used as nanocarriers for drug delivery. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 908‐915, 2013
Effects of expandable graphite and dimethyl methylphosphonate on mechanical, thermal, and flame‐retardant properties of flexible polyurethane foams
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Qun , Ge Feng‐Yan , Sun Jie , Cai Zai‐Sheng
Published: April 2013

Expandable graphite (EG) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) were added to polyurethane to form flame‐retardant high‐resilience flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) in one‐step. The effects of EG and DMMP on cell morphology, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal degradation, and flame‐retardant properties of FPUF were studied. The results indicated that adding proper amount EG or/and DMMP would not seriously damage cell morphology and mechanical properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that there were two tan δ peaks attributed to soft and hard segment seperately and 15 pbw EG or/and 15 pbw DMMP could enhance damping property of FPUF. Thermogravimetric analysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA–FTIR) results indicated that 15 pbw EG or 15 pbw DMMP could improve the thermal stability of the second degradation step but there were no synergistic effect between the two. DMMP made FPUF composites produce more toxic gases such as CO, however, EG displayed an opposite effect. Both EG and DMMP could effectively improve the flame retardant properties of FPUF, and there was synergistic effect between the two. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 916‐926, 2013
Chemical biology approaches to study protein cysteine sulfenylation
Authors: Pan Jia , Carroll Kate S.
Published: April 2013

The oxidation of cysteine thiol side chains by hydrogen peroxide to afford protein sulfenyl modifications is an important mechanism in signal transduction. In addition, aberrant protein sulfenylation contributes to a range of human pathologies, including cancer. Efforts to elucidate the roles of protein sulfenylation in physiology and disease have been hampered by the lack of techniques to probe these modifications in native environments with molecular specificity. In this review, we trace the history of chemical and biological methods that have been developed to detect protein sulfenylation and illustrate how a recent cell‐permeable chemical reporter, DYn‐2, has been used to detect and identify intracellular targets of endogenous H2O2 during growth factor signaling, including the epidermal growth factor receptor. The array of new tools and methods discussed herein enables the discovery of new biological roles for cysteine sulfenylation in human health and disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 165–172, 2014.
Long‐term criminal outcome of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Dalsgaard Søren , Mortensen Preben Bo , Frydenberg Morten , Thomsen Per Hove
Published: April 2013

Background

Long‐term outcome studies of child psychiatric populations are often limited by attrition. Our study uses the Danish National Crime Register to report on the largest and most complete prospective study of adult criminality as an outcome for children with socioeconomic status attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is the first to report on the adult criminal outcome of girls with ADHD.

Aims

To estimate the relative risk (RR) of adult criminal convictions of children with ADHD compared with the rate in the general population.

Methods

A clinical sample of 206 children who had attended a regional child and adolescent psychiatric clinic in Denmark between 1968 and 1989 and received a diagnosis of ADHD was identified. Official criminal conviction data were collected for all of them up to the year 2000 when their mean age was 31 years. Their rate of sustaining at least one criminal conviction was compared with that in an age‐matched general population sample.

Results

Ninety‐seven (47%) of the children with ADHD had criminal convictions in adulthood. Children with ADHD were about five times more likely to sustain convictions than their peers in the general population (rate ratio (RR) 5.6, 95% confidence interval 5.2–6.1) and twelve times more likely to have violent convictions (RR 12.0, 95% confidence interval 9.9–14.5). Fifty‐four (26%) of the children with ADHD without any conduct problems in childhood were convicted in adulthood. Girls with ADHD were also at increased risk of criminal convictions.

