bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss Function Curve to Quantify Customer (Dis)Satisfaction for Rear Chair Height (H30-2)
Authors: Santos Alex Cardoso , Silva Gustavo , Terra Rafael , Pádua Antônio , Benevente Rodrigo , Buscariolo Filipe , Lourenço Sergio
Published: December 2024

In vehicle design, the H point is a theoretical relative location measured in relation to specific characteristics that determines a group of dimensions to define vehicle interior roominess. Based on theoretical H point automakers concept their vehicle and have to make important decisions on vehicle architectural that could result in a bad product for the future customers and during the early phase of vehicle development, one of the key design attributes to consider is in relation to the interior comfort of the user, so that its design and its components enabling a favorable interaction with the occupant. Vehicle interior roominess is one of the key factors for buyers’ satisfaction with certain features such as the shoulder room, headroom and couple distance, among others, may influence the level of satisfaction of the occupants’ comfort. One of these items refers to the rear chair height (H30-2), which is presented while by the distance of rear H-point to the vehicle floor affecting the level of satisfaction for vehicle interior roominess. The objective of this project was to analyze the influence of the rear H point to vehicle floor in the vehicle interior roominess, and how the seat height can play an important role in the user’s perception. This study was supported by clinics, research and technical-statistical data.
Enhancing Vehicle Safety: Investigating the Role of Active Anti-Roll Bars in Vehicle Dynamics
Authors: Gomes Pedro Carvalho , Teixeira Evandro Leonardo Silva , Morais Marcus Vinicius Girão , Fortaleza Eugenio Liborio Feitora , Santos Gioria Gustavo
Published: December 2024

A serious problem of public healthcare around the world is the number of road vehicle accidents, every year almost 1,3 million people die and approximately 20 to 50 million people suffer a non-fatal accident because of a road vehicle accident [1]. As a result of that, in 2021 the World Health Organization stated the “The Second Decade of Action for Road Safety”, which the goal is to prevent at least 50% of deaths and injuries due traffic by 2030. To achieve this goal, the automobile companies have invested in technology and products that can enhance vehicle safety. Despite exist some control systems able to reduce roll, and consequently the roll over, such as active suspension, semi-active suspension, and stability control systems, none of them have as main purpose reduce the number of rollovers. The following study aims to examine the effects of an active anti roll bar, to improve the vehicle dynamics during corners and reduce the risk of a rollover by reducing the roll of the sprung mass and reducing the total weight transfer of the vehicle. The model utilized to reproduce the vehicle dynamics was a bicycle model with 3 degrees of freedom, to describe the tyre lateral forces it was used the nonlinear Pacejka model and as actuator to the active anti roll bar was modeled a direct current motor. The study of cases has shown that during a fishhook maneuver the active anti roll bar was able to improve the performance of the vehicle by reducing the roll angle during the transient and steady state.
Model Based Emissions and NVH Optimization
Authors: Ruiz Rodrigo Peralta Moraes , Santos Lucas Resende , Nascif Gabriel Nobre Alves , Oliveira Ribeiro Douglas , Pereira Willyan
Published: December 2024

Throughout the years, the legislations which drive the vehicle development have experimented constant evolutions. Especially when it comes about pollutant emissions and NVH ( Noise, Vibration & Harshness). However, it is complex to understand which calibration strategy promotes the best balance about lowest levels of emissions, vibrations, and noise if considered the number of inputs to be explored, becoming the searching for the optimum calibration a huge challenge for the development engineering team. This work proposes a methodology development in which complex problems can be solved by model based solutions regarding the best balance finding of emissions reduction and noise attenuation. The methodology is based in machine learning approach which provides a virtual behavior of engine phenomena making possible a wider comprehension of the problem and hence the opportunity to explore enhanced solutions. The study case scenario used to apply the method was a 6.4 liters engine which presented a huge noise during the catalyst heating phase. The method allowed to find a calibration propose that could eliminate the noise without harming emissions levels. The methodology presented the capacity to solve the problem in a shorter time and higher quality than the conventional method. Based on its success, research is ongoing to refine the methodology to be applied in several other powertrain configuration.
A Case Study of Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach Applied in the SAE BRAZIL AeroDesign Competition
Authors: Azevedo Marcos Paulo , Lahoz Carlos Henrique Netto
Published: December 2024

