bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Data Reliability Assessment in Accounting Information Systems
Authors: Krishnan Ramayya , Peters James , Padman Rema , Kaplan David
Published: September 2005

The need to ensure reliability of data in information systems has long been recognized. However, recent accounting scandals and the subsequent requirements enacted in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have made data reliability assessment of critical importance to organizations, particularly for accounting data. Using the accounting functions of management information systems as a context, this paper develops an interdisciplinary approach to data reliability assessment. Our work builds on the literature in accounting and auditing, where reliability assessment has been a topic of study for a number of years. While formal probabilistic approaches have been developed in this literature, they are rarely used in practice. The research reported in this paper attempts to strike a balance between the informal, heuristic-based approaches used by auditors and formal, probabilistic reliability assessment methods. We develop a formal, process-oriented ontology of an accounting information system that defines its components and semantic constraints. We use the ontology to specify data reliability assessment requirements and develop mathematical-model-based decision support methods to implement these requirements. We provide preliminary empirical evidence that the use of our approach improves the efficiency and effectiveness of reliability assessments. Finally, given the recent trend toward specifying information systems using executable business process models (e.g., business process execution language), we discuss opportunities for integrating our process-oriented data reliability assessment approach—developed in the accounting context—in other IS application contexts.
Spectroscopic Nomenclature
Authors: May Leopold
Published: September 2005

Basic units of measurements involving spectroscopic terms are presented. Units used in spectroscopy are redefined. Terms commonly in use and the units approved by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are included.
Evaluation of Raman Scattering as a Sensor of Temperature and Molecular Density
Authors: Bandy Alan R. , Hillard M. E. , Emory L. E.
Published: September 2005

The performance of the Raman scattering technique for the remote monitoring of temperature and molecular number density in various wind tunnel and engine testing facilities has been experimentally evaluated. Temperature measurements were made by monitoring the pure rotational spectrum of nitrogen and the rotational branch separations of ν2 of CF4 for temperatures in the range 300 to 1000°K. These measurements yielded an average error of 2.6 and 7.6%, respectively, for temperature measurements at pressures near 1 atm. Molecular number density measurements with 20% error could be made at densities as low as 3.5 × 10+22 m−3 by monitoring the 8 ← 6 rotational transition of nitrogen, 3.5 × 10+23 m−3 by monitoring the Q-branch of the fundamental vibrational transition of nitrogen, and 7 × 10+22 m−3 by monitoring the n fundamental vibrational transition of CF4.
Atomic Absorption Measurements in a Q-Switched Laser Plume Using Pulsed Hollow Cathode Lamps
Authors: Osten D. E. , Piepmeier E. H.
Published: September 2005

Quantitative atomic absorption measurements on transient plasmas induced by a Q-switched laser beam were made using pulsed hollow cathode lamps. Calibration curves were obtained for 0.002 to 0.15% Cu in an aluminum alloy and 0.013 to 0.124% Mn in graphite pellets. The dependence of the atomic absorption characteristics upon changes in laser energy and upon atmospheric gas and pressure is discussed.
Classical Dispersion Analysis of Multiband Systems in the Infrared Region
Authors: Neufeld J. D. , Brantley L. R. , Sakamoto P. , Andermann G.
Published: September 2005

A self-bracketing search technique employing classical dispersion analysis is used to calculate dispersion parameter values by minimizing the deviation between experimental and calculated reflectance or transmission data. An evaluation of the method on multiband spectra is accomplished by using synthetic spectra that contain both overlapping and nonoverlapping band systems. The experimental spectra are obtained by measuring the reflectance at normal incidence from a large single crystal or by measuring the transmittance of a thin film deposited on a transparent substrate. Upon application of the technique to real spectra, the deviation between the calculated and real spectra produces a constant value rather than approaching zero, as is the case with synthetic spectra. Reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.
Infrared Spectra of the Alkali Metal Cyanides in the Solid State
Authors: Ismail Zakya K. , Hauge Robert H. , Margrave John L.
Published: September 2005

The infrared spectra of lithium isocyanide and of sodium and potassium cyanides in the solid phase were examined over the range 4000 to 140 cm−1 at room temperature. A study of the effect of cooling the solids to liquid nitrogen temperature has been carried out.
Mass Spectrometric Determination of Diethyldithiocarbamates
Authors: Wood Benny C. , Skogerboe R. K.
Published: September 2005

The determination of the diethyldithiocarbamate chelates of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn by direct insertion probe mass spectrometry is reported. The sensitivity of the technique is limited by an instrument blank problem, but fractional nanogram amounts of each element can be determined by this approach.
Infrared Spectra of Mono- and Disubstituted Acenaphthenes
Authors: Deady L. W. , Gray P. M. , Topsom R. D.
Published: September 2005

