bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF CASTICIN-LOADED ETHYL CELLULOSE MICROPARTICLES BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD WITH SINGLE EMULSION SYSTEM
Authors: ROSTINAWATI TINA , MUHAIMIN MUHAIMIN , CHAERUNISAA ANIS YOHANA , HAZRINA AGHNIA
Published: November 2023

Objective: Casticin (Vitexicarpin) has shown immunoregulatory, antitumor, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Application of the valuable bioactive compounds can be limited by their unpleasant taste, low bioavailability, volatilization of active compounds, sensitivity to the temperature, oxidation and UV light, as well as in vivo instability. The problem can be solved by coating the Casticin with a microencapsulation technique. The purpose of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Casticin with solvent evaporation technique using Ethocel 10 cP.
Methods: The microencapsulation process of Casticin was done by solvent evaporation technique (O/W: oil in water). The formula of Casticin microcapsules were designed into three formulas (Ethocel 10 cP: 10%, 15% and 20%). Microcapsules of Casticin were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM), encapsulation efficiency and release test.
Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing Casticin has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP) as the polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP) used in microencapsulation resulted in better Casticin microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing Casticin were in the range of 42.51 to 61.47 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (% EE) was categorized as good because the value were ≥ 80% to, which 91.57% to 96.24%. SEM picture of Casticin microcapsules revealed that the surface of microcapsule were a smooth surface and no pores of microcapsule were obtained. When Eudragit E100 used as a polymer, a rough and porous surface of microcapsule were obtained.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of Casticin can be prepared by solvent evaporation method with a single emulsion system (O/W) using Ethocel 10 cP as polymer. Characterization of the microcapsules revealed that ethyl cellulose used on this method is applicable to produce microcapsules which stable in physical properties. A higher polymer concentration led to a more viscous solution, which delayed the polymer precipitation and resulted in a less porous polymer matrix with a slower drug release.
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DYNAMIC SIMULATION-BASED SCREENING IDENTIFIES INHIBITORS OF TARGETED SARS-COV-2 3CLPRO AND HUMAN ACE2
Authors: GALGALE SARVESH , ZAINAB RIDA , KUMAR A. PRADEEP , M. NITHYA , D. SUSHA , SHARMA SAMEER
Published: November 2023

Objective: Several genetic variations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are continuously arising due to the uncontrolled dissemination of the virus during the pandemic. Omicron (B.1.1.529), the most prevalent variation of concern, has demonstrated extraordinary proliferation and pathogenicity and has emerged as the dominant variant as it has inflicted mass casualties worldwide.
Methods: Impeding the expression of 3CLpro, a coronavirus protease that is essential for digesting the RNA polyproteins, and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that serves as a receptor for the viral protein is identified as a competent therapeutic target. In the current study, human ACE2 and the viral 3CLpro complex was the target for the designing of novel drugs against the lethal virus. The docked complex was validated by Procheck, and the covid ligand library was investigated for its pharmacological efficacy using admetSAR 2.0. The molecular docking study was performed with the screened compounds obtained from the PubChem database against the docked protein complex.
Results: The ACE2 and 3CLpro proteins were docked together and the best docked complex was utilized for the analysis of the 1,87,419 compounds retreived from the PubChem COVID library, 18,642 compunds fulfilled the pharmacological screening and were appraised for docking with ACE2-3CLpro complex. The molecular docking results presented that the compounds 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-N'-(4-methylphenyl)propane-1,3-diamine (CID: 10038137) demonstrated significantly better binding (-18.7 kacl/mol) with favourable pharmacological properties and was therefore subjected to molecular dynamic simulations using Desmond Schrodinger 2019.2 GPU enabled package for 100 ns trajectory. The complex structure was observed to be stable after 15 ns and the average RMSD was observed to be ~0.65 nm. The complete binding energy of the complex with respect to MD simulation was-134.998+/-18.435 kj/mol which exposed that the inhibitor has a higher affinity towards the 3Clpro-ACE2 complex.
Conclusion: Consequently, this compound can be used to develop anti-covid medications to combat complications associated with Omicron infection.
NETWORK PHARMACOLOGY, APOPTOSIS, AND CELL CYCLE INHIBITION OF SESQUITERPENE COMPOUNDS FROM QUSTHUL HINDI ROOT EXTRACT (SAUSSUREA LAPPA) IN BREAST CANCER: AN IN SILICO AND IN VITRO APPROACH
Authors: MUTIAH ROIHATUL , SUKARDIMAN  , MILLIANA ALVI , RAHMAWATI ERMIN , FITRIANINGSIH AVIN AINUR , YUENIWATI YUYUN
Published: November 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential and mechanisms of compounds in Qusthul Hindi extract in inhibiting proliferation, cell cycle, and inducing cell death in breast cancer through a network pharmacology approach, in silico validation, and in vitro experiments.
Methods: This research employed a literature review approach to identify anti-cancer compounds and utilized a network pharmacology approach to predict the mechanisms of action of the compounds. Insilico docking was performed on the HER2 receptor (PDB: 3PP0) using Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0. Furthermore, the MTT method was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Qusthul Hindi extract on T47D cells, and Flow cytometry was employed to determine the effects of the extract on apoptosis and cell cycle.
Results: The network pharmacology analysis revealed that Qusthul Hindi interacted with 66 genes related to breast cancer. Pathway analysis showed a close association between Qusthul Hindi and important signaling pathways such as P53, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and the cell cycle. Molecular docking results showed better affinity of Saussureamine B and C towards the HER2 receptor compared to trastuzumab. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the potential activity of Qusthul Hindi extract against T47D cells (IC50: 32.81 µg/ml). Qusthul Hindi also effectively induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells with a high percentage (85.3%), and inhibited the cell cycle by reducing the G2-M and S phases. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the Qusthul Hindi treatment group and the control group in terms of apoptotic cell count (p<0.001).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that Qusthul Hindi has potential for development as an anti-cancer agent through the inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle inhibition in breast cancer.
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF NANO ENCAPSULATED BERBERIS ASIATICA BIO COMPOUNDS
Authors: POSINASETTY BHARGAVI , KOMMINENI SRIVIDYA , KUMARACHARI RAJASEKHAR KOMARLA , BANDARAPALLE KISHORE
Published: November 2023

