bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium - WMCAUS 2021
Authors: Yilmaz Isik , Marschalko Marian , Drusa Marian
Published: December 2021

The current “IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering” volume includes papers presented in the capital city of the Czech Republic, Prague for the 6th Anniversary of the “World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium” from 30 August to 3 September 2021. The purpose of the WMCAUS 2021 is to give a place to converse and consider the current data, discoveries, and mechanics in various areas of Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urban Planning, to provide favourable circumstances for forthcoming cooperation. It is a stage for contributing information and skills in the areas of Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urban Planning by arranging a conference for researchers at the beginning of their career and letting them present their findings, and leave them space to discuss it with for the presentation of their work and discussion of their ideas with specialists in diverse fields of Civil Engineering, Architecture, and City and Urban Planning.

The designed period for WMCAUS 2021 was from the 14th of June till the 18th of June 2021. Nevertheless, it was deferred to 30 August till 3 September 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic and therefore was held in Prague in person to match participants' needs.

All the missions of the World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium – WMCAUS 2021 were achieved, and 285 peer-reviewed articles were published. The team of the WMCAUS would like to give thanks to all reviewers for their great work and for the high quality of articles that were published.

List of Editors of WMCAUS 2021, Committee WMCAUS 2021 are available in this pdf.
Minimization of a point thermal bridge by a roof restraint system holder
Authors: Šubrt Roman , Charvátová Pavlína
Published: December 2021

Roof restraint systems are designed for flat roofs for safe maintenance and repairs. By anchoring them, considerable point thermal bridges are created, which can also lead to condensation in the roof cladding. We deal in this work with the design of minimization of these point thermal bridges.
Restorations in Chile in the Mid-Twentieth Century: The National Monuments Council and Some of the First Architectural Heritage Interventions
Authors: Baeriswyl María Victoria Correa
Published: December 2021

This paper presents the initial results of an ongoing historical research project that addresses some of the first architectural restoration interventions led by the Chilean State through the National Monuments Council, the institution responsible for management of the country’s cultural heritage. The National Monuments Council was created in 1925 by Decree-Law No. 651, the first long-standing legal provision to cover this aspect of cultural heritage. It remained in place for several decades before being superseded in 1970 by the current National Monuments Law (No. 17,288). The State’s first steps in regard to architectural restoration were made possible by this legislation, and by the mid-twentieth century, the National Monuments Council was working systematically to register, analyse and take action to restore the country’s architectural heritage. In 1949, a Conservation Commission was formed as part of the Council, and this body played a key role in the promotion of restoration projects at the time. The National Monuments Council worked in partnership with the General Directorate of Public Works, and efforts on the part of the two public institutions resulted in the creation of an annual budget for architectural restoration. By the 1950s, numerous buildings and sites considered relevant to the national identity were being restored, and efforts were made to emphasise their cultural significance and value. These early interventions were some of the first of their type to be funded by the State and were fundamental to the local architectural historical context. Work focused primarily on religious and military colonial buildings, including churches, chapels and fortresses located the length of Chile. Archival material from the time, such as National Monuments Council session minutes and institutional bulletins drafted under Decree-Law No. 651, provide a record of these early interventions. Analysis of these sources from a technical and theoretical perspective provides insights into the motivations and selection criteria used to establish an order of priority for the restoration of buildings and sites. This paper presents the main actions taken at a time when architectural restoration was first being promoted by the Chilean State and explores how these provided the foundations upon which future development of the local discipline would occur.
Optimisation of Polymer Addition Using the Plackett-Burman Experiment Plan
Authors: Mazurek Grzegorz , Podsiadło Marcin
Published: December 2021

At the present time, the utilization of waste polymer materials belongs to one of the most important challenges where global economies have to tackle. This article concerned the modification of petroleum road bitumen with waste polymer. The bitumen modification process with the use of polymeric materials was carried out considering a number of other quantitative factors, such as: mixing time, mixing speed, bitumen temperature and qualitative factors such as: waste polymer content, type of grain size, type of neat bitumen and type of waste polymer. Two kinds of waste polymers (PET, PP) were used in the research, which served as a modifier. Two petroleum bitumens were used: 20/30 (hard) and 70/100 (soft). Based on the divalent Plackett-Burman experiment plan, the number of variables and the number of combinations of mixtures were determined, which were required to determine the final response surface model. The following features were tested as the output variables: penetration, softening point, Fraass breaking point, dynamic viscosity 60oC, 90oC, 135oC, deformation energy and maximum elongation. The use of the experimental design methodology allowed to identify the factors that had the greatest impact on the bitumen modification process. The assessment of the significance of the parameters also allowed to identify a significant model allowing to find the optimal bitumen and waste polymer composition. Based on the test results, it was shown that the consistency of the modified bitumen was influenced by the type of bitumen, its amount, mixing speed and mixing time. With regard to the softening point, the type of polymer was also an important factor. Ultimately, the optimization process allowed for the determination of such a combination of both qualitative and quantitative input factors, which resulted in bitumen showing higher utility than input 20/30 and 70/100 bitumens. Moreover, it was found that the increase in mixing time did not result in an excessive increase in bitumen stiffness caused by the mixing process. Thus, the low-temperature properties left unchanged significantly
Analysis of the Impact of Redispersible Polymer Powder on the Water and Frost Resistance of Cold-Recycled Mixture with Bitumen Emulsion
Authors: Krasowski Jakub , Iwański Marek , Buczyński Przemysław
Published: December 2021

