bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF COMPANY SIZE, COMPANY RISK AND AUDITOR’S REPUTATION ON TENURE: AN ARTIFICIAL ROTATION TESTING
Authors: . Junaidi , Khasanah Novia Nurul , . Nurdiono
Published: July 2017

This study aims to empirically examine the effects of firms’ size, firms’ risk, and auditors’ reputations on tenure in an artificial rotation. The phenomenon of artificial auditor (audit firm) rotations in Indonesia is an interesting topic, deserving further study. Artificial auditor rotations indicate a condition in which, conceptually, there has been a change of auditor that makes the relationship between the auditor and the client end, but in effect, the relationship is still going on. Regulations for mandatory auditor rotations causes audit firms or their partners to cheat the system by changing the name of their firm, or partners, to allow them to continue auditing the same client. This research samples 110 companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2000 and 2010, which were obtained using a purposive sampling method. The results of a statistical test indicate that a company’s size significantly influences the tenure. The variables of firms’ risk and auditors’ reputations do not have significant effects on tenure, statistically. This research is expected to contribute both theoretically and practically, especially to the regulations on auditors’ rotations. Auditing quality is an important factor that must be maintained by the auditor profession, to maintain the independence of auditors. In the auditing practices in Indonesia, regulators should consider the artificial rotation phenomenon that occurs in Indonesia, so the practice of auditing can run better.
INDONESIAN DECENTRALIZATION: EVALUATION, RECENT MOVEMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Mahi B. Raksaka
Published: July 2017

A legal review dealing with the decentralization aspect in Indonesiia. Some evaluations are made to project the future prospects.
COMPETENCY, ENTREPRENEUR CHARACTERISTIC AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE: STUDY OF THE PEMPEK BUSINESS IN PALEMBANG
Authors: Soejono Fransiska , Mendari Anastasia Sri , Rinamurti Micheline
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine empirically the effects of entrepreneurial compe-tencies and characteristics on business performance. Previous studies found that competencies and entrepreneurial characteristics significantly influenced business performance. A quantita-tive method was used and 122 respondents were involved as the sample in this study, who were pempek business owners in Palembang, South Sumatra. The results indicated an effect from entrepreneurial competencies on business performance. It was also found that the entrepre-neurs’ characteristics (owners’ ages) significantly affected the businesses’ performance. This implication requires some sort of course or program for the entrepreneurs to improve their competence to direct the owners to gain better business performance. The growing age of the business owners requires equal insights to ensure age does not stop the owners from improving their business’ performance.Keywords: competency, characteristics, performance, age, entrepreneur
Intermestic Approach: A Methodological Alternative in Studying Policy Change
Authors: Kurniawati Dyah Estu
Published: August 2017

In policy change study, there are at least two main methods used, namely the domestic and international approaches. The classification of approaches is not only based on who the actors are involved in the policy change process or where the source of influence comes from, but more fundamentally each approach emphasizes a different political arena. The domestic approach that is dominant in the study of political science and public policy administration explains policy change as an arena of domestic actors in the fight for their own self-interests. Meanwhile the international approach developed in the study of international relations oversees policy change as an arena for the achievement of the international or transnational actors’ interests who want a policy change either by pressuring for changes or providing preferences that can be selected voluntarily by the governments in the decision-making process. This paper aimed at reviewing the methodology of the two approaches that had existed previously and trying to introduce an alternative approach called intermestic (international domestic). The intermestic approach is useful to analyse the policy change in the globalization era that occurs as if the world is “borderless”. This approach starts with the explanation that the domestic and international categories are no longer relevant. In other words, the intermestic approach emphasizes the one fatal mistake that we did was precisely in the selection of the domestic and international arena in the policy change process because the world was headed for a “one space or global political arena”. However, in the intermestic approach the idea of state sovereignty is an important aspect and the government still has the main role in the policy change process in addition to those influences of other actors. Nevertheless, the role of states becomes ambiguous because the globalization process has redefined the sovereignty rights and political power of the nation state.
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE EFFECT OF HISTAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS OF TYPE II (FAMOTIDINE) AND PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS (OMEPRAZOLE) ON THE EFFICACY OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AS PHOSPHATE BINDER IN HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENT
Authors: Aboelyazeed Hossam , El-haggar Sahar , Okasha Kamal
Published: August 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of famotidine versus omeprazole on the efficacy of calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in the hemodialysis patient.Methods: From February 2014 to June 2014 a total number of 64 patients of both sexes were recruited from the department of renal dialysis, Tanta University Hospital, Egypt. Patients categorized into 3 groups. Group I (control group) consisted of 20 Patients (10) females and (10) males take calcium carbonate (caco3) (2.5–4 g/d) only, Group II consisted of 21 Patients (13) females and (8) males take the same dose of caco3 with famotidine 10 mg/d and Group III consisted of 23 Patients (8) females and (15) male take the same dose caco3 with omeprazole 20 mg/d.Results: All data are expressed as the mean±SD. Group II showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum phosphorus at 3rd mo with significant decreased (p<0.05) in serum calcium comparing with pre-treatment. Group III showed no significant change (p>0.05) in serum calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) comparing with pre-treatment. Both groups (II and III) showed a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0.05).Conclusion: Co-administration of famotidine with calcium carbonate aggravates hyperphosphatemia and this may increase the incidence of complications. The efficacy of calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder was not affected by co-administration of omeprazole.
EVALUATION OF THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THREE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS AGAINST PENICILLIUM EXPANSUM SPORES
Authors: Hassan Barkai , Soumya Elabed , Sanae Guissi , Saad Ibnsouda Koraichi
Published: August 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antifungal potential of β-Ionone; carvone and 1,8-cineole which are three essential oil components.Methods: For that purpose, the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations of these compounds were determined by the microdilution method using the 96 well microtiter plates. The efficiency of these compounds was tested against the spores of Penicillium expansum; a strain responsible for huge post-harvest losses during storage of fruits and capable of producing patulin, a very dangerous mycotoxin for the human health.Results: The obtained results showed a very strong inhibition of the growth of P. expansum spores with very low MIC values determined for β-Ionone (0.625 %); Carvone (0.3125 %) and 1,8-cineol (0.078125 %). In addition, the evaluation of MFCs for the tested essential oil components showed that β-Ionone and carvone molecules exhibited the same MFCs at 5 % against P. expansum spores. However, the best fungicidal activity was found with the 1,8-cineole molecule at a concentration of 1.25 % vis-à-vis of the spores of this strain.Conclusion: This study, which shows for the first time the antifungal potential of these three molecules against this strain, also allows to highlight the possibility of using these essential oil compounds in the formulation of commercial antifungal products.
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ACIDIC RIBOSOME INACTIVATING PROTEINS MIRABILIS JALAPA L. (RIP MJ-C) NANOPARTICLE FORMULATED WITH LOW-CHAIN CHITOSAN AND LOW-METHYLATED PECTIN
Authors: Kristiani Monica , . Sismindari , Martien Ronny , Ismail Hilda , Yuswanto Agustinus
Published: August 2017

