bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapidly progressive Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Appel S. A. , Chapman J. , Kahana E. , Rosenmann H. , Prohovnik I. , Pras E. , Reznik‐Wolf H. , Cohen O. S.
Published: January 2010

Background:  The largest cluster of familial Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (fCJD) exists in Jews of Libyan origin. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an inflammatory disease also common in this population.

Objectives:  We hypothesized that FMF, as a pro‐inflammatory condition, may affect the course of CJD.

Methods:  Three hundred and seventy‐two consecutive patients diagnosed clinically and genetically as CJD were included in the study. Two hundred and thirty‐six had fCJD, and 136 had sporadic disease (sCJD). Review of the patient’s records revealed three patients with FMF–CJD co‐morbidity. In addition, 50 DNA samples of patients with CJD were genotyped as homozygote, heterozygote, and non‐carriers of the FMF mutation. The demographic and clinical variables of the groups were compared.

Results:  The three patients with FMF had an earlier age of onset and significantly shorter disease duration than the patients without FMF. Heterozygote carriers did not differ in disease onset and duration from patients without FMF.

Conclusions:  The shorter disease duration of CJD patients with FMF may indicate the importance of pro‐inflammatory factors in the disease.
Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin levels are normal in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder
Authors: Anderson K. N. , Vincent A. , Smith I. E. , Shneerson J. M.
Published: January 2010

Background:  Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is a common sleep disorder that can be associated with a number of neurodegenerative conditions as well as with narcolepsy. Current diagnostic criteria require overnight polysomnography, and there are no other biomarkers available. The control of REM sleep is complex with a putative on/off switch within the brainstem activated, amongst other things, by hypocretinergic pathways from the lateral hypothalamus.

Methods:  Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin levels were measured in five patients with idiopathic RBD.

Results:  Hypocretin levels were between 254 and 450 pg/ml and therefore within the normal range of >100 pg/ml.

Conclusion:  Hypocretin levels in patients with idiopathic RBD are normal.
Mood and motor effects of thalamic deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor
Authors: Graff‐Radford J. , Foote K. D. , Mikos A. E. , Bowers D. , Fernandez H. H. , Rosado C. A. , Rodriguez R. L. , Malaty I. A. , Haq I. U. , Jacobson C. E. , Okun M. S.
Published: January 2010

Purpose:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of unilateral and bilateral ventralis intermedius (Vim) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on mood and motor function.

Methods:  Thirty‐one consecutive medication refractory patients with essential tremor who underwent unilateral or bilateral Vim DBS at University of Florida and returned for at least 6 ‐month follow‐up completed the Visual Analog Mood (VAMS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Tremor Rating Scale (TRS) before and after surgery. We excluded all patients who were implanted at other institutions.

Results:  The tense subscale of the VAMS improved significantly in both the unilateral and bilateral DBS groups (P < 0.001). On the VAMS afraid subscale, only the bilateral group trended toward improvement (P = 0.075). There were no significant changes for either group for the happy, confused, sad, angry, energetic or tired VAMS scores. TRS subscale scores all improved after unilateral and bilateral Vim DBS surgery (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Feelings of tenseness, tremor severity and ADLs improved following unilateral or bilateral Vim DBS for ET.
Emotions in action through the looking glass1
Authors: Sinigaglia Corrado , Sparaci Laura
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  The paper aims at highlighting how our primary understanding of others’ actions is rooted in the mirror mechanism. To this end, the anatomical architecture of the mirror neuron system for action will be outlined as well as its role in grasping goals and intentions in others’ motor behaviour. One further step through the looking glass of social cognition will be referring to the ubiquitous emotional colouring of actions and considering its links with the motor domain. This will allow a clearer perspective on the mechanism underlying our abilities for emotional understanding and on cases in which these abilities are amiss, as in autistic spectrum disorders.
Sonu Shamdasani interviewed by Ann Casement
Authors: Casement Ann
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Sonu Shamdasani interviewed by Ann Casement about Jung's The Red Book: Liber Novus in the course of which they range over issues to do with what drew Shamdasani to Jung; how he came to be involved in editing, translating and publishing Liber Novus; why he is so passionate about it; where it stands in relation to Jung's other work; some of the central figures that appear in the book such as Philemon and Izdubar; what Liber Novus might offer training candidates and succeeding generations of Jungians; how it has changed Shamdasani's own impression of Jung and what he hopes this enormous project will achieve; why Jung did not publish it in his own lifetime and whether he was mistaken in not doing so; and what impact the publication of Liber Novus will have on Jung's reputation worldwide as well as within the Jungian community.
Fred Plaut in conversation with Andrew Samuels
Authors: Samuels Andrew
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  This is a reprint of an interview of Fred Plaut (who died in June 2009) conducted by Andrew Samuels in mid‐1988 and first published in April 1989 in the Journal, 34, 2, pp. 159–83. The interview covers Plaut's early life, his career, and historical observations of the development of the Society of Analytical Psychology from its beginnings, and of the wider community of Jungian analysis. Plaut reflects uninhibitedly on such topics as the role of leadership in analytical psychology, discussing the parts played by Michael Fordham in London and Hannes Dieckmann in Berlin. Plaut explains his thinking concerning individuation.
Genders and sexualities in individuation: theoretical and clinical explorations
Authors: McKenzie Susan
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Gender assignment, as a key aspect of identity and cultural position, has existed throughout recorded time and across all cultures. An individual's biological sex and particular cultural milieu has a profound effect on their sense of themselves as a gendered being. Sexuality is a more recent marker in identity formation. In the last few decades there has emerged a great deal of interest in the psychology of gender formation, in the interplay of biological sex, culture, brain development, and attachment experiences in the formation of gender identities. Queer theory in its post‐modern deconstructionist thinking has suggested that gender is a socially ‘constructed’ concept having no biological or psychological precursors or realities. Contemporary developmental psychoanalysis is bridging the gap between concepts of gender as purely biological and gender as non‐existent. In this paper I explore the emergence of same‐sex desire at mid‐life, presenting two case histories with extensive dream material. The impact of sexual desire on gender identities is examined through the lenses of culture, dynamic systems theory, neuroscience, and depth psychology. The use of dream analysis as a window into the body/mind movement of gender emergence reflects my sense of gender as a fluidly shifting reality of mind, neither hardwired nor fictional.
Expressions of homosexuality and the perspective of analytical psychology
Authors: Miller Barry
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Homosexuality, as a description and category of human experience, has a long, complicated and problematic history. It has been utilized as a carrier of theological, political, and psychological ideologies of all sorts, with varying and contradictory influences into the lives of us all. Analytical psychology, emphasizing the purposiveness found in manifestations of the psyche, offers a unique approach to this subject. The focus moves from causation to the meanings embedded in erotic expressions, fantasies, and dreams. Consequently, homosexuality loses its predetermined meaning and finds its definition in the psychology of the individual. Categories of ‘sexual orientation’ may defend against personal analysis, deflecting the essential fluidity and mystery of Eros. This is illustrated with samples of the variety found in ‘homosexual’ material.
Art and Modernity in Porfirian Mexico: Julia Escalante'sGraziellaand theLechero
Authors: WIDDIFIELD STACIE G.
Published: January 2010

