bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental delay and late onset HBSL pathology in hypomorphic Dars1M256L mice
Authors: Klugmann Matthias , Kalotay Elizabeth , Delerue Fabien , Ittner Lars M. , Bongers Andre , Yu Josephine , Morris Margaret J. , Housley Gary D. , Fröhlich Dominik
Published: March 2022

The leukodystrophy Hypomyelination with Brainstem and Spinal cord involvement and Leg spasticity (HBSL) is caused by recessive mutations of the DARS1 gene, which encodes the cytoplasmic aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. HBSL is a spectrum disorder with disease onset usually during early childhood and no available treatment options. Patients display regression of previously acquired motor milestones, spasticity, ataxia, seizures, nystagmus, and intellectual disabilities. Gene-function studies in mice revealed that homozygous Dars1 deletion is embryonically lethal, suggesting that successful modelling of HBSL requires the generation of disease-causing genocopies in mice. In this study, we introduced the pathogenic DARS1M256L mutation located on exon nine of the murine Dars1 locus. Despite causing severe illness in humans, homozygous Dars1M256L mice were only mildly affected. To exacerbate HBSL symptoms, we bred Dars1M256L mice with Dars1-null ‘enhancer’ mice. The Dars1M256L/− offspring displayed increased embryonic lethality, severe developmental delay, reduced body weight and size, hydrocephalus, anophthalmia, and vacuolization of the white matter. Remarkably, the Dars1M256L/− genotype affected energy metabolism and peripheral organs more profoundly than the nervous system and resulted in reduced body fat, increased respiratory exchange ratio, reduced liver steatosis, and reduced hypocellularity of the bone marrow. In summary, homozygous Dars1M256L and compound heterozygous Dars1M256L/− mutation genotypes recapitulate some aspects of HBSL and primarily manifest in developmental delay as well as metabolic and peripheral changes. These aspects of the disease might have been overlooked in HBSL patients with severe neurological deficits but could be included in the differential diagnosis of HBSL in the future.
Detection, characterization, and analysis of land subsidence in Nairobi using InSAR
Authors: Kirui Pius , Oiro Samson , Waithaka Hunja , Odera Patroba , Riedel Björn , Gerke Markus
Published: March 2022

Nairobi, Kenya’s capital city, is one of the fastest-growing cities on the continent. The rapid expansion of human activities has resulted in the overexploitation of natural resources, such as water. In the past, Nairobi had been identified as a vulnerable area to environmental hazards, such as land subsidence. Due to the lack of a functioning deformation-monitoring system in Kenya, the subsidence in Nairobi has yet to be empirically quantified. In this paper, we report the results of the first InSAR-based spatial assessment of land subsidence in Nairobi. Our analysis indicates both localized and regionalized subsidence in several locations in the west and north west of Nairobi. The largest deforming unit in Nairobi’s western part is subsiding at approximately 62 mm/yr. Land subsidence can be attributed to groundwater overexploitation because it coincides with regions with the highest decline in groundwater levels. However, subsidence can also be attributed to consolidation associated with rapid urbanization in other areas such as east of Nairobi. This evaluation corroborates previous hydrogeological investigations which indicated that Nairobi was at risk of subsidence, contributing to flooding in some residential areas. The findings will help guide future decision-making in several agencies as well as provide an effective tool for planning mitigation measures to prevent further subsidence. A few of these include regulating borehole drilling, planning of roads and buildings, and locating groundwater observation wells. In addition, the observed significant land subsidence stresses the need for an updated geodetic reference system. Since Nairobi plays a significant role in the economy of Kenya, the effects of subsidence may be devastating and it is imperative that steps are taken to minimize their impact.
Potential of on-demand services for urban travel
Authors: Geržinič Nejc , van Oort Niels , Hoogendoorn-Lanser Sascha , Cats Oded , Hoogendoorn Serge
Published: March 2022

On-demand mobility services are promising to revolutionise urban travel, but preliminary studies are showing they may actually increase total vehicle miles travelled, worsening road congestion in cities. In this study, we assess the demand for on-demand mobility services in urban areas, using a stated preference survey, to understand the potential impact of introducing on-demand services on the current modal split. The survey was carried out in the Netherlands and offered respondents a choice between bike, car, public transport and on-demand services. 1,063 valid responses are analysed with a multinomial logit and a latent class choice model. By means of the latter, we uncover four distinctive groups of travellers based on the observed choice behaviour. The majority of the sample, the Sharing-ready cyclists (55%), are avid cyclists and do not see on-demand mobility as an alternative for making urban trips. Two classes, Tech-ready individuals (27%) and Flex-ready individuals (9%) would potentially use on-demand services: the former is fairly time-sensitive and would thus use on-demand service if they were sufficiently fast. The latter is highly cost-sensitive, and would therefore use the service primarily if it is cheap. The fourth class, Flex-sceptic individuals (9%) shows very limited potential for using on-demand services.
Evaporation-Driven Density Instabilities in Saturated Porous Media
Authors: Bringedal Carina , Schollenberger Theresa , Pieters G. J. M. , van Duijn C. J. , Helmig Rainer
Published: March 2022

