bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Mobility, Tenure Mobility, and Emerging Social Divisions in the UK Housing Market
Authors: Forrest R
Published: October 2006

The aim in this paper is to contribute to current debates on emerging social divisions in the British housing market. Debates on the residualisation of council housing, differentiation within homeownership, and housing tenure polarisation are discussed. A particular concern is the development of a more processual account of the shaping of housing histories of different groups at different points in the income and social structure and the linking of debates within housing to broader accounts of the changing structure of British society.
Models for Analysing Trip-Level Data
Authors: Barmby T
Published: October 2006

A model for the number of trips undertaken by a household is developed. The decision is represented as having a nested structure. It is found that generic data are potentially very much more informative than are background data on household characteristics, and it is concluded that there are gains, in terms of improved models, to be made by exploiting this data source.
Dispersed Spatial Price Equilibrium
Authors: Harker P T
Published: October 2006

The concept of a spatial price equilibrium has dominated the network-based models of spatial competition ever since Samuelson's (1952) formulation of this concept as a mathematical program. In practice, however, this model has often been a poor predictor of interregional flows and regional commodity prices. In this paper an extension of the spatial price equilibrium model is presented, in which attempts are made to overcome the poor predictive capabilities of this model by imbedding it within a gravity model representation of interregional flows. After the conceptual framework of this model is stated, a variational inequality formulation is presented and this formulation is then used to derive a convex mathematical programming statement of this model. Solution algorithms and sensitivity analysis of the equilibrium solution are discussed, and in the conclusion to the paper a discussion of the extensions of this model are presented which incorporate multiple commodities and imperfect competition in the regional commodity markets.
Linearized, Optimally Configured Urban System Models: A Profit-Maximizing Formulation
Authors: Moore J E , Wiggins L L
Published: October 2006

A general equilibrium, linear programming land-use model formulated in the heritage of Edwin Mills is extended to include a profit-maximizing objective function. This analog of the existing, cost-minimizing formulations in the literature is driven by exogenous export prices rather than by minimum-export requirements. It is demonstrated that the absence of minimum-export constraints results in an optimum corresponding to the exclusive export of the most profitable good. In addition, the outputs of the model are shown to be arbitrarily dependent on assumptions about zone geometry if export prices are high.

A static, spatially disaggregate version of the model is specified by means of hexagonal land-use zones. Perfect market conditions are assumed and spatial markets identified. Production technologies are of the fixed-coefficient type with constant returns to scale. Import flows are treated explicitly for the first time in a model of this class, and their inclusion is shown to have a significant impact on optimal land-use configurations.
Two-Sector Nonmonocentric Urban Land-Use Model with Variable Density
Authors: Liu H-L
Published: October 2006

A two-sector nonmonocentric urban land-use model with variable firms density of business is presented in this paper. This is an extension of the work by Ogawa and Fujita (1978). In this model, households supply labor to firms, and firms pay wages to workers. Firms interact with all others at equal probabilities in the city to produce economic agglomeration. Each firm occupies office space, and the construction cost of office buildings is a function to the power two of the density of firms. By use of these assumptions, together with the generalized notion of bid rent, an equilibrium urban land-use model is formulated. It is shown that three types of configuration exist in equilibrium, which depend on the different values of the parameters.
Technological Change and Spatial Transformation in an Information Economy: 1. A Structural Model of Transition in the Urban System
Authors: Kutay A
Published: October 2006

In this paper a model of urban land use, which prespecifies neither the number nor the location of employment centers, is developed within the context of office location. The number and location of employment centers are determined endogenously, based on the values of the model parameters. Offices and households compete for land and urban land serves as the mediator of balance. It is shown that traditional location theory, which is based upon physical distances and transportation costs, cannot explain the spatial structure of the contemporary urban form.
The Statistical Analysis of a Distribution of Activity Points in Relation to Surface-Like Elements
Authors: Okabe A , Yoshikawa T , Fujii A , Oikawa K
Published: October 2006

The objective of this paper is to formulate a statistical method of testing the hypothesis that the distribution of activity points (such as retail stores) is independent of location of ‘surface-like’ infrastructural elements (such as parks). In order to do this, first, the probability density function of a distance from a random point to the nearest surface-like element is derived. Second, through the use of this function, a measure, R, of spatial dependency on the surface-like elements is defined as the ratio of the average nearest-neighbor distance to the expected average nearest-neighbor distance. This measure is an extension of the ordinary nearest-neighbor distance measure frequently referred to in geography and ecology. Third, the statistical use of measure R is shown. Fourth, as this measure is difficult to compute geometrically, the computational method of calculating the value of R is developed. Last, by use of this method, a test is conducted to decide whether or not the distribution of high-class apartment buildings in Setagaya, Tokyo, is affected by the location of big parks.
A Method for the Nonstatistical Assessment of Behaviorally-Based Policy Models
Authors: Tonn B E
Published: October 2006

