bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severe Reactions to Fentazin in Mental Deficiency Practice
Authors: Sykes Peter
Published: August 2008

Fentazin—Perphenazine—is a phenothiazine derivative which has gained a considerable amount of popularity with psychiatrists employed in treating severe schizophrenia and chronic psychosis. At present, however, there would appear to be few reports of its use in mental deficiency practice.
Possible Synergistic Effects of the New Thymoleptics in Connection with Poisoning
Authors: Howarth E.
Published: August 2008

During recent years, a good deal of attention has been drawn to the therapeutic and toxic effects of the new thymoleptics. Although most of these preparations have had a reasonable clinical trial before being released for general use, it is a fact that hitherto unsuspected toxic effects continue to come to light. Among the more recently discovered side-effects of Tofranil (imipramine) are the occurrence of jaundice and a tendency in certain patients to epileptic fits. Experimentally it has been shown that Tofranil increases the excitability of the brain of rabbits and may evoke convulsant spikes (1), and in a recent article by Leyberg and Denmark (2) it is recorded that in four cases of a relatively small series the dose of the drug had to be reduced on account of epileptic fits.
A Double-Blind Trial to Investigate the Effects of Thorazine (Largactil, Chlorpromazine), Compazine (Stemetil, Prochlorperazine) and Stelazine (Trifluoperazine) in Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Wilson Ian C. , Mckay James , Sandifer Myron G.
Published: August 2008

In the early phenothiazine literature the ataractic properties of Thorazine in the control of disturbed, hyperactive schizophrenics were described (Kurland, 1955; Hall and Dunlap, 1955; Lehmann, 1955). Kurland (1955) gives an excellent description of the powerful activity of Thorazine in this sphere, namely the control of hyperkinesis and hostile, aggressive behaviour; however, he found that there was little basic change in delusional thought disorder other than to divorce the abnormal thinking from its affective attachment. It was noted that the clinical improvement was most dramatic when the affective component of the illness was most marked. Hall and Dunlap (1955) felt that there was significant reduction in delusional ideation but noted that the schizophrenic process was not affected by Thorazine medication.
A Clinical and Biochemical Study of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition in Depressed Patients
Authors: Dewhurst W. G. , Pare C. M. B.
Published: August 2008

In order to test whether a drug is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase in the human subject, three main measures are available:

1. We can measure an increased excretion of the normal substrates of the enzyme, e.g. tryptamine (Sjoerdsma,et al., 1959b).

2. We can measure a decreased excretion of the metabolites resulting from the enzyme's action, e.g. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA).

3. We can administer a loading dose of an enzyme substrate and observe how the subject deals with it before and after the drug, e.g. 5-hydroxytryptamine (Sjoerdsmaet al., 1958), and epinephrine (N-methyl-C14) (Resnicket al., 1958).
Personality, and Pain Assessment in Childbirth of Married and Unmarried Mothers
Authors: Eysenck S. B. G.
Published: August 2008

Studies which have investigated differences in pain tolerance between extraverts and introverts have reported that the former can tolerate pain better than the latter (Petrie, 1958; Poser, 1960). Nevertheless, behaviourly it was noticed that extraverts appear to complain of pain or discomfort readily and generally to “give voice” to their feelings more than introverts, who incline to “grin and bear it” and make light of past painful experiences. Furthermore, it has been shown in drug studies that subjects react differently to pain inflicted in a laboratory to that caused in other (i.e. natural) ways even if this be more severe (Beecher, 1957). It was therefore decided to investigate this discrepancy by testing subjects undergoing “natural”, i.e. not experimentally inflicted, pain, and women in childbirth seemed a suitable group to approach.
Neuro-Physiology and Behaviour Disorders in Epileptic Children
Authors: Nuffield Edward J. A.
Published: August 2008

Consideration of the aetiology of behaviour disorders in epileptic children has been something of a test case in psychiatry: it divides sharply the “organicists” from the “environmentalists”, while those absorbed in psychopathological theory are given free scope to describe the complexity of dynamic mechanisms without committing themselves as to the ultimate aetiological factors.
An Enquiry into the Reasons for Admission of under Five Year Olds to a Mental Subnormality Hospital
Authors: Kahan V. L.
Published: August 2008

