bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dantrolene does not block calcium pulse‐induced calcium release from a putative calcium channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum from malignant hyperthermia and normal pig muscle
Authors: Nelson T.E.
Published: July 2002

Calcium pulse additions to isolated SR membranes can cause a reversible efflux of calcium. The threshold level of calcium loading at which calcium efflux occurs is lower for SR membranes isolated from malignant hyperthermia susceptible (MHS) swine. Dantrolene, a unique muscle relaxant, had no effect on threshold calcium load, amounts and rates of calcium release from SR isolated from control and MHS skeletal muscle. It is concluded that the putative calcium channel through which this calcium pulse‐induced calcium release mechanism occurs is not affected by dantrolene under these experimental conditions.
Human neuropeptide Y, somatostatin and vasopressin precursors identified in cell‐free translations of hypothalamic mRNA
Authors: Ivell R. , Emson P. , Richter D.
Published: July 2002

Human hypothalamus
Neuropeptide Y
Somatostatin
Vasopressin
Neurophysin
Hormone precursor
Penicillin‐binding proteins in the cyanelles of Cyanophora paradoxa, a eukaryotic photoautotroph sensitive to β‐lactam antibiotics
Authors: Berenguer Jose , Rojo Fernando , de Pedro Miguel A. , Pfanzagl Beatrix , Löffelhardt Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

Cyanophora paradoxa is a eukaryotic protist sensitive to β‐lactam antibiotics, most likely as a consequence of the binding of the drugs to a set of 7 proteins, analogous to eubacterial penicillin‐binding proteins (PBPs), located in the envelope of the C. paradoxa photosynthetic organelles, the cyanelles.
Guinea pig neurohypophysial hormones
Authors: Chauvet M.T. , Rouillé Y. , Chauvet J. , Acher R.
Published: July 2002

Guinea pig neurohypophysial hormones have been purified by two procedures, one involving molecular sieving and paper chromatoelectrophoresis, the other high‐pressure reverse‐phase liquid chromatography. Arginine vasopressin and oxytocin have been identified by their amino acid compositions and their retention times in HPLC determined through their biological properties. No partially processed precursor, including a neurohormone and a neurophysin, has been detected. Because the cleavage of the three‐domain vasopressin‐neurophysin‐copeptin precursor is apparently complete between the first two domains, whereas it is not between the second and the third, it is supposed that two distinct enzymic systems are involved in the processing.
Characterisation of calmodulin binding to cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channels from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Köhler Claudia , Neuhaus Gunther
Published: July 2002

The recently identified cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channels (AtCNGCs) from Arabidopsis thaliana have the ability to bind calmodulin. Using two different methods, we mapped the binding site of AtCNGC1 to the last predicted α helix of the cyclic nucleotide binding domain. This is in contrast to CNGCs from animals, where the calmodulin binding site is located in the N‐terminus, implying that different mechanisms for CNGC modulation have evolved in animals and plants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AtCNGC1 and AtCNGC2 have different calmodulin binding affinities and we provide evidence for target specificities among calmodulin isoforms.
Transforming growth factor β signal transduction in hepatic stellate cells via Smad2/3 phosphorylation, a pathway that is abrogated during in vitro progression to myofibroblasts
Authors: Dooley Steven , Delvoux Bert , Streckert Maike , Bonzel Linda , Stopa Marcin , ten Dijke Peter , Gressner Axel M.
Published: July 2002

To current knowledge, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling is mandatory to establish liver fibrosis and various molecular interventions designed to affect the TGFβ system were successfully used to inhibit fibrogenesis. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which are one important source of TGFβ, are the major producers of extracellular matrix proteins in liver injury. We have previously shown that the TGFβ response of this cell type is modulated during the transdifferentiation process. This work delineates the activation of TGFβ downstream mediators, the Smads, in quiescent HSC and transdifferentiated myofibroblasts (MFB). The expression level of all Smads remained largely unchanged during this process. The response of HSC to TGFβ, leading to, e.g., induction of α2 (I) collagen expression, is mediated by phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 and subsequent nuclear translocation of a Smad containing complex. Neither TGFβ‐dependent nor endogenously phosphorylated Smad2/3 was detectable in comparable amounts in transdifferentiated MFB, indicating loss of TGFβ sensitivity. Ectopic expression of Smad7 in HSC led to inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation and abrogated TGFβ response. In transdifferentiated MFB, expression of a constitutively active TGFβ receptor I, but not treatment with TGFβ1, resulted in transcriptional activation of a TGFβ responsive promoter, thereby demonstrating completely restored TGFβ signal transduction. Our data indicate that in contrast to a postulated mechanism of enduring autocrine TGFβ signal transduction, early and late stages of HSC activation have to be distinguished, which is of importance for antifibrotic therapies.
Stable expression of biologically active recombinant bovine interleukin‐4 in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Furger A. , Jungi T.W. , Salomone J.-Y. , Weynants V. , Roditi I.
Published: July 2002

