bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolução de Cabeceiras de Drenagem no Médio Vale do Rio Paraíba do Sul (SP/RJ): a Formação e o Crescimento da Rede de Canais sob Controle Estrutural
Authors: Coelho Netto Ana Luiza
Published: January 2016

Este artigo apresenta os resultados das pesquisas conduzidas no médio vale do rio Paraíba do Sul, na bacia do rio Bananal (518 2Km) e adjacências, sobre a formação e crescimento de redes de canais em cabeceiras de drenagem e suas implicações no rebaixamento diferencial dos divisores de bacias de drenagem sob forte controle estrutural. A ênfase recai nas interações geológico-geomorfológicas que regulam a geração de fluxos ascendentes em fraturas subverticais (artesianismo) e suas relações com a formação dos regolitos. As discussões focalizam a natureza dos processos geomorfológicos responsáveis por: 1- formação de depressões fechadas em divisores e suas relações com a origem de concavidades estruturais; 2- origem e progressão de canais incisos (tipo voçoroca) através das cabeceiras de drenagem; 3- relação entre a incisão linear (ou rebaixamento de nível de base) e o recuo dos divisores; 4- - interações hidrológica e erosiva em cabeceiras de drenagem adjacentes; 5- interações hidrológica e erosiva entre vales fluviais adjacentes e topograficamente desnivelados. Os dados revelam que a rede é dominada pelo crescimento regressivo dos canais de primeira ordem sobre os vales de cabeceiras, onde outros canais menores podem se desenvolver e originar vales suspensos próximos aos divisores, bem como que com a progressão da incisão linear dos canais e rebaixamento do nível freático, acentua-se a competição pela água subterrânea entre vales de cabeceiras ou vales fluviais adjacentes, limitando a geração de fluxos artesianos e os desenvolvimentos da rede de canais interconectados, corroborando o preconizado pela Lei de Gilbert (1877).
Gênese de Lamelas (“estruturas de dissipação”) Associadas à Evolução de Paleoargissolos em Rampa Arenosa, Praia Mole (Ilha de Santa Catarina) / SC, Brasil: subsídios para uma interpretação paelogeomorfológica
Authors: Paisani Julio César
Published: January 2016

Lamela é um termo descritivo morfológico usado para definir faixas de constituintes granulométricos finos em sedimentos arenosos espécificas. As lamelas podem pertencer a uma das quatro categorias quanto à origem: sedimentares, iluvio-sedimentares, iluviais, e e-iluviais. São interpretadas ora como estruturas sedimentares (estruturas de dissipação), ora como feições pedológicas. Na região sul do Brasil a gênese de lamelas em depósitos costeiros não é bem compreendida. Neste artigo são apresentadas evidências morfológicas (de campo) e micromorfológicas (microscópicas) de lamelas e-iluviais geradas em associação com a evolução de horizontes B texturais (Bt) em paleoargissolos situados em rampa arenosa na Praia Mole - Ilha de Santa Catarina. Os fatos que sustentam a interpretação da origem e-iluvial são: a) interlamelas desenvolvendo-se no topo dos horizontes Bt; b) lamelas ligadas lateralmente a esses horizontes; c) lamelas com topo plano e base irregular, semelhantes àquelas encontradas em solos atuais em processo de degradação de horizontes Bt; d) separações plásmicas, segregação de óxidos de ferro e desenvolvimento de poros cavitários revelando o desmantelamento microestrutural de lamelas e horizontes Bt relacionados. Embora as lamelas sejam classificadas como e-iluviais, o processo de iluviação é secundário. Os resultados sinalizam na direção de que a pedogênese é posterior à sedimentação na rampa arenosa e se encontre em desequilíbrio atual por degradação dos horizontes Bt.
Aplicação de modelos digitais do terreno (MDT) em análises macrogeomorfológicas: o caso da bacia hidrográfica do Araguaia
Authors: Carvalho Thiago Morato de , Latrubesse Edgardo Manuel
Published: January 2016

O trabalho consiste na aplicação e teste de técnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto para estudo geomorfológico de macroescala em sistemas fluviais de grande porte. A área de estudo é a bacia do Rio Araguaia, 2 com uma área de drenagem que se estende por 375000 km ao longo do Brasil Central. Foi gerado um modelo digital do terreno (MDT) através do sensor Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR), obtido da Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). O objetivo foi identificar o potencial desta ferramenta para estudos geomorfológicos. Os principais produtos obtidos foram imagem sombreada, mapa hipsométrico, identificação de lineamentos estruturais, mapa de declividade e rede de drenagem, assim como perfis topográficos e o perfil longitudinal do rio Araguaia. Os resultados mostraram que em geral, os modelos tridimensionais do terreno - MDT - são ferramentas bastante eficientes para análises macrogeomorfológicas em grandes bacias hidrográficas. Entretanto, a baixa resolução vertical, produz alguns resultados de declividade relativamente pobres em áreas planas.
Interações dinâmicas entre os materiais do leito de um canal secundário com o canal principal no trecho multicanal do Alto Rio Paraná, Brasil.
Authors: Rocha Paulo César , De Souza Filho Edvard Elias
Published: January 2016

Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as características dos sedimentos de fundo de um canal secundário - o canal Cortado - e interpretadas de acordo com a dinâmica dos canais principais do sistema multicanal do rio Paraná. Os dados hidrodinâmicos e dos materias do leito foram tomados em seção transversal, durante um ciclo hidrodinâmico. Os resultados mostraram predominância de areias médias com bom selecionamento durante todas as amostragens, porém, as areias finas e grossas mostraram com freqüência inversa ao que se esperava pelos parâmetros da geometria hidráulica. Esse fato pode ser explicado porque, durante a cheia, há passagem de formas de leito provenientes do canal principal do rio Paraná, com predominância de areias médias e areias finas. Tais formas sobrepõe-se aos sedimentos mais grosseiros do leito, aumentando sua freqüência, e, durante o período de abaixamento das águas, os termos mais finos podem ser paulatinamente removidos, levando à concentração dos grãos de maior diâmetro.
Densidade de drenagem da bacia incremental do reservatório de Porto Primavera, rio Paraná (SP/MS): perspectiva de sua adoção como indicador de produção de sedimentos das bacias hidrográficas.
Authors: Dos Santos Antônio Manoel , Alves Carlos Frederico de Castro , Gama Rogério Gutierrez , Ferracini Mirna Mangini , Perrella Murilo César Vieira , Carvalho Newton Oliveira , Celer Aloisio
Published: January 2016

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de pesquisa sobre a densidade de drenagem da bacia hidrográfica incremental do reservatório de Porto Primavera, rio Paraná (SP/MS). As conclusões obtidas destacam aos métodos adotados e à caracterização da bacia, sob a ótica da produção de sedimentos. Os métodos contemplaram a medida dos comprimentos das linhas de drenagem por área considerada (km/km ) e a contagem do número de confluências 2)(nc/km em cartas topográficas de diferentes escalas. A caracterização da bacia evidenciou as áreas e as sub-bacias com maior tendência potencial de produção de sedimentos segundo o fator densidade de drenagem.
O USO DE PALEOSSOLOS E PERFÍS DE ALTERAÇÃO PARA A IDENTIFICAÇÃO E ANÁLISE DE SUPERFÍCIES GEOMÓRFICAS REGIONAIS: O CASO DA SERRA DE ITAQUERI (SP)
Authors: Ladeira Francisco Sergio Bernardes , Dos Santos Marcilene
Published: January 2016

Tradicionalmente, perfis de alteração foram empregados de maneira indistinta como evidência de superfícies geomórficas de dimensões regionais, fato atualmente questionado por diversos autores. Este trabalho discute as possibilidades e limitações deste procedimento utilizando-se de um exemplo correspondente aos materiais relacionáveis com a Forma- ção Itaqueri sobre a Serra de Itaqueri, nos municípios de São Pedro, Itirapina e Charqueada, no Estado de São Paulo. A Formação Itaqueri, de idade cenozóica, é composta por sedimentos depositados em ambientes de leques aluviais sob condições semi-áridas. As feições morfotectônicas e paleopedológicas remanescentes na área caracterizam uma evo- lução complexa, envolvendo mudanças climáticas significativas, pulsos de movimentação tectônica distintos e dife- rentes eventos deposicionais. A análise dos sedimentos e dos paleossolos indica dois eventos deposicionais em ambiente de leques aluviais alternados por períodos de clima mais úmido em que se desenvolveram dois perfis de alteração associados a distintas superfícies; o primeiro, um solo espesso, desenvolvido nos sedimentos associados ao primeiro evento deposicional, sendo atingido posteriormente por um processo de silicificação; o segundo, um perfil laterítico muito espesso, desenvolvido nos sedimentos associados ao segundo evento deposicional. Uma superfície erosiva bem marcada separa ambos materiais. Desta forma existem 3 superfícies geomórficas bem marcadas na área: uma associada à base dos depósitos da Formação Itaqueri que trunca as formações Botucatu e Serra Geral; outra associada ao desenvolvimento de espessos solos que foram silicificados, e outra associada ao desenvolvimento de um perfil laterítico, associada a um espesso ferricrete. Movimentações tectônicas cenozóicas soergueram e abateram a área sucessivamente, implicando inversão de relevo, destruição parcial dos sedimentos e dos paleossolos e posicionamento altimétrico diferenciado ao longo da área.
O POTENCIAL DE IMAGENS QUICKBIRD PARA ANÁLISE DO RELEVO DE UM SETOR DO PLANALTO DAS ARAUCÁRIAS, RS: CENTRO DE PESQUISAS E CONSERVAÇÃO DA NATUREZA PRÓ-MATA
Authors: Pinheiro Eduardo da Silva , Kux Hermann Johann Heinrich , Villwock Jorge Alberto
Published: January 2016

Este trabalho analisa o potencial de imagens com alta resolução espacial (satélite QuickBird) para mapear o relevo de um setor do Planalto das Araucárias, no nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A área teste foi o Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza PRÓ-MATA. Em 1994, o PRÓ-MATA foi criado para desenvolver estudos e ações visando à conservação da Mata Atlântica. Imagens QuickBird e técnicas de geoprocessamento foram usadas para executar o mapeamento. Foram realizados trabalhos de campo para conhecimento da área e levantamento de pontos de controle, utilizando GPS diferencial. As etapas do trabalho foram: gerar um Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE), realizar fusão e corrigir a geometria das imagens QuickBird, mapear a hidrografia e a geomorfologia. A partir do MDE derivaram mapas de declividades, altimetria e visualizações em 3D da área de estudo. O mapa geomorfológico foi criado na escala de 1/15000, sendo considerados aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos do relevo. A rede de drenagem foi mapeada com detalhe. Na área de estudo, o relevo acidentado com altas declividades dificultaram a aquisição dos pontos de controle e a correção geométrica das imagens. Não obstante, a alta resolução espacial das imagens QuickBird permitiu mapear a área com detalhes, auxiliando na otimização dos trabalhos de campo. Os resultados demonstraram que as imagens com alta resolução são adequadas para analisar e mapear o relevo em áreas acidentadas.
A MORFOPEDOLOGIA APLICADA À COMPREENSÃO DOS PROCESSOS EROSIVOS NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO ARROIO GUASSUPI, SÃO PEDRO DO SUL – RS1
Authors: Lohmann Marciel , Santos Leonardo José Cordeiro
Published: January 2016

