bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Culturing of the Brine Shrimp Artemia salina L. At the State University of Ghent (Belgium)
Authors: Sorgeloos P.
Published: August 2010

In the framework of research on mariculture at the Belgian Institute for Marine Scientific Research (I.Z.W.O.), the Laboratory for Biological Research in Environmental Pollution at the State University of Ghent is focusing on culturing problems of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina.
Semi‐Closed System Culture of the Northern Puffer, Sphoeroides Maculatus
Authors: Valenti Robert J.
Published: August 2010

Japanese aquaculturists have contributed greatly to the culture technology of Pacific puffer fish of the genera Fugu, which presently rank second only to the yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata) in total annual tons cultured in Japan. Culture of the Atlantic puffer fish of the genera Sphoeroides, however, has received little attention despite its high commercial value.

Adult northern puffers (Sphoeroides maculatus) were collected from local waters in the spring and summer and maintained in both open and closed sea water systems. Eggs were stripped onto glass plates and fertilization was achieved using the wet method. One hundred percent fertilization and approximately 90% hatching were obtained when specially designed incubation chambers were used. The time from fertilization to hatching was 72 hours at 24 C and the newly hatched larvae were between 1.9 and 2.4 mm in length. Yolk sac absorption required 2–3 days at 24 C, during which time feeding was not observed. The larvae were maintained in 160–liter algal bloom systems using a Chlorella sp. and were fed marine rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, as a first food. Newly hatched Artemia salina were provided 10 days post‐hatching. Thirty days posthatching the fish were given a prepared fish diet which they readily accepted and are presently being maintained.

Cannibalism was observed to occur when the fish were approximately 20 days old and did not appear to be correlated to stocking densities or size. This behavior ceased when the fish were eating the prepared fish flesh diet.
Experimental Marine Cage Culture Of Striped Bass In Northern Waters
Authors: Valenti Robert J. , Aldred John , Hebell Joseph
Published: August 2010

Striped bass fingerlings of two sizes, 1.7 and 6.0g, were stocked in the fall of 1974 into floating cages placed in a sea water lagoon off of Shelter Island, New York. Duplicate stocking densities of 100, 200, 300 and 400 fish per 1.82m3 cage were established. Low water temperature (1.0 C) occurred in January and February 1975 and resulted in heavy mortality of the caged fish. In order to prevent the complete loss they were removed and overwintered in indoor pools from February until June at which time they were restocked in the floating cages at densities of 50 and 90 fish per cage. The mean growth rates by stocking densities indicated that fastest growth occurred with 100 fish per cage.

Owing to mishaps which included escapes from the cages and mortalities, only 14% of the fingerlings stocked were harvestable as 0.25 and 0.5 Kg fish in the fall of 1975. The mean dress‐out weight of these 280 fish was 81%. Relative food conversion values were between 1.4 and 1.8:1.
The Culture Of Black Drum (Pogonias Cromis) In Cages Receiving Effluent From A Power Plant
Authors: Holt Rennie S. , Strawn Kirk
Published: August 2010

Black drum (Pogonias cromis) were cultured from 17 June 1974, until 15 May 1975, in 0.16 m3 cylindrical cages in the plant intake water and in heated effluent at stations 1, 2, and 3 located increasing distances from the inlet of the once‐through 1053 ha cooling lake of an upper Galveston Bay electric generating station. All caged drum died at the intake station by 12 November, while survival during summer and fall (17 June‐19 November, 155 days) was 97% or higher at all stations in the cooling lake. Survival during winter and spring was poor with complete mortality occurring by 11 January, 9 May and 15 May at stations 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Deaths were associated with periods of poor water quality due to heavy rainfall and resultant low salinities. Intake water was the most variable in salinity while changes were less extreme and not as sudden as the effluent moved through the lake resulting in greater survival of fish at more distance stations. During summer and fall greatest mean daily length and weight gains, recorded at station 3, were 0.60 mm/day and 0.98 g/day, respectively. Food conversion values ranged from 3.56 for drum in a cage at station 3 to 48.44 for a cage of drum at the intake. During winter and spring (20 November‐15 May, 177 days) growth continued, but mean daily length and weight gains were very small (0.07 mm/day and 0.17 g/day—station 3). The length‐weight relationship and standard length‐total length conversion equations for drum cultured in cages are: log W = ‐9.861 + 2.868 (log SL) and TL = 3.426 + 1.236 (SL).
Growth Of Clam And Oyster Larvae On Different Algal Diets In A Tropical Artificial Upwelling Mariculture System1
Authors: Sunderlin Judith B. , Baab Phyllis T. , Patry Elaine M.
Published: August 2010

Feeding studies were conducted on larvae of Tapes japonica (Deshayes), Kumamoto oysters, Ostrea edulis Linné, and Crassostrea gigas Thunberg to evaluate different species of algae and their influence on larval growth and survival. Phytoplankton used in the studies were: Isochrysis galbana, Monochrysis lutheri, Bellerochea polymorpha, Thalassiosira pseudonana, and two unknown Cryptophyte flagellates (STX‐157 and S‐1).

Larvae were obtained from spawning of adult brood stock in the controlled environment of the artificial upwelling mariculture system in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Salinity was 34.75 to 34.95 ppt and the water temperature varied between 23 and 28 C during the experiments.

