bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing hypotheses about glacial cycles against the observational record
Authors: Kaufmann Robert K. , Juselius Katarina
Published: February 2013

We estimate an identified cointegrated vector autoregression model of the climate system to test hypotheses about the physical mechanisms that may drive glacial cycles during the late Pleistocene. Results indicate that a permanent doubling of CO2generates a 11.1°C rise in Antarctic temperature. Large variations in atmospheric CO2over glacial cycles are driven by changes in sea ice and sea surface temperature in southern oceans and marine biological activity. The latter can be represented by a two‐step process in which iron dust increases biological activity and the increase in biological activity reduces CO2concentrations. Glacial variations in ice volume, as proxied byδ18Oare driven by changes in CO2concentrations, global and high latitude solar insolation, latitudinal gradients in solar insolation, and the atmospheric concentration of CO2. The model is able to quantify the effects of ice volume and temperature on sea level, such that in the long‐run, sea level rises 14 m per 0.11‰δ18Oand about 17 m/°C of sea surface temperature in southern oceans. Beyond these specific results, the multivariate model suggests omitted variables may bias bivariate analyses of these mechanisms.
Millennial‐scale variability to 735 ka: High‐resolution climate records from Santa Barbara Basin, CA
Authors: White Sarah M. , Hill Tessa M. , Kennett James P. , Behl Richard J. , Nicholson Craig
Published: February 2013

Determining the ultimate cause and effect of millennial‐scale climate variability remains an outstanding problem in paleoceanography, partly due to the lack of high‐resolution records predating the last glaciation. Recent cores from Santa Barbara Basin provide ~2500–5700 year “windows” of climate with ~10–50 year resolution. Ages for three cores, determined by seismic stratigraphic correlation, oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and biostratigraphy, date to ~293 ka (MIS 8), ~450 ka (MIS 12), and ~735 ka (MIS 18). These records sample the Late Pleistocene, during which the 100 kyr cycle strengthened and the magnitude of glacial‐interglacial cyclicity increased. Thus, these records provide a test of the dependence of millennial‐scale behavior on variations in glacial‐interglacial cyclicity. The stable isotopic (δ18O) composition of planktonic foraminifera shows millennial‐scale variability in all three intervals, with similar characteristics (duration, cyclicity) to those previously documented during MIS 3 at this site. Stadial G. bulloides δ18O values are 2.75–1.75‰ (average 2.25‰) and interstadial values are 1.75–0.5‰ (average 1‰), with rapid (decadal‐scale) interstadial and stadial initiations of 1‐2‰, as in MIS 3. Interstadials lasted ~250–1600 years and occurred every ~650–1900 years. Stadial paleotemperatures were 3.5–9.5°C and interstadial paleotemperatures were 7.5–13°C. Upwelling, evidenced by planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and δ13C, increased during interstadials, similar to MIS 3; high productivity during some stadials was reminiscent of the Last Glacial Maximum. This study builds upon previous records in showing that millennial‐scale shifts were an inherent feature of Northern Hemisphere glacial climates since 735 ka, and they remained remarkably constant in the details of their amplitude, cyclicity, and temperature variability.
Anti‐CRLF2 Antibody‐Armored Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Childhood B‐ALL
Authors: Raghunathan Rekha , Mahesula Swetha , Kancharla Kranthi , Janardhanan Preethi , Jadhav Yeshwant L. A. , Nadeau Robert , Villa German P. , Cook Robert L. , Witt Colleen M. , Gelfond Jonathan A. L. , Forsthuber Thomas G. , Haskins William E.
Published: February 2013

B‐precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) lymphoblast (blast) internalization of anti‐cytokine receptor‐like factor 2 (CRLF2) antibody‐armored biodegradable nanoparticles (AbBNPs) are investigated. First, AbBNPsaere synthesized by adsorbing anti‐CRLF2 antibodies to poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles of various sizes and antibody surface density (Ab/BNP) ratios. Second, AbBNPs are incubated with CRLF2‐overexpressing (CRLF2+) or control blasts. Third, internalization of AbBNPs by blasts is evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry as a function of receptor expression, AbBNP size, and Ab/BNP ratio. Results from these experiments are confirmed by electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and Western blotting. The optimal size and Ab/BNP for internalization of AbBNPs by CRLF2+ blasts is 50 nm with 10 Ab/BNP and 100 nm with 25 Ab/BNP. These studies show that internalization of AbBNPs in childhood B‐ALL blasts is AbBNP size‐ and Ab/BNP ratio‐dependent. All AbBNP combinations are non‐cytotoxic. It is also shown that CD47 is very slightly up‐regulated by blasts exposed to AbBNPs. CD47 is “the marker of self” overexpressed by blasts to escape phagocytosis, or “cellular devouring”, by beneficial macrophages. The results indicate that precise engineering of AbBNPs by size and Ab/BNP ratio may improve the internalization and selectivity of future biodegradable nanoparticles for the treatment of leukemia patients, including drug‐resistant minority children and Down's syndrome patients with CRLF2+B‐ALL.
Copper oxide nanofibres for detection of hydrogen peroxide vapour at high concentrations
Authors: Hennemann Jörg , Kohl Claus‐Dieter , Reisert Steffen , Kirchner Patrick , Schöning Michael J.
Published: February 2013