The value of medical and social services in the domiciliary care of the mentally subnormal child has been under considerable discussion during recent years. The mentally subnormal child is known to show many of the same traits as the normal child when removed from the type of personal relationship between mother and child, which is normal within the ordinary home. It is generally agreed that hospitalization of the normal child under five should be avoided if possible, but it must be remembered that this attitude is equally important in the case of the mentally abnormal or psychotic child. Indeed such children have great difficulty in coming to terms with their environment, and as a result are even more vulnerable to the breakdown of the mother/child relationship than the normal child. It is important, therefore, to look critically at the reasons given for applying for admission to a hospital for mental subnormality, and this study attempts to analyse the reasons put forward in a sample of patients admitted during the years 1955–59, and to discuss possible methods of improving the existing mechanisms.
Preliminary Investigations of the Effects of Sernyl upon Cognitive and Sensory Processes
Authors: Beech H. R. , Davies Brian M. , Morgenstern F. S.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper, Davies and Beech (4) presented data obtained from both clinical observations and psychological tests on normal subjects under the influence of Sernyl. In that paper an account was given of the chemical constitution and action of the drug. It is not necessary to say more here than that this compound is a synthetic cyclohexylamine derivative that was introduced into anaesthetic practice because of its ability to produce analgesia without loss of consciousness. It appears to act mainly at the thalamic level and produces changes in the reception of sensory stimuli. Post-operatively, however, psychiatric disturbances were common and the use of the drug in anaesthetic practice was curtailed. Our interest in Sernyl has centred upon its psychotomimetic effects and its possible mode of action. It has, in fact, been suggested that normal individuals under the influence of Sernyl behave, in some respects, like schizophrenic patients and that this similarity is most striking in the case of thinking processes. In the further investigation of the effects of this drug it was therefore decided to test the hypothesis that Sernyl produces mental disturbances which are characteristic of thought-disordered schizophrenics.
Controlled Trial of Prochlorperazine (“Stemetil”) in Schizophrenia
Authors:   South-east Region (Scotland) Therapeutic Trials Committee
Published: August 2008

Since Delay, Deniker and Harl (1952) first reported favourably on the use of chlorpromazine in disturbed psychotic patients the extended use of pheno thiazines has contributed to the transformed atmosphere in mental hospital wards. There is still some doubt as to the precise mechanism of action of the phenothiazines. The blocking of arousal responses to afferent stimulation in animals following chlorpromazine has been fully demonstrated (Bradley and Hance, 1955, 1957). The production in man of a “parkinsoniansyndrome” by chlorpromazine and later phenothiazines has been taken as evidence of drug activity as a basal ganglion level (Kruse, 1957). More recent work suggests that chlorpromazine may act by depressing the collateral inflow into the reticular formation from the afferent pathways rather than the brain stem activating system itself (Key and Bradley, 1958).
A Controlled Trial of Phenelzine (“Nardil”) in the Treatment of Severe Depressive Illness
Authors: Rees Linford , Davies Brian
Published: August 2008

The pharmacological treatment of depression was quite limited in efficacy before the discovery of iproniazid and imipramine (Rees, 1960).
A Controlled Comparison of Methaminodiazepoxide (Chlordiazepoxide, “Librium”) and Amylobarbitone in the Treatment of Anxiety in Neurotic Patients
Authors: Jenner F. A. , Kerry R. J. , Parkin D.
Published: August 2008

In another paper, Jenner, Kerry and Parkin (1961) confirmed the views of earlier workers, Harris (1960) and Voelkel (1960) and others that methaminodiazepoxide is an effective agent in relieving anxiety in neurotic patients. That study was a blind controlled comparison of methaminodiazepoxide against lactose, but gave no indication of its value as compared with other drugs. The present paper is a comparison of methaminodiazepoxide (Librium, Roche) and amylobarbitone. The latter drug was felt to be one of the best known and most reliable drugs used in psychiatry for the treatment of anxiety. Raymond, Lucas, Beesley, O'Connell and Fraser-Roberts (1957) compared it very favourably with benactyzine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, sedaltine and lactose. In that trial amylobarbitone was the only drug significantly better than lactose.
Cycloid Psychoses—Endogenous Psychoses which are Neither Schizophrenic Nor Manic-Depressive
Authors: Leonhard Karl
Published: August 2008

Kraepelin's diagnostic classification of the endogenous psychoses received world-wide acceptance, but today it is generally considered to have failed and is at times rejected by some workers with a few scornful words. This is not due to Kraepelin's own work but is the result of the way in which his successors have used his concepts. Kraepelin himself was not satisfied with the rough division of the endogenous psychoses into the two forms of manic-depressive insanity and schizophrenia, or as he termed it, dementia praecox. He, in fact, never ceased trying to isolate more disease entities. Thus, for example, he differentiated a large number of special forms of schizophrenia. Although he defined the two major groups of endogenous psychoses, this did not mean that he limited the number of diagnostic categories. On the contrary, he investigated all special forms of mental illness very carefully. If he saw a clinical picture which was unknown to him he would say, “So far I do not know this clinical picture, we should describe it adequately, perhaps other cases will occur as well, which will allow the isolation of a characteristic clinical picture.”
Environmental and Hereditary Factors in the Schizophrenias of Old Age (“Late Paraphrenia”) and their Bearing on the General Problem of Causation in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

The paraphrenias raise a number of problems common to many other disorders in the field of psychiatry, and their solution might therefore advance knowledge in a number of directions. The relationship between paraphrenic, paranoid and schizophrenic illness has long been disputed, and no view at present commands general acceptance. It has seemed to us that these controversies have often turned upon unacknowledged assumptions as to whether clinical, prognostic or genetic criteria, or all of these, were to be employed to decide the issue.
The Yoruba Image of the Witch
Authors: Prince Raymond
Published: August 2008