Objective: This study aimed to formulate acidic ribosome inactivating protein isolated from Mirabilis jalapa L. (RIP MJ-C) nanoparticle, using low chains chitosan and low methylated pectin, and to evaluate its cytotoxic activity against T47D breast cancer cell line.Methods: RIP MJ-C was isolated from Mirabilis jalapa L leaves using ion exchange chromatography method, and its presence was tested using super coiled double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cleavage activity. The nanoparticle of RIP MJ-C was formulated using low chains chitosan and low methylated pectin. The optimum formula was characterised using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and particle size analyzer. The cytotoxic activity of the nanoparticle against T47D breast cancer cell-lines was assessed using MTT assay.Results: The optimum formula was obtained at the combination of 0.06% low chain chitosan and 0.02% low methylated pectin. It was revealed that the nanoparticles have a particle size of 54.43±10.14 nm, polydispersity index of 0.514±0.10, and zeta potential of+93.59±6.90 mV. The cytotoxic activity test showed that RIP MJ-C nanoparticles conjugated with anti-EpCAM 9C4 have the highest cell death percentage of 43.20% compared to unformulated RIP MJ-C.Conclusion: It was concluded that the RIP MJ-C nanoparticle conjugated with an anti-EpCAM antibody could enhance the cytotoxicity of RIP MJ-C against T47D breast cancer cell-lines.
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY AND THE ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF INULA VULGARIS SPECIES GROWN IN LEBANON
Authors: M. Assi , J. Usta , Y. Mounimne , M. Aboul Ela , A. El Lakany
Published: August 2017

