bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining and Testing the Assumptions Used in Current Apparel Grading Practice
Authors: Schofield Nancy A. , LaBat Karen L.
Published: June 2007

Grading is the process used to create sized patterns. Our research continues from the finding that grading practice is not based on anthropometric data (Schofield & LaBat, 2005). The focus of this research was to establish proportional rules, set increments, and assumptions that form the basis of grading. The grade rules for a basic bodice pattern from 17 sources were examined to identify grading practice. Seven grading assumptions were identified and tested using regression analysis on body measurements of the upper torso from the 1988 Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Women. None of the assumptions were supported. Use of these assumptions results in sized garments that do not reflect the measurements and proportions of the human body. A comparison was made between a pattern graded with traditional grade rules and another graded with research generated experimental rules. New criteria for evaluating graded patterns are presented.
Goddess of the Earth
Authors: Cho Kyoung-Hee
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this project was to create a dress that symbolized the power of the earth. The project was specifically focused on exploring the visual perception of an erupting volcano, an extraordinarily beautiful yet simultaneously destructive event. Over millions of years, volcanoes have changed the earth and produced new beginnings continually. Qualities of this concept of the earth's power to be expressed through the dress included vigorous, magnificent, enormous, gigantic, and voluminous. The dress was created to be worn by a fashionable woman at occasions such as an awards ceremony or a wedding, where a special and unusual garment is desired.
The Cost-effectiveness of Using Banked Donor Milk in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Arnold Lois D. W.
Published: June 2007

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) adds significantly to the cost of care for premature infants and to negative long-term and short-term outcomes for these infants. It is thus in the best interest of the health care system to prevent the occurrence of NEC through feeding protocols that foster NEC prevention (ie, use of breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit). Banked donor milk has been shown to be as effective in preventing NEC as mother's milk. Three models of cost analysis are presented to show savings that could accrue to a health care system or individual family if banked donor milk were provided as first feedings when mother's milk is not available. The cost of using banked donor milk to feed premature infants is inconsequential when compared to the savings from NEC prevention.
The Gendered “Nature” of the Urban Outdoors
Authors: Wesely Jennifer K. , Gaarder Emily
Published: June 2007

Women who participate in outdoor recreational activities reap many physical and emotional benefits from their experiences. However, gender-related feelings of objectification, vulnerability, and fear in this space limit women’s participation. In this study, the authors investigate how women pursue their enjoyment of urban outdoor recreation at South Mountain Park in Phoenix, Arizona, despite their perceptions and experiences related to fear of violence. Through surveys and interviews with women who recreate at South Mountain, the authors look at the ways the women cope with their fear using various strategies. This study reveals the gender-related conflicts that persist for participants, who grapple with their appreciation of uncompromised nature and their need to feel safe in this environment. Ultimately, they illustrate how an ongoing negotiation exists for the women as the authors balance choices and concerns related to their outdoor recreation and what aspects of surveillance and control they consider, reject, or accept.
NCLB's Transfer Policy and Court-Ordered Desegregation
Authors: DeBray-Pelot Elizabeth H.
Published: June 2007

The present article, a cross-case analysis, analyzes one aspect of the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) that has generated conflict between the U.S. Department of Education and the federal court system. The conflicts arose between the courts' oversight of desegregation and the implementation of the public school choice mandates of NCLB in two south-eastern school systems, Richmond County, Georgia, and Pinellas County, Florida. The sources used are interviews by the author with each system's school superintendent and school board attorney, as well as official documents, including court orders and correspondence between county and federal officials. The conflicts not only raise constitutional legal issues but highlight the problem of local consent and bargaining in the implementation of federal education policy and illustrate the changing nature of federal authority with respect to desegregation. The two cases contribute to the knowledge base about the judicial implementation of federal education policies.
Spirituality and Children: Nursing Considerations
Authors: Burkhardt Margaret A.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents an approach to spirituality in children utilizing the framework of a broad understanding of the concept while drawing on the work of developmental theorists. A brief discussion of characteristics and expressions of spirituality and its relationship to values is included. Factors which nurses need to consider when approaching spirituality in children at various stages of developmentfrom the perinatal period through school age are discussed. In dealing with spirituality in children it is important that the nurse be attentive to experiences and expressions both of the child and of the parents or caretakers who greatly influence the childs life and development.
Holistic Self-Care Model for Permanent Weight Control
Authors: Popkess-Vawter Sue
Published: June 2007

