bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un programme de calcul de courbes de lavabilite et de données connexes
Authors: Bird L C , Mikhail M W , Parsons I S
Published: April 2018

A computer program is described for calculating and plotting coal washability data and calculating dependent performance data for a washing unit or plant. The dependent performance evaluation includes the determination of ash and yield errors, and organic
efficiency values. The program is intended to help coal preparation, engineers and plant operators to interpret data and make decisions in adjusting operating conditions to meet changing feed washability characteristics and to achieve optimum plant performance. The program was written in BASIC
language for use with a Hewlett Packard 9845A desk-top computer. A program listing is available upon request from CANMET's Coal Research Laboratory, Edmonton.
Coal mining in Canada: 1983
Authors: Romaniuk A S , Naidu H G
Published: April 2018

This report has two purposes: to present significant information on coal mining operations in Canada as of December 1983 and to update the assessment of Canada's coal reserves as of December 1982. Regarding coal mining operations the report includes names of
operators, location and size of operations, a brief description of mining and coal preparation methods and major equipment used. Because the geological setting of coal operations in Canada varies in the extreme and because this setting is critical to the technology used in excavating and processing
coal, a section briefly depicting the geology of major coalfields has been included. Canada's coal reserve quantities have been updated from those presented in EMR Report ER 79-9 because of significant changes that occurred since 1978, especially in Nova Scotia, Alberta and British Columbia. Coal
quality data have likewise been updated. EMR's reserve term definitions are unchanged from the earlier report, except the term COAL-IN-MINEABLE-SEAMS replaces the earlier term "mineable coal". The approval of coal projects in Alberta and British Columbia follows well-defined procedures. This has
resulted in some public disclosure of data on coal reserve quantities, limiting criteria, coal quality, mining plans, environmental impact assessments etc. Technological information used in this report was also acquired during regular visits by Coal Research Laboratories staff to operating mine
sites across Canada.
Catalysts for hydrocracking and refining heavy oils and tars, part.3: the effect of presulphiding conditions on catalyst performance
Authors: Ternan M , Whalley M J
Published: April 2018

Catalysts used in commercial hydrorefining reactors are often presulphided with CS2 or some other sulphur compound prior to the introduction of the hydrocarbon feedstock. The presulphiding step, which converts the catalyst from its oxidized form to a sulphided
form, frequently increases catalyst life and activity. Virtually all industrial experience with presulphiding has been obtained with top feed trickle bed reactors, usually with a naphtha or gas oil feedstock which is in the vapour phase under reaction conditions. In contrast, studies at the Energy
Research Laboratories have been performed with bottom feed liquid phase reactors and higher boiling feedstocks such as bitumens or heavy gas oils. To determine whether similar beneficial effects occur with the bottom feed reaction systems at the Energy Research Laboratories, a series of
presulphiding experiments was performed. It was found that the Sulphur content of the catalyst could vary from 2 to 4 wt % depending on the presulphiding conditions used. After the catalyst had been in contact with the reaction mixture for 8 hours, its sulphur content approached the value
required for all of the nickel and molybdenum in the catalyst to exist as N13S2 and MoS2. The properties of the liquid hydrocarbon product and the wt % coke in the catalyst were found to be approximately the same regardless of the presulphiding conditions. Presulphiding with the feedstock, with
CS 2 , or withH2 S , produced essentially the same results. The favourable results obtained with the feedstock were probably due to a combination of high sulphur content in the feedstock and liquid phase operation of the reactor.
Catalysts for hydrocracking and refining heavy oils and tars, part.2: the effect of molybdenum concentration and of zinc to molybdenum ratio on desulphurization and denitrogenation
Authors: Williams R J , Ternan M , Parsons B I
Published: April 2018

This report is the second in a series dealing with transition metalmolybdenum catalysts supported on alumina. Experimental catalysts of various zinc to molybdenum atomic ratios as well as several pure molybdenum-alumina catalysts were prepared by a surface
layering technique. Impregnation was achieved through addition of the salts of the active ingredients in a mixmuller. The activity of the molybdenum-alumina catalysts increased with the percentage Mo. Sharp increases with concentration occurred for desulphurization up to 9.0 wt %. At higher
concentrations the changes were much less pronounced. Similar results were observed for denitrogenation but the increase in activity was less rapid. No optimum ratio for desulphurization or denitrogenation was observed for the zinc-molybdenum series (as had previously been reported in the
literature). In fact, the addition of zinc resulted in activities virtually the same as that achieved by molybdenum-alumina alone and very much less than cobalt-molybdate supported on alumina. Catalyst life studies were undertaken on the 9.0 wt % Mo-Al 2 0 3 and a cobalt-molybdate catalyst of
Co/Mo = 0.48. No measurable deactivation was detected. All of the catalysts were evaluated using a 650 - 975 ° F (345-525 °C) gas-oil made by thermally hydrocracking Athabasca bitumen. The experiments were carrild out at 2900 psi (13.9 MPa) pressure and at a liquid-space-velocity of 2.0
hr- (0.56 Ks- ). Results are discussed relative to a commercially prepared cobalt-molybdate catalyst of Co/Mo = 0.48.
Thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen - reduction of reactor fouling
Authors: Pruden B B , Logie R B , Denis J M , Merrill W H
Published: April 2018