We have explored the potential of Trypanosoma brucei as a eukaryotic expression system. Procyclic forms, which correspond to an insect‐adapted stage, can easily be cultured in vitro. The cells grow to densities ∼10‐fold greater than higher eukaryotic cells and are not infectious for mammals. An expression vector which can stably integrate into the genome was used to express high levels of recombinant bovine interleukin‐4 (IL‐4). Trypanosome‐derived IL‐4 is released into the medium and is biologically active. The recombinant protein down‐regulates CD14 expression in human macrophages and inhibits NO production by stimulated bovine macrophages.
Molecular basis for the substrate specificity of protein kinase B; comparison with MAPKAP kinase‐1 and p70 S6 kinase
Authors: Alessi Dario R. , Barry Caudwell F. , Andjelkovic Mirjana , Hemmings Brian A. , Cohen Philip
Published: July 2002

The substrate specificity of protein kinase‐Bα (PKBα, also known as RAC kinase or Akt) was investigated using synthetic peptide substrates related to the sequence surrounding the phosphorylation site on glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3). The minimum sequence motif required for efficient phosphorylation was Arg‐Xaa‐Arg‐Yaa‐Zaa‐Ser/Thr‐Hyd, where Xaa is any amino acid, Yaa and Zaa are small residues other than glycine and Hyd is a bulky hydrophobic residue (Phe, Leu). The most effective substrate, Arg‐Pro‐Arg‐Thr‐Ser‐Ser‐Phe, was phosphorylated with a K
m of 5 μM and Vmax of 260 U/mg. PKBα phosphorylated histone H2B (K
m 5 μM, V
max 68 Ulmg) specifically at Ser‐36 which also lies in an Arg‐Xaa‐Arg‐Xaa‐Xaa‐Ser‐Hyd motif. The peptide Arg‐Pro‐Arg‐Ala‐Ala‐Thr‐Phe may be a relatively specific substrate for PKBα because, unlike other substrates, it is not phosphorylated by p70 S6 kinase or MAP kinase activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase‐1.
Tamponade‐balloon for obstetrical bleeding
Authors: Bakri Y.N , Amri A , Abdul Jabbar F
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To study the effectiveness of a large volume, fluid‐filled tamponade balloon in the management of post‐partum hemorrhage originating from the implantation site of low‐lying placenta/placenta previa. Methods: A silicone, fluid‐filled balloon was designed for tamponade function, with a filling capacity volume of 500 cc of sterile saline, and strength to withstand a maximum internal and external pressure of 300 mmHg. Five women with postpartum bleeding caused by low‐lying placenta/placenta previa, and one woman with cervical ectopic pregnancy, underwent a tamponade balloon insertion as a conservative measure in the management of bleeding. Results: The tamponade balloon was used in five women with post‐partum bleeding caused by low‐lying placenta/placenta previa, and in one woman with cervical pregnancy. The balloon was effective in controlling post‐partum hemorrhage originating from the placental site of the lower uterine segment, and bleeding from the implantation site of cervical ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: Hemostasis in cases of post‐partum bleeding caused by low‐lying placenta/placenta previa can be achieved by using a large volume, fluid‐filled tamponade balloon.
The empirical assessment of construct validity
Authors: O'Leary‐Kelly Scott W , J. Vokurka Robert
Published: July 2002

This paper provides an in‐depth review of the different methods available for assessing the construct validity of measures used in empirical research. Construct validity pertains to the degree to which the measure of a construct sufficiently measures the intended concept (e.g., is free of measurement error) and has been shown to be a necessary component of the research process. In order to illustrate the steps required to establish construct validity, we drew upon empirical research in the operations management area of manufacturing flexibility.
Iterative triangulation: a theory development process using existing case studies
Authors: Lewis Marianne W
Published: July 2002

To cope with the growing frequency and magnitude of changes in technology and managerial methods, Operations Management (OM) researchers have been calling for greater employment of field‐based research methods. A notable example is grounded theory development using original case studies. Based on in‐depth examinations of ‘real‐world’ operations conditions, case studies potentially improve the relevance and workability of resulting OM theory. However, developing original case studies requires considerable time and expense, straining research resources and often limiting the number of operations settings that can be studied and compared during induction. Existing case studies offer a potentially effective and efficient means for comparing complex and disparate operations settings. This paper proposes a novel theory development process, termediterative triangulation, for tapping this potential. Iterative triangulation employs systematic iterations between literature review, case evidence, and intuition. The process enhances theory creativity, utility, and validity by deliberately increasing the diversity and quantity of literature reviewed, of cases found, of conjectures examined, and of conjecture selection criteria. Comparing and contrasting emerging constructs and theory across case settings refines conceptual definitions and strengthens internal validity, enhancing testability of resulting theory. A study of advanced manufacturing technology design illustrates the method.
Incompressible, inviscid limit of the compressible Navier–Stokes system
Authors: Masmoudi Nader
Published: July 2002

We prove some asymptotic results concerning global (weak) solutions of compressible isentropic Navier–Stokes equations. More precisely, we establish the convergence towards solutions of incompressible Euler equations, as the density becomes constant, the Mach number goes to 0 and the Reynolds number goes to infinity.