Tapes japonica larvae could be successfully reared through metamorphosis on algal diets suited for growth in the tropical mariculture system on St. Croix. Mixtures of algal diets were better for growth and survival of Kumamoto larvae than unialgal diets. No significant information could be obtained from the Ostrea edulis study due to poor survival of larval cultures which may have been caused by high temperatures. Crassostrea gigas larvae grew well on a mixed diet and survival was significantly higher than that for the Kumamoto oyster larvae.
Experimental Extensive Culture Of Penaeid Shrimp In A Simulated Dredged Material Disposal Area1
Authors: Quick Joe A. , Morris Joe A.
Published: August 2010

Large amounts of soil and sediment are removed during dredging operations that dig channels, deepen harbors, and accomplish other activities necessary to maintain our navigable waters. Much of this dredged material must be disposed of in diked land disposal sites. The soft consistency of most of these sediments makes these containment areas unavailable for usual productive uses, such as agriculture, for periods of months or years.

Shrimp mariculture in seawater overlying the sediment in disposal sites was proposed as a possible use of these areas. A preliminary evaluation was made by simulating a containment area.

The bottoms of two 0.1 ha (1/4 acre) shrimp culture ponds were covered with a thick layer of freshly dredged channel sediment. Two adjacent ponds served as controls. All four ponds were fertilized and stocked with hatchery reared postlarval brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus). No supplemental food was provided. At harvest 3 months later, average survival was 75%. Shrimp in the ponds containing dredged materials grew 30% faster than controls averaging 3.95 g. each (185 count per pound). The harvest rate averaged 100 kg. (220 pounds) per acre and was 19% higher in the experimental ponds.
The Role Of The Electric Utilities Industry In Developing The Use Of Thermal Effluent In Aquaculture
Authors: Muench Kevin A.
Published: August 2010

Economic and operating returns from utilization of waste heat in thermal effluent would be important benefits to the electric utilities industry and could contribute toward easing the burden on our energy resources. Aquaculture at power plant sites is one means of achieving these benefits. Waste heat can be used to accelerate the growth rates of marketable marine animals, and thereby reduce production time and costs.

Several large public utilities have recognized the potential benefits of thermal effluent for aquaculture to such an extent that they are supporting laboratory, pilot, and commercial‐scale operations. One such project, sponsored by the Southern California Edison Company, is described. Criteria for selection of pilot and commercial‐scale aquaculture sites at generating stations, such as high temperature changes and stable effluent temperatures, water quality, and adequate space, are considered.

Research is underway on the biology and culturing requirements of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) with thermal effluent as a culturing medium. Several problems remain to be solved and are under investigation. These include brood stock management, nutrition, and the development and evaluation of culture systems suitable for commercial production. Pilot‐scale lobster aquaculture will depend on the results of this work. The pilot plant itself will be employed as a research tool, the last phase of a program to demonstrate a successful aquaculture technology involving use of thermal effluent.
Model Flow Studies Of A Rectangular Shrimp Larval Tank1
Authors: Zielinski Paul B. , Castro Walter E. , Sandifer Paul A.
Published: August 2010

Simulated food and detritus particles in ranges of #10 (0.2cm) to #30 (0.042cm) sieve sizes were used in determination of particle settlement locations for a range of flow rates in a 3.6m by 1.2m by 0.9m tank. An inflow manifold was used in which the number of inlet openings was varied. A range of flow rates from 10 to 50 tank volumes per day was used to determine the conditions for complete particle suspension. Velocity measurements were obtained and compared to particle scouring velocities.

Several conclusions were obtained as a guide to utilizing a flow scheme in rectangular larval tanks. The use of a streamlined geometry stabilizes the flow and channels deposits into compact areas. There is a correlation between the measured velocities, the scouring velocities and the locations of settled deposits. Other experimental findings are presented.
GROWTH RATES OF Pacrobrachium rosenbergii GROWN IN PONDS IN SOUTH FLORIDA1
Authors: Dobkin S. , Chwang N.L. , Van Arman P.G. , Holland D.H.
Published: August 2010

Growth rates for Macrobrachium rosenbergii raised in ponds in south Florida are discussed. Maximum growth was exhibited by a brood reared in ponds from mid‐May to the end of November, 1975 (251 days total age). At the end of this period, the 331 animals that remained averaged 13.6 cm. in length and 31.0 gms. in weight. Growth rates are presented for other broods of shrimp including one raised to an age of 452 days. The growth of shrimp raised in south Florida is compared with published growth rates of shrimp raised in Hawaii.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS OF THE FRESHWATER SHRIMP, Macrobrachium ohione1
Authors: Miyajima Lester S. , Broderick Glen A. , Reimer Rollin D.
Published: August 2010

The essential amino acids of the freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione were identified by radioactive assay using U‐14C‐glucose. Those amino acids which incorporated little or no 14C were arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. It was inferred that Macrobrachium ohione could not synthesize these amino acids and thus, has a dietary requirement for them.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN) CULTURE IN POLYNESIA: PROGRESS IN DEVELOPING A MASS INTENSIVE LARVAL REARING TECHNIQUE IN CLEAR WATER
Authors: Aquacop
Published: August 2010

To develop Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) culture in French Polynesia, a high density larval rearing method in clear water for post‐larvae mass production has been set up by the “Centre Océanologique du Pacifique“.

Based on three years of experiments, a production of 60 postlarvae per liter in 800‐liter tank was obtained. The methodology (conical bottom tank, static system with one total daily water exchange, no phytoplankton), the environmental conditions (temperature, light, color of the tank), the water quality control (chlorination, antibiotics, aeration), the larval food (quality and quantity) are given and discussed.