Experiments in a one barrel per day (1.84 cm3 /s) thermal hydrocracking pilot plant were conducted on topped (to 260°C) Athabasca bitumen, with emphasis on continuous runs at constant conditions for up to three week's duration to study reactor fouling. The
reactor was 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) ID by 13 ft (4 m) high. Experiments were carried out at pressures from 1000 to 3500 psi (6900 to 24,100 kPa), temperatures from 450 to 470°C, and space velocities of 1 and 2 reactor volumes of feed per hour. The most successful runs, from the point of view of
reducing reactor fouling, were at 460°C and 470°C and 3500 psi. Results are given and correlated on pitch conversion, distillate oil yield, hydrogen consumption, gas formation and other parameters for these runs. A comparison is made with published data on delayed coking and fluidized
coking for bitumen treatment.
Evaluation of canadian commercial coals: Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia - 1975
Authors: Tibbetts T E
Published: April 2018

The physical and chemical analyses of samples of coals from mining operations in the three coal mining provinces of western Canada, Saskatchewan Alberta, and British Columbia, are reported. They include lignite, subbituminous and bituminous coals. In addition,
the chemical analyses of ash of most of the same coals are reported in a separate section. The samples were taken and analyzed by the Energy Research Laboratories during the year 1975. They represent the production, on a specified day, of the coals as commercially prepared at the
mine.
Évaluation des charbons marchands canadiens: Nouvelle-Écosse et Nouveau-Brunswick - 1975
Authors: Tibbetts T E , Montgomery W J
Published: April 2018

Les auteurs donnent les résultats des analyses chimiques et physiques d'échantillons provenent des exploitations minières de la Nouvelle-Ecosse et du Nouveau-Brunswick. Les échantillons. ont été,prélevés en . 1974 et en.
1975 par les Laboratoires de.recherches sur.l'énergie. Ils sont représentatifs de la . production journalière des.charbons préparés pour la vente, sur le carreau des mines et dans les lavoirs ou des charbons livrés aux centrales thermiques.
Filtration - filters and filter media
Authors: Hamza H A
Published: April 2018

This report presents a detailed review of the application and operational aspects of the filtration process and outlines criteria that should be applied for selecting filters and filter media for various system and slurry characteristics. Chapter I classifies
filters according to their mode of operation and the driving force employed to effect separation between solid and liquid. They are therefore grouped according to whether used in batch or continuous operation, whether the driving force is gravity, pressure, vacuum, or centrifugal, and according to
feeding arrangement and the mechanism of cake removal. Generally, the most suitable filter for a given operation is the one which will fulfill the requirements at minimum overall cost. Since cost is related to filtering area, high rates of filtration are normally provided by high pressures and
continuous operation. Maximum pressures, on the other hand, are often limited by mechanical design considerations and batch operation thus may be necessary. The illustrated report provides essential characteristics of the most common types of filters, stating advantages and disadvantages of each.
Plate filter presses are the most common batch filters. In continuous filters, filtration, washing, dewatering and cake discharge take place simultaneously. Continuous vacuum filters have wide application, particularly in rotary drum and rotary disc configurations, and are described in detail.
Continuous pressure filters are similar in many respects to their vacuum counterparts but are more complex and expensive to build and operate. Factors which determine filter selection include cake formation characteristics, production level, required process results and construction materials.
Filter selection is also based on slurry characteristics. Chapter II discusses the various types of material used as filter media. Criteria are presented for making a selection according to application on the basis of physical properties strength, blinding, or cake discharge, chemical properties
resistance to chemicals, to heat, etc. and constructional properties types of yarn, fabric geometry, weave pattern, etc. Optimum filter medium choice is a compromise between the maximum service life, recovery, cake release, permeability of flow, production rate, gasketing, resistance to blinding,
and clarity of filtrate. Ranking of the numerous types of filter cloth as to suitability for various applications is presented in tabular form.
Hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen: effect of coal-base catalyst on pilot plant operation
Authors: Khulbe C P , Pruden B B , Denis J M
Published: April 2018

In this study, pilot plant experiments are described in which a coal-base catalyst, consisting of a "coke getter" (high volatile A coal) coated with a desulphurization catalyst (Co-Mo-alumina, 15 wt % of the coal), was used in the hydrocracking of Athabasca
bitumen. The slurry of bitumen and 2% coal-base catalyst was pumped into the bottom of a 4.5-9, reactor (3.8 cm dia and 4 m long) at 460°C and 13.89 MPa pressure. Pilot plant operation was smooth with a system pressure drop of less than 0.4 MPa. After 21 days of operation, the hot
separator, preheaters and all transfer lines were clean but the reactor contained a hard porous deposit along 3 m of its length. Although hydrogen consumption in this run was higher than for a similar run without catalyst, there was more coke deposition. The probable cause of increased reactor
coking was the low melting point of the coal which resulted in high ash content in the reactor fluid. Sulphur removal was higher than for a run under similar conditions without additive. There were no problems with the additional hydrogen sulphide gas in the system.
Thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen: effect of recycle-gas purity on product yields and qualities
Authors: Shah A M , Pruden B B , Denis J M
Published: April 2018

The thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen at 13.89 MPa and 450 o C has been investigated employing a liquid hourly space velociq of 1 and a recycle-gas rate of 0.0425 m3 /h at the system pressure and 20 C. The experiments were conducted in a 4.5-£ reactor
with the recycle-gas purity in the range of 60-96 vol % 11 9 . The hydrogen partial pressure in the reactor was in the range of 7-12 Ma. Liquid products with consistent quality were obtained regardless of the recycle-gas purity. An increased hydrocarbon-gas made with increased recycle-gas purity
was obtained at the expense of liquid product 3'rield. The extent of conversion of 1-525°C pitch to distillable hydrocarbons decreased slightly with increased recycle-gas purity. The sulphu conversion and the hydrogen consumption were constant at 50 wt % and 168.5 mJ /t respectively,
independent of the recycle-gas purity. Data are compared with previously published results. No operational problems were encountered when running with low recycle-gas purity with increased hydrogen sulphide and hydrocarbon gas contents. No carbonaceous deposits were formed in the reactor, hot
separator or preheaters. The most significant finding of the present investigation is that industrial hydrogen streams with 60-85 vol % 112 could be used without purification in the preliminary refining of Athabasca bitumen with a reduction in process costs.
Catalytic hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen in a fluidized bed reactor - effect of pressure on catalyst decay
Authors: Ranganathan R , Logie R B , Denis J M
Published: April 2018

This report describes a study of the effect of pressure on catalyst decay during the hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen in a fluidized-bed reactor. A cobalt-molybdenum catalyst (Nalcomo 471, 60-140 mesh, 3.2 wt % Co0-12.5 wt % Mo0 3 /alumina) was
evaluated. Two stages of deactivation occurred; initially a rapid deactivation followed by slow deactivation. The deposition of mineral matter and strong chemisorption of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons might have been responsible for the initial rapid deactivation. These stages can be fitted to a
linear equation (slow deactivation) and an exponential equation (rapid deactivation). The results of the experiment are shown to be reproducible. A qualitative discussion on the comparison of catalyst deactivation in fixed fluidized bed reactors is given.
Thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen: correlation of reactor voidage in vertical two-phase flow
Authors: Shah A M , Pruden B B , Denis J M
Published: April 2018

Pilot-plant experiments were carried out to determine the reactor voidage in vertical two-phase flow of hydrogen and Athabasca bitumen at various operating conditions of temperature (330-430°C), pressure (3.55-13.89 MPO, liquid feed rate (2100-12x 500 g/h)
and r ecycle gas rate (0.028-0.085 m3 /h at system pressure and 20 C). These conditions are within the range at which thermal hydrocracking takes place. The linear relationship, C = mVG, between the reactor voidage, and the superficial gas velocity, V G, was found to apply in all cases. The value of
the slope, m, depended on the reactor geometry and experimental conditions. The variation of m with pressure and temperature was best represented by ma, p0.18T 2 11 . The superficial liquid velocity VL had no appreciable effect on m for the system at 13.89 MPa and 400°C in a tubular reactor.
However, the voidage increased with increased V L at constant V G in an annular reactor. Investigation of vertical two-phase flow in a tubular reactor of first, kerosene and hydrogen at room temperature and different pressures, i.e., 3.55-17.34 MPa, and second, water and nitrogen at room temperature
and atmospheric pressure also indicated a linear relation between the voidage and the superficial gas velocity. The superficial liquid velocity did not have any effect on the voidage in either case and the pressure dependency for the kerosene-hydrogen system was similar to that observed for the
hydrogenbitumen system.
A comparative study of Fe catalysts, ZnCI2 catalysts and ZnCI2 - promoted Fe catalysts for hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Herrmann W A O , Belinko K
Published: April 2018

Tests were carried out during thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen on certain catalysts produced from inexpensive raw materials. Two classes were investigated: iron catalysts (Class I) and zinc chloridepromoted catalysts (Class II). These experiments were
carried out in a batch autoclave. The reaction temperature varied from 385 °C to 455°C at an H2 pressure of 13.8 MPa. Reaction times ranged from 30 to 210 minutes. The products obtained by using these catalysts were analyzed and compared with those .using two conventional catalysts and
those with no catalyst. The highest conversion was achieved with an Fe-lignite catalyst. The next most active was found to be 100% ZnC12. The latter produced a smaller amount of HC gas and significantly less sulphur in the product, and may therefore be considered more
desirable.
Analysis of reactor samples collected during thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Belinko K , Denis J M , Nandi B N
Published: April 2018