Nous prouvons quelques résultats asymptotiques concernant des solutions (faibles) globales des équations de Navier–Stokes (isentropique) compressible. Plus précisément, nous établissons la convergence vers une solution des équations d’Euler incompressible, lorsque la densité devient constante, le nombre de Mach tend vers 0 et le nombre de Reynolds tend vers l’infini.
Nonlinear instability in an ideal fluid
Authors: Vishik Misha , Friedlander Susan , Strauss Walter
Published: July 2002

Linearized instability implies nonlinear instability under certain rather general conditions. This abstract theorem is applied to the Euler equations governing the motion of an inviscid fluid. In particular this theorem applies to all

2D

space periodic flows without stagnation points as well as

2D

space-periodic shear flows.

L’instabilité linéarisée implique l’instabilité non linéaire sous certaines conditions assez générales. Ce théorème abstrait s’applique aux équations d’Euler qui gouvernent le mouvement d’un fluide non visqueux. En particulier ce théorème s’applique à tous les flots périodiques dans le plan, soit sans point de stagnation, soit des écoulements de cisaillement.
Contracting singular cycles
Authors: San Martín Bernardo
Published: July 2002

In the present paper we shall prove that the result in [2.2], concerning the measure of the bifurcating set for generic one-parameter families through a simple contracting singular cycle with only one periodic orbit, is still true for cycles with any number (finitely many) periodic orbits. The novelty is the choice of a proper sections to the flow and the corresponding Poincare maps.

Dans cet article nous montrons que le résultat dans [2.2] sur la mesure de bifurcation pour des familles génériques à l paramètre à travers un simple cycle singulier contractant avec une orbite périodique est vrai aussi pour des cycles avec tout nombre (fini) d’orbites périodiques. La nouveauté réside dans le choix des sections appropriées du flot et des applications de Poincaré correspondantes.
Geometric restrictions for the existence of viscosity solutions
Authors: Cardaliaguet P. , Dacorogna B. , Gangbo W. , Georgy N.
Published: July 2002

We study the Hamilton–Jacobi equation

\tag{0.1}
\left\{\begin{matrix} F\left(Du\right) & = & 0 & \text{a}.\text{e}.\text{in} & \Omega \\ u & = & \varphi & \text{on} & \partial \Omega \\ \end{matrix}\right.

where

F: ℝ^N → ℝ

is not necessarily convex. When

Ω

is a convex set, under technical assumptions our first main result gives a necessary and sufficient condition on the geometry of

Ω

and on

D\varphi

for (0.1) to admit a Lipschitz
viscosity solution
. When we drop the convexity assumption on

Ω

, and relax technical assumptions our second main result uses the viability theory to give a necessary condition on the geometry of

Ω

and on

D\varphi

for (0.1) to admit a Lipschitz
viscosity solution
.

Nous étudions l’équation de Hamilton-Jacobi suivante

\tag{0.2}
\left\{\begin{matrix} F\left(Du\right) & = & 0 & \text{p}.\text{p}.\text{dans} & \Omega \\ u & = & \varphi & \text{sur} & \partial \Omega \\ \end{matrix}\right.

où

F : ℝ^N → ℝ

n’est pas nécessairement convexe. Lorsque

Ω

est un ensemble convexe, notre premier résultat donne une condition nécessaire et suffisante sur la géométrie du domaine

Ω

et sur

D\varphi

afin que (0.2) admette une
solution de viscosité
lipschitzienne. Si on enlève la condition de convexité du domaine

Ω

, notre second résultat permet, à l’aide du théorème de viabilité, de donner une condition nécessaire sur la géométrie du domaine

Ω

et sur

D\varphi

afin que (0.2) admette une
solution de viscosité
lipschitzienne.
Differential taurine effect on outgrowth from goldfish retinal ganglion cells after optic crush or axotomy. Influence of the optic tectum
Authors: Cubillos S. , Urbina M. , Lima L.
Published: July 2002

The interaction between innervated tissues, targets and nerves is crucial in the maintenance of physiological conditions, and the disturbance of this harmony causes the production of morphological and biochemical changes. After lesion of the optic nerve, several modifications take place in the retina, the optic tectum and the optic nerve. The influence of the tectum on the outgrowth from the goldfish retina and the possible role of taurine was studied. Ganglion retinal cells were identified by retrolabeling with Dil. Crushing the optic nerve 10 days prior to plating retinal cells, as compared with optic axotomy, did not affect the survival of cultured retinal cells, as well as the length of the neurites. However, the number of neurites per cell and the branching of the longest fiber were higher after axotomy than after crushing. The addition of taurine to the medium did not modify this response at 5 days in culture. At early periods in culture, the stimulatory effect on isolated ganglion cell outgrowth produced by taurine was enhanced after axotomy respecting crushing of the optic nerve, but was not affected in retinal explants. The addition of medium from cultured optic tectum several days post‐crush of the optic nerve to retinal explants from intact retinas or coming from post‐crush retina modified the outgrowth, being inhibitory or stimulatory in a time‐dependent manner. The co‐culture of optic tectum and retina also affected the outgrowth from the retina with a byphasic shape. The results support the differential response of the retina facing partial or complete interruption with the target and limit the effect of taurine to early periods in culture. In addition, the production of inhibitory factors from the tectum, plus the stimulatory ones, are strongly supported by this work.
Quality Assurance in Psychiatry: Concept and Methods
Authors: Gaebel W
Published: July 2002

