bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disturbances of Solar Eruption from Active Region AR1613
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M.
Published: December 2022

The paper describes an investigation of the solar radio bursts of spectral type III due to disturbances of the active region AR 1613. A solar flare occurred on 2012 November 15, between 2:00 UT to 3:30 UT. The sequence images from a burst from our site revealed that although the solar flare is considered moderate, it is still possible to obtain the solar burst type III in a single and group forms within one and half hour. It can easily produce misleading results in terms of non-thermal electron density and magnetic field strength. The burst is originated in the same active region of the solar corona. The C-6 level enhancement was detected in GOES 1.8 a soft X-ray. Based on the results, we suggest that radio wave source motion manifests the displacement of particle sites caused by plasma eruptions. Time variability in the emission may due to the changes in the electron density. The group and individual solar burst type III can be related to the distance travelled before an electron beam becomes unstable to Langmuir waves. In conclusion, the interactions non-thermal electron and magnetic trapping can influence the transporting of electrons and this is still a subject of interest of intense investigation.
Temporal and Spatial Variability and Trend Investigation of Total Ozone Column over Iraq Employing Remote Sensing Data: 1979-2012
Authors: Al-Salihi Ali M. , Hassan Zehraa M.
Published: December 2022

The objective of this paper is to analyze the temporal and spatial variability of the total ozone column (TOC) distributions and trends over Iraq, during the last 30 years (1979–2012) using remote sensing-derived TOC data. Due to shortage of ground-based TOC measurements. TOC data derived from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) for the period 1979–2004 and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for the period 2005–2012 with spatial resolution (1o×1o) were used in present study. The spatial, long-term, monthly variations of TOC over Iraq were analysed. For the spatial variability, the latitudinal variability has a large range between (45 to 55) DU in winter and spring whereas during summer and autumn months ranged between (6 to 10) DU. Also represents an annual cycle with maximum in March and minimum in October. In contrast, the longitudinal variability is not significant. The long-term variability represented a notable decline for the period 1979–2012. The ozone negative trend was observed significantly during 1979–2004, for all months with trend ranged between (− 0.3 to 2) DU/year whereas the ozone positive trend was appear clearly during 2005–2007, for all months (0.1 to 2.3) DU/year ,except February and September which presented negative trends. The results can provide comprehensive descriptions of the TOC variations in Iraq and benefit climate change research in this region.
Acoustical Studies of Binary Liquid Mixtures of p-Chlorotoluene in Benzene at Different Temperatures
Authors: Pavan Kumar G. , Babu Ch. Praveen , Samatha K. , Jyosthna A.N. , Showrilu K.
Published: December 2022

Ultrasonic velocities (U), densities (ρ), and coefficient of viscosities (η) are measured for binary mixtures containing (i) p-chlorotoluene and (ii) benzene at 303.15 K, 308.15 K, 313.15 K and 318.15 K to understand the molecular interaction. Various acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (Z), free volume (Vf), molar volume (Vm), Rao’s constant (R), Wada’s constant (W) and internal pressure (πi), are calculated from the measured values of U, ρ, and η. The trend in acoustical parameters also substantiates to asses strong molecular interactions.
Terrestrial and Lunar Gravitational Forces upon the Mass of a Cell: Relevance to Cell Function
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: December 2022

The gravitational force between the mass of an average mammalian cell and the earth is in the order of a picoNewton. When applied across the plasma membrane the energy is within the domain of 10-20 J that is associated with the distance between forces of ions that are correlated with the membrane potential. Solutions for velocity and acceleration are congruent with known properties of the ion channel and cell membrane. The differences in gravitational forces between lunar perigee and apogee are within the 10-20 J range when applied across distances that constitute neuronal processes. Calculations of the ratio of gravitational force to a specific range of intensities of rotating experimental magnetic fields produce equivalent electric dipole moments (A∙m) that are within the same order of magnitude as that measured for single post-synaptic potentials. These values match the energies associated with pressures within the cell volume according to Borowski’s gravitational theory. The solutions may explain a robust behavioral effect reported over 40 years ago that indicated a powerful interaction between forces associated with lunar distances at the birth of rats exposed prenatally to rotating magnetic fields. Although the energies may be small the contributions from subtle changes in gravitational forces are within the operative range for those that influence cell function.
The Different between the Temperature of the Solar Burst at the Feed Point of the Log Periodic Dipole Antenna (LPDA) and the CALLISTO Spectrometer
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

The article attempts to analyze and compare the temperature of solar radio burst at the (i) feed point and antenna and (ii) at the receiver (CALLISTO spectrometer). The analysis is very important to evaluate the performance for a better observation of solar radio burst. We start our project by developing this antenna with 19 elements of different sizes covers from 45 − 870 MHz. We choose the National Space Agency (PAN), Sg. Lang, Banting, Selangor, Malaysia as our site seems this site has a very minimum of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). The antenna, then connects to the low noise amplifier and the CALLISTO spectrometer as one complete system. Based on the results, it was found that the temperature of the at the feed point of the antenna and receiver is different up to 3.25 K. The average level burst level above background sky is about 0.41dB. It was found that the power of solar burst at the feed point of the antenna is equivalent to 2.6 x 10-18 W, but decreases to 2.3 x 10-18 W when detected by the CALLISTO spectrometer. These results show a better understanding of how does the system operate in terms of the process of analysis of the temperature of solar radio burst.
Solubility of a Pharmacological Intermediate Drug Isatin in Different Solvents at Various Temperatures
Authors: Baluja Shipra , Bhalodia Rahul , Bhatt Mehul , Vekariya Nayan , Gajera Ravi
Published: December 2022