Nearly one fourth of adult women in the United States are currently overweight, despite numerous approaches to weight control. Nurses are confused about appropriate interventions for overweight women who weight cycle-that is, experience repeated periods of weight loss followed by weight regain. Women continue to suffer the negative physical, psychological, and financial consequences of weight cycling, which is related to increased adiposity, an additional important health risk. Moderately successful, long-term weight control treatments are programs that have a combined intervention prescribing both controlled amounts of health food intake and aerobic exercise. Although such a physical program can promote weight loss, the psychological components often are not considered and are the reasons why so many diet/exercise programs fail. The Holistic Self-Care Model combines the successful physical, cognitive, and psychological essentials of healthy approaches for weight reduction as a means of stopping weight cycling and promoting weight control.
Life Satisfaction, Life Review, and Near-Death Experiences in the Elderly
Authors: Olson Melodie , Dulaney Peggy
Published: June 2007

When 145 senior citizens living independently in the community were surveyed for incidence of near-death experiences (NDEs), 46 of the seniors believed they had had a "close call" with death. Twelve of those reported that they had had an unusual experience during their close call and were subsequently interviewed. Their stories were evaluated using research criteria to document sufficient number of characteristics of an NDE for inclusion in research data and if that set of characteristics of the NDE included a life review component. They were also compared to a non-NDE group on the Life Satisfaction Index, to determine if life review in the context of an NDE helped older people feel more satisfied with life. There was no correlation, because surprisingly, although older people do have NDEs at least as often as other groups, the life review does not seem to be a part of it. So the reasons for scores on the LSI—A are not attributable to the life review. Reasons for this finding are discussed.
Incest/Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Martin E. Jane
Published: June 2007

After identifying that social scientists and historians have long believed (and vigorously defended) that the only universal trait found in every known culture is the prohibition against incest, occurrence of incest and child sexual abuse is traced first through Western culture from antiquity to the present with special emphasis on Sigmund Freud's "reversal." It then is traced through Eastern culture from ancient to modern times. Contemporary trends of self-disclosure of incest and child sexual abuse are examined, and current incidence data are provided. The backlash phenomenon is then explored, and conclusions are drawn.
The Development of a Model for Delivery of Religio-Specific Nursing Care
Authors: Meux Louis , Rooda Linda A.
Published: June 2007

Religiousness has been described as a component of culture. It provides the patient with a way to cope with disease and illness. Consideration of religiousness allows the nurse a way to fine-tune a holistic, patient-centered approach to nursing care. In response to the mandate issued by the National League for Nursing to include multicultural content in nursing education, the concept of culture can be dissected and analyzed for components that have a positive influence on the patient's health. As a component of culture, religiousness has been extracted for the purpose of developing a conceptual model of religio-specific nursing. This model, based on Rooda's Conceptual Model of Multicultural Nursing, provides direction for research and practice. Regardless of cultural or ethnic background, religio-specific nursing offers a way for nurses to interpret their patients' religiousness in a way that is deliberate and systematic.
Toward an Understanding of Energetic Healing, Part 2
Authors: Slater Victoria E.
Published: June 2007

The purposes of the article are to discuss the role of consciousness and quantum processes in energetic healing and to present the author's theory of energetic healing. Two opposing views of consciousness are reviewed: consciousness as emerging from material processes and consciousness as primary. Three quantum physics' theories are discussed: potentiality/actuality, observer-created reality, and consciousness-created reality. Psychosynthesis is offered as a model for the dimensions of a psyche that could be involved in consciousness-created reality and in energetic healing. A theory of energetic healing is outlined and applied to holistic nursing.
Humor
Authors: James Diane H.
Published: June 2007

The stressors of illness, together with the stressors of modern life, challenge the coping skills of all clients. Humor can be an important tool in a holistic approach to coping with illness. Despite this, the use of humor as a nursing intervention is not yet common. This article explores the physiological, psychological, social, and spiritual effects of humor and suggests situations for which humor may be helpful. The skills needed by the nurse to use humor are described. Methods for client assessment and ways to implement and evaluate humor are also discussed.
Images of Caring in Nursing and Dance
Authors: Picard Carol
Published: June 2007

This article explores the existence of common images in nursing and dance. Nurses can look to the performing arts and music to sustain their commitment to clinical practice. The dancer must bring the whole self to the dance: history, mind, body, and spirit. The dancer creates beauty and grace and interpretive images for the audience. Nursing involves "dancing on the edge" where one must balance Roach's five elements of caring with one's self to meet the needs of the patient. For both nursing and dance, excellence begins with a centering of the self in order to create and relate to the other. Through the dance, one comes to experience beauty and grace. Images from dance can nourish one's creative caring spirits.
Challenging a Reductionistic Paradigm as a Foundation for Nursing
Authors: Drew Nancy , Dahlberg Karin
Published: June 2007

