bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status of Preventive Health Care in Bihar
Authors: Ghosh Abhijit
Published: May 2015

This study tries to examine preventive health care services that diminish the possibility of exposure to diseases through improvement and accessibility to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities. Though some of the studies deal with the issue, most of them are concerned for national or state level. The district level study on the status of preventive health care is very limited. This study will consider all the districts of Bihar. We first reviewed the performance of Bihar in some public programmes such as total sanitation campaign (TSC) and outcome indicators from a comparative perspective. Then, a preventive health care index (PHCI) is constructed for all 38 districts of Bihar using the census data 2011. This index is a composite index of the four components, namely, bathroom index, drainage index, latrine index and safe drinking water index. An attempt has also been made to find out the determinants of PHCI. This shows that literacy, income and urbanization have a positive and significant impact on PHCI. Some area dummies are also positively significant. This suggests that Bihar requires a district-specific policy to be adopted for the improvement of preventive health care. Public programmes meant for the expansion of sanitation and drinking water facility need to be implemented effectively and efficiently.
Public Health Job Opportunities in India
Authors: Dahal Shanti , Tiwari Ritika , Zodpey Sanjay
Published: May 2015

Public health (PH) as a discipline comprises professionals from multidisciplinary backgrounds. Apart from the traditional approach of PH, which limited its scope to medical graduates, today professionals from non-medical field readily accept PH as a career. PH aspirants look for skills upgradation through masters and postgraduate degree/diploma programmes in PH. With the changing trends in PH aspirants, the employers’ focus has shifted from quantity to quality-based resources with requisite competencies and skill sets. This study was conducted by the placement cell of Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), which contacted the employers, who have been recruiting PH graduates for various positions in their organizations. The study focuses on the various job opportunities for PH postgraduates in India. It also analyzes the changing trends in recruitment of various PH profiles and desired competencies employers look for in the applicants. Some major findings of the study were that there is a high demand for competent PH workforce. Data management, statistical analysis, project planning were found to be essential skills in a PH profile. The shift in employment pattern also establishes the need for a competency- and technology-driven curriculum focusing on practice-based knowledge.
Analytic Hierarchy Process to Rate Risk Factors Associated with WMSDs in General Physicians
Authors: Das Sanjib Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Suman , Koilakuntla Maddulety
Published: May 2015

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) is a generic term used to describe symptoms caused or aggravated by work and characterized by discomfort, impairment, disability or persistent pain in joints, muscles, tendons and other soft tissues with or without physical manifestations. Musculoskeletal disorders are a major reason for the loss of work efficiency, which is related to type of occupation or activity. Scientific studies have attributed several factors for the precipitation of WMSDs. In this article, the identified risk factors for WMSDs in general physicians (GP) have been categorized into physical and psychosocial factors and the article also views the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as a tool to quantify the physical and psychosocial risk factors that have been established as being associated with WMSDs by assessing priority weights. Hence, the authors have attempted to use the factor weights through the AHP analysis, based on the knowledge and experience of experts to act as a decision-support system that would undoubtedly help the GP to increase the preventive strategies and proactively reduce the contribution of risk factors for the precipitation of WMSDs successfully leading to its attenuation.
Accuracy and Use of WHO Hemoglobin Color Scale for Diagnosis of Anemia Among Pregnant Women by Health Care Providers in Periurban Settings in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Adeel Ahmed , Fatmi Zafar , Kadir Muhammad Masood
Published: May 2015

The study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the Hemoglobin Color Scale (HCS), comparing clinical signs assessment technique (CSAT) of health care providers against the gold standard of laboratory hemoglobinometry. A cross-sectional validation study was conducted among 194 pregnant women located in 2 towns of periurban settings in Karachi, from June 2012 to February 2013. Anemia was assessed by HCS and CSAT by health care providers and compared with laboratory hemoglobinometry. The sensitivity and specificity of HCS were 70.9% (95% CI = 62.7-78.3) and 49.1% (95% CI = 35.1-63.2); for CSAT they were 95.7% (95% CI = 91.0-98.4) and 5.7% (95% CI = 1.2-15.7), respectively. The area under the curve for HCS for diagnosis of anemia was 0.60 (95% CI = 0.52-0.66), compared with 0.50 (95% CI = 0.43-0.57) for CSAT ( P = .01). The accuracy of HCS is better than CSAT for assessing anemia by health care providers among pregnant women.
Structural Determinants of Municipal Police Force Size in Large Cities Across Canada
Authors: Carmichael Jason T. , Kent Stephanie L.
Published: May 2015

Substantial theoretical and empirical attention has been directed at isolating the structural conditions that lead to shifts in the size of metropolitan police departments in the United States. These studies rely heavily on ethnic and racial threat explanations, which imply that larger police forces will be employed in jurisdictions with larger minority populations. It is entirely unclear, though, whether such accounts are applicable outside the United States. This study fills this void in the literature by assessing the extent to which ethnic threat hypotheses can explain variations in police strength using data on 40 large Canadian cities from 1996 to 2006. Results show that the size of the minority population significantly influences the size of metropolitan police departments.
Communicating Sensitive Scientific Issues
Authors: Abrams Katie M. , Zimbres Thais , Carr Chad
Published: May 2015

