bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reexamination of the Five‐Factor Model and College Students' Treatment‐Seeking Attitudes
Authors: Hatchett Gregory T. , Park Heather L.
Published: March 2019

This study was an attempt to replicate and extend the previous research by Puma () and Kakhnovets () on the relationships between the 5‐factor model of personality (FFM) and college students' attitudes toward seeking counseling. With a sample of 458 undergraduate students, the authors found that participant sex, prior treatment experiences, and 3 of the FFM factors (openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) predicted college students' attitudes toward counseling, but there was no evidence of moderator effects.
Role of microRNA‐145 in protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by regulating expression of GZMK with the treatment of sevoflurane
Authors: Qi Zheng , Li Shushan , Su Yu , Zhang Ji , Kang Yu , Huang Yunli , Jin Feng , Xing Qinghe
Published: March 2019

This study aims to investigate the role of microRNA‐145 (miR‐145) in protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice by regulating expression of granzyme K (GZMK) with the treatment of sevoflurane. The mice model of myocardial I/R injury was established by left coronary artery ligation. The expression of miR‐145 and GZMK in myocardial tissues of mice was detected by Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The changes of the cardiac function and hemodynamics, pathological changes of myocardial tissues, the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes, myocardial infarction area, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were observed. The expression of the apoptosis‐related protein cleaved‐caspase‐3, Bax, and Bcl‐2 was detected by western blot analysis. The levels of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase in myocardial tissues were detected by spectrophotometric colorimetry. The levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in the serum of mice were detected by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The level of oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory factors increased in mice with myocardial I/R injury. Sevoflurane postconditioning could reduce myocardial I/R injury in mice. Sevoflurane postconditioning may protect myocardial I/R injury through miR‐145‐regulation of GZMK in mice. Inhibition of miR‐145 expression could reduce the protective effect of sevoflurane posttreatment on myocardial I/R injury in mice. Low expression of GZMK could attenuate the inhibitory effect of miR‐145 on myocardial I/R injury after sevoflurane treatment in mice. Our study suggests that sevoflurane postconditioning may protect against myocardial I/R injury by upregulating miR‐145 expression and downregulating GZMK expression.
Coupling of VAMPERS within iLOVECLIM: experiments during the LGM and Last Deglaciation
Authors: Kitover Danielle C. , Renssen Hans , van Balen Ronald , Vandenberghe Jef , Roche Didier M.
Published: March 2019

The VAMPERS (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Permafrost Snow Model) has been coupled within iLOVECLIM, an earth system model. This advancement allows the thermal coupling between permafrost and climate to be examined from a millennial timescale using equilibrium experiments during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ka) and transient experiments for the subsequent deglaciation period (21–11 ka). It appears that the role of permafrost during both stable and transitional (glacial–interglacial) climate periods is seasonal, resulting in cooler summers and warmer winters by approximately ±2 °C maximum. This conclusion reinforces the importance of including the active layer within climate models. In addition, the coupling of VAMPERS also yields a simulation of transient permafrost conditions, not only for estimating areal changes in extent but also total permafrost gain/loss.
A reformulation of the nonsmooth approaches of M. Frémond and J.J. Moreau for rigid body dynamics
Authors: Jebrane Aissam , Argoul Pierre , El Rhabi Mohammed , Hakim Abdelilah
Published: March 2019

This paper deals with the nonsmooth dynamics of a rigid bodies system. The proposed theory is inspired by the formalism of J.J. Moreau and that of M. Frémond and relies on the notion of percussion which is the integral of the contact force during the duration of the collision. Contrary to classical discrete element models, it is here assumed that percussions can be expressed as a function of only the velocity before the impact. This assumption is checked for the usual mechanical constitutive laws for collisions derived from a pseudopotential of dissipation or the Coulomb friction law. Motion equations are then reformulated taking into account simultaneous collisions of solids. A mathematical study of the new model is presented: the existence and uniqueness of the solution are discussed according to the regularity of both the forces (Lebesgue‐density occurring during the regular evolution of the system) and the percussions (Dirac‐density describing the collision). In the light of the principles of thermodynamics, a condition on the internal percussion assuring that the collision is thermodynamically admissible, is established. Finally, an application of this new model to the motion of a system of rigid disks, including simultaneous collisions is presented.
Magnitude‐intrinsic water–fat ambiguity can be resolved with multipeak fat modeling and a multipoint search method
Authors: Triay Bagur Alexandre , Hutton Chloe , Irving Benjamin , Gyngell Michael L. , Robson Matthew D. , Brady Michael
Published: March 2019

Purpose

To develop a postprocessing algorithm for multiecho chemical‐shift encoded water–fat separation that estimates proton density fat fraction (PDFF) maps over the full dynamic range (0‐100%) using multipeak fat modeling and multipoint search optimization. To assess its accuracy, reproducibility, and agreement with state‐of‐the‐art complex‐based methods, and to evaluate its robustness to artefacts in abdominal PDFF maps.

