bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topology-inclusive aerodynamic shape optimisation using a cellular automata parameterisation
Authors: Wood M. J. , Rendall T. C. S. , Allen C. B. , Kedward L. J. , Taylor N. J. , Fincham J. , Leppard N. E.
Published: January 2025

A novel geometry parameterisation method constructed from a volume-of-solid driven cellular automata is presented. The method is capable of describing complex geometry of arbitrary topology using a set of volume-of-solid parameters applied to a geometry control mesh. This is done by approximating the smooth geometry of minimum surface area subject to a set of localised constraints on contained volume defined by both the control mesh and volume-of-solid parameters. Localised control mesh refinement is possible through splitting of control mesh cells to provide additional degrees of freedom where necessary. The parameterisation is shown to reconstruct over 98% of a library of aerofoil geometries to within a standard wind tunnel-equivalent geometric tolerance, and to recover known analytical optima in supersonic flow. Using gradient-free optimisation methods, the parameterisation is then shown to construct aerodynamic geometries consisting of multiple objects to package a set of existing geometries. Finally, the parameterisation is used to construct an optimal supersonic multi-body geometry with less than half the drag of the equivalent volume optimal single body.
A comprehensive review of residual stresses in carbon steel welding: formation mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and advanced post-weld heat treatment techniques
Authors: Falodun Oluwasegun , Oke Samuel , Bodunrin Michael
Published: January 2025

Residual stresses are critical factors influencing the service performance, reliability, and durability of welded carbon steel joints. These stresses can affect the joint, susceptible to brittle fracture, fatigue failure, and stress corrosion cracking, particularly within the heat-affected zone (HAZ). These stresses result from uneven thermal expansion and contraction during welding, with thicker plates and constrained configurations being more susceptible. Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) assumes a critical function in mitigating these stresses by tempering martensitic structures, refining microstructures, and enhancing mechanical properties such as toughness and ductility. This review examines the mechanisms driving residual stress formation, evaluates the effectiveness of PWHT techniques, and highlights advanced methodologies like neutron diffraction, computational modeling, and hybrid welding processes. While PWHT significantly alleviates residual stresses, complete stress elimination remains unattainable, emphasizing the need for innovative strategies such as hybrid welding methods, computational modeling, and advanced heat treatments. This work integrates metallurgical principles with experimental findings to provide a strategy for enhancing the performance and reliability of welded joints in critically demanding industrial applications.
Deterministic periodic structures in a model of the human airways
Authors: Kluwe M. , Rockstroh T. , Chaves H. , Bauer K.
Published: January 2025

Normal breathing induces significant variations in Reynolds numbers throughout the human airways, resulting in distinct flow regimes. However, the onset of instabilities and the development of flow structures in this context are not yet fully understood. This study presents the application of a novel point-wise measurement technique, Correlation Velocimetry (CV), to investigate unsteady velocity variations within breathing cycles at very high temporal resolution over a strongly extended measurement duration. Our approach enabled the evaluation of velocity data from more than 1000 successive breathing cycles in a realistic airway model, providing unprecedented statistical robustness. We observed both high- and low-frequency oscillating structures with spatial and temporal coherence across all investigated breathing regimes, ranging from Reynolds numbers of 274 to 4382. The cycle-to-cycle repeatability of these structures suggests the presence of defined physical mechanisms. Contrary to previous interpretations attributing similar fluctuations to turbulence or transitional states, our analysis indicates that these oscillations likely arise from geometric features forming systems of harmonic oscillators driven by the fundamental breathing frequency. This study provides new insights into the complex, multi-scale nature of respiratory airflow dynamics, challenging existing models and offering implications for improving computational simulations and our understanding of respiratory physiology.
Psychological burden in patients with sellar masses under conservative and surgical management
Authors: Kalasauskas Darius , Ernst Andreas , Mireri Sydney , Keric Naureen , Thavarajasingam Santhosh G. , Omran Wael , Wüster Christian , Ringel Florian , Conrad Jens
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of distress and the quality of life of operated and non-operated patients with pituitary tumors. Patients who presented to a neurosurgical center and two endocrinological services for outpatient follow-up after surgical treatment, as well as those under medical therapy or radiological follow-up without treatment, were invited to participate in the study. Sociodemographic, health-related quality of life and clinical data were assessed. Psychosocial factors were measured using the Distress Thermometer (DT), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Short Form (SF-36), and the Sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT). Thirty-two postoperative patients and thirty conservatively managed patients (n = 21 under medical treatment, n = 9 watch and wait), mean age 53, SD 19; 56% female participated in the study. Prolactinomas (35%) and non-functioning pituitary adenomas (21%) were the most common findings. There were no significant differences between conservative and operative groups in mean DT score (4.7 (SD 2.45) vs. 4.9 (SD 3.0), p = 0.61), HADS anxiety score (6.4 (SD 3.9) vs. 6.0 (SD 4.3), p = 0.76) or depression score (5.7 (SD 4.8) vs. 4.6 (SD 3.6), p = 0.50). For patients with ACTH-producing adenomas, the mean anxiety score was significantly higher (10.3 (SD 1.9) vs. 5.9 (SD 4.0), p = 0.03). The SNOT score correlated significantly with the DT, HADS-A, and HADS-D scores and therefore was associated with higher psychological distress. The level of self-reported distress in patients with sellar processes was not associated with a specific treatment strategy. ACTH-producing adenomas and manifest nasal symptoms were associated with higher psychological distress.
Benefits and challenges of inclusive emerging technologies in universities: Analysis of the voice of students
Authors: Castellano-Beltran Ana , Carballo Rafael , Moriña Anabel
Published: January 2025

