bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold Spray Nozzle Design for Deposition of Adhesive Perfluoroalkoxy Alkane as an Icephobic Coating
Authors: Leclerc Z. , McMunn L. E. , Ben R. N. , Jodoin B.
Published: September 2022

The development of efficient ice mitigation systems for surfaces exposed to atmospheric ice has been in progress for decades. The need for passive anti-icing systems is essential as current ice mitigation systems require a substantial amount of energy and their implementation involves complex manufacturing considerations. Fluorinated polymer coatings are among the candidates for passive anti-icing systems. While many processes have been investigated to produce them, these methods can be costly, time consuming and can cause thermal damage to the substrate. The current work aims to explore a green and cheap alternative approach by using cold spray. Furthermore, the cold spray process offers advantages such as being a portable easy to perform solid-state coating process for eventual repairs. This work uses computational and experimental approaches to design and test a new dedicated nozzle for the efficient deposition of adhesive perfluoroalkoxy alkane. Computational results reveal that for the same operating conditions, the use of the new nozzle design increases particle impact temperature, improving the deposition of the feedstock material, as confirmed experimentally. The wetting behaviour, ice nucleation time and ice adhesion strength were compared for 6 different surface types, including bare aluminum, various polymer materials and the cold spray perfluoroalkoxy alkane coating on aluminium substrate. Results indicate that the as-sprayed coating performs as both a superhydrophobic and icephobic surface.
The Stimulation of Grain Structure Evolution in Aluminium Cold Spray by Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Yu P. , Yin S. , Lupoi R.
Published: September 2022

Cold spray (CS), a solid-state depositing technique, has recently demonstrated promising application in additive manufacture (AM). Compared with fusion based AM technique, cold spray can eliminate solidification defects and is appropriate to fabricate some materials that are difficult for high energy beam methods, such as Aluminium. In the cold spray process, extreme plastic deformation will occur, which triggers the severe dynamic recrystallization and result in the formation of ultrafine grain structure. For a dense CSed component, the grain structure highly influences its performance. Especially for the grain structure in the region around the impact interface, which decides the bonding of particles. However, due to the extreme processing condition of CS and complicated deformation history around the interface, it is challenging to carryout systematic study on the factors that influence the finial grain structure and make a prediction on the final grain size in this region. Here, a Monte Carlo model was built to simulate the dynamic recrystallization in the Aluminium cold spray process. The influence of impact velocity and single/multiparticle impact on the final grain structure in the interface was investigated comprehensively and independently. And the average grain size on the impact interface predicted by the modelling agreed well with reported experimental results.
Nitriding Effect on HVAF FeMnCrSi Coating
Authors: Rafael de Oliveira W. , Renan Mayer A. , Marenda Pukasiewicz A. G. , Biscaia de Souza G.
Published: September 2022

Thermochemical processes are an appropriate way to improve the surface hardening of the material against wear. Thermal spraying is a group of deposition processes that can deposit different classes of materials. The use of thermomechanical process after metallic coatings deposition can result in a unique combination of bulk and surface properties. There are some studies that indicate the defects and stresses caused in the crystal lattice as one of the factors that most influence nitrogen diffusion during the nitriding process. The HVAF (High Velocity Air-Fuel) process can generate different fault conditions and stress-strain in the crystal lattice. The aim of this work is study the effect of the plasma nitriding or, as it is known, Glow Discharge (GD), on FeMnCrSiNi coating deposited with HVAF process. Initially, it was observed the formation of expanded austenite and CrN on the HVAF coating, followed by important increase on the hardness of the coating.
Exploring Miniaturized HVOF Systems for the Deposition and Near Net Shape Forming of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Oberste-Berghaus J. , Aghasibeig M. , Burgess A. , Khamsepour P. , Moreau C. , Dolatabadi A.
Published: September 2022

The exceptional properties of Ti-6Al-4V of high strength, lightweight, corrosion resistance and machinability make it one of the most widely used alloys in in the aerospace industry. Significant efforts are underway to establish powder bed additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for Ti-6Al-4V. There are also increasing attempts to use thermal and cold spray to build near net shape parts with buildup rates orders of magnitude higher than powder bed. Thermal spraying, such as HVOF, can oxidize and degrade the alloy due to the high processing temperature. Lowering the flame temperature through inert gas addition in full-size HVOF systems is a possible approach to retain solid state deposition of the feedstock particles, thereby limiting oxidation and detrimental α-case formation, while providing sufficient heat input for particle softening and plastic deformation at impact. Novel miniaturized HVOF systems, with spray jets of only a few millimetre in width, may further offer the possibility to improve the spatial resolution of the buildup for near net shape forming. The process parameter range for solid state deposition of Ti-6A-4V, using the liquid fuelled TAFA Model 825 JPid and the novel hydrogen fuelled Spraywerx ID-NOVA MK-6 with the addition of nitrogen will be discussed. Build-ups at over 80% deposition efficiency generally yield as-sprayed porosities below 3% and hardness above 200 HV100gf. Attainable microstructures and oxygen content as a function of spray parameters are delineated. Recrystallization and beta annealing of selected samples lowered the residual porosity and created equiaxed α and intergranular ß-phases. Ultimate tensile strengths of up to 1100 MPa were attained, however, at limited elongation.
Modeling Study on Stress Distribution at MCrAlY-YSZ Interface Influenced by Pores and Micro Bulges
Authors: Xu Z. , Wen J.-F. , Yuan K.
Published: September 2022

