bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women and Sport in Scandinavia: Policy, Participation and Representation
Authors: Klausen Kurt Klaudi
Published: October 2007

Throughout the 20th century women have gradually gained access to sporting activities but it is only in recent decades that they have become widely represented in the decision‐making bodies of sport. How can we account for this development and the weak position of women in sport? The perspective in this article is historical and three levels of explanation are considered. To what extent can the developments be explained as the result of public policy, the organization and policy of the voluntary associations and federations and by the action or predispositions of (groups of) women themselves. The article presents an overview of the state of the art in the research on women and sport in Scandinavia in the sense that new data have been collected and existing research and writings are being reviewed. By questioning central myths about sport and politics, and about the roles women play, it is shown that the role of women in sports is related bom to gaining access to the sporting activities per se and to the fora where decisions are being made, and that this access has been hampered as well as facilitated by government policies and policies of associations and interest organizations of the sports world. Government policies, however, cannot account for the remarkable changes in physical participation and democratic representation of women in sports which has taken place during the past century. The policies of the voluntary sports associations and federations are of greater importance. But the key to the understanding is found among the women themselves. So it is argued that physical performance and involvement in management and decision‐making are dependent not only on formal structures and the policies of governments and interest organizations, but to a large extent upon the way in which women see themselves. This argumentation rests on the available data and a critical reading of the literature and research on women and sport in Scandinavia.
Embeddedness and the Articulation of Capital Interests in Norway
Authors: Andersen Svein S. , Midttun Atle
Published: October 2007

This article focuses on organization of capital interests comparatively across sectors and does so by developing an explanatory framework linking organizational patterns to incentives for individual strategies. The key argument is that variations in the political organization of capital interests across sectors, and the linkages between state and capital interests, reflect different degrees of embeddedness. Underlying the embeddedness hypothesis is the notion that the organization of capital can be seen as an alternative to governance through market processes. Organization may replace market governance either by constituting an alternative to internal self‐regulation or by channelling regulatory functions through cooperation with public authorities. A set of hypotheses are developed concerning the relationship between degree of embeddedness on the one hand, and organization of capital interest organization and the interface between state‐industry, on the other. The overall picture is that we find support for the crux of our argument, but there are important modifications. As for functional differentiation of capital interests we find, in accordance with OUT hypothesis, that highly embedded capital is associated with organizations that have a broad set of functions. Transient capital, on the other hand, has comparatively less stable ties to production systems as well as other social relations, and is thus more difficult to control organizationally. Concerning vertical integration, our hypotheses is only partially supported Looking at the interface between state and economic organizations in the primary sectors and non‐embedded sectors such as finance and insurance, we find the data quite in accordance with our hypotheses. Cases with a medium level of embeddedness do not, however, fit our hypotheses as well as the sectors at the two extreme ends.
Efficacy and Safety of Darusentan in Patients With Resistant Hypertension: Results From a Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Dose‐Ranging Study
Authors: Black Henry R. , Bakris George L. , Weber Michael A. , Weiss Robert , Shahawy Mahfouz El , Marple Richard , Tannoury Georges , Linas Stuart , Wiens Brian L. , Linseman Jennifer V. , Roden Robert , Gerber Michael J.
Published: October 2007

In this phase 2, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled forced dose‐titration study, 115 patients with resistant hypertension, receiving background therapy with ≥3 antihypertensive medications including a diuretic at full doses, were randomized 2:1 to increasing doses of darusentan (10, 50, 100, 150, and 300 mg), a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, or matching placebo once daily for 10 weeks. Darusentan treatment decreased mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in a dose‐dependent fashion compared with placebo; the largest reductions were observed at week 10 (300‐mg dose) (systolic, −11.5±3.1 mm Hg [P=.015]; diastolic, −6.3±2.0 mm Hg [P=.002]). Darusentan (300 mg) also decreased mean 24‐hour, daytime, and nighttime ambulatory blood pressures from baseline to week 10. Darusentan was generally well tolerated; mild to moderate edema and headache were the most common adverse events. This study demonstrates a clinical benefit from a new class of antihypertensive agent in patients classified as resistant by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines.
Endocrine and Metabolic Function in Renal Failure
Authors: Kokot Franciszek , Wiecek Andrzej , Grzeszczak Wladyslaw
Published: October 2007

Existence of hyperendorphinism in patients with chronic renal failure is very likely. It seems to be caused not only by systemic effects of opioids retained because of the impaired excretory function of the kidneys, but also by the altered generation and function of these hormones in peripheral organs, altered effect of opioid receptors on target organs, and the altered function of opioid peptides as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Hyperendorphinism in uremic patients may be a primarily beneficial compensatory mechanism counteracting disturbances of the internal environment with secondary harmful side effects which may contribute to the uremic state.
Prostacyclin Anticoagulation in Hemodialysis
Authors: Smith Michael C. , Dunn Michael J.
Published: October 2007

