bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MOVEMENTS OF THE POUCHES OF THE STOMACH OF SHEEP
Authors: Phillipson A. T.
Published: December 2014

1. The cycle of contraction in the reticulo‐rumen sac of sheep is very regular, and occurs at intervals of 50 to 70 seconds. At times this interval is longer.

2. The reticulum has a two‐stage contraction, the second contraction being superimposed upon the first. Varying degrees of relaxation often occur between the two stages.

3. The cycle of contraction in the rumen follows the two‐stage contraction of the reticulum in a regular manner. Under certain conditions the rumen will continue to contract in an irregular manner when the contractions of the reticulum are at a standstill.

4. Either two or four contractions of the rumen occur to every two‐stage contraction of the reticulum. These contractions are alternately in the dorsal and the ventral sac.

5. Variations of these cycles occurring frequently are two contractions followed by one contraction of the rumen to two consecutive two‐stage contractions of the reticulum, and four contractions followed by two.

6. None of these cycles are absolute and all may break temporarily.

7. Changes in shape and position of the omasum can be seen radiologically. Blobs of barium, and quick‐moving trickles of barium have been seen to pass from the omasum to the abomasum. The passage of blobs occurs after a contraction of the reticulum, but the passage of the quick‐moving trickles may occur at any time.

8. The body of the abomasum is lifted upwards in an anterior direction with each contraction of the reticulum, and its contents are moved towards the pyloric antrum. This action initiates waves of peristalsis in the pyloric antrum at regular intervals.

9. Barium can be seen in the duodenum within five minutes of feeding a barium meal to a young lamb from a bottle.

10. The interval of time between the contractions of the reticulum is increased after the lamb has drunk a meal of milk from a bottle.

11. The introduction of fluid directly into the abomasum through an abomasal fistula temporarily increases the interval of time between the contractions of the reticulum; if sufficient fluid is introduced, the contractions of the reticulum are stopped for longer periods, the length of which depends upon the amount introduced.

12. The application of direct pressure inside the abomasum by inflating a balloon placed inside that organ prevents contraction of the reticulum for apparently indefinite intervals so long as the pressure is maintained. This reflex supports the theory that food passes to the omasum and abomasum during every contraction of the reticulum, and indicates that the reticulum is the chief organ concerned with the onward passage of food through the stomachs.
EXPERIMENTAL HEART‐FAILURE IN RABBITS
Authors: Armstrong T. G.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of injecting Dakin's fluid and iodine into the pericardium of the rabbit is described.

2. The resulting changes are shown to be caused by heart failure, and not by inflammation and lymphatic obstruction as heretofore believed.

3. The preparation is a simple method of producing experimental failure of the heart.

4. In these animals, in addition to a rise of venous pressure, a reduction of the pressure gradient in the veins was demonstrated.

5. During the course of the heart failure the arterial pressure remained constant.

6. From investigation of the protein content of the effusions the conclusion was drawn that too rigid an interpretation of the characters of transudates and exudates cannot be accepted. In the type of heart failure under discussion the effusions have the characteristics normally ascribed to exudates.
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY FISTULAE SUITABLE FOR SMALL LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: Peacock P. R.
Published: December 2014

Operations are described for the collection of daily samples of bile from rabbits and fowls:

(1) In the operation for rabbits, a collecting balloon is connected with the gall‐bladder by means of a canula and rubber tubing, all of which are placed in the peritoneal cavity. A second collecting tube leads from the balloon to the surface, through a stab wound (fig. 1).

Alternatively, a collecting balloon of special shape is placed partly in the peritoneal cavity and partly in the subcutaneous tissues; bile is collected by aspirating the contents of the subcutaneous part of the balloon through the skin (fig. 2).

(2) In the case of fowls, the collecting balloon is placed in the subcutaneous tissues, and is connected with the gall‐bladder by means of a single rubber tube and canula. Bile is collected by aspirating the contents of the balloon through the skin (fig. 3).

Rabbits and fowls both yield bile samples of about 5 ml. to 15 ml. daily, for about four weeks after this operation, and remain in good health for periods of a year and more.
CHANGES IN THE SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF THE GASTRIC GLANDS RESULTING FROM THE APPLICATION OF ACETIC ACID SOLUTIONS TO THE GASTRIC MUCOSA
Authors: Babkin B. P. , Hebb Catherine O. , Krueger Luise
Published: December 2014

1. In dogs with œsophagotomy and a gastric fistula, 1 per cent. acetic acid solution, introduced into the stomach and kept there for 2 to 2½ hours, greatly affected the secretory response to subsequent sham‐feeding with meat or subcutaneous injection of histamine, diminishing the volume of the gastric secretion, lowering the total chloride concentration and the free and total acidities, and increasing the content of mucus.

2. Analogous results were obtained in a Pavlov‐pouch dog and in a much lesser degree in a Bickel‐pouch dog, the introduction of acetic acid into the main stomach in these cases influencing the secretory activity of the pouch par distance.

3. Evidence is advanced that the lowering of the acidity and of the total chloride concentration of the gastric juice in these experiments was due to the neutralizing and diluting effect of the mucoid secretion, an excessive production of which was caused by the introduction of acetic acid into the stomach.

