bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘In God's Changelessness There Is Rest’: The Existential Doctrine of God's Immutability in Augustine and Kierkegaard
Authors: Hefner Craig A.
Published: February 2018

This article establishes a specific point of agreement between St Augustine and Søren Kierkegaard: for both thinkers the doctrine of God's immutability is an existential doctrine. Specifically, Augustine and Kierkegaard agree that God's immutability functions as a condition to preserve the existential integrity of the human creature across the vicissitudes of time and change. This article describes the existential role of God's immutability in Augustine and Kierkegaard, and it establishes this point of agreement between the two thinkers. Afterward, this article briefly considers some implications of this point of agreement for the interpretation of Augustine and Kierkegaard and some implications for the doctrine of God's immutability.
Zirconium carbide oxidation: Kinetics and oxygen diffusion through the intermediate layer
Authors: Gasparrini Claudia , Chater Richard J. , Horlait Denis , Vandeperre Luc , Lee William E.
Published: February 2018

Oxidation of hot‐pressed ZrC was investigated in air in the 1073‐1373 K range. The kinetics were linear at 1073 K, whereas at higher temperature samples initially followed linear kinetics before undergoing rapid oxidation leading to a Maltese cross shape of the oxide. The linear kinetics at 1073 K was governed by inward oxygen diffusion through an intermediate layer of constant thickness between ZrC and ZrO2 which was comprised of amorphous carbon and ZrO2 nanocrystals. Diffusion of oxygen through the intermediate layer was measured to be 9 × 10−10 cm2 s−1 using 18O as a tracer in a double oxidation experiment in 16O/18O. Oxidation at 1073 and 1173 K produced samples made of m‐ZrO2 and either t‐ or c‐ZrO2 with an adherent intermediate layer made of amorphous carbon and ZrO2, whereas oxidation at 1273 and 1373 K produced samples with a voluminous oxide made of m‐ZrO2 showing a gap between ZrC and the oxide. A substoichiometric zirconia layer was found at the gap at 1273 K and no carbon uptake was detected in this layer when compared with the top oxide layer. The loss of the intermediate layer and the slowdown of the linear rate constant (g m−2 s−1) at 1273 K compared to 1173 K was correlated with the preferential oxidation of carbon at the intermediate layer which would leave as CO and/or CO2 leaving a gap between ZrC and substoichiometric zirconia.
Role of defect structures in stabilization of ferroelectric phase in tin‐substituted lead zirconate titanate
Authors: Anil Adukkadan , Vani Killimangalath , Kumar Viswanathan
Published: February 2018

This study reports the influence of B‐site acceptor dopants, manganese and copper, on the sequence of phase transformations in antiferroelectric (AFE) Pb(Zr0.60Sn0.30Ti0.10)O3. The sequence of phase transformations below the Curie point have been examined by dielectric, polarization‐electric field and strain‐electric field studies. The parent compound and B‐site Cu2+‐doped composition exhibit the same sequence, FE ← AFE ← MCC with incommensuration in the multicell cubic (MCC) state, whereas in the case of B‐site Mn3+‐doped system, incommensuration is found to be suppressed and only ferroelectric (FE) phase is observed below the Curie point. The underlying mechanism is related to the nature of defect complexes present in the system through detailed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance studies.
Relationship of toothbrushing to metabolic syndrome in middle‐aged adults
Authors: Tanaka Akihiko , Takeuchi Kenji , Furuta Michiko , Takeshita Toru , Suma Shino , Shinagawa Takashi , Shimazaki Yoshihiro , Yamashita Yoshihisa
Published: February 2018

Aim

To examine the effect of toothbrushing on the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), including assessment of periodontal status, in middle‐aged adults.

Methods

This 5‐year follow‐up retrospective study was performed in 3,722 participants (2,897 males and 825 females) aged 35–64 years who underwent both medical check‐ups and dental examinations. Metabolic components included obesity, elevated triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose and reduced high‐density lipoprotein. Toothbrushing frequency was assessed using a questionnaire. Periodontal disease was defined as having at least one site with a pocket depth of ≥4 mm. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between toothbrushing frequency at the baseline examination and the development of MetS (≥3 components).

Results

During follow‐up, 11.1% of participants developed MetS. After adjusting for potential confounders including periodontal disease, participants with more frequent daily toothbrushing tended to have significantly lower odds of developing MetS (p for trend = .01). The risk of development of MetS was significantly lower in participants brushing teeth ≥3 times/day than in those brushing teeth ≤1 time/day (odds ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.45–0.92).

Conclusions

Frequent daily toothbrushing was associated with lower risk of development of MetS.
Periodontal condition in relation to the adherence to nutrient recommendations in daily smokers
Authors: Jauhiainen Leena M. , Suominen Anna L. , Männistö Satu , Knuuttila Matti , Ylöstalo Pekka V.
Published: February 2018

Aim

To examine whether a healthy diet based on nutrient recommendations is associated with periodontal condition in smokers.

Material and Methods

Daily smokers from the cross‐sectional Health 2000 Survey (BRIF 8901) in Finland were analysed in two age groups (30–49 and 50–79 years, n = 704 and 267) and according to the level of oral hygiene. Periodontal condition was measured as the number of sextants with gingival bleeding and teeth with ≥4 mm deepened periodontal pockets. Information on nutrition was collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire and measured using the Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) and the Recommended Finnish Diet Score (RFDS).

