bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Encoding of Predator Fear in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Periaqueductal Grey
Authors: Esteban Masferrer Maria , Silva Bianca A. , Nomoto Kensaku , Lima Susana Q. , Gross Cornelius T.
Published: October 2020

The ventromedial hypothalamus is a central node of the mammalian predator defense network. Stimulation of this structure in rodents and primates elicits abrupt defensive responses, including flight, freezing, sympathetic activation, and panic, while inhibition reduces defensive responses to predators. The major efferent target of the ventromedial hypothalamus is the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG), and stimulation of this structure also elicits flight, freezing, and sympathetic activation. However, reversible inhibition experiments suggest that the ventromedial hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray play distinct roles in the control of defensive behavior, with the former proposed to encode an internal state necessary for the motivation of defensive responses, while the latter serves as a motor pattern initiator. Here, we used electrophysiological recordings of single units in behaving male mice exposed to a rat to investigate the encoding of predator fear in the dorsomedial division of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHdm) and the dPAG. Distinct correlates of threat intensity and motor responses were found in both structures, suggesting a distributed encoding of sensory and motor features in the medial hypothalamic-brainstem instinctive network.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlthough behavioral responses to predatory threat are essential for survival, the underlying neuronal circuits remain undefined. Using single unitin vivoelectrophysiological recordings in mice, we have identified neuronal populations in the medial hypothalamus and brainstem that encode defensive responses to a rat predator. We found that both structures encode both sensory as well as motor aspects of the behavior although with different kinetics. Our findings provide a framework for understanding how innate sensory cues are processed to elicit adaptive behavioral responses to threat and will help to identify targets for the pharmacological modulation of related pathologic behaviors.
Synaptic Organization of Anterior Olfactory Nucleus Inputs to Piriform Cortex
Authors: Russo Marco J. , Franks Kevin M. , Oghaz Roxanne , Axel Richard , Siegelbaum Steven A.
Published: October 2020

Odors activate distributed ensembles of neurons within the piriform cortex, forming cortical representations of odor thought to be essential to olfactory learning and behaviors. This odor response is driven by direct input from the olfactory bulb, but is also shaped by a dense network of associative or intracortical inputs to piriform, which may enhance or constrain the cortical odor representation. With optogenetic techniques, it is possible to functionally isolate defined inputs to piriform cortex and assess their potential to activate or inhibit piriform pyramidal neurons. The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) receives direct input from the olfactory bulb and sends an associative projection to piriform cortex that has potential roles in the state-dependent processing of olfactory behaviors. Here, we provide a detailed functional assessment of the AON afferents to piriform in male and female C57Bl/6J mice. We confirm that the AON forms glutamatergic excitatory synapses onto piriform pyramidal neurons; and while these inputs are not as strong as piriform recurrent collaterals, they are less constrained by disynaptic inhibition. Moreover, AON-to-piriform synapses contain a substantial NMDAR-mediated current that prolongs the synaptic response at depolarized potentials. These properties of limited inhibition and slow NMDAR-mediated currents result in strong temporal summation of AON inputs within piriform pyramidal neurons, and suggest that the AON could powerfully enhance activation of piriform neurons in response to odor.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOdor information is transmitted from olfactory receptors to olfactory bulb, and then to piriform cortex, where ensembles of activated neurons form neural representations of the odor. While these ensembles are driven by primary bulbar afferents, and shaped by intracortical recurrent connections, the potential for another early olfactory area, the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), to contribute to piriform activity is not known. Here, we use optogenetic circuit-mapping methods to demonstrate that AON inputs can significantly activate piriform neurons, as they are coupled to NMDAR currents and to relatively modest disynaptic inhibition. The AON may enhance the piriform odor response, encouraging further study to determine the states or behaviors through which AON potentiates the cortical response to odor.
Low-Level Visual Information Is Maintained across Saccades, Allowing for a Postsaccadic Handoff between Visual Areas
Authors: Fabius Jasper H. , Fracasso Alessio , Acunzo David J. , Van der Stigchel Stefan , Melcher David
Published: October 2020

