bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Chemical Composition on Uniform Corrosion of Zirconium-Base Alloys in Autoclave Tests
Authors: Eucken CM , Finden PT , Trapp-Pritsching S , Weidinger HG
Published: December 2008

The influence of the composition of Zircaloy-type alloys has been evaluated previously with respect to mechanical properties (1973 International Conference Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 551) and to nodular corrosion (1985 International ASTM Conference on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 939). The present study extends this previous work to include uniform corrosion, which is of interest for cladding tubes and spacer grids of fuel assemblies. A variety of ingots with compositions both within and outside of the ASTM specification range for Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 have been tested. The material was fabricated into strips using a conventional fabrication procedure, which incorporated an intermediate beta quench followed by working and annealing in the upper alpha-range. The alloy elements covered the following ranges: tin: 0.2 to 1.7%; iron: 0.05 to 0.53%; chromium: 0.04 to 1.05%; and nickel: 0.003 to 0.046%. In addition, oxygen, carbon, silicon, and phosphorus were varied over the range of standard Zircaloy contents.

Uniform corrosion was studied out of pile by long-time autoclave testing in pressurized water at 350°C (380 to 840 days) and in high pressure steam at 400°C (180 to 397 days). These data supplement testing previously reported for these same alloys in steam at 500°C under static and refreshing conditions (Strasbourg, 1985, ASTM STP 939). Electron microscopic examinations (SEM and TEM) have been used to characterize the intermetallic precipitates to clarify the effect of the various elements.

The results of the 350 and 400°C testing show that the time to transition from the cubic to linear rate increases and the post transition rate decreases with decreasing tin and carbon and increasing silicon content. Oxygen and phosphorus have not shown an influence in the range studied. The effect of iron and chromium was more complex than for these other elements; the effect was also different in nature between water and steam tests. Markedly accelerated corrosion was seen at Fe + Cr concentrations below the limits of the Zircaloys (⩽0.15%) especially in steam. This composition effect is similar to that previously reported for the same alloys tested at 500°C. High Cr/Fe ratios often resulted in high corrosion even at moderately high levels of both elements. The effect of iron and chromium can be correlated to type, size, and frequency of the intermetallics.
Lithium Uptake and the Accelerated Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Ramasubramanian N , Precoanin N , Ling VC
Published: December 2008

The corrosion of zirconium alloys in aqueous lithiated solutions is sensitive to the concentration of the alkali and the temperature. In concentrated solutions, ⪢10-1 M in lithium hydroxide (LiOH) (700-ppm lithium) and at temperatures >573 K, accelerated corrosion occurs at quite an early stage. Our investigations indicate that the accelerated corrosion is caused by the generation of porosity, rather than the dissolution of lithium, in the growing oxide.

Specimens of standard Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding and Zr-2.5 wt% Nb pressure tube materials were corroded in lithium hydroxide solutions, 10 -3to 1 M in concentration, at 589 K. Impedance measurements, polarizations in molten lithium nitrate-lithium hydroxide (LiNO3-LiOH) and scanning electron microscopy of the alloy-oxide interface indicated a high level of porosity, right from the initial stages, for oxide films grown in the concentrated solutions. The oxides, when analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy, revealed the presence of a few 100 ppm of lithium, too small to account for the accelerated corrosion by a mechanism of solid solution of lithium in zirconia. X-ray powder patterns of the oxides showed peaks for only monoclinic zirconia, but occasionally peaks for LiOH ∙ H2O and LiOH were also observed. The counts for lithium, detected by secondary ion mass spectrometry, decreased when specimens cut from the same corroded samples were leached in nitric acid. It is concluded from these observations that a major part of lithium is physically held in the porous oxide.

Lithium hydroxide is not completely dissociated in aqueous solutions; with increasing concentration and temperature, an increasingly larger proportion of the alkali remains undissociated. It is suggested that the accelerated corrosion in concentrated solutions is caused by the participation of the undissociated alkali in the reactions occurring on the surfaces of the zirconia crystallites. The undissociated LiOH and hydroxyl ions react at an anion vacancy to produce Zr-OLi. These surface -OLi groups could retard the normal recrystallization and growth of oxide crystallites and thus maintain a high intercrystalline grain boundary area for oxygen diffusion to occur. They could also generate porosity in the growing oxide by reacting to form lithium oxide (Li2O), a soluble product.
Solubility Limits and Formation of Intermetallic Precipitates in ZrSnFeCr Alloys
Authors: Charquet D , Hahn R , Ortlieb E , Gros J-P , Wadier J-F
Published: December 2008

The intermetallic precipitates in Zircaloy are generally considered to be of special importance for the properties of the alloy. However, basic feature of the precipitate formation, such as the solubility limits of iron and chromium in a ZrSn matrix, are still unknown.

