bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comportamento Ecológico de Alunos Pós-graduandos de uma Instituição Pública
Authors: Almeida Damiana Machado de , Madruga Lúcia Rejane Da Rosa Gama , Lopes Luis Felipe Dias , Ibdaiwi Thiago Kader Rajeh
Published: July 2016

Entender as questões que envolvem a temática meio ambiente é fundamental para que se possa garantir às futuras gerações a possibilidade de usufruir dos recursos naturais existentes atualmente. Essas questões são fundamentais para identificar os fatores que influenciam o comportamento humano no que diz respeito a sua relação com o meio ambiente. Porém as questões comportamentais associadas ao meio ambiente ainda são pouco estudadas. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os comportamentos ecológicos dos alunos matriculados em Programas de Pós-graduação de uma instituição pública. Para isso, utilizou-se como metodologia a pesquisa de natureza descritiva, de abordagem quantitativa e do tipo survey. O instrumento para identificação do comportamento ecológico foi organizado a partir da Escala de Comportamento Ecológico (ECE) de Pato e Tamayo (2006). A amostra da pesquisa foi composta por 70 respondentes, no qual foi possível identificar resultados de que algumas atividades de comportamento pró-ecológico já fazem parte da rotina, principalmente relacionadas à limpeza urbana e a economia de energia. Em contrapartida os comportamentos ecológicos menos adotados pelos pós-graduandos estão relacionados à economia de água e a participação em trabalhos voluntários relacionados ao meio ambiente. Conclui-se que há necessidade de maior conscientização do público pesquisado no que se refere aos comportamentos ecológicos.
Atributos determinantes e serviços customizados em massa: sistemática para realizar o ajuste ótimo da oferta
Authors: Vidor Gabriel , Medeiros Janine Fleith de , Cruz Cassiana Maris Lima
Published: July 2016

A customização emmassa tem despertado contínuo interesse da academia e de empresas, dada a suacontribuição em termos operacionais e de gestão para o cotidiano dasorganizações. Contudo, apesar do tema apresentar soluções potenciais para a áreade manufatura, com estudos consolidados em cadeia de suprimentos, análise demercado, planejamento da estrutura de produtos e planejamento e controle daprodução, ainda existem questionamentos sobre a real aplicabilidade dacustomização em massa na área de serviços. Diante do exposto, o objetivo dessetrabalho centrou na criação de uma metodologia capaz de mensurar a perda dequalidade tolerável em serviços customizados. Pontualmente, o métododesenvolvido possibilita medir a diferença entre o serviço oferecido com cenárioselaborados pelos clientes. Destaca-se que foram empregados para a proposição dasistemática as técnicas de preferência declarada e a função perda quadrática,as quais modelaram os cenários de utilidade do serviço customizado e compararameste com o serviço padrão ofertado. Quanto aos resultados obtidos, embora asistematização tenha sido aplicada em apenas um caso de análise, estes elucidamque a técnica pode ser aplicada para ajustar a oferta de distintos serviços quese pretende customizar. Pontualmente, um aspecto positivo do método propostorefere-se à possibilidade de priorização de alternativas de oferta a partir dosatributos determinantes de escolha, sendo possível calcular a vantagemeconômica de cada opção para a organização.
Inovatividade Organizacional: Um Estudo Bibliométrico em Bases de Dados Internacionais
Authors: Werlang Nathalia Berger , Rossetto Carlos Ricardo , Sausen Jorge Oneide
Published: July 2016

A inovatividade organizacional é considerada uma característica da empresa disposta a inovar, ou seja, com uma cultura que propicia a inserção de novos produtos ou serviços no mercado. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar um mapeamento bibliométrico acerca da produção científica sobre o tema inovatividade organizacional nas bases de dados internacionais, Scopus e EBSCO, proporcionando resultados sobre o estado da arte deste assunto, características dos trabalhos científicos já publicados, redes de cooperação existentes entre autores e universidades, e ainda, apresentar lacunas de pesquisas existentes. O método utilizado foi a bibliometria, utilizando uma amostra de 48 artigos de um universo de 749 em função dos recortes realizados. Para facilitar a visualização das redes de cooperação foi utilizado o software Ucinet. Os trabalhos analisados compreenderam o período de 1980 a 2012. Os resultados sugerem que: existe a formação de diversas pequenas redes de relacionamento entre pesquisadores e também entre IES que pesquisas sobre o tema inovatividade organizacional; dentre os periódicos que mais publicam estudos sobre o tema destaca-se o Technovation; os anos de 2005 e 2012 destacam-se pelo número de publicações sobre inovatividade organizacional; a escala de medida elaborada por Hurley e Hult (1998) é a mais utilizada para mensuração deste construto; pesquisas quantitativas do tipo survey destacam-se das demais; os autores afirmam que ainda existem lacunas de pesquisas sobre o tema em diferentes setores da economia, países emergentes e principalmente em pequenas empresas.
Desenvolvimento local endógeno: interrogando seus limites e possibilidades à luz da Pedagogia do Oprimido
Authors: Lovison Aida Maria , Basso Júnior Eduardo
Published: July 2016

