bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPATIAL INTEGRATION ANALYSIS OF PROVINCIAL HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) — A CASE STUDY OF SPATIAL INTEGRATION ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE
Authors: Luo W. , Zhang J. , Wu Q. , Chen J. , Huo X. , Zhang J , Zhang Y. , Wang T.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. In China historical and cultural heritage resources include historically and culturally famous cities, towns, villages, blocks, immovable cultural relics and the scenic spots with cultural connotation. The spatial distribution laws of these resources are always directly connected to the regional physical geography, historical development and historical traffic geography and have high research values. Meanwhile, the exhibition and use of these resources are greatly influenced by traffic and tourism and other plans at the provincial level, and it is of great realistic significance to offer proposals on traffic and so on that are beneficial to the exhibition of heritage resources based on the research of province distribution laws. This paper takes the spatial analysis of Geographic Information System (GIS) as the basic technological means and all historical and cultural resources in China’s Zhejiang Province as research objects, and finds out in the space the accumulation areas and accumulation belts of Zhejiang Province’s historic cities and cultural resources through overlay analysis and density analysis, etc. It then discusses the reasons of the formation of these accumulation areas and accumulation belts by combining with the analysis of physical geography and historical geography and so on, and in the end, linking the tourism planning and traffic planning at the provincial level, it provides suggestions on the exhibition and use of accumulation areas and accumulation belts of historic cities and cultural resources.
URBAN MODELLING WITH TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH. CASE STUDY: MERIDA, YUCATAN, MEXICO
Authors: Rodriguez A.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. In three-dimensional models of urban historical reconstruction, missed contextual architecture faces difficulties because it does not have much written references in contrast to the most important monuments. This is the case of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico during the Colonial Era (1542-1810), which has lost much of its heritage. An alternative to offer a hypothetical view of these elements is a typological - parametric definition that allows a 3D modeling approach to the most common features of this heritage evidence.
A Primary Study on the Recording Method of Interior Decoration in Qing Dynasty
– A Case Study of Interior Decoration of Jingfu Palace
Authors: Rong X. , He B. , Zhuang L.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The existing interior decoration of Qing Dynasty is the master of that of each dynasty, with its diversified forms and complicated functions. As early as 1920s, the Rehabilitation Committee of Qing court recorded the interior furnishing in the Forbidden City by using Chinese traditional documentary method. Today, along with the constantly updated techniques, the recording method for the current situation of interior decoration has gradually developed from two-dimensional drawings into digital and comprehensive record. However, the current research results are mostly limited to a single field. This paper takes the digital record and reproduction about the current situation of interior decoration in Jingfu Palace in the Forbidden City as an example. Through the use of photogrammetry, 3D laser scanning, virtual display and other technology and equipment at the forefront of architectural field, it makes qualitative and quantitative record about the interior decoration inside Jingfu Palace. By combing with the interpretation of historical documents, it restores the original design ideas hidden behind the current situation of interior decoration, so as to summarize the best recording and reproducing method of interior decoration of Qing Dynasty.
CONSERVATION OF THE SINCLAIR INN MUSEUM, AND THE PAINTED ROOM
ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA
Authors: Shaftel A. , Ward J.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Conservation of the historic 18thC. Sinclair Inn Museum, and of the recently discovered late 18th/early 19thC. unique panoramic wall paintings located in an upstairs room, are co-dependent. This project was carried out with Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) staff, and Conservator in Private Practice Ann Shaftel. This paper will introduce the Sinclair Inn Museum, outline the CCI murals and building investigations of 2011-15, the mural investigation of 2015-16, which confirmed that the mural extended to all four walls of the function room, now referred to as the Painted Room, and to describe how it has been revealed and conserved to date.
COMBINING 3D VOLUME AND MESH MODELS FOR REPRESENTING
COMPLICATED HERITAGE BUILDINGS
Authors: Tsai F. , Chang H. , Lin Y.-W.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. This study developed a simple but effective strategy to combine 3D volume and mesh models for representing complicated heritage buildings and structures. The idea is to seamlessly integrate 3D parametric or polyhedral models and mesh-based digital surfaces to generate a hybrid 3D model that can take advantages of both modeling methods. The proposed hybrid model generation framework is separated into three phases. Firstly, after acquiring or generating 3D point clouds of the target, these 3D points are partitioned into different groups. Secondly, a parametric or polyhedral model of each group is generated based on plane and surface fitting algorithms to represent the basic structure of that region. A “bare-bones” model of the target can subsequently be constructed by connecting all 3D volume element models. In the third phase, the constructed bare-bones model is used as a mask to remove points enclosed by the bare-bones model from the original point clouds. The remaining points are then connected to form 3D surface mesh patches. The boundary points of each surface patch are identified and these boundary points are projected onto the surfaces of the bare-bones model. Finally, new meshes are created to connect the projected points and original mesh boundaries to integrate the mesh surfaces with the 3D volume model. The proposed method was applied to an open-source point cloud data set and point clouds of a local historical structure. Preliminary results indicated that the reconstructed hybrid models using the proposed method can retain both fundamental 3D volume characteristics and accurate geometric appearance with fine details. The reconstructed hybrid models can also be used to represent targets in different levels of detail according to user and system requirements in different applications.
