bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Development of New Methods in Organic Synthesis and Their Applications to the Synthesis of Biologically Interesting Natural Products
Authors: Hamada Yasumasa
Published: May 2012

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Alkyne Addition to Aldehydes Catalyzed by BINOL and Its Derivatives
Authors: Turlington Mark , Pu Lin
Published: May 2012

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl Mediated CO Gas‐Free Carbonylative Reactions
Authors: Odell Luke R. , Russo Francesco , Larhed Mats
Published: May 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of Diaziridines and Their Fused Analogues Induced by Electrophilic Reagents
Authors: Makhova N. N. , Shevtsov A. V. , Petukhova V. Yu.
Published: May 2012

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Michael and Friedel—Crafts Reactions in Enantioselective Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Maltsev O. V. , Beletskaya I. P. , Zlotin S. G.
Published: May 2012

Review: 433 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Anzinylarylethenes: Synthesis and Photophysical and Photochemical Properties
Authors: Lipunova G. N. , Nosova E. V. , Trashakhova T. V. , Charushin V. N.
Published: May 2012

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene Oxide and Its Reduction: Modeling and Experimental Progress
Authors: Mao Shun , Pu Haihui , Chen Junhong
Published: May 2012

Review: 209 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Diaryl(oxy)methyl Group: More than an Innocent Bystander in Chiral Auxiliaries, Catalyst, and Dopants.
Authors: Braun Manfred
Published: May 2012

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Utilizing Yoctowells for Investigations in Nanospace
Authors: Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Langford Steven J.
Published: May 2012

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: How Do the Fine Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Related Industries Approach Green Chemistry and Sustainability?
Authors: Watson William J. W.
Published: May 2012

Review: 12 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Contrast and Synergy Between Electrocatalysis and Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Wieckowski Andrzej , Neurock Matthew
Published: May 2012

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopic Analysis of Immobilized Redox Enzymes under Direct Electrochemical Control
Authors: Ash Philip A. , Vincent Kylie A.
Published: May 2012

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Colorimetric Metal Ion Sensors
Authors: Kaur Navneet , Kumar Subodh
Published: May 2012

Review: 234 refs.
Membrane Technology in Bioprocess Science
Authors: Fröhlich Holger , Villian Louis , Melzner Dieter , Strube Jochen
Published: May 2012

Membrane technology plays more and more a crucial role in the purification of biotechnological products. Integration of membrane based unit operations becomes a trend for ongoing process designs. By this, in addition to the well‐established membrane unit operations like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, new membranes, modules and systems were developed in the last years. Herein, the efforts in the area of membrane chromatography should be mentioned as a major research topic. This paper focuses on the state of the art in membrane technology, especially in the field of biotechnology, and on innovative developments in the field of membrane chromatography as well as on process design methods, which are necessary to fulfill the challenges for competitive technologies for the future. To minimize the risk that is inherent in the design of any new process, it is essential to use unit operation models that describe the process behavior accurately. Modeling efforts, which were originally developed for other membrane unit operations, show a great potential for the adaption to new developed membrane technologies.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of HIV‐1 Virion Infectivity Factor (Vif) Inhibitors that Block Viral Replication
Authors: Ali Akbar , Wang Jinhua , Nathans Robin S. , Cao Hong , Sharova Natalia , Stevenson Mario , Rana Tariq M.
Published: May 2012

The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) virion infectivity factor (Vif) protein, essential for in vivo viral replication, protects the virus from innate antiviral cellular factor apolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing, enzyme‐catalytic, polypeptide‐like 3G (APOBEC3G; A3G) and is an attractive target for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. We have evaluated the structure–activity relationships of N‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐((4‐nitrophenyl)thio)benzamide (RN‐18), a small molecule recently identified as an inhibitor of Vif function that blocks viral replication only in nonpermissive cells expressing A3G, by inhibiting Vif–A3G interactions. Microwave‐assisted cross‐coupling reactions were developed to prepare a series of RN18 analogues with diverse linkages and substitutions on the phenyl rings. A dual cell‐based assay system was used to assess antiviral activity against wild‐type HIV‐1 in both nonpermissive (H9) and permissive (MT4) cells that also allowed evaluation of specificity. In general, variations of phenyl substitutions were detrimental to antiviral potency and specificity, but isosteric replacements of amide and ether linkages were relatively well tolerated. These structure–activity relationship data define structural requirements for Vif‐specific activity, identify new compounds with improved antiviral potency and specificity, and provide leads for further exploration to develop new antiviral therapeutics.
Fabrication of High Energy‐Density Hybrid Supercapacitors Using Electrospun V2O5 Nanofibers with a Self‐Supported Carbon Nanotube Network
Authors: Aravindan Vanchiappan , Cheah Yan Ling , Mak Wai Fatt , Wee Grace , Chowdari Bobba V. R. , Madhavi Srinivasan
Published: May 2012

