bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authoritarianism in Turkey
Authors: Kubicek Paul
Published: May 2018

Since its establishment in 1923, the Republic of Turkey has struggled to establish a stable, well-functioning democratic system. Turkey’s founding leader, Mustafa Kemal—who was given the name “Atatürk” (father of all Turks) in 1934—adopted many reforms to modernize and Westernize the country. However, during most of Kemal’s rule (r. 1923–1938), Turkey was a single-party regime in which political opposition was very circumscribed and repressed. Although Turkey did formally democratize after World War II, its democracy has been interrupted by several military interventions and beset with numerous problems, including restrictions on civil and political rights, closures of political parties, and political violence. Although outright authoritarianism has been the exception rather than the rule since the 1940s, many Turkish governments have exhibited authoritarian tendencies, and institutions have been created to give non-elected actors—in particular, the military—an important role in political life. Those challenging the secular, unitary nature of the state—e.g., Islamic-oriented political parties and Kurdish movements—have been repressed. In the early 2000s, the governing Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (AKP), or Justice and Development Party, launched a series of reforms that pushed Turkey in a more democratic direction. However, in the 2010s, many began to believe Turkish democracy was again under assault, evidenced in an erosion of checks and balances and rule of law, a crackdown on the media, and use of anti-terror laws to repress dissent. By most accounts, the situation has deteriorated after a failed coup attempt in 2016, which was followed by dismissals and arrests of tens of thousands of people, declaration of a state of emergency, and constitutional changes that create a more centralized presidential system. The literature on Turkish politics is frequently periodized, meaning that the emphasis on democratization or the (re)emergence of authoritarianism is often a reflection of contemporary events. Whereas much of the work on Turkish politics in the first years of the republic acknowledged its single-party, authoritarian nature, the emphasis in later years often was more on the hopes and shortcomings of democratization, with attention given to various authoritarian features as opposed to an institutionalized authoritarian system. Studies of the AKP, in particular, are subject to periodization, with initial assessments of its policies grounded more on its democratization and later works focusing much more on its authoritarian turn.
Cultural Classification and Codes
Authors: Yung Vincent , Espeland Wendy
Published: May 2018

Classification is fundamental to social life. It is the prerequisite to all other social activity. Before language, family, power, or organization, there must be rules for expressing sameness and difference, for defining what is or is not an instance of something, and there must be rules for how these distinctions are connected. Understanding space, time, or causal relationships, that something is an “independent” or “dependent variable” and that they are connected to each other, are social relationships that depend on classification; so, too, is the discovery of chance and the understanding of life in stochastic, probabilistic terms. Classification can be a simple distinction of kinds (this is an animal, that is not), but it is usually organized into systems of division and hierarchy, of more and less, better and worse. Kinship is about who and how we are connected to family or clan or tribe. Nationalism is about how someone is a citizen and the kinds of relationships that citizens and noncitizens have. Power is about who and when someone has the right to impose their will on others. And status is about social worth that is distributed based on race, caste, ethnicity, gender, sexual preferences, what people buy, who is beautiful, who is good at sports, and so on. Sociologists may take categories for granted, but some branches—those who study culture, politics, or race—are especially concerned with how classifications emerge, spread, or change over time. Changes in economic or political relationships often require a reclassification of worth or merit. And the terms that define categories are most often controlled by those who most benefit from them; however, efforts to resist power often involve challenging categories favoring the powerful.
Harold Innis
Authors: Buxton William J.
Published: May 2018