Methods

We introduce MAGO (MAGnitude‐Only), a magnitude‐based reconstruction that embodies multipeak liver fat spectral modeling and multipoint optimization, and which is compatible with asymmetric echo acquisitions. MAGO is assessed first for accuracy and reproducibility on publicly available phantom data. Then, MAGO is applied to N = 178 UK Biobank cases, in which its liver PDFF measures are compared using Bland‐Altman analysis with those from a version of the hybrid iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least squares estimation (IDEAL) algorithm, LiverMultiScan IDEAL (LMS IDEAL, Perspectum Diagnostics Ltd, Oxford, UK). Finally, MAGO is tested on a succession of high field challenging cases for which LMS IDEAL generated artefacts in the PDFF maps.

Results

Phantom data showed accurate, reproducible MAGO PDFF values across manufacturers, field strengths, and acquisition protocols. Moreover, we report excellent agreement between MAGO and LMS IDEAL for 6‐echo, 1.5 tesla human acquisitions (bias = −0.02% PDFF, 95% confidence interval = ±0.13% PDFF). When tested on 12‐echo, 3 tesla cases from different manufacturers, MAGO was shown to be more robust to artefacts compared to LMS IDEAL.

Conclusion

MAGO resolves the water–fat ambiguity over the entire fat fraction dynamic range without compromising accuracy, therefore enabling robust PDFF estimation where phase data is inaccessible or unreliable and complex‐based and hybrid methods fail.
Synthesis of boron and rare earth stabilized graphene doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite piezoelectric materials
Authors: Badali Yusuf , Koçyiğit Serhat , Aytimur Arda , Altındal Şemsettin , Uslu İbrahim
Published: March 2019

Boron and rare earth stabilized graphene (Gr) doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers were synthesized by electro‐spinning method. The structural and morphological properties of the nanofibers were characterized. The morphological and structural behavior of the samples containing different amounts (0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) of Gr and different doping material such as boron (B) and rare earth elements (REEs), were found to be different from each other. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the synthesized nanofibers exhibit that, the addition of the Gr into pure PVDF caused a marked decrease in the diameters of nanofibers. So much so that the average diameter of pure PVDF nanofibers was about 500 nm while the average diameters of the Gr doped nanofibers was merely 58 nm. To the energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) Analysis, suitable and specified elements were determined for each samples. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that crystallinity of the nanofibers increased with the increasing content of Gr. In addition, the XRD peaks β crystalline phase in G‐doped PVDF was more intense than the ones in pure PVDF and the most intense one was observed at 0.3% G‐doped PVDF. Boron doping contrary to Gr addition result in the increase ofαphase. Differential thermal analyses (DTAs) data showed that Gr and B doping increased the melting point of PVDF materials. In addition, the dielectric properties of these samples showed that the value ofε’ increased with increasing the rate of Gr. Thus, the P‐G0.3%and P‐G0.5%materials have the largest dielectric constants. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3623–3633, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Fast and Economical Sample Preparation Protocol for Interaction Proteomics Analysis
Authors: Gonzalez‐Lozano Miguel A. , Koopmans Frank , Paliukhovich Iryna , Smit August B. , Li Ka Wan
Published: March 2019

A simple and fast immunoprecipitation (IP) protocol is designed with the sample preparation incorporated, applicable to both low and high throughput. This new protocol combines two procedures based on magnetic beads in 96‐well plate format. Protein complexes are captured by antibodies and magnetic beads conjugated with protein A. Proteins are washed and on‐bead digested by using Single‐Pot solid‐phase sample preparation (SP3). The whole IP‐SP3 approach can be completed in one day, which is considerably faster compared to the classical approach. No major quantitative differences are found between SP3 and FASP (filter‐aided sample preparation) or a longer incubation protocol. Taken together, the IP‐SP3 protocol is a fast and economical approach easily applicable for large‐scale protein interactome analysis.
Monitoring trends in ensemble forecast performance focusing on surface variables and high‐impact events
Authors: Ben Bouallègue Zied , Magnusson Linus , Haiden Thomas , Richardson David S.
Published: March 2019

This paper discusses methodological aspects of a monitoring process which focuses simultaneously on ensemble forecasts, surface variables, and high‐impact events. Which score(s) is (are) suitable for this task is a central question but not the only one to be answered. Here, we investigate the properties of the Brier score, logarithmic score, and diagonal elementary score in the context of forecast performance monitoring as well as the impact of methodological choices such as the event threshold definition, the reference forecast, and the role assigned to representativeness errors. A consistent picture of the verification process is eventually drawn where the design of the event climatology plays a key role. This study is illustrated by verification results for three surface variables (24 hr precipitation, 10 m wind speed, and 2 m temperature) over 15 years of operational ECMWF ensemble forecasting activities. Results are also compared with a current ECMWF headline score: the relative operating characteristic skill score for the Extreme Forecast Index.
Flexible bronchoscopy and cryoextraction for critical airway obstruction caused by an endobronchial angioleiomyoma
Authors: Chatterji Sumit , Ofek Efrat , Shulimzon Tiberiu
Published: March 2019

