bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Based on Fe3O4/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers in Environmental Waters
Authors: Ji Dongliang , Zhang Meixing , Geng Xinxiang , Zha Zhenxing , Li Ying , Yang Jing , Cui Shihai
Published: July 2020

The graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and the Fe3O4/g-C3N4 magnetic materials were synthesized in this paper. The structures of the materials were confirmed by a series of analysis. The Fe3O4/g-C3N4
was then used as a sorbent to adsorb polychlorinated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls. Different extraction conditions were examined, including adsorbent amount, salinity, pH of the sample matrix, adsorption time, reaction temperature, elution solvent and preconcentration factor.
The maximum recoveries were obtained by employing methanol to desorb pollutants on 40.0 mg Fe3O4/g-C3N4 in 120.0 mL environmental water with a salinity of 5% (w/v) at a pH of 7 at 25 °C within 10 min. Using the optimized parameters, the detection
limits of the method are between 0.01 and 0.04 μ · L−1 with a satisfying linear relationship. The adsorbent can be recycled at least 10 times with no significant reduction in the extraction efficiency.
Microstructure of Liquid Co50Ni50 During Rapid Solidification
Authors: Li Min , Xie Quan , Li Shan
Published: July 2020

The rapid solidification process of Co50Ni50 alloy was simulated by molecular dynamics method, and the formation and evolution characteristics of cluster structure in the solidification process were analyzed by the pair distribution function, Honeycutt–Andersen
bond type index method and the largest standard cluster. The results show that during the solidification process with a cooling rate of 1×1012 K·‐1, the probability of mutual bond formation between Co–Co atoms is always greater than that of Ni–Ni,
and the formation of the 1421 bond type is dominant in the crystalline structure. The inflection point of the characteristic bond type 1421 varies with the crystalline transition temperature Tg of the system. The Co–Ni alloy is mainly composed of a face-centered cubic
atomic group composed of the 1421 bond type. Meanwhile, there will also be a small amount of hcp structure and a smaller amount of bcc structure. Further analysis revealed that the formation of the fcc structure requires the fast decomposition of TCP structures (at 1450 K). That is to say,
the TCP structure must be disassembled before the fcc structure is formed. These findings are useful to provide important guidance for the crystallization of Co50Ni50 alloy under rapid cooling in the experiment.
The Effect of Sulfonated Graphene on the Rheological Properties of Cement Paste
Authors: Wu Jia-Ming , Jing Guo-Jian , Lu Xiao-Lei , Lei Tian-Yu , Wang Shu-Xian , Cheng Xin , Ye Zheng-Mao
Published: July 2020

With unique 2D nanostructures and excellent properties, graphene and its derivatives are a class of advanced nanosized reinforcements for cementitious materials. Sulfonated graphene (SG), one of the most important modified graphene materials, possesses sulfonate groups on the surface
and significantly improves the mechanical and thermal properties of cement-based composites. It is important to investigate the influence of SG on cement-based materials as it is a prerequisite for practical applications. Herein, SG was prepared and introduced into cement paste to investigate
its influence on the rheological properties of cement paste. With the increased addition of SG, a stable slurry was gradually obtained with low fluidity and high rheological parameters. The mechanism of the SG effect on the rheological properties of cement paste was also illustrated. Because
of the high specific surface area and sulfonate groups of SG nanosheets, a large amount of flocculated structure was created by the complexing effect, chemical interaction, physical interaction and mechanical interlocking between SG and hydrated/unhydrated cement particles. Furthermore, polycarboxylate
ether (PCE) superplasticizer was introduced to ensure fluidity and transportability in the practical application of SG. The results in this work lay a foundation for the practical application of modified graphene in cementitious materials.
Assessing the Clinical Efficacy of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator on Acute Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Wu Tao , Li Peiling , Sun Deke
Published: July 2020

To assess the efficacy of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) thrombolysis on clinical outcomes and risk of death in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Patients (n = 258) with acute cerebral infarction, treated within 4–5 h of the episode,
were grouped according to whether intravenous thrombolysis was performed using rt-PA or not. Both groups received routine treatment for cerebral infarction, but the former received rt-PA intravenously at a dosage of 0.9 mg/kg. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, clinical
efficacy, and risk of bleeding and death were compared between the two groups. The NIHSS score and clinical effects for the rt-PA group were more favorable than those of its counterpart (P < 0.05), though there was no significant difference in risk of an intracranial hemorrhage.
The mortality rate for the rt-PA group was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Administration of intravenous rt-PA thrombolysis within 4.5 h of an acute cerebral infarction had a significant impact and did not increase risk of intracranial hemorrhage or death.
Meta-Analysis of the Therapeutic Effect of Nanosilver on Burned Skin
Authors: Li Yixuan , Wang Li , He Xuewen , Hou Aihua
Published: July 2020