HIGH-QUALITY 3D MODELS AND THEIR USE
IN A CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROJECT
Authors: Tucci G. , Bonora V. , Conti A. , Fiorini L.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Cultural heritage digitization and 3D modelling processes are mainly based on laser scanning and digital photogrammetry techniques to produce complete, detailed and photorealistic three-dimensional surveys: geometric as well as chromatic aspects, in turn testimony of materials, work techniques, state of preservation, etc., are documented using digitization processes. The paper explores the topic of 3D documentation for conservation purposes; it analyses how geomatics contributes in different steps of a restoration process and it presents an overview of different uses of 3D models for the conservation and enhancement of the cultural heritage. The paper reports on the project to digitize the earthenware frieze of the Ospedale del Ceppo in Pistoia (Italy) for 3D documentation, restoration work support, and digital and physical reconstruction and integration purposes. The intent to design an exhibition area suggests new ways to take advantage of 3D data originally acquired for documentation and scientific purposes.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING OF CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES IN A DISASTER AND POST-DISASTER EVENT – A CASE STUDY OF SYRIA
Authors: Vafadari A. , Philip G. , Jennings R.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. In recent decades, and in response to an increased focus on disastrous events ranging from armed conflict to natural events that impact cultural heritage, there is a need for methodologies and approaches to better manage the effects of disaster on cultural heritage. This paper presents the approaches used in the development of a Historic Environment Record (HER) for Syria. It describes the requirements and methodologies used for systematic emergency recording and assessment of cultural heritage. It also presents the type of information needed to record in the aftermath of disaster to assess the scale of damage and destruction. Started as a project at Durham University, the database is now being developed as part of the EAMENA (Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa) project. The core dataset incorporates information and data from archaeological surveys undertaken in Syria by research projects in recent decades and began life as a development of the Shirīn initiative1. The focus of this project is to provide a tool not only for the recording and inventory of sites and monuments, but also to record damage and threats, their causes, and assess their magnitude. It will also record and measure the significance in order to be able to prioritize emergency and preservation responses. The database aims to set procedures for carrying out systematic rapid condition assessment (to record damage) and risk assessment (to record threat and level of risk) of heritage places, on the basis of both on the ground and remote assessment. Given the large number of heritage properties damaged by conflict, the implementation of rapid assessment methods to quickly identify and record level of damage and condition is essential, as it will provide the evidence to support effective prioritization of efforts and resources, and decisions on the appropriate levels of intervention and methods of treatment. The predefined data entry categories, use of a data standard, and systematic methods of assessment will ensure that different users choose from the same prefixed data entry and measurement inputs in order to allow for consistent and comparable assessments across different sites and regions. Given the general lack of appropriate emergency response and assessment databases, this system could also be applied in other locations facing similar threats and damage from conflict or natural disasters.
OBJECT-ORIENTED APPROACH FOR 3D ARCHAEOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION
Authors: Valente R. , Brumana R. , Oreni D. , Banfi F. , Barazzetti L. , Previtali M.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Documentation on archaeological fieldworks needs to be accurate and time-effective. Many features unveiled during excavations can be recorded just once, since the archaeological workflow physically removes most of the stratigraphic elements. Some of them have peculiar characteristics which make them hardly recognizable as objects and prevent a full 3D documentation. The paper presents a suitable feature-based method to carry on archaeological documentation with a three-dimensional approach, tested on the archaeological site of S. Calocero in Albenga (Italy). The method is based on one hand on the use of structure from motion techniques for on-site recording and 3D Modelling to represent the three-dimensional complexity of stratigraphy. The entire documentation workflow is carried out through digital tools, assuring better accuracy and interoperability. Outputs can be used in GIS to perform spatial analysis; moreover, a more effective dissemination of fieldworks results can be assured with the spreading of datasets and other information through web-services.
CAPTURING REALITY AT CENTRE BLOCK
Authors: Boulanger C. , Ouimet C. , Yeomans N.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The Centre Block of Canada’s Parliament buildings, National Historic Site of Canada is set to undergo a major rehabilitation project that will take approximately 10 years to complete. In preparation for this work, Heritage Conservation Services (HCS) of Public Services and Procurement Canada has been completing heritage documentation of the entire site which includes laser scanning of all interior rooms and accessible confined spaces such as attics and other similar areas. Other documentation completed includes detailed photogrammetric documentation of rooms and areas of high heritage value. Some of these high heritage value spaces present certain challenges such as accessibility due to the height and the size of the spaces. Another challenge is the poor lighting conditions, requiring the use of flash or strobe lighting to either compliment or completely eliminate the available ambient lighting. All the spaces captured at this higher level of detail were also captured with laser scanning. This allowed the team to validate the information and conduct a quality review of the photogrammetric data. As a result of this exercise, the team realized that in most, if not all cases, the photogrammetric data was more detailed and at a higher quality then the terrestrial laser scanning data. The purpose and motivation of this paper is to present these findings, as well provide the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods and data sets.
An Analysis of Electric Vehicle Trends in Developed Nations: A Sustainable Solution for India
Authors: Faisal Farhan
Published: August 2017