Experience seems continuous and detailed despite saccadic eye movements changing retinal input several times per second. There is debate whether neural signals related to updating across saccades contain information about stimulus features, or only location pointers without visual details. We investigated the time course of low-level visual information processing across saccades by decoding the spatial frequency of a stationary stimulus that changed from one visual hemifield to the other because of a horizontal saccadic eye movement. We recorded magnetoencephalography while human subjects (both sexes) monitored the orientation of a grating stimulus, making spatial frequency task irrelevant. Separate trials, in which subjects maintained fixation, were used to train a classifier, whose performance was then tested on saccade trials. Decoding performance showed that spatial frequency information of the presaccadic stimulus remained present for ∼200 ms after the saccade, transcending retinotopic specificity. Postsaccadic information ramped up rapidly after saccade offset. There was an overlap of over 100 ms during which decoding was significant from both presaccadic and postsaccadic processing areas. This suggests that the apparent richness of perception across saccades may be supported by the continuous availability of low-level information with a “soft handoff” of information during the initial processing sweep of the new fixation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSaccades create frequent discontinuities in visual input, yet perception appears stable and continuous. How is this discontinuous input processed resulting in visual stability? Previous studies have focused on presaccadic remapping. Here we examined the time course of processing of low-level visual information (spatial frequency) across saccades with magnetoencephalography. The results suggest that spatial frequency information is not predictively remapped but also is not discarded. Instead, they suggest a soft handoff over time between different visual areas, making this information continuously available across the saccade. Information about the presaccadic stimulus remains available, while the information about the postsaccadic stimulus has also become available. The simultaneous availability of both the presaccadic and postsaccadic information could enable rich and continuous perception across saccades.
Saving ‘Ōhi‘a
Authors: Martinez Dayna , Duran Elena M. I. , Bauer Natalie
Published: October 2020

‘Ōhi‘a lehua is a species of tree endemic to the islands of Hawai‘i. Its existence is vital to the survival of many pollinator insects and endangered bird species and to the integrity of multiple islands’ watersheds. Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD) is an emerging fungal disease that poses a significant health risk for these trees and is spread by human traffic, ambrosia beetles, and wind dispersal. Loss of ‘ōhi’a forests will negatively affect Hawai‘i’s economy and ecology and will have detrimental impacts on Hawaiian culture, particularly because of the role of lehua flowers in hula. While transmission of ROD Death is not yet fully understood, human activity is currently considered the main proponent of its spread. Hawai‘i’s economy is largely built on the tourism industry; however, tourists are often unaware of the disease and the practices implemented to contain the current outbreak while visiting the Hawaiian Islands. ROD is a conservation issue that connects humans with the environment and must be addressed using a one-health perspective. This article aims to elucidate the anthropogenic factors contributing to the depletion of ‘ōhi‘a lehua through the spread of ROD and to propose prevention measures that can be adopted by citizens and visitors. At the end of this case study, readers will understand the cultural, ecological, and economic significance of ‘ōhi’a lehua. Readers will also be able to identify important stakeholders and examine the complexity of behavior change in conservation issues.
Mutilación genital femenina. Consecuencias para la salud física y mental; una violación de los derechos humanos de mujeres y niñas
Authors: Roa Avella Marcela del Pilar
Published: October 2020

La mutilación genital femenina (en adelante MGF), constituye una práctica realizada a mujeres y niñas en varios lugares del mundo, mediante la cual, se alteran los genitales o se remueven partes de estos, sin ninguna motivación médica. Al tener un componente cultural, de tradición, se plantea una eventual tensión con la universalidad de los derechos humanos (en adelante DDHH) para quienes afirman su relatividad. El objetivo general de este artículo es describir las consecuencias de la MGF, y ponerlas en contexto con el discurso de los DDHH, al afirmar su universalidad.
La construcción de los derechos sociales, desde la privación legal de la libertad en América Latina
Authors: Rumbo Bonfil Cristina
Published: October 2020

La identificación y construcción de los derechos sociales aplicables al derecho ejecutivo penal, obedece a la falta de una tradición jurídica que omite y restringe la aplicación efectiva de los derechos de las personas privadas de la libertad, pues no sólo se trata de las violaciones en materia de derechos humanos o su inobservancia, sino en la omisión normativa de todos los derechos que no son privativos de la conducta antijurídica y que no corresponden a una aplicación práctica que coadyuve  con la configuración del cumplimiento de la función ius puniendi del estado y de la pena en sí misma, y que es la reinserción social.
Algunas reflexiones sobre democracia, burocracia y su relación con el caso colombiano
Authors: Barreto Cardoso Diana Carolina
Published: October 2020

El propósito de este artículo es realizar una reflexión de la democracia para el caso colombiano, citar algunos ejemplos de democracias en la historia; Se quiere analizar como el excesivo uso de la burocracia afecta al sistema democrático colombiano. Al final se concluye con una breve reflexión del sistema actual de votación. Se busca resolver la pregunta: ¿El excesivo uso de burocracia y el sistema actual de votación pueden afectar a la democracia colombiana?

La hipótesis es que el sistema democrático actual permite una participación ciudadana, pero hace falta una mayor participación de esta misma en las decisiones del país, y que el excesivo uso de la burocracia dilata las decisiones y recursos del Estado afectando la efectividad de la democracia.

