bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical evaluation of energy profiles of thermally-efficient homes with smart energy systems and controls
Authors: Gupta Rajat , Morey Johanna
Published: November 2021

Smart control technologies are beginning to be deployed in homes to optimise heating and alter the timing of domestic energy demand to enable residential demand side response (DSR). This paper presents before (baseline phase) and after (control phase) evaluation of the monitored indoor temperature and energy demand during the heating season in 10 new-build dwellings, each of which received a 5kWh electro-chemical battery and smart control to enable shifting of heating energy demand. The dwellings had air source heat pumps (ASHP) and 2kWp solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, and were located in a social housing estate in Barnsley, England. For eight dwellings, heat pump electricity use per heating degree day was found to decrease by 10% and narrow baseline peaks were suppressed during the control phase. Daily mean grid electricity import and heat pump electricity use in the peak period (4pm – 7pm) were measured as 4.0 kWh and 1.4 kWh during the control phase as compared to 3.8kWh and 1.3 kWh for the baseline phase. However the use of a flat tariff (single-rate) meant that battery charging-discharging capability was not fully utilised. Time-of-use tariff would further enhance cost savings associated with the change in the timing of energy demand.
Do-it-yourself, low-cost building monitoring system
Authors: Steiger Olivier , Marek Reto
Published: November 2021

Monitoring systems are essential for the energy-efficient and comfortable operation of buildings. However, today's monitoring solutions are relatively expensive in terms of purchase, installation, and maintenance. At the same time, there is a need for low-cost monitoring systems, especially for smaller buildings. To address this need, a novel do-it-yourself, low-cost building monitoring system based on open technologies has been developed. The system is intended to be assembled and put into operation by laymen in accordance with given instructions. Accordingly, all work stages must be simple and obvious. This paper describes the low-cost monitoring system and its prototype implementation.
The role of building morphology on pedestrian level comfort in Northern climate
Authors: Eslamirad Nasim , Luca Francesco De , Lylykangas Kimmo Sakari
Published: November 2021

Due to the rapid densification of cities, improving outdoor comfort is becoming increasingly important. To address this need, the current study introduces a methodology to evaluate outdoor comfort in the proximity of typical buildings in Tallinn, Estonia. The microclimate simulation software ENVI-met was employed to investigate the outdoor comfort conditions. The research outcomes show that the building's form, height, density, and orientation change consistently the pedestrian comfort around the buildings. The findings suggest that the integrated analysis of different building morphologies, massing, orientation, and their influences on the surrounding microclimate, thermal, and wind comfort are important.
Energy analysis of Texas Metropolitan Areas for climate change mitigation using LiDar
Authors: Felkner J , Mbata E
Published: November 2021

Buildings account for a large share of U.S. energy use making the building sector a prime candidate for efficiency measures. Obtaining accurate information about geometry and occupancy can prove computationally intense. We analyze different neighborhoods in Texas under a new methodology that allows for large scale implementation. This methodology uses PostgreSQL, QGIS, LiDar, Grasshopper and CitySim to generate, analyze and compare energy models under various climate change scenarios. An energy analysis was performed on over 100,000 buildings in Dallas, Texas, evaluating performance in terms of energy efficiency and overheating under several refurbishment scenarios. Neighborhoods in Dallas were analyzed under a modified methodology designed to scale the results of a previous, smaller study by the authors to a broader sample. This study found metropolitan areas performed similarly under various refurbishment scenarios; the more aggressive scenarios showing greater improvements for the same given amount of time. The results of the experiments show consistency between this expanded method and the original. This method must make concessions in terms of detail. While it is possible to achieve a more accurate estimate by taking into account variables such as enclosure composition, building systems and shading surfaces, it becomes difficult for larger simulation, making LiDar an effective alternative.
Characterization of the urban microclimate by the modelling of urban planning policies in France
Authors: Técher Magalie , Haddou Hassan Ait , Aguejdad Rahim
Published: November 2021

With the increase of Urban Heat Islands (UHI) and the effects of global warming, cities will face challenges in anticipating these phenomena. However, the complexity of urban development within the framework of urban planning policies, makes difficult for urban decision-makers to anticipate the Urban Heat Islands within their territory. In this paper, we propose a methodology to assess the impact of urban planning policies on Urban Heat Island. Thanks to a coupling of 2D urban growth model, 3D constructability model and urban microclimate simulation, this tool will make it possible to visualize the impact of urban planning decisions on urban form and on Urban Heat Island.
Experimental implementation of a context-aware prosumer
Authors: Cai Hanmin , Heer Philipp
Published: November 2021

This paper reports an experimental implementation of a flexible prosumer that adapts its behavior according to occupants’ objectives and system operator’s request. Model predictive control is incorporated into an existing building energy management system such that the energy management system can achieve user-defined objectives while quantifying energetic flexibility to support a stable and efficient system operation. Context-awareness is demonstrated through a series of experiments with energy efficiency, cost reduction, and carbon footprint reduction as occupants’ objectives. Besides, the flexibility of the prosumer is quantified in real-time and communicated to system operators. The results show occupants’ comfort and preference can be sufficiently guaranteed. Moreover, the flexibility quantification shows that the energy management system has considerable impacts on the levels of available flexibility.
How daylight representation in architectural competitions images can lead to an erroneous interpretation of projects
Authors: Paule Bernard , Pereira Joshua
Published: November 2021

