bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of the Use of Blockchain in Healthcare
Authors: Hölbl Marko , Kompara Marko , Kamišalić Aida , Nemec Zlatolas Lili
Published: September 2018

Blockchain technology enables a decentralized and distributed environment with no need for a central authority. Transactions are simultaneously secure and trustworthy due to the use of cryptographic principles. In recent years, blockchain technology has become very trendy and penetrated different domains, mostly due to the popularity of cryptocurrencies. One field where blockchain technology has tremendous potential is healthcare, due to the need for a more patient-centric approach to healthcare systems and to connect disparate systems and increase the accuracy of electronic healthcare records (EHRs).
In this systematic review, an analysis of state-of-the-art blockchain research in the field of healthcare is conducted. The aim is to reveal the potential applications of the technology and to highlight the challenges and possible directions of blockchain research in healthcare. First, background information is discussed, followed by a description of the exact methodology used in this paper. Next, an analysis of the results is given, which includes a bibliometric overview, an analysis of gathered data and its properties, and the results of a literature quality assessment. Lastly, there is a discussion of the results from the analysis.
The findings indicate that blockchain technology research in healthcare is increasing and it is mostly used for data sharing, managing health records and access control. Other scenarios are very rare. Most research is aimed at presenting novel structural designs in the form of frameworks, architectures or models. Findings also show that technical details about the used blockchain elements are not given in most of the analyzed publications and that most research does not present any prototype implementation or implementation details. Often even with a prototype implementation, no details about blockchain elements are given.
Nanofibrillated Cellulose Sugar Palm Fibre Reinforced Sugar Palm Starch Nanocomposite. Part 2: Thermal, Water Barrier and Biodegradation Properties
Authors: Ilyas R.A. , Sapuan S.M. , Ishak M.R. , Zainudin E.S.
Published: September 2018

The objective was to characterize the thermal, water barrier, and soil degradation properties of biodegradable sugar palm starch (SPS) containing sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose (SPNFCs) in the range of 0.1-1.0 wt. %. The nanocomposites were casted using solution-casting method. The thermal stability, water resistance and degradation behavior improved with increasing SPNFCs content, due to compatible and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds existed between SPS and SPNFCs. The present work shows that SPS/SPNFCs nanocomposites with 1.0 wt. % SPNFCs content have the highest thermal stability. TGA analysis shows an increasing in residue left with increase in SPNFCs content. Soil burial tests showed biodegradation resistance of the nanocomposites. In conclusion, the addition of SPNFCs improved the thermal properties of starch polymer which widened the potential application of this eco-friendly material. The most promising applications for this eco-friendly material are short-life products such as plastic packaging, food container, etc.
Editorial: Las internets de e-Salud
Authors: Sepúlveda Cardona Edwin Andrés
Published: September 2018

Internet es un gran laboratorio de exploración, un LAB para todos los ensayos posibles, porque, como dice Friedman (2012), aún está en una fase beta. Estamos experimentando: los ciudadanos conectados, los nuevos ingenieros y los nuevos profesionales de la salud. En los laboratorios de Internet se están fraguando todo tipo de iniciativas. La efervescencia de una civilización hiperconectada -si acaso- nos permite inventariar los cocteles digitales que se desarrollan a diario, ya sea desde un garaje (como se forjó Sillicon Valley) o en una clínica especializada con los recursos de un Estado o de alguna organización supranacional.
Consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de la Universidad de la Amazonia
Authors: Losada Salgado Néncer , Quezada Aldana Luis Alfredo , Vargas Gaitán Laura Camila
Published: September 2018

La investigación tomó como punto de referencia la pregunta: ¿cuál es el estado del consumo de alcohol en los estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad de la Amazonia?, partiendo de que nunca se había hecho la reflexión sobre la realidad de los jóvenes educandos de esta alma mater en torno al consumo de esta sustancia. La indagación, además de este propósito, busca generar inquietudes sobre el papel que está cumpliendo la universidad, y la educación superior en general, en términos de prevención y de salud de su población estudiantil en vínculo con este tipo de prácticas de consumo, considerada por el grueso de la población como una práctica normalizada, pero poco cuestionada precisamente por ser vista de este modo. Es así que, en lo hallado, el 95% de los estudiantes afirmaron consumir alcohol, respecto a un 5% que manifestó lo contrario. Entre los consumidores de alcohol, el 75% se clasificó como ocasionales, 24% como habitual, 1% como dependientes. Frente a lo cual se problematizó sobre el papel de la Universidad en esta realidad, concretamente lo que está haciendo con los casos de los estudiantes dependientes. En cuanto a la metodología, la investigación fue de naturaleza descriptiva transversal y empleó como técnica de recolección de información la encuesta, la cual fue aplicada a una población muestra de 369 estudiantes de los diferentes programas académicos.
Aporte del químico farmacéutico en el tratamiento de pacientes drogodependientes de Medellín
Authors: Cataño Montoya Yan Carlos , Mejía Paniagua Valentina , Restrepo Cano John Sebastián , Higuera Cogollo Héctor Esteban , López Cárdenas María Alejandra
Published: September 2018

