bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A direct pancreatic cancer xenograft model as a platform for cancer stem cell therapeutic development
Authors: Jimeno Antonio , Feldmann Georg , Suárez-Gauthier Ana , Rasheed Zeshaan , Solomon Anna , Zou Gang-Ming , Rubio-Viqueira Belen , García-García Elena , López-Ríos Fernando , Matsui William , Maitra Anirban , Hidalgo Manuel
Published: January 2009

There is an enormous gap between the antiproliferative and in vivo antitumor efficacy of gemcitabine in cell line-based models and its clinical efficacy. This may be due to insensitiveness of the precursor, cancer stem cell (CSC) compartment to cytotoxic agents. The hedgehog pathway is associated with CSC signaling and control. We used a direct xenograft model of pancreatic cancer and a two-stage approach was used to test the hypotheses that targeting CSC could increase the efficacy of gemcitabine. Tumors from a gemcitabine-sensitive xenograft were treated with gemcitabine first, and randomized, after tumor regression to continuing treatment with gemcitabine, a hedgehog inhibitor alone or in combination with gemcitabine. We tested markers described as associated with CSC such as CD24, CD44, ALDH, nestin, and the hedgehog pathway. After induction with gemcitabine, treated tumor showed an enrichment in CSC markers such as ALDH and CD24. Subsequently, a release from gemcitabine prompted a repopulation of proliferating cells and a decrease in such markers to equilibrate from pretreatment levels. Combined treatment with gemcitabine and cyclopamine induced tumor regression and decrease in CSC markers and hedgehog signaling. Cytoplasmic CD24 and ALDH were inversely and strongly associated with growth and were expressed in a minority of cells that we propose constitute the CSC compartment. Hedgehog inhibitors as part of a dual compartment therapeutic approach were able to further reduce tumor growth and decreased both static and dynamic markers of CSC. Direct tumor xenografts are a valid platform to test multicompartment therapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(2):310–4]
Ovarian Adenocarcinomas in the Laying Hen and Women Share Similar Alterations in p53, ras, and HER-2/neu
Authors: Hakim Amy A. , Barry Catherine P. , Barnes H. John , Anderson Kenneth E. , Petitte James , Whitaker Regina , Lancaster Jonathan M. , Wenham Robert M. , Carver Donna K. , Turbov Jane , Berchuck Andrew , Kopelovich Levy , Rodriguez Gustavo C.
Published: January 2009

We examined alterations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the ras and HER-2/neu oncogenes in chicken ovarian cancers to determine if these tumors have genetic alterations similar to those in human ovarian adenocarcinomas. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the H-ras and K-ras oncogenes were assessed by direct sequencing in 172 ovarian cancers obtained from 4-year-old birds enrolled at age 2 in two separate 2-year chemoprevention trials. Birds in trial B had approximately twice as many lifetime ovulations as those in trial A. Immunohistochemical staining for the HER-2/neu oncogene was done on a subset of avian ovarian and oviductal adenocarcinomas. Alterations in p53 were detected in 48% of chicken ovarian cancers. Incidence of p53 alterations varied according to the number of lifetime ovulations, ranging from 14% in trial A to 96% in trial B (P < 0.01). No mutations were seen in H-ras, and only 2 of 172 (1.2%) tumors had K-ras mutations. Significant HER-2/neu staining was noted in 10 of 19 ovarian adenocarcinomas but in only 1 of 17 oviductal adenocarcinomas. Similar to human ovarian cancers, p53 alterations are common in chicken ovarian adenocarcinomas and correlate with the number of lifetime ovulations. Ras mutations are rare, similar to high-grade human ovarian cancers. HER-2/neu overexpression is common and may represent a marker to exclude an oviductal origin in cancers involving both the ovary and oviduct.
Central Neural Regulation of Cardiovascular Function by Angiotensin: A Focus on the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla
Authors: Allen Andrew M. , O’Callaghan E.L. , Chen D. , Bassi J.K.
Published: January 2009

Angiotensin II acts through specific receptors to alter several brain functions including fluid and electrolyte control, neuroendocrine function and autonomic efferent activity. This review discusses one brain site, the rostral ventrolateral medulla, where the actions of angiotensin II have been intensively studied. The rostral ventrolateral medulla plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of sympathetic activity to the cardiovascular system and hence is important for blood pressure control. Current evidence indicates that angiotensin II activates neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla via the AT1A receptor. In some models of cardiovascular disease, blockade of AT1 receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla reduces sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure suggesting that overactivity of the angiotensin system in this nucleus may play a role in the maintenance of high blood pressure.
Survival and Prognostic Factor Analysis of 146 Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Mid-Gut
Authors: Strosberg Jonathan , Gardner Nancy , Kvols Larry
Published: January 2009