Conclusions

Children with ADHD have a higher risk of criminal convictions in adulthood than previously documented, and both girls and boys are at increased risk. Co‐morbid conduct problems in childhood are highly predictive of criminal convictions in adulthood. Even in the absence of conduct problems, however, childhood ADHD is associated with increased risk of criminality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Use of Seawater as Reaction Media for Large‐Scale Applications in Biorefineries
Authors: Domínguez de María Pablo
Published: April 2013

Biorefineries are expected to take over the production of chemicals and biofuels in the coming decades, in parallel to the depletion of fossil resources. Considerable research efforts have been made to develop efficient (bio)catalytic systems for the production of bio‐based solvents and novel products with improved ecological footprints and “smart” properties. Among other challenges, water consumption will be an important aspect to assess in the full sustainability of biorefineries, which are envisaged for large‐scale operations. The already existing fresh water shortage in many regions of our overpopulated planet has brought more pressure and uncertainties to these aims. Thus, over the past years, a number of enzymatic, fermentative, and chemocatalytic applications using seawater as a reaction medium for large‐scale biorefineries have been reported by several research groups, which emphasize the use of nonpotable water resources for coastal regions and for locally available biomass (e.g., algae). This article contextualizes in detail these seawater‐based applications for biorefineries. Overall, the use of such nonpotable water resources is promising, provided that applied catalytic systems can lead to straightforwardly treatable waste(sea)water effluents. Opportunities at the interface between biology, chemistry, and chemical engineering are foreseeable for (holistic) innovation and further research.
Enhancement of Catalytic Activities of Octahedral Molecular Sieve Manganese Oxide for Total and Preferential CO Oxidation through Vanadium Ion Framework Substitution
Authors: Genuino Homer C. , Meng Yongtao , Horvath Dayton T. , Kuo Chung‐Hao , Seraji Mohammad S. , Morey Aimee M. , Joesten Raymond L. , Suib Steven L.
Published: April 2013

High‐valent vanadium ions were substituted into the synthetic cryptomelane manganese oxide (K‐OMS‐2) framework through a simple and low‐cost reflux method and investigated for total and preferential catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide. Substitutional doping of V5+ resulted in materials with modified composition, morphology, thermal stability; and textural, redox, and catalytic properties. The catalytic activity increased with V concentration until an optimum amount (≈10 % V incorporated) was reached, beyond that a structural “crash point” was observed, resulting in a material with low crystallinity, nanosphere morphology, and reduced catalytic activity. An increase in O2 concentration in the feed gas resulted in an increase in conversion over 10% V K‐OMS‐2. This most active catalyst was deactivated by moisture only at low temperatures and showed better tolerance than undoped K‐OMS‐2. This catalyst also preferentially oxidized CO to CO2 from 25 °C to 120 °C in large amounts of H2 under dry conditions, without significantly affecting CO conversion. The doped catalyst also showed stable activity and selectivity in long‐run experiments. The mobility and lability of surface oxygen, formation of hydroxyl groups, and enhanced surface redox properties promoted by V doping were strongly correlated with the enhancement of catalytic activities of K‐OMS‐2 nanomaterials.
ChemInform Abstract: Shift of Indirect to Direct Bandgap in Going from K to Cs in MCaF3 (M: K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Murtaza G. , Ahmad Iftikhar , Afaq A.
Published: April 2013

DFT calculations
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Li4ZnTeO6 and Revision of Li3Cu2SbO6.
Authors: Nalbandyan V. B. , Avdeev M. , Evstigneeva M. A.
Published: April 2013

Li4ZnTeO6 is synthesized by solid state reaction of Li2CO3, ZnO, and TeO2 (850 °C, 4 h) and characterized by X‐ray and neutron diffraction.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐HfCuGe — A New Polymorph of HfCuGe with a Novel Structure Type.
Authors: Schoop Leslie M. , Allred Jared M. , Ni Ni , Hirai D. , Krez Julia , Schwall Michael , Ji Huiwen , Ali Mazhar N. , Cava R. J.
Published: April 2013

The new intermetallic title phase is obtained from stoichiometric melts of the elements (followed by annealing at 900 °C) and characterized by single crystal XRD, SEM, TGA, DSC, and resistivity and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Eu2+:SrMg1‐xMnxP2O7 (x = 0—1) Phosphors with Tunable Yellow—Red Emissions.
Authors: Li Kai , Chen Daqin , Zhang Rui , Yu Yunlong , Wang Yuansheng
Published: April 2013

