bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

This book makes a series of arguments that challenge the standard interpretation of the Pilgrim story and the influence of Plymouth on the colonization of New England and the history of the United States. Those who are commonly referred to as Pilgrims are presented as members of the broader English puritan movement. Lay leadership such as that of William Brewster was central to the forming and conduct of congregational churches. These believers recognized that “further light” might always provide further insight into God’s designs. And Plymouth’s role in shaping the religious and cultural institutions of Massachusetts were more significant than previously realized.
Dawn Land
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

The land that the Mayflower sailed to was inhabited by various tribes of Native Americans. Over the preceding years some Natives had been kidnapped by English explorers and traders. Those same Englishmen had introduced diseases that, because of lack of previous exposure to the pathogens, became “virgin soil epidemics” that decimated many tribes. Patuxet, a Wampanoag village on the site the Mayflower colonists decided to settle, had been virtually wiped out by disease a few years earlier. The uneven impact that epidemics had on different tribes upset the balance of power between them. The Wampanoags, who had suffered greatly, were open to seeking aid from the English against their Native enemies.
“A Lady in New England”
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that women were essential in the development of revivalism and its verse. It traces the verse ministries of Elizabeth Singer Rowe and Anne Dutton through the poetic personae they inhabited. The first created an idealized convert persona that become prolific in evangelical poetics; the second helped define the woman poet-minister role as one of spiritual direction and print itinerancy. Both poetic personae were strategically taken up by the Boston poet Sarah Moorhead when she intervened in some of New England’s most politically charged religious debates and became the idealized convert and spiritual authorizer of Ralph Erskine’s Gospel Sonnets.
The Ethiop’s Verse
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that Phillis Wheatley engaged and contested the tradition and history of revival poetics that the first three chapters trace. Wheatley’s poetics entail subtle yet poignant critiques of both the limitations of the personae of white women poet-ministers built upon affective espousal devotion and of the political impotence of an anthropology based in evangelical harmony and appeals to the plainest capacity. Wheatley invented a new woman poet-minister persona, the Ethiop, which introduced the tensions of political freedom and chattel slavery into the Calvinist couplet and lived theology. Through her classicalism she practiced a politics of respectability at the same time that her Ethiop persona engaged in a politics of refusal that exposed white feminine sentimentalism and the domestic at the center of revival poetics, which helped structure the capacities of liberal rights-bearing subjects. Recognizing the ways that Wheatley critiqued revival poetry brings into view how enslaved femininity became a site of dynamic exchange between religious and secular aesthetics and epistemologies. A history of revival poetry, then, not only reveals the full import of Wheatley’s poetic choices in relation to slavery, but also how revivalism was integral to the often secularized story of the invention of race science.
The Challenges of Compromise
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: June 2020

In a time of party polarization, compromises seem increasingly uncommon in Congress. To what degree can this be attributed to the demands of the electorate? If people value partisan fidelity and ideological congruence from their representatives above all else, then legislators who resist compromises are merely acting in the interests of their constituents. In this chapter, the challenges of finding compromise in Congress are discussed, as well as the reasons to expect citizens to dislike policy compromises. The puzzle for the book is introduced: Why and when are people willing to consider compromise as a solution to political disagreements? The answer to this question is previewed: people learn in school about the virtues of compromise in politics, and this socialized support for democratic values checks people’s partisan tendencies when it comes to considering political compromise.
Partisan Motives and Consideration of Compromise
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: June 2020

In a time of party polarization, citizens increasingly see the world in partisan terms. The animosities people feel for the opposing partisan side could threaten the prospects for compromise. This chapter considers degree to which partisan biases prevail over principled thinking when it comes to supporting compromise in politics. With experimental evidence and a set of surveys that span three presidential administrations, partisans are shown to be enthusiastic about the principle of compromise in politics, and are willing to call on their own party to nominate candidates who are willing to make compromises. Yet partisan thinking leaves its mark, as people are more likely to demand compromise from the opposing side than to call on their own party to do the same. People call for compromise among their own ranks as a result of their moderate preferences, while they think their opponents should make concessions as a matter of democratic principle.
Campaigns, Competition, and Support for Political Compromise
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: June 2020

Campaigns draw people into the partisan practice of politics, through close competition, campaign ads, and calls to take sides. Yet the conflicts of contentious campaigns may do little to encourage compromise, instead leading voters to call on their representatives to deliver on their campaign promises. This chapter shows rather than close the door to compromise, conflicts instead serve as a reminder that other people want different things than we do in politics, disrupting people’s tendencies to assume most others agree with them. Analysis of survey data shows that people who live in states marked by close partisan divides are more likely to prefer a president who is willing to consider compromise. Experimental data confirm that when people learn that other Americans want different policy outcomes, they become more willing to consider compromise solutions.
Support for Compromise in Principle and in Practice
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: June 2020

