bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Golden Spice’s (Turmeric) Medicinal Properties for Future Development Potential
Authors: Ismail Zarini , Mazuki Nur Ain Nabila
Published: April 2021

Traditional medicines that are derived mainly from herbaceous plants are widely used for years in many regions of the world. Currently, the world is facing the emergence of resistant microorganisms due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics and the lack of new drug development. In consequence, the discovery of natural phytochemicals that are safe, cheap, non-toxic, and readily available would be an acceptable alternative source. Turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa, in the family of Zingiberaceae (ginger) is well known for its diverse therapeutic properties. The medicinal properties of turmeric include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and many more. Numerous studies have shown that curcumin (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione), which is the most active compound of turmeric, plays a significant role as a therapeutic agent. The present article provides a brief overview of the plethora of research regarding the medicinal properties of golden spice (turmeric), specifically of curcumin's role in the treatment of various illnesses. Interestingly, turmeric might play a role in protecting COVID-19 patients against the development of lung injury caused by cytokine storms. Hence, this warrants further scientific research to monitor the anti-inflammatory effect of turmeric on SARS-CoV-2.
水利工程质量监督管理中存在问题及对策分析
Authors: 周 红
Published: April 2021

近年来，在多方面利好因素的影响下，我国综合国力得到了显著的提升，从而为社会发展起到了积极的推动作用。在这种发展形势下，无论是社会发展还是民众的生活对于水资源的需求量都在不断的提升，这样就使得人们对水利工程项目提出了更高的要求。水利工程质量其实质就是依据相关协议、技术要求以及规范文件对水利工程安全、施工质量以及整体性能方面的要求。针对水利工程施工质量进行全面的管理，可以从根本上保证水利工程施工质量达到规定的标准要求。水利工程项目不但与社会发展存在一定的关联，并且也会对民众的生活造成巨大的影响，所以需要工程施工人员具备良好的专业水平，在施工过程中严格遵从各项规范标准落实施工工作，这样不但可以保证工程的整体施工质量，还能够提升工程的综合性能水平。就现如今我国水利工程质量监督管理工作实际情况来说，整体水平还没有达到成熟的状态，其中还存在诸多的问题需要我们加以切实的解决。
发电厂继电保护的故障诊断与对策
Authors: 胡 欣
Published: April 2021

伴随着城市的快速发展人们的生活品质也随之提高，这样在无形中也增加了各种能源及资源的使用量，其中电能的使用量就逐渐增加，因此应确保电力系统运行的稳定性，为人们提供更优质的服务。我们根据继电保护故障进行了诊断分析，并且根据存在的问题，给出了针对性的解决措施，从而确保继电系统运行的稳定性，保证发电厂可以安全稳定的生产。
新川沙江溢油扩散影响数值模拟研究
Authors: 陆 祥炜 , 张 鑫 , 徐 磊
Published: April 2021

吴淞江工程是国务院流域规划确定的流域性重点工程之一，新川沙河段作为吴淞江工程（上海段）的重要组成部分，本篇文章利用Mike 21水环境数学模型软件对溢油扩散影响进行数值模拟研究，明确运行期通航船舶的溢油风险，为后期针对下游饮用水源保护区水质保护措施的实施提供理论依据。
GPS-RTK测量技术在水利工程测绘中的应用
Authors: 田 飞
Published: April 2021

近年来，在多方面利好因素的影响下我国综合国力得到了显著的进步，为科学技术的发展带来了诸多的机遇，从而使得大量的新型科学技术被人们研发出来，并被运用到多个领域之中取得了良好的成绩。GPS-RTK技术是当前最为先进的一种科学技术，将其合理的运用到水利工程测绘工作之中，不但可以促进测绘结果的准确性的提升，而且还可以增强水利工程对环境和天气不良因素的抵御能力，保证水利工程测绘工作能够按照既定的计划有序的进行。GPS技术实际运用操作相对较为简单，并且能够较为高效的对被测物体的各方面信息加以收集，能够将被测目标三维坐标准确的加以判断，正是因为具有较强的优越性，所以逐渐的替代了之前原始的测量方式，被人们在水利工程测绘工作中大范围的加以运用。借助GPS-RTK技术能够将测绘数据的误差维持在厘米级的范围之内，最大限度的提升了测绘工作的效率，避免了数据测量不准确而造成二次返工的情况发生。
Global surgery: Improving health in low-income countries
Authors: Alimoglu Orhan , Colapkulu Nuray
Published: April 2021

The aim of this report is to examine the definition of global surgery, discuss the problems and propose some suggestions. Global surgery aims to improve the surgical conditions to maintain a standard and equal surgical care, especially in low- and middle-income countries where burden of surgical diseases are increasing over the years. According to Lancet Commission on Global Surgery, 1.27 million more surgical healthcare workers will be required to provide minimal surgical workforce, by 2030. In resource-limited settings of the world-wide where medical education and post-graduation training programs are disrupted due to brain drain, instable conditions and economic reasons, sustaining a standard and accessible surgical care are possible by training surgeons.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(3) 2021 p.483-486
Efficacy of several insecticide formulations against Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) in sewers
Authors: Nasirian Hassan , Saghafipour Abedin
Published: April 2021

Objective: Periplaneta americana (L.) is the most important invasive urban pests in sewers with high significance of public health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticide formulations against American cockroaches in sewers.

Methods: The population density of cockroaches was estimated before and after 1 and 5 months of the use of insecticides in sewer manholes. About 10 manholes were allocated for treatment of each insecticide formulation. Twenty manholes were allocated to controls (without the use of insecticides). Insecticides were considered effective achieving more than of 90% mean density reduction of cockroach population per a manhole.