Historically, nursing practice has been grounded in the objective, analytic philosophy of the natural sciences. Over the past decades, caring—a humanistic concept—has been espoused as the essence of nursing. Paradoxically, practice based on the theme of caring remains aligned with the philosophy of the natural sciences and continues to use tools such as nursing process and nursing diagnosis, products of the natural sciences paradigm. The authors have outlined the foundations for a philosophy of caring. The encounter between caregiver and patient is the central aspect of this philosophy and is elaborated with the related concepts of openness, nonreductionism, immediacy, and meaning. In addition, holistic nursing practice requires attention by caregivers to their own self-awareness and the personal growth that is necessary for the demands of encountering patients. Practice based on such a philosophy maintains the primacy of the caregiver-patient relationship and permits the incorporation of analytic tools without depersonalizing effects.
Spiritual Relationships
Authors: Walton Joni
Published: June 2007

Spiritual relationships are connections to self or soul, to others, to a higher power, or to nature. All relationships have the potential to be spiritual. The depth or intimacy of the relationship is directly related to the human being's individual personal knowledge of self or soul-searching. Grounded theory and phenomenological research studies validate that spiritual relationships play an important role in one's spirituality. Theoretical and operational definitions, attributes, and several cases (e.g., model, related, contrary, and metaphorical) of spiritual relationships are discussed. Attributes and consequences are identified.
Embodied Soul
Authors: Picard Carol
Published: June 2007

This article explores the nature of embodied soul as a phenomenon of concern to nursing. Examples of the body/soul debate from early Greek philosophers to the present day are examined. Early writings on the subject echo in medieval writings and in present-day knowledge of neuroscience and physics, as well as in the writings of Merleau-Ponty. The author proposes that nursing embrace the concept as it relates to Berry's patterns of differentiation, subjectivity, and communion in the universe. These patterns exist from the cellular to the cosmic level. It is through the embodied soul that one engages in this process. The works of selected nurse theorists are examined as they relate to the topic. Both the subject of the client and of the nurse as embodied souls are addressed.
Holistic Health Stress Management Program
Authors: Stetson Betsy
Published: June 2007

This descriptive study examines the application of stress management techniques by nursing students to their clients (i.e., patients, family members, friends) within a model holistic stress management nursing course. Out of 90 students, 88 completed a Client Teaching Relaxation Questionnaire during the course. Responses indicated a decrease in clients' perceived levels of discomfort following a stress reduction intervention (paired t = 18.7, df = 84, p <.0001). The students further reported that stress management skills were applicable to clients with a wide range of diagnoses in hospitals, homes, and other community settings. Imagery (52%) was documented as the predominant strategy taught to clients. Study results suggest that with teaching time allowed for self mastery during the course, students can successfully apply these simple to complex stress management skills to many different clients, enhancing the caring aspect for both client and student. The course presented in this study provided students with essential foundational skills necessary to deal with client stress.
Perimenopausal Women's Alienation
Authors: Engebretson Joan , Wardell Diane Wind
Published: June 2007

A feminist perspective was used to interpret data gathered from perimenopausal women using hormonal replacement therapy. Silence was the most pervasive and disquieting theme. These women parroted biomedical cognizance and iterated little authentic expression of experience. This silence reflected the women's existential position of the double other, marginalized first by being a woman and second by reason of medical norms for women being based on reproductive function. This position of alienation is explored within the context of Western culture and the patriarchal values of rationality and science. Implications are drawn for holistic nurses to facilitate women's physical awareness and articulation of their personal experiences.
Evolving a Blueprint for Certification
Authors: Dossey Barbara M. , Frisch Noreen C. , Forker Judith E. , Lavin Joanne
Published: June 2007

In the development and administration of a certification examination in holistic nursing, an important issue is to ensure adequate content validity. Thus, the American Holistic Nurses' Association (AHNA) and the American Holistic Nurses' Certification Corporation (AHNCC), with the assistance of the National League for Nursing, conducted a practice analysis study to generate empirical data on the professional activities and knowledge required to practice holistic nursing on a day-to-day basis.
The Power of Environmental Adaptation
Authors: Selanders Louise C.
Published: June 2007

Florence Nightingale was a prolific writer. Her diaries, letters, monographs, and books remain as a part of her legacy. From these documents, her ideas, values, and beliefs in a wide range of topics can be identified. The philosophical basis of modern nursing is generally seen as Nightingale's most recognized contribution to societal change. Infact, her documents contain her philosophical assumptions and beliefs regarding all elements found in the metaparadigm of nursing. These can beformed into a conceptual model that has great utility in the practice setting and offers a framework for research conceptualization.
Pow-Wowing
Authors: Offner Judith
Published: June 2007