Objective: Cancer represents the second leading cause of death after stroke and heart diseases. Plant extracts have long been used in traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of many illnesses, including some types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of ethyl acetate fractions of two Lebanese herbs: Inula viscosa (I. vis) and Inula vulgaris (I. vul).Methods: Plants were extracted with ethanol followed by ethyl acetate, then dried and tested on three cell lines including CaCO2, HepG2, and MCF7, to check for their viability and antiproliferative activity, using trypan blue exclusion and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Proton (1H) and carbon (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) were used to identify the compounds that have been isolated from both Inula species.Results: The current findings were consistent for both trypan blue and MTT assays. The results showed that the most potent effect for I. vul was HepG2 (IC50 20 µg/ml, 27 µg/ml), and for I. vis on MCF7 (9 µg/ml, 15 µg/ml) and CaCO2 (12 µg/ml, 22 µg/ml) in the two mentioned assays respectively. However, insignificant differences were observed among the studied plants for each of the evaluated cells indicating comparable potencies. Quercetin, quercetin glycoside, and epicatechin derivatives were isolated by fractionation on column chromatography and identified using NMR spectroscopy.Conclusion: The antiproliferative activities of the two plants could be related to their content that is significant for high levels of secondary metabolites. The identification of those compounds is necessary to establish a relationship between their chemical structures and their activities.
EFFECT OF SILYMARIN EXTRACTED FROM SILYBUM MARIANUM ON NICKEL HEMATOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY IN MALE ALBINO WISTAR RATS
Authors: Bouhalit Samira , Kechrid Zine , Elfeki Abdelfattah
Published: August 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silymarin extract from Silybum marianum against nickel-induced alterations in haematological indices, kidney dysfunction and renal antioxidant defence system.Methods: Male albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups seven each. Control, silymarin, nickel and nickel plus silymarin. Silymarin was administrated orally (100 mg/kg b. wt) and nickel as nickel sulfate (NiSO4 6H20) was given intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg b. wt) at alternative days. The experiment continued for three consecutive weeks. Body weight was recorded regularly. After overnight fasting, animals were killed and serum creatinine, serum urea, serum uric acid, hematological parameters and renal antioxidant markers were determined.Results: The treatment with nickel led to a significant decrease in body weight with an increase in both absolute and relative kidney weights and a significant increase in renal markers, which confirmed by histopathological alteration. A microcytic anemia was also observed, which was manifested by a reduction of red blood cells count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, platelet counts (Plt), hematocrit and white blood cells counts (WBC). The level of lipid peroxidation was increased. Whereas, GSH concentration and enzymatic antioxidants SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were decreased. The co-treatment with methanolic extract of milk thistle attenuated the variation in the hematological and renal markers, decreasing renal lipid peroxidation (p<0.05) with a concomitant increasing reduced glutathione content (p<0.01) and restoring the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) in kidney, as well as an improvement in histological changes compared to those previously noticed in nickel group.Conclusion: To conclude, these findings demonstrated that silymarin extract effectively improved heamatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by nickel.
METHYL 10-EPI-PHEOPHORBIDE A FROM MCF-7 CELLS ACTIVE LAYER OF THE INDONESIAN FICUS DELTOIDEA JACK LEAVES
Authors: Murni Anggia , Hanif Novriyandi , Kita Masaki , Darusman Latifah K.
Published: August 2017

Objective: To isolate and elucidate a cytotoxic principle against breast tumor MCF-7 cells of the Indonesian terrestrial plant Ficus deltoidea Jack leaves.Methods: F. deltoidea leaves collected at National Park of mount Gede-Pangrango, Indonesia have been subjected to chemical and biological work. F. deltoidea leaves were extracted with 96% aqueous ethanol (EtOH) and was then partitioned into three layers n-hexane, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), and n-butanol (n-BuOH). All layers were checked for their activity against breast tumor MCF-7 cells using MTT assay method. A portion of the most active layer was purified using open column chromatography to give fraction that has toxicity against zebra fish embryos. Based on the assay-guided isolation, compound 1 was isolated. The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data as well as comparing data with literature.Results: The CH2Cl2 layer of F. deltoidea leaves was found to inhibit breast tumor MCF-7 cells with IC50 10 µg/ml which was the most toxic among the layers. A portion of the most active layer was purified using open column chromatography to give 7 fractions. The fraction 5 showed toxicity against zebrafish embryos (LC50 35 µg/ml, 48 hpf). This fraction was purified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) octadecylsilyl (ODS) column with gradient elution 70% aqueous acetonitrile (MeCN) to 100% MeCN (linear gradient) for 40 min with UV detection at 254 nm (tR = 30.99 min) to give compound 1. The chemical structure of 1 was revealed as a chlorin-type compound named methyl 10-epi-pheophorbide A.Conclusion: Methyl 10-epi-pheophorbide A was isolated for the first time from the active fraction of the Indonesian F. deltoidea leaves or tabat barito. The chemical structure including absolute stereo chemistry was elucidated using NMR and HRMS data as well as by comparison with the literature values. The 13C NMR data has been added to complete the previous report.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF BISPHOSPHONATES ON DEPRESSION PATTERNS IN SWISS ALBINO MICE AND WISTER RATS
Authors: Torgal S. S. , N Amitha
Published: August 2017