Results: The effectiveness of insecticide formulations in sewer manholes were considered effective after 1 month of insecticide treatments while the effectiveness of diazinon EC 5% and 0.05% formulations considered insufficient including 47.% and 19.5%mean density reduction of cockroaches, respectively. The effectiveness of chlorpyrifos EC 5% and Fog, and diazinon EC 5% were observed about 80.5%, 81.5%and 53.5% mean density reduction of cockroaches, respectively after 5 months of treatment while the other formulations did not achieve effectiveness.

Conclusions: The insecticide formulations were considered effective and ineffective after 1 and 5 months of the use of insecticides, respectively. It would be more satisfied if insecticide formulations repeated every three months. A reasonable manner is using a combination of integrated pest management strategies recommending for successful P. americana control.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(3) 2021 p.569-585
Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Extract on Blood Pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure of NaCl Induced Hypertensive Rats
Authors: M Rafida , Safitri AH , Tyagita Nurina
Published: April 2021

Objective:Averrhoa bilimbi fruit contains potassium and flavonoid expected to play a role in lowering blood pressure. This study aim to examine the effect of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract on blood pressure and mean arterial pressure in NaCl-induced hypertensive rats.

Materials and methods: This research employs pre- and post-test randomized control group design and uses 15 rats which are divided into 3 groups. On day 6, all groups are pretreated with NaCl 8% solution to induce hypertension for 14 days. On day 20, the control, furosemide and bilimbi groups are respectively treated with distilled water, 0.72mg/200gBW furosemide, and 150mg/200gBW Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract for 7 days. The (systolic and diastolic) blood pressure and mean arterial pressure of each group are evaluated on day 20 and 27. The results are analyzed with Repeated Anova.

Results: The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the control, furosemide and bilimbi group before treatment are (128.4±11.8/88.0±7.8mmHg); (142.8±13.6/85.4±16.7mmHg); and (144.8±15.1/98.0±14.9mmHg) respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the control, furosemide and bilimbi group after being treated are (88.0±11.8/60.8±7.8mmHg); (98.0±13.6/71.0±16.7mmHg); and (85.4±15.1/65.0±14.9mmHg) respectively. The mean arterial pressure of the control, furosemide and bilimbi groups are (69.4±8.2mmHg); (79.6±14.8mmHg); (71.4±15.0mmHg) respectively. There is a statistically significant difference in the blood pressure and the mean arterial pressure among the groups (p=0.000). Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract has an effect on the blood pressure and the mean arterial pressure of NaCl-induced hypertensive rats.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(3) 2021 p.631-636
Ectopic carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma in the lower neck: a rare entity at a rare location
Authors: Ramasamy Kuganathan , Lahuri Yatiee Swany , Gani Norhaslinda Abdul , Shamsudin Noor Hasni
Published: April 2021

Ectopic salivary gland tissue (ESGT) is salivary tissue located outside the major, minor and accessory salivary glands. Neoplasms rarely arise from ESGT, let alone carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma (CEPA) which is a malignant tumour that arises from the epithelial component of pleomorphic adenoma. It usually occurs in the parotid gland and in lesser instances, from submandibular gland or minor salivary glands. Herein, we report a rare case of CEPA in right supraclavicular ESGT of a 67-year-old lady.She underwent complete surgical excision of the mass and is free from any recurrence to date. Brief review of pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of ectopic CEPA are discussed. A thorough review of the English literature reveals that our patient may be the second case of ectopic CEPA in the neck region ever reported to date.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(3) 2021 p.658-661
Hemorrhagic thyroid nodule causing shifted airway
Authors: Mohd Fauzi Nurul Anis , Mamat Nasir Mohd Shaiful Nizam , Mohamad Zubaidah , Aziz Azliana , Mohamad Irfan
Published: April 2021

Sudden rapidly increased neck swelling due to spontaneous intranodular bleeding of the thyroid gland is rare occurrence but can be considered. Here, we report an extremely rare case of spontaneous rupture intrathyroidal nodule in a healthy young female who had no history of neck swelling, thyroid disease or neck trauma. She was closely observed and treated conservatively as there was no compromised airway. She was discharged well after completed intravenous antibiotic.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(3) 2021 p.678-681
Perlakuan Akuntansi Revaluasi Aset Tetap Pada PT Pos Indonesia (Persero)
Authors: Kudhori Ahmad , Fitriah Nur
Published: April 2021

Abstractâ€” PSAK No. 16/2015 states that the fixed assets owned by an entity will initially be recognized according to their acquisition costs and will be depreciated annually. Fixed assets which have been recognized will be measured by two methods, namely the cost method and revaluation method. Revaluation method is carried out with the aim to present the true value of fixed assets. Revaluation method is done by finding the difference in value of fixed assets before and after revaluation. This research was carried out by recognizing, measuring, and presenting revalued fixed assets. Fixed assets that are recognized are land and building groups, machinery, motor vehicles, office equipment and will be depreciated using the straight-line method and declining balance. The results of this study are an increase in the value of the fixed assets of PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) Magetan 63300 Post Office, worth Rp20,158,558.00. The addition of this fixed asset value is called a revaluation surplus or revaluation profit of assets that will be presented in other comprehensive income in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.Â Keywordsâ€”: Fixed Assets; Depreciation; Cost Method; Revaluation Method.
Arte urbano: entre la disidencia y la institucionalización. El caso de la ciudad de Valencia
Authors: García Olivares Gerardo Jesús
Published: April 2021

