bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Military Doctors are Members of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences for Radiobiology
Authors: Grebenyuk A. N.
Published: April 2024

From the moment of its creation in 1962 to the present, the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences for Radiobiology (originally the Scientific Council at the USSR Academy of Sciences on the complex problem “Radiobiology”) has paid great attention to the damaging effects of radiation and medical radiation protection. Already the first composition of the Council included scientists who received significant experience in the field of radiobiology during active military service in educational, scientific and clinical institutions of the USSR Ministry of Defense – T.K. Dzharakyan, P.G. Zherebchenko, G.A. Zedgenidze, A.S. Mozzhukhin, V.P. Paribok. The first chairman of the Bureau of the Council was the outstanding Soviet radiobiologist A.V. Lebedinsky, who previously led radiobiological research at the Kirov Military Medical Academy. Over the years, the Council included current and retired military doctors – I.G. Akoev, E.A. Zherbin, V.I. Legeza, A.N. Grebenyuk. The Deputy Chairman of the Council, President of the Radiobiological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences is currently I.B. Ushakov, who for a long time headed scientific institutions specialized for military radiobiology – the State Research Test Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the State Research Test Institute of Mi-litary Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Throughout the existence of the Council, military doctors took an active part in its work, formed and supervised relevant research in the field of military radiobiology and medical radiation protection.
Molgramostim Efficiency Trial in Acute Radiation Damage (Experimental Study)
Authors: Kondakov A. Yu. , Drachyov I. S. , Remizov D. V. , Karamullin M. A. , Tihomirov P. V. , Suprunova E. B. , Yakunchikova E. A. , Danilova O. A.
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the study was to study the specific activity of the drug molgramostim (Neostim®) under conditions of a single general γ-irradiation. Evaluation of the anti-radiation efficacy of the conducted studies, studying the 30-day survival rate and life expectancy of irradiated (at doses of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Gy) mice, as well as the dynamics of peripheral blood, extramedlar and bone marrow hematopoiesis. It has been established that 14-fold (with an interval of 12 hours) subcutaneous administration of the drug molgramostim at a dose of 5 μg/kg to mice after irradiation at an average lethal dose (6 Gy) has a pronounced anti-radiation effect. The value of the dose change factor when the drug is administered at the optimal dose is 1.16. The use of molgramostim increases the survival rate of mice by 30%, contributes to an earlier, compared with irradiated ani-mals of the control group, restoration of the content of peripheral blood cells (by day 10, the number of leukocytes was 50% more, and the number of lymphocytes, erythrocytes and platelets – by 10% than in animals that did not receive the drug), as well as an increase in the number of endogenous CFU by 30% compared with the control and the number of bone marrow myelokaryocytes by an average of 1.2 times.
State of the Scots Pine Seed Progeny from the Polessky State Radiation-Ecological Reserve, Belarus
Authors: Geras’kin S. А. , Vasiliev D. V. , Lichenkova М. А. , Kudin М. V.
Published: April 2024

We studied the state of seed progeny in Scots pine populations from the Polessky State Radiation-Ecological Reserve (PGRZ), Belarus. The seed progeny of the studied populations is characterized by an increased frequency of cytogenetic disorders and abortive seeds, as well as reduced germination. At the same time, Scots pine seeds from populations that have developed for a long time under chronic irradiation are characterized by increased resistance to additional γ-irradiation. Thus, the current levels of radiation exposure at the territory of the PGRZ can inhibit the reproductive capacity of Scots pine and serve as a selection factor for increased resistance to radiation.
Alloparental Care and Postnatal Development of Heterozygous TPH2 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Kibitkina A. A. , Vasilevskaya E. R. , Tolmacheva G. S. , Zubalii A. M.
Published: April 2024

The issue of the relationship between the transmission of a negative effect from a depressed mother to her offspring is one of the priorities in modern psychiatry. Mice with the knocked-out tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) gene have a depressive-compulsive phenotype, which makes these animals a highly appropriate bio-model for studying the role of serotonin in the body. In the offspring of such animals the following reproductive parameters were studied: pups maturation (physiological development) and sensory and motor reflexes. It was found that in the heterozygous mice, maternal care was reduced by the TPH2 gene knockout and canibalism directed at offspring was increased. Deviations and violations in the return of pups to the nest were revealed in maternal behavior. Some deficiency in the development of heterozygous offspring was observed after 10 days. The homozygous (KO) pups had a lower body mass than the heterozygous (Het) and wild-type (Wt) pups. The rate of detachment of the auricle, eruption of the upper incisors, opening of the eyes, and lowering of the testes in the KO pups were observed at the same time as in the Wt and Het pups.
Biochemical Platelet Markers of Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Kodintcev A. N. , Izmozherova N. V. , Popov A. A. , Volkova L. I. , Antropova I. P. , Ryabinina A. V.
Published: April 2024