Angioleiomyomas are rare airway tumours with potential to cause central airway obstruction or haemoptysis. Methods described to manage them include surgical resection, or rigid bronchoscopy and thermal ablation techniques. We describe a case presenting with central airway obstruction, safely and effectively treated with cryoextraction of the tumour using flexible bronchoscopy.
Nanomechanical and nanotribological characterization of multilayer self‐lubricating Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 nanocoating on aluminium‐silicon substrate
Authors: Banday Summèra , Wàňi M.F.
Published: March 2019

Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 multilayer coating was fabricated by a pulse laser deposition method from a titanium, molybdenum disulphide, and silicon targets, and the coating was deposited in layers on aluminium‐silicon substrates, at room temperature. The structural analysis and surface morphology of multilayer Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 coating were analysed using X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy integrated with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Nanomechanical tests were performed on Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 coating at small loads of 2000 to 6000 μN to study the effect of load on hardness and Young's modulus. Nanoscratch and nanowear tests were conducted on Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 coating at a low load of 1000 to 5000 μN and 100 to 500 μN, respectively, to study deformation and failure behaviours of coating/substrate system and also their nanotribological properties. The results show that hardness and Young's modulus of Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 coating decrease with increase in load. A low friction coefficient of 0.09 to 0.16 was observed, which proves that the Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 coating possesses self‐lubricating property. The wear rate of Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 coating increases 3.3 × 10−10 to 7.8 × 10−10 mm3/Nm with increase in load. Ti/MoS2/Si/MoS2 multilayer coating shows a smooth wear track with no cracks and debris on the surface, which attributed plastic flow of softer coating material around the wear track.
Geopolitical jockeying: Economic nationalism and multinational strategy in historical perspective
Authors: Lubinski Christina , Wadhwani R. Daniel
Published: March 2019

Research Summary

We explore multinational strategy formation in the context of rising economic nationalism. Specifically, we examine how firms develop strategies to capitalize on the historical and aspirational attributes of national identity. Analyzing the histories of two German multinationals in late colonial India, we find that these firms engaged in “geopolitical jockeying” to delegitimize rival multinationals and position themselves as complementary to the economic and political goals of the host nation. Toward that end they employed “aspirational political practices,” addressing the inherently future‐oriented character of nationalism, and invested in the development of political capabilities to gather information and shape perceptions of national contexts. The paper contributes to a more robust conceptualization of nations and nationalism and their role in the formation of international competition and strategy.

Managerial Summary

Rising economic nationalism can create political and economic opportunities as well as threats for multinational firms. Through a historical analysis of the emerging strategy of two German companies—Siemens and Bayer—in late colonial India, we show how firms can engage in “geopolitical jockeying” to delegitimize rival multinationals and position themselves as complementary to the economic and political goals of host nations. To do so the companies engaged in “aspirational political practices,” addressing the inherently future or goal‐oriented aspects of nations, and created political capabilities designed to both gather intelligence on and shape the nationalist movements. The paper uses history as a mirror for reflecting on the causes and consequences of economic nationalism for international strategy in our own time.
Rethinking water insecurity, inequality and infrastructure through an embodied urban political ecology
Authors: Truelove Yaffa
Published: March 2019

In recent years, emerging scholarship has advanced embodied approaches to urban water in/security, inequality and infrastructure. This new literature is broadly informed by political ecology studies of water, which critique depoliticized approaches to water scarcity, insecurity and inequality and give attention to the socially differentiated experiences of the urban waterscape. Recent interventions to bring feminist and embodied approaches to water's urban political ecology analyze the site and scale of the body as critical for understanding everyday urban water access and inequality. Drawing from these frameworks, I summarize three contributions of an embodied urban political ecology approach for addressing water in/security. These include analytical approaches that give attention to (1) the scale of the body within multi‐scalar approaches to water, (2) intersectionality and gender/class/race/ethno‐religious relations in shaping patterns of water inequality and insecurity, and (3) everyday practices and politics, in relation to both governance and citizens, which reveal under‐theorized dimensions of water insecurity and inequality. Embodied approaches to urban water insecurity are poised to expand and deepen work on the everyday politics and lived experiences of insufficient, insecure, and unequal water that profoundly shape urban life for city‐dwellers.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Water Governance

Human Water > Rights to Water
Supersymmetric Born-Infeld actions and new Fayet-Iliopoulos terms
Authors: Cribiori Niccolò , Farakos Fotis , Tournoy Magnus
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We consider