En esta contribución se analizan las implicancia que tiene la a consideración del arte urbano como patrimonio que para ello debería desprenderse de aspectos propio del arte de la época sólida, como el soporte, la continuidad, la permanencia, la autoría, dándole especial consideración a aspectos como la subalternidad, el anonimato, la pertenencia al espacio público, la creación colectiva y por supuesto la condición efímera. Su institucionalización y la consolidación física de las obras va en contra de su propia esencia. Lo que debería llevarnos a una reflexión de su consideración como patrimonio no ya de las obras sino de la práctica.
Análise de redes formais e informais e o papel dos atores internos nas organizações: um estudo comparativo
Authors: Benatti Lawton Nanni , Santos Amanda Freitas dos , Trindade Ednéia Maria Dias , Gomes Nemuel Lira , Prearo Leandro Campi
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar as redes formais e informais construídas em uma organização e o papel dos atores internos envolvidos neste processo – os colaboradores, utilizando a metodologia da Análise das Redes Sociais – ARS, dentro de uma organização, de forma a compreender os tipos de relações formais e informais a partir de uma matriz de dados quantitativos com o apoio do software UCINET. Foi feito um levantamento censitário de todos os colaboradores de uma empresa composta por 77 colaboradores com 75 casos válidos. Através da matriz quadrática extraída, tanto formal como informal, analisou-se a densidade, centralidade, reciprocidade, clustering e egonet, incluindo aspectos relacionados ao gênero e função. Os resultados apresentam diferenças entre os sociogramas formal e informal tanto nas variáveis identificadas como pelos aspectos relacionados, sugerindo que as redes formais e informais possuem comportamentos distintos e, ainda, sugerem a contribuição do uso da análise das redes sociais para que gestores possam entender o panorama estratégico das relações entre seus colaboradores tanto no envolvimento profissional como no trato pessoal.
Formação de professores para o uso de tecnologias digitais: Um relato de experiência no Colégio Estadual Professora Luzia Carvalho Silva
Authors: Souza José Batista de , Carvalho Tainah dos Santos
Published: April 2021

A formação de professores para o uso de Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação (TDIC) nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem, há muito tempo, tem sido uma temática alvo do interesse dos pesquisadores da educação, pois há uma necessidade constante de entender como essa relação entre formação docente e tecnologias digitais pode contribuir para um ensino de qualidade. No atual contexto, marcado pela pandemia de Covid-19, este tema ganha ainda mais notoriedade, principalmente porque, diferentemente de tempos não pandêmicos, hoje, as tecnologias digitais se apresentam como o principal meio de levar educação aos estudantes. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma experiência exitosa acerca do uso de tecnologias digitais por professores durante a Jornada Pedagógica Paulo Freire 2020/2021, no Colégio Estadual Professora Luzia Carvalho Silva, na Bahia. Como metodologia, adotamos a pesquisa bibliográfica, e o relato de experiência, por meio do qual descrevemos e analisamos a socialização de diferentes ferramentas digitais por professores durante o evento de abertura do ano letivo. A partir dessa experiência, os resultados apontaram que, apesar das dificuldades dos professores em lecionar a partir de tecnologias digitais, eles se mostraram abertos a aprender e a usar alguns dos recursos apresentados em suas aulas remotas. Como conclusão, ficou nítido que, no espaço escolar, a troca de experiência entre os docentes contribui significativamente para a melhoria dos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem e para uma maior aproximação entre os professores.
Excesso de peso e variáveis antropométricas de risco cardiovascular em portadoras da síndrome do ovário policístico
Authors: Coelho Raísa Santos , Silva Tatiana Vanessa Nascimento da , Neris Vanessa Alves , Maio Regiane , Cavalcanti Rafaella de Andrade Silva , Burgos Maria Goretti Pessoa de Araújo
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: avaliar a frequência de excesso de peso em mulheres com Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP) e associações com o risco cardiovascular. Metodologia: estudo transversal, com 44 mulheres, com diagnóstico de SOP e idade entre 21 e 50 anos. Foram analisadas variáveis antropométricas (Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC, Circunferência da Cintura - CC, Razão Cintura-Quadril - RCQ e Razão Cintura-Estatura - RCEst), sociodemográficas (idade, renda, estado civil, sedentarismo, histórico familiar) e clínicas (presença de Diabetes Melito, Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Irregularidade Menstrual). Os testes estatísticos utilizados para frequências, associações e comparações, foram: Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher, F (ANOVA) e Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a maioria do grupo apresentou obesidade (52,2%) seguido do sobrepeso (25%), RCEst elevado (72,7%), CC elevada (65,9%) e RCQ elevada (68,2%), com valor de P ≤ 0,001; sem patologias crônicas associadas; predominou mulheres jovens (21-39 anos), não brancas, solteiras, residentes no interior do estado, apresentando irregularidade menstrual e sedentarismo. Conclusão: o excesso de peso esteve presente em quase a totalidade da amostra, com todos os índices antropométricos evidenciando risco cardiovascular elevado, sendo a RCEst e a CC superiores ao IMC e RCQ na classificação do risco.
Forames mentuais anômalos: Relato de caso e considerações anatômicas
Authors: Alves Yuri Barbosa , Gonçalves Luiz Felipe Fernandes , Pinheiro Lucas Rodrigues , Sales Marcelo Augusto Oliveira de
Published: April 2021

