bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Winter Grazing, Not Fencing or Unicast, Promotes Stability of Microbial Community and Function in the Qilian Mountains of Qinghai‐Xizang Plateau
Authors: Pan Sichen , Luo Caiyun , Chen Xin , Chen Dongdong , Li Qi , He Fuquan , Zhang Yukun , Zhang Li , Zhao Liang
Published: October 2024

In alpine meadows, microorganisms are essential to sustain the stability of terrestrial geochemical processes and vegetation–soil–microbial systems. The present study in order investigate how various management measures impact the microbial communities' composition and functionality, we utilize metagenomic sequencing techniques to examinate the composition and function of soil microbial communities in the southern Qilian Mountains of the Qinghai‐Xizang Plateau in response to the management practices of fencing enclose (FE), winter grazing (WG), transition zone between natural and artificial grasslands (TZ), and artificial unicast oats (AU). Vegetation diversity and soil physicochemical characteristics were dramatically altered by the management measures. The prokaryotic community structure was considerably similar in FE and WG, as well as in TZ and AU. Near‐natural (FE) and artificial establishment (AU) disturbances changed the fungal community structure. Enzymes related to carbon metabolism did not respond significantly to the management measures, whereas those related to nitrogen metabolism did not respond significantly in TZ and AU. The relative abundance of enzymes participating in nitrogen metabolism was higher under TZ and AU than under FE and WG. We concluded that grassland management measures altered the structure of aboveground graminoid and leguminous vegetation communities and belowground biomass allocation, resulting in changes in K uptake, causing striking changes in the structure of fungal communities and nitrogen‐metabolizing enzymes; moderate disturbance (WG) was beneficial for maintaining the stability of microbial communities in alpine grasslands.
Cooking Time, Seed Darkening, and Iron and Zinc Concentrations of Selected Andean Genotypes of Common Bean
Authors: Hamabwe Swivia , Kuwabo Kuwabo , Urrea Carlos , Cichy Karen , Kamfwa Kelvin
Published: October 2024

Cooking time (CT), post‐harvest darkening (PHD), and micronutrient content influence consumer preference of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties. The objective of this study was to evaluate Andean genotypes for CT, PHD, and seed iron and zinc concentration. A total of 52 genotypes belonging to three market classes, namely, purple‐speckled (Kabulangeti), yellows, and cranberry (sugar beans), were grown at the Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART) Farm and the Mpika Research Farm in Zambia and assessed for CT, PHD, and seed iron and zinc concentration. The fastest cooking genotype among all 52 genotypes was a yellow genotype, Y1612‐5. Yellow genotypes generally cooked faster than the Kabulangeti and sugar types. Among the elite lines with Kabulangeti seed types, which is a dominant market class in Zambia, the elite line K175 had faster CT and higher iron and zinc concentration than the Kabulangeti landrace race currently available on the Zambian market. Kabulangeti and sugar genotypes showed regular darkening, whereas yellows did not darken. The yellow genotype Y1612‐3 was particularly outstanding because of its unique combination of high concentrations of both iron and zinc. Therefore, it can be used to introgress these two essential minerals into variable genetic backgrounds. The significant variability and high to moderate heritability for CT (0.85) and iron (0.81) and zinc (0.58) concentration observed in the current study suggest that it is possible to make progress in breeding for faster cooking varieties that are rich in iron and zinc.
Neurocognitive functioning during adolescence: Spanish validation of the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery
Authors: Fernández‐García Xacobe , Inchausti Félix , Pérez‐Albéniz Alicia , Ortuño‐Sierra Javier , Falcó Raquel , Fonseca‐Pedrero Eduardo
Published: October 2024

Objectives

The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery ‐ Child Version (PennCNB‐cv) is presented as a brief tool that allows comprehensive and automated assessment of 5 factors (via 14 performance tasks): Executive Control, Episodic Memory, Complex Cognition, Social Cognition, and Sensorimotor Speed. The literature links (dys)functions in these areas with psycho(patho)logical constructs, but evidence is scarce among Spanish‐speaking youth. Therefore, this study aims to validate the PennCNB‐cv in a community sample of Spanish adolescents.

Methods

After a process of (back)translation and adaptation by bilingual researchers, the PennCNB‐cv was administered in 34 schools. The sample included 1506 students, ages 14–19, 44.28% were male. Preliminary treatment of the data included descriptive and correlational statistics. To provide evidence of structural validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed.

Results

Results from the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed a four‐factor model (Complex Cognition, Executive Control, Episodic Memory, and Social Cognition) as the most appropriate. These findings provide compelling evidence in favor of the a priori theory that underpinned the development​ of the CNB.

Conclusions

The study of the psychometric properties showed that the Spanish version of the PennCNB‐cv, seems to be an adequate tool for assessing neurocognitive functioning during adolescence.
Mapping the amplitude and phase of dissolved 129Xe red blood cell signal oscillations with keyhole spectroscopic lung imaging
Authors: Pilgrim‐Morris Jemima H. , Collier Guilhem J. , Takigawa Mika , Strickland Scarlett , Thompson Roger , Norquay Graham , Stewart Neil J. , Wild Jim M.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

To assess the regional amplitude and phase of dissolved 129Xe red blood cell (RBC) signal oscillations in the lung vasculature with keyhole spectroscopic imaging and to compare with previous methodology, which does not account for oscillation phase.

