bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lordstown in Yugoslavia
Authors: Mandić Oleg
Published: September 2018

Yugoslavia's history has been shaped by paradox. Twenty million people share a land area of approximately 96,000 square miles, which includes the mountainous south, with a largely nomadic population, and the flat river plains of the north, the agricultural heartland. Through its long history the people have been divided by unending confrontations between Eastern and Western Europe, between the Byzantine Empire and the Empire of the Francs, between the Moslem and the Christian worlds. Yugoslavia has been everyone's battleground. The imperial ambitions of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy have all ravaged Yugoslavia.

All this has created a people possessing many important differences and many equally important similarities.
United States Foreign Policy: The Legacy and the Challenge
Authors: Bamds William J.
Published: September 2018

Henry Kissinger, who has turned out a better negotiator than prophet, said in 1960: The United States cannot afford another decline like that which has characterized the past decade and a half. Fifteen years more of a deterioration in our position such as we have experienced since World War II would find us reduced to Fortress America in a world in which we had become largely irrelevant.

Despite the accelerated decline of America's position in the world in the intervening years, the United States remains the world's most powerful and influential nation. (Even those who measure power in terms of military strength appear more concerned about an upward trend in-Soviet military strength and a relative decline in America's strength and its willingness to use it than about current U.S. inferiority.) The position of the United States has eroded because of its own follies and the growing strength of other countries; the latter development would have occurred irrespective of U.S. actions.
Key 73: Winning the Continent for Christ, Again
Authors: Coleman Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Nineteen seventy-three, it is said, may long be remembered as a momentous turning point for American Christianity. Some are even talking about the possibility of a Third Great Awakening. Key 73 is certainly raising expectations, but the presuppositions underlying Key 73 may be more vulnerable than its promoters now realize.

Key 73 might be described as a Christian blitz. It' is an all-out attempt to evangelize America in 1973 by capitalizing on the strengths of a coordinated thrust. Five years ago an editorial in Christianity Today entreated all evangelicals: “Somehow, Let's Get Together.” In his own words, Dr. Carl F. H. Henry; then editor of the biweekly, observed: “The response was immediate and impressive; few editorials in a decade had stimulated more letters.”
After the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

To the outside world the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution which convulsed the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1969 looked like a whole society gone mad. An aging and seemingly demented revolutionary leader had unleashed a teenage rabble on the middle and upper-level leadership of the new China and paralyzed the economic, cultural and educational life of the largest nation on earth. Now, three years after the close of the Cultural Revolution, those of us who have been able in recent months to visit a more stable and tranquil China have come away with a different impression.
Cardinal Mindszenty as a Casualty of Détente
Authors: Hrubý Blahoslav S.
Published: September 2018

It is too early to evaluate the full impact of Cardinal Mindszenty's witness upon his native Hungary, upon other captive nations, and upon millions of harassed and persecuted Christians and other believers in Communist countries, or even upon what we Call the free world.

It is not too early, however, to be reminded of the main aspects of Mindszenty's struggle against what he viewed as Communist attempts to destroy religion. The impact of detente on the Vatican's policy toward Communist governments in general and the regime of Hungary in particular is very well illustrated by negotiations between that country and the Vatican over the past ten years. It reveals a growing willingness by the Vatican to accommodate the Hungarian government.
The Prophets of War
Authors: Kidron Peretz
Published: September 2018

War may be launched by the Arabs in six, nine, or twelve months’ time,” warned Israel's Defense Minister, Shimon Peres, just nine months after the end bf the October, 1973, war, and only a few weeks after Syrian and Israeli forces disengaged from the Golan Heights cease-fire lines. A couple of days after Peres's statement, commanderin- chief “Motta” Gur was a little more precise: “The Arabs,” he stated, “may start a war at the end of 1974.”

Jewish tradition holds that ever since the destruction of the Second Temple prophecy has become the province of fools and infants. But after four or five Mideast confrontations in under three decades predictions of war have been too often verified to be lightly shrugged off as either childish or stupid.
Self-Seekers and Sight-Savers
Authors: Herman Nicholas
Published: September 2018

There are not many things we leave at home when we undertake a foreign expedition. We take not only our traveler's checks (I saw one countercultural type in New Delhi present an order for four thousand dollars!), our penchant for acquisition and our instamatic insights, but also our convenience consumerism. This is the form of modern tourism—a containerized, SEA FREIGHT sort of business, in which prepackaged and unpleasant surprises, such as currency changes, are smeared over with cosmetic preparations like Tip-Packs—“Take along your own small change in ten currencies.”

