bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspergillus oryzae–Saccharomyces cerevisiae Consortium Allows Bio-Hybrid Fuel Cell to Run on Complex Carbohydrates
Authors: Jahnke Justin , Hoyt Thomas , LeFors Hannah , Sumner James , Mackie David
Published: February 2016

Consortia of Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are examined for their abilities to turn complex carbohydrates into ethanol. To understand the interactions between microorganisms in consortia, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is used to follow the concentrations of various metabolites such as sugars (e.g., glucose, maltose), longer chain carbohydrates, and ethanol to optimize consortia conditions for the production of ethanol. It is shown that with proper design A. oryzae can digest food waste simulants into soluble sugars that S. cerevisiae can ferment into ethanol. Depending on the substrate and conditions used, concentrations of 13% ethanol were achieved in 10 days. It is further shown that a direct alcohol fuel cell (FC) can be coupled with these A. oryzae-enabled S. cerevisiae fermentations using a reverse osmosis membrane. This “bio-hybrid FC” continually extracted ethanol from an ongoing consortium, enhancing ethanol production and allowing the bio-hybrid FC to run for at least one week. Obtained bio-hybrid FC currents were comparable to those from pure ethanol—water mixtures, using the same FC. The A. oryzae–S. cerevisiae consortium, coupled to a bio-hybrid FC, converted food waste simulants into electricity without any pre- or post-processing.
Alisol F 24 Acetate Enhances Chemosensitivity and Apoptosis of MCF-7/DOX Cells by Inhibiting P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Drug Efflux
Authors: Pan Guixiang , Li Tingting , Zeng Qingqing , Wang Xiaoming , Zhu Yan
Published: February 2016

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a prime reason for numerous failed oncotherapy approaches. In the present study, we investigated whether Alisol F 24 acetate (ALI) could reverse the MDR of MCF-7/DOX cells, a multidrug-resistant human breast cancer cell line. We found that ALI was a potent P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, in the Caco-2-monolayer cell model. ALI showed a significant and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on MCF-7/DOX cells in combination with doxorubicin by increasing intracellular accumulation and inducing nuclear migration of doxorubicin. However, ALI had no such effect on MCF-7 cells. In addition, ALI also promoted doxorubicin-induced early apoptosis of MCF-7/DOX cells in a time-dependent manner. These results suggest that ALI can enhance chemosensitivity of doxorubicin and reinforce its anti-cancer effect by increasing its uptake, especially inducing its nuclear accumulation in MCF-7/DOX cells. Therefore, ALI could be developed as a potential MDR-reversing agent in cancer chemotherapy in further study.
Peltomexicanin, a Peltogynoid Quinone Methide from Peltogyne Mexicana Martínez Purple Heartwood
Authors: Gutiérrez-Macías Paulina , Peralta-Cruz Javier , Borja-de-la-Rosa Amparo , Barragán-Huerta Blanca
Published: February 2016

Peltomexicanin (7,10-dihydroxy-6,12-dioxa-5H-tetraphen-3-one) is a new peltogynoid quinone methide isolated from Palo Morado (Peltogyne mexicana Martínez) heartwood by column chromatography. Its chemical structure was elucidated by IR, NMR (1H, 13C), 2D NMR experiments (COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HSQC), ESI-MS, and UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis. According to HPLC quantification, this compound is the main pigment and accounts for 1.21% of Palo Morado heartwood material. The antioxidant activity of peltomexicanin and dried methanolic extract (DEx) of purple heartwood was evaluated using the radical of 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and the corresponding values expressed as Trolox equivalents (µmol TE/mg sample) were 4.25 and 4.57, respectively.
Simultaneous Reduction and Functionalization of Graphene Oxide by 4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic Acid for Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Qiao Song-Jie , Xu Xiang-Nan , Qiu Yang , Xiao He-Chong , Zhu Yue-Feng
Published: February 2016

Graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized and reduced simultaneously by a new reductant, 4-hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid (HBS), with a one-step and environmentally friendly process. The hydrophilic sulfonic acid group in HBS was grafted onto the surface of GO through a covalent bond. The successful preparation of HBS reduced GO (HBS-rGO) was testified by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The interlayer space of HBS-rGO was increased to 1.478 nm from 0.751 nm for GO, resulting in a subdued Van der Waals’ force between layers and less possibility to form aggregations. The aqueous dispersibility of graphene was improved to 13.49 mg/mL from 0.58 mg/mL after the functionalization. The viscosity of the epoxy resin based HBS-rGO composite could be regulated by an adjustment of the content of HBS-rGO. This study provides a new and applicable approach for the preparation of hydrophilic functionalized graphene, and makes it possible for the application of graphene in some functional polymer nanocomposites, such as specialty water-based coatings.
Quantifying Multiscale Habitat Structural Complexity: A Cost-Effective Framework for Underwater 3D Modelling
Authors: Ferrari Renata , McKinnon David , He Hu , Smith Ryan , Corke Peter , González-Rivero Manuel , Mumby Peter , Upcroft Ben
Published: February 2016

