bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing a machine learning‐based instrument for subjective well‐being assessment on Weibo and its psychological significance: An evaluative and interpretive research
Authors: Han Nuo , Wen Yeye , Wang Bowen , Huang Feng , Liu Xiaoqian , Li Linyan , Zhu Tingshao
Published: August 2024

Demystifying machine learning (ML) approaches through the synergy of psychology and artificial intelligence can achieve a balance between predictive and explanatory power in model development while enhancing rigor in validation and reporting standards. Accordingly, this study aimed to bridge this research gap by developing a subjective well‐being (SWB) prediction model on Weibo, serving as a psychological assessment instrument and explaining the model construction based on psychological knowledge. The model establishment involved the collection of SWB scores and posts from 1,427 valid Weibo users. Multiple machine learning algorithms were employed to train the model and fine‐tune its parameters. The optimal model was selected by comparing its criterion validity and split‐half reliability performance. Furthermore, SHAP values were calculated to rank the importance of features, which were then used for model interpretation. The criterion validity for the three dimensions of SWB ranged from 0.50 to 0.52 (P < 0.001), and the split‐half reliability ranged from 0.94 to 0.96 (P < 0.001). The identified relevant features were related to four main aspects: cultural values, emotions, morality, and time and space. This study expands the application scope of SWB‐related psychological theories from a data‐driven perspective and provides a theoretical reference for further well‐being prediction.
Resilience in multicultural classrooms: School relationships can protect the school adjustment of immigrant, refugee and non‐immigrant children
Authors: Ialuna Francesca , Civitillo Sauro , McElvany Nele , Leyendecker Birgit , Jugert Philipp
Published: August 2024

Background

According to the risk and resilience perspective, protective factors can attenuate the effect of risks and challenges on children's adjustment. For immigrant and refugee children, supportive relationships in the new context can be particularly beneficial. We expected that supportive school relationships play a protective role for the school adjustment of first‐generation immigrant and refugee and non‐immigrant children, by moderating the effect of one acculturative challenge (i.e., school language proficiency).

Aims

We investigated the moderating roles of teacher–child and peer relationship quality on the association between German language proficiency and school adjustment (i.e., school achievement and belongingness) among first‐generation immigrant and refugee and non‐immigrant children.

Sample

We recruited n = 278 fourth grade children (Mage = 10.47, SDage = .55, 53.24% female; 37% first‐generation immigrant and refugee children).

Methods

Questionnaires assessed children's reported teacher–child and peer relationship quality and school belongingness. One vocabulary test measured children's German proficiency. School achievement was assessed by their grade point average (GPA) and by a reading comprehension test. To investigate our hypotheses, we performed path analyses.

Results

Teacher–child relationship mitigated the effect of German proficiency on children's reading comprehension among all children and on GPA among immigrant and refugee children only. Peer relationship buffered the negative effect of German proficiency on school belongingness.

Conclusions

Teacher–child and peer relationship quality can be beneficial for the school adjustment of both first‐generation immigrant and refugee children and non‐immigrant children.
Connecting the tots: Strong looking‐pointing correlations in preschoolers' word learning and implications for continuity in language development
Authors: Creel Sarah C.
Published: August 2024

How does one assess developmental change when the measures themselves change with development? Most developmental studies of word learning use either looking (infants) or pointing (preschoolers and older). With little empirical evidence of the relationship between the two measures, developmental change is difficult to assess. This paper analyzes 914 pointing, looking children (451 female, varied ethnicities, 2.5–6.5 years, dates: 2009–2019) in 36 word‐ or sound‐learning experiments with two‐alternative test trials. Looking proportions and pointing accuracy correlated strongly (r = .7). Counter to the “looks first” hypothesis, looks were not sensitive to incipient knowledge that pointing missed: when pointing is at chance, looking proportions are also. Results suggest one possible path forward for assessing continuous developmental change. Methodological best practices are discussed.
Clinical characteristics, longitudinal adaptive functioning, and association with electroencephalogram activity in PPP2R5D‐related neurodevelopmental disorder
Authors: Sudnawa Khemika K. , Pini Nicolò , Li Wenxing , Kanner Cara H. , Ryu Joseph , Calamia Sean , Bain Jennifer M. , Goldman Sylvie , Montes Jacqueline , Shen Yufeng , Chung Wendy K.
Published: August 2024

Protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B56δ related neurodevelopmental disorder (PPP2R5D‐related NDD) is largely caused by de novo heterozygous missense PPP2R5D variants. We report medical characteristics, longitudinal adaptive functioning, and in‐person neurological, motor, cognitive, and electroencephalogram (EEG) activity for PPP2R5D‐related NDD. Forty‐two individuals (median age 6 years, range = 0.8–25.3) with pathogenic/likely pathogenic PPP2R5D variants were assessed, and almost all variants were missense (97.6%) and de novo (85.7%). Common clinical symptoms were developmental delay, hypotonia, macrocephaly, seizures, autism, behavioral challenges, and sleep problems. The mean Gross motor functional measure‐66 was 60.2 ± 17.3% and the mean Revised upper limb module score was 25.9 ± 8.8. The Vineland‐3 adaptive behavior composite score (VABS‐3 ABC) at baseline was low (M = 61.7 ± 16.8). VABS‐3 growth scale value scores increased from baseline in all subdomains (range = 0.6–5.9) after a mean follow‐up of 1.3 ± 0.3 years. EEG beta and gamma power were negatively correlated with VABS‐3 score; p < 0.05. Individuals had a mean Quality‐of‐life inventory‐disability score of 74.7 ± 11.4. Twenty caregivers (80%) had a risk of burnout based on the Caregiver burden inventory. Overall, the most common clinical manifestations of PPP2R5D‐related NDD were impaired cognitive, adaptive function, and motor skills; and EEG activity was associated with adaptive functioning. This clinical characterization describes the natural history in preparation for clinical trials.
Entropy‐driven Progressive Compression of 3D Point Clouds
Authors: Zampieri A. , Delarue G. , Bakr N. Abou , Alliez P.
Published: August 2024

3D point clouds stand as one of the prevalent representations for 3D data, offering the advantage of closely aligning with sensing technologies and providing an unbiased representation of a measured physical scene. Progressive compression is required for real‐world applications operating on networked infrastructures with restricted or variable bandwidth. We contribute a novel approach that leverages a recursive binary space partition, where the partitioning planes are not necessarily axis‐aligned and optimized via an entropy criterion. The planes are encoded via a novel adaptive quantization method combined with prediction. The input 3D point cloud is encoded as an interlaced stream of partitioning planes and number of points in the cells of the partition. Compared to previous work, the added value is an improved rate‐distortion performance, especially for very low bitrates. The latter are critical for interactive navigation of large 3D point clouds on heterogeneous networked infrastructures.
Higher solubility and lower onset temperature of protein denaturation increase the osteoconductive capacity of collagen membranes: A preclinical in vivo study
Authors: Sadat‐Marashi Zahra , Fujioka‐Kobayashi Masako , Katagiri Hiroki , Lang Niklaus P. , Saulacic Nikola
Published: August 2024

Objectives

Collagen membranes are extensively used for guided bone regeneration procedures, primarily for horizontal bone augmentation. More recently, it has been demonstrated that collagen membranes promote bone regeneration. Present study aimed at assessing if structural modifications of collagen membranes may enhance their osteoconductive capacity.

Methods

Twenty‐four adult Wistar rats were used. Bilateral calvaria defects with a diameter of 5 mm were prepared and covered with prototypes of collagen membranes (P1 or P2). The P1 membrane (positive control) presented a lower onset temperature of protein denaturation and a higher solubility than the P2 membrane (test). The contralateral defects were left uncovered (NC). After 1 and 4 weeks, the animals were euthanized. A microcomputed tomography analysis of the harvested samples was performed within and above the bony defect. Undecalcified ground sections were subjected to light microscopy and morphometric analysis.

Results

Bone formation was observed starting from the circumferential borders of the defects in all groups at 1‐week of healing. The foci of ossification were observed at the periosteal and dura mater sites, with signs of collagen membrane mineralization. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. At 4 weeks, remnants of the collagen fibers were embedded in the newly formed bone. In the P2 group, significantly more bone volume, more new bone, and marrow spaces compared to the NC group were observed. Furthermore, the P2 group showed more bone volume ectocranially then the P1 group.

Conclusions

Bone formation subjacent to a P2 membrane was superior than subjacent to the P1 membrane and significantly better compared to the control. Modifications of the physico‐chemical properties may enhance the osteoconductive competence of collagen membranes, supporting bone formation outside the bony defects.
A 7.5‐year randomized controlled clinical study comparing cemented and screw‐retained one‐piece zirconia‐based implant‐supported single crowns
Authors: Kraus Riccardo D. , Hjerppe Jenni , Naenni Nadja , Balmer Marc , Jung Ronald E. , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To compare marginal bone levels, biological, and technical outcomes of screw‐retained versus cemented all‐ceramic implant‐supported zirconia‐based single crowns after an observation period of 7.5 years.

Methods

Forty‐four single implants in the esthetic zone in 44 patients (22 females, 22 males) were randomly assigned to two types of restorations: SR (screw‐retained); veneered one‐piece zirconia abutment and CR (cement‐retained); veneered lithium disilicate crown intraorally cemented on a one‐piece zirconia abutment. Patients were recalled annually up to 7.5 years and survival rates, biological, and technical parameters assessed.

Results

A total of 31 patients attended the 7.5‐year follow‐up visit (17 SR group, 14 CR group). The survival rate on the restorative level was 77.5% (74.0% CR, 81.0% SR, p = .6399). Median marginal bone loss (MBL) values yielded −0.073 mm (−0.305; 0.238) in the CR and −0.215 mm (−0.500; 0.555) in the SR group (intergroup p = .6194). Mean bleeding on probing (BoP) values were significantly in favor of group SR with 20 ± 17% compared to 40 ± 22% in group CR (p = .011). The overall biological complication rate amounted to 27.5% (42.1% CR, 14.3% SR, p = .0775), whereas the technical complication rate was 32.5% (42.1% CR, 23.8% SR, p = .314). In total, CR restorations showed significantly more complications (84.2% for CR, 38.1% for SR, p = .0041).