The subject of the research presented in the article is the assessment of the effect of redispersible polymer powder (RPP) on water and frost resistance of a cold-recycled mixture with bitumen emulsion (BE-CRM). The article presents the results of research on the influence of polymer powder EVA based on polymer (polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate) on the properties of BE-RCM. The impact analysis was determined using the assumptions of the Box-Behnken experiment plan in which three components are controlled. In this case, the variables were the content of: polymer, cement and asphalt emulsion. All ingredients were dosed with a step of 1.5% of the percentage share in the mixture composition. Polymer and Portland cement in an amount of 0.5% to 3.5%. On the other hand, the pure asphalt originating from the asphalt emulsion was 0.0%, 1.5% and 3.0%, respectively. The scope of the tests included the determination of: mixture density, void content (Vm), water absorption (nw), intermediate tensile strength (ITS), to water (TSR) as well as water and frost according to AASHTO T283.
Influence of shear on plastic bending strength of I cross-sections steel beams
Authors: Juhás Pavol , Šenitková Ingrid Juhásová
Published: December 2021

In general, steel beams are stressed by bending and shear. Due to the loading a normal stresses σ and shear stresses τ arise in individual cross-sections of steel beams. But they are usually stressed mainly by bending. This follows both from several theoretical analyzes and especially from the corresponding experiments. Therefore, current standards for the design of steel structures allow the impact of shear to be neglected to a certain level of shear stress of the most stressed - decisive cross-sections of beams (EN 1993-1-1, respectively CSN EN 1993-1-1 and others). However, in the case of shorter beams, especially in places of support and in places of application of concentrated forces, the shear effects of the load can also be significant. In the case of more significant shear effects of the load, the plastic flexural strength of the decisive cross-sections and also the overall load-bearing capacity of the steel beams must be adequately reduced. However, the degree of flexural strength reduction with a significant effect of shear in the case of I cross-sections is still unambiguous. It is therefore important to experimentally investigate steel beams in the area of significant shear effects. The presented article contains selected results of experimental investigation of the significant effect of shear on the flexural strength of steel beams I cross-sections.
Articulation of Facade Graphics and Techniques of its Implementation
Authors: Lipowicz-Budzyńska Alina
Published: December 2021

The article deals with issues at the boundary of architecture and technology, related to visual articulation. The facade graphics is a relatively new phenomenon that has arisen over the last two decades. Some of the image implementation techniques it uses have been known for a long time. Some of them are derived from stained glass (e.g. the technique of manual enamel application), some are related to the already known techniques of workshop graphics (screen printing). One of the latest technological achievements is the development of digital printing technology. Each of the aforementioned techniques has specific artistic possibilities and means of expression, which influences the articulation of the image in the external partition and has a significant impact on a number of compositional aspects. The image placed in the façade supports the building's form, underlining its shape, emphasizing important places in the building. The work examines the relationship between the applied techniques of implementation and the properties of the image on glass. An important part is to determine to what extent the construction of the image and the applied plastic measures affect the visual range of the glass partition and the functional properties. Particularly interesting projects are those made with several techniques, and those in which a new technique was discovered, which is later copied in other projects. The research can make a strong case for using artistic glass in the facade of a building and provide guidance for designers and investors. The publication will present examples of implementations placed in the facade of the building. The phenomenon will be investigated on the basis of buildings constructed over the last two decades. Due to the global nature of plastic phenomena, there is no limited research territory.
Innovative programming product for work architect-urbanist with Big Data of city
Authors: Fomenko Oksana , Danylov Serhiy , Izbash Mykhaylo , Izbash Andrii
Published: December 2021