We report the infrared spectra in the range 1000 to 700 cm−1 of 19 mono- and 35 disubstituted acenaphthenes in solution. The spectra allow the identification of the position of substitution in the mono- and common disubstituted acenaphthenes studied. Comment is made on a band which appears close to 835 cm−1 in all the acenaphthenes studied where a 4-substituent is absent.
Simultaneous Determination of Trace Wear Metals in Used Lubricating Oils by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Silicon-Target Vidicon Detector
Authors: Jackson K. W. , Aldous K. M. , Mitchell D. G.
Published: September 2005

A multichannel atomic absorption spectrometer with a silicon-target vidicon detector was used for the simultaneous determination of trace metals in aqueous solution and in used lubricating oils. In most cases sensitivities were similar to those obtained by conventional single channel atomic absorption. Iron, magnesium, copper, and silver were simultaneously determined in lubricating oils, and, although precision was somewhat poorer than that normally attained by atomic absorption, it was adequate for this application. Good correlation was obtained between the vidicon method and a single channel method using a commercial atomic absorption spectrometer.
Wavelength and Intensity Tracking System
Authors: Onton A. , Fern R. E.
Published: September 2005

An optical-electrical-mechanical servosystem has been developed that can track a spectral line the wavelength of which is changing as a function of time (or position on the emitting surface in the case of a luminescing sample). The system is based on an automatic continuous measurement of the wavelength derivative of the spectral line. The wavelength derivative is obtained through a “wavelength wobbler” modification of a monochromator. In this paper the system is demonstrated in the spatially continuous analysis of III-V alloy materials with respect to alloy composition and photoluminescence (PL) efficiency. Spatial resolution of the system in the analysis of composition and PL efficiency in the growth direction of graded alloy composition GaAs1− xP x is demonstrated to be less than 1 µm for angle-lapped samples. Further, use of the system in spectral line shape analysis is demonstrated. Suggestions for the use of the system in the automated testing of light emitting products are made. Extension of the system to other modes (than luminescence) is proposed.
Digital Least Squares Smoothing of Spectra
Authors: Edwards T. H. , Willson Paul D.
Published: September 2005

We show that the most significant parameter in digital smoothing of spectra by least squares fitting to a cubic polynomial is the length of the smoothing range, and to avoid loss of resolution we recommend that the smoothing range be chosen approximately 0.7 FWHH (full width at half-height) of the narrowest single lines or components. Multiple use of digital smooths is shown not to be equivalent to a least squares fit of the original data but gives nearly the same response curve in smoothing of Gaussian lines.
Vibrational Spectra of Some Benzoyl Halides: C6H5COCl, C6D5COCl, and C6H5COBr
Authors: Condit D. A. , Craven S. M. , Katon J. E.
Published: September 2005

The infrared and Raman spectra of benzoyl chloride, benzoyl chloride-d5, and benzoyl bromide have been measured between 75 and 4000 cm−1. Assignments for the fundamental modes of vibration are presented.
The Infrared Spectra and Vibrational Assignments of Crystalline 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-Naphthalenediols
Authors: Wilson H. William , Friedmann Nadav
Published: September 2005

The infrared spectra of crystalline 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-naphthalenediols in KBr or CsI pellets have been interpreted on the basis of a comparison with the spectra of other naphthalene derivatives. Assignments have been proposed for all but four vibrations which are expected to fall below 300 cm−1.
The Determination of Al and WC in a Heterogeneous Ni Alloy Powder by X-ray Fluorescence
Authors: Brachfeld Bernard
Published: September 2005

A method, employing x-ray fluorescence, is described for the determination of Al and WC in a heterogeneous Ni alloy powder. It is shown that using a Pitchford electric arc button furnace (model 701 BF) to melt the powder sample resulted in a homogeneous solid button only after a 60% addition of Ni was made to the original sample. Comparative data are presented for the determination of Al and WC by atomic absorption.
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: A Report on the State of the Art
Authors: Fenselau Catherine
Published: September 2005

Instrumental and technical aspects of the combination gas chromatograph mass spectrometer are discussed, with emphasis on the various ways in which the mass spectrometer can serve as a detector for the gas chromatograph. A number of examples of applications are presented, in which the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer is used in its various instrumental modes. Computerized data processing is reviewed, and examples of applications are presented. Most of the examples of applications are taken from pharmacology and toxicology. Special attention is given to stable isotope analysis and to the role of stable isotopes in quantitation by gas chromatography mass spectrometry of samples in the subnanogram range.
The Modulated Variable Internal Standard Method
Authors: Nasser M. I.
Published: September 2005

In this paper, a new approach to the internal standard method has been done in which it was found satisfactory to construct only one working curve for any element at a constant concentration of the internal standard. A correction factor is applied to the result to compensate for the additional amounts of the internal standard element added to the samples to raise its concentration up to a constant value. This method is relatively rapid, economic, and reproducible. Standard deviations of ±1.5, ±3.2, and ±8.8% were reported for duplicate determinations of cobalt, manganese, and chromium, respectively, in oil ashes.
The Raman Scattering of Uranyl and Transuranium V, VI, and VII Ions
Authors: Basile L. J. , Sullivan J. C. , Ferraro J. R. , LaBonville P.
Published: September 2005

