bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating nest abundance while accounting for time‐to‐event processes and imperfect detection
Authors: Péron Guillaume , Walker Johann , Rotella Jay , Hines James E. , Nichols James D.
Published: March 2014

Birds and their population dynamics are often used to understand and document anthropogenic effects on biodiversity. Nest success is a critical component of the breeding output of birds in different environments; but to obtain the complete picture of how bird populations respond to perturbations, we also need an estimate of nest abundance or density. The problem is that raw counts generally underestimate actual nest numbers because detection is imperfect and because some nests may fail or fledge before being subjected to detection efforts. Here we develop a state‐space superpopulation capture–recapture approach in which inference about detection probability is based on the age at first detection, as opposed to the sequence of re‐detections in standard capture–recapture models. We apply the method to ducks in which (1) the age of the nests and their initiation dates can be determined upon detection and (2) the duration of the different stages of the breeding cycle is a priori known. We fit three model variants with or without assumptions about the phenology of nest initiation dates, and use simulations to evaluate the performance of the approach in challenging situations. In an application to Blue‐winged TealAnas discorsbreeding at study sites in North and South Dakota, USA, nesting stage (egg‐laying or incubation) markedly influenced nest survival and detection probabilities. Two individual covariates, one binary covariate (presence of grazing cattle at the nest site), and one continuous covariate (Robel index of vegetation), had only weak effects. We estimated that 5–10% of the total number of nests were available for detection but were missed by field crews. An additional 6–15% were never available for detection. These percentages are expected to be larger in less intense, more typical sampling designs. User‐friendly software nestAbund is provided to assist users in implementing the method.
Patient-Based Outcomes After Tibia Fracture in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Sabatini Coleen S , Curtis Tracy A , Mahan Susan T
Published: March 2014

Introduction :

Tibia fractures are common in pediatric patients and time necessary to return to normal function may be underappreciated. The purpose of this study was to assess functional recovery in pediatric patients who sustain tibia fractures, utilizing the Pediatrics Outcome Data Collection Instrument (PODCI), in order to provide evidence-based information on post-injury functional limitations and anticipated recovery times.

Methods :

84patients (out of 264 eligible patients, response rate 32%) age 1.5-18 years treated for a tibia fracture at a large children's hospital between 1/07 and 4/08 completed a PODCI questionnaire at 6 and 12 months post-injury. PODCI questionnaires were compared to previously reportednormal controls using Student's t-test in six categories.

Results :

At 6 months after injury, the Sports functioning PODCI score was significantly less than healthy controls in both the parent reports for adolescent (mean 88.71 versus 95.4) and adolescent self-report (mean 90.44 versus 97.1); these showed no difference at 12 months.

Discussion :

For adolescents who sustain fractures of the tibia, there remains a negative impact on their sports functioning after 6 months that resolves by 12 months. Physicians can counsel their patients that although they may be limited in their sports function for some time after injury, it is anticipated that this will resolve by one year from the time of injury.

Level of Evidence :

Level II.
Damage Potential Prediction of Greek Earthquakes Based on Spectral Sustainability Measures Derived from 3-D Displacement Response Spectra: Part – I
Authors: Koliopoulos P.K.
Published: March 2014

The aim of this work is the investigation of the correlation between seismic damage measures and the sustainability of response displacement peak, deduced from novel 3-D response spectra. These spectra are produced with relatively small additional computational cost compared to their 2-D counterparts and incorporate valuable additional information concerning the sustainability of conventional spectral values to the rest of major response cycles. The utilization of 3-D response spectra leads to the computation of handy sustainability indices, proposed herein, that reflect the sensitivity of standard response spectra values to (i) the number of significant response half-cycles (‘transversal’ sustainability index λ1) and (ii) the elongation of fundamental elastic period due to inelastic response (‘horizontal’ sustainability index λ2). Based on selected Greek ground motion records, a time domain inelastic dynamic analysis study was performed for elasto-plastic single degree of freedom (sdof) oscillators. The results reveal the strong correlation between the spectral sustainability indices and the damageability of each record and were utilized to produce empirical estimators as functions of the aforementioned sustainability indices, in order to serve as reliable predictors of standard damage indices. The applicability of the findings to a greater sample of ground motion records and more realistic structural systems (such as single and multi-storey plane RC frames) has been confirmed and will be presented in a forthcoming companion publication.
On an efficient method for the simultaneous approximation of polynomial multiple roots
Authors: Petkovic Miodrag , Petkovic Ljiljana , Dzunic Jovana
Published: March 2014