A superação do impasse com que a sociedade brasileira se confronta requer que a política de desenvolvimento conduza a uma crescente homogeneização de nossa sociedade e abra espaço à realização das potencialidades de nossa cultura. A proposta de desenvolvimento local endógeno surge como alternativa frente aos atuais imperativos da globalização. O objetivo à luz dos elementos apresentados não é discutir a matriz das teorias econômicas modernas que dão sustentação a esta proposta, mas refletir sobre os entraves à construção de alternativas inclusivas e solidárias como contraponto à lógica individualista de mercado e à racionalidade instrumental. Como pensar o desenvolvimento local endógeno destituído de uma concepção ética ou de uma proposta de emancipação onde a atualização desse processo seja realmente vivenciada como um processo pedagógico? Como possibilitar, por sua vez, à lógica da solidariedade instaurar-se no sujeito dialógico, ser-para-si, e na ação cidadã, coletiva? A simples inversão entre o oprimido e opressor não serve ao bem comum. A pedagogia de Paulo Freire, em toda a sua tessitura, deixa então, evidenciar esta condição ontológica fundamental que reaviva nossa esperança crítica: a resposta aos desafios da realidade problematizada é já a ação dos sujeitos dialógicos sobre ela, para transformá-la.
Narrativas, consumo e informação: a identidade como processo de transposição do regional para o global
Authors: Bazi Rogério Eduardo Rodrigues , Fabbri Jr. Duílio
Published: July 2016

O consumo das mídias sociais por todas as classes socioeconômicas e culturais no Brasil tem criado novas formas de mobilização e organização, que alteram a dinâmica de interação entre os atores da sociedade.   Os indivíduos desses novos movimentos estão crescendo em número e se organizando cada vez mais, premidos e impulsionados pelas novas possibilidades de comunicação. Um fato jornalístico reproduzido por um portal regional ganha contornos que ultrapassam seus limites definidas pela cultura local e alcança novas esferas na plataforma web. Não tentaremos, neste texto, dar respostas a todas as questões que estão se formando nesse processo, o que ultrapassaria em muito sua ambição, mas refletir sobre fenômenos atuais, novas esferas públicas e públicos.
Gargalos à Expansão da Produção e Comercialização do Algodão Agroecológico: O Caso de uma Associação de Produtores Familiares no Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Zucatto Luis Carlos , Medeiros Haroldo De Sá , Silva Tania Nunes da , Souza Mariluce Paes de
Published: July 2016

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar gargalos à expansão da produção e comercialização do algodão agroecológico produzido por agricultores familiares do Nordeste do Brasil integrantes da Associação de Desenvolvimento Educacional e Cultural de Tauá – Ceará (Adec). Na realização do estudo observou-se a abordagem qualitativa, com coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas e nas Web Pages de organizações envolvidas nessa atividade. Como principais resultados, o estudo mostra que os compradores de algodão agroecológico da ADEC são empresas que compõem a Rede Justa Trama e a Veja (empresa francesa que utiliza o produto para a produção de tênis e confecções com apelos de comércio justo). Há evidências de que a escala se constitua em um gargalo para a expansão da produção e comercialização deste produto. A regularidade da produção, na Adec, é fortemente influenciada pela rotatividade de agricultores na produção do algodão agroecológico, assim como por questões climáticas. Já a falta de formação de capital de giro seria um gargalo preponderante para o financiamento da produção. O preço, no momento do levantamento dos dados, era de R$ 25,00 por arroba e era válido desde 2006. Como principal contribuição o estudo evidencia a estratégia do Grupo de Agroecologia e Mercado, que se articula enquanto elemento inovador no que diz respeito à forma de organização da produção do algodão agroecológico e na formação de preços para o mesmo.
Application of cryptocrystalline magnesite-bentonite clay hybrid for defluoridation of underground water resources: implication for point of use treatment
Authors: Masindi V.
Published: July 2016

A new synthesis method was established to fabricate a nanocomposite material comprising of cryptocrystalline magnesite and bentonite clay that has high adsorption capacity for ionic pollutants. To synthesize the composite at 1:1 weight (g): weight (g) ratio, a vibratory ball mill was used. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to determine optimum conditions for fluoride adsorption. Parameters optimized included: time, dosage, concentration and pH. Optimum conditions for defluoridation were found to be 30 min of agitation, 0.5 g of dosage, 0.5:100 solid to liquid (S/L) ratios and 25 mg L−1 of initial fluoride ions. Fluoride removal was independent of pH. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were well fitted by pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively, indicating chemical and monolayer adsorption. Findings illustrated that the newly synthesized adsorbent was a promising adsorbent for the environmental pollution clean-up of excess fluoride in underground water and it can be used as a point source treatment technology in rural areas of South Africa and other developing countries.
The use of bacterial indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) for reduce of chemical fertilizers doses
Authors: Djordjevic Snezana , Stanojevic Dragana , Vidovic Milka , Mandic Violeta , Trajkovic Ivana
Published: July 2016

