bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Review Boards and Oral History
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

The first Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) appeared on college campuses during the 1980s. They were created to review and monitor research involving human subjects. Ethical considerations such as respect for all persons and justice in the selection and treatment of human subjects were to be the paramount factors by which IRBs judged each research study. If appropriate consideration of these ethical issues was not built into a study, then it could not be allowed to go for- ward. The impetus for such oversight was a combination of outrage over the Nazi experiments on Holocaust victims and the United States’ own tragic Tuskegee Syphilis Study as well as the recognition after World War II that biomedical research involving human subjects had become an integral part of modern science and needed to be monitored in order to prevent further victimization. The cur- rent regulations on human subject research are found in Chapter 45, Section 46 of the Code of Federal Regulations. They are commonly referred to as the Common Rule. Eighteen federal agencies, including the Departments of Education and Defense, subscribe to these regulations and require that institutions which receive federal funds for human subject research must create Institutional Review Boards to apply the Common Rule. Ironically, the National Endowment for the Humanities, which is the federal agency most likely to provide financial support for oral history research, is noticeably absent from this list.
Unconventional Wisdom
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

Late deciders go for the challenger; turnout helps the Democrats; the gender gap results from a surge in Democratic preference among women—these and many other myths are standard fare among average citizens, political pundits, and even some academics. But are these conventional wisdoms—familiar to anyone who watches Sunday morning talk shows—really valid? Unconventional Wisdom offers a novel yet highly accessible synthesis of what we know about American voters and elections. It not only provides an integrated overview of the central themes in American politics—parties, polarization, turnout, partisan bias, campaign effects, swing voters, the gender gap, and the youth vote—it upends many of our fundamental preconceptions. Most importantly, it shows that the American electorate is much more stable than we have been led to believe, and that the voting patterns we see today have deep roots in our history. Throughout, the book provides comprehensive information on voting patterns; illuminates (and corrects) popular myths about voters and elections; and details the empirical foundations of conventional wisdoms that many understand poorly or not at all. Written by three experts on American politics, Unconventional Wisdom serves as both a standard reference and a concise overview of the subject. Both informative and witty, the book is likely to become a standard work in the field, essential reading for anyone interested in American politics.
Campaign Effects in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

By emphasizing the stable psychological predispositions of voters, rather than the strategic maneuvers of candidates, we appear to question seriously the idea that campaigns determine presidential election results in the United States. However, we think that campaigns do matter, even though many voters behave predictably. Past behaviour and models that predict presidential elections, ignoring a campaign, can and do get it wrong (as most predictions of the 2000 election did). We believe that these models are useful because they help to explain—to the candidates, pundits, and voters—the context in which an election will be contested. They tell us what to expect in the absence of a presidential campaign.
Modular Arithmetic
Authors: Reilly Norman R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we study the most basic algebraic system of all—the integers. Our familiarity with the integers from everyday affairs might lead us to the impression that they are uninteresting. Nothing could be further from the truth, and in this chapter we will barely scratch the surface of a subject that has intrigued mathematicians for more than 2000 years.
Rings and Fields
Authors: Reilly Norman R
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1, we introduced ℤn and developed some of its properties as an algebraic structure. The important feature of ℤn as an algebraic structure is the fact that it possesses two algebraic binary operations (addition and multiplication) that have certain properties individually and that interact with each other through the distributive law.
Groups and Permutations
Authors: Reilly Norman R
Published: November 2023

Groups first appeared in the early part of the 19th century in the study of solutions to polynomial equations by Abel and Galois. Indeed, it appears that Galois was the first to use the term group . The examples that appeared in the work of Abel and Gauss are what we would now recognize as groups of permutations (of roots of polynomials). The abstract definition of a group emerged later in the century in the work of Cayley.
Elliptic Curves
Authors: Reilly Norman R
Published: November 2023

Although elliptic curves have been studied for many decades and a wealth of information was gained about them, it is only relatively recently that they have gained a certain level of “notoriety”. This has been the result of the application of the theory of elliptic curves to such things as Fermat’s Last Theorem, cryptography, and integer factorization. In this chapter we develop somebasic properties of elliptic curves, particularly thegroup structureon an elliptic curve. There are other situations, and also simpler situations, when it is possibleto definean algebraic structureon a set of solutions to an equation. One simpler example where one is dealing exclusively with integer solutions occurs in the study of Pell’s Equation. This is treated in section 7.7, but you are welcome to digress to that section at this stage, if you wish to do so. To understand the critical intersection properties of elliptic curves, it is necessary to consider them in projective space. For this reason, we devote some time to introducing and working with projective spaces and, in particular, the projective plane.
Miscellaneous Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

