bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FSM — non‐intrusive monitoring of internal corrosion, erosion and cracking
Authors: Strømmen Roe D. , Horn Harald , Moldestad Gaute , Kristian Ramsvik John , Wold Kjell R.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion monitoring and inspection is commonly done in industry, for a wide range of applications:
Dissolution of binary alloy films formed on foreign substrates
Authors: Ravindran Visalakshi , Vasantha V.S. , Muralidharan V.S.
Published: February 2008

The electrodissolution of binary alloy films formed on inert substrates is a subject of recent origin. The Cu‐Au and Cu ‐30 per cent alloys, when dissolved anodically, showed a selective dissolution of the less noble metal occurring earlier than the simultaneous dissolution of both the components of the binary alloy films. However, the mode of dissolution, either galvanostatic or potentiostatic, varied the mechanism of dissolution. In the galvanostatic mode of dissolution, the dissolution changed from a preferential to a simultaneous one, while in the potentiodynamic type, simultaneous dissolution occurred. In the case of an ideal solid solution of Cu‐Ni alloy, under linear sweep conditions, an intermediate phase and an intermetallic compound dissolved simultaneously. Only for the eutectic types of alloy like Cu‐Pb and Cd‐Zn the dissolution was selective. On the other hand, Swathirajan considered that the dissolution was always preferential for the less noble metal.
Speciality corrosion inhibitors
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

A corrosion inhibitor may be defined as a material which, when added in small amounts to a corrosive product or environment affecting a metal, effectively decreases its corrosion rate or perhaps prevents it altogether.
Welding multipurpose icebreakers
Authors: Lukkari Juha
Published: February 2008

Describes the materials and methods used in the building of two multipurpose icebreaker vessels by a Finnish shipyard. Details the different welding processes used for each vessel and the welding consumables chosen for each of the vessels' hulls.
Diethyldithiocarbamate as a corrosion inhibitor for copper and brass in sea water
Authors: Latha G. , Rajeswari S.
Published: February 2008

Evaluates the effect of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate on the corrosion behaviour of copper and brass in sea water by way of experimental methods based on immersion studies and polarization measurements. Presents and discusses the results.
Mine rope‐wires under distress
Authors: Mukheijee D.
Published: February 2008

Discusses the distress of mine rope‐wires, under the diverse states of stresses and strains of physical, chemical and mechanical origin. Mine rope‐wires undergo complicated cycles of stresses and strains inside the depth of coal and metal mines. This assumes special significance during summer inside the deeper mines. Summarizes recent studies in this field and compares their results.
A general comparison of chemical and dry media stripping techniques and their corrosive effects
Authors: Cook R.
Published: February 2008

Compares chemical and dry stripping techniques in relation to the aircraft industry. Details the procedures followed and the effects of each operation on the integrity of the metal. Suggests that there are more advantages to dry stripping as it is more operator friendly and would appear to be less hazardous than chemical processes.
The move to cyclic salt‐spray testing from continuous salt spray
Authors: Cremer N.D.
Published: February 2008

Describes methods of accelerated corrosion testing currently being used in the world today and the cabinets available in which to perform the tests. Compares the tests and looks at the results obtained from them, looking at constant salt‐spray testing ASTM B117, cyclic wet/dry Prohesion and the multi‐function automotive cyclic corrosion test which incorporates salt‐spray cycles and high humidity cycles. Gives test results comparing constant salt‐spray to cyclic Prohesion to natural outdoor exposure.
Welding of stainless steels corrosion in welds: effect of oxides, slag and weld defects on the pitting resistance
Authors: Ödegård Lars
Published: February 2008

Points out that the pitting resistance of welds in stainless steels is often inferior to the parent metals, and is an important factor to consider during the selection of materials of service in corrosive environments. Notes that an empirical pitting resistance equivalent (PRE), often expressed as PRE = % Cr + 3.3 × % Mo + 16 × % N, is used to rank different parent metals and that during welding, a number of metallurgical‐and surface‐related reactions take place locally, which make it impossible to predict the pitting corrosion resistance by a single expression. Reviews the effects of oxides, slag and other weld defects on the pitting resistance of welds in stainless steels, and highlights the importance of including the properties of fabricated areas into the life cycle cost (LCC) analyses.
Characterization of sensitized surfaces and weldments of the unstabilized 304 stainless steel
Authors: Mukherjee D. , Muralidharan S. , Parthiban G.T. , Jayaperumal D. , Manoharan S.P. , Balakrishnan K.
Published: February 2008