Methods

129Xe gas transfer was measured with a four‐echo 3D radial spectroscopic imaging sequence. Keyhole reconstruction‐based RBC signal oscillation amplitude mapping was applied retrospectively to data acquired from 28 healthy volunteers, 4 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients, and 5 patients who were hospitalized due to COVID‐19 pneumonia and had residual lung abnormalities. Using a sliding window keyhole reconstruction, maps of RBC oscillation amplitude were corrected for regional phase difference. Repeatability of the phase‐adjusted oscillation amplitude was assessed in 8 healthy volunteers across three scans.

Results

With sliding window keyhole reconstruction, regional phase differences were observed in the RBC signal oscillations: mean phase = (0.27 ± 0.19) rad in healthy volunteers, (0.24 ± 0.13) rad in CTEPH patients, and (0.33 ± 0.19) rad in patients with post‐COVID‐19 residual lung abnormality. The oscillation amplitude and phase maps were more heterogeneous (i.e., they showed increased coefficient of variation) for the CTEPH patients. The RBC oscillation amplitude was repeatable, and the mean three‐scan coefficient of variation was smaller when the phase adjustment was made (0.07 ± 0.04 compared with 0.16 ± 0.05).

Conclusion

Sliding window keyhole reconstruction of radial dissolved 129Xe imaging reveals regional phase differences in the RBC oscillations, which are not captured when performing two phase keyhole reconstruction. This regional phase information may reflect the hemodynamic effect of the cardiac pulse wave in the pulmonary microvasculature.
Pot‐Cover Effect in Permafrost Embankment: In Situ Experiment Evidence and Mechanism Simulation
Authors: Mingli Zhang , Yuefeng Liu , Fei Wang , Zhi Wen , Ruiling Zhang , Dongmiao Hao , Wei Feng , Xinchen Yan
Published: October 2024

Under the influence of large temperature differences in an impermeable pavement layer of wide embankment in permafrost regions, liquid water accumulates at the bottom of the impermeable cover. The phenomenon is known as the pot‐cover effect and leads to an increase in soil water content and a reduction in bearing capacity of wide embankments. At present, water vapor and liquid water migrations and their effect on embankment thermal‐moisture stability have not been fully confirmed. To better understand the moisture transport and accumulation process within embankments, hydrothermal field monitoring was conducted from 2009 to 2011 on an asphalt concrete layer highway in Beiluhe, central Tibet Plateau. The field monitoring results show that soil moisture content between 50 and 250 cm below the pavement continuously increases with the number of freeze‐thaw cycles, with the largest increase during the 2 years being 6.4%. Then, a coupled hydro‐vapor‐thermal transport model was established and verified. Furthermore, the model was used to analyze the numerical recurrence of the pot‐cover effect. The simulation indicates that the upward migration of liquid water during the freezing period is less than the downward migration during the thawing period, while vapor migrates downward during the thawing period but upward during the freezing period. The migration of water vapor within the embankment during the freezing period is the main cause of the pot‐cover effect in permafrost regions. In addition, the research results can provide new ideas for understanding the internal mechanism of thermal‐moisture dynamics of the embankment and the stability prediction of permafrost engineering.
SORM‐Enhanced Inverse Reliability Analysis for Geotechnical Multiobjective Reliability‐Based Design Optimization
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Zhaocheng , Zhang Zheming , Liao Wenwang , Ji Jian
Published: October 2024

The first‐order reliability method (FORM) is mostly employed in the existing geotechnical reliability‐based design (RBD) methods due to its computational simplicity and efficiency. However, the first‐order Taylor approximation of the limit state surface (LSS) may result in significant errors, especially in cases of highly nonlinear LSS characterized by substantial curvatures. Therefore, FORM‐based RBD methods require a modification of the curvatures to enhance the accuracy of the probabilistic constraints, specifically by converting the target reliability index into a more precise target failure probability. Correspondingly, reliability index‐based design is converted into failure probability‐based design. In this study, the parabolic second‐order reliability method (SORM), which avoids the Hessian calculations, is adopted to improve the accuracy of probabilistic constraints beyond what is achievable with FORM. The proposed SORM‐enhanced RBD method accounts for the curvature information of the nonlinear LSS, modifying the target reliability index to align with the exact target failure probability through the application of SORM. Moreover, by incorporating an implicit coupling function, multiobjective RBD can be effectively implemented without any additional surrogate model. Furthermore, the proposed RBD method is readily extended to reliability‐based design optimization (RBDO) through integration with an optimization strategy. The proposed RBDO method demonstrates a more precise convergence of the probabilistic constraints, surpassing the accuracy of FORM‐based RBDO methods. Notably, the proposed SORM‐enhanced RBDO method not only significantly improves accuracy but also bypasses the necessity for Hessian computation, which remains both the second‐order accuracy and first‐order efficiency. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated through a mathematical example and three practical geotechnical design examples.
Sustained caloric restriction potentiates insulin action by activating prostacyclin synthase
Authors: Merali Carmen , Quinn Connor , Huffman Kim M. , Pieper Carl F. , Bogan Jonathan S. , Barrero Carlos A. , Merali Salim
Published: October 2024

Objective

Caloric restriction (CR) is known to enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of metabolic disorders; however, its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to elucidate specific proteins and pathways responsible for these benefits.