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivos identificar e analisar a inter-relação entre solos, relevo e substrato geológico,

bem como diagnosticar e compreender a gênese e evolução dos processos erosivos existentes na bacia hidrográfica do

Arroio Guassupi, localizada no município de São Pedro do Sul/RS. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos utilizou-se a

abordagem morfopedológica que se fundamenta nas concepções que enfocam as referidas inter-relações de maneira a compreender o comportamento erosivo e servir de base para o planejamento do uso do solo da bacia. Tal abordagem

fundamenta-se na delimitação, compreensão e funcionamento dos compartimentos morfopedológicos que constituem

unidades têmporo-espaciais homogêneas e intrínsecas do meio físico. Esta metodologia permitiu a identificação de três

compartimentos morfopedológicos da área de estudo, que foram expressos no principal produto elaborado pela pesquisa,

ou seja, o mapa morfopedológico da bacia do Arroio Guassupi na escala 1:50.000. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a

distribuição das erosões está associada a condicionantes naturais e antrópicos. As erosões localizam-se principalmente

nos Argissolos e Cambissolos desenvolvidos a partir de rochas da Formação Botucatu e Serra Geral e que atualmente são utilizados sem práticas conservacionistas adequadas, promovendo o escoamento concentrado das águas pluviais e

desenvolvendo os processos erosivos. O mapa de compartimentos morfopedológicos tem fundamental importância para as considerações com relação à suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento dos processos erosivos em cada compartimento e para propor medidas de controle preventivo de uso e ocupação do espaço e dos solos na bacia.
COMPARTIMENTAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DA MARGEM LESTE DA ILHA DE MARAJÓ: ZONA COSTEIRA DOS MUNICÍPIOS DE SOURE E SALVATERRA – ESTADO DO PARÁ
Authors: De França Carmena Ferreira , E Souza Filho Pedro Walfir Martins
Published: January 2016

A compartimentação morfológica da zona costeira de Soure e Salvaterra, margem leste da Ilha de Marajó (PA); baseia-se em dados de sensores remotos, nas características geológicas, topográficas e vegetacionais levantadas em trabalhos de campo e na revisão da literatura sobre a região do Golfão Amazônico. A área de estudo subdivide-se em duas grandes unidades: planalto costeiro e planície costeira. O planalto costeiro é constituído por sedimentos areno-argilosos terciários do Grupo Barreiras/Pós-Barreiras, correspondendo a um relevo aplainado com suaves ondulações e cotas topográficas acima de 5 m (baixo platô). A cobertura vegetal apresenta matas secundárias, capoeiras e cerrados. A planície costeira é constituída por sedimentos lamosos e arenosos holocênicos, depositados sob influência de correntes de maré e ondas, apresentando cotas topográficas abaixo de 5 m. A cobertura vegetal é representada por mangues, campos inundáveis e restingas. As sub- unidades da planície costeira são: paleocanal, terraço arenoso, planície lamosa de supramaré, planície lamosa de intermaré, cordões arenosos antigos, cordões arenosos de dunas e praias atuais, canais de maré e deltas de maré vazante.
Caracterização Hidrossedimentológica e dos Processos Evolutivos de Voçoroca em Área de Rochas Gináissicas do Alto Rio das Velhas (MG)
Authors: Drumond Flávio Nasser , Bacellar Luís de Almeida Prado
Published: January 2016

Neste trabalho procurou-se caracterizar os processos erosivos e as taxas históricas de evolução de uma voçoroca em área de gnaisses do Complexo Bação, Quadrilátero Ferrífero (MG), na bacia do alto rio das Velhas. Na área predominam latossolos vermelho-amarelos, com horizontes superficiais areno-argilosos, pouco erodíveis, sobre saprolitos areno-siltosos, muito erodíveis. A evolução erosiva, avaliada por aerofotogrametria e em campo, indicou que a voçoroca, inicialmente de forma linear e de evolução lenta (entre 1951 e 1977), passou a adquirir forma mais anfiteátrica e a avançar mais rapidamente entre 1977 e 1986. Esta mudança pode ser explicada pela superação de um nível de base local (knickpoint). Entre 1986 e 2006, as taxas de avanço decresceram, possivelmente em função da diminuição da área de contribuição à montante. Os principais processos erosivos identificados na voçoroca foram: erosão hídrica superficial (laminar; em sulcos; em alcovas de regressão; e salpicamento); escorregamentos rotacionais que envolvem todo o talude; escorregamentos planares nos segmentos com rocha alterada; queda de blocos de solo; rastejos, nos sopés dos taludes com exfiltração do lençol freático, que podem resultar em pequenos escorregamentos rotacionais. Os processos de erosão são mais intensos no período chuvoso, mas os rastejos e pequenos escorregamentos são igualmente freqüentes na estiagem, quando o lençol freático atinge a cota máxima. O monitoramento hidrossedimentológico na voçoroca incluiu a coleta diária de dados: pluviométricos; de vazão na drenagem interna; de sedimentos transportados; e do nível do lençol freático. O transporte de sedimentos se correlaciona mais com os dados pluviométricos e menos com os dados de vazão, talvez porque nos meados do ano o fluxo de base, de menor erosividade, é mais intenso. Como os taludes mais ativos são aqueles sob exfiltração do lençol freático, a voçoroca tem avançado não só de acordo com o aclive topográfico, mas também no sentido do afluxo de águas subterrâneas. Comprovou-se que as voçorocas podem modificam o regime hidrológico e o padrão de transporte de sedimentos de pequenas bacias hidrográficas. Seu controle, que exige a utilização de obras estruturais, é essencial para a recuperação destas áreas degradadas pela erosão.
Características Geográficas e Geomorfológicas da APA, Petrópolis, RJ.
Authors: Guerra Antonio José Teixeira , Lopes Patrícia Batista Melo , Santos Filho Raphael David dos
Published: January 2016