The standard technology of seed processing uses mainly chemical products. Recent researches showed that toxic materials from chemical fertilizers can be harmful to humans, animals and the environment. Currently the attention of researches is shifting away from chemical fertlizers and toward alternative that consumers perceive to be natural, Plant Growth Promoting bacteria (PGP). PGP bacteria could be a way to reduce chemical fertilizer doses. This was the reason to test the ability of Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacter chroococcum to produce hormone auxin (IAA). Bacterial strains were identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was detected and quantified by MRM experiment. This study conducted that maize seed inoculation with IAA from species mentioned above showed positive effects. They had statistically significantly higher root and steam height compared to control seedlings. Bacterial strains tested in this study may be recommended as PGP (Plant Growth Promoting) bacteria, due to their positive effects and eventually can be used to reduce chemical fertilizers doses.
NMDA Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Diabetic Nephropathy: Increased Renal NMDA Receptor Subunit Expression in Akita Mice and Reduced Nephropathy Following Sustained Treatment With Memantine or MK-801
Authors: Roshanravan Hila , Kim Eun Young , Dryer Stuart E.
Published: July 2016

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are expressed throughout the kidney, and the abundance of these receptors and some of their endogenous agonists are increased in diabetes. Moreover, sustained activation of podocyte NMDA receptors induces Ca2+ influx, oxidative stress, loss of slit diaphragm proteins, and apoptosis. We observed that NMDA receptor subunits and their transcripts are increased in podocytes and mesangial cells cultured in elevated glucose compared with controls. A similar increase in NMDA subunits, especially NR1, NR2A, and NR2C, was observed in glomeruli and tubules of Akita mice. Sustained continuous treatment with the strong NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) for 28 days starting at 8 weeks of age reduced 24-h albumin excretion and mesangial matrix expansion and improved glomerular ultrastructure in Akita mice. MK-801 did not alleviate reduced Akita mouse body weight and had no effect on kidney histology or ultrastructure in DBA/2J controls. The structurally dissimilar NMDA antagonist memantine also reduced diabetic nephropathy, although it was less effective than MK-801. Inhibition of NMDA receptors may represent a valid therapeutic approach to reduce renal complications of diabetes, and it is possible to develop well-tolerated agents with minimal central nervous system effects. Two such agents, memantine and dextromethorphan, are already in widespread clinical use.
Gene Expression and DNA Methylation of PPARGC1A in Muscle and Adipose Tissue From Adult Offspring of Women With Diabetes in Pregnancy
Authors: Kelstrup Louise , Hjort Line , Houshmand-Oeregaard Azadeh , Clausen Tine D. , Hansen Ninna S. , Broholm Christa , Borch-Johnsen Liv , Mathiesen Elisabeth R. , Vaag Allan A. , Damm Peter
Published: July 2016

Prenatal exposure to maternal hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of later adverse metabolic health. Changes in the regulation of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PPARGC1A) in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is suggested to play a role in the developmental programming of dysmetabolism based on studies of human subjects exposed to an abnormal intrauterine environment (e.g., individuals with a low birth weight). We studied 206 adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (O-GDM) or type 1 diabetes (O-T1D) and of women from the background population (O-BP) using a clinical examination, oral glucose tolerance test, and gene expression and DNA methylation of PPARGC1A in skeletal muscle and SAT. Plasma glucose was significantly higher for both O-GDM and O-T1D compared with O-BP (P < 0.05). PPARGC1A gene expression in muscle was lower in O-GDM compared with O-BP (P = 0.0003), whereas no differences were found between O-T1D and O-BP in either tissue. PPARGC1A DNA methylation percentages in muscle and SAT were similar among all groups. Decreased PPARGC1A gene expression in muscle has previously been associated with abnormal insulin function and may thus contribute to the increased risk of metabolic disease in O-GDM. The unaltered PPARGC1A gene expression in muscle of O-T1D suggests that factors other than intrauterine hyperglycemia may contribute to the decreased PPARGC1A expression in O-GDM.
Islet Pericytes Are Required for β-Cell Maturity
Authors: Sasson Adi , Rachi Eleonor , Sakhneny Lina , Baer Daria , Lisnyansky Michal , Epshtein Alona , Landsman Limor
Published: July 2016

