bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitigating Spatial Discontinuity of Multi-Radar QPE Based on GPM/KuPR
Authors: Chu Zhigang , Ma Yingzhao , Zhang Guifu , Wang Zhenhui , Han Jing , Kou Leilei , Li Nan
Published: September 2018

Reflectivity factor bias caused by radar calibration errors would influence the accuracy of Quantitative Precipitation Estimations (QPE), and further result in spatial discontinuity in Multiple Ground Radars QPE (MGR-QPE) products. Due to sampling differences and random errors, the associated discontinuity cannot be thoroughly solved by the single-radar calibration method. Thus, a multiple-radar synchronous calibration approach was proposed to mitigate the spatial discontinuity of MGR-QPE. Firstly, spatial discontinuity was solved by the intercalibration of adjacent ground radars, and then calibration errors were reduced by referring to the Ku-Band Precipitation Radar (KuPR) carried by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory as a standard reference. Finally, Mosaic Reflectivity and MGR-QPE products with spatial continuity were obtained. Using three S-band operational radars covering the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, this method was evaluated under four representative precipitation events. The result showed that: (1) the spatial continuity of reflectivity factor and precipitation estimation fields was significantly improved after bias correction, and the reflectivity differences between adjacent radars were reduced by 78% and 82%, respectively; (2) the MGR-QPE data were closer to gauge observations with the normalized absolute error reducing by 0.05 to 0.12.
Are These Shocks for Real? Sensitivity Analysis of the Significance of the Wavelet Response to Some CKLS Processes
Authors: Kokabisaghi Somayeh , Pauwels Eric J. , Van Meulder Katrien , Dorsman André B.
Published: September 2018

The CKLS process (introduced by Chan, Karolyi, Longstaff, and Sanders) is a typical example of a mean-reverting process. It combines random fluctuations with an elastic attraction force that tends to restore the process to a central value. As such, it is widely used to model the stochastic behaviour of various financial assets. However, the calibration of CKLS processes can be problematic, resulting in high levels of uncertainty on the parameter estimates. In this paper we show that it is still possible to draw solid conclusions about certain qualitative aspects of the time series, as the corresponding indicators are relatively insensitive to changes in the CKLS parameters.
Road Extraction from VHR Remote-Sensing Imagery via Object Segmentation Constrained by Gabor Features
Authors: Chen Li , Zhu Qing , Xie Xiao , Hu Han , Zeng Haowei
Published: September 2018

Automatic road extraction from remote-sensing imagery plays an important role in many applications. However, accurate and efficient extraction from very high-resolution (VHR) images remains difficult because of, for example, increased data size and superfluous details, the spatial and spectral diversity of road targets, disturbances (e.g., vehicles, shadows of trees, and buildings), the necessity of finding weak road edges while avoiding noise, and the fast-acquisition requirement of road information for crisis response. To solve these difficulties, a two-stage method combining edge information and region characteristics is presented. In the first stage, convolutions are executed by applying Gabor wavelets in the best scale to detect Gabor features with location and orientation information. The features are then merged into one response map for connection analysis. In the second stage, highly complete, connected Gabor features are used as edge constraints to facilitate stable object segmentation and limit region growing. Finally, segmented objects are evaluated by some fundamental shape features to eliminate nonroad objects. The results indicate the validity and superiority of the proposed method to efficiently extract accurate road targets from VHR remote-sensing images.
Th1-Biased Immunomodulation and In Vivo Antitumor Effect of a Novel Piperine Analogue
Authors: Santos Jephesson , Brito Monalisa , Ferreira Rafael , Moura Ana Paula , Sousa Tatyanna , Batista Tatianne , Mangueira Vivianne , Leite Fagner , Cruz Ryldene , Vieira Giciane , Lira Bruno , Athayde-Filho Petrônio , Souza Helivaldo , Costa Normando , Veras Robson , Barbosa-Filho José Maria , Magalhães Hemerson , Sobral Marianna
Published: September 2018

Natural products have an important role as prototypes in the synthesis of new anticancer drugs. Piperine is an alkaloid amide with antitumor activity and significant toxicity. Then, the N-(p-nitrophenyl)acetamide piperinoate (HE-02) was synthesized, and tested for toxicological and antitumor effects. The toxicity was evaluated in vitro (on RAW 264.7 cells and mice erythrocytes) and in vivo (acute toxicity in mice). The Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model was used to evaluate the antitumor activity of HE-02 (6.25, 12.5 or 25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p.), as well as toxicity. HE-02 induced only 5.01% of hemolysis, and reduced the viability of RAW 264.7 cells by 49.75% at 1000 µg/mL. LD50 (lethal dose 50%) was estimated at around 2000 mg/kg (i.p.). HE-02 reduced Ehrlich tumor cell viability and peritumoral microvessels density. There was an increase of Th1 helper T lymphocytes cytokine profile levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12) and a decrease of Th2 cytokine profile (IL-4, IL-10). Moreover, an increase was observed on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production. Weak in vivo toxicological effects were recorded. Our data provide evidence that the piperine analogue HE-02 present low toxicity, and its antitumor effect involves modulation of immune system to a cytotoxic Th1 profile.
Morphological Type Identification of Self-Incompatibility in Dendrobium and Its Phylogenetic Evolution Pattern
Authors: Niu Shan-Ce , Huang Jie , Xu Qing , Li Pei-Xing , Yang Hai-Jun , Zhang Yong-Qiang , Zhang Guo-Qiang , Chen Li-Jun , Niu Yun-Xia , Luo Yi-Bo , Liu Zhong-Jian
Published: September 2018