Esse artigo aborda o papel das características geográficas e geomorfológicas da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Petrópolis, com

o objetivo de avaliar os riscos de formação de voçorocas, movimentos de massa e assoreamento dos rios, devido ao desmatamento e o crescimento irregular das construções, sem um planejamento urbano adequado. É apresentado também um mapa de danos ambientais da APA, com o objetivo de auxiliar na avaliação desses riscos, bem como influenciar a prefeitura a tomar medidas para solucionar esses problemas. A falta de planejamento urbano, em conjunto com as características geográficas e

geomorfológicas, que tornam as encostas suscetíveis a movimentos de massa, são também abordadas nesse artigo.
Análise da Fragilidade e Vulnerabilidade Natural dos Terrenos aos Processos Erosivos como Base para o Ordenamento Territorial: o Caso das Bacias do Córrego Carioca, Córrego do Bação e Ribeirão Carioca na Região do Alto Rio das Velhas-MG
Authors: Santos Clibson Alves dos , Sobreira Frederico Garcia
Published: January 2016

As bacias do Córrego Carioca, do Córrego do Bação e do Ribeirão do Carioca fazem parte da bacia do rio Itabirito, tributário no alto rio das Velhas, afluente do Rio São Francisco. Essa região é marcada por intensos processos erosivos, decorrentes do uso inadequado dos solos. Sendo evidenciados diversos conflitos de uso dos terrenos e recursos hídricos, devido ao desenvolvimento da atividade minerária, das atividades industriais, das práticas agropastoris, da crescente ocupação urbana e da expansão imobiliária por condomínios residenciais de classe alta. Nesse trabalho, analisou-se a susceptibilidade natural dos terrenos aos processos erosivos, tendo como base as unidades geomorfológicas definidas por Santoset al. (2006) e os métodos propostos por Crepani et al. (1996; 2001) e Ross (1992; 1994; 2000), visando contribuir no processo de planejamento ambiental e ordenamento territorial dessa região. Os resultados hierarquizam a área segundo o grau de fragilidade e vulnerabilidade aos processos erosivos, que associadas às análises realizadas no presente estudo, constituem-se em ferramentas orientativas no processo de ordenamento territorial das bacias hidrográficas estudadas.
Geomorfologia Brasileira: Panorama Geral da Produção Nacional no Início do Século XXI (2001-2005) NOTA TÉCNICA
Authors: Salgado André Augusto Rodrigues , Biazini Joseane , Hennig Sebastian
Published: January 2016

O presente trabalho, através da análise dos artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, traça um panorama da geomorfologia brasileira nos cinco primeiros anos do século XXI. Os resultados obtidos indicam a existência de centros de excelência nacional em algumas das especialidades da geomorfologia. Indicam ainda que a produção brasileira concentra-se no centro-sul do país e que o ramo mais desenvolvido é o da geomorfologia fluvial. Por fim, apontam para o fato de que o amadurecimento do trabalho dos centros nacionais de excelência nos diversos ramos da geomorfologia pode fazer com que a produção geomorfológica brasileira aumente de importância no cenário internacional.
A Field Study Examining the Indian Ministry of Corporate Affairs' XBRL Implementation
Authors: Farewell Stephanie M. , Hao Lizhong , Kashyap Vinod , Pinsker Robert E.
Published: January 2016

The eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) represents an electronic reporting standard that has gained global prominence. Yet, almost all XBRL academic research has focused on the Securities and Exchange Commission's mandate with little attention to international regulator XBRL mandates and how the consequent implementations have directly impacted the accounting profession. Accordingly, our field study describes India's Ministry of Corporate Affairs' (MCA) XBRL implementation. The MCA scenario is unique, because it is the first mandatory XBRL implementation that also requires accountant certification, thus increasing the demands placed on accountants. We first report the MCA's underlying motivations and summarize their perceived benefits. Next, we examine the taxonomy and relevant documentation, investigate a sample of 15 filings, and conduct semi-structured interviews with certifying accountants of the 15 filings. Our analysis shows 219 errors post-certification, 190 from company secretaries, which can be classified into four categories and nine subcategories. Additionally, results indicate confusion with regard to XBRL validation, architectural flaws in the taxonomy and a consequent lack of taxonomy understanding, no additional procedures undertaken when certifying accountants detect errors, and a lack of incentive to provide quality certification. In light of the extant literature, we suggest the MCA change its focus from document-level certification to data-level assurance. Our findings serve to advance the evolving XBRL assurance research.

