bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Rhetoric of Participation: A Case Study of Participatory Practices and Power in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors:   , Ecclestone Cynthia
Published: December 2021

This study looks critically at the practices of participatory development by a local NGO in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. In doing so, the Life Skills Training programme is chosen as a case study of potentially participatory development. By exploring people’s experiences, perceptions, and feelings about their participation, the study examines the power dynamics in the programme. To gather data, the study used semi-structured interviews and observations. Interviews were conducted with 14 research participants, who were purposively selected from different backgrounds.   The study finds that the approaches of the programme point to lower-level forms of participation, with local people having both minimal involvement and little role in decision-making. Despite the use of the rhetoric of participation, doubts about the quality of participation are raised particularly in relation to gender, age, and religious differences. By scrutinising the ways in which issues of power manifest in the programme, the study demonstrates that issues of power and power relations in participatory development are quite complex. Using the frameworks of power analysis, I argue that issues related to inequalities of power are manifested in the NGO’s domination of decision-making processes, and that these issues were also contributed to by a patriarchal culture and filial piety. More importantly, I argue that people’s participation in the programme is less likely lead to meaningful outcomes if the issues of power imbalances are not addressed.  The study provides useful insights into ways to improve the practices of participatory development. An increased understanding of various forms of power and their implications will be useful for development practitioners to exercise their power to make a difference. Moreover, efforts to reduce power imbalances in participatory development will be inadequate without critically examining and attending to power and its dynamics. Without a deeper understanding of power, development programmes that make claims about participation may be less effective in achieving transformative goals for the intended beneficiaries.
Upcycling Wild Pigeon's Field in a post-hydrocarbon Brunei - An Exploration of Architecture Reacting to Social Changes Through Narratives
Authors:   , Piw Pg Dr Hj Ismail Ak Hj Saifulnizam
Published: December 2021

The hydrocarbon industry has immensely influenced and moulded the societal structure of the inhabitants of modern day Brunei. Nonetheless, the dependency on this commodity will eventually cease, shifting the future social structure and leaving questions on plausible resolutions towards treatments on the existing sites, ‘non-buildings’ and infrastructures of the industry. Infrastructures and ‘non-buildings’ are typically subjected to the process of dismantling, removal, deep sea dumping and abandonment. It has been observed that in recent times, alternate methods are offered within the architectural profession. Through the application of adaptive reuse architecture, warehouses, factories and even ‘non-building’ are repurposed, where its industrial heritage and cultural value are highly recognised and considered necessary to retain. Focusing on specified onshore oilfields in Brunei, this thesis seeks an exploration into a methodology of regenerating a site and offering spaces that evoke a ‘sense of belonging’ or cultural identity. Through architectural discourse on memory and semiotics, local narratives are put forward and explored as an extension to cultural identity. This methodology is further explored through the application of John Hejduk’s concept of languages and masques. It proposes an imaginative practise into visual experiments for an exploration on the effect of reusing hydrocarbon infrastructure as architectural spaces. As Brunei shifts towards a new epoch, studies on current socioeconomic structure are critical to recognise where the structure is leaning towards to as it cannot simply change overnight.
Tales to tell - Weaving Indigenous Narratives in Te Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour
Authors:   , Leiataua Baby
Published: December 2021

How does one design a contemporary Indigenous Pacific architecture? Can the structure of Indigenous narratives of multiple Pacific cultures reposition the space of contemporary architecture?  This thesis primarily drives Indigenous Pacific narratives as a catalyst for multicultural identity in a contemporary setting. Te Awarua-o-Porirua harbour presents environmental dysphoria due to cultural indifferences, poor harbour health, and disconnected harbour spaces contemplating a script for a resilient harbour.  In response, this thesis argues for a multi-cultural architecture speculating an intervention that converges Indigenous narratives of a diverse city — particularly Māori and Samoan to suggest a “harbour settlement” that reflects the harbour’s intrinsic socio-cultural and historical context.  This thesis develops a design that characterises Māori and Samoan cultural narratives by exploring the context of narrative creation — a series of exercises transcribing a repositioning of Indigenous ideals into narratives. In doing so, the study invests in translating Porirua’s most prominent Indigenous identities to their urban architecture.  In opposition of the current environment that fails to recognise Indigenous treasure — urban development that has failed to recognise iwi Ngāti Toa Rangatira as its kaitiaki (guardians) — this thesis contemplates an amphibious settlement to mediate a community-harbour relationship. The design aims to create a series of architectural segments termed ‘Ngā Kaitiaki e Whitu: The Seven Sentinels’ that take the form of a harbour settlement.  Indigenous Pacific narratives have frequently translated through architecture as an ornament or façade, offering an opportunity to capitalise on an alternative repositioning of Indigenous narratives as a framework to develop contemporary Indigenous spaces.  By introducing a new Indigenous harbour settlement, this study explores a spatial concept known as Va in Samoan or Wā in Māori — a concept of space interwoven throughout the fabric of the Pacific regions, proposing new criteria for Te Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour.
Exergaming for Lower Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: A Game Controller for Lower Limb Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors:   , Yeo RuiFeng
Published: December 2021

