bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not all poor are equal: the perpetuation of poverty through blaming those who have been poor all their lives
Authors: Alcañiz-Colomer Joaquín , Moya Miguel , Valor-Segura Inmaculada
Published: October 2022

The economic crisis of 2008 severely affected the welfare states. As the economic situation of a country worsens, the resources that the public administration can devote to improve the situation of the people also decrease, endangering the advancement of those in a disadvantaged situation. People who have always lived in poverty, besides having their opportunities reduced, also face negative public views that affect the perceived legitimacy of such public aid, which can in turn be a mechanism for perpetuating their situation. Two studies (N = 252 and N = 266) analyse how a person in persistent poverty is perceived compared to a person in poverty due to the crisis—a circumstantial poverty. We also study some feasible mechanisms underlying this different perception, as well as their effects on attitudes toward social protection policies. In Study 1, results indicated that people showed more favourable attitudes toward social protection policies when they perceived someone in poverty due to the crisis, compared to the target who had been in poverty all his/her life. Individualistic attributions for poverty mediated this effect: when people think of someone in persistent poverty, they make more individualistic attributions concerning their situation, which leads to worse attitudes toward social protection policies. Identification with the group moderates this relation. Furthermore, Study 2 showed that participants perceive people who are in poverty because of economic crisis as more deserving of help than people who have always been poor. Some theoretical and practical implications for intergroup relations and public policy are discussed.
Harnessing the Plasma Proteome to Mirror Current and Predict Future Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Chalise Upendra , Becirovic-Agic Mediha , Rodriguez-Paar Jocelyn R. , Konfrst Shelby R. , de Morais Sharon D. B. , Johnson Catherine S. , Flynn Elizabeth R. , Hall Michael E. , Anderson Daniel R. , Cook Leah M. , DeLeon-Pennell Kristine Y. , Lindsey Merry L.
Published: October 2022

To identify plasma proteins that mirror current and predict future remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), we retrospectively interrogated plasma proteomes of day (D)0 control (n = 16) and D3 MI (n = 15) from C57BL/6 J mice (20 ± 1 months). A total of 165 unique proteins were correlated with cardiac physiology variables. We prospectively tested the hypothesis that candidates identified retrospectively would predict cardiac physiology at an extended timepoint (D7 MI) in a second cohort of mice (n = 4 ± 1 months). We also examined human plasma from healthy controls (n = 18) and patients 48 h after presentation for MI (n = 41). Retrospectively, we identified 5 strong reflectors of remodeling (all r ≥ 0.60 and p < 0.05). Prospectively, ApoA1, IgA, IL-17E, and TIMP-1 mirrored current and predicted future remodeling. In humans, cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling was the top enriched KEGG pathway for all candidates. In summary, we identified plasma proteins that serve as useful prognostic indicators of adverse remodeling and progression to heart failure.

Graphical Abstract
Sewage Sludge Management at District Level: Reduction and Nutrients Recovery via Hydrothermal Carbonization
Authors: Scrinzi D. , Ferrentino R. , Baù E. , Fiori L. , Andreottola G.
Published: October 2022

In this study, two scenarios of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are presented, which include the integration of the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process into the sludge line as a post-treatment of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. The objective of the simulation is to investigate the performances of AD + HTC treatment to reduce sludge production and improve nutrient and energy recovery. For this purpose, the scheme of an under-construction WWTP was considered, named Trento 3 (Trento, Italy) and with a treatment capacity of 300,000 PE. In the first scenario, the HTC process was fed with thickened sludge from the Trento 3 WWTP, while in the second scenario, dewatered sludge from other local WWTPs was also used as feedstock for the HTC process. Both scenarios allowed to obtain a considerable sludge reduction ranging from 70 to 75% with a notably increase in the biogas production up to 47%, due to the recycling of HTC liquor (HTCL) to the anaerobic digester. Considering nutrients recovery, all the phosphorus and nitrogen present in the HTCL could be used for struvite precipitation with an average yearly gain of 1 million euros. Moreover, the introduction of HTC in the Trento 3 WWTP could allow a reduction in the sludge management costs of up to 2 M€/year.

Graphical Abstract
Knockdown of RAD51AP1 suppressed cell proliferation and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hu Yang-Yang , Ma Chen-Chao , Ai Kai-Xing
Published: October 2022

Background

Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor of digestive tract with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) being the main histological subtype. This study aimed to identify potential hub gene associated with the pathophysiology of ESCC through bioinformatics analysis and experiment validation.

Methods

Three microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by GEO2R tool. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to predict the potential functions of DEGs. Nine hub genes were identified using protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and Cytoscape software. We selected RAD51-associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1) for further research because of its poor prognosis and it has not been sufficiently studied in ESCC. The effects of RAD51AP1 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of ESCC cells were determined by in vitro functional assays.