During the thermal cycling process in MCrAlY-YSZ thermal barrier coating system, stresses are produced at bondcoat (BC)-topcoat (TC) interface due to the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of the two coating layers. The stresses at the interface are not a single value and can be affected by the coatings’ microstructure. In this paper, finite element (FE) modeling method was used to study the behavior of the stress distribution at the coatings’ interface. The influence of the pore structure in the ceramic TC and the micro bulge structure at the metal BC surface was investigated. The results showed that both structures can change the stress distribution. The pores played a “stone-in-river” role, which trapped higher stress around them and simultaneously reduced the size of the macro stress zones in TC. The micro bulges at the TC/BC interface also trapped high stresses which could cause more interaction between TC cracks and BC roughness.
Gain Insight About Thermal Spray Processes using Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analysis
Authors: Fassl L. , Nabavi M. , Schwenk A.
Published: September 2022

Thermal spraying is a complex physical process consisting of three main sub-systems: flame/plume generation, powder/flame/plume interaction and coating build-up. While mathematical and CFD models provide valuable insight about the individual modules of a thermal spray process, it is very difficult to gain overall insight of the whole process and dependencies between different inputs and outputs using mathematical and CFD analysis, due to very complex and interconnected nature of the thermal spray process. In this work, a sophisticated experiment has been conducted to collect enough data for the sake of developing data-driven model of a plasma spray process. Metco 204 powder feedstock material and F4 gun have been used. An optimized number of data samples has been chosen by applying common industrial input parameters in the experiment. The developed neural network model is able to predict the coating quality parameters with acceptable average accuracy of above 90% on test data by considering all relevant measurement error deviations of the process analysis methods. A sophisticated user-interface has been developed to enable the use of the model for coating parameter development as well as the designing recipe for target coating characteristics. The developed model can be used for different purposes: parameter development, off-line coating quality control, and eventually adaptive coating control.
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of a Nozzle Extension on the Plasma Jet
Authors: Bobzin K. , Heinemann H. , Dokhanchi S. R.
Published: September 2022

In plasma spraying, compared to other thermal spraying process variants, only a small part of the available energy is used to build up a coating. Another peculiarity of this process is the relatively strong oxidation of the sprayed metallic particles, caused by the high temperatures and turbulent flow of the plasma jet in combination with the ambient air. A promising solution for increasing energy efficiency is a solid shroud that surrounds the plasma jet and thus prevents air entrainments from mixing with the plasma gas. The primary goal of this study is to develop a numerical model to investigate the effect of an external fixed nozzle extension on the plasma jet as a shroud. To this end, the existing simulation models of the plasma jet from the previous works of the authors were extended to model a solid nozzle extension at the outlet of a three-arc plasma generator. Furthermore, the length and diameter of the nozzle extension were parametrized to investigate their effects on the plasma temperature and the turbulence of the flow. This model can be used to optimize the geometry of the nozzle extension based on experimental measurements to adapt it to the flow conditions of the plasma jet. The results revealed that the plasma temperature could be increased using the nozzle extension, thereby raising the energy efficiency to melt the particles in plasma spraying.
Effect of Cathode-Plasma Coupling on Plasma Torch Operation Predicted by a 3D Two-Temperature Electric Arc Model
Authors: Zhukovskii R. , Chazelas C. , Rat V. , Vardelle A. , Molz R.
Published: September 2022