We are greatly indebted to Mrs. Olga Komarov for her help in a number of these experiments.
ADRENALINE BRONCHOCONSTRICTION IN ISOLATED BLOOD PERFUSED LUNGS
Authors: Daly I. De Burgh , Hebb Catherine O. , Petrovskaia B.
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described for the separate blood perfusion of each lung under negative pressure ventilation, whereby one lung can be used as a control, the other as a test‐object.

2. In isolated lungs perfused with defibrinated or heparinised blood, the bronchial response to injections of adrenaline (2–10 µg.) repeated at ten‐minute intervals over a period of three hours varies according to the duration of perfusion. The first injection in freshly perfused lungs causes bronchodilatation. Injections during the succeeding 40–90 minutes produce a progressively weaker bronchodilatation, or are without effect. Subsequent to this period adrenaline injections cause a moderate bronchoconstriction.

3. The bronchoconstrictor response fails to appear if during the earlier period of perfusion adrenaline is steadily infused into the circulation in quantities greater than 5 µg./min. or if too frequent and large single doses of adrenaline are given.

4. In lungs perfused for two hours without adrenaline being added to the blood, the first injection of adrenaline thereafter generally causes a powerful bronchoconstriction. The adrenaline bronchoconstrictor response appears in nicotinised and atropinised lung preparations, but is suppressed or reversed by ergotoxine.

5. Once the adrenaline bronchoconstrictor response has appeared, its subsequent appearance to single doses of adrenaline depends upon the dose administered and the previous “adrenaline history” of the preparation.

6. In some perfused preparations the pulmonary arterial pressure rise to adrenaline is markedly increased after 120 minutes of perfusion as compared with the effect of adrenaline on the freshly perfused preparation.

7. No evidence has been obtained that the addition of posterior pituitary extracts affects the occurrence of adrenaline bronchoconstriction.

8. The possible significance of the results enumerated above is discussed in relation to potential mechanisms governing the onset and alleviation of certain types of asthmatic attacks.
ADRENAL AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING EXPERIMENTAL TRAUMATIC SHOCK IN THE RAT
Authors: Noble R. L. , Collip J. B.
Published: December 2014

Rats have been subjected to traumatic shock using the method previously described. It has been found that adrenalectomized rats are much more susceptible than normals to this type of trauma. Suitable pretreatment with cortical extract restored their resistance to slightly above normal, and desoxycorticosterone acetate had a less, but definite, beneficial action. The same method of pretreatment was used on normal rats. In this case cortin and desoxycorticosterone caused a slight increase in resistance. Corticotrophic extracts of the pituitary were also effective to about the same extent. From a practical viewpoint the effects of adrenal preparations on this type of shock have been disappointing.

The changes in blood concentration following trauma have been recorded and the effects of hæmorrhage and ether anæsthesia have been determined. These results are discussed in relation to the possible factors concerned in the ætiology of shock.

This research was assisted by a grant from the National Research Council, Ottawa. We wish to thank Mrs. A. Nielsen and Mr. Larsen for their technical assistance in this experimental work.
BRONCHOMOTOR AND PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE RESPONSES TO NERVE STIMULATION
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Hebb Catherine O.
Published: December 2014

Experiments on isolated perfused lungs and on the perfused whole animal preparation under “negative” pressure respiration are described. Attempts have been made to evaluate the bronchomotor mechanisms responsible for the changes of pulmonary arterial pressure (P.A.p.) which occur as a result of stimulation of the caudal end of the cervical vagosympathetic nerves (C.V.S.).

When complete bronchoconstriction occurs, its rate of onset, which determines the intrapulmonary pressure change, and the final position in the respiratory cycle in which the lungs are immobilised, are the main factors in determining the degree and direction of P.A.p. change. When partial bronchoconstriction takes place the P.A.p. change is chiefly governed by the direction of change of the mean air volume of the lungs.

Evidence is presented in support of the view that the C.V.S. nerves contain true pulmonary vasomotor fibres, but their functional activity cannot be unequivocally demonstrated by electrical stimulation if concomitant bronchomotor effects occur.

Experiments are described showing that C.V.S. stimulation may produce broncho‐constriction or ‐dilatation. The conditions governing the type of response have not been evaluated.

We wish to express our thanks to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society for defraying the cost of the investigation by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.).
EVALUATION OF BRONCHOMOTOR AND PULMONARY VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY BY MEANS OF THE PERFUSED LIVING ANIMAL UNDER NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Elsden S. R. , Hebb Catherine O. , Von Ludány G. , Petrovskaia Barbara
Published: December 2014

1. A description is given of a method for blood perfusion of the entire living animal (dog) in which—

(a) the heart ventricles are put out of action and the right auricle continues to beat and respond to vagal stimulation, its blood‐supply being intact;

(b) the systemic and pulmonary blood‐flows, the gaseous content of the blood and the ventilation of the lungs are under separate control;

(c) the respiratory control remains active during 3 hours' perfusion and the blood gases are maintained within normal limits;

(d) vascular and bronchomotor responses to sensory nerve stimulations and drug injections are readily obtained;

(e) the blood‐flows and pH values of the blood are rather lower than the corresponding values given by other workers for normal unanæsthetised dogs.