Coral reef habitat structural complexity influences key ecological processes, ecosystem biodiversity, and resilience. Measuring structural complexity underwater is not trivial and researchers have been searching for accurate and cost-effective methods that can be applied across spatial extents for over 50 years. This study integrated a set of existing multi-view, image-processing algorithms, to accurately compute metrics of structural complexity (e.g., ratio of surface to planar area) underwater solely from images. This framework resulted in accurate, high-speed 3D habitat reconstructions at scales ranging from small corals to reef-scapes (10s km2). Structural complexity was accurately quantified from both contemporary and historical image datasets across three spatial scales: (i) branching coral colony (Acropora spp.); (ii) reef area (400 m2); and (iii) reef transect (2 km). At small scales, our method delivered models with <1 mm error over 90% of the surface area, while the accuracy at transect scale was 85.3% ± 6% (CI). Advantages are: no need for an a priori requirement for image size or resolution, no invasive techniques, cost-effectiveness, and utilization of existing imagery taken from off-the-shelf cameras (both monocular or stereo). This remote sensing method can be integrated to reef monitoring and improve our knowledge of key aspects of coral reef dynamics, from reef accretion to habitat provisioning and productivity, by measuring and up-scaling estimates of structural complexity.
Recognition of Human Activities Using Continuous Autoencoders with Wearable Sensors
Authors: Wang Lukun
Published: February 2016

This paper provides an approach for recognizing human activities with wearable sensors. The continuous autoencoder (CAE) as a novel stochastic neural network model is proposed which improves the ability of model continuous data. CAE adds Gaussian random units into the improved sigmoid activation function to extract the features of nonlinear data. In order to shorten the training time, we propose a new fast stochastic gradient descent (FSGD) algorithm to update the gradients of CAE. The reconstruction of a swiss-roll dataset experiment demonstrates that the CAE can fit continuous data better than the basic autoencoder, and the training time can be reduced by an FSGD algorithm. In the experiment of human activities’ recognition, time and frequency domain feature extract (TFFE) method is raised to extract features from the original sensors’ data. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) method is applied to feature reduction. It can be noticed that the dimension of each data segment is reduced from 5625 to 42. The feature vectors extracted from original signals are used for the input of deep belief network (DBN), which is composed of multiple CAEs. The training results show that the correct differentiation rate of 99.3% has been achieved. Some contrast experiments like different sensors combinations, sensor units at different positions, and training time with different epochs are designed to validate our approach.
A Time-Domain Reflectometry Method with Variable Needle Pulse Width for Measuring the Dielectric Properties of Materials
Authors: Wilczek Andrzej , Szypłowska Agnieszka , Kafarski Marcin , Skierucha Wojciech
Published: February 2016

Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) methods used for measuring the dielectric properties of materials mostly utilize step or needle electrical pulses of constant amplitudes and shapes. Our novel approach enables determining the dielectric relaxation time of a sample using the analysis of the amplitudes of reflected pulses of two widths, in addition to bulk dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity commonly obtained by the TDR technique. The method was developed for various values of electrical conductivity and relaxation time using numerical simulations of a five-rod probe placed in a material with complex dielectric permittivity described by the Debye model with an added electrical conductivity term. The characterization of amplitudes of two pulses of selected widths was done with regard to the dielectric parameters of simulated materials. The required probe parameters were obtained solely from numerical simulations. Verification was performed for the probe placed in aqueous KCl solutions with 14 different electrical conductivity values. The determined relaxation time remained roughly constant and independent of electrical conductivity. The obtained electrical conductivity agreed with the reference values. Our results indicate that the relaxation time, dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of the tested solutions can be simultaneously determined using a simple analysis of the amplitude and reflection time of two needle pulses of different widths.
Using Finite Element and Eigenmode Expansion Methods to Investigate the Periodic and Spectral Characteristic of Superstructure Fiber Bragg Gratings
Authors: He Yue-Jing , Hung Wei-Chih , Lai Zhe-Ping
Published: February 2016

In this study, a numerical simulation method was employed to investigate and analyze superstructure fiber Bragg gratings (SFBGs) with five duty cycles (50%, 33.33%, 14.28%, 12.5%, and 10%). This study focuses on demonstrating the relevance between design period and spectral characteristics of SFBGs (in the form of graphics) for SFBGs of all duty cycles. Compared with complicated and hard-to-learn conventional coupled-mode theory, the result of the present study may assist beginner and expert designers in understanding the basic application aspects, optical characteristics, and design techniques of SFBGs, thereby indirectly lowering the physical concepts and mathematical skills required for entering the design field. To effectively improve the accuracy of overall computational performance and numerical calculations and to shorten the gap between simulation results and actual production, this study integrated a perfectly matched layer (PML), perfectly reflecting boundary (PRB), object meshing method (OMM), and boundary meshing method (BMM) into the finite element method (FEM) and eigenmode expansion method (EEM). The integrated method enables designers to easily and flexibly design optical fiber communication systems that conform to the specific spectral characteristic by using the simulation data in this paper, which includes bandwidth, number of channels, and band gap size.
Definition of an Enhanced Map-Matching Algorithm for Urban Environments with Poor GNSS Signal Quality
Authors: Jiménez Felipe , Monzón Sergio , Naranjo Jose
Published: February 2016

Vehicle positioning is a key factor for numerous information and assistance applications that are included in vehicles and for which satellite positioning is mainly used. However, this positioning process can result in errors and lead to measurement uncertainties. These errors come mainly from two sources: errors and simplifications of digital maps and errors in locating the vehicle. From that inaccurate data, the task of assigning the vehicle’s location to a link on the digital map at every instant is carried out by map-matching algorithms. These algorithms have been developed to fulfil that need and attempt to amend these errors to offer the user a suitable positioning. In this research; an algorithm is developed that attempts to solve the errors in positioning when the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal reception is frequently lost. The algorithm has been tested with satisfactory results in a complex urban environment of narrow streets and tall buildings where errors and signal reception losses of the GPS receiver are frequent.
Validity of the Kinect for Gait Assessment: A Focused Review
Authors: Springer Shmuel , Yogev Seligmann Galit
Published: February 2016

