bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthese, Kristallstrukturen und thermische Eigenschaften von 4‐Carboxylbenzolsulfonaten des Eisens, Cobalts und Zinks
Authors: Wagner Christoph , Merzweiler Kurt
Published: January 2010

Treatment of MSO4·7H2O (M = Fe, Co, Zn) with Ba(Hsb)2·3H2O (Hsb = 4‐carboxylbenzenesulfonate) under hydrothermal conditions led to the formation of the corresponding 4‐carboxylbenzenesulfonates [M(H2O)6](Hsb)2 [M = Fe (1), Co (2), Zn (3)]. The compounds crystallize triclinic in the space group P\bar{1} with the lattice parameters (at 220 K) a = 544,90(7) pm, b = 642,14(8) pm, c = 1570,7(2) pm and α = 90,62(1) °, β = 92,21(1) °, γ = 107,00(1) ° for complex 1; a = 541,18(7) pm, b = 639,69(8) pm, c = 1575,9(2) pm and α = 90,36(1) °, β = 92,21(1) °, γ = 106,72(1) ° for complex 2 and a = 541,38(7) pm, b = 640,20(8) pm, c = 1574,1(2) pm and α = 90,54(2) °, β = 92,20(2) °, γ = 106,81(2) ° for complex 3. The crystal structures of compounds 1–3 consist of [M(H2O)6]2+‐cations and 4‐carboxylbenzenesulfonate anions, which are connected by hydrogen bridges to give an extended 3D network structure.
The Benzotriazolate Coordination Polymer $^1_\infty$[Eu(Btz)2(BtzH)2], Containing Divalent Europium
Authors: Rybak Jens‐Christoph , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: January 2010

The reaction of europium metal with a melt of the amine 1H‐1,2,3‐benzotriazole yields single crystalline yellow $^1_\infty$[Eu(Btz)2(BtzH)2], Btz– = 1,2,3‐benzotriazolate anion, C6H4N3–, BtzH = 1H‐1,2,3‐benzotriazole, C6H5N3, and H2 gas. No additional solvent was used. The new compound adopts a strand‐like structure and exhibits a square anti‐prismatic coordination of europium by nitrogen atoms. As europium is divalent, this is the first example of a divalent rare earth benzotriazolate. Both benzotriazolate and benzotriazole ligands function as μ‐η1:η1 linkers between different europium atoms, their third nitrogen atom being involved in intra‐strand hydrogen bridges. Although the structure of each strand can be refined in a smaller subcell, the arrangement of strands to one another necessitates a refinement in a larger supercell.
Cadmium(II) Complexes with a Bulky Anthracene‐based Carboxylate Ligand: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Liu Chun‐Sen , Wang Jun‐Jie , Chang Ze , Yan Li‐Fen
Published: January 2010

To explore the coordination possibilities of anthracene‐based ligands, three cadmium(ιι) complexes with anthracene‐9‐carboxylate (L) and relevant auxiliary chelating or bridging ligands were synthesized and characterized: Cd2(L)4(2bpy)2(μ‐H2O) (1), Cd2(L)4(phen)2(μ‐H2O) (2), and {[Cd3(L)6(4bpy)]}∞ (3) (2bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, and 4bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine). Structural analyses show that complexes 1 and 2 both take dinuclear structures by incorporating the chelating 2bpy or phen ligand, which are further interlinked by intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding, π···π stacking, and/or C–H···π supramolecular interactions to generate higher‐dimensional supramolecular frameworks. Complex 3 has a one‐dimensional (1D) ribbon‐like structure, which is further assembled into a two‐dimensional (2D) layer, and a three‐dimensional (3D) framework by the co‐effects of interchain C–H···O hydrogen‐bonding and C–H···π supramolecular interactions. Moreover, the luminescent properties of these complexes were further investigated in detail.
A 121Sb and 151Eu Mössbauer Spectroscopic Investigation of EuMn2Sb2, EuZn2Sb2, YbMn2Sb2, and YbZn2Sb2
Authors: Schellenberg Inga , Eul Matthias , Hermes Wilfried , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: January 2010

The antimonides EuT2Sb2 and YbT2Sb2 (T = Mn, Zn) were synthesized from the elements in sealed tantalum tubes and their structures were refined on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer data: CaAl2Si2 type, P$\bar{3}$m1, a = 458.1(1), c = 767.4(2) pm, wR2 = 0.064, 188 F2 values for EuMn2Sb2, a = 452.6(2), c = 744.5(3) pm, wR2 = 0.026, 258 F2 values for YbMn2Sb2, a = 449.38(7), c = 761.5(1) pm, wR2 = 0.035, 355 F2 values for EuZn2Sb2, and a = 444.51(9), c = 742.7(1) pm, wR2 = 0.043, 336 F2 values for YbZn2Sb2, with 10 variables per refinement. The structures consist of puckered two‐dimensional [T2Sb2]δ– networks, which are separated by the europium or ytterbium atoms. Each T and antimony atom has distorted tetrahedral coordination, while the europium and ytterbium atoms have six nearest antimony neighbors in distorted octahedral coordination. Temperature dependent 151Eu Mössbauer spectra show purely divalent europium for EuMn2Sb2 and EuZn2Sb2. At 4.2 K both antimonides show full magnetic hyperfine field splitting with hyperfine fields of 26.5 (EuMn2Sb2) and 28.5 T (EuZn2Sb2), respectively. The isomer shifts (–7 to –8 mm·s–1) of the 121Sb Mössbauer spectra reflect the antimonide character. 121Sb Mössbauer spectra of EuMn2Sb2 and EuZn2Sb2 at 4.2 K show transferred hyperfine field of ca. 9 T. EuMn2Sb2 shows Curie–Weiss behavior above 630  K with an experimental magnetic moment of 10.6 μB/fu, indicative of divalent europium and divalent manganese. Ferromagnetic ordering of the manganese magnetic moments sets in at about 600 K. At 128 K (specific heat data) one observes a spin reorientation of the manganese magnetic moments and at 10 K the europium atoms order antiferromagnetically.
Structure Topology in Silver(I)‐(poly)chalcogenide Halides: A Helpful Tool to Understand Structure Relations and Properties
Authors: Nilges Tom , Bawohl Melanie , Messel Julia , Osters Oliver
Published: January 2010