β-Cells rely on the islet microenvironment for their functionality and mass. Pericytes, along with endothelial cells, make up the dense islet capillary network. However, although the role of endothelial cells in supporting β-cell homeostasis has been vastly investigated, the role of pericytes remains largely unknown. Here, we focus on contribution of pericytes to β-cell function. To this end, we used a transgenic mouse system that allows diphtheria toxin–based depletion of pericytes. Our results indicate that islets depleted of their pericytes have reduced insulin content and expression. Additionally, isolated islets displayed impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, accompanied by a reduced expression of genes associated with β-cell function. Importantly, reduced levels of the transcription factors MafA and Pdx1 point to β-cell dedifferentiation in the absence of pericytes. Ex vivo depletion of pericytes in isolated islets resulted in a similar impairment of gene expression, implicating their direct, blood flow–independent role in maintaining β-cell maturity. To conclude, our findings suggest that pericytes are pivotal components of the islet niche, which are required for β-cell maturity and functionality. Abnormalities of islet pericytes, as implicated in type 2 diabetes, may therefore contribute to β-cell dysfunction and disease progression.
Optimized Mealtime Insulin Dosing for Fat and Protein in Type 1 Diabetes: Application of a Model-Based Approach to Derive Insulin Doses for Open-Loop Diabetes Management
Authors: Bell Kirstine J. , Toschi Elena , Steil Garry M. , Wolpert Howard A.
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE

To determine insulin dose adjustments required for coverage of high-fat, high-protein (HFHP) meals in type 1 diabetes (T1D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Ten adults with T1D received low-fat, low-protein (LFLP) and HFHP meals with identical carbohydrate content, covered with identical insulin doses. On subsequent occasions, subjects repeated the HFHP meal with an adaptive model-predictive insulin bolus until target postprandial glycemic control was achieved.

RESULTS

With the same insulin dose, the HFHP increased the glucose incremental area under the curve over twofold (13,320 ± 2,960 vs. 27,092 ± 1,709 mg/dL ⋅ min; P = 0.0013). To achieve target glucose control following the HFHP, 65% more insulin was required (range 17%–124%) with a 30%/70% split over 2.4 h.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that insulin dose calculations need to consider meal composition in addition to carbohydrate content and provides the foundation for new insulin-dosing algorithms to cover meals of varying macronutrient composition.
Early Prediction of Developing Type 2 Diabetes by Plasma Acylcarnitines: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Sun Liang , Liang Liming , Gao Xianfu , Zhang Huiping , Yao Pang , Hu Yao , Ma Yiwei , Wang Feijie , Jin Qianlu , Li Huaixing , Li Rongxia , Liu Yong , Hu Frank B. , Zeng Rong , Lin Xu , Wu Jiarui
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE

Acylcarnitines were suggested as early biomarkers even prior to insulin resistance in animal studies, but their roles in predicting type 2 diabetes were unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether acylcarnitines could independently predict type 2 diabetes by using a targeted metabolic profiling approach.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A population-based prospective study was conducted among 2,103 community-living Chinese individuals aged 50–70 years from Beijing and Shanghai with a mean follow-up duration of 6 years. Fasting glucose, glycohemoglobin, and insulin were determined at baseline and in a follow-up survey. Baseline plasma acylcarnitines were profiled by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Over the 6-year period, 507 participants developed diabetes. A panel of acylcanitines, especially with long chain, was significantly associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The relative risks of type 2 diabetes per SD increase of the predictive model score were 2.48 (95% CI 2.20–2.78) for the conventional and 9.41 (95% CI 7.62–11.62) for the full model including acylcarnitines, respectively. Moreover, adding selected acylcarnitines substantially improved predictive ability for incident diabetes, as area under the receiver operator characteristic curve improved to 0.89 in the full model compared with 0.73 in the conventional model. Similar associations were obtained when the predictive models were established separately among Beijing or Shanghai residents.

CONCLUSIONS

A panel of acylcarnitines, mainly involving mitochondrial lipid dysregulation, significantly improved predictive ability for type 2 diabetes beyond conventional risk factors. These findings need to be replicated in other populations, and the underlying mechanisms should be elucidated.
Cracking Mechanism and Repair Techniques of Epoxy Asphalt on Steel Bridge Deck Pavement
Authors: Yin Chaoen , Zhang Hui , Pan Youqiang
Published: July 2016

Epoxy asphalt concrete is widely used for long-span steel bridge deck pavement in China. Because of the heavy traffic load and extreme climatic conditions, epoxy asphalt deck pavement tends to develop cracks, debonding, and potholes and needs reconstructing typically after 5 to 10 years. Research was performed on the cracking mechanism under both traffic and thermal loads, with the aim of finding the best sealing material. The performances of various crack-sealing materials, including workability, mechanical property, and durability, were evaluated. Test methods such as the simplified penetration ability test and bending fatigue test were employed for rating the crack-sealing materials. Experimental results revealed that the traditional crack-sealing materials, such as bitumen modified with styrene–butadiene–styrene, rubber bitumen, bitumen emulsion, and solvent bitumen, cannot meet the requirements for repairing epoxy asphalt on long-span bridge decks because of the low penetration ability and low adhesive strength. Results showed that cracks could be repaired well with epoxy resin–sealing materials, which showed great penetration ability, high bond strength, large deformation capacity, and short curing time.
From Permafrost to Sunny Beaches: Lessons Learned from Alaska and Southeast Florida Climate Adaptation Studies
Authors: Armstrong Amit , Cromar James , Dorney Chris , Flood Mike , Meyer Michael D.
Published: July 2016

