bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D6h‐Au42 Isomer: A Golden Aromatic Toroid Involving Superatomic π‐Orbitals that Follow the Hückel (4n+2)π rule
Authors: Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro
Published: August 2016

Recently, it has been shown that the superatom concept is intimately connected to relevant tools of great chemical significance, such as the Lewis structure model and the VSEPR theory, which has been employed to understand hybridized and dimeric‐like molecules. This suggests a potential rational construction of superatomic clusters mimicking more complex structures. Here, we extend another well‐employed concept to the superatomic clusters, to construct a novel Au42 isomer with resemblance to cyclic aromatic molecules. It is shown that the Hückel (4n+2)π rule is ready to be applied, predicting aromatic behavior latterly supported by the favorable evaluation of the induced shielding cone formation. The D6h isomer of Au42 described here exhibits inherent characteristics mimicking aromatic hydrocarbon rings, displaying π‐superatomic orbitals and related properties. This new cluster is the first member of the superatomic clusters family to exhibit an aromatic π‐electron system.
Black N/H‐TiO2 Nanoplates with a Flower‐Like Hierarchical Architecture for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Kaifu , Zhou Wei , Chi Lina , Zhang Xiangcheng , Hu Weiyao , Jiang Baojiang , Pan Kai , Tian Guohui , Jiang Zheng
Published: August 2016

A facile two‐step strategy was used to prepare black of hydrogenated/nitrogen‐doped TiO2 nanoplates (NHTA) with a flower‐like hierarchical architecture. In situ nitriding and self‐assembly was realized by hydrothermal synthesis using tripolycyanamide as a N source and as a structure‐directing agent. After thorough characterization, it was found that the hydrogenation treatment did not damage the flower‐like architecture but distorted the anatase crystal structure and significantly changed the band structure of NHTA owing to the increased concentration of oxygen vacancies, hydroxyl groups, and Ti3+ cations. Under AM 1.5 illumination, the photocatalytic H2 evolution rate on the black NHTA was approximately 1500 μmol g−1 h−1, which was much better than the N‐doped TiO2 nanoplates (≈690 μmol g−1 h−1). This improvement in the hydrogen evolution rate was attributed to a reduced bandgap, enhanced separation of the photogenerated charge carriers, and an increase in the surface‐active sites.
Penalty‐aware and cost‐efficient resource management in cloud data centers
Authors: Rahmanian AA , Dastghaibyfard GH , Tahayori H
Published: August 2016

Today, data centers are the main source of providing cloud services through a service level agreement (SLA). Most research papers for cloud resource management concentrate on how to reduce host energy consumption and SLA violation (SLAV) to minimize operational cost. However, they do not consider the amount of penalty that cloud provider should pay to users because of SLAV. In this paper, we propose a new penalty‐aware and cost‐efficient method that considers cloud resource management as a cost problem. In this method parameters such as user budget, penalty, and host energy consumption cost play an important role in minimizing operational cost which leads to higher profit for cloud provider. The simulation results with CloudSim show that our proposed method minimizes operational cost compared to the prior resource managements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining resource use assessment techniques reveals trade‐offs in trophic specialization of polymorphic perch
Authors: Scharnweber Kristin , Strandberg Ursula , Marklund Maria Helena Katarina , Eklöv Peter
Published: August 2016

Trophic polymorphism has found to be common in many taxa and is a suggested mechanism of ecological speciation. To characterize the trophic linkages of specific morphotypes of organisms as well as a time‐integrated niche use, several methods are available. In this study, we present data of multiple techniques to investigate the trophic divergence of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) that displays well‐studied trophic polymorphism associated with littoral and pelagic habitats in lakes. We combined bulk stable isotope and fatty acid analyses on the muscle tissue of perch from three different lakes in Sweden with analyses of stomach content. By comparing the three methods, we aimed at providing a broad and highly resolved picture on the trophic divergence in freshwater fish. The degree in morphological divergence varied between perch caught in the three different lakes. Generally, perch caught in the pelagic zone were more streamlined compared to the ones caught in the littoral zone that had a deeper body, as shown by geometric morphometrics. The three diet assessment methods revealed different levels of information. Data on stomach content showed some preferences for specific dietary items in littoral and pelagic perch, but general trophic specialization could not be concluded due to the small sample size. Analyses of δ13C and δ15N, however, confirmed these results as a long‐term pattern connected to specific habitat use in two of the three lakes. Fatty acid signatures of perch reflected partly those of the prey items of the specific habitats. Although the proportions of the essential fatty acid 22:6n‐3 were lower in littoral resources, the proportions in littoral fish were similar to the ones caught in the pelagic zone. We concluded that although a fundamental contribution from littoral resources exists in littoral phenotypes, a minor reliance on pelagic prey items is obviously needed to provide essential compounds. Thus, by combining the methods to characterize direct resource use (i.e., stomach analyses) with others that utilize trophic biomarkers (i.e., analyses of stable isotopes and fatty acids), we were able to illustrate the degree of variation in trophic divergence of perch but also shed some light on potential trade‐offs that are related to resource specialization in freshwater fish.
Unexpected Formation and Crystal Structure of the Highly Symmetric Carbanion [C(SiCl3)3]–
Authors: Böhme Uwe , Gerwig Maik , Gründler Franziska , Brendler Erica , Kroke Edwin
Published: August 2016