The article substantiates the necessity of creating an innovative programming product "Program complex for modelling the city as a dynamic system". The methodological basics of writing a technical task as the basis for the complex development are described. The aspects of its use as a tool for information support of strategic decision-making processes related to the transition of the city to an intensive type of development are disclosed. The purpose of the program complex: information support for strategic decision-making processes to optimize the principles of the city. The purpose of the program complex is to analyze the processes of city functioning as a complex dynamic system. In this case, it is possible to diagnose the current state of the city as a system in real-time, the state of its subsystems and elements, as well as to predict changes in the dynamic processes of their functioning. The specified program package is based on a combination of two trends in modern science: optimization of the city functioning processes and management of large arrays of city data (Big Data). The Program simulates positive and negative dynamics of the transition of the city, its subsystems and individual elements from a state of stability to crisis and a possible pre-catastrophic state.
Structural bracing of wooden roofs under the extreme winds
Authors: Dutkiewicz Maciej , Hajyalikhani Poorya , Lamparski Tomasz , Whitman Lane , Covarrubias Joshua
Published: December 2021

An essential element of every building is a roof that protects it against the influence of weather conditions - rainfall, wind, and temperature changes. The shape of the roof, the type of roof covering, and the slope of the roof have the greatest impact on the type and material solutions. The roof structures are made of wooden, steel, or reinforced concrete. Especially in single-family residential buildings, wooden roof structures are most often used. Wood is perceived by many as the oldest and best building material, valued for its low weight, good strength, elasticity, and high thermal and insulation values. Traditional roof has been used over the centuries. The more common roof in wood framing roof is gable and hip roof which is consist of rafter, ridge, hip, collar tie and joist. The common slop for hip roof is 3/12 to 12/12. By increasing the slop, the length of the hip element in roof increases and needs to brace closely. The aim of the study is to analyse the location of roof braces in hip roof structures, due to the ultimate and serviceability limit states, under dead, live and wind loads based on finite element method model. Two wind speeds of 22 m/s and 40 m/s is taken into consideration. Elements with the different spans, cross-sections and slope of the roof are analysed.
Modern Architecture of School Buildings in Poland. Selected Design Issues on The Example of Two School Buildings Built in the 21st Century
Authors: Skowronek Weronika , Winnicka-Jasłowska Dorota
Published: December 2021

This article concerns the design and architecture of educational facilities in Poland. It presents selected architectural and spatial solutions for modern primary school buildings. The article is based on a juxtaposition of two school buildings built in the second decade of the 21st century, located in the central and southern part of the country. Contemporary buildings were selected to draw attention to the changing approach to design and the development of architecture dedicated to the youngest recipients, emphasizing important aspects of the school space in the era of growing demands and social awareness. The analysis of the buildings indicated in the article was carried out on the basis of the available literature on the subject, comparison with typical buildings in Poland, and in situ research in school buildings, with an emphasis on the key aspects of the functional and spatial arrangement in the presented facilities, determining the target educational space for students. A school building in Poland, in the minds of many architecture recipients, is associated with a typical building, such as 'millennial schools', created as part of the campaign to build a thousand schools - monuments related to the celebration of the Millennium of the Polish State. The typification period, abounding in many buildings that still function to this day, lasted almost twenty years until 1981, when the standard for typical schools was repealed. At that time, the search for the perfect form of the building as well as flexible and functional school spaces, tailored to the scale of the youngest recipients, began. The classroom, which used to be the only condition for the functioning of the school, turned out to be insufficient. Modern projects have started to be implemented, which systematically contribute to the creation of a new image of the school as a friendly and modern institution, maintained in an optimal and holistic development-oriented educational environment.
Comparison of Masonry Homogenization Methods – Macromodelling and Micromodeling of Walls Behaviour Made of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry Units
Authors: Jasiński Radosław , Grzyb Krzysztof
Published: December 2021