Gait analysis may enhance clinical practice. However, its use is limited due to the need for expensive equipment which is not always available in clinical settings. Recent evidence suggests that Microsoft Kinect may provide a low cost gait analysis method. The purpose of this report is to critically evaluate the literature describing the concurrent validity of using the Kinect as a gait analysis instrument. An online search of PubMed, CINAHL, and ProQuest databases was performed. Included were studies in which walking was assessed with the Kinect and another gold standard device, and consisted of at least one numerical finding of spatiotemporal or kinematic measures. Our search identified 366 papers, from which 12 relevant studies were retrieved. The results demonstrate that the Kinect is valid only for some spatiotemporal gait parameters. Although the kinematic parameters measured by the Kinect followed the trend of the joint trajectories, they showed poor validity and large errors. In conclusion, the Kinect may have the potential to be used as a tool for measuring spatiotemporal aspects of gait, yet standardized methods should be established, and future examinations with both healthy subjects and clinical participants are required in order to integrate the Kinect as a clinical gait analysis tool.
A Complete Optical Sensor System Based on a POF-SPR Platform and a Thermo-Stabilized Flow Cell for Biochemical Applications
Authors: Cennamo Nunzio , Chiavaioli Francesco , Trono Cosimo , Tombelli Sara , Giannetti Ambra , Baldini Francesco , Zeni Luigi
Published: February 2016

An optical sensor platform based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in a plastic optical fiber (POF) integrated into a thermo-stabilized flow cell for biochemical sensing applications is proposed. This device has been realized and experimentally tested by using a classic receptor-analyte assay. For this purpose, the gold surface of the POF was chemically modified through the formation of a self-assembling monolayer. The surface robustness of the POF-SPR platform has been tested for the first time thanks to the flow cell. The experimental results show that the proposed device can be successfully used for label-free biochemical sensing. The final goal of this work is to achieve a complete, small-size, simple to use and low cost optical sensor system. The whole system with the flow cell and the optical sensor are extensively described, together with the experimental results obtained with an immunoglobulin G (IgG)/anti-IgG assay.
Active C4 Electrodes for Local Field Potential Recording Applications
Authors: Wang Lu , Freedman David , Sahin Mesut , Ünlü M. , Knepper Ronald
Published: February 2016

Extracellular neural recording, with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), is a powerful method used to study neural function at the network level. However, in a high density array, it can be costly and time consuming to integrate the active circuit with the expensive electrodes. In this paper, we present a 4 mm × 4 mm neural recording integrated circuit (IC) chip, utilizing IBM C4 bumps as recording electrodes, which enable a seamless active chip and electrode integration. The IC chip was designed and fabricated in a 0.13 μm BiCMOS process for both in vitro and in vivo applications. It has an input-referred noise of 4.6 μV rms for the bandwidth of 10 Hz to 10 kHz and a power dissipation of 11.25 mW at 2.5 V, or 43.9 μW per input channel. This prototype is scalable for implementing larger number and higher density electrode arrays. To validate the functionality of the chip, electrical testing results and acute in vivo recordings from a rat barrel cortex are presented.
Investigation of Interference Models for RFID Systems
Authors: Zhang Linchao , Ferrero Renato , Gandino Filippo , Rebaudengo Maurizio
Published: February 2016

The reader-to-reader collision in an RFID system is a challenging problem for communications technology. In order to model the interference between RFID readers, different interference models have been proposed, mainly based on two approaches: single and additive interference. The former only considers the interference from one reader within a certain range, whereas the latter takes into account the sum of all of the simultaneous interferences in order to emulate a more realistic behavior. Although the difference between the two approaches has been theoretically analyzed in previous research, their effects on the estimated performance of the reader-to-reader anti-collision protocols have not yet been investigated. In this paper, the influence of the interference model on the anti-collision protocols is studied by simulating a representative state-of-the-art protocol. The results presented in this paper highlight that the use of additive models, although more computationally intensive, is mandatory to improve the performance of anti-collision protocols.
Cities and Systemic Change for Sustainability: Prevailing Epistemologies and an Emerging Research Agenda
Authors: Wolfram Marc , Frantzeskaki Niki
Published: February 2016

Cities are key for sustainability and the radical systemic changes required to enable equitable human development within planetary boundaries. Their particular role in this regard has become the subject of an emerging and highly interdisciplinary scientific debate. Drawing on a qualitative literature review, this paper identifies and scrutinizes the principal fields involved, asking for their respective normative orientation, interdisciplinary constitution, theories and methods used, and empirical basis to provide orientations for future research. It recognizes four salient research epistemologies, each focusing on a distinct combination of drivers of change: (A) transforming urban metabolisms and political ecologies; (B) configuring urban innovation systems for green economies; (C) building adaptive urban communities and ecosystems; and (D) empowering urban grassroots niches and social innovation. The findings suggest that future research directed at cities and systemic change towards sustainability should (1) explore interrelations between the above epistemologies, using relational geography and governance theory as boundary areas; (2) conceive of cities as places shaped by and shaping interactions between multiple socio-technical and social-ecological systems; (3) focus on agency across systems and drivers of change, and develop corresponding approaches for intervention and experimentation; and (4) rebalance the empirical basis and methods employed, strengthening transdisciplinarity in particular.
Art et littérature : sur la description de quelques toiles peintes dans deux textes hennuyers du XIVe siècle
Authors: Van Coolput Colette-Anne , Vandenbroeck Paul
Published: February 2016

