bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Level – Elimination of stress, anxiety and depression at the rate of 25% to 35% (minimum)
Authors: Ashraf M.
Published: June 2017

Opening of C.E.P.P.D (Center for Emotional, Personal and Professional Development). Almost every child in the world joins school and as per policy and procedures school staff/teachers develop their educational level but emotional health is not in focus at all; therefore child raised up with many severe negative and self-defeating behaviors; they understand others but others not understand them and that's the beginning all problems start from here…. The Center will provide state of the art guidelines/guidance (one stop solutions) supporting facilities starting from schooling onward throughout entire life for people belongs to all walks of life. In these centers anyone can go and will come out with clear head and in hand solutions, team of professionals shall provide guidance and support to everyone for healthy and balanced life by all means and will also develop alumni networking for permanent intact and fund raising on continuous basis from all over the world. C.E.P.P.D will play central and synergizing role between all sectors (for instance, schools, colleges, universities, counseling, vocational, community, hospitals, NGOs, mental and emotional health centers, child up-bringing, parenting, career counseling, soft skills training's; likewise list is on.... along with financial assistance from Govt. and semi-government sectors, will share implementation details as needed/at the time of symposium/brain storming sessions. These centers will become surely The turning point center in city than progress in next cities; likewise in country than at global level and yes together positively we can set landmark by mainly utilizing the medium of education and guidance.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Did we have in history a chronomusicotherapy?
Authors: Chaouqi A. , Mamouni Y. Alaoui , hammani Z. , Yassari M.
Published: June 2017

Andalusian music is the name of the classical music in Morocco. It grown in Andalucia, but we still find it just in Morocco and some other countries of North Africa. A music that related with soufisme and Marestans: hospitals at that era. A music which is also called “al-Ala” means the machine. It has 24 “Naoubas”: rythme as much the hours of the day and each Naoubas can be played in just an hour in the day.

It was played for patients in Marestans. This music was played by all the factions of the great Morocco (actual Morocco and Spain) society: including Muslims, Christians and Jews, with a variety of instruments this music did imposed itself, and still one of landmarks of Morocco.

We will talk about the specifities and also the particularities of this kind of chronomusicotherapy.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A Meta-analysis of Cognitive Training on Memory Functioning in Normal Elderly Adults
Authors: Piryaei S. , Ashkzari M. Khademi
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The major issues in cognitive literature related to memory and aging concentrate on the different methodological issues in research examining the effectiveness of memory training programs in improving memory performance of older adults along with the clinical implications of this kind of research.

Objectives

The review will address how researchers differ within their collection of participants, the various aspects of memory intervention programs by a systematic review on recent researches.

Aims

The present study aims to review the cognitive literature related to memory and aging through a meta-analysis in recent years.

Method

Meta-analysis was conducted of researches on memory training interventions for cognitively normal/healthy older adults published in 1995–2014. Computerized databases (e.g PsychInfo) were searched using combinations of these key words in English: memory, mnemonic, rehabilitation, older adult, aging, elderly and impairment. All participants must be at least 55 years old at the time of training/intervention. Due to the fact and Studies must have used a non-pharmacological approach toward memory or memory problems. Between-study heterogeneity was quantified using χ2 and I2 statistics. All analyses were performed utilizing the CMA2.

Results

Effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals for each study indicated that the overall pre-post training gain was 0.37 SD (95% CI: 0.18, 0.47) and the mean retest effect among control groups was 0.11 SD (95% CI: −0.11, 0.16) and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The key challenge of memory training studies is that they often don’t train abilities that generalize to everyday functioning. These results have numerous clinical and practical implications.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A Fuller Picture: Evaluating an Art Therapy Programme in a Multi-disciplinary Mental Health Service
Authors: Moss H. , Brady C. , Kelly B.
Published: June 2017

Art therapy has a long history in mental health care but requires an enhanced evidence based in order to better identify its precise role in contemporary services. This paper describes an evaluation of an art therapy programme in an acute adult psychiatry admission unit in Ireland. A mixed method research design was used. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of 35 staff members and 11 service-users. Qualitative data included free-text comments collected in the survey and individual feedback from service-users. Both methods aimed to assess the role of art therapy as part of a multidisciplinary mental health service. Thematic content analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data. Staff demonstrated overwhelming support for art therapy as one element within multidisciplinary services available to patients in the acute psychiatry setting, qualitative feedback associated art therapy with improvements in quality of life and individual support, and emphasised its role as a nonverbal intervention, especially useful for those who find talking therapy difficult. Creative self-expression is valued by staff and service-users as part of the recovery process. Recommendations arising from the research include continuing the art therapy service, expanding it to include rehabilitation patients, provision of information and education sessions to staff and further research to identify other potential long-term effects. The low response of staff and small sample in this study, however, must be noted as limitations to these findings.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Self-stigma and quality of life in outpatients with depressive disorder – a cross-sectional study
Authors: Holubova M. , Prasko J. , Ociskova M. , Marackova M. , Grambal A. , Slepecky M.
Published: June 2017

Background

Self-stigma is a maladaptive psychosocial phenomenon that may disturb many areas of patient's life and have the negative impact on their quality of life. The present study explored the association between self-stigma, quality of life, demographic data, and the severity of symptoms in patients with depressive disorder.