Background: Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous neoplasms that vary in mortality according to location of primary tumor and stage of disease. Past analyses of survival suggest a trend towards improving longevity among patients with metastatic mid-gut NETs. Methods: We evaluated all cases of metastatic NETs of the mid-gut seen in our institution between 1999 and 2003, measuring survival from time of diagnosis of distant metastatic disease. Median and 5-year survival rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. We assessed the impact of various prognostic factors including age, gender, hepatic cytoreductive surgery, and operative resection of the primary tumor. Results: 146 cases of metastatic mid-gut NETs were identified. The median overall survival was 103 months and the 5-year survival rate was 75%. Most patients (91%) received octreotide therapy. Other medical treatments included hepatic artery embolization, chemotherapy, and peptide receptor radiotherapy. Primary tumor resection was performed in 69% of cases, and hepatic cytoreductive surgery in 22% of cases. A median survival of 95 months was observed among patients who did not undergo cytoreductive surgery. Operative resection of the primary tumor was not associated with a significant survival advantage. Conclusions: Median overall survival is 103 months (8.5 years) in patients with metastatic mid-gut NETs. Among patients who are not candidates for hepatic cytoreductive surgery, median survival is 95 months (7.9 years). Resection of the primary tumor does not appear to be associated with a survival benefit in the metastatic setting.
Isolated Limb Infusion as a Novel Treatment for Extensive Plantar Warts
Authors: Wilks Daniel James , Peach Alan Howard Skyrme
Published: January 2009

Background: We describe the previously unreported use of isolated limb infusion (ILI) to treat extensive, bilateral plantar warts in a 54-year-old female. The warts had covered the weight-bearing surfaces of both feet for 10 years and had failed to respond to all previous treatments. Methods: A standard ILI technique was used to infuse melphalan and actinomycin D to the left leg. Circulation was maintained for 30 min. The limb was warmed and upon completion of the procedure was markedly hypoxic and acidotic. The contralateral limb was treated 6 months later. Results: At 5 weeks, a partial response with 80% disease clearance was observed. Pain impeded mobilisation until desquamation occurred 6 weeks postoperatively. There was little regrowth at 6 months. Conclusion: Although invasive, ILI may represent a viable treatment option for resistant human papilloma virus-induced warts on the peripheries. Further research into this potential treatment tool is warranted.
Fluid Retention Is Associated With Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients Undergoing Long-Term Hemodialysis
Authors: Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Regidor Deborah L. , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Van Wyck David , Bunnapradist Suphamai , Horwich Tamara B. , Fonarow Gregg C.
Published: January 2009

Background—

Patients with chronic kidney disease (stage 5) who undergo hemodialysis treatment have similarities to heart failure patients in that both populations retain fluid frequently and have excessively high mortality. Volume overload in heart failure is associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that in hemodialysis patients, greater interdialytic fluid gain is associated with poor all-cause and cardiovascular survival.

Methods and Results—

We examined 2-year (July 2001 to June 2003) mortality in 34 107 hemodialysis patients across the United States who had an average weight gain of at least 0.5 kg above their end-dialysis dry weight by the time the subsequent hemodialysis treatment started. The 3-month averaged interdialytic weight gain was divided into 8 categories of 0.5-kg increments (up to ≥4.0 kg). Eighty-six percent of patients gained >1.5 kg between 2 dialysis sessions. In unadjusted analyses, higher weight gain was associated with better nutritional status (higher protein intake, serum albumin, and body mass index) and tended to be linked to greater survival. However, after multivariate adjustment for demographics (case mix) and surrogates of malnutrition-inflammation complex, higher weight-gain increments were associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of cardiovascular death for weight gain <1.0 kg and ≥4.0 kg (compared with 1.5 to 2.0 kg as the reference) were 0.67 (0.58 to 0.76) and 1.25 (1.12 to 1.39), respectively.

Conclusions—

In hemodialysis patients, greater fluid retention between 2 subsequent hemodialysis treatment sessions is associated with higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. The mechanisms by which fluid retention influences cardiovascular survival in hemodialysis may be similar to those in patients with heart failure and warrant further research.
Concurrent Performance of Military and Robotics Tasks and Effects of Cueing in a Simulated Multi-Tasking Environment
Authors: Chen Jessie Y. C
Published: January 2009

We simulated a military mounted crewstation environment and conducted two experiments to examine the workload and performance of the combined position of gunner and robotics operator. The robotics tasks involved managing a semi-autonomous ground robot or teleoperating a ground robot to conduct reconnaissance tasks. We also evaluated whether aided target recognition (AiTR) capabilities (delivered either through tactile or tactile + visual cueing) for the gunnery task might benefit the concurrent robotics and communication tasks. Results showed that participants' gunnery task performance degraded significantly when they had to concurrently monitor, manage, or teleoperate an unmanned ground vehicle compared to the gunnery-single task condition. When there was AiTR to assist them with their gunnery task, operators' concurrent performance of robotics and communication tasks improved significantly. However, there was a tendency for participants to over-rely on automation when task load was heavy, and performance degradations were observed in instances where automation failed to be entirely reliable. Participants' spatial ability was found to be a reliable predictor of robotics task performance, although the performance gap between those with higher and lower spatial ability appeared to be narrower when the AiTR was available to assist the gunnery task. Participants' perceived workload increased consistently as the concurrent task conditions became more challenging and when their gunnery task was unassisted. Individual difference factors such as spatial ability and perceived attentional control were found to correlate significantly with some of the performance measures. Implications for military personnel selection were discussed.
The Size Distribution and Mass-Weighted Terminal Velocity of Low-Latitude Tropopause Cirrus Crystal Populations
Authors: Schmitt C. G. , Heymsfield A. J.
Published: January 2009