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a type of reproductive barrier within plant species and is one of the mechanisms for the formation and maintenance of the high diversity and adaptation of angiosperm species. Approximately 40% of flowering plants are SI species, while only 10% of orchid species are self-incompatible. Intriguingly, as one of the largest genera in Orchidaceae, 72% of Dendrobium species are self-incompatible, accounting for nearly half of the reported SI species in orchids, suggesting that SI contributes to the high diversity of orchid species. However, few studies investigating SI in Dendrobium have been published. This study aimed to address the following questions: (1) How many SI phenotypes are in Dendrobium, and what are they? (2) What is their distribution pattern in the Dendrobium phylogenetic tree? We investigated the flowering time, the capsule set rate, and the pollen tube growth from the representative species of Dendrobium after artificial pollination and analysed their distribution in the Asian Dendrobium clade phylogenetic tree. The number of SI phenotypes exceeded our expectations. The SI type of Dendrobium chrysanthum was the primary type in the Dendrobium SI species. We speculate that there are many different SI determinants in Dendrobium that have evolved recently and might be specific to Dendrobium or Orchidaceae. Overall, this work provides new insights and a comprehensive understanding of Dendrobium SI.
The Hydrophobin HYTLO1 Secreted by the Biocontrol Fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum Triggers a NAADP-Mediated Calcium Signalling Pathway in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Moscatiello Roberto , Sello Simone , Ruocco Michelina , Barbulova Ani , Cortese Enrico , Nigris Sebastiano , Baldan Barbara , Chiurazzi Maurizio , Mariani Paola , Lorito Matteo , Navazio Lorella
Published: September 2018

Trichoderma filamentous fungi are increasingly used as biocontrol agents and plant biostimulants. Growing evidence indicates that part of the beneficial effects is mediated by the activity of fungal metabolites on the plant host. We have investigated the mechanism of plant perception of HYTLO1, a hydrophobin abundantly secreted by Trichoderma longibrachiatum, which may play an important role in the early stages of the plant-fungus interaction. Aequorin-expressing Lotus japonicus suspension cell cultures responded to HYTLO1 with a rapid cytosolic Ca2+ increase that dissipated within 30 min, followed by the activation of the defence-related genes MPK3, WRK33, and CP450. The Ca2+-dependence of these gene expression was demonstrated by using the extracellular Ca2+ chelator EGTA and Ned-19, a potent inhibitor of the nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) receptor in animal cells, which effectively blocked the HYTLO1-induced Ca2+ elevation. Immunocytochemical analyses showed the localization of the fungal hydrophobin at the plant cell surface, where it forms a protein film covering the plant cell wall. Our data demonstrate the Ca2+-mediated perception by plant cells of a key metabolite secreted by a biocontrol fungus, and provide the first evidence of the involvement of NAADP-gated Ca2+ release in a signalling pathway triggered by a biotic stimulus.
Effects of Sunitinib and Other Kinase Inhibitors on Cells Harboring a PDGFRB Mutation Associated with Infantile Myofibromatosis
Authors: Sramek Martin , Neradil Jakub , Macigova Petra , Mudry Peter , Polaskova Kristyna , Slaby Ondrej , Noskova Hana , Sterba Jaroslav , Veselska Renata
Published: September 2018

Infantile myofibromatosis represents one of the most common proliferative fibrous tumors of infancy and childhood. More effective treatment is needed for drug-resistant patients, and targeted therapy using specific protein kinase inhibitors could be a promising strategy. To date, several studies have confirmed a connection between the p.R561C mutation in gene encoding platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-beta) and the development of infantile myofibromatosis. This study aimed to analyze the phosphorylation of important kinases in the NSTS-47 cell line derived from a tumor of a boy with infantile myofibromatosis who harbored the p.R561C mutation in PDGFR-beta. The second aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selected protein kinase inhibitors on cell signaling and the proliferative activity of NSTS-47 cells. We confirmed that this tumor cell line showed very high phosphorylation levels of PDGFR-beta, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 and several other protein kinases. We also observed that PDGFR-beta phosphorylation in tumor cells is reduced by the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. In contrast, MAPK/ERK kinases (MEK) 1/2 and ERK1/2 kinases remained constitutively phosphorylated after treatment with sunitinib and other relevant protein kinase inhibitors. Our study showed that sunitinib is a very promising agent that affects the proliferation of tumor cells with a p.R561C mutation in PDGFR-beta.
Inhibitory Effect of Alisma canaliculatum Ethanolic Extract on NF-κB-Dependent CXCR3 and CXCL10 Expression in TNFα-Exposed MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Choi Jihye , Ahn Sung Shin , Lim Yoongho , Lee Young Han , Shin Soon Young
Published: September 2018

CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and its receptor CXC motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), play important roles in the motility of breast cancer cells. Alisma canaliculatum is a herb that has been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years in Korea and China. Whether A. canaliculatum inhibits the motility of metastatic breast cancer cells is not clear yet. In this study, we show that A. canaliculatum ethanolic extract (ACE) prevented tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-induced migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. ACE significantly attenuated TNFα-induced upregulation of CXCL10 and CXCR3 expression at the gene promoter level. Mechanistically, ACE inhibits TNFα-induced phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase (IKK), IκB and p65/RelA, leading to the suppression of nuclear translocation of p65/RelA nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Also, ACE inhibited NF-κB-dependent CXCR3 and CXCL10 promoter activities. These results suggest that ACE abrogates TNFα-induced migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through down-regulation of IKK-NF-κB-dependent CXCR3 and CXCL10 expression. Our results suggest that ACE has potential as a herbal supplement for the inhibition of breast cancer metastasis.
Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Deteriorated Psoriasis Is Associated with the Upregulation of Lox-1 Receptor and Il-23 Expression In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Shih Chun-Ming , Huang Chien-Yu , Wang Kuo-Hsien , Huang Chun-Yao , Wei Po-Li , Chang Yu-Jia , Hsieh Chi-Kun , Liu Kuan-Ting , Lee Ai-Wei
Published: September 2018

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Even though scientists predict that abnormalities in lipid metabolism play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the actual underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, understanding the possible relationship between mechanisms of the occurrence of psoriasis and dyslipidemia is an important issue that may lead to the development of effective therapies. Under this principle, we investigated the influences of hyperlipidemia in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like B6.129S2-Apoetm1Unc/J mice and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated Hacat cells. In our study, we showed that a high-cholesterol diet aggravated psoriasis-like phenomena in IMQ-treated B6.129S2-Apoetm1Unc/J mice. In vitro analysis showed that oxLDL increased keratinocyte migration and lectin-type oxLDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) expression. Evidence suggested that interleukin (IL)-23 was a main cytokine in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. High-cholesterol diet aggravated IL-23 expression in IMQ-treated B6.129S2-Apoetm1Unc/J mice, and oxLDL induced IL-23 expression mediated by LOX-1 in TNF-α-stimulated Hacat cells. Therefore, it will be interesting to investigate the factors for the oxLDL induction of LOX-1 in psoriasis. LOX-1 receptor expression may be another novel treatment option for psoriasis and might represent the most promising strategy.
Reliable Delay Based Algorithm to Boost PUF Security Against Modeling Attacks
Authors: Amsaad Fathi , Niamat Mohammed , Dawoud Amer , Kose Selcuk
Published: September 2018

Silicon Physical Unclonable Functions (sPUFs) are one of the security primitives and state-of-the-art topics in hardware-oriented security and trust research. This paper presents an efficient and dynamic ring oscillator PUFs (d-ROPUFs) technique to improve sPUFs security against modeling attacks. In addition to enhancing the Entropy of weak ROPUF design, experimental results show that the proposed d-ROPUF technique allows the generation of larger and updated challenge-response pairs (CRP space) compared with simple ROPUF. Additionally, an innovative hardware-oriented security algorithm, namely, the Optimal Time Delay Algorithm (OTDA), is proposed. It is demonstrated that the OTDA algorithm significantly improves PUF reliability under varying operating conditions. Further, it is shown that the OTDA further efficiently enhances the d-ROPUF capability to generate a considerably large set of reliable secret keys to protect the PUF structure from new cyber-attacks, including machine learning and modeling attacks.
Previous Interspecific Courtship Impairs Female Receptivity to Conspecifics in the Parasitoid Wasp Nasonia longicornis But Not in N. vitripennis
Authors: Mair Magdalena M. , Seifert Nicole , Ruther Joachim
Published: September 2018

Interspecific sexual interactions are not uncommon in animals. In sympatry, females often face the risk of accidentally mating with a heterospecific male. Based on the actual risks imposed by the environment at a given time and place, females should be able to adjust their mate acceptance in order to avoid interspecific copulations as well as accidentally refusing to mate with a conspecific. We investigate the ability of females of the two parasitoid wasp species Nasonia vitripennis (Nv) and N. longicornis (Nl) to adjust their mate acceptance in response to previous unsuccessful courtship by heterospecific males. We show that Nl females are more reluctant to mate with a conspecific male when having been courted previously by a heterospecific male, but Nv females are not. We argue that this strategy is reasonable for Nl females but not for Nv females, which follow a different strategy to avoid the fitness costs imposed by heterospecific copulations.
Blockchain for and in Logistics: What to Adopt and Where to Start
Authors: Dobrovnik Mario , Herold David M. , Fürst Elmar , Kummer Sebastian
Published: September 2018

Despite the claim that blockchain will revolutionise business and redefine logistics, existing research so far is limited concerning frameworks that categorise blockchain application potentials and their implications. In particular, academic literature in transport and logistics to date has not sufficiently distinguished between blockchain adoption (‘what to adopt’) and the identification of the right business opportunity (‘where to start’). In response, this paper (1) uses Rogers’ (2003) ‘attributes of innovation framework’ to identify potential blockchain applications and (2) presents a framework explicating four transformation phases to subsequently categorise the identified areas of application according to their effects on organisational structures and processes. Using academic and practitioner literature, we classify possible applications for adoption and provide a framework to identify blockchain opportunities in the logistics industry, thereby helping managers to systematically assess where to start building organisational capabilities in order to successfully adopt and deploy blockchain-based technology.
Properties of Lithium Trivanadate Film Electrodes Formed on Garnet-Type Oxide Solid Electrolyte by Aerosol Deposition
Authors: Inada Ryoji , Okuno Kohei , Kito Shunsuke , Tojo Tomohiro , Sakurai Yoji
Published: September 2018