Objective: The current study goal is to develop and optimize nanoencapsulated biocompounds of Berberis asiatica (BCBA) utilizing the ionic gelation process to target the kidney for antiurolithiatic activity.
Methods: Nanoencapsulated BCBA was prepared employing the ionic gelation method. Box Behnken Design (BBD) 3-factor, 3-level is used to examine the effects of formulation parameters and to enhance the desired responses. Characterization studies include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) performed to study the quality of optimized nanoparticles.
Results: Mathematical equations and response surface plots were used to relate the dependent and independent variables. Diagnostic charts were used to show the varied factor level permutations. The percentages of entrapment efficiency (% EE) and drug release (% DR) used in evaluation studies of optimized biocompounds of Berberis asiatica nanoparticles (OBCBANPs) were determined to be 83.7% and 78.33%, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results showed that chitosan, sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP), and BACB were compatible. Due to chitosan and NaTPP gelation in the case of OBCBANPs, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses have acknowledged the crystalinity. The particle size and zeta potential of the optimized formulation, found to be 95.4 nm and 31 mV, respectively, indicate the nanoparticles are in the nano range and possess extreme stability by preventing particle convergence. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies reveal that the optimized formulation nanoparticles are spherical in shape, homogeneous, and have little aggregation. The accelerated stability studies showed that the optimized formulation was stable at different temperatures and relative humidity.
Conclusion: The stable optimized formulation was prepared, evaluated, and characterized. BBD is employed to optimize the formulation by minimizing the number of experimental runs and enhancing the desired responses. The optimized formulation further needs to investigate the invivo studies for antiurolithiatic activity by targeting the kidney.
QUALITY BY DESIGN APPROACH FOR DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHITOSAN-BASED FLOATING MICROSPHERES FOR TOPOTECAN HCl
Authors: PRAGALLAPATI PRAHLAD , LAKSHMI  PONNURI REVATHI NAGA , MURTHY KOLLAPALLI VENKATA RAMANA
Published: November 2023

Objective: To develop floating microspheres for the topotecan in order to prevent its onversion into inactive carboxylate form in intestinal pH conditions so as to improve its bioavailability.
Methods: Chitosan-based porous floating microspheres containing sodium bicarbonate by coacervation technique were developed. Quality by design approach using Box-Behnken Design was adopted to assess the influences of selected formulation variables and their importance on the quality of the finished product.
Results: The selected model was analyzed and optimized. The microspheres floated immediately without any lag time upon addition into water and remained floatable for more than 24 h-1. The optimized formulation was found to have the particle size of 379.2 µm, entrapment efficiency of 76.3% and the drug release rate constant of 0.29 h i.e., the release was extended up to 16 h-1.
Conclusion: The results affirmed that controlled-release porous microspheres of Topotecan with inherent floating without lag were successfully developed.
LONG-TERM COVID-19 EFFECT TO ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE TROUGH EXTRINSIC APOPTOSIS LED TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PROGRESSION: AN UPDATE REVIEW
Authors: JUSTYN MATTHEW , YULIANTI TRILIS , WILAR GOFARANA
Published: November 2023

COVID-19 can involve persistence, sequelae, and other medical complications that last weeks to months after initial recovery; these prolonged symptoms called as long-term covid-19 effect. Symptoms, signs, or abnormal clinical parameters persisting two or more weeks after COVID-19 onset that do not return to a healthy baseline can potentially be long-term effects of the disease. SARS-CoV-2 affects the cardiovascular system and causes conditions such as myocarditis, arrhythmias, and myocardial injury. Vascular damage from COVID-19 has been affected directly by the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and indirectly by systemic inflammatory cytokine storm. This damage can be long-lasting and lead to various cardiovascular complications. Fas ligand (FasL)-Fas complex is a death factor that induces cell apoptosis. Fas and FasL have been detected in the endothelial wall, and it has been proposed that Fas-mediated apoptosis has a role in physiological and pathological cell turnover in the endothelial wall. High concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, such as cytokines storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, are thought to increase the expression of FasL, which leads to an increase in the regulation of extrinsic apoptosis in endothelial cells leading to endothelial damage. This article summarises the current understanding of the long-term covid-19 effect on endothelial damage through extrinsic apoptosis Fas-FasL complex.
MICROENCAPSULATION OF SCHLEICHERA OLEOSA L. LEAF EXTRACT IN MAINTAINING THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY: ANTIOXIDANT AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE
Authors: ZULHAM  , WARDHANA YOGA WINDHU , SUBARNAS ANAS , SUSILAWATI YASMIWAR , CHAERUNISAA ANIS YOHANA
Published: November 2023

