bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Chemical Bonding of Ba2Ni5Ge4 — An Intermetallic Compound with a New Two‐Dimensional ∞2[Ni5Ge4] Structural Motif.
Authors: Siggelkow Lisa , Hlukhyy Viktor , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: January 2012

The title compound is synthesized by arc melting of stoichiometric mixtures of the elements followed by annealing at 800 °C for two weeks under argon.
ChemInform Abstract: Protective Opening of Epoxide Using Pivaloyl Halides under Catalyst‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Rao Chitturi Bhujanga , Rao Dasireddi Chandra , Venkateswara Mallem , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra
Published: January 2012

An efficient, mild, and environmentally benign protocol for the regioselective opening of epoxides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: An Oxidative [2,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allylic Hydrazides.
Authors: Strick Benjamin F. , Mundal Devon A. , Thomson Regan J.
Published: January 2012

The title reaction proceeds via singlet N‐nitrene intermediates to give a series of allylic diazene products.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Aza‐Michael Addition.
Authors: Kang Qiang , Zhang Yugen
Published: January 2012

A novel aza‐Michael addition of amines, including aromatic and aliphatic amines, with α,β‐unsaturated ketones is realized by employing N‐heterocyclic carbene as bifunctional catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrosilanes Are not Always a Reducing Reagent: A Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Introduction of Primary Alkyl Groups to Electron‐Rich Aromatic Rings Using Esters as a Source of the Alkyl Groups.
Authors: Nagashima Hideo , Kubo Yuichi , Kawamura Mitsunobu , Nishikata Takashi , Motoyama Yukihiro
Published: January 2012

Although it is limited to electron‐rich aromatic compounds, the combination of a hydrosilane, an ester, and the ruthenium cluster provides a good method to introduce a primary alkyl group to the aromatic compound.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fused Carbocycles via a Selective 6‐Endo Dig Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Carbocyclization.
Authors: Barabe Francis , Levesque Patrick , Korobkov Ilia , Barriault Louis
Published: January 2012

A broad spectrum of substrates is used for the transformations in the presence of gold catalysts (I)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclopentenols and Cyclopentenones via Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Cycloaddition.
Authors: Jenkins Aireal D. , Herath Ananda , Song Minsoo , Montgomery John
Published: January 2012

While the “normal” cycloaddition between dienes and alkynes leads to formation of six‐membered Diels—Alder or hetero‐Diels—Alder ring products, the reductive cycloaddition using BEt3 as the active reducing agent and MeOH as the proton donor allows the synthesis of either cyclopentenols (from enals and alkynes) or cyclopentenones (from enoates and alkynes).
ChemInform Abstract: Bifunctional Phosphine‐Catalyzed Cross‐Rauhut—Currier/Michael/Aldol Condensation Triple Domino Reaction: Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclohexenes.
Authors: Xie Peizhong , Huang You , Lai Wenqing , Meng Xiangtai , Chen Ruyu
Published: January 2012

This three‐component domino reaction offers a powerful approach to highly substituted cyclohexene skeletons.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Chemoselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroacylation of α,α‐Disubstituted 4‐Alkylidenecyclopropanals.
Authors: Crepin Damien , Tugny Coralie , Murray James H. , Aissa Christophe
Published: January 2012

Mild intramolecular hydroacylation of α,α‐disubstituted 4‐alkylidenecyclopropanals, such (I), (VII), and (IX) is described avoiding decarbonylation and affording cycloheptenones (II), (VIII), and (X) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Mediated Trifluoromethylation of Arenes Using TMSCF3.
Authors: Ye Yingda , Lee Shin Hee , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: January 2012

A broad spectrum of substrates is investigated to produce the isomers shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Primary Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes with Difluoro(aryl)‐λ3‐Bromane.
Authors: Ochiai Masahito , Yoshimura Akira , Hoque Md. Mahbubul , Okubo Takuji , Saito Motomichi , Miyamoto Kazunori
Published: January 2012

Acid fluorides are produced from primary aliphatic aldehydes, whereas the aromatic substrates form difluoromethyl ethers due to a larger migratory aptitude of the aryl groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Tandem Reaction Toward Functionalized Pyrrolidines with Multiple Stereocenters.
Authors: Guo Shengmei , Xie Yinjun , Hu Xinquan , Huang Hanmin
Published: January 2012

A broad spectrum of dual Michael adducts is prepared with excellent diastereoselectivity (<90% d.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: Expanded Substrate Scope and Improved Reactivity of Ether‐Forming Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organotrifluoroborates and Acetals.
Authors: Vo Cam‐Van T. , Mitchell Andrew , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: January 2012

The choice of the hydroxamate leaving group is crucial.
ChemInform Abstract: Turning a Riboflavin‐Binding Protein into a Self‐Sufficient Monooxygenase by Cofactor Redesign.
Authors: de Gonzalo Gonzalo , Smit Christian , Jin Jiangfeng , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: January 2012

Tight binding of N‐alkylated flavins (I) to riboflavin‐binding protein results in the creation of artifical flavoenzymes capable of H2O2 mediated enantioselective sulfoxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State Suzuki Reaction Catalyzed by Ferrocene Palladacycles Without Solvent.
Authors: Khruscheva N. S. , Bulygina L. A. , Sokolov V. I.
Published: January 2012

