bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-deterrence: Nuclear weapons and the enduring credibility challenge
Authors: Paul TV
Published: December 2015

In this article I argue that it is much harder to deter and compel non-nuclear states and terrorist groups through the threat of use of nuclear weapons than proponents of nuclear use contend. A counter-proliferation strategy relying on nuclear threat and preventive war has serious limitations and may well be a source of nuclear proliferation rather than non-proliferation. While the fear of a retaliatory attack constrains a nuclear state from using its nuclear weapons against another nuclear state, a nuclear state may not be able to mount and execute a nuclear retaliatory strike against a non-nuclear state or a non-state actor for reasons beyond military calculations. The nuclear state could be restrained by self-imposed reputational concerns arising from moral, legal, and other normative considerations. This form of restraint can be aptly termed “self-deterrence.” This article first elaborates the concept of self-deterrence and then explores the core reasons for its prevalence. There may be multiple reasons for self-deterrence, including domestic politics, bureaucratic politics, and leaders’ psychology, especially in terms of risk aversion. However, in light of the historical record—especially instances from US nuclear history—reputational considerations appear to be crucial in explaining self-deterrence. These reputational considerations derive largely from three sources: the tradition of non-use of nuclear weapons, moral restraints, and legal principles regarding the use of nuclear weapons. I conclude by arguing that deterrence theory and policy need to take into account this aspect of self-deterrence along with cultural, psychological, and domestic-level constraints that have been presented as challenges to that theory’s premises and applicability.
Flow-compacted deformations coupled with thermo-chemically induced distortions in manufacturing of thick unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics composites
Authors: Ganapathi AS , Joshi Sunil C , Chen Zhong
Published: December 2015

A novel technique to predict the manufacturing process-induced distortions and deformations in thick unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics laminates is detailed in this article. An integrated numerical model is developed to account for non-isothermal resin flow, related compaction, transient resin cure, and resin shrinkage effects to predict the final shape of the autoclave cured thick prepreg laminate. The associated physics are mathematically coupled to solve for the process variables interactively. The results illustrate reduction in the thickness of the laminate prior to the start of curing when initial fiber volume fractions are pre-set. This confirms that the initial transverse deformation of B-stage prepreg is due to the applied vacuum and/or pressure. Once curing initiates, deformation of the laminate due to compaction increases, proportionally, with the increase in fiber volume fraction. Furthermore, the thermo-chemical residual strains contribute to additional compaction. The final distorted shape observed in simulation of the originally flat laminate matches with the shape of the fabricated laminate with 6.6 mm thickness. A solution to minimize the distortion is discussed in detail. This procedure is extended to simulate a curved laminate’s processing; where, the shear moduli were observed to influence the final shape of the laminate. The findings are presented and deliberated in this article.
Dynamical characterisation and damage mechanisms of E-glass/vinylester woven composites at high strain rates compression
Authors: Arbaoui Jamal , Tarfaoui Mostapha , El Malki Alaoui Aboulghit
Published: December 2015

Within the EUCLID project, ‘Survivability, Durability and Performance of Naval Composite Structures’, one task is to develop improved fibre composite joints for naval ship superstructures. In many practical situations, the structures are subjected to loading at very high strain rates like slamming, impact, underwater explosions or blast effect. Material and structural response vary significantly under such loading as compared to static loading. In this paper, the results from a series of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar tests on the woven composites are presented. These tests were done in two configurations: in-plane and out-of-plan compression test. It is observed that the failure strength varies with the different loading directions. The results indicate that the stress–strain curves, maximum engineering stresses and strains evolve as strain rate changes. The woven composites have higher values of engineering stress and dynamic stiffness for in-plane than for out-of-plane compression at the same strain rate; however, the in-plane strain at maximum stress is higher than that of out-of-plane compression. During the experiments, a high speed camera was used to determine the damage mechanisms. The specimens are mainly damaged in a crushing and shear failure mode under out-of-plane loading, as for in-plane test, the failure was dominated by fibre buckling and delamination.
An integrated fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy multiple-criteria decision-making simulation approach for maintenance policy selection
Authors: Azadeh Ali , Abdolhossein Zadeh Saeed
Published: December 2015

