bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a consensus on datasets and evaluation metrics for developing B‐cell epitope prediction tools
Authors: Greenbaum Jason A. , Andersen Pernille Haste , Blythe Martin , Bui Huynh‐Hoa , Cachau Raul E. , Crowe James , Davies Matthew , Kolaskar A. S. , Lund Ole , Morrison Sherrie , Mumey Brendan , Ofran Yanay , Pellequer Jean‐Luc , Pinilla Clemencia , Ponomarenko Julia V. , Raghava G. P. S. , van Regenmortel Marc H. V. , Roggen Erwin L. , Sette Alessandro , Schlessinger Avner , Sollner Johannes , Zand Martin , Peters Bjoern
Published: January 2007

A B‐cell epitope is the three‐dimensional structure within an antigen that can be bound to the variable region of an antibody. The prediction of B‐cell epitopes is highly desirable for various immunological applications, but has presented a set of unique challenges to the bioinformatics and immunology communities. Improving the accuracy of B‐cell epitope prediction methods depends on a community consensus on the data and metrics utilized to develop and evaluate such tools. A workshop, sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), was recently held in Washington, DC to discuss the current state of the B‐cell epitope prediction field. Many of the currently available tools were surveyed and a set of recommendations was devised to facilitate improvements in the currently existing tools and to expedite future tool development. An underlying theme of the recommendations put forth by the panel is increased collaboration among research groups. By developing common datasets, standardized data formats, and the means with which to consolidate information, we hope to greatly enhance the development of B‐cell epitope prediction tools. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LC/MS characterization of undesired products formed during iodoacetamide derivatization of sulfhydryl groups of peptides
Authors: Yang Zhihua , Attygalle Athula B.
Published: January 2007

Many undesired by‐products have been noticed during alkylation with iodoacetamide, a widely used derivatization reaction in proteomics for the determination of sulfhydryl groups in peptides and proteins. We report here that iodoacetamide reacts with the N‐terminal NH2 and the C‐terminal carboxylic acid groups, in addition to the peripheral residues bearing protic functional groups. If sufficient reaction time is given, the N‐terminal NH2 group is readily dialkylated by iodoacetamide. In fact, the N‐terminal NH2 group reacts even faster than the reactive sites present in residues, such as tyrosine or histidine. LC/MS investigations with certain reactive peptides show that by‐products are formed in a relatively short reaction time, even at room temperature. Interestingly, derivatives formed in this way are useful for sequence determination of peptides by MS since the intensities of y″ ions are highly suppressed in the spectra of N‐terminus mono‐ and dialkylated peptides, whereas those of b‐ions are significantly enhanced. For example, in the spectrum of N,N‐dicarboxamidomethyl derivative of Val‐Ala‐Ala‐Phe (VAAF), the y‐series ions are virtually absent. On the other hand, when the derivatization takes place at the carboxylic group, the y‐series ions are markedly observed in the spectra of these undesired O‐carboxamidomethyl derivatives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐catabolic effect of OP‐1 in chronically compressed intervertebral discs
Authors: Chubinskaya Susan , Kawakami Mamoru , Rappoport Lev , Matsumoto Takuji , Migita Nami , Rueger David C.
Published: January 2007

Experimental animal models of disc degeneration have been used to assess the biomechanical behavior, biochemical composition, and biological changes in the intervertebral discs. The objective of our study was to evaluate the anabolic and anti‐catabolic effects of intradiscal injection of Osteogenic Protein‐1 (OP‐1) by histology and immunohistochemistry in disc degeneration model. Thirty‐four rats were divided into five groups: intact control; sham control; compressed nucleus pulposus (NP) injected with saline; and two OP‐1 groups: COP‐1 group (compression was continued after intradiscal OP‐1 injection) and ROP‐1 group (compression was released at the time of OP‐1 injection). Anabolic and anti‐catabolic effects of OP‐1 were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry with the following antibodies: anti‐pro‐ and anti‐mature OP‐1, anti‐MMP‐13, anti‐aggrecanase, anti‐substance P, anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and anti‐interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). The OP‐1 injection to the degenerative disc stimulated an anabolic response characterized by the restoration of the normal morphology of the disc, increased Safranin O staining in the NP, extention of the extracellular matrix, and stimulation of endogenous OP‐1 synthesis in the NP, annulus fibrosis (AF), and end‐plate. The anti‐catabolic effect of OP‐1 was documented by reduced immunostaining for aggrecanase, MMP‐13, substance P, TNF‐α, and IL‐1β. This study confirmed the anti‐catabolic activity of OP‐1 as demonstrated previously in human articular cartilage and provided critical evidence for the potential of OP‐1 therapy in the treatment of disc degeneration. Because substance P is a neuropeptide linked with inflammation and pain, a reduction in the level of this protein may support our previously reported results on the effect of OP‐1 on pain‐related behavior. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:517–530, 2007
(S)‐(–)‐α,α‐Di(2‐naphthyl)‐2‐pyrrolidinemethanol, a useful tool to study the recognition mechanism in chiral ligand‐exchange chromatography
Authors: Natalini Benedetto , Sardella Roccaldo , Macchiarulo Antonio , Natalini Serena , Pellicciari Roberto
Published: January 2007

