bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
imago dei in Genesis: Speaking in the Image of God
Authors: Auld Graeme
Published: March 2005

Reading the end of Genesis 1 as part of a fresh prologue to a book which had begun with Genesis 5:1, gives fresh perspective to our view of Genesis 1:26-31. Compared with its source texts (Gen 5:1–3 and 9:1–7), the end of Genesis 1 places humans further from animals and closer to the divine. This correlates well with the role of speech in Genesis 1–3 as shared by human and divine.
A Chinese Birth Cohort: Theoretical Implications
Authors: Friday Paul C. , Ren Xin , Weitekamp Elmar , Kerner Hans-Jürgen , Taylor Terrance
Published: March 2005

Research on delinquency has shown consistent results across Western industrialized countries. Few studies have been done in non-Western cultures. This study reports on the results of a birth cohort study in China, which was started by Marvin Wolfgang but never completed. The cohort, born in 1973, was traced through official and community files. The amount of delinquency is significantly low. However, significant differences were found between delinquents and nondelinquents in terms of peer influences, family influences, and school. Regression results show that the most important school factors associated with offending are those relating to level of education completed and dropout status and interactions between students and teachers. Offenders were found to be approximately five times more likely than nonoffenders to associate with delinquent peers. This study reinforces previous findings—there are critical sociological variables related to social integration, family, and school experiences that significantly differentiate between those who become offenders and those who do not.
Two Approaches to Genre Analysis
Authors: Xiao Zhonghua , McEnery Anthony
Published: March 2005

This article compares two approaches to genre analysis: Biber’s multidimensional analysis (MDA) and Tribble’s use of the keyword function of WordSmith. The comparison is undertaken via a case study of conversation, speech, and academic prose in modern American English. The terms conversation and speech as used in this article correspond to the demographically sampled and context-governed spoken data in the British National Corpus. Conversation represents the type of communication we experience every day whereas speech is produced in situations in which there are few producers and many receivers (e.g., classroom lectures, sermons, and political speeches). Academic prose is a typical formal-written genre that differs markedly from the two spoken genres. The results of the MDA and keyword approaches both on similar genres (conversation vs. speech) and different genres (the two spoken genres vs. academic prose) show that a keyword analysis can capture important genre features revealed by MDA.
Pragmatic Strengthening and the Meaning of Complement Constructions
Authors: De Smet Hendrik , Cuyckens Hubert
Published: March 2005

The meaning of complement constructions is generally thought of as determined by the interaction of the semantics of the complement clause with the meaning of the complement-taking verb. In the case of ‘ like/love + to-infinitive’, however, the meaning of the complement construction has been affected by a process of pragmatic strengthening and subjectification. As a result, ‘ like/love + to-infinitive’has developed aspectual and epistemic uses that can no longer be explained from the semantic interaction of the pattern’s component parts but that arise as speaker-based conversational implicatures in particular discourse contexts. Using corpus data, the authors show that this account is in accordance with a number of peculiarities in the present-day use of the constructions and with attested historical fact. More generally, the development of the constructions ‘ like/love + to-infinitive’ can be seen as an instance of incipient grammaticalization with reflexes in the semantic, phonological, and morphosyntactic characteristics of the constructions.
Contingent Employment Contracts: Are Existing Employment Theories Still Relevant?
Authors: Gallagher Daniel G. , Sverke Magnus
Published: March 2005

Within most nations there has been growing evidence of a shift from ‘traditional’ or ongoing employment contracts to arrangements which are more ‘fixed-term’ or ‘contingent’ in structure. The growth of contingent employment arrangements raises questions concerning the applicability of existing theories of individual behaviour (e.g. satisfaction, motivation, etc.). Utilizing ‘employment commitment’ as an illustrative example, this article examines potential limitations in the applicability of commitment theory to different forms of contingent employment contracts. It also addresses some implications for union representation in contingent work arrangements.
The Evolution of Union Politics for Atypical Employees: A Comparison between German and Austrian Trade Unions in the Private Service Sector
Authors: Pernicka Susanne
Published: March 2005

Since the early 1980s, most European unions have faced substantial decline in membership levels. Although the majority of unions were reluctant to organize atypical employees until recently, some of them have begun recruiting atypical employees as one possible solution to tackle the membership losses. Comparing the largest service sector unions in Austria and Germany, the GPA and Verdi, the article addresses three major problems unions are confronted with in organizing atypical employees in general, and dependent self-employed workers in particular. Following a most-similar-country design, the article examines whether and how the strategic responses to this problem by the two unions differ.
Non-Union Voice and the Effectiveness of Joint Consultation in New Zealand
Authors: Haynes Peter , Boxall Peter , Macky Keith
Published: March 2005