Objective: Bisphosphonates are used for treating osteoporosis. Few studies have reported their effect on alterations in comorbid behaviour such as depression. Therefore, present study was performed to investigate the effects of bisphosphonate drugs on depression in adult male Wister rats and Swiss albino mice.Methods: The study was conducted on adult male Wister rats and Swiss albino mice, 36 of each type, equally divided into six groups. One group was classified as control group and the rest were treated as test groups. Initial photoperiod of 12 h was provided for acclimatization, prior to the start of the experiment. Drug administration was not performed in control group. Forced swimming test and tail suspension test were performed to investigate the antidepressant activity. Locomotor activity was performed to evaluate the action of drugs on the nervous system. Effects of the test drugs were compared with a standard drug—amitriptyline. Results were statistically evaluated by one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test. P≤0.05 was considered significant.Results: In forced swimming test, duration of immobility was significantly reduced in the standard and test drugs when compared to control group; however, it was not significant in all the four test groups as compared to that of amitriptyline-administered group (p>0.05). In tail suspension test, significant decrease (p<0.01) in the duration of immobility was observed with administration of drugs when compared to control group. Results of test groups were not found to be significant as compared to amitriptyline-treated group (p>0.05). Mean values of amitriptyline-, alendronate-, risedronate-, ibandronate-and etidronate-treated groups failed to show significant difference (p>0.05) when compared to control group suggesting homogeneity among the groups.Conclusion: Bisphosphonates appeared to have an antidepressant activity. More extensive research is required to substantiate and elucidate the role of bisphosphonates in behavioural disorders such as depression.
RATIONALITY ASSESSMENT OF ZINC FORMULATIONS AVAILABLE IN INDIA
Authors: Chary Krishnan Vengadaragava , Bhaskaran Rithu
Published: August 2017

Objective: To critically analyze the essentiality and irrational zinc preparations available in Indian market. Methods: This was conducted as cross-sectional analysis by department of pharmacology of our tertiary care hospital between June and December 2016. Data regarding various formulations of zinc were retrieved from current index of medical sciences and drug India database. Rationality assessment was done using prescribed guidelines and approved formulations of zinc by Central drug standard control organisation. Essentiality was checked using National list of essential medicine India, 2013 and latest version of WHO list essential medicine bulletin. Dosage regulation was assessed using Indian pharmacopeia guidelines, National institute of nutrition, India recommendation and upper daily intake toxicity intake, United States of America (USA)Results: Our study results showed wide variation in the number of zinc preparation. Total number of formulation available in the market is 335. Among zinc preparation, the preparation that contains 20 mg of zinc as recommended by various guidelines is 10 in number. About 325 preparations of zinc are added with one or more nutraceuticals. None of these fixed dose combination of zinc containing preparation is recommended as essential fixed regimen.Conclusion: Zinc has lot of relevance in treating recurrent diarrhoeal illness, especially in paediatric cases; however legal, regulatory and educational measures should be followed to curtail all the irrational zinc prescription development, promotion, marketing and prescription.
INFLUENCE OF PERMANGANATE INDEX IN THE PARAMETERS AS TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS
Authors: Mello Lucilene Dornelles , Tunes Tiele Garcia
Published: August 2017

Objective: This study estimated the Permangante Index (IKMnO4) and evaluated its correlation with parameters as total phenols (FT) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of commercial teas of Camellia sinensis, fermented, unfermented and blended with other plants.Methods: The aqueous extracts were prepared from commercial samples of green and black teas, green tea blended with lemon (Camellia sinensis with Citrus limonium), green tea blended with mint (Camellia sinensis with Mentha piperita), green tea blended with peach (Camellia sinensis with Prunus persica) and green tea blended with orange (Camellia sinensis with Citrus sinensis). The Permangante index was determined by titrating the tea extract with potassium permanganate solution according to AOAC method (AOAC, 1980) with modifications. The concentration of phenols in the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry according to the standard procedure of Folin-Ciocalteau. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. All the determinations were performed in triplicate, and the results presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The data were evaluated by univariate statistical analysis (ANOVA), F-test and mean test (Tukey´s test) for comparative results. Pearson’s correlation was used to measure the degree of linear correlation and the quantitative variables were from a normal population.Results: The results for Permanganate Index show a variation ranged from 0.40 to 0.80 mEq/l. The ANOVA analysis to IKMnO4 shown there is significant statistically difference at the 5% probability level (p < 0.05) between the types of tea as well as the amount of herb used to prepare the infusion. Therefore, it was observed that there significant contrast between tea extracts, the mixture of different plants in blended extracts as well as the tea manufacture process affect the polyphenols tannins content influencing the permanganate index parameter. Studies correlation shown strong correlations (r > 0.7) among the parameters. For the Camellia sinensis extracts the high correlations between IKMnO4 and TAA; FT and TAA demonstrates the suitability of the permanganate index in the evaluation of antioxidant activity.Conclusion: The results suggest that the Permanganate Index could be used for quality control of tea as an additional parameter.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF INDOLE DERIVATIVES BEARING BENZIMIDAZOLE/BENZOTHIAZOLE MOIETY
Authors: Naraboli Basavaraj Shivabasappa , Biradar Jayaprakash Sharanappa
Published: August 2017