A dynamic coating of the RP‐18 carbon chain layers with the new chiral selector (S)‐(–)‐α,α‐di(2‐naphthyl)‐2‐pyrrolidinemethanol allowed the formation of a mixed chiral stationary phase that has been used in the separation of a selected set of amino acid racemates. Both a representative model and classification structure‐property relationship studies have been performed in order to study the contribution of hydrophobic, bulky and electron‐donating groups in the side chain of the chiral selector to the mechanism of chiral recognition.
Reaction kinetics and pathway of hydrothermal decomposition of aspartic acid
Authors: Faisal Muhammad , Sato Nobuaki , Quitain Armando T. , Daimon Hiroyuki , Fujie Koichi
Published: January 2007

The kinetics and pathway of hydrothermal decomposition of aspartic acid were studied using a continuous‐flow tubular reactor. The reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 200–260°C and at a pressure of 20 MPa. Deamination was the primary reaction, indicated by the presence of significant amount of ammonia, fumaric acid, or maleic acid in the products. Other reaction products were pyruvic acid, malic acid, and traces of succinic and lactic acid. Traces of alanine were also detected, showing the possibility of decomposing high‐molecular weight amino acids to obtain simple amino acids such as glycine or alanine. Results on the effect of reaction parameters demonstrated that decomposition of aspartic acid is highly temperature dependent under hydrothermal conditions. For a slight temperature difference of 60°C (from 200 to 260°C), the first‐order reaction rate constants of 0.003 significantly increased to 0.231 s−1. The activation energy was 144 kJ/mol, as calculated by the Arrhenius equation. No significant effect was exhibited by other reaction parameters such as pH and pressure. The results are useful in controlling the hydrolysis of proteinaceous materials toward high yield of aspartic acid under hydrothermal conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 175–180, 2007
Long-Term Survival and Predictors of Relapse After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: Pfitzmann Robert , Schwenzer Jeannette , Rayes Nada , Seehofer Daniel , Neuhaus Ruth , Nüssler Natascha C.
Published: January 2007

The relevance of sobriety for outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is still discussed controversially. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 300 patients transplanted for ALD with regard to recurrent alcohol consumption, risk factors for drinking after OLT, and long-term survival. The 300 patients underwent OLT for ALD between 1989 and 2002. Median follow-up was 89 months. Incidence and severity of drinking, survival rates, and causes of death were assessed. Age, gender, duration of pretransplant sobriety, social support, presence of children, and the results of psychosomatic evaluation were analyzed for their impact on recurrent alcohol consumption after OLT. Drinking of various degrees was observed in 19% of ALD patients after OLT. Pretransplant sobriety of less than 6 months, absence of companion in life, presence of young children, and a predicted poor psychosomatic prognosis were associated with an increased risk of recurrent alcohol consumption, whereas age and gender were not independent risk factors. Survival rates of patients who resumed abusive drinking were significantly lower than survival rates of abstinent patients or patients with minor lapses. Recurrent alcoholic liver disease accounted for the vast majority of deaths among patients who resumed abusive drinking after OLT, whereas malignant tumors, infections, and cardiovascular disease were the most common causes of death among abstinent patients. In conclusion, abusive drinking after OLT is associated with poor long-term survival. Analysis of risk factors may help to identify patients with a high risk for recurrent alcohol abuse after OLT. Liver Transpl, 2006. © 2006 AASLD.
Myasthenia gravis and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome in the same patient
Authors: Sha Sharon J. , Layzer Robert B.
Published: January 2007

An 18‐year‐old‐woman developed symptoms of generalized myasthenia gravis (MG). Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor were found in her serum, but electrodiagnostic testing showed abnormalities typical of the Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Following thymectomy, the thymus gland showed thymic hyperplasia typical of MG, and the patient responded to treatment with 3,4‐diaminopyridine and pyridostigmine. There have been few reports in the literature of MG and LEMS coexisting in the same patient. In this case, electrodiagnostic tests, antibody studies, thymus pathology, and response to treatment suggest that both disorders contributed to the patient's symptoms. Thymic hyperplasia, so far only known to be associated with MG, provides strong evidence that both diseases were symptomatic. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of silole‐containing polyfluorenes with binary structures
Authors: Liu Zhitian , Wang Lei , Chen Junwu , Wang Feng , Ouyang Xiaoying , Cao Yong
Published: January 2007

