bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF PECULIARITIES AND FACTORS OF MENTAL HEALTH IN PERSONS WITH DIFFERENT HEALTH LEVELS
Authors: Mihal'chi Ekaterina
Published: January 2022

The article examines the features and factors of manifestation of mental health in persons with different levels of health: mild health disorders, chronic diseases and other defects, severe health disorders and disabilities. At the beginning, the author cites the results of an analysis of theoretical sources on mental health problems and highlights the factors that affect its level: the presence and degree of physical disorders in health and the presence of mental disorders and negative psychological states. As shown by the results of a survey of research participants, more than 70% of them have mental health disorders, expressed in the manifestation of negative mental states and disorders. Further, the features of mental health in persons with different levels of health were studied by using the following questionnaires: "Scale of coherence", "Test of hardiness", "Test of dispositional optimism", "Test of social adaptation", "Methods of coping behavior". An analysis of the results of using these questionnaires showed that the presence and degree of disorders in human health affects a decrease in the levels of hardiness and dispositional optimism, and deterioration in mental health and the development of negative psychological states also lead to a decrease in hardiness and its components, and a decrease in optimistic expectations from changes in the future, a decrease in the level of a sense of coherence and the possibilities of cognitive perception of the surrounding reality, an increase in the level of negative impact of stress on the psychophysical state of a person and an increase in cases of choosing maladaptive coping strategies for coping with stress.
Teaching foreign languages taking into account the variety of types of communicative activity
Authors: Bashlueva Natalya
Published: January 2022

The article deals with the key aspects of teaching foreign languages, taking into account the variety of types of communicative activity. It is known for certain that the leading communicative characteristic of language communication is its dualism, i.e. the presence in any separate act of communication of two participants and, accordingly, two communicative processes: the transmission or production of a language message and its reception. The processes of transmitting and receiving language messages can be separated by arbitrarily large intervals of space and time. The very two-sidedness of language communication determines the presence of different roles performed by the individuals involved in it. Each of these roles, which we will call types of communicative or linguistic activity, is a complex psychophysiological complex with pronounced specificity. The distinction between productive and receptive in linguistic communication is, therefore, not a terminological excess, but a fact of paramount importance, arising from the very nature of linguistic information exchange. Communication has many features that it would be right to take into account when teaching the acquired language. Such forms of speech activity as production and receiving have a different nature of origin and existence. An invaluable help in teaching foreign languages for the successful solution of these tasks is to conduct a number of lexicographic and phonetic-grammatical studies.
Features of training of police employee in the USA
Authors: Sumina Ekaterina , Grischenko Leonid , Sepiashvili Ekaterina
Published: January 2022

The complexities of modern policing require internal affairs agencies to expand the training opportunities for police officers to carry out the tasks assigned to internal affairs agencies. It is not enough to focus solely on the law or on perishable skills such as arrest and control; defensive tactics; driving; and firearms. This article discusses the experience of building and developing the psychological skills required by the United States police force. Police training in the United States focuses on developing the skills needed to deal with the modern challenges that arise in the performance of official tasks. Training involves building and developing skills such as cognitive, emotional, social and moral skills that can improve the condition of police officers, as well as foster relationships between police officers and members of the community. Trained police officers need to develop critical thinking skills, effective communication, and emotional intelligence. The presented article reveals professional competencies for police officers, graduates of the police academy, which were developed by the Law Enforcement Foundation in the United States (Ohio). It also discusses aspects of psychological screening developed by the California Commission on Peacekeeping Training Standards to Consider When Recruiting Police Officers. The authors emphasize that when training police officers in any country, it is necessary to pay special attention to the continuity between training and practical service activities of the police officer.
Stanowisko Wielkiej Brytanii wobec amerykańskiego planu umiędzynarodowienia linii kolejowych w Mandżurii, 1909–1910
Authors: Pajor Jan
Published: January 2022

W artykule przedstawiona została reakcja Wielkiej Brytanii na amerykański plan z 1909 r., dotyczący umiędzynarodowienia linii kolejowych w Mandżurii. Inicjatywa Departamentu Stanu sprawiła, że Londyn znalazł się w delikatnym położeniu, gdyż chciał utrzymać dobre relacje zarówno z USA, jak i mającymi żywotne interesy w Mandżurii Rosją i Japonią. Działał on zatem ostrożnie, ale ostatecznie poparł odmowne stanowisko Rosji i Japonii, co wywołało niezadowolenie Waszyngtonu, które jednak nie doprowadziło do poważniejszego pogorszenia stosunków bilateralnych.
Działalność biskupa stanisławowskiego Grzegorza Chomyszyna w latach dwóch wojen światowych. Analiza porównawcza
Authors: Karbarz-Wilińska Joanna
Published: January 2022