Soil salinization is a major cause of soil degradation and hampers plant growth. For soils saturated with saline water, the evaporation of water induces accumulation of salt near the top of the soil. The remaining liquid gets an increasingly larger density due to the accumulation of salt, giving a gravitationally unstable situation, where instabilities in the form of fingers can form. These fingers can, hence, lead to a net downward transport of salt. We here investigate the appearance of these fingers through a linear stability analysis and through numerical simulations. The linear stability analysis gives criteria for onset of instabilities for a large range of parameters. Simulations using a set of parameters give information also about the development of the fingers after onset. With this knowledge, we can predict whether and when the instabilities occur, and their effect on the salt concentration development near the top boundary.
Examination of the latent structure of the Ruminative Thoughts Style Questionnaire across countries, gender, and over time
Authors: Vidal-Arenas Verónica , Ibáñez Manuel I. , Ortet-Walker Jordi , Ortet Generós , Mezquita Laura ,   Cross-cultural Addictions Study Team, Bravo Adrian J. , Henson James M. , Pearson Matthew R. , Pilatti Angelina , Prince Mark A. , Read Jennifer P. , Roozen Hendrik G. , Ruiz Paul
Published: March 2022

The present work aimed to extend the evidence of the structure validity of the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTSQ) 15-item version testing: (1) the structure of two competing models (i.e., four-factor correlated model vs a second-order factor model); (2) the measurement invariance of the final model across four countries (U.S., Spain, Argentina, and the Netherlands) and gender groups (male and female); and (3) the invariance across three assessment waves in a subsample of Spanish youths. Participants were college students (mean age = 20.87, SD = 4.47) from the U.S. (n = 1875; 67.1% of females), Spain (T1, n = 732, 63.9% females; T2, n = 370, 71.6% females: T3, n = 307, 60.6% females), Argentina (n = 368, 65.6% females) and the Netherlands (n = 295, 74.8% females). Confirmatory Factor Analyses supported both correlated factors and second-order factor structure in the whole sample. Due to similar fit indices being observed for both models, and considering the theoretical and practical advantages, we kept the second-order model to examine its invariance across groups and time. Measurement invariance analyses showed that the second-order model was invariant across countries, gender, and over time. Comparisons of the total mean score and the subfacet mean scores (i.e., Repetitive Thoughts, Counterfactual Thoughts, Problem-focused Thoughts, and Anticipatory Thoughts) reveled only small differences across country and gender groups. The present work extends the structural validity evidence of the RTSQ, and provides the first evidence concerning its longitudinal stability across time.
The application of water–energy nexus in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: a structured review
Authors: Maftouh A. , El Fatni O. , Fayiah M. , Liew R. K. , Lam S. S. , Bahaj T. , Butt M. H.
Published: March 2022

Water plays an important role in power generation, fuel manufacturing, and processing. This has been valid for several decades, but lately, primarily due to climate change, the limitations and insecurity related to water energy connections have become more prominent. The article is a quantitative review study conducted to evaluate the water–energy nexus in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Information about the review was generated from online databases by using keywords such as water–energy nexus, MENA region, Power Generation, Fuel Manufacturing, Energy-intensive, Energy Management Decisions, and Desalination Systems. Drip irrigation in Morocco played a vital role in the water–energy nexus for resource conservation and their better utilization. From the findings, it was revealed that distorted coupling with a relatively low reliance on freshwater energy systems has a high reliance on conceptual water and energy production systems. For Saudi Arabia, extraction and desalination of groundwater are projected to be up to 9% of total annual electricity use. Policymakers should consider energy implications for water-intensive food imports and possible water demand restructuring. This would lead to more coordinated water and energy management decisions. A comprehensive evaluation in some cases promotes the reuse of water and improvements in the agricultural sector rather than the development of energy-intensive and expensive desalination systems. One of the limitations for water–energy nexus in the MENA region is its unintelligible patterns for policy and decision-makers, and this quantitative review can be a major advancement in this regard. This study also highlights the use of water as an energy production source as well as the energy that is being utilized in water treatment and processing and their interrelationship. Cohesive and strategic tactics can lead technology’s research and development to reporting local issues of water and energy issues. Improving and participating models and data will better assist scholars, decision-makers, and the community. This water–energy nexus study mounts relevant challenges and areas of improvement for future research.
Insights into the pore structure characteristics of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale in the Jiaoshiba area, Southern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Xiong Jian , Li Yukang , Zhou Shangwen , Liu Xiangjun , Han Hui , Liang Lixi , Zhao Jun
Published: March 2022