Sensitization of stainless steels has been posing serious problems to the industries. Techniques for rapid detection of sensitized surfaces are being probed throughout the world. Characterization over a wide behavioural range is essential for the above. Characterizes sensitized surfaces of AISI 304 stainless steel using impedance and tafel‐extrapolation techniques. Welded 304 stainless steel interfaces were subjected to dissolution tests, in different media, for assessing the effect of prolonged post‐stress relieving on the mitigation of surface dissolution. The corrosion rate values were correlated with the period of sensitization and Huey test results. The sensitized stainless steels were also subjected to electrochemical tests in different solutions. From the impedance behaviour of the sensitized surfaces in 3 per cent NaCl electrolyte, it was observed that the rate of fall in the polarization resistance may be used to monitor the extent of sensitization in 304 stainless steel, with better accuracy, than that in utilizing the polarization resistance itself.
Organic corrosion inhibitors for steel pipelines in oilfields
Authors: Al‐Sabbagh A.M. , Osman M.M. , Omar A.M.A. , El‐Gamal I.M.
Published: February 2008

N‐benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (BTAC) and ethoxylated n‐benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (EBTAC) were synthesized. The prepared compounds were characterized, then tested for their evaluation as corrosion inhibitors for steel pipelines in typical crude oil and residual fuel oil (RFO) media through weight loss determination. In addition, the surface properties of the investigated compounds were studied through surface tension measurements in a hydrocarbon system. Calculations of the surface and thermodynamic properties of the tested compounds were undertaken on the basis of the obtained experimental data. Results showed that the two additives achieved a substantial decrease in the corrosion rate and that EBTAC exhibited improved surface and thermodynamic properties and attained more inhibition effect.
Pipes and Pipelines Protection Methods
Authors: Barker A.W.
Published: February 2008

The protection of pipelines against corrosion and chemical attack requires not only the knowledge of the material carried but also of the environment of the pipeline. Pipelines may be buried in various soils or sea water etc. or be exposed to other chemical attack from surrounding chemical plant, industrial atmosphere or exposed to salt‐laden atmospheres. They may be subjected to both extremes of temperature — severe winters and hot summers. Immersed pipelines resting on or near the bottom of the sea‐bed will be subject to abrasion from sand and silt, barnacles and other fouling which can penetrate some coatings. Sulphate‐reducing bacteria are capable of corroding buried pipelines, whether steel or concrete. Protection of pipelines must therefore be carefully considered after studying all of these factors. The very high cost of corrosion of pipelines has led to the development of improved materials, application methods and inspection. The financial benefits gained are considerable — extended life, especially with abrasion resistant coatings, reduced plant shut down, reduced cost of cleaning equipment, guaranteed product purity and increased product through‐put due to reduction in frictional resistance etc.
Loose Polyethylene Sleeving in thecorrosion protection of buriedcast iron pipe
Authors: Andrews E.N.
Published: February 2008

Introduction — Loose polyethylene sleeving Cast iron pipe protected with a works‐applied thin bituminous coating has a long and excellent record of service; in its newest form, ductile iron, it is finding the same universal acceptance.
Some corrosion protection methods for offshore structures
Authors: Rankin Alasdair
Published: February 2008

Corporate promotion of the 350 or so products and services available from the ICI/IMI Group for the Offshore Oil and Gas Industries is the task of a special unit—ICI Offshore, of London. Dr Alasdair Rankin of that organisation outlines some of the solutions to corrosion problems of offshore structures offered by this range of products.
The Corrosion Story
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

During the latter part of the 19th century industrial processes were developed to produce adherent oxide films on steel as a means of protection against corrosion.
The protection of sub‐sea pipelines operating at elevated temperatures
Authors: Wood L.J.
Published: February 2008

An extensive investigation simulating the behaviour of coal tar protective systems on steel pipelines under concrete weight coatings has been carried out. In particular the study has been made of the behaviour of synthetic primer/high temperature coal tar enamel with glass reinforcement under the stresses caused by expansion of the steel pipe within its concrete weight coating. The possibility of shearing of the sacrificial anodes has been given special consideration. At high oil temperatures there tends to be an initial creep of the pipe which gradually ceases within 1/2 weeks, but the total movement amounts merely to a few millimeters. This has been found to apply up to temperatures in excess of 100°C. In order to establish this conclusion, laboratory studies were carried out by three different techniques and the effects evaluated. At elevated temperatures some coal tar oils pass from the enamel to the concrete, resulting in an increase in softening point of the coal tar enamel of up to 20°C. The resistance to creep of the enamel is thus greatly increased while the integrity of the corrosion protective coating is maintained. The conclusion that the coal tar enamel system provides a fully reliable protection at the highest submarine oil temperatures is borne out in experience. A North Sea line has been operating satisfactorily at 113°C, for the last four years.
Vapour phase corrosion inhibitors—a review
Authors: Singh D.D.N. , Banerjee M.K.
Published: February 2008