Witchcraft, the extra-natural interference in the welfare of the community by women, has long since ceased to be a source of major concern in Western society. In many other areas of the world, however, the witch remains a very active and vital image in the consciousness of the people, This is certainly true for the Yoruba*—a negro group occupying large areas of Nigeria, Dahomey and Togoland along the north-west coast of Africa. With the Yoruba (irrespective of his social level, religion or education), belief in the witch and in her powers is all but universal.
The Incidence of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Among a Hospital Population of Long-Stay Female Epileptics
Authors: Margerison J. H. , Liddell D. W.
Published: August 2008

There are some 23,000 long-stay epileptic in-patients in Britain. Most of these patients are in hospitals for the mentally ill or subnormal or in independent colonies. There are, however, only two hospitals within the National Health Service which cater specifically for the long-term treatment of epilepsy, St. Faith's Hospital, Brentwood, for females, and St. David's, Edmonton, for males. This communication is concerned with the incidence of temporal lobe epilepsy among the long-stay female epileptics at St. Faith's.
Juvenile Amaurotic Idiocy: A Case Report
Authors: Johnson John
Published: August 2008

The first clinical histories of this condition were reported in Norway by Stengel (1826). Batten (1903) described changes in the macula in two members of a family who had undergone progressive mental deterioration with loss of visual and motor functions. Vogt (1906) published similar cases and attempted to delimit them as a juvenile form of Tay Sachs disease. It differed from the infantile form in that it occurred in childhood after a period of normal development; the rate of progression was slower; it was not limited to Jewish children and the ophthalmological appearances were those of optic atrophy. The following year Spielmeyer described the pathological changes in juvenile Tay Sachs disease as essentially similar to the infantile form. Further detailed pathological studies were made by Greenfield and Holmes (1925).
The Day Hospital Approach in Child Psychiatry
Authors: Connell P. H.
Published: August 2008

The Day Hospital approach in adult psychiatry appears to have begun with the original conception of Cameron in Montreal. He stated (Cameron, 1958) that both the original concept and its further development sprang from growing appreciation of the possibilities of new methods of treatment and diagnosis: at this time the rapid rise of the cost of in-patient treatment took place and there was increasing realization of the importance of the treatment milieu. At the same time as Cameron was setting up his Day Hospital in Montreal, Bierer was setting up the Marlborough Day Hospital in London (Bierer, 1951) and he discussed the theory and practice of Psychiatric Day Hospitals later (Bierer, 1959). Harris (1957) also discussed the implications of Day Hospitals and Night Hospitals in psychiatry with regard to the adult patient.
Obsessional Personality and Anal-Erotic Character
Authors: Ingram I. M.
Published: August 2008

Popular psychiatric terms are often used uncritically and it is salutary to examine our usage from time to time. “Obsessional” is such a word; it may describe a symptom or a type of personality, with immediate possibilities of misunderstanding. Here it is used to describe a type of personality, as in the phrase “obsessional personality”. The current usage of this phrase will be examined and it will be compared with the usage of the “anal-erotic character” of psychoanalysis. The two terms differ: the obsessional personality is purely descriptive while the anal-erotic character is based on a theory of personality development; yet they are often used synonymously. Do they differ in descriptive detail? If so, how and why? An attempt will be made to answer these questions by an analysis of descriptions of the terms.
Admissions and Readmissions to Three London Mental Hospitals
Authors: Brown G. W. , Parkes C. Murray , Wing J. K.
Published: August 2008

In discussing current trends in mental hospital statistics, it is convenient to make a distinction between patients who have been resident for more than two years (the longstay group) and short or medium stay patients. The chances of discharge, once an individual has been resident for two years, are low and become progressively lower the longer he stays. In mental hospitals in England and Wales from 70 to 80 per cent. of patients are longstay; and the majority of these are diagnosed as schizophrenic (75 per cent. in 1954), although no more than one-third of newly admitted patients are given this diagnosis. There has been a consistent tendency over the past 30 years for a decreasing proportion of schizophrenic patients to be retained continuously for two years after admission—for example, about 60 per cent. of schizophrenics admitted in 1930 were retained in this way, compared with 30 per cent. in 1950 (Brown, 1960). Since then there have been important changes in social treatments and administrative policies, and the major tranquillizers have been introduced. The proportion of schizophrenics retained for two years or more has now approached 10 per cent. at many hospitals (Brown, 1959; Wing et al., 1959). However, very little is known in numerical terms about the extent to which the patients have to be readmitted to hospital once they have been discharged. The only satisfactory studies of the readmission of schizophrenic patients were made before the introduction of the recent changes in discharge policy, and dealt with admission cohorts in which the proportion retained for two years ranged from 60 to 30 per cent. (e.g. Freyhan, 1958; Shepherd, 1957). Reduction within this range did not appear to lead to an increased risk of readmission. However, the possibility cannot be dismissed that a further reduction would lead to the discharge of patients with a special liability to relapse and readmission.
1.—Nardil (Phenelzine) As a Potentiator of Electroconvulsive Therapy (E.C.T.)
Authors: Muller David
Published: August 2008