Selecting a proper maintenance strategy in an attempt to preclude failures is of critical significance in system engineering due to its fallbacks in the safety and economics of plants operation. This process is a typical multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem that involves both tangible and intangible parameters that are often in conflict with each other. In this paper, an integrated analytic hierarchy process (AHP)–fuzzy MCDM approach is proposed to perform a comprehensive comparison between different maintenance policies. For this purpose, various criteria are taken into account that are different in nature, as some give a crisp value obtained from simulation, some are defined in linguistic terms based on experts’ opinions and some are in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers. The AHP method is used to determine the importance weights of the criteria. Subsequently, a distance-based fuzzy MCDM approach is employed to rank different maintenance policies and select the most appropriate one. Moreover, the fuzzy technique for the order of prioritization by similarity to ideal solution is used for verification of the proposed integrated approach. Lastly, the impact of each criterion on the rankings is examined. Four commonly implemented maintenance policies, namely condition-based, time-based, failure-based and opportunistic, are considered in this study. Also, a real-world example is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. The most significant feature of this approach lies in its capability in incorporating data in the forms of linguistic variables, triangular fuzzy numbers and crisp numbers into the evaluation process.
Debating the Reality of Social Classes
Authors: Kincaid Harold
Published: December 2015

This article first surveys a significant set of issues that are intertwined in asking whether social classes are real. It distinguishes two different notions of class: class as organized social entities and class as types of individuals based on individual characteristics. There is good evidence for some classes as social entities—ruling classes and underclasses in some societies—but other classes in contemporary society are sometimes best thought of in terms of types, not social entities. Implications are drawn for pluralist accounts of social classification and the individualism-holism dispute.
Kaposi sarcoma in HIV-seronegative children presenting to the paediatric oncology ward in The Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi during 2002–2014
Authors: Mittermayer-Vassallo Kirstin , Banda Kondwani , Molyneux Elizabeth M
Published: December 2015

One of the most common malignancies in HIV-endemic, resource-poor countries is Kaposi sarcoma (KS). It is an AIDS-defining disease and as Malawi’s incidence and prevalence of HIV is high, KS is now the most common cancer in adult male Malawians and the second most common in women and children. Most attention has focused on HIV-seropositive adults as their number far outweighs those of children. This audit concerns the presentation and outcome of HIV-seronegative children with KS who presented in a 12-year period (2002–2014) to The Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital. Twenty (10.5%) of the 191 children with KS presenting to the paediatric oncology ward during 2002–2014 were HIV-seronegative. They were usually younger than seropositive children and 62% had severe anaemia. The main presenting complaints in the HIV-seronegative group were woody oedema, commonly of a limb, and lymphadenopathy. Woody oedema was common in children with or without HIV infection. Seronegative children with KS were less likely to have oral KS than HIV infected children. Of 11 children who completed courses of chemotherapy, seven (63%) had complete cure sustained over a 1-year follow-up period. KS is potentially curable in this group of children. Chemotherapy regimens are equally effective in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative children. The presentation of HIV-seronegative children with KS differs from adults and HIV-seropositive children. Further research is necessary to determine possible triggers for developing KS in HIV-seronegative children.
Plaster cast publishing in nineteenth-century paleontology
Authors: Rieppel Lukas
Published: December 2015

This article uses the example of Hesperornis regalis, an ancient toothed bird discovered in Kansas during the 1870s, to discuss a practice that became extremely widespread in late-nineteenth-century paleontology: the use of plaster cast replicas to circulate especially noteworthy discoveries. Building upon a growing literature at the intersection of book history and the history of science, I argue that paleontologists developed plaster casts as a compromise medium that combined some features of print with others from original natural history specimens. For example, because plaster casts were mechanical reproductions, they could be fabricated in fairly large numbers at a relatively modest price. This allowed them to circulate more readily than original fossils. At the same time, however, paleontologists treated casts as a material trace of prehistory, much like an original fossil itself. As a result, they were seen as especially authoritative and trustworthy objects of knowledge. Insofar as they combined features of print and prehistory, I argue that casts functioned as a genuine mode of publication in late-nineteenth-century paleontology, but one that foregrounded its own materiality.
Scientific naturalists and their language games
Authors: Lightman Bernard
Published: December 2015

For nineteenth century British scientific naturalists like Charles Darwin, Thomas Henry Huxley, and John Tyndall, translation, and the issues of language that it raised, were crucial. Dealing with these issues became a major part of their strategy to reform British science, and it involved opening up the scientific community to French and German research. Early in their careers, both Huxley and Tyndall invested time translating science books from the continent into English. Later, as they themselves wrote books that were in demand across the channel, they, and Darwin, put a great deal of time and energy into locating the best possible translators for their writings. Translation was not only a key to reforming British science; it was also essential as a means of circulating the evolutionary worldview of scientific naturalism globally. But Darwin, Huxley, and Tyndall were not fully prepared for the challenges they would encounter in authorizing translations of their own works.
Francis Bacon and the Germans: Stories from when ‘science’ meant ‘Wissenschaft’
Authors: Phillips Denise
Published: December 2015