We have seen abstracts describing the use of prostacyclin or prostacyclin‐like compounds used as anticoagulants for hemodialysis. Are we any closer to seeing these agents become available to the clinician for hemodialysis?
Summary and Comment
Authors: Walker John A.
Published: October 2007

Opsonic activity of dialysis effluent predicts those at risk of Staphylococcus epidermidis peritonitis, by C. A. Coles, H. M. M. Alobaidi, N. Topley, and M. Davies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2:359–365, 1987

Relationship of IgG, C3 and transferrin with opsonising and bacteriostatic activity of peritoneal fluid from CAPD patients and the incidence of peritonitis, by S. J. McGregor, J. H. Brock, J. D. Briggs, and B. J. R. Junor. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2:551–556, 1987

A five‐year study of the microbiologic results of exit site infections and peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, by B. Piraino, J. Bernardini, and M. Sorkin. Am J Kidney Dis 9:281–286, 1987.

Improvement of anaemia with desferrioxamine in haemodialysis patients, by M. Praga, A. Andres, J. de la Serna, L. M. Ruilope, J. Nietro, J. Estenoz, V. G. Millet, F. Arnaiz, and J. L. Rodicio. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2:243–247, 1987
Use of Water‐Soluble Vitamins in Patients with Chronic Renal. Failure
Authors: Wolfson Marsha
Published: October 2007

Little is actually known about the minimum daily requirement for most vitamins in the patient with end‐stage renal disease. Many of the studies reviewed suffer from lack of adequate control populations and differing methodologies, making comparisons between these studies difficult. However, patients with renal failure have many restrictions on their dietary intake, frequently suffer from intercurrent illness, and would seem to be at risk for vitamin deficiency. Also, metabolic abnormalities associated with the loss of kidney function may increase the daily requirements for certain vitamins. It is unlikely that dialysis losses of the water‐soluble vitamins alone could account for vitamin depletion, and these other factors are likely to play a much more important role.

It is of interest to note that the studies which demonstrate little or no vitamin deficiencies are those studies which have been carried out more recently (8, 9, 17). The patients were usually given some vitamin supplementation prior to or during the period of study and thus it is not surprising that most patients failed to demonstrate vitamin deficiency. It is also likely that heightened awareness regarding the propensity for patients with renal failure to develop deficiencies of the water‐soluble vitamins has resulted in better dietary instruction and earlier intervention with vitamin supplementation. More efficient dialytic methods have also reduced the restrictions on many foods, and patients are no longer instructed to boil all their fresh vegetables. Although there may be the risk of toxicity when vitamin supplementation is overzealously administered to patients with reduced renal excretory function, it seems prudent to administer some of these water‐soluble vitamins to patients with end‐stage renal disease who are treated with intermittent dialysis therapy (Table 1). Certainly, this is not a very costly approach. Further studies should be carried out to better evaluate vitamin nutriture in chronically uremic and maintenance dialysis patients and to more rigorously define the minimum dose that would prevent deficiency and avoid toxicity.
Dialysis‐Associated Hypoxemia: Insights into Pathophysiology and Prevention
Authors: Ross Edward A. , Nissenson Allen R.
Published: October 2007

It is clear that much research continues in an attempt to better understand DAH. A reasonable synthesis scenario based on current knowledge is as follows. Within the first 5–10 minutes of dialysis with a cellulosic membrane, blood contact leads to complement activation, generation of anaphylatoxins, leukoagglutination, and pulmonary microleukoaggregates. In addition, release of thromboxane in the lung occurs and causes pulmonary hypertension. This series of events causes mild hypoxemia and is preventable when noncellulosic membranes are used. As dialysis proceeds subsequent hypoxemia is dependent on the dialysate composition. With acetate dialysate, outward CO2 dialysance occurs concomitant with inward acetate dialysance. This leads to reflex hypoventilation, increased oxygen consumption (which lowers RQ), and possibly direct central respiratory suppression. These changes account for the late hypoxemia seen. With bicarbonate dialysate, the above events do not occur. If rapid alkalinization ensues, however, because of a high dialysate bicarbonate concentration, hypoventilation and hypoxemia may be seen.

A clear understanding of these pathophysiologic mechanisms provides a framework from which the preventative measures outlined can be understood and applied. Future research should focus on a better understanding of the sequence of events following blood‐membrane interaction, particularly in regard to activation of prostenoids. In addition, a more precise method is needed to determine the appropriate bath bicarbonate concentration for individual patients to avoid rapid alkalinization and hypoxemia. Finally, methods of identification of patients at risk of serious consequences from DAH need to be developed as well as noninvasive means of monitoring such individuals during dialysis. Much progress has been made in these areas in the past 10 years, but there is still more to learn.
Zinc and Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Kimmel Paul L.
Published: October 2007

Hypozincemia is common in patients with hronic renal insufficiency, and in patients with ESRD treated with peritoneal and hemodialysis. The causes of the decreased plasma zinc concentration in these patients are not completely understood, but poor nutritional zinc intake, diets associated with attempts to prevent the progression of renal failure, prescribed mineral supplements and medications, hypoalbuminemia, diminished gastrointestinal zinc absorption, increased urinary zinc excretion and redistribution of zinc into the intracellular fluid may all affect extracellular fluid zinc concentration and total body zinc stores in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Zinc intake is probably the most important determinant of total body zinc status and plasma zinc concentration in these patients. The extent of true zinc depletion in this population is unknown, but it is likely to be an important problem.

