bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body Composition and Aerobic Capacity in Morbidly Obese Females
Authors: DeLozier Mollie G. , Israel Richard G. , O’Brien Kevin F. , Shaw Robert A. , Pories Walter J.
Published: August 2016

This investigation quantified body composition and aerobic capacity and examined the interrelationships of these measures in 20 morbidly obese females (M age = 34.6 yrs) prior to gastric bypass surgery. Fifteen subjects were hydrostatically weighed at residual lung volume in order to determine body composition. Eighteen subjects performed a maximal modified progressive treadmill test to determine aerobic capacity. Results indicated that the 15 subjects who were weighed hydrostatically were heavier (M wt = 132.34 kg) and fatter (M % fat = 53.18) than any previously described individuals. Relative weight, which is used as a criterion to determine surgery eligibility, was not significantly (p > .05) correlated to percent body fat. Mean aerobic capacity (V̇O2 = 14.99 ml • kg-1 mir-1) was comparable to Class III cardiac patients and was limited by the individuals’ extreme body weight. Since relative weight was shown to be an insensitive measure of obesity, it is recommended that percent fat be measured and used as a means to determine eligibility for gastric bypass surgery. Further study of these individuals is warranted in order to determine what effects large weight loss following surgery will have on parameters of body composition and aerobic capacity. Understanding how large weight loss affects these parameters will aid in designing effective postsurgical exercise rehabilitative programs for future patients.
Are Deaf Children Unusually Fit? A Comparison of Fitness between Deaf and Blind Children
Authors: Hattin Heather , Ward Graham R. , Fraser Marianne , Shephard Roy J.
Published: August 2016

Fitness levels have been tested in a sample of 29 functionally deaf students (15 boys and 14 girls) of average age 13.5 years and compared to deaf and blind children of similar age—published by Cumming, Goulding, and Baggley (1971) and by Lee, Ward, and Shephard (1985). Maximum attained oxygen intake, maximum power output, and 12-min run scores were less than anticipated in the general Canadian population of this age. This seems to be a reflection of difficulty in stimulating all-out effort, since the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 bpm was well up to figures observed in a recent national sample. All fitness scores were closely comparable with a previous study of deaf children in Winnipeg (Cumming et al., 1971). Our data do not support the hypothesis that deafness stimulates hyperactivity, with the resultant development of an unusual level of fitness. Indeed, many deaf children could profitably be stimulated to undertake more endurance exercise.
Consolidation Memory Theory Applied to Relearning Motor Skills in Profoundly Retarded, Multiply Handicapped Children
Authors: McNeill Alexander W. , Mulholland Richard
Published: August 2016

This study evaluated the effects of latency periods on the retention of gross motor skills in three profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped children, and the efficacy of a relearning model as a test of learning among these children. The study used a quasi-experimental, multiple baseline-across-subjects design. The subjects were taught a motor skill designed specifically to their abilities; the skill was retaught following latency periods of 90, 30, and 14 days during which time the skill was not practiced. Based upon the results of this study, it was concluded that the subjects had some ability to retrieve motor programs and that some feedback process operated to refine the motor program. It was determined that the number of trials required to achieve a criterion is dependent upon the latency interval, with a 14-day interval having no effect upon achievement of criterion. These findings are used to support an argument for intermittent programming for the retention of motor skills in profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped children, thereby helping them to maintain and expand their repertoire of behaviors.
Nature of Spatial Coupling in Children With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder in Ball Catching
Authors: Przysucha Eryk P. , Maraj Brian K.V.
Published: August 2016

The nature of intra- and interlimb (bimanual) coordination was examined in ten boys with (M = 10.5 years, SD = 1.0) and without DCD (M = 10.8 years, SD = .9) in a two-handed catching task. Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) caught significantly fewer balls (MDCD = 56%, SD = 17.6 vs. MnoDCD = 93%, SD = 7.5), and both groups solved the “degrees of freedom problem” differently at intralimb level of coordination. Typically developing children coupled and decoupled the respective spatial relations, whereas the majority of children with DCD segmented their actions. At interlimb level, both groups exhibited a comparable degree of spatial symmetry. However, individual profiles also showed that children with varying degrees of movement issues exhibited movement patterns that were qualitatively and functionally diverse. Overall, in the context of previous research on interlimb coordination it appears that spatial, in addition to temporal organization, may be jeopardized in at least some children with DCD.
Physical Activity, Quality of Life, and Functional Autonomy of Adults With Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Kawanishi Camilla Yuri , Greguol Márcia
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to perform a systematic review of studies that address the influence of physical activity on the quality of life and functional independence of adult individuals with spinal cord injury. The review was performed using data obtained from the MEDLINE, CINAHL, SciELO, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, and PEDro databases using the following keywords: quality of life; functional independence; autonomy; independence; physical activity; activities of daily living; physical exercise; tetraplegia; paraplegia; spinal cord injury; physical disabilities; and wheelchair. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Although there was a lack of consensus among the selected studies, the majority of them presented a strong correlation between physical activity and variables of quality of life and/or functional independence. Thus, physical activity appears to have an important influence on social relationships, functional independence, psychological factors, and physical aspects, which can enhance quality of life and independence in the performance of daily activities.
Relationships Among Assessment Time, Time on Task, and Motor Skill Performance in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Breslin Casey M. , Rudisill Mary E.
Published: August 2016

