bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Corrosion Behavior of Different Silver Plating Layers as Electrical Contact Materials in Sulfur-Containing Environments
Authors: Yang Bingkun , Chen Yun , Hao Wenkui , Han Yu , Zhang Qiang , Li Yujie , Wang Xiaofang , Huang Luyao , Lu Yiliang
Published: October 2023

Isolation switching devices are vital components in power grids. During their operational lifespan, these devices are prone to corrosion failure in atmospheric environments. To enhance conductivity and corrosion resistance, silver plating is applied to the contact surface of high-voltage switches. Common methods include graphite-Ag (G-Ag) coating, graphene-Ag (Gr-Ag) coating, and Ag-Sn coating. In this article, the corrosion resistance performance of silver plating, G-Ag coating, Gr-Ag coating, and Ag-Sn coating was studied. Firstly, adhesion tests were conducted on the plating layers. Subsequently, immersion experiments were performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and laser confocal microscopy were used to analyze the morphology and elemental composition of the samples. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze corrosion products. An electrochemical workstation was employed to study the electrochemical behavior of the samples. The adhesion results indicate that the adhesion of the plating layers is excellent. The immersion and electrochemical results showed the corrosion resistance order of the four Ag coatings was Ag-Sn coating > Gr-Ag coating > Ag coating > G-Ag coating.
Tribo-Catalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Solutions Enhanced by Silicon Single Crystals
Authors: Cui Xiaodong , Guo Zhiyu , Lei Hua , Jia Xuchao , Mao Chenyue , Ruan Lujie , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Wang Zhu , Chen Feng , Chen Wanping
Published: October 2023

Coating materials on the bottoms of reactors/beakers has emerged as an effective method to regulate tribo-catalytic reactions. In this study, silicon single crystals were coated on the bottoms of glass beakers, in which 30 mg/L methyl orange (MO) solutions suspended with alumina nanoparticles were subjected to magnetic stirring using Teflon magnetic rotary disks. With a gentle rotating speed of 400 rpm for the Teflon disks, the MO solutions were changed from yellow to colorless and the characteristic absorption peak of MO at 450 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum disappeared entirely within 120 min. Mass spectrometry tests were further performed to gain insights into the degradation process, which suggested that the degradation was initiated with the cleavage of the nitrogen-nitrogen double bond in ionized MO molecules by the attack of •OH radicals. Through comparison experiments, we established that the observed degradation was related to the friction between alumina and silicon during magnetic stirring, and hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were formed from the friction, according to electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. It is proposed that electron-hole pairs are excited in silicon single crystals through friction with alumina, which diffuse to the surface of the single crystals and result in the degradation.
Prediction of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Adsorption on UiO-66 Metal–Organic Framework via Molecular Simulation
Authors: Maia João M. M. , Ribeiro Rui P. P. L. , Mota José P. B.
Published: October 2023

The adsorption equilibrium of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) on the metal–organic framework (MOF) UiO-66 is studied via molecular simulation. UiO-66 is a versatile MOF with vast potential for various adsorption processes, such as biogas upgrading, CO2 capture, and natural gas storage. The molecular simulations employ the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method, covering a temperature range of 298–343 K and pressures up to 70 bar for CH4 and 30 bar for CO2. The accuracy of different forcefields in describing the adsorption equilibria is evaluated. Two modelling approaches are explored: (i) lumping each hydrogen atom in the MOF framework to the heavy atom it is bonded to (united atom approximation) and (ii) considering explicit hydrogen atoms. Additionally, the influence of electrical charges on CO2 adsorption is also evaluated. The findings indicate that the most effective forcefield to describe the adsorption equilibrium is a united atom forcefield based on the TraPPE parametrization. This approach also yields an accurate calculation of the isosteric heat of adsorption. In the case of CO2, it is observed that the use of electrical charges enhances the prediction of the heat of adsorption, especially in the low-coverage region.
Current and Emerging Role of Monoclonal Antibody-Based First-Line Treatment in Advanced Gastro-Esophageal and Gastric Cancer
Authors: Désilets Audrey , Elkhoury Reem , Gebai Ahmad , Tehfe Mustapha
Published: October 2023

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. While surgical treatment is the only curative option for early disease, many have inoperable or advanced disease at diagnosis. Treatment in this case would be a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Gastro-esophageal (GEJ) and gastric cancer (GC) genetic profiling with current molecular diagnostic techniques has significantly changed the therapeutic landscape in advanced cancers. The identification of key players in GEJ and GC survival and proliferation, such as human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), has allowed for the individualization of advanced cancer treatment and significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival of patients. This review comprehensively examines the current and emerging role of monoclonal antibody-based first-line treatments in advanced GEJ and GC. We explore the impact of monoclonal antibodies targeting HER2, VEGF, PD-1/PD-L1, and Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) on the first-line treatment landscape by talking about key clinical trials. This review emphasizes the importance of biomarker testing for optimal treatment selection and provides practical recommendations based on ASCO guidelines.
Reconstructing the Paleoenvironmental Evolution of Lake Kolon (Hungary) through Palaeoecological, Statistical and Historical Analyses
Authors: Vári Tamás Zsolt , Pál-Molnár Elemér , Sümegi Pál
Published: October 2023