Conclusion

One‐piece zirconia‐based single crowns on two‐piece dental implants exhibited a high rate of technical and biological complications at 7.5 years of follow‐up. Cemented restorations revealed significant higher rates of bleeding on probing and total complications compared to screw‐retained restorations.
Underwater detection and clipping using a reopenable clip with a long hood for colonic diverticular bleeding
Authors: Miyaguchi Kazuya , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Imaeda Hiroyuki
Published: August 2024

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Theory of Mind Abilities May Predict Treatment Outcomes in Adolescents With Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder: A Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Kara Tayfun , Aydoğan Avşar Pınar , Kuru Tacettin , Kocaman Orhan
Published: August 2024

Aims

Researchers report varying levels of cognitive flexibility and theory of mind (ToM) deficiencies in adolescents with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). This research set out to investigate the impact of these variables on the disorder's outcomes.

Method

The study involved 39 adolescents with OCD and 40 healthy controls. We assessed the case group at the initial visit to the outpatient clinic and again at the end of the first year of treatment. The Children's Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale (CY‐BOCS) was applied to assess OCD symptom distribution and severity. The Reading the Mind in the Eyes of Children Test (RME‐CT) was applied to evaluate ToM skills, and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS) was employed to evaluate cognitive flexibility levels.

Results

Baseline RME‐CT and CFS scores were significantly lower in adolescents with OCD compared to the control group (p = 0.002 p = 0.001, respectively). At the end of the 1‐year follow‐up, RME‐CT and CFS scores increased significantly in the adolescents with OCD (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). A significant negative correlation was observed between the initial RME‐CT scores and the Y‐BOCS scores at the end of the 1‐year follow‐up (p < 0.001). The initial RME‐CT score had a significant negative predictive effect on the subsequent severity of OCD (β = −0.711, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The research revealed poorer long‐term prognoses for OCD in adolescents who exhibit low ToM skills. In conclusion, the results indicate that ToM skills may serve as a predictive factor for long‐term treatment outcomes among adolescents diagnosed with OCD.
The cardiotoxic effects of CAR‐T cell therapy: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mazetto Roberto A. S. V. , Monteiro Sarah O. N. , Bulhões Elísio , Defante Maria L. R. , Antunes Vanio L. J. , Balieiro Caroline Cristine Almeida , Feitoza Luanna , Ferreira André L. C. , Carvalho Amadeu M. , Guida Camila
Published: August 2024

Background

Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR‐T) therapy has shown promise in treating hematologic malignancies, yet its potential cardiotoxic effects require thorough investigation.

Objectives

We aim to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine the cardiotoxic effects of CAR‐T therapy in adults with hematologic malignancies.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies reporting cardiovascular outcomes, such as arrhythmias, heart failure, and reduced left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF).

Results

Our analysis of 20 studies involving 4789 patients revealed a 19.68% incidence rate of cardiovascular events, with arrhythmias (7.70%), heart failure (5.73%), and reduced LVEF (3.86%) being the most prevalent. Troponin elevation was observed in 23.61% of patients, while NT‐Pro‐BNP elevation was observed in 9.4. Subgroup analysis showed higher risks in patients with pre‐existing conditions, such as atrial arrhythmia (OR 3.12; p < .001), hypertension (OR 1.85; p = .002), previous heart failure (OR 3.38; p = .003), and coronary artery disease (OR 2.80; p = .003).

Conclusion

Vigilant cardiovascular monitoring is crucial for patients undergoing CAR‐T therapy to enhance safety and treatment efficacy.Novelty Statements.
I, monster: queerness and the Liber Monstrorum in early medieval St Gall
Authors: Eber Michael
Published: August 2024

This article analyses a ninth‐century copy of the Liber monstrorum from St Gall in which the first monster, a ‘human of both sexes’, speaks in the first person. The scribe also put the Liber monstrorum into dialogue with Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae, in which Isidore argued that monsters were not ‘contrary to nature’. Combined with an ambiguously gendered depiction of Christ added to the Liber monstrorum by a later user, this suggests that there were some in early medieval St Gall who saw being ‘of both sexes’ – which could be interpreted to reflect same‐sex attraction, and/or non‐binary, intersex, and trans identities – as natural, even potentially Christ‐like.
Development and psychometric evaluation of a new domain‐specific coparenting measure: Coparenting Children's Emotion Scale
Authors: Ambrosi Christina C. , Kavanagh Phillip S. , Evans Subhadra , Havighurst Sophie S.
Published: August 2024