The use of technology in higher education has been shown to have multiple learning benefits, providing great help to all students. However, more evidence is needed on the benefits of technology for inclusive higher education through the analysis of classroom practices. This study aimed to analyse the advantages and limitations identified by students, after their faculty members used emerging technologies from an integrative perspective after receiving training in this field. A qualitative evaluation of the impact of the teaching practice was carried out to analyse their experiences with emerging technologies and study their effects on the learning of 49 students. The data were gathered using focus groups. The data analysis was conducted through an inductive system of categories and codes. The results showed benefits derived from the use of technologies in the university classroom, such as the increase of motivation, participation and learning, educational inclusion, and a better relationship between faculty and students. The students also pointed out difficulties linked to the use of technology and made recommendations for improvement. This article then discusses the obtained results and compares them with those of previous studies. It concludes by highlighting the benefits and importance of faculty training in technologies to advance toward a more inclusive higher education.
Effects of Early Childhood Teacher Knowledge and Feedback on Children’s Early Mathematical Development in German Kindergartens
Authors: Aumann Lena , Puca Rosa Maria , Gasteiger Hedwig
Published: January 2025

Natural everyday situations can offer valuable opportunities for children to develop mathematical ideas. However, as children enter school with widely varying levels of achievement in mathematics, not all children seem to benefit equally from embedded math learning opportunities. To help children take advantage of these opportunities, early childhood (EC) teachers seem to play a significant role in fostering children’s mathematical learning. Previous research suggests that both the teacher’s knowledge and their feedback significantly influence the extent to which children learn. However, most studies on feedback rely on experimental research designs and do not examine naturally occurring feedback in situations involving embedded math learning opportunities. Thus, the influence of EC teachers’ mathematical pedagogical content knowledge (MPCK) and their naturally given feedback on children’s mathematical learning remains underexplored. This paper investigates the effects of naturally given feedback and the MPCK of N = 48 EC teachers on the mathematical development of N = 140 children. Results indicate that process-related feedback positively impacts children’s mathematical development, while other kinds of feedback (e.g., person-related) and teachers’ MPCK do not demonstrate significant effects. These findings highlight the importance of integrating process-related feedback into professional development (PD) programs for EC teachers to enhance their ability to provide effective feedback.
A heuristic algorithm to improving the coil slitting process in the steel industry
Authors: Soto-Sánchez Óscar , Sierra-Paradinas María , Gallego Micael , Alonso-Ayuso Antonio , Gortázar Francisco
Published: January 2025

The steel industry is constantly facing problems and challenges that require optimisation to improve the production process. We present an algorithm to address a major challenge, the slitting problem, for a specific Spanish company. This problem arises when large steel coils need to be cut into smaller strips. Given the highly heterogeneous stock (coils come from previous operations), selecting the most suitable coils and defining the cutting patterns become very complicated due to operational and customer constraints. The company aims to reduce the leftovers and increase the service level (the difference between the weight requested by the customer and the weight supplied). The algorithm is currently in production and was validated using the company’s data and compared with an exact model. Results significantly improved the company’s operations, achieving a 50% reduction in leftovers and a much better service level in minutes, as opposed to the hours the company previously required. Although there are Mixed Integer Linear Optimization models that provide an optimal solution in small cases, they are not a viable alternative for the company because they require excessive computational time (even, in some cases, to obtain feasible solutions) and use overly expensive commercial solvers.
Contributions from Türkiye on grade inflation in higher education: educational landscapes before, during, and after COVID-19
Authors: Karadag Engin , Ciftci S. Koza
Published: January 2025

Numerous reputable studies have reported a significant grade increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. These short-term increases cannot be attributed to student achievement, suggesting that the pandemic has precipitated grade inflation. In this study, we examine the temporary and permanent effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on grade inflation in higher education. We analyze 954,389 student grades for 16,962 courses taught by 5916 instructors in five universities in Türkiye over 6 years (12 semesters) before, during, and post the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic caused a marginal increase in grades in higher education and that this increase was primarily sustained post-pandemic. FD (0.5) and FF (0.0) grades decreased during and post-pandemic compared to the before-pandemic period, while the highest grade, AA (4.00), increased. Furthermore, we observed that grades in online courses, which became prevalent especially post-pandemic, were significantly higher than in face-to-face classes. Based on these results, we conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected grade inflation in higher education.
Complexity of scheduling few types of jobs on related and unrelated machines
Authors: Koutecký Martin , Zink Johannes
Published: January 2025