The research utilizes an interdisciplinary approach, combining geological, ecological, and historical methods. It delves into the environmental evolution of Lake Kolon over a span of 17,700 years, shedding light on the intricate interplay between geological processes and ecological changes. The historical, statistical (PCA, DCA), and palaeoecological analyses centers on a core sequence situated in the heart of the lake, building upon previous research endeavors (pollen, malacological, macrobotanical and sedimentological analyses with radiocarbon dating). Forest fires occurred at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM); the boreal forest–steppe environment changed into temperate deciduous forest at the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary; human-induced environmental change into open parkland occurred; and from medieval times, communities used the land as pasture. This type of reconstruction is crucial for understanding how ecosystems respond to climate change over time, which has broader implications for modern-day conservation efforts and managing ecosystems in the face of ongoing climate change.
Deep Features from Pretrained Networks Do Not Outperform Hand-Crafted Features in Radiomics
Authors: Demircioğlu Aydin
Published: October 2023

In radiomics, utilizing features extracted from pretrained deep networks could result in models with a higher predictive performance than those relying on hand-crafted features. This study compared the predictive performance of models trained with either deep features, hand-crafted features, or a combination of these features in terms of the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) and other metrics. We trained models on ten radiological datasets using five feature selection methods and three classifiers. Our results indicate that models based on deep features did not show an improved AUC compared to those utilizing hand-crafted features (deep: AUC 0.775, hand-crafted: AUC 0.789; p = 0.28). Including morphological features alongside deep features led to overall improvements in prediction performance for all models (+0.02 gain in AUC; p < 0.001); however, the best model did not benefit from this (+0.003 gain in AUC; p = 0.57). Using all hand-crafted features in addition to the deep features resulted in a further overall improvement (+0.034 in AUC; p < 0.001), but only a minor improvement could be observed for the best model (deep: AUC 0.798, hand-crafted: AUC 0.789; p = 0.92). Furthermore, our results show that models based on deep features extracted from networks pretrained on medical data have no advantage in predictive performance over models relying on features extracted from networks pretrained on ImageNet data. Our study contributes a benchmarking analysis of models trained on hand-crafted and deep features from pretrained networks across multiple datasets. It also provides a comprehensive understanding of their applicability and limitations in radiomics. Our study shows, in conclusion, that models based on features extracted from pretrained deep networks do not outperform models trained on hand-crafted ones.
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: The Characteristics of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Are Correlated with the Hypoxic Microenvironment
Authors: Wang Lan , Li Ming , Dong Tiantian , Li Yuanyuan , Yin Ci , Nie Fang
Published: October 2023

A hypoxic microenvironment is associated with an increased risk of metastasis, treatment resistance and poor prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study aimed to identify contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) characteristics that could predict the hypoxic microenvironment of PDAC. A total of 102 patients with surgically resected PDAC who underwent CEUS were included. CEUS qualitative and quantitative characteristics were analyzed. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1) and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The associations between CEUS characteristics and the HIF-1α and GLUT1 expression of PDACs were evaluated. We found that HIF-1α-high PDACs and GLUT1-high PDACs had a larger tumor size and were more prone to lymph node metastasis. There was a significant positive linear correlation between the expression of HIF-1α and GLUT1. CEUS qualitative characteristics including completeness of enhancement and peak enhancement degree (PED) were related to the expression of HIF-1α and GLUT1. A logistic regression analysis showed that tumor size, lymph node metastasis, incomplete enhancement and iso-enhancement of PED were independent predictors for HIF-1α-high PDACs and GLUT1-high PDACs. As for quantitative characteristics, HIF-1α-high PDACs and GLUT1-high PDACs showed higher peak enhancement (PE) and wash-in rate (WIR). CEUS can effectively reflect the hypoxia microenvironment of PDAC, which may become a noninvasive imaging biomarker for prognosis prediction and individualized treatment.
Detection of Plasmodium falciparum in Saliva and Stool Samples from Children Living in Franceville, a Highly Endemic Region of Gabon
Authors: Imboumy-Limoukou Roméo Karl , Biteghe-Bi-Essone Jean-Claude , Lendongo Wombo Judicael Boris , Lekana-Douki Sonia Etenna , Rougeron Virginie , Ontoua Steede-Seinnat , Oyegue-Liabagui Lydie Sandrine , Mbani Mpega Ntigui Cherone Nancy , Kouna Lady Charlène , Lekana-Douki Jean-Bernard
Published: October 2023