Disproportionation reactions of Si2Cl6 in the presence of [nBu4N]Cl in halogenated solvents yield the compound [nBu4N][C(SiCl3)3] (1). X‐ray structure analysis of 1 proves the existence of a planar carbanion, which is stabilized by three trichlorosilyl groups. Quantum chemical analysis shows the presence of highly polar bonds in the anion. Planarization of the anion can be explained by the interaction of the occupied lone pair at the carbon atom with the antibonding σ* orbitals of the Si–Cl bonds (negative hyperconjugation).
A Palladium(II) Peroxido Complex Supported by the Smallest Steric N‐Heterocyclic Carbene, IMe = 1,3‐Dimethylimidazole‐2‐ylidene, and Its Reactivity by Oxygen‐Atom Transfer
Authors: Lee Eunsung , Bae Dae Young , Park Sungho , Oliver Allen G. , Kim Yonghwi , Yandulov Dmitry V.
Published: August 2016

Stabilized with an N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand of the smallest steric profile, PdII(η2‐O2)(IMe)2 (IMe = 1,3‐dimethylimidazole‐2‐ylidene) was synthesized by the direct addition of dioxygen to Pd0(IMe)2. The peroxidopalladium complex with IMe, which was previously available only by computation, was characterized by IR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. Moreover, its oxygen‐atom‐transfer reactivity was elucidated by studying its thermolysis in pyridine at 60 °C to yield 1,3‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐one (IMeO) and its reaction with oxygen‐atom‐transfer acceptors such as PPh3 and (Me3Si)2.
Rotational Barriers of Substituted BIPHEP Ligands: A Comparative Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Storch Golo , Maier Frank , Wessig Pablo , Trapp Oliver
Published: August 2016

The interconversion barriers of 14 different 3,3′‐ and 5,5′‐disubstituted tropos BIPHEP [2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐biphenyl] and BIPHEP(O) [2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl] ligands were investigated by enantioselective dynamic high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and DFT calculations using the B3LYP/6‐31G* and M06‐2X/6‐31G* levels of theory. The experimentally determined enantiomerization barriers varied from 86.8 to 101.4 kJ mol–1 and were found to be in excellent agreement with the calculated data. The root‐mean‐square deviations are 7.3 kJ mol–1 for the B3LYP functional and 11.3 kJ mol–1 for the M06‐2X method.
General and Direct Synthesis of Indolizine‐1‐carbaldehydes by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Phenylpropiolaldehyde with Pyridinium Ylides
Authors: Gao Tao , Chen Xiuling , Jiang Longqiang , Wu Minghu , Guo Haibing , Wang Jian , Sun Shaofa , Oiler Jeremy , Xing Yalan
Published: August 2016

An efficient and one‐step synthesis of indolizine‐1‐carbaldehydes from phenylpropiolaldehyde and pyridinium ylides was developed. The elegant methodology afforded functionalized indolizines with easy operation under mild reaction conditions and with wide substrate scope.
Effectiveness of resettable energy dissipating devices in seismic response modification of elastic SDoF systems
Authors: Fardadi Mahshid , Jabbari Faryar , Zareian Farzin
Published: August 2016

Semi‐active variable stiffness resettable devices can reduce seismic demands and damages in structures. Despite their advantages, variable stiffness resettable devices are under‐utilized mainly because of the shortage of fundamental research in quantifying the sensitivity of key seismic response parameters, and losses, in structures that use such systems for seismic hazard mitigation. Within this setting, the research summarized herein measures the effectiveness of semi‐active resettable energy dissipating devices in the Single‐Degree‐of‐Freedom domain aiming at quantifying the sensitivity of their seismic response to variation in control parameters and generating the required knowledge to utilize such semi‐active devices in the Multi‐Degree‐of‐Freedom domain. The performance (i.e. maximum relative displacement and peak absolute acceleration demands) of Single‐Degree‐of‐Freedom systems with an array of semi‐active control logics under various dynamic excitation regimes is studied. Two sets of 40 ground motions representing various seismic loading conditions (i.e. pulse‐like and rock‐site ground motions) are used, and an efficient control logic for mitigating these seismic demands is proposed. Numerical results show that proposed control logic enables a decrease of 40–60% for both maximum relative displacement and seismic base shear and 15–25% decrease for peak absolute acceleration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil formation and weathering in a permafrost environment of the Swiss Alps: a multi‐parameter and non‐steady‐state approach
Authors: Zollinger Barbara , Alewell Christine , Kneisel Christof , Brandová Dagmar , Petrillo Marta , Plötze Michael , Christl Marcus , Egli Markus
Published: August 2016