This paper examines two climate adaptation assessment studies conducted in significantly different climates—Alaska and southeast Florida. The purpose of the studies was to identify areas of commonality between the two studies with respect to the assessment steps, tools used, and the types of strategies and actions recommended. Four topics were identified for the assessment: forecasting future climate conditions, identifying impacts and disruptions, identifying adaptation strategies and options, and considering risks and uncertainties and the implications for engineering design. The paper concludes that the use of surrogate approaches for considered environmental conditions can be a valuable tool for those conducting adaptation assessment studies. Data quality was an important concern in both studies, and adaptation strategies should include both those designed to avoid damage and disruption and those designed to mitigate any potential consequence of an event. A broader concept of loss should be incorporated into the assessment process and into the engineering decisions relating to individual project designs.
Roadside Activity and Behavior of White-Tailed Deer and Other Wildlife near Unfenced Underpasses
Authors: Donaldson Bridget M. , Kweon Young-Jun , Lloyd Lewis N.
Published: July 2016

More than 1.2 million deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs) occurred in the United States in 2014. U.S. highways have thousands of bridges and culverts large enough to facilitate safe passage of large animals beneath the road. Because these structures were built for drainage or other purposes unrelated to wildlife passage, they are typically spaced miles apart and have no fencing. This study was the first in the United States to evaluate deer activity and behavior at unfenced underpasses and adjoining sections of Interstate roadside. Although black bear activity and other wildlife activity were not a primary focus, they were also evaluated. Thirty-eight cameras were installed beneath a large bridge underpass and a box culvert and along the adjoining 0.5-mi roadside on both sides of the underpass and culvert. There was frequent use of the underpass and culvert by deer to cross the highway (1,187 per year) and high deer activity along the roadside (1,181 per year) despite deer access to the underpass and culvert. A statistically significant relationship was found between roadside deer activity and DVCs. Predominant behaviors were feeding and walking along the roadside, and roadside walking was significantly correlated with DVCs in October and November. Although highway crossing attempts were a low proportion of deer behaviors, crossing attempts resulted in 7.5 DVCs per year on 1-mi highway segments adjacent to the unfenced underpasses. The findings support the installation of fencing along the roadside adjacent to existing large underpasses and culverts used by deer, to mitigate DVCs.
Development, Validation, and Application of an On-Board Sound Intensity Calibrator for Tire–Noise Measurement
Authors: Donavan Paul R.
Published: July 2016

The standardization and growth of the application of the measurement of tire–pavement noise with on-board sound intensity (OBSI) has created a need for relative calibration and validation of the complete data acquisition systems of different users. The devices available to perform sound intensity calibration generally rely on external signal generators to drive a coupler or are limited to calibration at only one frequency. A system has been developed using components from various suppliers to perform relative calibration between users over the range from 400 to 5,000 Hz. The repeatability of the OBSI calibrator was quantified in bench-top testing, and its reproducibility was examined through application by multiple users. The stability of the calibrator has been confirmed over the past 3 years and was found to be consistent when applied by multiple users. The availability and performance of the calibrator present the opportunity for users to have confidence in their systems, particularly systems developed internally. The calibrator also facilitates the exchange of OBSI results between users, enabling the use of noise performance as one basis for pavement selection. This paper presents the development, validation, and application of the OBSI calibrator.
Virginia Quieter Pavement Demonstration Program
Authors: McGhee Kevin K. , de León Izeppi Edgar David , Flintsch Gerardo W. , Mogrovejo Daniel E.
Published: July 2016

This paper summarizes findings from Virginia’s recent quieter pavement research. It reviews overall condition; functional performance (ride, noise, and friction); winter maintenance and use characteristics; and other important observations made about a series of demonstration projects constructed in 2011 and 2012. The lower-noise pavement technologies included porous asphalt, conventional diamond grinding, and Next Generation Concrete Surface. The paper also summarizes results from the accelerated trafficking of Virginia materials at the National Center for Asphalt Technology Pavement Test Track. Finally, the paper reviews current federal policy and the pertinent ramifications for Virginia’s program. As of spring 2015, the difference in measured tire pavement noise between control surfaces and the most successful (lowest noise) quiet asphalt technology was no longer detectable with normal human hearing (<3 dB). The lowest-noise concrete surface continues to have a noticeable (~4 dB) advantage over the standard concrete finish. Although none of the quiet pavement technologies tested thus far provide sufficient noise reduction to satisfy federal regulations for noise abatement, the Virginia Department of Transportation is encouraged to continue monitoring federal policy for changes that may incorporate pavement type as a tool for mitigating noise. The department is also encouraged to continue to monitor (and to test as warranted) products of national and international research and development that show promise for reducing or eliminating traditional sound barriers.
Light Rail Vehicle Noise: Evaluation of Rail Roughness and Noise from Wheel–Rail Interface
Authors: Rajaram Shankar , Saurenman Hugh , Wong Andrew
Published: July 2016

