bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heritability and Correlations for Agronomic and Physiologic Traits of Maize under Deficit Irrigation at Two Growth Stages
Authors: Al-Naggar A. M. M. , Shafik M. M. , Elsheikh M. O. A.
Published: November 2019

Strong associations between agronomic and physiologic traits and drought tolerance, high heritability and high genetic advance for such traits would allow plant breeder to use such traits as selection criteria for selecting drought tolerant genotypes. The objectives of the present investigation were: (i) to explain the relationships between the drought tolerance index (DTI) and 14 agronomic and physiologic traits of 22 maize genotypes and (ii) to estimate the broad-sense heritability (h2b) and genetic advance (GA) from selection for such traits, in order to determine the selection criteria for DTI. A two-year experiment was carried out using a split plot experiment with three replications. The main plots were devoted to irrigation regimes, i.e. well watering (WW), water stress at flowering (WSF) and at grain filling (WSG), and sub plots to maize genotypes. It is evident from results that the best selection criteria for drought tolerance in our study were: 100-kernel weight (100KW) and chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) under WSF and WSG, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), upper stem diameter (SDU) and lower stem diameter (SDL) under WSF and kernels/row (KPR) and ear leaf area (ELA) under WSG, since they show high correlation (r) values with grain yield/plant (GYPP), high h2b and high GA estimates under the respective environments. Under well watering conditions, KPR, 100KW, CCI, and SDL traits showed high (r) values, high h2b and high GA estimates and therefore could be considered selection criteria for GYPP under non-stressed environment. The results concluded that predicted selection gain would be higher if selection was practiced under WW for lower values of days to silking and higher values of ears/plant, rows/ear, KPR, 100KW, SDU and SDL, under WSF for lower values of ASI and higher values of GYPP and under WSG for lower values of plant height, ear height, and barren stalks, and higher values of CCI and ELA.
Measurement of Serum Lipid Profile Parameters, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Serum Uric Acid and Serum Creatinine Levels for Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Hantoosh Sundus Fadhil , Al Jumaili Farah T. O. , Zageer Dheaa Shamikh
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Leukemia is the commonest malignancy of childhood and is the causative of a third of childhood cancer deaths. Lipid abnormalities have been recognized in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (All). Kidney involvement in leukemia can be quite immense.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate impact of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chemotherapy on serum lipid profile parameters and serum renal function tests and on body function.

Study Design: This study is carried out on pediatric patients with all.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was done on children diagnosed with all attended between October 2015 to December 2016 the Central Child Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq.

Methodology: Eighteen pediatric ALL patients were enrolled. Serum blood lipid profile, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum uric acid (UA), and serum creatinine levels were measured during treatment.

Results: ALL was more among boys (61.11%) than girls. Of 18 cases, 14 (77.78%) were with low total cholesterol (TC), 2 (11.11%) with low triglycerides (TGs), all (100%) with low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 14 (77.78%) with low blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and 2 (11.11%) with low serum uric acid (UA). Four (22.22%) were with high serum TGs, 6 (33.33%) with high serum very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL), 12 (66.67%) with high BUN, and 2 (11.11%) with high creatinine.

Conclusions: Malignancies and chemotherapy recognizably affected serum lipid profile and serum renal function measurements and consequently adversely affected body. The specialist physician should be very careful in determining the dose of chemotherapy treatment, otherwise the specialist physician may be held accountable and accounting in case of serious damage to health or death of patients.
Effect of Elapsed Time after Blood Collection on the Viability and Mitotic Index of Human Lymphocytes during Karyotype Analysis
Authors: El-Khateeb Doaa Hussein , Khalil Ashraf Abd Elraouf , El Sayed Ibrahim Tantawy , EL-Said Hala Hany
Published: November 2019

Background: Chromosome staining using G banding is a commonly used technique during karyotyping, however, a limited number of laboratories carries out the test. Blood samples must be sent to the laboratory on the same day of sample collection.

Aim: To assess the effect of time passed from sample withdrawal to the beginning of lymphocyte culture on lymphocyte viability and the mitotic index of chromosomal spread.

Methods: Collected peripheral venous blood samples were either processed for chromosome analysis within 2h of samples collection or stored at 4°C then processed at 24h and 48h. Lymphocytes viability was determined by trypan blue and mitotic cells were visualized by the lighted microscope at the 40x objective lens. Mitotic index was calculated per 1000 cell count.

Results: Delay in sample processing more than 24h have a deleterious effect on lymphocyte viability with a significant reduction in mitotic index relative to the freshly processed sample.