2. Stimulation of the caudal ends of the cervical vagosympathetic nerves causes changes of pulmonary arterial pressure which cannot be wholly accounted for by concomitant œsophageal contractions or by bronchomotor effects. The significance of these results in relation to pulmonary vasomotor nerve activity is discussed.

3. The bronchoconstriction due to excitation of the caudal end of the cervical vagus is potentiated by eserine and suppressed by atropine, and is also potentiated by ergotoxine in the non‐atropinised preparation.

We wish to express our thanks to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society for defraying the expenses of the investigation by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.).
PROLONGATION OF SURVIVAL PERIOD OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN‐INJECTED RABBITS BY CHOLESTEROL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Meng Hsien‐chang , Tsai Chiao
Published: December 2014

1. Several groups of rabbits were given cholesterol, lecithin, cholesterol + lecithin, sodium chloride or sodium chloride + cholesterol respectively, before and after the injection of a M. L. D. of diphtheria toxin. The symptoms and survival period of these animals were recorded.

2. Cholesterol definitely improves the conditions and prolongs the life of the toxin‐injected animals. In 38 rabbits given cholesterol or cholesterol + sodium chloride, 10·5 per cent. lived indefinitely, 84·2 per cent. survived 5‐25 days, with an average of about 9 days, and 5·2 per cent. died within the period of 66‐68 hours, while control animals with diphtheria‐toxin injection alone all died within 44‐92 hours.

3. Sodium chloride and lecithin respectively cannot prolong the life of the toxin‐injected rabbits any longer than that of the control group. Lecithin appears to abolish the beneficial effect of cholesterol.

4. The suprarenal glands of the diphtheria toxin‐injected rabbits are enlarged, but the total cholesterol concentration is reduced. This reduction is probably due to the increment of the tissue mass without a corresponding addition of cholesterol.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ANTIHÆMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF LECITHIN AND CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Lee Jui‐Shuan , Tsai Chiao
Published: December 2014

1. The antihæmolytic reactions of cholesterol toward saponin, digitonin, crude bile acid, and natural hæmolysin are accelerated by a rise of temperature, whereas those of cholesterol toward lecithin, oleic acid, Na‐taurocholate, and Na‐glycocholate are not.

2. The Q10 of cholesterol‐saponin and cholesterol‐digitonin systems lies between 2 and 4 and that of cholesterol‐crude bile acid or cholesterol‐natural hæmolysin is less than 1, indicating that the reactions in the former group are probably chemical in nature, while those in the latter group are physical or physico‐chemical.

3. The interaction between lecithin and all other hæmolysins studied are not accelerated by the rise of temperature. This is unlikely to be due to the high velocity of their reaction at low temperature.

4. The degree of temperature effect in cholesterol‐saponin and cholesterol‐digitonin systems is smaller with the presence of lecithin than without. On the other hand, there is no temperature effect on the rate of combined antihæmolytic action of cholesterol and lecithin toward other hæmolysins.

5. The nature of antihæmolytic action of cholesterol and lecithin is discussed.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MEASUREMENTS OF FOAM TIME
Authors: Schütz F.
Published: December 2014

The foam stability, when measured under standard conditions, of solutions of alcohol in water was found to increase with increasing concentrations of alcohol, but only up to a certain concentration, when any further addition of alcohol decreased the foam stability. This particular concentration where foam stability was maximal (critical foam‐time concentration) was found to be a characteristic for many liquids. The concentrations of alcohols in water which are known to have the highest biological activity (germicidal, toxic) are very similar to these critical foam‐time concentrations. Other experiments also suggest that the germicidal or toxic action of alcohols on suspended cells is connected with the same principles which cause the mixtures to produce a more stable foam at the concentrations which are also biologically most potent.

An experiment with Sudan IV in alcoholic solutions shows that at the critical foam‐time concentration, the staining property of Sudan IV is undergoing a change, and suggests that staining may not only depend on the presence of the substance in which the dyestuff is soluble, but also on the presence of a substance in which it is less soluble, or insoluble, and on the ratio between these two substances.

I am greatly indebted to Professor J. H. Gaddum and Professor P. C. Cloake for valuable advice and interest in this work.
CITRIC ACID‐SODIUM CITRATE‐GLUCOSE MIXTURES FOR BLOOD STORAGE
Authors: Loutit J. F. , Mollison P. L. , Young I. Maureen , Lucas E. J.
Published: December 2014

1. Certain citric acid‐sodium citrate‐glucose mixtures have been tested and found to be satisfactory for use as blood preservatives. The use of these solutions is recommended for the following reasons:—

(a) Red cells stored in these solutions survive better in the recipient's circulation after transfusion than when stored in any other solution yet tested.

(b) The whole mixtures can be autoclaved with the production of little or no caramel.

(c) The transfusion of blood stored in these solutions has not been accompanied by the production of any untoward results.

(d) The amount of methæmoglobin formed when blood is stored with these solutions is not significantly greater than the amount formed when the usual trisodium citrate‐glucose solution is used.

2. The rates of release of inorganic phosphorus, of potassium shift, of glycolysis, of hæmolysis and of alteration in the osmotic fragility of blood stored in these solutions and in the Rous‐Turner and standard M. R. C. citrate‐glucose solutions were investigated. The changes observed were not found to be correlated with the ability of the erythrocytes to survive In Vivo after transfusion, except that in this series delay in hæmolysis was associated with improved survival in vivo.