An iterative method in parallel mode for the simultaneous determination of
multiple roots of algebraic polynomials is stated together with its
single-step variant. These methods are more efficient compared to all
simultaneous methods based on fixed point relations. To attain very high
computational efficiency, a suitable correction resulting from
Li-Liao-Cheng?s two-point fourth order method of low computational complexity
and Gauss-Seidel?s approach are applied. Considerable increase of the
convergence rate is obtained applying only n additional polynomial
evaluations per iteration, where n is the number of distinct roots. A
special emphasis is given to the convergence analysis and computational
efficiency of the proposed methods. The presented convergence analysis shows
that the R-order of convergence of the proposed single-step method is at
least 2 + ?v; where ?v?2 (4,6) is the unique positive root of the
polynomial gv(t) = tn-4n-1 t-22n-1: The convergence order of the
corresponding total-step method is six. Computational aspects and some
numerical examples are given to demonstrate high computational efficiency
and very fast convergence of the proposed methods.
Nephroblastomas Show Low Expression of MicroR-204 and High Expression of its Target, the Oncogenic Transcription Factor MEIS1
Authors: Koller Karin , Pichler Martin , Koch Karin , Zandl Martina , Stiegelbauer Verena , Leuschner Ivo , Hoefler Gerald , Guertl Barbara
Published: March 2014

By comparing several studies we identified a possible deregulation of the transcription factors PBX2 (pre–B-cell leukemia homeobox 2) and one of its binding partners, MEIS1 (Meis homeobox 1) in nephroblastomas. The regulation of MEIS1 is complex, and its expression is known to be influenced by changes of promoter methylation and binding of microRNA-204 (miR-204). Therefore, in our study, we assessed the expression of MEIS1 and PBX2 and the factors regulating expression of MEIS1 in nephroblastomas. MEIS1 and PBX2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were investigated by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Promoter methylation of MEIS1 was evaluated using a methylation-specific PCR assay. Expression levels of miR-204 were examined by qRT-PCR. Eighteen of 21 nephroblastomas showed a high level of MEIS1 mRNA, and 22 of 26 samples had a specific nuclear protein expression. MicroRNA-204 had a statistically significantly lower expression in all nephroblastomas investigated compared with renal parenchyma, but no change of MEIS1 promoter methylation status was noted. Eleven of 23 nephroblastomas had a high expression of PBX2 mRNA, and 15 of 23 samples had a specific nuclear protein expression was noted. In our study, we demonstrated an expression of MEIS1 and its binding partner PBX2 in most nephroblastomas. The statistically significantly lower expression of miR-204 in all nephroblastomas investigated might point to an involvement of miR-204 in the regulation of MEIS1 in nephroblastomas.
IMAGe Association: Report of Two Cases in Siblings with Adrenal Hypoplasia and Review of the Literature
Authors: Phillips Katherine , Arroyo May R. , Duckworth Lizette Vila
Published: March 2014

We report the postmortem findings of two siblings with gross and microscopic features consistent with IMAGe association (Intrauterine growth retardation, Metaphyseal dysplasia, Adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and Genital anomalies) with an emphasis on the histopathology of the adrenal gland in this rare syndrome. The first sibling was an 8-week old male diagnosed postnatally with primary adrenal insufficiency. There was no deletion of the DAX1 gene by FISH. Examination at autopsy revealed dysmorphic features including frontal bossing, epicanthal folds, flat philtrum, cryptorchidism, penile chordee, overriding fourth toe, and height and weight below 3rd percentile. Grossly, the adrenal glands were not identified; however, microscopic examination of the suprarenal soft tissue revealed a 3 mm focus of disorganized fetal adrenal cortex with distended “cytomegalic” cells with abundant pink eosinophilic cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei, and cytoplasmic vacuolization. A minute focus of permanent adult cortex was also seen, but no adrenal medulla was identified. An autopsy of the sibling, who died 12 years previously at day 9 of life, revealed dysmorphic facial features with cryptorchidism and a large phallus. The adrenal glands were grossly hypoplastic (11 mm). Histologically, the adrenal glands showed disorganized fetal cortex with cytomegalic cells, a larger amount of permanent adult cortex, and bizarre nuclei with numerous pseudoinclusions. While there is currently limited information regarding the histopathologic adrenal findings in IMAGe association, our small case series suggests overlapping features between X-linked recessive congenital adrenal hypoplasia (cytomegalic cells with lack of permanent adult cortex) and autosomal recessive congenital adrenal hypoplasia (diminished permanent adult cortex without cytomegalic cells).
Postmortem Ultrasonography of the Macerated Fetus Complements Autopsy following in Utero Fetal Demise
Authors: Cain Mary Ashley , Guidi Claude B. , Steffensen Thora , Whiteman Valerie E. , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Johnson Dennis R.
Published: March 2014

Postmortem evaluation following an in utero fetal demise is essential for determining cause of death and counseling regarding future pregnancies. Severe maceration and fetal size along with patient desires may limit the physician's ability to perform a complete autopsy. In the cases presented, we demonstrate the utility of postmortem ultrasonography as an adjunct to traditional autopsy following fetal demise.
Taking Pleasure at Another's Misfortune: The Implicit Schadenfreude of Disaster Spectators
Authors: Gao Hongmei , Cao Hongbei , Xu Yan , Zhou Ya , Feng Yubo , Wang Fang , Chen Yongyuan
Published: March 2014