Data Availability: Data used are proprietary.
Profile of Ectopic Pregnancy at Kathmandu Model Hospital
Authors: Pradhan HK , Dangal G , Karki A , Shrestha R , Bhattachan K
Published: January 2016

Aims: The study was done to analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment aspect of patients with ectopic pregnancy at Kathmandu Model Hospital.Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with ectopic pregnancy who received treatment at Kathmandu Model Hospital from January 2008 to September 2015. Data were analyzed from patient records and discharge summary. Delivery number was obtained from maternity record.Results: There were 61 cases of ectopic pregnancy with the hospital incidence of 1.46%. Highest number of patients 20 (32.79%) were in the age range of 28-32 years. Most of the patients were nullipara 22 (36.06%) or with parity two 20 (32.79%). Some risk factors were found in 29 (47.54%) cases. The commonest risk factor was pelvic inflammatory disease in 12 (19.67%). All presented with pain abdomen, 48 (78.68%) had per vaginal bleeding, 17 (27.87%) presented in shock. Cervival excitation was present in 38 (62.29%). Urine for pregnancy test was positive in all and 37 (60.66%) had ultrasonography. Ten (16.39%) patients underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery and 40 (65.57%) had emergency laparotomy. Salpingectomy was required in 53 (86.89%) cases. The average hospital stay was 5 days.Conclusions: The study showed that ectopic pregnancy could occur at any reproductive age without obvious risk factors. Although not all patients gave history of amenorrhoea, pain abdomen was present in all.
Malignant Tumors of the Female Genital Tract – a Hospital Based Analysis
Authors: Joshi R , Baral G , Malla K
Published: January 2016

Aims: The incidence of cancer and the cancer related deaths are increasing worldwide. There is limited data regarding  gynecological cancers in Nepal. This study is conducted to analyze the trends of female genital tract malignancies in Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital (PMWH) and compare it with the national/international data.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Pathology in PMWH.  All female diagnosed with the genital tract malignancies from July 2013 to July 2015 were included in the study.Results: Among 62 cases, cervical cancer was the commonest (71%) followed by ovarian cancer (14%), endometrial cancer (8%) and choriocarcinoma (3%). Majority of women belonged to 50-59 years for each type of tumors. Four-fifth of endometrial, half of the cervical and one-third of ovarian cancers were among grand-multipara. Sixty nine percent of women received treatment with 22 (9 cervical, 9 ovarian, 3 endometrial and one of corpus uteri)  surgical and 21 primary chemo/radiotherapy but 19 (31%) were lost for follow-up. Squamous type of cervical cancer was the commonest (93%).Conclusions: Cervical cancer was the commonest genital tract malignancy followed by ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and choriocarcinoma. For each type of tumors, 50-59 years was the common age group and grand multiparity was seen in half of the women with the cervical cancer. Squamous type of cervical cancer was the commonest variety.
Localized Castleman’s Disease in Retroperitoneum Mimicking Broad Ligament Leiomyoma – a Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: Gon S , Mallik D , Bhattacharya A , Majumdar B , Sengupta M
Published: January 2016

Primary retroperitoneal tumours pose a diagnostic dilemma and therapeutic challenges because of their location and late detection. Localized Castleman Disease (CD) in retroperitoneal location is a rare occurrence, with incidence of only 4% cases occurring in diverse locations like retroperitoneum. A rare case of unicentric localized Castleman Disease localized in broad ligament is hereby reported which was clinically & radiologically suspected as broad ligament leiomyoma but finally diagnosed as Castleman’s Disease, hyaline vascular type in a young female posing a diagnostic challenge both for the pathologist and clinician. Definite diagnosis is essential as complete surgical excision in case of unicentric Castleman’s Disease has good prognosis after resection.
Beyond the Rhetoric: Maternal, Newborn and Child Survival in Nepal
Authors: Sharma G , Pandey S
Published: January 2016

Nepal has performed exceptionally in improving reproductive, maternal and child health outcomes over the past two decades. In this article, we discuss these achievements and outline a vision for the future of maternal, newborn and child survival in Nepal after the era of the Millennium Development Goals. On the pathway towards quality universal health care services for all, we propose strengthening of health information systems, gradual health system reforms, improvement of existing facility based services, development of integrated service delivery models, improved technical and managerial capacity at district and facility levels. Elimination of all preventable causes of maternal, newborn and child deaths in Nepal should be our collective aspirational goal.
Choices, Shift and Continuation of Temporary Contraceptive Methods among Women of Reproductive age in Western Development Region of Nepal
Authors: Parajuli K , Chhetry MR , Bhandari TR , Paneru DP , Shrestha N , Tamrakar A , Dahal PK
Published: January 2016