Patients with ESRD treated with hemodialysis may have similar reasons for developing hypozincemia, although it is unlikely that urinary losses play an important role in the development of negative zinc balance in this group. Although there is little evidence that hemodialysis results in net zinc losses, treatment effects may result in the redistribution of zinc from the extracellular fluid, resulting in the development of hypozincemia. Because such patients appear to be susceptible to the development of negative zinc balance due to gastrointestinal zinc losses, it would seem that they require increased levels of zinc intake. The similarity of the symptoms of zinc deficiency and uremia have prompted several studies of the effects of zinc supplementation on taste acuity, sexual, immune and neurologic function in hemodialysis patients, with some positive results.

Patients with ESRD treated with CAPD may have hypozincemia as well, for reasons similar to those suggested in patients treated with hemodialysis. De‐spite protein losses in the peritoneal dialysate, net influx of zinc occurs during peritoneal dialysis.

Since zinc deficiency may mediate some symptoms of uremia in patients treated for ESRD, clinicians should consider measuring circulating zinc concentration and providing therapeutic supplementation with zinc salts to hypozincemic patients with abnormalities of taste, sexual and immune function. Studies which have demonstrated a beneficial effect of zinc supplementation have used daily doses of 50 mg of zinc, given as zinc acetate, zinc chloride, or zinc sulfate. Zinc sulfate ingestion has been associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Zinc chloride has been added to dialysate in chronic studies to achieve a final zinc concentration of 400 μg/L, with beneficial results. The proper route, amount and length of such therapies, however, are currently unknown. Whether one zinc compound has clinical advantages compared to others must also await con‐trolled clinical evaluation.
Hemophilia and Dialysis
Authors: Propper David J.
Published: October 2007

We are considering the appropriate form of therapy for a hemophiliac approaching ESRD. Our initial inclination is to use CAPD because of uncertainties regarding piinctiiring a vasctilar access in this patient and the state of his coagulation system during hemodialysis. Is there any guidance available?
Dialysis Clinic
Authors: Twardowski Zbylut J.
Published: October 2007

The migration of Tenckhoff catheters into the upper abdomen occurs fairly commonly. This is often associated with poor drainage—a finding attributed to catheter malposition (i.e., the catheter tip is not immersed in the dialysate). In contrast, the disk catheter, which rests just below the peritoneum, drains without difficulty despite a similar “malposition.” How are these seemingly contradictory observations reconciled?
Glucose Concentrations in Peritoneal Dialysate in the United States and Europe
Authors: Dioz‐Buxo Jose A.
Published: October 2007

Articles on CAPD from Europe frequently refer to dialysis fluid that is 1.36% and 3.86% glucose rather than the 1.5% and 4.25% solutions used in the United States. Are different dialysis fluids used on either side of the Atlantic or is there another explanation for this apparent difference?
Impact of Lead Reduction Procedures on Dialysis Water Processing
Authors: Ward Richard A. , Louisville
Published: October 2007

I understand that municipal water supply companies are undertaking changes in water treatment which will result in alkalinization of supplied water to a pH of 8 or more, the purpose apparently being to decrease lead leaching. What impact can be expected on dialysis water purification procedures?
Estrogen Therapy for the Lipid Abnormalities of Women on Dialysis
Authors: Owen William , Boston Elizabeth Ginsburg
Published: October 2007

Cardiovascular disease is a major concern in dialysis patients, with many risk factors present in this population. An elevated lipoprotein (a) level is one such factor. Since estrogen levels are low in women on dialysis and estrogen therapy lowers lipoprotein (a) levels, wouldn't it be reasonable to treat most female dialysis patients with estrogens?
Kt/V by Urea Kinetic Modeling: Variability in Calculated V
Authors: Depner Thomas A.
Published: October 2007

One of the main reasons for doing formal urea kinetic modeling is to determine V (the urea distribution volume). However, V seems to vary quite widely in individual patients even if “equilibrated” postdialysis blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values are used. Why?
Risk of Pulmonary Emboli from Mechanical Thrombolysis
Authors: Dolmatch Bart
Published: October 2007

Mechanical thrombolysis of clotted access grafts (i.e., without use of clot‐dissolving enzymes) is gaining recognition and, probably, more widespread use. Is the safety of sending clot fragments to the lung for disposition established?
Discontinuing Dialyzer Reuse Because of Fever
Authors: Favero Martin S.
Published: October 2007

It seems to be common practice to discontinue dialyzer reuse in patients with either a fever or leukocytosis, even without clinical evidence septicemia. Given that problems with reuse are unlikely even with septicemia, isn't concern over fever and leukocytosis excessive?
Nursing Management of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Martin Rhonda K. , Jurschak Jean
Published: October 2007

