bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Max Ophuls and Instant Messaging
Authors: Hansen Miriam Bratu
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the public character of film and is informed by the ideas of Jürgen Habermas, Alexander Kluge, and Oskar Negt about the public sphere, Öffentlichkeit in German. It takes as its prime example the 1932 film Liebelei, by the Austrian director Max Ophuls, whose opening scene it interprets as a paradigm of the visuality and relay of gazes made possible by classical cinema. The author argues for the necessity of reformulating the thesis of Walter Benjamin about the reproducibility of the artwork to account for the contemporary digital media environment. The chapter concludes with speculation about the future of film exhibition and its survival as a form of sponsored or niche culture.
India
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the various laws and enforcement agencies in India relating to the investigation and criminalization of bribery and related offenses. Although India’s principal statutes, the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) and Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), have been in force for decades, the number of related prosecutions is low, with the first prosecution under the PMLA coming 15 years after that statute’s enactment. While India criminalizes bribery of domestic public officials, it lacks any laws criminalizing commercial bribery or bribery of foreign public officials, which sets the country behind many of its peer economies. There have been various calls for increased anti-corruption reforms in recent years, including from the administration of current prime minister Narendra Modi, but the success of these efforts remains to be seen.
“Carbon-Copy Prosecutions”: A Multi-Dimensional Enforcement Paradigm that is Here to Stay
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

One emerging transnational trend in anti-corruption efforts is the phenomenon of “carbon-copy prosecutions”: when foreign or domestic Jurisdiction A files charges based on a guilty plea or charging document from Jurisdiction B. The net effect of DOJ and SEC FCPA settlement policies is that when a company enters into a negotiated resolution with U.S. enforcers, it is essentially powerless to defend against—much less deny—the factual basis on which the resolution is based. This all but ensures that a company that settles with the DOJ—or both the DOJ and SEC in parallel proceedings—will have little or no choice but to settle with U.S. and foreign authorities, should such authorities choose to exercise jurisdiction and enforce their corollary anti-corruption laws. Duplicative serial enforcement actions are now part and parcel of the enforcement landscape, despite a healthy ongoing debate over the need for, and fairness of, serial enforcements.
The Key Tools of the Trade in Transnational Bribery Investigations and Prosecutions: Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) and Letters Rogatory
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

The investigation of corruption, bribery, and similar transnational criminal conduct, like the discovery process for transnational civil proceedings, often involves gathering evidence located in foreign countries. However, national sovereignty, international treaties, and international law preclude U.S. law enforcement officials from simply flying to a foreign country to conduct searches, question suspects, obtain documents, and proceed with arresting individuals for trial in the United States. In the absence of a foreign country’s agreement to cooperate in a criminal investigation, U.S. prosecutors or civil litigation counsel have limited options. There are two primary means of obtaining evidence for use in transnational criminal proceedings: a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) and a letter rogatory.
Global Developments in, and Evolution of, Third-Party Due Diligence
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

Third-party due diligence is a critical element in any anti-bribery compliance program. This chapter discusses the risks posed by the use of third-party agents and intermediaries and how those risks can be assessed, documented, and mitigated. It reviews best practices and procedures covering the full span of third-party interaction, from the initial selection through any potential termination. It includes an in-depth presentation of techniques and procedures for internal and external review, in varying intensity to suit the range of possible risk. With an awareness of common pitfalls and an attention to cost concerns, this chapter provides a thorough and practical overview for any company seeking to meet its ethical and legal obligations under transnational anti-bribery law.
Increasing Accountability and Reducing Corruption: the World Bank’s Anti-Corruption System
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

As part of its development efforts, the World Bank has a fiduciary duty to ensure that its funds are used for their intended purposes and with due attention to economy and efficiency. In furtherance of this fiduciary duty, the Bank’s anti-corruption measures seek to incorporate processes that ensure standards of good governance and conformity with principles of the rule of law. Indeed, fraud and corruption weaken institutions and divert essential resources from those who are supposed to benefit the most: the poor. Since the mid-1990s, the World Bank has worked to develop a robust sanctions system that is efficient, effective, and fair, offering accused parties a fair process through which they can present their defense. The World Bank has also sought to work with its partners to deter and prevent misconduct from occurring in the first place. This chapter describes the history and evolution of the World Bank’s sanctions system and its efforts to combat fraud and corruption in its development activities.
Islam as Global Order
Authors: Bamyeh Mohammed A.
Published: May 2019