Samples from five reactor levels collected during thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen were analyzed for asphaltenes, benzene-insolubles and various other components. The data indicated that a conversion of asphaltenes to benzene-insoluble organic matter
was occurring during the process. An accumulation of nickel and vanadium at the bottom of the reactor during the run, did not appear to have any significant effect on product quality. Optical microscopic investigations revealed that the benzene-insoluble matter from all reactor levels consisted
primarily of coke derived from the asphaltenes. There was no evidence of coke originating from the heavy aromatic oils.
Effect of finely divided sub-bituminous coal addition on hydrocracking pilot plant operation
Authors: Ranganathan R , Pruden B B , Denis J M
Published: April 2018

The thermal hydrocracking process was evaluated when Athabasca bitumen was reacted with hydrogen, with or without the addition of subbituminous coal. The hydrocracking was carried out at 10.44 MPa pressure and temperatures of 450° C and 455°C. The
addition of coal improved plant operation by decreasing the total system pressure-drop and by reducing the amount of solids deposited. The total system pressure-drop was only about 400 kPa in the presence of coal, whereas without coal the pressure-drop was above 1200 kPa. Only 132 g of solids were
deposited with coal compared with 6600 g without it. The coke precursors (asphaltenes and benzene insolubles) were also found to be less abundant in the presence of coal. The results clearly indicated that the addition of coal would make operation of the thermal hydrocracking process possible at low
pressures.
Thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen: computer simulation of feed and product vaporization
Authors: Patmore D J , Pruden B B , Shah A M
Published: April 2018

A computer simulation was carried out to determine the fraction of feed and product vaporized during the hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen. The program utilized the Grayson-Streed modification of the Chao-Seader equation of state. It was found that as much as
75% or more of the liquid fed to the reactor can be in the vapour phase at reactor outlet conditions. The effect of temperature, pressure, gas-to-liquid ratio, mol % H2 in the gas and pitch conversion on the degree of vaporization were investigated. It was found that the ratio of gas to
liquid fed to the reactor has a large initial effect on the degree of vaporization, but the rate of increase drops off sharply at high G/L values. Changes in temperature and pressure have significant effects on the degree of vaporization. Thus for a product at 76% pitch conversion at 10.44 MPa,
80 mol % H2 and a G/L value of 20 g mol/kg, an increase in temperature from 400 to 450°C causes the percentage of liquid vaporized to increase from 34 to 52%. Similarly at 13.89 MPa, the same temperature increase causes the percentage to increase from 28 to 42%. Increasing the mol
% of hydrogen in the gas causes a linear decrease in the degree of vaporization. Changing the mol % of hydrogen from 60 to 80 causes the degree of vaporization to drop by approximately 10%.
Rapid chromatographic procedure for characterizing hydrocarbons in synthetic fuel naphta
Authors: George A E , Smiley G T , Sawatzky H
Published: April 2018

A procedure for the chemical characterization of hydrocarbons in the naphtha fraction C5 to C 13 from synthetic fuels has been developed. The procedure provides complete distillation information, sulphur content, hydrocarbon-type distribution analysis of
saturates, olefins and aromatics as well as individual identification of the major hydrocarbon constituents of the naphtha. The method employs gas chromatography, selective chemical absorption, and both flame ionization and flame photometric detection. Quadrupole mass spectrometer interfaced with
integration and data analysis system was used for identification of the individual hydrocarbons. A complete characterization takes 90 min. and requires only 30 pL of sample. The results of hydrocarbon-type distribution are not dependent upon interpretation by the analyst as in the standard
fluorescent indicator adsorption method. The flame photometric sulphur detection was preceded by chromatographic separation, and its flow parameters were modified to meet the high sulphur requirement of the naphthas from synthetic fuels. Five naphtha samples produced by the hydrocracking of
Athabasca bitumen under various operating conditions were analyzed by this method.
Effect of hydrocracking on the distribution of nitrogenous components in Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Sawatzky H , Beshai J E , Smiley G T , George A E
Published: April 2018

The effect of hydrocracking on the distribution of nitrogenous components in Athabasca bitumen was investigated by studying products obtained at different severities. The components were separated by chromatography on anion and cation exchange resins using a
modified method developed in connection with API project 60. The various fractions of nitrogenous and associated polar compounds were examined using infrared spectrometry and titration of the bases. Infrared data showed that carbazoles, indoles and related compounds, particularly in the asphaltenes
increased substantially with hydrocracking severity. Basicity of the hydrocracked products which, too, increases with severity, is also discussed.
Cokemaking with canadian medium- and high-volatile commercial coking coals
Authors: Gransden J F , Price J T , Leeder W R
Published: April 2018