We should like to thank Mr. R. J. Bromfield, Dr. C. H. Gray, and Miss M. Heppenstall for carrying out some of the tests in this investigation; Dr. M. Maizels and Dr. M. M. Murray for advice; the Medical Superintendents of Kingston County and St. Helier Hospitals for access to suitable cases; and British Drug Houses Ltd. for supplies of reagents.
CHANGES IN THE CIRCULATING BLOOD IN MAN FOLLOWING BLOOD LOSS OR TRANSFUSION OF CONCENTRATED RED CELLS
Authors: Dyson M. , Plaiut G. , Vaughan Janet
Published: December 2014

1. In assessing the significance of changes in hæmoglobin, total red cells, mean corpuscular volume, and serum protein in any individual. the importance of possible changes in plasma volume must be considered. A fall in hæmoglobin or red cells may be due to dilution as well as to actual blood loss. Blood loss may occur without affecting the hæmoglobin level.

2. In estimating the amount of fluid that has passed from the tissues into the circulation, the amount absorbed by the red cells is significant and must be taken into account.

3. There is considerable variation in the response of different individuals to the removal of 540 c. c. of blood or to the administration of 450‐520 c. c. of concentrated red cells.

We are grateful to Dr. C. M. Scott, Imperial Chemical Industries. for a supply of Evans blue dye.

Observations on the changes in red cells, hæmoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum protein, and plasma volume in a two‐hour period following the removal of 540 c. c. of blood were made on 8 normal subjects and following the transfusion of concentrated red cells on 8 anæmic subjects. Following the removal of blood in one instance the plasma volume was that calculated, in others dilution or over‐dilution were noted. Dilution following blood loss was associated with an increase in mean corpuscular volume, suggesting that some of the fluid passing in from the tissues was absorbed by the red cells. No increase in serum protein was noted. In some cases there was a significant fall. In assessing the significance of changes in hæmoglobin, total red‐cell count, mean corpuscular volume, and serum protein in any individual, the possibility of changes in plasma volume must therefore be considered. A fall in hæomoglobin or red cells may be due to dilution as well as to actual blood loss. Blood loss may occur without affecting the hæmoglobin level. In estimating the amount of fluid that has passed from the tissues into the circulation, the amount absorbed by the red cells is significant and must be taken into account. There is clearly considerable variation in the response of different individuals to the removal of 540 c. c. of blood or to the administration of 400‐500 c. c. of concentrated red cells.
NORMAL HÆMATOLOGICAL STANDARDS AT AN ALTITUDE OF 5740 FEET (WITWATERSRAND, SOUTH AFRICA)
Authors: Lurie H. I.
Published: December 2014

The results of this study indicate that at an altitude of 5740 feet the number of red cells and the hæmoglobin content of the blood is higher than at sea‐level. The hæmoglobin rises proportionately with the red‐cell count. Each red cell contains as much as or slightly more hæmoglobin than does a red cell at sea‐level. The red‐cell volume is slightly larger, although its diameter is a little smaller. The thickness is greater than that of an average red cell at sea‐level. These findings therefore suggest a tendency to a diminution in the diameter: thickness ratio. At high levels compensation occurs not only by an increase in the number of erythrocytes, but also by an increase in the volume and hæmoglobin content of each cell.

1. A hæmatological study is described, based on the examination of normal European males and females, 30 of each sex, between the ages of eighteen and forty years, living at an altitude of 5740 feet.

2. Normal values have been determined for the hæmoglobin, red‐cell count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hæmoglobin, mean corpuscular hæmoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular diameter, and mean corpuscular average thickness.

3. The mean red‐cell count for males has been found to be 5·593 millions per c.mm. and 4·999 millions per c.mm. for females, with hæmoglobin values of 17·76 g. per cent. and 15·33 g. per cent. respectively. The male red cell has a mean volume of 89·58 c.µ, and a mean corpuscular hæmoglobin of 31·69 γγ. The female red cell has a mean volume of 90·42 c.µ and a mean corpuscular hæmoglobin of 30·65 γγ.

The mean diameter has been found to be 7·0074 µ and the mean thickness 2·26 µ.

4. These results have been compared with those of previous workers on the Witwatersrand, and other records found at similar altitudes in other parts of the world.

5. The normal values obtained for this altitude have been compared with the normal values at sea‐level.
THE EFFECT OF SECTION OF THE SUPRAOPTICO‐HYPO‐PHYSEAL TRACTS ON THE INHIBITION OF WATER‐DIURESIS EMOTIONAL STRESS
Authors: O'Connor W. J.
Published: December 2014

1. Section of the supraoptico‐hypophyseal tracts in four dogs resulted in atrophy of the neurohypophysis and a varying degree of diabetes insipidus.

2. After section of the supraoptico‐hypophyseal tracts, a greatly reduced amount of antidiuretic substance was released from the neurohypophysis during emotional stress, as was shown by an almost complete abolition of the slow type of inhibition of water‐diuresis. The amount of antidiuretic substance released was approximately 5 per cent. of the amount liberated in response to the same stimulus before tract section.

3. There was no difference in the size of the residual inhibition by emotional stress after tract section and after removal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary.