Caregivers play an integral role in supporting children's development, not only through their individual parenting practices but also how they work together as coparents. The literature on coparenting is extensive; however, most of the research has relied on global measures to assess the quality and functioning of the coparenting relationship. Examining the coparenting relationship with domain‐specific measures enables a deeper understanding of this complex family process. One domain of particular interest is emotion socialization given the vast and long‐term consequences emotion socialization has on children's emotional, social, behavioral, and psychological functioning. Emotion socialization literature would benefit from a domain‐specific coparenting measure, as researchers have rarely explored how coparents work together when responding to their children's emotions (i.e., coparenting children's emotions). As such, an emotion‐focused coparenting measure could address gaps in both coparenting and emotion socialization literature. This study outlines the development and psychometric evaluation of a domain‐specific measure of coparenting, the Coparenting Children's Emotion Scale (CCES), which assesses how parents work together when responding to their children's emotions. In the current study, the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the CCES were examined in an Australian sample. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the CCES comprises two subscales that capture coparents' levels of support/cooperation and undermining. In the current sample, both CCES subscales demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency, and good convergent and concurrent validity. The CCES will provide researchers and practitioners with a domain‐specific measure to use in exploratory and intervention research.
Acetazolamide suppresses the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine in Wistar albino rats
Authors: Tamim Yomna M. , Soliman Mohamed L. , Sayed Moataz M. , Abdul‐Rasheed Muhammad S. , Nagy Ahmed A. , Abdellah Ahmed M. , Osman Ahmed H. , Ismail Amel F. M.
Published: August 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to be the most prevalent type of liver cancer worldwide. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced HCC is an extensively used hepatic cancer model in experimental animals. Acetazolamide (AZA) is a carbonic anhydrase enzyme inhibitor. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic mechanism of AZA against DEN‐induced HCC. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided equally into three groups. Group I (C): control group, Group II (HCC): DEN‐induced HCC, and Group III (HCC/AZA): AZA‐treated HCC. Verification of the HCC induced by DEN was confirmed by elevated liver enzymes' activities, and increased α‐fetoprotein (AFP) levels, as well as distinct liver architecture changes. On the other hand, the AZA‐treated HCC group experienced decreases in the activities of serum liver enzymes and AFP levels, as well as, regulated liver architecture. Additionally, it downregulated p‐p38 MAPK/p‐JNK1/JNK2/p‐C‐Jun/p‐NF‐κB p65 protein expressions. Moreover, it ameliorated autophagy by controlling the expression of the p‐AMPK/p‐mTOR1/LC3 I/II proteins. Furthermore, it downregulated the relative gene expressions of carbonic anhydrase‐IX (CAIX) and hexokinase‐II (HKII). Histopathological examination of AZA‐treated HCC liver tissues supported these findings. Conclusion: AZA provides a new dimension in ameliorating experimentally induced HCC through regulation of hepatic biomarkers, antioxidant status, inflammatory markers, and autophagy, mediated by amelioration of CAIX and HKII gene expressions.
Floating debris and organisms can raft to Antarctic coasts from all major Southern Hemisphere landmasses
Authors: Dawson Hannah R. S. , England Matthew H. , Morrison Adele K. , Tamsitt Veronica , Fraser Ceridwen I.
Published: August 2024

Antarctica's unique marine ecosystems are threatened by the arrival of non‐native marine species on rafting ocean objects. The harsh environmental conditions in Antarctica prevent the establishment of many such species, but warming around the continent and the opening up of ice‐free regions may already be reducing these barriers. Although recent genomic work has revealed that rafts—potentially carrying diverse coastal passengers—reach Antarctica from sub‐Antarctic islands, Antarctica's vulnerability to incursions from Southern Hemisphere continents remains unknown. Here we use 0.1° global ocean model simulations to explore whether drift connections exist between more northern, temperate landmasses and the Antarctic coastline. We show that passively floating objects can drift to Antarctica not only from sub‐Antarctic islands, but also from continental locations north of the Subtropical Front including Australia, South Africa, South America and Zealandia. We find that the Antarctic Peninsula is the region at highest risk for non‐native species introductions arriving by natural oceanic dispersal, highlighting the vulnerability of this region, which is also at risk from introductions via ship traffic and rapid warming. The widespread connections with sub‐Antarctic and temperate landmasses, combined with an increasing abundance of marine anthropogenic rafting vectors, poses a growing risk to Antarctic marine ecosystems, especially as environmental conditions around Antarctica are projected to become more suitable for non‐native species in the future.
‘Mum Added You’ Managing Transnational Aged Care Arrangements Through Family WhatsApp Groups
Authors: Tawodzera Obert
Published: August 2024

Increasing global migration and (im)mobilities are affecting the provision of aged care in transnational families. Such families rely on digital communication technologies like WhatsApp to manage and maintain aged care obligations across borders. This study investigates the role of WhatsApp family groups in enabling transnational families to manage transnational aged care from a distance. I draw on interviews with three transnational family constellations with members in the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe. The study finds that WhatsApp family groups create a virtual home where Zimbabwean transnational families can plan, organise and deliver care to their ageing parents. However, managing transnational aged care through WhatsApp family groups can also pose problems, especially for migrants pressured to remit. Furthermore, gendered assumptions of care and asymmetrical power relationships entrenched in families are reinforced. The study contributes to the literature on transnational care and new technologies, providing a Zimbabwean perspective on co‐presence and mediated aged care practices.
Seven‐Day Vonoprazan‐Based Triple Therapy as First‐Line Helicobacter pylori Treatment in Comparison With Extended Sequential Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chiu Yu‐Tse , Lee Fu‐Jen , Kuo Chen‐Ya , Chen Yu‐Tsung , Lin Yang‐Chao , Liang Kai‐Shun , Wu Chun‐Ying , Lin Ro‐Ting , Lin Jaw‐Town , Chang Chi‐Yang
Published: August 2024

Background

Vonoprazan, a potassium‐competitive acid blocker, has demonstrated greater potency and a longer duration of acid suppression when compared to the proton pump inhibitors. However, data regarding the comparison between vonoprazan‐based triple therapy with standard treatment for first‐line Helicobacter pylori treatment are limited. This study aimed to compare the efficacy between 7‐day vonoprazan‐based triple therapy with high‐dose amoxicillin (VAC‐7) and 14‐day extended sequential therapy (S‐14).

