bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies for oocyte collection and in vitro embryo production in free-roaming bison herds
Authors: Zwiefelhofer Miranda L , Shury Todd , Zwiefelhofer Eric M , Singh Jaswant , Mastromonaco Gabriela F , Adams Gregg P
Published: August 2022

The study was conducted to test the feasibility of protocols for field collection of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) for in vitro embryo production (IVP) in wild bison. The study was done with captive wood bison during the anovulatory season. In Experiment 1, the efficiency of transvaginal ultrasound-guided COC collection was compared between bison restrained in a squeeze chute without sedation vs in lateral recumbency after chemical immobilization using a dart gun (n = 8/group). In Experiment 2, a 2 × 2 design was used to examine the effects of superstimulation treatment [single dose of equine chorionic gonodotrophin (eCG) vs multiple doses of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)] and method of drug administration (manual injection vs field darting) on COC collection and IVP. In Experiment 1, no difference was detected between chute-restrained vs chemically immobilized groups in the time required to complete COC collections, the number of follicles aspirated (11.5 ± 1.9 vs 9.3 ± 1.8; P = 0.4) or the COC recovery rate [COC recovered/follicle aspirated; 58/92 (63%) vs 44/69 (64%); P = 0.9]. In Experiment 2, no differences were detected between superstimulation treatments (eCG vs FSH). The total number of follicles available for aspiration did not differ between manual injection and field darting (23.9 ± 2.7 vs 21.6 ± 1.9; P = 0.4). Compared with the random start unstimulated group, the embryo production rate was higher [18/132 (14%) vs 53/189 (28%); P = 0.04] after wave synchronization and superstimulation. Results suggest that COC collection is equally feasible in a recumbent position after chemical immobilization as those bison restrained in a standing position in a hydraulic chute. Ovarian superstimulation with a single-dose eCG protocol is as effective as a multiple-dose FSH protocol, and field darting is as effective as chute-side administration of superstimulation treatments. The strategies in the present study are ready to be incorporated into field collections in free-roaming bison herds.
When Should a Lawful War of Self-Defence End?
Authors: Beer Yishai
Published: August 2022

Though the UN Charter regulates the starting point of lawful self-defence, neither it nor customary law determines its lawful end. This article tries to draw the contours of such lawfulness based on the ad bellum necessity rule. Under the prevailing law, the aggressor may gain control over ending the lawful war. Usually, whenever it stops its aggression and is willing to retreat, the assumption is that this brings the emergency situation to an end and negates the victim’s temporary and exceptional right to fight. Contrarily, this article suggests that the keys to ending a war should mainly be left to the victim, who must present a convincing case that it has ended its self-defence at the first reasonable opportunity, according to its geostrategic considerations.
Interactive software for visualization of nontargeted mass spectrometry data—FluoroMatch visualizer
Authors: Koelmel Jeremy P , Stelben Paul , Godri David , Qi Jiarong , McDonough Carrie A , Dukes David A , Aristizabal-Henao Juan J , Bowden John A , Sternberg Sandi , Rennie Emma E , Godri Pollitt Krystal J
Published: August 2022

There are thousands of different per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in everyday products and in the environment. Discerning the abundance and diversity of PFAS is essential for understanding sources, fate, exposure routes, and the associated health impacts of PFAS. While comprehensive detection of PFAS requires the use of nontargeted mass spectrometry, data processing is time intensive and prone to error. While automated approaches can compile all mass spectrometric evidence (e.g., retention time, isotopic pattern, fragmentation, and accurate mass) and provide ranking or scoring metrics for annotations, confident assignment of structure often still requires extensive manual review of the data. To aid this process, we present FluoroMatch Visualizer, an open-source free software which was developed to provide interactive visualizations which include normalized mass defect plots, retention time versus accurate mass plots, MS/MS fragmentation spectra, and tables of annotations and metadata. All graphs and tables are interactive and have cross-filtering such that when a user selects a feature, all other visuals highlight the feature of interest. Several filtering options have been integrated into this novel data visualization tool, specifically with the capability to filter by PFAS chemical series, fragment(s), assignment confidence, and MS/MS file(s). FluoroMatch Visualizer is part of FluoroMatch Suite, which consists of FluoroMatch Modular, FluoroMatch Flow, and FluoroMatch Generator. FluoroMatch Visualizer enables annotations to be extensively validated, increasing annotation confidence. The resulting visualizations and datasets can be shared online in an interactive format for community-based PFAS discovery. FluoroMatch visualizer holds potential to promote harmonization of nontargeted data processing and interpretation throughout the PFAS scientific community.
After Molière (1673–1689)
Authors: Clarke Jan
Published: August 2022