In this paper, the pore structure characteristics of shales and its controlling factors were analyzed by means of total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and low-pressure N2 adsorption (LPNA) analysis. Based on the grey relational analysis, the controlling factors of pore structure parameters were discussed. The results showed that the TOC contents range from 2.98 to 4.97%, the main minerals of shales are quartz and clay minerals with an average of 41.62 and 30.98%, respectively. The organic matter pores, the interparticle pores, the intraparticle pores, and the micro-fractures are the main pore types determined by the FE-SEM observation. The pore volume of shales is between 0.0637 and 0.1053 cm3/g, the specific surface area ranges from 16.44 to 37.61 m2/g, the average pore size is between 11.20 and 15.50 nm. The organic matter and the quartz have a positive influence on the specific surface area and total pore volume, whereas the clay minerals have a negative impact. The shales have a wide range of pore size, and the mesopores and macropores are the dominant contributor to the total pore volume while the mesoporous contribute the main specific surface area. The TOC contents and quartz contents have the most significant effect on the total pore volume and specific surface area, and the average pore size is mainly controlled by the quartz contents.
Triangular Ratio Metric Under Quasiconformal Mappings in Sector Domains
Authors: Rainio Oona , Vuorinen Matti
Published: March 2022

The hyperbolic metric and different hyperbolic type metrics are studied in open sector domains of the complex plane. Several sharp inequalities are proven for them. Our main result describes the behavior of the triangular ratio metric under quasiconformal maps from one sector onto another one.
The weight of harm: A Response to “Editor’s Note: Societal changes and expression of concern about Rekers and Lovaas’ (1974) Behavioral Treatment of Deviant Sex-Role Behaviors in a Male Child”
Authors: Johnson Austin H.
Published: March 2022

In 1974, Rekers and Lovaas published an article in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) wherein the authors coached a 4-year-old child’s parents to ignore and physically abuse him when he engaged in behaviors that were identified by the authors as inappropriate for a child whose sex assigned at birth was male. In October 2020, a Statement of Concern regarding Rekers and Lovaas (1974) was published in JABA (SEAB & LeBlanc, 2020), which described concerns regarding the paper and then provided justification for the journal’s decision to not retract this paper. In this current response, I provide a counterpoint to the Statement of Concern, arguing that (a) the available evidence strongly suggests that the original study was unethical and misaligned with the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), and (b) the evidence presented to support its contemporaneous ethicality is insufficient. I end with an argument that Rekers and Lovaas (1974) should be retracted and discuss the critical role of ethics and social significance for the field of ABA.
Intrasurgical Seminiferous Tubular Diameter Correlates with Total Motile Sperm Count in Azoospermia: a Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Amer Medhat , GamalEl Din Sameh Fayek , Zeidan Ashraf , Adel Ahmed , Elsisi Islam , Fakhry Emad , Sadek Ahmed Raef
Published: March 2022

We aimed to find a correlation between the intraoperative diameters of the seminiferous tubules evaluated at high magnification during micro-testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) and total motile sperm count (TMSC) in non-obstructive azoospermic (NOA) patients. Five hundred four consecutive NOA patients were included and underwent micro-TESE. The change in the mean TMSC and different seminiferous tubular diameters was of high statistical significance (p < 0.001). It should be noted that the highest mean TMSC was reported in the dilated tubules (DTs) group followed by the other study groups 941.72 ± 196.97, 487.37 ± 443.57, and 34.54 ± 60.79, respectively. Furthermore, 21 naïve cases had dilated tubules (DTs) and 18 (85.7%) of them had shown eventful micro-TESE. Conversely, 186 naïve cases had slightly dilated tubules (SDTs), and 101 (54.3%) of them had eventful micro-TESE. Only 8 (24.25%) cases of the 33 cases had non dilated tubules (NDTs) and showed eventful micro-TESE. The frequency of intrasurgical seminiferous tubular diameter and micro-TESE outcome among the naïve cases had demonstrated a highly statistical significance (p < 0.001). Interestingly, all salvaged cases (100%) with DTs and a previous eventful TESE had shown eventful TESE in the current study. The most dilated intrasurgical seminiferous tubular diameter is associated with the highest TMSC in NOA patients including SCO cases.
Assessment of the aluminium contents of black tea and black tea infusions
Authors: Ozdemir Zarife , Zannou Oscar , Koca Ilkay
Published: March 2022

The aluminium (Al) can cause health problems to human being at overdose. The black tea is among the most common beverages in the world but may contain higher amount of Al. This study was conducted to determine Al content in black tea produced in Rize, Tabzon and Giresun/ Turkey and amount of Al transferred into tea infusions. Tea infusions were prepared for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min and the Al content was determined using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The Al content in black teas was ranged from 8177.75 ± 1167.76 to 15,657.72 ± 1060.05 mg/kg. Al content of samples taken from Trabzon were lower than the Al contents of samples collected from Rize and Giresun. Infusion time effected significantly the amount of Al transferred into the tea infusions (p < 0.05). The Al content in black teas was significantly influenced by the production location and depended on the harvest season (p > 0.05).
Standardising English Spelling
Authors: Condorelli Marco
Published: March 2022