In demands for transparency in livestock production, how should the industry deal with communicating the sensitive topic of slaughter? This study examined the different effects of livestock slaughter transparency (via video) on slaughter and transparency attitudes based on people’s animal value orientation and the effects on the clarity and comfort of euphemisms. Findings indicated the video increased slaughter acceptance among all animal value orientations. All groups expected a high level of transparency from the industry regardless of the video. With respect to euphemisms, while slaughter was considered clearer, harvest was more comfortable.
Set It and Forget It
Authors: Lee Nicole M. , VanDyke Matthew S.
Published: May 2015

As traditional thinking about science communication is modified to emphasize engagement with science, public relations theorizing—particularly related to dialogic communication—may contribute to science communication theory and practice. Despite calls to move beyond the deficit model, we argue that many science organizations continue to practice one-way communication and underutilize social media’s potential for dialogue. To support our argument, we provide data to illustrate how U.S. federal government science agencies use new media platforms for information dissemination rather than engagement. We call for a clearer integration of public relations theories and science communication models to inform communication best practices.
Characterization of the Antithrombotic Fingerprint of the Branded and Copies of the Low-Molecular-Weight Enoxaparin Using Thrombin Generation Assay
Authors: Gerotziafas Grigoris T. , Rouseau Aurèlie , Mbemba Elisabeth , Khartechi Amir , Van Dreden Patrick , Walenga Janine , Fareed Jawed , Elalamy Ismail
Published: May 2015

Background:

The patent protection of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) expired, so the definition of criteria for the biological similarity between LMWH copies and the original product is a real need.

Aim:

The present in vitro study compared copies and branded enoxaparin using the specific anti-Xa activity and the calibrated automated thrombogram assay.

Methods:

Samples of platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from 15 healthy volunteers were spiked with branded enoxaparin (Lovenox) or its copies (Cutenox, Dilutol, Enoxa, Fibrinox, Loparin, Lupenox, Novex, Noxprin, and Versa). The specific anti-Xa activity was measured in PPP, and thrombin generation was assessed in PPP and PRP in the presence of tissue factor or pancreatic cancer cells BXPC3.

Results:

The anti-Xa activity of enoxaparin copies ranged from 0.072 to 0.088 IU/μg, being lower as compared to the branded enoxaparin (0.095 anti-Xa IU/μg). The potency of each copy to inhibit thrombin generation varied in the 3 experimental systems. The presence of platelets or pancreatic cancer cells BXPC3 in human plasma induced significant modifications in the inhibitory efficiency of enoxaparin copies on thrombin generation, which distinguished them from the branded product.

Conclusion:

Enoxaparin copies showed significant variability regarding their inhibitory potency on thrombin generation. Platelets and cancer cells significantly increased the variability of the antithrombotic efficiency of the copies as compared to the branded enoxaparin. The present study underlines the need for the elaboration of additional functional criteria to evaluate the global antithrombotic capacity of enoxaparin copies in order to evaluate their potential sameness with the branded drug.
Effect of Persistent Thrombocytopenia on Mortality in Surgical Critical Care Patients
Authors: Wu Qin , Ren Jianan , Wang Gefei , Li Guanwei , Anjum Nadeem , Hu Dong , Li Yuan , Wu Xiuwen , Gu Guosheng , Chen Jun , Zhao Yunzhao , Li Jieshou
Published: May 2015

Thrombocytopenia is common among surgical critically ill patients. The relationship between the duration of thrombocytopenia and mortality is not well studied. This retrospective 12-month cohort study was designed to evaluate the association between persistent thrombocytopenia and mortality among surgical critically ill patients to determine the risk factors for persistent thrombocytopenia. The study included adult patients consecutively admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at our institution. Patients with a diagnosis of thrombocytopenia were identified from a prospective critical care database. We defined patients with persistent thrombocytopenia as those with thrombocytopenia lasting more than 7 consecutive days. The primary outcome of this study was 28-day mortality and the secondary outcomes were lengths of SICU stay and hospital stay. Fifty-one patients experienced persistent thrombocytopenia and 71 experienced nonpersistent thrombocytopenia. Among patients with persistent thrombocytopenia, mortality was significantly higher, and SICU and hospital stays were longer than those with nonpersistent thrombocytopenia. Risk factor analysis failed to predict which patients with thrombocytopenia would develop into persistent thrombocytopenia. Persistent thrombocytopenia is a clinically significant disorder and is associated with poorer outcomes. Future studies are needed to further define this process.
Risk of ADHD After Multiple Exposures to General Anesthesia: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tsai Chia-Jui , Lee Charles Tzu-Chi , Liang Sophie Hsin-Yi , Tsai Pei-Jung , Chen Vincent Chin-Hung , Gossop Michael
Published: May 2015