Given that translation is always an imperfect process, why do people single out certain words as simply untranslatable? This article looks at one such supposedly untranslatable term, the German word Wissenschaft. Rather than take the word’s status as a given, it examines the historical processes through which Wissenschaft came to be seen as a word impossible to render into English. The article examines a mid-nineteenth century debate about Francis Bacon to show that as late as the 1860s “science” and “ Wissenschaft” were still treated as comparable terms. Wissenschaft began to seem untranslatable only later in the nineteenth century, as part of a critique that set German national character in opposition to the supposedly shallow materialism of the British. After this initial divergence, scholars in the twentieth century continued to elaborate on the difference between the terms, with lasting implications for our retrospective understandings of nineteenth-century intellectual life.
Hydrogen Oxygenovich: Crafting Russian as a language of science in the late nineteenth century
Authors: Gordin Michael D.
Published: December 2015

Until the 1860s, science in Russia was principally conducted in Latin, French, and German. In the years leading up to and following the creation of the Russian Chemical Society in 1868, Russian chemists – treated in this article as both a representative sample of Russian scientists and also practitioners of the flagship science of the period – debated both the merits of developing a nomenclature that would enable Russian to “hold” modern inorganic and organic chemistry, and the practicability of doing so. The article explores debates over whether Russian syntax could be adapted to represent chemical compounds according to emerging western conventions or in a sui generis manner, as well as the struggles of Russian scientists to use French and German to communicate with their foreign counterparts, arguing that the details of these debates highlight both the fruitfulness and the limits of using “standardization” as a framework for linguistic codification.
Research psychology interns’ formative training experiences
Authors: Nkadimeng Pinkie Shilela , Lau Ursula , Seedat Mohammed
Published: December 2015

This article uses in-depth, open-ended individual interviews and a ‘contextualist method’-based thematic analysis to explicate the training experiences of eight research psychology post-interns. The experiences present internships within a specific training site as a messy and complex experience, as a process of professional socialisation, and as a space that evokes uncertainty about career identity, career opportunities, and financial independence. While there was some variability in how participants made sense of their unstructured transition into a trans-disciplinary professional space, their talk highlighted the troubling and affirming emotions inherent to the process of professional socialisation and the influences of life choices and financial considerations on professional decisions. Structured supervisory support may be crucial within life-oriented internship training.
Creating the Boiler Room Environment
Authors: Goodboy Alan K. , Martin Matthew M. , Knight Jennifer M. , Long Zachary
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to explain workplace bullying as a symptom of high-strain employment. The Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model of work design was used to frame this study and examine workplace bullying antecedents and consequences. Full-time American employees ( N = 314) working in various organizations completed a questionnaire about their bullying experiences, working environments, and occupational outcomes. Results revealed that workplace bullying was correlated with expected negative outcomes at work (i.e., job dissatisfaction, job stress, anxiety). In line with JDCS model predictions, employees who worked at organizations characterized by high psychological demands, low control, and low supervisor social support (i.e., an additive model) reported more workplace bullying (supporting an iso-strain hypothesis). Results of a moderated moderation analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction between demands, control, and support (supporting a buffering hypothesis); under workplace conditions characterized by low supervisor social support, employee control over how work was completed buffered the negative effect of job demands on workplace bullying. Supervisors, then, should consider how promoting employee autonomy and communicating social support to employees might nullify workplace conditions that encourage bullying, especially when work is particularly demanding.
Deep Impact? How Journalists Perceive the Influence of Public Relations on Their News Coverage and Which Variables Determine This Impact
Authors: Obermaier Magdalena , Koch Thomas , Riesmeyer Claudia
Published: December 2015

Journalists perceive 25% to 80% of their coverage to be influenced by public relations (PR). However, there is hardly any research on what factors determine where on this wide spectrum an individual journalist will fall. This study analyzed the extent and source of the perceived influence of PR on news coverage via a quantitative survey of German journalists. On average, participants perceived over one third of their work to be influenced by PR, and a number of variables were found to be associated with the degree of this impact. Role conceptions as populist mobilizers and newsroom conventions discouraging excessive reliance on PR decreased the influence of PR on news coverage. Secondary employments in the field of PR, having close personal relationships with PR professionals, and considering interests of publishers or advertisers increased the impact of PR on journalistic content.
Scoundrel or Scapegoat? A Reassessment of the Office of Thrift Supervision’s Performance Before the 2008 Financial Crisis
Authors: Rex Justin
Published: December 2015

This research attempts to determine whether Congress was justified in shutting down the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. I do so by comparing its performance with that of the other federal banking regulators: the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), and the Federal Reserve. Results show that the OTS is not consistently the worst performer across a variety of measures. This finding suggests it was unfairly scapegoated and that many of the problems attributed to the OTS still remain at the other agencies, despite financial reforms in 2010.
From Old Colonial Estates to New Modern Suburbs: The Emergence of the First Middle-Class Neighborhoods in Bogotá, Colombia (1925-1945)
Authors: Gómez-Navas Diana , Serna-Dimas Adrián
Published: December 2015