The task of scheduling jobs to machines while minimizing the total makespan, the sum of weighted completion times, or a norm of the load vector are among the oldest and most fundamental tasks in combinatorial optimization. Since all of these problems are in general -hard, much attention has been given to the regime where there is only a small number k of job types, but possibly the number of jobs n is large; this is the few job types, high-multiplicity regime. Despite many positive results, the hardness boundary of this regime was not understood until now. We show that makespan minimization on uniformly related machines (

$$Q|HM|C_{\max }$$

Q
|
H
M
|

C
max

) is -hard already with 6 job types, and that the related Cutting Stock problem is -hard already with 8 item types. For the more general unrelated machines model (

$$R|HM|C_{\max }$$

R
|
H
M
|

C
max

), we show that if the largest job size

$$p_{\max }$$

p
max

or the number of jobs n is polynomially bounded in the instance size |I|, there are algorithms with complexity

$$|I|^{{{\,\mathrm{\textrm{poly}}\,}}(k)}$$

|
I
|

poly

(
k
)

. Our main result is that this is unlikely to be improved because

$$Q||C_{\max }$$

Q
|
|

C
max

is

$$\mathsf {W[1]}$$

W
[
1
]

-hard parameterized by k already when n,

$$p_{\max }$$

p
max

, and the numbers describing the machine speeds are polynomial in |I|; the same holds for

$$R||C_{\max }$$

R
|
|

C
max

(without machine speeds) when the job sizes matrix has rank 2. Our positive and negative results also extend to the objectives

$$\ell _2$$

ℓ
2

-norm minimization of the load vector and, partially, sum of weighted completion times

$$\sum w_j C_j$$

∑

w
j

C
j

. Along the way, we answer affirmatively the question whether makespan minimization on identical machines (

$$P||C_{\max }$$

P
|
|

C
max

) is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by k, extending our understanding of this fundamental problem. Together with our hardness results for

$$Q||C_{\max }$$

Q
|
|

C
max

, this implies that the complexity of

$$P|HM|C_{\max }$$

P
|
H
M
|

C
max

is the only remaining open case.
Optimal Control problems of NS-$$\alpha $$ and NS-$$\omega $$ turbulence models: analysis and numerical tests
Authors: Haçat Gülnur , Çıbık Aytekin , Yılmaz Fikriye , Kaya Songül
Published: January 2025

In this study, optimal control problems for the Navier-Stokes-

$$\alpha $$

α

(NS-

$$\alpha $$

α

) model and the Navier-Stokes-

$$\omega $$

ω

(NS-

$$\omega $$

ω

) model are considered. Optimality conditions are derived, and semi-discrete a priori error estimates for all fluid variables are analyzed for both models. Numerical tests are performed to verify the accuracy of the theoretical findings and to demonstrate the effectiveness of optimal control. Given the proven utility of the NS-

$$\alpha $$

α

and NS-

$$\omega $$

ω

models in fluid dynamics, this study addresses a significant gap by exploring the potential of optimal control to enhance the performance, efficiency, safety, and environmental impact of fluid systems.
Psychiatrists’ Attitude Towards Smoking Cessation Support (PATSS): Exploring Psychometric Properties of the Measurement Tool
Authors: Parul Parul , Joseph Bindu , Datta Sunil , Rahman Muhammad Aziz
Published: January 2025

The attitude of psychiatrists plays a crucial role in screening and supporting smoking cessation, especially with people with serious mental illness (SMI). The development of an attitude scale can improve the success of quitting among people with SMI. This study aimed to develop and test the psychometric properties of psychiatrists’ attitudes toward smoking cessation support (PATSS). Based on the literature review, the attitude scale, which comprised 15 items, was developed and tested with 289 psychiatrists. The tool’s psychometric properties were tested by examining item performance, content and construct validity (by exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability. The content validity was demonstrated by content validity ratio (CVR) (0.80) and item content validity index (ICVI) (0.88). Both EFA and CFA identified four factors: Priority and Time Commitment, Recovery Impact and Training, Social Support and Patient Factors, and Coping Mechanisms and Rights. A Cronbach alpha of (0.81) demonstrated high internal consistency. PATSS was found to be a valid and reliable tool to assess the attitude of psychiatrists towards smoking cessation support provided to people with SMI.
The effect of pre-release treatment with injectable naltrexone on criminal justice and substance use outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Strange C. Clare , Hyatt Jordan M. , Montagnet Chase , Powell Kathleen , Langleben Daniel D.
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Evaluate the impact of extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) on postrelease criminal justice contact and substance use among individuals with opioid use disorder in correctional settings.

Methods

A randomized waitlist-controlled trial was conducted. The treatment group (n = 47) received XR-NTX shortly before release, and the comparison group (n = 47) was put on a waitlist for treatment at six months post-release. Outcomes were measured at 3 and 6 months post-release and included new arrests, parole revocations, reincarceration, and positive drug tests. Data were analyzed using t-tests and Kaplan–Meier survival estimates.

