bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic tectonic deformation history of the western Jiangnan Orogen, South China: Insights from new structural and geochronological data from northern Guangxi
Authors: Li Sai‐Sai , Cao Jie , Feng Zuo‐Hai , Liu Xing‐Yuan , Qin Ya , Hu Rong‐Guo , Wang Chun‐Zeng
Published: October 2021

Recognition of deformation events documented in Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequences of the Jiangnan Orogen is critical in understanding the tectonic evolution of South China. In this contribution, we present new field based structural observations, microstructural analysis, and geochronological data for the Sibao and Danzhou groups in the southwestern Jiangnan Orogen of northern Guangxi, South China. Integrating the new information with previously published structural and geochronological data, we have identified three major deformation events. The earliest event generated E–W‐trending high‐angle tight linear and overturned isoclinal folds in the Sibao Group with their fold axial planes dipping to the south. This shortening event occurred in the mid‐Neoproterozoic time (840–800 Ma) and was associated with the orogenic collision between the Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks in South China. The angular unconformity between Sibao and Danzhou groups provides strong evidence for the collision. The second deformation event produced the large‐scale NNE–SSW‐striking ductile shear zones in the region. It also overprinted the pre‐existing E–W‐trending folds, refolded the Sibao Group, and generated the large‐scale NNE–SSW‐trending open folds in the overlying Danzhou Group and the west‐dipping cleavage within both groups. The second event occurred during the early Palaeozoic time (460–410 Ma) as a result of a WNW–ESE‐oriented intracontinental shortening process. The latest deformation event generated slight crenulation cleavage in the Sibao Group, some folds in the marble units of the Danzhou Group, and normal‐sense shearing along the pre‐existing NNE–SSW‐striking shear zones, all of which are the result of a NW–SE‐directed crustal extension during the late Palaeozoic (410–350 Ma) Kwangsian (Caledonian) orogenic collapse.
Introduction to the Special Series, “Incorporating Nature-based Solutions into the Built Environment”
Authors: Suedel Burton C. , Oen Amy M. P.
Published: October 2021

Incorporating nature-based solutions (NBSs) into the built environment supports the ongoing sustainability challenge as emphasized in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and has particular relevance for SDG Goal #11 (Sustainable cities and communities), which seeks greater efficiencies in urban planning and management practices that address aging infrastructure and ongoing air, water, and soil pollution. The short communications and research articles in this special series exemplify many of these aspects, highlighting the application of NBSs and showcasing the latest environmental research and policy solutions to support this. Nature-based solutions in the built environment aim to promote the understanding of the transdisciplinary nature of NBSs and enhance the global awareness of the value of NBSs by providing a diversity of solutions to illustrate the positive economic, social, and environmental benefits of NBSs in the built environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:39–41. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

KEY POINTS

Nature-based solutions (NBSs) are an umbrella concept that incorporates key concepts of green infrastructure, ecosystem restoration, ecosystem engineering, and ecosystem-based adaptation and is recognized to improve biodiversity and deliver meaningful environmental, social, and economic benefits. NBSs can make an important contribution toward protecting infrastructure from climate change impacts. Transdisciplinary collaboration and participatory approaches to include codesign and coproduction of NBSs have the potential to improve NBS implementation as well as their maintenance.
How to talk to clients about giving raw food diets to their dogs and cats
Authors: Wales Andrew , Davies Robert
Published: October 2021

The popularity of feeding dogs and cats a raw diet has increased markedly in recent years. Broad claims of health benefits have been made, although accompanying evidence is typically weak or anecdotal. There are documented microbiological and nutritional risks associated with raw feeding that have elicited concerns among both veterinary and public health professionals. This article outlines the disadvantages and the perceived benefits of raw feeding, and suggests approaches to engage with clients who have chosen to give their pet a raw food diet.
Time‐gated interferometric detection increases Raman scattering to fluorescence signal ratio in biological samples
Authors: Ksantini Nassim , Veilleux Israel , de Denus‐Baillargeon Marie‐Maude , Orsini Patrick , Dicaire Isabelle , Lecourt Jean‐Bernard , Gognau Alexandre , Hernandez Yves , Baylon Antonio , Massabki Maroun , Lesage Frederic , Leblond Frederic
Published: October 2021

Attainable levels of signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR) in Raman spectroscopy of biological samples is limited by the presence of endogenous fluorophores. It is customary to remove the ubiquitous fluorescence background using postacquisition data processing. However, new approaches are needed to reduce background contributions and maximize the fraction of the sensor dynamical range occupied by Raman photons. Time‐resolved detection using pulsed lasers and time‐gated measurements can be used to address the signal‐to‐background problem in biological samples by limiting light detection to nonresonant interaction phenomena with relaxation time scales occurring on sub‐nanosecond time scales, thereby excluding contributions from resonant phenomena such as fluorescence. A time‐gated Fourier‐transform spectrometer was assembled using a commercially available interferometer, a single channel single‐photon avalanche diode and time tagging electronics. A time gate of 300 ps increased the signal‐to‐background‐ratio of the 1440 cm−1 Raman band from 36% to 69% in an olive oil sample hereby demonstrating the potential of this approach for autofluorescence suppression.
Heterocyclic Schiff base derivatives containing pyrazolone moiety: Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological studies
Authors: Çınar Ercan , Başaran Eyüp , Erdoğan Ömer , Çakmak Reşit , Boğa Mehmet , Çevik Özge
Published: October 2021