This essay examines Julia Escalante'sGraziellaand the 1881El Lechero(The Milkman) as a case study of the ways in which the art of a Mexican woman artist instantiates aspects of Porfirian modernity. In the context of the academic hierarchy that existed through much of the nineteenth century, these scenes of everyday life, that is, genre scenes, done by a woman artist, would have been seemingly unremarkable. Different from most works by a woman artist, these paintings were exhibited in two very different spaces in downtown Mexico City: the National Academy in 1879 and 1881, and later in the Hotel del Jardín in 1888. I will suggest that these exhibition spaces define an architecture of legibility for the paintings inflecting the critical reception of the painting, opening onto the process of Porfirian modernity.
The clandestine uterus: or how the uterus escapes detection prior to puberty
Authors: Michala L , Aslam N , Conway GS , Creighton SM
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Michala L, Aslam N, Conway G, Creighton S. The clandestine uterus: or how the uterus escapes detection prior to puberty. BJOG 2010;117:212–215.

Uterine agenesis is one of the differential diagnoses in adolescent girls with delayed menstruation. It may also be suspected earlier in childhood during investigations for other genitourinary conditions. However, accurate confirmation that the uterus is absent can be extremely difficult before puberty because of its small size. We describe ten girls referred to a specialist centre with a presumed diagnosis of an absent uterus which was later found to be incorrect. We conclude that imaging should be undertaken by clinicians with experience in management of this age group and in some girls it may be necessary to delay final diagnosis until after puberty.
Reproductive endocrinology of adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Shayya R , Chang RJ
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Shayya R, Chang R. Reproductive endocrinology of adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome. BJOG 2010;117:150–155.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive‐aged women, and it typically presents during adolescence. The objective of this review is to describe the clinical manifestations of PCOS in adolescent girls and the underlying basis for the altered reproductive physiology. Recognising adolescents at risk for PCOS and taking the appropriate steps to reduce circulating androgen levels is critical in reducing the clinical symptomatology of this disorder, and the development of adulthood infertility, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in patients with PCOS.
The histology and management of ovarian cysts found in children and adolescents presenting to a children’s hospital from 1991 to 2007: a call for more paediatric gynaecologists
Authors: Hernon M , McKenna J , Busby G , Sanders C , Garden A
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Hernon M, McKenna J, Busby G, Sanders C, Garden A. The histology and management of ovarian cysts found in children and adolescents presenting to a children’s hospital from 1991 to 2007: a call for more paediatric gynaecologists. BJOG 2010;117:181–184.

Objective  To determine the nature and surgical management of ovarian cysts.

Design  Retrospective case‐note study.

Setting  Large Childrens’ Hospital: Alder Hey NHS Foundation Trust.

Sample  Children undergoing surgery for ovarian cysts between 1991 and 2007.

Methods  Cases identified using coding and the pathology database, and analysed using snap 9.