Objective: To study the association between general anesthesia exposure before age 3 years and having a later ADHD diagnosis. Method: In a birth cohort, data were collected from a nationwide population database for children born between 1997 and 1999 who were exposed to general anesthesia before their third birthday. Age- and gender-matched enrollees without general anesthesia exposure were taken as the comparison. Groups were compared to identify the incidence of ADHD after age 4 and anesthesia-related predictive factors. Results: Among the 1,146 exposed children, 74 ADHD cases were identified, and 158 ADHD cases were identified in 3,438 matched controls. After adjusting for comorbid conditions and possible confounding factors, if exposure on more than one occasion or ≥3 hr, an increased likelihood of having a later ADHD diagnosis was found (HR, 1.71 and 2.43, respectively). Conclusion: Children with multiple or ≥3 hr general anesthesia exposures before age 3 years have an increased likelihood of a later ADHD diagnosis.
Increased erythrocytic osmotic fragility in anemic domestic shorthair and purebred cats
Authors: Tritschler Claudia , Mizukami Keijiro , Raj Karthik , Giger Urs
Published: May 2015

Objectives

Increased erythrocytic osmotic fragility and splenomegaly have been reported in anemic Abyssinian and Somali cats. Here we report on this condition in anemic domestic shorthair cats and two other breeds, and describe common features of the clinicopathological profiles, management and outcomes.

Methods

Anemic cats, other than Abyssinians and Somalis, were included. The erythrocytic osmotic fragility test was performed, known causes of anemia were excluded, the illness was followed and medical records were reviewed.

Results

Twelve neutered cats were first found to be anemic between 0.5 and 9.0 years of age. Pallor, lethargy, inappetence, pica, weight loss and splenomegaly were commonly observed. A moderate-to-severe macrocytic and hypochromic anemia with variable regeneration was noted. Infectious disease screening, direct Coombs’ and pyruvate kinase DNA mutation test results were negative. Freshly drawn blood did not appear hemolysed but became progressively lysed during storage at 4°C. The sigmoid osmotic fragility curves were moderately to severely right shifted, indicating erythrocytic fragility at 20°C. Cross-correction studies indicated an intrinsic red cell effect rather than plasma effect. Most cats were treated with immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone and doxycycline, with variable responses. Five cats with recurrent or persistent anemia responded well to splenectomy. However, two had occasional recurrence of severe anemia: one was found to be Bartonella vinsonii-positive during one episode and responded to azithromycin and prednisolone, while the other cat had two episodes of severe anemia of unknown cause. Finally, six cats were euthanized within 1 month and 7 years after initial presentation. Histopathology of six spleens revealed mainly congestion and extramedullary hematopoiesis.

Conclusions and relevance

Similarly to Abyssinian and Somali cats, domestic shorthair and cats of other breeds can also develop severe erythrocytic osmotic fragility with anemia and splenomegaly, which should be considered as a differential diagnosis in anemic cats.
The impact of a cold pressor test on brachial artery handgrip exercise-induced flow-mediated dilation
Authors: Stuckless Troy JR , Pyke Kyra E
Published: May 2015

It is unknown how endothelial-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) stimulated by a sustained, exercise-induced increase in shear stress (EX-FMD) is affected by a simultaneous sympathoexcitatory painful stimulus. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a cold pressor test (CPT) on brachial artery EX-FMD elicited by a handgrip exercise-induced increase in shear stress. Participants were healthy males (age 21±2 years) ( n=28; 16 Experimental group, 12 Control). Brachial artery diameter and blood velocity were measured using echo and Doppler ultrasound, respectively. Shear stress was estimated by shear rate (shear rate = blood velocity / diameter) and targeted to reach 75 s–1 in each of two EX-FMD trials in all subjects. In the Experimental group, the second EX-FMD trial was accompanied by simultaneous foot immersion in ice water (simultaneous CPT). The shear rate stimulus did not differ between groups ( p=0.823) or trials ( p=0.726) (group × trial interaction: p=0.646) (average exercise shear rate (mean ± SD): 67.6±6.2 s–1). The CPT (experienced during EX-FMD trial 2 in the Experimental group) increased mean arterial pressure ( p<0.001) and heart rate ( p=0.002) relative to the Control group. %EX-FMD was not different between groups ( p=0.508) or trials ( p=0.592) (group × trial interaction: p=0.879) (EX-FMD: Experimental group trial 1: 5.4±3.4%, trial 2: 5.6±2.6%; Control group trial 1: 6.0±3.7%, trial 2: 6.4±2.2%). In conclusion, the CPT did not impact concurrent EX-FMD, and this indicates that an acute painful stimulus does not interfere with conduit artery FMD responses during exercise in young healthy men.
Discovering the dementia evidence base: Tools to support knowledge to action in dementia care (innovative practice)
Authors: Hayman Sarah L , Tieman Jennifer J
Published: May 2015

Dementia requires expert care and decision making, based on sound evidence. Reliable evidence is difficult for busy dementia care professionals to find quickly. This study developed an experimentally tested search filter as an innovative tool to retrieve literature on dementia. It has a known retrieval performance and can be provided as an open access web link directly to current literature. The Dementia Search Filter was developed using validated methodology. An Expert Advisory Group of dementia care practitioners and researchers ratified a representative set of relevant studies and undertook post hoc relevance assessment, to ensure the usefulness of the search filter. The Dementia Search Filter is published on two websites and combined with expert searches to link to evidence on dementia, at end of life in aged care settings and more generally. Evidence accessed by the Dementia Search Filter will help overcome barriers to finding current relevant research in the field, for practitioners, researchers and decision makers.
The reception of English law in Malaysia and development of the Malaysian common law
Authors: Mohamad Tun Abdul Hamid , Trakic Adnan
Published: May 2015