The standardisation of English spelling that resulted from the advent of printing is one of the most fascinating aspects of the history of English. This pioneering book explores new avenues of investigation into spelling development by looking at the Early Modern English period, when irregular features across graphemes became standardised. It traces the development of the English spelling system through a number of 'competing' standards, raising questions about the meaning of 'standardisation'. It introduces a new model for the analysis of large-scale graphemic developments from a diachronic perspective, and provides a new empirical method geared specifically to the study of spelling standardisation between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The method is applied to four interconnected case studies, focusing on the standardisation of positional spellings, i and y, etymological spelling and vowel diacritic spelling. This book is essential reading for researchers of writing systems and the history of English.
Foundations of Behavior Genetics
Authors: Stoltenberg Scott F.
Published: March 2022

Foundations of Behavior Genetics provides a forward-looking introduction to this fascinating field. Written by an experienced teacher and researcher, this text focuses on concepts, methods, and findings that inform our understanding of heredity–behavior relations. The book's neuroscience perspective asks students to think about potential neural mechanisms involved in pathways from genes to behavior. While the text is primarily focused on human behavior genetics, it also emphasizes the importance of non-human animal models in experimental studies, as well as their evolutionary connections to humans. Part I covers the history of behavior genetics and the basics of non-molecular genetics; Part II discusses molecular genetics and neurogenetics; Part III addresses various behavioral disorders; and Part IV explores health, social behavior, and ethical implications. The text includes detailed chapter summaries, several “Check-up” questions after major sections that test student understanding, and recommended readings. Instructors are provided with a test bank of multiple-choice items and hi-res JPEGs of the many illustrations created for the book.
On Jazz
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: March 2022

Few musical genres inspire the passionate devotion of jazz. Its mystique goes far beyond the melodies and rhythms, with its key players and singers discussed by aficionados with a respect that borders on reverence. Some books on jazz offer little more than theory or dry facts, thereby relinquishing the 'essence' of the music. This book is different. One of the most influential and internationally known writers on the subject describes, through vivid personal contacts, reminiscences and zesty anecdotes, his life in jazz as a player, broadcaster and observer. Alyn Shipton recalls friendships with legendary musicians, while revealing fresh discoveries about such luminaries as Fats Waller, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Abbey Lincoln and Geri Allen. On Jazz powerfully evokes the atmosphere of clubs and dancehalls, and takes us behind the scenes and up onto the stage, so that this electrifying world is unforgettably spotlighted as never before.
Do Firm Support Increase Investments? Evidence from the Aquaculture and Fish Processing Sectors in Sweden
Authors: Blomquist Johan , Waldo Staffan
Published: March 2022

The European Union provides firm support to the maritime sector to reach the policy objectives in the Common Fisheries Policy. This paper analyzes to what extent the investment support to aquaculture and fish processing firms in Sweden increases firm investment activity. By doing so, the paper also quantifies the amount of investments that would have been undertaken also without support (deadweight losses, DWL). The results show that the support increases investment in aquaculture with a factor of 0.65, thus with a DWL of 35%. The corresponding number for fish processing is a DWL of 77%.
Scotland's ‘Vagabonding Greekes’, 1453–1688
Authors: Grant Alasdair C.
Published: March 2022

This article assembles the evidence for the presence of Greek refugees in early modern Scotland. These refugees came in two distinct waves: one in the aftermath of the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and another in the seventeenth century. In both periods, inter-regional religious networks brought Greeks to Scotland: in the first phase, these were structured around the church institutions of the Latin West; in the second, they followed ecumenical interest in Protestant Northern Europe. The wanderers were mostly clergymen. This movement of refugees, alongside the capture of Scots by North African corsairs, linked Scotland with the distant Ottoman world.
Monitoring Different Social Media Platforms to Report Unplanned School Closures Due to Wildfires in California, October and December 2017
Authors: Buchanan Brittany M. , Evans Haley I. , Chukwudebe Ngozi P. , Duncan Emily A. , Yin Jingjing , Adhikari Bishwa B. , Zhou Xiaolu , Tse Zion Tsz Ho , Chowell Gerardo , Meltzer Martin I. , Fung Isaac Chun-Hai
Published: March 2022

Objective:

Researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitor unplanned school closure (USC) reports through online systematic searches (OSS) to assist public health emergency responses. We counted the additional reports identified through social media along with OSS to improve USC monitoring.

Methods:

Facebook and Twitter data of public-school districts and private schools in counties affected by California wildfires in October and December of 2017 and January of 2018 were retrieved. We computed descriptive statistics and performed multivariable logistic regression for both OSS and social media data.

Results:

Among the 362 public-school districts in wildfire-affected counties, USCs were identified for 115 (32%) districts, of which OSS identified 104 (90%), Facebook, 59 (52%), and Twitter, 37 (32%). These data correspond to 4622 public schools, among which USCs were identified for 888 (19.2%) schools, of which OSS identified 722 (81.3%), Facebook, 496 (55.9%), and Twitter, 312 (35.1%). Among 1289 private schools, USCs were identified for 104 schools, of which OSS identified 47 (45.2%), Facebook, 67 (64.4%), and Twitter, 29 (27.9%). USC announcements identified via social media, in addition to those via OSS, were 11 public school districts, 166 public schools, and 57 private schools.