Main outcome measures  Extent of surgery performed. Size and histological features of cysts removed.

Results  A total of 155 cases were identified. There were 62 ovarian cysts in children under nine who were prepubertal. There were 58 neoplastic cysts in total. Most were benign teratomas (36). Ten cysts were malignant, including five granulosa cell tumours, one yolk sac tumour, one endodermal sinus tumour and one dysgerminoma. Tumour markers were performed in only 16 cases (10%). Sixty‐one (39%) had an ultrasound scan and 16 (10%) had a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Ninety girls (58%) had an oophorectomy and 40 (25%) had an ovarian cystectomy. Oophorectomies were performed for all cases of malignancy, but 75 were also performed for benign or normal pathology. Only 16% of cases were referred to the paediatric gynaecologist and all were for post‐operative management.

Conclusions  We recommend the greater use of imaging of the pelvis and tumour markers preoperatively. There should be greater use of conservative expectant management or ovarian‐sparing surgery in view of the low risk of malignancy in this age group. The practice of removing ovaries for benign cysts may be overcome by appointing more gynaecologists with advanced training skills training in paediatric and adolescent gynaecology.
Adenosine inhibits paraventricular pre‐sympathetic neurons through ATP‐dependent potassium channels
Authors: Li De‐Pei , Chen Shao‐Rui , Pan Hui‐Lin
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)113, 530–542.

Adenosine produces cardiovascular depressor effects in various brain regions. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. The pre‐sympathetic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) play an important role in regulating arterial blood pressure and sympathetic outflow through projections to the spinal cord and brainstem. In this study, we performed whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings on retrogradely labeled PVN neurons projecting to the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord in rats. Adenosine (10–100 μM) decreased the firing activity in a concentration‐dependent manner, with a marked hyperpolarization in 12 of 26 neurons tested. Blockade of A1receptors with the adenosine A1receptor antagonist 8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine or intracellular dialysis of guanosine 5′‐O‐(2‐thodiphosphate) eliminated the inhibitory effect of adenosine on labeled PVN neurons. Immunocytochemical labeling revealed that A1receptors were expressed on spinally projecting PVN neurons. Also, blocking ATP‐dependent K+(KATP) channels with 100 μM glibenclamide or 200 μM tolbutamide, but not the G protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying K+channels blocker tertiapin‐Q, abolished the inhibitory effect of adenosine on the firing activity of PVN neurons. Furthermore, glibenclamide or tolbutamide significantly decreased the adenosine‐induced outward currents in labeled neurons. The reversal potential of adenosine‐induced currents was close to the K+equilibrium potential. In addition, adenosine decreased the frequency of both spontaneous and miniature glutamatergic excitatory post‐synaptic currents and GABAergic inhibitory post‐synaptic currents in labeled neurons, and these effects were also blocked by 8‐cyclopentyl‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine. Collectively, our findings suggest that adenosine inhibits the excitability of PVN pre‐sympathetic neurons through A1receptor‐mediated opening ofKATPchannels.
Metallocorroles as cytoprotective agents against oxidative and nitrative stress in cellular models of neurodegeneration
Authors: Kupershmidt Lana , Okun Zoya , Amit Tamar , Mandel Silvia , Saltsman Irena , Mahammed Atif , Bar‐Am Orit , Gross Zeev , Youdim Moussa B. H.
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)113, 363–373.

Water‐soluble iron, and manganese(III) complexes of corroles and porphyrins were examined with regard to their neuroprotective/neurorescue activities by using various neuronal cytotoxic models of oxidative and nitrative stress. The present study demonstrates that the metallocorroles significantly protect human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y and mouse motor neuron‐neuroblastoma fusion NSC‐34 cell lines against neurotoxicity induced by either the peroxynitrite donor 3‐morpholinosydnonimine or the parkinsonism‐related neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine. The neuronal survival effect is further reflected by the prevention of 3‐morpholinosydnonimine‐induced protein nitration, inhibition of caspase 3 activation, as well as attenuation of 6‐hydroxydopamine‐mediated decrease in growth associated protein‐43 levels. The iron(III) corrole, but not manganese (III) corrole, also significantly promotes neuronal survival of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐impaired SH‐SY5Y and NSC‐34 cells. A substantial superiority of the metallocorroles relative to the corresponding porphyrin complexes is revealed in all examined aspects. These results highlight the large potential of corrole complexes as novel agents for therapeutic approaches in degenerative disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems, where oxidative and nitrative stresses are involved.
The identification and distribution of the enigmatic Large‐billed Reed WarblerAcrocephalus orinus
Authors: SVENSSON LARS , PRYS‐JONES ROBERT , RASMUSSEN PAMELA C. , OLSSON URBAN
Published: January 2010