In this study, some pyrazolone‐based Schiff base derivatives 2a‐e (except 2a) were synthesized for the first time and structurally illuminated by some spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C NMR, FT‐IR) and elemental analysis. All synthesized molecules were screened for their anticancer and antioxidant activities, as well as AChE, BChE, and tyrosinase inhibitory properties. The obtained results exhibited that compounds 1b (IC50 = 9.497 μΜ) and 2a (IC50 = 30.49 μΜ) significantly decreased the proliferation of HeLa cells. On the other hand, the apoptotic effects of these two compounds were investigated with acridine orange/propidium iodide double staining. The apoptotic cell ratios of the molecules treated with these two compounds were determined as 60 and 64%. Compound 2b (IC50 = 17.95 ± 0.47 μΜ) was determined to be a very active substance in the ABTS assay. Compound 2e (A0.5 = 43.75 ± 0.62 μM) indicated the closest antioxidant activity to the standard compound α‐TOC (A0.5 = 50.58 ± 0.39 μM) in the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay. In inhibition studies of enzymes, it was determined that compound 2c had a very active molecule in AChE, BChE, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities with 82.79 ± 1.03, 91.39 ± 1.06, and 92.60 ± 1.80% inhibition, respectively. It was determined that the target molecules 2a‐e showed better antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities than those of ester derivatives 1a‐e.
High expression of DHX9 promotes the growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Shi Feng , Cao Shengli , Zhu Yaohua , Yu Qiwen , Guo Wenzhi , Zhang Shuijun
Published: October 2021

Background

DHX9, an NTP‐dependent RNA helicase, is closely associated with the proliferation and metastasis of some tumor cells and the prognosis of patients, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well‐known. This study was performed to explore the expression and role of DHX9 in HCC.

Methods

The expression of DHX9 in HCC tissues and cell lines was detected by TCGA database, qPCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The relationship between the DHX9 expression level and the prognosis of patients with HCC was accessed. Then, the function of DHX9 knockdown in HCC cells was examined by CCK‐8, scratch, Transwell, and apoptosis assays. Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) was detected by western blotting.

Results

DHX9 was highly expressed in HCC tissues by analyzing both TCGA database and clinical samples. High DHX9 expression level was associated with TNM stage, vascular invasion and metastasis of HCC patients, and was an independent adverse prognostic factor. DHX9 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT and increased cell apoptosis in HCC cells.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that DHX9 participates in the progression of HCC as an oncogene and may be a potential target for the clinical diagnosis and therapy of HCC.
Evaluation of an Injectable Hydrogel Based on Hyaluronic Acid–Chitosan/β‐Glycerophosphate‐Loaded Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Peng Liang , Li Muwei , Zhao Kang , Ma Cao , Tang Haiyu , Li Yan
Published: October 2021

Myocardial infarction (MI), which is due to cardiac dysfunction, results in morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the cellular activity of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) generally limits their therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of MI. Here, inject able hyaluronic acid‐chitosan/β‐glycerophosphate (HA–CS/β‐GP) hydrogel‐loaded MSCs are prepared, after which their effects on the treatment of MI are investigated. The synthesized HA–CS/β‐GP hydrogels exhibit swelling ratio, an in vitro degradation value, and a gelatin time of 82.19 ± 4.1, 88.18% ± 2.4%, and 9 s, respectively. Further, rheological studies revealed that the elastic modulus of the HA–CS/β‐GP hydrogels is ≥230 Pa, exhibiting large elastic to viscous modulus ratio, which indicates their mechanical strength. Furthermore, the in vitro 3T3 cell and MSC culture studies confirm the good biocompatibility of the HA–CS and HA–CS/β‐GP hydrogels. The implantation of the synthesized hydrogels in the mouse MI model considerably improves the therapeutic effect of the MSCs (enhanced cardiac function, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and increased vascularization) for the first time. The innovative synergistic strategy of combining injectable HA–CS and HA–CS/β‐GP hydro gels with MSCs may be suitable for the effective treatment of cardiac morbidity due to MIs.
Extrusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing Samples with Desirable Thermal Conductivities Prepared by Incorporating Hybrid Hexagonal Boron Nitride(h‐BN) and Novel Process Strategy
Authors: Jiang Yixin , Li Jiaqi , Leng Jie , Zhang Jie
Published: October 2021

