bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flat pebbles and their edge‐wise fabric in relation to 2‐D microbial mat
Authors: Sarkar Subir , Choudhuri Adrita , Mandal Sabyasachi , Bose Pradip K.
Published: September 2018

Flat pebbles and edge‐wise fabric in the Mesoproterozoic Rohtas Limestone Formation (RLF) and the Chikkshelikere Limestone Member (CLM), India, generate a new insight into their formation. Simple stacks of alternating dark micritic and light‐coloured microsparite planar layers in the targeted sedimentary successions manifest a low‐energy depositional background, disturbed only occasionally by weak storms. While the dark layers are homogeneous, light‐coloured layers are generally planar, wavy ripple laminated, and bear frequent load casts. The dark layers often display varieties of 2‐D microbial mat structures little known from carbonate formations. In compliance with their identity, they are comparatively enriched in carbon, a large part of which is organic and kerogen. The said structures with their intrinsic deformations indicate delayed cementation. Notwithstanding delayed cementation, the flat clasts in these formations are readily traceable to the dark laminae possibly because of early acquisition of their selective cohesiveness. Resultant stress led to brittle deformation in the mat layers, while the light‐coloured layers underwent ductile deformation. All the studied breccias bodies are in situ, but this fact does not preclude either the possibility of reworking of the clasts while exposed to high‐energy current or generation of intraclasts by high‐energy currents eroding the depositional surface.
Therapeutic targeting of PFKFB3 with a novel glycolytic inhibitor PFK158 promotes lipophagy and chemosensitivity in gynecologic cancers
Authors: Mondal Susmita , Roy Debarshi , Sarkar Bhattacharya Sayantani , Jin Ling , Jung Deokbeom , Zhang Song , Kalogera Eleftheria , Staub Julie , Wang Yaxian , Xuyang Wen , Khurana Ashwani , Chien Jeremey , Telang Sucheta , Chesney Jason , Tapolsky Gilles , Petras Dzeja , Shridhar Viji
Published: September 2018

Metabolic alterations are increasingly recognized as important novel anti‐cancer targets. Among several regulators of metabolic alterations, fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (F2,6BP) is a critical glycolytic regulator. Inhibition of the active form of PFKFB3ser461 using a novel inhibitor, PFK158 resulted in reduced glucose uptake, ATP production, lactate release as well as induction of apoptosis in gynecologic cancer cells. Moreover, we found that PFK158 synergizes with carboplatin (CBPt) and paclitaxel (PTX) in the chemoresistant cell lines, C13 and HeyA8MDR but not in their chemosensitive counterparts, OV2008 and HeyA8, respectively. We determined that PFK158‐induced autophagic flux leads to lipophagy resulting in the downregulation of cPLA2, a lipid droplet (LD) associated protein. Immunofluorescence and co‐immunoprecipitation revealed colocalization of p62/SQSTM1 with cPLA2 in HeyA8MDR cells uncovering a novel pathway for the breakdown of LDs promoted by PFK158. Interestingly, treating the cells with the autophagic inhibitor bafilomycin A reversed the PFK158‐mediated synergy and lipophagy in chemoresistant cells. Finally, in a highly metastatic PTX‐resistant in vivo ovarian mouse model, a combination of PFK158 with CBPt significantly reduced tumor weight and ascites and reduced LDs in tumor tissue as seen by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy compared to untreated mice. Since the majority of cancer patients will eventually recur and develop chemoresistance, our results suggest that PFK158 in combination with standard chemotherapy may have a direct clinical role in the treatment of recurrent cancer.
Clinical outcomes of postpartum intrauterine devices inserted by midwives in Tanzania
Authors: Muganyizi Projestine S. , Kimario Grasiana , Ponsian Patrick , Howard Kate , Sethi Maya , Makins Anita
Published: September 2018

Objective

To assess the rate of complications following immediate postpartum insertion of intrauterine devices (IUDs) by trained midwives in Tanzania.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of women who underwent immediate postpartum IUD (PPIUD) insertions provided by midwives between December 31, 2016 and October 15, 2017. Midwives received standardized training via the FIGO initiative. Women who returned 6 weeks after delivery were evaluated for complications. Outcomes of interest were uterine infection, IUD expulsion, medical removal of IUD, and method discontinuation.

Results

There were 40 470 deliveries, 2347 (5.8%) PPIUD insertions, and 1013 (43.2%) women with a PPIUD who returned for a follow‐up visit in the program‐affiliated clinics. Midwives were providers in 596 (58.8%) of these follow‐up cases and clinicians in 417 (41.2%) cases. All PPIUD insertions by midwives were transvaginal and among them 43 (7.2%) had PPIUD‐related complications by the end of sixth week. These complications included 16 (2.7%) cases of uterine infection, 14 (2.3%) IUD expulsions, 26 (4.4%) IUD removals, and 33 (5.5%) with overall method discontinuation. Only one case had uterine infection severe enough to warrant hospitalization.