La metodología de investigación es cualitativa, se realizó un proceso de análisis e investigación de las circunstancias históricas y evolución de conceptos obtenidos de diferentes textos y autores. El método de investigación es principalmente fenomenológico toda vez que busca interpretar, comprender y describir conceptos como la democracia y burocracia. También utiliza un método etnográfico como consultas de documentos, entre otros documentos con el fin de realizar un correcto estado el arte que se descriptivo.
Early-Onset Preeclampsia with Pulmonary Edema and Massive Ascites: A Rare Presentation of Severe Preeclampsia or Concomitant Diagnoses?
Authors: St. Laurent Elizabeth , Fryer-Gordon Rebecca , McNeilis, Tom , Goldstein Leonard B.
Published: October 2020

Preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome, are a continuum of a dangerous disease process that can occur in pregnancy. Preeclampsia is defined by new onset hypertension and proteinuria. In more severe cases, preeclampsia can be associated with pulmonary edema, oliguria, persistent headaches, and impaired liver function. These symptoms reveal maternal end organ damage which may result in danger to the fetus such as oligohydramnios, decreased fetal growth, and placental abruption. The defining difference between preeclampsia and eclampsia is the presence of new onset seizure activity. HELLP syndrome occurs when the mother experiences hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. This syndrome is seen in about 0.6% of pregnancies. Each of these conditions (preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP) increase both the fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality rates with the most definitive cure being delivery of child and placenta.A 28 year-old Caucasian, G1P0 female at 26w4d presented to OB triage on the recommendation of her physician due to elevated uric acid levels and a recorded blood pressure of 180/110. The patient reported rapid onset of weight gain, facial edema, diminished fetal movements, and frequent headaches. Although the patient denied labor symptoms, she complained of back pain and was admitted to the hospital at 26w4d for observation due to elevated blood pressures. The patient was diagnosed with preeclampsia with severe features. As her presentation progressed, the patient developed massive ascites and pulmonary edema along with decreasing platelet counts and increasing liver enzyme values. Due to decreasing biophysical profile (BPP) scores of the fetus and decompensating lab values of the mother, an emergency cesarean was performed for the safety of mother and baby.This case presentation demonstrates the progression of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with a rare and severe presentation of early-onset preeclampsia with severe features, pulmonary edema, and massive ascites that ultimately led to class III HELLP syndrome and extreme prematurity of the infant.
Pilot Study on Malnutrition and DNA Damage in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Gastrointestinal Tumors: Is DNA Damage Reversible by Early Individualized Nutritional Support?
Authors: Bergholz Liana M. , Grimminger Peter , Dikeoulia Elsa , Rossmann Heidi , Weinmann Arndt , Möhler Markus , Zimmermann Tim , Weber Matthias M. , Galle Peter R. , Kaina Bernd , Zimmermann Anca
Published: October 2020

Background and Aims: Nutritional support (NS) in patients with malignancies and malnutrition improves outcome and treatment tolerance. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. We aimed to investigate for the first time the influence of an early individualized NS in newly diagnosed patients with gastrointestinal/hepato-pancreatic malignancies and malnutrition on DNA damage, oxidative stress and subclinical inflammation.

Methods: This prospective case-control study included 43 patients with newly diagnosed malignancies and malnutrition. At baseline (F0), we documented patients’ data, oncological diagnosis, comorbidities, alcohol/ nicotine consume. Nutritional parameters, DNA damage [histone-variant H2AX phosphorylated on the 139-serine residue (γ-H2AX) foci/cell], oxidative status, subclinical inflammation were measured. During diagnostic workup, patients received an individualized NS, and got a follow-up before the start of treatment (F1), (n=21). Healthy controls (n=21) were included for comparison of DNA damage at baseline.

Results: γ-H2AX-values at baseline were higher than in controls (p<0.001) and higher than after the NS at F1 (p=0.011). Patients with severe gastrointestinal symptoms (SGS) had higher baseline foci compared to patients with mild gastrointestinal symptoms (MGS) at F0 (p<0.001) and showed a stronger decrease of DNA damage under NS (p=0.002). Laboratory data were stable, with tendential reduction in oxidative stress, without progression of subclinical inflammation. The number of γ-H2AX foci did not differ among patients divided by sex, age, nicotine or alcohol intake or the presence of distant metastases.

Conclusion: Increased baseline DNA damage in patients with newly diagnosed tumors and malnutrition decreased under pretherapeutic NS, independent of other known genotoxic factors. This contributes towards understanding the positive effects of early NS in cancer management.
UU Omnibus law yang Kontroversial
Authors: Muqsith Munadhil Abdul
Published: October 2020