Harold Adams Innis (1894–1952) was a Canadian economic historian, political economist, and communication theorist. Born in Otterville, Ontario, he graduated with a BA from McMaster University before serving as a member of the artillery in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in World War I. After suffering an injury near Vimy Ridge in 1917, he convalesced at a series of hospitals in Great Britain completing an MA degree under the auspices of McMaster University and Frontier College. Following his return home, he studied for a PhD in economics at the University of Chicago, graduating in 1920. He was subsequently hired by the Department of Political Economy at the University of Toronto, where he spent his entire academic career (1920–1952). Innis first became known for his studies on how the production of staple products such as fur, fish, lumber, and wheat shaped and directed the path of Canadian economic development. This involved a close examination of the impact of European colonial systems on North America, particularly those of Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Spain. To this end, he was very engaged in what he called “dirt research,” which involved lengthy research visits to resource-producing areas of Canada, particularly in the North. During these trips he made detailed field notes based on observations, social interactions, as well as the collection of primary data (see Autobiographical Material and Major Field Notes). During the 1930s, he became engaged with issues related to bias in the social sciences, as well as to the role universities had played in the development of Western civilization (see Major Essays on Education and Universities). In his later years, he turned his attention to the history of communication, with particular attention given to the relationship between forms of media and broader patterns of power and social control. Innis was closely involved with numerous academic and funding bodies including the Royal Society of Canada, the Canadian Social Science Research Council (see Fisher 1999 under Biographical/Theoretical Works), the Canadian Humanities Research Council, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Guggenheim Foundation. He served as president of both the Economic History Association and the American Economic Association. Despite his abiding suspicion of academics who participated in the policy process, he was a member of such consultative bodies as the Nova Scotia Royal Commission of Provincial Economic Enquiry (1934) and the Canadian Royal Commission on Transportation (1949–1951). While there is general agreement about his shift in research interest from Canadian economic history to history of communications, there is a decided difference of opinion about the extent to which there was continuity between these two phases.
Ruptured Mycotic Aneurysm of the Distal Circulation in a Patient with Mucormycosis Without Direct Skull Base Extension: Case Report
Authors: Rangwala Shivani D , Strickland Ben A , Rennert Robert C , Ravina Kristine , Bakhsheshian Joshua , Hurth Kyle , Giannotta Steven L , Russin Jonathan J
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Infectious intracranial aneurysms are a rare subset of intracranial aneurysms caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral sources. Intracranial aneurysms of fungal etiology carry a high mortality risk and typically occur in immunocompromised patients via direct extension of skull base infections, or more rarely, after intracranial surgery.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

We present the case of a 27-yr-old female with systemic lupus erythematous and primary pulmonary mucormycosis, who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured fusiform distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm. Despite undergoing a successful extracranial-to-intracranial bypass and aneurysm excision, the patient ultimately died following progressive disseminated infection and a secondary intracranial hemorrhage of unknown etiology. Pathological examination of the excised artery confirmed Mucor infection.

CONCLUSION

To the best of our knowledge, this case represents one of the first mycotic cerebral aneurysms from mucormycosis in a patient without an underlying skull base infection or previous intracranial surgery. Despite optimal surgical management, clinical outcomes for mycotic cerebral aneurysms are largely dependent on the success of medical therapies at controlling systemic disease.
Plasmapheresis for Management of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the Neurosurgical Patient
Authors: Arias Eric J , Bruck Brent , Vellimana Ananth K , Eby Charles , Reynolds Matthew R , Blinder Morey A , Zipfel Gregory J
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder associated with a hypercoagulable state and increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative thrombosis. Few neurosurgical studies have examined the management of these patients, though the standard of care in most other disciplines involves the use of anticoagulation therapy. However, this is associated with risks such as hemorrhage, thrombosis due to warfarin withdrawal, and is not compatible with operative intervention.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

We report the cases of 2 antiphospholipid positive patients who were on anticoagulant therapy and underwent surgical bypasses and received perioperative management with plasmapheresis. The first was a 44-yr-old woman who presented with worsening vision, recurring headaches, and a known left internal carotid artery aneurysm that was unsuccessfully treated twice via extracranial to intracranial (ECIC) bypass at another institution. Preoperative tests at our institution revealed elevated beta 2 glycoprotein 1 IgA autoantibodies. The second case was a 24-yr-old woman with previously diagnosed APS, who presented for surgical evaluation of moyamoya disease after sustaining recurrent left hemispheric strokes. Both cases were managed with perioperative plasmapheresis to avoid the need for anticoagulation during the perioperative period, and both underwent successful ECIC bypass procedures without perioperative ischemic or hemorrhagic complications.

CONCLUSION

Management of neurosurgical patients with APS can be a precarious proposition. We describe the successful use of plasmapheresis and antiplatelet therapy to better manage patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures, specifically ECIC bypass, and feel this approach can be considered in future cases.
Parental Migration and Well-Being of Left-Behind Children from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Lu Yao
Published: May 2018

Parent–child separation due to migration has become increasingly prominent in developing countries. This chapter first discusses a conceptual framework for understanding the effect of parental migration on children’s development through both a socioeconomic and a psychosocial process. The chapter further highlights the importance of a comparative perspective in understanding how parental migration affects children, suggesting that the field should move beyond the debate of whether children benefit or suffer to examining the circumstances under which children benefit or suffer from parental migration. The author identifies several factors that shape the relative balance of economic and psychosocial processes arising from parental migration and its overall impact: which member migrates (mother, father, both, or nonparent family members), which dimensions of child development are studied (education, cognitive, health, emotional or behavioral development), where migrant parents go (domestically or internationally), and the social and economic context of the origin community.
Imagined and Occasional Co-Presence in Open Adoption
Authors: MacDonald Mandi
Published: May 2018

