bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and properties of α‐cyclo[N]thiophenes as potential electronic materials – a theoretical study
Authors: Fabian Jürgen , Hartmann Horst
Published: May 2007

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of ring‐shaped α‐cyclo[N]thiophenes with N = 2 to N = 18 have been performed for ideal structures of high symmetry (point groups Cnv and Dnh) and for optimum energy structures of lower symmetry (D2d, Cs, C2v, Ci or C1). Whereas the first three members of the series behave exceptionally the higher members are typical cyclothiophenes consisting of weakly interacting thiophene rings. In contrast to neutral compounds, cations and dications of cyclothiophenes with N ≥5 exhibit pronounced electron delocalizations along the carbon backbone. However, if the functional B3LYP is replaced by BH cations of large ring‐size cations show polaron‐type charge defects. According to broken symmetry DFT calculations dications with N = 14 and N = 18 have biradical character. These structures correspond to two‐polaron‐type structures rather than to dipolarons. The calculated vertical ionization energies of cyclo[N]thiophene are comparable with those of oligo[N]thiophenes of the same number of thiophene rings but the calculated absolute energies are probably too low at large ring size. Cyclothiophenes absorb light of lower energies than the related oligothiophenes. Cyclothiophenes belong to the strongly absorbing organic chromophores. In case of high molecular symmetry some of the excited states of cyclothiophenes are degenerate. The degeneracy is lifted with lower symmetries but the general absorption feature remains. The theoretical results are discussed with respect to recent experimental findings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of fluorine‐containing poly(aryl ether oxadiazole)s
Authors: Sato Natsuko , Tanaka Ken , Masaki Shunsuke , Yamazaki Shinichi , Kimura Kunio , Nishichi Ai
Published: May 2007

Fluorine‐containing poly(aryl ether 1,3,4‐ozadiazole)s were synthesized by the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 2,5‐bis(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole and various bisphenols in the presence of potassium carbonate. The polymerizations were carried out at 30 °C in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone to avoid the gelation caused by a crosslinking reaction atparaandorthocarbons to the 1,3,4‐oxidiazole ring. The obtained polymers were allpara‐connected linear structures. The obtained fluorine‐containing poly(aryl ether 1,3,4‐ozadiazole)s showed excellent solubility and afforded tough, transparent films by the solution‐casting method. They also exhibited a high glass transition temperature depending on the molecular structure, and the glass transition temperature could be controlled by the bisphenols in the range of 157–257 °C. They showed good thermal stability and excellent hydrophobicity due to the incorporation of the 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐1,4‐phenylene moiety. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2855–2866, 2007
Magnetic properties of screen‐printed (Y0.5Sm0.5)Co5 magnet arrays
Authors: Bueno‐Baques D. , Maldonado‐Chavéz L. , Hidalgo‐González J. L. , Corral‐Flores V. , Matutes‐Aquino J. A.
Published: May 2007

(Y0.5Sm0.5)Co5 magnet arrays of square μdots of 300 μm were prepared by screen printing. A well controlled paste like ink prepared with the (Y0.5Sm0.5)Co5 nanoparticles and a mixture of organic solvent and polymer was used to print different pattern arrays. (Y0.5Sm0.5)Co5 nanoparticles were obtained by mechanical milling starting from arc melted ingots and heat treated in Ar atmosphere. Two different heat treatment were considered, resulting in powders with different magnetic properties. The microstructure of the magnet arrays was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An isotropic homogeneous distribution of the nanoparticles inside the μdots was observed. The final shape of the μdots in the array was found to be highly dependent on the squeeze pressure and speed over the mesh. Magnetic properties were studied by pulsed field magnetometry and vibrating sample magnetometry at room temperature. The micro size arrays showed lower saturation magnetization and a slightly increase in the coercive field. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Complete matchings in random subgraphs of the cube
Authors: Bollobás Béla
Published: May 2007

In this article it is shown that for almost every random cube process the hitting time of a complete matching equals the hitting time of having minimal degree (at least) one and also the hitting time of connectedness. It follows from this that if t = (n + c + o(1))2n−2 for some constant c, then the probability that a random subgraph of the n‐cube having precisely t edges has a complete matching tends to e.
The number of spanning trees in regular graphs
Authors: Alon Noga
Published: May 2007

Let C(G) denote the number of spanning trees of a graph G. It is shown that there is a function ϵ(k) that tends to zero as k tends to infinity such that for every connected, k‐regular simple graph G on n vertices C(G) = {k[1 − δ(G)]}n. where 0 ≤ δ(G) ≤ ϵ(k).
Countable sparse random graphs
Authors: Spencer Joel
Published: May 2007

For each irrational a, 0<a<1, a particular countable graph G is defined which mirrors the asymptotic behavior of the random graph G(n, p) with edge probability p = n−a.
On the chromatic number of random graphs
Authors: McDiarmid Colin
Published: May 2007

We consider random graphs Gn,p with fixed edge‐probability p. We refine an argument of Bollobás to show that almost all such graphs have chromatic number equal to n/{2 logb n − 2 logb logb n + O(1)} where b = 1/(1 − p).
Estimates for distributions of the Voronoi polygon's geometric characteristics
Authors: Zuyev S. A.
Published: May 2007

An exponential upper bound on the distribution of the Voronoi polygon having n hyperfaces is proved. Using a new integral formula for the Poisson process, the conditional distribution of volume of the fundamental region given n is found to be gamma distribution. This yields an upper bound on distribution of the polygon's volume.
Rainbow subgraphs in properly edge‐colored graphs
Authors: Rödl Vojtech , Tuza Zsolt
Published: May 2007