O forame mentual é uma importante estrutura anatômica que se apresenta geralmente por uma abertura única, bilateralmente na região vestibular do corpo da mandíbula, situado adjacente ao ápice dos pre-molares inferiores. Variações anatômicas podem ocorrer, como a presença de forames mentuais acessórios, que devem ser cuidadosamente avaliados no planejamento pré-operatório na região, afim de evitar danos aos feixes neurovasculares que emergem dos forames. O presente relato descreve a presença de forames mentuais acessórios bilateralmente na mandíbula, detectados através de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico prévio a cirurgia de colocação de implantes dentários. Dentro desse contexto, a avaliação tomográfica se faz mandatória, no intuito de ausência de danos ao feixe vásculo-nervoso e ocorrência de parestesias pós-operatórias.
Niyâzî-i Mısrî’de Ledün İlmi ve Tahsili
Authors: GÜLDÜTUNA Hatice Dilek
Published: April 2021

Kehf sûresinin 60-82. âyetleri arasında nakledilen, Niyâzî-i Mısrî’nin eserlerinde önemli yer verdiği Hızır ile Musâ kıssası sûfîler için önemli kavram ve işâretler ihtivâ etmektedir ki bunlardan birisi de Hz. Musâ’nın sefere çıkma sebebi olan ilm-i ledün’dür. İlm-i ledün kavramı kesbî/kitâbî bilginin karşısında Hak tarafından doğrudan ilham olunan ilim türünü ifade eder. İdrak organı akıl değil kalptir. Bu sebeple eğitimi kalbin tezkiyesini, cehd ve gayreti gerektirmektedir. Âyetlerde anlatılan yolculuk ve safhaları, zaman ve mekânın ötesinde mânevî sülûkün safhalarının sembolüdür. Mecma‛u’l-bahreyn, insanda kemâl noktasını anlatır; ilimleri bir bilen, hepsinin ehline hakkını veren ve aralarında barışı ve tevhidi imar etmeye gayret eden kâmil insanın makāmıdır. .
Plasma tissue factor in coronary artery disease. further step to the understanding of the basic mechanisms of coronary artery thrombosis.
Authors: Vojáček J , Dušek J , Bis J , Stašek J , Blažek M
Published: April 2021

Tissue factor is a cell surface protein that is expressed
constitutively by monocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts, but
also by some other cells in response to a variety of stimuli. The
main function of the tissue factor is to form a complex with factor
VII/VIIa that converts factors IX and X to their active forms.
Tissue factor is also involved in the pathophysiology of systemic
inflammatory disorders, coagulopathies, atherosclerotic disease,
tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Increased tissue factor
expression either locally in the coronary plaques or systematically
on circulating blood elements of patients with acute coronary
syndromes may be responsible for increased thrombin
generation, thus leading to platelet activation and fibrin
formation. Tissue factor therefore plays a pivotal role in the
initiation of thrombotic complications in patients with coronary
artery disease.
Shortest Path Finding Using Dijkstra’s Algorithm
Authors: Nurhasanah Fitri Yani , Gata Windu , Riana Dwiza , Jamil Muh. , Saputra Surya Fajar
Published: April 2021

In the professional work, discipline is a very important to see work ethic of an employee. Discipline has also the most important element of good behavior, both as individual and social. A problem is when people on the road in finding the shortest path in order to get to the destination on time. Finding shortest path improves workers discipline and add value to employees. With the Dijkstra’s Algorithm, we can find the shortest route. The value on the edge of a graph can be expressed as the distance between nodes (roads). Through this proposed application, it easier for us to find the shortest route in a more effective time.
Kanamycin complexation with cellulose acetate sulphate: a promissing way from injectable to oral form of antibiotic
Authors: Савицкая Татьяна Александровна , Шахно Екатерина Александровна , Босько Иван Павлович , Матулис Вадим Эдвардович , Мелеховец Наталья Анатольевна , Гриншпан Дмитрий Давидович , Ивашкевич Олег Анатольевич
Published: April 2021

Water-insoluble polyelectrolyte complexes of cellulose acetate sulphate in the form of sodium salt (Na-CAS) and aminoglycoside antibiotic (AB) kanamycin (KAN) were obtained by mixing of the components aqueous solutions. The composition of the complexes was determined in accordance with the medium pH and mixing order. The increase of Na‑CAS cellobiose units per mole of AB has been shown to correlate with the decrease of pH value. The complex formation was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray analysis, laser diffraction, motion trajectory of nanoparticles analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Quantum-chemical study of the relative stability of the protonated forms of KAN in aqueous solution was performed to determine the preferred protonation sites of KAN molecule. The pKa values of KAN were calculated by means of isodesmic reactions method. The structures and binding energy for the KAN dimer and the KAN – CAS complex were also investigated by quantum-chemical methods. Na‑CAS – KAN complex itself and immobilised on the activated carbon was shown to demonstrate in vitro two times antibacterial activity of the standard (injectable) form of KAN against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can be recommended for in vivo clinical trials as a new form of aminoglycoside AB for oral administration.
Modern phenotyping platforms and their application in plant biology and agriculture
Authors: Shashko Antonina Yu. , Bandarenka Uladzislau Yu. , Charnysh Maryia A. , Przhevalskaya Darya A. , Usnich Saveli L. , Pshybytko Natalia L. , Smolich Igor I. , Demidchik Vadim V.
Published: April 2021