Systems Engineering is a method for developing complex products, aiming to improve cost and time estimates and ensure product validation against its requirements. This is crucial to meet customer needs and maintain competitiveness in the market. Systems Engineering activities include requirements, configuration, interface, deadlines, and technical risks management, as well as definition and decomposition of requirements, implementation, integration, and verification and validation testing. The use of digital tools in Systems Engineering activities is called Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). The MBSE approach helps engineers manage system complexity, ensuring project information consistency, facilitating traceability and integration of elements throughout the product lifecycle. Its benefits include improved communication, traceability, information consistency, and complexity management. Major companies like Boeing already benefit from this approach, reducing their product development time. In the academic environment, competitions such as Formula SAE BRAZIL, Baja, and AeroDesign offer students opportunities to face real challenges like multidisciplinary optimization and prototype testing. Therefore, this work aims to develop the preliminary architecture of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for the SAE BRAZIL AeroDesign competition, using the MBSE approach. This allows integrating decisions from various departments into a single repository, generating customized maps and tables to represent the created traceability. The UAV architecture focuses on aerodynamics and its impact on landing and takeoff performance. The secondary objective is to provide a study of best practices for teams participating in the SAE BRAZIL AeroDesign competition and for industries facing systemic challenges in their products. Utilizing the MagicGrid method, SysML language, and relevant aeronautical references, the results include interconnected maps and tables that maintain updated information, enable quick verification of aircraft configurations against competition requirements, and reduce the need for constant manual rework.
Study of the Stress Concentration Factor in PPS/C Type Composite Using FEA and Analytical Method
Authors: De Almeida Fernando Cristian Soares , Oliveira Geraldo Cesar Rosario , Guidi Erick Siqueira
Published: December 2024

The use of parts with notches or some geometric discontinuity is common in the industrial field. In the aerospace industry, it is common to use components made of composite materials with holes for fixing components. Thus, understanding the behavior of these materials, especially when they present holes or geometries that act as stress concentrators, becomes crucial to assess the possible reduction in strength due to presence of these notches. This study aims to determine the stress concentration factor in circular-hole composite laminates made of PPS (Polyphenylene Sulfide) with 5 HS carbon fiber. For determining stress concentration factor, analytical methods using the point stress criterion, computational numerical simulation through FEA (finite element analysis), and experimental validation of proposed model were used. Mechanical tests of specimens with dimensions adapted from ASTM D3039 standard were performed, which were instrumented using strain gauges in the transverse and longitudinal positions near the hole. The acquisition of specific strains was carried out through the Quantum X-HBM, which served to validate the computational simulation model. The modeling and analysis of stresses and strains were done using Ansys Workbench software. The proposed model was made using the PLANE183 element, which supports multilayer materials. Paths were also created in the locations where the strain gauges were mounted to validate the strain values obtained in the tests and thus validate the model. After validation of reference model, with a ratio between hole diameter and width of specimen (D/W) equal to 0.4, models were made by varying the D/W ratio from 0.1 to 0.5. The values SCF obtained from the numerical simulations were close to those obtained analytically, with this difference being approximately 3%. The SCF decreases as the D/W ratio increases, varying from 4.6 to 3.3 using the data from simulations and from 4.6 to 3.4 by analytical method.
Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles
Authors: Zimmermann Natalia Diovana , Junior Luiz Alfredo Coelho , Martins Mario , Hausen Roberto
Published: December 2024

During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench capable of exposing the oil pan to the same circumstances experienced on the test track was developed. With this test bench, the team developed and tested ten different sets of baffles, including a dynamic one. A total of 37 tests were performed, containing those with the original oil pan for a comparison parameter. The external structure was kept the same during the tests. Each baffle set underwent testing under three distinct movement scenarios: lateral acceleration during braking (similar to corner entry), constant lateral acceleration (resembling a skidpad event), and variable lateral acceleration (as a slalom). The braking experiment revealed that the lubricant took about 0.50 seconds to replenish the volume of oil in FU-23’s oil pan, whereas with the dynamic baffle set, this process occurred in just 0.03 seconds. During validation testing resembling conditions at the AutoCross Event track, this dynamic baffle exhibited no instances of oil surge induced by lateral acceleration, and the oil pressure levels on right corners averaged 3.10 bar, with a minimum recorded pressure of 2.00 bar.
CFD Soiling Simulations of Two Towing Mini Vans
Authors: Buscariolo Filipe Fabian , Gonzales José Fernando Paz , Alves Julio Cesar Lelis , Volpe Leonardo José Della
Published: December 2024