Formal systems of non-union employee representation are receiving increasing attention in the Anglo-American world. Drawing on the New Zealand Worker Representation and Participation Survey 2003, this study finds joint consultation and certain forms of non-union employee voice to be more prevalent and effective in New Zealand workplaces than previous accounts have allowed. New Zealand workers report having greater influence over many areas of workplace decision-making than their US and UK counterparts. The rolling back of unionism under the Employment Contracts Act 1991 seems not to have been accompanied by a decline in management– employee consultation.The findings of high levels of workplace influence and consultation in New Zealand contradict the ‘cycles of control’ thesis and challenge the assumptions of radical labour process theory. While further research is needed, they may suggest that a shift has been occurring in employee relations style.
Globalizing Quiescence: Globalization, Union Density and Strikes in 15 Industrialized Countries
Authors: Piazza James A.
Published: March 2005

This study examines the role played by globalization in the decline of strike rates in industrialized countries after the 1980s. Using a pooled, time-series multiple regression analysis of 15 advanced capitalist countries in North America, Western Europe and East Asia from 1952 to 2001, the author finds a relationship between globalization – measured in terms of international trade, investment and loosened international capital controls – and declining strike rates, but finds that the relationship is non-monotonic and that the level and change of union density plays an intermediary role between globalization and labor quiescence. The findings empirically validate earlier work by Tsebelis and Lange and Shalev, who also demonstrated a non-monotonic relationship between macroeconomic phenomena, labor strength and strikes.
Confronting a Changing Economy: Union Responses in Finland
Authors: Kalliola Satu
Published: March 2005

This article looks at the economic and social changes confronting trade unions in Finland, and how the unions are responding to these changes. The original empirical research comprises a sample of 12 unions, and the interviews with union leaders, officials and trustees focus on the societal changes and the ensuing union responses from the interviewees’ own experience and point of view. Finland has seen a change from strike-prone unionism towards labour–management cooperation that extends the limits of a single workplace and is aimed at the development of whole business branches. The motivation is to secure job opportunities, which after the recent severe depression has become a top priority for the unions and which takes place parallel to the traditional interest-based bargaining, albeit as an unofficial strategy.
Achieving Human Service Outcomes Through Competency-Based Training
Authors: Ricciardi Joseph N.
Published: March 2005

During the past three decades, empirically supported strategies have been demonstrated for the training of competencies—highly specific skills and behaviors that are needed to complete a critical job task. The present article reviews several examples of competency-based training in human service programs and provides guidelines for the implementation of competency-based training by managers. Four methods for delineating a competency model are described, with recommendations for using them in combination. A sample direct support worker competency is described, and a guideline is provided for conducting competency-based training on the job based on the findings of research on performance-based feedback. This guide may offer some assistance to managers of human service programs.
The Corporate University
Authors: Gould Karen E.
Published: March 2005

The human service industry has become a complex industry in which agencies must respond to the demands of the marketplace. To respond to these demands, agencies must develop and maintain their knowledge capital by offering an extensive array of learning opportunities related to their business goals. The corporate university, a contemporary educational model designed to maintain an expert workforce, allows agencies to meet this need effectively.
Behavior-Based Safety and Occupational Risk Management
Authors: Geller E. Scott
Published: March 2005

The behavior-based approach to managing occupational risk and preventing workplace injuries is reviewed. Unlike the typical top-down control approach to industrial safety, behavior-based safety (BBS) provides tools and procedures workers can use to take personal control of occupational risks. Strategies the author and his colleagues have been using for more than a decade to teach BBS to safety leaders and line workers are presented. In addition, a conceptual model is proposed for matching the awareness and behavior of an individual with a particular BBS intervention technique.
The Expanding Role of Behavior Analysis and Support
Authors: Lutzker John R. , Whitaker Daniel J.
Published: March 2005

Although many of the pioneers of behavior analysis thought on a large scale and encouraged others to do so, most behavior analytic projects have remained small scale. The intent of this article is to urge the application of behavior analytic principles on a large scale. This article begins with a brief history of applied behavior analysis. It then describes some early behavior analysts who thought big and describes several examples of large-scale behavioral projects. It then shows how behavior analysis fits well with the public health model and describes how behavior analytic principles can be implemented broadly to combat public health problems. The article ends with some practical advice for behavior analysts on how to think big and speculates on the future of behavior analysis.
An Examination of the Integrity and Future of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board®Credentials
Authors: Shook Gerald L.
Published: March 2005