There is an increase in the prevalence of different cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which determines the relevance of searching for methods of early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, an active search for various peripheral biomarkers goes on, and the assessment of these biomarkers has to be carried out by a standardized and available methods in real clinical practice. Due to development of hypothesis about the similarity of biochemical and physiological processes in platelets and neurons, more and more attention is paid to investigation of possibility of using different structural and functional platelet parameters as biomarkers for different neurological diseases. In the current review, there is a description of the main platelet characteristics and their changes at the cognitive impairment: peripheral aspects of amyloidogenesis and tau protein formation, synthesis and metabolic shifts of active substances, microRNA deregulation, as well as dysfunction of enzymes and proteins that can be used to develop diagnostic tests for early detection of AD.
Participation of Brain Receptors in the Mechanism of Anticonvulsant Action of a New 4-Benzoylpyridine Oxime Derivative GIZH-298
Authors: Litvinova S. A. , Kondrakhin E. V. , Voronina T. A. , Vasilyeva E. V. , Kovalev G. I.
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to study the involvement of glutamate, dopamine and serotonin receptors in the mechanism of the anticonvulsant action of the 4-benzoylpyridine oxime derivative (GIZh-298). After a single exposure to the cornea with maximum electric shock (MES) and subsequent tonic-clonic seizures, an increase in the density (Bmax) of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus by 27% and a decrease in the number of mGluII receptors (mGluR2/3) by 25% in the prefrontal cortex of the brain of rats are noted. At the same time, the number of 5-HT2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex did not change. GIZh-298 (60 mg/kg) with a single application inhibits convulsive reactions, but does not affect the quantitative changes induced by MES in glutamate receptors and does not affect them under normal conditions, without MES. In tests on mice, subchronic (5 days) corneal exposure to MES reduced the density (Bmax) of D2 receptors in the striatum by 17% and did not change this parameter in the prefrontal cortex. GIZh-298 (60 mg/kg/5 days) eliminates clonic-tonic convulsions in mice and prevents a decrease in the number of D2 receptors from striatal membranes, and also increases their number by 13% in mice without MES in the same structure. The data obtained indicate significant changes in the functional activity of NMDA, mGluII and D2 receptors in the brains of animals that suffered seizures. The anticonvulsant effects of GIZH-298 are accompanied by the restoration of the number of D2 receptors in the striatum..
Development of Quantitative Enzyme Immunoassay of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on the Basis of Recombinant Antigen
Authors: Pavlova O. V. , Murashko A. A. , Andriushchenko N. V. , Gurina O. I. , Pavlov K. A.
Published: April 2024

One of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of some mental diseases, including depressive disorders, is a decrease in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), mainly in the limbic region and prefrontal cortex of the brain. Immunochemical screening of BDNF in biological fluids showed that the levels of this protein can be considered as a marker of predisposition to depression and a prognostic marker of the effectiveness of therapy. The use of modern technologies for the production of recombinant proteins makes it possible to develop highly standardized ELISA systems for the determination of this antigen in biological fluids. This paper describes a method for creating a test system for quantitative ELISA of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on the basis of recombinant protein BDNF and antibodies obtained as a result of immunization with recombinant BDNF.
Blood Content of Pro-Inflammatory Chemokines in Patients with First Episode of Schizophrenia before Therapy
Authors: Sakharov A. V. , Golygina S. E. , Prokhorov A. S. , Tereshkov P. P.
Published: April 2024

The role of chemokines involved in the processes of neuroinflammation is not well understood in schizophrenia, especially in patients with the first episode of the disease. The aim of the study: to study the content of pro-inflammatory chemokines in the blood of patients with the first episode of paranoid schizophrenia. We examined 18 patients with a diagnosis of F20.09, the control group – 35 people. Determination of the content of 13 chemokines in blood serum was carried out by flow fluorometry. Blood sampling was carried out before the start of therapy. In patients with the first episode of schizophrenia before the appointment of therapy, an increase in the blood level of CCL4 (MIP-1β) by 1.1 times, CXCL9 (MIG) – by 1.4 times, CCL11 (Eotaxin), CXCL5 (ENA-78), CXCL10 (IP-10) – 1.5 times, CXCL1 (GRO-α) – 1.6 times, СCL20 (MIP-3α) – 2.1 times, CXCL8 (IL-8) – 21.0 times. The results obtained indicate the importance of neuroimmune inflammation in the manifestation of schizophrenia with the involvement of chemokines in this process.
Enzyme a Biosynthesis System on Manifestation of Metabolic Stress and Glutathione System in the CNS under Aluminium Neurotoxicosis
Authors: Semenovich D. S. , Gurinovich V. A. , Lukiyenko E. P. , Katkovskaya I. N. , Titko O. V. , Kanunnikova N. P. , Moiseenok A. G.
Published: April 2024