The model was used to build a hatchery on a pilot scale (capacity 600,000 post‐larvae every 2 month). Due to a high level of control of the system, this method could be used in any environment.
ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE LOBSTER, Homarus americanus: A REVALUATION1
Authors: Conklin D. E. , Goldblatt M. J. , Bordner C. E. , Baum N. A. , McCormick T. B.
Published: August 2010

The lack of reliable artificial rations is commonly cited as a major impediment in the development of an economically viable aquaculture industry. Research efforts leading to adequate crustacean diets have been especially slow. Recent experiments carried out at the Bodega Marine Laboratory and the University of California at Davis with lobster rations serve to illustrate the problems associated with defining nutritional requirements of crustaceans.

Data are presented relating shell erosion in juvenile lobsters to a nutritional deficiency. Results from additional experiments on lobster consumption patterns and on the leaching of water‐soluble nutrients are related to this deficiency. The total of these experiments suggests that a revaluation of the current approach to crustacean diet development will be required before further progress can be made.
IMPROVED FACILITIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE OF LOBSTERS
Authors: Conklin D. E. , Bordner C. E. , Garrett R. E. , Coffelt R. J.
Published: August 2010

Experimental culture facilities for juvenile lobsters have been improved, resulting in more uniform water quality, and greater precision of experimental results. Water‐powered rotating arms distribute freshly treated water throughout the system, and a mechanism for rapid flushing aids in maintaining water quality and removing solid waste. These systems which can be used for other benthic invertebrates now provide culture conditions close to optimum for highly controlled nutrition experiments.
MODELING CARRYING CAPACITIES FOR BIVALVE MOLLUSCS IN OPEN, SUSPENDED‐CULTURE SYSTEMS
Authors: Incze Lewis S. , Lutz Richard A. , True Ernest
Published: August 2010

Standard accounting procedures in ecological energetics would approach the carrying capacity problem by attempting to quantify gross energy needs of a cultivated population and comparing these with “available” energy (seston) flow through the culture area. Inability to distinguish between “available” and “utilizable” particles is only one of several difficulties encountered in formulating energy budgets for large‐scale cultivation in natural waters, however. A model based on maintaining critical levels of particle flow through culture areas is offered as an alternative. This approach reduces the problem to terms which are easier to obtain than those involved in equations of energy flow. Application of the model depends on a priori knowledge that seasonal patterns in seston composition and other environmental conditions are conducive to growth of the cultivated species.
THE USE OF HORSESHOE CRABS AS EEL BAIT
Authors: Bianchini Marco L. , Sorensen Peter W. , Winn Howard E.
Published: August 2010

Freshly killed male and female horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) and alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) were tested as bait for freshwater eels (Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur)) in a Rhode Island estuary. Horseshoe crabs were superior to alewives and the heads of female horseshoe crabs were superior to their tails. Male crabs produced catches between those of the female heads and tails. When divided by the weight of the bait, catch rates of all horseshoe crab baits were similar. Horseshoe crabs might be useful in the commercial culture of eels.
OPTIMAL SALINITY‐TEMPERATURE COMBINATIONS FOR THE EARLY LIFE STAGES OF GILTHEAD BREAM, Sparus auratus L.
Authors: Freddi A. , Berg L. , Bilio M.
Published: August 2010

High larval mortalities during rearing of gilthead bream, Sparus auratus L., led to experiments on the influence of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolk‐sac larvae. Test salinities ranged from 5 to 70 ppt for eggs and from 15 to 45 ppt for larvae; experimental temperatures were 18–20°C for eggs and 18, 23 and 26°C for larvae. Spawning conditions were 18–20°C and 33–35 ppt salinity; the yolk‐sac larvae were chosen from hatches obtained under similar conditions (18°C and 35 ppt salinity). For eggs the optimum survival range was found to be 30–50 ppt at 18°C and 15–60 ppt at 23°C, while that for yolk‐sac larvae was 15–25 ppt at all three temperatures. Choosing normal development (no dorsal curvature) as the decisive criterion, the optimum salinity range for egg incubation was reduced to 30–40 ppt at 18°C and to 35–45 ppt at 23°C, while that for the yolk‐sac stage remained 15–25 ppt at all test temperatures. Egg incubation was most successful at salinity‐temperature combinations close to those during spawning, whereas salinity had to be reduced by at least 10 ppt for yolk‐sac larvae.
FURTHER EXPERIENCES IN THE INTENSIVE CULTURE OF SEABREAM (Sparus aurata L.)
Authors: Mazzola Antonio , Rallo Baldassare
Published: August 2010

This study considered the possibility of intensive culture methods for seabream (Sparus aurata L.). The methods and systems used are pointed out, with particular emphasis on hygienic conditions and daily water needs of production ponds. In this paper are descriptions of the diets followed, the feeding composition (percentage), and the quantities (percentage of body weight) distributed during the different growth periods. The final survival percentage and the increasing weight and total length of seabream juveniles are reported. These results may be considered quite satisfactory, especially in regard to the final feed conversion.
POLYCULTURE OF THE FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) WITH TWO COMBINATIONS OF CARPS IN MANURED PONDS
Authors: Buck Homer , Malecha S. R. , Baur R. J.
Published: August 2010

A study was conducted to 1) evaluate the compatibility of prawns (Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii) with carps, especially the effect of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio); and 2) measure the ability of prawns to utilize the foods available in manured systems. Carps used were the silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Four ponds (0.09 to 0.17 ha) were stocked with silver, bighead and grass carps while common carp were stocked in only two ponds. Total fish densities were 8,600/ha where four carps were stocked, but only 6,200/ha when common carp were omitted. Post‐larval prawns (wt 0.116 g) were stocked at densities of 17/m2. Swine (approximately 60/ha of pond surface area) were housed on pond dikes so that fresh manure continuously entered each pond. Two lots of swine were fattened during the experimental period and loadings of swine manure were calculated based on hog size and feed consumption.