Since ancient times, Germanic tribes from the Palatine valley relied on faith healers, brauchers, when health problems developed. Several hundred years ago, brauchers immigrated to the New World with various Germanic religious sects. Cooperative, instructional meetings, or pow wows, between Native American medicine men and newly immigrated brauchers allowed the newcomers to learn about herbs and remedies indigenous to North America. The brauchers, now known as pow powers, practice within Pennsylvania Dutch communities across the country, especially in the Lancaster, Pennsylvania region. A review of the literature explores the history and development of the Pennsylvania Dutch practice of pow-wowing.
The Impact of Family Environment and Decision-Making Satisfaction on Caregiver Depression
Authors: Deimling Gary T. , Smerglia Virginia L. , Schaefer Michael L.
Published: June 2007

Objectives: This research examines caregiver depression in the context of traditional care-related primary stressors, such as the caregiving context and care-recipient impairment, and secondary stressors, such as family environment and decisionmaking satisfaction. Methods: The authors examine a causal (path) model of depression among 244 caregivers. Ordinary least squares regression results are used to determine the direct and indirect effects of stressors on caregiver depression. Results: The path coefficients obtained show that adaptability and conflict have the most powerful net effects. With the caregiving context variables, they explain approximately 30% of the variance in decision-making satisfaction. Family adaptability and decision-making satisfaction also have significant paths. The caregiving context, network, family environment, and decision-making variables explain approximately 25% of the variance in caregiver depression. Discussion: These findings suggest that practitioners working with caregivers to ameliorate depression need to examine the broader aspects of family environment and caregiver perceptions related to decision making.
Volunteering and the Long Civic Generation
Authors: Goss Kristin A.
Published: June 2007

By virtually every conceivable measure, civic participation is on the decline in America. Volunteering is one important exception. An analysis of a newly available archive of national surveys finds that the frequency with which Americans volunteer has increased 20% since the mid-1970s. However, nearly all of that increase is concentrated among older Americans, who are volunteering twice as frequent in the late 1990s as their same-aged predecessors did in the 1970s. Meanwhile, volunteering has actually decreased among middle-age adults, who once were the voluntary sector’s most reliable source of donated labor. The reasons for increased volunteering among seniors remain elusive. Tests of various hypotheses, from improved health and financial conditions to increased spare time, do not explain the explosive increase. Nonetheless, it is clear that a powerful and mysterious force is pushing seniors toward greater volunteer involvement, and non-profit groups should tap into this particularly civic age group before the Indian summer of volunteering reaches its end.
In the Margins: Flexibility as a Mode of Regulation in the Temporary Help Service Industry
Authors: Gottfried Heidi
Published: June 2007

As firms increasingly rely on temporary clerical workers, previous control mechanisms centred in the workplace no longer are sufficient to maintain labor discipline and ensure production quality and uniformity. Through participant observation of four U.S. temporary help service firms and two placement sites, this case study reveals forms of control that differ from those in place at more commonly studied manufacturing enterprises. Temporary help service firms have developed a flexible frontier of control which operates on two levels: (i) a bureaucratic level, whereby the THS firm rationalizes jobs in the organization's hierarchy delimiting a set of tasks, competencies, and responsibilities; (ii) a decentralized level, whereby the THS firms indirectly controls workers by decentering regulation and dispersing responsibility for control to individual workers. As such, flexibility appears to be a new post-Fordist strategy for increasing capital accumulation and worker regulation.
Gender Segregation in the Engineering and Science Professions: A Case of Continuity and Change
Authors: Devine Fiona
Published: June 2007

It has been argued that gender segregation may be declining or, at least, that more complex and subtle forms of gender segregation are now discernible as women acquire the necessary educational credentials to enter previously male-dominated professional occupations. Drawing on a case study of engineering and science, it will be seen that the `gendered' nature of subject choices in the educational system accounts for the persistence of gender segregation in the technical professions. Moreover, despite the introduction of equal opportunity legislation, the small number of women acquiring technical degrees still face discrimination from hostile managers in the recruitment process, and childcare and domestic responsibilities continue to block their occupational mobility within organisations where uninterrupted linear careers are the norm. The `liberal feminist' strategy of acquiring the necessary `human capital' to undermine social closure, in other words, has not substantially reduced horizontal and vertical gender segregation in technical professions historically almost exclusively dominated by men.
Pension Penalties: The Gendered Division of Occupational Welfare
Authors: Ginn Jay , Arber Sara
Published: June 2007