The Behavior Analyst Certification Board® (BACB®) credentials behavior analysts at two levels. This article examines how well the BACB and the certifications it offers adhere to accepted professional credentialing standards. Future developments in the BACB certification process and implications for behavior analysis service delivery are also explored.
Organizational Learning via Expatriate Managers: Collective Myopia as Blocking Mechanism
Authors: Wong May M. L.
Published: March 2005

Qualitative case studies of two Japanese multinational department stores in Hong Kong are used to illustrate possible blocking mechanisms and collective myopia that hinder Japanese expatriate managers in acquiring double-loop organizational learning in their international assignments. Four major blocking mechanisms were identified — parent company community spirit, dozoku inhabitants, parent company’s translators and desire for normality. These blocking mechanisms were related to the Japanese head office’s culture, ideology and desire to control. They inhibited the expatriates from challenging established practices, procedures and norms, prevented them from becoming knowledgeable human agents, and hindered them from forming reflexivity. The expatriates, as a result, failed to learn from their international assignments. A conceptual model for expatriate learning and blocking mechanisms is drawn from the case examples, and implications for improving expatriate management to strengthen organizational learning are discussed.
The Recomposition of an Organizational Field: Health Care in Alberta
Authors: Reay Trish , Hinings C. R. (Bob)
Published: March 2005

In this paper we develop a theoretical model that helps to understand change in mature organizational fields by emphasizing the role of competing institutional logics as part of a radical change process. Our investigation into a large-scale, government-led health reform initiative in Alberta, Canada, is based upon a qualitative case study approach to understanding the process of field recomposition. This study focuses on the later portions of change in an organizational field — that is, rather than explaining the sources of change, we investigate how a field becomes re-established after the implementation of a radical structural change.
Institutional Entrepreneurship, Partaking, and Convening
Authors: Dorado Silvia
Published: March 2005

This paper proposes that processes of institutional change vary depending on the form taken by the three factors that define them: agency, resource mobilization, and opportunity. The paper builds on a conceptualization of agency that considers that change may result from diverse forms of agency (i.e. strategic, routine, and sense-making). It develops the concept of resource mobilization, focusing on the process as opposed to the skills required for mobilization. It then suggests that the mobilization of resources, support and acceptance, accompanying the diffusion and legitimation of institutional changes may follow leverage, partaking, or convening processes. Finally, the paper defines institutional opportunity as an objective condition of organizational fields, suggesting that fields may be opportunity opaque, transparent, or hazy. Opportunities, of course, only become real when perceived by actors. Building on current sociological work, the paper suggests that actors’ perception of the opportunity transparency of fields varies with their temporal orientation and social networks. Considering the possible variations of agency, resource mobilization, and opportunity, and how they may combine, the paper defines three profiles of institutional change: entrepreneurship, partaking, and convening.
Learning and Knowledge Transfer in Strategic Alliances: A Social Exchange View
Authors: Muthusamy Senthil K. , White Margaret A.
Published: March 2005

Although social interactions and exchanges between partners are emphasized as imperative for alliance success, comprehensive examination of how social exchanges facilitate learning and knowledge transfer in strategic alliances is lacking. Drawing on social exchange theory, we examined the effects of social exchange processes between alliance partners on the extent of learning and knowledge transfer in a strategic alliance. An empirical examination of data collected from alliance managers of 144 strategic alliances revealed that social exchanges such as reciprocal commitment, trust, and mutual influence between partners are positively related to learning and knowledge transfer in strategic alliances.
Peripheral Vision
Authors: Schatzki Theodore R.
Published: March 2005

This essay introduces a new form of social ontology and sketches its bearings on the analysis of organizations. The essay begins by contrasting the two social ontological camps — individualism and societism — into which social theory has been divided since its inception. It then describes the new approach, called site ontology, according to which social life is tied to a context (site) of which it is inherently a part. Examples of such ontologies are presented, as is my own thesis that the site of social life is composed of a nexus of human practices and material arrangements. The bearing of the latter ontology on the character, origin, and perpetuation of organizations is then considered, using an academic department as an example. Contrasts are also drawn with various approaches in organizations theory, including rational organizations, neoinstitutionalism, systems theories, and selection theories. A final section considers the complex psychological structure of organizations, working off Karl Weick and Karlene Robert’s notion of collective mind in organizations.
Woman’s eclipse
Authors: Froese Katrin
Published: March 2005