Abstract:In the midst of concern in dealing with the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) passed the Omnibus Law on the Job Creation Bill (Ciptaker) at the plenary session of the closing session of the trial period I for the 2020-2021 Session Year on October 5, 2020. Two of the nine Party factions rejected the ratification, namely the Prosperous Kedilan Party (PKS) and the Democrat Party (PD). Since it was passed by the DPR, currently, the hot ball is with the President. The President has 30 days to suppress or not press in accordance with Article 73 of Law No. 12 of 2011 on the formation of legislation. Of course, the public is anxiously awaiting the President's choice.Keyword: Omnibus law, Controversy  Abstrak:Di tengah keprihatinan dalam menghadapi pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) RI mengesahkan Omnibus Law RUU Cipta Kerja (Ciptaker) pada Rapat paripurna sidang penutupan masa persidangan I Tahun Sidang 2020-2021 pada 5 Oktober 2020. Dua dari sembilan fraksi Partai menolak pengesahan yakni Fraksi Partai Kedilan Sejahtera (PKS), Fraksi Partai Demokrat (PD). Sejak di sahkan DPR, saat ini, bola panas ada di Presiden. Presiden punya waktu selama 30 hari untuk menekan atau tidak menekan sesuai Pasal 73 UU No 12 Tahun 2011 tentang pembentukan perundang-undangan. Tentunya publik harap-harap cemas menunggu pilihan Presiden.Kata Kunci: Omnibus Law, Controversial
Emicizumab-Induced Seronegative Full-House Lupus Nephritis in a Child
Authors: Chehade Hassib , Cachat Francois , Beck-Popovic Maja , Rotman Samuel , Diezi Léonore , Albisetti Manuela , Alberio Lorenzo , Young Guy , Rizzi Mattia
Published: October 2020

Hemophilia A (HA) is a serious inherited bleeding disorder resulting from a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Replacement therapy with intravenous infusion of FVIII can be associated with treatment failure in approximately one-third of patients secondary to the development of neutralizing alloantibodies (inhibitor). Emicizumab is a recombinant, humanized, bispecific monoclonal antibody that binds factor IXa and factor X and mimics FVIII. It has been licensed in many countries for the treatment of patients with HA with and without inhibitors with a favorable efficacy and safety profile. A 7-year-old child with severe HA and FVIII inhibitors, refractory to immune tolerance therapy, developed hematuria with nephrotic-range proteinuria after the first dose of emicizumab and subsequently also after a second dose 6 weeks later, which was associated with mild and transient leukopenia. Renal biopsy revealed a pattern of a full-house lupus nephritis. The patient fully and spontaneously recovered between 2 weeks after symptoms onset. In this report, we provide insights on a new and so far unreported renal complication associated to emicizumab treatment. Although emicizumab offers significant benefits for patient with HA, clinicians should be aware of this rare and potential serious renal adverse effect.
Ratio and interconnections of functional fitness structure key components of elite combat athletes at the stage of maximum realization of individual capabilities
Authors: Pryimakov Oleksander , Iermakov Sergii , Eider Jerzy , Prysiazhniuk Stanislav , Skrypko Anatoly , Mazurok Natalija
Published: October 2020

Background and Study Aim.  The objective of the work consisted in studying the ratio and interconnections of functional fitness structure key components of elite combat athletes in the process of adaptation to physical loads at the stage of individual capacity maximum realization.
Material and Methods. 55 highly skilled wrestlers aged 19-27 years old, members of the national teams of Ukraine in different styles of wrestling - freestyle, Greco-Roman, judo were examined. The assessment of wrestlers’ functional fitness structure was made according to a complex of indices of physiological systems activity at rest and during performance of a block of testing physical loads on a bicycle ergometer.
Results. The components of functional fitness structure of male combat athletes of three wrestling styles (Greco-Roman, freestyle and judo) were studied according to the manifestations of the respiratory and circulatory functions during testing loads performance, and achieved indices of work capacity. It has been revealed that the key integrative components of the general structure of wrestlers' fitness include: the level of special work capacity, general level of functional fitness, mobility of physiological processes, economy, anaerobic power. Greco-Roman wrestlers are superior to freestyle wrestlers and judokas in anaerobic power, mobility and economy. The greatest differences are manifested in the values of anaerobic power, mobility and general level of functional fitness, whereas the least - in indices of economy. The key criteria for the functional fitness of wrestlers in the manifestation of a high level of physical work capacity include: economy of functioning at rest and during muscular activity of anaerobic-aerobic nature, high reactivity of the cardiovascular system to physical load, power of the anaerobic energy supply system, the rate of recovery processes, the state of cardiac activity regulatory mechanisms, the level of metabolic processes and excitability of the heart muscle. The level of development and the ratio of the components of functional fitness structure of elite combat athletes may be used as the reference models for development of differentiated scales for estimation of the key constituents of physical state of wrestlers specialized in freestyle, Greco-Roman wrestling and judo. Complex application of different methods of testing athletes provides more efficient approach to the problem of monitoring and managing functional fitness and special work capacity of wrestlers at the stage of maximum realization of individual capacities.
Conclusions.    An increase in the proportion of key integrative functional indices in special work capacity of athletes specialized in various wrestling styles - Greco-Roman, freestyle and judo represents the most significant criterion for improving their functional fitness structure.
The role of social capital in economic activities in Poland in the period of global crisis
Authors: Grabowska-Powaga Aleksandra
Published: October 2020

