bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of compliance equations used in the R‐curve testing for clamped SE(T) specimens
Authors: Huang Y. , Zhou W.
Published: March 2015

Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of clamped single‐edge tension specimen is performed to examine the accuracy of the crack‐mouth opening displacement compliance equations reported in the literature. The analysis covered both plane‐sided and side‐grooved specimens with a wide range of specimen configurations including nine relative crack lengths (a/W) ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 and seven relative thicknesses (B/W) ranging from 0.25 to 4. Based on the finite element analysis results, the crack length/compliance modification factors (ρ(a/W)andρ(BCE)) are developed to improve the accuracy of the compliance equations. The results of this study can improve the accuracy of the experimentally determinedJ‐Rand CTOD–Rcurves using the single‐specimen technique and single‐edge tension specimens.
The Implementation of High‐Leverage Teaching Practices: From the University Classroom to the Field Site
Authors: Davin Kristin J. , Troyan Francis J.
Published: March 2015

In response to the ACTFL's Research Priorities Initiative, the present study used a multiple case study design to examine teacher candidates' ability to implement two high‐leverage teaching practices: increasing interaction and target language comprehensibility and questioning to build and assess student understanding. Candidates implemented these practices in K–12 foreign language classrooms following a practice‐based methodology course. Findings revealed that candidates could more easily translate some aspects of practice to the field site than others. Generally, teacher candidates scored better on aspects of practice for which they were able to plan and practice than on those that required them to vary from their lesson plans or make in‐the‐moment decisions. Teacher candidates struggled the most with aspects of practice that involved sustaining meaningful interaction with students.
Comparative analysis of artisanal and recreational fisheries for Dentex dentex in a Marine Protected Area
Authors: Marengo M. , Culioli J.‐M. , Santoni M.‐C. , Marchand B. , Durieux E. D. H.
Published: March 2015

The common dentex, Dentex dentex (L.), is an iconic marine coastal fish in the Mediterranean Sea. This study was performed in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (BSNR), (NW Mediterranean Sea). The aims were to: (1) evaluate temporal variation of the artisanal fishing of common dentex (2000–2012); (2) compare and quantify catch rates, fishing techniques and catch composition for artisanal and recreational fisheries, and determine the influence of management measures by both activities; and (3) estimate the production of both artisanal and recreational fisheries. Fishery data were collected from different artisanal fishing surveys (onboard fishing vessels and landings) and recreational fishing surveys (roving). The gears with the highest rates of exploitation were longline (3554 g per 100 hooks) and Trolling (351 g boat−1 h−1 ±SE), respectively, for artisanal and recreational fishing. This study showed that catches by both activities were quantitatively higher in partially protected areas than outside them. Production estimations suggest that the recreational fishery contributes significantly to fishing mortality and that it can magnify the negative effects of artisanal fisheries. Specific measures are needed for the sustainable fishery management of common dentex.
Long‐term results of radical cystectomy and role of adjuvant chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Kaushik Dharam , Frank Igor , Boorjian Stephen A , Cheville John C , Eisenberg Manuel S , Thapa Prabin , Tarrell Robert F , Thompson R Houston
Published: March 2015

Objective

To review our experience with radical cystectomy for small cell carcinoma of the bladder, to compare outcomes with a cohort of patients with urothelial carcinoma, and to determine the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy and pathology re‐review in this setting.

Methods

Among 2427 patients who underwent radical cystectomy, 68 patients had small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Patients with small cell carcinoma of the bladder were compared with an unmatched cohort of 1146 patients with urothelial carcinoma, and were then matched (1:2) based on TNM stage. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox models were used to evaluate association of clinicopathological features with outcome.

Results

Among the 68 small cell carcinoma of the bladder patients, 37 (54%) were found to have small cell carcinoma of the bladder only after pathology re‐review. Patients with small cell carcinoma of the bladder had a higher rate of advanced (pT3/4) tumor stage (84% vs 46%; P < 0.0001) and pN+ disease (37% vs 20%; P = 0.001) compared with patients with urothelial carcinoma. When matched for stage and lymph node status, no significant difference in 5‐year cancer‐specific survival was observed between the two groups (27% vs 29%; P = 0.64). Among small cell carcinoma of the bladder patients, those receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had improved 5‐year overall survival compared with patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (43% vs 20%; P = 0.03), and a trend toward superior cancer‐specific survival (40% vs 23%; P = 0.07).

Conclusions

Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is often an unrecognized pathological entity, which is associated with a higher rate of locally advanced and N+ disease. However, although when matched for pathological features, survival outcomes appear similar to urothelial carcinoma. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy had improved overall survival and cancer‐specific survival, and these results require further investigation.
Implementing evidence‐based patient and family education on oral anticoagulation therapy: a community‐based participatory project
Authors: Shaha Maya , Wüthrich Erika , Stauffer Yvonne , Herczeg Franziska , Fattinger Karin , Hirter Kathrin , Papalini Marianne , Herrmann Luzia
Published: March 2015

Aims and objectives

This study aimed at developing and implementing evidence‐based patient and family education on oral anticoagulation therapy.