In twee 14 de-eeuwse literaire teksten, het romanepos «Baudouin de Sebourc» en de Arthurroman «Meliador» van Froissart is uitvoerig sprake van schilderijen op doek. Wat de auteurs ons aan technische gegevens meedelen wordt in dit artikel getoetst aan andere bronnen (kunst, geschiedenis, ekonomie), wat toelaat de waarde van het verslag te onderzoeken. Het heeft er de schijn van dat het om een getrouwe beschrijving van toen gebruikte technieken gaat en dat er een internationale handel in beschilderde, opgerolde en zo gemakkelijk te versturen doeken bestond. Verder blijkt nog dat de kunstenaars deze doeken het uitzicht van een werk op paneel wilden geven, door er vernis en misschien zelfs een glacis op aan te brongen.
Le mithraeum de Biesheim-Kunheim (Haut-Rhin)
Authors: Kern E.
Published: February 2016

De modelopgravingen tussen 1976 en 1979 hebben het belang van de galloromeinse vicus tussen Bies- cheim en Kunheim (Haut-Rhin) aan het licht gebracht. Men kan hem voortaan beschouwen als een belan- grijke plaats op de Itineraria, misschien Argentovaria. Het Mithraeum lag in het oosten van de agglomera- tie, voor zover die gekend is, en was noord-zuid georienteerd.

Het heiligdom bestond uit een spelaeum en een apparatorium onder een dak. Naderhand werd een pro- naos tegen de gevel aangebouwd. Via twee treden daalde men af in het apparatorium ; een doorgang in asrichting veerde naar het spelaeum, waar de gemetselde zijbanken licht naar de muur toe overhelden. Enkele fragmenten in oolithische kalksteen afkomstig van een Mithrasrelief dat in de exedra in de muur naar het noorden aangebracht was, werden in het afbraakmateriaal teruggevonden, met andere stukken skulptuur, een krater met krullen in zegelaarde en verschilende keramiekvazen met Mithrastaferelen. Eve- nals in andere mithraca in de streek-Mackwiller en Sarrebourg — heeft men hier veel geldstukken gevon- den, met als terminus postquem de tijd van de verwoesting van het heiligdom helemaal op het einde van de 4de eeuw.

Bij récente opgravingen heeft men niet ver van het mithraeum van Straatsburg-Koenigshoffen in een gedempte waterput een fragment van een relief gevonden met Jupiter Dolichenus, Nike en twee stieren.
Recherches archéologiques à Bavay, X-XI
Authors: Hanoune Roger , Muller Arthur
Published: February 2016

La campagne 1991 dans l'angle nord-est de la basilique civile du forum de Bavay a permis de mieux discerner les particularités propres à chacun des trois états de l'édifice (désormais dits «jaune» ou «rose» d'après la couleur du mortier de la maçonnerie, puis «tricolore» d'après la couleur des matériaux de l'état récent) : les trois édifices ont eu, à peu de choses près, la même emprise au sol, mais avec des différences notables dans le plan (organisation des piliers de la nef centrale, profondeur des pièces orientales) ; le troisième état, d'ailleurs resté inachevé, a dû prévoir des modifications très importantes de l'élévation du bâtiment. D'autre part on a procédé au redégagement des fouilles anciennes de la partie nord-ouest de la façade de la basilique (caves de l'annexe de l'ancien Hôtel du Faisan).
Bavay aux XIVe-XVe siècles
Authors: Pavot Catherine
Published: February 2016

Bavay était une ville moyenne, relativement peu étendue et ne possédant ni beffroi, ni hôtel de ville, qui rayonnait sur son plat pays environnant. En effet, il s'agissait d'une ville fortifiée, avec un fossé et des remparts qui s'ouvraient en trois endroits sur les sept grandes voies militaires d'origine gallo-romaine. La forteresse, située à l'ouest de la ville sur l'emplacement de l'ancien forum, renfermait un donjon. Bavay était également une ville commerçante. Une rue principale, la Franche Rue, qui traversait l'espace intra- muros d'est en ouest, était réservée aux bourgeois qui seuls avaient le droit de tenir boutique. On y trouvait aussi une halle cumulant les fonctions d'entrepôt et de marché. Les autres quartiers résidentiels, occupés par les «manants» étaient surtout localisés dans la partie sud-est de la ville. Notons enfin que Bavay possédait, outre son église paroissiale, un Hôtel-Dieu ainsi que l'hôpital Saint-Maur érigé en 1425 et sa chapelle en 1429-
La cave gallo-romaine de Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt (Pas-de-Calais)
Authors: Machut Robert , Tuffreau-Libre Marie
Published: February 2016

In de Gallo-Romeinse kelder te Graincourt-les-Havrincourt (Pas-de-Calais) ten zuldwesten van Cambrai, werden opgravingen gedaan in 1971 en 1972. De goed bewaarde kelder is een verzorgd bouwwerk dat deel uitmaakte van een rurale villa. In het zeer homogène vulmateriaal vond men geldstukken, "voorwerpen in been, brons en keramiek, te dateren in het begin van de Ve eeuw, toen de villa waarschijnlijk verwoest werd en de kelder opevuld.
L'étude des moulins à vent médiévaux : nouvelles pistes
Authors: Coutant Yves
Published: February 2016

Yves Coûtant, L'étude des moulins à vent médiévaux : nouvelles pistes.