Implicit Schadenfreude of disaster spectators, with augmentation of implicit self-esteem and higher reward responsiveness as indicators, and the influence of insecurity and masculinity was explored in two studies. Both studies were conducted under conditions without any clearly legitimizing factors. Experimental (priming with disaster video) and control (priming with neutral video) groups were compared using the Implicit Association Test in Study 1, the results of which showed augmentation of implicit self-esteem in the experimental group. In Study 2, participants who read and believed a fabricated news report of fire disaster via a local area network website showed higher reward responsiveness in a reward-based signal-detection task. Other results showed that insecurity negatively predicted the augmentation of implicit self-esteem and reward responsiveness, while masculinity only negatively predicted the augmentation of implicit self-esteem.
Performance Indicators Analysis at Brazilian and Italian Women's Volleyball Leagues According to Game Location, Game Outcome, and Set Number
Authors: Campos Fabio A. D. , Stanganélli Luiz C. R. , Pasquarelli Bruno N. , Campos Leandra C. B. , Gómez Miguel-Ángel
Published: March 2014

This study was done to investigate the advantage of playing at home in elite women's volleyball leagues and the influence of performance indicators in the game score according to set number. The sample consisted of 240 games of the Brazilian Volleyball League ( n = 132 games) and the Italian Volleyball League ( n = 108 games) from the 2011–2012 season. The relationship of performance indicators (including serve, attack, block, and opponents' errors) with the game outcome (win or lose) was assessed. The results showed that there was a home advantage effect in women's volleyball leagues, with a higher prevalence of victory for the home teams in Brazilian and Italian leagues (58 and 56%, respectively). When related to the performance indicators and among the aspects that were most highly correlated with victory, the attack was the technical indicator that explained most of the results of volleyball games.
Efficiency comparison between the LLCL and LCL-filters based single-phase grid-tied inverters
Authors: Wu Weimin , Huang Min , Blaabjerg Frede
Published: March 2014

An LLCL-filter is becoming more attractive than an LCL-filter as the interface between the grid-tied inverter and the grid due to possibility of reducing the copper and the magnetic materials. The efficiency of the LLCL-filter based single-phase grid-tied inverter also excites interests for many applications. The operation of the switches of the VSI is various with different modulation methods, which lead to different efficiencies for such a single-phase grid-tied inverter system, and therefore important research has been carried out on the effect of the choice of PWM schemes. Then power losses and efficiencies of the LLCL-filter and the LCL-filter based single-phase grid-tied inverters are analyzed and compared under the discontinuous unipolar, the dual-buck and the bipolar modulations. Results show that the efficiency of LLCL-filter based inverter system is higher than the LCL- filter based independent on the modulation method adopted. Experiments on a 2 kW prototype are in good agreement with results of the theoretical analysis
Multiobjective FEM based optimization of BLDC motor using Matlab and Maxwell scripting capabilities
Authors: Caramia R. , Piotuch R. , Pałka R.
Published: March 2014

The paper presents a methodology for the optimization of a Brushless Direct Current motor (BLDC). In particular it is focused on multiobjective optimization using a genetic algorithm (GA) developed in Matlab/Optimization Toolbox coupled with Maxwell from ANSYS. Optimization process was divided into two steps. The aim of the first one was to maximize the RMS torque value and to minimize the mass. The second part of the optimization process was to minimize the cogging torque by selecting proper magnet angle. The paper presents the methodology and capabilities of scripting methods rather than specific optimization results for the applied geometry
Cracking the Binary Code
Authors: Hazlehurst Benny
Published: March 2014

This paper offers a critique of the ‘binary’ nature of much biblical interpretation and ethical belief in the Church, rejecting simplistic ‘either-or’ approaches to both. Instead there is offered an interpretation of key biblical texts through the lenses of circumstances, needs and motivation. It is argued that, when these factors are taken into account, even for Evangelicals, there is no longer a substantive biblical case against the acceptance of faithful, loving same-sex partnerships and the development of a positive Christian ethic for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. At the very least, the complexity of the interpretive task must lead to greater openness to and acceptance of those from whom we differ.
On Jordan Triple α-*Centralizers Of Semiprime Rings
Authors: Ashraf Mohammad , Mozumder Muzibur Rahman , Khan Almas
Published: March 2014

Let R be a 2-torsion free semiprime ring equipped with an involution *. An additive mapping T : R→R is called a left (resp. right) Jordan α-*centralizer associated with a function α: R→R if T(x2)=T(x)α(x*) (resp. T(x2)=α(x*)T(x)) holds for all x ∊ R. If T is both left and right Jordan α-* centralizer of R, then it is called Jordan α-* centralizer of R. In the present paper it is shown that if α is an automorphism of R, and T : R→ R is an additive mapping such that 2T(xyx)=T(x) α(y*x*) +α(x*y*)T(x) holds for all x, y ∊ R, then T is a Jordan α-*centralizer of R
On The Complete Convergence Of Randomly Weighted Sums Of Random Fields
Authors: Gdula Agnieszka M. , Krajka Andrzej
Published: March 2014