Molière was, above all, a man of the theatre: an actor and administrator as well his company’s chief playwright, his death in 1673 was a blow from which many thought his company would not recover. This article examines the fifteen or so years following his death to determine how his immediate successors overcame the difficulties his death presented in each of these three areas. Above all, we see them struggling to protect his works from the danger of over-familiarity, while casting round to find new comic authors to replace him (including from among their own number). And in so doing, they almost coincidentally laid the foundations of the venerable institution we know today as the ‘Maison de Molière’.
“Constitutional dismemberment” and the problem of pragmatism in Siddiqui: A reply to Po Jen Yap and Rehan Abeyratne
Authors: Sayeed M A , Aktar Lima
Published: August 2022

In their provocative article, Po Jen Yap and Rehan Abeyratne offer a theoretical and pragmatic defense of a somewhat “troubling decision” of the Bangladesh Supreme Court in Asaduzzaman Siddiqui. This article provides some critical remarks on the authors’ evaluation of Siddiqui in both theoretical and pragmatic terms. In order to do this, we seek to advance two lines of argument. First, we note that, in offering theoretical justification, the authors have made a problematic choice of using two seemingly irreconcilable ideas—the idea of dismemberment and the basic structure doctrine. While using these two ideas in tandem, they did not remain, in our view, entirely true to the promise of either of them. Second, we argue that, although the authors’ defense of Siddiqui on pragmatic grounds seems to be revealing, its legitimacy can, however, be questioned, insofar as Siddiqui’s recourse to the Fifteenth Amendment shows contradictory appropriation itself of pragmatism in its own reasoning.
Between predictability and perplexity
Authors: Prieto Rudolphy Marcela
Published: August 2022

This article focuses on the relationship between academia, the gendered division of labor, and the pandemic. After briefly canvassing preliminary research about the effects of the pandemic on academic women, it discusses the gendered division of caregiving responsibilities, both inside the family and in academic institutions. Through the lens of feminist theory, the article aims to understand what can be perceived as a kind of paradox or contradiction: on the one hand, there is something deeply predictable about the fact that women have shouldered relatively disproportionate caregiving responsibilities during the pandemic. On the other hand, and because these gendered effects are so predictable, there is something somewhat perplexing in the lack of institutional response. This article explains what is predictable about the phenomenon as an instantiation of misogyny and the gendered division of labor—a reproduction of already existing issues. The somewhat perplexing nature of the phenomenon comes from the lack of institutional response to deeply predictable effects, but it is also related to how resilient the gendered nature of caregiving obligations has proven to be, even during the extraordinary circumstances of a pandemic. This resilience, the article suggests, might be explained by the intersection of misogyny and economic exploitation.
The Right to Family Reunification of Children Seeking International Protection under the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Misplaced Reliance on Travaux?
Authors: Ioffe Yulia
Published: August 2022

This article focuses on a unique provision, article 9 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which stipulates a right to family reunification for all children, including those seeking international protection. Relying on the rules of treaty interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), the article argues that the desirable interpretation of article 9 prescribes a positive obligation upon States to provide entry to the territory of a State for the purposes of family unity. It also challenges the prevailing academic view that only article 10 of the CRC applies in the migration context, while article 9 of the CRC is applicable exclusively within State borders. The article contends that the text of these provisions, as well as the context of the CRC, does not support the opinion of a considerable number of scholars, who argue that children seeking international protection fall outside the scope of article 9 of the CRC. It suggests that the interpretation of article 9 of the CRC, using the proper interpretative methodology of the VCLT, demands the articulation of a distinctive child-centred approach to family reunification and a presumption against family separation of children seeking international protection.
Existence and convergence of a discontinuous Galerkin method for the incompressible three-phase flow problem in porous media
Authors: Sosa Jones Giselle , Cappanera Loïc , Riviere Beatrice
Published: August 2022

This paper presents and analyzes a discontinuous Galerkin method for the incompressible three-phase flow problem in porous media. We use a first-order time extrapolation, which allows us to solve the equations implicitly and sequentially. We show that the discrete problem is well posed, and obtain a priori error estimates. Our numerical results validate the theoretical results, i.e., the algorithm converges with first order.
A splitting semi-implicit Euler method for stochastic incompressible Euler equations on 𝕋2
Authors: Hong Jialin , Sheng Derui , Zhou Tau
Published: August 2022

The main difficulty in studying numerical methods for stochastic evolution equations (SEEs) lies in the treatment of the time discretization (Printems, 2001, ESAIM Math. Model. Numer. Anal.35, 1055–1078). Although fruitful results on numerical approximations have been developed for SEEs, as far as we know, none of them include that of stochastic incompressible Euler equations. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes and analyzes a splitting semi-implicit Euler method in temporal direction for stochastic incompressible Euler equations on torus $\mathbb {T}^2$ driven by additive noises. By a Galerkin approximation and the fixed-point technique, we establish the unique solvability of the proposed method. Based on the regularity estimates of both exact and numerical solutions, we measure the error in $L^2(\mathbb {T}^2)$ and show that the pathwise convergence order is nearly $\frac {1}{2}$ and the convergence order in probability is almost $1$.
Variance Estimates in Linnik’s Problem
Authors: Shubin Andrei
Published: August 2022