The digital world we are living in today offers viewers an experience of buildings before they even exist. This experience is no longer just geometric or descriptive, but also sensory. It generates emotions through fixed or animated images of 3 dimensional objects inserted in an urban context. These images are produced by specialized agencies with specific tools allowing them to generate visual artefacts with a striking impression of realism. The light that bathes these scenes is carefully worked out in order to capture our gaze. We believe that, in some cases, this may generate errors of appreciation and that these representations can lead to questionable choices when they are used in architectural competitions. This paper proposes some keys to analyse these sublimated images and aims to give the reader the possibility to interpret architectural projects in a more realistic way.
Assessment of thermal and electrical performance of BIPV façades using simplified simulations
Authors: Schindelholz Romain , Rahiminejad Mohammad , Chatterjee Arnab , Khovalyg Dolaana
Published: November 2021

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) facades are a solution to consider when it comes to electricity generation on the building site. One of the main challenges attributes to this technology is finding the best trade-off between the electrical efficiency of BIPVs and the energy use of the building. This study aims to identify a scenario that yields the optimized results for electrical and thermal performance in a test building. Among the scenarios, the original wooden cladding in the test building is either replaced with PV panels or the PV modules are added to the existing facade. Rhinoceros 3D CAD software and its visual programming plugin Grasshopper are used to perform various simulations for both east-oriented and west-oriented façades with low and high thermal inertia wall structures. Although a complex flow phenomenon behind BIPVs is simplified in the 3D heat transfer model, relatively reliable results are obtained using the chosen simulation tool. It is observed that the east-faced BIPV facade in the test building has higher electrical efficiency. This could be attributed to the lower inertia of the east wall that allows easier propagation of heat through the structure.
Fault detection and diagnosis in building energy systems: A tool chain for the automated generation of training data
Authors: Stiphoudt Christine van , Stinner Florian , Bode Gerrit , Kümpel Alexander , Müller Dirk
Published: November 2021

The application of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) algorithms in building energy management systems (BEMS) has great potential to increase the efficiency of building energy systems (BES). The usage of supervised learning algorithms requires time series depicting both nominal and component faulty behaviour for their training. In this paper, we introduce a method that automates Modelica code extension of BES models in Python with fault models to approximate real component faults. The application shows two orders of magnitude faster implementation compared to manual modelling, while no errors occur in the connections between fault and component models.
The impact of roof morphology on solar potential: making Toronto suburbs solar ready
Authors: Hasan Javeriya , Horvat Miljana , Riddell Charles , Wang Rita
Published: November 2021

Rapid urbanization, the increasing effects of climate change, the need to reduce fossil fuels’ dependency as well as to improve cities’ resiliency are accelerating the shift towards renewable energy. Additionally, unnecessary complex roof morphologies that are often pushed by suburban divisions’ developers to make houses look more “opulent” and appealing to homebuyers, also impede the smooth integration of active solar technologies. To address this, and to respond to increasing homebuyers’ interest in renewable energy, this study looks to demonstrate how relatively minor design changes could affect the potential for solar generation and create ‘solar ready’ homes without compromising on the aesthetic of the roof morphologies in styles expected by homebuyers. It looked at six different roof morphological forms ranging from small to large houses, a common suburban house archetype in Canada. The roof configurations were remodelled to remove ‘fake dormers’, minimise ridges and valleys, etc. This process helped maximize the south, south-east, south-west, east and west facing surfaces. The results show that these changes could have a significant impact on the magnitude of solar power generation. The power output from a remodelled neighborhood at an optimized orientation exceeded the community’s electricity demand by 24%.
Parameters and indicators used in Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) studies: a review
Authors: Diaz Muriel , Piderit Maria Beatriz , Attia Shady
Published: November 2021

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is a broad concept, which seeks to define when a built space provides welfare to its occupants. In general, it is defined as the condition of thermal, visual, acoustic and air quality comfort and depends on multiple factors. In the case of school buildings, the relevance of IEQ is related to its effects on the wellbeing, health and performance of the students and teachers. This research summarizes previous studies of IEQ from a multivariable perspective to prove that this research area needs to be further developed. Previous results show that an integrated analysis of IEQ parameters could better understand the IEQ perception of their occupants. Research on IEQ in schools generally refers to one or two aspects of the four. Even the most recent research deals with these topics separately, without using a systemic approach. The reductionism generated by isolating parameters allows us to study a parameter in detail but does not evaluate the environmental quality of the space. This is why new metrics are necessary to describe, assess and compare IEQ in educational spaces under a systemic approach.
Nature Based Solution for indoor air quality treatment
Authors: Gattringer Heinz , Efthymiou-Charalampopoulou Nektaria , Lines Egmont , Kolokotroni Maria
Published: November 2021