Let {X

is convergent for some real t, some fixed p > 0 and all ε > 0. Here |n̲| is used for Π

The randomly indexed sums of field {X
Volume Of A Tetrahedron Revisited
Authors: Bhattacharyya Arindam , Pal Buddhadev
Published: March 2014

The volume of a tetrahedron is represented in terms of the twelve face angles, inradii of the faces of tetrahedron, circumradii of the faces and the radius of the sphere circumscribing the tetrahedron
Closed form solutions of heat and mass transfer in the flow of a MHD visco-elastic fluid over a porous stretching sheet
Authors: Ashokkunar K. , Veena P.H. , Pravin V.K.
Published: March 2014

The problem of heat and mass transfer in a visco-elastic fluid flow over a stretching sheet in the presence of a uniform magnetic field is examined. The important physical quantities such as the skin friction coefficient, heat transfer co-efficient and the mass transfer co-efficient are determined. It is found that the heat and mass transfer distribution decreases with the increasing values of the visco-elastic parameter k1.
Wave propagation in micropolar monoclinic thermoelastic half space
Authors: Gupta R.R.
Published: March 2014

Propagation of waves in a micropolar monoclinic medium possessing hermoelastic properties based on the Lord- Shulman (L-S),Green and Lindsay (G-L) and Coupled thermoelasticty (C-T) theories is discussed. The investigation is divided into two sections, viz., plane strain and anti-plane strain problem. After developing the solution, the phase velocities and attenuation quality factor have been derived and computed numerically. The numerical results have been plotted graphically.
Effect of chemical reaction and radiation on double diffusive flow of a viscous, dissipative fluid through porous medium in a rectangular cavity with heat sources
Authors: Raju T.L. , Muralidhar P.
Published: March 2014

In this paper, an attempt is made to discuss the combined influence of radiation and dissipation on the convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous fluid through a porous medium in a rectangular cavity using the Darcy model. Making use of the incompressibility, the governing non-linear coupled equations for the momentum, energy and diffusion are derived in terms of the non-dimensional stream function, temperature and concentration. The Galerkin finite element analysis with linear triangular elements is used to obtain the global stiffness matrices for the values of stream function, temperature and concentration. These coupled matrices are solved using an iterative procedure and expressions for the stream function, temperature and concentration are obtained as linear combinations of the shape functions. The behavior of temperature, concentration, the Nusselt number and Sherwood number is discussed computationally for different values of the governing parameters, such as the Rayleigh Number (Ra), heat source parameter (α), Eckert number (Ec), Schmidt Number (Sc), Soret parameter (S0), buoyancy ratio (N).
Anti – plane crack emanating from the interface in a bounded smart PEMO- elastic structure
Authors: Rogowski B.
Published: March 2014

The magnetoelectroelastic analysis of two bonded dissimilar piezo-electro-magneto-elastic ceramics with a crack perpendicular to and terminating at the interface is made. By using the Fourier integral transform (in perpendicular directions in each materials), the mixed boundary conditions and continuity conditions are transformed to a singular integral equation with generalized Cauchy kernel, the solution of which has been well studied, and classical methods are directly applicable here to obtain the closed form solution. The results are presented for a permeable crack under anti-plane shear loading and in-plane electric and magnetic loadings, as prescribed electric displacement and magnetic inductions or electric and magnetic fields. The results indicate that the magnetoelectroelastic field near the crack tip in the homogeneous PEMO- elastic ceramic is dominated by a traditional inverse square-root singularity, while the coupled field near the crack tip at the interface exhibits the singularity of the power law r--α , r being the distance from the interface crack tip and α depending on the material constants of a bimaterial. In particular, electric and magnetic fields have no singularity at the crack tip in a homogeneous solid, whereas they are singular around the interface crack tip. Numerical results are given graphically to show the effects of the material properties on the singularity order, field intensity factors and energy release rates. The results presented in this paper should have potential applications to the design of multilayered magnetoelectroelastic structures.
The applicability of C-14 measurements in the soil gas for the assessment of leakage out of underground carbon dioxide reservoirs
Authors: Chałupnik Stanisław , Wysocka Małgorzata
Published: March 2014

Poland, due to the ratification of the Kioto Protocol, is obliged to diminish the emission of greenhouse gases. One of the possible solutions of this problem is CO2 sequestration (CCS - carbon capture and storage). Such an option is a priority in the European Union. On the other hand, CO2 sequestration may be potentially risky in the case of gas leakage from underground reservoirs. The most dangerous event may be a sudden release of the gas onto the surface. Therefore, it is very important to know if there is any escape of CO2 from underground gas reservoirs, created as a result of sequestration. Such information is crucial to ensure safety of the population in areas located above geological reservoirs. It is possible to assess the origin of carbon dioxide, if the measurement of radiocarbon 14C concentration in this gas is done. If CO2 contains no 14C, it means, that the origin of the gas is either geological or the gas has been produced as a result of combustion of fossil fuels, like coal. A lot of efforts are focused on the development of monitoring methods to ensure safety of CO2 sequestration in geological formations. A radiometric method has been tested for such a purpose. The main goal of the investigations was to check the application possibility of such a method. The technique is based on the liquid scintillation counting of samples. The gas sample is at first bubbled through the carbon dioxide adsorbent, afterwards the adsorbent is mixed with a dedicated cocktail and measured in a low-background liquid scintillation spectrometer Quantulus. The described method enables measurements of 14C in mine and soil gas samples.
Monte Carlo calculated CT numbers for improved heavy ion treatment planning
Authors: Qamhiyeh Sima , Wysocka-Rabin Anna , Jäkel Oliver
Published: March 2014