Alzheimer’s-like disease was simulated in female adult Wistar CRL(WI) WUBR rats by 6-week intragastric administration of aluminium chloride at a dose of 200 mg/kg body mass. In the presence of developed oxidative stress (OS), we found a decrease in the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) enzymes and an increase in the activities of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) dehydrogenases as well as a reduction of SH-and SS-groups in proteins (P) along with the increased SH/SS ratio and glutathionylation with simultaneous decreases of glutathione (GSH) and the GSH/GSSG ratio and its redox potential in the brain hemispheres. The glutathione system enzymes were changed multidirectionally, with glutathione reductase remaining stable. Decreased activities of GSH biosynthesis enzymes and cysteine content were noticed. The intragastric administration of the CoA biosynthesis modulators D-panthenol (PL), D-pantethine or D-homopantothenate (HPA) at a dose of 200 mg/kg since the 5th week of the experiment caused either reduction or leveling of OS manifestations in blood plasma, an increase in acetyl cholinesterase, normalization of the activities of TCA cycle and PPP enzymes, P-SH level (not the SH/SS ratio) and a considerable reduction of S-glutathionylation as well as increases in GSH level, the GSH/GSSG ratio and redox potential in the hemispheres. The effect of CoA system modulators was manifested in activation of glutathione transferase, a decrease of glutathione peroxidase and less evident activation of GSH biosynthesis enzymes (PL) although they contributed to the elevation of cysteine content due to the reduced protein S-cysteinylation. The levels and the ratio of CoA/acetyl-CoA (except for PL) were not changed by toxicosis and the OS modulators. The feasibility of non-conenzyme effects was confirmed by the administration of HPA. The phenomenon of redox activity of the CoA biosynthesis modulators with clearly directional effects on the glutathione system and the TCA cycle and PPP enzymes during alleviation of OS and aluminium neurotoxicosis is discussed.
On the Similarity of the Mechanisms of Processing Olfactory, Auditory and Visual Information in the CNS (A Hypothesis)
Authors: Silkis I. G.
Published: April 2024

A possible mechanism for odors processing in a neural network that includes the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortex, the olfactory tubercle, which is the part of the ventral striatum, the ventral pallidum, the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, and the orbitofrontal cortex, has been proposed. According to this mechanism, dopamine released by midbrain neurons in response to odor and reinforcement, as well as adenosine receptor antagonists, modulate in a certain way the efficacy of excitatory synaptic inputs to spiny cells of the olfactory tubercle projecting into the ventral pallidum. As a result, the neurons of the olfactory bulb are disinhibited by the ventral pallidum and contrasted odor representations are formed on them, as well as on their target cells in the piriform cortex. Simultaneously, there is a disinhibition of neurons of the mediodorsal nucleus and their target cells in the orbitofrontal cortex, which excites the neurons of the piriform cortex. This promotes the induction of LTP at the inputs from the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex and the memorization of odor representations. For the first time it is pointed out that the mechanism for odor processing is similar to those we earlier proposed for processing of auditory and visual information in topographically organized cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops, which include the primary and higher areas of the auditory and visual cortex, as well as the prefrontal cortex. It is proposed that mechanism for olfactory processing is similar in vertebrates at different stages of evolution, including lampreys, due to the similarity of the functional organization of the basal ganglia and their interactions with other structures. It follows from the proposed mechanism that in cases when dopamine drugs are not effective in restoring the odor perception, it is desirable to use adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Supporting this prediction is evidence of improved sense of smell in patients with COVID-19 when treated with A2A receptor antagonists.
Effect of Subchronic Alcoholization on the Behavior and Monoaminergic Systems of the Brain of Mice with a Predisposition to Depression-Like Behavior
Authors: Bazovkina D. V. , Kondaurova E. M. , Adonina S. N. , Bazhenova E. Yu. , Kulikov A. V.
Published: April 2024

Depressive disorders and alcohol dependence are among the most common psychopathologies. It is known that disorders in the serotonergic and dopaminergic brain systems functioning lie in the pathogenesis of alcoholism and affective disorders. In this work, we studied the effects of prolonged administration of ethanol (1.5 g/kg, 20%, 10 days, i.p.) on behavior, functional activity of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors and expression of genes encoding serotonin (Htr1a, Htr2a) and dopamine (Drd1, Drd2) receptors in brain structures in mice of ASC strain (with the genetic predisposition to depressive-like behavior) and mice of the parental (“non-depressive”) CBA strain. It has been shown that alcoholization leads to an increase in motor activity in animals of both lines and an increase in the level of exploratory behavior in ASC mice. No significant effect of ethanol on social and depression-like behavior was found. The functional activities of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors (determined by the response to the administration of corresponding receptor agonists) were reduced by ethanol only in ASC animals. A decrease in 5-HT2A receptor gene expression was found in the frontal cortex of CBA mice treated with alcohol. At the same time, ethanol led to an increase in the mRNA levels of the 5-HT1A receptor gene in the striatum and the DRD1 receptor gene in the hypothalamus, as well as a decrease in the expression of the DRD2 receptor gene in the hippocampus of ASC mice. Thus, changes in the serotonergic and dopaminergic brain systems induced by chronic ethanol were more significant in ASC mice with a genetic predisposition to depression-like behavior.
Effect of In Vitro Culture and Embryo Transfer on Neuronal Density and Neurogenesis in the Brain of C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Brusentsev E. Yu. , Igonina T. N. , Rozhkova I. N. , Okotrub S. V. , Lebedeva D. A. , Vladimirova E. V. , Kozeneva V. S. , Amstislavsky S. Ya.
Published: April 2024