Plants have the ability to absorb and degrade VOCs (volatile organic compounds). Foliage can intercept particulate matter (PM) and thus, help to reduce its concentration in the air. Plants can be used as filters in indoor conditions adding an ecosystem service to the decorative purpose. A plant-based air filtration system that actively improves indoor air quality has been developed and installed at a students’ residence at Brunel University, London. This unit replaces an existing window with a mini-greenhouse containing upwards of 30 plants and is connected to an air circuit to treat the indoor air. A monitoring plan is collecting data on the performance of the solution until at least the end of 2021. Preliminary results are presented, which indicate good effectiveness at reducing tVOCs and lower efficiency at reducing PM.
Environmental assessment platform for cities racing to net zero
Authors: Bahaj A S , Turner P , Mahdy M , Leggett S , Wise N , Alghamdi A
Published: November 2021

The UK was the first major economy to pass a Climate Change Act in 2008, which was revised in 2019 to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. In 2019, Southampton City Council (SCC) declared a climate emergency setting ambitious targets for the city to become carbon neutral under the banner Green City Charter (GCC), which was signed by 70 city-based organisations. There is, however, no specific methodology to quantify progress towards the targets. Here we present the outcomes from developing the GCC Tracker in collaboration with local authorities and stakeholders. The approach is based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process, with expertise agreed weights to measure the success or otherwise of carbon environmental commitments. The outcome is the Green City Tracker encompassing an assessment matrix that provides ratings and quantifies annual progress for achieving committed targets. The Tracker was applied to 10 institutions and the results show their ratings as a function of each sub-criteria and as an overarching rating. The approach highlighted the importance of generating a universally applicable and time/resource efficient processes in order to incentivise organisation participation. The Tracker was widely accepted by regional local authorities with a plan to widely adapt it to other cities declared targets.
Geometrically activated thermal mass: wood vs. concrete
Authors: Fortin Remy , Craig Salmaan
Published: November 2021

Designing for climate resilience and carbon neutrality implies low-emission structures that double as thermal mass. In this study, the effect of using geometry to maximize natural surface convection on an internal thermal mass is investigated. Wood and concrete thermal masses are optimized for both instantaneous heat transfer and transient heat storage, and compared. It is found that the addition of optimally-sized fins can double or triple the convection coefficient at the interior surface, provided the thermal conductivity of the fins is sufficiently high. Doubling or tripling the surface heat transfer translates to an equivalent increase in dynamic energy storage, so long as the mass thickness, wall area, and vent openings are recalibrated to maintain thermal synchrony at the building-level.
Development of strategy for combined smart ventilated window and PCM energy storage control for residential building energy saving
Authors: Hu Yue , Heiselberg Per Kvols
Published: November 2021

The paper studies the energy renovation of a residential building with new façade solutions combining smart ventilated window (VW) and PCM energy storage and the corresponding control strategy to ensure energy savings. The study is carried out by Energyplus modelling comparing the energy consumption and thermal comfort of an apartment before and after renovation. A detailed control strategy is introduced and simulated. The modelling results of the apartment before and after retrofit indicate that with the designed control strategies, the average energy saving percentage of the apartment with PCM energy storage and VW compared to the apartment without PCM energy storage and VW is 29%. The rooms with PCMVWs achieve higher energy saving than the rooms with only VWs. The PCM energy storage improves energy performance of the VWs for both heating and cooling seasons. With the renovation, the thermal comfort of all the rooms are improved for cooling season.
Mechanical characterization of a concrete masonry block enhanced with micro-encapsulated phase changing materials
Authors: Salem Talal , Kazma Mohamad , Bitar Judy , Moussa Joseph , Falah Dalia
Published: November 2021

Global energy demand has been increasing exponentially in the last three decades, which has been exacerbated by climate change. To alleviate the energy load, researchers have been exploring innovative passive techniques to enhance the thermal performance of building envelopes. This research evaluates a novel building envelope solution, which includes the development of a Concrete Masonry Unit that is integrated with bio-based micro-encapsulated Phase Changing Materials. The mechanical behaviour of the enhanced CMU is investigated to study the applicability of PCMs into the no-slump concrete mix. Compatibility with the applicable standards opens a broader prospect for thermal characterization and building performance simulations of PCM enhanced CMU building envelopes.
Competing processes in generation of the third optical harmonic in air under femtosecond infrared repetitively pulsed excitation
Authors: Gladyshev V O , Sharandin E A , Skrabatun A V , Nikolaev P P
Published: November 2021