Główny cel artykułu stanowi przedstawienie losów greckokatolickiego duchownego Grzegorza Chomyszyna w czasie trwania dwóch najważniejszych konfliktów zbrojnych XX w. W chwili wybuchu I wojny światowej od dekady był już biskupem stanisławowskim, starając się wprowadzić zmiany w funkcjonowaniu Cerkwi greckokatolickiej i opowiadając się za jej latynizacją. Podczas II wojny światowej został kilkakrotnie aresztowany przez okupantów rosyjskich i niemieckich. Zmarł w grudniu 1945 r. wskutek brutalnych przesłuchań w więzieniu łukianowskim.
O skuteczności zarządzania strachem i jego outsourcingu. Uwagi na marginesie książki Brunona Kamińskiego
Authors: Krasucki Eryk
Published: January 2022

Książka Brunona Kamińskiego to analiza zabiegów, jakie czyniła propaganda w Polsce powojennej (do 1956 r.), aby wywołać, kontrolować i kanalizować strach. To jednocześnie praca z historii emocji, pokazująca, jak określona emocja pojawiała się i kształtowała w określonym kontekście społeczno-politycznym. Niewielka liczba opracowań podejmujących temat w odniesieniu do polskiej historii czyni z opracowania rzecz wartą szczegółowego omówienia i refleksji nad ogólnym stanem badań w subdyscyplinie.
Staropolski przekład dzieła Lingua Erazma z Rotterdamu w „teatralnym lustrze” pierwowzoru (casus jednego wątku)
Authors: Dąbkowska-Kujko Justyna
Published: January 2022

Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na staropolskie strategie translatorskie w świetle oceny wczesnorenesansowej pracy przekładowej anonimowego tłumacza jednego z mniej znanych dzieł Erazma z Rotterdamu pt. Lingua. Treść rozprawy koncentruje się nie tylko na wskazaniu i omówieniu metod tłumaczenia, ale przede wszystkim odsłonięciu na przykładzie jednego zaledwie wątku sposobów myślenia obu autorów, estetyki słowa, kultury i pragmatyki transponowania zasobów erudycyjnych, wreszcie – dialogu międzykulturowego, jaki bez wątpienia otwiera każda konfrontacja oryginału z przekładem.
Filipa Melanchtona myśl o muzyce i jej rola w kształtowaniu kultury muzycznej humanistycznego Wrocławia
Authors: Jeż Tomasz
Published: January 2022

Kultura muzyczna szesnastowiecznego Wrocławia pielęgnowana była przede wszystkim w środowiskach kościelnych i szkolnych, które – od czasu wprowadzenia w tym mieście reformacji – tworzyły dopełniający się wzajemnie system powiązań. Ze względu na to, że w kształtowaniu obydwu tych domen niezwykle czynny udział brał Filip Melanchton, zasadnym jawi się pytanie o jego wpływ na funkcjonowanie ośrodków muzycznych nadodrzańskiej metropolii. Odpowiedź na to pytanie przynosi analiza jego piśmiennictwa, powiązanego zarówno z kwestią postrzegania sztuki dźwięku, jak i praktyki muzycznej, uprawianej w ewangelickich kościołach i szkołach miasta.
Mleko duchowne – Upominek od Pietra Paola Vergeria w polskim przekładzie Ostafiego Trepki z 1556 roku
Authors: Kordyzon Wojciech
Published: January 2022

Artykuł służy przedstawieniu polskiego wydania z 1556 r. katechetycznego utworu skierowanego do dzieci znanego jako Mleko duchowne, którego łacińską wersję zredagował Pietro Paolo Vergerio. W pierwszej części zaprezentowano informacje bibliograficzne na temat druku oraz właściwości tekstu polskiego, a także omówiono kwestię adresatów spolszczenia oraz funkcjonalności zastosowanych w nim rozwiązań typograficznych. W części drugiej przedstawiono transkrypcję tekstu wraz z komentarzem językowym i podano szczegółowe zasady wydania.
Migrants and the challenge of decent work in Malta.
Authors: Debono Manwel
Published: January 2022

This paper investigates the challenges faced by migrants in their quest for decent work in the context of the small country of Malta. The country witnessed an extraordinary growth of migrant workers in recent years. While some laws promote migrants’ decent employment, others act as barriers. The Maltese population has traditionally resisted foreign workers and multiculturalism. However, such attitudes started improving especially among social partners who are increasingly supporting migrant workers and trying to improve their working conditions. Research indicates a range of difficulties faced by migrant workers in Malta, including: barriers to accessing employment; underemployment and lack of job mobility; insufficient training opportunities; higher risk of poverty despite working long hours; greater health and safety risks especially among those in undeclared work; complex relationships with superiors, colleagues and clients; and low unionisation. The Covid-19 pandemic increased the vulnerability of migrants and reversed some of the progress that had been accomplished in recent years, especially in terms of social attitudes.
Contrato de trabalho intermitente e repercussões previdenciárias.
Authors: Pereira Pires Paula , Borsio Marcelo
Published: January 2022

