bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The winners of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics – John Hopfield and Jeffrey Hinton
Authors: Malykh Valentin
Published: February 2025

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 was awarded to John Hopfield (USA) and Geoffrey Hinton (UK) for their research in the field of machine learning. This research paved the way for the application of neural network methods for approximate calculation of arbitrary functions, which eventually led, among other things, to the development of large language models.
The Comparative Study of the Descriptions of the Holy Land in Early Medieval and Byzantine Literature: Jerusalem
Authors: Bibikov Mikhail
Published: February 2025

The research project «The Comparative Source Study of the Descriptions of Christian East in Russian, Greek and Latin Texts of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Epoch» is focused upon looking for, analysis, in some cases publication and translation into Russian still unknown texts, but first of all upon comparative research of Greek, Latin, medieval Russian and Slavonic literary monuments of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine epoch (4th – 17th centuries), accompanied when necessary by Syrian, Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, as well as Khazar and other texts. The present comparative source study is dedicated mainly to early medieval and classical Latin and Greek descriptions of the Holy Land, Jerusalem, the Near East as a whole of Byzantine, pre-Saladinian, time. The goals of the comparative study of different monuments, i.e. pilgrims’ notes, hagiographic texts, chronicles, special treatises, rhetorical monuments, onomasticons, ethnogeographic literature, epistolography and others, determine importance and special interest of the project. The article presents a comparative study of the evidence of Latin, Greek, Old Russian, eastern (Syrian, Armenian, Khazar, Arabic, and others) sources of the holy places in Jerusalem, predominantly before the conquest of Palestine by Salah-ad-Din (Saladin). The main focus is on the attribution and dating of the mentioned events and monuments.
Four Marriages and Three «Testaments»: The Formation and the Inheritance of the Possessions of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and Marguerite of Male
Authors: Mayzlish Anna
Published: February 2025

The research deals with several documents concerning the rights to obtain and inherit lands which became the possessions of the first Valois duke of Burgundy Philip the Bold and his wife Marguerite of Male and which were later divided among their three sons. The rights of the children to inherit the territories were established when their marriages were concluded as it happened with the marriage of Philip the Bold with Marguerite of Male themselves, and with the marriages of John of Nevers with Marguerite of Bavaria and Anthony of Burgundy with Jeanne of Luxembourg. Such rights were also included into the testament of Philip the Bold (1386) and in the orders concerning the division of Philip the Bold and Marguerite of Male’s possessions after their death between their sons (1401). The rights to the possessions which Philip the Bold and his wife were to inherit from their childless relatives (Brabant, Limbourg, Étampes) were also taken into consideration and documented in these sources. The duke and the duchess of Burgundy also composed instructions concerning the government of their lands in the case they would have die when their sons were still too young or inexperienced (1386, 1391). They intended to leave the principal part of their possessions to the elder son but not to neglect the interests of other ones, as well as they prohibited to crumble the lands that were to be received by their heirs.
The Stanzaic Poem «Morte Arthur»: Adaptation of Old French Romance or Formation of English Identity?
Authors: Shkil Maksim
Published: February 2025

The article is devoted to the problem of English identity as an adaptation of the mid –14th century «Stanzaic Morte Arthur». In modern historiography, the question of adapting the plot of the third book of the Old French romance from the Vulgate cycle for an English audience has been raised many times, but rarely and superficially touched upon such an adaptation relating to English representations of the past in the poem. In fact, the image of King Arthur occupies an important place in the formation of the identity of the inhabitants of England. From the middle of the 14th century, we can speak of a gradual transition from diglossia, that is, the division into high and low languages, to bilingualism, when the two languages are equal. The poems record this transition among the first of a number of other texts, allowing us to study the extent to which the Old French Arthurian tradition differs from the Middle English tradition. As a result, we were able to discover that the strophic poem is adapted to English perceptions of their past. In particular, we find that the poem recounts both the famous myth of Brutus’s founding of Britain and the «Arthur dayes», which took place in the time of «our eldres». The Arthurian world is embedded in the history of England, on the one hand, in terms of the chronicle tradition from Geoffrey of Monmouth and, on the other, in relation to the popular version of King Arthur’s burial at Glastonbury Abbey, which benefited both the ruling dynasty and the monks of the Abbey
Unresolved Issues of the Tuscan Mezzadria
Authors: Savin Leonid
Published: February 2025

The Tuscan mezzadria (classica mezzadria toscana), which emerged and spread in Tuscany in the XIII–XVI centuries, has long been a crucial topic of research on the countryside of the late medieval Italian city-states. As a result of fruitful investigations of mezzadria issues in the second half of the XX century, medieval studies have significantly deepened our knowledge of both the Italian countryside and urban life of the late Middle Ages. How can studies of the Italian countryside contribute to the study of Italian medieval society in general? Has this research problem exhausted itself? What questions have already been answered, and which of them still remain to be researched by the historians? The article presents the current state and outlines the prospects of research around one of the most important problems of the Italian medieval village
Plan of Financial Recovery at the Beginning of Henry III’s Reign. About One Obscure Document from the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of France (BNF. Ms. Fr. 23051)
Authors: Altukhova Natalia
Published: February 2025

