bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A INOVAÇÃO COMO INSTRUMENTO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO: UMA ANÁLISE ATRAVÉS DE INDICADORES
Authors: Da Cruz Cleide Ane Barbosa , Mendonça Valéria Melo , Dos Santos Paulo Roberto , Dos Santos Normandia De Jesus Brayner , Almeida Paixão Ana Eleonora , Dos Santos Mário Jorge Campos
Published: February 2018

Os indicadores são importantes ferramentas que auxiliam na avaliação do potencial da produção científica e tecnológica de um país. Este estudo tem como objetivo traçar um panorama dos indicadores científicos e tecnológicos nacionais, com o intuito de verificar a produção científica e tecnológica dos últimos anos. Metodologicamente, utilizou-se a análise de dados quantitativos do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI). Os resultados destacaram que a produção de patentes no Brasil vem crescendo, e que a região Sudeste é a maior depositante. Sobre a produção científica, foram analisados dados até 2010, mostrando que a publicação em periódicos nacionais vem superando a publicação em artigos internacionais, e ainda que os pesquisadores publicam mais capítulos de livros do que livros completos. Atesta-se a necessidade de expandir o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico no Brasil, com o intuito de fortalecer a produção de tecnologias no país e melhorar a qualidade dos trabalhos desenvolvidos pelos pesquisadores.
MAPEAMENTO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIAS DENTRO DO CONTEXTO DE INUNDAÇÕES URBANAS
Authors: Tenório Luiza Xavier da Silva , Lima Larisse Araujo , Silva Marcio Lima da , Fernandes Thiago Lara , Ghesti Grace Ferreira
Published: February 2018

O desenvolvimento tecnológico brasileiro para manejo de desastres ambientais, em especial inundações como enchentes e enxurradas, é aquém do esperado, considerando as dimensões territoriais e o potencial científico do país. No entanto, ainda não foi desenvolvida uma cultura de Propriedade Intelectual que permita converter a ciência desenvolvida nos laboratórios de pesquisa em resultados práticos para a sociedade. Neste trabalho, foi investigada a quantidade de pedidos de patente depositados por estado, no que tange a captação, o armazenamento e o tratamento de água pluvial, em relação a ocorrência de enchentes e enxurradas em cada localidade. Objetivou-se averiguar se os locais com ocorrências de inundações são aqueles capazes de desenvolver tecnologias para solucionar as demandas enfrentadas. Foram encontrados 195 pedidos de patentes, dentre os quais menos da metade são oriundos de municípios com mais de 45% dos municípios atingidos por enchente e enxurradas. Observou-se, também que 82% são de inventores independentes.
ESTUDO PROSPECTIVO RELATIVO À ATIVIDADE ANTIFÚNGICA DE SCHINUS TEREBINTHIFOLIUS (AROEIRA) NO PERÍDO DE 1990 A 2016
Authors: Nascimento Jaqueline Silva , Almeida Bandeira Maria Da Glória , Nascimento Pereira Francisco Assis , Duarte de Melo Tassso Ramom , Lima Diniz Iagho Jose , Soares Cunha Nadler Vitor Fernando
Published: February 2018

Schinus terebinthifolius (Aroeira) é uma planta com grande espectro de ações farmacológicas e é alvo de interesse nacional para pesquisa e desenvolvimento de medicamentos. Logo, há diversos grupos de pesquisas e instituições públicas que desenvolvem projetos relacionadas a ela com intuito de produzir fitoterápicos à população e, por conseguinte depositam patentes como forma de proteger suas descobertas. A prospecção foi realizada nas bases de dados online do World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (Espacenet), Derwent Innovations Index e no Banco de dados do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI), utilizando as palavras-chave "Schinus terebinthifolius" e "aroeira" cruzada com "antifúngico, antiinflamatório, inflamação, cervicites, vaginites, composições, farmacêuticas, extratos, ferida, tumor,cosmético, fitoterápico, cicatrização" nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa. Para a pesquisa de artigos científicos foram utilizados os sites SCIELO e SCOPUS, usando a mesma estratégia de busca como critério ambos no período de 1990 a 2016.

 

Palavras-chave: Schinus terebinthifolius. Antifúngicos. Fitoterápicos.
ESTUDO PROSPECTIVO SOBRE PRODUTOS ALIMENTARES INCORPORADOS DE BIOMASSA DE MICROALGAS
Authors: Rodrigues Almeida Leila Magda , Oliveira de Souza Carolina , Lima Ribeiro Paulo Leonardo , Druzian Janice Izabel , Spínola Miranda Maria
Published: February 2018

As microalgas constituem um grupo diversificado de organismos procarióticos e eucarióticos e são uma excelente fonte de nutrientes. A biomassa de microalgas vem sendo utilizada no mercado de alimentos saudáveis, incorporada em produtos alimentares a fim de garantir a produção de alimentos ricos em nutrientes e substâncias terapêuticas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo prospectivo sobre produtos alimentares incorporados com biomassa de microalgas. Para a realização da busca de patentes, utilizou-se a base de dados do Espacenet e do INPI. A busca foi realizada utilizando palavra-chave e códigos de classificação internacional de patente, obtendo um total de 169 documentos de patentes. Os resultados evidenciaram que ainda há poucos produtos alimentares com incorporação da biomassa de microalgas, tendo uma grande área para ser explorada na indústria de alimentos com um alto potencial para gerar inovação.
Initial Breakdown Pulse Parameters in Intracloud and Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning Flashes
Authors: Smith E. M. , Marshall T. C. , Karunarathne S. , Siedlecki R. , Stolzenburg M.
Published: February 2018