Conclusion: Culturing of cells within 24h of sample collection is highly recommended whenever possible and delay more than 48h should be avoided.
Clinical Diagnosis of Disease States Using Enzymes and Proteins (Review)
Authors: Evalde Ngabonzima , James Prince Ogaranya , Onuorah Onyinyechukwu , Ilo Charity Chinyere , Okeowhor Donatus , Cosmas Samuel , Durojaye Olanrewaju Ayodeji
Published: November 2019

Disease states which are abnormal conditions that negatively affects the structure or function of parts or all of an organism usually lead to moderate or extensive tissue damage depending on the time of onset and severity of the disease. Such tissue damages are usually associated with the release of enzymes (specific to the diseased organ or tissue) into circulation which results in an increase in activity of such enzymes in body fluids. The measurement of these changes in enzymatic activity is usually employed as an important clinical assessment tool for detecting, diagnosing, screening and monitoring diseases and pathological processes. Some of the enzymes used in diagnosis include transaminases (in liver diseases), creatine kinase (in myocardial infarction), amylase (in pancreatitis), acid phosphatase (in malignant diseases), and alkaline phosphatase (in bone diseases). Some other enzymes are used as diagnostic reagents in detecting the presence of compounds of clinical importance. These include glucose oxidase (for detecting the presence of glucose), urate oxidase (for testing the presence of uric acid) and cholesterol oxidase (for testing the presence of cholesterol) in diabetes, kidney stones and arteriosclerosis respectively. Various body fluids also contain proteins other than enzymes that are of diagnostic importance especially the plasma proteins. The plasma proteins are broadly divided into two namely; albumin and globulin. The globulins include gamma-globulins, beta-globulins, alpha-1 globulins and alpha-2 globulin. Many physiological and/or disease conditions produce changes in these individual plasma protein concentrations, and measurements of these changes can provide diagnostic information. Some of such enzymes and proteins of diagnostic importance are discussed in this review.
Evaluation of the Cardioprotective Effect of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Albino Rats
Authors: Karikpo C. O. L. , Bartimaeus E. S. , Holy B.
Published: November 2019

The study examined the cardioprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats. A total of sixty albino rats weighing approximately ± 200 g were used. The induction of diabetes in the rats was done using 50 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin and confirmed by checking glucose levels using a glucometer. Albino rats with glucose levels greater than ≥ 250 mg/dl were considered diabetic. The rats were divided into 5 groups of 12 animals each and allowed access to food and water ad libitum. The animals had a 12 hour overnight fast after which diabetes was induced by injecting them intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The control (group A) was not induced while diabetic control was induced. Induced diabetic rats in groups C, D and E were later treated with C. lantus at a dose of 100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg body weight respectively for 14 and 28 days respectively. After 14 days, 6 rats in each of the groups were sacrificed while the remaining 6 were sacrificed after 28 days. Blood samples were collected into lithium heparin bottles and used for the assay of cardiac enzymes (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) using standard procedures. The data obtained were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference between means was obtained using Tukey's multiple tests of comparison. Analyses showed that the levels of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in the albino rats treated with C. lanatus were significantly (p<0.05) reduced when compared with the diabetic-induced group without treatment and the decrease was dose-dependent. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of the enzymes was also observed based on the duration of treatment with the extract. Since the enzymes are markers of cardiac injury, the decrease in their activity following treatment with C. lanatus shows that the extract possesses the significant cardioprotective potential of ameliorating structural integrity of the cardiac muscle in diabetic condition.
Ameliorative Efficacy of Phytochemical Content of Corchorus olitorius Leaves against Acute Ethanol-induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats
Authors: Airaodion Augustine I. , Ogbuagu Emmanuel O. , Ewa Ogbonnaya , Ogbuagu Uloaku , Awosanya Olaide O. , Adekale Olukule A.
Published: November 2019

Aim: This study is aimed at investigating the ameliorative efficacy of methanolic extract of Corchorus olitorius leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats.

Methods: Fresh plants of C. olitorius were harvested from the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan. The leaves were dried and extracted using soxhlet apparatus and methanol as the solvent. The methanol was evaporated in a rotary evaporator at 35°C with a yield of 2.17 g which represents a percentage yield of 8.68%. Twenty adult male Wistar rats with body weight between 120 and 150 g were used for this study. They were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each. Animals in groups 1 and 2 were administered saline solution while those in groups 3 and 4 were administered C. olitorius extract for twenty-one days. The animals were administered the extract and saline solution at a dose of 4 mL per 100 g body weight 12 hourly via oral route of administration. At the end of the treatment, they were fasted overnight and animals in groups 2 and 4 were exposed to a single dose of 70% ethanol at 12 ml/kg body weight to induce oxidative stress. After 12 hours of ethanol administration, the animals were anaesthetized using diethyl ether and were sacrificed. Liver was excised, weighed and homogenized in 50 mmol/L Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.4) and then centrifuged at 5000 × g for 15 minutes for biochemical analysis. Supernatants were immediately kept frozen for further analysis.

Results: Ethanol-induced oxidative stress significantly increased the activities of AST, ALT, LDH, LPO, CAT, SOD and GPX but decrease GSH.  These effects were regulated by C. olitorius administration.

Conclusion: C. olitorius was able to remedy the effect of ethanol by regulating the oxidative stress biomarkers, thus possesses ameliorative efficacy against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and can protect the body against free radicals arising from oxidative stress.
Evaluation of Antimalarial Properties of Ficus platyphylla Del Leaf Extract in Mice
Authors: Omame J. , Amobonye A. E. , Kabiru A. Y.
Published: November 2019

Aim: This study was aim at investigating the effect of crude petroleum ether leaf extract of Ficus platyphylla Del on Plasmodium berghei infected mice.

Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out at the department of biochemistry, Federal university of technology minna, Niger state Nigeria in 2014.

Methodology: The crude plant extract of F. platyphylla was administered 72 hours at different doses post and pre infection for both the curative and prophylactic study respectively against residual infection. Mice were divided into 5 groups of 5 mice each, 3 of the groups where administered crude plants extract of F. platyphaylla at different doses (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight) while the other two serve as negative and positive control group and were administered 0.5 ml and 50 mg/kg body weight respectively.

Results: The extract at all doses produced significant (P<0.05) dose dependent chemo-suppressive activity with %  inhibition of 38%, 61%, 74% and 81.8% for curative studies and 36.0%, 38.5%, 49.5% and 63.4% for prophylactic studies against the parasites at doses of 200 mg/kgbw, 400 mg/kgbw, 600 mg/kgbw of the extract and 50 mg/kgbw of Artesunate. All doses of the extract increased the survival time of the infected mice compared to the negative control group that was administered 0.5 ml normal saline. The variation in the values of Packed Cell Volume (PCV) for treated group before and after extract administration was not significant at (P<0.05). The phytochemical screening of the plant extract showed the presence of tannin, saponin, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, anthroquinone and phenol.

Conclusion: The result of this study shows that F. Platyphylla leaf extract exhibited some antiplasmodial activity that could be exploited for safe, effective and affordable antimalaria regimen.
Biochemical Characterization on Photosynthetic Activities during Dark Incubated Senescence of Wheat Primary Leaves by Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Fareeda G. , Murthy S. D. S.
Published: November 2019

In annual crop plants like maize, rice and wheat etc. Senescence limits crop yields of annual crops like maize rice and wheat. Delayed leaf senescence is a desirable agronomic trait to improve crop yield. In this study 10 µM GA reduced the loss of wheat primary leaves under incubated dark conditions. GA reduced the loss of pigments, proteins, electron transport activities, spectral properties. The restoration of WCE activity by GA was closely associated with the restoration of PS II activity compared to that of PS I. GA treated leaf thylakoid membranes showed an increase in absorption at 680 nm moderate increase at 480 nm and 440 nm at 72 h during dark incubation. GA protected the degradation of water oxidation complex polypeptides (33, 23, 17 KDa) of PS II and slightly protected the PS I polypeptides.
Preferential Use of Infrapopliteal Angioplasty for Critical Limb Ischemia: Vascular Surgeons' Perspective
Authors: Nishibe Toshiya , Yamamoto Kiyohito , Toguchi Kayo , Seike Yoshimasa , Ito Naoki , Nishibe Masayasu , Koizumi Jun , Dardik Alan , Ogino Hitoshi
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to describe the vascular surgeons' experience with an endovascular-first approach for critical limb ischemia (CLI) due to arteriosclerotic disease involving infrapopliteal vessels. From April 2006 to September 2013, 55 limbs with CLI in 45 consecutive patients who had undergone infrapopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) were evaluated. All limbs presented with ulcers or gangrenes (Rutherford 5 or 6), and were treated with infrapopliteal PTA as the initial treatment. Clinical outcomes of major adverse limb event (MALE) + perioperative death (POD), amputation-free survival (AFS), limb salvage, and survival were analyzed with the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariable perioperative predictors of MALE + POD and AFS were identified using the stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression model. The technical success rate was 95% (52/55). Clinical success was attained in 37 of 55 limbs (67%). Freedom from MALE + POD, AFS, limb salvage, and survival were 89%, 84%, 92%, and 92% at 6 months, respectively, and 82%, 68%, 89%, and 78% at 12 months, respectively. Clinical success (HR, 0.06; 0.01–0.50; P = 0.009) was associated with freedom from MALE + POD. Rutherford 6 (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1–8.3; P < 0.004) and clinical success (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07–0.49; P < 0.0007) were associated with AFS. These results suggest that infrapopliteal PTA can be offered as a first therapeutic option for a significant proportion of patients with CLI. Vascular surgeons must embrace and validate endovascular technology if they are to remain competitive in treatment of peripheral artery disease.
Dielectric Resonators
Authors: Esselle Karu P. , Nasimuddin  , Thalakotuna Dushmantha N.
Published: December 2024

Dielectric resonators (DRs) are versatile components that have applications in microwave filters, oscillators, sensors, antennas, and measurement techniques. They have the advantages of high
Q
factor, low cost, compact, and excellent temperature stability and enable significant miniaturization of microwave circuits. This article provides the background information on the evolution and theoretical analysis of DRs while highlighting the current developments in the field. Mode classifications and field distributions are discussed for lower‐order modes of cylindrical DRs, and mode charts are presented to illustrate the effect of DR aspect ratio and cavity enclosure on the mode spectrum. A simplified analysis method for calculating the resonant frequency of the TE