Does the historical experience of Islam as a global religion offer general lessons about global order today? Muslims have historically referred to a world in which they could be citizens that was much larger than their locality: Dar al-Islam. This chapter identifies three properties that have lent deep and felt meaning to this otherwise amorphous concept: partial control, free movement, and cultural heteroglossia. Partial control meant that for Muslims the state was only one among many other authorities that were equally legitimate, and where multiple loyalties were the norm. Free movement of people was a natural corollary to the centrality of commerce in Muslim economies, pilgrimage routes, and the global structure of educational networks. Cultural heteroglossia refers to the ways by which the diversity of Muslim communities around the world appeared unproblematic, so that Muslims could continue to imagine themselves as a single global community, even though they rarely needed to act that way. The chapter concludes by exploring how those properties could be integral to a global order today.
Metaphysical Motivation
Authors: Gardner Sebastian
Published: May 2019

A defining characteristic of classical German philosophy is its preoccupation with the concept of freedom. One central moment in the post-Kantian debate concerning the metaphysical conditions of human freedom is Schelling’s assertion, in his 1809 essay, that these include the reality of evil. Human freedom is meaningful, Schelling argues, only if it comprises a choice between good and evil. On this basis Schelling rejects as inadequate the conception of autonomous agency found in Kant and Fichte, and restores human freedom to a theological setting. My aim in this chapter is to explore Schelling’s intriguing and provocative idea in the context of Crime and Punishment—in which, I suggest, Dostoevsky tries to show how and why autonomous agency, conceived in familiar late modern “Kantian” terms, discovers itself to have need of, and is forced to retrieve, a conception of evil that modern ethical thought takes itself to have surpassed.
Yardstick Competition among Governments
Authors: Salmon Pierre
Published: May 2019

When the existence of several jurisdictions (countries, regions, or cities) is acknowledged, the possibility arises that citizens compare what obtains in their own jurisdiction to what obtains in others. These cross-jurisdiction or yardstick comparisons can have an effect on citizens’ support of incumbents (yardstick voting) and, as a consequence, an effect on governments’ decisions, making them interact (political yardstick competition proper). Both effects have been mainly studied in the context of federalism and decentralization, with the policy variables concerned being mostly fiscal (taxes and expenditures). In that relatively simple setting, the two effects have been confirmed empirically. This book aims to document and analyze that achievement and also to extend the analysis to broader settings in terms of jurisdictions and policy domains. It is mostly in that broader context, especially when national governments are involved, that the systemic implications of yardstick competition come to the fore. With regard to electoral or downward accountability, the mechanism tends to re-empower citizens by mitigating the disabling effects of information asymmetry. With regard to policy-making, yardstick competition represents a force, latent or actual, that constrains or influences the decisions of governments. The mechanism is simple but the political settings in which it operates, crucial for its understanding, are definitely complex. A methodological justification of how the matter is treated is placed at the end of the book.
Yardstick competition and its cousins
Authors: Salmon Pierre
Published: May 2019

The chapter considers some mechanisms that interact with yardstick competition or that might be confused with it. Most attention is given to mobility-based competition and policy learning. Mobility-based competition is discussed mainly with regard to its relation with yardstick competition. For policy learning, the discussion is also about the way it is distinct from yardstick competition. On that matter, two differences are crucial: cross-jurisdiction comparisons are assumed to be made by citizens in the case of yardstick competition but by officials in the case of policy learning; officials are assumed to be concerned with both policies and policy outcomes while citizens are concerned only with policy outcomes—that is, at least as long as outcomes are comparatively satisfactory.
Why Assessment?
Authors: Shaw Brian P.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains foundations underpinning assessment in ensembles. Music educators need information about what their students know and are able to do in order to do their best teaching. However, such information is hard to obtain using traditional ensemble methods. Individual classroom assessment yields more information about student performance than standardized testing or regular rehearsals. Concepts such as metacognition, the Zone of Proximal Development, self-efficacy, social-emotional learning, and growth mindset can be productively incorporated into the design and use of assessments. Assessment alters the curriculum as tested topics are emphasized, and runs the risk of reductionism. Still, classroom assessment has untapped power to transform ensemble music education.
Gathering Information
Authors: Shaw Brian P.
Published: May 2019

This chapter details many ways of collecting information about student performance. Diagnostic assessment, formative assessment, and summative assessment all work together to inform teaching and learning throughout a lesson or unit. Summative assessment is what comes to mind when many people think of “assessment,” but summative assessment is the assessment type that supports learning the least. Assessment for learning, as opposed to assessment of learning, is the type of classroom assessment that helps students know where they are going, where they are now, and how to get there. Assessment design can improve validity. A nearly infinite variety of possible assessment methods, or ways to gather information, exists. The most common methods in schools can be categorized as selected response, written response, verbal response, performance or demonstration, personal communication, portfolios, quick formative assessment techniques, and self and peer assessment. Using a variety of methods helps to ensure curricular comprehensiveness.
“Moving Forward, Looking Back”
Authors: ap Siôn Pwyll
Published: May 2019