The debate on whether Malaysia needs to sustain strong links with English law is likely to continue. Irrespective of which side of the argument one may take, the truth is that Malaysia’s links with English law have contributed tremendously towards the development of the plural Malaysian legal system which is highly regarded in the region. This article argues that the abolition of section 3 of the Civil Law Act 1956, or the Act as a whole, which permits the reception of English law in Malaysia, is not necessary. The argument that the Act stifles the development of the Malaysian common law is untenable. The existing framework within the Act allows, if not promotes, the development of the Malaysian common law. Even though this article argues that section 3 should not be abolished, it is submitted that the time has come for the provision to be amended and improved. This article proposes various amendments to section 3 which would enable both smoother reception of English law in Malaysia and more effective development of the Malaysian common law.
The impact of introspection and resilience on abstention and desistance from delinquent behavior among adolescents at risk
Authors: Zemel Ofer , Ronel Natti , Einat Tomer
Published: May 2015

This study examines the subjective processes of introspection of three groups of adolescents at risk and in distress and analyzes their perceived impact on the development of resilience and, consequently, the abstention and desistence from criminal conduct or, alternatively, the intensification of delinquent behavior. The three groups are: stable normal adolescents with neither past nor current involvement in criminal behavior; persistent criminal adolescents with past and current involvement in criminal activities; adolescents limited to temporary delinquent behavior with a criminal past but no current involvement in delinquent behavior. Our main findings are that (a) the processes of introspection and self-exploration of risk and distress factors have a perceived positive impact on current and future modes of thought and behavior among stable normal adolescents and juveniles limited to temporary delinquent behavior; (b) processes of introspection have a positive impact on the development of resilience and internal change among adolescents limited to temporary delinquent behavior. We conclude that, first, processes of introspection assist in the development of resilience among various groups of adolescents at risk and, consequently, in the desistence and abstention from crime; second, periods of crises and distress among adolescents at risk may serve as opportunities for introspection and possible shift from a criminal lifestyle to a normal one; and, third, failure to assume responsibility for their involvement in delinquent behavior may lead criminal adolescents at risk to develop deterministic attitudes toward numerous distress and risk factors in their lives and, consequently, continue with their criminal lifestyles.
Using Storytelling Theatrics for Leadership Training
Authors: Boje David M. , Rosile Grace Ann , Saylors Jillian , Saylors Rohny
Published: May 2015

The Problem

How can leaders learn to use power in ways that minimize oppression and resistance, and instead are more liberating? As perceived oppression leads to resistance, leaders who are untrained in these power dynamics may enact oppressive behaviors and trigger resistance without awareness or intention to do so.

The Solution

This article describes a leadership training process we call storytelling theatrics. These storytelling theatrics formats explore power dynamics in multi-voiced scenarios that incorporate many perspectives. This method gives participants a voice in their own learning and creates actors instead of auditors. It brings hidden sources of oppression to center stage, to fully explore more liberating possibilities for both followers and leaders. Leaders can minimize repression and resistance if they understand, uncover, and confront these expressions of power.

The Stakeholders

Organizational leaders as well as their followers are stakeholders in this embodied theatrical training. This intervention creates benefit for both leaders and followers, because both are potentially oppressed by power dynamics.
Use of an Anastomotic Coupling Device for the Creation of Spliced Autogenous Grafts in Lower Extremity Revascularization
Authors: Golas Alyssa R. , Jacoby Adam , Karwowski John K. , Spector Jason A.
Published: May 2015

Introduction:

Despite a recent rise in popularity of endovascular techniques, open bypass surgery is still required for treating many lower extremity vascular lesions. Greater saphenous vein (GSV) of adequate length and caliber for successful infrainguinal lower extremity bypass is unavailable in 15% to 45% of patients. To overcome limitations imposed by absent vein due to prior use, short vessel length, or sclerotic segments, both alternate (ie, basilic and cephalic) and GSV conduits may be “spliced” together in series via venovenostomy. Although vascular surgeons typically perform a hand-sewn venovenostomy, device-based venous coupling has been performed by plastic surgeons for many years. We therefore sought to review our experience with venous coupling for segmental lower extremity bypass graft assembly.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed in all patients who underwent lower extremity revascularization using autogenous vein grafts spliced together with the Synovis (Birmingham, Alabama) anastomotic coupler at a single institution over a 5-year period.