Investigations have been performed with the objective to (1) determine the solubility limits of iron and chromium in a Zr 1.4% Sn matrix, (2) characterize the precipitates formed when the maximum solubility is exceeded, and (3) study the growth mechanism of precipitates in alloys with different (iron + chromium) content. Zirconium base alloys with 1.4% tin and 40- to 16 000-ppm iron or chromium, or both, with varying Fe/Cr ratios have been melted. Sheet specimens have been fabricated and heat treated at temperatures in the range of 550 to 1050°C.

The maximum solubility of iron and chromium was found to be very low. The solubility range extends up to 120 ppm for iron at 820°C, 200 ppm for chromium at 860°C, and about 150 ppm for iron + chromium, with Fe/Cr = 2, at 810°C.

In the case of iron added to the ZrSn matrix, Zr3Fe precipitates are preferentially formed, with the possible presence of some Zr2Fe particles. After an addition of chromium, the ZrCr2 phase precipitates. Zr(Cr,Fe)2 particles are formed in the presence of iron + chromium. They have the structure of ZrCr2, and a composition ratio Fe/Cr close to the nominal composition of the alloy. If the Fe/Cr ratio exceeds 4, the iron forms additional precipitates as Zr3Fe and Zr2Fe. The size distribution of the particle diameter has been compared with different growth models (Kahlweit theory). The experimental data agree well with a second order kinetic law. The precipitate volume grows as a linear function of time. No systematic influence of a (iron + chromium) content on the modal particle size has been found in alloys up to 15 000 ppm (iron + chromium).
Influence of Source and Receiver Geometry on the Testing of Pavements by the Surface Waves Method
Authors: Hiltunen DR , Woods RD
Published: December 2008

The spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method is a nondestructive testing procedure under development for determining the elastic modulus profile of pavement systems in situ. The ultimate goal in the development of the SASW method is a totally automated, moveable test rig for conducting the investigation. An important step toward this objective is the development of a multiple transducer testing procedure. A significant variable with respect to a multiple transducer testing procedure is the choice of source and receiver geometry. A series of tests were conducted on an asphaltic concrete pavement to study the influence of source and receiver geometry. It was found that the results obtained from two different geometries, the common receivers midpoint (CRMP) geometry and the common source (CS) geometry, were nearly identical. The common source (CS) geometry was concluded to be preferable because of its practical advantage of a fixed source location.
Multilayer Elastic Program for Backcalculating Layer Moduli in Pavement Evaluation
Authors: Van Cauwelaert FJ , Alexander DR , White TD , Barker WR
Published: December 2008

Multilayer solutions that calculate stresses, strains, and displacements in pavement structures caused by surface loading have been in existence for several years. However, most elastic layer computer software applications have been developed for mainframe computers. Recently, computational capabilities of the practicing engineer have been greatly enhanced by recent developments in personal computers. Results of this study involved development of an accurate and efficient solution to the multilayer problem. In addition, software was developed for use on a personal computer that included routines for backcalculating pavement layer moduli from measured surface deflections.

A convergence technique, employing a combination of closed form and numerical solutions, has been developed to provide accuracy of results at the surface of the pavement and near the load. Special methods of solving the system of boundary equations were developed to obtain the terms needed for the closed form part of the solution. Maximum efficiency has been obtained through an in-depth analysis of the parameters affecting accuracy and their relationship with the numerical integration step.

In its current form, the computer solution WESLEA is a fully competent three-dimensional solution that will handle up to five layers with varying interface conditions and a maximum of 20 loads. The fifth layer is semi-infinite and can be made stiff based on the choice of modulus of elasticity. A personal computer-based backcalculation program, WESDEF, has been developed utilizing the multilayer program. An evaluation of the new program is made through comparison of identical deflection data using the BISAR n-layered computer program.
Semirigid Pavements: A Dead Loss for Backcalculation Procedures Using Deflection Bowls?
Authors: Pronk AC
Published: December 2008

Nondestructive pavement testing by way of dynamic deflection measurements with, for example, a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) is a widely accepted procedure the world over.

The measured deflection bowl can be used as an overall yardstick for the structural condition of the pavement. However, when the deflection bowl is used for the determination of the moduli, major errors can be made, especially when using backcalculation procedures. In the case of semirigid pavements (or, in general, of pavements where the modulus of the base is of the same order as the modulus of the upper layer), the deflection bowl does not provide all the information required for the separate calculation of the right moduli for the asphalt layer and the bound base layer.

It is recommended to determine the modulus of the asphalt layer or base layer by other (for example, laboratory) tests and to use this modulus as a fixed value in the backcalculation procedure. However, precautions should be taken if cracks are present in the layer(s).
Temperature, Frequency, and Load Level Correction Factors for Backcalculated Moduli Values
Authors: Germann FP , Lytton RL
Published: December 2008

It is a well-established fact that moduli values backcalculated from deflection data of one particular NDT device will be different from those of another device. Although disconcerting at first glance, this should not be surprising to the pavement engineer. NDT devices often use widely different load levels and loading frequencies. Combining this with the complex nature of pavement materials and the fact that data are often collected under different temperature and moisture conditions emphasizes the need for theoretically sound procedures for converting measured values to standard levels of load, temperature, and loading frequency. This is the subject of this paper.