Method

Patients, who met ICD-10 research criteria for depressive disorder, were enrolled in the cross-sectional study. All probands completed these measurements: the Quality of Life Satisfaction and Enjoyment Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), the Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), demographic questionnaire, and the severity of the disorder measured by objective and subjective Clinical Global Impression severity scales (CGI).

Results

Eighty-one depressive patients (with persistent affective disorder – dysthymia, major depressive disorder or recurrent depressive disorder) and 43 healthy controls contributed to the study. Comparing with the healthy control group, there was a lower quality of life in patients with depression. The level of self-stigma correlated positively with total symptom severity score and negatively with the quality of life. Multiple regression analysis discovered that the overall rating of objective symptoms severity and self-stigma were significantly associated with the quality of life.

Conclusions

Present study suggests the lower quality of life in outpatients with depressive disorder in comparison with healthy controls, and the negative impact of self-stigma level on quality of life in patients suffering from depressive disorders.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale-21 in a Sample of Portuguese Women
Authors: Marques C. , Xavier S. , Azevedo J. , Marques M. , Soares M.J. , Macedo A. , Oliveira A. , Pereira A.T.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The postpartum depression screening scale (PDSS; Beck & Gable, 2002) is a widely used measure to assess women's depressive symptoms after their children's birth. Pereira et al. adapted, validated and developed a short-version of PDSS for Portuguese women (PDSS-21).

Objective

To examine the factor structure of the PDSS–21, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a sample of Portuguese women in the postpartum period.

Methods

The sample was composed of 208 women (mean age = 32.72; SD = 4.49) who completed the PDSS–21 approximately at the 6th week postpartum. CFA was used to test the model suggested by prior exploratory factor analyses of PDSS–21. AMOS software was used.

Results

After two items were deleted and some errors were correlated, CFA indicated a good fit for the second-order factor (χ2/df = 1.793; CFI = 0.957; GFI = 0.889, rmsea = 0.062; P [rmsea ≤ 0.05] < 0.056). The 19–item PDSS showed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.92) and the four dimensions presented Cronbach's alphas ranging between good (α = 0.83) and excellent (α = 0.93).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the 19–item PDSS obtained through CFA is a reliable and valid measure to assess depressive symptoms among women in the postpartum period.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Clinical and Psychological Confirmation of Stabilizing Effect of Neurofeedback in Migraine
Authors: Dobrushina O. , Arina G. , Osina E. , Aziatskaya G.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Neurofeedback in migraine aims to improve neurophysiological state, which is linked to psychosomatic, emotional and cognitive regulation. Objective and complex evaluation of neurofeedback effects is feasible.

Methods

A single case design cross-over placebo-controlled study with blinded evaluator included 3 females with frequent migraine (N., E., T.), 1 of whom (T.) also had TTH. Study had 4 phases: evaluation (≥ 2 weeks), treatment 1 (5 weeks), treatment 2 (5 weeks), evaluation (≥ 2 weeks). Treatment 1 and 2 included 10 infra-low frequency neurofeedback and 10 sham-neurofeedback sessions at T3T4 site in randomized order. Detailed psychological assessment was performed a baseline, at phase switch and in the end. Every day participants filler a computerized diary about pain, aura, mood, stress, copings. Before each session they received questionnaires “well-being, activity, mood” (rating of the current state between antonym adjectives, in Russian).

Results

The main finding was reduction of migraine (but not TTH) frequency during real, but not sham neurofeedback phase: 11% vs. 31% days in N. (P = 0.1), 15% vs. 30% days in E. (P = 0.046), T. After the start of neurofeedback had only TTH. Another detected phenomena was reduction of day-to-day shifts in cognitive function domains of “well-being, activity, mood” (easy/difficult to think, attentive/distracted). In N. and E these domains had co-dynamic with mood (good/bad mood, happy/sad), while in T. – with anxiety (tensed/relaxed, nervous/calm).