4. The results are discussed in relation to the production of diabetes insipidus by section of the supraoptico‐hypophyseal tracts.

I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. E. B. Verney in the operative work of this paper.
A STUDY OF SOME CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN IN BLOOD IN VITRO
Authors: Fegler J. , Banister Jean
Published: December 2014

A tonometer is illustrated which ensures constant conditions of exposure of blood to gas mixtures for any desired interval of time, making possible a simultaneous measurement of the velocity of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in whole blood.

The influence of variations in temperature, red‐cell volume p. c., the relative viscosity of the blood, and in the pressure gradient of oxygen between the blood and the gas phase on the rate of exchange of oxygen by oxalated blood in vitro was investigated. It was found that

1. An increase of temperature, or a reduction in the relative viscosity of the blood or in its relative red‐cell volume augmented the rates of uptake and release of oxygen.

2. The increases in the rate of exchange observed with rises of temperature from 20–38°C., or with reductions in the relative red‐cell volume corresponded to just such increases in the rate of exchange as would be expected from the resulting alterations in the relative viscosity of the blood.

3. The rate of oxygen uptake varied in almost direct proportion with the partial pressure of oxygen to which the blood was exposed. The rate of oxygen release did not so accurately reflect the pressure gradient of oxygen between the blood and the gas phase.
THE ACTION OF HZEMOLYSINS ON NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Maizels Montague
Published: December 2014

In stored blood, susceptibility to lysis by bile salts and lysolipin is increased, while to saponin it is decreased. This suggests that some substance with certain of the properties of lysolipin, bile salts, and soaps has appeared during storage, but it is thought unlikely that this substance is responsible for the natural hæmolysis occurring during storage, for the altered response is not correlated with natural hæmolysis.

In the microcytic anæmias, lysis by bile salts, lysolipin, and saponin is probably normal. In acholuric family jaundice resistance to these lipins is somewhat decreased, while in the microcytic anaemias it is definitely decreased. There is no evidence that this decrease of resistance is due to the pre‐adsorbtion of a hæmolytic substance in vivo.

If experiments on hæmolysis are to have any meaning, the titres of lysins used ought to be referred to the total surface area of the cell suspensions.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF HEPARIN TO TRAUMA
Authors: Pollard John , Stoker S. Brandon
Published: December 2014

1. It has been shown that the effect on B.C.T. of anticoagulants and other substances, when used in the quantities employed in this work, is dependent on the original C.T. of the blood to which they are added.

2. The effects on blood, in vitro, of heparin and Toluidin Blue have been examined in detail; tests have also been made with Chlorazol Fast Pink, adrenalin, and histamine preparations.

3. Reason has been given for the view that heparin is not ordinarily present in the blood. A principle, which is not heparin, has been shown to exist in the blood which can result in wide variations in B.C.T.

4. The amount of anti‐heparin substances in the blood has been investigated.

5. The effects of trauma have been shown to include the presence in the blood of two substances which affect B.C.T. and which have been referred to as Discharges A and B.

6. Discharge A is produced locally and probably regionally, and is a chemically basic substance. Its effect on B.C.T. is to reduce it to 5 minutes, but not lower.

7. Discharge B is produced generally, and is of the nature of heparin. It combines with Discharge A, and its flow is intermittent.

8. The view is advanced that, if Discharge A is a shock‐producing substance, then Discharge B is the natural antidote to it.

We are indebted for assistance in this work to many people. Our thanks are offered in particular to Profs. Durward and Hemingway, of Leeds Medical School, who have been helpful in many ways; to Prof. D. Burns, in connection with whose department in Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne this work has been done, who has granted facilities there when needed, and whose advice, keen interest, and encouragement have been of much value; to the Medical Research Council and to the Beaverbrook Fund of King's College Medical School, a grant from each of which, to S.B.S., made possible the earlier stages of this work, and to the Research Fund Committee of King's College for a grant to S.B.S.; and finally to the large number of people of Ossett, Yorks, who have very kindly supplied blood.
DISTURBANCES OF FUNCTION INDUCED BY LEWISITE (2‐CHLORVINYLDICHLORARSINE)
Authors: Cameron G. R. , Courtice F. C. , Short R. H. D.
Published: December 2014

The effects on the water balance of the body when lewisite is applied to the skin of animals have been investigated, using rabbits, goats, and dogs.

Skin application of liquid lewisite causes vesication in man, and in animals a central area of necrosis surrounded by an area of subcutaneous cœdema. Some of the lewisite is absorbed into the blood stream and circulates as lewisite oxide.

Experiments on the composition and flow of lymph in dogs show that the skin capillaries at the site of application of lewisite are rendered freely permeable to the plasma proteins. Local œdema, therefore, results because the osmotic effect of the plasma proteins is neutralized by the same concentration of proteins in the tissue fluid.

In dogs the lung capillaries are also often rendered freely permeable to the plasma proteins, after a lethal dose of lewisite on the skin, with resultant pulmonary œdema and a great increase in lymph flow from the right lymph duct. Elsewhere in the body the study of the lymph does not show any increased permeability of the capillaries.

The effect of the fluid loss from the circulation is primarily a fall in plasma volume. This causes hæmoconcentration, as is evident from a rise in the hæmoglobin per cent., red‐cell count, and hæmatocrit, a fall in the plasma protein concentration with hypo‐proteinæmia, a fall in rectal temperature, and if the fluid loss is great enough, a fall in blood pressure. This picture of shock is similar to that seen in thermal burns.