Advanced computer-technology, sophisticated econometric computer-software, and the increasing availability of disaggregated data have all facilitated the development and use, for planning and policy analysis, of statistically-estimated mathematical models of human behavior. In this paper the author presents a method to judge subjectively the quality of these models and illustrates how the results of the method can be used, with statistical measures of the quality of a model, as indicators of the predictive abilities of the model. Ideas are drawn from the literature on artificial intelligence, and the concern is how to represent and manipulate subjective judgments. Five models which are related to household energy-use behavior are subjectively assessed, statistically estimated, and used to predict future behavior. In four of the five cases, the subjective assessments, in combination with the statistical measures, correctly indicate the quality of the predictive accuracy of a model.
A Choice-Theoretical Labour-Market Model: Empirical Tests at the Mesolevel
Authors: Baumann J , Fischer M M , Schubert U
Published: October 2006

This paper contains an analysis of a multiregional labour-supply model for Austria. In the approach suggested here attempts are made to combine the advantages of random-utility-based discrete choice theory and partial reduced-form estimation. Two recursive submodels, the labour-force participation submodel, and the commuting and employment submodel, are developed. Three different types of model specifications at the mesolevel are used to analyse the consequences of choosing a spatial framework of overlapping regional labour markets upon the model parameters, to investigate the usefulness of the model approach in relation to different regionalisation variants, and to carry out a sensitivity analysis with respect to the effects of the model parameters used to delineate the labour-market regions.
Optimal Reorganization of Greater Tokyo: An Industrial Complex of Agglomeration and Scale Economies. 1
Authors: Higano Y , Kohno H
Published: October 2006

An analytical method for evaluating the optimal reorganization of Greater Tokyo is presented and its properties are examined. The model used is a large-scale nonlinear programming model. The essential advantages and disadvantages of production concentration are simultaneously optimized in accordance with the synthesized dynamic opportunity-cost criterion. We especially emphasize the net scale and agglomeration economies of the large city, taking account of the causal relation among the acceleration and retardation factors of those economies.
On the Stability of Trade Partnerships
Authors: Knudsen D C
Published: October 2006

In his landmark study of US commodity flows, Ullman explains flow as being determined by complementarity, intervening opportunity, and transferability. Of these three concepts, only complementarity can be readily tested empirically; this may be accomplished through an analysis of trade partnerships. Despite rapidly fluctuating flow volumes, results of this analysis indicate that trade partnerships are predominantly stable. Further, partnerships involving large volumes are much more stable than those involving small volumes. This provides evidence of the role of spot markets in determining the pattern of commodity flows.
Philosophical Aspects of 500-Year Planning
Authors: Tonn B E
Published: October 2006

A class of environmental problems, termed 500-year problems, poses significant threats to the world's societies. In 500-year planning there is a need for a sound philosophical foundation to guide the development of appropriate methods which analyze problems that cover very long time periods and that involve large uncertainties. In this paper philosophical aspects of 500-year planning, related to determining whether present generations are meeting their obligations to future generations, are addressed. Topics discussed include the treatment of future populations (as identifiable individuals or as enumerable groups) and the appropriate base for 500-year planning (utilitarianism or social contract theory). Adopting Rawls's concepts of the original position and of the veil of ignorance, a social contract is developed that guarantees the possibility of existence for all potential individuals, and sets limits on the risks that current and future populations might endure as a result of their ancestors' abuse of the environment. The specifics of the contract represent rational criteria upon which to base 500-year planning activities.
Stochastic Carrier Models for the Simulation of Hodgkin's Disease in a System of Regions
Authors: Thomas R W
Published: October 2006

In this paper I build on earlier work, which entailed the construction of a deterministic carrier model to simulate the incidence of Hodgkin's disease. This model is developed into an operational stochastic form, which is tested on the monthly incidence of Hodgkin's disease in Greater Manchester, 1962 to 1976. A further refinement is the transformation of this model into a multiregion model, which makes use of gravity interactions in order to simulate cross-boundary interactions. The results of an experiment, designed to show the impact of the friction-of-distance parameter and of the number of regions on the performance of the model, are reported.
Exact Methods for Gravity Trip-Distribution Models
Authors: Holmberg K , Jörnsten K
Published: October 2006