We prove that there exist graphs G with arbitrarily large girth such that every proper edge coloring of G contains a rainbow cycle (i.e., a cycle having no pair of monochromatic edges). This answers a problem raised by J. Spencer more than 10 years ago.
The logic of ordered random structures
Authors: Dolan Peter , Lynch James F.
Published: May 2007

We prove nonconvergence and inseparability in the first‐order theory of random matchings and random graphs on an ordered set of points. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multicolored trees in random graphs
Authors: Frieze Alan , McKay Brendan D.
Published: May 2007

We discuss the existence of multi‐colored trees in randomly colored, random graphs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multidimensional digital searching—alternative data structures
Authors: Kirschenhofer Peter , Prodinger Helmut
Published: May 2007

We analyze the average cost of partial match queries in M‐dimensional Digital Search Trees and Patricia Tries. Our results allow a precise comparison of the average behavior of these data structures with the M‐dimensional Tries studied by Flajolet and Puech [J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 33, 371–407 (1986)]. It turns out that Patricia is superior to Digital Search Tres, the latter ones being superior to Tries. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expected hitting and cover times of random walks on some special graphs
Authors: Palacios José Luis
Published: May 2007

We give general bounds (and in some cases exact values) for the expected hitting and cover times of the simple random walk on some special undirected connected graphs using symmetry and properties of electrical networks. In particular we give easy proofs for an N–1HN‐1 lower bound and an N2 upper bound for the cover time of symmetric graphs and for the fact that the cover time of the unit cube is Φ(NlogN). We giver a counterexample to a conjecture of Freidland about a general bound for hitting times. Using the electric approach, we provide some genral upper and lower bounds for the expected cover times in terms of the diameter of the graph. These bounds are tight in many instances, particularly when the graph is a tree. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Luftkräfte an einem schwingenden Gitter
Authors: Söhngen H.
Published: May 2007

Für ein gerades Gitter, das parallel zu den Schaufeln angeströmt wird, und dessen Schaufeln in Phase schwingen, werden die instationären Luftkräfte bestimmt.
Stability of rectilinear plates
Authors: Seth B. R.
Published: May 2007

It is shown that the critical thrust for the stability of a simply supported rectilinear plate under the combined action of transverse load and edge thrust corresponds to the least eigen value for the transverse vibrations of a clamped membrane having the same boundary as that of the plate.
Über die Faktorisation von Matrizen und ihre Anwendung auf die Lösung von linearen Gleichungssystemen
Authors: Egerváry E.
Published: May 2007

Jedes homogene lineare Gleichungssystem kann dadurch auf ein äquivalentes System von linear unabhängigen Gleichungen zurückgeführt werden, daß man die Koeffizientenmatrix in zwei Basisfaktoren zerlegt. In der Arbeit wird ein praktisch durchführbarer Faktorisationsalgorithmus entwickelt, welcher die Koeffizientenmatrix des reduzierten Gleichungssystems in dreieckiger Form liefert.
Thermal Stresses in Spherical Shells of Visco‐elastic Materials
Authors: Aggarwala B. D.
Published: May 2007

An expression has been obtained for thermal stresses in spherical shells of general linear material whose properties vary with temperature. The corresponding results for a Maxwell solid are obtained as a particular example. Various numerical results are given.
Propagators, Tomograms, Wavelets and Quasidistributions for Multipartite Quantum Systems
Authors: Man'ko Margarita A.
Published: May 2007

Integral transforms of analytic signal and quantum-system states like wavelets, tomograms, Ville-Wigner and other quasidistributions are constructed for systems with several degrees of freedom. Mutual relations of the integral transforms are presented. Quantum propagator is interpreted as the kernel of the integral transform. An example of the integral transforms with generic Gaussian kernels is studied. The fractional Fourier transform is discussed.
Effect of fatty acid positional distribution and triacylglycerol composition on lipid by‐products formation during heat treatment: III—Cyclic fatty acid monomers study
Authors: Martin J. C. , Lavillonnière F. , Nour M. , Sébédio J. L.
Published: May 2007

The influence of isomeric triacylglycerols (TG) containing 18:3n‐3 and 18:2n‐6 on the formation of cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) after heat treatment was assessed. Diacid TG, containing linoleic acid (L) or linolenic acid (α‐Ln) along with palmitic acid (P), and positioned either in the central position (PLP and PLnP, respectively), or in one of the two outer positions (PPL and PPLn, respectively) were synthesized. Monoacid TG of trilinolein and trilinolenin mixed with tripalmitin were also prepared. The CFAM formed after heating were analyzed after total hydrogenation. The results obtained with the model TG were compared to another model consisting of a canola oil and its randomized counterpart. In diacid TG, the location of α‐Ln in the central position of the TG molecule (PLnP) greatly enhanced the formation of the CFAM upon heating at temperatures below 240°C. On the other hand, 18:3n‐3 in monoacid TG (LnLnLn) was highly resistant to CFAM formation within the same range of temperatures (180–220°C). The TG structure, more than the TG composition, seemed to explain the differences in the CFAM formation between the original canola oil and its interesterified counterpart. Like α‐Ln, 18:2n‐6 was more prone to cyclization when attached at the central position of the model TG. Conversely, the influence of the TG composition on the cyclization rate was less important for L than for α‐Ln. It was concluded that positioning the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the central position of TG rendered the oils much more sensitive to the cyclization reaction upon heat treatment.
Nondestructive estimation of fatty acid composition in seeds of Brassica napus L. by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sato Tetsuo , Uezono Ichiro , Morishita Toshikazu , Tetsuka Takahisa
Published: May 2007