Background

The number of persons with chronic diseases who live at home is increasing. They have to manage multiple diseases and complex treatments. One such treatment is oral anticoagulation therapy, a high risk variable dose medication. Adherence to oral anticoagulation therapy is jeopardised by limited information about the medications, their risk and complications, the impact of individual daily routine and the limited inclusion of family members in education. Hence, improved and tailored education is essential for patients and families to manage oral anticoagulation therapy at home.

Design and methods

A community‐based participatory research design combined with the Precede‐Proceed model was used including a systematic literature review, posteducation analysis, an online nurse survey, a documentation analysis and patient/family interviews. The study was conducted between April 2010–December 2012 at a department of general internal medicine in a teaching hospital in Switzerland. Participants were the department's nursing and medical professionals including the patients and their families.

Results

The evidence‐based patient and family education on oral anticoagulation therapy emerged comprising a learning assessment, teaching units, clarification of responsibilities of nurse professionals and documentation guidelines.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

The inclusion of the whole department has contributed to the development and implementation of this evidence‐based patient family education on oral anticoagulation therapy, which encompasses local characteristics and patient preferences. This education is now being used throughout the department.
Chelyabinsk, Zond IV, and a possible first‐century fireball of historical importance
Authors: Hartmann William K.
Published: March 2015

The well‐recorded Chelyabinsk event, the Tunguska event, and the re‐entry of the Zond IV vehicle offer opportunities to compare reactions of modern eyewitnesses to eyewitness accounts of possible ancient fireball events. The first‐century book, Acts of the Apostles, gives three separate descriptions of a bright light “from heaven,” which occurred probably in the 30s (C.E.) near Damascus, Syria. The details offer a strikingly good match to a Chelyabinsk‐class or Tunguska‐class fireball. Among the most impressive, unexpected consistencies with modern knowledge is the first‐century description of symptoms of temporary blindness caused by exposure to intense radiation, matching a condition now known as photokeratitis. An analysis of the re‐entry of debris from the Russian Zond IV over the eastern United States in 1968 shows how actual perceived phenomena in an unfamiliar natural celestial apparition are often conceived by the observer in terms of current cultural conceptions, and it is suggested that this happened also in the first‐century case.
Early‐onset axonal pathology in a novel P301S‐Tau transgenic mouse model of frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: van Eersel Janet , Stevens Claire H. , Przybyla Magdalena , Gladbach Amadeus , Stefanoska Kristie , Chan Chesed Kai‐Xin , Ong Wei‐Yi , Hodges John R. , Sutherland Greg T. , Kril Jillian J. , Abramowski Dorothee , Staufenbiel Matthias , Halliday Glenda M. , Ittner Lars M.
Published: March 2015

Aim

Tau becomes hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD‐tau), resulting in functional deficits of neurones, neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation and eventually dementia. Expression of mutant human tau in the brains of transgenic mice has produced different lines that recapitulate various aspects of FTLD‐tau and AD. In this study, we characterized the novel P301S mutant tau transgenic mouse line, TAU58/2.

Methods

Both young and aged TAU58/2 mice underwent extensive motor testing, after which brain tissue was analysed with immunohistochemistry, silver staining, electron microscopy and Western blotting. Tissue from various FTLD subtypes and AD patients was also analysed for comparison.

Results

TAU58/2 mice presented with early‐onset motor deficits, which became more pronounced with age. Throughout the brains of these mice, tau was progressively hyperphosphorylated resulting in increased NFT formation with age. In addition, frequent axonal swellings that stained intensively for neurofilament (NF) were present in young TAU58/2 mice prior to NFT formation. Similar axonal pathology was also observed in human FTLD‐tau and AD. Interestingly, activated microglia were found in close proximity to neurones harbouring transgenic tau, but were not associated with NF‐positive axonal swellings.

Conclusions

In TAU58/2 mice, early tau pathology induces functional deficits of neurones associated with NF pathology. This appears to be specific to tau, as similar changes are observed in FTLD‐tau, but not in FTLD with TDP‐43 inclusions. Therefore, TAU58/2 mice recapitulate aspects of human FTLD‐tau and AD pathology, and will become instrumental in studying disease mechanisms and therapeutics in the future.
The origins of vestibular science
Authors: Wiest Gerald
Published: March 2015

The vestibular system conveys information about body motion and gravity. It was one of the first sensory systems to emerge in evolution; however, it was also the last to be discovered. The causal relationship between diseases of the ear and the symptom of vertigo was not recognized until the mid‐19th century. Only a few years later, the basic principle of semicircular canal function was elucidated almost simultaneously by three scientists with completely different backgrounds. This historical review describes the major milestones in the discoveries of the anatomy and the physiology of the vestibular system that paved the way for the establishment of neurotology as a clinical subspecialty.
AtLa1 protein initiates IRES‐dependent translation of WUSCHEL mRNA and regulates the stem cell homeostasis of Arabidopsis in response to environmental hazards
Authors: Cui Yuchao , Rao Shaofei , Chang Beibei , Wang Xiaoshuang , Zhang Kaidian , Hou Xueliang , Zhu Xueyi , Wu Haijun , Tian Zhaoxia , Zhao Zhong , Yang Chengwei , Huang Tao
Published: March 2015