Conclusion

Infra-low frequency neurofeedback from interhemispheric site resulted in decrease in migraine frequency and in reduction of shifts in psychological state. Thus, the treatment had multimodal stabilizing effect.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Real Life Consequences of Stigmatization, Misdiagnosis, Misunderstanding, and Mistreatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Porr V.
Published: June 2017

Undiagnosed and untreated people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) create a public health drain on mental health treatment. BPD underlies major public health problems including high incidence of substance abuse, alcoholism, domestic violence, impulse control disorders, incarceration, high utilization of emergency rooms and inpatient hospitalizations. Although BPD has a prevalence rate between 2–5.9%, it generally goes misdiagnosed, undiagnosed, stigmatized and mistreated. Amongst American veterans who are suicide attempters and completers, a recent study found 94% meet criteria for BPD. There is rampant professional stigma exists against BPD patients, seen as patients to be “avoided”, “treatment refractory,” “untreatable” and a “liability” due to increased risk of self-injurious and suicidal behavior. This is a contributing factor to misdiagnosis that is the usual experience for BPD patients, resulting in wasted years, hopelessness, chaos, family crises, and severe personal and economic consequences for patients and families. The need for assessing with validated diagnostic instruments to rule out or diagnose BPD, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, substance abuse and other co-morbid diagnoses as well as the need to diagnosis children and adolescents at the time symptoms first appear will be discussed. Presentation of the shockingly few studies on BPD versus Bipolar will be presented and the consequences of failing to diagnose will be highlighted. Findings from an on-line survey from TARA4BPD, an American education and advocacy organization, will demonstrate the need for clinical education in evidence based BPD treatments, training, and supervision as well as patient and family psycho-education so as to improve outcome will be presented.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
Hyperprolactinemia Phenomenon in Neurotic and Personality Disorders and Changes in Prolactin Level After the Psychotherapy
Authors: Rutkowski K. , Dembinska E. , Sobanski J. , Cyranka K. , Citkowska-Kisielewska A. , Mielimaka M.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Hyperprolactinemia is a common endocrinological disorder. Some data suggest that psychological factors (e.g. personality traits) may play a role in hyperprolactinemia genesis.

Objectives

Increased prolactin level (PRL) is described as clinical observations in some patients, usually with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. In the international literature there is lack of broader description and information of clinical implications of this phenomenon.

Aim

The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in patients with diagnoses F40-F69 according to ICD-10 and an evaluation of the changes in PRL after psychotherapy.

Methods

The study population comprised 64 patients, mainly females (73%), with primary diagnosis of neurotic or personality disorder. Prolactin level was measured during the first and last week of the psychotherapy. Between the measurements patients underwent intensive short-term (12 weeks) group psychotherapy in a day hospital for neurotic and behavioural disorders.

Results

Hyperprolactinemia was found in 41% of males and 42.4% of females in the study group. After psychotherapy significant reduction in prolactin level was observed in 80% of woman with hyperprolactinemia.

Conclusions

Hyperprolactinemia is observed in almost 40% of patients with neurotic and personality disorders. Psychodynamic psychotherapy can be a significant factor improving PRL level in patients with neurotic and personality disorders, specifically women.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Deficits in Mentalization Predict Suicide Risk Among Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Pompili M. , Innamorati M. , Erbuto D. , Amore M. , Girardi P.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Suicide is a major public health issue.

Objectives

Mentalization is a form of imaginative mental activity about others or oneself that may shed light on the phenomenology of suicide.

Aims

To assess the role of a number of variables in suicide risk.

Methods

Participants were 156 (73 men and 83 women) adult psychiatric inpatients (age range = 18/74 year). Most of the patients had a major mood disorder (26.3% BD-I, 3.2% BD-II, and 11.5 MDD), psychosis (16.7%), or a schizoaffective disorder (20.5%). All the patients were administered the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) for assessing diagnosis and suicide risk, and the Impact of event scale, Mentalization Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Some patients (18.6%) were admitted for a recent suicide attempt and 34.6% had attempted suicide in the past.

Results

At the MINI, 44.9% of the patients resulted at a moderate to high risk of suicide, and 55.1% at no or low risk of suicide with no difference for sociodemographic variables (sex and age) and diagnosis, but they differed for mentalization and symptoms of intrusions and avoidance caused by a traumatic event. Groups also did not differ for self-reported childhood trauma. Only mentalization was independently associated with higher suicide risk, and patients with moderate to severe risk of suicide were 1.7 times more likely to report more mentalization deficits than those with no or low risk of suicide.

Conclusions

Our study supports the notion that the investigation of mentalization among patients may help in proper assessment of suicide risk.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Alteration of Cerebral Blood Flow Measured with SPECT in Patients with First Episode Psychosis
Authors: Makarić P. , Bošnjak D. , Kekin I. , Jelacic P. , Haupert M. , Đuran N. , Sisek-Šprem M. , Perušić D. , Brečić P. , Petrović R. , Rojnić Kuzman M.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a valid method for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Recent studies regarding rCBF in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) reported heterogeneous results, but were limited with small sample size. Neuroimaging can help us in setting the diagnosis of illness, as well as in following the progress and finding more effective treatment for psychotic disorders.