Eu2+‐doped (0.03 mol.%) SrMg1‐xMnxP2O7 (x = 0—1) yellow‐red emitting phosphors are prepared by a solid state reaction of appropriate amounts of SrCO3, MgO, NH4H2PO4, Eu2O3, and MnCO3 (5% H2/N2 reducing atmosphere, alumina crucible, 1000°C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Ce4B14O27.
Authors: Hinteregger Ernst , Perfler Lukas , Huppertz Hubert
Published: April 2013

The title oxide is synthesized from a mixture of CeO2, B2O3, and CeF3 as flux material (2.6 GPa, 750°C).
ChemInform Abstract: The Novel Alkali Sulfidoferrates K9[FeIIIS4](S2)S, (K/Rb)6[FeIII2S6], Rb8[FeIII4S10], and K7[FeII/IIIS2]5.
Authors: Schwarz Michael , Haas Miriam , Roehr Caroline
Published: April 2013

The sulfidoferrates of title are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Fe, S, K, and Rb2S (corundum crucible, K compounds: 900—1100°C, Rb compounds: 500—800°C, controlled heating).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Intramolecular Conjugate Addition of α‐Amino Acid Derivatives via Racemization‐Free Equilibrium of Intermediary Chiral Enolates.
Authors: Monguchi Daiki , Yoshimura Tomoyuki , Irie Kazuyuki , Hayashi Kazuhiro , Majumdar Swapan , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro , Kawabata Takeo
Published: April 2013

A highly enantioselective route to multisubstituted indoline derivatives (II) and (III) via intramolecular conjugate addition of an α‐amino acid moiety is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 1‐Iodo‐1,3‐dienes by the Addition of MeMgSnBu3 to the Conjugated Terminal Enynes; Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (2E,4Z,6E)‐Dehydrodendrolasin.
Authors: Kawahama Reiko , Uenishi Jun'ichi
Published: April 2013

It is crucial that the reaction is carried out at ‐20°C as at 0°C the thermal isomerization occurs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Pyridylmethyl Ether: A Readily Removable and Efficient Directing Group for Amino Acid Ligand Accelerated ortho‐C—H Olefination of Phenols.
Authors: Cong Xuefeng , You Jingsong , Gao Ge , Lan Jingbo
Published: April 2013

It is demonstrated that 2‐pyridylmethyl ether can serve as an efficient directing group for amino acid accelerated ortho‐C—H olefination of phenols via a seven‐membered cyclopalladated intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Deprotection of Methylene Acetal and MOM Ether in the Presence of Ketal‐Type Protective Groups: Remarkable Effect of TBSOTf.
Authors: Maegawa Tomohiro , Koutani Yasuyuki , Senami Kento , Yahata Kenzo , Fujioka Hiromichi
Published: April 2013

A novel procedure for the highly selective deprotection of methylene acetals and Mom‐groups in the presence of ketal‐type protective groups is developed utilizing a combination of Tbs‐O‐Tf and 2,2′‐bipyridyl.
ChemInform Abstract: Different Products in the Reaction of the Alcohols with Cyclic and Acyclic 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds: K5CoW12O40 as an Electron Transfer Nano Catalyst.
Authors: Rafiee Ezzat , Kahrizi Masoud , Joshaghani Mohammad
Published: April 2013

The reactions of linear 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with alcohols afford C‐alkylation products (III), whereas O‐alkylation takes place in the case of cyclic diketone (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Approach to the Synthesis of α‐Aminonitriles Using Triphenylphosphine Dibromide under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Chaturvedi Devdutt , Chaturvedi Amit K. , Dwivedi Parmesh K. , Mishra Nisha
Published: April 2013