We present a sensor concept based on copper(II)oxide (CuO) nanofibres for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) vapour in the percent per volume (% v/v) range. The fibres were produced by using the electrospinning technique. To avoid water condensation in the pores, the fibres were initially modified by an exposure to H2S to get an enclosed surface. By a thermal treatment at 350 °C the fibres were oxidised back to CuO. Thereby, the visible pores disappear which was verified by SEM analysis. The fibres show a decrease of resistance with increasing H2O2 concentration which is due to the fact that hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising gas and CuO a p‐type semiconductor. The sensor shows a change of resistance within the minute range to the exposure until the maximum concentration of 6.9% v/v H2O2. At operating temperatures below 450 °C the corresponding sensor response to a concentration of 4.1% v/v increases. The sensor shows a good reproducibility of the signal at different measurements. CuO seems to be a suitable candidate for the detection of H2O2 vapour at high concentrations.

Resistance behaviour of the sensor under exposure to H2O2 vapours between 2.3 and 6.9% v/v at an operating temperature of 450 °C.
Multi‐sensor chip for the investigation of different types of metal oxides for the detection of H2O2 in the ppm range
Authors: Reisert Steffen , Schneider Benno , Geissler Hanno , van Gompel Matthias , Wagner Patrick , Schöning Michael J.
Published: February 2013

In this work, a multi‐sensor chip for the investigation of the sensing properties of different types of metal oxides towards hydrogen peroxide in the ppm range is presented. The fabrication process and physical characterization of the multi‐sensor chip are described. Pure SnO2 and WO3 as well as Pd‐ and Pt‐doped SnO2 films are characterized in terms of their sensitivity to H2O2. The sensing films have been prepared by drop‐coating of water‐dispensed nano‐powders. A physical characterization, including scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis of the deposited metal‐oxide films, was done. From the measurements in hydrogen peroxide atmosphere, it could be shown, that all of the tested metal oxide films are suitable for the detection of H2O2 in the ppm range. The highest sensitivity and reproducibility was achieved using Pt‐doped SnO2.

Calibration plot of a SnO2, WO3, Pt‐, and Pd‐doped SnO2 gas sensor for H2O2 concentrations in the ppm range.
Influence of magnetic correlations on low‐field magnetoresistance in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/SrTiO3 composites
Authors: Tang Yan‐kun , Ge Xue‐feng , Si Xiao‐fei , Zhao Wen‐juan , Wang Yu , Dong Shuai , Zhai Ya , Sui Yu , Su Wen‐Hui , Almasan C. C.
Published: February 2013

We report on the structure, magnetism, and transport properties of composites La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/SrTiO3 synthesized at 700 °C for 10 min. The results show that high‐field magnetoresistance is almost the same for all composites. However, an enhancement of the low‐field magnetoresistance is observed due to the weakening of the magnetic correlations with decreasing the La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 component of the composite. This paper suggests that the weakening of magnetic coupling between the nanostructured grains or films is a viable route to achieve a large magnetoresistance at low applied magnetic fields.
Capped and coupled Fe3O4/TiO2 nanopowder systems fabricated by sol–gel and a nonthermal method
Authors: Niyaifar Mohammad , Hasanpour Ahmad , Mohammadpour Hory , Amighian Jamshid
Published: February 2013

In this work, Fe3O4/TiO2 core–shell and composite nanopowders have been prepared to study their structural and magnetic properties. First a conventional sol–gel method was used to synthesize Fe3O4 and TiO2 nanoparticles separately. Then, they were combined to each other in two different geometries of core–shell and composite nanopowders. The samples were characterized by analytical techniques including XRD, TEM, SEM, and VSM. The results show the successful covering of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles surfaces with TiO2 in core–shell samples. In composite samples annealed at 400, 500, 600 °C, magnetite nanoparticles are distributed randomly in the TiO2 matrix. The magnetic measurements show that the core–shell sample, fabricated by a nonthermal method, has higher saturation magnetization than composite samples. Moreover, the values of the saturated magnetization of Fe3O4/TiO2 nanoparticles decreased with increasing calcined temperature.
Evolution from a magnetically correlated state to a single impurity state in heavy fermion system Ce3−xLaxCo4Sn13
Authors: Ślebarski A. , Fijałkowski M. , Goraus J.
Published: February 2013

Ce3Co4Sn13 crystallizes in the cubic Yb3Rh4Sn13 structure, which is closely related to the one of scutterudites, well known thermoelectric materials. Ce3Co4Sn13 exhibits novel physical properties, a large increase in Cmag/T was recently observed at low temperatures with a maximum value of about 4 J K−2 ${\rm mol}_{{\rm Ce}}^{- 1} $. The specific heat data suggested that Ce3Co4Sn13 is likely near a magnetic quantum critical point (QCP). In this report we investigate the low‐temperature specific heat of Ce3−xLaxCo4Sn13 in order to study the proximity of Ce3Co4Sn13 to the possible magnetic QCP. We found the critical concentration xc ≈ 0.6 which separates the magnetically correlated state with a maximum in C(T)/T at ∼0.7 K for x < xc, and a single impurity state for x > xc in heavy fermion (HF) system Ce3−xLaxCo4Sn13. However, for xc the low‐temperature C(T)/T behaviour is not characteristic of the QCP.
Fluctuations and the ferromagnetic instability in YFe2Al10: The role of Fe stoichiometry
Authors: Strydom A. M. , Khuntia P. , Baenitz M. , Peratheepan P. , Steglich F.
Published: February 2013