Recent progress in the field of silver(I)‐chalcogenide halides and silver(I)‐polychalcogenide halides led to the discovery of a reasonable number of new phases, solid solutions and even a new substance class of materials with favorable electronic and thermoelectric properties. Most of these new compounds are characterized by a pronounced ion mobility, polymorphism, and complex structures, which result in severe problems during the structure solution, the refinement, and even the description of the crystal structures. Herein we report on a very simple but effective building principle and a topological structure approach, which are both based on the separate description of anion substructures and the introduction of discrete building blocks. Such a topological principle helps to understand the complex structural relations and allows one to discuss all known chalcogenide and polychalcogenide halides in a continuous sequence of compounds. Following this principle it is possible to understand physical properties and to predict new phases in the system.
Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of RbNb4Br11
Authors: Habermehl Katja , Kleinke Holger , Meyer Gerd
Published: January 2010

RbNb4Br11 was obtained by a solid state reaction of niobium powder, NbBr5 and RbBr in a sealed niobium tube at 500 °C. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pmma with a = 1699.5(1), b = 726.7(1), c = 694.5(1) pm, V = 857.6(1)·106 pm3, Z = 2 and is isotypic with CsNb4Br11. Four niobium atoms build a cluster in the shape of a rhombus with bonding distances of 295 pm (Nb1–Nb2) and 304 pm (Nb2–Nb2), respectively. The structure consists of [{Nb4}Br6iBr10/2a–a]–cluster complex anions that are interconnected by two common edges and two faces to the next cluster complexes, thus forming a 2D undulated layer structure. The Rb+ ion is coordinated by 12 Br– ions in the shape of an anticuboctahedron. Electronic structure calculations indicate the presence of a band gap of approximately 0.33 eV. This is experimentally confirmed by an electrical conductivity measurement revealing a slightly higher gap of 0.46 eV.
Solution and Solid State Structure of a BisBODIPY Fluorophor
Authors: Bröring Martin , Yuan Yuan , Krüger Robin , Kleeberg Christian , Xie Xiulan
Published: January 2010

The solution and solid‐state structures of 3,3′‐diethyl‐4,4′,8,8′,9,9′,10,10′‐octamethyl‐6,6′‐di‐p‐tolyl‐bisBODIPY, a potent fluorescent dye, were examined by X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. The crystallographic analysis resulted in two different conformations for the fluorophor with dihedral angles between the C9N2B subunits of 91.9 and 96.8°. The presence of two different conformations is a consequence of the crystal packing as the 3D structure is composed of alternating layers of BisBODIPY molecules with and without cocrystallized solvent. In solution NMR spectroscopic studies the compound displays intramolecular and distance dependant through space C–F and F–F couplings, which were used to analyze the solution structure. This analysis suggests a single minimum conformation and a rigid, but unstrained structure in solution. The fluorescence properties of the BisBODIPY and in particular the high quantum yields found for this class of luminophores are qualitatively in agreement with the latter result, and better described by the solution structure than by the solid‐state structure.
Synthesis, Structure and High Thermal Stability of a Novel Three‐dimensional Zinc(II) Complex with an Unsymmetrical Rigid‐flexible Ligand
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhu Dunru , Zhang Haijuan , Xu Yan , Shen Lei , Wang Xiaozhu , Yuan Rongxin
Published: January 2010

A novel metal‐organic framework, [Zn(C10H8O5)]n (1) (C10H8O5 = 2‐(4‐carboxylatophenoxy)propionate), was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography and thermogravimetric analysis. The crystal structure study reveals that each zinc atom is coordinated by four oxygen atoms from four different ligands to obtain a distorted tetrahedron. The rigid carboxyl group bridges two adjacent zinc atoms to form a dimer of eight‐membered rings, whereas the flexible carboxyl group bridges two adjacent dimers to form 1D chains along the a axis. Two adjacent 1D chains are interconnected by the ligands to produce 2D layers. These layers are further stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds to construct a 3D framework showing high thermal stability (445 °C).
Blue Fluorescence Emission Property of a Metal‐Organic Coordination Polymer with One‐Dimensional Channels
Authors: Feng Dan , Liu Shuxia , Zhang Wei , Sun Ping , Ma Fengji , Zhang Chundan
Published: January 2010

A metal‐organic coordination polymer formulated as (H3O)2[Zn(BTEC)] (1), where BTEC = 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylate, was synthesized by solvothermal reaction and characterized by elemental analyses, thermal stability analysis, fluorescence and IR spectroscopy, as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 is a three‐dimensional network containing one‐dimensional rhombic channels, the sizes of the windows are approximately 8 Å at the widest and 4.5 Å at the narrowest spacing (excluding the van der Waals radius of atoms in the framework) running along the c axis. The study of the physical properties of 1 demonstrates that it exhibits intense blue fluorescence emission in solid state at room temperature.
Ligand‐based Reduction in a Molecular Rectangle with Four Organplatinum(IV) Vertices
Authors: Kavakli Cüneyt , Schwederski Brigitte , Fiedler Jan , Gudat Dietrich , Kaim Wolfgang
Published: January 2010