In this work, a high thermal conductivity (TC) sample is prepared by extrusion‐based additive manufacturing (AM). Polyurethane/polylactide (TPU/PLA) is chosen as the matrix material, and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) acts as the filler. Although the loading of h‐BN is fixed at 30 wt%, the TC values can shift from 0.63 to 1.80 W m K, which shows the importance of processing control. The influences of filler size, filler system, and process strategy are discussed systematically. This work provides some new ideas in preparing high TC polymer composite. The sample can be potentially utilized at some conditions which need rapid prototyping, good thermal conductivity, and good ductility.
Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosisInhA by 3‐nitropropanoic acid
Authors: Songsiriritthigul Chomphunuch , Hanwarinroj Chayanin , Pakamwong Bongkochawan , Srimanote Potjanee , Suttipanta Nitima , Sureram Sanya , Suttisintong Khomson , Kamsri Pharit , Punkvang Auradee , Spencer James , Kittakoop Prasat , Pungpo Pornpan
Published: October 2021

3‐Nitropropanoic acid (3NP), a bioactive fungal natural product, was previously demonstrated to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we demonstrate that 3NP inhibits the 2‐trans‐enoyl‐acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with an IC50 value of 71 μM, and present the crystal structure of the ternary InhA‐NAD+‐3NP complex. The complex contains the InhA substrate‐binding loop in an ordered, open conformation with Tyr158, a catalytically important residue whose orientation defines different InhA substrate/inhibitor complex conformations, in the “out” position. 3NP occupies a hydrophobic binding site adjacent to the NAD+ cofactor and close to that utilized by the diphenyl ether triclosan, but binds predominantly via electrostatic and water‐mediated hydrogen‐bonding interactions with the protein backbone and NAD+ cofactor. The identified mode of 3NP binding provides opportunities to improve inhibitory activity toward InhA.
Particle‐Induced Erosional Behaviors of Diamond‐Like Carbon Films
Authors: Lu Zhaijun , Fan Dengke , Bai Lichun
Published: October 2021

Particle‐induced erosion is an important form of materials wear. The erosion mechanism lacks good understanding due to the limitation of experimental techniques to characterize the fast impact process between particle and materials. Herein, the particle‐induced erosion of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the impact process shows an evident fluctuation. The impact energy is mainly absorbed during the first fluctuation period, and the fluctuations in other periods are dominated by elastic deformations. The energy absorbed in the first period shows a linear relation with the maximum material loss, and such relation indicates that there exists a threshold vertical impact velocity to initiate the loss of DLC films, which is due to the initiation of their plastic deformation. The maximum impact force shows a linear dependence on the impact velocity, attributed to the structural changes of DLC films. Moreover, the DLC films show large volume loss with both impact angles of 90° and 45°, indicating that these films exhibit both brittle and ductile impact behaviors due to their specific structural changes. These results can help to uncover the erosional behaviors of DLC films and elucidate the particle‐induced erosion mechanisms at the nanoscale.
A novel partially parameter‐free adaptive multivariate EWMA mean chart
Authors: Haq Abdul , Khoo Michael B. C.
Published: October 2021

The run length performances of adaptive/nonadaptive multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA) charts depend on the smoothing parameter. In this research, a new partially parameter‐free adaptive MEWMA (AMEWMA) chart, called the AMEWMA‐III chart, which does not contain any control chart parameter (except the control limit) is developed to monitor the mean vector of a process that follows a multivariate normal distribution. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to compute the run length characteristics of the MEWMA, AMEWMA‐I, AMEWMA‐II, and AMEWMA‐III charts. The AMEWMA‐III chart surpasses the MEWMA chart for small and moderate shifts whilst the latter with a larger smoothing parameter prevails over the former for large shifts. Additionally, the AMEWMA‐III chart outperforms the AMEWMA‐I and AMEWMA‐II charts for moderate‐to‐large shifts but for small‐to‐moderate shifts, all the AMEWMA charts have similar performances. Applications on two real datasets are given to illustrate the implementation of the AMEWMA‐III chart in comparison to the AMEWMA‐I and AMEWMA‐II charts.
Decentralized uniform finite‐time stabilization of large‐scale nonlinear networks by small‐gain theorems
Authors: Pavlichkov Svyatoslav , Pang Chee Khiang
Published: October 2021

We solve the problem of decentralized uniform finite‐time stabilization for a large‐scale network of nonlinear systems in triangular form which are not feedback linearizable and whose input–output maps are not invertible. For this, we provide a new recursive design to satisfy the conditions of a certain modification of the small‐gain theorems for the case of the uniform finite‐time stability of large‐scale networks. In the general case, we consider the general triangular form systems whose input–output links are surjections only. In addition, we consider the special case of the triangular form systems with polynomial integrators, which is also needed as the first step of the proof of our main result. In the latter case, the design becomes constructive, the decentralized stabilizers can be designed explicitly, and this is demonstrated by examples.
Essential Practices for Engaging Young Children as Writers: Lessons from Expert Early Writing Teachers
Authors: Rowe Deborah Wells , Shimizu Amanda Yoshiko , Davis Zarabeth G.
Published: October 2021