The success of stroke rehabilitation requires the patient engage in early, long-term high repetitions and intensive treatment. When comparing clinical and literature statistics, it is confirmed that clinical rehabilitation is not achieving required repetitions and intensity for effective rehabilitation of basic motor skills as prescribed in physiotherapy literature. It is then the patient’s responsibility to carry out the rehabilitation at home without supervision. These exercises can also be very mundane and repetitive, which reduces the patient’s motivation to exercise. Exergames have been found (Alankus et al., 2010, p. 21130, (King, Hijmans, Sampson, Satherley, & Hale, 2012 Deutsch et al., 2009), (Mortazavi et al., 2014), (Shirzad et al., 2015).to improve patients’ engagement with their therapies at home.

Currently there are systems to facilitate lower limb stroke rehabilitation,but none includes Strength for Task Training (STT). STT is a novel physiotherapeutic method for lower limb rehabilitation and comprises of two main phases: first being the strength training (priming) and second being the task training. Priming is brief weight lifting to excite the neural pathways (neuroplasticity) in the affected region, which primes the brain for learning; this is then promptly followed by task training to maximise gains in the locomotor ability.

This project builds up on the research and development of a game controller by Duncan (2016) for lower limb stroke rehabilitation to facilitate STT. This project is a collaboration with Regan Petrie who designed the media aspect of the exergame system.

A game controller was developed and this was part of a complete exergaming system which was designed to specifically facilitate STT. This project compiles more research findings together with feedback from the user and the clinicians to help improve the system. This was to ensure that the design is aligned to the specific requirements of functional STT rehabilitation and contextual needs of the patient.

The final output is a pair of prototype shoes which included a sensor to measure movement, a pair of weighted sleeve and a pair of balance sole. The weighted sleeve has removable weights and facilitates the strength part of the training. The shoes are the adaptors which allow the user to the balance soles which is used to constantly challenge the user’s balance. The sensors translate limb movement and are for the user to interact with the game. This system provides a simple and safe method to engage in unsupervised STT.

Feedback from clinicians indicates that the shoes can facilitate the strength part of the exercise, the sensors the task part of the training, and the balance sole is useful for challenging and improving balance. User testing sessions offer information about: the usability of the system, including ease of use and intuitive design; the aesthetics of the physical objects and whether the system is engaging patients in their therapies.
Overdue: The stories of rural Otago & Southland librarians and volunteers
Authors:   , Sanderson Lara
Published: December 2021

Research Problem: Rural librarians and library volunteers may be viewed as isolated and almost on the geographical fringes of the knowledge information profession. In New Zealand, rural librarians’ stories have not been heard and continue to be underrepresented. Therefore, in this report I have sought to answer the question: “What are the experiences of Otago and Southland rural librarians and library volunteers?” Methodology: I used an arts-based approach that utilised both textual and visual narrative methodologies. I recruited four rural Southland & Otago librarians and two rural Southland & Otago library volunteers through both previously established networks including closed community Facebook pages, and the LIANZA Otago/Southland committee representative. Results: The findings in this report are presented as stories. They explore the everyday experience of Zoe Heriot, The Volunteers, Alicia Hull, & Barbara Gordon (not their real names). Woven throughout are a series of collages representing the photo documentation of rural Southland and Otago libraries. These findings are then viewed through the key themes of connections, collections, and conditions. Implications: The methodology of narrative inquiry could have a big impact on LIS scholarship as the telling of stories have provided new understandings of the role that rural librarians and library volunteers play in their communities. Their stories can become vehicles of change. The evolution of librarians and volunteers can be seen through the promotion of inclusion and valuing diversity within rural communities including what may be perceived as sensitive topics like mental health and the LGBTQI+ community. This is critical if rural librarians and volunteers are to cater to their changing and evolving communities. Ultimately, the stories of librarians and library volunteers highlight the way the institutions of libraries are experienced by those who work in them.
Three Essays on Adverse Events and Student Outcomes
Authors:   , Wills Olivia
Published: December 2021