Nietzsche and Heidegger both challenge the metaphysical conception of the cosmos based on the principles of reason. They argue that the unspeakable, material and non-rational should be imbued with a renewed significance. In so doing, they make it possible to grant the ‘feminine’, which had been traditionally associated with these realms, philosophical importance. However, as Irigaray points out, woman is not an interlocutor in their philosophical dialogues but rather a silent foil against whom masculine self-creation takes place. Furthermore, if woman is associated too closely with the mysterious powers of the cosmos, she is denied a voice and the overestimation of her powers leads to her dehumanization. She is thus stripped of the agency that makes her a human subject.
The substantive dimension of deliberative practical rationality
Authors: Gilabert Pablo
Published: March 2005

The aim of this paper is to propose a model for understanding the relation between substance and procedure in discourse ethics and deliberative democracy capable of answering the common charge that they involve an ‘empty formalism’. The expressive-elaboration model introduced here answers this concern by arguing that the deliberative practical rationality presupposed by discourse ethics and deliberative democracy involves the creation of a practical medium in which certain general basic ideas of solidarity, equality and freedom are expressed and elaborated in the context of widespread moral disagreement. In the course of this paper I propose an elucidation of these ideas and argue for the thesis that they are internally related to the endorsement of deliberative practical rationality. The three basic substantive ideas contribute to the determination of the existence, the form, the topics and intended outcomes, and the effects of the practice of public deliberation. This amounts to an elucidatory defense of deliberative practical rationality by explicating its substantive significance or point.
‘The black, scabby Brazilian’
Authors: Rosenthal Michael A.
Published: March 2005

When Spinoza described his dream of a ‘black, scabby Brazilian’, was the image indicative of a larger pattern of racial discrimination? Should today’s readers regard racist comments and theories in the texts of 17th- and 18th-century philosophers as reflecting the prejudices of their time or as symptomatic of philosophical discourse? This article discusses whether a critical discussion of race is itself a form of racism and whether supposedly minor prejudices are evidence of a deeper social pathology. Given historical hindsight, we may read such discussion of race in early modern philosophy as a sign of the incipient struggle against prejudice, a sign that we can recognize and use in the struggles of our own time.
Absolute adversity
Authors: Sims Jesse
Published: March 2005

Derrida describes the relationship between ethics and politics as an absolute hiatus. One problematic consequence of this formulation is that there seems to be no way for the ethical law to bear on political practice. I attempt to locate a link between the ethical and the political within this hiatus, through a reading of texts by two thinkers whose confrontation is suggested by Derrida: Carl Schmitt and Emmanuel Levinas. The link between the ethical and the political is that they are respectively defined by the prohibition and the sanctioning of the same act: killing. In the discourses of both thinkers, killing is pivotal on account of its exceptional character. Through an analysis of the role of the exception in their work, I determine that Schmitt’s conception of the political requires Levinas’s conception of the ethical as its formal condition. I end by considering what consequences this derivation has for politics.
Contemporary Feminist Contributions to Debates around Gender and Sexuality: From Identity to Performance
Authors: Burman Erica
Published: March 2005

This paper reviews current feminist debates around gender and sexuality in relation to their relevance for group-analytic theory and practice. The long and contested engagement between feminists and (varieties of forms of) psychoanalysis highlights major areas of convergence of theoretical and practical concern: in particular around the attention to and construction of both gender and sexuality, and the relations between these. Contemporary feminist debates have shifted emphasis to discuss gender and sexuality as plural, fluid and situated, rather than as fixed identities. This attention to the ‘performative’ character of gender and sexuality has opened up new horizons for feminist analysis, which have attracted considerable attention within psychoanalytic circles. Group analysis, as a socially situated theory and practice, shares key political and intellectual premises with these feminist analyses, and so has much both to gain and to offer from this engagement.
On Postcolonial Subjectivity
Authors: Treacher Amal
Published: March 2005

This article focuses on an exploration of the intertwined relationship between coloniser and colonised subjects. These political, social and emotional relationships with historical roots persist in the present and draw upon deeply held fantasies, strong emotions and intense belief systems. These entrenched states are not external to subjectivity, a matter of politics that can be projected outwards, but rather are profoundly internalised and constitute part of contemporary subjectivity. It is important for group analysts to have an understanding of the continuing and damaging social and psychic effects and consequences on all subjectivities formed within this particular political and social constellation. Critical thinkers include: Homi Bhabha, Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak and Robert Young.
Reading Narratives
Authors: Squire Corinne
Published: March 2005