This chapter traces the influence of the Western classical tradition on Steve Reich’s musical language with reference to his important work Octet, composed in 1979 then subsequently reorchestrated and renamed Eight Lines. Previous scholarly accounts of this work have focused on Reich’s use of extended melodic lines, drawing on the composer’s own comments that these were derived from his immersion at the time in Hebrew cantillation. While acknowledging Reich’s debt to Jewish music, this chapter locates Eight Lines within the broader context of the European tours with his ensemble during the early to mid-1970s. The innovative melodic lines in Eight Lines are constructed around largely goal-oriented harmonic (that is to say, “Western”) structures as much as through the composer’s own immersion in cantillation music, suggesting that his style from this point onward can be read more as a synthesis of Western and non-Western influences.
Evolution, Religion, and Other Meaning Systems
Authors: Wilson David Sloan
Published: May 2019

Religions puzzle the scientific imagination for two reasons: First, why do people believe in the existence of supernatural agents, despite the absence of empirical evidence? Second, why do religious beliefs cause people to behave in ways that seem so costly, such as the willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son to his God? Evolutionists who study religion are faced with the same puzzle, but they have made more progress than traditional religious scholars because evolutionary theory is designed to answer questions about the presence and absence of functional organization. The most important insight to emerge from evolutionary theory, however, is that the study of religions must be nested within the more general study of meaning systems, defined as sets of beliefs and practices that receive environmental information as input and result in action as output. Almost everything that holds for religions (including adaptive fictions) also holds for other meaning systems.
The Role of Evolutionary Studies in Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Eirdosh Dustin , Hanisch Susan
Published: May 2019

Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) examines the emergence and persistence of complex adaptive systems, including human social-ecological systems. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) aims to empower students with the skills to develop and sustain human social-ecological systems that reflect the shared values of our species. The aims of EvoS and ESD have clear overlaps, and yet these two fields remain as distant islands of thought with few academic bridges between them. This chapter explores the connections between EvoS and ESD from historical, theoretical, and applied perspectives and presents the value of an integrated approach. The authors argue the strengths of this approach include its cumulative evidence base from wide-ranging disciplines, its explanatory power, and its overall simplicity.
Evolutionary Approaches to Health Issues and Behaviors Across the Life Course
Authors: Kruger Daniel J. , Kruger Jessica S.
Published: May 2019

Health-related research is broad, diverse, and fragmented theoretically, methodologically, and across disciplines. The understanding and improvement of human health would be accelerated by establishing a universal and deep framework integrating varied undertakings. This framework is evolutionary theory, the most powerful explanatory system in the life sciences and the only framework that can unify knowledge in otherwise disparate fields of human research. Darwinian medicine has already made considerable progress in the practical understanding of human physiology and other areas informing medical care. Within evolutionary theory, life history theory in particular holds the promise of promoting understanding of variation in behavioral patterns related to health and why they vary consistent with environmental conditions. This chapter describes the current state of research exemplifying an evolutionary approach to health-related psychology and behavior and outlines directions for future research and intervention efforts.
Integrating Evolutionary Thinking into Medical Education and Curricula
Authors: Natterson-Horowitz Barbara , Blumstein Daniel T.
Published: May 2019

Evolutionary medicine takes a functional and contextual approach to understanding health and disease. The approach is applicable to all health disciplines and can be used to better understand a wide range of medical concerns. This chapter’s goal is to outline possible areas of medicine in which evolutionary and ecological logic and principles can make important contributions and to then discuss how one may begin to train the next generation of scholars and clinicians to generate and apply new knowledge. Such an approach has the potential to be genuinely transformative, but an impediment to success is a the field of medicine’s proximate explanatory orientation for thinking about health and disease, training clinicians and researchers, and conducting research. The authors propose a change model and utilization of a Tinbergen-esque approach to revolutionize biomedical research.
The Evolutionary Studies Summer Institute at New Paltz
Authors: Geher Glenn , Toback Aileen , Wedberg Nicole
Published: May 2019