Tourism has became an entirely predictable extention of hectic, humdrum life, with predigested extravaganzas and expatriates to assure us of the integrity of the hedonistic life we are seeking. Although there are as many psychologies of tourism as there are tourists, I will attempt to embrace them all by considering three types of judgments which a tourist is (a) most likely, (b) less likely and (c) most unlikely to make concerning those among whom he has visited.
The Bondage of Liberation: A Pacifist Reflection
Authors: Zahn Gordon C.
Published: September 2018

The last thing the peace movement needs at this moment of diminished strength and influence is dissension in its dwindling ranks. The long-awaited end of the Indochina hostilities has left most of the most active opponents of that war in a state of nearly total exhaustion. Many have turned to the more routine pursuits necessarily neglected in those years of personal trial and disruption.
Coming Home
Authors: Robinson Jeffrey
Published: September 2018

Five years is a long time to be away.

Life in a small village on the southern coast of France gets to you after a while. It seeps into your system and becomes a very comfortable existence. Can you do this for me today? No. When? Tomorrow, or maybe the day after, or maybe not until next week.
Security Risks: National Security and the State Department
Authors: Clubb O. Edmund
Published: September 2018

In view of the succession of failures that have marked U.S. policy in Indochina a clear assessment of responsibility would seem to be in order. The Congress is, to be sure, talking about the need to reassert itself on questions of war and peace. But, strangely enough, there has been no inclination to isolate and condemn specific bureaucratic or political figures in connection with the Indochina debacle. The instrumentalities of our foreign policy were not always so sacrosanct.

As World War II ended, the Department of State came under heavy political attack for alleged errors and deviations. Shortly after resigning his position as Ambassador to China in November, 1945, Major General Patrick J. Hurley charged that "The weakness of the American foreign policy together with the Communist conspiracy within the State Department are responsible for the evils that are abroad in the world today."
A Man of All Reason
Authors: Belden Sharon E.
Published: September 2018

My father never left the courtroom. Even though investigation into his crusading Oklahoma law practice—where he had defended blacks, reds, and pinkos-—banned him from the Oregon bar decades ago, he has always stood with one foot before the bench.

No longer having a judge and jury in court, he endeavored to instill in his offspring the intricacies of logic, legalism, and leftism. Of his children he made only one demand: We were to save the world.
The Dark Heart of Amazonia
Authors: O'Mara Richard
Published: September 2018

Brazil has always been an inward-looking country. The national consciousness is transfixed on the mystery of Amazonia, the nation's own dark heart. And it has been the abiding dream of generations to conquer the country, to open that heart. In the past the lust for adventure and sudden wealth, the lure of the wilderness, drew some over the water highways to the outposts of the gem seekers. But no great number of Brazilians ever penetrated the Amazon region. It was always too difficult, the forest too resistant.

The sun comes suddenly each day over the Amazon: It warms the gliding brown rivers, the veins of the living forest that feed the giant trees. It gives the jungle back its voice, muted by the night.
Zionism, Judaism and the State of Israel
Authors: Gordis Robert
Published: September 2018

The existence—and persistence—of the State of Israel continues to be a stumbling block, if not a scandal, for many Christian religious leaders. What is most remarkable and distressing is that the inability to understand the rationale of Zionism and the State of Israel is more prevalent among many Protestant “liberals” in theology, who might have been expected to have less dogmatic problems, than among Protestant “conservatives.” As for the Roman Catholic Church, the longstanding opposition of the papacy to Jewish aspirations and rights in the Holy Land and in Jerusalem has long been a staple of Catholic foreign policy, both because of ancient theological prejudices and contemporary political considerations.
A Place Called Freedom
Authors: Raines John C.
Published: September 2018

I is a prideful word. It's full of boldness over against the internal slumbering of the rest of our planet's creatures. That's because they carry their world with them, like a snail and its shell, while man emerges out of an information gap. Other animals are directed by an instinctual encoding, while we must tell ourselves what we need to know in order to survive. Indeed, we must persuade ourselves to listen. We lack an internal conviction of reality, automatic animal persuasion. As anthropologist Ernest Becker says, “man became man in a total celebration of himself.”
Is Gerald Ford Really Necessary
Authors: Shannon William V.
Published: September 2018

The empty office of the Vice Presidency was once only an unimportant appendage to the American body politic; a pretext for mild witticisms. Once every twenty years or so its occupant would suddenly rise to the Presidency upon the death of the elected incumbent. But since those spectacular events occurred so infrequently and with such varied consequences for the nation's political affairs, no steady attention ever focused on the office itself. Except for their previous service in the Vice Presidency, what did Andrew Johnson and Chester Arthur have in common? Or Theodore Roosevelt and Calvin Coolidge? It seemed impossible to derive from their experiences any settled conclusions about the Vice Presidency either as a preparation for the Presidency or as a way of providing a standby President.
The Uses (and Abuses) of Secret Power
Authors: Howe Ransom Harry
Published: September 2018

I begin, with apologies, by mentioning two of my own books; Can American Democracy Survive Cold War? (1963) and The Intelligence Establishment (1970). The titles say much about the development of a debate that promises to be with us for some time.