A simple electrospinning technique is employed for the preparation of high‐performance V2O5 nanofibers. The fibers thus prepared are subjected to heat treatment under the optimized conditions at 400 °C in air to achieve a single phase. The powder X‐ray diffraction pattern confirms the formation of an orthorhombic structure with Pmmn space group. Morphological studies conducted by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), clearly reveal the presence of a highly interconnected network of fibers with the diameter ranging from approximately 500–800 nm. After the heat treatment, translation of smooth fibrous morphology into porous fibers with embedded nanocrystals of V2O5 is noticed from the SEM measurements. The sintered V2O5 nanofibers are used to fabricate a hybrid electrochemical capacitor (HEC) and it is coupled with a substrate‐free single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) network (called “Bucky paper”) in a conventional organic electrolyte solution. Supercapacitive behavior of HEC is studied in both potentiostatic and galvanostatic modes at room temperature. The HEC demonstrated very stable and excellent cycling behavior during 3500 cycles of galvanostatic charge and discharge tests. This hybrid system is also well established during the rate capability studies from the applied current density of 30 to 210 mA g−1 and delivered maximum energy and power densities of 18 Wh kg−1 and 315 W kg−1, respectively.
Effects of glucocorticoids and exercise on pancreatic β‐cell function and diabetes development
Authors: Beaudry Jacqueline L. , Riddell Michael C.
Published: May 2012

Peripheral insulin resistance and pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction are hallmark characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several contributing factors have been proposed to promote these two defects in individuals with T2DM, including physical inactivity and chronic exposure to various psychosocial factors that increase the body's exposure to glucocorticoids, the main stress hormones in humans. Initially, β‐cells have been shown to adapt to these stimuli, a phenomenon known as β‐cell ‘compensation’. However, long‐term exposure to these physiologic and psychological stressors induces islet failure. Interestingly, glucocorticoids stimulate β‐cell mass growth in parallel with promoting severe insulin resistance, the former being an important adaptive response to the latter. The direct relationship between glucocorticoids and β‐cell dysfunction remains a controversial area of research. Elevations in circulating and/or tissue specific glucocorticoids have been associated with the development of obesity and T2DM in human and rodent models; however, the progression from insulin resistance to overt T2DM is highly disputed with respect to the in vivo and in vitro effects of glucocorticoids. Paradoxically, both intermittent physical stress and regular exercise alleviate insulin resistance and help to preserve β‐cell mass, potentially by lowering glucocorticoid levels. Recent studies have begun to examine the mechanisms of intermittent and chronic glucocorticoid exposure and regular exercise in altering β‐cell function. This review highlights recent discoveries on the physiological regulation of β‐cells and diabetes development in conditions of elevated glucocorticoids, regular exercise and intermittent stress. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on ‘Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis)’
Authors: Shakib Julie H.
Published: May 2012

This is a commentary of Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Altunaiji SM, Kukuruzovic RH, Curtis NC, Massie J. Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004404. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004404.pub3.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Antidepressants for the treatment of abdominal pain‐related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents’
Authors: Schurman Jennifer Verrill , Friesen Craig A.
Published: May 2012

This is a commentary of Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Kaminski A, Kamper A, Thaler K, Chapman A, Gartlehner G. Antidepressants for the treatment of abdominal pain‐related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD008013. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008013.pub2

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Influence of Structure and Organic‐Inorganic Phase Interactions on Coating Mechanical Properties in the Ternary Goethite:Poly(HEMA):Silica System
Authors: Chemin Nicolas , Rozes Laurence , Chanéac Corinne , Cassaignon Sophie , Le Bourhis Eric , Jolivet Jean‐Pierre , Barthel Etienne , Sanchez Clément
Published: May 2012