Aims: Global family planning programs have been in existence in the developing world. Modern techniques of temporary contraceptives have been proved to be useful tool for limiting births. This study is intended to identify the use pattern, associated factors with the choice, shift and continuity of temporary methods of contraception.Methods: This is descriptive cross-sectional study, incorporating qualitative aspects. Out of sixteen districts six were selected proportionately by using simple random methods from each ecological zone of the Western Development Regions, Nepal. Focus group discussion was accomplished among the different level family planning service providers.Results: User of Depo-Provera and pills were seen more in comparison to other temporary contraceptive. There are different reasons behind choosing of temporary contraceptive method such as Pills make regularity in menstruation, Norplant is useful for prolonged period, Depo-Provera is useful for three months and confidently used for a long time without any risk, motivation by friends/relatives. Reasons in changing the contraceptives includes associated side effects, lack of availability, irregularity in menstruation, choosing the another best method, excessive bleeding, difficult to use, pressure from family and husband to give birth, misunderstanding and stress in the family, traditional belief and lack of education.Conclusions: For proper choice of modern contraceptive methods promotion, education and knowledge about associated factors related to use of these method is needed. Continuous information on contraceptives focusing particularly on the side effects and trained health care providers are essential.
Calcium Supplementation Does Not Contribute to Constipation in Healthy Women
Authors: Alyousif Zainab , Ford Amanda L. , Dahl Wendy J.
Published: January 2016

Purpose: It is commonly suggested that calcium supplementation contributes to constipation; however, little research has explored the effects of calcium supplementation on gut motility.

Methods: In an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, crossover pilot study, healthy females (n = 27, aged 43.0 ± 10.6 years) received a split dose of 500 mg/d of elemental calcium from calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate each for 2 weeks, after a 2-week baseline and separated by a 2-week washout. Participants completed daily questionnaires of stool frequency, Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), and supplement intake compliance.

Results: There were no differences among periods. Mean ± SE stool frequency averaged 1.3 ± 0.1 stools/d in each period. Participants reported 34%, 34%, 37%, and 29% of stools were indicative of slow transit or constipation (BSFS of 1 or 2) during baseline, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and washout periods, respectively. Participants also reported from 6% to 10% of stools as fast transit or diarrhea (BSFS of 6 or 7) during the periods.

Conclusion: This study suggests that neither calcium carbonate nor calcium phosphate, providing 500 mg/d of calcium, affects stool frequency or form. Although stool frequency was normal, the healthy females participating in the study experienced stools indicating slow (constipation) and fast (diarrhea) transit.
Alive and Well into the Fourth Decade of Their Bundestag Presence: A Tally of the Greens' Impact on the Federal Republic of Germany's Political Life and Public Culture
Authors: Markovits Andrei S. , Klaver Joseph
Published: January 2016

The Greens' impact on German politics and public life has been enormous and massively disproportional to the size of their electoral support and political presence in the country's legislative and executive bodies on the federal, state, and local levels. After substantiating the Greens' proliferating presence on all levels of German politics with numbers; the article focuses on demonstrating how the Greens' key values of ecology, peace and pacifism, feminism and women's rights, and grass roots democracy—the signifiers of their very identity—have come to shape the existence of all other German parties bar none. If imitation is one of the most defining characteristics of success, the Greens can be immensely proud of their tally over the past thirty plus years.
A case of spinal epidural venous malformation with mediastinal extension: management with combined surgery and percutaneous sclerotherapy
Authors: Gandhoke Gurpreet S. , Yilmaz Sabri , Grunwaldt Lorelei , Hamilton Ronald L. , Salvetti David J. , Greene Stephanie
Published: January 2016

While spinal epidural arteriovenous malformations, fistulas, and shunts are well reported, the presence of a venous malformation in the spinal epidural space is a rare phenomenon. Herein, the authors report the clinical presentation, imaging findings, pathological features, and the outcome of surgical and percutaneous interventional management of a mediastinal and spinal epidural venous malformation in a young woman who presented clinically with neurogenic claudication from presumed venous hypertension precipitating the formation of a syrinx. The patient underwent a C6–T5 osteoplastic laminectomy for decompression of the spinal canal and subtotal resection of the epidural venous malformation, followed by percutaneous sclerotherapy of the mediastinal and residual anterior spinal venous malformation. She developed transient loss of dorsal column sensation, which returned to baseline within 3 weeks of the surgery. A 6-month postoperative MRI study revealed complete resolution of the syrinx and the mediastinal venous malformation. Twelve months after the surgery, the patient has had resolution of all neurological symptoms with the exception of her premorbid migraine headaches. A multidisciplinary approach with partial resection and the use of percutaneous sclerotherapy for the residual malformation can be used to successfully treat a complex venous malformation.
Can we have it Both Ways? On Potential Trade-Offs between Mitigation and Solar Radiation Management
Authors: Baatz Christian
Published: January 2016

Many in the discourse on climate engineering agree that if deployment of solar radiation management (SRM) technologies is ever permissible, then it must be accompanied by far-reaching mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This raises the question of if and how both strategies interact. Although raised in many publications, there are surprisingly few detailed investigations of this important issue. The paper aims at contributing to closing this research gap by (i) reconstructing moral hazard claims to clarify their aim, (ii) offering one spe-cific normative justification for far-reaching mitigation and (iii) investigating in greater detail different mechanisms that could potentially cause a trade-off between mitigation and SRM. I conclude that the empirical evidence questioning the trade-off hypothesis is inconclusive. Moreover, theoretical reflections as well as economic model studies point to a trade-off. In our current epistemic situation these findings must be taken seriously. They caution against researching and developing SRM technologies before measures to avoid or minimise a trade-off are implemented.
Taylor's Valley: What the History of Antarctica's 'Heroic Era' Can Contribute to Contemporary Ecological Research in the McMurdo Dry Valleys
Authors: Howkins Adrian
Published: January 2016

