bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermo‐kinetic analysis space expansion for cyclophilin‐ligand interactions – identification of a new nonpeptide inhibitor using Biacore™ T200
Authors: Wear Martin A. , Nowicki Matthew W. , Blackburn Elizabeth A. , McNae Iain W. , Walkinshaw Malcolm D.
Published: February 2017

We have established a refined methodology for generating surface plasmon resonance sensor surfaces of recombinant his‐tagged human cyclophilin‐A. Our orientation‐specific stabilisation approach captures his‐tagged protein under ‘physiological conditions’ (150 mm NaCl, pH 7.5) and covalently stabilises it on Ni2+‐nitrilotriacetic acid surfaces, very briefly activated for primary amine‐coupling reactions, producing very stable and active surfaces (≥ 95% specific activity) of cyclophilin‐A. Variation in protein concentration with the same contact time allows straightforward generation of variable density surfaces, with essentially no loss of activity, making the protocol easily adaptable for studying numerous interactions; from very small fragments, ~ 100 Da, to large protein ligands. This new method results in an increased stability and activity of the immobilised protein and allowed us to expand the thermo‐kinetic analysis space, and to determine accurate and robust thermodynamic parameters for the cyclophilin‐A–cyclosporin‐A interaction. Furthermore, the increased sensitivity of the surface allowed identification of a new nonpeptide inhibitor of cyclophilin‐A, from a screen of a fragment library. This fragment, 2,3‐diaminopyridine, bound specifically with a mean affinity of 248 ± 60 μm. The X‐ray structure of this 109‐Da fragment bound in the active site of cyclophilin‐A was solved to a resolution of 1.25 Å (PDB: 5LUD), providing new insight into the molecular details for a potential new series of nonpeptide cyclophilin‐A inhibitors.
N2‐Substituted 2′‐Deoxyguanosine Triphosphate Derivatives as Selective Substrates for Human DNA Polymerase κ
Authors: Gowda A. S. Prakasha , Lee Marietta , Spratt Thomas E.
Published: February 2017

N2‐Alkyl‐2′‐deoxyguanosine triphosphate (N2‐alkyl‐dGTP) derivatives with methyl, butyl, benzyl, or 4‐ethynylbenzyl substituents were prepared and tested as substrates for human DNA polymerases. N2‐Benzyl‐dGTP was equal to dGTP as a substrate for DNA polymerase κ (pol κ), but was a poor substrate for pols β, δ, η, ι, or ν. In vivo reactivity was evaluated through incubation of N2‐4‐ethynylbenzyl‐dG with wild‐type and pol κ deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. CuAAC reaction with 5(6)‐FAM‐azide demonstrated that only cells containing pol κ were able to incorporate N2‐4‐ethynylbenzyl‐dG into the nucleus. This is the first instance of a Y‐family‐polymerase‐specific dNTP, and this method could be used to probe the activity of pol κ in vivo.
Transformation of Dipeptide‐Based Organogels into Chiral Crystals by Cryogenic Treatment
Authors: Liu Xingcen , Fei Jinbo , Wang Anhe , Cui Wei , Zhu Pengli , Li Junbai
Published: February 2017

Controlled molecular assembly is an important approach for the synthesis of single‐component materials with diverse functions. Unlike traditional heat treatment or solvent modulation, cryogenic treatment at 77 K enabled the tunable transition of a self‐assembled diphenylalanine organogel into a hexagonal crystal. Under these conditions, the assembled molecules undergo an internal rearrangement in the solid state to form a well‐defined chiral crystal structure. Moreover, these assemblies exhibit enhanced emission. This strategy for the synthesis of single‐component supramolecular assemblies can create new functions by manipulating phase transitions.
Optical Distinction between “Slow” and “Fast” Translational Motion in Degenerate Molecular Shuttles
Authors: Vukotic V. Nicholas , Zhu Kelong , Baggi Giorgio , Loeb Stephen J.
Published: February 2017

A series of six [2]rotaxane molecular shuttles was designed which contain an axle with a benzo‐bis(imidazole) core (in either a neutral or dicationic form) and a single 24‐membered, crown ether wheel (24C6, B24C6, or DMB24C6), and the shuttling rates of the ring along the axle were determined. The charged versions showed much slower shuttling rates as a result of the increase in noncovalent interactions between the axle and wheel. The [2]rotaxane with a B24C6 wheel shows a difference in fluorescence between the charged and neutral species, while the [2]rotaxane with a DMB24C6 wheel exhibits a difference in color between the charged and neutral compounds. These changes in optical properties can be attributed to the structural differences in the co‐conformations of the [2]rotaxane as they adapt to the changes in acid/base chemistry. This allowed the relative rate of the translational motion of a molecular shuttle to be determined by observation of a simple optical probe.
A Stimuli‐Responsive Smart Lanthanide Nanocomposite for Multidimensional Optical Recording and Encryption
Authors: Li Xiang , Xie Yujie , Song Bo , Zhang Hao‐Li , Chen Hao , Cai Huijuan , Liu Weisheng , Tang Yu
Published: February 2017

