bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A TIME-CONSISTENT SOLUTION FORMULA FOR BARGAINING PROBLEM IN DIFFERENTIAL GAMES
Authors: PETROSYAN LEON A. , YEUNG DAVID W. K.
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a solution formula for the payoff distribution procedure of a bargaining problem in cooperative differential game that would lead to a time consistent outcome. In particular, individual rationality is satisfied for every player throughout the cooperation period.
A generalized ideal-based zero-divisor graph
Authors: Nikmehr M. J. , Khojasteh S.
Published: September 2014

Let R be a commutative ring with identity, I its proper ideal and M be a unitary R-module. In this paper, we introduce and study a kind of graph structure of an R-module M with respect to proper ideal I, denoted by ΓI(RM) or simply ΓI(M). It is the (undirected) graph with the vertex set M\{0} and two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if [x : M][y : M] ⊆ I. Clearly, the zero-divisor graph of R is a subgraph of Γ0(R); this is an important result on the definition. We prove that if ann R(M) ⊆ I and H is the subgraph of ΓI(M) induced by the set of all non-isolated vertices, then diam (H) ≤ 3 and gr (ΓI(M)) ∈ {3, 4, ∞}. Also, we prove that if Spec (R) and ω(Γ Nil (R)(M)) are finite, then χ(Γ Nil (R)(M)) ≤ ∣ Spec (R)∣ + ω(Γ Nil (R)(M)). Moreover, for a secondary R-module M and prime ideal P, we determine the chromatic number and the clique number of ΓP(M), where ann R(M) ⊆ P. Among other results, it is proved that for a semisimple R-module M with ann R(M) ⊆ I, ΓI(M) is a forest if and only if ΓI(M) is a union of isolated vertices or a star.
Generalized Artin–Schreier polynomials
Authors: Guersenzvaig N. H. , Szechtman Fernando
Published: September 2014

Let F be a field of prime characteristic p containing 𝔽pn as a subfield. We refer to q(X) = Xpn - X - a ∈ F[X] as a generalized Artin–Schreier polynomial. Suppose that q(X) is irreducible and let Cq(X) be the companion matrix of q(X). Then ad Cq(X) has such highly unusual properties that any A ∈ 𝔤𝔩(m) such that ad A has like properties is shown to be similar to the companion matrix of an irreducible generalized Artin–Schreier polynomial. We discuss close connections with the decomposition problem of the tensor product of indecomposable modules for a one-dimensional Lie algebra over a field of characteristic p, the problem of finding an explicit primitive element for every intermediate field of the Galois extension associated to an irreducible generalized Artin–Schreier polynomial, and the problem of finding necessary and sufficient conditions for the irreducibility of a family of polynomials.
On strongly associative group algebras of p-solvable groups
Authors: Lopes Jonas Gonçalves
Published: September 2014

Given a partial action α of a group G on the group algebra FH, where H is a finite group and F is a field whose characteristic p divides the order of H, we investigate the associativity question of the partial crossed product FH *α G. If FH *α G is associative for any G and any α, then FH is called strongly associative. We characterize the strongly associative modular group algebras FH with H being a p-solvable group.
Cliques and colorings in generalized Paley graphs and an approach to synchronization
Authors: Schneider Csaba , Silva Ana C.
Published: September 2014

Given a finite field, one can form a directed graph using the field elements as vertices and connecting two vertices if their difference lies in a fixed subgroup of the multiplicative group. If -1 is contained in this fixed subgroup, then we obtain an undirected graph that is referred to as a generalized Paley graph. In this paper, we study generalized Paley graphs whose clique and chromatic numbers coincide and link this theory to the study of the synchronization property in 1-dimensional primitive affine permutation groups.
Stratifying systems over hereditary algebras
Authors: Cadavid Paula , Marcos Eduardo do N.
Published: September 2014

This paper deals with stratifying systems over hereditary algebras. In the case of tame hereditary algebras we obtain a bound for the size of the stratifying systems composed only by regular modules and we conclude that stratifying systems cannot be complete. For wild hereditary algebras, with more than two vertices, we show that there exists a complete stratifying system whose elements are regular modules. In any other case, we conclude that there are no stratifying system consisting of regular modules.
Finite groups with elements of prime power index
Authors: Kong Qingjun
Published: September 2014

Let G be a finite group and let π be a set of primes. For an element x of G, let Ind G(x) denote the index of CG(x) in G. We prove that if Ind 〈a,x〉(x) is a π-number for every element a of prime power order in G, then Ind G(x) is a π-number.
On Gorenstein flat dimension
Authors: Bouchiba Samir
Published: September 2014