Plant stem cells are hypersensitive to environmental hazards throughout their life cycle, but the mechanism by which plants safeguard stem cell homeostasis in response to environmental hazards is largely unknown. The homeodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) protein maintains the stem cell pool in the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis. Here, we demonstrate that the translation of WUS mRNA is directed by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) located in the 5′‐untranslated region. The AtLa1 protein, an RNA‐binding factor, binds to the 5′‐untranslated region and initiates the IRES‐dependent translation of WUS mRNA. Knockdown of AtLa1 expression represses the WUS IRES‐dependent translation and leads to the arrest of growth and development. The AtLa1 protein is mainly located in the nucleoplasm. However, environmental hazards promote the nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic translocation of the AtLa1 protein, which further enhances the IRES‐dependent translation of WUS mRNA. Genetic evidence indicates that the WUS protein increases the tolerance of the shoot apical meristem to environmental hazards. Based on these results, we conclude that the stem cell niche in Arabidopsis copes with environmental hazards by enhancing the IRES‐dependent translation of WUS mRNA under the control of the AtLa1 protein.
The impact of donor age and sex on the nucleated cell count and CD34 count in healthy bone marrow donors
Authors: Unal Ince Elif , Ileri Talia , Dogu Figen , Ates Can , Cakmakli Hasan , Dalva Klara , Ikinciogullari Aydan , Uysal Zumrut , Ertem Mehmet
Published: March 2015

BM remains an important source of stem cells. The BM characteristics change with age but the estimation of CD34 calculation of one CD34+ cell per 100 nucleated cells is used for all donors including pediatric donors in the operating room before getting the actual CD34 count. In order to see whether this formula is applicable for pediatric donors, we designed a retrospective study to see the affect of the age and sex on the BM NCC, CD34 count, and CD34/NCC ratios. Ninety‐eight BM collections from 91 related donors were evaluated retrospectively (median age: nine yr [1.5–54 yr]; M/F: 41/50). A significant negative correlation was found between the donor age and NCC (r = −0.229, p < 0.05), CD34 count (r = −0.563, p < 0.01), and CD34/NCC (r = −0.664, p < 0.01). The negative correlation for CD34 count and CD34/NCC persisted in female and male donor groups. When donors younger than 16 yr of age were compared with the older donor group, the median NCC, median CD34 count, and CD34/NCC were significantly lower in the older group (p < 0.01). Age and sex have to be taken into consideration to avoid unnecessary high‐volume collections and increased operating room time in the younger donors.
Utilization of PARAFAC‐Modeled Excitation‐Emission Matrix (EEM) Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Identify Biogeochemical Processing of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Northern Peatland
Authors: Tfaily Malak M. , Corbett Jane E. , Wilson Rachel , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Glaser Paul H. , Cawley Kaelin M. , Jaffé Rudolf , Cooper William T.
Published: March 2015

In this study, we contrast the fluorescent properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in fens and bogs in a Northern Minnesota peatland using excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis (EEM‐PARAFAC). EEM‐PARAFAC identified four humic‐like components and one protein‐like component and the dynamics of each were evaluated based on their distribution with depth as well as across sites differing in hydrology and major biological species. The PARAFAC‐EEM experiments were supported by dissolved organic carbon measurements (DOC), optical spectroscopy (UV‐Vis), and compositional characterization by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (FT‐ICR MS). The FT‐ICR MS data indicate that metabolism in peatlands reduces the molecular weights of individual components of DOM, and oxygen‐rich less aromatic molecules are selectively biodegraded. Our data suggest that different hydrologic and biological conditions within the larger peat ecosystem drive molecular changes in DOM, resulting in distinctly different chemical compositions and unique fluorescent fingerprints. PARAFAC modeling of EEM data coupled with ultrahigh resolution FT‐ICR MS has the potential to provide significant molecular‐based information on DOM composition that will support efforts to better understand the composition, sources, and diagenetic status of DOM from different terrestrial and aquatic systems.
Placental Abruption and Subsequent Risk of Pre‐eclampsia: A Population‐Based Case–Control Study
Authors: Parker Samantha E. , Werler Martha M. , Gissler Mika , Tikkanen Minna , Ananth Cande V.
Published: March 2015

Background

Pre‐eclampsia and placental abruption may share a common pathophysiologic mechanism, namely, uteroplacental ischaemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between placental abruption and risk of pre‐eclampsia in a subsequent pregnancy, and to determine whether the association differs by the gestational age at the time of abruption.