The current research is aimed to determine the long-term effects of the in vitro culture (IVC) and embryo transfer (ET) on the neonatal offspring development, as well as on the adult hippocampal neuronal densities, as well hippocampal neurogenesis in С57BL/6J mice. Offspring of naturally born C57BL/6J mice (C57BL group) were compared with C57BL/6J mice born as a result of the IVC combined with ET to C57BL/6J recipient females (ET-C57BL group). At age of 3 mo., no group differences were observed in the body weight and brain-to-body ratio, although sex differences in these variables were observed. The offspring of both sexes born after IVC-ET exhibited the lower level of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus as compared to the control C57BL group. To conclude, IVC and ET exerted no major effects on body and brain weight in offspring, but affected hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult offspring of both sexes. Besides, the number of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 area of hippocampus was lower in female offspring of ET-C57BL group.
Rapid Changes in the Expression of Active Caspase-3 and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Striatum Cells Induced by Neuroinflammation
Authors: Bulygina V. V. , Shishkina G. T. , Lanshakov D. A. , Kalinina T. S. , Komysheva N. P. , Drozd U. S. , Suhareva E. V. , Dygalo N. N.
Published: April 2024

Activation of microglia, resident immune cells of the central nervous system, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders induced by infections, as well as traumatic and ischemic events. Understanding the responses of brain cells, primarily microglial cells, to damaging effects can help overcome their pathological consequences. In this work, we analyzed the cellular effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is widely used as a pro-inflammatory stimulus. The injection of LPS into the area of right striatum of rats caused a pronounced neurological deficit in a day, which was accompanied by an increase in the number of microglial cells, an increase in the density of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and their translocation into the nuclei of cells co-expressing the executive protease of apoptosis, active caspase-3 and GR, in the area of LPS injection. The results indicate acute changes in the activity of microglial cells, as well as in the expression and functional activity of GR in response to bacterial endotoxin. Further elucidation of the functional role of active caspase-3 and GR in microglial cells under conditions of pro-inflammatory activation may help identify targets for alleviating the symptoms of a neurological disorder.
Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Serotonergic Neurons Activity Is Necessary for the Manifestation of the Antidepressant Effect of Ketamine
Authors: Drozd U. S. , Lanshakov D. A. , Dygalo N. N.
Published: April 2024

Mechanisms of the ketamine antidepressant effects observed in humans and laboratory animals are not fully understood. To further clarify the role of the brain serotonergic (5-HT) activity in the drug antidepressant action, optogenetic inhibition of 5-HT neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) was applied. In control animals, a subanesthetic dose of ketamine alleviated their depressive-like behavior in the tail suspension test. Inhibition of 5-HT neurons abolished the drug effect and moreover, a sedative response to ketamine was found under these conditions. Furthermore, optogenetic suppression of the activity of 5-HT neurons prevented the increase in c-Fos expression induced by ketamine both in light-sensitive neurons and in other DRN neurons. The data emphasize the key role of 5-HT neuron activity in the rapid ketamine antidepressant effect.
Markers of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Nikitina M. A. , Alifirova V. M. , Borodina S. O. , Koroleva E. S.
Published: April 2024

This review describes the role of peripheral blood biomarkers involved in neurodegeneration and neuroregeneration in Parkinson’s disease: BDNF, Cathepsin D, NSAM, myeloperoxidase, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and intercellular adhesion molecules (sICAM-1). These biomarkers are important indicators of biological processes and perspective for early diagnosis, prognosis of the disease and the development of new possibilities in modifying therapy for Parkinson’s disease as they are associated with neuroprotective and neurotrophic systems.
Repeated Experience of Aggression Changes Gene Expression in Hypothalamus in Male Mice of Two Strains
Authors: Sapronova А. А. , Kisaretovа P. E. , Salman R. , Bondar N. P.
Published: April 2024

Repeated positive fighting experience can lead to changes in the neurophysiology and behavior of animals and to the formation of pathological aggression. Mechanisms of adaptation to repeated aggression are thought to be controlled through hypothalamus and HPA axis. In this work, we studied the effect of repeated (30 days) experience of aggression on gene expression in the hypothalamus in male mice of two strains – C57BL/6J and CD1. We measured expression levels of the HPA axis genes (Crh, Crhr1, Crhbp, Fkbp5, Nr3c1), as well as early response gene (Fos) and dopamine receptor D1 gene (Drd1). Repeated experience of aggression led to prolongation of Fos activation in C57BL/6J, although the expression of other studied genes remained unchanged. CD1 aggressors are characterized by decreased expression level of Crhr1 and Crhbp genes, whose products inhibit the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone. Most of the studied genes showed strain variation in gene expression that is probably associated with different levels of locomotor activity and anxiety in mice of these strains. The basal expression level of Crh gene was higher in C57BL/6J mice, while Crhr1, Crhbp, Fkbp5, Fos, and Drd1 genes were higher in CD1 mice. Thus, the repeated experience of aggression leads to gene expression changes in the hypothalamus of male mice, that depend on the genetic background and related psychophysiological features of individuals.
JNK (c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase) Inhibitor IQ-1S Suppresses Premature Aging of OXYS Rat Brain
Authors: Zhdankina A. A. , Osipenko A. N. , Tikhonov D. I. , Logvinov S. V. , Plotnikov M. B. , Khlebnikov A. I. , Kolosova N. G.
Published: April 2024