Objective: Schleichera oleosa L. leaf extract has been studied to have antioxidant activity due to the presence of phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids. Flavonoid compounds that have potential as antioxidants are generally unstable and rapidly degraded due to the influence of moisture, heat, light, oxygen, and other reactive components. Microencapsulation is an effective method for maintaining the stability of bioactive compounds. This study aims to formulate S. oleosa leaf extract microcapsules and test their stability based on the results of physical characterization, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities.
Methods: The microencapsulation process of S. oleosa leaf extract was carried out using a fluid bed coating using a polyvinyl alcohol matrix and Ethocel 10 cP. Stability test using a climatic chamber at 40 °C for 90 d. Physical characteristics consist of drying shrinkage, flow rate, angle of repose, compressibility, particle size, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) picture. Antioxidant activity was tested in vitro using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and hepatoprotective activity was tested using the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity method in rats.
Results: The results showed that the microcapsules, after stability testing, could maintain the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in the strong category with IC50 values ranging from 50 to 100 ppm. The results of the hepatoprotective activity test of S. oleosa leaf extract microcapsules tested on days 0 and 90 (after stability testing) could significantly reduce SGOT and SGPT levels compared to negative controls after being induced with paracetamol. Still, this effect was lower than that of curcumin, which is known to be hepatoprotective.
Conclusion: The application of the microencapsulation method to S. oleosa leaf extract plays an essential role in maintaining physical stability and maintaining its biological activity as an antioxidant and hepatoprotector.
SILVER NANOPARTICLES INHIBIT INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS REPLICATION
Authors: SAADH MOHAMED J.
Published: November 2023

Objective: Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) threatens the poultry industry and causes global economic losses. The IBV is highly variable. Thus, no effective drugs are available. Objective of the present study was to evaluate silver nanoparticles against it as an antiviral agent.
Methods: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been evaluated as antivirals against IBV. P. betle leaf extract biosynthesizes AgNPs from silver nitrate. UV/vis absorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to characterize AgNPs. TEM indicated particle sizes of 5–30 nm, and XRD demonstrated their characteristic AgNPs structure. The antiviral activity of AgNPs was measured by the log embryo infective dose 50 (logEID50)/ml and the number of IBV genome copies.
Results: XRD analysis showed a structure for AgNPs, and transmission electron microscopy showed a size of 5–30 nm for AgNPs. AgNPs at a noncytotoxic concentration inhibit the interaction between the virus and the cell, preventing the virus from entering the cell and reducing the number of IBV genome copies (per µl) in ovo by preventing the formation of the IBV RNA genome, resulting in a significant reduction in the IBV titer.
Conclusion: AgNPs possess antiviral properties that inhibit IBV replication in ovo. The findings indicate that AgNPs are a promising drug candidate for treating or preventing IBV infection.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
Authors: U. GAUTHAM , PATIL ANASUYA , G. HEMANTH
Published: November 2023

Objective: The aim of the current research is to formulate and evaluate Trandolapril loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the management of high blood pressure.
Methods: SLNs were formulated using Glyceryl monostearate and poloxamer 188 by hot homogenisation and ultrasonication method. Different concentrations of lipid and surfactant were used for the preparation adopting 32 full factorial design. The prepared formulations were initially evaluated for particle size, PDI, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency to obtain the optimised formulation.
Results: The optimised formulation TF 6 reported the particle size of 212.6±5.39 nm and entrapment efficiency of 91.02±0.57%; this was further characterised for FT-IR, DSC and scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro release of drug for the prepared formulations was performed for 24 h and the optimised formulation showed better-controlled drug release compared to other formulations.
Conclusion: The pure Trandolapril solution was collated with the optimised formulation TF 6 and the result concluded that the formulation showed controlled drug release compared to pure drug. This study proves that Trandolapril SLNs can be prepared for increasing the release of drug for prolonged period.
EMERGING TRENDS IN STIMULI-SENSITIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RECENT ADVANCEMENTS
Authors: DHANDAPANI THAMARAI SELVAN , KRISHNAN VIJAYARAGHAVAN , MUTHUKUMAR BALAGEE , ELANGO VIVEKANANDAN , LAKSHMANAN SAKTHI SHANMUGA JEYANDAR , SAM JENKINSON SAM HARRISON , NAGASAMY VENKATESH DHANDAPANI
Published: November 2023

The combination of fields such as applied physics, biology, computational modeling and analysis, pharmaceuticals, chemistry, optics, and material science study has been made easier for the rise of stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems. This study aimed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional therapeutic approaches by concentrating on the most recent developments in stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems, which are intended to accomplish the targeted release of drugs in specified areas. This review aims to provide an overview of stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems and recent advancements between 2015 and 2023 by focusing on their ability to respond to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing innovative stimuli-responsive drug delivery platforms that can trigger various external stimuli, such as light, temperature, magnetic fields, and ultrasound. These exogenous stimuli-responsive systems enable on-demand drug release at specific target sites, allowing for personalized and patient-centric treatment strategies. Notable breakthroughs include photoresponsive nanocarriers, thermosensitive hydrogels, and magnetic nanoparticles, all designed to respond to specific cues for controlled drug delivery.
DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ENTRECTINIB NANOSPONGES LOADED TABLETS FOR ORAL DELIVERY
Authors: PALANATI MAMATHA , BHIKSHAPATHI D. V. R. N.
Published: November 2023