Due to the difficulty of obtaining blood samples, which is the invasive method that is currently used for the detection of Plasmodium spp., alternative diagnostic sampling methods that are effective and non-invasive are needed, particularly for long-term studies. Saliva and stool samples from malaria-infected individuals contain trace amounts of Plasmodium DNA and therefore could be used as alternatives. Malaria was screened using rapid diagnosis tests and confirmed via microscopy. Nested PCR tests targeting the Plasmodium falciparum-specific STEVOR gene were performed for blood, saliva and stool samples that were positive for malaria. Three hundred sixty-seven (367) children were enrolled and eighty (22.22%) were confirmed to be positive for malaria. Matched blood, saliva and stool samples were available for 35 children. By using blood smears as the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria, our study indicates that Plasmodium DNA was more detectable in blood (100%) than in saliva (22.86%) and stools (14.29%). Applying qPCR to the STEVOR gene to detect Plasmodium falciparum DNA in saliva and stool samples cannot be considered as an alternative to the current malaria detection processes using blood specimens.
Digital Transformation in Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Acceptability of Blended Learning
Authors: Weimer Andreas Michael , Berthold Rainer , Schamberger Christian , Vieth Thomas , Balser Gerd , Berthold Svenja , Stein Stephan , Müller Lukas , Merkel Daniel , Recker Florian , Schmidmaier Gerhard , Rink Maximilian , Künzel Julian , Kloeckner Roman , Weimer Johannes
Published: October 2023

Background: ultrasound diagnostics have a broad spectrum of applications, including among diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Accordingly, it is important for the users to have a well-founded and up-to-date education in this dynamic examination method. The right balance between online and in-class teaching still needs to be explored in this context. Certifying institutions are currently testing digitally transformed teaching concepts to provide more evidence. Methods: this study compared two musculoskeletal ultrasound blended learning models. Model A was more traditional, with a focus on in-person teaching, while Model B was more digitally oriented with compulsory webinar. Both used e-learning for preparation. Participants completed evaluations using a seven-point Likert scale, later converted to a 0–1 scale. Digital teaching media (e-learning) were used for preparation in both courses. Results: the analysis included n = 41 evaluations for Model A and n = 30 for Model B. Model B received a better overall assessment (median: 0.73 vs. 0.69, p = 0.05). Model B also excelled in “course preparation” (p = 0.02), “webinar quality” (p = 0.04), and “course concept” (p = 0.04). The “gain of competence” (p = 0.82), “learning materials” (p = 0.30), and “tutor quality” (p = 0.28) showed no significant differences. Conclusion: participants favorably assessed blended learning in ultrasound teaching. Certifying institutions should consider accrediting models that combine digital methods (e.g., internet lectures/webinars) and materials (e.g., e-learning) with hands-on ultrasound training. Further research is needed to validate these subjective findings for a stronger evidential basis.
ChatGPT—A Challenging Tool for the University Professors in Their Teaching Practice
Authors: Kiryakova Gabriela , Angelova Nadezhda
Published: October 2023

ChatGPT has aroused the users’ interest and provoked educators, researchers, and educational institutions about its role in education. Its proper integration into education can support teaching and learning activities and highlight the benefits of digital technologies. ChatGPT can be an intelligent learning assistant for learners and educators, supporting personalized and adaptive learning. At the same time, ChatGPT can be used unfairly and unethically, which causes severe concerns among educators, educational institutions, and society. Educators’ attitudes regarding their application, expectations, and concerns are very important in the emergence and introduction of new technological tools in education. The current paper aims to explore the opinion of university professors at a Bulgarian university regarding the possibilities and challenges of ChatGPT in carrying out teaching activities. The findings of the conducted survey show that university professors from Trakia University in Bulgaria have an overall positive attitude regarding the implementation of ChatGPT in their teaching practice (41.4%). They perceive ChatGPT as a means to support time-consuming teaching activities (60.9%), provoke interest, activate and engage learners (59.8%), and stimulate their critical thinking and creativity (47.1%). In parallel, the university professors are concerned about possible risks of its unethical use that threaten the validity and fairness of assessment practices. The most severe problem for them is the danger that learners will completely trust ChatGPT without checking the authenticity of the generated texts (73.6%), which can negatively affect the acquisition of knowledge and skills.
Fluorine-Based Low-Damage Selective Etching Process for E-Mode p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN HFET Fabrication
Authors: Kim Hyeon-Ji , Yim Jun-Hyeok , Kim Hyungtak , Cha Ho-Young
Published: October 2023