We fabricated lithium trivanadate LiV3O8 (LVO) film electrodes for the first time on a garnet-type Ta-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZT) solid electrolyte using the aerosol deposition (AD) method. Ball-milled LVO powder with sizes in the range of 0.5–2 µm was used as a raw material for LVO film fabrication via impact consolidation at room temperature. LVO film (thickness = 5 µm) formed by AD has a dense structure composed of deformed and fractured LVO particles and pores were not observed at the LVO/LLZT interface. For electrochemical characterization of LVO film electrodes, lithium (Li) metal foil was attached on the other end face of a LLZT pellet to comprise a LVO/LLZT/Li all-solid-state cell. From impedance measurements, the charge transfer resistance at the LVO/LLZT interface is estimated to be around 103 Ω cm2 at room temperature, which is much higher than at the Li/LLZT interface. Reversible charge and discharge reactions in the LVO/LLZT/Li cell were demonstrated and the specific capacities were 100 and 290 mAh g−1 at 50 and 100 °C. Good cycling stability of electrode reaction indicates strong adhesion between the LVO film electrode formed via impact consolidation and LLZT.
Nanosecond Laser Fabrication of Hydrophobic Stainless Steel Surfaces: The Impact on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Rafieazad Mehran , Jaffer Jaffer Alkarim , Cui Cong , Duan Xili , Nasiri Ali
Published: September 2018

Creation of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces has attracted broad attention as a promising solution for protection of metal surfaces from corrosive environments. This work investigates the capability of nanosecond fiber laser surface texturing followed by a low energy coating in the fabrication of hydrophobic 17-4 PH stainless steel surfaces as an alternative to the ultrashort lasers previously utilized for hydrophobic surfaces production. Laser texturing of the surface followed by applying the hydrophobic coating resulted in steady-state contact angles of up to 145°, while the non-textured coated base metal exhibited the contact angle of 121°. The microstructure and compositional analysis results confirmed that the laser texturing process neither affects the microstructure of the base metal nor causes elemental loss from the melted regions during the ultrafast melting process. However, the electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the water-repelling property of the surface did not contribute to the anticorrosion capability of the substrate. The resultant higher corrosion current density, lower corrosion potential, and higher corrosion rate of the laser textured surfaces were ascribed to the size of fabricated surface micro-grooves, which cannot retain the entrapped air inside the hierarchical structure when fully immersed in a corrosive medium, thus degrading the material’s corrosion performance.
A Feasibility Study of Processing Polydimethylsiloxane–Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Composites by a Low-Cost Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printer
Authors: Calcagnile Paola , Cacciatore Gabriele , Demitri Christian , Montagna Francesco , Esposito Corcione Carola
Published: September 2018

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques allow the construction of complex physical models reproducing the content of a specific CAD file, and, among them, Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) stands out for its many advantages. The aim of the present work is to perform a feasibility study of 3D printing of a model of human heart to be used to simulate surgical operations or for training through a two-step method based on extrusion and FDM processes. To this purpose, typical extrusion instrumentation and a simple and low-cost FDM printer are employed, in combination with a thermoplastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), chosen for its transparency, flexibility, and high resistance to multiple agents and aging. To improve its tactile properties and mimic the slimy effect of living organs, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na–CMC) fibrils are added to it. The starting materials, the neat PDMS filament and the composite one, are deeply characterized in terms of structural, thermal, and rheological properties in order to fix the most suitable extrusion and FDM parameters. The composite filaments show larger diameter and roughness, which cause undesirable effects during 3D printing, such as episodic nozzle obstruction, and exhibit a faster degradation, making the FDM step difficult. Nevertheless, the major issues are related to the low crystallinity degree of the employed polymer. The feasibility study carried out leads to the printing of composite layers, even though far from the desired final target. Possible solutions to print the fully characterized Na–CMC/PDMS composite are addressed in the conclusion of this work.
Low-Temperature Spark Plasma Sintering of ZrW2−xMoxO8 Exhibiting Controllable Negative Thermal Expansion
Authors: Wei Hui , Hasegawa Marin , Mizutani Shunsuke , Aimi Akihisa , Fujimoto Kenjiro , Nishio Keishi
Published: September 2018

Molybdenum-doped zirconium tungstate (ZrW2−xMoxO8) has been widely studied because of its large isotropic coefficient of negative thermal expansion (NTE). However, low density and poor sinterability limit its production and application. In this study, relative density greater than 90% single-phase ZrW2−xMoxO8 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) sintered bodies were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (500–600 °C for 10 min) using ZrW2−xMoxO7(OH)2·2H2O precursor powders as the starting material. High-temperature X-ray diffraction and thermomechanical analysis were used to investigate the change in the order–disorder phase transition temperature of the sintered materials; it gradually dropped from 170 °C at x = 0.0 to 78 °C at x = 0.5, and then to below room temperature at x ≥ 0.7. In addition, all sintered bodies exhibited NTE behavior. The NTE coefficient was controllable by changing the x value as follows: from −7.85 × 10−6 °C−1 (x = 0) to −9.01 × 10−6 °C−1 (x = 0.6) and from −3.22 × 10−6 °C−1 (x = 0) to −2.50 × 10−6 °C−1 (x = 1.0) before and after the phase transition, respectively. Rietveld structure refinement results indicate that the change in the NTE coefficient can be straightforwardly traced to the thermodynamic instability of the terminal oxygen atoms, which only have one coordination.
Strain Rate Sensitivity of Tensile Properties in Ti-6.6Al-3.3Mo-1.8Zr-0.29Si Alloy: Experiments and Constitutive Modeling
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wang Yang , Zhang Bin , Huang Hanjun , Chen Junhong , Wang Peng
Published: September 2018

