bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSV-4 Dietary Supplementation of Botanical Extracts on Intestinal Health and Serum Inflammatory Biomarkers of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Kovanda Lauren L , Wong Braden , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of 2 blends of botanical extracts (GRAS) comprised of capsicum oleoresin and garlic varieties on intestinal health and serum inflammatory biomarkers of weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sixty weaned pigs (body weight = 7.17 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and allotted to 1 of 5 treatments: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), control+GRAS1 (100 ppm), control+GRAS2 (50 ppm), and control+GRAS2 (100 ppm). The experiment lasted 28 d: from d -7 to 21 post-inoculation (PI). All piglets except the pigs in NC were orally inoculated with E. coli F18 (1010 CFU/3 mL). Serum samples were collected throughout the experiment to analyze TNF-α and haptoglobin. Jejunal and ileal mucosa were collected from 30 pigs (6 pigs/treatment) on d 5 and 21 PI to measure mRNA expression of genes related to gut barrier function and immune responses. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with randomized complete block design. Pigs supplemented with GRAS1 and 100 ppm of GRAS2 had less (P < 0.05) serum TNF-α concentrations on d 4 PI than pigs in PC. On d 21 PI, pigs supplemented with GRAS1 and GRAS2 (100 ppm) had decreased (P < 0.05) expression of MUC2 or ZO1 in jejunal mucosa than pigs in PC. Pigs in PC expressed more (P < 0.05) PTGS2 in ileal mucosa than pigs in NC on d 21 PI. Supplementation of GRAS reduced (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of PTGS2 in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs, regardless of dose and garlic variety. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of botanical blends modulated intestinal health and systemic immunity of weaned pigs infected with E. coli F18.
PSV-20 Effects of Enterid™ in Lactating Sow Diets on Sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Tran Huyen , Mercado Aileen Joy L , Rao Murali Raghavendra , de Rodas Brenda
Published: April 2022

A total of 196 sows (parity = 2±1.1; farrowed in 5 groups) were used in this study to evaluate the effects of feeding Enterid™ feed additive (a mixture of prebiotics, probiotics, and flavoring compounds, PMI Additives) on sow and litter performance. On day 109 of gestation, sows were moved to farrowing rooms and assigned to one of two dietary treatments, including: control and control + 0.05% Enterid™. Respective diets were fed to the sows from day 109 of gestation to weaning (weaning age: 19±0.13 day). Sow body weight (BW) and backfat thickness were measured at d 109 of gestation, within 24h after-farrow, and at weaning. Sow feed consumption was recorded daily. Individual pig BW was recorded at birth and weaning. A completely randomized design was used to test the effect of diets and ANOVA was performed with mixed models using MIXED procedure in SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Inc.). Sows fed Enterid™ numerically had greater weaning body weight (BW; 222 kg vs. 217 kg; P = 0.11) and lost less BW (-1.14 vs. -5.38 kg; P = 0.01) and backfat (+0.5 vs. -1.5 mm, P = 0.02) from farrow to weaning compared to the control. In addition, sows fed Enterid™ numerically had greater total lactation feed intake (127 vs 123 kg; P = 0.13) and ADFI (6.64 vs 6.42 kg; P = 0.17). Enterid™ numerically reduced piglet preweaning mortality by 1% (9.15 vs 10.16%). Data of this study suggests that Enterid™ can provide benefits toward improving performance of sows and reducing mortality of preweaning piglets.
PSVI-9 Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Zheng Lan , Ramirez Shelby , Tacconi Antonia , Kerr Brian J , Murugesan G Raj
Published: April 2022

Two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effects of adding a phytogenic feed additive (PFA; Digestarom Sow, BIOMIN America Inc.) on growth performance of nursery pigs compared with a carbadox feeding program. Newly weaned pigs were randomly allotted into a control (added carbadox) or PFA treatment. A total of 144 (6.10 ± 0.20 kg of BW, Exp. 1) and 600 pigs (6.18 ± 0.03 kg of BW, Exp. 2) were randomly allotted to 2 treatments. Pigs were fed three nursery diets over 42 d (Exp. 1) or 40 d (Exp. 2). Pigs were fed diets containing carbadox (CON, 25 g/ton in Exp. 1 and 50 g/ton in Exp. 2) from phase 1 to 2 and fed diets containing 0.015% PFA from phase 1 to 3 in both experiments. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded at the end of each phase. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Pigs fed carbadox had a greater (P < 0.05) Gain:Feed in phase 1 (Exp. 1) and in phase 2 (Exp. 2), respectively. However, Gain:Feed of pigs fed PFA was greater (P < 0.05) than feeding carbadox in phase 3 in Exp. 2. No differences were found between the 2 treatments in either of the experiments in overall period. In conclusion, PFA (Digestarom Sow) supplementation resulted in similar growth performance when compared with a carbadox feeding program during the post-weaning period.
PSVI-15 Impact of Solubility of Dietary Fiber Fed During the Pre-Farrow Period on Sow and Litter Performance in Lactation
Authors: Martinez Gabriela E , Rosero David , Wilcock Pete , van Heugten Eric
Published: April 2022