The theory of Gorenstein flat dimension is not complete since it is not yet known whether the category 𝒢ℱ(R) of Gorenstein flat modules over a ring R is projectively resolving or not. Besides, it arises from recent investigations on this subject that there exists several ways of measuring the Gorenstein flat dimension of modules which turn out to coincide with the usual one in the case where 𝒢ℱ(R) is projectively resolving. These alternate procedures yield new invariants which enjoy very nice behavior for an arbitrary ring R. In this paper, we introduce and study one of these invariants called the cover Gorenstein flat dimension of a module M and denoted by CGfd R(M). This new entity stems from a sort of a Gorenstein flat precover of M. First, for each R-module M, we prove that Gfd R(M) ≤ CGfd R(M) for each R-module M with [Formula: see text] whenever CGfd R(M) is finite. Also, we show that 𝒢ℱ(R) is projectively resolving if and only if the Gorenstein flat dimension and the introduced cover Gorenstein flat dimension coincide. In particular, if R is a right coherent ring, then CGfd R(M) = Gfd R(M) for any R-module M. As a consequence, we prove that if R is a left and right GF-closed, then the Gorenstein weak global dimension of R is left–right symmetric and it is related to the cohomological invariants leftsfli(R) and rightsfli(R) by the formula [Formula: see text]
IncMD: Incremental trie-based structural motif discovery algorithm
Authors: Badr Ghada , Al-Turaiki Isra , Turcotte Marcel , Mathkour Hassan
Published: September 2014

The discovery of common RNA secondary structure motifs is an important problem in bioinformatics. The presence of such motifs is usually associated with key biological functions. However, the identification of structural motifs is far from easy. Unlike motifs in sequences, which have conserved bases, structural motifs have common structure arrangements even if the underlying sequences are different. Over the past few years, hundreds of algorithms have been published for the discovery of sequential motifs, while less work has been done for the structural motifs case. Current structural motif discovery algorithms are limited in terms of accuracy and scalability. In this paper, we present an incremental and scalable algorithm for discovering RNA secondary structure motifs, namely IncMD. We consider the structural motif discovery as a frequent pattern mining problem and tackle it using a modified a priori algorithm. IncMD uses data structures, trie-based linked lists of prefixes (LLP), to accelerate the search and retrieval of patterns, support counting, and candidate generation. We modify the candidate generation step in order to adapt it to the RNA secondary structure representation. IncMD constructs the frequent patterns incrementally from RNA secondary structure basic elements, using nesting and joining operations. The notion of a motif group is introduced in order to simulate an alignment of motifs that only differ in the number of unpaired bases. In addition, we use a cluster beam approach to select motifs that will survive to the next iterations of the search. Results indicate that IncMD can perform better than some of the available structural motif discovery algorithms in terms of sensitivity (Sn), positive predictive value (PPV), and specificity (Sp). The empirical results also show that the algorithm is scalable and runs faster than all of the compared algorithms.
Examples of compact K-contact manifolds with no Sasakian metric
Authors: Cappelletti-Montano Beniamino , De Nicola Antonio , Marrero Juan Carlos , Yudin Ivan
Published: September 2014

Using the hard Lefschetz theorem for Sasakian manifolds, we find two examples of compact K-contact nilmanifolds with no compatible Sasakian metric in dimensions 5 and 7, respectively.
Similarity Retrieval of Vector Images with Indirect Matching
Authors: Hayashi Takahiro , Sato Akihiko , Ishii Nobuaki
Published: September 2014

Increase use of vector images have generated interests on effective ways of vector image retrieval. This paper presents a fast similarity retrieval of vector images. For reducing the computational cost in similarity evaluation, we proposed an indirect matching framework. This framework uses a small number of key images, which are previously randomly selected from a database. The basic idea of the framework is offline calculation of creating a similarity table with pre-selected key images. In the retrieval phase, by referring to the similarity table, the similarity of each database image to the given query is quickly estimated. Experimental results have shown that the retrieval time is greatly reduced by the proposed method without much deterioration of retrieval accuracy.
Processing Panorama Video in Real-time
Authors: Stensland Håkon Kvale , Gaddam Vamsidhar Reddy , Tennøe Marius , Helgedagsrud Espen , Næss Mikkel , Alstad Henrik Kjus , Griwodz Carsten , Halvorsen Pål , Johansen Dag
Published: September 2014

There are many scenarios where high resolution, wide field of view video is useful. Such panorama video may be generated using camera arrays where the feeds from multiple cameras pointing at different parts of the captured area are stitched together. However, processing the different steps of a panorama video pipeline in real-time is challenging due to the high data rates and the stringent timeliness requirements. In our research, we use panorama video in a sport analysis system called Bagadus. This system is deployed at Alfheim stadium in Tromsø, and due to live usage, the video events must be generated in real-time. In this paper, we describe our real-time panorama system built using a low-cost CCD HD video camera array. We describe how we have implemented different components and evaluated alternatives. The performance results from experiments ran on commodity hardware with and without co-processors like graphics processing units (GPUs) show that the entire pipeline is able to run in real-time.
Electric and thermoelectric properties of CdTe/PbTe epitaxial nanocomposite
Authors: Szot Michal , Dybko Krzysztof , Dziawa Piotr , Kowalczyk Leszek , Domukhovski Viktor , Taliashvili Badri , Reszka Anna , Kowalski Bogdan , Dluzewski Piotr , Wiater Maciej , Wojtowicz Tomasz , Story Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The electric and thermoelectric properties of novel, CdTe / PbTe layered nanocomposite material are investigated. The molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method was used for preparation of samples with well controlled distances (from 20 to 70 nm) between the layers of CdTe nanograins embedded in PbTe thermoelectric matrix as well as with number of these layers from 2 to 10. The Hall effect measurements performed in temperature range from 4–300 K revealed that carrier mobility is strongly affected by scattering on CdTe grain boundaries. The observation of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations confirms high quality of the samples and allows determination of effective mass of conducting electrons m* = 0.04m0. The measurements of the room temperature Seebeck coefficient together with electrical conductivity lead to the power factors which are comparable to those reported in PbTe / CdTe polycrystalline solid solutions.
P3-factorization of triangulated Cartesian product of complete graphs
Authors: Tamil Elakkiya A. , Muthusamy A.
Published: September 2014