Quality assurance is the corrective action applied to any observed discrepancy between optimal and actual level of medical care requiring continuous quality control. Obviously, quality assurance is of utmost importance also in psychiatric practice. Quality care as defined by the degree of adherence to standards and guidelines can be measured in terms of structural, process and outcome indicators applied to inpatient, outpatient and complementary services. To promote the implementation of practice guidelines into psychiatric care conceptual, methodological, and organisational requirements must be taken into account.
Combining Experiments and Atom Probe Tomography‐Informed Simulations on γ′ Precipitation Strengthening in the Polycrystalline Ni‐Base Superalloy A718Plus
Authors: Kirchmayer Andreas , Lyu Hao , Pröbstle Martin , Houllé Frédéric , Förner Andreas , Huenert Daniela , Göken Mathias , Felfer Peter Johann , Bitzek Erik , Neumeier Steffen
Published: May 2020

The strength of superalloys is strongly influenced by γ′ precipitates, whose size and volume fraction which can be adjusted by heat treatments. According to classical precipitation strengthening models, an increasing precipitate diameter should lead to a transition from weak to strong coupling of the dislocation pairs that form superdislocations in the γ′ phase. We show that long‐term annealing of the Ni‐base superalloy A718Plus at 670 and 680 °C increases the alloy's strength without significantly changing the grain size and η fraction. To understand the effect of the slight increase in γ′ size, detailed atom probe tomography (APT) was performed. Here, different field evaporation rates of the phases strongly affect the determination of the volume fraction when using the usual isosurface construction. This can be mitigated by considering the number density of atoms inside and outside the γ′ precipitates. Using an approximation of the precipitate shapes and arrangements from the APT data in atomistic simulations revealed that precipitate shearing by both, weakly and strongly coupled dislocations can occur in the same sample due to the wide distribution of precipitate sizes. These results highlight the need for advanced strengthening models that take into account the γ′ size distribution.
Surface Defects Sensitivity during the Unfolding of Corrugated Struts Made by Powder‐Bed Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Suard Mathieu , Plancher Emeric , Martin Guilhem , Dendievel Rémy , Lhuissier Pierre
Published: May 2020

Corrugated struts as part of lattice structures can lead to novel mechanical behavior by a combination of material and geometrical hardening. The unfolding behavior of such struts offers a potential of large macroscopic straining. However, their ability to be unfolded is impacted by the surface characteristics inherited from the additive manufacturing process. Herein, the unfolding sensitivity to these surface characteristics is evaluated. Corrugated struts with varying surface roughness are produced using a combination of electron beam powder‐bed fusion to produce corrugated samples with different nominal diameters and chemical etching assisted by micro‐computed tomography (CT) to achieve a given final diameter. In situ micro‐CT tensile tests are conducted to track the evolution of the struts morphology under loading. Surface defects play a significant role in the unfolding ability of such struts. They are characterized either by a global roughness or by a local notch depth. A quite broad unfolding dispersion remains for samples with the same level of roughness. A finer description of notch depth and location within the gauge length allows a more accurate prediction of the unfolding ability. A model for predicting the probability of failure during unfolding is presented.
Intercalation of Porphyrin‐Based SURMOF in Layered Eu(III) Hydroxide: An Approach Toward Symbimetic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Sokolov Maksim R. , Enakieva Yulia Yu. , Yapryntsev Alexey D. , Shiryaev Andrey A. , Zvyagina Alexandra I. , Kalinina Maria A.
Published: May 2020

A strategy for rational design of synergetic hybrid materials exploiting stabilization of intercalated layered matrices via coordination bonding is described. A new hybrid material is assembled through subsequent intercalation of the surface‐anchored metal–organic framework (SURMOF) components, zinc acetate and 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐porphyrin‐zinc(II) (ZnTCPP), into the layered europium(III) hydroxychloride (LEuH). The formation of the SURMOF clusters intercalated in LEuH is confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, and BET nitrogen absorption methods. The catalytic function of the SURMOF/LEuH hybrid and its components in the model reaction of hydrolysis of bis(4‐nitrophenyl) phosphate in the acidic solution is studied by UV–vis and MALDI‐TOF spectroscopy. Both the non‐intercalated matrix and the MOF powder are inactive and unstable in the substrate solution. Unlike its components, the SURMOF/LEuH hybrid exhibits synergetic catalytic activity increasing with the amount of the intercalated compounds because of the mutual stabilization of the components through coordination interactions. The results provide a basis for symbimetic (mimicking the symbiotic behavior in biological systems) hybrid materials, in which stabilization of functional units in the intercalated structure translates into a synergy of useful properties.
2D Electrets of Ultrathin MoO2 with Apparent Piezoelectricity
Authors: Apte Amey , Mozaffari Kosar , Samghabadi Farnaz Safi , Hachtel Jordan A. , Chang Long , Susarla Sandhya , Idrobo Juan Carlos , Moore David C. , Glavin Nicholas R. , Litvinov Dmitri , Sharma Pradeep , Puthirath Anand B. , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: May 2020