This study analyzes the largest initial breakdown (IB) pulse in flashes from four storms in Florida; data from three sensor arrays are used. The range‐normalized, zero‐to‐peak amplitude of the largest IB pulse was determined along with its altitude, duration, and timing within each flash. Appropriate data were available for 40 intracloud (IC) and 32 cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes. Histograms of amplitude of the largest IB pulse by flash type were similar, with mean (median) values of 1.49 (1.05) V/m for IC flashes and −1.35 (−0.87) V/m for CG flashes. The largest IB pulse in 30 IC flashes showed a weak inverse relation between pulse amplitude and altitude. Amplitude of the largest IB pulse for 25 CG flashes showed no altitude correlation. Duration of the largest IB pulse in ICs averaged twice as long as in CGs (96 μs versus 46 μs), and all of the CG durations were <100 μs. Among the ICs, there is a positive relation between largest IB pulse duration and amplitude; the linear correlation coefficient is 0.385 with outliers excluded. The largest IB pulse in IC flashes typically occurred at a longer time after the first IB pulse (average 4.1 ms) than was the case in CG flashes (average 0.6 ms). In both flash types, the largest IB pulse was the first IB pulse in about 30% of the cases. In one storm all 42 IC flashes with triggered data had IB pulses.
Volumetric‐based image guidance is superior to marker‐based alignments for stereotactic body radiotherapy of prostate cancer
Authors: Li Wen , Lu Lan , Stephans Kevin L , Sharma Naveen , Vassil Andrew , Shen Zhilei Liu , Stockham Abigail , Djemil Toufik , Tendulkar Rahul D , Xia Ping
Published: February 2018

Purposes

The aim of this study was to evaluate a dual marker‐based and soft‐tissue based image guidance for inter‐fractional corrections in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of prostate cancer.

Methods/Materials

We reviewed 18 patients treated with SBRT for prostate cancer. An endorectal balloon was inserted at simulation and each treatment. Planning margins were 3 mm/0 mm posteriorly. Prior to each treatment, a dual image guidance protocol was applied to align three makers using stereoscopic x ray images and then to the soft tissue using kilo‐voltage cone beam CT (kV‐CBCT). After treatment, prostate (CTV), rectal wall, and bladder were delineated on each kV‐CBCT, and delivered dose was recalculated. Dosimetric endpoints were analyzed, including V36.25 Gy for prostate, and D0.03 cc for bladder and rectal wall.

Results

Following initial marker alignment, additional translational shifts were applied to 22 of 84 fractions after kV‐CBCT. Among the 22 fractions, ten fractions exceeded 3 mm shifts in any direction, including one in the left‐right direction, four in the superior‐inferior direction, and five in the anterior‐posterior direction. With and without the additional kV‐CBCT shifts, the average V36.25 Gy of the prostate for the 22 fractions was 97.6 ± 2.6% with the kV x ray image alone, and was 98.1 ± 2.4% after applying the additional kV‐CBCT shifts. The improvement was borderline statistical significance using Wilcoxon signed‐rank test (P = 0.007). D0.03 cc was 45.8 ± 6.3 Gy vs. 45.1 ± 4.9 Gy for the rectal wall; and 49.5 ± 8.6 Gy vs. 49.3 ± 7.9 Gy for the bladder before and after applying kV‐CBCT shifts.

Conclusions

Marker‐based alignment alone is not sufficient. Additional adjustments are needed for some patients based kV‐CBCT.
Fast, Self‐Driven, Air‐Stable, and Broadband Photodetector Based on Vertically Aligned PtSe2/GaAs Heterojunction
Authors: Zeng Long‐Hui , Lin Sheng‐Huang , Li Zhong‐Jun , Zhang Zhi‐Xiang , Zhang Teng‐Fei , Xie Chao , Mak Chun‐Hin , Chai Yang , Lau Shu Ping , Luo Lin‐Bao , Tsang Yuen Hong
Published: February 2018

Group‐10 layered transitional metal dichalcogenides including PtS2, PtSe2, and PtTe2 are excellent potential candidates for optoelectronic devices due to their unique properties such as high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, stability, and flexibility. Large‐area platinum diselenide (PtSe2) with semiconducting characteristics is far scarcely investigated. Here, the development of a high‐performance photodetector based on vertically aligned PtSe2‐GaAs heterojunction which exhibits a broadband sensitivity from deep ultraviolet to near‐infrared light, with peak sensitivity from 650 to 810 nm, is reported. The Ilight/Idark ratio and responsivity of photodetector are 3 × 104 and 262 mA W−1 measured at 808 nm under zero bias voltage. The response speed of τr/τf is 5.5/6.5 µs, which represents the best result achieved for Group‐10 TMDs based optoelectronic device thus far. According to first‐principle density functional theory, the broad photoresponse ranging from visible to near‐infrared region is associated with the semiconducting characteristics of PtSe2 which has interstitial Se atoms within the PtSe2 layers. It is also revealed that the PtSe2/GaAs photodetector does not exhibit performance degradation after six weeks in air. The generality of the above good results suggests that the vertically aligned PtSe2 is an ideal material for high‐performance optoelectronic systems in the future.
Highly In‐Plane Optical and Electrical Anisotropy of 2D Germanium Arsenide
Authors: Yang Shengxue , Yang Yanhan , Wu Minghui , Hu Chunguang , Shen Wanfu , Gong Yongji , Huang Li , Jiang Chengbao , Zhang Yongzhe , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: February 2018

Anisotropic 2D materials exhibit unique optical, electrical, and thermoelectric properties that open up possibilities for diverse angle‐dependent devices. However, the explored anisotropic 2D materials are very limited and the methods to identify the crystal orientations and to study the in‐plane anisotropy are in the initial stage. Here azimuth‐dependent reflectance difference microscopy (ADRDM), angle‐resolved Raman spectra, and electrical transport measurements are used to systematically characterize the influence of the anisotropic structure on in‐plane optical and electrical anisotropy of 2D GeAs, a novel group IV–V semiconductor. It is proved that ADRDM offers a way to quickly identify the crystal orientations and also to directly characterize the in‐plane optical anisotropy of layered GeAs. The anisotropic electrical transport behavior of few‐layer GeAs field‐effect transistors is further measured and the anisotropic ratio of the mobility is as high as 4.6, which is higher than the other 2D anisotropic materials such as black phosphorus. The dependence of the Raman intensity anisotropy on the sample thickness, excitation wavelength, and polarization configuration is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. These data will be useful for designing new high‐performance devices and the results suggest a general methodology for characterizing the in‐plane anisotropy of low‐symmetry 2D materials.
A General Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF)‐Derived Selenidation Strategy for In Situ Carbon‐Encapsulated Metal Selenides as High‐Rate Anodes for Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Xijun , Liu Jun , Liu Jiangwen , Ouyang Liuzhang , Hu Renzong , Wang Hui , Yang Lichun , Zhu Min
Published: February 2018