Parametric interaction of electromagnetic and gravitational waves with the radiation generation at the third harmonic wavelength is one of the ways to detect gravitational interaction in a material medium. To implement the effect in question, superstrong fields must be used, but in this case competing nonlinear processes arise, leading to the generation of the third harmonic as a result of laser radiation filamentation. This paper investigates the characteristics of the radiation recorded for femtosecond (250 fs) laser pulses with a wavelength of λ = 1032 nm focused in air. The threshold pump power made it possible to observe the formation of a filament with concomitant generation of narrow-band radiation at the focus of the lens at the third harmonic wavelength λ = 344 nm. The research presents spectral and spatial dependences of ultraviolet radiation (λ = 344 nm) at pumping power of infrared radiation (λ = 1032 nm) of 500 mW. Energy dependences of the third harmonic generation efficiency in the power range from 150 to 1750 mW are obtained.
Some properties of energies in nonsynchronous reference frames in cosmology
Authors: Grib Andrey A , Pavlov Yuri V
Published: November 2021

It is shown that use of non synchronous reference frame in cosmology can lead to unusual behavior of the energy of particles: it can have not only positive but also negative and zero energies. A special example of the model with the scale factor a(t) ∼ t is considered.
A new approach to the derivation of the law of universal gravitation from Kepler’s laws
Authors: Antonyuk P N
Published: November 2021

Everyone knows that the inverse square law follows from Kepler’s third law. Let us prove more: the law of universal gravitation follows from Kepler’s third law.
Completely geometric theory I: gravitation
Authors: Siparov S V
Published: November 2021

In order to describe motions in arbitrary physical systems, a geometric approach is proposed, in which the goal is not to find the Lagrangian, but to find the geometry of space that models the experimental space. The requirement that the observed trajectory coincides with the geodesic makes it possible to use geometric identity to find the equation for the metric. As a result, it is possible to give an interpretation of a number of observations that do not have such in the existing theories.
On the force caused by a null Einstein-Maxwell field with the plane symmetry
Authors: Timofeev V N
Published: November 2021

The article shows that a large flat platform with a constant current, which flows over its surface, accelerates time. It is also shown that if an alternating current flows along the surface of a flat platform while creating a null electromagnetic field then a force repelling from the platform acts on the test particle located near it. This force has no gravitational nature and arises as a result of the curvature of space-time by the electromagnetic field of a flat platform with an alternating current.
Summary of the R&D of 20-inch MCP-PMTs for neutrino detection
Authors: Wu Q. , Qian S. , Cao Y. , Huang G. , Jin M. , Jin Z. , Li D. , Liu H. , Li K. , Liu S. , Ma L. , Ren L. , Si S. , Sun J. , Tian J. , Wang X. , Zhan H. , Zhu Y.
Published: November 2021

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) in China aiming to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy is under construction. A new kind of large area microchannel-plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) was put forward for the JUNO by the researchers in Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in China. After breaking through several core technotical barriers, the 20-inch MCP-PMT prototype with great performance was successfully produced by the MCP-PMT group in China and got 75% PMT orders (15,000 pics) from JUNO. The mass production line and batch test system was completed in North Night Vision Technology Co., Ltd. (NNVT). The performance of the MCP-PMT including the gain, the quantum efficiency, the P/V ratio, the dark count rate and the transit time spread can be batch tested. During the mass production process, the technical progress in the cathode deposition method improved the quantum efficiency of the photocathode from 30% to 35%. The aging behaviour, temperature effect, the after-pulse distribution and the flash signal of the 20-inch MCP-PMT are all detailly studied. By August of 2020, the 15,000 MCP-PMTs, which will be installed as the central liquid scintillator detector of JUNO, have been completed and delivered to Jiangmen. The average QE at 400 nm for the 15,000 pieces of MCP-PMTs is 32%.
What is an artificial muscle? A comparison of soft actuators to biological muscles
Authors: Higueras-Ruiz Diego R , Nishikawa Kiisa , Feigenbaum Heidi , Shafer Michael
Published: November 2021

Interest in emulating the properties of biological muscles that allow for fast adaptability and control in unstructured environments has motivated researchers to develop new soft actuators, often referred to as ‘artificial muscles’. The field of soft robotics is evolving rapidly as new soft actuator designs are published every year. In parallel, recent studies have also provided new insights for understanding biological muscles as ‘active’ materials whose tunable properties allow them to adapt rapidly to external perturbations. This work presents a comparative study of biological muscles and soft actuators, focusing on those properties that make biological muscles highly adaptable systems. In doing so, we briefly review the latest soft actuation technologies, their actuation mechanisms, and advantages and disadvantages from an operational perspective. Next, we review the latest advances in understanding biological muscles. This presents insight into muscle architecture, the actuation mechanism, and modeling, but more importantly, it provides an understanding of the properties that contribute to adaptability and control. Finally, we conduct a comparative study of biological muscles and soft actuators. Here, we present the accomplishments of each soft actuation technology, the remaining challenges, and future directions. Additionally, this comparative study contributes to providing further insight on soft robotic terms, such as biomimetic actuators, artificial muscles, and conceptualizing a higher level of performance actuator named artificial supermuscle. In conclusion, while soft actuators often have performance metrics such as specific power, efficiency, response time, and others similar to those in muscles, significant challenges remain when finding suitable substitutes for biological muscles, in terms of other factors such as control strategies, onboard energy integration, and thermoregulation.
Skewness and kurtosis in stochastic thermodynamics
Authors: Wampler Taylor , Barato Andre C
Published: November 2021