A first organoplatinum(IV)‐based molecular rectangle [{Pt(CH3)3}4(μ‐η1:η1‐bp)2(μ‐η2:η2‐bpym)2]4+ with bp = 4,4′‐bipyridine and bpym = 2,2′‐bipyrimidine has been obtained as tetrakis(triflate) in analogy to [{Re(CO)3}4(μ‐η1:η1‐bp)2(μ‐η2:η2‐bpym)2]4+, following the correspondence between the 5d6 configured species [fac‐ReI(CO)3]+ and [fac‐PtIV(CH3)3]+. Analytical data, 1H and 195Pt NMR spectroscopic as well as mass spectrometric results confirm the identity of the species. Cyclic voltammetry, EPR, and UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemistry were used to investigate the sequence of reduction steps and the location of the electron uptake. Reduction involves first the bpym ligand in two 2‐electron waves and then the bp bridge in discernible one‐electron steps.
Zwei strukturverwandte Oxidnitridchalkogenide der Lanthanoide: Tb3ONSe2 und La5O2NS4
Authors: Lissner Falk , Strobel Sabine , Schleid Thomas
Published: January 2010

The structurally related oxide nitride chalcogenides Tb3ONSe2 and La5O2NS4 can be prepared by the oxidation of the respective lanthanoid metal (M = Tb and La) with selenium or sulfur and sodium azide (NaN3) in the presence of oxygen‐containing impurities, when iodine (I2) or the corresponding lanthanoid trichloride (MCl3) is used as sodium trap for the formation of NaI or NaCl, respectively. The thermal treatment of these mixtures along with additional NaI or NaCl as flux at 900 °C in evacuated silica tubes yielded transparent, yellow polyhedra in the case of Tb3ONSe2 or orange, lath‐shaped crystals of La5O2NS4. Both monoclinic structures (C2/m, Z = 4) were determined from X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction data (Tb3ONSe2: a = 1548.85(9), b = 392.02(2), c = 968.61(6) pm, β = 97.194(3)°; La5O2NS4: a = 1571.13(8), b = 409.67(2), c = 1681.03(9) pm, β = 101.204(3)°). The crystal structure of Tb3ONSe2 comprises three crystallographically different Tb3+ cations residing in six‐ and sevenfold coordination of the respective anions, whereas the crystal structure of La5O2NS4 shows five different La3+ cations with coordination numbers from six to eight. For the first time in the chemistry of oxide nitride chalcogenides of the lanthanides, an ordering of the light anions (O2– and N3–) is observed, and proper structure descriptions based on vertex‐ and edge‐connected [OM4]10+ and [NM4]9+ tetrahedra (M = Tb and La) becomes possible. As main structural feature, a bulky chain {}^1_\infty{[ONTb3]4+} running along [010] can be detected in the crystal structure of Tb3ONSe2. The same morphology, but a different chemistry is realized in the related crystal structure of La5O2NS4, where these topologically equivalent strands {}^1_\infty{[O2La3]5+} and an additional second chain {}^1_\infty{[NLa2]3+}, built up by vertex‐ and edge connected [NLa4]9+ tetrahedra, compose the compound. As supporting tool for the distinction of the O2– and N3– anions in both crystal structures, the valence‐bond concept is also applied.
Copper(II) Supramolecular Complex: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Electrochemical Property
Authors: Wu Huilu , Yun Ruirui , Wang Kaitong , Li Ke , Huang Xingcai , Sun Tao , Wang Yaoyu
Published: January 2010

A novel complex {Cu(Bobb)2](pic)2}2 [pic = picrate anion, Bobb = 1,3‐bis(1‐benzylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐oxopropane] was synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analyses and electrical conductivity. The crystal structure of the copper complex has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. A study of the electrochemistry of the title compound was carried out by using cyclic voltammetry. It revealed that the copper complex exhibits a quasi‐reversible redox process. The X‐ray structure of the above complex shows that the unit cell consists of two centrosymmetric, crystallographically independent molecules, in which the copper(II) ions have the same coordination environment and should be described as distorted octahedron. The complex is formed of {···Cu(2)···Cu(1)···Cu(1)···}∞ supramolecular configuration by π···π stacking interactions between the benzimidazole rings. The complex was also identified by IR and electronic spectroscopy.
Solvothermal Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the Two New Polymeric Compounds [Ce(C4N3H13)2(μ3‐SbS4)]n and [La(C4N3H13)2(μ4‐Sb2S5)(μ3‐SO4)]n
Authors: Lichte Jessica , Näther Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: January 2010

The two new one‐dimensional polymeric compounds [Ce(C4N3H13)2(μ3‐SbS4)]n (1) and [La(C4N3H13)2(μ4‐Sb2S5)(μ3‐SO4)]n (2) were synthesized under solvothermal conditions. In the first compound, the unique Ce3+ cation is surrounded by six nitrogen atoms of the amine ligands and by three sulfur atoms of the thioantimonate(V) anion. The CeN6S3 polyhedron may be described as a distorted tricapped trigonal prism. The prisms are interconnected by [SbS4]3– anions, which act in a μ3‐binding mode yielding a chain running along [100]. An extended hydrogen‐bonding network leads to the formation of layers. The second compound features two independent La3+ cations, one is in a ninefold [La(2)N6OS2] and the second is in a tenfold environment [La(1)N6O2S2]. The unusual features of the structure are a μ3‐bridging SO42– anion and a tetradentate thioantimonate(III) anion [Sb2S5]4– that join the two La3+ centered polyhedra into a chain being directed along [110]. The oxygen atoms of the sulfate anion and the sulfur atoms of the thioantimonate anion are involved in a complex hydrogen‐bonding network.
[NH3(CH2)6NH3][P2V5O17]·3.83H2O: A new 3D Organic‐templated Vanadophosphate with Extra‐large 16‐Membered Ring Constructed from Nanosized P–O–V Wheels
Authors: Zhang Zhibin , Xu Yan , Zheng Lei , Zhu Dunru
Published: January 2010