Notions of blood ties predominate in Western understandings of kinship, and parenthood is understood to be founded on biogenetic connection. Adoptive kinship is at odds with and indeed challenges these claims. After adoption, the positions of both birth (or original) and adoptive parents are somewhat ambiguous. These workings are even more complicated when adoption is contested, involuntary, or within the context of institutional care, and questions of parental status and entitlement are accentuated. This chapter explores the respective positions of adoptive and birth parents relative to the child as well as to one another in open adoption; it identifies how adopters achieve, delimit, and mediate imagined and physical co-presence between their child and their child’s birth parent, and considers the emergence of virtual co-presence via online social media. Qualitative research with adoptive parents to chart the family practices through which they configure birth parents as kin are also presented.
“Raising Another’s Child”
Authors: Brown Jill
Published: May 2018

African childrearing has been documented as primarily social in nature and driven by responsibility and respect for elders. Socially distributed care is common and reflects strong kinship ties that serve as a social welfare system in times of need. This chapter describes the practice of child fosterage in a southern African context among the Owambo of northern Namibia and explores parenting practices and communication between families and children. Relying heavily on ethnographic field work, the chapter paints a portrait of child fosterage and attempts to capture the complexities of how economic, moral, and social motivations to foster children in and out of the natal home play out in the organization and texture of family life. Ultimately, the chapter explores how parents “parent from afar” within the culturally normative system of child fosterage.
High Culture
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

For a number of complex reasons, humans are fascinated by drugs and altered states. Even if only momentarily, psychoactive substances lift people out of the ennui and pain of their everyday lives and, in some cases, introduce them to new visions of reality. It is no surprise, therefore, that the use of recreational drugs is rising. While, sadly, this also means that levels of addiction are increasing, many have used drugs as technologies to induce moments of meaning-making transcendence. Beginning at the close of the eighteenth century, this book traces the quest for transcendence and meaning in the West through the modern period. As well as the Romantic fascination with opium, it includes the discovery of anesthetics, the psychiatric and religious interest in hashish, the bewitching power of mescaline and hallucinogenic fungi, and the more recent use of LSD. The ideas and influence of a number of key protagonists are discussed, including Thomas De Quincey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Humphry Davy, Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, Paschal Beverly Randolph, Louis-Alphonse Cahagnet, Théophile Gautier, Charles Baudelaire, Benjamin Paul Blood, William James, Aleister Crowley, Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, Carlos Castaneda, and Terence McKenna. Central to the discussion is the analysis of the ways in which drugs have been used to induce mystical states, to transport users to nonordinary realities, and to access gnosis.
Technologies of Transcendence
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the book’s core ideas and some of the principal issues raised. Beginning with a discussion of Michel Foucault’s understanding of “technologies of the self,” it explores how drugs might be understood as “technologies of transcendence”—technologies that have the power to subvert dominant readings of reality. As such, they are always countercultural. By inducing the transcendence of ordinary consciousness, they are often understood to provide access to gnosis, or a special form of knowledge. They also typically induce mystical experiences of oneness that lead to a form of perennialism. In order to understand these mystical experiences, the chapter makes use of William James’s analysis of mysticism. Also, drawing on Mircea Eliade’s understanding of shamanism as “techniques of ecstasy,” it shows that drugs are often understood as technologies that induce ekstasis, meaning “to be located outside,” to “transcend,” or to be “displaced from” the embodied self.
Hashishdom
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

By the 1840s cannabis was beginning to be used in Western societies, particularly in France and America; as the century progressed, it enjoyed some popularity among physicians and psychiatrists. By the early twentieth century, philosophers such as Ernst Bloch and particularly Walter Benjamin were experimenting with the drug. This chapter is a discussion of the reception and use of hashish, primarily in the nineteenth century. As well as exploring its relationship with the Orient in the minds of users, it discusses its emergence as a technology of transcendence. Of particular significance in this respect was the work of Fitz Hugh Ludlow, particularly The Hasheesh Eater. However, other figures are discussed, including Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours, Alexandre Dumas, Théophile Gautier, and Charles Baudelaire.
Reconsidering Race
Authors: Gates, Jr Henry Louis
Published: May 2018