Autonomous vehicles are a current reality nowadays, although some engineering developments are still ongoing. One of the most critical points for those vehicles to keep their best performance is the position where sensors should be placed. Autonomous vehicles rely on sensors performance to avoid collision with other vehicles or objects, let the vehicle to follow the road trajectory by identifying straight lines, curves and the distance with other vehicles and also controlling the velocity, acceleration and braking operations. Events such as dust, water or incorrect positioning of the sensors may lead the autonomous vehicle to fail on previous reported tasks and might cause accidents or wrong operation. With the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) softwares, it is possible to mitigate this issue and investigate the contamination in terms of water and dust caused by another vehicle referred as soiling effect. This work aims to perform CFD simulations in order to evaluate the soiling effect of two mini-vans and evaluate the contamination caused by particles being released from the front mini-van to the rear min-van. The particle trajectory and the impingement regions are evaluated and illustrated in order to provide a map for correct sensor position or adding cleaning points.
Evaluation of Fast Charging Efficiency under Extreme Environmental Conditions in Brazil
Authors: Pires Rodrigo Alonso , Pontes Diego Augusto , Souza Rafael Barbosa , Oliveira Matheus Leonardo Araújo , Rodrigues Luiz Fernando Alves , Fernandes Heder , Maia Thales Alexandre Carvalho
Published: December 2024

Fast chargers are necessary for the success of vehicle electrification. These devices can achieve a battery charge rate greater than 4C, significantly increasing the amount of heat generated by the battery. Additionally, the operating temperature of the storage device directly influences the device’s efficiency and lifespan. Given the importance of operation temperature, the Battery Management System (BMS) plays a key role in mitigating heat generation and degradation effects. Despite BMS optimizing battery operation under all possible conditions, the use of fast chargers in extremely hot and cold environments still lowers overall efficiency. In these two worst-case scenarios, the thermal system must manage the ideal charging temperature by consuming part of the energy supplied by the charger. The present work aims to evaluate the charging energy efficiency and time with fast charger utilization, considering the Brazil’s minimum and maximum temperatures registered in 2020. In order to establish the same comparison basis, a vehicle with battery capacity of 42 kWh is modeled and a simplified BMS charging strategy is defined. Experimental tests are done for an electric vehicle submitted to fast charging to validate the model. The results point out that charging under the extreme hot temperature is more efficient than the extreme cold temperature. In comparison to charging at 30°C, charging under the extreme hot temperature decreases the overall efficiency by 1.32% and raises the total charge time by 97 seconds. For the colder temperature case, the efficiency reduction obtained is 4.36% and the time increase by 10 minutes.
Controlled Temperature Break-in Proposal for Batteries on Dynamometer Cycles: A Compliance Approach with SAE J1634 Standards
Authors: Souza Rafael Barbosa , Junior Rodrigo Alonso Pires , Rodrigues Luiz Fernando Alves , Becker Giovana Stopanovski , Fernandes Heder , Maia Thales Alexandre Carvalho , Pontes Diego Augusto
Published: December 2024

Given the recent increase in exhaust gas emission restrictions, electrification has become the major development focus in the transportation industry. Like combustion vehicles, electrified ones must also undergo homologation tests. According to the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) homologation standard, SAE J1634, the vehicle must be subjected to a minimum 1600 km break-in cycle. This standard also allows the battery to undergo an equivalent cycle that results in the same level of degradation. Since the recommended break-in cycle duration exceeds the vehicle’s battery autonomy, at least one recharge is necessary to accomplish the break-in normalization. This requirement implies more time allocated to a dynamometer, which represents additional costs to the manufacturer. As in any industry, cost reduction is crucial to enable the development of new technologies in the automotive industry. To contribute to this, a faster battery break-in cycle is proposed. As validated in several literature studies, degradation tends to increase at low and high temperatures. With this in mind, the present work aims to reduce the total battery break-in cycle by operating the storage device at different temperatures. To assess the proposal’s validity, an electric vehicle with a 23.8 kWh battery capacity and its respective degradation model are presented. The final State of Health (SoH) for the standard recommended break-in is calculated, and the proposed approach cycle conditions are determined by considering the equivalent degradation for one full cycle.
DOE Tool Applied on a Skid Plate: A Case Study
Authors: dos Santos Magalhães Daniella Fernanda , Moura Vitor Loic , Braga Junior Francisco Estevanato , Andrade Barbosa Samuel França Moura , Theulen Mueller André Marcelo
Published: December 2024