Better knowledge of CT number values and their uncertainties can be applied to improve heavy ion treatment planning. We developed a novel method to calculate CT numbers for a computed tomography (CT) scanner using the Monte Carlo (MC) code, BEAMnrc/EGSnrc. To generate the initial beam shape and spectra we conducted full simulations of an X-ray tube, filters and beam shapers for a Siemens Emotion CT. The simulation output files were analyzed to calculate projections of a phantom with inserts. A simple reconstruction algorithm (FBP using a Ram-Lak filter) was applied to calculate the pixel values, which represent an attenuation coefficient, normalized in such a way to give zero for water (Hounsfield unit (HU)). Measured and Monte Carlo calculated CT numbers were compared. The average deviation between measured and simulated CT numbers was 4 ± 4 HU and the standard deviation σ was 49 ± 4 HU. The simulation also correctly predicted the behaviour of H-materials compared to a Gammex tissue substitutes. We believe the developed approach represents a useful new tool for evaluating the effect of CT scanner and phantom parameters on CT number values.
Taurine-EVA copolymer-paraffin rods dosimeters for EPR high-dose radiation dosimetry
Authors: Maghraby Ahmed M. , Mansour A. , Abdel-Fattah A. A.
Published: March 2014

Taurine/EPR rods (3 × 10 mm) have been prepared by a simple technique in the laboratory where taurine powder was mixed with a molten mixture of paraffin wax and an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. The binding mixture EVA/Paraffin does not present interference or noise in the EPR signal before or after irradiation. The rods show good mechanical properties for safe and multi-use handling. An EPR investigation of radiation induced radicals in taurine rods revealed that there are two types of radicals produced after exposure to gamma radiation (60Co). EPR spectra were recorded and analyzed - also the microwave power saturation and modulation amplitude were studied and optimized. Response of taurine to different radiation doses (1.5-100 kGy) was studied and found to follow a linear relationship up to 100 kGy. Radiation induced radicals in taurine persists and showed a noticeable stability over 94 days following irradiation. Uncertainities associated with the evaluation of radiation doses using taurine dosimeters were discussed and tabulated. It was found that taurine possesses good dosimetric properties using EPR spectroscopy in high doses in addition to its simple spectrum.
Behavioural responses to handling stress in the Great Tit: within-individual consistency and the effect of age, sex and body condition
Authors: Markó Gábor , Azcárate Manuel , Hegyi Gergely , Herceg Gábor , Laczi Miklós , Nagy Gergely , Señar Juan Carlos , Török János , Garamszegi László Zsolt
Published: March 2014

In birds, individuals may show different behavioural and physiological responses when handling, and such variation may be related to individual differences in antipredator strategies. We performed a pilot study in both breeding and wintering populations of the Great Tit (Parus major), and we characterised three typical behavioural traits during a standard ringing procedure in captured birds. We assessed between- individual variations in breath rate, pecking rate and the number of distress calls displayed in response to handling, and also calculated the within-individual variation of these traits by repeated behavioural measurements. We found that these behaviours were consistently displayed within individuals (with repeatability varying between 0.44 and 0.82), and there was also some modest correlation between them (e.g. breath rate covaried with the number of distress calls). Furthermore, using multivariate linear models assessing a role of some potential predictors we found that a considerable amount of between-individual variation can be explained by sex and age differences and also by variation in body condition. However, the magnitude and direction of these relationships was inconsistent across seasons. Our results are in line with previous findings that several consistent behavioural traits measured during human handling could reflect individual specific antipredator strategy, but some confounding effects cannot be ruled out. Hence, our preliminary results require careful interpretation, and further studies are needed to assess the exact magnitude by which different behavioural traits are inter-related
Intraspecific kleptoparasitism in flock-fishing Great Crested Grebes (Podiceps cristatus) and Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) – a cost to participants?
Authors: Källander Hans
Published: March 2014

Intraspecific kleptoparasitism was studied in flock-fishing Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus during May and June 2011 and in Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo during September 2011 and August 2012 at Lake Krankesjön, South Sweden, for a total of c.11 h for grebes and c.6 h for cormorants. Only attempts to steal large fish (relative to a bird’s gape) were recorded, because small fish mostly did not elicit kleptoparasitic attempts and those seen appeared never to be successful. Attempts to steal large fish were rare, 0.14 h-1 grebe-1 (N = 96) and 0.39 h-1 cormorant-1 (N = 163). In both species, the host lost its fish in about 20% of cases. Based on the observed low parasitism and success rates, it is concluded that kleptoparasitism was a minor cost of participating in flock-fishing
The role of elastosonography, gray-scale and colour flow Doppler sonography in prediction of malignancy in thyroid nodules
Authors: Tatar Idil Gunes , Kurt Aydin , Yilmaz Kerim Bora , Doğan Mehmet , Hekimoglu Baki , Hucumenoglu Sema
Published: March 2014

Background. Ultrasound is as a noninvasive method commonly used in the work-up of thyroid nodules. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of sonographic and elastosonographic parameters in the discrimination of malignancy.