This dissertation contains three essays on the impact of unexpected adverse events on student outcomes. All three attempt to identify causal inference using plausibly exogenous shocks and econometric tools, applied to rich administrative data.  In Chapter 2, I present evidence of the causal effects of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake on tertiary enrolment and completion. Using the shock of the 2011 earthquake on high school students in the Canterbury region, I estimate the effect of the earthquake on a range of outcomes including tertiary enrolment, degree completion and wages. I find the earthquake causes a substantial increase in tertiary enrolment, particularly for low ability high school leavers from damaged schools. However, I find no evidence that low ability students induced by the earthquake complete a degree on time.  In Chapter 3, I identify the impact of repeat disaster exposure on university performance, by comparing outcomes for students who experience their first earthquake while in university, to outcomes for students with prior earthquake exposure. Using a triple-differences estimation strategy with individual-by-year fixed effects, I identify a precise null effect, suggesting that previous experience of earthquakes is not predictive of response to an additional shock two years later.  The final chapter investigates the impact of injuries sustained in university on academic performance and wages, using administrative data including no-fault insurance claims, emergency department attendance and hospital admissions, linked with tertiary enrolment. I find injuries, including minor injuries, have a negative effect on re-enrolment, degree completion and grades in university.
Honoré de Balzac’s Treatise on Modern Stimulants: An Annotated Translation
Authors:   , Hayden Kassy
Published: December 2021

Honoré de Balzac is most often celebrated for his realist fiction, but what is less well-known is that he also had philosophical aspirations, and published numerous analytical works which have largely been overlooked by French-English translators. One such work, Traité des excitants modernes, traces the societal impact of five commonly-used stimulants: tea, sugar, coffee, alcohol, tobacco. It was first published in 1839 as an appendix to the cornerstone gastronomic work, Physiologie du goût, by Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin.  The translation, “Treatise on Modern Stimulants,” will give readers a rare insight into life in Balzac’s Paris in the 1800s, a city which was undergoing a revolution culturally, politically and within the scientific fields. Balzac’s treatise is delicately balanced between science and satire, and includes anecdotes about the author overindulging in coffee, cigarettes and alcohol. Further, it sketches out Balzac’s beliefs about the impact of diet on reproduction, and he cites stimulants as one of the causes of degeneration and decline in France. The accompanying commentary examines the context of the work, and presents new ideas about the way in which the essay was written and why. Importantly, it also discusses the challenges of translating a historical work and explores whether translation can bridge the divide between generations, disciplines and cultures.
The Challenges of Representing Rural Migrant Workers in China: Factors Influencing the Goals and Strategies of Labour NGOs in Beijing, Tianjin and Yunnan Province
Authors:   , Zhou Ao
Published: December 2021

Labour NGOs operating in mainland China have played the role of de facto representatives of rural migrant workers since their emergence in the 1990s. After their rapid development for almost two decades, the introduction of the Overseas NGOs Management Law in 2017 restricted all foreign sponsors of labour NGOs, which were their main funding source. This has greatly influenced their goals and strategic choices when representing migrant workers. However, due to increased political sensitivity, few studies have explored the current challenges they face since the law was implemented. This study identifies both the pre-2017 and post-2017 goals and strategies of labour NGOs operating in Beijing, Tianjin and Yunnan Province. It also analyses six factors affecting the NGOs’ goals and strategic choices after 2017. A case study research method is used to draw on 15 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with the founders, managers and staff working in 10 different labour NGOs in the three regions. The research results challenge the applicability of four main social movement theories learnt from the west – Resource Mobilisation (RM), Political Opportunity (PO), Transnational Advocacy Networks (TAN) and Stakeholder theory – to explain Chinese grassroots labour movements conducted by labour NGOs. The results also show that labour NGOs are experiencing a significant decline after the introduction of the Overseas NGOs Management Law, but have not withdrawn from the historical stage. Many NGOs are adjusting their goals and strategies to adapt to the changed political climate and survive. Finally, this study advocates the development of a new social movement theory which could accurately guide grassroots labour movements in the context of China.
Seeing and Being Seen: The Theatre of Ernst Plischke
Authors:   , James Annie
Published: December 2021

Ernst Plischke is one of the most well documented and evaluated architects in the New Zealand architectural discourse. However, when we look at the work he is the most well-known for, such as residences, churches and public spaces there is something missing within the language and value we place on this work. Articulating this lack, this thesis will evaluate the oeuvre of Plischke’s work for a more theatrical interpretation which asks the question: what if Ernst Plischke was viewed as an interior architect?  By consuming a five-course meal of design-led inquiry, this research samples Plischke’s body of work and finds an inherent theatricality within it. In exploring the people-centred aspect of this modernist’s oeuvre will look through the lenses of the total experience such as gesamtkunstwerk and mise-en-scène Pursuing these thematic motifs will produce a restaurant scenography, which will be interpreted at shifting scales to establish a theatrical design language.
‘The Menace of Effeminacy’: Medical and Popular Discussions of Masculinity in Interwar New Zealand, c.1918-1939
Authors:   , Wallace-Buckland Ailish
Published: December 2021