Entre as alterações introduzidas pela Reforma Trabalhista esta o contrato de trabalho intermitente, contrato esse que se apresenta como um dos instrumentos de precarização das condições do trabalho. O trabalho intermitente fere princípios constitucionais e desnatura conceitos históricos do Direito do Trabalho a exemplo da habitualidade na prestação de serviços, porque nele se trabalha de forma eventual e da remuneração porque o trabalhador recebe pelo seu trabalho somente quando presta o serviço. Nesse contrato o trabalhador assume junto com o empregador os riscos do empreendimento. Da forma como se apresenta o contrato de trabalho intermitente traz graves prejuízos para os trabalhadores, mesmo tendo sido apresentado com a solução para o problema do desemprego e da informalidade. Por outro lado o contrato de trabalho não só retira direitos dos trabalhadores na área trabalhista, mas também na aréa previdenciária, deixando-os sem a possibilidade de terem assegurado um futuro digno.
Pensión de viudedad: puntos críticos y vaivenes jurisprudenciales.
Authors: García Valverde María Dolores
Published: January 2022

En numerosas ocasiones la evolución social precede a la legislativa, en tanto se van presentando nuevas realidades o alternativas que progresivamente van integrándose en la sociedad y, en consecuencia, se han de insertar en el ordenamiento jurídico. Esto está pasando con la pensión de viudedad. Por ello, resulta de gran interés y utilidad analizar cómo se encuentran las nuevas situaciones que sobrepasan la realidad imperante actualmente, como es el caso de los matrimonios polígamos. También se debe estudiar cómo se ha insertado en el ordenamiento jurídico, en lo que respecta a la pensión de viudedad, realidades ya integradas en la sociedad como son el divorcio o las parejas de hecho. Y ver cómo la violencia de género influye en esta materia y los efectos de la unión por el rito gitano. Todo ello desde la perspectiva de los últimos pronunciamientos de los tribunales de justicia.
La videovigilancia en el ámbito laboral. Algunos aspectos destacados en la reciente doctrina de los Tribunales Superiores de Justicia (2019-2020).
Authors: Román Lemos Jaime
Published: January 2022

La videovigilancia es un medio más de control por las empresas de la prestación laboral. Pero este derecho empresarial debe ser conjugado con los derechos –constitucionales en algún caso– del trabajador. De ahí que legislación y tribunales exijan que el uso de videocámaras responda a los parámetros de idoneidad, necesidad y proporcionalidad. En este artículo estudiamos la posición de los Tribunales españoles sobe el alcance de la información previa que debe ofrecerse a los trabajadores, si se requiere o no sospechas previas de comportamiento ilícito de los trabajadores, cuál debe ser la finalidad de la videovigilancia o el lugar de instalación de las cámaras (si con carácter general es ilícita la instalación de cámaras encubiertas, circunstancias excepcionales harán viable su empleo). Finalmente, analizamos las consecuencias de la obtención ilícita de imágenes en orden a la calificación del despido en que aquellas han sido utilizadas por la empresa.
Nuevos superhéroes. La relación mediática entre los jóvenes y los médicos.
Authors: Toschi Luca , Capitini Lisa , Davini Viola , Marchionne Ilaria , Pandolfini Eugenio , Sbardella Marco
Published: January 2022

El artículo presenta una investigación en curso con la que el Center for Generative Communication (CfGC) de la Universidad de Florencia y el Lab CfGC - director: Luca Toschi - reconstruye el cambio en el imaginario infantil y juvenil en cuanto a la relación de los jóvenes con la figura del médico, determinado por la pandemia de COVID19. Hoy en día, el médico se presenta como una figura heroica, aunque con características peculiares en comparación con el superhéroe clásico: desde las diversas campañas de información y concienciación hasta el street-art de Banksy, en los medios de comunicación se abandona una idea de super-heroísmo abstracto, prefiriendo un modelo de médico-héroe más concreto y real. Los datos que surgen del trabajo de los investigadores del CfGC muestran una redefinición del estándar: a diferencia de la situación actual, de hecho, cuando la medicina aún era una ciencia incierta, la llegada del médico a casa representaba un momento inusual y, al mismo tiempo, crucial para la supervivencia de las personas más jóvenes y frágiles. La seriedad con la que se recibía al médico y su importancia crucial está bien representada por los productos mediáticos de finales del siglo XIX y XX. En estos productos el médico, mostrando un matiz de actitudes entre el vulnerable y el estafador, se relaciona con los jóvenes en condiciones de salud precarias, y se va desde su presencia / ausencia en cuadros - como "El doctor" de Luke Fildes (1891) o "La niña enferma" de Edvard Munch (1885-1927) - hasta su inutilidad en situaciones críticas como en "Las aventuras de Pinocho" de Carlo Collodi (1881-1883). En épocas más recientes, la figura del médico parece salir del imaginario juvenil, dados los avances científicos que se han ido produciendo a lo largo de los años y que nos han permitido erradicar enfermedades letales. Mientras estaban graves problemas relacionados con la salud de los jóvenes y la escasa disponibilidad de profesionales sanitarios, la presencia del médico se vislumbraba como un hecho insólito y, en la solución de un grave problema de salud, su intervención dejaba marcas imborrables en el imaginario de niños y chicos. La investigación, por tanto, pretende reconstruir las formas en las que, desde el siglo pasado hasta la actualidad, se formó el imaginario de los niños y jóvenes hacia la profesión médica y la relación con los profesionales de la salud. Resaltando cómo el COVID-19 ha contribuido a redefinir este imaginario.
La industria de la radio española en sus orígenes. Una visión a través de la publicidad en la revista Ondas.
Authors: Rodríguez-Centeno Juan Carlos
Published: January 2022