We evaluate the variance of the number of lattice points in a small randomly rotated spherical ball on a surface of 3-dimensional sphere centered at the origin. Previously, Bourgain, Rudnick, and Sarnak showed conditionally on the Generalized Lindelöf Hypothesis that the variance is bounded from above by $\sigma (\Omega ){N_n}^{1+\varepsilon }$, where $\sigma (\Omega )$ is the area of the ball $\Omega $ on the unit sphere and $N_n$ is the total number of solutions of Diophantine equation $x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = n$. Assuming the Grand Riemann Hypothesis and using the moments method of Soundararajan and Harper, we establish the upper bound of the form $c\sigma (\Omega ) N_n$, where $c$ is an absolute constant. This bound is of the conjectured order of magnitude.
Eigenvalue Asymptotics for Confining Magnetic Schrödinger Operators with Complex Potentials
Authors: Morin Léo , Raymond Nicolas , Vũ Ngoc San
Published: August 2022

This article is devoted to the spectral analysis of the electromagnetic Schrödinger operator on the Euclidean plane. In the semiclassical limit, we derive a pseudo-differential effective operator that allows us to describe the spectrum in various situations and appropriate regions of the complex plane. Not only results of the self-adjoint case are proved (or recovered) in the proposed unifying framework, but also new results are established when the electric potential is complex-valued. In such situations, when the non-self-adjointness comes with its specific issues (lack of a “spectral theorem”, resolvent estimates), the analogue of the “low-lying eigenvalues” of the self-adjoint case are still accurately described and the spectral gaps estimated.
On the Automorphism Group of Certain Short ℂ2’s
Authors: Bera Sayani , Pal Ratna , Verma Kaushal
Published: August 2022

For a Hénon map of the form $H(x, y) = (y, p(y) - ax)$, where $p$ is a polynomial of degree at least two and $a \not = 0$, it is known that the sub-level sets of the Green’s function $G^+_H$ associated with $H$ are Short $\mathbb {C}^2$’s. For a given $c> 0$, we study the holomorphic automorphism group of such a Short $\mathbb {C}^2$, namely $\Omega _c = \{ G^+_H < c \}$. The unbounded domain $\Omega _c \subset \mathbb {C}^2$ is known to have smooth real analytic Levi-flat boundary. Despite the fact that $\Omega _c$ admits an exhaustion by biholomorphic images of the unit ball, it turns out that its automorphism group, $\textrm {Aut}(\Omega _c)$, cannot be too large. On the other hand, examples are provided to show that these automorphism groups are non-trivial in general. We also obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for such a pair of Short $\mathbb {C}^2$’s to be biholomorphic.
Eigenspace Decomposition of Mixed Hodge Structures on Alexander Modules
Authors: Elduque Eva , Herradón
Cueto Moisés
Published: August 2022

In previous work jointly with Geske, Maxim, and Wang, we constructed a mixed Hodge structure (MHS) on the torsion part of (one variable) Alexander modules, which generalizes the MHS on the cohomology of the Milnor fiber for weighted homogeneous polynomials. The cohomology of a Milnor fiber carries a monodromy action, whose semisimple part is an isomorphism of MHS. The natural question of whether this result still holds for Alexander modules was then posed. In this paper, we give a positive answer to that question, which implies that the direct sum decomposition of the torsion part of Alexander modules into generalized eigenspaces is in fact a decomposition of MHS. We also show that the MHS on the generalized eigenspace of eigenvalue $1$ can be constructed without passing to a suitable finite cover (as is the case for the MHS on the torsion part of the Alexander modules), and compute it under some purity assumptions on the base space. Further, we show a formula relating the Alexander module’s Hodge numbers to those of finite covers of the base space, under some assumptions.Dedicated to the memory of Georgia Benkart
Monitoring Varicella Vaccine Impact on Varicella Incidence in the United States: Surveillance Challenges and Changing Epidemiology, 1995–2019
Authors: Marin Mona , Leung Jessica , Anderson Tara C , Lopez Adriana S
Published: August 2022

Surveillance is critical for monitoring vaccine impact. Varicella surveillance challenges predated varicella vaccine US licensure in 1995. Several interim steps were needed before case-based surveillance could be established in most states, and both active and passive surveillance was needed to document the vaccination program’s impact on varicella incidence. By the end of the 1-dose program in 2005, incidence had declined 90% in the active surveillance areas, with significant declines occurring in all age groups within 5 years of program implementation. Additional declines occurred during the 2-dose program leading to >97% decline in incidence over the 25 years of program implementation through 2019, based on data from 4 states with continuous passive reporting. Surveillance showed that declines were highest among children and adolescents covered by the routine vaccination recommendations but occurred in all age groups. Although surveillance systems changed and were adapted to reflect evolving epidemiology, data consistently demonstrated decreasing varicella incidence following the vaccination program implementation. The vaccination program dramatically decreased virus circulation and increased community protection. Continued and improved varicella surveillance is needed to accurately monitor disease epidemiology and further guide prevention efforts.
Identifying Distractors for People with Computer Anxiety Based on Mouse Fixations
Authors: dos Santos Thiago Donizetti , de Santana Vagner Figueredo
Published: August 2022