This chapter reports a set of experiments that consider people’s appraisals of specific policy compromises in Congress, focusing on whether people like compromises less once they understand what types of policy concessions they entail. Drawing on recent congressional compromises on domestic violence legislation, education reform, and health-care policy, the experiments test whether people evaluate Congress and its policy outcomes differently when bills are represented as compromises where both sides made concessions in order to achieve policy gains. The results show that people are disappointed when they learn that a bill failed to pass due to members of Congress refusing to compromise. Members of Congress do not seem to be penalized for their support of compromise legislation. Policy compromises serve to boost the perceived legitimacy of the decision-making process, particularly among those who are ideologically opposed to the outcome.
Theorizing Adaptation in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Elliott Kamilla
Published: June 2020

Chapter 4 traces the expansion of adaptation studies to new media and new theories in the twenty-first century. By 2006, literary film adaptation studies outnumbered general literature-and-film studies, and Linda Hutcheon authoritatively opened adaptation studies beyond literature and film and beyond dyadic disciplines and theoretical camps into a pluralism of media, disciplines, and theories, although debates between pre–theoretical turn and post–theoretical turn theories have continued. They continue because new theories have not resolved the problems of old theories for adaptation, so that scholars return to older theories to try to redress them. New theories have done a great deal for adaptation, but they have also introduced new theoretical problems: so much so, that the latest debates in adaptation study no longer lie between theoretical progressivism and theoretical return but between theoretical pluralism and theoretical abandonment. Beyond specific theories and differing modes of pluralism, this debate points to theorization’s failure to theorize adaptation more generally.
Redefining Definitions
Authors: Elliott Kamilla
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 considers the relationship of adaptation to the first stage of theorization: definition, showing that, how, and why adaptation resists definition. Definition aims to fix; by contrast, defined as changed and changing to suit new environments, adaptation refuses to be fixed. Even so, adaptation and definition have things in common: both establish themselves via navigating similarities and differences between entities and by assessing relations of entities to their contexts. Like adaptation, theorization resists its own first stage, refusing to be defined, as scholars disagree about its definition. The task of redressing “the problem of theorizing adaptation” at the level of definition, then, is not one of agreeing on a theoretical definition of adaptation: rather, it is a task of redefining what theorization is and does in the humanities and redefining its relationship to adaptation. If adaptation studies is to be a field, not simply a sub-category of many fields, it cannot be defined solely by definitions of other things patched together from other fields: it needs to be defined first and foremost as adaptation. The chapter concludes with some proposals for how to begin this process of redefining theorization and adaptation in relation to each other.
Landscape
Authors: Aguirre Mercedes , Buxton Richard
Published: June 2020

Where did the Cyclopes live, and where did they work? The answers are surprisingly complex. Some of the complexities derive from the fact that the Cyclopes are linked with distinct types of work—building, metalworking, herding—each of which relates differently to the natural setting. Then there are divergences between genres: epic, satyr play, pastoral, vase painting, and wall painting each has its own characteristic ways of evoking landscape; moreover, needless to say, individual narratives also exploit particular nuances. Next, various topographical features appear in myths of the Cyclopes, including cave, sea, seashore, mountain, volcano, island, pastureland, and city, the last mentioned being enclosed by that indispensable boundary, a wall; the interplay between all these features complicates the overall picture. Finally, there are significant diachronic shifts, involving especially the various geographical locations in which chronologically disparate sources place the pastoral ogres. In this chapter Aguirre and Buxton try to tease out these intricacies, and to investigate how they impact on wider issues about Cyclopean mythology.
Austrian and Czech neuroscience becomes “coordinated” under National Socialism
Authors: Zeidman Lawrence A.
Published: June 2020

The Austrian neuroscience consolidation came swiftly and terribly on “non-Aryans.” Austrian anti-Semitism was arguably even more virulent than in Germany. And laws had already escalated in Nazi Germany to the point that Jewish physicians at most could only treat other Jews as derogatorily called “sick treaters”; these laws were instantly applicable in “annexed” Austria, with no stepwise progressive disfranchisement. Even “Aryan” neurologists who were thought to be unsympathetic to the Nazi movement were dismissed shortly after the “annexation.” The Vienna university neurology clinic was taken over primarily by SS neurologists who had been “illegal” Nazis before the annexation and were extremely dedicated to the Nazi cause. At least one, Walther Birkmayer, spoke of expanding the sterilization law to other hereditary conditions not stipulated already by the law. At least nine racial or political neuroscientist replacements, including directors of institutes, led to racial hygiene consequences, including execution of sterilization and euthanasia programs.
The Value of Conscience
Authors: McLeod Carolyn
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 looks at why it is important to value conscience in health care, or what health care professionals might lose if their conscientious conduct was not protected. This chapter establishes that conscience has value, generally speaking, in health care, although not because it leads health care professionals on the path to moral righteousness or truth, as some would have it. Rather, it can allow health care professionals to have integrity, which itself has both personal and social value. The claim that conscience promotes integrity is common in bioethics, although the author interprets “integrity” differently than most bioethicists do.
Damage to Trust
Authors: McLeod Carolyn
Published: June 2020

