bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphometric indicators of insular and marginal morainic uplands (based on LiDAR data) of the Last and pre-Last Glaciations, case of Lithuania
Authors: Satkūnas Jonas , Minkevičius Vytautas , Guobytė Rimantė , Baubinienė Aldona , Linkevičienė Rita , Taminskas Julius
Published: January 2021

The LiDAR-based digital elevation models of representative sample areas of morainic uplands of the Last (Weichselian) and pre-Last (Saalian) Glaciations in Lithuania were selected, and the terrain ruggedness index (TRI) and slope angles (SAs) were calculated. Former hypsometric studies of the topography in Lithuania were mainly dealing with the indication of maximum, minimum or average altitudes of relief derived from topographical maps. The SAs and TRI were calculated for the pattern areas (16 × 16 km) and their central smaller parts (5 × 5 km). In order to test how much morphometric parameters are dependent on the size of a sample area, smaller areas (located in the central parts of all five patterns) were analysed in a similar way, calculating SA and TRI values. The same order of the mean values of SAs was determined: the steepest slopes are characteristic of the Tauragnai, Plateliai and Vištytis patterns, and the gentlest slopes of the Varniai and Medininkai patterns. The steepest slopes and the highest TRI were determined for the marginal morainic uplands of the Last (Late Weichselian) Glaciation. The age of the insular Žemaičiai (Samogitian) Upland is under discussions so far. It was proposed by other researchers earlier that the core of the insular Žemaičiai Upland height formed during the Saalian Glaciation and this core is covered by a thin cover of Weichselian deposits. The morphometric parameters display that the highest maturity of the relief is characteristic of the southern slope of the insular Žemaičiai Upland and the Medininkai Upland of the Saalian age. This indicates a likely similar age of both uplands.
Aportes de la Organización Mundial para la Educación Preescolar y su comité chileno a la educación parvularia en Chile
Authors: Simonstein Fuentes Selma
Published: January 2021

Se describen los orígenes, propósitos y actividades de la Organización Mundial para la Educación Preescolar, entidad con carácter de organización no gubernamental, única en el mundo, destinada a promover el bienestar y desarrollo de los niños menores de ocho años, a través de todos los continentes. Se enfatizan las acciones del Comité Nacional Chileno, el cual, desde 1957 integra la organización internacional identificándose con sus propósitos y valores. El Comité Chileno ha apoyado a la Educación Parvularia en el país, mayormente a través de aportes intelectuales (seminarios, congresos, asesorías, publicaciones, informaciones entre otros) y del trabajo voluntario profesional de sus socios.
La escuela nueva: Chiloé. Una mirada insular 1919-1925
Authors: Hernández Reinaldo
Published: January 2021

El objetivo principal del artículo es describir desde una perspectiva histórica, la existencia de la Escuela Nueva en Chiloé entre 1919-1925. Dicha caracterización toma como principal argumento la descripción del método activo y la manera de desarrollarlo según la Organización de profesores Primarios de Ancud a través del periódico “El Boletín Escolar de Ancud”.
Reflexiones sobre la oralización del sordo y aspectos de su educación
Authors: Martins dos Santos Ana Carolina
Published: January 2021

Este artículo busca crear un espacio de reflexión, a partir de lecturas que abordan más íntimamente el tema del individuo sordo y la relación que se establece entre la psicolingüística y la lengua de señas. Tradicionalmente, el trato de la fonoaudiología con los sordos ha estado subvencionada por la perspectiva oralista, apoyada por la normalización de la oralidad y centrada en prácticas alejadas de los usos sociales del lenguaje. Por lo tanto, revisaremos los factores psicosociales y las concepciones históricas que aclaran las actitudes hacia los sordos desde la antigüedad, y examinaremos las razones de los cambios en el enfoque educativo, desde el oralismo a la comunicación total y al bilingüismo. De igual manera, se intenta pensar cómo se dan los aspectos de la educación del niño sordo ya que la sordera es vista como un paradigma pedagógico. Para lograr un mayor nivel de conciencia y llevarla a la práctica es importante considerar las condiciones objetivas y subjetivas, el contexto socio-económico-cultural y las formas de pensar de los diversos segmentos de la sociedad.
Repensar el saber y el saber hacer educativo. Un análisis crítico desde las pedagogías feministas
Authors: Salas Salazar Nicole
Published: January 2021

A la luz de los tiempos que corren, se ha demostrado la necesidad de avanzar hacia la despatriarcalización de la educación. Esto, debido a que los espacios educativos en los cuales participamos están lejos de constituirse como instancias neutrales, toda vez que producen y reproducen múltiples sesgos existentes en un escenario global de legitimación de un conocimiento científico hegemónico de características androcéntricas, patriarcales, heteronormativas y etnocéntricas/colonialistas. Bajo dicho contexto, las pedagogías feministas proponen una relectura no sólo de la práctica pedagógica, sino que de igual manera de la reflexión del pensamiento epistemológico educativo. A partir de lo anterior, en esta oportunidad se desarrollarán sus principales postulados al respecto.
Design of an earthquake resisting building using precast concrete cross-braced panels and incorporating energy absorbing devices
Authors: Matthewson C. D. , Davey R. A.
Published: January 2021

The design and the analysis of an irregular six storey office building are described. The building has an unconventional earthquake resisting system: a precast concrete cross-braced perimeter frame incorporating force-limiting devices (termed "inserts") in the form of enclosed axially yielding short steel members.