Research on gender inequality in employment has focused mainly on women's lower rates of pay, neglecting the less visible inequalities in occupational welfare such as fringe benefits. This paper examines gender differences in access to one centrally important occupational benefit an occupational pension. We analyse the 1987 General Household Survey to assess the relative importance of women's domestic roles, in terms of marriage and children, and how this articulates with the effect of labour market position in constraining their opportunity to accumulate occupational pension rights. Women employees' disadvantage in pension scheme membership is greater if they are married, have a child, work part-time, are employed in the private sector, have been in their job a short time and have low earnings. We conclude that women's pension scheme membership is reduced by the gendered division of domestic responsibilities, and the impact this has had on the type of employment women were able to undertake. Current gender inequality in occupational pension scheme membership suggests that, unless more generous state provision for retirement is made, the likelihood of poverty for elderly women will increase in the future.
Outsourcing and the Search for `Flexibility'
Authors: Harrison Bennett , Kelley Maryellen R.
Published: June 2007

Organizational restructuring during the 1980s consisted in part of efforts by large and small firms alike to achieve functional, wage or numerical `flexibility' in their relationships with employees. The practice of contracting-out, or `outsourcing' work which might otherwise have been performed `in-house', is one aspect of numerical flexibility. From analysis of a nationally representative sample of production managers in one thousand manufacturing establishments in the US, conducted in 1986-87, we find that management's motivation for engaging in this practice is multi-dimensional. The relatively high cost of labour is only one among several factors favouring the use of subcontracting. In addition, a significant fraction of manufacturing outsourcing is motivated by managers' desire to access specialized assets - such as tooling and skilled labour - that are available only (or most expeditiously) by `going outside'. Greater scope (product diversity) at the level of the production process and size (as a proxy for resourcefulness) at the firm level increase the likelihood that managers will outsource production.
What do Franchisors do? Control and Commercialisation in Milk Distribution
Authors: Davidson Julia O'Connell
Published: June 2007

UK dairies are increasingly replacing directly employed roundspeople with self-employed workers operating franchises. The financial benefits for the dairies are substantial and managers also see franchising as a solution to problems of labour control. For workers in the industry, however, the switch from direct employee to franchisee has been rather less rewarding. Many find that they are now working longer hours, in worse conditions, with no entitlement to sickness, holiday, redundancy or retirement benefits. This paper examines the management rationale behind franchising, the contractual relations it entails and the experience of franchisees. It then goes on to argue that despite labour process theory's traditional emphasis on direct, Taylorist-type employment relations, its concern with the variability of labour power can equally provide a useful starting point for the analysis of shifts away from `standard' direct employment.
Privatisation and Local Trade Unionism
Authors: Fairbrother Peter
Published: June 2007

The argument in this paper is that, while privatization creates difficulties for traditional forms of unionism, it also opens up the possibility of union renewal. Drawing on detailed case study evidence from telecommunications, gas and water, three related issues are examined. Managerial decentralisation and devolution have created opportunities for managements to pursue policies aimed at achieving more direct forms of control over their workforces, specifically through the individualisation of work relations, thereby threatening the continued operation of unions in these industries. With these developments it has become clear that the traditional forms of unionism no longer suffice, precipitating debates within these unions as to how best to deal with these changes. In the face of these developments, local unions have attempted to either maintain past forms of organisation and activity to accommodate this process of restructuring or they have begun a process of union renewal, broadening their bases of union concern and activity. Thus, the paradox of privatization is that some unions may be able to take the opportunity provided by this restructuring to reorganise and lay the foundations for their renewal in more participative and active ways.
Employee Responses to New Management Techniques in the Auto Industry
Authors: Stewart Paul , Garrahan Philip
Published: June 2007

New management techniques (NMTs) associated with `lean production' - teamworking; just-in-time (JIT) systems; continuous improvement (kaizen); zero defects and so on - have become increasingly influential, particularly in the car industry. This paper reports on case studies and a questionnaire survey of workers in UK and US auto firms operating in Britain. Trade unions have had a significant, albeit variable, impact on the introduction of NMTs. However, not only do the workers have an incomplete perception of the nature of NMTs, but those they do experience would seem to result in an intensification of work, rather than `smarter' work as predicted by the protagonists of NMTs.
Women's Employment and Service Sector Transformation in Central Eastern Europe: Case Studies in Retail in the Czech Republic
Authors: Pollert Anna
Published: June 2007