Partition of G into edge-disjoint H-factors is called an H-factorization of G. Shehzad Afzal and Clemens Brand have factorized graphs into factors which are isomorphic to triangulated Cartesian product of two subgraphs. Also they have discussed properties of triangulated Cartesian product of more than two graphs. In this paper, we show that the necessary conditions mn ≡ 0 (mod 3), m, n are odd and 3(mn + m + n - 3) ≡ 0 (mod 8) are sufficient for the existence of a P3-factorization of Km⧅ Kn, where ⧅ denotes triangulated Cartesian product of graphs, if one of the following holds:

(i) m ≡ 9 (mod 12), n = 5, 13 and 17,

(ii) m ≡ 9 (mod 12), ns, s > 1, n = 5, 13 and 17,

(iii) m ≡ 9 (mod 12), n = psqtfor all s, t ≥ 1, where p = 5, 13 and q = 13, 17, p ≠ q,

(iv) m ≡ 9 (mod 12), n ≡ 9 (mod 12).
Informal Firms and Financial Inclusion: Status and Determinants
Authors: Farazi Subika
Published: September 2014

Many firms in the developing world — including a majority of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) — operate in the informal economy. The informal firms face a variety of constraints, making it harder for them to do business and grow. Lack of access to finance is often cited as the biggest operational constraint these firms face. This paper documents the use of finance and financing patterns of informal firms, highlights differences between use of finance by formal and informal firms, and identifies the most significant characteristics of informal firms that are associated with higher use of financial services.
On the possibility of nonlinear quantum evolution and superluminal communication
Authors: Gao Shan
Published: September 2014

A possible mechanism of nonlinear quantum evolution is introduced and its implications for quantum communication are investigated. First, it is argued that an appropriate combination of wavefunction collapse and the consciousness of observer may permit the observer to distinguish nonorthogonal quantum states in principle, and thus consciousness will introduce certain nonlinearity into quantum dynamics. Next, it is shown that the distinguishability of nonorthogonal states can be used to achieve quantum superluminal communication, by which information can be transmitted nonlocally and faster than the speed of light. Finally, the issue of apparent incompatibility between superluminal communication and special relativity is briefly addressed.
Regge Poles in Neutron Scattering by a Cylinder
Authors: Protasov K. V. , Voronin A. Y.
Published: September 2014

We establish asymptotic expressions for the positions of Regge poles for cold neutron scattering on mesoscopic cylinder mirror as well as for theS-matrix residuals. We outline the correspondence between Regge poles and near-surface quasi-stationary neutron states. Such states are of practical importance for studying subtle effects of neutron-surface interaction.
MicroRNA as New Tools for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention: Results from Clinical Data Set and Patients’ Samples
Authors: Cannistraci Alessio , Di Pace Anna Laura , De Maria Ruggero , Bonci Désirée
Published: September 2014

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in men. Despite considerable advances in prostate cancer early detection and clinical management, validation of new biomarkers able to predict the natural history of tumor progression is still necessary in order to reduce overtreatment and to guide therapeutic decisions. MicroRNAs are endogenous noncoding RNAs which offer a fast fine-tuning and energy-saving mechanism for posttranscriptional control of protein expression. Growing evidence indicate that these RNAs are able to regulate basic cell functions and their aberrant expression has been significantly correlated with cancer development. Therefore, detection of microRNAs in tumor tissues and body fluids represents a new tool for early diagnosis and patient prognosis prediction. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about microRNA deregulation in prostate cancer mainly focusing on the different clinical aspects of the disease. We also highlight the potential roles of microRNAs in PCa management, while also discussing several current challenges and needed future research.
MicroRNA Expression Profiling Altered by Variant Dosage of Radiation Exposure
Authors: Lee Kuei-Fang , Chen Yi-Cheng , Hsu Paul Wei-Che , Liu Ingrid Y. , Wu Lawrence Shih-Hsin
Published: September 2014