Phenotyping platforms is hardware and software systems that provide collection and processing of information about plant or other organism phenotypes. In the presented study, an analytical review of the phenotyping platforms of the world’s major manufacturers, their components, characteristics and applications in biology, agriculture and biotechnology was carried out. A comparison of the phenomics attitudes by key parameters was made, trends in the development of their sensory and program-analytical components were revealed. The assessment of the world market of phenotyping systems current state was made. The most important examples of phenomics facilities use for phenotyping in the field and laboratory conditions, fundamental and practical research in various fields of plant biology are given.
Features of infrared spectra of blood plasma of patients with dyslipidemia
Authors: Korolik Elena V. , Goltseva Marina V. , Zhukovskaya Vera A. , Lubnevskaya Galina G. , Ivanov Alexander A.
Published: April 2021

The paper analyzes the IR spectra of blood plasma from healthy donors, patients with brain infarction and patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). It was found that the structure of the main transport protein of blood plasma – albumin – in the blood plasma of patients with brain infarction, patients with CHD and representatives of the control group is almost identical. It is shown that in the absence of changes in the secondary and tertiary structure of albumin, the increase in binding of anionic hydrophobic metabolites in the blood plasma of patients with dyslipidemia compared to control is due to structural changes in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).
Intergenic interactions and genetic polymorphism in increasing the probability of alcoholic dependence
Authors: Snytkov Evgenii V. , Kipen Vyacheslav N. , Kazachok Aleksandr V. , Melnov Sergei B.
Published: April 2021

The results of molecular genetic analysis of 13 polymorphic variants of genes, according to the data of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) associated with the development of addictive states, in the group of persons with alcohol dependence (n = 142) and in the comparison group (n = 211) are presented. The main genotyping method is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by high resolution melting (HRM) and clustering of melting profiles; the melting results are validated using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. As a result, single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with an increased likelihood of alcohol dependence are genotype GG (rs7085104, AS3MT); genotype GG (rs7590720, PECR); allele C (rs11191580, NT5C2); allele T (rs17504622); allele A (rs73229090, EPHX2); allele A (rs1109501, MUC7 ).
Conspicuous epiphytic growth of a Neotyphodium endophyte on perennial ryegrass inflorescences
Authors: Christensen M.J. , Saulsbury K.
Published: April 2021

Conspicuous white mycelial growth was noted on inflorescences of a small percentage of perennial ryegrass plants (cultivar 'Extreme') that were being managed for seed production.
Occurence and genetic structure of Epichloe festucae endophytes in wild red fescue populations and their seed progenies
Authors: Saikkonen Kari , WÃ¤li Piippa , Helander Marjo
Published: April 2021

In the systemic grass endophyte associations only one fungal genotype is transmitted vertically to seed progeny, promoting stable interactions between the fungal genotype and the host lineage.
Germination rate and seedling vigour of tall fescue as affected by endophyte status and seed density
Authors: Owens H.T. , Finneseth C.H. , Tillery T.M. , Phillips T.D.
Published: April 2021

Forage grass seed quality is influenced by plant genetics as well as seed density, storage conditions, age of seed, and endophyte infection status. We used eight seed lots of tall fescue (three cultivars, with natural endophytes, endophyte-free, or novel endophyte) to test the effect of seed density on germination and seedling vigour. Seed lots were separated into nine density fractions using a cylinder air column. Thousand seed weight values were determined. Three runs of four replications of plots consisting of 25 seeds of each entry were seeded in greenhouse experiments to determine seedling mass at 8 weeks after planting. Early germination counts as well as laboratory germination tests indicated significant differences among weight classes in speed of germination as well as seedling vigour. The lightest fraction of seed clearly contained inferior seed, but higher density seed lots tended to have better germination and seedling vigour than lower density ones. Keywords: seed density, seedling vigour, germination, tall fescue, endophyte
Functional analysis of the Epichloe festucae-perennial ryegrass symbiosis
Authors: Scott B. , Takemoto D. , Tanaka A. , Young C.A. , Bryant M.K. , May K.J.
Published: April 2021

Although much is known about the beneficial and detrimental effects of the interaction between Neotyphodium lolii and Lolium perenne in the field comparatively little is known about the molecular and cellular events that underlie these effects and how mutualism is maintained. Because N. lolii is quite intractable to genetic analysis we have developed the synthetic association between EpichloÃ« festucae and perennial ryegrass as our model experimental system to study the epichloÃ« endophytegrass symbiotic interaction. Using this system we have recently shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by a specific endophyte NADPH oxidase (NoxA) have a critical role in regulating hyphal growth and development in perennial ryegrass. We have also shown that two additional components, NoxR and RacA, are required to regulate ROS production to maintain a mutualistic interaction. Using a combined molecular and genetic approach we have recently cloned and characterised genes for peramine and lolitrem biosynthesis. An overview of these advances and the opportunities now available to better understand and exploit this important fungal-grass interaction is presented. Keywords: EpichloÃ« festucae, Neotyphodium lolii, Lolium perenne, peramine, lolitrems, reactive oxygen species
The role of cAMP signalling in the symbiosis between Epichloe festucae and Lolium perenne
Authors: Voisey C.R. , Christensen M.J. , Johnson R.D. , Johnson L.J. , Khan A.K. , Park Z.A. , Ramakrishna M. , Cao M. , Koolaard J.P. , Koulman A. , Borchert S. , Gaborit C.N. , Pratt J.M. , Rasmussen S. , Bryan G.T.
Published: April 2021

