bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specialised endocytic proteins regulate diverse internalisation mechanisms and signalling outputs in physiology and cancer
Authors: Giangreco Giovanni , Malabarba Maria Grazia , Sigismund Sara
Published: December 2020

Although endocytosis was first described as the process mediating macromolecule or nutrient uptake through the plasma membrane, it is now recognised as a critical component of the cellular infrastructure involved in numerous processes, ranging from receptor signalling, proliferation and migration to polarity and stem cell regulation. To realise these varying roles, endocytosis needs to be finely regulated. Accordingly, multiple endocytic mechanisms exist that require specialised molecular machineries and an array of endocytic adaptor proteins with cell‐specific functions. This review provides some examples of specialised functions of endocytic adaptors and other components of the endocytic machinery in different cell physiological processes, and how the alteration of these functions is linked to cancer. In particular, we focus on: (i) cargo selection and endocytic mechanisms linked to different adaptors; (ii) specialised functions in clathrin‐mediated versus non‐clathrin endocytosis; (iii) differential regulation of endocytic mechanisms by post‐translational modification of endocytic proteins; (iv) cell context‐dependent expression and function of endocytic proteins. As cases in point, we describe two endocytic protein families, dynamins and epsins. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of the physiological role of these specialised endocytic proteins is exploited by cancer cells to increase cell proliferation, migration and invasion, leading to anti‐apoptotic or pro‐metastatic behaviours.
Concomitant overexpression of mir‐182‐5p and mir‐182‐3p raises the possibility of IL‐17–producing Treg formation in breast cancer by targeting CD3d, ITK, FOXO1, and NFATs: A meta‐analysis and experimental study
Authors: Soheilifar Mohammad Hasan , Vaseghi Hajar , Seif Farhad , Ariana Mehdi , Ghorbanifar Shima , Habibi Nazanin , Papari Barjasteh Fatemeh , Pornour Majid
Published: December 2020

T cells are polarized toward regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumor microenvironment by the shuttling of microRNAs that target T cell–activating signaling pathways. We evaluated the expression of the miR‐182 cluster (miR‐96, 182, and 183) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with breast cancer (BC), and T cell polarization by the expression of FOXO1, NFATs, ITK, TCR/CD3 complex, and IL‐2/IL‐2RA. Twenty‐six microRNAs overexpressed in tumor tissues and sera of these patients were extracted by a meta‐analysis. Then, the expression of the miR‐182 cluster was investigated in PBMCs and sera of these patients and correlated with their targets in PBMCs. Finally, miR‐182 was cloned into Jurkat cells to evaluate its effects on T cell polarization. FOXO1, CD3d, ITK, NFATc3, NFATc4, and IL‐2RA were targeted by miR‐182, due to which their expression decreased in PBMCs of patients. Although IL‐6, IL‐17, and TGF‐β increased after miR‐182 transduction, IL‐2 dramatically decreased. We revealed CD4+FOXP3+ T cell differentiation in the miR‐182–transduced group. Although miR‐182 has inhibitory effects on T cells by the inhibition of FOXO1, TCR/CD3 complex, NFATs, and IL‐2/IL‐2RA signaling pathways, it increases FOXP3, TGF‐β, and IL‐17 expression to possibly drive T cell deviation toward the transitional state of IL‐17–producing Tregs and Treg formation in the end.
Comparison of long‐term antithyroid drugs versus radioactive iodine or surgery for Graves' disease: A review of the literature
Authors: El Kawkgi Omar M. , Ross Douglas S. , Stan Marius N.
Published: December 2020

Background

The management of Graves' disease (GD) in the US is shifting towards increased use of anti‐thyroid drugs (ATD). If patients fail to achieve remission after a standard course of therapy of 12–18 months, long‐term treatment with ATD (≥24 months) may be chosen over definitive therapy with radioiodine (RAI) or surgery. Clinicians will need to contrast this strategy to ablative therapies as they help patients in decision making.

Review of the literature illustrates that long‐term ATD delivers euthyroidism with minimal complications, low financial cost and with an advantageous profile regarding quality of life (QoL) and other biological outcomes.

Conclusions

Long‐term ATD is a viable alternative to ablative therapies in the management of GD offering advantages across multiple patient centred outcomes. Decision making must factor differences in this approach compared to ablative therapies and ultimately be tailored to individualized patient situations.
The ratio FEV1/FVC and its association to respiratory symptoms—A Swedish general population study
Authors: Torén Kjell , Schiöler Linus , Lindberg Anne , Andersson Anders , Behndig Annelie F. , Bergström Göran , Blomberg Anders , Caidahl Kenneth , Engvall Jan E. , Eriksson Maria J. , Hamrefors Viktor , Janson Christer , Kylhammar David , Lindberg Eva , Lindén Anders , Malinovschi Andrei , Lennart Persson Hans , Sandelin Martin , Eriksson Ström Jonas , Tanash Hanan , Vikgren Jenny , Johan Östgren Carl , Wollmer Per , Sköld C. Magnus
Published: December 2020