A stimuli‐responsive lanthanide‐based smart nanocomposite has been fabricated by supramolecular assembly and applied as an active material in multidimensional memory materials. Conjugation of the lanthanide complexes with carbon dots provides a stimuli response that is based on the modulation of the energy level of the ligand and affords microsecond‐to‐nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes, giving rise to intriguing memory performance in the spatial and temporal dimension. The present study points to a new direction for the future development of multidimensional memory materials based on inorganic–organic hybrid nanosystems.
Measuring Nanoscale Thermostability of Cell Membranes with Single Gold–Diamond Nanohybrids
Authors: Tsai Pei‐Chang , Epperla Chandra P. , Huang Jo‐Shan , Chen Oliver Y. , Wu Chih‐Che , Chang Huan‐Cheng
Published: February 2017

Much of the current understanding of thermal effects in biological systems is based on macroscopic measurements. There is little knowledge about the local thermostability or heat tolerance of subcellular components at the nanoscale. Herein, we show that gold nanorod–fluorescent nanodiamond (GNR‐FND) hybrids are useful as a combined nanoheater/nanothermometer in living cells. With the use of a 594 nm laser for both heating and probing, we measure the temperature changes by recording the spectral shifts of the zero‐phonon lines of negatively charged nitrogen‐vacancy centers in FNDs. The technique allows us to determine the rupture temperatures of individual membrane nanotubes in human embryonic kidney cells, as well as to generate high temperature gradients on the cell membrane for photoporation and optically controlled hyperthermia. Our results demonstrate a new paradigm for hyperthermia research and application.
Cycloparaphenylenes and Their Catenanes: Complex Macrocycles Unveiled by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Wen , Abdulkarim Ali , Golling Florian E. , Räder Hans Joachim , Müllen Klaus
Published: February 2017

The insoluble product mixture obtained from cycloparaphenylene (CPP) synthesis from Suzuki coupling and reductive aromatization was analyzed. Traditional mass spectrometry suggests a homologous series of macrocycles with 12 to 84 phenylene units. Ion‐mobility mass spectrometry, however, unravels an unexpected complexity of isomers with identical chemical formula, but different topologies. Whereas macrocycles containing up to 30 phenylene units show only one structure, the homologue with 36 phenylene units forms at least four different isomers with significant molecular size differences. They can be assigned to catenanes composed of CPPs with 2×18 and 12+24 phenylene units together with the ordinary [36]CPP macrocycle. Most likely, a trefoil knot of the CPP with 36 moieties is also present. For the first time, catenanes can be elucidated in a simple reaction mixture by analyzing their ions in the gas phase, an analysis which lies beyond the scope of traditional analytical methods.
Messtechnische Untersuchung der Trocknung und des mikrobiellen Wachstums nach irregulären Feuchtezuständen in Estrichdämmschichten
Authors: Gebauer Ralf , Bianchi‐Janetti Michele , Ochs Fabian , Feist Wolfgang , Kirchmair Martin
Published: February 2017

Die Bodenaufbauten von beheizten Massivgebäuden werden fast ausschließlich als Estriche auf Dämmschichten ausgeführt. Diese schwimmenden Estriche sind überwiegend nicht abgedichtet. Tritt ungewollt Wasser in solchen Gebäuden aus, läuft dieses über die Estrich‐Randfugen und sonstige Öffnungen in die Dämmschichtebene unter dem Estrich. Stahlbeton‐Geschossdecken (und ‐Bodenplatten) sind meist so dicht, dass das eingedrungene Wasser zunächst zwischen der Geschossdecke und der Dämmschichtebene verbleibt. Ist genügend freie Feuchtigkeit auf den Bauteiloberflächen vorhanden, keimen und wachsen nach kurzer Zeit mikrobiologische Lebewesen. Um solches Wachstum zu beenden bzw. die Auskeimung zu verhindern und weitere negative Einflüsse der Feuchtigkeit auf Bauteile zu vermeiden, werden solche Estriche technisch getrocknet. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass bei den am häufigsten verwendeten Materialkombinationen eine technische Trocknung von Estrichen auf Dämmschichten nicht sicher und vollständig erreicht wird. Eine mikrobielle Eskalation während der Trocknung ist unvermeidbar. Durch den Einbau einer Ventilationsschicht zwischen der Stahlbeton‐Geschossdecke oder ‐Bodenplatte konnte eine vollständige Trocknung der Dämmplatten erzielt werden. Eine mikrobielle Eskalation hat sich dabei nicht eingestellt.
Untersuchungen zum Brandverhalten EPS basierter Wärmedämmverbundsysteme bei Brandbeanspruchungen im Sockelbereich (Teil 1)
Authors: Kaudelka Sven , Hauswaldt Sebastian
Published: February 2017