A series of inelastic dynamic analyses indicates that the system very effectively combines the inherent strength and stiffness of the cross-braced frame with the energy-dissipating function of the yielding inserts.

Cost estimates indicate that the system is a particularly economic one.
Microscopic evaluation of the vasal fluid for sperm at the time of vasectomy reversal: Do we really need to check?
Authors: Grober Ethan D. , Tobe Sammi
Published: January 2021

Introduction: During vasectomy reversal (VR), intraoperative microscopic evaluation of the vasal fluid for sperm presence/quality can inform of the possibility of epididymal obstruction and need for a vasoepididymostomy (VE). In an effort to validate the utility of microscopic vasal fluid evaluation, the current initiative correlates gross vasal fluid characteristics with sperm presence and quality in a large series of VRs.

Methods: A total of 1267 VRs yielded a total of 2522 vasal-units (right/left sides) for analysis. During VR, vasal fluid was sampled from the testicular-end vas and the fluid was characterized (thick-paste/opaque/translucent/clear). Each aspirate underwent microscopic evaluation for sperm quality and categorized as: motile sperm/intact-non-motile sperm/sperm parts/no sperm. The predictive utility of the gross vasal fluid characteristics with respect to microscopic sperm presence and quality was analyzed.

Results: Among the 2522 vasal-units analyzed, the side-to-side (left-right) concordance of vasal fluid quality and microscopic vasal sperm quality was 72% and 52%, respectively. When thick-pasty fluid was observed, no sperm were seen in the samples in 53% of cases and if present, only non-motile sperm were observed. Even in the setting of more favorable vasal fluid characteristics (clear, translucent, and opaque fluid), no sperm were seen in 6–11% of cases, suggesting the possibility of epididymal obstruction and the need for VE.

Conclusions: Intraoperative microscopic evaluation of the vasal fluid for sperm is a necessary practice during VR to optimize surgical outcomes. Reliance on gross vasal fluid characteristics in isolation may lead to unrecognized epididymal obstruction, and the need for a VE, in approximately 11% of cases.
Success rate of repeat flexible ureteroscopy following previous failed access: An analysis of stent duration
Authors: Hoare Dylan T. , Wollin Timothy A. , De Shubha , Hobart Michael G.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Approximately 8% of patients that undergo therapeutic or diagnostic ureteroscopy will have the procedure aborted and ureter stented due to failed access. The primary objective of this study was to assess mean stent duration prior to repeat ureteroscopy and to calculate the associated successful access rate.

Methods: This retrospective, descriptive study evaluated all patients undergoing interval ureteroscopy following a failed procedure by endourologic surgeons at the University of Alberta from 2016–2018. Patients declining interval ureteroscopy, or those with malignant/known ureteral strictures were excluded from the study. The primary outcome measures were median time to salvage ureteroscopy and the rate of successful access of the repeat procedure.

Results: A total of 119 patients were identified as having a failed ureteroscopy during our study period. First-time and recurrent stone formers accounted for 64 (53.8%) and 47 (39.5%) patients, respectively. Median stent duration to second procedure was 17 days (average 20, range 10–84). Most patients had their repeat ureteroscopy at 14 days or greater (81.5%); 22 (18.5%) patients had their repeat ureteroscopy between 10 and 13 days. The success rate of a second ureteroscopy after stenting was 99.2% (118/119).

Conclusions: Ureteric stenting following failed ureteroscopy leads to exceedingly high rates of successful access at interval procedure (99.2%). The standard duration of ureteric stenting employed at our institution is two weeks. Of the patients that underwent an accelerated second procedure (between 10–13 days of stenting), all had successful access at their interval procedure.
Consumo de memórias em cafeterias paulistanas
Authors: Teixeira Lucas de Vasconcelos
Published: January 2021

Este artigo objetiva refletir sobre o consumo de memórias em torno do café além da commodity agrícola, assim como tratar do consumo de diferentes espacialidades e temporalidades nas cafeterias Café Girondino e Coffee Lab, que se mostram como ‘ambiências comunicacionais’, de acordo com a conceituação de Norval Baitello (2010). Outros pensadores como Pierre Nora (1993), Michael Pollak (1989), Maurice Halbwachs (2013), Henri Bergson (1999) contribuem para as análises sob o ponto de vista da memória. Verificamos que existe uma tentativa de singularização de ambas as cafeterias. Porém, naquilo que as une é que se encontra a beleza desses cafés.
O Natal de Rita: comédia como ressignificação e dramaturgia do fracasso
Authors: Hoefel Diego
Published: January 2021