In this paper are the results of a recently completed Texas Transportation Institute study on nondestructive testing. One of the major recommendations of that study are standardized guidelines for applying temperature, frequency, and load level corrections. These will be described in detail, and typical examples will be given. Of particular interest are the load level correction factors. These are demonstrated in case studies which compare backcalculated moduli values from the Dynaflect, the Dynatest falling weight deflectometer, and the Road Rater 2000.
Development of Analytical/Empirical Performance Parameters for the Structural Evaluation of Asphalt Pavements
Authors: van Gurp CAPM , Cortenraad WMH , Houtman F
Published: December 2008

A procedure has been developed to estimate the residual structural life of full depth asphalt pavements based on falling weight deflection measurements. The procedure results from a study of structural pavement life predictions by experts and is based on evaluations of surveys, measurements, testing of materials, and personal experiences, on one hand, and analyses of deflection measurements, on the other hand. Discriminant analyses have been used to determine, among the deflection parameters, the best indicators of the residual structural life. With the procedure developed, pavement segments can be classified according to their residual lives. Indications of misclassification and significance are presented. Testing of the procedure revealed that the deflection data can classify segments with residual lives longer than four years very well. For all other segments, prediction of residual lives should not be based on deflection measurements alone.
Corrosion Testing of Materials with Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Authors: Dean SW
Published: December 2008

Corrosion resistance is an important characteristic of many types of metallic and inorganic coating systems. Corrosion resistance of coatings usually involves appearance maintenance as well as protection from structural damage. Corrosion tests have been an important approach for evaluating the type and extent of damage that occurs to coated products. Corrosion tests have been used both to assure the quality and performance of coated parts and to simulate the degree of degradation that occurs to components when exposed to specific atmospheric conditions for an extended time. The standard tests that have been developed for both of these purposes are described, and some of the problems with the testing approach are reviewed. In particular, the problem of simulating and accelerating atmospheric corrosion in a laboratory environment is highlighted. Some of the newer approaches to corrosion testing using electrochemical techniques are discussed. These approaches may have merit, but many problems remain to be solved.
Leaching-Induced Concentration Profiles in the Solid Phase of Cement
Authors: Fuhrmann M , Colombo P
Published: December 2008

Analysis of the solid phase of portland cement specimens by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry before and after leaching provided elemental profiles within the cement. Releases of potassium were calculated from the solid-phase profiles and were compared with releases determined from leachate analyses of potassium and cesium-137. The fraction of potassium released in the leachate was found to correlate closely to that of cesium-137 under varying time and temperature conditions, despite the different manner in which each was originally contained in the cement. Agreement was obtained among potassium releases as determined from the solid, potassium in the leachate, and cesium-137 in the leachate. These correlations allowed the use of potassium as an analog for cesium-137 in cement.

Profiles of potassium in the solid showed varying degrees of depletion. A specimen, sectioned immediately after leaching for 471 days, contained no observable potassium to 9 mm depth from the specimen surface. From 9 mm to the center of the specimen, an apparently linear increase in concentration was observed. Specimens that had been air-dried prior to sectioning had profiles that were produced by evaporative transport of dissolved species toward the surface. Carbonation of the surface appears to have retarded migration of the dissolved material. This prevented it from reaching the outer edge and resulted in increased potassium concentrations several millimetres inside the surface.
Preformed Butyl Tapes in Glazing Applications
Authors: Bellanca CL
Published: December 2008

The different types of glazing systems currently in use today are described. This paper is directed toward wet glazing only and specifically the use of preformed butyl elastomeric tape. The development of a suitable tape formulation necessitates understanding the demands placed on the tape while in service. Adhesion to substrates, squeeze-out under load, pump out resistance, compression-deflection properties at various temperatures, and durability under long-term aging are typical parameters of a quality tape. Tests that define these characteristics and typical data are presented. Selection of tape is dependent upon whether the system requires a compressible, noncompressible, or shimmed tape. Installation techniques including the use of liquid sealants as well as proper joint preparation are discussed. Status of ASTM Subcommittee C24.50 on Preformed Tape Sealants efforts in test methods and specifications are discussed.
The International Skiing Federation Contribution to Safety in Skiing
Authors: Raas E
Published: December 2008

The total number of skiers is assessed at 200 million. Approximately 2 to 3 million new skiers join these annually. The injury rate per season is 1 to 2% on average. Comparatively speaking, this is low, but as an absolute figure it is high, “3 million.”

This circumstance places a moral obligation on the International Skiing Federation (FIS) and other institutions to pay increasing attention to safety factors in skiing. Seventeen of the total 48 FIS committees are, in fact, concerned with safety problems. For three of these, the Medical Committee, the Equipment Committee, and the Legal and Safety Committee, these safety factors are the main concern.