Associated with these circulatory changes are changes in renal function and nitrogen metabolism. With a substantial fall in blood pressure, urine secretion ceases. In less severe cases the syndrome associated with anhydræmia is observed, viz. oliguria, increased daily urea output and increased plasma urea. This means an increased endogenous nitrogen metabolism with breakdown of muscle tissue, which liberates more water than would the oxidation of fat.

The period of hæmoconcentration is followed by one of anæmia, the actual amount of circulating hæmoglobin falling considerably. This anæmia is at its peak about seven to ten days after lewisite application and is probably due to destruction of red cells as a result of the anhydræmia. It is followed by a reticulocyte response and recovery to normal in about two weeks. The administration of iron does not affect the course of the anæmia.

Our acknowledgments are due to the Director‐General, Scientific Research and Development, Ministry of Supply, for permission to publish this investigation. We are also greatly indebted to Professor J. M. Yoffey for teaching one of us (F. C. C.) the technique of lymphatic cannulation.
AGENTS ACTING ON THE LUNG CIRCULATION
Authors: Dirken M. N. J. , Heemstra H.
Published: December 2014

By methods described in previous papers the action of various agents on the blood circulation in the lungs has been studied in the living rabbit. Resection of part of the sympathetic trunk, including the upper thoracic ganglia, causes an increase of blood‐flow through the lung. Vagotomy is without effect.

Some evidence is produced that carbon dioxide might exert a local vasoconstrictor action. If so, both the development of the effect and its disappearance must be fairly rapid.

In the living rabbit an adrenaline‐aerosol produces a distinct constriction of the lung‐vessels accompanied by a slight decrease in ventilation.

The effect of acetylcholine‐aerosol proves to be a weak vasodilatation, which on the addition of physostigmine changes into a strong vasoconstriction accompanied by a decrease in ventilation. These latter effects are abolished by atropine. A large dose of choline has been found to exert a slight constrictor action.

The inhalation of histamine‐aerosol causes a very pronounced narrowing of the lung‐vessels, which at a high dose is accompanied by a great diminution of the ventilation. Anti‐histaminics (neo‐antergan) rapidly abolish the effects of the histamine‐aerosol.

The adaptation of the calibre of the lung‐vessels to the alveolar oxygen tension is not mediated by extrapulmonary nerves. Neither adrenaline, acetylcholine nor histamine seem to be involved in the mechanism of its production. The histamine content of the nitrogen lung generally surpasses that of the oxygen lung by approximately 50 per cent.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF HISTAMINE IN URTICARIA
Authors: Adam H. M. , Hunter R. B. , Kinnear T. W. G.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect on the urinary histamine of histamine given by mouth or by intravenous infusion was studied in three men with chronic urticaria and found not to differ from that recorded in normal men. Two of these men who received histamine intravenously developed some hours later an urticarial reaction of unusual severity.

2. In two of the intravenous infusions no changes were detected in the histamine content of the plasma or cells obtained from the antecubital vein; no changes were detected in a single sample withdrawn from the femoral artery. The possible significance of this result is discussed.

3. The mean daily excretion of free histamine in a group of nine cases of urticaria differed significantly from the mean in a group of ten patients with other diseases and in a group of ten normal and convalescent subjects. The mean daily excretion of conjugated histamine did not differ significantly in the three groups.

These results support the conception that histamine is either liberated or newly formed in urticaria.
SOME CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE PERFUSED MAMMARY GLAND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF ADRENALINE
Authors: Hebb Catherine O. , Linzell J. L.
Published: December 2014

Inclusion of the lungs in a circuit for perfusion of the mammary gland makes it possible, by destroying vasotonins, to maintain the gland blood flow at or near its normal values. However, if the passage of blood through the apparatus is slow, more vasotonins form before it reaches the mammary vessels and blood flow is seriously reduced. It is therefore necessary to arrange the system so that there is minimal circulatory delay between lungs and gland. Similar considerations apply to experiments in which the perfused gland is supplied with arterial blood from an anesthetized animal: rapid re‐circulation of blood through the animal reduces the vasotonin content of the blood, and the mammary blood flow is much higher than previously observed for prolonged periods of perfusion.

In mammary‐lung preparations of the dog, cat and goat the mammary blood vessels are exceedingly sensitive to adrenaline, and vasoconstrictor responses are obtained when the amount of adrenaline injected, expressed as g. per g. of tissue, is of the order of 10‐14.
A RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE FOAL
Authors: Alexander F. , Benzie D.
Published: December 2014

1. The disposition and surface relations of the alimentary tract of the foal have been studied radiographically.

2. The rate of progress of a barium meal through the digestive tract was determined. The barium traversed the stomach and ileum of the weaned foal faster than that of the suckling foal, but was longer retained in the cæcum and ventral colon of the weaned foal.
STUDIES OF THE CIRCULATION IN HÆMORRHAGIC SHOCK BY MEANS OF ERYTHROCYTES LABELLED WITH RADIO‐PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Delorme E. J. , Mukherjee S. R. , Rowlands S.
Published: December 2014

1. In any form of oligæmic shock, blood volume measurement by the labelled cell method measures only the circulating blood volume.