The solubility of isatin in different solvents was studied by a gravimetrical method from (298.15 to 318.15) K under atmospheric pressure and the solubility data were correlated against temperature. The solvents selected for the present study are: water, methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform and carbon tetra chloride. Among chlorinated solvents, solubility is observed to be maximum in 1, 2-dichloroethane and minimum in dichloromethane whereas in alcohols, maximum solubility is observed in methanol. In water, solubility is found to be minimum. Further, some thermodynamic parameters such as Gibb’s energy (ΔGsol), heat of solution (ΔHsol) and entropy of solution (ΔSsol) have also been evaluated.
An Efficient and Clean Synthesis of Thiophenyl Thiazole Depended Novel Triazolo[4,3-a]Quinoxaline Derivatives
Authors: Kathrotiya Haresh G. , Gami Sagar P. , Naliapara Yogesh T.
Published: December 2022

A simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of thiophenyl thiazole based triazolo [4,3-a] quinoxaline derivatives is described. In this methodology, 3-hydrazinyl-N-(4-(thiophen-2-yl) thiazol-2-yl) quinoxalin-2-amine derivatives treated with various aromatic aldehyde to form Schiff base which on treatment with iodobenzene diacetate in dichloromethane at room temperature to furnish title compounds. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and mass spectral data
The C:N Ratio of the Analyzed of Bottom Sediments of the Strazym Lake
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr
Published: December 2022

The results of analysis of bottom sediments from Strazym Lake. The C:N ratio of the analyzed sediments is 12,2 – 18,2 which indicates a rather equal participation of higher plant and lower plant residues in the sediments. The identification of differences in content assessed the quality parameters – organic matter content, main ingredients - nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient general bottom sediments Strazym lake arise from the changes taking place in this lake. The quality of the bottom sediments considered lake depends on the organic material, including the type of robes to plant, which has an effect on the emerging bottom sediment.
Heavy Metals Assessment of Abattoir Effluent on Surface Water Quality of River Katsina-Ala of Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Vershima Addy Jose , Terkimbi Kabough Jonathan , Terese Azua , Ibrahim Aliyu
Published: December 2022

Water samples of six sampling sites (two downstream, two abattoir sites and two upstream sites) were analyzed using standard methods to determined and assessed heavy metal content of abattoir effluent on surface water quality of River Katsina-Ala, Benue State, Nigeria for rainy and dry seasons. Rainy season heavy metals results were; Cr6+ (0.032+0.06mg/l); Mn2+ (0.16+0.034mg/l); Cu2+ (0.86 +0.46mg/l); Pb2+(0.006+0.002mg/;Cd2+(0.0023+0.004mg/l) and the dry season results were: Cr6+(0.028+0.007mg/l); Mn2+(0.07+0.05mg/l); Cu2+(0.85+0.16mg/l); Pb2+(0.0030+0.014mg/l); Cd2+(0.0021+0.012mg/). Most heavy metals for both seasons were within the maximum permissible limit set by Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria (1991). The mean concentrations of Zn2+(1.70+0.29 mg/l) for rainy season and Zn2+(1.33+0.23mg/l) dry season were above the control and standard safe limits of < 1mg/l FMEnv (1991) for surface water quality. There was no significance difference (p<0.05) between the means from upstream and downstream sites for both seasons; though significance difference (p<0.05) existed at the abattoir sites. River Katsina –ala is slightly polluted. Heavy metal content from effluents from abattoir contributed to upset the physicochemical balance of the river. Bioaccumulation and bio-magnification of heavy metals may occur from prolong usage of the river water for drinking. It is suggested that the abattoir effluent be treated before discharge into the river to reduce environmental and health hazards.
Molecular Flexibility of Longer n-Alkoxy Tail Group Operated Mesomorphism
Authors: Sharma Vinay S. , Patel R.B.
Published: December 2022

A novel homologous series RO-C6H4-CH=CH-COO-C6H4-CO-CH=CH-C6H4-OC16H33 (n) para of chalconyl ester derivatives have been synthesized and studied with a view to understand and establish the effect of molecular structure on thermotropic liquid crystalline state of the substances and to provide novel liquid crystal (LC) materials to the researchers working in an unique multidisciplinary LC state of the substances. A novel chalconyl ester series consists of thirteen ( C1 to C18) homologues. C5 to C18 homologues are enantiotropically nematogenic without exhibition of smectogenic property, while the rest of the C1 to C4 homologues are nonliquid crystals (NLC). Transition temperatures and textures were determined by polarizing optical microscopy (POM) equipped with a heating stage. Textures of a nematic phase are threaded or schlieren. Cr-I/N and N-I transition curves of a phase diagram behaved in normal manner except negligible abnormality at C14 homologue. Odd-even effect is exhibited by N-I transition curve. Analytical and Spectral data supported molecular structures of the homologues. Thermal stability for nematic is 97.33°C and the degree of mesomorphism vary maximum 24.0°C at C5 homologue to minimum 11.0°C at C10 homologue respectively. Latent transition temperatures (LTT) are determined for nonmesomorphic homologues C4 (90°C) and C3 (114°C) homologues by extrapolation method of transition curve. LC properties of a novel series are (thermometric) compared with structurally similar series.
Determining a Complex Solar Radio Burst Type II on 2nd November 2014 Driven by a Hydra Solar Flare as a Blast Waves
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Ibrahim M.B. , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