Aufgrund einer Häufung von Brandereignissen an EPS‐basierten Wärmedämmverbundsysteme (WDVS) analysierte eine von der Bauministerkonferenz einberufene Projektgruppe gesammelte Brandereignisse. Im Ergebnis wurde festgestellt, dass brennende Abfallbehälter oder Kraftfahrzeuge im Sockelbereich von EPS‐basierten WDVS eine Gefahr darstellen können. Daraufhin wurde ein Forschungsvorhaben initiiert, das auszugsweise im Rahmen dieses Artikels als Teil 1 vorgestellt wird. Ziel war, das Brandverhalten dieser WDVS durch Brandbeanspruchungen von Außenbrandszenarien zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde ein Brandszenario („Sockelbrandszenario”) entwickelt, bei dem eine repräsentative Brandlast für realmaßstäbliche Großbrandversuche definiert wurde. In Folge der Brandprüfungen wurden konstruktive Brandschutzmaßnahmen an EPS‐basierten WDVS untersucht und für die Zulassung als schwerentflammbares WDVS zwingend vorgeschrieben. Das Sockelbrandszenario wird im Rahmen der Muster‐Verwaltungsvorschrift Technische Baubestimmungen (MVV TB) fest verankert. Dadurch wird die brandschutztechnische Untersuchung von WDVS auf Grundlage eines repräsentativen Brandszenarios ermöglicht. In Teil 2 wird eine Schutzzielbetrachtung vorgenommen. Lösungen sowie deren technische Umsetzbarkeit werden diskutiert.
Vorhangfassade auf Holzbasis – eine komplexe bauphysikalische Aufgabe
Authors: Tywoniak Jan , Volf Martin , Bureš Michal , Lupíšek Antonín , Staněk Kamil
Published: February 2017

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Entwicklung einer Systemlösung für den Ersatz alter nichttragender Außenwände bei Nichtwohngebäuden aus den 1960er und 1970er Jahren. Die Hauptidee war, ein vorgefertigtes Produkt in moderner Holzbauweise zu entwickeln, um eine Alternative zu üblichen Metallbausystemen anzubieten. Es wurde bestätigt, dass ohne detaillierte bauphysikalische Analysen und Messungen eine erfolgreiche Entwicklung kaum möglich ist. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit Wärmeschutz und Umweltperformance. Ergebnisse des langfristigen Monitorings und weitere wichtige bauphysikalische Aspekte (Feuchteschutz, Bauakustik, Brandschutz) werden zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt behandelt.
A comprehensive experiment for molecular biology: Determination of single nucleotide polymorphism in human REV3 gene using PCR–RFLP
Authors: Zhang Xu , Shao Meng , Gao Lu , Zhao Yuanyuan , Sun Zixuan , Zhou Liping , Yan Yongmin , Shao Qixiang , Xu Wenrong , Qian Hui
Published: February 2017

Laboratory exercise is helpful for medical students to understand the basic principles of molecular biology and to learn about the practical applications of molecular biology. We have designed a lab course on molecular biology about the determination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in human REV3 gene, the product of which is a subunit of DNA polymerase ζ and SNPs in this gene are associated with altered susceptibility to cancer. This newly designed experiment is composed of three parts, including genomic DNA extraction, gene amplification by PCR, and genotyping by RFLP. By combining these activities, the students are not only able to learn a series of biotechniques in molecular biology, but also acquire the ability to link the learned knowledge with practical applications. This comprehensive experiment will help the medical students improve the conceptual understanding of SNP and the technical understanding of SNP detection. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(4):299–304, 2017.
Teaching fundamental concepts of coastal engineering using excel spreadsheet
Authors: Sana Ahmad
Published: February 2017

A Microsoft‐Excel spreadsheet was developed using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) functions to calculate fundamental wave properties using linear wave theory, simple wave transformations, tidal elevations, tsunami travel time, wind wave growth parameters, design wave heights using Raleigh's probability distribution, breakwater dimensions, and longshore sediment transport rates. This spreadsheet was used in teaching an undergraduate coastal engineering course. The students were found to be motivated to study the subject matter with the help of VBA functions and develop their own applications in coastal engineering. This spreadsheet may be helpful to the practicing engineers as well for calculations relevant to some important wave parameters that are used in the design of coastal structures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:304–310, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21798
The Carbon–Nitrogen Bonds in Ammonium Compounds Are Charge Shift Bonds
Authors: Gershoni‐Poranne Renana , Chen Peter
Published: February 2017

A comprehensive investigation, utilizing valence‐bond‐ and molecular‐orbital‐based techniques, reveals that C−N bonds in protonated and methylated ammonium compounds are charge shift bonds. Moreover, the ammonium compounds are predominantly covalent at equilibrium distance, yet have two competing dissociation channels, which determine whether or not a state function crossing occurs during dissociation. The location of the crossing point can be predicted with relative ionization potentials, and may be tuned by altering the stabilization of the respective fragments. By closely examining the nature of the C−N bond as it is stretched, a correlation is observed between the extent of the charge shift nature and bond length. Identification of charge shift bonds in these ubiquitous organic species specifically affects understanding of their role in organocatalysis, in which the C−N bond is stretched.
Detecting Protein Sulfenylation in Cells Exposed to a Toxicant
Authors: Wages Phillip A.
Published: February 2017