Twenty-two children (age range of 3.5–10.92 years old) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (Second Edition; TGMD-2) using three different protocols. The total duration of assessment time and the percentage of time engaged in on-task behavior during the assessments were measured and analyzed using within-subjects repeated measure ANOVA designs to compare performance across the three protocols. Significant differences emerged across the duration of assessment time by assessment protocol, while no significant differences emerged for time on-task during the assessments by protocol used. In addition, correlations were calculated between the TGMD-2 scores and the duration of assessment time and the percentage of time on-task. An inverse relationship was found between TGMD-2 scores and total duration of assessment time by protocol used, (r = .726, .575, .686), while a positive relationship was found between the TGMD-2 scores and time on-task (r = -.570, -.535, -.798). These results suggest a direct relationship between skill proficiency and contextually appropriate behaviors.
Body Mass Index Trends Among Adult U.S. Special Olympians, 2005–2010
Authors: Foley John T. , Lloyd Meghann , Temple Viviene A.
Published: August 2016

This study examined temporal trends in body mass index (BMI) among United States adults with intellectual disability (ID) participating in Special Olympics from 2005 to 2010. In addition, the prevalence of obesity was compared with published National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) statistics. After data cleaning, 6,004 height and weight records (male = 57%) were available from the Special Olympics International Healthy Athletes Health Promotion database for the calculation of BMI. Rates of overweight and obesity were very high but generally stable over time. Compared with NHANES statistics, the prevalence of obesity was significantly higher for Special Olympics female participants in each data collection cycle. Integrated efforts to understand the social, environmental, behavioral, and biological determinants of obesity and among Special Olympics participants are needed.
A Comparison of the Long and Short Forms of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency
Authors: Verderber Joan M.S. , Payne V. Gregory
Published: August 2016

The relationship between the long and short forms of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency was investigated. Forty-eight regular education students, who had been referred to adapted physical education, were administered the long form of this test. Short form scores were subsequently derived from the long form items. Pearson product-moment r values generally indicated strong relationships between long and short form scores when the data were converted to standard and percentile scores. T-test analyses, however, indicated that long and short form standard score mean differences were significant at the .01 level (conventional .05 alpha level was reduced to .01 by the Dunn Test) for the two younger age groups and the all-subjects group. These results indicate that placement decisions in adapted physical education may vary depending upon which form of the test is used.
A Critique of Cardiovascular Fitness Testing with Mentally Retarded Persons
Authors: Seidl Christine , Reid Greg , Montgomery David L.
Published: August 2016

Recently there has been a plethora of research investigating various dimensions of the cardiovascular fitness of mentally retarded persons. It is clearly documented that as a group, mentally retarded persons are particularly low in aerobic fitness. Although there is evidence that such low cardiovascular functioning can be increased, exercise training studies have invariably ignored the important questions of reliability and validity of the dependent measures. Also, there are innumerable testing protocols that make cross-study comparisons tenuous. Several factors are fundamental to the reliability and validity of standardized protocols that have recently been used with retarded persons. These include underlying assumptions of cadence adherence, constant efficiency, learning, and motivation to perform optimally. The development of cardiovascular test protocols for use with retarded persons is necessary to provide for their immediate and future needs in cardiovascular fitness evaluation.
Body Composition of Women with Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study
Authors: Charest-Lilly Paula , Sherrill Claudine , Rosentswieg Joel
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the estimated body composition values of women hospitalized for treatment of anorexia nervosa in relation to values reported in the literature for women without known dietary problems. Sixteen volunteers between the ages of 16 and 37 years from hospitals in California and Texas participated in the study. Data collected included height, weight, and selected skinfold and circumference measures. Statistical analyses included independent and paired t tests. Significant differences were found between the percent body fat of anorexic subjects (M = 15.54%) and that of normative women in the Jackson, Pollock, and Ward (1980) study (M = 24.09%). When the actual weight of the anorexic subjects (M = 99.3 lb) was compared with their theoretical minimal weight calculated by the Behnke (1969) formula (M = 106.5 lb), no significant difference was obtained. A comparison of somatogram data for the anorexic women and the reference woman found significant differences at 5 of the 11 sites measured.
An Integration Continuum for Sport Participation
Authors: Winnick Joseph P.
Published: August 2016