In this study, we conducted an optimization of a low-damage selective etching process utilizing inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etch (ICP-RIE) with a fluorine-based gas mixture. This optimization was carried out for the fabrication of p-GaN gated AlGaN/GaN enhancement-mode (E-mode) heterojunction field-effect transistors (HFETs). The optimum process conditions resulted in an etch selectivity of 21:1 (=p-GaN:Al0.2Ga0.8N) with a p-GaN etch rate of 5.2 nm/min and an AlGaN etch rate of 0.25 nm/min. In comparison with an oxygen-based selective etching process, the fluorine-based selective etching process demonstrated reduced damage to the etched surface. This was confirmed through current–voltage characteristics and surface roughness inspections. The p-GaN gated AlGaN/GaN E-mode device, fabricated using the optimized fluorine-based selective etching process, achieved a high threshold voltage of 3.5 V with a specific on-resistance of 5.3 mΩ.cm2 for the device and with a gate-to-p-GaN gate distance of 3 μm, a p-GaN gate length of 4 μm, and a p-GaN gate-to-drain distance of 12 μm. The catastrophic breakdown voltage exceeded 1350 V.
FCIHMRT: Feature Cross-Layer Interaction Hybrid Method Based on Res2Net and Transformer for Remote Sensing Scene Classification
Authors: Huo Yan , Gang Shuang , Guan Chao
Published: October 2023

Scene classification is one of the areas of remote sensing image processing that is gaining much attention. Aiming to solve the problem of the limited precision of optical scene classification caused by complex spatial patterns, a high similarity between classes, and a high diversity of classes, a feature cross-layer interaction hybrid algorithm for optical remote sensing scene classification is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a number of features are extracted from two branches, a vision transformer branch and a Res2Net branch, to strengthen the feature extraction capability of the strategy. A novel interactive attention technique is proposed, with the goal of focusing on the strong correlation between the two-branch features, to fully use the complementing advantages of the feature information. The retrieved feature data are further refined and merged. The combined characteristics are then employed for classification. The experiments were conducted by using three open-source remote sensing datasets to validate the feasibility of the proposed method, which performed better in scene classification tasks than other methods.
Energy Security in Ecuador: An Analysis Considering the Interrelationships of the WEF Nexus
Authors: Terneus-Páez Carlos Francisco , Viteri-Salazar Oswaldo
Published: October 2023

The objective of this research was to analyze energy security in Ecuador, which is interconnected with water and food security. As a methodology, 21 indicators grouped into the following dimensions were analyzed: availability, infrastructure, energy prices, efficiency, social impact, environment and governance. For each indicator, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out with the countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, along with a longitudinal analysis from 2011 to 2021. The main contribution of this study is the characterization of the Ecuadorian energy system as available, accessible, affordable and renewable in an electrical matrix but inefficient and heavily dependent on fiscal resources. The factors that may affect Ecuador’s energy security were determined to be the risk of a reduction in income due to it becoming a net importer of energy, climate change, socio-environmental conflicts, poor diversification, energy subsidies and weak governance. A policy is proposed aimed at decoupling development from fossil fuels, with a systemic vision considering the complexity of interactions with other economic sectors, such as water and food, among others.
Development of an Optimal Port Crane Trajectory for Reduced Energy Consumption
Authors: Takalani Rofhiwa Lutendo Edward , Masisi Lesedi
Published: October 2023

This paper is concerned with the development of an optimal load-handling trajectory for port cranes. The objective is to minimize load cycle time and reduce energy consumption. Energetic macroscopic representation formalism is used to model a port crane load-handling mechanism. The crane model developed includes the mathematical model, the crane’s local control system, and a MATLAB/Simulink model for simulation. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to find the set of pareto optimal crane trajectories given the variation in crane size, ship size, and wind speed. Experimental validation of the crane model is conducted by comparing it with a real-world crane. Simulation results show that the optimal crane load trajectory is 38% faster and more productive than the nonoptimal crane load trajectory. Furthermore, the results show that the optimal trajectory reduces the cranes’ peak power and energy consumption by 36% when compared with the nonoptimal trajectory.
Leaching Performance of Nanotechnology-Induced High-Arsenic-Bearing Tooeleite-like Mineral Nanowaste
Authors: Malakar Arindam , Das Sanjit , Islam Samirul , Singh Rajneesh , Ray Sugata
Published: October 2023

For arsenic decontamination from groundwater, arsenic crystallization is becoming adopted due to its sustainability and economic benefits. However, arsenic crystallization technology is a two-step process, which makes it complex and generates hazardous waste. Successful efforts toward making it a single-step process are presented here. The addition of nanorods and ball-milled zinc sulfide nanoparticles to arsenic-contaminated water result in highly monodispersed and high-arsenic-containing mineralized nanowaste with a crystalline structure similar to the mineral Tooeleite ((Fe3+6(As3+O3)4SO4(OH)4·4H2O)). This study reports the results of a short-term stability test based on a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and a long-term stability test of the mineralized synthetic nanowaste produced from water treatment. The Tooeleite-like mineralized nanowaste passed short-term stability tests. Arsenic in the leachate were found to be 1.1 ± 0.2 mg L−1 and 4.8 ± 0.3 mg L−1 from waste generated by the nanorod and ball-milled nanoparticles, respectively. The crystallinity was well preserved, as observed from the post-stability-test diffraction patterns, consequently proving that the waste product can be non-hazardous and therefore would not require any secondary treatment before final disposal.
Data-Driven Deep Learning Neural Networks for Predicting the Number of Individuals Infected by COVID-19 Omicron Variant
Authors: Oluwasakin Ebenezer O. , Khaliq Abdul Q. M.
Published: October 2023