Since graphene, a variety of 2D materials have been fabricated in a quest for a tantalizing combination of properties and desired physiochemical behavior. 2D materials that are piezoelectric, i.e., that allow for a facile conversion of electrical energy into mechanical and vice versa, offer applications for sensors, actuators, energy harvesting, stretchable and flexible electronics, and energy storage, among others. Unfortunately, materials must satisfy stringent symmetry requirements to be classified as piezoelectric. Here, 2D ultrathin single‐crystal molybdenum oxide (MoO2) flakes that exhibit unexpected piezoelectric‐like response are fabricated, as MoO2 is centrosymmetric and should not exhibit intrinsic piezoelectricity. However, it is demonstrated that the apparent piezoelectricity in 2D MoO2 emerges from an electret‐like behavior induced by the trapping and stabilization of charges around defects in the material. Arguably, the material represents the first 2D electret material and suggests a route to artificially engineer piezoelectricity in 2D crystals. Specifically, it is found that the maximum out‐of‐plane piezoresponse is 0.56 pm V−1, which is as strong as that observed in conventional 2D piezoelectric materials. The charges are found to be highly stable at room temperature with a trapping energy barrier of ≈2 eV.
Isotopically Encoded Nanotags for Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging
Authors: Harmsen Stefan , Coskun Ahmet F. , Ganesh Shambavi , Nolan Garry P. , Gambhir Sanjiv S.
Published: May 2020

High‐dimensional profiling of markers and analytes using approaches, such as barcoded fluorescent imaging with repeated labeling and mass cytometry has allowed visualization of biological processes at the single‐cell level. To address limitations of sensitivity and mass‐channel capacity, a nanobarcoding platform is developed for multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) using secondary ion beam spectrometry that utilizes fabricated isotopically encoded nanotags. Use of combinatorial isotope distributions in 100 nm sized nanotags expands the labeling palette to overcome the spectral bounds of mass channels. As a proof‐of‐principle, a four‐digit (i.e., 0001–1111) barcoding scheme is demonstrated to detect 16 variants of 2H, 19F, 79/81Br, and 127I elemental barcode sets that are encoded in silica nanoparticle matrices. A computational debarcoding method and an automated machine learning analysis approach are developed to extract barcodes for accurate quantification of spatial nanotag distributions in large ion beam imaging areas up to 0.6 mm2. Isotopically encoded nanotags should boost the performance of mass imaging platforms, such as MIBI and other elemental‐based bioimaging approaches.
The Future of Flexible Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Fukuda Kenjiro , Yu Kilho , Someya Takao
Published: May 2020

Extensive efforts have been devoted during the last decade to organic solar cell research that has led to remarkable progress and achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in excess of 10%. Among the existing flexible organic solar cells, ultrathin organic solar cells with a total thickness <10 µm have important advantages, including good mechanical bending stabilities and good conformability. These advantages have led to power generation solutions for wearable electronics. In this essay, the progress of flexible and ultrathin organic solar cells, and the future research directions pertaining to these cells are discussed based on the potential applications of textile‐compatible solar cells. Both process engineering and development of the material of ultrathin substrate films have improved the PCE of ultrathin organic solar cells, which in turn have led to the small PCE difference between flexible organic solar cells with substrate thickness >10 µm and ultrathin organic solar cells with substrate thickness ≤10 µm. Key technologies for the further improvement of PCE of flexible/ultrathin organic solar cells are discussed. Strategies to improve the stability and some important aspects, which determine the mechanical robustness of flexible organic solar cells, are also presented and discussed.
Improvements to the Overpotential of All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Batteries during the Past Ten Years
Authors: Oh Pilgun , Lee Hyomyung , Park Seohyeon , Cha Hyungyeon , Kim Junhyeok , Cho Jaephil
Published: May 2020

After the research that shows that Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS)‐type sulfide solid electrolytes can reach the high ionic conductivity at the room temperature, sulfide solid electrolytes have been intensively developed with regard to ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. As a result, an increasing volume of research has been conducted to employ all‐solid‐state lithium batteries in electric automobiles within the next five years. To achieve this goal, it is important to review the research over the past decade, and understand the requirements for future research necessary to realize the practical applications of all‐solid‐state lithium batteries. To date, research on all‐solid‐state lithium batteries has focused on achieving overpotential properties similar to those of conventional liquid‐lithium‐ion batteries by increasing the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes. However, the increase in the ionic conductivity should be accompanied by improvements of the electronic conductivity within the electrode to enable practical applications. This essay provides a critical overview of the recent progress and future research directions of the all‐solid‐state lithium batteries for practical applications.
Robotics, Smart Wearable Technologies, and Autonomous Intelligent Systems for Healthcare During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: An Analysis of the State of the Art and Future Vision
Authors: Tavakoli Mahdi , Carriere Jay , Torabi Ali
Published: May 2020

Herein, how robotic and autonomous systems and smart wearables complement and support healthcare delivery and the healthcare staff during the COVID‐19 pandemic are presented. For instance, robotic and telerobotic systems significantly reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission to frontline healthcare workers by making it possible to triage, evaluate, monitor, and treat patients from a safe distance. Various examples of where the medical, engineering, and science communities come together to aid the healthcare system, healthcare workers, and society during the current crisis are presented. The goal is to encourage an interdisciplinary dialog so that ethical, practical, and beneficial technological solutions are found to effectively tackle this and similar crises.
Design of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Molecular Probes for Hyperpolarized Bioimaging
Authors: Kondo Yohei , Nonaka Hiroshi , Takakusagi Yoichi , Sando Shinsuke
Published: May 2020