A partir da análise do telefilme “O Natal de Rita” (Ricardo Alves Jr., 2017), o presente artigo debruça-se sobre as transformações e/ou reinvenções do gênero comédia no contexto contemporâneo. A hipótese principal aponta para o fracasso como um conceito central para que se possa compreender essas reinvenções. Elas operam não apenas no nível do conteúdo, enquanto ressignificação do desajuste ou do insucesso, mas também formalmente, através da construção de uma estrutura dramatúrgica composta por falhas. Essa discussão poderá favorecer o entendimento sobre como as transformações estéticas da comédia podem fomentar a criação de novas maneiras de se pensar os fracassos individuais e coletivos, especialmente em períodos de crise.
Jogar verso, bordar memória, cantar poética: a pandemia de Covid-19 e as mulheres do Vale do Jequitinhonha
Authors: Bacega Débora Regina
Published: January 2021

Este artigo apresenta as narrativas compreendidas nos jogos de versos das bordadeiras e tecelãs do Vale do Jequitinhonha durante a pandemia de Covid-19. O objeto teórico compreende as narrativas dessas mulheres. Por sua vez, o objeto empírico são os jogos de versos. Busca-se entender como essas narrativas corroboram com a memória oral e cultural dessa comunidade. Aciona-se as reflexões de Iúri Lotman (1996), Jerusa Ferreira (1995), Paul Thompson (1998), Paul Ricoeur (2007), Herman Parret (1997), Jacques Rancière (2009), Ângela Marques e Marco Prado (2018). O corpus compreende os conteúdos publicados nos canais digitais versinhos.com.br e @rodadeversos. Espera-se demonstrar como as práticas poéticas e estéticas desse grupo de mulheres acionam também a partilha da memória.

Palavras-chave: Comunicação e consumo. Partilha da memória. Covid-19. Mulheres. Vale do Jequitinhonha.
Uma análise semiótica dos gráficos do achatamento da curva da pandemia da covid-19
Authors: Ribeiro Daniel Melo
Published: January 2021

Este estudo aborda os aspectos comunicacionais dos gráficos conhecidos como “achatamento da curva” da pandemia de covid-19. Esses gráficos se tornaram populares na cobertura jornalística dessa crise sanitária, na medida em que ajudam a explicar a relevância das medidas de isolamento social frente ao contágio. Os gráficos escolhidos foram analisados utilizando conceitos da semiótica de Charles Peirce. Argumentamos que a proliferação de inúmeras versões do gráfico do achatamento da curva caracterizam um fenômeno de semiose, articulando uma cadeia de sentidos em torno da pandemia. Essa articulação ocorre em função das propriedades diagramáticas e simbólicas desses signos, cujos múltiplos efeitos interpretativos se acumulam e proporcionam um entendimento mais amplo sobre o problema.
Clinical Pediatric Screening for COVID-19
Authors: Shayganmehr Aref , Dorosti Abbas Ali , Saboktakin Lida , Abbasi Madineh , Khaiatzadeh Simin , Khoshmaram Najibeh , Emrouzi Robabeh , Raeisi Mohammadreza , Allahyari Ali
Published: January 2021

Background: Due to the increasing prevalence of covid-19, the World Health Organization declared on 30 January 2020, the spread of the new coronavirus as a 6th public health emergency of international concern. Objectives: To assess the extent of the disease in the pediatric population in our region, we conducted a clinical pediatric screening for Covid-19 and evaluated factors that affected its manifestation in children. Methods: In this study, 474761 children under 19 years of age were screened in two phases. In the first phase, 680 cases were considered as suspect and referred to the health centers, where the second phase of screening took place. Finally, 230 probable cases were referred to specialized centers for further investigation. Results: Almost all of the cases had pneumonia and symptoms of shortness of breath, cough, and fever over 38°C (56.7%). Other clinical symptoms included hypotension (17.4%), Hemoptysis (16.1), sore throat (11.6%) and difficult breathing (6.7%). 26% of patients had a history of chronic disease (mainly pulmonary and cardiac). There was a statistically significant relationship between the probable causes and the symptoms of the disease (P < 0.05), between age and probable cases (P < 0.05), and between death and underlying disease (P < 0.05). However, of all the cases, only 15 (6.5%) had a positive PCR test, 39 patients were hospitalized (17%), 173 cases (75%) received outpatient treatment and 18 cases (7.8%) died. Conclusions: Children with shortness of breath, cough, pneumonia, fever over 38 and underlying disease are suspicious for Covid-19 and should be hospitalized to be evaluated with laboratory tests.
Effect of Vitex agnus-castus on Depression of Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Tayebi Naeimeh , Emamghoreishi Masoumeh , Akbarzadeh Marzieh
Published: January 2021