Chronic airflow limitation (CAL) can be defined as fixed ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) < 0.70 after bronchodilation. It is unclear which is the most optimal ratio in relation to respiratory morbidity. The aim was to investigate to what extent different ratios of FEV1/FVC were associated with any respiratory symptom. In a cross‐sectional general population study, 15,128 adults (50–64 years of age), 7,120 never‐smokers and 8,008 ever‐smokers completed a respiratory questionnaire and performed FEV1 and FVC after bronchodilation. We calculated different ratios of FEV1/FVC from 0.40 to 1.0 using 0.70 as reference category. We analysed odds ratios (OR) between different ratios and any respiratory symptom using adjusted multivariable logistic regression. Among all subjects, regardless of smoking habits, the lowest odds for any respiratory symptom was at FEV1/FVC = 0.82, OR 0.48 (95% CI 0.41–0.56). Among never‐smokers, the lowest odds for any respiratory symptom was at FEV1/FVC = 0.81, OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.41–0.70). Among ever‐smokers, the odds for any respiratory symptom was lowest at FEV1/FVC = 0.81, OR 0.43 (95% CI 0.16–1.19), although the rate of inclining in odds was small in the upper part, that is FEV1/FVC = 0.85 showed similar odds, OR 0.45 (95% CI 0.38–0.55). We concluded that the odds for any respiratory symptoms continuously decreased with higher FEV1/FVC ratios and reached a minimum around 0.80–0.85, with similar results among never‐smokers. These results indicate that the optimal threshold associated with respiratory symptoms may be higher than 0.70 and this should be further investigated in prospective longitudinal studies.
Effects of Imports and Exports on China's PM2.5 Pollution
Authors: Li Zhaohua , Fang Ziwei , Tang Zhuyu
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the effects of imports and exports on China's PM2.5 pollution using data from 31 provinces during the period 2001–2016. At the aggregate level, our analysis shows that exports have a pollution‐generating effect while imports have a pollution‐shifting effect on provincial PM2.5 pollution. Cross‐sectional analysis reveals that imports and exports exhibit opposite effects on manufacturing and high‐tech industries, but demonstrate the same pollution‐generating effect for the heavy industry sector. At the regional level, the effects are similar to those at the aggregate level. We also examine the impacts of other factors on PM2.5 pollution. Our empirical evidence shows that PM2.5 pollution is positively correlated with domestic sales, population density, economic growth, urbanization rate, and transportation, but negatively correlated with energy efficiency and industry structure. This paper suggests that reducing exports and increasing imports will help to reduce PM2.5 pollution.
Use of a novel lumen apposing metallic stent for drainage of the bile duct and gallbladder: Long term outcomes of a prospective international trial
Authors: Teoh Anthony Yuen Bun , Kongkam Pradermchai , Bapaye Amol , Ratanachu Thawee , Reknimitr Rungsun , Lakthakia Sundeep , Chan Shannon Melissa , Gadhikar Harshal P. , Korrapati Sravan Kumar , Lee Yun Nah , Medarapalem Jahangeer , Ridtitid Wiriyaporn , Moon Jong Ho
Published: December 2020

Background

Long‐term placement of lumen apposing metal stents (LAMS) with high lumen apposing force may result in adverse events. The aim of the current study was to assess the long‐term efficacy and safety of a self‐approximating LAMS with lower lumen apposing force for endoscopic ultrasound‐guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS‐CDS) and ‐gallbladder drainage (EUS‐GBD).

Methods

Five Asian institutions participated in this study. Consecutive patients suffering from obstructive jaundice with failed ERCP or acute cholecystitis that were at high risk for cholecystectomy were recruited. We evaluated the technical and clinical success rates, adverse events rates, types of interventions through the stent and the patency profile.

Results

From June 2017 to Oct 2018, a total of 53 patients received EUS‐CDS (26) and EUS‐GBD (27). The technical and clinical success rates were similar between the two groups (88.5% vs 88.9%, P = 1 and 88.5% vs 88.9%, P = 1 respectively). The differences in 30‐day mortality rates [2 (7.7%) vs 2 (7.7%), P = 1] and adverse events [3 (11.5%) vs 3 (11.5%), P = 1] did not reach significance. Regarding long‐term outcomes, two patients in each group suffered from adverse events (P = 1). One patient in the EUS‐GBD group who was on direct oral anticoagulant suffered from stent induced bleeding.

Conclusion

The self‐approximating LAMS with lower lumen apposing force was effective and safe with a low risk of buried stent syndrome and bleeding in the longer term.

The ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier was NCT03002051.
Adverse events of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration for histologic diagnosis in Japanese tertiary centers: Multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Kanno Atsushi , Yasuda Ichiro , Irisawa Atsushi , Hara Kazuo , Ashida Reiko , Iwashita Takuji , Takenaka Mamoru , Katanuma Akio , Takikawa Tetsuya , Kubota Kensuke , Kato Hironari , Nakai Yousuke , Ryozawa Shomei , Kitano Masayuki , Isayama Hiroyuki , Kamada Hideki , Okabe Yoshinobu , Hanada Keiji , Ohtsubo Koushiro , Doi Shinpei , Hisai Hiroyuki , Shibukawa Goro , Imazu Hiroo , Masamune Atsushi ,   Collaborators
Published: December 2020

Background and Aims

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is used for the histopathological diagnosis of any type of gastrointestinal disease. Few adverse events are experienced with this procedure; however, the actual rate of adverse events remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the current status of cases that experienced adverse events related to the EUS‐FNA procedure used for histopathologic diagnoses.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of cases with EUS‐FNA‐related adverse events in Japanese tertiary centers was conducted by assessing the following clinical data: basic case information, FNA technique, type of procedural adverse events, and prognosis.

Results

Of the 13,566 EUS‐FNA cases overall, the total number of cases in which adverse events related to EUS‐FNA occurred was 234. The incidence of EUS‐FNA‐related adverse events was ~1.7%. Bleeding and pancreatitis cases accounted for ~49.1% and 26.5% of all adverse events, respectively. Bleeding was the most common adverse event with only seven cases requiring blood transfusion. In cases with neuroendocrine tumors, pancreatitis was the most frequent adverse event. Needle tract seeding because of EUS‐FNA was observed during the follow‐up period in only ~0.1% of cases with pancreatic cancer. There was no mortality because of adverse events caused by EUS‐FNA.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the adverse events‐related EUS‐FNA for histopathologic diagnoses were not severe conditions, and had low incidence.
Optical sensors of heterotrimeric G protein signaling
Authors: Bondar Alexey , Lazar Josef
Published: December 2020

Heterotrimeric G proteins are central mediators of cellular signal transduction. They receive, process, and transduce signals from G protein‐coupled receptors to downstream effectors. Since their discovery, a number of optical sensors of G protein localisation and function have been developed and applied in living systems. In this minireview, we provide an overview of existing G protein‐based sensors and the experimental approaches they utilise, with emphasis on live‐cell imaging techniques. We outline recent advances, as well as identify current challenges and likely future directions in the field of G protein sensor development.
The cutaneous effects of long‐term use of Dead Sea mud on healthy skin: a 4‐week study
Authors: Hamed Saja , Almalty Abdul‐Majeed , Alkhatib Hatim S.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To investigate the effects of various types of Dead Sea mud (DSM) on skin barrier properties over a period of four weeks.

Methods

The effects of a 4‐week application of three types of DSM (as is mud, mud with extra Dead Sea salt, and over the shelf mud) on the barrier properties of normal skin were investigated. Preparations were applied onto forearms of healthy volunteers every other day for 4 weeks, and skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin, erythema level, skin pH, skin elasticity, dermal thickness, and collagen content were measured at predefined circular areas on subjects’ forearms at baseline, week 1, week 2, and week 4 during the treatment phase and on week 5 following a 1‐week regression period in which no mud was applied.

Results

The use of DSM for 4 weeks was well tolerated with no noticeable changes in TEWL, skin pH, melanin, and erythema levels. A slight firming effect was observed in the forearms treated with salted DSM. Skin hydration was not significantly affected by any type of DSM. However, a slight drying effect of “as is” and “salted” DSM and slight hydration effect of “over the shelf” DSM were observed. This effect could be attributed to the content of DSM rather than to disruption of skin integrity as confirmed by TEWL values.

Conclusion

Long‐term use of all types of DSM did not compromise the barrier integrity of the skin. This provides dermatologists with needed information on safety of DSM and lack of skin disruption activity upon long‐term use.
Recovery‐oriented nursing care based on cultural sensitivity in community psychiatric nursing
Authors: Matsuoka Sumiko
Published: December 2020

Transforming to recovery‐oriented care is an urgent issue in community psychiatric nursing in Japan. Because traditional psychiatry is still influential, nurses are required to possess cultural sensitivity to objectively view conflicts between values when providing recovery‐oriented care. If recovery‐oriented care based on cultural sensitivity is clarified, it would help nurses providing recovery‐oriented care in non‐recovery‐oriented environments. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify recovery‐oriented nursing care based on cultural sensitivity in community psychiatric nursing in Japan. A semi‐structured interview with 21 community psychiatric nurses and participant observations for seven of them were performed. A qualitative description was undertaken to analyse the data. The relationships between categories were examined. The study conforms to the COREQ checklist. Through the analysis, six categories were revealed: 1. Continuously reflecting on one’s own practice and the influence of the traditional mental health culture; 2. Constructing a partnership with clients to uphold their rights and responsibilities; 3. Having client‐centred dialogue to help them enjoy life and grow; 4. Supporting clients’ lives and strengthening their self‐management; 5. Working as a team to achieve clients’ wishes, which includes some risks, and 6. Maintaining a relationship between clients and the people who care for them. Category 1 was central and enclosed by categories 2, 3 and 4. Categories 5 and 6 were located outside of categories 1 to 4. The results showed cultural sensitivity enables recovery‐oriented care even in non‐recovery‐oriented environments and include recognizing the traditional mental health culture, understanding clients’ experiences and accepting other’s values.
Another Look at the Lady Tasting Tea and Differences Between Permutation Tests and Randomisation Tests
Authors: Hemerik Jesse , Goeman Jelle J.
Published: December 2020