Nano silver is widely used in the treatment of burn wounds globally, but most clinical studies on the efficacy of the treatment are small-sample randomized controlled studies. Hence, we aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of nano silver and sulfadiazine silver for the treatment
of burn wounds through meta-analysis of multiple small studies. Randomized controlled trials were collected from the published literature to compare the effects of nano silver application and sulfadiazine silver application on burns. After evaluating the quality of the methodology and extracting
the data from each study, we used RevMan 5.1 software to conduct meta-analysis on eight randomized controlled trials which encompassed 513 patients with second degree burns. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the wound healing time of the nano silver treatment group was less than
that of sulfadiazine silver group (P < 0.001) but the wound healing rate of nano silver treatment group was not significantly different from that of control group on the 15th day (MD = 7.10; 95% P = 0.14). Compared with the sulfadiazine silver treatment group, the difference
between the nano silver treatment group and sulfadiazine silver treatment group was significant in reducing the pain of burn wounds (P < 0.001). This suggests that the application of nano silver can promote the healing of burn wounds compared with sulfadiazine silver and has considerable
advantages in relieving the pain intensity of burn wounds. However, these conclusions need to be further confirmed by a large sample in a high-quality randomized controlled study.
Research on Processing Technology Product Design and the Application of Nano-Wood-Plastic Composite Materials
Authors: Fang Xin , Rong Jinjin , Deng Yilin , Jee Moon-Hwan
Published: July 2020

This study focused on the design of wood-plastic composite (WPC) products. In this study, recycled high-density polyethylene plastic was used as the matrix, wood powder was used as the filler, different types of nanofillers and self-synthesized nanofiller treatment agents were added,
and the twin-screw extrusion granulation method was used to prepare nano-WPC materials. The effects of different types of nanofillers on the mechanical properties of nano-WPC materials were investigated, and the cross-sectional structures of the materials were analyzed by scanning electron
microscopy. The results showed that nanofiller treatment agents improved the interface compatibility of the materials. When the treatment agent content reached 2.5% and the nano-montmorillonite content reached 10%, the mechanical properties of the material reach their maximum values.
PEGylation of Co–Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles for Theranostics
Authors: Oshima Akito , Kanda Kouhei , Fujiwara Koki , Ide Taisei , Takano-Kasuya Mayumi , Ichiyanagi Yuko
Published: July 2020

Multi-element ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized as heat agents for use in magnetic hyperthermia treatments, specifically, Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 NPs coating with polyethylene glycol. The crystal structures of these particles were examined
by X-ray diffraction. Particle diameters were controlled to be approximately 10 nm by controlling the annealing temperature and time. The modification of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the particles was confirmed by mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. The heat dissipation
characteristics of the particles were investigated by measuring AC magnetic susceptibility and temperature increase in AC magnetic fields. A peak in the imaginary part of AC magnetic susceptibility χ″ appeared, depending on the frequency. The value of χ″ was
found to contribute to the effective heat dissipation according to the Neel relaxation system. The temperature increase of the particles was measured in AC magnetic fields of 64–146 Oe, with an observed temperature increase of ~10 K. Finally, to test the applications of these particles
in theranostics, in vitro experiments using human breast cancer cells were conducted.
Characterization and Drug Release Control Ability of Chitosan/Lovastatin Particles Coated by Alginate
Authors: Thang Dam Xuan , Chinh Nguyen Thuy , Giang Bach Long , Dung Hoang Tran , Sathish C. I. , Vinu Ajayan , Hoang Thai
Published: July 2020

We report on the coating of chitosan/lovastatin particles with a liquid solution of alginate using a 3D printing technique. The prepared particles are characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Differential Scanning Calorimetry,
and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. Characterization results reveal that the coating of alginate makes a considerable difference in the structure, morphology, size distribution and zeta potential of the chitosan/lovastatin particles, and the size of the coated particles is increased after
the coating. We also demonstrate the drug release ability of the chitosan/lovastatin particles in simulated gastric fluid and controlled in simulated intestinal fluid. Drug release study reveals that the drug release profile of the coated particles varies significantly with the pH of the solution
and the coating process significantly reduces the rate of release of the drug. We also report that the bioavailability of lovastatin particles can be improved by coating with the biopolymer layers.
Flat-Type Gas Sensors Based on ZnO Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Pan Yue-Wu , Peng Shuang-Jiao , Ma Ya-Lei , CaO Pei-Jiang , Hu Feng
Published: July 2020