The article introduces an important document on the history of finances during the French Wars of Religion. This manuscript is from the National Library of France. It is composed as a budget statement of revenues and expenses of the royal treasury in 1576, however, in actuality, it presents ambitious plans to remedy problematic situation in royal finances. The document specificates trouble issues in the distribution of finances: an alienated domain, the scarcity of tax revenues, arrears in rent payments and officials’ fees, and loan indebtedness. Besides traditional for similar documents advice to cut down on expenditure and to improve the financial administration, the author of the project proposes to use the instruments of credit, i.e., to decrease the interest rate of rents and while counting officials’ wages, to utilize rents as leverage in the settlements with creditors, etc. These instruments would gain momentum in the 17th century. The article also raises an issue of this project’s authorship
The Dusk of the Ancient World: I All-Russian Conference (with International Participation) on History and Culture of Late Antiquity
Authors: Vedeshkin Mikhail
Published: February 2025

The article gives an overview of the First All-Russian Conference on the History and Culture of Late Antiquity «The Dusk of the Ancient World» held in Moscow from 28 to 30 September 2023. The organizers (Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian State University for the Humanities) aimed to create a forum for bringing together specialists studying various aspects of the Late Antique period. The event featured more than sixty reports by scholars from different countries. It covered a wide range of topics: from Christianization and philosophical traditions to archaeological discoveries and transformations of social institutions. The review summarizes the abstracts of the reports and indicates directions for further research. The conference emphasized the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and contributed to the strengthening of scientific ties in the post-Soviet space, bringing together dozens of scholars of the Late Antique period from different countries
Моделирование прироста мощностей вэс в условиях корректировки долгосрочных энергетических стратегий
Authors: Sevostyanov P.
Published: February 2025

Приоритетной задачей энергетической политики большинства развитых современных государств является внедрение энергогенерации на основе возобновляемых источников энергии (ВИЭ) в систему ТЭК. Целью нашего исследования является моделирование прироста мощностей ветряных электростанций (ВЭС)определением наиболее существенных рисков внедрения ветроэнергетических технологий во время энергетического перехода. Используя методы математического моделирования, мы проанализировали, на примере развития ветроэнергетики, какие фундаментальные риски лежат в основе выбора, между ископаемым топливом и возобновляемыми источниками энергии при формировании топливно-энергетических долгосрочных стратегий.
Сбросной водород химической промышленности как ниша для пилотного внедрения водородных технологий
Authors: Popel O.
Published: February 2025

Развитие водородной энергетики в России предусматривает разработку, организацию производства и внедрения оборудования для использования водородных энергетических технологий на транспорте и в малой распределённой и автономной энергетике, прежде всего, путём прямого преобразования химической энергии водорода в электроэнергию в топливных элементах и замещения природного газа как топлива водородом в энергоустановках. Это потребует освоения экологически чистых технологий производства водорода, среди которых наиболее проработанными и апробированными на практике считаются паровая конверсия метана, опирающаяся на хорошо освоенные химические технологии, предназначенные для получения синтез-газа и его дальнейшего преобразования в различные химические продукты, а также электролиз воды. В статье рассмотрен иной источник первичного энергетического ресурса - сбросной водород химических производств.
БЫСТРЫЙ РЕАКТОР С РАСПЛАВЛЕННЫМ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИМ ТОПЛИВОМ
Authors: Okunev Vaycheslav S.
Published: February 2025

В мире существуют две концепции жидкотопливного ядерного реактора. Наиболее распространена концепция жидкосолевого реактора на тепловых нейтронах, использующего смесь расплавов фторидов лития, бериллия, циркония, урана (тория). Вторая концепция - высокотемпературный быстрый реактор. Такая установка с галлиевым теплоносителем была предложена авторами, но концепция не получила дальнейшего развития. Автор продолжает исследования, опубликованные ранее.
РОССИЙСКИЕ ТЕПЛОЭНЕРГЕТИКИ НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА
Authors: Butuzov Vitaliy A.
Published: February 2025

Краткий обзор российского энергетического рынка начала XX века, инженерного образования, деятельности ведущих теплоэнергетических научных школ. Отмечена преемственность Санкт-Петербургских научных школ: Технологического, Гражданских инженеров, Электротехнического и лидерство первого из них. Деятельность академиков первого из них: академиков Н.П. Петрова, ГМ. Кржижановского, проф. ГФ. Деппа и других - обеспечила лидирующее положение Технологического института. Анализируется работа Московского теплоэнергетического научно-образовательного центра - ИМТУ (МВТУ) и его ведущих сотрудников: проф. В.Н. Гриневецкого, М.В. Кирша, Л.К. Рамзина. Обозначена преемственность петербургских научных школ в деятельности современного ЦКТИ, ИМТУ соответственно - ВТИ и с 1930 г. - МЭИ. Отмечена большая роль создателей кафедр МЭИ: проф. Ж.Л. Танер-Таненбаума (ТОТ), Б.Л. Шифринсона (теплофикации), Л.И. Керцели (тепловых электрических станций).
МИРОВОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ РЫНОК В РАМКАХ РЕСУРСНЫХ ЦИКЛОВ ДЖ. ФОРРЕСТЕРА
Authors: Tebekin Alexey
Published: February 2025