In fungal pathogenesis the cAMP signalling cascade is usually essential for virulence. Deletion of the adenylate cyclase gene, the enzyme that synthesises cAMP, often results in an attenuated or avirulent phenotype. Our aim was to identify the signalling mechanisms regulating colonisation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) by the fungal symbiont EpichloÃ« festucae Fl1. We have identified genes from several signalling networks, and here report on the outcomes of targeted disruption of the E. festucae Fl1 adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). A dual genome (endophyte/ ryegrass) Affymetrix GeneChipÂ® has been synthesised and we are undertaking large scale transcript profiling of the L. perenne/ E. festucae Î”acyA symbiotum to identify target genes regulated by the endophyte cAMP signalling network. Keywords: cAMP, adenylate cyclase, acyA, Neotyphodium lolii, EpichloÃ« festucae, symbiosis, Affymetrix GeneChip
A gene cluster for ergovaline biosynthesis
Authors: Fleetwood D.J. , Scott B. , Lane G.A. , Tanaka A. , Johnson R.D.
Published: April 2021

Some strains of EpichloÃ« and Neotyphodium endophytes produce the ergot alkaloid ergovaline, which is implicated in livestock toxicoses caused by ingestion of endophyte-infected grasses.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA mediated transformation of Epichloe festucae
Authors: Tanaka A. , Wrenn R.E. , Takemoto D. , Scott B.
Published: April 2021

Although much is known about the signals and mechanisms that lead to pathogenic interactions between plants and fungi comparatively little is known about fungal-plant mutualistic symbiotic interactions. The association between EpichloÃ« festucae and perennial ryegrass is a powerful experimental system to understand the molecular basis for fungal-plant mutualistic interactions. We have adopted a forward genetics approach to dissect this symbiosis. Previously we described the use of plasmid mutagenesis to isolate a symbiotic mutant. We describe here the development of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated T-DNA transformation system for E. festucae. Keywords: EpichloÃ« festucae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, TDNA, transformation
Agronomic response of Italian ryegrasses infected with different Neotyphodium strains
Authors: Cooper B.M. , Hume D.E. , Panckhurst K.A. , Popay A.J.
Published: April 2021

Italian (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrasses (L. boucheanum) are utilised by farmers for their reliable establishment and yield potential for winter feeding, but lack summer production and persistence. To improve the performance of these ryegrasses, endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) strains from perennial ryegrass were inoculated into several cultivars and evaluated for agronomic performance in the Northland region of New Zealand. 'Moata' tetraploid Italian ryegrass families usually showed a reduction in yield when infected with the AR5 strain compared with endophyte-free Moata. Infection of the Italian ryegrass cultivars 'Corvette' and 'Status' with the N. lolii endophytes strains, AR1 and more particularly AR37, usually increased plant production and persistence. Natural infection with the N. occultans endophyte also improved plant performance. Improved plant performance was most closely associated with reduced damage from African black beetle. Interactions between plant line/cultivar and endophyte strain offer the potential for plant breeders to provide enhanced endophyte-infected cultivars of Italian ryegrasses to farmers. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, Neotyphodium occultans, Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum, dry matter yields, plant persistence, insect damage
Anti-herbivore factors of grass endophytes: new prospects from metabolomics
Authors: Lane G.A. , Cao M. , Johnson L.J. , Koulman A. , Popay A.J. , Rasmussen S. , Tapper B.A.
Published: April 2021

A defensive role for several of the major alkaloids of Neotyphodium spp. endophytes in forage grasses has been confirmed in genetic experiments. However, many aspects of the activity of endophyte-infected grasses towards herbivores remain unaccounted for, suggesting there are further anti-herbivore factors yet to be uncovered. The development of metabolomics has provided new tools for the discovery of novel metabolites without preconceptions of the likely chemical structural class. Prospects for the application of new methods from metabolomics to further elucidate the defensive chemistry of associations of Neotyphodium spp. endophytes with their grass hosts are reviewed. Keywords: Neotyphodium, EpichloÃ«, defensive chemistry, invertebrate, vertebrate, gene deletion
Grass cultivar diversity and endophyte infection affect abundance of herbivores and their natural enemies
Authors: MÃ¼ller C.B. , HÃ¤rri S.A. , Boreux V. , Krauss J.
Published: April 2021

How does diversity in plant cultivars and endophyte infection affect higher trophic levels? We manipulated the number of cultivars (1 or 4) and the endophyte infection (-E, +E, and both, -E and +E) of potted Lolium perenne plants and left aphids and their parasitoids to assemble naturally. Aphid number and plant biomass were not influenced by our treatments, while the number of parasitised aphids (mummies) was significantly higher on mixed plant stands than on monocultures. The effect of endophytes was stronger in mixed plant stands than in monocultures with the most mummies found in endophyte-free mixed plant stands. Although number of mummies did not differ among cultivars, the rate of parasitism varied with cultivar and showed an endophyte x cultivar interaction. The number of successfully emerging parasitoids was also higher on high diversity treatments than on monocultures, indicating that increased diversity at resource levels translates to increased abundance at consumer levels. Key words: fungal endosymbionts, biodiversity, genetic diversity, multitrophic interactions, insect food webs, insect density, Neotyphodium lolii
Influence of endophyte infected fescue on serum concentrations of leptin in female ruminants
Authors: Burke J.M. , Keisler D.H. , Rorie R.W.
Published: April 2021