Objective: As Entrectinib is a lipophilic, basic, moderately permeable molecule with strongly pH-dependent solubility with antitumor activity in advanced and metastatic solid tumors, the current study was designed to improve the oral solubility of Entrectinib through incorporation into nanosponges tablets (NSs).
Methods: Box-Behnken Design was used to optimize the independent variables of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) NSs formation. β-CD NSs were prepared by an ultrasound-assisted method using diphenyl carbonate as cross-linking agent, which were later characterized and formulated into tablets by wet granulation method. The prepared tablets were evaluated for the physico-chemical properties and in vitro release of the drug.
Results: A series of fifteen experiments were performed based on the experimental runs generated from a three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD). The range of mean particle size was 149-294 nm, the range for encapsulation efficiency % was 65.4%-87.3%, and the value for polydispersity index was 0.437. The zeta potential for the optimized formulation was found to be 38.1 Mv. The drug and excipients were compatibles as confirmed by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis confirmed that the Entrectinib has successfully entrapped in the core of polymer. In vitro release of the Entrectinib-loaded NSs tablets (six compositions) were compared with a marked product and satisfactory results were obtained. It was observed that rapid dissolution occurred in 0.1 N HCl for first 2 h (15.64±1.52% vs. 12.67±1.89%) and 98.94±2.43% of drug release was observed in Entrectinib loaded NSs and 91.78±1.37% in marketed product in 24 h. The prepared formulations were stable during 6 mo stability study period.
Conclusion: The study results studies of Entrectinib NS tablets indicated rapid dissolution due to changed solubility properties of the drug, compared to pure drug meeting the set objective of enhanced absorption. The formulated Entrectinib-loaded NSs can be beneficial in the treatment of cancers.
QUALITY CONTROL ASSESSMENT OF DUTASTERIDE AND SILODOSIN IN CAPSULES AND TABLETS EMPLOYING A NOVEL DEVELOPED HPLC TECHNIQUE; EVALUATION OF STABILITIES OF DUTASTERIDE AND SILODOSIN IN ACCELERATED DEGRADATION
Authors: JAGADEESH KADALI , KADIYALA K. GANESH , VARMA DENDUKURI B. N. SURESH , GUTTULA RAMA SWAMY , GUPTA TIRUVEEDHI V. L. N. BALAJI , VAMSI PEDDINTI , CHAVAKULA RAJYA LAKSHMI
Published: November 2023

Objective: The combination of dutasteride (DTRE) plus silodosin (SLDN) is used for treating acute urine retention brought upon by benign prostatic hyperplasia in men. The contents of DTRE and SLDN in capsules and tablets must be monitored for quality. In this research, a quick, selective and robust stability indicating HPLC method has been developed for concurrent assay of DTRE and SLDN in capsules and tablets. Also, the stabilities of DTRE and SLDN under several types of applied stress were determined. Methods: Analysis performed using Xterra Symmetry type column C18 (“4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 mm” dimensions) and mobile phase having 0.1N strength, 20% volume fraction of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and 80% volume fraction of pure form acetonitrile; PDA analysis was made at 265 nm. Stabilities of DTRE and SLDN were determined under several types of applied stress, including thermal, basic, oxidative, photo, and acid. Results: The elution times for DTRE and SLDN were 2.003 min and 3.377 min, respectively. DTRE and SLDN linear ranges were 20–120 µg/mL and 1.25–7.5 µg/mL, respectively. Method is precise with 0.2498% (DTRE) and 0.0773% (SLDN) RSD values.  Method is accurate with 98.913-101.049% (DTRE) and 100.023-100.162% (SLDN) recovery values. In degradation investigation, degradant’s peaks elution times are different from the elution times of DTRE and SLDN. Thus, proved specificity and stability indicating power of the method. DTRE and SLDN were found relatively stable in thermal and were found sensitive in oxidation. In overall, SLDN found more sensitive to applied stress, including thermal, basic, oxidative, photo, and acid compared to DTRE. Conclusion: Finally, this developed analytical approach was efficaciously applied to a commercial capsule and tablet formulations containing fixed dose of DTRE and SLDN, demonstrating its usefulness for quality control and degradation investigations on DTRE and SLDN.
OCULAR INSERETS AS A MODERN THERAPY TREND IN OPTHALMOPATHOLOGY
Authors: TURAEVA ANASTASIA , BAKHRUSHINA ELENA , ZHALYALOVA DIANA , KOROCHKINA TATYANA , STEPANOVA OLGA , KRASNYUK IVAN
Published: November 2023