The procedure allows an easy approach to a broad spectrum of target compounds, represented by the examples (IV), (VII), (X), and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Arylsulfones by a Novel Multicomponent Reaction of Aromatic Aldehydes, Chloroacetonitrile, Benzenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt.
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ding Mao Hua , Guo Hong Yun
Published: April 2013

No reaction takes place if an aliphatic aldehyde is used.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed C—N Bond Formation Through C—H/N—H Activation: A Novel Approach to the Synthesis of Multisubstituted Ureas.
Authors: Jiang Honglai , Lin Aijun , Zhu Chengjian , Cheng Yixiang
Published: April 2013

A variety of tetrasubstituted urea derivatives is prepared by copper‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of alkoxyamides with corresponding formamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Phosphine‐Free Suzuki Aryl Couplings Mediated by an in situ Generated Pd(OAc)2/Metformin Complex in Green Media.
Authors: Alizadeh A. , Khodaei M. M. , Kordestani D. , Beygzadeh M.
Published: April 2013

A broad spectrum of aryl halides can be used where the bromides are generally the most efficient substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Dialkynylation of Aryl Aldehydes Using Dialkynylboron Chlorides: A Transition‐Metal‐Free Route to 1,4‐Diynes.
Authors: Yao Min‐Liang , Pippin Adam B. , Wu Zhong‐Zhi , Quinn Michael P. , Yong Li , Reddy Marepally S. , Kabalka George W.
Published: April 2013

Dialkynylboron chlorides (II), prepared in situ from alkynes and BCl3, couple smoothly with aryl aldehydes to afford title compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Nitrocyclopropanation of 2,5‐Dihydrothiophene‐3‐carbaldehydes.
Authors: De Risi Carmela , Benetti Simonetta , Fogagnolo Marco , Bertolasi Valerio
Published: April 2013

An unprecedented domino Michael/α‐alkylation reaction between the aldehyde substrates and bromonitromethane allows the synthesis of thiabicyclohexane systems with good to excellent diastereoselectivities
ChemInform Abstract: The First I2‐Promoted Efficient Aminoacetylation of Activated Aziridines in Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Rai Vijai K. , Sharma Nihar , Kumar Anil
Published: April 2013

A facile regio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of aminopyrrolidines is achieved via nucleophilic aziridine ring opening with substrate (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Oxidation of 4‐Methylpyrrole‐2‐carboxylates with DDQ in the Presence of a Glycol.
Authors: Takahashi Kana , Iwamoto Ryoji , Sakata Ryo , Soeta Takahiro , Inomata Katsuhiko , Ukaji Yutaka
Published: April 2013

The metal‐free oxidation of title compounds (I) and (IV) in the presence of glycols proceeds smoothly and regioselectively to yield the corresponding pyrrole‐2,4‐dicarboxylates directly.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Versatile Bifunctional Derivatives of Chiral Diamines Obtained Through Anchimerically Assisted Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions on Diastereomeric Phenylprolinols.
Authors: Vargas‐Caporali Jorge , Cruz‐Hernandez Carlos , Juaristi Eusebio
Published: April 2013

Pyrrolidinic diamine (IV) and its diastereomer are synthesized by selective internal backside nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding phenylprolinols (I) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Cyclopropanation with Diazooxindole.
Authors: Awata Atsuko , Arai Takayoshi
Published: April 2013

The use of either 1‐pentene (IIa) or different styrenes affords the heterocyclic scaffold with good to excellent diastereoselectivity, but only moderate enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Indoles. Part 139. Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of 1‐Methoxyindole‐3‐carbaldehyde.
Authors: Yamada Fumio , Shinmyo Daisuke , Nakajou Masahiro , Somei Masanori
Published: April 2013

A variety of 2‐substituted indole‐3‐carbaldehydes is readily prepared by reaction of 1‐methoxyindole‐3‐carbaldehyde (I) with S‐, O‐, N‐, and C‐nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzimidazoles in Microfluidic Chip Reactor.
Authors: Lei Ming , Li Wei , Hu Ruijun , Tian Wan , Wang Yanguang , Zhang Hong
Published: April 2013