Results

In the total study population, no association between the scores and periodontal condition was observed. Among 30‐ to 49‐year‐old participants with good oral hygiene, diet scores associated inversely with the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets (p = .078 (BSDS) and p = .027 (RFDS)).

Conclusions

In a representative sample of Finnish adults who smoke, a healthy diet was not associated with periodontal condition. Among a younger age group with good oral hygiene, a healthy diet associated with better periodontal condition. Age and oral hygiene appeared to modify the association between diet and periodontal condition.
The regular use of an emollient improves symptoms of atopic dermatitis in children: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Tiplica G.S. , Boralevi F. , Konno P. , Malinauskiene L. , Kaszuba A. , Laurens C. , Saint‐Aroman M. , Delarue A.
Published: February 2018

Background

Emollients are considered as a first‐line therapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, evidence‐based proof that the regular use of emollients reduces AD severity is lacking.

Objective

To assess whether the regular use of emollients results in a reduction in AD severity in children with AD.

Methods

In this multicentre randomized, parallel group, open‐label study, children with mild‐to‐moderate AD were recruited during a flare. After flare resolution with a topical corticosteroid, patients were randomized to V0034CR emollient, reference emollient or no emollient (1:1:1 ratio), for 12 weeks. AD severity was assessed regularly by physicians [Scoring for Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) and subcomponents, IGA] and by parents (PO‐SCORAD and POEM).

Results

A total of 335 patients were randomized to V0034CR (n = 111), reference emollient (n = 116) or no emollient (n = 108). After 12 weeks of treatment, SCORAD score was reduced by 5.28 points in the V0034CR group and by 3.36 points in the reference emollient group compared with the no emollient group (+4 points; P < 0.001 in both emollient groups vs. no emollient group). In a similar manner, PO‐SCORAD score was reduced by 4.88 and 2.67 points in the V0034CR and reference emollient groups, respectively, but increased by 2.90 points in the no emollient group (P < 0.001). Similar results were observed for POEM. A continuous decrease in all scores was observed over the 12‐week treatment period. At the end of the study, the percentage of patients in complete remission (i.e. without a new flare over the treatment period) was higher in the V0034CR (59.5%) and reference emollient (44.3%) groups than in the no emollient group (29.8%; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that the regular use of emollients in children with mild‐to‐moderate AD reduces the severity of symptoms and, therefore, support their use as a first‐line treatment for these patients.
Influence of cleaning methods on resin bonding to saliva‐contaminated zirconia
Authors: Yoshida Keiichi
Published: February 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different cleaning methods on the shear bond strengths of 2 resin cements to saliva‐contaminated zirconia.

Methods

After saliva contamination, alumina‐blasted zirconia specimens were cleaned with 1 of 5 methods of water‐rinsing (SA), K‐etchant GEL phosphoric acid (PA), Ivoclean (IC), AD Gel (ADG), or additional alumina‐blasting (AB). Alumina‐blasted zirconia without saliva contamination was used as control group (Cont). Composite cylinders were bonded to the zirconia with 1 of 2 dual‐cured resin cements. The bond strengths were measured by shear testing after 24 hours (TC0) and after thermal cycling at 4°C–60°C (TC10 000) and specimen surfaces were evaluated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Data were statistically analyzed using 3‐way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α = 0.05).

Results

There were no significant differences in the bond strengths of 2 resin cements between the Cont ADG, and AB groups before and after TCs (P > .05). SA, PA, and IC groups did not exhibit durable resin bonding to zirconia. XPS showed that carbon and nitrogen increased in the SA group in comparison to the Cont group. The concentration of carbon in other 4 groups returned to the concentration range of the Cont group; however, nitrogen was not detected in the only AB group.

Conclusions

Saliva contamination significantly reduced the bond strength of 2 resin cements to zirconia. Additional AB or cleaning with ADG resulted in effective cleaning of saliva contamination and preserved resin cement bond strength to zirconia.

Clinical Significance

Saliva contamination occurs during clinical procedures for adjustment of zirconia ceramic restorations in the oral environment. AD Gel application is effective for removing saliva contaminants on the alumina‐blasted zirconia surface beforehand by the dental laboratory instead of additional AB since AD Gel application and AB had a similar effect on the removal of organic components of saliva.
Persistence of self‐injury, aggression and property destruction in children and adults with tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Wilde L. , Wade K. , Eden K. , Moss J. , de Vries P. J. , Oliver C.
Published: February 2018

Background

Individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are at increased risk of developing self‐injurious behaviour. The persistence of this deleterious behaviour over years is reported in aetiologically heterogeneous samples to be between 60% and 80% but is unknown for TSC.

Method

In this study, we determined the 3‐year persistence of self‐injury in a sample (n = 52) of children (with and without ID) and adults (with ID) with TSC and examined characteristics associated with persistence.