Protein sulfenylation is a post‐translational modification that is linked to many cell signaling networks and specific protein functions, thus the detection of any sulfenylated protein after a toxicological exposure is of importance. Specifically, the detection of protein sulfenylation can provide multiple levels of mechanistic insight towards understanding the impact of a toxicological exposure. For instance, sulfenylation is caused by only a handful of reactive chemical species. Any altered sulfenylation suggests a change in cellular health, and the elucidation of the specific protein target that undergoes sulfenylation can help ascertain downstream targets and associated adverse outcomes. This document describes straightforward approaches to detect protein sulfenylation of total protein as well as individual proteins of interest with a focus on immunoblotting approaches. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation of Specific Compartments of the Lungs for Pathologic and Biochemical Analysis of Toxicologic Responses
Authors: Van Winkle Laura S. , Kelty Jacklyn S. , Plopper Charles G.
Published: February 2017

This unit focuses on protocols for assessing microenvironment‐specific responses in the thoracic lung tissues. Aspects of the entire respiratory system serve as potential targets for candidate toxicants, but each candidate toxicant may impact distinct sites due to differential distribution of either the toxicant or the target cells. Within the conducting airways, the composition of resident cell populations and the metabolic capabilities of the cell populations vary greatly. Thus, studies of this region of the lung require unique, site‐selective methods to clearly define the toxic response. Without site‐specific sampling, as described in this chapter, the experimental limit of detection for toxicant effects in conducting airways is weakened because differences unrelated to treatment, but related to location, may dominate the response. The protocols included here allow assessment of toxicological responses in the tracheobronchial airways and the gas exchange area of the lung, with specific application to laboratory mammals. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design of a low‐power high open‐loop gain operational amplifier for capacitively‐coupled instrumentation amplifiers
Authors: Prasopsin Pakorn , Wattanapanitch Woradorn
Published: February 2017

We present the design of a low‐power high open‐loop gain opamp for use in chopper‐stabilized capacitively coupled instrumentation amplifiers (CCIAs). The opamp utilizes the current‐reuse folded‐cascode topology and a low‐power gain‐boosting technique to maximize its power efficiency and open‐loop gain. The proposed technique is applied to the designs of two CCIAs: the conservative CCIA with a moderate current scaling ratio and the stringent CCIA with a very high current scaling ratio. Utilizing the current scaling ratio of 4:1, the conservative CCIA, designed and fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, consumes a total current of 1.69 μA from a 0.8‐V supply voltage and achieves a thermal noise floor of 56.5 nV/
. Utilizing the current scaling ratio of 38:1, the stringent CCIA, designed and simulated in a 0.13 μm CMOS process, consumes a total current of 1.4 μA and achieves a thermal noise floor of 48 nV/
. The proposed design technique should benefit the designs of low‐power instrumentation amplifiers in advanced processes in which channel‐length modulation and the limited current consumption and supply voltage make the designs of high open‐loop gain opamps difficult. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of soil C:N:P stoichiometry on biomass allocation in the alpine and arid steppe systems
Authors: Wang Xiaodan , Ma Xingxing , Yan Yan
Published: February 2017

Soil nutrients strongly influence biomass allocation. However, few studies have examined patterns induced by soil C:N:P stoichiometry in alpine and arid ecosystems. Samples were collected from 44 sites with similar elevation along the 220‐km transect at spatial intervals of 5 km along the northern Tibetan Plateau. Aboveground biomass (AGB) levels were measured by cutting a sward in each plot. Belowground biomass (BGB) levels were collected from soil pits in a block of 1 m × 1 m in actual root depth. We observed significant decreases in AGB and BGB levels but increases in the BGB:AGB ratio with increases in latitude. Although soil is characterized by structural complexity and spatial heterogeneity, we observed remarkably consistent C:N:P ratios within the cryic aridisols. We observed significant nonlinear relationships between the soil N:P and BGB:AGB ratios. The critical N:P ratio in soils was measured at approximately 2.0, above which the probability of BGB:AGB response to nutrient availability is small. These findings serve as interesting contributions to the global data pool on arid plant stoichiometry, given the previously limited knowledge regarding high‐altitude regions.
Phytoplankton response to whole lake inorganic N fertilization along a gradient in dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Deininger A. , Faithfull C. L. , Bergström A.‐K.
Published: February 2017

Global change has increased inorganic nitrogen (N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC; i.e., “browning”) inputs to northern hemisphere boreal lakes. However, we do not know how phytoplankton in nutrient poor lake ecosystems of different DOC concentration respond to increased N availability. Here, we monitored changes in phytoplankton production, biomass and community composition in response to whole lake inorganic N fertilization in six boreal unproductive Swedish lakes divided into three lake pairs (control, N enriched) at three DOC levels (low, medium, high), with one reference year (2011) and 2 impact yr (2012, 2013). We found that phytoplankton biomass and production decreased with DOC concentration before N fertilization. Further, phytoplankton community composition also differed with respect to DOC, with a dominance of non‐flagellated autotrophs at low DOC towards an increasing dominance of flagellated autotrophs with increased lake DOC concentration. The N fertilization increased phytoplankton biomass and production in all lakes, but did not affect phytoplankton community composition. However, the net response in biomass and production to N fertilization declined with increasing DOC, implying that the lake DOC concentration is critical in order to infer phytoplankton responses to N fertilization, and that the system switches from being primarily nutrient limited to becoming increasingly light limited with increased DOC concentration. In conclusion, our results show that browning will reduce phytoplankton production and biomass and influence phytoplankton community composition, whereas increased inorganic N loadings from deposition, forestry or other land use will primarily enhance phytoplankton biomass and production. Together, any change in the landscape that enhances inorganic N availability will increase phytoplankton production and biomass, but the positive effects of N will be much weaker or even neutralized in browner lakes as caused by light limitation.
Aerobic biodegradation of 2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide–based aqueous film–forming foam components produces perfluoroalkyl carboxylates
Authors: D'Agostino Lisa A. , Mabury Scott A.
Published: February 2017