Since 2007, the Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) program at the State University of New York at New Paltz has provided an interdisciplinary undergraduate educational experience to students, gaining a reputation as a high-impact academic program with the capacity to expose students from a wide variety of disciplines to Darwinian principles. In the summer of 2015, the program hosted its first-ever week-long EvoS Summer Institute for teachers. The Institute was modeled after New Paltz’s EvoS program, offering units that connect evolution with a variety of topics, including genetics, human origins, behavior, health, the arts, and more. An extensive anonymous survey of the participants provided evidence that the Institute met its educational goals of providing an enriching, powerful, and broad evolution education that is perceived as having the capacity to help advance the teaching of evolution. In this chapter, the authors provide various perspectives in describing the structure of the Institute along with outcomes related to advancing evolution education.
Conundrums of War and Law
Authors: White G. Edward
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the emergence of “modern,” “total” war in late nineteenth- and twentieth-century America, and the relationship of modern war to traditional doctrines of the “law of war,” such as the treatment of “enemies,” “belligerents” and “nonbelligerents,” and prisoners of war, as well as the relationship of courts to the military in wartime.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review II
Authors: White G. Edward
Published: May 2019

The constitutional jurisprudence of foreign relations law was transformed over a period from the mid-1930s to the 1960s. The Supreme Court adopted an increasingly deferential posture toward executive decision-making in foreign affairs as executive agreements with foreign nations that did not take the form of treatises became increasingly common. The Court’s widening of due process rights in domestic cases did not occur in foreign relations cases until the end of the century, when habeas corpus claims were made by aliens detained on U.S. soil.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review III
Authors: White G. Edward
Published: May 2019

The Supreme Court’s decisions interpreting the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments followed an uneven pattern in the period covered in this volume. From a posture of aggressive review in cases posing due process challenges to state and judicial legislation, the court retreated to one of deference when the legislation affected “social and economic transactions.” But in other cases, such as when free speech and freedom of religion were restricted by legislative or administrative policies, the Court retained an aggressive posture. Eventually, after initially announcing that it eschewed “substantive” interpretations of the Due Process Clauses, the Court began advancing those interpretations in cases involving restrictions on the use of contraceptives and abortion decisions.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review IV
Authors: White G. Edward
Published: May 2019

Equal protection arguments were once described by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes as the “last resort” of persons making constitutional claims. The court’s reliance on the Equal Protection Clause was slight until the 1950s, in part because “equal protection” was understood only to implicate legislature classifications that were “partial” rather than general.” After the use of the Equal Protection Clause to invalidate racial segregation in public schools in Brown v. Board of Education, equal protection arguments became a staple of cases involving racial, gender, and sexual-preference discrimination.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review V
Authors: White G. Edward
Published: May 2019

Of all the areas of twentieth-century constitutional jurisprudence, that of free speech has had the most dramatic transformation. From a state of insignificance, the First Amendment has been applied against the states in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and made the basis for invalidating restrictions on the expressive activities of political and religious minorities, corporations, contributors to political campaigns, and commercial advertisers.
Bodies and Heroes
Authors: Doak Brian R.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 opens the terms of exploration for the study—defining the “hero” as one who acts at the intersection of warrior, royal, and founding roles. Biblical authors paid significant attention to the bodies of their heroes and saw the heroic body as a primal source of meaning. Moreover, these authors saw bodily features as communicating a message about that character’s story and fate. These heroic bodies eventually tell a story—narrating Israel’s composition as a corporate and national body, then the flourishing of that body in royal exemplars, and then the dissolution of that body. The chapter gives a genealogy of how various scholars have explored the body as a site of interpretation, highlighting the different ways biblical interpreters have engaged with body themes. Other key problems are explored, such as the reticence of ancient authors to describe bodies and problems associated with comparing ancient texts with one another.
Jacob
Authors: Doak Brian R.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 illustrates how Jacob’s body functions as the most active, visible, and frequently represented body among the ancestors in Genesis 12–50, and it provides analysis for understanding how and why Jacob’s body appears and performs in the way that it does. The chapter offers a tour through Jacob’s body as it appears in the narrative at several critical moments, paradigmatic as his body is for Israel’s experience as a whole and even for some of the specific heroic-bodily themes explored in subsequent chapters of this book. From birth and his early experience with Esau all the way to his final cross-handed blessing, Jacob leads with this body. The story reaches a climax in Genesis 32, when the narrator presents us with the wounded, limping body of the ancestor Jacob at the most loaded possible moment for identifying the body of the founder with the nation of Israel.
Streisand’s Television
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on Barbra Streisand’s television specials, beginning with My Name Is Barbra in 1965 that catapulted her as a full-fledged national star. In My Name Is Barbra, Streisand’s singing style reflected the different modes she had been using, from the liberty of jazz singing to the power-ballad style epitomized in her “People,” along with her comic voice for the children’s numbers. It also showcased her versatility. The chapter discusses Streisand’s other television shows, including Color Me Barbra (1966), The Belle Of Fourteenth Street (1967), A Happening in Central Park (1968), and Barbra Streisand … And Other Musical Instruments (1973). It also considers Streisand’s return to live concertizing via Live at the Arrowhead Pond, Anaheim (1994), along with another television concert held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Live in Concert 2006.
Ritual, Moral Personhood, and Spirit Possession in The Tale of Genji
Authors: McMullen James
Published: May 2019