Objectives

To compare, baseline alterations of the rCBF using SPECT with psychopathological status in FEP during acute phase.

Aims

To investigate the changes of rCBF in patients with FEP during acute phase.

Methods

We conducted a study on 40 drug – naïve patients with FEP at acute phase of illness during their hospitalization at Zagreb University hospital centre. The diagnosis was confirmed using diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. rCBF was measured with SPECT and psychopathological status rated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Results

Our findings showed moderate to severe parieto-temporal perfusion deficits, mild to moderate parieto-fronto-temporal perfusion deficits or borderline perfusion deficits in all but one patient.

Conclusion

Our results showed alteration in rCBF at the beginning of the illness that indicate a biological market of psychotic disorder.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A Randomized Single-blind Placebo Controlled Trial of Memantine, as Addjunctive Therapy for Treatment of Negative Symptoms of Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Osadshiy Y. , Archakov D. , Tarakanova E.
Published: June 2017

This study analyses the efficiency of memantine–an antagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors–as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of negative symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. Fifty-two patients (30 males; age 20–50 years) were included with the diagnosis of F20.014 and F20.024 according to the international classification of diseases (version 10). The patients had been receiving neuroleptic monotherapy with a fixed dose for a period of at least 4 weeks prior to randomization. Clinical data were collected 8 weeks after memantine had been introduced as part of the treatment regimen. A patient was considered as responding to treatment if they:

– scored 1-2 on the Clinical Global Impression Scale;

– showed a greater than 25% reduction of the total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) or a greater than 20% reduction on the negative subscale of PANSS.

Forty-seven patients were randomized: treatment group (neuroleptic + memantine, n = 24), control group (neuroleptic + placebo, n = 23); 44 patients completed the study. Neither memantine nor placebo led to a reliable decrease of negative symptoms, and the groups did not differ from each other. Future studies should pay more attention not only to the treatment of already formed negative and cognitive symptoms, but the prevention of their occurrence. Including through antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic non-malignant pain–A Danish register-linkage cohort study
Authors: Søndergård S. , Vægter H.B. , Erlangsen A. , Stenager E.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Anxiety and depression disorders are common in patients with chronic pain. Studies using clinical interviews in patients with chronic pain report prevalence rates ranging between 30–54% for depression and 17–29% for anxiety. This is the first study using contacts with a hospital psychiatric ward to investigate prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic pain.

Objectives

Estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic pain referred for interdisciplinary treatment.

Aims

To increase the knowledge about mental disorders and chronic pain in secondary health care.

Methods

All chronic pain patients referred to and treated at an interdisciplinary pain clinic at Odense university hospital, Denmark from 1 Jan 2005–13 Nov 2015 were included as participants. The Danish National Patient Register was used to collect information on contacts with a hospital psychiatric ward 10-year prior to the first contact at the pain clinic due to depression (ICD-10: F32-F33) and/or anxiety (ICD-10: F40-F41).

Results

In total, 7204 patients (64% women; mean age: 48.2) were included. Altogether, 17.8% (95% CI: 16.9–18.7) of patients had contact to a psychiatric ward. The prevalence of unipolar depression were: 6.1% (95% CI: 5.5–6.6) and anxiety: 2.1% (95% CI: 1.8–2.5), while 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5–0.9) had both depression and anxiety.

Conclusions

The prevalence rates of depression and anxiety noted in this study were lower than those reported in previous studies. A hospital-based diagnosis seems likely to be less frequent than interview-based measures, yet, might have a higher validity due to the clinician-based assessment.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Deep brain stimulation and anterior capsulotomy: The question of autonomy
Authors: Raymaekers S. , Van Duppen Z. , Demyttenaere K. , Luyten L. , Gabriels L. , Nuttin B. , Bervoets C.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

In carefully selected treatment-refractory patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), deep brain stimulation (DBS) or anterior capsulotomy (AC) might be considered as a possible treatment. However, the direct intervention in the brain can raise questions about autonomy. Do patients still feel like they are in control of their actions when their behavior is changed by a surgical intervention?

Objective/aims

To examine in both AC and DBS patients whether these intervention influenced perception of autonomy. We aimed to discover any differences in these perceptions when comparing AC and DBS patients.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured interviews with AC and DBS patients. Interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed verbatim. We analyzed interviews in an iterative process based on grounded theory principles.

Results

We interviewed 10 DBS patients and 6 AC patients. Sense of agency (the awareness that one is the author of his/her own actions) did not seem to be diminished by AC or DBS. However, especially DBS patients are aware of their dependency on a device for their well-being. Another important theme is authenticity (in how far patients perceive their actions and thoughts as matching their self-concept). Feelings of authenticity can be disturbed especially in cases of induced hypomania (for DBS) or apathy (for AC). OCD itself also has an impact on autonomy as patients describe a lack of freedom due to their disorder.