Various biological effects are associated with radiation exposure. Irradiated cells may elevate the risk for genetic instability, mutation, and cancer under low levels of radiation exposure, in addition to being able to extend the postradiation side effects in normal tissues. Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is the focus of rigorous research as it may promote the development of cancer even at low radiation doses. Alterations in the DNA sequence could not explain these biological effects of radiation and it is thought that epigenetics factors may be involved. Indeed, some microRNAs (or miRNAs) have been found to correlate radiation-induced damages and may be potential biomarkers for the various biological effects caused by different levels of radiation exposure. However, the regulatory role that miRNA plays in this aspect remains elusive. In this study, we profiled the expression changes in miRNA under fractionated radiation exposure in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. By utilizing publicly available microRNA knowledge bases and performing cross validations with our previous gene expression profiling under the same radiation condition, we identified various miRNA-gene interactions specific to different doses of radiation treatment, providing new insights for the molecular underpinnings of radiation injury.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Pourtsidis Apostolos , Doganis Dimitrios , Baka Margarita , Bouhoutsou Despina , Varvoutsi Maria , Synodinou Maria , Giamarelou Panagiota , Kosmidis Helen
Published: September 2014

Purpose. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare in children and account for approximately 5–10% of all soft tissue sarcomas in adults. MPNSTs may occur independently but individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a significantly increased risk. Our aim is to present patients with MPNST treated in our department.Cases and Results. In this report we present 4 cases of MPNSTs (3 females: 13, 12, and 13 years old and 1 male: 10 years old) arising in patients with NF1. All of them presented with an enlarging mass and pain at diagnosis. Tumor was located in the buttock, the spinal cord, the trunk, and the left leg proximal to the heel. Wide excision of the tumor and radiotherapy were applied to all and adjuvant chemotherapy was given to three of them after the disease was progressed. All four died 32, 18, 10, and 22 months after diagnosis with progressive disease locally and pulmonary metastases in two of them.Conclusions. In conclusion, MPNSTs arising in patients with NF1 are high grade sarcomas with short survival. Individuals with NF1 should be followed closely in order to identify early the development of MPNSTs. Aggressive surgery and complete excision significantly improves disease-free survival. The usefulness of radiation therapy in MPNSTs is not determined although all patients will receive radiation therapy at some stage of the disease. The role of chemotherapy is unclear.
Metrics and Clinical Relevance of Percutaneous Penetration and Lateral Spreading
Authors: Vieille-Petit Aline , Blickenstaff Nicholas , Coman Garrett , Maibach Howard
Published: September 2014

Background: Percutaneous penetration of urea in vivo in man has been documented. If urea can penetrate the skin, it may also move laterally. Lateral spreading of topical substances leads to unpredictable penetration dynamics and increased skin surface area exposure. Methods: The ability of urea, a low molecular-weight hydrophilic model, to penetrate the stratum corneum (SC) and spread outside the application site was investigated in vitro using tape stripping with spectroscopy. The parameters investigated were the following: time between urea application and tape stripping, formulations containing urea and use of a petrolatum-covered ring barrier around the marked application area. Results: The percentage of urea was determined in and around the application site. The spreading of topically applied urea to neighboring areas occurred and was time but not formulation dependent. A significant difference between protocols with and without the petrolatum ring was observed. Conclusion: These results suggest the clinical importance of lateral spreading, occurring predominately on the skin surface. SC thickness varies between anatomical sites, predisposing areas such as the face and scalp margins to increased percutaneous penetration of topical products. The use of a protective petrolatum ring can inhibit lateral spreading of hair dye in individuals allergic to hair dye, limit systemic absorption and increase accuracy when assessing penetration dynamics. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Molecular Analysis of Hair Cells in Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Feng Xiao , Qin Zhaobing
Published: September 2014

Purpose: Since the completion of the human genome project, the exploration of the molecular basis of sensorineural hearing loss has been an area of intensive research. In this review, we attempt to summarize the knowledge on genes or proteins in hair cells related to sensorineural hearing loss. Investigating expression and function of these genes will help us to understand the molecular mechanisms of deafness. Findings: There are about 70-100 genetic loci which are related to deafness. Some of them are signal proteins while others are membrane proteins. Some of them can deter hair cell development or accelerate aging. Conclusion: Most of these genes and proteins are related to signal transduction pathways. These gens are located in the outer hair cells, which is the site for receiving sound.
Functional Status Three Months after the First Ischemic Stroke Is Associated with Long-Term Outcome: Data from a Community-Based Cohort
Authors: Magalhães Rui , Abreu Pedro , Correia Manuel , Whiteley William , Silva Maria Carolina , Sandercock Peter
Published: September 2014