Infectious disease epidemics are challenging for medical and public health practitioners. They require prompt treatment, but it is challenging to recognize and define epidemics in real time. Knowing the prediction of an infectious disease epidemic can evaluate and prevent the disease’s impact. Mathematical models of epidemics that work in real time are important tools for preventing disease, and data-driven deep learning enables practical algorithms for identifying parameters in mathematical models. In this paper, the SIR model was reduced to a logistic differential equation involving a constant parameter and a time-dependent function. The time-dependent function leads to constant, rational, and birational models. These models use several constant parameters from the available data to predict the time and number of people reported to be infected with the COVID-19 Omicron variant. Two out of these three models, rational and birational, provide accurate predictions for countries that practice strict mitigation measures, but fail to provide accurate predictions for countries that practice partial mitigation measures. Therefore, we introduce a time-series model based on neural networks to predict the time and number of people reported to be infected with the COVID-19 Omicron variant in a given country that practices both partial and strict mitigation measures. A logistics-informed neural network algorithm was also introduced. This algorithm takes as input the daily and cumulative number of people who are reported to be infected with the COVID-19 Omicron variant in the given country. The algorithm helps determine the analytical solution involving several constant parameters for each model from the available data. The accuracy of these models is demonstrated using error metrics on Omicron variant data for Portugal, Italy, and China. Our findings demonstrate that the constant model could not accurately predict the daily or cumulative infections of the COVID-19 Omicron variant in the observed country because of the long series of existing data of the epidemics. However, the rational and birational models accurately predicted cumulative infections in countries adopting strict mitigation measures, but they fell short in predicting the daily infections. Furthermore, both models performed poorly in countries with partial mitigation measures. Notably, the time-series model stood out for its versatility, effectively predicting both daily and cumulative infections in countries irrespective of the stringency of their mitigation measures.
Changes in Leaf Functional Traits Driven by Environmental Filtration in Different Monsoon Tropical Forest Types
Authors: Deng Fuying , Xiao Lijun , Huang Jing , Luo Honghao , Zang Runguo
Published: October 2023

Disturbances have created heterogeneous habitats for secondary and old-growth forests. Under the assumption that ecologically similar species have similar functional traits, numerous studies have attempted to use trait-based approaches to infer the abiotic and biotic factors that drive variations in community composition across different forests. However, the relative importance of these drivers in monsoon forests remains poorly understood. In this study, we randomly selected 86 plots and classified them into three forest types according to environmental factors: 1—secondary forests: secondary forest habitats at high elevation; 2—ecotone forests: general recovery and elevation; and 3—old growth forests: old growth at low elevations. We then compared the species and six leaf functional trait variations across the three forests and assessed their relationships with 15 environmental factors. The results showed that secondary and ecotone forests with a conservative strategy, exhibiting high dry matter content and leaf carbon content, tended to persist in stressful habitats, such as nutrient-poor soil, whereas old growth forests invested in trait values related to rapid resource acquisition with high specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content, leaf phosphorous content, and leaf potassium content. Species with functional trait values between the secondary, ecotone, and old growth forests had clear signatures of their different strategies to persist in assemblages under distinct and opposite environmental filters. These plots were classified into three forest types according to environmental factors: (1) secondary forest at high elevation; (2) ecotone forests at general elevation; and (3) old growth forests at low elevation. Recovery time and elevation, followed by soil nutrients and light capture, were the most important factors shaping species and functional trait variations across forests. These results have demonstrated that environmental filters select plant species with distinct traits and ecological strategies. Acquisitive traits indicate higher competitive ability and faster resource acquisition for forest species that occur in areas with high soil fertility. Meanwhile, conservative traits promote the resistance of secondary species to environmental stressors in low soil fertility, suggesting that analyzing leaf functional-based trait variations to understand plant ecological strategies along an environmental gradient may improve understanding of forest dynamics in tropical monsoon forests.
Nutritional Content and Microbial Load of Fresh Liang, Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum Leaves
Authors: Siripongvutikorn Sunisa , Usawakesmanee Worapong , Pisuchpen Supachai , Khatcharin Nicha , Rujirapong Chanonkarn
Published: October 2023