Conclusion

Despite extensive changes in emotions, behavior and even personal identity after DBS or AC surgery, perceived autonomy was not greatly altered in these OCD patients.

Disclosure of interest

Medtronic provided grants for research, education, and traveling to B. Nuttin and L. Gabriëls, who hold the Medtronic Chair for Stereotactic Neurosurgery in Psychiatric Disorders at KU Leuven. S. Raymaekers is supported by this Chair. B. Nuttin co-owns a patent on DBS in OCD.
Cognitive dysfunction in depression. Is it well detected?
Authors: Serra-Blasco M. , Aguilar E. , Vicent M. , Navarra G. , Portella M.J. , Figuereo I. , Crivillés S. , Martínez-Amorós E. , Lahera G. , Monreal J.A. , Cardoner N.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Major depression cognitive impairments lasts in remission periods, have an impact on treatment outcome and hamper psychosocial functioning. Thus, its accurate detection and specific treatment has become a crucial step.

Objectives

In order to assess objective cognitive functioning (OCF), a neuropsychological battery was administered. For subjective cognitive functioning (SCF), cognitive perception was evaluated by clinicians and patients.

Aims

To determine the concordance between OCF and SCF.

Methods

One hundred and two patients were grouped according to Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale (HDRS−17): 18 remitters (RE < 7), 40 partly remitters (PR, 7–18) and 44 acutely depressed (AD > 18). OCF was computed combining T-scores of digit symbol substitution test (WAIS-IV) with two RAVLT subtests (learning and memory). SCF was assessed with a CGI adaptation for cognitive disturbances severity.

Results

The OFC was 41.21(8.49) for all patients and 45.54(6.8), 41.93(6.8) and 38.7 (9.7) for RE, PR, and AD, respectively. Psychiatrist and patients’ SCF had a poor agreement (α=0.518), with Cronbach's alpha for RE, PR and AD of −0.607, 0.518 and 0.404. Concordance between OCF and SCF was calculated for all patients (psychiatrist, r = −0.317, P = 0.002; patient, r = −0.310, P = 0.002), for RE (r = −0.535, P = 0.022; r = 0.395, P = 0.105) for PR (r = −0.013, P = 0.94; r = −0.328, P = 0.045) and for AD (r = −0.252, P = 0.122; r = −0.333, P = 0.033). Patients rated their SFC as more impaired than did clinicians.

Conclusions

Concordance between clinicians and patients regarding SCF is very poor, worsening in AD group and being null in remission. This study also points out that CF is best detected by patients in acute episodes and by psychiatrists when patients are in clinical remission.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The choice of anesthetics and the effect on the Hamilton depression rating scale in therapy resistant depression
Authors: van Mensvoort F. , Teijeiro Permuy R. , Rijnders C.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The Dutch guideline ECT does not favor any anesthetic drug during electroconvulsive therapy. Although there are differences in seizure duration which may influence the effect of ECT, ethomidate, methohexital and propofol are “equal”. The influence of switching anesthetics during ECT is unknown. The reason for switching anesthetics is insufficient improvement in depressive symptomatology which is based on clinical picture. The Hamilton is a multiple item questionnaire which can give an indication of depression and which can evaluate recovery.

Objectives

Does the choice of anesthetics or switching anesthetics influence the effect of ECT on the Hamilton depression rating scale?

Aims

To determine whether the choice of anesthetic drugs in the case of switching influences the effect on the Hamilton depression rating scale.

Methods

We collected data of patients who received ECT for therapy resistant depression over the past five years. Choice of anesthetics, eventually switch and the score on the HDRS before and after ECT were included. The data was statistical analyzed.

Results

50 patients received ECT during past 5 years. ECT gives an improvement on the HDRS in all cases, whether there was a switch or not. Switching from methohexital to ethomidate when shock duration is less than 21 seconds gives a significant difference in improvement on the HDRS (BI 1.288 to 13.538) compared to patients who did not switch.

Conclusions

There are no significant differences on HDRS effect between the different anesthetics. Switching from methohexital to ethomidate gives a significant improvement on HDRS compared with no switch.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A new model as an early life manipulation: Fake mother
Authors: Kucukkarapinar M. , Dönmez A. , Candansayar S. , Bozkurt A. , Akçay E.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Early life stressful events cause long-term neural changes that are associated with psychiatric disorders.

Objective

Early life manipulations focus on commonly the impact of remaining separate from the mother in a specific period of time. The maternal odor is required for pups to approach the mother for nursing. What happens when there is a mother that smell like a real mother but does not take care her own pups?

Aim

To investigate the fake mother effects on adult rat's behavioral changes, NMDR2B protein level changes in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.

