bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
„Ich lass mich da nicht klein machen!“ Eine qualitative Studie zur Bewältigung von Hatespeech durch Schüler/innen
Authors: Krause Norman , Ballaschk Cindy , Schulze-Reichelt Friederike , Kansok-Dusche Julia , Wachs Sebastian , Schubarth Wilfried , Bilz Ludwig
Published: May 2021

Von Hass und Hetze geprägte Kommunikationsformen im Internet stehen seit einigen Jahren im Fokus der öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit. Kaum beachtet wurden bisher jedoch die Fragen, ob sich solche als Hatespeech bezeichneten Ausdrucksweisen auch in der Schule zeigen und wie Schüler/innen derartige Vorfälle bewerten und bewältigen. Um Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden, wurden 21 leitfadengestützte, episodische Interviews (nach Flick) mit Jugendlichen aus Berlin und Brandenburg zu ihren Erfahrungen und Bewältigungsstrategien in Bezug auf Hatespeech im schulischen Kontext ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass Hatespeech-Erfahrungen von Schüler/innen als belastend wahrgenommen und die eigenen Potenziale zur Bewältigung individuell und situativ unterschiedlich bewertet werden. Insbesondere die subjektive Beeinflussbarkeit bzw. Kontrollierbarkeit des stressauslösenden Hatespeech-Vorfalls sowie die soziale Unterstützung im Setting der Schulklasse scheinen sich auf die Bewältigung auszuwirken. Die berichteten Bewältigungsstrategien lassen sich, dem Transaktionalen Stressmodell entsprechend, in emotionsfokussiert (Einbezug sozialer Unterstützung, Verdrängung und Vermeidung) und problemfokussiert (aktives Ignorieren und Counterspeech) kategorisieren. Die Ergebnisse stützen Forderungen nach Präventionsarbeit in Schulen. Schüler/innen sollten dabei als Expert/innen der Lebenswelt Schule einbezogen werden. Außerdem scheinen Maßnahmen zur Stärkung sozialer und personaler Ressourcen sinnvoll zu sein, um konstruktive Bewältigungsstrategien zu ermöglichen. Zur Konkretisierung und Quantifizierung der Forschungsergebnisse ist weitere Forschung notwendig.
Bildungsbiografische Rekonstruktionen
Authors: Steinbach Anja , Spies Anke
Published: May 2021

Der Beitrag geht aus einer macht- und subjektivierungstheoretischen Perspektive dem beiläufigen und von den Akteur/innen möglicherweise unbeabsichtigten Positionierungsgeschehen im Unterricht nach, indem Anrufungspraktiken und Diskriminierungserfahrungen im institutionellen Kontext der Schule aus der Perspektive von Jugendlichen rekonstruiert werden. Anhand von zwei exemplarischen Sequenzen aus bildungsbiografischen Rekonstruktionserzählungen eines Samples von insgesamt 22 narrativen biografischen Interviews mit Schüler/innen nach dem Abschluss der Sekundarstufe I, werden Erfahrungen von Selbst- und Fremdpositionierungen dargestellt, die an hierarchisierende migrationsgesellschaftliche Differenzordnungen anschließen und im pädagogischen Handeln von Lehrer/innen zum Ausdruck kommen. Wir führen zunächst in zentrale Begriffe und theoretische Zugänge ein, die wir der Analyse des empirischen Materials zugrunde gelegt haben. Anschließend skizzieren wir den Projektkontext und erläutern unser methodisches Vorgehen im Rekurs auf die Erziehungswissenschaftliche Biographieforschung. Danach stellen wir anhand zweier Interviewsequenzen exemplarische Forschungsergebnisse vor, die sowohl auf verbale als auch auf non-verbale Anrufungen im unterrichtlichen Setting verweisen und die Macht migrationsgesellschaftlicher Unterscheidungspraktiken in der Schule verdeutlichen.
Student participation in everyday school life—Linking different perspectives
Authors: Müller-Kuhn Daniela , Herzig Pascale , Häbig Julia , Zala-Mezö Enikö
Published: May 2021

Although student participation is required by convention and law, this is no guarantee of its implementation in everyday school life. The main aim of this article is to show how student participation is perceived by members of the school community and how it occurs in their daily routines. This article examines how students and teachers perceive student participation in upper primary and lower secondary school and which correlations between student participation and student characteristics exist. Furthermore, we investigate which practices of student participation appear in school life and which correlations between student participation and other dimensions can be observed in the daily routine.

The analysis was based on a mixed methods design which enabled the combination of different perspectives, namely of students, teachers and the observer. Survey data from 762 students aged 9 to 15 and 182 teachers as well as ethnographic observations in six classes were analyzed for this paper, using data from the Swiss research project “Strengthen Participation—Improve School”.