The thermodynamic uncertainty relation is a prominent result in stochastic thermodynamics that provides a bound on the fluctuations of any thermodynamic flux, also known as current, in terms of the average rate of entropy production. Such fluctuations are quantified by the second moment of the probability distribution of the current. The role of higher order standardized moments such as skewness and kurtosis remains largely unexplored. We analyze the skewness and kurtosis associated with the first passage time of thermodynamic currents within the framework of stochastic thermodynamics. We develop a method to evaluate higher order standardized moments associated with the first passage time of any current. For systems with a unicyclic network of states, we conjecture upper and lower bounds on skewness and kurtosis associated with entropy production. These bounds depend on the number of states and the thermodynamic force that drives the system out of equilibrium. We show that these bounds for skewness and kurtosis do not hold for multicyclic networks. We discuss the application of our results to infer an underlying network of states.
Differentiation of aspirated nasal air from room air using analysis with a differential mobility spectrometry-based electronic nose: a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Virtanen Jussi , Anttalainen Anna , Ormiskangas Jaakko , Karjalainen Markus , Kontunen Anton , Rautiainen Markus , Oksala Niku , Kivekäs Ilkka , Roine Antti
Published: November 2021

Over the last few decades, breath analysis using electronic nose (eNose) technology has become a topic of intense research, as it is both non-invasive and painless, and is suitable for point-of-care use. To date, however, only a few studies have examined nasal air. As the air in the oral cavity and the lungs differs from the air in the nasal cavity, it is unknown whether aspirated nasal air could be exploited with eNose technology. Compared to traditional eNoses, differential mobility spectrometry uses an alternating electrical field to discriminate the different molecules of gas mixtures, providing analogous information. This study reports the collection of nasal air by aspiration and the subsequent analysis of the collected air using a differential mobility spectrometer. We collected nasal air from ten volunteers into breath collecting bags and compared them to bags of room air and the air aspirated through the device. Distance and dissimilarity metrics between the sample types were calculated and statistical significance evaluated with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After leave-one-day-out cross-validation, a shrinkage linear discriminant classifier was able to correctly classify 100% of the samples. The nasal air differed (p < 0.05) from the other sample types. The results show the feasibility of collecting nasal air by aspiration and subsequent analysis using differential mobility spectrometry, and thus increases the potential of the method to be used in disease detection studies.
Identification of the Architectural Housing Form and the Existence of Ulos Communities in Hutaraja Village, Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Tobing R R , Sakti A K
Published: November 2021

Tourism has played a major role in boosting the economy of every country in the world. Nonetheless, the COVID-19 pandemic has obviously taken its toll since it hit Indonesia over a year ago. This condition has urged the Indonesian government to diligently make optimal changes, especially in improving regions that have been neglected this whole time, with the purpose of establishing a tourist destination that will prove interesting to tourists. Parahyangan Catholic University plays a role in providing information in the form of scientific studies regarding architecture of the traditional Batak Toba habitation in the Samosir regency of North Sumatera province. The Hutaraja village has been selected as the object of research with the foundation being the existence of ulos fabric artisan communities as an appealing feature. This ulos fabric plays an important role in the cultural lives of the Toba Bataknese, and may have potential in value and aesthetic uniqueness. The purpose of this study is to identify the relation between the architectural housing form and the existence of the ulos fabric artisan communities. The study has been conducted through a qualitative approach with exploratory and explanatory methods. Its findings show that the Hutaraja village’s housing form is strongly related to both cultural and environmental aspects. On the other hand, the existence of ulos fabric artisan communities has been discovered to change the attributes of interior and exterior housing forms.
Effect of Adding Different Levels of Astaxanthin Extracted From an Algae Haematococcus Pluvialis to The Diet on Some Immunological Characteristics of Broilers Reared Under Natural and Elevated Environmental Conditions'
Authors: Awadh Ihab A. J. , Zangana Bushra S.R.
Published: November 2021

