bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amount of Waste used for Different Purposes: A Socio-ecological Impact
Authors: Ghosh Arindam , Pal Dibyendu , Biswas Amitava , Acharya S. K.
Published: August 2020

Waste is a ceaselessly developing issue at worldwide and territorial just as at neighborhood levels. Due to vigorous globalization and product proliferation in recent years, more waste has been produced by the soaring manufacturing activities. The social ecology of waste recycling implies the structural, functional and managerial intervention of waste generation process. The specific objective of the research was to isolate and identify the system variables characterizing and the management of waste recycling process and to estimate intra and inter level of interaction amongst and between the variables for respective, inductive and interactive contribution. The present study takes a look into the approach, process and impact of ongoing waste management process, followed by the both kalyani and jalpaiguri municipalities. A set of agro-ecological, socio-economic and techno managerial factors have been developed by selecting  two sets of operating variables: Independent Variables: Age(x1), Education(x2), Family member(x3), Total cost of energy(x4), Household land(x5), Income(x6),  Expenditure of family(x7), Volume of waste generation per household(x8), Water consumption per day(x9), Total bio diversity(x10), Impact of waste management on health(x11), Impact of waste management on agriculture(x12), Impact of waste management on livestock(x13), Impact of waste management on water(x14),  Impact of waste management on soil(x15), Impact of waste management on micro flora and fauna(x16), Exposure to media(x17),Training received(x18), Participation on waste recycling programmer (x19), Perception on environmental impact of waste management(x20), Waste management at household level with value addition by percentage (x21a), Waste management at household level with value addition by percentage (x21b). Dependent variables: Volume of waste used for different purposes (y1). The following independent variables have come out with stark contribution on this consequent variable. Result suggested that in terms of variable, behavior and responses there have been stark differences between jalapaiguri and kalyani municipal areas. In kalyani, some few variables like perception of environmental impact on waste management, waste management at household level with value addition by percentage, impact of waste management on agriculture have recorded the distinct contribution on volume of waste used for different purposes and in jalpaiguri total household land, volume of waste generation from household, water consumption per day have gone in the determinant way. So, in kalyani and jalpaiguri municipal areas these variables have maximum influence on the dependent variable. Household wastes mostly are bio degradable in nature. It can be converted to organic manure which has a great nutritional value for plants and if these bio wastes can be converted into organic manure then amount of waste will be reduced. Not only bio waste but we can use non bio degradable wastes for energy production also.
Frailty, sociodemografic profile and health evaluation of older adults in vulnerability
Authors: Machado Isabela Thaís , Orlandi Ariene Angelini dos Santos , Zazzetta Marisa Silvana
Published: August 2020

OBJETIVO: Comparar a prevalência da fragilidade com o perfil sociodemográfico e a avaliação subjetiva de saúde de idosos cadastrados em Centros de Referência de Assistência Social em um município do interior paulista. MÉTODOS: Estudo comparativo e transversal, baseado no método quantitativo de investigação. Foram avaliados 247 idosos utilizando-se: questionário para caracterização do idoso, Avaliação Subjetiva de Saúde e Escala de Fragilidade de Edmonton. As entrevistas foram realizadas no domicílio. Todos os cuidados éticos foram observados. A pesquisa foi aprovada sob CAAE 00867312.8.0000.5504. RESULTADOS: Dos idosos avaliados, 41,7% não apresentaram fragilidade e 36,8% possuíam algum nível (seja fragilidade leve, moderada ou severa). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre fragilidade e: número de doenças relatadas e avaliação subjetiva de saúde (p<0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Idosos frágeis, com comorbidades e auto percepção negativa da saúde merecem especial atenção dos serviços de saúde e de assistência social.
Process of donation and transplant of organs and tissues: knowledge of nursing, psychology and social service academics
Authors: Musa Greta Nimhauser , Silveira Andresa Thomé , Rocha Dagoberto França da , Treviso Patricia
Published: August 2020

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento de estudantes dos cursos de Graduação em Enfermagem, Psicologia e Serviço Social sobre o conceito de Morte Encefálica e aspectos do processo de doação e transplante de órgãos e tecidos. Métodos: Estudo de campo, exploratório, descritivo e prospectivo, quantitativo. Realizado em Instituição de Ensino Superior privada. Utilizou-se contendo 10 questões, sobre o processo de doação de órgãos e perguntas relacionadas ao perfil da amostra. Participaram do estudo, acadêmicos de Enfermagem, Psicologia e Serviço Social. Realizada análise descritiva e quantitativa dos dados. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 449 acadêmicos. Constatou-se que os participantes possuem conhecimento a respeito do processo de doação e transplante de órgãos, porém com lacunas, que reverberam a importância destes futuros profissionais buscarem aprofundar os saberes sobre esta temática. Conclusão: Ressalta-se a importância dos profissionais da área da saúde conhecerem o processo de doação e transplante podendo contribuir com o aumento do número de doações.
Dual tasking impairments are associated with striatal pathology in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Lo Johnny , Reyes Alvaro , Pulverenti Timothy S. , Rankin Timothy J. , Bartlett Danielle M. , Zaenker Pauline , Rowe Grant , Feindel Kirk , Poudel Govinda , Georgiou‐Karistianis Nellie , Ziman Mel R. , Cruickshank Travis M.
Published: August 2020

Background

Recent findings suggest that individuals with Huntington’s disease (HD) have an impaired capacity to execute cognitive and motor tasks simultaneously, or dual task, which gradually worsens as the disease advances. The onset and neuropathological changes mediating impairments in dual tasking in individuals with HD are unclear. The reliability of dual tasking assessments for individuals with HD is also unclear.