Computer anxiety (CA) can be defined as fear and worries that someone may feel when using computers. Thus, people with CA may face problems when using computers at home, at work or for study purposes, resulting in multiple forms of barriers even before the actual interaction with computers. In this context, the purpose of this research is to identify user interface elements impacting task performance (i.e. distractors) for people with CA, using mouse fixation analysis as a proxy for eye gaze data. The study explores the relationship of mouse and eye gaze data collected with the help of 39 older adults interacting with a website. Results show that it is possible to identify UI elements acting as distractors (e.g. carousel, top menu) as well as those with which people with CA faced problems (e.g. side menu, search box, map), based on mouse fixations. Moreover, statistical differences show that the number of mouse fixations in navigation, content and distractors is different for different levels of CA. Furthermore, differences were found between CA groups regarding mouse and eye fixations, indicating that participants with higher CA levels had difficulty differentiating which areas of interest they should interact with using mouse. From the results, one expects that personalized systems could use the proposed approach to identify UI elements acting as distractors using mouse data and then simplify UIs based on different levels of CA.
Perceived Usability and User Experience in Augmented Reality Tools for the Treatment of Spider Phobia
Authors: Ramírez-Fernández Cristina , Morán Alberto L , Meza-Kubo Victoria
Published: August 2022

The use of augmented reality (AR) environments to treat small animal phobias is an alternative to traditional in vivo exposure treatments that allow supporting the therapy through the virtual, gradual and controlled exposure of the patient to the animal to which he/she is afraid. In this paper, we compare three different AR tools used in exposure therapy for spider phobia with thirty users; namely, a mobile haptic AR system, an immersive AR environment, and a non-immersive AR environment. An in vivo (direct) interaction with a real spider was also used as a reference during the comparison. To compare these four conditions, each subject participated in an exposure therapy session using all of them. The perception of usefulness and experience of use of each of the tools were evaluated using a Technology Acceptance Model on-exit questionnaire and the results were obtained through indirect observation analysis. The results showed that there are no significant differences regarding the perception of usefulness among the three applications and that the haptic AR system generated the least discomforting experience of use.
Serum Free Light Chain Quantification Testing: Comparison of Two Methods for Disease Monitoring
Authors: Singh Gurmukh , Whitaker Brooke M , Wu Alan H B , Xu Hongyan , Bollag Roni J
Published: August 2022

Background

Levels of free immunoglobulin light chains in serum and urine are a sensitive measure of dysregulated immunoglobulin synthesis. The development of an assay for free light chains in serum was a major advance in laboratory testing for monoclonal gammopathies. The original assay by The Binding Site, called Freelite®, has been in common use in laboratory monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies. Two clinical entities, myeloma-defining condition and light chain-predominant multiple myeloma, rely on quantitative measurements of serum free light chains.

Methods

Using polyclonal antisera specific to free light chains, Diazyme Laboratories developed a latex immunoturbidimetric assay for quantification of human kappa and lambda serum free light chains. We evaluated the Diazyme assay by comparing the results of kappa and lambda free light chain quantification, and kappa/lambda ratio with the results on the same specimens by the Freelite method. We also compared the correlation of the 2 methods to evaluate response to treatment and to changes in clinical status of patients with multiple myeloma.

Results

The results of Freelite and Diazyme methods are comparable. There was no statistically significant difference in the performance of the 2 assays for quantification of light chains, kappa/lambda ratio, or correlation of clinical parameters from patients with multiple myeloma at various stages of monitoring the disease in 2 geographically diverse laboratory and clinical environments.

Conclusions

The Diazyme method is comparable to Freelite and provides an opportunity to add the test to front-end automation and improvement in efficiency of the assay.
Foreword
Authors: van Sliedregt Elies , Weißer Bettina
Published: August 2022

Followers of the International Criminal Court (ICC) interested in theories of liability were looking forward to the Appeals Chamber judgment in the Ntaganda case, in which Bosco Ntaganda was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The conviction was based on the theory of indirect co-perpetration through an Organized Structure of Power (OSP). This theory resulted from a specific interpretation of the ICC Statute, based on German legal scholarship. The theory has been criticized for its breadth and lack of legal basis. It has also been embraced as the theory of liability that best captures the liability of those who mastermind crimes. When the judgment was delivered on 30 March 2021, the appellate bench was divided, which arguably leaves the theory still contested. This symposium discusses indirect co-perpetration from perspectives hitherto not discussed. Two articles look at how the German theory of Tatherschaft that lies at the basis of indirect co-perpetration, has been absorbed in some domestic legal systems (Japan and Columbia). One article discusses the multi-layered concept of control that is at the heart of the theory. In another piece, adopting a law and sociology approach, authors explore the creative processes that produced indirect co-perpetration. Lastly, one author discusses the viability of an alternative to indirect co-perpetration: instigation.
How did Avicenna understand the Barcan formulas?
Authors: Hodges Wilfrid
Published: August 2022