ZnO seed layers were deposited on silicon and sapphire substrates by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, and ZnO nanorod arrays with different orientation degrees were grown using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Flat-type gas sensors based on the ZnO nanorod arrays
were fabricated, and their gas sensitivity properties were studied. The ZnO seed layer with a thickness of approximately 450 nm exhibits high c-axis orientation and possesses few defects. The ZnO nanorods fabricated on both of the substrates grow along the [0001] direction and contain a large
number of oxygen vacancy defects. These nanorods have lengths of 8~10 μm and diameters of 200~500 nm. The ZnO nanorods grown on the silicon substrate are perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, and their areal density is approximately 3.0×108/cm2,
while those grown on the sapphire substrate exhibit a lower orientation degree, and their areal density is approximately 0.9×108/cm2. The largest response of the gas sensor for gaseous alcohol reaches 48.2, and the optimal operating temperature for all of the sensors
is approximately 280 °C. The gas sensitivity property of the silicon-based sensor is superior to that of the sapphire-based sensor, and the corresponding sensing mechanism is discussed.
Modeling the Development of Permanent Deformation in Asphalt Interlayers of Unbonded Concrete Overlays of Concrete Pavements
Authors: Souder Nicole C. , DeSantis John W. , Vandenbossche Julie M. , Sachs Steven G.
Published: July 2020

Unbonded concrete overlay of concrete pavement (UBOL) is an effective rehabilitation method involving the construction of a new concrete pavement over a deteriorated concrete pavement, separated by an interlayer. While UBOL is used in practice to improve the structural capacity of existing concrete pavements, the performance of the interlayer is not currently accounted for in the pavement mechanistic–empirical design process. Therefore, the objective of this research is to improve prediction of UBOL performance by accounting for the effects of asphalt interlayer consolidation on the development of longitudinal cracks in the wheelpath. First, a laboratory investigation was performed using beams cut from in-service pavements in Michigan, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania to assess the susceptibility of permanent deformation of asphalt interlayers. This data was utilized in conjunction with a finite element analysis to develop/calibrate a permanent deformation prediction model for dense graded asphalt interlayers. The framework of the model follows that of the permanent deformation prediction model for asphalt surface pavements incorporated into the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide. In addition, a field analysis was conducted, using the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database, to assess longitudinal cracking in the wheelpath caused by permanent deformation in asphalt interlayers. The laboratory-calibrated permanent deformation model was then validated using the performance data for UBOLs in the LTPP database and deformation thresholds for asphalt interlayers were established. This research resulted in the development of a framework for the prediction of longitudinal crack development in UBOLs because of permanent deformation in the asphalt interlayer.
Prehospital point-of-care ultrasound: A transformative technology
Authors: Amaral Colton B , Ralston Daniel C , Becker Torben K
Published: July 2020

Point-of-care ultrasound at the bedside has evolved into an essential component of emergency patient care. Current evidence supports its use across a wide spectrum of medical and traumatic diseases in a variety of settings. The prehospital use of ultrasound has evolved from a niche technology to impending widespread adoption across emergency medical services systems internationally. Recent technological advances and a growing evidence base support this trend. However, concerns regarding feasibility, education, and quality assurance must be addressed proactively. This topical review describes the history of prehospital ultrasound, initial training needs, ongoing skill maintenance, quality assurance and improvement requirements, available devices, and indications for prehospital ultrasound.
Transformation of a low-grade follicular lymphoma into a composite lymphoma combining a high-grade B-cell lymphoma and a lymphoblastic neoplasm expressing Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase: a case report
Authors: Bouroumeau Antonin , Kaphan Eleonore , Legrand Clémentine , Raskovalova Tatiana , Szymanski Gautier , Vettier Claire , Lefebvre Christine , Jacob Marie-Christine , McLeer Anne , Peuchmaur Michel , Gressin Rémy , Sartelet Hervé
Published: July 2020

Background

High-grade B-cell lymphoma with rearrangements of MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 is an aggressive mature B-cell neoplasm, whereas B-lymphoblastic lymphoma is immature cell proliferation, with a frequent positivity for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The transformation of a low-grade follicular lymphoma into a lymphoblastic neoplasm expressing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is a very rare event.

Case presentation

A 55-year-old Caucasian man was followed for a grade 1–2 follicular lymphoma carrying a t(14;18) IGH/BCL2+ and was initially treated with R-CHOP. The follicular lymphoma presented two relapses. In the third relapse, the patient had multiple lymphadenopathy and ascites, which motivated a retroperitoneal biopsy and an ascitic tap. These samples were analyzed by histological, cytological, flow cytometric, cytogenetic, and molecular assessments. The patient died of a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 2 weeks after his third relapse. The biopsy revealed a diffuse proliferation made up of two types of tumor cells: centroblasts (Bcl-6-positive) and immature cells (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive). Flow cytometric analysis confirmed the immature phenotype, with an expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, combined with a loss of membrane immunoglobulins. The cytogenetic analysis performed on the ascites revealed a clonal evolution characterized by a t(8;22)(q24;q11) MYC+ translocation not previously detected in follicular lymphoma. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the double rearrangement of the BCL2 and MYC genes. Polymerase chain reactions and sequencing were used to study the clonal relationship between follicular lymphoma and the secondary tumors. The IGVH gene rearrangement revealed a unique clonal rearrangement involving an IGVH4–59 subset in all three specimens.