According to the international organization Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), about 50 million people in the world suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, there are no effective methods for preventing and slowing down the progression of AD. Inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is being discussed as an alternative way to prevent the development of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of a recently synthesized selective JNK3 inhibitor, 11H‑indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-on oxime sodium (IQ-1S), to suppress neurodegenerative processes in OXYS rats at an early stage of development of signs of AD at the age of 4, 5 to 6 months. Treatment with IQ-1S (50 mg/kg intragastrically) led to the suppression of the development of neurodegenerative processes in the cerebral cortex of OXYS rats: an increase in the proportion of unchanged neurons, a decrease in the proportion of neurons with signs of destruction and irreversible damage, and a normalization of the glioneuronal index, which was facilitated by a decrease in the severity of hyperviscosity syndrome blood in OXYS rats. The use of the JNK3 inhibitor IQ-1S may be a promising strategy for the prevention of early neurodegenerative disorders and, possibly, the treatment of AD.
Anomalies of Energy Metabolism in Schizophrenia and Possible Pathogenetic-Targeted Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Boksha I. S. , Prokhorova T. A. , Savushkina O. K. , Tereshkina E. B. , Vorobyeva E. A. , Burbaeva G. Sh.
Published: April 2024

Coordinated regulation of energy conversion processes in the brain maintains its highly productive work and efficient mental activity. Impairments of the brain energy metabolism are considered among pathogenetic factors in the schizophrenia origin, but presently it is difficult to say whether these impairments are primary and causative the development of the disease or represent consequences of certain changes in the functioning of neurotransmitter and other neurochemical systems. This review discusses the main results of the energy metabolism research in schizophrenia – at various levels and using different approaches, as well as regards some attempts of influencing the energy processes in the brain as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia. To date, the efficacy of these therapeutic approaches has not been proven, this may be due to the paucity of studies and the lack of preliminary identification/stratification of patient subgroups to whom the energy metabolism-targeted therapy would be the most useful. Based on the data presented, one can conclude that an analysis is necessary of relationships between the psychopathological manifestations of schizophrenia and energy metabolism deviations for further identification of those patients to whom the use of mitochondrial modulators, mitoprotection, and other approaches may represent a promising method of adjunctive therapy.
Some Advanced Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Focus on Cystatin C
Authors: Korolenko T. A. , Pupyshev A. B. , Belichenko V. M. , Tikhonova M. A. , Amstislavskaya T. G.
Published: April 2024

The search for biological markers of neurodegenerative diseases, namely, Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases, is actual problem for fundamental biology and modern medicine. The aim of this review was to present some new results on biomarkers of these neurodegenerative disorders, mainly in biological fluids, like plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Novel biomarkers in AD include plasma assays for amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau and PET (positron emission tomography) scans, which show great promise for clinical and research use. In PD research, serum cystatin C (Cst3) and homocystein in PD patients were higher than in serum of the normal control group and they were considered as new inflammatory biomarkers. Cst3 in biological fluids was suggested as a promising biomarker for diagnosing PD. Recently, extracellular vesicles (exosomes) have been reported as a new concept in the biomarker field. Serving as transfer vehicles between cells, they represent a promising source of biomarkers for a number of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. To date, developmental mechanisms and approaches to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (AD, PD) seemingly are extremely relevant, requiring common solutions and the development of new approaches.
Multiple Mechanisms of the Therapeutic Effect of Trehalose in Inhibition of Experimental Neurodegeneration
Authors: Pupyshev A. B. , Korolenko T. A. , Tikhonova M. A.
Published: April 2024