Conclusion

PPIUD insertion by trained midwives in Tanzania compares favorably with results reported from other settings.
Why different water models predict different structures under 2D confinement
Authors: Dix James , Lue Leo , Carbone Paola
Published: September 2018

Experiments of nanoconfined water between graphene sheets at high pressure suggest that it forms a square ice structure (Algara‐Siller et al., Nature, 2015, 519, 443). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to attempt to recreate this structure, but there have been discrepancies in the structure formed by the confined water depending on the simulation set‐up that was employed and particularly on the choice of water model. Here, using classical molecular dynamics simulations, we have systematically investigated the effect that three different water models (SPC/E, TIP4P/2005 and TIP5P) have on the structure of water confined between two rigid graphene sheets with a 0.9 nm separation. We show that the TIP4P/2005 and the TIP5P water models form a hexagonal AA‐stacked structure, whereas the SPC/E model forms a rhombic AB‐stacked structure. Our work demonstrates that the formation of these structures is driven by differences in the strength of hydrogen bonds predicted by the three water models, and that the nature of the graphene/water interaction only mildly affects the phase diagram. Considering the available experimental data and first‐principle simulations we conclude that, among the models tested, the TIP4P/2005 and TIP5P force fields are for now the most reliable when simulating water under confinement. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeting dipeptidyl peptidase 8 genes inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion by inhibition of cyclin D1 and MMP2MMP9 signal pathway in cervical cancer
Authors: Chen Yurou , Liu Fulin , Wu Kejia , Wu Wanrong , Wu Hanshu , Zhang Wei
Published: September 2018

Background

DPP8 is a member of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV family, which belongs to the S9b protease subfamily. It regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion during cancer progression.

Methods

To investigate the role of DPP8 in cervical cancer, we examined DPP8 levels in cervical cancer tissues and cells. The localization of DPP8 was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Subsequently, SiHa and HeLa cells were treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐DPP8. We used cell cycle analysis, an 5‐ethyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine assay proliferation assay and a cellular apoptosis assay to determine the effect of DPP8 on the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. We used a Transwell assay to assess the number of transfection cancer cells migrating through the matrix. A real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to analyze the expression of related proteins and to determine the phenotype caused by the depletion or overexpression of DPP8 in cervical cancer cells.

Results

We observed that DPP8 was highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and cells. DPP8 expression was observed in the cytosol and in the perinuclear area, as well as in the nuclei of cervical cancer cells. Notably, when cells were treated with siRNA‐DPP8, the expression of BAX increased, and the expression of cyclin D1, Bcl‐2, MMP2 and MMP9 was downregulated. In cervical cancer cell lines, silencing the expression of DPP8 not only suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of the cervical cancer cells, but also promoted cervical cancer cell apoptosis.

Conclusions

The data obtained in the present study reveal that DPP8 promotes the progression of cervical cancer.
New salicylic acid and pyroglutamic acid conjugated derivatives confer protection to bread wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Mejri Samara , Siah Ali , Abuhaie Cristina‐Maria , Halama Patrice , Magnin‐Robert Maryline , Randoux Béatrice , Reignault Philippe , Rigo Benoît , Ghinet Alina
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

To promote sustainable agriculture and healthy food, research that contributes towards a new generation of eco‐friendly phytosanitary compounds is increasingly encouraged. The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is known for its ability to induce resistance in plants against a wide range of pathogens, whereas pyroglutamic acid (PGA), a constrained analogue of γ‐aminobutyric acid, has never been studied in the context of plant protection.

RESULTS

The present study investigated for the first time the protection efficacy of SA and PGA and five new conjugated derivatives against Zymoseptoria tritici, the main pathogen in wheat crops. SA and four derivatives showed significant disease severity reductions in planta (up to 49%). In vitro assays revealed that some molecules, including SA, displayed a small direct antifungal activity, whereas others, such as PGA, showed no effect. This finding suggests that, especially for molecules without any direct activity, the mode of action relies mainly on the induction of plant resistance.

CONCLUSION

Further investigations are needed to identify the defence pathways involved in plant resistance mechanisms elicited or primed by the molecules. The manufacture of these products was easily achieved on a scale of tens of grams of raw materials, and is easily scalable. The synthetic pathway is simple, short and inexpensive. For all of these reasons, the production of the target molecules is attractive for producers, whereas the prospect of a generation of non‐polluting compounds with lasting efficiency against Z. tritici in wheat comes at a key moment for the sustainability of agriculture. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficacy of administered mesenchymal stem cells in the initiation and co‐ordination of repair processes by resident disc cells in an ovine (Ovis aries) large destabilizing lesion model of experimental disc degeneration
Authors: Shu Cindy C. , Dart Andrew , Bell Robin , Dart Christina , Clarke Elizabeth , Smith Margaret M. , Little Christopher B. , Melrose James
Published: September 2018

Background

Forty percent of low back pain cases are due to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) a reported treatment. We utilized an ovine IVDD model and intradiscal heterologous MSCs to determine therapeutic efficacy at different stages of IVDD.

Methodology

Three nonoperated control (NOC) sheep were used for MSC isolation. In 36 sheep, 6 × 20 mm annular lesions were made at three spinal levels using customized blades/scalpel handles, and IVDD was allowed to develop for 4 weeks in the Early (EA) and late Acute (LA) groups, or 12 weeks in the chronic (EST) group. Lesion IVDs received injections of 10 × 106MSCs or PBS, and after 8 (EA), 22 (LA) or 14 (EST) weeks recuperation the sheep were sacrificed. Longitudinal lateral radiographs were used to determine disc heights. IVD glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline contents were quantified using established methods. An Instron materials testing machine and customized jigs analyzed IVD (range of motion, neutral zone [NZ] and stiffness) in flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. qRTPCR gene profiles of key anabolic and catabolic matrix molecules were undertaken. Toluidine blue and hematoxylin and eosin stained IVD sections were histopathologically scoring by two blinded observers.