Conclusion:

Social media complements OSS as additional resources for USC monitoring during disasters.
COVID-19 and Insecurity in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Wada Yusuf Hassan , Musa Shuaibu Saidu , Musa Shingin Kovona , Musa Muhammad Kabir , Bakabe Tijjani Ibrahim , Abdullahi Abba Khalid , Ahmadi Attaullah , Lucero-Prisno Don Eliseo
Published: March 2022

Northern Nigeria is currently facing a twin crisis of both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and insecurity. They have made it difficult for the people to follow government containment efforts to control the pandemic and also have impacted on the socioeconomic and health aspects of the society. We have discussed on the impact of insecurity amid COVID-19 in Northern Nigeria. It is opined that, if the insecurity in Northern Nigeria is not tackled, it will expose the region to more escalation of cases and deaths. Thus, it is recommended that proactive steps should be implemented by all stakeholders concerned to tackle insecurity, particularly the government to revive the security architecture, provide an environment for training and retraining of all security personnel and enhancing intelligence gathering to pave the way for resolving this issue.
Characterising entrainment in fountains and negatively buoyant jets
Authors: Milton-McGurk L. , Williamson N. , Armfield S.W. , Kirkpatrick M.P.
Published: March 2022

Turbulent fountain flow consists of two distinct stages, the initial ‘negatively buoyant jet’ (NBJ) stage, and the fully developed ‘fountain’ stage. The present study investigates both stages of the flow using particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence, over a range of source Froude numbers,

$10\lesssim Fr_o\lesssim 30$

, and Reynolds numbers,

$5500\lesssim Re_o\lesssim 7700$

. While the velocity and buoyancy profiles in NBJs take similar Gaussian shapes over a wide range of axial locations, this was not observed in fountains. The changing profile shape is most evident in the outer flow (OF) region, while there is a degree of similarity in the inner flow (IF). Entrainment between IF and OF is shown to depend on the local Richardson number,

$Ri$

. The fountains are found to have a negative entrainment coefficient,

$\alpha <0$

, for the majority of their height, implying a net radial outflow of fluid from the IF to the OF. An alternative description of entrainment is considered, the ‘decomposed top-hat’ model, where the radial flow is separated into inflow and outflow components that are then estimated using the present experimental data. The inflow component was found to be proportional to the axial IF velocity, which is similar to the classical description of entrainment in pure jets/plumes, while the outflow depends on the local

$Ri$

. Entrainment in NBJs may also be described by this framework, which, despite not having an OF, is still subject to an

$Ri$

-dependent radial outflow.
An inventory of Norway's glaciers and ice-marginal lakes from 2018–19 Sentinel-2 data
Authors: Andreassen Liss M. , Nagy Teodor , Kjøllmoen Bjarne , Leigh Joshua R.
Published: March 2022

We used Sentinel-2 satellite imagery at 10 m resolution to map the extent of Norway's glaciers and ice-marginal lakes over 2018–19. We applied a standardized semi-automated band ratio method to derive glacier outlines and ice-marginal lakes. To optimise the results, we manually edited the ice-lake interfaces, debris, snow and parts of the glaciers situated under shadow. We compared our Sentinel-2 derived outlines with very high-resolution aerial orthophotos and Pléiades satellite orthoimages. Glaciers larger than 0.3 km2have area differences within 7%, whereas values are larger for smaller glaciers. The orthophotos and orthoimages provide more details and a higher mapping accuracy for individual glaciers, but require manual digitisation, have smaller spatial and temporal coverage and can have adverse snow conditions. We found a total glacier area of 2328 ± 70 km2of which the ten largest glaciers accounted for 52%. The glacier area decreased 15% since the previous inventory (Landsat data from 1999 to 2006), the reduction being largest in northern Norway (22%) compared to southern Norway (10%). We detected more than 2000 previously undetected smaller glaciers and ice patches (covering 37 km2) and 360 new ice-marginal lakes.
The dissorophoid temnospondyl Parioxys ferricolus from the early Permian (Cisuralian) of Texas
Authors: Schoch Rainer R. , Sues Hans-Dieter
Published: March 2022

Parioxys ferricolus Cope, 1878 is a long-neglected taxon of dissorophid temnospondyls from the early Permian (Cisuralian) of Texas. Reexamination of the original material and preparation of a previously undescribed specimen shed some light on the ontogeny and reveal numerous eucacopine features. P. ferricolus is characterized by: (1) a preorbital region 1.5 times as long as the posterior skull table in juveniles and twice as long in adults, (2) a parietal only two-thirds the length of the frontal, (3) interpterygoid vacuities shorter than half the skull length, (4) choanae posteriorly extended, and (5) vomer with enlarged, V-shaped median depression. P. ferricolus is found nested with Kamacops acervalis Gubin, 1980, with which it shares synapomorphies in the palate, within the dissorophid clade Eucacopinae.
On the topological complexity and zero-divisor cup-length of real Grassmannians
Authors: Radovanović Marko
Published: March 2022