Ice crystal terminal velocities govern the lifetime of radiatively complex, climatologically important, low-latitude tropopause cirrus clouds. To better understand cloud lifetimes, the terminal velocities of low-latitude tropopause cirrus cloud particles have been estimated using data from aircraft field campaigns. Data used in this study were collected during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) and the Pre-Aura Validation Experiment (Pre-AVE). Particle properties were measured with the NCAR video ice particle sampler (VIPS) probe, thus providing information about particles in a poorly understood size range. Data used in this study were limited to high-altitude nonconvective thin clouds with temperatures between −56° and −86°C.

Realistic particle terminal velocity estimates require accurate values of particle projected area and mass. Exponential functions were used to predict the dimensional properties of ice particles smaller than 200 microns and were found to predict ice water content measurements well when compared to power-law representations. The shapes of the particle size distributions were found to be monomodal and were well represented by exponential or gamma functions. Incorporating these findings into terminal velocity calculations led to lower values of mass-weighted terminal velocities for particle populations than are currently predicted for low-latitude ice clouds. New parameterizations for individual particle properties as well as particle size distribution properties are presented and compared to commonly used parameterizations. Results from this study are appropriate for use in estimating the properties of low-latitude thin and subvisible cirrus at temperatures lower than −56°C.
Anisotropic Response of Surface Currents to the Wind in a Coastal Region
Authors: Kim Sung Yong , Cornuelle Bruce D. , Terrill Eric J.
Published: January 2009

Analysis of coastal surface currents measured off the coast of San Diego for two years suggests an anisotropic and asymmetric response to the wind, probably as a result of bottom/coastline boundary effects, including pressure gradients. In a linear regression, the statistically estimated anisotropic response explains approximately 20% more surface current variance than an isotropic wind–ocean response model. After steady wind forcing for three days, the isotropic surface current response veers 42° ± 2° to the right of the wind regardless of wind direction, whereas the anisotropic analysis suggests that the upcoast (onshore) wind stress generates surface currents with 10° ± 4° (71° ± 3°) to the right of the wind direction. The anisotropic response thus reflects the dominance of alongshore currents in this coastal region. Both analyses yield wind-driven currents with 3%–5% of the wind speed, as expected. In addition, nonlinear isotropic and anisotropic response functions are considered, and the asymmetric current responses to the wind are examined. These results provide a comprehensive statistical model of the wind-driven currents in the coastal region, which has not been well identified in previous field studies, but is qualitatively consistent with descriptions of the current response in coastal ocean models.
Pacific Hindcast Performance of Three Numerical Wave Models
Authors: Hanson Jeffrey L. , Tracy Barbara A. , Tolman Hendrik L. , Scott R. Douglas
Published: January 2009

Although mean or integral properties of wave spectra are typically used to evaluate numerical wave model performance, one must look into the spectral details to identify sources of model deficiencies. This creates a significant problem, as basin-scale wave models can generate millions of independent spectral values. To facilitate selection of a wave modeling technology for producing a multidecade Pacific hindcast, a new approach was developed to reduce the spectral content contained in detailed wave hindcasts to a convenient set of performance indicators. The method employs efficient image processing tools to extract windsea and swell wave components from monthly series of nondirectional and directional wave spectra. Using buoy observations as ground truth, both temporal correlation (TC) and quantile–quantile (QQ) statistical analyses are used to quantify hindcast skill in reproducing measured wave component height, period, and direction attributes. An integrated performance analysis synthesizes the TC and QQ results into a robust assessment of prediction skill and yields distinctive diagnostics on model inputs and source term behavior. The method is applied to a set of Pacific basin hindcasts computed using the WAM, WAVEWATCH III, and WAVAD numerical wave models. The results provide a unique assessment of model performance and have guided the selection of WAVEWATCH III for use in Pacific hindcast production runs for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wave Information Studies Program.
Ian Hacking's Proposal for the Distinction between Natural and Social Sciences
Authors: Martínez María Laura
Published: January 2009

This article explores the proposal offered by Ian Hacking for the distinction between natural and social sciences—a proposal that he has defined from the outset as complex and different from the traditional ones. Our objective is not only to present the path followed by Hacking's distinction, but also to determine if it constitutes a novelty or not. For this purpose, we deemed it necessary to briefly introduce the core notions Hacking uses to establish his strategic approach to social sciences, under the assumption that they are less well known that the ones corresponding to his treatment of natural sciences.
A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Synthetic and Recombinant Oral Salmon Calcitonin
Authors: Karsdal Morten A. , Byrjalsen Inger , Henriksen Kim , Riis Bente J. , Christiansen Claus
Published: January 2009