Objective: The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of biologically active new indole derivatives viz., 2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)-N-(4-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)acetamide 6a-d, N-(4-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)-2-((5-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide 7a-d and N-(4-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylthio)acetamide 8a-d.Methods: All these newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by an agar plate diffusion method, antioxidant activities: like 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA), ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous (Fe2+) metal ion chelating activity.Results: The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by their IR, 1HNMR, mass spectral studies and elemental analysis. Compounds 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a and 8b exhibited good radical scavenging activity (RSA) at a concentration 100 µg/ml, compounds 7b, 7c, 7d and 8b displayed good ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) at a concentration 100 µg/ml, compounds 7b, 7d, 8b and 8d showed good ferrous (Fe2+) ion metal chelating activity. Compounds 7d and 8d exhibited good activity against all the screened bacteria and fungi.Conclusion: The synthesised compounds 7d having methoxy group at 5 positions of benzimidazoles ring, bromo group at 5 positions of indole ring, and 8d having bromo group at position 5 of indole ring, both the compounds have exhibited potent antimicrobial activity. Some compounds have shown very good antioxidant activity.
EVALUATION THE EFFECT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF METRONIDAZOLE
Authors: Abdulbaqi Mustafa R.
Published: August 2017

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the application of nanotechnology in improving the solubility and biologic activity as the antibacterial and antifungal drug of metronidazole (MTZ).Methods: Nanoparticles of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) were used as the nanocarriers for metronidazole (MTZ) and they were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. Drug loading on Bi2S3 nanoparticles, lattice property alteration and average particles sizes were evaluated using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The evaluation of the release of MTZ from Bi2S3 nanoparticles was carried out using USP type II rotating paddle apparatus. The antimicrobial activity of MTZ before and after loading was carried out by disc diffusion method against two aerobic gram+ve and one aerobic gram–ve bacteria, in addition to two fungi.Results: This study showed successful loading process as well as particles size reduction of MTZ after loading on Bi2S3 nanoparticles. In vitro release study showed a significant* increase in solubility and dissolution of MTZ after loading on Bi2S3 nanoparticles. MTZ showed a significant* increase in antibacterial (against gram+ve aerobic staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis) and antifungal (Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis) activities after loading process.Conclusion: Nanotechnology was applied successfully to improve both, solubility and biologic activity of the model drug used, metronidazole (MTZ).
USE OF CASHEW BARK EXUDATE GUM IN THE PREPARATION OF 4 % LIDOCAINE HCL TOPICAL GELS
Authors: Hasnain M. Saquib , Rishishwar Poonam , Ali Sadath
Published: August 2017

Objective: The objective of the current work was to prepare and evaluate ex vivo skin permeation of cashew bark exudate gum based 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gels.Methods: In the current work, 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gels were prepared by using different concentrations of cashew bark exudate gum, HPMC K4M, lidocaine HCl, methyl paraben (as preservative) and glycerin (as plasticizer). The formulated topical gels were evaluated for pH, viscosity, and ex vivo skin permeation through excised porcine ear skin membrane.Results: The pHs of these formulated 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gels were found within the range of 6.04±0.02 to 6.52±0.04; whereas, the viscosities were measured within the range, 4.38±0.02 x 106to 4.74±0.04 x 106 cps. Sustained ex vivo permeation of lidocaine was measured over 7 h. Highest ex vivo permeation flux was measured when 0.1 % menthol was incorporated as a permeation enhancer. It was also higher than that of the marketed 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gel. The stability study by freeze thaw cycle method revealed physically stable gels without the occurrence of syneresis.Conclusion: The results clearly indicate a promising potential of the use of cashew bark exudate gum as a gelling material with HPMC K4M to prepare 4 % lidocaine HCl topical gels of good skin permeation capability
IN SILICO STUDIES ON FUNCTIONALIZED AZAGLYCINE DERIVATIVES CONTAINING 2, 4-THIAZOLIDINEDIONE SCAFFOLD ON MULTIPLE TARGETS
Authors: Begum Arifa , Begum Shaheen , Kvsrg Prasad , K. Bharathi
Published: August 2017

Objective: The 2, 4-thiazolidinedione containing compounds could lead to most promising scaffolds with higher efficiency toward the targets recognized for its antidiabetic activity when combined with azaglycine moiety. The objective of the present work was to merge functionalized aza glycines with 2, 4-thiazolidinediones, perform in silico evaluation by molecular properties prediction and undertake the molecular docking studies with targets relevant to diabetes, bacterial and viral infections using Swiss Dock programme for unraveling the target identification which can be used for further designing.Methods: (i) In silico studies were performed using Molinspiration online tool, Swiss ADME website and Swiss Target Prediction websites to compute the physicochemical descriptors, oral bioavailability and brain penetration. (ii) Molecular docking studies were performed using Swiss Dock web service for enumeration of binding affinities and assess their biological potentiality.Results: The results predicted good drug likeness, solubility, permeability and oral bioavailability for the compounds. All the compounds showed good docking scores as compared to the reference drugs. The N-oleoyl functionalized aza glycine derivative demonstrated superior binding properties towards all the studied target reference proteins, suggesting its significance in pharmacological actions.Conclusion: The binding interactions observed in the molecular docking studies suggest good binding affinity of the oleoyl functionalized aza glycine derivative, indicating that this derivative would be a promising lead for further investigations of anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities.
A comunicação como possibilidade de inclusão de estudantes surdos
Authors: Luchese Anderson , Pieczkowski Tania Mara Zancanaro
Published: August 2017