We have trodden a long and winding road to reach this point. We have navigated the rapids of the classical problem and some of its most natural variations. We confronted the full horror of the progressive version and emerged stronger for the experience. Along the way we have illuminated much of the world of probability theory and its offshoots. Yet for all of that, there remain certain variations on and aspects of the Monty Hall problem that have not fit comfortably into the preceding chapters. Our purpose now is to tie up some of those loose ends.
Fallacy 1: All Unintended Consequences Are Bad
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

The first fallacy of current cost-benefit analysis is that all unintended consequences are bad. In the past few decades, cost-benefit analysis has become more sophisticated, taking the collateral consequences of regulatory decisions into account. Theoretically, this is a good thing—if a particular regulation would save an endangered species but would have the collateral effect of wiping out another, that collateral cost should be included in the initial analysis. But proponents of current cost-benefit analysis tend to look only at negative collateral consequences. In order to be balanced, cost-benefit analysis must acknowledge the ancillary benefits of regulations as well.
Fallacy 5: People Always Want to Put Off Bad Things
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

The next two chapters should be considered a pair, in that they both address the issue of discounting in cost-benefit analysis. Discounting is a technique that marks down future dollars to translate them into present dollars. It assumes that because people prefer immediate gratification, a dollar today is worth more than a dollar next year (even correcting for inflation). This assumption under-girds the sentiment, “I’d gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.”
A Brief History of Psychopathology
Authors: Millon Theodore
Published: November 2023

Prior to a systematic analysis of the diverse subjects comprising mental disorders in this text, it will be useful to probe briefl y into aspects of their historical origins and evolution. Efforts to understand and resolve problems of psychopathology can be traced through many centuries in which solutions have taken unanticipated turns and have become enmeshed in obscure beliefs and entangled alliances, all of which have unfolded without the care and watchful eye of scientifi c methods (Millon, 2004).
Studying Psychopathology
Authors: Raulin Michael L , Lilienfeld Scott O
Published: November 2023

Few things in life are more frightening, puzzling, or intriguing than psychopathology. The human mind is a phenomenal evolutionary achievement, but its prop er functioning requires a delicate balance. When that balance is upset—whether by external stressors that push the organism beyond its limits, by biological aberrations that predispose the organism to respond inappropriately, or by cognitive styles that distort everyday experiences—psychopathology may result.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Mcnally Richard J
Published: November 2023

Clinicians have long recognized that traumatic events can produce psychiatric symptoms in previously well-djusted individuals, but prevailing opinion held that stress-induced symptoms are transient (Jones & Wessely, 2007). Persistent symptoms implied the presence of another characterological or neurotic disturbance.
Mood Disorders Biological Bases
Authors: Johnson Sheri L , Joormann Jutta , Lemoult Joelle , Miller Christopher
Published: November 2023

The highly recurrent nature of mood disorders suggests the need to study vulnerability factors that can increase risk over the life course. Mood disorders appear to be related to defi cits in many different neurobiological systems that could help explain vulnerability. Understanding these neurobiological processes provides insights into the psychological processes involved in the mood disorders.
Substance Abuse Diagnosis, Comorbidity, and Psychopathology
Authors: Tate Susan R , Drapkin Michelle L , Brown Sandra A
Published: November 2023

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are among the most common psychiatric conditions in the United States, with over 9% of individuals aged 12 or older meeting the DSM–IV criteria for substance abuse or dependence in the past year (National Survey on Drug Use and Health of 2006, in Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies, 2007).
Introduction
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

What do you want out of life? You might answer this question by saying that you want a caring spouse, a good job, and a nice house, but these are really just some of the things you want in life. In asking what you want out of life, I am asking the question in its broadest sense. I am asking not for the goals you form as you go about your daily activities but for your grand goal in living. In other words, of the things in life you might pursue, which is the thing you believe to be most valuable? Many people will have trouble naming this goal. They know what they want minute by minute or even decade by decade during their life, but they have never paused to consider their grand goal in living. It is perhaps understandable that they haven’t. Our culture doesn’t encourage people to think about such things; indeed, it provides them with an endless stream of distractions so they won’t ever have to. But a grand goal in living is the first component of a philosophy of life. This means that if you lack a grand goal in living, you lack a coherent philosophy of life.
Self-Denial
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