Antecedentes: la drogadicción es una enfermedad que afecta a un individuo de manera física, mental y social, por tanto, los pacientes con esta condición deben ser atendidos de manera multidisciplinaria (National Institute on Drug Abuse, s. f.). Objetivo: describir el aporte del Profesional en Química Farmacéutica en el tratamiento de pacientes drogodependientes de la Corporación Papá Vanegas ubicada en la ciudad de Medellín.  Método: la metodología utilizada fue cualitativa con estrategia de investigación acción participativa, se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico con un tamaño de 40 personas, utilizando instrumentos como las entrevistas, diario de campo, historias de vida. Resultados: los participantes destacaron su intención de interiorizar los conocimientos adquiridos sobre los mecanismos de acción, efectos anatómicos y fisiológicos, enfermedades derivadas del abuso de sustancias y la importancia de una alimentación adecuada, resaltando un interés por la atención farmacéutica personalizada en cuanto a interacciones medicamentosas, debido a la polimedicación que presentan algunos de los pacientes derivados de sus distintas condiciones patológicas. Conclusiones: se encontró que el Químico Farmacéutico es indispensable en el proceso de rehabilitación de pacientes drogodependientes porque su formación se basa en principios activos, entre los cuales se encuentran las sustancias psicoactivas. Las acciones realizadas por el profesional permitieron que los pacientes comprendieran los daños fisioanatómicos del consumo patológico de drogas.
Adicción a internet en adolescentes: una breve revisión
Authors: Rojas-Jara Claudio , Ramos-Vera José , Pardo-González Elizabeth , Henríquez-Caroca Fabián
Published: September 2018

Internet se ha transformado en un recurso indispensable en nuestras vidas, puesto que permite acceder a distintos contenidos de recreación y ocio, instrumentales y académicos, comunicacionales y sociales, entre muchos otros. Uno de los grupos etarios que mayormente utilizan dicha herramienta son los adolescentes, por lo que existe la preocupación por el uso problemático que este público pueda darle al recurso. La referencia a las adicciones comportamentales cada vez cobra más sentido en este ámbito y los avances de la ciencia y la información dan cuenta de ello. Sobre la adicción a internet resulta importante determinar los factores influyentes o de riesgo para su aparición en población adolescente, dado que amplía la comprensión del fenómeno como su eventual prevención o abordaje. Esta revisión pretende analizar la evidencia científica actual sobre la adicción a internet en adolescentes e identificar aquellos elementos que le componen como los factores de riesgo relacionados. Los principales resultados de esta revisión dan cuenta de que la adicción a internet en adolescentes es un fenómeno actual, pero con una delimitación compleja y definición poco consensuada, que presenta importantes consecuencias psicológicas, y con presencia de múltiples factores de riesgo asociados, los cuales pueden ser organizados como: individuales, familiares y psicosociales.
Entre a coragem e o medo
Authors: Silva Célia Marília , De Araújo Rosanne Bezerra
Published: September 2018

A presente pesquisa propõe uma leitura da novela A hora e a vez de Augusto Matraga de João Guimarães Rosa, publicado em Sagarana em 1946. Adotaremos como procedimento de estudo a análise da relação estabelecida entre o medo e a coragem ao longo da narrativa e as relações sociais representadas por esta série. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que o medo move a narrativa ao passo que os personagens, em especial Nhô Augusto, se veem aniquilados por este sentimento, mas ao mesmo tempo é dele que ganham forças para prosseguir. A partir da compreensão dessa concepção, nos empenharemos por desenvolver uma discussão sobre como a categoria do medo pode denotar determinadas relações sociais, não só de modo isolado, mas também vinculado à coragem e ao poder. Para tanto, utilizaremos como suporte teórico História do medo no ocidente de Jean Delumeau (2009) e A criação literária de Massaud Moisés (2012).
Reflexões sobre a verdade e a mentira nos Ensaios de Montaigne
Authors: Brunelière Jean-François
Published: September 2018

Michel Eyquem de Montaigne nos legou, no final do século XVI, seus famosos Ensaios. Entre os múltiplos temas abordados pelo autor, escolhemos suas reflexões a respeito da verdade e da mentira, presentes no primeiro ensaio do livro III, para trazer uma discussão que ilustramos com uma tradução nossa em português de excertos selecionados no texto em francês moderno proposto por Guy de Pernon em 2008. A leitura desses excertos (nunca traduzidos no Brasil) evidencia a riqueza do pensamento de Montaigne, totalmente em fase com o contexto histórico-social da época na qual viveu, mas permitirá também ao leitor tecer possíveis relações com a situação atual do mundo.
LISTY POLECAJĄCE SYDONIUSZA APOLINAREGO – DZIEDZICTWO TRADYCJI I WYZWANIE PRZEMIAN
Authors: Skibiński Tomasz
Published: September 2018