In January 1932, the Sydney-based lifestyle magazine Health and Physical Culture published an article titled ‘The Menace of Effeminacy’. This article, written by Carl Hertzig, and read by magazine-subscribers across the Tasman, documented anxieties around the state of men and masculinity following the upheaval of the Great War. Touching on topics such as gender, psychology, eugenics, and sexuality this article and its concerns represent those that this thesis explores in order to understand what the ‘fear of effeminacy’ actually meant for New Zealanders during the interwar years (c.1918-1939). This thesis documents and analyses contemporary discussions of male sexuality and masculinity through a series of sources in order to establish the ways in which these concepts were understood in interwar New Zealand. Firstly, it examines some of the key pieces of legislation and reports that demonstrated official approaches, and ways of thinking, towards mental defectives, sexual offenders, and those with war neuroses. It then explores medical journals, and the dissertations of medical students; and finally, it analyses parts of popular print culture in Aotearoa/New Zealand, such as magazines and newspapers, in order to investigate and piece together the landscape in which said anxieties around effeminacy, masculinity, mental stability, and other deviations from the societally prescribed norm met. This thesis approaches these primary sources in such a way that acknowledges the evolutionary framework of understanding that was pervasive in medical circles during this era.  By thus examining the connections between constructions of the male body, homosexuality and effeminacy, late nineteenth to early twentieth century ideas around eugenics, and psychology and psychiatry, this work further uncovers the state of masculinity and male sexuality in New Zealand during the interwar period. This thesis argues that the ‘threat’ to masculinity perceived in a variety of venues was a mixture of anxieties around physical and mental wounds inflicted by the Great War; population concerns exacerbated by the exposure of the health-standards of troops, and worries of how to recover and reconstruct a virile society following four years of strife; concerns at the apparent loosening of sexual mores, and the changing manifestations of both masculinity and femininity; and ever increasing interest in the psychology of self, sexuality, and society. It adds to existing work on post-World War One masculinity by centring New Zealand discussions and understandings in a way that contributes to the broader literature on New Zealand twentieth-century masculinity, psychology and psychiatry, eugenics, and male sexuality.
Beneath the Skin: Emulating human physiology using a novel bitmap-based “voxel” 3D-printing workflow.
Authors:   , Morris Ana
Published: December 2021

Novel technologies that produce medical models which are synthetic equivalents to human tissue may forever change the way human anatomy and medicine are explored. Medical modelling using a bitmap-based additive manufacturing workflow offers exciting opportunities for medical education, informed consent practices, skills acquisition, pre-operative planning and surgical simulation. Moving medical data from the 2D-world to tactile, highly detailed 3D-printed anatomical models may significantly change how we comprehend the body; revamping everything – from medical education to clinical practice.  Research Problem The existing workflow for producing patient-specific anatomical models from biomedical imaging data involves image thresholding and iso-surface extraction techniques that result in surface meshes (also known as objects or parts). This process restricts shape specification to one colour and density, limiting material blending and resulting in anatomically inequivalent medical models. So, how can the use of 3D-printing go beyond static anatomical replication? Imagine pulling back the layers of tissue to reveal the complexity of a procedure, allowing a family to understand and discuss their diagnosis. Overcoming the disadvantages of static medical models could be a breakthrough in the areas of medical communication and simulation. Currently, patient specific models are either rigid or mesh-based and, therefore, are not equivalents of physiology.  Research Aim The aim of this research is to create tangible and visually compelling patient-specific prototypes of human anatomy, offering an insight into the capabilities of new bitmap-based 3D-printing technology. It proposes that full colour, multi-property, voxel-based 3D-printing can emulate physiology, creating a new format of visual and physical medical communication.  Data Collection and Procedure For this study, biomedical imaging data was converted into multi-property 3D-printed synthetic anatomy by bypassing the conversion steps of traditional segmentation. Bitmap-based 3D-printing allows for the precise control over every 14-micron material droplet or “voxel”.  Control over each voxel involves a process of sending bitmap images to a high-resolution and multi-property 3D-printer. Bitmap-based 3D-printed synthetic medical models – which mimicked the colour and density of human anatomy – were successfully produced.  Findings This research presented a novel and streamlined bitmap-based medical modelling workflow with the potential to save manufacturing time and labour cost. Moreover, this workflow produced highly accurate models with graduated densities, translucency, colour and flexion – overcoming complexities that arise due to our body’s opaqueness. The presented workflow may serve as an incentive for others to investigate bitmap-based 3D-printing workflows for different manufacturing applications.
New Zealand Medical Missions in South China – Ko Tong Hospital in the Kirk Years, 1896-1917
Authors:   , Stevenson Louise A.
Published: December 2021