The statistical literature is known to be inconsistent in the use of the terms ‘permutation test’ and ‘randomisation test’. Several authors successfully argue that these terms should be used to refer to two distinct classes of tests and that there are major conceptual differences between these classes. The present paper explains an important difference in mathematical reasoning between these classes: a permutation test fundamentally requires that the set of permutations has a group structure, in the algebraic sense; the reasoning behind a randomisation test is not based on such a group structure, and it is possible to use an experimental design that does not correspond to a group. In particular, we can use a randomisation scheme where the number of possible treatment patterns is larger than in standard experimental designs. This leads to exactpvalues of improved resolution, providing increased power for very small significance levels, at the cost of decreased power for larger significance levels. We discuss applications in randomised trials and elsewhere. Further, we explain that Fisher's famous Lady Tasting Tea experiment, which is commonly referred to as the first permutation test, is in fact a randomisation test. This distinction is important to avoid confusion and invalid tests.
Facile synthesis of La‐doped cobalt ferrite@glucose‐based carbon composite as effective multiband microwave absorber
Authors: Zhou Jun , Wang Mingli , Shu Xiangfeng , Ma Jialin , Ren Hengdong , Wang Yueqin , Liu Yin , Shu Ruiwen , Oh Won‐Chun , Kong Ling Bing
Published: December 2020

C/CoLaxFe2−xO4 (with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) composites were compounded by using a high‐temperature hydrolysis. X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) results show that doping of La ions does not alter the spinel crystal structure and partially replaces Fe ions. Results of Field‐Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping prove that with the doping of La ions, the grains are refined, and the carbon shell on the surface exists. The effect of doping of La ions on microwave absorption performance of the composites was systematically studied. It is found that an optimal reflection loss (RL) of −49.56 dB is achieved at 4.96 GHz, as the composition is C/CoLa0.2Fe1.8O4. Meanwhile, the sample C/CoLa0.3Fe1.7O4 shows excellent effective absorption bandwidth. Specifically, when the matching thicknesses are 4 and 5 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth is 4 GHz, covering the C band and Ku band, thus realizing multiband absorption. The synergistic effects of the enhanced dipole polarization related to the doping of La ions, improved interface polarization of the core‐shell structure, and the magnetic loss originated from CoLaxFe2−xO4 are responsible for the optimal microwave absorption performance. Therefore, this C/CoLaxFe2−xO4 composite material has the prospect of a multiband high‐efficiency microwave absorber.
Think Manager–Think Parent? Investigating the fatherhood advantage and the motherhood penalty using the Think Manager–Think Male paradigm
Authors: Morgenroth Thekla , Ryan Michelle K. , Sønderlund Anders L.
Published: December 2020

Men remain overrepresented in leadership positions, due in part to a think manager–think male (TMTM) association whereby stereotypes of men are more similar to stereotypes of manager than are stereotypes of women. Building on research into the motherhood penalty and fatherhood advantage, we extend Schein's TMTM paradigm to investigate whether parenthood exacerbates the phenomenon. In Study 1 (N = 326), we find clear support for a fatherhood advantage, such that fathers are described as more similar to managers compared to either men in general, women in general, or to mothers. We did not find evidence for a motherhood penalty. Indeed, mothers, compared to women in general, were seen as more similar to managers (a motherhood advantage within women), while relative to fathers, mothers were seen as less similar to managers, thus, a gender penalty remained within parenthood. We replicate these findings in a preregistered Study 2 (N = 561), and further show that patterns are similar for ideal managers (prescriptive manager stereotypes, Study 1) and leaders more generally (Study 2). Taken together, the results suggest that gender and managerial stereotypes do not reveal a simple fatherhood advantage and motherhood penalty. Rather, stereotypes of parenthood may provide benefits for both mothers and fathers—suggestive of a parenthood advantage, at least in terms of stereotype content.
Mental health problems and hypertension in the elderly: Review from the HOPE Asia Network
Authors: Turana Yuda , Tengkawan Jeslyn , Chia Yook C. , Shin Jinho , Chen Chen‐Huan , Park Sungha , Tsoi Kelvin , Buranakitjaroen Peera , Soenarta Arieska A. , Siddique Saulat , Cheng Hao‐Min , Tay Jam C. , Teo Boon W. , Wang Tzung‐Dau , Kario Kazuomi
Published: December 2020

The “triple burden” of aging population, hypertension, and mental health problems making elderly in Asia is more vulnerable. There is evidence of a bidirectional relationship between mental health and hypertension, which results in lower quality of life, lower rate of treatment adherence, and higher mortality among elderly individuals. It is essential to overcome known barriers and care for the elderly with high‐risk factors in order to address these burdens. This review revealed that elderly with hypertension were more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. Therefore, debunking myths, creating awareness regarding mental health, and increasing access to mental health resources through holistic community‐based programs would greatly reduce such problems and optimize the chances of success in controlling hypertension‐related problems.
Enhancing resistant starch content in brown rice using supercritical carbon dioxide processing
Authors: Matsubara Masahiro , Nakato Yasuhisa , Kondo Eiichi
Published: December 2020