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 1 supersymmetric Born-Infeld actions that have a second non-linear supersymmetry. We focus on the model proposed by Bagger and Galperin and show that the breaking of the second supersymmetry is sourced by the new Fayet-Iliopoulos D-term. Interpreting such an action as the effective theory of a space-filling (anti) D3-brane leads to an expression for the new Fayet-Iliopoulos parameter in terms of the brane tension and α′.
Resummation for rapidity distributions in top-quark pair production
Authors: Pecjak Benjamin D. , Scott Darren J. , Wang Xing , Yang Li Lin
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We extend our framework for the simultaneous resummation of soft and small-mass logarithms to rapidity distributions in top quark pair production. We give numerical results for the rapidity distribution of the top quark or the anti-top quark, as well as the rapidity distribution of the

$$ t\overline{t} $$

t

t
¯

pair, finding that resummation effects stabilize the dependence of the differential cross sections on the choice of factorization scale. We compare our results with recent measurements at the Large Hadron Collider and find good agreement. Our results may be useful in the extraction of the gluon parton distribution function from

$$ t\overline{t} $$

t

t
¯

production.
Non-minimal flavour violation in A4 × SU(5) SUSY GUTs with smuon assisted dark matter
Authors: Bernigaud Jordan , Herrmann Björn , King Stephen F. , Rowley Samuel J.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We study CP-conserving non-minimal flavour violation in A
4 × SU(5) inspired Supersymmetric Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), focussing on the regions of parameter space where dark matter is successfully accommodated due to a light right-handed smuon a few GeV heavier than the lightest neutralino. In this region of parameter space we find that some of the flavour-violating parameters are constrained by the requirement of the dark matter relic density, due to the delicate interplay between the smuon and neutralino masses. By scanning over GUT scale flavour violating parameters, constrained by low-energy quark and lepton flavour violating observables, we find a striking difference in the results in which individual parameters are varied to those where multiple parameters are varied simultaneously, where the latter relaxes the constraints on flavour violating parameters due to cancellations and/or correlations. Since charged lepton-flavour violation provides the strongest constraints within a GUT framework, due to relations between quark and lepton flavour violation, we examine in detail a prominent correlation between some of the flavour violating parameters at the GUT scale consistent with the stringent lepton flavour violating process μ → eγ. We also examine the relation between GUT scale and low scale flavour violating parameters, for both quarks and leptons, and show how the usual expectations may be violated due to the correlations when multiple parameters are varied simultaneously.
Phenomenological implications of the Friedberg-Lee transformation in a neutrino mass model with μτ-flavored CP symmetry
Authors: Sinha Roopam , Bhattacharya Sukannya , Samanta Rome
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We propose a neutrino mass model with μτ-flavored CP symmetry, where the effective light neutrino Lagrangian enjoys an additional invariance under a Friedberg-Lee (FL) transformation on the left-handed flavor neutrino fields that leads to a highly predictive and testable scenario. While both types of the light neutrino mass ordering, i.e., Normal Ordering (NO) as well as the Inverted Ordering (IO) are allowed, the absolute scale of neutrino masses is fixed by the vanishing determinant of light Majorana neutrino mass matrix M

ν
. We show that for both types of mass ordering, whilst the atmospheric mixing angle θ
23 is in general nonmaximal (θ
23 ≠ π/4), the Dirac CP phase δ is exactly maximal (δ = π/2, 3π/2) for IO and nearly maximal for NO owing to cos δ ∝ sin θ
13. For the NO, very tiny nonvanishing Majorana CP violation might appear through one of the Majorana phases β; otherwise the model predicts vanishing Majorana CP violation. Thus, despite the fact, that from the measurement of θ
23, it is difficult to rule out the model, any large deviation of δ from its maximality, will surely falsify the scenario. For a comprehensive numerical analysis, beside fitting the neutrino oscillation global fit data, we also present a study on the ν

μ
→ ν

e
oscillation which is expected to show up Dirac CP violation in different long baseline experiments. Finally, assuming purely astrophysical sources, we calculate the Ultra High Energy (UHE) neutrino flavor flux ratios at neutrino telescopes, such as IceCube, from which statements on the octant of θ
23 could be made in our model.
A proteomic signature for dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: O'Bryant Sid E. , Ferman Tanis J. , Zhang Fan , Hall James , Pedraza Otto , Wszolek Zbigniew K. , Como Tori , Julovich David , Mattevada Sravan , Johnson Leigh A. , Edwards Melissa , Hall James , Graff‐Radford Neill R.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

We sought to determine if a proteomic profile approach developed to detect Alzheimer's disease would distinguish patients with Lewy body disease from normal controls, and if it would distinguish dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods

Stored plasma samples were obtained from 145 patients (DLB n = 57, PD without dementia n = 32, normal controls n = 56) enrolled from patients seen in the Behavioral Neurology or Movement Disorders clinics at the Mayo Clinic, Florida. Proteomic assays were conducted and analyzed as per our previously published protocols.