Like aqueous corrosion of metals, atmospheric corrosion of metallic articles has also been a matter of great anxiety due to the individual and joint action of oxygen, humidity and various types of pollution gases and ions in the atmospheres. As there is no limit of oxygen availability in the open atmosphere, this type of corrosion of metals is mainly controlled by humidity. In industrial mines and marine environments, however, metal attack is controlled by aggressive gases, ions and chloride ions respectively.
HONEY
Authors: Lower Edgar Scott
Published: February 2008

Factors involved in the transformation of nectar from flowering plants into honey have been the subject of study. Honey is said to have many beneficial properties and uses. The methods of extracting and purifying it are described, with detail about its components and some of its chemical and physical properties. The effects of storage and methods of packaging are also outlined.
RETAILER MARKETING IN WE UK
Authors: Piercy Nigel
Published: February 2008

A recent trend affecting the distributive chain in the food industry which has become more prominent is discussed. As retailers increasingly control the marketing of products, the role of the manufacturer is reduced. Recent research at Cardiff Business School into the changes in marketing strategies found significant, long‐term implications for strategists. The roles and operations of retailers' marketing departments and chief marketing executives are described and assessed, as well as the company relationship with manufacturers. Models for retailer marketing strategies are put forward.
THE NATIONAL FOOD SURVEY
Authors: Frank Judith
Published: February 2008

The genesis and purpose of the National Food Survey is discussed. Originally to monitor and improve the “working‐class diet” the survey has broadened to analyse food consumption on seven levels. A major shift of interest has been from nutritional to economic. The survey is now of use to people involved in such disparate fields as applied economics, social medicine and market research.
FOOD POLICY — THE CONSUMERS' VIEW
Authors: Jenkinson Kay
Published: February 2008

The aims and recent interests of a major consumer pressure group, Consumers in the European Community Group (CECG), are described, particularly in relation to additives, labelling, agriculture, irradiation and changes in the EEC. Five principles which the group wants to have applied to new developments in food law and food technology are listed.
British Food Journal – A Retrospective
Authors: Wills Mathew
Published: February 2008

The British Food Journal has had a long and distinguished career as an information source both for those involved in regulation and those who produce within the food industry. Indeed, in 1988 the journal enters its 90th year of this service. A review of its past also provides a review of key trends and evolutions in food manufacture and control. The article highlights key issues and developments from 1899 to 1988.
Clean Food Award Scheme and Competition
Authors: Hobday Derek George
Published: February 2008

Nationally reported food poisoning cases have been increasing, most likely as a result of recent trends to supply food on larger scales and to a public which eats out more often. The Aylesbury Vale District Council reports on its programme of clean food awards, designed to encourage higher standards of hygiene in catering establishments, and describes its success.
HEALTH, DIET AND THE MARKETING OF FOOD AND DRINK — SOME THEORETICAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Daly Lorna , Beharrell Brian
Published: February 2008

Many changes in food consumption trends have taken place in the UK over the last decade. A prime consideration has been the relationship between diet and health, with more consumers than ever expressing an interest in the nutritional profile of foods and the effects of various methods of food preparation and processing. The changes in household composition are also noted.
THE SELECTION OF FOOD BRAND NAMES
Authors: Shipley David , Hooley Graham J. , Wallace Simon
Published: February 2008

The key benefits resulting from the development of effective brand names by firms operating in fiercely competitive food markets are outlined and the paucity of relevant research is noted. This article provides a managerially applicable model of brand name development and presents findings on this subject recently gathered in a survey of food manufacturers.
FUTURE TRENDS IN FOOD RETAILING: RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF RETAILERS
Authors: Dawson J.A. , Shaw S.A. , Rana J.
Published: February 2008

Consideration is given to recent changes in food retailing in Europe. Forecasts of future changes are presented. The forecasts result from a survey of young executives in the European food retailing industry. They see a future with a wider variety of products, more discerning consumers, greater demands being made on manufacturers, more in‐store technology and a levelling of hypermarket growth.
BACTERIAL FOOD‐BORNE DISEASE — A MAJOR ISSUE FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRIES
Authors: Wheelock Verner
Published: February 2008

Food‐borne disease caused by bacteria is acknowledged to be very widespread in Africa, Asia and Latin America but even in advanced areas of the world this is now giving rise to acute concern. The most common causes of this are examined here with special reference to England and Wales, the extreme seriousness of the problem is underlined and various precautionary measures at both producer and consumer levels are recommended for its alleviation.
ARE PRICE REPORTING SYSTEMS OF ANY USE?
Authors: Bowbrick Peter
Published: February 2008