The complex deformation usually involves wide strain-rate change. However, few efforts have been devoted to investigate the effect of strain rate history on the tensile behavior of α + β titanium alloy. In present paper, tensile tests of Ti-6.6Al-3.3Mo-1.8Zr-0.29Si alloy were carried out under both constant and variable strain-rate conditions within the region from 10−3~500 s−1. A single stress pulse experimental technique was utilized to conduct the recovery tests. The strain-rate history effect was examined. It is found that the flow stress is independent on the strain rate history, though the alloy exhibits obvious positive strain rate sensitivity. The Taylor-Quinney coefficient of the plastic work converted to heat is proved as 0.9 at high strain rates. The cavitation fracture mechanism is revealed by microstructural observation over the full range explored. In basis of the experimental results and other pulished literatures, empirical Khan-Huang-Liang constitutive model was suitably modified to account for the strain-rate dependent behavior. Good agreement is achieved between the modeling prediction results and experimental data.
Finite Element Analysis for the Self-Loosening Behavior of the Bolted Joint with a Superelastic Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Jiang Xiangjun , Huang Jin , Wang Yongkun , Li Baotong , Du Jingli , Hao Peng
Published: September 2018

A macroscopic constitutive model is proposed in this research to reproduce the uniaxial transition ratcheting behaviors of the superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) undergoing cyclic loading, based on the cosine-type phase transition equation with the initial martensite evolution coefficient that provides the predictive residual martensite accumulation evolution and the nonlinear feature of hysteresis loop. The calculated results are compared with the experimental results to show the validity of the present computational procedure in transition ratcheting. Finite element implementation for the self-loosening behavior of the superelastic SMA bolt is then carried out based on the proposed constitutive model to analyze the curves of stress-strain responses on the bolt bar, clamping force reduction law, dissipation energy change law of the bolted joint for different external loading cases, and preload force of the bolt.
An Analytical Study of Electromagnetic Deep Penetration Conditions and Implications in Lossy Media through Inhomogeneous Waves
Authors: Baccarelli Paolo , Frezza Fabrizio , Simeoni Patrizio , Tedeschi Nicola
Published: September 2018

This paper illustrates how the penetration of electromagnetic waves in lossy media strongly depends on the waveform and not only on the media involved. In particular, the so-called inhomogeneous plane waves are compared against homogeneous plane waves illustrating how the first ones can generate deep penetration effects. Moreover, the paper provides examples showing how such waves may be practically generated. The approach taken here is analytical and it concentrates on the deep penetration conditions obtained by means of incident inhomogeneous plane waves incoming from a lossless medium and impinging on a lossy medium. Both conditions and constraints that the waveforms need to possess to achieve deep penetration are analysed. Some results are finally validated through numerical computations. The theory presented here is of interest in view of a practical implementation of the deep penetration effect.
First-Principles Studies on the Structural and Electronic Properties of As Clusters
Authors: Yan Jialin , Xia Jingjing , Zhang Qinfang , Zhang Binwen , Wang Baolin
Published: September 2018

Based on the genetic algorithm (GA) incorporated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the structural and electronic properties of neutral and charged arsenic clusters Asn (n = 2–24) are investigated. The size-dependent physical properties of neutral clusters, such as the binding energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, and second difference of cluster energies, are discussed. The supercluster structures based on the As8 unit and As2 bridge are found to be dominant for the larger cluster Asn (n ≥ 8). Furthermore, the possible geometric structures of As28, As38, and As180 are predicted based on the growth pattern.
A Novel Computational Method of Processing Map for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy and Corresponding Microstructure Study
Authors: Hu Ming , Dong Limin , Zhang Zhiqiang , Lei Xiaofei , Yang Rui , Sha Yuhui
Published: September 2018

The Arrhenius-type constitutive equation is mostly used to describe flow behaviors of material. However, no processing map has been constructed directly according to it. In this study, a novel computational method was applied for establishing the processing map for Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the temperature and strain rate range of 800–1050 °C and 0.001–10 s−1, respectively. The processing map can be divided into four domains according to its graphic features. Among the four domains, the optimal domain is in the temperature and strain rate range of 850–925 °C and 0.001–0.1 s−1, where peak efficiency η is 0.54 and the main microstructural evolution is DRX (dynamic recrystallization). When the alloy is processed in the α + β phase field, the temperature and strain rate range of 800–850 °C and 3–10 s−1 should be avoided, where instability parameter ξ is negative and the microstructural feature is flow localization. When the alloy is processed in the β phase field, DRV (dynamic recovery) and slight DRX of β phase is the main microstructural characteristics in the range of 1000–1050 °C and 0.001–0.02 s−1. However, flow localization of β phase is the main microstructural feature in the range of 1000–1050 °C and 1–10 s−1, which should be avoided.
Petromylidenes A–C: 2-Alkylidene Bile Salt Derivatives Isolated from Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
Authors: Li Ke , Scott Anne M. , Fissette Skye D. , Buchinger Tyler J. , Riedy Joseph J. , Li Weiming
Published: September 2018