YFe2Al10 forms in a well‐ordered crystal structure, with a unique site for the magnetic atom Fe. At elevated temperatures YFe2Al10 behaves electronically as a good metal. At low temperatures on the other hand, signatures of correlated behavior develop and eventually non‐Fermi‐liquid scaling dominates all of the physical properties: the electrical resistivity develops a negative temperature coefficient below 20 K, and the specific heat Cp(T)/T and χ(T) both assume a power‐law increase upon lowering the temperature below ≃3 K. Lowest temperature studies have failed to find magnetic ordering in YFe2Al10 in spite of compelling evidence that there is impending order in this compound and that it is indeed of ferromagnetic character. Here we report on measurements of thermal and electronic transport as well as heat capacity studies on the series of compounds YFe2 + δAl10 with δ ≤ |0.1|, with the purpose of testing the stability of the low‐temperature divergences in physical properties against off‐stoichiometric Fe.
Characteristic energy scales in CePdAl
Authors: Woitschach Sarah , Stockert Oliver , Koza Michael Marek , Fritsch Veronika , von Löhneysen Hilbert , Steglich Frank
Published: February 2013

We report on inelastic neutron scattering experiments that were carried out on single‐crystalline CePdAl, which is a heavy fermion system with hexagonal crystal structure and is close to an antiferromagnetic quantum critical point. The measurements yield information on the crystalline‐electric‐field (CEF) excitations and quasielastic spin fluctuations. Two excited CEF levels have been detected at ≈240 K and >400 K. A broad quasielastic magnetic signal could be observed, yielding a Kondo temperature TK = 5 K that agrees with the result from thermodynamic measurements.
Magnetization and specific heat of CePd1 − xNixAl
Authors: Fritsch Veronika , Huang Chien‐Lung , Bagrets Nadezda , Grube Kai , Schumann Sarah , Löhneysen Hilbert v.
Published: February 2013

CePdAl crystallizes in the hexagonal ZrNiAl‐type structure (space group $P\overline {6} 2m$), where the magnetic Ce3+ ions form a network of equilateral triangles in the ab plane similar to the kagomé lattice. It is a well known antiferromagnetic heavy‐fermion system with Néel temperature TN = 2.7 K. Magnetization and specific‐heat measurements performed on CePd1 − xNixAl polycrystals show that the antiferromagnetic order in the system is suppressed by Ni substitution. TN is reduced to zero temperature at a Ni concentration x = 0.144. At high temperatures the magnetization data follow a Curie–Weiss law. The Weiss temperature $\Theta $ is negative with $\left| {\Theta } \right|$ increasing with x possibly due to the increasing Kondo effect. Indeed, the Kondo temperature increases with x as documented by an analysis of the specific heat and magnetic entropy of CePd1 − xNixAl for the samples with x = 0, 0.062, 0.097, and 0.144.
Linalool‐rich Rosewood Oil Induces Vago‐vagal Bradycardic and Depressor Reflex in Rats
Authors: de Siqueira Rodrigo José , Rodrigues Karilane Maria Silvino , da Silva Moisés Tolentino Bento , Correia Junior Carlos Antônio Barros , Duarte Gloria Pinto , Magalhães Pedro Jorge Caldas , Santos Armênio Aguiar dos , Maia José Guilherme Soares , da Cunha Pergentino José Sousa , Lahlou Saad
Published: February 2013

Cardiovascular effects of the linalool‐rich essential oil of Aniba rosaeodora (here named as EOAR) in normotensive rats were investigated. In anesthetized rats, intravenous (i.v.) injection of EOAR induced dose‐dependent biphasic hypotension and bradycardia. Emphasis was given to the first phase (phase 1) of the cardiovascular effects, which is rapid (onset time of 1–3 s) and not observed in animals submitted to bilateral vagotomy or selective blockade of neural conduction of vagal C‐fibre afferents by perineural treatment with capsaicin. Phase 1 was also absent when EOAR was directly injected into the left ventricle injection, but it was unaltered by i.v. pretreatment with capsazepine, ondansetron or HC030031. In conscious rats, EOAR induced rapid and monophasic hypotensive and bradycardiac (phase 1) effects that were abolished by i.v. methylatropine. In endothelium‐intact aortic rings, EOAR fully relaxed phenylephrine‐induced contractions in a concentration‐dependent manner. The present findings reveal that phase 1 of the bradycardiac and depressor responses induced by EOAR has a vago‐vagal reflex origin resulting from the vagal pulmonary afferents stimulation. Such phenomenon appears not to involve the recruitment of C‐fibre afferents expressing 5HT3 receptors or the two chemosensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. Phase 2 hypotensive response appears resulting from a direct vasodilatory action. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface topographic characterization for polyamide composite injection molds made of aluminum and copper alloys
Authors: Pereira A. , Hernández P. , Martinez J. , Pérez J.A. , Mathia T.G.
Published: February 2013