Results:

The anastomotic coupler device was used on 5 patients for 7 venovenostomies. The mean age of patients was 66 years, and the mean follow-up period was 751 days. Two patients were lost to follow-up, while 2 other patients died of causes unrelated to their lower extremity bypass. The average time to perform venovenostomy was 3 minutes. Three patients developed stenosis of their composite graft at a site other than the venovenostomy, who were successfully treated with either angioplasty or bypass revision. One-year primary and primary-assisted patency rates were 50% and 75%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Given the known benefits of the anastomotic coupling device when used for venous anastomoses in microsurgical reconstruction, transition of this device to the vascular surgery realm represents a logical progression. Although small, our series demonstrates that the anastomotic coupler can successfully be used for the formation of spliced autogenous grafts for lower extremity revascularization in the absence of adequate GSV.
Sensitivity analysis of stress state and bond strength of fiber-reinforced polymer/concrete interface to boundary conditions in single shear pull-out test
Authors: Mohammadi Tayyebeh , Wan Baolin
Published: May 2015

The bond between fiber-reinforced polymer and concrete substrate plays a key role in the performance of concrete structures after strengthened by externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials. The single shear pull-out test is generally used to determine the interface characteristics, and various bond–slip models have been proposed based on the results of this test. However, the sensitivity of the bond strength to the boundary conditions has not yet been considered in the available models in the literatures. This article presents an experimental and numerical study targeted at understanding the influence of the boundary conditions on the bond strength of the fiber-reinforced polymer/concrete interface in the single shear pull-out test. The validated finite element analysis by experimental results is used for the sensitivity study of the bond strength and stress state of the interface to the boundary conditions of the concrete block. It is found that the constraint height of the concrete block at the loaded side is an influential parameter on the stress state of the interface and the bond strength.
Recent trends in solar thermal sorption cooling system technology
Authors: Bataineh Khaled M , Alrifai Saja
Published: May 2015

Solar thermal cooling is the best alternative solution to overcome the problems associated with using nonrenewable resources. There are several thermal cooling methods developed differing from each other according to the thermodynamic cycle and type of refrigerant used. Recent developments in absorption and adsorption solar cooling systems are presented. Summarized thermodynamic modeling for both absorption and adsorption solar cooling systems is given. Brief thermal analysis among the types of solar collectors is presented. System efficiencies and optimization analysis are presented. The influences of geometrical, system configurations, and physical parameters on the performance of solar thermal sorption cooling system are investigated. The basis for the design of absorption and adsorption solar cooling systems is provided. Several case studies in different climatic conditions are presented. Economic feasibility for both systems is discussed. Comparison between the absorption and adsorption solar cooling system is summarized.
Finite element analysis of relationship between tightening torque and initial load of bolted connections
Authors: Yu Qingmin , Zhou Honglei , Wang Libin
Published: May 2015

Proper initial load is necessary to ensure the stability of the bolted connections. In order to apply appropriate torque, the relationship between tightening torque and initial load should be determined. In this study, a detailed three-dimensional finite element model of bolted joints was established with consideration of helix angle, pitch, thread type, tooth-type angle, and other details. The process of pre-tightening of bolted joints was simulated to validate the finite element model. The curves for the relationship between the torque and initial load obtained from finite element analysis agree well with those calculated from theoretical equations. Then, the influence of the friction coefficient, pitch, elastic modulus, assembly clearance, and strain-hardening exponent on the relationship was studied. The results show that the friction coefficient between nut and joint has great influence on the relationship between torque and initial load, that is, the larger the friction coefficient, the smaller the initial load of bolt at the same tightening torque. In contrast, the pitch, assembly clearance, Young’s modulus, and strain-hardening exponent have little influence on torque–initial load relation. The method used in this study provides a theoretical basis for accurately determining the tightening torque for bolted joints.
Sine-modulated wavelength-independent full-range complex spectral optical coherence tomography with an ultra-broadband light source
Authors: Zhang Qiukun , Zhong Shuncong , Zhong Jianfeng
Published: May 2015

We present a full-range complex spectral domain optical coherence tomography with an ultra-broadband light source based on sinusoidal modulation. For the sinusoidal modulation strategy, a lead zirconate titanate stack actuator is employed to achieve the sinusoidal vibration of a mirror and therefore to get a series of spectral interferogram with different phase delays. The purpose of this strategy is to get higher performance complex-conjugate artifact elimination. Bessel separation of the signal sequence at each wavelength of the spectrometer was used to reconstruct the real and imaginary components of interference fringes; however, the sinusoidal modulation method is independent of light source wavelength. The experimental results demonstrated that the method had an excellent performance in a complex-conjugate suppression of 50 dB for a full width at half maximum bandwidth of 236 nm, and it has better anti-artifact ability and more flexible range in phase shifting than the conventional wavelength-dependent phase-shifting method on a full-range complex spectral optical coherence tomography system. Furthermore, the effect of the hysteresis error of lead zirconate titanate actuators on the performance of complex-conjugate artifact elimination was investigated and the solution of lead zirconate titanate positioning performance for both conventional phase-shifting and sine-modulation methods was suggested.
Enlightening communication analysis in Asia–Pacific: Media studies, ethics and law using a Buddhist perspective
Authors: Pearson Mark
Published: May 2015