01
δ

mode, the one most commonly used in practice, is described in detail. Information on calculating the
Q
factor, the temperature coefficient, and details of typical material parameters available from manufacturers are also presented. The article concludes with information on external and inter‐resonator coupling for DRs and methods to compute coupling factors.
Suppression of amber stop codons impairs pathogenicity in Salmonella
Authors: Lyu Zhihui , Wilson Cierra , Paul Prajita , Ling Jiqiang
Published: December 2024

Translation terminates at UAG (amber), UGA (opal), and UAA (ochre) stop codons. In nature, readthrough of stop codons can be substantially enhanced by suppressor tRNAs. Stop‐codon suppression also provides powerful tools in synthetic biology and disease treatment. How stop‐codon suppression affects bacterial pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we show that suppression of UAG codons, but not UGA or UAA codons, attenuates expression of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI‐1) genes, which are required for virulence. Consistently, amber suppression abolishes Salmonella infection of macrophages. Systematic genetic and biochemical analyses further show that amber suppression decreases the activity, but not the level, of the master SPI‐1 regulator HilD. Our work thus demonstrates an unexpected selectivity of stop codons in regulating Salmonella virulence.
A white paper from the FEBS Education and Training Conference: challenges, opportunities, and action plans for transforming molecular life sciences education
Authors: Villo Ly , Sincic Nino , Mello Luciane V. , Costa Manuel Joao , Picard Didier , Malatesta Francesco , Dumic Jerka , Sagin Ferhan G.
Published: December 2024

The inaugural FEBS Education and Training Conference (ETC) was held in Türkiye, in 2024. This first‐ever Molecular Life Sciences Education Conference in Europe was organized by the FEBS Education and Training Committee and it was a groundbreaking event that brought together educators and scientists to explore how to enhance education and training in molecular life sciences. The conference explored a wide range of critical themes, for example—digital revolution, active learning and student engagement, multidisciplinary teaching and learning, transitions and inclusivity in education, students' self‐assessment, and self‐regulated learning. The discussions and presentations underscored the pressing need for transformation in how academics and researchers approach teaching and learning. Such shift is driven by rapid technological advancements, societal shifts, and the evolving demands of the scientific landscape. This document synthesizes key insights, discussions, and recommendations from the conference and proposes actionable strategies for all stakeholders in the field—institutions, educators and students—to address current challenges in education and training in molecular life sciences.
π‐Expansion on a Polycyclic Stable Neutral Radical: Synthesis and Physical Properties of a Benz‐Annulated Trioxotriangulene
Authors: Murata Tsuyoshi , Doi Satsuki , Ishikawa Rina , Furukawa Ko , Morita Yasushi
Published: December 2024

We report the synthesis of a benz‐annulated derivative of trioxotriangulene (TOT), a fused polycyclic organic neutral radical, and also the investigation on the electronic effects of π‐expansion. The neutral radical species was highly stable under air in both solution and solid states. Quantum chemical calculation suggested that the molecule has a completely planar molecular structure, and the electronic spin is widely delocalized throughout the π‐skeleton while maintaining three‐fold symmetry, which was experimentally supported by electronic spin resonance spectrum. The neutral radical also showed a strong π‐association ability comparable to that of TOT neutral radical derivatives.
Stream Sentinels: Mayfly Diversity, Land Use, and Conservation in Algeria's Djurdjura Mountains
Authors: Labdaoui Sarah , Samraoui Farrah , Vuataz Laurent , Gattolliat Jean‐Luc , Sartori Michel , Samraoui Boudjéma
Published: December 2024

Despite its biogeographical importance and high endemism, the freshwater biodiversity in Algeria and the wider arid region of North Africa has been significantly under‐researched and underestimated. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are crucial for the maintenance of ecological integrity of hydrosystems and could serve as indicators of changes of North African freshwater biodiversity. This study focuses on mayflies in Algeria, particularly in the Djurdjura Mountains, including the Djurdjura National Park in central‐northern Algeria. The aim is to establish an updated checklist, map the distribution of mayfly species and determine the ecological requirements of their assemblages. Twenty‐four mayfly taxa were identified during the study, including five new, undescribed species. Through multivariate analysis, the study revealed that land‐use practices, altitude and slope orientation significantly influenced mayfly assemblages in the studied streams. This study emphasises the urgent need for conservation action and lays the foundation for future research and conservation efforts that are essential to protecting the integrity of the critical freshwater habitats of the Djurdjura Mountains, which are hotspots for North African endemic species.
Exploring the Potential of Nasal Drug Delivery for Brain Targeted Therapy: A Detailed Analysis
Authors: Ghosh Maitrayee , Roy Debajyoti , Thakur Shubham , Singh Amrinder
Published: December 2024