Liang (Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum) leaves are widely consumed as a green vegetable in Southern Thailand, and the plant is valued for its nutritional benefits. However, like other leafy greens, liang is vulnerable to microbial contamination, generating foodborne illnesses. This study examined the nutritional content and microbial load of liang leaves at different maturity stages and the effects of washing with chlorinated water. Various growth stages were analysed for proximate composition, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Results revealed distinct nutritional profiles, with tip leaves rich in protein and fat and intermediate leaves high in dietary fibre. Liang leaves are abundant in essential amino acids and proteins. Washing with chlorinated water increased leaf weight due to water retention but also caused physical damage, fostering microbial growth and spoilage. Microbiological analysis showed marginal reductions in total viable counts after washing with chlorinated water and significant decreases in coliform and Escherichia coli counts. However, stem detachment during washing increased the coliform and E. coli counts. Liang leaves exhibited favourable nutritional content, especially in the intermediate stage. Proper handling and storage of liang leaves are crucial to preventing physical damage and microbial contamination. Improved food safety measures, including appropriate post-harvest washing and handling of leafy vegetables, will ensure that consumers can safely enjoy the nutritional benefits of liang leaves.
A Simple Validated Method for the Estimation of Pepsin Activity in Microtiter Array for the INFOGEST Protocol
Authors: Ramm Maximiliano , Alarcón-Zapata Bárbara , Monsalves Juan , Bustamante Luis
Published: October 2023

The INFOGEST protocol has been widely used as a static in-vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion for bioaccessibility assessments on bioactive compounds. The standardization of the activity of several enzymes, such as pepsin, via UV-spectrophotometry of digested hemoglobin at 280 nm is a key step in the protocol. Standardization is a crucial stage since it is necessary to determine the quantity of enzyme to be added to the sample for digestion. However, this method is yet to be analytically validated; it requires quartz cuvettes and large volumes of samples and is time-consuming. Thus, we reviewed and adapted a well-known colorimetric method in microplates array by using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, and this study is the first to report for miniaturization of this method, the advantages of which include its automation, ease of use, the low volume of samples required, the minimal use of reagents, and speed. This method was compared to the traditional UV method, and the comparison results show no statistical difference between the inter day means for each group (p > 0.05). The proposed method was validated, showing high reproducibility (8% as inter-day CV) and statistically comparable results with the traditional UV spectrophotometric method.
Recent Advances in the Development of Biomimetic Materials
Authors: Ciulla Maria G. , Massironi Alessio , Sugni Michela , Ensign Matthew A. , Marzorati Stefania , Forouharshad Mahdi
Published: October 2023

In this review, we focused on recent efforts in the design and development of materials with biomimetic properties. Innovative methods promise to emulate cell microenvironments and tissue functions, but many aspects regarding cellular communication, motility, and responsiveness remain to be explained. We photographed the state-of-the-art advancements in biomimetics, and discussed the complexity of a “bottom-up” artificial construction of living systems, with particular highlights on hydrogels, collagen-based composites, surface modifications, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting applications. Fast-paced 3D printing and artificial intelligence, nevertheless, collide with reality: How difficult can it be to build reproducible biomimetic materials at a real scale in line with the complexity of living systems? Nowadays, science is in urgent need of bioengineering technologies for the practical use of bioinspired and biomimetics for medicine and clinics.
Normative Beliefs about Adolescent-to-Parent Violence: The Spanish Adaptations of the Beliefs about Child-to-Parent Abuse Questionnaire and the Abusive Behavior by Children-Indices
Authors: Cortina Helena , Martín Ana M.
Published: October 2023

Ascertaining the true prevalence of adolescent-to-parent violence (APV) is challenging because the measurement of APV in research is complex. There is no consensus on which behaviors constitute APV or how frequently they need to occur to be considered abusive. This study aimed to explore the normative beliefs about APV related to the perpetrator’s gender in a sample of Spanish parents, by developing Spanish adaptations of the BACPAQ and the ABC-I. The participants were 329 Spanish parents aged 19 to 81, and 77% were mothers. They answered the Spanish adaptation of the BACPAQ online after being contacted by university students using the snowball sampling technique. Results show that sons were judged more harshly than daughters; although, differences were statistically significant only for a few psychologically abusive behaviors. There was agreement with the original study on the abusive nature of most behaviors, especially regarding physical violence. Cultural differences were reflected in verbal, psychological, and economic violence, and Spanish parents used more stringent thresholds than Australians. Future research should tackle the difficulty of carrying out studies on APV using a single tool able to reflect normative beliefs about this type of domestic violence in different cultures.
Leveraging Generative AI and Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Roadmap for Healthcare Integration
Authors: Yu Ping , Xu Hua , Hu Xia , Deng Chao
Published: October 2023