Two major fields must be taken into consideration: recreational skiing and competitive sport in its various forms and its classifications according to sex and age, and the related aspects. The committees have drawn up rules, modes of conduct, tips and recommendations pertinent to both fields and have published these and made them compulsory for competitive events. In addition, proposals have been made with regard to equipment, piste markings, conduct at lifts, rescue work, and various preventive measures.

In the 60th year of its existence and in full awareness of the responsibility borne by an international federation of this kind, the FIS and its committees can pride themselves on having paid a major contribution to safety in skiing. In the future, the federation will continue to give priority to these tasks.
A Proposal for the Use of the Half Face, Clear Plastic Visor for National Collegiate Athletic Association Hockey
Authors: Walsh S
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses a proposal for the use of the half face, clear plastic visor instead of a full face protector for all levels of college hockey in the United States. Emphasis is placed on the point of view of hockey coaches.
Factors that Influence Moisture Damage in Asphaltic Pavements
Authors: Hughes CS , Maupin GW
Published: December 2008

This paper addresses the increase in moisture damage occurring in asphalt pavements over the past decade. It defines moisture damage and discusses the many causal factors that have been cited, with emphasis on those under the control of the asphalt technologist. The increase in heavy traffic loadings is mentioned as the number one cause of damage, and the potential for poor selection and handling of aggregates to exacerbate the problem is noted. Several methods of evaluating asphalt mixes for susceptibility to moisture damage are given, and the need for a predictive procedure approved by a nationally recognized authority is emphasized. Lastly, several methods of reducing the potential for moisture damage are discussed.
Evaluation of Percent Fracture and Gradation on the Behavior of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Authors: Lundy JR , Hicks RG , McHattie R
Published: December 2008

The effects of percent fracture and fines content on the laboratory performance of asphalt mixtures were investigated. The objective of this study was to develop an approach for the effective utilization of crushed aggregates in Alaskan highway and airfield pavements. In addition, current Alaskan specifications were evaluated in light of this laboratory testing.

The repeated load diametral test device was used to measure the mixture performance in terms of modulus, permanent deformation, and fatigue. Experimental variables included percent fracture, percent passing the 200 sieve, and aggregate source. Testing was conducted at temperatures representative of Alaskan environmental conditions.

Test results show optimum asphalt contents to be minimized at approximately 8%. At the temperatures tested, modulus changes could not be attributable to fracture levels. Significant reductions in laboratory lives were noted when fines contents were varied from the 6% level currently specified.

Laboratory testing indicates the current specifications for fines content is appropriate and, in fact, the mid-range value of 6% maximizes fatigue lives when standard Alaskan pavement sections were analyzed. At the temperatures tested, little increase in fatigue life can be attributed to increase in fracture.
Delamination Resistance of Stitched Thermoplastic Matrix Composite Laminates
Authors: Su KB
Published: December 2008

This paper shows how to improve delamination resistance in composite laminates by the use of thermoplastic matrix resins and by stitching. Discussed are fatigue crack growth characteristics in thermoplastic matrix composites as well as the differences between the crack growth processes in thermoplastic and thermosetting matrix composites under cyclic fatigue and mono-tonically increasing loads. Further improvement of delamination resistance achieved by stitching shows a 20 to 30% increase in the critical crack-opening load, a 20 times higher fatigue threshold, and a two-orders-of-magnitude increase in fatigue life. Fractography evidence is presented to illustrate the role of the stitching yarns in resisting delamination. A fracture model was constructed to simulate delamination crack propagation in the presence of stitching yarns. The effects of geometric stitching parameters, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic yarn properties, were simulated with this fracture model. Finally, practical issues on the effective and economical application of stitching to composite structures are discussed.
Fire Spread Rates Along Cylindrical Metal Rods in High-Pressure Oxygen
Authors: Sato J
Published: December 2008

The upward fire spread rates along the rods of six pure metals and ten steels have been studied for wide variations of the oxygen pressure, 0.1 MPa to 10 MPa, the test piece temperature, from room temperature to 1273 K, and the rod diameter, 1 to 3 mm. For the pure metals, aluminum, iron, lead, tin, titanium, and zinc were tested. For the steels, mild steel, cast steel, gray cast iron, chromium-molybdenum steel, and six stainless steels were tested. The fire spread rates for titanium are larger than those for aluminum. The fire spread rate of carbon steel decreases with increases of its carbon content. The fire spread rates of various stainless steels are about the same as each other.
Advantages of Laboratory Accreditation
Authors: Gladhill RL
Published: December 2008

Laboratory accreditation provides advantages both to laboratories and users or potential users of laboratory services. Laboratories benefit by receiving national and international recognition of their competence and qualifications, by using the evaluation process as a quality assurance feature (for example, an independent audit), and by saving both time and money through the possible elimination of multiple audits from many potential clients.