The investigation led to the following main findings: while students perceive some participation, teachers perceive quite a lot of student participation. In addition, students are significantly less satisfied with student participation in their school than teachers. Correlations between student participation and the students’ gender, school grade, school performance and attitude towards school exist. In everyday school life, students participate in aspects of content, school organization and social spheres. Further there are observable differences regarding school grade and gender.
Der Zusammenhang von Schuleinstellung und Qualität kind- und klassenbezogener pädagogischer Beziehungen von Lehrkräften
Authors: Schürer Sina , van Ophuysen Stefanie , Michalke Sophie
Published: May 2021

Eine positive affektive Einstellung gegenüber Schule als Ort des Lernens, Leistens und Zusammenlebens kann als zentrale Komponente des schulischen Wohlbefindens gelten. Die Sicherung schulischen Wohlbefindens ist neben der Förderung von Lernprozessen und -leistungen ein grundlegender Auftrag von Schule. Neben Merkmalen des individuellen Kindes und der Unterrichtsgestaltung hat sich insbesondere die Lehrkraft-Schüler/in-Beziehung als Prädiktor des Wohlbefindens herausgestellt. Die Lehrkraft-Schüler/in-Beziehung ist eine pädagogische Beziehung, die professionell-orientiert ist und zur Förderung eines positiven Schulerlebens ausgerichtet ist, indem 1) positive Interaktionen und Wertschätzung sowie 2) fachlich und emotionale Hilfestellung gewährleistet und 3) Mitbestimmung ermöglicht wird. Diese pädagogische Beziehung wird in einer sozialen Gruppe – der Klasse – ausgeübt, weshalb es sinnvoll ist, diesen Gruppenbezug einzubinden. So ergibt sich neben der Lehrkraft-Schüler/in-Beziehung auch eine Lehrkraft-Klassen-Beziehung. In bisheriger Forschung wird der Gruppenbezug vernachlässigt oder durch Aggregierung von Individualbeziehungen nicht adäquat abgebildet. Die vorliegende Studie differenziert zwischen kindbezogener und klassenbezogener pädagogischer Beziehung. Es wird erwartet, dass sich eine höhere positive affektive Schuleinstellung zeigt, wenn die Beziehung der Lehrkraft zum individuellen Kind sowie zur Klasse als Ganzes vom Kind als positiv wahrgenommen wird. Im Rahmen einer standardisierten schriftlichen Befragung wurden Daten von 477 Schüler/innen (Jahrgang 5/6) aus drei Gymnasien in Nordrhein-Westfalen erhoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der Mehrebenenstruktur können Effekte beider Beziehungsfacetten auf die Schuleinstellung regressionsanalytisch nachgewiesen werden. Weitere Forschungsdesiderate werden aufgezeigt und Implikationen für die schulische Praxis werden diskutiert.
Wie legitim ist der Kohlekompromiss? Spannungsfelder und Verhandlungsdynamiken im Prozess der Kohlekommission
Authors: Löw Beer David , Gürtler Konrad , Herberg Jeremias , Haas Tobias
Published: May 2021

Die Legitimität von Expert*innenkommissionen in Demokratien ist stets umstritten, weil Aushandlungsprozesse verlagert werden, die eigentlich in demokratisch legitimierten Gremien stattfinden sollten. Zugleich wird ihre Problemlösungsfähigkeit häufig gelobt. Die bisherige politikwissenschaftliche Forschung zur Legitimität von Expert*innenkommissionen konzentriert sich vor allem auf eine Beurteilung ihrer Funktionen im politischen System sowie auf einzelne Aspekte oder Dimensionen von Legitimität. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein umfassendes Kriteriensystem zur Beurteilung der Legitimität der Kommission Wachstum, Strukturwandel und Beschäftigung („Kohlekommission“, KWSB) entwickelt. Es beinhaltet die Input- (Inklusivität, politische Verantwortlichkeit), Throughput- (Accountability im Prozess, Transparenz, deliberative Arbeitsqualität, Inklusivität und Offenheit) und Outputlegitimität (Problemlösungsfähigkeit und Gemeinwohlorientierung). Dabei wird die Legitimität der KWSB auf Basis von Dokumentenanalysen und Interviews mit 14 der 28 Kommissionsmitglieder bzw. deren Stellvertreter*innen beurteilt. Durch die Kommission wurde ein Vorschlag entwickelt, wie ein schrittweiser Kohleausstieg mit erheblichen Unterstützungsleistungen für die betroffenen Regionen, Beschäftigten und Unternehmen aussehen kann. Über den gesamten Kommissionsprozess sind allerdings intransparente Verantwortlichkeiten, eine Privilegierung der Positionen einzelner Mitglieder sowie ein Ergebnis zu bemängeln, dessen Gemeinwohlorientierung wegen der hohen Kosten des Beschlusses und der geringen klimapolitischen Ambition umstritten ist. Zum Schluss des Aufsatzes wird diskutiert, wie die Legitimität vergleichbarer Kommissionen durch Regulierung sowie direktdemokratische Elemente erhöht werden könnte.
Equilibrium measures of the natural extension of -shifts
Authors: PFISTER C.-E. , SULLIVAN W. G.
Published: May 2021

We give a necessary and sufficient condition on

$\beta $
of the natural extension of a

$\beta $
-shift, so that any equilibrium measure for a function of bounded total oscillations is a weak Gibbs measure.
Brauer indecomposability of Scott modules with semidihedral vertex
Authors: Koshitani Shigeo , Tuvay İpek
Published: May 2021