Dietary fiber and resistant starch (RS) play a key role in suppressing the increase in blood glucose levels. Whole grains such as brown rice (BR) which have a higher content of dietary fiber and important nutrients, are common products used for the maintenance of human health. The higher RS content in BR is suggested to contribute significantly to blood glucose level maintenance in cooperation with dietary fiber. We aimed to enhance the RS levels in BR using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) processing which is typically undertaken by the reactor packed with BR and filled carbon dioxide in a state of supercritical fluids developed with above critical temperature and pressure, and a suitable operating duration as an alternative to conventional methods. This innovative process expectedly enhanced the RS content, promoted gelatinization, and eliminated the foul odors causing appetizing control. In addition, this processing method is highly effective for the removal of pollutions such as pesticides and inactivation of microbial contaminants in food. Therefore, scCO2 processing is a promising alternative to conventional methods.

Practical Application

Processing RS in cereals using scCO2 is an innovative alternative to conventional processes such as heat‐moisture treatment and annealing, autoclaving and retrogradation cycles, high hydrostatic pressure, and extrusion that are commonly used to promote RS formation in food products to improve human health and consequently contributes to the control of blood glucose levels after a meal. The innovative scCO2 process is considerably simple, easily operable, and environmentally friendly and safe due to the use of nontoxic CO2 as a solvent. This process has great potential for application in the extraction of pesticides and fats and the inactivation of microbes in food products. Therefore, scCO2 processing will be useful as a food processing method that helps maintain human health.
Lewis score on capsule endoscopy can predict the prognosis in patients with small bowel lesions of Crohn's disease
Authors: Nishikawa Takahiro , Nakamura Masanao , Yamamura Takeshi , Maeda Keiko , Sawada Tsunaki , Mizutani Yasuyuki , Ishikawa Eri , Ishikawa Takuya , Kakushima Naomi , Furukawa Kazuhiro , Ohno Eizaburo , Honda Takashi , Kawashima Hiroki , Ishigami Masatoshi , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro
Published: December 2020

Background and Aim

Endoscopic evaluation of disease activity, including mucosal healing, is poorly established in Crohn's disease. We previously reported that patients with a Lewis score (LS) on capsule endoscopy < 270 had a lower risk of exacerbation without additional treatment. This study investigated prognostic predictors in patients undergoing capsule endoscopy and determined the optimal LS cut‐off value.

Methods

In a retrospective single‐center study, 102 patients with Crohn's disease who underwent capsule endoscopy were reviewed. We reviewed the clinical course and the patients' characteristics, Crohn's Disease Activity Index, laboratory findings, LS, and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) for factors potentially associated with Crohn's disease‐related emergency hospitalization. Subsequently, we prospectively enrolled 66 patients with Crohn's disease and analyzed clinical outcomes according to these factors.

Results

In the retrospective study, LS ≥ 270 and PNI < 45 were identified as independent predictors of Crohn's disease‐related emergency hospitalization with hazard ratios of 9.48 and 3.01, respectively. Even in patients with LS ≥ 270, cumulative hospitalization rates decreased after intervention based on capsule endoscopy findings. The prospective study confirmed that patients with LS ≥ 270 or PNI < 45 had a significantly higher risk of Crohn's disease‐related emergency hospitalization and that additional treatment reduced the risk of relapse.

Conclusions

LS and PNI are the best available prognostic predictors in patients with Crohn's disease without gastrointestinal stenosis and can guide decisions on treatment escalation. Patients with LS ≥ 270 and PNI < 45 were at increased risk for exacerbation, and additional treatments should be considered for this group.
Impact of weight management nutrition interventions on dietary outcomes in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Duncanson K. , Shrewsbury V. , Burrows T. , Chai L. K. , Ashton L. , Taylor R. , Gow M. , Ho M. , Ells L. , Stewart L. , Garnett S. , Jensen M. E. , Nowicka P. , Littlewood R. , Demaio A. , Coyle D. H. , Walker J. L. , Collins C. E.
Published: December 2020

Background

The impact of obesity interventions on dietary intake in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity is unclear. This systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of the dietary component of weight management interventions on the change in diet in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity.

Methods

Eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1975 and 2020 were identified by a systematic search following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta‐analyses of eligible study outcomes were performed using statistical software. A multilevel random effects model was used with three significant random effects fitted using restricted maximum likelihood estimation.