A continuum for sport participation is depicted and contrasted for guiding decisions on sport participation based upon integration, and for facilitating provision of innovative experiences along the continuum. The continuum ranges from regular sport with no modifications to segregated adapted sport.
Cardiovascular Fitness of Mentally Retarded Individuals
Authors: Fernhall Bo , Tymeson Garth T. , Webster Gail E.
Published: August 2016

This manuscript critically reviews the literature on cardiovascular fitness (CVF) and the mentally retarded (MR) individual. For the purposes of this review, no distinction is made between maximal aerobic capacity, maximal physical work capacity, CVF, and cardiovascular endurance. Several large-scale field studies have been conducted with MR children, and all have generally found low CVF levels for this group. However, these field tests have not been validated with MR individuals, thus this conclusion may be incorrect. Smaller field studies with MR adults and adolescents show similar results, but also exhibit the same problem of nonvalidation of the field tests used. Better evidence for low levels of CVF is exhibited through several well conducted laboratory studies, with measurements of V̇O2 max. In general, MR individuals, regardless of age, possess CVF levels 20-40% below those of their nonretarded peers. It is hypothesized that this is due to inactivity, but there still is the possibility of a retardation-dependent physiological difference. MR children and adults appear to respond in a normal manner to CVF training, but the threshold of training required is undetermined. MR adolescents have not shown reliable increases in CVF with training, although it is not known why. Several suggestions are made regarding the need for future research.
Training Practices of Elite Wheelchair Roadracers
Authors: Hedrick Bradley N. , Morse Martin I. , Figoni Stephen F.
Published: August 2016

This project assessed training behaviors and attributes of elite wheelchair racers. Training information was received from 36 participants in the 1985 National 10K Wheelchair Roadracing Championship. Data were obtained about age, weight, nature and level of disability, racing experience, sources of training information, level of cigarette and alcohol use, and dietary habits. Weekly training behaviors across yearly quarters were assessed with regard to the number of weekly pushing workouts, length of pushing workouts, number of miles pushed per week, percentage of training time allocated to interval training and/or speedwork, number of weekly weight-training sessions, and number of other augmentative physical activities pursued twice or more per week. Perceived exertion during interval and noninterval, steady-state training tasks was also measured. Results revealed that training behaviors of elite wheelchair racers are very heterogeneous. Participation in and age of introduction to elite wheelchair racing were found to be predominantly adult phenomena. The health practices of the athletes regarding cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and weight control were generally found to be good. However, inadequate caloric control measures by the quadriplegics and the ingestion of protein supplements by male racers indicate that some dietary counseling may be needed. The results provide a starting point for a data base pertaining to training behaviors in wheelchair racing.
Contextual Interference Effects on the Transfer and Retention of a Gross Motor Skill by Mildly Mentally Handicapped Children
Authors: Porretta David L.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the effects of contextual interference on the immediate transfer and 2-day retention of a bean bag tossing task by mildly mentally handicapped children. A total of 24 boys and 24 girls with a mean chronological age of 10.2 years were randomly assigned to either a blocked, serial, or random practice condition. Following 48 practice trials with bean bags of various weights, subjects were transferred to two novel weighted bean bags. Both transfer and retention analyses showed that subjects in the random practice condition exhibited less error than subjects in either the blocked or serial practice conditions. However, these differences were not significant. Boys performed with significantly less error than girls on both transfer and retention, while regardless of gender, the heavier weighted bean bag resulted in significantly less error on transfer only. Results provide marginal support for the contention that greater contextual interference (random practice) leads to better transfer and retention than other types of practice conditions.
Integration of Disabled People in mainstream Sports: Case Study of a Partially Sighted Child
Authors: Nixon Howard L.
Published: August 2016

Efforts to integrate and exclude disabled people in mainstream settings raise questions about the appropriateness of integration. This paper explores problematic aspects of the integration of disabled and able-bodied people in the mainstream, and structural conditions affecting the quality of such integration. In particular, it uses a case study of a partially sighted boy’s experiences in different mainstream sport settings to show how integration efforts can be complicated by the ambiguity of an invisible impairment, by the pressures on disabled persons and their families to ignore or deny impairment and disability, and by a mismatching of structural aspects of sports and the abilities of participants with disabilities.
The Louvain Observation Scales for Objectives in Psychomotor Therapy
Authors: Van Coppenolle Herman , Simons Johan , Pierloot Roland , Probst Michel , Knapen Jan
Published: August 2016