This experiment was conducted at the poultry farm/Department of Animal Production/College of Agriculture/Al-Qasim Green University And for two experiments, The first for the period from 27/4/2019 to 7/6/2019 and the second from 1/7/2019 to 4/8/2019 for the second experiment to see the effect of adding different levels of astaxanthin to the broiler diet on some immune characteristics of broilers raised under environmental conditions Natural and elevated. Use 240 unsexed birds of one day age ROSS 308 strain, distributed randomly into five treatments by 48 birds/treatment and the birds of each treatment were divided into three replicates (16 birds/replicate). The chicks were fed on three diets that included the initiator, growth and final 23, 21.5 and 19.44% crude protein respectively, and the representative energy was 3000.5, 3100.7 and 3199.25 kcal/kg feed, respectively, in addition to the astaxanthin powder at levels 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg of feed for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, respectively. The results of the first trial showed a significant superiority (P<0.05) for treatment T2 in the relative weight of the fabrichia gland and for the fabrichia index, and significant superiority for treatment T5 and T3 in the size standard of antibodies directed against Newcastle disease, while treatment T2 and T3 outperformed the size criterion of antibodies directed against camboro disease compared With the control treatment T1, and the second trial, the additional factors T2, T3, T4 and T5 achieved significant superiority (P<0.01) in all the immunological characteristics studied by treatment T1. It is concluded from this study that the addition of astaxanthin to the broiler meat diet led to an improvement in the immune characteristics of broilers raised under normal and elevated environmental temperatures.
Extracting Sweetening and Bioactive Compounds From Stevia Rebaudiana Using Cellulase Enzyme
Authors: Al-Fekaiki Dhia F. , Al-Temimi Basair A.
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted to find out the sweetener and bioactive compounds in the Stevia plant’s enzyme extract and its antioxidant and antibacterial effect. The enzyme extract was used in a ratio of 1:15 (w: v) with the use of sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH=4) in an equal mixing ratio with the enzyme. Extraction was carried out at 55°C with a time of 25 minutes to extract and determine steviol glycosides using HPLC. Stevioside and Rebaudioside-A (5.101 and 3.027 mg/g) were obtained, respectively. The study showed that Stevia contains high amounts of phenols and flavonoids (83.052 and 71,765) mg/ml, respectively. The enzyme extract gave an antioxidant activity of 71.367% compared to BHT which gave an activity of 77.267%. It gave the highest inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, which was 14 mm, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The bioactive compounds were diagnosed by GC-MS and contained important bioactive compounds such as Hydroxydehydrostevic acid (steviol), 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-Ethylcatechol, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)-, Isosteviol methyl ester, gamma-Sitosterol.
Response Two Strawberry Cultivars (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) for Foliar Application of Two Organic Fertilizers
Authors: Mufty R.K. , Taha Sh. M.
Published: November 2021

This study was undertaken during the seasons of 2019-2020. The xperiment examines the impact of Humic acid and Seaweed extract at three concentrations on growth, flowering and yield as a foliar spray and their interactions on growth, chemical composition, production and quality of strawberry at two strawberry cultivars (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) Albion and Rubygem.The results showed that the higher leaf dry weight, root dry weight, number of flowers, yield per plant, with Rubygem, higher value of Nitrogen % in leaf, phosphorus %, anthocyanin (Mg/100g F.Wt.) observed for Rubygem. As well as the higher value of root dry weight (g. plant -1), yield per plant (g. Plant-1) Nitrogen % in leaf recorded with Humic acid, treatment. Moreover, the combined treatment between organic fertilizers and two strawberry cultivars exhibited the significant effect in root dry weight (g. plant-1), Nitrogen % in leaf, phosphorus (%), number of flowers, yield per plant (g. plant-1) and anthocyanin (Mg/100g F.Wt.). As well as the combination between organic fertilizers and concentrations and organic fertilizers, two strawberry cultivars and concentrations had significantly effect in all the studied traits.
Effect The Addition Different Concentrations of Sodium Triphosphate and Sodium Lactate on The Microbial Count of Cold Ground Beef Meat
Authors: Al-Mamoori Ahmad K.Y. , Al-Rubeii Amera M. S.
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted in the laboratories of Al-Musaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University with the aim of studying the effect of adding sodium triphosphate salts at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% and sodium lactate at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% on the microbial count of ground beef and cooled for 24 hours at a temperature at 4 C. The results of the study indicated an increase in the rate of the total count of bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, coliforms, yeasts and molds in all ground meat samples, not treated with salt, than the permissible limits. As samples of ground meat not treated with trisodium and sodium lactate salts recorded the highest rate in the total Count of bacteria after 24 hours of cold storage at 4 ° C, when they reached 6.544 CFU The Count of these bacteria decreased by increasing the concentration of salts, so the minimal count of bacteria was at a concentration of 2% when adding both salts of sodium triphosphate and sodium lactate together as 3.426 CFU. also found a clear reduction in the count of Psychrophilic bacteria at a concentration of 2% for both salts as recorded the last treatment rate 2.127 CFU It is the minimal count compared to the other treatments, while the control treatments recorded the highest count 6.400 CFU. Also, the addition of different concentrations of sodium triphosphate and sodium lactate led to a gradual decrease in the counts of coliform bacteria, with an increase in the salt concentration, as it reached 1.204 CFU At aconcentration of 2%, while the control treatment was recorded 6.431 CFU It is a the highest value. Also there is a significant difference was found (P <0.05). In the count of yeasts and molds, which were significantly decreased by increasing the concentration of both salts, as they were 1.079 CFU In the last treatment, while the highest count recorded since reached 4.361 CFU When salts are not added. This is a clear indication of the existence of a synergistic action of these salts to reduce the increasing counts of bacteria, yeasts and molds by inhibiting these microbial species with increased concentration.
Effect of Cinnamon and Turmeric Nanoparticles Extract on microorganisms of Fresh Ground Beef During Cold Storage
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Labeeb ahmed , Al-Rubeii Amera Mohammed , Al-Salmany Ahmed Sami
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon and turmeric nanoscale extracts on reducing the microbial load of ground beef stored under refrigerated temperature at 2 ° C for 12 days. The study included six different treatments T1 positive control treatment (adding water), T2 negative control treatment (without addition) and T3. (Curcuma 248.3 ppm), T4 (Curcuma 496.9 ppm), T5 (Cinnamon 83.08 ppm) and T6 (Cinnamon 166.16 ppm). The treatments were kept with storage periods of 1, 4, 8 and 12 days, respectively. Some tests were performed to detect microorganisms. The results of the treatments recorded lower values for the total number of bacteria when compared with the two control treatments, and the treatment T6 recorded the lowest values. The results observed that there was a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the numbers of cold-loving bacteria for the treatments to which the cinnamon and turmeric nanoparticles extract was added. Treatment T6 (cinnamon 166.16 ppm) recorded lowest number of cold-loving bacteria, reaching 4.47, 4.57 and 4.77, 5.22 bacterial units/gm. meat. The results of the added treatments showed a significant decrease (P <0.05) in the logarithm of the number of coliform bacteria compared to the positive control treatments (T1 and T2). In addition, T6 (cinnamon 166.16 ppm) reached lowest number of coliform bacteria and reached 3.69, 3.78, 3.87, 3.99 bacterial units/gm meat. This study concluded that the addition of cinnamon and turmeric nanoparticles extracts to fresh beef and stored by refrigerating for different storage periods. This antibacterial activity assured by a decrease in the logarithm of the total number of normal bacteria, cold-loving bacteria and coliform bacteria, compared with the control treatments for ground beef and cryogenic stock.
Water Quality and Conservation Status of Fish Fauna of Main Outfall Drain, Al-Diwaniya City, Iraq
Authors: Al-Zaidy Kadhim J.L.
Published: November 2021