Three novel bile acid derivatives, petromylidenes A–C (1–3), featuring uncommon alkylidene adductive scaffolds, were isolated from water conditioned with sexually mature male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, and by comparison to spectral data of related structures. The identification of compounds 1–3, further illustrates the structural diversity of the 5α bile salt family. Compounds 1–3 exhibited notable biological properties as well, including high olfactory potencies in adult sea lampreys and strong behavioral attraction of ovulated female sea lampreys. Electro-olfactogram recordings indicated that the limit of detection for 1 was 10−9 M, 2 was 10−11 M, and 3 was less than 10−13 M. These results suggested 1–3 were likely male pheromones, which guide reproductive behaviors in the sea lamprey.
Transcranial Laser Stimulation Research—A New Helmet and First Data from Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Litscher Gerhard
Published: September 2018

This editorial adopts a future-oriented technology. It describes a new modern helmet for transcranial laser stimulation and a way to quantify effects of this possible therapeutical method using near-infrared spectroscopy.
A Novel Time Lag Method for the Analysis of Mixed Gas Diffusion in Polymeric Membranes by On-Line Mass Spectrometry: Pressure Dependence of Transport Parameters
Authors: Monteleone Marcello , Esposito Elisa , Fuoco Alessio , Lanč Marek , Pilnáček Kryštof , Friess Karel , Bezzu Caterina , Carta Mariolino , McKeown Neil , Jansen Johannes
Published: September 2018

This paper presents a novel method for transient and steady state mixed gas permeation measurements, using a quadrupole residual gas analyser for the on-line determination of the permeate composition. The on-line analysis provides sufficiently quick response times to follow even fast transient phenomena, enabling the unique determination of the diffusion coefficient of the individual gases in a gas mixture. Following earlier work, the method is further optimised for higher gas pressures, using a thin film composite and a thick dense styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer membrane. Finally, the method is used to calculate the CO2/CH4 mixed gas diffusion coefficients of the spirobisfluorene-based polymer of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-SBF-1. It is shown that the modest pressure dependence of the PIM-SBF-1 permeability can be ascribed to a much stronger pressure dependence of the diffusion coefficient, which partially compensates the decreasing solubility of CO2 with increasing pressure, typical for the strong sorption behaviour in PIMs. The characteristics of the instrument are discussed and suggestions are given for even more versatile measurements under stepwise increasing pressure conditions. This is the first report on mixed gas diffusion coefficients at different pressures in a polymer of intrinsic microporosity.
K2S2O8-Promoted Aryl Thioamides Synthesis from Aryl Aldehydes Using Thiourea as the Sulfur Source
Authors: Bian Yongjun , Qu Xingyu , Chen Yongqiang , Li Jun , Liu Leng
Published: September 2018

Thiourea as a sulfur atom transfer reagent was applied for the synthesis of aryl thioamides through a three-component coupling reaction with aryl aldehydes and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC). The reaction could tolerate various functional groups and gave moderate to good yields of desired products under the transition-metal-free condition.
Nitrate Accumulation and Expression Patterns of Genes Involved in Nitrate Transport and Assimilation in Spinach
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Cai Xiaofeng , Xu Chenxi , Wang Shui , Dai Shaojun , Wang Quanhua
Published: September 2018

Excessive accumulation of nitrate in spinach is not only harmful to human beings, but also limits the efficiency of nitrogen usage. However, the underlying mechanism of nitrate accumulation in plants remains unclear. This study analyzed the physiological and molecular characteristics of nitrate uptake and assimilation in the spinach varieties with high or low nitrate accumulation. Our results showed that the variety of spinach with a high nitrate content (So18) had higher nitrate uptake compared to the variety with a low nitrate content (So10). However, the nitrate reductase activities of both varieties were similar, which suggests that the differential capacity to uptake and transport nitrate may account for the differences in nitrate accumulation. The quantitative PCR analysis showed that there was a higher level of expression of spinach nitrate transporter (SoNRT) genes in So18 compared to those in So10. Based on the function of Arabidopsis homologs AtNRTs, the role of spinach SoNRTs in nitrate accumulation is discussed. It is concluded that further work focusing on the expression of SoNRTs (especially for SoNRT1.4, SoNRT1.5 and SoNRT1.3) may help us to elucidate the molecular mechanism of nitrate accumulation in spinach.
Immunogenicity of a Tripartite Cell Penetrating Peptide Containing a MUC1 Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) and A T Helper Epitope
Authors: Brooks Nicole , Hsu Jennifer , Esparon Sandra , Pouniotis Dodie , Pietersz Geoffrey A.
Published: September 2018