During the rainy season of 1909, the first hospital of Western medicine opened to the public in the bustling market town of Ko Tong, Upper Panyu, China. Po Wai Yiyuen, or ‘The Hospital of Universal Love’, was a medical missionary endeavour of the Canton Villages Mission (CVM) of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, the only mission to China from any New Zealand church. This thesis presents the first in-depth biographical and institutional study of the CVM’s medical mission, from its conception in 1898 until the closure of its first temporary hospital at Ko Tong in 1917.   The thesis argues that the trajectory of the CVM’s medical mission closely followed that of earlier medical missions in a crucial era for the presence and development of Western medicine in China. It also shows how local Cantonese responses to the medical mission in Ko Tong were complex and highly pragmatic. The study highlights the importance of relationships between returned New Zealand Chinese miners and medical missionaries. It argues that, despite numerous setbacks, the CVM’s medical mission under the leadership of Dr. John Kirk achieved a level of stability and purpose it would struggle to find again. Unlike much scholarship in New Zealand Chinese history, this research does not focus on the Chinese in New Zealand. Rather, it analyses the work and interactions of Western medical missionaries of the New Zealand Presbyterian Church active in China. A study of this kind draws on and contributes to histories of missions, medicine in China, and New Zealand-China interactions.  The thesis’ three chapters contextualise the medical mission within the pre-existing Protestant missionary movement and medical missionary movement in China, consider how local Cantonese in Ko Tong viewed the ‘foreign doctor’ in their midst, and finally, analyse the influence and leadership of Dr. John Kirk, the hospital’s main superintendent. It does this by examining mission policy, the hospital’s medical care standards, and Kirk’s involvement in medical education. This research utilises primary sources from the Presbyterian Church Archives of New Zealand, highlighting an immensely rich and varied body of archival resources, which has remained largely untapped by historians.
Spaces of Wellbeing; A Framework for Tertiary Environments
Authors:   , Lynch Tessa
Published: December 2021

Generally, one in five New Zealanders experience mental illness. Majority of lifelong mental illnesses begin before the age of 25, presenting a real problem for youth. In 2018, young people of New Zealand called for more help as they rallied outside parliament. The government responded by allocating more money towards student mental health. Yet, employing more counsellors, which is necessary, is not the only way to contribute to an urgent need for a new approach towards supporting mental health and wellbeing.   This research portfolio responded to this complex situation by developing ‘a guide’ for the design of tertiary spaces supportive of wellbeing. One of the most important goals of this work was to align the research closely with user needs and views, therefore research methods involved including students views in more than one phase of development. The work draws on evidence based design, geography, health and architectural theory and the existing wellbeing knowledge. Engagement with the users, observation, experiments and real life interventions were critical in refining a conceptual framework which kept the users at the centre of the process. The outcome of this research was a resource to guide the design of tertiary space for wellbeing, using five intervention points, which could have a positive effect on the student wellbeing if implemented as a system.  New Zealand must shift the current model of mental health care towards more holistic understandings of health, which better incorporates Māori health and wellbeing. Despite New Zealand’s bicultural values, Māori experience significantly higher rates of mental illness. This prompted to design with the same understandings of hauora (health). As a result, the conceptual framework presented a multi-dimensional, interconnected understanding of wellbeing through an integrated framework exploring physical, cultural, social, learning and spiritual environments.   While it is acknowledged that environments can affect our mental health, this is an under researched field requiring motivation to stimulate discussion and change. This research advocates wellbeing as a central focus in the design of our built environments and explores the opportunity for architecture to facilitate our student and national wellbeing goals.
One and the Same? An Exploration into Two Common Ideological Motivations for Lone-Actor Terror Attacks in the West Between 2010-2017
Authors:   , Fitzgerald Tylah
Published: December 2021

Islamic extremism (IE) and right-wing extremism (RWE) are the two most common ideological motivations for perpetrating lone-actor terrorism in the West. This study explored the similarities and differences of these ideologies by coding for specific attack and personal characteristics of attacks that occurred between 2010-2017 in Western Europe, Australia, and North America. Lone-actor terrorism included attacks perpetrated by individuals, as well as isolated dyads and triads. A codebook was developed to capture the attack and personal characteristics, and data was obtained from media and other open-source reporting. The dataset included a total of 99 cases perpetrated by 102 individual actors. The study found that lone-actor attacks perpetrated by IE and RWE had increased significantly over the time period studied. Some key significant differences were found: IE were more likely to be an immigrant to the country of attack they were born in, were more likely to target civilians, and their plots or extremist activity were more visible to law enforcement and intelligence agencies, while RWE were more likely to be single, more likely to target social minorities less likely to have experienced tertiary level education or higher, less likely to have children, and are significantly older than IEs. However, for the majority of variables there were no significant differences between IE and RWE, including variables that may indicate strain in a perpetrator’s life (mental health, social isolation and experience of stressful events), indicating that overall the attacks perpetrated by individuals of the two ideologies share more commonalities than differences.
Aotearoa Architecture Interwoven Abroad
Authors:   , Gourlay Carl
Published: December 2021