The adopted method of empirical homogenization strictly determines the degree of faithful reproduction of the masonry structure's work in terms of the analysis of cracking forces, destructive forces, and the mechanism of structure destruction. The high level of detail of the numerical model may make it impossible to perform calculations and predict internal forces for larger structures or entire buildings. The study aims to compare two different masonry homogenization techniques and determine the advantages and disadvantages of the adopted methods. The concept of a micromodel, in which the contact of two materials - a masonry unit and a mortar, was simulated using contact elements in the interface planes and a macromodel in which the wall was modelled as a homogeneous, isotropic material, omitting contact surfaces. The analysis subjects were standard wall models made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry units in axial and diagonal compression tests. In the numerical calculations, the elasto-plastic model with degradation implemented. The Menetrey William boundary surface describes the compression phase, and the Rankine criterion determines the tensile phase. In the axially compressed walls, the relations of forces and vertical and horizontal deformations compared, and in the shear walls, the forces and values of strain angles analyzed. In both models, the mechanisms of wall destruction and scratching were considered. The initial parameters of the elasto-plastic model derived from the results of wall tests using various model validation techniques. The calibration coefficient was used in the micromodel, determined as the quotient of the wall's compressive strength and masonry unit's compressive strength. The fracture energy value was also corrected. In the macromodel, the masonry's modulus of elasticity and the tensile strength value calibrated. Calculations based on the micromodel were consistent with the test results at the relative error level of 2%. The observed damage and scratches to the walls after the tests were consistent with the numerical projection. The macromodel calculations showed the convergence of the results in scratch morphology, scratching and destructive forces. The most significant differences occurred in shear deformations. The macromodelling approach allowed for capturing the wall's global tendency to deteriorate without opening the contact surfaces locally (cohesive cracks), as is the case during the tests.
Heat Recovery Ventilation Systems and their Physical Quantification
Authors: Bielek Boris , Szabó Daniel , Klem Josip , Grolmus Roman
Published: December 2021

The essence of ventilation is the exchange of air in the room for fresh outside air. At the same time ventilation is a factor that can significantly affect the energy efficiency of a building. Hygienic requirements for ventilation of interiors of buildings in the context of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings lead to the transformation of unregulated ventilation by infiltration to regulated ventilation systems with heat recovery. The regulated ventilation system makes it possible to optimize the ventilation intensity on the basis of a stimulus from the room user or automatically on the basis of sensors monitoring the quality of the indoor climate (temperature and relative humidity, CO2 concentration in the air, etc.). In addition, if we use a ventilation system with heat recovery from the exhaust air to preheat the fresh supply air to the room, we can achieve high energy efficiency of the building by meeting the hygienic criteria of the indoor climate. The article describes heat recovery ventilation systems and their basic conceptual solutions applied in the modern architecture. The heat exchange between the hot exhaust air and the cold supply air in the winter takes place in heat recovery ventilation units in the heat exchanger. The efficiency of heat recovery defines how much heat we can transfer from the exhaust air to the fresh air in the heat recovery exchanger. The article analyses individual factors influencing the efficiency of heat recovery. Due to the fact that the manufacturers of heat recovery ventilation units declare in their brochures or websites the values of the maximum efficiencies of their products, we were interested in their real efficiencies under normal operating conditions. Therefore, we subjected to experimental research in a large climate chamber a product from the German manufacturer Lunos, namely a specific type of decentralized heat recovery unit Lunos Nexxt E. The article describes the methodology of laboratory experiment, used experimental basis, brings and analyses measurement results and calculates real efficiency of the subject heat recovery in accordance with STN EN 13 141. In the end it compares measured values with the values from the manufacturer.
Linear equation systems for structural analysis: imagining resolutions
Authors: Lacort Agustin Gregorio
Published: December 2021

This work is based on a study into new ways of resolving the equilibrium equation systems for manual analyses of certain structures commonly found in building. It suggests finding solutions based on images that reproduce the operations of current methods, which may inspire the design of others that qualitatively reflect those of other more effective procedures. To date three methods (Gauss, Cholesky & Crout) have been imagined: (i) by “visualising” their operations through the mechanical behaviour of models during the equilibrium phase. These visualisations may help suggest other physical responses that can balance models more quickly and identify with new, more direct numerical methods; (ii) by “geometrising” operations by means of lines sketched freehand. This geometrisation may reveal hidden links between the parts of the calculation of current methods that enable more direct but equally precise new methods to be created. The paper shows four images to reinforce these viewpoints. Two visualise the methods of Gauss-Jordan and Cramer, confirming that the abstract procedures that resolve the systems may be linked to specific mechanical behaviours. The other two geometrise the resolutions by Gauss and Gauss-Jordan when the stiffness matrices are asymmetric. Their systems could emerge from the analysis of cracked models or from obtaining the equivalent actions in the P-Δ method, in line with a procedure drawn up previously. The paper ends by geometrising the resolution of a system at different scales and comparing the outcomes with those of numerical methods. The results (i) confirm that geometrising scalar and vectorial magnitudes for numerical analysis procedures reduces application times if they are calculated freehand; and (ii) point to possible lines of research for developing further graphic methods that can analyse other types of structure directly and accurately.
Comparison of Influence of Superficial Strengthening with FRCM System and Kind of Mortar Type on Shear Strength of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry
Authors: Drobiec Łukasz , Jasiński Radosław , Mazur Wojciech , Jokiel Remigiusz
Published: December 2021