Conclusion

These findings suggest a clonal relationship between the two types of lymphoma cells. Furthermore, they support the transformation of an acute follicular lymphoma into a composite lymphoma combining a high-grade B-cell lymphoma and a lymphoblastic neoplasm expressing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. This case report highlights the possible transformation of follicular lymphoma into a highly aggressive and immature proliferation.
Effects of micro-osteoperforations performed with Propel system on tooth movement, pain/quality of life, anchorage loss, and root resorption: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: dos Santos Cibelle Cristina Oliveira , Mecenas Paulo , de Castro Aragón Mônica Lidia Santos , Normando David
Published: July 2020

Background

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) performed with Propel and other mini-screws on the rate of tooth movement, pain/discomfort, periodontal health, anchorage loss, and root resorption in patients undergoing orthodontic retraction compared to a control group.

Materials and methods

PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, LILACS, Google Scholar, Scopus, and OpenGrey were searched without restriction. A manual search was also carried out. Only randomized clinical trials (RCT) were included. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using RoB 2.0 and the certainty of evidence through the GRADE tool.

Results

Among the twelve RCTs reviewed, five used the Propel system. Overall, the RoB was classified as low (4), moderate (5), and high (3). Two RCTs with moderate and one with a low RoB using the Propel system reported mild increases on rate of tooth movement associated with MOPs. One RCT with a moderate and another with high RoB did not find a significant effect of Propel on orthodontic movement. Regarding tooth movement, a subgroup meta-analysis found no differences between control and Propel movement (95% CI = − 0.01 to 0.75) or other mini-screws (− 0.02 to 0.31) related to rate of tooth movement per month. There was no effect of MOPs on root resorption, periodontal health, anchorage loss, and a mild effect on pain and oral health related to quality of life regardless of mini-screw type. The level of certainty was graded as low for the rate of tooth movement and pain/discomfort, as moderate for anchorage loss, and high for root resorption.

Conclusion

A low certainty of evidence supports that MOPs performed with Propel seem to have no significant effect on the rate of tooth movement. Moreover, this intervention does not seem to cause an increase in root resorption, periodontal heath, pain/discomfort, or anchorage loss. Thus, the Propel system does not appear to produce different results from those observed for other mini-screws.
Applications of AI in classical software engineering
Authors: Barenkamp Marco , Rebstadt Jonas , Thomas Oliver
Published: July 2020

Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a buzzword for self-organizing IT applications, its relevance to software engineering has hardly been analyzed systematically. This study combines a systematic review of previous research in the field and five qualitative interviews with software developers who use or want to use AI tools in their daily work routines, to assess the status of development, future development potentials and equally the risks of AI application to software engineering. The study classifies the insights in the software development life cycle.

The analysis results that major achievements and future potentials of AI are a) the automation of lengthy routine jobs in software development and testing using algorithms, e.g. for debugging and documentation, b) the structured analysis of big data pools to discover patterns and novel information clusters and c) the systematic evaluation of these data in neural networks. AI thus contributes to speed up development processes, realize development cost reductions and efficiency gains. AI to date depends on man-made structures and is mainly reproductive, but the automation of software engineering routines entails a major advantage: Human developers multiply their creative potential when using AI tools effectively.
Culinary and herbal resources as nutritional supplements against malnutrition-associated immunity deficiency: the vegetarian review
Authors: Majumdar Ashish , Shukla Shiv Shankar , Pandey Ravindra Kumar
Published: July 2020

Background

Malnutrition may be due to undernutrition and/or overnutrition and is responsible for morbidity and mortality. Fulfilling nutrition requirements of all human age groups is necessary for maintenance of health and quality of life. Nutritional supplements, or daily diet, must include a sufficient amount of macronutrient (carbohydrate, protein, and fat), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and nonessential dietary components such as fiber.

Main body

There is a bidirectional relationship that exists between nutrition, infection, and immunity; children are dying due to malnutrition that weakens their immunity and makes them more susceptible to pathogen attack. Culinary and herbal resources containing macro- and micronutrients are required to achieve nutritional deficiencies.

Conclusion

In this review, we have documented different culinary herbs that have been used as prime herbal nutritional source and these herbs might be helpful in malnutrition and boosting immunity. The review contains the description of nutritional levels and their distribution to different age group people. This review gives insight to herbal products that boost immunity to fight against infections by restoring micronutrients.
Choosing Wisely Africa: Ten Low-Value or Harmful Practices That Should Be Avoided in Cancer Care
Authors: Rubagumya Fidel , Mitera Gunita , Ka Sidy , Manirakiza Achille , Decuir Philippa , Msadabwe Susan C. , Adani Ifè Solange , Nwachukwu Emmanuella , Ohene Oti Naomi , Borges Hirondina , Mutebi Miriam , Abuidris Dafalla , Vanderpuye Verna , Booth Christopher M. , Hammad Nazik
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE

Choosing Wisely Africa (CWA) builds on Choosing Wisely (CW) in the United States, Canada, and India and aims to identify low-value, unnecessary, or harmful cancer practices that are frequently used on the African continent. The aim of this work was to use physicians and patient advocates to identify a short list of low-value practices that are frequently used in African low- and middle-income countries.