Freshwater fish diversity, abundance, the ecological indices, and water quality from Main Outfall Drain (MOD) in Al-Diwaniya City/middle Iraq were studied monthly from January to December 2017 in two sites. The present study has shown that the third river (MOD) supported 15 fish species belonging to 7 families. As far as biodiversity status in fish community (IUCN-2019) is concerned, out of 15 species, eleven fish species are categorized into Lower risk least concern (LC or LR/lc), four Vulnerable (VU). Eight species were sensitive to salinity; seven species were tolerance. The results were concluded that the properties of water were tolerable for the fish community. Ultimately, it can be concluded that the sector of MOD supported the fish community. But it needs constant monitoring for the conserve and development of the diversity and the case of the healthy fish.
Effect of Phenylalanine, Jasmonic Acid and Biofertilizer on Growth, Yield and Anthocyanin Pigments of Roselle Calyces
Authors: Al-Mohammad Maher H.S. , Sachet Thamena F.K. , Al-dulaimi Zaman Salah
Published: November 2021

Experiment was conducted during summer season of 2021 to study the effect of foliar applications of Phenylalanine (Phe), Jasmonic acid (JA), Biofertilizer (Bio) and their combinations (Phe+JA, Phe+Bio, JA+Bio, Phe+JA+Bio and control) on some growth, yield parameters and anthocyanin compounds on Roselle calyces Hibiscus sabdariffa L., The treatments were distributed on Randomized Completely Block Design in three replicates, means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference test (LSD) at probability level of 0.05. The results show that growth parameters (plant height, branches number, leave area and chlorophyll) and yield parameters (fruits number, fresh weight calyces, fresh yield calyces and dry yield calyces) were increased due by foliar application Phe+JA+Bio, while the combination treatment Phe+Bio gave significant effects on vitamin C, total anthocyanin, Gossypetin, Sabdartine, Hibescitine, Delphidine and Cyanidin of calyces reached at 201.5, 184.5, 29.3, 31.2, 57.4, 35.4, 27.8 (mg.100g) respectively.
Characterization and Evaluation The Biological Activity of Prepared Nano-Gentamicin Nanoparticles
Authors: Kamal Rana A. , Kahdhum Quraish A. , Mohammed Awatif I. , Essa Ahmed J. , Abd elhamid Maan A. , Mohamad Essraa A. , Abod Salma A. , Jasim Gharam H.
Published: November 2021

Nanotechnology is a capable approach to enhance the activity of common antimicrobial agent mainly used in human and veterinary drug. Gentamycin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The study aims to determine the characterization and the biological activity of gentamicin in the Nano-form prepared by Sol-gel application using an ultrasound device by aqueous solution at temperature (80)0C. Nano gentamycin examined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and antibacterial effect of both Nano and stander gentamycin were analyzed. The results showed that the average size of gentamycin nanoparticles was 68.51 nanometers with homogeneous distribution. The EDX showed large number of elements present in the Nano solution. The antibacterial effect of Nano gentamycin took a wide inhibition range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the standard substance, where the inhibition diameter for E.coli was 29 mm, and for St. epidermidis was 27 mm. The MIC of gentamicin nanostructures was the concentration 0.00125 mg/ml.
Nonlinear parabolic equations with Robin boundary conditions and Hardy-Leray type inequalities
Authors: Goldstein Gisèle , Goldstein Jerome , Kömbe Ismail , Tellioğlu Balekoğlu Reyhan
Published: November 2021