L'étude détaillée des comptes de réparations se rapportant aux moulins à vent flamands des XIVe et XVe siècles révèle non seulement une parenté avec les moulins anglais et normands mais aussi une incontestable originalité. En Flandre, ces deux siècles furent capitaux pour le perfectionnement du moulin à vent. Le socle, qui était encore enterré comme en Angleterre, commence à être dressé sur des piliers maçonnés ; le frein à appui cède la place au frein moderne, que les meuniers qualifient encore de «flamand» ; les vergues et le lattis des volants deviennent plus performants. D'autre part, certains aspects plus désuets du moulin à vent méritent d'être approfondis : faux-liens du socle, vantail pour l'évacuation des eaux de pluie, etc.

Le moulin-tour dont la calotte s'oriente au moyen d'une queue, apparaît en Flandre française dès le XIVe siècle. Il serait antérieur au moulin normand, qui en est une copie conforme avec sa queue à trois branches pourvue d'une roue d'appui.
II y a cent ans, une société de concerts à Lille : l'Orchestre et Chœurs d'Amateurs (1887-1910)
Authors: Gosselin Guy
Published: February 2016

L'article étudie l'organisation et le rôle d'une des principales sociétés de musique durant l'âge d'or de la vie symphonique lilloise. Il comprend quatre parties :

- Histoire de la Société depuis les premiers concerts privés en 1887, jusqu'aux trois dernières années (1908-1910), durant lesquelles Mme Maquet prit la tête de l'orchestre.

- Position de celle-ci au sein du tissu social lillois : origines confessionnelles, fonctionnement autocratique...

- Sa réussite musicale.

- Incidences musicologiques de cette réussite, notamment en ce qui concerne la connaissance de l'œuvre de Wagner et le rôle de diffusion essentiel du répertoire savant.
Un leadership industriel en Zone Interdite : La Société des Mines de Lens et le Comité d'Organisation sous Vichy
Authors: Kourchid Olivier
Published: February 2016

L'article examine les structurations de l'industrie houillère sous l'Occupation en France et particulièrement dans le Nord/Pas-de-Calais, première région de production. Après avoir situé les points forts de la rationalisation industrielle sous Vichy, de l'autonomie de l'Etat français, et des options économiques de la Résistance et de la technocratie des Comités d'Organisation, entre dirigisme et libéralisme, l'auteur montre comment la réorganisation de l'industrie houillère par le CO. des Industries des combustibles et minéraux solides s'appuie d'abord sur l'hégémonie régionale et nationale de la Société des Mines de Lens, et de son directeur général. L'étape suivante installe le pouvoir de l'ingénieur en chef d'arrondissement, sous le contrôle allemand, et aux dépens des identités économiques précédentes et préfigure sous l'autorité du Corps des Mines, l'intégration des nationalisations.
La législation coutumière audomaroise
Authors: Renaut Marie-Hélène
Published: February 2016

Van het einde van de xne eeuw af heeft Sint-Omaars zijn eigen gewoonterecht. Deze lokale gebruiken worden pas in 1743 door de koning «gedecreteerd en geho- mologeerd» na een laatste hervorming en redactie van de gebruiken van stad en baljuwschap. Het lokale recht wordt dan onder staatstoezicht geplaatst, maar blijft op het gebied van het privaatrecht origineel, Zo blijft het successierecht de stempel dragen van de Vlaamse gebruiken, zelfs al is er enige invloed in de zin van een minder strikte wetgeving, van Parijs. Het huwelijksrecht steunt op gebruiken in Frankrijk, Artesië en Vlaanderen. Het zo vastegelegde gebruik bewijst dat er een zekere aanpassing was aan meer moderne criteria, maar de de Vlaamse invloed blijft zeer sterk, en dat tot aan het einde van het Ancien Régime, zodat men dit recht moeilijk in een preciese classificatie kan onderbrengen.
Martin Barré : tableaux «90-91» et «91»
Authors: Stalter Marcel-André
Published: February 2016

Sedert 1990 heeft Martin Barré twee reeksen schilderijen gemaakt die in Nîmes (14 schilderijen «90-91») en in Lyon («91») tentoongesteld werden. Het vierkant formaat (125 x 125 cm) van de eerste reeks verwijst naar het vierkant van Malevitsj van voor 1914. De tweede reeks hestaat uit steeds langer wordende rechthoeken. De gekleurde vierhoeken op de werken zijn vooral geel in de reeks «91-91» en rood voor «91». De interactie tussen kleur en ruimte zorgt voor een eigen dynamiek in elk werk dat deel uitmaakt van een groep van 3 à 4 werken met hetzelfde formaat, de afscheiding tussen kleurvlak en ruimte is op een verschillende manier behandeld in elke reeks. Doze unitaire opvatting van het doek en het optisch gevoel geven sedert de jaren '50 aan het werk van Barré een aparté dimensie waarin men de erfenis vindt van de abstractie die in het begin van onze eeuw ontstaan is en van de klassicke schilderkunst met haar zorg voor harmonie en innerlijke eenhlied.
Roubaix, rue du Grand-Chemin, 1890- 1920
Authors: Pelletier Antoine
Published: February 2016

Als beroepshistoricus heeft Antoine Pelletier zijn Joophaan Willen afsluiten met een geschiedenis vol eenvoud en zekerheid, die van zijn familie, veeleer dan zich te wijden aan een al te problematisch werk over grote figuren of gevallen. In «Autrement qu'ainsi» (Paris, Quinquette, 1991) vertelt hij zijn jeugd en die van zijn broers voor en na de tweede wereldoorlog. Het volgende uittreksel uit het te verschijnen «D'une terre, l'autre» handelt over zijn familiel in Roubaix langs moederszijde tij- dens de période die men «la belle époque» zou willen noemen, had ze niet naar de eerste wereldoorlog geleid : de geschiedenis van de familie van een self-mademan, die wolhandelaar wordt, in een norden dat welvarend is, waar de burgerij triomfeert en de mensen kwetsbaar zijn.
Révolution et guerre de conquête. Les origines d'une nouvelle raison d'État (1789-1795)
Authors: Leuwers Hervé
Published: February 2016