In 2003 Zia Movahed pointed to a passage of Avicenna, written probably in 1022, which Movahed claimed anticipated the modal formula of Barcan (that ‘For every $x$ necessarily $\phi $’ entails ‘Necessarily for every $x$$\phi $’), and its converse. Since 2003, examination of early logical writings of Avicenna has clarified how he understood entailments between modal sentences, using his own new temporal language to provide a kind of semantics. In the light of that, Movahed’s claim for the Barcan formula needs some tidying up but is basically correct. But by his semantics Avicenna should not have claimed the converse Barcan formula and probably didn’t claim it.
A Mixed Judgment Standard for Surrogate Decision-Making
Authors: Stout Nathan
Published: August 2022

The Substituted Judgment Standard (SJS) for surrogate decision-making dictates that a surrogate, when making medical decisions on behalf of an incapacitated patient, ought to make the decision that the patient would have made if the patient had decisional capacity. Despite its intuitive appeal, however, SJS has been the target of a variety of criticisms. Most objections to SJS appeal to epistemic difficulties involved in determining what a patient would have decided in a given case. In this article, I offer an alternative standard for surrogate decision-making that avoids these difficulties. I then offer an account of its theoretical underpinnings which shows that it preserves the central moral justification for SJS, namely, respect for patient autonomy.
Renewing the Study of Trust in World Politics: A Relational Agenda
Authors: Balzacq Thierry
Published: August 2022

This introductory essay lays the groundwork for an inductive, relational approach to the study of trust in international relations. It argues that the two main accounts of trust, affective and cognitive, are less separate motivational sources of trust than two constitutive dimensions, albeit in varying degrees, of a trusting relationship. Trust is an emergent property of social relations, and the specific form and content it takes inhere in the relationship that embodies it, whether or not actors involved are deemed trustworthy a priori. In addition to emphasizing contextual manifestations of trust, this article suggests that a relational understanding of trust foregrounds normative expectations created by trusting relationships, which the mutual determination between trustworthiness and trust-responsiveness makes necessary. The article concludes with a presentation of this forum's contributions. It shows that a relational view of trust enables us to reconcile the generic question—why agents trust one another—with contextual concerns—when and how do they exhibit trusting relationships.
A Conflict between the Best Interests of the Child and the Right to Respect for Family Life?
Authors: Mørk Anne , Sandberg Kirsten , Schultz Trine , Hartoft Hanne
Published: August 2022

This article explores Danish and Norwegian regulations of adoption without parental consent as a social initiative considering judgements from ECtHR, primarily involving Norway. As the countries are quite similar, Norwegian and Danish legislation are compared. The comparative analysis shows that in non-consensual adoption cases, the understanding of the concept of the best interests of the child seems to differ between the ECtHR on the one hand and Denmark and Norway on the other hand. It is argued that the social welfare system in the Nordic countries is matched by a Nordic view of children and the Court's approach impedes the ongoing development of the child as an independent bearer of rights in Nordic law.
Nothing Out of the Ordinary: The Life of Salomon Marcus
Authors: Lenartowicz Kamila
Published: August 2022

From roughly the first half of the eighteenth century, Jewish life in East Prussia was mostly concentrated in Königsberg, the capital city of the province. In 1811, for instance, there were eight hundred and eight Jews in East Prussia, six hundred and fifty of whom were living in Königsberg. In Tilsit, Memel and Gumbinnen, other main cities of the province, there were thirteen, twenty-five, and fourteen Jews respectively. The tiny remainder was spread out among small towns; in the villages there were almost no Jews. While the history of the Jews of Königsberg has been well researched and the Jewish presence in other cities of East Prussia synthesized in several anthologies, that little bit of Jewish life in the small East Prussian towns and villages remains unknown. Considering the insignificant number of Jews who once lived in the East Prussian countryside, this lack of research is understandable.

On the other hand, studies on small communities—or, even more accurate in the case of East Prussia, on individual families—can complete the general picture of Jewish life not only in East Prussia, but in the entire Prussian territory. The accuracy of these studies complements overviews intended mainly to develop an understanding of general processes and happenings. A micro-study can therefore add to existing research—even if only used as a tool with which to confirm or question a more wide-ranging thesis. This essay, an examination of one individual Jewish life in East Prussia, is one such micro-study. It is the story of Salomon Marcus, a small-time Jewish merchant who lived in Gilgenburg, a small town in East Prussia in the Osterode District, in the last three decades of the eighteenth and the first two decades of the nineteenth century.
Bridging the Divide: The Crucifixion in Endo’s The Samurai
Authors: Little Brent
Published: August 2022