The eponymous hero of The Tale of Genji has been frequently described as promiscuous and morally reprobate. This essay explores the construction of selfhood in the novel and suggests that Genji goes on a moral journey. It draws on the work of the American philosopher Herbert Fingarette, whose classic analysis of the Analects of Confucius posits ritual as the main influence in the construct of the person in the tradition associated with his name. The present essay uses the youthful Genji’s precocious achievements as a performer of ritual, music, calligraphy, and dance as a starting point. It suggests that initially his reflexes reflect concern with his own reputation and shame at discovery of transgression rather than inwardly directed guilt. As he grows older, however, partly under Buddhist influence, gradually he becomes more introspectively concerned with the impact of his behavior on others. The essay identifies several agencies that structure the moral world of the novel, including Buddhist notions of predestination, retribution, and spirit possession.
Flares in the Garden, Darkness in the Heart
Authors: Kamens Edward
Published: May 2019

This essay explores various dimensions and manifestations of interiority and exteriority in The Tale of Genji, beginning with analogies to the subject and structure of Japanese screens (byōbu) that depict “scenes inside and outside the capital” and interior and exterior scenes in the Tale itself. It then moves on to suggest that names of characters and of chapters in the Tale also can be seen as aspects of its interiority and exteriority, just as can certain feature of its narrative structure, and then concludes with reflections on how the many poems that are on the surface of the text reveal its deepest interiors while at the same time making the Tale itself a container or “house” for and of them.
The Travelling Dancer
Authors: Meisner Nadine
Published: May 2019

Focusing on Petipa’s professional life before his arrival in Russia, this chapter deals with his time in the French provincial theatres of Nantes and Bordeaux, describing the conditions there, listing his early ballets and roles, outlining the importance of national or folk dance on the ballet stage. It follow this with his adventures—on stage and off—in Spain; he fought a duel and eloped with a young Spanish noblewoman, events described in his memoirs that appear, according to the evidence, to have really happened. The chapter also touches upon two other members of the Petipa family: his brother Lucien, star of the Paris Opera; and his father Jean, an eminent ballet master, who briefly joined a company on tour to New York.
Looking Back, Moving Forward
Authors: Meisner Nadine
Published: May 2019

After Petipa’s marriage to his first muse, Maria Surovshchikova, and the death in Russia of his father, Jean, chapter 4 travels back in time to trace Jean’s career as a ballet master in Marseilles and in Brussels at the Théâtre de la Monnaie. It describes Marius’s early family life, his siblings, and the impact of the Belgian Revolution. Returning to Russia, it looks at Petipa’s impact as a teacher and his choreographic beginnings in St Petersburg, which included the one-act Parisian Market. This is the ballet the Petipas took with them to show at the Paris Opera with Maria Petipa dancing, a season which triggered two law-suits, one of them involving Petipa’s old friend Perrot. There then follows an account of the circumstances around The Pharaoh’s Daughter, the big ballet that brought Petipa to prominence.
At Home and at Work
Authors: Meisner Nadine
Published: May 2019

After a description of Petipa’s home life and six children with his new partner, Liubov Savitskaya, chapter 7 continues the previous chapter’s subject of Petipa’s aesthetic. It examines his working methods, his dance language, the importance of the ballerina’s variation and her primacy in nineteenth-century ballet, to the point that women sometimes appeared en travesti. Petipa’s principal ballerina in the 1870s was Ekaterina Vazem, made prominent not only by her own talent, but by the decision not to invite foreign ballerinas. Although less important than the ballerina, the male dancer in Russia enjoyed more prominence than in the West. Even so, he was treated differently: where ballerinas fused the two components of dance and mime, for men they were often separated, the performer specializing in one or the other. Among the ballets, Mlada and its influence on La Bayadère are considered in detail. The chapter ends with Petipa’s ballet, Night and Day, for the coronation of Alexander III, following the assassination of Alexander II.
Big Music, Big Dance
Authors: Meisner Nadine
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with the Tchaikovsky and Glazunov collaborations and the late-flowering of Petipa’s genius, facilitated by Ivan Vsevolozhsky. At the age of seventy-two, Petipa created his greatest ballet, The Sleeping Beauty, and, with Lev Ivanov, Swan Lake and The Nutcracker. The often-asked question of whether he suppressed Ivanov’s talent gets a further airing, before moving on to Petipa’s penultimate big ballet, Raymonda, set to Glazunov’s first ballet score. For these ballets, Petipa made use of two more Italian dancers: Carlotta Brianza and, the greatest of all, Pierina Legnani. In 1899 Vsevolzhsky, who had written the Sleeping Beauty’s libretto and designed the costumes, was removed from his post and with his departure came the beginning of Petipa’s problems.
Clark on Language, Cognition, and Extended Cognition
Authors: Aizawa Kenneth
Published: May 2019