What is the value of public price information systems for wholesale marketing in EC horticulture? Before the advent of today's advanced marketing theory and channelling of information these systems were considered in some quarters to be advantageous but the ramifications of the modern marketing scene and expenditure on modern technology lead some observers to wonder if they are practical and worthwhile. The conclusion here appears to be that in view of their many deficiencies horticulture will be no worse off without them.
INTERESTING TIMES — THE NEW CONSUMER: CURSE OR OPPORTUNITY?
Authors: Dade P.
Published: February 2008

The major problem confronting food technologists in the necessity to be ahead of consumer demand, so that they have the necessary time to be able to develop technology appropriate to that demand at the right time. The solution lies in the study of social value groups, which are identified, and whose changing requirements can be assessed.
HYGIENE OF COLD BUFFET DISPLAYS
Authors: Worsfold D.
Published: February 2008

Food contamination was studied in three catering units of varying sizes, one of which was a self‐service establishment. The conclusions and recommendations are detailed and useful. Existing legislation does not provide the level of protection against contaminated food that consumers are entitled to expect, and new legislation would go some way towards alleviating the situation.
THINKING ABOUT THE UNTHINKABLE: DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Authors: Goldie F.J.
Published: February 2008

A short review is given of recent, costly incidents, such as bacterial contamination, which involve product withdrawal, followed by the recommendation that companies should nominate an emergency co‐ordinator. The duties, authority level, and access to information of such a post are examined, and functions in the early stages of an emergency are discussed, emphasising the need to safeguard the consumers and maintain their goodwill. An exercise to simulate the financial implications of product recall and reimbursement is recommended.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON COMPOSITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CHEESE IN EC MEMBER STATES
Authors: Pappas Christophoros P.
Published: February 2008

Differences in laws and regulations concerning the compositional requirements for cheese in EEC member states were studied. The parameters examined were authorised basic materials, optional ingredients, food additives and materials not allowed. No substantial differences regarding the basic materials were observed. Differences exist in respect to authorised optional ingredients. With respect to authorised food additives there is a considerable variation in the number of additives allowed in each country, although the additives permitted are, in general, within the list of those approved by the EEC Council. Requirements for treating raw materials and legal provisions for different cheese types were also examined.
COMPLETING THE EC INTERNAL MARKET FOR FOOD
Authors: Fallows Stephen J.
Published: February 2008

The EC has declared its intention to complete the Single Internal Market by the end of 1992. This will have an impact throughout European industry. The food industry was highlighted as subject to profound changes in legislative control over the next few years.
DEVELOPMENT OF AND DEMAND FOR NEW FOOD AND DRINK PRODUCTS
Authors: Mayo Nancy , Denison‐Pender Michael
Published: February 2008

During the 1980s consumers have had an increased level of disposable income, which has been shown in increased spending on food and drink. Shopping habits have changed and interest in natural foods among consumers has grown. These trends are examined in the context of three GIRA studies.
RECYCLING CONTAINERS OF LIQUIDS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Authors: Ridge S.R. , Cull C.
Published: February 2008

An investigation of the recycling of food packaging materials within the UK is described, given the introduction of the EEC Directive on the containers of liquids for human consumption (85/339/EEC). There are considerable energy savings associated with recycling. Glass and metals can be effectively recycled, but participation levels are too low. The main conclusion is that there are few technical problems associated with recycling — but there is a major political problem. Until such time as the electoral system is changed to proportional representation, the importance of ecological issues will be poorly represented.
REVIEW OF THE FOOD ACT
Authors: Roberts David
Published: February 2008

A new Food Act is essential. Some reasons for this are established and some shortcomings of the existing legislation described.
THE STRUCTURE OF FOOD LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Jukes David J.
Published: February 2008

A comprehensive description of food law enforcement in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland is presented. The history of food law is described together with the probable consequences of future EEC legislation on the UK situation.
COMPARATIVE LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON COMPOSITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ICE‐CREAM IN THE EEC
Authors: Pappas Christophoros P.
Published: February 2008

Differences in the laws and regulations with respect to basic materials, optional ingredients and food additives authorised in ice‐cream manufacture in the EC members states were studied. No substantial differences exist regarding most of the basic materials. However, there are differences in certain of these materials, e.g. non‐milk fats, skimmed milk powder or sweetners other than sucrose. More differences exist among the optional ingredients and food additives. Most of the food additives authorised by each state ae in the list of additives approved by the EC Council. Compositional requirements for different ice‐cream types were also studied.
PROCESSED WATER IN THE POULTRY INDUSTRY
Authors: Hall J.C.
Published: February 2008

Water, as a vital component in the processing of poultry and poultry meat, is discussed with regard to its effect on the product offered to the consumer.
LEGISLATION AND CODES OF PRACTICE: NUTRITION INFORMATION IN FOOD MARKETING
Authors: Kirk T.R. , Arens U.
Published: February 2008