Methods

A nested case–control study among multiparous women in the Medical Birth Register of Finland from 1996–2010 was conducted. Cases of pre‐eclampsia (n = 6487) and frequency matched controls (n = 25 948) were linked to the Hospital Discharge Registry to ascertain data on prior abruption. Abruption was categorised as preterm (<37 weeks) or term (≥37 weeks) based on the gestational age at delivery. We fit logistic regression models to evaluate the associations between abruption and the odds of pre‐eclampsia in the subsequent pregnancy before and after adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Preterm abruption was associated with over a twofold increase in risk of pre‐eclampsia [odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5, 3.3] in a subsequent pregnancy. In contrast, term abruption was not associated with pre‐eclampsia (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7, 1.7). The association between preterm abruption and pre‐eclampsia was further elevated among women with a history of pre‐eclampsia. Associations with preterm abruption were also strengthened when the outcome was pre‐eclampsia with early delivery (<34 weeks).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that placental abruption in a prior pregnancy is associated with a different risk profile of pre‐eclampsia based on the gestational age of the abruption‐affected pregnancy.
Consumer Culture, Sustainability and a New Vision of Consumer Sovereignty
Authors: Sassatelli Roberta
Published: March 2015

The article considers sustainable consumption and alternative food networks in the context of global consumer capitalism as a locus where a new form of consumer sovereignty can be developed. It offers a theoretical overview aimed at charting the emergence and consolidation of a relational, responsible vision of consumer sovereignty. Potentially alternative to neo‐classical and neoliberal views, such a vision of consumers and their power involves both sustainability, equality and democracy, and private happiness, conceived as a form of responsibility for personal, creative well‐being and fulfillment as opposed to acquisition and spending power. Ultimately the article offers a reappraisal of the economistic notion of utility of goods, and proposes a way forward for alternative ways of consuming and of thinking of consumption which aim at avoiding the mere reproduction of charity and at involving individuals' subjectivity working on their capacities to develop new pleasures in sustainable lifestyles.
Assessing the Evidence Base on Health, Employability and the Labour Market – Lessons for Activation in the UK
Authors: Lindsay Colin , Greve Bent , Cabras Ignazio , Ellison Nick , Kellett Steve
Published: March 2015

This article draws on the research of authors participating in this Special Issue, as well as a broader evidence review on how health, disability, labour market inequalities and other factors contribute to high levels of disability benefit (DB) claiming among certain communities. We argue that the evidence points to a complex combination of factors feeding into high levels of DB claiming in the UK and beyond, namely: geographical concentrations of health problems and disability‐related barriers; gaps in employability and skills; and labour market inequalities that limit the quantity and quality of work opportunities in some regions. The article then provides a comparative, critical commentary on the evolution of activation and welfare reform policies in the UK and (briefly) Denmark – a welfare state that has experienced similarly high levels of DB claiming, but has adopted very different policy responses. Specifically, we discuss the extent to which emerging active labour market policies, occupational health services and changes to the benefit system reflect the evidence on the nature of the barriers faced by people on DBs. The article concludes by identifying recommendations for health, employment and labour market policies.
From Impairment to Incapacity – Educational Inequalities in Disabled People's Ability to Work
Authors: Baumberg Ben
Published: March 2015

Significant numbers of working‐age people in high‐income countries claim benefits due to incapacity. This is conventionally explained as the result of people rationally ‘choosing’ to claim benefits, or as ‘hidden unemployment’ due to a lack of jobs, with claim rates much higher among the low‐qualified. However, neither account considers whether low‐qualified people find it harder to deal with an impairment in the workplace, and are therefore genuinely more incapacitated. This study explores these issues using 32 in‐depth interviews in England in 2009/10. It finds that there are considerable differences in people's ability to respond to impairments, with some – but only some – able to avoid incapacity through workplace flexibility, adjustments, or changing jobs. Better‐educated people had more of these choices, partly because education is associated with job flexibility (which allows people to work around their impairments). Education also played a direct role; it is not just the case that less employable people found it harder to get work (‘hidden unemployment’), but that they found it harder to get suitable work, and were therefore genuinely incapacitated. It was therefore only some lower‐qualified people who were left in a ‘Catch‐22’ situation where they were not fit enough to do jobs they could get, and not employable enough to get jobs they were fit to do. Moreover, there were further inequalities among those with partial fitness‐for‐work limitations, with wealthier people having more choices around ‘struggling on’. The article concludes by drawing together the implications for research and policy.
The Influence of Presenting Health Condition on Eventual Return to Work for Individuals Receiving Health‐Related Welfare Benefits
Authors: Purdie Fiona , Kellett Stephen
Published: March 2015

There is currently insufficient research guiding policymakers concerning the influence of the presenting health condition of disability welfare recipients on both their receptivity to health intervention and potential eventual return to work. In the current study, all participants were unemployed and claiming disability welfare, due to either physical (N = 1,463) or mental health conditions (N = 2,352). Intervention consisted of a voluntary and pan‐health condition seven‐session group psycho‐educational programme. Groups aimed to increase health condition management skills to enable return to work and this research therefore provided evidence concerning the effectiveness of a ‘health‐first’ policy approach. Data was routinely gathered as a means of evaluating the effectiveness of the programme. Employment and psychological outcomes were longitudinally tracked at four time points: pre‐intervention, post‐intervention, at short‐term (three months) and long‐term (12–30 months) follow‐up. Results illustrate that at a group level participants with mental health conditions were more likely to return to work in both the short and long term and to achieve a greater degree of psychological change over the course of the intervention. At an individual level, higher rates of physical health participants met the criteria for psychological recovery during the intervention. The results of the study are discussed in terms of methodological concerns, how to maximize employment outcomes for welfare recipients who present with differing health conditions and the associated policy implications.
Comprehensive analysis of polymorphisms in the HLA‐G 5′ upstream regulatory and 3′ untranslated regions in Brazilian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Catamo E. , Addobbati C. , Segat L. , Sotero Fragoso T. , Tavares Dantas A. , de Ataide Mariz H. , Ferreira da Rocha Junior L. , Branco PintoDuarte A. L. , Coelho A. V. C. , de Moura R. R. , Polesello V. , Crovella S. , Sandrin Garcia P.
Published: March 2015