Results

Findings for self‐injury were contrasted to those for aggression and property destruction to examine the specificity of results to this behaviour. Self‐injury was persistent in 84.6% of those with TSC who showed this behaviour, in contrast to 66.7% both for aggression and destruction. Persistent self‐injury was associated with poor self‐help skills, greater overactivity/impulsivity and more behavioural indicators of pain. These latter two characteristics were also associated with persistent aggression. No characteristics were associated with persistence of property destruction.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that self‐injurious behaviours in individuals with TSC, together with aggressive and destructive behaviours, are highly persistent and would benefit from targeted intervention. Poor adaptive skills, overactivity/impulsivity and painful health conditions may differentiate those at most risk for persistent self‐injury or aggression.
Prevalence of Prolonged Latent Phase and Labor Outcomes: Review of Birth Records in a Swedish Population
Authors: Ängeby Karin , Wilde‐Larsson Bodil , Hildingsson Ingegerd , Sandin‐Bojö Ann‐Kristin
Published: February 2018

Introduction

The prevalence of a prolonged latent phase of labor has been described as ranging from 5% to 6.5% in previous research. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of the prolonged latent phase of 18 hours or more, based on women's report, in women intending vaginal birth and who had spontaneous onset of labor. An additional aim was to compare the incidence of obstetric interventions, and the labor and neonatal outcomes in women with and without a prolonged latent phase.

Methods

A descriptive and comparative study was performed in a mid‐sized hospital in western Sweden. The sample consisted of 1343 birth records of women who intended vaginal births and who had spontaneous onset of labor at 37 or more weeks’ gestation during a one‐year period (2013‐2014). Background characteristics, obstetric interventions, and labor and neonatal outcomes were compared between women with latent phases lasting less than 18 hours and 18 hours or more, based on women's self‐report. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the different exposure variables.

Results

A prolonged latent phase lasting 18 hours or more occurred in 23% of all births analyzed (n = 1343). A prolonged latent phase was more common among nulliparous women (29.2%) but also common for multiparous women (17%). Nulliparous and multiparous women who experienced a prolonged latent phase were more often exposed to amniotomy during latent phase. For nulliparous women, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 11.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.25‐25.51) and for multiparous women the aOR was 18.73 (95% CI, 9.06‐38.69). Similarly, amniotomy during active phase was more common for both nulliparous and multiparous women who experienced a prolonged latent phase (aOR, 4.05; 95% CI, 2.53‐6.47 and aOR, 3.93; 95% CI, 2.43‐6.37, respectively). Women with latent phases of 18 hours or more, more often experienced augmentation of labor during all phases, especially during latent phase. For nulliparous women, the aOR was 10.13 (95% CI, 2.82‐36.39) and for multiparous women, aOR was11.9 (95% CI, 3.69‐38.71). A prolonged latent phase was associated with more instrumental vaginal births for multiparas (aOR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.27‐5.26) and emergency cesarean regardless of parity (nulliparous women: aOR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.08‐9.50 and multiparous women: aOR, 3.93; 95% CI, 1.67‐9.26).

Discussion

Based on women's self‐report, the prevalence of a prolonged latent phase in women at term who planned a vaginal birth and had spontaneous onset of labor was higher than previously reported. Women with a prolonged latent phase were more likely to receive obstetric interventions. Assisted vaginal birth was more common for nulliparous women with prolonged latent phase and emergency cesarean occurred more frequently for both nulliparous women and multiparous women with a prolonged latent phase.
VEGF,FGF‐2 andTGFβ expression in the normal and regenerating epidermis of geckos: implications for epidermal homeostasis and wound healing in reptiles
Authors: Subramaniam Noeline , Petrik James J. , Vickaryous Matthew K.
Published: February 2018

The skin is a bilayered organ that serves as a key barrier between an organism and its environment. In addition to protecting against microbial invasion, physical trauma and environmental damage, skin participates in maintaining homeostasis. Skin is also capable of spontaneous self‐repair following injury. These functions are mediated by numerous pleiotrophic growth factors, including members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) families. Although growth factor expression has been well documented in mammals, particularly during wound healing, for groups such as reptiles less is known. Here, we investigate the spatio‐temporal pattern of expression of multiple growth factors in normal skin and following a full‐thickness cutaneous injury in the representative lizardEublepharis macularius, the leopard gecko. Unlike mammals, leopard geckos can heal cutaneous wounds without scarring. We demonstrate that before, during and after injury, keratinocytes of the epidermis express a diverse panel of growth factor ligands and receptors, including:VEGF,VEGFR1,VEGFR2, and phosphorylatedVEGFR2;FGF‐2 andFGFR1; and phosphorylatedSMAD2,TGFβ1, and activin βA. Unexpectedly, only the tyrosine kinase receptorsVEGFR1 andFGFR1 were dynamically expressed, and only during the earliest phases of re‐epithelization; otherwise all the proteins of interest were constitutively present. We propose that the ubiquitous pattern of growth factor expression by keratinocytes is associated with various roles during tissue homeostasis, including protection against ultraviolet photodamage and coordinated body‐wide skin shedding.
The Anatomical Society core anatomy syllabus for pharmacists: outcomes to create a foundation for practice
Authors: Finn Gabrielle M. , Hitch Geeta , Apampa Buge , Hennessy Catherine M. , Smith Claire F. , Stewart Jane , Gard Paul R
Published: February 2018