Growth periods were 163 days for fish and 107 and 121 days for separate stockings of prawns. Gains in biomass by prawns averaged 714 kg/ha in ponds without common carp and 364 kg/ha in ponds containing common carp. Gains in biomass for both fish and prawns were 3,619 kg/ha (19.8 kg/ha/day) in ponds with common carp and 2,924 kg/ha (18.0 kg/ha/day) in those without common carp. Prawn survival was higher (X = 84.5% vs X = 72.5%), but final average weight of prawns was lower (2.64 vs 5.86 g) in the presence of common carp due to competition for food between common carp and prawns. Competition from carp is believed to have exerted less influence on prawn survival than predation on small prawns by larger, faster‐growing prawns.
ACUTE TOXICITY OF PROPANIL, ORDRAM AND FURADAN TO CRAWFISH (Procambarus clarkii) WHEN CHEMICALS WERE COMBINED AND USED ALONE1
Authors: Ekanem S. B. , Avault James W. , Graves Jerry B. , Morris H.
Published: August 2010

In laboratory studies, acute toxicity tests (96‐hour) showed strong main effect on crawfish when Propanil, Ordram, and Furadan were combined; this combination was the most toxic treatment to crawfish. Furthermore, a strong interaction among the three suggests a non‐additive response. Ordram alone was the least toxic pesticide. Additive effect was observed when Furadan was combined with Ordram or Propanil, but antagonism was detected in the combination of Propanil with Ordram. Concentrations higher than the recommended rate for use at normal conditions had a significant (P<0.05) lethal effect on crawfish. Soil moderated the toxicity of some pesticides and their combinations.
EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN MONOCULTURE AND IN POLYCULTURE WITH Tilapia aurea
Authors: Rouse D. B. , Stickney R. R.
Published: August 2010

The feasibility of polyculturing Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Tilapia aurea was examined in 500 m2 earthen ponds in central Texas. Monoculture of each species was also undertaken to provide comparative data. Water quality was monitored to determine its influences on survival, growth and production of the culture species.

Production of freshwater shrimp in ponds in central Texas was similar to that obtained in other temperate regions of the United States where similar stocking densities, feeding and initial sizes have been employed. At a density of 9 shrimp per m2, average production was 1120 kg/ha. Polyculture increased total production above that obtained from shrimp alone. At stocking rates of 9 shrimp and one fish per m2, total production reached 2240 kg/ha. Combining fish with shrimp resulted in a recognizable but non‐significant reduction in shrimp growth and survival. Competition for food appeared to be the primary interaction between the two species. Increased stocking density increased production and reduced average size.

Partial budget analysis indicated that shrimp‐tilapia polyculture had a higher net return than shrimp monoculture.
CORN SILAGE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT FOR GROW‐OUT OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN PONDS
Authors: Moore Lori Barck , Stanley Richard W.
Published: August 2010

Feeding trials were conducted with Macrobrachium rosenbergii to evaluate corn silage as a nutrient source for prawns in the pond environment. Cages were placed in a commercial pond and stocked with juvenile prawns at a density of 10 animals/m2. Cage bottoms were buried in the pond mud, allowing animals access to the detrital layer. Diets of commercial prawn pellet, corn silage, and a 50:50 pellet and silage mix were fed at rates of 2.5% and 5% (dry weight basis) biomass per day. Control cages received no applied feed. Diets were isocaloric and growth was measured as weight gain. During the 10‐week trials, animals receiving the commercial pellet and the 50:50 diet grew similarly at the 5% feeding rate but not when fed at 2.5%. Positive contribution of silage in the 50:50 diet fed at 5% is suggested By the facts that when fed at 2.5%, pellet alone was insufficient to promote growth equal to that on pellet fed at 5%, and silage alone produced more growth than non‐fed controls. Survival in cages averaged 95% for the fed treatments (90–100%), 89% for the non‐fed controls (88–90%). Data suggest that high fiber feeds such as corn silage can play a role in supporting the pond production of prawns and that the cage technique can be a useful tool in assessing prawn feeds in a pond environment.
CONTROL OF DISEASES IN THE CULTURED POPULATION OF PENAEID SHRIMP, Penaeus semisulcatus (de HAAN)
Authors: Tareen Inam U.
Published: August 2010

Investigation was carried out on the diseases of cultured Penaeus semisulcatus at various stages of their life cycle. Major diseases were bacterial necrosis, Vibrio infection, infestation by filamentous bacteria, shell disease, fungal infections (Lagenidium sp. and Fusarium sp.) and protozoan infection. Various antibacterial antifungal and parasiticides were examined to establish effective methods for disease control. Most disease episodes were associated with poor water quality following failure in water supply.
EVALUATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL DIETS FOR POND CULTURE OF GULF KILLIFISH (Fundulus grandis) FOR THE LIVE BAIT INDUSTRY
Authors: Waas Benita P. , Strawn Kirk
Published: August 2010