Peptide-based vaccines for cancer have many advantages however, for optimization these immunogens should incorporate peptide epitopes that induce CD8, as well as CD4 responses, antibody and long term immunity. Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) with a capacity of cytosolic delivery have been used to deliver antigenic peptides and proteins to antigen presenting cells to induce cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell and humoral responses in mice. For this study, a tripartite CPP including a mucin 1 (MUC1) variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) containing multiple T cell epitopes and tetanus toxoid universal T helper epitope peptide (tetCD4) was synthesised (AntpMAPMUC1tet) and immune responses investigated in mice. Mice vaccinated with AntpMAPMUC1tet + CpG show enhanced antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-4 T cell responses compared with AntpMAPMUC1tet vaccination alone and induced a Th1 response, characterised by a higher ratio of IgG2a antibody/IgG1 antibodies. Furthermore, vaccination generated long term MUC1-specific antibody and T cell responses and delayed growth of MUC1+ve tumours in mice. This data demonstrates the efficient delivery of branched multiple antigen peptides incorporating CPP and that the addition of CpG augments immune responses.
Esterification of Aryl/Alkyl Acids Catalysed by N-bromosuccinimide under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Čebular Klara , Božić Bojan Đ. , Stavber Stojan
Published: September 2018

N-halosuccinimides (NXSs) are well-known to be convenient, easily manipulable and low-priced halogenation reagents in organic synthesis. In the present work, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been promoted as the most efficient and selective catalyst among the NXSs in the reaction of direct esterification of aryl and alkyl carboxylic acids. Comprehensive esterification of substituted benzoic acids, mono-, di- and tri-carboxy alkyl derivatives has been performed under neat reaction conditions. The method is metal-free, air- and moisture-tolerant, allowing for a simple synthetic and isolation procedure as well as the large-scale synthesis of aromatic and alkyl esters with yields up to 100%. Protocol for the recycling of the catalyst has been proposed.
Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles Enhance Endotoxin-Induced Lung Injury in Mice
Authors: Ko Je-Won , Lee Hae-Jun , Shin Na-Rae , Seo Yun-Soo , Kim Sung-Ho , Shin In-Sik , Kim Joong-Sun
Published: September 2018

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiONPs), which are metal oxide nanoparticles, have been used in a wide variety of applications. In this study, acute pulmonary responses were examined after the intranasal instillation of SiONPs in mice primed with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS, intranasal, 5 µg/mouse). The exposure to SiONPs increased the inflammatory cell counts and proinflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. SiONPs induced airway inflammation with increases in the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The ratios of the inflammatory responses induced by the SiONPs were increased in the acute pulmonary disease model primed by LPS. Taken together, SiONPs exhibited toxicity to the respiratory system, which was associated with MAPK phosphorylation. In addition, the exposure to SiONPs exacerbated any existing inflammatory pulmonary diseases. These data showed the additive, as well as synergistic, interaction effects of SiONPs and LPS. We conclude that the exposure to SiONPs causes potential toxicity in humans, especially those with respiratory diseases.
Efficacy of an Oral Rehydration Solution Enriched with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Zinc in the Management of Acute Diarrhoea in Infants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Maragkoudaki Maria , Chouliaras George , Moutafi Antonia , Thomas Athanasios , Orfanakou Archodoula , Papadopoulou Alexandra
Published: September 2018

The efficacy of oral rehydration solution (ORS) enriched with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and zinc in infants with acute gastroenteritis, is poorly defined. The aim of this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, was to assess the efficacy of an ORS enriched with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and zinc (ORS+Lr&Z) in well-nourished, non-hospitalized infants with acute diarrhoea. Fifty one infants with acute diarrhoea were randomly assigned to receive either ORS+Lr&Z (28 infants, mean ± SD age 1.7 ± 0.7 years, 21 males), or standard ORS (ORS−Lr&Z; 23 infants, mean ± SD age 1.8 ± 0.7 years, 16 males). Stools volume and consistency were recorded pre- and posttreatment using the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale and were compared between the two groups, as well as lost work/day care days, drug administration and need for hospitalization. Both groups showed reduction in the severity of diarrhoea on day two (p < 0.001) while, all outcomes showed a trend to be better in the ORS+Lr&Z group, without reaching statistical significance, probably due to the relatively small number of patients. No adverse effects were recorded. In conclusion, both ORS were effective in managing acute diarrhoea in well-nourished, non-hospitalized infants. ORS enriched with L. reuteri DSM 17938 and zinc was well tolerated with no adverse effects.
Methionine Partially Replaced by Methionyl-Methionine Dipeptide Improves Reproductive Performance over Methionine Alone in Methionine-Deficient Mice
Authors: Chen Qiong , Dai Wenting , Sun Yalu , Zhao Fengqi , Liu Jianxin , Liu Hongyun
Published: September 2018