To engage in negative visualization is to contemplate the bad things that can happen to us. Seneca recommends an extension of this technique: Besides contemplating bad things happening, we should sometimes live as if they had happened. In particular, instead of merely thinking about what it would be like to lose our wealth, we should periodically “practice poverty”: We should, that is, content ourselves with “the scantiest and cheapest fare” and with “coarse and rough dress.”
Exile
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

In ancient Rome, people were sentenced to exile for a variety of crimes, both real and imagined, and it would appear that being a philosopher increased one’s chances of being punished in this manner. Indeed, philosophers were expelled from Rome at least three times: in 161 bc, again during the reign of Emperor Vespasian, and yet again during the reign of Domitian.
Surviving Two Billion Cars
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

More than one billion vehicles populate the earth today. The globe is accelerating toward a second billion, with South and East Asia leading the way and Russia, Eastern Europe, and South America following along. More vehicles mean more vehicle use. And unless vehicle technology and fuels change, more vehicle use means more oil burned and more pollution.

Can the planet sustain two billion cars? Not as we now know them. Today’s one billion vehicles are already pumping extraordinary quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, draining the world’s conventional petroleum supplies, inciting political skirmishes over oil, and overwhelming the roads of today’s cities. Billions of hours are wasted stuck in traffic, and billions of people are sickened by pollution from cars. From Paris to Fresno, and Delhi to Shanghai, conventional motorization, conventional vehicles, and conventional fuels are choking cities, literally and figuratively. Cars are arguably one of the greatest man-made threats to human society.
Rekindling Hope: Honoring The Fire Within
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

Before starting my school I had three significant dreams—you see I still believe in dreams.

I was standing on the bank of a river and had to cross but seemingly there was no way for me to get over. I looked back of me and there was a great army of young people, all coming towards me someone came up to me and said, “You are planning to cross this river, but before you cross it you must take this book and register the names of all those young people that you see [behind] in the distance.”

I was again on the bank of the same river and was making another attempt to cross Dr. Satterfield was on one side and my mother and father were on the other side. They started out with me, wading out into the deep currents. They held on and went as far as they could go and mother turned and said to me—“My child, we have brought you as far as we can go, but now we must leave you and you must make it for yourself.”
The Far-Flashing Beam: Perspectives On Hope
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

The great pragmatist philosopher and psychologist William James once noted that our passion for life is apt to be wasted unless it is joined with the “far-flashing beam” of a philosophical perspective. The same holds true for hope: our desire to secure it, in bad times and in good, should not outstrip our intellectual need to understand its complexities. A broader perspective is called for—a “hope perspective” that is both scientifically grounded and practically useful in enhancing both your knowledge about this complex emotion and your own personal well-being. Ultimately, as the myth of Prometheus suggests, we need both light and heat to make our way in the world. Having both with respect to hope will, simply put, help you chart your way to a better quality of life.
Cultures of Hope: Absorbing The Virtues of a Community
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter and the next, we focus on the profound ways that culture and religion can affect an individual’s “private” experience of hope. Although it may seem strange, the feeling of hope shared by most Americans is not exactly the same experience as that felt by Israelis living in a Kibbutz. Muslim hope is somewhat different from that of Native Americans. Buddhist hopes can be distinguished from those of the Hindus. Within each culture, there are certain motives that tend to be pushed to the foreground while others are relegated to the background. Cultural influences also affect the manner in which members of a group express their attachment, mastery, and survival impulses. By permeating the marrow of hope in these fundamental ways, cultural norms profoundly alter hope’s perceived origins and potential beneficiaries as well as its foreseeable destinations.
Demystifying Psychiatry
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Psychiatry is arguably the most misunderstood specialty in modern medicine and psychiatrists are often thought of as part physician, part confessor, part police officer, and part shaman. In Demystifying Psychiatry, two eminent psychiatrists offer an illuminating look at the entire field, offering a clear and informative portrait of a medical specialty often clouded in myth. Zorumski and Rubin range from a basic discussion of what psychiatry is, to the types of illnesses psychiatrists treat, the training of psychiatrists, the treatment of psychiatric disorders (covering medications, psychotherapy, lifestyle interventions, electroconvulsive therapy, and much more), and how families can help with treatment. They caution the consumer about practices that should raise red flags. The book also covers new trends in psychiatry and explores the future of the field, predicting that major advances in genetics and neuroscience will lead to rapid and amazing changes in psychiatry. The book concludes with extensive reference materials that will be valuable both to general readers and medical practitioners.
Book V
Authors: Bosworth B
Published: November 2023