Juvenile Fundulus grandis averaging 0.5 g/fish were stocked into 8 0.1 ha brackish water earthen ponds at 200,000/ha. Growth was monitored over a 70‐day period (from June 9 to August 18, 1980) and fish were offered at 5% body weight per day either commercial trout feed (40% protein), commercial minnow meal (33% protein) or a 1:1 mixture of cottonseed meal and wheat shorts (32% protein). There was no significant difference in growth rates between fish fed the low cost 1:1 mix and the more expensive trout feed, but growth of fish fed minnow feed was significantly lower. Production averaged 565, 554, and 497 kg/ha for the 1:1 mix, trout feed and minnow feed, respectively, with corresponding food conversion ratios of 1.8, 1.86 and 2.07. Survival ranged from 80 to 92% and 88% of all the fish reached ideal marketable size (62.5 ± 7.5 mm TL) while 99% were distributed within a range of 50–75 mm. This species is sold by the dozen and high survival plus relatively low food cost for those offered minnow meal resulted in the highest return above feed costs.
USE OF REHYDRATABLE EXTRUDED PELLETS AND ATTRACTIVE SUBSTANCES FOR THE WEANING OF SOLE (Solea vulgaris)
Authors: Roa M. Cadena , Huelvan C. , Le Borgne Y. , Métailler R.
Published: August 2010

Weaning of juveniles from living prey to non‐living diets is a critical period in the rearing of sole. The lack of food intake in many juveniles results in high mortalities. The use of attractive substances seems to be a solution to this problem. Rehydratable extruded pellets can be used as wet crumbles. They are soft, palatable, resistant to leaching and they can be sized to juvenile requirements. Furthermore, an attractive substance can be added to these crumbles. During a 45‐day experiment, extruded crumbles mixed before use with water, oils and vitamins only were compared with crumbles mixed also with the following additives: ground molluscs, ground Artemia, ground polychaetes, mixture of glycine, L‐alanine, L‐glutamic acid, L‐arginine, betaine and inosine. As a result the crumbles absorb the substances they were mixed with. Supplementation with ground molluscs, Artemia or polychaetes did not result in better growth (specific growth rate, 1.5 to 3.0% per day) and survival (10 to 17%) than the control (0.9% and 9%, respectively), whereas the mixture of chemical substances greatly enhanced those parameters (4% per day and 66%, respectively).
MARICULTURE POTENTIAL OF SHALLOW‐WATER BAHAMIAN BIVALVES
Authors: Berg Carl J. , Alatalo Philip
Published: August 2010

A survey of shallow‐water bivalves of the Bahamas has revealed numerous under‐utilized species. This study investigates the general ecology and mariculture potential of two large species, Asaphis deflorata and Codakia orbicularis.

Population studies indicate patchy but often dense (28/.25 m2) assemblages of C. orbicularis in muddy intertidal creeks and turtle grass beds. A. deflorata is found in concentrations up to 64/.25 m2, usually in sandy gravel.

Linear relationships of shell dimensions are correlated with total wet weight for both species over a range of shell sizes. Measurements of shell weight, meat plus liquor, and dry meat are related to shell length and total wet weight for C. orbicularis. Compositional analysis of C. orbicularis shows meats high in protein, carbohydrate, and calories, but very low in cholesterol.

C. orbicularis exhibits peaks of gonad ripeness in spring and late fall, with a large percentage of the population remaining ripe throughout the summer. Maximum periods of gonad ripeness occur in July for A. deflorata. Adults of both species were induced to spawn in the laboratory and these larvae reared through metamorphosis.

Deposit‐feeding bivalve clams are suggested as mariculture candidates due to the lack of phytoplankton biomass in Bahamian coastal waters. The discovery of clams having potential for chemoautotrophic nutrition through a relationship with procaryotic cells within the gill tissue introduces exciting possibilities for mariculture.
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN C AND SODIUM BENZOATE ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND SKELETAL DEFORMITIES OF INTENSIVELY CULTURED BULLFROG LARVAE Rana catesbeiana REARED AT TWO pH LEVELS
Authors: Leibovitz Henry E. , Culley Dudley D. , Geaghan James P.
Published: August 2010

Previous experiments indicated nutritional deficiencies in the artificial diet of Rana catesbeiana larvae were responsible for up to 95% severe skeletal deformities in laboratory reared larvae. Radiographs showed the skeletal deformities occur in the calcified and cartilagenous skeletal structure. In this study three aspects of the larval diet and its preparation were modified and tested in feeding experiments at pH 6.5 to 6.9 and 7.5 to 8.3. Diets containing from 2% to 8% vitamin C were associated with a reduced incidence of scoliosis at both pH ranges, with greater reduction occurring at the high pH. Survival and growth were greater at the lower pH for larvae fed vitamin C supplemented diets. Lowering the temperature of the food mix to 40°C before adding vitamins to the diet did not reduce the occurrence of deformities. Oxytetracycline and sulfathiazole were replaced by sodium benzoate as a food preservative. There was no difference in survival, growth, or skeletal deformities in the larvae.
A PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STOCKING STRATEGIES FOR PENAEID SHRIMP CULTURE
Authors: Pardy Christopher R. , Griffin Wade L. , Johns Michael A. , Lawrence Addison L.
Published: August 2010

This analysis utilized primary data obtained from Texas A&M University Mariculture Research stations to estimate density dependent growth equations for two species of penaeid shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris and P. vannamei. A simulation model was developed based on these equations, in order to evaluate the effect of alternate stocking densities and cropping schemes on individual weight, total product, gross revenue, total feed consumption, cost of feed and postlarvae, as well as revenue above selected costs (RASC). For each species, an analysis over the growing season of those management schemes yielding the greatest RASC was presented. In addition, the growth equation was re‐estimated based on modified data in order to evaluate sensitivity on RASC. The effect of a 30‐day reduction in the growing season on RASC was also analyzed.