Topological complexity naturally appears in the motion planning in robotics. In this paper we consider the problem of finding topological complexity of real Grassmann manifolds $G_k(\mathbb {R}^{n})$. We use cohomology methods to give estimates on the zero-divisor cup-length of $G_k(\mathbb {R}^{n})$ for various $2\leqslant k< n$, which in turn give us lower bounds on topological complexity. Our results correct and improve several results from Pavešić (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. A151 (2021), 2013–2029).
Coercion and Dissent: Sleeping Sickness ‘Concentrations’ and the Politics of Colonial Authority in Ulanga, Tanganyika
Authors: Jackson Jonathan M.
Published: March 2022

This article examines the means by which perceived threats of sleeping sickness epidemics were used to justify extensive population resettlement through the formation of ‘concentrations’ in Ulanga District, Tanganyika, between 1939 and 1945. Underlying this specious spatial reordering of communities were ulterior motives that interpreted and pushed broader colonial development agendas of social engineering. The prominent role of leading colonial officers, notably A. T. Culwick, is emphasised and reexamined, especially in relationship to paternalism and the coercive aspects of closer settlement. This article explores the nature of legitimised coercion, contested meanings of the League of Nations mandate, and tensions within the administration. Local resistance to concentration challenged colonial hegemony and the self-fashioned form of benign autocracy constructed by officials like Culwick, who relied on a projection of prestige for political authority in his district and among his peers. Concentration was therefore a contested and contingent process with dissent evidenced both against and within government.
Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on head and neck urgent suspected cancer referral pathways in rural Wales
Authors: Abelardo E , Gravelle R , Scannell M , Shastri P , Vandekar M , Davies G , Volpini L , Prabhu V
Published: March 2022

Objective

To assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on head and neck urgent suspected cancer referral pathways in rural areas of Wales.

Method

A retrospective audit was conducted of 2234 head and neck urgent suspected cancer referrals received from January 2019 to November 2020.

Results

The referrals dropped by 35 per cent in 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. The time from general practitioner referral to the first ENT appointment improved during the pandemic (8.0 vs 10.0 days; p < 0.001). Of referrals, 92.1 per cent were seen within a 14-day period in 2020, compared with 79.6 per cent in 2019 (p < 0.001). There were no differences between 2020 and 2019 in terms of: the (confirmed cancer) conversion rate (10.6 per cent vs 9.7 per cent; p = 0.60), general practitioner referral to multidisciplinary team discussion time (35.5 vs 41.5 days; p = 0.40) or general practitioner referral to initiation of treatment time (68.0 vs 78.0 days; p = 0.16).

Conclusion

Whilst coronavirus disease 2019 reduced the number of overall head and neck urgent suspected cancer referrals, the pathways were generally unchanged, if not slightly improved, in rural Wales.
Theoretical and computational studies of the Weibel instability in several beam–plasma interaction configurations
Authors: Davidson Conor , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Wilson Thomas , McKenna Paul
Published: March 2022

The Weibel instability is investigated theoretically and numerically under three scenarios: counterstreaming electron beams in background plasma, an electron–positron beam and an electron–proton beam in background plasma. These models occur widely in laboratory and astrophysical environments. The Weibel instability growth rates are determined numerically from the corresponding cold-fluid dispersion relations, which are confirmed with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The maximum growth rates for the counterstreaming beams in background plasma are an order of magnitude smaller than the maximum growth rates for the beams cases in the same range of density ratios and beam energies. The maximum growth rate for the electron–positron beam case is shown to be at most a factor

$\sqrt {2}$

greater than the electron–proton beam case with similar dispersion behaviours. A non-monotonic relation is found between the maximum Weibel instability growth rates and the electron–positron beam energy, suggesting that increasing beam energies does not entail an increase in the Weibel instability growth rate.
Indeterminacy in L1 French grammars: the case of gender and number agreement
Authors: Ayoun Dalila
Published: March 2022

Although L1 French speakers (FS) acquire the formal features of gender and number early, agreement appears to take longer, leading to persistent difficulties even for cases of straightforward agreement within a nominal or verbal phrase. This begs the questions of how adult FSs (n = 168) may fare with idiosyncratic cases of agreement such as nominal affective constructions and past participles as measured by a written grammaticality judgment /correction task and preference/grammaticality judgment task. The findings showing that participants performed better at correctly accepting than rejecting stimuli, are consistent with an increasing number of empirical studies revealing individual differences among adult L1 speakers. The findings are discussed from a generative perspective and the usage-based perspective of the Basic Language Cognition-High Language Cognition theory of L1 proficiency (Hulstijn, 2015).
Do diets with higher carbon footprints increase the risk of mortality? A population-based simulation study using self-selected diets from the USA
Authors: Pollock Benjamin D , Willits-Smith Amelia M , Heller Martin C , Bazzano Lydia A , Rose Donald
Published: March 2022

Objective:

Are diets with a greater environmental impact less healthy? This is a key question for nutrition policy, but previous research does not provide a clear answer. To address this, our objective here was to test whether American diets with the highest carbon footprints predicted greater population-level mortality from diet-related chronic disease than those with the lowest.