Given the importance of early writing experiences, a key question is how educators can increase the amount and quality of writing in early childhood settings. Expert early writing teachers were observed to identify the types of activities and interactions they used to engage 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds as writers. Writing instruction occurred as part of meaningful activities related to class units of study and the children's play. Teachers wrote in front of and alongside children to provide live demonstrations of what, how, and why to write. They encouraged young children to participate as writers by inviting children to write, talking with them about their messages and texts, supporting idea development and print processes as needed, inviting children to read their print, and creating opportunities for children to share their writing with others. Teachers accepted and valued children's writing attempts, regardless of the types of marks produced.
Towards a Taxonomy of Impact Factors for Digital Platform Pricing
Authors: Springer Virginia , Petrik Dimitri
Published: October 2021

Solving the chicken-or-egg problem and leveraging value contributing actors on the platform is crucial to establish dynamic platform-based ecosystems. A digital platform provider is challenged to manage multilateral platform architecture and governance mechanisms to establish an attractive platform-based ecosystem to foster third-party complementors to join. One of the key issues while establishing a platform-based ecosystem remains the decision about an adequate pricing model. Despite a large number of publications on platform governance, detailed pricing model analyses remain rare. In this explorative paper, we conduct a literature review, studying 62 relevant papers to explore the pricing impact factors to create a foundation for future research of price models in the under-researched setting of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The most relevant pricing factors and their distinctive characteristics are summed up in a multi-dimensional taxonomy. The developed taxonomy includes 13 impact factors and 38 characteristics of platform pricing. Our findings enable the decomposition and understanding of price models for their future improvement.
On the consistency of (partially-)massless matter couplings in de Sitter space
Authors: Sleight Charlotte , Taronna Massimo
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We study the consistency of the cubic couplings of a (partially-)massless spinning field to two scalars in (d + 1)-dimensional de Sitter space. Gauge invariance of observables with external (partially)-massless spinning fields translates into Ward-Takahashi identities on the boundary. Using the Mellin-Barnes representation for boundary correlators in momentum space, we give a systematic study of Ward-Takahashi identities for tree-level 3- and 4-point processes involving a single external (partially-)massless field of arbitrary integer spin-J. 3-point Ward-Takahashi identities constrain the mass of the scalar fields to which a (partially-)massless spin-J field can couple. 4-point Ward-Takahashi identities then constrain the corresponding cubic couplings. For massless spinning fields, we show that Weinberg’s flat space results carry over to (d+1)-dimensional de Sitter space: for spins J = 1, 2 gauge-invariance implies charge-conservation and the equivalence principle while, assuming locality, higher-spins J > 2 cannot couple consistently to scalar matter. This result also applies to anti-de Sitter space. For partially-massless fields, restricting for simplicity to those of depth-2, we show that there is no consistent coupling to scalar matter in local theories. Along the way we also give a detailed account of how contact amplitudes with and without derivatives are represented in the Mellin-Barnes representation. Various new explicit expressions for 3- and 4-point functions involving (partially-)massless fields and conformally coupled scalars in dS4 are given.
Ambitwistor integrands from tensionless chiral superstring integrands
Authors: Kalyanapuram Nikhil
Published: October 2021

Abstract

It is established that in the tensionless limit the chiral superstring integrand is reduced to the chiral integrand of the ambitwistor string.
The Hsp70–Hsp90 go-between Hop/Stip1/Sti1 is a proteostatic switch and may be a drug target in cancer and neurodegeneration
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik , Picard Didier
Published: October 2021

The Hsp70 and Hsp90 molecular chaperone systems are critical regulators of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in eukaryotes under normal and stressed conditions. The Hsp70 and Hsp90 systems physically and functionally interact to ensure cellular proteostasis. Co-chaperones interact with Hsp70 and Hsp90 to regulate and to promote their molecular chaperone functions. Mammalian Hop, also called Stip1, and its budding yeast ortholog Sti1 are eukaryote-specific co-chaperones, which have been thought to be essential for substrate (“client”) transfer from Hsp70 to Hsp90. Substrate transfer is facilitated by the ability of Hop to interact simultaneously with Hsp70 and Hsp90 as part of a ternary complex. Intriguingly, in prokaryotes, which lack a Hop ortholog, the Hsp70 and Hsp90 orthologs interact directly. Recent evidence shows that eukaryotic Hsp70 and Hsp90 can also form a prokaryote-like binary chaperone complex in the absence of Hop, and that this binary complex displays enhanced protein folding and anti-aggregation activities. The canonical Hsp70-Hop-Hsp90 ternary chaperone complex is essential for optimal maturation and stability of a small subset of clients, including the glucocorticoid receptor, the tyrosine kinase v-Src, and the 26S/30S proteasome. Whereas many cancers have increased levels of Hop, the levels of Hop decrease in the aging human brain. Since Hop is not essential in all eukaryotic cells and organisms, tuning Hop levels or activity might be beneficial for the treatment of cancer and neurodegeneration.
Urinary metabolite profiling and risk of progression of diabetic nephropathy in 2670 individuals with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Mutter Stefan , Valo Erkka , Aittomäki Viljami , Nybo Kristian , Raivonen Lassi , Thorn Lena M. , Forsblom Carol , Sandholm Niina , Würtz Peter , Groop Per-Henrik
Published: October 2021

Aims/hypothesis

This prospective, observational study examines associations between 51 urinary metabolites and risk of progression of diabetic nephropathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes by employing an automated NMR metabolomics technique suitable for large-scale urine sample collections.