The search for effective treatment for neurodegeneration implies attacking the multiple mechanisms of this pathology. Such properties were found in disaccharide trehalose, which shows therapeutic effects in models of many diseases and has been approved by the FDA for use in humans. Trehalose consists of two glucose residues bonded together by a flexible α-1-1'-glycosidic bond, giving it chaperone-like activity. Due to this, it prevents abnormal folding of aberrant proteins and has the properties of a cryo- and bioprotector. However, the main therapeutic effect is determined by the induction of mTOR-independent autophagy mediated by AMPK kinase as the main target. The result is a weakening of the accumulation of cytotoxic proteins and factors and an increase in cell viability. Autophagy activation depends on trehalose-induced lysosome and autophagosome biogenesis through activation of transcription factors TFEB and FOXO1. Trehalose has an anti-inflammatory effect closely related to the inhibition of oxidative stress. Trehalose-induced enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defense involves the regulator Nrf2. The review considers the neuroprotective effects of trehalose in models of major neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and others. Overall, trehalose shows high therapeutic potential in the treatment of experimental neurodegeneration and thus stimulating the study of its clinical application.
Structural Determinants of Small Extracellular Vesicles (Exosomes) and Their Role in Biological Functions
Authors: Tourchinets A. M. , Yakovlev A. A.
Published: April 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a new and actively developing area of modern experimental and theoretical biology, which attracts researchers primarily by the possibility of using EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Currently, the greatest amount of data has been accumulated on small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) – exosomes, vesicles of endosomal origin, and ectosomes (previously known as microvesicles), which are the product of direct budding from the plasma membrane. In this review, we address the major steps in the biogenesis of exosomes and ectosomes, the major processes of intracellular membrane trafficking, and signaling involving sEVs. The role of the sEVs in the physiology and pathophysiology of the nervous system is also discussed, as well as many promising aspects of the study of sEVs biology.
Melancholic Depression is Followed by the Increased Serum Nerve Growth Factor Level
Authors: Uzbekov M. G. , Shikhov S. N. , Krjukov V. V. , Brilliantova V. V. , Krasnov V. N.
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to investigate the nerve grown factor (NGF) level in the blood serum in patients with melancholic depression (MD). The investigated group consists of 23 patients. At admission in the clinic (before any antidepressive treatment) the NGF concentration in patient’s serum was 278.28 ± 43.68 pg/mL that was significantly higher in comparison with controls 239.51 ± 22.15 pg/mL, (p 0.05), respectively. It is supposed, that the increased NGF level in serum of the MD patients can be connected with the impairment of the functioning of the brain-blood barrier and the increase of its permeability for the NGF.
Reflection of Light Ions from a Solid Surface: Analytical Model and Computer Simulation
Authors: Afanas’ev V. P. , Lobanova L. G. , Shulga V. I.
Published: April 2024

An analytical solution of the equation for the distribution of the flux density of reflected light ions over the path length and energy losses in the target is obtained. It is based on the solution of boundary problems for the transport equation using the invariant imbedding method in the small-angle approximation. In the case of proton reflection from copper and tungsten targets, the analytical results are compared with computer simulation data obtained using the OKSANA program, as well as with experimental data. The possibility of verifying the stopping power of the target material based on the created methodology is noted.
Stopping Power of Matter for a Beam of Monoenergetic Alpha Particles
Authors: Mikheev N. N. , Bezbakh I. Zh.
Published: April 2024

The results of using the statistics of multiple scattering to describe the dependence of the stopping power S of matter on the energy E0 of an alpha particle beam are presented. It is shown that the application of a new technique based on taking into account the dependence of the charge state of the beam ions on the ratio of the ion velocity to the minimum velocity of the substance electrons makes it possible to calculate S adequately to the experimental results in a wide range of particle energies E0.
Interaction of Radiation with Hierarchical Structures
Authors: Oksengendler B. L. , Ashirmetov A. Kh. , Iskandarova F. A. , Zatsepin A. F. , Nikiforova N. N. , Suleimanov S. Kh. , Turaeva N. N.
Published: April 2024

Radiation physics of the 21st century, which combines the special physical properties of materials and objects (nanoobjects, fractals, and others) with strong non-equilibrium, demonstrates many unusual nonlinear effects and their interpretation. This is especially evident in the case of high-intensity irradiation of various natures with a wide energy spectrum. Taking into account five different channels for the transfer of radiation energy to matter (elastic scattering, ionization, heat release, elastic and shock waves) makes it difficult to see the number of new unusual combinations of the radiation responses, the study of which at the present stage, apparently, is possible using the concept of “complexity”. Among the various characteristics of irradiated objects, a special role is played by the hierarchy of their structure, which is fundamentally important for objects of both inanimate and living nature. The peculiarity of including objects of a hierarchical structure in the analysis of radiation effects leads to a new situation – the involvement of the ideas of cybernetics in radiation physics. Questions of a new type arise concerning the relationship between radiation and information, in particular, the influence of the entire variety of radiation parameters (energy, intensity, and dose) on the transfer of information from the lower platform of hierarchical structures to higher ones and its compression at the same time. The solution of these problems requires the use of both new theoretical approaches and the modification of traditional schemes in relation to the elementary acts of atomic rearrangements, such as kinetics and approaches to revealing the mechanisms of radiation effects. This range of questions has been formulated, and a certain solution has been obtained in relation to objects of inanimate and living nature.
Effect of Oxygen Plasma on Polymer Nanocomposites with Carbon Fillers
Authors: Parfimovich I. D. , Komarov F. F. , Vlasukova L. A. , Parkhomenko I. N. , Novikov L. S. , Chernik V. N. , Zhigulin D. V.
Published: April 2024