Background: During menopause, women undergo biological, social, and psychological changes and are sensitive to stressors, especially anxiety and depression. Decreased estrogen in postmenopausal women causes mood swings, especially depression and anxiety. Objectives: We aimed to determine the effect of the Vitex agnus-castus extract on depression in postmenopausal women referring to a bone density measurement center in Shiraz. Methods: In a randomized controlled tria1, 60 postmenopausal women were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. In the intervention group, the research units were assigned to two groups of Vitex agnus-castus tablets and placebo, using random permuted blocks with a block size from one to six for each eligible case. After three months, depression was evaluated by the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in both groups. Then, the results were analyzed using the independent t-test for quantitative variables. The obtained data were analyzed by a statistician using SPSS21. Results: Based on the results, the two groups were homogeneous in terms of the level of education, occupation, and housing, and a significant decrease was observed in the mean depression score in the Agnugolgroup (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Because depression increases during menopause, it is recommended that it should be used as a supplement during menopause.
Boomchee
Authors: Naylor Shano ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2021

At what point in a date do you owe the other party the duty to inform them you are engaged? Is marriage an exercise in love, or practicality? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the law school student narrator working at a summer factory job decides to set up her shy female friend, Susie, with her boyfriend’s shy brother, Barry. They go on a double date and everything seems to be going fine. Only later does the narrator and her boyfriend find out that Barry is engaged to a mail-order bride from Southeast Asia that will be arriving shortly. The shy Barry, it turns out, wanted to “practice” going on a date before his new wife arrived. The law student narrator is embarrassed, and struggles with the moral duty both she, and Barry, owe to Susie.
The Waiting Room
Authors: Choi Kate ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2021

Should you abandon your dream to pursue where you true talents lie? Is a lifetime following your dream to be a painter a successful life if it turns out you simply don’t have an eye for art? Where do our dreams come from? When should they be abandoned? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, a young boy is in the government waiting room waiting to be assigned a new “dream.” He strikes up a conversation with other people in the waiting room. Some of them are anxious to get new dreams implanted into their brain as they have not found success. Others don’t want to let go of the failed dream they were originally assigned because they believe, in their heart-of-hearts, it is what they were born to do. The government is indifferent to the desires of the people. Society has needs, people have innate talents, and the government, as far as they are concerned, should focus on getting people to follow the dreams they are good at, as well as the dreams that are most needed by society. This story was the winner of the Fall 2020 After Dinner Conversation Writing Competition.
Teddy and Roosevelt
Authors: Simoncic Steven ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2021

What does it mean to be a friend? What role do heroes play in forming our values and ethics? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Roosevelt is a young black child who is obsessed with the life and philosophies of President “Teddy” Roosevelt. He is new at the school and due to an issue with other students he is forced into the “Friends Group;” a social adjustment group for students the school have deemed at-risk. While in the group he meets Teddy, an overweight boy who has been in the group for years because he pulled an X-ACTO knife in art class on a fellow student who continued to bully him about his weight. The two misfit boys develop a friendship. Roosevelt teaches Teddy how to fight, as well as imparting bits of wit and wisdom from his hero, Teddy Roosevelt. Things go awry when they are caught swimming naked in Teddy’s pool. The school rumor mill spreads that they are gay. This leads to the school forcing the two boys to fight after school. Roosevelt decides that Teddy has more to lose and is less prepared to deal with the consequences of the altercation, so he allows himself to lose the fight. As Teddy Roosevelt said, “No man is worth his salt who is not ready at all times to risk his body – to risk his well-being – to risk his life – in a great cause.”
Young Students’ Functional Thinking Modes: The Relation Between Recursive Patterning, Covariational Thinking, and Correspondence Relations
Authors: Pittalis Marios , Pitta-Pantazi Demetra , Christou Constantinos
Published: January 2021

A theoretical model describing young students’ (Grades 1–3) functional-thinking modes was formulated and validated empirically (n = 345), hypothesizing that young students’ functional-thinking modes consist of recursive patterning, covariational thinking, correspondence-particular, and correspondence-general factors. Data analysis suggested that functional-thinking tasks can be categorized on the basis of the proposed model. Analysis traced three categories of students that represent different functional-thinking profiles. Category 1 students exhibited a recursive-thinking profile. Category 2 students utilized a combination of recursive and contextual strategies and exhibited an emergent covariational and correspondence-particular thinking. Category 3 students approached functional-thinking situations flexibly, using a combination of covariational and correspondence strategies. A structural model showed two parallel paths from recursive patterning to correspondence-general through correspondence-particular or covariational.
Some Applications of Mathematics to Educational Statistics
Authors: Chambers Geo. Gailey
Published: January 2021

At the end of the first semester of the academic year 1916-1917, there were 22,912 grades assigned by the instructing staff in the University of Pennsylvania to the students in the undergraduate departments, that is, the students in the College, the Towne Scientific School, the Wharton School and the School of Education. There were five grades used, namely, D (Distinguished), G (Good), P (Passed), N (Not passed) and F (Failed). The significance of these grades, considered as percentages, varied in the different departments of instruction. There was no attempt at uniformity in this respect, nor was there any effort at uniformity in the percentage of D grades, G grades, etc.
Is the Present Entrance Requirement in Algebra Excessive in Amount? Does it Expect Too Great Maturity of the Student?
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth Forrest
Published: January 2021