Recent data of a complex solar radio burst type II is analyzed and reviewed. The monitoring of solar radio burst was done by using the Compact Astronomical Low cost, Low frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) from BLEIN 7 meter dish telescope at ETH, Zurich in frequency range of 25 until 1000 MHz. During the inspection of the X-ray spectrum, we observed that the C3-category flare was caused by a filament of magnetism, which rose up and erupted between 0400 and 0600 UT. This occurred three hours before the signature of solar radio burst type II. There are some of the material in the filament fell back to the sun, causing a flash of X-rays where it hit the Sun surface. This is a Hydra Flare which occurred without sunspots. On the basis of these results, we suggest that a single shock in the leading edge of the CME could be the source of the multiple type II bursts and support the notion that the CME nose and the CME-streamer interaction are the two main mechanisms able to generate the bursts.
Impact of External Actions upon Structure of Aluminium Alloys and Composites
Authors: Kosnikov G.A. , Eldarkhanov A.S.
Published: December 2022

Presented are research results of impact of low-frequency vibration, ultrasonic, magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) and plasma treatment of alloys, in liquid state and two-phase condition, upon structure and properties of silumins and silumin-based nanocomposites.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 Using Ethanol Extract of Funtumia elastica
Authors: Adindu Chinonso Blessing , Oguzie Emeka Emmanuel , Ogukwe Cynthia E.
Published: December 2022

The adsorption and corrosion inhibitive effect of the ethanol extract of Funtumia elastica (FE) leaves on mild steel corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 was studied using gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic techniques. As well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and computational methods. The gravimetric and electrochemical studies revealed that FE is an adsorption inhibitor. The potentiodynamic polarization result showed that the inhibitor is a mixed type corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4, inhibiting both the cathodic and anodic partial reactions. Density functional theory calculations were performed to model the electronic structures of some selected extract constituents (conessine, and ascorbic acid) to conﬁrm their inhibiting potential and established their individual contributions to the observed inhibiting effects.
Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Furcraea bedinghausii Koch
Authors: Teponno Rémy B. , Ponou Beaudelaire K. , Fiorini Dennis , Barboni Luciano , Tapondjou Léon A.
Published: December 2022

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Furcraea bedinghausii Koch. Led to the isolation of a mixture of two new homoisoflavones, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-chromone (4a) and 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-chromone (4b), together with the known β-sitosterol (1), 7,4'-dihydroxyhomoisoflavane (2), dihydrobonducellin (3), kaempferol (5), 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-chromone (6), 1-linoleylglycerol (7), 6’-linoleyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-sitosterol (8), trans-3,3’,5,5’-tetrahydroxy-4’-methoxystilbene (9), yuccaol C (10), yuccaol D (11), 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-b-sitosterol (12), 4-[6-O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-3-methoxybenzoic acid (13) and two pairs of steroidal saponins: (25R)-2α-3β–dihydroxy-5α-spirostan-12-one 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (14a) and (25R)-2α-3β–dihydroxy-5α-spirost-9-en-12-one 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (14b), (25R)-3β–hydroxy-5α-spirostan-12-one 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (15a) and (25R)-3β–hydroxy-5α-spirost-9-en-12-one 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (15b). Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of spectral data and by comparison with literature.
Assessment of Selected Food Products for Pesticide Residue in Major Markets of Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Adesina Gabriel Olulakin , Babarinde Samuel Adelani , Olaniran Abiodun Oladele
Published: December 2022

A study was carried out on the assessment of selected food produce for pesticide residue in Oyo State. With the aid of multi stage sampling technique, 8 selected markets were surveyed in the major constituencies of Oyo State which included Oje and Bodija Market in Ibadan, Arada and Sabo Markets in Ogbomoso, Ajegunle and Araromi Market in Oyo, Owode and Sango Markets in Igboho and Saki respectively in Oke-Ogun. Information on type of pesticide use, reason for choosing the pesticide, method of applying the pesticide and duration of post application storage, were collected. Food produce sampled were yam chips, cowpea, maize and smoked fish for residual analysis. The residual analysis includes extraction of samples, cleaning of extraction and screening of the pesticide using GC-MS to detect any chemical metabolites. The survey reveals that majority (87.5%) of respondents were involved in selling of maize, yam chips and cowpea and the most used pesticide in the market was Aluminium phosphide marketed as phostoxin. Many of respondents applied pesticide by fumigation and the choice of these pesticides was base on customary practices. These food produce are stored for less than a month before being disposed of to consumers. Result from residual analysis shows sample from all the markets contains high percentage of alkane compounds especially the heptadecanes, eicosane, hexadecane and octadecane. Organochlorines were also found in the samples at high percentage. Banned pesticides are still in use in the visited markets and the use of banned pesticide should be prohibited and extension scheme on the use of pesticide on stored produce should be sponsored by government. This will help educate pesticide users on the use of pesticides and its health implications. Consumers are also implored to wash their food very well before consumption so as to remove pesticides that may be present on the seed coat or surface of food produce.
Zinc Triflate Promoted General Synthetic Protocol for the Facile Construction of Chromenes and Pyrimidines Bearing N-Allyl Quinolone Nucleus
Authors: Vala Nileshkumar D. , Jardosh Hardik H. , Patel Manish P.
Published: December 2022