Social capital is one of the factors which influence economic activities. According to Bourdieu (1986) social capital is the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to the possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition – or in other words, to membership of a group – which provides each of its members with the support of the collectively owned capital, a ‘credential’ which entitles them to credit, in the various senses of the word. This influences the ability among the market entities to cooperate with each other and to create their competitiveness on this market. In the present global crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), social capital is gaining new meaning. Bottom-up initiatives of local communities that support especially small entrepreneurs and provide temporary continuity of management processes are becoming the basis for cooperation. The emerging social capital can become a remedy combating the social fears of a lack of rational operations in management processes in times of uncertainty at individual and community level. On the basis of the above premise, the main purpose of this paper is to identify the general role of social capital in the management of entities in the period of uncertainty caused by the pandemic based on the example of Poland. The paper consists of theoretical background and empirical part using the methods of critical analysis of the literature and desk research.
International collaboration of Polish research entities in a territorial context
Authors: Sworowska-Baranowska Anna
Published: October 2020

The aim of the article was to characterize the structure of scientific collaboration launched by Polish institutions in partnership with foreign entities in 2019 with a special focus on the territorial context. An analysis of the network generated on the basis of data from the POL-on system was made: weak components, the degree centrality and the betweenness centrality for each entity were identified, as well as significant connections in the network reduced to the level of countries and to voivodeships. A key entity in the network was indicated (the Central Mining Institute). Some foreign entities show high betweenness centrality in the considered network. At the level of relations between countries, the high network density and significant activity of institutions from Germany were observed, which in the future may hinder gaining advantages. Scientific collaboration of Polish institutions is carried out mainly with centres located in Europe, but it is generally not cross-border.
The Good Is Equated to the Unity. Ontological Foundations of Mathematization of the Reality in Plato’s Unwritten Doctrines in Reference to Modern Applications of Mathematics in Science
Authors: Perek Marek
Published: October 2020

The Tübingen School spread a new interpretation of Platonism, according to which the most valuable part of the Academy’s legacy are the so-called unwritten doctrines. These doc-trines contain ontological theory of first rules of the Unity and the Dyad. The article discusses mathematical fundamentals of the doctrines in the context of modern applications of mathematical structures in the description of reality.
Logical independence, its algebraic generalization and applications
Authors: Grygiel Joanna
Published: October 2020

We present a short history of the notion of logical independence, its counterpart and gen-eralization in universal algebra, and their applications in different areas.
A Short History of Anthropic Principles
Authors: Gałecki Sebastian , Kmiecik Mikołaj
Published: October 2020

One of the most interesting ideas of the 20th century philosophy of nature are certainly the so-called “anthropic principles”. However, it is little known that the place of their original formulation was the Extraordinary Copernicus Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in 1973 in Cracow to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus. This article focuses not only on the speech given by Brandon Carter at that time, to define the anthropic principles in their weak and strong version, but also shows earlier philosophical theories, which indirectly led to the formulation of the idea. Then we have shown some of the developmental lines of the antropic principles, with particular emphasis on the analyzes of the theologian and philosopher, father Michał Heller.
Community as the Natural Environment of Man on the Basis of Aristotle's Politics
Authors: Sajdek Wiesława
Published: October 2020

Contemporary references to antiquity in political life and publicism are not free from abuses as far as the significance of important philosophical concepts is concerned. One of the reasons is the significant discontinuance of the tradition, for the most part caused by revolutions and the both world wars. In the current situation it is necessary to bring back to memory the crucial texts of the European culture, such as Aristotle's Politics. The present paper contains an outline of the essential contents of the work, concerning the notion of polis, its genesis, the reasons for its existence and the relation between a citizen and his political community, i.e. his rights and duties, as well as privileges in some peculiar situations, in which only an exclusive group can enjoy their civil rights. With the view better understanding, The outline places philosophical reflections on the background of substantial historical events helpful in their better understanding. Essential from the philosophical point of view is the concept of nature and of what is most closely associated with it. The natural environment of man is primarily the family, subsequently a larger human community which tends to develop to the state organism.
Nihilism as a challenge of modern times in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
Authors: Krupa Marcin
Published: October 2020

The paper analyses the concept of nihilism in philosophy of Frederick Nietzsche. Although it is one of the most important problems in late Nietzsche’s philosophy, it is worth pointing out that already in the early theory of tragedy, as presented in The Birth of Tragedy, one can find quite a few similarities to the problem of nihilism. Nihilism itself is defined in the paper as a challenge, as there is a lot of ambivalence in how Nietzsche describes it. On one hand he sees nihilism as a dangerous sign of a disease of some sorts, on the other hand he recognises it as a unique chance to overcome the crisis, in which we find ourselves today, amidst the “death of God” and the failure of old values. Nihilism can be therefore understood as a challenge or even an existential task, because although it is a sign of a crisis of contemporary culture, it is also the only way to overcome this crisis. It is through nihilism that it is possible, according to Nietzsche, to get rid of dangerous, metaphysical thinking still prevalent in our culture. Only through that it is possible to revaluate all the values, and thus create a new way of thinking, in which world and life gain absolute value through themselves, not through some transcendental, metaphysical values. This in turn becomes the lifeblood for an existential attitude of amor fati, which is an attitude of loving one’s own fate and full affirmation of life.
The matter of the value of life in the formulation of Transhumanism. Transhumanism as an heir to eugenics?
Authors: Bociański Norbert , Sperka Zbigniew
Published: October 2020