The first title/question posed the dilemma of an American democracy facing a perceived threat (perceived at least by the foreign policy elite) to national security. An assumed monolithic “world communism” provoked the creation of a vast arsenal of foreign policy instruments, including espionage and covert political operations overseas. Managing mis mammoth security apparatus required highly centralized control. Indeed, at times it required deception, lying, and deep secrecy.
Religious War on Cyprus: No Alternative to Partition
Authors: Oren Stephen
Published: September 2018

The Turks have few claims on Western sympathies. They did not build the Parthenon, nor did they invent the word democracy (although in the last generation they have been more expert than the Greeks in operating one).

But about Cyprus they are right. The only workable solution is partition of the island between Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot entities with a loose confederal linkage. Efforts to force the Turks into other solutions, by such means as Congressional insistence that military aid to Turkey be cut off, are counterproductive. On the one hand, U.S. pressure on Turkey resulted in a tougher Turkish stand. The Turkish-Cypriots have, at Ankara's suggestion, proclaimed their own autonomous state in the 40 per cent of the island held by the Turkish Army.
Tremors from the Nixon “Shokku”
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

Sunday, August 15, 1971. It is 8 o'clock in the evening, television prime time. Suddenly the president appears on the screen, tense and unsmiling as ever, and makes a three-point announcement: The gold window will be closed, a wage-and-price freeze will be imposed, and a blanket 10 per cent surcharge will be levied on imports — all to take effect immediately. The world is stunned. Almost instantly the shock waves cross the globe. A dazed fapan cries out against what it calls — in a memorable phrase — the “Nixon shokku.”

History has few examples of such a blitz-like turnabout and of such blatant disregard of promises and commitments publicly made and of international obligations solemnly undertaken. The twenty-six-year-old Bretton Woods agreement was cast overboard without the least qualm; the dollar, which for all those years had enjoyed the privileges of the world's foremost reserve currency, was delinked unilaterally from gold and set afloat.
Toward Caribbean Self-Help
Authors: Gannon Francis X.
Published: September 2018

World attention now rivets on a troubled Central America — from Guatemala to Costa Rica — and on surrounding island states of the larger Caribbean basin. In many international forums the question is asked: Can an international assistance effort, with financial, technical, and market components, be mounted to assist the hemispheric subregion in achieving a more stable, secure, and peaceful ground for economic growth and general development? The subject is not a new one by any means. In fact, since 1945 it has found its way again and again onto the Hemisphere's geopolitical and economic agenda.

Skeptics argue the futility of any effort to transfer resources from the wealthier to the poorer countries, maintaining that “official transfers cannot significantly promote development,” since they have too many adverse consequences on recipient nations, including encouragement of “imprudent financial policies.”
Daring to Lead
Authors: Young Andrew
Published: September 2018

We who have dared associate ourselves with the cause of “the least of these,” our brethren around the world, those of us who, by circumstance or choice, find ourselves in sympathy with the struggling aspirations of the poor, the moans and cries of the oppressed, the pain and suffering of the diseased, know that somehow we on this earth have got to learn to live together as brothers.

Many of us learned these lessons at the side of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. We saw how things happened to him. One of the reasons that 1 am able to be involved at the United Nations is because of the inspiration I drew from the association with Dr. King and the strength and understanding I saw him draw from ordinary people and the people who strengthened him to carry on.
When Church and State go Abroad
Authors: Scherer James A.
Published: September 2018

A number of church activities in the United States and in various Third World nations bring issues involving the separation of Church and State once again to the fore. Certainly any serious inquiry into the relationship of the U.S. Government and American missionary groups abroad—particularly with regard to the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—must first consider the historical record. Only after a thorough examination of the inconsistencies and constradictions between theory and practice over the nation's more than two hundred-year history can one hope to assess present policies. This, then, is just such an historical overview.
The Death of Christ and Political Theory
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

The just man who is thought unjust will be scourged, racked, bound-will have his eyes burnt out; and, at last, after suffering every kind of evil, he will be impaled.

—Glaucon, The Republic, No. 361

Quod scripsi, scripsi—What I have written, I have written.

—Pontius Pilate (John 19:22)

Political theory is by all accounts a discipline peculiar to Western civilization. It has its origin in the Greek city-state, particularly in Plato's account of the death of Socrates. In The Republic Plato went on to ask whether the just man could live in even the best state. Socrates, we know, fought in the Peloponnesian Wars and died by virtue of a public trial in 399 B.C. By his own testimony he died obedient to the laws of the civil community in which he chose to live his life, thereby condemning the unjust use of Athenian law and stigmatizing forever those 281 hapless jurists who voted for his guilt. Moreover, Socrates died calmly because he believed in the immortality of his own soul and because he was by no means sure that an already aging man would not be much better off in the Isles of the Blessed.
To a Certain Young Christian Radical
Authors: Gibel Inge Lederer
Published: September 2018

Do you remember telling me you couldn't possibly be an anti-Semite because as a child you played with adreidel, a familiar Chanukah game? 1 wonder if you—with your finely tuned Third World sensitivities—would have said to a black person who accused you of being a white racist that no, you couldn't be, because as a toddler you ate watermelon?
Japan Seen From Southeast Asia
Authors: Matsuo Fumio
Published: September 2018

The main problem in Southeast Asia is economic development, a problem the United States and Japan are largely responsible for. Southeast Asia, the U.S., and Japan are all involved, therefore, in determining how to achieve economic viability in Southeast Asia—where a new era of peaceful coexistence has begun after decades of war.