We present a sufficient condition for the $kG$-Scott module with vertex $P$ to remain indecomposable under the Brauer construction for any subgroup $Q$ of $P$ as $k[Q\,C_G(Q)]$-module, where $k$ is a field of characteristic $2$, and $P$ is a semidihedral $2$-subgroup of a finite group $G$. This generalizes results for the cases where $P$ is abelian or dihedral. The Brauer indecomposability is defined by R. Kessar, N. Kunugi and N. Mitsuhashi. The motivation of this paper is the fact that the Brauer indecomposability of a $p$-permutation bimodule (where $p$ is a prime) is one of the key steps in order to obtain a splendid stable equivalence of Morita type by making use of the gluing method due to Broué, Rickard, Linckelmann and Rouquier, that then can possibly be lifted to a splendid derived (splendid Morita) equivalence.
FREEDOM OF THOUGHT?
Authors: Schauer Frederick
Published: May 2021

Freedom of thought is often explicitly protected in constitutions and human rights documents, and even more often employed as a rallying cry against state tyranny. It is not so clear, however, just what freedom of thought is, what it would be to threaten it, and how, if at all, it differs from basic liberty or freedom. This essay seeks to analyze the idea of freedom of thought, to pose some skeptical questions about its alleged independent existence, and to ask, again with a skeptical mindset, what it is to protect it and why its protection should be so commonly valued.
FREE EXPRESSION OR EQUAL SPEECH?
Authors: Bejan Teresa M.
Published: May 2021

The classical liberal doctrine of free expression asserts the priority of speech as an extension of the freedom of thought. Yet its critics argue that freedom of expression, itself, demands the suppression of the so-called “silencing speech” of racists, sexists, and so on, as a threat to the equal expressive rights of others. This essay argues that the claim to free expression must be distinguished from claims to equal speech. The former asserts an equal right to express one’s thoughts without interference; the latter the right to address others, and to receive a hearing and consideration from them, in turn. I explore the theory of equal speech in light of the ancient Athenian practice of isegoria and argue that the equality demanded is not distributive but relational: an equal speaker’s voice should be counted as “on a par” with others. This ideal better captures critics’ concerns about silencing speech than do their appeals to free expression. Insofar as epistemic and status-harms provide grounds for the suppression and exclusion of some speech and speakers, the ideal of equal speech is more closely connected with the freedom of association than of thought. Noticing this draws attention to the continuing—and potentially problematic—importance of exclusion in constituting effective sites of equal speech today.
MORAL GRANDSTANDING AS A THREAT TO FREE EXPRESSION
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: May 2021

Moral grandstanding, or the use of moral talk for self-promotion, is a threat to free expression. When grandstanding is introduced in a public forum, several ideals of free expression are less likely to be realized. Popular views are less likely to be challenged, people are less free to entertain heterodox ideas, and the cost of changing one’s mind goes up.
FREE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA: HOW TO PROTECT OUR FREEDOMS FROM SOCIAL MEDIA THAT ARE FUNDED BY TRADE IN OUR PERSONAL DATA
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2021

I have argued elsewhere that in past history, freedom of speech, whether granted to few or many, was granted as bestowing some important benefit. John Stuart Mill, for example, in On Liberty, saw it as enabling us to learn from each other through discussion. By the test of benefit, I here argue that social media that are funded through trade in our personal data with advertisers, including propagandists, cannot claim to be supporting free speech. We lose our freedoms, if the personal data we entrust to online social media are used to target us with information, or disinformation, tailored as persuasive to different personalities, in order to maximize revenue from advertisers or propagandists. Among the serious consequences described, particularly dangerous because of its effect on democracy, is the use of such targeted advertisements to swing voting campaigns. Control is needed both of the social media and of any political parties that pay social media for differential targeting of voters based on personality. Using UK government documents, I recommend legislation for reform and enforcement.
A systematic review of the evidence supporting post-operative diuretic use following cardiopulmonary bypass in children with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Foote Henry P. , Hornik Christoph P. , Hill Kevin D. , Rotta Alexandre T. , Chamberlain Reid , Thompson Elizabeth J.
Published: May 2021

Background:

Paediatric cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass induces substantial physiologic changes that contribute to post-operative morbidity and mortality. Fluid overload and oedema are prevalent complications, routinely treated with diuretics. The optimal diuretic choice, timing of initiation, dose, and interval remain largely unknown.

Methods:

To guide clinical practice and future studies, we used PubMed and EMBASE to systematically review the existing literature of clinical trials involving diuretics following cardiac surgery from 2000 to 2020 in children aged 0–18 years. Studies were assessed by two reviewers to ensure that they met eligibility criteria.

Results:

We identified nine studies of 430 children across four medication classes. Five studies were retrospective, and four were prospective, two of which included randomisation. All were single centre. There were five primary endpoints – urine output, acute kidney injury, fluid balance, change in serum bicarbonate level, and required dose of diuretic. Included studies showed early post-operative diuretic resistance, suggesting higher initial doses. Two studies of ethacrynic acid showed increased urine output and lower diuretic requirement compared to furosemide. Children receiving peritoneal dialysis were less likely to develop fluid overload than those receiving furosemide. Chlorothiazide, acetazolamide, and tolvaptan demonstrated potential benefit as adjuncts to traditional diuretic regimens.