In this paper the construction of the new observation scales for objectives in psychomotor therapy is discussed. In the first phase some 213 therapeutic goals found in the scientific literature are reduced to nine objective clusters by cluster analysis: emotional relations, self-confidence, activity, relaxation, movement control, focusing attention on the situation, movement expressivity, verbal communication, and social regulation ability. In the second phase these objectives are made operational as observation categories, and for each item a 7-point scale is constructed with positive as well as negative gradations (e.g., the patient is extremely active vs. passive). Two versions of the scale were developed. The results of the reliability studies of these two variants are satisfactory.
Fitness Levels of Adult Special Olympic Participants
Authors: Pitetti Kenneth H. , Jackson James A. , Stubbs Nancy B. , Campbell Kathryn D. , Battar Saraswathy S.
Published: August 2016

Comparative and longitudinal studies were performed to determine the effect of Special Olympic activities on the physical fitness of participants. The comparative study compared cardiovascular fitness, percent body fat, and blood lipid profiles of non-Down, mildly mentally retarded adult Special Olympic participants (SOP) with those of nontraining, nonhandicapped (NTNH) and training nonhandicapped (TNH) adults. The results indicated that SOP displayed lower fitness profiles than TNH. Male SOP demonstrated fitness profiles similar to NTNH while female SOP showed lower cardiovascular fitness levels than both TNH and NTNH. The longitudinal study compared cardiovascular fitness and percent body fat of non-Down, mildly mentally retarded adult SOP before and after 4 to 18 months of Special Olympic activities. This latter study showed no significant change in body weight, percent body fat, or cardiovascular fitness during a time period that averaged over 13 months for each participant. The results indicated that the intensity level of activity for the SOP in this study failed to improve physical fitness.
Wheelchair Classification for Track and Field Events: A Performance Approach
Authors: Higgs Colin , Babstock Pamela , Buck Joan , Parsons Christine
Published: August 2016

A total of 4,698 performances by 904 athletes from 46 countries were analyzed to answer the following questions: (a) Were there significant differences in performance between athletes in each of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF) medical classifications? (b) To what extent did the classification system yield consistent results across events? (c) To what extent did performance discriminate between athletes in the various classes? (d) What classification systems would the performance data support? The analysis indicated that not all classes differed significantly from all other classes in performance and that there were different patterns of interclass performance between the track events and the throws. Individual athletic performance was shown not to be a good discriminator of medical classification, particularly for paraplegics. The data supported a reduction in the number of classifications from 7 to 3 in track and from 8 to 4 classes in the throws.
Wheelchair Sports: A New Perspective on Integration
Authors: Brasile Frank M.
Published: August 2016

For decades, the integration of handicapped children and adults into the mainstream of society has been promoted as a valuable and necessary concept. With the advent of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Public Law 94-142, the trend of mainstreaming individuals with handicaps into the “normal” world has led to the termination of many special schools and special recreation programs. This manuscript explores the potential of a new technique for integrating the disabled and the nondisabled. It is hypothesized that such integration will lead to a deeper commitment to, as well as a keener insight into, the plight of the disabled individual in regard to the attitudinal and architectural barriers that are still so prevalent in our society today. It is time to truly place more of a focus upon the ability of the participant, not the disability.
Aerodynamic Positioning and Performance in Wheelchair Racing
Authors: Hedrick Brad , Wang Yong Tai , Moeinzadeh Manssour , Adrian Marlene
Published: August 2016

The relationship between variations in wheelchair racers’ frontal area in erect, flexed, and rotated upper trunk positions and coasting efficiency was investigated in two experiments. The first involved three male racers with national and international racing experience, and the second involved four men and three women with national or international racing experience. In both experiments, frontal area changed significantly across the three positions. Concurrently, reductions in frontal area coincided predictably with reductions in the percent of initial velocity loss experienced during the coast-down tests across the postural conditions within both experiments. Through ANOVA with repeated measures, the flexed position demonstrated significantly better coasting efficiency than the erect condition in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the rotated condition demonstrated significantly better coasting efficiency than the erect condition. Generally, the results support the contention that wheelchair coasting efficiency can be improved by adopting upper torso positions that reduce the racer’s frontal area.
Peak Oxygen Uptake of Elite Wheelchair Athletes
Authors: Coutts Kenneth D.
Published: August 2016