A new porous 3D vanadophosphate, [NH3(CH2)6NH3][P2V5O17]·3.83H2O (1) is synthesized by using NH2(CH2)6NH2 as template, and characterized by single crystal structural analysis, X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, TG analysis, and powder XRD. Single crystal analysis shows that compound 1 crystallizes in cubic shape, space group Im$\bar{3}$m with cell dimensions: a = b = c = 26.5068(8) Å, V = 18624.0(10) Å3, Z = 24. Structural refinement indicates that the inorganic framework of 1 is constructed from nanosized P–O–V wheels.
Modulated Lanthanum Chains in the Crystal Structure of La3.65[Ru(C2)3]
Authors: Davaasuren Bambar , Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Doert Thomas , Kreiner Guido , Schnelle Walter , Wagner Frank R. , Mihalkovič Marek , Kniep Rüdiger
Published: January 2010

Lanthanum ruthenium carbide La3.65[Ru(C2)3] crystallizes hexagonal (P63/m) with a = 887.9(2) pm and c = 1606.8(6) pm, V = 1096.8(4)·106 nm3, and Z = 6. The crystal structure contains trigonal‐planar Ru(C2)3 groups and lanthanum atoms, which form a partial structure of the chemical composition La3Ru(C2)3. Additional lanthanum atoms occupy hexagonal channels built by those carbon atoms of the C2 ligands, which are non‐bonded to the central ruthenium atoms. The distribution of these lanthanum atoms along the c axis results in a threefold superstructure, which was refined as a commensurate modulated structure (P63/m (00g)s0, q = (0, 0, {}^1/{}_3)). Harmonic occupational and displacive modulation functions were used for the structure refinement. The structure converged to R1 = 4.9 % for all data (R1 = 2.6 % for the main reflections, R1 = 11.1 % for the 1st order satellite reflections). A small homogeneity range for this phase is predicted by total energy calculations using the PAW‐GGA method (VASP). Chemical bonding analysis reveals that the C2 pairs are best described as acetylide C22– units.
Coordination of the Ester Group – Hydrido‐Rhodium(III) and Iridium(III) Complexes of Orthometallated Diphenylmethylene Glycine Esters [1]
Authors: Schreiner Bernhard , Beck Wolfgang
Published: January 2010

An overview on metal complexes that contain coordinated ester groups is given. A new example has been obtained by oxidative addition of the O′Donnell reagent Ph2C=NCH2CO2R to [(cyclooctene)2MCl]2 (M = Rh, Ir) which – in the presence of tricyclohexylphosphine – affords the complexes {(H)(Cl)[C6H11)3P]2M(C6H4)C(Ph)=NCH2CO2R}. In these complexes, the chlorido ligand is replaced for the ester group by using AgPF6 to give {(H)[(C6H11)3P]2M[C6H4)C(Ph)=NCH2CO2R}+PF6–.
SE19(C2)3I34 (SE = Y, Gd): Verbindungen mit diskreten SE6I12‐Clustern und isolierten SE‐Atomen
Authors: Schaloske Manuel C. , Kienle Lorenz , Duppel Viola , Mattausch Hansjürgen , Simon Arndt
Published: January 2010

The compounds RE19(C2)3I34 (RE = Y, Gd) were prepared from RE, REI3 and carbon in a molar ratio of 20:34:18 by the addition of three parts of REN at 920 °C (Y) and 900 °C (Gd), respectively, forming moisture sensitive, black shiny brittle polyhedra. X‐ray single crystal investigations indicated the triclinic system and E value statistics showed P$\bar{1}$, a = 9.3683(9) Å, b = 10.3410(9) Å, c = 22.1726(20) Å, α = 79.104(10)°, β = 88.175(11)°, γ = 69.227(10)° for Y19(C2)3I34 and a = 9.4172(9) Å, b = 10.3390(10) Å, c = 22.3711(24) Å, α = 79.001(12)°, β = 88.320(12)°, γ = 69.250(11)° for Gd19(C2)3I34, respectively. The RE atoms form two sets of different RE6 octahedra centered by C2 groups, which are coordinated by iodine atoms above all edges. In addition one isolated RE position occurs. The refinement served problems because of significant disorder showing up in a 65 % occupation of the isolated RE position and quite significant residual electron densities near the heavy atom positions. Electron diffraction confirmed the ideal structure, however, a detailed analysis via HRTEM showed alternations in the sequence of two kinds of layers.
Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Ca2Ni3Ge2 and Comparison with CaNiGe, SrNi2Ge, and Ca3Ni3Si2
Authors: Hlukhyy Viktor , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: January 2010