Objectives

To evaluate differences in dual tasking performance between individuals with HD (presymptomatic and prodromal) and matched controls, to investigate associations between striatal volume and dual tasking performance, and to determine the reliability of dual tasking assessments.

Methods

Twenty individuals with HD (10 presymptomatic and 10 prodromal) and 20 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Individuals undertook four single and dual task assessments, comprising motor (postural stability or force steadiness) and cognitive (simple or complex mental arithmetic) components, with single and dual tasks performed three times each. Participants also undertook a magnetic resonance imaging assessment.

Results

Compared to healthy controls, individuals with presymptomatic and prodromal HD displayed significant deficits in dual tasking, particularly cognitive task performance when concurrently undertaking motor tasks (P < 0.05). The observed deficits in dual tasking were associated with reduced volume in caudate and putamen structures (P < 0.05),however, not with clinical measures of disease burden. An analysis of the reliability of dual tasking assessments revealed moderate to high test–retest reliability [ICC: 0.61‐0.99] for individuals with presymptomatic and prodromal HD and healthy controls.

Conclusions

Individuals with presymptomatic and prodromal HD have significant deficits in dual tasking that are associated with striatal degeneration. Findings also indicate that dual tasking assessments are reliable in individuals presymptomatic and prodromal HD and healthy controls.
Better, Faster, and Less Biased Machine Learning: Electromechanical Switching in Ferroelectric Thin Films
Authors: Griffin Lee A. , Gaponenko Iaroslav , Bassiri‐Gharb Nazanin
Published: August 2020

Machine‐learning techniques are more and more often applied to the analysis of complex behaviors in materials research. Frequently used to identify fundamental behaviors within large and multidimensional datasets, these techniques are strictly based on mathematical models. Thus, without inherent physical or chemical meaning or constraints, they are prone to biased interpretation. The interpretability of machine‐learning results in materials science, specifically materials’ functionalities, can be vastly improved through physical insights and careful data handling. The use of techniques such as dimensional stacking can provide the much needed physical and chemical constraints, while proper understanding of the assumptions imposed by model parameters can help avoid overinterpretation. These concepts are illustrated by application to recently reported ferroelectric switching experiments in PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 thin films. Through systematic analysis and introduction of physical constraints, it is argued that the behaviors present are not necessarily due to exotic mechanisms previously suggested, but rather well described by classical ferroelectric switching superimposed by non‐ferroelectric phenomena, such as electrochemical deformation, electrostatic interactions, and/or charge injection.
Digital‐Coding‐Feeding Metasurfaces for Differently Polarized Wave Emission, Orbit Angular Momentum Generation, and Scattering Manipulation
Authors: Li Si Jia , Li Yun Bo , Li Rui Qi , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun
Published: August 2020

Coding metasurfaces are two‐dimensional digital metamaterials with unique capability of field programming. For example, the electromagnetic (EM) waves can be flexibly and digitally manipulated in spatial and time domains. However, most of previous coding metasurfaces are presented to control the incident EM waves. Herein, digital‐coding‐feeding (DCF) metasurfaces are proposed to manipulate both radiation and scattered fields, which can realize differently polarized wave emissions, orbit angular momentum (OAM) generations, and scattering controls. The DCF metasurfaces are composed of polarization converters and that with rotation angle of π/2, which are used as the “0” and “1” elements. The 1‐bit DCF metasurfaces are designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured to illustrate the characteristics of scattering manipulation, radar cross‐section reduction, linearly and circularly polarized radiations, and OAM generations. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations. The DCF metasurfaces will enhance the digital coding metasurfaces for many applications such as stealth technology, wireless communications, and detection radar systems.
Density Functional Theory Calculation of Zn and N Codoped Graphene for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions
Authors: Li Yongcheng , Hu Riming , Wan Xin , Shang Jia‐Xiang , Wang Fu‐He , Shui Jianglan
Published: August 2020

The highly efficient and low‐cost electrocatalysts are of great importance for energy conversion systems such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and water electrolyzers. Here, the activities of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in zinc and nitrogen codoped graphene with different zinc–nitrogen (Zn–N) coordination numbers and configurations are studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The calculation results show that both Zn–N coordination numbers and structure configurations affect the activities of ORR and OER on ZnNx sites. Among all the calculated structures, ZnN4‐pyridine shows the lowest ORR overpotential of 0.61 V, whereas ZnN4‐pyrrole and ZnN4‐edge show lower OER overpotentials of 0.73 and 0.63 V, respectively. However, the other low N coordination structures of ZnNx‐pyridine/pyrrole/edge (x = 1/0/1–3) demonstrate poor activities. The electronic structure reveals that the O‐p orbital shows moderate hybridization strength with the N‐p and Zn‐d orbitals in O adsorbed ZnN4 systems thus facilitates the electrocatalytic reactions. The findings shed light on the rational design of bifunctional electrocatalysts for energy storage and conversion.
Enhanced Hardness in High‐Entropy Carbides through Atomic Randomness
Authors: Wang Yichen , Csanádi Tamás , Zhang Hangfeng , Dusza Ján , Reece Michael J. , Zhang Rui‐Zhi
Published: August 2020