Nine male elite wheelchair athletes performed a continuous progressive exercise test on a wheelchair ergometer to determine peak oxygen uptake. Three were paraplegic distance track competitors (SCI–TR), three were amputee distance track athletes (AMP–TR), and three were paraplegic basketball players (SCI–BB). Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in the relative peak oxygen uptake between the groups, with the SCI–TR and AMP–TR groups having higher values than the SCI–BB group. No group differences were found in age, mass, oxygen uptake, ventilation, heart rate, ventilatory equivalent for oxygen, and oxygen pulse at maximal exercise. The absence of the mass of the lower extremities in the AMP–TR group has a significant effect on peak oxygen uptake relative to body mass, and relative peak oxygen uptake differences between individual SCI–TR and AMP–TR athletes did not appear to reflect performance differences in actual distance track events.
Knowledge, Decision Making, and Performance in Table Tennis by Educable Mentally Handicapped Adolescents
Authors: Bouffard Marcel , Wall Albert E.
Published: August 2016

The effect of knowledge on decision making and performance of educable mentally handicapped (EMH) adolescents was studied in a simulated table tennis situation. In two experiments, knowledge about where the ball would land on the table was manipulated. The position the players selected to return the ball was affected by the knowledge (uncertainty) associated with its future landing location. Depending upon the degree of uncertainty, results indicated the players used (a) a total preparation for one particular event strategy, (b) a partial preparation for one particular event strategy, or (c) a no-preparation for one particular event strategy. Further, knowledge about the ball’s future landing location affected the decision about the type of stroke to use and had a minimal effect on the number of balls hit. Overall, these results demonstrate an intricate relationship between knowledge, decision making, and performance in a simulated racket sport by EMH adolescents.
A Contrast of Planning Behaviors between Expert and Novice Adapted Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Solmon Melinda A. , Lee Amelia M.
Published: August 2016

This study explored the cognitive responses of adapted physical education teachers during lesson planning. The focus was to determine whether expert (n=4) and novice (n=4) teachers varying in experience and expertise differ in the information they need to plan a lesson and how they conceptualize a lesson. Subjects were given information about a fictional class of handicapped students and were asked to plan a lesson. After writing a lesson plan, they were asked to explain it to the experimenter. The results provided clear evidence of the experienced teachers’ superior knowledge base and repertoire of teaching strategies. Their responses were filled with contingency plans based on the actions and abilities exhibited by the students. In contrast, the novices generated plans that were unidirectional and failed to accommodate the range of ability levels in the class.
Verbal Cuing and Motor Skill Acquisition for Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Elliott Digby , Gray Susan , Weeks Daniel J.
Published: August 2016

The present study was designed to determine whether the verbal-motor performance deficits sometimes exhibited by Down syndrome persons interfere with their capacity to acquire a novel motor task. Mentally handicapped adults with and without Down syndrome, as well as nonhandicapped adults, practiced a verbally cued three-element movement sequence. When the verbal cue was terminated during retention, Down syndrome subjects made no more errors and performed the motor sequence just as rapidly as did the other mentally handicapped adults. However, Down syndrome subjects took longer to organize and initiate their movements. Both mentally handicapped groups performed more poorly than nonhandicapped subjects. The results provide partial support for the notion that Down syndrome persons have difficulty organizing limb movements on the basis of verbal instruction.
Assessing Balance in Adapted Physical Education: Fundamental Concepts and Applications
Authors: Burton Allen W. , Davis Walter E.
Published: August 2016

Balance is an integral part of most movement activities, but assessing its contribution to overall movement performance and identifying possible balance deficits poses a complex problem. Although almost all of the adapted physical education textbooks published in the last 10 years include a section on balance, adapted physical educators need a more in-depth understanding of the issues related to the assessment of balance and postural control that presently may be gained only by going directly to the extensive research base that cuts across many fields of inquiry. Thus the purpose of this paper is to (a) provide a brief overview of the current knowledge base related to balance, with an emphasis on balance deficits, and (b) describe the types of tasks used to assess balance, discuss some problems involved in evaluating balance in adapted physical education, and provide some suggestions on how to improve balance assessment procedures in adapted physical education.
Hearing Impaired Children and Youth: A Review of Psychomotor Behavior
Authors: Goodman Jeff , Hopper Chris
Published: August 2016

The present paper is a comparative review of studies assessing the psychomotor skills of hearing impaired children and youth. Studies have found balance deficiencies in hearing impaired subjects compared to hearing subjects. Research comparing hearing impaired and hearing subjects in motor performance have revealed contradictory results. Studies assessing physical fitness found hearing impaired subjects to be inferior to hearing subjects in a few items. Overall, hearing impaired subjects were found to be more similar than dissimilar in psychomotor behavior, with the exception of balance. Hearing impaired persons need to be individually evaluated in order to develop appropriate physical education programs; psychomotor deficits should not be automatically assumed. Results of studies are confounded by factors such as communication techniques, selection of measuring instruments, and educational placement. Directions for future research are suggested.
Cardiovascular Fitness Programming for Adults with Mental Retardation: Translating Research into Practice
Authors: Rimmer James H.
Published: August 2016