A solventless Suzuki reaction using ferrocene palladacycles with bi‐ and tridentate (C,N) and (C,N,N) ligands is achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Pd(II)/1‐Methylimidazole Complex Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chlorides in Water.
Authors: Zhou Xia‐Xia , Shao Li‐Xiong
Published: January 2012

The well‐defined complex shows high activity in the title process.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Thio‐Michael Addition to Chalcones in Water Catalyzed by Bovine Serum Albumin.
Authors: Gaggero Nicoletta , Albanese Domenico Carlo Maria , Celentano Giuseppe , Banfi Stefano , Aresi Alice
Published: January 2012

The title non‐enzymic protein catalyzes the addition of aromatic or aliphatic thiols to α,β‐unsaturated ketones in a stereoselective fashion to give enantioenriched β‐sulfanyl ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Arylation of Allyl Alcohol via a One‐Pot Heck Arylation—Isomerization—Acylation Cascade.
Authors: Colbon Paul , Ruan Jiwu , Purdie Mark , Molholland Keith , Xiao Jianliang
Published: January 2012

The arylation step favors aryl bromides bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents, while the acylation reaction is supported by electron‐donating groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Hypervalent Diacetoxybromobenzene and Aziridination of Olefins with Imino‐λ3‐bromane Generated in situ under Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Hoque Md. Mahbubul , Miyamoto Kazunori , Tada Norihiro , Shiro Motoo , Ochiai Masahito
Published: January 2012

In most cases, the reaction is carried out by first premixing bromane (III) and triflylamide (IV) followed by addition of the olefin.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of Dialkyl(4‐hydroxy‐2‐butynyl)(3‐phenylallyl)ammonium Bromides in an KOH Aqueous Solution or in the Presence of Powdered KOH.
Authors: Chukhadjian E. O. , Gabrielyan A. S. , Chukhadjian El. O. , Shahkhatuni K. G. , Panosyan G. A.
Published: January 2012

Quaternary amines (III), synthesized for the first time, suffer a Stevens rearrangement under both aqueous and non‐aqueous conditions to furnish dihydrofurans (IV) as mixture of diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Acylation of Silyl Ketene Acetals Through Fluoride Anion‐Binding Catalysis.
Authors: Birrell James A. , Desrosiers Jean‐Nicolas , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: January 2012

The reaction is best catalyzed by the complex chiral thiourea derivative in combination with 4‐pyrrolidinopyridine to afford the target α,α‐disubstituted butyrolactone products with high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Radical Cyclizations with Arylboronic Acids and Trifluoroborates.
Authors: Lockner Jonathan W. , Dixon Darryl D. , Risgaard Rune , Baran Phil S.
Published: January 2012

The method can be applied to the construction of a broad spectrum of cyclic systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Tandem Aldol‐Cyclization Reaction of α‐Isothiocyanato Imides and Activated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Guang Jie , Zhao Cong‐Gui
Published: January 2012

Cinchonidine thiourea CIN is found to be superior to other catalysts (9 examples) in terms of both diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity obtained for product (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot‐One‐Step, Microwave‐Assisted Fischer Indole Synthesis.
Authors: Creencia Evelyn Cuevas , Tsukamoto Masayuki , Horaguchi Takaaki
Published: January 2012

A convenient method for the synthesis of the indoles (III), (V), and (VII) from commercially available starting reagents is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Hydroacylation of Isatins with Aldehydes: Access to 3‐Acyloxy‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐indol‐2‐ones.
Authors: Du Ding , Lu Yingyan , Jin Jianlin , Tang Weifang , Lu Tao
Published: January 2012

A highly efficient atom‐economical transition metal‐free hydroacylation of isatin derivatives with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoroacetic Acid Promoted Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy, 3‐Amino and Spirooxindoles from α‐Keto‐N‐Anilides.
Authors: Gorokhovik Ioulia , Neuville Luc , Zhu Jieping
Published: January 2012

Functionalized alkyl side chains [cf.(XIV) and (XVII)] are also compatible with the conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular and Selective Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Oxazoles by a Gold‐Catalyzed Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Davies Paul W. , Cremonesi Alex , Dumitrescu Lidia
Published: January 2012

Trisubstituted 1,3‐oxazoles are smoothly prepared by the intermolecular reaction of pyridine‐N‐aminides with ynamides tolerating a variety of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Chemoselective One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Arylidene‐2‐phenyl‐5(4H)‐oxazolones Starting from Benzyl Alcohols Promoted by [(C14H24N4) 2W10O32]‐[bmim]NO3.
Authors: Rostami Mahboubeh , Khosropour Ahmad Reza , Mirkhani Valiollah , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram
Published: January 2012

A new, efficient, and highly chemoselective one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of azlactones via sequential oxidation of benzyl alcohols and subsequent Erlenmeyer—Ploechl reaction is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Aminomethyl‐Substituted Pyrazoles and Isoxazoles.
Authors: Musatov D. M. , Starodubtseva E. V. , Rakishev A. K. , Turova O. V. , Vinogradov M. G.
Published: January 2012

via Claisen reaction of ketones (I) or (VII) with oxalate (II) followed by cyclocondensation of the intermediate α,γ‐diketones with hydrazine or hydroxylamine, respectively
ChemInform Abstract: Highly N2‐Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Ueda Satoshi , Su Mingjuan , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: January 2012