Results

At 3 months post-release, the treatment group had marginally fewer parole revocations. At 6 months, there were no significant differences in criminal justice or substance use outcomes, though the treatment group had fewer positive drug tests and a longer time to first positive drug test.

Conclusions

There is limited evidence that XR-NTX reduces poor criminal justice and substance use outcomes.
Spillover effects in environmental behaviors: a scoping review about its antecedents, behaviors, and consequences
Authors: Behn Oliver , Wichmann Johannes , Leyer Michael , Schilling Angelina
Published: January 2025

Research on environmental spillover, the phenomenon where engaging in one environmental behavior (EB) influences the likelihood of engaging in another EB, has expanded, introducing various theories and predictors to explain it. This study provides an overview and synthesis of the examined antecedents, behaviors, and consequences in environmental spillover research, while also identifying key gaps and shortcomings in the literature. Additionally, we propose a conceptual framework to guide future studies in this domain. We conducted a scoping review using Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science databases with keywords related to “pro-environmental behavior” and “spillover”. From 610 identified records, 81 studies were included in the final analysis. Environmental spillovers are predominantly studied in consumerism (e.g., buying reusable bags) and domestic behaviors (e.g., conserving energy at home). Behavioral spillovers (n = 68) are more frequently examined than temporal (n = 10) and contextual spillovers (n = 10). Research on consequences has mainly focused on promoting (n = 67) or permitting (n = 27) spillovers, with purging (n = 6) and precipitating (n = 3) spillovers being less explored. Concerning antecedents, we identified nine categories of internal factors (“efficacy beliefs”, “normative beliefs”, “moral values”, “environmental self-identity”, “environmental consciousness”, “personality and lifestyle”, “self-focused emotions”, “moral licensing thoughts”, “workplace perception”) and two categories of external factors (“characteristics of EB”, “intervention characteristics”) in the literature. Our review highlights not only research gaps but also methodological shortcomings, particularly the over-reliance on everyday EB, and the use of homogeneous samples. Significant gaps remain in the study of (I) high-cost behaviors, (II) long-term spillover effects, (III) organizational behavior settings, and (IV) spillovers from anti-environmental behaviors.
FOXP3 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in immunogenic cell death modulation for clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Jian , Zhu Cheng , He Yan , Huang Liping , Wang Weizhuo , Huang Shuaishuai
Published: January 2025

Background

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains a challenging cancer type due to its resistance to standard treatments. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) has the potential to activate anti-tumor immunity, presenting a promising avenue for ccRCC therapies.

Methods

We analyzed data from GSE29609, TCGA-KIRC, and GSE159115 to identify ICD-related prognostic genes in ccRCC. By applying consensus clustering, patients were categorized based on ICD modification patterns, and an ICD signature (ICDS) model was developed using a PCA approach. Functional studies were conducted with FOXP3 knockdown in ccRCC cell lines to explore its impact on cell behavior.

Results

Eleven ICD-related genes were identified as key prognostic indicators in ccRCC, with high ICDS linked to worse survival outcomes. High ICDS also correlated with increased levels of immune-suppressive cells within the tumor microenvironment. FOXP3 was highlighted as a critical gene influencing ICD, where its knockdown significantly reduced ccRCC cell proliferation and migration, underscoring its role in tumor progression.

Conclusions

This study establishes FOXP3 as a pivotal factor in ICD regulation and ccRCC progression. Targeting FOXP3 and other ICD pathways could enhance treatment efficacy in ccRCC, providing a foundation for ICD-based therapeutic strategies. Evaluating ICD patterns in ccRCC may guide patient-specific interventions, paving the way for improved management of this aggressive cancer.
Thirty Years on from Sinclair: A Scoping Review of Neurodiversity Definitions and Conceptualisations in Empirical Research
Authors: McLennan Helen , Aberdein Rachel , Saggers Beth , Gillett-Swan Jenna
Published: January 2025

A review of research is beneficial in contributing to the debate about neurodiversity conceptualisation. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify how neurodiversity has been defined and conceptualised in empirical research. A scoping review of research featuring neurodiversity as a central focus was conducted, accessing 10 databases. Key concepts related to neurodiversity were collated from 46 articles, and a constant comparative analysis was used to generate results. Results position neurodiversity as natural human variation alongside a further seven categories. These results were compared to theoretical work and early principles of neurodiversity, particularly those introduced by Jim Sinclair 30 years ago. While some consensus in the field exists, contrasts and debate remain, particularly regarding the alignment of neurodiversity with disability models.
A new boundary element model for magneto-thermo-elastic stress sensitivities in anisotropic functionally graded materials
Authors: Fahmy Mohamed Abdelsabour
Published: January 2025