In the 1920s and 1930s, three factors contributed to Bogotá’s urban and architectural development: first, the deepening of urban contradictions that gave rise to considerable public concern around health, security, morality, and poverty in the city; second, the organization of meetings on public improvements that inspired the first urban planning processes, such as Bogotá Future; and third, the favorable economic conditions that enabled the development of public works and private projects, such as new residential neighborhoods for middle classes outside of town. We show how the first residential neighborhoods for modern middle classes in the Arzobispo River basin, in the northern part of Bogotá, emerged.
The Words for Disgust in English, Korean, and Malayalam Question Its Homogeneity
Authors: Han Donghee , Kollareth Dolichan , Russell James A.
Published: December 2015

Native speakers of English, Korean, and Malayalam ( N = 30 in each group) rated their emotional reactions to stories describing events leading to anger, fear, sadness, and disgust. Speaker’s language had no significant effect for anger, fear, and sadness stories, but did for disgust stories. The category named by the English word disgust includes emotional reactions to distaste, pathogen-containing substances, blood, sex, and moral violations. The category named by disgust’s translations into Korean and Malayalam were narrower, a result that challenges translation equivalence. Lack of equivalence across languages is consistent with the argument that the English word disgust refers to a heterogeneous mix of similar but different emotional reactions.
“What’ve I done to deserve this?” The role of deservingness in reactions to being an upward comparison target
Authors: Koch Erika J. , Totton Shawnee F.M.
Published: December 2015

Outperforming others may be an ambivalent experience, simultaneously evoking pride and discomfort. Two experiments examined the role of deservingness in reactions to being an upward comparison target. Study 1 took place online and experimentally manipulated deservingness by modifying a self-report measure of Sensitivity about Being the Target of a Threatening Upward Comparison (STTUC). Participants predicted more distress and less positive affect under conditions of undeserved (vs. deserved) success; several individual difference variables moderated these effects. Study 2 systematically varied a confederate’s effort to manipulate the perceived deservingness of an outperformed person. Participants were especially likely to downplay their score in the presence of a confederate who appeared to work hard on a task but nevertheless performed poorly. Collectively, findings suggest that people respond most strongly to STTUC when a mismatch exists between deservingness and outcomes.
How Dutch professionals conduct interactive design sessions to foster ‘shared understanding’
Authors: van Dijk Terry , Ubels Hiska
Published: December 2015

In the pursuit of the communicative, collaborative and participatory planning processes advocated by academic planning literature, a practice has evolved that translates abstract objectives into practical workforms. Planning literature proposes many objectives that can be met by less top-down methods of generating ideas and making decisions. Little is known about how such objectives are translated into practical methods applied. This paper presents an inventory of practices that is meant to validate and supplement available theories on communicative planning. It concentrates on a specific part of the planning process: the moment where optional solutions to a problem are being generated, not by each stakeholder in isolation, but specifically by groups of stakeholders in constructive designerly interaction with each other. We interviewed 11 experienced professionals from the Netherlands who use interactive design sessions on a regular basis. This paper reports on their responses to questions about skills needed by session leaders, what types of venues are best to use, how to behave during sessions, requirements for participants to contribute, roles of governments and what explains the eventual effects of session outcomes. Although every session still needs to be tailor-made, based on practical wisdom and sensitivity to context, this study reveals recurring hands-on principles for organizing an effective dialogue for exploring solution space.
Perspectives
Authors: White Martin
Published: December 2015

The author comments on a range of papers recently published in SAGE journals on topics that should be of interest to readers of Business Information Review.
Towards a Rosetta Stone for translating data between information systems
Authors: Morton Josh , Beckford John , Cooke Louise
Published: December 2015

Information systems are an important organizational asset and offer numerous benefits. However, organizations face continued challenges when upgrading ageing information systems, and the data contained within, to newer platforms. This article explores, through conversations with information systems professionals in four organizations, the potential development of a ‘Rosetta Stone’, which can translate data between systems and be used to help overcome various challenges associated with their modernization. Despite mixed feedback regarding the Rosetta Stone concept from interviewees, solutions highlighted in literature combined with participant feedback presented theories for its development, primarily as a tool to enable meaningful interpretation of data, rather than direct translation. The conclusion reflects on data collected to recommend a framework for how the tool might be developed and has the potential to be of significant interest to practitioners, open-source communities and organizations.
Developing and implementing policy
Authors: Budzak Danny
Published: December 2015

This article explores the development and implementation of policy, particularly information policy, drawing on the author’s personal experience of policy formulation. The article develops a framework for the development of information policy using numerous illustrations and examples.
Are patients ready for communication with radiologists? Results of the R2P2 survey
Authors: Bosmans Jan ML , Dhondt Melissa , Smits Lize , Bruno Michael A , Parizel Paul M , Gemmel Paul
Published: December 2015

Background

Patient empowerment requires that patients have enough information to make decisions concerning their own health. If patients are to discuss imaging results with radiologists, they have to know who these medical professionals are and what they do.