In a DC plasma spray torch, the plasma-forming gas is the most intensively heated and accelerated at the cathode arc attachment due to the very high electric current density at this location. A proper prediction of the cathode arc attachment is, therefore, essential for understanding the plasma jet formation and cathode operation. However, numerical studies of the cathode arc attachment mostly deal with transferred arcs or conventional plasma torches with tapered cathodes. In this study, a 3-D time-dependent and two-temperature model of electric arc combined with a cathode sheath model is applied to the commercial cascaded-anode plasma torch SinplexPro. The model is used to investigate the effect of the cathode sheath model and bidirectional cathode-plasma coupling on the predicted cathode arc attachment and plasma flow. The model of the plasma-cathode interface takes into account the non-equilibrium spacecharge sheath to establish the thermal and electric current balance at the interface. The radial profiles of cathode sheath parameters (voltage drop, electron temperature at the interface, Schottky reduction of the work function) were computed on the surface of the cathode tip and used at the cathode-plasma interface in the model of plasma torch operation. The latter is developed in the open-source CFD software Code_Saturne. It makes it possible to calculate the flow fields inside and outside the plasma torch as well as the enthalpy and electromagnetic fields in the gas phase and electrodes. This study shows that the cathode sheath model results in a higher constriction of the cathode arc attachment, more plausible cathode surface temperature distribution, more reliable prediction of the torch voltage, cooling loss, and more consistent thermal balance in the torch.
Cavitation Erosion in WC-10Co-4Cr Coating
Authors: Algoburi A. , Ahmed R. , Nazarinia M.
Published: September 2022

This paper evaluates the cavitation erosion wear rate and failure modes of WC-10Co-4Cr coatings. These coatings are used in various industrial applications to protect against erosive, abrasive, sliding and cavitation wear in corrosive environments. Cavitation erosion tests were performed using a modified ASTM G-32 cavitation test rig. Thermally sprayed High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) WC-Co-Cr coatings were deposited using industrially optimised coating process parameters on carbon steel and stainless-steel substrate coupons. Coatings were tested to simulate the cavitation bubbles occurring in valves, pumps, and ship propellers. Indirect cavitation was used to impact the cavitation bubbles on the test specimen at a fixed offset distance from the vibrator end. Test specimens were immersed in natural seawater. A water circulation cooling system was used to control the temperature of the water. The cumulative mass cavitation erosion and erosion rate results were evaluated. The coating microstructure was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction. Post-test evaluations included SEM observation in combination with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) to understand the failure modes. Results are discussed in terms of the factors controlling the cavitation erosion rate.
On the Applicability of Iron-Based Alloy Coatings to Different Wear Conditions
Authors: Varis T. , Lagerbom J. , Suhonen T. , Terho S. , Laurila J. , Vuoristo P.
Published: September 2022

Iron-based coatings are often considered as replacement of hard chromium and WC-Co, as they pose lower health and environmental impact. In many cases the combination of mechanical and chemical properties of ferrous based alloys may be satisfactory and their relatively low cost make these coatings an interesting candidate for many applications. This study is inspired by opportunities to harden the ferrous base materials by strain hardening, solid solution strengthening, dispersion strengthening, and precipitation hardening. Already commercially available Fe-based coating materials with precipitates of mixed carbides and borides in the metastable austenitic matrix achieve a high hardness. In this study the cavitation erosion and abrasion resistance of various Fe-based coatings produced by HVAF and HVOF processes were investigated. Two experimental precipitation containing materials were prepared, and the sprayed coatings were tested for abrasive and cavitation erosion wear. In addition to precipitations, the importance of proportion of ferrite and retained austenite phases were studied by affecting the microstructure by heat treatments as the ability of different phases to affect hardening and ductility may become crucial in generating desired material properties. The properties of experimental and some commercial Fe-based alloys are compared with WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr coatings by property mapping.
Flame-Sprayed NiCoCrAlTaY Coatings as Damage Detection Sensors
Authors: Ogunbadejo A. S. , McDonald A. , Chandra S.
Published: September 2022

The piezoresistivity of flame-sprayed NiCoCrAlTaY on an electrically insulated surface of a steel substrate was investigated through cyclic extension and compression cycles between 0 and 0.4 mm for 1000 cycles and uniaxial tensile test. The sprayed NiCoCrAlTaY was in grid form with grid thickness of 3 mm and grid length of 30 mm while the electrical insulation was fabricated by flame spraying alumina on the surface of the steel. During mechanical loading, instantaneous electrical resistance measurements were conducted to evaluate the corresponding relative resistance change. Images of the loaded samples were captured for strain calculations through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. After consolidation of the pores within the coating, the behavior of the flame-sprayed NiCoCrAlTaY was consistent and linear within the cyclic compression and extension limits, with strain values of approximately -1000 με and +1700 με, respectively. The coating had a consistent and steady maximum relative resistance change of approximately 5% within both limits. The tensile test revealed that the coating has two gauge factors due to the bi-linearity of the plot of relative resistance change against strain. The progression of damage within the coating layers was analyzed from its piezoresistive response and through back-scattered scanning electron microscopy images. Based on the results, the nickel alloy showed high piezoresistive sensitivity for the duration of the loading cycles, with little or no damage to the coating layers. These results suggest that the flame-sprayed nickel alloy coating has great potential as a surface damage detection sensor.
HVSFS Al2O3-TiO2 Coatings of Porous Aluminium Substrates
Authors: Sauter M. , Martínez García V. , Killinger A.
Published: September 2022

