bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The CEMP star SDSS J0222–0313: the first evidence of proton ingestion in very low-metallicity AGB stars?
Authors: Caffau E. , Monaco L. , Bonifacio P. , Korotin S. , Andrievsky S. , Cristallo S. , Spite M. , Spite F. , Sbordone L. , François P. , Cescutti G. , Salvadori S.
Published: July 2019

Context. Carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars are common objects in the metal-poor regime. The lower the metallicity we look at, the larger the fraction of CEMP stars with respect to metal-poor stars with no enhancement in carbon. The chemical pattern of CEMP stars is diversified, strongly suggesting a different origin of the C enhancement in the different types of CEMP stars.

Aims. We selected a CEMP star, SDSS J0222–0313, with a known high carbon abundance and, from a low-resolution analysis, a strong enhancement in neutron-capture elements of the first peak (Sr and Y) and of the second peak (Ba). The peculiarity of this object is a greater overabundance (with respect to iron) of the first s-process peak than the second s-process peak.

Methods. We analysed a high-resolution spectrum obtained with the Mike spectrograph at the Clay Magellan 6.5 m telescope in order to derive the detailed chemical composition of this star.

Results. We confirmed the chemical pattern we expected; we derived abundances for a total of 18 elements and significant upper limits.

Conclusions. We conclude that this star is a carbon-enhanced metal-poor star enriched in elements produced by s-process (CEMP-s), whose enhancement in heavy elements is due to mass transfer from the more evolved companion in its asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase. The abundances imply that the evolved companion had a low main sequence mass and it suggests that it experienced a proton ingestion episode at the beginning of its AGB phase.
Numerical and experimental investigation on the effect of the two-phase flow pattern on heat transfer of piston cooling gallery
Authors: Deng Lijun , Zhang Jian , Hao Guannan , Liu Jing
Published: July 2019

To study factors affecting the formation and conversion of two-phase flow pattern as well as the heat transfer of piston cooling gallery, a transient visual target test bench was set up to research the oscillatory flow characteristics in the cooling gallery under idle condition of the engine. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed while dynamic mesh technology, SST k–ω turbulence model and volume of fluid (VOF) two-phase flow model were applied to simulate the flow process of piston cooling gallery so as to predict the distribution pattern of two-phase flow. Simulation results were in good agreement with that experimentally obtained. It was observed that in the reciprocating movement of the piston, the action of two-phase flow oscillation was severe, forming some unstable wave flows and slug flows. Results show that under the same pipe diameter, the increase of fluid viscosity results in the decrease of amplitude and the increase of the liquid slugs number as well as the enhancement on heat transfer effect. In addition, it was revealed that injection pressure has little effect on the two-phase flow pattern. However, when the pressure is reduced, the change of the liquid phase is weakened and the locations of flow pattern transition move towards to the behind, thus the impact on the heat transfer is also faint.
Betulin aus der Birkenrinde für die Haut
Authors: Scheffler A.
Published: July 2019

Der pflanzliche Wirkstoff Triterpentrockenextrakt (Betulin) aus der Birkenrinde wurde durch 2 weltweit patentierte Erfindungen, die „Betulin-Emulsion“ und das „Betulin-Oleogel“, für die Anwendung an der Haut erschlossen. Die tensidfreie Betulin-Emulsion führte zur Entwicklung der Kosmetikserie Imlan. Systematische kosmetische Studien zeigten eine Schutzwirkung von Imlan gegen den irritierenden Effekt von starken Tensiden, die als Emulgatoren oder Schaumbildner Verwendung fanden und finden, wie z. B. Natriumdodecylsulfat.

Das wasserfreie Betulin-Oleogel wurde zum Arzneimittel Episalvan mit dem klinischen Nachweis der beschleunigten Wundheilung entwickelt. Im Januar 2016 erfolgte die zentrale europäische Zulassung für das Arzneimittel.
Pflanzliche Ceramide zur kosmetischen Anwendung
Authors: Tessema E. N. , Neubert R. H. H. , Wohlrab J.
Published: July 2019

Die Bedeutung von Ceramiden als aktive Inhaltstoffe in kosmetischen Präparaten hat in den letzten Jahren erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Im dermatologischen Kontext werden Ceramide meist in Kombination mit anderen Lipiden sowie weiteren kosmetischen Wirkstoffen in Präparaten zur Barriereprotektion und -regeneration bei chronisch-entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen bzw. bei Diabetes mellitus oder Altershaut eingesetzt. Da die Herstellung von synthetischen Ceramiden sehr kostenintensiv ist, kann die Verwendung von pflanzlichen Ceramiden mit vergleichbaren physikochemischen Eigenschaften eine Alternative darstellen. Neuere Verfahren ermöglichen die Glykosylierung dieser aus Pflanzenextrakten isolierten Ceramide und deren Einsatz in kosmetischen Zubereitungen. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen klären, ob sich glykosylierte pflanzliche Ceramide in die natürlichen Lipidmembranen im Stratum corneum integrieren und welche funktionellen Auswirkungen sie auf die Barrierefunktion haben. Die bisherigen Daten begründen ein großes Potenzial pflanzlicher Ceramide für die Barriere-protektive Anwendung in kosmetischen Präparaten.
Phytotherapie bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen
Authors: Hoffmann J. , Wölfle U. , Schempp C.
Published: July 2019