Актуальность представленного исследования обусловлена тем, что в основе текущего мирового глобального экономического кризиса лежат проблемы энергетического характера. Исследуются вероятные траектории преодоления текущего глобального мирового экономического кризиса энергетической природы, что и предопределило выбор темы исследования. Исследование ожидаемых тенденций развития мирового энергетического рынка в рамках ресурсных циклов Дж. Форрестера в период преодоления текущего мирового экономического кризиса в рамках технологического цикла Н. Кондратьева. Выявление тенденций развития мирового энергетического рынка с точки зрения технологий, экономики и экологии, а также отечественной энергетики.
РАЗВИТИЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ НА КУБЕ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ
Authors: Castaneira Mresma Hose Miguel
Published: February 2025

Проанализировано развитие использования возобновляемых источников энергии на Кубе за период 2013-2022 гг. Отмечены объективные, связанные с состоянием экономики страны трудности этого процесса, преодоление которых привело к определённым достижениям: к 2022 г. на базе ВИЭ произведено 994 ГВт · ч электроэнергии, что позволило сэкономить 273 тыс. т ископаемого топлива. Показан потенциал различных видов ВИЭ: биомассы, энергии ветра, солнечной энергии. Дана оценка возможности достижения доли ВИЭ в 37% в производстве электроэнергии. Обозначена роль сотрудничества с зарубежными фирмами - инвесторами - в достижении этого показателя. Приведены данные за период 2013-2022 гг. о динамике роста установленной мощности и производства электроэнергии на базе ВИЭ в общем и по видам ВИЭ: гидроэлектростанций, ветростанций, фотоэлектрических и биоэлектрических станций. Рассмотрены условия реализации прогноза развития использования ВИЭ на Кубе.
Теоретические основы теплоэлектротехники или размышления у мемориальных досок
Authors: Ochkov Valeriy
Published: February 2025

В этих не совсем толерантных заметках автор рассуждает о судьбах отечественной академической науки вообще и о несовершенстве систем измерения электрических и тепловых величин в частности. Показано, что современные компьютерные инструменты и элементы искусственного интеллекта могут существенно исправить сложившуюся здесь не совсем нормальную ситуацию.
Родословная лазера гораздо старше, чем принято считать
Authors: Samokhin Alixander
Published: February 2025

Осенью каждого года весь мир узнаёт об очередном присуждении Нобелевских премий, которые затем вручаются лауреатам на торжественной декабрьской церемонии в Стокгольме. Интерес к работам, отмеченным премией, и к их авторам обусловлен не только непосредственным содержанием полученных результатов. Здесь - вся совокупность сопутствующих обстоятельств, осознание которых требуется для более полного понимания состояния науки и общества, а также для своевременного осуществления необходимых коррекций. Подобные коррекции возникают порой с весьма значительной задержкой, а для их осознания нужны ещё дополнительные усилия и время.
Научно-образовательные центры мирового уровня и проблемы освоения Арктики
Authors: Zadorozhnyuk Ivan
Published: February 2025

В статье внимание сосредоточено на научно-образовательных центрах мирового уровня, связанных с задачей прямого освоения Арктики и НОЦ, примыкающих к ним. Отмечается, что плодами освоения Арктики будет пользоваться всё человечество, не всегда выражая России благодарность за её подвижничество. Критерии успешного отбора партнеров в НОЦ - грамотные административно-ресурсные решения, расширение доступа индустриальных партнеров к инфраструктуре образовательных и научных организаций, а главное - целевая подготовка и переподготовка кадров. Сценарии устойчивого развития Арктики предполагают именно совместную разработку проблем: нельзя сделать только одну её часть успешной - и коллективному подходу в этом плане альтернативы нет.
Recreational networks of the North-Eastern Caucasus
Authors: Zaburaeva Khava
Published: February 2025