The effect of oxygen plasma on the structural and optical properties of an epoxy resin with graphene and carbon nanotubes of the Taunit-M series was studied to estimate the resistance of polymer nanocomposites to atomic oxygen attack in low Earth orbits. It was shown that the addition of carbon fillers to epoxy resin resulted in an increase in mass loss and erosion depth when exposed oxygen plasma. The mass erosion coefficient at an atomic oxygen fluence of 30 × 1020 cm–2 is 0.82 × 10–23 g/at. for pure epoxy resin and 0.86 × 10–23 and 1.0 6× 10–23 g/at. for samples with graphene and Taunit-M fillers, respectively. A larger weight loss and erosion depth under oxygen plasma was typical for the sample with the Taunit-M filler compared to the sample with the graphene one. Oxygen plasma exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the reflectance coefficients of carbon nanocomposites in the spectral range 0.2–2.5 µm. The lowest diffuse (less than 1%) and specular (less than 0.02%) reflectance coefficients were achieved for the exposed polymer with Taunit-M filler.
Magnetic Properties of Beryllium Bronze BrB-2 Aged in a Constant Magnetic Field
Authors: Osinskaya Yu. V. , Pokoev A. V. , Divinsky S. V. , Magamedova S. G.
Published: April 2024

For the first time, the influence of the aging temperature and the applied constant magnetic field on the aging of beryllium bronze BrB-2 has been studied by methods of microhardness, transmission electron microscopy and measurements of magnetic properties. Samples of beryllium bronze BrB-2 were kept for 0.33 h at a temperature of 800°С, then quenched by rapid immersion in water (20°С) and subjected to artificial aging at temperatures of 250–500°С for 1 h in a PMF with a strength of 557.2 kA/m and without him. A negative magnetoplastic effect was found, leading to an increase in microhardness up to ~30%. The presence of the strengthening phase α-CuBe, which plays a large role in the formation of the strength properties of the alloy, is established, and the imposition of the constant magnetic field leads to the activation of the aging process. When the constant magnetic field is applied, a tendency is observed for the transition of the alloy from the diamagnetic state to the superparamagnetic state.
Ion-Beam Surface Modification of Carbon Fibers
Authors: Andrianova N. N. , Borisov A. M. , Mashkova E. S. , Ovchinnikov M. A. , Suminov I. V.
Published: April 2024

Carbon fibers are used in the production of automobiles, airplanes, sporting goods, energy, and biomedicine due to their unique properties such as high specific strength, high specific tensile strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and low density. The research and development of both the technology of carbon fibers production and their modification for a wide range of applications have been and remain relevant. The summary of the accumulated experience in the modification of carbon fibers shows that ion-beam treatment allows to obtain a variety of geometry of the developed surface topography, in particular, whisker-shaped and corrugated oriented across or along the fiber. Such processing compares favorably with ordinary fiber whiskering both by a variety of geometry of the composite interface, and by the absence of the problem of whisker-fiber adhesion. Ion-beam treatment also makes it possible to modify the surface layer structure from amorphized to ordered with different degrees of graphitization. Irradiation with chemically active ions leads to functionalization of carbon fiber due to formation, for example, of nitrides and carbon oxides. The choice of nitrogen ions for the technology of carbon-carbon and carbon-ceramic composites seems to be more preferable due to less stringent requirements for the temperature of the irradiated fiber. For ion-beam corrugation of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber surface, only its heating above the temperature of dynamic annealing of radiation damage is required. The use of helium ions in technological plasma acceleration systems leads to a significant efficiency increase in ion-beam processing.
Neutron Irradiation Effect on the Spectral Characteristics of InxGa1 – xN LEDs
Authors: Tkachev O. V. , Dubrovskikh S. M. , Koksharova K. D. , Fedorets A. V.
Published: April 2024

The results of studying the neutron irradiation effect on the spectral characteristics of InxGa1 – xN LEDs are presented. The mechanism responsible for the shift of the emission spectra maximum of LEDs under the neutron influence has been determined. The coherence is shown between the radiation sensitivity of the spectral characteristics of the sample active layers and the composition of InxGa1 – xN solid solution. An analytical calculation has been carried out to estimate the possible maximum shift of the luminescence spectrum of InxGa1 – xN LEDs after neutron exposure.
Effect of Multiple Scattering on the Spectral-Angular Density of Diffracted Transition Radiation
Authors: Blazhevich S. V. , Gorlov A. S. , Noskov A. V. , Fedoseev A. E.
Published: April 2024

The paper investigates the diffracted transition radiation of a relativistic electron crossing a single-crystal plate in the Bragg scattering geometry. Expressions are obtained that describe the spectral-angular density of diffracted transition radiation with and without allowance for multiple scattering of a relativistic electron in a single-crystal plate. The influence of multiple scattering on the spectrum of diffracted transition radiation of a relativistic electron is shown.
Monte Carlo Computer Simulation Method for Solving the Problem of Particle Passage through Matter
Authors: Novikov N. V.
Published: April 2024

The Monte Carlo method is compared with the deterministic methods based on the solution of the transport equation and the molecular dynamics methods. The capabilities of commonly used general-purpose programs (SRIM, PENELOPE, MCNP, FLUKA, and GEANT4) for Monte Carlo simulation of the processes of particle passage through matter are analyzed. Possible ways for further development of the Monte Carlo method are discussed.
OPERANDO X-Ray Diffraction Study of Mn–Ce Catalysts for CO Oxidation
Authors: Vinokurov Z. S. , Afonasenko T. N. , Mishchenko D. D. , Saraev A. A. , Aydakov E. E. , Rogov V. A. , Bulavchenko O. A.
Published: April 2024