In den letzten Jahren wurden einige neue pflanzliche Arzneimittel, Medizinprodukte und Hautpflegemittel für die topische Behandlung von entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen entwickelt. Besonders gut belegt ist die Wirksamkeit von Inhaltsstoffen aus dem Süßholz bei der atopischen Dermatitis und von Indigoextrakten bei der Psoriasis. Ein neuer vielversprechender Therapieansatz zur äußerlichen Behandlung einer geschädigten Hautbarriere sind Bitterstoffe, die an Bitterstoffrezeptoren der Haut binden und die Keratin- und Lipidsynthese der Keratinozyten anregen. Weitere pflanzliche Wirkstoffe für die Behandlung von Rosazea und Akne vulgaris werden ebenfalls besprochen.
Mikrobiom und gastrointestinale Erkrankungen
Authors: Siegel Julian , Andresen Viola , Layer Peter
Published: July 2019

For some years, microbiome research has become a thriving topic. The most diverse and hitherto poorly understood connections of interactions of the microbiome with the host body (human) seem to play an important role in the genesis of a wide variety of diseases. This article focuses on the importance of the microbiome in gastrointestinal diseases and presents therapeutic approaches.

The intestinal microbiome will not be understood completely for a long time due to the highly complex relationships and variety of different microorganisms. The intestinal microbiome is critically involved in the development of diseases, especially in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma. Esophageal microbiome alterations can cause inflammation and decrease the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. Inflammation is a crucial pathway for tumorigenesis, it can be caused by the “normal” flora and by pathogenic agents. In the microbiome of the colon, interactions of bacteria, viruses and fungi have a very special status. Good oral/dental status protects against pancreatic carcinoma. Fecal microbiome transfer has become more important in the American guideline. Understanding the processes in the intestinal microbiome provides approaches to new therapies that are likely to exceed our current imagination.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Women Who Are the Industrial Residents of Hyderabad
Authors: Bala Sudha , Taranikanti Madhuri , Yerra Aruna Kumari , Gundepudi Bhavya
Published: July 2019

Background and Aim Cardiovascular diseases among women are rapidly increasing as an epidemic. Identification of risk factors is very essential along with its clinical application to avoid misdiagnosis and poor management. This study aims to assess various risk factors among women who are industrial residents of Hyderabad, to estimate the risk by using Framingham risk score (FRS) categorization.

Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken among 370 women using World Health Organization (WHO) stepwise approach (STEPS) questionnaire schedule with gender-specific risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, menopause, and pregnancy-associated complications; anthropometry, blood pressure, and lipid profile measurements. Risk estimate of over 10 years has been estimated with FRS. ANOVA (analysis of variance), and chi-square test was used to depict association of risk with various variables.

Results Our study determined 3.7% at intermediate risk and 2.5% at higher risk using FRS. Highest prevalence of risk factors included mainly poor intake of good-cholesterol diet among 96%, predicted by low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) among 89%, poor intake of fruits among 81%, higher waist circumference (> 80 cm) among 66.7%, raised blood glucose among 58.4%, obesity (47.2%), extra intake of salt (40%), and metabolic syndrome among 29.7% with predominance in younger age group.

Conclusion Estimation of cardiovascular risk at an earlier stage provides an opportunity to target young women among whom the metabolic syndrome is the major determinant with preventive strategies.
Which Patients Require a Contralateral Total Knee Arthroplasty Within 5 Years of Index Surgery?
Authors: Mak Wai Keong , Bin Abd Razak Hamid Rahmatullah , Tan Hwee-Chye Andrew
Published: July 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee often presents bilaterally. However, not all patients with severe bilateral knee OA require bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aims to identify predictive factors for contralateral TKA in patients presenting with severe bilateral knee OA undergoing unilateral TKA. We prospectively collected perioperative data from 209 consecutive patients of a single surgeon who had severe bilateral OA knees at presentation. All patients underwent unilateral TKA on the more symptomatic knee. Patients were then stratified by their need for a contralateral TKA within the next 5 years. Using regression analysis, we compared patients who underwent contralateral knee surgery within 5 years (n = 115) against patients who did not (n = 94), so as to create a predictive model. Significant factors identified by the multiple regression models were incorporated into a decision tree using classification and regression tree analysis. Body mass index (BMI), degree of varus angulation, and Oxford knee scores were identified as significant predictive factors. The generated decision tree model was able to stratify patients according to their BMI and Oxford scores into four subgroups, the highest with more than 90% odds of contralateral surgery and the lowest with less than 40% odds of contralateral surgery. BMI, degree of varus angulation, and preoperative Oxford knee scores seem to predict the need for contralateral TKA in patients with severe bilateral OA knees undergoing unilateral TKA. These patients should be counseled on their requirement for the second TKA based on these factors.
Variability of Executive Function Performance in Preschoolers with Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Kapa Leah L. , Erikson Jessie A.
Published: July 2019

