bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tarsal contact chemoreceptor response to glucosinolates and cardenolides mediating oviposition in Pieris rape
Authors: STÄDLER ERICH , RENWICK J. A. A. , RADKE CELIA D. , SACHDEV‐GUPTA KUSUM
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Water‐soluble extracts of a host crucifer (Brassica oleracea L.) and non‐host crucifer (Erysimum cheiranthoides L.) and isolated pure cardenolides and glucosinolates were tested on Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) butterflies in oviposition assays and by electrophysiological recordings from the contact‐chemoreceptor sensilla of the prothoracic tarsi.

Ten different glucosinolates stimulated oviposition to varying degree when put on non‐host plant leaves. The most active compounds were glucobrassiein and gluconasturtiin (methylindole and phenylethyl aglycone), whereas glucocapparin, sinalbin. glucotropaeolin, sinigrin and glucoalyssinin had intermediate activity. Glucocheirolin, glucoerucin and glucoiberin (sulphur‐containing aglycone) were significantly less active.

Of eight cardenolides applied to host‐plant leaves (100 μg each), four glycosides deterred oviposition strongly (erysimoside, erychroside, cymarin and K‐strophanthin‐β). Erycordin, helveticoside, digitoxin and strophanthidin had little or no deterrent activity.

Sensilla located laterally on the prothoracic tarsi of female butterflies contained one receptor cell sensitive to sucrose. None of the tested extracts or pure compounds stimulated any cell in these sensilla. In contrast, the cells in the medial sensilla showed little or no sensitivity to sucrose. One cell was found to be sensitive to cardenolide glycosides. The threshold for one of the most active compounds, erychroside, was about 0.1 μg/ml (1.5 times 10‐7 M). Two receptor cells, characterized by spikes of differing amplitude, were sensitive to glucosinolates. One of these, with larger amplitude spikes, seemed to be the same as the cell sensitive to cardenolides. The threshold for the most active glucosinolates, glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin was estimated to be below 0.1 mg/ml (2 times 10‐4 M). The neural activity of both classes of compounds, cardenolides and glucosinolates, was significantly correlated with their behavioural activity as deterrents or stimulants.
Pheromone‐mediated optomotor anemotaxis and altitude control exhibited by male oriental fruit moths in the field
Authors: BAKER T.C. , HAYNES K.F.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. In the field over short grass, pheromone‐stimulated oriental fruit moth males, Grapholita molesta (Busck), flying under high windspeeds tended to steer courses more into the wind and to increase their airspeeds compared with those flying in low windspeeds.Thus, optomotor anemotaxis enabled the males to steer relatively consistent upwind track angles and to maintain an upwind progress of between c. 50–100 cm/s despite variable wind velocities.Zigzagging flight tracks were observed at both 10 m and 3 m from the source, as were tracks with no apparent zigzags.Transitions from casting to upwind flight or vice‐versa were observed.The durations of the intervals between reversals during both upwind zigzagging flight and casting were consistent with those observed in previous wind‐tunnel experiments.The control of altitude was more precise during upwind zigzagging flight than during casting.In general, the side‐to‐side deviations in the tracks were greater than the up‐and‐down deviations, with both the side‐to‐side and vertical distances and their ratios being consistent with previous wind‐tunnel studies of pheromone‐mediated flight.One difference between the field and laboratory flight tracks was that males in the field exhibited much higher airspeeds than in the wind tunnel.Males occasionally were observed to progress downwind faster than the wind itself, and further analysis showed that they were steering a downwind course in pheromone‐free air following exposure to pheromone, which is the first time this has been recorded in moths.We propose that such downwind flight may aid in the relocation of a pheromone plume that has been lost due to a wind‐shift, by enabling the moth to catch up to the pheromone as it recedes straight downwind away from the source.
The energetic cost of calling in the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps
Authors: HOBACK W. WyATT , E. WAGNER WILLIAM
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Female preferences for conspicuous male calls have been documented in many groups. However, relatively few studies have examined the metabolic costs associated with the production of call types preferred by females. We measured the oxygen consumption of calling male Gryllus lineaticeps Stål crickets using closed chamber respirometry. Calling song was recorded concurrently. The average increase in mass‐specific oxygen consumption during calling was 2.7 times basal rates of oxygen consumption, and calling males consumed approximately 1.2ml O2g‐lh‐1. Oxygen consumption increased with increasing chirp rate and pulse duration, but not with increasing chirp duration. Females of this species prefer higher chirp rates, thus some call types that increase the male's attractiveness to females require more metabolic energy to produce.
Discontinuous ventilation and energetics of locomotion in the desert‐dwelling female mutillid wasp, Dasymutilla gloriosa
Authors: DUNCAN FRANCES D. , LIGHTON JOHN R. B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Data on the discontinuous ventilation cycle and cost of pedestrian locomotion in female Dasymutilla gloriosa (Sauss.), a desert‐dwelling mutillid, are described and compared with equivalent data from other Hymenoptera. The discontinuous ventilation cycle was intermediate between that found in xeric and mesic hymenopterans, with the open phase being about 20% of the cycle. No noticeable flutter phase was observed. Thus D. gloriosa does not attempt to reduce respiratory water loss to the same extent as found in other desert dwelling Hymenoptera. The minimum cost of transport was significantly higher than that obtained for several ant species, indicating that ants are probably more efficient runners than any other Hymenoptera.
Molecular cloning, characterization and regulation of two different NADH‐glutamate synthase cDNAs in bean nodules
Authors: BLANCO LOURDES , REDDY PALLAVOLU M. , SILVENTE SONIA , BUCCIARELLI BRUNA , KHANDUAL SANGHAMITRA , ALVARADO‐AFFANTRANGER XOCHITL , SÁNCHEZ FEDERICO , MILLER SUSAN , VANCE CARROLL , LARA‐FLORES MIGUEL
Published: March 2008