Leaders in Southeast Asian countries, including the Socialist states in Indochina, agree that the most pressing problem is how to overcoihe extreme hardships and difficulties in order to achieve economic and social development.
An Underpraised and Undervalued System
Authors: Novak Michael
Published: September 2018

Socialism, it appears, is like the Volvo: the thinking person's ideology. It is, according to Irving Howe in World of Our Fathers, the vital inheritance of Jewish immigrants. It attracts many dissidents of Catholic origin, like Michael Harrington, Garry Wills, Rosemary Ruether, and the busy workers at the Center for Concern. According to Henry Ford II, it has come to dominate in the bosom of the Ford Foundation. On television shows corporate tycoons and small businessmen are invariably corrupt, and on the television news—that lucrative portion of one of the most profitable of all industries—profits in other industries are reported on with faint whiffs of moral disapproval.
Looking Back on Fidel
Authors: Halperin Maurice
Published: September 2018

With the transformation of Cuba into an obedient Soviet satellite, the Cuban Revolution no longerexcites the imagination of romantic rebels and Utopian dreamers. For the student of politics, however, the early years of the Cuban Revolution remains an intriguing phenomenon, and especially the figure of Fidel Castro, its creator and guiding genius. Castro remains Cuba's Commander-in-Chief, Prime Minister, and First Secretary of the Communist Party. His leadership still plays a role in molding Cuban institutions into the Soviet pattern and promoting Soviet foreign policy, but his charisma is now circumscribed by Soviet-style bureaucratic rationality and the Kremlin's surveillance. Fidel Castro before his domestication was something else.
Notes Toward the Definition of an Intellectual
Authors: Martin John
Published: September 2018

An intellectual, the current joke has it, is anyone who can listen to the William Tell Overture without thinking of the Lone Ranger—which should be a snap, after all, for a creature who somehow manages to live life with both a high brow and a pointy head. Yet whatever his dexterity, the intellectual is probably harder to define, gravely or lightly, than any other human variety on earth.

Most dictionaries provide three standard, and inordinately unstimulating definitions: (1) a person with intellectual interests (2) a person who does intellectual work (3) a member of the intelligentsia (which, incidentally, defines nothing, since "intelligentsia," despite its overtones of coffeehouse dialectics, simply means intellectuals considered collectively).
The Urgency of the Problem
Authors: Young Stephen B.
Published: September 2018

I return from Southeast Asia profoundly moved by the plight of the refugees with whom I helped members of the Citizens’ Commission on lndochinese Refugees communicate. As Americans, and as human beings, we must take positive actions to reflect our common humanity with the Vietnamese “boat people,” Cambodians, and Laotians and help nitigate their suffering. Members of the Citizens’ Commission, despite their divergent views on the war in Indochina, have concluded that U.S. Government policjrton opening America's doors to the refugees must reflect the urgency of the problem. I heartily concur.
Why America Has Not Taken to Radicalisms
Authors: O'Neil Daniel J.
Published: September 2018

Why has the American polity been largely unreceptive to the radical ideologies of both left and right that have aroused such enthusiasm elsewhere? Why, for example, have Communists and fascists not been able to attract a significant following or secure electoral support in the United States? There are, I believe, seven factors that together have formed a mosaic of resistance to sundry radicalisms. These factors might now be in a state of decline.

First and obviously, the British legacy has had considerable influence on the American approach to radicalism. Like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, the United States inherited much of its culture from Britain. The language, political system, legal network, religious life, and literature built on the British experience. A high percentage of the populace traced its origin to the British Isles, while later immigrants ordinarily assimilated to the Anglo-Saxon value system. The members of the ruling elites have almost without exception been anglophiles.
The Bill of Rights and the Foreign Born
Authors: Gollobin Ira
Published: September 2018

The United States, as Walt Whitman said, is a “nation of nations,” a nation essentially of immigrants. Their sacrifices, courage, and imagination created factories, farms, mines, and a rich intermingling of cultures.

Our country has two traditions: one that welcomes the stranger who, as Benjamin Franklin noted, is in the forefront of defending democracy; and another that in times of crisis uses the foreign bom as a scapegoat for unsolved social problems. In Jefferson's words, “the friendless alien is the safest subject for a first experiment, but the citizen will soon follow.”
Ethics After Auschwitz
Authors: Littell Franklin H.
Published: September 2018

Ten years ago, in an address to an audience of German students, Peter Lotar, author of Das Bild des Menschen, raised the question of how the years of the Third Reich's power and crimes shall be dealt with.