A new intermetallic calcium nickel germanide Ca2Ni3Ge2 was synthesized by melting of mixtures of the three elements in an arc‐furnace and subsequent heat treatment in a muffle furnace. The compound was investigated by X‐ray powder and single‐crystal diffraction methods, and its structure has been refined on the basis of single‐crystal data. Ca2Ni3Ge2 crystallizes with a new structure type: Pmma, a = 9.097(2), b = 4.014(1), c = 7.019(1) Å, wR2 = 0.045, 355 F2 values, 28 variable parameters. In this structure the nickel and germanium atoms build puckered two‐dimensional [Ni3Ge2] layers, which are separated by the calcium atoms. The crystal chemistry of Ca2Ni3Ge2 as well as the chemical bonding in Ca2Ni3Ge2 and Ca3Ni3Si2 are briefly discussed.
La3TWS3O6 (T = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni): Quinary Rare Earth Transition‐Metal Compounds Showing a Nonmagnetic/Magnetic Transition (T = Co) – Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties
Authors: Bryhan Douglas N. , Rakers Rosemary , Klimaszewski Krzysztof , Patel Nihar , Bohac Joshua J. , Kremer Reinhard K. , Mattausch Hansjürgen , Zheng Chong
Published: January 2010

The title compounds were synthesized from La2O3, T (T = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni), sulfur, tungsten and WO3 under vacuum at 950 °C. They crystallize in the space group P63/m (No. 176). The lattice constants for the chromium compound are a = 9.442(2) Å and c = 5.506(2) Å. Those for the other compounds are similar. The electron partition of (La3+)3T3+W6+(S2–)3(O2–)6 indicates that the transition metals in this structure all have a 3+ oxidation state and the solid is a normal valence compound. In this structure, the TS6/2 octahedra form chains parallel to the c axis by sharing faces. In the chromium compound, the Cr–Cr distance in the octahedron chain is 2.7531 Å. The tungsten atoms in the structure are at the centers of O6 trigonal prisms, whereas lanthanum atoms form trigonal prisms enclosing the tungsten atoms. Resistivity and susceptibility measurements reveal the insulating nature and nonmagnetic to magnetic transition of the cobalt compound.
A Community Psychology of Men and Masculinity: Historical and Conceptual Review
Authors: Mankowski Eric S. , Maton Kenneth I.
Published: January 2010

This paper introduces the special section by presenting a historical and conceptual review of theory and research on the psychology of men and masculinity and then introducing the section's papers. Men have power because of their gender, but differ in access to power based on other individual characteristics such as social class, income, education, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or physical strength. Men typically have been studied as generic rather than gendered beings in psychology. In contrast, a gendered analysis of men highlights the ways in which men's experience, masculinity, and behavior contribute to health and social problems and to resources commonly addressed by community psychologists. Our gendered analysis suggests ways of working with men in group, organizational, and community settings to create positive individual and social change. Crucial to this analysis is the paradox that enacting masculinity both privileges and damages men. A second paradox stems from men having power as a group over women while individual men feel powerless or victimized by women as a group. The papers in this volume illustrate key themes of our historical and conceptual review through studies of adolescent and adult men as fathers, patients, partner abusers, support group participants and community members, and through examination of the impact of their gendered identities and behavior on health, well being, and justice.
Failure of the Patellar Tendon with the Patella Everted versus Noneverted in a Matched-Pair Cadaver Model
Authors: Ryan James A. , Meyers Kathleen N. , DiBenedetto Paolo , Wright Timothy M. , Haas Steven B.
Published: January 2010

Avoidance of patellar eversion during total knee arthroplasty may help to prevent injury to the patellar tendon. The purpose of this study was to compare the load-to-failure of the everted versus the noneverted patella in a cadaveric model. Fourteen cadaver knees (seven pairs) were loaded to failure with the patella everted in one knee and not everted in the other. Mean load-at-ultimate failure in the patella-everted group was 1,111 ± 572 N, and in the patella-noneverted group was 1,621 ± 683 N ( p = 0.01). Additionally, loads-at-initial-partial failure were lower ( p = 0.04) in the patella-everted compared to the patella-noneverted group, 573 ± 302 N versus 1,115 ± 358 N, respectively. A partial failure of the patellar tendon occurred in 100% of the everted specimens, whereas only 57% of the noneverted specimens had partial failure. These findings suggest patella eversion may lead to failure of the patellar insertion at lower loads than when the patella is not everted.
High-Flexion Total Knee Replacement: Functional Outcome at One Year
Authors: Hepinstall Matthew S. , Ranawat Amar S. , Ranawat Chitranjan S.
Published: January 2010

Implants designed for enhanced flexion offer the prospect of improved function after total knee replacement (TKR). Whereas most studies evaluating these implants have focused on the range of knee flexion achieved, this study investigated the quality of function in deep knee flexion. The influences of residual pain and maximum flexion angle on function in deep knee flexion were also examined. Eighty-three patients (100 knees) were prospectively followed for 1 year after TKR with a rotating-platform posterior-stabilized high-flexion prosthesis. Range of motion was measured and Knee Society scores were calculated. A questionnaire evaluated residual knee pain and function in high-flexion activities. Mean Knee Society score was 95, and mean knee flexion was 125°, yet 20% of patients could neither kneel, nor squat, nor sit on their heels. Fifty-seven percent were able to kneel without significant difficulty; 69% were able to squat without significant difficulty; and 46% were able to sit on their heels without significant difficulty. Function in deep flexion correlated with pain scores but did not correlate with knee flexion angles or Knee Society scores. Results 1 year after TKR with a rotating-platform posterior-stabilized high-flexion prosthesis are encouraging, but one in five patients remain significantly limited in high-flexion activities.
Neuro-kardio-fazio-kutane Syndrome
Authors: Mautner V.-F. , Nguyen R. , Bernhard A. , von Kodolitsch Y. , Zenker M. , Kutsche K.
Published: January 2010

