bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of between‐site variation in soil microbial communities and plant‐soil feedbacks on the productivity and composition of plant communities
Authors: Bauer Jonathan T. , Blumenthal Noah , Miller Anna J. , Ferguson Julia K. , Reynolds Heather L.
Published: June 2017

A critical challenge in the science and practice of restoration ecology is to understand the drivers of variation in restoration outcomes. Soil microbial communities may have a role in explaining this variation due to both site‐to‐site variation in the composition of soil microbial communities and due to variation that can arise due to plant‐soil feedbacks. We tested the relative importance of between‐site variation in soil microbial community composition and plant‐soil feedbacks in shaping plant community composition and ecosystem function.

We used a standard two‐phase plant‐soil feedback design. Soil inoculum was collected from four tallgrass prairie sites. Then, soils were conditioned separately with nine plant species, and conditioned soils were used to inoculate prairie community mesocosms. In a separate experiment using soil from an additional site we tested conditioned soil samples for the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia.

Site of soil origin and plant‐soil feedbacks both had effects on the composition and productivity of our plant communities, and the magnitudes of these effects were similar. We also found changes in the abundance of AMF and rhizobia due to plant‐soil feedbacks and that AMF abundance were associated with differences in plant community composition.

These results indicate that the composition of soil communities due to site‐to‐site variation and plant‐soil feedbacks are both important determinants of plant community composition and productivity. Our results also suggest that AMF and rhizobia are key microbial functional groups underlying plant‐soil feedback effects.

Synthesis and applications. Site‐to‐site variation in soil communities can explain some variation in restoration of plant communities. Since plant‐soil feedback effects of restored plant species do not overcome this variation, knowledge of soil microbial communities present at a site prior to initiation of restoration efforts may improve predictability of restoration outcomes, and reintroduction of some components of the soil community may be necessary to achieve restoration goals. Additionally, by understanding variation due to plant‐soil feedbacks, restoration practitioners can choose plant species for reintroduction that will create favourable soil conditions, including promoting microbial mutualists. Plant‐soil feedbacks should also make it possible to increase heterogeneity in soil microbial communities, leading to increases in beta diversity in plant communities.
Ultrasound assessment of gastric content in the immediate postpartum period: a prospective observational descriptive study
Authors: Vial F. , Hime N. , Feugeas J. , Thilly N. , Guerci P. , Bouaziz H.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in pregnant women undergoing general anesthesia or sedation/analgesia in the peripartum period is a feared complication in obstetric anesthesia. We assessed the changes in antral cross‐sectional area (CSA) with ultrasonography in laboring women and in the immediate postpartum period.

Patients and methods

In an observational study in a university‐affiliated maternity, gastric ultrasonography examinations were performed in non‐consecutive laboring women, after epidural analgesia insertion and after childbirth. Assessment of antral CSA, difficulty of performance on a numerical scale, and factors that could influence gastric content were noted. A cut‐off value of 381 mm2 was taken for the diagnosis of empty stomach.

Results

One hundred women were enrolled in the study. Median antral CSA was 469 mm2 [25th–75th] [324–591] after epidural insertion and 427 mm2 [316–574] after delivery. Antral CSA was ≥ 381 mm2 in 59 of 90 women (65%) after epidural insertion vs. 48 of 100 women (48%) after delivery (P = 0.59). Median variation of antral CSA between two measurements was 36 mm2 [−42 to 114]. Gastric ultrasonography was significantly more difficult to perform during labor than immediately post‐delivery (median difficulty score 5 [2–7] vs. 2 [1–4], P < 0.0001). No risk factors (pain, anxiety, diabetes, smoking) were significantly associated with the occurrence of full stomach post‐delivery.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that 48% of parturients in the immediate postpartum period presented an antral CSA ≥ 381 mm2, cut‐off being accepted for diagnosis of empty stomach and emphasizes the need for re‐assessing before any general anesthetic procedure.
Has the income of the residential area impact on the use of intensive care?
Authors: Liisanantti J. H. , Käkelä R. , Raatiniemi L. V. , Ohtonen P. , Hietanen S. , Ala‐Kokko T. I.
Published: June 2017

Background

The socioeconomic factors have an impact on case mix and outcome in critical illness, but how these factors affect the use of intensive care is not studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in patients from residential areas with different annual incomes.

Methods

Single‐center, retrospective study in Northern Finland. All the non–trauma‐related emergency admissions from the hospital district area were included. The postal codes were used to categorize the residential areas according to each area's annual median income: the low‐income area, €18,979 to €28,841 per year; the middle‐income area, €28,879 to €33,856 per year; and the high‐income area, €34,221 to €53,864 per year.

Results

A total of 735 non–trauma‐related admissions were included. The unemployment or retirement, psychiatric comorbidities and chronic alcohol abuse were common in this population. The highest incidence, 5.5 (4.6–6.7)/1000/year, was in population aged more than 65 years living in high‐income areas. In working‐aged population, the incidence was lowest in high‐income areas (1.5 (1.3–1.8/1000/year) compared to middle‐income areas (2.2 (1.9–2.6)/1000/year, P = 0.001) and low‐income areas (2.0 (1.7–2.4)/1000/, P = 0.009). Poisonings were more common in low‐income areas. There were no differences in outcome.