On account of increasing demand for energy storage devices, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) with abundant reserve, low cost, and similar electrochemical properties have the potential to partly replace the commercial lithium‐ion batteries. In this study, a facile metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐derived selenidation strategy to synthesize in situ carbon‐encapsulated selenides as superior anode for SIBs is rationally designed. These selenides with particular micro‐ and nanostructured features deliver ultrastable cycling performance at high charge–discharge rate and demonstrate ultraexcellent rate capability. For example, the uniform peapod‐like Fe7Se8@C nanorods represent a high specific capacity of 218 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 3 A g−1 and the porous NiSe@C spheres display a high specific capacity of 160 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 3 A g−1. The current simple MOF‐derived method could be a promising strategy for boosting the development of new functional inorganic materials for energy storage, catalysis, and sensors.
Tropoelastin Implants That Accelerate Wound Repair
Authors: Mithieux Suzanne M. , Aghaei‐Ghareh‐Bolagh Behnaz , Yan Leping , Kuppan Kekini V. , Wang Yiwei , Garces‐Suarez Francia , Li Zhe , Maitz Peter K. , Carter Elizabeth A. , Limantoro Christina , Chrzanowski Wojciech , Cookson David , Riboldi‐Tunnicliffe Alan , Baldock Clair , Ohgo Kosuke , Kumashiro Kristin K. , Edwards Glenn , Weiss Anthony S.
Published: February 2018

A novel, pure, synthetic material is presented that promotes the repair of full‐thickness skin wounds. The active component is tropoelastin and leverages its ability to promote new blood vessel formation and its cell recruiting properties to accelerate wound repair. Key to the technology is the use of a novel heat‐based, stabilized form of human tropoelastin which allows for tunable resorption. This implantable material contributes a tailored insert that can be shaped to the wound bed, where it hydrates to form a conformable protein hydrogel. Significant benefits in the extent of wound healing, dermal repair, and regeneration of mature epithelium in healthy pigs are demonstrated. The implant is compatible with initial co‐treatment with full‐ and split‐thickness skin grafts. The implant's superiority to sterile bandaging, commercial hydrogel and dermal regeneration template products is shown. On this basis, a new concept for a prefabricated tissue repair material for point‐of‐care treatment of open wounds is provided.
In Situ Repair of 2D Chalcogenides under Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Shen Yuting , Xu Tao , Tan Xiaodong , He Longbing , Yin Kuibo , Wan Neng , Sun Litao
Published: February 2018

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) are the two most common types of structures adopted by 2D chalcogenides. In view of their unique physical properties and structure, 2D chalcogenides have potential applications in various fields. However, the excellent properties of these 2D crystals depend critically on their crystal structures, where defects, cracks, holes, or even greater damage can be inevitably introduced during the preparation and transferring processes. Such defects adversely impact the performance of devices made from 2D chalcogenides and, hence, it is important to develop ways to intuitively and precisely repair these 2D crystals on the atomic scale, so as to realize high‐reliability devices from these structures. Here, an in situ study of the repair of the nanopores in MoS2 and Bi2Te3 is carried out under electron beam irradiation by transmission electron microscopy. The experimental conditions allow visualization of the structural dynamics of MoS2 and Bi2Te3 crystals with unprecedented resolution. Real‐time observation of the healing of defects at atomic resolution can potentially help to reproducibly fabricate and simultaneously image single‐crystalline free‐standing 2D chalcogenides. Thus, these findings demonstrate the viability of using an electron beam as an effective tool to precisely engineer materials to suit desired applications in the future.
Deterministic and Etching‐Free Transfer of Large‐Scale 2D Layered Materials for Constructing Interlayer Coupled van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Tao Li , Li Hao , Gao Yun , Chen Zefeng , Wang Lei , Deng Ya , Zhang Jian , Xu Jian‐Bin
Published: February 2018

Transfer of large‐scale 2D atomic layers onto desired targets is crucial for the integration toward practical applications. Conventional wet etching transfer of 2D materials grown on insulating substrates suffers from the degraded film quality caused by the prolonged exposure of harsh chemicals. Also, both the detaching from initial substrate and the attaching to target processes are not spatially deterministic. Herein, by adopting the water‐soluble polyvinyl alcohol as a viscoelastic mediator and polymethyl‐methacrylate as a protecting layer, a green and robust transfer technique is developed for various grown 2D materials. This method is of high degree of freedom, which can realize both selective peel‐off and aligned release. The transferred materials maintain their pristine qualities, as probed by various spectroscopic/microscopic characterizations. This technique promises a universal applicability for a diverse range of 2D materials and growth/target substrates, facilitating facile fabrication of 2D electronic devices with improved performance. Furthermore, by performing restacking steps, van der Waals heterostructures can be built. As a proof of concept, the artificial assembly of monolayer MoS2/WSe2 heterostructure is fabricated, and the strong interlayer coupling from photoluminescence quenching and emerging Raman modes at the junction areas is found, indicating that the method guarantees the ideal interfaces between the transferred materials.
Postsynthesis Potassium‐Modification Method to Improve Stability of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Huang Shouqiang , Wang Bo , Zhang Qi , Li Zhichun , Shan Aidang , Li Liang
Published: February 2018