Some years ago, Clark broached a complementarian model of language, in contrast to a more traditional translation model, which he then linked to the hypothesis of extended cognition. This chapter’s review of this theory begins with an invitation to clarify the complementarian model with respect to a traditional distinction between cognition and behavior. It will next provide some reason to revise, or perhaps merely clarify, the putative role of language in the exercise of some metacognitive abilities. Then it will revisit what looks to be a problematic argument for extended cognition.
Museums, Memorials, and Novels as Sites of War Knowledge
Authors: Sylvester Christine
Published: May 2019

Curations of war objects and stories can direct observers to a culturally prescribed view of America’s wars in Vietnam and Iraq; or, contrarily, they can challenge, revise, and destabilize associations and memory politics around these wars. This chapter focuses on the role of cultural institutions and material object practices in curating and re-curating America’s wars in Vietnam and Iraq. Examples appear from a Smithsonian museum and the Australia War Memorial and museum, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and traveling facsimile, pop-up exhibitions critical of the war in Iraq, displays at Arlington National Cemetery, and selected novels about the two wars.
Monks, Masters, and Missionaries
Authors: Fedyukin Igor
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers an overview of the development of schools in Muscovy in the seventieth century, as well as Peter I’s own views on education and schooling. It argues that rather than in schools, instruction during this period was largely conducted in the form of traditional teachership: teaching “masters” trained the pupils gathering around them in the same way as masters-artisans instructed their own apprentices. Contrary to the received wisdom, the early proposals to establish more institutionalized schools did not come from the state and, in fact, were met with indifference by Muscovy’s rulers. Rather, the introduction of such schools was driven by a variety of enterprising individuals—first, the Greek and Ukrainian monks, and later on by the Jesuits and the Pietists, among others. Peter I himself, however, shared the traditional understanding of schools as informal workshops run by individual “masters,” and of learning as apprenticeship.
The Navigation School and the “Profit-Maker”
Authors: Fedyukin Igor
Published: May 2019

This chapter surveys the early history of the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation, one of the most notable educational projects of Peter I’s reign. The school is famous for its secular, mathematics-oriented curriculum and for the role played in its establishment by the tsar himself, who personally hired the first teachers for it in England. Upon closer inspection, however, it turns out that the evidence of the tsar’s direct involvement in the design, establishment, or running of the Navigation School is extremely limited. The documents, however, bear witness to the key role played in shaping the school by Aleksei Kurbatov (1663–1721), a notorious “profit-maker,” that is, an “inventor” of new revenue sources for the treasury. As the chapter demonstrates, Kurbatov used this project to harness resources and administrative opportunities for himself, as well as to support his own circle of clients, drawn from the ranks of Moscow’s “Latinizing” literati.
The Noble Cadet Corps and the “Germans,” 1730s
Authors: Fedyukin Igor
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the establishment of the Noble Land Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg (1731), the most important educational institution for the nobility in Russia in the eighteenth century, in the context of court politics of the era. The creation of a military school and its design might be expected to naturally follow from the needs of the army. Instead, the chapter demonstrates that the Corps served as instrument for the self-promotion efforts of its ambitious founder, Field Marshal von Münnich, and that it is due to his unique standing at the court that the school enjoyed imperial patronage and received funding on a scale unimaginable under Peter I. Once established, the Corps became a platform for the enterprising efforts of its faculty and staff and, insofar as these were recruited largely through the Pietists networks, also for their pedagogical experiments that defined the educational profile of this elite school.
Consciousness in Animals
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: May 2019