Conclusions:

Early diuretic resistance is seen in children following cardiopulmonary bypass. Ethacrynic acid appears superior to furosemide. Adjunct diuretic therapies may provide additional benefit. Study populations were heterogeneous and endpoints varied. Standardised, validated endpoints and pragmatic trial designs may allow investigators to determine the optimal diuretic, timing of initiation, dose, and interval to improve post-operative outcomes.
Abnormal drainage pathway of a supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in a neonate: a case report
Authors: Jamaluddin Johan A. , Ali Norliza
Published: May 2021

Supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is commonly associated with a left-sided ascending vein draining into innominate vein. We present a case of a newborn with a right-sided ascending vein, draining into the right superior caval vein with stenosis at the SVC-ascending vein junction, posing a surgical dilemma in corrective surgery. Usage of three-dimensional computed tomographic scan was essential in delineating the anatomy and aiding surgery. The case demonstrates the rarity of this type of cardiac disease and the complications that develop.
Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions for Family Members and Other Informal Support Persons of Individuals Who Have Made a Suicide Attempt
Authors: Krysinska Karolina , Andriessen Karl , Ozols Ingrid , Reifels Lennart , Robinson Jo , Pirkis Jane
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Background: Individuals recovering from a suicide attempt may benefit from support provided by informal carers, that is, family members and other support persons, who may require support themselves. Aims: This systematic review aims to identify and synthesize available literature on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for this carer population. Method: A search of peer-reviewed literature in five databases was carried out. Studies using any design were eligible and results were synthesized using a narrative review. Results: Eight articles reporting on seven quantitative studies met the eligibility criteria. This included three studies on interventions designed specifically for informal carers and four studies on interventions designed for persons who have made a suicide attempt, and which involved their informal carers. Overall, informal carers were satisfied with support and psychosocial interventions they received. Interventions were related to some improvements in carers' mental health outcomes, lowered burden, and improved ability to provide care. There were mixed results regarding family functioning and quality of life. Limitations: No studies from lower- and middle-income countries were identified and the small number of heterogeneous studies precluded conducting a meta-analysis. Conclusion: Given the low number of studies and their overall poor quality, this review can only draw preliminary conclusions. More high-quality intervention studies are needed to formulate recommendations for effective psychosocial support for family members and other informal support persons after a suicide attempt.
Amphibious Shear Wave Structure Beneath the Alaska‐Aleutian Subduction Zone From Ambient Noise Tomography
Authors: Feng Lili
Published: May 2021

I present a 3‐D isotropic shear wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone offshore of the Alaska Peninsula, based on seismic data recorded by the Alaska Amphibious Community Seismic Experiment (AACSE) array and some other networks. The model derives from Rayleigh wave phase speed measurements extracted from ambient seismic noise. A new three‐station interferometry (Zhang et al., 2020) approach is applied to improve the data coverage of ambient noise surface waves. Based on the ambient noise Rayleigh wave dispersion data, a Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion is performed to produce the shear wave velocity model. There are several prominent structures captured by the model, including: (1) The major sedimentary basins across the study region are identified by model. (2) Crustal thickness estimates are related with the geological structures. (3) The imaged slab edge is consistent with both the Slab 2.0 model (Hayes et al., 2018) and earthquake locations. And lots of geological and tectonic features related to subduction zone are captured, including the serpentinized forearc and partial melting zone beneath the Aleutian arc volcanoes. (4) Near the Shumagin gap, reduction in Vs is observed at the uppermost part of the incoming Pacific plate, consistent with the active source study of Shillington et al. (2015). The Vs reduction reflects hydration of the oceanic plate which could be related to local seismicity variation.
Anthropogenic Speeding Up of South China Flash Droughts as Exemplified by the 2019 Summer‐Autumn Transition Season
Authors: Wang Yumiao , Yuan Xing
Published: May 2021

The emergence of flash drought has raised widespread attention due to its rapid development and devastating impacts, but whether climate change affects its evolution and intensity is still elusive. Here, we investigate a severe flash drought event that fully developed over South China within a month in August 2019 and persisted until November. It has a 1‐in‐229‐year rapid onset speed and 1‐in‐80‐year large intensity due to strong cyclonic anomaly over western North Pacific and persistent local geopotential height anomaly. The attribution based on the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) data shows that anthropogenic climate change has increased the likelihood of onset speed and intensity of the drought event by 24 ± 16% and 37 ± 9%, respectively, which is closely related to anthropogenic temperature increase and precipitation decrease. Our study implies that anthropogenic climate change accelerates the drought onset speed and increases the challenge for drought adaptation.
Subseasonal Forecasts of Opportunity Identified by an Explainable Neural Network
Authors: Mayer Kirsten J. , Barnes Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2021

Midlatitude prediction on subseasonal timescales is difficult due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere and often requires the identification of favorable atmospheric conditions that may lead to enhanced skill (“forecasts of opportunity”). Here, we demonstrate that an artificial neural network (ANN) can identify such opportunities for tropical‐extratropical circulation teleconnections within the North Atlantic (40°N, 325°E) at a lead of 22 days using the network's confidence in a given prediction. Furthermore, layer‐wise relevance propagation (LRP), an ANN explainability technique, pinpoints the relevant tropical features the ANN uses to make accurate predictions. We find that LRP identifies tropical hot spots that correspond to known favorable regions for midlatitude teleconnections and reveals a potential new pattern for prediction in the North Atlantic on subseasonal timescales.
Impact of Lateral Flow on Surface Water and Energy Budgets Over the Southern Great Plains—A Modeling Study
Authors: Yang Zhao , Huang Maoyi , Berg Larry K. , Qian Yun , Gustafson William I. , Fang Yuanhao , Liu Ying , Fast Jerome D. , Sakaguchi Koichi , Tai Sheng‐Lun
Published: May 2021