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been revived since the late 1990s due to environmental causes andbreakthroughs in battery technology. As a result, the EV markets in developed nations evolved tocompete with conventional combustion engine vehicles. However, there is a need to reduce the globalcarbon emissions, which recently crossed the 400 ppm threshold permanently. EVs are proposed asa realistic solution and a necessity to mitigate the eects of global warming. This solution shouldbe expanded to highly populated developing countries that contributes to over 63 percent of theglobal emissions to develop a zero carbon transport infrastructure. This application for sustainabletransportation is best suited for developing nations like India which already has a potential EVmarket for two wheel, three wheel vehicles and buses. This paper discusses the various factorsrequired to establish a thriving EV market in India while accounting for challenges that are uniqueto the nation to promote EV as an alternative e-mobility transport option for the masses therebyaddressing the energy inequality crisis.
Electrical Energy Storage Technologies for O-Grid or Partially O-Grid Homes
Authors: Hanek Jessica
Published: August 2017

No Abstract
Reinforcing Energy Grid in Developing Countries and role of Energy Storage
Authors: Pandey Ramesh
Published: August 2017

Growing populations coupled with rapid industrial growth is driving increased energy consump-tion in the developing world. Energy grids in developing countries have historically struggled tomeet requirements and will continue to do so if strategy and pace of grid development is unableto keep up with increasing demands. As growing populations continue to seek access to energysources it is important that these eorts be sustainable not only economically and socially but alsoenvironmentally. This study attempts to review ongoing eorts in some of these countries aimedat enhancing their renewable source generation capacity, its integration into the national grid andenergy storage capability addition required to support integration and grid reliability.
Energy Challenges and the Role of Education
Authors: Wagner Pam
Published: August 2017

No Abstract
Integrating Renewable Energy with the Grid
Authors: Wakulchik Matthew
Published: August 2017

No Abstract
Electrospinning: A study in the formation of nanofibers
Authors: Vonch J , Yarin A , Megaridis C. M.
Published: August 2017

Electrospinning is a technique to produce nanofibers more efficiently. In electrospinning, electricity spins fibers by extracting the polymer from the solvent and stretching it, all in one continuous electric field. Basics of electrospinning are discussed in sequence from simple homogenous fibers through a single nozzle to heterogeneous core-shell fibers from double, concentric nozzles. Experimental set-up is described and the effect of different variables in the process of electrospinning on nanofiber quality is illustrated. Formation of carbon nanotube fibers with porous walls from polyethylene oxide/polyacrylnitrile (PEO/PAN) core-shell fibers is the definitive objective.Zipped LaTex file
Nonthermal Plasma-Assisted Synthesis of Molybdenum Carbide Thin Film Catalysts
Authors: Campbell G. , Nelson K. , Heitzman C. L. , Brezinsky K. , Saveliev A.
Published: August 2017

Optimization of the nonthermal plasma-assisted method of synthesizing molybdenum carbide thin films on molybdenum particle substrates was initiated using a previously existing experimental setup. The yield of the apparatus used has increased by 20% as the result of redesign. The molybdenum carbide produced through nonthermal plasma has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is tentatively observed by using the TEM that an ethylene concentration of 3% gives the best molybdenum carbide surface layer. The quality of the product is unclear, indicating that further characterization is necessary. This novel method of catalyst production has been tested in very preliminary experiments with a water-gas shift reactor and the CO2 conversion was 0.5%, suggesting, again, that further optimization is necessary.
Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Hexaboride (CaB6) Nanowires
Authors: Tan S , Jash P. , Trenary M.
Published: August 2017

The objective of the current research was to synthesize calcium hexaboride (CaB6) nanowires for analysis of hydrogen storage materials. Catalyst assisted growth of nanowires under the Vapor-Liquid-Solid synthesis method was performed in a quartz tube furnace. The pyrolysis of diborane (B2H6) gas over calcium oxide (CaO) powders with a thermally coated layer of nickel catalyst was carried out. SEM and TEM analysis have shown the generation of nanowires although calcium and boron did not react in a 1:6 ratio, though 1:4 and 1:8 ratios were achieved. Several types of nanowire compositions were found under EELS and EDX analyses, including calcium and oxygen coated boron nanowires. Overall, it was found that a decrease in the amount of nickel catalyst used is correlated to a decrease in the diameters of the nanowires. A higher diborane gas flow rate into the reaction chamber was also correlated to more abundant nanostructures in the sample.
Dielectric Materials in Organic Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Awomolo A. , Jiang L. , Zhang J. , Jursich G. , Takoudis C.G.
Published: August 2017