In order to ensure flexibility and rapid new product development, the mold industry made use of soft materials for cavity inserts in injection molds. However, materials of this kind are prone to wear. This article analyzes the topographic characterization of the surface and wear processes in injection molds cavities. Two materials have been used to produce the cavities: aluminum alloy EN AW‐6082 T4 and copper alloy Cu Zn39 Pb3. The surface topography was measured with the use of optical interferometry profiling technology; roughness and surface parameters were determined according to ISO 4287, ISO 25178, and EUR 15178N. In order to complete this research, an experimental part with different thicknesses and shapes was designed, and cavity inserts of aluminum and copper were made. Polyamide PA6, with 30% fiberglass reinforcement, was employed in the experimental procedure. Measurements of cavity mold surfaces were performed after 9,200 cycles on each mold and at different locations on the mold. The surface measurement was made with a white light vertical SCANNING 36:39–52, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute On‐Chip HIV Detection Through Label‐Free Electrical Sensing of Viral Nano‐Lysate
Authors: Shafiee Hadi , Jahangir Muntasir , Inci Fatih , Wang ShuQi , Willenbrecht Remington B. M. , Giguel Francoise F. , Tsibris Athe M. N. , Kuritzkes Daniel R. , Demirci Utkan
Published: February 2013

Development of portable biosensors has broad applications in environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis, public health, and homeland security. There is an unmet need for pathogen detection at the point‐of‐care (POC) using a fast, sensitive, inexpensive, and easy‐to‐use method that does not require complex infrastructure and well‐trained technicians. For instance, detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV‐1) at acute infection stage has been challenging, since current antibody‐based POC technologies are not effective due to low concentration of antibodies. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time a label‐free electrical sensing method that can detect lysed viruses, i.e. viral nano‐lysate, through impedance analysis, offering an alternative technology to the antibody‐based methods such as dipsticks and Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The presented method is a broadly applicable platform technology that can potentially be adapted to detect multiple pathogens utilizing impedance spectroscopy for other infectious diseases including herpes, influenza, hepatitis, pox, malaria, and tuberculosis. The presented method offers a rapid and portable tool that can be used as a detection technology at the POC in resource‐constrained settings, as well as hospital and primary care settings.
A data‐centric capability‐focused approach for system‐of‐systems architecture modeling and analysis
Authors: Ge Bingfeng , Hipel Keith W. , Yang Kewei , Chen Yingwu
Published: February 2013

A data‐centric, capability‐focused approach is proposed to facilitate the architecture modeling and analysis of challenging system‐of‐systems (SoS). This approach abstracts essential information from the underlying complexity with the architecture modeling in a data‐centric and semantically consistent fashion, and allows early understanding and exploration of the logical, behavioral, and performance characteristics to achieve the desired capabilities. More specifically, a high‐level data meta‐model, depicting the semantic relationships of constituent architectural data elements, is first presented to guide the architectural data modeling, which is aligned well with the US Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) Meta‐model (DM2). Then, the development of architectural descriptions and the construction of executable models are studied based on the core architectural data elements. Additionally, architecture analysis using static and executable models are discussed, including static analysis, dynamic analysis, and experimental analysis. The feasibility of the foregoing approach is demonstrated with an illustrative example. ©2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16:
Comparison of urinary thallium levels in non-occupationally exposed people and workers
Authors: Staff James F. , Cotton Richard J. , Warren Nicholas D. , Morton Jackie
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To determine a reference background urinary thallium level; to compare urinary thallium data from workers to this background level; to investigate factors affecting these levels and whether creatinine correction is appropriate.

Methods

Urine samples from non-occupationally exposed people (n = 273, from 113 individuals) and workers (n = 896, from 447 individuals) were analysed for thallium by ICP-MS. A reference background level was calculated, defined as the 95th percentile value of a non-occupationally exposed population. Worker data were divided into two subsets: thallium workers (those who work directly with thallium or its compounds) and general workers; and compared to the background level. Bayesian linear mixed effects modelling was used to investigate factors affecting urinary thallium concentration and the efficacy of creatinine correction for the determination of urinary thallium.

Results

The reference background urinary thallium level is 0.27 μmol/mol creatinine (creatinine-corrected) or 0.40 μg/l (uncorrected). Median values were 0.11 μmol/mol creatinine or 0.17 μg/l for non-occupationally exposed people, 0.12 μmol/mol creatinine or 0.20 μg/l for general workers and 0.19 μmol/mol creatinine or 0.41 μg/l for thallium workers. Variation was lower in creatinine-corrected models. Nine per cent of samples from general workers and 39 % of samples from thallium workers exceeded the creatinine-corrected background level. By 2010, 90 % of all workers had urinary thallium levels below the 95th percentile reference background level.