Chapter 3 focuses on the harm that conscientious refusals cause when they diminish the trust that patients have in health care professionals and professions. The author argues that damage to trust from typical refusals is very likely to occur, because of the nature of these refusals as well as the nature of trust. She also critiques a response to this concern about trust by Holly Fernandez Lynch. In her Conflicts of Conscience in Health Care (2008), Lynch develops what she calls an “institutional compromise” to the problem of how to regulate conscientious refusals. She contends that one benefit of her solution is that it would prevent damage to trust from conscientious refusals. Chapter 3 of this book endeavors to show, on the contrary, that insofar as our concern is with patient trust, we should reject Lynch’s proposal.
Tom McCarthy’s Modernism
Authors: Attridge Derek
Published: June 2020

This chapter asks what it is like to read Tom McCarthy’s fiction, what are its peculiar pleasures, and whether the critical instruments associated with the tradition of ‘close reading’ are of any use in describing and explaining these responses. The chapter isolates two larger questions pertinent to this collection as a whole: In what sense can McCarthy be said to be continuing the project of modernism and the rewards and demands it offers its readers? And is there an ethical dimension to reading, and writing about reading, in this way? In the course of answering these questions, the chapter appeals to the notion of the literary work as an event, taking place in the reading process and living on in memorial revisitings of that process.
John Stuart Mill
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter begins with a discussion of Mill’s empiricism and his attitude towards the unknowable which considers in detail the nature of his disagreement with Hamilton and which discusses the various senses in which his position might be described as one of ‘radical empiricism’. Moving on to more specific points, the chapter then discusses Mill’s views regarding space and time, his phenomenalism, his failed attempt to explain our idea of the self, his centre-staging the puzzle of other minds, and his positions respecting causation, free will, and natural law. The chapter concludes with a discussion of his posthumously published views about religion.
Shadworth Hollway Hodgson and William Kingdon Clifford
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: June 2020

Following on from a brief consideration of the Metaphysical Society, this chapter considers two highly original empiricist thinkers who used their membership as an opportunity to develop bold new metaphysical schemes. The chapter begins by outlining Hodgson’s unique methodology of descriptive empiricism, whose consequences are then explored via his theory of causality (or ‘real conditions’), his construction of external material reality, and his position about things-in-themselves. Lastly it is considered how his strict empiricism nonetheless leads him to embrace the curious notion of a ‘unseen universe’ of significance for both immortality and religion. The discussion of Clifford examines his empiricism, his phenomenalism, and his views about causation and religion, before examining in detail his paper ‘On the Nature of Things-in-themselves’, which (it is argued) brings him to another form of unseen reality.
G. H. Lewes and Karl Pearson
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: June 2020

Examining the cases of two further nineteenth-century empiricists, this chapter begins by considering how G. H. Lewes moved from an early position of neo-Comtean positivism which was avowedly anti-metaphysical to the advocacy of what he described as ‘empirical metaphysics’. An examination is made of five different ways in which Lewes moves beyond simple sensualism to a more sophisticated understanding of ‘the empirical’, before considering in detail three examples of his empirical metaphysics, respecting physical reality, mind, and causation. The discussion of Lewes concludes by reflecting upon the sense in which he remains hostile to what he describes as ‘metempirics’ including the notion of the unknowable thing-in-itself. The chapter concludes with a consideration of Karl Pearson’s philosophy which centre stages sense-impressions and champions both reductionism and scientism. But it is noted that even with Pearson we find willingness to engage in a degree of metaphysical speculation.
James Frederick Ferrier
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: June 2020

Following a general discussion of how idealism relates to both agnosticism and empiricism, its origin in nineteenth-century British philosophy are explored through consideration of how Ferrier reacted to the philosophy of William Hamilton. Insisting that the minimal epistemic unit is always subject-plus-some-object, Ferrier challenged agnosticism by claiming that we could only be ignorant of what we might at some point know, and this challenge is examined by means of a detailed exploration of his conceptions of knowledge, ignorance and the contradictory, before it is explained how this stance leads to a form of absolute idealism and belief in the existence of God. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Ferrier’s influence on the British Idealists.
Proem
Authors: Williams David-Antoine
Published: June 2020