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs), exemplified by ChatGPT, are promising for revolutionizing data and information management in healthcare and medicine. However, there is scant literature guiding their integration for non-AI professionals. This study conducts a scoping literature review to address the critical need for guidance on integrating generative AI and LLMs into healthcare and medical practices. It elucidates the distinct mechanisms underpinning these technologies, such as Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLFH), including few-shot learning and chain-of-thought reasoning, which differentiates them from traditional, rule-based AI systems. It requires an inclusive, collaborative co-design process that engages all pertinent stakeholders, including clinicians and consumers, to achieve these benefits. Although global research is examining both opportunities and challenges, including ethical and legal dimensions, LLMs offer promising advancements in healthcare by enhancing data management, information retrieval, and decision-making processes. Continued innovation in data acquisition, model fine-tuning, prompt strategy development, evaluation, and system implementation is imperative for realizing the full potential of these technologies. Organizations should proactively engage with these technologies to improve healthcare quality, safety, and efficiency, adhering to ethical and legal guidelines for responsible application.
The Risk Factors and Screening Uptake for Prostate Cancer: A Scoping Review
Authors: Mumuni Seidu , O’Donnell Claire , Doody Owen
Published: October 2023

Objectives: The purpose of this scoping review was to identify the risk factors and screening uptake for prostate cancer. Design: Scoping review. Methods: Arksey and O’Malley’s framework guided this review; five databases (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete and Cochrane Library) and grey literature were searched. Screening was undertaken against predetermined inclusion criteria for articles published before July 2023 and written in English. This review is reported in line with PRISMA-Sc. Results: 10,899 database results were identified; 3676 papers were removed as duplicates and 7115 papers were excluded at title and abstract review. A total of 108 papers were full-text reviewed and 67 were included in the review. Grey literature searching yielded no results. Age, family history/genetics, hormones, race/ethnicity, exposure to hazards, geographical location and diet were identified as risk factors. Prostatic antigen test (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and prostate biopsy were identified as screening/diagnostic methods. The evidence reviewed highlights moderate knowledge and screening uptake of prostate cancer with less than half of men reporting for PSA screening. On the other hand, there is a year-to-year increase in PSA and DRE screening, but factors such as poverty, religion, culture, communication barriers, language and costs affect men’s uptake of prostate cancer screening. Conclusion: As prostate cancer rates increase globally, there is a need for greater uptake of prostate cancer screening and improved health literacy among men and health workers. There is a need to develop a comprehensive prostate cancer awareness and screening programme that targets men and addresses uptake issues so as to provide safe, quality care. Strengths and limitations of this study: (1) A broad search strategy was utilised incorporating both databases and grey literature. (2) The PRISMA reporting guidelines were utilised. (3) Only English language papers were included, and this may have resulted in relevant articles being omitted.
Dual Implications of Nanosilver-Induced Autophagy: Nanotoxicity and Anti-Cancer Effects
Authors: Strużyńska Lidia
Published: October 2023

In recent years, efforts have been made to identify new anti-cancer therapies. Various types of nanomaterials, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are being considered as an option. In addition to its well-known antibacterial activity, AgNPs exhibit cytotoxic potential in both physiological and cancer cells by inducing stress-mediated autophagy and apoptotic cell death. A rapidly growing collection of data suggests that the proper regulation of autophagic machinery may provide an efficient tool for suppressing the development of cancer. In this light, AgNPs have emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent to support therapy of the disease. This review summarizes current data indicating the dual role of AgNP-induced autophagy and highlights factors that may influence its protective vs. its toxic potential. It also stresses that our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autophagy machinery in cancer cells, as well as AgNP-triggered autophagy in both normal and diseased cells, remains insufficient.
A New Player in the Mechanobiology of Deep Fascia: Yes-Associated Protein (YAP)
Authors: Pirri Carmelo , Caroccia Brasilina , Angelini Andrea , Piazza Maria , Petrelli Lucia , Caputo Ilaria , Montemurro Chiara , Ruggieri Pietro , De Caro Raffaele , Stecco Carla
Published: October 2023

Recent studies have demonstrated that fascial fibroblasts are susceptible to mechanical stimuli, leading to the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Moreover, the extensive literature on Yes-associated protein (YAP) has shown its role in cell mechanics, linking cell properties, such as shape, adhesion, and size, to the expression of specific genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of YAP in deep fascia and its activation after a mechanical stimulus was induced via a focal extracorporeal shockwave (fESW) treatment. Thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) samples were collected from eight patients (age: 30–70 years; four males and four females) who had undergone spine elective surgical procedures at the Orthopedic Clinic of University of Padova. YAP was measured in both tissue and TLF-derived fibroblasts through immunoblotting. COL1A1 and HABP2 gene expression were also evaluated in fibroblasts 2, 24, and 48 h after the fESW treatment. YAP was expressed in all the examined tissues. The ratio between the active/inactive forms (YAP/p-YAP) of the protein significantly increased in fascial fibroblasts after mechanical stimulation compared to untreated cells (p = 0.0022). Furthermore, COL1A1 and HABP2 gene expression levels were increased upon treatment. These findings demonstrate that YAP is expressed in the deep fascia of the thoracolumbar region, suggesting its involvement in fascial mechanotransduction processes, remodeling, regeneration, and fibrogenesis. This study indicates, for the first time, that YAP is a “new player” in the mechanobiology of deep fascia.
RNA Profiles of Tear Fluid Extracellular Vesicles in Patients with Dry Eye-Related Symptoms
Authors: Cross Tanya , Øvstebø Reidun , Brusletto Berit Sletbakk , Trøseid Anne-Marie Siebke , Olstad Ole Kristoffer , Aspelin Trude , Jackson Catherine Joan , Chen Xiangjun , Utheim Tor Paaske , Haug Kari Bente Foss
Published: October 2023