Patients and methods. 150 thyroid nodules were evaluated by gray-scale, Doppler and elastosonography. The cytological analysis revealed that 141 nodules were benign and 9 were malignant.

Results. Orientation of the nodule was the only sonographic parameter associated with malignancy (p = 0.003). In the strain ratio analysis the best cut-off point was 1.935 to discriminate malignancy (p = 0.000), with 100% sensitivity, 76% specificity, 100% negative predictive value, 78.5% positive predictive value and 78% accuracy rate. There was a statistically significant correlation between the elasticity score and malignancy (p = 0.001). Most of the benign nodules had score 2 and 3, none of them displayed score 5. On the other hand, none of the malignant nodules had score 1 and 2, most of them displaying score 5.

Conclusions. A change in the diagnostic algorithm of the thyroid nodules should be considered integrating the elastosonographic analysis
Using bees algorithms for solution of radar pavement monitoring inverse problem
Authors: Krainyukov Alexander , Kutev Valery , Andreeva Elena
Published: March 2014

This work has focused on using of Bee Algorithm and Artificial Bee Colony algorithm for solution the inverse problem of subsurface radar probing in frequency domain. Bees Algorithms are used to minimize the aim function. Tree models of road constructions and their characteristics have been used for solution of the subsurface radar probing inverse problem. There has been investigated the convergence of BA and ABC algorithms at minimisation of the aim function of the inverse problem of radar subsurface probing of roadway structures. There has been investigated the impact of free arguments of BA and ABC algorithm, width of the frequency range and width of the searching interval on the error of reconstruction of electro-physical characteristics of layers and duration of algorithm operating. There has been investigated the impact of electro-physical characteristics of roadway structure layers and width of the frequency range on aim function of radar pavement monitoring inverse problem.
Laser Beam Material Removal from Carbide Cutting Tools
Authors: Breidenstein B. , Gey C. , Denkena B.
Published: March 2014

Cutting tool performance and life span is decisively determined by tool micro geometry. Honed cutting edges as well as special tool micro shapes are mainly produced by abrasive processes. Recently there is a growing interest in alternative processes such as laser beam material removal in order to achieve a higher diversity and flexibility in tool micro shaping. The parameters applied in laser machining are responsible for the material behavior during machining and for the material properties after machining. The presented paper shows the effects of laser beam material removal on the properties of carbide cutting tools. As most of these tools are coated before use, the influence of subsequent PVD-coating process steps on carbide characteristics is also investigated. The results are compared to those of not laser machined tools. An influence of laser machining on roughness, phase composition and residual stress could be demonstrated, depending on laser machining parameters.
Residual Stresses in High Speed Turning of Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Peng R. L. , Zhou J.-M. , Johansson S. , Bellinius A. , Bushlya V. , Stahl J.-E.
Published: March 2014

Residual stresses induced by machining operations can be critical for the performance and lifetime of the machined components. This paper investigated the influence of cutting conditions, including the use of cutting fluid, cutting speed and tool flank wear, on the residual stresses in high speed turning of Inconel 718 alloy. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed characteristic residual stress distributions with tensile stresses in a thin surface layer and compressive stresses in a much thicker subsurface layer in all investigated samples. However, the magnitude of the surface tensile stresses and subsurface compressive stresses as well as the size of the tension and compression zone depended on the cutting parameters. Surface tensile residual stresses over 1600 MPa and 1400 MPa were induced by tool flank wear and increased cutting speed, respectively, in dry turning. The effect of cutting induced local plasticity and temperature increase on the observed residual stress distributions was analyzed based on microstructural study by electron channeling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction.
Surface-area changes of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau interior area since the 1970s using recent Landsat images and historical maps
Authors: Junfeng Wei , Shiyin Liu , Wanqin Guo , Xiaojun Yao , Junli Xu , Weijia Bao , Zongli Jiang
Published: March 2014