Ocular insert (OI) has its wide recognition and importance from the 19th century around the world, the use of this dosage form in clinical practice was distributed throughout the USSR. The key issue covered in this review is the development of the ocular insert and their testing by specific parameters of quality. It is important to choose the right excipients and standardize ocular inserts according to pharmacopoeia articles (thickness, pH, biodegradation time). It is also important to control those indicators that increase patient compliance. Technology of solid dosage form consists of several stages: mixing, drying and cutting with packaging in primary polymer packaging. So the manufacturer does not need highly specialized equipment and staff skills. Based on this information, we can concluded that ocular inserts are promising and actively researched dosage form, which in the future, could fully complement or replace the medical drugs traditionally used in ophthalmology.
FOSAMPRENAVIR CALCIUM LOADED DENDRIMERS: FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION AND HEMOLYTIC TOXICITY STUDIES
Authors: SRIVASTAVA NEHA , MISHRA YACHANA , MISHRA VIJAY
Published: November 2023

Objective: Dendrimers are the three-dimensional polymeric architectural motif which bestows an advanced platform for drug delivery and drug targeting. Dendrimers are a novel cargo system that can accommodate larger amounts of the drug in its structure by conjugating the drug with terminal amine functional groups. The present work was designed to develop Fosamprenavir calcium-loaded 5th generation poly (propylene imine) (5G PPI) dendrimers for effective treatment of Human immunodeficiency virus.
Methods: The drug loading was carried out using a direct method with continuous stirring for 48 h. The sample was characterized using different analytical techniques and also evaluated for drug entrapment, drug release, and release kinetics. The hemolytic toxicity studies were also performed and evaluated based on % hemolysis and surface morphology of RBCs after incubating with the prepared formulation.
Results: The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectral analysis confirms the conjugation of the Fosamprenavir calcium and dendrimers. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) also confirmed the conjugation of the drug with dendrimers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showcased the spherical floral arrangement of the dendrimer structure. The drug entrapment studies revealed 69.83±0.31% of the drug encapsulated in the dendrimer structure. The drug release studies showed 80.18±0.65% in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and 68.09±1.78% in acetate buffer pH 5.0. The drug release kinetics showed that the Higuchi release pattern was followed for the release pattern of pH 5 and pH 7.4. The hemolysis study revealed that the conjugation of the drug with 5G PPI dendrimers drastically reduces the hemolysis.
Conclusion: Thus, from the studies, it can be concluded that an efficient drug delivery system can be developed for the anti-retroviral drug Fosamprenavir calcium by loading on 5G PPI dendrimers.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL CAPSULE CONTAINING CURCUMA MANGGA VALETON and ZIJP. EXTRACT AND ITS IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECTS
Authors: YUANDANI  , LAILA LIA , NUGRAHA SONY EKA , HASIBUAN WAHYU ARNIDA , NASUTION RIFDA YUSRINA , SATRIA DENNY
Published: November 2023

Objective: The present study was carried out to formulate and evaluate C. mangga extract as granule mass in a capsule dosage form as well as investigate its immunostimulatory effects.
Methods: The granule mass was evaluated for its bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner ratio, angle of repose, and flow ability. Meanwhile, capsule weight and disintegration time were determined to evaluate the C. mangga capsule. The immunostimulatory effects of extract in capsule dosage form were investigated by measuring delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and IgG production. There were six formula prepared (F1-F6). Formula F1-F6 were vary according to the component of adsorbent (Corn starch/polyvinyl pyrrolidone) and filler (maltodextrin/Avicel/lactose) to obtain the optimum formula.
Results: The granule mass of all formula had a good flow ability and free-flowing properties according to the Carr’s index (10.26±3.38 to 17.54±1.60) and flowing time (1.05±0.05 to 1.60±0.08 seconds). Of all the capsule formula, F2 capsule containing dry extract of C. mangga with Avicel as the filler met the standard requirement in terms of disintegration time (2.15±0.76 min) and weight uniformity (the deviation was below than 7.5%). The capsule of C. mangga extract enhanced the paw thickness as compared to those of the negative control (P<0.05). The level of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was also increased after treatment with the capsule of C. mangga extract.
Conclusion: The results suggest that the capsule of C. mangga extract has immunostimulatory effects, emphasizing its potential to be used for the treatment of infectious and immunodeficiency diseases.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS SUSTAINED RELEASE POLYMERS ON FLOATING TABLETS OF CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE-A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: SHANKAR K. RAVI , AMINABEE SHAIK , LAKSHMI KNV CHENCHU , REDDY G. RAMANA , SHAIK REEHANA , TIYAGURA VINEETHA , SULTANA SHAIK ALMAAS , BASHA SHAIK , MOKESH SAI KANDEPU , BHAGAVAN JALADI , KUMAR CHELLI DINESH
Published: November 2023