Results

RAD51AP1 expression was significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues compared with normal tissues by using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. High expression of RAD51AP1 was associated with worse survival in ESCC patients. RAD51AP1 expression was positively associated with the enrichment of Th2 cells and T helper cells. Furthermore, CCK-8 and colony formation assays showed knockdown of RAD51AP1 inhibited the proliferation of ESCC cells. Flow cytometry analysis indicated knockdown of RAD51AP1 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ESCC cells. Transwell assay revealed knockdown of RAD51AP1 suppressed the migration and invasion of ESCC cells.

Conclusions

Finally, our results demonstrated that RAD51AP1 silencing significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in ESCC, thereby highlighting its potential as a novel target for ESCC treatment.
Determination of notch factors for welded T-joints based on numerical analysis and metamodeling
Authors: Oswald Markus , Neuhäusler Josef , Frey Moritz , Rother Klemens
Published: October 2022

The effective notch stress approach to estimate fatigue strength of welded components requires stress concentration factors of an idealized weld geometry using fictitious notch radii. This paper covers the estimation of those stress concentration factors for welded T-joints in different configurations. In comparison with different existing estimations, new methods using metamodeling by (a) the response surface method based on polynomial regression using coupling terms and (b) based on artificial neural networks are presented. The methods were trained by a large database of reference results obtained by finite element analysis. Besides higher quality of prognosis, the new metamodels enhance the range of allowable parameters of the T-joints compared to existing ones. The resulting methods provide means of obtaining stress concentration factors fast and of sufficient quality which could also be embedded in more complex applications as programmed solutions.
Sliding wear behavior of cold metal transfer cladded Stellite 12 hardfacings on martensitic stainless steel
Authors: Tapiola Jaakko , Tuominen Jari , Vihinen Jorma , Vuoristo Petri
Published: October 2022

Cold metal transfer (CMT) welding technique was used in the manufacturing of hypoeutectic carbide-type Co-based Stellite 12 hardfacings on martensitic stainless steel. It was discovered that the CMT process is capable of producing relatively thick (> 2.5 mm) low diluted single-layer coatings with cored Stellite 12 wire without cracks and pores. These coatings were investigated using microscopy (optical and scanning electron microscopy), X-ray diffraction, and hardness measurements. The high melting point chromium and tungsten particles inside the cored wire were relatively large and therefore remained unmelted in the clad layers. Self-mated sliding wear tests were performed using a pin-on-disc tribometer at room temperature and at 300 °C to determine the wear resistance and friction of the coatings. The coefficients of friction were relatively similar (~ 0.35) at both temperatures. Differences were exhibited in the ~ 40% greater loss of material at high temperature. The wear performance of the CMT clad Stellite 12 coatings did not, however, reach the wear performance of self-mated laser clad Stellite 6 reference material. CMT hardfacing was finally successfully demonstrated on a ring-shaped component.
Improving Orbital Uncertainty Realism Through Covariance Determination in GEO
Authors: Cano Alejandro , Pastor Alejandro , Fernández Sergio , Míguez Joaquín , Sanjurjo-Rivo Manuel , Escobar Diego
Published: October 2022

The reliability of the uncertainty characterization, also known as uncertainty realism, is of the uttermost importance for Space Situational Awareness (SSA) services. Among the different sources of uncertainty related to the orbits of Resident Space Objects (RSOs), the uncertainty of dynamic models is one of the most relevant ones, although it is not always included in orbit determination processes. A classical approach to account for these sources of uncertainty is the consider parameters theory, which consists in including parameters in the underlying dynamical models whose variance aims to represent the uncertainty of the system. However, realistic variances of these consider parameters are not known a-priori. This work presents a method to infer the variance of the consider parameters, based on the distribution of the Mahalanobis distance of the orbital differences between predicted and estimated orbits, which theoretically shall follow a $$\chi ^2$$

χ
2

distribution under Gaussian assumption. This paper presents results in a simulated scenario focusing on Geostationary (GEO) regimes. The effectiveness and traceability of the uncertainty sources is assessed via covariance realism metrics.
Evaluating the pore structure of low permeability glutenite reservoir by 3D digital core technology
Authors: Zhou Qing , Yang Zhengbing , Huang Changbing , Liu Jinming , Wang Yitian , Wu Wei
Published: October 2022