Dans l'analyse de la politique extérieure de la France révolutionnaire, l'historiographie insiste sur la rupture de l'an III qui consacrerait l'abandon définitif du droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes, et l'établissement d'un prénationalisme sans aucune parenté avec les principes proclamés par l'Assemblée constituante. A trop vouloir insister sur l'originalité de 1795, l'on risque cependant de sous-estimer les éléments de continuité, probablement moins négligeables qu'on paraît habituellement le penser. Dans le parcours de Merlin de Douai, l'un des théoriciens du droit des peuples, l'on s'aperçoit ainsi que la rupture essentielle ne se situe ni en l'an III, ni même en 1792, mais dès l'année 1790. Bien avant la guerre, Merlin sacrifie parfois ses principes à une nouvelle raison d'Etat, proprement nationale, qui annonçait déjà le pré-nationalisme thermidorien. Ainsi, dès l'Assemblée constituante, les Patriotes n'auraient été unis qu'en apparence autour du droit à l'autodétermination des peuples ; une fraction du mouvement, où l'on reconnaît Merlin, Sieyès et Rewbell, refusaient déjà de sacrifier les intérêts de la France à ceux de l'humanité.
Le siège de Lille en 1792
Authors: Rocolle Pierre
Published: February 2016

Sommige auteurs hebben het versterkte kamp in La Madeleine toegschre- ven aan Marescot, toekomstig inspecteur-generaal van het genie en rijkssgraaf toen hij kapitein te Rijsel was in het jaar II.

Deze toeschrijving dateert van een eeuw na de feiten en komt voort uit de verwarring met een nooit uitgevoerd projekt van een versterkt kamp in de wijk 'des Malades' ten zuidwesten van de versterking van Rijsel.
La mobilisation économique des Audomarois sous la Terreur
Authors: Lancelin Michel
Published: February 2016

De bloedtaks was in Sint-Omaars, zoals elders in Frankrijk, zeer impopu- lair. Het was niet de enige last die de Convention de bevolking oplegde ten tijde van het Schrikbewind. De oorlog bracht heel wat opeisingen mee : karren en bijlanders voor de slag om Duinkerke. Na de overwinning te Hondschoote moesten de zieken vorzorgd worden en onderdak krijgen. Wat later ging het om een echte ekonomische mobilisatie voor het legermateriaal en de fabricatie van wapens. De voornaamste inspannig werd gevraagd voor de «slag om het buskruit» die overigens gewonnen werd. De burgerbevolking werd zwaar gebrandschat. Dat was misschien de prijs van de vrijheid. Een vrijheid die duur betaald werd.
Le recyclage des archives pour la fabrication des gargousses en l'An II
Authors: Delsalle Paul
Published: February 2016

Les archives ont été détruites en masse pendant la Révolution française, pas seulement pour des motifs idéologiques mais surtout pour les besoins de l'armée. La loi du 7 messidor an II a provoqué un gigantesque mouvement d'anéantissement du patrimoine archivistique français.

A l'aide des parchemins et des vieux papiers, on fabriquait des gargousses (sorte d'étuis pour contenir des charges de poudre de fusil ou de canon) pour les soldats de l'an IL Les réquisitions d'archives publiques ou privées ont été nombreuses dans les provinces frontalières. Des ordres très précis de perquisition et de réquisition ont été donnés par les autorités gouvernementales et militaires. Certaines municipalités ont fait preuve d'un zèle patriotique tout à fait particulier.

L'auteur fournit quelques exemples, en particulier dans les départements du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais. Il propose surtout une vaste enquête nationale pour mesurer l'ampleur de ces opérations de recyclage.
Un défenseur des hôpitaux militaires : Jean- François Coste
Authors: Trénard Louis
Published: February 2016

Originating in Bugey, this physician, a friend of Voltaire's, begins his career in the Nancy military hospital in 1772 where he completes his training. After denouncing malversations, Coste is transferred to Calais, then in 1780, appointed as physician with the expeditionary corps placed under the orders of Rochambeau. On the eastern coast of America, he created military hospi- tais, inoculates the soldiers, takes care of the civilian populations as well as of the military personnel, of the Americans as well as of the English.

Back to Calais, he is appointed as inspector of the Medical Corps in the northern regions. It is then that the Minister of War considers abolishing the military hospitals and replacing them by regimental infirmaries. Coste's reaction is immediate and he demonstrates the usefulness of military hospitals.