Race is one of the most elusive phenomena of social life. While we generally know it when we see it, it's not an easy concept to define. Social science literature has argued that race is a Western, sociopolitical concept that emerged with the birth of modern imperialism, whether in the sixteenth century (the Age of Discovery) or the eighteenth century (the Age of Enlightenment). This book points out that there is a disjuncture between the way race is conceptualized in the social science and medical literature: some of the modern sciences employ racial and ethnic categories. As such, race has a physical, as opposed to a purely social, dimension. The book argues that in order to more fully understand what we mean by race, social scientists need to engage genetics, medicine, and health. To be sure, the long shadow of eugenics and the Nazi use of scientific racism have cast a pall over the effort to understand this complicated relationship between social science and race. But while the text rejects pseudoscience and hierarchical ways of looking at race, it makes the claim that it is time to reassess the Western-based, social construction paradigm. The chapters in this book consider three fundamental tensions in thinking about race: one between theories that see race as fixed or malleable; a second between the idea that race is a universal but modern Western concept and the idea that it has a deeper and more complicated cultural history; and a third between sociopolitical and biological/biomedical concepts of race. Arguing that race is not merely socially constructed, the chapters offer a collection of views on the way that social scientists must reconsider the idea of race in the age of genomics.
Definitions—The Form and Function of Relational Aggression
Authors: Ostrov Jamie M. , Blakely-McClure Sarah J. , Perry Kristin J. , Kamper-DeMarco Kimberly E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews the definitions of relational aggression and other subtypes of aggression that are often studied in the developmental sciences. Specifically, definitions of relational, physical, indirect, social, verbal, nonverbal, proactive, and reactive aggression are provided. The modes, forms, functions, and contexts of aggression are reviewed, with a focus on relational aggression. Attention is given to other related constructs such as assertion, rough and tumble play, and social dominance, which should be considered and ruled out when studying subtypes of aggression. A definition and important considerations for the study of relational bullying are provided, and a brief discussion of the contexts of online or electronic aggression is given. Future directions and unanswered questions are raised.
Cultural Contexts of Relational Aggression
Authors: Kawabata Yoshito
Published: May 2018

Theories and models suggest cultural influences on children’s family and peer socialization. It is conceivable, therefore, that the development of relational aggression, which is a part of developmentally salient social experiences, may appear differently, depending on cultural contexts. The goal of this chapter is to summarize cross-cultural, international studies that have examined the development of relational aggression in various cultural contexts. Specifically, studies are reviewed that have evaluated psychometric properties of measures and have explored social-cognitive processes, peer relationships, victimization experiences, and psychopathology among relationally aggressive children and adolescents across cultures. Finally, developmental and clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Affect in the Process of Action Control of Health-Protective Behaviors
Authors: Rhodes Ryan E. , Gray Samantha M.
Published: May 2018

Preventing chronic disease is critical for society. Behavioral factors are often responsible for explaining much of chronic disease etiologies, yet engagement in health-protective behaviors is low. Intention to engage in behavior has been considered a critical determinant of behavior, and is supported by ample correlational evidence. Nevertheless, much of the correspondence between intention and behavior is among nonintenders who subsequently do not act; there is considerable variability in behavior performance for intenders. Thus, action control—the translation of positive intentions into behavior—is a crucial consideration for health behaviors. This chapter proposes several pathways in which affect may determine action control for protective behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating. The three main affective processes include reflective affect, manipulated affect through volitional regulation, and reflexive affect. Carefully designed future studies should help support or falsify several of the proposed pathways suggested in our model of affect and action control.
The Behavioral Affective Associations Model
Authors: Kiviniemi Marc T. , Klasko-Foster Lynne B.
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a conceptual overview of the role of affective associations in behavioral decision-making. It focuses first on the mechanisms through which affect influences behavior. It then describes the behavioral affective associations model and provides a summary of the research using the model with examples showing promotion of protective behavior and reduction of risky behavior. While observational studies are included, experimental studies in both laboratory and field settings are highlighted to model how interventions can manipulate affective associations to change behaviors. As affect is central to decision-making, new directions for research, such as the role of constructs related to affect, are explored as they relate to decision-making. Finally, implications for real-world interventions and techniques to use affect as a tool for behavior change are discussed.
The Role of Negative Affect in the Course of Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Reese Elizabeth D. , Yi Jennifer Y. , Bell Ryan P. , Daughters Stacey B.
Published: May 2018