Conclusion

The incidence of ICU admission in working‐aged population was 25% higher in those areas where the annual median income was below the median annual income of €38,775 per inhabitant per year in Finland.
Accuracy of Computed Tomography Imaging Criteria in the Diagnosis of Adult Open Globe Injuries by Neuroradiology and Ophthalmology
Authors: Crowell Eric L. , Koduri Vivek A. , Supsupin Emilio P. , Klinglesmith Robert E. , Chuang Alice Z. , Kim Gene , Baker Laura A. , Feldman Robert M. , Blieden Lauren S.
Published: June 2017

Objective

The objective was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of open globes, determine which imaging factors are most predictive of open globe injuries, and evaluate the agreement between neuroradiologist and ophthalmologist readers for diagnosis of open and closed globes.

Methods

This study was a retrospective cohort study. Patients who presented to Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center with suspicion for open globes were reviewed. One neuroradiologist and two ophthalmologists masked to clinical information reviewed CT images for signs concerning for open globe including change in globe contour, anterior chamber deformation, intraocular air, vitreous hemorrhage, subretinal fluid indicating retinal or choroidal detachment, dislocated or absent lens, intraocular foreign body, and orbital fracture. Using the clinically or surgically confirmed globe status as the true globe status, sensitivity, specificity, and agreement (kappa) were calculated and used to investigate which imaging factors are most predictive of open globe injuries.

Results

A total of 114 patients were included: 35 patients with open globes and 79 patients with closed globes. Specificity was greater than 97% for each reader, and sensitivity ranged from 51% to 77% among readers. The imaging characteristics most consistently used to predict an open globe injury were change in globe contour and vitreous hemorrhage (sensitivity = 43% to 57%, specificity > 98%). The agreement of impression of open globe between the neuroradiologist and ophthalmologists was good and excellent between ophthalmologists.

Conclusions

Computed tomography imaging is not absolute, and the sensitivity is still inadequate to be fully relied upon. The CT imaging findings most predictive of an open globe injury were change in globe contour and vitreous hemorrhage. Clinical examination or surgical exploration remains the most important component in evaluating for a suspected open globe, with CT imaging as an adjunct.
Geographical Distance and Environmental Information Disclosure: The Perspective of Public Pressure Transmission Efficiency
Authors: Yao Sheng , Yang Jie
Published: June 2017

This paper examines how geographical distance influences managers’ behavior around environmental disclosure from the perspective of public pressure transmission efficiency and how the internal and external factors curb the effect of geographical distance. We study Chinese manufacturing firms over a 6‐year period (2009–2014) following the release of The Measures for Disclosure of Environmental Information (Trial). Research results show that (i) geographical distance can significantly weaken the transmission efficiency of public pressure and (ii) internal and external supervision factors can curb the negative effect of geographical distance on the transmission efficiency of public pressure.
Trypanosomiasis in an Australian little red flying fox (Pteropus scapulatus)
Authors: Mackie JT , Stenner R , Gillett AK , Barbosa A , Ryan U , Irwin PJ
Published: June 2017

Case report

An adult female Australian little red flying fox (Pteropus scapulatus) presented with icterus and anaemia. Examination of a blood smear revealed numerous trypanosomes 20.4–30.8 µm long with tapered ends. Necropsy and histological findings were consistent with trypanosome infection of lymphoid tissue and intravascular haemolysis. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated this trypanosome species to be genetically distinct and most similar to Trypanosoma minasense and Trypanosoma rangeli (with a genetic distance of 1% at the 18S rRNA locus for both).

Conclusion

To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of a trypanosome infection associated with clinical disease in bats.
Only one small sin: How self‐construal affects self‐control
Authors: Steinmetz Janina , Mussweiler Thomas
Published: June 2017

Past research has shown that self‐construal can influence self‐control by reducing interdependent people's impulsivity in the presence of peers. We broaden these findings by examining the hypothesis that an interdependent (vs. independent) self‐construal fosters self‐control even in the absence of peers and for non‐impulsive decisions. We further explore whether this effect could be mediated by the more interrelated (vs. isolated) processing style of interdependent (vs. independent) people. Such an interrelated (vs. isolated) processing style of temptations makes the impact of a single temptation more salient and can thereby increase self‐control. Study 1 demonstrated that more interdependent participants show more self‐control behaviour by refraining from chocolate consumption to secure a monetary benefit. Studies 2a and 2b highlighted a link between self‐construal and trait self‐control via the processing of temptations. Study 3 suggested that an interrelated (vs. isolated) perspective on temptations could mediate the effect of (primed) self‐construal on self‐control. Taken together, self‐construal shapes self‐control across various decision contexts.
Guided bone regeneration at zirconia and titanium dental implants: a pilot histological investigation
Authors: Benic Goran I. , Thoma Daniel S. , Sanz‐Martin Ignacio , Munoz Fernando , Hämmerle Christoph H.F. , Cantalapiedra Antonio , Fischer Jens , Jung Ronald E.
Published: June 2017

Aim

To test whether guided bone regeneration (GBR) of peri‐implant defects at zirconia (ZrO2) implants differs from GBR at titanium (Ti) implants regarding the bone integration of the implant and of the grafting material.