The Anatomical Society has developed a series of learning outcomes that ‘experts’ within the field would recommend as core knowledge outputs for a Master's Degree Programme in Pharmacy (MPharm) within the UK. Using the Anatomical Society core gross anatomy syllabus for medical anatomy as a foundation, a modified Delphi technique was used to develop outcomes specific to pharmacy graduates. A Delphi panel consisting of medical practitioners, pharmacists and anatomists (n = 39) was created and involved ‘experts’ representing 20 UK Higher Education Institutions. The output from this study was 49 pharmacy‐specific learning outcomes that are applicable to all pharmacy programmes. The new MPharm anatomy syllabus offers a basic anatomical framework upon which pharmacy educators can build the necessary clinical practice and knowledge. These learning outcomes could be used to develop anatomy teaching within an integrated curriculum as per requirements of the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC).
Analysis of the reliability of the Italian version of the Oral Behaviours Checklist and the relationship between oral behaviours and trait anxiety in healthy individuals
Authors: Donnarumma V. , Cioffi I. , Michelotti A. , Cimino R. , Vollaro S. , Amato M.
Published: February 2018

Background

The Oral Behaviours Checklist (OBC) is a valid 21‐item instrument quantifying the self‐reported frequency of oral behaviours. An Italian version (OBC‐It) has been released recently. Anxiety and oral behaviours are known to be associated in individuals with oro‐facial pain due to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, information about this relationship in pain‐free individuals is still limited.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to test the reliability of the OBC‐It and its reduced version (OBC‐It 6), focusing on tooth clenching‐related wake‐time oral behaviours, and the effect of patient instructions on reliability. A second aim was to test the association between trait anxiety and oral behaviours in pain‐free individuals.

Methods

Two hundred and eighty‐two TMD‐free students, divided into 2 groups (Group A, n = 139, mean age ± SD = 22.6 ± 5.4 years; Group B, n = 143, 23.7 ± 4.2 years), filled in the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and the OBC‐It. Group B received instructions about the OBC‐It, while Group A did not. After 2 weeks, both groups filled in the OBC‐It again. However, Group B was further divided into 2 subgroups, B1 and B2. The first received the same instructions again, while B2 did not.

Results

The test‐retest reliability of the OBC‐It (A: ICC = .87; B1: ICC = .94; B2: ICC = .95) and OBC‐It 6 (A: ICC = .85; B1: ICC = .89; B2: ICC = .93) was excellent in all groups. Trait anxiety was weakly associated with OBC‐It only in women (R2 = .043, P = .021).

Conclusions

The OBC‐It is a reliable tool but further subjects’ instructions might be needed. Trait anxiety has a limited effect on oral behaviours in TMD‐free subjects.
Validity of self‐reported tooth counts and masticatory status study of a Japanese adult population
Authors: Ueno M. , Shimazu T. , Sawada N. , Tsugane S. , Kawaguchi Y.
Published: February 2018

Self‐reported measures of oral health are often used to assess oral health in populations or groups, but their validity or reliability needs repeated confirmation. The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to evaluate the validity of self‐reported tooth counts and masticatory status, using data obtained from a sample of Japanese adults. A total of 2356 adults aged 40 to 75 years participated in a questionnaire survey and a clinical oral examination from 2013 through 2016. Self‐reported measures were compared with clinically measured values. For tooth counts, mean clinical and self‐reported tooth counts in all participants were 23.68 and 23.78 teeth, and no significant difference was detected. Spearman's, Pearson's and intra‐class correlation coefficients between clinical and self‐reported tooth counts were 0.771, 0.845 and 0.843, respectively. According to the Bland‐Altman analysis, the mean difference between clinical and self‐reported tooth counts was −0.098 (95% CI: −0.242, 0.047). The upper limit of agreement was 6.919 (95% CI: 6.669, 7.169), and the lower limit of agreement was −7.115 (95% CI: −7.365, −6.865). No significant fixed or proportional bias was observed. For masticatory status, the crude or age‐ and gender‐adjusted mean numbers of total teeth, posterior teeth and 3 kinds of functional tooth units significantly decreased with the deterioration of masticatory status. This study indicated that self‐reports were within an acceptable range of clinical measures. Therefore, self‐reports were considered valid alternatives to clinical measures to estimate tooth counts and masticatory status in a current Japanese adult population.
Reticular rash in a neonate
Authors: Kloeden Bethany , Warren Lachlan , Brecht Marcus
Published: February 2018

See Answer
Development of reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay for sensitive and rapid detection of Hosta virus X
Authors: Zhang Yongjiang , Li Xiaojuan , Li Man , Qiu Yanhong , Li Guifen , Li Yongqiang , Zhu Shuifang
Published: February 2018

The one‐step real‐time turbidity loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay (RealAmp) was developed to detect Hosta virus X (HVX), the most devastating threat to hosta industry. The reaction was performed in a single tube at 63°C for 15 min, and real‐time turbidimetry was used to monitor the amplification results. Specificity and sensitivity analyses demonstrated that this RealAmp method was sensitive as real‐time TaqMan RT‐PCR and about 100‐fold higher than conventional RT‐PCR with no cross‐reaction with other viral pathogens. Field samples detection showed that HVX could be identified effectively with this method. Overall, this RealAmp assay for HVX detection was simple, specific, sensitive, convenient and time‐saving and could assist in the quarantine measures for prevention and control of the disease caused by HVX.
Broadening the conversation on the TRIPS agreement: Access to medicines includes addressing access to medical devices
Authors: Oguanobi Hembadoon Iyortyer
Published: February 2018