The biodegradation of 2 common fluorotelomer surfactants used in aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylamine (FTAA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (FTAB), was investigated over 109 d with aerobic wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. Results show that biodegradation of 6:2 FTAA and 6:2 FTAB produces 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH), 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FTCA), 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (FTUCA), 5:3 FTCA, and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). Additional degradation products included 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide (FTSAm), which was a major degradation product in the presence of either active or sterilized sludge, whereas 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTSA) production was measured with sterilized sludge only. Six additional degradation products were tentatively identified by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS) and attributed to N-dealkylation and oxidation of 6:2 FTAA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2012–2021. © 2017 SETAC
Gray matter heritability in family‐based and population‐based studies using voxel‐based morphometry
Authors: van der Lee Sven J. , Roshchupkin Gennady V. , Adams Hieab H. H. , Schmidt Helena , Hofer Edith , Saba Yasaman , Schmidt Reinhold , Hofman Albert , Amin Najaf , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Vernooij Meike W. , Ikram M. Arfan , Niessen Wiro J.
Published: February 2017

Background

The combination of genetics and imaging has improved their understanding of the brain through studies of aggregate measures obtained from high‐resolution structural imaging. Voxel‐wise analyses have the potential to provide more detailed information of genetic influences on the brain. Here they report a large‐scale study of the heritability of gray matter at voxel resolution (1 × 1 × 1 mm).

Methods

Validated voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) protocols were applied to process magnetic resonance imaging data of 3,239 unrelated subjects from a population‐based study and 491 subjects from two family‐based studies. Genome‐wide genetic data was used to estimate voxel‐wise gray matter heritability of the unrelated subjects and pedigree‐structure was used to estimate heritability in families. They subsequently associated two genetic variants, known to be linked with subcortical brain volume, with most heritable voxels to determine if this would enhance their association signals.

Results

Voxels significantly heritable in both estimates mapped to subcortical structures, but also voxels in the language areas of the left hemisphere were found significantly heritable. When comparing regional patterns of heritability, family‐based estimates were higher than population‐based estimates. However, regional consistency of the heritability measures across study designs was high (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.73, P = 2.6 × 10−13). They further show enhancement of the association signal of two previously discovered genetic loci with subcortical volume by using only the most heritable voxels.

Conclusion

Gray matter voxel‐wise heritability can be reliably estimated with different methods. Combining heritability estimates from multiple studies is feasible to construct reliable heritability maps of gray matter voxels. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2408–2423, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma exchange in the intensive care unit: Technical aspects and complications
Authors: Lemaire Aurélie , Parquet Nathalie , Galicier Lionel , Boutboul David , Bertinchamp Rémi , Malphettes Marion , Dumas Guillaume , Mariotte Eric , Peraldi Marie‐Noëlle , Souppart Virginie , Schlemmer Benoit , Azoulay Elie , Canet Emmanuel
Published: February 2017

Background

Data on plasma exchange therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting are scarce. We aimed to describe the technical aspects and the adverse events associated with the procedure in critically ill patients.

Methods

All adult patients treated by plasma exchange in the medical ICU of the Saint‐Louis university hospital between January 1, 2013 and March 31, 2015 were prospectively included.

Results

We report on 260 plasma exchange procedures performed in 50 patients. The centrifugation technique was used for 159 (61%) procedures and the filtration technique for the other 101 (39%) procedures. Both techniques had similar efficacy to treat hyperviscosity syndrome (n = 18). Seventy (26.9%) of the 260 plasma exchange procedures were reported with at least one adverse reaction. Centrifugation and filtration techniques had similar rates of adverse reactions (23.9 vs. 31.7%, P = .19). Hypotension was the most reported (n = 21, 8%) and correlates with a low hematocrit before therapy. Most complications were related to allergic reactions to the replacement fluids. Coagulation disorders depended on the type of replacement fluid. The post‐exchange fibrinogen level was decreased by 54% [48;66] with albumin 5%, and 4% [−5;17] with plasma frozen within 24 h. Twenty‐three (22.8%) of the 101 filtration procedures experienced filter clotting. Filter clotting was associated with a higher volume exchange prescribed when compared to procedures without filter clotting (4600 [4000;5000] ml vs. 3900 [3600;4800] ml, P < .01).