In comparison to classical batch systems, the presented smooth procedure affords the products with high selectivity due to the excellent mixing.
ChemInform Abstract: An Asymmetric Organocatalytic Approach to Michael Reactions of Thiazolones and Nitroalkenes: Preparation of Compounds with Anticancer Potency.
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Song Hongjin , Chen Qiao , Li Wenyi , Yin Wen , Kai Ming , Wang Rui
Published: April 2013

The new compounds, 23 examples, show inhibitory activity against five cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Chromene Derivatives in One Pot.
Authors: Zeng Li Yan , Lv Mei Fang , Cai Chun
Published: April 2013

Salicylaldehydes react with 2 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation of 6‐Benzofuranyl Alkynoates.
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Otsubo Kensuke
Published: April 2013

Starting materials (I) and (IV) are easily prepared in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Polyhalogenated Nitrobutadienes. Part 12. Synthesis of Novel, Highly Substituted Bi‐ and Tricyclic 5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydro‐4H‐chromen‐5‐ones.
Authors: Zapol'skii Viktor A. , Vogt Eva‐Janina , Gjikaj Mimoza , Kaufmann Dieter E.
Published: April 2013

Acidic hydrolysis of chromene derivative (III) in MeOH affords a mixture of heterocyclic compounds (V), (VI), and (VII) with the novel tricyclic chromen‐8‐ones (V) as main products.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Approaches Towards the Synthesis of Novel Pyrano[2,3‐a]carbazoles.
Authors: Prabakaran Kumaresan , Zeller Matthias , Szalay Paul S. , Prasad Karam J. Rajendra
Published: April 2013

Alternative routes for the synthesis of not easily accessible pyranopyrazoles avoiding multistep procedures starting from readily available 1‐hydroxycarbazole derivatives are given.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid and Convenient Microwave‐Promoted Synthesis of 3,5‐Disubstituted 2‐Chloropyridines and Their Conversion into Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Gogoi Shyamalee , Gogoi Sanjib , Boruah Romesh C.
Published: April 2013

New 2‐chloropyridines are synthesized from α,β‐unsaturated ketoximes via microwave‐assisted Vilsmeier reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Aza‐Flavones (V) as a New Class of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Dhiman Rajni , Sharma Sahil , Singh Gagandip , Nepali Kunal , Bedi Preet Mohinder Singh
Published: April 2013

Important interactions of the most active compound (IIe) with the amino acid residues of the active site of XO are figured out by molecular modeling.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Novel β‐Carboline Derivatives with Pendant 5‐Bromothienyl and Their Evaluation as Phosphodiesterase‐5 Inhibitors.
Authors: El‐Gamil Dalia S. , Ahmed Nermin S. , Gary Bernard D. , Piazza Gary A. , Engel Matthias , Hartmann Rolf W. , Abadi Ashraf H.
Published: April 2013

From 24 title compounds tested, compound (V) is the most potent PDE‐5 inhibitor with a selectivity index of 49 towards PDE‐5 vs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Facile Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐dione Derivatives of Biological Interest.
Authors: Shah Nimesh M. , Patel Manish P. , Patel Ranjan G.
Published: April 2013

A variety of new pyrazolophthalazinedione derivatives (16 examples) are synthesized via a one‐pot three‐component condensation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 13‐Acetyl‐9‐methyl‐11‐oxo(or thioxo)‐8‐oxa‐10,12‐diazatricyclo [7.3.1.02,7]trideca‐2,4,6‐trienes under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Cheng Qingfang , Wang Qifa , Tan Tin , Chen Na , Shuai Mei
Published: April 2013

A high‐yield one‐pot three‐component cyclocondensation reaction method for the preparation of some new oxygen‐bridged monastrol derivatives (IV) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel 2‐Alkenyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1,4‐epoxy‐1‐benzazepines and 2‐Alkenyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐1‐benzazepin‐4‐ols.
Authors: Acosta Quintero Lina Maria , Palma Alirio , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo
Published: April 2013