Methods

We examined adipose tissue from participants in the Comprehensive Assessment of Long‐term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy Phase 2 (CALERIE 2) study, comparing proteomic profiles from individuals after 12 and 24 months of CR with baseline and an ad libitum group. Biochemical and cell‐specific physiological approaches complemented these analyses.

Results

Our data revealed that CR upregulates prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS) in adipose tissue, an enzyme crucial for producing prostacyclin (PGI2). PGI2 improves the ability of insulin to stimulate the tether‐containing UBX domain for GLUT4 (TUG) cleavage pathway, which is essential for glucose uptake regulation. Additionally, iloprost, a PGI2 analog, was shown to increase insulin receptor density on cell membranes, increasing glucose uptake in human adipocytes. CR also reduces carbonylation of GLUT4, a modification that is detrimental to GLUT4 function.

Conclusions

CR enhances insulin sensitivity by promoting PTGIS expression and stimulating the TUG cleavage pathway, leading to increased GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface and decreased GLUT4 carbonylation. These findings shed light on the complex molecular mechanisms through which CR favorably impacts insulin sensitivity and metabolic health.
Sequential Detection of Hg2+ and TNT Using a Nitrogen‐Doped Polymeric Carbon Dots On–Off–On Fluorescence Sensor
Authors: Radhakrishnan K. , Suriyaprakash R. , Shunmugakani S. , Saravanan P. , Kumar J. Vinoth , Mythili R. , Al‐Sadoon Mohammad Khalid , Santhamoorthy Madhappan
Published: October 2024

This work presents a fluorescence sensor based on nitrogen‐doped carbon dots (N‐CDs) utilized for sequential detection of Hg2+ and TNT. The N‐CDs were produced by a simple and efficient hydrothermal process involving the combination of black bean extract with citric acid (CA) and ethylenediamine (EDA). The resulting N‐CDs exhibit a steady blue fluorescence with a significant quantum yield of 12%. We conducted a thorough investigation into the mechanism by which the fluorescence of NCDs is reduced in the presence of Hg2+. Our analyses, which included Stern–Volmer quenching tests, confirmed the development of a stable complex between N‐CDs and Hg2+. When the NCDs‐Hg2+ complex was exposed to TNT, the fluorescence was selectively restored. This sequential “on–off–on” sensing capacity allows for efficient monitoring of both Hg2+ and TNT, demonstrating good sensitivity and selectivity. The sensor has a low detection limit (LOD) of 3.1 and 46 nM for Hg2+ ions and TNT in a linear range of 0–40 and 0–30 μM, respectively. This study emphasizes the potential application of N‐CDs for detecting heavy metals and explosives at the same time. It highlights their usefulness in sophisticated environmental sensing technologies that are suitable for important applications.
Graphene wrapped porous polyaniline/manganese oxide nanocomposites with enhanced structural stability and conductivity for high‐performance symmetric supercapacitor
Authors: Zheng Chunpeng , Zhu Yang , Li Cheng , Liu Yulan , Huang Huabo , Li Liang , Yu Peng , Ji Jiayou , Xu Ligang , Huang Juan
Published: October 2024

Manganese oxides have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. Despite extensive efforts to improve their conductivity and structural stability through various manganese oxide/conductor nanocomposites, achieving efficient and reliable energy storage electrode materials has remained challenging. In this study, we propose a meticulous “dual enhancement” strategy, where three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructured polyaniline/manganese oxide composites (PM) are synthesized via an in situ method and further integrated with graphene wrapping to form polyaniline/manganese oxide/graphene nanocomposites (PMG). Electrochemical characterization reveals that PMG exhibits a remarkable specific capacitance of up to 403 F g−1 (at 1 A g−1), with a favorable capacitance retention of 80.2% after 5000 cycles, along with a wide potential window. This enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effects of polyaniline, which provides a supportive framework and electron transport pathways, and graphene, which offers external protection and enhances conductivity pathways. Assembled symmetrical supercapacitors demonstrate outstanding energy density (32.7–23.3 Wh kg−1) and power density (720–4500 W kg−1) at a high operating voltage of 1.8 V, surpassing the performance of many reported high‐performance supercapacitors. This study provides valuable insights for advancing manganese oxide electrode materials and is expected to catalyze their widespread adoption in energy storage applications.

Highlights

“Dual enhancement” is implemented by PANI supporting and rGO wrapping.

The conductivity and structural stability of composite electrode is greatly enhanced.

Improved capacitance (403 F g−1, 1 A g−1) and cycling stability (80.2%) is achieved.