High‐entropy carbides (HECs) are of great interest as they are promising candidates for ultra‐high‐temperature and high‐hardness applications. To discover carbides with enhanced yield strength and hardness, mechanism‐based design approaches are needed. In this study, dislocation core atomic randomness as a mechanism for hardness enhancement is proposed, in which the random interactions between different elements at a dislocation core make it more difficult for the dislocation to slip. The Peierls stress of an edge dislocation is calculated based on density functional theory, in which atomic randomness is increased by increasing the number of elements at the dislocation core. The results show that the Peierls stress statistically increases with increasing number of elements, indicating that incorporating more elements is likely to produce higher hardness. Based on this guiding principle, three eight‐cation HECs are fabricated (Ti,Zr,Hf,V,Nb,Ta,X,Y)C (X,Y = Mo,W, Cr,Mo, or Cr,W), the composition of which is guided by ab initio calculations of their formation enthalpy and entropy forming ability. The single‐phase dense ceramics all show high nanoindentation hardness of around 40 GPa. The random interactions between different elements at a dislocation core provide a mechanism for improving the hardness of structural ceramics.
Effect of the Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of the Polymer Matrix on ZnO‐Nanowire‐Based Composite Nanogenerators Performance
Authors: Doumit Nicole , Poulin‐Vittrant Guylaine
Published: August 2020

The effect of Young's modulus and dielectric permittivity of the polymer matrix in vertically integrated nanogenerators (VING) on their output performance is studied by combining the finite element method and analytical modeling. To conduct this study, an elementary cell is considered, based on one ZnO nanowire (NW) surrounded by the polymer matrix. It is demonstrated that the polymer matrix should have the lowest Young's modulus and permittivity as possible, in order to maximize the output voltage and power. Four different materials, which have already been proposed in literature for such composite VING, are then compared: Parylene C, poly(methyl methacrylate), Al2O3, and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Simulation results show that PDMS, which has the lowest values of both Young's modulus and permittivity, gives the highest output performance. Finally, the sensitivity to another design parameter—the surface density of the NWs—is calculated, and it is shown that choosing a polymer material with the lowest Young's modulus and permittivity is more powerful to improve the VING performance.
A Novel Mitigation Mechanism for Photo‐Induced Trapping in an Anthradithiophene Derivative Using Additives
Authors: Nasrallah Iyad , Ravva Mahesh Kumar , Broch Katharina , Novak Jiri , Armitage John , Schweicher Guillaume , Sadhanala Aditya , Anthony John E. , Bredas Jean‐Luc , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: August 2020

A novel trap mitigation mechanism using molecular additives, which relieves a characteristic early turn‐on voltage in a high‐mobility p‐type acene‐based small‐molecule organic semiconductor, when processed from hydrous solvents, is reported. The early turn‐on voltage is attributed to photo‐induced trapping, and additive incorporation is found to be very effective in suppressing this effect. Remarkably, the molecular additive does not disturb the charge transport properties of the small‐molecule semiconductor, but rather intercalates in the crystal structure. This novel technique allows for the solution‐processing of small molecular semiconductors from hydrous solvents, greatly simplifying manufacturing processes for large‐area electronics. Along with various electric and spectroscopic characterization techniques, simulations have given a deeper insight into the trap mitigation effect induced by the additive.
A Novel Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor Based on TiS2 (De)Intercalation Battery‐Type Anode
Authors: Wang Qiang , Wang Siliang , Li Jiayi , Ruan Limin , Wei Ning , Huang Linsheng , Dong Ziyan , Cheng Qinghua , Xiong Yi , Zeng Wei
Published: August 2020

The recent research on aqueous zinc‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) based on zinc metal anode has attracted great attention in energy storage systems due to the inherited merits of supercapacitors and batteries. However, the problems of sluggish diffusion of zinc ion, low utilization rate of zinc foil, and uncontrollable zinc dendrites limit the application of ZHSCs. In order to effectively solve the above problems, a ZHSC is constructed and investigated with a 2D layered titanium disulfide (TiS2) (de)intercalation battery‐type anode and an active carbon (AC) capacitor‐type cathode in 2 m ZnSO4 electrolyte. Notably, this ZHSC demonstrates a high specific capacitance of 249 F g−1 (0.2 A g−1), a superior energy density of 112 Wh kg−1 (180 W kg−1), and a high power density of 3600 W kg−1 (35 Wh kg−1) based on the total weight of the anode and cathode active materials. Furthermore, the ZHSC also shows long service life with a capacitance retention of 92% after 5000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1. This work provides a concept to design next‐generation high‐performance ZHSC by replacing the zinc foil anode with a (de)intercalation battery‐type anode.
The Ultrasound Competency Assessment Tool (UCAT): Development and Evaluation of a Novel Competency‐based Assessment Tool for Point‐of‐care Ultrasound
Authors: Bell Colin , Hall Andrew K. , Wagner Natalie , Rang Louise , Newbigging Joseph , McKaigney Conor
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) has become an integral diagnostic and interventional tool. Barriers to POCUS training persist, and it continues to remain heterogeneous across training programs. Structured POCUS assessment tools exist, but remain limited in their feasibility, acceptability, reliability, and validity; none of these tools are entrustment‐based. The objective of this study was to derive a simple, entrustment‐based POCUS competency assessment tool and pilot it in an assessment setting.