The article presents the letters of Sidonius Apollinaris - Gallo-Roman aristocrat, poet and bishop. The study aims at analysing the letters of Sidonius from the point of view of their purpose, the models used, the argumentation, and the list of recipients to whom the letters are addressed. On the one hand, it shows that Sidonius remained faithful to his masters in epistolography (Cicero, Pliny the Younger, Symmachus), while on the other hand, was able to change the form of letters according to the situation. The paper also allows us to discern the changes that took place in the works of Sidonius after his ordination.
RAPTUS PUELLAE JAKO PRZESZKODA MAŁŻEŃSKA W DEKRECIE GRACJANA
Authors: Wojciechowska Beata
Published: September 2018

Marriage has always been a concern of the Church. Christian doctrine gave matrimonium sacred meaning and at the same time fully endorsed the concept of mutual consent which originated from Roman law. The act of abduction with its legal and ethical consequences was described in detail in the Decretum Gratiani. The punishment for the abductor was public penance and prohibition of marriage. If the fiancé was unwilling to take back the abducted bride he was allowed to marry another woman. However, if the fiancé and the bride wanted to get married afresh, they were to be both excommunicated until they had made their reparation. The Decretum Gratiani clearly indicated that the raptus puellae was an obstacle which prevented marriage. The reason was the duress of abduction, which was contrasted with free will, voluntarily consent and the approval of father, parents or guardians.
„WĘGIERSKI ŚLAD”.Z WIOSNY LUDÓW (1848-1849) NA OBSZARZE KORONY ŚW. STEFANA DO POLSKIEGO POWSTANIA (1863-1863), CZ. I
Authors: Buława Adam
Published: September 2018

During the Spring of Nations in the lands of the Crown of St. Stefan (1848-1849) traditional ties of friendship, with the possibility of a military confrontation occurring with one, two invaders attracted a large crowd of Polish volunteers for the formation of the Hungarian honveds. About 4,000 Poles were fighting directly in the ranks of the revolutionary army, and enrolled to  the national legions under the command of Generals Joseph Wysocki alongside the Transylvanian Army Fieldmarshal Joseph Bem. Among them, about 20 individuals who will be later on commanders of the guerrilla armed troops of the January Uprising (1863-1864). For this reason, it is worth recalling the experience that the military group acquired during the battles for the Hungarian Plain, Slovakia, Bukovina, Moldavia, Banat, Backa and Transylvania.
TROSKA METROPOLITY ANDRZEJA SZEPTYCKIEGO O UKRAIŃSKICH EMIGRANTÓW W AMERYCE PÓŁNOCNEJ I POŁUDNIOWEJ
Authors: Kubasik Adam
Published: September 2018

At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century a large group of Galician Ruthenians emigrated to North America and the United States and Canada, South America - mainly to Argentina and Brazil. Sheptytsky visited North America in 1910. He met with Ukrainian Greek Catholic immigrant communities in the United States and Canada. In 1921, he visited the USA and Canada again. In 1922 he arrived to Argentina and Brazil. He did not conduct open political agitation. However, some of his speeches have an anti-Polish character.
Troska o chorych w klasztorach starożytnych w świetle wybranych reguł monastycznych
Authors: Kołosowski Tadeusz
Published: September 2018

The purpose of the article is the attempt to answer the question of how Eastern and Western monastic rules normalized the life of those who were ill in ancient monasteries. Did they have among their brothers or sisters some special status? Who were responsible for the sick in the monastery and how hey were responsible for the care of the ill? In this regard, monastic rules are an interesting and unique source of information about activities undertaken to care for ill members of the monastic community. In this regard 7 monastic rules were identified and analyzed. These rules were written in different regions of the contemporary world: Egypt, North Africa, Gaul, Italy and Spain. One was written during IV and VII of century andthey concern monks and consecrated women. Each rule deals with the care of the sick those from among the brothers or sisters with a designated role in caring for the sick. These were usually nurses and cellarers. Some rules determined personality traits required. The general  supervision over the care of the sick was entrusted to superior of the monastery. Separate rooms or the cells were identified for the sick, sometimes the dining room, the storeroom or the kitchen. All rules seek to ease for the ill requirements concerning of the consumption of meals, fasts, and hygiene needs. They should, if able, perform lighter duties.
Why was astrology criticised in the Middle Ages? Contribution to further research (on the basis of selected treaties of professors of the University of Krakow in the 15th century).
Authors: Konarska-Zimnicka Sylwia
Published: September 2018

People have always been interested in distant, mysterious celestial bodies. Astrologers who explored the mysteries of the study of the stars and planets wanted to read them as predictions of future events. Astrological practices were often seen as bordering of magic, whichto a large extent influenced the negative perception of this area of study and its supporters, even though astrologers were employed at the kings’ and bishops’ courts, and even at the papal court. The relationship of astrology with occult sciences, which were regarded as sinful and heretical, led to the situation when its proponents were subject to accusations. Particular attention was paid to the fact that the belief in the influence of heavenly bodies on the events taking place in the sublunary world undermines the foundation of the  Christian religion, i.e. the dogma of the free will of man. This and other charges constituted a kind of a “catalogue of allegations” that were made against astrology and astrologers throughout the Middle Ages.
"Arbitrzy i nie tylko...". Duchowni na kartach księgi ławniczej miasta Płocka w latach 1489-1517
Authors: Graczyk Waldemar
Published: September 2018