A strong export market has been established for Western Canadian coking coal and increasing quantities are also being used by the Central Canadian steel industry. Domestic coals provide a degree of diversification of supply for the companies which presently
import most of their requirements from the United States. In this report the quality of coke obtained from Western coking coals and from blends of Western and Eastern Canadian coking coals is investigated. Blending low ash, high sulphur Eastern coals with high ash, low sulphur Western coals produced
cokes with chemical and physical properties suitable for the blast furnace. All blends carbonized in the 460-mm and 310-mm wide technical-scale coke ovens had low coking pressures and could be coked in industrial ovens. The hot strengths of the cokes were measured by the Nippon Steel Corporation
test and were found to vary with blend composition in a manner similar to the cold strength or stability factor. Measured stability factors were compared with factors predicted from coal properties by three methods. The petrographic method gave accurate predictions of the strength of coals coked
alone but was less accurate for blends of coals. The 0-factor method was fairly accurate for all coals and blends except for Eastern Canadian coal. The third method was the most accurate and used a relationship between coke strength, mean maximum vitrinite reflectance and maximum Gieseler fluidity
obtained by regression of CANMET data for 180 Western coals.
Comparison of coke produced in different CANMET coke ovens - part 2
Authors: Price J T , Leeder W R
Published: April 2018

The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) operates several pilot-scale coke ovens. Testing in ovens of this size is considered to be the best laboratory method for assessing coking characteristics of coal. Each oven differs in construction and
operates under different conditions. At the time of investigation, ovens were operated which had coking chambers of 310- and 460-mm widths in Ottawa, and 310 mm in Edmonton. The objectives of this report are to describe an investigation conducted between 1972 and 1977 and to compare coking results.
Comparisons were made by plotting and linearly regressing the coke ASTM stability and hardness strength indices, coke mean size, apparent specific gravity, and coking pressure. Regression analyses in Part 1 of this investigation showed the ASTM stability factor - the prime North American coke
quality parameter - was equal for any of the ovens when a single coal or blend was carbonized. Coke ASTM hardness factor, apparent specific gravity, mean size, and coking pressure, were similar for the Ottawa and Edmonton 310-mm ovens, but differed systematically from the 460-mm oven. Coke yield was
similar for the Edmonton 310-mm and the Ottawa 460-mm ovens, but was slightly higher in the Ottawa 310-mm oven.
Cokemaking with Canadian medium- and high-volatile commercial coking coals
Authors: Gransden J F , Price J T , Leeder W R
Published: April 2018

A strong export market has been established for Western Canadian coking coal anciincreasing quantities are also being used by the Central Canadian steel industry. Domestic coals provide a degree of diversification of supply for the companies which presently
import most of their requirements from the United States. In this report the quality of coke obtained from Western coking coals and from blends of Western and Eastern Canadian coking coals is investigated. Blending low ash, high sulphur Eastern coals with high ash, low sulphur Western coals produced
cokes with chemical and physical properties suitable for the blast furnace. All blends carbonized in the 460-mm and 810-mm wide technical-scale coke ovens had low coking pressures and could be coked in industrial ovens. The hot strengths of the cokes were measured by the Nippon Steel Corporation
test and were found to vary with blend composition in a manner similar to the cold strength or stability factor. Measured stability factors were compared with factors predicted from coal properties by three methods. The petrographic method gave accurate predictions of the strength of coals coked
alone but was less accurate for blends of coals. The G-factor method was fairly accurate for all coals and blends except for Eastern Canadian coal. The third method was the most accurate and used a relationship between coke strength, mean maximum vitrinite reflectance and maximum Gieseler fluidity
obtained by regression of CANMET data for 180 Western coals.
Feasibility study on recovery of thermal coal from waste dumps in Nova Scotia
Authors: Mikhail M W , Bird L C , Langren N T L
Published: April 2018

Through funds made available in 1972 by the Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy and the federal Department of Regional Economic Expansion, a program was initiated to recover saleable coal from mine waste dumps adjacent to the existing Acadia wash plant in
Stellarton, N.S. The main objectives of the program were to recover coal for thermal power generation, eliminate the risk of spontaneous combustion in the dumps, and generate employment in the area for former miners. Following evaluation of the waste dumps during 1972, the Acadia wash plant was
modified to treat high ash waste material. The first production was recorded in late 1974 after a period of manpower training, trial runs, and adjustment of the wash plant circuits. By the end of 1979 a total of 738 202 t of dump material had been processed and a total of 205 212 t of thermal coal
produced for power generation and domestic use in Nova Scotia. This recovery was satisfactory and the overall operation was considered a success. The successful Stellarton operation led to considering the possibility of recovering thermal coal from other dumps. Evaluation of the Westville dumps
indicated total recoverable reserves of 1 346 617 t averaging 53.85% ash. A bulk test on 504 t of the dump material with extensive sampling was conducted to evaluate the Stellarton plant. Equipment performance was reported and results discussed. From the washability characteristics of dump
material and results of the bulk test, parameters for plant design were defined and two options were proposed. One was to use the existing plant with some modifications and the other to build a modular mobile plant suitable for future use at dump sites in the province other than Westville. At
25% ash level, recoverable coal from the Westville dump was estimated to be 551 892 t, which is equivalent to a 41% yield by mass.
Review of the coprocessing of coals and heavy oils of petroleum origin
Authors: Monnier J
Published: April 2018