2. In established hæmorrhagic shock, the injection of labelled red cells is followed by a fall in the concentration of labelled cells in the circulating blood, which suggests that there is a delay in complete mixing of the circulation. This is believed to be due to the presence of peripheral stasis, which acts as a source of unmixed unlabelled cells.

3. When labelled cells are injected and allowed to mix thoroughly in the circulation of normal animals, a similar fall in the concentration of labelled cells occurs within two hours of bleeding. This cannot be explained by a delay in mixing which is already complete, and it has been postulated that sequestered red cells are released from some blood depot. The spleen and probably the lung and liver have been excluded as sources of these cells.

4. Evidence is given that these dilution effects are not due to changes in cell‐plasma ratio, increased rate of loss of phosphorus from the cell under anoxic conditions, change in pH in the blood, selective destruction of labelled cells or to changes in circulation time.

5. The closed sinusoidal system of the bone marrow is considered to be the most likely source of these cells, and this is in keeping with the known stimulant effect of chronic anoxæmia upon hæmatopoietic tissue, although rapid responses of this nature have not hitherto been demonstrated.
REVERSIBLE EFFECTS OF ANTICOAGULANTS AND PROTAMINE ON ALIMENTARY LIPAÆMIA
Authors: Brown W. D.
Published: December 2014

1. Injections of heparin or protamine had no statistically significant effect on the total fatty acid content of the plasma of fasting rats.

2. The visible lipæmia of rats fed olive oil was abolished by heparin within five minutes of injection. A decrease in total plasma fatty acids was associated with the change. Dextran sulphate had a similar effect.

3. The visible lipæmia of rats fed olive oil was increased by protamine within five minutes of injection. An increase in total serum fatty acids was associated with the change.

4. Protamine and heparin were mutually antagonistic in their effects on alimentary lipæmia.

5. It is suggested that the anti‐alimentary lipæmic activity of heparin was due to the influence of its negatively charged sulphate groups.
SOME EFFECTS OF ANTICOAGULANTS AND PROTAMINE ON THE ENDOGENOUS LIPÆMIA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Brown W. D.
Published: December 2014

1. The endogenous lipæmia in the rat during the last triempster of pregnancy is briefly described.

2. The visible lipæmia of pregnancy is abolished by heparin in vivo but not in vitro. Decreases of plasma fatty acids in excess of 200 mg. per cent may occur. The decreases also occur in whole blood.

3. These effects of heparin are not obtained with dextran sulphate.

4. Protamine has no effect on the visible lipæmia, or on the total fatty acid content of the lipæmic serum.

5. These findings are discussed in relation to the effect of the drugs used on alimentary lipæmia.

6. Simple proportionality between prolongation of clotting time and fall in lipæmia does not exist after treatment of the pregnant animals with heparin and dextran sulphate.

7. A heavy precipitate may form in serum, plasma and whole blood drawn from pregnant rats after injection of heparin or dextran sulphate. Its occurrence is not necessarily associated with that of the endogenous lipæmia. The precipitate contains lipid.
CONDITIONS MODIFYING THE RELEASE OF SPERMATOZOA IN MALE XENOPUS LÆVIS IN RESPONSE TO CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Hobson B. M.
Published: December 2014

1. An account is given of the method of obtaining and examining spermatozoa from Xenopus lœvis.

2. Speed of response to chorionic gonadotrophin is increased at high temperatures; the ultimate response is little affected.

3. The interval between injection of chorionic gonadotrophin and appearance of sperm is affected by the amount injected.

4. There is no significant difference between response of “gloved” and “ungloved” animals of the same weight with the particular doses employed.

5. Response is roughly proportional to the weight of the toad.

6. Old and new stock imported males respond similarly; laboratorybred Xenopus seem to be less sensitive.

7. Sperm motility and the time Xenopus males remain positive is influenced by dose.

8. Male toads are more sensitive 10 days after previous injection. There is a significant decline in sensitivity from the 15th day onwards. It is suggested that toads for bioassay be used every 10 days.

9. Dose response data are based upon response 4 hrs. and 24 hrs. after injection. Male and female responses to C.G. are compared; their D.R.C. slopes are not significantly different.

10. Spermiation in Xenopus lœvis is not specific for C.G. This reaction can be induced by certain steroids, adrenergic drugs and gonadotrophins of the A.L.P., pregnant mares' serum and menopausal urines.
INHIBITION OF ALIMENTARY LIPÆMIA BY ANTICOAGULANTS
Authors: Brown W. D.
Published: December 2014

1. Negatively charged anticoagulants can prevent the development of alimentary lipæmia in rats absorbing olive oil at a rate sufficient to produce an alimentary lipæmia in normal rats.