The feasibility of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the nondestructive determination of fatty acid composition in rapeseed was examined. NIR spectra were measured on extracted oil, intact rapeseed kernels, and an intact signle rapeseed with an InfraAlyzer 500 in a syrup cup or a single‐grain cup. NIR spectra were scanned from 1100 to 2500 nm at 2‐nm intervals. As the percentage of linoleic acid increased, the spectral values in the region 1696–1724 nm, where linoleic acid has its absorption band, became always stronger downward in second‐derivative NIR spectra. As the percentage of erucic acid increased the spectral value at 1728 nm, where erucic acid has its absorption band, became always a little bit stronger downward in the second‐derivative NIR spectra. On the basis of their NIR spectral patterns, linoleic acid and erucic acid could be successfully determined in both intact seed kernels and in a single seed of rape without damaging them.
A rapid and simple approach to identify different sunflower oil types by means of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Velasco Leonardo , Pérez‐Vich BegoɁa , Fernández‐Martínez José M.
Published: May 2007

The potential of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to perform an easy and rapid classification of different sunflower oil types was investigated. A total of 118 oil samples showing large variation in their fatty acid compositions were analyzed by both NIRS and gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). They were classified into five classes, characterized by (i) high palmitic acid content (>29%), (ii) high palmitic acid in high oleic acid background (>27 and >51%, respectively), (iii) high stearic acid content (>22%), (iv) high oleic acid content (>83%), and (v) standard oil type. Second‐derivative transformation and scatter corrections were applied to the original log (1/R) spectra, and the correlation coefficients between NIRS spectral information and GLC fatty acid values were studied to identify the wavelengths with the best discriminating ability. The use of the spectral data at 2134 nm permitted all the samles with high levels of total saturated fatty acids (>29%, classes i, ii, and iii) to be discriminated from the samples with standard levels (<22%, classes iv and v). The use of a second wavelength, 2192 nm, led to a further separation of the samples with high C18:1 content within each group (classes ii and iv, respectively). Therefore, an accurate discrimination of four of the five sunflower oil types was achieved by using the spectral information at two wavelengths exclusively. The oil samples belonging to classes i and iii could not be separated with this approach, which was explained on the basis of the small spectral differences observed between the two classes.
Parameters affecting diacylglycerol formation during the production of specific‐structured lipids by lipase‐catalyzed interesterification
Authors: Xu X. , Mu H. , Skands A. R. H. , Høy C. E. , Adler‐Nissen J.
Published: May 2007

Diacylglycerols (DAG) are important intermediates in lipase‐catalyzed interesterification, but a high DAG concentration in the reaction mixture results in a high DAG content in the final product. We have previously shown that a high DAG concentration in the reaction mixture increases the degree of acyl migration, thus adding to the formation of by‐products. In the present study we examined the influence of water content, reaction temperature, enzyme load, substrate molar ratio (oil/capric acid), and reaction time on the formation of DAG in batch reactors. We used response surface methodology (RSM) to minimize the numbers of experiments. The DAG content of the product was dependent on all parameters examined except reaction time. DAG formation increased with increasing water content, enzyme load, reaction temperature, and substrate ratio. The content of sn‐1,3‐DAG was higher than that of sn‐1,2‐DAG under all conditions tested, and the ratio between the contents of the former compounds and the latter increased with increasing temperature and reaction time. The water content, enzyme load, and substrate ratio had no significant effect on this ratio. The DAG content was positively correlated with both the incorporation of acyl donors and the degree of acyl migration.
Continuous production of structured lipid containing γ‐linolenic and caprylic acids by immobilized Rhizopus delemar lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Suenaga Masaharu , Sugihara Akio , Nakai Seiichi , Tominaga Yoshio
Published: May 2007

Production of a structured lipid containing γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) achieved by the continuous acidolysis of borage oil with caprylic acid (CA) using 1,3‐specific Rhizopus delemar lipase as a catalyst. The lipase immobilized on a ceramic carrier was activated by feeding the borage oil/CA (1:2, w/w) mixture saturated with water into a column packed with the enzyme. However, the generation of partial glycerides (20%) in the reaction mixture showed that hydrolysis occurred concomitantly with acidolysis. The concomitant hydrolysis was completely repressed by feeding the oil/CA substrate mixture without adding additional water. When the substrate mixture was fed at 30°C and a flow rate of 4.5 mL/h into a column packed with 8 g of the carrier with immobilized lipase, the content of CA incorporated in glycerides was 50 to 55 mol%. The acidolysis activity scarcely changed even though the substrate mixture was continuously fed for 60 d; then it gradually decreased. The CA content in glycerides was decreased to 73% of the initial value after 100 d, but returned to the initial level when the flow rate was reduced to 3.1 mL/h. Molecular distillation was employed to separate the transesterified oil from the reaction mixture. No glycerides were detected in the distillate, and the transesterified oil was recovered as the residue (acid value, 2.6). Regiospecific analysis of the transesterified oil showed that only fatty acids at the 1‐ and 3‐positions of borage oil were exchanged for CA. It was additionally found by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis that all the triglycerides contained one or two CA, and that the triglyceride with two GLA and one CA was also present, because the lipase acted on GLA very weakly.
Composition and thermal profile of crude palm oil and its products
Authors: Che Man Y. B. , Haryati T. , Ghazali H. M. , Asbi B. A.
Published: May 2007