Spatially discontinuous permafrost conditions frequently occur in the European Alps. How soils under such conditions have evolved and how they may react to climate warming is largely unknown. This study focuses on the comparison of nearby soils that are characterised by the presence or absence of permafrost (active‐layer thickness: 2–3 m) in the alpine (tundra) and subalpine (forest) range of the Eastern Swiss Alps using a multi‐method (geochemical and mineralogical) approach. Moreover, a new non‐steady‐state concept was applied to determine rates of chemical weathering, soil erosion, soil formation, soil denudation, and soil production. Long‐term chemical weathering rates, soil formation and erosion rates were assessed by using immobile elements, fine‐earth stocks and meteoric 10Be. In addition, the weathering index (K + Ca)/Ti, the amount of Fe‐ and Al‐oxyhydroxides and clay minerals characteristics were considered. All methods indicated that the differences between permafrost‐affected and non‐permafrost‐affected soils were small. Furthermore, the soils did not uniformly differ in their weathering behaviour. A tendency towards less intense weathering in soils that were affected by permafrost was noted: at most sites, weathering rates, the proportion of oxyhydroxides and the weathering stage of clay minerals were lower in permafrost soils. In part, erosion rates were higher at the permafrost sites and accounted for 79–97% of the denudation rates. In general, soil formation rates (8.8–86.7 t/km2/yr) were in the expected range for Alpine soils. Independent of permafrost conditions, it seems that the local microenvironment (particularly vegetation and subsequently soil organic matter) has strongly influenced denudation rates. As the climate has varied since the beginning of soil evolution, the conditions for soil formation and weathering were not stable over time. Soil evolution in high Alpine settings is complex owing to, among others, spatio‐temporal variations of permafrost conditions and thus climate. This makes predictions of future behaviour very difficult. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The performance of random CSMA networks with threshold scheduling
Authors: Bienenstock Aviad , Bergel Itsik
Published: August 2016

The performance of wireless ad hoc networks is typically limited by the mutual interference between its nodes. Two of the best known approaches to reducing the mutual interference are medium access control protocols and smart power allocation schemes. Here, we analyse wireless ad hoc networks that utilize both the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol and the threshold scheduling (TS) power allocation scheme. The cost of utilizing these two techniques is evaluated by a common parameter: the probability of nodes to back off.

We present a closed form analytic expression for the optimal division of the back‐off probability between the TS scheme and the CSMA in the low back‐off regime. This expression represents the trade‐off between the CSMA mechanism and the TS scheme and enables the evaluation of optimal performance. The derived expression shows that if the system density is optimized; that is, the system operates at its optimal‐user density, the CSMA approach has an advantage, even in the low signal‐to‐noise ratio regime. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐scale time integration for transient conjugate heat transfer
Authors: He L. , Fadl M.
Published: August 2016

The quasi‐steady assumption is commonly adopted in existing transient fluid–solid‐coupled convection–conduction (conjugate) heat transfer simulations, which may cause non‐negligible errors in certain cases of practical interest. In the present work, we adopt a new multi‐scale framework for the fluid domain formulated in a triple‐timing form. The slow‐varying temporal gradient corresponding to the time scales in the solid domain has been effectively included in the fluid equations as a source term, whilst short‐scale unsteadiness of the fluid domain is captured by a local time integration at a given ‘frozen’ large scale time instant. For concept proof, validation and demonstration purposes, the proposed methodology has been implemented in a loosely coupled procedure in conjunction with a hybrid interfacing treatment for coupling efficiency and accuracy. The present results indicate that a much enhanced applicability can be achieved with relatively small modifications of existing transient conjugate heat transfer methods at little extra cost. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the clinical cardiac drug‐drug interaction associated with the combination of hepatitis C virus nucleotide inhibitors and amiodarone in guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys
Authors: Regan Christopher P. , Morissette Pierre , Regan Hillary K. , Travis Jeffery J. , Gerenser Pamela , Wen Jianzhong , Fitzgerald Kevin , Gruver Shaun , DeGeorge Joseph J. , Sannajust Frederick J.
Published: August 2016

In 2015, European and U.S. health agencies issued warning letters in response to 9 reported clinical cases of severe bradycardia/bradyarrhythmia in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients treated with sofosbuvir (SOF) in combination with other direct acting antivirals (DAAs) and the antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone (AMIO). We utilized preclinical in vivo models to better understand this cardiac effect, the potential pharmacological mechanism(s), and to identify a clinically translatable model to assess the drug‐drug interaction (DDI) cardiac risk of current and future HCV inhibitors. An anesthetized guinea pig model was used to elicit a SOF+AMIO‐dependent bradycardia. Detailed cardiac electrophysiological studies in this species revealed SOF+AMIO‐dependent selective nodal dysfunction, with initial, larger effects on the sinoatrial node. Further studies in conscious, rhesus monkeys revealed an emergent bradycardia and bradyarrhythmia in 3 of 4 monkeys administered SOF+AMIO, effects not observed with either agent alone. Morever, bradycardia and bradyarrhythmia were not observed in rhesus monkeys when intravenous infusion of MK‐3682 was completed after AMIO pretreatment. Conclusions: These are the first preclinical in vivo experiments reported to replicate the severe clinical SOF+AMIO cardiac DDI and provide potential in vivo mechanism of action. As such, these data provide a preclinical risk assessment paradigm, including a clinically relevant nonhuman primate model, with which to better understand cardiovascular DDI risk for this therapeutic class. Furthermore, these studies suggest that not all HCV DAAs and, in particular, not all HCV nonstructural protein 5B inhibitors may exhibit this cardiac DDI with amiodarone. Given the selective in vivo cardiac electrophysiological effect, these data enable targeted cellular/molecular mechanistic studies to more precisely identify cell types, receptors, and/or ion channels responsible for the clinical DDI. (Hepatology 2016;64:1430‐1441)
FIRST‐GENERATION LATINA MOTHERS’ EXPERIENCES OF SUPPLEMENTING HOME‐BASED EARLY HEAD START WITH THE ATTACHMENT AND BIOBEHAVIORAL CATCH‐UP PROGRAM
Authors: Aparicio Elizabeth M. , Denmark Nicole , Berlin Lisa J. , Jones Harden Brenda
Published: August 2016