With CRRT becoming the preferred treatment for acute renal failure, more and more centers will be using this form of therapy. The preparation and on‐going education of the nursing staff and their man‐agement of the therapy determine the success of CRRT. It is imperative that nurses have clinical andtechnical expertise in the therapy in order for the patient to have positive outcomes on CRRT.
Opening Thrombosed Silastic Hemodialysis Catheters
Authors: Athirakul Krairerk , Schwab Steve J.
Published: October 2007

The one mL vials of urokinase(Open Cath, Abbott)have a volume smaller than that of the permanent silastic catheters(Perm Cath, Quinton)we use. Short of using two vials, what's the best approach to this problem?
Modifying Techniques for Abdominal Surgery in CAPD Patients
Authors: Nohr Carl
Published: October 2007

When a CAPD patient requires an intraabdominal operation, how should the surgeon modify the usual technique?
Interpreting Lipid Levels in CAPD Patients
Authors: Srinivasan Bhuma , Khachadurian Avedis K.
Published: October 2007

Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels are a concern in dialysis patients. However the standard for interpreting blood levels of these substances calls for measurement in the fasting state. Since CAPD patients are never truly in this state due to the continuous transperitoneal absorption of glucose, how can cholesterol and triglyceride levels be interpreted in these patients? Is the effect of glucose insignificant or important?
Management of the Well Renal Transplant Recipient: Outpatient Surveillance and Treatment Recommendations
Authors: Salifu Moro O. , Tedla Fasika , Markell Mariana S.
Published: October 2007

Although renal transplantation offers survival and quality of life advantages as a renal replacement therapy, a substantial proportion of transplant recipients develop worsening of preexisting medical diseases or new complications, including sequelae of rejection, new onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), hyperlipidemia, opportunistic infections, cancer, and other systemic diseases secondary to immunosuppression. Management of these problems can be a complex endeavor due to medication interactions that often affect immunosuppression levels. However, successful management of the chronic medical problems associated with renal transplantation can prolong the life span of the graft and the patient.
Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes
Authors: FLÖTRA LEIV , GJERMO PER , RÖLLA GUNNAR , WAERHAUG JENS
Published: October 2007

abstract – The side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes have been evaluated in a group of 50 soldiers during a period of 4 months. Previous publications have shown the effects on plaque formation and gingival conditions. The present paper discusses unfavorable side effects. When rinsing with 0.2 and 0.1 % chlorhexidine gluconate and acetate, some desquamations and soreness in the oral mucosa were observed. Twelve per cent of the tooth surfaces and 62 % of the silicate fillings were discolored, while 36 % of the test persons developed discolored tongues in the experimental period. Because of the side effects, there. are some objections to uncritical use of chlorhexidine in preventive dentistry. A close control is necessary; and until more information is gained, the use of chlorhexidine mouth washes is recommended for short periods only. Other methods of application must be studied.
The effect of traumatic injuries to primary teeth on their permanent successors
Authors: ANDREASEN J. O. , RAVN J. J.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The present study is a clinical and radiographic follow‐up investigation of 103 patients with 213 traumatized primary teeth. The re‐examination comprised a clinical and radiographic evaluation of involved permanent teeth after complete eruption. All disturbances in mineralization and morphology of these teeth were recorded. A multivariate analysis was applied to examine the relationship between clinical factors associated with the injury in the primary dentition and later disturbances among permanent successors. Disturbances in the permanent dentition were found in 88 teeth (41 %), and these complications were significantly related to age of the patient at time of injury, the type of injury sustained in the primary dentition, as well as the presence of an associated fracture of the alveolar bone.
Tissue formation in the root canal following pulp removal
Authors: NYGAARD‐ÖSTBY BIRGER , HJORTDAL OLAV
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the repair processes in the root canal after total removal of the pulp. In 47 teeth, 35 with vital pulp and 12 with necrotic pulp, the root canal was cleaned and reamed, whereupon a bleeding was induced and the canal partly filled. In some teeth there was no bleeding, and these comprised the control material, which was necessary in deciding whether a blood clot in the root canal was a condition for repair or would at least enhance the repair processes. The observation periods varied from 9 days to 3 years; at the end of the period, the tooth was extracted or the root resected with the apical periodontium. Histologic examination of the specimens revealed that in the teeth with vital pulp, fibrous connective tissue had formed in the root canal in 28 teeth. Concomitantly a deposition of cellular cementum had occurred in many cases. In the teeth with necrotic pulp, no repair occurred. The clinical implications of the experimental investigations are discussed.
Histochemical fiber types and fiber sizes in human masticatory muscles
Authors: RINGQVIST MARGARETA
Published: October 2007