Patent laws determine access to medicines and medical devices, and all members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are obligated to introduce minimum standards of intellectual‐property protection into their national patent laws. In the negotiations that led up to the Trans‐Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), in 2016, the United States attempted to introduce patents for diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical methods to promote the interests of its pharmaceutical and medical‐device industries. These attempts were unsuccessful; however, these actions demonstrate the determination of those who advocate for higher standards of intellectual‐property protection to push for a TRIPS‐plus agenda. The United States has sought to limit the use of flexibilities in the TRIPS Agreement, including the use of compulsory licenses which allows the generic industry to produce cheaper pharmaceuticals. Despite these US actions, many developing countries are becoming emboldened and are issuing compulsory licenses. The position of this paper is to show that, while access to pharmaceuticals and the ability to issue compulsory licenses is crucial to administering proper health care to people living in developing countries, medical devices are equally essential. Therefore, the conversation around access to medicines should be broadened to include access to medical devices in developing countries.
An adapted isolation procedure reveals Photobacterium spp. as common spoilers on modified atmosphere packaged meats
Authors: Hilgarth M. , Fuertes-Pèrez S. , Ehrmann M. , Vogel R.F.
Published: February 2018

The genus Photobacterium comprises species of marine bacteria, commonly found in open-ocean and deep-sea environments. Some species (e.g. Photobacterium phosphoreum) are associated with fish spoilage. Recently, culture-independent studies have drawn attention to the presence of photobacteria on meat. This study employed a comparative isolation approach of Photobacterium spp. and aimed to develop an adapted isolation procedure for recovery from food samples, as demonstrated for different meats: Marine broth is used for resuspending and dilution of food samples, followed by aerobic cultivation on marine broth agar supplemented with meat extract and vancomycin at 15°C for 72 h. Identification of spoilage-associated microbiota was carried out via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry using a database supplemented with additional mass spectrometry profiles of Photobacterium spp. This study provides evidence for the common abundance of multiple Photobacterium species in relevant quantities on various modified atmosphere packaged meats. Photobacterium carnosum was predominant on beef and chicken, while Photobacterium iliopiscarium represented the major species on pork and Photobacterium phosphoreum on salmon, respectively.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study demonstrates highly frequent isolation of multiple photobacteria (Photobacterium carnosum, Photobacterium phosphoreum, and Photobacterium iliopiscarium) from different modified-atmosphere packaged spoiled and unspoiled meats using an adapted isolation procedure. The abundance of photobacteria in high numbers provides evidence for the hitherto neglected importance and relevance of Photobacterium spp. to meat spoilage.
From Empire to Law: Customs Collection in the American Founding
Authors: Knapp Aaron T.
Published: February 2018

This essay investigates the eighteenth-century origins of the federal administrative state through the prism of customs collection. Until recently, historians and legal scholars have not closely studied collection operations in the early federal custom houses. Gautham Rao's National Duties: Custom Houses and the Making of the American State (2016) offers the most important and thoroughly documented historical analysis to date. Joining a growing historical literature that explains the early development of the US federal political system with reference to imperial models and precedents, Rao shows that the seductive power of commerce over the state within eighteenth-century imperial praxis required the early federal customs officials to “negotiate” their authority with the mercantile community. A paradigm of accommodation dominated American customs collection well into the nineteenth century until Jacksonian centralizers finally began to dismantle it in the 1830s. The book brings welcome light to a long-neglected topic in American history. It offers a nuanced, historiographically attentive interpretation that rests on a broad archival source base. It should command the sustained attention of legal, social, economic, and constitutional historians for it holds the potential to change the way historians think about early federal administration. This essay investigates one of the central questions raised in National Duties: How were the early American custom houses able to successfully administer a comprehensive program of customs duties when their imperial predecessors had proved unable to collect even narrowly tailored ones? Focusing on the Federalist period (1789–1800), I develop an answer that complements Rao's, highlighting administrative change over continuity and finding special significance in the establishment of the first federal judicial system.
Pervasive migration across rainforest and sandy coastal plain Aechmea nudicaulis (Bromeliaceae) populations despite contrasting environmental conditions
Authors: Meireles José Eduardo , Manos Paul S.
Published: February 2018