The Proem introduces several major themes of the book, including accuracy, error, nostalgia, and the arbitrary, via close readings of a number of poems, prominently ‘English: An Ode’ by Robert Hass, ‘Hedge School’ by Paul Muldoon, and ‘Nostalgia’ by Eavan Boland, as well as poems by Donald Davie, Tony Harrison, and Galway Kinnell. Noting that both etymology and poetry have a history of dubious association with notions of ‘truth’, the Proem proposes to investigate what kinds of truth may be carried or crafted by etymology in poetry, and by poetic etymology.
Adaptations in the Age of the Arbitrary
Authors: Williams David-Antoine
Published: June 2020

This chapter begins by noting with Saussure that the rupture structural linguistics makes between sound image and referent would appear to make etymology theoretically vacant. How one might continue to ‘believe’ in the truth of etymologies in the face of this occupies the rest of the discussion, beginning with the problems and possibilities of phenomenological ‘unveiling’ (Martin Heidegger, Anne Carson, Jan Zwicky, and Anne Waldman are discussed) and deconstructive etymological word play (Jean Paulhan, Nancy Streuver, Derek Attridge, Paula Blank). Play, or work, with etymology then frames a comparative reading of poems by G. M. Hopkins and Ciaran Carson, which explores questions of poetic assertion, belief, and irony. After sketching a taxonomy of etymological tropes in modern poetry, the chapter concludes by following the etymological development and redeployment of central metapoetic metaphors, which imagine the work of poetry as that of maker, weaver, singer, and ploughman.
Introduction: The Secret of Life
Authors: Hanson Clare
Published: June 2020

This chapter outlines the debates over the genetic origins of human nature which form the wider context of the literature discussed in this book. It traces the rise of gene-centric neo-Darwinism in the late twentieth century and its mediation by popular science books which made claims about the causes of human behaviour which directly challenged humanistic values. It explores the ways in which novelists responded to this challenge, at a time when the arts and social sciences espoused social constructivism and were opposed to any biological account of human nature. It then considers the factors which have brought about a rapprochement between literature and biology, as genetic determinism has been supplanted by a post-genomic perspective which emphasizes the openness of the genome to environmental factors, while twenty-first century writers and philosophers increasingly represent humans and the environment as mutually constitutive.
Introduction
Authors: Mahoney Ewing
Published: June 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of MI5, one of a number of security agencies. The Security Service was created in 1909, initially to deal with the problems of German espionage. Although its existence was acknowledged by government and its Director General (DG) sometimes referred to it in the press, the Official Secrets Act 1911 ensured that the activities of MI5 were protected from unwelcome public activity for much of the twentieth century. During this time, however, the great bulk of MI5’s attention was devoted to the Communist Party, its members and related organizations and during the Cold War this was its principal pre-occupation. The chapter assesses the extent to which MI5’s violations of civil liberties were sanctioned by the law, and by the human rights obligations then emerging. This is asked against a background of constitutional principle. The first and most significant of these principles is the Rule of Law.
The Stewart Report
Authors: Mahoney Ewing
Published: June 2020

This chapter begins the analysis of the compatibility of government practice with constitutional principle by examining the report of Sir Samuel Findlater Stewart, which had been commissioned in 1944 by Anthony Eden (at that time Foreign Secretary), and presented to the Prime Minister in 1945. Said shortly after its completion to be ‘the document from which the present constitution of the Security Service springs’, the Stewart Report is the new starting point for an understanding of the modern Security Service. The contents of the document have received little publicity, having been released only in 2013, and even then, not without significant redactions to censor information that would apparently embarrass MI5 today. Despite Stewart’s significant contribution to accountability, accountability is still incomplete some seventy years after the event.
The Ubiquitous Lord Radcliffe
Authors: Mahoney Ewing
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the work of Lord Radcliffe, a member of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords and evidently a man greatly trusted by government. Lord Radcliffe presided over what was one of the most detailed inquisitions of journalism ever conducted in the United Kingdom, to which the press was legally bound to submit by virtue of the 1921 Act. Some of his judgments on press standards were excoriating. While few would be willing to justify the reporting criticized by Radcliffe, it is to be recalled that there was no evidence of any offence having been committed by any of the newspapers. The chapter also examines two important reports: the Committee on Security Procedures in the Public Service, a censored version of which was published in April 1962; and the detailed report of a Tribunal of Inquiry appointed to inquire into the Vassall case, the complete text of which was published in April 1963.
Illustrating the Bible
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: June 2020