The aim of this study was to assess the bioavailability and pharmacodynamic efficacy of synthetic salmon calcitonin (ssCT) and recombinant salmon calcitonin (rsCT) in healthy postmenopausal women. The study was a single‐blind, randomized study. Participants were 36 postmenopausal women 62 to 74 years old, randomly assigned to a comparison of dosing with ssCT (n = 12) or rsCT (n = 24) given in the morning at 08:00. Study parameters were plasma CT levels measured up to 2 hours postdose and changes in the bone resorption marker serum CTX‐I and the cartilage degradation marker urine CTX‐II measured up to 4 hours postdose. For both formulations, peak plasma concentrations were obtained 15 minutes after dosage, and no statistically significant differences in the uptake of CT were observed. Measurement of bone resorption and cartilage degradation markers displayed comparable responses, with AUCs of relative change of serum CTX‐I of −250% × hours and relative change of urine CTX‐II of −180% × hours during the 4‐hour observation period. In conclusion, oral synthetic and recombinant calcitonin displayed comparable pharmacodynamic and kinetic properties.
The Role of Protease Inhibitors in the Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy: Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Authors: Flint Oliver P. , Noor Mustafa A. , Hruz Paul W. , Hylemon Phil B. , Yarasheski Kevin , Kotler Donald P. , Parker Rex A. , Bellamine Aouatef
Published: January 2009

Metabolic complications associated with HIV infection and treatment frequently present as a relative lack of peripheral adipose tissue associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. In this review we explain the connection between abnormalities of intermediary metabolism, observed either in vitro or in vivo, and this group of metabolic effects. We review molecular mechanisms by which the HIV protease inhibitor (PI) class of drugs may affect the normal stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose and fat storage. We then propose that both chronic inflammation from HIV infection and treatment with some drugs in this class trigger cellular homeostatic stress responses with adverse effects on intermediary metabolism. The physiologic outcome is such that total adipocyte storage capacity is decreased, and the remaining adipocytes resist further fat storage. The excess circulating and dietary lipid metabolites, normally “absorbed” by adipose tissue, are deposited ectopically in lean (muscle and liver) tissue, where they impair insulin action. This process leads to a pathologic cycle of lipotoxicity and lipoatrophy and a clinical phenotype of body fat distribution with elevated waist-to-hip ratio similar to the metabolic syndrome.
A Comparative Analysis of Acute-phase Proteins as Inflammatory Biomarkers in Preclinical Toxicology Studies: Implications for Preclinical to Clinical Translation
Authors: Watterson Claire , Lanevschi Anne , Horner Judith , Louden Calvert
Published: January 2009

Recently, in early clinical development, a few biologics and small molecules intended as antitumor or anti-inflammatory agents have caused a severe adverse pro-inflammatory systemic reaction also known as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). This toxicity could result from expected pharmacological effects of a therapeutic antibody and/or from interaction with antigens expressed on cells/tissues other than the intended target. Clinical monitoring of SIRS is challenging because of the narrow diagnostic window to institute a successful intervening therapeutic strategy prior to acute circulatory collapse. Furthermore, for these classes of therapeutic agents, studies in animals have low predictive ability to identify potential human hazards. In vitro screens with human cells, though promising, need further development. Therefore, identification of improved preclinical diagnostic markers of SIRS will enable clinicians to select applicable markers for clinical testing and avoid potentially catastrophic events. There is limited preclinical toxicology data describing the interspecies performance of acute-phase proteins because the response time, type, and duration of major acute-phase proteins vary significantly between species. This review will attempt to address this intellectual gap, as well as the use and applicability of acute-phase proteins as preclinical to clinical translational biomarkers of SIRS.
Immunotoxicity and Environment: Immunodysregulation and Systemic Inflammation in Children
Authors: Calderón-Garcidueñas Lilian , Macías-Parra Mercedes , Hoffmann Hans J. , Valencia-Salazar Gildardo , Henríquez-Roldán Carlos , Osnaya Norma , Monte Ofelia Camacho-del , Barragán-Mejía Gerardo , Villarreal-Calderon Rodolfo , Romero Lina , Granada-Macías Margarita , Torres-Jardón Ricardo , Medina-Cortina Humberto , Maronpot Robert R.
Published: January 2009