In this communication, a simple postmodification method to improve the optical properties and stability of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (CPB‐NCs) is reported. By strictly controlling the adding dose of K‐oleate (molar ratio of K/Cs = 1.5/1) into the parent CPB‐NC solution, it is possible to synthesize monodispersed K‐modified CPB‐NCs (K‐CPB‐NCs) with drastically enhanced photo‐ and thermostabilities as well as photoluminescence quantum yields, which are increased to 83% from 65%. Photostability tests show that the parent CPB‐NC film drops to 50% of its original PL intensity after 45 h of illumination, but the K‐CPB‐NC film can maintain 100% of PL even after 153 h. Through the morphology, structure, and composition evolution of K‐CPB‐NCs, these benefits were attributed to the modification of K+ ions, which possibly induces a strong K‐related protective passivation layer on the surface of K‐CPB‐NCs and simultaneously drastically decreases their surface defects.
Manganese(III)‐Mediated and ‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Hydroxysulfonylation of Arylpropiolic Acids with Sodium Sulfinates in Water
Authors: Xiong Yan‐Shi , Weng Jiang , Lu Gui
Published: February 2018

With water as both solvent and reactant, a novel manganese(III)‐mediated and ‐catalyzed synthesis of β‐ketosulfones through decarboxylative hydroxysulfonylation reactions of arylpropiolic acids with sodium sulfinates is described. This protocol has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, easy to handle reagents, purification simplicity, and being environmentally benign, which demonstrate the practical utility of this methodology.

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Use of Opadry®CA—A cellulose acetate/polyethylene glycol system for rate‐controlled osmotic drug delivery of highly soluble antispastic agent Eperisone HCl
Authors: Ahmed Kamran , Shoaib Muhammad Harris , Yousuf Rabia Ismail , Qazi Faaiza , Anwer Sohail , Nasiri Muhammad Iqbal , Mahmood Zafar Alam
Published: February 2018

The study was aimed to prolong the antispastic effect of a highly soluble drug Eperisone HCl by osmotic drug delivery technology. Oral osmotically controlled release formulations of Eperisone HCl were designed and optimized to acquire desired zero‐order release kinetics. Drug cores were prepared by direct compression followed with a semipermeable coating of Opadry® CA. Delivering orifice of variable size was created on Opadry® CA film using different size bits ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 mm, fitted into Proxxon MF70 microdrill. Drug release was determined initially at pH 1.2 for 2 hr then at pH 6.8 up to 24 hr in USP dissolution apparatus‐II. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was conducted, and no interaction was found. Eperisone HCl release in the presence of osmagent showed inverse relationship. Drug release was independent of pore size at 5%–10% osmagent concentration, although this behavior was reversed with the increased osmagent amount (15%). The release was unaffected by dissolution medium pH and agitation rate but significantly altered by changing osmolality of dissolution medium. Release kinetic was shifted from first‐order to zero‐order with the increased osmagent amount. SEM indicated the formation of pores on the surface of Opadry® CA after dissolution. Formulation of controlled release osmotic pumps of Eperisone HCl using Opadry® CA can be used to establish a system for extended release of highly soluble drugs.
Mesoporous Hybrid Electrolyte for Simultaneously Inhibiting Lithium Dendrites and Polysulfide Shuttle in Li–S Batteries
Authors: Zhang Nan , Li Bin , Li Songmei , Yang Shubin
Published: February 2018

A bifunctional hybrid electrolyte composed of mesoporous silica nanosheets and liquid electrolyte is achieved for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. This hybrid electrolyte possesses abundant mesopores (2.8 nm), thin feature (20 µm), and high ionic conductivity (1.17 × 10−1 mS cm−1) as well as a low interfacial resistance with electrodes. Such unique features not only enable the efficient inhibition of the growth of lithium dendrites, but also significantly prevents polysulfide shuttling. Consequently, a Li–S battery with this hybrid electrolyte exhibits a relatively high reversible capacity and good capacity retention.
An experimental and modeling study of vacuum residue upgrading in supercritical water
Authors: Gudiyella Soumya , Lai Lawrence , Borne Isaiah H. , Tompsett Geoffrey A. , Timko Michael T. , Choi Ki‐Hyouk , Alabsi Mohnnad H. , Green William H.
Published: February 2018

Arabian Heavy crude oil was fractionated into distillate and vacuum residue fractions. The vacuum residue fraction was treated with supercritical water (SCW) at 450°C in a batch reactor for 15–90 min. The main products were gas, coke, and upgraded vacuum residue; the upgraded residue consisted of gasoline, diesel, and vacuum gas oil range components. The molecular composition of gas and upgraded vacuum residue was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC, GC × GC). SCW treatment converted higher carbon number aliphatics (≥C21) and long‐chain (≥C5) alkyl aromatic compounds into C1C20 aliphatics, C1C10 alkylaromatics, and multiringed species. The concentrations of gasoline and diesel range compounds were greater in the upgraded product, compared to the feed. A first‐order, five lump reaction network was developed to fit the yields of gas, coke, diesel, and gasoline range components obtained from SCW upgrading of vacuum residue. Distillation of crude oil followed by SCW treatment of the heavy fraction approximately doubled the yield of chemicals, gasoline, and diesel, while forming significantly less coke than conventional upgrading methods. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1732–1743, 2018
Predicting recovery in acute poststroke aphasia
Authors: Hillis Argye E. , Beh Yuan Ye , Sebastian Rajani , Breining Bonnie , Tippett Donna C. , Wright Amy , Saxena Sadhvi , Rorden Chris , Bonilha Leonardo , Basilakos Alexandra , Yourganov Grigori , Fridriksson Julius
Published: February 2018

Objective

Many stroke patients show remarkable recovery of language after initial severe impairment, but it is difficult to predict which patients will show good recovery. We aimed to identify patient and lesion characteristics that together predict the best naming outcome in 4 studies.

Methods

We report 2 longitudinal studies that identified 2 variables at onset that were strongly associated with good recovery of naming (the most common residual deficit in aphasia) in the first 6 months after stroke: damage to left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) and/or superior longitudinal fasciculus/arcuate fasciculus (SLF/AF), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use. We then tested these variables in 2 independent cohorts of chronic left hemisphere stroke patients, using chi‐square tests and multivariate logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes and t tests for continuous outcomes.