A series of 8 derivatives of chromene 5a-h synthesized via one-pot cyclocondensation reaction of N-allyl quinolones, α/β naphthol and malononitrile. And 8 derivatives of pyrimidines 8a-h bearing N-allyl quinolone have been synthesized by N-allyl quinolones, ethylacetoacetate, thiourea/urea in the presence of zinc triflate as less toxic catalyst. This methodology allowed the high conversion of product at room temperature. Titled derivatives were elucidated by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis, and mass spectral data.
Numerical Simulation of a Residential House Coupled with a Dual Source Heat Pump System
Authors: Chargui R. , Sammouda Habib
Published: December 2022

With the information technology revolution and the improving requirement for indoor air environment, energy consumption for air conditioning is increasing in Tunisia. In this research, a heating a residential house using the abundant and universal sources is proposed for a residential house in Tunisia. The effect of the incidence solar radiation in the coupling of a residential house and a heat pump system in all direction of this zone during the winter has been added. The effect of ON-OFF technology in the level of the evaporator during the winter has been studied. We present a mathematical description of the house on TRNSYS, as well as the numerical results of the simulation of coupling of the several components. The incidence solar radiation, the temperature distribution and the energy consumed and delivered, and its impact on air-conditioning load in rooms have been measured using the Tunisian climate. Numerical results have been obtained for 24h in January and 4500h operation in winter. Results show that the system may be satisfactorily used for residential building or greenhouse heating in the Mediterranean and region of Tunisia.
Electrochemical Reduction Potential Correlation of some Insect Antifeedant Potent 2-Phenothiazinyl Chalcones
Authors: Ranganathan K. , Suresh R. , Kamalakkannan D. , Arulkumaran R. , Sundararajan R. , Sakthinathan S.P. , Vijayakumar S. , Vanangamudi Ganesan , Thirumurthy K. , Mayavel P. , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

A series containing twelve substituted styryl 2-phenothiazenyl ketones have been synthesized. The electrochemical potentials of carbonyl and vinyl groups were measured. These potentials are correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters. From the results of statistical analyses, the effects of substituent on the group reduction potentials have been discussed. The insect antifeedant activities of these chalcones have been studied using 4th instar larvae Achoea Janata L with castor leaf discs.
Comparative Study for the Defluoridation of Water by Coagulation
Authors: Atia Djamel , Hoggui Abdelghani , Abdelhafid D. Bebba Ahmed
Published: December 2022

El-Oued is known for some diseases caused by fluoride concentration in drinkable water. To reduce it, we have chosen a sample with the highest content of fluoride among many sources in order to coagulate it with Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·H2O and FeSO4. In order to get better reduction yield of fluoride, a study has been done on the influencing parameters (concentration, pH, temperature) to choose the best conditions. The remove of fluoride is favorable at low concentration of Al2(SO4)3, at room temperature and normal acidity.
Conjugate Effects of Buoyancy and Magnetic Field on Heat and Fluid Flow Pattern at Low-to-Moderate Prandtl Numbers
Authors: Djebali Ridha , Abbassi Mohamed Ammar , Rouahi Ahlem
Published: December 2022

This study aims to present a numerical investigation of unsteady two-dimensional natural convection of an electrically conducting fluid in a square medium under externally imposed magnetic field. A temperature gradient is applied between the two opposing side walls parallel to y-direction, while the floor and ceiling parallel to x-direction are kept adiabatic. The coupled momentum and energy equations associated with the Lorentz ‘decelerating’ force as well as the buoyancy force terms are solved using the single relaxation lattice Boltzmann (LB) approach. The flow is characterized by the Rayleigh number Ra (103-106), the Prandtl number Pr (0.01-10), the Hartman number Ha (0-100) determined by the strength of the imposed magnetic field and its tilt angle from x-axis ranging from 0° to 90°. The changes in the buoyant flow patterns and temperature contours due to the effects of varying the controlling parameters and associated heat transfer are examined. It was found that the developed thermal LB model gives excellent results by comparison with former experimental and numerical findings. Starting from the values 105 of the Rayleigh number Ra and Ha=0, the flow is unsteady multicellular for low Prandtl number typical of liquid metal. Increasing gradually Pr, the flow undergoes transition to steady bicellular. The transition occurs at a threshold value between Pr=0.01 and 0.1. Increasing more the Prandtl number, the flow structure is distorted due to the viscous forces which outweigh the buoyancy forces and a thermal stratification is clearly established. For high Hartman number, the damping effects suppress the unsteady behaviour and results in steady state with extended unicellular pattern in the direction of Lorentz force and the heat transfer rate is reduced considerably.
Study on the Photonic Band Gaps of the Face Centered Cubic Crystals
Authors: Jayawardana K.B.S.K.B. , Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L
Published: December 2022