Methods

This study was composed of two phases. First, a three‐step modified Delphi design surveyed 60 members of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians Emergency Ultrasound Committee (EUC) to derive the anchors for the tool. Subsequently, the derived ultrasound competency assessment tool (UCAT) was used to assess trainee (N = 37) performance on a simulated FAST examination. The intraclass correlation (ICC) for inter‐rater reliability and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency were calculated. A statistical analysis was performed to compare the UCAT to other competency surrogates.

Results

The three‐round Delphi had 22, 26, and 26 responses from the EUC members. Consensus was reached, and anchors for the domains of preparation, image acquisition, image optimization, and clinical integration achieved approval rates between 92 and 96%. The UCAT pilot revealed excellent inter‐rater reliability (with ICC values of 0.69‐0.89; p < 0.01) and high internal consistency (α = 0.91). While UCAT scores were not impacted by level of training, they were significantly impacted by the number of previous POCUS studies completed.

Conclusions

We developed and successfully piloted the UCAT, an entrustment‐based bedside POCUS competency assessment tool suitable for rapid deployment. The findings from this study indicate early validity evidence for the use of the UCAT as an assessment of trainee POCUS competence on FAST. The UCAT should be trialed in different populations performing several POCUS study types.
Train for the Game: What Is the Learning Environment of Deployed Navy Emergency Medicine Physicians?
Authors: Hurst Nicole D. , Durning Steven J. , Cervero Ronald M. , Morrison Ponce Daphne
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Medicine is a practice characterized by ongoing learning, and unique qualities of the operational learning environment (LE) may affect learner needs. When physicians move between differing practice environments learners may encounter situations for which they are unprepared. Using a conceptual framework specific to the LE, we therefore asked the following research question: what is the difference in LE for Navy emergency medicine (EM) physicians who practice in U.S. hospitals but serve an operational environment, and how do these differences shape their learning needs?

Methods

We interviewed Navy EM physicians who recently deployed to explore their perceptions of the deployed LE, how it differed from the LE they practice in stateside, and the perceived effect this difference had on their learning needs. We used the constant comparative method to gather and analyze data until thematic saturation was achieved.

Results

We interviewed 12 physicians and identified six interconnected themes consistent with the LE framework in the literature: 1) patient care is central to the learning experience; 2) professional isolation versus connectedness; 3) a sense of meaningful practice engages the learner in the LE; 4) physicians as educators shape the LE; 5) team trust impacts the LE; and 6) the larger military organization impacts the LE.

Conclusions

Our themes span the conceptual framework put forth by previous work and did not find themes outside this framework. These interconnected themes describe the difference in LE between the stateside and deployed setting and impact the learning needs of Navy EM physicians. These results inform strategies to position the deployed medical unit for success.
Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with DNA for Smart Sensing
Authors: Lopez Anand , Liu Juewen
Published: August 2020

Interfacing nanomaterials with DNA has resulted in the development of numerous biosensors, optimized for different targets and applications. Of all nanomaterials, graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a prime sensing platform due to its high specific surface area, good aqueous stability, varied functional groups and desirable surface, and electrical and optical properties. This review starts with an introduction of GO and describes its physical and chemical properties. Then, the general strategies of interfacing DNA and GO to develop sensors are discussed. The trends in GO/DNA biosensor development are organized into classes based on the mode of DNA interaction with GO (physisorbed vs chemisorbed). Due to the intermediate DNA adsorption strength on GO, most of the sensors developed utilize physisorption of DNA to GO. Even within the realm of physisorbed probes, there are multiple sensing methods: direct adsorption, inhibited adsorption, competitive adsorption with the use of blocking agents, and tethered adsorption containing a strongly adsorbing block of DNA. Covalently linked DNA probes are also used to increase the biosensor stability. Each of these sensors has its advantages and disadvantages and the designs are discussed with representative examples in detail.
Minimizing Polymer Band Gap via Donor‐Acceptor Frameworks: Poly(dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole‐alt‐thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine)s as Illustrative Examples of Challenges and Misconceptions
Authors: Evenson Sean J. , Mulholland Michael E. , Anderson Trent E. , Rasmussen Seth C.
Published: August 2020

Donor‐acceptor (D−A) frameworks have been produced via the copolymerization of the strong donor dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole (DTP) with ambipolar thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (TP) units to generate soluble, processible materials with band gaps as low as 0.8 eV. Optical and electronic characterization of the DTP‐TP copolymers illustrate common misconceptions in the relative contributions of the comonomers to the D‐A framework, as well as highlighting the challenges of minimizing band gap while also retaining desirable frontier orbital energies for application to technological devices.
Network analysis as a tool to understand social development in spider monkeys
Authors: Boeving Emily R. , Rodrigues Michelle A. , Nelson Eliza L.
Published: August 2020