The symmetrical supercapacitor has high voltage and energy density (32.7 Wh kg−1).
Management implications of latent TB among under‐five children at risk: Insights from a community study in Mumbai, India
Authors: Surve Suchitra , Bhor Vikrant , Gounder Venkateshwaran , Munne Kiran , Begum Shahina , Naukariya Kajal , Gomare Mangala , Puri Varsha , Tipre Pranita , Sutar Narendra , Dhawale Ajay , Naik Rohan , Jaiswal Akanksha , Bhonde Gauri , Shikhare Madhuri , Kamble Rakesh , Dalvi Rachna , Kamat Sharmila , Tryambake Varsha , Chauhan Sanjay , Shah Ira
Published: October 2024

Background

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) management is crucial to WHO's End TB Strategy. Indian guidelines recommend treating under‐five children with household TB contacts after ruling out active TB, regardless of TBI testing. However, the precise LTBI burden among children in high TB burden settings like India is unknown. A community‐based study in Mumbai's urban slums screened and managed under‐five children at LTBI risk to understand its epidemiology and inform TB control interventions.

Methods

Total 369 eligible under‐five children were enrolled for the study. LTBI screening was done using Tuberculin skin test and Interferon gamma release assay. Active TB was ruled out before initiation of TB preventive therapy among LTBI positives. Statistical tests like chi‐square, logistic regression analysis and Hosmer‐Lemeshow test were used.

Results

Overall, LTBI prevalence among under‐five children was 12.4% by IGRA and 21.4% by TST. Undernourished children had significantly lower LTBI positivity by IGRA (p = 0.027), while those with household contacts, longer contact duration and drug‐resistant tuberculosis (DR‐TB) exhibited proportionally greater IGRA positivity (p = <0.001).

Conclusion

The study found a lower LTBI prevalence among under‐five children compared to adults, with key risk factors being HHC, DR‐TB contact, and prolonged exposure. These findings suggest the need to revise or revisit the TPT framework for this age group in India, particularly by implementing a test‐and‐treat approach.
A New N‐functionalized Pyrrole Derivative Bearing Ruthenium Tris(2,2’‐bipyridine) Subunit
Authors: Bezgin Carbas Buket , Kaya Yasemin , Bekir Yildiz Huseyin , Kivrak Arif
Published: October 2024

In recent years, nitrogen‐based ruthenium complexes have become an important material for dye‐sensitized solar cells and photo‐catalytic H2O and CO2 reduction research and applications, thanks to their charge transfer feature from the metal to the ligand. The electronic and spectral properties of such materials can be easily modified by changing the substituents and ligands. In this study, a new ruthenium (II) complex with N‐functionalized pyrrole derivative ([Ru(bpy)2(bpyCONHArPy)]+2 complex) was successfully synthesized and characterized. Its optical and electrochemical properties were studied by means of fluorescence, UV‐vis spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. These results were compared with that of its components (4‐(1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl) aniline, N4,N4′‐bis(4‐(1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl)phenyl)‐[2,2′‐bipyridine]‐4,4′‐dicarboxamide and ligand [Ru(bpy)3]+2). Related theoretical studies were also studied to find energy levels of complex. The present work is carried out to understand what chemical changes bring when combination of all the pieces of the puzzle into a chemical structure step by step.
Enhancing SO2 Resistance of Mn−Ce−Co Loaded Activated Carbon Catalysts for Low‐Temperature NH3‐SCR: Insight into the Effect of Citrate Addition
Authors: Yang Mingjie , Zhu Yujie , Wang Jitong , Ma Cheng , Ling Licheng
Published: October 2024

The low‐temperature performance and ability to withstand SO2 poisoning of catalyst are crucial factors in evaluating the NH3‐SCR technology. In this study, honeycomb activated carbon loaded with Mn−Ce−Co catalysts was prepared using the citric acid complex impregnation method, simple impregnation and citric acid pre‐oxidation methods for low‐temperature NH3‐SCR. The synergistic effect of citric acid and ternary metals results in catalysts prepared by the citric acid complex impregnation method exhibiting excellent redox properties and a high abundance of acidic sites. By increasing catalyst acidity and introducing CeO2 sacrificial sites, the catalytic performance was improved, resulting in weaker adsorption capacity of the catalysts for SO2, enhancing SO2 tolerance. The catalyst demonstrated 100 % NOx removal at 160 °C which remained stable even after a 100 ppm SO2 pass for four hours. In addition, the catalyst showed good CO oxidation performance, with 78 % CO removal at 170 °C, which broadened the application scenario of the catalyst. This study highlights the denitrification effect of activated carbon supported Mn−Ce−Co ternary metal oxide catalysts and reveals the potential of multiple coupled approaches in improving the sulfur resistance of the catalysts.
Functionalized Nanomaterials for Detecting Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Dave Raj , Pandey Kshipra , Jain Sweny , Kshtriya Vivekshinh , Sengupta Poulomi , Kumar Verma Sandeep , Gour Nidhi , Bhatia Dhiraj
Published: October 2024