This paper examines workplace restructuring in three department stores in the Czech Republic in early 1994. All had previously belonged to the state-owned store chain of Czechoslovakia; one which we call Shop, was a major Prague store still in state ownership at the time of research, although it was about to undergo privatization. The other two stores belonged to Supershop, a US retailing chain which had bought thirteen department stores in Czechoslovakia in 1992. One branch was in Prague, and the other in a provincial town some fifty kilometres east of the capital. The study explores and compares the Czech and the American trajectories of change, as well as including a regional dimension in the contrast between the Prague labour market and outside the metropolis. The case studies provide an insight in an already feminised, but rapidly expanding and transforming, sector of a post-communist economy. They explore how sectoral contingencies, in terms of past practices, contemporary responses to new market circumstances, and labour market pressures create similarities in restructuring practice and employment patterns, despite contrasting ownership forms. On the other hand, they also show how contrasts between the two ownership forms influence the retailing concept, styles of management and employment relations. A key question to address is the outcome of the approach of each enterprise towards legacies of the past; the case of endogenous change illustrates the attempt to adapt embedded practices to new market conditions while that of multinational take-over shows the attempt to replace these entirely. The implications for the service sector and for a major sector of women's employment are drawn out.
External Flexibility in Sweden and Canada: A Three Industry Comparison
Authors: Smith Michael R. , Masi Anthony C. , van den Berg Axel , Smucker Joseph
Published: June 2007

There is a substantial body of writing that identifies efficiency advantages from the provision of employment security, both within individual plants and at the level of the national economy. However, the business cycle persists in capitalist economies, so the question arises: how do managements deal with the fluctuations in the demand for labour which are associated with it? That is to say, what are management policies with respect to external flexibility? In North America, segmenting jobs into stable and unstable ones is thought to have provided a solution; in Scandinavia, until recently, full employment policies were thought to have eliminated the problem. In this paper, we compare the policies with respect to employment security adopted in a sample of plants in three industries in Canada and Sweden. Our evidence suggests that policies with respect to external flexibility are influenced by the character of demand for what is being produced, by the technology of production, and by the institutional structure within which firms operate. Our evidence also indicates to what degree employment security is, itself, insecure.
Trust, Discretion and Responsibility: The Division of Technical Labour
Authors: McGovern Patrick
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the role which multinational corporation (MNC) branch plants play in the development and maintenance of the boundaries between technical occupations in the Irish Republic. In doing so, it examines recent attempts to characterise such workers as incumbents of `high-discretion high-trust' work roles and also as `trusted workers'. This paper argues that such attempts are lacking in explanatory power because they fail to account for other factors. In the Irish case, these include levels of qualification, the higher status of theoretical and abstract knowledge, the fusion of technical and managerial functions and the greater organisational importance of the more senior technical positions.
The Value of Joint Working Parties
Authors: Kessler Ian , Purcell John
Published: June 2007

It is argued that policy makers, in government especially, use crude output measures such as the link with performance to argue the case for, or more often against, employee participation. The paper considers the problems associated with the use of such crude output measures but argues that researchers cannot avoid the question of what impact participation has on organizational effectiveness. Data from a universal survey of companies given in-depth assistance by ACAS are used to show that, according to managers directly involved, a particular form of participation, the joint working party, has a strong positive benefit to the organisation. This was true of both union and non-union firms. This has important policy implications.
Gendering Work: Deconstructing the Narrative of the Japanese Economic Miracle
Authors: Gottfried Heidi , Hayashi-Kato Nagisa
Published: June 2007

The story of the Japanese system, held up as a model for economic prosperity and growth, underplays the role of non-standard labour in the narrative of `success'. Our analysis deconstructs the narrative of the Japanese economic miracle to shed light on this almost invisible pillar by tracing the historical development of non-standard employment among women. We find that this form of work constitutes a larger and faster growing share of total employment than heretofore realised, and that women account for most of the change. Rather than merely a residual dimension of Japanese employment practices, the evidence indicates that non-standard employment represents a key component of work transformation and underscores the salience of gender in the process of Japan's restructuring. We identify three institutional domains which help to explain this gendered pattern of labour market experiences in Japan: the labour market, the family, and the state. These institutional legacies set conditions for the development of the Japanese employment system which favours men as full-time wage earners and women as part-time wage workers and full-time care-givers.
Debates about Globalisation: The Influence of Ronald Preston
Authors: Sedgwick Peter
Published: June 2007

This article considers the nature of global governance, and the response of the churches to global governance, looking especially at international relations and the economy, and issues of social justice and equity.
Getting ahead of the game: A twin-track approach to improving existing slums and reducing the need for future slums
Authors: Payne Geoffrey
Published: June 2007