Gas‐liquid chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine fatty acids and triglyceride (TG) compositions of crude palm oil (CPO), refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm oil, RBD palm olein, and RBD palm stearin, while their thermal profiles were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The HPLC chromatograms showed that the TG composition of CPO and RBD palm oil were quite similar. The results showed that CPO, RBD palm oil, RBD olein, and superolein consist mainly of monosaturated and disaturated TG while RBD palm stearin consists mainly of disaturated and trisaturated TG. In DSC cooling thermograms the peaks of triunsaturated, monosaturated and disaturated TG were found at the range of −48.62 to −60.36, −25.89 to −29.19, and −11.22 to −1.69°C, respectively, while trisaturated TG were found between 13.72 and 27.64°C. The heating thermograms of CPO indicated the presence of polymorphs β2′, α, β2′, and β1. The peak of CPO was found at 4.78°C. However, after refining, the peak shifted to 6.25°C and became smaller but more apparent as indicated by RBD palm oil thermograms. The heating and cooling thermograms of the RBD palm stearin were characterized by a sharp, high‐melting point (high‐T) peak temperature and a short and wide low‐melting point (low‐T) peak temperature, indicating the presence of occluded olein. However, for RBD palm olein, there was only an exothermic low‐T peak temperature. The DSC thermograms expressed the thermal behavior of various palm oil and its products quite well, and the profiles can be used as guidelines for fractionation of CPO or RBD palm oil.
New data on crustal sensitive zones and formation of precursors and postseismic responses to earthquakes
Authors: Kissin I.G.
Published: May 2007

The paper summarizes twenty years of studies in crustal sensitive zones. Sensitive zones show prominent geophysical responses to stress and strain changes and high-amplitude and distant preseismic and postseismic effects. Four sensitive zones are known today in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, and northeastern China, which occur at junctions of large crustal blocks. High-amplitude and distant responses are due to deformation and high strain sensitivity of geophysical parameters along block boundaries. Data from sensitive zones are used to investigate earthquake-related effects as controlled by crustal heterogeneity and nonlinearity. These effects act also outside sensitive zones and should be taken into account when interpreting precursor signals. The knowledge of sensitive zones has important implications for active deformation along block boundaries.
Catagenesis of organic matter of oil source rocks in Upper Paleozoic coal formation of the Bohai Gulf basin (eastern China)
Authors: Rongxi Li , Youzhu Li , Yunwen Gao
Published: May 2007

The Bohai Gulf basin is the largest petroliferous basin in China. Its Carboniferous-Permian deposits are thick (on the average, ca. 600 m) and occur as deeply as 5000 m. Coal and carbonaceous shale of the Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation formed in inshore plain swamps. Their main hydrocarbon-generating macerals are fluorescent vitrinite, exinite, alginite, etc. Coal and carbonaceous shale of the Permian Shanxi Formation were deposited in delta-alluvial plain. Their main hydrocarbon-generating macerals are vitrinite, exinite, etc. The carbonaceous rocks of these formations are characterized by a high thermal maturity, with the vitrinite reflectance R0 > 2.0%. The Bohai Gulf basin has been poorly explored so far, but it is highly promising for natural gas.
“Nurses' and patients' perceptions of supportive nursing,”
Authors: Spry Cynthia
Published: May 2007

E Wheeler, K Gardner, “Nurses' and patients' perceptions of supportive nursing,” Journal of the New York State Nurses Association 18 (June 1987) 33–48.
“Clinical and cost‐saving effects of psychoeducational interventions with surgical patients: A meta‐analysis,”
Authors: Stone Roger A.
Published: May 2007

E C Devine, T D Cook, “Clinical and cost‐saving effects of psychoeducational interventions with surgical patients: A meta‐analysis,” Research in Nursing & Health 9 (June 1986) 89–105.
Critically Ill Adults: Nursing Care Planning Guide
Authors: Pack Dianna D.
Published: May 2007

Critically Ill Adults: Nursing Care Planning Guide Edited by Randy M. Caine, Patricia M. Bufalino 1988, 285 pp $25.95 paperback
A Third Form of Righteousness: The Theme and Contribution of Matthew 6.19–7.12 in the Sermon on the Mount
Authors: WILSON WALTER T.
Published: May 2007

Although there is agreement that the body of the Sermon on the Mount (SM) contains three parts, there is little consensus regarding the nature of the third part. This passage is compared with different examples of wisdom instruction, each of which offers a unified composition on the moral problem of ‘goods’, broadly conceived as that which confers good standing or status, not only in economic terms but in social and spiritual terms as well. This provides a perspective from which to examine the overall structure of the sermon in the light of certain practices evident in ancient texts for organizing moral discourse.
Die Verschonung des samaritanischen Dorfes (Lk 9.54–55): Eine kritische Reflexion von Elia-Überlieferung im Lukasevangelium und eine frühjüdische Parallele im Testament Abrahams
Authors: DOCHHORN JAN
Published: May 2007

Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht zwei Geschichten, die mit kritischer Tendenz die Überlieferung rezipieren, daß Elia Gegner seiner Prophetie durch Feuer vom Himmel getötet hat (2 Kön 2.10, 12). In beiden Geschichten kommt das Verhalten des Elia als Rollenvorbild nicht zum Tragen. Der Grund ist freilich nicht eine generelle ‘Humanisierung’ religiöser Vorstellungen: Bei Lukas ist die heftige Reaktion Jesu auf den Vorschlag der Zebedaiden, ein samaritanisches Dorf durch Feuer vom Himmel zu zerstören (Lk 9.54–55), gerade dadurch zu erklären, daß dieser Vorschlag aufgrund seiner biblischen Hintergründe plausibel erschien, vgl. Offb 11.3–13, wo ein christlicher Autor einen militanten Elia für die Endzeit erwartet. Die Reaktion Jesu hat satanologische Implikationen, die hier erstmalig herausgearbeitet werden (vgl. Mk 8.33). Sie war aus soteriologischen Gründen notwendig: Jesu Weg nach Jerusalem, an dessen Beginn Lk 9.51–56 steht, führte ins Leiden; damit ist prophetische Militanz in dieser Situation ausgeschlossen. Im Testament Abrahams ist der Ausgangspunkt der Erzählung von Abraham, der auf dem Thronwagen Gottes sitzend Sünder tötet, bis Gott ihm Einhalt gebietet (Test Abr 10), nicht so sehr eine Irritation über die inhumanen Folgen frommen Eifers als vielmehr die Frage, warum denn ein solches Vorgehen, das ‘Gerechtigkeit sofort’ bewirken würde, nicht von Gott selbst praktiziert wird.
Does staff–patient agreement on needs for care predict a better mental health outcome? A 4-year follow-up in a community service
Authors: Lasalvia A. , Bonetto C. , Tansella M. , Stefani B. , Ruggeri M.
Published: May 2007

Background

Patients treated in primary care settings report better mental outcomes when they agree with practitioners about the nature of their core presenting problems. However, no study has examined the impact of staff–patient agreement on treatment outcomes in specialist mental health services. We investigated whether a better staff–patient agreement on needs for care predicts more favourable outcome in patients receiving community-based psychiatric care.

Method

A 3-month prevalence cohort of 188 patients with the full spectrum of psychiatric conditions was assessed at baseline and at 4 years using the Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN), both staff (CAN-S) and patient versions (CAN-P), and a set of standardized outcome measures. Baseline staff–patient agreement on needs was included among predictors of outcome. Both clinician-rated (psychopathology, social disability, global functioning) and patient-rated (subjective quality of life and satisfaction with services) outcomes were considered.

Results

Controlling for the effect of sociodemographics, service utilization and changes in clinical status, better staff–patient agreement makes a significant additional contribution in predicting treatment outcomes not only on patient-rated but also on clinician-rated measures.

Conclusions

Mental health care should be provided on the basis of a negotiation process involving both professionals and service users to ensure effective interventions; every effort should be made by services to implement strategies aiming to increase consensus between staff and patients.
Opa-typing can identify epidemiologically distinct subgroups within Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence type (NG-MAST) clusters
Authors: MORRIS A. K. , PALMER H. M. , YOUNG H.
Published: May 2007

A collection of 106 Neisseria gonorrhoeae ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were typed using Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Opa-typing was performed on 74 isolates which had non-unique sequence types to determine if further discrimination could be achieved and if so whether this had any epidemiological basis. The 74 isolates were separated into 12 sequence types and 20 opa-types (OT). Seven opa-type clusters were congruent with the sequence types and five sequence types could be subdivided by opa-typing. These results demonstrate that opa-typing can add a further level of discrimination compared with NG-MAST. The surveillance data for isolates in the largest sequence type cluster (ST 147) indicated that two major subdivisions OT 1 and OT 2 differed epidemiologically by patients' sexual preference and geographical location. ST 147 is a common strain that has been isolated in several countries since 1999; our results suggest that it has diverged into at least two epidemiologically discrete forms.
Manifestation und Verläufe der koronaren Herzkrankheit bei Männern und Frauen – Konsequenzen für Diagnose und Therapie
Authors: Saner
Published: May 2007

Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede sind sowohl bei der Manifestation als auch im Verlauf der koronaren Herzkrankheit von Bedeutung. Bei Frauen manifestiert sich die koronare Herzkrankheit häufiger in Form einer Angina pectoris als beim Mann. Beim akuten Myokardinfarkt präsentieren sich die Frauen in der Regel später nach Symptom-Beginn als die Männer. Frauen haben deutlich häufiger unerkannte Myokardinfarkte, wobei die Gründe dafür nicht klar sind. Bei einem Myokardinfarkt zeigen Frauen häufiger ventrikuläre Tachykardien und Herzstillstände und entwickeln auch häufiger eine Herzinsuffizienz oder einen kardiogenen Schock als Männer. Die Ursache für dieses Phänomen bleibt umstritten. Eine Mehrheit der Studien zeigt aber, dass diese erhöhte Komplikations- und Mortalitätsrate am ehesten durch ein höheres Alter und durch eine höhere Inzidenz von Komorbiditäten bei der Frau bedingt sind. Bezüglich Interventionen beim akuten Myokardinfarkt zeigen zahlreiche Studien, dass bei Frauen weniger häufig Reperfusionsstrategien wie Thrombolyse und PTCA angewendet werden, allerdings ist hier eine Verbesserung über die letzten Jahre zu beobachten. Die angiographische Eröffnungsrate nach PTCA ist bei Frauen mit derjenigen der Männer vergleichbar. Hingegen haben Frauen eine deutlich höhere peroperative Mortalität bei der koronaren Revaskularisationsoperation als Männer. Dieser Unterschied ist nicht nur durch ein höheres Alter und zusätzliche Begleiterkrankungen bei der Operation zu erklären. Bezüglich Überlebensrate nach koronarer Revaskularisationsoperation im Langzeitverlauf über zehn Jahre unterscheiden sich Frauen und Männer nicht signifikant, Graft-Verschlüsse sind aber bei Frauen häufiger als bei Männern. Von einer strukturierten kardialen Rehabilitation nach akutem Ereignis profitieren sowohl jüngere Frauen als auch Frauen im Alter über 65 Jahre in ähnlichem Maß wie Männer; die positiven Effekte umfassen eine Verbesserung der Belastungsfähigkeit, eine Reduktion des Körperfettes mit Verbesserung des Lipidprofils sowie häufig eine deutliche Verbesserung der psychischen Situation und der Lebensqualität.
Therapeutische Implikationen gender-spezifischer Aspekte von Herzkrankheiten
Authors: Lehmkuhl  , Regitz-Zagrosek
Published: May 2007