Conclusions

Urinary thallium concentrations were higher in thallium workers than non-occupationally exposed people and general workers. Creatinine correction is appropriate.
The Scholarly Status of Blacks in the Economics Profession: Have the National Economic Association and the Review of Black Political Economy Mattered?
Authors: Price Gregory N. , Allen Maxton
Published: February 2013

This paper considers whether the National Economic Association and its journal the Review of Black Political Economy have enhanced the scholarly status of black economists. A bibliometric analysis reveals that while the typical black economist has never published in the Review of Black Political Economy, the share of black economists publishing in the Review of Black Economy approximates the share of all articles published on the economic and political economy of race by black economists, and the share of articles published in the Review of Black Political Economy by black economists appears higher than typical journals in economics–-particularly for black economists employed at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. We also find that similar to other economics journals non-black economists dominate the share of published articles, and publications in the Review of Black Political Economy appear to be consistent with Lotka's Law of scientific productivity suggesting that the journal is a standard outlet for research no different from any other science journal. Our results imply a plausible counterfactual that if the National Economic Association and Review of Black Political Economy did not exist, the scholarly status of blacks in the economics profession would have been lower than currently observed.
Overexpression of a key regulator of lipid homeostasis, Scap, promotes respiration in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Prabhu Anika Vinayak , Krycer James Robert , Brown Andrew John
Published: February 2013

Prostate metabolism is unique, characterised by cholesterol accumulation and reduced respiration. Are these related? We modulated cholesterol levels and despite changes in mitochondrial cholesterol content, we saw no effects on lactate production or respiration. Instead, these features may be related via sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 2 (SREBP‐2), the master transcriptional regulator of cholesterol synthesis. SREBP‐2 diverts acetyl‐CoA into cholesterol synthesis and may thus reduce respiration. We examined LNCaP cells overexpressing the SREBP‐2 regulator, Scap: although having higher SREBP‐2 activity, these cells displayed higher respiration. This striking observation warrants further investigation. Given that SREBP‐2 and Scap are regulated by factors driving prostate growth, exploring this observation further could shed light on prostate carcinogenesis.
Experimental evidence for a short-wave global mode in film flow along periodic corrugations
Authors: Cao Z. , Vlachogiannis M. , Bontozoglou V.
Published: February 2013

The primary instability of liquid film flow along periodically corrugated substrates is studied experimentally. Two different wall shapes, of the same wavelength and height, are tested for a wide range of inclinations. It is found that, beyond a specific inclination, a new instability mode occurs before the classical, convective, long-wave one. This is a short, travelling wave, which is highly regular and persistently two-dimensional, and appears to be a global mode. The exact shape of the corrugations has a leading-order effect on the inclination at which the new mode appears and on its wavelength at inception. Compared with the behaviour of film flow on a flat substrate, the presently tested periodic walls are found to delay very significantly, but each one to a different extent, the onset of the primary instability. This delay increases with inclination, and presents a distinct discontinuity when transition from the long- to the short-wave mode takes place.
Fluid drainage from the edge of a porous reservoir
Authors: Zheng Zhong , Soh Beatrice , Huppert Herbert E. , Stone Howard A.
Published: February 2013

We report theoretical and experimental studies to describe buoyancy-driven fluid drainage from a porous medium for configurations where the fluid drains from an edge. We first study homogeneous porous systems. To investigate the influence of heterogeneities, we consider the case where the permeability varies transverse to the flow direction, exemplified by a V-shaped Hele-Shaw cell. Finally, we analyse a model where both the permeability and the porosity vary transverse to the flow direction. In each case, a self-similar solution for the shape of these gravity currents is found and a power-law behaviour in time is derived for the mass remaining in the system. Laboratory experiments are conducted in homogeneous and V-shaped Hele-Shaw cells, and the measured profile shapes and the mass remaining in the cells agree well with our model predictions. Our study provides new insights into drainage processes such as may occur in a variety of natural and industrial activities, including the geological storage of carbon dioxide.
Reproduction and caste ratios under stress in trematode colonies with a division of labour
Authors: LLOYD MELANIE M. , POULIN ROBERT
Published: February 2013

Trematodes form clonal colonies in their first intermediate host. Individuals are, depending on species, rediae or sporocysts (which asexually reproduce) and cercariae (which develop within rediae or sporocysts and infect the next host). Some species use a division of labour within colonies, with 2 distinct redial morphs: small rediae (non-reproducing) and large rediae (individuals which produce cercariae). The theory of optimal caste ratio predicts that the ratio of caste members (small to large rediae) responds to environmental variability. This was tested inPhilophthalmussp. colonies exposed to host starvation and competition with the trematode,Maritrema novaezealandensis. Philophthalmussp. infected snails, with and withoutM. novaezealandensis, were subjected to food treatments. Reproductive output, number of rediae, and the ratio of small to large rediae were compared among treatments.Philophthalmussp. colonies responded to host starvation and competition; reproductive output was higher in well-fed snails of both infection types compared with snails in lower food treatments and well-fed, single infected snails compared with well-fed double infected snails. Furthermore, the caste ratio inPhilophthalmussp. colonies was altered in response to competition. This is the first study showing caste ratio responses to environmental pressures in trematodes with a division of labour.
BnSP-7 toxin, a basic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom, interferes with proliferation, ultrastructure and infectivity of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis
Authors: NUNES DÉBORA C. O. , FIGUEIRA MÁRCIA M. N. R. , LOPES DAIANA S. , DE SOUZA DAYANE L. NAVES , IZIDORO LUIZ FERNANDO M. , FERRO ELOÍSA A. V. , SOUZA MARIA A. , RODRIGUES RENATA S. , RODRIGUES VERIDIANA M. , YONEYAMA KELLY A. G.
Published: February 2013