Arylation of 1,2,3‐triazoles with aryl halides is achieved with excellent N2‐selectivity in the in the presence of a novel Pd—biphenylphosphine catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Three‐Component Synthesis of 7‐Aryl‐1,1‐dioxothieno[3,2‐b]pyran Derivatives Catalyzed by Ammonium Acetate.
Authors: Yao Changsheng , Feng Xiaodong , Wang Cuihua , Jiang Bei , Yu Chenxia , Wang Xiangshan , Li Tuanjie , Tu Shujiang
Published: January 2012

An efficient, economical, safe, and environmentally benign procedure for the synthesis of the title compounds (IV) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Nitrones and Studies of Their Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Roy Brindaban , De Rajendra Narayan
Published: January 2012

Benzene is found to be a suitable solvent for the title 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Melamine—Formaldehyde Resin Supported H+: A Mild and Inexpensive Reagent for the Synthesis of Coumarins under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Rezaei Ramin , Dorosty Leila , Rajabzadeh Maryam , Khalifeh Reza
Published: January 2012

The resin catalyzes the Pechmann condensation of phenols with ethyl or methyl acetoacetate to yield the desired coumarin skeleton under conventional or microwave conditions with similar yields (10 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 14‐Aryl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthene Derivatives Using Cu(CH3CN)4PF6 as Catalyst.
Authors: Soleimani Ebrahim , Zainali Mohsen , Lotfi Shahram
Published: January 2012

A simple and expedient method for the synthesis of a series of the title compounds (III) (9 examples) is described using the condensation of β‐naphthol with aryl aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridines via an Olefin Cross‐Metathesis/Heck—Cyclization—Elimination Sequence.
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Bower John F. , Baker David B. , Basutto Jose A. , Chan Louis K. M. , Gallagher Peter
Published: January 2012

Heck reactions are performed on α,β‐unsaturated ‐δ‐sulfonamido intermediates (III), derived from cross‐metathesis, to allow the installment of substituents at the β‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of New 2,4,6‐Triarylpyridines Catalyzed by a Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquid as a Green and Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Behmadi Hossein , Naderipour Shima , Saadati Seyed Mahdi , Barghamadi Mohammad , Shaker Mohammad , Tavakoli‐Hoseini Niloofar
Published: January 2012

A highly efficient, easy, mild, and simple method for the synthesis of the compounds (III) and (VI), which includes the use of a reusable catalyst, is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N,N‐Disubstituted (Z)‐O‐Methylnicotinamide Oximes.
Authors: Martsynkevich A. M. , Zakharychev V. V. , Sharanina N. I.
Published: January 2012

A number of new (Z)‐N,N‐dialkyl‐ and (Z)‐N‐acyl‐N‐alkyl‐O‐methylnicotinamide oximes is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Electrophilic Cyclization of Functional Derivatives of Unsaturated Compounds. Part 1. Synthesis of 5‐Arylsulfanyl‐6‐phenylpiperidin‐2‐ones from Cinnamylacetamides and Arylsulfenyl Chlorides.
Authors: Vas'kevich A. I. , Tsizorik N. M. , Rusanov E. B. , Stanitets V. I. , Vovk M. V.
Published: January 2012

Sterically nonhindered amides (I) in the reaction with arylsulfenyl chlorides (II) undergo a selective cyclization into piperidinones (III), whereas sterically hindered amides (IV) under similar conditions lead to tetrahydropyrano‐2‐iminium perchlorates (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Alkylquinolines under Solvent‐Free Conditions Using Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Ionic Liquid as a Recoverable and Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Zhang Min , Xiong Biao , Wang Ting , Ding Yu‐Qiang , Wang Li
Published: January 2012

The reactions of arylamines (I) with aldehydes (II) in the functionalized ionic liquid proceed smoothly to afford the 2‐alkylquinolines (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Friedlaender Synthesis of Poly‐Substituted Quinolines in the Presence of Triethylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate [Et3NH][HSO4] as a Highly Efficient, and Cost Effective Acidic Ionic Liquid Catalyst.
Authors: Kermani Esmat Tavakolinejad , Khabazzadeh Hojatollah , Jazinizadeh Tayebeh
Published: January 2012

The reaction is conducted under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Photocyclization Reactions of N‐Acetyl‐α‐dehydro(1‐naphthyl)alaninamides in the Presence of Chiral Amine.
Authors: Maekawa Kei , Tanami Toshiyuki , Igarashi Tetsutaro , Sakurai Tadamitsu
Published: January 2012

The effects of (S)‐proline‐based chiral amines as electron‐donor catalysts, substituents, and temperature on the asymmetric sensitization reaction of title compounds (I) in less polar solvents are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Sodium Salt of Cyclic β‐Formylester for Synthesis of Dihydro‐2H‐furo[2,3‐d]pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridines.
Authors: Patil Shivaraj P. , Toche Raghunath B.
Published: January 2012

The sodium salt of α‐formyl‐γ‐butyrolactone (I) is a versatile, reactive, and selective synthon giving access to several new heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiourea‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Iso‐Pictet—Spengler Reactions.
Authors: Lee Yunmi , Klausen Rebekka S. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: January 2012