Neuro-kardio-fazio-kutane („neuro-cardio-facio-cutaneous“: NCFC) Syndrome wurden in den letzten Jahren als eine Gruppe von angeborenen Erkrankungen definiert, deren phänotypische Überschneidungen eine gemeinsame pathogenetische Grundlage haben. Erkrankungen aus diesem phänotypischen Spektrum gehen mit einer Überfunktion des RAS-MAPK-Signalwegs (RAS: „rat sarcoma“, MAPK mitogenaktivierte Proteinkinase) einher. Zu den neuro-kardio-fazio-kutanen Erkrankungen gehören das Noonan-, das LEOPARD-, das kardio-fazio-kutane („cardio-facio-cutaneous“: CFC) und das Costello-Syndrom, die Neurofibromatose Typ 1 sowie das Legius-Syndrom. Für eine sachgerechte medizinische Diagnostik und Behandlung sowie die notwendige psychosoziale Betreuung von Betroffenen und deren Familien ist das Zusammenwirken verschiedener Fachdisziplinen notwendig.
Paleoclimatic implications of glacial and postglacial refugia for Pinus pumila in western Beringia
Authors: Anderson Patricia M. , Lozhkin Anatoly V. , Solomatkina Tatiana B. , Brown Thomas A.
Published: January 2010

Palynological results from Julietta Lake currently provide the most direct evidence to support the existence of a glacial refugium for Pinus pumila in mountains of southwestern Beringia. Both percentages and accumulation rates indicate the evergreen shrub survived until at least ∼ 19,000 14C yr BP in the Upper Kolyma region. Percentage data suggest numbers dwindled into the late glaciation, whereas pollen accumulation rates point towards a more rapid demise shortly after ∼ 19,000 14C yr BP. Pinus pumila did not re-establish in any great numbers until ∼ 8100 14C yr BP, despite the local presence ∼ 9800 14C yr BP of Larixdahurica, which shares similar summer temperature requirements. The postglacial thermal maximum (in Beringia ∼ 11,000-9000 14C yr BP) provided Pinus pumila shrubs with equally harsh albeit different conditions for survival than those present during the LGM. Regional records indicate that in this time of maximum warmth Pinus pumila likely sheltered in a second, lower-elevation refugium. Paleoclimatic models and modern ecology suggest that shifts in the nature of seasonal transitions and not only seasonal extremes have played important roles in the history of Pinus pumila over the last ∼ 21,000 14C yr BP.
In Defiance of Oligarchy
Authors: Colley Linda
Published: February 2010

In English history the years between 1714 and 1760 are peculiar in two ways. They have received only scant attention from historians, and they witnessed the exclusion of the tory sector of the nation's landed elite from all central as well as from prime local offices. In this book Linda Colley explores the fate of the tory party which has dominated both Parliament and the constituencies throughout of the reigns of William III and Anne. She refutes any simple identification of the party with cryto-Jacobitism, and explains both the ideological, electoral, and organisational factors which enabled it to survive under the early Hanoverians, and the circumstances which prevented it from regaining total or limited access to the political centre. Like canaries down a mine, the proscribed tories are also used to gauge the atmosphere of their high-and low-political environment. By examining the tory party's persistent if unavailing parliamentary lobbies and opinion, Dr Colley brings into question many of the current orthodoxies about England's political stability under George I and George II, and casts doubt on the repidity and novelty of political and social developments thereafter.
Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: February 2010

In this book Jonathan Hall seeks to demonstrate that the ethnic groups of ancient Greece, like many ethnic groups throughout the world today, were not ultimately racial, linguistic, religious or cultural groups, but social groups whose 'origins' in extraneous territories were just as often imagined as they were real. Adopting an explicitly anthropological point of view, he examines the evidence of literature, archaeology and linguistics to elucidate the nature of ethnic identity in ancient Greece. Rather than treating Greek ethnic groups as 'natural' or 'essential' - let alone 'racial' - entities, he emphasises the active, constructive and dynamic role of ethnography, genealogy, material culture and language in shaping ethnic consciousness. An introductory chapter outlines the history of the study of ethnicity in Greek antiquity.
Race Politics in Britain and France
Authors: Bleich Erik
Published: February 2010

Britain and France have developed substantially different policies to manage racial tensions since the 1960s, in spite of having similar numbers of post-war ethnic minority immigrants. This book provides the first detailed historical exploration of race policy development in these two countries. In this path-breaking work, Bleich argues against common wisdom that attributes policy outcomes to the role of powerful interest groups or to the constraints of existing institutions, instead emphasizing the importance of frames as widely-held ideas that propelled policymaking in different directions. British policymakers' framing of race and racism principally in North American terms of color discrimination encouraged them to import many policies from across the Atlantic. For decades after WWII, by contrast, French policy leaders framed racism in terms influenced largely by their Vichy past, which encouraged policies designed primarily to counter hate speech while avoiding the recognition of race found across the English Channel.
Globalization and State Transformation in China
Authors: Zheng Yongnian
Published: February 2010

Globalization has thrown up challenges and opportunities which all countries have to grapple with. In his 2004 book, Yongnian Zheng explores how China's leaders have embraced global capitalism and market-oriented modernization. He shows that with reform measures properly implemented, the nation-state can not only survive globalization, but can actually be revitalized through outside influence. To adapt to the globalized age, Chinese leaders have encouraged individual enterprise and the development of the entrepreneurial class. The state bureaucratic system and other important economic institutions have been restructured to accommodate a globalized market economy. In rebuilding the economic system in this way, Zheng observes that Chinese leaders have been open to the importation of Western ideas. By contrast, the same leaders are reluctant to import Western concepts of democracy and the rule of law. The author argues that, ultimately, this selectivity will impede China's progress in becoming a modern nation state.
Health Law and the European Union
Authors: Hervey Tamara K. , McHale Jean V.
Published: February 2010