Users of laboratory services benefit by having an independent objective means to select a laboratory for the required services, an easy way to provide specifications for laboratory services, and a savings in both time and money by not having to perform extensive evaluations on their own.

These advantages are realized only when a highly credible laboratory accreditation system is providing the service.
Fracture Surface Micromorphology in Engineering Solids
Authors: Hertzberg RW
Published: December 2008

The macroscopic and microscopic features of fracture surfaces in metal alloys, polymeric solids, and their composites are examined with particular attention given to the appearance of fatigue damage micromorphology. Macroscopic features such as chevron markings, shear lips, and fatigue clam shell bands and ratchet lines are observed in metal and polymer alloys and are useful in identifying the crack origin, direction of crack growth, and stress state. Certain micromechanisms are common to both metals and plastics (for example, microvoid coalescence, interfacial separation, river markings, and fatigue striations), whereas other fracture markings are unique to a particular material as a result of different microstructures and deformation processes (for example, craze fracture markings and discontinuous growth bands). In general, fracture surface features are seen to depend on the magnitude of the crack driving force, scale of the microstructure relative to the crack tip plastic zone size, and the viscoelastic state of the material.
Recent Research in Neutron Dosimetry and Damage Analysis for Materials Irradiations
Authors: Greenwood LR
Published: December 2008

Neutron fluence measurements and damage calculations are being routinely performed for fusion materials irradiations in fission reactors, at 14 MeV sources, and at high-energy accelerator neutron sources. Neutron activation cross sections are being developed for dosimetry at fission reactors, fusion reactors, and high-energy accelerator neutron sources. Integral and differential measurements are being combined to determine new cross sections and to adjust discrepant data. These data are needed to adequately define the neutron exposure and radiation damage in materials. The production of long-lived radioisotopes is being measured at 14 MeV for fusion reactors and reactions are being developed for plasma diagnostics. At high energies, spallation cross sections are being measured for dosimetry and damage analysis at accelerator neutron sources. Helium production cross sections are being tested and a new thermal helium effect has been discovered in copper similar to the well-known effect in nickel. Damage calculations are routinely provided by the SPECTER computer code and new calculations are being performed to extend our damage cross sections to higher energies for accelerator neutron sources and to include alloys and compounds.
Deposition and Properties of Ultra-Thin High Dielectric Constant Insulators
Authors: Roberts S , Ryan JG , Martin DW
Published: December 2008

Exploratory studies have been carried out with reactively sputtered thin films of several transition metal oxides and co-sputtered mixtures with SiO2. Good insulation behavior is observed following postdeposition oxidation anneals. Best overall electrical properties are observed with mixtures of HfO2 and SiO2, in combination with additional layers of thermal SiO2 and CVD Si3N4. Significant reduction in dielectric constant is observed with all the transition metal oxides with sub-30 nm films. High capacitance with stacks containing thermal SiO2, mixtures of HfO2 and SiO2, and CVD Si3N4 may be due to a charge storage mechanism.
Free Carrier Absorption and Interstitial Oxygen Measurements
Authors: Gladden WK , Baghdadi A
Published: December 2008

The infrared (IR) absorption of n- and p-type silicon samples was measured over the concentration range ∼1015 to 6×1017 atoms/-cm−3. The free carrier absorption exhibited a power-law dependence on wavenumber. The data were fit to a logarithmic function with this dependence, and these results were applied to the determination of the baseline from which to compute the corrected net IR absorption at 1107 cm−1 due to interstitial oxygen. Application of this correction for the free carrier absorption results in an improvement of 3% to 30% in the accuracy of the oxygen content determination at dopant concentrations above 1016 atoms/cm3.
Long-Term Corrosion Behavior of Materials in the Marine Atmosphere
Authors: Baker EA
Published: December 2008

The relative corrosion resistance for numerous materials of interest to architects and engineers as well as the marine construction and automotive industries are presented. Results of exposures in the natural marine atmosphere at Kure Beach, NC, for up to 45 years are included for steels, stainless steels, aluminum alloys, copper, nickel, and titanium alloys.
Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Clad Metals
Authors: Haynes G , Baboian R
Published: December 2008

Atmospheric corrosion of clad metals has been studied by direct exposure at nine tests sites throughout the United States. Qualitative and quantitative results are presented for a wide range of clad metal combinations for copper, nickel, aluminum, and several of their alloys, and also stainless steels. Included are results of five exposure periods including the final exposure period of 15 years.
Degradation of Copper and Copper Alloys by Atmospheric Sulfur
Authors: Franey J
Published: December 2008