The Raman scattering of U(VI), Np(VI), Pu(VI), Am(VI), and Np(V), Am(V) in HClO4 solutions and Np(VII) in a NaOH medium is reported. Direct observation of the polarized ν1 vibration (D∞h symmetry) is observed for the transuranium MO2n+ ions in the V and VI oxidation states. The spectroscopic evidence is consistent with a linear MO2n+ structure for the Np(VII) ion in basic solutions. The trend of the ν1 frequency and the MO stretching force constants with the oxidation is discussed and is correlated with the bond strengths and the stability of the MO2n+ ions.
A Computer-Controlled Double Beam Absorption Spectrophotometer for the Ultraviolet, Visible, and near Infrared Regions
Authors: Ranalder Urs B. , Känzig Herbert , Wild Urs P.
Published: September 2005

A PDP 8/1 computer with 8 K memory has been used to control a double beam absorption spectrophotometer for the range of 50 000 to 10 000 cm−1. Details of the optical and electronic design are given, and the principles and advantages of a computer-controlled instrument are outlined. The software is described, and some spectra demonstrating the performance of the instrument are given.
Burning Parameters of Premixed Oxygen-Hydrogen and Oxygen-Acetylene Flames
Authors: Suddendorf R. F. , Denton M. B.
Published: September 2005

Parameters affecting the stability of premixed oxyhydrogen and oxyacetylene flames are investigated. The results of this study show the effect of port diameter, fuel-oxidant ratio, total gas flow, and burner temperature on the stability of these flames. Data were obtained by the use of a specially designed and constructed one-hole insert burner. The results of this study provide the required design criteria and operational parameters for utilization of these fuel mixtures.
Spectrographic Analysis of Fire Assay Beads for the Platinum Group Metals and Gold
Authors: Sim P. G.
Published: September 2005

By arcing a 10-mg fire assay bead at 7 A on a Cu cathode, bead ejection is avoided without buffering. Sensitivities for the precious metals are in the range 0.01 to 0.5 µg and precisions between 8 and 18%. The technique is suitable for rapid screening of fire assay beads for the precious metals.
The Raman Scattering of Actinide (VI) Ions in Carbonate Media
Authors: Basile L. J. , Ferraro J. R. , Mitchell M. L. , Sullivan J. C.
Published: September 2005

Raman scattering of actinide (VI) ions from carbonate media were obtained. Results indicate bidentate complexation of carbonate and linear geometry for the AnO22+ ions. The trend of the frequency position of the ν1 vibration in AnO22+ ions is U > Np > Pu > Am in both acid and basic solutions, with higher frequencies occurring in acid media.
Lattice Vibration Spectra. XX. Infrared and Raman Spectra of BaCl2•2H2O and BaCl2•2D2O
Authors: Lutz H. D. , Pobitschka W. , Frischemeier B. , Becker R.-A.
Published: September 2005

The infrared absorption and laser Raman spectra of BaCl2·2H2O powder and single crystals as well as BaCl2·2D2O, partially deuterated, and isotopically dilute samples have been analyzed in the range from 30 to 4000 cm−1. A revised interpretation of the observed water bands is given. The influence of the bond angle of the H2O molecules both on Raman intensity of the water modes and frequency shift of the bending fundamentals is discussed. The librational modes are assigned with regard to isotopic shifts and intensities of these modes in the ir and Raman spectra. The predicted splitting of librational fundamentals of HDO molecules, which are in an asymmetric force field, has been observed. The amount of intramolecular and intermolecular coupling of the H2O vibrations is discussed.
Design and Performance of a Time Multiplex Multiple Slit Multielement Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
Authors: Salin Eric D. , Ingle J. D.
Published: September 2005

The design and performance characteristics of a new multielement flameless atomic absorption spectrometer are presented. Radiation from four hollow cathode lamps is combined by beam splitters and directed through a Varian model 63 carbon rod atomizer and then into a special monochromator with a separate exit slit for each element. The light exiting from all slits is directed to a single photomultiplier tube. Absorbance signals from different elements are distinguished with a time multiplex approach. Data acquisition and presentation is accomplished with a PDP-11 computer system. The absolute light levels are lower than those normally encountered with single element atomic absorption resulting in signal shot noise limited measurements. Detection limits (in ppb) of 0.2 (Cd), 2 (Mn), and 8 (Pb) were determined under multielement conditions. The measurement precision of moderate absorbance multielement solutions was determined to be 7% with manual injection of 5 μl samples.
Spectroscopic Studies on the Binding of Uranium by Brown Coal
Authors: Koglin E. , Schenk H. J. , Schwochau K.
Published: September 2005