In order to analyze the micro pore structure characteristics of low-permeability glutenite reservoirs more intuitively and accurately, µ-CT scanning imaging technology is used to evaluate the development characteristics of pores, fractures and high-density interstitial materials in the three-dimensional core space of samples, and the rock pore structure is analyzed from the perspective of image gray, homogeneity and pore throat connectivity. According to the maximum sphere algorithm, a digital core pore network model is extracted and established, and the probability distribution characteristics of pore radius, throat radius, pore throat ratio and core pore throat coordination number of different rock samples are studied. The results show that the reservoir space of the samples in the study area is dominated by dissolution pores and micro fractures, with pore radius ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm, throat radius from 0.1 to 7 μm, pore throat ratio from 0 to 4, and coordination number from 0 to 7. The overall pore throat ratio, throat radius and poor throat connectivity are the main reasons for the low core permeability in the study area. It is found that the 3D digital core technology can more accurately evaluate the internal heterogeneity of rocks, and the calculated pore structure parameters include both connected pore information and isolated pore information. Compared with conventional mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance, the 3D digital core technology has obvious advantages in the evaluation of rock micro pore structure.
LncPheDB: a genome-wide lncRNAs regulated phenotypes database in plants
Authors: Lou Danjing , Li Fei , Ge Jinyue , Fan Weiya , Liu Ziran , Wang Yanyan , Huang Jingfen , Xing Meng , Guo Wenlong , Wang Shizhuang , Qiao Weihua , Han Zhenyun , Qian Qian , Yang Qingwen , Zheng Xiaoming
Published: October 2022

LncPheDB (https://www.lncphedb.com/) is a systematic resource of genome-wide long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)-phenotypes associations for multiple species. It was established to display the genome-wide lncRNA annotations, target genes prediction, variant-trait associations, gene-phenotype correlations, lncRNA-phenotype correlations, and the similar non-coding regions of the queried sequence in multiple species. LncPheDB sorted out a total of 203,391 lncRNA sequences, 2000 phenotypes, and 120,271 variants of nine species (Zea mays L., Gossypium barbadense L., Triticum aestivum L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mille, Oryza sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Sorghum bicolor L., Glycine max L., and Cucumis sativus L.). By exploring the relationship between lncRNAs and the genomic position of variants in genome-wide association analysis, a total of 68,862 lncRNAs were found to be related to the diversity of agronomic traits. More importantly, to facilitate the study of the functions of lncRNAs, we analyzed the possible target genes of lncRNAs, constructed a blast tool for performing similar fragmentation studies in all species, linked the pages of phenotypic studies related to lncRNAs that possess similar fragments and constructed their regulatory networks. In addition, LncPheDB also provides a user-friendly interface, a genome visualization platform, and multi-level and multi-modal convenient data search engine. We believe that LncPheDB plays a crucial role in mining lncRNA-related plant data.
From Project Bluestone to Operation Soteria Bluestone: An Academic-Police Collaboration
Authors: Stanko Elizabeth A. , Crew Sarah
Published: October 2022

The UK Home Office commissioned a government review of the criminal justice response to rape and serious sexual offences in March 2019 to explore for adult offences criminal justice outcomes, such as the proportion of cases being charged, prosecuted, and convicted in England and Wales. The report boldly concluded that ‘too many rape victims do not receive the justice they deserve’ (George and Ferguson in: Review into the criminal justice system response to adult rape and serious sexual offences across England and Wales: Research report, HMG, 2021, p 3). Launching Operation Soteria as a response to this review, the UK Home Office pledged to increase the number of rape cases making it to court. This contribution is a policy paper which was developed by capturing reflections from [Professor Betsy Stanko captured by reflections from Sarah Crew, and herself—denoted as S below], Chief Constable, Avon and Somerset Police, National Police Chiefs Council Lead for the policing of Adult Rape and Serious Sexual Offences England and Wales, and [Professor Betsy Stanko captured by reflections from Sarah Crew, and herself—denoted as B below], Strategic Advisor and Academic Lead, Project Bluestone and Operation Soteria Bluestone. They consider how this approach to improving the justice response to rape came about, bringing together academics and police forces across the country.
Contesting Consumerism with a Circular Economy?
Authors: Ortega Alvarado Isaac Arturo , Pettersen Ida Nilstad , Berker Thomas
Published: October 2022

The circular economy (CE) concept has recently entered the public discourse. A CE should contest the reproduction of a so-called linear economy. However, it is largely promoted as a normative top-down fix for business models and waste management. A branch of CE research calls for critical revisions of the concept to support the integration of social aspects. A related shortcoming is the lack of definition of the change that CE can bring about. Two research questions guide the work presented in this article: (1) What should be included in a socio-cultural and institutional framing to study CE? (2) What could leverage an alternative CE? We address the first question by proposing practice-driven institutionalism as a relevant perspective, focusing on studying consumption practices — practical engagements and alternative logics. We further apply a practice-driven institutional framework to an empirical study of cases from sources in a city in Norway, where consumption and production practices are highly embedded in consumerism. For the second question, we describe consumerism and its institutional dimension as the backdrop against which practical engagements are negotiated. Finally, we identify aspects of alternative logics bundled with these practical engagements. In conclusion, the article proposes a practice-driven institutional approach to socio-culturally frame CE and to identify grammars of practice that can leverage change that does not rehearse consumerism. In the specific case of our study, we highlight contextualizing use-value through social relations as a critical part of an alternative CE.
Effects of Physical Activity on College Students’ Subjective Well-Being During COVID-19
Authors: Yuan Shijing , You Maolin
Published: October 2022

Background

The COVID-19 outbreak has caused widespread psychological distress to Chinese college students. To explore the beneficial psychological effects of physical activity, this study accessed the relationship of Physical Activity (PA) and Subjective Well-being (SWB) among Chinese college students during the pandemic.