NADH‐dependent glutamate synthase (NADH‐GOGAT) is a key enzyme in primary ammonia assimilation in Phaseolus vulgaris nodules. Two different types of cDNA clones of PvNADH‐GOGAT were isolated from the nodule cDNA libraries. The full‐length cDNA clones of PvNADH‐GOGAT‐I (7.4 kb) and PvNADH‐GOGAT‐II (7.0 kb), which displayed an 83% homology between them, were isolated using cDNA library screening, ‘cDNA library walking’ and RT‐PCR amplification. Southern analysis employing specific 5′ cDNA probes derived from PvNADH‐GOGAT‐I and PvNADH‐GOGAT‐II indicated the existence of a single copy of each gene in the bean genome. Both these proteins contain ∼100 amino acid sequences theoretically addressing each isoenzyme to different subcellular compartments. RT‐PCR analysis indicated that PvNADH‐GOGAT‐II expression is higher than PvNADH‐GOGAT‐I during nodule development. Expression analysis by RT‐PCR also revealed that both of these genes are differentially regulated by sucrose. On the other hand, the expression of PvNADH‐GOGAT‐I, but not PvNADH‐GOGAT‐II, was inhibited with nitrogen compounds. In situ hybridization and promoter expression analyses demonstrated that the NADH‐GOGAT‐I and ‐II genes are differentially expressed in bean root and nodule tissues. In silico analyses of the NADH‐GOGAT promoters revealed the presence of potential cis elements in them that could mediate differential tissue‐specific, and sugar and amino acid responsive expression of these genes.
LeCTR2, a CTR1‐like protein kinase from tomato, plays a role in ethylene signalling, development and defence
Authors: Lin Zhefeng , Alexander Lucy , Hackett Rachel , Grierson Don
Published: March 2008

Arabidopsis AtCTR1 is a Raf‐like protein kinase that interacts with ETR1 and ERS and negatively regulates ethylene responses. In tomato, several CTR1‐like proteins could perform this role. We have characterized LeCTR2, which has similarity to AtCTR1 and also to EDR1, a CTR1‐like Arabidopsis protein involved in defence and stress responses. Protein–protein interactions between LeCTR2 and six tomato ethylene receptors indicated that LeCTR2 interacts preferentially with the subfamily I ETR1‐type ethylene receptors LeETR1 and LeETR2, but not the NR receptor or the subfamily II receptors LeETR4, LeETR5 and LeETR6. The C‐terminus of LeCTR2 possesses serine/threonine kinase activity and is capable of auto‐phosphorylation and phosphorylation of myelin basic protein in vitro. Overexpression of the LeCTR2 N‐terminus in tomato resulted in altered growth habit, including reduced stature, loss of apical dominance, highly branched inflorescences and fruit trusses, indeterminate shoots in place of determinate flowers, and prolific adventitious shoot development from the rachis or rachillae of the leaves. Expression of the ethylene‐responsive genes E4 and chitinase B was upregulated in transgenic plants, but ethylene production and the level of mRNA for the ethylene biosynthetic gene ACO1 was unaffected. The leaves and fruit of transgenic plants also displayed enhanced susceptibility to infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, which was associated with much stronger induction of pathogenesis‐related genes such as PR1b1 and chitinase B compared with the wild‐type. The results suggest that LeCTR2 plays a role in ethylene signalling, development and defence, probably through its interactions with the ETR1‐type ethylene receptors of subfamily I.
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus in Cats
Authors: Willemse Ton , Koeman Jan P.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— The clinical and histopathological features of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) are described in four European short‐haired cats. Pinnal involvement seems to be highly predictable in feline DLE. In addition an indication exists for the initiating role of exposure to the sun in this disease.

Résumé— Les aspects cliniques et histopathologiques du lupus érythémateux discoide (DLE) sont décrits chez quatre chats européens à poils courts. L'atteinte du pavilion auriculaire semble très fréquente dans le DLE félin. En outre, l'exposition au soleil semble jouer un röle déterminant dans cette entité nosologique.

Zusammenfassung— Die klinischen und histopathologischen Merkmale des diskoiden Lupus erythematosus (DLE) bei vier Europäisch‐Kurzhaarkatzen werden beschrieben. Beim felinen DLE scheint die Pinna regelmäßig mitbetroffen zu sein.

Nach dieser Untersuchung besteht Anlaß zur Vermutung, daß die Sonnenexposition bei dieser Krankheit eine auslösende Rolle spielt.
Pemphigus Vulgaris in a Llama
Authors: MILLER WILLIAM H. , WELDON ALAN D. , WELLINGTON JOCELYN R. , SMITH CHRISTINA A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— A case report of a three year old llama with a chronic seborrhoeic to vesiculobullous skin disease is presented. Skin biopsies showed an acantholytic vesicular dermatitis and immunofluorescence studies on the patient's skin and serum were positive in an intracellular pattern. The animal died before response to treatment could be determined.