Brown coal removes uranium from sea water where it is present mainly as [UO2(CO3)3]4−. The adsorption and binding of uranium is studied by infrared spectroscopy. The spectra of the coal-uranium adducts still exhibit the asymmetric stretching vibration of the uranyl ion, but no CO32− frequencies, suggesting that uranium is retained as UO22+. The coal humic acids are shown to be responsible for the decomposition of the carbonato complex. The subsequent uptake of uranium is not a pure cation exchange process since the shift of the asymmetric uranyl stretching frequency from 950 cm−1 (hydrated UO22+) to 890 cm−1 points to complexation of UO22+ by carboxylate groups which act as bidentate ligands.
An Efficient Intracavity Laser Raman Spectrometer
Authors: Hercher Michael , Mueller William , Klainer Stanley , Adamowicz Robert F. , Meyers Ronald E. , Schwartz Stephen E.
Published: September 2005

The design of an optimized intracavity laser Raman spectrometer is described, and representative Raman scattering data are presented. An intracavity laser power of 160 W was attained with an argon ion laser whose normal output power was 1 W.
Application of a Versatile Drift-Compensating Digital Peak Reader to the Direct Atomization of Solids in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Lundberg E.
Published: September 2005

A digital peak reader, providing both the peak height and the peak area from the same transient absorbance signal, has been built and tested. The general performance including drift-compensating capability is reported. Three degrees of signal damping can be selected and the influence of these on the shape of analytical curves is illustrated for cadmium. The peak reader was applied to direct atomization of lead from a stainless steel wire, and the two methods of measuring absorbance signals were compared. Using the integrated absorbance values, the useful range of the calibration curve as well as the precision of the measurements were materially improved.
Application of Prony's Method to the Modeling of Spectral-Band Transmittance
Authors: Pierluissi Joseph H. , Gomez Richard B. , Duncan Louis D.
Published: September 2005

An application of the well-known Prony's method is made in the representation of the mean molecular transmittance over a spectral band in the infrared region, with a summation of exponential terms. The method was found to be reliable, direct, and accurate when it was used with computer-simulated transmittance spectra, for six temperature-retrieval channels of the Nimbus-5 spectrometer in the 15 µm CO2 band. The results indicate that for typical atmospheric absorber concentrations, only two, five, and six terms are generally needed for modeling O3, CO2, and H2O vapor with a transmittance accuracy of one in the fourth decimal place. This accuracy is compatible with the limitations imposed by uncertainties in the present knowledge of line parameters and is of the order obtained with polynomial-type band models having a much higher number of terms.
Determination of the Concentrations of CF2 and CF3 Radicals in an Argon Matrix: An Illustration Using Predicted Infrared Intensities
Authors: Newton James H. , Person Willis B.
Published: September 2005

A novel procedure is described for the determination of concentrations of CF2 and CF3 radicals from the infrared spectrum using predicted values for the absolute integrated molar absorption coefficients. The predictions were made using an F-atom polar tensor transferred from CH3F according to procedures described earlier. These predicted intensities are used to calculate a simulated spectrum, adjusting the values assumed for the concentrations of CF4, CF3, and CF2 until agreement is obtained with the experimental spectrum obtained by Milligan and Jacox from a sample of CF2N2 photolyzed in an argon matrix in the presence of an added F-atom source. This procedure illustrates an analytical application of predicted infrared intensities that may also be important for other unstable species.
Emission Spectrographic Determination of Selected Metals in Magnesium Alloys by the dc Arc-Powder Technique
Authors: Apsher Alvin D.
Published: September 2005

A method is presented for the determination of trace quantities of tungsten, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, vanadium, and chromium in magnesium alloys. In the procedure, the alloys are converted to their sulfates and excited by a 12 A dc arc for 70 s in a Harvey Crater graphite electrode. Magnesium sulfate synthetic standards are used. Minimum detectable concentrations ranging from 1 ppm molybdenum and chromium to 20 ppm tungsten and tantalum are indicated. The standard deviations range from 2.9 ppm for tantalum to 9.9 ppm for tungsten at the 50 ppm concentration range.
Scirpene Toxin Analyses of Feed Associated with Animal Intoxication
Authors: Stahr H. M. , Ross P. F. , Hyde W. , Obioha W.
Published: September 2005

Field cases in which animals exhibit symptoms of feed refusal, mouth and lip irritation, and internal hemorrhage are common. These cases have been associated with the presence of scirpene toxins in feeds. The Chemistry Laboratory at the Iowa State University, Diagnostic Laboratory, has used existing methodology, and thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectroscopy to attempt to determine if known scirpene toxins were involved in a diagnostic laboratory case. Chicken embryo toxicity of the extracts, field desorption and chemical ionization indicate the presence of some known scirpene toxins as well as unknown compounds.
An Experimental Study of Lithium Furnace Emission
Authors: Matousek J. P. , Smythe L. E.
Published: September 2005

Atomic emission of lithium in a small graphite furnace (CRA 63) was observed using a standard atomic absorption spectrometer with simple optical modifications. Improved diagnostic techniques facilitated a study of lithium atomic emission and atomic absorption signal profiles as a function of temperature. Low levels of lithium were measured relatively free from background emission with considerably improved signal-to-noise characteristics. Analytical growth curves plotted in logarithmic coordinates showed only a slight deviation from linearity over a concentration range of three orders.
Increased Osteoclast Activity in the Presence of Increased Homocysteine Concentrations
Authors: Herrmann Markus , Widmann Thomas , Colaianni Graziana , Colucci Silvia , Zallone Alberta , Herrmann Wolfgang
Published: September 2005

Background: Increased plasma homocysteine (HCY) may be an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures and therefore may also adversely affect bone metabolism. We analyzed the effect of HCY on human osteoclast (OC) activity.