In recent years, the automotive industry has been undergoing constant evolution, and to keep up with market trends, it’s necessary to seek better performance in the shortest time possible. Therefore, CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) becomes one of the most efficient tools for this purpose, as it can predict failures and/or improvements virtually before the start of tooling manufacturing. Thus, optimization, a process in which the best value of a parameter is obtained, becomes essential in the CAE field. In this work, Design of Experiments (DOE) will be applied, a methodology that, using applied statistics, plans, conducts, analyzes, and interprets controlled tests, evaluating predefined parameters from different areas. A light vehicle skid plate will be the case study, impacting disciplines such as durability, NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness), and aerodynamics, in virtual analyses such as stiffness, vibration modes, and water fording. Using the resources provided by Renault, this study aims mass reduction, ensuring component efficiency, and reducing development time.
Numerical Simulation of Drive Cycles for Formula Electric Vehicle Comparative Powerflow Analysis
Authors: Rodrigues Patrícia Mainardi Tortorelli , Silveira Henrique Leandro
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes a theoretical drive cycle for the competition, considering the battery pack project under design. The vehicle has a non-reversible, double-stage gear train, created without a dynamic investigation. To evaluate the effect on performance, several ratios were analyzed. Dynamic model uses Eksergian’s Equation of Motion to evaluate car equivalent mass (generalized inertia), and external forces acting on the vehicle. The circuit is divided into key locations where the driver is likely to accelerate or brake, based on a predicted behavior. MATLAB ODE Solver executed the numerical integration, evaluating time forward coordinates, creating the drive cycle. Linear gear train results provided data as boundary conditions for a second round of simulations performed with epicyclic gear trains. Model is updated to include their nonlinearity by differential algebraic equation employment with Lagrange multipliers. All data undergoes evaluation to ascertain the mechanical and electrical power requirements. Subsequent analysis aims to comprehend the peak electrical current and energy storage demands of the battery pack, ensuring the car performs in competition as simulated. Whereas reference gear train ratio returns a good time frame, its energy usage surpasses competition rules. Other implemented ratios demonstrated whether an improvement in time frame or an improvement in energy usage. Upgrading one downgrades the other, for instance, speed reduction of 6.0:1 needs 60% more time for a lap than the fastest, but has the lowest energy usage. This behavior justifies epicyclic gear train investigation. Comparison of both models indicate enough evidence that car performance improves with epicyclic gear train appliance. Epicyclic gear train enhances power flow while improving energy management. It can be up to 16 seconds faster (Np=3 v3) than the reference train (9.0:1) and uses nearly the same amount of energy as 6.0:1 ratio.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Thickness Mapping and Local Stiffness for Bumper Grille Structural Simulations
Authors: Ferreira Gabriel Ramos , Souza Silva Paulo , Soares Annelise Heidrich Pietro , Maciel Ronei Santos , Carvalho Gimaézio Gomes , Sanchez Jorge Romero
Published: December 2024

In recent decades, thermoplastics have become fundamental materials for the automotive industry, due to characteristics such as low density and increased possibility of manufacturing parts into complex geometries. Correlate the mechanical behavior of parts made with these materials, between virtual and physical testing, still poses a challenge that can be explained by the inherent nature of polymeric compounds, which generally exhibit a complex microstructural composition. This study uses a Bumper Grille made of Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) as case study. This part is a fundamental external vehicle component, not only for safety criteria, but also for consumer satisfaction. To analyze the structural behavior of a vehicle components such as a Grille, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) tools with the Finite Element Method (FEM) are commonly applied, in which a good understanding of the analysis setup and physical properties used to define the model are essential. For models built with shell elements the thickness representation is a fundamental parameter that can be determined through automated techniques that define node element values or values ranges to be used. Furthermore, understanding the influence of geometric patterns on FEM results is crucial for accurate and reliable component validation. This work uses different thickness representation in FEM models to analyze the sensitivity of this parameter in static and modal analyses, and subsequently it was described the local stiffness pattern around each actuator position, aiming to subjectively justify the results. The results include natural frequencies for modal analysis and displacements in different regions for static analysis. This study aims to understand the impact that the usage of different thickness mapping variation on the results of structural simulations as well as how the local geometry pattern of each simulation affects the results, and improve the processes of the thickness parameter definition, allowing better data-driven decisions in the future.
Methodology to Obtain the Operation Reaction Loads in Automotive Fuel Filler Door
Authors: Pereira Rômulo Franco , Espinosa-Aguilar Jonathan , Silva Lucas , Sarmento Alisson , Chou Chun Heng
Published: December 2024

During the development phase of any product, it is crucial to ensure functionality and durability throughout their whole lifecycle. Physical tests have been traditionally used as the main tool to evaluate the durability of a product, especially in the automotive industry. And the evolution of computational methods combined with the Engineering Fundamentals allowed Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations to predict failures in considering different conditions without building a prototype to perform a test. The use of virtual product validation using CAE simulations leads to product design flexibility on early development phase and both development costs and time reduction. This paper presents a methodology for computing the operation reaction loads in an automotive fuel filler door, which is an input needed to virtually validate the subsystem in terms of durability. The methodology is based on rigid body motion assumptions and the result shows good accuracy when comparing the displacement of physical model and virtual model using the proposed methodology. Also, a substantial time reduction when compared with traditional component development.
Porosity Effect on the Scratch Tests of Austenitic Stainless Steel (AISI 316L)
Authors: Tahanzadeh Samira , Seriacopi Vanessa , Rodrigues Daniel , Machado Izabel Fernanda
Published: December 2024

Austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) is highly valued in various industries for its properties, especially related to wear and corrosion resistances. There are several applications of austenitic stainless steel in the automotive industry. This study investigates the effects of porosity of SS316L samples fabricated using powder metallurgy (uniaxial pressure). Two different compaction pressures, 300 MPa, and 600 MPa, were applied to analyze their influence on the material’s density, porosity, microstructure, hardness, and abrasion responses. The SS316L samples were sintered at 1120 °C for 30 min. The microstructural analysis revealed that the sample pressed at 600 MPa exhibited higher density and lower porosity (18.9%) compared to the sample pressed at 300 MPa (29.2%). This increased compaction pressure led to a more uniform microstructure with smaller grain sizes and a more consistent distribution of circular pores. Consequently, the hardness of the 600 MPa sample was significantly higher across all testing loads, attributed to grain refinement and higher density. Tribological performance was evaluated through scratch tests using a Rockwell C tip, and considering 20 N as the normal load applied. The 3D interferometry technique was used to analyze the profiles of the wear track and surface roughness. The 600 MPa sample provided superior wear resistance, with lower scratch depth and coefficient of friction (COF) compared to the 300 MPa sample. The specific energy values indicated that the 600 MPa sample dissipated more energy due to increased resistance to plastic deformation, resulting in less material removal and enhanced abrasion resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the wear tracks confirmed micro-ploughing as the predominant wear mechanism in both samples. However, the 300 MPa sample exhibited more irregular pore distribution, leading to localized slight transitions from micro-ploughing to micro-cutting, which increased susceptibility to material removal and wear. This study shows that optimizing compaction parameters to minimize porosity is critical for enhancing the abrasion resistance of SS316L. Therefore, controlling porosity is highlighted in this research, which shows how important it is to achieve abrasion resistance materials for critical applications in automotive tribosystems.
Engine Speed Control for the Urban Hybrid-Flex Vehicle
Authors: Júnior João Marcos Hilário Barcelos , de Sousa Oliveira Alessandro Borges , Teixeira Evandro Leonardo Silva , Pereira Bruno Luiz , Pinheiro Leandro Soares , dos Santos Ribeiro Eduardo , dos Santos de Oliveira Jordano
Published: December 2024

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) combine combustion and electric propulsion means to achieve key objectives, such as: reducing fuel consumption, minimizing pollutant emissions, and enhancing the overall energy efficiency of the Powertrain System. The series hybrid electric vehicles, in special, have a topology compound by four Subsystems, which are: Traction, Storage, Energy Generation, and Energy Management. The Energy Generation Subsystem is responsible for the power supply of the electric traction motors and batteries, depending on the control strategy promoted by the Energy Management Subsystem. The Energy Generation Subsystem is essentially made by an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and a Generator. Effective control of the power output from the Energy Generation Subsystem necessitates precise regulation of the engine speed. Thus, it is necessary to control the engine speed because this is directly related to the power demand of the consumers of other subsystem components.

This study presents a preliminary speed control approach for a four-stroke engine utilized in the Energy Generation Subsystem of a series hybrid-flex vehicle. This work is a component of the larger project “Desenvolvimento de um Veículo Urbano Leve Híbrido Flex (VHF-Urbano)” from the ROTA 2030/MOVER program. To allow the engine speed control, a throttle-by-wire system was designed. Notably, at this stage, the physical system to be controlled is a Single Input and a Single Output (SISO) system, where the desired engine speed is solely achieved by varying the angular position of the throttle valve. A model-based control was developed to achieve the desired engine speed. It is expected to use this first control strategy as a groundwork to develop a more sophisticated strategy, involving other sensors and actuators of the ICE utilized in this work.
Zonal Architecture: A Way of Using of the CAN Protocol
Authors: Santos Felipe Carvalho , Silva Antônio Lucas , Paterlini Bruno , Pedroso Henrique Gomes , Alves Joyce Martins , Milani Pedro Henrique Pires , Klepa Rogério Bonette
Published: December 2024

In the automotive industry, the zonal architecture is a design approach that organizes a vehicle’s electronic and communication systems into specific zones. These zones group components based on their function and physical location, enabling more efficient integration and simplified communication between the vehicle’s various systems. An important aspect of this architecture is the implementation of the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. CAN is a serial communication protocol developed specifically for automotive applications, allowing various electronic devices within a vehicle, such as sensors, actuators, and Electronic Control Units (ECUs), to communicate with each other quickly and reliably, sharing information essential for the vehicle’s operation. However, due to its limitations, there is a need for more efficient protocols like Automotive Ethernet and Controller Area Network Flexible (CAN FD), which allow for higher transmission rates and larger data packets.