Book V begins with a deliberate and contrived interruption of the campaign narrative. Arrian does not return to the events in hand until 3. 5–6, when he briefly records Alexander’ s arrival at the Indus. That in turn gives rise to a lengthier interruption, a digression on the rivers of India, set in the geographical framework of Eratosthenes, with an appendix on contemporary Roman methods of bridge building. The narrative proper resumes only at 8. 2. Arrian’ s second digression has a more obvious structural justification. It provides background information on the river system of India, which will dominate the historical record of the next two books. At the same time it introduces the companion monograph, the lndi/r.e, and explains its relationship to the larger history of Alexander (4. 3–5. 1 ). The earlier digression on Nysa has no such thematic relationship with its sequel. Arrian moves abruptly to the Indus and never resumes the subject of the digression. Nor is there a direct relationship with the preceding narrative, as there is in other cases where Arrian takes material from its chronological setting (e.g. 4. 8. I ff., 20. 1-3; 5. 19. 6; 7. 1. 5–2. 4). The connection is more tenuous and subtle.
Resistance, Representation, and Community
Authors: Blickle Peter
Published: November 2023

By focusing on three key aspects of life and change as the European state developed, Peter Blickle brings together a wealth of scholarly experience from all over the continent to discuss the subject's role in State formation. Europe has undergone a remarkable process of democratization since the end of the Second World War, shifting the thrust of government policy away from foreign affairs and towards internal matters, and rendering social interest and conflict the driving forces in the historical process. This widespread acceptance of democracy has led to a renewed study of the history of the estates, and a corresponding increase in debate over the concept of representation. Here the debate is taken further with an examination of the role of the city constitution, and developments in rural settlements. Inextricably linked with the advent of wide-scale representation was an increase in resistance: this book examines the geographical spread of such uprisings, and offers explanations of why revolts were so few in Northern Europe but so prevalent in the Central states. The questions of who gained from the uprisings, and what they contributed to the development of the different forms of representation and community are addressed from a pan-European angle. The cities and villages of the late Middle Ages and early modern period were instrumental in building the political structure of the time. These settlements were determinative of the spirit of community, and a close inspection of these communities throws interesting light on the differences between peasant and burgher morality, and how these norms and values were integrated into the legitimizing of the state. This fascinating work examines the citizen's role in European development with a theoretical and conceptual, but also practical and pragmatic approach. The discussion crosses all national boundaries, and in a Europe which is constantly evolving is a relevant and timely addition to the series.
Contrary Heroes: Catholicism, Carlyle, and Ireland
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

In 1921 Viscount Bryce got a begging letter from Arnold Haultain. Haultain had been for years the amanuensis of Goldwin Smith, Professor of History at Oxford and Cornell, unflinching free trader, liberal publicist on both sides of the Atlantic, and towards the end of his long life a successful speculator in Toronto real estate. When he died he got eight pages in the DNB. Haultain had been left not the property in downtown Toronto, but Smith’s copyrights. These were now worthless.No one read Smith, any more than they read Frank Newman, the rationalist brother of the cardinal, or the Positivists, the last of whom, Frederic Harrison, would die in 1923.
Prelate as Pastor
Authors: Fincham Kenneth
Published: November 2023

This is a study of the sixty-six bishops who held office during the reign of James I. Kenneth Fincham surveys their range of activities and functions, including their part in central politics, their role in local society, their work as diocesan governors enforcing moral and spiritual discipline, and their supervision of the parish clergy. Dr Fincham argues that the accession of James I marked the restoration of episcopal fortunes at court and in the localities, seen most clearly in the revival of the court prelate. This detailed analysis of the early seventeenth-century episcopate, intensively grounded in contemporary sources, reveals much about the church of James I, the doctrinal divisions of the period, and the origins of Laudian government in the 1630s. Prelate as Pastor offers a new perspective on the controversies of early Stuart religious history.
Coastal Dynamics and Landforms
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

This is a comprehensive reference text for senior undergraduates, graduate students, and instructors and working professionals in the coastal field. It provides a thorough survey of a present state of geomorphological knowledge across a very broad spectrum of coastal types, including topics, such as the form and processes operating on cold coasts, deltas, cohesive cold coasts, and coral reefs, that have rarely been included in general coastal texts. There is also a detailed discussion on the nature, origin, and transport of beach sediment, and the possible effects of future sea-level changes on coastal environments. Anthropological influences and managerial implications are discussed in several of the chapters. All the material draws upon up-to-date research and scientific findings.
Introduction
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