Gravity-type trip-distribution models are widely used to predict trip matrices. One of the reasons for the popularity of the gravity-type models is that simple and fast methods for computation of the trip matrices exist. These solution methods will not, however, solve the original trip-distribution problem, but an approximate problem in which the discrete and combinatorial nature of the problem is not taken into account. In this paper the solution methods for the ‘exact gravity trip-distribution model’, which is an integer programming problem, will be presented. It will be shown that with a certain amount of extra computational effort it is possible to derive the trip matrix that is the exact solution to the model and not just an asymptotic estimate of it. This also eliminates the infeasibility that will most probably occur as a result of rounding the solution to the continuous model. The solution methods presented herein are based on separable programming techniques. A one-step method is presented as well as the iterative shrinking-interval and moving-interval methods. Results that show the difference between the trip matrices produced by means of the exact method and the continuous approximation are also presented.
An Algorithm for the Solution of a Quadratic Programming Problem, with Application to Constrained Matrix and Spatial Price Equilibrium Problems
Authors: Nagurney A , Chen Referee H K
Published: October 2006

In this paper a quadratic programming problem is considered. It contains, as special cases, formulations of constrained matrix problems with unknown row and column totals, and classical spatial price equilibrium problems with congestion. An equilibration algorithm, which is of the relaxation type, is introduced into the problem. It resolves the system into subproblems, which in turn, can be solved exactly, even in the presence of upper bounds. Also provided is computational experience for several large-scale examples. This work identifies the equivalency between constrained matrix problems and spatial price equilibrium problems which had been postulated, but, heretofore, not made.
Evaluating the Effects of External Takeover on the Performance of Regional Companies: The Case of Scotland, 1965 to 1980
Authors: Ashcroft B , Love J H
Published: October 2006

A framework is suggested for the evaluation of the effects of external takeover on regional economic performance, and an approach is offered to identify the impact of takeover on the performance of the acquired firm. The approach is then applied to estimate the effects of external takeover on the performance of Scottish manufacturing companies between 1965 and 1980. The results show that external takeover improved sales performance but lowered rates of return in acquired firms. Employment was, in general, unaffected. Overall, the effects on acquired firms are judged to have been beneficial, but evidence of harmful effects on the wider regional economy suggests that it cannot be assumed that such takeovers will not be against the public interest.
Towards an Integrated Information System for Retail Management
Authors: Beaumont J R
Published: October 2006

Retail management recognise the competitive edge that can be provided by actionable information. In moving towards an integrated retail management information system, it is recognised that a general driving force behind investments in information technology (IT) is the need for more detailed information about customers. Marketing (and distribution and service) can apply IT to increase their efficiency, and, more importantly, to promote their effectiveness in the increasingly competitive environment.

It is argued that a management information-system should be viewed as ‘emancipatory’, permitting new decisionmaking processes, and that data from recent developments such as charge cards and electronic point of sales systems offer new opportunities. Attention focuses initially on the marketing function requirements for information about the local demand for goods and services and about the competitive position. It is suggested that real progress, driven by this external marketing perspective, will only occur through development of an integrated information-system (and that the necessary integration will require the framework of knowledge-based management-systems, rather than conventional data-based management-systems).
Entrepreneurial Behaviour within Male Work Histories: A Sector-Specific Analysis
Authors: O'Farrell P N , Pickles A R
Published: October 2006

In this paper, aspects of entrepreneurship in Ireland—North and South—based upon a sample of 4300 male work histories are analysed. Complementary log-log models are employed to investigate the factors underlying the first business startup by an individual. A between-sector analysis of entrepreneurial behaviour is presented; the preceding employment experience of entrepreneurs is analysed; and their subsequent employment spell is examined. Results show that religious denomination is not associated with self-employment in any sectors, but that Anglicans are more likely to set up employer businesses outwith the construction industry. There are also spatial differences in entrepreneurial expression, with the highest levels of formation of employer business occurring throughout Northern Ireland and the Dublin region of the Republic.
The Generation of Spatial Population Distributions from Census Centroid Data
Authors: Bracken I , Martin D
Published: October 2006

Census data are commonly used in geographical analysis and to inform planning purposes, though at the disaggregate level the basis of enumeration poses difficulties. In this paper an approach to surface generation is described that offers the prospect of revealing an underlying population distribution from centroid-based data which is independent of zonal geography. It is suggested that this can serve a wide variety of analytical, cartographic, and policy purposes, including the creation of spatial indicators of economic and social conditions and enhancing the value of census data. The approach is illustrated by reference to an analysis of part of the valleys of South Wales, in the United Kingdom.
Sociotenurial Polarisation in London and the South East: A Reply to Berge's Comments
Authors: Hamnett C
Published: October 2006