How can we build the future when we are not finished with the past? How can we avoid the old mistakes when we don't even recognize them yet? We have a choice: do we intend to freeze fast in self-deception? or do we intend to carry through the cleaning up of ourselves and thereby grant ourselves and our children a full, new life?
Let's Sink the Lifeboat Ethics
Authors: Howe James W. , Sewell John W.
Published: September 2018

In the past several months American intellectual circles have spawned a new series of challenges to the morality and efficacy of responding to the needs of the poor countries. One of the surprising aspects of these arguments—one which has given considerable satisfaction to the devoted opponents of such aid and even raised eyebrows among the usually uninvolved—is the fact that these challenges have been spawned within the development community, by some who have spent a lifetime advocating help for the poor countries. Unlike earlier challenges which pointed out that much of American aid was used for overt political and military purposes, these new challenges hold that the provision of assistance is in and of itself immoral.
Israel at Peace With Its Neighbors
Authors: Kook Hilel , Merlin Samuel
Published: September 2018

The repeated victories of Israel's Armed Forces have prevented our enemies from annihilating us. But our military successes alone did not and could not bring about peace and normalization in the relations with our neighbors. More important, our victory in the Six-Day War of June, 1967, not only failed to guarantee our security, but, paradoxically, exposed us to a major enemy attack on two fronts for which we were not prepared psychologically, politically, even militarily. Indeed, our extraordinary victory of 1967 left us with a time bomb we refused to recognize and did not defuse. All this happened because we regarded the military triumph as something of an end in itself instead of an instrument to shape a political strategy for achieving peace and stability in the region.
An Ambassador's Reflections on a Bloodbath
Authors: Melady Thomas Patrick
Published: September 2018

There was so much suffering and so many people were killed in Burundi that all of us must ask the question who, if anyone, was to blame? What were the causes? Perhaps somehow we can find a way to prevent recurrences in Burundi and elsewhere. One can identify some men who obviously played a role in ordering executions and/or eliminating people for reasons of personal vengeance. The real villains, however, were not a few individuals but the type of alienation existing in the Burundi nation. This alienation—caused primarily by hate and fear—has triggered from time to time massive violence by neighbor against neighbor in both Rwanda and Burundi. Like a disease, it can recede and then break out again, resulting in further bloodbaths in Burundi.
A Nation of Behavers
Authors: Marty Martin E.
Published: September 2018

The American crisis in values and meanings has led many to look for a locale where common beliefs; and behavior patterns can be engendered, appraised and nurtured. Words like “Vietnam,” “Watergate,” “Energy-versus-Ecology” codify complex issues for debate. Yet a nation with a troubled soul does not know where to take up the issues. Religious organizations and voluntary associations abound, but, it is argued, they are too private and particular. The nation seems to be the only available matrix and repository of common values. “One can only reach out to the universe with a gloved hand,” said the poet William Butler Yeats. “That glove is one's nation, the only thing one knows even a little of.”
What—“HypotheticaUy” or Otherwise—Is Happening in Italy?
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

Italy's thirty-sixth government since 1944 resigned on June 10, 1974. On June 14 the Italian President, Giovanni Leone, who must accept such resignations, refused to accept this one. The resigned Rumor Fifth Government had to reform and carry on. The Rumor government was the shortest of all previous governments (eighty-nine days), and its resignation came at what seemed a time of deepest crisis. Leone probably made his unprecedented move because little other alternative existed and the crisis would not wait. The Italian President is charged with consulting and arranging new governmental coalitions, which must receive thence a majority support in parliament to survive. If this is impossible, new elections must be called. For the moment the continued Rumor government is a hopeful interim, but much depends on the Socialist Party and the way it views the current crisis.
Kissinger's Missing Continent
Authors: R. Hill Frances
Published: September 2018

To say that this is now Dr. Kissinger's world is more or less indisputable. But to say that his world includes the whole of the globe is inaccurate, In all Africa below the Mediterranean fringe there is not one leader who can refer to “our friend Henry.” As Dr. Kissinger admitted in his confirmation hearings as Secretary of State, he had, after a quarter century as one of our leading academic authorities on foreign policy, not yet formulated any “philosophy” of African-American relations. He spoke vaguely of calling some of our ambassadors to Africa back to Washington “to give me their judgment on what the best U.S. philosophy should be in that area.”
Rethinking the Palestinian Question
Authors: Pawlikowski John T.
Published: September 2018

Five years ago (Worldview, “The Middle East Conflict: A Christian Perspective,” July-August, 1969) I laid out what seemed to be the absolutely essential components for a just and lasting peace in the Middle East. These included the continued existence of Israel as a free and independent state within relatively secure and defensible boundaries, the expression of Palestinian nationalism within some form of national entity, and the development of a scheme for joint Arab-Israeli sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem. In the light of conversations with Israelis and Arabs over the last two years, some modifications are in order.
Class Underside and Ethnic Outside
Authors: Murray Cuddihy John
Published: September 2018