A Western paradigm has dominated approaches to communication and journalism studies – particularly in the areas of theory, analysis and law and ethics. This article backgrounds important critiques of that paradigm, and considers how globalized communication and media studies has become, before exemplifying how a secular Buddhist perspective might offer 2,500 year-old analytical tools that can assist with media analysis, law and ethics. The article proposes the Buddha’s Four Noble Truths, particularly the sila (moral/ethical) dimension of the fourth truth, the Noble Eightfold Path ( magga), can serve as a fruitful tool for informing communication theory and analysis, and media law and ethics. The article begins by assessing the extent to which communication and media studies in Asia and the Pacific has shifted to accommodate non-Western approaches. In media analysis, it suggests the Buddha’s teachings on Right Speech ( samma vaca) offer key understandings to assist with the deconstruction of media texts. In media law and ethics, it extends the application of Right Speech principles to comparing defences to libel (defamation) as they have developed in four Western jurisdictions.
The Riddle of Human Emotional Crying: A Challenge for Emotion Researchers
Authors: Vingerhoets Ad J. J. M. , Bylsma Lauren M.
Published: May 2015

Until now, adult crying has received relatively little interest from investigators, whereas in the popular media there are many strong claims about crying (e.g., crying brings relief) of which the scientific basis is not clear. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of the scientific literature with respect to crying. We identify gaps in knowledge and propose questions for future research. The following topics receive special attention: Ontogenetic development, antecedents, individual and gender differences, and the intra- and interindividual effects of crying. We conclude that the study of crying may help us obtain better insight into human nature, that is, not only our emotional, but also social, and moral functioning.
Using Brief Teacher Interviews to Assess the Extent of Inquiry in Classrooms
Authors: Oppong-Nuako Juliet , Shore Bruce M. , Saunders-Stewart Katie S. , Gyles Petra D. T.
Published: May 2015

Inquiry-based instruction is common to nearly every model of gifted education. Six teachers of 14 secondary classes were briefly interviewed about their teaching and learning methods, use of inquiry-based strategies, classroom descriptions, a typical day, student expectations, and inquiry-instruction outcomes. A criterion-referenced checklist of 25 qualities of inquiry classrooms was used in a protocol analysis of the transcribed interviews. The classes were previously categorized as Most, Middle, and Least Inquiry with a modification of Llewellyn’s simplified rubric for inquiry teaching complemented by teacher and student interviews and a teacher questionnaire. Extent of inquiry was well identified using only the teacher interviews and checklist. Teachers of Most Inquiry classrooms mentioned 21 or 25 of the 25 inquiry items. Middle Inquiry teachers mentioned 17 and 18 items. Least Inquiry teachers noted 6 and 9. Brief teacher interviews with a relatively straightforward coding system can assess the extent of classroom inquiry students experience.
Fully Implantable Arterial Blood Glucose Device for Metabolic Research Applications in Rats for Two Months
Authors: Brockway Robert , Tiesma Scott , Bogie Heather , White Kimberly , Fine Megan , O’Farrell Libbey , Michael Mervyn , Cox Amy , Coskun Tamer
Published: May 2015

Background:

Chronic continuous glucose monitoring options for animal research have been very limited due to various technical and biological challenges. We provide an evaluation of a novel telemetry device for continuous monitoring of temperature, activity, and plasma glucose levels in the arterial blood of rats for up to 2 months.

Methods:

In vivo testing in rats including oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTTs) and ex vivo waterbath testing were performed to evaluate acute and chronic sensor performance. Animal studies were in accordance with the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and approved by the corresponding animal care and use committees (Data Sciences International, Eli Lilly).

Results:

Results demonstrated the ability to record continuous measurements for 75 days or longer. Bench testing demonstrated a high degree of linearity over a range of 20-850 mg/dL with R2 = .998 for linear fit and .999 for second order fit (n = 8 sensors). Evaluation of 6 rats over 28 days with 52 daily and OGTT test strip measurements each resulted in mean error of 3.8% and mean absolute relative difference of 16.6%.

Conclusions:

This device provides significant advantages in the quality and quantity of data that can be obtained relative to existing alternatives such as intermittent blood sampling. These devices provide the opportunity to expand the understanding of both glucose metabolism and homeostasis and to work toward improved therapies and cures for diabetes.
Majoritarian democracy undermines truth-finding in deliberative committees
Authors: Lorenz Jan , Rauhut Heiko , Kittel Bernhard
Published: May 2015

The aggregated judgments of many usually outperform individual estimates of vaguely known facts. Communication among individuals may, however, undermine this wisdom-of-crowd effect because it makes judgments mutually dependent. Deliberative democratic theory, on the other hand, suggests that communication promotes correct decisions. We investigate this puzzle about the positive and negative consequences of consensus formation on the wisdom of crowds using experimental methods. Subjects in small deliberative committees had to communicate and thereafter judge vaguely known facts. We varied the agreement rules in groups and compared the groups’ change of performance from initial to final estimates. Interestingly, groups’ performance worsened on average when they had to reach a majority decision. Groups came on average closer to the truth if they had to decide unanimously or if they did not have any restrictions to reach agreement. The low performance under majority rule is robust against different knowledge questions, group sizes and communication types. The majority rule may be worst because it makes people too focused to reach a majority so that valuable minority opinions are disregarded or not even voiced. This implies that majoritarian democracy may be less suitable for truth-finding than less or more restrictive quorum rules.
The Party Leadership Model: An early forecast of the 2015 British General Election
Authors: Murr Andreas Erwin
Published: May 2015