METHODS

The CWA Task Force was convened by the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer and included representatives from surgical, medical, and radiation oncology, the private and public sectors, and patient advocacy groups. Consensus was built through a modified Delphi process, shortening a long list of practices to a short list, and then to a final list. A voting threshold of ≥ 60% was used to include an individual practice on the short list. A consensus was reached after a series of teleconferences and voting processes.

RESULTS

Of the 10 practices on the final list, one is a new suggestion and 9 are revisions or adaptations of practices from previous CW campaign lists. One item relates to palliative care, 8 concern treatment, and one relates to surveillance.

CONCLUSION

The CWA initiative has identified 10 low-value, common interventions in Africa’s cancer practice. The success of this campaign will be measured by how the recommendations are implemented across sub-Saharan Africa and whether this improves the delivery of high-quality cancer care.
Structural monitoring of selected national legislation of Turkey on gender-based violence against women
Authors: Yuksel-Kaptanoglu Ilknur , Dayan Cansu
Published: July 2020

Gender-based violence (GBV) is now recognised as a violation of women’s human rights, and a form of discrimination against women globally. Inclusion of GBV in the sustainable development goals agenda encouraged data collection and monitoring activities which are mainly indicator-based monitoring. In this study, we tried to focus on aspects of structural monitoring of the domestic legislation of Turkey which provide a basis for combating violence against women. Using the equality, respect for dignity, non-discrimination, non-violence, gender equality, women’s empowerment and due diligence norms, we revealed that the last two norms are the least mentioned international norms in the selected national legislation of the country. Through this study, we emphasise the significance of an integrated approach in not only monitoring but also in eliminating GBV against women, which ipso facto embodies the need for an independent monitoring system and, overall, a feminist solidarity with all components.
Reprint Retrospective: Advertising and the Construction of Violent White Masculinity: From BMWs to Bud Light
Authors: Katz Jackson
Published: July 2020

Abstract: This chapter sketches out some of the ways in which hegemonic constructions of masculinity in mainstream advertising normalize (White) male violence and point to some new developments and continuities in the way this is achieved. Several recurring themes in advertising that targets men help support the equation of White masculinity and violence: these include the angry, aggressive, White, working-class male as anti-authority rebel (21st-century version); violence as genetically programmed male behavior; the use of military and sports symbolism to enhance the masculine appeal and identification of products; and the association of muscularity with ideal masculinity. In addition to examining some of the ways in which advertising links violence with White masculinity, this chapter makes a call to study other cultural sites where violent masculinities are produced and legitimated: video games, comic books, toys, the sports culture, professional wrestling, comedy, popular music, and pornography. More media literacy education is needed to help us understand better the connection between interpersonal violence and the construction of gender in media texts and other cultural representations and narratives, which might then contribute to more sophisticated and effective antiviolence interventions.
Roundtable on the State of the Advertising Industry: Equity and Inclusion Matters, Part I
Authors: Lindsey-Warren Tyrha M. , Chenevert Amber , Chuku Yusuf , Gilroy Tasha , Howell Marco , James J. P. , Paul Lukeisha , Shankar Shalini , Thomas Kevin D.
Published: July 2020

Abstract: On May 11, 2020, a panel of academics and industry leaders came together to discuss the state of equity and inclusion in the advertising industry. In Part I of this roundtable, participants discuss many topics: definitions of diversity, equity, and inclusion; implicit versus unconscious bias; microaggressions; the impact of equity, inclusion, and bias issues on the industry and consumers; how and why problematic ads appear; how consumers respond to problematic ads in a world made highly connected through social media; the importance of teaching students about structural problems in society and the advertising industry across all classes in an academic program; why images used to represent people in advertising matter; the role of chief creative officers and chief strategy officers in equity and inclusion efforts; and the place of chief diversity and inclusion officers in the workplace as well as their contributions to the industry's success.
Multiple-order diffractive engineered surface lenses
Authors: Milster Tom D. , Sik Kim Young , Wang Zichan , Purvin Kira
Published: July 2020

A multiple-order diffractive engineered surface (MODE) lens is introduced, in which focal position change with wavelength exhibits both refractive and diffractive characteristics. Engineering calculations are provided that indicate Strehl ratio and encircled energy performance over a large range of focal length and aperture diameter design space. A prototype lens is designed and constructed for the astronomical R-band (589 nm to 727 nm) wavelength range. Test results show that measured full-width-at-half-maximum focal spot diameter is 2.1 times larger than the ideal Airy spot diameter, and focal position versus wavelength is nearly identical to the design. The 48 mm aperture diameter,

f

/

3.12

prototype telescope exhibits angularly resolved features in natural scenes at 0.006°, with subtense of the Airy spot diameter at 0.002°. Applications include eventual use in large aperture, ultralightweight space telescopes.
Optical flow optical coherence tomography for determining accurate velocity fields
Authors: Wei Shuwen , Kang Jin U.
Published: July 2020