: En el año 2023 se cumplen cien años del nacimiento de la radio comercial en España, un nuevo medio de comunicación que transformaría la vida cotidiana de los españoles. Los inicios de la radio en nuestro país fueron difíciles por las dificultades técnicas y la precariedad económica. Esta situación cambió con la aparición de Unión Radio, una emisora que en pocos años integraría la mayoría de estaciones de radio existentes en las grandes ciudades de España: Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla, Salamanca, Cádiz, entre otras. Los principales fabricantes internacionales de aparatos de radio fundaron en 1925 la emisora Unión Radio de Madrid y la revista Ondas. Ambos medios fueron utilizados como plataformas publicitarias para la promoción de sus productos. Los fabricantes entendieron que para que el producto-radio tuviera éxito debían desarrollar el servicio-radio. Este trabajo analiza los anuncios publicitarios de la revista para observar los componentes de la industria radioeléctrica en sus orígenes y la evolución en sus primeros años. Hemos tomado como referencia temporal los años 1925- 1926 y 1929-1930 para realizar un análisis comparativo. Una de las principales conclusiones es que el mercado español de productos de radio estaba dominado por marcas extranjeras, y que la producción española era insignificante. Palabras clave: Radio, publicidad, industria, historia medios.
Cross-Sectional Variation of Intraday Liquidity, Cross-Impact, and Their Effect on Portfolio Execution
Authors: Min Seungki , Maglaras Costis , Moallemi Ciamac C.
Published: January 2022

Over the past decade, there has been a significant rise in assets managed under passive and systematic strategies. Such strategies hold and trade portfolios in a coordinated manner, often concentrating trading around the end of the trading session. Simultaneously, there has been a rise in activity from market participants that act as liquidity providers, themselves trading along portfolio directions. In “Cross-Sectional Variation of Intraday Liquidity, cross-impact, and Their Effect on Portfolio Execution,” Min, Maglaras, and Moallemi investigate the implications of these two observations, specifically exploring how the phenomenon of portfolio liquidity provision leads to cross-security impact and influences the optimal execution schedules of risk-neutral traders that seek to minimize their expected execution costs. They show that the optimized schedules deviate from the naïve approach that trades each security separately and instead, couple the trading intensity across stocks so as to benefit from the liquidity provided along attractive portfolio trading directions. Empirical analysis demonstrates that coupled optimized schedules could lower costs by as much as 15% relative to the naïve approach.
Critical thinking and diagnostic reasoning when assessing problems with the genitourinary system
Authors: Powell Karen
Published: January 2022

Urological conditions have become increasingly common and early diagnosis is key to achieving better outcomes. This article discusses the importance of having a comprehensive understanding of urological disorders, having the skills to interpret relevant information, and recognising the relationships among given elements to make an appropriate clinical diagnosis.
Monitoring of blood glucose levels, ketones and insulin bolus advice using 4SURE products and app-based technology
Authors: Johnston Paula
Published: January 2022

With more people being diagnosed with diabetes and requiring insulin therapy as they live longer, an increasing number of individuals are needing access to blood and ketone monitoring that is simple to use and provides accurate results. Having access to a bolus advisor is equally important in order for people with diabetes to calculate accurate insulin doses based on the foods that they are eating. The use of app-based technology for healthcare purposes has increased over recent years and now includes the Diabetes:M application that can be used in conjunction with the 4SURE smart meters with no additional cost to the individual.
Adaptation of a stoma care pathway and use of telephone clinics during the pandemic: patient experience survey
Authors: Brewer Anna , Coleman Vanessa
Published: January 2022

With the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic, outpatient clinics had to adjust and reduce the number of face-to-face appointments. The Cambridge stoma service has a recognised pathway of stoma care but needed to adjust this in line with government guidelines. The team took the opportunity to audit the current pathway and complete a patient experience survey to determine the future of the service and potential adaptations to the pathway in the future. Aim: To determine the need for adaptation and improvement of the standard stoma clinics pathway. Method: A survey was conducted using a postal questionnaire to all patients who attended stoma clinics between April and June 2020. Findings: 160 questionnaires were sent and 72 responses returned (45%). All elements of the virtual clinic were rated positive by more than 80% of respondents, with nearly 90% of them feeling that all their stoma care needs were met. When asked to indicate their preferred consultation methods (patients were allowed to choose more than one), face to face received 50 votes, telephone 32 votes and video clinic 5 votes. Conclusion: There is a need to adapt the standard clinic pathway to be able to offer standardised care but with flexibility to adjust to circumstances and patients' preferences.
Dealing with racism in the workplace
Authors: Chander Tina
Published: January 2022