Background: The impact of public health interventions to reduce disability after stroke may be underestimated if only the modest effects on short-term disability are measured. We estimated the impact of differences in short-term functional outcome on long-term functional outcome. Methods: In a prospective community-based study from October 1998 to September 2000, the first-ever ischemic strokes were registered in a population of 95,816 in Northern Portugal. Patients were examined at baseline and followed-up at three months, one and seven years. The Oxfordshire classification and the Unified Neurological Stroke Scale were used to define the stroke type and the severity of neurological impairments. The functional status was assessed with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Ridit analysis was used to estimate the odds of a more serious 7-year outcome based on the adjacent values of the 3-month mRS. Cox proportional hazards models were used for estimating the effect of 3-month mRS on survival, adjusting for patients' characteristics, stroke type and severity. Results: The odds of a more serious 7-year outcome was different among patients with mRS = 1 and 2 and also with mRS = 3 and 4, defining the no significant (mRS = 0-1), moderate (mRS = 2-3) and severe disability (mRS = 4-5). Of the 380 first-ever strokes, at 3 months, 126 (33.2%) had mRS <2, 114 (30.0%) mRS = 2-3, 73 (19.2%) mRS = 4-5, and 67 (17.6%) had died. We found linear relations between the 3-month mRS and the patient's baseline profile, stroke type and severity. The Kaplan-Meier 7-year survival estimates for 3-month survivors with mRS 0-1, 2-3 and 4-5 were 67, 50 and 23%, respectively. For mRS at 3 months of 2-3 versus 0-1 the hazard ratio (HR) for death was 1.61, (95% CI: 1.10-2.38) and for mRS = 4-5 versus 2-3 the HR was 2.20 (95% CI: 1.52-3.20); after adjustment the HRs were 1.19 (95% CI: 0.77-1.84) and HR = 1.87 (95% CI: 1.18-2.95), respectively. A change in the 3-month mRS from 4-5 to 2-3 would have a ‘number needed to change' of 9 (95% CI: 6-18) patients to avoid one death in the long run; identical outcome is obtained by shifting the mRS from 2-3 to 0-1 in 27 (95% CI: 15-141) patients. Conclusions: In patients with ischemic stroke who survive to 3 months, a three grade simplified mRS summarizes the patient risk profile and stroke characteristics. These data confirm that modest differences in the functional status at 3 months are associated with significant differences in survival and functional status over 7 years follow-up and have implications for health care planning and the health economic assessment of treatments for acute stroke.
Midlife Dietary Vitamin D Intake and Subsequent Performance in Different Cognitive Domains
Authors: Andreeva Valentina A. , Whegang-Youdom Solange , Touvier Mathilde , Assmann Karen Elena , Fezeu Léopold , Hercberg Serge , Galan Pilar , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: We evaluated the cross-time association between midlife dietary vitamin D intake and subsequent cognitive performance in a French general-population sample. Methods: Data from participants in both the SU.VI.MAX trial (1994-2002) and the SU.VI.MAX 2 observational study (2007-2009) were used. Dietary intake was estimated at baseline from 6 or more 24-hour records. Cognitive performance was evaluated 13 years later with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Parameter estimates of cognitive performance according to quartiles (Q) of vitamin D intake were estimated via ANCOVA. Results: In a sample of 1,990 aging adults, principal component analyses yielded two cognitive factors - for episodic/semantic memory and short-term memory/executive function; however, neither one displayed associations with dietary vitamin D intake. Midlife vitamin D intake was significantly and positively associated with scores on the forward digit span task measuring short-term memory (fully adjusted model: mean difference, Q4 vs. Q1 = 1.95; 95% CI 0.37-3.53; ptrend = 0.03). No significant interaction with either sex or lifetime sun exposure was found. Conclusions: Midlife vitamin D intake exhibited a cross-time and domain-specific association with cognition in the context of aging. Further investigations in this area of prevention are warranted given the rapidly expanding elderly population and the absence of curative treatment for dementia.
Significance of Lymph Node Dissection in Gynecological Oncology
Authors: Emons Günter
Published: September 2014

Lymph node dissection has been an integral part of the surgical treatment of gynecological malignancies for over a century. The significance of lymph node dissection in gynecological oncology is reviewed in the light of our current knowledge of tumor biology. The original ‘centrifugal theory' of metastasis formation leading to the concept of ‘radical' surgery has its limitations. Lymph node dissection will still be necessary in gynecological oncology until molecular diagnostics have developed sufficiently and efficacious systemic therapies are available.
Guideline Conformity Treatment in Young Women with Early-Onset Breast Cancer in Germany
Authors: Pursche Telja , Hedderich Marianne , Heinrichs Alessa , Baumann Kristin , Banz-Jansen Constanze , Rody Achim , Waldmann Annika , Fischer Dorothea
Published: September 2014

Background: The purpose of the study was to characterize the treatment of young mothers with breast cancer in Germany and to investigate whether it followed applicable guidelines. Method: Retrospective data obtained between 2002 and 2011 for 1,053 mothers with children of < 12 years of age with adjuvantly treated loco-regional primary breast cancer were analyzed. Collected data included sociodemographic data, TNM stage, biology of tumor and therapies. Actually received therapies were compared to those suggested in guideline treatment plans. Results: The mean age of the patients was 39 years. 97% of the women with node positivity received an axillary dissection. Overall, 90% of the patients received chemotherapy with a guideline adherence range of 87-99% depending on clinical parameters. For radiation therapy, guideline adherence was high (range 82-100%). 95% of the patients with a hormone receptor-positive tumor received endocrine therapy; in 94%, tamoxifen therapy was performed in compliance with guidelines, whereas gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist therapy complied with the guidelines in 52% of the cases. Conclusion: Guideline adherence in young mothers with breast cancer in Germany was high (with the exception of GnRH therapy), as comorbidity or the ambiguity of the therapeutic success does not need to be considered as much in this young, otherwise usually healthy, cohort compared to an age-heterogeneous group.
Elements of a Political Economy of Labor Power
Authors: Kluge Alexander , Negt Oskar
Published: September 2014