Materials and methods

Maxillary premolars and molars were extracted in seven dogs. After 5 months, four semi‐saddle bone defects were created in each maxilla. Implant placement and simultaneous GBR were performed using the following randomly assigned modalities: (1) ZrO2 implant + deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) granules + a collagen membrane (CM), (2) ZrO2 implant + DBBM with 10% collagen matrix + CM, (3) ZrO2 implant + DBBM block + CM, and (4) Ti implant + DBBM granules + CM. After 3 months, one central histological section of each site was prepared. Histomorphometrical assessments were performed evaluating the augmented area (AA) within the former bone defect (primary outcome), the area of new bone (NB), bone substitute (BS), and non‐mineralized tissue (NMT) within AA in mm2. In addition, the distance between the most coronal bone‐to‐implant contact and the margin of the former bone defect (fBIC‐DEF), and the bone‐to‐implant contact fraction (BIC) were measured in mm.

Results

AA measured 8.6 ± 4.0 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM granules, 4.7 ± 1.6 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM‐collagen, 5.1 ± 1.9 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM block, and 7.6 ± 2.8 mm2 for Ti implant + DBBM granules. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment modalities (P > 0.05). NB reached 2.0 ± 1.7 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM granules, 0.9 ± 0.9 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM‐collagen, 2.1 ± 0.9 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM block, and 0.8 ± 0.6 mm2 for Ti implant + DBBM granules. fBIC‐DEF amounted to 2.1 ± 1.7 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM granules, to 2.7 ± 1.1 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM‐collagen, to 2.9 ± 1.2 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM block, and to 3.4 ± 0.4 mm2 for Ti implant + DBBM granules. BIC measured 70 ± 19% for ZrO2 implant + DBBM granules, 69 ± 22% for ZrO2 implant + DBBM‐collagen, 77 ± 30% for ZrO2 implant + DBBM block, and 66 ± 27% for Ti implant + DBBM granules.

Conclusions

The findings of the present pilot study suggest that zirconia and titanium implants grafted with DBBM granules and covered with a collagen membrane do not perform differently regarding the augmented ridge contour, the NB formation, and the implant osseointegration.
Oral problems and quality of life of preschool children: self‐reports of children and perception of parents/caregivers
Authors: Perazzo Matheus F. , Gomes Monalisa C. , Neves Érick T. , Martins Carolina C. , Paiva Saul M. , Costa Edja M. M. de B. , Granville‐Garcia Ana F.
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between oral health problems and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of preschool children according to both self‐reports and the reports of parents/caregivers. A school‐based, cross‐sectional study was conducted with 769 preschool children and their parents/caregivers. The OHRQoL was evaluated using the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for Five‐Year‐Old Children (SOHO‐5). Based on logistic regression for complex samples, the following variables were found to be associated with poorer OHRQoL in the parent/caregiver version: toothache (OR = 6.77; 95% CI: 3.95–11.59); consequences of untreated dental caries (OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.27–5.70); and anterior open bite (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.13–3.56). The following variables were associated with poorer OHRQoL in the child self‐report version: toothache (OR = 3.34; 95% CI: 2.11–5.29); cavitated lesions (anterior teeth) (OR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.26–3.84); occurrence of traumatic dental injury (OR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.19–2.61); and anterior open bite (OR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.16–3.29). We conclude that children with dental caries (or its sequelae) had poorer OHRQoL. Having experienced a traumatic dental injury and having a malocclusion were also associated with a poorer OHRQoL.
Antibiotic‐prescribing habits among Norwegian dentists: a survey over 25 years (1990–2015)
Authors: Preus Hans R. , Fredriksen Karen W. , Vogsland Andrea E. , Sandvik Leiv , Grytten Jostein I.
Published: June 2017

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a steadily growing global problem, which today is compared with issues such as global warming, ozone depletion, and extinction of species. Consequently, calls come from global, Pan‐European, and national authorities to gain insight into, limit, and stringently qualify the use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, as well as in food production. Dentists are not considered to be frequent prescribers of antibiotics. However, few studies have identified how much, and in which situations, dentists prescribe such drugs. The aims of the present study were to survey Norwegian dentists’ antibiotic‐prescribing habits in 2015 and to compare the findings with previous studies (1990 and 2004) and with the actual numbers of dispensed prescriptions obtained from the ‘Norwegian National Prescription Register’. The results from 1990 to 2004 show that there was a general increase in antibiotic prescriptions by Norwegian dentists, followed by a reduction or flattening of the prescription volume curve from 2004 to 2015. Despite this, possibilities for further improvements have been identified and recommendations given for targeted campaigns to reduce the prescription volume in dentistry by a further 30%, which has been ordered by the Norwegian National Assembly.
Biochemical characterization of a medaka (Oryzias latipes) orthologue for mammalian Factor XIII and establishment of a gene‐edited mutant
Authors: Horimizu Rima , Ogawa Ryota , Watanabe Yuko , Tatsukawa Hideki , Kinoshita Masato , Hashimoto Hisashi , Hitomi Kiyotaka
Published: June 2017