This study evaluated the impact of level and solubility of dietary fiber on sow and litter performance when fed during the pre-farrowing period. Sows (n = 82) were assigned by BW to a 2×2 factorial arrangement plus a control treatment (regular lactation diet; 11.30% TDF) with the following factors: 1) High soluble dietary fiber (SDF; 6.0%) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF; 31.10%); low soluble dietary fiber levels (SDF; 4.2%) and insoluble dietary fiber levels (IDF 28.30%) and 2) supplementation level of a fiber top-dress added to the lactation feed (0.45 vs 0.90 kg). The top-dress supplements were formulated to meet target fiber levels using sugar beet pulp and wheat middlings. Sows were transferred into the farrowing house at approximately 113 (±1d) d of gestation and experimental treatments were implemented from placement until parturition. Fiber solubility and top-dress level had no effects on sow BW during the pre-farrowing period and lactation (P > 0.05). Lactation length was unaffected by treatments (P = 0.57). Piglet birth weight (P = 0.35), stillborn pigs (P = 0.76), and number of pigs born below 0.90 kg (P=0.89) did not differ between treatments. Wean weight of piglets was not different between treatments (P = 0.84) but, insoluble fiber increased (P = 0.04) the number of small weaned pigs (less than 3.6 kg BW) irrespective of supplementation level (2.23 vs 1.10, and 0.37, for insoluble fiber, control, and soluble fiber, respectively). Results suggests that short-term supplementation of fiber immediately prior to farrowing and fiber solubility was not an effective strategy to improve sow performance during lactation.
PSVI-13 Identifying Probiotic Bacteria to Reduce Pathogen Colonization in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Connell Katherine R , Miller Phillip S , Burkey Thomas E , Loy J Dustin , Fernando Samodha C
Published: April 2022

Weaning stress and the negative health effects that occur with it cause serious concerns for pork producers. The abrupt environmental and dietary transitions that occur at weaning often take place before the gut microbiome is stabilized in the piglet. This leaves weanling piglets vulnerable to gut dysbiosis and increases susceptibility to enteric pathogens. The infections by opportunistic pathogens can be prevented with antibiotics, but due to growing concerns surrounding antimicrobial resistance in bacterial populations, direct-fed microbial (DFM) formulations have emerged as an alternative prevention method. In the current study, we isolated Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. from fecal samples collected from neonatal pigs and sows that are capable of inhibiting colonization of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from sick pigs. Diluted fecal samples were plated on Bifidus selective medium (BSM) and deMan, Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) medium to isolate Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, respectively. Bacterial isolates were screened against Salmonella and E. coli isolates of porcine origin using a medium consisting of 50% MRS and 50% brain, heart, lung infusion (BHI) using disk diffusion assays. The resulting isolates that demonstrated the greaest degree of pathogen inhibition were characterized using 16s rRNA sequencing. Sequence analysis identified the top isolates as L. mucosae, L. reuteri, and B. thermacidophilum subsp. porcinum. Currently, genome sequencing of the selected isolates is underway to identify the mechanisms of inhibition.
PSVI-5 Effects of Added Vitamin Levels on Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Cordoba Hilario M , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

A total of 1,080 mixed sex growing-finishing pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 28.7 ±0.39 kg) were used in a 123-d growth trial to determine the effects of vitamin concentrations on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 20 replicate pens/treatment and 27 pigs/pen. The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were fed in 4 phases from 28 to 50, 50 to 73, 73 to 100 and 100 to 133 kg. Pigs were fed 1 of 2 levels of a vitamin premix (control and high) that contained: 1,653,468 IU vitamin A acetate; 661,387 IU vitamin D, vitamin E (17,637 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate), 1,323 mg vitamin K (menadione), 13.2 mg vitamin B₁₂, 19,842 mg niacin, 11,023 mg pantothenic acid, and 3,307 mg riboflavin per kg. The amount per phase was 1.36, 1.13, 0.91 and 0.07%, respectively, for the control with the added amount doubled for the high vitamin fortification. Overall, (day 0 to 123), there was no evidence for difference (P > 0.10) in ADG, ADFI and G:F. Also, no statistical difference was found (P > 0.10) for final BW, HCW or any carcass characteristic. In conclusion, the level of vitamins used in this study did not influence growth and carcass traits in finishing pigs.
PSVI-18 Tonisity Pxw Improves Water Intake and Reduces Pig Mortality and Fall-Behinds Post-Weaning–A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Putrino CallaBria , Buzoianu Stefan G , Steinkamp Chad , Eisenhart Mark , Firth Ava M
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of Tonisity PxW (Tonisity Inc., St. Joseph, MO, USA) on pig post-weaning water intake, nursery mortality and fall-behinds. Tonisity PxW is a water-soluble supplement containing essential gut-enhancing amino-acids and electrolytes. This meta-analysis included 31,861 pigs from 7 commercial USA wean-finish farms. Piglets were weaned at 16-23 d and traveled to the weaner farm for 3-15 hours. Pigs were randomly allocated to treatment, with each of the treatments receiving either Tonisity PxW or plain water (Control). Separate water meters were installed for each treatment. Tonisity PxW was administered to pigs ad libitum through the waterlines, at a 0.2%-0.1%-0.1%-0.05%-0.05% concentration on d 1-2-3-4-5 post-weaning.5-day water intake data was available for all farms (N = 70 data points). Three-week mortality and fall-behind data was available for 3 (N = 15,286 pigs) and 4 (N=17,070 pigs) of the farms, respectively. Water intake data was analyzed using SAS 9.4 PROC MIXED, as repeated-measures, with treatment as a fixed effect, day as a repeated variable and study as random. Water intake data is presented as LSM±SEM. Mortality and fall-behinds were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. Differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05.The PxW pigs had a 1.7x greater water intake than Controls, on average, over the 5 d post-weaning (0.78±0.10 L/pig vs 0.46±0.10 L/pig; P < 0.001) (Table 1). Compared with Controls, the Tonisity PxW group had 36% less mortality (2.3% vs 3.6%; P < 0.0001), and 18% fewer fall-behinds (10.1% vs 12.3%; P < 0.0001). Pigs given Tonisity PxW had significantly less mortality, fewer fall-behinds, and greater water intake compared with pigs given only water in the first 5 d post-weaning.
PSVI-8 Effects of Phosphorus Level and Increasing Phytase Dose on Basal Endogenous Loss of Calcium and Balance of Phosphorus in Pigs Fed Diets Containing Phytate P at Commercial Levels
Authors: Nelson Megan E , Lee Su A , Dersjant-Li Yueming , Velayudhan Deepak , Remus Janet C , Stein Hans H
Published: April 2022