The brain is a sensitive organ with numerous essential functions and complex mechanisms. It is secluded and safeguarded from the external environment as part of the central nervous system (CNS), serving as a sanctuary. By regulating their selective and specific absorption, efflux, and metabolism in the brain, the CNS controls brain homeostasis and the transit of endogenous and foreign substances. The mechanism which protects the brain from environmental chemicals, also prevent the entry of therapeutic chemicals to it. The delivery of molecules to the brain is hindered by several major barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and blood‐tumor barrier. BBB is formed by the combination of cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, neurons, pericytes and microglia. It is a tight junction of capillary endothelial cells, preventing the diffusion of solute into the brain. BCSFB is the second barrier, located at the choroid plexus, separating the blood from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is comparatively more permeable than BBB. An uneven distribution of microvasculature across the tumor interstitial compromises drug delivery to neoplastic cells of a solid tumor, resulting in spatially inconsistent drug administration. Nasal drug delivery to the brain is a method of drug delivery that tries to deliver therapeutic substances directly from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system including the brain. In this review, besides the role of barriers we have discussed in detail about approaches adapted to deliver drugs to the brain along with mechanisms through nasal route. Further, different commercial formulations, clinical trials and patents have been thoroughly elaborated to date. The findings suggest that the nose‐to‐brain drug delivery method holds promise as an evolving approach, potentially contributing to the specific and targeted delivery of drugs into the brain.
Sirenomelia—Challenges and Treatment Approach in a Rare Case
Authors: Sosińska Daria , Gołębiewski Andrzej , Czauderna Piotr
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Sirenomelia is a very rare congenital structural anomaly characterized by abnormal development of the caudal region of the body with varying degrees of fusion of lower limbs. Mostly, the condition is lethal for the baby. Most babies do not survive even after surgery. Fifty percent of cases are seen as stillbirths, and it is much more common in identical twins.

Case Report

We present a case of a boy born in 38th week of gestation (hebdomas graviditatis—HBD) with diagnosed sirenomelia, microcephaly, bilateral renal agenesis, duodenal atresia, imperforate anus, and agenesis of external genitalia. We provide a brief review of the literature and discussion concerning similar cases, determinants, pathogenesis and suspected genetic factors.

Conclusions

Due to accompanying malformations, there is often no treatment for sirenomelia. Avoidance of risk factors, early diagnosis, multidisciplinary approach and psychological preparation of parents to help them cope emotionally and mentally with the challenges, seem to be the key factors of management. It is very important to diagnose this condition by ultrasonography prenatally so that termination of pregnancy can be carried out.
Direct Initiation of Levodopa–Carbidopa Intestinal Gel Infusion After a Positive Levodopa Challenge Test in Advanced Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Viljaharju Vili , Mertsalmi Tuomas , Pauls K. Amande M. , Koivu Maija , Eerola‐Rautio Johanna , Udd Marianne , Pekkonen Eero
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is an established treatment option in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). LCIG treatment is usually initiated with a nasojejunal tube (NJT) test phase before percutaneous endoscopic transgastric jejunostomy (PEG‐J) tube installation. However, some centers have used direct initiation with PEG‐J. Data comparing these approaches are scarce. The objective of this study was to analyze the risks and benefits of direct PEG‐J initiation after a positive levodopa challenge test (LCT) for selected patients compared to initiation with a temporary NJT test phase.

Methods

Thirty‐three consecutive advanced PD patients commenced LCIG‐treatment between February 2016 and December 2019 at Helsinki University Hospital. Of them, 11 (33%) selected patients had direct initiation without an NJT test phase. Treatment discontinuations and adverse events during the first 6 months of treatment were evaluated retrospectively. The duration of hospital stay related to the initiation of the treatment was compared between the groups.

Results

Between the direct initiation and NJT test phase groups, there were no significant differences in treatment discontinuations (0 vs. 1, respectively); the number of inner tube or PEG‐J tube replacements (1 vs. 3); or infection complications (1 vs. 3) during the first 6 months of treatment. Direct initiation significantly reduced the hospital stay related to treatment initiation (mean 7 vs. 9 days, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

For selected patients, the direct initiation of LCIG after a positive LCT, without a temporary NJT test phase, appears safe and does not lead to additional treatment discontinuations or complications.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Polygonum cuspidatum powders: Experiments and modelling
Authors: Guo Min , Ruan Ningjie , Yao Bingxu , Sheng Shijie , Li Xiaoping , Zhu Yafeng , Liu Yukun , Jiao Zhen
Published: December 2024

In recent years, the natural anticancer components resveratrol and emodin have attracted significant attention. This study employs supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction, using ethanol as a cosolvent, to extract resveratrol and emodin from Polygonum cuspidatum powders. Experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 308 to 328 K, pressures from 15 to 30 MPa, ethanol contents of 60 to 160 mL/L, and extraction times between 1800 and 7200 s. The maximum extraction yields of resveratrol and emodin were 2.516 and 2.765 mg/g, respectively, under optimal conditions (temperature: 323 K, pressure: 25 MPa, ethanol content: 100 mL/L, extraction time: 3600 s), determined through one‐way experiments. Additionally, a mathematical model of the ScCO2 extraction process was developed. The mass transfer coefficient (Kf) was used as a fitting parameter and the kinetic model, based on mass conservation, was validated with experimental data. The model demonstrated good accuracy, with a low average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 4.05%. This model provides theoretical support for industrial scaling and process optimization, achieving maximum extraction efficiency while minimizing CO₂ and ethanol consumption, thereby reducing costs and enhancing environmental benefits. Its establishment framework and methodology offer valuable references for optimizing similar ScCO2 extraction processes.
AMMI and GGE biplot analysis of seed protein concentration, yield, and 100‐seed weight for chickpea cultivars and breeding lines in the US Pacific Northwest
Authors: Joshi Priyanka , Vandemark George
Published: December 2024