It is argued in this paper that Berge's valuable reanalysis of my data generally supports, rather than contradicts, my conclusions regarding social and tenurial change in the South East. His use of indices of overrepresentation and underrepresentation points to the central role of the housing market in shaping the spatial distribution of different social groups. Although he shows that professionals and managers became slightly less proportionately overrepresented in owner occupation, some of Berge's interpretations of his tables are questioned.
Geodemographics in Practice: Developments in North America
Authors: Flowerdew R , Goldstein W
Published: October 2006

Commercial applications of geodemographic data and associated techniques of market analysis are described from the perspective of companies in North America. After a discussion of the development of the industry and the types of data and services available, some important current trends are identified. Possible developments in the short-term future are reviewed, and the paper concludes with an evaluation of the prospects for the industry.
Input — Output Multipliers When Data are Incomplete or Unreliable
Authors: Lorenzen G
Published: October 2006

A general class of estimation procedures for input — output multipliers is introduced which is flexible enough to cope with all possible sets of information within the input — output framework. The class of procedures is general in the sense that multipliers derived from updated input — output tables, as well as some of the existing shortcut multiplier formulae, are included as borderline cases. Furthermore, the procedures are general in the sense that different types of multipliers (output multipliers, employment multipliers, final demand multipliers, etc) are dealt with simultaneously. It is also demonstrated how these estimation procedures could be supplemented by calculating deterministic intervals for the true but unknown results.
Stability of Supply Coefficients and Consistency of Supply-Driven and Demand-Driven Input — Output Models: A Comment
Authors: Miller R E
Published: October 2006

Recent literature dealing with supply-side and demand-side Input — Output models appears to contain some confusion or at least imprecision in the use of ‘stability’, ‘joint stability’, and ‘consistency’. This comment contains a tentative proposal for terminological conventions with respect to the three concepts. These thoughts are offered against the backdrop of a recent paper by Deman which illustrates the definitional problems.
Multiplant Location with Respect to Price-Elastic Demand
Authors: Dökmeci V F
Published: October 2006

In this paper a model is developed to determine the optimal location of plants by taking into consideration the price elastic demand, production cost, and transportation cost. It is assumed that demand is distributed unevenly. The objective is to determine the location of maximum profit. Each basic function is interrelated with other functions, and the location of maximum profit is a balanced situation of price, demand, economies of scale, and transportation cost. This situation results in a complicated function, and the solution cannot be obtained by techniques of direct calculation. Therefore, a stepwise heuristic approach is used.

First, the number of plants is chosen and the allocation of plants is made with respect to a criterion of minimum distance. Demand and thus optimum locations are calculated according to different prices. The location of maximum net profit is determined for this particular number of plants. This procedure is repeated for a different number of plants. The alternative which has the maximum profit is chosen as being the best system.
District-Level Variations in the Configuration of Service Provision in England: A Graphical Approach to Classification
Authors: Dunn R , Walker P
Published: October 2006

An hierarchical clustering procedure is applied to data on the percentage of hospital beds in five standard categories for the 191 District Health Authorities in England. A series of graphical displays are then presented which build on the clustering procedure and allow more detailed inter-District comparisons to be made. This empirical analysis illustrates the power of graphical methods for data analysis and stresses the importance of the identification of groups of similar Districts in order to allow meaningful inter-District comparisons to be made.
Agricultural Location Theory, 2: Relaxation of Assumptions and Applications
Authors: Kellerman A
Published: October 2006

Each of the many assumptions of von Thünen's crop theory may be relaxed separately. Although these exercises demonstrate the flexibility of the theory, few attempts have been made to relax more than one assumption at a time. The theory has been applied widely and internationally at three scales, namely the microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale. The microscale relates to distances from famers' homes to their fields. The mesoscale relates to land uses around single urban centres and to urban pressures on agricultural production at the urban fringe. The macroscale is an attempt to uncover land-use rings at continental and global scales. A major future challenge for the theory is the possible incorporation of Marxist notions.
The Onset and Spread of Modern Economic Growth in Europe: An Empirical Test of a Catastrophe Model
Authors: Casetti E
Published: October 2006

Modern economic growth is associated with a striking acceleration in the growth of product per capita, which can be interpreted as the result of a switch from a premodern slowly moving equilibrium to a modern explosive disequilibrium growth. This switch corresponds to a ‘fold catastrophe’. In this paper, a catastrophe model of the onset and spread of modern economic growth is articulated and then tested by means of historical data. The results obtained support the notion that modern economic growth originated in England sometime during the eighteenth century and then spread throughout the rest of Europe by a process that had run its course by circa 1840.
Statistical Analysis of Spatial Data in the Presence of Missing Observations: A Methodological Guide and an Application to Urban Census Data
Authors: Griffith D A , Bennett R J , Haining R P
Published: October 2006