Methods: We cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 17 healthy male donors [median (SD) age, 30 (5) years] for 20 days with 25 μg/L macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (days 0–11), 20 μg/L receptor-activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (days 6–20), and 4 different concentrations of HCY (0, 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L; days 0–20). For control purposes, cysteine and glutathione were tested in equimolar concentrations. OCs were identified as large, multinucleated cells with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and surface vitronectin receptors. We quantified OC activity by measuring TRAP activity. We analyzed cathepsin K (CP-K) activity in 9 donor samples and estimated the dentine-resorbing activity on standard dentine slices in 3 samples.

Results: After 20 days of culture, most cells were fully differentiated OCs. TRAP activity increased with increasing HCY concentrations (P <0.001). HCY concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L stimulated TRAP activity by 20%, 15%, and 42%. Additionally, HCY stimulated CP-K activity (P = 0.005): in the presence of 100 μmol/L HCY, CP-K activity was ∼38% higher than in controls (P = 0.002). Bone-resorbing activity was significantly increased in cultures with 50 and 100 μmol/L HCY. Cysteine and glutathione significantly decreased TRAP and CP-K activity.

Conclusions: Increased HCY concentrations specifically stimulate OC activity in vitro, suggesting a mechanistic role of HCY for bone resorption. Future studies clarifying the mechanistic role of increased HCY concentrations in osteoporosis could have interesting therapeutic implications.
Reduced adenosine receptor stimulation as a pathogenic factor in hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: Riksen Niels P. , Rongen Gerard A. , Blom Henk J. , Boers Godfried H. J. , Smits Paul
Published: September 2005

In this review we discuss the hypothesis, and current evidence, that a decreased concentration of the endogenous purine-nucleoside adenosine contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk of patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. In hyperhomocysteinemia, the reaction equilibrium of the reaction catalysed by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase will shift towards synthesis of S-adenosylhomocysteine, at the expense of free adenosine. Adenosine receptor stimulation induces several cardiovascular protective effects, such as vasodilation, inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation, of inflammation and of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. A decreased adenosine concentration could, therefore, well contribute to the cardiovascular complications of hyperhomocysteinemia. Previous animal studies have shown that administration of homocysteine decreases extracellular adenosine, associated with increased synthesis of S-adenosylhomocysteine. Recently, we showed that in patients with classical homocystinuria, cellular adenosine uptake is enhanced, thus limiting adenosine-induced vasodilation. These observations provide us with additional pharmacological targets, such as adenosine uptake inhibition, to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia.
Effects of homocysteine on vascular and tissue adenosine: a stake in homocysteine pathogenicity?
Authors: Deussen Andreas , Pexa Annette , Loncar Robert , Stehr Sebastian N.
Published: September 2005

Homocysteine may have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. It has been hypothesized that these effects may be brought about by a decrease in the adenosine concentration via the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase reaction. A requirement for this causal relationship is proof of a reduction in vascular adenosine concentration during conditions of elevated homocysteine concentrations. In the present communication we summarize published data obtained during systematic variation of the arterial homocysteine concentration. Most of the results reported show that an increase in homocysteine concentration to 100μM is associated with a 20–50% decrease in vascular adenosine concentration and an increase in tissue S-adenosylhomocysteine level. Homocysteine effects on the adenosine concentration seem to be more pronounced under conditions of impaired oxygenation. Further experiments, in particular on organs and tissue that release high amounts of homocysteine, i.e., the liver, are warranted to study the potential effects of homocysteine on vascular and tissue adenosine concentrations and consequent effects on organ function. The evidence obtained may be relevant for future assessment of risk indicators in conjunction with homocysteine pathogenicity, which might potentially be extended to measurements of adenosine or S-adenosylhomocysteine levels.
Anti-N-homocysteinylated protein autoantibodies and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Jakubowski Hieronim
Published: September 2005

Metabolic conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to a chemically reactive metabolite, Hcy-thiolactone, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase is the first step in a pathway that is suggested to contribute to Hcy toxicity in humans. The accumulation of Hcy-thiolactone is detrimental because of its intrinsic ability to modify proteins by forming
Carotid narrowing degree and plasma thiol levels in carotid endarterectomy patients
Authors: Carru Ciriaco , Zinellu Angelo , Sotgia Salvatore , Chessa Roberto , Piredda Franco , Antonietta Casu Maria , Deiana Luca , Porcu Paolo
Published: September 2005