Bei Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen wie zum Beispiel Herzinsuffizienz und koronare Herzerkrankung finden sich in Ätiologie und Pathophysiologie der Erkrankung aber auch in der klinischen Präsentation, im Krankheitsverlauf und in der Therapieantwort Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen. Diabetes und Hypertonie sind bei Frauen wichtigere Risikofaktoren als bei Männern; die Mechanismen, die zur Ausbildung eines manifesten Diabetes führen bzw. die klinischen Vorstufen sind bei Frauen und Männern unterschiedlich und dementsprechend ergeben sich auch unterschiedliche therapeutische Ansätze. Diastolische Herzinsuffizienz ist häufiger bei Frauen und das Wirkungs- und Nebenwirkungsprofil wichtiger Medikamentengruppen ist bei Frauen und Männern, wenn auch zum Teil diskret, unterschiedlich. Vorhofflimmern und ventrikuläre Arrhythmien unterscheiden sich in ihrer Häufigkeit, medikamenteninduzierte Tachykardien mit verlängerter QT-Zeit finden sich insbesondere bei Frauen. Pathomechanismen, die den Geschlechterunterschieden in der Pharmakotherapie zugrunde liegen, sind einmal Unterschiede in der Pharmakokinetik. Vor allem Arzneimittel, die über den Cytochrom P 450 CYP 3A Stoffwechselweg metabolisiert werden, haben bei Frauen und Männern eine andere Kinetik. Weiter liegen wichtige Unterschiede im Bereich der Pharmakodynamik vor, die zum Teil auf der Interaktion mit Sexualhormon vermittelten Effekten oder mit Produkten X-chromosomaler Gene beruhen. Der Nachweis von Östrogen- und Testosteronrezeptoren im kardiovaskulären System, die Interaktion der Sexualhormone mit zentralen zellulären Stoffwechselwegen und die Rolle X-chromosomaler Gene steht im Mittelpunkt des Forschungsinteresses. Weiter spielt die Interaktion der Sexualhormonrezeptoren mit anderen nukleären Rezeptoren, z.B. den PPARs («peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors») eine wichtige Rolle. Konsequenzen für die Praxis liegen einmal in der Berücksichtigung der Pharmakokinetik bei Frauen und entsprechenden Dosisanpassungen wichtiger Medikamente; im weiteren Verlauf die Berücksichtigung von Geschlechterunterschieden in der Arzneimittelwirkung. Beide Gesichtspunkte müssen in der Arzneimittelentwicklung bedacht werden. Insgesamt gibt es genügend gute Gründe, Grundlagen-, klinische Forschung und Versorgungsforschung zum Thema der Geschlechterunterschiede bei Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen zu aktivieren.
Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Arzneimitteln
Authors: Thürmann
Published: May 2007

Nach der Erfahrung mit Thalidomid (Contergan®) wurden Frauen für viele Jahre so weit wie möglich von der Teilnahme an klinischen Prüfungen von neuen Arzneimitteln ausgeschlossen. Dieses Paradigma hat sich in den letzten Jahren weitgehend gewandelt. Im Arzneistoffmetabolismus und auch bei der Wirkung von Arzneimitteln sind mittlerweile zahlreiche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bekannt, insbesondere für die Enzyme der Cytochrom P450 Familie aber auch bei Phase-II-Reaktionen wie Glukuronidierung. Die bisher bekannten Unterschiede in der Pharmakokinetik sind oft nicht von klinischer Relevanz bzw. meist nur mit einer statistisch messbaren Zunahme von unerwünschten Wirkungen verbunden. Unterschiede in der Wirkung und Wirksamkeit finden sich in der Herz-Reizleitung, sowie bei Opiat- und Benzodiazepinrezeptoren. So besteht bei Frauen eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Arzneimittel-induzierten Torsade-de-pointes-Arrhythmien. Ebenfalls zu beachten ist die Möglichkeit, dass manche Erkrankungen wie Depression, Herzinfarkt oder Herzinsuffizienz eine geschlechtsspezifisch unterschiedliche Ausprägung aufweisen und eventuell unterschiedlicher Therapieansätze bedürfen. Aus verschiedensten Ansätzen ergibt sich regelhaft der Befund, dass Frauen häufiger unter unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen leiden.
Pankreaskarzinom?
Authors: Engel  , Guyer  , Saner  , Oneta
Published: May 2007