The following are summaries of work carried out at Powick Hospital, Worcester, as a project approved by the Medical Research Committee of the Birmingham Regional Hospital Board, which also gave financial assistance.
Adjunctive Therapy in Depression: A Controlled Trial of Nialamide
Authors: Affleck J. W. , Forrest A. D. , Martin F. M.
Published: August 2008

The efficacy of anti-depressant drugs, including imipramine and the so-called monoaminase inhibitors, and their potential as a replacement for E.C.T. remain undefined. Imipramine, which has been most extensively studied, has been shown to produce an initially lower improvement rate than E.C.T. in depressives, though after six months the results are little different (Kiloh and Ball, 1961). Dewhurst and Pare (1961) have reported that the quality of improvement in the cases who improved with nialamide in their partially blind trial was comparable to that seen with electroplexy. There is still a lack of controlled trials on the monoaminase inhibitors, particularly as regards patients sufficiently disturbed to warrant hospitalization. Harris and Robin (1960) found no evidence that phenelzine influenced recovery in these patients.
The Mode of the Dream
Authors: Pegge C. Denis
Published: August 2008

There have been abundant studies of dreams from the point of view of their content, but few have examined the mode of dreamsirrespectiveof content. For analysing and interpreting the content of dreams first-hand accounts have been used, but these verbalizations—owing to communication limitations alone—are far from identical with the dream experience. These verbalizations necessarily lump together the elements of the experience in order to provide a coherent description.
The Syndrome of Hospital Addiction (Munchausen Syndrome)
Authors: Barker J. C.
Published: August 2008

Patients are occasionally encountered who spend much of their lives gaining admission to hospitals apparently suffering from acute surgical and medical conditions. They elaborate long and complicated histories which are full of falsifications, and may submit to operations which they do not require. Consequently an extensively scarred abdomen is characteristically seen in those who undergo repeated laparotomies, but seldom is anything found at operation to account for their symptoms, although adhesions from former operations are occasionally noticed. Usually they leave hospital against medical advice, or discharge themselves while investigations are still in progress or before their operation wounds have fully healed.
Urinary Alanine Excretor in a Huntington's Chorea Family
Authors: Cowie Valerie , Seakins J. W. T.
Published: August 2008

In the course of urine-testing with Phenistix in a survey∗ of the inmates of remand homes, classifying schools and approved schools, only one positive result has been obtained from 2,300 boys and 541 girls tested so far in the London area. This was obtained with the urine of a boy who proved not to be Phenylketonuric, and further investigations were carried out in his case and with members of his family.
Mental Disorder in Married Couples
Authors: Kreitman Norman
Published: August 2008

The primary aim of family psychiatry is to demonstrate how the mental health of family members is interrelated. It is a study in which aspirations have outstripped techniques, possibly because research workers have attempted to apply the subtlety of clinical insights to details of family dynamics. Yet only confusion can follow such attempts while basic general data are still lacking; and as Post's (1962) survey illustrates so clearly, our present certain knowledge, despite great and continuing labour, remains exiguous.
Sleep Thresholds in Depression
Authors: Martin Irene , Davies Brian M.
Published: August 2008

There are conflicting psychiatric opinions about the value of separating depressive illnesses into several syndromes on clinical grounds, and so far experimental attempts to reach a classification of depression by distinguishing physiological or biochemical features which characterize one group rather than another have had only limited success. One interesting series of experiments in this area has been that of Shagass and his colleagues on the sedation threshold (Shagass et al., 1956, Shagass and Naiman, 1956, Shagass, 1954); they report that neurotic and psychotic depressions can be differentiated by means of EEG and other reactions to sodium amytal (amylobarbitone sodium) neurotics requiring greater amounts of the drug to reach the sedation threshold.
Differential Response to Questionnaire Items of Neuroticism by “Defensive” and “Non-Defensive” Subjects
Authors: Walton Donald , Mather D.
Published: August 2008

There are reasons for supposing that both neurotic and normal individuals are likely to react differently to questions about nervous and about physical symptoms, and that those who are readier to respond to physical than mental questions might be those who adopted a particular attitude or mental set which we shall call “defensive”.
Clinical and pathological aspects of the mnestic syndrome
Authors: Hoenig J. , Anderson E. W. , Kenna J. C. , Blunden Ruth
Published: August 2008

The “mnestic syndromes” proper belong to the class of “organic syndromes” of which they are a more or less ill defined sub-group. Though memory disturbances do occur in psychogenic disorders, the mnestic syndrome has in relation to these only a differential diagnostic significance. Disturbances of memory may, of course, appear in other organic syndromes, but only when memory defects are the dominant clinical feature or the sole defect (probably quite rare) should one speak of the “mnestic syndrome”. A number of sub-types or syndromes, e.g. the so-called Korsakov syndrome, are contained in the mnestic syndrome. As the syndrome may show various types of amnesia, dysmnesia or hypermnesia, the term “mnestic syndrome” was suggested rather than “amnestic syndrome” (Conrad, 1953).
The nuclear family as the functional unit in psychiatry
Authors: Howells J. G.
Published: August 2008