2,5‐Bis(2‐bromofluorene‐7‐yl)silole was prepared by a modified one‐pot synthesis with a reverse addition procedure, from which novel silole‐containing polyfluorenes with binary random and alternating structures (silole contents between 4.5 and 25% and high Mw up to 509 kDa were successfully synthesized. The well‐defined repeating unit of the alternating copolymer comprises a terfluorene and a silole ring. Optoelectronic properties including UV absorption, electrochemistry, photoluminescence (PL), and electroluminescence (EL) of the copolymers were examined. The different excitation energy transfers from fluorene to silole of the copolymers in solution and in the solid state were compared. The films of the copolymers showed silole‐dominant green emissions with high absolute PL quantum yields up to 83%. EL devices of the copolymers with a configuration of ITO/PEDOT/copolymer/Ba/Al displayed exclusive silole emissions peaked at around 543 nm and the highest EL efficiency was achieved with the alternating copolymer. Using the alternating copolymer and poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) as the blend‐type emissive layer, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.99% (four times to that of the neat film) was realized, which was a high efficiency so far reported for silole‐containing polymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 756–767, 2007
On modelling response propensity for dwelling unit (DU) level non‐response adjustment in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
Authors: Wun Lap‐Ming , Ezzati‐Rice Trena M. , Diaz‐Tena Nuria , Greenblatt Janet
Published: January 2007

Non‐response is a common problem in household sample surveys. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), is a complex national probability sample survey. The survey is designed to produce annual national and regional estimates of health‐care use, expenditures, sources of payment, and insurance coverage for the U.S. civilian non‐institutionalized population. The MEPS sample is a sub‐sample of respondents to the prior year's National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The MEPS, like most sample surveys, experiences unit, or total, non‐response despite intensive efforts to maximize response rates. This paper summarizes research on comparing alternative approaches for modelling response propensity to compensate for dwelling unit (DU), i.e. household level non‐response in the MEPS.

Non‐response in sample surveys is usually compensated for by some form of weighting adjustment to reduce the bias in survey estimates. To compensate for potential bias in survey estimates in the MEPS, two separate non‐response adjustments are carried out. The first is an adjustment for DU level non‐response at the round one interview to account for non‐response among those households subsampled from NHIS for the MEPS. The second non‐response adjustment is a person level adjustment to compensate for attrition across the five rounds of data collection. This paper deals only with the DU level non‐response adjustment. Currently, the categorical search tree algorithm method, the chi‐squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID), is used to model the response probability at the DU level and to create the non‐response adjustment cells. In this study, we investigate an alternative approach, i.e. logistic regression to model the response probability. Main effects models and models with interaction terms are both evaluated. We further examine inclusion of the base weights as a covariate in the logistic models. We compare variability of weights of the two alternative response propensity approaches as well as direct use of propensity scores.

The logistic regression approaches produce results similar to CHAID; however, using propensity scores from logistic models with interaction terms to form five classification groups for weight adjustment appears to perform best in terms of limiting variability and bias. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epizootiology of virus diseases in three lepidopterous insect species of alfalfa
Authors: Tanada Y. , Omi Esther M.
Published: January 2007

The incidence of virus infections in three lepidopterous insect species was studied from 1965 to 1968 in alfalfa fields in California. The insects were the alfalfa caterpillar, Colias eurytheme; the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua; and the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica. In C. eurytheme, the major virus was a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV); in S. exigua, a granulosis virus (GV) and an NPV; in A. californica, a GV. Virus epizootics did not develop in very high densities of C. eurytheme. Virus epizootics occurred in low host densities of the three insect species, especially in populations of A. californica. The virus acted as a density‐dependent factor in the regulation of the populations of S. exigua and A. californica. Temperature, humidity and rainfall had no marked effect on the incidence of virus infections.
Hydrogenation of palm stearine: Changes in chemical composition and thermal properties
Authors: Busfield W. Ken , Proschogo Peter N.
Published: January 2007

The progress of hydrogenation of palm stearine using atrans promoting catalyst has been followed by monitoring the chemical composition and the thermal properties by NMR and DSC techniques. The results show that hydrogenation occurs in 2 stages. In the first stage, the formation of the triglyceride, PEP from the lower melting PLP, allows an enhanced mixed crystal formation with the high melting PPP. Although this promotes a greater rate of crystallization in the α form and transformation to the β′ form in tempering, further transformation to the β form is inhibited. Tm is thereby reduced in the early stages even though both the rate of crystallization and the solid fat content at temperatures <40°C are increased. In the later stages of hydrogenation, the conversion of the triglyceride POO to the higher melting POS increases the proportion of the sample which can crystallize in the high melting fraction to at least 80%. Although this still cannot be transformed into the β crystal form, Tm for the overall sample and the solids content at all temperatures are now greater than those of the original palm stearine sample.
Pigments present in virgin olive oil
Authors: Minguez‐Mosquera M. Isabel , Gandul‐Rojas Beatriz , Garrido‐Fernandez Juan , Gallardo‐Guerrero Lourdes
Published: January 2007

The qualitative and quantitative control of pigments in ripe olives and in extracted virgin olive oil has increased our knowledge of the influence on these compounds in the areas of ripening of the fruit, storage time in the factory and the oil extraction process. As the harvesting time of the fruits increases, pigment content decreases. During storage, the presence of lipoxygenase has been detected, as well as a considerable decrease in chlorophylls and a small decrease in carotenoids. During the extraction process, the chlorophyllic fraction is destroyed in the greater part, and although the carotenoid fraction is also affected, its concentration increases in the oil with respect to that in the fresh fruit. In the pigment degradation, in addition to the acid‐catalyzed reaction, the presence of lipoxygenase suggests a role for this enzyme.
Resource dependent stability in an experimental laboratory resource‐herbivore‐carnivore system
Authors: Fujii Koichi
Published: January 2007

Long term predation systems were studied in the laboratory. Three species of beans (azuki bean, blackeye bean, and Red Kidney bean) were the resources, one species of bean weevil (Mexican bean weevil (KS)) the herbivore, and two species of parasitic wasps (Anisopteromalus calandrae (ja), and Heterospilus prosopidis (hp)) the carnivores. Several combinations of the three components were maintained for up to 770 days.