P. stylirostris growth was more sensitive to stocking density than that of P. vannamei. For P. stylirostris, maximum RASC was obtained by stocking 98,800 individuals/ha. A slightly lower density of 86,450/ha resulted in a negligible decrease in RASC, but may be preferable due to decreased risk. For P. vannamei, a density of 135,850 shrimp/ha yielded maximum RASC. For both species, production of one crop per year was found to maximize RASC.
VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF Aeromonas salmonicida
Authors: Trust Trevor J. , Ishiguro Edward E. , Chart Henrik , Kay William W.
Published: August 2010

Aeromonas salmonicida is an important fish pathogen whose virulence is beginning to be understood at the molecular level. The primary virulence property of this organism is a surface protein array (A‐layer) of tetragonal symmetry. Biochemical and immunochemical analysis of this structure and its isolated A‐protein monomer have shown that this virulence property is highly conserved. The surface protein array protects A. salmonicida from the fishes' defense mechanisms and so gives the organism a pathogenic advantage. This advantage is further enhanced by the ability of A. salmonicida to sequester ferric iron from the high affinity iron chelators lactoferrin and transferrin. This allows the pathogen to grow under the iron‐limiting growth conditions normally found in fish tissues, and clearly is another important virulence attribute.
INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE‐AGRICULTURE FARMING SYSTEMS: SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Authors: Shang Yung C. , Costa‐Pierce Barry A.
Published: August 2010

The benefits of integrated aquaculture‐agriculture farming systems are reviewed from an economic point of view, particularly with respect to reduction in cost of production, improvement in efficiency of resource utilization and increase in profit of operation. Bio‐economic factors affecting the profitability of integrated farming are discussed. This paper recommends the development of a system analysis which can integrate all of the important elements and assist the producer in locating the optimal course of action.
MARKETING AND ECONOMICS IN RELATION TO U.S. BIVALVE AQUACULTURE
Authors: Glude John B.
Published: August 2010

The U.S. market for seafoods generally is large and expanding. Prices for seafoods are increasing more rapidly than for meat and poultry. The U.S. market for bivalve molluscs varies among species. The U.S. consumes over 50% of the world's oysters but consumption is not increasing. In contrast, the markets for clams, scallops and mussels are expanding rapidly. Recommended actions for expanding the market for oysters include organization, advertising, standardization of the products, diversification of product form and reducing the cost of production, processing and marketing.
THE APPLICATION OF PROCESS KINETICS FOR PREDICTING OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUS BRINE SHRIMP CULTURES
Authors: Brune D. E. , Anderson T. H.
Published: August 2010

Large‐scale algal culture remains an attractive concept primarily because of the enormous potential productivity that such systems offer. However, the problem of harvesting microalgae remains a major obstacle. This paper examines the usefulness of using brine shrimp culture as a technique for harvesting microalgae and converting to protein and lipid. Specifically a mathematical model which describes brine shrimp growth and conversion efficiency is presented. The usefulness of this model is illustrated by solving for the required brine shrimp biomass needed for conversion of a constant rate of production of single‐celled marine diatoms. The model is further used to demonstrate that the most useful design of such a conversion system is that of a two‐stage system in which the first stage consists of a reactor, or reactors, of young animals operating at low algal cell removal efficiencies followed by a number of reactors of increasing age groups operating in parallel flow arrangement. This arrangement permits a high overall rate of continuous cell removal.
EFFECT OF DIETARY LINOLEIC ACID LEVEL ON GROWTH, FOOD CONVERSION AND SURVIVAL OF CHANNEL CATFISH
Authors: Stickney Robert R. , McGeachin Robert B. , Robinson Edwin H.
Published: August 2010

Semipurified diets containing 2.0 to 2.5% highly purified linoleic acid as the only dietary lipid produced similar growth responses in channel catfish fingerlings fed experimental diets for 14 weeks. Poorest growth was demonstrated by fish on a fat‐free diet and a diet which contained 4.0% linoleic acid, but growth on those diets was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that obtained on diets containing 3.0 or 3.5% linoleic acid. Best food conversion (1.9 g of feed offered/g of weight gain) was associated with the diet containing 2.5% linoleic acid and poorest (2.6) occurred in fish which received 4.0% linoleic acid. Survival was highest (100%) in fish fed 2.0% linoleic acid and decreased linearly with increasing dietary linoleic acid level. The results of this study support the theory that poor growth of channel catfish on diets high in vegetable oils cannot be solely attributed to high levels of dietary linoleic acid.
A COMPARISON OF SEASONAL INCIDENCE AND INTENSITY OF Perkinsus marinus BETWEEN SUBTIDAL AND INTERTIDAL OYSTER POPULATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Burrell V. G. , Bobo M. Y. , Manzi J. J.
Published: August 2010