To centralize information more efficiently, zonal architecture groups ECUs based on their functionalities, facilitating faster information exchange between ECUs of the same category and providing greater prioritization filtering between different categories. Examples of common zones include Safety (responsible for vehicle safety information), Powertrain (covering data related to the engine, transmission, and emission control), and Chassis (representing the vehicle’s structural functions, such as stability, steering, suspension, and braking). The article highlights how the structure of zonal architecture is constituted, explaining the physical separation and the implementation of the CAN protocol within this type of grouping. It also points out the main advantages and disadvantages of using this architecture compared to other existing ones.
Development and Simulation of an AUTOSAR Software Component for Functional Safety according to ISO 26262 Fault Detection and Safety Mechanisms
Authors: Santiago Frederico Victor Scoralick , dos Santos Machado Cleberson , Imbasciati Henrique , Costa Silvio Romero Alves
Published: December 2024

In the context of advancing automotive electronic systems, ensuring functional safety as per ISO 26262 standards has become of primary importance. This paper presents the development of an AUTOSAR-compliant Software Component (SWC) applied to ISO 26262 applications. Using MATLAB/Simulink, we design and simulate a SWC that operates within the AUTOSAR architecture, focusing on fault detection and activation of safety mechanisms. The SWC is built to monitor specific system parameters and operational anomalies. Upon detecting a fault, it triggers predefined safety mechanisms to mitigate risks and ensure system integrity. The simulation focus on capability to accurately identify faults and execute safety measures effectively, thus demonstrating a practical approach to enhance automotive system safety implementation and its reuse. This paper not only highlights the importance of ISO 26262 in the automotive industry but also illustrates the feasibility of developing and integrating safety-critical software components within the AUTOSAR framework. The results contribute to the ongoing discussions on automotive safety standards, offering a methodology for leveraging AUTOSAR architecture to achieve compliance with ISO 26262.
Physical and Cognitive Driver Reactions Characterization in Response to Active Safety Systems: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Castro Gabriel M. , Silva Rita C. , Miosso Cristiano J. , Oliveira Alessandro B. S.
Published: December 2024

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are technologies that automate, facilitate, and improve the vehicle’s systems. Indeed, these systems directly interfere with braking, acceleration, and drivability of driving operations. Thus, the use of ADAS directly reflects the psychology behind driving a vehicle, which can have an automation level that varies from fully manual (Level 0) to fully autonomous (Level 5). Even though ADAS technologies provide safer driving, it is still a challenge to understand the complexity of human factors that influence and interact with these new technologies. Also, there has been limited exploration of the correlation between the physical and cognitive driver reactions and the characteristics of Brazilian roads and traffic. Therefore, the present work sought to establish a preliminary investigation into a method for evaluating the driving response profile under the influence of ADAS technologies, such as Lane Centering and Forward Collision Warning, on roads in the Distrito Federal (DF) related to vehicle automation levels’ 1’ and ‘2’. Participants performed an experimental program to validate the drivers’ instrumentation, which consists of several sensors to measure different physiological signals, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyography (EMG), Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), and respiration monitor. The results showed that the ECG sensor did not work linearly for all participants even in the same situation. However, the data acquisition from the sensor seems satisfactory. Although participants use the sensors that will be applied in real-world driving, all experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting, so it is necessary to evaluate the data acquisition during a driving scenario.
Enhancing Vehicle Comfort: A Study on Reducing Vibration Transmission in Fuel Supply Modules
Authors: de Azevedo Fernandes Luiz Eduardo , de Oliveira Melo Lázaro Benedito , Boa Nathan Barroso Fonte
Published: December 2024