Methods

A total of 1198 college students (aged between 17 and 40) from 8 universities in Wuhan, China, volunteered to finish the online questionnaire survey from February 17 to 20, 2020. General Well-Being Schedule (GWBS) was used to evaluate SWB, and Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 (PARS-3) was used to measure PA. The Mann–Whitney U test, χ2 test, t test, and analysis of variance were used to compare the differences between groups based on different data types. A multi-factor linear regression analysis was performed on the factors affecting college students' participation in physical activity during the pandemic. Differences were considered statistically significant when p < .05.

Results

It found that: (1) The quality of physical activity during COVID-19 significantly and positively predicted subjective well-being (B = 2.512, p < .001), indicating that physical activity can effectively alleviate adverse mental health effects caused by the pandemic. (2) The pandemic has had a greater impact on the mental health of specific groups (such as seniors and rural college students). Supporting and encouraging them to participate in a certain level of sports activities can improve their subjective well-being, which is helpful for countering the pandemic’s adverse effects. (3) People should be encouraged to participate in sports at moderate or high levels.

Conclusion

PA can effectively alleviate the negative psychological impact of the pandemic. In general, during major public health emergencies, people should be supported and encouraged to regularly participate in physical activities at moderate or higher levels, to improve their subjective well-being, and maintain positive anti-pandemic attitudes and behavior.
Analytic Approximate Solution of the Extended Blasius Equation with Temperature-Dependent Viscosity
Authors: Khanfer Ammar , Bougoffa Lazhar , Bougouffa Smail
Published: October 2022

An explicit approximate solution is obtained for the extended Blasius equation subject to its well-known classical boundary conditions, where the viscosity coefficient is assumed to be positive and temperature-dependent, which arises in several important boundary layer problems in fluid dynamics. This problem extends a previous problem by Cortell (Appl Math Comput 170:706–710, 2005) when the viscosity is constant, in which a numerical solution was obtained. A comparison with other numerical solutions demonstrates that our approximate solution shows an enhancement over some of the existing numerical techniques. Moreover, highly accurate estimates for the skin-friction were calculated and found to be in good agreement with the numerical values obtained by Howarth (Proc R Soc A: Math Phys Eng Sci 164(919):547–579, 1938), Töpfer (Z Math Phys 60:397–398, 1912), and Cortell [34] when the viscosity is equal to 1, and when it is equal to 2.
Terminal Value Problems of Non-homogeneous Fractional Linear Systems with General Memory Kernels
Authors: Wu Guo-Cheng , Shiri Babak , Fan Qin , Feng Hua-Rong
Published: October 2022

Terminal value problems of fractional linear systems with non-homegenous terms are investigated in this paper for the first time. They are equivalent to a second kind weakly singular Volterra–Fredholm integral system. Picard’s method is used to obtain a closed form solution. The exact solution is checked to satisfy the terminal value problem. Numerical solutions are provided in comparison with truncated exact ones.
Living Salvation in the East African Revival in Uganda
Authors: Bruner Jason
Published: October 2022

Reexamines the first twenty years of the East African revival movement in Uganda, 1935-1955, arguing that through the movement African Christians articulated and developed a unique spiritual lifestyle.
Sheng
Authors: Githiora Chege
Published: October 2022

Of interest to linguists, artists, scholars of urban studies, educationalists, policy makers and language planners who are grappling with the challenges of multilingualism and language of education in Kenya.
Tempo and Tactus in the German Baroque
Authors: Dokter Julia
Published: October 2022

Guides modern
performers and scholars through the intricacies of German
Baroque metric theory, via analyses of treatises and organ music
by J. S. Bach and other leading composers, such as Buxtehude,
Bruhns, and Weckman.
Richard Sorge, the GRU and the Pacific War
Authors: Chapman John W. M.
Published: October 2022

Sorge’s activities between 1930 and 1942 have tended to be lauded as those of a superlative human intelligence operator, and the Soviet Union’s GRU (Soviet military intelligence unit) as the optimum of spy-masters. Although it was unusual for a great deal of inside knowledge to be obtained from the Japanese side, most attention has always been paid on the German side to the roles played by representatives of the German Army in Japan. This book, supported by extensive notes and a bibliography, by contrast, highlights the friendly relations between Sorge and Paul Wenneker, German naval attaché in Japan from 1932 to 1937 and 1940-45. Wenneker, from extensive and expanding contacts inside the Japanese Navy (and also concealed contacts with the Japanese Army) supplied Sorge with key information on the depth of rivalry between the Japanese armed services.
The Sword and the Crucifix: Church-State Relations and Nationality in the Nineteenth-Century Dominican Republic
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Luis
Published: October 2022