Conclusion

Plasma exchange is a relatively safe and generally well‐tolerated procedure in the ICU setting. Most adverse events are unpredictable and related to minor allergic reactions.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis for diagnosing sarcopenia and cachexia: what are we really estimating?
Authors: Gonzalez Maria Cristina , Heymsfield Steven B.
Published: February 2017

As reference methods are not available for identifying low skeletal muscle mass in clinical practice, the European Group on Sarcopenia in Older People the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and the International Consensus for Cancer Cachexia guidelines accept bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as an option for sarcopenia and cachexia assessment. Using different BIA equations, several components that represent ‘muscularity’ can be assessed. Total skeletal muscle mass or appendicular skeletal muscle mass normalized in relation to height (skeletal muscle mass index or appendicular skeletal muscle index, respectively) is the most common term used in the consensus. These terms are similar, but they should not be used as synonymous. Both terms can be used to define sarcopenia, but adequate equations and cut‐off values should be used according to the studied population. However, there is a disagreement between the sarcopenia definition assessed by using BIA from the European Group on Sarcopenia in Older People and Cachexia Consensus, and this can lead to an overestimation of sarcopenia and, consequently, cachexia. An effort should be made to standardize the terminology employed by the Societies to define low muscularity and sarcopenia by using BIA. Future validation studies may show the need for specific cut‐off values for each population using this method.
Static osteogenesis does not precede dynamic osteogenesis in periosteal ossification of Pleurodeles (Caudata, Amphibia) and Pogona (Squamata, Lepidosauria)
Authors: Cubo Jorge , Hui Mylaine , Clarac François , Quilhac Alexandra
Published: February 2017

Two successive mechanisms have been described in perichondral ossification: (1) in static osteogenesis, mesenchymal cells differentiate into stationary osteoblasts oriented randomly, which differentiate into osteocytes in the same site; (2) in dynamic osteogenesis, mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts that are all oriented in the same direction and move back as they secrete collagen fibers. This study is aimed at testing the hypothesis that the ontogenetic sequence static then dynamic osteogenesis observed in the chicken and in the rabbit is homologous and was acquired by the last common ancestor of amniotes or at a more inclusive node. For this we analyze the developmental patterns of Pleurodeles (Caudata, Amphibia) and those of the lizard Pogona (Squamata, Lepidosauria). We processed Pleurodeles larvae and Pogona embryos, prepared thin and ultrathin sections of appendicular bones, and analyzed them using light and transmission electron microscopy. We show that static osteogenesis does not precede dynamic osteogenesis in periosteal ossification of Pleurodeles and Pogona. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and according to the parsimony method the ontogenetic sequence observed in the chicken and in the rabbit are convergent. In Pleurodeles and Pogona dynamic osteogenesis occur without a previous rigid mineralized framework, whereas in the chicken and in the rabbit dynamic osteogenesis seems to take place over a mineralized support whether bone (in perichondral ossification) or calcified cartilage (in endochondral ossification). Interestingly, in typical dynamic osteogenesis, osteoblasts show an axis (basal nucleus—distal endoplasmic reticulum) perpendicular to the front of secreted unmineralized bone matrix, whereas in Pleurodeles and Pogona this axis is parallel to the bone matrix.
Comparison of natural and finite element interpolation functions behavior
Authors: Gonçalves B.M.F. , Afonso M.M. , Coppoli E.H.R. , Ramdane B. , Marechal Y. , Vollaire C. , Krähenbühl L.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, the interpolation functions behavior of the natural element method (NEM) and the finite element method (FEM) are compared. It is discussed how the unknown in both methods affects the stiffness matrix and contributes to NEM better accuracy. The visibility criterion and the constrained NEM are also addressed, and a pseudoalgorithm is proposed to implement the constrained Voronoï diagram, which is the base for the constrained NEM. A complex heterogeneous magnetic problem is solved by both FEM and NEM methods and their solutions are compared. It is shown that for the same discretization, the number of contributions for NEM is in general bigger than those related to the FEM and better accuracy results for NEM.
Rurality and determinants of hearing healthcare in adult hearing aid recipients
Authors: Chan Stephen , Hixon Brian , Adkins Margaret , Shinn Jennifer B. , Bush Matthew L.
Published: February 2017

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare the timing of hearing aid (HA) acquisition between adults in rural and urban communities. We hypothesized that time of acquisition of HA after onset of hearing loss is greater in rural adults compared with urban adults. Secondary objectives included assessment of socioeconomic/educational status and impact of hearing loss and hearing rehabilitation of urban and rural HA recipients.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional questionnaire survey.

Methods

We assessed demographics, timing of HA fitting from onset of hearing loss, and impact of hearing impairment in 336 adult HA recipients (273 urban, 63 rural) from a tertiary referral center. Amplification benefit was assessed using the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI).

Results

The time to HA acquisition was greater for rural participants compared to urban participants (19.1 vs. 25.7 years, P = 0.024) for those with untreated hearing loss for at least 8 years. Age at hearing loss onset was correlated with time to HA acquisition (P = −0.54, P < 0.001). Rural HA participants experienced longer commutes to hearing specialists (68 vs. 32 minutes, P < 0.001), were less likely to achieve a degree beyond high school (P < 0.001), and were more likely to possess Medicaid coverage (P = 0.012) compared to urban participants. Hearing impairment caused job performance difficulty in 60% of all participants.