In the final process of blood coagulation, fibrin molecules are stabilized via a catalytic reaction by Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA), a member of the transglutaminase (TGase) family that catalyzes protein cross‐linking reactions. In this study, we characterized the orthologue of this enzyme in medaka (Oryzias latipes), an established model fish in which a coagulation system is also preserved. The recombinant protein of this orthologue enzyme was produced in baculovirus‐infected insect cells and used for analysis of its biochemical properties including activation by thrombin proteolysis and calcium dependence of the TGase enzymatic activity. Immunostaining and immunoblotting revealed that medaka FXIIIA is expressed in the kidney, bone, and esophagus in addition to blood cells. Furthermore, a gene‐mutant fish was established using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The loss of FXIIIA expression was validated in the mutants, and phenotypes, such as absence of fibrin cross‐linking, were investigated in the established mutant fish.
Interactive effects of land use, temperature, and predators determine native and invasive mosquito distributions
Authors: Hunt Sophia K. , Galatowitsch Mark L. , McIntosh Angus R.
Published: June 2017

Land‐use and climate change could alter the distribution of both native and exotic mosquitoes by changing abiotic and biotic characteristics of freshwater habitats. We initially studied the influence of land use on standing water habitats, and the subsequent effects on native and exotic mosquito and mosquito‐predator presence.

Associated with abiotic habitat characteristics, mosquito‐predator richness was highest in aquatic habitats of natural land uses (forest and grassland), and lowest in human‐modified land uses (pastoral and urban), and the opposite relationship was true for mosquito presence.

Based on the outcome of the field survey we investigated the potential effects of climate‐induced habitat warming and drying on interactions between invasive Aedes notoscriptus and native Culex pervigilans mosquitoes and native invertebrate predators affected by the land‐use gradient.

Predator presence, which is directly affected by both climate and land‐use change, influenced both mosquito survivorship and behaviour. We found predation rates increased with temperature, but the magnitude of changes depended on both predator and prey identity. In general, higher temperatures increased mosquito pupation rates, but also made mosquitoes more susceptible to predation. Although invasive A. notoscriptus were more susceptible to predation, increased temperature resulted in shorter life cycles, thereby reducing the net effect of increased predation caused by higher temperatures.

Overall, our results suggest interactions between temperature, land use and predator identity will be important in determining mosquito distributions, and will likely differ between mosquito species. Such interactions and species‐specific responses will be particularly important if environmental changes facilitate range expansion of invasive mosquito species that are vectors for disease.
Do pools impede drift dispersal by stream insects?
Authors: Brooks Andrew J. , Wolfenden Benjamin , Downes Barbara J. , Lancaster Jill
Published: June 2017

Drift of stream insects is one of the most ubiquitous forms of downstream dispersal and thought to be a key factor influencing the persistence of local populations. Identifying the factors that limit drift dispersal between habitat patches is needed to understand the connectivity of insect populations along river channels.

We determined whether insects drifting between riffle habitats (i.e. patches of suitable habitat) were impeded by natural, slow‐moving pools (i.e. unsuitable habitat), limiting dispersal to the next downstream riffle, by estimating drift rates entering and exiting pools. We also investigated whether the frequency of drift dispersal between riffle habitats decreased with increasing pool size (length, width and depth), resulting from increasing areas of low or zero current velocity and/or distance between habitat patches.

We found that for the majority of study taxa (7 of the 8 taxa), drift dispersal between riffles was significantly hindered by the intervening pool habitat, supporting our prediction that natural, large slow‐moving pools impede the number of invertebrates drifting between riffle habitats. There were three taxa whose drift rates were significantly reduced by increasing pool depth or width—Offadens hickmani, Austrophlebioides spp. and Austrosimulium spp., and weak relationships (p < .10) were also found for Coloburiscoides munionga and Asmicridea edwardsii. Drift was not associated with pool length for any species, suggesting that hydraulic conditions within a pool limit drift dispersal and not the total distance between riffle habitat patches.

Overall, our results suggest drift dispersal seems unlikely to be a major mechanism of long distance dispersal, for at least some common insects. These findings indicate that drift may play a more limited role in stream insect dispersal than is commonly considered and that flying adults may therefore have much greater influence on connectivity among populations.
Evaluation of the use of a sensory room on an adolescent inpatient unit and its impact on restraint and seclusion prevention
Authors: Seckman Angela , Paun Olimpia , Heipp Biljana , Van Stee Marie , Keels‐Lowe Vonda , Beel Frank , Spoon Cari , Fogg Louis , Delaney Kathleen R.
Published: June 2017

Topic

Restraint and seclusion (R/S) reduction initiatives require multimodal efforts, particularly proactive approaches to facilitate patients’ regulation. Sensory approaches are an increasingly popular method for helping patients self‐regulate. A plan‐do‐check‐act quality improvement model was used to measure practical aspects of a newly implemented sensory room on an adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit.

Purpose

This article describes an adolescent unit's implementation processes and methods used to evaluate a sensory room and its impact on R/S use, staff–patient relationships, and patients’ aggressive behaviors.

Sources Used

Selected multidisciplinary literature on sensory rooms and R/S reduction, adolescent unit staff/patient surveys, and institutional quality metrics.