Constatamos que o termo inclusão vem sendo adotado de forma genérica, suscitando a necessidade de reflexão acerca da complexidade que ele representa. Este texto está alicerçado em estudos do Seminário Educação Especial e Inclusão, no curso de Mestrado em Educação da Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (UNOCHAPECÓ), que promoveu reflexões sobre os movimentos da educação especial à educação inclusiva e processos de in/exclusão. Esta produção articula discussões coletivas do seminário aos estudos para a elaboração de dissertação de Mestrado em Educação, que trata da formação docente para a atuação com estudantes surdos. Este texto visa propiciar reflexões acerca dos direitos dos surdos à acessibilidade educacional, especialmente no que se refere à comunicação. Apesar das boas expectativas decorrentes das mudanças nas concepções da surdez, ainda existem barreiras para o reconhecimento do estudante surdo como um sujeito completo, especialmente em relação à comunicação.
Comida callejera: proveedores informales de servicios a la industria maquiladora en Nogales, Sonora
Authors: García Hilda , Lara Francisco
Published: August 2017

Este artículo examina un componente de la economía urbana fronteriza que muestra las contradicciones del des arrollo regional basado en la maquiladora. Dicho elemento lo conforman 39 micronegocios que se dedican a la venta de alimentos preparados para los trabajadores de las empresas maquiladoras localizados en dos parques industriales de la ciudad de Nogales, Sonora. Por un lado, estos micronegocios están funcionalmente integrados al sector más moderno y dinámico de la economía fronteriza y, por otro, conservan los rasgos premodernos de las actividades económicas de subsistencia. El argumento central es que la industrialización acelerada en contextos socio urbanísticos como los que dominan en la frontera norte de México no sólo es compatible con las actividades que se analizan en este artículo, sino que requiere de su existencia. Como resultado, surge alrededor de la maquila un conjunto de proveedores informales de servicios que coadyuvan a que la industria disponga de una fuerza de trabajo estable y continua.
¿Es mayor la eficiencia productiva en los procesos de trabajo transformados? Una consideración acerca de las consecuencias de la transformación del proceso de trabajo en las condiciones laborales.
Authors: Fairris David
Published: August 2017

Resumen:La organización de la producción ha venido sufriendo una rápida transformación desde hace casi dos décadas, con los cambios de los equipos de trabajo, las técnicas administrativas de calidad total y la producción justo a tiempo. Estas transformaciones han resultado en una mejora en la productividad en el trabajo, pero también en las repercusiones negativas sobre la vida de los trabajadores. Si las consecuencias positivas de la transformación del proceso de trabajo con respecto a la productividad están más que compensadas por las consecuencias negativas en las condiciones de trabajo, es posible que el movimiento de transformación del proceso de trabajo sea nocivo para la sociedad como un todo.Palabras clave : organización de la producción; equipos de trabajo; técnicas administrativas; calidad total; producción justo a tiempo; productividad. Abstract:The organization of production has undergone a rapid transformation for almost two decades, through changes in the work teams, the total-quality administrative techniques, and the just-in-time production. These changes have resulted in a better labor productivity, but also in negative effects on workers' lives. If positive consequences of the transformation of labor process with regard to productivity are more than compensated by the negative impact on working conditions, the labor process's change movement can be harmful to society as a whole.Key words: organization of production; work teams; administrative techniques; total quality; just-in-time production; productivity.
Percepción de riesgos, conducta proambiental y variables demográficas en una comunidad de Sonora, México
Authors: Corral Verdugo Víctor , Frías Armenta Martha , González Lomelí Daniel
Published: August 2017

Se estudiaron las respuestas que dieron 200 habitantes de una ciudad del norte mexicano a un instrumento que investigaba el grado de riesgo percibido en 84 situaciones. Éstas incluían peligros potenciales debidos a la naturaleza, uso de tecnologías, conductas criminales y comportamientos personales de riesgo. Los sujetos calificaron qué tan peligrosa era cada situación para el medio ambiente físico (riesgo ambiental), para la sociedad (riesgo social) y para sí mismos (riesgo personal). Se examinaron, asi mismo, conductas de cuidado del medio ambiente reportadas por los sujetos, y algunas variables demográficas. De acuerdo con tres modelos de regresión múltiple, la percepción de riesgos ambientales parece desembocar en conductas de cuidado del ambiente, lo cual no sucede con la percepción de riesgos sociales y personales. En los tres casos, se encontró que las personas de mayor edad y con ingresos económicos más bajos perciben un mayor riesgo ambiental, social y personal. Se analizan estos resultados en el marco de posibles estrategias de prevención y afrontamiento de riesgos para el ambiente, la sociedad y los individuos en particular.
Pemilihan Komponen Jaringan Distribusi Air Bersih dengan Metode Rekayasa Nilai pada Perumahan Sawojajar
Authors: Purwatiningsih Dyah Retno
Published: August 2017