Racism is undoubtedly an incredibly sensitive issue, but ignorance is no justification for inaction. In this article, we dig a little deeper into how managers can familiarise themselves with the legal technicalities of managing racism at work
Asymmetric double-image encryption via wavelength multiplexing
Authors: Zhang Yabin , Zhang Xiong , Shan Mingguang , Zhong Zhi , Liu Bin , Yu Lei , Liu Lei
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we propose an asymmetric double-image encryption via wavelength multiplexing. First, a novel iterative phase retrieval algorithm, to the best of our knowledge, is developed to encode two images into one complex-valued function via wavelength multiplexing. Then, the function is encoded by equal modulus decomposition (EMD). This cryptosystem not only retains the advantages of EMD but also reduces the number of public keys so as to enhance the resistance to the amplitude-phase retrieval algorithm (APRA). In the decryption, two high-quality decrypted images can be obtained with their corresponding wavelengths. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that wavelength multiplexing is used to achieve high-quality two-image encryption and decryption. Numerical simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of this new method.
Multimode solitons in step-index fibers
Authors: Zitelli Mario , Sun Yifan , Ferraro Mario , Mangini Fabio , Sidelnikov Oleg , Couderc Vincent , Wabnitz Stefan
Published: January 2022

We experimentally generate multimode solitons in step-index fibers, where nonlinearity compensates for both chromatic and modal dispersion. These solitons are subject to Raman self-frequency shift, and their energy is gradually transfered to the fundamental fiber mode. We compare multimode soliton dynamics in both step-index and graded index fibers, in excellent agreement with numerical predictions.
Independently tunable multi-band terahertz absorber based on graphene sheet and nanoribbons
Authors: Cheng Rong , Zhou Yuxiu , Liu Jianqiang , Hu Shuai , Liu Hongfei , Pan Jisi , Huang Weiming , He Xiaolian , Liang Beirong , Zhang Libang
Published: January 2022

A multi-band terahertz (THz) absorber based on graphene sheet and nanoribbons is proposed and investigated. In the studied frequency range, five absorption peaks are observed, with four originate from lateral Fabry-Perot resonance (LFPR) and one originates from guided-mode resonance (GMR). The LFPR and GMR peaks behave differently when geometric parameters are adjusted, which makes independent tuning possible. When period increases, the GMR peak red shifts and the frequencies of LFPR peaks remain almost unchanged. On the contrary, as nanoribbon width increases, the frequency of GMR remains almost unchanged while that of LFPRs decrease significantly. With increasing top dielectric layer thickness, the LFPR peaks blue shift while the GMR peak red shifts. In addition, the absorber has the merit of multi-band high absorptivity and frequency stability under large angle oblique incidence. The proposed terahertz absorber may benefit the areas of medical imaging, sensing, non-destructive testing, THz communications and other applications.
On-channel characteristics of wireless ultraviolet communication with mobile terminals
Authors: Song Peng , Ji Hanwu , Geng Xiaojun , Zhang Guoqing , Zhang Lijian
Published: January 2022

Most studies of ultraviolet communication do not consider the mobility of communication terminals. In this Letter, a single-scattering-channel model based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed for non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication with mobile terminals. Our main contribution is to present an original method of evaluating the impulse response of communication channels given the relative moving speed and direction of the terminals. Using this method, the impact of the moving speed and direction of the terminals on the system response is simulated. Our simulation results show that the transmission distance plays a dominant factor in all scenarios, whether the communication terminals are coplanar or noncoplanar and with or without a height difference.
High-quality rapid laser drilling of transparent hard materials
Authors: Lu Yi-ming , Duan Yan-zhao , Liu Xue-qing , Chen Qi-dai , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: January 2022

In this study, a hybrid method for high-quality rapid drilling of transparent hard materials which combines femtosecond laser (fs-laser) Bessel beam modifying materials and selective wet etching is presented. Using this method, micro-holes with no taper of different sizes (from 10 to 35 μm) and shapes (square, triangle, circular, and pentagram) are fabricated. Bessel beams of different lengths can be generated flexibly by loading different computer-generated holograms (CGHs) into the spatial light modulator (SLM) and the maximum length of light interacting with materials can reach 320 μm, leading to a reduction of the laser scanning time by two orders of magnitude. Moreover, a set of three-dimensional multi-layer submicron through-holes in crystal materials is also realized, with an aspect ratio of more than 1000 for each hole. These results indicate that this method has broad application potential in chip packaging, aviation manufacturing, single particle catalysis, and other fields.
Hybrid simulation modelling of networks of heterogeneous care homes and the inter-facility spread of Covid-19 by sharing staff
Authors: Nguyen Le Khanh Ngan , Megiddo Itamar , Howick Susan
Published: January 2022