The Tibetan Plateau interior area (TPIA), often termed the Qangtang Plateau, is distinguished by many dome-like mountains higher than 6000 ma.s.l. These mountains provide favourable conditions for the development of ice caps and glaciers of extreme continental/subpolar type. According to historical topographic maps (1959–80) and recent Landsat images (2004–11), continuous retreat was observed and the glacierized part of this area decreased by 9.5% (0.27% a–1) with respect to the total glacier area of 8036.4 km2 in the 1970s. Glaciers in the Zhari Namco basin have experienced the highest area shrinkage, with a reduction rate of 0.72% a–1, while the smallest reduction occurred in Bangong Co (0.12% a–1) and Dogai Coying basins (0.11% a–1). A regional gradient of area loss was found, with a larger decrease in the south and a smaller decrease in the north of the plateau. Comparisons indicate glaciers have experienced smaller shrinkage in the TPIA than in surrounding regions. Glacier shrinkage in the TPIA is mainly attributed to an increase in air temperature, while precipitation, glacier size and positive difference of glaciation also played an important role.
Dietary Polyphenols, Berries, and Age-Related Bone Loss: A Review Based on Human, Animal, and Cell Studies
Authors: Hubert Patrice , Lee Sang , Lee Sun-Kyeong , Chun Ock
Published: March 2014

Bone loss during aging has become an increasing public health concern as average life expectancy has increased. One of the most prevalent forms of age-related bone disease today is osteoporosis in which the body slows down bone formation and existing bone is increasingly being resorbed by the body to maintain the calcium balance. Some causes of this bone loss can be attributed to dysregulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity mediated by increased oxidative stress through the aging process. Due to certain serious adverse effects of the currently available therapeutic agents that limit their efficacy, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has garnered interest as a natural means for the prevention of this debilitating disease. Natural antioxidant supplementation, a type of CAM, has been researched to aid in reducing bone loss caused by oxidative stress. Naturally occurring polyphenols, such as anthocyanins rich in berries, are known to have anti-oxidative properties. Several studies have been reviewed to determine the impact polyphenol intake—particularly that of berries—has on bone health. Studies reveal a positive association of high berry intake and higher bone mass, implicating berries as possible inexpensive alternatives in reducing the risk of age related bone loss.
A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels
Authors: Messagie Maarten , Boureima Faycal-Siddikou , Coosemans Thierry , Macharis Cathy , Mierlo Joeri
Published: March 2014

How to compare the environmental performance of different vehicle technologies? Vehicles with lower tailpipe emissions are perceived as cleaner. However, does it make sense to look only to tailpipe emissions? Limiting the comparison only to these emissions denies the fact that there are emissions involved during the production of a fuel and this approach gives too much advantage to zero-tailpipe vehicles like battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). Would it be enough to combine fuel production and tailpipe emissions? Especially when comparing the environmental performance of alternative vehicle technologies, the emissions during production of the specific components and their appropriate end-of-life treatment processes should also be taken into account. Therefore, the complete life cycle of the vehicle should be included in order to avoid problem shifting from one life stage to another. In this article, a full life cycle assessment (LCA) of petrol, diesel, fuel cell electric (FCEV), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hybrid electric, battery electric (BEV), bio-diesel and bio-ethanol vehicles has been performed. The aim of the manuscript is to investigate the impact of the different vehicle technologies on the environment and to develop a range-based modeling system that enables a more robust interpretation of the LCA results for a group of vehicles. Results are shown for climate change, respiratory effects, acidification and mineral extraction damage of the different vehicle technologies. A broad range of results is obtained due to the variability within the car market. It is concluded that it is essential to take into account the influence of all the vehicle parameters on the LCA results.
A Magnetless Axial-Flux Machine for Range-Extended Electric Vehicles
Authors: Lee Christopher , Liu Chunhua , Chau K.
Published: March 2014

A new magnetless axial-flux doubly-salient DC-field (AF-DSDC) machine is proposed and implemented into the application of a range-extended electric vehicle (RE-EV). By employing the radial active part for the torque production, the proposed machine can produce satisfactory torque density to fulfill the requirements of the RE-EV system. With the support of the 3D finite element method (3D-FEM), the performances of the proposed machine are calculated and compared with the requirements of the typical passenger RE-EV applications. To offer a more comprehensive illustration, the common radial-flux (RF) machines are included for comparison.
The Influence of Proximity to City Parks on Blood Pressure in Early Pregnancy
Authors: Grazuleviciene Regina , Dedele Audrius , Danileviciute Asta , Vencloviene Jone , Grazulevicius Tomas , Andrusaityte Sandra , Uzdanaviciute Inga , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark
Published: March 2014

This study investigated the effect of proximity to city parks on blood pressure categories during the first trimester of pregnancy. This cross-sectional study included 3,416 female residents of the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, who were enrolled in the FP7 PHENOTYPE project study. The women were classified into four blood pressure categories: optimal, normal, high-normal blood pressure, and hypertension. Multinomial regression models were used to investigate the association between three women’s groups with respect to the residence distances from city parks (300, >300–1,000, and >1,000 m) and four blood pressure categories. When using the optimal blood pressure as the reference group, the crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for normal blood pressure and for high-normal blood pressure proved to be statistically significantly higher after the inclusion of the selected covariates into the regression analysis. The probability of normal blood pressure increased by 9%, and that of high-normal blood pressure—by 14% for every 300 m increase in the distance to green spaces. The findings of this study suggest a beneficial impact of nearby city parks on blood pressure amongst 20- to 45-year-old women. This relationship has important implications for the prevention of hypertension and the reduction of hypertension-related morbidity.
Synthesis, Antifungal Activities and Qualitative Structure Activity Relationship of Carabrone Hydrazone Derivatives as Potential Antifungal Agents
Authors: Wang Hao , Ren Shuang-Xi , He Ze-Yu , Wang De-Long , Yan Xiao-Nan , Feng Jun-Tao , Zhang Xing
Published: March 2014