The trapping of nanoparticles inside a hybrid matrix is of great importance for the design of flexible devices with good mechanical properties and for the manipulation of nanoparticles whilst avoiding the use of nanopowders. In this work, transparent coloured coatings on glass were prepared by incorporating Goethite nanorods in a silica:PHEMA [poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)] hybrid matrix. Results show that incorporation of Goethite with a volume content higher than 27 % leads to the formation of a porous structure through a phase separation mechanism which induces a dramatic collapse of the mechanical properties. When the Goethite volume content is below 16 %, the mechanical properties of the coating are governed by the interactions between organic and inorganic domains. Goethite interacts preferentially with the silica network through the formation of hydrogen bonds and no direct interactions with PHEMA were observed. In the absence of strong covalent bonds between the silica:PHEMA hybrid and the nanoparticles, Goethite nanorods do not provide any mechanical strengthening. As a result, interpenetration between silica and PHEMA networks enables fine tuning of the final mechanical properties with the coating silica content.
Weak Intermolecular Anion–π Interactions in Pentafluorobenzyl‐Substituted Ammonium Betaines
Authors: Giese Michael , Albrecht Markus , Wiemer Katharina , Kubik Grzegorz , Valkonen Arto , Rissanen Kari
Published: May 2012

A series of ammonium–carboxylate and ammonium–sulfonate betaines was synthesized and studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis to investigate the weak intermolecular interactions as well as the intramolecular interactions in the solid state. None of the expected intramolecular anion–π interactions could be observed, probably because of the steric demands and the reduced nucleophilicity of the anionic part of the betaines. Nevertheless, a weak intermolecular anion–π interaction between the anionic part of the betaine and the pentafluorophenyl unit is present in the structure of 5a.
Complexation of Palladium(II) with Unsaturated Dithioethers – A Systematic Development of Highly Selective Ligands for Solvent Extraction (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 14/2012)
Authors: Traeger Juliane , Klamroth Tillmann , Kelling Alexandra , Lubahn Susanne , Cleve Ernst , Mickler Wulfhard , Heydenreich Matthias , Müller Holger , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: May 2012

The cover picture shows an opened door to a new route in solvent extraction chemistry. By studying a number of unsaturated dithioethers, H.‐J. Holdt et al. have been systematically searching for a selective extractant for the recovery of palladium(II). With the help of a combination of basic research methods, such as theoretical calculations and spectroscopic measurements (magnifying glass), the structure of the chelates has been tuned to fulfill the requirements for use in practice. The washcoat of used automotive catalysts (REM picture) contains, besides palladium, a wide spectrum of other metals. As denoted in the “door” diagram showing two immiscible phases, the ligand of choice exhibits very good extraction performance and is able to selectively transfer palladium(II) from the aqueous phase (dissolved catalyst) into the organic one. This enables recovery of this precious metal from (chemically) challenging secondary sources. Details are discussed in the article on p. 2341 ff.

magnified image
One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Glycooxazolines, N‐Glycoaminooxazolines, and N‐Glycothiazolines from Glycals
Authors: Reid Erica M. , Vigneau Edward S. , Gratia Synthia S. , Marzabadi Cecilia H. , De Castro Michael
Published: May 2012

Novel one‐pot syntheses of N‐glycooxazolines (N at C‐1), N‐glycoaminooxazolines, and N‐glycothiazolines have been developed. Thus, the reaction of tri‐O‐benzyl‐D‐glucal or tri‐O‐benzyl‐D‐galactal with aryl amides, heteroaryl amides, thioamides, and substituted ureas in the presence of N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) in dry propionitrile at 45 °C afforded the cyclized products in good yields. When tris(O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐D‐glucal was employed, the 2‐deoxy‐2‐iodoglycosylamide was isolated instead. Treatment of this newly formed glycosylamide with an anhydrous base afforded the O‐glycooxazoline (O at C‐1) in high to moderate yields. Product outcomes and the overall stereoselectivity of the reactions were found to be highly dependent on the nature of the sugar protecting group, the nature of the substituent on the amide, and the reaction temperature.
Reactions of Arylpropynehydrazides with Substituted Malonyl Chlorides: A Route to Pyrazolo‐Condensed 1,3‐Oxazines
Authors: Petina Olga A. , Yakovlev Igor P. , Geffken Detlef
Published: May 2012

Reaction of phenylpropynehydrazide with dimethylmalonyl chloride furnished the corresponding 4,4‐dimethyl‐1‐(3‐phenylprop‐2‐ynoyl)pyrazolidine‐3,5‐dione, which upon thermolysis underwent a 6‐endo‐dig cyclization to a pyrazolo[5,1‐b][1,3]oxazine. The corresponding reaction of arylpropynehydrazides with monosubstituted malonyl chlorides furnished pyrazolo[5,1‐b][1,3]oxazine‐7‐ones via intermediates that could not be isolated.
Levels and distributions of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in sediment from Taihu Lake, China
Authors: Cao Shuxia , Zeng Xiangying , Song Han , Li Huiru , Yu Zhiqiang , Sheng Guoying , Fu Jiamo
Published: May 2012