Nuclear hyperpolarization has emerged as a method to dramatically enhance the sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy. By application of this powerful tool, small molecules with stable isotopes have been used for highly sensitive biomedical molecular imaging. The recent development of molecular probes for hyperpolarized in vivo analysis has demonstrated the ability of this technique to provide unique metabolic and physiological information. This review presents a brief introduction of hyperpolarization technology, approaches to the rational design of molecular probes for hyperpolarized analysis, and examples of molecules that have met with success in vitro or in vivo.
Interaction between muscles and fascia in the mystacial pad of whisking rodents
Authors: Haidarliu Sebastian , Bagdasarian Knarik , Sardonicus Satya , Ahissar Ehud
Published: May 2020

In whisking rodents, the mystacial pad is supplied with vibrissae and contains a collagenous skeleton that is a part of the snout fascia. The collagenous skeleton is composed of three interconnected layers: superficial, deep spongy mesh and subcapsular fibrous mat. We found that the first two layers contain diverse fascial structures, such as sheets of subcutaneous connective tissue, tendons, ligaments and follicular capsules which transmit muscle efforts to vibrissae and are thus involved in whisking. Subcapsular fibrous mat is built of oriented rostro‐caudal wavy fibrils. It maintains spatial arrangement of whisker follicles, provides a quick response to deformation and connects entire mystacial pad to the skull. To move vibrissae, the forces of intrinsic muscles are applied directly to the capsules of the vibrissa follicles, whereas the forces of extrinsic muscles are applied to other parts of the collagenous skeleton, which transmit the forces to the capsules. According to the spatial distribution and anchoring sites of the muscles and fascia, extrinsic muscles provide vibrissa protraction or retraction by pulling the superficial layer of the collagenous skeleton rostral or caudal, respectively. Vibrissae can be also retracted when the efforts of extrinsic muscles are applied to the subcapsular fibrous mat. When the muscles relax, fascial structures return the vibrissae to their resting position. The deep spongy layer encompasses vibrissal follicles providing a uniform distribution of stresses and strains during whisking. In the mystacial pad, fascia is a dominant type of tissue that maintains the integrity of the vibrissa motor plant, translates muscular momentum to the vibrissae, and plays a role in vibrissae movements.
Nonlinear time series classification using bispectrum‐based deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Parker Paul A. , Holan Scott H. , Ravishanker Nalini
Published: May 2020

Time series classification using novel techniques has experienced a recent resurgence and growing interest from statisticians, subject‐domain scientists, and decision makers in business and industry. This is primarily due to the ever increasing amount of big and complex data produced as a result of technological advances. A motivating example is that of Google trends data, which exhibit highly nonlinear behavior. Although a rich literature exists for addressing this problem, existing approaches mostly rely on first‐ and second‐order properties of the time series, since they typically assume linearity of the underlying process. Often, these are inadequate for effective classification of nonlinear time series data such as Google Trends data. Given these methodological deficiencies and the abundance of nonlinear time series that persist among real‐world phenomena, we introduce an approach that merges higher order spectral analysis with deep convolutional neural networks for classifying time series. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated using simulated data and two motivating industry examples that involve Google trends data and electronic device energy consumption data.
The use of mixed modeling to evaluate the impact of treatment integrity on learning
Authors: Bottini Summer , Morton Hannah , Gillis Jennifer , Romanczyk Raymond
Published: May 2020

Treatment integrity, or the degree to which an intervention is implemented as intended, is a critical feature of skill acquisition tasks. Single‐case design consistently demonstrates that low treatment integrity slows or inhibits learning, but the relative impact of different types of instructional errors, or the presence of multiple errors, is less clear. The present study utilized a multilevel modeling approach to evaluate the impact of type of error (omission versus omission and commission) and error component (reinforcer delivery versus feedback) on learning. Findings revealed that learning outcomes worsened based on the type of error and as the complexity of errors increased; more specifically, participants performed better when only a single type of error occurred and when only a single error component was manipulated. Additionally, individual characteristics contributed to learning outcomes, highlighting the use of multilevel modeling as a helpful tool to supplement single‐case design. The differential impact of integrity errors on learning may be due to timing of errors (i.e., commission errors more likely to occur early in learning) or how errors affect reinforcement schedule versus discriminative control.
Metabolic engineering strategies for butanol production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Ferreira Sofia , Pereira Rui , Wahl S. A. , Rocha Isabel
Published: May 2020

The global market of butanol is increasing due to its growing applications as solvent, flavoring agent, and chemical precursor of several other compounds. Recently, the superior properties of n‐butanol as a biofuel over ethanol have stimulated even more interest. (Bio)butanol is natively produced together with ethanol and acetone by Clostridium species through acetone‐butanol‐ethanol fermentation, at noncompetitive, low titers compared to petrochemical production. Different butanol production pathways have been expressed in Escherichia coli, a more accessible host compared to Clostridium species, to improve butanol titers and rates. The bioproduction of butanol is here reviewed from a historical and theoretical perspective. All tested rational metabolic engineering strategies in E. coli to increase butanol titers are reviewed: manipulation of central carbon metabolism, elimination of competing pathways, cofactor balancing, development of new pathways, expression of homologous enzymes, consumption of different substrates, and molecular biology strategies. The progress in the field of metabolic modeling and pathway generation algorithms and their potential application to butanol production are also summarized here. The main goals are to gather all the strategies, evaluate the respective progress obtained, identify, and exploit the outstanding challenges.
Preoperative imaging for colorectal liver metastases: a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Elfrink A K E , Pool M , Werf L R , Marra E , Burgmans M C , Meijerink M R , Dulk M , Boezem P B , Riele W W , Patijn G A , Wouters M W J M , Leclercq W K G , Liem M S L , Gobardhan P D , Buis C I , Kuhlmann K F D , Verhoef C , Besselink M G , Grünhagen D J , Klaase J M , Kok N F M
Published: May 2020