In this paper a simple introduction and guide to a widely applicable method for estimating missing data in fields of enquiry such as census maps or LANDSAT images are presented. The method given is a maximum likelihood procedure. This is argued to have the particularly favourable characteristics (1) that its distribution properties are known, (2) it is applicable both to regularly and to irregularly spaced observations, (3) it can handle different spatial configurations of missing cells, (4) it makes full use of the information contained in the known spatial data (particularly its spatial autocorrelation), (5) it has no systematic tendency to error, and (6) it provides ‘probability limits’. The algorithm is presented in the form of a simple tutorial guide. An example, of median income levels in Houston, is worked through in detail for missing cells in census data. The example is characterised by a variable mean and a general variance — covariance matrix.
Misguided Rhetoric on Rent: A Comment on Ball and Clark
Authors: Haila A
Published: October 2006

Recently in this journal Ball and Clark have debated the theory of land rent. This comment is an attempt to show that the art of wording in that debate has been, above all, misleading. In the process of the controversy the original questions have been displaced by others, and discussion has been choked by ready answers quoted from classic authority. This comment is an attempt to penetrate behind the rhetorical veil and to reveal the important questions that deserve to be discussed in a sincere way. In order to make clear the main issue—the use and the relevance of the theory of land rent—the recent project of Ball is crystallized into a thesis: the received theory of rent should be rejected. Ball's attempts to justify this thesis are weighed, and it is concluded that Ball has not managed to justify the thesis. This means that the alleged alternative theory based on the criticism against the theory of land rent is rather a belief and an illusion than a properly justified stand. Therefore, apart from providing a short outline for an alternative approach, the main outcome of the comment is an invitation to further discussion.
The Fiscal Crisis and the Local State: Examination of the Structuralist Concept
Authors: Müller W , Rohr-Zanker R
Published: October 2006

Neo-Marxist theory has been widely used by urban scientists to explain patterns of fiscal stress among US cities during the 1970s. Despite its popularity, strict empirical tests are rare, and few attempts have been made to account for theoretical and empirical criticism and recent changes in the fiscal behavior of cities. A causal model is developed and tested for long-term debt of large US cities in 1975 and extended through 1985. The results contradict hypotheses of the neo-Marxist theory and show that it ignores the relevance of changes in urban fiscal strategies and underestimates the political flexibility of city managers.
Testing the Recession Theory as an Explanation for the Migration Turnaround
Authors: Kontuly T , Bierens H J
Published: October 2006

In this paper the so-called recession theory explanation for the decline of net migration to large metropolitan core areas of industrialized countries is tested with an econometric time-series model. In the explanation it is contended that the migration turnaround represents only a temporary fluctuation in the general trend of urban economic and demographic spatial concentration, caused by the business cycle downturns of the 1970s. Our results show that the migration turnaround cannot be attributed exclusively to these business cycle fluctuations. For many of the countries tested, the business cycle operated simultaneously with other factors suggested as explanations for the turnaround. We conclude that several explanations should be combined to build a theory of the migration turnaround.
Using Hierarchical Information Integration to Model Consumer Responses to Possible Planning Actions: Recreation Destination Choice Illustration
Authors: Louviere J J , Timmermans H J P
Published: October 2006

This paper outlines a study of recreational preferences designed to assess the usefulness of the method of hierarchical information integration for the study of complex decisionmaking processes which involve many potentially influential attributes. We assume that individuals who face complex decision problems initially group or classify influential attributes into subsets called decision constructs; then they rank these decision constructs into some overall preference for or choice among competing opportunities. To implement this conceptualization of individuals' cognitive processes we first measure overall preferences for recreational choice alternatives by creating separate experimental designs to study how individuals define each decision construct. Next we develop a design to integrate the decision constructs themselves so that we can observe how individuals' choices among, or preferences for, recreational opportunities change as we change how good an opportunity is with respect to each decision construct. The results of the study suggest that hierarchical information integration may be a potentially useful method to study complex decisionmaking problems of interest to planners and policy makers. Some avenues for further research are discussed.