Results

IVDD significantly reduced disc heights. MSC treatment restored 95% to 100% of disc height, maximally improved NZ and stiffness in flexion/extension and lateral bending in the EST group, restoring GAG levels. With IVDD qRTPCR demonstrated elevated catabolic gene expression (MMP2/3/9/13, ADAMTS4/5) in the PBS IVDs and expession normalization in MSC‐treated IVDs. Histopathology degeneracy scores were close to levels of NOC IVDs in MSC IVDs but IVDD developed in PBS injected IVDs.

Discussion

Administered MSCs produced recovery in degenerate IVDs, restored disc height, composition, biomechanical properties, down regulated MMPs and fibrosis, strongly supporting the efficacy of MSCs for disc repair.
Does grazing cause land degradation? Evidence from the sandy Ferlo in Northern Senegal
Authors: Rasmussen Kjeld , Brandt Martin , Tong Xiaoye , Hiernaux Pierre , Diouf Abdoul Aziz , Assouma Mohamed Habibou , Tucker Compton J. , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: September 2018

It has been widely asserted that a high grazing pressure has led to a reduction in vegetation production at decadal time scales, implying land degradation, in African drylands, and in the Sahel in particular. We test this hypothesis by analyzing spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation production in the northwestern Ferlo in Senegal. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) patterns, here used to represent vegetation production, were determined on the basis of Earth observation MODIS and PROBA‐V data. Furthermore, woody cover was assessed by very high spatial resolution (VHR) imagery. Because livestock is concentrated around deep wells in the dry season for watering, while for management they concentrate daily around pastoral family settlements or camps all year round, we studied the dependence of NDVI on distance from deep wells and camps. Locations of wells and camps were determined by visual inspection of VHR images. We found that ‘inverse grazing gradients,’ defined as decreasing NDVI/production with increasing distance, dominated both around wells and camps. Further, we found neither decrease nor increase in woody cover with distance to wells. Both positive and negative trends in wet season NDVI over the period 2000–2016 were identified within the study area, yet temporal trends were predominantly positive in proximity to deep wells. Around pastoral camps, positive NDVI trends were generally elevated relative to the regional average. The results question the validity of claims that high grazing pressure causes land degradation at the landscape scale, yet they show that grazing does lead to substantial spatial redistribution of vegetation production.
Ethics and Learning Health Care: The Essential roles of engagement, transparency, and accountability
Authors: Kass Nancy E. , Faden Ruth R.
Published: September 2018

Extraordinary innovation in medicine promises vast improvements to the health of individuals and communities. Yet it is a lost opportunity that data from most medical care is never aggregated or analyzed. Even when data are aggregated and analyzed, most of this “learning” is never translated into improved practice. The Learning Health Care System (LHCS) is a response to both of these challenges. Ethically, the LHCS relies on a foundational understanding between patients and their health systems in which patients endorse the use of their data for ongoing learning, and health systems commit to improving care based on what is learned. We have outlined elsewhere a set of seven ethical obligations for Learning Health Care, including the obligation to respect the rights and dignity of patients. In this paper, we suggest that three specific respect‐promoting actions are morally required in a LHCS: engagement with patients about ongoing learning activities, transparency with patients about ongoing learning activities, and accountability in implementing what is learned.
Treatment data and technical process challenges for practical big data efforts in radiation oncology
Authors: Mayo CS , Phillips M , McNutt TR , Palta J , Dekker A , Miller RC , Xiao Y , Moran JM , Matuszak MM , Gabriel P , Ayan AS , Prisciandaro J , Thor M , Dixit N , Popple R , Killoran J , Kaleba E , Kantor M , Ruan D , Kapoor R , Kessler ML , Lawrence TS
Published: September 2018

The term Big Data has come to encompass a number of concepts and uses within medicine. This paper lays out the relevance and application of large collections of data in the radiation oncology community. We describe the potential importance and uses in clinical practice. The important concepts are then described and how they have been or could be implemented are discussed. Impediments to progress in the collection and use of sufficient quantities of data are also described. Finally, recommendations for how the community can move forward to achieve the potential of big data in radiation oncology are provided.
Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Occurs Independently of Obesity in Adipocyte‐Specific Oncostatin Receptor Knockout Mice
Authors: Stephens Jacqueline M. , Bailey Jennifer L. , Hang Hardy , Rittell Victoria , Dietrich Marilyn A. , Mynatt Randall L. , Elks Carrie M.
Published: September 2018

Objective

This study examined the phenotypic effects of adipocyte‐specific oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) loss in chow‐fed mice.

Methods

Chow‐fed adipocyte‐specific OSMR knockout (FKO) mice and littermate OSMRfl/fl controls were studied. Tissue weights, insulin sensitivity, adipokine production, and stromal cell immunophenotypes were assessed in epididymal fat (eWAT); serum adipokine production was also assessed. In vitro, adipocytes were treated with oncostatin M, and adipokine gene expression was assessed.