A series of MnOx–CeO2 catalysts with a molar ratio of Mn : Ce = 3 : 7 was prepared by co-precipitation method and futher calcination at temperatures ranged from 300 to 800°С. As prepared catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the catalytic activity in the CO oxidation reaction was tested for all samples. It has been shown that a (Mn,Ce)O2 solid solution with the fluorite structure is formed for all catalysts. Based on the studies performed, a catalyst obtained at calcination temperature of 600°С was chosen for further studies of the effect of redox exsolution on the catalytic activity in the CO oxidation reaction by operando X-ray diffraction. The experiment was carried out sequentially in a stepwise manner: stepwise heating/cooling in the reaction mixture 1% CO + 2% O2 at temperatures of 150–175–200–175–150°C (stages 1, 3, and 5); reduction of the sample in a mixture of 10% CO + He at 400°C (stage 2); reduction of the sample in a mixture of 10% H2 + He at 400°C (stage 4). It was shown that the reductive pretreatment leads to phase segregation of the initial (Mn,Ce)O2 solid solution and the appearance of dispersed manganese oxides on the surface. In turn, enrichment of the surface with manganese oxide leads to an increase of the activity in the CO oxidation reaction.
Spontaneous Formation of Potassium Hydrofluoride during Aging of a Partially Dehydrofluorinated PVDF Film
Authors: Zhivulin V. E. , Pesin L. A. , Evsyukov S. E. , Khairanov R. Kh. , Denyaev N. S.
Published: April 2024

IR spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the spontaneous formation and increase in the amount of potassium hydrofluoride in the inner region of a sample of a partially chemically dehydrofluorinated PVDF film during its long-term aging. The most probable mechanism for the synthesis of potassium hydrofluoride is the oxidative degradation of the sample with the formation of fluorocarbonyl groups and their subsequent hydrolysis under the action of atmospheric water. This results in the formation of hydrogen fluoride, which combines with potassium fluoride, a by-product of primary dehydrofluorination. The increase in the content of potassium hydrofluoride continues as the sample ages until potassium fluoride remains in it. The appearance and subsequent development of spectral features characteristic of libration out-of-plane vibrations of water tetramers indicates the formation of a system of nanometer-sized pores in the sample after 100 000 min of its aging.
Intense Laser Sources of Gamma Radiation and Neutrons Based on High-Current Beams of Super-Ponderomotive Electrons
Authors: Andreev N. E. , Umarov I. R. , Popov V. S.
Published: April 2024

Intense beams of photons and neutrons in the MeV energy range are effective tools in many areas of research, such as diagnostics of matter in extreme states, nuclear physics and materials science, as well as in medical and biophysical applications. A concept is presented for creating efficient sources of γ-radiation and neutrons, based on the generation of relativistic electrons in the direct laser acceleration mode during the interaction between a laser pulse with an intensity of 1019 W/cm2 and extended plasma with a density close to critical.
Concept of Beam Instrumentation System for High-Intensity DARIA Proton Linac
Authors: Gavrilov S. A. , Titov A. I.
Published: April 2024

Beam diagnostics is one of the main tasks during operation of charged particle accelerators. The paper presents a concept of a beam instrumentation system that provides diagnostic procedures and allows to measure and adjust the clue beam parameters in a linear resonant proton accelerator of a compact neutron source DARIA: current, position, profile, emittance, energy, phase characteristics. An important requirement is to provide measurements during the accelerator tuning procedure, when the beam parameters can be changed in a wide range. It is proposed to include in the main structure of the system such types of diagnostic devices as beam current transformers, stripline beam position monitors, wire scanners, ionization beam cross-section monitor, slit emittance meter, bunch shape monitor, water-cooled Faraday cup. A particular attention is paid to a non-destructive method due to a high pulse and average beam intensity in conjunction with a relatively low beam energy to provide continuous operational control of the beam parameters. Main physical principles of operation, typical characteristics, as well as features of the practical implementation of the devices are included. A possible arrangement layout of diagnostic units along the accelerator is proposed, taking into account peculiarities of using the proposed types of detectors in various parts of the accelerator.
Hybrid Quadrupole Lens for the Focusing Channel of the DARIA Complex
Authors: Kilmetova I. V. , Kozlov A. V. , Kropachev G. N. , Kulevoy T. V. , Liakin D. A. , Sergeeva O. S. , Skachkov V. S. , Stasevich Yu. B.
Published: April 2024

The results of synthesis and electromagnetic calculation of a hybrid quadrupole lens for a proton linear accelerator of a compact neutron source DARIA are presented. The lens includes a permanent magnet quadrupole with a fixed magnetic field gradient and an auxiliary electromagnetic quadrupole excited by a pulsed current. The permanent magnet quadrupole is made of radiation-resistant rare-earth magnet, and the electromagnetic quadrupole is designed to compensate for permanent magnet magnetization losses resulting from radiation degradation as neutron fluence accumulates during accelerator operation. A hybrid quadrupole lens can be applied for fast adjustment of the focusing channel when accelerating ion beams with different ion mass-to-charge ratios.