Environmental pollutants, chemicals, and drugs have an impact on children’s immune system development. Mexico City (MC) children exposed to significant concentrations of air pollutants exhibit chronic respiratory inflammation, systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to severe air pollution plays a role in the immune responses of asymptomatic, apparently healthy children. Blood measurements for markers of immune function, inflammatory mediators, and molecules interacting with the lipopolysaccharide recognition complex were obtained from two cohorts of matched children (aged 9.7 ± 1.2 years) from southwest Mexico City (SWMC) (n = 66) and from a control city (n = 93) with criteria pollutant levels below current standards. MC children exhibited significant decreases in the numbers of natural killer cells ( p = .003) and increased numbers of mCD14+ monocytes ( p < .001) and CD8+ cells ( p = .02). Lower concentrations of interferon γ ( p = .009) and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( p < .001), an endotoxin tolerance-like state, systemic inflammation, and an anti-inflammatory response were also present in the highly exposed children. C-reactive protein and the prostaglandin E metabolite levels were positively correlated with twenty-four- and forty-eight-hour cumulative concentrations of PM2.5. Exposure to urban air pollution is associated with immunodysregulation and systemic inflammation in children and is a major health threat.
A Meta-Analysis of Aerobic Exercise Interventions for Women With Breast Cancer
Authors: Kim Chun-Ja , Kang Duck-Hee , Park Jee-Won
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the effectiveness of aerobic exercise interventions on cardiopulmonary function and body composition in women with breast cancer. Of 24 relevant studies reviewed, 10 studies ( N= 588) met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that aerobic exercise significantly improved cardiopulmonary function as assessed by absolute VO2 peak (standardized mean difference [ SMD] .916, p< .001), relative VO2 peak ( SMD .424, p< .05), and 12-minute walk test ( SMD .502, p< .001). Similarly, aerobic exercise significantly improved body composition as assessed by percentage body fat ( SMD —.890, p< .001), but body weight and lean body mass did not change significantly. Aerobic exercise during or after cancer adjuvant therapy seems to be an effective means of improving cardiopulmonary function and decreasing percentage body fat in women with breast cancer. Further studies are needed to examine the long-term benefits of aerobic exercise.
Biceps Activity during Windmill Softball Pitching
Authors: Rojas Idubijes L. , Provencher Matthew T. , Bhatia Sanjeev , Foucher Kharma C. , Bach Bernard R. , Romeo Anthony A. , Wimmer Markus A. , Verma Nikhil N.
Published: January 2009

Background

Windmill pitching produces high forces and torques at the shoulder and elbow, making the biceps labrum complex susceptible to overuse injury. Little is known about the muscle firing patterns during a windmill pitch.

Hypothesis

Biceps muscle activity is greater during a windmill pitch than during an overhand throw.

Study Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods

Seven female windmill pitchers underwent motion analysis and surface electromyography evaluation of their biceps muscles during windmill and overhand throwing. Marker motion analysis, muscle activity, and ball release were captured simultaneously. Surface electromyography trials were collected and related to the athletes’ phases of pitching and throwing, identified based on predefined softball and baseball pitching mechanics.

Results

Throws were of similar velocity (24 m/s, 53 mph, P =. 71), but peak biceps brachii muscle activation during the windmill pitch was significantly greater than during the overhand throw when normalized (38% vs 19% manual muscle test, P =. 02). The highest muscle activity occurred at the 9-o'clock phase of the windmill pitch, during which the biceps brachii undergoes eccentric contraction. In the overhand throw, the highest level of biceps activity occurred during arm cocking.

Conclusion

In female athletes, biceps brachii activity during the windmill pitch is higher than during an overhand throw and is most active during the 9-o'clock and follow-through phases of the pitch.

Clinical Relevance

Repetitive eccentric biceps contractions may help explain the high incidence of anterior shoulder pain clinically observed in elite windmill pitchers. Injury prevention and treatment mechanisms should focus on the phases with the highest muscle activity.
Situating Organizations in Politics
Authors: Norton Todd
Published: January 2009

Organization scholars have long been interested in both collective action and the complexities revealed through dialectical analysis. A diachronic view provides one means of intertwining these concerns by exploring the way durable, systemic changes emerge temporally from ongoing contestation among stakeholders. The author explores this diachronic view through a decade-long multistakeholder conflict concerning the Grand Staircase— Escalante National Monument in the U.S. state of Utah. The case makes evident the historic unfolding of power dynamics: A successful resistance movement becomes a regime of control in an ongoing struggle among groups. The author concludes by discussing the capacity of diachronic analysis to illuminate (a) politics among organizations, (b) transformative potential of dialectics, (c) interplay of symbolic and material spheres, and (d) mutual yet distinct roles of dialectical and paradoxical tensions.
Nurses' Experiences of Feeling Respected—Not Respected
Authors: Bournes Debra A. , Milton Constance L.
Published: January 2009

Feeling respected—not respected is an experience integral with the ways nurses choose to describe the quality of their work environments and with the quality of care they provide to patients and families. The purposes of this study were to enhance understanding of nurses' experiences of feeling respected—not respected, and to provide new knowledge about quality of work-life related to feeling respected—not respected. The Parse research method was used to answer the research question, What is the structure of the lived experience of feeling respected—not respected? Participants were 37 nurses in staff and leadership roles at a large teaching hospital. The structure, feeling respected—not respected is affirming—not affirming attentiveness with diverse affiliations arising with assuredness—unassuredness, is discussed in light of the humanbecoming theory, related literature, leadership, and future research.
Adaptation to Spinal Cord Injury for Families Post-Injury
Authors: DeSanto-Madeya Susan
Published: January 2009