Wir berichten über einen 71-jährigen Patienten mit Verdacht auf Pankreaskarzinom bei raumforderndem Prozess im Pankreaskopfbereich. Intraoperativ konnte der Karzinomverdacht nicht bestätigt werden. Es fand sich lediglich eine unspezifische Pankreatitis. Bei persistierenden Bauchschmerzen und massivem Gewichtsverlust trotz Gastrojejunostomie und Cholezystektomie mit biliodigestiver Anastomose und Y-Roux stellten wir im Verlauf die Diagnose einer autoimmunen Pankreatitis. Unter einer Behandlung mit Kortikosteroiden kam es zu einer raschen Besserung der Beschwerden und einer Stabilisierung des Körpergewichts. Im Kommentar wird die Problematik der autoimmunen Pankreatitis diskutiert.
Glacier winds in the Rongbuk Valley, north of Mount Everest: 2. Their role in vertical exchange processes
Authors: Cai Xuhui , Song Yu , Zhu Tong , Lin Weili , Kang Ling
Published: May 2007

High ozone concentrations, combined with low humidity and strong, persistent glacier winds, were found at the surface of Rongbuk Valley, north of Mount Everest, with sharply increased ozone concentrations in their vertical profiles. Glacier winds and their roles in vertical exchange of the atmosphere were investigated numerically to understand the phenomena. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model was used to carry out numerical experiments (forward‐in‐time simulations) and footprint analysis (backward‐in‐time simulations). The meteorological data inputs for these experiments were derived from the Advanced Regional Prediction System. Results showed that glacier winds may lead to significant downward transport of 1.5–2 km during the daytime from the northern slopes of Mount Everest. Glacier winds could advance down through the valley, with strong upward motions shown as a rolling up in front of their leading edge. Combining with upslope winds at two sidewalls of the valley or up‐valley winds of tributaries, the lifting flows produced strong mixing of the atmosphere to a depth of approximately 3 km. Three‐dimensional footprints derived from the particle dispersion model for the observational site, Rongbuk Monastery, clearly show influence from the mountainside of Mount Everest and from the southern part of the valley. The vertical extension of influence was as much as 2–3 km. Good correlation was found between the influence height and the ozone concentration. All the simulation results strongly indicate that the glacier winds and their related vertical exchange processes “pump down” ozone‐rich air from upper levels to the surface of the valley.
Evidence for aqueous deposition of hematite‐ and sulfate‐rich light‐toned layered deposits in Aureum and Iani Chaos, Mars
Authors: Glotch Timothy D. , Rogers A. Deanne
Published: May 2007

Two new gray hematite‐rich units have been found in Aureum and Iani Chaos, Mars, using data acquired by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer. These regions correspond with light‐toned sulfate‐rich deposits identified by the European Space Agency's OMEGA visible/near‐IR spectrometer. Much of the light‐toned material in Aureum and Iani Chaos is in the form of a capping unit similar to that seen in Aram Chaos. However, some light‐toned material is also seen within the chaotic mounds, indicating that it was present before the formation of the chaotic terrains. The stratigraphy of the units in Iani and Aureum Chaos suggests that the capping and hematite‐rich units must have been deposited after the formation of the chaotic terrains in the mid to late Hesperian, up to 1 Gyr after the formation of the light‐toned outcrop in Meridiani Planum. The geologic contexts of these and other hematite‐ and sulfate‐rich units in Aram Chaos, Valles Marineris, and Meridiani Planum indicate that they likely formed in similar environments under aqueous conditions. If this is the case, it suggests an active hydrological cycle lasting from the late Noachian to the late Hesperian.
OptIC project: An intercomparison of optimization techniques for parameter estimation in terrestrial biogeochemical models
Authors: Trudinger Cathy M. , Raupach Michael R. , Rayner Peter J. , Kattge Jens , Liu Qing , Pak Bernard , Reichstein Markus , Renzullo Luigi , Richardson Andrew D. , Roxburgh Stephen H. , Styles Julie , Wang Ying Ping , Briggs Peter , Barrett Damian , Nikolova Sonja
Published: May 2007

We describe results of a project known as OptIC (Optimisation InterComparison) for comparison of parameter estimation methods in terrestrial biogeochemical models. A highly simplified test model was used to generate pseudo‐data to which noise with different characteristics was added. Participants in the OptIC project were asked to estimate the model parameters used to generate this data, and to predict model variables into the future. Ten participants contributed results using one of the following methods: Levenberg‐Marquardt, adjoint, Kalman filter, Markov chain Monte Carlo and genetic algorithm. Methods differed in how they locate the minimum (gradient‐descent or global search), how observations are processed (all at once sequentially), or the number of iterations used, or assumptions about the statistics (some methods assume Gaussian probability density functions; others do not). We found the different methods equally successful at estimating the parameters in our application. The biggest variation in parameter estimates arose from the choice of cost function, not the choice of optimization method. Relatively poor results were obtained when the model‐data mismatch in the cost function included weights that were instantaneously dependent on noisy observations. This was the case even when the magnitude of residuals varied with the magnitude of observations. Missing data caused estimates to be more scattered, and the uncertainty of predictions increased correspondingly. All methods gave biased results when the noise was temporally correlated or non‐Gaussian, or when incorrect model forcing was used. Our results highlight the need for care in choosing the error model in any optimization.
Transflective liquid crystal display using commonly biased reflectors
Authors: Ge Zhibing , Zhu Xinyu , Lu Robert , Wu Thomas X. , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: May 2007

A normally black single cell gap transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) using vertical alignment and commonly biased patterned reflectors is developed. In the transmissive region, continuous and uniform vertical electric fields are formed throughout the LC cell. On the other hand, in the reflective region, the electric fields are mainly confined near the substrate surfaces. As a result, the phase retardation in the transmissive region is approximately two times as that of the reflective region. Such a transflective LCD shows a high light efficiency (>90%) for both transmissive and reflective modes and well matched gray scales.
Colossal electroresistance without colossal magnetoresistance in La0.9Sr0.1MnO3
Authors: Biškup N. , de Andrés A. , Nemes N. M. , García-Hernandez M. , Glazyrin K. V. , Mukovskii Y. M.
Published: May 2007