This paper describes a comparison of results from testing shear strength of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) walls strengthened with superficial strengthening with the results of tests of walls made of various types of joints and mortar. The initial and characteristic shear strength and the angle of internal friction were compared. The test elements were made using two types of mortars, three types of joints, and two methods of reinforcement. The models were made using masonry units in the SOLBET OPTIMAL system. SOLBET 0.1 mortar, intended for thin joints, as well as SOLBET SMART polyurethane adhesive were used. Typical joints with a width equal to the thickness of the wall, shell bedded joints and joints without mortar were made. Models with typical joints were also tested as reinforced on one and two sides with the FRCM system, using the mineral cement matrix PBO-MX GOLD MASONRY and the PBO-MESH GOLD 22/22 mesh. A total of 56 models were tested in accordance with the requirements of PN-EN 1052-3: 2004. A significant influence of with superficial strengthening as well as the type of mortar and the construction of joints on the individual parameters of shear strength was demonstrated.
District–Learning: An Architectural Approach to Bridge the Academic Gap in the UAE Educational System
Authors: Belpoliti Vittorino , Nahlawi Marwa Al , Husein Lama Al Haj , Khaled Sana Al
Published: December 2021

The United Arab Emirates Vision 2071 expects the country to become one of the best in the world in several sectors, including education and infrastructure. Highlighting today’s global tendency towards a knowledge-based economy, it drives the need to bridge the academic gap in UAE’s educational system to enhance the nation’s innovation. This gap is best addressed from three different levels, policy level, pedagogical level, and socio-urban level. The UAE is working on developing its educational system by emphasizing its importance through the UAE future strategies and policies, that will upgrade it with its new pedagogical facilities. This study proposes the “District-Learning”, a novel approach to upgrading the UAE educational system/sector by providing the necessary new pedagogical functions in a building located in the barycenter of a school district and serving all its existing facilities. The concept focuses on boosting the communication between schools in the same district and enables sharing resources between them. This non-physical connectivity will be translated into physical connectivity which bridge each existing school to the new building. The construction process fosters modularity and flexibility, allowing the project to fit the demand of different districts. The study present the results of a test of this new approach to the case study of Al Jurf 2 zone in Ajman.
Performance of Multicriteria Evaluation and Heuristic Methods in the Delineation of Green Infrastructure in Areas with Fragmented Landscapes
Authors: Losada Rocío , Boullón Marcos , García Andrés M. , Miranda David
Published: December 2021

The EU Commission has established Green infrastructure as one of the tools to preserve biodiversity and grant the provision of ecosystem services that reduce impacts on natural values like those produced by climate change. Therefore, a European green infrastructure strategy has been created that commit member states to incorporate green infrastructure to their territorial planning. Yet, methodologies to delimit green infrastructure so as to facilitate its inclusion in territorial plans are still scarce. The available methods are mainly based in multicriteria evaluation and focus on zoning general green infrastructure areas taking into account the provision potential of just a few ecosystem services. Considering the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services to delimit green infrastructure elements is key to grant their multifunctionality and increase their efficiency mitigating climate change impacts in natural values and human population. However, the lack of data or the high cost to accurately map ecosystem services provision potential, leads most of the time to infer it from land cover data. This creates problems when using these maps to delimit green infrastructure in areas with fragmented landscapes; since identified green infrastructure areas may be irregular and scattered. There are heuristic methods like simulated annealing that have been used to identify ecosystem services hot spots which consider the regularity and size of the identified patches. These methods can be used to delimit green infrastructure in fragmented landscapes finding a balance between the regularity of the areas and their potential to provide multiple ecosystem services. In the current work, a comparison has been made between the performance of simulated annealing and current multicriteria evaluation methods to delimit green infrastructure multifunctional buffer zones in an area of north-western Spain with a very fragmented landscape. Results have shown that simulated annealing delimits more regular multifunctional buffer areas but with a less average potential for providing multiple ecosystem services. The conclusions of the paper indicate that simulated annealing is good produces more regular multifunctional areas but with a lower ESs provision potential. It was observed that in the case of ESs that were mapped considering factors at landscape scale, their provision potential did not vary too much between the multifunctional buffer areas delimited with each of the methods. This indicates that delineation methods may produce more regular GI elements if ESs provision potential is mapped considering the influence of biophysical factors at a wider landscape scale.
Investigation of Fire Effect of Reinforced Aerated Wall (ACC) System Produced by Using Sustainable Construction Material
Authors: Usta Pinar , Zengin Başak
Published: December 2021