In today’s automotive industry, the reduction of vibration and noise in all vehicle components is essential to align with the market trend towards quieter interiors within vehicles. Specifically, this paper focuses on the fuel supply module, responsible for delivering fuel to combustion engines across various applications at the correct system pressure. As a rotating machinery product, inherent vibration is present in its functionality. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the sources of vibration and minimize them to prevent transmission to the vehicle body. This paper discusses and presents experimental results of a design change aimed at reducing vibration transmission from the fuel supply module by modifying the rubber support within the product. Beginning with an analytical model to establish the cause-effect relationship between dynamic machinery and its support in vibration phenomena, the study implements changes to the actual product and conducts tests in fuel tank applications. The goal is to reduce vibrations transferred from the source to the target through design proposals. Following prototype tests, the paper concludes that vibration measurements of rotating machinery can be reduced by altering the design of its rubber support
Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine
Authors: Malheiro de Oliveira Enrico R. , Mendoza Alexander Penaranda , Martelli Andre Luiz , Dias Fábio J. , Weissinger Frederico F. , dos Santos Leila Ribeiro , Lacava Pedro Teixeira
Published: December 2024

High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results. In the present work, the spark plug was placed in the lateral, so the ignition and part of the flame propagate close to the cylinder wall, and it will exchange with greater heat to the wall than the flame portions that propagate towards the central region of the chamber. Therefore, the flame front propagates at different speeds; causing stretching and wrinkling that can lead to instabilities and cyclic variability. To address this issue, this work presents experimental results that, through the images post-processing of flames under a SOI (start of injection) sweep strategy in the compression phase to closer of the spark ignition, associating the non-uniform propagation velocity of the flame with the cyclic variability. The fuel impingement on the wall was critical in this scenario, which led to higher soot concentrations and diffusive flames for gasoline. It was found that the injection close to the spark plug enhances the heat release, and combustion stability, decreasing soot emissions. Total unburned hydrocarbons (THC), Nitrous oxides (NOx), aldehydes, and soot emissions decreased for end of injection events closer to the spark ignition. This trend opposes the increase observed in CO emissions.
Laser Welding Applied to Complex Phase Steel
Authors: Dias Erica Ximenes , Reis de Faria Neto Antonio , Castro Thais Santos , Martins Marcelo Sampaio , Santos Pereira Marcelo
Published: December 2024

The development of advanced high-strength steels has become essential in the production of lightweight, safe, and more economical vehicles within the context of the automotive industry. Among the advanced high-strength steels, complex phase steels stand out, characterized by their high formability and high energy absorption and deformation capacity. Laser welding is a technique that applies laser using high energy density as a heat source. It has the advantages that the high welding speed and low heat input compared to other welding methods cause a decrease in deformation, and the narrow width of the weld bead and heat-affected zone allows for the welding of complex parts that would be difficult for other welding methods. Based on a study of a complex phase steel, an analysis was made of the microstructures observed by optical microscopy, the grain boundaries and certain phases contained in this microstructure, as well as the microstructures of each area in the laser welding region observed by scanning electron microscopy. Presenting as results the microstructures of the welded region, such as martensite and bainite phases are the dark phases and retained austenite and ferrite phases are the light phases.
Modeling and Simulation of an Electromagnetic Brake-by-Wire System for Formula SAE Vehicles
Authors: Salgado Vinícius Batista Alves , Gomes Deilton Gonçalves , Andrade Lima Cláudio
Published: December 2024

Electric vehicles represent a shift towards sustainability in the automotive industry, with the Brake-by-Wire (BBW) system as an innovation to enhance safety, and performance. This study proposes an electromagnetic BBW system for Formula SAE vehicles, optimizing an electromagnet with a genetic algorithm as the actuator. Through a selection process from a million individuals, the system was modeled. Integrated with electric motors using CarMaker® software, the optimized electromagnet surpassed the minimum required force of 228.08 N without reaching its nominal current of 12.5 A, achieving a force of 231.1 N for 150 W power, indicating an energy efficiency of 0.706 N/Watt. The system also exhibited a response time of 17.92ms for an 80 bar increase, 1.52 times better than compared systems. Simulation under varying braking intensities demonstrated dynamic behavior, with settling times for slow, moderate, and sharp braking at 193 ms, 62 ms, and 21 ms, respectively. Efficiency during different braking scenarios yielded energy recovery rates of 33.25%, 8.18%, and 5.34%, respectively. These results validate the proposed system.
Challenges in Cost Reduction for Automotive Parts: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Oliveira Neto Raimundo Arrais , Souza Camila Gomes Peçanha , Brito Luis Roberto Bonfim , Guimarães Georges Louis Nogueira
Published: December 2024