Based on the Roy adaptation model, this cross-sectional study was conducted with 15 spinal cord injured individuals and their family members to examine the physical, emotional, functional, and social components of adaptation to spinal cord injury at 1 year ( n = 7 dyads) and 3 years ( n = 8 dyads) post-injury. Findings indicate that spinal cord injured individuals and their family members, regardless of time since the initial injury, have a moderate level of adaptation and adjustment to spinal cord injury. The data suggested that adaptation to spinal cord injury during the first 3 years can be enhanced by providing ongoing social and educational support for not only the injured individuals, but also their family members.
Learning With Leaders
Authors: Bunkers Sandra S.
Published: January 2009

This column focuses on ideas concerning leaders and leadership. The author proposes that leadership is about showing up and participating with others in doing something. “Mandela: His 8 Lessons of Leadership” by Richard Stengel is explored in light of selected philosophical writings, literature on nursing leadership, and nurse theorist Rosemarie Rizzo Parse's humanbecoming leading-following model. Teaching-learning questions are then posed to stimulate further reflection on the lessons of leadership.
The Impact of Dorothea E. Orem's Life and Work
Authors: Clarke Pamela N. , Allison Sarah E. , Berbiglia Violeta A. , Taylor Susan G.
Published: January 2009

This column serves as a tribute to Dorothea Orem's work and focuses on her leadership in the development of nursing science and nursing theory. Nurse scholars give a picture of Orem's contributions over her life and reflections about the future of nursing and healthcare.
Increasing Accountability
Authors: Andrade Maureen S.
Published: January 2009

The cultural, ethnic, and linguistic diversity of today’s tertiary students necessitates exploring a variety of approaches to support learning. This study reports on a university’s efforts to understand the teaching and learning of its diverse students—international students who are nonnative English speakers (NNESs). Faculty were surveyed to determine their experiences with NNESs. Findings indicate that faculty think students’ English skills are adequate but could be better. Faculty share their views about having NNESs in the classroom, their approaches for learning support, and possible future forms of institutional support.
Rural Nurse Cultural Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Molinari Deana L. , Monserud Maria
Published: January 2009

This article explores relationships between rural nurse cultural self-efficacy and job satisfaction using an online survey of 104 rural nurses in the Northwest. The authors found that self-efficacy was associated with personal characteristics: rural lifestyle and job satisfaction. Nurses who were older, experienced, and with urban backgrounds reported more efficacies when caring for people of different ethnic or racial backgrounds, preferences, and health conditions. Nurses with high cultural self-efficacy expressed intention to leave employment. Rural background nurses expressed the most job satisfaction. The authors conclude exposure to diversity may increase cultural self-efficacy.
The Position-taking Value of Bill Sponsorship in Congress
Authors: Rocca Michael S. , Gordon Stacy B.
Published: January 2009

What is the value of non—roll call position taking in Congress? The authors argue that non—roll call positions are used by interest groups to acquire information about the direction and intensity of legislators’ preferences. Legislators, in turn, use them to attract campaign contributions from potential donors. Examining bill sponsorship in the 103rd and 104th Congresses, the authors find a relationship between campaign contributions from labor and gun control political action committees and the positions House Democrats take through bill sponsorship. These results suggest that non—roll call position taking indeed matters.
Can one hour per week of therapy lead to lasting changes in young children with autism?
Authors: Vismara Laurie A. , Colombi Costanza , Rogers Sally J.
Published: January 2009

Deficits in attention, communication, imitation, and play skills reduce opportunities for children with autism to learn from natural interactive experiences that occur throughout the day. These developmental delays are already present by the time these children reach the toddler period. The current study provided a brief 12 week, 1 hour per week, individualized parent—child education program to eight toddlers newly diagnosed with autism. Parents learned to implement naturalistic therapeutic techniques from the Early Start Denver Model, which fuses developmental- and relationship-based approaches with Applied Behavior Analysis into their ongoing family routines and parent—child play activities. Results demonstrated that parents acquired the strategies by the fifth to sixth hour and children demonstrated sustained change and growth in social communication behaviors. Findings are discussed in relation to providing parents with the necessary tools to engage, communicate with, and teach their young children with autism beginning immediately after the diagnosis.
Quality of life of family caregivers of children with autism
Authors: Shu Bih-Ching
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the quality of life (QOL) and feeling of mothers of a child with autism. The QOL instrument was also used. A total of 104 participants completed all questionnaires, which included the Taiwan version of the WHOQOL—BREF. A final robust parsimonious structural model showed a positive correlation between the four domains of QOL. Mother's feeling was positively related to the physical and psychological domains. History of chronic disease was negatively related to mother's feeling and the physical domain. Religion was negatively correlated with the psychological and environmental domains. The study provided evidence that the WHOQOL—BREF is an adequate and appropriate instrument in the assessment of caregivers of children with autism in Taiwan. Mother's feeling, history of chronic disease and religion were related to QOL in these mothers of children with autism.
Creole/Spanish contact and the acquisition of clitics on the Dominican-Haitian border
Authors: Guijarro-Fuente Pedro , Ortiz López Luis A.
Published: January 2009