Reinforced Aerated Concrete panel building systems are preferred as wall elements in residences and industrial facilities due to their advantages. The signal issue encountered in industrial facilities is caused by fires that occur. Fire resistance of sustainably reinforced aerated concrete panels was investigated. The wall G3/05 class reinforced panel model to be used for the test was preferred. The panel wall has been subjected to a 120-minute fire resistance test. In this process, 1050 C° temperature was measured on the surface exposed to flames, while the wall temperature was read 50 C° on the other surface, and the heat temperature increased to 70 C° only at the panel joints. The data obtained from showed that the reinforced aerated concrete panels maintain their integrity under fire and resistant to high temperatures. These data that reinforced aerated concrete systems should be preferred, in buildings with human population and high fire risk.
Shaping the image of a city on the example of a development of parts of waterfront in Bydgoszcz - a relation of Rother’s Mills and Nordic Haven buildings
Authors: Grześkow Iga
Published: December 2021

According to Alexander Wallis, the city's cultural values relate to its historic and architectural, symbolic and religious, artistic and prestigious values. They are represented by individual buildings, monuments, sculptures, street furniture and entire urban complexes - streets, squares, parks, engineering works, and finally entire districts and urban landscapes. [1] In Bydgoszcz these values are represented by the Mill Island. After years of neglect, together with its immediate surroundings it has been re-incorporated into the city's structure, becoming a full-fledged, attractive and highly prestigious social area. The article presents a history of creation, functions and mutual relations of revitalized historic Rother’s Mills complex and Nordic Haven - a modern residential and commercial development and also aims to analyze the impact these buildings had on the space and surroundings of the Mill Island. The two architectural ensembles, arranged in mutual spatial relations, shape the landscape of the downtown, river bank part of Bydgoszcz on different principles. These buildings, as part of a historical urban layout of the city, represent extremely different methods of developing its areas requiring special protection and attention.
From ‘Orthogonal’ Sprawl to ‘Curvilinear’ Dense: Assessing Accessibility Indices for Urban Networks of Social Housing in UAE
Authors: Ahmed Khaled Galal
Published: December 2021

The shift towards designing more dense urban social housing neighbourhoods has started with the embracing of urban sustainability principles by the UAE government since the beginning of the 21st century. The assessment of the recent neighbourhoods designs still lacks concrete evidence about their expected performance especially for pedestrian mobility networks. This concern is gaining further significance with the noticeable tendency of most of the recent urban designs towards developing organic and curvilinear networks instead of the conventional orthogonal grids of the mobility networks that distinguished the traditionally designed neighbourhoods in the country. To bridge this gap, the research comparatively and quantitively analysed the accessibility performance indicators of both of the traditional and the modern urban network designs. The research adopted the Case Study method with quantitative investigation tools that are fundamental to Urban Network Analysis, especially in relation to Accessibility. The simulation of the urban networks of two selected urban social housing neighbourhood forms, representing the networks of both the traditional urban orthogonal sprawl and the recent curvilinear dense one, were utilized employing the UNA toolbox. Three complementary Accessibility Indices were analysed including: Reach, Gravity and Straightness. Through this analysis, the aspects that affected the accessibility performance of the two urban form paradigms and the problems that have been associated with the designs of the urban networks of the new social housing projects, have been revealed. It became evident that the denser urban form was not sufficient in enabling more accessible facilities in the recent neighbourhoods designs. The orthogonal grid, even with its very low Floor Area Ratio showed better performance of in the three accessibility indices especially the Straightness index, if compared with the much denser curvilinear grid with it ‘naturally longer’ pattern. The inefficient number and the inappropriate distribution locally provided facilities in relation to the pedestrian mobility networks have contributed to these disappointing results. So, it is essential to include this and/or similar urban network quantitative simulation tools to help develop genuinely sustainable urban forms for this significant type of urban development in the UAE cities.
Site Characterization and Associated Disposal Costs for Illegal Dumpsites Located in the Municipality of La Granja, Chile
Authors: Seal Christian , Mery Patricia , Alegría Patricia
Published: December 2021