Seasonal occurrence and intensity of Perkinsus marinus was determined for subtidal and intertidal oysters, Crassostrea virginica, from two areas with different salinity regimes in South Carolina. Relationships between salinity, temperature and gonadal stage to this pathogen were not evident. Historical mortality data from the two study sites were compared and success of intertidal oysters could not be correlated with low incidence or intensity of P. marinus.
A COMPARISON OF MARKET CHANNELS FOR COMMERCIALLY‐CAUGHT CATFISH AND CULTURED CATFISH IN ALABAMA'S LOWER TOMBIGBEE RIVER BASIN
Authors: Sullivan Gregory , Hunt David
Published: August 2010

The domestic cultured catfish market, which in 1982 absorbed about one million live weight pounds, evolved from a market originally supplied solely by wild catfish caught mainly by commercial fishermen on lakes and rivers of the southeastern United States. Price and volume reports generated by the catfish processing industry largely omit wild catfish supplies, which have exceeded cultured supplies by as much as 100% as recently as 1976. Likewise, little is known about the marketing channels through which wild and cultured catfish move to their respective retail users. Current marketing channels for wild‐caught catfish were traced in a 1981 year‐long survey of commercial fisheries along the lower Tombigbee River and the Mobile Delta. Those market channels for pond‐cultured catfish were analyzed in a 1983 study of two major processors in West Alabama.

Catfish supplied by the two sources, wild and cultured, were found to move to retail users along different, and almost mutually exclusive, marketing channels. Wild catfish caught by commercial fishermen in the lower Tombigbee River were sold largely through commercial sales (86%). The main market channel for these commercial sales of wild‐caught fish was sales to private families (40%), according to fishermen responding. Cultured catfish were mainly sold by their producers to processors (approximately 100%), who converted fish in the round into several types of products. These value‐added products were then marketed mainly through wholesale channels to supermarkets (15%), wholesale distributors (67%), and hotels/restaurants/institutions (18%).
PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF STRIPED BASS (Morone saxatilis) AND F1, F2 HYBRIDS (M. saxatilis AND M. chrysops) REARED IN INTENSIVE TANK SYSTEMS1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Jenkins Wallace E. , Snevel James F.
Published: August 2010

The aquaculture characteristics of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and its white bass (M. chrysops) hybrids were compared in two intensive tank culture studies which utilized recirculated brackish water. In the first study, striped bass and F1 hybrids (original cross) exhibited similar growth and survival rates even though the F1 hybrids were stocked at a density (65 fish/m3) 93% greater than the striped bass. By day 219, striped bass had grown from 30 g to 593 g while F1 hybrid bass grew from 47 g to 636 g. Standing crops at this time were 15.6 k9/m3, and survival was 74.6% and 78.4% for the striped bass and F1 hybrid bass, respectively. By day 302, F1 hybrid bass had grown to 835 g and standing crop was 43.1 kg/m3.

The second study demnstrated that F1 hybrid bass (reciprocal cross) grew more rapidly than either striped bass or F2 hybrid bass (F1 original x F1 original) when reared at the same density (31 fish/m3). Further, survival of the F1 hybrid bass was 100% at conclusion of this 287‐day study in spite of intensive sampling every 21 days. Individual growth variation was substantial among the F2 hybrid bass and size frequency distribution at harvest was broad and non‐modal. In contrast, striped bass and F1 hybrid bass exhibited more uniform growth and size frequency distributions at harvest approximated normal distributions. At completion of this study mean sizes of the F1, F2 hybrid bass, and striped bass were 506.6, 346.7 and 289.3 9, respectively.

In summary, F1 hybrid (M. saxatilis and M. chrysops) bass possess a number of desirable characteristics which should make them attractive for aquaculture development.
ON THE LARVAL REARING OF THE WHITE‐SPOTTED GREEN GROUPER, Epinephelus amblycephalus (BLEEKER), WITH A DESCRIPTION OF LARVAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Tseng Wen‐young , Chan Kim‐fai
Published: August 2010

The white‐spotted green grouper, Epinenephelus amblycephalus (Bleeker), a popular and cmercially important marine food fish in Hong Kong, has been used for intensive cage culture in coastal water for many years. The major constraints to its large‐scale development are, however, the shortage and uncertain supply of fingerlings from the wild. Research efforts have therefore been directed at producing large supplies of fingerlings, either for culture to marketable size or for restocking.

Larvae of E. amblycephalus were reared through metamorphosis in 1000‐liter rectangular tanks covered with a large translucent roof. The newly hatched larvae measured 2.0 mm in total length and possessed a large yolk sac. Effects of temperature and salinity on the yolk sac larvae were examined in laboratory experiments. Recommended temperature and salinity for rearing of the early larvae are 24°C and 25–32 Ppt. In the laboratory larvae were fed fertilized oyster eggs, rotifers, Artemia nauplii, copepods and shrimp meat. The developnent stages from hatching through metamorphosis are described. Three mortality peaks were observed during the experiment. The highest larval survival rate through metamorphosis (i.e., 40 days) after hatching was 25%.
HISTOLOGY OF SELECT ORGANS OF THE CRAWFISH Procambarus clarkii MAINTAINED AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND LEVELS OF CALCIUM AND AMMONIA1,2
Authors: Lee B. J. , Sis R. F. , Lewis D. H. , Marks J. E.
Published: August 2010