As the horizontal grid spacing decreases, treatment of hydrologic processes in land surface models (LSMs), such as the lateral flow of surface and subsurface flow, need to be explicitly represented. Unlike previous studies that mainly focused on the mountainous regions, in this study, the offline Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)‐Hydro model is employed to study the impact of lateral flow on soil moisture and energy fluxes over the relatively flat southern Great Plains (SGP). The vast amount of measurements over the SGP provide a unique opportunity to assess the model behavior. In addition, newly developed land surface properties and input forcing are ingested into the model, in an attempt to reduce uncertainties associated with the initial and boundary forcing and help to identify model deficiencies. Our results show that the more realistic inputs (parameters, soil types, forcing) lead to larger underestimation of latent heat flux and dry bias, indicating the existence of model structural uncertainty (embedded errors) in WRF‐Hydro that need to be characterized to inform future model development efforts. Including lateral flow processes partly mitigates the model deficiencies in representing hydrologic processes and alleviates the dry bias. In particular, both surface and subsurface lateral flow increase soil moisture mainly over the lower elevations, except that subsurface flow also affects soil moisture over steeper terrains. Additional simulations are performed to assess the effect of routing resolution on model results. When LSM resolution is high, noticeable differences in soil moisture are produced between different routing resolutions especially over steep terrain. Whereas when LSM resolution is coarse, differences between routing resolutions become negligible, especially over flat terrain.
Biomarker and Carbon Isotopic Evidence of Marine Incursions in the Himalayan Foreland Basin During Its Overfilled Stage
Authors: Roy Biswajit , Roy Sohom , Goyal Kanva , Ghosh Sambit , Sanyal Prasanta
Published: May 2021

The final stages of evolution of the Himalayan foreland basin (HFB) are preserved in the Siwalik Group of rocks deposited by meandering and/or braided rivers in the western and central regions of HFB. However, the time‐equivalent deposits in the eastern part of the foreland provide contradictory evidence of both terrestrial and marine environments. To address the ambiguity, molecular level characterization and stable isotopic composition of organic matter (OM) have been employed in the late Miocene‐Pliocene sequence of the eastern HFB. The n‐alkane distribution, carbon isotopic (δ13C) signature of n‐alkanes and distribution of hopane and sterane isomers suggest OM contributions from both marine and terrestrial sources during the late Miocene period. Increase in short‐chain n‐alkane abundance and gammacerane index, low pristane/phytane ratio, higher δ13C values, higher regular sterane/17α‐hopane, C31R/C30‐hopane and C27/C29 steranes ratios and presence of C30 sterane provides substantial evidence of stratified anoxic conditions and marine influences at specific stratigraphic intervals. During the late Miocene period, mixing of marine OM sources with terrestrial sources argue for marginal marine depositional conditions amid fluvial‐dominating environments. The entry of marine waters in the eastern HFB through the pre‐existing cratonic troughs possibly resulted from eustatic or relative sea‐level rise. No further evidence of marine incursions is observed in the younger Pliocene sediments. The higher detrital influx from the rising Himalayas, the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation and evolution of physical barriers such as Shillong Massifs and Barind Tracts altogether led to the cessation of marine incursions into the HFB.
Multiscale Assessment of Agricultural Consumptive Water Use in California's Central Valley
Authors: Wong A. J. , Jin Y. , Medellín‐Azuara J. , Paw U K. T. , Kent E. R. , Clay J. M. , Gao F. , Fisher J. B. , Rivera G. , Lee C. M. , Hemes K. S. , Eichelmann E. , Baldocchi D. D. , Hook S. J.
Published: May 2021

Spatial estimates of crop evapotranspiration with high accuracy from the field to watershed scale have become increasingly important for water management, particularly over irrigated agriculture in semiarid regions. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment on patterns of annual agricultural water use over California's Central Valley, using 30‐m daily evapotranspiration estimates based on Landsat satellite data. A semiempirical Priestley‐Taylor approach was locally optimized and cross‐validated with available field measurements for major crops including alfalfa, almond, citrus, corn, pasture, and rice. The evapotranspiration estimates explained >70% variance in daily measurements from independent sites with an RMSE of 0.88 mm day−1. When aggregated over the Valley, we estimated an average evapotranspiration of 820 ± 290 mm yr−1 in 2014. Agricultural water use varied significantly across and within crop types, with a coefficient of variation ranging from 8% for Rice (1,110 ± 85 mm yr−1) to 59% for Pistachio (592 ± 352 mm yr−1). Total water uses in 2016 increased by 9.6%, as compared to 2014, mostly because of land‐use conversion from fallow/idle land to cropland. Analysis across 134 Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) further showed a large variation of agricultural evapotranspiration among and within GSAs, especially for tree crops, e.g., almond evapotranspiration ranging from 339 ± 80 mm yr−1 in Tracy to 1,240 ± 136 mm yr−1 in Tri‐County Water Authority. Continuous monitoring and assessment of the dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of agricultural evapotranspiration provide data‐driven guidance for more effective land use and water planning across scales.
The Future of Critical Zone Science: Call for Papers
Authors: Arora Bhavana , Sullivan Pamela , Kuppel Sylvain , Yang Xiaofan , Groh Jannis
Published: May 2021