This study aims to comprehensively analyze human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐G polymorphisms association with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) development and clinical manifestations. The HLA‐G 5′ upstream regulatory region (URR), 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and a cytosine deletion at exon 3 (ΔC, HLA‐G*0105N allele) were analyzed in 114 SLE patients and 128 healthy controls from North East Brazil. The +3003T>C (rs1707) C allele and the HG010101c extended HLA‐G allele were significantly more frequent in SLE patients than healthy controls (+3003C allele frequency: 12% in SLE patients vs 6% in controls; odds ratio (OR), 2.10, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–4.28, P = 0.026; HG010101c frequency: 11.8% in SLE patients and 6.3% in controls; OR, 2.14, 95% CI, 1.01–4.51, P = 0.046) and were associated with susceptibility for disease development. Other polymorphisms were associated with different clinical manifestations. Although HLA‐G role in SLE disease is far from being elucidated yet, our association study results along with a systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that HLA‐G might be able to slightly modulate the complex SLE phenotype (pooled OR, 1.14, 95% CI, 1.02–1.27, P = 0.021).
Tolerability and pharmacokinetic profile of a novel benzene‐poly‐carboxylic acids complex with cis‐diammineplatinum (II) dichloride in dogs with malignant mammary tumours
Authors: Kristiansen V. M. , Dewi S. , Horsberg T. E. , Jonasdottir T. J. , Moe L. , Berlinger B. , Lindkær‐Jensen S. , Larsen S.
Published: March 2015

The pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability and efficacy of benzene‐poly‐carboxylic acids complex with cis‐diammineplatinum (II) dichloride (BP‐C1) were studied in dogs with mammary cancer. A three‐level response surface pathway designed trial was performed on seven dogs. At each level BP‐C1 was administered subcutaneously daily for 7 days followed by a 7‐day rest period in a dose escalating manner. Adverse events according to VCOG‐CTCAE, performance status and tumour progression were recorded. The pharmacokinetic profile followed a two‐compartment model with rapid absorption, short distribution, and a slow elimination phase. The overall elimination half‐life was 125 h. The maximum tolerated dose of BP‐C1 was estimated to be above 0.46 mg kg−1. A significant reduction in VCOG‐CTCAE toxicity which correlated negatively with increasing dose was found. The dogs' general performance status remained unchanged. No decrease in total tumour burden was found, although temporary tumour reduction was seen in some target tumours.
On non-abelian Lubin–Tate theory for
Authors: Chojecki Przemysław
Published: March 2015

We analyse the$\text{mod}~p$étale cohomology of the Lubin–Tate tower both with compact support and without support. We prove that there are no supersingular representations in the$H_{c}^{1}$of the Lubin–Tate tower. On the other hand, we show that in$H^{1}$of the Lubin–Tate tower appears the$\text{mod}~p$local Langlands correspondence and the$\text{mod}~p$local Jacquet–Langlands correspondence, which we define in the text. We discuss the local-global compatibility part of the Buzzard–Diamond–Jarvis conjecture which appears naturally in this context.
Microwave Properties of Nanocomposites: Effect of Manufacturing Methods and Nanofiller Structure
Authors: Khurram A. A. , Rakha Sobia A. , Ali Naveed , Gul I. H. , Munir Arshad
Published: March 2015

Nanocomposite materials filled with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) having three types of structures, i.e., longer (200 μm), shorter (20–50 μm), and aminated (20–50 μm), are manufactured for microwave absorption (MA) in 11–17 GHz frequency range. Microstructure, dielectric permittivity, direct current (DC) electrical conductivity, and MA properties of the MWCNTs–epoxy nanocomposite were investigated. A correlation has been developed between the structure (aspect ratio and surface functionality) of MWCNTs, electrical conductivity of the composite, and MA (return loss (RL)). E-glass/epoxy composite filled with longer carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has shown higher RL as compared to that of other two nanocomposites. The measurements have shown that the magnitude of RL of microwaves depends strongly on the structure of MWCNTs used in the composite. Furthermore, the effect of synthesis route followed for the manufacturing of nanocomposite on its electrical conductivity and microwave absorbing properties is also investigated; three different approaches were followed to manufacture CNT/epoxy nanocomposites from longer CNTs (200 μm).
Analytical Evaluation of the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Three-Lobe Journal Bearings With Finite Length
Authors: Chasalevris Athanasios
Published: March 2015