Sound Transit opened its first light rail line, the Central Link, in Seattle, Washington, in 2009. There were many community noise issues immediately after the line went into revenue service that were generally attributed to poor quality rail grinding when the initial mill scale grinding was performed. As a result of that experience, Sound Transit has been cautious when predicting noise and designing noise mitigation for new alignments. Future alignments include the University, Northgate, and Lynnwood Links to the north; the Federal Way and South 200th Links to the south; and the East Link to the east. Over the next 15 years, the system will be expanded from 16 mi to more than 50 mi. The detailed noise data collected as part of the final design of East Link suggest that measures could be taken to reduce the need for substantial noise mitigation on future Sound Transit extensions. This paper summarizes the measurements and key observations from that noise study. One key observation suggests that through implementing acoustic rail grinding and maintaining the current wheel truing program, there is potential for minimizing the amount of sound walls required to achieve community noise goals. The results also suggest that through a detailed, information-based investigation, reference noise levels used to determine the need for noise mitigation could be reduced by approximately 4 dB. However, the results of this study, combined with experience from rail roughness studies in general, suggest that achieving a true acoustic rail grinding that leaves no artifacts is not straightforward, because it requires careful monitoring by the rail grinder operator as well as quality control measurements by the grinding company or the transit system.
Preservation of Historic Transportation Structures in the Spandrels of Urban Roadway Networks and Reclamation of Historic Bridges for Public Recreational Use: Case Studies from Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Bezgin Niyazi Özgür
Published: July 2016

Many of today’s large cities have structural reminders of their pasts. Historic structures for transportation symbolize a city’s heritage for facilitating movement and trade. Preservation and reclamation of historic transportation structures is an important undertaking to protect the urban heritage of the region where these structures exist. Urban requirements of cities change with time. Structures of the past may become obsolete. However, modern urban planning requires a new understanding of the remnants of the urban past for the present and the future of the city built on that past. This paper introduces seven historic transportation structures from Istanbul, Turkey, their preservation within the spandrels of the contemporary urban transportation network, and their reclamation within new urban settings for the public.
Traffic-Related Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Areas and Correlation with Traffic Activity in China
Authors: Wang Chao , Ye Zhirui , Wang Wei , Jin Mingzhou
Published: July 2016

In this study, a detailed investigation was conducted to collect the concentrations of heavy metals—including cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc—from five geographic areas to reflect the different land use and traffic conditions in Zhaoyuan, China. Analytical results of heavy metal concentrations showed that the mean and median values of these elements in soils were clearly higher than the corresponding background values, indicating pollution from the urban area. To generate a continuous surface from the collected discrete samples, Kriging interpolation was introduced to determine the spatial distribution patterns of heavy metal contamination. As a major source of urban heavy metal contamination, the traffic area was carefully analyzed. Interelemental relationships showed that most heavy metals in the traffic area had similar anthropogenic origins. In addition, the research team explored the relationships between heavy metals and traffic characteristics. The results indicated that heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils not only decreased with rising altitude and increasing distance from the trunk and branch roads on both sides but also could be affected by traffic volume. Finally, three evaluation methods—including the geoaccumulation index, the pollution index, and the improved pollution index—were introduced to assess heavy metal contamination levels fully in the traffic area. The pollution index evaluation method produced results indicating more severe levels of contamination than the other two evaluation methods.
Performance of Geotextile-Reinforced Bases for Paved Roads
Authors: Saghebfar Milad , Hossain Mustaque , Lacina Bruce A.
Published: July 2016

Geotextiles have been widely promoted for pavement structure, but only a few full-scale experiments have investigated the effects of geotextile reinforcement on pavement design. In this study, full-scale accelerated pavement testing (APT) was conducted on six pavement test sections with granular bases reinforced with various types of woven geotextiles. The control section had a granular base without any reinforcement. All sections were paved with Superpave® hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Base and subgrade materials were the same, but the test sections had varying thicknesses of base and asphalt layers. Each section was instrumented with two pressure cells at the top of the subgrade, six strain gauges on the geotextile, six H-bar strain gauges at the bottom of the asphalt layer, and two thermocouples. The sections were loaded to 250,000 to 400,000 repetitions of an 80-kN single-axle load of the APT machine. Mechanistic responses of the test sections were periodically monitored and analyzed. Rutting profile, pressure on the subgrade, strains in the geotextiles, and strains at the bottom of the HMA layer were measured. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were performed before and after loading. Reinforced-base sections with similar cross sections outperformed the control section in terms of rutting, and the reinforced-base layer reduced pressure on the subgrade. Backcalculated moduli from FWD tests demonstrated that the base layer in reinforced sections was significantly stronger than the control section base layer after loading. Strain measurements at the bottom of the HMA layer indicated that fatigue life of test sections did not improve with geotextile reinforcement.
Using Multitemporal Imagery to Improve Mapping and Inventory of Forested Roads in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula
Authors: Banach David M. , Brooks Colin N. , Fedora Mark A.
Published: July 2016