This article situates Shusaku Endo’s novel, The Samurai, within postwar theological developments both within his Japanese context and as a consequence of the Catholic Church’s Vatican Council II. Read against this background, The Samurai demonstrates Endo’s wager that the symbol of the crucifix is translatable across cultures. His novel depicts the core Catholic belief that the crucifixion paradoxically reveals God’s Divine Love to humanity through an image of weakness and death, but Endo decentres the Western theological tradition of atonement to reimagine the crucifixion as a manifestation of Jesus’s solidarity and accompaniment with those who are rejected and unjustly oppressed.
Algebraic tools for default modal systems
Authors: Cassano Valentin , Fervari Raul , Areces Carlos , Castro Pablo F
Published: August 2022

Default Logics are a family of non-monotonic formalisms having so-called defaults and extensions as their common foundation. Traditionally, default logics have been defined and dealt with via syntactic notions of consequence in propositional or first-order logic. Here, we build default logics on modal logics. First, we present these default logics syntactically. Then, we elaborate on an algebraic counterpart. More precisely, we extend the notion of a modal algebra to accommodate for defaults and extensions. Our algebraic view of default logics concludes with an algebraic completeness result and a way of comparing default logics borrowing ideas from the concept of bisimulation in modal logic. To our knowledge, this take on default logics approach is novel. Interestingly, it also lays the groundwork for studying default logics from a dynamic logic perspective.
Pathophysiology II
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, the pathophysiology associated with degeneration of specific, primary neurotransmitter-defined systems is reviewed. An alternative starting point for investigating Parkinson disease (PD) pathophysiology is considering the normal role(s) of specific brain systems affected in the disease. This approach is complicated by the multisystem nature of PD pathology, but it is likely to continue to be important in studying the consequences of neurodegeneration in specific brain systems. Thus, the normal functions of nigrostriatal dopaminergic signaling are reviewed here, and their correlation with the clinical deficits of Parkinson disease (PD) is discussed. The potential roles of altered habit formation and maintenance secondary to striatal dysfunction are reviewed. The potential roles of cholinergic and serotoninergic projection systems degeneration in driving important clinical features of PD are also discussed.
Pharmacology II
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, the pharmacologic management of Parkinson disease (PD) is reviewed. L-dopa preparations are the cornerstone of management in the treatment of PD. The features and limitations of L-dopa preparations are discussed, comparing the benefits and drawbacks of different preparations. Newer formulations are also detailed. Adjunctive agents such as catabolic enzyme inhibitors and dopamine agonists are discussed. The pharmacologic management of important non-dopamine replacement–responsive clinical features is also surveyed.
Surgery
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

Surgical interventions occupy an important place in the management of Parkinson disease (PD). Prior to the advent of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT), there was considerable interest in lesional surgical interventions for PD. This chapter reviews surgical interventions, primarily deep brain stimulation (DBS) for PD. The rationale and indications for DBS are reviewed, and DBS procedures, outcomes, and complications are discussed. Lesional, cell-based, and gene therapy interventions also are discussed briefly.
The Weight of the Past: Mixed-Race Materiality in Post-Racial Asian American Literature
Authors: Poulsen Melissa Eriko
Published: August 2022

I examine the dematerialization of mixed-race characters in contemporary Asian American literature. Reading Celeste Ng’s Everything I Never Told You (2014) alongside Emily X. R. Pan’s The Astonishing Color of After (2018), I trace depictions of characters who momentarily imagine and are ultimately threatened by the disappearance of their bodies—a disappearance that echoes nineteenth- and early twentieth-century portrayals of mixed-race identity in passing narratives. During a time when mixed-race individuals are hypervisible in the United States, why are Asian mixed-race bodies dematerialized? Why do texts return to the narrative paths and tools of passing narratives? I argue that dematerialization is, unexpectedly, an enactment of post-racial discourse, which casts mixed-race individuals as harbingers of a raceless future, ignoring the lived experiences and histories of mixed-race people and interracial families. By recalling passing narratives, Ng and Pan highlight this failure to detect mixed-race realities—and the importance of recovering mixed-race pasts and presents. In the face of post-racial discourse, Everything I Never Told You and The Astonishing Color of After refuse to render mixed-race experiences immaterial. Rejecting co-opted futures and reclaiming forgotten pasts, these novels recast passing narratives to insist on the materiality of their mixed-race protagonists.
Autonomy and Institutionalism in the Law of Contract
Authors: Catterwell Ryan
Published: August 2022

This article considers the extent to which the law of contract is dictated by promise, agreement or intention rather than prevailing norms and standards. It argues that, over the last century, contract law has developed along two different lines. Through statute, policy objectives have been increasingly implemented in contract, in particular, with respect to consumer protection. By contrast, judge-made law has developed, particularly in the commercial context, so as to place greater emphasis on giving effect to what parties promise, agree or intend. This article analyses these changes through an empirical investigation of the law as it has developed in practice. It shows that contract law involves a balance between autonomy and institutionalism; it demonstrates that, beyond consumer protection under statute, contract has shifted in favour of party autonomy.
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Theories of Antidiscrimination Law
Authors: Sangiuliano Anthony
Published: August 2022