The three-lobe bearings widely used in rotating machinery follow the design data evaluated using numerical methods for the solution of the Reynolds equation. This paper defines exact and approximate analytical solutions of the Reynolds equation for the case of three-lobe bearings with finite length. Dynamic characteristics are provided analytically with closed-form expressions for laminar regimes of operation, using an approximate analytical solution that proves to be reliable and of low cost of evaluation time. The results for eccentricity ratio, equilibrium locus, stiffness and damping coefficients are presented for a range of Sommerfeld number and different cases of load orientation and compared with theoretical and experimental data from the literature.
Parametric Instability of Dual-Ring Structure With Motionless and Moving Supports
Authors: Zhao Zhifu , Wang Shiyu
Published: March 2015

This work is to study parametric vibration of a dual-ring structure through analytical and numerical methods by focusing on the relationships between basic parameters and parametric instability. An elastic dual-ring model is developed by using Lagrange method, where the radial and tangential deflections are included, and motionless and moving supports are also incorporated. Analytical results imply that there are four kinds of parametric excitations, and the numerical results show that there exist stable and unstable areas separated by transition curves or straight lines, and even crossover points. The relationships are determined as simple expressions in basic parameters, including discrete stiffness number and wavenumber. Whether the parametric resonance can be excited or not depends on the values of support stiffness, rotating speed, and natural frequency. Vibrations at the crossover points are also addressed by using the multiscale method. Comparisons against the available results regarding ring structures with moving supports are also made. Extensions of this study, including the use of powerful Sinha method to deal with the parametric vibration, are suggested.
Middle School Teachers’ Strategies for Including Overweight Students in Skill and Fitness Instruction
Authors: Rukavina Paul B. , Doolittle Sarah , Li Weidong , Manson Mara , Beale Angela
Published: March 2015

As part of a larger study, this paper describes teachers’ perspectives and strategies on including overweight and obese students (OWS) in instruction related to motor skill/game play and fitness development in physical education. Using the Social Ecological Constraints framework, a qualitative multicase study was conducted using multiple in-depth interviews, class observations, and artifacts from nine experienced and committed suburban middle school Physical Education teachers. Constant comparison was used to generate themes and trustworthiness procedures were used to confirm findings. Two types of strategies for including OWS in instruction were identified: First-order and Second-order. School resources, shared program goals, and beliefs about students and teaching were factors influencing teachers’ decisions and actions for teaching motor skill/game play and fitness content to OWS.
Can sound open the brain for therapies?
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: March 2015

Ultrasound methods breach blood-brain barrier.
Defining Species-Specific Immunodominant B Cell Epitopes for Molecular Serology of Chlamydia Species
Authors: Rahman K. Shamsur , Chowdhury Erfan U. , Poudel Anil , Ruettger Anke , Sachse Konrad , Kaltenboeck Bernhard
Published: March 2015

Urgently needed species-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antibodies againstChlamydiaspp. have been elusive due to high cross-reactivity of chlamydial antigens. To identifyChlamydiaspecies-specific B cell epitopes for such assays, we ranked the potential epitopes of immunodominant chlamydial proteins that are polymorphic among allChlamydiaspecies. High-scoring peptides were synthesized with N-terminal biotin, followed by a serine-glycine-serine-glycine spacer, immobilized onto streptavidin-coated microtiter plates, and tested with mono-specific mouse hyperimmune sera against eachChlamydiaspecies in chemiluminescent ELISAs. For each of nineChlamydiaspecies, three to nine dominant polymorphic B cell epitope regions were identified on OmpA, CT618, PmpD, IncA, CT529, CT442, IncG, Omp2, TarP, and IncE proteins. Peptides corresponding to 16- to 40-amino-acid species-specific sequences of these epitopes reacted highly and with absolute specificity with homologous, but not heterologous,Chlamydiamonospecies-specific sera. Host-independent reactivity of such epitopes was confirmed by testing of sixC. pecorum-specific peptides from five proteins withC. pecorum-reactive sera from cattle, the natural host ofC. pecorum. The probability of cross-reactivity of peptide antigens from closely related chlamydial species or strains correlated with percent sequence identity and declined to zero at <50% sequence identity. Thus, phylograms of B cell epitope regions predict the specificity of peptide antigens for rational use in the genus-, species-, or serovar-specific molecular serology ofChlamydiaspp. We anticipate that these peptide antigens will improve chlamydial serology by providing easily accessible assays to nonspecialist laboratories. Our approach also lends itself to the identification of relevant epitopes of other microbial pathogens.
Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Flagellin-Envelope Fusion Dengue Vaccines in Mice and Monkeys
Authors: Liu Ge , Song Langzhou , Beasley David W. C. , Putnak Robert , Parent Jason , Misczak John , Li Hong , Reiserova Lucia , Liu Xiangyu , Tian Haijun , Liu Wenzhe , Labonte Darlene , Duan Lihua , Kim Youngsun , Travalent Linda , Wigington Devin , Weaver Bruce , Tussey Lynda
Published: March 2015