Results

This review identified 109 RCTs, including 95 that reported at least one statistically significant dietary outcome change and 14 reporting no significant dietary change. Results from the meta‐analyses (n = 29 studies) indicated that, compared to control groups, intervention groups achieved significantly greater reductions in mean total energy intake at ≤6 months (−194 kcal day−1, 95% confidence interval = −275.80 to −112.90 kcal day−1, P < 0.001) and up to 12 months (−112 kcal day−1 95% confidence interval = −218.92 to −5.83 kcal day−1) P = 0.038), increases in fruit and/or vegetable intakes over 2–12 months (n = 34, range +0.6 to +1.5 servings day−1) and reductions in consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (n = 28, range −0.25 to −1.5 servings day−1) at 4–24 months follow‐up.

Conclusions

Obesity interventions with a dietary component have a modest but sustained impact on reducing total energy intake and improving intakes of specific food groups in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. High quality RCTs that are powered to detect change in diet as a primary outcome are warranted.
Rice FLOURY ENDOSPERM 18 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein required for 5′ processing of mitochondrial nad5 messenger RNA and endosperm development
Authors: Yu Mingzhou , Wu Mingming , Ren Yulong , Wang Yihua , Li Jingfang , Lei Cailin , Sun Yinglun , Bao Xiuhao , Wu Hongming , Yang Hang , Pan Tian , Wang Yongfei , Jing Ruonan , Yan Mengyuan , Zhang Houda , Zhao Lei , Zhao Zhichao , Zhang Xin , Guo Xiuping , Cheng Zhijun , Yang Bing , Jiang Ling , Wan Jianmin
Published: December 2020

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, composing one of the largest protein families in plants, are involved in RNA binding and regulation of organelle RNA metabolism at the post‐transcriptional level. Although several PPR proteins have been implicated in endosperm development in rice (Oryza sativa), the molecular functions of many PPRs remain obscure. Here, we identified a rice endosperm mutant named floury endosperm 18 (flo18) with pleiotropic defects in both reproductive and vegetative development. Map‐based cloning and complementation tests showed that FLO18 encodes a mitochondrion‐targeted P‐type PPR protein with 15 PPR motifs. Mitochondrial function was disrupted in the flo18 mutant, as evidenced by decreased assembly of Complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and altered mitochondrial morphology. Loss of FLO18 function resulted in defective 5′‐end processing of mitochondrial nad5 transcripts encoding subunit 5 of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase. These results suggested that FLO18 is involved in 5′‐end processing of nad5 messenger RNA and plays an important role in mitochondrial function and endosperm development.
POLLUTION'S ROLE IN REDUCING URBAN QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Authors: Kahn Matthew E. , Lozano‐Gracia Nancy , Soppelsa Maria Edisa
Published: December 2020

This paper surveys the recent literature exploring the consequences of urban pollution in the developing world for a city's productivity and resident quality of life. The environmental Kuznets curve literature predicts that developing nations will experience significant environmental degradation as a byproduct of economic development. In contrast, the recent literature that we review reverses this logic by arguing that geographic areas featuring lower levels of pollution will experience economic growth through improvements in health and human capital. In an economy where pollution reduces worker productivity, inhibits child development and repels the skilled from living in such an area, those cities featuring less pollution have a competitive advantage in attracting and retaining the skilled. Given the central role that human capital plays in urban economic growth, such cities will be more likely to achieve sustainable long‐term growth.
The Private Production of Safe Assets
Authors: KACPERCZYK MARCIN , PÉRIGNON CHRISTOPHE , VUILLEMEY GUILLAUME
Published: December 2020

Using high‐frequency, granular panel data on short‐term debt securities issued in Europe, we study the existence, empirical boundaries, and fragility of private assets' safety. We show that only securities with the shortest maturities, issued by banks (certificates of deposit, or CDs), benefit from a safety premium. The supply of such CDs responds positively to excess safety demand. During periods of stress, this relation vanishes for all issuers of private securities, even though their aggregate volumes do not collapse. Other dimensions of heterogeneity, including issuers' balance sheets or their domicile countries' fiscal capacity, are less relevant for private safety.
One confession, multiple chronotopes: The interdiscursive authentication of an apology in an international criminal trial
Authors: D’hondt Sigurd
Published: December 2020

This paper presents an interdiscursive analysis of a public apology made before the International Criminal Court (ICC) by a Malian Islamist accused of the destruction of cultural heritage in Timbuktu. It analyzes (a) how the defendant's apology metapragmatically inserts itself into a multiplicity of chronotopes and (b) how the two defense counsels subsequently reformulate that apology as part of a ‘confessional chronotope’, thereby decoupling it from its immediate trial surroundings. The entextualization of this confessional chronotope, and the modifications of the trial's participation framework it proposes, reveal how ICC trial actors navigate the multiple tensions facing this emergent form of globalized criminal justice.
Do consumers need to smell? Scale development and validation
Authors: Dörtyol İbrahim Taylan
Published: December 2020