Methods

We collected 24-h urine samples for 2670 individuals with type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy study and measured metabolite concentrations by NMR. Individuals were followed up for 9.0 ± 5.0 years until their first sign of progression of diabetic nephropathy, end-stage kidney disease or study end. Cox regressions were performed on the entire study population (overall progression), on 1999 individuals with normoalbuminuria and 347 individuals with macroalbuminuria at baseline.

Results

Seven urinary metabolites were associated with overall progression after adjustment for baseline albuminuria and chronic kidney disease stage (p < 8 × 10−4): leucine (HR 1.47 [95% CI 1.30, 1.66] per 1-SD creatinine-scaled metabolite concentration), valine (1.38 [1.22, 1.56]), isoleucine (1.33 [1.18, 1.50]), pseudouridine (1.25 [1.11, 1.42]), threonine (1.27 [1.11, 1.46]) and citrate (0.84 [0.75, 0.93]). 2-Hydroxyisobutyrate was associated with overall progression (1.30 [1.16, 1.45]) and also progression from normoalbuminuria (1.56 [1.25, 1.95]). Six amino acids and pyroglutamate were associated with progression from macroalbuminuria.

Conclusions/interpretation

Branched-chain amino acids and other urinary metabolites were associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy on top of baseline albuminuria and chronic kidney disease. We found differences in associations for overall progression and progression from normo- and macroalbuminuria. These novel discoveries illustrate the utility of analysing urinary metabolites in entire population cohorts.

Graphical abstract
Environmental cycles and individual variation in the vertical movements of a benthic elasmobranch
Authors: Lavender Edward , Aleynik Dmitry , Dodd Jane , Illian Janine , James Mark , Wright Peter J. , Smout Sophie , Thorburn James
Published: October 2021

Trends in depth and vertical activity reflect the behaviour, habitat use and habitat preferences of marine organisms. However, among elasmobranchs, research has focused heavily on pelagic sharks, while the vertical movements of benthic elasmobranchs, such as skate (Rajidae), remain understudied. In this study, the vertical movements of the Critically Endangered flapper skate (Dipturus intermedius) were investigated using archival depth data collected at 2 min intervals from 21 individuals off the west coast of Scotland (56.5°N, −5.5°W) in 2016–17. Depth records comprised nearly four million observations and included eight time series longer than 1 year, forming one of the most comprehensive datasets collected on the movement of any skate to date. Additive modelling and functional data analysis were used to investigate vertical movements in relation to environmental cycles and individual characteristics. Vertical movements were dominated by individual variation but included prolonged periods of limited activity and more extensive movements that were associated with tidal, diel, lunar and seasonal cycles. Diel patterns were strongest, with irregular but frequent movements into shallower water at night, especially in autumn and winter. This research strengthens the evidence for vertical movements in relation to environmental cycles in benthic species and demonstrates a widely applicable flexible regression framework for movement research that recognises the importance of both individual-specific and group-level variation.
Localisation of cryptochrome 2 in the avian retina
Authors: Einwich Angelika , Seth Pranav Kumar , Bartölke Rabea , Bolte Petra , Feederle Regina , Dedek Karin , Mouritsen Henrik
Published: October 2021

Cryptochromes are photolyase-related blue-light receptors acting as core components of the mammalian circadian clock in the cell nuclei. One or more members of the cryptochrome protein family are also assumed to play a role in avian magnetoreception, but the primary sensory molecule in the retina of migratory birds that mediates light-dependent magnetic compass orientation has still not been identified. The mRNA of cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) has been reported to be located in the cell nuclei of the retina, but Cry2 localisation has not yet been demonstrated at the protein level. Here, we provide evidence that Cry2 protein is located in the photoreceptor inner segments, the outer nuclear layer, the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer in the retina of night-migratory European robins, homing pigeons and domestic chickens. At the subcellular level, we find Cry2 both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells residing in these layers. This broad nucleic expression rather points to a role for avian Cry2 in the circadian clock and is consistent with a function as a transcription factor, analogous to mammalian Cry2, and speaks against an involvement in magnetoreception.
From peridotite to fuchsite bearing quartzite via carbonation and weathering: with implications for the Pb budget of continental crust
Authors: Austrheim Håkon , Corfu Fernando , Renggli Christian J.
Published: October 2021