Substantively, our results indicate that natural environment and accessibility, and maintenance have the most influence on the Eindhoven sample's preferences for and choices among parks. Some heterogeneity in preferences is also observed.
A Flexible and Consistent System for Modelling Interregional Trade Flows
Authors: Hua C
Published: October 2006

Previous models of interregional trade flows are briefly reviewed and a model that incorporates both supply and demand determinants as well as the relative spatial advantage of each region is considered. An Alonso-type framework is derived and a specific model is proposed together with its solution for all the unknown variables. Algorithms necessary for flexible and consistent prediction are presented. A regional input-output model can also be included in the model presented.
Conceptualizing Regional Dynamics in Recently Industrialized Countries
Authors: Vázquez-Barquero A
Published: October 2006

An attempt is made to define a conceptual framework to explain the process of regional adjustment in recently industrialized countries. The historical context of the paper is the recent change in the Spanish regional economic system. On the basis of recent research, an assessment is made of recent propositions of regional restructuring theory about regional dynamics. The pattern of industrial location and the actions of firms and investors are related to the aggregate behaviour of the regions. A spatial development framework is proposed as relevant for bringing into the explanation the specificities of regions, as well as structural processes of change.
Ranking Regression Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variables
Authors: Reiner R , Munz M
Published: October 2006

Socioeconomic systems are often characterized by spatiotemporal structured data sets. If many potentially explanatory variables are available, a ranking of their relevance is desirable. A numerical procedure is presented which allows for a stepwise selective regression analysis of such variables based on least square principles. The optimal set of key socioeconomic factors is obtained from a large number of variables by an orthogonalization procedure. This orthogonalization takes into account the correlation between the variables which have been already been selected and the remaining set. Time delays of variables are also considered. As an example the key factor analysis of regional utilities of the migratory system of the Federal Republic of Germany is treated.
The Redistributional Impact of Modern Rent Control
Authors: Appelbaum R P , Gilderbloom J I
Published: October 2006

Since the early 1970s over 200 cities in the United States of America have enacted rent control. Currently 10% of the nation's renters are covered by some form of rent regulation, yet little is known about the economic consequences of rent control. Most evidence suggests that modern rent controls have little or no impact on the amount of investment in rental housing. Such a finding is primarily because of the nonrestrictive nature of most current rent control ordinances, which typically exempt newly constructed housing, guarantee a fair and reasonable return on investment, and allow for annual rent adjustments to cover increases in operating costs. Although this relatively mild type of rent control succeeds in limiting extreme rent increases, it does not result in significant relief from high rents in most regulated cities. Only with strong rent control ordinances will rents be significantly impacted.
Trajectories of Neighborhood Change: The Case of Gentrification
Authors: Beauregard R A
Published: October 2006

Our understanding of the comparative dynamics of neighborhood change is relatively undeveloped. In order to disentangle various trajectories, the complex processes which constitute gentrification are explored both quantitatively and qualitatively in four neighborhoods in Philadelphia for the postwar period. The analysis reveals quite diverse forms of gentrification, varying in potential and pace, that pivot around the structural forces of capitalism and the particularities of place. Emphasis is placed on the actions of agents of property and finance capital, governments, and individual households in bringing about gentrification; and those of neighborhood groups in resisting it. The implications for the merging of structure and contingency in neighborhood theory and for political action are addressed briefly.
A Behavioral Model of International Labor and Nonlabor Migration: The Case of Turkish Movements to West Germany, 1960–1986
Authors: Waldorf B S , Esparza A , Huff J O
Published: October 2006

In this paper behavioral models of international labor and nonlabor migration are presented. The models are based on the concept of chain migration, where the immigrant stock, differentiated by the duration of stay, induces and directs future migration flows. Three roles of the immigrant stock in inducing the inflow of potential migrants are identified: provider of assimilation aid; transmitter of information; and source of family reunification. Operationalized versions of the models are empirically tested for Turkish labor and nonlabor migration to West Germany, 1960–86. The results support the importance of information for labor migrants, and reunification ties for nonlabor migrants.
Transportation in a Capitalist Space-Economy: Transportation Demand, Circulation Time, and Transportation Innovations
Authors: Sheppard E
Published: October 2006

Transportation, as the service of moving commodities between places, plays a unique role in a fully competitive capitalist space-economy. The commodity of transportation is consumed as a part of virtually every economic transaction, linking the production and consumption of a commodity; demand for transportation is derived from spatial configurations rather than being fixed by socially necessary techniques and real wages; and the circulation time taken in transportation is a deduction from capitalists' profits. The impact of circulation time on profits may be calculated precisely. The derived nature of the demand for transportation adds a level of uncertainty to the impact of cost-reducing technical change on profit rates. Given this, cost-reducing and time-reducing technical change in the transportation commodity is one of the few ways of ensuring an increased rate of profit for capitalists, ceteris paribus. The public nature of transportation improvements and the high investments in fixed capital that are required help to explain the central role of the state in capitalism in the improvement of transportation and thus in underwriting capital accumulation.
Profitability and Capital Accumulation in Canadian Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Webber M , Tonkin S
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the relationship between profitability and rates of capital accumulation in twenty Canadian manufacturing industries is examined. Three separate analyses are performed: a short-run longitudinal study, a cross-sectional analysis, and a long-run longitudinal study. In each case, the rate of profit performs poorly as a determinant of the rate of accumulation in the manufacturing industries. If this result is real, rather than being because of inappropriate data or methods, then alternative determinants of investment behaviour must be sought, the emphasis placed by theorists on an equal rate of profit equilibrium is misplaced, and interpretations of capital flows in terms of relative profitability are misguided.
Rates of Interest: A Review
Authors: Lea A C
Published: October 2006