Purpose

To examine whether patients understand the role of radiologists, and if particular subgroups are better informed than other ones.

Material and Methods

Consecutive radiology outpatients in eight radiology centers could complete a web-based or printed questionnaire. Respondents indicated on a five-point Likert scale their level of agreement with 18 statements on the role of radiologists and their preferences concerning contacts with radiologists. Results were rearranged to allow comparison of predetermined subgroups. Dichotomous results were analyzed using χ2 statistics.

Results

A total of 1,146 questionnaires were found eligible for analysis. Results showed confusion as to the question whether radiologists are medically qualified and enjoy all the privileges thereof. Medically qualified or highly educated respondents were modestly better informed. Patients in private practice were better informed than outpatients in hospitals.

Conclusion

Patient empowerment requires better understanding of the role of radiologists. Different population subgroups necessitate specific information strategies.
“More Destruction to These Family Ties”
Authors: O’Sullivan Meg Devlin
Published: December 2015

“More Destruction to These Family Ties” looks at the long history of non-Native intervention in the lives of Native American families. It maintains that the desire to educate and raise indigenous children culminated in the 1970s with a catastrophic quarter of Native American youth living away from their families and nations. This article argues that Native women activists were central to arresting the crisis; that they launched a multifaceted agenda to address challenges (rooted in colonialism) that indigenous families faced; and that they championed a framework that complicates existing narratives of women and activism in the United States during the 1970s.
Risk Factors Associated With Grade 3 Pivot Shift After Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Authors: Song Guan-yang , Zhang Hui , Wang Qian-qian , Zhang Jin , Li Yue , Feng Hua
Published: December 2015

Background:

Recent literature has demonstrated that involvement in pivoting sports at the time of injury, increased posterior-inferior tibial slope (PITS), anterolateral capsular ligament (ALCL) disruptions, and combined lateral meniscal lesions all contribute to a higher grade of pivot shift after acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.

Purpose:

To identify risk factors associated with grade 3 pivot shift after acute ACL injuries.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A database of patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction from 2009 to 2015 after acute ACL injuries was retrospectively reviewed. A total of 30 patients (30 knees) with grade 3 pivot shift were identified as the study group. Moreover, 30 patients (30 knees) with grade 1 and 30 patients (30 knees) with grade 2 pivot shift were randomly chosen as the 2 control groups. All pivot-shift tests were performed with the patients under anesthesia. Predictors of grade 3 pivot shift that were explored included patient age, sex, time from injury to surgery, pivoting sports involvement at the time of injury, lateral PITS, medial PITS, ALCL disruptions, preoperative KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side difference, and combined lateral or medial meniscal lesions. Comparisons were performed between the study group and the 2 control groups. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify independent risk factors that were associated with grade 3 pivot shift.

Results:

Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions between the study group and the 2 control groups showed that pivoting sports involvement at the time of injury (odds ratio1 [OR1; grade 3 vs grade 1 pivot shift with grade 1 = reference], 11.88; 95% CI, 1.94-149.91; OR2 [grade 3 vs grade 2 pivot shift with grade 2 = reference], 3.41; 95% CI, 1.92-22.60), abnormal degree of lateral PITS (OR1, 14.41; 95% CI, 1.69-174.78; OR2, 6.41; 95% CI, 1.48-47.70), ALCL disruptions (OR1, 8.28; 95% CI, 1.71-117.14; OR2, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.07-28.75), and combined lateral meniscal lesions (OR1, 27.56; 95% CI, 5.48-240.52; OR2, 5.83; 95% CI, 1.21-38.56) were independent risk factors of grade 3 pivot shift after acute ACL injuries.