This paper reports the effects of BnSP-7 toxin, a catalytically inactive phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom, on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. BnSP-7 presented activity against promastigote parasite forms both in the MTT assay, with IC50 of 58·7 μg mL−1 of toxin, and a growth curve, inhibiting parasite proliferation 60–70% at concentrations of 50–200 μg mL−1 of toxin 96 h after treatment. Also, the toxin presented effects on amastigotes, reducing parasite viability by 50% at 28·1 μg mL−1 and delaying the amastigote–promastigote differentiation process. Ultrastructural studies showed that BnSP-7 caused severe morphological changes in promastigotes such as mitochondrial swelling, nuclear alteration, vacuolization, acidocalcisomes, multiflagellar aspects and a blebbing effect in the plasma membrane. Finally, BnSP-7 interfered with the infective capacity of promastigotes in murine peritoneal macrophages, causing statistically significant infectivity-index reductions (P < 0·05) of 20–35%. These data suggest that the BnSP-7 toxin is an important tool for the discovery of new parasite targets that can be exploited to develop new drugs for treating leishmaniasis.
Sir Raymond Priestley and Professor J. B. Cragg
Authors: Holdgate Martin
Published: February 2013

A mystery surrounds the failure to appoint Professor J.B. Cragg of Durham University as biological supervisor to the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1958. In a recent note in this journal Dr Lance Tickell argues that Sir Raymond Priestley is unlikely to have been responsible. Cragg's approach was, however, closely followed by the present author between 1961 and 1966 in the programme based on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands.
To Take Arms Across a Sea of Trouble: The “Lascar System,” Politics, and Agency in the 1920s
Authors: Raza Ali , Zachariah Benjamin
Published: February 2013

In the interwar period, a system for the movement of men, arms, and printed matter developed into a political network that in imperial sources came to be called the “lascar system.” Lascars were Indian seamen who worked for British and international merchant shipping companies and had contacts with trade unionists, communists, anarchists, and other politically active parties across the world—in particular in port towns such as Hamburg, Antwerp and Marseilles. They became key players in the politics of the interwar world, and especially in a still-colonised India, which was subject to various censorship regulations and a panoply of repressive legislation. A number of lascars became crucial in the emerging communist movement and in trade union politics. In a world of increasingly stringent border controls, restrictions on the movement of people, and paranoia about political radicalism and its ability to “infect” new areas, the lascars' mobility became an asset to political movements and a source of anxiety for states.

Given this, it is surprising that the literature on lascars seldom, if ever, addresses the question of their political activities. This essay takes some steps in that direction, focusing on the 1920s, when the “lascar system” took shape. “Lascar” is of course a name given to a profession, not an identity or a political ideology; and yet the importance of this profession in the politics of the early twentieth century, and of the interwar period in particular, is far too important to ignore or treat as mere coincidence.
A “Moorish World” within the Company: The VOC, Maritime Logistics and Subaltern Networks of Asian Sailors
Authors: van Rossum Matthias
Published: February 2013

Let us begin with a drawing, depicting the river mouth of Batavia. We see a lively scene. Europeans and Asians are fishing, peddling, rowing, riding, walking, and sitting along the waterway. A small prauw on the left appears to be manned by Javanese and Chinese. Behind the Waterkasteel, on the right, large numbers of oceangoing vessels are anchored before Batavia. In the middle of the drawing, we see three men on the path along the waterway, the “jaagpad,” pulling a flat cargo boat. The clothing indicates that these are “Moor” sailors. On the boat, we see three other sailors with turbans.

This scene, drawn by Johannes Rach in 1764, places the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in its Asian context. In previous decades, increasing attention has been paid to the structure of the “Asian” or overseas organisation of the VOC. Even more so, research has shown the importance of the Company's participation in the intra-Asian trade. From 1500 onwards, European trading companies not only became important in intercontinental European–Asian trade, but they came to dominate maritime trade within Asia as well. The VOC was one of the largest merchants active in intra-Asian shipping for much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. For the VOC, however, it was not only its presence overseas that built the link between the Company and its Asian context. The VOC and its Asian context became intrinsically interwoven. Leonard Blussé, for example, emphasises the character of Batavia, the headquarters of the VOC in Asia, as a “Chinese colonial town.”
Slaves and Sailors on Suriname's Rivers
Authors: Fatah-Black Karwan
Published: February 2013

On transatlantic slave ships the Africans were predominantly there as cargo, while Europeans worked the deadly job of sailing and securing the vessel. On the plantations the roles changed, and the slaves were transformed into a workforce. European sailors and African slaves in the Atlantic world mostly encountered each other aboard slave ships as captive and captor. Once the enslaved arrived on the plantations new hierarchies and divisions of labour between slave and free suited to the particular working environment were introduced. Hierarchies of status, rank and colour were fundamental to the harsh and isolated working environments of the ship and the plantation. The directors of Surinamese plantations shielded themselves from the wrath of their enslaved by hiring sailors, soldiers or other white ruffians to act as blankofficier (white officer). These men formed a flexible workforce that could be laid off in case tensions on plantations rose. Below the white officers there were non-white slave officers, basjas, managing the daily operations on the plantations. The bomba on board slave ships played a similar role.
Where does a New English dictionary stop? On the making of the Dictionary of South African Indian English
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: February 2013