Since the dielectric contrast of photonic crystals play an important role in determining the existence of a photonic gap, the photonic energy bands, density of states of face centered cubic structured photonic crystals formed from spheres of several dielectric materials placed in air were calculated using the plane wave expansion method. A complete band gap was obtained between second and third bands with a gap to mid gap frequency ratio in the range for the dielectric contrast in the range 11-16 with dielectric spheres of radius with a filling factor of 0.134 and fordielectric contrast of 200 with . A complete gap was not found for the dielectric contrast of 3.9. A complete band gap can be obtained for filling factors for the dielectric contrast in the range with an optimum band gap for the filling factor 0.134 while GaAs () has almost a constant optimum band gap in this range. The largest gap to mid gap ratio of was obtained for GaP (). For dielectric spheres of and larger gap to mid gap ratio were obtained for the dielectric contrast while the largest were obtained for . The only dielectric material BaSrTiO3 () which gives a band gap for the filling factor of 0.4524 can be used in microwave applications.
Nanostructured CdO Thin Films for LPG and CO2 Gas Sensor Prepared by Spray Pyrolisis Technique
Authors: Bari R.H. , Patil S.B.
Published: December 2022

Nanostructured CdO thin films were deposited by spray pyrolysis techniques at different spray deposition time on glass substrates. Nanostructured CdO thin films was prepared using 0.05 M of cadmium acetate dehydrate (CH3COO) 2Cd·2H2O) was dissolved in the deionised water. These thin films were annealing in air at temperatures 500 °C for 60 min. The thickness of the films, crystallite and grain size were observed to increase with the increase in spray deposition time. As prepared thin films were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM and EDAX. The XRD analysis shows that CdO films were cubic structured. The electrical and gas sensing properties of these films were investigated. Prepared nanostructure CdO thin films show LPG (S = 1600) and CO2 (S = 435) gas response at different operating temperature. Gas response, selectivity, response and recovery time of the sensor were measured and presented.
Effect of M2+ Substitution on Properties of the System Nix Zn1-x-y My Fe2O4
Authors: Alwash Nahedh H. , Mohamad Hadey , Almaamori M.H.
Published: December 2022

The four types of ferrites have been prepared by co-precipitation technique(Ni Zn Fe2O4,Mg Fe2O4,Mn Fe2O4, Cd Fe2O4). The prepared ferrites were sintered at 800C ̊. Then using the these types of ferrite to prepared the final Synthesis Nix Zn1-x-y My Fe2O4wereM2+=(Mg,Mn,Cd)with (X=0.3),(Y=0.4) to be six samples halve of these as pressed pellets (12.3 mm diameter, 5-4mm thickness) and later halve as triodes (Rin=9.85mm,Rout=19.4mm). All of them were sintered at (1100 °C) for (2 hr). (XRD) Technique was used to study the structure of matrix Nix Zn1-x-y My Fe2O4, the apparent density , and porosity were calculated, The electrical characteristics for these samples included the measure of A.C current as the dielectric constant was calculated (έ ) ,loses factor (tan δ) was measured at the same frequency range (20Hz - 3MHz) to calculate the imaginary part of dielectric constant and also the magnetic properties was measured by the same equipment, (initial permeability μ ) was calculate after measuring the inductors (L), the VSM Technique was used to study hysterics lope behavior of these samples.
Polymer Blended (Epoxy/Vinylester) Nanocomposites Resistance against Pulling & Sliding Wear Loads
Authors: Harisankar P. , Mohana Reddy Y.V. , Hemachandra Reddy K.
Published: December 2022

This paper discloses the development and synthesis of polymer blended nanocomposites filled with nanoclay. The hybridization of epoxy is mixed with vinylester resin (VER) to prepare polymer blend filled with organoclay was studied to enhance mechanical properties of epoxy/VER. Clay loading was done in such a way that with different wt. proportions viz.1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, & 7.5 w % ratios. Appropriately cured samples gave excellent mechanical and tribological properties. Results showed that the tensile strength of the composites increased with increase in filler content for the range of filler contents (2.5-4 % vol.). The results indicated that at 4 % wt. of filler concentration the tensile strength obtained is good i.e. 47.79 MPa with density 1.37 gm/cm3 and hardness 45.5. Dry Sliding wear tests were also conducted by following a well-planned experimental schedule based on Taguchi’s design of experiments, considering parameters like Filler content, Normal load, Sliding Velocity and Sliding distance, on a Pin-On-Disc set-up (ASTM G-99 standard, Make: DUCOM Engineers, Bangalore, India). In the experimentation composite pins were worn against a rotating steel disc (Europe Norm) EN-31, (Rockwell C Hardness) HRC 60 and (Roughness Average) Ra 0.02 microns. Control factors like Filler Content, Normal Load were found to be significant factors affecting the Wear rate i.e. the inclusion of nanoclay as filler found to be contributed in improving the wear resistance of the composite. SEM observations are made to probe the wear mechanisms involved.
Comparison of Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of 1,3-Thiazin-4-One with MDM2 Protein
Authors: Anand S. Athavan Alias , Loganathan C. , Saravanan K. , Kabilan S.
Published: December 2022