Background

In patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) preoperative imaging may include contrast-enhanced (ce) MRI and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET–CT. This study assessed trends and variation between hospitals and oncological networks in the use of preoperative imaging in the Netherlands.

Methods

Data for all patients who underwent liver resection for CRLM in the Netherlands between 2014 and 2018 were retrieved from a nationwide auditing database. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess use of ceMRI, 18F-FDG PET–CT and combined ceMRI and 18F-FDG PET–CT, and trends in preoperative imaging and hospital and oncological network variation.

Results

A total of 4510 patients were included, of whom 1562 had ceMRI, 872 had 18F-FDG PET–CT, and 1293 had combined ceMRI and 18F-FDG PET–CT. Use of ceMRI increased over time (from 9·6 to 26·2 per cent; P < 0·001), use of 18F-FDG PET–CT decreased (from 28·6 to 6·0 per cent; P < 0·001), and use of both ceMRI and 18F-FDG PET–CT 16·9 per cent) remained stable. Unadjusted variation in the use of ceMRI, 18F-FDG PET–CT, and combined ceMRI and 18F-FDG PET–CT ranged from 5·6 to 100 per cent between hospitals. After case-mix correction, hospital and oncological network variation was found for all imaging modalities.

Discussion

Significant variation exists concerning the use of preoperative imaging for CRLM between hospitals and oncological networks in the Netherlands. The use of MRI is increasing, whereas that of 18F-FDG PET–CT is decreasing.
Clinical implications of the arterial supplies and their anastomotic territories in the nasolabial region for avoiding arterial complications during soft tissue filler injection
Authors: Jitaree Benrita , Phumyoo Thirawass , Uruwan Sukanya , Jiirasutat Nuttapatch , Pratoomthai Benjamart , Tansatit Tanvaa
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The nasolabial fold (NLF) causes particular concern during aging in the middle face region. However, arterial complications of filler injections at this site have been continually reported during recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the arterial locations and their anastomotic pathways related to filler injection sites in the NLF.

Materials and methods

Thirty hemi‐faces of 15 embalmed Thai cadavers were dissected. Three anatomical landmarks of NLFs were assigned: the inferior margin level (NLF1), the mid‐philtral horizontal line level (NLF2), and the inferior alar level (NLF3). Ten hemi‐faces of five soft embalmed Thai cadavers underwent a modified Sihler's staining procedure to investigate the arterial anastomoses.

Results

The artery closest to all of the landmarks was the facial artery. It was located inferomedial to NLF1 in 28%, and the mean distances along the X‐ and Y‐axes were 3.53 ± 2.11 mm and 3.53 ± 1.75 mm, respectively. It was also located medial to NLF2 in 52.1% with an X‐axis distance of 4.93 ± 1.53 mm. Several arteries were located close to NLF3, including the facial (33.3%), lateral nasal (33.3%), and infraorbital (30.0%) arteries. Anastomoses of the nasolabial arteries served to connect both the external–external and internal–external carotid systems.

Conclusions

Several arteries are located close to NLF1–NLF3. To prevent arterial injury, the locations and anastomotic pathways, as possible sources of severe complications, should be recognized prior to NLF filler injection.
Intravenous leiomyomatosis is inclined to a solid entity different from uterine leiomyoma based on RNA‐seq analysis with RT‐qPCR validation
Authors: Wang Wenze , Wang Yanfeng , Chen Fei , Zhang Ming , Jia Rujing , Liu Xingrong , Zhang Chaoji , Shao Jiang , Cheng Ninghai , Ma Guotao , Zhu Zhaohui , Miao Qi , Liang Zhiyong
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is currently regarded as a special variant of the common uterine leiomyoma (LM). Though IVL shows a similar histological morphology to LM, IVL is characterized by unique intravenous growth patterns and low‐grade malignant potential, which are quite different from LM. There are currently few studies underlying the molecular alterations of IVL, though this information is important for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease, and for identifying potential biomarkers.

Method

We carried out a high‐throughput whole transcriptome sequencing of tumor and normal tissue samples from five IVL patients and five LM patients and compared the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IVL and leiomyoma. We performed multiple different enrichment and target analyses, and the expression of selected DEGs was validated using RT‐qPCR in formalin‐fixed samples.