Thanks to England's 1944 Butler Education Act, in the immediate postwar years a generation of gifted working-class youngsters like Martin Burgess Green (b. 1927), Raymond Williams, and Richard Hoggart made their way from the English provinces to Oxford and Cambridge. Green, author of The von Richthofen Sisters: The Triumphant and the Tragic Modes of Love (Basic Books; 395 pp.; $12.50), was one such scholarship boy—one of the “école de Butler,” as the ever kindly Evelyn Waugh would put it—who in 1945 went to Cambridge and read English, and who experienced the university's pervasive ethos of gentlemanliness as a form of domestic colonialism. He soon entered the circle of Downing College's brilliant F.R. Leavis, editor of the influential literary quarterly Scrutiny.
World Hunger—the Religious Connection
Authors: Hatfield Mark O.
Published: September 2018

Martin Niemoller, a German pastor, experienced what he called his “second conversion” while imprisoned by the Nazis during World War II. Niemoller had so despised the atrocities of the Hitler regime that he came to hate the prison guard who brought him his food each day. Seeing the Nazi insignia on his uniform, all the indignation and outrage Niemoller felt toward that evil system was directed against that guard. Then one day Niemoller suddenly realized that Jesus Christ died on the cross for that guard, that Christ loved him that much. Niemoller knew that he was bound to love that guard, and to love every man. The atonement of Christ took on a whole new meaning for Niemoller. Its implications were revolutionary.
World Federalism Reconsidered
Authors: Geyer Alan
Published: September 2018

One of the most tiresome arguments in international affairs is the “realist” case against world federal government. It has been permitted to prevail for much too long.

For decades “political realists” have asserted that nationalism is too stong and stubborn a force for a world rule of law to be established. They have been all too persuasive—but have contributed thereby to their own self-fulfilling prophecies. “Realists” have typically voiced boredom and condescension toward federalists and have indulged in raw caricatures of the federalist case. The plausibility of such caricatures has been abetted by the fact that too many of the most visible (and audible!) federalists have been senior citizens whose fervent idioms suggest a dreamy one-worldism of an earlier era. It is time to renew and restate the case for world federal government.
Falling Out From the Dialogue
Authors: Vree Dale
Published: September 2018

In spite of the changing fortunes of the dialogue between Marxists and Christians, there is no doubt that it remains a permanent fixture on the horizon of mankind's hopes. The publication of the four books under scrutiny here is testimony to the continuing importance of the Marxist- Christian dialogue, both as a matter of pragmatic importance to the future of man and as a matter meriting serious intellectual consideration.
The Kirkpatrick Era
Authors: Marcum John A.
Published: September 2018

“Could you tell us why you, a self-professed Democrat, a liberal, happened to be selected by the Reagan administration to represent the United States at the United Nations? It is, after all, a conservative administration.” The question came from Charles H. Percy (R., 111.), chair of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. The response followed sharp and confident.

“I suppose,” said Georgetown political scientist Jeane I. Kirkpatrick, “President Reagan asked me to take this very difficult job because he believes that we share a particular sense of the problems that confront the United States, the democracies, and Western civilization.” That “particular sense,” as she explained it, seems to relate back to the comparatively straightforward, bipolar world of the early 1950s, when Ambassador Kirkpatrick was studying political science in Paris and Stalin's soldiers still surrounded Vienna.
The Nuclear Arms Race: Man vs. War Machines
Authors: Winters Francis X.
Published: September 2018

While reading Herbert Butterfield's Christianity, Diplomacy and War recently, I was struck as much by some marginal notations a previous reader had left behind as by the masterful text itself (published in 1953). One notation was the word “Vietnam” scribbled in the margin next to Butterfield's treatment of the Korean War. I remembered suddenly an experience I'd had during the Korean War period. I was helping then to care for an elderly gentleman, and we used to listen regularly to radio broadcasts from the battlefield. The old man, whose capacity to differentiate between past and present had failed him, would ask for further news on the war: “And how are the Central Powers doing?” World War I and Korea had for him collapsed into a single struggle.
A Dialogue That Almost Died
Authors: Rottenberg Isaac C.
Published: September 2018

A new tone of optimism is being sounded in some recent reports on Christian-Jewish relationships. For instance, we have been hearing about a “decade of progress” in Jewish-Roman Catholic dialogue ever since 1975, when a Vatican commission issued “Guidelines and Suggestions” to implement the 1965 Vatican Council declaration Nostra Aetate. The new initiatives in Jewish-Evangelical conversations have been hailed as exceedingly heartening. Many and varied forms of dialogue between Christians and Jews are taking place on the local scene all across the land. Finally, the Fifth Assembly of the World Council of Churches, held in Nairobi, avoided adopting a statement on the Middle East so offensive to the Jewish community as to cause the breakdown of conversations.
Ringing Declaration and Limping Action on World Hunger
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

If we now choose the right road, the poorest countries could become the world's breadbasket

‘he acute food crisis that gripped the world in 1972-74 has visibly subsided. Harvests have been bountiful for two successive years; this year's production, too, definitely looks good, even though it will not match last year's record crop. World output of wheat, coarse grain, and milled rice for 1977-78 is currently estimated at 1,322.5 million metric tons (mmt). This is only 11 mmt short of the total of 1,333.1 mmt harvested in 1976-77. Fate has been kind at our time of direst need.