This paper reflects on the recently published Dictionary of South African Indian English (Mesthrie, 2010, henceforth DSAIE) in terms of the decisions that have to be made over content in a New English variety. ‘New English’ is used in the commonly accepted sense of a variety that has arisen as a second language in a multilingual context, mainly under British colonialism, but which has gained an identity of its own on account of its characteristic linguistic features which differ from those of the erstwhile target language, viz. educated British English. Dictionaries of English outside of England and the United States of America are no longer novel: well-known efforts include the Macquarie Dictionary of Australian English (Butler et al., 2009) and The Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles (Silva et al., 1996). In the same vein Hobson-Jobson (Yule & Burnell, 1886) recorded the lexis of colonial India, concentrating more on the vocabulary of the British there, though usage characteristic of Indians is also cited. Post-colonial India is still served by lexicographers of British origins: Hanklyn-Janklin (Hankin, 1994) and Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs (Lewis, 1991) are both true to the Hobson-Jobson tradition in feel and style, whilst being fairly up-to-date. I am unaware of any systematic dictionary work treating of the more colloquial words of Indian English, this 30 years on from Braj Kachru's (1983) article ‘Toward a Dictionary’. The popular guidebook series Lonely Planet has stolen a march on the lexicographers in producing a vibrant, popular book Indian English: Language and Culture (2008), with an emphasis on vocabulary amidst other culture lessons. The new internet era has also provided online dictionaries, the most sophisticated in my experience being the Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English launched in 2004 (www.singlishdictionary.com).
Translation and South African English Literature: van Niekerk and Heyns' Agaat
Authors: Minter Lobke
Published: February 2013

English is in many ways the language that is assumed to be the giant in the South African literary field. The mere mention of South African literature has a different nuance to, let's say, African literature, since African literature has a vast array of national, colonial and post-colonial contexts, whereas South African literature is focused on one nation and one historical context. This difference in context is important when evaluating the use of English in South African Literature. In many ways, the South African literary field has grown, not only in number of contributors, and the diversity represented there, but also in genre or style. South African literature is becoming more fluid, more energetic, and more democratic in all the ways that the word implies. Writers like Lauren Beukes and Lily Herne are writing science fiction worlds where Cape Town is controlled by autocratic fascists or zombie wastelands that stretch from Table Mountain to Ratanga Junction; Deon Meyer writes crime thrillers, and Renesh Lakhan plumbs the depths of what it means to be South African after democracy. In many ways, the entire field of literature has changed in South Africa in the last twenty or so years. But one aspect has remained the same: the expectation, that while anyone who has anything to say at all, creatively, politically or otherwise, can by all means write it in their mother tongue, if the author wants to be read by more than a very specific fraction of society, then they need to embark on the perilous journey that is translation, and above all, translation into English.
Homer the South African
Authors: Murray Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

When reviewing a much-translated canonical text such as Homer'sIliad, it has become something of atoposto question the need for yet another translation of it. In the twenty-first century alone, Homer'sIliadhas benefited from at least six published English translations already: Rodney Merrill (2007), Herbert Jordan (2008), Anthony Verity (2011), Stephen Mitchell (2011), Edward McCrorie (2012) and James Muirden (2012). Richard Whitaker adds his translation to the list with a slight variation on the standard Anglo-American English translations already available, presenting his readers instead with a ‘Southern African English’ version. With such a variety of Standard English prose and poetic translations already on offer, is there really a need for yet anotherIliad? Will the novelty of its subtitle, as a ‘Southern African English’Iliad, justify its publication, and what will prevent it from being judged merely as a postcolonial curiosity?
‘With English the world is more open to you’ – language shift as marker of social transformation
Authors: Anthonissen Christine
Published: February 2013

This article gives an appraisal of bilingualism in Afrikaans and English among the Cape ‘Coloured’ community and of shifting patterns within it. It has become customary to use quotation marks around the termColouredand lower case to signal that this and other race-based terms are contested ones in South Africa (see Erasmus, 2001; Ruiters, 2009). On the advice of the ET editor for this issue, however, I will use the term with the capital and without quotation marks, since he argues – conversely – that the use of lower case and scare quotes in print can also be misconstrued as disrespect for a community. In this community it appears that a shift is underway from Afrikaans as first and as home language to English as the dominant family language. However, this shift does not follow a straightforward linear trajectory, and while some speakers appear to have abandoned Afrikaans in favour of English, in many families the language has not been jettisoned. Before citing studies that explore this complexity, including current work by the author, it is necessary to give a brief overview of the background to Afrikaans and English in South Africa and their place in the country's overall multilingualism.
Effects of chronic social defeat stress on behaviour, endoplasmic reticulum proteins and choline acetyltransferase in adolescent mice
Authors: Huang Guang-Biao , Zhao Tong , Muna Sushma Shrestha , Bagalkot Tarique Rajasaheb , Jin Hong-Mei , Chae Han-Jung , Chung Young-Chul
Published: February 2013