We re‐evaluate the characteristics of the little‐known Large‐billed Reed WarblerAcrocephalus orinusbased on plumage and biometrical comparisons of 10 newly discovered specimens ofA. orinuswith a large sample of Blyth’s Reed WarblerAcrocephalus dumetorum, the species most closely resemblingA. orinus. Using specimens whose identity was verified by DNA analyses, we found that the most important criteria for identifyingorinusare its long and comparatively broad bill, with typically uniformly dark upper mandible, and on average longer tarsi and claws with a thin and pointed hind claw. In contrast, previously suggested differences in wing formula, plumage colour and shape of flight‐feathers are very minor, variable and seem of limited use for identification oforinus. Graphical analysis of hind claw length against bill to skull length should assist researchers in locating museum or live specimens oforinusthat otherwise might be overlooked asdumetorum, and multivariate analysis unambiguously separates the two species based on our present dataset. A review of the scattered literature and specimen records suggests that the breeding distribution oforinuslies between southeastern Kazakhstan and northeastern Afghanistan, within the breeding range ofdumetorum, but thatorinusmay well winter predominantly east of the main wintering range ofdumetorum.Further evidence to support this assessment of the species' breeding range was obtained in June 2009, with the discovery of a population in the Pamir Mountains of Afghanistan.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL SOCIAL EVALUATION: AN APPLICATION TO THE MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Herrero Carmen , Martínez Ricardo , Villar Antonio
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with the axiomatic derivation of social evaluation indices in a multidimensional context. The resulting evaluation formula is the geometric mean of the egalitarian equivalent values of the different characteristics under consideration. We provide an application to the measurement of human development and compare the results obtained with those corresponding to the standard (additive) index.
Does Silence Speak? An Empirical Analysis of Disclosure Choices During Conference Calls
Authors: HOLLANDER STEPHAN , PRONK MAARTEN , ROELOFSEN ERIK
Published: January 2010

In this paper, we exploit the open nature of conference calls to explore whether managers withhold information from the investing public. Our evidence suggests that managers regularly leave participants on the conference call in the dark by not answering their questions. We find that the best predictors of such an event are firm size, a CEO's stock price–based incentives, company age, firm performance, litigation risk, and whether analysts are actively involved during the call's Q&A section. Finally, we document strong support for the assumption maintained in the literature that investors interpret silence negatively. That is, investors seem to interpret no news as bad news.
Kinetic analysis of evoked IPSCs discloses mechanism of antagonism of synaptic GABAAreceptors by picrotoxin
Authors: Korshoej AR , Holm MM , Jensen K , Lambert JDC
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose: Although picrotoxin is a well‐established antagonist of GABAAreceptors, detailed studies of its action on inhibitory synaptic transmission have not previously been made.

Experimental approach: Electrophysiological techniques were used to study the action of picrotoxin on inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked in hippocampal neurones, in culture and slice preparations prepared from Wistar rat embryos and juveniles, respectively.

Key results: Picrotoxin gradually reduced the amplitude of GABAAreceptor‐mediated eIPSCs in a concentration‐dependent manner. This was accompanied by a marked acceleration of the eIPSC decay kinetics, which, in contrast to the effect on amplitude, developed immediately and was completely reversed on washing. The decaying phase of the IPSC could be resolved into two components; 30 µM picrotoxin reduced τfastby 34% and increased its relative amplitude, while τslowwas reduced by 38%, and its relative amplitude decreased. The area under the decaying phase of the normalized eIPSC showed an immediate reduction by 36% in 30 µM picrotoxin. With increasing concentrations of picrotoxin, this normalized area converged towards 55% of the control, indicating that the rate of relaxation and block has a finite maximum. This implies that picrotoxin does not act by a pore‐occluding mechanism (open‐channel blocking), and suggests allosteric stabilization of desensitized receptor states as a more likely alternative. This was corroborated by modelling, based on two established microscopic GABAAreceptor transition schemes.

Conclusions and implications: Although the identity of the stabilized state has not been determined unequivocally, picrotoxin effectively traps synaptic GABAAreceptors in a desensitized state.
Effects of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ agonists on Na+ transport and activity of the kinase SGK1 in epithelial cells from lung and kidney
Authors: Wilson Stuart M , Mansley Morag K , Getty Jennet , Husband Elaine M , Inglis Sarah K , Hansen Michael K
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose:  Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, sensitize cells to insulin, and are therefore used to treat type 2 diabetes. However, in some patients, these drugs induce oedema, and the present study tests the hypothesis that this side effect reflects serum and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase 1 (SGK1)‐dependent enhancement of epithelia Na+ absorption.

Experimental approach:  Na+ absorbing epithelial cells (H441 cells, mpkCCD cells) on permeable membranes were mounted in Ussing chambers, and the effects of rosiglitazone (2 µM) and pioglitazone (10 µM) on transepithelial Na+ absorption were quantified electrometrically. Changes in SGK1 activity were assessed by monitoring phosphorylation of residues within an endogenous protein.

Key results:  Both cell types absorbed Na+ via an electrogenic process that was enhanced by insulin. In mpkCCD cells, this stimulation of Na+ transport was associated with increased activity of SGK1, whereas insulin regulated Na+ transport in H441 cells through a mechanism that did not involve activation of this kinase. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone had no discernible effect on transepithelial Na+ absorption in unstimulated or insulin‐stimulated cells and failed to alter cellular SGK1 activity.