This paper is a critical commentary on the papers by Rigby, and Webber and Tonkin that are part of this special issue of Environment and Planning A on “Analytical political economy”.
The Zealousness of Being Novel: A Reply to Haila
Authors: Clark E
Published: October 2006

In response to Haila's invitation to further discussion on urban land rent theory, Clark's earlier critique of Ball's reformulation and Haila's misunderstandings of this critique are clarified. Points of agreement and points where disagreement cannot yet be ruled out are specified. It is argued, in opposition to the assumption which underlies Haila's comment, that theoretical progress is not impeded by exploring the history of a concept, and is not served by the creation of ‘new’ theories each day from a tabula rasa.
The Location of US Manufacturing: Some Empirical Evidence on Recent Geographical Shifts
Authors: Huallacháin B Ó
Published: October 2006

In this paper, current theories and hypotheses of industrial location are tested, using a cross-sectional regression analysis of employment change in total manufacturing, and in five high-technology sectors in each of 264 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, for the period 1977–84. Agglomeration forces and market opportunities, unions, wages, climate, and university research parks are best used to explain employment growth. Employment losses are related to declining markets and the downsizing of establishments. Agglomeration forces which influence the growth of total manufacturing are metropolitan-size related, in contrast to industry-specific externalities for individual high-technology sectors. The results indicate that growth rates decline with increasing industry concentration and metropolitan size. Policy variables based on taxes and public expenditures are not significant. The interrelationships between social and economic characteristics in selected metropolitan areas are explored. The effects of these relationships on the determinants of total manufacturing growth and decline are identified.
Environmental Sustainability and Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Barbier E B , Markandya A , Pearce D W
Published: October 2006

Efforts to ‘operationalize’ a concept of sustainability into appraisal methods for practical decisionmaking have been few and generally unpersuasive. In this paper it is argued that this need not be the case if a set of environmentally compensating, or ‘shadow’, projects within an overall portfolio are used to ensure a sustainability objective of setting a constraint on the depletion and degradation of the stock of natural capital. This can be achieved through both a ‘weak’ and a ‘strong’ sustainability criterion. In both cases the resulting optimum differs from the efficient optimum of the conventional cost-benefit criterion, but the basic cost-benefit model remains intact.
Logit Models and Chaotic Behaviour: A New Perspective
Authors: Nijkamp P , Reggiani A
Published: October 2006

Chaos theory and discrete choice theory have been developed as two separate analytical tools from various disciplinary backgrounds.

In this paper the aim is to link chaos theory (emerging mainly from physics) to discrete choice theory (emerging mainly from geography and economics) by showing the formal conditions under which a dynamic logit model can exhibit chaotic behaviour. It will be shown that under certain conditions a generalized predator-prey model arises from a dynamic logit model.

Furthermore, the analysis will be extended by developing a time-delayed logit model related to a modal (or route) choice problem in which congestion effects are incorporated in a dynamic framework. The analysis will be illustrated by means of simulation experiments, in which it is shown that different types of behaviour (including chaotic movements) can emerge depending on critical values of the utility function.
Properties and Estimation of a Production-Constrained Alonso Model
Authors: Miller H J , O'Kelly M E
Published: October 2006

The Alonso spatial interaction framework encompasses a wide variety of movement phenomenon models; most notably, the ‘family’ of spatial interaction models. The production-constrained formulation of the Alonso framework incoporates a destination-related relative accessibility effect and therefore generalizes the traditional production-constrained interaction model. In this paper, the properties and estimation procedures for a production-constrained Alonso model are presented. Two related estimation approaches are developed: an ordinary least squares (OLS) procedure and a maximum likelihood (ML) procedure. The results of estimation experiments for these methods provide important insights for operationalizing the Alonso framework. It is demonstrated that the Alonso parameters can be recovered from a simulated data set if the exogenous weights are measured correctly. However, errors in the measurement of the ‘true’ exogenous weights in the data set result in incorrect estimates of parameters.
Locality Research and Comparative Analysis: The Case of Local Housing Policy in Sweden
Authors: Elander I , Strömberg T , Danermark B , Söderfeldt B
Published: October 2006