Results

Lesion load in left pSTG and SLF/AF was associated with poorer naming outcome. Preservation of these areas and use of SSRIs were associated with naming recovery, independent of lesion volume, time since stroke, and depression. Patients with damage to these critical areas showed better naming outcome if they took SSRIs for 3 months after stroke. Those with preservation of these critical areas achieved good recovery of naming regardless of SSRI use.

Interpretation

Lesion load in left pSTG and SLF/AF at onset predicts later naming performance. Although based on a small number of patients, our preliminary results suggest outcome might be modulated by SSRIs, but these associations need to be confirmed in a larger randomized controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2018;83:612–622
Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy by Reduced Levels of Intracellular Glutathione Obtained By Employing a Nano‐MOF with CuII as the Active Center
Authors: Zhang Wei , Lu Jun , Gao Xiaonan , Li Ping , Zhang Wen , Ma Yu , Wang Hui , Tang Bo
Published: February 2018

In photodynamic therapy (PDT), the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the cell directly determines the therapeutic effect. Improvement in ROS concentration can be realized by reducing the glutathione (GSH) level or increasing the amount of photosensitizer. However, excessive amounts photosensitizer may cause side effects. Therefore, the development of photosensitizers that reduce GSH levels through synergistically improving ROS concentration in order to strengthen the efficacy of PDT for tumor is important. We report a nano‐metal–organic framework (CuII‐metalated nano‐MOF {CuL‐[AlOH]2}n (MOF‐2, H6L=mesotetrakis(4‐carboxylphenyl)porphyrin)) based on CuII as the active center for PDT. This MOF‐2 is readily taken up by breast cancer cells, and high levels of ROS are generated under light irradiation. Meanwhile, intracellular GSH is considerably decreased owing to absorption on MOF‐2; this synergistically increases ROS concentration and accelerates apoptosis, thereby enhancing the effect of PDT. Notably, based on the direct adsorption of GSH, MOF‐2 showed a comparable effect with the commercial antitumor drug camptothecin in a mouse breast cancer model. This work provides strong evidence for MOF‐2 as a promising new PDT candidate and anticancer drug.
Nucleopeptide Assemblies Selectively Sequester ATP in Cancer Cells to Increase the Efficacy of Doxorubicin
Authors: Wang Huaimin , Feng Zhaoqianqi , Qin Yanan , Wang Jiaqing , Xu Bing
Published: February 2018

Herein, we report that assemblies of nucleopeptides selectively sequester ATP in complex conditions (for example, serum and cytosol). We developed assemblies of nucleopeptides that selectively sequester ATP over ADP. Counteracting enzymes interconvert ATP and ADP to modulate the nanostructures formed by the nucleopeptides and the nucleotides. The nucleopeptides, sequestering ATP effectively in cells, slow down efflux pumps in multidrug‐resistant cancer cells, thus boosting the efficacy of doxorubicin, an anticancer drug. Investigation of 11 nucleopeptides (including d‐ and l‐enantiomers) yields five more nucleopeptides that differentiate ATP and ADP through either precipitation or gelation. As the first example of assemblies of nucleopeptides that interact with ATP and disrupt intracellular ATP dynamics, this work illustrates the use of supramolecular assemblies to interact with small and essential biological molecules for controlling cell behavior.
N‐funktionalisierte Ferrocene. Niedervalente Elementchloride der XIV. Gruppe und eine durch tert‐Butyllithium induzierte C‐C‐Bindungsspaltung unter milden Bedingungen
Authors: Nayyar Bastian , Alnasr Hazem , Hiller Wolf , Jurkschat Klaus
Published: February 2018

Die Ferrocen‐Derivate (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArNCH)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} (1, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3)) reagieren diastereoselektiv mit LiR unter Carbolithiierung und nachfolgender Hydrolyse zu Ferrocenylaminen des Typs (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArHNCHR)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} (3, R=tBu; 4, R=Ph; 5, R=Me) in hohen Ausbeuten. Im Falle von R=tBu wurde die Organolithiumverbindung (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArLiNCHR)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} (2) isoliert. Verbindung 2 reagiert mit GeCl2⋅Dioxan und SnCl2 unter Bildung der Metallylenamidchloride (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArMNCHtBu)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} (6, M=GeCl; 7, M=SnCl), die jeweils drei stereogene Zentren enthalten. Das Potential von 7 als Ligand in der Übergangsmetallchemie wird anhand der Isolierung des entsprechenden Komplexes (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArMNCHtBu)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} [9, M=Sn(Cl)W(CO)5] demonstriert. Die Reaktion von tert‐Butyllithium mit 3 bei Raumtemperatur führt zur Spaltung einer Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindung. Unter kinetischer Kontrolle erfolgt dagegen die Lithiierung der Cp‐3 Position und nach Zugabe von SiMe3Cl wird (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArHNCHtBu)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)‐3‐SiMe3} (10) isoliert.
Selective C(sp3)−H Aerobic Oxidation Enabled by Decatungstate Photocatalysis in Flow
Authors: Laudadio Gabriele , Govaerts Sebastian , Wang Ying , Ravelli Davide , Koolman Hannes F. , Fagnoni Maurizio , Djuric Stevan W. , Noël Timothy
Published: February 2018

A mild and selective C(sp3)−H aerobic oxidation enabled by decatungstate photocatalysis has been developed. The reaction can be significantly improved in a microflow reactor enabling the safe use of oxygen and enhanced irradiation of the reaction mixture. Our method allows for the oxidation of both activated and unactivated C−H bonds (30 examples). The ability to selectively oxidize natural scaffolds, such as (−)‐ambroxide, pregnenolone acetate, (+)‐sclareolide, and artemisinin, exemplifies the utility of this new method.
N‐Functionalized Ferrocenes: Subvalent Group XIV Element Chlorides and tert‐Butyllithium‐Induced C−C Bond Cleavage under Mild Conditions
Authors: Nayyar Bastian , Alnasr Hazem , Hiller Wolf , Jurkschat Klaus
Published: February 2018