Conclusions and implications:  Our results do not support the view that PPARγ agonists stimulate epithelial Na+ absorption or alter the control of cellular SGK1 activity. It is therefore likely that other mechanisms are involved in PPARγ‐mediated fluid retention, and a better understanding of these mechanisms may help with the identification of patients likely to develop oedema or heart failure when treated with these drugs.
Tetrandrine blocks cardiac hypertrophy by disrupting reactive oxygen species‐dependent ERK1/2 signalling
Authors: Shen Di‐Fei , Tang Qi‐Zhu , Yan Ling , Zhang Yan , Zhu Li‐Hua , Wang Lang , Liu Chen , Bian Zhou‐Yan , Li Hongliang
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose:  Tetrandrine, a well‐known naturally occurring calcium antagonist with anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and anti‐fibrogenetic activities, has long been used clinically for treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and arrhythmia. However, little is known about the effect of tetrandrine on cardiac hypertrophy. The aims of the present study were to determine whether tetrandrine could attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Experimental approach:  Tetrandrine (50 mg·kg−1·day−1) was administered by oral gavage three times a day for one week and then the mice were subjected to either chronic pressure overload generated by aortic banding (AB) or sham surgery (control group). Cardiac function was determined by echocardiography.

Key results:  Tetrandrine attenuated the cardiac hypertrophy induced by AB, as assessed by heart weight/body weight and lung weight/body weight ratios, cardiac dilatation and the expression of genes of hypertrophic markers. Tetrandrine also inhibited fibrosis and attenuated the inflammatory response. The cardioprotective effects of tetrandrine were mediated by blocking the increased production of reactive oxygen species and the activation of ERK1/2‐dependent nuclear factor‐κB and nuclear factor of activated T cells that occur in response to hypertrophic stimuli.

Conclusions and implications:  Taken together, our results suggest that tetrandrine can improve cardiac function and prevent the development of cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing the reactive oxygen species‐dependent ERK1/2 signalling pathway.
Why Isn’t More US Farmland Organic?
Authors: Kuminoff Nicolai V. , Wossink Ada
Published: January 2010

We develop a theoretical model to assess the dollar compensation required to induce conventional growers to convert to organic. The model incorporates the uncertainty in producers’ expectations about future returns and about the impact of policy changes on these expectations in particular. We demonstrate that a new policy which favours organic can have opposing effects on the rate of conversion. An increase in relative returns to organic today will increase conversion rates. However, if the future of the policy programme is uncertain, its introduction can increase the value of waiting to switch, which will decrease conversion rates. We then develop an empirical switching regression model that enables direct estimation of the value associated with being able to postpone the conversion decision until some of the uncertainty is resolved. The model is applied to data on organic and conventional soybeans before and after major changes in US farm policy toward organic growers. The results suggest that sunk costs associated with conversion to organic coupled with uncertainty about future returns can help to explain why there is so little organic farmland in the USA.
The Effect of Cooperatives on Quality‐Enhancing Innovation
Authors: Drivas Kyriakos , Giannakas Konstantinos
Published: January 2010

This paper develops game‐theoretic models of heterogeneous consumers to analyse the effect of cooperatives on quality‐enhancing product innovation activity, the pricing of food products and the welfare of the groups involved, in the context of a mixed duopoly where an open‐membership consumer co‐op competes with an investor‐owned firm in markets for horizontally differentiated products. Analytical results show that the involvement of the member welfare‐maximising co‐op in innovation activity can change the nature of product differentiation and the structure of the market, and be quality and welfare enhancing by increasing innovation activity and reducing the prices of food products. The effects of co‐operative involvement are shown to depend on the degree of consumer heterogeneity and the size of innovation costs.
An illustrated key and (palaeo)ecological primer for Postglacial to Recent Ostracoda (Crustacea) of the Baltic Sea
Authors: FRENZEL PETER , KEYSER DIETMAR , VIEHBERG FINN ANDREAS
Published: January 2010

Frenzel, P., Keyser, D. & Viehberg, F.A. 2010: An illustrated key and (pala6e6o)ecological primer for Postglacial to Recent Ostracoda (Crustacea) of the Baltic Sea. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 567–575. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00135.x. ISSN 0300‐9483

This synopsis of Baltic Sea brackish water Ostracoda gives an overview of all known Recent species for the first time. It also includes Holocene taxa now extinct in the area. There are 131 species, two of which are recorded only from Yoldia stage (Preboreal) sediments. The illustrated key is based exclusively on valve morphology, providing a taxonomical base for geoscience and biological studies using ostracods from the Baltic Sea area. A list of ecological tolerances and preferences as well as the latitudinal distribution of all species is intended as a reference for palaeoenvironmental analyses. Salinity, temperature and oxygen tolerance values as well as preferences for latitudinal distribution, water depth and energy, habitat and substrate are given. The data are based on quantitative sampling in the southern, central and western Baltic Sea and on information gained from literature.
Extent, age and dynamics of Marine Isotope Stage 3 glaciations in the southwestern Baltic Basin
Authors: HOUMARK‐NIELSEN MICHAEL
Published: January 2010