The concentrations and distribution of seven organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) were investigated in 28 sediment samples collected from Taihu Lake. The analytes were ultrasonically extracted, enriched using solid-phase extraction, and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the analytes were all detected in the sediments. The total concentrations of seven OPs ranged from 3.38 to 14.25 µg/kg, and tris (2-chloroiso-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) were the dominant compounds, with concentrations ranging from < limit of quantification to 2.27 µg/kg, 0.62 to 3.17 µg/kg, and 1.03 to 5.00 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentration of total assessed OPs (14.25 µg/kg) was found at GH-5, with tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) as the main component at the sampling site. This result implied that there is an obvious emission source nearby at Suzhou City; in addition, human activities also play an important role in the concentration of OPs in the sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1478–1484. © 2012 SETAC
Personality traits and behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients at an early stage of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Pocnet Cornelia , Rossier Jérôme , Antonietti Jean‐Philippe , von Gunten Armin
Published: May 2012

Objective

The origins of behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still poorly understood. Focusing on individual personality structure, we explored the relationship between premorbid personality and its changes over 5 years, and BPS in patients at an early stage of AD.

Method

A total of 54 patients at an early stage of AD according to ICD‐10 and NINCDS‐ADRDA criteria and 64 control subjects were included. Family members filled in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire to evaluate their proxies' current BPS and the NEO Personality Inventory Revised twice, the first time to evaluate the participants' current personality and the second time to assess personality traits as they were remembered to be 5 years earlier.

Results

Behavioral and psychological symptoms, in particular apathy, depression, anxiety, and agitation, are frequent occurrences in early stage AD. Premorbid personality differed between AD patients and normal control, but it was not predictive of BPS in patients with AD. Personality traits clearly change in the course of beginning AD, and this change seems to develop in parallel with BPS as early signs of AD.

Conclusions

Premorbid personality was not associated with BPS in early stage of AD, although complex and non‐linear relationships between the two are not excluded. However, both personality and behavioral changes occur early in the course of AD, and recognizing them as possible, early warning signs of neurodegeneration may prove to be a key factor for early detection and intervention. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing a simple 2D hydraulic model in an urban flood experiment
Authors: Dottori F. , Todini E.
Published: May 2012

Hydraulic modelling of flood events involving urban areas constitutes a difficult challenge due to the complexity of topography and flow dynamics that characterize such an environment. Despite the increasing availability of detailed, high‐resolution topographic data, the assessment of model performance is still hampered by the scarcity of observed data describing the development of flood events.

In the present paper, a simple two‐dimensional (2D) diffusive model is tested by reproducing a number of experiments carried out using an urban district physical model. The availability of measured water level data allows us to evaluate the model performance in detail and to investigate its limitations in reproducing complex flow dynamics.

In addition, simplified approaches to represent urban areas within the model grid are considered and tested, and their influence on model results is assessed. The tested approaches include a simplified porosity‐based approach and the increase of roughness for urban grid cells.

Overall results show that the proposed diffusive model is able to reproduce main flow processes, although some localized flow dynamics were poorly simulated. Simplified methods for representing the urban district provided similar results to detailed grid representations, suggesting that they could be proficiently used in combination with reduced complexity models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making Sense of Their World: Sensory Reactivity and Novelty Awareness as Aspects of Temperament and Correlates of Social Behaviours in Early Childhood
Authors: Evans Cortney A. , Nelson Larry J. , Porter Christin L.
Published: May 2012

This study examines the early emergence of sensory reactivity and novelty awareness and their relations to children's behaviours with peers. A total of 260 parents (242 mothers, 18 fathers) and 10 teachers of 260 children (131 male, 129 female; M = 63 months; SD = 8.80; range = 39–81) participated. Structural equation models indicate that sensory reactive children appear to be less social (i.e. prosocial and friendly), more likely to engage in solitary‐active play behaviour, and more prone to utilize instrumental aggression in peer interactions. Children scoring high on novelty awareness tend to be more social (i.e. prosocial, friendly, and control impulses), better able to appropriately and punctually comply with tasks given by teacher, less likely to engage in a number of solitary play behaviours (i.e. solitary passive and solitary active), less likely to utilize instrumental or reactive aggressive strategies, and more likely to dodge negative peer interactions by avoiding bullies. Furthermore, the associations between sensory reactivity/novelty awareness and children's behaviours differ from those of other dimensions of temperament (i.e. activity level and emotionality). This suggests that novelty awareness and sensory reactivity uniquely contribute to our overall understanding of children's temperament and its correlates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infant Contingency Learning in Different Cultural Contexts
Authors: Graf Frauke , Lamm Bettina , Goertz Claudia , Kolling Thorsten , Freitag Claudia , Spangler Sibylle , Fassbender Ina , Teubert Manuel , Vierhaus Marc , Keller Heidi , Lohaus Arnold , Schwarzer Gudrun , Knopf Monika
Published: May 2012