How does the law of the European Union affect health law and policy? At first sight, it seems limited. However, despite its restricted formal competence, the EU has recently become increasingly involved in the health field. Litigation based on EU law has resulted in a 'right to receive health care services' across national boundaries which may have huge practical implications for national health systems. The EU has promulgated legislation regulating clinical research, and the marketing of pharmaceuticals; patients' rights are affected by EU legislation on data protection and product liability; the qualifications of health care professionals are legally recognised across the EU; and the EU has acted to promote public health. This book explores the various impacts of measures of EU law on national health law and policy. Through elaboration of selected examples, the authors show that, within the EU, health law cannot be regarded as a purely national affair.
Physics of Space Plasma Activity
Authors: Schindler Karl
Published: February 2010

Space plasma is so hot that the atoms break up into charged particles which then become trapped and stored in magnetic fields. When critical conditions are reached the magnetic field breaks up, releasing a large amount of energy and causing dramatic phenomena. The largest space plasma activity events observed in the solar system occur on the Sun, when coronal mass ejections expel several billion tons of plasma mass into space. This 2007 book provides a coherent and detailed treatment of the physical background of large plasma eruptions in space. It provides the background necessary for dealing with space plasma activity, and allows the reader to reach a deeper understanding of this fascinating natural event. The book employs both fluid and kinetic models, and discusses the applications to magnetospheric and solar activity. This will form an interesting reference for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of astrophysics and plasma physics.
The Physics of Vibration
Authors: Pippard A. B.
Published: February 2010

The study of vibration in physical systems is central to almost all fields in physics and engineering. This work, originally published in two volumes, examines the classical aspects in Part I and the quantum oscillator in Part II. The classical linear vibrator is treated first and the underlying unity of all linear oscillations in electrical, mechanical and acoustic systems is emphasized. The treatment of nonlinear vibrations, a field with which engineers and physicists are generally less familiar, is then examined. Part II then concentrates on quantum systems, looking at the vibrations in atoms and molecules and their interaction with electromagnetic radiation. The similarities of classical and quantum methods are stressed and the limits of the classical treatment are examined. Throughout the book, each phenomenon discussed is well illustrated with many examples; and theory and experiment are compared. This is a useful introduction to the more advanced mathematical treatment of vibrations as it bridges the gap between the basic principles and more specialized concepts.
Building Strategic Capacity: The Political Underpinnings of Coordinated Wage Bargaining
Authors: AHLQUIST JOHN S.
Published: February 2010

Encompassing labor movements and coordinated wage setting are central to the social democratic economic model that has proven successful among the nations of Western Europe. The coordination of wage bargaining across many unions and employers has been used to explain everything from inequality to unemployment. Yet there has been limited theoretical and quantitative empirical work exploring the determinants of bargaining coordination. I argue formally that more unequally distributed resources across unions should inhibit the centralization of strike powers in union federations. Using membership as a proxy for union resources, I find empirical evidence for this hypothesis in a panel of 15 OECD democracies, 1950–2000. I then show that the centralization of strike powers is a strong predictor of coordinated bargaining.
SUPER SIZE SPAIN? A CROSS-SECTIONAL AND QUASI-COHORT TREND ANALYSIS OF ADULT OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN AN ACCELERATED TRANSITION COUNTRY
Authors: CÁMARA ANTONIO D. , SPIJKER JEROEN J. A.
Published: January 2010

Excess weight is becoming widespread in Spain due to changes in nutritional habits and lifestyles. Previous studies on this issue have focused on specific Spanish regions, subpopulations or relatively short time spans. This study analysed sex, age and cohort trends in the prevalence of adult overweight and obesity over the last two decades by applying a demographic methodology. Data came from the Spanish National Health Surveys that were held between 1987 and 2006. The respondent's demographic characteristics and self-reported height and weight were aggregated to a single dataset in order to analyse changes in weight and BMI by age and sex, over time and within and between quasi birth-cohorts. After correcting for sample bias and coding errors a total sample of about 100,000 subjects aged 20–79 was obtained. The results show that between 1987 and 2006 adult males and females increased their average weight by 8.2% and 2.8%, respectively. While among younger adults this is partly explained by height increases, prevalence in excess weight increased among 50- to 79-year-old males. Persons of the same 10-year age group but of a more recent 10-year quasi birth-cohort had a BMI that was 0.2–0.8 points higher. BMI increases were lower for women and mainly affected 60–79 year olds. In fact, even decreases were observed for 40- to 49 and 50- to 59-year-old women. Potential explanatory factors are discussed.
Sliding, pinch-off and detachment of a droplet on a wall in shear flow
Authors: DING HANG , GILANI MOHAMMAD N. H. , SPELT PETER D. M.
Published: January 2010

We investigate here what happens beyond the onset of motion of a droplet on a wall by the action of an imposed shear flow, accounting for inertial effects and contact-angle hysteresis. A diffuse-interface method is used for this purpose, which alleviates the shear stress singularity at a moving contact line, resulting in an effective slip length. Various flow regimes are investigated, including steadily moving drops, and partial or entire droplet entrainment. In the regime of quasi-steadily moving drops, the drop speed is found to be linear in the imposed shear rate, but to exhibit an apparent discontinuity at the onset of motion. The results also include the relation between a local maximum angle between the interface and the wall and the instantaneous value of the contact-line speed. The critical conditions for the onset of entrainment are determined for pinned as well as for moving drops. The corresponding critical capillary numbers are found to be in a rather narrow range, even for quite substantial values of a Reynolds number. The approach to breakup is then investigated in detail, including the growth of a ligament on a drop, and the reduction of the radius of a pinching neck. A model based on an energy argument is proposed to explain the results for the rate of elongation of ligaments. The paper concludes with an investigation of detachment of a hydrophobic droplet from the solid wall.
Onset of Küppers–Lortz-like dynamics in finite rotating thermal convection
Authors: RUBIO A. , LOPEZ J. M. , MARQUES F.
Published: January 2010