Houmark‐Nielsen, M. 2010: Extent, age and dynamics of Marine Isotope Stage 3 glaciations in the southwestern Baltic Basin. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00136.x. ISSN 0300‐9483

The southwestern Baltic region is known as a major crossroad for the expansion of Pleistocene glaciers from the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS). At the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 25–20 kyr BP), steady‐flowing inter‐stream glaciers expanded radially from the major ice divide over central Scandinavia. During the subsequent deglaciation phase (20–15 kyr BP), streaming ice was flowing through the Baltic gateway onto the North European lowland. The lithology and directional ice‐flow properties of pre‐LGM till formations of Baltic provenance in Denmark (the Ristinge till and Klintholm till) suggest that the ice‐sheet dynamics during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 glacier expansion were similar to those for the post‐LGM advances. Increasing geological evidence indicates that glaciers extended onto the Circum‐Baltic lowlands during MIS 3. Reconstructions of flow paths and estimates of the basal ice‐sheet coupling in Denmark suggest that southward flow of the SIS through the Baltic was probably the result of ice streaming. Despite methodological uncertainties, available OSL and 14C dates indicate that glaciers advanced at least twice during the mild second half of the Middle Weichselian (c. 75–25 kyr BP), most probably in connection with Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) events 14–13 (54–46 kyr BP) and 8–5 (35–30 kyr BP). The chronology and dynamics of glacier expansion in the southwestern Baltic in response to long‐term cooling trends, the contemporary presence of a low Arctic biota in large parts of Scandinavia and of possible leads or lags in relation to North Atlantic climate changes during MIS 3 are discussed.
Subglacial bed conditions during Late Pleistocene glaciations and their impact on ice dynamics in the southern North Sea
Authors: PASSCHIER SANDRA , LABAN CEES , MESDAG CHRIS S. , RIJSDIJK KENNETH F.
Published: January 2010

Passchier, S., Laban, C., Mesdag, C.S. & Rijsdijk, K.F. 2010: Subglacial bed conditions during Late Pleistocene glaciations and their impact on ice dynamics in the southern North Sea. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 633–647. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00138.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.

Changes in subglacial bed conditions through multiple glaciations and their effect on ice dynamics are addressed through an analysis of glacigenic sequences in the Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy of the southern North Sea basin. During Elsterian (MIS 12) ice growth, till deposition was subdued when ice became stagnant over a permeable substrate of fluvial sediments, and meltwater infiltrated into the bed. Headward erosion during glacial retreat produced a dense network of glacial valleys up to several hundreds of metres deep. A Saalian (MIS 6) glacial advance phase resulted in the deposition of a sheet of stiff sandy tills and terminal moraines. Meltwater was at least partially evacuated through the till layer, resulting in the development of a rigid bed. During the later part of the Saalian glaciation, ice‐stream inception can be related to the development of a glacial lake to the north and west of the study area. The presence of meltwater channels incised into the floors of glacial troughs is indicative of high subglacial water pressures, which may have played a role in the onset of ice streaming. We speculate that streaming ice flow in the later part of the Saalian glaciation caused the relatively early deglaciation, as recorded in the Amsterdam Terminal borehole. These results suggest that changing subglacial bed conditions through glacial cycles could have a strong impact on ice dynamics and require consideration in ice‐sheet reconstructions.
Middlemen and Oligopolistic Market Makers
Authors: Ju Jiandong , Linn Scott C. , Zhu Zhen
Published: January 2010

This paper studies the endogenous structure of intermediation when heterogeneous intermediaries choose between becoming a middleman or a market maker, and the relation between the equilibrium market structure and price dispersion. We obtain three main results: First, middlemen and oligopolistic market makers can coexist in the market equilibrium. All market makers publicly post unique ask and bid prices. These prices serve as the high and low bounds, respectively, for the ask and bid prices of middlemen, when capacity cost is sufficiently large. Second, more efficient intermediaries choose to become market makers, whereas less efficient intermediaries choose to become middlemen. Third, if the fixed cost of capacity installation for market makers increases, the number of market makers declines, whereas the number of middlemen increases. As a result, both ask prices and bid prices become more dispersed.
Equal Pay for Unequal Work: Limiting Sabotage in Teams
Authors: Bose Arup , Pal Debashis , Sappington David E. M.
Published: January 2010

We demonstrate the value of “equal pay” policies in teams, even when team members have distinct abilities and make different contributions to team performance. A commitment to compensate all team members in identical fashion eliminates the incentive that each team member otherwise has to sabotage the activities of teammates in order to induce the team owner to implement a more favorable reward structure. The reduced sabotage benefits the team owner, and can secure Pareto gains under plausible circumstances.
A Double Moral Hazard Model of Organization Design
Authors: Berkovitch Elazar , Israel Ronen , Spiegel Yossi
Published: January 2010