The intention of this article is the comparison of two ideologies: eugenics and transhumanism. The authors want to prove that transhumanism, despite the rejection of radical ideas from the beginning of the XX century, has roots that reach to the ideology of eugenics. However, the new ideology, even though is not exactly the same as eugenics, holds similar ideas regarding biological improvement and liquidation of people, who are recognised as useless. In the article, the authors attempt to prove that for many of the eugenics, events from the Second World War didn't change their attitude towards the so called “science”. They decided that it wasn’t the conception that was wrong, but the way it was implemented, therefore creating new PR for the old ideology. At the same time, they were trying to prove that humanity always wanted to exceed its own biological limitations without paying any regard to the costs.
Attempt at philosophy out of the Slavic spirit. Biographical and historical aspects of Bronisław Ferdynand Trentowski's philosophical work in Baden
Authors: Brudzyńska-Němec Gabriela
Published: October 2020

Bronisław Trentowski, a former officer in the November Uprising, was given the opportunity to study and work in the field of philosophy in Freiburg, Baden, after 1831. He set himself the ambitious task of creating an original Polish philosophical system with a universal dimension. Its source was to be a combination of western philosophical thought and tradition with the poetic Slavic spirit. The person of the philosopher himself, especially the language and style of his writings, was the medium and the coherence here. Trentowski intended to philosophize polish, using, at least at the beginning, the German language. It was the issue of language that became the focal point, but also the most problematic point of his philosophical career and personal biography. The article sketches, mainly in the biographical and historical context, the genesis of this ambitious philosophical project, its evaluation and controversy that it aroused, both among Polish and German compatriots of the philosopher.
The world of philosophers is needed (?)
Authors: Falana-Jafra Anna
Published: October 2020

It seems that the modern world does not need philosophy. We live too fast to focus our thoughts, and if we succeed, we ignore issues that are uncomfortable, arouse fear or shame. Philosophical reflection in the classical approach takes place almost exclusively at universities. At the same time, the dimension of our spirituality is gradually reduced – our gods are dying. We practice customs, but we are not sure if there is someone or something bigger than us. Is it possible (and if so, on what basis) is science without philosophy and spirituality without religion? Or perhaps the opposite – philosophy will soon become a remedy for the problems of modern man – a slave of culture based on consumerism, scientism and progressing at an alarming rate of medicalization.
Kindergarten as a place to introduce children to the world of values
Authors: Siembida Martyna
Published: October 2020

Pre-school education center is one of the places where the child gains knowledge, develops skills and shapes his personality. The aim of the activities undertaken by teachers should be the gradual introduction of children in the richness of the most beautiful values in accordance with the assumptions of the current core curriculum. The constantly changing society affects changes in the accepted value systems by adults, children and adolescents. This requires searching for new solutions and ways to influence the personality of a small child. Therefore, it was important to determine whether the kindergarten plays an important role in upbringing to values of pre-school children and to examine what role the teacher plays in this process in order to effectively introduce children to the world of values. Certain values identified by the child already at the stage of pre-school education will determine the way of proceeding in later, adult life.
Living conditions of the teachers of vocational schools in Częstochowa in the years since 1945 until 1989. The outline of the issues
Authors: Wrona-Meryk Izabela
Published: October 2020

The situation of teachers after the Second World War was difficult. The remuneration which they were offered for their work was excessively low, which brought about the fact that some of the teachers in question, namely those having higher qualifications, were looking for different and better-paid jobs. The steps taken by socialist authorities, difficulties with accommodation, financial problems, and also bad working conditions, all resulted in the uncertainty of tomorrow. With time, the situation was showing the signs of limited improvement. However, at the end of the 1980s, teachers were still among the worst-paid professions. It was exclusively the infrastructure and equipment in the classrooms that had changed.
Memory of Matter. Henri Bergson and Material Bases of Remembrance
Authors: Maryniak Bogusław
Published: October 2020