Chilean legislation dictates that Municipalities are responsible for household solid waste management, but this doesn’t include the clean-up of illegal dumpsites. These in-city dumpsites usually are located on public roads, parks or abandoned sites; have a wide variety of origins, from household trash to business waste, and feature a high component of construction debris. One of the main problems that municipalities have managing these sites is that when they are cleaned, the dumpsites immediately reappear. Therefore, a site survey and visual characterization was performed for these illegal dumpsites at the Municipality of La Granja, and a cost analysis associated with the constant clean-up costs was performed. La Granja Municipality has an established clean-up program with a frequency that varies from one to three withdrawals a week per dumpsite. Santiago is Chile's capital and is divided into 32 municipalities, the general population of the city is 5.250.565 habitants according to the 2017 census. La Granja is one of Santiago’s municipalities; according to the last census, it has 116.571 inhabitants and a total of 34.423 households divided into 69 neighbourhoods. The social economical income of the municipality corresponds to medium low to lower level. The study detected 35 critical sites that were catalogued as recuring dumpsites. The mayor cause of these dumpsites corresponds to illegal dumping of construction waste, mayor appliance and household waste, and only one dumpsite didn’t present construction debris during the length of the study. The average volume measured in site, for most of the dumpsites varied from 1 to 3 m3 and only 2 sites exceeded 8 m3. The most important characteristics of the dumpsites were the ease accessibility (82,4%), followed by the total lack of public illumination, high vehicular traffic and to or more intersections (67,7%). The equipment and personnel cost were estimated for the clean-up service of the 35 dumpsites. The cost analysis showed that the associated cost of the clean-up corresponds to a 5,8% of the municipal budget for solid waste management. As a result of the study, 4 sites were intervened through the generation of green area or small parks, with an emphasis in the protection or blocking of the access and roadside.
Application of BIM Tools in Parametric and Generative Design for the Conception of Complex Structures
Authors: Quispe Luis , Ulloa Wilfredo
Published: December 2021

The present research applies the Parametric Design (PD) and Generative Design (GD) for the generation of complex structures, through the BIM methodology, being implemented in design phase of a new modern proposal for Pavilion J1 of the National University of Engineering from Perú. The research aims to: Study the PD and GD considering the interoperability provided by BIM tools, propose procedures that help solve PD and GD problems, understand the benefits of process automation through generative and parametric algorithms. The conception and design phase of projects are developed in a traditional way using CAD Softwares for drawing plans or BIM Softwares for the design and/or modeling of structures, carrying out manual tasks either for the extraction of measurements, exchange of information or modeling, this implies a lack of efficiency in many processes because despite having modern computational tools, the full potential they offer is not used. This is reflected in the productivity of the construction sector as it is one of the lowest compared to other sectors such as manufacturing, commerce, agriculture. Due to this problem, new technologies were studied, such as evolutionary algorithms supported by parametric design for the conception and design of structures. Subsequently, as a test, this new methodology was applied to various types of structures, testing the parametric behavior and understanding the operation of these new methodologies. As a result of the previous tests, key procedures were defined to cover parametric and generative problems, developing algorithms in textual code (Python), visual algorithms and applying generative algorithms (NSGA-II); capable of creating structures automatically adapting to the designer's criteria. Based on the last stage of the PD and GD procedures, the algorithms for the formulation of the structure were implemented in Block J1, demonstrating the applications and benefits in various tasks such as modeling, loads generation, structural design and software interoperability.
Specifics of multi-storey wood-based buildings
Authors: Švajlenka Jozef , Kozlovská Mária
Published: December 2021

Wood is one of the basic natural renewable materials. Knowledge of its basic properties is the first prerequisite for its proper use in various industries and in human life. Wood is the most versatile and most used material (industry, construction, agriculture, everyday life). Due to its natural character, natural drawing, favorable physical properties, it is an increasingly desirable element of the environment. In the world, but also in our country, the trend of wooden buildings is becoming more and more widespread, not only in the understanding of cottages, wooden houses and family houses using wooden elements. We are talking about office buildings, non-residential premises, but also wooden high-rise buildings. Multi-storey wooden structures are a promising area of application of wood, which requires much less energy for their production compared to other "classic" materials. The aim of this paper is to present selected aspects of multi-storey wood-based buildings and their application at present.
Experimental Study for the Analysis of the Potential Energy Conversion of Wastewater Discharged from Installations and Equipment’s of the Civil and Industrial Buildings
Authors: Tokar Danut , Tokar Adriana , Adam Marius
Published: December 2021