We develop a theory of organization design in which the firm's structure is chosen by trading off ex post efficiency in the implementation of projects against ex ante efficiency in the selection of projects. Using our framework, we derive a novel set of empirical predictions regarding differences between firms with a functional structure and firms with a divisional structure. We examine how the overall profitability of the two structures is affected by various factors like size, complexity, and asymmetry in the importance of tasks and also explore the desirability of adopting a narrow business strategy.
Agency and Anxiety
Authors: Rauh Michael T. , Seccia Giulio
Published: January 2010

In this paper, we introduce the psychological concept of anxiety into agency theory. An important benchmark in the anxiety literature is the inverted‐U hypothesis, which states that an increase in anxiety improves performance when anxiety is low, but reduces it when anxiety is high. We show that the inverted‐U hypothesis is consistent with evidence that high‐powered incentives can reduce the agent's optimal effort and expected performance. In equilibrium, however, a profit‐maximizing principal never offers such counterproductive incentives. We also show that the inverted‐U hypothesis can explain empirical anomalies related to monitoring, the informativeness principle, and the risk–reward tradeoff.
Fairness in Delegated Bargaining
Authors: Lammers Frauke
Published: January 2010

This article examines whether a principal prefers to hire a fair or a selfish agent. A fair agent cares to some extent for the well‐being of other people and thus he also cares for the principal. Therefore, if the agent performs individual work, the principal is always better off to hire a fair agent. However, we show that when a third party with conflicting interests is introduced, it may be advantageous for the principal to hire a selfish agent. The reason is that the selfish agent will be a tough bargainer not only when negotiating his employment contract with the principal but also when dealing with the third party, for example, when selling the principal's product to a buyer.
Scientific and Commercial Incentives in R&D: Research versus Development?
Authors: Banal‐Estañol Albert , Macho‐Stadler Inés
Published: January 2010

This paper proposes a framework to analyze the effects of scientific and commercial incentives in R&D organizations. We build a simple repeated model of a researcher capable of obtaining innovative ideas. Although they reduce the time spent on research, we show that commercialization incentives also affect the choice of research projects. Commercial rewards induce a more intensive search for (ex post) path‐breaking innovations, which are more likely to be generated through (ex ante) riskier research programs. We derive the organization's optimal incentive scheme in terms of the researcher's characteristics. We show that organizations should use a high level of commercial incentives for scientists who have strong or weak intrinsic preferences for research. For those with strong preferences, the organization needs to induce development, whereas for those with weak ones, it needs to induce effort.
Matricide and Two Sexual Femicides by a Male Strangler with a Transgender Sadomasochistic Identity
Authors: Lauerma Hannu , Voutilainen Jukka , Tuominen Tiina
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  While violence against sexual minorities is a well‐known phenomenon, sexual homicides committed by men with cross‐dressing or transsexual identity are not, because they are relatively few. We report a 23‐year follow‐up of the case of a transvestite, possibly transsexual, man who killed his mother by strangulation at the age of 20, and later in two separate cases strangled a female victim towards whom he felt sexual desire. He reported being sexually aroused by being strangled himself. The case raises questions concerning legislation which does not allow life‐long control of criminals.
Personal Identification Using the Frontal Sinus*
Authors: Besana Joanna L. , Rogers Tracy L.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  The frontal sinuses are known to be unique to each individual; however, no one has tested the independence of the frontal sinus traits to see if probability analysis through trait combination is a viable method of identifying an individual using the frontal sinuses. This research examines the feasibility of probability trait combination, based on criteria recommended in the literature, and examines two other methods of identification using the frontal sinuses: discrete trait combinations and superimposition pattern matching. This research finds that most sinus traits are dependent upon one another and thus cannot be used in probability combinations. When looking at traits that are independent, this research finds that metric methods are too fraught with potential errors to be useful. Discrete trait combinations do not have a high enough discriminating power to be useful. Only superimposition pattern matching is an effective method of identifying an individual using the frontal sinuses.
Necrophilia and Sexual Homicide
Authors: Stein Michelle L. , Schlesinger Louis B. , Pinizzotto Anthony J.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  A closed case‐file review of 211 sexual homicides identified 16 cases of necrophilia. The results of this unique descriptive study of necrophilia associated with sexual homicide provide information on crime‐scene locations, methods of killing, body disposition, premortem sexual assault, specifics of the necrophilic acts, methods of victim abduction, and motivational dynamics. The findings suggest that the most common explanation for necrophilia—the offender’s desire to have an unresisting partner—may not always be applicable in cases where this rare paraphilia is connected to sexual murder. The possibility of using crime‐scene behaviors in these cases to investigate serial sexual murders is offered.
“Bubbles”—A Spot Diagnosis
Authors: Kettner Mattias , Ramsthaler Frank , Schnabel Axel
Published: January 2010