The objective was to test the hypothesis that dietary P concentration and level of phytase influences basal endogenous loss of Ca in pigs. Seventy barrows (body weight: 17.66 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to 7 Ca-free diets containing corn, potato protein concentrate, and full-fat rice bran (0.27% phytate P). A positive control (PC) diet contained P at the requirement for digestible P for 11 to 25 kg pigs. Negative control (NC) diets were formulated by reducing concentration of digestible P by 0.15% and adding a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant at 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units/kg diet. Feces and urine samples were collected separately for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Dried and ground fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, Ca, and P and urine was analyzed for P. Data were analyzed using a model that included diet as fixed effect. Positive control and NC were compared using a contrast statement and linear and exponential effects of dietary phytase were tested. Results indicated that apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter was not affected by dietary P or phytase (Table 1). The basal endogenous loss of Ca was not affected by dietary P, but exponentially (P = 0.030) decreased as dietary phytase increased. Phosphorus retention (g/d) was greater (P < 0.001) in pigs fed PC compared with NC without phytase. The standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P exponentially (P < 0.001) increased as phytase increased; however, retention of P as % of absorbed P decreased (linear, P = 0.006) as phytase increased because the extra P absorbed as a result of phytase could not be retained due to the lack of Ca. In conclusion, increasing the phytase dose decreased basal endogenous loss of Ca and increased STTD of P.
PSVI-19 Yeast-Based High Protein DDGS Has Similar Energy Digestibility in Comparison to Commonly Used Feed Ingredients in Swine Diets
Authors: Garavito Ricardo S , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Herrick Kevin , Levesque Crystal L
Published: April 2022

Alternative ingredients and co-products from the ethanol and biofuel industries represent an opportunity for utilization in swine diets. In this context, understanding nutritional value to practical swine feeding begins with product characterization and determination of nutrient digestibility. The objective of this study was to determine metabolizable energy (ME) of Yeast-based high protein DDGS (HP-GDDY) fed to growing pigs in comparison with common feed ingredients in swine diets. A total of 28 barrows were adapted to individual metabolic crates and fed with 7 diets, a corn-based basal diet and 6 corn–based diets containing spray dried HP-GDDY, ring dried HP-GDDY, conventional DDGS, soybean meal (SBM), enzymatically-treated soybean meal (HP300), and fish meal (FM). Pigs were fed at 4% of BW and assigned to a crossover design with 2 collection periods, which provided 8 observations for each treatment. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation to determine gross energy content and calculate ME (Table 1). Energy digestibility in spray GDDY and ring GDDY diets was greater than conventional DDGS diet and similar to SBM, HP300, and FM diets. The ME content in ring GDDY (3,926.7 Kcal/Kg) was similar to spray GDDY (4,480.5 Kcal/Kg). The ME in SBM (3824.5 Kcal/Kg), HP300 (3,883.8 Kcal/Kg), and FM (3,823 Kcal/Kg) was similar to spray and ring GDDY. Energy values for spray (4480.48 Kcal/Kg) and ring (3926.70 Kcal/Kg) GDDY are higher when compared with previous reported values for HP DDGS (3732 Kcal/Kg, NRC, 2012). Data from this study support that HP-GDDY products have comparable or greater energy value to commonly used ingredients in swine diets and that drying method had minor influence on energy digestibility. These novel feed ingredients can be used in practical pig diet formulation.
PSVII-8 The Impact of Dietary Essential Fatty Acids Ratios and Unsaturated:Saturated Ratio on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Becker Spenser , Greiner Laura L
Published: April 2022

The objective was to investigate the effects of dietary unsaturated:saturated fat ratio (U:S) and the fatty acid ratio of linoleic acid:linolenic acid (n6:n3) on growth performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 240 pigs with initial body weight (BW) 54.4±5.5kg were randomly assigned to a high (> 1.8; HUS) or low (< 1.0; LUS) U:S ratio with a high (20:1), moderate (12:1) or low (4:1) n6:n3 in a 3×2 factorial design (n = 10). Diets were fed across 3 phases and balanced for energy and linoleic acid. Pigs were housed 4 pigs per pen and separated by sex. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using SAS (9.4) with pen as the experimental unit and U:S ratio, n6:n3 ratio, sex, and their interactions as fixed effects. Initial BW was fit as a covariate. Within each phase, there were no differences in BW, daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) or feed efficiency (G:F) for U:S, n6:n3, or their interaction (P > 0.10). For the overall period, there was a U:S×n6:n3 interaction for ADG (P < 0.05) with pigs receiving LUS×12:1 (1.19kg/d) having increased ADG compared with pigs receiving HUS×12:1 (1.12kg/d). There was no effect of sex (P > 0.10) for G:F within each phase; however, overall, gilts had improved G:F compared with barrows (P < 0.05). Compared with HUS, gilts receiving LUS had greater ADFI overall (P < 0.05; 2.84 vs. 2.70kg), which translated into improved G:F for HUS gilts (P < 0.05; 0.40 vs 0.39). Overall, gilts receiving the 20:1 diet tended to have improved G:F compared with 12:1 (P < 0.10; 0.40 vs 0.39). The dietary U:S ratio impacted overall ADG of pigs fed the 12:1 ratio when averaged across sex; however, there was no significant sex × U:S × n6:n3 interaction. A low U:S ratio can also increase feed intake of gilts; however, this did not result in improved ADG.
PSVII-2 Effects of Oxidized Beta-Carotene on Sow Reproduction and Piglet Growth Performance
Authors: Elefson Sarah , Ross Jason W , Rademacher Christopher , Pollmann Steve , Greiner Laura L
Published: April 2022