A computational model using the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) is developed to analyze magneto-thermo-elastic stress sensitivity in nonlinear time-dependent anisotropic functionally graded materials (FGMs) via conduction and radiation mechanisms. The concept is demonstrated on a nonlinear time-dependent anisotropic functionally graded material which has been submerged in a uniform principal magnetic field emanating in the

$$z$$

z

-direction. A numerical strategy for method implementation for plane deformation is described, along with numerical computations for temperature, displacement, and thermal stress. First, the Kirchhoff transformation partially linearizes the heat conduction equation. The resultant equation was then discretized with the DRBEM. The heat radiation integral equation has been discretized using the DRBEM. The consequent two equation systems have been connected by removing the radiative heat fluxes from each set. The temperature field was determined by solving the final system of ordinary differential equations using a self-adaptive technique based on the Runge–Kutta method. The displacement field can then be determined with the equation of motion. The validity of DRBEM is checked by evaluating a nonlinear time-dependent anisotropic functionally graded material occupying a rectangular region, and the results agree well with previous ones. The data clearly reveal the impact of magnetic fields on the thermal stress sensitivity of isotropic, transversely isotropic, and orthotropic materials. The results also reveal the influence of graded parameters on the magneto-thermo-elastic stress sensitivity in conduction when compared to radiation.
A survey on machine learning approaches for uncertainty quantification of engineering systems
Authors: Shi Yan , Wei Pengfei , Feng Ke , Feng De-Cheng , Beer Michael
Published: January 2025

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is essential for understanding and mitigating the impact of pervasive uncertainties in engineering systems, playing a crucial role in modern engineering practice. As engineering products grow increasingly complex and the demand for highly accurate UQ results intensifies, the need for efficient UQ methods has become paramount. Recently, machine learning (ML) techniques, including Gaussian process regression, artificial neural networks, physics-informed neural networks, and many others, have garnered significant attention in both theoretical research and practical applications. The exceptional capability of ML methods to address highly complex problems has positioned them as leading solutions for UQ challenges. This work provides a comprehensive survey of recent advancements in ML-assisted UQ approaches, covering ML techniques for forward UQ analysis, inverse UQ analysis, fault diagnosis, resilience assessment, and management planning. The most prominent and effective ML techniques such as the physics-informed, physics-guided, physics-enhanced, physics-corrected, and physics-constrained approaches, along with advanced strategies and frameworks, are thoroughly reviewed and summarized. Additionally, this paper discusses the challenges facing the field and outlines potential directions for future research. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers seeking an in-depth understanding of state-of-the-art ML approaches to UQ tasks of engineering systems.
Vivisection and Late-Victorian Literary Culture
Authors: Hornsby Asha
Published: January 2025

The nineteenth-century antivivisection movement was supported by a striking number of poets, authors, and playwrights who attended meetings, signed petitions, contributed funds, and lent their pens to the cause. Yet live animal experimentation also permeated the Victorian imagination and shaped British literary culture in ways that the movement against it did not anticipate and could not entirely control. This is the first sustained literary-critical study of the topic. It traces responses to the practice through an extensive corpus of canonical, popular, and ephemeral texts including newspapers, scientific books, and government documents. Asha Hornsby sheds light on the complex entanglement of art and science at the fin-de-siècle and explores how the representational and aesthetic preoccupations opened up by vivisection debates often sat uneasily alongside a socio-political commitment to animal protection. Despite efforts to present writing and vivisecting as rivalrous activities, author and experimenter, pen and scalpel, often resembled each other.
Initial Algebras and Terminal Coalgebras
Authors: Adámek Jiří , Milius Stefan , Moss Lawrence S.
Published: January 2025

Providing an in-depth treatment of an exciting research area, this text's central topics are initial algebras and terminal coalgebras, primary objects of study in all areas of theoretical computer science connected to semantics. It contains a thorough presentation of iterative constructions, giving both classical and new results on terminal coalgebras obtained by limits of canonical chains, and initial algebras obtained by colimits. These constructions are also developed in enriched settings, especially those enriched over complete partial orders and complete metric spaces, connecting the book to topics like domain theory. Also included are an extensive treatment of set functors, and the first book-length presentation of the rational fixed point of a functor, and of lifting results which connect fixed points of set functors with fixed points of endofunctors on other categories. Representing more than fifteen years of work, this will be the leading text on the subject for years to come.
Estimated Values of Avoiding Cancer Risks by Cancer Site and Population
Authors: LaPenta Matthew , Masatsugu Lauren , Riess L. Elizabeth , Glidden-Lyon Emma
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we present a standardized approach for using cancer incidence and survival data to account for the timing between a reduction in carcinogen exposure and the subsequent reduction in cancer risk and fatality. While the estimates for this timing between a reduction in carcinogen exposure and reduced cancer risk would ideally come from high-quality studies specifically examining this question, very few such studies are available. Thus, we designed an approach to account for this timing when sufficient data are not available elsewhere. Our approach can be used in estimating monetized values for achieving small reductions in the risks for many common specific types of cancer in benefit–cost analyses of regulatory and non-regulatory policies in the United States that achieve cancer risk reductions by reducing carcinogen exposures. We provide estimated values for 108 different cancer sites and for all cancer sites combined. We accompany this paper with a spreadsheet-based tool that presents our results separately for non-fatal and fatal risks so that results can easily be calculated using different combinations of discount rates, latency between carcinogen exposure and cancer diagnosis, values for the willingness-to-pay to avoid fatal and non-fatal cancer risks, and potentially affected populations.
Caring for Everyone: Effective and Inclusive Communication in Perinatal Care
Authors: Cull Matthew J. , Holroyd Jules , Woollard Fiona
Published: January 2025