Although system dynamics [SD] and agent-based modelling [ABM] have individually served as effective tools to understand the Covid-19 dynamics, combining these methods in a hybrid simulation model can help address Covid-19 questions and study systems and settings that are difficult to study with a single approach. To examine the spread and outbreak of Covid-19 across multiple care homes via bank/agency staff and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions targeting this group, we develop an integrated hybrid simulation model combining the advantages of SD and ABM. We also demonstrate how we use several approaches adapted from both SD and ABM practices to build confidence in this model in response to the lack of systematic approaches to validate hybrid models. Our modelling results show that the risk of infection for residents in care homes using bank/agency staff was significantly higher than those not using bank/agency staff (Relative risk [RR] 2.65, 95% CI 2.57–2.72). Bank/agency staff working across several care homes had a higher risk of infection compared with permanent staff working in a single care home (RR 1.55, 95%CI 1.52–1.58). The RR of infection for residents is negatively correlated to bank/agency staff’s adherence to weekly PCR testing. Within a network of heterogeneous care homes, using bank/agency staff had the most impact on care homes with lower intra-facility transmission risks, higher staff-to-resident ratio, and smaller size. Forming bubbles of care homes had no or limited impact on the spread of Covid-19. This modelling study has implications for policy makers considering developing effective interventions targeting staff working across care homes during the ongoing and future pandemics.
Overlooked and unaddressed: A narrative review of mental health consequences of child marriages
Authors: Burgess Rochelle A. , Jeffery Mairi , Odero Sabina Adhiambo , Rose-Clarke Kelly , Devakumar Delanjathan
Published: January 2022

Child Marriage (before the age of 18) affects over 12 million young women globally, annually. Despite acknowledgement of the negative impacts of the practice on reproductive health, mental health consequences are largely overlooked. Given the ability for poor mental health to intensify other health and social challenges, understanding the mental health consequences linked to child marriage is vital. Our study is the first to examine how mental health is approached in current literature on child marriage. Our conceptual framework was informed by a rapid assessment of key issues in the field. Systematic searches of papers published between 2000–2020 were completed on four electronic databases with no language restrictions. Our protocol was registered on Prospero (CRD42019139685). Articles were assessed using PRISMA guidelines, and their quality assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Of the 4,457 records identified, 21 papers meeting inclusion criteria were analysed using narrative synthesis. The final sample included 5 qualitative, 1 mixed-methods and 15 quantitative studies (14 cross-sectional and 1 longitudinal study) reporting on data from 12 countries, largely in the global south. Intimate partner violence, poverty, challenges in childbirth and isolation were identified as social factors linked to emotional distress by those married as children. Depression was the most reported mental disorder. Anxiety, phobias, psychological distress, substance misuse, negative well-being and anti-social personality disorder were reported less frequently. Findings highlight that while significant emotional distress and specific mental health conditions are linked to child marriage, gaps in our understanding remain. Future studies are needed to; clarify directionality in these relationships; understand the mental health needs of young men, LGBTQI communities and those in humanitarian settings. Given the well documented cyclical relationship between social determinants and mental health conditions, we outline a series of community-oriented interventions which blend psychological, social and structural support to promote mental health and wellbeing in the contexts of child marriage.
The impact of invisible-spreaders on COVID-19 transmission and work resumption
Authors: Wu Chao , Xu Cong , Mao Feng , Xu Xiaolin , Zhang Chan
Published: January 2022

The global impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unprecedented, and many control and prevention measures have been implemented to test for and trace COVID-19. However, invisible-spreaders, who are associated with nucleic acid detection and asymptomatic infections, have received insufficient attention in the current COVID-19 control efforts. In this paper, we analyze the time series infection data for Italy, Germany, Brazil, India and Sweden since the first wave outbreak to address the following issues through a series of experiments. We conclude that: 1) As of June 1, 2020, the proportion of invisible-spreaders is close to 0.4% in Sweden, 0.8% in early Italy and Germany, and 0.4% in the middle and late stages. However, in Brazil and India, the proportion still shows a gradual upward trend; 2) During the spread of this pandemic, even a slight increase in the proportion of invisible-spreaders could have large implications for the health of the community; and 3) On resuming work, the pandemic intervention measures will be relaxed, and invisible-spreaders will cause a new round of outbreaks.
Incidence and predictors of anemia among adults on HIV care at South Gondar Zone Public General Hospital Northwest Ethiopia, 2020; retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tigabu Agimasie , Beyene Yeshiwork , Getaneh Temesgen , Chekole Bogale , Gebremaryam Tigist , Sisay Chanie Ermias , Selomom Nigusie , Alene Tamiru , Aragie Getachew , Legas Getasew , Dessie Getnet
Published: January 2022

Background

Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide which accounts 24.8% of the population. Subsequently, anemia is a leading killer of people living with human immunodeficiency virus and many of these deaths occur in developing countries including Ethiopia. Cross sectional studies have done on anemia and human immunodeficiency virus. However, there is limited study on incidence of anemia and its predictors among adults on HIV care, especially no survival study has been conducted in the study area.

Objective

To assess incidence and predictors of anemia among adults on Human immunodeficiency virus care.

Methods

An institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 434 adults on HIV care from January 1st2015 to December 30th2019 at Debre Tabor Referral Hospital. A computer-generated simple random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Bahir Dar University, and also, we got implied consent to review charts from the concerned bodies in the hospital. Data were entered using Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed by using STATA version 14.0. A Kaplan Meier survival curve was utilized to estimate anemia free survival time. Bivariable and Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model were fitted to identify predictors of anemia.