The present report reviews the various simultaneous cohydrogenation processes that are currently being recommended for coal and heavy oils of petroleum origin. The different coprocessing schemes are described, and the utilization of various catalysts and
additives is discussed. A comprehensive bibliography of recent papers, patents and research reports is presented.
État actuel des recherches sur l'hydrogénation simultanée du charbon et des huiles lourdes dérivées du pétrole
Authors: Monnier J
Published: April 2018

The present report reviews the various simultaneous cohydrogenation processes that are currently being recommended for coal and heavy oils of petroleum origin. The different coprocessing schemes are described, and the utilization of various catalysts and
additives is discussed. A comprehensive bibliography of recent papers, patents and research reports is presented.
Nouvelle méthode de déconvolution pour l'analyse des spectres de distribution de la densité de probabilité obtenus lors de mesures d'interrogation aux rayons gamma d'écoulements multiphases
Authors: Liu D D S
Published: April 2018

A numerical method for the deconvolution of probability density distribution spectra (PDDS) has been developed. It is based on principles of the least square and the Newton-Raphson iteration algorithm. The PDDS were obtained from measurements of multi-phase flows
using a gamma-ray interrogation technique developed recently in the Synthetic Fuels Research Laboratory of the Energy Research Laboratories, CANMET in collaboration with the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. The deconvoluted PDDS contain information on the
hydrodynamic parameters of multi-phase flow phenomena. Fundamental equations for the numerical method were translated into a Fortran program for practical applications. Examples of PDDS deconvolutions for both simulated and observed spectra are given.
Mesures de l'impédance à l'interface semi-conducteur-solution
Authors: Leduc J , Ahmed S M
Published: April 2018

The physics and chemistry of the semiconductor-solution interface have been presented in detail with particular reference to impedance measurements and determination of the flat band potential of the semiconductor surface. The basic theory of A.C. circuits
applied to impedance measurements at the semiconductor-solution interface has been developed. Techniques for impedance measurements and data analysis have been described for a method using an LCR meter and a computer for experimental control and data acquisition. The necessary software has been
developed. Impedance measurements on n-GaAs electrodes on the (1 1 1) face have revealed an irreversible chemical change in the anodic region absent for n-GaAs on the opposite face (i i I).
Preparation of a ceramic electrolyte in the system MgO-K2O-TiO2
Authors: Quon H H , Wheat T A
Published: April 2018

The present work forms part of a program to develop ionically conducting materials for potential use in energy conversion systems. Having applications in high energy-density batteries, fuel cells and sensors, these materials are playing an increasingly important
role in the development of much more efficient energy storage and conversion devices. Of the over 30 known solid-state ionically conducting materials, those having compositions in the Mg0-K 20-Ti02 system have been reported to possess electrical properties that are borderline to those required for
battery applications. However, the very limited data available in the literature has all been obtained using poor quality, inhomogeneous material produced from ball milled materials. Consequently, it is of great importance to determine the intrinsic properties of this potentially significant group
of materials. For this purpose, a wet process has been developed to produce the needed homogeneous, high quality sintered compositions. For comparative purposes, materials having the composition K xMg x /2Ti 8 _ x / 2 016 where 1.4 x e, 2.0 were prepared using both a conventional ball milling
technique and a novel wet chemical process. It is shown that the latter method produces homogeneous material that can readily be sintered close to the theoretical density, whereas the former method produces inhomogeneous material that can only be sintered to approximately 90% theoretical
density. Using the reactive, homogeneous, chemically prepared materials, it has been established that two-phase systems are developed when x equals 1.4 and 2.0. At high titania concentrations where x equals 1.4, rutile is formed, whereas at low titania concentrations where x equals 2.0, a new phase
is formed which is isostructural with K YL iY Ti4_ y /208. At intermediate compositions where 1.5 e, x 1.8, single-phase material is formed.
Caractérisation des cendres volantes Canadiennes et leur performance relative dans le béton
Authors: Carette G G , Malhotra V M
Published: April 2018

Eleven Canadian fly ashes were characterized and evaluated for their relative performance in concrete. Characterization included the determination of mineralogical composition, chemical composition, physical characteristics, and pozzolanic properties. The
relative performance of each fly ash in concrete was evaluated through determination of the following properties of fresh and hardened concrete: slump, air content, bleeding, setting time, strength, modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage, creep, and freezing-and-thawing resistance. The results
indicate a wide range of chemical, physical, and pozzolanic properties for the fly ashes investigated. ln spite of this, all the fly ashes evaluated are shown to be suitable for use in concrete. They affect, however, the properties of fresh and hardened concrete in different ways, and this should be
taken into account when proportioning concrete containing these fly ashes.
Ore characteristics that affect breakage during grinding
Authors: Petruk W , Smith M M
Published: April 2018