An animal is phenomenally conscious if there is something it is like to be that animal. There are excellent scientific reasons for thinking that many animals are phenomenally conscious. In humans, consciousness is strongly correlated with widespread, relatively fast, low-amplitude interactions in the thalamocortical region of the brain. When the brains of many animals are examined, precisely this sort of activity in these areas is found. The primary philosophical objection to the idea that animals are phenomenally conscious is based on the higher-order thought (HOT) model of consciousness, according to which mental state is conscious when, and only when, the individual who has it is conscious of it. The HOT account suffers from a number of fatal difficulties.
A Clear and Present Danger for the 21st Century
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This opening chapter of The Three Pillars of Radicalization provides an in-depth analysis of the problem of radicalization and identifies the psychological questions that it raises. It contextualizes the current spread of violent extremism around the globe and discusses the two main approaches to counterterrorism: the hard approach, also referred to as kinetic, which involves military and police operations to defeat extremists on the ground, and the soft approach, which seeks to convince supporters of violent extremism through argumentation and social influence to abandon their aggression-justifying beliefs and/or relinquish their engagement in violence. Noting the insufficiency of military and policing means to stem the present tide of international extremism, the authors emphasize the importance of understanding the psychological bases of radicalization in the effort to effectively counteract it.
The Rise of Contemporary Violent Islamist Extremism
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the historical context of the current wave of extremism, recounting the unfolding of the war on terror declared by President George W. Bush in the aftermath of the tragic attacks by Al Qaeda on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon. It discusses the fight against Al Qaeda core in the Pakistan–Afghanistan region and the spread of Al Qaeda’s spirit and influence to the Middle East and North Africa, as well as Central and Southeast Asia. It notes the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the spread of its influence around the globe, and the successes it had in inspiring scores of foreign fighters to join its ranks. Finally, it assesses the likely future developments in the war on terror and its likely impact on world politics and international relations.
Other Theories of Radicalization
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This chapter contains a review of major prior theories of radicalization that adopt sociological, political science, or psychiatric perspectives. The chapter then compares the previous theories with the authors’ 3N theory, which posits that radicalization occurs due to a convergence of individuals’ needs, the narrative to which they are exposed, and the networks in which they are embedded. A comparative analysis reveals that those previous conceptualizations do not actually constitute rival alternatives to the 3N model but rather address some of its specific features. In this sense, the 3N model constitutes an integration of prior psychological proposals concerning the nature of radicalization; it depicts the general psychological factors underlying radicalization of which prior theories and conceptualization are specific cases.
Empirical Evidence for Significance Quest Theory
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines cutting-edge empirical evidence related to the psychology of terrorism. This evidence is gleaned through a variety of methods that include surveys and experiments carried out in the laboratory and in the field. It contains samples from a variety of locations and conflict zones such as the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States. Different types of data are described that bear on relations between variables identified in the authors’ 3N theory of radicalization. This includes published evidence that relates individuals’ feelings of humiliation and significance loss to their tendency to identify as members of a collectivity and to their support for violence. Not only attesting to the power of the network to solidify individuals’ world views, the chapter also shows that the relation between significance loss and extreme attitudes is qualified by the group to which the individual belongs.
Profiles in Violent Extremism
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes 10 instances of radicalization in which individuals committed or attempted to commit politically motivated acts of extreme violence against others. What strikes one about these depictions is that the perpetrators’ backgrounds and circumstances couldn’t be more different: They varied vastly in age, gender, culture, and beliefs. This might create the impression that the search for a common psychology of violent extremism is a “will-o’-the-wisp” doomed in advance to fail because each case is different and of its own kind. Contrary to that view, the authors argue that the apparent substantial differences conceal fundamental similarities and that, at a deeper level, the basic psychological determinants of violent extremism are similar, despite the surface differences.
The Deradicalization Process
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses the phenomenon of deradicalization, the reversal of radicalization. Is deradicalization even possible? Has it ever happened? If so, how can it occur? And what may prevent it from taking place? Addressing these questions, the authors propose that the movement toward moderation is determined by the same general factors as the movement toward extremism, though the specifics are different. In other words, deradicalization too is affected by variables in the need, narrative, and network categories of the 3N theory of radicalization, but the specific need, narrative, and network factors can be different from those that produced radicalization. From this perspective, the chapter examines spontaneous and systematic attempts to bring about deradicalization as these are implemented in various rehabilitation programs that have been instituted in the last decades in various countries and world locations.
Assessing Radicalization and Deradicalization
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents a new evaluation tool for determining the degree of success of deradicalization programs. This battery consists of elements that represent the 3N pillars: It contains tools for assessing individuals’ quest for significance, their adherence to an ideological narrative that supports violence, and their membership in social networks that adhere to those narratives. The proposed tool consists of a triangulation of two methodologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages that collectively compensate for each other. One methodology consists of a self-report measure in form of a survey that target individuals (suspected or at risk of radicalization) fill out. The second methodology consists of an observational system focused on the same 3N elements and carried out by persons in close contact with those target individuals.
Looking at Rocks Together
Authors: Welshon Rex
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses a cluster of issues surrounding the roles played in cognitive evolution by reflexive conscious experience, symmetric joint attention, transitive planning, and representational cognition. After defining these terms, the chapter reviews archaeological findings on knapped tool production. These findings provide a platform for understanding the ways in which the key terms support Wynn’s claim that cognitive evolution in the Paleolithic consists of a set of enhancements to working memory. The chapter’s primary claim is that the deepening temporal, causal, and social dimensions required for stone tool production imply both working memory enhancements and the development of increasingly social and offline kinds of conscious cognition that go beyond augmenting working memory. However, while the discussed cognitive enhancements help explain the appearance of new kinds of planning, monitoring, mind sharing, and reliable cognitive experience, they are not, without augmentation, enough to explain the emergence of symbolic activity, much less spoken language.
Flake-Making and the “Cognitive Rubicon”
Authors: Moore Mark W.
Published: May 2019