Conclusion

Rural adults are at risk for delayed HA acquisition, which may be related to distance to hearing specialists. Further research is indicated to investigate barriers to care and expand access for vulnerable populations.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:2362–2367, 2017
A nonlinear fractional model to describe the population dynamics of two interacting species
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Kumar Amit , Odibat Zaid M.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, the approximate analytical solutions of Lotka–Volterra model with fractional derivative have been obtained by using hybrid analytic approach. This approach is amalgamation of homotopy analysis method, Laplace transform, and homotopy polynomials. First, we present an alternative framework of the method that can be used simply and effectively to handle nonlinear problems arising in several physical phenomena. Then, existence and uniqueness of solutions for the fractional Lotka–Volterra equations are discussed. We also carry out a detailed analysis on the stability of equilibrium. Further, we have derived the approximate solutions of predator and prey populations for different particular cases by using initial values. The numerical simulations of the result are depicted through different graphical representations showing that this hybrid analytic method is reliable and powerful method to solve linear and nonlinear fractional models arising in science and engineering. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust preview control for uncertain discrete‐time systems based on LMI
Authors: Liao Fucheng , Li Li
Published: February 2017

For a class of uncertain discrete‐time systems, a preview controller based on linear matrix inequality is proposed. A new method is derived to construct an augmented error system instead of taking the difference of the error signal and the system equation. The new approach avoids applying the difference operator to the time‐varying matrix and can simplify the augmented error system. For the augmented error system of the uncertain system, state feedback is introduced. The sufficient condition of asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is derived for the performance index by using the relevant theorems of robust control theory. The condition can be realised by solving a linear matrix inequality optimization problem. By incorporating the controller obtained into the original system, we obtain the preview controller. Moreover, introducing an integrator allows the closed‐loop system to robustly track the desired tracking signal without steady‐state error.
Oncological Outcomes After Radical Prostatectomy for High‐Risk Prostate Cancer Based on New Gleason Grouping System: A Validation Study From University of Southern California With 3,755 Cases
Authors: Djaladat Hooman , Amini Erfan , Xu Weichen , Cai Jie , Daneshmand Siamak , Lieskovsky Gary
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDS

To assess the prognostic value of new Gleason grade grouping system in high‐risk prostate cancer patients, we compared oncological outcomes after radical prostatectomy for patients with Gleason score 8 versus 9–10.

METHODS

Between 1987 and 2008, 3,755 men underwent radical prostatectomy with curative intent at University of Southern California. Patients who had Gleason score 8–10 at final histopathological evaluation (pT2‐4N0) were included in this study. Eligible patients were divided into two groups; 226 with Gleason score 8 and 132 with Gleason score 9–10. Various patient and disease characteristics as well as oncological outcomes (biochemical recurrence, clinical recurrence, and overall survival) were compared between the groups. Impact of Gleason score on outcomes was controlled for preoperative prostate specific antigen, pathological stage, use of adjuvant radiotherapy, and neoadjuvant/adjuvant hormone therapy in multivariable analyses.

RESULTS

A total of 358 patients (mean age: 65 years) were included in the analysis. Mean age and median duration of follow‐up (9.6 years) were comparable between the study groups. Gleason 9–10 prostate cancer was associated with worse biochemical (HR 1.6; 95%CI [1.1–2.3]) and clinical recurrence free survival (HR = 1.9; 95%CI [1.1–3.3]); however, overall survival did not differ significantly between the groups. In addition, more patients with Gleason score 9–10 received adjuvant hormone therapy in the course of disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Long‐term follow‐up after radical prostatectomy revealed significant differences in disease‐specific outcomes between patients with Gleason score 8 versus 9–10. This sub‐classification of high‐risk patients might be helpful for patient counseling and determining therapeutic strategies. Prostate 77:743–748, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First-in-human phase I study of SOR-C13, a TRPV6 calcium channel inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Fu S. , Hirte H. , Welch S. , Ilenchuk T. T. , Lutes T. , Rice C. , Fields N. , Nemet A. , Dugourd D. , Piha-Paul S. , Subbiah V. , Liu L. , Gong J. , Hong D. , Stewart J. M.
Published: February 2017

Introduction This was an open-label, dose escalation (3 + 3 design), Phase I study of SOR-C13 in patients with advanced tumors of epithelial origin. Primary objectives were to assess safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetics. Secondary goals were to assess pharmacodynamics and efficacy of SOR-C13. Methods SOR-C13 was administered IV QD on days 1–3 and 8–10 of a 21-day cycle. Doses were 2.75 and 5.5 mg/kg (20-min infusion) and 1.375, 2.75, 4.13 and 6.2 mg/kg (90-min infusion). Toxicity was assessed by National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was assessed within the first treatment cycle. Tumors were evaluated, using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, after two cycles. Results Twenty-three patients were treated. No drug-related serious adverse events occurred. DLTs occurred in six patients: asymptomatic, drug-related, transient Grade 2 hypocalcemia (4 patients), and unrelated Grade 3 anemia and Grade 3 atrial fibrillation, 1 patient each. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation eliminated further Grade 2 hypocalcemia. One Grade 3 treatment emergent adverse event, urticaria, was definitely related to SOR-C13. Four possibly drug-related, Grade 3 events (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase elevation, headache, and hypokalemia) were observed. Of 22 evaluable patients, 54.5% showed stable disease ranging from 2.8 to 12.5 months. The best response was a 27% reduction in a pancreatic tumor with a 55% reduction in CA19–9 levels at 6.2 mg/kg. Conclusion SOR-C13 was safe and tolerated up to 6.2 mg/kg. The Maximal Tolerated Dose (MTD) was not established. Stable disease suggested antitumor activity.
Analysis of Player Statistics in Major League Baseball Players Before and after Achilles Tendon Repair
Authors: Saltzman Bryan M. , Tetreault Matthew W. , Bohl Daniel D. , Tetreault Danielle , Lee Simon , Bach Bernard R.
Published: February 2017

Background

No currently available literature evaluates the effect of Achilles tendon repair on professional baseball players in the Major League Baseball (MLB).