Résumé— Le cas d'un lama de trois ans atteint d'une dermite séborrhéique chronique à vésicobulleuse est rapporté. Les biopsies cutanées ont révélé une dermite vésiculeuse acantholytique et l'examen en immunofluorescence de la peau et du sérum présente une fluorescence intracellulaire. L'animal est mort avant que la réponse au traitement ait pu être appréciée.

Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein Fallbericht über ein drei Jahre altes Lama mit einer chronischen, seborrhoischen bis vesikulobullösen Hauterkrankung vorgestellt. Die Hautbiopsien ergaben eine akantholytische, vesikuläre Dermatitis, die Immunofluoreszenzuntersuchungen der Haut und des Serums fielen positiv aus und zeigten ein intrazelluläres Verteilungsmuster. Das Tier starb bevor ein Ansprechen auf die Therapie festgestellt werden konnte.

Resumen  Se presenta el informe de un caso de un llama de tres anos de edad con una enfermedad seborreica crónica a vesiculobullosa en la piel. Biopsias de piel mostraron una dermatitis acantolítica y vesicular y estudios de inmunofluorescencia en la piel y suero del paciente fueron positivos en un patrón intracelular. El animal murió antes de que la respuesta al tratamiento pudiera ser determinada.
A Case of a Dermatobia hominis Infection in a Dog in The Netherlands
Authors: ROOSJE PETRA J. , HENDRIKX WIM M. L. , WISSELINK MARINUS A. , WILLEMSE TON
Published: March 2008

Abstract— The first case of a Dermatobia hominis infection in a dog in the The Netherlands is described. The dog was imported from Brazil. The life cycle of the parasite and the therapeutic measures are emphasized.

Zusammenfassung— Beschrieben wird der erste Fall einer Dermatobia hominis—Infektion bei einem Hund in den Niederlanden. Der Hund wurde aus Brasilien eingeführt. Der Lebenszyklus des Parasiten und die therapeutischen Maßriahmen werden behandelt.

Resumen  En el presente artículo se describe el primer caso de infección causada por Dematobia hominis en Holanda. El perro habia sido importado desde Brasil. Se describe la vida del parásito y las medidas terapéuticas.
The Influence of Oral Corticosteroids or Declining Allergen Exposure on Serologic Allergy Test Results
Authors: MILLER WILLIAM H. , SCOTT DANNY W. , CAYATTE SUZANNE M. , SCARLETT JANET M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— Twenty‐seven proven atopic dogs had a serologic allergy test performed on the day of skin testing and again after either a 21‐day course of corticosteroid treatment or 60 days without therapy during which time exposure to botanical aeroallergens was reduced or absent. There was no statistical difference in preand post‐corticosteriod treatment results. There were significantly more positive scores recorded in the 60‐day follow‐up samples in the untreated dogs.

Résumé— Vingt‐sept chiens ayant une atopie prouvée ont subi des tests sérologiques d'allergie avant et 21 jours après une corticothérapie ou 60 jours sans traitement et sans exposition pollinique. Il n'y avait pas de difference statistiquement significative avant et après le traitement corticoïde. Il y avait beaucoup plus de résultats positifs à 60 jours chez les animaux ne subissant aucun traitement.

Zusammenfassung— Bei 27 Hunden mit nachgewiesener Atopie wurde ein serologischer Allergietest am selben Tab wie der Hauttest und erneut entweder nach 21‐tägiger Kortikosteroidbehandlung oder nach 60 Tagen ohne Therapie durchgeführt. Bei der zweiten Gruppe wurde die Exposition gegenüber pflanzlichen Aeroallergenen reduziert oder fehlte. Es gab keinen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied bei den Ergebnissen vor und nach Korikosteroidtherapie. Es trat eine statistch signifikant höhere Zahl positiver Reaktionen in den Proben der nicht behandeltentiere nach 60 Tagen aug.

Resumen  Veinti‐siete perros en los que se había diagnosticado previamente atopía, se hizo un test serológico de alergia simultáneamente con tests de inyecciones intradérmicas durante el mismo día, volviendose a repetir a los 21 días despues del tratamiento con corticosteroides, o después de 60 días sin ningun tipo de medicacion, durante en cual exposición a aero‐alergenos botánicos fué minima o inexistente. No se observó diferencia de tipo estadístico en animales antes o despues del tratamiento con corticosteroides. En los animales que no recibieron medicación, después de 60 días se observó un aumento significativo de respuestas positivas.
Clinical Use of Fatty Acid Supplements in Dogs
Authors: CAMPBELL KAREN L.
Published: March 2008

Abstract—Fatty acids in membrane phospholipids are metabolized by cellular enzymes into a variety of eicosanoids that function in the regulation of normal physiology and serve as mediators of inflammation. Fatty acid supplements can alter the types of eicosanoids produced. Many investigations using fatty acids in the treatment of nutritional deficiencies, seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, cardiovascular, neoplastic, ocular and musculoskeletal diseases of dogs have been conducted over the past decade. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal levels of linoleic acid, gamma‐linolenic acid and/or eicosapentaneoic acid in the diets of dogs for the maintenance of normal homeostasis and for the treatment of inflammatory, degenerative and neoplastic diseases.
A Temporal Study Comparing the Carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius on Normal Dogs with Atopic Dogs in Clinical Remission
Authors: HARVEY RICHARD G. , NOBLE WILLIAM C.
Published: March 2008

Résumé— Le portage de Staphylococcus intermedius dans les narines, le pourtour anal et la ligne blanche a été compare chez 10 chiens sains et 19 chiens atopiques cliniquement controlés, recevant de faibles doses, à jours alternés, de prednisone pendant une période six mois. Un test du x2 n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence une différence significative du taux d'isolement de S. intermedius entre les deux groupes en aucune localisation ni en regroupant l'ensemble des localisations [Harvey, R. G., Noble, W. C. A temporal study comparing the carriage of Saphylococcus intermedius on normal dogs with atopic dogs in clinical remission (Etue comparative du portage de Staphylococcus intermedius chez les chiens sains et atopiques cliniquement guéris).