That the present algebra requirement has increased very markedly in actuality if not in the actual words in which it is described during the last fifteen years, I think is unquestionably true.
Mathematical Tests:— Their Relation to the Mathematics Teacher
Authors: Minnick J. H.
Published: January 2021

To-day we are hearing a great deal about standardized tests and scales. School surveys make extensive use of them in determining the efficiency of school systems, and bureaus of educational measurements are being established throughout the country for the purpose of applying them systematically to our schools. Such a movement can not fail to make its influence felt in the class room. The purpose of this paper is to discuss mathematical tests in their relation to the class-room teacher. The development of tests and their use for administrative and experimental purposes concern us only in so far as they affect the teacher of mathematics.
Some Helps and Hindrances in Teaching Mathematics in the Secondary School
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Gaylord Harry D. , Chambers Geo. Gailey , Breckenridge William E. , Lynde L. E.
Published: January 2021

It was my good fortune in school and college to come in contact with some exceptionally good teachers and some exceptionally poor ones. The contrasts were so great and the inferences so obvious that I began my work as a teacher in the confident belief that students’ failures were due to inefficient teaching. It is needless to add that a decent self-respect accompanied with a little experience soon compelled me to modify my theory and to place far more responsibility on the student than he deserved. I suppose this is the experience of every teacher. With the enthusiasm of youth we tackle our job, confident that we can do it; and when we fail, we distribute the responsibility among ourselves, our pupils, and our subjects. And the responsibility ought to be so distributed, for each has its hare.
The Outline Method in Mathematics
Authors: Goff Robert R.
Published: January 2021

Printed outlines have been used in many school subjects for some time, and, I think, have in general been found helpful. Moreover, by excluding the non-essentials of a subject, these outlines can hold up for closer inspection and emphasis the essentials of that subject. This is surely a strong point, and one that the large textbooks cannot claim. Work of this sort has been carried on in English, history, geography, civics, etc., but the secondary mathematical field has been comparatively neglected. I have for some years been using, in manuscript or printed form, outlines in algebra and geometry. These outlines are made the basis of the recitation and the assignment. The original textbook then becomes a reference and supply book.
Minimum Mathematics Requirements for Agricultural Study
Authors: Roe H. B.
Published: January 2021

Twelve years of responsibility for the instruction in mathematics in the College of Agriculture and in some measure in the School of Agriculture, may he found some justification for this presentation with considerable definiteness of certain of my own views on this subject.
Discussion
Authors: Refior Sophia , Davis Alfred , Howell Nathan R.
Published: January 2021

In most of our teachers' meetings, and in our pedagogical magazines, we are putting forth much energy to help the average pupil to a more effective and less difficult method of mastering the requirements of mathematics. We are placing much stress on the normal; we are trying by special schools or groupings to help the slightly subnormal towards the “passing grade.” Since we are teaching in public high schools which are supported by common taxes and since we are requiring practically all students to take algebra and geometry to secure a diploma, it is clearly our obligation to adjust our curriculum to the student of average intelligence and see that his progress through the school be unhampered by requirements which he cannot meet.
The Cultural Value of Secondary Mathematics
Authors: Minnick Dean John H.
Published: January 2021

Before we can discuss the cultural value of secondary mathematics we must come to some conclusion as to what we mean by culture. If we turn to the works of some of the best educators of our country, we find a maze of opinions and definitions. “A more or less popular notion of the man of culture pictures him as one living apart from those who think through present-day problems and devote themselves to their solution.”1 One tells us that “Cultural education includes all forms of education; that is. training and instruction designed to develop cultural interests in such fields as art, literature, science, and history.
The Teaching of Algebra
Authors: Richards Harold F.
Published: January 2021

I feel that teachers of algebra and authors of textbooks may well consider whether their own methods are not partly responsible for the condition which is now resulting in a wide-spread movement to erase algebra from the required curricula of secondary schools. It is a splendid gesture to lament the modern fondness of excising the backbone front education—an operation performed by leaving optional those subjects which students find difficult to master—yet a more energetic policy may be recommended when many communities are permitting pupils to forego the opportunity of satisfying the requirements for a multitude of higher courses. Algebra affords a training which tends, perhaps more than any other high school study, to develop powers of logical thinking, and it should by all means be retained everywhere as a required subject. Hearty condemnation of state superintendents is not sufficient to effect this retention; teachers will be obliged to present algebra in such manner that students can grasp it and pass it.
Concerning the Intercommunion of Mathematics and Astronomy
Authors: Rowlands Agnes G.
Published: January 2021

Plato in his Republic said. “Now when all these studies (Arithmetic, Geometry and Astronomy) reach the point of intercommunion and connection with one another, and come to he considered in their mutual affinities, then I think, but not till then, will the pursuit of them have a value for our objects.”
Psychological Tests of Mathematical Ability and Educational Guidance
Authors: Rogers Agnes L.
Published: January 2021