From about half to two-thirds of the world’s population lives near the coast, and their industrial, recreational, agricultural, and transportational activities are placing enormous pressure on coastal resources. To manage these activities in the least detrimental ways, we need to understand how terrestrial and marine processes operate and interact in the coastal zone, and to recognize and accommodate the dynamic nature of its landforms.
Coral Reefs
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

Coral reefs extend over about 2 x 106 km2 of the tropical oceans, making them the largest biologically constructed formations on Earth. Of the areas covered by coral reefs and associated communities living down to depths of 30 m, about 30 percent are between northern Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and continental Asia; 25 percent in the Pacific Ocean; 24 percent in the Indian Ocean; 6 percent in the Red Sea and Persian (Arabian) Gulf; 14 percent in the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic; and 1 percent in the South Atlantic. More than half the world’s coral reefs are therefore in south-eastern Asia and the Indian Ocean (Smith 1978).
Rock and Cohesive Clay Coasts
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

Rocks and cohesive clays form a high proportion of the world’s coasts, and even many sand and coarse elastic beaches are underlain by shore platforms and backed by marine cliffs. These coasts have been neglected in the contemporary processoriented coastal literature, where the emphasis has been on beaches and other coastal features that quickly respond to changing environmental conditions.
Studying Culture and the Built Environment
Authors: Ho Kong Chong , Kim Won Bae
Published: November 2023

From the 1980s, culture has enjoyed a renewed interest in urban studies (Leitner 1992; Jacobs 1993). However, within the anthropological tradition, this interest has a long history linked to the theories of cultural evolution in the nineteenth century. By examining all forms of human adaptation to the natural environment under the rubric ‘built environment’, early anthropological works viewed the built environment as an outcome of a group’s culture.
Hanoi: Balancing Market and Ideology
Authors: Luan Trinh Duy
Published: November 2023

Among contemporary Asian cities, Hanoi stands out as having one of the longest histories. Any understanding of Hanoi’s distinctive built environment requires the exploration of its dynamic evolution across periods marked by diverse external influences. Logan (1994) pointed out that: the Hanoi townscape was not the product of chance forces, nor even merely the result of architectural and town planning fashions changing over time; rather each of the successive political regimes set out deliberately to impose on Hanoi its own set of beliefs about the way that urban centres should function. Each regime proceeded to design buildings, streetscapes and whole districts to demonstrate those beliefs, and, by so doing, also to demonstrate its mastery of the city and its people.
Introduction: Globalizing Networks, GlobalizingCities
Authors: Olds Kris
Published: November 2023

Now, I want to make one simple point here, and that is about what one might call the power-geometry of it all; the power-geometry of time-space compression. For different social groups and different individuals are placed in very distinct ways in relation to these flows and interconnections. This point concerns not merely the issue of who moves and who doesn’t, although that is an important element of it; it is also about power in relation to the flows and the movement. Different social groups have distinct relationships to this anyway differentiated mobility: some are more in charge of it than others; some initiate flows and movement, others don’t; some are more on the receiving end of it than others; some are effectively imprisoned by it. (Massey, 1994: 149)
Explaining Community Opposition
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

The print media is replete with examples of residents and municipalities acting to prevent the potential siting of homeless shelters, group homes, and other facilities which might serve homeless persons or people living with HIV/AIDS, or to close facilities which currently exist. A recent national study conducted by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty found for example that among 61 cases of community opposition towards facilities associated with homelessness, 21 resulted in halting projects being designed or implemented, 6 resulted in existing facilities being forced to close, and 2 resulted in coerced moves (cited in Anonymous 1996).
Stigmatization, Homelessness, and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

Every classification implies a hierarchical order for which neither the tangible world nor our mind gives us the model. We therefore have reason to ask where it was found. How might we explain the patterns of public response (both attitudinal and policy) outlined in the previous two chapters? What theoretical frameworks provide a basis for interpreting the rise in localized rejection of human services associated with homelessness and HIV/AIDS? I outlined in the previous two chapters the substantial and growing body of scholarship on homelessness and HIV/AIDS, and on community response to controversial facilities. But as I argued at the end of Chapter 2, community response to homelessness and HIV/AIDS is also based fundamentally in social and spatial relations, particularly of stigma.
Relocating Homeless Persons The Anti-Camping Ordinance in Santa Ana, California
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