Although a road network provides transportation for people and goods, several negative ecological impacts stem from a road network. Significant effects of concern for rural roads include an increase in the number of road–stream crossings, which can potentially cause fish passage problems, in-stream habitat impacts, increased stream sedimentation, and an increase in potentially affected wetlands through hydrologic alteration. Although several studies have examined and quantified the effects that roads have on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, many studies may have been made on the basis of incomplete road network data sets. An updated and improved road network data set is needed before researchers can draw inferences that quantify the total ecological impact that a road network has on an ecosystem. The purpose of this work was to develop an updated and improved regional road network data layer through interpretation of existing multitemporal aerial imagery, with the resulting geographic information system layer being applied in ecological analyses and planning. Results from two watersheds in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula indicated that each watershed experienced an approximate increase of 200% in total road mileage when compared with the results from the original road network data set. Individual hydrological unit code level-12 subwatersheds within each watershed experienced an increase ranging from 16% to 2,700%. The number of road–stream crossings for each watershed also increased by at least 100%. The updated road network data set also reported the location and total area of wetlands that have potential hydrological impacts, ranging from 70,000 ha to 121,000 ha for each watershed.
Pavement Maintenance Prioritization Tool for Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Gutekunst Jake , Motamed Moggan , Alrashidan Ahmad , Machemehl Randy B.
Published: July 2016

Every year, millions of taxpayers’ dollars are spent maintaining roads. The money is used to repair damage that occurs to pavements, bridges, and other elements of the roadway system. The service life of a pavement can be greatly reduced by unexpected heavy loading, which is one consequence of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) activity in rural areas. This paper describes a tool that can potentially lengthen the service life of pavements, especially thin pavement structures, by predicting unusually heavy loading. Predicting activities that cause increased truck loading can help agencies plan preventive measures to reinforce pavement structures before they fail. The goal of this study was to develop a tool, an early warning system (EWS), that can help to predict locations where damage from heavy truck traffic will occur. Truck travel related to the oil and gas industry is predictable and has recently had significant effects on pavement deterioration. The study focused on well permitting activity in the Austin, Texas, Department of Transportation district. ArcGIS software was used to find route assignments by using trip origins and destinations for fracking activity, truck volume, and vehicle weights. Several road segments that would be at risk for heavy loading and shortened service life were successfully identified. This tool can provide information needed to prioritize proactive pavement maintenance for more effective use of tax dollars. This tool could potentially also be used to determine a roughly proportional cost of damage from fracking activity to be levied on the oil and gas industry, thus alleviating the burden on taxpayers.
Communicating Multiobjective Risk: A New Geotechnical Need for Transportation
Authors: Anderson Scott A.
Published: July 2016

Risk-based asset and performance management was enacted into law for federally funded highway projects in 2012 and has also become part of the business plans of many highway agencies. Implementation guidelines for transportation asset management were published by AASHTO in 2011 to help states in this regard. Parallel to these developments, geotechnical asset management approaches were being explored by some municipalities and states and by TRB through the formation of a subcommittee and specialty conferences. A result of these concurrent activities and the shared interest is the need to convey risk. Given that agencies own many types of assets (including geotechnical ones), that the highway legislation and agency business plans contain multiple performance goals, and that AASHTO identifies multiple risk types, the process of conveying risk is difficult. Although risk is of multiple types and pertains to multiple assets, an important realization in the practice of multigoal performance management is that risk pertains to multiple goals. The risk to an agency’s performance objectives from geotechnical assets includes safety, but also includes objectives such as infrastructure condition, congestion mitigation, environmental sustainability, and others. The risk cube introduced here is a three-dimensional visualization of those risks. The risk cube allows recognition of locations where risks exist, and the cube allows for clear communication, facilitating collaboration among asset managers and other practitioners and helping ensure that agencies make well-informed risk-based decisions for their programs. Geotechnical examples are used here, but nothing is inherently geotechnical about the approach.
Modeling Shadow Evacuation for Hurricanes with Random-Parameter Logit Model
Authors: Yin Weihao , Murray-Tuite Pamela , Ukkusuri Satish V. , Gladwin Hugh
Published: July 2016

Shadow evacuation, defined as people evacuating from outside the official evacuation zone, can be extensive, can cause congestion, and can make it difficult for evacuees in high-risk areas to reach safety. For modeling and simulation, approaches typically involve selecting a distance from evacuation zones and a percentage of households evacuating within that distance. In previous studies, the distance and participation rate ranges were significant; this aspect created a need for better understanding and modeling of shadow evacuation. A model that can capture shadow evacuation could help reduce the subjectivity associated with previous approaches. This study accounts for stochastic responses to evacuation notices through a random-parameter binary logit model based on Hurricane Ivan survey data. Random coefficients are associated with variables representing the receipt of nonmandatory evacuation notices and the absence of evacuation notices. The statistical significance of the random coefficients explains the shadow evacuation phenomenon. Other sociodemographic, economic, and evacuation preparation factors, consistent with previous literature, also influence a household’s decision to evacuate. This study suggests that households that do not receive an evacuation notice are generally less likely to evacuate. In recognition of the fact that households’ perceived risk is related to their distance to the coast, the likelihood of evacuating for households that do not receive an evacuation notice decreases as their distances to the coast increase on average. A distance sensitivity factor is introduced to construct scenarios of the geographical extent of shadow evacuation, which can be used to understand the impact of shadow evacuation on clearance time.
Unconventional Intersection Control Strategies for Urban Evacuation
Authors: Parr Scott A. , Wolshon Brian , Murray-Tuite Pamela
Published: July 2016