Decreased protein breakdown in pregnant women results in lower concentration of methionine (Met) in plasma, causing pregnancy-related metabolic disturbance. Its dipeptide methionyl-methionine (Met-Met) may exert positive influence in fetal development. This study mainly investigated whether Met-Met can be used as part of free Met to promote reproductive outcomes in mice and the underlying mechanisms. Met-deficient pregnant mice were treated with Met alone or with Met-Met during pregnancy. Daily intraperitoneal injection of 35% dietary Met in pregnant mice was the best dose among the 15–45% doses. Embryo development and newborn birth weight were enhanced when 25% of the Met in the 35% Met group was replaced with Met-Met. Met-Met replacement had higher plasma insulin, glucose, and free amino acids (AA) concentrations. Besides, in the placenta, the AA transporter mRNA abundances and peptide transporters (PhT1 and PepT1) protein levels were higher in Met-Met treatment group. Moreover, Met-Met increased 4E-BP1, S6K1 and AKT/mTOR phosphorylation. These results suggest that Met-Met could be used as a partial source of Met to promote reproductive outcomes in Met-restricted pregnant mice, which might be mediated by promoting nutrient availability and activating AKT/mTOR-mediated signaling pathway.
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Magnesium Status
Authors: Workinger Jayme L. , Doyle Robert. P. , Bortz Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Magnesium is a critical mineral in the human body and is involved in ~80% of known metabolic functions. It is currently estimated that 60% of adults do not achieve the average dietary intake (ADI) and 45% of Americans are magnesium deficient, a condition associated with disease states like hypertension, diabetes, and neurological disorders, to name a few. Magnesium deficiency can be attributed to common dietary practices, medications, and farming techniques, along with estimates that the mineral content of vegetables has declined by as much as 80–90% in the last 100 years. However, despite this mineral’s importance, it is poorly understood from several standpoints, not the least of which is its unique mechanism of absorption and sensitive compartmental handling in the body, making the determination of magnesium status difficult. The reliance on several popular sample assays has contributed to a great deal of confusion in the literature. This review will discuss causes of magnesium deficiency, absorption, handling, and compartmentalization in the body, highlighting the challenges this creates in determining magnesium status in both clinical and research settings.
Tomato Juice Supplementation Influences the Gene Expression Related to Steatosis in Rats
Authors: Elvira-Torales Laura Inés , Navarro-González Inmaculada , González-Barrio Rocío , Martín-Pozuelo Gala , Doménech Guillermo , Seva Juan , García-Alonso Javier , Periago-Castón María Jesús
Published: September 2018

The objective of this work was to identify the effect of tomato juice on the expression of genes and levels of metabolites related to steatosis in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks-old) were grouped (6 rats/group) in four experimental groups: NA (normal diet and water), NL (normal diet and tomato juice), HA (high-fat diet and water), and HL (high-fat diet and tomato juice). After an intervention period of 5 weeks, rats were sacrificed and biochemical parameters, biomarkers of oxidative stress, liver metabolites, and gene expression were determined. Although the H diet provoked dislipemia related to steatosis, no changes in isoprostanes or liver malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed. Changes in the gene expression of the HA group were produced by the high consumption of fat, whereas the consumption of tomato juice had different effects, depending on the diet. In the NL group, the genes involved in β-oxidation were upregulated, and in groups NL and HL upregulation of CD36 and downregulation of APOB and LPL were observed. In addition, in the HL group the accumulation of lycopene upregulated the genes FXR and HNF4A, which have been suggested as preventive factors in relation to steatosis. Regarding the metabolomics study, intake of tomato juice stimulated the biosynthesis of glutathione and amino acids of the transulfurization pathway, increasing the levels of metabolites related to the antioxidant response.
Spinning Cellulose Hollow Fibers Using 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate–Dimethylsulfoxide Co-Solvent
Authors: Lei Linfeng , Lindbråthen Arne , Sandru Marius , Gutierrez Maria , Zhang Xiangping , Hillestad Magne , He Xuezhong
Published: September 2018

The mixture of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was employed to dissolve microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). A 10 wt % cellulose dope solution was prepared for spinning cellulose hollow fibers (CHFs) under a mild temperature of 50 °C by a dry–wet spinning method. The defect-free CHFs were obtained with an average diameter and thickness of 270 and 38 µm, respectively. Both the XRD and FTIR characterization confirmed that a crystalline structure transition from cellulose I (MCC) to cellulose II (regenerated CHFs) occurred during the cellulose dissolution in ionic liquids and spinning processes. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that regenerated CHFs presented a similar pyrolysis behavior with deacetylated cellulose acetate during pyrolysis process. This study provided a suitable way to directly fabricate hollow fiber carbon membranes using cellulose hollow fiber precursors spun from cellulose/(EmimAc + DMSO)/H2O ternary system.
Enhanced Flexibility of Biodegradable Polylactic Acid/Starch Blends Using Epoxidized Palm Oil as Plasticizer
Authors: Awale Raina , Ali Fathilah , Azmi Azlin , Puad Noor , Anuar Hazleen , Hassan Azman
Published: September 2018

The brittleness of polylactic acid (PLA) has always limited its usage, although it has good mechanical strength. In this study, flexibility of PLA/starch (PSt) blend was enhanced using epoxidized palm oil (EPO) as the green plasticizer. The PLA/starch/EPO (PSE) blends were prepared while using the solution casting method by fixing the content of starch and varying ratio of EPO. The thermal properties, such as glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and crystallization temperature (Tcc) were decreased by increasing the amount of EPO into PSt, indicating that EPO increases the chain mobility. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that thermal degradation resistance of PSE was higher when compared to PSt. The mechanical testing revealed that EPO at all contents improved the mechanical properties, such as increment of the elongation-at-break and impact strength. Whereas, dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the addition of filler into PLA decreased the storage modulus of PLA. The carbonyl group of the aliphatic ester remained the same in the PSE blends. The morphological study verified the ductility of PSE blends surface when compared to the brittle surface of PSt. As for the soil burial tests, EPO accelerated the degradation of blends. From these results, it can be concluded that EPO improved the flexibility of PLA blends.