The subtitle of Karl Marx's central work, Capital, reads: “Critique Of Political Economy.” Based on the observations of the Anglo-Saxon economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo, this work poses the following of many possible questions: If capital could speak, how would it explain itself? Can capital say “I”?
Seashore Law: The Core of French Public Maritime Law
Authors: Bordereaux* Laurent
Published: September 2014

As State property, the seashore is regulated by the general legal regime regarding natural publicly owned coastal land. With the advent of new preoccupations, particularly those promoting a global approach to the management of coastal areas, environmental law and urban planning now also play a significant role in the regulation of the seashore. This article traces the historical foundations of French seashore law and describes its current evolution.
Morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of three Hippocampus species (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil
Authors: SILVEIRA ROSANA BEATRIZ , SICCHA-RAMIREZ RAQUEL , SILVA JOSÉ RODRIGO SANTOS , OLIVEIRA CLAUDIO
Published: September 2014

For many decades only two species of seahorses were recognized from Brazil: Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933, the long snout seahorse, and H. erectus Perry, 1810, the lined seahorse. The presence of a possible third species, recognized in 2002, brought about the need for a broad revision of the genus in Brazilian waters. A total of 335 specimens of seahorses, obtained from Brazilian and other collections, representing the three putative species from Brazil were analyzed: H. reidi, the species of greatest abundance and occurs in estuaries and the sea; H. erectus, which occurs only in the sea, and Hippocampus patagonicus was also determined to be present based on multiple specimens. Our morphometric / numerical and molecular analysis showed that the species currently identified as H. erectus in Brazil is actually H. patagonicus Piacentino & Luzatto, 2004. The existence of a possible third species, was instead based on the true H. erectus, as confirmed in the present study by the study of classical systematic and mitochondrial analysis. Thus, we recognize three species of seahorses in Brazil: H. erectus, H. reidi and H. patagonicus.
Potential of MODFLOW to Model Hydrological Interactions in a Semikarst Floodplain of the Ozark Border Forest in the Central United States
Authors: Chinnasamy Pennan , Hubbart Jason A.
Published: September 2014

Riparian shallow groundwater and nutrient movement is important for aquatic and forest ecosystem health. Understanding stream water (SW)–shallow groundwater (GW) interactions is necessary for proper management of floodplain biodiversity, but it is particularly confounding in underrepresented semikarst hydrogeological systems. The Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW) was used to simulate shallow groundwater flow and nutrient transport processes in a second-growth Ozark border forest for the 2011 water year. MODFLOW provided approximations of hydrologic head that were statistically comparable to observed data (Nash–Sutcliffe = 0.47, r2 = 0.77, root-mean-square error = 0.61 cm, and mean difference = 0.46 cm). Average annual flow estimates indicated that 82% of the reach length was a losing stream, while the remaining 18% was gaining. The reach lost more water to the GW during summer (2405 m3 day−1) relative to fall (2184 m3 day−1), spring (2102 m3 day−1), and winter (1549 m3 day−1) seasons. Model results showed that the shallow aquifer had the highest nitrate loading during the winter season (707 kg day−1). A Particle-Tracking Model for MODFLOW (MODPATH) revealed significant spatial variations between piezometer sites (p = 0.089) in subsurface flow path and travel time, ranging from 213 m and 3.6 yr to 197 m and 11.6 yr. The current study approach is novel with regard to the use of transient flow conditions (as opposed to steady state conditions) in underrepresented semikarst geological systems of the U.S. Midwest. This study emphasizes the significance of semikarst geology in regulating SW–GW hydrologic and nutrient interactions and provides baseline information and modeling predictions that will facilitate future studies and management plans.
Effect of Observation Network Design on Meteorological Forecasts of Asian Dust Events
Authors: Yang Eun-Gyeong , Kim Hyun Mee , Kim JinWoong , Kay Jun Kyung
Published: September 2014

To improve the prediction of Asian dust events on the Korean Peninsula, meteorological fields must be accurately predicted because dust transport models require them as input. Accurate meteorological forecasts could be obtained by integrating accurate initial conditions obtained from data assimilation processes in numerical weather prediction. In data assimilation, selecting the appropriate observation location is important to ensure that the initial conditions represent the surrounding meteorological flow. To investigate the effect of observation network configuration on meteorological forecasts during Asian dust events on the Korean Peninsula, observing system simulation experiments using several simulated and real observation networks were tested with the Weather Research and Forecasting modeling system for 11 Asian dust events affecting the Korean Peninsula during a recent 6-yr period. First, the characteristics of randomly fixed and adaptively selected observation networks were investigated with various observation densities. The adaptive observation strategy could reduce forecast errors more efficiently than the fixed observation strategy. For both the fixed and adaptive observation strategies, the mean forecast error reduction rates increased as the number of assimilated observations and the distance between observation sites increased up to 300 km. Second, the effects of redistributing the real observation sites and adding observation sites to the real observation network based on the adaptive observation strategy were investigated. Adding adaptive observation sites to the real observation network in statistically sensitive regions improved the forecast performance more than redistributing real observation sites did. The strategy of adding adaptive observation sites is used to suggest the optimal meteorological observation network for meteorological forecasts of Asian dust transport events on the Korean Peninsula.
Polyclonal versus monoclonal immunoglobulin-free light chains quantification
Authors: Di Noto Giuseppe , Cimpoies Elena , Dossi Alessandra , Paolini Lucia , Radeghieri Annalisa , Caimi Luigi , Ricotta Doris
Published: September 2014