Results

Our study identified substantial different genes and pathways between IVL and LM, and functional enrichment analyses found several important pathways, such as angiogenesis and antiapoptosis pathways, as well as important related genes, including SH2D2A, VASH2, ADAM8, GATA2, TNF, and the lncRNA GATA6‐AS1, as being significantly different between IVL and LM (P = .0024, P = .0195, P = .0212, P = .0435, P = .0401, and P = .0246, respectively). CXCL8, LIF, CDKN2A, BCL2A1, COL2A1, IGF1, and HMGA2 were also differently expressed between IVL and LM groups, but showed no statistical difference (P = .2409, P = .1773, P = .0596, P = .2737, P = .1553, P = .1045, and P = .1847, respectively) due to the large differences among individuals. Furthermore, RT‐qPCR results for five selected DEGs in IVL tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues were mainly consistent with our sequencing results.

Conclusion

Our results indicated that IVL may be a solid entity that is unique and different from LM, proving consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, we identified DEGs, particularly within angiogenesis and antiapoptosis pathway‐related genes that may play crucial roles in the development and pathogenesis of IVL and may be potential specific biomarkers.
Meeting the Healthcare Needs of Sex Trafficked Youth in Rhode Island
Authors: Raj Anish
Published: May 2020

The issue of human trafficking is one that has gained traction in the public consciousness in recent years and can manifest in various forms across the human experience. One specific subset, domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST), refers to the “recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act,” where the individual is younger than the age of 18, an American citizen or legal resident, and involved within the borders of the United States. While all children and adolescents are vulnerable to exploitation by virtue of their age and stage of brain development, those with a personal history of adverse childhood experiences appear to be at the highest risk. Factors commonly linked with subsequent DMST involvement include sexual abuse, household dynamics necessitating child protective services, and social dysfunction resulting in runaway and/or homeless youth.
Keep Your Eye On…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2020

The role of family conflict in suicidality of young children

Trends in internalizing vs. externalizing problems in teens
Buprenorphine for adolescents via telephone
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2020

In April as this issue went to press, America was grappling with two epidemics — opioid overdoses and COVID‐19. Requiring in‐person visits is contraindicated by social distancing recommendations. And expanding treatment for opioid use disorder as much as possible is viewed as one of the most important ways to cut back on overdose deaths. Authorities are trying to get out of the way of treating both epidemics.
Acute fulminant hemolysis after transcatheter mitral valve replacement for mitral annular calcification
Authors: El‐Sabawi Bassim , Guerrero Mayra E. , Eleid Mackram F. , Rihal Charanjit S.
Published: May 2020

Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is emerging as an alternative treatment strategy to surgery for patients with severe mitral annular calcification (MAC) who are not candidates for traditional mitral valve surgery. Paravalvular leak (PVL) is common following TMVR for severe MAC and can lead to heart failure symptoms and/or intravascular hemolysis, the latter of which usually is clinically stable. We report the case of a 67‐year‐old woman with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis with MAC in the setting of prior chest irradiation who was treated initially with transcatheter aortic valve replacement followed by TMVR at a later date (Sapien S3 system; Edwards Lifesciences). Immediately following TMVR, she developed acute profound hemolysis which manifested with hemoglobinuria, transfusion‐dependent anemia, and acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy. She was treated with post‐dilation balloon valvuloplasty after failed transcatheter PVL closure 10 days following TMVR with resulting improvement in the PVL. The hemolytic anemia resolved and renal function recovered without the need for continued hemodialysis 2 months later and stabilization of glomerular filtration rate at 6 months. This case highlights a potential severe complication of TMVR in MAC and suggests that improvement in hemolysis and late recovery of renal function may occur following treatment of PVL.
Versatile Synthesis of Pd−M (M=Cr, Mo, W) Alloy Nanosheets Flower‐like Superstructures for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Xiaoshu , Fan Jiayao , Han Min , Zhao Shulin , Lu Linzhi , Xu Dongdong , Lin Yue , Shi Naien , Liu Ying , Lan Ya‐Qian , Bao Jianchun , Dai Zhihui
Published: May 2020

Pd‐based nanoalloys are promising electrocatalysts for replacing Pt‐based ones toward oxygen reduction reaction. Despite that great progress has been achieved, universally synthesizing Pd‐based alloy nanosheets and further integrating them into porous or hierarchical superstructures remain a challenge, and their ORR performances are not systematically investigated. Herein, novel ultrathin and highly wrinkled Pd−M (M=Cr, Mo, W) alloy nanosheets flower‐like superstructures (NSFSs) are universally fabricated via a polyether and small molecules/ions ligand assisted solvothermal method. Such Pd−M NSFSs possess mesoporous structures and co‐exist single‐atom‐like and cluster‐like M species on their surfaces. Compared with pure Pd NSFSs, those Pd−M NSFSs show greatly enhanced ORR activity in alkaline media. Due to the unique microstructure feature, proper alloy constituent and stronger interatomic polarization or electronic coupling, the Pd−W NSFSs show the highest ORR activity with the half‐wave potential of 0.89 V (vs. RHE) and mass activity of 0.46 A mgPd−1 at 0.90 V (vs. RHE), outperforming commercial Pt/C, and most of reported Pd(or Pt)‐based catalysts. Moreover, the Pd−W NSFSs manifest outstanding durability and anti‐CO poisoning ability yet. This work may spur the development of 2D Pd‐based nanoalloy superstructures and promote their applications in fuel cells or other clean energy fields.