As reproductive performance of sows in the commercial U.S. sow herd continues to improve, advancing the impact of gestation and lactation diet supplementation is critical. Beginning on d 60 of gestation through lactation, sows (blocked by parity) were assigned to a standard gestation diet (n = 88), or the standard diet supplemented with 80 ppm OxC-beta (n = 90) provided by Avivagen (Ottawa, ON, Canada) to determine if the supplementation of OxC-beta improves sow reproductive performance, litter growth performance, and alters the abundance of immune cells in sows and piglets. Blood samples were taken from a subset of sows (n = 54 per treatment) at the start of the study, at farrowing, and at weaning; and also, on a subset of piglets at birth and weaning. Also, at birth and weaning, 12 pigs (n = 6 per treatment) were euthanized, and livers were collected and subjected to flow cytometry to analyze phagocytic activity of the Kupfer cells. CD335, CD8, and CD4 populations within whole blood were assessed via flow cytometry. Colostrum at farrowing and milk at weaning were collected for analysis of IgG and IgA. Data were analyzed via SAS 9.4 using PROC GLIMMIX. No differences (P > 0.05) between dietary treatments were observed in sow reproductive performance, sow feed intake, wean to estrus interval, or piglet growth performance. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for vitamin A in the plasma or liver. No immune differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the piglet’s liver and blood nor sow antibodies in colostrum and milk. Subsequent litter information was obtained from the sows, and no differences (P > 0.05) were observed in reproductive performance. Overall, there were no differences in sow reproductive performance, litter growth performance, and the immune system of sows and piglets of sows supplemented OxC-beta.
PSVII-3 Nutritional Value of a New Source of Cheese Co-Product Fed to Weanling Pigs
Authors: Ortiz Andrea Paola Mallea , Oliveira Maryane Sespere Faria S , Diaz Diego Andres Lopez , Stein Hans H
Published: April 2022

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, and metabolizable energy (ME) are greater in a new source of cheese co-product (Keys Manufacturing Co., Inc.) than in fish-meal or enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM). The second hypothesis was that cheese co-product can replace spray dried plasma (SDP) or ESBM in diets for weanling pigs. In Exp 1, eight ileal-cannulated weanling barrows (11.0 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to a repeated 4 × 4 Latin-square with 4 diets (cheese co-product, fish meal, ESBM, N-free) and four 7-d periods. In Exp. 2, 32 weanling barrows (14.0 ± 1.1 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to a corn diet or diets containing corn and cheese co-product, fish meal, or ESBM. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with diet as fixed effect and pig as random effect. Cheese co-product had greater (P < 0.05) SID of most AA and greater (P < 0.05) ME compared with fish meal and ESBM (Table 1). In Exp. 3, 128 weanling pigs (6.2 ± 0.6 kg) were allotted to 4 diets, eight pens per diet, and 4 pigs/pen. The 4 phase 1 diets were fed from d 1 to 14 post-weaning and included a control diet containing ESBM and SPD or diets in which 6, 7, or14 % cheese co-product replaced ESBM, SPD, or both ESBM and SPD. Orthogonal-polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of including cheese co-product in the diets. Results demonstrated that cheese co-product had no influence on growth performance. In conclusion, cheese co-product has greater SID of most AA and greater ME than fish meal and ESBM, and cheese co-product can replace ESBM and SDP in phase 1 diets without affecting growth performance of pigs.
PSVII-12 Using a Multi-Carbohydrolase (Rovabio®Advance) in Grow-Finish Pigs: How Does Not Removing Pigs Affect Growth Performance?
Authors: Bloxham Darlene J , Giesemann Mark A , Shirley Robert B , Moreland Steven B , Ceccantini Marcio , Gourley Gene , Chinchilla-Vargas Josue , Bruder Emily K
Published: April 2022

Fiber degrading enzymes that contain single or multiple carbohydrolases are commonly used in the US commercial swine industry to reduce pig mortality. The objective of this study was to examine how pig removal from experimental treatments affects growth performance, with or without Rovabio®Advance P10% (RA). The animals on test consisted of 1,260 DNA barrows that were fed from 5.9 to 133 kg. The 4 dietary treatments were: Positive Control (PC), Low Nutrient Density Control (LNDC), PC plus RA (PC+), and LNDC plus RA (LNDC+). The SID AA and NE of the ingredients used were determined using the ingredient profile of the PC formulations and the nutritional modeling calculator for RA. The PC and LNDC+ diets were formulated to have similar NE and SID AA content. In the PC+ diets, RA was added on-top, without reformulation. At the start of the trial, 21 weanling pigs were allotted per pen, with a space allowance of 0.67 m2/pig. For the entire growout, feeding RA reduced the percentage of pigs removed from test (PC 8.3%, LNDC 7.9%, vs PC+ 5.4% and LNDC+ 4.4%; P < 0.03). By day 150, the number of pigs per pen did not differ per treatment (P >0.4) (PC 18.85, LNDC 19.12, PC+ 19.85 and LNDC+ 19.72); however, the respective pig space (m2/pig) was 0.74, 0.73, 0.71 and 0.71. Using the number of pigs/pen as a covariate for ADG, 0-41 d ADG was not significant (P >0.59); however, there was a tendency towards significantly less ADG for pigs on RA between day 107-164 (988g PC, 966g LNDC vs 961g PC+, 961g LNDC+ P = 0.054). Pig removal increases the space per pig/pen over the course of an experiment, thus potentially influencing the ADG and other treatment effects. This effect must be accounted for in any research trial when evaluating the efficacy of any nutritional product.
PSVIII-4 Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs Fed Diets Containing Yeast-Based High Protein DDGS as Alternative to Commonly Used Protein Sources in Nursery Diets
Authors: Duarte Ricardo Garavito , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Herrick Kevin , Levesque Crystal L
Published: April 2022