Determining micron-scale fluid flow velocities using optical coherence tomography (OCT) is important in both biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. Numerous methods have been explored to quantify the flow information, which can be divided into either phase-based or amplitude-based methods. However, phase-based methods, such as Doppler methods, are less sensitive to transverse velocity components and suffer from wrapped phase and phase instability problems for axial velocity components. On the other hand, amplitude-based methods, such as speckle variance OCT, correlation mapping OCT and split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography, focus more on segmenting flow areas than quantifying flow velocities. In this paper, we propose optical flow OCT (OFOCT) to quantify accurate velocity fields. The equivalence between optical flow and real velocity fields is validated in OCT imaging. The sensitivity fall-off of a Fourier-domain OCT (FDOCT) system is considered in the modified optical flow continuity constraint. Spatial-temporal smoothness constraints are used to make the optical flow problem well-posed and reduce noises in the velocity fields. An iteration solution to the optical flow problem is implemented in a graphics processing unit (GPU) for real-time processing. The accuracy of the velocity fields is verified through phantom flow experiments by using a diluted milk powder solution as a scattering medium. Velocity fields are then used to detect flow turbulence and reconstruct flow trajectory. The results show that OFOCT is accurate in determining velocity fields and applicable to research concerning fluid dynamics.
Generalized Debye integral
Authors: Wang Zongzhao , Baladron-Zorita Olga , Hellmann Christian , Wyrowski Frank
Published: July 2020

The Debye integral is an essential technique in physical optics, commonly used to efficiently tackle the problem of focusing light in lens design. However, this approximate method is only valid for systems that are well designed and with high enough Fresnel numbers. Beyond this assumption, the integral formula fails to provide accurate results. In this work, we generalize the Debye integral to overcome some of its limitations. The theory explicitly includes aberrations and extends the integral to fields on tilted planes in the focal region. We show, using examples, that the new formulas almost reach the accuracy of a rigorous modeling technique while being significantly faster.
Microconical silicon mid-IR concentrators: spectral, angular and polarization response
Authors: Jin Boya , Bidney Grant W. , Brettin Aaron , Limberopoulos Nicholaos I. , Duran Joshua M. , Ariyawansa Gamini , Anisimov Igor , Urbas Augustine M. , Gunapala Sarath D. , Li Hanyang , Astratov Vasily N.
Published: July 2020

It is widely discussed in the literature that a problem of reduction of thermal noise of mid-wave and long-wave infrared (MWIR and LWIR) cameras and focal plane arrays (FPAs) can be solved by using light-concentrating structures. The idea is to reduce the area and, consequently, the thermal noise of photodetectors, while still providing a good collection of photons on photodetector mesas that can help to increase the operating temperature of FPAs. It is shown that this approach can be realized using microconical Si light concentrators with (111) oriented sidewalls, which can be mass-produced by anisotropic wet etching of Si (100) wafers. The design is performed by numerical modeling in a mesoscale regime when the microcones are sufficiently large (several MWIR wavelengths) to resonantly trap photons, but still too small to apply geometrical optics or other simplified approaches. Three methods of integration Si microcone arrays with the focal plane arrays are proposed and studied: (i) inverted microcones fabricated in a Si slab, which can be heterogeneously integrated with the front illuminated FPA photodetectors made from high quantum efficiency materials to provide resonant power enhancement factors (PEF) up to 10 with angle-of-view (AOV) up to 10°; (ii) inverted microcones, which can be monolithically integrated with metal-Si Schottky barrier photodetectors to provide resonant PEFs up to 25 and AOVs up to 30° for both polarizations of incident plane waves; and iii) regular microcones, which can be monolithically integrated with near-surface photodetectors to provide a non-resonant power concentration on compact photodetectors with large AOVs. It is demonstrated that inverted microcones allow the realization of multispectral imaging with ∼100 nm bands and large AOVs for both polarizations. In contrast, the regular microcones operate similar to single-pass optical components (such as dielectric microspheres), producing sharply focused photonic nanojets.
Anti-epileptic potentials of the partitioned fractions of chamaecrista mimosoides
Authors: N. Medugu Asinamai , Yakubu James , I. Marte Hussaini , . Timothy , Yerima S.
Published: July 2020