PDAM is service company in supplying used water to people's  hoeses.  But demand of pipe increase dramatically while the number of people population increase sharply and inefficient networking of pipe distribution cause PDAM set up and down the pipe that need high costValue engineering is one problem solving to overcome this case with conditions that have recomended  Steps of applied value engineering that can solve integrated contains 5  steps : information step,  creative step,  analysis step, developing step,  and presentation step.  Based on analysis result using value engineering  study got a comparison between initial alternative design and advised alternative design. Appearance some alternatives here from nerwork of pipe networking function structure produce 729 alternatives from 3 elements :   priemer pipe distribution, secondary pipe network, and tersiery pipe network  Thus, analysis result of component alternatives of water pipe distribution is :I Advised alternative : Perlormance : 85,541, Value : 1,26I Beginninga lternative : Perlormance : '79,149, Value : 1,00
Perancangan Meja Kerja Penempatan Rapat dengan Metode Optimasi Utilitas Luas Permukaan
Authors: Mas'udin Ilyas
Published: August 2017

Placing same different I various dimension (length and width ) problem  on work station to process at a machine is a similar problem with "pallet  loading"  .A had placing method cause low utility of table are or low prosentage  of used table area.  If every process had fixed cost, so it causer hight production  cost per unit.That's why we need a good part placing  method to optimaize table usa.  This research  had optimaized wark table  method with  different parts of sizes using dynamic programes   upproching. The model made only considering length and width demansion of each part .
Penerapan Metode Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) dalam Perencanaan Formulasi Strategi Pemasaran Supermarket Hero Malang
Authors: Santoso Sugeng
Published: August 2017

Customer value is customer's believeing  to the most important atributes of supermarket. Those  are all about  marketing  mix atributes  such  as cost,  product,  distribution,  and promotion. Customer's  value   can  be  found  with   implementing  Multidimensional   Scaling  Method   that spreading questionnaires and interviewing to have initial data.This  research  used Multidimensional  Scaling  Method  to know  customer's  demand  to supermarkets.  This  can  be  used  as  a beginning  standart  in  marketing  strategy  planning.  This method  result  a perception map that  drawing challanging  situation among the  supermarket  that viewed from marketing mix atributes.The result of analysis conclude that demand or the most customer's  important  atributes for  choosing  supermarket  is  cost  atribute  and  distribution.   In  Hero  Supermarket,   customer's demand is in product atribute that it's  items are good quality  product and variety that Hero standed in Kuadran  I. To get customers I market segmentation to marketing  strategy formulation  is  :    if in area  CI, Hero  supermarket  have a competition with  Alfa Supermarket,   so that  should  stress it's strategy  in cost  atribute.  It's also in area  III, Hero  Supermarket  and Ratu  Supermarket  have  a competition  in  cost  atribute.  And  in  area  IV,  a  competition  happen  among  Hero,  Mitra,  and Matahari departement  store in distribution and promotion  atribute.
Penggunaan Metode Simulasi Guna Menentukan Jumlah Tenaga Kerja Kesehatan di Instalasi Rawat Darurat RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
Authors: Dian Heriani Murti Astuti,
Published: August 2017

The amount of hospital in a row with increasingly of the society level, 50 level hospital is demanded to diectly fix up and increase the servility system. The servility system very significant in competent to satisfy the patient. One of parameter to eveluate good or bad a servicing system is a patient wait time. This research take a sample at this emergency treatment Instalation RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. Where the patient that come have to be handled correctly and quickly, because the patient that enter to the Emergency Treatment lnstallation in IRD must wait too long time will cause physical defect even death. There for this research is intended to analyze patient servicing system, determine the sum the health power, and the sum of maximal patient that can be handled y emergency treatment Installation, so got the wait time that is fit with patient aspiration level.
Penerapan Metode Linier Programming untuk Membuat Perencanaan Produksi yang Optimal
Authors: Bagus Asmono Ayudina Puji E,
Published: August 2017

Alocation problem of sources among the chalbanged activities will appear when company have to some activities that have limited resources to do it like PT. Berlina Plastics Pandaan face limited time machine for their each activity makes under time and over time on it. This make unexpected production cost caused subjective production planning that have been done based on the last experience.
Perencanaan Perawatan Mesin Untuk Menurunkan Biaya Perawatan Dengan Menggunakan Metode Markov Chain
Authors: Henry Susiawan Wahyu Eni,
Published: August 2017

For this time, machine and tools are much wear in some factory to support human in produce something. And so machine and tools it self are an object which be able to damaged, then be needed to take care of those thing in a continue manner. In a logic manner could be arithmeticed that with continued machine treatment will more decrease the cost of factory every periode than the consequence cost of machine damage. Especially in order to get a good productivity, good quality and low cost level, so one of method to prevent this thing is using Markov Chain method. Base on result analyst, then known that the treatment of Root Washer machine are Korective Treatment Planning on weight status and Prohibition treatment on light in weight and average status. Then the treatment cost motion on Root Whasher machine have a cost judgment result Rp. 492.977,-
Minimasi Maskepan Dengan Penjadwalan Produksi Pada Tipe Produksi Berulang
Authors: Kuswandi Imron
Published: August 2017