abstract – Biopsy specimens from the temporalis or masseter muscles of 12 subjects were studied by histochemical means. The fiber sizes in the masticatory muscles were compared with those of the biceps brachii muscle in 4 females. On the basis of staining reactions for ATPase, two fiber types, Type I (low ATPase activity) and Type II (high ATPase activity), were demonstrated. In the masticatory muscles the Type II fibers generally dominated in number and were smaller in diameter than Type I fibers. Both fiber types had smaller diameters than corresponding fiber types of biceps brachii.
Caries incidence and oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment
Authors: ZAGHRISSON BJØRN U. , ZACHRISSON SIGRUN
Published: October 2007

abstract – One hundred and seventy‐three individuals receiving orthodontic full band treatment in one or both dental arches were examined in order to assess the relationship between caries incidence and oral hygiene during treatment. Thorough instruction in toothbrushing with a horizontal scrub technique was given. Topical application of sodium fluoride was used regularly throughout the experimental period. The average period of treatment was 19 months. Monthly assessments of oral hygiene were performed through partial recordings utilizing the Plaque (PII) and Gingival Index (GI) systems. Smooth surface carious lesions on vestibular and lingual surfaces of banded teeth were assessed according to a proposed Caries Index (CI) at the time of removal of the orthodontic appliances. The results demonstrated a definite correlation between oral health and caries incidence. With increasing mean PII and GI scores, there were concomitant, almost linear increases in mean CI scores. On an average, the girls had lower PII, GI, and CI scores than boys. The correlations between caries incidence and age, duration of treatment, and initial caries experience were not significant.
Inhibition of experimental caries by plaque prevention
Authors: LÖE HARALD , VON DER FEHR FRITHJOF R. , SCHIÖTT C. RINDOM
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a frequent intake of sucrose does not produce caries if the teeth are regularly treated with an antibacterial agent. Twenty‐four students with clean teeth and normal gingivae were assigned to one of the following three groups: (1) eight individuals ceased all active oral hygiene measures and rinsed 9 times daily with 50% sucrose, (2) eight students refrained from all active oral hygiene procedures, rinsed 9 times daily with sucrose and twice daily with 10 ml 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, (3) the third group consisted of two subgroups each comprising 4 students. One subgroup ceased all oral hygiene procedures and rinsed twice daily with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. The other was instructed to practice meticulous tooth brushing twice daily. The experiment lasted for 22 days. The group who rinsed with sucrose showed heavy plaque accumulation, those who rinsed with sucrose + chlorhexidine showed a drastic reduction in the formation of plaque. In the subgroup rinsing with chlorhexidine only and in that performing good oral hygiene, plaque was non‐existent. The gingival state essentially paralleled the plaque formation. The sucrose group showed a definite increase in Caries Index. No significant changes occurred in the group rinsing with sucrose + chlorhexidine, with chlorhexidine only, or in the group performing good oral hygiene. It is concluded that prevention of plaque formation inhibits the development of gingivitis and dental caries, even with frequent rinses of sucrose.
A 4‐month study on the effect of chlorhexidine mouth washes on 50 soldiers
Authors: FLÖTRA LEIV , GJERMO PER , RÖLLA GUNNAR , WAERHAUG JENS
Published: October 2007

abstract – Aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine salts have been used as mouth washes to supplement routine oral hygiene in a group of young adults for a period of 4 months. In the first part of the study (2 months) the effect of plaque formation and gingival condition in the presence of calculus and rough surfaces was studied. Under such circumstances the chlorhexidine mouth washes reduced the amount of plaque on an average of 66%, whereas the gingival inflammation was reduced by 24% in the same period. In the next 2 months the effect of chlorhexidine was studied on scaled and polished teeth. The plaque reduction was now 84% and the Gingival Index values were reduced by 43% after subgingival scaling. No effect on gingival inflammation adjacent to pockets exceeding 3 mm was observed.
An electron microprobe investigation of the distribution of iron in rat incisor enamel
Authors: HALSE A.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Maxillary incisors from six five‐month‐old rats were studied with thc electron microprobe. Analysis of enamel in the pigmented portion of the teeth revealed a zone of high iron content extending 15–20 microns from the enamel surface. From a maximum of 10.1% (range 8.8–12.6%) close to the enamel surface, the iron concentration gradually decreased over a distance of 10 microns to less than 0.1%. At the point of maximum iron concentration the calcium content averaged 28.2% and the phosphorus content 15.7%. The concentrations of these elements increased gradually from the enamel surface and reached a plateau of approximately 34% calcium and 17% phosphorus at a point where the concentration of iron had decreased to a minimal Ievel. The mean Ca/P weight ratio in the zone of maximum iron content was 1.80 and differed significantly from the Ca/P ratio of 1.98 of the enamel beneath the pigmented zone. The zone of raised iron concentration coincided with the extension of the pigmented zone of the enamel. Apically to the pigment incorporation zone, the enamel contained less than 0.1% iron in the surface layer as well as in deeper layers.
Histochemical study of rhodamine B affinity in oral tissues of the mouse
Authors: HEYDEN G. , MAGNUSSON B. C. , ARWILL T.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Frozen sections of molar tissue areas obtained from 50 newborn mice were stained with rhodamine B. A yellow brilliant fluorescence of rhodamine B was demonstrated in tissue areas which showed accumulation of histochemically discernible phospholipids as demonstrated with the OTAN method. The results suggest that the fluorochrome reacts with lipid substances – possibly in the simultaneous presence of SH groups. The method used in the present investigation was found to be valuable in studies on developmental variations in keratinizing tissues and in enamel matrix.
The differential count of oral leukocytes
Authors: RAESTE ANNA‐MAIJA
Published: October 2007