There are nineteen clerics on the pages of the Plock’s book of assessors in the years 1489-1517. There were primarily associated with the local  church environment. Their involvement as arbiters in conflicts is evident; they are also present as the executors of the testaments or the addressee of testament legate, the contractors of acts of buy-sell, the holders of  deposits or prudent guardians looking after goods of the Church. The  inscription in the Plock’s book of assessors in which we see the clergy, lead to the conclusion that the local representatives of the Church enjoyed trust and authority among the local people.
Stefan IV Młody- nieznana karta z dziejów relacji polsko-mołdawskich w XVI wieku
Authors: Kozieł Patryk
Published: September 2018

This Article is devoted to Polish-Moldavian relations during the reign of Stephen IV of Moldavia. This theme played out in the Polish historiography in a completely marginal role. In the studies we find only a brief mention of this ruler. Meanwhile, his reign fell on hard times during Turkish expansion in the Balkans and Moldova barely defended the   remnants of a self independence. For Poland, this region played a key  role against the threat of Tatars and in the context of the Black Sea trade. That is why King Sigismund the Old wanted to keep its influence in Moldavia and save it for annexation by Turkey. These attempts, however, faced a number of obstacles which can be read in the article.
Jana Kalwina zarys nauki o Kościele w świetle Institutio Religionis Christianae z 1543r.
Authors: Wodziński Grzegorz
Published: September 2018

One of the main postulates of the reformation movement, apart from the theological questions, was a proposal of the internal reform of the church institution. The Father of the Reformation,as Rev. Martin Luther is called in the source literature, raised the questions concerning the mission of the Church, its role in the magisterium, and also and  perhaps above all its hierarchical structure and about the role of the clergy in the process of the eternal salvation. As a result of his reflections and probably his observations and his own experiences Luther undermined in succession different dogmatic, theological questions as well as those regarding the organization of the Roman Catholic Church. Slogans of renewal and reforms of the church structure spread very rapidly through the territory of German Reich, gaining numerous supporters among European nations. One of those for whom the Reformation ideas became the main field of activity was French man John Calvin. That well-rounded, well educated and well-read lawyer, knowing the main works of the German monk, acquired his principal theses postulating the changes in the functioning of the Church. Additionally, Calvin made a division of the Church between the earthly – the visible and the heavenly – the invisible one, and the person who bonds it, guarantees its unity and permanency, the  indivisibility is the only and the highest Priest – Jesus Christ. In the work of his life Institucio Religionis Christianae Calvin embodied a full picture of the Christian Church as, in his opinion, it should be. Analysing particular issues regarding the function of the clergymen, the pope, celebrating the sacraments, penance and conversion, and also the eternal salvation, we are given the basic compendium of knowledge concerning the ecclesiology by John Calvin. His teaching about the Church, although in some points different in from the  preaching of Rev. Martin Luther, however oscillates within the principal slogans of Reformation: Sola Fides –the man is saved solely by faith, Sola Gratia – God’s grace is necessary for salvation, Sola Scriptura – the only source of faith is the Holy Bible. He also added the idea: Solus Christus – only Christ saves, He is in the centre of The Church, we can observe Calvin’s Christ centred attitude in his preaching and in building ideological basics of the reformed denomination.
Kaplice św. Kazimierza i Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny przy katedrze wileńskiej oczami karmelitanek bosych - nierozpoznane źródło z 1638 roku
Authors: Czyż Anna Sylwia
Published: September 2018

The article recalls a source from 1638 which has hitherto not been referred to in the subject-matter literature, concerning the history of two chapels at the cathedral in Vilnius: the chapel of St. Casimir founded by King Zygmunt III, and the chapel of the Immaculate Conception which was furnished as a burial chapel by Bishop Eustachy Wołłowicz (lit. Eustachijus Valavičius). The source is a diary from travels from Lublin to Vilnius (14 November –26 December 1638) written by Carmelite nuns when going to a new monastery founded byStefan Pac (lit. Steponas Pacas) and his wife Anna Maria Ancilia née Rudomina–Dusiacka (lit. Ona Marija Ancilia Rudomina-Dusiackaitė). The memoirs were written by a nun, Mary Magdalene (Anna Żaboklicka) who described various aspects of their journeys as well asa visit to the Vilnius Cathedral organised by the Pac family. The nuns were particularly impressed by the chapel of St. Casimir. Thanks to the fact that the nun described the chapel in detail, it was possible to reconstruct the subjects of some paintings by Bartłomiej Strobel, and to additionally interpret several facts connected with the appearance  of the altar with the reliquary of St. Casimir. Even though the description of the chapel of Bishop Eustachy Wołłowicz is not as detailed, it should be underlined that by inviting the nuns there, the Pac family wanted to emphasise their kinship with the monarch of Vilnius, who was commonly highly regarded.
Jacek (Hiacynt) Boratyński- podczaszy żydaczowski i porucznik husarski w dobie wojen polsko-tureckich w drugiej połowie XVII wieku. Studium z zawodu żołnierskiego
Authors: Hundert Zbigniew
Published: September 2018