System persistence was dependent on the combination of species. The azuki bean‐KS‐ja system was the most stable; the herbivore and carnivore coexisted during the entire period of time (over 700 days). The azuki‐KS‐hp system was less stable, and hp wasp was eventually eliminated. Stability was primarily dependent on the species of carnivore due to differences in their searching ability.

The blackeye‐KS‐ja system always ended with the extinction of both herbivore and carnivore in a short period of time, although the blackeye‐KS‐hp system terminated with blackeye‐KS. The stability of predation system is also heavily dependent on the kind of resources on which prey lives.

When the two species of wasps were introduced simultaneously, the unstable one (hp with azuki, and ja with blackeye) characterized the system dynamics. The effect of stabilizing species was minimal. Thus random introduction of more predator species did not make the system more stable.
“Long‐term” stability of tropical insect populations
Authors: Wolda Henk
Published: January 2007

Fluctuation patterns of insect species in the humid tropics are compared with those from the temperate zone, using data on species abundance covering a period of at least 6 years. The stability of a set of species is characterized by a Stability Index, which is, basically, the mean of the variances of the abundances of these species. Data on Homoptera, Dictyoptera, Orthoptera and mosquitos from the Panama Canal Area are compared with information from Europe, Australia and Japan. It is concluded that these tropical insects, even the ones from a relatively undisturbed tropical forest, are just as variable, or stable, as these temperate ones. Some exceptional temperate haibtats, such as the Schreierbach in Austria, seem to be much more stable than any known tropical ones.
Current status of soy protein functionality in food systems
Authors: Morr C. V.
Published: January 2007

Much of the research discussed in this paper deals with the effects of processing treatments on the physicochemical and functional properties of total soy protein isolate, 7S and 11S components and/or their subunits. This is new and exciting information that should become significant for future developments within the soy protein ingredient manufacture and utilization field. However, these researchers generally failed to provide adequate experimental details concerning methodologies employed to prepare, characterize and utilize soy proteins, their components and subunits in functionality studies. There is also an obvious need to devise and implement the use of more uniform and/or standardized methodologies for this kind of work in the future.
Effects of processing on the functional properties of canola/rapeseed protein
Authors: McCurdy Sandra M.
Published: January 2007

Canola rapeseed is a major oilseed in Canada, Europe and Japan. Recently, Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status was granted to low erucic acid rapeseed oil for use in the U.S. market. Commercial oil extraction of the seed results in a meal that contains 44% protein and which has been subjected to considerable heat. The meal is presently utilized as livestock feed supplement. A number of processes for the preparation of protein concentrates and isolates from canola/rapeseeds and meal have been proposed, although none have proven commercially viable. In addition to protein concentration, a successful process must reduce the levels of glucosinolates, phenolics, phytates and fiber. These antinutrients present a barrier to the use of canola/rapeseed protein materials in foods. Processes to produce protein concentrates have included water extraction of undesirable compounds from heat denatured, dehulled seed followed by solvent extraction for oil recovery and the isopropanol washing of dehulled, defatted flours. Isolates have been prepared by traditional alkaline extraction, and by acid or water extractions followed by isoelectric, heat or polyelectrolyte precipitation of the protein. Isolates have been chemically and enzymatically modified to improve fooduse properties. In this paper, the effects of various processing methods on the functional properties of solubility, color and flavor of canola protein products are reviewed.
Production and functional characteristics of protein concentrates
Authors: Kohnhorst A. L. , Uebersax M. A. , Zabik M. E.
Published: January 2007

Protein concentrates derived from common dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) may improve world protein resources, reduce on‐site preparation time and expense and provide improved nutrition. Several different methods have been studied for the production of these concentrates, including alkali extraction and isoelectric precipitation, ultrafiltration, air‐classification and salt extraction under high salt concentrations. Recent studies using solid‐solid dry roasting, pin milling and air‐classification resulted in the following percent mass fractions: hull/fiber (10%), coarse/starch (70%) and fine/protein (20%). Results indicated that the protein fractions were approximately 45–50% protein, low in raffinose and stachyose and hadtrypsin inhibitor activity reduced to about half of that of raw beans. Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI) ranged from 33–70% and was associated with the thermal conditions applied during dry roasting. The flours had a bland flavor without the bitter off‐flavors which have traditionally limited the use of dry beans in formulated foods. Most minerals and phytic acid tended to be associated with protein flour; however, although iron may have been bound to phytic acid, its absorption by anemic rats was not hindered by the presence of endogenous phytic acid. These flours produced acceptable products when incorporated into cookies, doughnust, quick breads and leavened doughs.
Enzymatic acylglycerol synthesis in a membrane bioreactor
Authors: van der Padt A. , Edema M. J. , Sewalt J. J. W. , Van't Riet K.
Published: January 2007