Objective: This study aimed to develop floating tablets of Carvedilol phosphate containing various excipients such as HPMC K100M, Carbopol, Polyox WSR, HPMC K4M, and sodium bicarbonate to generate gas. Additionally, the impact of DCP, spray dried lactose, and HPβCD on drug release was investigated.
Methods: A total of eighteen formulations were prepared using the direct compression method and evaluated for hardness, drug content, friability, floating lag time, floatation time and drug release properties.
Results: FTIR analysis confirmed that there were no chemical interactions between Carvedilol phosphate and the excipients used in the formulation of the floating tablets. Most of the Carvedilol phosphate floating tablets, except for F9 and F10, did not disintegrate in water, alkaline fluids (pH 7.4), or acidic aqueous solutions (pH 1.2). These tablets exhibited satisfactory quality attributes in terms of hardness, drug content, and friability, making them suitable for sustained release. The floating lag time of the tablets ranged from 25 seconds to 34 min, while the floating duration varied from 2 to 24 h. The drug release from the tablets was gradual and sustained over 12 h, depending on the composition of the tablets. Polyox WSR (F9 and F10) resulted in a rapid drug release, whereas an increase in the polymer concentration led to a decrease in the rate of drug release across all formulations.
Conclusion: The study reveals that the use of hydrophilic polymers enhanced the drug release, whereas hydrophobic polymers decreased the drug release. As such, formulations, F11, F15, and F16, which gave 100% drug release within 12 h are finalized as the optimized formulations of Carvedilol phosphate floating tablet.
PREPARATION, CHARACTERISATION, EVALUATION AND DFT ANALYSIS OF CILNIDIPINE-L-PHENYLALANINE COCRYSTAL
Authors: C. RENJISH , ITTIYAVIRAH SIBI P. , HARINDRAN JYOTI , NAIR C. R. SUDHAKARAN
Published: November 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to prepare, characterise and evaluate pharmaceutical cocrystals of Cilnidipine using L-phenylalanine as the coformer to enhance the aqueous solubility of Cilnidipine. It was also proposed to study the mechanism of cocrystal formation based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) using Gaussian software.
Methods: To overcome the limitation of poor aqueous solubility of Cilnidipine, a 1:1 pharmaceutical cocrystal of Cilnidipine was prepared using L-phenylalanine as the coformer by liquid assisted grinding (LAG) technique. The resultant cocrystals were characterised by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). They were evaluated for their saturation solubility in water. The mechanism of cocrystal formation was studied at the DFT level of theory.
Results: The band broadening of the–NH and–NO peaks in FTIR spectra of Cilnidipine indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds in the prepared cocrystals. A single sharp melting endotherm at 218.40 °C in the DSC curve confirmed the formation of cocrystals. The appearance of new peaks in the PXRD pattern of the prepared cocrystals showed the formation of a new crystalline phase. FE-SEM analysis also confirmed the above findings. The prepared cocrystals exhibited 3.31 folds enhancement in saturation solubility. The DFT analysis showed the formation of intrmolecular hydrogen bonding between the–NO of Cilnidipine and–NH of L-phenylalanine.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a successful approach for enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug Cilnidipine by cocrystallisation technique using L-phenylalanine as the coformer.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY INDICATING RP-UHPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF IMEGLIMIN HYDROCHLORIDE USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF METABOLIC DISORDER DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: JAIN AVNISH , SONI LOVE KUMAR , SHARMA RAJESH
Published: November 2023

Objective: The present work was aimed to develop and validate a novel, simple, rapid, consistent, and sensitive stability indicating reverse phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-UHPLC) method for the determination of oral anti-diabetic drug Imeglimin Hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceuticals dosage form as per the technical recommendations of International Council for Harmonization guidelines for human use pharmaceutical (ICH-Q2(R1)).
Methods: A novel simple, selective, stable and sensitive stability indicating method which used isocratic RP-UHPLC methodology for the quantitative measurement of Imeglimin Hydrochloride was developed. The chromatographic separation of Imeglimin Hydrochloride was achieved on RP-UHPLC equipped with Hypersil gold ODS endcapped column of dimensions (150x4.6 mm, 3micron) using isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of water: acetonitrile in a ratio of (15:85% v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with an injection volume of 20 µl. All measurements are done on 240 nm using eight channels Dionex Ultimate 3000 PDA detector equipped with chromeleon data acquisition system for data integration. Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to the (ICH-Q2 (R1)) guidelines.
Results: The retention time of the Imeglimin Hydrochloride was found to be 3.831 with excellent absorbance sensitivity at 240 nm wavelength. The linear regression equation was found to be y = 3199x+1605.5 with a correlation coefficient (R2)>0.999 which shows excellent linear correlation. Specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy robustness, LOD and LOQ were determined for method validation and results were found to be well within recommended limits as per ICH guidelines.
Conclusion: The proposed stability indicating reverse phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-UHPLC) method was found to be fast, affordable, robust, precise and specific for estimation of Imeglimin Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form.
Guia de macroalgas para o ensino de botânica
Authors: PEDRINI A. de G. , DOMINGOS P. , MARINHO M. M. , BROTTO D. S. , GUARINO G. I. P.
Published: November 2023

The planning, execution, and evaluation of practical classes in rocky shores of marine beaches along the Brazilian coast is a challenging teaching activity for educators when it comes to addressing botanical content. The development and approval of taxonomic photographic guides of marine flora can facilitate the pedagogical work of the instructor. The objectives of the article are: a) to present the "Guide to Green (Chlorophyta), Brown (Ochrophyta), and Red Algae (Rhodophyta) from Saco de Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"; b) to describe the evaluation of its didactic adequacy made by the students of the mandatory discipline of Plant Biodiversity I of the Biological Sciences course of the State University of Rio de Janeiro. The guide is portable, submersible, and printed on a PVC plate with 29 cm in length, 20.9 cm in width, and 0.2 cm in thickness. It has 48 color illustrations: 10 Ochrophyta, 11 Chlorophyta, and 27 Rhodophyta. Students between 19-21 years old, (72%), and from the Bachelor's program (66%) approved the guide with a significant difference (a<1%) of favorable observations (76%). The tested guide proved to be an adequate complementary didactic support on the content of macroalgae for adoption in the practical classes of the rocky marine and estuarine shores studied.
Efficient extraction of gold from e-waste using functional guanidinium ionic liquids
Authors: Liu Qing , Wang Wanru , Tang Kewen
Published: November 2023