Recent interest in nutrition has provoked the use of this subject in the labelling and marketing of food products. Current legislation and guidelines pertaining to this area are examined. The importance of nutritional labelling and claims, in supporting efforts by health education staff in promoting nutrition awareness, is described.
Planning new overhaul, heavy maintenance and spare part organisation within the airline industry
Authors: BROWNE WILLIAM G.
Published: February 2008

Possibilities for improved maintenance policies in the age of the Jumbo and the SST are discussed in this paper which suggests possible strategies for cost savings
Systems planning in physical distribution: a pre‐production application
Authors: LITTLE WALLACE I.
Published: February 2008

The justification for integrated management is known and accepted among most management scholars. Physical distribution offers a unique opportunity for instituting a systems approach to functional areas of the firm. Its three sub‐functional areas of purchasing, transportation and storage incorporate great opportunity for cost trade offs.
Planning the Distribution System
Authors: WALTERS DAVID
Published: February 2008

This monograph considers recent developments in management techniques and proposes their use in physical distribution system planning. The recent developments in physical distribution management are reviewed and the author considers how such techniques as missions analysis and systems thinking may be combined into a useful planning model with which the problems of physical distribution system design may be analysed and solved. The monograph is not specific in that it does not offer management “ten easy steps to system design”. It takes a broad view of the problems involved and is concerned with an approach to system planning rather than specific problem solutions.
MARKET AREAS FOR OCEAN SHIPPING
Authors: Ungar Andrew
Published: February 2008

Every port has an inland area tributary to it, a cargo shed area, on which it depends for its shipping market. The identification of this “natural” hinterland of a port, or of a range of ports, is of considerable interest to port authorities, port service companies, transportation companies, and regulatory and policy‐making government agencies. A hinterland can be thought of as a cargo shed area in at least two senses: as comprising the domestic origins and destinations of cargoes presently moving through the port, and as the inland area in which the port has a favourable economic position as a trans‐shipper of imports and exports. The two areas so defined certainly have a substantial overlap, but they do not necessarily coincide.
THE APPLICATION OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING TO A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ORIENTATED TOWARD SERVICE
Authors: Marien Edward J.
Published: February 2008

A manufacturer of a seasonal, bulky commodity is confronted with the problem of how to distribute his product in an efficient and timely manner. The manufacturer's distribution system has been modelled using systems network theory borrowed from electrical engineering. The system's model is then solved utilising linear programming. The results of the anaylsis are represented as a graphical relationship between costs and service. The firm's managers can now better understand the tradeoffs in costs and service associated with alternative distribution systems.
IMPROVING PROFITS WITH DISTRIBUTION SERVICES
Authors: Christofides Nicos , Watson‐Gandy C.D.T.
Published: February 2008

The choice of what services to provide to customers is a problem of strategic significance to most companies, yet this is a decision which is often taken in an arbitrary fashion for purely qualitative and subjective reasons. The decision made here can have serious repercussions in many areas of company operations and especially in the design and operation of the distribution system. For example, a decision to deliver to all customers within twenty‐four hours of receipt of an order can lead to a distribution system involving a large number of small, expensive depots and an underutilised delivery fleet. On the other hand an unreliable service, with many partially filled orders or frequently damaged articles for example can mean a loss of sales as customers go elsewhere.
Fixed Facility Location Techniques
Authors: Chentnik C.G.
Published: February 2008

Plant location has been an enigma for planners since the Middle Ages. As early as 1647 Cavaliere tried to find a point which minimised the distance between three given locations. A special case of this problem was formulated by Heinen in 1834. Fagano increased the problem from one considering three points to one of four. Fagano's work was extended to the case of n points by Tedenat in 1810.
Explaining Rail On‐time Delivery Performance
Authors: DeHayes Daniel W.
Published: February 2008

This paper rates a series of factors that managers believe influence the on‐time delivery of rail transportation for shippers of grain and grocery products. These variables are empirically tested through a series of statistical techniques. On‐time performance is found to be dependent on a combination of route, situation, and patronage variables. Railroad efforts to reduce or simplify terminal operations are supported by the findings of this study. The feeling expressed by some distribution managers concerning the hopelessness of affecting on‐time performance is partially confirmed although several positive guidelines for action are offered. Finally, claims that larger carrier size yields better service are not supported by this study.
The Concept and Cost Elements of Physical Distribution
Authors: Pope A.L.
Published: February 2008

The fundamental aim of any distribution system must be to provide the necessary levels of customer service, so as to maintain and expand profitable business, at the minimum total cost compatible with such service levels. All other objectives, in any distribution organisation, should directly or indirectly contribute towards achieving this basic aim.
Job Assignments in Physical Distribution Organisations
Authors: Withey John J.
Published: February 2008