2. An injection of protamine into these anticoagulant‐treated fatabsorbing rats is followed within a few minutes by the appearance of an alimentary lipæmia.
FASTING KETOSIS IN HYPOPHYSECTOMISED AND NORMAL RATS
Authors: Bahner F. W. R. , Taylor N. R. W.
Published: December 2014

Hypophysectomy caused a significant delay in the accumulation of acetoacetic acid in the blood of rats during a fast, but did not affect the final concentration.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN QUALITY ON THE RETENTION OF NITROGEN INDUCED BY EXTRACTS OF ANTERIOR HYPOPHYSEAL LOBE
Authors: Munro H. N. , Chalmers M. I.
Published: December 2014

A crude alkaline extract of anterior hypophyseal lobe was injected over a short period into two groups of rats, one receiving a 15 per cent zein diet which did not support growth, and the other a similar diet fortified with sufficient tryptophan and lysine to make it capable of supporting growth. The depression of urinary N output caused by the injections was of similar magnitude for both groups. It had been concluded that the mechanism causing N retention is not necessarily associated with the process of growth.
SOME EFFECTS OF ANTICOAGULANTS AND PROTAMINE ON THE ENDOGENOUS LIPÆMIA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Brown W. D.
Published: December 2014

Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 37, No. 3.

W. D. BROWN.

For “minimum dose by weight necessary” read “minimum dose by weight of heparin necessary”.
Intracellular study of calcium‐related events in cat magnocellular neuroendocrine cells.
Authors: Fagan M , Andrew R D
Published: December 2014

1. Magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of mammals synthesize vasopressin or oxytocin and release these hormones systemically from their neurohypophysial axon terminals. In the rat, release is facilitated by bursts of action potentials generated by the MNC. However MNC units in the intact cat discharge more slowly and do not display the repetitive bursts (phasic firing) that promote vasopressin secretion. The reasons why these cat endocrine neurones differ so dramatically in their firing behaviour from the rat model were examined using intracellular recording. 2. Cat and rat MNCs displayed similar mean resting potentials approximating ‐60 mV, and were usually linear in their voltage‐current relationship in the hyperpolarizing direction. However cat MNCs displayed a higher mean cell input resistance (301 M omega; n = 56) than those of rat (150 M omega; n = 105). 3. Calcium influx to cat MNCs during firing appeared comparable to rat based on (a) the similar range of action potential broadening observed during a spike train, (b) the shoulder on the action potential's falling phase which was blocked in low‐Ca2+ saline, and (c) the ability to evoke tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐insensitive spiking and non‐synaptic depolarizing potentials, both calcium‐mediated events observed in the rat. 4. In cat MNCs, a depolarizing current pulse (100‐500 ms; 0.1‐0.3 nA) elicited a train of action potentials followed by a prominent after‐hyperpolarization (AHP) several times the duration of its counterpart in the rat. The AHP reversed near the equilibrium potential for K+, was not voltage dependent and represented an increased membrane conductance. It was suppressed in low‐Ca2+ saline and completely eliminated by the calcium‐activated potassium current (IK(Ca)) blockers apamin (100 nM) or d‐tubocurarine (50‐200 microM). Both blockers decreased spike frequency adaptation but did not induce bursting. Therefore the cat AHP probably represents a Ca(2+)‐activated K+ conductance with a similar blocker sensitivity to its briefer counterpart in the rat MNC. 5. The spike hyperpolarizing after‐potentials (HAPs) in cat were more than twice the mean amplitude and several times the duration of HAPs in rat. Cat HAPs were qualitatively similar to their rat counterparts, remaining unaffected by apamin or tubocurarine. The intrinsic currents responsible for the AHP and HAP appear to generate the stronger activity‐dependent inhibition displayed by cat MNCs. 6. Twenty‐one of fifty‐two cat MNCs displayed an inward rectification at membrane potentials more negative than ‐70 mV ([K+]o = 6.24 mM), causing a depolarizing 'sag' in the voltage trajectory lasting 100‐200 ms which was TTX resistant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Constancy of central conduction delays during development in man: investigation of motor and somatosensory pathways.
Authors: Eyre J A , Miller S , Ramesh V
Published: December 2014

1. A cross‐sectional study has been performed on 457 normal subjects to determine changes in conduction delays with age in central and peripheral motor and somatosensory pathways to the upper limb. 2. Electromagnetic stimulation was used to investigate central and peripheral conduction in motor pathways from the cortex to biceps brachii and hypothenar muscles in 308 normal human subjects aged from 32 weeks gestation to 55 years. The responses were recorded in the surface electromyogram. 3. Somatosensory potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the median nerve have been recorded at Erb's point and over the somatosensory cortex in 149 normal subjects aged from 34 weeks gestation to 52 years to determine central and peripheral somatosensory conduction delays. 4. The conduction delays in the central components of both motor and somatosensory pathways rapidly decrease over the first 2 years after birth and thereafter remain constant at adult values. 5. The conduction delays in the peripheral components of both motor and somatosensory pathways also decrease initially but then from the age of 5 years progressively increase in proportion to arm length. 6. The threshold stimulus intensity for evoking muscle responses following electromagnetic stimulation of the cortex is high initially and falls progressively until the age of 16 years. A linear relationship exists between the threshold intensity and height for the height range 70‐180 cm. 7. The threshold stimulus intensities for exciting peripheral motor and somatosensory nerves decrease up to the age of 5 years and then reach a plateau. 8. The results support the conclusion, already reported in the literature that peripheral nerves attain maximum value for fibre diameter and conduction velocity at approximately 5 years of age. 9. In contrast, it is concluded that the maximum fibre diameters in both motor and somatosensory central pathways increase in proportion to height, leading to constant central conduction delays with growth.