A base metal ore from the New Brunswick No. 12 deposit in the Bathurst area, New Brunswick, was studied to determine the mechanics of ore breakage during grinding. The ore was ground for different periods of time in a laboratory ball mill, and both the unbroken
ore and ground products were analyzed by a variety of image analysis techniques, including modifications of fractal analyses. The results show that the mode of breakage is strongly influenced by the behaviour of pyrite. Initial grinding breaks pyrite along grain boundaries (i.e., preferential
breakage), and the process continues until most of the poorly to moderately bonded pyrite grains have been separated. Further grinding breaks pyrite across grain boundaries (random breakage) and chips edges off particles. This observation indicates that liberation of interstitial minerals among
pyrite in base metal ores is more dependent upon preferential breakage, along pyrite grain boundaries, than upon random breakage of the ore, as generally assumed. Consequently, the interstitial minerals among pyrite, which are generally smaller than the pyrite grains, will be liberated at a coarser
grind than would be expected if the ore broke randomly.
A case history of support at Nacimiento mine
Authors: Seegmiller B L
Published: April 2018

The Nacimiento copper mine has experienced stability problems that threatened to prevent further mining. The nature of the rock material and the type of slides that occurred indicated that it should be possible to stabilize the slope by means of rock anchors, and
in 1974 a major support installation was begun. Several hundred rock anchors with capacities up to 200 tons were subsequently installed. These were effective in stabilizing the slope initially, but shortly after, a number of anchors failed through stress corrosion. Although precautions were taken to
prevent further anchor failures, those which remained were inadequate to bear the entire burden and a substantial slide did occur. The case history does show that a slope was effectively stabilized by rock anchors, and that when the supporting force was reduced by corrosion the slope again became
unstable.
Pit slope manual, supplement 3-3: in situ field tests
Authors: Gyenge M , Ladanyi B
Published: April 2018

This supplement describes in situ tests for deformation and strength properties of slope materials and for classification and characterization of slope materials. Deformation modulus is determined by dilatometer tests in a borehole. In situ direct shear strength
is determined by isolating a suitable specimen through sawing and drilling, and using in situ jacks to provide normal and horizontal forces. In situ density is determined by measuring the volume of an excavated hole, and weighing the excavated material. The in situ density of rock can also be
determined from production blast holes by weighing the drill cuttings.
Corrosion protection and lateral displacement characteristics of rock anchors
Authors: Fines H , Slater W , Sage R
Published: April 2018

Rock anchors have good potential application in stabilizing open pit slopes. Before they can be widely used their corrosion resistance and behaviour under lateral displacement likely in a mine slope must be shown to be satisfactory. Field tests to examine these
characteristics are impractical. Corrosion resistance was examined by studying greased, polyethylenesheathed strand used in civil engineering. It was concluded this type of strand should be adopted for mine rock anchors where good corrosion resistance is required. Laboratory tests on greased,
sheathed strand were used to examine lateral displacement characteristics. The strand, grouted inside a steel tube, was tensioned and then displaced laterally. A maximum reduction in ultimate strength of about 17% resulted. Because the working load of a rock anchor is about 60% of
undisplaced ultimate strength, to account for tension losses during installation, it appears the design working load need not be reduced because of lateral displacement anticipated after tensioning. In effect, a design working load of 60% of undisplaced ultimate strength would become an actual
working load of not more than 72% of the displaced ultimate strength, which is acceptable.
Generation and control of mine airborne dust
Authors: Knight G
Published: April 2018

A study was undertaken to determine the sources of airborne dust in mines and to investigate control methods. Experiments have identified three airborne dust types and their sources: mineral dust from all mining processes, oil mists from lubricating oil used in
compressed air-powered machines, and particulates from diesel exhaust. Rock breaking and dust dispersion were studied and results showed that the dust produced is directly dependent on the total breakage and that dispersion increases by the extent of the handling, the energy expended in creating new
breakage, the kinetic energy of the rock itself, and the velocity and turbulence of the air. Two main dust control methods are wetting and ventilation. The effectiveness of wetting depends on wetting time, rock surface properties, type of wetting agent, use of steam and on the extent of mechanical
mixing; sprays are ineffective in removing fine dust that is already airborne. Controlling dust through ventilation is effected by adding air to dilute the dust concentration, exhausting or drawing dust-entrained air from the workers' zone, and by controlling airflow direction. The CAMPEDS
gravimetric dust sampling system was used for measuring the amount of dust produced and gave total respirable dust, respirable combustible dust, respirable mineral dust (ash), and respirable quartz dust. Dust measurements from six mines are given in tabular form for blasting, rock loading, transport
and hauling, drilling, and ancillary operations. Results showed that blasting, crushing and vertical orepasses produced the most dust. Evacuation of personnel from the mine for a sufficient time for the dusty air to leave or settle reduces exposure to dust from blasting. Crushing and orepasses can
be enclosed and human exposure avoided. In mining areas, ore handling rather than drilling as might be expected was responsible for creating most of the dust. Two sets of experiments were made to investigate the effect of water on dust control in LHD loading operations, locations where good wetting
and ventilation are essential. It was found that wet processes in milling operations produced substantial dust and that enclosures and extraction could substantially decrease general ventilation requirements. Recommendations are given for dust control in hard rock mines for blasting, rock handling
and drilling; suggestions are made for further studies on improving loading, floor smoothing, bucket handling, wetting, use of dust filters on mobile machines and high volume exhaust systems.
Mineral waste resources of Canada. Report no.1 - Mining wastes in Ontario
Authors: Collings R K
Published: April 2018