High protein yeast-based DDGS (HP-GDDY) products have similar amino acid and energy digestibility compared with the main ingredients used in commercial pig diets and could potentially be included as an alternative protein source in nursery diets. This study observed the effects of including HP-GDDY as alternative protein resource in nursery diets on growth performance of weaned pigs. A total of 594 weaned pigs were allotted to pens in a randomized complete block design at the SDSU Swine Research and Education Facility. Pens were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: Diet 1 (Control): a corn-SBM basal diet; Diet 2: diet 1 replacing 75% of SBM by GDDY; Diet 3: diet 1 without Fishmeal and HP300 + GDDY inclusion; Diet 4: diet 1 replacing 50% of SBM, Fishmeal, and HP300 by DDGY. Experimental diets were formulated (NRC, 2012) in meal form through 4 phases during the nursery period. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed ratio (G:F) was determined on day 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 53. During first 14 d, dietary treatments had no significant effects (P < 0.05) on BW, ADG, and ADFI. From d 14 to d 53, the ADG and ADFI was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs from Diet 1 in comparison with those from Diet 2 and 4 but it was similar to pigs fed Diet 3. These data support the idea that weaned pigs fed diets containing HP-DDGY have similar performance in comparison with pigs fed regular commercial diets during the first 2 weeks post-weaning. However, it is necessary to adjust inclusion levels for the late nursery period, where performance can be compromised when inclusion levels exceed 20%. Overall, HP-GDDY is a valuable feedstuff to be included in nursery pig diets, especially during the first couple weeks after weaning.
PSVIII-13 Utilization of a Mechanistic Model to Estimate the Mineral Deposition of Females and Entire Males Growing Pigs
Authors: Lautrou Marion , Samson Arnaud , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre
Published: April 2022

Entire male (EM) production is increasing worldwide due to animal welfare regulations. The soft tissue growth and carcass composition of these animals were previously studied, but few data are available about mineral deposition. The objective in this study was to highlight, through modelling, potential differences in bone mineral deposition between female and EM, fed with identical diets. The data of 7 nutritional trials were used to simulate the mineral deposition in bones of EM and females. All diets were tested on both sexes and growth performances were reported. The trials started at about 32 kg of bodyweight and were divided into 2 phases: a growing phase (between 33 and 49 d, until 60 to 69 kg) and a finishing phase (between 47 and 61 d, until 110 to 125 kg). Protein and lipid depositions were calibrated following the InraPorc model principles. The minerals deposition in soft tissues and in bones were simulated according to a recent model predicting the utilization of minerals by growing pigs. The input data were the mean of each treatment, for each sex. The simulated bone mineral content (BMC) and bodyweight of the females and EM were comparable at the beginning of the trials. The BMC at the end of growing phase was less in EM than females (1,280 vs 1,298 g, P < 0.05), whereas bodyweight was equal. The BMC at the end of finishing phase tended to be less in EM than females (P = 0.10), and bodyweight was greater in EM than females (114 vs 116, P < 0.05).These results showed that during the growing phase, where the protein deposition increases quickly, the EM have less mineral in their bones than female. Therefore, with the same diet, these animals could be more sensitive to leg problems, which is reported in the field. These first results based on simulations showed that mineral requirements for EM are greater than females indicating that the mineral requirements must be adjusted according to the sex.
PSVIII-11 The Impact of Dietary Crude Protein and Non-Starch Polysaccharidase Inclusion on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Nisley Mitchell J , Gabler Nicholas K , Sparks Chris , Vanderbeke Erik , De Keyser Kirsten
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of crude protein (CP) levels and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme on nursery pig performance. 792 mixed sex pigs (6.2 ± 0.12 kg BW) were randomly allotted across 6 dietary treatments (12 pens/treatment) using a 3x2 factorial. Three base diets, with or without NSPase, were fed in 3 phases (10, 11 and 21 d, respectively). Base diet and Lys per phase were: 1) 17% low CP with of 1.40, 1.35, 1.30% SID Lys (LCP1.4); 2) 24% high CP, 1.40, 1.35, 1.30% SID Ly (HCP1.4); and 3) 17% CP, 1.20, 1.15, 1.10% SID Lys (LCP1.2). Pig weights and feed disappearance were recorded to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F within phase and overall. Pen fecal scores and day 21 fecal dry matter (DM) were evaluated. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and least square means reported by treatment. Overall and within phase, no diet by enzyme interactions were reported for ADG, ADFI and G:F (P < 0.05). Within diet, HCP1.4 had greater overall ADG compared with LCP1.4 and LCP1.2 (0.42, 0.36, 0.35 kg/d respectively, P < 0.0001). Overall ADFI tended to differ between the LCP1.4, HCP 1.4 and the LCP1.2 treatments (0.60, 0.61 and 0.57 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.066). Overall G:F was greater in the HCP1.4 compared with LCP1.4 and LCP1.2 pigs (0.69, 0.61 and 0.62, respectively, P < 0.0001). Fecal scores and 21-d fecal DM did not differ (P > 0.05) in LCP1.4, HCP1.4 and LCP1.2 pigs (32, 28 and 31% DM, respectively) and with or without enzyme (32 and 29% DM, respectively, P = 0.300). Overall, compared with no enzyme, enzyme was not different (P > 0.05) for ADG (0.37 vs 0.39 kg/d), ADFI and G:F. In conclusion, low CP diets did not enhance pig performance or alter fecal consistency.
PSIV-1 Differential Gene Expression of Methionine-Folate Cycle Enzymes in Heifers Supplemented with One-Carbon Metabolites
Authors: Syring Jessica , Caton Joel , Crouse Matthew S , Ward Alison K
Published: April 2022

The objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of varying levels of one-carbon metabolite [OCM: folate (FA), vitamin B12 (B12), methionine (Met), and choline (Chol)] supplementation on the gene expression of hepatic methionine-folate cycle enzymes at d 14 of the estrous cycle in beef heifers. In this study, 30 Angus beef heifers were fed a standard diet (SHD: 75% alfalfa/grass hay mix, 21% corn silage, and 4% mineral pellet without rumensin) and assigned to 1 of 5 different structures (0XNEG = SHD + 0.9% saline injection; 0XPOS = SHD + rumen protected Met fed at 0.08% inclusion on a DM basis + 60 g/d rumen protected Chol + 0.9% saline injection; 0.5X = SHD + same Met and Chol + 5 mg B12 + 80 mg FA; 1X = SHD + same Met and Chol + 10 mg B12 + 160 FA; and 2X = SHD + same Met and Chol + 20 mg B12 + 320 mg FA) with injections given at d 0 and 7 of the estrous cycle. Heifers were harvested on d 14 of the estrous cycle. Real-time PCR analysis followed by statistical contrasts revealed that combined B12 and FA treatments had greater (P < 0.05) methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A), methionine adenosyltransferase 2B (MAT2B), and protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) expression compared with 0XPOS. The FA treatments yielded linear increases (P < 0.05) in MAT2A, MAT2B, PRMT1, glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR) and tended (P < 0.072) to linearly increase methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) expression. DNA methyltransferase 1, DNA methyltransferase 3A, and methionine adenosyltransferase 1A, were unaltered by treatments. Data are interpreted to imply that strategic supplementation of OCM can increase expression of key genes in the one-carbon metabolic pathways found in the liver of beef heifers.
PSV-13 Lawsonia Intracellularis Increases Cell Proliferation in Swine Enteroids in Vitro
Authors: Klaeui Caitlin , Medida Ramya Lekha , Stone Matthew , Marshall-lund Lacey , Gebhart Connie , Saqui-Salces Milena
Published: April 2022

Lawsonia intracellularis is an enteric pathogen that causes thickening of the intestinal mucosa layer resulting in malnutrition, diarrhea, and poor weight gain in swine. L. intracellularis increases intestinal cell proliferation in vivo. Swine enteroids are 3-dimensional in vitro models that can be used to study bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate cellular proliferation in swine enteroids infected by L. intracellularis. Ki-67 is a protein expressed by cells that are actively proliferating and is often used to document changes in proliferation. Swine enteroids were cultured in monolayers using transwells, infected with L. intracellularis (PHE/MN1-00), and harvested on 5, 7, and 14 d post infection (dpi). Enteroid monolayers were fixed in 4% formaldehyde overnight, and immunofluorescence for Ki-67 and L. intracellularis were performed. Experiments were replicated 3 times. Immunofluorescent staining using L. intracellularis antibodies demonstrated infection of enteroids. Cell proliferation was assessed by counting the number of Ki-67 positive cells under 20x magnification and comparing to the total number of cells as stained by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in infected and non-infected enteroids. Cell counts were analyzed using paired t-test in GraphPad Prism comparing infected enteroids with uninfected enteroids for each dpi time. Cell proliferation between non-infected and infected enteroids were not different at 5 dpi (0.014±0.007 vs. 0.044±0.021, P = 0.21) or 14 dpi (0.101±0.10 vs. 0.061±0.034, P = 0.46). However, at 7 dpi, infected enteroids showed greater cell proliferation (0.67±0.056 vs. 0.078±0.58, P = .047). In infected pigs, it was reported that increased cell proliferation is observed at 7 dpi. In vitro swine enteroids reproduce the proliferative changes observed in vivo, validating their use as a model for L. intracellularis infection.
PSV-18 Time Since Last Meal Until the Onset of Farrowing Affects Survivability of Newborn Piglets
Authors: Gao Xin , Zhao Junmei , Hu Qiong , Chan Lawrence
Published: April 2022

The present study aimed to investigate whether time since last meal until the onset of farrowing affects sow reproductive performance. The results are based on data records compiled from 8 batches for a total of 660 mixed parity (µ = 3.7) sows from the same commercial farm. All sows were fed standard lactation diets twice a day (7:30 AM and 4:30 PM) 1 week before expected farrowing. Time since last meal until the onset of farrowing and farrowing duration were calculated accordingly. Based on the time from the start of last meal to the onset of farrowing, sows were divided into three groups: 0-3 hours, 3-6 hours and 6-16 hours (212, 220 and 228 sows respectively). Probability of born alive, stillborn and mummified piglets were statistically analyzed by a binomial model in R. Farrowing duration of sow was not affected by time since last meal until the onset of farrowing. However, sows farrowed 3-6 hours after feeding had lowest probability of stillborn piglet compared with sows farrowed 0-3 hour and 6-16 hour after feeding (6% vs 8% and 10%; P < 0.01), greater probability of born alive was also found in sows in 3-6 hour group than the other 2 groups (92% vs 89% and 88%; P < 0.01). The probability of mummified piglet was not affected when comparing the three groups. Time since last meal until the onset of farrowing also showed no effect on litter size or litter birth weight. In conclusion, feeding sows the last meal 3-6 hours before farrowing may help improve live born and decrease stillborn piglets.
PSI-10 Relationships Between Fecal Characteristics, Rumen pH, and Intake During an Acidosis Challenge
Authors: Angus Tyler , Linder Haley , Buessing Zachary , McCann Joshua C
Published: April 2022