In the introduction to his Chairman's address in 1959, Warren (24) reminded us that both Cameron (6) from this country and Kanner (17) from the United States, had, in recent years, surveyed the historical background of child psychiatry. Chairmen of this Section may thus deem themselves exempted from repeating that task for some years to come. Warren took as his theme some relationships between the psychiatry of childhood and that of adulthood. It seemed to me appropriate to follow his lead and to carry our thoughts a step further by considering the child and adult as members of the family group, and to study how far it would be useful to accept the nuclear family, rather than the individual patient, as the functional unit in psychiatry.
Electroconvulsive therapy of endogenous depression
Authors: Ottosson Jan-Otto
Published: August 2008

Most patients with endogenous depression who receive electroconvulsive treatment (E.C.T.) recover completely or improve considerably. However, it is evident that the effect of E.C.T. varies in different individuals. In some cases more treatments are necessary than in others and sometimes the final result is unsatisfactory even after a great number of treatments. Many attempts have been made to explain these variations.
The organization of a sheltered workshop
Authors: Wadsworth W. V. , Wells B. W. P. , Scott R. F.
Published: August 2008

Towards the end of 1961, the authors undertook a survey of the state of development of Industrial Therapy in mental hospitals of England and Wales (1). The results showed that already, of the 181 hospitals taking part in the survey 47·5% currently have Industrial Units and a further 15% are proposing to open them in the near future. This paper is a statement of some of the advantages and difficulties in opening an Industrial Therapy Unit. In discussing these problems we have drawn upon the experience we have gained over the past 6 years, the first 2 years of which we carried out sub-contract work and the last 4 years in running a commercially self-contained manufacturing business. The type of workshop that we have in mind is one dealing with a wide range of mental disability. The aims of the Unit will therefore be directed on many levels: the two principal levels being (1) preparing some patients for resettlement and (2) the occupational rehabilitation of patients with poor clinical prognosis within the walls of the hospital.
Psychosis in hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Clark John A. , Davidson L. J. , Ferguson H. C.
Published: August 2008

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the subject of hypoparathyroidism and it has become increasingly clear that psychiatric symptoms may frequently be found in patients with hypoparathyroidism, even where no evidence of tetany is present. It is significant that in a survey, in the Cardiff area, of 82 patients who had had a thyroidectomy, Davis et al. (1961) found that mental symptoms (defined as a feeling of uneasiness, tension and anxiety, sometimes with attacks of panic, often with depression) occurred in 66 per cent. of 26 patients whose plasma calcium was below 9·3 mgms/cent, in 51 per cent. of 31 patients whose plasma calcium lay between 9·3 and 9·8 mgms./cent. and in 35 per cent. of 23 patients whose plasma calcium was above 9 · 8 mgms./cent. They estimated that at least 24 per cent. of the patients showed partial parathyroid insufficiency, and that this apparently accounted for many minor but disabling symptoms, particularly depression and lassitude. They found that often these symptoms could be cured by the administration of calcium.
The nature and measurement of schizophrenic thought disorder
Authors: Bannister D.
Published: August 2008

The work to be reported is a replication and refinement of a previous study (Bannister, 1960). As preface to the previous study, four traditional approaches to the problem of schizophrenic thought disorder were briefly reviewed, namely “dissociation” (Kretschmer 1936), “deterioration in mental efficiency” (Babcock, 1933), “concretism” (Kasanin 1946) and “overinclusion” (Payne, Matussek and George, 1959). These explanations and the experimental work arising from them were not utilized in the current research since it is argued that they suffer from three major defects.
iii. Genetical Aspects
Authors: Slater Eliot , Glithero Eric
Published: August 2008

When we face the crucial problem of the aetiological basis of the psychoses we have described, there are three main possibilities to be considered. Either they are to be regarded as symptomatic schizophrenias of purely epileptic causation; or they are independent schizophrenias which have appeared in these epileptic subjects coincidentally as the result of pure chance; or they are forms of schizophrenic illness which have arisen in individuals predisposed thereto by the stresses produced by the epilepsy. An investigation of the genetical background is capable of producing evidence which would assist in answering this question. If the first hypothesis is correct, the incidence of schizophrenic psychoses in the relatives of our subjects should be no greater than in the general population. If the second hypothesis is correct, the incidence of schizophrenic psychoses in the relatives should be the same as in the relatives of schizophrenics of the usual kind. If the third hypothesis is correct, we would expect an incidence of schizophrenia in the relatives of our patients which would lie somewhere between these two figures.
Melancholia and Barbiturates: A Controlled Eeg, Body and Eye Movement Study of Sleep
Authors: Oswald Ian , Berger Ralph J. , Jaramillo R. A. , Keddie K. M. G. , Olley P. C. , Plunkett G. B.
Published: August 2008