This work focuses on dielectric materials in organic thin film transistors. Silicon oxides whose surfaces are modified with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and octyltriethoxylSilane (OTS) are investigated. Organic semiconducting materials are used in the transistors made within the scope of this work. Although the devices made using our procedures did not exhibit satisfactory performance, we explored and understood some chemical and engineering aspects of the relevant dielectric/semiconductor interfaces in organic thin film transistors. Understanding these systems would help with improvements of the electrical properties and performance of such systems when plastic substrates are used at the next stage of the project.
Intercalation of Poly-acrylonitrile (PAN) into carbon nanotubes
Authors: Chan V. , Sun K. , Yarin A. , Megaridis C.M.
Published: August 2017

The primary goal of this work is to fill 200 nm average diameter CVD Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with Poly-acrylonitrile (PAN) - a carbonizable polymer - with the diffusion process reported by Bazilevsky et al. and to control the thickness and structure of the PAN inside the CNTs. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used as a tool to monitor the morphology of polymer filled nanotubes. TEM images of CNTs that were filled using five different PAN concentrations of the PAN/DMF solution - 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 wt% - demonstrated that the intercalation process is independent of the initial PAN concentration in solution. Furthermore, a DMF rinse process was used to remove polymer that was clinging to the outer walls of the CNTs, allowing clearer visual of the PAN structure in the interior of the CNTs. Finally, TEM images of filled CNTs taken through a carbonization process demonstrated that the CNT samples were able to survive the high temperature, with some damage to the CNT walls.
The Development and Testing of a Multi-Depth Microwire Electrode Array
Authors: Nekrasov V. , Rousche P. J.
Published: August 2017

We describe a method by which a single shaft multi-microwire electrode can be easily and efficiently fabricated. The constructed electrode can then be used for multi-depth neuronal unit recording from one or more tracks in deep brain structures of anesthetized or awake animals. The electrode consists of multiple strands of 50 μm Teflon insulated tungsten microwires threaded through a 25 gauge stainless steel cannula. The individual microwires are then cut to specified offsets, depending on which layers the researcher is interested in. In this case the three wires present are cut to 1 mm, 600 μm, and 250 μm from the tip of the distal end of the cannula. These distances correspond to the II, III, and V layer of the rat sensorimotor cortex. At the base of the electrode, the wires are soldered to individual pins of a miniature connector that plugs into preamplifier that is part of a TDT (Tucker-Davis Technologies) modular signal processing system. Although in vivo data has yet to be attained and analyzed for this type of an electrode, EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) analysis has shown that the electrode design is well suited for brain tissue recordings.
Binding Analysis of a Novel Peptide to Plasmodium falciparum Knob-Associated Histidine Rich Protein (KAHRP)
Authors: Preston J. , Zeng L. , Takoudis C. G. , Li X. , Chishti A.
Published: August 2017

Knob-associated histidine rich protein (KAHRP) is secreted by Plasmodium falciparum in infected red blood cells. This protein is required for the production of surface protrusions called knobs, which have been shown to be crucial for the adherence of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (Pf-IRBC) to the endothelia of small blood vessels. KP-AP, a 10-amino acid (AA) peptide (FITRANDTSK), binds specifically with KAHRP in preliminary studies. KP-AP is expected to disrupt knob formation and prohibit adherence of Pf-IRBC to blood vessels and greatly reduce the pathogenicity of the parasite. This paper describes an investigation into the binding interaction between biotinylated KP-AP (Biotin-AP) and a segment of KAHRP. ELISA and the real-time bio-interaction optical sensor, BIAcore are the methods of detection. The specific binding was confirmed with ELISA and the KD value was estimated to be 1.2 μM. Binding was not detected with BIAcore, most likely due to the reduced flexibility of Biotin-AP while immobilized on the sensor chip.
Quantification of Hydrophobic Recovery and Temporal Bonding in Polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Zachariah N. , Mohammed J. S. , Eddington D. T.
Published: August 2017

Polydimethylsiloxane is used ubiquitously in micro fluidics both as a mold and as a device in and of itself due to the polymer's distinct physical and chemical properties. This elastomer is intrinsically hydrophobic due to the methyl group that is a part of its chemical backbone. Hydrophilicity is induced by plasma activation but is short lived as this elastomer regains its hydrophobic nature as uncrosslinked PDMS chains start to reorient back to the surface. Quantifying the bonding time frame will prove invaluable for any and all research applications that revolve around PDMS.
Study on Stabilizing Cubic HfO2 Doped Y2O3 using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Gu P. , Walkosz W. , Yang G. , Klie R.F.
Published: August 2017