abstract – The differential count of oral leukocytes was estimated from a group of 43 healthy dental students. A modified Millipore® technique was used. The differential count was made from samples of stimulated saliva, whole saliva, and sequential mouth rinses with hypertonic saline. The media from which the leukocytes were obtained did not influence the results and the differential counts in all the samples were consistent. The predominating cell type was a polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophil (98 %–99 %). Lymphocytes were found in all samples (average proportion 1 %). Some monocytes and eosinophils were also observed, but they were so few in number that their precise proportion in the oral leukocyte count could not be determined. Basophilic leukocytes were not observed in the samples.
Fluoride content of dental plaque after brushing with a fluoride dentifrice
Authors: BIRKELAND J. M.
Published: October 2007

abstract – From 4 dental students practicing conventional oral hygiene, samples of plaque were taken at weekly intervals. Before the introduction of a sodium fluoride containing dentifrice, the fluoride concentration of the plaque was 24–45 ppm (dried weight basis) and afterwards it was 42–229 ppm.
Relationship between malalignment of the teeth and periodontal disease
Authors: AINAMO JUKKA
Published: October 2007

abstract – The occurrence and degree of displacement and rotation was recorded in the 4,316 fully erupted teeth of 154 Army recruits aged 19–22 years. Of the different teeth, it was the maxillary laterals and the mandibular second premolars which were most often found to be malaligned. In the maxillary anterior tooth areas, which had been fairly well brushed by the subjects, both the degree of oral cleanliness and the extent of periodontal disease were worse around the malaligned than around the aligned teeth. In the premolar areas the difference was less marked and it became non‐existent in the molar regions. The results indicated that malalignment of the teeth, as such, does not enhance periodontal breakdown but that it decreases the effect of average oral hygiene measures. Exceptionally good oral hygiene measures or, on the other hand, no oral hygiene measures at all, are thus less likely to reveal an association between malalignment and periodontal disease.
Fractionation of parotid salivary proteins by isoelectric focusing in a wide pH range
Authors: ARNEBERG PÅL
Published: October 2007

abstract – Human parotid saliva was fractionated on an isoelectric focusing column (LKB 8102, ampholyte pH 3–10). Each fraction was run through a Sephadex® G‐50 column to remove sucrose and carrier ampholytes. Amylase focused at pH 6‐7 and lysozyme at pH about 11. Other protein components were found at pH 4–5, at pH about 9 and above 10. The two peaks at alkaline pH comprised glycoproteins. Analytical disc electrophoresis revealed that each of the peaks contained several protein species. Isoelectric focusing as described has a capacity of about 200 mg of parotid salivary protein and is well suited as an initial fractionation step. However, the steep pH gradient used does not allow the separation of proteins with close pI and some small proteins are probably lost in the subsequent gel filtration.
The prevalence of dental caries in Godhavn and Scoresbysund districts, Greenland
Authors: MÖLLER I. J. , POULSEN S. , NIELSEN V. ORHOLM
Published: October 2007

abstract – Previous studies performed in Greenland during the period 1913 to 1945 have shown: 1) that the prevalence of dental caries has been steadily increasing, 2) that the prevalence of dental caries is higher in West Greenland as compared to East Greenland and 3) that dental caries is more prevalent in the main trade stations as compared to the outposts. The present follow‐up study comprising the examination of 525 persons (more than 50% of the population) in Godhavn district (West Greenland) and Scoresbysund district (East Greenland) revealed: 1) that the prevalence of dental caries in Greenland has increased further within the last 20–25 years, 2) that the increase in dental caries in West Greenland has now reached a level equivalent to that of the U.S.A. and Western Europe, 3) that the fastest increase in dental caries incidence has taken place in East Greenland even though the situation still is far better than in West Greenland, and 4) that the most obvious explanation for this increase and the difference in dental caries incidence between West and East Greenland probably is due to changes in dietary habits.
Periodontal healing following experimental injury to root surfaces of human teeth
Authors: HELLDÉN LEIF
Published: October 2007

abstract – The healing of mechanically traumatized alveolar bone, periodontal membrane, cementum and dentin was studied in relation to the vitality of the tooth. Cavities were made in the vestibular root surfaces of 88 human teeth (44 vital teeth, 20 root‐filled teeth and 24 nonvital not‐root‐filled teeth). The cavities were prepared at a distance from the gingival crevices to avoid contamination of the wound from microbial plaque during the healing process. At the end of the observation period (varying between 7 and 593 d) the teeth were removed together with vestibular bone and gingiva and examined histologically. The first sign of cementum formation was seen 23 d after surgery. When the observation period exceeded 40 d, areas of newly formed cellular cementum were noted on the dentin surfaces of most of the teeth. The statistical analysis did not show any differences in healing pattern between the three groups studied.
Scanning electron microscopic studies on demineralized guinea pig dentin
Authors: JOHANNESSEN JAN VINCENTS , BANG GISLE
Published: October 2007