Conclusion:

For acute ACL injuries, the best set of predictors of grade 3 pivot shift were pivoting sports involvement at the time of injury, abnormal lateral PITS, ALCL disruptions, and combined lateral meniscal lesions. These results may provide additional information for counseling patients on residual laxity and risks for graft rerupture after ACL reconstruction.
Multilevel Work–Family Interventions
Authors: Pocock Barbara , Charlesworth Sara
Published: December 2015

Poor-quality jobs have significant costs for individual workers, their families, and the wider community. Drawing mainly on the Australian case, the authors’ focus is on the structural challenges to work–life reconciliation and the multiple-level interventions necessary to create quality employment that supports workers to reconcile work and family over the life course. The authors argue that interventions are necessary in three domains: at the macrosocial and economic level, in the regulatory domain, and in the workplace domain. The nature and success of these interventions is also critical to gender equality and to responding to the changing gender and care composition of the workforce across OECD countries.
On the non-axisymmetric behavior of quasi-isotropic woven fiber-reinforced composite Belleville springs
Authors: Patangtalo Watcharapong , Hyer Michael W , Aimmanee Sontipee
Published: December 2015

Discussed is the development of an analysis for studying the deformation behavior of Belleville springs fabricated of fiber-reinforced composite materials. The springs are subjected to a compressive loading, and owing to the shallow conical geometry of a Belleville spring, snap-though behavior can be exhibited and thus geometric nonlinearities are taken into account. By considering cost and ease of fabrication, off-the-shelf textile materials along with standard resin transfer molding techniques are strong candidates for the production of composite Belleville springs. However, as textile materials typically employ fibers at fixed angles relative to some reference direction, e.g. (0°/90°), (0°/±45°), or (0°/±60°), using such textiles in a conical geometry results in overall material properties that vary in the circumferential direction. This could complicate the response, potentially preventing an axisymmetric behavior even though the loading is symmetric circumferentially. This article addresses these issues by presenting a mathematical model of a textile composite Belleville spring with spatially varying material properties, in addition to geometric nonlinearities. The minimum total potential energy principle and the Rayleigh–Ritz approach are used to approximate the mechanical behavior. Discussed are the material property variations, load-deformation behavior, and strains and stresses as a function of circumferential location. For the particular case considered, a four-layer [(0°/90°)/(+45°/−45°)]S glass-epoxy textile laminate, the kinematic response is, for all intents and purposes, axisymmetric, while the strain and stress responses are not.
Bond mechanism of a new anchorage technique for FRP shear-strengthened T-beams using CFRP rope
Authors: Godat Ahmed , Prowt Richard , Chaallal Omar
Published: December 2015

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) rope was recently developed to anchor fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) shear-strengthened beams that conventionally uses U-wrap scheme. The rope is a bundle of flexible CFRP strands held together by a thin tissue net. In this technique, holes are drilled through the web at the web-flange intersection, and CFRP ropes are inserted through the holes and flared onto the two free ends of the U-wrap scheme. The technique offers substantial improvements in bond strength and ductility because it converts the U-wrap scheme similar to a full-wrap scheme. The objective of this paper was to investigate the bond behavior of CFRP L-strip plates anchored with CFRP ropes. The experimental program consisted of 16 tests on FRP-to-concrete joints, of which six were unanchored (control specimens) and 10 were anchored by CFRP ropes. The influence of concrete strength, rope length, and plate width on bond behavior was examined. Experimental results showed that the bond performance greatly improved with increasing FRP plate width and rope length, but concrete strength had a negligible effect, which is attributed to high thickness and narrow width of CFRP L-strips used. Theoretical formulations provided to account for the ultimate bond load were compared with the experimental results, and a modification factor to estimate the effect of the presence of CFRP rope was suggested.
Mechanical properties of unidirectional continuous fiber tapes reinforced long fiber thermoplastics and their manufacturing
Authors: Fang Xun , Shen Chunyin , Dai Gance
Published: December 2015

In this paper, long fiber thermoplastic was prepared by in-line compounding process and premixed powder impregnation process, respectively, and then comolded with unidirectional continuous fiber tapes. The endless fiber reinforced long fiber thermoplastic was obtained. The effect of the endless fiber fraction on the properties was studied through varying the thickness of the unidirectional composite. It is discovered that the unidirectional continuous fiber can improve toughness dramatically, without sacrificing the strength and stiffness. Fiber length and fiber length distribution may be the significant factors that influence the mechanical properties, especially toughness which can be toughened by fiber bundles as well. The rule of hybrid mixture is suitable to estimate the impact strength.
Thermally conductive and flame-retardant polyamide 6 composites
Authors: Li Minghui , Cui Huijuan , Li Qunying , Zhang Qian
Published: December 2015