One of the most noteworthy features of modern times is the increased recognition of the need for educational guidance and the application of scientific method in the means used to meet it. This new trend can be observed at several levels of education. It is not more conspicuous in high school than in college, where excellent work is being done to ensure that the gifts of college youth are not wasted or misapplied in directions in which the individual cannot be reasonably expected to attain success and satisfaction. Notable developments of the past year or so are the plans devised to guide the college student into the right channel of activity.
An Analysis of the Teaching of Cancellation in Algebraic Fractions
Authors: Grossman August
Published: January 2021

Every teacher of experience knows that a great many of his algebra pupils all the way from the first year in high school up to college continue with almost comical regularity to make strange mistakes in the subject of “cancellation” in fractions—mistakes that show clearly that the essence of the matter has escaped them. It is not necessary here to enumerate all the errors; suffice it to say that pupils are apt to cancel any two numbers or expressions that are the same, no matter in what context.
How to Figure Averages with The Top of A Shoe Box; or the Use of an Alignment Chart in Averaging
Authors: Roberts J. A.
Published: January 2021

We have all admired the slide rule as a device for multiplying and dividing, squaring, cubing, and taking roots with a minimum expenditure of brain energy on our part. There is something attractive in manipulating a mechanical device and producing a result automatically. It is too bad that a slide rule will not add and divide so as to figure our averages for us; but add it certainly will not.
A New Type Final Geometry Examination
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

The need for a final geometry examination of the newer type is apparent when one considers the inherent limitations of the essay form of test. In the usual examination paper, the pupil is expected to display his grasp of geometry by writing in full the proofs of three or four “book” propositions, by doing a simple computation example, by making one construction, and by solving three or four “originals.” Home examinations, indeed, consist of but six questions, generally at least one of each type. An obvious disadvantage of the small number of problems is that they can cover only a very limited section of the subject matter of plane geometry. A pupil may be fortunate in happening to know these theorems particularly well. But, conversely, it is not inconceivable that his classmate may have a wider knowledge of the field and yet make a miserable showing on this particular part of it. Furthermore, the essay examinat on tends to stress only one side of geometric ability: the ability to prove a statement. Perhaps this is the most important of the skills geometry attempts to develop, but it surely is not the whole story.
Repetition of Errors in Algebra
Authors: Scott Flora L.
Published: January 2021

We think in conventional ways. Even though are may know the scientific facts concerning a subject, we may yet think and even act about it in popular terms. Perhaps we are prone to do this with regard to errors in algebra. We believe that learning in habit formation. We know that errors are one form of response to a situation, and that responses may become habitual. But we seem inclined to act as if errors were isolated and could be corrected without affecting future right responses. We do not always pay sufficient attention to the fact that a wrong answer, an error, may be a part of a series in the formation of a wrong habit, just as a correct answer may be part of a series in the formation of a correct habit.
Arithmetic in The Junior High School
Authors: Colwell Lewis W.
Published: January 2021

The curriculum of the junior high school must be determined on the one hand by the needs of a developing civilization and on the other by the nature and capacities of developing youth. These two criteria of worth are by no means opposed to each other. They constitute no bifurcated demand. They set up no dilemmas. For every child is born into organized society on the one hand and becomes a duly constituted member thereof, while on the other hand he possesses a social nature that fits him into the world's work just in the measure that he finds himself. It is perhaps not far afield to say that all friction due to anti-socialistic tendencies is a maladjustment of individuals who have not discovered what they are good for.
Objectives in the Teaching of Mathematics
Authors: Reeve W. D.
Published: January 2021

The first step in making a modern course of study in mathematics is to set up a list of desirable objectives. The second step is to determine the nature and the extent of the subject-matter which will best enable teachers to realize these objectives. The third step is to develop the best methods of teaching the selected subject matter. The fourth step is to organize a testing program which can be used by teachers to see whether the objectives have been attained. Corollary to the last two steps is the recognition of the need for an analysis of how pupils learn most efficiently and easily. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss only the first step mentioned above, namely, the setting up of a desirable list of objectives. It is hoped that attention may later be given to the remaining steps.
An Approach to the Solution of the Problems Which the Traditional Mathematics Program Presents
Authors: Stone Charles A.
Published: January 2021

Experimentation in the field of education at the present time is causing an agitation toward a revision of the theory of mental discipline and a change in the conception of the cultural values of traditional curricular subjects. Newly formulated principles of psychology, pedagogy, and sociology are affecting radical changes in the educational system.
Discussion
Authors: Taylor Edward
Published: January 2021

DISCUSSION—The excellent paper in your February issue by Horace C. Wright, “Some True-false Examinations for Use in General Mathematics” has come to my attention.
Applied Mathematics in High School
Authors: Judkins Pearl
Published: January 2021