Conclusions

The use of a sensory room intervention substantially decreased patients’ distress and reduced R/S use and aggressive behaviors. Improvements were also found in patient and staff members’ sense of safety. No differences in the quality of staff–patient relationships were found based on sensory room use. An increase in the durations of R/S did occur and was attributed to a few patients who were “high users” of R/S. Considerations for continuous program improvement and research are discussed.
Dermatitis caused by arthropods in domestic environment: an Italian multicentre study
Authors: Stingeni L. , Bianchi L. , Hansel K. , Neve D. , Foti C. , Corazza M. , Bini V. , Moretta I. , Principato M.
Published: June 2017

Background

Skin diseases caused by mites and insects living in domestic environments have been rarely systematically studied.

Objectives

To study patients with dermatitis induced by arthropods in domestic environment describing their clinical features, isolating culprit arthropods and relating the clinical features to the parasitological data.

Methods

The study was performed in 105 subjects with clinical and anamnestic data compatible with the differential diagnosis of ectoparasitoses in domestic environments. Clinical data and arthropods findings obtained by indoor dust direct examination were studied.

Results

Indoor dust direct examination demonstrated possible arthropods infestation in 98 subjects (93.3%), more frequently mites (56.1%) (mainly Pyemotes ventricosus and Glycyphagus domesticus) than insects (43.9%) (mainly Formicidae and Bethylidae). Strophulus (46.9%) and urticaria‐like eruption (36.7%) in upper limbs and trunk with severe extent were prevalent. Itch was mostly severe (66.3%) and continuous (55.1%). Ectoparasitoses occurred frequently with acute course in summer (44.9%) and spring (30.6%).

Conclusions

Possible correlation between clinical and aetiological diagnosis of arthropods ectoparasitoses in domestic environments needs the close cooperation between dermatologist and parasitologist. This is crucial to successfully and definitely resolve skin lesions by eradicating the factors favouring infestation.
French validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Student Survey (MBI‐SS)
Authors: Faye‐Dumanget Christine , Carré Julie , Le Borgne Margaux , Boudoukha Pr. Abdel Halim
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Several international studies have been conducted on student burnout. To contribute to the clinical examination as well as research on the mental health of students, the MBI‐SS (Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Student Survey) has been validated and used in different countries but not in French.

Objective

The aim of this study is to examine the validity of the 3‐dimensional model of the French version of the MBI‐SS, which is characterized by emotional “Emotional Exhaustion” (EE); “Cynicism” (CY); and low scores in “Academic Efficacy” (AE).

Method

A total of 667 university students were questioned to study the 3‐dimensional structure of the French translation of the MBI‐SS.

Results and Conclusion

The results validate the 3‐dimensional structure of the MBI‐SS and indicate satisfactory psychometric values. It is concluded that the MBI‐SS can be used to assess burnout in French students.
Comparative evaluation of esthetic changes in nonpitted fluorosis stains when treated with resin infiltration, in‐office bleaching, and combination therapies
Authors: Gugnani Neeraj , Pandit I. K. , Gupta Monika , Gugnani Shalini , Soni Sugandhi , Goyal Virender
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Dental fluorosis leads to esthetic deviation and varies from nonpitted white opacities, dark brown stains to pitting or structural breakdown of enamel surface. Treatment for fluorosis depends on the severity of condition and includes both noninvasive methods and invasive methods. Recently resin infiltration has been proposed as an alternative treatment for nonpitted fluorosis. This study was done to evaluate the esthetic changes in nonpitted fluorosis stains when treated with resin infiltration, in‐office bleaching and combination therapies.

Materials and methods

The present study is a randomized, single blinded controlled trial with four parallel arms with 1:1 allocation ratio. The intervention arms included bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide, resin infiltration, resin infiltration with increased infiltration time and a combination approach of bleaching and infiltration. Immediate esthetic changes were evaluated for two parameters including, ‘Change in esthetics’ and ‘Improvement in opacities/stains’ using a VAS scale by two independent observers. Kruskal‐Wallis test and Mann‐Whitney U‐test were done for intergroup comparisons.

Results

Best results for both the parameters were observed among patients treated with resin infiltration with increased infiltration time. Mann‐Whitney U test revealed significantly better results for resin infiltration groups (alone or combination with bleaching) as compared to bleaching alone (P < .001).

Conclusions

Resin infiltration procedure with tailored etching times and increased infiltration time exhibited best results in terms of change in esthetics and improvement in stains.

Clinical significance

White and brown opacities due to fluorosis have always been a concern for esthetics. In our study, resin infiltration technique with tailored etching times and increased infiltration time exhibited best immediate esthetic improvement for nonpitted fluorotic opacities and stains. These esthetic outcomes reaffirm the applicability of RI technique for nonpitted fluorosis, which was originally advocated only for white spot lesions due to early caries. This will in turn help the dentists to plan the esthetic management of nonpitted fluorosis in a micro‐invasive manner.
The potential of Epimedium koreanum Nakai for herb–drug interaction
Authors: Zhong Qingxiang , Shi Ziqi , Zhang Li , Zhong Rongling , Xia Zhi , Wang Jing , Wu Hao , Jiang Yutong , Sun E , Wei Yingjie , Feng Liang , Zhang Zhenhai , Liu Dan , Song Jie , Jia Xiaobin
Published: June 2017

Objectives

This study aims to investigate potential herb–drug interactions (HDI) of Epimedium koreanum Nakai.