We advance a novel approach to gender inclusive language, showing how it can be used in perinatal and postnatal care. Existing attempts to use language inclusive of trans and non-binary parents have faced objections, prompting calls to use trans-exclusionary “sexed” language as a default (Gribble et al. 2022). We show that these objections attach only to some unsatisfactory attempts at inclusive language. We articulate the moral and communicative goals at stake, and then work through a range of examples to show that no single linguistic strategy can meet these goals in all contexts. A pluralistic approach is needed. Our pluralistic approach draws on gender neutral, gender additive, and second-person locutions, as well as taking advantage of the possibility for multiple targeted communications. Moreover, this pluralistic approach highlights the gaps in research and understanding needed to ensure substantively inclusive care in future.
The role of viscosity on drop impact forces on non-wetting surfaces
Authors: Sanjay Vatsal , Zhang Bin , Lv Cunjing , Lohse Detlef
Published: January 2025

A liquid drop impacting a rigid substrate undergoes deformation and spreading due to normal reaction forces, which are counteracted by surface tension. On a non-wetting substrate, the drop subsequently retracts and takes off. Our recent work (Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 129, 2022, 104501) revealed two peaks in the temporal evolution of the normal force

$F(t)$

– one at impact and another at jump-off. The second peak coincides with a Worthington jet formation, which vanishes at high viscosities due to increased viscous dissipation affecting flow focusing. In this article, using experiments, direct numerical simulations and scaling arguments, we characterize both the peak amplitude

$F_1$

at impact and the one at takeoff (

$F_2$

) and elucidate their dependency on the control parameters: the Weber number

$We$

(dimensionless impact kinetic energy) and the Ohnesorge number

$Oh$

(dimensionless viscosity). The first peak amplitude

$F_1$

and the time

$t_1$

to reach it depend on inertial time scales for low viscosity liquids, remaining nearly constant for viscosities up to 100 times that of water. For high viscosity liquids, we balance the rate of change in kinetic energy with viscous dissipation to obtain new scaling laws:

$F_1/F_\rho \sim \sqrt {Oh}$

and

$t_1/\tau _\rho \sim 1/\sqrt {Oh}$

, where

$F_\rho$

and

$\tau _\rho$

are the inertial force and time scales, respectively, which are consistent with our data. The time

$t_2$

at which the amplitude

$F_2$

appears is set by the inertiocapillary time scale

$\tau _\gamma$

, independent of both the viscosity and the impact velocity of the drop. However, these properties dictate the magnitude of this amplitude.
Reflection-driven turbulence in the super-Alfvénic solar wind
Authors: Meyrand R. , Squire J. , Mallet A. , Chandran B.D.G.
Published: January 2025

In magnetized, stratified environments such as the Sun's corona and solar wind, Alfvénic fluctuations ‘reflect’ from background gradients, enabling nonlinear interactions that allow their energy to dissipate into heat. This process, termed ‘reflection-driven turbulence’, likely plays a key role in coronal heating and solar-wind acceleration, explaining a range of detailed observational correlations and constraints. Building on previous works focused on the inner heliosphere, here we study the basic physics of reflection-driven turbulence using reduced magnetohydrodynamics in an expanding box – the simplest model that can capture local turbulent plasma dynamics in the super-Alfvénic solar wind. Although idealized, our high-resolution simulations and simple theory reveal a rich phenomenology that is consistent with a diverse range of observations. Outwards-propagating fluctuations, which initially have high imbalance (high cross-helicity), decay nonlinearly to heat the plasma, becoming more balanced and magnetically dominated. Despite the high imbalance, the turbulence is strong because Elsässer collisions are suppressed by reflection, leading to ‘anomalous coherence’ between the two Elsässer fields. This coherence, together with linear effects, causes the growth of ‘anastrophy’ (squared magnetic potential) as the turbulence decays, forcing the energy to rush to larger scales and forming a ‘

$1/f$

-range’ energy spectrum in the process. Eventually, expansion overcomes the nonlinear and Alfvénic physics, forming isolated, magnetically dominated ‘Alfvén vortices’ with minimal nonlinear dissipation. These results can plausibly explain the observed radial and wind-speed dependence of turbulence imbalance (cross-helicity), residual energy, fluctuation amplitudes, plasma heating and fluctuation spectra, as well as making a variety of testable predictions for future observations.
‘As long as I know technology, I am fine’
Authors: Qiu Yixi , Zheng Yongyan , Sun Wen
Published: January 2025