This qualitative pilot study examined first‐generation Latina mothers’ experiences of supplementing home‐based Early Head Start (EHS) services with the evidence‐based Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch‐up (ABC; M. Dozier, O. Lindheim, & J. Ackerman, 2005) program. Ten low‐income, first‐generation Latina mothers with infants and toddlers enrolled in home‐based EHS were provided 10 ABC home visits by a supplemental parent coach. Following delivery of ABC, mothers participated in in‐depth, semistructured, qualitative interviews about their experiences. Interview themes included positive experiences of both EHS and the ABC, a high value placed on receiving both programs, and cultural relevance of the ABC program for Latino families. Participants offered several suggestions for improved program delivery. Study findings suggest that a model of EHS supplemented by ABC delivered to the Latino community is feasible, valuable to participants, and culturally relevant. Considerations for sustainability of this supplemental model are discussed.
Investigations on the Phase Transformation, Optical Characteristics, and Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized Heterostructured Nanoporous Bi2O3–TiO2
Authors: Sud Dhiraj , Syal Abhinandan
Published: August 2016

Fine‐powdered, heterostructured, nanoporous Bi2O3–TiO2 (BTO) was synthesized by a green approach using ultrasonication, with the mole ratio Bi/Ti of 1:1 and calcined at different temperatures. The physical and optical properties of the mixed oxides were investigated. The phase structure, as identified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), showed the appearance of new phases as a function of the calcination temperature. Morphological examinations indicated the formation of a nanoporous structure with a drastic change in morphology at the calcination temperature of 850°C from a globule to a rod‐shaped structure, which further got transformed to a rocky appearance at 1200°C. Doping with Bi2O3 led to the lowering of the bandgap of TiO2 from 3.25 to 2.5 eV. A BTO nanocatalyst calcined at 450°C exhibited promising photocatalytic activity for the degradation of quinalphos (QP) (92%) after a time interval of 100 min under visible light and at the optimum pH 8. The kinetics of degradation of QP showed that it follows a pseudo‐first‐order path with a rate constant 0.01267 min−1. The synthesized BTO mixed oxide showed profound improvement in photocatalytic activity in the visible region as compared to TiO2.
Living in the Shadows: Plight of the Undocumented
Authors: Aranda Roy
Published: August 2016

The word “immigration” has become a household buzzword. The welcome sign on the Statue of Liberty that reads, “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,” however, is fading and has been replaced by many complicated conditions. What to do with the very large number of undocumented immigrants living in the United States and arriving at the United States every day commands considerable attention and has been the subject of breaking stories in the news. Working in the field of immigration demands an awareness of and sensitivity to diversity and cultural competence. Despite a “hot” sociopolitical climate when it comes to undocumented aliens and what to do with them, there are many ethical tenets that psychologists must be familiar with, among them rendering competent multicultural services. This article offers an overview of immigration law, the challenges of performing culturally competent assessments and consequences of failing to do so, and the plight of a particularly vulnerable group: unaccompanied children. Vignettes offer a personal look into the proceedings of 7 undocumented individuals in 4 major areas: asylum, hardship, U‐Visa, and VAWA.
Beneficial effects of neuropeptide galanin on reinstatement of exercise‐induced somatic and psychological trauma
Authors: He Biao , Fang Penghua , Guo Lili , Shi Mingyi , Zhu Yan , Xu Bo , Bo Ping , Zhang Zhenwen
Published: August 2016

Galanin is a versatile neuropeptide that is distinctly upregulated by exercise in exercise‐related tissues. Although benefits from exercise‐induced upregulation of this peptide have been identified, many issues require additional exploration. This Review summarizes the information currently available on the relationship between galanin and exercise‐induced physical and psychological damage. On the one hand, body movement, exercise damage, and exercise‐induced stress and pain significantly increase local and circulatory galanin levels. On the other hand, galanin plays an exercise‐protective role to inhibit the flexor reflex and prevent excessive movement of skeletal muscles through enhancing response threshold and reducing acetylcholine release. Additionally, elevated galanin levels can boost repair of the exercise‐induced damage in exercise‐related tissues, including peripheral nerve, skeletal muscle, blood vessel, skin, bone, articulation, and ligament. Moreover, elevated galanin levels may serve as effective signals to buffer sport‐induced stress and pain via inhibiting nociceptive signal transmission and enhancing pain threshold. This Review deepens our understanding of the profitable roles of galanin in exercise protection, exercise injury repair, and exercise‐induced stress and pain. Galanin and its agonists may be used to develop a novel preventive and therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat exercise‐induced somatic and psychological trauma. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
General antibiotic exposure is associated with increased risk of developing chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Maxfield Alice Z. , Korkmaz Hakan , Gregorio Luciano L. , Busaba Nicolas Y. , Gray Stacey T. , Holbrook Eric H. , Guo Rong , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Antibiotic use and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been independently associated with microbiome diversity depletion and opportunistic infections. This study was undertaken to investigate whether antibiotic use may be an unrecognized risk factor for developing CRS.