Background

The clinical usefulness of the serum-free light chain assays has expanded since their first description, and further applications other than plasma cell dyscrasia are emerging. Currently, we have the ability to perform the measurements with two certified methods: the Freelite™ assay (The Binding Site Ltd, Birmingham, UK) and the new N Latex free-light chain assay (Siemens, Germany). In the present study, we investigated the impact of free light chain concentrations and structures on their quantification, performed with both tests.

Methods

A total of 524 serum samples from 497 patients from our routine laboratory were analysed with the Freelite™ and the N Latex free light chain assay. The results were compared in two subgroups: with or without monoclonal component. Twenty-four samples were subsequently investigated for the presence of dimeric and monomeric free light chain with sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and densitometric quantification.

Results

Methods comparison showed that the Pearson rank correlation coefficients were 0.90 for polyclonal k and 0.91 for polyclonal λ free light chain. Conversely for monoclonal immunoglobulins, the Pearson rank correlation coefficient was lower with 0.82 for kM >500 mg/L and 0.56 for λM >500 mg/L. Furthermore, densitometric quantification of the involved monoclonal free light chains showed that both assays do not reflect the Coomassie-stained protein mass.

Conclusion

Samples containing high amounts of a single pathologic free light chain may not be considered like a sample containing a sum of different polyclonal free light chains. Indeed, free light chain dimerization leads to different scatter efficiency of macromolecular complexes.
Peace-building as Small State Foreign Policy
Authors: Stokke Kristian
Published: September 2014

This article examines the emergence and transformation of Norway’s peace engagement in the context of changing international relations. Focusing on foreign policy discourses and practices, the article portrays peace engagement as a value-based effort to support resolution of distant intrastate conflicts, and a strategy to promote Norway’s interests and influence in international relations. The article also argues that changing international politics after the turn of the century has challenged and reoriented Norway’s peace engagement in a more realist direction. Foreign policy discourses and practices are increasingly based on a broad notion of interests that also include ideals of peace, democracy and development. This means that peace engagement can support a domestic political consensus on foreign policy, and simultaneously promote Norway’s standing, relevance and influence in international relations. Peace engagement has thus been institutionalized as a foreign policy that promotes peace while also addressing the challenges associated with smallness in international relations.
Saudi Arabia’s Soft Power
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio , Al-Filali Isam Yahia
Published: September 2014

When people are asked the question, what is the source of Saudi Arabia’s power, who would cite factors other than oil? This equation of Saudi power exclusively with its oil wealth is mistaken. Historically, a principal and the most consistent source of Saudi power at the domestic, regional and global levels has not been revenues from oil, but the cultural power that inheres in a nation that is both the capital of the Muslim and Arab worlds. This soft power accounts for as much, if not more, of Saudi influence than even oil itself. To a large extent, this power explains why Saudi Arabia has remained stout in the face of the shock waves of the Arab Spring. Saudi soft power also accounts for much of the leverage that the Kingdom enjoys in its region and the world at large. This article assesses the principal sources of Saudi Arabia’s soft power, discusses the modern day international, regional and domestic challenges facing Saudi Arabia, and finally analyzes how Saudi soft power can effectively deal with those challenges.
The Hybrid Regime in Post-Civil War Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayasuriya Laksiri
Published: September 2014

Following the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2010, the Sri Lankan political system has seen the rise of a ‘one-party dominant state’ and a ‘hybrid regime’. This new political order consists of a mix of democratic and authoritarian elements largely seen in countries such as Malaysia and Singapore. This essay examines the social and political changes introduced by the highly militarized regime led by Mahinda Rajapaksa, which has slanted towards a Kautilyan ideology and authoritarian constitutionalism. It is argued that Sri Lanka needs a glasnost, marking a new political and social ethos based on the principles of accountability, openness, transparency, freedom and justice.
Luke and the Jewish Religion
Authors: Levine Amy-Jill
Published: September 2014

After delineating the difficulties of defining “religion” and “Judaism/Jewish/Jews,” this article traces Luke’s presentation of Jewish religious markers: circumcision, temple worship, sacred space (Jerusalem, synagogues) and sacred time (Sabbath), Scripture, and myth. It argues that Luke renders Jewish practice and belief, outside of Jesus’ interpretation, as relegated to the past, insignificant, corrupt, or co-opted by Jesus and his followers.
Bridge Work and Seating Charts: A Study of Luke’s Ethics of Wealth, Poverty, and Reversal
Authors: Miller Amanda C.
Published: September 2014