This article restates and critically analyses two prevalent philosophical approaches towards studying antidiscrimination law. So-called ‘bottom-up’ approaches are committed to ‘moralism’, the view that a discriminatory act’s being morally wrong gives a reason to legally prohibit it, and a ‘prescriptive’ method for theorising about antidiscrimination law, which constructs a theory of the moral wrongness of discrimination as an abstract standard for appraising existing law. ‘Top-down’ approaches are committed to ‘instrumentalism’, the view that the law’s purpose is not to reflect private interpersonal morality, but to function as a tool for promoting a valuable social goal and an ‘interpretive’ method that seeks to justify existing antidiscrimination law. After canvassing alternative approaches, I explain how the influence of antidiscrimination on our moral intuitions about discrimination reveals a connection between prescriptivism and interpretivism. I then argue that interpretivism imposes constraints on accounts of antidiscrimination law’s purpose that are difficult for moralism to satisfy.
Refugee migration and the labour market: lessons from 40 years of post-arrival policies in Denmark
Authors: Arendt Jacob Nielsen , Dustmann Christian , Ku Hyejin
Published: August 2022

Denmark has accepted refugees from a large variety of countries and for more than four decades. Denmark has also frequently changed policies and regulations concerning integration programmes, transfer payments, and conditions for permanent residency. Such policy variation in conjunction with excellent administrative data provides an ideal laboratory to evaluate the effects of different immigration and integration policies on the outcomes of refugee immigrants. In this article, we first describe the Danish experience with refugee immigration over the past four decades. We then review different post-arrival refugee policies and summarize studies that evaluate their effects on the labour market performance of refugees. Lastly, we discuss and contrast these findings in the context of international studies of similar policies and draw conclusions for policy.
‘Fake News’ in Seventeenth-Century France: The Case of Le Mercure galant
Authors: Steinberger Deborah
Published: August 2022

Le Mercure galant, one of France’s first newspapers, is notable for its diverse content: politics and foreign affairs, court news, science and medicine, the arts and literature. Directed by Jean Donneau de Visé from its inception in 1672 until his death in 1710, this influential and innovative monthly publication circulated throughout France and beyond its borders. The Mercure’s tendency to blur the lines between truth and fiction, between history and propaganda, and between information and entertainment, makes it an instructive case study in early modern ‘fake news’. Donneau de Visé, a self-styled royal historiographer and the beneficiary of a generous royal pension, dedicated his periodical to the Dauphin and published abundant praise of Louis XIV. The Mercure’s news reporting included distortions and propaganda intended to bolster and further entrench the king’s foreign and domestic policies. The Mercure’s nouvelles, short stories presented as true recent events, constituted another type of ‘fake news’, one that often had a different effect, inviting the re-examination of social norms. The nouvelles appealed to the Mercure’s sizeable community of women readers by accentuating female agency and providing a vehicle for the exploration of scenarios of female empowerment.
When does a purported exercise of a power of appointment impliedly revoke a previous revocable exercise of the power?
Authors: Smith Rodney Stewart
Published: August 2022

This Article considers in detail the recent decision in Equiom (Isle of Man) Ltd v Velarde on the exercise of a power of appointment. The Testatrix had a power of appointment in conventional form exercisable in favour of her issue. She had exercised it in 1997 in favour of two of her three children only but reserved a power of revocation. In 2007 she made a Will containing a residuary gift in favour of all her children. The gift used the word “appoint” in addition to the words “leave, devise and bequeath” and referred to property “over which I shall have any power of disposition whatsoever” but there was no express reference to the power of appointment, the previous appointment or the power of revocation. The issue was whether the gift in the Will impliedly revoked the previous appointment and the Judge, upholding the decision of the Deputy Master, held that it did.
Corporate trustees of charities
Authors: Mills Matthew
Published: August 2022

The trustees of unincorporated charities face greater personal exposure and more administrative burdens than the trustees of incorporated charities. Trustees of unincorporated charities have three main options to reduce these risks: (a) they can ‘incorporate’ the charity; (b) they can replace the board of trustees with a corporate trustee; or (c) they can incorporate the board of trustees. The author has discussed the first option elsewhere in this journal. This article will discuss the second and third options and conclude with a comparison of all the three options.
Under the hood of the draft Swiss trust law
Authors: Thévenoz Luc
Published: August 2022

Will trusts soon be part of Swiss private law? The Swiss government has recently published a draft bill for public consultation. This article presents its main features. It looks in some depth at the legal design of the proposal and how it fits into Switzerland’s civil law system. Neither a contract nor a legal entity, the proposed trust is a separate, ring-fenced fund legally owned by the trustee in the exclusive interest of the beneficiaries. Beneficiaries are protected by a broad set of personal claims against the trustee (and potentially against unprotected third-party acquirers) and by the court’s supervisory jurisdiction.
The requirement of ‘power to dispose’ in the Cape Town Convention and its protocols
Authors: Saidova Sanam
Published: August 2022