Materials and Methods

This was a single‐center prospective randomized controlled trial following a noninferiority design. Subjects over 20 years old with confirmed H. pylori infection were enrolled prospectively from Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital. They were randomly assigned to the VAC‐7 or S‐14 group. The primary endpoint was the eradication rate in first‐line treatment, evaluated by urea breath test, with noninferiority determined using the Farrington–Manning method. The secondary outcome included adverse effect rates and compliance, assessed through self‐administered questionnaires.

Results

Between December 2021 and June 2023, a total of 628 patients were recruited. The eradication rates by per‐protocol analysis and intention‐to‐treat analysis were 88.6%/81.8% for VAC‐7 and 90.3%/81.4% for S‐14, respectively. The VAC‐7 was non‐inferior to S‐14 in terms of ITT analysis. Subjects experienced fewer incidences of nausea, anorexia, dizziness, fatigue, and any severe adverse events in the VAC‐7 group. Compliance was higher in the VAC‐7 group, with 94% taking all the pills correctly.

Conclusions

Our findings supported the use of 7‐day vonoprazan triple therapy with high‐dose amoxicillin as the standard first‐line treatment for H. pylori infection.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05371249
Temporal and spatial variation in trophic scenarios affects population demographic heterogeneity in Bonelli's Eagle (Aquila fasciata)
Authors: Hernández‐Matías Antonio , Peragón Iván , Resano‐Mayor Jaime , Moleón Marcos , Virgós Emilio , Real Joan
Published: August 2024

The recognition of individual variation has fundamental implications for ecological, evolutionary and biodiversity conservation. There is increasing theoretical interest in how spatial and temporal variation in the environment can create differences in the demographic contribution of individuals over space and time. However, empirical information about the characteristics of the environmental drivers of key vital rates and their spatiotemporal variation is still scarce. Here, we used data generated by a monitoring scheme (1990–2015) of a population of a long‐lived territorial avian predator, Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata, which included estimations of individuals' diet through stable isotope analysis (2008–15), to evaluate whether temporal consistency in spatially structured dietary patterns affects key demographic parameters, namely productivity and survival, at territory scales. We found strong within‐population heterogeneity in survival and reproduction rates associated with Eagle territories, with territory average values ranging, respectively, from 0.58 to 1.00 and from 0 to 1.71 for the overall study period. Reproduction and survival were predictable over, respectively, 4‐ and 3‐year periods for the bulk of the population, which suggests that the environmental drivers of these vital rates changed at these temporal scales. Interestingly, the characteristics of and the temporal variation in the diets of territorial individuals during these periods were associated with their survival and reproduction. Based on these findings, we suggest that spatial and temporal variations in trophic scenarios potentially act as meaningful drivers of intrapopulation demographic heterogeneity.
Single domain antibody: Development and application in biotechnology and biopharma
Authors: Yu Ting , Zheng Fang , He Wenbo , Muyldermans Serge , Wen Yurong
Published: August 2024

Heavy‐chain antibodies (HCAbs) are a unique type of antibodies devoid of light chains, and comprised of two heavy chains‐only that recognize their cognate antigen by virtue of a single variable domain also referred to as VHH, single domain antibody (sdAb), or nanobody (Nb). These functional HCAbs, serendipitous discovered about three decades ago, are exclusively found in camelids, comprising dromedaries, camels, llamas, and vicugnas. Nanobodies have become an essential tool in biomedical research and medicine, both in diagnostics and therapeutics due to their beneficial properties: small size, high stability, strong antigen‐binding affinity, low immunogenicity, low production cost, and straightforward engineering into more potent affinity reagents. The occurrence of HCAbs in camelids remains intriguing. It is believed to be an evolutionary adaptation, equipping camelids with a robust adaptive immune defense suitable to respond to the pressure from a pathogenic invasion necessitating a more profound antigen recognition and neutralization. This evolutionary innovation led to a simplified HCAb structure, possibly supported by genetic mutations and drift, allowing adaptive mutation and diversification in the heavy chain variable gene and constant gene regions. Beyond understanding their origins, the application of nanobodies has significantly advanced over the past 30 years. Alongside expanding laboratory research, there has been a rapid increase in patent application for nanobodies. The introduction of commercial nanobody drugs such as Cablivi, Nanozora, Envafolimab, and Carvykti has boosted confidence among in their potential. This review explores the evolutionary history of HCAbs, their ontogeny, and applications in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, focusing on approved and ongoing medical research pipelines.
Delayed fracture of ion‐exchange strengthened alkali‐aluminosilicate glass
Authors: Aaldenberg Jared S. , Kemmerer Marvin W. , Webb James E.
Published: August 2024

Delayed fracture occurs when cracks grow subcritically prior to achieving KIC. Glass science research in this area has focused almost exclusively on non ion‐exchanged glasses. In this study, an ion‐exchange strengthened aluminosilicate glass was intentionally damaged to measure delayed fracture behavior. Damage was applied both pre and post ion‐exchange and the role of heat‐treatments was investigated. It was found that the delayed fracture likelihood was reduced for samples that were heat‐treated in an environment containing water vapor. An increase in the static fatigue limit was measured for increasing temperature and it was hypothesized that crack toughening takes place during the heat‐treatment due to a water‐assisted stress relaxation mechanism.
Strain phase equilibria and phase‐field method of ferroelectric polydomain: A case study of monoclinic KxNa1 − xNbO3 thin films
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhou Meng‐Jun , Ladera Adriana , Chen Long‐Qing
Published: August 2024

Knowledge of the thermodynamic equilibria and domain structures of ferroelectrics is critical to establishing their structure–property relationships that underpin their applications from piezoelectric devices to nonlinear optics. Here, we establish the strain condition for strain phase separation and polydomain formation and analytically predict the corresponding domain volume fractions and wall orientations of, relatively low symmetry and theoretically more challenging, monoclinic ferroelectric thin films by integrating thermodynamics of ferroelectrics, strain phase equilibria theory, microelasticity, and phase‐field method. Using monoclinic KxNa1 − xNbO3(0.5 < x < 1.0) thin films as a model system, we establish the polydomain strain–strain phase diagrams, from which we identify two types of monoclinic polydomain structures. The analytically predicted strain conditions of formation, domain volume fractions, and domain wall orientations for the two polydomain structures are consistent with phase‐field simulations and in good agreement with experimental results in the literature. The present study demonstrates a general, powerful analytical theoretical framework to predict the strain phase equilibria and domain wall orientations of polydomain structures applicable to both high‐ and low‐symmetry ferroelectrics and provide fundamental insights into the equilibrium domain structures of ferroelectric KxNa1 − xNbO3 thin films that are of technology relevance for lead‐free dielectric and piezoelectric applications.
Enhancement of optically chargeable capacity by heterojunction construction via precipitation in Li‐doped sodium niobate
Authors: Li Ziyong , Qin Mengnan , Lei Yanzhou , Gao Shuang
Published: August 2024

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, extensive CO2 emissions, and growing demand for electrochemical energy, it is important to develop further utilization of renewable energy, as well as advanced energy storage techniques. To this end, the optically chargeable supercapacitor, which can convert the photon energy of solar light into electrochemical energy and store it for long‐term usage, attracts extensive investigations. Among these, heterojunction construction was revealed as an effective method to enhance capacity. Recent works have reported the implementations of precipitation in ceramics, where the introduced matrix‐precipitate two‐phase structure is inspiring for constructing heterojunction, whereas it was seldom reported. In this work, Li‐doped NaNbO3 electrode material was prepared by adopting a multi‐step solid reaction to precipitate LiNbO3 and construct LiNbO3/NaNbO3 heterojunctions. The electrochemical measurement demonstrates an enhanced optically chargeable capacity of roughly 85% increase at a scan rate of 1 mV/s and a four‐fold increase at a charging–discharging current density of 1 A/g, as well as outstanding stability by introducing precipitates and constructing heterojunctions. This finding proposes a novel methodology design of heterojunction construction via precipitation to enhance the optically chargeable capacity of supercapacitor electrode materials and, therefore, may open up a potentially new application field for precipitate‐tuned functionality in functional ceramics.
Thermal cycling behavior of Srx(Zr0.9Y0.05Yb0.05)O1.95+x thermal barrier coatings by suspension plasma spraying
Authors: Feng Xueying , Bai Yu , Gao Yuanming , Liu Jiong , Zheng Fei , Li Rongxing , Ma Wen
Published: August 2024

The thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) consisting of Srx(Zr0.9Y0.05Yb0.05)O1.95+x were prepared using the suspension plasma spraying (SPS) method. Precursor suspensions were prepared via co‐precipitation for this purpose. Detailed microstructural, phase composition, and phase content analyses were conducted on these coatings, designated as SZYY‐1 (x = 1.0), SZYY‐2 (x = 0.9), and SZYY‐3 (x = 0.8). Additionally, the coatings underwent a thermal cycling test at 1121°C for 1 h. To assess the morphology of thermally grown oxide (TGO) in a real coating, a finite element model was employed. SPS‐SZYY‐2 with columnar crystal structure was found to have the highest number of thermal cycling, up to 345 times. The thermophysical high‐temperature properties of the coating can be effectively improved through suitable second‐phase content. Microstructural and finite element analyses revealed that stress, primarily caused by the continuous growth of the Co3O4, NiO and Spinel (CNS) layer within TGO, was the predominant factor leading to coating failure. At elevated temperatures, transverse cracks formed at the interface between the bond coating and ceramic top coating due to mismatched thermal expansion and sintering effects, ultimately leading to coating degradation. Therefore, reducing the generation rate of large stresses in the coating, especially shear stresses, can effectively prevent the generation and propagation of transverse cracks and increase the thermal cycling life of TBCs.
Frozen in time: A review of non‐ergodic physical systems
Authors: Bossen Aaron M. , Mauro John C.
Published: August 2024

The common feature of non‐ergodic systems is an internal timescale that greatly exceeds the external observational timescale . This kinetic state of broken ergodicity occurs in many systems, with profound thermodynamic implications. In this work, we present a review of non‐ergodic physical systems focused on the common origins of non‐ergodic behavior across diverse material systems. We begin with a theoretical discussion of energy landscapes and two treatments of thermodynamics in broken ergodic systems. We then discuss several characteristic material classes that exhibit non‐ergodic behavior, describing the process of ergodic breakdown and its signatures for each. The disordered nature and frustration of different energetic interactions in the example systems are discussed as the possible origin of non‐ergodic dynamics. We conclude with several considerations that can assist in the identification of non‐ergodic behavior. This review intends to unify the behavior of a diverse group of physical systems with a common description to aid future discussions between these fields of study.
Mechanochemical dehydration and crystallization of supersaturated zirconia–alumina composite nano powders
Authors: Huang Yilei , Yang Hongbing , Zhao Ruoshi , Wang Chang‐An , Dong Yanhao
Published: August 2024

Zirconia/alumina composites are a family of structural ceramics with excellent mechanical properties. In order to improve the engineering reliability of this kind of composites, the uniform spatial distribution of the two phases is necessary. One of the effective methods to achieve this goal is to synthesize uniform zirconia–alumina composite nano powders. Here, we report mechanochemical synthesis of zirconia–alumina composite nano powders, in which dehydration and crystallization of Zr–Y–Al hydroxide can be achieved under milling conditions, leading to the formation of the tetragonal zirconia phase with supersaturated Al3+. The mechanochemically synthesized powders have the uniform element distribution and a fine primary crystallite size of around 11 nm. After sintering at 1400°C, t‐ZrO2/α‐Al2O3 composite with the uniform phase distribution and grain size distribution could be obtained. To uncover the full benefits of these supersaturated composite powders in ceramic processing, future work could be done to break up the deagglomerations and improve the sinterability of the mechanochemically synthesized zirconia/alumina powders.
Syrian refugee women's experiences of barriers to mental health services for postpartum depression
Authors: Salameh Taghreed N. , Sakarya Sibel , Acarturk Ceren , Hall Lynne A. , Al‐Modallal Hanan , Jakalat Suad S.
Published: August 2024

Objective

To describe Syrian refugee women's experiences of the barriers to access mental health services for postpartum depression (PPD).

Design

A descriptive qualitative study was conducted.

Methods

Fifteen purposefully selected Syrian refugee women who scored ≥10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale participated in the semi‐structured telephone interviews. Transcripts were coded verbatim and analysed thematically according to the dimensions of Levesque's model of patient‐centred access to healthcare. Data were collected between August 2022 and February 2023.

Results

Five themes with 14 subthemes were identified: (1) approachability covered lack of knowledge and misconceptions related to PPD and its treatment, lack of awareness of available psychosocial services and perceived need of mental health treatment; (2) acceptability comprised being a refugee, stigma of mental illness, cultural preferences of healthcare provider and language barrier; (3) availability and accommodation encompassed transportation barrier and location of the centre, no support for childcare and lack of time; (4) affordability included financial difficulties and health insurance coverage; (5) appropriateness comprised no screening for PPD and intermittent services with limited focus on mental health.

Conclusions

The findings of this study reveal that Syrian refugee women experienced multi‐faceted complex barriers to access mental health services for PPD. It is important for health professionals, including nurses, and policymakers to address the cultural mental health needs of this population and establish strategies to protect their legal and health rights.

Impact

Our study has important practice and policy implications for establishing strategies designed specifically for refugee mothers to mitigate their perceived barriers to PPD treatment and ultimately improve their mental health.

Reporting Method

The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research was used.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution. Participants were Syrian refugee women with PPD symptoms and contributed only to the interviews and member checking.
Cognitive and functional change in skilled nursing facilities: Differences by delirium and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
Authors: Saczynski Jane S. , Koethe Benjamin , Fick Donna Marie , Vo Quynh T. , Devlin John W. , Marcantonio Edward R. , Briesacher Becky A.
Published: August 2024

Background

Whether cognitive and functional recovery in skilled nursing facilities (SNF) following hospitalization differs by delirium and Alzheimer's disease related dementias (ADRD) has not been examined.

Objective

To compare change in cognition and function among short‐stay SNF patients with delirium, ADRD, or both.

Design

Retrospective cohort study using claims data from 2011 to 2013.

Setting

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid certified SNFs.

Participants

A total of 740,838 older adults newly admitted to a short‐stay SNF without prevalent ADRD who had at least two assessments of cognition and function.

Measurements

Incident delirium was measured by the Minimum Data Set (MDS) Confusion Assessment Method and ICD‐9 codes, and incident ADRD by ICD‐9 codes and MDS diagnoses. Cognitive improvement was a better or maximum score on the MDS Brief Interview for Mental Status, and functional recovery was a better or maximum score on the MDS Activities of Daily Living Scale.