Results

The overall incidence density rate of anemia was 6.27 (95% CI: 0.051, 0.077) per 100 person years. Clinical stage III/IV (AHR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.06), Body Mass Index less than 18.5 kg/m2 (AHR = 3.11; 95% CI = 1.56, 6.22), serum creatinine greater than 1.1 IU/L(AHR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.12, 3.81) and fair/poor level of adherence(AHR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.07) were statistically significant predictors of anemia while increased anti-retroviral treatment duration (AHR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97, 0.99) decrease the risk of anemia at 95% confidence level.

Conclusion

The overall incidence density rate of anemia was high. Patients with clinical stage III/IV, body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2, serum creatinine greater than 1.1 IU/L and fair/poor level of adherence were significant predictors of anemia while increased antiretroviral treatment duration had decreased the risk of anemia.

Recommendation

Even if the overall incidence rate of anemia was lower as compared to previous studies in Ethiopia, still the incidence of anemia was high. So, prevention measures should be taken beside with HIV care especially within 6-months ART initiation.
Access to gender-affirming hormones during adolescence and mental health outcomes among transgender adults
Authors: Turban Jack L. , King Dana , Kobe Julia , Reisner Sari L. , Keuroghlian Alex S.
Published: January 2022

Objective

To examine associations between recalled access to gender-affirming hormones (GAH) during adolescence and mental health outcomes among transgender adults in the U.S.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, a cross-sectional non-probability sample of 27,715 transgender adults in the U.S. Using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders, we examined associations between access to GAH during early adolescence (age 14–15), late adolescence (age 16–17), or adulthood (age ≥18) and adult mental health outcomes, with participants who desired but never accessed GAH as the reference group.

Results

21,598 participants (77.9%) reported ever desiring GAH. Of these, 8,860 (41.0%) never accessed GAH, 119 (0.6%) accessed GAH in early adolescence, 362 (1.7%) accessed GAH in late adolescence, and 12,257 (56.8%) accessed GAH in adulthood. After adjusting for potential confounders, accessing GAH during early adolescence (aOR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2–0.6, p < .0001), late adolescence (aOR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.4–0.7, p < .0001), or adulthood (aOR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7–0.8, p < .0001) was associated with lower odds of past-year suicidal ideation when compared to desiring but never accessing GAH. In post hoc analyses, access to GAH during adolescence (ages 14–17) was associated with lower odds of past-year suicidal ideation (aOR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.6–0.9, p = .0007) when compared to accessing GAH during adulthood.

Conclusion

Access to GAH during adolescence and adulthood is associated with favorable mental health outcomes compared to desiring but not accessing GAH.
Evaluating the effectiveness of care coordination interventions designed and implemented through a participatory action research process: Lessons learned from a quasi-experimental study in public healthcare networks in Latin America
Authors: Vázquez María-Luisa , Miranda-Mendizabal Andrea , Eguiguren Pamela , Mogollón-Pérez Amparo-Susana , Ferreira-de-Medeiros-Mendes Marina , López-Vázquez Julieta , Bertolotto Fernando , Vargas Ingrid ,   for Equity LA II
Published: January 2022

Background

Despite increasing recommendations for health professionals to participate in intervention design and implementation to effect changes in clinical practice, little is known about this strategy’s effectiveness. This study analyses the effectiveness of interventions designed and implemented through participatory action research (PAR) processes in healthcare networks of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay to improve clinical coordination across care levels, and offers recommendations for future research.

Methods

The study was quasi-experimental. Two comparable networks, one intervention (IN) and one control (CN), were selected in each country. Baseline (2015) and evaluation (2017) surveys of a sample of primary and secondary care doctors (174 doctors/network/year) were conducted using the COORDENA® questionnaire. Most of the interventions chosen were based on joint meetings, promoting cross-level clinical agreement and communication for patient follow-up. Outcome variables were: a) intermediate: interactional and organizational factors; b) distal: experience of cross-level clinical information coordination, of clinical management coordination and general perception of coordination between levels. Poisson regression models were estimated.

Results

A statistically significant increase in some of the interactional factors (intermediate outcomes) -knowing each other personally and mutual trust- was observed in Brazil and Chile INs; and in some organizational factors -institutional support- in Colombia and Mexico. Compared to CNs in 2017, INs of Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico showed significant differences in some factors. In distal outcomes, care consistency items improved in Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay INs; and patient follow-up improved in Chile and Mexico. General perception of clinical coordination increased in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico INs. Compared to CNs in 2017, only Brazil showed significant differences.