Design:

Baseline dietary recall data were combined with a database of greenhouse gases emitted in the production of foods to estimate a carbon footprint for each diet. Diets were ranked on their carbon footprints and those in the highest and lowest quintiles were studied here. Preventable Risk Integrated Model (PRIME), an epidemiological modelling software, was used to assess CVD and cancer mortality for a simulated dietary change from the highest to the lowest impact diets. The diet–mortality relationships used by PRIME came from published meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies.

Setting:

USA.

Participants:

Baseline diets came from adults (n 12 865) in the nationally representative 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Results:

A simulated change at the population level from the highest to the lowest carbon footprint diets resulted in 23 739 (95 % CI 20 349, 27 065) fewer annual deaths from CVD and cancer. This represents a 1·83 % (95 % CI 1·57 %, 2·08 %) decrease in total deaths. About 95 % of deaths averted were from CVD.

Conclusions:

Diets with the highest carbon footprints were associated with a greater risk of mortality than the lowest, suggesting that dietary guidance could incorporate sustainability information to reinforce health messaging.
Cost and Capability Compromises in STEM Instrumentation for Low-Voltage Imaging
Authors: Quigley Frances , McBean Patrick , O'Donovan Peter , Peters Jonathan J P , Jones Lewys
Published: March 2022

Low-voltage transmission electron microscopy (≤80 kV) has many applications in imaging beam-sensitive samples, such as metallic nanoparticles, which may become damaged at higher voltages. To improve resolution, spherical aberration can be corrected for in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM); however, chromatic aberration may then dominate, limiting the ultimate resolution of the microscope. Using image simulations, we examine how a chromatic aberration corrector, different objective lenses, and different beam energy spreads each affect the image quality of a gold nanoparticle imaged at low voltages in a spherical aberration-corrected STEM. A quantitative analysis of the simulated examples can inform the choice of instrumentation for low-voltage imaging. We here demonstrate a methodology whereby the optimum energy spread to operate a specific STEM can be deduced. This methodology can then be adapted to the specific sample and instrument of the reader, enabling them to make an informed economical choice as to what would be most beneficial for their STEM in the cost-conscious landscape of scientific infrastructure.
For a New Social History of the Enlightenment: Authors, Readers, and Commercial Capitalism
Authors: Bell David A.
Published: March 2022

Despite the voluminous work devoted to the “social history of Enlightenment ideas” since the 1970s, surprisingly little has been done to integrate its findings into general interpretations of this moment in intellectual history. Attempts to understand the Enlightenment as a long-term global phenomenon have made it difficult to situate it within any social context other than that of globalization. This essay makes the case for relating the Enlightenment, as it developed within Europe and European overseas possessions, to the advance of commercial capitalism. Drawing on recent work on the history of capitalism, it argues that a burgeoning market economy vastly expanded the opportunities for ordinary readers to participate in intellectual life, and that this change dramatically influenced the production of intellectual work, not only in its form and genre, but in the causes advanced by writers, whose work increasingly took the form of a great project for collective human self-improvement.
Theorizing Gender in Online Privacy Research
Authors: Frener Regine , Trepte Sabine
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Given the frequent observation of gender differences in privacy-related outcomes, we wanted to investigate how these studies theorize gender. We conducted a content analysis of 107 studies on the topic of gender and online privacy to determine to what extent gender theory is implemented (Research Question 1), identify the function of gender theory within the study (Research Question 2), and demonstrate the specific gender theories in use in online privacy research (Research Question 3). A large share of the studies rely on earlier empirical findings when talking about gender; others make assumptions that implicitly correspond with an existing gender theory. Less than a quarter explicitly implement gender theory into their research. Gender theory is mostly used to derive testable hypotheses. It is further used to explain gender differences ex posteriori. Social role theory ( Eagly, 1987 ) is most frequently referenced, followed by the social web gendered privacy model ( Thelwall, 2011 ) and communication privacy management theory ( Petronio, 2002 ). We discuss the drawbacks of insufficient gender theorizing, such as reduced power to analyze, explain, and predict gendered outcomes, and the risk of gender essentialism, that is, the belief that group differences reflect inherently distinct natures. We conclude with a call and suggestions for gender theorizing in online privacy research.
The Media Psychology of Boredom and Mobile Media Use
Authors: Poels Karolien , Rudnicki Konrad , Vandebosch Heidi
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Boredom is a prevalent and relevant, yet understudied, negative emotion in the field of media psychology. This paper proposes novel theoretical foundations to study boredom as an emotion and its related regulation strategies in the context of mobile media. Due to their pervasive nature, mobile media allow for boredom regulation via passive and (inter)active exposure to a wide variety of media contents. It is still unclear how and through which processes mobile media provide successful boredom regulation. This paper first describes the existing scarce and mostly older literature on boredom from the field of media psychology and links this to recent insights from general psychology with as its core the meaning and attentional components (MAC) model ( Westgate & Wilson, 2018 ). It then integrates media psychology predictions for mobile media into the MAC model and identifies gaps and opportunities to be tackled in future media psychology studies, by also taking into account the broader boredom findings from within general psychology, for example, those focusing on the meaning component. Finally, the paper provides a summary of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms giving rise to boredom and proposes methodological innovations for studying the research questions that are still left unanswered. The aim is to inspire future media psychology research on boredom as a highly relevant emotional state and how boredom regulation through mobile media use for can be both a challenge and an opportunity for individuals’ well-being.
Keeping the Kids Home
Authors: Leder Johannes , Schütz Astrid , Pastukhov Alexander
Published: March 2022