Lipases can catalyze the esterification reaction in a two‐phase system. TheCandida rugosa lipase‐catalyzed esterification of decanoic acid with glycerol is described in this work for an emulsion system and for a hydrophilic membrane bioreactor. The enzymatic activity is studied in relation to the interface area between the two phases, the enzyme load and the reactor volume. The initial rate per unit interface area, the interfacial activity, is roughly equal for both systems indicating that the cellulose membrane does not hinder the esterification. Because the interfacial activities are equal, the volumetric activity of a membrane system is only specific area related, so a hollow fiber membrane device is preferable. The activity is also a function of the enzyme load. The optimum load in a hydrophilic membrane reactor is one to three times the amount of a monolayer, while in an emulsion system several times this amount. This could indicate that in the emulsion system the adsorption is in a dynamic state while at the membrane surface the adsorption reached its equilibrium state.
Metathesis of fatty esters derived from South African sunflower oil
Authors: Nicolaides C. P. , Opperman J. H. , Scurrell M. S. , Focke W. W.
Published: January 2007

The metathesis of the mixture of fatty monoesters derived from sunflower oil was examined using the WCL6‐(CH3)4Sn catalytic system. After distillation of the reactant mixture, a total conversion of 81% and a 17% yield of diesters was achieved using a 1∶1∶30 mole ratio of catalyst:cocatalyst:ester. The rate of reaction of the ethyl linoleate was double that of the oleate.
Effects of filtration through bleaching media on thiobarbituric acid and carbonyl values of autoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Boki Keito , Shinoda Sanji , Abe Mayumi , Shimizu Seiko
Published: January 2007

Effects of filtration bleaching on thiobarbituric acid values (TAV) and carbonyl values (CV) of autoxidized soybean oil were investigated by using sixteen kinds of bleaching media in order to improve oil quality. The standard activated clay was the most effective in reducing the amounts of aldehydes and ketones in autoxidized soybean oil. From the decreases in TVA and CV and physical and chemical properties of media, it was concluded that decreases of TAV and CV are mainly dominated by the acidity over the highest range, +1.5∼−5.6, rather than the acidity over the lower acid strength ranges, total acidity or specific surface area of media. From the results of chemical composition and acidity over the highest range (+1.5∼−5.6) of the clays and TAV or CV reduction by using the heattreated clays, it was suggested that the acidity over the highest range originated from the water contained between layers and bound water in the clay.
Rancidity as a factor in the loss of viability of pine and other seeds
Authors: Kaloyereas Socrates A.
Published: January 2007

A study of the factors affecting viability of pine seeds conducted for three years with the collaboration of the Washington Forest Service of Louisiana showed a certain correlation between rancidity development in the fat and the loss of their viability as tested by sand flat germination tests and color test with tetra zolium chloride. Apparently there are other factors also affecting germination which act independently of rancidity development, but rancidity seems to play an important role in this process, at least under normal storage conditions and in the early stage of viability deteriration. The loss of linolenic acid through respiration, which has been suggested by Mirov as the cause of loss of viability and longevity of oleaginous seeds, seems to be a rather indirect factor because of the close association of linolenic and other unsaturated acids, losses, and the development of rancidity Experiments with okra seeds showed a similar correlation between rancidity development and the loss of germinability. Preliminary experiments by coating okra, onion, and pine seeds with an antioxidant (starch phosphate) proved beneficial for the preservation of viability of okra and onion seeds during storage at room temperature.
Skin lipids. II. Lipid class composition of samples from various species and anatomical sites
Authors: Nicolaides N.
Published: January 2007

The literature is reviewed and new data are presented for the lipid class analysis of samples of lipid from the following skin tissues and appendages: Total epidermis, stratum corneum, and living epidermis from the human leg, total epidermis (human sole), total epidermis (rat body), sebaceous glands (human scalp), Meibomian glands (human eyelid), preputial glands (rat), preen gland (domestic goose), scalp skin surface (human),vernix caseosa (human fetal body), and rat skin surface from the back. Lipid yields are also given for most of these samples.

The results show that the composition of the sebaceous type excretion varies not only from species to species but for different anatomical sites within a given species. Noteworthy is the striking number of unidentified components. Evidence is presented for the existence of a wax diester in the sebaceous gland excretion of the rat.
Skin lipids. IV. Biochemistry and function
Authors: Nicolaides N.
Published: January 2007

Metabolic processes and other types of alterations of the lipids of human skin are summarized and discussed.