Physical distribution organisations may be defined as organisational units whose duty is to administer economic activities that impact upon the flow of finished goods between points of production and consumption. Physical distribution components occupy a unique role in the organisation. Their mission has been defined as “getting the right assortment of materials to the right location in an efficient manner timely to marketing and manufacturing requirements”. To accomplish this mission there must be continual interaction between suppliers of materials and receivers of materials. Material suppliers can be thought of as the rest of the organisation of which the physical distribution component is a part, primarily the production or manufacturing component. Receivers of materials are the organisation's customers or distribution points. The physical distribution organisation, by virtue of the activities it performs, must deal with both the internal suppliers and the external receivers.
Load and Vehicle Sizes in Oil Product Deliveries
Authors: Bailey A.C.N. , Gascoigne I.M.
Published: February 2008

This article describes an investigation into the factors affecting load and vehicle sizes for road delivery of oil products. An overall framework of analysis was developed, a sampling method was used, and potential cost savings identified and achieved. The ability to construct an analytical framework of sufficient accuracy depended on a reasonably convincing costing formula for part loads, which is also described.
Supply Problems of Small Unit Grocers:
Authors: Kirby D.A.
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the way small unit retailers in Nottingham Metropolitan area use the two major channels of distribution available to them. It suggests that these two forms of wholesaling are, to some extent, counter productive and concludes that the problems of supply require detailed examination if the future of the independent retailer in Britain is to be assured.
Transport Service Choice: Punctuality or Speed?
Authors: Saleh Farouk A. , Das C.
Published: February 2008

A physical distribution network can best be analysed and studied as a set of distribution nodes connected chiefly by two kinds of flows: a transportation flow and an informational flow. Co‐ordinating the activities of these two major components is a pre‐requisite for the successful operation of any business enterprise. For unless the company employs its own private carriage, the shipper controls over customer service stops short only at his own dockyard. To be sure, the performance of a transport carrier influences to a large extent the effectiveness of the entire logistics function. For this reason alone, it is not surprising that the selection of an appropriate transport mode and the selection of a given carrier within each mode is indeed an important business decision. Yet, the carrier selection decision has traditionally been characterised by a lack of definitive analysis. In general terms, carrier choices have been based on a combination of rational and emotional motives with emphasis on the latter.
Communicating with Resellers
Authors: Stern Louis W.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to explore possible mechanisms that could be employed by members of a distribution channel to increase the level of meaningful communication among them, especially in actual or potential conflict situations. Pragmatically, our concern is with achieving the establishment within a channel of superordinate goals—goals greatly desired by all those caught in dispute or conflict which cannot be attained by the resources and energies of each of the parties separately, but which require the concerted efforts of all parties involved. It is proposed here that channel members approach the state where they can adopt such goals as communication and interaction between them increase.
The Cost of a Stock‐out
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

At a time when “out of stock” is rapidly becoming a way of life there is merit in attempting to assess the cost to the business. This article suggests some of the areas which should be considered.
Coalition Theory and Channels of Distribution: An Alternative Power Strategy
Authors: Harvey Michael G.
Published: February 2008

This article applies the theory of coalition formation in triads to channels of distribution. The theory explains alternative power strategies of weaker (smaller) channel members to dominance by more powerful channel entities. Six pre‐coalition situations are examined to aid in predicting the possible conditions that may form, given an uneven distribution of power in the channel system. This type of analysis could be used to predict disadvantageous power combinations in the channels of distribution to the overall macro effectiveness of the channel system.
How Stores are Recalled
Authors: Goldman Arieh
Published: February 2008

Store names are perhaps the most visible aspect of the store entity, and are one of the main features used by consumers to specify and identify a store. Also, store names are often used as clues for consumers' store choice decisions. It is, therefore, not surprising that store names are a most frequently used item in store advertisements and that many stores regard achieving consumers' familiarity with their names as one of the most desired objectives of their store promotion programmes. Do consumers actually use store names as their main clue for the identification of stores ? The results of a study reported in this article indicate that the issue is not as simple as it seems. When consumers are asked to recall and identify the stores where, say, they have made their most recent furniture purchase, they do indeed recall many of these stores by their names. In a sizeable proportion of the cases, store names cannot, however, be remembered and stores are identified in “area” type terms‐the street or general area where they are located. The focus of the present article is the store recall issue. The magnitude of the phenomenon of stores recalled in “area” type terms is first studied, the importance of this phenomenon is demonstrated and some possible explanations for it are suggested. These explanations are then empirically tested and, finally, the implications of the analysis for store promotion strategy are discussed.
Packaging as a Source of Profit
Authors: Wills Gordon
Published: February 2008