Understanding the colonization of extreme marginal habitats and the relative roles of space and environment in maintaining peripheral populations remains challenging. Here, we leverage a system of pairs of rainforest and sandy coastal plain communities that allow us to decouple spatial and environmental effects in the population structure and migration rates of the bromeliad Aechmea nudicaulis. Structure and gene flow between populations were estimated from Bayesian clustering and coalescent‐based migration models applied to chloroplast sequence and nuclear microsatellite data. Contrary to our initial expectation, the sharp environmental gradient between rainforest and sandy plains does not seem to have affected the colonization and migration dynamics in A. nudicaulis. Our analyses uncover pervasive gene flow between neighbouring habitats in both chloroplast and nuclear data despite the striking differences in environmental conditions. This result is consistent with a scenario of repeated colonization of the sandy coastal plains from forest populations through seed dispersal, as well as the maintenance of gene flow between habitats through pollination. We also recovered a broad north/south population structure that has been found in other Atlantic rainforest groups and possibly reflects older phylogeographic dynamics.
The giant mycoheterotrophic orchid Erythrorchis altissima is associated mainly with a divergent set of wood‐decaying fungi
Authors: Ogura‐Tsujita Yuki , Gebauer Gerhard , Xu Hui , Fukasawa Yu , Umata Hidetaka , Tetsuka Kenshi , Kubota Miho , Schweiger Julienne M.‐I. , Yamashita Satoshi , Maekawa Nitaro , Maki Masayuki , Isshiki Shiro , Yukawa Tomohisa
Published: February 2018

The climbing orchid Erythrorchis altissima is the largest mycoheterotroph in the world. Although previous in vitro work suggests that E. altissima has a unique symbiosis with wood‐decaying fungi, little is known about how this giant orchid meets its carbon and nutrient demands exclusively via mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, the mycorrhizal fungi of E. altissima were molecularly identified using root samples from 26 individuals. Furthermore, in vitro symbiotic germination with five fungi and stable isotope compositions in five E. altissima at one site were examined. In total, 37 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to nine orders in Basidiomycota were identified from the orchid roots. Most of the fungal OTUs were wood‐decaying fungi, but underground roots had ectomycorrhizal Russula. Two fungal isolates from mycorrhizal roots induced seed germination and subsequent seedling development in vitro. Measurement of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope abundances revealed that E. altissima is a full mycoheterotroph whose carbon originates mainly from wood‐decaying fungi. All of the results show that E. altissima is associated with a wide range of wood‐ and soil‐inhabiting fungi, the majority of which are wood‐decaying taxa. This generalist association enables E. altissima to access a large carbon pool in woody debris and has been key to the evolution of such a large mycoheterotroph.
What is Vipp1 good for?
Authors: Junglas Benedikt , Schneider Dirk
Published: February 2018

While Vipp1 (also known as IM30) clearly is essential for proper biogenesis of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, the exact function of Vipp1/IM30 still remains unclear. The recent in vivo study of Gutu et al. now demonstrates that Vipp1/IM30 forms localized puncta specifically at highly curved membrane regions at the cell periphery. These Vipp1/IM30 puncta were found being highly dynamic under normal growth conditions, while it has recently been shown that they stably associate with membranes under high‐light conditions. These observations, together with the observation that other Vipp1/IM30 homologous proteins also form puncta under stress conditions, indicate a protective function of these proteins at stressed membrane regions. However, Gutu et al. additionally show that Vipp1/IM30 is of special importance when growing cells are shifted from dark to light growth conditions, which could be explained by light stress, by thylakoid membrane dynamics and/or by photosystem biogenesis, which is being discussed in this article.
Age estimation in bowhead whales using tympanic bulla histology and baleen isotopes
Authors: Sensor Jennifer D. , George John C. , Clementz Mark T. , Lovano Denise M. , Waugh David A. , Givens Geof H. , Suydam Robert , Stimmelmayr Raphaela , Thewissen J. G. M.
Published: February 2018

Tympanic bullae and baleen plates from bowhead whales of the Western Arctic population were examined. Growth layer groups (GLGs) in the involucrum of the tympanic bone were used to estimate age of the whales, and compared to stable isotope signatures along transects of baleen plates and the involucrum. The involucrum of the tympanic bone consists of three regions that form in utero, during nursing in the first year, and during the first decades of life, respectively. Life history events, such as annual migration, are recorded in the bowhead tympanic bulla. It is likely that bone growth in the bowhead tympanic occurs during periods of high food intake, while slow or arrested growth occurs during periods of low food intake. Comparisons between numbers of GLGs in the tympanic, number of isotopic oscillations in a baleen plate, length of the baleen plate, and total whale length show correlation coefficients as high as 0.97. The tympanic GLG method is particularly useful for estimating the age of whales up to 20 yr old.
Power‐sharing coalitions in the Basque Country (1987–1998): centripetal coalitions vs. consociational coalitions
Authors: Blas Asier
Published: February 2018

From 1987 to 1998, the Basque government was made up of a coalition between Basque nationalists and unionists. However, there are doubts about whether this experience has a consociational character. In order to clarify this, the article analyses the four characteristics of Lijphart's scheme, focussing on the degree of power‐sharing of the Basque governments using the qualitative distinction of McGarry and O'Leary and the centripetal approach, creating the power‐sharing in government index and studying the degree of ideological proximity of the parties making up the coalition. The conclusions are that in the Basque case, there were no complete or concurrent consociational governments, but instead, there were centripetal coalitions. Furthermore, it makes clear that an electoral system with high proportionality is an obstacle when it comes to maintaining cross‐segment governments in societies that lack stability in the correlation of forces among segments and use centripetal power‐sharing coalitions or weak or concurrent consotiational coalitions. The most realistic choice in order to preserve the power‐sharing government would be adopting a proportional sequential coalition and a proportional electoral system with significative electoral threshold to avoid the emergence of anti‐consociational parties.
Daphne thanguensis sp. nov. (Thymelaeaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya
Authors: Ghosh Jayanta , Midday Mrinmoy , Dey Sentu K. , Maity D.
Published: February 2018