Traditionally, the most common gate insulator used in transistors is Silicon Dioxide or SiO2; however, as transistors are made smaller and smaller a breaking point has been reached such that SiO2 no longer acts as an insulator. For this reason, in order to continue improving transistor density, a material or a combination of materials must replace or be added to SiO2 as a gate insulator. HfO2seems to be a promising candidate due to its higher dielectric constant compared to Si2 and large band gap. Furthermore, by doping this HfO2 with Yttrium Oxide or Y2O3, the structural transformation from the monoclinic to the cubic phase is possible, consequently maintaining a higher dielectric constant. Several different samples of HfO2 with varying concentrations of Y2O3 were studied using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) in order to analyze the structure alterations at various temperatures.
Characterization of sterilization techniques on a microfluidic oxygen delivery device
Authors: Skaalure S. C. , Oppegard S. C. , Eddington D. T.
Published: August 2017

A microfluidic oxygen delivery device was designed to regulate the exposure of cells in culture to oxygen, facilitating experiments involving oxygen-dependent cell processes. Most of the device is composed of the biocompatible elastomer PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), including the thin gas-permeable membrane which serves as a diffusive interface between a flowing gas source and the cell culture media. Because cell cultures require a sterile environment, the device must be sterile as well. This study was designed to investigate the effects of common sterilization techniques on the diffusive properties of the device. Devices were sterilized repetitively with autoclaving, UV light, Dri-Clean detergent soaks, or ethanol soaks. Diffusion of oxygen across the device membranes was periodically measured using fluorescent microscopy. After 32 treatments no significant changes were seen in oxygen diffusion over time or in sterilization groups compared to control, meaning that the utility of the device is not adversely affected by repetitive sterilization.
Morphology of printed lines and droplet deposits using hydrophilic nanoparticle suspensions
Authors: Lyon J.D. , Tiwari M.K. , Megaridis C.M.
Published: August 2017

This paper focuses on the morphology of continuous mode printed lines of a generic polymer suspension. The suspension consists of carboxylate nanoparticles. The printing is performed by forming a stable capillary-bridge of the suspension between the print-nozzle and glass substrate. The printed deposits are examined microscopically. The printing technique used here is easy to implement and allows a wider property window for the fluids that can be printed compared to drop on demand mode printing. The morphology of these printed lines is found to be dependent on the number of layers of the nanoparticles present. To further understand the fundamental mechanism of printed nanoparticle deposit morphology development, droplet deposits of the suspension are also prepared and analyzed.
Optimization of Surface Passivation for InAs-GaSb Infrared Photodetector
Authors: Meyer E. , Banerjee K. , Ghosh S.
Published: August 2017

A type II indium arsenide / gallium antimonide (InAs-GaSb) strained layer superlattice (SLS) semiconductor is optimal for detecting long wavelength infrared (LWIR) signals for infrared imaging applications. However, as with all crystal structures dangling bonds at the surface of the semiconductor must be pacified with a passivant to maintain the integrity of the semiconductor. We report the most effective passivation layer for this III-V semiconductor by examining both the material and device characteristics of the devices pacified by silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (SixNy), and zinc sulfide (ZnS). Our final reporting shows ZnS with a pre-passivation of ammonium sulfide ((NH4)2S) as being the most effective passivant.
Approaches for the Estimation of Pulse Wave Velocity in the Spinal Canal
Authors: LeMaster E. , Lee S. , Alperin N.
Published: August 2017

This pilot study describes approaches for the estimation of the pulse wave velocity (PWV) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the upper spinal canal. The movement of CSF was non-invasively measured using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PCMRI) technique. Two main approaches were used to calculate PWV. The approaches relied on different types of images: sagittal and axial images. For the method using axial images, the PWV was calculated using four different time delays. This preliminary investigation indicated that the most reliable method used axial images and the waveforms' onset times to calculate PWV. CSF's PWV may be of importance in a condition known as Chiari Malformation (CM), a brain disorder in which the cerebral tonsils herniate into the spinal canal. The present study investigated the PWV of CSF in five healthy volunteers compared to that of five symptomatic CM patients.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium Oxide on Silicon and Polymer Fibers at Temperatures below 100o C
Authors: Kragh K. C. , Kueltzo A. , Singh M. , Tao Q. , Jursich G. , Takoudis C. G.
Published: August 2017

Atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide from tetrakis (diethylamino) hafnium (TDEAH) and water vapor was employed to create thin films on silicon with reactor temperatures as low as 30o C. Spectral ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to probe the thickness and composition of these films. Deposition at the same temperature of 30o C was carried out on poly-caprolactone (PCL) nanofibers as a template to examine the possibility of fabricating hafnium oxide nanotubes. Energy dispersive X-ray scans and scanning electron microscope images revealed significant hafnia coverage on the fibers, suggesting that hafnium oxide nanotubes can be formed by means of polymer vaporization after deposition.
Chronic Electrophysiological and Behavioral Response in Rats due to Cerebral Ischemic Stroke in the Motor Cortex
Authors: Midgett M. A. , Rousche P. J.
Published: August 2017