Methods

Wistar rats were used. Fake mother (n:13), early handling (n:12), maternal separation (n:14) and control (n:12) were the study groups. A fake mother is an object that smells like a real dam. When the real mother is separated from own pups fake mother stays with the pups for an hour. Manipulations were made during the postnatal first 14 days. Behavioral tests (social interaction test, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition test) were made between postnatal 62 and 78 days. NMDAR2B protein levels in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were evaluated by using ELISA at postnatal 78 days.

Results

In social interaction test, fake mother group exhibited less social behavior and more aggressive behavior than the other groups. Their long-term memory functions were the lowest. NMDAR2B protein levels in the hippocampus increased in rats that exposed to early stressful life events.

Conclusion

These results support that being raised by fake mother increases aggressive behavior and decrease social behavior in adulthood.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Harmane suppresses microglial neuroinflammatory response and induce antidepressant-like effect in rats
Authors: Aricioglu F. , Arkan G. , Kandemir C. , Sirvanci S. , Ozkartal C. , Utkan T.
Published: June 2017

Objective

Harmane is a beta-carboline, which binds to imidazoline receptors and it has been previously shown that it may have an antidepressant effect when administered acutely. This study is planned to investigate the effect of harmane on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model and microglial (Iba-1) immunoreactivity in the same model as markers of neuroinflammation.

Methods

Male Wistar Albino rats (290–360 g) were divided into groups such as control (saline), CUMS, CUMS + Imipramine (20 mg/kg; i.p.), CUMS + Harmane5 (5 mg/kg; i.p.), CUMS + Harmane10 (10 mg/kg; i.p.) groups (n = 10–12 in each). In CUMS model, various stressors were applied for 40 days. On day 20, harmane administration was started for 20 days. At the end, sucrose preference and forced swimming tests were performed. Then, brains were removed with paraformaldehyde perfusion for Iba-1 immunohistochemical analysis in hippocampus. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The time of immobility in forced swim test was significantly reduced while sucrose preference was increased in Imipramine and CUMS + harmane10 groups. In immunohistochemical experiments, Iba-1 were overexpressed in CUMS group and Harmane significantly reduced the overexpression of Iba-1.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that chronic administration of harmane has an antidepressant-like activity in chronic stress model of depression. These results support the notion of imidazoline receptors involvement in depression by modulating neuroinflammation and at least a part of its antidepressant effect might be through modulating microglial activation as a reflection of neuroinflammation.

This research was supported by Marmara University, Scientific Research Projects – SAG-C-YLP-110915-0415 and SAG-E-120613-0233.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Negative aspects of self-stigma in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Vrbova K. , Prasko J. , Ociskova M. , Holubova M. , Kamaradova D. , Marackova M. , Grambal A. , Slepecky M. , Latalova K.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Most individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia must cope with some form of stigmatization. Different types of public stigma, self-stigma and label avoidance, may have negative consequences for these individuals.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to search the degree of self-stigma in schizophrenia and its association with the clinical and demographic factors.

Methods

One hundred and ninety-seven stabilized outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated in the study. The mean age of the sample was 40 years. All individuals completed the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI) and a demographic questionnaire. The disorder severity was assessed both by a psychiatrist (objCGI-S: the objective version of Clinical Global Impression – Severity scale) and by the patients (subjCGI-S: the subjective version of Clinical Global Impression – Severity scale).

Results

The total score of the ISMI positively correlated with the severity of the disorder measured by the objCGI-S and the subjCGI-S. Additionally, the self-stigma positively correlated with the treatment duration, and the number of hospitalizations. The regression analysis identified these regressors as the most relevant to the self-stigma – the number of hospitalizations, the severity of the disorder rated by a psychiatrist, and the difference between the objective rating and the subjective rating of the severity of the disorder.

Conclusions

Outpatients with psychosis, who have undergone a higher number of hospitalizations, dispose of a higher severity of the disorder and show a bigger discrepancy between their rating of the severity and the psychiatric rating, display a greater degree of self-stigma.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
U-47700: The new emerging opioid drug
Authors: Sanagustin Bosqued D. , De Dios Felis M. , Monteagudo Gimeno E. , Pérez Gonzaléz S. , Trabsa Biskri A. , Galindo Guarin L. , Grifell Guardia M. , Quintana Mathe P. , Torrens Melich M.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine) cyclohexyl) labelled as U-47700 has a high affinity with the selective receptor, considered to have 7.5 times the binding affinity of morphine; as a result, it is sold as a recreational drug because of its analgesic and euphoric effects. Several toxicity cases and some fatalities have been reported during 2016.

Objectives

To describe the presence of trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine) cyclohexyl) in samples delivered to Energy Control during 2016 in Barcelona.