Contributions are invited to a new cross-journal special collection that describe novel advances in critical zone research, with specific consideration for transferable and broadly applicable science.
Delineating the Role of Calcium in the Large‐Scale Distribution of Metal‐Bound Organic Carbon in Soils
Authors: Wang Simin , Jia Yufu , Liu Ting , Wang Yiyun , Liu Zongguang , Feng Xiaojuan
Published: May 2021

Metal‐bound organic carbon (OC) is vital for the persistence of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, its relative importance in different land types (e.g., upland vs. wetland) remains unclear. Here by analyzing metal‐bound OC by the classic citrate‐bicarbonate‐dithionite method (OCCBD) from 62 soils from contrasting environments, we find that OCCBD constitutes an equally important proportion of SOC (OCCBD%) in wetlands as in uplands. Land‐use type and calcium (Ca) content are the best predictors of OCCBD%, likely owing to the contribution of OC directly associated with sulfate‐extractable Ca (OCNa2SO4) and Ca's bridging and aggregating effect on OCCBD. By further separating OCNa2SO4, we find that OCNa2SO4 accounts for ∼24% of OCCBD in Tibetan‐Mongolian grasslands and its relative contribution to OCCBD shift in an S‐shaped mode along the pH gradient (6–9). These findings highlight Ca's important effect on the distribution of metal‐bound OC at regional scales.
Diversity in Vertical Structures of Internal Tide Dissipation Rate Around the Indonesian Throughflow Exits Simulated by a High‐Resolution Nonhydrostatic Model
Authors: Wen Xixi , Peng Shiqiu , Qian Yu‐Kun , Li Yineng
Published: May 2021

The vertical structure of internal tide dissipation rate ϵ is essential to the parameterization of the internal tide‐induced mixing, yet its diversity has always been oversimplified in ocean circulation models. Based on a high‐vertical‐resolution (10 m) simulation around the exits of the Indonesian throughflow, the diversity in ϵ profiles near both the bottom and the thermocline was investigated by a hierarchical clustering classification. Five typical near‐bottom vertical structures of ϵ were found, of which the bottom‐intensified structure is dominant. From the maximum dissipation depths to the shallower water, all five profiles obey the same decaying function. There are three typical near‐thermocline structures of ϵ: one menifests the thermocline‐intensified pattern and the other two feature a surface‐intensified pattern characterized by a monotonic increase from 500‐m depth to the surface. All three vertical structures near thermocline could be scaled by the reciprocal of the Richardson number.
On the Optimal Design of Field Significance Tests for Changes in Climate Extremes
Authors: Wang Jianyu , Li Chao , Zwiers Francis , Zhang Xuebin , Li Guilong , Jiang Zhihong , Zhai Panmao , Sun Ying , Li Zhen , Yue Qun
Published: May 2021

Field significance tests have been widely used to detect climate change. In most cases, a local test is used to identify significant changes at individual locations, which is then followed by a field significance test that considers the number of locations in a region with locally significant changes. The choice of local test can affect the result, potentially leading to conflicting assessments of the impact of climate change on a region. We demonstrate that when considering changes in the annual extremes of daily precipitation, the simple Mann‐Kendall trend test is preferred as the local test over more complex likelihood ratio tests that compare the fits of stationary and nonstationary generalized extreme value distributions. This lesson allows us to report, with enhanced confidence, that the intensification of annual extremes of daily precipitation in China since 1961 became field significant much earlier than previously reported.
Deep Crustal Contact Between the Pamir and Tarim Basin Deduced From Receiver Functions
Authors: Xu Qiang , Zhao Junmeng , Yuan Xiaohui , Liu Hongbing , Ju Changhui , Schurr Bernd , Bloch Wasja
Published: May 2021

The deep crustal deformation in the east Pamir in response to the Cenozoic collision with the Tien Shan and the Tarim Basin is so far poorly constrained. We present new insights into the crustal structure of the east Pamir and its surrounding regions using P receiver functions from 40 temporary and permanent seismic stations. The crustal thickness reaches a maximum of 88 km beneath the central and southern east Pamir and decreases sharply to 50–60 km along the southern Tien Shan and to 41–50 km below the Tarim Basin. The most prominent crustal structures involve a double Moho, suggesting eastward underthrusting of the Pamir lower crust beneath southern east Pamir, and two Moho offsets, supporting delamination of Asian lower crust below the central east Pamir and pure shear shortening along the northeastern margin between the Pamir and Tarim Basin.
Infrared Spectral Evidence for K‐Metasomatism of Volcanic Rocks on Mars
Authors: Michalski Joseph R. , Niles Paul B. , Glotch Timothy D. , Cuadros Javier
Published: May 2021