The aim of this work was to study the association between plasma thiol levels and percentage carotid narrowing in a group of 68 patients who underwent a carotid endarterectomy, pertained as a risk factor for vascular and cardiovascular disease. Total plasma thiols were measured by capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence. The mean values of the hematological parameters studied were within normal limits and 25% of the patients were hyperhomocysteinemic (homocysteine >15μmol/L). Pearson's correlation between carotid narrowing degree and the most common risk factors for atherosclerosis showed a positive relationship only between carotid narrowing degree and cysteine levels (r=0.252; p<0.05). Stepwise multiple linear regression with carotid narrowing degree as the dependent variable, and cysteine, homocysteine, age, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as independent variables confirmed that cysteine was significantly associated with these variables. By regrouping the population according to cysteine and homocysteine concentration percentiles, we found positive correlation between these parameters and median values of carotid narrowing degree. Our study provides experimental evidence to confirm that plasma homocysteine and cysteine are involved in carotid narrowing after carotid endarterectomy intervention, suggesting that cysteine may be involved in the deleterious molecular mechanisms active in carotid stenosis.
Impairment of homocysteine metabolism in patients with retinal vascular occlusion and non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy
Authors: Stanger Olaf , Weger Martin , Obeid Rima , Temmel Werner , Meinitzer Andreas , Steinbrugger Iris , Schmut Otto , Herrmann Wolfgang
Published: September 2005

Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is established as an independent risk factor for atherothrombotic disease, including ocular pathologies such as retinal vascular occlusion and non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Low intake or low status of B-vitamins explains elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations only in part. The underlying cause for disturbed homocysteine metabolism requires further insight. We investigated whether the combined determinations of plasma tHcy, methylmalonic acid (MMA) and cystathionine provide more information on the causes of impaired homocysteine metabolism as compared with vitamin B
Hyperhomocysteinemia and response of methionine cycle intermediates to vitamin treatment in renal patients
Authors: Herrmann Wolfgang , Obeid Rima
Published: September 2005

The role of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) as a risk marker for cardiovascular diseases in renal patients is a matter of controversy. The remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine in the kidneys is of great importance for Hcy clearance. Hcy remethylation is markedly decreased in patients on hemodialysis, but transsulfuration remains mostly unaffected. Markedly increased concentrations of methylmalonic acid (MMA), as a metabolic marker of vitamin B
A laboratory algorithm with homocysteine as the primary parameter reduces the cost of investigation of folate and cobalamin deficiency
Authors: Schedvin Göran , Jones Ian , Hultdin Johan , Nilsson Torbjörn K.
Published: September 2005

Analyses of total homocysteine (tHcy) and to some extent methyl malonic acid (MMA) have become increasingly used in Sweden, primarily for investigating folate and cobalamin deficiency. This has led to increasing costs for diagnosis and laboratory testing, since clinicians still order the established tests, cobalamin and folate. The purpose of this study was to compare the profile of test parameters in six Swedish counties, using laboratory statistics from 2003, and to relate these to medical prescriptions for folate and cobalamin in the same counties. We also wanted to evaluate whether or not a laboratory algorithm with tHcy as the primary test-parameter, followed by vitamin analyses only when tHcy is above a certain decision limit, could reduce the expanding cost of diagnosing folate and cobalamin deficiency. For this analysis we used patient results from two counties in Sweden collected during 2003. There is a slight positive correlation between resources spent upon tests and resources spent upon treating these deficiencies, and a laboratory algorithm based upon initial analysis of tHcy, instead of conventional clinical requests for all parameters, could save approximately 30% of laboratory costs. A typical annual saving in one of these counties (ca. 260,000 inhabitants) by implementing this algorithm would be ca €100,000.
Plasma homocysteine levels in L-dopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients with cognitive dysfunctions
Authors: Zoccolella Stefano , Lamberti Paolo , Iliceto Giovanni , Diroma Cosimo , Armenise Elio , Defazio Giovanni , Lamberti Simona V. , Fraddosio Angela , de Mari Michele , Livrea Paolo
Published: September 2005

Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations are associated with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Several recent reports have indicated that L-dopa treatment is an acquired cause of hyperhomo-cysteinemia. Despite the fact that a large proportion of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients develop cognitive dysfunctions or dementia, particularly in the late stages of the illness and after long-term L-dopa treatment, the relationship between Hcy and dementia in PD has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma Hcy levels in a group of L-dopa-treated PD patients with cognitive impairment and to elucidate a possible role of Hcy in the development of cognitive dysfunctions in PD. We compared Hcy, vitamin B
Relation between homocysteine and biochemical bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in peri- and post-menopausal women
Authors: Herrmann Markus , Kraenzlin Marius , Pape Gerhard , Sand-Hill Marga , Herrmann Wolfgang
Published: September 2005