Chapter 2 is the first of three chapters that explore the resilience of a biblical culture of antiquity and the scriptural framework that served to comprehend the Near Eastern past. Scriptural visions of Palestine and Transjordan (a part of the Palestine mandate) were given new lease of life during the First World War. The Bible, the oldest and longest surviving framework for interpreting the Holy Land and the territories bordering it, shaped modes of writing about and experiencing them, as well as offering a narrative of the past and a scriptural temporality. The chapter demonstrates that notwithstanding the professionalization of archaeology and its adoption of scientific practices, the Scriptures remained dominant in discussions of the ancient past, and that archaeological discovery of a material Near East served to illustrate and corroborate scriptural texts. However, biblical culture—including research, travel-writing, and tourism—was adapted to modern technologies of transport and tourism, particularly to railways, cars, and aviation. The chapter examines the modernization of biblical narratives and of the physical experience of scriptural landscapes by considering a broad repertoire of writing: guidebooks for tourists, manuals and timetables, popular writings by archaeologists, and visual and material representations of the biblical past in metropolitan colonial exhibitions and in Palestine’s Museum of Archaeology. The chapter demonstrates how the modernization of uses of the Bible suited the mandate’s own rationale and agenda of modernization and development, and was endorsed and sometimes sponsored by officials.
The Young Demetrius Poliorcetes
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

Demetrius Poliorcetes was born in Macedonia, but grew up at Celaenae in central Phrygia with his parents, the great general Antigonus Monophthalmus (‘the One-Eyed’) and Stratonice, and his extended family. This chapter discusses aspects of Demetrius’ childhood and upbringing, the family structure, and the political context in which Demetrius was raised. Literary sources such as the ancient author Plutarch, who wrote a biography of Demetrius, describe him as being a tall and strikingly handsome individual. In this chapter, the iconographic and numismatic evidence is discussed, and these representations of the king confirm the impression conveyed to us through the ancient sources.
Demetrius’ Return to Greece, 304–303 BC
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter continues to offer detailed analysis of Demetrius Poliorcetes’ career, as well as a reconstruction of the events during the years 304–303 BC. Demetrius returned to Greece in autumn 304 , and drove Cassander’s forces out of Boeotia and Attica. However, military matters were not the only things on Demetrius’ mind, and he spent a dissolute winter in the Parthenon with the infamous Lamia and many named courtesans, which was the subject of much gossip. Ever ambitious, in early 303 he invaded and captured most of the cities in the northern Peloponnese, setting up a formidable power base from which to rule all of Greece and Macedonia.
The Mysteries and the League
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

In early 303 BC Demetrius Poliorcetes consolidated his hold over the Peloponnese, and then made the unusual request that the Athenians allow him accelerated initiation into the religious cult known as the Eleusinian Mysteries. This was made possible by an extraordinary alteration of the Attic calendar, and in nine days he passed through the three stages of a ritual which normally took nineteen months. By 302, after a great deal of diplomatic activity, he called a congress of all Greek city states and formed a Hellenic League aimed at deposing Cassander from the Macedonian kingship, but he was recalled to Asia by his father Antigonus to participate in the Ipsus campaign.
How to Quantify Urbanization When Testing for Urban Evolution?
Authors: Szulkin Marta , Garroway Colin J. , Corsini Michela , Kotarba Andrzej Z. , Dominoni Davide
Published: June 2020

Research in urban evolution requires that the features of cities are accurately captured for input into evolutionary models. Until recently, the evolutionary effects of cities have often been addressed using single sites, dichotomous urban–rural contrasts or, to a lesser extent, using urban gradients. However, urbanization does not produce a homogenous spatial continuum: cities are highly heterogeneous environments, with sharp and often non-linear environmental changes related to the amount of impervious surface, green vegetation, air pollution, light, noise, or contrasted temperature profiles. The comprehensive quantification of urban heterogeneity in space and time is essential for exploring the origins of organismal variation and adaptation in cities, and to best identify the strength and directionality of selective pressures and neutral processes occurring in populations of urban organisms. This chapter reviews frameworks that can be used to describe and quantify urbanization—these include classical ecological frameworks, the understudied temporal dimension of urban evolutionary biology, and the concept of replicated insight into urban-driven evolutionary processes. The chapter further discusses how axes of variation capturing the urban environment can be quantified with univariate and multivariate approaches, and presents quantitative results on how urbanization is captured in published studies of urban evolution. Finally, it discusses study design and statistical approaches of interest when testing for urban evolution: these include the question of model selection and variable fitting, spatial autocorrelation, and appropriate scale use in studies of urban evolution.
Urban Evolutionary Physiology
Authors: Isaksson Caroline , Bonier Frances
Published: June 2020