Study Design

Case‐control study of 1,162 patients referred to a tertiary sinus center for a range of sinonasal disorders.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with CRS according to established consensus criteria (n = 410) were assigned to the case group (273 without nasal polyps [CRSsNP], 137 with nasal polyps [CRSwNP]). Patients with all other diagnoses (n = 752) were assigned to the control group. Chronic rhinosinusitis disease severity was determined using a validated quality of life (QOL) instrument. The class, diagnosis, and timing of previous nonsinusitis‐related antibiotic exposures were recorded. Results were validated using a randomized administrative data review of 452 (38.9%) of patient charts. The odds ratio of developing CRS following antibiotic exposure were calculated, as well as the impact of antibiotic use on the subsequent QOL.

Results

Antibiotic use significantly increased the odds of developing CRSsNP (odds ratio: 2.21, 95% confidence interval, 1.66–2.93, P < 0.0001) as compared to nonusers. Antibiotic exposure was significantly associated with worse CRS QOL scores (P = 0.0009) over at least the subsequent 2 years. These findings were confirmed by the administrative data review.

Conclusion

Use of antibiotics more than doubles the odds of developing CRSsNP and is associated with a worse QOL for at least 2 years following exposure. These findings expose an unrecognized and concerning consequence of general antibiotic use.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:296–302, 2017
Effects of Blockiness and Polydispersity on the Phase Behavior of Random Block Copolymers
Authors: Vanderwoude Gordon , Shi An‐Chang
Published: August 2016

The effects of blockiness and compositional/sequential polydispersity on the order–disorder transition of random block copolymers are studied using a segment model of random block copolymers. Specifically, the copolymers are randomly assembled from a collection of equal‐length “segments,” while the characteristics of the segments are chosen according to the nature of the polydispersity. The phase behavior of the model system is examined using the random phase approximation. The critical points of the system are calculated over a range of blockiness and polydispersity for a variety of segment models. It is observed that the critical value of the Flory–Huggins parameter χ, above which the homogeneous phase becomes unstable, is inversely proportional to the blockiness. Furthermore, it is found that sequential and compositional dispersity decreases the critical value of χ, but that the effect of sequential dispersity is much weaker. At sufficiently large compositional dispersity, the random block copolymers can undergo macrophase separation. In this region of phase space, the critical point is entirely determined by the compositional polydispersity.

image
Computation methods for combinatorial sums and Euler‐type numbers related to new families of numbers
Authors: Simsek Yilmaz
Published: August 2016

The aim of this article is to define some new families of the special numbers. These numbers provide some further motivation for computation of combinatorial sums involving binomial coefficients and the Euler kind numbers of negative order. We can show that these numbers are related to the well‐known numbers and polynomials such as the Stirling numbers of the second kind and the central factorial numbers, the array polynomials, the rook numbers and polynomials, the Bernstein basis functions and others. In order to derive our new identities and relations for these numbers, we use a technique including the generating functions and functional equations. Finally, we give not only a computational algorithm for these numbers but also some numerical values of these numbers and the Euler numbers of negative order with tables. We also give some combinatorial interpretations of our new numbers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new phase modulated binomial‐like selective‐inversion sequence for solvent signal suppression in NMR
Authors: Chen Johnny , Zheng Gang , Price William S.
Published: August 2016

A new 8‐pulse Phase Modulated binomial‐like selective inversion pulse sequence, dubbed ‘8PM’, was developed by optimizing the nutation and phase angles of the constituent radio‐frequency pulses so that the inversion profile resembled a target profile. Suppression profiles were obtained for both the 8PM and W5 based excitation sculpting sequences with equal inter‐pulse delays. Significant distortions were observed in both profiles because of the offset effect of the radio frequency pulses. These distortions were successfully reduced by adjusting the inter‐pulse delays. With adjusted inter‐pulse delays, the 8PM and W5 based excitation sculpting sequences were tested on an aqueous lysozyme solution. The 8 PM based sequence provided higher suppression selectivity than the W5 based sequence. Two‐dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy experiments were also performed on the lysozyme sample with 8PM and W5 based water signal suppression. The 8PM based suppression provided a spectrum with significantly increased (~ doubled) cross‐peak intensity around the suppressed water resonance compared to the W5 based suppression. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exact method for finding shortest routes on a sphere, avoiding obstacles
Authors: Washburn Alan , Brown Gerald G.
Published: August 2016

On the surface of a sphere, we take as inputs two points, neither of them contained in any of a number of spherical polygon obstacles, and quickly find the shortest route connecting these two points while avoiding any obstacle. The WetRoute method presented here has been adopted by the US Navy for several applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 374–385, 2016
Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to childhood asthma: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhao Dong‐Dong , Yu Dan‐Dan , Ren Qiong‐Qiong , Dong Bao , Zhao Feng , Sun Ye‐Huan
Published: August 2016

Background

As for the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to pediatric asthma, results of published studies yielded conflicts. A systematic review was conducted on the relationship between childhood asthma and VDR gene polymorphisms, including ApaI (rs7975232), BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs2228570), and TaqI (rs731236).