If an officer sees someone standing or sleeping on property to which that person has no legal right, this in itself is sufficient evidence for both arrest and conviction. Any understanding of the relationships between the NIMBY syndrome and homelessness must consider the role and status of municipal governmental bodies in the management and control of homelessness. It is this level of governance that is responsible for the administration and interpretation of cold weather shelter policies, for policing strategies and enforcement of municipal codes and ordinances, and for the control over siting of homeless shelters and human service facilities.
‘In England’s Green and Pleasant Land’: The English Enlightenment and the Environment
Authors: Porter Roy
Published: November 2023

‘Environment’ is a term we owe to Thomas Carlyle, but environ mental anxieties are nothing new. My aim here is to explore attitudes in eighteenth-century Britain, concentrating on the mainstream but glancing at cross-currents. ‘It is with much regret’, bemoaned the Bath Chronicle on 30 May 1799, that for some years past we have remarked considerable injury to have been suffered by the woods and young timber around this city in consequence of wearing oaken sprigs in the hat, and the decorating of shop-windows and apartments of houses with oaken branches, on the 29 of May [i.e., the anniversary of the Restoration of Charles II].
Landscapes with People
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: November 2023

To Entitle my essay ‘Landscapes with People’ in a book devoted to ‘Culture and Environment’ might, at first sight, appear to be slightly perverse-an unnecessary playing with words perhaps. But not quite so though I confess to believing that a title should, under no circumstances, give any indication of what a contribution is about lest a reader approach it with expectations. ‘Culture and Environment’ is, quite properly, a broad and widely embracing title designed to allow individual contributors ample scope to choose aspects of the interplay of the two concepts appropriate to their interests and expertise. My theme is more restricted. Instead of culture I intend to concentrate on the reaction of individuals, or groups of individuals, and instead of environment I will be considering that part of the cognitive environment that is more appropriately called landscape.This gloss needs explanation.
The French Nineteenth-century Landscape
Authors: House John
Published: November 2023

A Crude historical vignette—of three moments, and three texts—will outline the historical framework for an exploration of French nineteenth century attitudes to landscape. In the broadest terms, early in the century the prime concern was for the preservation of historical monuments, premised on the assumption that the landscape itself was safe; by the 1860s, technological change had begun to threaten the landscape, and by the end of the century the monuments were for the most part safe, but the countryside itself, and the whole way of life for which it stood, were believed to be facing extinction.
Our Animal Environment
Authors: Ritvo Harriet
Published: November 2023

At Least on the surface, what is perhaps the best known passage from Thomas Carlyle’s Past and Present, has nothing to do with animals: A poor Irish Widow, her husband having died in one of the Lanes of Edinburgh, went forth with her three children, bare of all resource, to solicit help from the Charitable Establishments of that City. At this Charitable Establishment and then at that she was refused; referred from one to the other, helped by none; till she had exhausted them all; till her strength and heart failed her: she sank down in typhus-fever; died, and infected her Lane with fever, so that ‘seventeen other persons’ died of fever there in consequence.
GDI from a legal perspective
Authors: Kabel Jan
Published: November 2023

In most industrialized countries, there are high expectations of the development of the ‘information market place’ and its associated benefits to society. Access by private individuals and companies to data collected by governments to fulfil their public tasks appears to be a condition for realizing these expectations. However, this is not only a technological challenge. Increasingly, we are confronted with a certain degree of incongruence between the legislation which has governed publishing and the behaviour of government ministries and that which would now be more in tune with digital information technology. There are also new perceptions of the government’s role in relation to the private sector, which influence the regulations about government involvement in the ‘information economy’ beyond that of a data provider. This chapter explores how this topic relates to GDI. The main legal issues in the geospatial arena differ, of course, when seen from different perspectives (Table 3. 1 ).
Quality management in GDI
Authors: Doucette Mark , Paresi Chris
Published: November 2023