The environment consists of wide diversity, of which, an integral and most diversifying part is the living organisms, and hence it is imperative to design novel strategies that could alleviate pollutants and detect them at very minute levels. The functionalization of nanomaterials provides a very facile and efficient tool for the design of robust sensors that could detect pollutants that contaminate air, water, and soil. Because of their nanoscale size, these materials have enhanced surface‐to‐volume ratio, which in turn provide more reaction sites for the analyte interaction and enables highly specific and sensitive detection. Different nanomaterials like metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon‐based nanomaterials, and miscellaneous nanomaterials like polymer, dendrimers, metal‐organic frameworks are functionalized with suitable ligands for efficient detection of a wide range of pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, industrial wastes, volatile organic compounds, toxic gases, and environmental pathogens with efficient level of sensitivity. In this review, we will briefly discuss different types of functionalized nanomaterials, strategies adopted for their functionalization, detection methodologies pursued for specific sensing and detection of different types of pollutants and their critical analysis, and future outlook.
SCC/PVA Hydrogel with Self‐Healing Capability for Electrochromic Device
Authors: Song Weixing , Zhang Zhenxiao , Hao Meng , Hu Xingwei , Chai Jiaqi , Jiang Bo , Song Ying
Published: October 2024

Cracking caused by aging or repeated bending can severely affect the lifetime of electrochromic devices. In this work, a self‐healing electrochromic hydrogel was developed with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)‐sodium carboxymethyl chitosan (SCC) semi‐inter transfer network as the matrix, viologen bromide (HPV2+2Br−) as the electrochromic substance, and borax as the cross‐linking agent. The self‐healing properties of hydrogel stem from the dynamic and reversible borate bonds between borax and PVA molecular chains. As the voltage changes, the color of the device transitions from colorless to light purple and then to dark purple. The optical contrast at 600 nm reaches approximately 51 %. At room temperature, the disconnected hydrogel can fully restore its original state after 30 minutes of contact, effectively addressing issues related to cracks and damage in flexible electrochromic devices. This research holds significant implications for enhancing the reliability and stability of flexible electrochromic devices.
Fe3O4@ATA‐Mo Complex as a Suitable and Reusable NanoCatalyst for Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones
Authors: Jassim Kazem Mohammad , Ghassamipour Soheila
Published: October 2024

Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized by molybdenum aurintricarboxylic acid. Complex physicochemical characteristics of the catalyst were investigated by various methods such as infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and X‐ray energy diffraction spectroscopy. The results confirmed the spherical morphology, nanoscale size, magnetic properties, and the presence of the desired elements in the synthesized catalyst. Efficiency of the catalyst was determined by the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinone derivatives via Biginelli condensation. Under optimal conditions, a variety of dihydropyrimidinones derivatives were synthesized with good and excellent yields. The magnetic nature of the catalyst, easy separation of the reaction mixture, and catalyst reusability are the advantages of this work. The use of solvent‐free conditions is the other advantage.
Properties of Thin Film Composites of rGO–SnO2 and Modeling of Ultraviolet Laser‐Induced Conductivity Decay
Authors: de Almeida André Luis , Fonseca Lucas Prado , de Oliveira Natália Carli , Martins Lucas Michelão , Bueno Cristina de Freitas , Scalvi Luis Vicente de Andrade
Published: October 2024

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and tin dioxide (SnO2) form composites in a wide range of SnO2/rGO proportions, which are deposited as thin films on borosilicate glass and silica substrates. The rGO proportion affects the SnO2 optical properties and the sample surface, as observed by optical transmittance and confocal and scanning electron microscopies images, mainly for high proportion of rGO. For low proportion, the presence of small surface islands may contribute to optical confinement. The evaluated bandgap is basically from the SnO2 matrix unless the presence of rGO affects the optical absorption edge. Monochromatic ultraviolet light from a He–Cd laser (325 nm) irradiating on the composite film increases the conductivity, giving rise to the phenomenon of persistent photoconductivity (PPC), even very close to room temperature. Modeling by considering mainly the SnO2/rGO interface barrier for electron transport, yield an interface energy barrier of 250 meV. The strong response to ultraviolet light and the phenomenon of PPC indicates potential application in amplifiers, which could be adjusted by doping with rare‐earth ions, such as Er3+ in the SnO2 matrix.
Design, Synthesis, Computational Study, and Antidiabetic Evaluation of Benzoxazole Derivatives
Authors: Mahajan Amol , Yadav Shreyash Santosh , Malik Jatin , Agarwal Dhairiya , Ambatwar Ramesh , Datusalia Ashok Kumar , Khatik Gopal L.
Published: October 2024

Alpha‐amylase plays a crucial role in blood glucose levels, and thus, its inhibitor can be used to control diabetes. Thus, in vitro alpha‐amylase inhibitory activities were studied for synthesized benzoxazole compounds. The 2‐amino‐benzoxazoles were prepared by reacting 2‐aminophenol with cyanogen bromide, which was coupled with phenoxy acetic acid derivatives (6 a‐n). The compound 6 h was found to be significantly active with IC50 values of 348.43 μg/mL against alpha‐amylase compared to acarbose (IC50=682.54 μg/mL). The molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation showed better affinity and stability of 6 h at the binding site of the alpha‐amylase protein. Further, a preliminary bioevalauation and antidiabetic study were done through in vivo using SD rats. The efficacy study showed a significant improvement in glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels in the compound 6 h and was found to be a lead antidiabetic agent.
Temperature‐Dependent Surface Anisotropy in (110) Epitaxial Rare Earth Iron Garnet Films
Authors: Song Yixuan , Lasinger Katharina , Tang Hao , Li Ju , Beach Geoffrey S. D. , Ross Caroline A.
Published: October 2024