Methods

PubMed, Web of Science, CBM (Chinese Biomedical Database), CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), and Wanfang (Chinese) database were searched for relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.

Results

Overall results suggested that there was a statistically significant association between ApaI polymorphism and childhood asthma in homozygote model (OR = 1.674, 95%CI = 1.269–2.208, P < 0.001) and allele model (OR = 1.221, 95%CI = 1.084–1.375, P = 0.001). Stratification by ethnicity revealed a statistical association in Asians (OR = 1.389, 95%CI = 1.178–1.638, P < 0.001). There was some evidence of an association between BsmI polymorphism and childhood asthma in the homozygote (OR = 1.462, 95%CI = 1.016–2.105, P = 0.041) and allele models (OR = 1.181, 95%CI = 1.006–1.386, P = 0.042). This association reached significance only in the Caucasian group (OR = 1.236, 95%CI = 1.029–1.485, P = 0.023). For FokI, a statistical association was detected in dominant model (OR = 1.281, 95%CI = 1.055–1.555, P = 0.012); this association was significant in allele model (OR = 1.591, 95%CI = 1.052–2.405, P = 0.028) in Caucasian.

Conclusion

ApaI polymorphism plays a particular role in childhood asthma in Asians. FokI polymorphism may be connected with pediatric asthma in Caucasian population. And BsmI polymorphism marginally contributes to childhood asthma susceptibility, while there might be no association between TaqI polymorphism and childhood asthma risk. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:423–429. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiconducting response in single‐walled carbon nanotubes filled with cadmium chloride
Authors: Kharlamova Marianna V. , Kramberger Christian , Pichler Thomas
Published: August 2016

Here, we report on filling of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with cadmium chloride by a capillary filling method. Changes in the electronic properties of the filled nanotubes were traced by multifrequency Raman spectroscopy using seven excitation laser wavelengths. A detailed analysis of the Raman response of pristine and filled nanotubes was conducted. The fitting of the Raman spectra of either type of SWCNT material allowed comparing the modifications in the electronic structure of the filled SWCNTs with certain diameters. The encapsulated cadmium chloride led to dominating semiconducting and suppressed metallic characteristics in the spectroscopic response of the filled SWCNTs.
Manipulation of ubiquitin/SUMO pathways in human herpesviruses infection
Authors: Gan Jin , Qiao Niu , Strahan Roxanne , Zhu Caixia , Liu Lei , Verma Subhash C. , Wei Fang , Cai Qiliang
Published: August 2016

Post‐translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin/small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) molecules triggers multiple signaling pathways that are critical for many aspects of cellular physiology. Given that viruses hijack the biosynthetic and degradative systems of their host, it is not surprising that viruses encode proteins to manipulate the host's cellular machinery for ubiquitin/SUMO modification at multiple levels. Infection with a herpesvirus, among the most ubiquitous human DNA viruses, has been linked to many human diseases, including cancers. The interplay between human herpesviruses and the ubiquitylation/SUMOylation modification system has been extensively investigated in the past decade. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances to address how the ubiquitin/SUMO–modified system alters the latency and lytic replication of herpesvirus and how herpesviruses usurp the ubiquitin/SUMO pathways against the host's intrinsic and innate immune response to favor their pathogenesis.
High‐Yield Synthesis of Hollow Octahedral Silver Nanocages with Controllable Pack Density and Their High‐Performance Sers Application
Authors: Huang Fengqin , Ma Guanshui , Liu Juzhe , Lin Jie , Wang Xiaotian , Guo Lin
Published: August 2016

Nanoparticle‐assembled octahedral Ag nanocages with sharp edges have been successfully synthesized through a Cu2O‐based template‐assisted strategy. In the reaction system, Ag nanoparticles can be self‐assembled on the surface of Cu2O octahedrons, which is accomplished by the reduction of Ag+ by NaBH4 in the presence of sodium citrate as a capping agent. The hollow octahedral Ag nanocages are obtained after removing the inner Cu2O cores with acetic acid. According to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy characterization, the Ag nanocages are weaved by small nanoparticles, the rough surfaces are bestrewed with pores and sharp edges. It is found that the pack density of Ag nanoparticles strongly affects the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activities. The as‐prepared 1.05‐Ag cages with optimal pack density have suitable interparticle distance and suitable size of pores, which significantly enhance SERS signals. The SERS signals of rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules can be detected at an ultralow concentration of 10−14 m when 1.05‐Ag cages are used as substrates. In addition to sensitivity, 1.05‐Ag cages also exhibit good reproducibility. It is expected that the ultrahigh sensitivity will endow the Ag nanocages to become a promising candidate as high‐performance SERS‐based chemical sensor.
Improving All‐Inorganic Perovskite Photodetectors by Preferred Orientation and Plasmonic Effect
Authors: Dong Yuhui , Gu Yu , Zou Yousheng , Song Jizhong , Xu Leimeng , Li Jianhai , Xue Jie , Li Xiaoming , Zeng Haibo
Published: August 2016