In the context of global challenges and threats to the health of mankind, the assessment of recreational facilities provision, their resource base equipment and functioning efficiency becomes more and more significant. The aim of this work is to study the current structure and spatial organization of recreational networks in the North-Eastern Caucasus. Methods of the article: analysis and synthesis, statistical, comparative-geographical, historical and cartographic. On the basis of analysis and synthesis of literature sources it is shown that significant medical and recreational and tourist-recreational potential provide an opportunity for more effective development of health resort and tourism industry. In the structure of recreational networks, the following are distinguished: sanatoria, health resorts, boarding houses, recreation centers, tourist bases, rehabilitation centers, children's sanatoria, and wellness camps. Cartographic visualization of recreational networks using the QGIS geoinformation system allowed to reveal the spatial unevenness of their development on the territory of the North-Eastern Caucasus. Most of the medical and recreational institutions and tourist facilities are located in the seaside zone. The analysis of the dynamics of indicators of the health resort industry and tourist flow in the studied regions has shown a significant increase in their number in recent years. However, comparative analysis with neighboring regions still does not allow us to assess their high level. The results of calculations of density of recreational institutions and provision of the population with them indicate a weak development of recreational networks and insufficient provision of the population with recreational organizations. The lowest provision was found in Ingushetia. It is shown that the existing network of medical and recreational institutions and tourist and recreational complexes does not allow to meet the needs in health resort treatment and recreational needs of the local population. Recommendations are given for optimization of recreational networks and more sustainable development of health resort and tourist complex, including modernization and expansion of the network of recreational institutions, improvement and increase in the range of medical, health-related and tourist-recreational services provided to the population, organization of year-round activities of health resort institutions, training of highly qualified personnel, etc.
Fluorescence-Based Detection of Schistosoma haematobium Eggs Using Optical Brighteners from Laundry Detergents
Authors: Amadou Ibrahim Halilou , Yansambou Mahamadou Seyni , Adamou Hassane Souley , Saddi Abida Mahaman Lawan , Djibrine Moussa Alhadji , Jose Llovo-Taboada , Moustapha Lamine Mahaman
Published: February 2025

Schistosomiasis, caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma, is a neglected tropical disease that mainly affects populations in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we adapted an optical microscope into a fluorescence microscope by replacing its light source with a UV lamp (300-400 nm). This simple modification allowed us to test the effectiveness of Optical Brighteners (OBs), fluorescent compounds present in detergents, for the staining and detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples. The results show that OBs allow rapid and reliable detection through visible fluorescence to observe Schistosoma haematobium Eggs, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods. This promising method could improve the diagnosis and surveillance of schistosomiasis in low-resource settings.
Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Oil from Red Potato Peels (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Orodu Victor Enearepuadoh , Akpophre Honest
Published: February 2025

Extraction and GC-MS analysis of oil from red potato peel was carried out. The potato used for this research work was obtained from the Amassoma market, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State. The potatoes were washed severally with water and peeled. The peels were sun-dried for three (3) days and then pulverized to powder with a grinding engine to increase the surface area. 250 g of the pulverized sample was weighed into a brown bottle, and 900 mL of n-hexane was added and allowed to macerate for 72 hours.
The solvent was evaporated at room temperature (250°C) to get the oil. 18 components were detected by the GC. The mass spectrometer identified the structure and names of the compounds. The compounds found are 2-ethyl-1,4-dimethy benzene 1.094 %, bicyclo [4.4.0] decan %, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybnezaldehyde 10.715 %, 1-hexadecanyl-4-methybenzylsulfonate 5.825 %, 2-heptadecanl 3.0045 %, N-hexadecanoic acid 27.124 %, Z-8 heptadecene 4.090 %, 2-heptadecenal 7.516 %,  tricyclo [4.3.1.1(3.8) undecan-3-1ol 2.9962 %  , oleic acid 20.199 %, linolenic acid 3.062 %, 2-Methylhexacosane 2.488%, Cholestero acetate 0.863 %, 5-cholestine-3-ol-2methy 1.982% and 4-(2-methylpropxyphenyl)-2-methylpropylpenoate 3.067%. From the result, it can be said that red potato oil has both pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses.
Modelling of Heterogeneity and Serial Dependencies in Precipitation Data Using Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Marangu Davis Mwenda , Dongmo Gilles Protais Lekelem
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the application of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Finite mixture models (FMMs) for analyzing precipitation data characterized by unobserved heterogeneity, serial dependencies, and unobserved states. Given the significant role of precipitation in agriculture, water resource management, and disaster risk reduction, the study addresses the challenges posed by the nature of precipitation data. We first developed a simulation framework incorporating autoregressive emissions to model distinct hidden states, and later applied the approach to actual rainfall data from the Bungoma region, Kenya. A Gaussian mixture was applied to model the distinct hidden states and HMM was also applied to model the distinct hidden states by taking into account the serial dependencies. The analysis reveals state-dependent variability in precipitation, with distinct mean and variance parameters across states, and highlights the stability of state transitions. For instance, the actual data analysis revealed that we have three distint states with the means(standard deviation); 58.85(28.03), 151.62(43.50) and 215.95(64.06). Model selection criteria based on the BIC indicate the effectiveness of the HMM approach in capturing the broad dynamics of precipitation patterns, providing valuable insights for enhancing climate change adaptation and flood prediction strategies. The results together with pseudo-residuals underscore the potential of HMMs as robust tools for understanding and forecasting precipitation in the context of global climate variability, such as flood predictions, agricultural planning and climate adaptation strategies.
Impact of Media Content on the Moral Construct of Youth: A Study at Tamale Technical University
Authors: Mohammed Hudu , Arhin Ebenezer Tawiah , Amidu Abdul Hamid , Nambyn Caleb Nurideen , Abdallah Sualihu , Sapio Saadatu , Kumah Rejoyce
Published: February 2025