In an era of globalization and technological revolution, concurrent shifts in architectural styles are visually apparent. With endeavors to accommodate globalized cultural diversity, multi-cultural exploration in architecture capitalizes on new innovative construction methods. The architectural outcomes of these cross-cultural modernized, buildings often enough, neglect local culture and local heritage, where the architecture dominates its environment, where foreign customs replace local, and where ‘local identity’ is lost. I have experienced this in my own country, Aotearoa (New Zealand), a nation enriched with Māori culture that is progressively becoming more neglected within its own environment, where foreign influences are replacing, or have little consideration of local culture and the local context. This dishearteningly made me wonder on a global scale, whether different culture’s ‘local identities’ have been neglected and/or replaced by foreign cultures. Within this thought, I hypothetically situated my-self in a foreign context with the aim to establish my own nation’s culture. Now how do I do so without neglecting the local culture and removing a sense of their ‘local identity’? How do I establish a sense of Aotearoa Māori culture abroad, that sympathetically interweaves local and foreign customs with respect to the physical environment and surrounding context? This design-led research aims to establish a cross-cultural theory of architecture that is expressive of two cultures. Exploration of multi-cultural practice within the discipline of architecture will be explored to unify a dialogue between two nation’s traditional architectures, that does not neglect or remove the ‘local identity’ of the local culture.
Umufonotalatalaga ma faiā‘oga Samoa – Navigating Samoan teachers’ experiences in classroom behaviour management
Authors:   , Faamanatu-Eteuati Niusila
Published: December 2021

This qualitative research study explored Samoan teachers’ experiences of classroom behaviour management in the context of Samoan secondary schools. As Pacific teachers of the 21st century, we are encouraged to be resilient and culturally sustaining, which are aspects of the transformative rethinking process, to ensure an inclusive learning environment that is culturally relevant for all students despite their differences (Koya Vaka’uta, 2016; Nabobo-Baba, 2006; Reynold, 2019; Sanga, 2002; Thaman 2009). Data were collected using a culturally specific Samoan methodological approach termed ‘umufonotalatalaga’ - a deep dialogue in the Samoan way which acknowledges respectful relations. Eight case studies of Samoan teachers, all of whom had been teaching for 5 to 30 years in colleges and secondary schools around the country, offered insight into teachers’ worldviews of their classroom teaching experiences. Adapting Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) socio ecological systems theory as a theoretical framework, the study investigated how the multifaceted currents of Samoan cultural practices guided the teachers’ experiences of classroom behaviour management. The findings revealed that participants strongly valued the Samoan culture, spirituality, tupu’aga (heritage) and fa’asinomaga (identity) as positive and empowering factors in which to situate CBM. The findings allowed the researcher to create a new model termed ‘matāmatagi’ – the centre of the wind – which provides a foundation for culturally sustaining pedagogies. The model could be used as a restorative cultural approach to mediate individual Samoan teacher/student experiences of classroom behaviour and management. There are significant implications for the teachers, such as teacher education for CBM, professional development, professional standards and teacher well-being for schools in Samoa.
Development of a spin-injection device utilising Gadolinium Nitride
Authors:   , Pitman Kira
Published: December 2021

In this thesis, the first steps in creating a realisable spin-injection transistor using ferromagnetic semiconductor electrodes are detailed. A spin-injection device utilising the ferromagnetic semiconductor gadolinium nitride has been designed, fabricated and electrically tested. In addition, an experimental setup for future measurements of a spin current in spin-injection devices was adapted to our laboratory-based off one developed by the Shiraishi group at Kyoto University. Issues encountered during fabrication were identified, and an optimal method for fabricating these devices was determined. Gadolinium nitride and copper were used to make the devices on Si/SiO2 substrates.  The electrical integrity and applicability of the devices for future measurements of injected spin-current was determined through electrical device testing. Resistance measurements of electrical pathways within the device were undertaken to determine the successful deposition of the gadolinium nitride and copper. IV measurements to determine if the devices could withstand the current required for spin current measurements were done. The durability of the devices through multiple measurement types was observed. It was determined that although spin-injection devices utilising gadolinium nitride can be successfully fabricated, more work needs to be done to ensure that the electrical pathways through the copper and gadolinium nitride can be consistently reproducible to allow spin-injection measurements to be done.
Exploring Female Leadership Advancement in Chinese Corporations: Selection for Senior Positions through Headhunting
Authors:   , Yan Li
Published: December 2021