The required heterocyclic scaffolds are prepared starting from bis‐homoallylic anilines of type (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Trioxepanes and 1,2,4‐Trioxanes via H2O2‐Mediated Reaction of Tertiary Carbinols.
Authors: Ravi Makthala , Anand Devireddy , Maurya Ranjani , Chauhan Parul , Naikade Niraj K. , Shukla Sanjeev K. , Yadav Prem P.
Published: April 2013

A convenient two‐step sequence allows the synthesis of the target compounds from carbinols via oxidation and subsequent condensation of the resulting hydroperoxides with ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: The Kabachnik—Fields and Pudovik Reactions on the Basis of E,Z‐Citral and Its Imines and (R,S)‐Citronellal.
Authors: Nizamov Ilyas S. , Yambushev Farid D. , Nizamov Ilnar D. , Voloshina Alexandra D. , Alfonsov Vladimir A.
Published: April 2013

A variety of novel α‐aminophosphonate derivatives are synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure Study of Diethyl Aryl(benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐ylamino)methyl Phosphonates.
Authors: Lashkari Mojtaba , Hazeri Nourallah , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa Habibi , Torbati Niloufar Akbarzadeh , Hosseinian Asghar , Garcia‐Granda Santiago , Torre‐Fernandez Laura
Published: April 2013

The title compounds (IV) are conveniently obtained by a three‐component reaction between 2‐aminobenzothiazole (I), various aromatic aldehydes (II), and triethyl phosphite (III) under solvent‐free and green reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Solvatochromic Properties of Azulene‐Substituted Donor—Acceptor‐Type Polymethine Dyes.
Authors: Shoji Taku , Yamamoto Atsuyo , Inoue Yuta , Shimomura Erika , Ito Shunji , Higashi Junya , Morita Noboru
Published: April 2013

Four azulen‐substituted polymethine dyes (IV) and (VI) are synthesized by a Zincke‐type ring‐opening reaction followed by a Knoevenagel condensation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Carbohydrate‐Derived N‐Sulfonyl Aziridines.
Authors: Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , Concellon Carmen , Alvaredo Noemi , Llavona Ricardo , Garcia‐Granda Santiago , Rosario Diaz M. , Soengas Raquel G.
Published: April 2013

Iodomethyllithium reacts with carbohydrate‐derived N‐sulfinylimines such as (I) in a highly stereoselective manner through an addition/oxidation protocol to afford the corresponding N‐sulfonyl aziridine after oxidative work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Neo‐Tanshinlactone via the Palladium‐Mediated Intramolecular Biaryl Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Abe Hitoshi , Kawai Toshitaka , Komatsu Yoshinori , Kamimura Mayu , Takeuchi Yasuo , Horino Yoshikazu
Published: April 2013

Starting material (II) is prepared from commercially available compounds in 12 steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Transformations on Metal Nanoparticles: Controlling Activity, Stability, and Recyclability by Support and Solvent Interactions
Authors: Geukens Inge , De Vos Dirk E.
Published: April 2013

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Synergetic Catalytic Effect in Heterogeneous Nanocomposite Catalysts
Authors: Shi Jianlin
Published: April 2013

Review: 376 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalysis: A Powerful Tool for the Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules
Authors: Shoji Mitsuru , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: April 2013

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Huang Yijun , Yazbak Ahmed , Domling Alexander
Published: April 2013

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐Supported Synthesis
Authors: Yellol Gorakh S. , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: April 2013

Review: 215 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Solvents
Authors: Breeden Simon W. , Clark James H. , Macquarrie Duncan J. , Sherwood James
Published: April 2013

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling in Acylation Reactions, Scope and Recent Developments
Authors: Blangetti Marco , Rosso Helena , Prandi Cristina , Deagostino Annamaria , Venturello Paolo
Published: April 2013