The ferrocene derivative (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArNCH)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} (1; Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3)) reacts diastereoselectively with LiR by carbolithiation and subsequent hydrolysis to give (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArHNCHR)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} (3: R=tBu; 4: R=Ph; 5: R=Me) in high yields. For R=tBu, the organolithium derivative (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArLiNCHR)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} (2) was isolated. Compound 2 reacts with GeCl2⋅dioxane and SnCl2 to give the metallylene amide chlorides (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArMNCHtBu)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} 6 (M=GeCl) and 7 (M=SnCl), respectively, which each contain three stereogenic centers. The potential of 7 as a ligand in transition‐metal chemistry is demonstrated by formation of its complex (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArMNCHtBu)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)} [9, M= Sn(Cl)W(CO)5]. Treatment of 3 with tert‐butyllithium at room temperature causes an unprecedented carbon–carbon bond cleavage whereas under kinetic control, lithiation at the Cp‐3 position takes place, which leads to the isolation of (η5‐Cp)Fe{η5‐C5H3‐1‐(ArHNCHtBu)‐2‐(CH2NMe2)‐3‐SiMe3} (10).
Unsymmetrical, Cyclic Diborenes and Thermal Rearrangement to a Borylborylene
Authors: Stennett Tom E. , Mattock James D. , Vollert Ivonne , Vargas Alfredo , Braunschweig Holger
Published: February 2018

Cyclic diboranes(4) based on a chelating monoanionic benzylphosphine linker were prepared through boron–silicon exchange between arylsilanes and B2Br4. Coordination of Lewis bases to the remaining sp2 boron atom yielded unsymmetrical sp3‐sp3 diboranes, which were reduced with KC8 to their corresponding trans‐diborenes. These compounds were studied with a combination of spectroscopic methods, X‐ray diffraction, and DFT calculations. PMe3‐stabilized diborene 6 was found to undergo thermal rearrangement to gem‐diborene 8. DFT calculations on 8 reveal a polar boron–boron bond, and indicate that the compound is best described as a borylborylene.
Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Hypervalent‐Iodine‐Tethered Intermediates for the Synthesis of Biaryls
Authors: Hori Mitsuki , Guo Jing‐Dong , Yanagi Tomoyuki , Nogi Keisuke , Sasamori Takahiro , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: February 2018

Metal‐free dehydrogenative couplings of aryliodanes with phenols to afford 2‐hydroxy‐2′‐iodobiaryls have been developed. This reaction proceeds through ligand exchange on the hypervalent iodine atom followed by a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement and with complete regioselectivity. This coupling, in combination with in situ oxidation by mCPBA, enables the convenient conversion of iodoarenes into desirable biaryls. The obtained biaryls have convertible iodo and hydroxy groups in close proximity, and are thus synthetically useful, as exemplified by the controlled syntheses of π‐extended furans and a substituted [5]helicene. DFT calculations clearly revealed that the rearrangement is sigmatropic, with C−C bond formation and I−O bond cleavage proceeding in a concerted manner. Acetic acid, which was found to be the best solvent for this protocol, renders the iodine atom more cationic and thus accelerates the sigmatropic rearrangement.
Verification of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of ritonavir to estimate drug–drug interaction potential of CYP3A4 substrates
Authors: Umehara Ken‐ichi , Huth Felix , Won Christina S. , Heimbach Tycho , He Handan
Published: February 2018

Ritonavir is one of several ketoconazole alternatives used to evaluate strong CYP3A4 inhibition potential in clinical drug–drug interaction (DDI) studies. In this study, four physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of ritonavir as an in vivo time‐dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4 were created and verified for oral doses of 20, 50, 100 and 200 mg using the fraction absorbed (Fa) and oral clearance (CLoral) values reported in the literature, because transporter and CYP enzyme reaction phenotyping data were not available. The models were used subsequently to predict and compare the magnitude of the AUC increase in nine reference DDI studies evaluating the effect of ritonavir at steady‐state on midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate) exposure. Midazolam AUC and Cmax ratios were predicted within 2‐fold of the respective observations in seven studies. Simulations of the hepatic and gut CYP3A4 abundance after multiple oral dosing of ritonavir indicated that a 3‐day treatment with ritonavir 100 mg twice daily is sufficient to reach maximal CYP3A4 inhibition and subsequent systemic exposure increase of a CYP3A4 substrate, resulting in the reliable estimation of fm,CYP3A4. The ritonavir model was submitted as part of the new drug application for Kisqali® (ribociclib) and accepted by health authorities.
Fadenwürmer – fade Würmer?
Authors: Hohberg Karin , Traunspurger Walter
Published: February 2018

Nematoden spielen nicht nur als Parasiten in Mensch, Tier und Pflanze eine – wenn auch negative – so doch herausragende Rolle. Sie wirken vor allem als ausgesprochene Nützlinge für uns: Sie sind als wichtiger, natürlicher Bestandteil des Nahrungsnetzes maßgeblich und unverzichtbar am Nährstoffkreislauf beteiligt. Außerdem setzen wir sie in zunehmendem Maße gewinnbringend in der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung, der ökotoxikologischen Bewertung von Böden und Sedimenten und als ausgezeichnete Modellorganismen für die Forschung ein.
Der Zellkern – eine Stadt in der Zelle, Teil 2
Authors: Cremer Christoph , Szczurek Aleksander , Strickfaden Hilmar , Birk Udo , Cremer Marion , Cremer Thomas
Published: February 2018

Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags zur Zellkernarchitektur beschreiben wir die bahnbrechenden Möglichkeiten der superauflösenden Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (Nanoskopie) und neuer molekularbiologischer Verfahren zur Erforschung der Struktur von Chromatindomänen im Nanometer‐Maßstab und ihrer räumlichen Anordnung zu größeren Aggregaten. Neue experimentelle Daten und Modelle sprechen für eine entscheidende Rolle dieser Strukturen für die Genregulation und andere Funktionen des Zellkerns.
Die Mundhöhle als Ökosystem
Authors: Meyer Frederic , Enax Joachim
Published: February 2018

Zahn‐ und Zahnfleischerkrankungen sind weit verbreitet und basieren primär auf der Anwesenheit bakterieller Biofilme. Die Charakterisierung von Biofilmen kann durch modernste Mikrobiomanalysen erfolgen, die Informationen über Bakterienzusammensetzung und ‐Diversität liefern können.