Although results vary across individual studies, a large body of evidence suggests that children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have domain-general deficits in executive function compared with peers with typically developing language. Poorer performance for children with DLD has been reported on verbal and nonverbal measures of sustained selective attention, working memory, inhibition, and shifting. However, examination of the variability of task scores among both children with and without DLD reveals a wide range of executive function performance for both groups. Additionally, using executive function scores to classify children into DLD versus typical groups results in classification accuracy that is not clinically useful. This evidence indicates that group-level differences in executive function abilities between children with and without DLD cannot be applied at the individual level. Many children with DLD appear to have intact executive function abilities, which undermines the possibility that poor executive functioning causes language deficits in this population. However, a substantial number of children with DLD also have executive function deficits, and, therefore, therapy approaches with this population should consider both their language and executive function abilities.
Redmond (2002) Revisited: Have Standardized Behavioral Rating Scales Gotten Better at Accommodating for Overlapping Symptoms with Language Impairment?
Authors: Redmond Sean M. , Hannig Kirsten M. , Wilder Amy
Published: July 2019

Seventeen years ago, Redmond reviewed five standardized behavioral rating scales and identified several aspects of their design that made them prone to mischaracterize language impairments as socioemotional behavioral disorders. The purpose of this report is to provide an update and extension of the original audit. We consulted test manuals to evaluate: (1) representation of children with language impairments in their standardization samples; (2) presence of language, or academic items within their inventories; (3) accommodations for administering the measure to children with language impairments; and (4) procedures for identifying inordinately punitive ratings. Overlapping language and academic symptoms continued to be a problem across current behavioral rating scales. Improvements since Redmond occurred in the representation of children with language impairments in standardization samples and in procedures for identifying inordinately punitive ratings. We discuss implications for clinical assessment, research programs, and instrument development.
A Review of Language, Executive Function, and Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Friedman Laura , Sterling Audra
Published: July 2019

Difficulties with both executive functions and language skills are common but variable in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Executive functions and language skills are related to one another, such that vocabulary, syntax, and pragmatics are related to domains of working memory, shifting, and inhibition in ASD, although the directionality of these relationships remains unclear. Moreover, interventions that target pragmatic ability have been found to improve executive function skills, and conversely, executive function interventions are linked with improvements in social skills in children with ASD. We review the literature on executive functions, language skills, and their relationship in ASD; discuss factors that may be driving inconsistent findings; and explore clinical applications from the research thus far.
Surgical Treatment of Intracapsular Condylar Head Fracture with Lag Screw Technique. A Case Report
Authors: Araujo Rafael Zetehaku , Campos Felipe Baires , Lehman Luiz Felipe , Castro Wagner Henriques
Published: July 2019

Intracapsular condylar fractures may account for 65% of all condylar fractures. This diversity of classifications makes epidemiological data collection challenging. Historically, intracapsular condylar fractures were treated in a closed or conservative manner, without open surgery and fixation of the bone fragments. Closed treatment has been described with acceptable outcomes without the risk of complications associated with the surgical treatment, that is, infection, damage to the facial nerve, and unaesthetic extra-oral scar. Recently, studies reporting the surgical treatment of condylar head fractures have reported better results regarding mandibular functional aspects, dental, and aesthetic results. It is also suggested that the repositioning of the articular disc during the surgical procedure, could prevent the consequences of its displacement in possible temporomandibular joint dysfunctions. The objective of this study is to report a clinical case of intracapsular condylar head fracture with open treatment, using lag screw fixation according to AO/ASSIF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation) protocols and recommendations.
Psoriasis: Best Case Series
Authors: Gupta Girish , Gupta Naveen , Pandey Dileep Kumar , Gupta Gaurang
Published: July 2019

Psoriasis is a chronic, non-contagious, autoimmune disease. A case series of five patients successfully treated by homoeopathy is presented herewith to acquaint the homoeopathic professionals about the effectiveness of single individualised constitutional homoeopathic medicine in the treatment of psoriasis.
Surgical Aptitude Testing among Ophthalmology Residency Applicants: Current Utilization and Residency Program Directors' Perspectives
Authors: Lu Amy , Beckstead Samuel , Wilkinson Michael , Scott Ingrid U.
Published: July 2019

Purpose To investigate the proportion of United States ophthalmology residency programs that utilize surgical aptitude testing during the applicant interview, and the perspectives of program directors (PDs) regarding surgical aptitude testing of applicants.

Design This is a cross-sectional survey.

Methods An anonymous survey constructed on REDCap was emailed to the PD of each ophthalmology residency accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Main outcome measures are proportion of programs which include surgical aptitude testing during the applicant interview, and proportion of PDs who (1) believe the current residency application process adequately assesses applicants' surgical aptitude; (2) believe surgical aptitude testing results predict surgical success; and (3) favor inclusion of surgical aptitude testing for applicant evaluation.

Results Of 115 PDs, 63 completed the survey (54.8%). One (1.6%) reported current use of surgical aptitude testing during the interview and 6 (9.5%) used such testing previously. Fifty-five (87.3%) respondents do not believe the residency application process adequately assesses surgical aptitude. Most respondents (40/63, 63.5%) do not support using results from currently available surgical aptitude testing strategies performed during the interview to rank applicants; 47 (74.6%) do not believe results of such testing predict ultimate surgical potential. However, 35 (55.6%) would use surgical aptitude data for applicant screening if valid testing could be performed before the interview.