British political parties select their leaders to win elections. The winning margin of the party leader among the selectorate reflects how likely they think she is to win the General Election. The present research compares the winning margins of party leaders in their party leadership elections and uses the results of this comparison to predict that the party leader with the larger winning margin will become the next Prime Minister. I term this process “the Party Leadership Model”. The model correctly forecasts 8 out of 10 past elections, while making these forecasts 4 years in advance on average. According to a Bayesian analysis, there is a 95 per cent probability that having the larger winning margin in party leadership elections increases the chances of winning the General Election. Because David Cameron performed better among Conservative MPs in 2005 than Ed Miliband did among Labour MPs in 2010, the model predicts Cameron to become Prime Minister again in 2015. The Bayesian calculation puts his chances of re-election at 75 per cent.
Predictors of Post-School Success
Authors: Mazzotti Valerie L. , Rowe Dawn A. , Sinclair James , Poppen Marcus , Woods William E. , Shearer Mackenzie L.
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this systematic review was to (a) systematically review the literature to identify National Longitudinal Transition Study–2 secondary analyses articles published since 2009 that met the quality indicators for correlational research, (b) further extend the findings of Test et al. by identifying additional evidence to support the existing in-school predictors of post-school success, and (c) identify any new in-school predictors of post-school success for youth with disabilities. Based on the results of this systematic review, results of the analysis added additional evidence to nine of the Test et al.’s predictors further expanding the literature base to support evidence-based predictors of post-school success. Limitations and implications for research and practice are discussed.
Race influences warfarin dose changes associated with genetic factors
Authors: Limdi Nita A. , Brown Todd M. , Yan Qi , Thigpen Jonathan L. , Shendre Aditi , Liu Nianjun , Hill Charles E. , Arnett Donna K. , Beasley T. Mark
Published: May 2015

Key Points

The influence of known genetic variants on warfarin dose differs by race. Race-specific pharmacogenetic algorithms, rather than race-adjusted algorithms, should be used to guide warfarin dosing.
High-dose cytarabine does not overcome the adverse prognostic value of CDKN2A and TP53 deletions in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Delfau-Larue Marie-Hélène , Klapper Wolfram , Berger Françoise , Jardin Fabrice , Briere Josette , Salles Gilles , Casasnovas Olivier , Feugier Pierre , Haioun Corinne , Ribrag Vincent , Thieblemont Catherine , Unterhalt Michael , Dreyling Martin , Macintyre Elizabeth , Pott Christiane , Hermine Olivier , Hoster Eva
Published: May 2015

Key Points

CDKN2A and TP53 deletions remain of bad prognostic value in younger MCL patients treated according to the current standard of care. CDKN2A and TP53 deletions have independent deleterious effects and should be considered for treatment decisions in addition to MIPI and Ki-67 index.
Biomarkers of oxidative stress following continuous positive airway pressure withdrawal: data from two randomised trials
Authors: Stradling John R. , Schwarz Esther I. , Schlatzer Christian , Manuel Ari R. , Lee Regent , Antoniades Charalambos , Kohler Malcolm
Published: May 2015

There is conflicting evidence whether intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) influences oxidative stress. We hypothesised that withdrawal of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) from patients with OSA would raise markers of oxidative stress.

59 patients with CPAP-treated moderate-to-severe OSA (oxygen desaturation index (ODI) >20 events·h−1) were randomised 1:1 to either stay on CPAP (n=30) or change to sham CPAP (n=29) for 2 weeks. Using samples from two similar studies at two sites, we measured early morning blood malondialdehyde (MDA, a primary outcome in one study and a secondary outcome in the other), lipid hydroperoxides, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide generation from mononuclear cells and urinary F2-isoprostane. We also measured superoxide dismutase as a marker of hypoxic preconditioning. “Treatment” effects (sham CPAPversusCPAP) were calculatedvialinear regression.

Sham CPAP provoked moderate-to-severe OSA (mean ODI 46 events·h−1), but blood markers of oxidative stress did not change significantly (MDA “treatment” effect (95% CI) −0.02 (−0.23 to +0.19) μmol·L−1). Urinary F2-isoprostane fell significantly by ∼30% (−0.26 (−0.42 to −0.10) ng·mL−1) and superoxide dismutase increased similarly (+0.17 (+0.02 to +0.30) ng·mL−1).

We found no direct evidence of increased oxidative stress in patients experiencing a return of their moderate-to-severe OSA. The fall in urinary F2-isoprostane and rise in superoxide dismutase implies that hypoxic preconditioning may have reduced oxidative stress.
Obstructive sleep apnoea in the elderly: role of continuous positive airway pressure treatment
Authors: Martínez-García Miguel Ángel , Chiner Eusebi , Hernández Luis , Cortes Jose Pascual , Catalán Pablo , Ponce Silvia , Diaz Jose Ramón , Pastor Ester , Vigil Laura , Carmona Carmen , Montserrat Josep Maria , Aizpuru Felipe , Lloberes Patricia , Mayos Mercedes , Selma Maria José , Cifuentes Jose Fernando , Muñoz Alvaro
Published: May 2015

Almost all the information about the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) comes from clinical trials involving only middle-aged patients. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of CPAP treatment in elderly patients with severe OSA on clinical, quality-of-life and neurocognitive spheres.