In this paper we investigate language contact between Haitian Creole and Dominican Spanish. We focus particularly on the acquisition of clitic pronouns (dative and accusative) in relation to their morpho-syntactic properties in the interlanguage of L2 Spanish speakers (Haitians and their bilingual descendants, whose first language is Creole) and we compare them with bilingual speakers of Creole and Spanish (Dominican-Haitians and Arayanos) and monolingual Spanish speakers (Dominicans), residents near the Dominican-Haitian border. Although the acquisition of clitic pronouns of L2 Spanish has been the object of multiple studies (Montrul, 2004; Sánchez, 2004), no study to date has referred to the case of native speakers of a Creole language, in this case of Haitian Creole. In Spanish, clitics can be heads of their own functional categories (AgrOP and AgrIOP) (Franco, 1993; Uriagereka, 1995), while acting as affixes of morphological agreement. For the purposes of this paper, we interviewed (semi) spontaneously, 11 informants, belonging to three groups of border speakers, whom we classified according to the variables of ethnicity and degree of bilingualism: 5 Haitians (Hs), 3 Arayanos (AYs) and 3 Dominicans (Ds); these latter were monolingual non-standard Spanish speakers that formed the control group. According to the results, there are significant differences or cases of divergence between the properties of the participants' grammar that could be due to the properties of their L1. The differences occur fundamentally in speakers of interlanguage, in relation to morphology (i.e. agreement — gender and number), rather than syntax. In the light of these results, it could be argued that Creole speakers with Spanish as an interlanguage do not seem to converge with monolingual speakers in their morpho-syntactic terms of the object pronouns (i.e. clitics), or they simply display an `'incomplete'' grammar.
A comparative study of bilingual discourse markers in Chicago Mexican, Puerto Rican, and MexiRican Spanish
Authors: Torres Lourdes , Potowski Kim
Published: January 2009

This study examines the use of Spanish and English discourse markers among first, second, and third generation Spanish-speakers in Chicago, Illinois, comparing Mexican, Puerto Rican, and MexiRican speakers. We find that so is a core borrowing for all groups, although there were some differences in the frequency of usage of the discourse markers across the different Spanish dialect varieties. We also find that of all the variables analyzed, weaker Spanish proficiency is most strongly correlated with more frequent usage of so at the expense of entonces. We predict that these two discourse markers will coexist for some time, but that the frequency of so may increase and the frequency of entonces may decrease for all functions with subsequent generations.
The promise of `makeability': digital editing software and the structuring of everyday cinematic life
Authors: Furstenau Marc , Mackenzie Adrian
Published: January 2009

This article analyses amateur video editing software and considers its use within a broadly defined context of cultural practices, or `everyday cinematic life'. The authors argue that such software must be understood in relation to specific cinematic discourses and in the context of longstanding promises of popular participation in `movie-making'. They situate the historically sedimented nature of audiovisual experience in terms of a geneaology of non-commercial film editing and filmmaking, and analyse the phenomenological mixture of constraints and potentials embodied by individual amateur filmmakers and implemented in popular consumer-level editing software. The figure of the video editor (the software and the individual), the authors argue, incorporates a compromise inherent to cinematic life between the propensity to `make' by appropriating forms and materials from the cinema, and the material, economic and legal constraints on making that preserve the organization of entertainment industries.
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients living at home and their spousal caregivers compared with institutionalized FTD patients and their spousal caregivers
Authors: Riedijk Samantha R. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Van Oostrom Iris , Rosso Sonia M. , Van Swieten John , Niermeijer Martinus F. , Tibben Aad
Published: January 2009

Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) need complete care in the final stages of the disease. Some informal caregivers continue the in-home care whereas others institutionalize. This study identifies differences between in-home FTD patients and their caregivers (FTDH) and institutionalized FTD patients (FTDN) and their caregivers. Twelve in-home and 24 institutionalized FTD patients in the final stages of the disease, and their spousal caregivers, were observed. Neuropsychiatric function disorders, dementia duration and severity, burden, mental and physical health, quality of the current and premorbid relationship and caregiver motivation were analysed. The majority of FTDH patients had dementia of shorter duration and showed residual independence. In FTDH patients, neuropsychiatric symptoms were more often present whereas apathy and disinhibition were more intense in FTDN patients. FTDH caregivers felt more emotionally burdened but had better mental health. Caregiver motivations were similarly present in FTDH and FTDN caregivers, while the love-motivated caregivers had worse physical and mental health. Our data suggest that all FTD caregivers could benefit from psychological support. Motivation for caregiving has intervention potential.
Sense of coherence amongst male caregivers in dementia
Authors: Pretorius Chrisma , Walker Stephen , Heyns P. Malan
Published: January 2009