Insomnia is widely accepted as a leading feature of that illness designated by the number 301.1 in the International Classification of Diseases. The name given varies—“endogenous depression”, “manic-depressive psychosis/depressive type”, “melancholia” or “depressive illness”. The present generation of laymen (not to say some psychiatrists) use the word “depression” so freely in order to describe an unpleasant, unhappy mood, whether lasting or transient, that one may prefer the term melancholia, or at least “depressive illness”, to signify that condition which justifies the number 301.1. The adjective “endogenous” implies for many that environmental stress plays little or no part in the onset of the illness; we cannot accept that this is always so. The term “reactive” is used in several ways, generally to indicate that the state of unhappiness arises out of some external circumstance and that it would end when circumstances improved or the individual accepted the realities of practical life. The patients used in the present study were suffering from an illness of a kind which we believe may sometimes develop in the absence of severe environmental stress, while in others it may be clearly provoked by circumstances, but the illness, as it develops, may take on a form which becomes largely independent of the environmental circumstances and may continue even when the provoking factors are past; it has become an autonomous melancholia. It will be apparent that by autonomous melancholia we mean an illness shown by clinical experience to respond especially well to electroplexy.
A Psychiatric Investigation of Triple-X Chromosome Females
Authors: Kidd Cecil B. , Knox R. S. , Mantle D. J.
Published: August 2008

Among recent developments in human chromosome studies a triple-X state has been recognized in females in whom the chromosome number is 47, composed of 44 autosomes and 3 X chromosomes (Jacobs et al., 1959). Early surveys of nuclear sex have shown that the triple-X state is a not uncommon chromosomal anomaly. A survey of Edinburgh babies gave a frequency at birth of these abnormal females of 1.78/1,000 births (Court Brown, 1962) and by combining data of surveys from Edinburgh (Maclean et al., 1962), Glasgow (Fraser et al., 1960) and Baltimore (Johnston et al., 1961) the estimated frequency of the triple-X state in mental subnormality institutions is 4.51/1,000 in-patients.
Delayed Auditory Feedback Some Effects on the Speech of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Spear F. G.
Published: August 2008

Delayed Auditory Feedback (D.A.F.), sometimes known as delayed side-tone, is the name given to the technical process in which a subject's speech is recorded, delayed, amplified and returned to his ears through a headphone at such power as to prevent him hearing it through the normal channels of direct air and bone conduction. This process has been found to produce marked disturbance of speech, the main changes found being the production of an artificial stutter, marked slowing of speech, increase in loudness of speech and development of a flatness of intonation or decrease in vocal intensity variation (Lee, 1950/1951). The slowing and increase in intensity have been found by Black (1951) to be related to the variation in delay and amplification, but even when these factors are held constant there is considerable individual variation in the response to D.A.F.
A Controlled Clinical Trial of Imipramine (Tofranil) with Out-patients
Authors: Abraham Hilda C. , Kanter Victor B. , Rosen Ismond , Standen J. L.
Published: August 2008

A double-blind trial of special design was used to test the efficacy of imipramine hydrochloride (Tofranil) in low dosage in an outpatient setting over a relatively long period. Depressive patients were given Tofranil and placebo at different times during the trial period, and the improvement and side-effects were assessed.
The R.M.P.A. Study Tour in Israel
Authors: Galbraith D. J.
Published: August 2008

Standing in Jerusalem's “no man's land” amidst barbed wire, prickly pear bushes and shell-shattered houses not all of which are unoccupied, and looking across to Jordan, the outlines of buildings—a hospital and a university—are to be seen on Mount Scopus, buildings that belong to Israel and are on an oasis in alien Arab territory. Each fortnight Israeli police, who act as caretakers, are given a Jordanian escort to take them to and from this isolated bit of Israel where, stagnating in a kind of museum without any visitors, are thousands of books and other valuable equipment. Although a convoy crosses to Jordan so frequently, the Israelis are not allowed to take any of their possessions back to their own country.
The Processes of Remembering
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen
Published: August 2008

I have been deeply moved by your invitation to deliver this year's Maudsley Lecture. Founded to commemorate so distinguished a man, it has become most properly one of the honours of psychiatry.
Depersonalization Phenomena in a Sample Population of College Students
Authors: Dixon J. C.
Published: August 2008

Depersonalization has been so frequently reported in connection with incipient schizophrenia that some diagnosticians have regarded it as a pathognomonic sign of schizophrenia. More generally, however, it is regarded as a non-specific psychiatric syndrome since it has been reported in a variety of psychotic, neurotic and neurological disturbances (Ackner, 1954).
The Influence of Hospitalization on the Verbal Behaviour of Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Wynne Ronald D.
Published: August 2008

After reviewing the literature pertaining to intellectual deterioration, Yates (1956) concluded that the major determinant of declining vocabulary in hospitalized persons, especially schizophrenic patients, was the length of stay in hospital. The studies on which Yates based his hypothesis were cross-sectional; that is, groups of patients admitted for relatively short periods of time were compared with patients admitted for longer periods. Two studies of schizophrenics showed that long-term patients did not perform as well as short-term patients on vocabulary subscales (Nelson, 1953; Rabin, King and Ehrmann, 1955). Similar decline was noted both in long-term epileptic patients (Capps, 1939) and in non-psychotic residents of old-age homes (Fox and Birren, 1949).
Fluid Distribution and the Response of Depression to E.C.T. and Imipramine
Authors: Brown D. G. , Hullin R. P. , Roberts J. M.
Published: August 2008