With a particular focus on ecosystem response to climate change, this paper investigates how a study of Griffith Taylor's 1911 expedition into the McMurdo Dry Valleys in East Antarctica might contribute to contemporary ecological research in the region. As the location of a Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, the McMurdo Dry Valleys offer an excellent location for thinking about the integration of history and ecology. Following a brief description of the environment of this uniquely ice-free region of Antarctica as it is understood today, this paper presents a three-dimensional model for using historical research to contribute to ecological research. The paper then follows this model to examine what the Taylor expedition did in the Dry Valleys, how its participants sought to make sense of the environment and what the environment was like one hundred years ago. Significant lake-level rise in the McMurdo Dry Valleys since the Taylor expedition suggests quite dramatic environmental change over the course of the twentieth century. The conclusion suggests that a model for integrating history and ecology in the McMurdo Dry Valleys might productively be applied to other parts of the world with more complex ecosystems and much longer human histories.
Danger and Displacement in the Dollard: The 1509 Flooding of the Dollard Sea (Groningen) and its Impact on Long-Term Inequality in the Distribution of Property
Authors: Curtis Daniel R.
Published: January 2016

It has frequently been shown that, after severe floods in the pre-industrial period, property within the afflicted rural society often became redistributed more inequitably. This is often seen to be because small farmers did not have the resources to buffer exceptional losses. This article looks at an episode of crisis that occurred in the region of Northeast Groningen (the Netherlands) close to the Dollard Sea - the breakthrough of a key dike in 1509 and the subsequent desertion of settlements through flooding. Local farmers lost their lands, and moved away onto higher and safer sandy ridges. After this event, the sixteenth century represented a 'fight-back' against the water, where some attempts were made to reclaim and drain the newly sodden and marshy land. The questions addressed in this paper are then twofold. Firstly, for those that lost their farms during this episode, were they able to regain their property? Into whose hands did the newly reclaimed land fall? Secondly, what impact did this have on future property distribution and levels of equality in the region? Is it necessarily true that smallholders were not able to buffer these kinds of terrible events and lost their lands to more powerful elite groups? This paper shows that, while consolidation of land into 'elite' or 'absentee' social groups often did occur as a consequence of strong exogenous environmental shocks such as flooding, this did not inevitably lead to inequality at the user-level - that is, at the local level at which the land was being farmed. In fact, it is even suggested that consolidation of land into the hands of elite groups such as urban burghers and institutions sometimes could put a direct block on the emergence of large farms and the development of 'agrarian capitalism'.
In vitro anti-oxidant and cytotoxic analysis of Pogostemon mollis Benth
Authors: George Elizabeth , Kasipandi Muniyandi , Vekataramana Mudili , Kumar Kalagatur Naveen , Allen Joseph Anthuvan , Parimelazhagan Thangaraj , Gopalan Natarajan
Published: January 2016

In the present study, the anti-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of the different solvent extracts of Pogostemon mollis were analysed. The phenolic, tannin and flavonoid contents were highest in the ethyl acetate extract and analogous to the antioxidant activity results. The extracts showed activities similar to the standard antioxidants. The extent to which the extracts protect free radical damage on DNA was evaluated and showed good genoprotective effects. Bacterial cells and fungal spores and hyphae showed visible damages due to the treatment of ethyl acetate extract. Finally in the cytotoxic analysis, IC50 value was calculated based on the absorbance value of different concentrations. It concluded that P. mollis is a prospective candidate for the various therapeutic applications especially its ethyl acetate extract.

 
Screening Criteria and Considerations of Offshore Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Kang Pan-Sang , Lim Jong-Se , Huh Chun
Published: January 2016

The application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in offshore oil fields has received significant attention due to the potentially enormous amount of recoverable oil. However, EOR application offshore is in its very early stage due to conditions that are more complex than onshore oil fields, owing to the unique parameters present offshore. Therefore, successful EOR applications in offshore oil fields require different screening criteria than those for conventional onshore applications. A comprehensive database for onshore applications of EOR processes together with a limited offshore EOR application database are analyzed in this paper, and the important parameters for successful offshore application are incorporated into the new EOR screening criteria. In this paper, screening criteria to determine acceptable EOR processes for offshore fields, including hydrocarbon gas miscible, CO2 miscible, and polymer processes, are presented. Suggested screening criteria for these EOR processes comprise quantitative boundaries and qualitative considerations. Quantitative screening criteria are predominantly based on quantifiable data, such as oil and reservoir properties. Qualitative screening considerations mainly focus on the operational issues present offshore, including platform space constraints, limited disposal options, injectant availability, and flow assurance matters (including hydrate formation and difficulties in emulsion separation).
Occupants’ Perceptions of Amenity and Efficiency for Verification of Spatial Design Adequacy
Authors: Lee Sangwon , Wohn Kwangyun
Published: January 2016

The best spatial design condition to satisfy the occupancy needs of amenity and efficiency is determined through analyzing the spatial design adequacy (SDA). In this study, the relationship between the space design elements and space on future occupants’ perception are analyzed. The thirty-three participants reported their self-evaluated SDA that describes the quality of eight alternative housing living rooms with different spatial factors. The occupants were guided through the perception processing elaboration in order for them to evaluate the actual perception in the real space. The findings demonstrated that the spatial size (e.g., width, depth, and height) is significantly correlated with the overall satisfaction of amenity. It is also found that the spatial shape (e.g., the width-to-depth ratio, the height-to-area ratio, and room shape) may significantly influence the overall satisfaction of efficiency. The findings also demonstrate that the causal relationship between the spatial factors and space is clearly present in the occupants’ perception, reflecting the time-sequential characteristics of the actual experience divided into amenity and efficiency. This result indicates that the correlation between the spatial factors and space of SDA under the occupants’ perception processing elaboration can be a useful guide to predict the occupancy satisfaction of amenity and efficiency in real spaces.
The Sequence Characteristics and Expression Models Reveal Superoxide Dismutase Involved in Cold Response and Fruiting Body Development in Volvariella volvacea
Authors: Yan Jun-Jie , Zhang Lei , Wang Rui-Qing , Xie Bin , Li Xiao , Chen Ren-Liang , Guo Li-Xian , Xie Bao-Gui
Published: January 2016