Abstract— A temporal study of the carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius from the nares, anal ring and ventral midline of 10 normal dogs was compared to that of 19 atopic dogs receiving low dose, alternate‐day prednisolone over a period of six months and maintained in clinical remission.

Chi‐squared comparison of the two groups revealed no difference between the groups in the recovery rate of S. intermedius at any single site and no significant difference when all sites were pooled.
Marked Acantholysis Associated with Dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton equinum in Two Horses
Authors: SCOTT DANNY W.
Published: March 2008

Resumen— Dos caballos adultos manifestaron un cuadro prurítico y de dolor asociado con una dermatitis generalizada de evolución rápida y consistente en la presencia de pápulas, pústulas y costras. El examen microscópico de extensiones citológicas a partir del exudado purulento reveló la presencia de numerosos queratinocitos acantoliticos, neutrófilos no degenerados y ausencia de microorganismos, lo que sugirió un diagnóstico de pénfigo foliáceo. Las biopsias de piel mostraron dermatofitosis, marcada acantolisis y crecióTrichophyton equinum en cultivos fúngicos. Las lesiones en ambos animales se resolvieron tras administrar una terapia tópica con sulfuro de cal. Postulamos que los encimas proteoliticos liberados por las cepas de Trichophyton equinum aisladas fueron los responsables del alto grado de acantolisis detectada citológica e histológicamente. [Scott D. W. Marked acantholysis associated with dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton equinum in two horses (Acantolisis marcade en associación con dermatofitosis por Trichophyton equinum en dos caballos).

Abstract— Two adult horses developed a rapidly progressive, generalized, painful, pruritic, papular, pustular, and crusting dermatitis. Microscopic examination of direct smears made from purulent exudate revealed numerous acantholytic keratinocytes, nondegenerate neutrophils, and no microorganisms, suggesting a diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus. Skin biopsies revealed dermatophytosis with prominent acantholysis, and fungal cultures were positive for Trichophyton equinum. The lesions in both horses resolved in association with topical applications of lime sulfur. It is hypothesized that proteolytic enzymes produced by the strains of T. equinum isolated were responsible for the prominent acantholysis seen cytologically and histologically.
High levels of IgG4 antibodies to foods during infancy are associated with tolerance to corresponding foods later in life
Authors: Tomičić Sara , Norrman Gunilla , Fälth‐Magnusson Karin , Jenmalm Maria C. , Devenney Irene , Böttcher Malin Fagerås
Published: March 2008

Children with eczema and sensitization to foods are recommended skin care and, if food allergy is proven by challenge, an elimination diet. For most children the diet period is transient, but the process behind tolerance development and the influence of decreased allergen exposure is not fully known. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of elimination diet on serum and salivary antibodies and to identify immunological parameters related to the ability to tolerate foods. Eighty‐nine children, below 2 yr of age, with eczema and suspected food allergy were included. Recommended treatment was skin care to all children, and 60 children had a period of elimination diet. At 4½ yr of age, the children were divided into two groups, based on if they had been able to introduce the eliminated foods, or not. Serum and salivary antibodies were analyzed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and UniCAP® before and after a 6‐wk treatment period and at 4½ yr of age. Children sensitized to egg and/or milk that could eat and drink the offending foods at 4½ yr of age, had higher levels of Immunoglobulin G4 antibodies to ovalbumin and β‐lactoglobulin and also higher IgG4/Immunoglobulin E ratios on inclusion in the study, than those who had to eliminate egg and/or milk from their diet, beyond 4½ yr of age. The highest IgG4/IgE ratios were found in children with circulating IgE antibodies to egg and/or milk but negative skin prick test on inclusion. The 6‐wk treatment period did not significantly affect the levels of serum and salivary antibodies. In conclusion, eczematous, food sensitized infants with high levels of IgG4 and high ratios of IgG4/IgE antibodies to food allergens are more likely to consume these foods at 4½ yr than infants with low levels and ratios.
Bronchial obstructive phenotypes in the first year of life among Paris birth cohort infants
Authors: Clarisse Bénédicte , Demattei Christophe , Nikasinovic Lydia , Just Jocelyne , Daures Jean‐Pierre , Momas Isabelle
Published: March 2008