The interaction of copper and its alloys with atmospheric sulfur gases occurs in many combinations and at many rates. This paper reviews the results of experiments conducted to determine which sulfur gases cause major copper and copper alloy degradation and to study the degradation rates of copper and its alloys during exposure to the corresponding gases. Of the gases that have been studied in this work, sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbonyl sulfide (COS), cause major corrosive reactions with copper and copper alloy substrates. Temperature, relative humidity, the presence of ozone, and solar irradiation have accelerating effects on the reaction rates of the gases and substrates. Copper, brass, and bronze alloys were examined. Copper generally had the highest corrosion rates. Those of the brass alloys were 50 to 100 times less than those of pure copper, and the substitution of nickel for all or part of zinc further increased the corrosion resistance of the alloy to low and moderate exposures of corrosive gases.
Marine Salts Contribution to Atmospheric Corrosion
Authors: Duncan JR , Ballance JA
Published: December 2008

The effects on atmospheric corrosivity of carriage of sea-salt inland from ocean coasts have been largely neglected by researchers except for regions within a few kilometers from the sea. In island nations, salt-affected zones can cover large percentages of total land area. The extent of carriage of sea-salt inland, and correlation to this of the corrosion rates of metals, is assessed in two areas of New Zealand. A sheltered surface collector is erected at each of 18 sites at up to 90 km inland. The site had been chosen to minimize the likelihood of industrial pollution. Each collection rack had attached to its top a test unit with an aluminum wire on a threaded stud (Climat test unit) and a rod holding a pair of steel coupons. There was very good correlation of the steel corrosion rate (48 weeks of exposure) to the log (chloride deposition), and to the 48-week average steel stud value in the 12-week Climat test. The Climat test, because of its ease of performance, thus seems to be a cost-effective means of assessing likely corrosion problems in purely marine environments. The results suggest that sea-salt mediated corrosion rates at distances 20 km and more inland are higher than might have been expected from published reports of studies on continental land masses.
ISO CORRAG Collaborative Atmospheric Exposure Program: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Dean SW
Published: December 2008

This report summarizes the U.S. TAG effort to participate in the International Standards Organization Technical Committee (ISO/TC) 156 WG4 worldwide atmospheric exposure program. This program is being sponsored by ASTM Subcommittee G01.04 on Atmospheric Corrosion. This report lists the individuals responsible for supplying materials for this program and it identifies the individuals responsible for site exposures and withdrawals. It also provides specifications for the panel identifications, data sheets, and specimen exposure reports. Some of the initial data on panels in the program as well as the ISO report on the program are given in the appendices to this report.
The Effect of a Rotational Magnetic Field on MCZ Crystal Growing
Authors: Yamashita K , Kobayashi S , Aoki T , Kawata Y , Shiraiwa T
Published: December 2008

Czochralski(CZ) crystal growth under the vertical D.C. magnetic field with and without the horizontal rotating field is investigated by the numerical analysis and experiment.

The numerical analysis shows that the vertical magnetic field increases the effective segregation coefficient of phosphorus and the oxygen content of the grown crystal, and the horizontal rotating magnetic field is useful to decreases the oxygen content. This is due to the activation of convection flow in the meridional plane in the crucible by the rotating magnetic field. The experimental results of the effective segregation coefficient of phosphorus and oxygen content under the vertical magnetic field with and without horizontal rotating magnetic field verify the calculated results.
Effect of Metallurgical Variables and Temperature on the Fracture Toughness of Zirconium Alloy Pressure Tubes
Authors: Simpson LA , Chow CK
Published: December 2008

This paper summarizes the results from over 300 fracture toughness tests on compact specimens taken from zirconium alloy pressure tubing, primarily Zircaloy-2 and cold-worked Zr-2.5Nb. Test conditions include temperatures from 20 to 300°C, varying hydrogen concentrations and hydride orientations, irradiation at several temperatures, and irradiation times up to ten years. A thorough analysis of the results shows that strength and hydride orientation are the principal factors affecting toughness. An extremely steep ductile-brittle transition is observed in alloys containing hydride platelets in the radial (through-wall) orientation.
A Review of UV Coating Material Properties
Authors: Scott ML
Published: December 2008

Ultraviolet coating material properties are of considerable interest in coating analysis, coating fabrication, and UV laser system design. This review of the coating materials properties in the UV is intended to provide these interested parties with an up-to-date compendium of the relevant data available in this area. Examples of the material properties included are optical constants, physical constants, thermal constants, and laser damage thresholds.
Blast Cleaning with Zinc-Coated Abrasives
Authors: Lowrey KW
Published: December 2008

In the early 1960s the concept of cleaning/protecting steel surfaces was pioneered by the Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC). The discovery was made that zinc could be transferred from the steel shot to the steel substrate during the cleaning operation in such a way that the onset of re-rusting was delayed significantly. This discovery prompted others to look at the potential which was offered by this particular technique.