Ferrimagnetic oxide thin films are important material platforms for spintronic devices. Films grown on low symmetry orientations such as (110) exhibit complex anisotropy landscapes that can provide insight into novel phenomena such as spin‐torque auto‐oscillation and spin superfluidity. Using spin‐Hall magnetoresistance measurements, the in‐plane (IP) and out‐of‐plane (OOP) uniaxial anisotropy energies are determined for a thickness series (5–50 nm) of europium iron garnet (EuIG) and thulium iron garnet (TmIG) films epitaxially grown on a gadolinium gallium substrate with (110) orientation and capped with Pt. Pt/EuIG/GGG exhibits an (001) easy plane of magnetization perpendicular to the substrate, whereas Pt/TmIG/GGG exhibits an (001) hard plane of magnetization perpendicular to the substrate with an IP easy axis. Both IP and OOP surface anisotropy energies comparable in magnitude to the bulk anisotropy are observed. The temperature dependence of the surface anisotropies is consistent with first‐order predictions of a simplified Néel surface anisotropy model. By taking advantage of the thickness and temperature dependence demonstrated in these ferrimagnetic oxides grown on the low symmetry (110) orientations, the complex anisotropy landscapes can be tuned to act as a platform to explore rich spin textures and dynamics.
Recent Developments in Membrane‐Free Hybrid Water Electrolysis for Low‐Cost Hydrogen Production Along with Value‐Added Products
Authors: Vadivel Neshanth , Murthy Arun Prasad
Published: October 2024

Water electrolysis using renewable energy is considered as a promising technique for sustainable and green hydrogen production. Conventional water electrolysis has two components – hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring at the cathode and anode respectively. However, electrolysis of water suffers from high overpotential due to the slow kinetics of OER. To overcome this hybrid water electrolysis has been developed by replacing conventional anode oxidation producing oxygen with oxidation of cost‐effective materials producing value‐added chemicals. This review summarizes recent advances in organic oxidative reactions such as alcohols, urea, hydrazine, and biomass at the anode instead of OER. Furthermore, the review also highlights the use of membrane‐free hybrid water electrolysis as a method to overcome the cost and complexity associated with conventional membrane‐based electrolyzer thereby improving overall efficiency. This approach holds promise for scalable and cost‐effective large‐scale hydrogen production along with value‐added products. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed for further development in membrane‐free hybrid water electrolysis.
Mild and Subtle Synthesis of β‐Ketoenamine COFs with High Crystallinity and Controllable Solubility Guided by a Monomer Preassembly Strategy
Authors: Zhang Yingdan , He Pan , Zhang Meicheng , Zhang Jie , He Ningning , Zou Yingdi , Fan Zhiying , Deng Chan , Li Yang , Ma Lijian
Published: October 2024

The stability of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is crucial for their applications in demanding environments. However, increasing the stability of COFs often comes with challenges such as higher synthesis difficulty, lower crystal quality, and reduced controllability during synthesis, making it difficult to regulate dimensions and morphology, thereby impacting the processing and shaping of stable COFs. Herein, the study presents a novel confined polymerization approach guided by hydrogen bonding preassembly to synthesize a soluble and stable COF featuring β‐ketoenamine linkage. The presence of relatively weaker hydrogen bonds accelerates the orderly arrangement of monomers, ensuring appropriate spacing, and orientations among functional groups. This facilitates efficient covalent polymerization, leading to the creation of the framework while minimizing the “self‐correction” mechanism during crystal growth, thereby enhancing the efficiency of COF synthesis. Furthermore, this method offers precise control over the size of the synthesized COF. The resulting crystalline COF can be toggled between dissolution and precipitation states, facilitating the fabrication of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) through leveraging the solubility properties of COF. Overall, this pioneering strategy yields valuable insights for advancing weak bond assembly‐mediated confined polymerization approaches, the controlled synthesis of stable COFs, and the preparation and processing of soluble COFs in diverse applications.
Innovative Zinc Anodes: Advancing Metallurgy Methods to Battery Applications
Authors: Chang Linhui , Li Jiamin , Sun Qiangchao , Liu Xijun , Lu Xionggang , Cheng Hongwei
Published: October 2024

Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are emerging as a powerful contender in the realm of large‐scale intermittent energy storage systems, presenting a compelling alternative to existing ion battery technologies. They harness the benefits of metal zinc's high safety, natural abundance, and favorable electrochemical potential (−0.762 V vs Standard hydrogen electrode, SHE), alongside an impressive theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1 and 5655 mAh cm−3). However, the electrochemical performance of ZMBs is impeded by several challenges, including poor compatibility with high‐loading cathodes and persistent side reactions. These issues are intricately linked to the inherent physicochemical properties of the zinc metal anodes (ZMAs). Here, this review delves into the traditional methods of ZMAs production, encompassing extraction, electrodeposition, and rolling processes. The discussion then progresses to an exploration of cutting‐edge methodologies designed to enhance the electrochemical performance of ZMAs. These methods are categorized into alloying, pre‐treatment of substrate, advanced electrodeposition techniques, and the development of composite anodes utilizing zinc powder. The review offers a comparative analysis of the merits and drawbacks of various optimization strategies, highlighting the beneficial outcomes achieved. It aspires to inspire novel concepts for the advancement and innovation of next‐generation zinc‐based energy storage solutions.
Van der Waals Epitaxy of High‐Quality Transition Metal Dichalcogenides on Single‐Crystal Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Authors: Huang Jidong , Meng Junhua , Yang Huabo , Jiang Ji , Xia Zhengchang , Zhang Siyu , Zeng Libin , Yin Zhigang , Zhang Xingwang
Published: October 2024

Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures comprising of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) are promising building blocks for novel 2D devices. The vdW epitaxy provides a straightforward integration method for fabricating high‐quality TMDs/h‐BN vertical heterostructures. In this work, the vdW epitaxy of high‐quality single‐crystal HfSe2 on epitaxial h‐BN/sapphire substrates by chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated. The epitaxial HfSe2 layers exhibit a uniform and atomically sharp interface with the underlying h‐BN template, and the epitaxial relationship between HfSe2 and h‐BN/sapphire is determined to HfSe2 (0001)[110]//h‐BN (0001)[100]//sapphire (0001)[100]. Impressively, the full width at half maximum of the rocking curve for the epitaxial HfSe2 layer on single‐crystal h‐BN is as narrow as 9.6 arcmin, indicating an extremely high degree of out‐plane orientation and high crystallinity. Benefitting from the high crystalline quality of HfSe2 epilayers and the weak interfacial scattering of HfSe2/h‐BN, the photodetector fabricated from the vdW epitaxial HfSe2 on single‐crystal h‐BN shows the best performance with an on/off ratio of 1 × 104 and a responsivity up to 43 mA W−1. Furthermore, the vdW epitaxy of other TMDs such as HfS2, ZrS2, and ZrSe2 is also experimentally demonstrated on single‐crystal h‐BN, suggesting the broad applicability of the h‐BN template for the vdW epitaxy.
Cerebellar cortical degeneration in ‘Cirneco dell'Etna’ dog: First case report
Authors: Dini Fabrizio , Gavazza Alessandra , De Simone Donatella , Rodríguez‐Largo Ana , Rossi Giacomo , Mangiaterra Sara
Published: October 2024

A 4‐month‐old, intact male, Cirneco dell'Etna dog was presented with clinical signs of cerebellar ataxia, hindlimb hypometry and short steps with rapid progression. No findings were obtained from blood examinations, magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations and the dog was euthanased when it was not able to walk. Histological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the cerebellum showed multifocal depletion of Purkinje cells, marked increase in cellularity (astrogliosis) and a moderate reduction of the cells of the granule layer and thinning of the molecular layer. This case report describes the first case of cerebellar cortical degeneration in a purebreed Cirneco dell'Etna dog.
Dynamic Phenotype Mapping in Evolutionary Algorithms for Energy Hub Scheduling
Authors: Poppenborg Rafael , Phipps Kaleb , Beichter Maximilian , Förderer Kevin , Mikut Ralf , Hagenmeyer Veit
Published: October 2024

The integration of Renewable Energy Resources into the existing electricity grid to reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions raises several challenges, such as volatile generation. Optimized scheduling of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) within the Energy Hub concept can address these challenges by increasing the flexibility in the grid. However, this scheduling task can be categorized as an NP-hard optimization problem and requires the use of powerful heuristic algorithms to solve it. One such heuristic approach is an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA), however, EAs solution quality may be poor w.r.t. solution time when considering complex scheduling tasks of DERs. In our work, we improve the applied EA optimization by considering the predicted optimization quality. More specifically, we use Machine Learning (ML) algorithms trained on previous solutions to forecast the optimization quality. Based on these predictions, the computational effort of the EA is directed to particularly difficult areas of the search space. We direct the effort of the EA by dynamic interval length assignment during the phenotype mapping of the solutions proposed by the EA. We evaluate our approach by comparing multiple ML forecast algorithms and show that our approach leads to a significant increase of the evaluated degree of fulfillment by up to 4.4%.
Light-ray wave functions and integrability
Authors: Homrich Alexandre , Simmons-Duffin David , Vieira Pedro
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Using integrability, we construct (to leading order in perturbation theory) the explicit form of twist-three light-ray operators in planar $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM. This construction allows us to directly compute analytically continued CFT data at complex spin. We derive analytically the “magic” decoupling zeroes previously observed numerically. Using the Baxter equation, we also show that certain Regge trajectories merge together into a single unifying Riemann surface. Perhaps more surprisingly, we find that this unification of Regge trajectories is not unique. If we organize twist-three operators differently into what we call “cousin trajectories” we find infinitely more possible continuations. We speculate about which of these remarkable features of twist-three operators might generalize to other operators, other regimes and other theories.
Behandlung einer großen Wundhöhle bei Rektum-Anastomoseninsuffizienz mit dem VACStent GITM
Authors: Yohannes Alexander , Lange Jonas , Binder Daniel , Dormann Arno J. , Eisenberger Claus F. , Heiss Markus M.
Published: October 2024