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of men caring for spouses suffering from dementia from a salutogenic perspective. The study focused on the experiences of ten men caring for a spouse with dementia. Primarily qualitative analysing methods were utilized. Data were obtained from semi-structured interviews conducted with male spouses of patients with dementia. An orientational analysis approach was followed and the data was analysed in terms of Antonovsky's sense of coherence construct. Qualitative findings were compared to participant responses to quantitative measures. Stressors most often reported were cognitive impairment, behaviour problems, a lack of free-time, erosion of the relationship, family conflict and financial concerns. Factors facilitating caregiver coping included support from their daughters, their ability to find meaning and satisfaction within the context of the care-giving task, and the successful utilization of active, problem-focused coping strategies. Men generally appear to be effective and capable caregivers. However, their approach to care giving differs from that of their female peers. Task-oriented problem-solving, effective use of the available support resources and the ability to find both meaning and satisfaction in their caring appear characteristic of effective male caregivers of demented spouses.
Information pathways into dementia care services
Authors: Robinson Andrew , Elder Jean , Emden Carolyn , Lea Emma , Turner Paul , Vickers James
Published: January 2009

This research described family carers' experiences in accessing dementia information and services in Southern Tasmania, Australia. Focus groups were conducted around three topics: (i) information available to family carers prior to a formal diagnosis of dementia, (ii) sources of information following diagnosis, and (iii) means of transfer of information. Data analysis identified themes reflecting participants' progressive care experiences: from hurtful and dismissive attitudes towards initial requests for information and early diagnosis, to futile searching for information within a seemingly disorganized healthcare system, to eventual resolution of a kind whereby dementia services were finally procured for family members to varying degrees — all of which created emotional turmoil and delayed receipt of services. This study strongly emphasises the value of health professionals seriously and empathically hearing and acting upon family carers' requests for information and prompt diagnosis of dementia. In addition, there is a significant need to improve access and organization of information and services for people with dementia and their family carers.
Exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis and management of asthma: clinical implications
Authors: Rodway GW , Choi J , Hoffman LA , Sethi JM
Published: January 2009

Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) used as an aid to the diagnosis and management of lung disease is receiving attention from pulmonary researchers and clinicians alike because it offers a noninvasive means to directly monitor airway inflammation. Research evidence suggests that eNO levels significantly increase in individuals with asthma before diagnosis, decrease with inhaled corticosteroid administration, and correlate with the number of eosinophils in induced sputum. These observations have been used to support an association between eNO levels and airway inflammation. This review presents an update on current opportunities regarding use of eNO in patient care, and more specifically on its potential usage for asthma diagnosis and monitoring. The review will also discuss factors that may complicate use of eNO as a diagnostic tool, including changes in disease severity, symptom response, and technical measurement issues. Regardless of the rapid, convenient, and noninvasive nature of this test, additional well-designed, long-term longitudinal studies are necessary to fully evaluate the clinical utility of eNO in asthma management.
Health-related quality of life measurement in cystic fibrosis: advances and limitations
Authors: Abbott J
Published: January 2009

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measurement in cystic fibrosis (CF) allows the inclusion of the patient’s perspective in research and clinical practice. HRQoL scales have been used for many purposes and this review focuses on how HRQoL measurement has been implemented in CF research and care. Specifically, the review considers 1) the instruments used to measure HRQoL, 2) the factors that influence how people report HRQoL, 3) the monitoring of HRQoL in clinical practice, 4) HRQoL as an outcome measure in interventions and clinical trials and 5) whether HRQoL can predict survival. The challenge for the future is to use the available information to develop and evaluate psychological interventions that would be expected to improve HRQoL in children and adults with CF.
Three-year follow-up after a two-year comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation program
Authors: Steinsbekk A , Lomundal BK
Published: January 2009

The main objective of this study is to investigate the long-term effects, 3 years after the end of a 2-year pulmonary rehabilitation program with three weekly 1-h exercise sessions and 32 h of education in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The method consists of open prospective observational study with 30 patients. Outcome measures were quality of life (QoL) (St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ), physical exercise performance (6-min walking test, 6MWT), self-management abilities, lung function, hospitalization, and self-reported exercise. FEV1 at baseline was 40.1% of predicted. The participants had statistical and clinical significant decrease in SGRQ (improved QoL) and increase in 6MWT during the program. They maintained the level of health they achieved during the program in the next 3 years, with a stable SGRQ score (−0.5 points, 95% CI −3.8 to 2.6 P = 1.000) and 6MWT (+10 m 95% CI 28 to −4, P = 0.273). Eighty percent of the participants had exercised at least 30 min three times a week from the end of the program to year 5. In conclusion, the participants had maintained their achieved level of health, improved their lung function slightly, and continued to exercise regularly 3 years after the end of the program.