Narratives are an increasingly popular focus of social research. Perhaps this is because ‘stories’ seem to promise human universality and accessibility, while analysis of them requires a rewardingly comprehensive attention to individual, social and cultural dimensions of language and meaning. In this paper, I examine some persuasive modes of understanding the social world as narrative, and the significance of such approaches for modes of social research and practice, including some operating within group analysis.
(Im)possible Translations: Challenging Therapeutic Authority Through Textual Practices
Authors: Zavos Alexandra
Published: March 2005

In this paper I endeavour to look at therapy through the metaphor of translation, and by unfolding some of the problems of translation, particularly as they relate to structural power hierarchies of systems of meaning production (I refer both to different languages and their relative status, as we can observe for example in the dominance of the English language as global communication currency, and to different discursive domains such as social science, therapy, literature etc.) to highlight some of the challenges that therapists, as well as researchers, face in their respective positions as mediators and arbiters of other people’s meanings and actions.
Troubling Space, Making Space, Doing Space
Authors: Bondi Liz
Published: March 2005

Spatial terminology is used in many fields, including that of psychotherapies, in ways that often go unremarked. Human geographers have expressed ambivalence about an apparent proliferation of spatial thinking, challenging taken-for-granted meanings attributed to ‘space’. Drawing especially on feminist geography, this article outlines two of the most influential re-theorisations of space – as relational and as performative – that have ensued.
Traversing Boundaries: Response to Commentaries by Dieter Nitzgen and Sue Einhorn
Authors: Bondi Liz
Published: March 2005

Academics are widely assumed to know things with high levels of certainty, and therefore to be capable of offering objective statements about the world. But feminists academics, myself included, generally eschew such assumptions. The feminist argument that knowledge claims are always situated (Haraway, 1988) implies that there is no neutral vantage point from which to generate universal truths. It follows from this that communicating across disciplines is never entirely straightforward. I am grateful to Sue Einhorn and Dieter Nitzgen for venturing into such terrain in their Commentaries to my paper. The conversation into which they have entered helps to clarify some key features of the particular position from which I write.
Income Inequality, Permanent Incomes, and Income Dynamics
Authors: Gangl Markus
Published: March 2005

As income mobility over time serves to offset income inequality existing at any point in time, cross-national differences in social stratification are preferably assessed from data on average incomes over an extended period of time. Hence, this article uses longitudinal income data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the European Community Household Panel to reassess the received empirical evidence. Even discounting the impact of income mobility, however, the United States continues to exhibit the highest level of permanent income inequality in this particular sample of industrial countries. In addition, older workers and individuals at the bottom of the income distribution have faced significantly worse income prospects than common in many European countries.
EMU and Labor Market Institutions in Europe
Authors: Hancké Bob , Rhodes Martin
Published: March 2005

During the 1990s, wage setting increasingly became coordinated in many Member States of the European Union (EU), often through new arrangements involving broad encompassing social pacts between employers, trade unions, and governments striking deals across policy areas from wages to social and employment policies. We argue that the different forms of institutional innovation in wage setting found in the EU depended on the combination of the character of external pressures and preexisting protoinstitutional structures in the labor market. The shifts in the institutions of wage-setting and macro-level labor market governance were directly related to shifts in macro-economic policy regimes, especially political-economic pressures associated with the advent of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Because these pressures were not symmetrically distributed across the different EMU candidates, both the urgency of the problems and responses they produced differed. Micro institutions conditioned the ability of countries to “embed’these new arrangements in stable rule-based governance structures.
Labor Markets, Inequality, and Change
Authors: DiPrete Thomas A.
Published: March 2005

It is well known that earnings inequality has trended up more rapidly in the United States than in continental Europe during the past 25 years. These cross-national differences in outcomes are typically attributed to cross-national differences in labor market institutions. But this characterization hides important theoretical disagreements concerning the role of technical forces, institutional change, and the interaction between technical and institutional factors in producing the observed trends. A brief review of the literature clarifies the major issues in the debate and frames the contributions of the articles in this special issue on European labor markets.
European Rigidity Versus American Flexibility? The Institutional Adaptability of Collective Bargaining
Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard , Kittel Bernhard
Published: March 2005

According to the unified theory, higher unemployment in Europe as compared to the United States is caused by higher wage rigidity, which, in turn, results from more “inflexible” labor market institutions. Focusing on wage coordination, the empirical analysis shows that the variety of bargaining patterns across European countries and during the period1971to 1998contradicts a simple U.S.-Europe juxtaposition. Although some countries have to cope with excessive wage growth, many others do not trigger higher average wage growth and some coordination forms even show better performance than the United States. Secondly, contrary to the contention of rigidity, the labor market actors in most European countries are responsive to the performance of their bargaining system; they tend to adapt their system if wages seem to overshoot. Hence, the rigidity of Europe thesis does not hold in a more detailed cross-national and long-term analysis of institutional changes in wage bargaining.
The European Job Security Gap
Authors: Maurin Eric , Postel-Vinay Fabien
Published: March 2005