Results

Body weights, fasting blood glucose levels, and eWAT weights did not differ between genotypes. However, the eWAT of OSMRFKO mice was modestly less responsive to insulin stimulation than that of OSMRfl/fl mice. Notably, significant increases in adipokines, including C‐reactive protein, lipocalin 2, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, and insulinlike growth factor binding protein 6, were observed in the eWAT of OSMRFKO mice. In addition, significant increases in fetuin A and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 were detected in OSMRFKO serum. Flow cytometry revealed a significant increase in leukocyte number and modest, but not statistically significant, increases in B cells and T cells in the eWAT of OSMRFKO mice.

Conclusions

The chow‐fed OSMRFKO mice exhibited adipose tissue dysfunction and increased proinflammatory adipokine production. These results suggest that intact adipocyte oncostatin M–OSMR signaling is necessary for adipose tissue immune cell homeostasis.
Obesity in Adolescence Predicts Lower Educational Attainment and Income in Adulthood: The Project EAT Longitudinal Study
Authors: French Simone A. , Wall Melanie , Corbeil Thomas , Sherwood Nancy E. , Berge Jerica M. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne
Published: September 2018

Objective

Prospective associations between obesity in adolescence and adult socioeconomic outcomes, and potential mediators, were examined in a contemporary cohort.

Methods

Longitudinal data collected in 1998 to 1999 (Project EAT‐I) and 2015 to 2016 (EAT‐IV) were analyzed for 1,796 participants who provided data at both time points. Adolescents (mean age = 14.8 years) self‐reported demographic and psychosocial variables (EAT‐I) and follow‐up outcomes (EAT‐IV). Body weight and height were directly measured. Bachelor's degree or more education, income ≥ US $50,000, and partnered status at follow‐up were examined by baseline obesity (>95th BMI percentile) using logistic regression. Self‐esteem, depression, and weight‐related teasing were examined as mediators using multivariate probit regressions. All analyses were adjusted for race, baseline age, and parent socioeconomic status.

Results

Girls with obesity were significantly less likely to have achieved a bachelor’s degree (OR 0.32, 95% CI [0.18, 0.58]; P < 0.001), earn ≥ $50,000 annually (OR 0.57, 95% CI [0.33, 0.99]; P < 0.04), or be partnered (OR 0.45, 95% CI [0.27, 0.75]; P < 0.002) in adulthood. No associations were observed among boys. Among girls, depression mediated 8.5% and 23.6% of the association between adolescent obesity and adult education and income, respectively.

Conclusions

Adolescent girls with obesity have lower educational attainment and income and are less likely to be partnered in later adulthood. Depression may partly mediate the associations.
Prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with depression among hospitalized patients with head and neck cancer—Results from a national study
Authors: Rohde Rebecca L. , Adjei Boakye Eric , Challapalli Sai Deepika , Patel Shivam H. , Geneus Christian J. , Tobo Betelihem B. , Simpson Matthew C. , Mohammed Kahee A. , Deshields Teresa , Varvares Mark A. , Osazuwa‐Peters Nosayaba
Published: September 2018

Objective

Depression is a significant problem for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). This study explored the prevalence of and sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with depression, among patients with HNC.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 71 541 cases of HNC using a national dataset, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, from 2008 to 2013. Weighted, multivariate logistic regression analysis estimated association between sociodemographic/clinical factors and tumor anatomical site with diagnosis of a major depressive disorder.

Results

Overall prevalence of major depressive disorder in HNC was 9.3%; highest prevalence was found in patients with laryngeal cancer (28.5%). Compared with laryngeal cancer, there were lower odds of depression among patients with oral cavity cancer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84‐0.97) and other anatomic sites (aOR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81‐0.94), except oropharyngeal cancer (aOR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.93‐1.08). For every unit increase in comorbidities, odds of depression increased by 20% (aOR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.19‐1.23). Sociodemographic factors associated with increased odds of depression included being female (aOR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.68‐1.87), white (aOR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.59‐1.92), and having Medicaid (aOR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.19) or Medicare insurance (aOR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10‐1.27).

Conclusions

Depression odds vary depending on HNC anatomic site, and one in four patients with laryngeal cancer may be depressed. Since depression is prevalent in this survivor cohort, it is important that psychosocial assessment and intervention are integrated into mainstream clinical care for patients with HNC.
14,15‐epoxyeicosatrienoic acid produced by cytochrome P450s enhances neurite outgrowth of PC12 and rat hippocampal neuronal cells
Authors: Oguro Ami , Inoue Takumi , Kudoh Suguru N. , Imaoka Susumu
Published: September 2018

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, are accumulated in brain and induce neuronal differentiation. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) by cytochrome P450s. In this study, we found that 14,15‐EET and 20‐HETE‐enhanced NGF‐induced rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell neurite outgrowth even at the concentration of 100 nmol L−1. LC‐MS analysis revealed that 14,15‐EET was effectively produced from arachidonic acid by rat CYP2C11, 2C13, and 2C23, and these P450s were expressed in PC12 cells. An inhibitor of these P450s, ketoconazole, inhibited neurite outgrowth, whereas inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase, which hydrolyzes EETs to their corresponding diols enhanced neurite outgrowth. To determine the mechanism of neurite formation enhancement by arachidonic acid metabolites, we focused on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels expressed in PC12 cells. The TRPV4 inhibitor HC067047, but not the TRPV1 inhibitor capsazepine, inhibited the effects of 14,15‐EET on neurite outgrowth of PC12. Furthermore, 14,15‐EET increased the cytosolic calcium ion concentration and this increase was inhibited by HC067047. 14,15‐EET also enhanced neurite outgrowth of primary cultured neuron from rat hippocampus. This study suggests that arachidonic acid metabolites produced by P450 contribute to neurite outgrowth through calcium influx.
Moulded pulp products manufacturing with thermoforming
Authors: Didone Mattia , Tosello Guido
Published: September 2018