The emerging field of network science has demonstrated that an individual's connectedness within their social network has cascading effects to other dimensions of life. Like humans, spider monkeys live in societies with high fission–fusion dynamics, and are remarkably social. Social network analysis (SNA) is a powerful tool for quantifying connections that may vary as a function of initiating or receiving social behaviors, which has been described as shifting social roles. In primatology, the SNA literature is dominated by work in catarrhines, and has yet to be applied to the study of development in a platyrrhine model. Here, SNA was utilized in combination with R‐Index social role calculation to characterize social interaction patterns in juvenile and adult Colombian spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps rufiventris). Connections were examined across five behaviors: embrace, face‐embrace, grooming, agonism, and tail‐wrapping from 186 hr of observation and four network metrics. Mann–Whitney U tests were utilized to determine differences between adult and juvenile social network patterns for each behavior. Face‐embrace emerged as the behavior with different network patterns for adults and juveniles for every network metric. With regard to social role, juveniles were receivers, not initiators, for embrace, face‐embrace, and grooming (ps < .05). Network and social role differences are discussed in light of social development and aspects of the different behaviors.
Recovery of the crucian carp Carassius carassius (L.): Approach and early results of an English conservation project
Authors: Sayer Carl D. , Emson Dave , Patmore Ian R. , Greaves Helen M. , West William P. , Payne Jonathan , Davies Gareth D. , Tarkan Ali Serhan , Wiseman Glen , Cooper Bernard , Grapes Tim , Cooper George , Copp Gordon H.
Published: August 2020

The crucian carp Carassius carassius, a cyprinid fish characteristic of small ponds, is in decline throughout most of its European range, including in England where it is currently thought to be non‐native.

The present study, undertaken by the Norfolk Crucian Project, reports on reductions in pond populations of crucian carp in Norfolk, eastern England as well as the success of recent introduction/re‐introduction efforts in terms of crucian survival, recruitment and growth over the last 10 years.

A 72% decline in crucian carp distribution was observed between the 1950s–1980s and the 2010s. Of 18 crucian carp introductions/re‐introductions to restored and suitable existing ponds, 17 were successful in terms of survival, increasing the number of current crucian sites in Norfolk by 37%. Recruitment of young crucian carp was demonstrated for 12 of the 18 stocked ponds, with apparent elevated juvenile growth relative to other English and European populations.

Delays in, or a lack of, crucian recruitment in some ponds appeared to result from the presence of other fish species (especially threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus) with predation and interspecific competition possible contributory factors.

This study shows that, through combinations of pond rehabilitation and stocking, it has been possible to achieve a substantial recovery of crucian carp populations in the study region. Although the crucian carp is currently presumed to be non‐native within England, given other scientific studies that show a lack of adverse impacts of this species on native biota, and because it is greatly threatened in its native range, the call is sounded for more crucian carp conservation projects in other parts of England as well as in Europe more generally.
Nickel Alloying Significantly Enhances the Power Density of Ruthenium‐Based Supercapacitors
Authors: Morag Ahiud , Shauloff Nitzan , Maman Nitzan , Froumin Natalya , Ezersky Vladimir , Jelinek Raz
Published: August 2020

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Prof. Raz Jelinek at Ben‐Gurion University. The cover picture shows the incorporation of Ni in the RuO2‐based supercapacitor through a simple electrochemical process. Nickel incorporation affected both the morphology and electrochemical performance, particularly enabling operation of the supercapacitor in high current densities and high frequencies. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/batt.202000110.
Application of three dimensional (3D) curved multi‐planar reconstruction images in 3D printing mold assisted eyebrow arch keyhole microsurgery
Authors: Li Sheng‐Jun , Wang Fang , Chen Wei , Su Ying
Published: August 2020

Objective

The application of multi‐planar reconstruction of three dimensional (3D) curved surface in microsurgery of 3D printing mold assisted eyebrow arch keyhole approach was studied.

Methods

Eighty patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent treatment at our hospital were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups: the traditional eyebrow keyhole approach microsurgery group (38 cases in the conventional treatment group) and the three‐dimensional curved surface multi‐plane reconstruction image combined with 3D printing technology assisted eyebrow keyhole approach microsurgery group (42 cases in the 3D printing assisted treatment group). The Hunt‐Hess classification was used to make a preliminary estimation of the patient's condition. The 3D curved multi‐planar reconstruction method was used to assist the surgical plan; CT scan was used to establish a 3D printing mold, and the patient's condition and surgical plan were accurately analyzed before surgery. The operative time and the size of the incision area were recorded; postoperative GOS score and postoperative complications were statistically investigated.