Greater global demand for plant‐based protein has made increasing protein concentration in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) an important breeding objective. In this study, 17 kabuli chickpea genotypes were evaluated for seed protein concentration (SPC), yield, and 100‐seed weight (HSW). All entries were planted in 2020 and 2021 at four locations in Washington. The mean of all entries for SPC was 20.3%. Genotype (G), location (L), G × year (Y), and L × Y (E) effects were significant for each trait. Year (Y) effects were significant for SPC and yield and accounted for the greatest percentage of total variance for both traits. Additive main effects and multiplicative interactions and genotype (G) main effects and genotype (G) × environment (E) interaction (GGE) biplot analyses were used to identify stable genotypes and to dissect GEI in chickpea. GGE biplot analysis indicated G + G × E effects accounted for 78.69%, 64.01%, and 95.99% of the total variation for SPC, yield, and HSW, respectively. Environments tended to be positively correlated for all three traits and biplot analysis suggests three mega‐environments. Three genotypes, CA0790B0429C, CA13900147C, and Sierra, consistently had high SPC but low yield. Billy Beans was superior for yield. Nash and CA15940057C consistently had high HSW. No genotype had high SPC, yield, and HSW. Significant positive correlations (r > 0.6) were observed between SPC, days to mature, and plant height. It will be challenging to make substantial gains in SPC using only the genotypes evaluated in this study.
Sex differences in the acute effect of caffeine on repeated sprint performance: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pérez‐López Alberto , Garriga‐Alonso Laura , Montalvo‐Alonso Juan Jesús , Val‐Manzano Marta del , Valades David , Vila Helena , Ferragut Carmen
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to examine sex differences in acute caffeine intake on repeated sprint performance. Fifty‐two resistance‐trained individuals (age: 24.6 ± 4.5 years and sex (female/male): 26/26) participated in a randomized, triple‐blind, cross‐over, and placebo‐controlled study. Participants ingested 3 mg/kg caffeine or placebo and, after 60 min, performed 4 Wingate tests (Wt), consisting of a 30 s all‐out lower‐body sprint against an individualized resisted load, with 90 s rest periods between sprints. Mean (Wmean) and peak (Wpeak) power showed an interaction between sprint and supplement (P = 0.038, ηp2 = 0.095 and P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.157, respectively), but only Wpeak reported a supplement and sex interaction (P = 0.049 and ηp2 = 0.166). Caffeine increased Wmean in Wt3 (3.5%, P = 0.004, and g = 1.059) and Wt4 (3.9%, P = 0.012, and g = 1.091) compared to placebo. Whereas, for Wpeak, caffeine increased Wpeak in the Wt1 (2.9%, P = 0.050 and g = 1.01) and Wt2 (3.2%, P = 0.050, and g = 1.01) in males and in Wt3 (5.2%, P = 0.008, and g = 1.79) and Wt4 (8.1%, P = 0.004, and g = 2.27) in female participants compared to placebo. No statistically significant sex differences were found in time to reach Wpeak, fatigue index. Acute caffeine intake stimulated a similar ergogenic effect on repeated sprint performance in men and women, except in peak power output, where caffeine increased performance during the first sprints in males and the last sprints in female participants.
Methanogen Biocathode Microbial Fuel Cell System That Simultaneously Achieves Cattle‐Barn Wastewater Treatment and Carbon Dioxide Utilization
Authors: Nakayasu Yuta , Nakano Hiroto , Umetsu Masaki , Yokoyama Koji , Takahashi Hideyuki , Tada Chika
Published: December 2024

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) present a promising alternative to traditional activated sludge treatment for livestock wastewater, offering a carbon‐neutral, sustainable approach to wastewater management. Activated sludge treatment requires significant energy input for aeration and produces unpleasant odors. MFCs eliminate the need for energy‐intensive aeration, simultaneously generating energy during wastewater treatment. Platinum‐based electrodes commonly used in the cathode of MFCs pose a significant cost barrier, necessitating advancements in electrode materials for practical, large‐scale application. This study reports on the performance of a continuous methanogen biocathode MFC system engineered to simultaneously treat cattle‐barn wastewater and utilize carbon dioxide without 2‐bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES). Carbon felt treated with nitric acid without BES successfully reduces methane production by 93%. An MFC configuration utilizing nitric acid‐treated carbon felt as the anode and an oak‐derived carbon electrode as the cathode effectively treat wastewater and convert CO2 to methane, yielding a power density of 5.5 mW m−2 and Coulombic efficiency of 7.3%, approximately twice those without nitric acid treatment and surpassing even the performance of the system with BES treatment. This system represents a promising, low‐cost, and environmentally sustainable approach to renewable energy production and livestock wastewater treatment.
Common Mutual Information Selection Algorithm and Its Application on Combination Forecasting
Authors: Shen Chenqing , Chen Huayou
Published: December 2024