All‐inorganic perovskites have high carrier mobility, long carrier diffusion length, excellent visible light absorption, and well overlapping with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of noble metal nanocrystals (NCs). The high‐performance photodetectors can be constructed by means of the intrinsic outstanding photoelectric properties, especially plasma coupling. Here, for the first time, inorganic perovskite photodetectors are demonstrated with synergetic effect of preferred‐orientation film and plasmonic with both high performance and solution process virtues, evidenced by 238% plasmonic enhancement factor and 106 on/off ratio. The CsPbBr3 and Au NC inks are assembled into high‐quality films by centrifugal‐casting and spin‐coating, respectively, which lead to the low cost and solution‐processed photodetectors. The remarkable near‐field enhancement effect induced by the coupling between Au LSPR and CsPbBr3 photogenerated carriers is revealed by finite‐difference time‐domain simulations. The photodetector exhibits a light on/off ratio of more than 106 under 532 nm laser illumination of 4.65 mW cm−2. The photocurrent increases from 0.67 to 2.77 μA with centrifugal‐casting. Moreover, the photocurrent rises from 245.6 to 831.1 μA with Au NCs plasma enhancement, leading to an enhancement factor of 238%, which is the most optimal report among the LSPR‐enhanced photodetectors, to the best of our knowledge. The results of this study suggest that all‐inorganic perovskites are promising semiconductors for high‐performance solution‐processed photodetectors, which can be further enhanced by Au plasmonic effect, and hence have huge potentials in optical communication, safety monitoring, and biological sensing.
Achievement of a wireless portable apparatus for self‐checking emergency lights
Authors: Lin H. C. , Chi M. N. , Luo W. L.
Published: August 2016

Nowadays, emergency lights are widely used in public places around the world. For safety consideration, their working conditions must be checked and reported regularly. However, usually the checking is done by humans, which poses difficulty in completing a standard process in a real situation. In this paper, we report the development of a small‐sized wireless apparatus for collecting the checking results from an automatic self‐checking emergency light. The proposed two‐way communication integrates wireless modules with infrared ray and microprocessors (PIC18F4520) between the handset and the emergency lights. The checked results are burned into the microprocessor‐based detector in the emergency light. Also, a calendar is installed in the emergency light so that it can be uploaded and adjusted by the microprocessor‐based data processor. Consequently, the checking mechanism can be operated at prescheduled times automatically, and the checked outcomes can be retrieved and displayed any time from the handset. Experimental results confirm that the proposed device is superior to other systems in terms of simplicity, cost, and reliability. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cerebroplacental ratio in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Gibbons A. , Flatley C. , Kumar S.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To assess the relationship between the cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and intrapartum and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of women with a non‐anomalous singleton pregnancy diagnosed with GDM who delivered at Mater Mothers' Hospital between 2007 and 2015. CPR was measured in 1089 cases between 34 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks' gestation. CPR values were compared between groups categorized according to GDM treatment (by diet, oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) or insulin). The association between CPR and intrapartum and perinatal outcomes was evaluated.

Results

No difference in CPR was observed between treatment groups. Fetuses with CPR < 10th centile were significantly more likely to have adverse composite perinatal outcome (odds ratio (OR) = 2.93 (95% CI, 1.95–4.40)), preterm delivery and low birth weight than fetuses with CPR ≥ 10th centile (all P < 0.001). These associations were present regardless of the type of GDM treatment. Fetuses of women with insulin‐controlled GDM had poorer neonatal outcomes than did fetuses of women treated with OHA or dietary control alone. The risk of adverse outcome was significantly increased in the insulin‐treated group (OR = 1.75 (95% CI, 1.34–2.28); P < 0.001), which also had higher rates of preterm delivery and higher birth weight.

Conclusion

Regardless of the type of treatment, a low CPR is associated with poorer neonatal outcome in women with GDM. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Accuracy of first‐trimester combined test in screening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13
Authors: Santorum M. , Wright D. , Syngelaki A. , Karagioti N. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To examine the diagnostic accuracy of a previously developed model for the first‐trimester combined test in screening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13.

Methods

This was a prospective validation study of screening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by assessment of a combination of maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency, fetal heart rate and serum free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation in 108 982 singleton pregnancies undergoing routine care in three maternity hospitals. A previously published algorithm was used to calculate patient‐specific risks for trisomy 21, 18 and 13 in each patient. The detection rate (DR) and false‐positive rate (FPR) at estimated risk cut‐offs from 1 in 2 to 1 in 1000 were determined. The proportions of trisomies detected were compared to their expected values in different risk groups.

Results

In the study population, there were 108 112 (99.2%) cases with normal fetal karyotype or birth of a phenotypically normal neonate and 870 (0.8%) cases with abnormal karyotype, including trisomy 21 (n = 432), trisomy 18 (n = 166), trisomy 13 (n = 56), monosomy X (n = 63), triploidy (n = 35) or other aneuploidy (n = 118). The screen‐positive rates, standardized according to the maternal age distribution in England and Wales in 2011, of fetuses with abnormal or normal karyotype were compatible with those predicted from the previous model; at a risk cut‐off of 1 in 100, the FPR was about 4% and the DRs for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 were 90%, 97% and 92%, respectively. There was evidence that the algorithm overestimated risk. This could, to some degree, reflect under‐ascertainment in pregnancies ending in miscarriage or stillbirth.