The authors use a large-scale data set covering 13 European countries during the period 1995 to 2001 to compare trends in cross-skill inequalities in terms of wages and exposure to insecure job positions. Cross-country comparisons of these two facets of inequality show that (a) higher wage gaps generally come along with lower job security gaps and (b) job security represents the main lever for adjustment to macroeconomic changes in most European countries. The authors conclude that transatlantic differences in attitude toward inequality is more in the type of inequality that each society is more inclined to tolerate than in overall tolerance for inequality.
The Genesis of China’s Economic Transition
Authors: Pei Xiaolin
Published: March 2005

Structural transition from an unbalanced to a balanced economy in China induced a sudden expansion in the number of TVE workers, which in turn led to a high growth in output in the 1980s. Before 1979 China adopted the Stalinist strategy and transferred a vast amount of farm surplus into state investment. This created a typical dual economy with investments concentrated on heavy industry and a vast surplus labor in agriculture. Around 1980, a reverse flow of farm surplus from the state to peasants brought both capital and investment goods to the surplus labor. It was this reverse flow that launched China’s economic transition in the early 1980s. The essence of the reverse flow was a large-scale redistribution of China’s investment (about 33% of GDP), although there was no privatization in the 1980s. This shows that China started to give up the Stalinist strategy at an opportune moment when the majority of its population was still rural. Thus, its economic transition could begin with a rapid expansion in rural industrialization, whereas in the Eastern European countries the majority of their population was already urban and industrialized when they abandoned the Stalinist strategy.
Implementing the Reform of Performance Appraisal in China’s Civil Service
Authors: Chou Bill K. P.
Published: March 2005

This article examines the reform of performance appraisal in China’s civil service in the 1990s. It discusses the contours of the reform, namely regularization of performance procedure and indicators as well as differentiation of civil servants at different performance levels which, to a certain extent, were outcomes of local governments’ innovations. This article argues that the reform implementation generated a dynamic between central policymakers who sought to optimize economic rationality and local leaders who placed more emphasis on coping with the tensions arising from the implementation of the reform which threatened the common desire for organizational harmony. Although the Chinese government successfully established the reform setups, the ambiguous content of the reform and the conflictual context due to leader cadres’ maneuver watered down the reform.
Animal Welfare Consciousness of Chinese College Students
Authors: Shuxian Zu , Li Peter J. , Su Pei-Feng
Published: March 2005

The moral character of China’s single-child generation has been studied by Chinese researchers since the early 1990s. Recent acts of animal cruelty by college students turned this subject of academic inquiry into a topic of public debate. This study joins the inquiry by asking if the perceived unique traits of the single-child generation, i.e. self-centeredness, lack of compassion, and indifference to the feelings of others, are discernible in their attitudes toward animals. Specifically, the study investigates whether the college students are in favor of better treatment of animals, objects of unprecedented exploitation on the Chinese mainland. With the help of two surveys conducted in selected Chinese universities, this study concludes that the college students, a majority of whom belong to the single-child generation, are not morally compromised. A high percentage of the surveyed expressed empathy toward animals and opposed animal cruelty. This finding suggests that upbringing in families with better material conditions has not undercut the moral development of the students. Importantly, the study supports the view that China is philosophically ready for legislation on animal welfare despite the remaining ideological, cultural, and economic factors that discourage societal activism for animal protection.
Discourse on Privacy by Women Writers in Late Twentieth-Century China
Authors: McDougall Bonnie S.
Published: March 2005

There is a common belief in China and the West that “the Chinese” have no concept of privacy, although there is a well-established tradition of private property and privacy values in China. In the twentieth century, especially in the PRC, rhetoric on the public good prevailed over individualism and subjectivity, but both privacy and private property have been reevaluated in the post-Mao era. In the 1990s, writing about private life became associated with fiction and journalism by women, and privacy became publishers’ shorthand for sexual revelations. By the end of the century, interest in the public at large showed a wider appreciation of the values and functions of privacy. At the same time, the status of private property in the constitution and in law was restored to precommunist respectability. This article analyzes the meanings and function of privacy in writing by women in the 1990s and comments on gender aspects of privacy as well as the relationships between authors, publishers, and readers in the late twentieth century.
Family Influences on College Students’ Occupational Identity
Authors: Berríos-Allison Ana C.
Published: March 2005