Organisms living in urban environments are exposed to many novel, sometimes beneficial, but most often challenging conditions. These conditions include increased exposure to chemical pollution, artificial light at night, noise, altered pathogen and predator communities, increased abundance of often poor quality food, increased temperature, and increased human presence and disturbances. Given the central role of a variety of physiological responses in coping with challenges such as these, the authors of the chapter expect that the range of physiological phenotypes expressed by individuals and species will dramatically influence their ability to persist in urban habitat and cope with urban challenges. They also expect that plasticity in components of these physiological systems will be an important target of selection imposed by the challenges confronting urban populations. The chapter takes a closer look at three fundamental physiological systems in animals that are central components of coping responses to environmental challenges, namely detoxification, and endocrine and metabolic systems.
Cognition and Adaptation to Urban Environments
Authors: Sol Daniel , Lapiedra Oriol , Ducatez Simon
Published: June 2020

Urbanization is one of the most drastic alterations of natural habitats, causing sudden adaptive mismatches that make population persistence difficult for many organisms. Urban contexts may be challenging for adaptation, particularly for animals with long generation times with slow evolutionary responses. This chapter argues that cognition may play a major role in facilitating evolutionary adaptation of animals to the urban environment. By regulating how animals gather, preserve, and use information, cognition can influence adaptive evolution in urban areas by (1) allowing individuals to choose the habitats and resources that better match their phenotypes, and (2) helping animals to construct learned responses to challenges they have never or rarely experienced before. These cognitive processes can weaken the strength of selection. However, they can also facilitate adaptive evolution by reducing the risk of population extinction and by ensuring that individuals are more gradually exposed to the new conditions. In addition, cognitive processes can maintain genetic diversity for selection to act upon in the future as well as promoting local adaptation by reducing gene flow with nearby non-urban populations. Finally, learned behaviours can allow the population to move close to the realm of attraction of new adaptive peaks, driving evolution toward novel directions. Cognition itself may also evolve in urban areas—particularly in long-lived generalists—if it exhibits enough heritable variation. Echoing recent suggestions in cognitive ecology, the chapter highlights the need to design and carry out experiments explicitly designed to assess the evolutionary consequences of cognition in urban populations.
Selection on Humans in Cities
Authors: Milot Emmanuel , Stearns Stephen C.
Published: June 2020

As shown throughout this book, urbanization moulds evolutionary processes in many biological systems. But what are its effects on the species that is itself the cause of this radical habitat modification? At least two major cultural transitions in history have involved urbanization: the transition to agriculture, and the continuing transition to modernity. Humans both endure and create the selective pressures associated with urbanization, a process of niche construction with complex evolutionary consequences. Urbanization modifies extrinsic mortality, nutrition, hygiene, demography, the toxicity of air, our microbiota, social interactions, and other factors known to shape selection on morphological, physiological, immunological, life-history, and behavioural traits. Today more than half of humanity lives in cities and is exposed to this new evolutionary context. This chapter presents the elements needed to understand the evolutionary potential of humans living in cities, focusing on traits affecting health. Urbanization can alter the expression of tradeoffs and the selection on traits in ways that change the prevalence of both infectious and non-communicable diseases. The chapter identifies several challenges for research. These include the difficulty of separating the effects of urbanization per se from those of modernization in general, and the need to better integrate eco-evolutionary feedbacks, culture, and learning into microevolutionary models to understand how urban life modifies selection on health. Finally, the chapter discusses why the application to humans of gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, is likely to interact with natural selection, an issue deserving closer attention from evolutionary biologists.
The Likeness of an Author
Authors: Allon Niv
Published: June 2020

This chapter shifts to three-dimensional art and studies scribal statues. It traces back the history of this statuary motif through time, studying changes in the texts inscribed on the statue and the gesture of the right hand. Analyzing these elements, the chapter investigates the relationships between statue, patron, and text. A close inspection of this statuary motif reveals a growing emphasis on the act of writing and a reinterpretation of the literacy act. Focusing on the Eighteenth Dynasty patrons who commissioned such statues once again suggests that men of military background like Haremhab play a significant role in disseminating images of literacy through their self-representation.
Text and Translation of the Extant Columns
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