Over the past years, eco‐friendly packaging solutions such as moulded pulp have resonated with a growing number of consumers. Among all of them, the thermoformed products make use of the most recent manufacturing approach that produces high‐quality, thin‐walled items. However, it remains an underresearched area, and the development of an efficient and precise manufacturing process is fundamental in order to increase the implementation of sustainable packaging.

With the purpose of setting a step towards in the standardization of design and testing practices of eco‐friendly packaging, this work focused on the characterization of the thermoforming process of moulded pulp products and their characteristics. Three different analyses were carried out for this purpose, covering the dewatering efficiency of the process, a quantification of the moulding geometrical accuracy, and an analysis of the internal microstructure of the parts. Experimental results and statistical analysis show that the dewatering efficiency is mainly governed by the mould's temperature while the duration of the contact time is not influential. In the second investigation, the geometrical accuracy of the mouldability of microfeatures was assessed. The process appeared to be dependently related to the pulp type employed. Finally, the internal microstructure was documented using X‐ray computed tomography. The analysis shows an increase in the internal void fraction linked with an increase in the mould's temperature.

The role of the water change of phase in the thermoforming process is also discussed by reference to the work conducted on impulse drying.
Multivariate analysis performed to identify the temporal responses of fish assemblages to abiotic changes downstream of the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River
Authors: Yang Zhi , Tao Jiangping , Qiao Ye , Xu Wei , Chang Jianbo
Published: September 2018

Impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) and overharvesting are anthropogenic factors that have had a dramatic effect on Yangtze fish. This study used the multivariate analysis to quantify the relationship between abiotic alterations (seven variables from the TGR impoundment and fishing activities) and fish response, revealing the processes through which abiotic changes affect fish assemblages over a 14‐year period (1999–2012). Fish assemblages temporally clustered into three groups that were strongly associated with the TGR impoundment. Eleven species that accounted for 98.44% of dissimilarities contributed to these three clustered groups. Variation in fish assemblages primarily resulted from a decline in three lotic species without spawning grounds downstream, fluctuations in four lotic species with spawning grounds downstream, and increases in three eurytopic species. Abiotic changes resulted from the TGR impoundment (TGR water levels, sediment, and water temperature), together with fish activities (fishing intensity), significantly affected the temporal patterns of the fish assemblages. Results suggest that the decline in lotic species can be attributed to the blocking and declines in the downstream movement of lotic species caused by increased water levels in the TGR. Increases in eurytopic species and declines in other species were caused by habitat fragmentation via a decline in sediment discharge and changes in water temperature. Fishing activities affected fish assemblages throughout the entire period of observation, particularly during the initial impoundment period from 2003 to 2005. These findings highlight the degree to which those anthropogenic factors affected the fish assemblages in temporal processing.
The meaning of rivers in Aotearoa New Zealand—Past and future
Authors: Knight Catherine
Published: September 2018

This paper examines how attitudes towards rivers in Aotearoa New Zealand have evolved since the country's settlement by Europeans, two centuries ago. For most of our postcolonial history, rivers have been viewed as something to be controlled and managed—even “improved.” But today, rivers are increasingly being recognized as embodying a broad range of values from the ecological to the spiritual—not simply as a “channel of water” that can be exploited for human ends. Although much of this evolving understanding stems from the advance in scientific knowledge, much too has its roots in our collective past.
Modeling semicontinuous longitudinal data with order constraints
Authors: Zhou Guohai , Wu Lang
Published: September 2018

Semicontinuous longitudinal data are characterized by within‐subjects repeated measurements that either indicate absence of abnormality or reflect different amount of abnormality. Joint models for semicontinuous longitudinal data have been increasingly receiving attention in the literature. Such models permit flexible characterization of covariates‐outcome associations. Order‐restricted statistical inference has been well established in the literature but has not yet been applied to joint models for semicontinuous longitudinal data. We incorporate general order‐restricted inference into the general joint models for semicontinuous longitudinal data previously proposed. We develop computational methods to address general order restrictions. Through simulations and a real‐data example, we demonstrate the advantages of order‐restricted inference in terms of increased power in hypothesis testing and increased precision in parameter estimation.
Synthesis and Experimental Studies on Supramolecular Synthons of Aminoguanidinium Carboxylates: A Case Study of π‐HoleBonded Carbon Bonding via Theoretical Approaches
Authors: Radha Govindarajan , Pandiyan Baskaran Vijaya , Deepa Palanisamy , Govindarajan Subbiah , Kolandaivel Ponmalai , Nataraj Devaraj
Published: September 2018