The objectives were to: 1) determine the relationship of fecal particle size with rumen pH, fecal pH, dry matter intake (DMI) and 2) determine the ability of fecal characteristics to predict rumen pH and DMI. Decreased ruminal pH during an acidotic bout may reduce fiber digestion and increase subsequent washed fecal particle size. Data were collected in a metabolism experiment using18 ruminally cannulated steers. The study was a completely randomized design evaluating the effect of a lactate adaption before an acidosis challenge. Ruminal pH, DMI, and fecal characteristics (fecal pH and washed fecal particle size) were measured for 4 d after the acidosis challenge. Fecal particle size was measured with 7 sieves with diameters ranging from 4,750 to 600 µm. Average rumen pH over 4 d was associated (r = 0.60; P < 0.01) with mean fecal particle size. However, rumen pH was not correlated with fecal pH (P > 0.1). Fecal pH was not correlated with mean fecal particle size (P > 0.1). Mean fecal particle size was correlated with days after the acidosis challenge (r = 0.36; P < 0.01). Multiple regressions were performed with the GLMSELECT procedure of SAS 9.4 using stepwise selection. Rumen pH was best predicted (r2 = 0.22) by fecal particle size between 1,700 and 1,400 µm, 1,180 and 850 µm, and less than 600 µm. Dry matter intake was best predicted (r2 = 0.17) by fecal particle size between 2,360 and 1,700 µm, 1,400 and 1,180 µm, and 850 and 600 µm. Overall, results indicated mean fecal particle size was correlated with rumen pH and days after the acidosis challenge. Additional data are needed for fecal characteristics to accurately predict ruminal pH and DMI.
PSI-1 Depletion and Repletion Dynamics of Individual and Regional Bone-Mineral Reserves in Replacement Gilts Fed Different Levels of Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium
Authors: Floradin Piterson , Pomar Candido , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Schlegel Patrick
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of replacement gilts to compensate (repletion), before their insemination, bone-mineralization deficit in individual bones or bone regions that resulted from low dietary phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) supply during the growing period (depletion). A total of 24 gilts were fed according to a 2-phase feeding program (60-95 and 95-140 kg BW, respectively). During the depletion period, the gilts were fed ad libitum a finisher diet providing either 100% or 60% of the estimated P requirement (D100 with 2.1 g and D60 with 1.2 g digestible P/kg, respectively). During the repletion period, one-half of the gilts from each finisher diet were randomly assigned to either a restrictively fed control or a high-P diet (R100 with 2.1 g and R160 with 3.5 g digestible P/kg, respectively) according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, resulting in 4 treatments: D60-R100, D60-R160, D100-R100 and D100-R160. Bone mineral content (BMC) in the entire body, individual bones (femur and spine lumbar L2-L4), and bone regions (front legs and hind legs) were measured in each gilt at 2-week intervals using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). At 95 kg, gilts fed D60 had less BMC in the entire body, all individual bones and bone regions than those fed D100 (P < 0.001). The spine lumbar L2-L4 lost more BMC (-17%; P < 0.001) than the other sites, which decreased by 7% in the hind legs (P = 0.001), 9% in the femur (P = 0.002) and 10% in the head and trunk (P = 0.043 and P = 0.006). At 140 kg, all sites studied had similar BMC. In D60 gilts, recovery was reached 2 (P < 0.001) and 4 weeks (P < 0.001) after the depletion period when fed the R160 and R100 diets, respectively. These results show that replacement gilts can regain mineral deficits in all individual bones and bone regions.
PSI-12 The Effects on Maternal Supplementation of Medium Chain Fatty Acids on Offpsring Performance
Authors: DiPippo Leah , Swanson Analicia J , Levesque Crystal L
Published: April 2022

A total of 39 mixed parity sows were used from d 28 of gestation until weaning to determine the effect of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in sow and weaned pig diets on sow and offspring growth performance. On d 28 of gestation, sows were blocked by parity and body weight, and allotted to either a control diet (UNSUP) or control plus 0.3% inclusion of MCFA blend in gestation and lactation (SUP). At weaning, piglets were allocated in a 2x2 factorial based on maternal diet (UNSUP or SUP) and post-weaning diet (UNSUPnurs or SUPnurs) in a 3-phase nursery pig feeding program lasting 42 d. Individual piglets were weighed at birth, d 7, weaning and every 2 weeks in the nursery period. There was no difference among maternal diet for birth weight (P = 0.56); however, SUP piglets tended to be lighter at d 7 (P = 0.10) and weaning (P = 0.07) than UNSUP piglets (P = 0.10). There was no interaction between maternal diet and post-weaning diet on offspring performance. Throughout the nursery period, there was no difference in body weight, daily gain, feed intake, or gain:feed by maternal treatment or post-weaning diet. In conclusion, supplementation of MCFA throughout gestation, lactation, and in the nursery period had minimal impact on offspring growth.
Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in patients with rheumatic diseases in Japan: Interim analysis of a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Kashiwado Yusuke , Kimoto Yasutaka , Sawabe Takuya , Irino Kensuke , Nakano Shota , Hiura Junki , Wang Qiaolei , Kawano Shotaro , Ayano Masahiro , Mitoma Hiroki , Ono Nobuyuki , Arinobu Yojiro , Niiro Hiroaki , Hotta Taeko , Kang Dongchon , Akashi Koichi , Ohshima Shiro , Takeuchi Tsutomu , Horiuchi Takahiko
Published: April 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the impact of medication on antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 mRNA vaccines in Japanese patients with rheumatic diseases.