In a novel approach for guiding elements of sawing machines wear resistant coatings were applied on open-porous AlSi7Mg substrates by means of high velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS). The challenge is to establish a wear resistant coating but simultaneously maintain the open-porous structure that is necessary to serve as a permeable structure for liquid cooling or lubricant media under operation. In a first approach, a water-based suspension containing a mixed Al2O3-TiO2 powder for HVSFS was used to deposit dense and well adherent mixed-oxide coatings. As the substrates exhibit an open-porous structure and a well-defined pore size distribution, transpiration cooling through the pores is possible and even necessary in order to ensure a low thermal impact on the fragile pore structure, preserving the open-porosity of the substrate. The coatings are characterized and compared by the means of light microscopy and hardness indentation.
Hybrid Aerosol Deposition as an Outstanding Prospective for Dense Barrier Ceramic Coatings Deposition on Different Substrates
Authors: Shahien M. , Shinoda K. , Akedo J.
Published: September 2022

Deposition of protective dense environmental barrier layers is a promising solution to improve the reliability and environmental durability of the next-generation turbines and other industrial applications. In this context, spraying of fine particles could enhance the formation of fine dense coating microstructures with improved properties. In AIST we are focusing on the spraying of the fine particles via different spraying technologies including suspension plasma spraying, as well as deposition of the fine solid particles directly by aerosol deposition (AD) and plasma-assisted aerosol deposition (so-called Hybrid Aerosol Deposition; HAD. The HAD is a new coating window to spray the fine ceramic particles via the implementation of a low-power rf-plasma source to assist the aerosol deposition at room temperature. This study introduced the feasibility of utilization of HAD as an outstanding technology for deposition of dense ceramic coatings on different substrate materials and 3D deposition capability. Highly dense and well-adhered Al2O3 coatings without obvious observable cracks and bulk-like properties were successfully fabricated on different substrate materials of SUS 304, Aluminium, Al2O3 and glass, via HAD of fine particles. The substrate material and its hardness significantly influenced the first deposition step, which determined the coating adhesion and properties. Furthermore, homogeneously uniform, dense, and crack-free coating with a strong adhesion has been fabricated successfully on cylindrical substrates with 6.3 mm diameter. During HAD spraying the plasma activated the surface of the particles without reaching to the molten state, then the activated particles impact and stuck with the substrate by room temperature impact consolidation mechanism. Therefore, the fabricated coatings had the same crystal structure as the starting feedstock powder, and the activated surface act as glue and improved the deposition efficiency and 3D capabilities. Herein, the deposition phenomena of HAD makes it as a promising candidate technology for development of environmental and sealing layers of highly dense microstructure, with the targeted crystalline phase structure, without stoichiometric composition nor phase transformation and improved deposition efficiency on multi-shape components in different fields such as environmental, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) and gas turbine applications.
Evaluation of Electric Conductivity and Mechanical Load Capacity of Copper Deposits for Application in Large Winding Components for Electrical High-Voltage Machines Made with Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Braun T. , Uhlmann E. , Häcker R. , Jäger M. , Rauch H. , Brach K. , Singh R. , Kondas J.
Published: September 2022

In line with the industrial trend of additive manufacturing, cold spray as a non-laser-based process is becoming increasingly important for many fields of application. For the evaluation of additive manufacturing of winding components made of copper for large electrical high-voltage machines, material and component properties such as electrical conductivity, mechanical load capacity and the component size that can be produced are of particular importance. In this context, the cold spray process offers advantages over laser-based additive manufacturing processes such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) or laser cladding by using the kinetic energy of the copper powder particles to generate particle bonding. To investigate the electrical conductivity as well as the mechanical load capacity of cold spray parts, specimens were machined out of cold sprayed bulk copper deposits. The characteristic values were obtained with regard to the direction of deposition, which is defined by the direction of the robot’s movement. Thus, for the investigation of the component properties, specimens were provided that had been produced both aligned lengthwise and crosswise as well as vertically to the direction of deposition. The results of the investigations show that both the electrical conductivity and the mechanical load capacity of the specimen have a strong dependency of the specimen orientation with respect to the direction of deposition. Furthermore, it could be shown that by increasing the deposition height, there is an increasing oxygen content in the sample material, combined with increasingly significant defect networks. These effects have a negative impact on the electrical conductivity as well as on the mechanical load capacity. As a conclusion, further need for investigation is identified in the optimization of the process parameters as well as in the deposition strategy for the additive manufacturing of large-volume components with cold spray.
Anisotropy of Ti6Al4V Deposited by Cold Spray
Authors: Kovarik O. , Cizek J. , Kondas J.
Published: September 2022