Negative affect (NA) plays a prominent role in theoretical models characterizing the course of substance use disorders and is thus considered a central mechanism contributing to maintenance of symptoms and increased risk for relapse. This chapter overviews theoretical models of substance use, highlighting the impact of NA within the addiction cycle. In this context, it examines the evidence linking NA to substance use disorder (SUD) development, maintenance, and relapse, highlighting the association between NA and addiction-specific processes including withdrawal and craving. It concludes with a discussion of current substance use treatment approaches that target NA, including promising new pharmacological and neurobiological treatments.
Hollywood Harmony
Authors: Lehman Frank
Published: May 2018

Film music represents one of the few remaining underexplored frontiers for the field of music theory. Discovering its inner workings from a theoretical perspective is imperative if we wish to understand its tremendous effects on the ears (and eyes) of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Hollywood Harmony applies for the first time the tools of contemporary music theory and analysis to this corpus in a thorough and systematic way. In order to help readers appreciate how film music works, this study enlists a number critical apparatuses, ranging from abstract theoretical description to psychological models and sensitive close reading. It argues that matters of musical structure in film are matters of musical meaning, and pitch relations are inherently expressive, always somehow collaborating with visuals and narrative. One harmonic idiom, pantriadic chromaticism, plays an especially important role in the “Hollywood Sound,” and much of this study is dedicated to understanding its aesthetic and expressive content—of which the elicitation of a feeling of wonder is paramount. For better understanding of this tonal practice on a rigorous level, the transformational tools of neo-Riemannian theory are introduced and applied in an accessible and novel way. Neo-Riemannian theory emphasizes musical change and gesture over fixed objects or structures, and by recognizing the innate spatiality of musical experience in extended-tonal settings, it serves as an excellent lens through which to inspect film music. The works of a diverse assortment of composers are examined, with particular attention given to recent “New Hollywood” scoring practices.
Cyber Coercion as a Combined Strategy
Authors: Valeriano Brandon
Published: May 2018

To be understood, cyber strategy and coercion, must be viewed in the additive, combined context. This chapter explores how states integrate cyber operations into larger coercive strategies to compel their rivals. Cyber operations clearly do not occur in isolation, but analysts speak of these events as if they do. The chapter posits an empirical question: Are unique combinations of power more likely to produce concessions? To answer this question, it maps how states combine cyber, diplomatic, economic, and conventional military instruments to compel their rivals. It also examines the utility of achieving concession by target type, focusing on government or nonmilitary targets. The investigation finds that cyber operations have a limited coercive utility. Even when cyber operations are combined with more traditional inducements like economic and military threats, they are unlikely to produce concessions. There is no magic combination of statecraft in rival relationships that tend to be highly coercive.
Emotion and the Economy of Aesthetics
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: May 2018

This chapter sets forth the theoretical and epistemological frame for the book and the themes it integrates. The chapter introduces the main issues at stake in Sense and Sadness, be they intellectual, historical, political, geographic, temporal, methodological, or disciplinary. Its holistic contextualization is essential in order to understand the Suryani music experience as this book explains it: an emotional-cognitive aesthesis. The chapter explains the economy of emotion and aesthetics, proposed here as a new interpretive and analytical concept for a suggested connection between two main problems in music studies, namely mode and emotion. It thus offers theoretical frameworks for connecting mode and emotion through their mutual relation to the aesthetic. While maintaining emphasis on music modality and human emotionality in explaining Syriac chant music, the chapter draws on the cognitive capacities of metaphor and imagination, and addresses issues of liminality as positionality, dynamic method, and musical and contextual complexity.
Performing Value
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: May 2018

This chapter offers a glimpse into how value is articulated and performed in the multilayeredness of a distinctive service from Passion Week, the Washing of the Feet. The chapter is essentially an interpretive narrative description of the event that combines reference to written sources and to living practice. It underlines the constant processes of negotiation, juxtaposition, and ordering that bring together the various elements of an ecclesiastical service. In the liturgical reenactment of a biblical story in which Jesus washed the feet of his twelve disciples, the various modes of value conception and construction in Hayy al-Suryan merge and mediate the conception and performance of the music event. Liturgical structures, chant sequences, textual choices, musical decisions, role distribution, and choir administration are enmeshed with issues of music preservation and development, emotional significance, aesthetic preference, matters of faith, and existing structures of ecclesiastical governance.
Collective Martyrdom and Religious Suicide
Authors: Wessinger Catherine
Published: May 2018