Results

In the first step, the proteomic profile distinguished the DLB‐PD group from controls with a diagnostic accuracy of 0.97, sensitivity of 0.91, and specificity of 0.86. In the second step, the proteomic profile distinguished the DLB from PD groups with a diagnostic accuracy of 0.92, sensitivity of 0.94, and specificity of 0.88.

Discussion

These data provide evidence of the potential utility of a multitiered blood‐based proteomic screening method for detecting DLB and distinguishing DLB from PD.
Will the Establishment of Circuit Tribunals Break Up the Circular Reforms in the Chinese Judiciary?
Authors: WANG Zhiqiong June , CHEN Jianfu
Published: March 2019

This article examines the objectives for the establishment of circuit tribunals of the Supreme People’s Court of China and the politico-legal functions of such tribunals in the context of judicial reforms that were first launched in 1999. It starts with an analysis of the fundamental problems and difficulties that impeded judicial reforms in the last two decades. It then provides a careful analysis of the establishment of circuit tribunals and examines the political barriers to fundamental reforms towards genuine, though limited, independent adjudication in China. Although we do not believe that the circuit tribunals will be a breakaway force in the Chinese polity, the present reforms do have the potential to break up certain circular reforms and break through some fundamental barriers to deep reform. Further, while judicial independence, in the sense of the judiciary being an independent force in the political and constitutional scheme of checks and balances, is not attainable in the political environment in China today or indeed in the near future, it is hoped that the present reforms might grant the Chinese judiciary some limited, but much needed, autonomy within the Chinese political system.
Marine Reservoir Corrections for the Brazilian Northern Coast Using Modern Corals
Authors: Oliveira Maria Isabela , Carvalho Carla , Macario Kita , Evangelista Heitor , Lamounier Saulo , Hammerschlag Izabela
Published: March 2019

The Abrolhos bank, in southern Bahia State (BA), is the largest coral reef system in the southwestern Atlantic. It is highly influenced by the Brazil Current (BC), since it is located in the continental shelf. By contrast, Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), in Salvador, capital of Bahia State (BA) has an important coral biodiversity, located in a bay inlet with restricted water circulation. Coral cores were collected in those sites and were analyzed for density band counting and by Th/U dating to estimate growth rates and age. In this work, we present14C ages of some of these bands in order to evaluate the marine reservoir effect (MRE) to which the colonies were subjected during growth. It is the first study making use of coral skeleton samples for MRE determination for the Brazilian coast. ΔR was calculated to be –151±2314C yr, while that for the TSB was –107±5114C yr.
International Intervention and the Rule of Law after Civil War: Evidence from Liberia
Authors: Blair Robert A.
Published: March 2019

What are the effects of international intervention on the rule of law after civil war? Rule of law requires not only that state authorities abide by legal limits on their power, but also that citizens rely on state laws and institutions to adjudicate disputes. Using an original survey and list experiment in Liberia, I show that exposure to the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) increased citizens’ reliance on state over nonstate authorities to resolve the most serious incidents of crime and violence, and increased nonstate authorities’ reliance on legal over illegal mechanisms of dispute resolution. I use multiple identification strategies to support a causal interpretation of these results, including an instrumental variables strategy that leverages plausibly exogenous variation in the distribution of UNMIL personnel induced by the killing of seven peacekeepers in neighboring Côte d'Ivoire. My results are still detectable two years later, even in communities that report no further exposure to peacekeepers. I also find that exposure to UNMIL did not mitigate and may in fact have exacerbated citizens’ perceptions of state corruption and bias in the short term, but that these apparently adverse effects dissipated over time. I conclude by discussing implications of these complex but overall beneficial effects.
E. J. Lowe on the modal ontological argument
Authors: EKLUND DAN-JOHAN
Published: March 2019

E. J. Lowe has defended a modal ontological argument that draws upon Plantinga's version. Briefly, the argument is this: God is a necessary being; possibly, God exists; hence, God exists. In this article, I accept the validity of Lowe's modal ontological argument and focus on how he seeks to justify the argument's possibility claim in reference to his essence-based account of modal knowledge. I argue that here Lowe's defence fails. I have two complaints. I call them ‘the modified “perfect island” objection’ and ‘the conflicting possibilities objection’. Both of these refer to the concern that Lowe's modal epistemology is too permissive: it permits justification of possibility claims that question the acceptability of the underlying modal epistemology.
A New Algorithm for Navigation Trajectory Prediction of Land Vehicles Based on a Generalised Extended Extrapolation Model
Authors: Shang Junna , Liu Can , Shi Huli , Cheng Tao , Yue Keqiang
Published: March 2019