The objective was to determine whether leptin played a role in abnormal reproductive function in ruminant females fed endophyte-infected (EI) tall fescue. Cow-calf pairs grazed endophyte-free (EF) or EI tall fescue starting in mid-April (early spring) for 2 years and yearling ewes were fed an EF or EI fescue seed diet for up to 37 days to examine signs of fescue toxicosis and measure serum concentrations of leptin. Signs of fescue toxicosis were present in EI fed cows and ewes. Serum concentrations of leptin were reduced in cows grazing EI compared with EF fescue from mid- to late May in the first year grazing trial, but not the second and were similar between EF and EI-fed ewes. Leptin concentrations also were reduced in cows which grazed EI fescue in the first year and lost a pregnancy before 126 days of gestation compared with cows that maintained. The mechanisms of increased embryonic losses in cows experiencing fescue toxicosis is not known, but may be associated with reduced nutritional status of the pregnant animal. Keywords: cows, ewes, fescue, leptin, reproduction
Litter can enhance pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country
Authors: Tozer K.N. , Moss R.A. , Cameron C.A. , Rennie G.M. , Douglas G.B.
Published: April 2021

The effect of litter (dead vegetation) on establishment of an autumn-sown grass-legume-herb mix was investigated in non-cultivable hill country in Waikato (2013) and in Canterbury (2013, 2014, 2015). In Waikato, increasing litter height increased establishment of sown species by over 3-fold when comparing establishment from herbicide-treated swards with 7 cm or 0 cm (bare ground) of litter (660 versus 190 seedlings/m2). Only perennial ryegrass and white clover established of the seven oversown species in Waikato and none established in Canterbury. In Canterbury, soil surface temperatures were reduced and soil moisture was greater under 7 cm than 0 cm of litter, resulting in a 20% and 50% increase in average soil moisture content on the north and south aspects, respectively. It was concluded that litter enhanced establishment of perennial ryegrass and white clover in Waikato but the ameliorating effect of litter on the soil micro-climate was insufficient to enhance establishment in Canterbury. Keywords: oversowing, pasture establishment, pasture species
Microsite effects on abundance of sown species on uncultivable slopes
Authors: Douglas G.B. , Moss R.A. , Knight T.L. , Lloyd-West C.M. , Gray R. , Tozer K.N.
Published: April 2021

Hill country has a vast array of microsites that may influence the success and uniformity of establishment of oversown pasture species and their persistence. In spring 2014, studies were conducted at Woodville (southern Hawke's Bay; summer-wet) and Cheviot (North Canterbury; summer-dry) to determine the effect of gentle (14-21o) and steep (32-40o) slopes on the presence and contribution to sward dry matter (DM) of oversown species in rotationally grazed swards aged 30 or 36 months. Gentle slopes had greater soil water content (29 versus 25%) and Olsen P (34 versus 26 Î¼g/ ml) than nearby steep slopes. Perennial ryegrass (94 versus 80%) and phalaris (6 versus 2%) were present in a greater proportion of plots on gentle than on steep slopes, respectively, whereas subterranean clover had a greater presence on steep than on gentle slopes (6 versus 1%). Perennial ryegrass comprised a higher percentage of DM in swards on gentle than on steep slopes (27 versus 11%). The percentage of DM contributed by other individual species did not differ significantly between slope classes. The persistence of most sown species was unaffected by slope; microsite variation was not a major influence on species persistence. Keywords: hill country, microsites, pasture species, plant-microsite matches
Hill country pastures in the southern North Island of New Zealand: an overview
Authors: Kemp P.D. , LÃ³pez I.F.
Published: April 2021

The 4 million ha of hill country pastures in New Zealand grow mostly on steep slopes and soils of naturally low soil fertility. Pastures are based on approximately 25 exotic species introduced within the last 130 years after the forest was cleared and burnt. Despite the environmental constraints and naturalised species, hill country is a major contributor to agricultural exports. The landscape and the pastures are spatially diverse, with slope and aspect strongly influencing the abundance and production of pasture species. The number of pasture species present is relatively stable, but the relative abundance of high fertility grass species (e.g. perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne), low fertility grass species (e.g. browntop, Agrostis capillaris) and legumes (e.g. white clover, Trifolium repens) can be shifted towards high fertility grass species and legumes through the interaction of phosphate fertiliser application and grazing decisions (that is, sheep versus cattle, stocking rate, grazing management). Increased proportions of desirable species and improved soil fertility and structure can support sustainable farming systems. There are challenges such as soil erosion and nutrient loss into waterways, but these are more readily managed when the pastoral system is productive and profitable. Keywords: slope, pasture condition, browntop, perennial ryegrass, soil characteristics
Innovations and the future: where do new feeding developments fit within future hill country practices for sheep production?
Authors: Mccoard S.A. , Ginter D. , Kenyon P.R.
Published: April 2021

New developments in the understanding of early life nutrition and whole of life performance offer opportunities for changing livestock performance in the future. How should hill country farmers use supplements and tactical nutritional additions to turn these insights into future benefits for sheep production? Opportunities may exist in adopting new forage species, and mixes of forage species, supplementary feeds and/ or functional supplements to enhance the performance of both the ewe and the lamb in late gestation and early lactation. The potential and problems of adding these as options into our pasture feeding system to more targeted feeding approaches are explored. Keywords: sheep, nutrition, forage
Drivers of top performing farmers
Authors: Elliott M.K. , Wakelin R.D.N.
Published: April 2021

The core drivers for why top performing farmers operate the way they do is the importance of both family and the 'way of life' that farming provides. While profitability is critical, when it is boiled down, profits allow top performers to provide opportunities for their families, and live the farming 'way of life' that appeals so deeply to them. These two factors are then followed by a diverse range of drivers that all form the fabric of farming that drive top performers to get out of bed and push for even greater productivity and profits. Keywords: Performance drivers, way of life, profitability, dynamic challenge, attention to detail, efficiency
Over the fence: understanding what people do and how they might change
Authors: Rhodes A.P. , Casey M.J. , Payne T.A. , Brown M.
Published: April 2021