This research work aimed to establish scientific basis for the use of Chamaecrista mimosoides, in traditional medicine as anti-epileptic medication. The whole plant part of Chamaecrista mimosoides was extracted with ethanol and screened for phytochemicals. Acute toxicity study was carried out using Lorkeâ€™s method and the antiepileptic activity was evaluated using maximal electroshock induced seizure test in day-old chicks, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and strychnine using mice. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and cardenolides. Both the chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol portions at 100, 250, and 500mg/kg body weight did not protect the chicks against tonic hind limb extension (THLE) in maximal electro-shock test (MEST). The chloroform and n-butanol portions at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight protected 40% and 60% of mice against clonic spasm induced by pentylenetetrazole, while ethyl-acetate soluble portion did not protect the mice against clonic spasm induced by pentylenetetrazole at all doses used when compared to Valproic acid (200 mg/kg) protected all the mice (100%) against clonic spasm induced by pentylenetetrazole. The chloroform soluble portion at the doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight protected 40%, 100%, 100% against death induced by strychnine, while ethylacetate and n-butanol portions did not protect the rats against death induced by strychnine but prolonged the onset of convulsion. In all the tests, phenobarbitone (20 mg/kg) was used as positive control and protected 80% of mice against convulsion induced by strychnine. The antiepileptic investigation suggests that the chloroform portion of Chamaecrista mimosoides has a promising antiepileptic activity.Â Â
Pensar o direito humano à educação
Authors: Dantas Aline Cristina de Lima , De Oliveira Inês Barbosa , Paiva Jane
Published: July 2020

Pensar o direito humano à educação e sua efetivação, ou não, em diferentes espaçostempos educativos exige investigar práticaspolíticas, em busca de indícios de contribuição à emancipação social que neles se possa produzir. Com esta compreensão metódica de como investigar direito humano à educação, o texto visa a discutir ideias produzidas por pesquisadorxs em múltiplas intervenções no mundo da vida e que convergem, nos modos e nas formas de concebê-las, para consolidar alguns princípios, entre eles a dignidade humana, do que tem sido chamado direito à educação. Tratar desse direito para jovens, adultxs e idosxs motiva em grande parte as reflexões do texto, pelo entendimento de que o exercício do direito requer acesso a conhecimentos em contextos igualitários e plurais que respeitem conhecimentos anteriores e garantam a livre participação democrática, em que direitos individuais e sociais à aprendizagem e à cidadania digna sejam exercidos por todxs. Focando na vivência de políticaspráticas educativas cotidianas que caminham nessa direção, porque  desenvolvendo a solidariedade e relações mais democráticas entre sujeitos, conhecimentos e culturas, xs autorxs finalizam perguntando como essas ações contribuem para que nesses cotidianos se amplie o caráter emancipatório dessas iniciativas, enquanto se amadurece a crítica como dispositivo de reflexõesações mais efetivas.
El acompañamientos a docentes principiantes. Análisis y resultados de un programa de inducción
Authors: Marcelo Carlos , López Ferreira María Altagracia
Published: July 2020

La inducción de los profesores principiantes a la enseñanza ha sido una temática presente en la investigación educativa desde hace décadas. Para ayudar a los docentes principiantes a enfrentar estos problemas y a aprender el lenguaje de la práctica, los sistemas educativos han establecido lo que se han denominado programas de inducción a la enseñanza. Los sistemas educativos en América Latina han incorporado la inducción a la docencia más tarde que el resto de los países más desarrollados. En este artículo presentamos el desarrollo y resultados de un programa de inducción a docentes principiantes desarrollado en República Dominicana. El artículo presenta los niveles de satisfacción de docentes, acompañantes y directores escolares y se analizan, utilizando una variedad de instrumentos, algunos resultados de aprendizaje de los docentes principiantes. Hemos observado una alta satisfacción de los participantes con el programa y una significativa mejora de los docentes principiantes al finalizar el programa. Se destacan también algunos aspectos de mejora necesarios de implementar para su sostenibilidad.
Emergency certified teachers’ motivations for entering the teaching profession: Evidence from Oklahoma
Authors: Mobra Tyler J. , Hamlin Daniel E.
Published: July 2020

The use of emergency certification to fill teaching vacancies has increased in many school districts across the United States. Prior research suggests that teachers’ underlying motivations for entering the profession are associated with student outcomes, but very little is known about the motivations of emergency certified teachers who enter the profession in a less systematic fashion than traditionally certified teachers. To understand emergency certified teachers’ rationales for entering teaching, we interviewed 30 emergency certified teachers in Oklahoma where emergency certification has risen sharply. Findings indicate that emergency certified teachers articulate intrinsic motivations for entering the profession that are similar to those commonly identified by traditionally certified teachers. However, emergency certified teachers also report motivations that seemed to be markedly different, such as using teaching as a contingency employment option or wanting to test out the profession before committing to it. This study raises important policy questions about the use of emergency certification as a strategy for filling teaching vacancies.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ADAPTATION IN FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Antonovskii Aleksandr Viktorovich , Balakshina Elena Vladimirovna , Filippchenkova Svetlana Igorevna
Published: July 2020