Almost 20 years later Colebrand Ltd. decided to make use of zinc-coated abrasives as part of a program into the repair and protection of offshore structures. Colebrand research chemists were not satisfied with the results obtained with the then commercially available zinc-coated abrasives. As a result, work was undertaken to develop a new product which would be deemed acceptable for cleaning in the splash zone area and also for submerged steel structures. This paper examines the parameters involved in the selection of a suitable type of grit and an acceptable particle size range from those currently available for industrial use. Mention is also made of the selection of the binder used to bond the zinc to the surface of the grit. Details are given on laboratory and field trials and on aspects of health and safety when using zinc-coated abrasives. Finally, a case is made for the use of such materials in certain applications in industry.
Detrimental Materials at the Steel/Paint Interface
Authors: Johnson WC
Published: December 2008

Materials harmful to paint life can remain on the surface of steel not only after hand cleaning but also after the more thorough white metal blast cleaning. Harmful materials that can interfere with protection by paint include grease and oil, moisture, iron oxides, and chemical contaminants. Chemical contaminants come from acid rain, snow removal salts, seawater, nearby chemical plants, or contaminated blasting abrasives.

These materials are discussed with emphasis on significant and novel concepts and with respect to occurrence, identification, removal, and the role of the material in causing corrosion. Experimental evidence and handbook data are used to support conclusions.
The Use of Remote Sensing in the Determination of Dispersant Effectiveness
Authors: Goodman RH , MacNeill MR
Published: December 2008

An experimental program to test the effectiveness of dispersants in an open-ocean, cold-water environment was conducted off St. John's, Newfoundland in the fall of 1981. The dispersion of Lago Medio oil by Corexit® 9527 was investigated by using surface and subsurface sampling techniques combined with remote sensing which employed infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), and visual sensors to define the surface slick and show the position of the sampling vessels within the slick. Infrared photography was used to estimate the area of the thick slick because IR “coolness” (darker gray level) appears to be indicative of thicker oil. The total extent of the slick was determined from the reflectance in the UV region. Both photographic and line-scanning imagery was used in the UV, and a line scanner in the IR. Measurements were taken from a height of 500 to 800 m every 20 min of both a control slick and a slick to which dispersant had been applied from the air. A comparison of the two slicks shows a difference in the dynamics and gives some indication of the nature of the dispersion process. Problems with sampling and determination of hydrocarbons in the water column prevented the comparison of remote sensing results with those from water column chemistry. As a result of these experiments, it is shown that remote sensing can be used to obtain quantitative data on the spreading characteristics of an oil slick and hence changes in interfacial tension that effect dispersion as well as spreading. This technique has the potential to measure the effectiveness of a dispersant without the need for an extensive water sampling program.
Tidal Area Dispersant Project: Fate of Dispersed and Undispersed Oil in Two Nearshore Test Spills
Authors: Page DS , Foster JC , Hotham JR , Vallas D , Gilfillan ES , Hanson SA , Gerber RP
Published: December 2008

In 1981, an oil spill field experiment was done in Maine to assess the effects to the benthos of dispersant used in nearshore oil spills. Three test plots, each 60 by 100 m, were set up, each with an upper and a lower intertidal sampling area. There were also five subtidal sampling stations in water depths from 5 to 20 m. One plot was exposed to 945 L (250 gal) of Murban crude oil released on an ebbing tide within containment booms and cleaned up by conventional mechanical methods 24 h later. A second plot was exposed to 945 L of Murban crude oil premixed with 94 L (25 gal) of a widely available self-mix nonionic dispersant. The dispersant-treated oil was discharged over a 2-h period around high water slack tide. During discharge, mixing gates augmented natural energy to provide a worst-case scenario for exposure of the benthos to the complete dispersal of a nearshore oil spill. During and after discharge, dispersed oil in water was monitored fluorimetrically. Total integrated exposure of dispersed oil to the bottom at both upper and lower sampling areas was 30 to 40 ppm · h. Discrete water samples were also taken for other analyses. Dispersed oil in water reaching the bottom had lost most of the hydrocarbons more volatile than n-C17 compared with dispersed oil in water sampled at the same time near the surface. Petroleum retention by intertidal sediments and bivalves measured one week postspill was less in areas exposed to dispersed oil than in areas exposed to untreated oil.
Effects of Test Spills of Chemically Dispersed and Nondispersed Oil on the Activity of Aspartate Aminotransferase and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Two Intertidal Bivalves,Mya arenariaandMytilus edulis
Authors: Gilfillan ES , Page DS , Hanson SA , Foster J , Hotham J , Vallas D , Gerber R
Published: December 2008

In 1981, two test oil spills were made in Maine. One spill was 975 L (250 gal) of Murban crude oil; the other was 975 L of Murban crude oil premixed with 97 L (25 gal) of Corexit® 9527. The uptake of the oil and its effects on enzymatic activity in two species of common intertidal bivalve mollusks, Mya arenaria and Mytilus edulis, were studied. Data were obtained on uptake and depuration of the oil for each species; data were also obtained on the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase for each species. Data were collected both before and after each of the spills. Much less oil was taken up by the populations of animals exposed to chemically dispersed oil than by those exposed to nondispersed oil. Rates of depuration were the same for each species; they were also the same regardless of oil exposure. Significant long-term effects on enzyme activity were detected only in those animals exposed to nondispersed oil.
Microstructural Aspects of the Fracture Toughness Cleavage-Fibrous Transition for Reactor-Grade Steel
Authors: Ogawa K , Zhang XJ , Kobayashi T , Armstrong RW , Irwin GR
Published: December 2008