The envelope (E) protein of flaviviruses includes three domains, EI, EII, and EIII, and is the major protective antigen. Because EIII is rich in type-specific and subcomplex-specific neutralizing epitopes and is easy to express, it is particularly attractive as a recombinant vaccine antigen. VaxInnate has developed a vaccine platform that genetically links vaccine antigens to bacterial flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 ligand. Here we report that tetravalent dengue vaccines (TDVs) consisting of four constructs, each containing two copies of EIII fused to flagellin (R3.2x format), elicited robust and long-lived neutralizing antibodies (geometric mean titers of 200 to 3,000), as measured with a 50% focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT50). In an immunogenicity study, rhesus macaques (n= 2) immunized subcutaneously with 10 μg or 90 μg of TDV three or four times, at 4- to 6-week intervals, developed neutralizing antibodies to four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (mean post-dose 3 FRNT50titers of 102 to 601). In an efficacy study, rhesus macaques (n= 4) were immunized intramuscularly with 16 μg or 48 μg of TDV or a placebo control three times, at 1-month intervals. The animals that received 48-μg doses of TDV developed neutralizing antibodies against the four serotypes (geometric mean titers of 49 to 258) and exhibited reduced viremia after DENV-2 challenge, with a group mean viremia duration of 1.25 days and 2 of 4 animals being completely protected, compared to the placebo-treated animals, which all developed viremia, with a mean duration of 4 days. In conclusion, flagellin-EIII fusion vaccines are immunogenic and partially protective in a nonhuman primate model.
Fever in a Visitor to Canada: a Case of Mistaken Identity
Authors: Warren Thomas , Lau Rachel , Ralevski Filip , Rau Neil , Boggild Andrea K.
Published: March 2015

We report a case of babesiosis in a traveler from India who was diagnosed with malaria on the basis of blood smears. Pan-
Plasmodium
PCR was positive, though species-specific assays were negative. Reexamination of blood smears and
Babesia
-specific PCR confirmed babesiosis. We highlight the overlapping clinical and diagnostic features of malaria and babesiosis and the potential cross-reactivity of
Plasmodium
primers in cases of babesiosis.
A Novel Technique for Detecting Antibiotic-Resistant Typhoid from Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Nic Fhogartaigh Caoimhe , Dance David A. B. , Davong Viengmon , Tann Pisey , Phetsouvanh Rattanaphone , Turner Paul , Dittrich Sabine , Newton Paul N.
Published: March 2015

Fluoroquinolone-resistant typhoid is increasing. An antigen-detecting rapid diagnotic test (RDT) can rapidly diagnose typhoid from blood cultures. A simple, inexpensive molecular technique performed with DNA from positive RDTs accurately identified
gyrA
mutations consistent with phenotypic susceptibility testing results. Field diagnosis combined with centralized molecular resistance testing could improve typhoid management and surveillance in low-resource settings.
Swine Influenza Virus PA and Neuraminidase Gene Reassortment into Human H1N1 Influenza Virus Is Associated with an Altered Pathogenic Phenotype Linked to Increased MIP-2 Expression
Authors: Dlugolenski Daniel , Jones Les , Howerth Elizabeth , Wentworth David , Tompkins S. Mark , Tripp Ralph A.
Published: March 2015

Swine are susceptible to infection by both avian and human influenza viruses, and this feature is thought to contribute to novel reassortant influenza viruses. In this study, the influenza virus reassortment rate in swine and human cells was determined. Coinfection of swine cells with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (huH1N1) and an endemic swine H1N2 (A/swine/Illinois/02860/09) virus (swH1N2) resulted in a 23% reassortment rate that was independent of α2,3- or α2,6-sialic acid distribution on the cells. The reassortants had altered pathogenic phenotypes linked to introduction of the swine virus PA and neuraminidase (NA) into huH1N1. In mice, the huH1N1 PA and NA mediated increased MIP-2 expression early postinfection, resulting in substantial pulmonary neutrophilia with enhanced lung pathology and disease. The findings support the notion that swine are a mixing vessel for influenza virus reassortants independent of sialic acid distribution. These results show the potential for continued reassortment of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus with endemic swine viruses and for reassortants to have increased pathogenicity linked to the swine virus NA and PA genes which are associated with increased pulmonary neutrophil trafficking that is related to MIP-2 expression.

IMPORTANCE
Influenza A viruses can change rapidly via reassortment to create a novel virus, and reassortment can result in possible pandemics. Reassortments among subtypes from avian and human viruses led to the 1957 (H2N2 subtype) and 1968 (H3N2 subtype) human influenza pandemics. Recent analyses of circulating isolates have shown that multiple genes can be recombined from human, avian, and swine influenza viruses, leading to triple reassortants. Understanding the factors that can affect influenza A virus reassortment is needed for the establishment of disease intervention strategies that may reduce or preclude pandemics. The findings from this study show that swine cells provide a mixing vessel for influenza virus reassortment independent of differential sialic acid distribution. The findings also establish that circulating neuraminidase (NA) and PA genes could alter the pathogenic phenotype of the pandemic H1N1 virus, resulting in enhanced disease. The identification of such factors provides a framework for pandemic modeling and surveillance.
The Road Less Traveled: HIV's Use of Alternative Routes through Cellular Pathways
Authors: Marx Ailie , Alian Akram
Published: March 2015