Abstract: Aspiration of blood is a phenomenon observed in violent and natural death scenarios. Bloodstain patterns evolving from expectoration of aspired blood may look suspicious of a violent genesis and thus mislead crime scene investigators. In the present case, a woman was found lying in a pool of blood on the kitchen floor. Furthermore, bloodstains covered her face, clothing, and surrounding furniture and walls. Bloodstain pattern analysis and medicolegal inspection of the suspected scene of crime were carried out and revealed dispersed stains with enclosed gas bubbles in the absence of signs of physical violence leading to the assessment of a natural manner of death. The bloodstains were attributed to expiration of blood because of an internal bleeding. Medicolegal autopsy confirmed the on‐site diagnosis as a fatal esophageal varix rupture was found.
Variation in Developmental Time for Geographically Distinct Populations of the Common Green Bottle Fly, Lucilia sericata (Meigen)*
Authors: Gallagher Meagan B. , Sandhu Sonia , Kimsey Robert
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Time between death and discovery of remains, or postmortem interval (PMI), can be assessed using blow fly maggot age. Forensic entomologists rely on published, often nonlocal, species‐specific developmental tables to determine maggot age. In a series of common garden experiments, we investigated the developmental rate variation between populations of Lucilia sericata collected from Sacramento, CA, San Diego, CA, and Easton, MA at 16°C, 26°C, and 36°C. For the 16°C trial the time measurement started at egg hatch, while for the higher temperatures the experiment began at oviposition; the wandering stage signified the endpoint for all experiments. The distribution of developmental times differed significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.001) between the three populations within each temperature treatment. We discovered that regional variation of developmental times within a blow fly species exists. This study demonstrates the importance of assembling local population‐specific developmental tables when estimating larval age to determine PMI.
Positive “Water Test”—An External Indicator of Base of Skull Hinge‐Ring Fracture
Authors: Byard Roger W. , Langlois Neil , Gilbert John D.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Despite having significant internal injuries, victims of motor vehicle accidents may have surprisingly few external manifestations of trauma. The water test describes a technique whereby water placed in an upwardly facing ear results in drainage from the nose and opposite ear, thus demonstrating transcranial passage of water. This sign can be demonstrated in cases of blunt cranial trauma where there is a “hinge” fracture involving the petrous temporal bones bilaterally associated with a ring fracture extending around the foramen magnum posteriorly. Such a fracture results in separation of the posterior and middle cranial fossae providing a track for water to traverse. The water test provides a quick and noninvasive method for demonstrating the presence of a particular type of skull fracture.
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: A Review of Vision Science and Application Issues
Authors: Rubenzer Steven J. , Stevenson Scott B.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test is one component of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test battery. This article reviews the literature on smooth pursuit eye movement and gaze nystagmus with a focus on normative responses, the influence of alcohol on these behaviors, and stimulus conditions similar to those used in the HGN sobriety test. Factors such as age, stimulus and background conditions, medical conditions, prescription medications, and psychiatric disorder were found to affect the smooth pursuit phase of HGN. Much less literature is available for gaze nystagmus, but onset of nystagmus may occur in some sober subjects at 45° or less. We conclude that HGN is limited by large variability in the underlying normative behavior, from methods and testing environments that are often poorly controlled, and from a lack of rigorous validation in laboratory settings.
Predicting the Postmortem Submersion Interval for Human Remains Recovered from U.K. Waterways*
Authors: Heaton Vivienne , Lagden Abigail , Moffatt Colin , Simmons Tal
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  This article aims to increase accuracy in estimating the postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) for bodies recovered from rivers in the United Kingdom. Data were collected from closed case files, crime scene reports, and autopsy files concerning bodies recovered over a 15‐year period from the River Clyde, Scotland, and the River Mersey and canals in northwest England. One hundred and eighty‐seven cases met the study criteria and were scored by quantifying the overall amount of decomposition observed in each case. Statistical analysis showed that the duration of a body’s submergence in water and the temperatures to which it was exposed, as measured in accumulated degree days (ADD), had a significant effect on the decay process. Further analysis indicated that there were no significant differences in decomposition between the waterways. By combining the data from all study samples, it was possible to produce a single linear regression model for predicting ADD from observed decomposition.
Fatal Wrong‐Way Collisions on New Mexico’s Interstate Highways, 1990–2004
Authors: Lathrop Sarah L. , Dick Travis B. , Nolte Kurt B.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Medical examiner files from 1990 through 2004 were reviewed to identify fatalities caused by drivers traveling the wrong direction on interstate highways and identify risk factors and prevention strategies. Other fatal nonpedestrian interstate motor vehicle crashes served as a comparison group. Data abstracted included decedent demographics, driver/passenger status, seatbelt use, blood alcohol concentration, weather and light at time of occurrence and types of vehicles involved. Of 1171, 79 (6.7%) interstate motor vehicle fatalities were because of drivers traveling against the posted direction in 49 crashes, with one to five fatalities per crash. Wrong‐way collisions were significantly more likely to occur during darkness (p < 0.0001) and involve legally intoxicated drivers (p < 0.0001). In 29/49 (60%) wrong‐way crashes, alcohol was a factor. Prevention strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of driving while intoxicated, as well as improved lighting and signage at ramps, could help reduce the occurrence of fatal wrong‐way collisions on interstates.