Anisotropy of stress-strain behavior, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth rate of Ti6Al4V deposited by cold spray using nitrogen was studied. For that, flat deposits were tested with stress acting in the in-plane directions and tubular deposits were tested in the out-of-plane stress directions. In all tests, unified small-size specimens were used. It was shown that for the in-plane stress, the deposits can be considered isotropic, whereas the out-of-plane stress led to significantly lower values of the measured properties. The obtained results were related to fractography and microstructural analysis. While a combination of trans-particle and inter-particle fracture determined the fatigue properties in the near-threshold regime, at higher loads, inter-particle fracture was dominant. It was also shown that the different particle-to-stress orientations influenced the resulting fatigue and static properties.
Protective Mo and Fe Coatings by CS and RF-ICP for PbLi Coolant Environments in Generation IV Fission Reactors
Authors: Cizek J. , Klecka J. , Babka L. , Hadraba H. , Kondas J. , Singh R. , Pazderova M.
Published: September 2022

Lead, lead-bismuth, or lead-lithium are candidate materials for liquid metal-based cooling media in the new generation of nuclear fission reactors and fusion systems. There are many benefits of using this concept; however, a new problem arises too: preventing degradation of structural materials that are supposed to come into a direct contact. Therefore, new steel grades are being designed, and technological workarounds are searched for. One of the pathways could be a deposition of thick, long-term stability protective coatings onto the steel surfaces. In our opening study, we have employed CS and RF-ICP technologies to deposit Mo and Fe coatings onto ferritic-type 9% Cr Eurofer steel and its ODS variant, and tested them in the PbLi environment at 600 °C for up to 1000 hours. The results suggest that the Fe coatings showed a promising resistance to the corrosive medium and are worth studying deeper.
Niobium and Molybdenum as Alloying Constituents in Al0.3CoCrFeNi to Develop Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys for HVOF Spraying
Authors: Preuß B. , Lindner T. , Rymer L.-M. , Lampke T.
Published: September 2022

The addition of refractory metals represents a promising development approach for future high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Niobium and molybdenum are particularly suitable for increasing hardness as well as wear and corrosion resistance. In the context of surface protection applications, eutectic alloys with their homogeneous property profile are of particular interest. In the present work, two eutectic HEAs (EHEAs) were developed for the starting Al0.3CoCrFeNi using electric arc furnace. Following mechanical and microstructural characterization, the two alloys Al0.3CoCrFeNiMo0.75 and Al0.3CoCrFeNiNb0.5 were identified. For thermal spray processing, powders were prepared by inert gas atomization. The coatings produced by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying were characterized and evaluated comparatively to the castings, allowing process-structure-property relationships to be derived. Based on the results, statements on possible application potential can be made.
Thermal Spraying 4.0 – Digitalization of Old Equipment vs. Buying New Equipment?
Authors: Hambrock C.
Published: September 2022

Machines and other equipment that are used in industry are generally long-term investments. Once invested, the machines usually run for several decades until a technical reinvestment is necessary. Nowadays, the 4th industrial revolution is taking place and digitalization is omnipresent. Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are just some of the technological innovations that are shaping the future right now. These innovations do not work with the manually driven equipment that has been invested some years ago because they are all based on data – and these (partly) manually operated equipment don´t produce data or they don´t collect it properly. In order to produce and collect data, the manually working machines have to be replaced – or retrofitted! voestalpine Stahl GmbH and its technical service and maintenance department (TSM, furthermore short voestalpine) decided to retrofit the existing equipment based on technological, economical as well as sustainability reasons. The approach, advantages and limitations are displayed here.
Development of Compatibilizing Sublayer for Metallizing CFRP Structures by Cold Spray
Authors: Zhang T. , Padayodi E. , Raoelison R. N. , Sagot J.-C.
Published: September 2022

This study aims to develop a metal-based compatibilizing sublayer on a Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite to overcome the erosion issue of polymer substrate using the cold spray deposition technique. The objective is to contribute to the in-situ repair of aircraft structures. Two cases of sublayers, i.e., Al-based sublayer (1126 μm thick) and Cu-based sublayer (547 μm thick), have been prepared and co-cured with the CFRP substrates by pressure assisted molding process. Gas-atomized copper powders were deposited on a reference sample of aluminum panel (A-0) and on two functionalized composite substrates (A-1 and C-1) by a high-pressure cold spraying (HPCS) process. The results show that cold spray deposition onto the Al-based sublayer leads to a coating formation whereas the Cu-based sublayer is strongly eroded by the supersonic collision of copper powders. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) morphologies were used to investigate the HPCS deposition mechanisms on various configurations of substrates. It was found that the high deposition efficiency of case Cu/A-0 was achieved by metallic bonding, evidenced by the significant flattening powders and agglomeration phenomenon of multiple particles. The copper particles of case Cu/A-1, encapsulated by the deformed aluminum powders, could anchor to the substrate via mechanical interlocking, whereas only pure localized fracture of epoxy and exposed broken carbon fibers were observed on the substrate of case Cu/C-1. The results demonstrated the feasibility of an Al-based sublayer-assisted cold spray process for the thermosetting CFRP composite to achieve a successful deposition of copper powders, which also emphasized the necessity to search an optimal material coupling between sublayers and coatings.
Inline Characterization of Thermal Spray Processes by Thermographic Spray Spot Analysis
Authors: Ider M. , Rupprecht C. , Thomas G.
Published: September 2022