Extensive carbonation of peridotite results in listvenite, a rock composed of magnesite and quartz. At Gråberget, Røros, SE-Norway, a variably serpentinized peridotite body, surrounded by the Røros schists, a former abyssal sediment displays all stages of transformation of peridotite to quartzite. In this paper we record the sequence of steps in this process by combining the observation of mineral assemblages, textural relationships and geochemistry, and variations in Pb isotopic compositions. Initial serpentinization, a stage that also involved an enrichment in fluid-mobile elements (Pb, Sb and As), was followed by carbonation through CO2 fluids that formed soapstone, and eventually listvenite. The listvenite grades by decreasing amounts of carbonates into fuchsite bearing quartzite. The carbonates dissolved during supergene alteration and formed pores coated with oxides of Fe, Mn and Ni resulting in a brown rock color. The quartzite displays porous stylolites enriched in Pb, As and Sb and fuchsite with porous chromite grains as the only relicts of the original mineralogy in the peridotite. The dissolution of the carbonate occurred at oxidizing conditions at temperatures below 150 °C, where the solubility of magnesite is higher than that of quartz. Formation of quartzite from peridotite is supported by low REE contents and lack of zircons in the two rock types. The transformation involved enrichment of Pb, coupled with the elimination of Mg and enrichment of Si. This chemical fractionation and selective transfer of elements to the continents is an important mechanism and needs to be taken into account in models of continental evolution.
Effects of xylitol chewing gum and candies on the accumulation of dental plaque: a systematic review
Authors: Söderling Eva , Pienihäkkinen Kaisu
Published: October 2021

Objectives

A systematic review of published data was conducted with the aim of assessing the effects of xylitol consumption on the amount of dental plaque.

Materials and methods

Electronic and hand searches were performed to find clinical studies concerning the effects of xylitol chewing gum or candies on dental plaque. Prospective randomized controlled clinical trials published between 1971 and 2020 conducted in healthy subjects were included in the review.

Results

The initial search identified 424 xylitol articles. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, altogether 14 articles (16 studies) were reviewed. The review identified 12 of the total of 14 xylitol chewing gum studies as having fair or high quality. In 13 of the 14 chewing gum studies, xylitol gum decreased plaque accumulation. In six studies, xylitol gum chewing decreased plaque compared to sorbitol gum, and in three studies compared to gum base/no gum. In three fair-quality studies conducted with xylitol candies, plaque accumulation did not change.

Conclusions

Habitual xylitol gum chewing appears to show plaque-reducing effects that differ from those of sorbitol gum. This suggests specific effects for xylitol on plaque accumulation. Xylitol candies appear not to decrease plaque. The heterogeneity of the studies warrants further research.

Clinical relevance

Habitual xylitol gum chewing is likely to decrease plaque.
The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: bringing evidence to the clinic: perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG)
Authors: Coghill David , Banaschewski Tobias , Cortese Samuele , Asherson Philip , Brandeis Daniel , Buitelaar Jan , Daley David , Danckaerts Marina , Dittmann Ralf W. , Doepfner Manfred , Ferrin Maite , Hollis Chris , Holtmann Martin , Paramala Santosh , Sonuga-Barke Edmund , Soutullo César , Steinhausen Hans-Christoph , Van der Oord Saskia , Wong Ian C K , Zuddas Alessandro , Simonoff Emily
Published: October 2021

ADHD is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder presenting to child and adolescent mental health, paediatric, and primary care services. Timely and effective interventions to address core ADHD symptoms and co-occurring problems are a high priority for healthcare and society more widely. While much research has reported on the benefits and adverse effects of different interventions for ADHD, these individual research reports and the reviews, meta-analyses and guidelines summarizing their findings are sometimes inconsistent and difficult to interpret. We have summarized the current evidence and identified several methodological issues and gaps in the current evidence that we believe are important for clinicians to consider when evaluating the evidence and making treatment decisions. These include understanding potential impact of bias such as inadequate blinding and selection bias on study outcomes; the relative lack of high-quality data comparing different treatments and assessing long-term effectiveness, adverse effects and safety for both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments; and the problems associated with observational studies, including those based on large national registries and comparing treatments with each other. We highlight key similarities across current international clinical guidelines and discuss the reasons for divergence where these occur. We discuss the integration of these different perspective into a framework for person/family-centered evidence-based practice approach to care that aims to achieve optimal outcomes that prioritize individual strengths and impairments, as well as the personal treatment targets of children and their families. Finally, we consider how access to care for this common and impairing disorder can be improved in different healthcare systems.
Disease burden and treatment sequence of polymyositis and dermatomyositis patients in Japan: a real-world evidence study
Authors: Miyazaki Celine , Ishii Yutaka , Stelmaszuk Natalia M.
Published: October 2021

Introduction/objectives

Since new consensus on polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) were released in Japan, an updated evidence on treatment landscape and PM/DM burden was essential. This study evaluates treatment burden and overall treatment cost of PM/DM-related inpatient and outpatient visits, treatments, and procedures/patient/year.

Method

This retrospective, observational study analyzed insurance claims from Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC) database. Patients with at least one PM/DM diagnosis/one dispensation of treatment between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2019 were enrolled. Patient characteristics, treatment patterns and sequence, treatment choices, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and related costs were assessed. Chi-square test and linear regression model were used to assess impact of patient characteristics on treatment choice.

Results

Patients (836/4,961) receiving a relevant treatment were analyzed. Heart disease (35%), interstitial lung disease (27%), and diabetes mellitus (26%) were frequently identified as comorbidities. Concomitant dispensation of immunosuppressants and systemic steroids was largely found in first and second line of treatment (LoT) while systemic steroids remained as single dominant treatment across all LoTs. HCRU was very low for inpatient visits (0.68 [1.43]) or rehabilitation (4.74 [14.57]). The mean (SD) number of inpatient visits decreased from first (1.23 [2.32]) to third year (0.11 [0.54]). Total mean (SD) healthcare cost per patients per year was ¥ 3,815,912 (7,412,241), with overall drug dispensation compounding to 80% of total cost.