Daphne thanguensis sp. nov. from north Sikkim of eastern Himalaya is described and illustrated. It is a narrow endemic related to D. tangutica Maxim. Daphne thanguensis grows in open alpine pastures and differs from D. tangutica by having leaves with revolute margin and a tuft of hairs at apex, ebracteate inflorescence and flowers, calyx lobes with a tuft of hairs at apex and annular, slightly undulate hypogynal disk. The new taxon is also close to D. retusa Hemsl. But can easily be differentiated by its sessile inflorescence, ebracteate flowers and tuft of hairs at leaf apices and calyx lobe apices. A conservation status of the new species in accordance with the IUCN red list categories and criteria is provided and discussed.
Two pivotal RNA editing sites in the mitochondrial atp1mRNA are required for ATP synthase to produce sufficient ATP for cotton fiber cell elongation
Authors: He Peng , Xiao Guanghui , Liu Hao , Zhang Lihua , Zhao Li , Tang Meiju , Huang Sheng , An Yingjie , Yu Jianing
Published: February 2018

RNA editing is a post‐transcriptional maturation process affecting organelle transcripts in land plants. However, the molecular functions and physiological roles of RNA editing are still poorly understood.

Using high‐throughput sequencing, we identified 692 RNA editing sites in the Gossypium hirsutum mitochondrial genome. A total of 422 editing sites were found in the coding regions and all the edits are cytidine (C) to uridine (U) conversions. Comparative analysis showed that two editing sites in Ghatp1, C1292 and C1415, had a prominent difference in editing efficiency between fiber and ovule.

Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that the two vital editing sites were important for the interaction between the α and β subunits of ATP synthase, which resulted in ATP accumulation and promoted cell growth in yeast. Ectopic expression of C1292, C1415, or doubly edited Ghatp1 in Arabidopsis caused a significant increase in the number of trichomes in leaves and root length.

Our results indicate that editing at C1292 and C1415 sites in Ghatp1 is crucial for ATP synthase to produce sufficient ATP for cotton fiber cell elongation. This work extends our understanding of RNA editing in atp1 and ATP synthesis, and provides insights into the function of mitochondrial edited Atp1 protein in higher plants.
Herbivore control in connected seascapes: habitat determines when population regulation occurs in the life history of a key herbivore
Authors: Boada Jordi , Farina Simone , Arthur Rohan , Romero Javier , Prado Patricia , Alcoverro Teresa
Published: February 2018

Herbivore outbreaks often trigger catastrophic overgrazing events in marine macrophyte ecosystems. The sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the dominant herbivore of shallow Mediterranean seascapes, is capable of precipitating shifts to barrens when its populations explode. Paracentrotus lividus is found ubiquitously in rocky macroalgal communities and in sandy seagrass meadows of Posidonia oceanica, two of the most important subtidal habitats in the Mediterranean. We explored if habitat‐specific regulation across the principal stages of the urchin life cycle could help explain the persistence of these populations in connected mosaics. We measured each of three relevant ecological processes (i.e. settlement, post‐settlement survival and predation) across a wide stretch of the Mediterranean coast (ca 600 km). Our results show that habitat‐specific regulation is critical in determining urchin populations: each habitat limited urchin sub‐populations at different life stages. Settlement was never limiting; urchins settled at similar rates in both habitats across the coast. Post‐settlement survival was a clear bottleneck, particularly in seagrass meadows where no juvenile urchins were recorded. Despite this bottleneck in seagrasses, adult urchin populations were very similar in both seagrass and macroalgal habitats indicating that other processes (potentially migration) could be key in determining adult distributions across the mosaic. The fact that population regulation is clearly habitat‐specific suggests that sea urchin populations may be significantly buffered from bottlenecks in mixed seascapes where both habitats co‐occur. Sea urchin populations can therefore persist across the seascape despite strong habitat‐specific regulation either by maintaining reproductive output in one habitat or by migrating between them. By affording these regulatory escapes to habitat‐modifying species, patchy mosaics may be much more prone to herbivore outbreaks and a host of cascading effects that come in their wake.
Efficacy of high‐dose steroids for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome post pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Even‐Or Ehud , Ghandourah Hasan , Ali Muhammad , Krueger Joerg , Sweezey Neil B. , Schechter Tal
Published: February 2018

BOS is the pulmonary manifestation of cGvHD post‐allogeneic HSCT. Survival and treatment of this often fatal complication have not improved over the last 20 years and there is no clear standard of care. For the past 10 years, BOS was treated in our center with monthly cycles of HDPS. We reviewed the outcomes of patients with post‐HSCT BOS who met the diagnostic criteria for BOS as per the NIH consensus and were treated with at least one cycle of methylprednisolone at a dose of 10‐30 mg/kg/d×3 d. We collected demographic and clinical data, responses to treatment and results of pulmonary function tests at several time points. Between January 2007 and January 2014, 12 patients were treated with HDPS for post‐HSCT BOS. Five patients (42%) had a good response to treatment; four patients (33%) stabilized with moderate lung disease; and three patients (25%) progressed to end‐stage disease. No significant acute side effects attributable to the HDPS treatment were identified. HDPS may be an effective treatment option for all but the most severely ill patients with post‐HSCT BOS.
Increased carotid intima‐media thickness in African American pediatric kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Sgambat Kristen , Clauss Sarah , Lei K. Y. , Song Jiuzhou , Rahaman Shaik O. , Lasota Margaret , Moudgil Asha
Published: February 2018