Methods

From January 2016 to October 2016, 4031 samples were delivered and only those samples containing trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine) cyclohexyl) were studied, 6 of them were analysed as U-47700 (0.148%). Samples were analysed by energy control, a Spanish harm-reduction NGO that offers users the possibility of analysing the substances they intend to consume. Analysis was done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results

From the 6 samples that were analysed as trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine) cyclohexyl), the presentation of 4 of them was white powder and the rest were not described. The procedence of the samples was Canada (2), USA (1), Sweden (1), Holland (1) and the remaining sample was not described. All samples were received during 2016.

Conclusions

The use of trans-3;4-dichloro-N-(2-(dimethylamine)cyclohexyl) is progressively increasing in Barcelona. Its harmful effects are being reported in recent medical literature and consumption represents an emerging issue, gaining popularity among recreational opioid users. It is potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines and overdose risk is higher compared to other opioids. This drug is not being detected by routine in medical test.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Attachment disorders in alcohol and gambling addicted patients: Preliminary evaluations
Authors: Testa R. , Grandinetti P. , Pascucci M. , Bruschi A. , Parente P. , Pozzi G. , Janiri L.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The addictive behaviors can be seen as attachment disorders. In literature studies about the relationship between attachment styles and addictions are few. However, in addicted patients the identification of secure or insecure attachment styles seems to have serious implications for the therapeutic alliance and the treatment.

Objectives

To study the relationships between different attachment styles and types of addiction (chemical or behavioral).

Aims

To examine the role of attachment styles in patients with alcohol dependence (AD) or pathological gambling (PG).

Materials

We recruited 29 with AD and 33 with GP according to DSM-IV-TR criteria; all patients were abstinent from addictive behaviors at least since one month, the experiences in close relationships (ECR) was administered for the study of attachment styles.

Results

PG compared to AD has higher raw scores both anxiety factor (P < 0.001) and avoidance factor (P = 0.003) at ECR. ECR ambivalent correlates with the diagnosis of PG (P = 0.010); ECR avoidant correlates with AD (P = 0.006); ECR anxiety shows a trend of correlation with the diagnosis of AD (P = 0.052). The subjects showed the following attachment styles (Table 1).

Conclusions

This is the first study that compares the attachment styles of patients AD and PG. We found differences in attachment styles of the two types of addiction, confirming the need of different approaches and then different types of treatment. Our findings need to be replicated in larger groups, also widening the target of other addictions.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Cyberbullying and suicidal ideation: Relationship with mood states and consumption of psychoactive substances
Authors: Silva D. , Nunes J. , Ferreira T. , Pissarra da Costa A.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Cyberbullying is an emergent problem associated to terrible consequences, especially in young adults.

Objectives

To analyse the levels of behaviours of victimization and aggression of cyberbullying, suicidal ideation, mood states and consumption of psychoactive substances in a sample of college students from the University of Beira Interior (UBI), as well as to analyse the relationship between these variables.

Methods

Analytical cross-sectional study that integrates quantitative methodology. Data collection took place via online survey in the population of students at the UBI (n = 475, 329 females, mean age 22.2 ± 4.1 years). The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic, mental health and internet use data and the Portuguese versions of self-reported scales to measure mood states, consumption of psychoactive substances, the levels of behaviours of victimization and aggression of cyberbullying and the levels of suicidal ideation.

Results

The levels of aggression of cyberbullying were significantly higher in male students and in users of social networks. There was a significant positive correlation between behaviours of victimization and aggression of cyberbullying, and between them and suicidal ideation and negative affect. The levels of both behaviours of cyberbullying and suicidal ideation were significantly higher in students consuming alcohol with drugs, just drugs and sedatives. There was a significant positive correlation between suicidal ideation and negative affect and a significant negative correlation between suicidal ideation and positive affect.

Conclusions

Both behaviours of cyberbullying were significantly associated with suicidal ideation and negative affect. Thus, stands out the relevance of an earlier identification of these behaviours and an adequate intervention by health professionals.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A Survey of Female Sexual Functioning in the General Dutch Population
Authors: Lammerink Ellen A.G. , de Bock Geertruida H. , Pascal Astrid , van Beek Andre P. , van den Bergh Alfons C.M. , Sattler Margriet G.A. , Mourits Marian J.E.
Published: June 2017

Background

After the diagnosis and treatment of disease, a major barrier to research on psychosexual functioning is the lack of a consistent estimate for the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction in the general population.

Aim

To clarify the prevalence of age-related female sexual functioning in the general population.

Methods

A sample was compiled by random selection of women from the general population in the northern part of the Netherlands and was categorized by age. Women completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), personal medical items and daily activities, the Body Image Scale, the SF-36 Health Survey, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. Participants' representativeness was assessed by comparing their characteristics with data from the Dutch Central Agency for Statistics and the Dutch Health Monitor. General health, fatigue, and well-being were compared with national or international data.