Known functions of skin lipids are discussed, and in the light of new data presented in the papers of this series, new functions are speculated upon.
A laboratory method for testing laundry products for detergency
Authors: Spangler W. G. , Cross H. D. , Schaafsma B. R.
Published: January 2007

A laboratory screening test for fabric detergency has been developed, which closely parallels practical laundry operations. Natural airborne particulate is used so that the argument for and against carbon soil is eliminated. The oily soil consists of synthetic sebum, thereby simulating the surface film that covers the human integument. The particulate and fatty matter are combined into an aqueous suspension and padded onto the fabric. Variables can be measured in a minimum of time because the entire procedure is carried out in the laboratory and is not dependent on a panel of subjects as is the case in most practical testing. The procedure for this test as generally employed consists of multiple washes and measures brightener build up and redeposition in addition to detergency. Precision of the method is ŷ 0.4% at the 95% confidence level. Evaluations are made both visually and instrumentally.
Arachidonic, 5, 11, 14, 17‐eicosatetraenoic and related acids in plants舒Identification of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Schlenk Hermann , Gellerman Joanne L.
Published: January 2007

Arachidonic and related fatty acids which normally are found only in animals or microorganisms have been isolated and identified from several mosses and ferns. Fatty acids with a double bond in position 5, separated by more than one methylene group from other double bonds, have been found inGinkgo biloba andEquisetum. Analyses of fatty acids from numberous plants, in particular their chlorophyll containing parts, are listed according to components.

The experimental part gives details on structure determination of the usual methylene‐interrupted fatty acids by ozonization‐hydrogenation‐GLC. Alkaline isomerization combined with these procedures was applied to determine the unusual double bond structures. The method permits positional identification of an internal double bond.
Alkaline methylene blue method for determination of anionic surfactants and for amine oxides in detergents
Authors: Turney M. E. , Cannell D. W.
Published: January 2007

The concn of anionic surfactants in alkaline media has been determined by modification of the methylene blue titration. The method is based on the oxidation of methylene blue chloride to dimethylthionoline, a red dye, in the presence of chloroform and sodium hydroxide. This method in conjunction with the acid methylene blue titration, also may be used to determine the amt of amine oxides in formulated products. For concns of less than 100 ppm a spectrophotometric method was used.
Ultramicro fatty acid analysis of polar lipids: Gas‐liquid chromatography after column and thin‐layer chromatographic separation
Authors: Feldman G. L. , Rouser George
Published: January 2007

A procedure is described for the analysis of the fatty acid composition of polar lipid classes in the nanogram range. The lipids are first fractionated by column chromatography followed by further separation into pure lipid classes by thin‐layer chromatography. Lipid spots scraped from the thin‐layer plates are esterified directly (i.e., without prior elution) with 6% sulfuric acid in methanol. The methyl esters are then analyzed by gasliquid chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. Samples of 200 nanograms or less give accurate results with helium as carrier gas, oxygen rather than air to support combustion, careful adjustment of the recorder and general attention to optimum electrical connections, dissociation of the column oven from the recorder and electrometer, and careful preconditioning of columns. Under proper conditions the base line is stable and a 10% of full scale deflection of the recorder can be obtained from 1 nanogram of a methyl ester, allowing highly precise analyses of fatty acid composition from the amount of lipid obtainable from one spot on a thin‐layer chromatogram. Control studies demonstrated that extraneous peaks did not arise from the procedure or from the sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine of sphingolipids. The thin‐layer chromatographic procedure did not influence the fatty acid composition of a pure sample of glucocerebroside isolated by column chromatography and the method was applied to lecithin and sphingomyelin or normal and pathological human brain specimens.
Cyclopropane fatty acid metabolism: Physical and chemical identification of propane ring metabolic products in the adipose tissue
Authors: Wood Randall , Reiser Raymond
Published: January 2007

Twelve male weanling rats were distributed equally into 3 groups and placed on fat‐free diets. The diets of groups 1 and 2 were supplemented with 0.54% of recemic methylcis‐9,10‐methylene octadecanoate (CMO) and racemic methyltrans‐9,10‐methylene octadecanoate (TMO), respectively. Group 3 served as a control. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analyses of the adipose tissue methyl esters indicated at the level fed, that cyclopropane fatty acids do not affect normal fatty acid metabolism as has been shown for cyclopropene fatty acids. GLC analyses of groups 1 and 2 revealed the presence of a different unidentified fatty acid for each of the acids fed in addition to the CMO and TMO acids themselves. Each of the unidentified acids and the CMO and TMO acids were isolated and purified by preparative GLC. The absolute identity of the CMO and TMO acids fed and isolated from body fat was established by IR, NMR, and mass spectra. The biodegradation products of the CMO and TMO esters were shown to becis‐ andtrans‐3,4‐methylene dodecanoic acid, respectively. Unequivocal proof of structure was established through synthesis followed by comparison of IR, NMR, and mass spectra and melting points, GLC retention times, and elemental analyses with those obtained for the degradation products. Neither member of the racemic mixtures of either thecis or thetrans cyclopropane acids was preferentially utilized by the rat as shown by the lack of octical activity in the degradation products and the CMO and TMO acids isolated from the body fat. The accumulations of the 3,4‐methylene dodecanoic acids in the adipose tissue of the rats fed CMO and TMO cyclopropane fatty acids suggest the inability of the beta oxidation enzyme system to proceed past the cyclopropane ring in a fatty acid chain. The synthesis ofcis‐ andtrans‐3‐dodecenoic acids, intermediates in the synthesis of the 3,4‐methylene dodecanoic acids, and the geometrical cyclopropane isomers are discussed.
Separation of oleic acid and linoleic acid by solvent extraction
Authors: Chang Haun‐Yang , Gladstone Shaul
Published: January 2007