The concept of an ‘international interest’ is central to the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment. Once an international interest is created, it can be registered in the International Registry, established under the Convention, in which case it will be given priority over competing interests and enforced if the debtor defaults. One of the essential requirements for the constitution of an international interest is that a chargor, conditional seller, and lessor must have the ‘power to dispose’ of the interest held by them in the object. This article evaluates the basis and meaning of the power to dispose requirement under the Convention. It argues that power to dispose (where it arises without the right to dispose) is a matter governed by the Convention and constructs and proposes an internationally uniform concept of power to dispose under the Convention, autonomous from national law.
Recent advances in the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence to improve diagnosis, predict flares, and enrich clinical trials in lupus
Authors: Kingsmore Kathryn M. , Lipsky Peter E.
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review

Machine learning is a computational tool that is increasingly used for the analysis of medical data and has provided the promise of more personalized care.

Recent findings

The frequency with which machine learning analytics are reported in lupus research is comparable with that of rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, yet the clinical application of these computational tools has yet to be translated into better care. Considerable work has been applied to the development of machine learning models for lupus diagnosis, flare prediction, and classification of disease using histology or other medical images, yet few models have been tested in external datasets and independent centers. Application of machine learning has yet to be reported for lupus clinical trial enrichment and automated identification of eligible patients. Integration of machine learning into lupus clinical care and clinical trials would benefit from collaborative development between clinicians and data scientists.

Although the application of machine learning to lupus data is at a nascent stage, initial results suggest a promising future.
Does a Reduced Secondary Operation Rate Offset Higher Implant Charges when Utilizing Suture Button Fixation for Syndesmotic Injuries?
Authors: Flanagan Christopher D. , Solomon Eric , Michalski Joseph , Stang Thomas S. , Stenquist Derek S. , Donohue David , Shah Anjan , Maxson Benjamin , Watson David , Ochenjele George , Mir Hassan R.
Published: August 2022

Objective:

To determine whether a reduced secondary operation rate offsets higher implant charges when using suture button fixation for syndesmotic injuries.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Single, urban, Level 1 trauma center.

Participants:

Three-hundred twenty-seven (N = 327) skeletally mature patients with rotational ankle fractures (OTA/AO type 44) necessitating concurrent syndesmotic fixation.

Intervention:

Suture button or solid 3.5-mm screw syndesmotic fixation.

Main Outcome Measurements:

To compare implant charges with secondary operation charges based on differential implant removal rates between screws and suture buttons.

Results:

Patients undergoing screw fixation were older (48.8 vs. 39.6 years, P < 0.01), had more ground-level fall mechanisms (59.3% vs. 51.1%, P = 0.026), and sustained fewer 44C type injuries (34.7% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.01). Implant removal occurred at a higher rate in the screw fixation group (17.6% vs. 5.7%, P = 0.005). Binomial logistic regression identified nonsmoker status (B = 1.03, P = 0.04) and implant type (B = 1.41, P = 0.008) as factors associated with implant removal. Adjusting for age, the NNT with a suture button construct to prevent one implant removal operation was 9, with mean resulting additional implant charges of $9747 ($1083/case). Backward calculations using data from previous large studies estimated secondary operation charges at approximately $14220, suggesting a potential 31.5% cost savings for suture buttons when considering reduced secondary operation rates.

Conclusions:

A reduced secondary operation rate may offset increased implant charges for suture button syndesmotic fixation when considering institutional implant removal rates for operations occurring in tertiary care settings. Given these offsetting charges, surgeons should use the syndesmotic fixation strategy they deem most appropriate in their practice setting.

Level of Evidence:

Economic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy on Posttraumatic Growth and Quality of Life in Patients With Breast Cancer Under Early Chemotherapy
Authors: Zhu Pingting , Wu Qiwei , Liu Xinyi , Chen Chen , Ji Qiaoying , Shang Xingchen
Published: August 2022

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) in patients with breast cancer has been reported. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been found to be effective in improving the psychological well-being during cancer care. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of MBSR on the levels of PTG, perceived social support, and quality of life. A sample of 101 participants who experienced early chemotherapy enrolled in an MBSR group (n = 50) and a routine care group (n = 51) for 8 weeks. Their postintervention data were combined with preintervention data through a bundle of questionnaires reporting levels of PTG, perceived social support, and quality of life. MBSR showed the prominent validity in raising the levels of PTG and increasing in perceived social support and quality of life from pre- to posttreatment. MBSR improved the levels of PTG, perceived social support, and quality of life in patients with breast cancer in early chemotherapy. In conclusion, MBSR may help to optimize the positive psychological processes that will be targeted to maximize the efficacy of treatment for future cancer survivors.