The less enantioselective but commercially available catalyst (Ib) can also be used.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐ and 2,3‐Substituted Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines: Scope and Mechanistic Considerations of a Domino Direct Alkynylation and Cyclization of N‐Iminopyridinium Ylides Using Alkenyl Bromides, Alkenyl Iodides, and Alkynes.
Authors: Mousseau James J. , Bull James A. , Ladd Carolyn L. , Fortier Angelique , Roman Daniela Sustac , Charette Andre B.
Published: January 2012

Ag/Pd‐mediated treatment of N‐iminopyridinium ylides with alkynes, alkenyl bromides or iodides provides a new, facile, and widely applicable method to prepare biologically important 2‐substituted pyrazolopyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrimidines.
Authors: Zhang Chuang‐Jun , Han Wen‐Yong , Gao Mi‐Xiang , Xu Fei‐Fei , Zhang Zun‐Ting
Published: January 2012

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of the title compounds (III) and (V) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldimines of 5‐Aminouracil as Reagents in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Jakubiec Dominika , Walczak Krzysztof Z.
Published: January 2012

Hitherto unknown uracil substituted oxadiazoles (III) (8 examples) are obtained by [2 + 3] cycloaddition of freshly prepared nitrile oxides with imines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: New Conditions for Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐2‐Monosubstituted and (.+‐.)‐2,2‐Disubstituted 2,3‐Dihydro‐4(1H)‐quinazolinones from 2‐Nitro‐ and 2‐Aminobenzamide.
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Nammalwar Baskar
Published: January 2012

An efficient, simple, and mild one‐pot synthesis of the title compounds (III) from the compounds (I) or (IV) by using inexpensive reagents is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Thiazolidinone Norfloxacin Hybrids (VI).
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Kumar Ashok , Sharma Shalabh , Singh Netra Pal
Published: January 2012

Title compound (VIb) shows higher antibacterial activity than the standard drug chloroamphenicol and also exhibits significant antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 6,7‐Dihydro‐5H‐pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,4]diazepin‐8(9H)‐ones.
Authors: Xiang Jinbao , Hu Xiaowei , Dang Qun , Bai Xu
Published: January 2012

A new method for the synthesis of the title compounds (II) with an intramolecular amidation as key step is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzoxocines by an 8‐endo‐dig Cyclization.
Authors: Wittstein Kathrin , Kumar Kamal , Waldmann Herbert
Published: January 2012

The desired products are obtained as separable E/Z‐mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dibenzodiazepines and Structural Analogues.
Authors: Tsvelikhovsky Dmitry , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: January 2012

The Pd‐catalyzed synthesis of dibenzodiazepines and related compounds represents a very short sequence through the use of simple and easily accessible starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Diarylphosphines to α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Acylpyrroles.
Authors: Du Dan , Duan Wei‐Liang
Published: January 2012

The highly enantioselective asymmetric 1,4‐addition of diarylphosphines (II) to unsaturated acylpyrroles (I) catalyzed by a PCP pincer Pd‐complex is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Desymmetrization of meso‐Aziridines with Silylated Selenium Nucleophiles.
Authors: Senatore Matilde , Lattanzi Alessandra , Santoro Stefano , Santi Claudio , Della Sala Giorgio
Published: January 2012

The title method affords β‐aminoselenium compounds with high enantiomeric purity by use of a mixture of PhSeTms and PhSeH as the nucleophile.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrazine Derivatives of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids and Their Biological Activity.
Authors: Ghosh Pranab , Rasul Md. Golam , Chakraborty Madhumita , Mandal Amitava , Saha Aniruddha
Published: January 2012

A method for the introduction of a pyrazine ring into ring A of pentacyclic triterpenes is presented (yields not given).
ChemInform Abstract: Reducing the Conformational Flexibility of Carbohydrates: Locking the 6‐Hydroxyl Group by Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Brand Christian , Granitzka Markus , Stalke Dietmar , Werz Daniel B.
Published: January 2012

The 6‐hydroxyl group of hexopyranosides, such as (I) is stereochemically locked by the spiroannelation of a cyclopropane unit at C‐5.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Mycinose (V) from 1,2:5,6‐Di‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranose (I)
Authors: Bao Kai , Gao Hao , Zhu Zhibin , Wang Jinhong , Zhang Guoning , Sun Jun , Zhang Weige , Yao Xinsheng
Published: January 2012

involving the selective, direct reductive debromination reaction of α‐hydroxy bromide (II) as the key step
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective C‐Glycosylation of Glycals with Enol Triflates.
Authors: Bai Yaguang , Leow Minli , Zeng Jing , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: January 2012

The reaction takes place at the anomeric center and α‐isomers are produced exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Three‐Enzyme Synthesis of UDP‐GlcNAc Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Yi , Thon Vireak , Li Yanhong , Yu Hai , Ding Li , Lau Kam , Qu Jingyao , Hie Liana , Chen Xi
Published: January 2012

An efficient chemoenzymatic approach producing a series of uridine diphosphate N‐acetylglucosamine derivatives (III) containing natural and non‐natural modifications at C‐2 and C‐6 of the glusosamine moiety using a one‐pot three‐enzyme system is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Growth and Properties of III‐V Compound Semiconductor Heterostructure Nanowires
Authors: Gao Q. , Tan H. H. , Jackson H. E. , Smith L. M. , Yarrison‐Rice J. M. , Zou Jin , Jagadish C.
Published: January 2012