abstract – Sound, demineralized adult guinea pig dentin was observed by means of the scanning electron microscope. The dentinal tubules were fairly regular, some of them containing odontoblastic processes (Tomes fibers). These fibers were smooth surfaced, branching and much smaller than the surrounding tubules. Their small diameters were probably caused by the preparation procedures. The inner tubular walls were rough, probbly because of interlacing collagen fibrils. The peritubular dentin was relatively compact and composed of a considerable amount of cross‐striated fibrils. Similar fibrils were found in the intertubular zones where they were arranged in fiber‐bundles giving the intertubular zones a honeycombed or spongelike appearance. Such a distinct honeycombed appearance was not found in transmission electron microscope studies of dentin. This discrepancy is possibly due to differences in tissue preparation. The relatively poor development of peritubular dentin compared with intertubular dentin is in agreement with other studies in animals with continued tooth growth.
Effect of glucocorticoids on the35SO4incorporation in the rat incisor pulp
Authors: LINDE ANDERS
Published: October 2007

abstract–The effects of cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone acetate on the incorporation of35S‐labelled sulfate in the loose connective tissue of the rat incisor pulp have been studied. A reduction by 25 % and 50 %, respectively was found. This was interpreted as representing a decrease in the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides), especially the chondroitin sulfates which are the main glycosaminoglycan fraction in this tissue. The effects of glucocorticoids on the chondroitin sulfate synthesis are discussed in relation to dentinogenesis and tooth eruption.
Ultrastructure of palatal epithelium in guinea pigs 5 minutes and 6 hours after excisional wounding
Authors: FEJERSKOV O.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Standardized excision wounds were made in the palatal mucosa of 21 adult, male guinea pigs in order to study the ultrastructural changes in the epithelium along the wound margins 5 min and 6 h postoperatively. After 5 min the cut cells in the stratum corneum showed neither emptying of the cytoplasm nor any change in the keratin pattern. The cut cells in the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum demonstrated little or no change. Cells immediately behind the wound margins appeared normal. After 6 h most of the stratum corneum, cells had retained their cytoplasm with no change in the keratin pattern. A partial or complete loss of the cytoplasm was observed due to cleft formation between the cytoplasm and the electron‐dense zone attached to the inner part of the plasma membrane. In the clefts, bacteria caused destruction of the epithelial cell membranes. The cells of the reactive zone showed characteristic degenerative changes. The cytoplasm was dominated by tonofibrils separated by irregular spaces, making the cytoplasm look “moth‐eaten”. No ribosomes, endoplasmatic reticulum, Golgi‐apparatus, or keratohyalin granules were found. The mitochondria showed changes of the membranes and the matrix with numerous electron‐dense globules. The cytoplasmic changes are discussed in relation to earlier observations by light microscopy, where the changes in the reactive zone have been termed “induced keratinization”. In most cells of the reactive zone different stages of karyolysis were found with distinct changes of the trilaminar outer and inner membranes of the nuclear envelope. In the upper cell layers of the reactive zone the nuclear breakdown comprised pyknosis and karyorrhexis with shrunken nuclei. The chromatin was aggregated into irregular masses inside and outside the ruptured nuclear envelope.
Copper‐tin phases in dental silver amalgam
Authors: JENSEN STIG JORGO , ANDERSEN PALLE
Published: October 2007

abstract – The Cu‐Sn phases in amalgams prepared by reaction between a commercial dental alloy and mercury with varying alloy‐to‐mercury ratios have been investigated. Cu3Sn is found when this ratio is below 1:100. Cu6Sn5 is found when the ratio is between 1:100 and 120:100 and is probably the stable phase under conditions normally encountered in dentistry.
Cellular dynamics on the pressure side of the rat periodontium following experimental tooth movement
Authors: KVAM EINAR
Published: October 2007

abstract – The maxillary right first rat molar was moved in a lateral direction with a continuous force of approximately 20 g for 2 d with the aim to study the cellular response following hyalinization of the periodontal membrane. Twenty‐four animals were flash‐labeled and subgroups of 3 animals were sacrificed 1 h, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 d after removal of the orthodontic appliance. In a second series comprising 14 animals, 9 animals received the isotope injections at the removal of the orthodontic appliance, and were sacrificed after 12 h, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 d. In the other 5 animals injections were given 3 d after removal of the orthodontic appliance, and these animals were sacrificed 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d after the injection. The radioactive index of the flash‐labeled animals were characterized by a bimodal shape. The first increase in labeling was ascribed to the reaction of cells around the hyalinized areas and the second increase to cells invading the hyalinized tissue. In most cells of the second series the labeling intensity decreased with increasing time between injection and sacrifice, but in other cells the isotope remained more undiluted. Osteoclasts with labeled nuclei were observed 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 d after injection. The number of labeled osteoblasts and fibroblasts increased initially whereas the number of labeled cementoblasts decreased.
Comparison of dental health data obtained from questionnaires, interviews and clinical examination
Authors: HELÖE LEIF ARNE
Published: October 2007

abstract – Validity of response to a postal questionnaire, answered by 216 persons, was studied by comparing data from the respondents on the occurrence of dentures and on the number of remaining teeth with data recorded by a clinical examination. Information, collected in a personal interview on gingival disease, was compared with clinical records. Reliability was studied by examining the agreement between data from the questionnaires and from the interviews concerning time interval since the last dental visit.