Oleic acid and linoleic acid were separated by extraction with the solvent systemn‐heptane‐dimethyl sulfoxide. The separation factor decreased with increasing concentrations of fatty acids in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) layer. At fatty concn of 0.60 and 16.02%, the separation factors of linoleic acid were found to be 2.18 and 1.28, respectively. The solvent could be removed by adding water to the extract. DMSO is very soluble in water while the fatty acids are only sparingly soluble. Thus DMSO and fatty acids are separated. A phase diagram for the system Unitol ACD‐DMSO‐water at 25C and 1 atm is given.
Detection of adulteration of olive oil by argentation thin layer chromatography
Authors: Galanos D. S. , Kapoulas V. M. , Voudouris E. C.
Published: January 2007

Minute amounts of adulterant seed oils in olive oil can be detected by GLC analysis of fatty acids of the polyunsaturated triglyceride fraction, obtained by TLC on silver nitrate impregnated silica gel. Every possible effort was made to avoid any critical or time consuming manipulation in this method in order to develop it as a routine testing procedure. A complete analysis is possible in less than 2 hr and the detection of as low as 2% adulteration by other seed oils is accurate and reliable.
Improvement of foaming tendency of kapok seed oil by catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Kawase Yoshiyuki , Niizuma Harumi , Yasuda Kosaku
Published: January 2007

Deodorized kapok seed oil foams vigorously when used for deep fat frying at a temperature around 180 C. This foaming tendency is due to the presence of cyclopropenoid in the oil. It was found that this foaming tendency can be greatly reduced by catalytic hydrogenation provided the cyclopropene ring is not cleaved by deodorization or bleaching prior to hydrogenation. Infrared spectrum of the refined and hydrogenated kapok seed oil showed absorption at 1020 cm−1 which is associated with the formation of the cyclopropane ring during the hydrogenation.
An improved rapid physicochemical assay method for aflatoxin in peanuts and peanut products
Authors: Waltking Arthur E. , Bleffert George , Kiernan Mary
Published: January 2007

A practical, short cut, sensitive method for more rapidly determining aflatoxin in peanuts and peanut products has been developed. This was in response to the need to reduce the time required for analyses of peanut products in process. Through reductions in solvent volumes, utilization of pressure filtration for clarification, and substitution of liquid:liquid extraction for a lengthy column clean up, equivalent results are possible in less than one half the time required for the current official procedures. Sensitivity, precision and accuracy are comparable to the current methods for raw nuts and peanut butter. It is now possible to analyze a given ground sample of peanuts within a period of less than 90 min and one analyst can assay more than 16 samples within an 8 hr working day.
Chlorinated alcohols: I. Preparation from chlorinated acids
Authors: Grimm R. A. , Menting J. E. , Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K.
Published: January 2007

Rhenium, ruthenium and rhodium oxides, hydrogenolysis catalysts for stearic acid at 150 C, were tried for the conversion of 9,10‐dichloro‐stearic acid to the dichloro alcohol but only ReO3 was effective in some degree (yield 14%). Dehydrochlorination or hydrogenolysis at the carbon‐chlorine bond was the principal reaction. Reductions with diborane or with lithium aluminum hydride, however, were found to be excellent methods for preparing 9,10‐dichloro‐stearyl alcohol.
The stabilization of animal fats with antioxidants during rendering
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Marx Lotte , Ostby Paul , Wilder O. H. M.
Published: January 2007

Studies have been made to determine the feasibility of stabilizing inedible animal fats with antioxidants during rendering. Results show that in many instances a very high stability fat and meat and bone scrap can be obtained from this practice. Factors affecting the variability of results are discussed.
Evaluation of olive oils through the fatty alcohols, the sterols and their esters by coupled LC‐GC
Authors: Grob Konrad , Lanfranchi Mauro , Mariani Cario
Published: January 2007

The analysis of the fatty alcohols, the wax esters, the free and the esterified sterols, as well as that of minor components provides a wealth of information about the quality of an oil or fat, its pretreatment and admixture with other oils. Some results obtained by an easy, nearly fully‐automated method are shown for olive oils. More specific information is obtained than by the previous saponification methods.
Lipid composition ofHerrania andTheobroma seeds
Authors: Carpenter D. R. , Hammerstone J. F. , Romanczyk L. J. , Aitken W. Martin
Published: January 2007