Les résidus de mine et du traitement des minéraux au Canada représentent de larges réserves de ressources minérales non-renouvelables. Ces réserves de matières minérales partiellement traitées - et en grande partie
inutilisées s'accroissent continuellement à mesure que l'activité minière augmente et que la technologie de traitement des gisements de minerai à faible teneur se développe. Plusieurs facteurs, incluant une législation limitant les opérations minières
près des centres urbains, une augmentation des coûts de traitement et de transport, un accroissement du coût de l'énergie ainsi qu'un souci pour l'environnement, ont stimulé un intérêt dans les résidus minéraux et leur potentiel comme matières
premières peur unevariê1é4Lesages, teks-que certaines applications dans le domaine de la céramique et des matériaux de construction. Malheureusement, cet intérêt a été tempéré par le fait que peu d'information se trouve disponible concernant les
lieux, la nature et le potentiel d'utilisation de ces résidus. Ce rapport, Résidus de mine en Ontario, fournit de l'information de base sur_ 1es résidus de mine et du traitement des minéraux en Ontario. Il est à espérer qu'il stimulera de l'intérêt dans de
tels résidus et qu'il encouragera les producteurs et les consommateurs virtuel sil entreprendre les études nécessaires et la recherche requise pour permettre une plus grande utilisation de ces résidus minéraux.
Certified and provisional reference materials available from the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology as of 1976
Authors: Faye G H
Published: April 2018

Three low-grade tungsten ores, two of scheelite (CT-1 and TLG-1) and one of wolframite (BH-1, have been characterized and prepared for use as certified reference materials. This report is a detailed account of the interlaboratory program for obtaining the
analytical results for tungsten, and the statistical treatment used to assign the recommended values, which are 1.04%, 0.42% and 0.083%, respectively, for CT-1, BIT-1 and TLG-1. Information is also given on the nature and origin of the three ores, and on the procedures used for their
reparation and for assessing their homogeneity.
Lightweight aggregates for structural concrete
Authors: Wilson H S
Published: April 2018

This monograph is concerned with lightweight aggregates that can be used in structural lightweight concrete; namely those produced from clay, shale, slate, blast furnace slag, and fly ash. The clays, shales and slates are the most widespread of raw materials,
although slate is not used in Canada. All the producers in Canada use the rotary kiln method, but sintering is also used in the United States. The production of expanded blast furnace slag is restricted to locations of steel plants producing pig iron in blast furnaces. There is only one plant in
Canadaproducing expanded slag lightweight aggregate. Fly ash is not used in Canada but is to a limited extent in the United States.A machine process was developed in Canada by which a pelletized expanded slag could be produced. This process almost completely eliminates the sulphurous fumes
associated with the widely used pit process. Several of the machines have been installed in slag-expanding plants in various countries.The lightweight aggregates being produced are all used in concrete masonry units, for both load-bearing and non-loadbearing applications. The lightweight aggregates
produced from clays and shales and, to a limited extent, from expanded slag are used in structural cast-in-place and precast concrete in beams, columns, walls, roofs, and floors in low- and high-rise structures and in bridges.Lightweight concrete is about 30 per cent lower in unit weight than normal
weight concrete and is lower in thermal conductivity and sound transmission. Although the properties of the various lightweight concretes differ, they are similar in many respects to normal weight concrete. Each aggregate and the concrete made with it must be assessed on their own properties.ASTM
standards have been adopted in Canada to limit the properties of the lightweight aggregates and the concretes made with them. Although the cost of lightweight aggregates is higher than that of normal wéight aggregate, appreciable savings have resulted from their use in many applications,
primarily because of the lower unit weight.The lightweight aggregates have other, non-structural, applications such as back fill, floor fill, and soil conditioning. In the case of expanded slag, it is finding a use in the manufacture of portland-blast furnace slag cement.
The floatability of eleven non-metallic minerals and three metallic oxides (sequel to TB 108 and TB 186)
Authors: Wyman R A
Published: April 2018

The work is reported as part of a long-range study intended to fill a continuing demand for information on industrial mineral flotation. Previous work, already reported, covered about 21,000 trials. The present work covers about 10,000 additional trials. The
experimental procedure involves a simple, bubble pick-up method applied in acid, neutral and basic conditions under the influence of thirty-one different collectors and six common modifiers. The trade names and general chemical names for collectors and modifiers are listed in the report. The method
of assessing results includes comparison on a weighted average basis and a graphical form of presentation which conforms with earlier presentations. The present work includes data derived for actinolite, anhydrite, dolomite, gibbsite, hematite, lepidolite, magnetite, pollucite, pyrite, pyrophyllite,
pyroxene, serpentine, sphene and wollastonite.