In order to satisfy the requirements of heat dissipation and fire safety in electric and electronic industries, polyamide 6 composites with high thermal conductivity, and excellent flame retardant property were manufactured by twin-screw extruder. Brominated polystyrene/antimonous trioxide and red phosphorus masterbatch/magnesium hydroxide synergistic flame retardants were used as flame retardant additives respectively, alumina and flaky graphite were used as thermally conductive fillers in the polyamide 6 composites. Effects of flame retardants and thermally conductive fillers on thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and flammability of the polyamide 6 composites were investigated. The results showed that thermal conductivity of the polyamide 6 composites was mainly influenced by thermally conductive fillers and it was influenced slightly by flame retardants. Thermally conductive fillers had obvious effects on flame retardant efficiency of brominated polystyrene/antimonous trioxide flame retardant, while they had little impacts on flame retardant efficiency of red phosphorus masterbatch/magnesium hydroxide flame retardant. The tensile strength and flexural strength increased when alumina was filled into the polyamide 6 composites with either brominated polystyrene/antimonous trioxide or red phosphorus masterbatch/magnesium hydroxide flame retardants. The polyamide 6 composite with red phosphorus masterbatch/magnesium hydroxide and flaky graphite passed UL94-1.6 mm V-0 grade and its thermal conductivity could achieve 2.50 W/(m·K) in this study.
Knowledge of Federal EEO Law Among County Administrators and Department Heads
Authors: Rush Christine L. , Kellough J. Edward
Published: December 2015

This article reports the results of a survey designed to assess the extent to which public administrators are knowledgeable of federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) law. Findings suggest that there is significant variation among county administrators and department heads in their levels of knowledge, and that they are more familiar with Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 than they are with other laws examined. Those who have had employment law training, who hold a Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree, and who serve as human resources directors are more knowledgeable than others. Female administrators are more knowledgeable in some aspects of the law than their male counterparts.
Mother-Child Communication Quality During Language Brokering
Authors: Guntzviller Lisa M.
Published: December 2015

One hundred dyads of low-income, Spanish-speaking mothers and their bilingual children (age = 12-18; M = 14.12, SD = 1.89) who have language brokered for the mother (i.e., culturally or linguistically mediated between the mother and English speakers) were surveyed. Multiple goals theory posits that mothers and children who do not recognize and attend to instrumental, relational, and identity interaction goals during language brokering have lower communication quality and thus experience negative repercussions. Four instruments were developed and validated for situationally relevant brokering interaction goals (BIG) of children (BIG-C), mothers (BIG-M), child perception of mother goals (BIG-CM), and mother perception of child goals (BIG-MC). Each measure included a subset of goals (e.g., BIG-C included five goals: respect mother, respect English speaker, alter messages, act American, and act Latino/a). Mothers and children pursued multiple, conflicting goals, but inaccurately perceived each other’s goals. These measures provide brokering communication quality assessments and identify potential mother-child misunderstandings.
Tracing the Development of Argumentive Writing in a Discourse-Rich Context
Authors: Kuhn Deanna , Hemberger Laura , Khait Valerie
Published: December 2015

In most assessments of students’ argumentive writing and in most research on the topic, students write on topics for which they have no specific prior preparation. We examined development in the argumentive writing urban middle school students did as part of a two-year dialogic-based intervention in which students engaged deeply with a series of topics and participated in various kinds of electronic and verbal dialogic activities related to the topic. Students’ achievements exceeded those typical of the extemporaneous expository writing of middle school students. The gradual developments observed over time included ones in (a) addressing and seeking to weaken the opposing position, (b) identifying weaknesses in a favored position and strengths in an opposing one, (c) connecting and integrating opposing arguments, and (d) using evidence to weaken as well as support claims. In addition to identifying a trajectory of what develops in the development of argumentive writing, these analyses support the claim of dialogic argumentation as a productive bridge to individual argumentive writing and highlight the contribution of deep engagement with the topic in enhancing writing.
Effects of Violence Prevention Behavior on Exposure to Workplace Violence and Threats: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Gadegaard Charlotte Ann , Andersen Lars Peter , Hogh Annie
Published: December 2015

This longitudinal study investigates the relationship between prevention behaviors, that is, enacted violence prevention policies, and exposure to workplace violence and threats across four different high risk work sectors: psychiatry, special schools, eldercare, and the prison and probation services. Logistic regression analysis of a 1-year follow-up sample of 3.016 employees from these four sectors shows that prevention behaviors are significantly and negatively associated with self-reported exposure to workplace violence and threats—in the prison and probation services, eldercare, and in psychiatry, while no significant associations are found for special schools. The results therefore show clear sector differences with regard to the preventive effect of violence prevention behaviors. Furthermore, this multisector comparison suggests that prevention behaviors are more effective in relation to a moderate frequency of violence and threats, and that only top management prevention behavior can prevent very frequent incidents (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.58). This study contributes to the literature by use of a longitudinal design and acceptable response rates, while also simultaneously investigating several high risk sectors. The results imply that when managing workplace violence in high risk areas of human service work, there should be emphasis on the use of violence prevention behaviors from top management, supervisor, and among coworkers. However, type of sector and the frequency of workplace violence should be analyzed to evaluate the potential impact of prevention behaviors.
Mental Health Pathways Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Interpersonal Revictimization During Adolescence for Girls in the Child Welfare System
Authors: Auslander Wendy , Tlapek Sarah Myers , Threlfall Jennifer , Edmond Tonya , Dunn Jerry
Published: December 2015