Much is being said and written by present day educators urging upon mathematics teachers the advantage and necessity of appealing to the child's interests through an abundance of so-called practical problems. Practical is a very narrow term, however. In order rightfully to be so called, a problem must involve a solution which satisfies a conscious need on the part of the one who solves it. We are using the term applied in a much broader and more inclusive sense, including any type of problem in which mathematics is put to direct use in modifying environment whether by the student himself or by another, the engineer, the scientist, the business man, the architect, or the surveyor.
Editorial
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Rorer Jonathan T.
Published: January 2021

All teachers have heard discussions, if they have not themselves taken part in them, as to the advantage or disadvantage of prizes and other rewards for pupils in connection with school work. These discussions are perhaps not as common today as they were a few years ago and a good many of them no doubt failed to hit the mark.
Approximate Values of π
Authors: Sherk Wilfred H.
Published: January 2021

Last spring I asked one of my classes to find the approximate value of π after the manner presented in Wentworth’s “Plane Geometry.” Only one pupil had the perseverence to do the great amount of accurate work necessary to get the result correct to five places of decimals. This fact led me to seek a less laborious way. I tried finding the area of a circle with unit radius. Area equals π. I did this by methods which could be applied in finding the areas of closed plane surfaces other than the circle, with the hope of finding a method so simple and accurate that it could be presented to high school pupils and with the hope of thus furnishing the boys and girls with a mathematical tool which should be of use in subsequent mathematical work. My hope was not realized, yet the various formulæ employed were interesting.
Rigor versus Expediency in the Proof of Locus Original
Authors: Bowker Elmer R.
Published: January 2021

A modern textbook tells us that geometry is the study of the most efficient, methods of dealing with the shape, size, and position of objects. I have no fault to find with this definition for a beginner of the subject. But from the point of view of the philosopher the definition is too inclusive. It implies that there is but one geometry when, as a matter of fact, there are several, for example, the geometries of Euclid, Riemann, Lobatchewsky, and Bolyai. The difference in these geometries lies entirely in the assumptions on which they are based. The method of each is the same in that a series of propositions is proved by deductive reasoning from the original premises. We teach a modification of Euclid's geometry in our schools because the results obtained by reasoning from his premises are more in accord with the evidence of our senses and experience.
The Middle of the Road
Authors: Snyder W. A.
Published: January 2021

At New Trier the Mathematics Department is rather conservative, and yet, not so conservative that we are not progressive. Then we shall say that we have been pursuing and are now engaged in a program of conservative progressivism. We have not accepted for general use in all of our classes principles and texts that have not been tried and proven to he good nor have we clung to any theories that have been weighed and have been found wanting. We have observed, studied, and experimented with a lot of supposedly new and better ways of presenting secondary mathematics in the past ten to fifteen years and have discovered that, conservatively, about eighty percent of it all is plain bluff, or the desire on the part of some one to get a better hold on a good job, or the natural result of enthusiasm for something new run wild.
Direct Cultural Motivation for Demonstrative Geometry
Authors: Stroup P.
Published: January 2021

How early can the normal person be interested in the action and habits of his own mind? If it is at high school age or before, then we are missing a good road to his interest and attention by not calling his attention frequently to the simple mental actions that are common to all of us and to his own strengths and weaknesses. Who does not desire a strong and active brain? Would not boys and girls be attracted to mental improvement as they are enthused by physical exercise? No doubt many would follow the pernicious American habit of watching the other fellow take the exercise, but the appeal would inspire others by the visualization of a closer desirable objective. The object of education is self improvement and that no doubt is in the background of everyone's mind who is really seeking an education. But what I propose is more definite than that. It is the directing of the student's mind to his own mind to know how best to use it, not a general study but with lessons taken whenever they occur in the experience of the geometry class. There are many practical books on mind study that are helpful to teacher and student but even if used as a text in another course they would not take the place of the application of their principles to the daily experience in geometry or other class. In all my experience students have been found to be interested in anything definite along this line.
Mathematics in the Junior High School
Authors: Taylor E. H.
Published: January 2021

No change in educational administration or in educational policy in the last fifty years has offered so great an opportunity for improvement in high-school mathematics as the organization of the junior high school. But as we felicitate ourselves upon the possibilities we need to remember that many of the changes now taking place were advocated by leaders thirty years ago. There is a striking similarity between some recommendations of the National Committee on the Reorganization of Mathematics in Secondary Education published in 1923 and the Report of the Commission on Mathematics of the Committee of Fifteen in 1893. There were seers on that Commission headed by Simon Newcomb and we are just catching up with their vision. That educational administration has made this advance is due to the study and appreciation of the varying needs and abilities of pupils and the demands of a scientific age. That mathematics teachers in 1926 are accepting changes advocated thirty years ago is due in large part to the work of the International Commission on the Teaching of Mathematics and the work of the National Committee. Every teacher of secondary mathematics should own and read the Report of the National Committee, the best text that 1 know on the teaching of the subject; and every one should know of the significance of the work of the International Commission.
A Riddle from Archimedes
Authors: Evans George W.
Published: January 2021