This work provides a new in-situ measurement method for the analysis of the spray-spot geometry and the thermal properties of the coating. The new approach is based on infrared detection of the thermal radiation from the coating surface combined with a subsequent automated spray-spot characterization. With this method it is possible to describe the geometry, the axis-position of the torch, the powder injection properties, and the temperature distribution in of the spray-spot. Especially for the automated production in high quantity the spray-spot analysis is a useful assistance for the operator because the detector reacts very sensitive on small changes of the process conditions. With regard on important fields of application (e.g., gas turbine production) the sensor is suitable to detect drifting spray system parameters. Also, the progression of wear at the nozzle, injector and electrode can easily be estimated. In recent research the in-situ spray spot analysis is being developed further for the characterization of multipair electrode plasma generators.
Thermo-Mechanical Finite Element Analysis of the Laser Heat Treatment of WC-17Co Thermally Sprayed Coating
Authors: Manoj M. , Burela R. G. , Dzhurinskiy D. , Babu A. , Gupta A. , Harursampath D.
Published: September 2022

In recent years, laser-based post-processing of thermally sprayed coatings has gained significant attention as an alternative post-processing route; to mitigate the microstructural defects such as pores, microcracks, and splat boundaries associated with thermally sprayed coatings. Optimisation of the parameters for the laser post-processing is of paramount importance to maintain the required properties of these coatings. The current thermo-mechanical model simulates the impact of laser heat treatment on thermally sprayed Tungsten Carbide Cobalt (WC-17Co) coating and AISI 316L as substrate. A sequentially coupled transient thermal and structural analysis is performed. Transient temperature field from thermal analysis due to laser source will become input loads for the subsequent stress-strain analysis with appropriate boundary conditions. Both the coating and substrate are given temperature-dependent material properties. A gaussian heat flux distribution is used to model the laser source. The finite element analysis results underline the importance of temperature gradients and the presence of thermally induced stress-strain fields responsible for promoting coating degradation. The obtained results also revealed that heat input and dimensional characteristics play a vital role in the annealing treatment's efficacy. Three separate test cases were considered wherein the hatch spacing was varied, keeping the other parameters (scan speed, laser power, and laser spot diameter) constant. The impact of hatch spacing on the temperature and residual stress distribution across the coating was assessed by this simulation. Residual compressive stress was observed in the coating for two out of the three test cases, which further improved the durability of the coating.
Cold Spraying Onto Notched Surfaces: Scanning Acoustic Microscopy as a Tool for Evaluation of the Interface Quality
Authors: Koller M. , Janovská M. , Ševčík M. , Seiner H. , Kondas J. , Singh R. , Cizek J.
Published: September 2022

The scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) technique is used for studying the character and interface quality of cold sprayed Fe coatings deposited onto notched Al-based substrates. Three notch geometries were used: a rectangular notch, a trapezoidal notch with a flat bed, and a trapezoidal notch with a cylindrical bed. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated an increased porosity and cracks at the areas where the spraying direction was not perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. The SAM measurements were then performed on thin plates cut vertically across the notches such that the scanned area included the locations of the increased porosity and their surroundings. The resulting distributions of longitudinal wave velocities and their attenuation revealed that the affected area is more complex and the mechanical response of the coatings could be limited not only at areas of the visible porosity, but also in their vicinity.
Latihan Pliometrik dan Latihan Berbeban terhadap JumpingSmash Atlet Bulutangkis
Authors: Syahriadi Syahriadi
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an effect of plyometric training and weight training on the UKO Padang State University (UNP) Badminton Jumping Smash. This research method is a quasi-experimental method. The results of this study indicate that: 1) plyometric exercises have a significant influence on the leg muscle explosive power to support jumping smash of badminton athletes, 2) burdened training gives a substantial effect on leg muscle explosive ability to help to drop crash of badminton athletes, 3) plyometric exercises with exercise burden was carry out together. There is a significant effect on leg muscle explosive power to support the jumping smash of badminton athletes. Conclusion, burden training has a substantial impact on leg muscle explosive ability to support the badminton athlete's jumping smash