Results

The 3D printing assisted treatment group (70.13 ± 15.56), (411.26 ± 10.38) mm2, the operative time and incision area were significantly shorter than the conventional treatment group (120.35 ± 20.46), (663.55 ± 13.54) mm2, p < .05); the GOS score showed that the 3D printing‐assisted treatment group was significantly higher than the conventional treatment group (p < .05). The postoperative complication rate was significantly lower in the 3D print‐assisted treatment group (9.52%) than in the conventional treatment group (47.36%, p < .05); the cure of intracranial aneurysms in the 3D printing assisted treatment group was more thorough than that in the conventional treatment group, and the difference was significant (p < .05).

Conclusion

Compared with the conventional eyebrow arch‐hole approach microsurgery, the 3D surface multi‐planar reconstruction image combined 3D printing assisted technology was safer and more effective, and the postoperative recovery was better and the incidence of complications was lower.
Noncanonical Amino Acids in Synthetic Biosafety and Post‐translational Modification Studies
Authors: Gang Donghyeok , Park Hee‐sung
Published: August 2020

The incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) has been extensively studied because of its broad applicability. In the past decades, various in vitro and in vivo ncAA incorporation approaches have been developed to generate synthetic recombinant proteins. Herein, we discuss the methodologies for ncAA incorporation, and their use in diverse research areas, such as in synthetic biosafety and for studies of post‐translational modifications.
A case of hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome with a novel frameshift variant in GATA3, p.W10Cfs40, lacks kidney malformation
Authors: Kishi Haruka , Jojima Teruo , Kogai Takahiko , Iijima Toshie , Ohira Eriko , Tanuma Dai , Konno Sachiyo , Kato Kanako , Kezuka Atsumi , Akimoto Kazumi , Sakumoto Junko , Hishinuma Akira , Tomaru Takuya , Makita Noriko , Usui Isao , Aso Yoshimasa
Published: August 2020

Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome are typically diagnosed by manifestations of the three features with a positive family history. Our case carried a de novo variant in causative gene, GATA3, but presenting no renal dysplasia or family history. The phenotypic heterogeneity raises a caution for diagnosis.
Upward transtentorial herniation
Authors: Omar Nidal B. , Fisher Winfield S.
Published: August 2020

While subfalcine, transtentorial, and transmagnal herniation are most often thought of as downward phenomena, brain herniation can also occur in the upward direction with similarly disastrous clinical consequences.
Discovery of Homobivalent Bitopic Ligands of the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor**
Authors: Morales Paula , Navarro Gemma , Gómez‐Autet Marc , Redondo Laura , Fernández‐Ruiz Javier , Pérez‐Benito Laura , Cordomí Arnau , Pardo Leonardo , Franco Rafael , Jagerovic Nadine
Published: August 2020

Single chemical entities with potential to simultaneously interact with two binding sites are emerging strategies in medicinal chemistry. We have designed, synthesized and functionally characterized the first bitopic ligands for the CB2 receptor. These compounds selectively target CB2 versus CB1 receptors. Their binding mode was studied by molecular dynamic simulations and site‐directed mutagenesis.
Vergleich von Berechnungsmethoden des TUM‐WelChem‐Zellenmodells für die Querverteilung in Füllkörperschüttungen
Authors: Winkler Thomas , Wasensteiner Josef , Kender Robert , Klein Harald , Rehfeldt Sebastian
Published: August 2020

Die Flüssigkeitsmaldistribution für eine Ø1,2 m‐Füllkörperkolonne wird mit dem TUM‐WelChem‐Zellenmodell simuliert und mit Experimentaldaten verglichen. Untersucht werden die Füllkörper Raflux Ring 50‐5 Metall, Hiflow® Ring 50‐6 Kunststoff und RVT Metall Sattel Ring 50‐4. Es werden zwei Berechnungsmethoden für die Modellierung der Querverteilung auf einer Zellebene angewandt: eine sequenzielle und eine simultane Methode. Eine Paritätsanalyse und die Auswertung der relativen Abweichung der Berechnungen zu den Versuchsergebnissen liefern Erkenntnisse über Annahmen und Gültigkeiten des Modells.
Microporous adsorbent from winemaking waste for the recovery of Mn(VII) in liquid solutions
Authors: Alcaraz Lorena , Alguacil Francisco J. , López Félix A.
Published: August 2020

Microporous activated carbon (MAC) was synthesized from winemaking waste and was used to adsorb Mn(VII) from aqueous solutions under various experimental conditions. Moreover, Mn(VII) adsorption on MAC was compared to other adsorbents and an ion‐exchange resin, as well as those of other anionic complexes. Langmuir type‐1 isotherm best fitted the adsorption process, whereas for all the studied temperatures (30°C‐60°C), the experimental data fitted well with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The calculated activation energy was 8.1 kJ · mol−1, suggesting that Mn(VII) adsorption onto the MAC was a physical adsorption driven process. A reduction of Mn(VII) to Mn(II) occurs at a pH of 1 with the precipitation of MnO2. Mn(VII) recovery from loaded‐activated carbon using acidic conditions and different variables was investigated.
Optimization of the loading patterns of silica gels for o‐xylene recovery by vacuum swing adsorption
Authors: Li Xingang , Zheng Chenggong , Wang Zeli , Sui Hong , He Lin
Published: August 2020