Dynamic trajectory prediction is an important topic in the field of navigation and positioning. Due to the drawbacks of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, the trajectory of the position always lags behind the dynamic platform's actual position, especially in highly dynamic situations. In order to solve the prediction of a dynamic trajectory, a generalised extension extrapolated model is proposed in this paper. The model utilises the current motion state and a priori position data of the platform, combines the interpolation and fitting method, adds the angle information as a constraint condition and solves the platform position prediction. In this paper, the feasibility of the generalised extended extrapolation algorithm is analysed theoretically and practically. Simulation results show that the prediction error is within 0.2 metres and experimental results show that the algorithm still has high prediction accuracy when a land vehicle platform is turned through a large angle.
Innocent Children and Passive Pederasts: Sodomy, Age of Consent, and the Legal and Juridical Vulnerability of Boys in Buenos Aires, 1853–1912
Authors: Ogden Julia
Published: March 2019

This article explores the legal and judicial vulnerability of male youth in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 1853 and 1912, years that correspond to the codification of criminal law and the passage of the first age of consent laws. Using 65 sodomy and rape cases, it traces the courts' changing treatment of males who suffered sexual assault. It argues that a traditional revulsion of sodomy, a cultural preoccupation with female sexuality, official concern with the social order, and the preoccupations of classical and positivist criminologists ensured the liminality of male youth in both the law and the courts. Judicial authorities only started to regard prepubescent boys as innocent in the first decade of the twentieth century. By highlighting how age, innocence and gender were only mutually constituted in the twentieth century, this article makes a significant contribution to literature on the emergence of modern notions of childhood and innocence. Historians have shown how categories such as class, ethnicity, filiation and natal status worked to include or exclude certain groups from this classification in modern Latin America, this work reveals how central both age and gender norms and expectations were to the belated integration of boys.
The resurgence of syphilis in high-income countries in the 2000s: a focus on Europe
Authors: Spiteri G. , Unemo M. , Mårdh O. , Amato-Gauci A. J.
Published: March 2019

Syphilis can cause severe complications and sequelae. Following a decrease in reported cases in European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and other high-income countries in the 1980s and 1990s as a result of the HIV epidemic and ensuing changes in sexual behaviour, trends started to increase in the 2000s in a number of EU/EEA Member States with higher rates among men and a large proportion of cases reported among men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly HIV-positive MSM. Trends in EU/EEA Member States vary however with some countries continuing to report decreases in the number of reported cases (mostly in the Eastern part of EU/EEA) whereas many Western European countries report increasing numbers of cases. Increasing rates among women, although still relatively low, have been observed in a number of countries leading to concerns around mother-to-child transmission of syphilis and congenital syphilis. Similar overall trends are observed in other high-income countries with the exception of Japan where rates among heterosexual men and women have been rising at alarming levels. Control of syphilis requires use of comprehensive, evidence-based strategies which take into account lessons learned from previous control efforts as well as consideration of biomedical interventions.
Sea Surface Cooling Induced by Extratropical Cyclones in the Subtropical North Pacific: Mechanism and Interannual Variability
Authors: Kobashi Fumiaki , Doi Haruki , Iwasaka Naoto
Published: March 2019

The influence of extratropical cyclones on the ocean is examined with a focus on the North Pacific subtropical front (STF), which is a zone of high sea surface temperature (SST) gradients located approximately 25–30°N. The STF becomes most pronounced and susceptible to frequent passages of cyclones in spring. Satellite observations reveal a significant decrease in SST concurrent with cyclone passage along the STF. The SST decreases for approximately 2 days and then gradually recovers over approximately 5 days. The magnitude of the cooling is approximately 0.4 °C. The ocean reanalysis data show a similar surface cooling with a deepening of the mixed layer. The cooling seems to reach the seasonal thermocline and persist there for more than a week. A cyclone over the STF is a subsynoptic cyclone accompanied by a larger synoptic high to the northwest of the low. The surface cooling is mainly attributable to the decrease in shortwave radiation due to the cloud band of the low and the increases in the latent heat and the ocean entrainment, which are associated with intensified northerly winds between the low‐ and high‐pressure systems. The STF varies in strength on interannual timescales in response to the western Pacific pattern, changing the baroclinicity of the overlying atmosphere and the activity of the cyclones. The intense cyclone activity weakens the seasonal SST warming in spring. It is suggested that the cyclones affect the variability of not only the mixed layer but also the seasonal thermocline.
Available Energy Partitioning During Drought at Two Norway Spruce Forests and a European Beech Forest in Central Europe
Authors: McGloin Ryan , Šigut Ladislav , Fischer Milan , Foltýnová Lenka , Chawla Shilpi , Trnka Miroslav , Pavelka Marian , Marek Michal V.
Published: March 2019