The occupational identity statuses of 232 college students were analyzed by examining their family emotional environment and the identity control processes that drive career decision making. Results of multivariate analysis showed that each family differentiation construct, family tolerance for connectedness, and separateness explained significant variance in the achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion of occupational identity statuses. Additionally, this study provides a foundation for career counseling intervention in which adolescents struggling with occupational issues may benefit from career interventions that respond not only to the nature of their decisions but also to the family dynamics present during their decision-making process.
Reliability and Validity of Five-Level Response Continua for the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Betz Nancy E. , Hammond Marie S. , Multon Karen D.
Published: March 2005

The present study, based on three samples of college students totaling 1,832 participants, resulted in the conclusion that a 5-level response continuum for the short form of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (CDSE)1 proved at least as reliable and valid as the 10-level continua used in normative studies. Values of coefficient alpha ranged from .78 to .87 for the 5-level continuum, in contrast to .69 to .83 for the 10-level continuum. Criterion-related validity correlations with career indecision and vocational identity were comparable for the two response continua. Validity with respect to the scales of the Career Decision Profile was examined, as was construct validity with respect to measures of hope, goal stability, and positive and negative affect. Overall, the study suggests the psychometric quality of the CDSE when 5-level response continua are used and adds to knowledge of the nomological network of the construct.1
Convergent Validity of O*NET Holland Code Classifications
Authors: Eggerth Donald E. , Bowles Shannon M. , Tunick Roy H. , Andrew Michael E.
Published: March 2005

The interpretive ease and intuitive appeal of the Holland RIASEC typology have made it nearly ubiquitous in vocational guidance settings. Its incorporation into the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) has moved it another step closer to reification. This research investigated the rates of agreement between Holland code classifications from three major sources. The Holland code classifications from the O*NET were compared with those from the Strong Interest Inventory and the Dictionary of Holland Occupational Types using six different methods. The mean pairwise rate of agreement for the first Holland code letter was 70.6%, with a three-way rate of agreement of 60.21%. The mean pairwise rate of agreement for the first and second Holland code letters was 32.33%, with a three-way rate of agreement of 15.71%. The mean pairwise rate of agreement for the first, second, and third Holland code letters was 12.56%, with a three-way rate of agreement of 2.62%. The implications of these findings for research and counseling practice are discussed.
Career Counseling Process: A Qualitative Analysis of Experts’ Cases
Authors: Whiston Susan C. , Lindeman Dawn , Rahardja Daryn , Reed Jordan H.
Published: March 2005

A consensual qualitative research methodology was used to analyze the career counseling cases of 12 noted vocational psychologists to identify common themes and factors. The findings indicated that the career counseling described by these experts often involved the same counseling or helping skills found in personal counseling or psychotherapy. Furthermore, these experts indicated that their career counseling had a theoretical foundation, and many of them discussed using both formal and informal assessments as a part of the process. In the majority of cases, the clinicians were sensitive to social-contextual factors and incorporated interventions related to issues of race and ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. In responding to career counseling cases, the experts also indicated they would explore relational influences on career decision making with a focus on influences of the client’s family of origin. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Occupational Possible Selves: Fears and Aspirations of College Women
Authors: Chalk Linda M. , Meara Naomi M. , Day Jeanne D. , Davis Kathleen L.
Published: March 2005

Using possible selves as a theoretical basis, this study examined self-perceptions of occupational futures by asking 98 undergraduate women to rate feminine, masculine, and neutral jobs as to how expected, feared, and ideal (or hoped for) they were. Participants also identified their most feared job, rated the salience of 10 reasons for this choice, and completed other measures related to self-efficacy, sex role orientation, and attitudes and values toward work. Participants feared feminine jobs more than they expected or idealized these jobs. They feared masculine jobs more than they expected these jobs but not more than they idealized them, and they idealized these jobs more than they expected them. No differences were found among neutral jobs. Participants who chose a masculine occupation as their most feared job cited reasons of job demands, competition, and doubts about success. Those whose most feared job was a feminine occupation placed importance on the job’s low status and others’ disappointment.
Predictors of the Career Commitment Process in Mexican American College Students
Authors: Leal-Muniz Veronica , Constantine Madonna G.
Published: March 2005