New supramolecular salts of aminoguanidinium with mono and di‐carboxylic acids (formate and maleate respectively) have been prepared and their crystal structures were solved using single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. A crystal packing of both the ion pair assemblies are organized via various weak intermolecular interactions including N−H…O, O−H…O, C−H…O and N−H…N etc., hydrogen bonds and form 2D and 3D assemblies. The supramolecular viewpoint of the titled ion‐pair assemblies are discussed interms of strong hydrogen bonded ring motifs generated between the aminoguanidininium and carboxylates and the homo synthons of aminoguanidine retained in these solid state assemblies. Interestingly both the ion pair assemblies are supported by the π‐hole utilized carbon bonding (C…O, C…N &C…C) interactions. As compared to aminoguanidinium formate assembly, in amminoguanidinium hydrogenmaleate, π‐hole utilized carbon bonding interactions were sustained between the cation and anion pair which affords the spatial arrangement for stacking the cation and anion through electrostatic interaction. In this respect, π‐ hole interactions are function as a structure directing self‐assembled force and regulate the aminoguandinium hydrogen maleate assembly. Apart from the X‐ray diffraction studies, the geometrical parameters, interaction energy, its energy component contribution (LMOEDA analysis) and also the properties of weak interactions including carbon bonding present in the synthesized aminoguanidinium carboxylates assembly were analyzed systematically through wave functional analysis with MP2/6‐31++g(d,p) level of theory. The role of hydrogen bonding and carbon bonding confirmation and their strength in terms of crystal packing were summarized through various theoretical calculations such as Atoms In Molecules (AIM), Hirshfeld surface analysis, NCI plot and Natural Bonding Orbital analysis (NBO).
NbCl5‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Four Component Synthesis of Spiro Pyrazole and Benzo[7, 8]chromene Derivatives
Authors: Veeramani Vairaperumal , Muthuraja Perumal , Prakash Sengodu , Senthil Kumar Muthiah , Susaimanickam Antony , Manisankar Paramasivam
Published: September 2018

In this work, we have designed a novel green method for synthesis of a set pharmaceutically important spiro pyrazole and benzo[7, 8]chromene derivatives. These derivatives have been synthesized from various substituted isatins in turns with ethylacetoacetate, 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthaquionone/malonitrile and hydrazines or phenylhydrazine in presence of different catalysts in one‐pot four component method. We have optimized the synthetic conditions such as catalyst, solvent and time of reaction to get the maximum yield. Various lewis acids as catalyst and polar solvents as reaction medium were used in the multicomponent reactions (MCRs). Among the different catalysts and solvents tried NbCl5 and ethanol have been identified as most effective catalyst and solvent respectively. The synthesized compounds are confirmed by FT‐IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques.
VOx/γ‐Al2O3 Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation Prepared by “Impregnation‐Solid Phase Reaction” Method with Aluminum Hydroxide as Support Precursor
Authors: Yang Qi‐Qi , Hu Ping , Xiu Nai‐Yun , Lang Wan‐Zhong , Guo Ya‐Jun
Published: September 2018

The alumina supported vanadium oxide catalysts (VOx/γ‐Al2O3) were prepared by wet impregnation‐solid phase reaction method with aluminum hydroxide as support precursor. The prepared catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, UV–vis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The performances of the catalysts were tested for propane dehydrogenation (PDH) reaction. The results indicate that the loading of vanadium on the aluminum hydroxide can influence the surface morphology of the catalysts and greatly improve the specific surface area of the resulted VOx/γ‐Al2O3 compared to pure γ‐Al2O3 support. The vanadium content markedly influences the polymerization degree of surface VOx species and catalytic performances of VOx/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts for PDH. Among all samples, the 2.9VOX/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst (vanadium content is 2.9 wt.%) possesses the maximum specific surface area and harmonious polymerization degree of VOX species. It exhibits the best catalytic performances during the 8 h of PDH reaction. Meanwhile, the 2.9VOx/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst possesses high regeneration stability and the highest TOF (turnover frequencies) value of 9.0×10−3 s−1, which is evidently higher those of previous works. After 7 reaction–regeneration cycles, the initial activity and propene selectivity can be almost restored.
Redox‐Responsive Nanoparticle‐Mediated Systemic RNAi for Effective Cancer Therapy
Authors: Xu Xiaoding , Wu Jun , Liu Shuaishuai , Saw Phei Er , Tao Wei , Li Yujing , Krygsman Lisa , Yegnasubramanian Srinivasan , De Marzo Angelo M. , Shi Jinjun , Bieberich Charles J. , Farokhzad Omid C.
Published: September 2018

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significant potential to improve the systemic delivery of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), for cancer therapy. However, the slow and inefficient siRNA release inside tumor cells generally observed for most biodegradable polymeric NPs may result in compromised gene silencing efficacy. Herein, a biodegradable and redox‐responsive NP platform, composed of a solid poly(disulfide amide) (PDSA)/cationic lipid core and a lipid–poly(ethylene glycol) (lipid–PEG) shell for systemic siRNA delivery to tumor cells, is developed. This newly generated NP platform can efficiently encapsulate siRNA under extracellular environments and can respond to the highly concentrated glutathione (GSH) in the cytoplasm to induce fast intracellular siRNA release. By screening a library of PDSA polymers with different structures and chain lengths, the optimized NP platform shows the unique features of i) long blood circulation, ii) high tumor accumulation, iii) fast GSH‐triggered intracellular siRNA release, and iv) exceptionally effective gene silencing. Together with the facile polymer synthesis technique and robust NP formulation enabling scale‐up, this new redox‐responsive NP platform may become an effective tool for RNAi‐based cancer therapy.
Over 2 V Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Battery with Prussian Blue‐Type Electrodes
Authors: Nakamoto Kosuke , Sakamoto Ryo , Sawada Yuki , Ito Masato , Okada Shigeto
Published: September 2018