Through the whole of his military career, Jacek Boratyński served with one formation – winged hussars (husaria). Between 1666 and 1676 he was a companion (towarzysz) in two hussars’ banners (companies): initially in one of Aleksander Michał Lubomirski, voivode of Cracow, then after 1668 in the one of Jan Sobieski, grand marshal and grand Crown (Polish) hetman (and since 1674 king as Jan III). Then in 1676 he became lieutenant in the hussars’ banner of Jan Gniński, voivode of Chełmno (since 1682 Crown vice-chancellor). In such capacity, as officer of Polish lancers, he took part in Gniński’s embassy to Istanbul (1677–1678) and in relief of Vienna in 1683. He was part of the group of soldiers that were under patronage of grand Crown hetman Stanisław Jabłonowski. Between 1676 and 1696 (exact date unknown) Boratyński was one of the commanders in charge of hetman’s regiment (pułk) of cavalry. Thanks to military service and patronage, especially from Gniński’s side, he received land office ranks – first cup-bearer (cześnik) of Sanok, then deputy cup-bearer (podczaszy) of Żydaczów. His military service is very good benchmark for biographical studies of other Crown officers of the same rank.
Zjawiska niecodzienne, klęski elementarne i przemarsze wojsk w Wielkopolsce w XVII i XVIII w. i ich wpływ na funkcjonowanie klasztoru benedyktynek w Poznaniu w świetle Kronik Benedyktynek Poznańskich
Authors: Lewandowska Ada
Published: September 2018

The Monastery in Poznań was founded in 1607 by Magdalena Mortęska – the reformer of the Benedictine Order. By analysing the monastic cornicles, the author wanted to show the influence of extra-ordinary events in Greater Poland and Poznan in 17th and 18th Century onlife of enclosed nuns. The article describes what changed when people visited the monastery, what life of nuns looked like during epidemics, floods and other disasters that took place in Greater Poland. The influence of wars and quartering foreign armies in the city of Poznan on life of nuns in the Benedictine Monastery was also included.
Kontakty interpersonalne staropolskich podróżników stanu duchownego
Authors: Rok Bogdan
Published: September 2018

The text presents different types of interpersonal contacts in the course of the journey based on Polish clergymen’s travel reports from the 18th century. The clergy establish numerous contacts primarily with other encountered travelers of their state. Also, information about meetings with peregrines and people on subsequent stages of the journey can be found. Interesting, contacts include Poles and important people of that time. It is important to emphasize the assertiveness of clergy travelers and their openness towards representatives of foreign nations.
„Romeo i Julia” Piotra Czajkowskiego. W 400-lecie śmierci Wiliama Szekspira
Authors: Grajewski Czesław
Published: September 2018

With the biography of P. Tchaikovsky in the background, the author describes the circumstances of the creation of the overture Romeo and Juliet. Then he briefly analyzes the composition itself and describes its character.
The thunderbolt as a Sign of God in Orosius’ Seven Books of History against the Pagans
Authors: Skibiński Tomasz
Published: September 2018

In the preface to the “Seven Books of History against the Pagans”  Orosius announces that he will present different disasters which affected mankind throughout history, and mentions among them thunderbolt strikes. The article aims at analysing the descriptions of this phenomenonfrom the point of view of their circumstances, time, results and meanings. The study shows that although the circumstances are different, it was always God who sent down the lightning strikes and spoke through them. Orosius dedicates a lot of attention to the sacking of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 AD, which ended also with a lightning strike. The analysisof this and of other descriptions shows Orosius’ vision of history and the temporal order based on the power of Rome and faith in the true God.
Skryptoria klasztorne i średniowieczne ustawodawstwo cysterskie o książce
Authors: Marszalska Jolanta Małgorzata
Published: September 2018

The oldest book which was on the territory of the early Piast in the second half of the tenth century derived, comes from the Benedictine scriptoria from the area of Bavaria, Saxony, Rhineland and Lorraine and contained the biblical texts and established liturgical canon  necessary for the celebration of the Mass. Preserved from the twelfth century regulations of Cistercian chapters which decided that in each monastery there should be: missal, epistolary, Gospel Book, gradual, antiphonary, liber hymnarius, psaltery, lectionary and calendar. These regulations made the copywriter’s work particularly important. The  importance attributed to their work is attested to, for example, by their release by the General Chapter of the Order from other dutiesin favor of the monastery, and by the permission in some cases to work at night. In Cistercian scriptoria apart from copying of the liturgical texts, the memorials so-called libri virorum et mortuorum, there were preparing documents for the current administrative and economic work of the monastery; in addition there were writing yearbooks, obituaries, monastery chronicles or epitaphs poem. There were recording notes of daily life outside the walls of the enclosure,names and functions of friars particularly events that took place away from the monastery or notes about elementary disasters happening in the proximate areas, the damages of monastery caused by floods, fires or epidemics. The preserved manuscript codes are an priceless source for learning the minds, interpersonal relationships prevailing in the small communities, their relations with their nearest surrounding and medieval way of seeing the world.
Zaślubiny w Polsce średniowiecznej
Authors: Wojciechowska Beata
Published: September 2018