Like the precarious colonial state demeaningly referred to as “España la Boba,” the Dominican Catholic Church of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries endured the Caribbean ramifications of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. This onslaught included the cession of Santo Domingo to France in 1795, the protracted and bloody revolution in St. Domingue, disruptions in international trade, and invasions by Haiti in 1801 and 1805. Both the colonial state and the colonial church were further undermined by the declaration of Dominican independence in December 1821. Only weeks into Dominican independence, twelve thousand troops under the command of Haitian President Jean-Pierre Boyer invaded the eastern part of the island, fulfilling the long-held Haitian goal of unifying the island under Haitian rule. Although considerably weakened, the Dominican church survived as the single truly national institution in the sense that it retained influence throughout the Dominican territory. The church was also national in providing a central element in Dominican elite culture: fervent Catholicism. Thus it was not coincidental that clerics gravitated to the heart of the Dominican struggle for liberation and that the church continued to play a major role in defining political alignments during the forty years following Dominican independence.
Labor Internationalism: U.S. Involvement in Brazilian Unions, 1945–1965
Authors: Welch Cliff
Published: October 2022

A major question confronting analysts of Latin American labor concerns the relationships among unions, the state, and foreign powers. Some social scientists have argued that the relative autonomy of unions affects the strength of democracy in a given country (see Weffort 1978; Hall and Garcia 1989; Epstein 1989; Cohen 1989; Collier and Collier 1991). They have also asserted that Latin America's ability to control its own destiny has been shaped in part by the influence of foreign powers (particularly the United States) over social institutions like unions (Bergquist 1986; Buchanan 1991; Spalding 1992–1993). An evolving branch of labor studies that now offers a unifying perspective for examining this complex set of relationships is the perspective of labor internationalism.
Class Stratification and Cooperative Production Among Rural Women in Central Mexico
Authors: Isaac Claudia B.
Published: October 2022

This research note investigates class tension between rural women in the context of a grassroots women's development project in the village of Guadalupe in the Mexican state of Querétaro. These tensions affected the cooperative's internal dynamics, economic choices, and inevitably its lack of success. My study found these class tensions to be gendered in that they were manifestations of patriarchy as well as dependent capitalism.
The Reassertion of Indigenous Identity: Mayan Responses to State Intervention in Chiapas
Authors: Nash June
Published: October 2022

In the early hours of 1994, a few hundred men and women of the Ejército Zapatista Liberación Nacional (EZLN) blocked the Pan American Highway between Tuxtla Gutiérrez, the state capital of Chiapas, and San Cristóbal de las Casas and the road to Ocosingo, declaring war on Mexico's ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). This move signaled to the world that indigenous populations intended to make themselves heard at home and abroad as Mexico restructures its economy according to the neoliberal model promoted by President Carlos Salinas de Gortari. The rebels captured and briefly held the municipal buildings in San Cristóbal, Altamirano, Las Margaritas, and Ocosingo. Speaking for the rebels, Subcomandante Marcos declared that their war was “a final but justified measure”: “We have nothing, absolutely nothing. Not a decent roof, nor work, nor land, nor health care, nor education.”
Creating Cultural Prestige: Editorial Joaquín Mortiz
Authors: Anderson Danny J.
Published: October 2022

For the past thirty years, the imprint “Editorial Joaquín Mortiz” has stood for innovation, quality, and prestige in Mexican literature. After it was founded in 1962, Joaquín Mortiz quickly emerged as the premier literary publisher in Mexico and has provided readers with many of the novels and short stories now recognized as landmarks defining the contemporary canon of Mexican fiction. Most studies of Mexican narrative of the 1960s have tended to emphasize the dichotomy between the elitist self-conscious experimentation ofescriturawriting and the irreverent youthful exuberance ofondawriting. Shifting the focus from texts to publishers, however, reveals a different configuration. Editorial Joaquín Mortiz actually encouraged both these trends by cultivating the work of escritura authors such as Salvador Elizondo, Juan García Ponce, and José Emilio Pacheco along with those of onda authors like Gustavo Sainz and José Agustín. Moreover, during its first two years, Joaquín Mortiz staked much of its early reputation on promoting two Mexican novels now fundamental to women's writing throughout Latin America:Oficio de tinieblas(1962) by Rosario Castellanos andLos recuerdos del porvenir(1963) by Elena Garro. Thus Editorial Joaquín Mortiz has greatly influenced the development of contemporary Mexican narrative.
Sibling Rivalry on the Left and Labor Struggles in Colombia During the 1940s
Authors: Green W. John
Published: October 2022