Partitioning of the available energy at the Earth's surface into the latent heat (LE) and sensible heat (H) fluxes has important climatological, hydrological, and physiological implications. With the prediction of more frequent droughts in central Europe in the near future, there is a particular need to understand variability in available energy partitioning under drought stress conditions at forest ecosystems that are common in the region, such as Norway spruce and European beech. Using eddy covariance measurements from two Norway spruce sites with contrasting wet and dry climates and one European beech site in the Czech Republic, it was found that the proportion of energy partitioned into H was greater at the spruce sites than at the beech site in all conditions during the growing season. The difference between the mean midday (09:00–15:00) β values for low stress conditions and drought stress conditions was much smaller at the European beech site (β = 1.04 vs. 1.11) than at the wet (β = 1.52 vs. 2.50) and dry Norway spruce (β = 1.80 vs. 2.70) sites, indicating that β was not as sensitive to drought stress at the European beech site as at the Norway spruce sites. The high β values and enhancement of drought conditions through positive feedback processes at Norway spruce stands mean that the potential substitution of Norway spruce monocultures with mixed broadleaf‐coniferous stands in central Europe will likely lessen the severity of droughts and heat waves in the region.
Projecting Global Urban Area Growth Through 2100 Based on Historical Time Series Data and Future Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Authors: Li Xuecao , Zhou Yuyu , Eom Jiyong , Yu Sha , Asrar Ghassem R.
Published: March 2019

Improved understanding of the potential growth of urban areas at the national and global levels is needed for sustainable urban development. Current panel data analysis and local scale modeling are limited in projecting global urban area growth with large spatial heterogeneities. In this study, we developed country‐specific urban area growth models using the time series data set of global urban extents (1992–2013) and projected the future growth of urban areas under five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Our results indicate the global urban area would increase roughly 40–67% under five SSPs until 2050 relative to the base year of 2013, and this trend would continue to a growth ratio of more than 200% by 2100. The growth of urban areas under relatively unsustainable development pathways (e.g., regional rivalry SSP3 and inequality SSP4) is smaller compared to other SSPs. Although developing countries would remain as leading contributors to the increase of global urban areas in the future, they may exhibit different temporal patterns, that is, plateaued or monotonically increasing trends. This variation is primarily attributed to the compounding effect of the growth in population and gross domestic product. Our urban area data set presents a first country‐level urban area projection under the five SSPs, spanning from 2013 to 2100. This data set has a great potential to support various global change studies, for example, urban sprawl simulation, integrated assessment modeling for sustainable development goals, and investigation of the impact of urbanization on atmospheric emissions, air quality, and human health.
Administration’s Budget Request Slashes Federal Science Budgets
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2019

Congressional Democrats and others tear apart the White House funding proposal.
Genetic contributions to two special factors of neuroticism are associated with affluence, higher intelligence, better health, and longer life
Authors: Hill W. David , Weiss Alexander , Liewald David C. , Davies Gail , Porteous David J. , Hayward Caroline , McIntosh Andrew M. , Gale Catharine R. , Deary Ian J.
Published: March 2019

Higher scores on the personality trait of neuroticism, the tendency to experience negative emotions, are associated with worse mental and physical health. Studies examining links between neuroticism and health typically operationalize neuroticism by summing the items from a neuroticism scale. However, neuroticism is made up of multiple heterogeneous facets, each contributing to the effect of neuroticism as a whole. A recent study showed that a 12-item neuroticism scale described one broad trait of general neuroticism and two special factors, one characterizing the extent to which people worry and feel vulnerable, and the other characterizing the extent to which people are anxious and tense. This study also found that, although individuals who were higher on general neuroticism lived shorter lives, individuals whose neuroticism was characterized by worry and vulnerability lived longer lives. Here, we examine the genetic contributions to the two special factors of neuroticism—anxiety/tension and worry/vulnerability—and how they contrast with that of general neuroticism. First, we show that, whereas the polygenic load for neuroticism is associated with the genetic risk of coronary artery disease, lower intelligence, lower socioeconomic status (SES), and poorer self-rated health, the genetic variants associated with high levels of anxiety/tension, and high levels of worry/vulnerability are associated with genetic variants linked to higher SES, higher intelligence, better self-rated health, and longer life. Second, we identify genetic variants that are uniquely associated with these protective aspects of neuroticism. Finally, we show that different neurological pathways are linked to each of these neuroticism phenotypes.
The genetics of depression: successful genome-wide association studies introduce new challenges
Authors: Ormel Johan , Hartman Catharina A. , Snieder Harold
Published: March 2019

The recent successful genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for depression have yielded more than 80 replicated loci and brought back the excitement that had evaporated during the years of negative GWAS findings. The identified loci provide anchors to explore their relevance for depression, but this comes with new challenges. Using the watershed model of genotype–phenotype relationships as a conceptual aid and recent genetic findings on other complex phenotypes, we discuss why it took so long and identify seven future challenges. The biggest challenge involves the identification of causal mechanisms since GWAS associations merely flag genomic regions without a direct link to underlying biological function. Furthermore, the genetic association with the index phenotype may also be part of a more extensive causal pathway (e.g., from variant to comorbid condition) or be due to indirect influences via intermediate traits located in the causal pathways to the final outcome. This challenge is highly relevant for depression because even its narrow definition of major depressive disorder captures a heterogeneous set of phenotypes which are often measured by even more broadly defined operational definitions consisting of a few questions (minimal phenotyping). Here, Mendelian randomization and future discovery of additional genetic variants for depression and related phenotypes will be of great help. In addition, reduction of phenotypic heterogeneity may also be worthwhile. Other challenges include detecting rare variants, determining the genetic architecture of depression, closing the “heritability gap”, and realizing the potential for personalized treatment. Along the way, we identify pertinent open questions that, when addressed, will advance the field.
Using genetic drug-target networks to develop new drug hypotheses for major depressive disorder
Authors: Gaspar Héléna A. , Gerring Zachary , Hübel Christopher ,   Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Middeldorp Christel M. , Derks Eske M. , Breen Gerome
Published: March 2019