Food stocks, badly depleted in the crisis years, have been substantially replenished. In the USA storage bins are overflowing with grain—this has depressed farm prices, triggering agitation among farmers, who are faced with plunging profits. Even in India the problem, for a change, is not how to cope with chronic shortages but how to deal with a large surplus and to store the bulging stocks the Government has acquired from the producers.
Politics and the Two Irelands
Authors: Power Paul F.
Published: September 2018

Late last year the British Government emerged with its principles intact from a contest of wills with a Provisional IRA hunger-striker who sought changes in the prison treatment of those claiming political motivations for their acts of violence. When the hunger-striker broke his fast, it appeared that the British policy was vindicated. But as usual in Northern Ireland, the ascendency of British law and order did not go untested for long. In the spring of 1981 the Ulster situation erupted again when another IRA hunger-striker induced his own death after failing to produce any modification of prison rules. Although the Thatcher government had held firm once again, the tradition of Irish self-sacrifice was reborn. Bobby Sands, M.P., became the thirteenth Republican prisoner since 1920 to die on a hunger strike in jail, the first in the Republic itself.
Modernity and Politics
Authors: Mason Warren L.
Published: September 2018

Is there something about modern society itself that makes governments inadequate to the tasks they face in the contemporary industrial world? In recent years critics such as Daniel Bell and John Kenneth Galbraith have analyzed postindustrial society in an attempt to illuminate its basic character. Other prominent analysts have spoken about the ungovernability of modern societies and the dilemmas encountered by governments as the demands they face outstrip resources. The daily press obligingly confirms the existence of almost chronic crisis and of persistent political failure in the various capitals of the developed world.

What emerges from all this is the vision of a society that we recognize but do not really comprehend: a busy, complex society that projects new conquests for itself as it discovers ever new latent capabilities; at the same time, a society out of control and deeply dangerous to the individuals who are both its beneficiaries and its victims.
Trade and Unemployment: Global Bread-and-Butter Issues
Authors: Cohen Benjamin J.
Published: September 2018

What do machine tools, motorcycles, and mushrooms have in common? All are industries that, threatened by foreign competition, have recently applied to Washington for import protection. And American manufacturers are not alone. Industries across the globe are pressing their governments to restrict purchases from abroad as a way of saving jobs at home. The story is an old one; When times are bad, cut imports; export unemployment instead.

That times are bad is obvious. Since the first oil shock a decade ago, global economic growth has slowed to a snail's pace. Not even the erstwhile “miracle” economies of Japan and Germany have been able to escape the harsh grip of recession. In the United States, one worker in ten is out of a job. In the industrial world as a whole, 30 million people are now looking for work.
Courage Within the System
Authors: O'Meara Patrick
Published: September 2018

Ten years ago Gatsha Buthelezi would have been in prison; today he is Chief Executive Counsellor of KwaZulu, a potentially independent ''homeland,” now within the boundaries of South Africa.

Buthelezi has grasped the limited possibilities of self-government extended by the white government of South Africa. He has chosen to challenge the apartheid structure from within because “no amount of shouting can, by itself, cause the walls of the ‘apartheid-Jericho' to crumble.” He argues that black people have been voiceless for too long, that whites have for generations arrogated to themselves the right to determine the destinies of millions of Africans. He has chosen to operate within the “white dream” in order to change all that.
Update: Distributing Food in Kampuchea
Authors: Hawk David R.
Published: September 2018

In May, 1980, when the Geneva meeting on Humani tarian Assistance and Relief to the Kampuchean People took place and funds to continue aid were pledged, the food distribution system inside Kampuchea was a sham bles. Rice-laden ships were backed up in the harbors at Kampong Som and Pnompenh, where warehouses were full. Rice, unlike rice seed, was not reaching the villages.