Aimed at developing novel fungicides for relieving the ever-increasing pressure of agricultural production caused by phytopathogenic fungi, 28 new hydrazone derivatives of carabrone, a natural bioactive sesquisterpene, in three types were designed, synthesized and their antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum lagenarium were evaluated. The result revealed that all the derivatives synthesized exhibited considerable antifungal activities in vitro and in vivo, which led to the improved activities for carabrone and its analogues and further confirmed their potential as antifungal agents.
Genomic Sequence and Experimental Tractability of a New Decapod Shrimp Model, Neocaridina denticulata
Authors: Kenny Nathan , Sin Yung , Shen Xin , Zhe Qu , Wang Wei , Chan Ting , Tobe Stephen , Shimeld Sebastian , Chu Ka , Hui Jerome
Published: March 2014

The speciose Crustacea is the largest subphylum of arthropods on the planet after the Insecta. To date, however, the only publically available sequenced crustacean genome is that of the water flea, Daphnia pulex, a member of the Branchiopoda. While Daphnia is a well-established ecotoxicological model, previous study showed that one-third of genes contained in its genome are lineage-specific and could not be identified in any other metazoan genomes. To better understand the genomic evolution of crustaceans and arthropods, we have sequenced the genome of a novel shrimp model, Neocaridina denticulata, and tested its experimental malleability. A library of 170-bp nominal fragment size was constructed from DNA of a starved single adult and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. Core eukaryotic genes, the mitochondrial genome, developmental patterning genes (such as Hox) and microRNA processing pathway genes are all present in this animal, suggesting it has not undergone massive genomic loss. Comparison with the published genome of Daphnia pulex has allowed us to reveal 3750 genes that are indeed specific to the lineage containing malacostracans and branchiopods, rather than Daphnia-specific (E-value: 10−6). We also show the experimental tractability of N. denticulata, which, together with the genomic resources presented here, make it an ideal model for a wide range of further aquacultural, developmental, ecotoxicological, food safety, genetic, hormonal, physiological and reproductive research, allowing better understanding of the evolution of crustaceans and other arthropods.
Assessment of Lower Limb Prosthesis through Wearable Sensors and Thermography
Authors: Cutti Andrea , Perego Paolo , Fusca Marcello , Sacchetti Rinaldo , Andreoni Giuseppe
Published: March 2014

This study aimed to explore the application of infrared thermography in combination with ambulatory wearable monitoring of temperature and relative humidity, to assess the residual limb-to-liner interface in lower-limb prosthesis users. Five male traumatic transtibial amputees were involved, who reported no problems or discomfort while wearing the prosthesis. A thermal imaging camera was used to measure superficial thermal distribution maps of the stump. A wearable system for recording the temperature and relative humidity in up to four anatomical points was developed, tested in vitro and integrated with the measurement set. The parallel application of an infrared camera and wearable sensors provided complementary information. Four main Regions of Interest were identified on the stump (inferior patella, lateral/medial epicondyles, tibial tuberosity), with good inter-subject repeatability. An average increase of 20% in hot areas (P < 0.05) is shown after walking compared to resting conditions. The sensors inside the cuff did not provoke any discomfort during recordings and provide an inside of the thermal exchanges while walking and recording the temperature increase (a regime value is ~+1.1 ± 0.7 °C) and a more significant one (~+4.1 ± 2.3%) in humidity because of the sweat produced. This study has also begun the development of a reference data set for optimal socket/liner-stump construction.
Incorporation of Hepatitis C Virus E1 and E2 Glycoproteins: The Keystones on a Peculiar Virion
Authors: Vieyres Gabrielle , Dubuisson Jean , Pietschmann Thomas
Published: March 2014

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) encodes two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2. Their structure and mode of fusion remain unknown, and so does the virion architecture. The organization of the HCV envelope shell in particular is subject to discussion as it incorporates or associates with host-derived lipoproteins, to an extent that the biophysical properties of the virion resemble more very-low-density lipoproteins than of any virus known so far. The recent development of novel cell culture systems for HCV has provided new insights on the assembly of this atypical viral particle. Hence, the extensive E1E2 characterization accomplished for the last two decades in heterologous expression systems can now be brought into the context of a productive HCV infection. This review describes the biogenesis and maturation of HCV envelope glycoproteins, as well as the interplay between viral and host factors required for their incorporation in the viral envelope, in a way that allows efficient entry into target cells and evasion of the host immune response.