During the last 15 years a growing number of persons with mental retardation (MR) have been relocated from large congregate facilities to residences in the community. With this trend comes the realization that exercise specialists employed in community based fitness centers will have to address the needs of a growing number of adults with MR who are beginning to access these facilities. Since adults with MR present themselves as a unique group in terms of their cognitive and physical function, this paper will address specific exercise guidelines that must be considered when developing cardiovascular fitness programs for this population.
Shoulder Joint Position Sense in Injured and Noninjured Judo Athletes
Authors: Green Carly May , Comfort Paul , Herrington Lee
Published: August 2016

Context:

A reduction in joint position sense (JPS) is sometimes a consequence of shoulder injury that may adversely affect the ability to maintain dynamic joint stability.

Objective:

To compare shoulder JPS between previously injured and noninjured judokas.

Design:

Cohort study.

Participants:

Twenty-nine noninjured subjects (10.93 ± 3.45 years) and eleven injured subjects (15.09 ± 3.39 years).

Main Outcome Measures:

JPS was tested at 45° and 80°of shoulder external rotation at 90° of abduction.

Results:

No signifcant difference in JPS was found between previously injured and noninjured judokas at either joint position.

Conclusion:

Despite evidence that JPS acuity decreases following shoulder injury, this study did not demonstrate a difference in average error between previously injured and noninjured judokas. Uncontrolled confounding factors, such as age and time since injury, may have affected the results. Sport-specifc shoulder joint loading patterns may also be an important factor that affects JPS.
Biomechanical Analysis of a World Record Javelin Throw: A Case Study
Authors: Gregor Robert J. , Pink Marilyn
Published: August 2016

As part of an ongoing project to evaluate elite track and field throwers in the United States, the javelin competition was filmed during the 1983 Pepsi Invitational Track Meet. A high-speed video camera (Spin Physics SP2000) was positioned orthogonal to the javelin runway to record the release of all throws. During this competition, Tom Petranoff’s world record (99.72 m) was filmed at 200 fields per second. Subsequent frame-by-frame digitization yielded results consistent with reports in the literature. Release velocity was 32.3 m/s and represents one of the highest values ever reported. Angle of release was .57r, javelin attitude at release was .64r» and angle of attack was .07r. While optimum values for these release parameters, in light of published results, remain open to discussion, the results presented here represent unique information on a world record performance and can serve as a basis of comparison for future performances.
Kinematic Analysis of Olympic Sprint Performance: Men's 200 Meters
Authors: Mann Ralph , Herman John
Published: August 2016

Selected kinematic variables in the performance of the Gold and Silver medalists and the eighth-place finisher in the men's 200-meter sprint final at the 1984 Summer Olympic Games were investigated. Cinematographic records were obtained for all track running events at the Games, with the 200-meter performers singled out for initial analysis. In this race, sagittal view filming records (100 fps) were collected at the middle (125-meter mark) and end (180-meter mark) of the performance. Computer-generated analysis variables included both direct performance variables (body velocity, stride rate, etc.) and upper and lower body kinematics (upper arm position, lower leg velocity, etc.) that have previously been utilized in the analysis of elite athlete sprinters. The difference in place finish was related to the performance variables body horizontal velocity (direct), stride rate (direct), and support time (indirect). The critical body kinematics variables related to success included upper leg angle at takeoff (indirect), upper leg velocity during support (direct), lower leg velocity at touchdown (direct), foot to body touchdown distance (indirect), and relative foot velocity at touchdown.
Techniques Used in the Triple Jump
Authors: Hay James G. , Miller John A.
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study were (a) to describe the techniques used by elite triple jumpers and (b) to determine which characteristics were significantly related to the officially recorded distance of the jump. The subjects were the 12 finalists in the Triple Jump at the 1984 Olympic Games. Two motion-picture cameras placed with their optical axes at right angles to the runway were used to record the performances of the subjects. Means and standard deviations of the variables identified in a theoretical model and correlations between these variables and the distance of the jump were computed. Correlation of the distances achieved in each of the phases with the official distance of the jump suggested that, although the hop and jump phases made greater percentage contributions to the official distance than did the step phase, they accounted for only small amounts of the variance in that distance. Significant correlations of other independent variables with the distance of the jump suggested that the more the athlete's resources are expended prior to the jump phase and the more vertical his effort at takeoff into the jump, the better is the final result.
3D Kinematics and Kinetics of the Golf Swing
Authors: Neal Robert J. , Wilson Barry D.
Published: August 2016

Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics for a double pendulum model golf swing were determined for 6 subjects, who were filmed by two phase-locked Photosonics cameras. The film was digitally analyzed. Abdel-Aziz and Karara's (1971) algorithm was used to determine three-dimensional spatial coordinates for the segment endpoints. Linear kinematic and kinetic data showed similarities with previous studies. The orientation of the resultant joint force at the wrists was in the direction of motion of the club center of gravity for most of the downswing. Such an orientation of the force vector would tend to prevent wrist uncocking. Indeterminate peak angular velocities for rotations about the X axis were reported. However, these peaks were due to computational instabilities that occurred when the club was perpendicular to the YZ plane. Furthermore, the motion of the club during the downswing was found to be nonplanar. Wrist uncocking appeared to be associated with the resultant joint torque and not the resultant joint force at the wrists. Torques reported in this study were consistent with those reported by Vaughan (1981).
Ground Reaction Forces in the Triple Jump
Authors: Ramey Melvin R. , Williams Keith R.
Published: August 2016

Ground reaction forces were obtained for the three phases of the triple jump for four collegiate triple jumpers, two men and two women. A single force platform was used, which thereby required the subjects to execute three separate jumps to produce a single triple jump record. The vertical force records for each phase showed two peaks having magnitudes in the range of 7 to 12 times body weight (BW) and 3.3 to 5 BW, respectively. These magnitudes are substantially higher than has been reported by others for distance running, sprinting, and in some cases other jumps. The maximum horizontal forces act to decrease the velocity of the mass center, but to different degrees for the different subjects. The data show that for any phase of the jump there is considerable variability in the timing and magnitudes of the force records among the different subjects although general patterns are similar. The results suggest that the use of mean force data from a number of subjects may conceal important differences between the way individuals execute the jump.
Measurement of Rider Induced Loads during Simulated Bicycling
Authors: Bolourchi Farhad , Hull M.L.
Published: August 2016

A computer-based instrumentation system which accurately measures the seat, handlebar, and pedal loads together with the absolute pedal position during bicycling is presented. The instrumentation system is unique in that for the first time it allows measurement of handlebar and seat loads. With three test subjects riding on rollers, which simulate actual bicycling, loading data were recorded at constant power for different pedaling rates. Analysis of the data enables load characteristics of all three sources (i.e., pedal, seat, and handlebar) to be categorized as being either subject and pedaling rate independent or subject independent but pedaling rate dependent. A complete set of loading data for one subject is presented to illustrate these characteristics. One interesting finding is that peak levels of all but one of the pedal loads are inversely related to pedaling rate. Peak levels of seat and handlebar loads reactive to the driving loads on the pedals, however, are directly related to pedaling rate. Another interesting result is that handlebar and seat loads, except for the lateral seat moment, go through two cycles for each revolution of the crank arm. The interpretation of these results, as well as others, provides insight into the biomechanics of the pedaling process.
Angular Momentum Requirements of the Twisting and Nontwisting Forward 1 1/2 Somersault Dive
Authors: Sanders Ross H. , Wilson Barry D.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the in-flight rotation of elite 3m springboard divers by determining the angular momentum requirement about the transverse axis through the divers center of gravity (somersault axis) required to perform a forward 1 1/2 somersault with and without twist. Three elite male divers competing in the 1982 Commonwealth Games were filmed using high-speed cinematography while performing the forward 1 1/2 somersault in the pike position and the forward 1 1/2 somersault with one twist in a free position. The film was digitized to provide a kinematic description of each dive. An inclined axis technique appeared to be the predominant means of producing twist after takeoff from the board. The angular momentum about the somersault axis after takeoff was greater for the forward 1 1/2 somersault with twist than the forward 1 1/2 somersault without twist for all three divers. The difference in angular momentum between the two dives of each diver ranged from 6% to 19%. The most observable difference between the dives during the preflight phases was the degree of hip flexion at takeoff. There was more hip flexion at takeoff in 5132D than 103B for all three divers. This difference ranged from 9° to 18° (mean = 14°).
Maximum Speed of Female High School Runners
Authors: Chow John W.
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study were to develop a cinematographic technique to obtain selected parameters over an entire 100-m ran and to evaluate selected characteristics of the maximum speed phase (MSP) and the final phase (FP) for female high school runners. The MSP was defined as the part of the 100-m run consisting of the five consecutive strides which together have the largest average speed value, and the FP as the last 10 m of the 100-m run. Twelve sprinters with best 100-m times from 12.3 to 13.4 s served as subjects. The major findings of this study were that (a) maximum speeds of 8.0-8.4 m/s were reached 23-37 m from the start, (b) an average of 7.3% of the maximum speed was lost by the FP, (c) no significant difference was found between the average stride lengths during the MSP and the FP, (d) the average stride frequency during the FP was equal to 93% of the corresponding value during the MSP, and (e) the decrease in average speed from the MSP to the FP was associated with an increase in support time from the MSP to the FP.
Upper Extremity Function in Running. I: Center of Mass and Propulsion Considerations
Authors: Hinrichs Richard N. , Cavanagh Peter R. , Williams Keith R.
Published: August 2016