There was rare consensus on this point, even among those international organizations and voluntary agencies that had been presenting a generally positive pic ture of developments inside Kampuchea. Relief work ers in Pnompenh took the unprecedented step of jointly warning the Heng Samrin regime that it could not count on continued international aid unless distribu tion improved. Interviews with Khmer peasants treking on foot, by bicycle, and oxcart to the Thai border from several provinces in west and northwest Kampuchea confirmed that food distribution was grossly inadequate if it existed at all. Heng Samrin's own village commit tees, with no rice to give peasants and farmers, were issuing passes to the Thai border that were being hon ored by the Vietnamese soldiers who control much of the access to the relief “land bridge” at Nong Chan.
Of Irelands & Irishmen
Authors: Hood Chalmers
Published: September 2018

After more than a year of relative calm, Northern Ireland is once again a powder keg, its three-century-old sectarian debate threatening to explode in yet more death and violence. The British Government had hoped to return local self-rule to Northern Ireland this past fall, and a province-wide election for a seventy-eight-seat local assembly was to introduce a new era of peace and stability. This has not happened. Both Protestant and Catholic political parties declared they would not cooperate in any new government, and terrorist activity on both sides threatens to escalate the violence still further.
What's at Stake in Chad
Authors: William Zartman I.
Published: September 2018

Now that Chad is partitioned and a fragile truce holds along an artificial line, it is worth taking stock of Chad and other Chad-like situations to see what lessons they may teach. For Chad's problems are not solved. Worse, there is nothing unique about its situation; it merely offers a particularly sharp example of what is taking place in a number of Third World nations.

Chad offers, first, a case of political collapse—an unusually complete case—not just of the overthrow of a government but of the total destruction of the state and its legitimate authority. Part of this has been the work of nature, part the work of the Chadians themselves. The basic fact of Chad is poverty.
American Poetry and Culture
Authors: Hux Samuel
Published: September 2018

Practically everyone who writes about St. Thomas tells the story, but G. K. Chesterton tells it best. When Aquinas broke his habit of solitude to attend a royal banquet at the invitation of Louis XI of France (later St. Louis), he did not break his habit of thinking. “Somehow they steered that reluctant bulk of reflection to a seat in the royal banquet hall, and all we know of Thomas tells us that he was perfectly courteous to those who spoke to him, but spoke little, and was soon forgotten in the most brilliant and noisy clatter in the world: the noise of French talking.”
Religious Theatre in America
Authors: Syna Sy
Published: September 2018

Once upon a time all theatrical performances in Western Europe were religious in impetus and expression. Professional directors and stage managers of the Middle Ages traveled to such towns as Mons and Valenciennes to stage elaborate productions upon specially constructed platforms equipped with trapdoors and other devices to achieve the most spectacular effects. An English king journeyed to York and posted himself and his retinue on a street in order to witness a segment of that city's famous cycle of plays—from Creation to Christ s passion —performed upon a wagon.
"The Smile of Lenin": Inside Cuba's Revolution
Authors: Philipson Lorrin
Published: September 2018

The recent frantic scramble for freedom by thousands of Cubans via the Peruvian embassy and in chaotically dispatched boats is an eruption of long-simmering anguish, not a sudden, new development. But the island might just as well be in the China Sea as ninety miles from the U.S., considering how little is known or acknowledged about life under the Revolution. There are several reasons for the misconceptions that have prevailed these twenty years. Castro's brilliantly orchestrated propaganda managed to conceal the darker realities, while in the U.S. the shrillness of right-wing attacks detracted from their credibility. Then there were the leftists, most of whom regarded Cuba as sacred territory: One did not dare criticize Castro's regime for fear of dooming revolution elsewhere.
Persecution in Paraguay
Authors: Llanusa-Cestero Renée
Published: September 2018

Paraguay is the least-known nation of the Americas. It comes as no surprise, then, that the thirtieth anniversary of the longest surviving modern-day head of state, General Alfredo Stroessner, should have occurred this past May with a minimum of international media coverage.

Stroessner rose to power via a military coup in May, 1954, and by July had been nominated the Colorado party candidate in a one-candidate election. The primary determinant of social and political relations in Paraguay, however, is the state of siege sustained by Stroessner since that time. The “facade of legality which the regime presents”— to borrow from a 1978 Amnesty International report—is achieved by invoking Article 79 of the 1967 Constitution, which, renewed every ninety days, provides for the declaration of a state of emergency and suspends constitutional safeguards against violations of basic civil and human rights.
Poetry and Protest
Authors: Carlos Ripoll
Published: September 2018

In 406 B.C., eight generals of the Athenian navy were brought to trial for abandoning survivors of a shipwreck after the great battle of Arginusae. The public clamored for blood; and the state, spreading a wave of terror, intimidated the assembly that was then trying the generals. They were condemned to death. Only Socrates dared to speak out against the abuse of law, identifying the generals as victims of an insecure government. “The true teacher,” he had said, “must offer himself as a model of what he preaches.”
With the Soviet Man on the Street
Authors: Pope Ronald R.
Published: September 2018

Soviet relations with much of the world, and with the United States in particular, are clearly at a low ebb, a fact underlined at the beginning of my most recent trip to the Soviet Union in May. Soviet Customs, always suspicious of Americans, searched the luggage of our Citizens Exchange Corps-sponsored group much more thoroughly than that of the group I had led the previous year. Still, this was the only significant manifestation of Soviet ire we encountered during our stay in the USSR.