The Need‐to‐Smell (NTS) scale aims to assess the differentiator role of olfactory information. The NTS construct definition is the degree to which an ambient scent is effective on consumers' shopping experiences. The scale items appearing as the result of the literature search and ZMET interviews were refined and finalized with the analysis of data gathered via online panels. Through this entire process, explorative and confirmative factor analysis and all the required validity analyses were performed. The nomological validity is proven by the positive relationships between the NTS scale and the Evoked Nostalgia Scale and the Impulse Buying Scale. The positive correlation with the Importance of Olfaction questionnaire is the evidence for the convergent validity. The discriminant validity is also realized as there is no relationship with the Need for Cognition scale. In the end, the NTS scale with two factors, namely, approach factor which is more related to the effects of pleasant scent on expectation, desire, attention, satisfaction, confidence, and avoidance factor which is more related the negative evaluations originated from unpleasant scent, is appeared. After conducting further studies to understand the nature of the NTS scale, the theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Practical Applications

The NTS scale will give opportunity to some industry‐specific marketers on their effort of creating different and memorable brands. At this juncture, determining the consumers who are higher in NTS and then inviting them to the brand design process may result higher acceptance and adoption rates relating to the scent of the product. In this way, marketers may readily and scientifically activate the link between scent and some specific parts of the brain. Eventually, these achievements on the design of consumers' experiences may lead significant competitive advantages.
A Self‐Tuning Model for Smart Manufacturing SMEs: Effects on Digital Innovation
Authors: Del Giudice Manlio , Scuotto Veronica , Papa Armando , Tarba Shlomo Y. , Bresciani Stefano , Warkentin Merrill
Published: December 2020

With the changing way people live, communicate, and work, enterprises are striving to shift their existing business model into a “self‐tuning” one. Enterprises are becoming more agile, adaptive, and ambidextrous in order to boost innovation in the current digital transformation era. Nowadays, “digital innovation” is closely associated with Industry 4.0 enablers and smart enterprises. Prior research has shown that while multinational enterprises—across many sectors—have already embraced the aforementioned advancements, their adoption by small and‐medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) has so far taken place mainly in the manufacturing sector. Thus, based on a sample of 280 self‐tuned smart manufacturing SMEs and having utilized the structural equation modeling (SEM), this study was aimed to investigate how digital innovation is influenced by the three pillars of self‐tuning models—agility, adaptation, and ambidexterity. Our paper has focussed on the digital systems in which SMEs, spurred by networking and open innovation solutions, operate and innovate in response to external triggers, displaying a balance between exploration and exploitation, and a strong agile capacity.
Phytoplankton Blooms Below the Antarctic Landfast Ice During the Melt Season Between Late Spring and Early Summer
Authors: Saggiomo Maria , Escalera Laura , Saggiomo Vincenzo , Bolinesi Francesco , Mangoni Olga
Published: December 2020

Antarctic regions are known to be mainly dominated by diatoms in the water column under sea ice. In this study, we report for the first time two distinct phytoplankton blooms dominated by nanoflagellates (<15 µm) under the landfast ice in Terra Nova Bay during the late spring‐early summer 2015/2016. The taxa included the pelagic Bolidophyceae Pentalamina corona, the Chrysophyceae Ochromonas spp. and the Chlorophyceae Chlamydomonas spp., typically found in fresh waters, and the Prymnesiophyceae Phaeocystis antarctica usually observed dominating in polynya areas. These species represented from 40% to 91% of the total phytoplankton community, a percentage contrasting with the prevalence of diatoms found previously. The dominance of nanoflagellates, rather than diatoms, during late spring and early summer may have important implications for trophic relationships in Antarctic waters and the presence of typical freshwater species could indicate a great input of continental waters related to environmental changes.
Left heart dimensions in anemic cats and dogs before and after blood transfusion
Authors: Donaldson Rebekah E. , Seo Joonbum , Fuentes Virginia Luis , Humm Karen
Published: December 2020

Background

Whether anemic cats and dogs with increased left heart dimensions are at higher risk of transfusion‐associated circulatory overload, and the effect of blood transfusion on left heart dimensions in naturally occurring anemia is unknown.

Hypothesis/objectives

To evaluate the effect of blood transfusion on left heart dimensions in clinically relevant anemia.

Animals

Twenty dogs and 20 cats presenting to a university veterinary teaching hospital.

Methods

In this prospective observational study, anemic dogs and cats requiring blood transfusion were included. Packed cell volume (PCV), total solids, and echocardiography were performed before and within 24 hours of blood transfusion. Signalment, bodyweight, disease process, transfusion duration and volume, and prior treatments were recorded. Nonparametric statistics were reported as median [range]. Post hoc Bonferroni correction set significance atP < .006.

Results

After transfusion, PCV increased in cats (12% [6–16] to 18% [10‐33],P= .001) and dogs (14% [7–24] to 25% [9‐37],P= .001), heart rate decreased in dogs (104 bpm [86‐166] to 87 bpm [56‐138],P < .001), and fractional shortening decreased in cats (57.1% [36.0‐84.7] to 41.0% [28.1‐69.6],P= .002) and dogs (33.79% [19.33‐62.79] to 31.89% [19.06‐51.47],P= .006). Left ventricular internal diameter in systole increased in cats (6.5 mm [2.7‐9.8] to 7.9 mm [5.3‐11.1],P= .001). Normalized left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (1.48 [1.25‐1.79] to 1.57 [1.33‐2.00],P= .001) and systole (0.87 [0.58‐1.19] to 1.00 [0.74‐1.36],P= .001) increased in dogs. Incidence of volume overload did not differ before (14/20 cats, 70%; 9/20 dogs, 45%) or after (12/20 cats, 60%; 11/20 dogs, 55%) transfusion (P= .64).