Recto

i

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

ii

iii

ii 1 [---] ̣μένων‎ ego …ο‎.̣μένων‎ edd.ἐπι‎̣[τ‎]ρόπων‎ egoἐπ‎[ι‎]τρό‎̣πων‎ edd.ἐπ‎[...
The Other Cargo Items
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses col. ii of the Muziris papyrus verso text. Apart from the almost fully preserved third column, the Muziris papyrus also retains the ends of most of the lines of verso col. ii. Gangetic nard, sound ivory, and schidai, the three cargoes whose three-quarter portions are evaluated in col. iii (ll. 1–26) were just minor cargoes. Although based on incorrect assumptions, the editors arrived nevertheless at the right conclusion: the cargo of the Hermapollon comprised six items. The chapter then considers ll. 20–30 and 1–3, which pertain to pepper, as well as ll. 14–19, which refer to two items—one of which is most probably malabathron and the other might be tortoise shell.
Dramatis Personae
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This concluding chapter identifies the two co-signatories of the loan contract. The manager of the department charged with levying customs duties on Indian commodities (paralemptes) was also the lender of the loan contract written on the recto of the Muziris papyrus. In all likelihood, the borrower was the owner of the Hermapollon. However, the cargo imported from Muziris was so enormous that it could hardly have belonged to a single merchant, as the loan contract—signed by a single borrower—seems to suggest. In all likelihood, the underwriter, a lone Indian Ocean ship owner (naukleros Erythraikos), represented also the Indian Ocean merchants (emporoi Erythraikoi) who chartered transport space on his ship. The Muziris papyrus lays bare the terms of a cooperative arrangement between the paralemptes and the naukleros, which may have been a structural peculiarity of Roman trade with India in the first two centuries AD. Above the merchants/borrowers and customs collectors/lenders is the imperial administration, whose officers assist and monitor the arabarchs’ work.
The assertion analysis of declarative Verb Second
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses the assertion analysis of Mainland Scandinavian embedded declarative V2 clauses. These clauses are identified by having the finite verb preceding all sentence adverbials and/or having a non-subject in initial position. Whereas this word order is mainly found in that-clauses embedded under certain predicates in modern Mainland Scandinavian, it was more generally allowed in Old Scandinavian. The Old Scandinavian word order arguably involved verb movement to the inflectional domain. In modern Mainland Scandinavian it necessarily involves movement to the C-domain, which means that embedded V2 clauses have root properties. On this analysis, they are asserted, and both the illocutionary force and the V2 order are consequences of the presence of a Force head. For most speakers of modern Mainland Scandinavian, direct or indirect assertions can be embedded whenever they are compatible with the semantics of the matrix clause.
Null subjects in Old Italian
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: June 2020

In this work the complex distribution of null subjects in Old Florentine of the thirteenth century is analysed. The main theoretical question answered is the following: what are the factors that rule the distribution of null and lexical pronominal subjects in Old Italian? It is well known that there are differences between Modern and Old Italian which show that it is not possible to apply the standard view on pro drop to Old Italian. The data cannot be explained by the traditional proposal that the inflected verb licenses pro drop when it is in C°, since pro drop can also occur in non-V2 contexts. It is argued that the complex distribution of Old Italian null subjects can only be made sense of if the null subject depends on different types of null topics which have different licensing conditions in main clauses and embedded clauses.
On a diachronic relation between the richness of Tense, Force, and second-position effects
Authors: Migdalski Krzysztof
Published: June 2020

This chapter identifies T(ense) as the formal property that conditions the availability of V2 and second-position phenomena (2P). Specifically, it shows on the basis of Modern Slavic data that second- position pronominal clitics are attested only in languages that do not have morphological tense. Moreover, it investigates the diachrony of pronominal cliticization in South Slavic, observing that the shift of verb-adjacent pronominal clitics to second-position was contemporaneous with the loss of simple past tenses, aorist and imperfect. This development did not affect ‘operator clitics’, which express C-related Illocutionary Force. They uniformly target second-position across Slavic, forming a distinct class of second-position clitics with special prosodic and syntactic requirements. The observed Tense dependency of pronominal clitics in Slavic provides support for the validity of the link between second-position phenomena and Tense, which has been postulated since den Besten’s (1977) classic work on V2.
On the syntax and prosody of Verb Second and Clitic Second
Authors: Bošković Željko
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that V2 and clitic second should not be unified structurally. Second-position clitics do not all occur in a fixed position high in the clause (they can, in fact, occur rather low in the structure), differing from the verb in V2 in this respect, and second-position clitic systems are incompatible with the presence of definite articles in the language, in contrast to V2. Clitic second and V2 clauses also differ with respect to their mobility, the latter being immobile. Clitic second and V2 are, however, shown to share important prosodic properties, which is taken to indicate that the two should be unified at least to some extent prosodically (with clitic second, the second position is in fact defined prosodically: clitics are second within their intonational phrase). Factoring out the prosodic properties of V2 is also shown to simplify the syntax of V2. From this perspective, the chapter provides accounts of a number of properties of V2, including the root/embedded clause asymmetry regarding the productivity of V2, the non-pickiness of the V2 requirement (where just about anything can satisfy it), and the role of the freedom of word order in the historical development of syntactic V2, where all these are ultimately traced to the presence of a prosodic requirement. The chapter also provides a labelling-based account of the immobility of V2 clauses.
Expanding the typology of Verb Second VPE
Authors: Manetta Emily
Published: June 2020