This monograph eschews the view that packaging is an exclusively marketing tool, or for that matter the concern of the distribution function alone. The author insists that a total systems view should be taken of the multiple purposes which the pack must meet. This poses very real problems for at least three levels—the conceptual acceptance of the proposition, its interpretation into operational terms, and implementation/control of the packaging activity. This discussion is intended for all directors of companies with a substantial recurrent expenditure in packaging as well as for members of the distribution function itself. Accordingly, it takes a managerial rather than a technical view of packaging. It stresses the critical importance of the state of goods on arrival with the customer; the aesthetics and sales power of packaging; the informative role of the pack; issues of unitisation; handling problems at all stages in the channel; and the ecological/environmental aspects in contemporary society. At each juncture, sensible plans of action are proposed.
A Small Shipment Rate Structure and User Attitudes
Authors: Constantin J.A. , Jerman R.E.
Published: February 2008

The overall purpose of this article is to encourage all of those involved in the process of making rates for small shipments to examine a different framework within which these shipments may be priced. Our three objectives derived from the purpose are (1) to explain the concept of a proposed rate structure for small shipments; (2) to analyse the attitudes of users toward both the rate structure and toward six significant issues related to small shipments; and (3) to indicate that while the problem may be obscured in some other countries, it is probably as real as it is in the United States. Since the focus is on attitudes of users and not on the structure itself, we provide only enough information to enable the reader to understand the concept of the structure. To reach the objectives, after a brief discussion of the background and perceptions of the problem, the proposal is outlined and results of a simulation using it are discussed. Then, users' attitudes toward both the proposal and the six issues are discussed. Finally, some of the implications of the proposal are outlined.
Measuring the Retail‐Consumer Link in Consumer Logistics
Authors: Crask M.R. , McKay D.B.
Published: February 2008

Attention has been paid recently to the retail‐consumer link in the distribution channel. The importance of this attention, both for the retailer's revenues and the consumer's satisfaction, is obvious, but the way in which this link should be modelled is not obvious. A critical component for any such model is a measure of retail‐consumer separation or distance. In this article a measure of cognitive distance is proposed and evaluated with encouraging results.
Communications Forum
Authors: Rand Graham K.
Published: February 2008

The article by Merchant discusses two choices to be made by a practitioner faced with a facility location problem:
Customer Service: Differentiating By Market Segment
Authors: Gilmour Peter , Borg George , Duffy Peter A. , Johnston Nigel D. , Limbek B.E. , Shaw Michael R.
Published: February 2008

Most companies establish customer service policies which are then uniformly applied to all customers with the possible exception of providing superior service to the few largest customers. In this article the service provided by the major suppliers in the scientific instrument and supplies industry in Australia is examined. This is contrasted to the service requirements of their customers in toto and by segment. Considerable differences were found between the service provided and the service required. Also service requirements differed significantly between customer segments. Competitive advantage can be obtained by the supplier providing differential service levels by customer segment.
Trends in Computer Applications in Transportation and Distribution Management
Authors: House R.G. , Jackson G.C.
Published: February 2008

In the past few years significant changes in computer technology have taken place. The development of the mini and micro computer for business applications has occurred in the past five years. New mass storage devices, faster central processing units and more sophisticated input/output devices have also been developed recently. These technological developments have fostered further use of the computer in the management of physical distribution operations. This paper describes the nature of the changes in distribution operations and in the distributions manager's use of the computer to control distribution activities. The survey reported in this paper explores the changes in the use of the computer to control all distribution management activities. Comparisons are drawn with a similar survey conducted in 1972. The paper also presents more detailed information about the use of the computer as a diagnostic and planning tool than has been presented before.
A Methodology for Calculating Inventory Carrying Costs
Authors: La Londe Bernard J. , Lambert Douglas M.
Published: February 2008

Inventory carrying costs represent one of the highest costs of distribution. Although they are a necessary input to the design of logistical systems, such costs are ignored by many companies and when they are used usually represent estimates or industry benchmarks. The authors present a methodology designed to provide managers with a practical framework for determining the costs of carrying inventory.
Problems and Policies Affecting the Small Shop
Authors: Dawson John A. , Kirby David A.
Published: February 2008

Since the early 1970s considerable interest has been focussed, by a variety of bodies in many countries, on the problems faced by small shop operators. The result has been an increased awareness of these problems by policy makers and planners at both the national and local level but there have been few attempts to solve the problems. The problems are neither new nor unique to Britain. In America, for instance, research in the 1930s defined particular problems and subsequent studies attempted to determine the future of the small shop in the American retail system. In contrast, the early British workers were concerned to describe the trading characteristics of small unit retailing and it was not until the publication of the Bolton Committee findings in 1971 that attention was focussed specifically on the operational problems of the small retail unit. As a consequence, British retail planning, in contrast to many other European countries, possesses few formal policies of direct relevance to the small shop.
Computer Scheduling of Beer Tanker Deliveries
Authors: Crawford J.L. , Sinclair G.B.
Published: February 2008