With the rapid development of modern industry, it is necessary to
effectively recycle precious metals such as gold and palladium from
e-waste. IL (ionic liquid) is an efficient extractant with high boiling
points, non-flammability, and high thermal stability. The properties of
IL can be improved by modifying the n-substituted groups of their
cations, enhancing the separation efficiency of noble metals. Thus, two
guanidinium ILs, with the substituents of -R and -OR, were synthesized
to extract Au(III) from a hydrochloric acid medium. These ILs exhibited
excellent extraction properties, including high selectivities, rapid
kinetics, and significant extraction capacities. The maximum extraction
capacities of Au(Ⅲ) by [diMTMG][Tf2N] and [diPTMG][Tf2N]
were 519.4mg/g and 427.9mg/g, respectively, achieving rapid extraction
equilibrium within 30s. The introduction of o-containing functional
atoms enhanced extraction capacity and selectivity. The extraction
mechanism involving anion exchange was confirmed by slope method, jobs
method, as well as ultraviolet and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.
Analysis of Students' Ability to Understand Mathematical Concepts in The Material Relations and Functions
Authors: Abdulhafiz  , Alfi Yunita  , Lita Lovia
Published: November 2023

The role of mathematics needs serious attention, considering its benefits in everyday life. Mathematics lessons are provided starting from elementary school to tertiary institutions in order to equip students to have the ability to think logically, critically, and creatively. The low ability to understand students' mathematical concepts is due to the fact that previously, students carried out online learning, so the teaching carried out was not adequate, and many students did not do the assignments given, resulting in students not understanding mathematical concepts correctly. The purpose of this study was to describe the ability to understand mathematical concepts of class VIII.1 students of SMP Negeri 2 Tanjung Raya. The subjects of this research were class VIII.1 students of SMP Negeri 2 Tanjung Raya. The research method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Instruments are used to collect data in the form of tests of ability to understand the concept, interviews, and documentation. The test results were analyzed based on indicators of understanding the concept. The results of the research on academic ability related to the ability to understand concepts are high, medium, and low from the test results.
PELATIHAN TATA KELOLA DESTINASI BERBASIS CHSE DI DESA TIMBANG JAYA, KABUPATEN LANGKAT
Authors: Liyushiana Liyushiana
Published: November 2023

Pelatihan Tata Kelola Destinasi Berbasis CHSE di Desa Timbang Jaya, Kabupaten Langkat dilakukan sebagai upaya meningkatkan kualitas pariwisata di daerah tersebut selama pandemi COVID-19. Program pelatihan tersebut bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman dan wawasan terkait Cleanliness, Health, Safety, and Environment Sustainability (CHSE) kepada para pengurus Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) yang juga merupakan pelaku industri pariwisata, usaha dan fasilitas lainnya, serta lingkungan masyarakat dan destinasi pariwisata di wilayah tersebut. Pelatihan tersebut dilakukan selama 3 bulan, dimulai dari persiapan, pelaksanaan, hingga evaluasi. Metode pelaksanaan pelatihan meliputi class meeting style (ceramah, diskusi, bermain peran) dan pelaksanaan praktik untuk mengimplementasikan CHSE di lingkungan peserta pelatihan. Hasil yang dicapai dari pelatihan ini adalah peningkatan kesadaran akan pentingnya tata kelola destinasi yang berbasis CHSE dan meningkatnya kualitas pelayanan di sektor pariwisata di desa Timbang Jaya. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi evaluasi terhadap tingkat kehadiran peserta pelatihan, evaluasi terhadap pemahaman materi, serta evaluasi terhadap efektivitas program pelatihan. Diharapkan bahwa pelatihan ini dapat memberikan dampak positif pada perkembangan pariwisata di Desa Timbang Jaya, Kabupaten Langkat, serta dapat menjadi contoh bagi daerah-daerah lain dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 dengan menerapkan CHSE sebagai standar protokol kesehatan di sektor pariwisata.
Tinjauan Hukum terhadap Kewajiban Pembayaran Kredit Akibat Force Majeur pada Pembiayaan Konsumen
Authors: Puspita Dinda Putri , Erlina  , Basri Ade Darmawan
Published: November 2023

Munculnya wabah Covid-19  membuat perekonomian menjadi tidak stabil, dimana ditandai dengan berbagai kebijakan-kebijakan seperti PSBB, Lockdown,dll membuat segala aktifitas terhambat. Terhambatnya segala aktifitas perekonomian membuat sebagian masyarakat tidak dapat memenuhi kewajiban yang harus dipenuhi, salah satunya kewajiban dalam melakukan pembayaran kredit pada Lembaga Non Bank seperti perusahaan pembiayaan. Tidak memenuhi kewajiban ini tentu dapat membuat debitur menjadi wansprestasi. Namun tidak memenuhi suatu kewajiban tentu diakibatkan oleh berbagai hal, salah satunya  keadaan memaksa atau biasa disebut Force Majeure. Force Majeure dapat digolongkan menjadi dua yaitu absolud dan realtif.  Force Majeure yang diakibatkan oleh Covid-19 ini dapat dikategorikan dalam relatif, dimana debitur dapat menunda kewajibannya untuk sementara waktu. Maka pemerintah melalui Otoritas Jasa Keuangan mengeluarkan kebijakan terkait Restrutkturisasi Kredit POJK Nomor 14/POJK.05/2020 tentang Kebijakan Countercyclical Dampak Penyebaran Coronavirus Disease 2019 Bagi Lembaga Jasa Keuangan Non Bank
Problematika dan Akibat Hukum Pembubaran Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia
Authors: Samudra Arung , Hamsir  , Natsif Fadli Andi
Published: November 2023