On the Colombian Left during the 1940s, little differentiated the rank and file of the Communist party from the left wing of the Liberal party. Individuals commonly moved back and forth between the two groups. Animosity was rampant among leaders, however, as shown by the clashes between the principal compañeros and Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's left-Liberal populist mobilization. As this rivalry played out in the Communist strongholds of the union movement, it became apparent that a large portion of the organized working class (perhaps a majority) supported Gaitán even though their leaders dismissed him as a fascist. Workers, organized and unorganized, clearly demonstrated their belief that Gaitanismo was a radical movement of change despite the fact that it arose within the traditional party system.
Hygiene and “The Indian Problem”: Ethnicity and Medicine in Bolivia, 1910–1920
Authors: Zulawski Ann
Published: October 2022

In the first decades of the twentieth century, Bolivian intellectuals and politicians debated how the country's Indian population should be incorporated into social and political life as the nation became increasingly integrated internally and forged stronger links to the world market. Public health was central to this discussion because of elite fears of contagion due to greater contact between Indians and non-Indians and the realization that if Indians were to be productive members of society, then their physical well-being had to be considered. This study examines the proposals of two Bolivian doctors, Jaime Mendoza and Nestor Morales, for improving the health of the native population in the context of the larger national debate about ethnicity and citizenship.
Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in Latin America: Searching for the High Road to Globalization
Authors: Korzeniewicz Roberto Patricio , Smith William C.
Published: October 2022

This article revisits debates concerning poverty, inequality, and development in Latin America and explores a possible “high road” to globalization capable of achieving both more rapid economic growth and significant and lasting reductions in poverty and inequality. In reconnoitering the contours of this path, the authors probe a partial convergence in theory, concepts, and policies that may offer new opportunities for bridging the yawning chasms that heretofore have divided multilateral financial organizations, local governing elites, and academics as well as Center-Left political parties, organized labor, social movements, and NGOs. The article concludes with an assessment of the capacity of this emerging political agenda and attendant “polycentric development coalitions” to deepen and extend democracy effectively beyond the electoral arena to include basic issues of justice and equity.
Uncertain Gains: Labor in Chile's New Export Sectors
Authors: Schurman Rachel A.
Published: October 2022

Natural-resource-based export-oriented growth strategies have resurfaced as the dominant development approach in Latin America. While a growing literature exists on the economic, equity, gender, and environmental impacts of this development strategy, insufficient attention has been paid to its significance for labor. This article seeks to help fill this gap by analyzing its effects on Chilean workers. Based on a study of the fruit, forestry, and fishing sectors, my work shows that this type of development strategy can be very labor-absorbing and can offer significant benefits for labor when it leads to “agro-industrialization.” Nonetheless, although working conditions clearly improved after the late 1980s, it is likely that the first decade of the twenty-first century will not be a repeat of the 1990s. The hypercompetition that now characterizes these sectors is putting tremendous pressure on firms to reduce costs, including that of labor. Stripped of basic state protections and left with little social power, Chilean workers are much more vulnerable than they were before.
The Logic of Congressional Delegation: Explaining Argentine Economic Reform
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: October 2022

This study evaluates the role played by the legislature in one of Argentina's most important economic reforms of recent decades: the reform of tax incentives for regional development. As implemented by the last military government, this sytem of tax incentives provoked sharp distributive conflicts among provinces. Although a majority of legislators favored reform after the return to democracy in 1983, interprovincial conflicts created bargaining problems that prevented the passage of reform legislation through regular channels. Pro-reform legislators decided instead to delegate reform authority to President Raúl Alfonsín because he shared their interest in containing the fiscal cost of tax incentives. Subsequent uses of this delegated authority by two presidents promoted the interests of the enacting coalition that supported delegation. These findings support the usefulness of delegation models when carefully applied to Latin America and challenge theories that neglect the different ways that legislators shape economic reform.
Unesco and the Study of Race Relations in Brazil: Regional or National Issue?
Authors: Maio Marcos Chor
Published: October 2022

The literature on the cycle of studies on Brazilian race relations written in the 1950s, supported by UNESCO, has considered it a milestone that offered solid findings about the variety of such relations and the existence of racial prejudice and discrimination in Brazilian society. Some evaluations of these studies have asserted that the results of the UNESCO Project frustrated expectations that Brazil could be used as a positive example for race relations and an instrument in the struggle against racism in the period following the Holocaust. This research note takes a different stand in arguing that from the early stages of the organization of the project, Brazilian, French, and U.S. social scientists favored broadening the geographical scope under investigation because they were aware of several patterns of race relations and racial prejudice in Brazil. Originally, a limited and idealized regional focus was to center on the state of Bahia, but soon the scope of investigation became almost national in including Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Pernambuco.
Sovereign Limits and Regional Opportunities for Global Civil Society in Latin America
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay , Hochstetler Kathryn , Clark Ann Marie
Published: October 2022