High discharge voltage of more than 2 V is achieved in a novel aqueous sodium‐ion battery with the combination of a Prussian blue‐type sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate cathode, and a similar potassium manganese hexacyanochromate anode. Here, a highly concentrated sodium perchlorate aqueous electrolyte with a 2.8 V electrochemical window is used. By element analysis, the novel anode containing little potassium element possibly serves as a suitable host–guest anode, similarly as the cathode extracting/inserting sodium ion in a highly concentrated sodium‐ion aqueous electrolyte. Open‐framework electrodes and a highly concentrated but mobile aqueous electrolyte contribute to high voltage and high rate performance of the aqueous sodium‐ion battery.
Size‐Dependency of Gold Nanoparticles on TiO2 for CO Oxidation
Authors: Shao Bin , Zhang Junying , Huang Jiahui , Qiao Botao , Su Yang , Miao Shu , Zhou Yan , Li Dan , Huang Weixin , Shen Wenjie
Published: September 2018

Size‐controlled Au colloids in the range of 2–5 nm are synthesized in aqueous phase solution and deposited on TiO2, yielding Au/TiO2 catalysts containing relatively uniform gold particles with mean sizes of 2.2, 3.4, and 4.8 nm. Detailed structural analyses verify that the shape of Au particles evolve from a flat polyhedral to a rounded truncated‐octahedron when increasing the size from 2.2 to 4.8 nm because smaller gold particles have a higher adhesion energy on TiO2. The atomic configurations of Au particles and the Au‐TiO2 interfacial perimeters are quantitatively analyzed as a function of Au particle size. Smaller gold particles show apparently much higher activity for low‐temperature oxidation of CO than the big ones, primarily because of the rich number of active sites at the interfaces. Specific reaction rates, normalized with the total length of the interfacial perimeters in the catalysts, however, are essentially identical. This suggests that the size effect of Au particles, in the range of 2–5 nm, originates from the bonding strength between Au nanoparticles and TiO2 surfaces.
Mn‐Alloyed High‐Strength Steels with a Reduced Austenitization Temperature: Thermodynamic Calculations and Experimental Investigations
Authors: Windmann Matthias , Opitz Tobias , Klein Simon , Röttger Arne , Theisen Werner
Published: September 2018

High‐strength steels (e.g., 1.5528–22MnB5), processed by direct press‐hardening, are widely used for security‐relevant structures in automotive bodyworks. In this study, the austenitization temperature AC3 of the steel 22MnB5 (approx. 840 °C) is decreased to enable a reduction in the heat‐treatment temperature. Thermodynamic calculations using the CALPHAD method are used to assess the effect of alloying elements on the α–γ transformation temperatures. On this account, 22MnB5 steel is alloyed with 6 to 9.5 mass% manganese, which decreases the α–γ transformation temperature to 744 °C. Simultaneously, the martensite finish temperature decreases below room temperature, which is accompanied by the presence of retained austenite after hardening. Furthermore, ϵ‐martensite is formed. High Mn‐alloyed steel 22MnB5 (9.5 mass% Mn, AC3 = 744 °C) possesses a high strength of Rm = 1618 MPa, similar to the initial material 22MnB5. Elongation‐to‐fracture decreases to A5 = 3.5% due to the formation of ϵ‐martensite. The material strength of the steel alloyed with 6 mass% manganese (AC3 = 808 °C) strongly increases to Rm = 1975 MPa as a result of α‐martensite and solid‐solution strengthening by the element manganese. This steel possesses a higher elongation‐to‐fracture of A5 = 7%.
Behavioral adaptation to climate change in wildfire‐prone forests
Authors: Hamilton Matthew , Fischer Alexandra Paige , Guikema Seth D. , Keppel‐Aleks Gretchen
Published: September 2018