This work is the beginning of a study investigating dynamic changes of electrophysiological and correlative behavioral response in rats before, during and after stroke in the motor cortex. The animals need training sessions to regularly perform the behavioral tests. The standard deviation of total paw touches in the cylinder test (n=4) and the time required to eat a single strand of pasta (n=3) decreased by a factor of 1.7 and 3.6 respectively after 5 days of training. Behaviorally, post-stroke, average cylinder touches decreased by a factor of 5.6, and pasta adjustments increased by a factor of 3.6 suggesting impairments due to stroke. The pre-stroke mean neural firing rate was 94 spikes per second (spk/s), this increased to 146 spk/s during the 20 minute stroke induction, and was only 4 spk/s 20 min post-stroke. The firing rate has increased to near pre-stroke levels in the 2nd and 3rd days following stroke.
Methods in Characterizing the SrTiO3/GaAs Interface
Authors: Cooper T. , Qiao Q. , Klie R.F.
Published: August 2017

Characterizing the interface that occurs between a thin-film deposition of SrTiO3 on a GaAs substrate is of significant interest in order to determine the electrical capabilities that may be possible with this type of system. Imaging the interface by using transmission electron microscopy as well as determining important chemical and electrical information by using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) are critical in determining if the system is actually appropriate for the desired applications. In addition to these experimental calculations, however, it may be useful to determine theoretical calculations in order to confirm and interpret the results. In particular, these may be determined for EELS by using a simulation program called FEFF9, which employs use of full multiple scattering calculations in order to produce these theoretical results.
Percolation Effects on Electrical Resistivity and Electron Mobility
Authors: Weddell J. , Feinerman A.
Published: August 2017

Percolation, defined as the study of transport across a porous material, can be used to determine transport quantities of a material such as electrical and thermal conductivity. Observing the way electrons flow across a porous conductive sheet is a common way that percolation studies are performed, and has many practical applications in electronics. This study determines how elliptical pores cut into a conductive sheet affect the percolation threshold; the remaining area of the conductive sheet when the current across it first becomes zero. Past research has been performed on this topic which yielded theoretical results of the percolation thresholds, and this study aims to verify those results experimentally. This study shows that as the aspect ratio of an ellipse approaches zero, the percolation threshold approaches one. This report also establishes a novel experimental method of studying percolating networks.
The Effect of Nanofiber Mats on Dropwise Condensation
Authors: Kraus J. , Sinha-Ray S. , Yarin A.L.
Published: August 2017

In this work, condensation characteristics of water droplet on metallized nanofibers mat on short time scale has been studied. It has been shown that condensation of water droplet on copper nanofibers mat is delayed to a great extent in comparison to condensation on bare copper. It has been observed that on copper nanofibers mat the number of water droplets is much less than on bare copper and did not cause film as on bare coppers. At the end theoretical analysis showed that such behavior can be explained by Kelvin effect.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Zirconium Oxide for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: James C. , Xu R. , Jursich G. , Takoudis C.G.
Published: August 2017

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are an intriguing renewable energy source. Most SOFCs operate at high temperatures, around 1000 °C. One of the problems with them operating at lower temperatures is that it increases the resistance in the electrolyte layer. The focus of this project is to increase the efficiency of the electrolyte layer at the lower temperatures by decreasing the thickness of the electrolyte layer, in order to decrease the ionic resistance. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit zirconium oxide, which is one of the promising components of electrolytes in small length scale fuel cells; the zirconium precursor was Tris(dimethylamino)cyclopentadienylZirconium (ZyALD) and the oxidant was 0.1 % O3 in O2. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to measure the thickness of the samples was. This paper also describes how ALD was used to vary the thickness from 32 Å to 135 Å. Our results showed that there was a constant growth rate of 0.87 ± 0.04 Å/cycle, which can be used to control the film thickness. The error was calculated by taking the standard deviation of the growth rates for a varied number of cycles that were run.
Greener Solvent Selection and Solvent Recycling for Carbon Dioxide Capture
Authors: Hachem G. , Salazar J. , Dixekar U.
Published: August 2017

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) constitutes an extremely important technology that is constantly being improved to minimize the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) entering the atmosphere. According to the Global CCS Institute, there are more than 320 worldwide CCS projects at different phases of progress. However, current CCS processes are accompanied with a large energy and efficiency penalty. This paper models and simulates a post-combustion carbon capture system, that uses absorption as a method of separation, in Aspen Plus V7.2. Moreover, the CAPE-OPEN Simulated Annealing (SA) Capability is implemented to minimize the energy consumed by this system, and allow coal-fired power plants to use similar carbon capture systems without losing 20 to 40 % of the plant's output.
Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Jash P. , Meux K. , Trenary M.
Published: August 2017