The major depressive disorder (MDD) working group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) has published a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for MDD in 130,664 cases, identifying 44 risk variants. We used these results to investigate potential drug targets and repurposing opportunities. We built easily interpretable bipartite drug-target networks integrating interactions between drugs and their targets, genome-wide association statistics, and genetically predicted expression levels in different tissues, using the online tool Drug Targetor (drugtargetor.com). We also investigated drug-target relationships that could be impacting MDD. MAGMA was used to perform pathway analyses and S-PrediXcan to investigate the directionality of tissue-specific expression levels in patients vs. controls. Outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, 153 protein-coding genes are significantly associated with MDD in MAGMA after multiple testing correction; among these, five are predicted to be down or upregulated in brain regions and 24 are known druggable genes. Several drug classes were significantly enriched, including monoamine reuptake inhibitors, sex hormones, antipsychotics, and antihistamines, indicating an effect on MDD and potential repurposing opportunities. These findings not only require validation in model systems and clinical examination, but also show that GWAS may become a rich source of new therapeutic hypotheses for MDD and other psychiatric disorders that need new—and better—treatment options.
A phosphorylated transcription factor regulates sterol biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Liu Zunyong , Jian Yunqing , Chen Yun , Kistler H. Corby , He Ping , Ma Zhonghua , Yin Yanni
Published: March 2019

Sterol biosynthesis is controlled by transcription factor SREBP in many eukaryotes. Here, we show that SREBP orthologs are not involved in the regulation of sterol biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum, a fungal pathogen of cereal crops worldwide. Instead, sterol production is controlled in this organism by a different transcription factor, FgSR, that forms a homodimer and binds to a 16-bp cis-element of its target gene promoters containing two conserved CGAA repeat sequences. FgSR is phosphorylated by the MAP kinase FgHog1, and the phosphorylated FgSR interacts with the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF at the target genes, leading to enhanced transcription. Interestingly, FgSR orthologs exist only in Sordariomycetes and Leotiomycetes fungi. Additionally, FgSR controls virulence mainly via modulating deoxynivalenol biosynthesis and responses to phytoalexin.
Molecular mechanism for the control of virulent Toxoplasma gondii infections in wild-derived mice
Authors: Murillo-León Mateo , Müller Urs B. , Zimmermann Ines , Singh Shishir , Widdershooven Pia , Campos Cláudia , Alvarez Catalina , Könen-Waisman Stephanie , Lukes Nahleen , Ruzsics Zsolt , Howard Jonathan C. , Schwemmle Martin , Steinfeldt Tobias
Published: March 2019

Some strains of the protozoan parasiteToxoplasma gondii(such as RH) are virulent in laboratory mice because they are not restricted by the Immunity-Related GTPase (IRG) resistance system in these mouse strains. In some wild-derived Eurasian mice (such as CIM) on the other hand, polymorphic IRG proteins inhibit the replication of such virulentT. gondiistrains. Here we show that this resistance is due to direct binding of the IRG protein Irgb2-b1CIMto theT. gondiivirulence effector ROP5 isoform B. The Irgb2-b1 interface of this interaction is highly polymorphic and under positive selection. South AmericanT. gondiistrains are virulent even in wild-derived Eurasian mice. We were able to demonstrate that this difference in virulence is due to polymorphic ROP5 isoforms that are not targeted by Irgb2-b1CIM, indicating co-adaptation of host cell resistance GTPases andT. gondiivirulence effectors.
Author Correction: Solar superstorm of AD 774 recorded subannually by Arctic tree rings
Authors: Uusitalo J. , Arppe L. , Hackman T. , Helama S. , Kovaltsov G. , Mielikäinen K. , Mäkinen H. , Nöjd P. , Palonen V. , Usoskin I. , Oinonen M.
Published: March 2019

The authors became aware of a mistake in the data displayed in Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2 of the original version of the Article. Specifically, the 14C production values were printed out in the code before the conversion between the omnidirectional fluence and the flux. As a consequence, the values of the 14C production in Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2 were too high by a factor of 4×π = 12.566.. As a result of this, a number of changes have been made to both the PDF and the HTML versions of the Article. A full list of these changes is available online.