The subset selection of individual prediction methods is gradually becoming a hot topic. Among numerous forecasts, identifying the optimal subset approach has become a major focal point of research. To address this issue, the paper introduces a novel method based on information theory, which is called common mutual information (CMI) selection algorithm. This optimal subset selection method not only simultaneously considers the relationships of three factors, which include the candidate feature set, the selected feature set, and the actual time series, but also provides a more precise treatment of these relationships. Therefore, CMI algorithm employs the mutual information (MI) shared among the three factors as the criterion for selection and improves the accuracy of the redundancy or correlation measure for existing algorithms. Furthermore, it overcomes the deficiency of calculating MI between the candidate subset and the actual time series. Existing algorithms use the average MI values between individual elements within the subset and the actual sequence; this paper takes the selected subset as a multidimensional input for MI computation, thus reducing computational errors. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared with two other approaches of the MI algorithm, the Max‐Relevance and Min‐Redundancy (mRMR) algorithm in both theoretical and empirical aspects. The experiments are illustrated to show the effectiveness and superiority of CMI algorithm.
Geological and Geochemical Characterisation of Shale as an Unconventional Gas Source and Reservoir Within the Lesser Himalaya, Nepal
Authors: Khadka Kumar , Sang Shuxun , Han Sijie , He Junjie , Baral Upendra , Bhandari Saunak
Published: December 2024

The Gondwana and the Foreland shales in the Tansen and Surkhet areas within the Lesser Himalayas, Nepal, have been studied in detail, focusing on unconventional gas potentiality. The geochemical analysis indicates that the Eocene shales have a total organic carbon (TOC) content of up to 1.56%, and the Gondwana shales exhibit ≤ 0.75%. Pyrolysis results show Tmax values above 480°C, and the modified van Krevelen diagram and Hydrogen Index (HI) versus Tmax cross‐plot confirm the presence of type III (gas‐prone) kerogen. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values ranging from 1.06% to 2.96% indicate high thermal maturity. Mineralogical analysis reveals a distinct contrast between the shales, with the Gondwana shales showing higher silica content within a brittle‐ductile zone and the Eocene Foreland shales are more richer in clay minerals (56%) and quartz (31%), with superior porosity (2.1% to 8.3%) and organopores, enhancing their reservoir potential. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and petrographic observations further highlight the dominance of vitrinite macerals and organic pores in the Eocene shales. The Eocene Foreland shales of the Bhainskati Formation have favourable carbon content and pyrolytic properties and present a promising target for unconventional gas exploration compared to the Gondwana Sisne Formation. The over‐maturity of the shale resulted from the thrusting over the Lesser Himalaya in the early Miocene. The Main Boundary Thrust, activated from 11 Ma, is active and other tectonic activity impacts gas preservation. Regionally, the Bhainskati Formation is more thermally mature than the Patala Formation in Pakistan and shares similarities with the Subathu Formation in India. Despite having lower TOC content than globally established shales, the Eocene shales warrant further exploration for detailed exploration of their potential as unconventional gas reservoirs.
Elucidating Microstructural Alterations in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Application of Advanced Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging in Children With Rasopathies
Authors: Plank Julia R. , Gozdas Elveda , Dai Erpeng , McGhee Chloe A. , Raman Mira M. , Green Tamar
Published: December 2024

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) can severely impact functioning yet effective treatments are limited. Greater insight into the neurobiology underlying NDDs is critical to the development of successful treatments. Using a genetics‐first approach, we investigated the potential of advanced diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) techniques to characterize the neural microstructure unique to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Noonan syndrome (NS). In this prospective study, children with NF1, NS, and typical developing (TD) were scanned using a multi‐shell DWI sequence optimized for neurite orientation density and dispersion imaging (NODDI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). Region‐of‐interest and tract‐based analysis were conducted on subcortical regions and white matter tracts. Analysis of covariance, principal components, and linear discriminant analysis compared between three groups. 88 participants (Mage = 9.36, SDage = 2.61; 44 male) were included: 31 NS, 25 NF1, and 32 TD. Subcortical regions differed between NF1 and NS, particularly in the thalamus where the neurite density index (NDI; estimated difference 0.044 [95% CI: −0.034, 0.053], d = 2.36), orientation dispersion index (ODI; estimate 0.018 [95% CI: 0.010, 0.026], d = 1.39), and mean kurtosis (MK; estimate 0.049 [95% CI: 0.025, 0.072], d = 1.39) were lower in NF1 compared with NS (all p < 0.0001). Reduced NDI was found in NF1 and NS compared with TD in all 39 white matter tracts investigated (p < 0.0001). Reduced MK was found in a majority of the tracts in NF1 and NS relative to TD, while fewer differences in ODI were observed. The middle cerebellar peduncle showed lower NDI (estimate 0.038 [95% CI: 0.021, 0.056], p < 0.0001) and MK (estimate 0.057 [95% CI: 0.026, 0.089], p < 0.0001) in NF1 compared to NS. Multivariate analyses distinguished between groups using NDI, ODI, and MK measures. Principal components analysis confirmed that the clinical groups differ most from TD in white matter tract‐based NDI and MK, whereas ODI values appear similar across the groups. The subcortical regions showed several differences between NF1 and NS, to the extent that a linear discriminant analysis could classify participants with NF1 with an accuracy rate of 97%. Differences in neural microstructure were detected between NF1 and NS, particularly in subcortical regions and the middle cerebellar peduncle, in line with pre‐clinical evidence. Advanced DWI techniques detected subtle alterations not found in prior work using conventional diffusion tensor imaging.
Deep level transient spectroscopy: Tracing interface and bulk trap‐induced degradation in AlGaN/GaN‐heterostructure based devices
Authors: Deng Kexin , Huang Sen , Wang Xinhua , Yao Yixu , Yang Yang , Yu Li , Pei Yaoyao , An Jiayi , Jiang Qimeng , Liu Xinyu , Yang Song , Chen Kevin J.
Published: December 2024