The automotive industry is facing unprecedented pressure to reduce costs without compromising on quality and performance, particularly in the design and manufacturing. This paper provides a technical review of the multifaceted challenges involved in achieving cost efficiency while maintaining financial viability, functional integrity, and market competitiveness. Financial viability stands as a primary obstacle in cost reduction projects. The demand for innovative products needs to be balanced with the need for affordable materials while maintaining structural integrity. Suppliers’ cost structures, raw material fluctuations, and production volumes must be considered on the way to obtain optimal costs. Functional aspects lead to another layer of complexity, once changes in design or materials should not compromise safety, durability, or performance. Rigorous testing and simulation tools are indispensable to validate changes in the manufacturing process. Marketing considerations are also significant to the success of cost reduction strategies. Brand reputation and customer perceptions of quality must be safeguarded when changes are implemented. To that end, communication strategies to convey the benefits of cost reduction without compromising perceived value are a key factor to enhance market acceptance. Another crucial element in the execution of cost reduction projects is operational efficiency. Streamlining production processes, optimizing supply chain logistics, and embracing automation technologies require careful planning and implementation to avoid disruptions in production schedules. In conclusion, addressing the challenges of reducing costs in automotive body exterior parts demands a holistic approach that considers financial, functional, and marketing aspects. Striking the right balance between these elements is essential for the success of cost reduction initiatives, ensuring that the automotive industry remains competitive while meeting the demands of a cost-conscious market. A solid technical background for all the parties involved is imperative, and this text provides an overview of the pivotal topics in that context.
Design and Manufacture of a Bench for Testing Fuel under High Injection Pressure
Authors: Zabeu Clayton Barcelos , Pires Gustavo Cassares , Jesus Renato Vieira , Oliveira Polízio Yuri Alves
Published: December 2024

A bench was developed with the aim of making it possible to test direct injection fuel system of low-displacement engines (up to 2,000cc) outside of a conventional test bench. It has adjustable supports that make it possible to install various engines of different manufacturers. In addition, the bench has features an electric motor, an external oil pumping system and a programmable ECU. These accessory systems were necessary because the engine for which the bench was initially designed has undergone various adaptations that required external systems such as those mentioned above. The project was designed to provide great ease, agility and low manufacturing costs, so the entire bench chassis was manufactured using just one standardized steel profile that is easily found on the market. Still about manufacturing, the concept of the prototype was also developed around the need for it to be compact and easy to transport so that the tests could be carried out in different environments in an agile manner. To this end, the final dimensions of this bench do not exceed the space available in a small pick-up type cargo vehicle. The result of this project was a bench that has been tested and validated with approximately 600 hours of use without any apparent problems or security risks, with a good degree of versatility to other platforms and quick and simple manufacturing. The results extracted from the tests were conclusive and contributed in a preliminary way to understanding the physical phenomena occurring in the fuel injector body and allowed for a more in-depth study of high-pressure fuel injection systems and the dynamics of injector operation.
Synthesis of waste pineapple peel cellulose based hydrogels and aerogels
Authors: Şimşek Oğuzhan , Okutucu Burcu
Published: December 2024

Aerogels were one of the groups of nanoporous materials with superior physicochemical properties. Their unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties make aerogels as promising candidates for different applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical implantable devices, biotechnology and wastewater treatments. The organic (silica) and inorganic (biopolymers) compounds can be used to synthesize aerogels. Cellulose found the most abundant in world was one of these biopolymers. Cellulose has properties such as biocompatibility, recyclability, excellent mechanical strength, adjustable optical appearance, thermostabilizing, non-toxicity make to prefer in aerogel studies. In this study, pineapple peel waste cellulose was used to synthesize aerogel. To obtain cellulose hydrogels cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose (monomers) were mixed with epichlorohydrin (cross-linker). Alcogels (by solvent exchange) and aerogels (by freeze-thaw) was synthesized from obtained hydrogels. The characterization studies water adsorption capacity and transparency tests were performed waste based hydrogel and aerogels.
The Maternal Death Surveillance System in Nepal: Current Status and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Sharma Sharad Kumar
Published: December 2024

A robust monitoring and documentation of maternal deaths are critical for understanding the extent, context, and identifying probable solutions for addressing the preventable deaths. In Nepal, the current maternal death surveillance system (including both the health facility and community-based maternal deaths) has been in operation for about a decade now. As of mid-2022, the system has been introduced in 94 hospitals and 2,123 communities (Wards). The recent data (2020-2022) on the cases of maternal deaths generated by the system show broad similarity with those based on the census-based estimates for the year 2021. Considerable differences exist in the reasons for maternal deaths between health facility and community-based data. Some of the existing major challenges in the system include, identifying causes of death correctly within a reasonable time frame, identifying realistic solutions to the timely and appropriate response actions, and ensuring that the system works effectively before scaling up to other areas within the country. These need to be addressed for the system to function as an effective tool for tracking maternal deaths and reducing preventable maternal death in Nepal.