We performed an open-label, randomised, multicentre clinical trial in a consecutive clinical cohort of 224 elderly (≥70 years old) patients with confirmed severe OSA (apnoea–hypopnea index ≥30) randomised to receive CPAP (n=115) or no CPAP (n=109) for 3 months. A sleep study was performed by either full polysomnography or respiratory polygraphy. CPAP titration was performed by an autoCPAP device. The primary endpoint was quality of life (Quebec Sleep Questionnaire) and secondary endpoints included sleep-related symptoms, presence of anxiety/depression, office-based blood pressure and some neurocognitive tests.

The mean±sdage was 75.5±3.9 years. The CPAP group achieved a greater improvement in all quality-of-life domains (p<0.001; effect size: 0.41–0.98), sleep-related symptoms (p<0.001; effect size 0.31–0.91) as well as anxiety (p=0.016; effect size 0.51) and depression (p<0.001; effect size: 0.28) indexes and some neurocognitive tests (digit symbol test (p=0.047; effect size: 0.20) and Trail Making Test A (p=0.029; effect size: 0.44)) in an intention-to-treat analysis.

In conclusion, CPAP treatment resulted in an improvement in quality of life, sleep-related symptoms, anxiety and depression indexes and some neurocognitive aspects in elderly people with severe OSA.
Pleural irrigation trial (PIT): a randomised controlled trial of pleural irrigation with normal salineversusstandard care in patients with pleural infection
Authors: Hooper Clare E. , Edey Anthony J. , Wallis Anthony , Clive Amelia O. , Morley Anna , White Paul , Medford Andrew R.L. , Harvey John E. , Darby Mike , Zahan-Evans Natalie , Maskell Nick A.
Published: May 2015

Pleural infection is increasing in incidence. Despite optimal medical management, up to 30% of patients will die or require surgery. Case reports suggest that irrigation of the pleural space with saline may be beneficial.

A randomised controlled pilot study in which saline pleural irrigation (three times per day for 3 days) plus best-practice management was compared with best-practice management alone was performed in patients with pleural infection requiring chest-tube drainage. The primary outcome was percentage change in computed tomography pleural fluid volume from day 0 to day 3. Secondary outcomes included surgical referral rate, hospital stay and adverse events.

35 patients were randomised. Patients receiving saline irrigation had a significantly greater reduction in pleural collection volume on computed tomography compared to those receiving standard care (median (interquartile range) 32.3% (19.6–43.7%) reductionversus15.3% (−5.5–28%) reduction) (p<0.04). Significantly fewer patients in the irrigation group were referred for surgery (OR 7.1, 95% CI 1.23–41.0; p=0.03). There was no difference in length of hospital stay, fall in C-reactive protein, white cell count or procalcitonin or adverse events between the treatment groups, and no serious complications were documented.

Saline irrigation improves pleural fluid drainage and reduces referrals for surgery in pleural infection. A large multicentre randomised controlled trial is now warranted to evaluate its effects further.
The PROactive instruments to measure physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Gimeno-Santos Elena , Raste Yogini , Demeyer Heleen , Louvaris Zafeiris , de Jong Corina , Rabinovich Roberto A. , Hopkinson Nicholas S. , Polkey Michael I. , Vogiatzis Ioannis , Tabberer Maggie , Dobbels Fabienne , Ivanoff Nathalie , de Boer Willem I. , van der Molen Thys , Kulich Karoly , Serra Ignasi , Basagaña Xavier , Troosters Thierry , Puhan Milo A. , Karlsson Niklas , Garcia-Aymerich Judith
Published: May 2015

No current patient-centred instrument captures all dimensions of physical activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our objective was item reduction and initial validation of two instruments to measure physical activity in COPD.

Physical activity was assessed in a 6-week, randomised, two-way cross-over, multicentre study using PROactive draft questionnaires (daily and clinical visit versions) and two activity monitors. Item reduction followed an iterative process including classical and Rasch model analyses, and input from patients and clinical experts.

236 COPD patients from five European centres were included. Results indicated the concept of physical activity in COPD had two domains, labelled “amount” and “difficulty”. After item reduction, the daily PROactive instrument comprised nine items and the clinical visit contained 14. Both demonstrated good model fit (person separation index >0.7). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the bidimensional structure. Both instruments had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α>0.8), test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.9) and exhibited moderate-to-high correlations (r>0.6) with related constructs and very low correlations (r<0.3) with unrelated constructs, providing evidence for construct validity.

Daily and clinical visit “PROactive physical activity in COPD” instruments are hybrid tools combining a short patient-reported outcome questionnaire and two activity monitor variables which provide simple, valid and reliable measures of physical activity in COPD patients.