Background. The article deals with the psychological features of adaptation in first-year university students. The main criteria indicating successful or failed adaptation are highlighted. The study was based on the concept describing human adaptation to changing environmental conditions as a dynamic process, as well as on psychological approaches that reveal the specific aspects of adaptation within the system of complex social relations of a new type. Aim. The article aims to study the features of adaptation in first-year university students through psychodiagnostics for the possibility of compensating negative trends in adaptation to new living conditions. Material and methods. The specificity of the response to educational conditions and students’ adaptation was determined by means of psychodiagnostics of subjective well-being, communicative tolerance, motivation for studying at University, moral normativity of behavior and neuropsychic stability. The sample consisted of students of technical and humanitarian specialties (n =284) aged from 17 to 21 years. Results. A number of important regularities have been established, the main of which are high communicative tolerance, orientation to compliance with the rules, intermediate type of motivation for studying, as well as differences in the severity of the studied characteristics in students, males and females. Conclusion. Adaptation to the components of university environment by first-year students is possible with the activation of all adaptation mechanisms. The nature of adaptation can be assessed through observation of students’ behavior in the team, as well as through the diagnosis of emotional experience, nervous tension, subjective well-being and communicative characteristics, which creates the basis for psychological and pedagogical support of young professionals.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF PROFESSIONAL VIABILITY IN EXTREME SPECIALISTS FROM EMERGENT-SYNERGETIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Kotovskaya Svetlana Vladimirovna
Published: July 2020

Aim. The article aims to study the psychophysiological status of a specialist from emergentsynergetic perspective, which is a relevant research direction in domestic and foreign psychology, especially when it comes to extreme activity that implies a possible risk to life. The purpose of the study is to establish emergent-synergetic factors that determine the high and low levels of professional viability. Materials and methods. 764 males of various professional groups were examined, whose daily activities included an extreme component at the substantive level. To determine the psychophysiological status, the following methods were used: the Luscher color test in the interpretation of I. Tsyganok, simple and complex visual-motor reaction. To determine the level of professional viability, the S-test, the emotional burnout method and a scale for subjective assessment of professional load through the socio-psychological questionnaire were used. The data obtained were processed using Varimax rotation factor analysis with Kaiser’s normalization. Results. According to an empirical study, it was found that the  evelopment of professional viability can be explained through an emergent-synergetic approach. Low energy potential, stress and personal imbalance are emergent psychophysiological components of low viability. Personal balance, performance, activity and optimal energy expenditure are emergent psychophysiological components of high viability.
THE ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONAL STRESS UNDER COGNITIVE LOAD IN MALES WITH A DIFFERENT LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Sivachenko Ivan Borisovich , Medvedev Dmitrii Stanislavovich , Pavlova Anna Nikolaevna
Published: July 2020

Background. In view of the continuous increase in the importance of information technologies in all spheres of society, the problem of the effect of significant cognitive loads that accompany information stress becomes extremely urgent. The article presents an analysis of studies (2018–2019) on resistance to cognitive loads in males with different levels of physical activity. Aim. The article aims to evaluate the dynamics of psychophysiological reactions to cognitive load in males with different levels of physical activity. Materials and methods. Regulatory mechanisms were assessed using the index of functional changes. The simulated load consisted in the Gorbov–Schulte table to be made in the conditions of time deficit, increased motivation and interference. Continuous recording of vascular tone, vascular blood flow, heart rate, electrical skin activity was performed. It is established that a different level of physical activity is specifically associated with the adaptation of a person to a significant cognitive load. Results. The dynamics of skin electrical activity, heart rate, vascular tone and vascular blood flow in people with moderate physical activity reflects optimal reactions to load. Conclusion. Persons systematically involved in physical activity in these conditions have a higher adaptive capacity of the vascular part in comparison with professional athletes and people not engaged in physical activity.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTUITION AND SELF-AGGRESSION AS A POSSIBLE MARKER OF SUICIDALITY
Authors: Grigoriev Pavel Evgenievich
Published: July 2020

The relationship between intuition and self-aggression, which can be expressed in self-harm and suicide, has not been studied much, while Russia currently ranks second in suicides in the world, and intuition has a major impact on decision-making and behaviour. Aim. The paper aims to study the relationship between intuition and self-aggression as a correlate of potential to suicidal activity among socially adapted respondents. Materials and methods. 72 people participated in the study, 48 females and 24 males, with the mean age of 20 years. The sample consisted of university students and teachers. The following questionnaires were used: Types of aggressiveness by L. Pochechut and Test for empathic abilities by V. Boyko. These questionnaires contain self-aggression and an intuitive channel of empathy scales and, thus, reflect various aspects of intuition. The following statistical methods were also used: descriptive statistics, Kendall correlation analysis, Mann–Whitney criterion, K-means method of cluster analysis, χ2 Pearson test.Results. Over the entire sample, the correlation between self-aggression and intuition was close to zero. However, when the sample was divided by the parameters of intuition and selfaggression using the K-means method, highly differentiated types were identified: 62.5 % of the subjects were characterized by increased self-aggression and decreased intuition, 37.5 % – by low self-aggression and average intuition. Members of the first cluster also had a significantly higher overall and emotional aggression, as well as lower penetrating ability of empathy. There were no significant gender and age differences between the clusters. Conclusion. Thus, the types that were highly differentiated by absolute differences and statistical significance were detected as those characterized by: 1) increased self-aggression and decreased intuition, 2) low selfaggression and average intuition