Pokok pembahasan dari penelitian ini adalah problematika dan akibat hukum pembubaran Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia di Makassar dengan permasalahan: 1. Problematika apa yang menyebabkan pembubaran Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia di Makassar. 2. Bagaimana akibat hukum pembubaran Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia di Makassar.Adapun jenis penelitian adalah kepustakaan. Yang dimaksud kepustakaan tidak melakukan penelitian dilapangan atau wawancara langsung. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia dengan gagasannya tentang konsep khilafah tidak sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dan pembubaran Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia menghilangkan segala hak dan kewajibannya sebagai organisasi kemasyarakatan yang telah diberikan oleh Undang-Undang.
Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen Pertanahan Nasional (Simtanas) sebagai Upaya Preventif Sertipikat Ganda (Overlapping)
Authors: Suhartati  , Basir Abd , Mira Nila Kusuma Dewi
Published: November 2023

Tujuan Penelitian Untuk mengetahui kesiapan data elektronik dalam mengimplementasikan Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen Pertanahan Nasional dan Untuk mengetahui implementasi Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen Pertanahan Nasional sebagai upaya preventif kepemilikan sertifikat ganda (overlapping). Penelitian ini adalah yuridis empiris. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa : (1). Penyiapan data elektronik dalam implementasi SIMTANAS di BPN Kota Makassar dilakukan berdasarkan data manual yang didasarkan pada data tektual dan spasial yang didapati di lapangan. Data aplikasi KKP Web ini dapat dijadikan rujukan untuk setiap kegiatan pertanahan di suatu wilayah/kota. Karena, aplikasi ini mencakup semua informasi tentang kepemilikan suatu bidang tanah secara komprehensif. (2). KKP web yang dijalankan sebagai bentuk dari pengaplikasian SIMTANAS pada BPN Kota Makassar sejak tahun 2014 sampai sekarang. Geo Spasial KKP ini berfungsi mencegah terjadinya sertifikat ganda (overlapping). Secara keseluruhan aplikasi ini belum maksimal dikarenakan akurasinya bisa mencapai kesalahan radius 100 meter
Pembebasan Narapidana melalui Asimilasi dan Integrasi dalam Perspektif Asas Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto
Authors: Akmal Fathurrahman , Arbani Tri Suhendra
Published: November 2023

This study examines the substance of the KEMENKUMHAM Decree Number M. Hh-19.Pk.01.04.04 of 2020 in the handling of Covid-19, as well as the relevance of assimilation and integration with the principle of "Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto". Literature research with a conceptual approach is used to analyze legislation and Related Literature. The results showed that the Prevention of the spread of the virus in prisons and detention centers is difficult to implement due to over-capacity conditions. Government efforts are needed to reduce the number of prisoners to maintain their health under the Correctional law. Restrictions on access in and out of Prisons and detention centers are important, while reducing the number of inmates is counterproductive. Prison clusters are evidence of the importance of attention to alarming prison conditions.
Penerapan Hukum terhadap Pelaku dan Korban Tindak pidana Obstruction of Justice
Authors: Tangko Lidwina Aprilliana Allo , Agung Dirga , Andi Dewi Pratiwi
Published: November 2023

Obstruction of Justice is an act classified as a criminal offense because it obstructs or hinders the legal process in a case. Lawyers in carrying out their professional duties are often associated with allegations of obstructing the legal process in cases involving their clients. The purpose of this writing is to understand the legal regulations regarding obstruction of justice in Indonesia and the characteristics of lawyer's conduct that can be classified as obstructing the legal process or obstruction of justice. The method used in this article is juridical normative. The research findings indicate that obstruction of justice is generally regulated in Article 221 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) and specific legislation. A lawyer can lose their immunity and be considered to have committed obstruction of justice if such conduct is not based on good faith and unrelated to their professional duties.
Tinjauan Tahap Pemanfaatan Pengelolaan Pulau Kecil (Studi Kasus Putusan PTUN Jakarta mengenai Reklamasi Pulau K)
Authors: Jati Pamungkas Tegar , Vanisrooy Gabriel Sanno , Meylani Nur Anissa , Wibowo Sulistyo
Published: November 2023

This article examines natural resources under the control of a country. Indonesia adheres to state property where natural resources are controlled by the state In accordance with Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. State control aims to create justice for citizens Indonesia. This article uses a qualitative method as a research method using a normative juridical approach. In compiling articles, the authors collect data using literature studies. This study aims to discuss the concept of the state in managing coastal areas and small islands along with an analysis of K Island reclamation decisions in Jakarta. This research resulted that the management of coastal areas and small islands is divided into three stages wherein the stages of planning, utilizing and supervising and controlling and the decision on the reclamation of K Island that the reclamation of K Island was canceled because it was not in the public interest.