Methodologically there are some problems in the methods of scheduling production whichhave been available. In the methods of scheduling production which have been available, it isoften less capable for giving the real condition images from the real systems. It is indicated bythe given assumption that each operation should be finished previously before the other operationsare done. This case is inappropriate if applied in the repetitive production types as happenedin X Gresik, Co. Ltd. Because methodologically there are some problems in the methodsof scheduling conventional production, so in this research the methods of scheduling conventionalproduction are modified by using Microsoft excel application software, so it enables inthis method to handle the case of scheduling production in the types of repetitive production.urthermore, by using the methods of scheduling production modified by using Microsoft excelapplication software, the scheduling can be achieved by the better makespan (makespan =471,17 hours), so the production facility utilities are also more optimal compared to productionscheduling results by conventional approach (makespan = 893,7 hours).
Model Pengembangan Ketahanan Pangan Berbasis Pisang Melalui Revitalisasi Nilai Kearifan Lokal
Authors: Krisno Budiyanto Moch. Agus
Published: August 2017

This research aims to find” Food Endurance Development Model Based on Banana with Revitalisation Local Wisdom Value Reinforcement” . This model serve the purpose of basis for formulate public policy and education efforts and advocation public in the field of food to push national food endurance. Approach research that used in this qualitative research with qualitative descriptive design. Subject research is bapeda, development, agriculture official, farmer, elite figure, farmer group at regency Lumajang, Malang, and Blitar. Technique sampling that used snowball sampling. Data collecting method that used documentation, indepth interview, observation participatory, and limited discussion. Research data that got to analyzed with qualitative analysis (content analysis, and domain analysis). Based on research result inferential: 1) found banana production profile unity, distribution, consumption, and local wisdom character at regency Lumajang, Malang, and Blitar, 2) local wisdom character can be made principal focus in the effort develop food endurance based on banana, and 3) several important components and strategic of food endurance development model based on banana: a) local wisdom (foodstuff use reinforcement based on local, woman character, society/religion figure character, food self-supporting village, environment friendly agriculture, agriculture multiculture, and planning based on society), b) local government character (wisdom development prima tani, pilot projecting, capitalization, assistance, and tool of productions-distributions-marketing-consumption), and c) and character BPTP, BBMP, DUDI (pilot development projecting, capitalization, assistance, and system reinforcement productions-distributions-marketing-consumption).
Adaptation Of The Variable Neighborhood Search Heuristic To Solve The Vehicle Routing Problem
Authors: Imran Arif , Okdinawati Liane
Published: August 2017

The vehicle routing problem is investigated by using some adaptations of the variable neighborhood search (VNS). The initial solution was obtained by Dijkstra’s algorithm based on cost network constructed by the sweep algorithm and the 2-opt. Our VNS algorithm use several neighborhoods which were adapted for this problem. In addition, a number of local search methods together with a diversification procedure were used. The algorithm was then tested on the data sets from the literature and it produced competitive results if compared to the solutions published.
Perkembangan Teknologi dalam Industri Media
Authors: Machmud Muslimin
Published: August 2017

Globalization is happening at the present time, have an impact on all aspects of human life, including how humans acquire and convey information. As the world becomes cosmopolitan, so as to create cultural uniformity that makes human communication affect each other even though the place is very far apart. One of the demands of globalization is the information accessible to the whole society. Thus, the existing media industry should be able to meet that demand. One effort that needs to be done by the media industry is to make the adjustments to the advancement of existing technology. The globalization of information that played by the media industry has put developing countries as a share of the world information society that requires the establishment of regulation and use of information technology in each country in response to developments in both regional and international levels. Activities use of information technology should be developed without compromising the rights of audience in a fair manner, so that the violations related to the use of information technology can be avoided through the application of uniform principles and rules in each country.
Pemanfaatan Biogas/Landfillgas Sebagai Bahan Bakar Mesin Bensin 1 Silinder 4 Langkah
Authors: Hery Achmad Fauzan , Septiropa Zamzami , Riansyah Selly , Romadhi Faizal
Published: August 2017

Motor gasoline also proven to be turned on by using biogas. This is done through the addition of a simple regulator to biogas, and air mixer - biogas. In practice, though not obtain maximum performance, modifiers remain to be done without changing the ignition time. Previously, the experiment was done first using LPG, LPG-and then use a mixture of biogas and biogas pure. Machine can be turned on using biogas with methane content of 56-60%. Engine fuel or motor fuel of biogas that is used in the experiment can generate electricity to turn the lights up to 300 watts. A quarter of its normal capacity when using premium fuel / gasoline. Optimal load occurs at 150 watts means the power load 150 watts, the conversion of biogas energy to be the highest power of 230 watt/m3 biogas. At 150 watts of loading the fuel consumption is 0.000097333 liters / watt.