In this article, we evaluate whether Latin American participation in international arenas reinforces traditional divides between state and society in global politics or transforms state-society relations in ways compatible with the concept of global civil society. We examine the participation and interaction of Latin American nongovernmental organizations and states at three recent United Nations conferences: the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights, and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women. We conclude that Latin Americans are full participants in any emerging global civil society. Their experiences at the 1990s issue conferences closely track those of NGOs of the Northern Hemisphere, notwithstanding the much more recent appearance of NGOs in Latin America. At the same time, Latin Americans bring a regional sensibility to their participation in global processes that reflects recent political developments and debates in the region.
Reinventing the Communal Tradition: Indigenous Peoples, Civil Society, and Democratization in Andean Ecuador
Authors: Korovkin Tanya
Published: October 2022

Most studies of civil society in Latin America have focused on urban social and political actors. In the Ecuadorian Andes, however, civil society has crystallized around the institutions of indigenous rural community that developed historically in opposition to white-meztizo urban administrative centers. This article explores the evolution of indigenous communal institutions in relation to local government and national politics by focusing on the canton of Otavalo in northern Ecuador. It is argued here that over the past thirty years, Andean communities in Ecuador have played an important role in the national processes of democratization and decentralization.
The Changing Profile of Mexican Migrants to the United States: New Evidence from California and Mexico
Authors: Marcelli Enrico A. , Cornelius Wayne A.
Published: October 2022

Using recent data from southern California and Mexico, we challenge the notion that the demographic profile of Mexican migrants to the United States since 1970 has remained constant. We find that more recent cohorts of migrants are more likely to settle permanently in the United States, to have higher proportions of females, to be younger, to have more education, to be increasingly likely to originate in southern Mexico and the Mexico City metropolitan area, and to be increasingly likely to depart from urban areas within Mexico. Although we find no direct evidence that the legalization programs mandated by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 has led to a stronger propensity to settle permanently in the United States, logistic regression analyses demonstrate the importance of the other three main explanatory factors suggested by Wayne Cornelius in 1992: economic crisis in Mexico, the changing character of U.S. demand for labor, and social networks.
Provincial Origins of the Brazilian State: Rio de Janeiro, the Monarchy, and National Political Organization, 1808–1853
Authors: Needell Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2022

This study addresses the provincial origins and role of the reactionary party that legislated the reconstruction of the Brazilian monarchy, perhaps Latin America's most stable nineteenth-century political regime. The study locates the party in terms of regional power, taking into account social, economic, and political factors. It analyzes the party's ideology in the historical context of the Regency (1831–1840) and its immediate aftermath, an era of destabilization, social war, and secessionism. The study also demonstrates how the party mobilized partisan support nationally to consolidate party and state power, the unexpected impact of patronage, and the increasingly autonomous quality of state power over time.
Advanced Manufacturing and Mexico: A New International Division of Labor?
Authors: Shaiken Harley
Published: October 2022

Much of the intense debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has focused on the number and kinds of jobs that Mexico could gain and the United States could lose as a result of more extensive economic integration (Faux and Lee 1992; Hufbauer and Schott 1993; Lustig, Bosworth, and Lawrence 1992; Weintraub 1993). This debate has raised the related issue of the nature of Mexico's industrial capability, a topic that predates NAFTA and will remain central regardless of the final outcome of the treaty. This article will explore that capability by focusing on a key question: Is Mexico a potential site for high-tech production or does its comparative advantage lie in labor-intensive low-tech operations?
Conquest and Population: Maya Demography in Historical Perspective
Authors: Lovell W. George , Lutz Christopher H.
Published: October 2022

How many Mayas are there? That deceptively simple question has seldom met with an unqualified answer, especially in Guatemala, where both question and answer invariably trigger ideological positions that are not easily reconciled. The Columbus Quincentenary in 1992, the year a Maya woman, Rigoberta Menchú, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, offered a timely juncture for reflecting on the matter. In this research note, we chart from the eve of conquest to the present the collapse and eventual recovery of an Indian population that today numbers more than twice as many as it did at European contact, a trajectory of survival experienced by few other Native American populations. The figures we examine are the best we could find, although none of them should be considered definitive. Moreover, they all indicate an Indian presence without ever being clear or consistent as to whom the definition applies. These figures are displayed in table 1. Any figure contemplated must also be appreciated in relation to the sources and methodology of its calculation. Discussion of this issue, however, we have kept to a minimum. Our aim is to summarize the salient features of a complex demographic situation in the hope of shedding light on an enduring Maya presence, one that increasingly challenges traditional notions of what a Guatemalan nation-state should be and on what terms Maya peoples contained within it should live (Cojtí Cuxil 1991; Smith 1990, 1991).
From Hidden Hand to Heavy Hand: Sugar, the State, and Migrant Labor in Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Authors: Martínez Samuel
Published: October 2022