Particularly in the transition temperature range, reliable use of toughness data, from small specimens of structural steel can be helped by improved understanding of the initiation of cleavage. For this purpose, fracture details in local regions were studied. Methods of examination were scanning electron microscopic (SEM) fractography, microstructural analysis, hardness tests, and topographic examination of fracture surfaces.

The results indicate that examination of fracture surface morphology through SEM fractography is essential for improved understanding of cleavage fracturing in the transition range. Fracture surface details reflect influences of both ferrite and prior-austenite grain size. In addition, for some specimens, fracture morphology is also influenced by a large size inhomogeneity due to dendritic solidification. In heavy section A533B steel, explanations for large scatter of small specimen KIc estimates may be closely related to dendritic inhomogeneity.
Extending the Applicability of Diffraction-Based Drop Sizing Instruments
Authors: Dodge LG , Cerwin SA
Published: December 2008

Modifications to a commercial laser diffraction-based drop sizing instrument are described which allow the unit to be used for drop sizing in sprays evaporating in high-temperature air, and under conditions of very high ambient light levels. These modifications have permitted drop size measurements in sprays evaporating in air at temperatures and pressures as high as 700 K and 586 kPa.
Comparative Measurements Using Different Particle Size Instruments
Authors: Chigier N
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses the measurement and comparison of particle size and velocity measurements in sprays. The general nature of sprays and the development of standard, consistent research sprays are described. The instruments considered in this paper are: pulsed laser photography, holography, television, and cinematography; laser anemometry and interferometry using visibility, peak amplitude, and intensity rationing; and laser diffraction. Calibration is by graticule, reticle, powders with known size distributions in liquid cells, monosize sprays, and, eventually, standard sprays. Statistical analyses including spatial and temporal long-time averaging as well as high-frequency response time histories with conditional sampling are examined. Previous attempts at comparing instruments, the making of simultaneous or consecutive measurements with similar types and different types of imaging, interferometric, and diffraction instruments are reviewed. A program of calibration and experiments for comparing and assessing different instruments is presented.
Simultaneous Determination of the Boron and Phosphorus Content in Silicate Glasses by FT-IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Krishnan K
Published: December 2008

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can be used for the rapid determination of the boron and phosphorus concentrations in borophosphosilicate glass films. A multicomponent matrix algebraic method is used in this procedure. Results of the measurements on a number of BPSG samples are presented and the factors affecting the accuracies of the measurements are discussed.
Chemical Interactions of Soluble Silicates in the Management of Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Falcone JS , Spencer RW , Reifsnyder RH , Katsanis EPL
Published: December 2008

Batch and flow leaching studies were carried out using a lime-precipitated plating waste sludge to study the influence of soluble silicates on metal ion leachability. A reduction in metal ion leaching was observed when soluble silicates were used either alone or with a portland cement/fly ash combination. These results suggest that sodium silicate reduces the solubility of metal ions in the waste matrix in addition to protecting the matrix from mild acidic breakdown.
The Hazardous Waste Scene in India
Authors: Sundaresan BB , Subrahmanyam PVR , Bhide AD
Published: December 2008

India has made significant advances in the manufacture of basic organic chemicals, dyes, fertilizers, pesticides, drugs, and so forth during the last three decades, resulting in increased generation of hazardous wastes. Presently, these wastes are being indiscriminately disposed of into fallow land in the public domain. Legislation to control air and water pollution has not covered hazardous waste disposal. The magnitude of hazardous waste generation in general and the problems posed by such wastes from pesticide, dyes, and other industries are identified, and available data are presented and discussed.
Assessment of Hazardous Waste Management Practices for Potential Damage to the Environment in EPA Region III
Authors: Gillen BD , Tusa WK
Published: December 2008

This paper evaluates damage case histories associated with land-based and non-land-based hazardous waste facilities in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region III. This information was extrapolated from a nationwide study authorized by the EPA Office of Solid Waste. It provides an outline of the kinds of environmental damage associated with certain types of facilities and contamination events and measures the overall extent and damage resulting from mismanagement of hazardous wastes in the region.

Approximately 93% of the sites evaluated had evidence of suspected or documented contamination. Damage loss was suspected or documented at 73% of the sites involving contamination, with 38% of the sites evaluated having documented evidence of damage to human health or the environment. The data compiled in this study were used with similar information compiled from the other EPA regions, as part of the agency's ongoing Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) program and for use in preparing regulations tailored for specific facility types.