While many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) represent an ambitious attempt to reduce global poverty and improve the quality of life for the world’s poor, this cannot be said for the goal that concerns urban development. Goal 7 of the MDGs aims to improve the living conditions of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. However, current estimates suggest that, at present, there are nearly 1 billion people living in slums, and that this number is projected to increase to 1.5 billion by 2020 and to 2 billion by 2030. Thus, even achieving the MDG would be to manage a retreat rather than achieve significant progress. The important policy objective for governments and the international community, therefore, is dramatically to exceed, not just meet, this MDG. This can best be achieved by adopting a twin-track approach towards existing and potential future slums. Innovative approaches to improving tenure security in existing unauthorized settlements can improve living conditions for current slum dwellers, while revising regulatory frameworks can reduce the need for future slums by significantly improving access to legal land and shelter. This paper provides evidence from recent research, which suggests that intermediate tenure options, combined with regulatory audits of planning regulations, standards and administrative procedures, can significantly improve living conditions within the human, technical and financial resources available. The approach is illustrated by a case study in Cambodia.
The Grandchildren of Godard and the Aubracs: Betrayal, Resistance, and the People without a Memory
Authors: Reid Donald
Published: June 2007

The second part of Jean-Luc Godard’s film, Éloge de l’amour (2001) concerns a Resistance couple named Samuel, who had taken their Resistance name Bayard after the war. The couple sells the film rights to their story to the American director Steven Spielberg. A leitmotif of Éloge de l’amour is that one thinks of something by thinking of something else. This essay examines Éloge de l’amour by thinking of a heroic Resistance couple whose prewar name was Samuel, who took their Resistance name Aubrac after the war, and who sold the film rights to their story to a prominent French director, Claude Berri, whose Lucie Aubrac was released in 1997. Godard, a man with his own feelings of guilt about the heroic world of the Resistance he had never entered, suggests that Americans need the historical memories of others to survive - especially memories of resistance. Éloge de l’amour is Godard’s own act of resistance to the imperial aggression he sees himself confronting today in the form of Hollywoodization. Beginning with an examination of the complex relationship of history, memory and the hero raised by the release of Lucie Aubrac, the essay moves to an analysis of the Aubracs’ interactions with American institutions of power during and after the war. Viewed through this prism, the United States’ relationship to the experience of resistance and resisters is more imbricated than the troubled story Godard has Spielberg buy from the Bayards would suggest. The paper concludes with the transmission of memory to the generation coming of age with Éloge de l’amour in 2001, that of resisters’ grand-children, represented in the film by the Bayards’ granddaughter and for the Aubracs by the intended audience of Lucie Aubrac’s La Résistance expliquée à mes petits-enfants (2000).
Sex Differences in Emotionality: Fact or Stereotype?
Authors: Fischer Agneta H.
Published: June 2007

One consistent element of Western sex stereotypes is that women are emotional, whereas men are rational. This is also widely spread in psychology and defended by feminist authors who equate women's relationality with their emotionality. In this article the concept of `emotionality' is criticized and the assumption that women are generally more emotional than men is questioned. A large amount of empirical research on sex differences in emotions is reviewed, leading to the conclusion that the general idea that women are more emotional than men tells us more about Western sex stereotypes than about women's actual emotions.
Relationships and the Meaning of Power for Disadvantaged Women
Authors: Pedersen Kathryn A. , Long Bonita C. , Linn Ruth
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of power for 36 disadvantaged women. Interview responses were coded for moral orientation (care, justice), self-definition (connected, separate) and relational context, as well as examined for themes of power. Analyses did not support the expectation that the majority of disadvantaged women would experience power as a care orientation. Moreover, being employed or a mother did not moderate a woman's view of power as justice or care. As expected, women were more likely to describe relational rather than non-relational power experiences. Identified power themes were consistent with those found by other researchers but several new themes were also identified. Dominant themes were: power is legitimized by a woman's role and power is destructive when used in a negative way.
Veni Cinderella Spiritus!
Authors: Habets Myk
Published: June 2007

Through a brief survey of developments in the doctrine of the Holy Spirit over recent years an obvious theological convergence is being witnessed between the Roman Catholic and Pentecostal traditions. Both traditions offer a form of sacramental pneumatology, both tie the Spirit to the Church and both traditions have been impacted by the charismatic renewal. This present article seeks to survey some of these similarities and offer some critical reflection on them, arguing that ultimately there is little to keep these two traditions apart.
The Recovery of the Holy Spirit in Evangelical Theology
Authors: Pinnock Clark
Published: June 2007

This article offers a positive overview of the resurgence of attention to the Holy Spirit in recent evangelical theology. Appreciation is registered for the reinvigorating effects of this development in the life of the church as well as in the work of academic theology, where fresh emphasis and perspective on the Spirit are treated in terms of their impact on each of the major theological loci. This concise summary of recent work on the Spirit draws together the insights of a number of theologians in relation to the author’s own widely regarded pneumatological study and provides a basis for some fresh suggestions on how to build upon the leads and gains that have been made.
Transposition and Tongues: Pentecostalizing an Important Insight of C.S. Lewis
Authors: Richie Tony
Published: June 2007