The link between climate change and increased wildfire risk highlights the need for adaptation in wildfire‐prone landscapes. While extensive research has focused on adaptation at the levels of communities, policies, and governance systems, there is limited understanding of adaptation at the level of individual behavioral responses. Individuals not only directly experience the adverse effects of wildfires but also shape their own exposure to wildfire through risk mitigation practices. Without knowledge of whether these behaviors are adaptive, decision makers are limited in their ability to design and assess climate change adaptation policies that improve outcomes in wildfire‐prone regions. Likewise, greater understanding of the processes by which behavioral adaptation occurs can improve theories of behavior under risk, and specifically how psychological and social factors mediate the effects of hazard conditions on behavior. This paper reviews scholarship on biophysical, psychological, and social factors that shape behavioral adaptation to climate change in wildfire‐prone forests. Our review highlights opportunities to improve theory and assist risk mitigation policy interventions by focusing greater attention on dynamic feedbacks involving hazards, behavior, and outcomes, as well as accounting for variation in behavior and wildfire hazard conditions.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Universality at large transverse spin in defect CFT
Authors: Lemos Madalena , Liendo Pedro , Meineri Marco , Sarkar Sourav
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We study the spectrum of local operators living on a defect in a generic conformal field theory, and their coupling to the local bulk operators. We establish the existence of universal accumulation points in the spectrum at larges,sbeing the charge of the operators under rotations in the space transverse to the defect. Our tools include a formula that inverts the bulk to defect OPE, analogous to the Caron-Huot formula for the four-point function [1]. Analyticity of the formula insimplies that the scaling dimensions of the defect operators are aligned in Regge trajectories$$ \widehat{\Delta}(s) $$Δ^s. These results require the correlator of two local operators and the defect to be bounded in a certain region, a condition that we do not prove in general. We check our conclusions against examples in perturbation theory and holography, and we make specific predictions concerning the spectrum of defect operators on Wilson lines. We also give an interpretation of the largesspectrum in the spirit of the work of Alday and Maldacena [2].
Surgical and Long‐Term Survival Outcomes After Laparoscopic and Open Total Gastrectomy for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Propensity Score‐Matched Analysis
Authors: Li Zhengyan , Liu Yezhou , Bai Bin , Yu Deliang , Lian Bo , Zhao Qingchuan
Published: September 2018

Background

To compare the surgical and long‐term survival outcomes of laparoscopic and open total gastrectomy (OTG) for locally advanced gastric cancer (AGC).

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 308 and 900 patients in pathological locally AGC who underwent laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) or OTG between June 2008 and December 2014. We compared surgical and long‐term outcomes between the two groups using propensity score matching method.

Results

The LTG group showed a longer operation time (261.42 vs. 171.00 min, P = 0.001), less blood loss (185.47 vs. 217.84 ml, P = 0.000), earlier time to first flatus (3.47 vs. 4.12 days, P = 0.000), earlier time to start liquid diet (3.76 vs. 4.27 days, P = 0.000), and shorter postoperative hospital stay (7.56 vs. 8.22 days, P = 0.007). The overall complication rate was 15.2% in the LTG group and 17.2% in the OTG (P = 0.503). No significant difference was observed in overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) between LTG and OTG (60.5% vs. 57.1%, P = 0.337; 57.4% vs. 54.4%, P = 0.341).

Conclusions

Compared to OTG, LTG provides surgical benefits and comparable survival outcomes for patients with locally AGC.
Postoperative Recovery in Frail, Pre‐frail, and Non‐frail Elderly Patients Following Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Sikder Tarifin , Sourial Nadia , Maimon Geva , Tahiri Mehdi , Teasdale Debby , Bergman Howard , Fraser Shannon A. , Demyttenaere Sebastian , Bergman Simon
Published: September 2018

Background

The objective of this study is to explore the association between frailty and surgical recovery over a 6‐month period, in elderly patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery.

Methods

A total of 144 patients were categorized as frail, pre‐frail, and non‐frail based on five criteria: weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slowness, and low activity. Recovery to preoperative functional status (activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)), cognition, quality of life, and mental health was assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. A repeated measure logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of frailty on recovery over time. The effect of frailty on hospitalization outcomes was also evaluated.

Results

Mean age was 78 ± 5 years with 17.4% of patients categorized as frail, 60.4% pre‐frail, and 22.2% non‐frail. At 6 months, the percent of patients who had recovered to preoperative values were: ADL 90%; IADL 76%; cognition 75.5%; mental health 66%; and quality of life 70%. While more frail patients experienced adverse hospitalization outcomes and fewer had recovered to preoperative functional status, these differences were not found to be statistically significant. Overall, frailty status was not significantly associated with the trajectory of recovery or hospitalization outcomes.

Conclusion

Strong, institutional commitment to quality surgical care, as well as appropriate strategies for older patients, may have mitigated the impact of frailty on recovery. Further research is needed to examine the role of frailty in the surgical recovery process.
Silicon Carbide Formation Enhanced by In-Situ-Formed Silicon Nitride: An Approach to Capture Thermal Energy of CO-Rich Off-Gas Combustion
Authors: du Preez S. P. , Beukes J. P. , van Zyl P. G. , Tangstad M. , Tiedt L. R.
Published: September 2018

Carbothermic smelting of ores to produce metals or alloys in alternating current open/semiclosed and closed submerged arc furnaces, or in closed direct current furnaces, results in large volumes of CO-rich off-gas being generated. Most of the CO-rich off-gas is cleaned and flared on stacks, since the storing of large volumes is problematic due to the associated toxic and explosive risks. Flaring of CO-rich off-gas results in significant wastage of energy. In this study, an alternative method to partially capture the thermal energy associated with off-gas combustion, in the form of silicon carbide (SiC) generated from waste materials (quartz and anthracite fines), is proposed. SiC can partially replace conventional carbonaceous reductants used to produce alloys such as ferrochromium. The influences of quartz and anthracite particle size, treatment temperature, and gaseous atmosphere (nitrogen or air) on SiC formation were investigated. A quartz-anthracite mixture with 90 pct of the particles < 350.9 µm carbothermically treated at 1873.15 K (1600 °C) resulted in almost complete conversion of quartz to SiC in both nitrogen and air atmospheres. The study indicated significant potential for industrial application of the process.