Conclusions

High concomitant immunosuppressant and systemic steroid prescriptions in first LoT recommend early optimal treatment to manage PM/DM. Although inpatient costs are low, outpatient dispensation costs increase overall economic burden.

Key Points• Japan faces treatment challenges in the prognosis of polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) and thus, we assessed the real-world treatment landscape, practice, patterns, and healthcare resource utilization as an evidence to support healthcare outcome improvement and treatment burden reduction.• Systemic steroids were the dominant preferred choice of treatment, but it increases the overall cost of the treatment due to the resultant comorbidities considering possible side-effects promotion.• Thus, an increased awareness towards the disease management among patients and medical doctors is required for better management goals based on this real-world practice evidence.
Broad coverage emotion annotation
Authors: Santos Diana , Simões Alberto , Mota Cristina
Published: October 2021

In this paper we present the emotion annotation of 1.5 billion words Portuguese corpora, publicly available. We motivate the annotation process and detail the decisions made. The resource is evaluated, being applied to different areas: to study Lusophone literature, to obtain paraphrases, and to do genre comparison.
Tipping for charity: a field experiment in charitable giving on free walking tours
Authors: Butz Britta , Harbring Christine
Published: October 2021

The following field experiment analyzes the effect of payments in a setting of shared social responsibility where charitable giving is incorporated into a pay-what-you-want scheme as a share of the payment. The field experiment involved free walking tours. Within a timeframe of 10 weeks, tours operated as usual, while every second week a Donation Week was implemented. During Donation Week, 5% of the tips were donated to a charitable organization by the tour firm. Results reveal that tips are significantly higher in the Donation Week compared to the Baseline and that the rise in tips roughly outweighs the cost of the donation payment. Thus, while tour guides’ profits do not differ between treatments donations to charity may be generated additionally in Donation Week.
Automated and interactive evaluation of welding producibility in an multidisciplinary design optimization environment for aircraft components
Authors: Madrid Julia , Andersson Petter , Söderberg Rikard , Wärmefjord Kristina , Kveselys Donatas , Lindkvist Lars , Lööf Johan
Published: October 2021

The automation capabilities and virtual tools within engineering disciplines, such as structural mechanics and aerodynamics, enable efficient Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) approaches to evaluate and optimize the performance of a large number of design variants during early design stages of aircraft components. However, for components that are designed to be welded, in which multiple functional requirements are satisfied by one single welded structure, the automation and simulation capabilities to evaluate welding-producibility and predict welding quality (geometrical deformation, weld bead geometrical quality, cracks, pores, etc) are limited. Besides the complexity of simulating all phenomena within the welding process, one of the main problems in welded integrated components is the existing coupling between welding quality metrics and product geometry. Welding quality can vary for every new product geometrical variant. Thus, there is a need of analyzing rapidly and virtually the interaction and sensitivity coefficients between design parameters and welding quality to predict welding producibility. This paper presents as a result an automated and interactive welding-producibility evaluation approach. This approach incorporates a data-based of welding-producibility criteria, as well as welding simulation and metamodel methods, which enable an interactive and automated evaluation of welding quality of a large number of product variants. The approach has been tested in an industrial use-case involving a multidisciplinary design process of aircraft components. The results from analyzing the welding-producibility of a set of design variants have been plotted together with the analysis results from other engineering disciplines resulting in an interactive tool built with parallel coordinate graphs. The approach proposed allows the generation and reuse of welding producibility information to perform analyses within a big spectrum of the design space in a rapid and interactive fashion, thus supporting designers on dealing with changes and taking fact-based decisions during the multidisciplinary design process.
Invariants for EA- and CCZ-equivalence of APN and AB functions
Authors: Kaleyski Nikolay S.
Published: October 2021

An (n,m)-function is a mapping from${\mathbb {F}_{2}^{n}}$F2nto${\mathbb {F}_{2}^{m}}$F2m. Such functions have numerous applications across mathematics and computer science, and in particular are used as building blocks of block ciphers in symmetric cryptography. The classes of APN and AB functions have been identified as cryptographically optimal with respect to the resistance against two of the most powerful known cryptanalytic attacks, namely differential and linear cryptanalysis. The classes of APN and AB functions are directly related to optimal objects in many other branches of mathematics, and have been a subject of intense study since at least the early 90’s. Finding new constructions of these functions is hard; one of the most significant practical issues is that any tentatively new function must be proven inequivalent to all the known ones. Testing equivalence can be significantly simplified by computing invariants, i.e. properties that are preserved by the respective equivalence relation. In this paper, we survey the known invariants for CCZ- and EA-equivalence, with a particular focus on their utility in distinguishing between inequivalent instances of APN and AB functions. We evaluate each invariant with respect to how easy it is to implement in practice, how efficiently it can be calculated on a computer, and how well it can distinguish between distinct EA- and CCZ-equivalence classes.
Clinical anatomy of the musculoskeletal system in the hip region
Authors: Tsutsumi Masahiro , Nimura Akimoto , Akita Keiichi
Published: October 2021