What we are here concerned with is the question how Archimedes got his two remarkably accurate approximations to √3. There have been many guesses at the answer. They fall into two classes, the first based upon Euclid's formula for approximating to √2, and the second based partly upon Heron's description of the process he used to find √720. Of all these, none is entirely convincing.
A Critical Evaluation of Individualized Instruction in Mathematics
Authors: Flewelling Wilma Shaffer
Published: January 2021

Now that there is no longer a question in the minds of teachers that teaching should be adapted to the individual and that the needs of individuals differ, each good teacher aims, as far as possible, to reach his pupils individually.
Adjusting The Course of Study in Ninth Grade Mathematics to the ability of the Pupil
Authors: Beck Hildegarde
Published: January 2021

This paper is a report of the work of a committee selected last year by Dr. Baker of the Psychological Clinic of the Detroit Board of Education to solve one of the school's most pressing problems, that is, adjusting instructional needs to the slow, average, and fast sections, called “ability” groups that were organized or were to be organized in accordance with the resolutions of the High School principals in our city.
Beginning Geometry and College Entrance
Authors: Beatley Ralph
Published: January 2021

In 1923 the College Entrance Examination Board published its Document 108 embodying a detailed statement of the revised requirements in plane and solid geometry. Those who were charged with the preparatjon cf this document gave heed to a suggestion of the National Committee on Mathematical Requirements1 with respect to the desirability of introducing the more elementary notions of solid geometry in connection with related ideas of plane geometry, and prepared accordingly the syllabus for Geometry cd, the so-called Minor Requirement in Plane and Solid Geometry. Document 108 states that “this requirement is designed to cover the most important parts of plane and solid geometry, in such a way that the preparation for it can be completed in the time usually devoted to the standard requirement in plane geometry,” i.e., one year.
Circle Through Notable Points of the Triangle
Authors: Morris Richard
Published: January 2021

The Geometry of the Circle and the Triangle has been most fascinating since the inception of the science. Through the centuries some very important points and lines have been discovered and many of them have been named. And these points and lines have become the basis for the extension of the study, with the result that very beautiful and valuable theorems and properties have been developed. This paper will present a study in the application of many of these notable points in determining circles. The reader should construct his own figures for the most part. The material used is classic, but it is hoped that the applications will prove helpful to teachers of Geometry. We will not restrict ourselves to notable points entirely, but will use some other points determined from them by notable lines and other circles. The method of erecting perpendiculars and of bisecting angles and lines will be assumed.
An Achievement test in Solid Geometry
Authors: McCoy Louis A.
Published: January 2021

In the work of teaching secondary school mathematics in a large school where there are as many as twelve different divisions of the same subject, it would be very interesting and indeed very enlightening to see the different grades of work being done. Different teachers have their own pet ways of doing things, of presenting new matter, of conducting recitations, of drilling on old matter, of developing mathematical power in their pupils, etc. And yet they are all striving for the same results. The fact that one teacher's pupils consistently attain better results naturally should put a premium on that teacher's methods, and the work of the department would be improved if some of the other teachers would take a leaf out of the successful teacher's book. Students will often remark “So and So is a good teacher; I get a lot out of his class; he makes things clear; he has good discipline; he certainly gets the stuff over, etc.”An inspector visits the class, notes the attitude of the pupils, the personality and skill of the teacher, and oftentimes is familiar enough with the subject matter of the recitation to see if the pupils are catching and giving back the right things, and then grades the teacher as an Al man, for example. But does the opinion of the boys themselves or the visitor answer the question whether or not the teacher is successful in giving his subject to the pupils? Don't we need something more objective, more tangible, more exact on which to pin our faith? In general the supervisors are hitting it right, also the students, but we think we can do better.
Mathematics and Modern Life
Authors: Olds George B.
Published: January 2021

It is always a pleasure to face and to greet a group of teachers, and especially teachers of mathematics. I find myself peculiarly fortunate this evening in the privilege of addressing a national group representing that portion of the teaching profession which, according to Commissioner Tigert, has to do with the training of some ten million boys and girls. Education has many definitions. I recall very vividly Huxley's. He characterized the aim of education as, “not the survival of the fittest but the making of as many as possible fit to survive.” In one of the dark recesses of my memory I half recall another definition. “Education represents a systematic attempt by the adults of one generation to make their children wiser and better than themselves.” In other words, education is the price of progress and as teachers are incurably optimistic, we who arc assembled here tonight believe in progress, are thoroughly persuaded that tomorrow will brighter than today.
Historical Account of Origin and Growth of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Austin C. M.
Published: January 2021

The winter meeting of the National Education Association was held in Chicago in February, 1919. In the speeches and papers of that meeting, there were many sharp criticisms of mathematics. There were, however, no programs for the fr iendly discussion of content and method. There were no meetings provided where constructive criticism could be offered and reorganization attempted.