Market-driven neoliberal ideology advocates for the adoption of English as the common business language by multinational companies; however, this often clashes with multilingual realities. This study explores how neoliberal ideologies have made English a catalyst for language-related conflicts within language management across various stages at a Shanghai-based subsidiary of a German multinational corporation. Data for this research was gathered via a seven-month ethnographic study and includes analysis of publicly accessible documents from the company's website, meeting transcripts, ethnographic notes, and semi-structured interviews with five local employees. Qualitative data analysis identified conflicts in the company's recruitment process, daily business communication, and language support services. Conflicting language management created communicative barriers and limited local employees’ engagement in the company's business affairs. Through a neoliberal lens, the findings highlight that when neoliberal English dominance encounters multilingual realities, the latter may undermine the efficiency and profitability central to neoliberal objectives. It is concluded that a reinterpreting of the neoliberal agenda is important for both policy makers and local employees to reconfigure neoliberal subjectivity, alongside measures to empower local employees’ linguistic and epistemic resources to facilitate their full participation in corporate affairs.
Race in Marshall's Economics
Authors: Danby Colin
Published: January 2025

Alfred Marshall used an evolutionary theory of race to ground individual psychology and explain economic behavior. The psychological theory, drawn from Herbert Spencer, explained British and US industrial leadership by the innate excellences of Anglo-Saxon workers and entrepreneurs, without invoking colonialism or other uses of state power. It also asserted the internal solidarity of Anglo-Saxons. Because they were inclined to help each other, argued Marshall, Anglo-Saxons could handle laissez-faire. The paper situates Marshall in conversation with Anglican liberals like F. D. Maurice, and argues that a shared racial consciousness worked as a common ground among Coleridgean Romantics and radicals like Mill and Spencer who needed a category of the nation that did not rely on the state.
Bad Infrastructure, Good Craic: Affective Transformation at Irish Traditional Music Festivals in the Catskills
Authors: Jones Samantha
Published: January 2025

Each year, twice a year, musicians flock to the Catskill Mountain hamlet of East Durham, New York, transforming this otherwise sleepy town into a bustling site of music, dancing, and parties. East Durham is home to multiple Irish cultural festivals a year, but two stand out for their focus on Irish traditional music: the Catskills Irish Arts Week and the Northeast Tionól. These festivals, affectionately referred to collectively as “the Catskills,” are curious in their allure. Sprawled across a three-mile stretch of rural highway, most festival facilities are rundown and date to the heyday of the region in the first half of the twentieth century, when East Durham was an enclave of Irish American resort vacationers. Dotting the side of the road are more vacant and dilapidated buildings than there are in use. Yet, musicians attend each year with fervor, citing both the difficulties of the location and its pleasurable potentials as core to the “Catskills” experience. Drawing upon ethnographic observations and interviews, I examine this affective ambivalence and how it is structured by sensory qualities unique to the physical geography and infrastructure of the Catskill Mountains. Though these sensory experiences are characterized with a negative valence, they generate positive musical experiences, creative production, and deep sociality. I argue that this affective transformation occurs because the sensational features of the Catskills provoke reflexive encounters among musicians that resonate with and amplify values central to Irish traditional music making.
Compact eight-channel diplexer based on quad-mode stepped impedance resonator
Authors: Song Kaijun , Fang Lele , Li Qian , Fan Yong
Published: January 2025

A compact microstrip eight-channel diplexer based on quad-mode stepped impedance resonator (QMSIR) is proposed in this paper. The proposed diplexer is composed by two second-order quad-band bandpass filters (BPFs) and common-port distributed coupling matching circuit. Each quad-band BPF is formed by two coupled-QMSIRs controlling the passband characteristics. By introducing multiple coupling paths between input and output ports, the isolation between the eight channels is performed. For demonstration, an eight-channel diplexer based on QMSIR is designed and fabricated with microstrip technology. The use of the QMSIR can lead to significant size reduction for the multiplexer, this is because the required resonator number is reduced. As a result, the diplexer occupies a compact size of 0.083λ2, which is smaller than most of the eight-channel diplexers that have been proposed. And the 3 dB fractional bandwidth is 97% (2.5–7.2 GHz). Measurement results correlate well with the simulated predictions, showing that a good isolation of better than 20 dB and upper stopband of better than 10 dB.
Report of the 19th International Congress on Twin Studies, 26−28 September 2024, Assisi, Italy
Authors: Craig Jeffrey M. , Segal Nancy , Tarnoki Adam Domonkos , Tarnoki David Laszlo
Published: January 2025

The International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS) held its 19th scientific congress in Assisi, Italy, from September 26 to 28, 2024. This prestigious event, which was the seventh joint meeting with the World Congress on Twin Pregnancy, brought together researchers from various fields, including psychology, biology and medicine. Representatives from ICOMBO (the International Consortium of Multiple Birth Organisations), which supports multiple-birth families worldwide, were also in attendance. Many twin researchers consider this event to be the highlight of their professional year, as it brings together experts and parents alike to discuss the latest advancements in twin studies.
From the idea to the user: a pragmatic multifaceted approach to testing occupational exoskeletons
Authors: Di Natali Christian , Poliero Tommaso , Sposito Matteo , Fanti Vasco , Leggieri Sergio , Caldwell Darwin G.
Published: January 2025