Conclusion While most PDs do not believe the current ophthalmology residency application process adequately assesses surgical aptitude, screening for surgical aptitude during the application process is seldom employed, largely due to a perceived lack of valid testing strategies available.
Pullthrough Operation for Hirschsprung's Disease: Importance of a Circumferential (Donut) Biopsy at the Level of the Anastomosis
Authors: Jehangir Susan , Soundappan Soundappan Venkatraman Sannappa , Krivanek Micheal , Arbuckle Susan , Graf Nicole
Published: July 2019

Hirschsprung's disease is characterized by the absence of ganglia in the distal colon, resulting in a functional obstruction. It is managed by excision of the aganglionic segment and anastomosis of the ganglionated bowel just above the dentate line. The level of aganglionosis is determined by performing multiple seromuscular biopsies and/or full thickness biopsy on the antimesenteric border of the bowel to determine the level of pullthrough. The transition zone is described as being irregular, and hence a doughnut biopsy is recommended so that the complete circumference can be assessed. Herein, we described a child in whom there was a selective absence of ganglion cells in 30% of the circumference of the bowel along the mesenteric border for most of the transverse colon. This case defies the known concept of neural migration in an intramural and transmesenteric fashion and emphasizes the importance of a doughnut biopsy of the pulled-down segment.
Improving magnetic properties in mischmetal-based sintered composite magnets by regulating element distribution
Authors: Li Zhu-bai , Li Yun , Zhang Zhi-xin , Liu Yan-li , Li Yong-feng , Zhang Xue-feng
Published: July 2019

Mischmetal-based magnets were prepared by mixing 60 wt.% (MM,Nd)14.2-xFe79.8+xB6 (x=0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) with 40 wt.% Nd15Fe79B6 powders. The coercivity is 9.50 kOe in sintered MM9.8Nd4.4Fe79.8B6/Nd15Fe79B6 magnets, and it decreases to 6.61 kOe in MM9.3Nd3.9Fe80.8B6/Nd15Fe79B6 due to the decrease MM-Nd content of (MM,Nd)-Fe-B alloy and the reduction of the amount of intergranular phase. While for further decreasing MM-Nd content of (MM,Nd)-Fe-B, the effect of Nd diffusing into (MM,Nd)-Fe-B phase to substituting for La-Ce is enhanced in the sintered composite magnets, which would lead to a more increase of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in (MM,Nd)-Fe-B phase. So the coercivity increases to 7.70 kOe in MM8.8Nd3.4Fe81.8B6/Nd15Fe79B6, and the energy product of 33.67 MGOe were obtained in this composite magnets with the 40 wt.% mischmetal in total amount of rare earth. Though the average of magnetocrytalline anisotropy decreases in the sintered composite magnets, the increase of anisotropy in local regions possibly gives rise to the enhancement of coercivity. These investigation shows that the magnetic properties could be optimized by regulating the element distribution in the sintered composite magnets.
Thermodynamics of supercooled and stretched water: Unifying two-structure description and liquid-vapor spinodal
Authors: Caupin Frédéric , Anisimov Mikhail A.
Published: July 2019

We have applied a two-structure approach to the description of the thermodynamic properties of supercooled and stretched water, metastable toward vapor, ice, or both, by incorporating the stability limit of liquid with respect to vapor at negative pressures. In addition to the properties of water considered in previous studies, we include new data recently obtained in deeply supercooled and stretched regions. Our model reproduces the experimentally observed anomalies in metastable water up to 400 MPa and down to −140 MPa, and can provide a physically based extrapolation in regions where no measurements are available yet. Moreover, we are able to elucidate the thermodynamic nature of the alternative “states” of liquid water, namely, high-temperature denser water (state A) and “mother-of-ice” lighter water (state B). Based on the internal consistency of the described anomalies and new data on the isothermal compressibility, we exclude the critical-point-free scenario in which the first-order liquid-liquid transition line would continue into the stretched liquid state (doubly metastable) crossing the vapor-liquid spinodal. A “singularity-free” scenario remains an option for explaining supercooled water’s anomalies within the framework of two-state thermodynamics; however, the extreme case of the singularity-free scenario, ideal mixing of A and B, seems improbable. We have also clarified the concept of fast interconversion of alternative states in supercooled water as a phenomenological representation of distribution of short-ranged local structures.
On the Rayleigh-Taylor unstable dynamics of three-dimensional interfacial coherent structures with time-dependent acceleration
Authors: Hill Desmond L. , Abarzhi Snezhana I.
Published: July 2019

Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) occurs in a range of natural and industrial processes. Whereas the majority of existing studies have considered constant acceleration, RTI is in many instances driven by variable acceleration. Here we focus on RTI driven by acceleration with a power-law time-dependence, and, by applying a group theoretic method, find solutions to this classical nonlinear boundary value problem. We deduce that the dynamics is dominated by the acceleration and that the solutions depend critically on the acceleration parameters for values of the acceleration exponent greater than (-2). We find that in the early-time dynamics, the RTI growth-rate is defined by modified Bessel functions. For the late-time dynamics, we link the interface dynamics with an interfacial shear function, find a continuous family of regular asymptotic solutions and identify invariant properties of nonlinear RTI. The essentially interfacial and multi-scale character of the dynamics is also demonstrated. The velocity field is potential in the bulk, and vortical structures may appear at the interface due to interfacial shear. The multi-scale character becomes clear from the invariance properties of the dynamics. We achieve good agreement with existing observations and elaborate new benchmarks for future research.
Effect of X-ray CT resolution on the quality of permeability computation for granular soils: definition of a criterion based on morphological properties
Authors: Ortega Ramírez Miriam Patricia , Oxarango Laurent , Gastelum Strozzi Alfonso
Published: July 2019

In this study, the quality of soil permeability estimation based on computational fluid dynamics is discussed. Two types of three-dimensional geometries were considered: an image of Fontainebleau sand obtained from X-ray computed micro-tomography and a virtual pack of spheres. Numerical methods such as finite difference or lattice Boltzmann can conveniently use the image voxels as computational mesh elements. In this framework, the image resolution is directly associated with quality of the numerical computation. A higher resolution should promote both a better morphological description and discretisation. However, increasing the resolution may prevent the studied volume from being representative. Here, each sample was scaled and analysed at five resolutions. The dependence of soil properties with respect to the image resolution is discussed. As resolution decreased, the permeability and specific surface values tended to diverge from the reference value. This deterioration could be attributed to the shift of the pore size distribution towards badly resolved pores in the voxelised geometry. As long as granular soils are investigated, the volume fraction of pores smaller than six voxels in diameter should not exceed 50% to ensure the validity of permeability computation. In addition, based on an analysis of flow distribution, the volume fraction of pores smaller than four voxels should not exceed 25% in order to limit the flow rate occurring in badly discretised pores under 10%. For the Fontainebleau sand and virtual pack of spheres, the maximum voxel size meeting this criterion corresponded to 1/14 and 1/20 of the mean grain size respectively.
Fluorescence spectral shape analysis for nucleotide identification
Authors: Huang Yun , Li Zhiliang , Risinger April L. , Enslow Benjamin T. , Zeman Charles J. , Gong Jiang , Yang Yajing , Schanze Kirk S.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Fluorescent biosensors are usually designed to recognize a single target analyte and provide a one-dimensional signal from an emission spectrum. Higher-dimensional information in emission spectra and latent factors remain insufficiently utilized. Here we report a broad-spectrum fluorescent biosensor and a general methodology to evaluate spectral shape recognition to classify biomolecules using machine learning. Using a feature selection algorithm to measure the relative intensity of a few selected wavelengths significantly reduces the measurement time, demonstrating the potential for fluorescence spectrum shape analysis in high-throughput technologies. By using well-defined analytes, we explain the mechanism of these fluorescence spectral shape changes, which is fundamental for applying this method for deeper insight into complex phenomena with correlated signals in biological systems.
A newly developed anesthetic based on a unique chemical core
Authors: Cayla Noëlie S. , Dagne Beza A. , Wu Yun , Lu Yao , Rodriguez Larry , Davies Daryl L. , Gross Eric R. , Heifets Boris D. , Davies M. Frances , MacIver M. Bruce , Bertaccini Edward J.
Published: July 2019

Significance

The 4 intravenous anesthetics currently in clinical use are associated with undesirable side effects such as lower blood pressure. These agents are poorly tolerated in young and elderly patients, limiting their use and increasing their risks. Additionally, etomidate, an anesthetic that achieves stable cardiovascular conditions, causes significant adrenal suppression by inhibiting steroid biosynthesis. Even though the exact mechanisms of anesthesia remain unknown, a significant component appears to be mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA
A
Rs). By targeting an anesthetic binding site in these receptors, we are designing anesthetics with reduced side effects. A unique agent based on this design is now shown to be potent and selective for GABA
A
-slow receptors and produces anesthesia with minimal hemodynamic side effects.
The TGFβ type I receptor TGFβRI functions as an inhibitor of BMP signaling in cartilage
Authors: Wang Weiguang , Chun Hyelim , Baek Jongseung , Sadik Joshua Elyahu , Shirazyan Anna , Razavi Peyman , Lopez Noah , Lyons Karen M.
Published: July 2019

Significance

The TGFβ signaling pathway is activated when TGFβ ligands induce formation of TGFβRI and TGFβRII receptor complexes. However, loss of TGFβRI in mouse cartilage led to more severe defects than did loss of TGFβRII. Most of the defects were rescued by deletion of the BMP receptor ACVRL1, suggesting that a major role of TGFβRI in cartilage development is to suppress BMP signaling by ACVRL1. TGFβRI prevents the formation of ACVRL1/ACTRIIB complexes, which have high affinity for BMP9, the most abundant BMP in circulation. These results demonstrate a form of cross talk between BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways in cartilage that may also operate in other tissues where the relative output of these 2 pathways is required.
Predicting neighborhoods’ socioeconomic attributes using restaurant data
Authors: Dong Lei , Ratti Carlo , Zheng Siqi
Published: July 2019