Landholders in New Zealand hill country are being challenged in the future to provide the resource for increasing agricultural productivity while balancing social and environmental demands. This will lead to an increasingly complex ecosystem which challenges simple approaches to achieving change on farm. This paper discusses principles such as degree of complexity, systems thinking in farming systems, knowledge, and barriers to decision making and adoption in relation to agricultural production systems. These concepts are often little considered or understood where there is an expectation of uptake of new technologies or an increased rate of practice change. Better understanding and consideration of these concepts could help in the development and design of more effective extension programmes. Keywords: behaviour change, adoption, extension, farming systems, complexity, barriers, knowledge
Advance Parties: The deer industry trial of farmer groups to lead practice change for improved profit
Authors: Moffat I.
Published: April 2021

Deer Industry New Zealand established Advance Parties to improve profitability among New Zealand deer farmers. The number of deer farmed in New Zealand has fallen in the past decade and new ways of doing things are needed to ensure farmers are confident in the animal as a profitable part of the pastoral agricultural mix. Advance Parties are a farmer-centric means of encouraging adoption of new practices to improve the profitability of farming deer. Advance Parties are small groups of like-minded farmers focussed on helping each other implement, record and observe changes on their properties, with external assistance when needed. The results of these changes will be disseminated to the wider deer farming community. Deer Industry New Zealand is running 15 Advance Parties as at November 2015, with the aim of running 30 on an ongoing basis. This would involve approximately 300 deer farms. Keywords: Deer Industry New Zealand, Passion2Profit, deer farming practice change
Driving farm performance using information systems
Authors: Isaacs C. , White T.A.
Published: April 2021

FarmIQ Systems Limited was established as a Primary Growth Partnership (PGP) between the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), the meat processor Silver Fern Farms and Landcorp Farming Limited. FarmIQ aims to create a truly integrated value and information chain for red meat from product back to farm. The major output of this partnership is the FarmIQ System â€’ farm management software developed in New Zealand for New Zealand farmers. Hill country farmers have historically been at a disadvantage compared to their lowland counterparts in terms of the ease of quantifying farm performance. The FarmIQ System is a cloudbased tool that addresses these challenges of scale and isolation. It allows all types of red meat farmers to plan, communicate, record, analyse and report information about land, feed and animals easily and accurately. Keywords: FarmIQ System, integration, better decisions
The State of the Livestock Industry in Russia
Authors: Smirnov V. , Levanov A.
Published: April 2021

The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the livestock industry of the Russian economy. The directions of development of the main segments of the industry are studied. Data on the leading regions of the country are presented. The main livestock of birds is in agricultural organizations. In 2020, their share in the total volume is 83%. The decline in the poultry industry is due to the oversaturation of the domestic market and the need for export sales. In pig and poultry farming, the largest number is in agricultural organizations — 45% of the total volume at the end of 2020. In cattle breeding in the country, the Republic of Tatarstan is the leader — 5.4% of the total volume, Dagestan — 5.3% and Bashkortostan — 5.1%.
Sexual Dysfunction in Postmenopausal Women. The Role of Testosterone Drugs in Its Correction (Literature Review)
Authors: Kotova A. , Bulgakova S. , Melikova A. , Romanchuk N.
Published: April 2021

Sexuality is one of the most important aspects of every person’s life, which depends on many factors, including: biological, psychological, social, cultural, ethnic, religious. Female sexuality is a very delicate and complex process; it is a balance between psycho-emotional reactions and cyclical fluctuations in the hormonal background. With the increase in life expectancy, modern women spend a significant part of it in the period of change pause and post menopause. The menopausal period is often accompanied by a decrease in sexual activity due to a number of hormonal, psychological and physical changes: vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes), urogenital changes (dryness, soreness, discomfort during intercourse, urinary incontinence), sleep disturbances, mood swings, decreased sex drive, decreased self-confidence. Often, women perceive this situation as something inevitable, something that you just need to put up with, so they rarely seek help from a doctor. Although it is obvious that sexual health greatly affects the self-esteem, quality of life, psychological and physical health of every woman. That is why, a very urgent issue in the modern world is the further study of the reasons for the decrease in sexuality in the menopausal period and the search for a solution to this problem.
Dağlık Karabağ Sorununda Ermenistan'ın Rolü ve Sorumluluğu
Authors: ABDULLAHZADE Cavid
Published: April 2021

Azerbaycan’ın bir parçası olan Dağlık Karabağ’da Ermeni azınlık tarafından başlatılan ayrılıkçı eylemler, 1991 yılından itibaren Ermenistan’ın da katılımıyla topyekûn savaşa dönüşmüştür. Savaş, ancak 1994 yılında yapılan ateşkesle geçici olarak durdurulabilmiştir. O tarihten itibaren Azerbaycan topraklarının yaklaşık % 20’si uzun bir süre Ermeni işgali altında kalmıştır. Günümüzde Azerbaycan’ın başarılı askeri operasyonları sonucu Ermeni işgali son bulmuştur. Ancak bu, hem savaş hem de işgal sırasında Ermenistan’ın hukuka aykırı eylemleri nedeniyle sorumluluğunu bertaraf etmemektedir. Bu makalenin amacı da, Dağlık Karabağ sorununda Ermenistan Devletinin rolünü ve sorumluluğunun kapsamını ortaya koymaktır.