The information on the occurrence of dentures proved to be highly valid, while the reported number of teeth were less likely to conform with the clinical records. A slight tendency towards overreporting of remaining teeth was found. Conceivably, the greatest proportion of overestimates was caused by confusion concerning the counting of fractured teeth and roots. Gingival disease was markedly underreported. At the clinical examination, all subjects with some teeth showed signs of gingival disease, but only every fourth person reported having experienced “gum disease”. Information about time interval since the last dental visit was found to be reliable.
Crowding and gingivitis: a comparison between mouthbreathers and nosebreathers
Authors: JACOBSON LARS , LINDER‐ARONSON STEN
Published: October 2007

abstract – The relationship between crowding of teeth and gingivitis in mouthbreathers and nosebreathers was studied in a groupof 6‐ to 12‐year‐old children. The material consisted of fifty‐five children with obstructed nosebreathing due to enlarged adenoids. Forty healthy children served as controls. Gingival conditions were registered in accordance with Löe & Silness. Crowding was assessed according to Lundström. The results indicated that in mouthbreathers there was a correlation between crowding and gingivitis, manifested in regions of the dentition most likely subjected to dehydration from mouthbreathing. For nosebreathers, the statistical method used did not reveal a correlation between crowding and gingivitis.
Utilization of animal material in the teaching of periodontal surgery
Authors: CUMMING BOYD R. , GLAVIND LEIF
Published: October 2007

abstract – The problems encountered in teaching periodontal surgery are outlined, and a teaching method using the pig's mandible is proposed. The method whereby the material is used and the effect of the program on students' progress are reported. The results indicate that using the pig mandible as a model system for teaching periodontal surgery improves the theoretical and practical abilities of the students and increases their confidence in performing periodontal surgery.
Effect of dietary sucrose on quantity and quality of plaque
Authors: FOLKE L. E. A. , GAWRONSKI T. H. , STAAT R. H. , HARRIS R. S.
Published: October 2007

abstract – We have established a complete system for quantitation and analysis of dental plaque from human subjects fed nutritionally adequate, well characterized diets containing high and low levels of sucrose. Dietary sucrose level did not significantly alter the quantity of plaque produced. High‐sucrose diet increased plaque Streptococcus mutans populations. Dextran and levan hydrolase activities were also directly related to dietary sucrose level.
Induction of heterotopic bone formation by demineralized dentin in rats and guinea pigs
Authors: BANG GISLE
Published: October 2007

abstract – Thirty‐two isogenic and 12 allogenic first molar toothbuds from newborn rats, and 60 allogenic rat and 114 allogenic guinea pig dentin specimens treated in different ways, were implanted in the abdominal muscles of 26 rats and 27 guinea pigs for periods ranging from 4 to 12 weeks. While the non‐vital cytoplasmic substance of whole rat toothbuds was unable to induce heterotopic bone formation, demineralized or undemineralized rat and guinea pig dentin matrix did induce osteogenesis. The results indicated that dentin implanted heterotopically in young guinea pigs might be a suitable model for further studies on the induction of heterotopic bone formation since over 70% of the allogenic demineralized dentin implants in this group gave osteogenesis. It was also found that the bone induction process is retarded and the yield of new bone is low when the dentin is implanted undemineralized. Since none of the 24 sham operations resulted in any hard tissue formation, it appears that the induction of new bone formation by demineralized dentin is a specific process and not merely an unspccific reaction to trauma.
The influence of mental development on children's acceptance of dental treatment
Authors: RUD BIRTHE , KISLING E.
Published: October 2007

abstract— In order to investigate the influence of mental development on children's acceptance of dental treatment, the mental ages of 108 individuals with a chronologic age of 3–9 years were determined by a psychologist using Binet's, Cattell's, and Leiter's psychometric tests. The degree of acceptance in accordance with given definitions and the time spent for acceptance were recorded. Mental age as well as chronologic age influence children's acceptance of dental treatment, but mental age has the greater influence. A mental age of 29 months separated in this investigation distinctly between children with and without acceptance. Children with mental ages of 3 and 4 years needed 20% more time to accept treatment than did children with higher mental ages. The time‐span for acceptance was 20% greater for 3‐year‐old children than for older children when IQ values were ≥68. For the age classes 5–9 years the time span was 25–30% greater for children with IQ values <68 than for children with IQ values ≥68.