This study compares the association of histories of childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and physical neglect with revictimization among adolescent girls, and investigates the role of posttraumatic stress and symptoms of depression as mediators. Participants were 234 girls aged 12 to 19 years, who have been involved with the child welfare system in a Midwestern urban area. Data were collected from baseline surveys of a trauma-focused group program to which the participants were referred. The majority of participants were youths of color (75%) who were primarily African American (70%), and the remaining participants were White, non-Hispanic (25%). Data were collected through surveys that assessed histories of child abuse and neglect, symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression, and experiences of physical, verbal, and relational revictimization in the last 3 months. All types of abuse and neglect were significantly associated with higher frequencies of revictimization and higher levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Parallel mediation analyses demonstrated that both posttraumatic stress and depression fully mediated the relationships between emotional abuse and revictimization, and sexual abuse and revictimization. Physical abuse was fully mediated by posttraumatic stress, but not by depression. Results also indicated that neither posttraumatic stress nor depression were mediators for the relationship between neglect and revictimization. There were similar pathways to revictimization in adolescents from emotional and sexual abuse through posttraumatic stress and depression. Evidence is mounting for the deleterious effects of emotional abuse. There is evidence that treatment of both posttraumatic stress and depression in emotionally and sexually abused adolescents involved in child welfare is warranted to prevent future revictimization.
A Tale of Two Visions
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: December 2015

In this article, I examine two visions of bilingual education that emerged during the Civil Rights Movement: race radicalism and liberal multiculturalism. I argue that although proponents of both visions believed that bilingual education was necessary for empowering language-minoritized populations, race radicalism conceptualized this empowerment as liberation from hegemonic Whiteness while liberal multiculturalism conceptualized this empowerment as assimilation into hegemonic Whiteness. I then examine the ways that the institutionalization of bilingual education erased race radicalism through reframing the debate around whether these programs should be subtractive or additive. I conclude by arguing that this dominant framing of bilingual education debates continues to reproduce hegemonic Whiteness in ways that marginalize language-minoritized students.
The Role of Spirituality and Religiosity in Persons Living With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Clayton-Jones Dora , Haglund Kristin
Published: December 2015

Purpose: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a serious debilitating chronic illness, affecting approximately 90,000 Americans and millions globally. Spirituality and religiosity (S/R) may ease the burden faced by persons living with SCD. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of S/R in adolescents and adults living with SCD in the research literature. Method: The electronic databases Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Health Source Nursing/Academic, ProQuest Health Module, PsycINFO, Medline, PubMed, and the American Theological Library Association were searched from January 1995 to December 2014. Findings: Of the 89 studies retrieved, 11 articles between 2001 and 2013 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Four themes emerged. The themes included (a) S/R as sources of coping, (b) S/R enhance pain management, (c) S/R influence health care utilization, and (d) S/R improve quality of life. Discussion: Use of S/R may be significant in coping with SCD, managing pain, affecting hospitalizations, and affecting quality of life. This review can direct researchers exploring S/R in adolescents and adults living with SCD.
Modeling bubble evolution in air-oil mixture with a simplified method
Authors: Zhou Junjie , Hu Jibin , Yuan Shihua
Published: December 2015

This work addresses the problem of bubble evolution arising from gas cavitation in hydraulic oils. Two significant aspects, including the interphase mass transfer represented by air release and absorption phenomena and different thermodynamic considerations, are currently taken into account using a simplified method. In particular, three new models in progressive relationship are proposed on the basis of Rayleigh–Plesset equation which describes bubble dynamics. They are Model A in which air content is assumed to be constant, Model B in which the interphase mass transfer is introduced with the air undergoing an isothermal transformation, and Model C assuming an adiabatic process for the bubble evolution. With the goal of investigating the effects of these aspects, comparisons of the three models for two typical cases are presented with regard to the practical circumstances in which the oil pressure is set to increase linearly or oscillate sinusoidally. Results show a consistent trend for both cases concerning Model B and Model C compared to Model A. Although its speed relates to many factors, air release and absorption has a relevant impact on gas bubble radius. By the reason of adiabatic assumption, Model C provides a slower response regarding the oil pressure change. However, Model B and Model C may be both inaccurate if considering the actual interfacial heat transfer. In this viewpoint, the oil temperature in fluid power system could be affected.