Aims: The availability of the mass media and the potential broad use of them are two of the key factors that can shape and distort the morality and behavioral nature of people within a territorial space depending on their exposure to its positive or negative aspects. This article identified the influence of social media on the behavior of students, the role of media content in promoting social vices, and the programs most cherished by the youth in the media.
Study Design:  The study employed a cross-sectional design.
Place and Duration of Study: Tamale Technical University, between November 2023 and December 2024.
Methodology: We chose a sample size of 240 students using the stratified sampling technique. Data was obtained solely from primary sources using a structured questionnaire as the data collection instrument. We analyzed the data using a combination of frequency counts and simple percentages. We employed Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to model the factors that influenced youth to become addicted to profane media content.
Results: The most preferred genre among students is football, at 49.5%, followed by news, 12.5%, and comedy, 10%. WhatsApp, at 43%, is the most preferred platform among 73% subscribers of streaming services. As far as content preference goes, adult content is the most preferred at 44.5%, followed by movies at 34%, while web series is the least preferred at 4% only.
Conclusion: The study concluded that football is the most favored genre among students who watch television daily. The study concludes that media content significantly contributes to the promotion of social vices. The study recommends that media regulatory boards should implement stricter regulations to monitor and control the broadcast of explicit and harmful media content, particularly on streaming platforms and television.
The Synergistic Role of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Reinforcement Learning in Strengthening Cyber Security Measures for Crypto Currency Platforms
Authors: Olutimehin Abayomi Titilola
Published: February 2025

This study explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven cybersecurity models in mitigating fraud, smart contract vulnerabilities, and regulatory challenges in cryptocurrency platforms. Utilizing datasets such as the Elliptic Bitcoin Dataset, SolidiFI-Benchmark, CryptoScamDB, and CipherTrace AML Reports, this research employs Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Reinforcement Learning (RL) for fraud detection and anomaly identification. The AI-based security model demonstrates a 5.2% increase in fraud detection accuracy over traditional rule-based methods while reducing false positives by 19.3%. However, the model exhibits a false negative rate of 98.9%, indicating challenges in fully capturing sophisticated fraud techniques. Regression analysis shows a strong inverse correlation (R² = 0.927) between AI adoption and fraud cases, where each 1% increase in AI adoption corresponds to a reduction of approximately 37 fraud cases.In real-world applicability, the proposed AI-driven models enhance scalability and real-time threat detection but require substantial computational resources, particularly for deep learning and RL-based techniques. Computational efficiency is optimized through federated learning and quantum-resistant AI security, ensuring robust yet privacy-preserving fraud detection. Despite its advantages, challenges such as adversarial AI attacks, regulatory inconsistencies, and scalability under high transaction loads persist.The study recommends self-supervised learning for fraud detection, improving interpretability in deep learning models, and developing AI-driven compliance frameworks to address ethical concerns. By integrating Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and Reinforcement Learning (RL), this study provides a novel approach to securing cryptocurrency transactions, offering actionable insights for researchers, financial institutions, and policymakers.
A Comprehensive Review on Impact of Intensive Use of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater under Sugarcane Based Cropping System in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
Authors: Kumar Ajeet , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Meena Sunita Kumari , Sinha Sanjeew Kumar , Rana Lalita , Singh Anil Kumar , Kumar Amrendra , Singh Harendra , Paswan Sudhir
Published: February 2025

This study critically examines the impact of intensive nitrogen fertilizer use on nitrate contamination in groundwater within sugarcane-dominated cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India, with a focus on Samastipur district, Bihar. The region’s sugarcane cultivation, characterized by high nutrient demand, necessitates substantial fertilizer application. This practice, combined with the area’s medium to high rainfall, exacerbates nitrate leaching and runoff, leading to significant groundwater contamination. Unlike existing studies that broadly address agricultural nitrate pollution, this paper uniquely synthesizes thematic analyses, including nitrate chemistry, environmental distribution, leaching processes, and health implications, alongside the effects on sugarcane quality. Novel insights are provided on the interplay between agricultural practices and environmental health, particularly concerning sugarcane cultivation's contribution to nitrate flux. The findings underscore the dire environmental and public health challenges posed by elevated nitrate levels, including methemoglobinemia, ecosystem degradation, and compromised agricultural productivity. Highlighting the inadequacies of current practices, the research advocates for sustainable solutions, such as precision fertilizer application, biological nitrogen sources, and enhanced irrigation management. This comprehensive review contributes valuable perspectives for policymakers, researchers and stakeholders aiming to mitigate nitrate pollution and ensure sustainable agricultural development in similar agrarian landscapes.
Conservation Prioritization of Forest Communities and Habitats in the Manasbal Range of Sindh Forest Division of Jammu and Kashmir, India
Authors: Tantary Rayees Ahmad , Gatoo Aasif Ali , Wani Akhlaq Amin , Islam M.A. , Mushtaq Shah Murtaza , Nabi Ambreen , Tasveer Suraya , Farooq Subreena
Published: February 2025