As the first defence for cells to counteract the toxicity of active oxygen, superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role in the response of living organisms to stress and cell differentiation. One extracellular Cu-ZnSOD (ecCu-ZnSOD), and two MnSODs, were identified based on the Volvariella volvacea genome sequence. All three genes have complicated alternative splicing modes during transcription; only when the fourth intron is retained can the Vv_Cu-Znsod1 gene be translated into a protein sequence with SOD functional domains. The expression levels of the three sod genes in the pilei are higher than in the stipe. The Vv_Cu-Znsod1 and the Vv_Mnsod2 are co-expressed in different developmental stages of the fruiting body, with the highest level of expression in the pilei of the egg stage, and they show a significant, positive correlation with the efficiency of karyogamy, indicating the potential role of these two genes during karyogamy. The expression of the ecCu-Znsod and two Vv_Mnsod genes showed a significant up-regulated when treated by cold stress for one hour; however, the lack of the intracellular Cu-ZnSOD encoding gene (icCu-Znsod) and the special locus of the ecCu-Znsod gene initiation codon suggested a possible reason for the autolysis phenomenon of V. volvacea in cold conditions.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Mature and Immature Oocytes of the Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Fu Qiang , Liu Zhen-Fang , Huang Yu-Lin , Lu Yang-Qing , Zhang Ming
Published: January 2016

Maternal protein components change markedly during mammalian oogenesis. Many of these proteins have yet to be characterized and verified. In this study, a proteomics approach was used to evaluate changes in proteins during oogenesis in the Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Proteins from 500 immature oocytes and 500 in vitro matured oocytes were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis, and more than 400 spots were detected. Image analysis indicated that 17 proteins were differentially expressed between the two groups. Eight proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. In mature oocytes, three proteins were down-regulated: major vault protein (MVP), N-acetyllactosaminide β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (GCNT-2), and gem-associated protein (GEMIN)8, whereas five other proteins, heat shock protein (HSP)60, Ras-responsive element-binding protein 1 (RREB-1), heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (HSC71), hemoglobin subunit α (HBA), and BMP-2-inducible protein kinase (BMP-2K), were up-regulated. The expression profiles of HSP60 and GEMIN8 were further verified by Western blotting. The changes in HSP60 protein expression demonstrate the increasing need for mitochondrial protein importation to facilitate macromolecular assembly during oocyte maturation. The down-regulation of GEMIN8 production implies that RNA splicing is impaired in mature oocytes.
Fluence Rate Differences in Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy and Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor after Treatment of the Tumor-Involved Murine Thoracic Cavity
Authors: Grossman Craig , Carter Shirron , Czupryna Julie , Wang Le , Putt Mary , Busch Theresa
Published: January 2016

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the thoracic cavity can be performed in conjunction with surgery to treat cancers of the lung and its pleura. However, illumination of the cavity results in tissue exposure to a broad range of fluence rates. In a murine model of intrathoracic PDT, we studied the efficacy of 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH; Photochlor®)-mediated PDT in reducing the burden of non-small cell lung cancer for treatments performed at different incident fluence rates (75 versus 150 mW/cm). To better understand a role for growth factor signaling in disease progression after intrathoracic PDT, the expression and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was evaluated in areas of post-treatment proliferation. The low fluence rate of 75 mW/cm produced the largest reductions in tumor burden. Bioluminescent imaging and histological staining for cell proliferation (anti-Ki-67) identified areas of disease progression at both fluence rates after PDT. However, increased EGFR activation in proliferative areas was detected only after treatment at the higher fluence rate of 150 mW/cm. These data suggest that fluence rate may affect the activation of survival factors, such as EGFR, and weaker activation at lower fluence rate could contribute to a smaller tumor burden after PDT at 75 mW/cm.
Surface Functional Poly(lactic Acid) Electrospun Nanofibers for Biosensor Applications
Authors: González Edurne , Shepherd Larissa , Saunders Laura , Frey Margaret
Published: January 2016

In this work, biotin surface functionalized hydrophilic non-water-soluble biocompatible poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers are created for their potential use as biosensors. Varying concentrations of biotin (up to 18 weight total percent (wt %)) were incorporated into PLA fibers together with poly(lactic acid)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-b-PEG) block polymers. While biotin provided surface functionalization, PLA-b-PEG provided hydrophilicity to the final fibers. Morphology and surface-available biotin of the final fibers were studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and competitive colorimetric assays. The incorporation of PLA-b-PEG block copolymers not only decreased fiber diameters but also dramatically increased the amount of biotin available at the fiber surface able to bind avidin. Finally, fiber water stability tests revealed that both biotin and PLA-b-PEG, migrated to the aqueous phase after relatively extended periods of water exposure. The functional hydrophilic nanofiber created in this work shows a potential application as a biosensor for point-of-care diagnostics.