Early signs of subclinical CV dysfunction can be detected by ultrasound for CIMT. Although A‐A are at high risk for CV disease, CIMT of A‐A kidney transplant recipients has not been previously investigated. The aim of this prospective, controlled, longitudinal study was to investigate determinants of CIMT in a multiracial pediatric kidney transplant population, with a focus on A‐A. Transplant recipients (n = 42) had BMI, waist‐to‐height ratio, fasting glucose, lipid panel, HbA1c%, and CIMT measured at 1, 18, and 30 months post‐transplant. Twenty‐four healthy children (14 A‐A) served as controls. CIMT of A‐A transplant (0.49, 0.49, and 0.48 mm) was higher than non‐AA transplant (0.43, 0.44, and 0.44 mm) at 1, 18, and 30 months and higher than A‐A controls (0.47 mm). Hyperparathyroidism prior to transplant predicted high CIMT‐for‐race. A‐A race was associated with 10% higher CIMT vs non‐A‐A transplant. Metabolic syndrome was associated with 0.03 ± 0.01 mm increase in CIMT among A‐A transplant recipients only. In conclusion, A‐A kidney transplant recipients have increased CIMT. Metabolic syndrome disproportionately affects CIMT of A‐A children post‐transplant. Identification of subclinical CV damage, detected by CIMT, may provide an opportunity for early detection of CV risk in this vulnerable population.
The Difficulties with Groundlessness
Authors: Dromm Keith
Published: February 2018

In On Certainty, §166, Wittgenstein mentions the difficulty of realizing the “groundlessness of our believing.” In the course of reviewing what makes this realization so difficult, I examine a certain way of understanding one of Wittgenstein's techniques for getting us to realize it, his use of the “hinge” metaphor. It implies that hinge‐propositions possess that status inherently; for some commentators, this is because of their connection to instinctive and habitual behaviours. I offer an alternative interpretation of the remarks that have been used to support this understanding that better explains their role in Wittgenstein's response to scepticism and other epistemological problems.
Validation of Questionnaire and Diary Measures of Time Outdoors Against an Objective Measure of Personal Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure
Authors: Cust Anne E , Fenton Georgina L , Smit Amelia K , Espinoza David , Dobbinson Suzanne , Brodie Alison , Dang Huong Tran Cam , Kimlin Michael G
Published: February 2018

Self‐reported sun exposure is commonly measured using questionnaires or diaries, but there are limited data on their validity, particularly for population subgroups. This research aimed to compare self‐reported sun exposure, measured as (1) habitual time outdoors over the past month on weekends and weekdays and (2) a 4‐day diary measure, against objective measurement of personal ultraviolet radiation using polysulfone film dosimeters. From November 2015 to January 2016, 94 people (22–69 years and living in New South Wales, Australia) completed a questionnaire, 4‐day diary and 4‐day dosimeter measures of overall, weekday and weekend sun exposure. Spearman correlations and Bland–Altman plots were used to measure agreement. The overall weekly correlation was 0.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44, 0.68) between standard erythemal doses (SEDs) measured by dosimeter and time spent outdoors measured by questionnaire, 0.74 (95% CI 0.66–0.81) between dosimeter and diary, and 0.59 (95% CI 0.48–0.68) between questionnaire and diary measures. Validity was lower for younger people and weekend sun exposure. There was strong correlation between dosimeter and sun diary measures and moderate correlation between dosimeter and questionnaire measures. Daily measurement over a longer period may be required to accurately capture weeklong sun exposure in all population subgroups.
Antiphotoaging Effect of Prunus yeonesis Blossom Extract via Inhibition of MAPK/AP‐1 and Regulation of the TGF‐βI/Smad and Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathways
Authors: Li Lu , Hwang Eunson , Ngo Hien T. T. , Lin Pei , Gao Wei , Liu Ying , Yi Tae‐Hoo
Published: February 2018

Cherry blossoms have attracted attention as an ingredient with potential for use in skincare products. However, no skin photoaging‐related research has been performed with this plant. In this study, cherry blossom extract (CBE) at 1, 10 and 100 μg mL−1 was investigated for its skin antiphotoaging effects in UVB‐irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cells in vitro. Our results showed that CBE markedly increased type‐I procollagen during UVB exposure via two pathways. Firstly, transcription activator protein‐1 expression and MAP kinases were downregulated, consequently reducing the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 and MMP‐3. Secondly, transforming growth factor TGF‐βI secretion was upregulated by Smads. Application of CBE facilitated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 against reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced damage, which is essential for the coordinated induction of cytoprotective enzymes. Together, our findings suggest that CBE may be a promising ingredient for skin aging therapy and provide a novel approach for alleviating cutaneous aging.