The Branch Davidians and Heaven’s Gate, two religious groups marked by apocalyptic worldviews, are compared to elucidate two types of trajectories of apocalyptic groups involved in violence. The Branch Davidians expected to be martyred based on David Koresh’s interpretations of the Bible’s prophecies about the events of the Last Days. Therefore, in 1993 they regarded assaults against their community by federal agents as verifying Koresh’s predictions. In 1997, the Heaven’s Gate “class” carried out what they regarded as an “exit” to The Level Above Human (TELAH) by implementing a collective religious suicide. In both cases, the interactions of outsiders with the group contributed to the resulting loss of life, although internal factors were more predominant in the case of Heaven’s Gate. The members of both groups lived and died in accordance with their respective worldviews and understandings of salvation.
Sati
Authors: Brick David
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the history of the traditional Hindu practice of widow self-immolation, commonly known as sati, which is one of the mostly widely known and discussed forms of ritual suicide in world religions. The chapter begins by briefly placing sati within the context of other historically practiced forms of “following into death” (in German, Totenfolge), and discussing those features of sati that make it unique among these practices. Then, in three separate sections, it provides an account of the earliest surviving sources on sati, which likely date as far back as the fourth century BCE; outlines an important medieval debate on the validity of the practice that took place within the orthodox Hindu legal tradition known as Dharmaśāstra; and, lastly, notes some major later developments regarding sati, including especially its legal prohibition by the British colonial government in India in 1829.
To Extract the Essence from this Essenceless Body
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: May 2018

While ordinary suicide and ascetic self-torture are both condemned outright, and martyrdom seems irrelevant as a category, there are nevertheless several forms of elective death that are legitimated in Buddhist narrative sources from India, including self-sacrifice on behalf of others, and self-immolation as a religious offering. Both of these acts are generally attributed to the bodhisattva, or the being who is working to attain full buddhahood. Even so, while elective death in the form of either self-sacrifice or self-immolation can be rationalized and even celebrated, it is surrounded by ambivalence and anxiety, and accepted only with difficulty. This chapter focuses on the ambivalence surrounding self-sacrifice and self-immolation, an ambivalence that is particularly evident in these stories’ discourse of self and other, and in their discourse of the body that is sacrificed and the body one hopes to achieve.
Democracy after Virtue
Authors: Kim Sungmoon
Published: May 2018

In the past two decades contemporary Confucian political theory has been propelled by the dialectical conversation between Confucianism and democracy and, more recently, between Confucian democracy and Confucian meritocracy. However, the absence of a shared point of reference in developing Confucian democratic theory has made it extremely difficult to understand whether the disagreement between Confucian democrats and Confucian meritocrats is merely a political one or is also of philosophical significance. Democracy after Virtue explores a normative Confucian democratic theory that justifies democracy on pragmatic grounds, both as a political system and as a way of life in East Asia, with special attention to Confucianism, a dominant cultural tradition in the region, as well as to the value pluralism and moral conflict that increasingly characterize the circumstances of East Asian politics. It presents “pragmatic Confucian democracy” as a fresh normative framework that can help (1) identify the social circumstances that require a democracy as a political system in a Confucian society, (2) explain the internal connection between two dimensions of democracy that are commonly presented in political science as being at odds with each other, (3) make sense of the value of democracy coherently with reference to its two dimensions, (4) illuminate the theoretical connection between democratic procedures and the outcomes they produce, and (5) articulate distinctively Confucian democratic principles of justice in criminal punishment, economic distribution, and international relations (humanitarian intervention in particular) from a pragmatic standpoint.
Introduction
Authors: Moseley Mason W.
Published: May 2018

This initial chapter presents a telling anecdote from the #8N protests in Argentina in 2012. It then introduces the overarching argument of the book: the rise of protest in certain Latin American regimes can be explained by the interaction of two specific phenomena in recent history: (1) the significant socioeconomic gains made in the region during the past decade, which in turn have produced the most politically “engaged” citizenries—via social media, community organizations, and professional or educational networks—in Latin American history; and (2) the persistence of weak political institutions and waning political legitimacy in the eyes of citizens. Thus, rather than emphasizing how worsening economic conditions and mounting grievances fuel protest, this theoretical approach attributes rising contention to the improvement of economic conditions amid low-quality political institutions.
Tracing the Roots of the Protest State in Argentina
Authors: Moseley Mason W.
Published: May 2018

The fifth chapter introduces the case of Argentina, a country where protest has taken root as a common characteristic of everyday political life over the past two decades. The chapter begins by analyzing the history of protest from Carlos Menem’s election in 1989 to the current Fernández de Kirchner government, arguing that it has indeed crystallized as a routine form of political participation in this regime. I attribute this trend to the weakness of political institutions and strength of Argentine civil society: the two pillars of the protest state. I then proceed to utilize survey data and protest events count data to support this argument, demonstrating that not only has protest become more common over the past two decades, but that it has consolidated as a common mode of political voice for Argentine citizens across demographic groups and the political spectrum.
Organized Time
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