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations in the Fe—N System
Authors: Kardonina N. I. , Yurovskikh A. S. , Kolpakov A. S.
Published: January 2012

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Calcium Looping Cycle for CO2 Capture from Power Generation, Cement Manufacture and Hydrogen Production
Authors: Dean C. C. , Blamey J. , Florin N. H. , Al‐Jeboori M. J. , Fennell P. S.
Published: January 2012

Review: 163 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenyl—Acetylene Bond Assembly: A Powerful Tool for the Construction of Nanoscale Architectures
Authors: Jenny Nicolas M. , Mayor Marcel , Eaton Thomas R.
Published: January 2012

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amines as Key Building Blocks in Pd‐Assisted Multicomponent Processes
Authors: Bouyssi Didier , Monteiro Nuno , Balme Genevieve
Published: January 2012

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Peptoid “Foldamers”: Why the Additional Methylene Unit?
Authors: Olsen Christian A.
Published: January 2012

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Programmable One‐Pot Glycosylation
Authors: Wu Chung‐Yi , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: January 2012

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Heterocycles: Pyrrole and Related Systems
Authors: Bergman Jan , Janosik Tomasz
Published: January 2012

Review: 745 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Four‐Membered Heterocycles: Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Rousseau Gerard , Robin Sylvie
Published: January 2012

Review: 477 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Rings with One Oxygen: Pyrylium Ion, Related Systems and Benzo Derivatives
Authors: Santamaria Javier , Valdes Carlos
Published: January 2012

Review: 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Heterocycles: Quinoline and Isoquinoline
Authors: Alajarin Ramon , Burgos Carolina
Published: January 2012

Review: 540 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Heterocycles: Pyridines
Authors: Gonzalez‐Bello Concepcion , Castedo Luis
Published: January 2012

Review: 266 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oligomerization of Monoolefins by Homogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Forestiere A. , Olivier‐Bourbigou H. , Saussine L.
Published: January 2012

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid (PTSA) in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Baghernejad Bita
Published: January 2012

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Novel Asymmetric Reactions Based on Acid—Base Catalysis of Late Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Hamashima Yoshitaka , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: January 2012

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Antibacterial Agents Active Against Drug‐Resistant Bacterial Pathogens Based on Total Synthesis of Nucleoside Natural Products
Authors: Ichikawa Satoshi , Tanino Tetsuya , Ii Kensuke , Matsuda Akira
Published: January 2012

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity and Synthesis Inspired by the Zincke Ring‐Opening of Pyridines.
Authors: Vanderwal Christopher D.
Published: January 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategies Toward the Guaiane Sesquiterpene Englerin A
Authors: Chain William J.
Published: January 2012

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid—Phase Selective Oxidation by Multimetallic Active Sites of Polyoxometalate‐Based Molecular Catalysts
Authors: Mizuno Noritaka , Kamata Keigo , Yamaguchi Kazuya
Published: January 2012

Review: 205 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Large‐Ring Cyclodextrins
Authors: Endo Tomohiro
Published: January 2012

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bifunctional Acid Catalysts for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Li Pingfan , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: January 2012

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular C—H Insertions of Carbenoids
Authors: Davies Huw M. L. , Pelphrey Phillip M.
Published: January 2012

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroarylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Nickel
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki
Published: January 2012

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biology‐Oriented Synthesis
Authors: Wetzel Stefan , Bon Robin S. , Kumar Kamal , Waldmann Herbert
Published: January 2012

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Beyond Petrochemicals: The Renewable Chemicals Industry
Authors: Vennestroem P. N. R. , Osmundsen C. M. , Christensen C. H. , Taarning Esben
Published: January 2012

Review: 41 refs.
Work‐Related Physical Activity Among Cardiovascular Specialists
Authors: Abd Thura T , Kobylivker Andrew , Perry Adam , Miller III Joseph , Sperling Laurence
Published: January 2012

Background:

Strong evidence supports positive correlation of physical activity with health benefits. Current recommendations by the American Heart Association are a minimum 30 minutes of moderate physical activity 5 days per week. This goal has been equilibrated with 10,000 steps per day.

Hypothesis:

Work‐related physical activity of cardiovascular (CV) specialists does not meet the currently recommended daily physical activity.

Methods:

Eight cardiothoracic (CT) surgeons, 7 general cardiologists, 5 procedural cardiologists, and 8 cardiac anesthesiologists (N = 28) participated in the study. Demographic information on each participant was recorded including age, resting heart rate, body mass index, and medical and social history. Subjects were asked to wear a spring‐levered pedometer on their hip for 2 weeks while at work and to record the total number of steps as well as number of hours worked each day.

Results:

The average daily steps walked during work were 6540, 6039, 5910, and 5553 for general cardiologists, CT surgeons, procedural cardiologists, and cardiac anesthesiologists, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the average number of steps taken per day among the groups. CT surgeons worked 12.4 hours per day compared to 9.3 hours by the cardiac anesthesiologists (P = 0.03).