Potassium metasomatism is a common geologic process occurring in a range of environments on Earth. K‐metasomatism can dramatically change the chemistry of large volumes of crust resulting in formation of abundant K‐rich feldspar while preserving original rock textures. Remote sensing of Mars has revealed the presence of rare but striking felspar‐rich terrains as well as K‐rich phyllosilicates such as illite or muscovite. Furthermore, the Curiosity Rover has detected evidence for K‐enrichment in rocks at Gale Crater. In this study, we use spectroscopic and remote sensing analyses of K‐metasomatized rocks on Earth as a comparison to K‐rich and/or possible granitic rocks on Mars. The results suggest that evidence for K‐feldspar rich, quartz‐bearing, and illite‐bearing rocks on Mars is consistent with K‐metasomatism. K‐rich rocks in Gale Crater have themselves likely not been metasomatized, but the abundant feldspar within them might have been derived from metasomatized crust.
Seasonal Prediction of Bottom Temperature on the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf
Authors: Chen Zhuomin , Kwon Young‐Oh , Chen Ke , Fratantoni Paula , Gawarkiewicz Glen , Joyce Terrence M. , Miller Timothy J. , Nye Janet A. , Saba Vincent S. , Stock Brian C.
Published: May 2021

The Northeast U.S. shelf (NES) is an oceanographically dynamic marine ecosystem and supports some of the most valuable demersal fisheries in the world. A reliable prediction of NES environmental variables, particularly ocean bottom temperature, could lead to a significant improvement in demersal fisheries management. However, the current generation of climate model‐based seasonal‐to‐interannual predictions exhibits limited prediction skill in this continental shelf environment. Here, we have developed a hierarchy of statistical seasonal predictions for NES bottom temperatures using an eddy‐resolving ocean reanalysis data set. A simple, damped local persistence prediction model produces significant skill for lead times up to ∼5 months in the Mid‐Atlantic Bight and up to ∼10 months in the Gulf of Maine, although the prediction skill varies notably by season. Considering temperature from a nearby or upstream (i.e., more poleward) region as an additional predictor generally improves prediction skill, presumably as a result of advective processes. Large‐scale atmospheric and oceanic indices, such as Gulf Stream path indices (GSIs) and the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, are also tested as predictors for NES bottom temperatures. Only the GSI constructed from temperature observed at 200 m depth significantly improves the prediction skill relative to local persistence. However, the prediction skill from this GSI is not larger than that gained using models incorporating nearby or upstream shelf/slope temperatures. Based on these results, a simplified statistical model has been developed, which can be tailored to fisheries management for the NES.
The SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF3a inhibits fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes
Authors: Zhang Yabin , Sun Hao , Pei Rongjuan , Mao Binli , Zhao Zhenyu , Li Huihui , Lin Yong , Lu Kefeng
Published: May 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. How SARS-CoV-2 regulates cellular responses to escape clearance by host cells is unknown. Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway for the clearance of various cargoes, including viruses. Here, we systematically screened 28 viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and identified that ORF3a strongly inhibited autophagic flux by blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. ORF3a colocalized with lysosomes and interacted with VPS39, a component of the homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex. The ORF3a–VPS39 interaction prohibited the binding of HOPS with RAB7, which prevented the assembly of fusion machinery, leading to the accumulation of unfused autophagosomes. These results indicated the potential mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 escapes degradation; that is, the virus interferes with autophagosome–lysosome fusion. Furthermore, our findings will facilitate strategies targeting autophagy for conferring potential protection against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Structures of a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase condensation domain suggest the basis of substrate selectivity
Authors: Izoré Thierry , Candace Ho Y. T. , Kaczmarski Joe A. , Gavriilidou Athina , Chow Ka Ho , Steer David L. , Goode Robert J. A. , Schittenhelm Ralf B. , Tailhades Julien , Tosin Manuela , Challis Gregory L. , Krenske Elizabeth H. , Ziemert Nadine , Jackson Colin J. , Cryle Max J.
Published: May 2021

Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases are important enzymes for the assembly of complex peptide natural products. Within these multi-modular assembly lines, condensation domains perform the central function of chain assembly, typically by forming a peptide bond between two peptidyl carrier protein (PCP)-bound substrates. In this work, we report structural snapshots of a condensation domain in complex with an aminoacyl-PCP acceptor substrate. These structures allow the identification of a mechanism that controls access of acceptor substrates to the active site in condensation domains. The structures of this complex also allow us to demonstrate that condensation domain active sites do not contain a distinct pocket to select the side chain of the acceptor substrate during peptide assembly but that residues within the active site motif can instead serve to tune the selectivity of these central biosynthetic domains.
Kinetic resolution of indolines by asymmetric hydroxylamine formation
Authors: Wang Gang , Lu Ran , He Chuangchuang , Liu Lei
Published: May 2021

Catalytic kinetic resolution of amines represents a longstanding challenge in chemical synthesis. Here, we described a kinetic resolution of secondary amines through oxygenation to produce enantiopure hydroxylamines involving N–O bond formation. The economic and practical titanium-catalyzed asymmetric oxygenation with environmentally benign hydrogen peroxide as oxidant is applicable to a range of racemic indolines with multiple stereocenters and diverse substituent patterns in high efficiency with efficient chemoselectivity and enantio-discrimination. Late-stage asymmetric oxygenation of bioactive molecules that are otherwise difficult to synthesize was also explored.
An Arabidopsis AT-hook motif nuclear protein mediates somatic embryogenesis and coinciding genome duplication
Authors: Karami Omid , Rahimi Arezoo , Mak Patrick , Horstman Anneke , Boutilier Kim , Compier Monique , van der Zaal Bert , Offringa Remko
Published: May 2021