Ten male recreational runners were filmed using three-dimensional cinematography while running on a treadmill at 3.8 m/s, 4.5 m/s, and 5.4 m/s. A 14-segment mathematical model was used to examine the influence of the arm swing on the three-dimensional motion of the body center of mass (CM), and on the vertical and horizontal propulsive impulses (“lift” and “drive”) on the body over the contact phase of the running cycle. The arms were found to reduce the horizontal excursions of the body CM both front to back and side to side, thus tending to make a runner's horizontal velocity more constant. The vertical range of motion of the body CM was increased by the action of the arms. The arms were found to make a small but important contribution to lift, roughly 5–10% of the total. This contribution increased with running speed. The arms were generally not found to contribute to drive, although considerable variation existed between subjects. Consistent with the CM results, the arms were found to reduce the changes in forward velocity of the runner rather than increasing them. It was concluded that there is no apparent advantage of the “classic” style of swinging the arms directly forward and backward over the style that most distance runners adopt of letting the arms cross over slightly in front. The crossover, in fact, helps reduce side-to-side excursions of the body CM mentioned above, hence promoting a more constant horizontal velocity.
Models of Tennis Racket Impacts
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: August 2016

The oscillations of a hand-held tennis racket and a racket with its handle firmly clamped were measured by striking the racket with a ball and observing the output voltage from a thin piezoelectric film wrapped around the handle. The oscillations of the racket in these two cases were quite different, with the hand-held racket displaying vibrational modes similar to those of a completely free racket.
Ski Boots: Biomechanical Issues Regarding Skiing Safety and Performance
Authors: Hauser Wolfhart , Schaff Peter
Published: August 2016

In a state-of-the-art paper on skiing performance and on skiing safety, aspects of ski boot design are discussed. The influence of ski boots on the skier-bootbinding-ski system is described, and suggestions are made about improving ski boots regarding better skiing performance, less inadvertent binding releases, and less lower extremity equipment related injuries. The design of the boot sole and the boot shaft with its influence on binding release values is particularly described. Furthermore, in the forward lean the shaft stiffness of modern ski boots and their pressure distribution is very important for good skiing performance and reduction of injuries of the ankle joint and the tibia. The built-in forward lean and the stiffness to the rear can be related to the acting forces in the anterior cruciate ligament, and first approximations to reduce the risk of these injuries are given.
On the Technique of Speed Skating
Authors: Schenau Gerrit Jan van Ingen , de Boer Ruud W. , de Groot Gert
Published: August 2016

The mechanics of speed skating, as many other endurance sports, can be described by an energy flow equation. With such an equation the influence of suit, local pressure, altitude, shielding, and body position on speed is predicted. Next to these model predictions, the peculiar properties of the skating technique are discussed and their practical implications for skating the straight parts and the curves are indicated.
Factors Contributing to Maximum Height of Dives after Takeoff from the 3M Springboard
Authors: Sanders Ross H. , Wilson Barry D.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated factors contributing to the maximum height achieved by divers after takeoff from the 3m springboard. Twelve elite male divers and 12 elite female divers competing in the 1986 Australian National Championships were filmed using high-speed cinematography. Kinematic and kinetic data for the takeoff phase were derived from the digitized film. Variables analyzed included center of gravity (CG) displacement and velocity, the acceleration of the CG relative to the springboard, and the components of mechanical energy contributing to height achieved by the diver’s CG. Body orientation was described in terms of the angles at the hip, knee, and ankle, and whole body angle of lean. Comparison of timing differences among dive groups and divers was aided by normalizing the data with respect to time. It was found that the height achieved was highly dependent on the rotational requirements of the dive, with males achieving greater heights than females. Divers who achieve good height compared to other divers performing the same dive are characterized by a large vertical velocity at touchdown from the hurdle and a minimization of hip flexion (forward dives) and knee flextion (reverse dives) at takeoff.
Effect of Vibrations on Javelin Lift and Drag
Authors: Hubbard Mont , Bergman Christy D.
Published: August 2016

The theory of crossflow aerodynamics is used to estimate the effect of thrower-induced vibrations on javelin mean lift and drag. Vibrations of all modes increase both lift and drag from the vibration-free condition. Percentage in-creases in lift and drag are largest at small mean angles of attack, large vibrational amplitudes, and large relative wind speeds. Thus the consequences of vibration effects on aerodynamics may be most significant for elite throwers.