Stone tools have a continuous record extending some 3.3 million years. Our hominin ancestors engaged in relatively simple stone flaking, and stone tools of extreme complexity were produced by cognitively modern humans in the Pleistocene and Holocene. For this reason, stone tools offer a tangible means for tracking the evolution of cognition in our genus. This chapter discusses a recent series of experiments controlled for modern flintknapper intent, the results suggesting that aspects of ancient tool forms sometimes viewed as deliberate can in fact be produced with no more intention than that seen in the removal of individual flakes. But the removal of individual flakes is itself a cognitively challenging task, one that places the earliest hominin flintknappers across the “cognitive Rubicon” from their primate relatives.
Knapping in the Dark
Authors: Cole James
Published: May 2019

Understanding the cognitive abilities of ancestral hominins remains challenging, despite the many advances of recent years, including new fossil discoveries and paleogenetic data. However, the primary route to accessing the behavioral and cognitive worlds of our hominin ancestors still remains firmly rooted in the archaeological record, particularly stone tools, the direct products of hominin actions grounded in the physical, social, and cognitive worlds occupied by the knappers. A theory of mind (ToM) has long been considered a key component of the human condition, linked to both language and the development of abstract thought. There must therefore be a point (or perhaps multiple points) in our evolutionary history when hominins gained a ToM. This ability should, in turn, be reflected in the archaeological record. To date, however, only limited attempts have been made to correlate the two. This chapter thus explores the relationship between the various stone tool traditions and ToM.
Cannon Fodder for the Crown (Europe 1600–1776)
Authors: Togman Richard
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 explores the origins of natalist thought, tracing thinking on fertility to the scientific revolutions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in which modern forms of power and knowledge rose in tandem. Mercantilist attempts to grow the population for the greater glory of the monarch are documented, as is the discourse on fertility, which motivated and legitimized government behavior. In addition, the transnational nature of natalism is analyzed. Thinkers such as Englishman John Graunt and the French scientist Adolphe Quetelet cross-pollinated intellectually, and statesmen as diverse as Frederick the Great and Benjamin Franklin drew from the same narratives to understand the size and growth of the population and its significance for the state.
To Breed or Not to Breed, That Is the Question (Europe 1776–1870)
Authors: Togman Richard
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 examines the rise of the natalist discourses that proliferated from 1776 to 1870. The works and disciples of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and Friederich Engels are analyzed to illuminate the birth of new narratives on natality and revolutionary ideas on the meaning of population growth to the body politic. In addition, the birth of demography as a science is discussed. The modern tools of statistics, the census, and secular recordkeeping of population data were pioneered during this era. Discourse was complemented by policy during this period by the new truths on population, which became embedded in the minds of government officials and policymakers. The disconnect between macro conceptualizations of the population and the real behaviors of individuals is examined to begin the process of uncovering the truth about the consistent failure of policy across states.
Populate or Perish (Europe 1870–1945)
Authors: Togman Richard
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 investigates the birth of a new era in population politics in the years 1870–1945, focusing on France, Germany, and Russia/Soviet Union. The militarization and securitization of childbearing are explored to reveal how and why governments of all stripes chose to manipulate the breeding habits of their people in the name of the greater glory of the state. The chapter explores the creation of Mother’s Day as a national holiday; the execution of a woman in Vichy France for having performed abortions; the Stalinist “Medal of Maternity” for women who had large numbers of children; and Nazi SS breeding camps, where the German elite could pair with young women willing to fulfill their patriotic procreative duties.