This study explored the extent to which perceived parental support, perceived career barriers, and adherence to career myths would predict two specific dimensions of the commitment to career choices process (i.e., vocational exploration and commitment and tendency to foreclose) in a sample of Mexican American college students. Perceived parental support was significantly positively predictive of vocational exploration and commitment and significantly negatively predictive of a tendency to foreclose prematurely on career options in Mexican American college students. Furthermore, both perceived career barriers and adherence to career myths were significantly positively predictive of Mexican American college students’ tendency to foreclose on career choices. Future research directions are presented.
Updated Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Congruence and Satisfaction
Authors: Tsabari Orit , Tziner Aharon , Meir Elchanan I.
Published: March 2005

This article reports on a replication meta-analysis of Holland’s congruence theory, which maps the relationship between vocational interests-vocational environments on one hand and satisfaction on the other. The replication is based on 26 studies reported between 1988 and 2003, representing 53 samples and 6,557 respondents. This meta-analysis also examines the effect of culture and age as moderating variables on the congruence-satisfaction relationship. The current replication found no support for the moderating effect of others in the environment, satisfaction source, and code type, as reported by the previous meta-analysis. However, previous findings regarding the effect of congruence index as a moderator were confirmed. Moreover, this type of interest questionnaire was also found to be a moderating variable. The examination of the effects of culture yielded differences between studies conducted in the United States and Israel. Some support was also found for age as a moderating variable. Recommendations for future research are suggested.
Justice From the Victim’s Perspective
Authors: Herman Judith Lewis
Published: March 2005

What are the meanings of justice, as seen from the perspective of victims of violent crime? Are victims’ visions of justice represented by the conventional legal system? Are they represented by restorative justice? The author engages these questions, drawing on in-depth interviews with 22 victims of violent crime. It is argued that survivors’ views of justice do not fit well into either retributive or restorative models. This has implications for current efforts to use restorative models in cases of violence against women.
Sita’s Trousseau
Authors: Goel Rashmi
Published: March 2005

This article focuses on the particular cultural factors that affect South Asian women who are abused and immigrant South Asian women who are abused, in particular, in the restorative justice process. By exploring cultural practices and the icon of Sita, the mythological heroine of the Ramayana, this article demonstrates how the South Asian ideals of womanhood and wifehood help to create a mind-set whereby South Asian women are reluctant to advocate for themselves and are reluctant to leave. Such a condition is contrary to the conditions and abilities assumed by the restorative justice movement for dispute resolution, inside or outside of domestic violence. It is concluded that restorative justice options are ill-suited to application among immigrant South Asian communities for domestic violence cases.
Incorporating Feminist Theory and Insights Into a Restorative Justice Response to Sex Offenses
Authors: Hopkins C. Quince , Koss Mary P.
Published: March 2005

Sex offenses, particularly nonpenetration sex offenses and acquaintance sexual assault, are all too common. Because these crimes reinforce women’s fear of crime and restrict spatial and social freedom, it is paramount for the justice system to act affirmatively; however, it does not. This article identifies several failures in the current response to these sex offenses. We describe the research demonstration project, RESTORE, operating in Pima County, Arizona, which uses a restorative justice response as a way of remedying some of those failures. Identifying central feminist insights that guided the development of that project, the article addresses concerns raised by feminists about the use of restorative justice for gendered violence. We conclude that most if not all of these concerns apply to cases of on going domestic violence—cases specifically excluded from the RESTORE program—rather than to cases of acquaintance sexual assault or nonpenetration sex offenses.
Serial Offending and the Criminal Events Perspective
Authors: Pino Nathan W.
Published: March 2005

This article argues that the utilization of the criminal events perspective (CEP) can help advance the relatively young literature on serial offending. Much of the literature on serial offending understandably concentrates on the motivations of offenders, but the CEP views crime as an event that involves precursors to the act, the act itself, and the aftermath of the event, all of which occur in a social context. The CEP and the life course history method are used in this qualitative case study of a serial offender currently incarcerated in the southeastern United States. Data for this study come from a variety of sources, including semi-standardized interview data and data from police reports and interrogations. Theoretical and methodological implications of this study for future research on serial offending are discussed.
Twenty Years of Rural and Urban Trends in Family and Intimate Partner Homicide
Authors: Gallup-Black Adria
Published: March 2005

Descriptive analyses of the 1980 to 1999 FBI Supplementary Homicide Report data show that rates of family and intimate partner murder increased with rurality. Population-based rates for murders in general were higher in the most rural counties than in the most urban, but family and especially intimate partner murders were affected by population and proximity to a metropolitan area. For the entire 20-year period, rates for family and intimate partner murders declined regardless of place, whereas rates of intimate partner murders increased only with rurality. Possible explanatory variables are discussed and steps for future research are suggested.