Pathogens such as HIV-1, with their minimalist genomes, must navigate cellular networks and rely on hijacking and manipulating the host machinery for successful replication. Limited overlap of host factors identified as vital for pathogen replication may be explained by considering that pathogens target, rather than specific cellular factors, crucial cellular pathways by targeting different, functionally equivalent, protein-protein interactions within that pathway. The ability to utilize alternative routes through cellular pathways may be essential for pathogen survival when restricted and provide flexibility depending on the viral replication stage and the environment in the infected host. In this minireview, we evaluate evidence supporting this notion, discuss specific HIV-1 examples, and consider the molecular mechanisms which allow pathogens to flexibly exploit different routes.
Use of congenital pouch colon for augmenting the neurogenic bladder in a child: a 13-year follow-up
Authors: Kurian Jujju Jacob , Bal Harshjeet Singh , Sen Sudipta
Published: March 2015

Congenital pouch colon is an anomaly always associated with anorectal malformation, where the colon is replaced by or terminates into a large aperistaltic intestinal pouch. Vertebral anomalies leading to neurogenic bladder are rare associated malformations. The pouch is aperistaltic and thus a poor rectal substitute but this very property makes it ideal for bladder augmentation. We report the first case where the pouch has been used to augment a high-pressure neurogenic bladder.
Evidence-based development of a post-surgical lumbar discectomy leaflet intervention: a Delphi consensus study
Authors: Goodwin P C , Wright C C , Allan C , Crowther L , Darley C , Heap A , Paul E , White L , Rushton A
Published: March 2015

Objective

To produce free, expert-informed postoperative information for lumbar discectomy patients, satisfying UK National Health Service Information Standards.

Design

A mixed methods approach utilising the Delphi technique and focus groups.

Setting

Five spinal centres across the UK.

Participants

Panel members included 23 physiotherapists, 11 patients and 17 spinal surgeons.

Intervention

Three rounds of questionnaires including open and closed questions and attendance at a clinician/patient focus group.

Results

Response rates of 85%, 26% and 35% were achieved for the Delphi rounds. Ten clinicians and six patients participated in the focus groups. Consensus for leaflet sections was achieved in round 1 and content in round 3. The focus groups informed further revisions.

Conclusions

A consensually agreed, Information Standard compliant, patient lumbar discectomy leaflet was produced containing: (1) normal spine anatomy; (2) anatomy disc herniation and surgery; (3) back protection strategies and (4) frequently asked questions. Illustrations of exercises enable tailoring to the individual patient.
Developmental morphology and anatomy of the reproductive structures in sunflower (Helianthus annuus): a unified temporal scale
Authors: Lindström L.I. , Hernández L.F.
Published: March 2015

In sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), there has been an intense genetic selection for achenes with agronomic value, such as greater mass, oil content, and disease resistance. However, the information regarding the anatomical events that control their growth and maturation is surprisingly scarce. The aim of the present work was to study sunflower male and female sporogenesis and gametogenesis, as well as cell division and enlargement and tissue differentiation in the ovary and the embryo, linking the timing of these events to two frequently used phenological scales and a thermal time scale. In addition, we propose an ontogenetic scale that integrates the results of the present work to that of previous studies on sunflower reproductive development. The unified scales presented here provide a framework for others to investigate the relationships uncovered in this study in different genetic backgrounds and under different growing conditions.
Removal of pathogenic bacterial biofilms by combinations of oxidizing compounds
Authors: Olmedo Gabriela María , Grillo-Puertas Mariana , Cerioni Luciana , Rapisarda Viviana Andrea , Volentini Sabrina Inés
Published: March 2015

Bacterial biofilms are commonly formed on medical devices and food processing surfaces. The antimicrobials used have limited efficacy against the biofilms; therefore, new strategies to prevent and remove these structures are needed. Here, the effectiveness of brief oxidative treatments, based on the combination of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of copper sulfate (CuSO4),were evaluated against bacterial laboratory strains and clinical isolates, both in planktonic and biofilm states. Simultaneous application of oxidants synergistically inactivated planktonic cells and prevented biofilm formation of laboratory Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus strains, as well as clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Klebsiella oxytoca, and uropathogenic E. coli. In addition, preformed biofilms of E. coli C, Salmonella Typhimurium, K. pneumoniae, and Salmonella enterica exposed to treatments were removed by applying 12 mg/L NaClO, 0.1 mmol/L CuSO4, and 350 mmol/L H2O2for 5 min. Klebsiella oxytoca and Staphylococcus aureus required a 5-fold increase in NaClO concentration, and the E. coli clinical isolate remained unremovable unless treatments were applied on biofilms formed within 24 h instead of 48 h. The application of treatments that last a few minutes using oxidizing compounds at low concentrations represents an interesting disinfection strategy against pathogens associated with medical and industrial settings.
The space of framed chord diagrams as a Hopf module
Authors: Karev Maksim
Published: March 2015

This paper is devoted to the study of Hopf module structures on the spaces of framed chord diagrams and framed graphs. We also introduce a framed version of the chromatic polynomial and propose two methods to construct framed weight systems.