As the natural history of respiratory and allergic manifestations is unclear, our ongoing Paris birth cohort study prospectively assesses the onset of these symptoms in early childhood. Data were collected by five questionnaires sent at regular intervals during the first year of life. Partitioning around medoids (PAM) was used to classify infants according to their bronchial obstructive symptoms. A polytomous logistic regression was performed to assess the eventual predictable power of various respiratory events and perinatal factors. Results are given for 2698 infants. Atopic dermatitis occurred in 17.9% of infants. The main respiratory symptoms in infancy were wheeze in the chest (22%), dyspnoea responsible for sleep disturbance (23.7%), nocturnal dry cough (14.5%) and shortness of breath (4.2%). The PAM method identified three groups of infants. Apart from the G0 group of infants mostly asymptomatic, two distinct clinical phenotypes (G1 and G2: 8.7% and 23.5% of total infants respectively) emerged. G2 was defined by severe bronchial obstructive disorders as all cases of dyspnoea with sleep disturbance were included in this group, while all infants assigned in G1 suffered from nocturnal dry cough. G2 group infants had significantly higher rates of respiratory events while a parental history of asthma, symptoms suggestive of rhino‐conjunctivitis and birth season clearly differentiated the G1 group. Finally, G1 and G2 group infants should be closely followed up as they are expected to develop allergic and asthmatic phenotypes, possibly in relation to environmental and behavioural risk factors.
β‐Carotene is incorporated or mobilized along with triglycerides in bovine adipose tissue in response to insulin or epinephrine
Authors: Arias E. , González A. , Shimada A. , Varela‐Echavarria A. , Ruiz‐López F. , During A. , Mora O.
Published: March 2008

Pasture fed cattle ingest substantial amounts of β‐carotene (β‐C). Not all of the carotenoid compound is transformed into vitamin A, but the surplus is deposited in adipose tissue (AT). The mechanisms of β‐C incorporation and mobilization are unknown. Two experiments were conducted using explants from bovine AT cultured in vitro. First, β‐C incorporation by explants from three animals was examined with different β‐C concentrations (0, 1, 5 and 20 μm) and different times of incubation (every 5 h up to 25 h). The data showed a significant increase of β‐C concentration in explants only for 20 μmβ‐C. Secondly, effects of insulin and epinephrine on β‐C and triglyceride (TG) contents of explants were studied. Explants from six animals were incubated with either hormone and 0 or 20 μmβ‐C for 20 h. Both TG and β‐C contents were affected positively by insulin and negatively by epinephrine. Interestingly, changes in ratios of β‐C/TG (hormone vs. control) were similar (1.7 × 10−3 and 1.8 × 10−3), respectively, for insulin and epinephrine, indicating that β‐C level is directly related to TG content. We also report the presence of mRNA for β‐C 15, 15′ oxygenase in bovine AT. The in vitro culture system using explants from bovine AT is a promising model to investigate factors that might affect the accumulation and metabolism of β‐C.
Hepatic diseases in horses
Authors: Bergero D. , Nery J.
Published: March 2008

The concept ‘liver disease’ includes several pathological conditions affecting liver’s functions. It can either consist of a temporary impaired functioning of the liver and/or it can progress to its failure. The purpose of this review is to update the knowledge on hepatobiliary diseases and in particular on equine hyperlipaemia. Hepatobiliary disease’s aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and nutritional management are thus described in the first part of the review the second part being devoted to hyperlypaemia’s lipid metabolism, epidemiology, clinical signs, post‐mortem observations and nutritional management. Diagnosis of hepatic disease is usually based on the assessment of the serum activities while hepatic biopsy is considered as the golden standard of diagnosis of hepatic function. Nutritional management is often very useful in management of hepatic diseases: diet should be low in protein (of good biological value) and high in non‐structural carbohydrates except for chronic hepatic disease (slightly high protein). Equine hyperlipaemia’s mortality is around 70%. It consists of a disorder of lipid metabolism, characterized by increase in plasma triglycerides and deposition of fat on organs. From a nutritional point of view, hyperlipaemia in horses can be approached by maintaining positive energy balance, fighting dehydration and metabolic acidosis, and by the use of lipotropic factors.
Identification and analysis of a glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase‐encoding gene and its cognate transcriptional regulator from Azoarcus sp. CIB
Authors: Blázquez Blas , Carmona Manuel , García José Luis , Díaz Eduardo
Published: March 2008

In this work, the gcdH gene from the denitrifying β‐proteobacterium Azoarcus sp. CIB was shown to encode a glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase, which is essential for the anaerobic catabolism of many aromatic compounds and some alicyclic and dicarboxylic acids. The primary structure of the GcdH protein is highly conserved in many organisms. The divergently transcribed gcdR gene, encoding a LysR‐type transcriptional regulator, accounts for the glutaconate/glutarate‐specific activation of the Pg promoter driving expression of gcdH. The Azoarcus sp. CIBdgcdH mutant strain harbouring a disrupted gcdH gene was used as host to identify heterologous gcdH genes, such as that from Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Moreover, the expression of gcdH from P. putida can be efficiently controlled by the GcdR activator in Azoarcus sp. CIB, demonstrating the existence of cross‐talk between GcdR regulators and gcdH promoters from members of different phylogenetic subgroups of proteobacteria.
Clinical and pathological features of screen vs non‐screen‐detected prostate cancers: is there a difference?
Authors: Pelzer Alexandre E. , Colleselli Daniela , Bektic Jasmin , Schaefer Georg , Ongarello Stefano , Schwentner Christian , Pallwein Leo , Mitterberger Michael , Steiner Eberhard , Bartsch Georg , Horninger Wolfgang
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics of screen vs non‐screen‐detected prostate cancers, to determine if there is a difference in the same prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) range.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 997 patients who had had a radical prostatectomy were evaluated; 806 were Tyrolean screening volunteers, and 191 were from outside Tyrol, representing the ‘referred prostate cancer’ group. PSA level, age, prostate volume and pathological characteristics were assessed, as was the amount of over‐ and under‐diagnosis.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences in patient age or PSA levels in the two groups. Even in the same PSA range there were statistically significantly more extraprostatic cancers in the referral group, at 31.7% and 17.4%, respectively. In the referred and screening groups there was over‐diagnosis in 7.9% and 16.8%, and under‐diagnosis in 40.8% and 27.8%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that screening volunteers have a statistically significantly higher rate of organ‐confined prostate cancers, and a statistically significantly lower rate of extracapsular extension and positive surgical margins than their counterparts in the referral group even in the same PSA range. As the pathological stage and surgical margin status are significant predictors of recurrence, these findings support the concept of PSA screening.
Human Capital and Hours Worked of Children in Cambodia: Empirical Evidence for Policy Implications*
Authors: Phoumin Han
Published: March 2008