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multimetallic Schiff Base Complexes as Cooperative Asymmetric Catalysts
Authors: Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: April 2013

Review: about 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Organoboron Compounds
Authors: Lalic Gojko , Rucker Richard P.
Published: April 2013

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Update on Catalytic Strategies for the Synthesis of α‐Hydroxyketones
Authors: Streuff Jan
Published: April 2013

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Acid Derived Auxiliaries: Amino Acids as Chiral Auxiliaries
Authors: Maison W.
Published: April 2013

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Catalytic Pauson—Khand Reaction
Authors: Chung Young Keun
Published: April 2013

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Pauson—Khand Reaction Using Chiral Pool Techniques (Chiral Substrates)
Authors: Kamlar Martin , Vesely Jan , Torres Ramon Rios
Published: April 2013

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Post‐Translational Modifications of Natural Antimicrobial Peptides and Strategies for Peptide Engineering
Authors: Wang Guangshun
Published: April 2013

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heparin Biosynthesis
Authors: Carlsson Pernilla , Kjellen Lena
Published: April 2013

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Atom Economy: A Challenge for Enhanced Synthetic Efficiency
Authors: Trost Barry M.
Published: April 2013

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Effects in the Self‐Assembly of Fullerene Donor Ensembles
Authors: Nierengarten Jean‐Francois
Published: April 2013

Review: 52 refs.
A computational approach to generate concurrent arterial networks in vascular territories
Authors: Blanco P. J. , de Queiroz R. A. B. , Feijóo R. A.
Published: April 2013

In this work, a computational procedure is proposed to vascularize anatomical regions supplied by many inflow sites. The proposed methodology creates a partition of the territory to be vascularized into nonoverlapping subdomains that are independently supplied by the so‐called perforator arteries (inflow sites). Then, in each subdomain, the constrained constructive optimization method is used to generate a network of vessels. The identification of subdomains in a certain vascular territory perfused by many perforator arteries turns out to be a fundamental problem towards understanding the morphological conformation of peripheral beds in the cardiovascular system. The methodology is assessed through two academic examples showing the main structural features of the so‐defined vascular territory partition and the corresponding arterial networks. In addition, the vascularization of a three‐dimensional sheet‐like tissue is presented with potential application in flap planning and design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between insulin‐like growth factor I and metabolic syndrome: a general population study in German adults
Authors: Friedrich Nele , Nauck Matthias , Schipf Sabine , Völzke Henry , Brabant Georg , Wallaschofski Henri
Published: April 2013

Background

A previous study showed an inverse association between the insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and the risk of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus. Moreover, myocardial infarction patients with high baseline IGF‐I levels had a lower risk of diabetes mellitus. These data suggested a protective effect of IGF‐I against the development of metabolic syndrome. However, there are no longitudinal data regarding IGF‐I and metabolic syndrome. The aim of the present study was to investigate the longitudinal association between IGF‐I and metabolic syndrome.

Methods

Data from the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania, Germany, were used for cross‐sectional (n = 3903) and longitudinal (n = 2143) analyses (5‐year follow‐up). Metabolic syndrome was defined by three or more of the following five components: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and elevated nonfasting glucose. Serum IGF‐I and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3) were determined by chemiluminescence immunoassays. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses were performed to determine associations.

Results

In cross‐sectional analyses high IGFBP‐3 as well as high and low IGF‐I/IGFBP‐3 ratio levels were associated with prevalent metabolic syndrome. In longitudinal analyses, the direction of the relation changed: men but not women with high IGF‐I or IGF‐I/IGFBP‐3 ratio levels had an increased, whereas men with low levels had a decreased risk of incident metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion

In concordance with previous studies, our cross‐sectional analyses showed a relation between low IGF‐I/IGFBP‐3 ratio and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. In contrast, the longitudinal analyses indicated that a high IGF‐I level was a risk marker for incident metabolic syndrome. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.