For more than a century, the Dominican sugar industry has hosted seasonal immigrations of neighboring Caribbean islanders as harvest laborers (most recently, Haitians). This migrant labor system is fully comparable to systems of labor control after slavery in other parts of the Caribbean. But the regional historical trend toward more liberal labor relations in commercial agriculture seems largely to have been reversed in the case of Dominican sugar. Between the 1930s and 1960s, the recruitment and employment of harvest labor changed from something resembling free wage labor into a government-managed system of semicoerced exploitation. Processes of state formation in Haiti and the Dominican Republic are crucial in explaining this transformation. Fuller understanding of historical change in the case at hand is afforded by broadening the scope of inquiry beyond the direct confrontation between labor and estate owners and by recognizing that governments and their agents have not always acted in accordance with private agro-industrial interests.
Juana Manuela Gorriti and the Persistence of Memory
Authors: Urraca Beatriz
Published: October 2022

This study analyzes the work of Juana Manuela Gorriti, one of the most prominent women writers in nineteenth-century Argentina. It unravels the notions that structure Gorriti's ideas of literature, history, and nation and illustrates how her work established close links between memory, continuity, and the role of women in the creation of national identities in Latin America. Her short stories and autobiographical pieces are situated within their historical context and literary milieu. The Rosas dictatorship and its aftermath are examined as played out in Gorriti's fiction, in stories where violence against women, the ghostly, and popular culture became central themes through which Gorriti created myths of personal history and national identity. The essay also explores the ways in which her female characters illustrate the strategies of ordinary women for turning their social constraints into public action.
The Paraguayan Rosetta Stone: New Insights into the Demographics of the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870
Authors: Whigham Thomas L. , Potthast Barbara
Published: October 2022

The demographics of the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) have long fascinated historicans and sociologists. If the oft-repeated tales of a 70 percent loss of life in Paraguay are accurate, then this war represents a singular case in modern history, one full of implications for students of militarism, gender, and culture. This study analyzes a newly discovered census from 1870 and reworks earlier censal materials. The authors conclude that the old stories of a steep loss of population during the war are basically correct.
Comparative Ethnohistory and the Southern Cone
Authors: Jones Kristine L.
Published: October 2022

Activities commemorating (positively or negatively) the Columbian quincentenary have moved the story of this encounter out of the libraries, off the dusty shelves of nineteenth-century museums, and back into the political arena where it began. In the United States and Canada, as in Latin America, the search for a “usable history” that would include Native Americans has prompted reassessment and revision of the historiography of Indian-white relations. This research note will review some of the more important ethnohistorical issues raised in North America and comment on possible comparative studies for the Southern Cone.
Race, Gender, and Development in Brazil
Authors: Lovell Peggy A.
Published: October 2022

Latin Americanists have devoted considerable attention over the past two decades to the relationship between economic growth and social inequality. A bibliography of the articles and books on the consequences of development for income, class, and gender would surely run to many pages. Yet within that impressive literature, much less attention has been given to the ways that structural changes have altered racial inequalities. Scarcer still are empirical analyses that document the manner in which changes over time have affected women and men within different racial groups.
The Taki Onqoy and the Andean Nation: Sources and Interpretations
Authors: Mumford Jeremy
Published: October 2022

In the 1530s, a handful of Spaniards conquered an immense Andean empire. Thirty years later, some Andean subjects of what was by then an immense Spanish empire resolved not to worship the Spaniards' God. Their resistance was associated with a Quechua ritual phrase, “Taki Onqoy,” usually translated literally as “disease of the dance.” This movement was suppressed rapidly by Spanish authority and left no traces except in a few Spanish documents.
The Income Distribution Threat in Latin America
Authors: Berry Albert
Published: October 2022

Most of the Latin American countries that have introduced market-friendly economic reforms during the course of the last two decades have also suffered serious increases in inequality. The systematic coincidence in timing of the two events suggests that the reforms have been one cause of the worsening distribution. The generalization that major increases in inequality have occurred in many Latin American countries over the last two decades is now widely accepted (Altimir 1994; Morley 1995). This article will add new information for a few countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador). Its main focus, however, is the possible causes of those increases, a complicated question because so many different currents have affected the region over this period—the economic crisis, the policy reforms, technological change, shifts in terms of trade, and still others. Samuel Morley (1995) and others have argued that much of the observed increase in inequality was related to the economic crises suffered by nearly every country in the region. This interpretation might suggest that the optimists who predicted positive distributional outcomes from the reforms (such as Krueger 1988) will eventually be vindicated, once the negative effects of the crises have played themselves out. Although I agree that this factor played a significant role, the fact that inequality appears to be significantly higher after the crisis than before (Altimir 1994) implies that other contributing factors were also at work. Of these, the reforms are suspect because of their content and implicated by the coincidences in timing with the increases.