This study uses data from the Cambodian Child Labor Survey 2001/02 (CCLS‐2001/02) to investigate the trade‐off between child labor and their human capital formation. It also investigates the determinants of child schooling and that of the income earned from child labor. This study finds that children's education is a significant determinant of their wage rate, which implicitly explains the logic behind the household's decision to allow a child to both work and study, and thus explains why parents keep investing in their children's education. We also find that non‐poor households and fathers’ and mothers’ education have statistically significant effects on child schooling. Finally, this study has found that if children's average working hours are below the threshold level of 22 h per week, then education is not affected. These research findings have policy implications for the human capital development of children, as well as for broader social policy in Cambodia.
Analysis of fluoride in toothpastes on the Belgian market
Authors: Borremans M. , Van Loco J. , Van Den Meerssche P. , Meunier J. , Vrindts E. , Goeyens L.
Published: March 2008

Synopsis

We developed a method for the quantitative determination of sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) and amine fluoride (AmF) in toothpastes on the Belgian market. Samples were suspended in water and the determination was made using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression. The described ion chromatographic method is an easy and reliable isocratic high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of total soluble fluoride content in toothpastes. The analytical repeatability and reproducibility, the matrix effects and the method’s decision limit of three different toothpastes containing NaF, SMFP and AmF at a concentration close to the permitted one of 0.15 g % total F are determined. All the samples analysed are in conformity with the Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC; none exceeds the limit of 0.15 g %.
Neural regulation of acetylcholinesterase‐associated collagen Q in rat skeletal muscles
Authors: Trinkaus Miha , Pregelj Peter , Trkov Saša , Sketelj Janez
Published: March 2008

Acetylcholinesterase‐associated collagen Q is expressed also outside of neuromuscular junctions in the slow soleus muscle, but not in fast muscles. We examined the nerve dependence of muscle collagen Q expression and mechanisms responsible for these differences. Denervation decreased extrajunctional collagen Q mRNA levels in the soleus muscles and junctional levels in fast sternomastoid muscles to about one third. Cross‐innervation of denervated soleus muscles by a fast muscle nerve, or electrical stimulation by ‘fast’ impulse pattern, reduced their extrajunctional collagen Q mRNA levels by 70–80%. In contrast, stimulation of fast muscles by ‘slow’ impulse pattern had no effect on collagen Q expression. Calcineurin inhibitors tacrolimus and cyclosporin A decreased collagen Q mRNA levels in the soleus muscles to about 35%, but did not affect collagen Q expression in denervated soleus muscles or the junctional expression in fast muscles. Therefore, high extrajunctional expression of collagen Q in the soleus muscle is maintained by its tonic nerve‐induced activation pattern via the activated Ca2+‐calcineurin signaling pathway. The extrajunctional collagen Q expression in fast muscles is independent of muscle activation pattern and seems irreversibly suppressed. The junctional expression of collagen Q in fast muscles is partly nerve‐dependent, but does not encompass the Ca2+‐calcineurin signaling pathway.
Neuromelanin selectively induces apoptosis in dopaminergic SH‐SY5Y cells by deglutathionylation in mitochondria: involvement of the protein and melanin component
Authors: Naoi Makoto , Maruyama Wakako , Yi Hong , Yamaoka Yuriko , Shamoto‐Nagai Masayo , Akao Yukihiro , Gerlach Manfred , Tanaka Masashi , Riederer Peter
Published: March 2008

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by selective depletion of nigral dopamine (DA) neurons containing neuromelanin (NM), suggesting the involvement of NM in the pathogenesis. This study reports induction of apoptosis by NM in SH‐SY5Y cells, whereas protease‐K‐treated NM, synthesized DA‐ and cysteinyl dopamine melanin showed much less cytotoxicity. Cell death was mediated by mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic pathway, namely collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase 3, but Bcl‐2 over‐expression did not suppress apoptosis. NM increased sulfhydryl content in mitochondria, and a major part of it was identified as GSH, whereas dopamine melanin significantly reduced sulfhydryl levels. Western blot analysis for protein‐bound GSH demonstrated that only NM reduced S‐glutathionylated proteins in mitochondria and dissociated macromolecular structure of complex I. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were required for the deglutathionylation by NM, which antioxidants reduced significantly with prevention of apoptosis. These results suggest that NM may be related to cell death of DA neurons in PD and aging through regulation of mitochondrial redox state and S‐glutathionylation, for which NM‐associated protein is absolutely required. The novel function of NM is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of PD.
Comparison of neuroprotective and neurorestorative capabilities of rasagiline and selegiline against lactacystin‐induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration
Authors: Zhu Wen , Xie Wenjie , Pan Tianhong , Jankovic Joseph , Li Jun , Youdim Moussa B. H. , Le Weidong
Published: March 2008

Nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been postulated to be caused by various pathological conditions, such as mitochondrial defects, oxidative stress, and ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction. Pharmacological strategies designed to interfere with these pathological pathways may effectively counteract the degeneration. Rasagiline and selegiline are selective and irreversible monoamine oxidase‐B inhibitors that possess significant protective properties on dopamine neurons in various pre‐clinical models of PD. In the present study, the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of rasagiline and selegiline were compared in an animal model of PD produced by inhibition of the UPS. C57BL/6 male mice were microinjected bilaterally with UPS inhibitor lactacystin (1.25 μg/side), into the medial forebrain bundle. Administration of rasagiline (0.2 mg/kg, i.p. once per day) or selegiline (1 mg/kg, i.p. once per day), started 7 days before or after (up to 28 days) after lactacystin microinjection. We found that both rasagiline and selegiline exerted a significant neuroprotective effect against lactacystin‐induced neurodegeneration; but only rasagiline managed to restore the nigrostriatal degeneration. Furthermore, rasagiline showed a modest protection against lactacystin‐induced inhibition of proteasomal activity. Our study indicates that compared with selegiline, rasagiline is more potent in protecting neurodegeneration induced by UPS impairment and may, therefore, exert disease‐modifying effects in PD.
Band 4.1 proteins are expressed in the retina and interact with both isoforms of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 8
Authors: Rose Melanie , Dütting Eva , Enz Ralf
Published: March 2008

The function of the CNS depends on the correct regulation of neurotransmitter receptors by interacting proteins. Here, we screened a retinal cDNA library for proteins interacting with the intracellular C‐terminus of the metabotropic glutamate receptor isoform 8a (mGluR8a). The band 4.1B protein binds to the C‐termini of mGluR8a and mGluR8b, co‐localizes with these glutamate receptors in transfected mammalian cells, facilitates their cell surface expression and inhibits the mGluR8 mediated reduction of intracellular cAMP concentrations. In contrast, no interaction with 4.1B was observed for other mGluRs tested. Amino acids encoded by exons 19 and 20 of 4.1B and a stretch of four basic amino acids present in the mGluR8 C‐termini mediate the protein interaction. Besides binding to 4.1B, mGluR8 isoforms interact with 4.1G, 4.1N, and 4.1R. Because band 4.1 transcripts undergo extensive alternative splicing, we analyzed the splicing pattern of interacting regions and detected a 4.1B isoform expressed specifically in the retina. Within this tissue, mGluR8 and 4.1B, 4.1G, 4.1N, and 4.1R show a comparable distribution, being expressed in both synaptic layers and in somata of the ganglion cell layer. In summary, our studies identified band 4.1 proteins as new players for the mGluR8 mediated signal transduction.
Effect of sport‐tinted contact lenses for contrast enhancement on retinal straylight measurements
Authors: Cerviño Alejandro , Gonzalez‐Meijome Jose M. , Linhares João M. M. , Hosking Sarah L. , Montes‐Mico Robert
Published: March 2008

Purpose:  To investigate the effect of two tinted contact lenses (CL) designed for outdoor sports activity on the psychometric determination of retinal straylight using the compensation comparison method.

Methods:  Thirteen emmetropic subjects were randomly fitted with two different tinted Nike Maxsight® (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) CL in one eye, while the contralateral eye was fitted with a clear lens made of the same material (Optima 38, Bausch & Lomb). Three valid straylight measurements were taken on each eye before and a few minutes after lens insertion, when lens stabilization had occurred.

Results:  The subjects’ mean straylight values were 0.90 ± 0.09 at baseline and 0.95 ± 0.10 with the clear Optima 38 CL. Straylight values were 0.97 ± 0.10 and 1.0 ± 0.10 log units with the amber and grey–green tinted CL, respectively. Differences in straylight between baseline (without CL) and with the clear CL in place were neither statistically significant (p = 0.066) nor was there a significant difference between baseline and the amber CL (p = 0.052). However, the grey–green CL showed a statistically significant difference from baseline (p = 0.006). Differences in straylight with the clear CL compared with the grey–green CL were also statistically different from zero (p = 0.002) showing an increased straylight value for the tinted CL. These differences were variable, but consistent for each subject, thus those showing higher or lower changes with one tinted lens tended to show the same trend with the second lens (r2 = 0.736).

Conclusions:  Despite increases having been found in straylight values with tinted contact lenses, those changes are not likely to induce clinically significant changes in visual function under photopic conditions, even for the grey–green CL, which seems to increase straylight values more significantly than the amber CL. This difference between the tinted CL could suggest a wavelength dependence of straylight values, although this should be investigated further by controlling for pupil size and subjects’ pigmentation, as well as by using neutral density filters.
Preclinical Characterization of A‐582941: A Novel α7 Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Agonist with Broad Spectrum Cognition‐Enhancing Properties
Authors: Tietje Karin R. , Anderson David J. , Bitner R. Scott , Blomme Eric A. , Brackemeyer Paul J. , Briggs Clark A. , Browman Kaitlin E. , Bury Dagmar , Curzon Peter , Drescher Karla U. , Frost Jennifer M. , Fryer Ryan M. , Fox Gerard B. , Gronlien Jens Halvard , Håkerud Monika , Gubbins Earl J. , Halm Sabine , Harris Richard , Helfrich Rosalind J. , Kohlhaas Kathy L. , Law Devalina , Malysz John , Marsh Kennan C. , Martin Ruth L. , Meyer Michael D. , Molesky Angela L. , Nikkel Arthur L. , Otte Stephani , Pan Liping , Puttfarcken Pamela S. , Radek Richard J. , Robb Holly M. , Spies Eva , Thorin‐Hagene Kirsten , Waring Jeffrey F. , Ween Hilde , Xu Hongyu , Gopalakrishnan Murali , Bunnelle William H.
Published: March 2008