Habitat degradation and over exploitation has caused the loss of biodiversity at a very faster rate, which has necessitated the conservation prioritization of communities, habitats and species, for conservation. The prioritization of communities and habitats through qualitative and quantitative assessment of vegetation is necessary for starting any conservation and management programme. During the course of study, Thirteen (13) forest communities and Thirteen (13) forest Habitats which were distributed between 1500-3000 m a.m.s.l were recorded. Overall, 46.15% communities were broad-leaved, 38.46% coniferous and 15.38% mixed. These communities and habitats have been evaluated for the species richness, native, endemic, economically important and threatened species. On the basis of these attributes these identified communities and habitats were prioritized. Among the recorded communities Acer caesium- Pinus wallichiana mixed, Platanus orientalis and Aesculus indica – Juglans nigra mixed showed highest Conservation Prioritization Index (CPI) and in case of habitats Marshy and Shady moist showed highest Conservation Prioritization Index (CPI) value. Monitoring of these prioritized communities and habitats on regular basis has been suggested. Besides, propagation and conservation of endemic, native, economically important and threatened species on a large scale and raising of their plantation in the Manasbal Range have been recommend.
Gross Morphological and Radiographic Studies on the Bones of the Shoulder and Arm in Indian Grey Mongoose or Asian Grey Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii)
Authors: Rajalakshmi K. , Selvan P. Senthamil , Sivakumar M. , Lakkawar A. W.
Published: February 2025

The scapula of the Indian grey mongoose was a flat and trapezoid shaped bone with two surfaces, four borders and four angles. The scapular spine divided its lateral surface into two unequal fossae and terminated as a pointed hamate process, the latter presented a triangular suprahamate process whose apex was pointed and directed caudally. The glenoid cavity was shallow with a cranially projected supraglenoid tubercle that possessed medially a small indistinct coracoid process. The humerus was a long bone with a distinct spirally twisted shaft and two extremities. Its proximal extremity had an ovoid head, lesser tuberosity placed medial to the head and a greater tuberosity lateral to the head. The bicipital groove was wide and shallow. The musculospiral groove was deep. The proximal half of the shaft had a medially located pectoral ridge and a laterally situated prominent sharp deltoid crest. The distal end had two condyles, two epicondyles and two fossae, a cranially placed shallow coronoid fossa and caudally placed deep olecranon fossa. The two fossae communicated cranially through the supratrochlear foramen. A sharp prominent lateral epicondylar crest was present and above the medial epicondyle there was the oval supracondyloid foramen.
Climate Resilient Dairy Farming: Prospect and Future Aspect
Authors: Verma Deepak Kumar , Gautam Amratan , Panwar Azad Singh , Tiwari Pranjal , Kakraliya Arjun Lal , Singh Shubham
Published: February 2025

Climate change raises major problems for dairy farming around the world, especially in areas where dairy animals are a major source of livelihood. Reproduction, production, and animal health are directly impacted by the rising frequency of extreme weather events like heat waves and shifting precipitation patterns. These changes in the climate cause physiological stress in animals, which decreases their intake of feed, metabolic efficiency, and milk production. They also make vector-borne diseases more likely to spread. The effects of climate change on dairy farming are reviewed in this paper, with particular attention given to heat stress, shifts in feed availability, and the increase of parasites and illnesses. It talks about how these stressors have an adverse impact on milk production, cattle health, and reproduction, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The study also looks at the potential of climate-resilient dairy production methods, which emphasize reducing environmental effect and managing to changing weather. These methods include developing cooling systems to reduce heat stress, integrating renewable energy sources, improving feed management, and genetically breeding for heat tolerance. The dairy business may advance toward lower emissions and greater resilience with sustainable practices and policy changes, ensuring both economic and environmental sustainability. The future of climate-resilient dairy production will be shaped by innovation, the use of renewable energy, and demand for sustainable dairy products, based to the paper.
Socio-Cultural Transformation of a Village Community in the 21st Century: A Case of Bangladesh
Authors: Husain Iqbal
Published: February 2025

For a very long period, both the Indian subcontinent and Bangladesh's rural societies remained unchanging and stagnant. However, these societies have undergone significant transformation since the mid-20th century. Since the 1990s, this process of change has quickened. The media, internet, education, electrification, technology, and other factors have accelerated the changes in rural communities. Ownership of land, patterns of agriculture, enrollment in school, social mobility, sources of entertainment, use of contraceptives, lifestyle, etc. have been transformed over the previous 20 years. To identify the real scenery of transformation, the researcher has compared his present (2023) data with another survey conducted in 2001. 153 households were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire in July and August of 2023. At the same time, 4 FGDs and 5 case studies were also conducted in the community. In 2001, 116 households were interviewed, and 5 case studies were conducted. The study found significant transformations in the community over the past two decades. Although the ownership of homesteads has increased, however, cropland has been captured by a limited community owner. Diversified agriculture has amplified. The rate and level of education, especially women’s education have increased. People’s lifestyles, habits of entertainment, interest in the use of contraceptive items, etc. have changed significantly. Households’ socioeconomic mobility and the size of the middle class of the community have also been transformed during the mentioned time. There is a reflection of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) model developed by the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) (formerly DFID).
Hip Fracture Risk Assessment Tools for Adults Aged 80 Years and Older
Authors: Ensrud Kristine E. , Schousboe John T. , Crandall Carolyn J. , Leslie William D. , Fink Howard A. , Cawthon Peggy M. , Kado Deborah M. , Lane Nancy E. , Cauley Jane A. , Langsetmo Lisa
Published: June 2024

Importance

While adults aged 80 years and older account for 70% of hip fractures in the US, performance of fracture risk assessment tools in this population is uncertain.