Even though the science and technology in the field of energy production for buildings has reached an advanced stage of development, there is still a considerable part of the population who do not have access to electricity. Currently, renewable energy (Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Hydro, Wave energy, Biogas), are considered sources that will meet future energy requirements, but have geographical limitations, are not available throughout the territory and are difficult to integrate into energy systems due to of the unpredictable character, their functioning being determined by the weather conditions. Also, the power and efficiency of renewable energy systems are still limited. Given that gravity (the fundamental forces of nature) is available everywhere, regardless of the climatic conditions, it represents an inexhaustible source of energy. In the context of apocalyptic scenarios or cyberattacks on energy systems, gravitational electrical systems can offer solutions for restoring electricity supply from simple to most complex solutions. The article explores the conversion of potential energy from wastewater of the technological processes, into electricity. The study was performed on an experimental stand designed to be connected to the drainage system of a water-to-water heat pump. The efficiency of potential energy conversion for applicability to wastewater discharging systems of equipping civil and industrial buildings was analysed.
Simple Laminated Glass Panels with Embedded Point Connection under Short-Term Load
Authors: Zdražilová Michaela , Sokol Zdeněk , Eliášová Martina
Published: December 2021

Glass is a very attractive material for contemporary architecture. The trend is to achieve a maximum transparency of structures; therefore it becomes common to use glass as a material for load-bearing structural elements. Glass facades, roofs, beams or columns are widely used in buildings. The problematic part of a glass structure design is the connection between the glass pieces or between the glass elements and substructures from another material (e.g. steel, concrete etc.). The connection must be capable of bearing the stresses performing during the lifetime period and it should be as unobtrusive as possible at the same time. The ongoing research at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague is focused on an embedded laminated point connection for glass structures. Within this research, the real-scale glass panels were tested. The samples consisted of two glass plies bonded with the EVA foil. For the undrilled ply, the float glass was used in all cases. The thermally toughened or the heat strengthened glass was used for the pre-drilled ply. There was one embedded steel countersunk bolt with HDPE liners placed in each corner of the sample. During the experiment, the samples were horizontally placed using the embedded bolts. The load-bearing capacity of the six tested specimens was determined. The load was applied in several loading and unloading cycles until the collapse of the first embedded connection. If the glass panel failed before the connection, the sample was completely unloaded and then the load was gradually increasing until the collapse of the connection. Vertical deflection and the stresses at two different points were measured during the loading cycles. The humidity and the temperature were also monitored. The experiment showed the way of collapse and a short-term load-bearing capacity of a laminated glass panel with four embedded point connections.
Significance of Adhesion Theories in Area of Flexible Bonded Structural Joints in Construction Sector
Authors: Nečasová Barbora
Published: December 2021

The issue of bonding has been a part of humanity throughout its history. The greatest development in this area occurred in the second half of the 20th century and the issue of bonding has gained a lot of interest from the scientific community. Over the past 80 years, there has been a significant increase in scientific research and grants aimed at defining adhesion. We now know that examining the adhesion of materials, determining the adhesive properties or simply evaluating the test results and assessing the failure of the test specimens is not possible without understanding the basic principles and theories of bonding, i.e. adhesive joining. The presented paper is focused on the description of fundamental adhesion theories and their usage in the field of structural bonding in construction industry. The importance of understanding to adhesive properties of used products is demonstrated on an example of four different surfaces in combination with representatives of high strength flexible adhesive systems intended for façade applications. Representatives with high surface polarity, medium-high polarity and low polarity were deliberately selected. The one-way ANOVA was performed to analyse the impact of surface adhesive properties on adhesion of bonded joints. It was confirmed that the riskiest is bonding of polymer-based materials. For all selected materials it was concluded that the hypotheses of the adsorption theory, which, to some extent, also includes the assumptions of other adhesive theories, seem to be the most fundamental for the presented researched area.
Looking for the Fusion of Cultural Environment and Modernity in a Cityscape: Western Gate in Jelgava
Authors: Ziemelniece Aija , Īle Una
Published: December 2021

The research is based on the examination of the cityscape transformation processes and a search for the fusion of the cultural and historical space and the trends of contemporary modernism in architecture. Over the last three centuries, Jelgava (Mitau), the capital of the former Dutchy of Courland, has changed the height, the density and the structure of its building. The process of transformation was determined by crisis situations in the state, by rapid growth of the trade and domestic economy, as well as by the period of state independence and downfall of the national economy. Splendour and misery of the city has raised and destroyed houses, parks and churches in Jelgava.The historical map of the city originates in the beginning of the 18th century on the left bank of the Lielupe River with a linear building canvas formed by small wooden houses and a net of dirt roads. During the 19th-20th centuries, the city is developing radially around the ancient central built-up area, sketching the structure of the city map based on the network of the trading routes: the Western gate – Dobele, the Northern gate – sea, the Southern gate – Lithuania. The East is a crossing point to reach Jelgava Palace. The direction to Riga led along the river, as the eastern part was a marshland.