This book presents a theory of temporal structure for music, making two main arguments. The first is that a single model of temporal structure, expressible in the form of a certain type of mathematical network, is common to all modalities, particularly rhythm, tonality, and form. As a result, we can develop tools to talk about the experience of musical time in abstraction from any particular modality, and make analogies from structural phenomena in one modality to another (e.g., formal counterpoint). The second argument is that each of these modalities is in principle independent: it has its own set of structuring criteria, and it may lead to structures that agree or disagree with each other. The resulting coordination or disjunction between modalities is of more direct aesthetic importance, typically, than anything that can be said about one isolated parameter alone. These claims have deep ramifications for theories of rhythm, tonality, and form: for instance, that it is possible to discuss formal structure without necessary reference to tonal features. Theories of harmony, key, formal function, hypermeter, and closure are developed in conjunction with analysis of a wide range of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century composers, surveys of classical repertoire, and observations about the history of musical styles. A number of mathematical tools for temporal structure are also proposed.
Rhythmic Hierarchy and the Network Model
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

The idea of rhythmic hierarchy serves as an introduction to temporal structure in music and a network model (the “MOP” or maximal outerplanar graph) used to represent it. Rhythmic hierarchy relates to meter but is conceptually distinct from it. An argument may be made that rhythmic structure precedes meter (“meter as rhythm”) rather than vice versa. Slow movements from F.J. Haydn and C.P.E. Bach demonstrate the analytical utility of a concept of metricality.
Formal Structure
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

William Caplin’s concept of formal functions points the way to a more flexible theory of form based on processes and structuring principles rather than fixed schemata. This chapter further generalizes the theory of formal functions to a set of form-structural criteria based on repetition, fragmentation, caesura, and contrast. The chapter also constructs such a theory of form without necessary reference to tonal criteria, thus serving the larger project of understanding form as an independent musical dimension, capable of disjunction with, or non-trivial coordination with, tonal structure. A definition of secondary theme as a specialization of subordinate theme function is also proposed.
Hypermeter
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

Hypermeter has different meanings for different theorists, and the concept, properly rhythmic, has been often co-opted to represent tonal structure. In this chapter a set of criteria for hypermetrical analysis in the form of high-level rhythmic structure is defined that involves regularity as an essential element but does not require strict regularity. The network representation of rhythmic structure is compared to William Rothstein’s measure-counting representation, and attendant concepts like deletion and extension are translated into networks. Important hypermetrical effects such as deletion, elision, and hypermetrical transition are discussed with regard to their typical formal roles in Haydn’s symphonies, and illustrated with examples from several of these. Haydn typically places hypermetrical transitions at the beginnings of subordinate themes even in the absence of medial caesuras. These therefore help to distinguish transition and subordinate theme functions even in instances of what Hepokoski and Darcy call “continuous expositions.”
Hypermeter, Form, and Closure
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

Closural strength of cadences is an important syntactic feature of tonal music, and is traditionally defined by means of harmonic and melodic, but not rhythmic, features. This chapter discusses the importance of hypermeter to the effect of closure, focusing especially on the important role of cadential elision in preventing closure. The denial of closure via elision is important at the end of the sonata form expositions. Separation of rhythmic, formal, and tonal closure as distinct phenomena informs recent debates on this topic. Beethoven’s use of hypermetrical means to deny closure was an important stage in his development of new approaches to musical form in his middle period, specifically the method of open expositions.
Harmony Simplified
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

The syntactic norms of common practice harmony are well known, but we lack good explanations for them. A theory of convergence is offered to explain how dominant and predominant harmonic functions work in tonal music. A geometric Tonnetz and concepts of triadic orbits and simple triadic voice leading are then developed to distinguish different types of harmonic progression, neighbouring, sequential, and cadential, with distinct formal functions. The concepts of triadic convergence and triadic cycles are then generalized to the diatonic dimension of the Tonnetz, leading to analogous concepts of enharmonic convergence and enharmonic tour useful for understanding nineteenth-century harmonic techniques.
Reforming Formal Analysis
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