C.S. Lewis explained the divine-human interface that occurs through the operation of the Holy Spirit in the experience of believers through his principle of transposition, exemplified in the practice of speaking in tongues. The main import of transposition is an adaptation from a higher to a lower medium. Transposition suggests tongues speech is an adaptation of a supernatural experience of the divine Holy Spirit to the natural medium of human expression. Being initially embarrassed by tongues but still intrigued by its biblical precedents, Lewis transports glossolalia from the realm of the hysterical into the realm of the holy. Taking Lewis’ idea even further, a Pentecostal approach to transposition suggests tongues speech is an event including supernatural, incarnational, transformational, sacramental, and eschatological nuances far beyond the status of mere ecstatic speech. The principle of transposition holds incredible potential for Pentecostal theology and spirituality.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell death of C3H mouse peritoneal macrophages in the presence of cycloheximide: different susceptibilities of C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice macrophages
Authors: Karahashi Hisae , Amano Fumio
Published: June 2007

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytotoxicity toward mouse peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice but not C3H/HeJ mice in vitro in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX). More than 1 ng/ml LPS induced a significant time-dependent release of a cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while even 1000 ng/ml LPS failed to induce it in LPS-non-responsive C3H/HeJ mouse macrophages. Although similar LPS-induced cytotoxicity was observed in a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1, but not in an LPS-resistant mutant of J774.1, the LPS1916 cell line, these results suggest that the induction of this cytotoxicity is linked to the LPS-sensitivity of mouse macrophages. A recombinant TNF-α (rTNF-α) at 100 ng/ml augmented LDH release from both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ macrophages treated with LPS and CHX, while rTNF-α alone or in combination with LPS or CHX failed to induce LDH release. These results suggest that this cytotoxicity might be partially regulated by high concentrations of exogenous TNF-α in both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ macrophages, implying a possibility of paracrine regulation of TNF-α in mice toward LPS-treated macrophages under impaired protein synthesis.
Synthesis of neoglycoproteins containing Kdo epitopes specific for Chlamydophila psittaci lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Kosma Paul , Reiter Andreas , Hofinger Andreas , Brade Lore , Brade Helmut
Published: June 2007

The oligosaccharides α-Kdo p-(2→8)-α-Kdo p-(2→6)-β-D-Glc pNAc-(1→OAll) 4, α-Kdo p-(2→4)-α-Kdo p-(2→4)-α-Kdo p-(2→6)-β-D-Glc pNAc-(1→OAll) 10, and the branched Kdo tetrasaccharide α-Kdo p-(2→4)-[α-Kdo p-(2→8)]-α-Kdo p-(2→4)-α-Kdo p-(2→OAll) 21 have been prepared using en bloc transfer of Kdo oligosaccharide bromide donors to protected mono- or disaccharide acceptors. Radical addition of cysteamine to the anomeric allyl glycosides afforded good yields of the corresponding 3-(2-aminoethylthio)propyl glycosides 5, 11 and 22. The spacer ligands were activated with thiophosgene and reacted with bovine serum albumin to give the neoglycoconjugates 6, 12 and 23 which were used to prepare solid-phase antigens in enzyme immuno-assays for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies against chlamydial LPS. The data showed that the (2→8)-linked Kdo disaccharide and the (2→8)-(2→4)-linked Kdo trisaccharide portion of the neoglycoconjugate 23 were not available for binding of antibodies which recognize these structures as di- and trisaccharide, respectively.
Comparative study of peritoneal macrophage functions in mice receiving lethal and non-lethal doses of LPS
Authors: Víctor V.M. , De la Fuente M.
Published: June 2007

In previous studies, we have observed changes in several functions of peritoneal macrophages from female BALB/c mice with lethal endotoxic shock caused by intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 mg/kg), which were associated with a high production of superoxide anion and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In the present work, both a lethal dose (250 mg/kg) and a non-lethal dose (100 mg/kg) of LPS were used in female Swiss mice. In peritoneal macrophages, the following functions were studied at 2, 4, 12 and 24 h after LPS injection: adherence to substrate, chemotaxis, ingestion of particles, and superoxide anion and TNF-α production. In both groups, the results showed a stimulation of adherence, ingestion and superoxide production as well as a decrease of chemotaxis, whereas TNF-α could not be detected in either of the two groups. These effects were more evident with the 250 mg/kg dose, especially as regards superoxide anion production, which was higher in the animals treated with a lethal dose of LPS.