Histologic changes were observed in shell, hepatopancreas, gut and gill tissues of crawfish Procambarus clarkii maintained in aquaria containing various levels of dissolved calcium (16, 86, 192 and 300 ppm), temperature (15, 21 and 27°C) and ammonia (<0.5 and 1.00 ppm, at each of the three temperatures). The principal changes observed among all treatment groups included: melanized necrosis of the shell, of the cuticular lining of the foregut, hindgut and gill, and in the parenchymal tissues of the hepatopancreas, gill and hindgut. An inflamnatory response characterized by infiltration of hemocytes, fibrocytes and collagen‐like material accompanied necrosis in the hepatopancreas. In addition, eosino‐philic granular hemocytes were seen in the hepatopancreas, the foregut wall and in the gill. A globular, deeply basophilic material was observed in the subcutis of the hindgut.
COMPARISONS OF FOUR TECHNIQUES FOR PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) NURSERY REARING1
Authors: Mulla M. A. , Rouse D. B.
Published: August 2010

Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) postlarvae (average weight 0.04 g) were stocked at 40/m2 into circular plastic nursery pools with a surface area of 7.3 m2 and water depth of 0.5 m. The use of fertilizers in place of feeds, pre‐treatment of fertilized pools with trichlorfon to reduce predacious insects and/or competitors and the use of additional substrate were evaluated for prawn nursery rearing. After a 35‐day nursery period, average survival and weight in fertilized pools with additional substrate were 65% and 0.301 g, in fertilized pools with additional substrate and pre‐treated with trichlorfon 66% and 0.231 g, in pools receiving feed with additional substrate 74% and 0.352 g, and in pools receiving feed but having no additional substrate 83% and 0.305 g. There were significant differences in survival and growth between the treatments. The results of this study suggest prawn growth and survival were improved with feeds, while improvements from a trichlorfon pretreatment or additional substrate were not substantial.
RETROGRADE DISEASES OF FOULED CULTURED JUVENILE HARD CLAMS (Mercenaria mercenaria)
Authors: Leibvitz Louis
Published: August 2010

Reported diseases of juvenile clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) are reviewed. A summary of disease problems experienced by hard clam hatcheries and seed purchasers of juvenile clams during a ten‐year period is presented. These include poor growth, poor seed quality and poor survival due to both chronic and acute mortalities. External fouling of juvenile cultured clams by bacteria, protozoans (including algae), molds, sponges, entoprocts, ectoprocts and others, are sometimes detected by microscopic examination of the external surface of the juvenile; however, the effects of external fouling and undetected diseases of the internal organs are not apparent on gross or microscopic examination of the entire juvenile clam. Histological studies are required to evaluate the health and presence of disease, including retrograde changes and atrophy of internal organs of the juvenile during culture. Suggestions for health evaluation of the cultured juvenile clam in order to increase productivity for hatcheries, and to assure quality control for clam seed purchasers, is presented.
Production Characteristics of Striped Bass × White Bass and Striped Bass × Yellow Bass Hybrids
Authors: Wolters William R. , DeMay Richard
Published: August 2010

The potential for commercial culture of hybrid striped bass is promising in many areas of the United States. While several different striped bass hybrids are candidates for culture, differential performance has not been thoroughly evaluated. Comparative performance of two striped bass hybrids was evaluated in six, 757–1, fiberglass tanks receiving a continuous flow of ambient pond water for 397 d. Three replicate tanks were stocked with 50 fingerlings (66 fish/m3) of either striped bass female × white bass male (mean weight 23 g) or striped bass female × yellow bass male hybrids. Fish were fed a 35% protein ration throughout the study, and weight was recorded for all fish at stocking and at 21‐d intervals. White bass hybrids grew significantly faster (0.94 g/d) than yellow bass hybrids (0.59 g/d). Survival to harvest averaged 65% and 44% for yellow bass and white bass hybrids, respectively. A significant difference from the expected 1:1 sex ratio occurred for yellow bass hybrids (100% female), but not for white bass hybrids (56% female). Mean condition factor, 1.63 and 1.39, and fillet percentage, 30.7% and 28.4%, was significantly higher for white bass hybrids compared to yellow bass hybrids.
Production of Sunfish Lepomis spp. in Ponds Treated with Controlled‐Release Fertilizers
Authors: Kastner Richard J. , Boyd Claude E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.– Controlled‐release fertilizer in pond water released nutrients according to the pattern reported for exposure in soil. A single application of controlled‐release fertilizer (13% N, 13% P2O5, 13% K2O) was compared with multiple applications of conventional, liquid fertilizer (10% N, 34% P2O5, 0% K2O) for augmenting sunfish production in ponds. Liquid fertilizer was used at an annual phosphorus input rate of 39.3 kg/ha; controlled‐release fertilizer was applied at 19.7, 9.8, and 4.9 kg phosphorus/ha per yr. Phytoplankton abundance inferred from chlorophyll u and Secchi disk visibility estimates and phytoplankton photosynthesis measured by the oxygen, light‐dark bottle method were similar in ponds treated with liquid fertilizer and in ponds that received controlled‐release fertilizers at the two highest rates. Net sunfish production did not differ among ponds treated with 39.3 kg phosphorus/ha in liquid fertilizer or 19.7 and 9.8 kg phosphorus/ha applied in controlled‐release fertilizer. Controlled‐release fertilizer used in this study contained more nitrogen and potassium than needed, but a custom, controlled‐release fertilizer with the proper ratio of nutrients can be made. This fertilizer would have the advantage of requiring only a single application at the beginning of the growing season, and amounts of soluble reactive phosphorus in outflow from ponds could be reduced by using controlled‐release fertilizers.