Outcomes

Age-related total and domain scores of the FSFI.

Results

We evaluated female sexual functioning of 521 sexually active women. For women 20 to 80 years old, sexual functioning showed wide variance and was poor in 28% of all sexually active women, with FSFI scores being below the defined clinical cutoff (FSFI score < 26.55). Although sexual activity and functioning significantly decreased with increasing age, sexual satisfaction decreased only non-significantly.

Clinical Implications

This study provides valuable age-specific ranges for female sexual functioning in the general population and can inform upcoming clinical studies.

Strengths and Limitations

This is the largest study on female sexual function in a representative Dutch population using internationally validated tools and described by age categories, providing valuable information that can help in the understanding of how female sexual function changes with age. The FSFI has been criticized for not assessing personal distress related to sexual problems, so the lack of the Female Sexual Distress Scale in our study is an unfortunate shortcoming. The high rate of sexual inactivity (31%) resulted in fewer women being available to evaluate sexual functioning, but this could reflect the actual level of sexual (in)activity among women in a general population.

Conclusion

FSFI total and domain scores showed wide variation across all age categories, but overall, one in four sexually active women scored below the diagnostic cutoff score. Sexual activity and functioning also decreased with age, whereas sexual satisfaction decreased only slightly.
Sexual Activity and Physical Tenderness in Older Adults: Cross-Sectional Prevalence and Associated Characteristics
Authors: Freak-Poli Rosanne , Kirkman Maggie , De Castro Lima Gustavo , Direk Nese , Franco Oscar H. , Tiemeier Henning
Published: June 2017

Background

Despite a common misconception, older adults engage in sexual behavior. However, there is limited sexual behavior research in older adults, which is often restricted to small samples, to cohorts recruiting adults from 45 years old, and to questions regarding only sexual intercourse.

Aim

To assess the cross-sectional prevalence of and characteristics associated with sexual activity and physical tenderness in community-dwelling older adults.

Methods

From the Rotterdam Study, sexual activity and physical tenderness were assessed in 2,374 dementia-free, community-dwelling men and women at least 65 years old from 2009 through 2012 in the Netherlands. Analyses were stratified by sex and partner status.

Outcomes

Sexual activity and physical tenderness (eg, fondling or kissing) in the last 6 months. Potential associated characteristics included measurements of demographics, socioeconomic position, health behavior, and health status.

Results

The vast majority of partnered participants (men, n = 858; women, n = 724) had experienced physical tenderness in the previous 6 months (83.7% of men and 82.9% of women) and nearly half had engaged in sexual activity (49.5% and 40.4% respectively). Very few unpartnered women (n = 675) had engaged in sexual activity (1.3%) or physical tenderness (5.2%), whereas prevalence rates were slightly higher for unpartnered men (n = 117; 13.7% or 17.1%). Engaging in sexual behavior was generally associated with younger age, greater social support, healthier behaviors, and better physical and psychological health.

Clinical Implications

Findings show that older adults engage in sexual activity. It is important not to assume that an older person is not interested in sexual pleasure or that an older person is unhappy with not having a sexual partner. Offering an opportunity for open discussion of sexuality and medical assistance without imposing is a difficult balance. We encourage health care professionals to proactively address sexuality and extend knowledge about safe sex and sexual function to older adults.

Strengths and Limitations

Thus far, this is one of the largest samples of sexual behavior assessment in adults older than 60 years. Limitations of this study are common in sexual behavior research, including low sexual behavior engagement among unpartnered older adults and a small sample of unpartnered men, which restricted sex- and age-specific implications.

Conclusion

Almost half of partnered older adults engaged in sexual activity and more than two thirds engaged in physical tenderness, but very few unpartnered older adults engaged in these behaviors. The greatest barrier to being sexually active at an older age is lack of a partner, which particularly affects women. Sexuality is an important aspect of active aging.
Expertos en la vida pública: ¿élites independientes o investigación socializada? Una aportación del debate Lippmann-Dewey en el contexto contemporáneo
Authors: Hernández Nalliely
Published: June 2017

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el telón de fondo epistemológico, principalmente en torno a la ciencia, que subyace en el debate entre Walter Lippmann y John Dewey en la década de 1920, con relación a la opinión pública y su papel en la democracia. Con ello intentaré matizar y clarificar algunos puntos clave del debate, así como mostrar las ventajas que el concepto de investigación científica, de Dewey, mues- tra para abordar el caso. Finalmente, señalo los inconvenientes de dicha concepción y sugiero un punto de partida desde el análisis realizado, que puede ser de utilidad en la discusión contemporánea en torno a la democracia deliberativa.