The key step for the adsorption‐desorption engineering process is the reversible in‐situ desorption of the adsorbent without VOCs (volatile organic compounds) accumulation. Our previous results show that the mesoporous silica gel performs well in adsorbing and desorbing the VOCs due to their capillary condensation in the mesopores. However, the microporous silica performs better in adsorbing though poorer in desorbing VOCs because of the direct interaction between VOCs molecules and the adsorbent wall in the micropores. Herein, the adsorption and desorption of o‐xylene on two silica gels (SG) with different pore size distribution by vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) has been systematically studied. The equilibrium adsorption and desorption experiments of two kinds of silica gels at different loading heights in fixed bed show that the concentration front of o‐xylene in microporous SG disperses slowly. However, the concentration front of o‐xylene in mesoporous SG is significantly dispersed. To improve the overall efficiency of adsorption‐desorption, the mesoporous and microporous SGs are loaded together in the fixed bed. It was found that the increase in the microporous SG loading percentage facilitated the adsorption capacity but deteriorated its desorption efficiency, while the opposite occurs to the mesoporous SG. After optimization, it was observed that minimal energy consumption (1.295 kWh/m3 VOCs gas) was used when the adsorption column is loaded with 60% SG B at the inlet and 40% of the SG A at the outlet end for o‐xylene vapour adsorption. This finding will be useful for designing adsorbent loading in the adsorption column.
Sustainable polymer reaction engineering: Are we there yet?
Authors: Dubé Marc A. , Gabriel Vida A. , Pakdel Amir S. , Zhang Yujie
Published: August 2020

Polymers are a class of materials that provide unparalleled benefits to humanity, fulfilling countless needs in an exceedingly broad range of applications. Because of their ubiquity and current ways of producing them, polymers also pose significant challenges to the environment. Inspired by a previous publication on sustainable polymer reaction engineering, an update is provided on the latest trends in the use of renewable starting materials for polymers, efforts in process intensification and water‐based polymerization, as well as approaches to dealing with the end of the polymers' application life. We seek to answer the question about how far along we are regarding the achievement of completely sustainable polymer processes.
State‐of‐the‐art consensus on non‐transvenous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator therapy
Authors: Schukro Christoph , Santer David , Prenner Günther , Stühlinger Markus , Martinek Martin , Teubl Alexander , Moertl Deddo , Schwarz Stefan , Nürnberg Michael , Fiedler Lukas , Hatala Robert , Khazen Cesar
Published: August 2020

Within the last decade, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) systems with non‐transvenous leads were developed in order to minimize complications related to the cardiovascular position of transvenous ICD leads. This national expert consensus gives an overview of potential indications for the implantation of non‐transvenous ICD systems, and provides specific recommendations for implantation, follow‐up, and complication management in patients with subcutaneous ICD. Regarding particular issues like the necessity for shock efficacy testing, or the clinical outcome as compared to transvenous ICD, randomized data are expected in the near future.
Efficient sampling for polynomial chaos‐based uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis using weighted approximate Fekete points
Authors: Burk Kyle M. , Narayan Akil , Orr Joseph A.
Published: August 2020

Performing uncertainty quantification (UQ) and sensitivity analysis (SA) is vital when developing a patient‐specific physiological model because it can quantify model output uncertainty and estimate the effect of each of the model's input parameters on the mathematical model. By providing this information, UQ and SA act as diagnostic tools to evaluate model fidelity and compare model characteristics with expert knowledge and real world observation. Computational efficiency is an important part of UQ and SA methods and thus optimization is an active area of research. In this work, we investigate a new efficient sampling method for least‐squares polynomial approximation, weighted approximate Fekete points (WAFP). We analyze the performance of this method by demonstrating its utility in stochastic analysis of a cardiovascular model that estimates changes in oxyhemoglobin saturation response. Polynomial chaos (PC) expansion using WAFP produced results similar to the more standard Monte Carlo in quantifying uncertainty and identifying the most influential model inputs (including input interactions) when modeling oxyhemoglobin saturation, PC expansion using WAFP was far more efficient. These findings show the usefulness of using WAFP based PC expansion to quantify uncertainty and analyze sensitivity of a oxyhemoglobin dissociation response model. Applying these techniques could help analyze the fidelity of other relevant models in preparation for clinical application.
A Series of Green Light Absorbing Organic Photosensitizers Capable of Oxidative Quenching Photocatalysis
Authors: Bobo M. Victoria , Arcidiacono Ashley M. , Ayare Pooja J. , Reed Jordan C. , Helton Maizie R. , Ngo Thi , Hanson Kenneth , Vannucci Aaron K.
Published: August 2020

In order to design a series of photoredox compounds with a broad range of reactivity, eosin Y, a xanthene derivative, was chosen as a precursor to synthesize a new series of organic photocatalysts. The synthesis and characterization of these four new organic photocatalysts was undertaken. Redox potentials of this series of photocatalysts varied by 110 mV, which shows that these catalysts can be tuned for specific reactions. The measured fluorescence quantum yields ranged from 0.33 to 0.65 which outperform most transition metal photocatalysts. The excited state lifetimes (ns) of the new photocatalysts are comparable to those of the parent complex, but the λmax value for absorption was red‐shifted into the green light region of the solar spectrum. Despite the absorbance shift to lower energy wavelengths, the new photocatalysts were more potent reductants compared to the parent complex and were able to undergo oxidative quenching and promote the photocatalytic enol arylation reaction.
Spin‐Glass‐Like Freezing Behavior and Magnetic Anisotropy in GdVO4 Single Crystal
Authors: Ruan Mingyue , Wang Lei , Li Yuhong , Ouyang Zhongwen , Chen Hongshan , Zheng Yanzhen
Published: August 2020