After the Terror, he resumes his military activity as Surgeon General of the armies' Medical Corps, takes part in the campaigns of the Consulate and of the Empire in which he readily asserts his demands, an attitude which makes him fall into a relative disfavour in 1807. He finishes his career as surgeon of the «Invalides» in 1819.
Influence of Immunogenicity of Allogeneic Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Wu Jingguo , Wang Qian , Fu Xin , Wu Xiaowei , Gu Congmin , Bi Jianhai , Xie Fangnan , Kang Ning , Liu Xia , Yan Li , Cao Yilin , Xiao Ran
Published: February 2016

Allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (allo-BMSC)-based tissue-engineered bone (TEB) has great potential for bone defect repair. However, the immunogenicities and biological roles of allo-BMSCs are still controversial. In this study, we established an animal model of critical-sized mandibular defect in beagle dogs and compared the repairing effects of allo-BMSC-based TEB with autogenic BMSC (auto-BMSC)-based TEB without the administration of immunosuppressants. During the first 2 weeks postimplantation, a transient immune response in the allo-BMSC group was detected with an increase in proinflammation cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2, a declination of anti-inflammation cytokine IL-10, and an increase in percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets in peripheral blood. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in bone union achievement, bone mineral density, and biomechanical properties between the two groups at 12 and 24 weeks postimplantation. Further subcutaneous implantation of allo-BMSCs/scaffold also exhibited the similar transient immune responses in the first 2 weeks postimplantation but followed by a decreased bone formation at 4 and 8 weeks postimplantation. These findings indicate that allo-BMSCs can induce a transient immunoreaction, which may temporally delay the osteogenesis of allo-BMSC/scaffold complex in early stage of in vivo implantation, whereas the long-term engineered bone formation was not affected.
Human Serum versus Human Serum Albumin Supplementation in Human Islet Pretransplantation Culture: In Vitro and in Vivo Assessment
Authors: Nacher Montserrat , Estil·Les Elisabet , Garcia Ainhoa , Nadal Belen , Pairó Mar , Garcia Cristofer , Secanella Lluís , Novial Anna , Montanya Eduard
Published: February 2016

There is conflicting evidence favoring both the use of human serum (HS) and of human serum albumin (HSA) in human islet culture. We evaluated the effects of HS versus HSA supplementation on 1) in vitro β-cell viability and function and 2) in vivo islet graft revascularization, islet viability, β-cell death, and metabolic outcome after transplantation. Islets isolated from 14 cadaveric organ donors were cultured for 3 days in CMRL 1066 medium supplemented with HS or HSA. After 3 days in culture, β-cell apoptosis was lower in HS group (1.41 ± 0.27 vs. 2.38 ± 0.39%, p = 0.029), and the recovery of islets was 77 ± 11% and 54 ± 1% in HS- and HSA-cultured groups, respectively. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was higher in HS group (29.4, range 10.4-99.9, vs. 22.3, range 8.7-70.6, p = 0.031). In vivo viability and revascularization was determined in HS-and HSA-cultured islets transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye of Balb/c mice ( n = 14), and β-cell apoptosis in paraffin-embedded mouse eyes. Islet viability and β-cell apoptosis were similar in both groups. Revascularization was observed in one graft (HS group) on day 10 after transplantation. Islet function was determined in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic nude mice ( n = 33) transplanted with 2,000 IEQs cultured with HS or HSA that showed similar blood glucose levels and percentage of normoglycemic animals over time. In conclusion, human islets cultured in medium supplemented with HS showed higher survival in vitro, as well as islet viability and function. The higher in vitro survival increased the number of islets available for transplantation. However, the beneficial effect on viability and function did not translate into an improved metabolic evolution when a similar number of HSA- and HS-cultured islets was transplanted.
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Diabetic Neuropathy by Direct Modulation of Both Angiogenesis and Myelination in Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Han Ji Woong , Choi Dabin , Lee Min Young , Huh Yang Hoon , Yoon Young-Sup
Published: February 2016

Recent evidence has suggested that diabetic neuropathy (DN) is pathophysiologically related to both impaired angiogenesis and a deficiency of neurotrophic factors in the nerves. It is widely known that vascular and neural growths are intimately associated. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote angiogenesis in ischemic diseases and have neuroprotective effects, particularly on Schwann cells. Accordingly, we investigated whether DN could be improved by local transplantation of MSCs by augmenting angiogenesis and neural regeneration such as remyelination. In sciatic nerves of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) and capillary density were reduced, and axonal atrophy and demyelination were observed. After injection of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) into hindlimb muscles, NCVs were restored to near-normal levels. Histological examination demonstrated that injected MSCs were preferentially and durably engrafted in the sciatic nerves, and a portion of the engrafted MSCs were distinctively localized close to vasa nervora of sciatic nerves. Furthermore, vasa nervora increased in density, and the ultrastructure of myelinated fibers in nerves was observed to be restored. Real-time RT-PCR experiments showed that gene expression of multiple factors involved in angiogenesis, neural function, and myelination were increased in the MSC-injected nerves. These findings suggest that MSC transplantation improved DN through direct peripheral nerve angiogenesis, neurotrophic effects, and restoration of myelination.
Investigation of Transcriptional Gene Profiling in Normal Murine Hair Follicular Substructures Using Next-Generation Sequencing to Provide Potential Insights into Skin Disease
Authors: Lee Jaein , Lee Kang-In , Chung Hyung Min
Published: February 2016

Skin diseases, including hair-related diseases and neoplasia, are a major public health problem. While their prevalence is increasing, their treatment options are limited. Researchers have tried to investigate the genes and signal pathways underlying hair follicles (HFs) to develop genetically targeted therapies through microarrays, which represent an appropriate modality for the analysis of small genomes. To enable the comprehensive transcriptome analysis of large and/or complex transcriptomes, we performed RNA-seq using next-generation sequencing (NGS). We isolated interfollicular keratinocytes (IFKs), HFs, and dermal fibroblasts including dermal papilla cells (DFs-DPCs) from normal C57BL/6 murine skin, transplanted combinations of these samples into nude mice, and followed the mice over time. Sustained hair growth was supported by HFs and DFs-DPCs. We then investigated the pathways and the relevant gene ontology associated with any identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In addition, in the culture and flow cytometry (FCM), the HFs had a more quiescent cell cycle pattern than did the IFKs and DFs-DPCs. Therefore, the representative cell cycle-related gene expression of IFKs, HFs, and DFs-DPCswas analyzed by NGS. Our study will allow researchers to further investigate the potential interactions and signaling pathways that are active in HF-related diseases and cancer and may aid in future bioengineering applications.
Porcine Islet-Specific Tolerance Induced by the Combination of Anti-LFA-1 and Anti-CD154 mAbs is Dependent on PD-1
Authors: Arefanian Hossein , Tredget Eric B. , Mok Dereck C. M. , Ramji Qahir , Rafati Shahin , Rodriguez-Barbosa Jose , Korbutt Gregory S. , Rajotte Ray V. , Gill Ron G. , Rayat Gina R.
Published: February 2016