Intersections form one of the biggest challenges to emergency managers when evacuation plans are developed in urban areas. Signalized intersections reduce the directional capacity of a roadway because they must allocate the right-of-way between competing movements and approaches. In response to this problem, a variety of unconventional intersection control strategies have been developed for implementation during evacuations. Three of the most common are manual traffic control (MTC), flashing yellow signals, and crossing elimination. Fundamentally, each of these strategies has demonstrated strengths and weaknesses, but little work has been done to evaluate them systematically in an apples-to-apples comparison. The goal of this study was to determine which unconventional intersection control strategy was best suited for a given urban evacuation scenario. With results generated by the microscopic traffic simulation software VISSIM 7.0, a dynamic program identified the optimum control strategy for various evacuation scenarios. One general finding of this research was that MTC was best suited for intersections immediately upstream of a bottleneck or for closely spaced, uncoordinated signals. Flashing yellow signals appeared to work well for intersections with high, unbalanced demand and low volumes on the minor approach. Crossing elimination strategies worked best when demand from nonconflicting directions was high and all other approach volumes were relatively low. In practice, these control strategies can be used in combination with other evacuation techniques such as zone phasing and contraflow to utilize network capacity better and to decrease clearance time.
Flood-Resilient Deployment of Fueling Stations: Extension of Facility Location Problem
Authors: Beheshtian Arash , Donaghy Kieran P. , Rouhani Omid M.
Published: July 2016

Sustainable transport commonly considers either the interaction between built and natural environments or the interface between transportation and interdependent critical infrastructure. Although considering each of these key dimensions is a crucial task for achieving sustainable transport, the dimensions are infrequently considered together. When an integrated network design framework is proposed, two important issues are taken into account: ( a) the aftermath of potential severe weather episodes on metropolitan-area infrastructure and ( b) the existing interdependencies across transportation and fuel supply chain networks. Then the response of infrastructure in the face of flooding hazards is investigated. Framed within a multistage linear stochastic program, the proposed model seeks to find fueling station deployment that provides the transportation network with optimum random functionality when the network is stressed or under attack. A set of numerical experiments illustrates how changes to enhancement strategies at different stages of government affect the optimal investments in resilient design.
Introduction
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: July 2016

At first glance, a conceptual history of emotions appears counterintuitive.
Unlike the concepts of democracy or liberalism, emotion concepts seem
to refer to stable objects, rooted in the genetic heritage of the human race.
However, answers to the question, “What is an emotion?” vary widely across
time and space. It cannot even be taken for granted that our analytic concept
of emotion is matched by corresponding concepts in the sources: the very
question might be untranslatable. In the first section, the introduction will
discuss the challenge a conceptual history of emotions faces from psychology’s
perception of affective phenomena as objects that exist independent of
their representation. The aim of this section is to clear the theoretical and
methodological ground for an investigation of emotion concepts in South
Asian traditions, which will be the central focus of the second section of this
introduction.
Case series of ventriculopleural shunts in adults: a single-center experience
Authors: Craven Claudia , Asif Hasan , Farrukh Amna , Somavilla Flavia , Toma Ahmed K. , Watkins Laurence
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE

The peritoneal cavity is widely used as the destination of choice for cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Various alternative sites have been used, particularly in the presence of certain contraindications. The pleural cavity has been used; however, a paucity of evidence details ventriculopleural (VPL) shunt survival, complication, and revision rates in adults. The aim of this study was to present a single center's experience with VPL shunts, identifying complication, revision, and survival rates.

METHODS

A single-center, retrospective case series analysis was conducted for VPL shunt insertions and revisions over a period of 5 years. Demographic as well as clinical data were collected. Ventriculopleural shunt survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log rank (Cox-Mantel) test.

RESULTS

Twenty-two VPL shunts were inserted in 19 patients. Median survival of the VPL shunts was 14 months. Pathological indication for the VPL shunt did not significantly affect survival. A total of 10 complications was observed: 2 infections, 2 cases of overdrainage, 2 obstructions, 1 distal catheter retraction, 2 symptomatic pleural effusions, and 1 asymptomatic pleural effusion.

CONCLUSIONS

Ventriculopleural shunting is a safe and viable second-line procedure for cases in which ventriculoperitoneal shunts are unsuitable. While VPL shunts have a high revision rate, their complication rate is comparable to that of VP shunts. Ventriculopleural shunt survival can be improved by careful patient selection and the implementation of a combination of valves with antisiphon devices.