Background: Recently, increased plasma homocysteine (Hcy) has been suggested as an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that Hcy adversely affects bone metabolism. This study aimed to analyze the relation between Hcy and biochemical markers of bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD). Materials and methods: We investigated 143 peri- and post-menopausal women [median age (25th–75th percentile), 67 (57–75) years]. All subjects underwent a detailed medical examination, measurement of bone mineral density at lumbar spine (BMD-LS) and total hip (BMD-HIP), and fasting venous blood and urine sampling. Osteocalcin (OC), serum calcium (Ca), urinary desoxypyridinoline cross-links (DPD), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and soluble receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (sRANKL) were studied. Results: According to BMD subjects were classified as normal (n=24), osteopenic (n=51) or osteoporotic (n=68). Median Hcy did not differ between normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic subjects (p=0.647). Partial correlation analysis, controlling for the major confounders, age, creatinine, menopause and previous fractures, revealed significant correlations between Hcy and DPD (r=0.193, p=0.022), as well as between Hcy and Ca (r=0.170, p=0.045). After adjustment for the same confounders, subsequent regression analysis confirmed significant associations of Hcy with DPD and Ca. No significant relations could be observed between Hcy and BMD-LS, BMD-HIP, OC, OPG or sRANKL. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate weak, but significant, relations between Hcy and markers of organic and inorganic bone resorption, suggesting a mechanistic role of Hcy in bone metabolism. The relation between Hcy and bone resorption was not dependent on OPG or sRANKL.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine and renal function – is there a relation?
Authors: Široká Romana , Trefil Ladislav , Rajdl Daniel , Racek Jaroslav , Rusňáková Hana , Cibulka Romana , Eiselt Jaromír , Filipovský Jan
Published: September 2005

The adverse effect of hyperhomocysteinemia on the vascular wall can be partially explained by increasing plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. The aim of the study was to compare ADMA and homocysteine levels in three groups of subjects: blood donors with normal homocysteine concentration (group A), patients with hyperhomocysteinemia and normal kidney function (group B) and hemodialysis patients who are known to be hyperhomocysteinemic (group C). Concentrations of homocysteine (enzymatic method), ADMA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) and creatinine (Jaffe method) in EDTA plasma were measured. Plasma ADMA levels were significantly higher in both groups with hyperhomocysteinemia (1.60±0.56μmol/L in group B, 1.81±0.57μmol/L in group C) when compared with those in blood donors (0.82±0.29μmol/L, p<0.001 in both cases). Significant positive correlations were found between concentrations of ADMA and homocysteine (r=0.42, p<0.0001), ADMA and creatinine (r=0.39 p<0.001), homocysteine and creatinine (r=0.69, p<0.0001), age and homocysteine (r=0.47, p<0.001), age and ADMA (r=0.57, p<0.001) and age and creatinine (r=0.37, p<0.001). Increased ADMA concentrations in hyperhomocysteinemic patients were confirmed, but multiple linear regression analysis showed that this significant correlation is only apparent due the dependence of both parameters on age.
WAGR Syndrome: A Clinical Review of 54 Cases
Authors: Fischbach Bernard V. , Trout Kelly L. , Lewis Julia , Luis Catherine A. , Sika Mohammed
Published: September 2005

WAGR syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a de novo deletion of 11p13 and is clinically associated with Wilms’ tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation (W-A-G-R). Although the genotypic defects in WAGR syndrome have been well established, the large variety of phenotypic manifestations of the syndrome has never been reported. We report on 54 cases of WAGR syndrome to demonstrate both the classical clinical signs and nonclassical manifestations found in a large population of individuals with this disorder. An understanding of WAGR syndrome and its clinical findings can provide important insight regarding the functions of the involved genetic region. Recommendations for diagnosis, evaluation, and surveillance of patients with WAGR syndrome are also presented.
Developmental and Behavioral Needs and Service Use for Young Children in Child Welfare
Authors: Stahmer Aubyn C. , Leslie Laurel K. , Hurlburt Michael , Barth Richard P. , Webb Mary Bruce , Landsverk John , Zhang Jinjin
Published: September 2005

Objective. To determine the level of developmental and behavioral need in young children entering child welfare (CW), estimate early intervention services use, and examine variation in need and service use based on age and level of involvement with CW by using a national probability sample in the United States.

Methods. As part of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, data were collected on 2813 children <6 years old for whom possible abuse or neglect was investigated by CW agencies. Analyses used descriptive statistics to determine developmental and behavioral needs across 5 domains (cognition, behavior, communication, social, and adaptive functioning) and service use. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between independent variables (age, gender, race-ethnicity, maltreatment history, level of CW involvement, and developmental or behavior problems) and service use.

Results. Results indicate that age and level of CW involvement predict service use when controlling for need. Both toddlers (41.8%) and preschoolers (68.1%) in CW have high developmental and behavioral needs; however, few children are receiving services for these issues (22.7% overall). Children that remain with their biological parents have similar needs to those in out-of-home care but are less likely to use services. Children <3 years of age are least likely to use services.