Mysteriously, Verb Second (V2) languages are known to exhibit auxiliary-stranding verb phrase ellipsis (VPE) but to lack verb-stranding VPE, even though the inflected verb must leave the VP (Mikkelsen 2006; LaCara 2014). Sailor (2018) claims that VPE bleeds V2; the feature that drives ellipsis (on T) is introduced derivationally prior to the feature driving V2 (on C). Only languages with verb movement triggered by T, as in Hebrew (Goldberg 2005), exhibit V-stranding VPE. This chapter offers evidence that Sailor’s approach is on the right track; the Indic language Kashmiri is a V2 language in which auxiliary-stranding and V-stranding VPE co-occur, because T is independently a trigger for V movement (Munshi and Bhatt 2009). The findings support a particular approach to the timing and interaction of the major operations in the grammar and suggest that any approach to V2 must account for the variation in the presentation of VPE in V2 languages.
European Cross-Border Banking and Banking Supervision
Authors: Singh Dalvinder
Published: June 2020

This book provides timely analysis of the cross-border exercise of banking activity in the EU and its supervision, from the perspective of the ‘home-host rule’. It examines the current system and the efficacy of recent reforms considering whether the centralization of decision making and a more effective mutualization of financing tools could increase the efficiency of the EU banking system. The EU banking market is very integrated since banking institutions based in the Union are free to perform their activities within the common market. This has allowed EU banking institutions to significantly increase their cross-border operations. This way of working is based on the home country control principle according to which EU institutions performing cross-border activities continue to be supervised by their home country supervisor. However, this system has raised challenges for effectively performing supervision and resolution. The book analyses how far recent reforms under the banking union regime have addressed these issues. It analyses the main pillars of the banking union. It also analyses how international standards and EU requirements undertake to divide responsibilities between the home and host state and the extent to which they align interests between the home and host and minimize potential conflicts of interests. The book provides a valuable resource for academics researching on central banking union and regulation, and helps legal practitioners to address questions of supervision, resolution, and insolvency with a cross-border element.
EU Non-Performing Loans and Loan Loss Provisioning
Authors: Singh Dalvinder
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the issue of non-performing loans (NPLs), which is critical in the home and host dilemma because of the significant level of cross-border banking that exists at the European level. Indeed, the NPL problem is one of the negative consequences of the push and pull factors of cross-border banking. The move towards consistent practices in the management of NPLs is exemplified by regulatory measures concerning loan loss provisions. In particular, the interlinkages between loan loss provisioning and capital requirements and how they interact with banks and their balance sheet combine a multitude of regulatory decisions directly and indirectly at the accounting and prudential supervisory level. The dynamics of private and public forms of regulation require a systematic discussion of how best to combine and interpret the reforms at European level.
Guided Tour
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 provides a guided tour of the book. It begins with an explanation of the divide between formal and informal work on epistemic rationality and that between work on belief and credence. Six Basic Assumptions are sketched to get the ball rolling. They are the view that normative fact is grounded in natural fact, that propositional attitudes are binary relations, that propositional attitudes are functional in nature, that such attitudes are subject to epistemic appraisal, that transitions between them are too, and that models of such rationality are acceptable only if they match the target phenomena (in a sense of ‘match’ to be glossed).
The Bayesian Theory of States
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: June 2020

Chapter 3 is a critical discussion of the Bayesian theory of states. It argues that our psychology includes many more types of confidence than Bayesian credence. There is an extended discussion of the missing types of confidence—from both a functionalist and intuitive point of view. Conditional credence is discussed and it’s shown that the Bayesian way of thinking of it—baked into the formalism—is wrong. It is argued that conditional credence is a fundamental part of our rational psychology. Three attempts are then considered to generalize the Bayesian model: one uses midpoints of mathematical intervals, one uses midpoints along with 3-place psychological attitudes, and one uses richly membered sets of probability functions. It is argued that none of the generalizations work very well.
Inference and Rationality
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: June 2020

A theory of rational state transition must answer four questions: are shifts within its domain brought about by agents or do they simply happen to them? Is the approach part a theory’s dynamics or kinematics? Does the approach make use of everyday or ideal rationality? Are the mental states involved coarse- or fine-grained? The questions are used to generate a sixteen-fold classification of rational shift-in-view. It is then argued that rational inference leads to the idea of a coordinated epistemic reason: roughly, a reason where causal-efficacy and evidential-relevance fuse together. This idea is illustrated with everyday examples and it is then argued that the theory of rational inference turns crucially on the non-ideal rationality of agential dynamics. The chapter closes by developing a theory of rational inference and a take on the human mind to go with it.