The paper aims at reconsidering the problem of existence and recognition of the past in modernistic philosophy. For Henri Bergson, duration is one of the most enigmatic constituents of human existence. In 1896, when he tackled the question of memory, Bergson reached for the basic philosophical questions posed at the very beginning of the Early Greek thought, then asked by Berkeley’s radical empiricism (so called Berkeley’s razor) and subsequently by Kantian Transcendentalism. All these questions have led to the existential analysis of duration which allows for the new foundation of the idea of remembrance and finally the phenomenon of memory. Bergson has treated memory as one of the most important manifestations of vital force (fr. élan vital). The paper culminates with the analysis of artefact as the foundation of the Archaeology of Knowledge. Polish bergsonism and its references to the issue of memory were presented in a poem written by Bolesław Leśmian
“In Mnemosyne’s Prison”. The Future between Religious and Political Past and Memory
Authors: Murat Mirosław
Published: October 2020

The human world is in a state in statu nascendi. Man is emocionaly suspended between history, past, memory and the future. His activity is always the result of the four pillars supporting his existence. He draws his energy from the social imaginarium of which he is a part. The foundations dynamic social space are religion and politics as well as the past and memory.
Italian philosophy of dialogue. Overview
Authors: Filek Jacek
Published: October 2020

The article attempts to show that the Italian philosophy of “dialogue” (Guido Calogero, Aldo Testa) from the 1950s and the 1960s is not a “philosophy of dialogue”, understood as “New Thinking”, as a radical abandonment of the Cartesian egological perspective. The reception of that “New Thinking” of the 1920s (mainly: Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig) in Italy is significantly belated and essentially consists of simplifications and overlooks that we are dealing with a radically new thinking paradigm. Italian philosophers, as they themselves define it, went “their own way”. It means, however, that they have not at all opened themselves to the authentic philosophy of dialogue.
Establishment and Development of the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw Jubilee of the 90th Anniversary
Authors: Gołębieska Karolina , Ostrowska-Tryzno Anna , Pawlikowska-Piechotka Anna
Published: October 2020

The history of the Joseph Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw has had its beginnings only ten years after the end of the First World War. Historically, it was a time of the establishing the Second Polish Republic, as a result of the Versailles Treaty (1918). It was not a periodconducive to such ambitious investments, but after regaining independence, there was de-termination to resurrect in a free country –at all costs –the cultural life, education and sport, in aim to bring up the young generation in accordance with the latest European principles.The year 2019 was a special year, due to the 90th anniversary of the establishment of the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. In the years 1929–2019, the walls of the university left more than 50,000 graduates, numerous doctors and habilitated doctors were pro-moted, and serious research and development potential was built. Currently, at the five faculties, study about 4,557 students. All graduates are highly qualified to meet the needs of the 21st century society: they are employed as teachers, trainers, instructors, physiotherapists, nurses, cosmetolo-gists and occupational therapy specialists -they are highly appreciated in Poland and other countries in Europe. On the occasion of the Jubilee, numerous scientific conferences, symposia, publications, exhibitions, sporting and cultural events were organized, for highlighting the tradition and summa-rizing the achievements of the Joseph Pilsudski University of Physical Education.
The ethos of emigrant and Ferenc Puskás compared to other participants in the Olympic Games
Authors: Rozmiarek Mateusz , Szabelski Adam
Published: October 2020

The emigrants ethos may be related to physical culture. On the pages of the history of sport or Olympism we can find examples of many athletes who, motivated by different goals, chose their native countries. One of them was the desire to succeed and win the sports championship. It turns out that during the first Olympic Games such a trend was noticeable, although the subsequent games also confirm it. The topic, which has caused many problems in the past, should be considered from the perspective of two levels, emigration before gaining the planned achievement, as well as the decision to leave after achieving major victories. Examples confirming both variants in this article might be on the one hand the numerous cases of participants of the first Olympic Games (what was shown on the example of athletes participating in the I, the II and the III Olympics), and on the other the biography of the outstandingHungarian footballer Ferenc Puskás, who decided to emigrate for many years because of the internal situation in his country, and not the desire to profit or gain greater fame.
Physical education in general education schools in Ukraine (selected aspects)
Authors: Pasicznik Władimir
Published: October 2020

There were many different problems in the organisational process of physical education in schools of Ukraine in the 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century, such as: underestimation of the importance of physical education in the didactic and educational process by managers of individual schools, insufficient consideration of students’interests in selected forms of exercise; lack of individualisation of work with a student, taking into account their real level of mobility and readiness to perform particular exercises; low level of investment in the development of sports fa-cilities by educational and local authorities, i.e. creating sports fields, swimming pools and supply-ing schools with sports equipment; lack of coordination in the cooperation of schools with students’parents or with state and local government institutions in the field of popularising physical educa-tion and a healthy lifestyle. The Ukrainian children and young people’s health situation at the be-ginning of the 21st century was unsatisfactory. The analysis of pedagogical and specialist literature regarding remedial actions in the pre-school and school education system in physical education in Ukraine shows that most often the main direction of changes is the improvement of methods and forms of conducting physical education lessons as well as activities in the field of popularising sport recreation in the free time and adapting these solutions to contemporary curriculum requirements of this subject at school.
The Ratio of Social Activity and Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs, Subjective Well-being and Social Frustration of Young People
Authors:   Saratov State University (Saratov, Russia), Shamionov R.M.
Published: October 2020