Objective

To compare performance of the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX), Garvan Fracture Risk Calculator, and femoral neck bone mineral density (FNBMD) alone in 5-year hip fracture prediction.

Design, Setting and Participants

Prognostic analysis of 3 prospective cohort studies including participants attending an index examination (1997 to 2016) at age 80 years or older. Data were analyzed from March 2023 to April 2024.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Participants contacted every 4 or 6 months after index examination to ascertain incident hip fractures and vital status. Predicted 5-year hip fracture probabilities calculated using FRAX and Garvan models incorporating FNBMD and FNBMD alone. Model discrimination assessed by area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Model calibration assessed by comparing observed vs predicted hip fracture probabilities within predicted risk quintiles.

Results

A total of 8890 participants were included, with a mean (SD) age at index examination of 82.6 (2.7) years; 4906 participants (55.2%) were women, 866 (9.7%) were Black, 7836 (88.1%) were White, and 188 (2.1%) were other races and ethnicities. During 5-year follow-up, 321 women (6.5%) and 123 men (3.1%) experienced a hip fracture; 818 women (16.7%) and 921 men (23.1%) died before hip fracture. Among women, AUC was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.67-0.72) for FRAX, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.66-0.72) for Garvan, and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.69-0.75) for FNBMD alone (FNBMD superior to FRAX, P = .01; and Garvan, P = .01). Among men, AUC was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.66-0.75) for FRAX, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72-0.81) for Garvan, and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.72-0.81) for FNBMD alone (P < .001 Garvan and FNBMD alone superior to FRAX). Among both sexes, Garvan greatly overestimated hip fracture risk among individuals in upper quintiles of predicted risk, while FRAX modestly underestimated risk among those in intermediate quintiles of predicted risk.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this prognostic study of adults aged 80 years and older, FRAX and Garvan tools incorporating FNBMD compared with FNBMD alone did not improve 5-year hip fracture discrimination. FRAX modestly underpredicted observed hip fracture probability in intermediate-risk individuals. Garvan markedly overpredicted observed hip fracture probability in high-risk individuals. Until better prediction tools are available, clinicians should prioritize consideration of hip BMD, life expectancy, and patient preferences in decision-making regarding drug treatment initiation for hip fracture prevention in late-life adults.
Graphe nomon me epitedeion theinai
Authors: Harris Edward M.
Published: June 2024

After the restoration of the democracy in 403/2
bce
, the Athenians made a distinction between decrees (
psephismata
) and laws (
nomoi
). Proposals for new laws were enacted by the
nomothetai
, who were a special session of the Assembly summoned for this purpose. If the proposal was contrary to any existing law, the existing law had to be indicted and annulled in court before the proposal could be enacted. The legal procedure used in this case was the “public procedure against proposing an inappropriate law” (
graphe nomon me epitedeion theinai
).
Ipsos (Ipsus)
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2024

Ipsos refers to the decisive battle of Ipsos, which took place in central Phrygia in 301
bce
, after a coalition of Successors formed to remove Antigonos I Monophthalmos and his son Demetrios I Poliorketes from power. The coalition was victorious, carving up much of the Antigonid kingdom. Although Antigonos lost his life in the fighting, his son Demetrios was able to flee and remained a powerful force to be reckoned with. Demetrios eventually recovered his fortunes and became king of the Macedonians.
Sosibios (Sosibius)
Authors: Lanciers Eddy
Published: June 2024

Sosibios was an important political figure in Ptolemaic Egypt. Under Ptolemy III he acted as minister of finance (
dioiketes
) and under Ptolemy IV he controlled internal and external policy in Egypt as a kind of “prime minister,” sharing this position with Agathokles. He died shortly after the accession of Ptolemy V.
Ethnicity, Egypt
Authors: Smith Stuart Tyson
Published: June 2024

Ethnicity acted in complex ways in ancient Egypt, playing out differently in various social contexts. Ethnicity is usually characterized as unchanging, a group identity acquired at birth, but is in fact surprisingly mutable and socially contingent. Informed by practice theory and adopting a multi scalar approach, this paper discusses ancient Egyptian constructions of ethnic identity reflected in texts, art, and the everyday practices revealed by archaeology. A nuanced study along these lines documents how negative representations of self and “other” in the state ideology contrast with more positive and affirmative assertions of ethnic identity revealed in art and archaeology.
Tamga
Authors: Kendall Richard
Published: June 2024