The quality of a product or service is defined as ‘the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs’ (ISO 8402, 1994). Quality is not a value in itself but is always related to the degree of user satisfaction, a result only to be observed when the product or service is used, including its relation to timeliness and price. However, checking the quality of the product at the final stage of the production process is inadequate; complementary to this is the quality control of all elements in the production process. This concept involves the whole organization and is usually referred to as a ‘Total Quality’ approach. It is defined as ‘a management approach of an organization, centred on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction’ (ISO 8402, 1994). Realization of this approach requires a Quality Management System (QMS), including definition of the responsibilities, authorities and accountabilities for the interfaces, main processes and procedures necessary to achieve quality objectives of the organization in terms of established quality policy.
Advancing the GDI concept
Authors: McLaughlin John , Groot Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review the efforts to date to develop the geospatial data infrastructure concept and examine some of the key building blocks. This book has presented the technical and institutional elements of GDI. It is evident that it is still largely an academic vision to have fully functional access to geospatial data and ensure its responsible use at affordable cost, at either the national or application-domain level. This requires the purposeful integration of these elements. Most jurisdictions still have a primary goal of completing their core database development programmes. In Venezuela, for example, one of the largest mapping projects in the world was recently undertaken by Servicio Autonomo de Geografia y Cartografia Nacional to complete I: 50,000 digital coverage south of the Orinoco River.
Conclusion Oaxaca’s Peasantries in Their Theoretical and National Contexts
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters show that there have been two major historical path ways into peasantry in Oaxaca. Some peasantries, especially at high altitude, have roots stretching back beyond early colonial times, because they retained (and have had confirmed) traditional lands throughout the intervening centuries. Others, in the tropical lowlands and in the Central Valleys, have received ejidal grants since the end of the Mexican Revolution in the early twentieth century. Leaving aside the wilderness areas, which account for two-thirds of the state, the occupied area is now predominantly under comunidades agrarias, with the remainder split almost equally between ejidal and private land. It is within the privately owned sector that the landed estates are still to be found.
The Renaturing of African Animals: Film and Literature in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Beinart William
Published: November 2023

Our world is saturated with images from photography, film, and television which are intricately bound up with our patterns of knowledge. This essay has its deeper origins in entrancing Sunday evenings watching wildlife on television with my young children, many years ago. My interest took academic shape in 1990, when I began teaching a course on the environmental history of Africa to undergraduates at the University of Bristol, just a few hundred metres from the BBC’s Natural History Unit. British students, sadly, probably knew more about African animals than about African people. After some months in which they learnt about peasants and settlers, tsetse and drought, a couple of sessions at the end of the course on the history of natural history film and literature proved to be popular and familiar terrain for them. I will suggest that this history has something to tell us about changing Western approaches to African animals.
Indigenous Land Management in West Africa
Authors: Baker Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

The success of rural development schemes in Africa, particularly those involving land, is heavily dependent on understanding the local ecology. Any farmer knows this, yet rarely has development project design catered adequately for the vicissitudes of the African environment. Although environmental unpredictability was recognized in the temperate zone by the mid-nineteenth century, the ecological theory which was subsequently developed and most widely accepted, was based on concepts of norms and equilibria. History has shown that the application of such ecological assumptions to African environments is wholly inappropriate. This book argues that many methods used by West African smallholder farmers and pastoralists are properly adapted to the region's unpredictable physical environment. Field examples from the semi-arid and humid zones demonstrate the nature of environmental variability, and the skill of indigenous farmers and pastoralists in exploiting this. It is thus argued that development planners should, where possible, model development schemes on the more successful, ecologically sound methods of indigenous land management.
Implications of Indigenous Agricultural Technology
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

As Sauer indicated, environments are interpreted and utilized in terms of the cultures which occupy them. The technology available, desirable, and ecologically, economically, and socially feasible determines how different habitats can be used, for how long, and how productively. The environment is changed in the process of utilization and by intentional modification to make possible or to improve crop productivity. Such change may make sustained output possible, or it may lead to slow or rapid environmental degradation with production declining or terminating as result. In examining indigenous field systems in South America, what is remarkable is their diversity, the diversity of the habitats they occur in, their longevity, and their productivity given limited external inputs.
The Ethnography of an Illness
Authors: Lewis Gilbert
Published: November 2023

I have let a long time pass before wntmg up these notes of an illness which happened in the village where I did my first anthropological fieldwork. At the time it concerned me greatly and I made a detailed record of it. I would like to save it from oblivion. It is the description of a particular time and place, the story of a man’s illness and its impact on a village, observations about some of the people and their characters. It records failure yet belief, and the man’s death.
Sand, Grass, Thorns, and ... Cattle: The Modern Kalahari Environment
Authors: Thomas David S G
Published: November 2023