Plant somatic cells can be reprogrammed into totipotent embryonic cells that are able to form differentiated embryos in a process called somatic embryogenesis (SE), by hormone treatment or through overexpression of certain transcription factor genes, such as BABY BOOM (BBM). Here we show that overexpression of the AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15) gene induces formation of somatic embryos on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in the absence of hormone treatment. During zygotic embryogenesis, AHL15 expression starts early in embryo development, and AH15 and other AHL genes are required for proper embryo patterning and development beyond the globular stage. Moreover, AHL15 and several of its homologs are upregulated and required for SE induction upon hormone treatment, and they are required for efficient BBM-induced SE as downstream targets of BBM. A significant number of plants derived from AHL15 overexpression-induced somatic embryos are polyploid. Polyploidisation occurs by endomitosis specifically during the initiation of SE, and is caused by strong heterochromatin decondensation induced by AHL15 overexpression.
The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics
Authors: Salminen Seppo , Collado Maria Carmen , Endo Akihito , Hill Colin , Lebeer Sarah , Quigley Eamonn M. M. , Sanders Mary Ellen , Shamir Raanan , Swann Jonathan R. , Szajewska Hania , Vinderola Gabriel
Published: May 2021

In 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of experts specializing in nutrition, microbial physiology, gastroenterology, paediatrics, food science and microbiology to review the definition and scope of postbiotics. The term ‘postbiotics’ is increasingly found in the scientific literature and on commercial products, yet is inconsistently used and lacks a clear definition. The purpose of this panel was to consider the scientific, commercial and regulatory parameters encompassing this emerging term, propose a useful definition and thereby establish a foundation for future developments. The panel defined a postbiotic as a “preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host”. Effective postbiotics must contain inactivated microbial cells or cell components, with or without metabolites, that contribute to observed health benefits. The panel also discussed existing evidence of health-promoting effects of postbiotics, potential mechanisms of action, levels of evidence required to meet the stated definition, safety and implications for stakeholders. The panel determined that a definition of postbiotics is useful so that scientists, clinical triallists, industry, regulators and consumers have common ground for future activity in this area. A generally accepted definition will hopefully lead to regulatory clarity and promote innovation and the development of new postbiotic products.
Chloroplast genomes in Populus (Salicaceae): comparisons from an intensively sampled genus reveal dynamic patterns of evolution
Authors: Zhou Jiawei , Zhang Shuo , Wang Jie , Shen Hongmei , Ai Bin , Gao Wei , Zhang Cuijun , Fei Qili , Yuan Daojun , Wu Zhiqiang , Tembrock Luke R. , Li Sen , Gu Cuihua , Liao Xuezhu
Published: May 2021

The chloroplast is one of two organelles containing a separate genome that codes for essential and distinct cellular functions such as photosynthesis. Given the importance of chloroplasts in plant metabolism, the genomic architecture and gene content have been strongly conserved through long periods of time and as such are useful molecular tools for evolutionary inferences. At present, complete chloroplast genomes from over 4000 species have been deposited into publicly accessible databases. Despite the large number of complete chloroplast genomes, comprehensive analyses regarding genome architecture and gene content have not been conducted for many lineages with complete species sampling. In this study, we employed the genus Populus to assess how more comprehensively sampled chloroplast genome analyses can be used in understanding chloroplast evolution in a broadly studied lineage of angiosperms. We conducted comparative analyses across Populus in order to elucidate variation in key genome features such as genome size, gene number, gene content, repeat type and number, SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) abundance, and boundary positioning between the four main units of the genome. We found that some genome annotations were variable across the genus owing in part from errors in assembly or data checking and from this provided corrected annotations. We also employed complete chloroplast genomes for phylogenetic analyses including the dating of divergence times throughout the genus. Lastly, we utilized re-sequencing data to describe the variations of pan-chloroplast genomes at the population level for P. euphratica. The analyses used in this paper provide a blueprint for the types of analyses that can be conducted with publicly available chloroplast genomes as well as methods for building upon existing datasets to improve evolutionary inference.
Experimental and computational evaluation of cyclic solvent injection in fractured tight hydrocarbon reservoirs
Authors: Ghanizadeh Amin , Song Chengyao , Hamdi Hamidreza , Clarkson Christopher R.
Published: May 2021

Multi-fractured horizontal wells have enabled commercial production from low-permeability (‘tight’) hydrocarbon reservoirs but recoveries remain exceedingly small (< 5–10%). As a result, operators have investigated the use of solvent (gas) injection schemes, such as huff-n-puff (HNP), to improve oil recovery. Previous HNP laboratory approaches, classified primary as ‘flow-through-matrix’ and ‘flow-around-matrix’ typically (1) are not fully representative of field conditions at near-fracture regions and (2) require long test times, even when performed on fractured cores. The objectives of this proof-of-concept study are to (1) design and implement a new experimental procedure that better reproduces HNP schemes in near-fracture regions and (2) use the results, simulated with a compositional lab-calibrated model, to explore the controls on enhanced hydrocarbon recovery in depleted tight oil plays. Performing multiple CO2 and (simplified) lean gas HNP cycles, the integrated experimental and simulation approach proposed herein achieves the ultimate recovery factors in a significantly shorter time frame (25–50%) compared to previous studies. The integrated experimental and computational approach proposed herein is valuable for core-based evaluation of cyclic solvent (CO2, CH4) injection in tight hydrocarbon reservoirs for (1) hydrocarbon recovery and (2) subsurface greenhouse (CO2, CH4) gas disposal/storage applications.