Assessment of occupational exoskeletons should ideally include longitudinal and multistage studies in real working scenarios to prove their effectiveness and sustainability in real in-field contexts and to help generalize the findings for specific scenarios. This work presents a comprehensive assessment methodology implemented as a multistage experimental campaign for rail industry workers using a back-support exoskeleton (StreamEXO). This work demonstrates that a sector/task-specific exoskeleton developed to address work task-specific requirements generates beneficial performance and user experience results. The experimental work in this paper involves collecting data from nine workers over multiple days of testing. During this testing, workers did not report hindrances to their work operations, with an acceptance rate of 86%. In addition, worker fatigue was reduced by 16.9% as measured through metabolic consumption, and 51% when assessed by perceived effort. This work supports the hypothesis that sector/task-specific exoskeletons when tailored to meet the needs of workers and the work tasks can produce demonstrable benefits in real industrial sectors.
Warmer Climate Reduces the Carbon Storage, Stability and Saturation Levels in Forest Soils
Authors: Wu Yuntao , Peng Ziyang , Wang Xin , Huang Junsheng , Yang Lu , Liu Lingli
Published: January 2025

Forest soils store about one‐fifth of the global terrestrial biosphere carbon stock. However, our understanding of how soil geochemical, plant and microbial factors regulate forest soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, stability, and saturation levels remains limited. Here, we conducted a sampling campaign across a 5000‐km natural forest transect in China, measuring climate, geochemical factors and SOC fractions with varying stability. Additionally, we compiled a global data set of SOC fractions in major forest biomes. Our field survey and global synthesis consistently demonstrate that warmer climates not only reduce the content of labile particle organic matter (POM), but also decrease the typically stable mineral‐associated organic matter (MAOM), leading to a significant decline in total soil carbon storage. Additionally, warmer climates promote the crystallization of Fe/Al oxides, which decreases the formation efficiency of Fe/Al oxide associated organic complexes. Consequently, the mineralogical carbon saturation level declines from boreal forests (37%) to tropical forests (25%). Our findings underscore that, beyond the well‐established climate impacts, soil geochemical properties play a pivotal role in shaping forest SOC composition and saturation levels across latitudes. This highlights that colder regions harbor larger and more stable carbon pools, and that ongoing climate warming and associated soil geochemical properties shift could potentially lead to a decline in soil carbon storage and its capacity to mitigate climate change.
Flow‐ and Fracture‐Driven Bubble Throat Growth Rates and Dynamic Permeability in Crystallizing Magma
Authors: Moitra P. , Albadi A. , Tatsch A. , Santra P.
Published: January 2025

Pyroclasts typically exhibit coalesced vesicle textures, which are the evidence of bubble coalescence and the incomplete bubble wall retraction in magma during volcanic eruptions. The sizes of bubble throats or inter‐bubble apertures in permeable networks control the extent of magma outgassing, and therefore, quantifying the growth rates of the bubble throats is important but has remained poorly constrained. Using dynamically similar experiments with spontaneous bursting of a single bubble in rheologically well‐characterized particulate suspensions, we investigate the growth rate of bubble throats for a range of particle volume fractions. For suspensions with 0.50 particle volume fraction, a circular hole (bubble throat) forms following bubble bursting, which after an initial fast growth starts plateauing at a throat‐bubble size ratio of 0.20. The throat growth time scale overall increases with increasing particle volume fraction due to the increase in suspension viscosity. On the other hand, bubbles in suspensions with particle volume fraction near the maximum packing fraction (0.64) exhibit a fracture‐like opening. Thus, our experimental results suggest that the plateauing of the bubble throat growth in crystal‐poor to crystal‐rich magma likely contributes to the wide occurrence of the incompletely retracted vesicle walls in pyroclasts. The implications of the flow‐ to fracture‐like growth of bubble throats on the development of dynamic permeability in magma are discussed.
Oncolytic reprogramming of tumor microenvironment shapes CD4 T-cell memory via the IL6ra-Bcl6 axis for targeted control of glioblastoma
Authors: Grimes Jeffrey M. , Ghosh Sadashib , Manzoor Shamza , Li Li X. , Moran Monica M. , Clements Jennifer C. , Alexander Sherrie D. , Markert James M. , Leavenworth Jianmei W.
Published: January 2025

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) emerge as a promising cancer immunotherapy. However, the temporal impact on tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, and the nature of anti-tumor immunity post-therapy remain largely unclear. Here we report that CD4+ T cells are required for durable tumor control in syngeneic murine models of glioblastoma multiforme after treatment with an oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) engineered to express IL-12. The upregulated MHCII on residual tumor cells facilitates programmed polyfunctional CD4+ T cells for tumor control and for recall responses. Mechanistically, the proper ratio of Bcl-6 to T-bet in CD4+ T cells navigates their enhanced anti-tumor capacity, and a reciprocal IL6ra-Bcl-6 regulatory axis in a memory CD4+ T-cell subset, which requires MHCII signals from reprogrammed tumor cells, tumor-infiltrating and resident myeloid cells, is necessary for the prolonged response. These findings uncover an OV-induced tumor/myeloid-CD4+ T-cell partnership, leading to long-term anti-tumor immune memory, and improved OV therapeutic efficacy.