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Achilles tendon rupture and repair on MLB players in terms of return to play and batting/fielding performance metrics.

Methods

Achilles tendon rupture data were retrospectively collected using information from the MLB disabled list, injury reports, MLB game summaries, player profiles, and publicly available news articles. Four pair-matched control MLB position players were selected for each of the players who underwent advanced analysis. Baseline characteristics were compared between injured players and controls using Fisher's exact or Student's t test.

Results

Overall, the incidence of Achilles tendon rupture reported in MLB has increased substantially since 1996. Rate of return to play in MLB after Achilles tendon rupture and repair is 62% for position players (non-pitchers) who suffer the injury. There was no association of injury with any player metric. Compared with injury to the non-power side, injury to the power side was associated with fewer plate appearances, fewer triples, an increase in percentage of at-bats with strikeouts, and decreased speed score.

Conclusion

The incidence of Achilles tendon rupture in MLB has increased substantially since 1996. While comparison suggests that overall Achilles tendon injury does not have an effect on MLB player statistics in the years following surgical repair, subset analysis of injury to the rear (power-generating) leg may lead to a decline in those statistics which denote a player's speed and running ability.
Integrated Modular Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Livesley W. John
Published: February 2017

This clinical guide describes a different way to treat borderline personality disorder. Rather than using the currently available therapies, the author presents a trans-theoretical approach that combines the essential elements of all effective treatments. The book offers a framework for understanding the nature and origins of borderline personality disorder that is used to define treatment targets and strategies. Building on this foundation, systems for organizing treatment are presented around change mechanisms common to all effective therapies. Interventions are presented in modules, allowing therapists to select treatment according to the needs of patients. Treatment is explained by dividing therapy into phases, each addressing different problems. Methods are described to promote engagement, manage suicidality, treat crises, improve emotional regulation, restructure maladaptive interpersonal behaviours, construct a new sense of self and identity, and build a life worth living. The volume will interest mental health professionals from all disciplines and different levels of expertise.
Voting Rights of Refugees
Authors: Ziegler Ruvi , Goodwin-Gill Guy S.
Published: February 2017

Voting Rights of Refugees develops a novel legal argument about the voting rights of refugees recognised in the 1951 Geneva Convention. The main normative contention is that such refugees should have the right to vote in the political community where they reside, assuming that this community is a democracy and that its citizens have the right to vote. The book argues that recognised refugees are a special category of non-citizen residents: they are unable to participate in elections of their state of origin, do not enjoy its diplomatic protection and consular assistance abroad, and are unable or unwilling, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution, to return to it. Refugees deserve to have a place in the world, in the Arendtian sense, where their opinions are significant and their actions are effective. Their state of asylum is the only community in which there is any prospect of political participation on their part.
Navigation, Circumvention and Brokerage: The Tricks of the Trade of Developing NGOs in China
Authors: Gåsemyr Hans Jørgen
Published: February 2017

Chinese NGOs face strong coercive pressures and limitations yet have still emerged as notable actors in several issue areas. This article studies why and explains how a group of NGOs working on AIDS-related issues have been able to progress into relatively large and vibrant operations. It documents how NGO leaders have learned to navigate opportunities and risks, circumvent formal restrictions and broker pragmatic and largely informal arrangements that have enabled their organizations to grow and advance within China's authoritarian settings. The article contributes to the literature on Chinese NGO development and new institutionalism theory, and introduces a framework for studying NGOs based on their organizational forms and activities.
Performance Evaluation of Single-frequency Precise Point Positioning with GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo
Authors: Pan Lin , Zhang Xiaohong , Liu Jingnan , Li Xingxing , Li Xin
Published: February 2017

In view that most Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users are still using single-frequency receivers due to the low costs, single-frequency Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been attracting increasing attention in the GNSS community. For a long period, single-frequency PPP technology has mainly relied on the Global Positioning System (GPS). With the recent revitalisation of the Russian GLONASS constellation and two newly emerging constellations, BeiDou and Galileo, it is now feasible to investigate the performance of Four-Constellation integrated Single-Frequency PPP (FCSF-PPP) with GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo measurements. In this study, a FCSF-PPP model is presented to simultaneously process observations from all four GNSS constellations. Datasets collected at 47 globally distributed four-system Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations on seven consecutive days and a kinematic experimental dataset are employed to fully assess the performance of FCSF-PPP. The FCSF-PPP solutions are compared to GPS-only and combined GPS/GLONASS single-frequency PPP solutions. The results indicate that the positioning performance is significantly improved by integrating multi-constellation signals.