Accessing high-resolution, timely socioeconomic data such as data on population, employment, and enterprise activity at the neighborhood level is critical for social scientists and policy makers to design and implement location-based policies. However, in many developing countries or cities, reliable local-scale socioeconomic data remain scarce. Here, we show an easily accessible and timely updated location attribute—restaurant—can be used to accurately predict a range of socioeconomic attributes of urban neighborhoods. We merge restaurant data from an online platform with 3 microdatasets for 9 Chinese cities. Using features extracted from restaurants, we train machine-learning models to estimate daytime and nighttime population, number of firms, and consumption level at various spatial resolutions. The trained model can explain 90 to 95% of the variation of those attributes across neighborhoods in the test dataset. We analyze the tradeoff between accuracy, spatial resolution, and number of training samples, as well as the heterogeneity of the predicted results across different spatial locations, demographics, and firm industries. Finally, we demonstrate the cross-city generality of this method by training the model in one city and then applying it directly to other cities. The transferability of this restaurant model can help bridge data gaps between cities, allowing all cities to enjoy big data and algorithm dividends.
Radiation maps of ocean sediment from the Castle Bravo crater
Authors: Hughes Emlyn W. , Molina Monica Rouco , Abella Maveric K. I. L. , Nikolić-Hughes Ivana , Ruderman Malvin A.
Published: July 2019

Significance

High-yield thermonuclear explosions cause enormous radioactive contamination to the environment. These “hydrogen bombs,” when tested on small islands in the ocean, vaporize the land and produce radionuclides that settle in the ocean sediment. Even decades later, significant contamination may remain in the sediment surface and deep into the sediment layers. Measuring the radioactive contamination of the crater sediment is a first step in assessing the overall impact of nuclear weapons testing on the ocean ecosystems. We find radiation levels orders of magnitude above background for plutonium-(239,240), americium-241, and bismuth-207 in the top 25 cm of sediment across the entire Bravo bomb crater, the location of the largest aboveground US nuclear weapons test.
A real-time, click chemistry imaging approach reveals stimulus-specific subcellular locations of phospholipase D activity
Authors: Liang Dongjun , Wu Kane , Tei Reika , Bumpus Timothy W. , Ye Johnny , Baskin Jeremy M.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a bioactive lipid that functions as an intracellular second messenger, enabling cells to integrate and react to diverse extracellular cues. Because of PA’s strong and pleiotropic effects, its generation is tightly controlled spatiotemporally. It remains unknown how cells regulate local PA production at individual organelle membranes to control different downstream signaling events. We describe a chemical, activity-based imaging approach for precisely visualizing, in real time, subcellular localizations of PA signaling initiated by phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes. This toolset revealed distinct locations of PLD signaling elicited by G protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and holds promise to shed light on physiological and pathological effects of localized PLD signaling and, more generally, intracellular lipid transport pathways.
An immunometabolic pathomechanism for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Bruzzaniti Sara , Bocchino Marialuisa , Santopaolo Marianna , Calì Gaetano , Stanziola Anna Agnese , D’Amato Maria , Esposito Antonella , Barra Enrica , Garziano Federica , Micillo Teresa , Zuchegna Candida , Romano Antonella , De Simone Salvatore , Zuccarelli Bruno , Mottola Maria , De Rosa Veronica , Porcellini Antonio , Perna Francesco , Matarese Giuseppe , Galgani Mario
Published: July 2019

Significance

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by limitation of expiratory airflow. Cellular and molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis are not completely defined. Our study reveals that metabolism and immune response cooperate in COPD pathogenesis and progression. COPD subjects with different disease stages showed progressive increase of systemic leptin, an adipose tissue-derived proinflammatory molecule, that, at high concentrations, impaired the capacity of T cells to engage in glycolysis and to generate regulatory T cells. Thus, the loss of these immunoregulatory circuits during COPD determined the hyperactivation of effector T cells that amplified inflammation, leading to progressive decline of lung function. Understanding these immunometabolic mechanisms can have important implications for monitoring COPD progression and for disease treatment.
New horizons at L’Anse aux Meadows
Authors: Ledger Paul M. , Girdland-Flink Linus , Forbes Véronique
Published: July 2019

The UNESCO World Heritage site of L’Anse aux Meadows (LAM) in northern Newfoundland is the only undisputed site of pre-1492 presence of Europeans in the Americas. In August 2018, we undertook fieldwork at LAM to sample the peat bog 30 m east of the Norse ruins for a multiproxy paleoenvironmental assessment of Norse settlement. Instead, we encountered a new cultural horizon. Here we report our fieldwork at this iconic site and a Bayesian analysis of legacy radiocarbon data, which nuance previous conclusions and suggest Norse activity at LAM may have endured for a century. In light of these findings, we reflect on how the cultural horizon, containing nonnative ecofacts, may relate to indigenous or Norse activities.
The MATH-BTB BPM3 and BPM5 subunits of Cullin3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases target PP2CA and other clade A PP2Cs for degradation
Authors: Julian Jose , Coego Alberto , Lozano-Juste Jorge , Lechner Esther , Wu Qian , Zhang Xu , Merilo Ebe , Belda-Palazon Borja , Park Sang-Youl , Cutler Sean R. , An Chengcai , Genschik Pascal , Rodriguez Pedro L.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Relief of repression imposed by negative regulators is a crucial mechanism for plant hormone signaling. Clade A PP2Cs are key negative regulators of ABA signaling that are inhibited by ABA receptors. Degradation of PP2Cs is a complementary mechanism to PYR/PYL/RCAR-mediated ABA-dependent inhibition of PP2Cs. We reveal that BTB/POZ AND MATH DOMAIN proteins (BPMs), substrate adaptors of the multimeric cullin3 (CUL3)-RING-based E3 ligases (CRL3s), target PP2Cs for degradation. BPM-dependent degradation of PP2Cs is required for ABA-induced stomatal closure to counteract ABA-induced accumulation of PP2Cs and to reset resting phosphatase levels that allow efficient ABA signaling. Therefore, BPM-mediated proteolysis of transcription factors and clade A PP2Cs emerges as a general mechanism to regulate stress response and ABA signaling.
Why is Twitter so popular in Japan?
Authors: Izutsu Mitsuko Narita , Izutsu Katsunobu
Published: July 2019