Transmission infrared spectroscopy can potentially offer unique advantages in studying the mechanisms of hydrogen loss from complex hydrides that are being considered for use as hydrogen storage materials. An apparatus that permits infrared spectra to be obtained over a temperature range of 85 to 1200 K and under either an ambient pressure of selected gases or under vacuum has been designed and its performance characterized. While the method is capable of producing high quality spectra at room temperature and below, several difficulties arise as the sample temperature is increased to the point where hydrogen loss occurs. These challenges include reaction with the host matrix, reaction with residual water or oxygen in the system, and loss of transparency of the sample. The performance of the method is illustrated with spectra obtained for ammonia borane, NH3BH3.
The Dependence of Sample Thickness on Annular Bright Field Microscopy
Authors: Latting M.M.G. , Walkosz W. , Klie R.F.
Published: August 2017

Annular Bright Field (ABF) is a relatively new method of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) imaging that is desirable because of its ability to provide additional visual information in terms of showing lightweight atoms, whereas standard dark field imaging does not. In order to better understand the parameters necessary to perfect this method, this research article aimed to study a specific property of this imaging method: the dependence of sample thickness on image quality and atomic resolution. Multislice calculations were utilized to generate atomic potentials that were used to simulate different thicknesses of β-Si3N4. The resulting images were then examined to measure atomic full width at half-maximum (FWHM) in order to have a quantifiable value to support visual selection of the best ABF output image. Comparison of image quality/atomic resolution and FWHM values suggested that as a general trend, as sample thickness increases, atomic resolution and image quality deteriorate, citing Huygens' Principle of Classical Optics via the propagation of spherical electron waves through a vacuum. This study will bring a new awareness to the necessary precision required by researchers' sample preparation during Annular Bright Field imaging to yield the best image of their respective samples.
Characterization of Thermoelectric Ca3Co4O9 Microstructure Using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Paulauskas T , Klie R.F.
Published: August 2017

Ca3Co4O9 (CCO), a misfit layered structure exhibiting large Seebeck coefficient at temperatures up to 1000 K has attracted increasing attention as a novel high-temperature thermoelectric material. In this work, we investigate bulk CCO as well as thin CCO films grown on SrTiO3 (001) and Al2O3 (0001) using pulsed laser deposition. Resulting crystal structure and quality of the samples is examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in order to correlate with thermoelectric properties. HRTEM images show incommensurate stacks of CdI2-type CoO2 layers alternating with rock-salt-type Ca2CoO3 layers along the c-axis. A natural buffer layer about 10 nm thick was found present between CCO and SrTi3 substrate accompanied by higher density of stacking faults. The CCO grown on Al2O3 exhibited numerous misoriented grains, crystal defects and presence of CaxCoO2 phase.
Selective Oxidation of Ammonia on Ruthenium to Form p(2 x 2) Nitrogen Layer
Authors: Balgooyen S. , Waluyo I.
Published: August 2017

Oxidation of ammonia was used to prepare a p(2 x 2) nitrogen layer on the Ru(0001) surface as verified by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The process takes place in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber. The surface is precovered with oxygen and then exposed to ammonia at low temperature. Upon heating, the ammonia is oxidized to form water, which desorbs at low temperature to leave a nitrogencovered surface. The resulting layer can be used in a variety of surface chemical studies, including a hydrogenation reaction, which is an important part in the study of the Haber-Bosch process, in which ruthenium is used as a catalyst.
Analyzing the behavior of normoxic and hypoxic cells through the use of microfluidic devices
Authors: Chen K. , M. Rexius , Eddington D.T.
Published: August 2017

Current cellular exposure to atmospheric normoxic (21%) oxygen concentrations have been proven to be physiologically inaccurate since the human body only ranges between 1%-13% in the body. We wish to observe how human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human lung micro vascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs) interact with one another and their behavior when exposed to either hypoxic (defined as being less than normoxic) or atmospheric normoxic concentrations. The cells were grown and cultured on microfluidic devices - a relatively cheap and easily fabricated method of experimental testing that can lend itself to mass production and cellular analysis techniques. The analyses mainly focus on quantifying the amount of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) present in the cells - this factor is responsible for activating countless transcription factors within the cell. Overall, these methods and tests have provided evidence to the fact that hypoxic conditions increase cellular growth, migration, proliferation, and growth factor production by almost two times.
Analysis of AlxGa1-xN nanowires through simulated methods of scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Authors: Kumar R. , Phillips P.J. , Klie R.F.
Published: August 2017

AlxGa1-xN nanowires have promising applications in ultraviolet light emitting diodes (LEDs). However, these nanowires are not typical p-n junction semiconductors, but rather rely on varying concentrations of Al versus Ga to produce electron hole pairs. More information on the atomic structure is needed to better understand the properties of these nanowires. In this study, AlxGa1-xN nanowires were imaged using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and compared to computer simulated STEM images to obtain physical information on the nanowires. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and FEFF9 computer simulations were also performed to better understand the structural and chemical properties of the nanowires. Results from these simulations showed that changes in the chemical ordering of the nanowires were responsible for changes in intensity and resolution in the images. These intensity and resolution trends were not a result of interface effects. This will help to further characterize nanowires in the future.
Characterization of Anatase Phase on Calcinated Titanium-V Alloy
Authors: Hamilton M.D. , Butt A. , Patel S. , Sukotjo C. , Takoudis C.G.
Published: August 2017