Marriage was an important moment in the lives of two people who decided to establish a family and enter into new family and neighbourhood arrangements. In the Middle Ages, Polish wedding ceremonies were given a ritual form. Sacred tradition merged with newer Christian content and marriage was recognized as a sacrament which symbolically emphasized the importance of events and was supposed to provide future happiness for the newlyweds. The wedding ceremony was preceded by three public announcements in church. It was laid down that the ceremony be held in church and with witnesses. The main elements were the handshake, the exchange of gifts in the form of wreaths, rings or other gifts, and the words spoken: I take you to be my husband/wife.
Using Crowdsourcing to Develop a Peer-Led Intervention for Safer Dating App Use: Pilot Study (Preprint)
Authors: Wong William Chi Wai , Song Lin , See Christopher , Lau Stephanie Tze Hei , Sun Wai Han , Choi Kitty Wai Ying , Tucker Joseph
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Smartphone-based dating apps are rapidly transforming how people seek potential sexual and romantic partners. However, they can also increase the risk of unsafe sexual behaviors, harassment, and infringement of personal privacy. Current research on interventions for safer dating app use remains insufficient.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to describe the development of an intervention for safer dating app usage using crowdsourcing and peer-led approaches.

METHODS

This paper describes the development of an intervention program designed to promote safer dating app use among college students. Crowdsourcing and peer-led approaches were adopted during key stages of the development process. Focus group discussions were held to assess the experience and needs of dating app users. A crowdsourcing contest then solicited ideas for performance objectives for the intervention. These objectives were grouped to further identify practical strategies. A one-day intensive workshop was subsequently held with peer mentors to brainstorm ideas for the production of creative interventional materials. The intervention programs were produced and tested in a pilot study. The app’s effectiveness will be evaluated in a cluster randomized controlled trial.

RESULTS

The intervention program consists of a risk assessment tool, a first-person scenario game, and four short videos. The risk assessment tool, comprised of 14 questions, will give the participant a score to determine their level of risk of adverse events when using dating apps. The scenario game is a first-person simulation game where the players are presented with choices when faced with different scenarios. The short videos each last 2-4 minutes, with points of discussion aimed at addressing the risks of using dating apps. The programs were piloted and were found to be relatable and helpful when further modifications were made.

CONCLUSIONS

Potential challenges identified during the development process included data management and analysis, sustaining peer mentors’ interests and participation, and balancing between providing more information and perpetuating social stigma around dating app use. By integrating new approaches, such as crowdsourcing and the peer-led approach, in developing an intervention for safer dating app use, our development process provides a viable model for developing future interventions to address the risks associated with dating app use.
An E-Learning Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Media Literacy Curriculum to Prevent Youth Substance Use in Community Groups: Development and Feasibility of REAL Media (Preprint)
Authors: Ray Anne E , Greene Kathryn , Hecht Michael L , Barriage Sarah C , Miller-Day Michelle , Glenn Shannon D , Banerjee Smita C
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

There is a need for evidence-based substance use prevention efforts that target high school-aged youth that are easy to implement and suitable for dissemination in school and community groups. The Youth Message Development (YMD) program is a brief, four-lesson, in-person curriculum that aims to prevent youth substance use through the development of youth media literacy. Specifically, YMD aims to increase understanding of advertising reach and costs, along with the techniques used to sell products; develop counterarguing and critical thinking skills in response to advertisements; and facilitate application of these skills to the development of youth-generated antisubstance messages. Although YMD has demonstrated evidence of success, it is limited by its delivery method and focus on alcohol and smoking.

OBJECTIVE

Study objectives were two-fold: (1) to adapt the YMD curriculum to a self-paced, interactive, electronic-learning (e-learning) format and expand its content to cover alcohol, combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and prescription drugs, and (2) to test the feasibility of the adapted curriculum in partnership with a national youth organization.

METHODS

An iterative process was employed in partnership with the 4-H youth development organization and a technology developer and consisted of six phases: (1) focus groups to guide adaptation, (2) adaptation to an e-learning format renamed REAL media, (3) pilot-testing of the REAL media prototype to determine feasibility and acceptability, (4) program revisions, (5) usability testing of the revised prototype, and (6) final revisions. Focus groups and pilot and usability testing were conducted with 4-H youth club members and adult club leaders.

RESULTS

Focus group feedback guided the build of an e-learning prototype of REAL media, which consisted of five online levels and interactive content guided by a mix of narration and on-screen text. Results of a pilot test of the prototype were neutral to positive, and the program was refined based on end-user feedback. An independent usability test indicated that youth 4-H members felt favorably about navigating REAL media, and they reported high self-efficacy in applying skills learned in the program. Additional refinements to the program were made based on their feedback.