A method is described to trace ‘locality’, or spatial variations in policy, through comparative analysis. It is argued that the problem of structure versus agency can never be solved once and for all by philosophical arguments, but always has to be rephrased into empirically manageable terms. This is possible through use of the ‘most similar’ approach of comparative analysis. When external structural determinants of policy are kept under control, local variations can be traced back to locally specific determinants. These determinants must be examined in depth through case studies. This also paves the way for empirically based counterfactual reasoning. Thus, the extent to which local actors are not just forced by structural determinants to act in a certain way can be estimated. The general approach is illustrated by reference to a case study of local housing policies in Sweden. Some critical questions are raised. One must not forget that structures and actors, whether national or local, are inseparably bound up with processes, and that ‘structures’ are always just crystallised results of human action.
Mapping Meanings: A Cultural Critique of Locality Studies
Authors: Jackson P
Published: October 2006

Much of the recent ‘locality studies’ literature suffers from a poorly theorised conception of the cultural dimensions of social and economic change. Despite frequent references to political cultures, regional traditions, and local loyalties, the emphasis of most ‘locality studies’ has been on questions of employment, spatial divisions of labour, and the geography of production, specified in terms of local labour markets. There has been some discussion of the social definition of skill, the meaning of ‘work’, and the intersection of class and gender relations in particular places at specific times. But the significance of local cultures has been much less carefully theorised, leading to an unnecessarily truncated analysis of urban and regional change. The author suggests some alternative theorisations of ‘local culture’, drawing on concepts of cultural politics (from Stuart Hall), structures of feeling (Raymond Williams), cultural capital (Pierre Bourdieu) and local knowledge (Clifford Geertz). These notions are then applied to the process of arts-related urban reinvestment, and it is concluded that the field of urban and regional studies has much to gain from a more sophisticated understanding of cultural change.
Raymond Williams and Local Cultures
Authors: Longhurst B
Published: October 2006

In this paper it is maintained that Raymond Williams's writings on culture are of great importance to current developments in cultural geography. His work is periodised into three stages and its different subject matters identified. An interpretation of Williams's theory of culture is offered which places particular emphasis on his concepts of ‘structure of feeling’ and ‘knowable community’. The creative tension between Williams's holistic treatment of culture and his stress on cultural struggle is examined. The paper concludes with some suggestions on the uses to be made of Williams's work.
Subsidies to Owner-Occupiers: Some Estimates from Data on Individual Households
Authors: Nicholson M , Willis K
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the subsidies accruing to owner-occupiers in the Newcastle travel-to-work area (TTWA) for the period 1985–87 is examined. Data at the micro level from two building societies are used to produce estimates of the impact of mortgage-interest tax relief at source and the nontaxation of imputed rent. The overall level of subsidy is shown to have fallen through time and the greatest relative subsidies are given to households with the smallest taxable income. The effect of the income elasticity of demand for housing on subsidy levels is considered and an estimate of the income elasticity of demand is produced for the Newcastle TTWA. Finally, some spatial effects of housing subsidies are discussed.
Evaluating the Use of Entropy-Maximising Procedures in the Study of Voting Patterns: 1. Sampling and Measurement Error in the Flow-of-the-Vote Matrix and the Robustness of Estimates
Authors: Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

Entropy-maximising procedures were introduced to urban and regional studies as a means of providing maximum likelihood estimates of traffic flows and other interaction patterns. They have recently been adapted to the study of spatial variations in voting patterns. In this paper, the first of a series, the impact of certain aspects of sampling and measurement error on the pattern of estimates is evaluated. The results suggest that relative variation over space is insensitive to the error terms, but absolute variations are not.
Occupancy Change and the Farmed Landscape: An Analysis of Farm-Level Trends, 1970–85
Authors: Munton R J C , Marsden T K
Published: October 2006

Although there is considerable debate among academic commentators and policymakers about the alleged significance of changes in farm occupancy to the management of the farmed landscape, there is as yet little empirical research detailing the relationships. With use of a longitudinal analysis of over 250 farm businesses, the relationships at the farm level, particularly those occupancy changes which may promote landscape alteration, are examined.
The Zone-Size-Dependent Entropy Formula and Spatial Interaction Modelling: A Note on Some Implications
Authors: Paulov J
Published: October 2006

In this paper are discussed some implications following from the use of the zone-size-dependent entropy formula to the derivation of singly-constrained spatial interaction models as well as of an unconstrained model. Some problems concerning the zone-size-term specification are also discussed.