Among the diverse sets of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the α7 subtype is highly expressed in the hippocampus and cortex and is thought to play important roles in a variety of cognitive processes. In this review, we describe the properties of a novel biaryl diamine α7 nAChR agonist, A‐582941. A‐582941 was found to exhibit high‐affinity binding and partial agonism at α7 nAChRs, with acceptable pharmacokinetic properties and excellent distribution to the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that A‐582941 activates signaling pathways known to be involved in cognitive function such as ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation. A‐582941 enhanced cognitive performance in behavioral models that capture domains of working memory, short‐term recognition memory, memory consolidation, and sensory gating deficit. A‐582941 exhibited a benign secondary pharmacodynamic and tolerability profile as assessed in a battery of assays of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and CNS function. The studies summarized in this review collectively provide preclinical validation that α7 nAChR agonism offers a mechanism with potential to improve cognitive deficits associated with various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
Upregulation of DR5 by proteasome inhibitors potently sensitizes glioma cells to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Hetschko Holger , Voss Valerie , Seifert Volker , Prehn Jochen H. M. , Kögel Donat
Published: March 2008

This study was undertaken to explore the potential of new therapeutic approaches designed to reactivate cell death pathways in apoptosis‐refractory gliomas and to characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms of this reactivation. Here we investigated the sensitivity of a panel of glioma cell lines (U87, U251, U343, U373, MZ‐54, and MZ‐18) to apoptosis induced by the death receptor ligand tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL), TRAIL in combination with gamma irradiation, and TRAIL in combination with proteasome inhibitors (MG132 and epoxomicin). Analysis of these six glioma cell lines revealed drastic differences in their sensitivity to these treatments, with two of the six cell lines revealing no significant induction of cell death in response to TRAIL alone. Interestingly, the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and epoxomicin were capable of potentiating TRAIL‐induced apoptosis in TRAIL‐sensitive U87 and U251 cells and of reactivating apoptosis in TRAIL‐resistant U343 and U373 cells. In contrast, gamma irradiation had no synergistic effects with TRAIL in the two TRAIL‐resistant cell lines. RNA interference against death receptor 5 (DR5) revealed that reactivation of TRAIL‐induced apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors depended on enhanced transcription and surface expression of DR5. Transient knockdown of the transcription factor GADD153/C/EBP homologous protein and application of the synthetic c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 indicated that enhanced DR5 expression occurred independently of GADD153/C/EBP homologous protein, but required activation of the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/c‐Jun signaling pathway. Novel therapeutic approaches using TRAIL or agonistic TRAIL receptor antibodies in combination with proteasome inhibitors may represent a promising approach to reactivate apoptosis in therapy‐resistant high‐grade gliomas.
Mechanical Properties of a Gelidium corneum Edible Film Containing Catechin and Its Application in Sausages
Authors: Ku K.‐J. , Hong Y.‐H. , Song K.B.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT:  We prepared an edible Gelidium corneum (GC) film containing catechin and examined the microbial growth and quality change during storage of sausages packaged with the film. Incorporation of catechin in the film improved film tensile strength and water vapor permeability. The film's antimicrobial activity against Eschericha coli O157:H7 increased with increasing catechin concentrations and resulted in a decrease in the populations of the bacteria by 1.93 log CFU/g at 150 mg of catechin. For the sausage samples inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, the samples packed with the GC film showed a decrease in populations of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes by 1.81 and 1.44 log CFU/g, respectively, compared to the control after 5 d of storage. In addition, the sausage samples packed with the GC film had lower degrees of lipid oxidation. The results suggest that sausages can be packed with GC film to extend shelf life.
Ca2+‐dependent Regulation of Phototransduction†
Authors: Stephen Ricardo , Filipek Sławomir , Palczewski Krzysztof , Sousa Marcelo Carlos
Published: March 2008

Photon absorption by rhodopsin triggers the phototransduction signaling pathway that culminates in degradation of cGMP, closure of cGMP‐gated ion channels and hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor membrane. This process is accompanied by a decrease in free Ca2+ concentration in the photoreceptor cytosol sensed by Ca2+‐binding proteins that modulate phototransduction and activate the recovery phase to reestablish the photoreceptor dark potential. Guanylate cyclase‐activating proteins (GCAPs) belong to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family and are responsible for activating retinal guanylate cyclases (retGCs) at low Ca2+ concentrations triggering synthesis of cGMP and recovery of the dark potential. Here we review recent structural insight into the role of the N‐terminal myristoylation in GCAPs and compare it to other NCS family members. We discuss previous studies identifying regions of GCAPs important for retGC1 regulation in the context of the new structural data available for myristoylated GCAP1. In addition, we present a hypothetical model for the Ca2+‐triggered conformational change in GCAPs and retGC1 regulation. Finally, we briefly discuss the involvement of mutant GCAP1 proteins in the etiology of retinal degeneration as well as the importance of other Ca2+ sensors in the modulation of phototransduction.