Interest has been directed lately to the changes in sodium metabolism in depressive disorders, revealing a complex picture. Gibbons' finding (1960) that recovery with electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) was associated with an apparent drop in total exchangeable sodium, was attributed by Coppen et al. (1962) to failure of his technique to allow for redistribution of sodium between body compartments. Their own work, allowing for different equilibration rates with isotopic sodium, showed no change in total exchangeable sodium during successful treatment with E.C.T., but did not exclude intercompartmental shifts. Coppen had in fact previously shown (1960) that the transfer of sodium from blood to cerebrospinal fluid is abnormally slow in depression, and is corrected during effective electroconvulsive therapy. Demonstration of significant shifts of electrolytes and fluid between, e.g., extracellular and intracellular spaces might thus cast light on important physiological factors in depressive illnesses.
A Trial of Thioridazine in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Badham J. N. , Bardon L. M. , Reeves P. O. , Young A. M.
Published: August 2008

The majority of subnormal and severely subnormal patients do not present behaviour problems provided planned daily occupation of mind and body is achieved. In a large mental deficiency hospital, however, there is usually a group of grossly disturbed patients whose behaviour is frequently or continually disturbed, and who fail to respond adequately to drug therapy. These patients present a serious nursing problem since they occupy a disproportionate amount of the nurse's time.
Chlorpromazine and Trifluoperazine in the Treatment of Behavioural Abnormalities in the Severely Subnormal Child
Authors: Hunter H. , Stephenson G. M.
Published: August 2008

A prime obstacle in the training and socialization of the severely subnormal child is behavioural abnormality; drug therapy is most widely used in its control. Until the introduction of tranquillizers, sedatives were normally used. Unfortunately these caused not only motor, but mental retardation. The advent of phenothiazines appeared to offer a solution to this problem.
Primary and Secondary Anorexia Nervosa Syndromes
Authors: King Arthur
Published: August 2008

The question of the specificity of anorexia nervosa is at present unsettled. Mayer-Gross et al. (8) describe it as a syndrome with its own particular psycho-physical characteristics, and others have drawn attention to consistencies in family history, personality and symptoms in series of cases (3, 10). But no statistically controlled study has confirmed its specificity, indeed the one such study of recent years, reported by Kay (6) and Kay and Leigh (7), concluded that there is no specific anorexia nervosa, that the label covers psychogenic anorexia occurring in a wide variety of psychiatric settings. This was a retrospective survey of a series of 37 patients diagnosed as suffering from anorexia nervosa in the past. It is possible that the lack of specificity might have been due to the imprecise definition implicit in such a sampling procedure. Although the study failed to demonstrate a specific anorexia nervosa, it did not finally refute the existence of such an entity.
Attempted Suicide in Glasgow
Authors: Sclare A. Balfour , Hamilton C. M.
Published: August 2008

Attempted suicide has been described as the prime emergency of general practice. Although this may represent a slightly exaggerated claim, the present writers have certainly found attempted suicide to be a frequent reason for the referral of patients to the psychiatric department of a general hospital. The expression “attempted suicide” is usually taken to refer to an unsuccessful attempt to kill oneself: yet such a description is often somewhat inappropriate to describe a dramatic episode of behaviour, during which an assault upon the self occurs as the result of a mood of despair or rage. Death may not be consciously sought and it is more satisfactory to define attempted suicide as a non-fatal act of self-damage.
The Relationship Between Urine Volume and Urinary Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Excretion in a Group of Psychotic Patients
Authors: Dawson J. , Bone A.
Published: August 2008

Various authors have reported that alterations in urine volume are associated with alterations in urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline output. (Perman 1961 and Leroy and de Schaepdryver 1961. Weil-Malherbe and Ström-Olsen (1958) reported alterations in urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion associated with mood changes in a group of patients with manic-depressive psychosis. In three of the patients studied, there was also during the manic phase an increased urine volume.
A Case of Fetishism and Impotence Treated by Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Cooper A. J.
Published: August 2008

Although the literature is sparse on the subject, the perversions have been successfully treated by behaviour therapy. The treatment is based on the hypothesis that aberrant sexual behaviour has been acquired as a learned response and can be abolished along the lines indicated by learning theory. Raymond (1956) and James (1962) employing aversion techniques, successfully treated cases of glove fetishism and homosexuality respectively. Raymond's patient has since partially relapsed and has been readmitted for further treatment.

The present paper describes a case of fetishism and impotence treated by a combination of aversion therapy and therapy based on reciprocal inhibition (Wolpe, 1958). This case is thought to be of special interest in that to some extent the patient acted as his own control, since previous methods of treatment had been unsuccessful.
Are Paranoids Schizophrenics?
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Owen Anna
Published: August 2008

This paper reports an investigation in which it was found that, by dividing “paranoids” on a scale of “non-integrated psychosis”, two groups were formed which differed significantly from each other on several independent measures. When the same division was made within non-paranoid schizophrenics and within melancholics, very few such differences were disclosed.