Although the hip joint is regarded as inherently stable, hip pain and injuries caused by traumatic/non-traumatic hip instability are relatively common in active individuals. A comprehensive understanding of hip anatomy may provide better insight into the relationships between hip stability and clinical problems. In this review, we present our recent findings on the hip morphological characteristics, especially focusing on the intramuscular tendon of the gluteus medius tendon and its insertion sites, hip capsular attachment on the anterosuperior region of the acetabular margin, and composition of the iliofemoral ligament. We further discussed the hip stabilization mechanism based on these findings. The characteristics of the gluteus medius tendon suggest that even a single muscle has multiple functional subunits within the muscle. In addition, the characteristics of the hip capsular attachment suggest that the width of the capsular attachment is wider than previously reported, and its wide area shows adaptive morphology to mechanical stress, such as bony impression and distribution of the fibrocartilage. The composition of the iliofemoral ligament and its relation to periarticular structures suggest that some ligaments should be defined based on the pericapsular structures, such as the joint capsule, tendon, and aponeurosis, and also have the ability to dynamically coordinate joint stability. These anatomical perspectives provide a better understanding of the hip stabilization mechanism, and a biomechanical study or an in vivo imaging study, considering these perspectives, is expected in the future.
Real-Time Mental Health Crisis Response in the United States to COVID-19
Authors: Runkle Jennifer D. , Sugg Margaret M. , Yadav Shrikanth , Harden Stella , Weiser Jaclyn , Michael Kurt
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Background: Data are scarce on assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people. Aim: To examine changes in crisis text patterns in the United States during the pandemic compared to the prepandemic period. Method: Nonintrusive data from a national digital crisis texting platform were analyzed using an interrupted time series design. Poisson regression with repeated-measures examined help-seeking patterns for stress, anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, and other mental health concerns in the pandemic (March 13 to July 20, 2020) compared to the prepandemic period (March 13 to July 20, 2019). Results: An abrupt increase in national crisis response texts occurred during the pandemic for stress and anxiety, substance abuse, bereavement, isolation, and abuse compared to the prepandemic period. Similar trends of excess texts for isolation and abuse were reported among children (relative risk [RR]abuse: 1.16, CI: 1.03, 1.31; RRisolation: 1.15, CI: 1.09, 1.21) and adolescents (RRabuse: 1.17, CI: 1.11, 1.24; RRisolation: 1.08, CI: 1.05, 1.11), bereavement among Black (RR: 1.31, CI: 1.12, 1.54) and Hispanic (RR: 1.28, CI: 1.10, 1.49) texters, and isolation and bereavement in female (RRisolation: 1.09, CI: 1.06, 1.11; RRbereavement: 1.21, CI: 1.13, 1.28) or nonconforming youth (RRisolation: 1.19, CI: 1.08, 1.32; RRbereavement: 1.50, CI: 1.08, 2.09) texters. Conversely, the risks of reporting bullying, depression, relationship issues, and suicidal thoughts as reasons for texting were significantly lower during COVID-19. Limitations: Results may underestimate crisis support-seeking in some groups because demographic data were not captured on all texters. Conclusion: Findings illuminated the real-time crisis response of young people across the United States and can inform more responsive interventions to alleviate the mental health consequences brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Revisiting the Recharge and Discharge Processes for Different Flavors of El Niño
Authors: Chakravorty Soumi , Perez Renellys C. , Gnanaseelan C. , Anderson Bruce T.
Published: October 2021

El Niño‐related sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical Pacific Ocean impact global climates, but these impacts differ substantially for conventional cold tongue El Niño (CT El Niño) and the central Pacific El Niño (CP El Niño) events. This study is motivated by the need for a better understanding of the recharge/discharge processes associated with these two different flavors of El Niño. Composite analysis based on improved CT and CP El Niño identification methods applied to the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation demonstrates that the recharge/discharge processes are active during CT El Niño events. In contrast, for CP El Niño events, the recharge/discharge processes do not play a significant role. Prior to a CT El Niño, warm water accumulates over the western Pacific due to off‐equatorial anticyclonic wind stress curl. The onset of a CT El Niño is closely associated with the formation of a cyclonic atmospheric circulation over the northwest Pacific in the winter and spring, which induces westerly wind anomalies in the equatorial western Pacific and initiates eastward warm water transport. This leads to peak warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific the following winter, followed by the poleward discharge of warm water. This quasi‐cyclical behavior provides a measure of predictability. In contrast, the CP El Niño events do not show a precursor subsurface warming signal along the tropical Pacific thermocline. Instead, modest warm SST anomalies appear in boreal summer and peak in the fall, with weak subsurface warming mainly in the fall during CP El Niños. Hence, CP El Niños are less predictable in terms of an equatorial thermocline precursor than CT El Niño events.