The present study investigated the effects of social defeat stress on the behaviours and expressions of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Grp78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) and choline acetyltransferase (Chat) in the brains of adolescent mice. Adolescent male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups (susceptible and unsusceptible) after 10 d social defeat stress. In expt 1, behavioural tests were conducted and brains were processed for Western blotting on day 21 after stress. In expt 2, social avoidance tests were conducted and brains were subsequently processed for Western blotting on day 12 after stress. Chronic social defeat stress produced more pronounced depression-like behaviours such as decreased locomotion and social interaction, increased anxiety-like behaviours and immobility, and impaired memory performance in susceptible mice. Moreover, susceptible mice showed greater expression of Grp78 and CHOP in the amygdala (Amyg) on days 12 and 21 compared with the other groups. Susceptible and unsusceptible groups showed significant increases in Grp78 and CHOP expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (Hipp) on day 12 compared with the control group; this persisted until day 21. The levels of Chat measured on days 12 and 21 were significantly lower in the PFC, Amyg and Hipp of all defeated mice compared with controls. The findings of the behavioural tests indicate that chronic social defeat in adolescents produces anxiety-like behaviours, social withdrawal, despair-like behaviours and cognitive impairment. The Grp78, CHOP and Chat results suggest that the selective response of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins in the Amyg plays an important role in the vulnerability–stress model of depression.
Iwasawa theory of de Rham -modules over the Robba ring
Authors: Nakamura Kentaro
Published: February 2013

The aim of this article is to study the Bloch–Kato exponential map and the Perrin-Riou big exponential map purely in terms of$(\varphi , \Gamma )$-modules over the Robba ring. We first generalize the definition of the Bloch–Kato exponential map for all the$(\varphi , \Gamma )$-modules without using Fontaine’s rings${\mathbf{B} }_{\mathrm{crys} } $,${\mathbf{B} }_{\mathrm{dR} } $of$p$-adic periods, and then generalize the construction of the Perrin-Riou big exponential map for all the de Rham$(\varphi , \Gamma )$-modules and prove that this map interpolates our Bloch–Kato exponential map and the dual exponential map. Finally, we prove a theorem concerning the determinant of our big exponential map, which is a generalization of theorem$\delta (V)$of Perrin-Riou. The key ingredients for our study are Pottharst’s theory of the analytic Iwasawa cohomology and Berger’s construction of$p$-adic differential equations associated to de Rham$(\varphi , \Gamma )$-modules.
Re-emerging Christianity in West European Politics: The Case of the Netherlands
Authors: Vollaard Hans J. P.
Published: February 2013

Does Christianity re-emerge in politics even in the most secularized part of the world, Western Europe? In this article, the exemplary case of the Netherlands provides empirical evidence for two mechanisms of resurgent Christianity in party politics. In this way, the article also offers a more precise understanding under what conditions various dimensions of religion become (again) or remain politically significant. The first mechanism has been the incentive of secularization and secularism for remaining Christians to regroup in a so-called creative minority to convey an explicitly faith-based message to a broader public. Modernization has therefore not automatically meant less religion in politics. However, creative minorities remained a relatively minor affair in Dutch party politics, despite the large number of Christian migrants and their descendants. Second, Christian and culturally rightwing, secular parties have increasingly referred to a Judeo-Christian culture to mark the political identities of the European Union and its nations in response to Islam's growing visibility. The concept of Judeo-Christian culture foremost functioned as a sacred word to denote the liberal and secular order of the West, reflecting the re-emergence of Christianity as cultural phenomenon rather than faith in West European politics.
Certain Types of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles are Not Suited to Passively Target Inflammatory Cells that Infiltrate the Brain in Response to Stroke
Authors: Harms Christoph , Datwyler Anna Lena , Wiekhorst Frank , Trahms Lutz , Lindquist Randall , Schellenberger Eyk , Mueller Susanne , Schütz Gunnar , Roohi Farnoosh , Ide Andreas , Füchtemeier Martina , Gertz Karen , Kronenberg Golo , Harms Ulrike , Endres Matthias , Dirnagl Ulrich , Farr Tracy D
Published: February 2013

Intravenous administration of iron oxide nanoparticles during the acute stage of experimental stroke can produce signal intensity changes in the ischemic region. This has been attributed, albeit controversially, to the infiltration of iron-laden blood-borne macrophages. The properties of nanoparticles that render them most suitable for phagocytosis is a matter of debate, as is the most relevant timepoint for administration. Both of these questions are examined in the present study. Imaging experiments were performed in mice with 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Iron oxide nanoparticles with different charges and sizes were used, and mice received 300 μmol Fe/kg intravenously: either superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs), ultrasmall SPIOs, or very small SPIOs. The particles were administered 7 days before MCAO, at the time of reperfusion, or 72 hours after MCAO. Interestingly, there was no observable signal change in the ischemic brains that could be attributed to iron. Furthermore, no Prussian blue-positive cells were found in the brains or blood leukocytes, despite intense staining in the livers and spleens. This implies that the nanoparticles selected for this study are not phagocytosed by blood-borne leukocytes and do not enter the ischemic mouse brain.