The systematic magnetic properties in the zircon‐type GdVO4 single crystal are reported herein. Antiferromagnetic (AFM)‐ordered GdVO4 single crystal presents an upturn below 150 K in the H/M curves. With the decreasing of the field, the upturn behavior enhances which is probably due to spin‐glass‐like behavior that exists in this system. The short‐range order related spin‐glass‐like feature is also observed in the time‐dependent magnetization relaxation. Furthermore, the M (T) and M (H) curves of the single crystal reveal an anisotropic character with two different spin‐flop transitions along the c axis (1 T) and the a, b axes (1.7 T). Combining the high‐frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement and the structure analysis, the main cause of the magnetic anisotropy can be explained as the contribution of the exchange coupling anisotropy due to the asymmetrical environment of the Gd3+ ions.
Measurement of turf height and growth using a laser distance device
Authors: Patton Aaron J. , Braun Ross C.
Published: August 2020

Growth or yield is an important characteristic to measure in crop science experiments. Turf researchers often use rulers or harvest grass clippings to measure growth and yield, respectively. Rising plate meters or floating disk meters are used for nondestructive measurements of forage canopy height to estimate herbage biomass, but this technique is not commonly used by turf scientists. Using the rising plate concept and integrating new technology, our objective was to develop an easy‐to‐construct, low‐cost device that could rapidly and accurately measure canopy height, growth, and estimate yield in turf research. A device called the “Turf Height Tester” with a floating platform and a laser distance measurement tool was constructed within a US$167 budget. The tester was able to precisely measure recently mown turf canopy height at the tested bench heights of 4.9–10.2 cm. The Turf Height Tester was advantageous for comparing the growth of turfgrasses with contrasting growth rates, and turf response from N fertilizer applications in a nondestructive manner. The tester, which outputs data via Bluetooth to the nearest 0.1 mm, correlated well with other turf canopy height measuring tools but had a lower CV. Collecting ∼18 measurements per minute, the tester allows for data collection from 1.8 plots per minute (includes 5 pre‐ and 5 post‐mowing measurements) compared with the more labor‐intensive practice of harvesting and weighing grass clippings from a rotary mower with a bagging attachment at 0.2 plots per minute. Further, there was a strong relationship across experiments (R2 = .62–.94) between growth measurements using the tester and dry matter clipping yield.
Genomic Cytometry and New Modalities for Deep Single‐Cell Interrogation
Authors: Salomon Robert , Martelotto Luciano , Valdes‐Mora Fatima , Gallego‐Ortega David
Published: August 2020

In the past few years, the rapid development of single‐cell analysis techniques has allowed for increasingly in‐depth analysis of DNA, RNA, protein, and epigenetic states, at the level of the individual cell. This unprecedented characterization ability has been enabled through the combination of cytometry, microfluidics, genomics, and informatics. Although traditionally discrete, when properly integrated, these fields create the synergistic field of Genomic Cytometry. In this review, we look at the individual methods that together gave rise to the broad field of Genomic Cytometry. We further outline the basic concepts that drive the field and provide a framework to understand this increasingly complex, technology‐intensive space. Thus, we introduce Genomic Cytometry as an emerging field and propose that synergistic rationalization of disparate modalities of cytometry, microfluidics, genomics, and informatics under one banner will enable massive leaps forward in the understanding of complex biology. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Genetic and physiological bases for variation in water use efficiency in canola
Authors: Raman Harsh , Raman Rosy , McVittie Brett , Borg Lauren , Diffey Simon , Singh Yadav Avilash , Balasubramanian Sureshkumar , Farquhar Graham
Published: August 2020

Drought stress due to water deficiency threatens production of canola worldwide. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), a trait that can be used to assess efficient water use, provides an opportunity to exploit natural variation in canola for stable production. Here, we show that substantial genetically controlled phenotypic variation in water use efficiency (WUE) component trait, Δ13C (20.4 to 23.6‰) exists among accessions of canola. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis revealed ten loci for Δ13C, each accounting for 2.5% to 16.5% of the genotypic variation. One of the significant QTL for Δ13C was co‐localized with a QTL for flowering time, a trait implicated in drought escape and was mapped in the vicinity of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) on chromosome A07. Gene expression analyses revealed that among FT paralogs, BnC6.FTb expression was significantly correlated (r = 0.33, p < .01) with variation in Δ13C across at least two environments in a canola DH population. Integration of data based on instantaneous single leaf gas exchange, dry matter Δ13C, and whole plant measurements suggests a possible trade‐off between early flowering and WUE. Our findings provide insights into the complexity of Δ13C and WUE which could enable the development of canola varieties resilient to drought and increasing canola productivity under water‐limited conditions.