Conclusions

Although more research is needed, results show that PAR-based interventions improved some outcomes regarding clinical coordination at network level, with differences between countries. However, a PAR process is, by definition, slow and gradual, and longer implementation periods are needed to achieve greater penetration and quantifiable changes. The participatory and flexible nature of interventions developed through PAR processes poses methodological challenges (such as defining outcomes or allocating individuals to different groups in advance), and requires a comprehensive mixed-methods approach that simultaneously evaluates effectiveness and the implementation process to better understand its outcomes.
A multi-source global-local model for epidemic management
Authors: Márquez Urbina José Ulises , González Farías Graciela , Ramírez Ramírez L. Leticia , Rodríguez González D. Iván
Published: January 2022

The Effective Reproduction Number Rt provides essential information for the management of an epidemic/pandemic. Projecting Rt into the future could further assist in the management process. This article proposes a methodology based on exposure scenarios to perform such a procedure. The method utilizes a compartmental model and its adequate parametrization; a way to determine suitable parameters for this model in México’s case is detailed. In conjunction with the compartmental model, the projection of Rt permits estimating unobserved variables, such as the size of the asymptomatic population, and projecting into the future other relevant variables, like the active hospitalizations, using scenarios. The uses of the proposed methodologies are exemplified by analyzing the pandemic in a Mexican state; the main quantities derived from the compartmental model, such as the active and total cases, are included in the analysis. This article also presents a national summary based on the methodologies to illustrate how these procedures could be further exploited. The supporting information includes an application of the proposed methods to a metropolitan area to show that it also works well at other demographic disaggregation levels. The procedures developed in this article shed light on how to develop an effective surveillance system when information is incomplete and can be applied in cases other than México’s.
COVID-19 is associated with higher risk of venous thrombosis, but not arterial thrombosis, compared with influenza: Insights from a large US cohort
Authors: Ward Andrew , Sarraju Ashish , Lee Donghyun , Bhasin Kanchan , Gad Sanchit , Beetel Rob , Chang Stella , Bonafede Mac , Rodriguez Fatima , Dash Rajesh
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is typically compared with influenza to contextualize its health risks. SARS-CoV-2 has been linked with coagulation disturbances including arterial thrombosis, leading to considerable interest in antithrombotic therapy for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the independent thromboembolic risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with influenza remains incompletely understood. We evaluated the adjusted risks of thromboembolic events after a diagnosis of COVID-19 compared with influenza in a large retrospective cohort.

Methods

We used a US-based electronic health record (EHR) dataset linked with insurance claims to identify adults diagnosed with COVID-19 between April 1, 2020 and October 31, 2020. We identified influenza patients diagnosed between October 1, 2018 and April 31, 2019. Primary outcomes [venous composite of pulmonary embolism (PE) and acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT); arterial composite of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction (MI)] and secondary outcomes were assessed 90 days post-diagnosis. Propensity scores (PS) were calculated using demographic, clinical, and medication variables. PS-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

There were 417,975 COVID-19 patients (median age 57y, 61% women), and 345,934 influenza patients (median age 47y, 66% women). Compared with influenza, patients with COVID-19 had higher venous thromboembolic risk (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.38–1.70), but not arterial thromboembolic risk (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.95–1.10). Secondary analyses demonstrated similar risk for ischemic stroke (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.98–1.25) and MI (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.85–1.03) and higher risk for DVT (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.19–1.56) and PE (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.57–2.10) in patients with COVID-19.

Conclusion

In a large retrospective US cohort, COVID-19 was independently associated with higher 90-day risk for venous thrombosis, but not arterial thrombosis, as compared with influenza. These findings may inform crucial knowledge gaps regarding the specific thromboembolic risks of COVID-19.
Retrodicting the rise, spread, and fall of large-scale states in the Old World
Authors: Bennett James S.
Published: January 2022

Understanding the rise, spread, and fall of large-scale states in the ancient world has occupied thinkers for millennia. However, no comprehensive mechanistic model of state dynamics based on their insights has emerged, leaving it difficult to evaluate empirically or quantitatively the different explanations offered. Here I present a spatially- and temporally-resolved agent-based model incorporating several hypotheses about the behavior of large-scale (>200 thousand km2) agrarian states and steppe nomadic confederations in Afro-Eurasia between the late Bronze and the end of the Medieval era (1500 BCE to 1500 CE). The model tracks the spread of agrarian states as they expand, conquer the territory of other states or are themselves conquered, and, occasionally, collapse. To accurately retrodict the historical record, several key contingent regional technological advances in state military and agricultural efficiencies are identified. Modifying the location, scale, and timing of these contingent developments allows quantitative investigation of historically-plausible alternative trajectories of state growth, spread, and fragmentation, while demonstrating the operation and limits of the model. Under nominal assumptions, the rapid yet staggered increase of agrarian state sizes across Eurasia after 600 BCE occurs in response to intense military pressure from ‘mirror‘ steppe nomadic confederations. Nevertheless, in spite of various technological advances throughout the period, the modeled creation and spread of new agrarian states is a fundamental consequence of state collapse and internal civil wars triggered by rising ‘demographic-structural’ pressures that occur when state territorial growth is checked yet (warrior elite) population growth continues. Together the model’s underlying mechanisms substantially account for the number of states, their duration, location, spread rate, overall occupied area, and total population size for three thousand years.