Abstract. During the COVID-19 pandemic, social consequences in day-to-day decisions might not have been salient to the decider and thus egoistic. How can prosocial intentions be increased? In an experimental vignette study with N = 206, we compared the likelihood that parents send sick children to kindergarten after four interventions (general information about COVID-19, empathy, reflection of consequences via mental simulation, and control group). Independent of the intervention, empathic concern with individuals who were affected by COVID-19 and the salience of social consequences were high. The reported likelihood of sending a sick child to kindergarten was somewhat reduced in the control group and even more reduced in the reflection and empathy group, but not in the information group.
Withdrawn: Similar Isotopic Biases of Plant Stem Bulk Water From Different Water Sources by Cryogenic Vacuum Distillation Demonstrated Through Rehydration Experiments
Authors: Zhao Pei , Sprenger Matthias , Barzegar Rahim , Tang Xiangyu , Adamowski Jan
Published: March 2022

Zhao, P., Sprenger, M., Barzegar, R., Tang, X., & Adamowski, J. (2022). Similar isotopic biases of plant stem bulk water from different water sources by cryogenic vacuum distillation demonstrated through rehydration experiments. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2021GL096474. The above article from Geophysical Research Letters, published online on 30 March 2022 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been withdrawn by agreement among the authors, the Editor‐in‐Chief Harihar Rajaram, the American Geophysical Union, and Wiley Periodicals, LLC. The withdrawal has been agreed because the authors discovered, after acceptance of the article but before final publication, some accidental transcription/typo errors in the data (for some δ2H and δ18O values) which would affect some of the results and cannot be sufficiently corrected to the authors' satisfaction.
Numerical Simulations on Day‐to‐Day Variations of Low‐Latitude Es Layers at Arecibo
Authors: Andoh Satoshi , Saito Akinori , Shinagawa Hiroyuki
Published: March 2022

To reveal mechanisms of day‐to‐day variations of the low‐latitude sporadic E (Es) layers, Es layer simulations were performed and compared to plasma layers observed by the Arecibo radar. Many studies have been conducted about the Es layers till now. However, few studies investigated the day‐to‐day variations of the Es layers especially at the low‐latitudes. Herein, for the first time, our numerical model generally succeeded in reproducing features of the day‐to‐day variations of the low‐latitude Es layers. We found that the day‐to‐day variations of the Es layers are created by a combination of day‐to‐day variations of zonal/meridional‐wind shears driven by the tides and the downward phase velocity of the tides. The wind‐driven mechanism generally explains the day‐to‐day variations of the low‐latitude Es layers.
The Formation of Terraces on Asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Barnouin O. S. , Daly M. G. , Seabrook J. A. , Zhang Y. , Thuillet F. , Michel P. , Roberts J. H. , Daly R. T. , Perry M. E. , Susorney H. C. M. , Jawin E. R. , Ballouz R.‐L. , Walsh K. J. , Sevalia M. M. , Al Asad M. M. , Johnson C. L. , Bierhaus E. B. , Gaskell R. W. , Palmer E. E. , Weirich J. , Rizk B. , Drouet D’Aubigny C. Y. , Nolan M. C. , DellaGiustina D. N. , Scheeres D. J. , McMahon J. W. , Connolly H. C. , Richardson D. C. , Wolner C. W. V. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: March 2022

The surface of the rubble‐pile asteroid (101955) Bennu has been characterized in detail by the OSIRIS‐REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer) mission. By examining global and local digital terrain models, we observed that Bennu possesses terraces, that is, a series of roughly latitude‐parallel, step‐like slope breaks. These partially circumscribe the poles and extend east‐west over several longitudinal quadrants at mid‐ to high (≥30°) latitudes. The terraces are subtle in amplitude, with heights ranging from 1 to 5 m. They often exhibit back‐wasting that results in V‐shaped scarps that open downslope in some locations. When boulders >5–10 m are absent at or near a terrace, the steeper portion (the drop) of the terrace lacks rocks, whereas the flatter portion (the bench) of the terrace has accumulations of rocks at its crest. When boulders >5–10 m are present, their steep downslope faces often make up the drop from the terrace crest, and they retain debris upslope, thereby enhancing the terrace structure. A geotechnical stability analysis indicates that Bennu's surface is likely unstable and that surface cohesion is <0.6 Pa. Bennu's terraces strongly resemble scarps generated in laboratory and numerical simulations of a cohesionless granular bed as the slope of the bed increases quasi‐statically. We conclude that terraces are probably actively forming on Bennu as its surface slowly fails owing to creep induced by spin acceleration.