Methods

Human liver microsomes (HLMs) were used to determine the enzyme kinetics of the major human cytochrome P450s (CYPs). Inducible potential of E. koreanum on CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C19 and 3A4 activities of human primary hepatocytes was also examined.

Key findings

Ethanol extract of E. koreanum showed direct inhibitory potency for CYP1A2 (IC50 = 121.8 μg/ml, Ki = 110.7 ± 36.8 μg/ml) and CYP2B6 (IC50 = 59.5 μg/ml, Ki = 18.1 ± 2.9 μg/ml). For CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4, only negligible effect was observed. Time-dependent (irreversible) inhibition by E. koreanum was observed for CYP1A2 (KI = 32.9 ± 18.4 μg/ml, kinact = 0.031 ± 0.006 min−1). However, ethanol extract of E. koreanum (1.5–150 μg/ml) did not change the activity or mRNA expressions for CYP3A4, 1A2, 2C19 and 2B6.

Conclusions

The ethanol extract of E. koreanum is not likely to cause HDI via inducing the major human CYPs. But the potential for interactions between E. koreanum extract and substrates of CYP1A2 or 2B6 cannot be overlooked.
St John's wort for depression: scoping review about perceptions and use by general practitioners in clinical practice
Authors: Forsdike Kirsty , Pirotta Marie
Published: June 2017

Background

Extracts of Hypericum perforatum, more commonly known as St John's wort (SJW), have good evidence for treating depression. The herb is easily accessible and widely used by consumers, although it has potential for interaction with other medicines. Consumers’ use of SJW is often not discussed with their general practitioners (GPs). It is unclear how GPs perceive use of SJW in practice and the implications for consumers and pharmacists.

Objective

Explore GPs’ perception of SJW use in practice.

Methods

Scoping review.

Key findings

Few studies explore GPs’ perceptions of SJW for depression, but they appear to recommend it infrequently, except in Germany. Reasons for limited use in practice include lack of knowledge, particularly regarding which preparations and dosages have trial evidence, and lack of standardisation of active ingredients. Guidelines either do not mention SJW or advise against its use.

Conclusions

Consumers drive SJW use but often do not disclose to their GPs, which is concerning due to issues about safety. Pharmacists could play an important role here. Improved education about SJW is required for both GPs and consumers, including the need for communication between them and their pharmacists. Lack of adoption of evidence-based therapy for depression should be explored further.
Inferior Member Participation Identification in Innovation Communities: The Signaling Role of Linguistic Style Use
Authors: Coussement Kristof , Debaere Steven , De Ruyck Tom
Published: June 2017

Community managers often struggle to ensure the viability of innovation communities (IC) due to their big data characteristics and inferior member participation, which result in minimal activity and low‐quality input. In response to a recent call in the innovation literature for new approaches to dealing with the challenges of big data, we propose an IC‐management strategy that relies on extracting linguistic‐style cues from community posts to identify future inferior member participation. When future destructive IC behavior is signaled, the moderator can effectively select the correct member for corrective treatment to prevent negative community impact. This article uses text mining to extract self‐interest‐oriented and positive emotional writing style cues from 39,387 posts written by 1611 members of 10 ICs. Two multilevel regression models deliver novel insights into the relationship between these linguistic cues and the likelihood of inferior community participation (quantity and quality). First, a community member's use of a positive emotional writing style signals less inferior participation quantity and quality in the future. Second, a moderator's use of a self‐interest‐oriented writing style suggests more inferior participation quality, while a self‐interest‐oriented community indicates less inferior participation quality. Third, community managers should work to build a positive‐emotion‐driven community, as such communities experience constructive member participation. This article shows that community managers who struggle with their IC must realize that in addition to what people say, how they say it gives insights into the IC's viability. We conclude our study by revealing the theoretical and managerial implications for IC management and community moderators.
Bulk hydrogen stable isotope composition of seaweeds: Clear separation between Ulvophyceae and other classes
Authors: Carvalho Matheus C. , Carneiro Pedro Bastos de Macedo , Dellatorre Fernando Gaspar , Gibilisco Pablo Ezequiel , Sachs Julian , Eyre Bradley D.
Published: June 2017

Little is known about the bulk hydrogen stable isotope composition (δ2H) of seaweeds. This study investigated the bulk δ2H in several different seaweed species collected from three different beaches in Brazil, Australia, and Argentina. Here, we show that Ulvophyceae (a group of green algae) had lower δ2H values (between −94‰ and −130‰) than red algae (Florideophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae), and species from the class Bryopsidophyceae (another group of green algae). Overall the latter three groups of seaweeds had δ2H values between −50‰ and −90‰. These findings were similar at the three different geographic locations. Observed differences in δ2H values were probably related to differences in hydrogen (H) metabolism among algal groups, also observed in the δ2H values of their lipids. The marked difference between the δ2H values of Ulvophyecae and those of the other groups could be useful to trace the food source of food webs in coastal rocky shores, to assess the impacts of green tides on coastal ecosystems, and to help clarify aspects of their phylogeny. However, reference materials for seaweed δ2H are required before the full potential of using the δ2H of seaweeds for ecological studies can be exploited.
Preliminary evaluation of serum total cholesterol concentrations in dogs with osteosarcoma
Authors: Leeper H. , Viall A. , Ruaux C. , Bracha S.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To determine if total serum cholesterol concentrations were altered in dogs with osteosarcoma. To evaluate association of total serum cholesterol concentration with clinical outcomes in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective, multi‐institutional study on 64 dogs with osteosarcoma. Control population consisted of dogs with traumatic bone fractures (n=30) and healthy patients of similar age and weight as those of the osteosarcoma cases (n=31). Survival analysis was done on 35 appendicular osteosarcoma patients that received the current standard of care. Statistical associations were assessed by univariable and multi‐variable analysis. Information about age, sex, primary tumour location, total cholesterol concentration, monocytes and lymphocyte counts and alkaline phosphatase were also included.