Recently Foster and Ryan developed a new method for the vehicle scheduling problem (VSP). This article applies their method to a practical VSP involving the delivery of pressurised fluids, and demonstrates its effectiveness.
The Cellular Flow Logistics Costing System
Authors: Little Wallace I.
Published: February 2008

There is need for a new, more precise, more integrated system for logistics costing. The integration of purchasing, transportation (traffic) and storage operations throughout the vertical stream, from source of materials to the consumer is discouragingly complex. It cannot be accomplished by departmentalising logistics functions, performing average and joint commodity costing, and dealing primarily with direct costs. The volume of records may be representative, but there is a very apparent lack of costing systems to facilitate logistics planning. The volume of shipment is the key to logistics cost analysis, just as volume of production is the independent variable in conventional economic analysis. Logistics costs vary with changes in the volume of shipment. Cost per hundredweight is the unit for cost analysis under the Cellular Flow Planning System. It is measured on a specific commodity, between specific points. Purchase price, transport rate, linear increasing costs, constant and single payment decreasing costs are the five classes of costs used to compare competitive volumes of shipment. All significant logistics costs can be so classified. This article presents only the rationale behind the unit for cost measurement, the classification of costs, and the means of comparison.
Integrated Information Systems for Materials Management
Authors: Skjoett‐Larsen Tage
Published: February 2008

An essential part of any logistics system is the information flow related to the physical transactions. Without accurate and timely information the logistics system cannot respond efficiently and in a co‐ordinated way. Traditionally information systems in most companies have developed in a relatively unplanned, evolutionary way with little thought given to the inter‐relationships between the various subsystems. Manual systems have gradually been automated as the computer becomes more widespread, but the computerised operating units have normally been treated as independent subsystems. The next step in the development process is, however, to attempt to integrate all the inter‐related subsystems into an overall logistics information system. In this article we will focus on the general structure of the logistics information system (LIS), the interactions between the various subsystems, and the implications of integrating the system. The purpose is to present a conceptual framework around which an integrated logistics information system can be developed.
Why Materials Management?
Authors: Farmer David H.
Published: February 2008

The philosophical arguments for adopting Logistics Management as an organisational concept are formidable. They embrace thinking which envisages an organisation as a whole rather than as a series of elements. They promote the idea of effective collaboration between the various elements of a system towards the achievement of commonly agreed objectives. They indicate the problems caused by attempting to optimise at the “element” level rather than in respect of the enterprise as a whole. And they imply that many problems occur between departments (elements') rather than in them.
Materials Management: The Other Side of PDM
Authors: Lancioni Richard A. , Palmquist James
Published: February 2008

The classical definition of PDM focuses on the broad spectrum of distribution activity, from the inbound raw materials; to the finished product flow; and to the end user. The definition is often stated as “all of the activities involved in the flow of goods from the manufacturer to the consumer which include inventory control, transportation, warehousing, order processing, materials management, and purchasing”. But despite the broad view described in the definition, little attention is given to the raw materials flow and to the entire area of Materials Management. Physical Distribution managers tend to disregard the inbound flow and regard it as the responsibility of some other management group in the company, specifically purchasing and/or production. The need for a well co‐ordinated and efficient distribution system demands that the PD manager pay more attention to the inbound material flow. The outcome of the decisions that a PD manager makes depends to a great degree on how well materials management and PDM are co‐ordinated in a firm:
Mode Choice in the context of Production Runs
Authors: Binkley John
Published: February 2008

Many studies of distribution cost have suggested the importance of inventory in the make‐up of total distribution cost. Substantial cost savings can be realised by freeing capital tied up in inventory; these are often the largest category of cost saving realised as a result of switching to premium transportation. This being the case, a shipper must normally be in a position to reduce inventory if he is to be induced to utilise premium transportation. But in some circumstances, unrelated to distribution factors, it may not be possible to cut inventory. The length of production runs constitute one such circumstance and as such pose a serious difficulty for air carriers and others who attempt to sell premium transportation service.
Materials Planning and Provisioning in an Airline
Authors: Subramaniam S.
Published: February 2008

Airlines all over the world are facing financial stringencies. Capital costs for equipment replacement have skyrocketed. The operational costs have been increasing due to fuel costs, landing costs, wages and salaries etc. The growth of traffic and revenue receipts have been lagging behind forecasts. Hence, cash surplus generated by the airlines have dwindled. Some airlines even have run into working capital problems. All these developments seem to indicate that the airlines of the world have to seek new avenues of economising and cost control. One such area seems to be materials planning and provisioning.