Surface modification of titanium implants has been a large focus of recent research. Thermal oxidation is a technique used to diffuse oxygen into the surface of a material to form an oxide layer. By varying the temperature of thermal oxidation, the crystal structure of the TiO2 layer can be changed from anatase to rutile in the range 300 to 600 °C. The crystal structure of anatase has been shown to resemble hydroxyapatite, a mineral that is involved in bone growth. FTIR, an Ellipsometer, and a Geoniometer are used to analyse the anatase concentrations created at 24, 300, 375, and 450 °C. It was found that hydrophilicity increases on rough samples as oxidation temperature increases. Also, a peak shift from anatase to rutile is seen as annealing temperatures increase in the range of 300 to 600 °C. Greater relative anatase formation is seen at 300 and 375 °C. The shift to rutile begins to occur at 450 °C and continues to 600 °C.
The Effect of Different Geometries on Percolation in Two Dimensions
Authors: Morgan A. , Wedell J. , Feinerman A.
Published: August 2017

Using the model simulation developed by Weddell and Feinerman, this study found results for the percolation threshold as a function of aspect ratio for rectangle shaped holes and then compared these results to Weddell et. al.'s elliptical ones.1 We developed a slightly different experimental set-up than Weddell, proving that this method for collecting percolation data is repeatable and valid. The percolation threshold for both shapes has been found to exhibit a similar trend - as aspect ratio decreases, percolation threshold increases. At small aspect ratios, when both shapes are almost indistinguishable lines, the percolation threshold results are very similar. For larger aspect ratios, the differences in percolation threshold are much greater. More shapes need to be considered, but these results imply that there exists a point at which the aspect ratio of a shape does influence the percolation threshold.
Analysis of Ferromagnetic-Multiferroic Interfaces in Epitaxial Multilayers of LSMO and BFO
Authors: Knapp P. , Abiade J.
Published: August 2017

Bilayers were fabricated from ferromagnetic LSMO (Lanthanum Strontium Manganate Oxide, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3) and ferroelectric BFO (Bismuth Ferrite, BiFeO3) using pulsed laser deposition in the presence of O2 on LaAlO3and SrTiO3 substrates. The layer thickness and the layer order were varied among 16 samples. The bilayers were analyzed using TEM, XRD, XRR, and XPS to determine the stoichiometry, interlayer diffusion, roughness, and other structural features. TEM imaging showed that portions of the bilayers were highly crystalline. However, XRD analysis demonstrated that the majority of films were amorphous, with some polycrystalline and nanocrystalline samples. XRR data indicated a high roughness but did not yield good thickness values. Finally, XPS confirmed that material stoichiometry was preserved. It appears that the deposition process still needs optimization. This research will serve as the basis for future experiments on the magnetic properties of LSMO/BFO bilayers.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Cerium Oxide for Potential Use in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Essex Rachel R. , Rossero J. I. , Jurisch G. , Takoudis C.G.
Published: August 2017

With the growing need for sustainable energy, solid oxide fuel cells are an attractive alternative for power generation since they are efficient and environmentally friendly. However, required high operating temperatures limit their widespread use. The two ways to reduce the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells is to decrease the thickness of the electrolyte and to use new materials that have lower ion resistivities. In this study, both methods were employed. Currently, yttrium stabilized zirconium is the material used in solid oxide fuel cells as the electrolyte, and in this study cerium oxide was examined to be a potential replacement. To decrease the thickness of the electrolyte, thin films production techniques can be used. One technique for making thin films is atomic layer deposition, also known as ALD, which uses alternating saturative surface reactions. ALD creates films that have good conformality, are pin-hole free, and thickness is easily controlled. In this study, the atomic layer deposition of cerium oxide was studied for potential use in solid oxide fuel cells as the electrolyte and anode. The optimum precursor temperature was found to be 130 °C and the water pulse length was found to be 55 ms. The ALD window, which is the temperature range of ideal ALD growth, was determined to be 210 to 280 °C, the surface was saturated when at least four plugs of precursor pulses were used in the procedure, and the growth was linear at 1.2 Å/cycle.
Flow of Carbon Nanotubes under pressure driven conditions through microchannels
Authors: Sriram H. , Sinha-Ray S. , Yarin A.L.
Published: August 2017

In this work, the flow characteristics of suspensions of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) concentrations have been flown through microchannels under a pressure gradient. The suspensions of CNTs were made using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDDBS) as a surfactant. Flow rate of wax intercalated Carbon Nanotubes were also investigated, which will be extended for studying heat transfer characteristics of these nanoencapsulated Phase Change materials (PCMs) under a constant heat flux at the walls of the microchannel.