The study of the ratio of meeting the basic needs, subjective well-being, social frustration and commitment to various forms of activity will help to understand the internal regulation of young people’s social behavior. Such scientific knowledge is necessary to expand the opportunities for social self-determination of young people and risk management of social activity. The purpose is to study the ratio of meeting the basic needs, characteristics of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and happiness experience), social frustration and social activity of young people, to identify direct and indirect effects using structural equation modeling. 305 people took part in the study. We used the questionnaire aimed at evaluating the inclusion in various social activity types, and the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (Johnston, Finney, 2010), the Life Satisfaction Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin, 1985), the Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky, Lepper, 1999), and the Social Frustration Scale (Wasserman, 2004). We have established that meeting the basic needs, life satisfaction, and happiness are associated with commitment to various forms of social activity. The highest level of determination (in terms of the number of correlations and the closeness of connections) was found in relation to leisure, educational and developmental, religious (positive) and radical protest (negative) activity. At the same time, satisfaction of the need for competence is the most im-portant in motivating different forms of activity. Civil, socio-economic, and educational-developmental activities are associated with social satisfaction in various areas (the content of their work, life prospects, services and medical services, leisure activities, etc.), and social frustration is associated positively with protest, radical protest, and only in one case (dissatis-faction with security), with subcultural activity. Satisfaction of basic needs accounts for 2 to 15% of variations in commitment to various forms of social activity, and life satisfaction accounts for about 22% of variations in social activity.
ULUSLARARASI HUKUKUN EKSİK UYGULANIŞINA BİR ÖRNEK: BOSNA-HERSEK’TE ULUSLARARASI HUKUKUN MÜDAHALELERİ
Authors: ÇAKIRCA Burak
Published: October 2020

Balkanlardaki birçok farklı unsuru
bünyesinde barındıran Bosna Hersek, bu karmaşık yapı nedeniyle bazı sıkıntılı
süreçler geçirmiştir. Yirminci yüzyılın son döneminde en büyük trajediler
arasında sayılan Sırplar ile Boşnaklar arasındaki savaş bölgede birçok yıkım ve
tahribata sebep olmuştur. Bosna’da Uluslararası hukukun diplomatik yöntemler,
uluslararası örgütlerin ve uluslararası yargının müdahalesi vasıtasıyla tüm
imkanlarının kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Ancak bu imkanların çatışmaları
engellemedeki başarısı tartışmalı olmuştur. Bu çalışma, söz konusu methotların
hangi düzeyde etkide bulunduğu sorunsallaştırmaktadır. Uluslararası hukukun
eksik uygulanışının meydana getirdiği büyük sorunların gösterilmesi çalışmanın
amacını oluşturmaktadır.
SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA VE DİJİTAL EKONOMİ İLİŞKİSİ: AB ÜLKELERİ İÇİN BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KONU Aylin
Published: October 2020

Günümüzde modern teknolojik gelişmelerin izlenmesi hem mikro hem de makro düzeyde oldukça önemli hale gelmiştir. Dijitalleşme günümüzde ekonomik ve sosyal gelişimin temel itici güçlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dijital ekonominin sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından önemi, dinamik ve rekabetçi bir ekonominin başarılmasında büyük bir paya sahip olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, dijital ekonominin sürdürülebilir kalkınma üzerindeki etkisini 28 AB ülkesi için 2018 verilerini kullanarak yatay-kesit analiz yöntemi ile test etmektir. Çalışma sonucu elde edilen ampirik bulgulara göre, dijital ekonomi ve toplum endeksinin, sürdürülebilir kalkınma endeksi üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır
Comparing of Some Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Architectures for Lane Detection
Authors: EKŞİ Osman Tahir , GÖKMEN Gökhan
Published: October 2020

Advanced driver assistance functions help us prevent the human-based accidents and reduce the damage and costs. One of the most important functions is the lane keeping assist which keeps the car safely in its lane by preventing careless lane changes. Therefore, many researches focused on the lane detection using an onboard camera on the car as a cost-effective sensor solution and used conventional computer vision techniques. Even though these techniques provided successful outputs regarding lane detection, they were time-consuming and required hand-crafted stuff in scenario-based parameter tuning.
Deep learning-based techniques have been used in lane detection in the last decade. More successful results were obtained with fewer parameter tuning and hand-crafted things. The most popular deep learning method for lane detection is convolutional neural networks (CNN). In this study, some reputed CNN architectures were used as a basis for developing a deep neural network. This network outputs were the lane line coefficients to fit a second order polynomial. In the experiments, the developed network was investigated by comparing the performance of the CNN architectures. The results showed that the deeper architectures with bigger batch size are stronger than the shallow ones.