Tamgas are an abstract system of signs found in various contexts in the nomadic communities of the Eurasian steppe, introduced in antiquity by the culture associated with the Sarmatians, and in use to the present day. They descend from the practice of animal branding but in use are found in a variety of religious, funerary, and military contexts, complicating attempts to ascertain a singular meaning across their various occurrences.
Army, Mycenaean
Authors: Sears Matthew A.
Published: June 2024

The Mycenaeans of the Late Bronze Age fielded organized armies, as demonstrated by material evidence and the terminology preserved in Linear B tablets. Mycenaean armies shared some similarities with the better‐known armies of the eastern Mediterranean, especially in terms of infantry, but were likely to have lacked large chariot formations.
Thule, literary accounts of
Authors: Moore Ralph
Published: June 2024

Thule (Θούλε, Thyle, Tyle) is a term variously used by Greek and Roman authors to describe a mysterious island landmass in the ocean north of Europe and was widely considered to be the most remote part of the known world. The exact location and nature of Thule was a matter of dispute amongst ancient scholars and remains one amongst contemporary academics. It is likely that the name was used to refer to multiple different islands and locations by different ancient writers.
Constructing Conductive MoOx Thin Films by Plasma‐Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Zhou Ling , Guan Zhixi , Yang Lin , Guo Daying , Wu Lianhui , Chen Xi'an , Wang Shun
Published: June 2024

Herein, amorphous molybdenum oxide films are constructed by thermal atomic layer deposition (T‐ALD) and plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE‐ALD). The physical and chemical properties of molybdenum oxide films prepared by the two methods are systematically compared by means of film growth law, atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, etc. The results show that the amorphous molybdenum oxide physical phase prepared by both ALD methods is MoO3. Compared with T‐ALD MoO3, the growth rate of MoO3 thin films prepared by PE‐ALD is higher. Compared to PE‐ALD MoO3, the MoO3 films prepared by T‐ALD did not have nucleation delayed to a laminar growth mode, resulting in smoother deposited films and contained less impurity carbon. The MoO3 prepared by PE‐ALD contains 7.4% impurity carbon. This carbon‐doped film significantly improves the conductivity of the MoO3 film and shows good electrochemical activity. As expected, the MoO3 films prepared by PE‐ALD show good electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. The overpotential is only 259 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and continues to evolution oxygen for 60 h with almost no attenuation, indicating that carbon doping significantly improves the catalytic intrinsic activity and stability of MoO3.
High Specific Surface Area TiO2 Aerogels Incorporated in situ with Co/Mn Oxides as Stable Electrochemical Capacitor Electrodes
Authors: Bernardes Joseane C. , Dal Ross Tatianne R. , Rambo Carlos R.
Published: June 2024

Nanocomposite aerogels comprised of TiO2 and metal (Co and Mn) oxides are synthesized via an in situ sol–gel method in this study, and their structural, compositional and electrochemical properties are evaluated for possible applications as electrodes in energy storage devices. The inclusion of metallic oxides into TiO2 aerogels hinder the formation of titania crystalline phases, preserved particle sizes close to their original dimensions and yielded higher specific surface areas compared to pure TiO2 aerogels after heat treatment. High specific surface areas in aerogels positively affect the electrochemical properties, allowing a high electrochemical activity of the electrodes, in addition to intensifying the transport of ions and solvents through the mesoporous network of this material. Evaluation of the electrochemical properties of the aerogel‐based nanocomposites involves galvanostatic charge–discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. The nanocomposites exhibit enhanced electrochemical properties and stable performance within the range suitable for supercapacitor applications, as indicated by the Ragone chart. Notably, aerogels with higher incorporation of cobalt and manganese oxides in TiO2 aerogels exhibit significantly elevated specific surface areas, reaching 562 and 555 m2 g−1, respectively. These values are notably high for nanocomposites, underscoring the potential of these electroactive materials for electrochemical capacitors.
Effects of Cold‐Rolling and Subsequent Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of (CrCoNi)97Al1.5Ti1.5 Medium‐Entropy Alloy
Authors: Zhong Liming , Liu Xiaolian , Zhang Fujian , Chen Yanxia , Guo Shengfeng , Guo Ning
Published: June 2024

In this study, the (CrCoNi)97Al1.5Ti1.5 medium‐entropy alloy (MEA) is prepared and subjected to cold‐rolling and annealing. The phase and microstructure are characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), backscattered electron imaging (BSEI), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). Microhardness and tensile properties of the deformed and annealed samples are measured. The results show that a large amount of lamellar dislocation substructures (LDS) is formed during cold‐rolling up to 50% reduction. After a 50% rolling reduction and annealing at 600 °C for 1 h, the LDS inside the deformed grains does not change significantly. When the annealing temperature increases to 650 °C, a large amount of LDS begins to disappear and is replaced by recrystallized grains and high‐density annealing twins. When the annealing temperature reaches 700 °C, a completely recrystallized structure is obtained. Cold‐rolling deformation leads to a linear increase in the microhardness and tensile strength of MEA. The 50% reduction sample will harden again after short‐time annealing at 600 °C while softening will occur after annealing at 650 °C or 700 °C. The deformation mechanisms and strengthening mechanisms are also discussed and analyzed.