CONCLUSIONS

The iterative build process involving the end user from the outset yielded an overall successful technology-driven adaptation of an evidence-based curriculum. This should increase the likelihood of effectively impacting behavioral outcomes as well as uptake within community organizations.
QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF ASPIRIN AND (SALICYLIC ACID AND HEAVY METALS AS IMPURATIES) IN IRAQI’S MARKET ASPIRIN TABLETS USING DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL METHODS
Authors: Saeed Ahmed Mahdi , Hamzah Mohammed Jassim , Ahmed Noor Qasim
Published: September 2018

Objective: Easy and precise methods were developed for estimation of aspirin (ASP), impurities from such as salicylic acid (SAL) and heavy metal ions (HMI) in ASP tablets that available in the Iraqi’s market using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV–VIS spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS).Methods: HPLC separation was carried out using C18 as stationary phase and acetonitrile (ACN): water in the ratio of (10: 90 v/v) as a mobile phase for HPLC method and as a solvent for UV-VIS spectrophotometric for quantitative ASP and SAL at 254 nm for HPLC, 226 and 296 nm for UV measurements. AAS was used for HMI determination.Results: ASP and SAL gave absorbance maxima at 226 and 296 nm in ACN: H2O solvent. The Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.05-20 for ASP and 0.02-8 µg/ml for SAL. Correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.9996 and 0.9992 for ASP and SAL respectively, for HPLC and LOD value was 0.006 for ASP and 0.004 μg/ml for SAL. The % recovery for the developed method was found to be in the range of (98.80 to 101.26%) and (98.67 to 103.33%) for ASP and SAL respectively, within the acceptable range, that approved by world health organization (WHO).Conclusion: The proposed method can help research studies, quality control and routine analysis with lesser resources available. The results of the assay of pharmaceutical formulation of the developed method are highly reliable and reproducible and is in good agreement with the label claim of the medicines.
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTICANCER POTENTIAL OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING GALLIC ACID IN BENTONITE/STARCH BIO-NANOCOMPOSITES
Authors: Thapliyal Anupama , Chandra Amrish
Published: September 2018

Objective: To optimize and synthesize eco-friendly and low-cost silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using gallic acid (GA) reducing agent in bentonite/starch bio-nanocomposites (BNCs) for oral use and to evaluate its antibacterial and anticancer efficacy.Methods: An artificial neural network (ANN) model was employed for the optimization and evaluate the effect of the formulation variables on the entrapment efficiency (EE) of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs in BNCs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Elemental ion analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Drug release study was carried out. The antimicrobial efficacy determined by agar well diffusion method. In vitro anticancer efficacy of AgNPs in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) by MTT assay was performed.Results: The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-vis absorbance peak shown at 412 nm. XRD spectrum has indicated the face-centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. SEM and DLS measurements showed spherical nanoparticles with a mean size of 68.06±0.2 nm. The negative surface zeta potential with-32±0.25 mV has indicated colloidal stability of nanoparticles. FTIR spectra confirmed no interaction observed between drug and excipients. AgNPs showed significant EE with 80±0.25%. The synthesized AgNPs in BNCs is a potential candidate for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and showed significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cancer cell line with IC50 of 160±0.014μg/ml.Conclusion: The present research confirms that the green synthesized AgNPs in BNCs can be a promising antibacterial and anticancer agent regarding stability, low cost and easy preparation.
RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE LOADED NATURAL POLYSACCHARIDE BASED MICROSPHERES FOR NASAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Sharma Meenakshi , Sharma Nitin , Sharma Anjana
Published: September 2018

Objective: The objective of this research was to formulate and evaluate the different grades of rizatriptan benzoate loaded polysaccharide based microspheres for the nasal drug delivery system.Methods: The polysaccharide was extracted from the seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum and microspheres were prepared by emulsification, followed by crosslinking using epichlorohydrin. A 32 full factorial design was employed in formulating the microspheres with polymer concentration (X1), and stirring rate (X2) as independent variables and particle size (Y1) and entrapment efficiency (Y2) were dependent variables.Results: The microspheres were discrete and free-flowing. The mean particle size (Y1) of microspheres ranged from 40.82+12 µm to 62.48+0.41 µm and the encapsulation efficiency (Y2) was found to be increased from 60.7+0.2% to 79.22+0.2% as the drug polysaccharide ratio increased. A 32 full factorial design confirmed that the X1 and X2 both effect on particle size whereas X1 alone effect on entrapment efficiency. SEM revealed the smooth spherical surface of microspheres whereas kinetic model revealed that drug release followed the case II transport. FTIR indicated good compatibility of the excipients with rizatriptan benzoate. Stability studies were carried out for formulation F7 at 4°C ambient, 25+2°C/60+5%, 40+2°C/75+5% relative humidity revealed that the physical drug appearance, entrapment efficiency were within the permissible limits.Conclusion: The result obtained in this research work indicate a promising potential of control release rizatriptan benzoate loaded microspheres whereas the Trigonella foenum-graecum polysaccharide used as rate controlling polymer for the effective treatment of migraine patients.
IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF BIOGENIC SYNTHESIZED GOLD NANOPARTICLES FROM MARSILEA QUADRIFOLIA ON LUNG AND OVARIAN CANCER CELLS
Authors: P. Balashanmugam , K. Mosa Christas , E. Kowsalya
Published: September 2018