Conclusions and clinical importance

Blood transfusion is well tolerated when signs of volume overload are present before transfusion.
Training healthcare workers increases IFA use and adherence: Evidence and cost‐effectiveness analysis from Bangladesh
Authors: Kurzawa Zuzanna , Cotton Christopher S. , Mazurkewich Natasha , Verney Allison , Busch‐Hallen Jennifer , Kashi Bahman
Published: December 2020

Iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation programmes are important for preventing and controlling anaemia among pregnant women in low‐ and middle‐income countries. However, frontline health care workers often have limited capacity and knowledge, which can compromise such programmes' effectiveness. Between 2012 and 2014, Nutrition International and the Government of Bangladesh implemented a programme intended to increase IFA supplement consumption during pregnancy. The programme provided frontline health care workers with training on the benefits of IFA supplementation, the use of interpersonal communication and health promotion materials during antenatal care visits and health management information systems to track reported adherence to IFA supplementation. Using a quasi‐experimental design, this study investigates the programme's effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness at increasing IFA supplement consumption and adherence among pregnant women. The difference‐in‐differences regression analysis comparing outcomes in an intervention and comparison group concluded that the programme increased IFA consumption by an average of 45.05 supplements (P value = 0.018) and increased the share of women that reported adherence to a regime of at least 90 supplements by 40.35 percentage points (P value = 0.020). Knowledge of IFA supplement dosage and benefits also increased among frontline health care workers and pregnant women. The programme cost $47.11 USD (2018) per disability‐adjusted life year averted, which is considered highly cost‐effective when evaluated against several cost‐effectiveness thresholds. This study suggests that the capacity building of frontline health care workers is an effective and cost‐effective method of preventing and controlling anaemia among pregnant women in resource‐constrained areas.
The structure and mechanism of the bacterial type II secretion system
Authors: Naskar Souvik , Hohl Michael , Tassinari Matteo , Low Harry H.
Published: December 2020

The type II secretion system (T2SS) is a multi‐protein complex used by many bacteria to move substrates across their cell membrane. Substrates released into the environment serve as local and long‐range effectors that promote nutrient acquisition, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity. In both animals and plants, the T2SS is increasingly recognized as a key driver of virulence. The T2SS spans the bacterial cell envelope and extrudes substrates through an outer membrane secretin channel using a pseudopilus. An inner membrane assembly platform and a cytoplasmic motor controls pseudopilus assembly. This microreview focuses on the structure and mechanism of the T2SS. Advances in cryo‐electron microscopy are enabling increasingly elaborate sub‐complexes to be resolved. However, key questions remain regarding the mechanism of pseudopilus extension and retraction, and how this is coupled with the choreography of the substrate moving through the secretion system. The T2SS is part of an ancient type IV filament superfamily that may have been present within the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). Overall, mechanistic principles that underlie T2SS function have implication for other closely related systems such as the type IV and tight adherence pilus systems.
A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies exploring GPs' and nurses' perspectives on discussing weight with patients with overweight and obesity in primary care
Authors: Warr William , Aveyard Paul , Albury Charlotte , Nicholson Brian , Tudor Kate , Hobbs Richard , Roberts Nia , Ziebland Sue
Published: December 2020

Guidelines and evidence suggest primary care clinicians should give opportunistic interventions to motivate weight loss, but these rarely occur in practice. We sought to examine why by systematically reviewing qualitative research examining general practitioners' (‘GPs’) and nurses' views of discussing weight with patients. We systematically searched English language publications (1945‐2018) to identify qualitative interview and focus group studies. Thematic methods were used to synthesise the findings from these papers. We synthesised the studies by identifying second‐order themes (explanations offered by the original researchers) and third‐order constructs (new explanations which went beyond those in the original publications). Quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs checklist was undertaken. We identified 29 studies (>601 GPs, nurses and GP trainees) reporting views on discussing weight with patients. Key second‐order themes were lack of confidence in treatments and patients' ability to make changes, stigma, interactional difficulty of discussing the topic and a belief of a wider societal responsibility needed to deal with patients with overweight and obesity. The third‐order analytical theme was that discussions about weight were not a priority, and other behavioural interventions, including those relating to smoking, often took precedent. GPs and nurses reported that noting body mass index measurements at every consultation alongside a framework to deliver interventions would likely increase the frequency and perceived efficacy of behavioural weight interventions. GPs and nurses acknowledge the importance of obesity as a health issue, but this is insufficient, particularly amongst GPs, for them to construe this as a medical problem to address with patients in consultations. Strategies to implement clinical guidelines need to make tackling obesity a clinical priority. Training to overcome interactional difficulties, regular weighing of patients and changing expectations and understanding of weight loss interventions are also probably required.