 

Keywords: Plyometric and Load Training, Jumpingsmash
Pengembangan Penghitungan Kapasitas Volume Oksigen Maksimal (Vo2max) Menggunakan Tes Lari 2,4 KM Berbasis Aplikasi Android
Authors: Millah Haikal , Priana Ari
Published: September 2022

This study aims to develop a calculation of the maximum oxygen volume capacity using a 2.4km run test based on an android application. The method in this study uses research and development (Research and Development). Samples taken from the data for application trials were 10 people who did the 2.4 km run test. The results of the application manually are no different. This android application has a tutorial feature that aims to use this application. In addition, there is a menu for calculating vo2max and physical fitness level values. The determination of the value of the level of physical fitness is based on the general category of non-athletes. Users can calculate vo2max calculation starting from 1 person and there is a menu to count up to 10 people at once. This application is equipped with a data store feature using the SQLite database, so users can store data on the results of a 2.4 km run test. With this application, it can help sports practitioners in conducting physical endurance tests using the 2.4 km running test.

Keywords: Vo2max Calculation, Android Application, Running Test 2.4 KM
Somatotype Pemain Bola Voli Indoor Putra Pekan Olahraga Mahasiswa Nasional Kontingen Sumatera Barat
Authors: Rifki Muhamad Sazeli , Rahmat Arif , Welis Wilda
Published: September 2022

This study aims to determine the somatotype of indoor men's volleyball players national sports week contingent of West Sumatra in 2019. The measuring instrument used in this study uses a scale to measure weight, a meter to measure height, skinfold caliper to measure fat thickness, calipers to measure the width of bones and lila bands to measure the circumference of the arms and calves. This research is descriptive research. The method used is a survey method with data collection techniques using anthropometric tests and measurements. The population in this study were 14 male indoor volleyball players. the data analysis technique used descriptive percentage analysis. The results of this study show that male indoor volleyball somatotype players have 7 players somatotype or body type mesomorph ectomorph or 50%, mesomorphic ectomorph body type as many as 5 players or 36%, balanced ectomorph body type as much as 1 player or 7%, and body type ectomorph as many as 5 players Endomorphic ectomorph body as much as 1 player or 7%. In conclusion, the indoor men's volleyball player at the National Student Sports Week is already suitable for volleyball.

Keywords: Somatotype, Volleyball, POMNAS
Perbedaan Tingkat Kecerdasan Emosional Siswa Berdasarkan Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Olahraga Permainan
Authors: Tresnadiani Dini , Wardani Fibrianti Kusuma
Published: September 2022

This study aims to analyze the level of emotional intelligence of high school students who take extracurricular sports games based on the type of sport and gender. The research method used is descriptive quantitative survey techniques on 168 high school students who take part in sports game extracurricular activities. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the level of emotional intelligence of students who took part in extracurricular activities in individual and team sports, but based on gender there were significant differences in the level of emotional intelligence in students who took part in sports extracurricular activities in the Majalengka area. In conclusion, the level of emotional intelligence of students who take extracurricular sports games is included in the moderate category and there are no differences in students based on the type of sport. While based on gender there are differences in the level of emotional intelligence with female students having higher abilities than male students.

Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Students, Sports Games, Types of Sports
Dampak Shooting Three Point Plyometric dan Ladder terhadap Hasil Shooting Three Point Bola Basket
Authors: Taufik Argian Rizki , Ma’mun Amung , Mulyana Mulyana
Published: September 2022

This study aims to determine the impact of three point plyometric and ladder shooting impacts on Bola basket three point shooting results. The research method used was experiment. The research was used group pretest-posttest designs. The population was extracurricular students of SMAN 9 Bandung were of 20 participants. 10 participants in the three point plyometric shooting group, 10 participants in the three point ladder shooting group, samples were taken by purposive sampling technique. The instrument used was a three-point shooting test for one minute through the treatment of 18 meetings. Analysis of research was used normality test, homogeneity test, paired sample t-test and independent sample-test. In conclusion, three point plyometric shooting exercises have a significant effect compared to three point ladder shooting exercises on the improved of three point shooting results.