The authors report on colossal electroresistance (ER) in the ferromagnetic insulator manganite La0.9Sr0.1MnO3. The single crystal samples exhibit a transition into a low resistive state above a certain threshold current. Pulsed measurements demonstrate that this transition is not a consequence of heating. ER behaves similarly to magnetoresistance (MR) above the orbital order temperature TOO. Below TOO the MR is only 20% while ER enhances the conductivity by several orders of magnitude. Magnetic field and electric current have opposite effects on the conductivity, therefore, it seems that only the injected carriers are able to modify the ordering of eg Mn orbitals.
Concentration-dependent mobility in organic field-effect transistors probed by infrared spectromicroscopy of the charge density profile
Authors: Meyertholen A. D. , Li Z. Q. , Basov D. N. , Fogler M. M. , Martin M. C. , Wang G. M. , Dhoot A. S. , Moses D. , Heeger A. J.
Published: May 2007

The authors show that infrared imaging of the charge density profile in organic field-effect transistors (FETs) can probe transport characteristics which are difficult to access by conventional contact-based measurements. Specifically, they carry out experiments and modeling of infrared spectromicroscopy of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) FETs in which charge injection is affected by a relatively low resistance of the gate insulators. They conclude that the mobility of P3HT has a power-law density dependence, which is consistent with the activated transport in disorder-induced tails of the density of states.
Low roll-off of efficiency at high current density in phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes
Authors: Kang Jae-Wook , Lee Se-Hyung , Park Hyung-Dol , Jeong Won-Ik , Yoo Kyung-Mo , Park Young-Seo , Kim Jang-Joo
Published: May 2007

The authors demonstrate that the reduction of quantum efficiency with increasing current density in phosphorescent light emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) is related to the formation of excitons in hole transporting layer based on the analysis of emission spectra and exciton formation zone. Low roll-off of efficiency in a PhOLED was achieved using dual emitting layers (D-EMLs) by confining the exciton formation near the interface between the emitting layers. The external quantum efficiency was maintained almost constant up to 22mA∕cm2 (10000cd∕m2) by adopting the D-EMLs in Ir(ppy)3 based PhOLEDs, resulting in high external quantum efficiency (ηext=13.1%) at high luminance.
Phase change observed in ultrathin Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 films by in situ resonant photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Lin Y.-H. , Terai K. , Wadati H. , Kobayashi M. , Takizawa M. , Hwang J. I. , Fujimori A. , Nan C.-W. , Li J.-F. , Fujimori S.-I. , Okane T. , Saitoh Y. , Kobayashi K.
Published: May 2007

Epitaxial Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films were prepared on Nb-doped SrTiO3 (100) substrates by the pulsed laser deposition technique and were studied by measuring the Ti 2p→3d resonant photoemission spectra in the valence-band region as a function of film thickness, both at room temperature and low temperature. The results demonstrated an abrupt variation in the spectral structures between 2.8nm (∼7 ML) and 2.0nm (∼5 ML) Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 films, suggesting that there exists a critical thickness for phase change in the range of 2.0–2.8nm. This may be ascribed mainly to the intrinsic size effects.
Band discontinuity measurements of the wafer bonded InGaAs∕Si heterojunction
Authors: McKay Kyle S. , Lu Felix P. , Kim Jungsang , Yi Changhyun , Brown April S. , Hawkins Aaron R.
Published: May 2007

p -type InGaAs∕Si heterojunctions were fabricated through a wafer fusion bonding process. The relative band alignment between the two materials at the heterointerface was determined using current-voltage (I-V) measurements and applying thermionic emission-diffusion theory. The valence and conduction band discontinuities for the InGaAs∕Si interface were determined to be 0.48 and −0.1eV, respectively, indicating a type-II band alignment.
Structural elucidation of the m157 mouse cytomegalovirus ligand for Ly49 natural killer cell receptors
Authors: Adams Erin J. , Juo Z. Sean , Venook Rayna Takaki , Boulanger Martin J. , Arase Hisashi , Lanier Lewis L. , Garcia K. Christopher
Published: May 2007

Natural killer (NK) cells express activating and inhibitory receptors that, in concert, survey cells for proper expression of cell surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The mouse cytomegalovirus encodes an MHC-like protein, m157, which is the only known viral antigen to date capable of engaging both activating (Ly49H) and inhibitory (Ly49I) NK cell receptors. We have determined the 3D structure of m157 and studied its biochemical and cellular interactions with the Ly49H and Ly49I receptors. m157 has a characteristic MHC-fold, yet possesses several unique structural features not found in other MHC class I-like molecules. m157 does not bind peptides or other small ligands, nor does it associate with β2-microglobulin. Instead, m157 engages in extensive intra- and intermolecular interactions within and between its domains to generate a compact minimal MHC-like molecule. m157's binding affinity for Ly49I (Kd≈ 0.2 μM) is significantly higher than that of classical inhibitory Ly49–MHC interactions. Analysis of viral escape mutations on m157 that render it resistant to NK killing reveals that it is likely to be recognized by Ly49H in a binding mode that differs from Ly49/MHC-I. In addition, Ly49H+ NK cells can efficiently lyse RMA cells expressing m157, despite the presence of native MHC class I. Collectively, our results show that m157 represents a structurally divergent form of MHC class I-like proteins that directly engage Ly49 receptors with appreciable affinity in a noncanonical fashion.