The onset of thermal convection in a finite rotating cylinder is investigated using direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation in a regime in which spatio-temporal complexity is observed directly after onset. The system is examined in the non-physical limit of zero centrifugal force as well as with an experimentally realizable centrifugal force, leading to two different paths to Küppers–Lortz-like spatio-temporal chaos. In the idealized case, neglecting centrifugal force, the onset of convection occurs directly from a conduction state, resulting in square patterns with slow roll switching, followed at higher thermal driving by straight roll patterns with faster roll switching. The case with a centrifugal force typical of laboratory experiments exhibits target patterns near the theoretically predicted onset of convection, followed by a rotating wave that emerges via a Hopf bifurcation. A subsequent Hopf bifurcation leads to ratcheting states with sixfold symmetry near the axis. With increasing thermal driving, roll switching is observed within the ratcheting lattice before Küppers–Lortz-like spatio-temporal chaos is observed with the dissolution of the lattice at a slightly stronger thermal driving. For both cases, all of these states are observed within a 2% variation in the thermal driving.
Alfvén simple waves
Authors: WEBB G. M. , ZANK G. P. , BURROWS R. H. , RATKIEWICZ R. E.
Published: February 2010

Multi-dimensional Alfvén simple waves in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are investigated using Boillat's formalism. For simple wave solutions, all physical variables (the gas density, pressure, fluid velocity, entropy, and magnetic field induction in the MHD case) depend on a single phase function ϕ, which is a function of the space and time variables. The simple wave ansatz requires that the wave normal and the normal speed of the wave front depend only on the phase function ϕ. This leads to an implicit equation for the phase function and a generalization of the concept of a plane wave. We obtain examples of Alfvén simple waves, based on the right eigenvector solutions for the Alfvén mode. The Alfvén mode solutions have six integrals, namely that the entropy, density, magnetic pressure, and the group velocity (the sum of the Alfvén and fluid velocity) are constant throughout the wave. The eigenequations require that the rate of change of the magnetic induction B with ϕ throughout the wave is perpendicular to both the wave normal n and B. Methods to construct simple wave solutions based on specifying either a solution ansatz for n(ϕ) or B(ϕ) are developed.
Catching Up on Wolpe
Authors: Northcott Bayan
Published: February 2010

During his Tango Marathon at the Almeida Festival last June, the formidable American pianist Yvar Mikhashoff threw in an extra, unheralded example by Stefan Wolpe dating from 1927, which had been passed on to him by Wolpe's pupil, cataloguer, and biographer Austin Clarkson only a couple of weeks before. Not unexpectedly—coming from a socially conscious 25-year old working in Weimar Republic Berlin—the piece opened in a mode of Neue Sachlichkeit stylization similar to Weill, but was soon subjecting its material to a most un Weill-like cross-cutting and discontinuity. Evidently that radical sense of a musical language being freshly created before one's very ears, which at once lends Wolpe's later music such immediacy from moment to moment and makes it so demanding to grasp in the large, was latent from the start.
The Symphonies of Alexander Tcherepnin
Authors: Arias Enrique Alberto
Published: February 2010

When Alexander Tcherepnin Died in 1977, he left a rich legacy of symphonic composition written over a major portion of this century. Of these works, the most important are the four symphonies and the Divertimento for orchestra. They are worthy companions of the symphonies of Prokofiev and Shostakovitch. The changes of style found in these five pieces correspond to similar changes found in other major composers of the period.
Britten and the String Quartet
Authors: Payne Anthony
Published: February 2010

THAT BENJAMIN BRITTEN already possessed in his early twenties a most astonishing technical assurance has never been in doubt; nor that he commanded a range of feeling and a stylistic integrity which proclaimed a uniquely precocious maturity. So much was evident from early published scores like the Sinfonietta, Phantasy for oboe quartet, Variations on a theme of Frank Bridge, and Our Hunting Fathers. The route by which he had reached this early maturity, however, was not generally known until comparatively recently, and the book which was for decades to remain the most reliable and perceptive guide to his music—the symposium of 1952 edited by Donald Mitchell and Hans Keller—said little about the pre-opus 1 works, or about influences.
Shostakovich's Fourteenth Symphony
Authors: Kay Norman
Published: February 2010

Like its immediate forerunner, Shostakovich's Fourteenth Symphony revolves round a series of vocal settings. But whereas the earlier work used poems exclusively by Yevtushenko, the present symphony takes poems by writers as disparate as Apollinaire, Lorca and Rilke. And in this case the scoring is scaled down to chamber dimensions: two singers, with an orchestra of nineteen strings and percussion, including such tuned instruments as bells, vibraphone and xylophone, and the celesta as a delicate extra.
Xenakis's ‘Nuits’
Authors: Souster Tim
Published: February 2010

Readers of Tempo will already be familiar with some of Xenakis's basic ideas on music, from the abridged translation of some of his writings published in Tempo 78. These theories have provoked a good deal of comment, and it is worth considering his latest work, Nuits, in relation to the implications of them. The mainstay of the theoretical substructure underlying Xenakis's textural style is his critique of musical ‘causality’, i.e. the thematic process in music from the classical style right up to the total thematicism of integral serialism. On the analogy of the sciences, where the causal principle has been superseded by probability theory, the development of occidental music beyond the impasse of total serialism can only be ensured, Xenakis contends, by means of a ‘rationalisation of chance’ articulated in generalised musical textures, the morphology of which is governed by statistical laws.