We previously demonstrated that short-term administration of a combination of anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induces tolerance to neonatal porcine islet (NPI) xenografts that is mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) in B6 mice. In this study, we examined whether the coinhibitory molecule PD-1 is required for the induction and maintenance of tolerance to NPI xenografts. We also determined whether tolerance to NPI xenografts could be extended to allogeneic mouse or xenogeneic rat islet grafts since we previously demonstrated that tolerance to NPI xenografts could be extended to second-party NPI xenografts. Finally, we determined whether tolerance to NPI xenografts could be extended to allogeneic mouse or second-party porcine skin grafts. Diabetic B6 mice were transplanted with 2,000 NPIs under the kidney capsule and treated with short-term administration of a combination of anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAbs. Some of these mice were also treated simultaneously with anti-PD-1 mAb at >150 days posttransplantation. Spleen cells from some of the tolerant B6 mice were used for proliferation assays or were injected into B6 rag-/-mice with established islet grafts from allogeneic or xenogeneic donors. All B6 mice treated with anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAbs achieved and maintained normoglycemia until the end of the study; however, some mice that were treated with anti-PD-1 mAb became diabetic. All B6 rag-/-mouse recipients of first- and second-party NPIs maintained normoglycemia after reconstitution with spleen cells from tolerant B6 mice, while all B6 rag-/-mouse recipients of allogeneic mouse or xenogeneic rat islets rejected their grafts after cell reconstitution. Tolerant B6 mice rejected their allogeneic mouse or xenogeneic second-party porcine skin grafts while remaining normoglycemic until the end of the study. These results show that porcine islet-specific tolerance is dependent on PD-1, which could not be extended to skin grafts.
Stability Enhancement Using Hyaluronic Acid Gels for Delivery of Human Fetal Progenitor Tenocytes
Authors: Grognuz A. , Scaletta C. , Farron A. , Pioletti D. P. , Raffoul W. , Applegate L. A.
Published: February 2016

Tendon afflictions are very common, and their negative impact is high both at the workplace and in leisure activities. Tendinopathies are increasing in prevalence and can lead to tendon ruptures, where healing is a long process with outcomes that are often disappointing. Human fetal progenitor tenocytes (hFPTs) have been recently tested in vitro as a potential cell source to stimulate tendon regeneration. The aim of the present study was to compare different commercial hyaluronic acid (HA) gels, which could be used to resuspend hFPTs in a formulation that would allow for good delivery of the cells. No medium or growth supplement was used in the formulation in order to make it therapeutically dispensable. These conditions are stringent for cells, but surprisingly, we found that different formulations could allow a good survival for up to 3 days when stored at 4°C (refrigerator stable). The gels must allow a good survival of the cells in parallel with a good stability of the preparation over time and sufficient viscosity to remain in place if deposited on a wounded location. Moreover, the cells must conserve their ability to attach and to proliferate. hFPTs were able to survive and to recover from all of the tested gels, but some products showed some advantages over others in terms of survival and viscosity. Finally, the Ostenil Tendon HA gel fulfilled all of the requirements and presented the best compromise between a good survival and sufficient rheological characteristics to create an interesting cell delivery system.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE VERY-LOW-MASS SECONDARY IN THE GJ 660.1AB SYSTEM
Authors: Aganze Christian , Burgasser Adam J. , Faherty Jacqueline K. , Choban Caleb , Escala Ivanna , Lopez Mike A. , Jin Yuhui , Tamiya Tomoki , Tallis Melisa , Rockward Willie
Published: February 2016

We present a spectroscopic analysis of the low-mass binary star system GJ 660.1AB, a pair of nearby M dwarfs for which we have obtained separated near-infrared spectra (0.9–2.5 μm) with the SpeX spectrograph. The spectrum of GJ 660.1B is distinctly peculiar, with a triangular-shaped 1.7 μm peak that initially suggests that it is a low-surface-gravity, young brown dwarf. However, we rule out this hypothesis and determine instead that this companion is a mild subdwarf (d/sdM7) based on the subsolar metallicity of the primary, [Fe/H] = −0.63 ± 0.06. Comparison of the near-infrared spectrum of GJ 660.1B to two sets of spectral models yields conflicting results, with a common effective temperature of T
eff = 2550–2650 K, but alternately low surface gravity (

=

) and very low metallicity ([M/H] =

), or high surface gravity (

= 5.0–5.5) and slightly subsolar metallicity ([M/H] =

). We conjecture that insufficient condensate opacity and excessive collision-induced H2 absorption in the models bias them toward low surface gravities and a metallicity that is inconsistent with the primary and points toward improvements needed in the spectral modeling of metal-poor, very-low-mass dwarfs. The peculiar spectral characteristics of GJ 660.1B emphasize that care is needed when interpreting surface gravity features in the spectra of ultracool dwarfs.