This article examines ethical issues in the Gospel of Luke related to status reversal and the proper use of wealth and other resources in the reign of God. It first examines the social hierarchy and imperial culture of Luke’s earliest reading communities, and then presents Luke 14 as an example of how Jesus’ teachings in Luke challenge the socioeconomic status quo in both the first century and the twenty-first century.
Luke’s Artistic Parables: Narratives of Subversion, Imagination, and Transformation
Authors: Rindge Matthew S.
Published: September 2014

Luke’s parables are narratives of disorientation that subvert conventional wisdom about many issues such as the use of wealth and possessions. The parables use specific rhetorical strategies (character identification and premature closure) in order to transform the lives of Luke’s readers/hearers.
“Forgiving” God: Reflections on Psychological Research Describing Spiritual Struggle
Authors: Webb Marcia
Published: September 2014

In A Grief Observed, when contemplating his wife’s death, C.S. Lewis described his fear of “coming to believe … dreadful things about [God].” 1 Psychological research has noted that, when suffering, people may experience anger or disillusionment with God. These experiences are also demonstrated in biblical characters like Moses, Jeremiah, and Job. This article describes the use of the term “forgiveness” in the psychological process of the resolution of anger with God for release from this type of spiritual struggle. Yet “forgiving” God may seem illogical, given conceptions of divine perfection. The author further describes the developmental processes in resolution of anger toward God which are both affective and cognitive, involving the accommodation of new “God concepts” with the challenging new experiences of suffering and injustice.
Air Sea Battle
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: September 2014

In response to China’s military modernization and growing anti-access/area denial capabilities, the US military has adopted an “Air Sea Battle” (ASB) concept entailing extensive strikes on the Chinese mainland. ASB has been embraced at the Pentagon and increasingly affects procurement decisions. Critics argue that ASB creates grave escalation risks and may incite an expensive arms race. Less discussed, but also of serious concern, is that ASB was adopted with little to no civilian oversight, in a case of “structural inattention.” This failure of civil–military relations derives from institutional factors such as the nature and composition of the White House staff, as well as from the administration’s pragmatic rather than strategic approach to China. It has also been facilitated by “subterranean factors” including the interests of influential military contractors and the military’s own inclination toward conventional warfare.
Moral Emotions during Military Deployments of Dutch Forces
Authors: Schut Michelle , de Graaff Miriam C. , Verweij Desiree
Published: September 2014

Which emotions are generated by the behavior of “the other” in intercultural interactions that Dutch soldiers perceive as conflicting with their own values? How are these emotions related to types of behavioral reactions of Dutch military personnel? This preliminary study explores the emotional and behavioral reactions of Dutch military personnel deployed in unfamiliar cultural settings. Using a grounded theory approach, a total of 121 situations were studied. The narratives were derived from interview sessions with servicemen reflecting on their recent deployment. The results of this explorative study indicate that violations of standards with regard to an individual’s position in society evoke most emotions. The more a situation is experienced as reprehensible and “strange,” the stronger the negative emotions. Although most soldiers did not react in accordance with their strong and negative emotions (they started a dialogue or reported the incident), the consequences of such emotions and subsequent reactions can have quite an impact on the individual level as well as on the organizational and international political level. We therefore underline the importance of combining ethical dilemma and cultural awareness training during predeployment.
A Model to Support Shared Decision Making in Electronic Health Records Systems
Authors: Lenert Leslie , Dunlea Robert , Del Fiol Guilherme , Hall Leslie Kelly
Published: September 2014

Shared decision making (SDM) is an approach to medical care based on collaboration between provider and patient, with both sharing in medical decisions. When patients’ values and preferences are incorporated in decision making, care is more appropriate, ethically sound, and often lower in cost. However, SDM is difficult to implement in routine practice because of the time required for SDM methods, the lack of integration of SDM approaches into electronic health record (EHR) systems, and absence of explanatory mechanisms for providers on the results of patients’ use of decision aids. This article discusses potential solutions, including the concept of a “personalize button” for EHRs. Leveraging a 4-phase clinical model for SDM, this article describes how computer decision support (CDS) technologies integrated into EHRs can help ensure that health care is delivered in a way that is respectful of those preferences. The architecture described herein, called CDS for SDM, is built on recognized standards that are currently integrated into certification requirements for EHRs as part of meaningful use regulations. While additional work is needed on modeling of preferences and on techniques for rapid communication models of preferences to clinicians, unless EHRs are redesigned to support SDM around and during clinical encounters, they are likely to continue to be an unintended barrier to SDM. With appropriate development, EHRs could be a powerful tool to promote SDM by reminding providers of situations for SDM and monitoring ongoing care to ensure treatments are consistent with patients’ preferences.
Like Mixing Oil and Water? The Take-Up of Sustainability in Hard-to-Reach Places—An East Texas Case Study
Authors: Holman Nancy
Published: September 2014

Following studies about the adoption of sustainability initiatives in both innovative and ordinary U.S. cities, this article offers a unique view of sustainability in hard-to-reach places where regulation and planning are viewed with suspicion. Taking an interpretive approach to policy analysis, the article asks if hard-to-reach places are destined to remain untouched by what many argue is a central tenet of modern planning. In so doing, it offers a key point of contrast to studies on cities at the vanguard of change, reminding us how critical it is to recognize all types of communities in our research and practice.