We are primarily concerned with the absence of positive solutions of the following problem,
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout Enlarged left-brace 1st Row 1st Column StartFraction partial-differential u Over partial-differential t EndFraction equals normal upper Delta left-parenthesis u Superscript m Baseline right-parenthesis plus upper V left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis u Superscript m Baseline plus lamda u Superscript q Baseline 2nd Column a m p semicolon in normal upper Omega times left-parenthesis 0 comma upper T right-parenthesis comma 2nd Row 1st Column u left-parenthesis x comma 0 right-parenthesis equals u 0 left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis greater-than-or-equal-to 0 2nd Column a m p semicolon in normal upper Omega comma 3rd Row 1st Column StartFraction partial-differential u Over partial-differential nu EndFraction equals beta left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis u 2nd Column a m p semicolon on partial-differential normal upper Omega times left-parenthesis 0 comma upper T right-parenthesis comma EndLayout">

{

∂
u

∂
t

=
Δ
(

u
m

)
+
V
(
x
)

u

m

+
λ

u
q

a
m
p
;
in

Ω
×
(
0
,
T
)
,

u
(
x
,
0
)
=

u

0

(
x
)
≥
0

a
m
p
;
in

Ω
,

∂
u

∂
ν

=
β
(
x
)
u

a
m
p
;
on 
∂
Ω
×
(
0
,
T
)
,

\begin {cases} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}=\Delta ( u^m)+V(x)u^{m}+ \lambda u^q & \text {in}\quad \Omega \times (0, T ) ,\\ u(x,0)=u_{0}(x)\geq 0 & \text {in} \quad \Omega ,\\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial \nu }=\beta (x) u & \text {on }\partial \Omega \times (0,T), \end {cases}

\]
where

0
>
m
>
1

0>m>1

,

V
∈

L

l
o
c

1

(
Ω
)

V\in L_{loc}^1(\Omega )

,

β
∈

L

l
o
c

1

(
∂
Ω
)

\beta \in L_{loc}^1(\partial \Omega )

,

λ
∈

R

\lambda \in \mathbb {R}

,

q
>
0

q>0

,

Ω
⊂

R

N

\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N

is a bounded open subset of

R

N

\mathbb {R}^N

with smooth boundary

∂
Ω

\partial \Omega

, and

∂
u

∂
ν

\frac {\partial u}{\partial \nu }

is the outer normal derivative of

u
u

on

∂
Ω

\partial \Omega

. Moreover, we also present some new sharp Hardy and Leray type inequalities with remainder terms that provide us concrete potentials to use in the partial differential equation of our interest.
On the use of Markovian stick-breaking priors
Authors: Lippitt William , Sethuraman Sunder
Published: November 2021

Recently, a ‘Markovian stick-breaking’ process which generalizes the Dirichlet process

(
μ
,
θ
)

(\mu , \theta )

with respect to a discrete base space

X

\mathfrak {X}

was introduced. In particular, a sample from from the ‘Markovian stick-breaking’ processs may be represented in stick-breaking form

∑

i
≥
1

P
i

δ

T
i

\sum _{i\geq 1} P_i \delta _{T_i}

where

{

T
i

}

\{T_i\}

is a stationary, irreducible Markov chain on

X

\mathfrak {X}

with stationary distribution

μ
\mu

, instead of i.i.d.

{

T
i

}

\{T_i\}

each distributed as

μ
\mu

as in the Dirichlet case, and

{

P
i

}

\{P_i\}

is a GEM

(
θ
)

(\theta )

residual allocation sequence. Although the previous motivation was to relate these Markovian stick-breaking processes to empirical distributional limits of types of simulated annealing chains, these processes may also be thought of as a class of priors in statistical problems. The aim of this work in this context is to identify the posterior distribution and to explore the role of the Markovian structure of

{

T
i

}

\{T_i\}

in some inference test cases.
From additive to second-order processes
Authors: Rao M. , Swift R.
Published: November 2021

The familiar Poisson process is a member of a class of stochastic processes known as additive processes. This broad class also contains the birth-death processes. Second-order processes are processes with two moments finite. The class of second-order processes includes the well-known weakly stationary as well as harmonizable processes.

A natural evolution of concepts linking the class of additive processes and the class of second-order processes will be detailed. The connection arises via stable processes and random measures
Two moment closure techniques for an interacting species model
Authors: Switkes Jennifer
Published: November 2021

We explore a stochastic analogue for a generalized deterministic interacting species model for two species. By applying two moment closure techniques, we approximate the expected values, variances, and covariance for the two populations and compare the results. First, we assume a multivariate normal distribution with standard additive variances and covariance. Next, we assume a multivariate lognormal distribution with multiplicative variances and covariance. There is good agreement between the two moment closure techniques. For the stable equilibria, the expected values of the populations converge to values that are similar to, but not equal to, the values of the deterministic equilibria. The variances and covariance also converge over time.