The extensive elevated, flat, sand-covered plain that occupies a substantial part of the southern African interior has variously been described as a desert, thirstland, or savanna. All are appropriate, for this area, known as the Kalahari, is in fact more heterogeneous than it has often been portrayed. The most generous definitions refer to an area of some 2.5 million km2 that extends from the vineyards on the margins of the Orange River at Upington, South Africa (latitude 29°S) to north of the Congo River into the south-east comer of equatorial Gabon. This area gains its unity from the prevalence of aeolian-origin Kalahari sand as the dominant surface sediment (Thomas and Shaw 1991), thus giving it a geological definition.
Water Harvesting
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

Native North American farmers certainly developed a number of techniques for conserving scarce moisture on fields. In some cases,however, conservation measures simply were not enough. All too often, either direct precipitation was insufficient, settings were not right for dry farming, or runoff was too limited even if terracing could have been employed. In order to ensure the successful production of a crop, therefore, farmers sometimes had to apply water artificially. Not surprisingly, these farmers lived in the Greater Southwest.
Flood Recession Farming
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

Standing in stark contrast to drylands are wetlands. Whereas the former generally suffer from a paucity of moisture that inhibits agriculture, the latter have an abundance that also places extreme limits on cultivation. There are several types of wetlands including salt marshes, mangrove swamps, fresh-water marshes, swamps, bogs, and lake shores. Although different in their own rights they all can be considered areas transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or land is covered by shallow water and where at least one of the three following conditions exists: the land periodically, if not always, supports predominately hydrophytes; the substrate is undrained hydric soil; or the substrate is saturated non-soil (Cowardin et al. 1979).
Draining and Ridging
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

Farming in seasonally inundated places after the water has receded is certainly a very basic approach to practicing agriculture in wetlands. It requires next to no technology, and, hence, little in the form of permanent landscape modifications. In some respects this is an ideal type of agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid lands where successful farming is dependent on water other than that which falls as rain. Labor inputs are minimal and yields tend to be quite high in flood recessional farming systems. But this form of agriculture is predicated on the existence of a growing season during which the ground is neither too wet nor too dry. What about lake shores, freshwater marshes, and swamps—locales in which standing water or saturated soils are problems with which farmers have to deal during the growing season?
The Authority of the State
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: November 2023

The modern state claims supreme authority over the lives of all its citizens. Drawing together political philosophy, jurisprudence, and public choice theory, this book forces the reader to reconsider some basic assumptions about the authority of the state. Various popular and influential theories - conventionalism, contractarianism, and communitarianism - are assessed by the author and found to fail. Leslie Green argues that only the consent of the governed can justify the state's claims to authority. While he denies that there is a general obligation to obey the law, he nonetheless rejects philosophical anarchism and defends civility - the willingness to tolerate some imperfection in institutions - as a political virtue.
The Nature of Authority
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: November 2023

Outside political theory, interest in authority has taken many forms. Political sociology, especially of a Marxist and structuralist bent, is at least nominally concerned with the subject as it bears on the relationship between state action and social structure. It asks: Is the belief in legitimate authority an ideological support for class rule? To what extent can the state act independently of the interests of the ruling class? But important as these questions are to the general theory of class conflict they do not help elucidate or evaluate the state’s claim to the allegiance of its citizens, and the theoretical questions which dominate political sociology—the identification of social classes, the nature of their interests, the autonomy of political organizations—do not themselves adequately dis¬ criminate among different aspects of superstructure. There are, after all, equally pressing questions about the autonomy of its cultural, religious, and educational aspects. Many of these institutions also claim allegiance of their members and attempt to sustain it through similar devices. A complete theory of the state, however, must include an account of what it is for the state to exist as a differentiated form of social order and must seek to explain the characteristic social relations which distinguish it. Without some such account we have no theory of the state, but only a perfectly general theory of social development.
The House of Lords in Context
Authors: Shell Donald
Published: November 2023

Discussion and argument about the House of Lords have been perennial topics for debate in Britain. Schemes for the reform or replacement of the House have abounded for at least 150 years. Its decay and eventual demise has been regularly predicted. But it has neither died nor has it (yet) been abolished. Instead the House has enjoyed over the last generation or so something of a renaissance. It has become busier, and more notice has been taken of it, especially since the arrival of television cameras in the House in 1985. And throughout the 1980s the regularity of Government defeat in the Lords contrasted with the impression of effortless dominance the Thatcher Governments generally enjoyed in the Commons. Is the House actually becoming more important in the whole business of government?