Conclusions:

In this small, single‐center study, work‐related physical activity of CV specialists did not meet the recommended guidelines. Obtaining the recommended activity level might be a challenge, given their busy work schedule. Therefore, CV specialists must engage in additional, out‐of‐hours exercise to achieve the recommended daily exercise. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Recovery of Gallium and Arsenic from Gallium Arsenide Waste in the Electronics Industry
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ting , Tsai Lung‐Chang , Tsai Fang‐Chang , Shu Chi‐Min
Published: January 2012

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) has both high saturated electron velocity and high electron mobility, making it useful as a semiconductor material in a variety of applications, including light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), integrated circuits (ICs), and microwave appliances. A side effect of the use of gallium (Ga) is the production of a relatively large amount of hazardous waste. This study aimed at the recovery of Ga and arsenic (As) from GaAs waste using hydrometallurgical methods involving leaching and coagulation and a dry annealing process that involves annealing, vacuum separation, and sublimation by heating. Our research has shown that GaAs can be leached using nitric acid (HNO3) to obtain 100% Ga and As with a leaching solution at pH 0.1, with subsequent adjustment of the leaching solution to pH 3 with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Another method used a leaching solution at pH 2, then adjusting to pH 11 using NaOH. Ferric hydroxide (FeO(OH)) was added at 90°C after NaOH was added to the leaching solution. At pH 2 and 11, 55.5 and 21.9% of the As could be removed from the hazardous waste, respectively. The Ga could also be precipitated. When GaAs powder was heated to 1000°C over 3 h, 100% As removal was achieved, and 92.6% of the Ga was removed by formation of 99.9% gallium trioxide (Ga2O3). Arsenic was vaporized when the temperature was elevated to 1000°C, allowing arsenic trioxide (As2O3) to condense with 99.2% purity. The Ga2O3 powder produced was then dissolved and electrolyzed, allowing for 95.9% recovery of Ga with a purity of 99.9%.
Diabetic foot – what can we learn from leprosy? Legacy of Dr Paul W. Brand
Authors: Boulton Andrew J. M.
Published: January 2012

Leprosy and diabetes, though two very different conditions, may both result in severe loss of sensation in the feet, which are then a great risk of painless injury and ulceration. Seminal observations made by the late Dr Paul W. Brand, a surgeon working with leprosy patients in South India in the mid‐20th century, resulted in the subsequent development of treatments to manage insensitive foot ulcers that are today entirely applicable to patients with diabetes. As a consequence of his research, the recognition of the relationship between insensitivity, repetitive pressures and skin breakdown has helped our understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of neuropathic foot lesions in diabetes: the development of the total contact cast and other casting devices to treat such lesions forms the basis of management of diabetic foot lesions with off‐loading devices that are widely used in the 21st century in diabetic foot clinics around the world. Moreover, observations by Brand that the foot ‘heats up before it breaks down’ resulted in more recent research showing that self‐skin temperature monitoring might help reduce the incidence of recurrent neuropathic foot ulcers in diabetes. In summary, Brand's understanding of ‘the gift of pain’ that, when lost, results in the late complications of diabetic neuropathy has guided the prevention, diagnosis and management of diabetic foot problems in the 21st century. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coming events cast their shadows before: detecting inflammation in the acute diabetic foot and the foot in remission
Authors: Bharara Manish , Schoess Jeffrey , Armstrong David G.
Published: January 2012

The incidence of diabetic foot complications, most notably wounds, is increasing worldwide. Most people who present for care of a foot wound will become infected. Globally, this results in one major amputation every 30 seconds with over 2500 limbs lost per day. Presently, clinicians assess circulation, neuropathy and plantar pressures to identify the risk of foot ulceration. Several studies have suggested prevention of foot ulcers by identifying individuals at high risk and treating for lower extremity complications. Our group has proposed several diagnostics as well as prevention strategies, especially thermography and thermometry for management of patients with diabetic foot complications. These strategies employ non‐invasive assessment of inflammation for acute as well as chronic care for the foot, with the intent to prevent ulceration/re‐ulceration and subsequent traumatic amputations. The authors' review some important clinical studies and ongoing research in this area, with the long‐term goal to further the role of thermography and thermometry in clinical care for the diabetic foot. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis in peripheral artery disease
Authors: Troidl Kerstin , Schaper Wolfgang
Published: January 2012

Different forms of vessel growth in the adult organism contribute to the compensation for an occluded artery. We here summarize the major differences between arteriogenesis and angiogenesis and provide evidence in favour of a therapeutic stimulation of collateral growth. In addition, we outline current knowledge about regulatory mechanisms transducing the initial physical stimulus into a cellular response. As an example, the role of nitric oxide during arteriogenesis is discussed, and finally, we propose a mechanism of how an efficient decision is made that makes the larger collaterals larger and the smaller ones smaller. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic patients with renal insufficiency: a review
Authors: Lepäntalo Mauri , Fiengo Leslie , Biancari Fausto
Published: January 2012

Peripheral arterial disease is common among diabetic patients with renal insufficiency, and most of the diabetic patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) have peripheral arterial disease. Ischaemia is probably overrepresented as an etiological factor for a diabetic foot ulcer in this group of patients compared with other diabetic patients. ESRD is a strong risk factor for both ulceration and amputation in diabetic patients. It increases the risk of nonhealing of ulcers and major amputation with an OR of 2.5–3.