A number of important questions about the theory of form are addressed: the definition of phrase, ritornello form, form as recipe versus form as structure, and the classification of codas. Disputes over the definition of phrase come might be resolved by replacing the rigid task of locating phrase boundaries to one of distinguishing more neatly phrased music, with coordinated structures, to less neatly phrased music. Ritornello form is distinguished from sonata form, and its history as a symphonic form is discussed. An argument is made for separating the theory of form from the study of formal recipes, exemplified surveys of works by Galuppi, Richter, Boccherini, Haydn, and Mozart. Finally, the network model of structure is applied to introductions and codas, leading to a classification of codas into adjunct, integrated, and disjunctive types.
Epilogue
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

I offer the final word on time to György Ligeti:

As a small child I once had a dream that I could not get to my cot, to my safe haven, because the whole room was filled with a dense confused tangle of fine filaments. It looked like the web I had seen silkworms fill their box with as they change into pupas. I was caught up in the immense web together with both living things and objects of various kinds—huge moths, a variety of beetles—which tried to get to the flickering flame of the candle in the room; enormous dirty pillows were suspended in this substance, their rotten stuffing hanging out through the slits in the torn covers. There were blobs of fresh mucus, balls of dry mucus, remnants of food all gone cold and other such revolting rubbish. Every time a beetle or a moth moved, the entire web started shaking so that the big, heavy pillows were swinging about, which, in turn, made the web rock harder. Sometimes the different kinds of movements reinforced one another and the shaking became so hard that the web tore in places and a few insects suddenly found themselves free. But their freedom was short-lived, they were soon caught up again in the rocking tangle of filaments, and their buzzing, loud at first, grew weaker and weaker. The succession of these sudden, unexpected events gradually brought about a change in the internal structure, in the texture of the web. In places knots formed, thickening into an almost solid mass, caverns opened up where shreds of the original web were floating about like gossamer. All these changes seemed like an irreversible process, never returning to earlier states again. An indescribable sadness hung over these shifting forms and structure, the hopelessness of passing time and the melancholy of unalterable past events. (Ligeti, from program notes to ...
The Fiscalization of Social Policy
Authors: McCabe Joshua T.
Published: May 2018

This book challenges the conventional wisdom on American exceptionalism, offering the first and only comparative analysis of the politics of child and in-work tax credits. This comparative approach, analyzing the US, Canada, and the UK, upends everything we thought we knew about the politics of tax credits, accounting for both the timing of their development and the distribution of their benefits among families across liberal welfare regimes. Rather than attributing these changes to antiwelfare attitudes, mobilization of conservative forces, shifts toward workfare, or racial antagonism, the book argues that the growing use of tax credits for social policy was a strategic adaptation to austerity in all three countries but that the historical absence of family allowances in the US left the country with a policy legacy that institutionalized a distinct “logic of tax relief,” ensuring that the poorest American families would be ineligible for tax credits. Focusing on the twin puzzles of the growth and distribution of new tax credits across the three countries, the book explains both their convergence on the use of these tax credits and the US’ divergence from the UK and Canada on the distribution of these tax credits’ benefits.
Comparative Area Studies
Authors: Köllner Patrick , Sil Rudra , Ahram Ariel I.
Published: May 2018

Two convictions lie at the heart of this volume. First, area studies scholarship remains indispensable for the social sciences, both as a means to expand our fount of observations and as a source of theoretical ideas. Second, this scholarship risks becoming marginalized without more efforts to demonstrate its broader relevance and utility. Comparative Area Studies (CAS) is one such effort, seeking to balance attention to regional and local contextual attributes with use of the comparative method in search of portable causal links and mechanisms. CAS engages scholarly discourse in relevant area studies communities while employing concepts intelligible to social science disciplines. In practice, CAS encourages a distinctive style of small-N analysis, cross-regional contextualized comparison. As the contributions to this volume show, this approach does not subsume or replace area studies scholarship but creates new pathways to “middle range” theoretical arguments of interest to both area studies and the social sciences.
Comparative Area Studies
Authors: Berg-Schlosser Dirk
Published: May 2018

Area studies have undergone significant changes over the last two decades. They have been transformed from mostly descriptive accounts in the international context of the Cold War to theory-oriented and methodological analytical approaches. More recent comparative methods such as “Qualitative Comparative Analysis” (QCA) and related approaches, which are particularly suitable for medium N studies, have significantly contributed to this development. This essay discusses the epistemological background of this approach as well as recent developments. It provides two examples of current “cross area studies,” one concerned with successful democratic transformations across four regions (Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and East Asia), the other with political participation in marginalized settlements in four countries (Brazil, Chile, Ivory Coast, Kenya) in a multilevel analysis. The conclusion points to the theoretical promises of this approach and its practical-political relevance.