Conclusion

In a prospective validation study, the first‐trimester combined test detected 90%, 97% and 92% of trisomies 21, 18 and 13, respectively, as well as > 95% of cases of monosomy X and triploidies and > 50% of other chromosomal abnormalities, at a FPR of 4%. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sphenofrontal distance in euploid and aneuploid fetuses
Authors: Abele H. , Sonek J. , Goldschmid D. , Wagner P. , Hoopmann M. , Kagan K. O.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To examine the sphenofrontal distance (SFD) in a large series of aneuploid fetuses in the second and third trimesters and compare findings with those of a euploid population.

Methods

The database at our unit was searched to identify pregnancies with a diagnosis of trisomy 21, 18 or 13, triploidy or Turner syndrome after 15 weeks' gestation. Stored ultrasound images obtained between 19 and 22 weeks were reviewed. For the normal population, two euploid fetuses matched for gestational age were selected randomly for each aneuploid case. The SFD was measured from the anterior edge of the sphenoid bone to the lowest posterior edge of the frontal bone using on‐screen calipers. The SFD measurement was parallel to the long axis of the maxilla. If the sphenoid bone did not extend superiorly enough for direct measurement of the SFD, a tangential line was drawn at the anterior wall of the sphenoid bone and extended cranially. In these cases, the distance between the extended line and the frontal bone was measured. One operator measured the SFD twice and was blinded to the results and karyotype.

Results

The study population consisted of 591 pregnancies: 394 euploid fetuses, 122 fetuses with trisomy 21, 45 with trisomy 18, 16 with trisomy 13, eight with Turner syndrome and six with triploidy. For both euploid and aneuploid groups, mean gestational age at examination was 22.8 (range: euploid, 15.0–40.7; aneuploid, 15.0–40.3) weeks. For euploid fetuses, mean SFD was 1.27 cm and measurements ranged from 0.53 cm to 2.56 cm. SFD was significantly dependent on gestational age (SFD = 0.138 + 0.005 × gestational age, P < 0.001, r = 0.802). Mean SFD was significantly smaller in each aneuploid group compared with the euploid population (trisomies 21, 18 and 13: all P < 0.001; triploidy: P = 0.026; Turner syndrome: P = 0.047). For 32 (26.2%), nine (20.0%) and six (37.5%) fetuses with trisomy 21, 18 and 13, respectively, SFD was < 5th percentile. Only one (12.5%) fetus with Turner syndrome and none with triploidy had SFD < 5th percentile.

Conclusion

In aneuploid fetuses, the SFD is smaller than in their euploid counterparts. However, for a false‐positive rate of 5%, the detection rate of trisomy 21 is only 26%. Therefore, using the method we have proposed, it is unlikely that this marker will play a major role in second‐ and third‐trimester screening for aneuploidy. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Philosophie de la psychiatrie et phénoménologie du quotidien: les bouleversements de l'expérience ordinaire dans la clinique des psychoses
Authors: Troubé Sarah
Published: August 2016

L'article se propose d'interroger la philosophie de la psychiatrie à partir du registre de la quotidienneté, et des questions que les bouleversements de cette dimension de l'expérience dans les psychoses sont susceptibles d'adresser à une phénoménologie du quotidien. Si cette dernière représente une jonction entre clinique et philosophie, elle questionne les articulations entre conditions transcendantales de l'expérience, construction d'une forme concrète de l'ordinaire, et incarnation d'une valeur sociale et anthropologique normative. La quotidienneté ouvre ainsi à une réflexion réciproque entre philosophie et psychiatrie, sous ses aspects à la fois clinique, épistémologique et éthique.
À propos d'un cours inédit de michel foucault sur l'analyse existentielle de ludwig binswanger (Lille 1953-54)
Authors: Basso Elisabetta
Published: August 2016

Cet article examine la manière dont Michel Foucault se rapporte à la psychologie et à la psychopathologie phénoménologiques dans les années 1950, à la lumière des nouvelles sources documentaires que nous avons aujourd'hui à notre disposition. Notre contribution se concentre en particulier sur le manuscrit inédit de l'un des cours donnés par Foucault à l'université de Lille entre 1952 et 1954: le cours sur« Binswanger et la phénoménologie» (1953-54). L'analyse de ce cours, conçu par Foucault dans le contexte d'une réflexion philosophique sur le problème anthropologique de la psychopathologie, nous permettra enfin de restituer à Foucault la place qui lui revient dans le domaine de la « philosophie de la psychiatrie ».
Natural or interactive kinds? les maladies mentales transitoires dans les cours de ian hacking au collège de france (2000-2006)
Authors: Delille Emmanuel , Kirsch Marc
Published: August 2016

Les concepts de Ian Hacking ont apporté une contribution importante aux débats dans le domaine de la philosophie de la psychiatrie, qui est aussi au coeur de son Cours au Collège de France (2000-2006). Titulaire de la « Chaire de philosophie et d'histoire des concepts scientifiques » après Michel Foucault, il est l'auteur d'une réflexion sur la classification des troubles mentaux à partir de la problématique des natural kinds. Pour expliquer les cas d'études développés dans son enseignement parisien, nous revenons d'abord sur une série de concepts, pour ensuite poser la question du statut des métaphores scientifiques, et enfin discuter les rapports entre les notions de « maladie mentale transitoire » et de culture-bound syndrome - cette dernière étant issue de la psychiatrie transculturelle canadienne.