Across the countries of the world, Japan can rightly claim to be a great “Twitter nation” (Akimoto 2011). Japanese people like to tweet anytime and anywhere. Although the popularity of Twitter in Japan is often associated with the large information capacity of Japanese character sets (Wagner 2013),Neubig and Duh (2013)prove that this is not necessarily the case. Our research compares two sets of data (300 tweets for each) posted by Japanese and Americans, and demonstrates that Japanese tweets contain more monologic features, or show a higher degree of monologicity, than Americans’ tweets. Also, more than 60% of the sentence-ending forms in the Japanese tweets do not encode explicit addressee orientation. The study reveals that it is not the Japanese unique character sets, but the grammatical devices for monologization that linguistically allow Japanese users to enjoy the fullest benefits of online anonymity and addressee underspecification provided by Twitter.
Do Collaborators in Science Need to Agree?
Authors: Dang Haixin
Published: July 2019

I argue that collaborators do not need to reach broad agreement over the justification of a consensus claim. This is because maintaining a diversity of justifiers within a scientific collaboration has important epistemic value. I develop a view of collective justification that depends on the diversity of epistemic perspectives present in a group. I argue that a group can be collectively justified in asserting that P as long as the disagreement among collaborators over the reasons for P is itself justified. In conclusion, I make a case for multimethod collaborative research and work through an example in the social sciences.
Are Higher Mechanistic Levels Causally Autonomous?
Authors: Fazekas Peter , Kertesz Gergely
Published: July 2019

This article provides a detailed analysis and explores the prospects of the arguments for higher-level causal autonomy available for the proponents of the mechanistic framework. Three different arguments (context based, organization based, and constraint based) are distinguished. After clarifying previously raised worries with regard to the first two arguments, the article focuses on the newest version of the third argument that has recently been revived by William Bechtel. By using Bechtel’s own case study, it is shown that not even reference to constraints can establish the causal autonomy of higher mechanistic levels.
Effects of an Intervention Designed to Increase Toddlers' Hearing Aid Use
Authors: Ambrose Sophie E , Appenzeller Margo , Al-Salim Sarah , Kaiser Ann P
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Ears On, an intervention designed to increase toddlers’ use of hearing devices. A single-case, multiple-baseline design across participants was used with three parent–child dyads who demonstrated low hearing aid use despite enrollment in traditional early intervention services. Data logging technology was used to objectively measure hearing aid use. A functional relationship was identified between participation in the intervention and the number of hours children utilized their hearing aids. Two dyads met the criterion set for completing the intervention: an average of 8 hr of daily hearing aid use. One dyad did not reach this criterion but did meet the parent’s goal of full-time use in the child’s educational setting. For all dyads, increases in use were maintained 1 month after completion of the intervention. Findings support use of this short-term, intensive, individualized intervention to improve hearing aid use for toddlers with hearing loss.
Dicyemid Mesozoans: A Unique Parasitic Lifestyle and a Reduced Genome
Authors: Lu Tsai-Ming , Kanda Miyuki , Furuya Hidetaka , Satoh Noriyuki
Published: July 2019

Dicyemids, previously called “mesozoans” (intermediates between unicellular protozoans and multicellular metazoans), are an enigmatic animal group. They have a highly simplified adult body, comprising only ∼30 cells, and they have a unique parasitic lifestyle. Recently, dicyemids were shown to be spiralians, with affinities to the Platyhelminthes. In order to understand molecular mechanisms involved in evolution of this odd animal, we sequenced the genome of Dicyema japonicum and a reference transcriptome assembly using mixed-stage samples. The D. japonicum genome features a high proportion of repetitive sequences that account for 49% of the genome. The dicyemid genome is reduced to ∼67.5 Mb with 5,012 protein-coding genes. Only four Hox genes exist in the genome, with no clustering. Gene distribution in KEGG pathways shows that D. japonicum has fewer genes in most pathways. Instead of eliminating entire critical metabolic pathways, parasitic lineages likely simplify pathways by eliminating pathway-specific genes, while genes with fundamental functions may be retained in multiple pathways. In principle, parasites can stand to lose genes that are unnecessary, in order to conserve energy. However, whether retained genes in incomplete pathways serve intermediate functions and how parasites overcome the physiological needs served by lost genes, remain to be investigated in future studies.
Holocene slip rate of the frontal thrust in the western Qilian Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Xingwang , Yuan Daoyang , Zheng Wenjun , Shao Yanxiu , Liu Bingxu , Gao Xiaodong
Published: July 2019