Objective: The biogenic gold nanoparticles are considered to be extremely impressive for its wide range of applications in pharmaceutics and therapeutics. The present study was aimed at the biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Marsilea quadrifolia aqueous extract and to investigate its antioxidant property and cytotoxic effect on human ovarian teratocarcinoma (PA-1) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines.Methods: The biogenic AuNPs was synthesized using an aqueous extract of Marsilea quadrifolia. The synthesized biogenic AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet (UV) visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The biogenic AuNPs was assessed for its stability over a period of time and antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity of biogenic AuNPs against PA-1 and A549 cell lines was studied using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.Results: The synthesized biogenic AuNPs showed peculiar ruby red color and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 544 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The characterization of biogenic AuNPs by TEM, EDX and XRD revealed well dispersed spherical particles ranging from 10-40 nm and the presence of elemental gold and its crystalline nature, respectively. The AuNPs showed good stability and the scavenging activity at 50 μg/ml. The in vitro cytotoxicity of biogenic AuNPs against PA-1 and A549 cell lines recorded half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 45.88 μg/ml and 52.015 μg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: The biogenic AuNPs demonstrated superior antioxidant and antiproliferative activities against cancer cell lines.
A REVIEW ON HERBAL COSMETICS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Wathoni Nasrul , Haerani Ani , Yuniarsih Nia , Haryanti Retno
Published: September 2018

Nowadays, Herbal cosmetic is growing rapidly as most women prefer natural products rather than chemicals products for their personal care. Herbal cosmetic contains natural nutrients to improve and provide consumers satisfaction due to relatively fewer side effects compared to synthetic cosmetics. Indonesia is one of the biggest supplier’s countries for herbal raw materials in cosmetic products. Many plants are available naturally as well as different uses that can be made as basic ingredients for cosmetic preparations, such as onion dayak bulb, kemuning leaf, pegagan, kecombrang, red betel, pecan, and sweet root. This review aimed to provide information on plants in Indonesia based on the phytochemicals contents that can be formulated into various categories of cosmetic preparations, such as skin care, hair care, anti-aging, skin whitening, and antioxidant.
FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION, AND EVALUATION OF SITAGLIPTIN AND SIMVASTATIN RAPIDLY DISSOLVING TABLETS
Authors: Bayoumi Asmaa A.
Published: September 2018

Objective: The scope of this work was to formulate sitagliptin and simvastatin rapidly dissolving tablets. However, simvastatin is practically insoluble in water. For improving its poor oral bioavailability and with the aim of facilitating administration to patients facing problems with swallowing rapidly dissolving tablets were preparedMethods: Tablets were prepared using superdisintegrant addition technique using croscarmellose sodium (Ac-di-sol), sodium starch glycolate (explotab) and crospovidone in different percentages. Evaluation tests such as weight variation, thickness, and content variation, and friability, disintegration, wetting time, in vitro dispersion and in vitro dissolution were carried out.Results: The results showed that the presence of crospovidone could enhance the dissolution rate of simvastatin greatly. The best-optimized formulae found were that F8, F9, and F10 which showed good disintegration and the dissolution rate of simvastatin and sitagliptin was more than 90% after 10 min while the dissolution rate for simvastatin and sitagliptin pure standards was 12% and 30%, respectively after 10 min.Conclusion: Some tablet formulae showed acceptable pharmacotechnical properties and complied with compendium requirements. Results of dissolution studies revealed that F8-F10 showed an increase in the dissolved sitagliptin and simvastatin to be more than 90% after 10 min.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS MODEL FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF SILK FIBROIN BASED NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Pham Duy Toan , Saelim Nuttawut , Tiyaboonchai Waree
Published: September 2018

Objective: Silk fibroin based nanoparticles have been utilized extensively in biomedical fields. Amongst many preparation methods, desolvation is a favorable one. However, this method yields nanoparticles with unpredictable parameters. Thus, this investigation aimed to systematically study the effects of three independent variables including fibroin concentration (% w/v, X1), volume ratio between fibroin solution and ethanol (X2), formulation time (h, X3) on three main responses, particle size (nm, Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), zeta potential (mV, Y3).Methods: Fibroin was extracted from degummed Bombyx mori silk. The fibroin calibration curve was constructed by UV-spectrophotometer at 276 nm. The nanoparticles were prepared using the desolvation method of aqueous fibroin solution in ethanol. Design Expert® software was used to design the model. The mean particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential were determined using ZetaPALS®analyzer.Results: By using D-optimal design with the quadratic model, the results showed that all X1, X2, and X3 variables had significant impacts on the fibroin nanoparticles characteristics Y1, Y2, and Y3. The generated model was also validated and demonstrated to be solid and reliable. The obtained optimal nanoparticles possessed Y1 of 238.1 nm, Y2 of 0.12, and Y3of-21.78 mV, which were in agreement with the predicted values, 224.8 nm, 0.13 and-19.31 mV, respectively. The optimal actual and theoretical particle characteristics were correlated with a desirable value of R2 = 0.8770. Conclusion: The D-optimal design proved its effectiveness in the prediction and optimization of fibroin nanoparticle properties.