Leadership diversity has evoked tremendous debate for decades. This includes the profitability and creativity of organizations and the realization of social capital. In this regard, governments have initiated numerous programs to increase gender equality in leadership positions. A wealth of academic research has also been conducted to investigate factors influencing the paucity of women in the elite leadership group. One noticeable element at the organizational level is the way in which female leaders are selected. Given the increasing proportion of leadership selection conducted through headhunters, this thesis aims at investigating how headhunting influences female leadership progression in the Chinese context.  Because the research focuses on meanings and interpretations of female headhunting practices, it employed a qualitative methodology. Consequently, 13 in-depth interviews were carried out in China. In order to make the results more representative, the diverse sample was dispersed not only in Mainland China but in Taiwan. The semi-structured interviews enabled the researcher to gain a deep understanding of how females are selected as well as the underlying elements that can exert influence on the selection results.  The findings revealed that the headhunting of female leaders is not a simple or straightforward process. It is influenced by contextual constraints, the recruitment and selections used by headhunters, and no doubt, headhunters’ competency. Also, these issues are influenced by cultural beliefs, economic, and political factors in the Chinese context. Among them, political factors are powerful and interact with cultural and economic factors. They produce gendered results.
What Dreams May Come - Ambient Suite for Jazz Orchestra
Authors:   , Williamson Louisa
Published: December 2021

What Dreams May Come is a five-movement suite for jazz orchestra, intended to create a calm and relaxing listening experience. The project is inspired by the mystery of dreaming, and it attempts to communicate musical ideas which reflect the relaxed state one is in when sleeping. The aims of What Dreams May Come are to highlight the timbral combinations available in a jazz orchestra and to draw on characteristics of ambient music to give the listener a relaxing atmosphere. This exegesis explores timbre both in music that served as inspiration for this composition and in the composition itself, and it describes how emphasising timbre in my compositional process affected other musical elements of the piece. Chapter 1 explores Brian Eno’s ambient album Ambient 1: Music for Airports, specifically looking at the role of timbre and texture in the album, and at the overall structuring techniques used by Eno on the album to create coherency. Chapter 2 analyses two compositions for jazz orchestra by Maria Schneider, “Nocturne” and “Sea of Tranquility”, examining the role of timbre in the compositions, as well as the ways Schneider uses soft dynamics and harmonic techniques to structure the pieces. These two chapters look into how Eno and Schneider, in different ways, both highlight timbre in their compositional approaches and processes. Each chapter dives deep into timbral and textural analysis, with additional analysis of form and harmony. Chapter 3 reflects on the ways these two composers informed What Dreams May Come, focussing on how I used techniques from Eno and Schneider to challenge myself in composing for jazz orchestra. In the course of the project, I strove to tap into music’s therapeutic qualities, putting this idea at the forefront of my intentions as a composer. Using dreaming as aesthetic and conceptual influence, Brian Eno’s ambient music as inspiration, and Maria Schneider’s compositions as a musical guide, I have been able to produce a work which not only challenges traditional jazz orchestra techniques but also relaxes listeners by complementing their environments.
An Annotated Bibliography on Screenwriting Manuals between 2000-2020 that aid in Character Development
Authors:   , Aiono Lene
Published: December 2021

The New Zealand Film Commission (NZFC) is the government organisation that finances films. The NZFC agrees with many screenwriting authors that the most common problems with scripts relate to character development (Batty, 2011, p. 45; Frayne, 2019; Nelmes, 2010, p. 202; NZFC Scriptwriting, 2020). Therefore, a screenwriter needs resources to overcome character development problems in their scripts. However, there are too many screenwriting manuals in publication. Also, an inexperienced amateur screenwriter may not know which manuals would solve their particular character development problems. In this annotated bibliography, the screenwriter is the author responsible for developing the script. Furthermore, the script serves as a guideline to producing media content: feature film, short film, videogames, radio-play, television (Field, 2005, p. 19; Gallo, 2012a, Chapter 2; Nannicelli, 2013, pp. 11–18). On account of this, this annotated bibliography will focus mainly on screenwriting manuals dealing with feature film scripts. Feature film scripts are 90 minutes or longer in duration (Field, 2005, p. 22). Additionally, since a script encompasses story and character elements, this annotated bibliography will focus only on character development.
What are the perspectives of a Ngāti Rākau community towards a potential digital repository for urupā records?
Authors:   , Kauri Caroline
Published: December 2021