Results

Total cholesterol was elevated above the reference interval (3·89 to 7·12 mmol/L) (150 to 275 mg/dL) in 29 of 64 (45·3%) osteosarcoma‐bearing dogs, whereas similar elevations were found in only 3 of 30 (10%) fracture controls (P<0·0001) and 2 of 31 (6·5%) similar age/weight controls (P=0·0002). Elevated total cholesterol was significantly associated with a reduced hazard ratio (0·27, P=0·008) for overall mortality in dogs with osteosarcoma.

Clinical Significance

These results suggest that elevated total cholesterol is associated with canine osteosarcoma and may have prognostic significance.
Identification and Characterization of Megalocytivirus Type 3 Infection with Low Mortality in Starry Flounder, Platichthys stellatus, in Korea
Authors: Jin Ji Woong , Kim Yi Kyung , Hong Suhee , Kim Young Chul , Kwon Woo Ju , Jeong Hyun Do
Published: June 2017

MVSF‐12 belonging to megalocytivirus type 3 was isolated from cultured starry flounder; Platichthys stellatus, at the moribund or subclinical stage with low mortalities in Korea. Of 20 apparently healthy fish in the farms, 17 were also confirmed in nested polymerase chain reaction to be infected by megalocytivirus. When starry flounder; rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus; and olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, were artificially infected by MVSF‐12 or iridovirus sachun‐1 (IVS‐1, megalocytivirus type 1), starry flounder and olive flounder showed no mortality until Day 24, without any clinical signs including enlarged spleen, while rock bream showed 100% mortality by IVS‐1 infection within 11 d but no mortality by MVSF‐12. Although it was not pathogenic, MVSF‐12 in infected fish at Day 24 was viable when successfully cultured in vitro using primary rock bream embryo cells and produced a cytopathic effect (CPE) with the viral copy numbers between 1.76 × 107 and 5.23 × 107/mL of culture supernatant. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the low pathogenicity of MVSF‐12 and low susceptibility of starry flounder and olive flounder to both MVSF‐12 and IVS‐1. Indeed, MVSF‐12 at the subclinical stage could be replicated with CPE in vitro, indicating a possibility to induce pathogenic effects and mortality under adverse environment or physiologic conditions.
Effects of Dietary Lipids on the Growth Performance, Survival, and Digestive Enzymes of Juvenile Cuttlefish, Sepia lycidas
Authors: Han Qingxi , Wang Yuan , Lv Tengteng , Han Qinggong , Jiang Xiamin
Published: June 2017

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary lipids on the growth performance, muscle composition, and enzyme activities of the stomach, intestines, and liver of Sepia lycidas juveniles. Fish oil and soybean lecithin were selected as lipid sources to formulate six experimental diets containing lipid levels of 3.68, 4.15, 6.62, 8.09, 9.56, and 11.03%. The feed efficiency first declined and then rose, with the lowest value obtained in individuals fed the 8.09% lipid content diet; the protein efficiency ratio significantly decreased with an increased lipid level. The highest crude protein content and lowest crude lipid content were simultaneously obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid content diet. The activities of pepsase, trypsin, and intestine lipase initially increased before decreasing. The highest activities of protease, trypsin, and lipase were obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid content diet, while the highest activity of amylase was obtained in individuals fed the 6.62% lipid content diet. Hepatic glutamate pyruvate transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase initially increased and then held steady, with the highest activities simultaneously obtained in individuals fed the 9.56% lipid diet. Our results suggest that dietary lipids at a level of 9.56% could be the optimal lipid requirement for S. lycidas to grow and maintain normal metabolism.
Centre‐level variation in outcomes and treatment for otitis media with effusion and hearing loss and the association of hearing loss with developmental outcomes at ages 5 and 7 years in children with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate: The Cleft Care UK study. Part 2
Authors: Hall A. , Wills A. K. , Mahmoud O. , Sell D. , Waylen A. , Grewal S. , Sandy J. R. , Ness A. R.
Published: June 2017

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To explore centre‐level variation in otitis media with effusion (OME), hearing loss and treatments in children in Cleft Care UK (CCUK) and to examine the association between OME, hearing loss and developmental outcomes at 5 and 7 years.

Setting and Sample Population

Two hundred and sixty‐eight 5‐year‐old British children with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) recruited to CCUK.