Renal disease is a more important predictor of poor outcome after revascularizations than commonly expected. Preoperative vascular imaging is also affected by a number of limitations, mostly related to side effects of contrast agents poorly eliminated because of kidney dysfunction. Patients with renal failure have high perioperative morbidity and mortality. Persistent ischaemia, extensive infection, forefoot and heel gangrene, poor run‐off, poor cardiac function, and the length of dialysis‐dependent renal failure all affect the outcome adversely. Despite dismal overall outcome, recent data indicate that by proper selection, favourable results can be obtained even in ESRD patients, with the majority of studies reporting 1‐year limb salvage rates of 65–75% after revascularization among survivors. High 1‐year mortality of 38% reported in a recent review has to be taken into consideration, though. The preferential use of endovascular‐first approach is attractive in this vulnerable multimorbid group of patients, but the evidence for endovascular treatment is very scarce. The need for complete revascularization of the foot may be even more important than in other patients with ischaemic ulcerated diabetic foot because there are a number of factors counteracting healing in these patients. Typically, half of the patients are reported to lose their legs despite open bypass. To control tissue damage and improve chances of ulcer healing, one should understand that early referral to vascular consultation is necessary. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes and foot infection: more than double trouble
Authors: Richard Jean‐Louis , Lavigne Jean‐Philippe , Sotto Albert
Published: January 2012

Background

Infection of foot ulcers is a common, often severe and costly complication in diabetes. Many factors linked to the host, mainly immune defects, neuropathy and arteriopathy, as well as bacteria‐related factors, interact in a complex way and account for the susceptibility of diabetic individuals to foot infections, the severity of such infections and difficulty to treat them.

Methods

This article reviews these factors, in the light of data from the literature and from our own results.

Results

DFIs are not as simple as previously suggested, and new concepts must be considered, especially the virulence potential of isolates and bacterial communications through biofilms.

Conclusion

The development of new tools from molecular biology is a critical step to better understand and manage these infections. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration
Authors: Dorresteijn Johannes A. N. , Valk Gerlof D.
Published: January 2012

Treatment of diabetic foot ulceration is very challenging, costly and often needs to be of long duration. This leads to substantial economic burden. Population‐based research suggests that a meaningful reduction of the incidence of amputations caused by diabetes mellitus has already been achieved since the St. Vincent resolution in 1989. Still, it cannot be inferred from these studies that the current preventive efforts are (cost‐)effective because reduction of amputation incidence can also be the result of improvements in ulcer treatment. Nevertheless, education of people with diabetes is widely advocated and implemented in standard practice. Despite the fact that preventive interventions are often combined in daily practice, there is little scientific evidence demonstrating the effect of those efforts. In systematically reviewing the evidence, there is insufficient evidence that limited patient education alone is effective in achieving clinically relevant reductions in ulcer and amputation incidence. To date, high quality evidence that more complex interventions including patient education can prevent diabetic foot ulceration is not available either. This, however, should be interpreted as lack of evidence rather than evidence of no effect. Future directions for research and practice may be to concentrate preventive effort on those patients who appear to be at highest risk of foot ulceration after careful screening and selection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot
Authors: Lipsky B. A. , Peters E. J. G. , Senneville E. , Berendt A. R. , Embil J. M. , Lavery L. A. , Urbančič‐Rovan V. , Jeffcoate W. J.
Published: January 2012

This update of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot incorporates some information from a related review of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) and a systematic review of the management of infection of the diabetic foot. The pathophysiology of these infections is now well understood, and there is a validated system for classifying the severity of infections based on their clinical findings. Diagnosing osteomyelitis remains difficult, but several recent publications have clarified the role of clinical, laboratory and imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging has emerged as the most accurate means of diagnosing bone infection, but bone biopsy for culture and histopathology remains the criterion standard. Determining the organisms responsible for a diabetic foot infection via culture of appropriately collected tissue specimens enables clinicians to make optimal antibiotic choices based on culture and sensitivity results. In addition to culture‐directed antibiotic therapy, most infections require some surgical intervention, ranging from minor debridement to major resection, amputation or revascularization. Clinicians must also provide proper wound care to ensure healing of the wound. Various adjunctive therapies may benefit some patients, but the data supporting them are weak. If properly treated, most diabetic foot infections can be cured. Providers practising in developing countries, and their patients, face especially challenging situations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motor dysfunction in diabetes
Authors: Andersen Henning
Published: January 2012

Neuropathy is a frequent complication in diabetes and most commonly seen as distal symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy (PN). Involvement of the motor system is infrequently seen at the clinical examination. However, with the application of quantitative techniques, that is, isokinetic dynamometry, type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients have been detected to have weakness at the ankle and the knee. Muscle weakness is found only in diabetic patients with PN, while non‐neuropathic patients even with long‐term diabetes have normal strength. The weakness is closely related to signs and severity of PN. With the use of magnetic resonance imaging, muscle weakness is found to be paralleled by muscular atrophy, which is observed in the feet and at the lower leg. Following diabetic patients for 8–10 years, we have observed accelerated loss of muscle strength in patients with symptomatic PN; similarly, accelerated loss of muscle mass is observed in the feet and lower legs. In large‐scale studies of diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects, lower muscle quality in diabetic patients is also found. Thus, in addition to PN, diabetes per se leads to lower strength per unit striated muscle. Muscle weakness is related to the slowing of movements, unstable gait, and more frequent falls. Furthermore, motor dysfunction leads to an increased risk of developing a foot ulcer due to due to alterations of the biomechanics of the feet caused by muscle atrophy. This may lead to an increased skin pressure that may lead to foot ulceration and ultimately amputation. Muscle and balance training may improve strength, postural stability, and walking performance; however, this needs to be studied in more detail. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic foot and PAD: the endovascular approach
Authors: Reekers J. A. , Lammer J.
Published: January 2012

Diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is recognized as one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Active revascularisation plays a crucial role in achieving ulcer healing. Non‐surgical, minimally invasive, revascularisation options for DFU have expanded over the last decade and have become a prominent tool to prevent amputation. Endovascular treatment of arterial DFU lesions is mainly concentrated in the below‐the‐knee arteries. The outcome of both open surgery and endovascular treatment is broadly spoken the same for the endpoints ulcer healing and limb salvage and is between 78% and 85%. The choice between endovascular treatment and open surgery should always be the outcome of a team discussion. Local expertise plays an important role in these discussions. In many institutions, the endovascular approach has currently become the first choice treatment option. The revascularisation of below‐the‐knee vessels needs experienced hands, team discussion and the right set of devices. Centralisation in DFU centres is therefore probably the best guaranty for the best outcome. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voltage‐gated calcium channel CACNB2 (β2.1) protein is required in the heart for control of cell proliferation and heart tube integrity
Authors: Chernyavskaya Yelena , Ebert Alicia M. , Milligan Emily , Garrity Deborah M.
Published: January 2012

Background: L‐type calcium channels (LTCC) regulate calcium entry into cardiomyocytes. CACNB2 (β2) LTCC auxiliary subunits traffic the pore‐forming CACNA subunit to the membrane and modulate channel kinetics. β2 is a membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein. A major role of MAGUK proteins is to scaffold cellular junctions and multiprotein complexes. Results: To investigate developmental functions for β2.1, we depleted it in zebrafish using morpholinos. β2.1‐depleted embryos developed compromised cardiac function by 48 hr postfertilization, which was ultimately lethal. β2.1 contractility defects were mimicked by pharmacological depression of LTCC, and rescued by LTCC stimulation, suggesting β2.1 phenotypes are at least in part LTCC‐dependent. Morphological studies indicated that β2.1 contributes to heart size by regulating the rate of ventricle cell proliferation, and by modulating the transition of outer curvature cells to an elongated cell shape during chamber ballooning. In addition, β2.1‐depleted cardiomyocytes failed to accumulate N‐cadherin at the membrane, and dissociated easily from neighboring myocytes under stress. Conclusions: Hence, we propose that β2.1 may also function in the heart as a MAGUK scaffolding unit to maintain N‐cadherin‐based adherens junctions and heart tube integrity. Developmental Dynamics 241:648–662, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
A simple technique for early in vivo electroporation of E1 chick embryos
Authors: Brown Charmaine Y. , Eom Dae Seok , Amarnath Smita , Agarwala Seema
Published: January 2012

Background: The amenability of the chick embryo to a variety of manipulations has made it an ideal experimental model organism for over 100 years. The ability to manipulate gene function via in ovo electroporations has further revolutionized its value as an experimental model in the last 15 years. Although in ovo electroporations are simple to conduct in embryos ≥ E2, in ovo electroporations at early E1 stages have proven to be technically challenging due to the tissue damage and embryonic lethality such electroporations produce. Results and Conclusions: Here we report our success with in vivo microelectroporations of E1 embryos as young as Hamburger‐Hamilton Stage 4 (HH4). We provide evidence that such electroporations can be varied in size and can be spatially targeted. They cause minimal disruption of tissue‐size, 3‐dimensional morphology, cell survival, proliferation, and cell‐fate specification. Our paradigm is easily adapted to a variety of experimental conditions since it does not depend upon the presence of a lumen to enclose the DNA solution during electroporation. It is thus compatible with the in vivo examination of E1 morphogenetic events (e.g., neural tube closure) where preservation of 3‐dimensional morphology is critical. Developmental Dynamics 241:545–552, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with an eating disorder: Prevalence and characteristics
Authors: Dingemans Alexandra E. , van Rood Yanda R. , de Groot Ineke , van Furth Eric F.
Published: January 2012

Objective:

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), an abnormal preoccupation with perceived defects in one or more body parts, and eating disorders (ED) share several essential clinical features, making it sometimes difficult to differentiate between the two disorders. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of BDD in patients with ED and to compare characteristics of ED patients with and without BDD.

Method:

We measured dysmorphic appearance concerns and behaviors, ED symptoms, general psychopathology, and quality of life in 158 patients seeking treatment for ED.

Results:

Forty‐five percent screened positive for BDD. Patients with both disorders (ED + BDD) had significantly more dysmorphic appearance concerns, had more psychopathology, and were dissatisfied with a larger number of body parts than patients with ED only. The differences remained significant even after correcting for severity of eating disorder psychopathology.

Discussion:

This finding suggests that BDD is a distinct comorbid disorder in almost half of the patients with ED. It is thus important to recognize and treat the manifestation of BDD in patients with both disorders. Given that the treatment of BDD is different from that of ED, it is important to recognize BDD. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)