The seeds of nineHerrania and nineTheobroma species were surveyed for fatty acid, sterol, tocopherol and tocotrienol compositions. Principal component and cluster analyses suggested that these analytes could be used collectively as chemotaxonomic criteria to differentiate theHerrania species from theTheobroma species, as well as to provide subgroup distinctions within each genus for comparison to the existing classification schemes.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of oat and soya lecithin: Effects on functional properties
Authors: Aura Anna‐Marja , Forssell Pirkko , Mustranta Annikka , Suortti Tapani , Poutanen Kaisa
Published: January 2007

Enzymatic hydrolysis of oat and soy lecithins and its effects on the functional properties of lecithins were investigated. The phospholipase used was most efficient at low enzyme and substrate concentrations. More fatty acids were released from soy lecithin than from oat lecithin. The maximum degree of hydrolysis was 760 μmol free fatty acids per gram soy lecithin and 170 μmol free fatty acids per gram oat lecithin. On the basis of the total carbohydrate and phosphorus contents in the polar fractions of the lecithins, oat lecithin contained more glycolipids and less phospholipids than soy lecithin. With regard to functional properties, the stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions was enhanced by hydrolyzed soy lecithin and by crude and hydrolyzed oat lecithins, but only hydrolyzed soy lecithin prevented the recrystallization of barley starch. The dissociation enthalpy of amylose‐lipid‐complex (AML‐complex) was significantly higher when hydrolyzed soy lecithin was present. Hydrolyzed oat lecithin slightly affected the dissociation enthalpy of AML‐complex. The other lecithins had no effect on recrystallization or dissociation enthalpies in the barley‐starch matrix.
Analysis of alpha‐linolenic acid geometrical isomers in deodorized oils by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography on cyanoalkyl polysiloxane stationary phases: A note of caution
Authors: Wolff Robert L.
Published: January 2007

Analysis of alpha‐linolenic acid geometrical isomers in deodorized or heated oils by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) on polar cyanoalkyl polysiloxane stationary phases requires some care to avoid interferences with other fatty acids. Depending on the temperature of the column, thecis‐11 20∶1 acid may elute before, with or after thecis‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18∶3 acid during GLC. In some instances [temperature higher than 180°C with a CP Sil 88 column (Chrompack, Middelburg, The Netherlands)], the 20∶1 acid coelutes with thetrans‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18∶3 acid, leading to abnormally high levels of this last isomer. Consequently, the degree of isomerization of alpha‐linolenic acid will be over‐estimated under such conditions. It is recommended that the behavior ofcis‐11 20∶1 acid relative to temperature be checked carefully prior to the determination of alpha‐linolenic acid geometrical isomers by GLC. Temperatures lower than 160°C seem appropriate to separate all of these components from each other and fromcis‐11 20∶1 acid in a 50 m×0.25 mm i.d. CP Sil 88 capillary column.
Preparation and characterization of surface active erucic acid derivatives
Authors: Jönsson Angela , Bokström Jeanette , Malmvik Ann‐Charlotte , Wärnheim Torbjörn
Published: January 2007

Nonionic, cationic and anionic surfactants, derivatives ofcis‐13‐docosenoic acid (erucic acid), have been prepared and characterized, and their performance has been evaluated and compared with the corresponding derivatives of fatty acids with shorter alkyl chain length.

Nonionic erucic acid ethoxylates give a solution behavior anticipated from the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance of the molecule; however, the increased molecular size as compared to ordinary surfactants results, e.g., in higher temperature stability of the surfactant aggregates. Anomalous solution behavior was found and investigated for anionic surfactants, triethanolammonium salts of erucic acid, and some shorter homologues. The effects are discussed in terms of the acid‐base equilibria of the alkanolammonium counterion and the acid, together with effects due to the molecular size of the counterion.
Analysis of vegetable oil volatiles by multiple headspace extraction
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Mounts T. L.
Published: January 2007

Quantitative determination of the volatiles produced from oxidized vegetable oils is an important indicator of oil quality. Five vegetable oils, low‐erucic acid rapeseed, corn, soybean, sunflower and high oleic sunflower, were stored at 60°C for four and eight days to yield oils with several levels of oxidation. Peroxide values of the fresh oils ranged from 0.6 to 1.8 while those of the oxidized oils were from 1.6 to 42. Volatile analysis by the multiple headspace extraction (MHE) technique, which includes a pressure and time controlled injection onto the gas chromatography (GC) column (a chemically bonded capillary column), was compared with that obtained by static headspace gas chromatography (SHS‐GC). Several volatile compounds indicative of the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the vegetable oils were identified and measured by MHE; pure compounds of twelve major volatiles also were measured by MHE, and peak area was determined. Multiple extractions of the oil headspace provided a more reproducible measure of volatile compounds than was obtained by SHS‐GC. Concentration of all volatiles increased with increased oxidation as measured by peroxide value of the oil.
Modification of a mini‐column method for rapid routine determination of total glucosinolate content of rapeseed by glucose release
Authors: Kershaw S. J. , Johnstone R. A. W.
Published: January 2007

The practicability of a glucose‐release procedure for glucosinolate determination in rapeseed has been improved with consequent economy in operator time. Data are presented to support the modifications made. Currently available alternative procedures are noted.