Methods

This prospective multicentre cohort study evaluated the humoral response in 12 different medication groups. Antibody levels before the first vaccination and 3–6 weeks after the second vaccination were measured using the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay. Statistical analysis included comparing antibody titres among the different medication groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Bonferroni–Dunn test and multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

295 patients were analysed. The seroconversion rate was 92.2% and the median antibody titre was 255 U/ml (interquartile range, 34.1–685) after the second mRNA vaccination. Antibody levels were significantly lower in the groups treated with Tumour necrosis factor inhibitor with methotrexate, abatacept, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), MMF or mizoribine combined with calcineurin inhibitor, and rituximab or cyclophosphamide compared with those treated with sulfasalazine and/or bucillamine or calcineurin inhibitor (p < 0.01). The correlation between antibody titre and treatment was significant after adjusting for age, gender, and glucocorticoid dose (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Additional early vaccination is required in patients treated with Tumour necrosis factor inhibitor and methotrexate, abatacept, MMF, MMF or mizoribine combined with calcineurin inhibitor and rituximab or cyclophosphamide.
Time to Reconsider Hepatitis A Vaccination in Food Handlers: Are We Seeing More Outbreaks and Severe Disease?
Authors: Kim Hyun Sue , Torres Jordan Lydia , Baffoe-Bonnie Anthony
Published: April 2022

The risk for secondary infection from hepatitis A-infected food handlers to patrons is deemed as low. Thus, hepatitis A vaccination is not specifically recommended for persons who handle food in the absence of other risk factors in the United States. We describe an ongoing food handler-associated hepatitis A outbreak in southwest Virginia and recommend policy changes that will incentivize food industry employers to embrace broader food handler hepatitis A vaccination.
Effectiveness of Casirivimab-Imdevimab Monoclonal Antibody Treatment Among High-Risk Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 B.1.617.2 (Delta Variant) Infection
Authors: Al-Obaidi Mohanad M , Gungor Ahmet B , Nematollahi Saman , Zangeneh Tirdad T , Bedrick Edward J , Johnson Katherine M , Low-Adegbija Nicole E , Alam Ruhaniyah , Rangan Pooja , William Heise C , Ariyamuthu Venkatesh K , Shetty Aneesha , Qannus Abd Assalam , Murugapandian Sangeetha , Ayvaci Mehmet M S , Anand Prince Mohan , Tanriover Bekir
Published: April 2022

Retrospective analysis of the post–propensity score (PS)–matched cohort of 8426 outpatients balanced in clinical and demographic covariates showed that treatment with casirivimab-imdevimab monoclonal antibody was effective against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant to reduce hospitalization, mortality, and intensive care unit admission rates within 30 days.

Background

Real-world data on the effectiveness of neutralizing casirivimab-imdevimab monoclonal antibody (Cas-Imd mAb) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among high-risk patients may inform the response to future SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Methods

This study covers an observational retrospective data analysis in Banner Health Care System sites, mainly in Arizona. During the study period, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was between 95% and 100%. Of 29 635 patients who tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between 1 August 2021 and 30 October 2021, in the Banner Health Care System, the study cohort was split into 4213 adult patients who received Cas-Imd mAb (1200 mg) treatment compared to a PS-matched 4213 untreated patients. The primary outcomes were the incidence of all-cause hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality within 30 days of Cas-Imd mAb administration or Delta variant infection.

Results

Compared to the PS-matched untreated cohort, the Cas-Imd mAb cohort had significantly lower all-cause hospitalization (4.2% vs 17.6%; difference in percentages, −13.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, −14.7 to −12.0]; P < .001), ICU admission (0.3% vs 2.8%; difference, −2.4 [95% CI, −3.0 to −1.9]; P < .001), and mortality (0.2% vs 2.0%; difference, −1.8 [95% CI, −2.3 to −1.3]; P < .001) within 30 days. The Cas-Imd mAb treatment was associated with lower rate of hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR], 0.22 [95% CI, .19–.26]; P < .001) and mortality (HR, 0.11 [95% CI, .06–.21]; P < .001).

Conclusions

Cas-Imd mAb treatment was associated with a lower hospitalization rate, ICU admission, and mortality within 30 days among patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroprevalence Among HIV-Negative Participants Using Tenofovir/Emtricitabine-Based Preexposure Prophylaxis in 2020: A Substudy of the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis PREVENIR and Inserm SAPRIS-Sero Cohorts
Authors: Delaugerre Constance , Assoumou Lambert , Maylin Sarah , Minier Marine , Gabassi Audrey , Genin Michèle , Beniguel Lydie , Ghosn Jade , de Lamballerie Xavier , El Mouhebb Mayssam , Costagliola Dominique , Carrat Fabrice , Molina Jean Michel ,   for the PREVENIR and SAPRIS-Sero Study Groups
Published: April 2022

The potential preventive efficacy of tenofovir/emtricitabine on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was assessed in human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G between May and October 2020 was similar in PrEP users and in a matched population-based cohort, suggesting that tenofovir/emtricitabine has no role in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition.