bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking metaphysics seriously: Kant on the foundations of ethics
Authors: Elizondo E. Sonny
Published: September 2021

Ask most philosophers for an example of a moral rationalist, and they will probably answer “Kant.” And no wonder. Kant's first great work of moral philosophy,Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, opens with a clarion call for rationalism, proclaiming the need to work out for once a pure moral philosophy, a metaphysics of morals. That this metaphysics includes the first principle of ethics, the moral law, is obvious. But what about the second principles, particular moral laws, such as duties of truthfulness, beneficence, etc.? Are these principles metaphysical too? Many have thought not, since they make essential use of empirical and anthropological considerations. I argue otherwise; the second principles are metaphysical and this fact matters. I do this by taking seriously the metaphysics of the metaphysics of morals—more specifically, by understanding the metaphysics of morals alongside the metaphysics of nature. For,quametaphysics, both employ a common two‐stage methodology, the first stage of which is wholly a priori but the second stage of which is partly empirical. As I explain, appreciating this common methodology sheds new light on how the second principles are to be established, as well as on the reach of Kant's rationalism.
Keep your friends close: Host compartmentalisation of microbial communities facilitates decoupling from effects of habitat fragmentation
Authors: Willing Claire E. , Pierroz Grady , Guzman Aidee , Anderegg Leander D. L. , Gao Cheng , Coleman‐Derr Devin , Taylor John W. , Bruns Tom D. , Dawson Todd E.
Published: September 2021

Root‐associated fungal communities modify the climatic niches and even the competitive ability of their hosts, yet how the different components of the root microbiome are modified by habitat loss remains a key knowledge gap. Using principles of landscape ecology, we tested how free‐living versus host‐associated microbes differ in their response to landscape heterogeneity. Further, we explore how compartmentalisation of microbes into specialised root structures filters for key fungal symbionts. Our study demonstrates that free‐living fungal community structure correlates with landscape heterogeneity, but that host‐associated fungal communities depart from these patterns. Specifically, biotic filtering in roots, especially via compartmentalisation within specialised root structures, decouples the biogeographic patterns of host‐associated fungal communities from the soil community. In this way, even as habitat loss and fragmentation threaten fungal diversity in the soils, plant hosts exert biotic controls to ensure associations with critical mutualists, helping to preserve the root mycobiome.
A level playing field: No competitive advantage of conception risk in speed‐dating
Authors: Wu Karen , Chen Chuansheng
Published: September 2021

Does the ovulatory cycle play a role in women's allure to and receptivity towards men in a competitive dating scenario? We analyzed speed‐dates (Nobservations = 853 for men's attraction to women; Nobservations = 850 for women's attraction to men) involving 100 normally ovulating women and 132 men. We failed to document a competitive advantage of conception risk (or disadvantage of menstruation). Conception risk also did not predict women's ratings of men's desirability or attractiveness. However, women at a greater conception risk were marginally more likely to offer men second dates. We conclude that while the roles of conception risk or menstruation on women's allure are likely to be small and inconsequential in the context of intersexual selection, marginal effects on women's receptivity to men should be further explored.
Seamless connectivity with5Genabled unmanned aerial vehicles base stations using machine programming approach
Authors: Mandloi Dilip , Arya Rajeev
Published: September 2021

Deployment of a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mounted 5G base station is a promising solution for providing seamless network connectivity to users in a modern, data‐centric thrust areas. The key challenge is to find the location, the height and the optimum number of mounts. A machine programming based approach is proposed here for optimal placement of UAV‐mounted base station. The location of the deployment is determined using three clustering algorithms such asK‐means,K‐medoids, and fuzzy cluster means. Different sets of UAV‐mounted base stations have been deployed with variable user density at different heights. The impact on the network performance has been quantified through measurements of received power, signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and path loss per active user equipment (UEs). To gain further insights, a scenario where UEs are connected only to the terrestrial base station, that is, the network is devoid of any sort of UAV mounted base station is evaluated. Numerical computations reaffirm that the proposed technique reduces the average path loss of the active UEs. Moreover, the use of height‐mounted base station also alleviates the issues arising due to low SINR values. The said technique shows immense potential in terms of seamless connectivity to end users in events of emergency and remote deployment scenarios, where ground‐based base station is not possible. The big transition of on‐ demand connectivity for 5G networks shall be benefitted from purpose‐built UAV infrastructure with specific locations or areas in mind.
Wheels and cycles: Suboptimality and volatility of corrupted economies
Authors: Bosi Stefano , Desmarchelier David , Ha‐Huy Thai
Published: September 2021

We consider a simple economy where production depends on labor supply and social capital. Networking increases the social capital (“greases the wheel”) but also the corruption level (“sands the wheel”). Corruption is a negative productive externality. We compare the market economy, where the negative externality is not taken into account by individuals, with a centralized economy, where the planner internalizes the negative effect. We highlight the possible existence of cycles in the market economy and optimal cycles in the planned economy. We compare the centralized and the decentralized solutions in the short and long run.
A good thing takes time: The role of preparation time in asynchronous video interviews
Authors: Basch Johannes M. , Brenner Falko , Melchers Klaus G. , Krumm Stefan , Dräger Luise , Herzer Helen , Schuwerk Evelyn
Published: September 2021

Asynchronous video interviews (AVIs) are increasingly used to preselect applicants. Previous research found that interviewees in AVIs receive better interview ratings compared to other forms of interviews. It has been suggested that this difference could be due to the preparation time given for each AVI question. A pilot study confirmed that preparation time in AVIs is indeed beneficial for interview performance. Furthermore, our main study replicated the significant effect of preparation time on interview performance and revealed that it was mediated by active response preparation, whereas no mediation effects were found for strain and for the use of impression management. Finally, preparation time had no direct effect on fairness perceptions but a positive indirect effect via honest impression management.
Mediation of perceived content validity on motivation and training transfer among smallholder farmers in Central Uganda
Authors: Twase Ismail , Miiro Richard F. , Matsiko Frank , Ndaula Sulaiman , Ssamula Mathias
Published: September 2021

Farmer training is a key strategy for building skills that lead to enhanced productivity of small‐scale farmers' fields. This result hinges on farmers transferring the training to their fields. However, the factors that determine the subsequent transfer of training including those with mediating effects are not fully known. A study was conducted to assess the mediating role of perceived content validity on the association of farmers' motivation to implement acquired knowledge with actual training transfer outcomes from a random sample of 603 Ugandan farmers who had received four agricultural related trainings. Using Structural Equation Modelling, results indicated intrinsic motivation (β = 0.246; t = 2.991; p < 0.05) and perceived content validity (β = 0.325; t = 2.693; p < 0.05) to strongly influence training transfer. Intrinsic motivation predicted up to 45% of variance in farmers' perceptions about training design suitability. Perceived content validity mediated the relationship between intrinsic motivations to implement acquired knowledge and training transfer. In order to improve the transfer of learnt knowledge among smallholder farmers, trainers need to pay attention to pre‐training efforts, such as adopting a criterion of assessment checklist for identifying highly motivated trainees, as mechanisms for obtaining internally motivated training participants.
RNA‐binding proteins and RNA methylation in myeloid cells
Authors: Bataclan Marian , Leoni Cristina , Monticelli Silvia
Published: September 2021

RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) regulate all aspects of the life of mRNA transcripts. They are critically important in regulating immune responses, most notably by restraining excessive inflammation that can potentially lead to tissue damage. RBPs are also crucial for pathogen sensing, for instance for the recognition of viral nucleic acids. Concordant with these central regulatory roles, the dysregulated activity of many RBPs can give rise to disease. The expression and function of RBPs are therefore highly controlled by an elaborate network of transcriptional, post‐transcriptional and post‐translational mechanisms, including the ability of different RBPs to cross‐regulate each other's expression. With an emphasis on macrophages and mast cells, we review current knowledge on the role of selected RBPs that have been shown to directly impact the expression of inflammatory transcripts. By focusing specifically on proteins of the Regnase and ZFP36 family, as well as on factors involved in N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) deposition and recognition, we discuss mechanism of action, regulatory feedback, and impact of these selected proteins on immune responses. Finally, we include examples of the role of m6A and RBPs in the recognition of viral RNAs. Overall, we provide a general overview of the impact of selected RBPs on the myeloid compartment, followed by a discussion of outstanding questions and challenges for the future.
Property and Other Worries
Authors: Sage Nick
Published: September 2021

This comment, written for a symposium on Rowan Cruft's Human Rights, Ownership, and the Individual, considers some aspects of Cruft's discussion of property. I suggest that Cruft glosses over certain complexities in this area, especially concerning the relation between property and other kinds of right. I question some of Cruft’s arguments about the justifiability of property and indeed whether he is really interested in property as such.
The role of Sahara highlands in the diversification and desert colonization of the Bosc's fringe‐toed lizard
Authors: Liz André Vicente , Rödder Dennis , Gonçalves Duarte Vasconcelos , Velo‐Antón Guillermo , Fonseca Miguel M. , Geniez Philippe , Crochet Pierre‐André , Brito José Carlos
Published: September 2021

Aim

The biogeographic history of the Sahara‐Sahel desert is tightly linked to its extreme and fluctuating palaeoclimate and diverse topography. For the mesic species inhabiting the region, coastal areas and the Nile Valley are perceived as the main pathways to disperse through desert habitats, but past connections may have also occurred throughout currently isolated mountain regions. Herein, we test the trans‐Sahara mountain corridor hypothesis (i.e., mesic connectivity across Central Sahara highlands) and its role in the diversification of a small terrestrial vertebrate.

Location

North Africa and Arabia.

Taxon

Acanthodactylus boskianus (Squamata: Lacertidae).

Methods

We integrated multi‐locus mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies with species’ climate‐niche modelling, including palaeo‐projections. Genetic analyses aimed to assess the species’ genetic structure, identify its main mitochondrial lineages and nuclear diversity, and reconstruct its ancestral biogeography. Species’ climate‐niche stability was modelled independently for the Late Pleistocene‐Holocene and the Plio‐Pleistocene, to infer historical climatic refugia and dispersal corridors.

Results

Four spatially structured mitochondrial lineages, integrating several parapatric sub‐lineages, originated during the Plio‐Pleistocene. Nuclear data revealed nine potential candidate species. Climatic refugia were located in mountains and desert fringes, remaining consistent for the Late Pleistocene‐Holocene and the Plio‐Pleistocene. Recurrent North‐South climatic corridors were located along the desert periphery, while others less frequent were found across Central Sahara. Ancestral biogeography analyses recovered a recent Pleistocene colonization of the Sahel throughout eastern Sahara and either Sahara or Sahel origin for Central Sahara populations.

Main conclusions

Species’ diversification was triggered by a combination of Plio‐Pleistocene climatic cycles across a complex topographic region, where mountains acted as the main diversification hotspots. The historical role of Central Sahara highlands as main non‐peripheral mesic refugia was corroborated. In addition, intermittent climatic connections linked Mediterranean and Sahel ecoregions with Central Sahara refugia, suggesting the existence of alternative trans‐Sahara dispersal routes to the putative coastal and Nile corridors.
Central sympathetic nerve activation in subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Hasegawa Yu , Uchikawa Hiroki , Kajiwara Sosho , Morioka Motohiro
Published: September 2021

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life‐threatening condition, and although its two main complications—cerebral vasospasm (CVS)/delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and early brain injury (EBI)—have been widely studied, prognosis has not improved over time. The sympathetic nerve (SN) system is important for the regulation of cardiovascular function and is closely associated with cerebral vessels and the regulation of cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular function; thus, excessive SN activation leads to a rapid breakdown of homeostasis in the brain. In the hyperacute phase, patients with SAH can experience possibly lethal conditions that are thought to be associated with SN activation (catecholamine surge)‐related arrhythmia, neurogenic pulmonary edema, and irreversible injury to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Although the role of the SN system in SAH has long been investigated and considerable evidence has been collected, the exact pathophysiology remains undetermined, mainly because the relationships between the SN system and SAH are complicated, and many SN‐modulating factors are involved. Thus, research concerning these relationships needs to explore novel findings that correlate with the relevant concepts based on past reliable evidence. Here, we explore the role of the central SN (CSN) system in SAH pathophysiology and provide a comprehensive review of the functional CSN network; brain injury in hyperacute phase involving the CSN system; pathophysiological overlap between the CSN system and the two major SAH complications, CVS/DCI and EBI; CSN‐modulating factors; and SAH‐related extracerebral organ injury. Further studies are warranted to determine the specific roles of the CSN system in the brain injuries associated with SAH.

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Soft landings: Extending the cushion hypothesis to financial well‐being in collectivistic cultures
Authors: Warmath Dee , Chen Pan‐Ju , Grable John , Kwak Eun Jin
Published: September 2021

This study extends the cushion hypothesis to examine cultural differences in the role of willingness to take financial risk in an individual's objective financial outcomes (e.g., the experience of material hardship) and in an individual's assessment of their financial well‐being. Using data collected in South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States, we find support for a cushion (i.e., weaker relationship) in the association between material hardship and present and future financial well‐being. A cushion was also observed in a weaker association between willingness to take financial risk and expectations for future financial security but not in the experience of material hardship or current money management stress. Our results suggest that cultural context influences an individual's objective situation as well as their subjective assessment of that situation. This paper adds to existing literature by documenting a cushion effect beyond risk taking to include a person's objective financial situation and financial well‐being.
Have I saved enough to social distance? The role of household financial preparedness in public health response
Authors: Warmath Dee , O'Connor Genevieve E. , Newmeyer Casey , Wong Nancy
Published: September 2021

Behavioral responses such as social distancing are important in the fight to contain COVID‐19 transmission, yet motivating such responses is an overwhelming, resource‐intensive task. Using multi‐wave data from 23,735 US adults collected in May/September 2020, and January 2021, this study examines how financial preparedness in the form of savings influences the relationship predicted by the Health Belief Model between the degree of concern for COVID‐19 and engagement in social distancing. Findings indicate that general concern for COVID‐19 is related to the decision to engage in social distancing for individuals who have less saved. Curiously, higher levels of financial preparedness are associated with a lower likelihood of social distancing at least among people who had been laid off during the pandemic. The findings suggest a tradeoff between protecting one's standard of living and their health. Government and public health agencies should consider financial preparedness in the design of public health communications.
Virtue Signaling and the Linguistic Repertoire of Anti‐Blackness: or, “I Would Have Voted for Obama for a Third Term”
Authors: miles‐hercules deandre , Muwwakkil Jamaal
Published: September 2021

Increasing commodification of progressive language in public discourse over the past four decades has resulted in users’ indexical alignment with anti‐racist politics becoming unmoored from expectations of legitimate action toward dismantling white supremacy. In this essay, we describe how this process is enacted through virtue signaling—highlighting one’s morality through the use of language and other signs that invoke progressive sociopolitical values—and the ways it mobilizes the linguistic repertoire of anti‐Blackness. Theorizing this behavior provides a framework to locate and confront the mechanisms that maintain white supremacy and the actors who align themselves with it.
Ratchet Black Lives Matter: Megan Thee Stallion, Intra‐Racial Violence, and the Elusion of Grief
Authors: Lane Nikki
Published: September 2021

In July 2020, Megan Thee Stallion was shot. The vitriol directed towards her represented the ways certain kinds of Black women’s bodies do not effectively garner collective forms of grief, or the public expression of empathy toward someone who experiences tragedy or suffers harm. The lack of empathy shown by many toward Megan falls in line with the ways that Black women, girls, and femmes are frequently disregarded—their bodies marked as excessive, loud, disposable, and above all, deserving of whatever violence is exacted upon them. In this essay, I argue that Megan Thee Stallion was not, to some, an appropriate target for grief‐‐she was ungrievable‐‐because, as a ratchet Black woman who embodies a purposeful lack of regard for Black middle‐class norms concerning gender and sexuality, she is seen as less deserving of sympathy by those holding racist ideas about Black women.
Introduction to the Forum on Language and Anti‐Blackness
Authors: Smalls Krystal A.
Published: September 2021

The co‐editors of this special issue thought it was important that we create a space in which language scholars might set our gaze squarely upon the varied ways anti‐Blackness/anti/Black racism functions and is foiled, even as we take into account how it is tethered to the rest of White Supremacy's brood and kin (e.g., anti‐Indigeneity, anti‐Nativeness, Islamophobia, anti‐Latinidad, misogyny, heteronormativity, transphobia, ableism, the US carceral state, colonialism, capitalism). Hailing from significantly different intellectual vantage points and personal experiences, the contributors to this forum are scholars of language and meaningmaking who consider an array of practices and structures that sustain anti‐Blackness and/or consider those that nourish anti‐anti‐Blackness.
Trends of paediatric head injury and acute care costs in Australia
Authors: Singh Sonia , Babl Franz E , Hearps Stephen J C , Hoch Jeffrey S , Dalziel Kim , Cheek John A
Published: September 2021

Aim

Paediatric head injuries (PHI) are the most common cause of trauma‐related emergency department (ED) presentations. This study sought to report the incidence of PHI in Australia, examine the temporal trends from 2014 to 2018 and estimate the patient and population‐level acute care costs.

Methods

Taking a public‐sector health‐care perspective, we applied direct and indirect hospital costs for PHI‐related ED visits and acute admissions. All costs were inflated to 2018 Australian dollars ($). The patient‐level analysis was performed with data from 17 841 children <18 years old enrolled in the prospective Australasian Paediatric Head Injury Study. Mechanisms of injury were characterised by the total and average acute care costs. The population‐level data of PHI‐related ED presentations were obtained from the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority. Age‐standardised incidence rates (IR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated, and negative binomial regression examined the temporal trend.

Results

The age‐standardised IR for PHI was 2734 per 100 000 population in 2018, with a significant increase over 5 years (IRR 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.14; P < 0.001) and acute care costs of $154 million. Falls occurred in 70% of the study cohort, with average costs per episode of $666 (95% CI: $627–$706), accounting for 47% of acute care costs. Transportation‐related injuries occurred in 4.1% of the study cohort, with average costs per episode of $8555 (95% CI: $6193–$10 917), accounting for 35% of acute care costs.

Conclusion

PHI have increased significantly in Australia and are associated with substantial acute care costs. Population‐based efforts are required for road safety and injury prevention.
35 Years on the Road from Research to Practice: A Review of Studies on Four Content Enhancement Routines for Inclusive Subject‐Area Classes, Part II
Authors: Fisher Joseph B. , Schumaker Jean Bragg
Published: September 2021

This article is the second part of a two‐part article focusing on research that has been conducted on Content Enhancement Routines, instructional routines developed to be used during inclusive subject‐area instruction. Part I of this article (Schumaker and Fisher, 2021) reviews the original validation studies that were conducted on four Content Enhancement Routines. This second part of the article reviews 10 empirical studies that have been conducted comparing the effects of two professional development methods (i.e., a computerized workshop and a live workshop) for instructing teachers to use the same four teaching routines. In every study, teacher knowledge of the routine and teacher preparation for using the routine were measured. In four of the studies, teacher implementation of the routine within inclusive classes as well as student performance were also measured. Results were reported for the whole group of students in all four studies, and for students with LD in three of the studies. In all of the studies, teachers made large and significant gains in performance on all measures after both workshop conditions, representing large effect sizes. All in‐service teachers performed the routine at a high level of quality in their classes after 3 hours of instruction. In two studies, the teachers who participated in the computerized instruction earned significantly higher implementation scores than the teachers who participated in the live instruction. Regarding student performance across the studies, the whole group of students and the students with LD earned significantly higher scores on the posttests than on the pretests for both groups of teachers, again representing large effect sizes. Additionally, in two studies, the whole groups of students whose teachers used the software earned significantly higher scores on posttests than the whole groups of students whose teachers participated in live sessions. These studies replicate and extend the studies reviewed in Part I of this article; they show that quality teacher use of four Content Enhancement Routines results in increases in performance for all students, and for students with LD in inclusive classes.
Warming during maternal generations delays offspring germination in native and nonnative species
Authors: Zettlemoyer Meredith A. , Lau Jennifer A.
Published: September 2021

As environmental conditions shift due to global warming and other human‐caused environmental changes, plastic responses in phenological traits like germination or flowering time may become increasingly important. While phenological plasticity is a common response to global warming, with many populations exhibiting earlier germination or flowering in warmer years, warming may also result in transgenerational plasticity, especially on early life stages. In other words, seeds produced by mothers inhabiting warmer environments may germinate faster (or slower) than seeds produced by mothers inhabiting ambient or cooler environments. Here, we use seeds collected from a field warming experiment to examine how germination and early growth differ in response to ambient versus warmed (+3°C) temperatures experienced by both maternal and offspring generations. Because nonnative species are often more phenotypically plastic than native species and because a variety of life‐history traits and environmental factors affect the evolution of both within‐ and transgenerational plasticity, we include multiple invasive and native plant species in our study. On average, warming experienced during maternal generations delayed germination by ~0.2 days °C−1, although species varied in the magnitude of response. In contrast, warming during the offspring generation tended to advance germination by ~0.1 days °C−1. Nonnative species demonstrated higher germination success than native species, but we detected no differences in germination timing between native and nonnative species or that native and nonnative species differed in either within‐ or transgenerational plasticity, although species (independent of native status) did exhibit differing degrees of within‐ and transgenerational plasticity in germination timing and early growth. This study suggests that temperatures experienced by maternal plants can influence their offspring's germination phenology, potentially even more so than temperatures experienced in the offspring's immediate environment.
Understanding behavioural responses to human‐induced rapid environmental change: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Gunn Rachel L. , Hartley Ian R. , Algar Adam C. , Niemelä Petri T. , Keith Sally A.
Published: September 2021

Behavioural responses are often the first reaction of an organism to human‐induced rapid environmental change (HIREC), yet current empirical evidence provides no consensus about the main environmental features that animals respond to behaviourally or which behaviours are responsive to HIREC. To understand how changes in behaviour can be predicted by different forms of HIREC, we conducted a meta‐analysis of the existing empirical literature focusing on behavioural responses to five axes of environmental change (climate change, changes in CO2, direct human impact, changes in nutrients and biotic exchanges) in five behavioural domains (aggression, exploration, activity, boldness and sociability) across a range of taxa but with a focus on fish and bird species. Our meta‐analysis revealed a general absence of directional behavioural responses to HIREC. However, the absolute magnitude of the effect sizes was large. This means that animals have strong behavioural responses to HIREC, but the responses are not clearly in any particular direction. Moreover, the absolute magnitude of the effect sizes differed between different behaviours and different forms of HIREC: Exploration responded more strongly than activity, and climate change induced the strongest behavioural responses. Model heterogeneities identified that effect sizes varied primarily because of study design, and the specific sample of individuals used in a study; phylogeny also explains significant variation in our bird model. Based on these results, we make four recommendations to further our understanding: 1) a more balanced representation of laboratory and field studies, 2) consideration of context dependency, 3) standardisation of the methods and definitions used to quantify and study behaviours and 4) consideration of the role for individual differences in behaviour.
Isotopic niches of tropical birds reduced by anthropogenic impacts: a 100‐year perspective
Authors: Navarro Ana Beatriz , Magioli Marcelo , Bogoni Juliano André , Silveira Luís Fábio , Moreira Marcelo Zacharias , Alexandrino Eduardo Roberto , da Luz Daniela Tomasio Apolinario , Silva Wesley Rodrigues , Pizo Marco Aurelio , de Oliveira Vanessa Cristina , Ferraz Katia Maria Paschoaletto Micchi de Barros
Published: September 2021

The intensification of land‐use changes in tropical forests during the 20th century, mainly caused by deforestation for agricultural uses, had an overwhelming influence on bird assemblages. However, how these historical anthropogenic changes have impacted the habitat use and diet of tropical birds is poorly known. Stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) can be useful in this regard since it provides information not only on the habitat and food resource use but also insights on the dietary niche of species. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether centenary anthropogenic impacts, mainly caused by changes in landscape composition, have affected the resource and habitat use and isotopic niche width of Neotropical birds in a region that comprises two biodiversity hotspots – the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado in southeastern Brazil. We found that the niche width of all bird guilds (frugivore, granivore, insectivore, nectarivore and omnivore) was largely reduced (28–70%) from the 20th century until recently. This niche width reduction was likely associated with historical anthropogenic impacts (e.g. fragmentation, forest loss and change in agricultural practices), which are responsible for the decrease in the availability of habitat and food resources. Moreover, the mean values of δ15N decreased over the years in all bird guilds, which might be attributed to the expansion of agricultural areas and the increase in the use of synthetic nitrogen‐based fertilizers. All the analyzed species, even though some of them are diet and habitat generalists, were strongly influenced by centenary anthropogenic actions. Our results show the consequences of human‐induced changes in land use on the diet and habitat use of tropical birds that persist in fragmented landscapes, which might compromise their long‐term survival and provide useful information to the conservation strategies of bird assemblages in modern landscapes.
Adding stage‐structure to a spatial neutral model: implications for explaining local and regional patterns of biodiversity
Authors: Chisholm Ryan A. , Fung Tak
Published: September 2021

Theoretical ecologists have analysed a range of neutral models but few including stage structure. Here we introduce a stage‐structured neutral model, by extending the standard spatial neutral model to have two‐stage classes: a juvenile stage and a reproductive stage. We find that formulas for biodiversity patterns (e.g. species–area relationships and species abundance distributions) of reproductives in the stage‐structured model can be obtained from the corresponding standard formulas via a parameter rescaling, which involves calculating an effective speciation rate parameter and an effective dispersal parameter. This is useful because it means existing knowledge about the non‐stage‐structured model can be transferred to the stage‐structured model, providing that applications focus exclusively on the reproductive stage. One surprising implication is that the presence of a juvenile stage can substantially increase the species richness of reproductive individuals: a juvenile stage with a length fraction k that of the reproductive stage increases reproductive species richness by roughly the same factor. We apply our new formulas to a case study of tropical forest trees in Panama and find that while the stage‐structured model makes different predictions than the standard model, it does not fix known problems with cross‐scale predictions. We speculate that some of our results, in particular the result that the presence of a juvenile stage increases community diversity, likely apply to non‐neutral systems as well.
International R&D partnerships: the role of government funding in reducing transaction costs and opportunistic behavior
Authors: Corsi Simone , Feranita Feranita , De Massis Alfredo
Published: September 2021

The innovation management and policy literature suggests that government support generally has a positive effect on SMEs’ R&D, innovation performance, and fostering international links. However, research in this field has mainly examined the outcomes, overlooking the impact during the course of the R&D partnership, especially in an international context. Using longitudinal data and a transaction cost (TC) approach, we conduct an in‐depth case study of a UK–China innovation program aimed at supporting and facilitating R&D partnerships between UK SMEs and Chinese organizations. Examining 11 UK SMEs with 12 R&D partnerships in this program, we identify four stages of the R&D partnership with Chinese organizations, revealing that government support both positively and negatively affects TCs at each stage. Based on these positive and negative effects, we offer empirical and theoretical contributions, as well as managerial and policy implications to support international R&D partnerships.
ICT and Productivity Growth Within Value Chains
Authors: Liu Chuan , Saam Marianne
Published: September 2021

Growth accounting has documented an important contribution of information and communication technology (ICT) capital deepening to sectoral labor productivity growth during the late 1990s, especially for the knowledge‐intensive services that are used to an important extent as intermediate inputs to other sectors. Our approach traces labor productivity growth not within sectors but within value chains of final products. A main result is that more than half of the productivity gains related to ICT capital deepening for manufactured goods are contributed by upstream industries, mostly by knowledge‐intensive services. For a number of countries, similar magnitudes of upstream contributions of ICT capital deepening are observed for ICT products and for services that are not knowledge‐intensive. The major part of these contributions is domestic rather than foreign. Moreover, the high sectoral growth in total factor productivity (TFP) in the ICT sector contributes only moderately to effective TFP growth in non‐ICT value chains.
Reading vector data more efficiently: Assessing performance of the OGR simple feature library
Authors: Yang Anran , Jia Qingren , Zhong Zhinong , Jing Ning
Published: September 2021

Reading vector data files to in‐memory data models efficiently is a crucial step to handle the ever‐growing volume of geographical data. Although advanced IO solutions like distributed file systems or Message Passing Interface parallel IO work well in some high‐end computing environments, the 20‐year‐old OGR simple features library is still the de facto tool for loading vector files when developing GIS algorithms in most scenarios, which is not very efficient when data become larger. In this article, we analyze the bottleneck of the OGR library and find that excessive small objects are the main source of slowness. We then offer advice to improve efficiency when using OGR. To further verify our findings and provide an alternative to the OGR library in performance‐sensitive scenarios, we develop a library based on continuous memory pools to avoid small objects. Experiments show that our advice is effective and our library can be several times faster than the OGR library for IO‐intensive programs.
Utility of a Postural Stability/Perceptual Inhibition Dual Task for Identifying Concussion in Adolescents
Authors: Eagle Shawn R. , Sparto Patrick J. , Holland Cynthia L. , Alkathiry Abdulaziz A. , Blaney Nicholas A. , Bitzer Hannah B. , Collins Michael W. , Furman Joseph M. , Kontos Anthony P.
Published: September 2021

Context:Research in the area of dual-task paradigms to assess sport-related concussion (SRC) status is growing, but additional assessment of this paradigm in adolescents is warranted.Design:This case-control study compared 49 adolescent athletes aged 12–20 years with diagnosed SRC to 49 age- and sex-matched controls on visual–spatial discrimination and perceptual inhibition (PIT) reaction time tasks performed while balancing on floor/foam pad conditions.Methods:The SRC group completed measures at a single time point between 1 and 10 days postinjury. Primary outcomes were dual-task reaction time, accuracy, and sway. General linear models evaluated differences between groups (P < .05). Logistic regression identified predictors of concussion from outcomes. Area under the curve evaluated discriminative ability of identifying SRC.Results:Results supported significantly higher anterior–posterior (AP) sway values in concussed participants for visual–spatial discrimination and PIT when balancing on the floor (P = .03) and foam pad (P = .03), as well as mediolateral sway values on the floor during visual–spatial discrimination (P = .01). Logistic regression analysis (R2 = .15;P = .001) of all dual-task outcomes identified AP postural sway during the PIT foam dual task as the only significant predictor of concussed status (ß = −2.4;P = .004). Total symptoms (area under the curve = 0.87;P < .001) and AP postural sway on foam (area under the curve = 0.70;P = .001) differentiated concussed from controls.Conclusion:The AP postural sway on foam during a postural stability/PIT dual task can identify concussion in adolescents between 1 and 10 days from injury.
Biological resurfacing in a canine model of hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Estes Bradley T. , Enomoto Masataka , Moutos Franklin T. , Carson Megan A. , Toth Jeffrey M. , Eggert Peter , Stallrich Jonathan , Willard Vincent P. , Veis Deborah J. , Little Dianne , Guilak Farshid , Lascelles B. Duncan X.
Published: September 2021

A 3D woven scaffold seeded with MSCs was used to resurface the canine hip, reducing pain and improving joint function.
Perirhinal input to neocortical layer 1 controls learning
Authors: Doron Guy , Shin Jiyun N. , Takahashi Naoya , Drüke Moritz , Bocklisch Christina , Skenderi Salina , de Mont Lisa , Toumazou Maria , Ledderose Julia , Brecht Michael , Naud Richard , Larkum Matthew E.
Published: September 2021

Memory consolidation in the neocortex

Information transfer between brain structures located in the medial-temporal lobe and the neocortex is essential for learning. However, the neuronal underpinnings of this transfer are unknown. Doron
et al.
found that neurons located in the deep layers of the perirhinal cortex exhibit increased firing after microstimulation upon learning (see the Perspective by Donato). Learning was associated with the emergence of a small population of neurons in layer 5 of the somatosensory cortex that increased bursting upon stimulation. This increase in bursting was accompanied by an increase in dendritic activity, and silencing the perirhinal cortex to layer 1 projection effectively disrupted learning and its physiological correlates. During learning, perirhinal inputs thus act as a gate for the enhancement of cortico-cortical inputs, which are necessary for stimulus detection and are strengthened during learning.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaz3136
; see also p.
1410
Relativistic kinematics of a magnetic soliton
Authors: Caretta Lucas , Oh Se-Hyeok , Fakhrul Takian , Lee Dong-Kyu , Lee Byung Hun , Kim Se Kwon , Ross Caroline A. , Lee Kyung-Jin , Beach Geoffrey S. D.
Published: September 2021

Magnetic special relativity

Magnetic materials have domains, patches of ordered spins that are separated from one another by boundaries called domain walls. These boundaries can be driven by electrical currents, a phenomenon forming the basis of the so-called racetrack memories. The speed of the domain walls has steadily increased as experimenters have perfected these devices. Caretta
et al.
now show experimentally that this speed is fundamentally limited (see the Perspective by Daniels and Stiles). Just as no object can travel faster than the speed of light, the speed of the domain walls saturates to a constant determined only by the properties of the magnetic host material.

Science
, this issue p.
1438
; see also p.
1413
Direct observation of Klein tunneling in phononic crystals
Authors: Jiang Xue , Shi Chengzhi , Li Zhenglu , Wang Siqi , Wang Yuan , Yang Sui , Louie Steven G. , Zhang Xiang
Published: September 2021

A sound demonstration of Klein tunneling

The ability of particles to tunnel through barriers is an important property of quantum mechanical systems, and the extent of the effect is strongly dependent on the properties of the barrier. By contrast, Klein tunneling can exhibit unity transmission that is independent of the width and height of the energy barrier, but direct evidence for this effect remains elusive. Using a phononic system comprising a periodic array of dielectric pillars, Jiang
et al.
provide evidence for the direct observation of Klein tunneling. Near-unity transmission of acoustic excitations was observed across the barrier independently of its width and height. This ability to tune the effect by controlling the size of the junctions and the frequency of incident waves provides a promising platform to explore complex nontrivial physics and applications in signal processing and information communications.

Science
, this issue p.
1447
A small-molecule SUMOylation inhibitor activates antitumor immune responses and potentiates immune therapies in preclinical models
Authors: Lightcap Eric S. , Yu Pengfei , Grossman Stephen , Song Keli , Khattar Mithun , Xega Kristina , He Xingyue , Gavin James M. , Imaichi Hisashi , Garnsey James J. , Koenig Erik , Zhang Hongru , Lu Zhen , Shah Pooja , Fu Yu , Milhollen Michael A. , Hatton Beryl A. , Riceberg Jessica , Shinde Vaishali , Li Cong , Minissale James , Yang Xiaofeng , England Dylan , Klinghoffer Richard A. , Langston Steve , Galvin Katherine , Shapiro Gary , Pulukuri Sai M. , Fuchs Serge Y. , Huszar Dennis
Published: September 2021

TAK-981, a first-in-class small-molecule SUMOylation inhibitor, activates type I interferon signaling to promote antitumor immune responses in mice.
Protective Effects of Selenium Nanoparticle-Enriched Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88-Induced Intestinal Barrier Damage in Mice
Authors: Chen Yue , Qiao Lei , Song Xiaofan , Ma Li , Dou Xina , Xu Chunlan
Published: September 2021

The beneficial effects of microecological agents have been widely proven. Se, which is a nutritionally essential trace element for humans and animals, is incorporated into selenoproteins that have a wide range of pleiotropic effects, ranging from antioxidant to anti-inflammatory effects.
The Viral ORF3 Protein Is Required for Hepatitis E Virus Apical Release and Efficient Growth in Polarized Hepatocytes and Humanized Mice
Authors: Sari Gulce , Zhu Jingting , Ambardekar Charuta , Yin Xin , Boonstra Andre , Feng Zongdi , Vanwolleghem Thomas
Published: September 2021

HEV infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. HEV gt3 additionally can cause persistent infection, which can rapidly progress to liver cirrhosis.
Ultra-resolution Metagenomics: When Enough Is Not Enough
Authors: Hildebrand Falk
Published: September 2021

Technological advances in community sequencing have steadily increased the taxonomic resolution at which microbes can be delineated. In high-resolution metagenomics, bacterial strains can now be resolved, enhancing medical microbiology and the description of microbial evolution
in vivo
.
Laboratory-Generated DNA Can Cause Anomalous Pathogen Diagnostic Test Results
Authors: Robinson-McCarthy Lindsey R. , Mijalis Alexander J. , Filsinger Gabriel T. , de Puig Helena , Donghia Nina M. , Schaus Thomas E. , Rasmussen Robert A. , Ferreira Raphael , Lunshof Jeantine E. , Chao George , Ter-Ovanesyan Dmitry , Dodd Oliver , Kuru Erkin , Sesay Adama M. , Rainbow Joshua , Pawlowski Andrew C. , Wannier Timothy M. , Angenent-Mari Nicolaas M. , Najjar Devora , Yin Peng , Ingber Donald E. , Tam Jenny M. , Church George M.
Published: September 2021

To meet the challenges imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, research laboratories shifted their focus and clinical diagnostic laboratories developed and utilized new assays. Nucleic acid-based testing became widespread and, for the first time, was used as a prophylactic measure.
Supplemental Material: The influence of rock uplift rate on the formation and preservation of individual marine terraces during multiple sea-level stands
Authors: Malatesta Luca , al. et
Published: September 2021

Video S1, a description of the code with a link to its repository, and an English translation of Yoshikawa et al. (1964) paper.
Supplemental Material: Miocene to modern hydrothermal circulation and high topography during synconvergent extension in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Authors: Grambling Tyler A. , al. et
Published: September 2021

Methods details; Table S1 (sample isotopic, depth, and location information); Table S2 (deformation temperatures); Table S3 (paleoelevation model results); and Table S4 (recharge elevation model results from modern water samples).