Results

Within 30 days of SNF admission, the rate of cognitive improvement in patients with both delirium/ADRD was half that of patients with neither delirium/ADRD (HR = 0.45, 95% CI:0.43, 0.46). The ADRD‐only and delirium‐only groups also were 43% less likely to have improved cognition or function compared to those with neither delirium/ADRD (HR = 0.57, 95% CI:0.56, 0.58 and HR = 0.57, 95% CI:0.55, 0.60, respectively). Functional improvement was less likely in patients with both delirium/ADRD, as well (HR = 0.85, 95% CI:0.83, 0.87). The ADRD only and delirium only groups were also less likely to improve in function (HR = 0.93, 95% CI:0.92, 0.94 and HR = 0.92, 95% CI:0.90, 0.93, respectively) compared to those with neither delirium/ADRD.

Conclusions

Among older adults without dementia admitted to SNF for post‐acute care following hospitalization, a positive screen for delirium and a new diagnosis of ADRD, within 7 days of SNF admission, were both significantly associated with worse cognitive and functional recovery. Patients with both delirium and new ADRD had the worst cognitive and functional recovery.
Diffusion distribution model for damage mitigation in scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Moshtaghpour Amirafshar , Velazco‐Torrejon Abner , Nicholls Daniel , Robinson Alex W. , Kirkland Angus I. , Browning Nigel D.
Published: August 2024

Despite the widespread use of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) for observing the structure of materials at the atomic scale, a detailed understanding of some relevant electron beam damage mechanisms is limited. Recent reports suggest that certain types of damage can be modelled as a diffusion process and that the accumulation effects of this process must be kept low in order to reduce damage. We therefore develop an explicit mathematical formulation of spatiotemporal diffusion processes in STEM that take into account both instrument and sample parameters. Furthermore, our framework can aid the design of Diffusion Controlled Sampling (DCS) strategies using optimally selected probe positions in STEM, that constrain the cumulative diffusion distribution. Numerical simulations highlight the variability of the cumulative diffusion distribution for different experimental STEM configurations. These analytical and numerical frameworks can subsequently be used for careful design of 2‐ and 4‐dimensional STEM experiments where beam damage is minimised.
Chasing the chill: Unveiling the dynamic flavors and textures of ice cream formulations
Authors: Pintor‐Jardines Aurora , Luque‐Ramírez Mariana , Varela Paula , Escalona‐Buendia Hector , Severiano‐Pérez Patricia
Published: August 2024

In this study, nine commercial ice creams and four prototypes were assessed. For the sensory analysis, quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), and temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) methodology were used. According to the QDA results, full‐composition ice cream showed significantly higher differences (p < .05) in terms such as vanilla and sweet flavors, brightness, creamy texture and appearance, and viscosity, exhibiting longer melting times. Functional ice creams showed significantly higher differences (p < .05) in terms like viscosity, creamy texture, and appearance. On the other hand, agave fructans in prototype ice creams were found to be able to reduce fat, but not fat and sugar simultaneously, showing a significant decrease (p < .05) in terms such as hardness, crystallized texture, gummy texture, and porosity. Based on the PCA results, the analysis accounted for 75.28% of data variability. Full‐composition ice creams and one functional ice cream were related to terms such as viscosity, fatty sensation, creamy texture and appearance, dense, gummy, among others. The rest of the commercial ice creams were related to vanilla and caramel flavor and smell, artificial aftertaste, aerated, porosity, among others. Prototype ice creams were related to hard texture, salty and milk flavor, and crystallized texture. Based on the results of the TDS method, all formulations were found to be significantly dominant (5%) in terms such as vanilla flavor and sweet flavor at the beginning of the test. Formulations containing butyric fat and/or vegetable fat, or agave fructans were significantly dominant (5%) in fatty sensation.
Urgent issues and prospects on investigative interviews with children and adolescents
Authors: Talwar Victoria , Crossman Angela M. , Block Stephanie , Brubacher Sonja , Dianiska Rachel , Espinosa Becerra Ana Karen , Goodman Gail , Huffman Mary Lyn , Lamb Michael E. , London Kamala , La Rooy David , Lyon Thomas D. , Malloy Lindsay C. , Maltby Lauren , Greco Van P. Nguyen , Powell Martine , Quas Jodi , Rood Corey J. , Spyksma Sydney D. , Steele Linda C. , Szojka Zsofia , Wu Yuerui , Wylie Breanne
Published: August 2024

While there has been considerable research on investigative interviews with children over the last three decades, there remains much to learn. The aim of this paper was to identify some of the issues and prospects for future scientific study that most urgently need to be addressed. Across 10 commentaries, leading scholars and practitioners highlight areas where additional research is needed on investigative interview practices with youths. Overarching themes include the need for better understanding of rapport‐building and its impact, as well as greater focus on social‐cultural and developmental factors and the needs of adolescents. There are calls to examine how interviews are occurring in real‐world contexts to better inform best practice recommendations in the field, to find means for ensuring better adherence to best practices among various groups of practitioners, and to understand their importance and impact when not followed, including by those testifying in courts. All reflect the need to better address that recurring challenge of reliably and consistently eliciting accurate and credible information from potentially reluctant young witnesses.