The exceptional physical properties of gallium nitride (GaN) position GaN‐based power devices as leading candidates for next‐generation high‐efficiency smart power conversion systems. However, GaN's multi‐component nature results in a high density of epitaxial defects, whereas the introduction of dielectric layers further contributes to severe interface states and dielectric traps. These factors collectively impair reliability, manifesting as threshold voltage instability and current collapse, which pose significant barriers to the advancement of GaN‐based electronics. Establishing the intrinsic relationship between device reliability and defects is crucial for understanding and addressing reliability degradation issue. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) offers valuable insights by revealing defect‐induced changes in electrical parameters during the capture and emission processes under varying biases, thereby elucidating the influence of defects from GaN buffer layers, AlGaN barriers, dielectric layer, and even at dielectric/(Al)GaN interfaces. This research aims to provide a foundational understanding of reliability degradation whereas further enabling enhancements in device performance from the perspectives of epitaxial growth and process preparation, ultimately striving to improve the reliability of GaN‐based devices and unlock their full potential for practical applications.
Back cover image
Authors: Li Peng , Li Fangchao , Ma Jiani , Lin Dong , Ma Jiangang , Ding Lizhi , Guo Junjun , Cao Xingzhong , Shi Junwei , Xu Haiyang , Liu Yichun
Published: December 2024

Prof. Yichun Liu et al. develop F&Al co‐doped ZnO transparent conductive films that withstand temperatures above 500 °C and are ideal for extreme optoelectronic devices.

image
Analyzing Uncertain Time Series Temperature Data for Forecasting and Streaming Using EDA‐LSTM Model
Authors: Raju Gara Jaya , Raju G. Samuel Vara Prasada
Published: December 2024

Time series data generated by IoT devices are called uncertain data, and streaming them is difficult since they have uncertain values and flow. The dataset is time series and big data since it is increasing continuously. An enormous amount of data are analyzed to predict the abnormalities in the climate or the environment. At the same time, the monitoring and generating process should be continuous because discontinuity in data generation will not provide accurate conditions. Earlier works focused on the device status detection process and intimate, where the process cannot continue where the faulty device is located. This article carries out the entire process in two phases: (i) Investigate the status of the IoT devices to replace or rectify the issues that occur in the devices and continue the same process at the exact location. (ii) Pre‐process the data using exploratory data analytics and analyze and predict the IoT‐Bigdata using a robust machine learning algorithm, Long‐Short‐Term‐Memory. The proposed machine learning algorithms are implemented in Python with environmental datasets to predict abnormalities. The experimental results help verify the algorithms' efficiency and compare them with similar methods to evaluate the performance. From the comparison, it is identified that the proposed algorithms outperform the others.
Evaluating genetic counseling session duration: A scoping review of patient care time, influencing factors, and impact on patient outcomes
Authors: Glanton Emily , Kocher Megan , Bostrom Molly , Erlandson Brady , Zierhut Heather
Published: December 2024

One key element of evaluating the quality of a genetic counseling session is the measurement of its efficiency, yet limited research exists on how the genetic counseling process relates to time and which elements contribute to improved quality of care. A scoping review was undertaken to document studies that have reported genetic counseling patient care time and provide a landscape of the average patient care time, which factors impact patient care time, and how patient care time relates to experiences and outcomes. Twenty‐five studies met criteria and were included. Patient care time was reported variably among the studies included. On average, genetic counseling patient care time was a mean of 60 min (53 min median) for observational studies and control groups in experimental studies and 44 min (41 min median) for intervention groups in experimental studies. Interventions impacting patient care time included pre‐genetic counseling education and group genetic counseling sessions. The impact of patient care time on patient experiences and outcomes was rarely evaluated, and therefore, efficiency could not often be assessed in the studies. Studies that reported on patient care time and outcomes were able to draw conclusions such as shorter time did not negatively impact patients and some groups of patients may benefit from longer sessions. Most studies did not analyze the relationship between patient care time and patient experiences or outcomes. Future research should aim to identify factors influencing patient care time, assess the content of genetic counseling sessions, and evaluate patient care time in relation to patient experiences and outcomes. Understanding these aspects could lead to improved efficiency and patient‐centered, equitable care in genetic counseling practices.