The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations studies of 1,3–thiazin–4–one derivative with a bonafide oncogene protein MDM2 (PDB ID: 4HBM) was investigated. Both the docking and dynamics simulations were performed in Schrödinger software suite 2014 using Glide and Desmond modules. The results of docking and dynamics were compared to investigate the possible binding modes of the thiazinone derivative with 4HBM. The tested molecule shows critical interactions with the important amino acid His 96 which is necessary for the inhibition of MDM2 in both docking and dynamic studies.
Studies of Trans- and Cis-Xylomollin Molecular Structures Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Mahboub Radia
Published: December 2022

The present work describes the comparative study of the trans- and the cis-xylomollin structures. We have determined the two bridgehead H5 and H9 configurations using simulation calculations for both trans- and cis- distereoisomers. Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations of the trans- and cis- xylomollin were performed with an efficient program. The geometries, interaction energies, bonds, angles, and the Van der Waals (VDW) interactions were carried out in solution and gas phases. This comparative study shows that the trans-xylomollin acquires the high configuration energy under the AMBER field using MD method. This molecule reaches its high stable configuration state in solution environment. Our MD simulation results are goods and in agreement with those of literature.
Uranium Isotopes Separation Technique
Authors: Al-Alawy Iman Tarik , Mohammed Raghad Saadoon , Hassan Mohammed Zorah , Mhanah Waleed Jabar
Published: December 2022

This work describes the atomic laser isotope separation (LIS). The (LIS) plant means calculating the values of a large number of parameters in order to optimize some objective function. Here we use simple model to describe the elementary physical processes: evaporation, vapor expansion, interaction between photons and atoms, ion extraction etc...concentrated on theoretical and empirical bases. An optimization process for the separation of Uranium isotopes is described and discussed.
Equations of Motion in the Theory of Relativistic Vector Fields
Authors: Fedosin Sergey G.
Published: December 2022

Within the framework of the theory of relativistic vector fields, the covariant expressions are presented for the equations of motion of the matter and the field. These expressions can be written either in terms of the field tensors, that is, the fields’ strengths and solenoidal vectors, or in terms the four-potentials, that is, the fields’ scalar and vector potentials. This state of things is due to the fact that the Lagrange function initially implied the complementarity of description in terms of the strengths and the field potentials. It is shown that the equation for the fields, obtained by taking the covariant derivative in the equation for the metric, has a deeper meaning than the ordinary equation of motion of the matter, found with the help of the principle of least action. In particular, the above-mentioned equation for the fields leads to the generalized Poynting theorem, and after integration over the volume it allows us to introduce for consideration the integral vector as a measure of the energy and the fields’ energy fluxes, associated with a system of particles and fields.
Betalain Pigments as Natural Photosensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: The Effect of Dye pH on the Photoelectric Parameters
Authors: Isah Kasim Uthman , Ahmadu Umar , Idris Adamu , Kimpa Mohammed Isah , Uno Uno Essang , Ndamitso Muhammed Muhammed , Alu Noble
Published: December 2022

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated using red Bougainvillea glabra flower dye extracts as natural dye sensitizers at three dye pH values of 1.23, 3.0 and 5.7. Water was used as dye extracting solvent. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) from dye extract of pH 3.0 had the highest photocurrent density J of 3.72 mA/cm2 and fill factor FF of 0.59. While the DSSCs from dye sensitizer pHs of 1.23 and 5.7 had Jsc of 1.13 mA/cm2 and 2.27 mA/cm2, and fill factors of 0.43 and 0.61 respectively. The maximum powers Pmax of the DSSCs were 0.50, 1.64 and 0.94 mW/cm2 for dye sensitizer pH of 1.23, 3.0 and 5.7 respectively.
Recent Development and Applications in Electrodes for URFC
Authors: Chen Jun Jie , Xu De Guang
Published: December 2022

The design of electrodes for URFC (unitised regenerative polymer electrolyte fuel cells) requires a delicate balancing of transport media. Gas transport, electrons and protons must be carefully optimised to provide efficient transport to and from the electrochemical reaction sites. This review is a survey of recent literature with the objective to identify common components and design and assembly methods for URFC electrodes, focusing primarily on the development of a better performing bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction and water oxidation. Advances in unitised regenerative fuel cells study have yielded better performing oxygen electrocatalysts capable of improving energy efficiency with longer endurance and less performance degradation over time. Fuel cells using these electrocatalyst have a possible future as a source of energy.
Reflected and Transmitted Powers of Electromagnetic Waves through a Ferrite-Dielectric Photonic Crystal
Authors: Ubeid Muin F. , Shabat Mohammed M.
Published: December 2022

In this work, reflection and transmission of electromagnetic wave by a periodic ferrite-dielectric photonic crystal are investigated theoretically and numerically. The ferrite material is described and its main parameters are given in detail. After the construction of the problem, the reflection and transmission coefficients are derived in a closed form by a transfer matrix method. The reflected, transmitted, and loss powers of the crystal are calculated using these coefficients. In the numerical results the mentioned powers are computed and illustrated as a function of frequency, angle of incidence, dielectric thickness, and applied magnetic field intensity when the damping coefficient changes.
Thermodynamics of Uni-Univalent H+/K+ and Uni-Bivalent H+/Ca2+ Ion Exchange Reactions Using Nuclear Grade Resin Indion-223
Authors: Singare Pravin U. , Mohammed Akmal L. Khan , Dixit N.N.
Published: December 2022

The present paper deals with the thermodynamic of uni-univalent and uni-bivalent ion exchange reactions using nuclear grade anion exchange resin Indion-223. It was observed that with rise in temperature the equilibrium constants K values for H+/K+ uni-univalet ion exchange reaction increases from 0.01710 to 0.02374. Similarly for H+/Ca2+ uni-bivalet ion exchange reaction the equilibrium constants K values increases from 0.000397 to 0.000639. The increase in K values with rise in temperature for both the reactions indicates its endothermic nature having the enthalpy change values of 22.72 and 38.92 kJ/ mol respectively. The technique used here can be extended further to standardise the process parameters in order to bring about the efficient separation of the desired ionic species from the solution
Synthesis of Thiophenyl Thiazole Based Novel Quinoxaline Derivatives
Authors: Kathrotiya Haresh G. , Naliapara Yogesh T.
Published: December 2022

A new series of thiophenyl thiazole based novel quinoxaline derivatives 4a-4t have been synthesized by base catalysed condensation reaction. In which 6-substituted 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline 1a and 4-(thiophen-2-yl) thiazol-2-amine 2b reacted in basic condition to afford intermediate 3c which reacts with various aromatic amine to form final compounds. Easy experimental procedure, high yield, and selectivity are the imperative features of this method. The identity of all the compounds has been established by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and elemental analysis.
Acustical Studies of Interactions in the Binary Mixtures of Ethylmethyl Ketone (EMK) and N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) through Ultrasonic Measurements at Different Temperatures
Authors: Patial Baljeet Singh
Published: December 2022

Ultrasonic velocities (u), densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) are measured in respect of ethylmethylketone (EMK) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) over the entire composition at 298, 308and 318K. Attempt have been made to extract the information with respect to various kind of intermolecular interactions, such as H-bonding, dipole-dipole, solute –solvent, dispersion type interactions existing between these two components from the following acoustical parameter when examined as a function of solvent composition at different temperatures: adiabatic compressibility (β), specific acoustic impedance (Z), intermolecular free length (Lf), molar sound velocity (Rm), wada’s constant (W), viscous relaxation time (τ), free volume and internal pressure (πi).
pH Controlled Reversible Interaction of Remazol Orange with Chitin
Authors: Mominur Rahman Muhammad , Muhammad Zakaria Abdullah , Chandra Dey Shaikat , Ashaduzzaman Md , Md Shamsuddin Sayed
Published: December 2022

Biomaterials offer alternative opportunities to build sustainable environment compared to synthetic polymeric materials. Here, we utilized a naturally occurring and plentiful biopolymer, chitin, for the studies on interactive phenomena of a reactive textile dye, Remazol Orange (RO), from aqueous solution. The functional groups and crystallinity of chitin were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed for the exploration of morphology and thermal stability of chitin. In order to investigate the effects of pH, contact time and initial RO concentration, batch studies were performed at room temperature of 25°C. Chitin exhibited a highly pH controlled reversible interaction with RO. RO was bounded 116.3 milligram per gram of chitin at pH 2.0 within 90 minutes of continuous shaking whereas 98.45% (w/w) RO were immediately unbounded from the chitin surface when the in-situ environment was changed at pH 10. Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic plot indicate homogeneous chemisorption and uniform monolayer of dye molecules on chitin surface. The findings from this study will certainly add value to analytical research leading to advanced applications in separation science and technology.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Bush Cane Bark Powder
Authors: Enenebeaku Conrad Kenechukwu , Okorocha Nnaemeka John , Enenebeaku Uchechi E. , Onyeachu Benedict Ikenna
Published: December 2022

The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye on bush cane bark powder has been studied by analyzing the effect of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature on the amount of the MB dye adsorbed per unit mass of the bush cane bark powder adsorbent. An optimum adsorption could be achieved during 80 min contact time but, thereafter, decreased with contact time beyond 80 min. The adsorption of the methylene blue dye increased with increasing the initial dye concentration, temperature and pH. However, the amount of methylene blue adsorbed decreased with increasing the dosage of the adsorbent; a phenomenon attributed to a plausible agglomeration of the adsorbent and blocking of the preferred adsorption sites with increasing adsorbent dosage. The adsorption mechanism of the dye obeyed the Freundlich isotherm. Kinetic studies showed that the methylene blue adsorption onto bush cane bark powder adsorbent followed a second order reaction kinetics. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscope analysis.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 2-{4'-[(6"-Aryl)2"-Hydroxy-3",4"-Dihydro-Pyrimidine-4"-yl]-Phenyl Amino}-6-[Bis (2'"-Chloroethyl) Amino]-4-Methoxy-1,3,5-Triazine
Authors: Kathiriya P.J. , Purohit H.D. , Purohit Dipak M.
Published: December 2022