Materials and Methods

Children had air and bone conduction audiometry at age 5. Information on grommet and hearing aid treatment was obtained from parental questionnaire and medical notes. Hearing loss at age 5 was defined as >20 dB in the better ear and history of OME and hearing loss was determined from past treatment. Children with sensorineural hearing loss were excluded. Associations were examined with speech, behaviour and self‐confidence at age 5 and educational attainment at age 7. Centre variation was examined using hierarchical models and associations between hearing variables and developmental outcomes were examined using logistic regression.

Results

There was centre‐level variation in early grommet placement (variance partition coefficient (VPC) 18%, P=.001) and fitting of hearing aids (VPC 8%, P=.03). A history of OME and hearing loss was associated with poor intelligibility of speech (adjusted odds ratio=2.87, 95% CI 1.42‐5.77) and aspects of educational attainment.

Conclusions

Hearing loss is an important determinant of poor speech and treatment variation across centres suggest management of OME and hearing loss could be improved.
Massive tumor embolism in the abdominal aorta from pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ohshima Kenji , Tsujii Yuri , Sakai Kazuya , Oku Hiroshi , Morii Eiichi
Published: June 2017

Acute arterial tumor embolism is a rare complication in cancer patients. Most of the previously reported cases of arterial tumor embolism have been associated with pulmonary malignancies and occurred during the intraoperative and postoperative periods. Very few cases occurred spontaneously. To our knowledge, there is no previous report of spontaneous and massive tumor embolism occluding the abdominal aorta in patients suffering from primary pulmonary carcinoma. We describe the case of 64‐year‐old man who presented with left homonymous hemianopsia and backache. Further evaluation revealed a mass in the right lung, severe coagulopathy, and cerebral hemorrhagic infarction in the right occipital lobe. He suddenly developed lower limb ischemia 4 weeks after his first clinical visit, and finally, died of multiple organ failure. Autopsy showed non‐keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma in the right lung and massive tumor emboli in the abdominal aorta containing nests of squamous cell carcinoma. Infarct regions were found in the bilateral kidneys, spleen, liver, and brain; fibrin thrombi, but not tumor emboli, were found in these regions. This case suggested that tumor embolism should be considered when patients suffering from primary pulmonary malignancies develop arterial embolism and arterial tumor emboli could be massive enough to occlude the abdominal aorta.
Age is associated with asthma phenotypes
Authors: Ponte Eduardo V. , Lima Aline , Almeida Paula C.A. , de Jesus Juliana P.V. , Lima Valmar B. , Scichilone Nicola , Souza‐Machado Adelmir , Cruz Álvaro A.
Published: June 2017

Background and objective

The relationship between age and asthma phenotypes is important as population is ageing, asthma is becoming common in older ages and recently developed treatments for asthma are guided by phenotypes. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether age is associated with specific asthma phenotypes.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study. We included subjects with asthma of varied degrees of severity. Subjects underwent spirometry, skin prick test to aeroallergens, answered the Asthma Control Questionnaire and had blood samples collected. We performed binary logistic regression analysis to evaluate whether age is associated with asthma phenotypes.

Results

We enrolled 868 subjects. In comparison with subjects ≤ 40 years, older subjects had high odds of irreversible airway obstruction (from 41 to 64 years, OR: 1.83 (95% CI: 1.32–2.54); ≥65 years, OR: 3.45 (2.12–5.60)) and severe asthma phenotypes (from 41 to 64 years, OR: 3.23 (2.26–4.62); ≥65 years, OR: 4.55 (2.39–8.67)). Older subjects had low odds of atopic (from 41 to 64 years, OR: 0.56 (0.39–0.79); ≥65 years, OR: 0.47 (0.27–0.84)) and eosinophilic phenotypes (from 41 to 64 years, OR: 0.63 (0.46–0.84); ≥65 years, OR: 0.39 (0.24–0.64)).

Conclusion

Older subjects with asthma have low odds of atopic and eosinophilic phenotypes, whereas they present high odds of irreversible airway obstruction and severe asthma.
The Sources of Ore‐forming Fluids from the Jinchang Gold Deposit, Heilongjiang Province, NE China: Constraints from the He–Ar Isotopic Evidence
Authors: Yu Bing , Zeng Qingdong , Wang Yongbin , He Huaiyu , Su Fei
Published: June 2017

The Jinchang gold deposit (more than 40 tons of gold) is located in the easternmost portion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The gold mineralization types include mainly breccia, quartz vein and alteration rock types. Geological and geochemical characteristics suggest that the Jinchang gold deposit formed by the superposition of epithermal gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits. In this study, the helium and argon isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in pyrites from the different ores are analyzed. The results show that 3He/4He ratios of fluid inclusions in pyrites range from 0.13 to 2.42 Ra, 40Ar/36Ar ratios are within 308.9–336.7, indicating that the ore‐forming fluids of the Jinchang gold deposit were a mixture of crustal‐derived fluids and partial mantle‐derived fluids, and were contaminated by circum‐flow meteoric water. From the early to the late mineralization stages, Jinchang gold deposit had a fluid evolution trend from more mantle fluid in the central area to crustal fluid in the outer area. Jinchang gold deposit is the result of superimposition of mineralization of magmatic fluids at different phases and nature.