Keywords: Basketball, Ladder, Plyometric Shooting Three Point
Pengembangan Aktivitas Gerak Berbasis Modifikasi Permainan untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Keterampilan Motorik pada Anak Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Salman Erick , Darsi Helvi
Published: September 2022

This study aims to produce a motor learning module through game modification in elementary school children and can be used by sports and health physical education teachers (PJOK) in learning. This research is a development research (education research and development (R & D) with the Dick and Carey model approach. There are 7 steps of the Dick and Carey model, namely: (1) development of information in the field; (2) analysis information; (3) developing the initial product (draft module); (4) expert validation and revision; (5) small-scale field trials and revisions; (6) large-scale field trials and revisions; and (7) making the final product. used in this development research, namely: (1) interviews; (2) teacher observations; and (3) questionnaires. Data analysis techniques used qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that: (1) validation results obtained from Expert experts obtained 80.1% (2) small-scale trials on 12 grade III students at SD Negeri 51 Lebong obtained 75.3%; (3) large-scale product trials on 40 grade III and IV students at SD Negeri 32 Lebong obtained 78 , 5%; (3) m the developed toothpaste is categorized as good in improving children's motor skills. In conclusion, the motion activity module through game modification can improve motor skills in elementary school children and is feasible to be applied to learning.

Keywords: Movement Activities, Motor Skills, Game Modification
Pengembangan Model Latihan Mental melalui Teknik Hypnotheraphy Berbantuan Musik Instrumental untuk Meningkatkan Konsentrasi Atlet
Authors: Fatahilah Adika , Firlando Rais
Published: September 2022

Research purposes; (1) produce an effective training model using hypnotheraphy techniques assisted by instrumental music to increase the concentration of athletes. The test subjects were 15 male athletes from various sports in Lubuklinggau city. This study uses the reseach and development (RND) method with the following steps: (1) preparation for developing an exercise model, (2) designing a hypothetical model, (3) testing the feasibility of a hypothetical model, (4) improving the hypothetical model, (5) field testing , (6) the final product. The results of the research model are structured based on: (1) rational, (2) vision and mission of training, (3) training objectives, (4) training content, (5) system support, (6) training procedures, (7) evaluation and action and continue. The trial results were effective for increasing the concentration of athletes and there was an increase in the average score of 6.8 or 50.06%. It is reinforced by the results of the Wilcoxon test that the training model is effective for increasing the concentration of athletes. Obtained a value of 0.001 smaller than <0.05, the hypothesis can be Ha accepted. In conclusion, the developed model of hypnotheraphy technique assisted by instrumental music is effective to increase athletes' concentration

Keywords: Hypnotheraphy and Instrumental Music, Concentration
Efektivitas Metode Latihan Global dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Bermain Sepakbola
Authors: Riyoko Endie , Rizhardi Rury
Published: September 2022

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of global exercise methods in improving soccer skills in soccer lectures. The research method used is pre-experimental research with the type of the one group pretest-posttest design which aims to see an increase in Football Playing Skills in the Football Game subject after being given the form of the Global training method and seeing the quality of learning outcomes of these subjects before and after being given the Global training method. . The research subjects were 30 students who took the Football Game course, the research subjects were determined with the consideration of the class that had Football Playing Skills problems. Data collection techniques using a football playing skills test. The data obtained were analyzed using a paired sample t-test with the help of the Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 21.0 program. The results showed that tcount (11.57)> ttable (1.70). This means that the research hypothesis can be accepted. Thus it can be concluded that the global training method is effective in increasing the ability to play football

Keywords: Global Methods, Football Skills
Korelasinilai dan Moral Agama Peserta Didik dengan Hubungan Sosial Teman Sebaya
Authors: Sahib Abdul
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to study the moral values and religious religion of students at SMPN 1 Curup with peer social relations. This research is in the form of quantitative research with 80 respondents from IX grade students of SMPN 1 Curup. This study uses a descriptive experimental analysis approach that aims to determine the effect of the research variables. Based on the research findings can be known, after testing the hypothesis in the calculation of Pearson correlation (correlation product moment) to get the results of r = 0.483014809, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between moral values and religion on peer social relations. The conclusion of this study is that religious values and morals determine the quality of peers' social relationships in adolescents.

 

Keywords: Religious Moral, Social Relations, peers
Pembelajaran Sejarah Online Mahasiswa STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau di Masa Pandemik Covid 19
Authors: Susilo Agus , Sofiarini Andriana
Published: September 2022

The research purposes is to find out the online history learning of STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau students in the Covid Pandemic period 19. This study used a qualitative description method, researchers directly analyze the lecture system of history education students at STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau. The results were obtained as follows: 1) general history learning for students, which is basically most of history learning is done face-to-face or outside the field. However, due to the Covid 19 epidemic, historical learning was shifted to online learning. 2) Online History Learning STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau students in the Covid Pandemic Period 19, namely students of STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau history education are required to conduct online learning to support. The continuation of online learning in the Covid 19 period, made learning history more interesting. Nevertheless, direct learning is still expected in the future. The conclusions of the study are: online learning can be a solution for students of history education in attending lectures during the Covid 19 epidemic.

Keywords: Online, STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau, Pandemic