Moderne Zahnpflegepräparate enthalten unterschiedliche antimikrobielle Wirkstoffe zur Biofilmkontrolle. Hierzu zählen Chlorhexidin, Metallsalze und quartäre Ammoniumverbindungen, die allerdings häufig schädliche (Dysbiose auslösende) wie nützliche (Homöostase aufrechterhaltende) Bakterien abtöten (unspezifische antimikrobielle Wirkung). Aktuelle Entwicklungen zeigen, dass innovative Konzepte das ökologische Gleichgewicht der Plaque in der Mundhöhle zugunsten der „physiologischen kommensalen Bakterien” (Homöostase) verschieben oder die bakterielle Kolonisation an den Zahnschmelz minimieren, ohne ausgeprägte antimikrobielle Eigenschaften aufweisen. Beispiele sind biomimetische Ansätze, zum Beispiel auf Basis ausgewählter Speichelenzyme oder Hydroxylapatit.
Entdeckung im Schlamm: CO2‐Fixierung über den Glycin‐Weg
Authors: Sander Johannes
Published: February 2018

Im Abwasserschlamm wurde ein Bakterium entdeckt, das durch die Oxidation von Phosphit zu Phosphat Energie gewinnt und die dabei frei werdenden Elektronen zur Fixierung von CO2 nutzt. Dazu dient ihm wahrscheinlich ein in dieser Form in der Natur bisher unbekannter Stoffwechselweg, der Glycin‐Weg.
Stare, Ammern und Lerchen: Stille über den Feldern
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: February 2018

Zu den alljährlich mit dem Ende des Winters wiederkehrenden, von vielen Menschen besonders intensiv wahrgenommenen Naturerlebnissen zählen Wanderungen durch Feld und Flur, auf denen die Luft erfüllt ist von den Rufen, Gesängen und Schauflügen zahlreicher Vögel. Doch in vielen Regionen Mitteleuropas gehören diese prägenden Eindrücke bereits der Vergangenheit an. Von Jahr zu Jahr wird es stiller in unseren Offenlandschaften. Sogar einstige „Allerweltsvögel“ erleiden derzeit so umfangreiche Verluste, dass sie auf der Roten Liste landen. Eines der prominentesten Beispiele ist der Star (Sturnus vulgaris, Abbildung 1), Vogel des Jahres 2018.
Neue Arbeitsgruppe „Außerschulisches Biologielernen“
Authors: Gebhard Ulrich , Lindner Martin , Lude Armin , Möller Andrea , Moormann Alexandra , Retzlaff‐Fürst Carolin , Scheersoi Annette , Wilde Matthias
Published: February 2018

Die besonderen Potenziale außerschulischen Biologielernens sind unumstritten. Sie basieren vor allem auf der direkten Begegnung mit Naturobjekten und auf authentischen Kontexten. Auch die in Bildungsstandards geforderte naturwissenschaftliche Grundbildung der breiten Bevölkerung zeigt sich nicht in erster Linie im Klassenraum, sondern außerhalb der Schule. Eine neue Arbeitsgruppe innerhalb des VBIO will sich dafür einsetzen, dass die Möglichkeiten des außerschulischen Biologielernens besser genutzt und mit dem klassischen Biologieunterricht enger verknüpft werden.
Haploide Drosophila‐Embryonen zur Erforschung früher Entwicklungsprozesse
Authors: Arend Meike
Published: February 2018

Haploide Drosophila‐Embryonen, geht das überhaupt? Ja, das geht! Zumindest bis zum Stadium der Gastrulation in der frühen Embryonalentwicklung, denn aus diesen Embryonen entwickeln sich niemals Larven. Trotzdem können sie sehr nützlich zur Erforschung entwicklungsbiologischer Prozesse sein.
Nachrichten des Verbandes Biologie, Biowissenschaften & Biomedizin in Deutschland
Authors: Richter Helene
Published: February 2018

Aus den Fachgesellschaften

German Association for Synthetic Biology (GASB)

Bundesdelegiertenversammlung

Personen

Landesverbände

Sachsen

Ausblick
Der Johannisbrotbaum
Authors: Scheibe Renate , Rösemann Ulrich
Published: February 2018

Im gesamten mediterranen Raum begegnen wir dem Johannisbrotbaum (Ceratonia siliqua) sehr häufig. Als alte Nutzpflanze wird der Baum vor allem in Spanien, Italien, Griechenland, Nord‐Afrika und auf Zypern, aber auch in Kalifornien angebaut. Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet des Hülsenfrüchtlers ist das östliche Mittelmeergebiet.
Salvisertin A, a New Hexacyclic Triterpenoid, and Other Bioactive Terpenes from Salvia deserta Root
Authors: Wang Yin‐Ru , Yu Yun , Li Shu‐Ming , Liu Wei , Li Wei , Morris‐Natschke Susan L. , Goto Masuo , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung , Huang Xue‐Feng
Published: February 2018