The activities of frontal thrusts in the northern Qilian Shan are critical for understanding the deformation of the Qilian Shan and the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we estimate the slip rate of the active Fodongmiao–Hongyazi thrust along the northern margin of the Qilian Shan. High-resolution satellite imagery interpretations and detailed field investigations suggest that the fault displaced late Pleistocene terraces and formed fresh prominent north-facing fault scarps. To quantify the slip rate of the fault, we measured the displacements along the fault scarps using an unmanned aerial vehicle system and dated the displaced geomorphic surfaces using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 14C methods. The vertical slip rate of the fault is estimated at 1.0 ± 0.3 mm yr−1 for the western segment. The slip rates for two branches in the eastern segment are 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.1 mm yr−1. Using a fault dip of 40 ± 10°, we constrain the corresponding shortening rates to 1.4 ± 0.5 and 1.2 ± 0.4 mm yr−1, respectively. The rates are consistent with values over different timescales, which suggests steady rock uplift and northeastward growth of the western Qilian Shan. Crustal shortening occurs mainly on the range-bounding frontal thrust.
f-Minimal Lagrangian Submanifolds in Kähler Manifolds with Real Holomorphy Potentials
Authors: SU Wei-Bo
Published: July 2019

The aim of this paper is to study variational properties for $f$-minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in Kähler manifolds with real holomorphy potentials. Examples of submanifolds of this kind including minimal Lagrangians and soliton solutions for Lagrangian mean curvature flow (LMCF). We derive 2nd variation formula for $f$-minimal Lagrangians as a generalization of Chen and Oh’s formula for minimal Lagrangians. As a corollary, we obtain stability of expanding and translating solitons for LMCF. We also define calibrated submanifolds with respect to $f$-volume in gradient steady Kähler–Ricci solitons as generalizations of special Lagrangians and translating solitons for LMCF and show that these submanifolds are necessarily noncompact. As a special case, we study the exact deformation vector fields on Lagrangian translators. Finally we discuss some generalizations and related problems.
Restriction of anthropogenic foods alters a top predator’s diet and intraspecific interactions
Authors: Newsome Thomas M , Howden Chris , Wirsing Aaron J
Published: July 2019

Anthropogenic foods are utilized by many animals around the world, and these resources could impact dietary preferences and intra- and interspecific interactions. Under a quasi-Before-After-Control-Impact experimental design, we assessed how dingoes (Canis dingo) responded to a decline in anthropogenic foods in the Tanami Desert, central Australia. We did so by assessing dingo diets close to and away from human influence during a period when food waste was available at two rubbish tips, and then during a period when food waste was restricted at one of the tips. Our results demonstrate that access to anthropogenic foods can alter a top predator’s diet. Namely, dingoes showed a preference for eating the desert mouse (Pseudomys desertor) in areas where food waste was restricted, whereas dingo diets did not reflect ambient prey availability at areas where food waste was constantly available. Reduced availability of food waste also affected interactions between dingoes, with cannibalism decreasing where food waste was removed, and it may have increased consumption of a subordinate mesopredator, the feral cat (Felis catus). By implication, efforts to manage food waste could reestablish or strengthen interactions between predators and their wild prey with possible cascading consequences for ecosystems.
Galaxy rotation curves using a non-parametric regression method: core, cuspy and fuzzy scalar field dark matter models
Authors: Fernández-Hernández Lizbeth M , Montiel Ariadna , Rodríguez-Meza Mario A
Published: July 2019

We present a non-parametric reconstruction of the rotation curves (RCs) for 88 spiral galaxies using the LOESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) + SIMEX (simulation and extrapolation) technique. In order to compare methods, we also use a parametric approach, assuming core and cuspy dark matter (DM) profiles: pseudo-isothermal (PISO), Navarro−Frenk–White (NFW), Burkert, Spano, the soliton, and two fuzzy soliton + NFW. As a result of these two approaches, a comparison of the RCs obtained is carried out by computing the distance between the central curves and the distance between the 1σ error bands. Furthermore, we perform a model selection according to two statistical criteria, the Bayesian information criterion and the value of $\chi ^2_{\rm red}$. We work with two groups. The first is a comparison between PISO, NFW, Spano and Burkert, showing that Spano is the most favoured model satisfying our selection criteria. For the second group, we select the soliton, NFW and fuzzy models, resulting in soliton as the best model. Moreover, according to the statistical tools and non-parametric reconstruction, we are able to classify galaxies as core or cuspy. Finally, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, for each of the DM models we compute the characteristic surface density, μDM = ρsrs, and the mass within 300 pc. We find that there is a common mass for spiral galaxies of the order of 107 M⊙, which is in agreement with results for dSph Milky Way satellites, independent of the model. This result is also consistent with our finding that there is a constant characteristic volume density of haloes. Finally, we also find that μDM is not constant, which is in tension with the literature.