Conclusions. Children referred to CW have high developmental and behavioral need regardless of the level of CW involvement. Both age and level of involvement influence service use when controlling for need. Mechanisms need to be developed to address disparities in access to intervention.
Research for Newborn Screening: Developing a National Framework
Authors: Botkin Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2005

Newborn metabolic screening represents the largest application of genetic testing in medicine. As new technologies are developed, the number of conditions amenable to newborn screening (NBS) will continue to expand. Despite the scope of these programs, the evidence base for a number of NBS applications remains relatively weak. This article briefly reviews the evidence base for several conditions. The article then develops a proposal for a structured sequence of research protocols to evaluate potential applications for NBS before their formal implementation in public health programs. Such a framework for research will require collaboration between states and the federal government, a collaboration that is emerging through recent federal legislation and funding.
Reduction of Inappropriate Hospital Admissions of Children With Influenza-Like Illness Through the Implementation of Specific Guidelines: A Case-Controlled Study
Authors: De Marco Giulio , Mangani Sebastiano , Correra Antonio , Di Caro Stefania , Tarallo Luigi , De Franciscis Alessandro , Jefferson Tom , Guarino Alfredo
Published: September 2005

Background. In an attempt to reduce the burden of influenza-like illness (ILI) on health resources, the Italian Ministry of Health released clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on ILI management that include specific indications for the admission of children to the hospital. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether application of these CPGs reduced the rate of inappropriate hospital admissions.

Methods. In the first phase, 2 independent observers recorded the number and clinical condition of children presenting with ILI to the emergency department (ED) of a large urban pediatric hospital and the main reasons for hospital admission. The latter were compared with the CPG indications for hospital admission to evaluate appropriateness. One year later (phase 2), we recorded the number of children with ILI admitted to the hospital by pediatricians trained in a 3-hour course on CPGs and by “untrained” control pediatricians.

Results. In phase 1 of the study, 854 children accessed the ED; 318 (37.2%) had ILI. Of the latter, 26.2% were admitted to the hospital, and 33.7% of admissions were inappropriate according to CPG criteria. In phase 2, 16% of the children with ILI were admitted by CPG-trained pediatricians and 25.8% by control pediatricians. The number of inappropriate hospital admissions was higher among control than among CPG-trained pediatricians.

Conclusions. ILI in children is associated with a high rate of inappropriate hospital admissions. Training of ED pediatricians in the application of a specific CPG may result in a substantial decrease of the admission rate and of inappropriate admissions.
Relationship Between Significant Perinatal Events and Migraine Severity
Authors: Maneyapanda Seetha B. , Venkatasubramanian Anuradha
Published: September 2005

Objective. Nociceptive neuronal circuits are formed during embryonic and postnatal times, so insult during these periods may result in long-term alterations to pain circuitry via synaptic plasticity. One possible long-term result of plasticity is central hyperexcitability, which is suspected to be involved in chronic headache. This study aimed to establish whether there is an association between early pain experiences and the experience of migraines in later childhood.

Methods. In a retrospective study, we examined the charts of 280 pediatric migraineurs at the Division of Pediatric Neurology at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and documented their perinatal history and migraine characteristics.

Results. Analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between patients who had been in the NICU at birth and the type of pain medication prescribed when compared with patients who had not been in the NICU (χ2 test, χ22 = 23.304; N = 30250). Findings also suggested that pediatric migraine patients who had been in the NICU at birth had a significantly earlier age of onset of their migraines (χ2 ± SD = 7.83 ± 3.23; N = 30) when compared with patients who did not remain in the NICU (χ2 ± SD = 9.68 ± 3.57; N = 250; Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, χ2 = 10.699).

Conclusion. On the basis of these findings, we speculate that pain experience as a neonate, through neuronal plasticity and resulting central hyperexcitability, can alter the later experience of pain. However, this observational study cannot validate these links. Other potential explanations that work either synergistically or alone include other forms of stimulation and greater parental vigilance that may occur when neonates spend time in the NICU. This study would prompt additional development of a larger prospective study to establish a link between early pain experience and subsequent pain syndromes and also future investigation into the treatment of pain in neonates as a preventive measure for avoiding long-lasting neuronal alterations.
Evaluation of an Adolescent Smoking-Cessation Media Campaign: GottaQuit.com
Authors: Klein Jonathan D. , Havens Caryn Graff , Carlson Erika J.
Published: September 2005

Objective.To evaluate the impact of a smoking-cessation media campaign for teens on utilization of a cessation Web site, GottaQuit.com.

Methods.Telephone surveys were conducted before and after the implementation of a countywide media campaign to promote the use of a smoking-cessation Web site for youths. The surveys were designed to assess teen awareness and utilization of the Web site, as well as tobacco use and cessation attempts. Supplemental 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey items also assessed use of the Web site.

Results.Most teen smokers reported that they wanted to quit smoking. Almost all teens reported exposure to GottaQuit.com ads and accurately identified GottaQuit.com as a Web site that offers cessation help for youths. Nearly 1 in 4 smokers who were trying to quit had visited GottaQuit.com or another Web site for cessation assistance.

Conclusions.The GottaQuit.com campaign effectively reached almost all teens, regardless of smoking status. Smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to have visited the Web site for help with quitting. Web adjuncts are likely to be used by adolescents who seek assistance in quitting.