Using various chromatographic methods, a new hexacyclic triterpenoid, 2β,3β,24β‐trihydroxy‐12,13‐cyclotaraxer‐l4‐en‐28oic acid (1), together with ten known compounds, 2α,3α,23‐trihydroxyurs‐12,20(30)‐dien‐28oic acid (2), 6,7‐dehydroroyleanone (3), horminone (4), 7‐O‐methylhorminone (5), sugiol (6), demethylcryptojaponol (7), 14‐deoxycoleon U (8), 5,6‐didehydro‐7‐hydroxy‐taxodone (9), ferruginol (10), and dichroanone (11), were isolated from the roots of Salvia deserta. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the reported data. The individual compounds (1, 3 – 8) were screened for cytotoxic activity, using the sulforhodamine B bioassay (SRB) method. As the results, Compounds 3, 5, and 8 showed cytotoxic potency against A549, MDA‐MB‐231, KB, KB‐VIN, and MCF7 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 6.5 to 10.2 μm.
Frontline brentuximab vedotin in breast implant‐associated anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Alderuccio Juan Pablo , Desai Amrita , Yepes Monica M. , Chapman Jennifer R. , Vega Francisco , Lossos Izidore S.
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical Message

We report a woman who developed BIA‐ALCL 9 years after saline implant placement. The lymphoma manifested as a mass lesion associated with axillary lymphadenopathy. She was successfully treated with brentuximab vedotin with minimal toxicity. Brentuximab vedotin may be a promising frontline therapeutic modality for patients with BIA‐ALCL.
Design and Optimization of Fibrous Filter Media Using Lifetime Multipass Simulations
Authors: Azimian Mehdi , Kühnle Christopher , Wiegmann Andreas
Published: February 2018

The goal of this study was to optimize fibrous filter media by increasing the dust holding capacity (DHC) while maintaining the β ratio and initial pressure drop of the filter media. The key was the use of microstructure models to optimize the filter media. The microstructure of three different variations of a filter media for oil filtration was modeled by using the FiberGeo module of the GeoDict® software package. It was found that by optimizing the fiber volume distribution over the height of the filter media, higher DHC values could be achieved while keeping the pressure drop considerably low. This confirms the hypothesis that the macroscopic properties of the filter element can be improved by modifying the microstructure of the filter media.
Purine‐Derived Nitroxides for Noncovalent Spin‐Labeling of Abasic Sites in Duplex Nucleic Acids
Authors: Kamble Nilesh R. , Sigurdsson Snorri Th.
Published: February 2018

A series of purine‐based spin labels was prepared for noncovalent spin‐labeling of abasic sites of duplex nucleic acids through hydrogen bonding to an orphan base on the opposing strand and π‐stacking interactions with the flanking bases. Both 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylisoindolin‐2‐yloxyl and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) were conjugated to either the C2‐ or C6‐position of the purines, yielding nitroxide derivatives of guanine, adenine, or 2,6‐diaminopurine. The isoindoline‐derived spin labels showed extensive or full binding to abasic sites in RNA duplexes, whereas the TEMPO‐derived spin labels showed limited binding. An adenine‐derived spin label (5) bound fully at low temperature to abasic sites in both DNA and RNA duplexes when paired with thymine and uracil, respectively, complementing the previously described guanine‐derived spin label Ǵ, which binds efficiently opposite cytosine. Compound Ǵ was also shown to bind to abasic sites in DNA–RNA hybrids, either in the DNA‐ or the RNA‐strand. Ǵ showed only a minor flanking‐sequence effect upon binding to abasic sites in RNA. When the abasic site was placed close to the end of the RNA duplex, the affinity of the spin label Ǵ was reduced; full binding was observed at the fourth position from the duplex end. In summary, spin labels 5 and Ǵ showed full binding to abasic sites in both DNA and RNA duplexes and are promising spin labels for structural studies of nucleic acids by pulsed EPR methods.
Electronically Unsaturated Three‐Coordinate Aluminum Hydride and Organoaluminum Cations
Authors: Prashanth Billa , Bhandari Mamta , Ravi Satyam , Shamasundar K. R. , Singh Sanjay
Published: February 2018

New three‐coordinate and electronically unsaturated aluminum hydride [LAlH]+[HB(C6F5)3]− (LH=[{(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)P(Ph2)}2N]H) and aluminum methyl [LAlMe]+[MeB(C6F5)3]− cations have been prepared. The quantitative estimation of Lewis acidity by Gutmann–Beckett method revealed [LAlH]+[HB(C6F5)3]− to be better Lewis acid than B(C6F5)3 and AlCl3 making these compounds ideal catalysts for Lewis acid‐mediated reactions. To highlight that the work is of fundamental importance, catalytic hydroboration of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones have been demonstrated. Important steps of the catalytic cycle have been probed by using multinuclear NMR measurements, including successful characterization of the proposed aluminum benzyloxide cationic intermediate, [LAl‐O‐CH2Ph]+[HB(C6F5)3]−. The proposed catalytic cycle has been found to be consistent with experimental observations and computational studies clearly indicating the migration of hydride from cationic aluminum center to the carbonyl carbon is the rate‐limiting step of the catalytic cycle.
Impact of Zeolite Structure on Entropic–Enthalpic Contributions to Alkane Monomolecular Cracking: An IR Operando Study
Authors: Kadam Shashikant A. , Li Haoguang , Wormsbecher Richard F. , Travert Arnaud
Published: February 2018

The monomolecular cracking rates of propane and n‐butane over MFI, CHA, FER and TON zeolites were determined simultaneously with the coverage of active sites at reaction condition using IR operando spectroscopy. This allowed direct determination of adsorption thermodynamics and intrinsic rate parameters. The results show that the zeolite confinement mediates enthalpy–entropy trade‐offs only at the adsorbed state, leaving the true activation energy insensitive to the zeolite or alkane structure while the activation entropy was found to increase with the confinement. Hence, relative cracking rates of alkanes within zeolite pores are mostly governed by activation entropy.
Polarization in France
Authors: Kahr Bart
Published: February 2018

The special relationship between France and the polarization of light from the beginning of the 19th century until the present day is reviewed in the lives and works of Étienne Louis Malus, François Arago, Jean‐Baptiste Biot, Augustin Fresnel, Louis Pasteur, Frédéric Wallerant, Aimé Cotton, Francis Perrin, and Alain Aspect. To avoid a redundant presentation of information that can be found with an Internet search engine, the author emphasizes how the aforementioned individuals have influenced the studies of stereochemistry, molecular chirality, and the polarization of light in his research group.