Ein 56-jähriger Patient mit einem hoch sitzenden Rektumkarzinom entwickelte nach einer anterioren Rektumresektion mit partieller mesorektaler Exzision eine ausgedehnte Anastomoseninsuffizienz. Diese wurde mit dem VACStent GITM Colon (VACStent GmbH, Fulda, Deutschland) behandelt, der einen Wundverschluss mit simultaner Unterdruckwundbehandlung („negative pressure wound therapy“, NWPT) ermöglicht, ohne dass ein Anus praeter angelegt werden muss. Bereits innerhalb der ersten 7 Tage zeigte sich eine deutliche Besserung des Allgemeinzustands. Insgesamt wurden 5 Stents in 34 Tagen eingesetzt, welches zur vollständigen Ausheilung der Anastomoseninsuffizienz ohne Ausbildung einer Anastomosenstenose führte.
Aquiferous system, filtration rates and hydrodynamics of the syconoid calcareous sponge Urna sp.
Authors: Goldstein Josephine , Bisbo Nicklas , Funch Peter , Daugaard Nicoline D. , Larsen Poul S. , Brewer Jonathan R. , Riisgård Hans Ulrik
Published: October 2024

The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the hydrodynamic characteristics of the relatively simple aquiferous system in specimens of a calcareous syconoid sponge, Urna sp. Data on the morphology and ultrastructure of the sponge combined with measured pumping rates were provided and used for subsequent estimates of the pressure drops of water flow through the aquiferous system. The pumping rates were estimated from microscope video-recordings as the product of osculum-cross sectional area and exhalant jet speed. Estimates are given of the sensitivity of pressure drops to dimensional changes associated with observed dynamic, contractile structures (e.g., osculum, apopyles), as well as possible artefacts introduced in the preparations for ultrastructural studies. The estimated pressure losses showed that the choanocyte pumps provide a pressure of 5.5 ± 3.9 Pa at a pumping rate of 1533 ± 1089 µm3 s−1 per choanocyte. Such high pumping rates, comparable to those of some choanoflagellates, have not been reported for syconoid and leuconoid sponges before. However, the corresponding sponge volume-specific pumping rates (about 10–30 min−1) are comparable to values reported in the literature for small sponges and explants that also have relatively higher pumping rates of choanocytes than larger sponges.
Has the cat got your tongue, or is something obstructing your throat? A review of imaging of ingested and aspirated foreign bodies in the paediatric population
Authors: Kvist Ola , Garcia Juan Pablo
Published: October 2024

Children frequently swallow or inhale foreign objects, a situation that can be life-threatening. Radiographic imaging plays a lead role in the early identification and location of inhaled or swallowed objects is essential. Promptly identifying and locating inhaled or swallowed objects are essential, as some items require immediate removal. For example, button batteries in the throat can cause grave harm; magnets can attract each other through the gut and cause perforations; and other objects can obstruct the airway or intestinal tract. Radiologists must understand how these objects appear in images to assist doctors in treating patients effectively. Recognising signs of inhaled objects on radiographs is also crucial, as symptoms may not always be clear, and many inhaled objects are not visible on radiographs. Radiographs are the primary means of checking for swallowed or inhaled objects, although other tests like fluoroscopy and computed tomography may be used in complex cases. Doctors working with children should be acquainted with the appearance of these common objects on images and their clinical importance.

Graphical Abstract
Daily functioning and (health-related) quality of life of young adult survivors of childhood bacterial meningitis
Authors: Tahir Omaima El , de Jonge Rogier C. J. , Pronk Jeroen , Goei Sui Lin , Terwee Caroline B. , van Furth A. Marceline Tutu
Published: October 2024

To investigate daily functioning, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and overall quality of life (QoL) in young adult survivors of childhood bacterial meningitis (BM) thereby shedding light on very long-term outcomes and contributing to global meningitis burden estimates. In this cross-sectional study, the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Self Report (WFIRS-S), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Scale vGlobal Health v1.2 (PROMIS-GH), PROMIS-29 profile v2.01 and PROMIS Satisfaction with Social Roles and Activities Short Form 4a v2.0 instruments were administered to 483 survivors of childhood BM who participated in the 20|30 Dutch Postmeningitis study. Mean WFIRS-S scores were calculated as well as mean T-scores of the PROMIS instruments. PROMIS scores of survivors of childhood BM were compared with age-matched Dutch reference scores from the general population. Overall, survivors of childhood BM reported comparable or even better levels of daily functioning, HRQoL, and overall QoL (Global02) than the age-matched Dutch reference group. 10.2% of survivors of childhood BM reported poor mental health and 1.0% of survivors of childhood BM reported poor physical health. The average score of survivors of childhood BM for overall QoL (Global02) was 3.81 (on a scale from 1, indicating poor QoL, to 5, indicating excellent QoL).

Conclusion: Young adult survivors of childhood BM reported similar and even better levels of daily functioning, HRQoL, and overall QoL than age-matched Dutch reference scores. However, clinicians and healthcare workers should be mindful of poor mental and physical health of some survivors of childhood BM because these survivors also face problems with functioning in daily life.

What is Known:• Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection which may lead to devastating lifelong disabilities.• Health-related quality of life is decreased in school-age survivors of bacterial meningitis.

What is New:• The present study shows that HRQoL in survivors of childhood BM improves over time• However, especially poor mental health in adolescent and young adult survivors is associated with impaired functioning in daily life.