Currently, diagnosing and stratifying dry eye disease (DED) require multiple tests, motivating interest in a single definitive test. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential for using tear fluid extracellular vesicle (EV)-RNA in DED diagnostics. With a role in intercellular communication, nanosized EVs facilitate the protected transport of diverse bioactive molecules in biofluids, including tears. Schirmer strips were used to collect tears from 10 patients presenting with dry eye-related symptoms at the Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic. The samples comprised two groups, five from patients with a tear film break-up time (TBUT) of 2 s and five from patients with a TBUT of 10 s. Tear fluid EV-RNA was isolated using a Qiagen exoRNeasy Midi Kit, and the RNA was characterized using Affymetrix ClariomTM D microarrays. The mean signal values of the two groups were compared using a one-way ANOVA. A total of 26,639 different RNA transcripts were identified, comprising both mRNA and ncRNA subtypes. Approximately 6% of transcripts showed statistically significant differential abundance between the two groups. The mRNA sodium channel modifier 1 (SCNM1) was detected at a level 3.8 times lower, and the immature microRNA-130b was detected at a level 1.5 times higher in the group with TBUT 2 s compared to the group with TBUT 10 s. This study demonstrates the potential for using tear fluid EV-RNA in DED diagnostics.
Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review of the Principles and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Radulescu Denisa-Maria , Surdu Vasile-Adrian , Ficai Anton , Ficai Denisa , Grumezescu Alexandru-Mihai , Andronescu Ecaterina
Published: October 2023

In recent years, interest in nanotechnology has increased exponentially due to enhanced progress and technological innovation. In tissue engineering, the development of metallic nanoparticles has been amplified, especially due to their antibacterial properties. Another important characteristic of metal NPs is that they enable high control over the features of the developed scaffolds (optimizing their mechanical strength and offering the controlled release of bioactive agents). Currently, the main concern related to the method of synthesis of metal oxide NPs is the environmental impact. The physical and chemical synthesis uses toxic agents that could generate hazards or exert carcinogenicity/environmental toxicity. Therefore, a greener, cleaner, and more reliable approach is needed. Green synthetic has come as a solution to counter the aforementioned limitations. Nowadays, green synthesis is preferred because it leads to the prevention/minimization of waste, the reduction of derivatives/pollution, and the use of non-toxic (safer) solvents. This method not only uses biomass sources as reducing agents for metal salts. The biomolecules also cover the synthesized NPs or act as in situ capping and reducing agents. Further, their involvement in the formation process reduces toxicity, prevents nanoparticle agglomeration, and improves the antimicrobial activity of the nanomaterial, leading to a possible synergistic effect. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, from the synthesis routes, selected solvents, and parameters to their latest application in the biomedical field.
Association of HLA-A*11:01, -A*24:02, and -B*18:01 with Prostate Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Manca Maria Antonietta , Simula Elena Rita , Cossu Davide , Solinas Tatiana , Madonia Massimo , Cusano Roberto , Sechi Leonardo Antonio
Published: October 2023

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci, the most polymorphic regions within the human genome, encode protein complexes responsible for antigen presentation and CD4+ and CD8+ cell activation. In prostate cancer (PCa), the second most diagnosed cancer in the male population, MHC loci undergo significant changes in their expression patterns, which affect the ability of the immune system to attack and eliminate malignant cells. The purpose of this study was to explore the genetic diversity of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A and HLA-B in patients with PCa and healthy controls (HCs) by performing HLA genotyping using NGS technology. The analysis highlighted statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of three alleles (A*11:01, A*24:02, and B*18:01). Among the HCs analyzed, 14.89% had A*11:01, 20.21% had A*24:02, and 30.61% had B*18:01; while 5.21% of patients with PCa presented A*11:01, 9.38% presented A*24:02, 18.08% presented B*18:01. Odds ratio (OR) calculations underlined a negative association between the three alleles and the risk of PCa (OR < 1). The results presented in this study suggest a protective role of A*11:01, A*24:02, and B*18:01 in PCa.