The titled compounds (5a-5k) have been synthesized by the condensation of 2-{4'-[(3"-aryl)-2"-Propene-1"-one]-Phenyl amino}-6-[bis-2""-chloroethyl) amino]-4-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine with urea in presence of conc. HCl (0.3ml) The biological activities of these compounds have been examined against various Gram +ve, Gram –ve bacteria and fungi. The structure of the products was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, Mass spectra and elemental analysis.
Preparation and Study of some Electrical Properties of PVA-Ni(NO3)2 Composites
Authors: Salman Sabah A. , Bakr Nabeel A. , Mahmood Mohammed H.
Published: December 2022

The aim of this paper is to prepare and study the (D.C.) electrical conductivity of (PVA-Ni (NO3)2) composites at different temperatures. For that purpose, PVA films with Ni (NO3)2 salt additive were prepared with different concentrations‎ 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt. % and with thickness of 45μm by using casting technique. The experimental results for PVA-Ni (NO3)2) ‎films show that the (D.C.) electrical‏ ‏conductivity increased with increasing ‎the filler content and the‏ ‏temperature, and the activation energy was ‎decreased with increasing the filler content‎.
Evaluation of Natural Ventilation on Temperature and Pressure Distribution in a Road Tunnel Fire with Vertical Shaft
Authors: Benabdelaziz I. , Bouterra M. , El Cafsi Afif , Belghith A.
Published: December 2022

This paper has analysed the influence of plug-holing on thermal and pressure field evolution in urban road tunnel fires with vertical shaft by Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Results show that the temperature reduction rate is about 70 % at the tunnel half and it increases about 80 % at the ceiling level. The pressure field is characterized by a pseudo-periodic behavior which reaches a maximum reduction rate (78 %) in case of natural ventilation. The numerical tool used is FDS (version 5).
Frontiers of Nanofiltration, Ultrafiltration and the Future of Global Water Shortage - A Deep and Visionary Comprehension
Authors: Palit Sukanchan
Published: December 2022

The world of environmental engineering science is moving briskly and steadfastly in a newer vision and a newer age ahead in the civilisation’s progress. Global water shortage has become a primordial issue in present day human civilization. Environmental regulations and ecological restrictions has to be reassessed and rejudged at this critical juncture of history and time. In a similar vein the importance of membrane science and the applicability of environmental engineering techniques stands in the midst of immense optimism and scientific vision. Analytically, membrane separation science will bring environmental engineering science to the newer vision of zero discharge norms. Zero discharge norms and environmental engineering paradigm has an umbilical cord which has a decisive effect on ecological balance. The primordial and the decisive factor in global water shortage is the issue of ground water contamination and its subsequent remediation. Nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and other membrane separation processes in today’s scientific world and scientific vision stands in the midst of inimitable hope and optimism
Green Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivative
Authors: Sonawane Ratnamala P.
Published: December 2022

The majority of the drugs on the market today are entirely chemically synthesized in the laboratory. Several scientists had synthesized dihydropyrimidine (DHPMs) derivatives showing a wide spectrum of biological actions as antibacterials, antivirals as well as antitumor agents. This activity is principally due to presence of steriogenic carbon C4 in their structure. The current investigation is study and synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones efficiently and in high yields under mild, solvent free and eco-friendly conditions by using “Grindstone Chemistry Technique” catalyzed by CuCl2·2H2O and Conc. HCl. The obtained products have been identified by comparison with spectral data & their melting points. The synthesis of DHPMs derivative involves a multicomponent reaction (aldehyde derivative, urea/thiourea and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds) in presence of HCl/NH4Cl as a catalyst. 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones was synthesized and characterized using IR. The melting points was obtained 203 °C.
Preparation and Microstructure of Electrospun BaTiO3 Fibers
Authors: Kawashima Tasuku , Maki Ryosuke S.S. , Suzuki Yoshikazu
Published: December 2022

Barium titanate (BaTiO3: BT) is widely used in various shapes depending on specific applications. Recently, 1-D ferroelectric ceramics are eagerly studied to innovate on new applications. Electrospinning is a versatile method to prepare 1-D nanomaterials. Here, we have prepared BaTiO3/poly (vinyl alcohol) (BT/PVA) composite fibers via the electrospinning method. Suspensions of BT/PVA aq. were prepared with weight ratio of BT:PVA:H2O = x:0.1:0.9-x (x = 0.2 and 0.3). Dried electrospun BT/PVA fibers were sintered at 900-1000°C for 2 h in air. Morphological change of the 1-D BT fibers before and after sintering was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. Distribution of the fiber diameter before and after sintering was characterized; average diameters of the 1-D BT fibers before and after sintering were 720 nm and 640 nm, respectively.