The evidence suggests that integrated and non-integrated “paranoids” can usefully be regarded as differentiable groups, the latter being more closely related to other forms of schizophrenia.
The Genesis of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder: A Serial Invalidation Hypothesis
Authors: Bannister D.
Published: August 2008

The study to be reported was carried out within the framework of Personal Construct Theory as put forward by Kelly (1955). This theoretical background is summarized and discussed in Bruner (1956) and Bannister (1962).
Severe Localized Pain Associated with the Depressive Syndrome
Authors: Bradley J. J.
Published: August 2008

Depressive illness is protean in its manifestations. The symptoms may be primarily psychological, such as misery, indecisiveness, irritability, inability to concentrate, or insomnia. They may be mainly physical, and the patient may present with one or more of a bewildering number of somatic complaints, often blaming those for his change in mood (Watts, 1957). Pain is a common and diagnostically puzzling presenting symptom of depression and other psychiatric disorders (Walters, 1961). It may take the form of generalized or poorly localized aches and pains, often associated with a feeling of tension, or it may be sharply delimited (Critchley, 1935). This form of localized pain may so dominate the symptomatology that the patient is referred by his general practitioner to a variety of specialists, who may perform a series of special investigations or even exploratory operations. Clearly, every effort must be made to exclude organic disease, even if positive signs of psychiatric illness are recognized, as an organic disease can obviously co-exist with a psychiatric one. In spite of thorough investigation, there will remain a proportion of patients in whom no lesion can be found to account for their symptoms.
The use of Lithium Salts in Affective Disorders
Authors: Hartigan G. P.
Published: August 2008

Since the original observations in Australia by Cade (1949) and Noack and Trautner (1951) on the use of lithium salts in psychiatric practice there has been a modest but steady stream of publications on the subject. The most persistent investigator has been Schou in Denmark (1954, 1955, 1956, 1959), who, with his colleagues, has been able to present a series of manic patients, observed over a sufficient period of time and subjected to controlled conditions, in which the clinical value of the drug has been convincingly demonstrated. Other important series have been reported by Teuliéet al.(1955), Rice (1956), Adreaniet al.(1958), Kingstone (1960), and Gershon and Yuwiller (1960).
Amitriptyline in Depressive States
Authors: Master Roshen S.
Published: August 2008

Amitriptyline, 5-(3 dimethylaminopropylidine)-dibenzo (a,d) (1,4) cycloheptadicne hydrochloride, though chemically and pharmacologically related to imipramine (Barsa and Saunders, 1961) has a tranquillizing effect which is absent with imipramine (Pressman and Weiss, 1961; Bennett, 1961); it acts simultaneously as an antidepressant through its influence on the “anxiety factor” (Freed, 1960; Dorfman, 1960). In contrast to imipramine and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, amitriptyline has very little influence on the circulatory system and blood pressure (Jensen, 1961) and less proneness to exacerbate the symptoms of schizophrenia (Barsa and Saunders, 1961). Dunlop (1961) noticed a reduction in other symptoms, such as gastrointestinal distress, hyperventilation and vasomotor dysfunction for which amitriptyline was not primarily administered. This he attributed to an anticholinergic side-effect on the central nervous system.
Haloperidol: A Controlled Clinical Trial in Chronic Disturbed Psychotic Patients
Authors: Okasha A. , Tewfik G. I.
Published: August 2008

Haloperidol is a drug that fulfils Delay's criteria of a neuroleptic in that:

1.

It inhibits psychomotor agitation without producing sleep.

2.

Alleviates psychomotor manifestations.

3.

Produces with increasing dosage characteristic extrapyramidal signs.
Prolonged High Dosage Ataractic Medication in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Rosati D.
Published: August 2008

Ataractic drugs have been the mainstay of treatment in schizophrenia for the last eight years. Since their introduction, mental hospitals, in various areas of the United States and in every country, have been able to discharge more patients than they admit. Despite this fact there remains much divergent opinion about the value of these drugs, doubt arising from inconsistent therapeutic results and the relapse rate. Also, some double-blind studies have cast some doubt upon the efficiency of these drugs. We are reporting this relatively small study because we feel that it opens an insight and possibly suggests a method of standardizing treatment in the near future.
Organization and Hostility in the Thematic Apperception Test Stories of Schizophrenics
Authors: Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

This study is concerned with the relationships between TAT measures of Organization and Hostility and scores on Progressive Matrices (PM), Age and Stay (time in hospital) in a schizophrenic sample.
Electro-Cerebral Activity, Extraversion and Neuroticism
Authors: Savage R. D.
Published: August 2008

Several investigators have attempted to relate cerebral activity to extraversion and neuroticism. These include Berger (1933), Jasper (1937), Gottlober (1938), Henry and Knott (1941), Knott (1941), Darrow (1947), Lindsley (1950), McAdam and Orme (1954), Gastaut (1957) and Brazier (1960). The results, however, have been inconclusive.
Recent Bereavement as a Cause of Mental Illness
Authors: Parkes C. Murray
Published: August 2008

Two hundred years ago “griefe” was officially regarded as a cause of death. It is doubtful if the Registrar-General would accept such a diagnosis today but the loss of a loved person continues to be seen as a cause of a wide variety of physical and mental ailments.