Research problem: Little is known about management of urupā records. The objective of this research was to explore the need for a digital repository. This research project explored how Ngāti Rākau urupā records are currently managed in terms of discoverability, accessibility and sustainability, how records should be managed and potential barriers to a digital repository. Methodology: This research project used an indigenous Kaitiakitanga framework to understand a Māori world view. A Kaupapa Māori paradigm and a co-design approach were also used for the design to appropriately conduct research with Māori participants. A qualitative methodology was used to gain attitudes and opinions from Ngāti Rākau participants.  Results: No written records exist through Mōtuiti Marae. Urupā records are currently managed through oral and kanohi ki te kanohi assimilation. Participants support documentation of Ngāti Rākau urupā records. Clarifications around digital protection of urupā records will need to be communicated before a digital repository is created. Potential barriers include generational views, modern Māori perspectives versus traditional perspectives, the desire to uphold cultural traditions and a fear of shared records. Implications: The study was restricted to one hapū and only five participants. Further research could explore how information should be presented and how other hapū and iwi feel about the digitisation of urupā records for more generalised findings.
The incorporation of Māori environmental values as part of the Ruamāhanga Whaitua Implementation Programme in the Wellington Region, Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors:   , Rowden Bryn Cal Hickson
Published: December 2021

In recent years, there has been significant efforts to create frameworks in which Māori values are incorporated as part of environmental management processes in Aotearoa New Zealand(Forster, 2014; Harmsworth et al., 2016). This research explores the factors that influence the incorporation of Māori values at the local government level, and what barriers Māori values face to being incorporated in environmental management. This research focused on a case study of the Ruamāhanga Whaitua Committe Implementation Programme process in the Wellington region. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information on the opinions of members of the Ruamāhanga Whaitua Committee. The interviews were analysed using a critical theory approach. The research found that there was a clear discrepancy between the values and behaviours expressed by some non-Māori members of the Committee. The result of such a discrepancy was that Māori values were not sufficiently part of environmental decision making. Such a discrepancy was a result of the political structures of the Regional Council’s Whaitua Implementation Programme process. The majority of the decision-making power was found to be situated ‘higher’ up in the organisation, outside of the Committee. Overall this research found that there are important opportunities to make sure iwi values are not only included, but form the basis of decisions.
Synthesis of deoxymannojirimycin using a Ruthenium-catalysed hydrogen borrowing reaction
Authors:   , Skinner Victoria
Published: December 2021

1-Deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ) has been investigated as a potential anti-cancer therapy due to its specific inhibition of class I α-mannosidase enzymes, which has been shown to trigger ER stress and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway, leading to apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Current methods for the synthesis of DMJ consist of multiple steps and often result in poor yields. The objectives of this research project were to develop a scale-up suitable synthesis of deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), and to assess the feasibility of telescoping key-reactions to reduce the number of unit operations. Synthetic efforts focused on the key conversion of 1 to 2 have previously involved separate oxidation and reduction steps. In our laboratory; attempts to use hydrogen-borrowing chemistry had taken >48hr and not been achieved in high yield. The highlights of this work were that this conversion was ultimately realised in 95% yield in 24hr, and that the final deprotection of (2) could be telescoped into the process removing reaction-workup and chromatographic steps. The ruthenium catalyst used in the hydrogen borrowing reaction was found to be extremely air-sensitive, with reactions taking place in carefully prepared reaction vessels under an atmosphere of dry argon gas. The catalyst was also found to exhibit sensitivities to materials such as metal needles and polymer tubing, preventing sampling and monitoring of the reaction during synthesis. This study demonstrated that a one-pot synthesis is feasible,compressing the final steps in the synthesis of DMJ in excellent yield. The difficulty arises from the sensitive nature of the ruthenium catalyst, and the extreme care required in the preparation of the glassware and reagents used in synthesis. Many aspects of this development require further investigation, including the sampling, monitoring and quality control of each synthetic step.
Biological inter-dependencies in 3D printing: Larvae scaffold excavation of high filigree clay structures
Authors:   , Bagley Mark
Published: December 2021

Ceramic 3D printing has emerged in recent years as a new method for working with age-old material, a blend of the digital and analog that breeds a new type of artisan. Working with clay in an FDM extrusion system presents a number of challenges due to the nature of the material, restricting the forms that can be produced to rudimentary levels of ornament and shape. This research tackles the issue of resolution and thickness when creating and designing shell structures from ceramic materials, notably when 3D printing is used for complex geometry. This research aims to navigate these material and technological constraints by designing a novel approach to support scaffolds using a secondary material. This secondary material serves as an organic encasement for the ceramic object, and nature is treated as a co-collaborator in the excavation and controlled curing of a high filigree clay structure. By introducing edible bio matter and/or cellulose solutions, this encourages a new relationship with nature as a tool and co-author, becoming a stakeholder in the final result. This research examines the relationship between human, machine, and nature in the design and manufacturing of products.