Three‐month‐old Cameroonian Nso farmer and German middle‐class infants were compared regarding learning and retention in a computerized mobile task. Infants achieving a preset learning criterion during reinforcement were tested for immediate and long‐term retention measured in terms of an increased response rate after reinforcement and after a 24‐h delay compared with baseline. It was hypothesized that infants from both cultural communities would acquire the contingency between own motion and mobile movement, as they similarly experience contingent responses in social interactions. Nso infants were assumed to show a higher learning rate related to their advanced gross motor development, whereas German infants were expected to show a higher baseline because of culture‐typical motor handling promoting a high level of activity (i.e. lying supine). Results showed immediate and long‐term retention in infants from both cultural contexts, as well as a higher baseline for German infants. Although the learning rate was higher for Cameroonian infants, logistic regression revealed that learning was not related to gross motor development but depended on the level of baseline response. Thus, contingency learning was shown in different cultural environments, and the level of baseline activity coined by culture‐specific motor handling turned out to influence learning within the mobile task. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental Changes in Visual and Auditory Inhibition in Early Childhood
Authors: Guy Jacalyn , Rogers Maria , Cornish Kim
Published: May 2012

The development of executive functions in the preschool years is not fully understood. Although there exists a large body of research investigating the maturation of executive functioning in school‐aged children, little is known about the emergence of such skills, in particular inhibition, among preschool‐aged children. Understanding developmental changes of inhibition proficiencies and deficiencies early in childhood is important for charting typical and atypical developmental trajectories. Using an adapted computerized paradigm, the present study examined age‐related changes in visual and auditory inhibition in 68 typically developing children aged 3 to 6 years. The results indicated that although similar age‐related gains in performance occurred across both visual and auditory inhibition tasks, certain modality‐specific differences emerged in terms of accuracy and reaction time. These results suggest that the newly adapted measures used are sensitive enough to capture developmental variations in inhibition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct Facial Characteristics Differentiate Communicative Intent of Infant‐Directed Speech
Authors: Shepard Kate Georgelas , Spence Melanie J. , Sasson Noah J.
Published: May 2012

Adults and infants can differentiate communicative messages using the nonlinguistic acoustic properties of infant‐directed (ID) speech. Although the distinct prosodic properties of ID speech have been explored extensively, it is currently unknown whether the visual properties of the face during ID speech similarly convey communicative intent and thus represent an additional source of social information for infants during early interactions. To examine whether the dynamic facial movement associated with ID speech confers affective information independent of the acoustic signal, adults' differentiation of the visual properties of speakers' communicative messages was examined in two experiments in which the adults rated silent videos of approving and comforting ID and neutral adult‐directed speech. In Experiment 1, adults differentiated the facial speech groups on ratings of the intended recipient and the speaker's message. In Experiment 2, an original coding scale identified facial characteristics of the speakers. Discriminant correspondence analysis revealed two factors differentiating the facial speech groups on various characteristics. Implications for perception of ID facial movements in relation to speakers' communicative intent are discussed for both typically and atypically developing infants. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Red and processed meat intake and risk of colorectal adenomas: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Xu Xiaodong , Yu Enda , Gao Xianhua , Song Ning , Liu Lianjie , Wei Xubiao , Zhang Wei , Fu Chuangang
Published: May 2012

Inconsistent results regarding the association between red and processed meat intake and the risk of colorectal adenoma (CRA), the precursor of colorectal cancer (CRC), have been reported. To provide a quantitative assessment of this association, we summarized the evidence from observational studies. Relevant studies were identified in MEDLINE and EMBASE until December 31, 2011. Summary relative risks (SRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled with a random‐effects model. Between‐study heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q and I2 statistics. A total of 21 studies (16 case–control studies and five cohort/nested case–control studies) were included in this meta‐analysis. The SRRs of CRA were 1.36 (95% CI = 1.17–1.58) for every 100 g/day increase in red meat intake, and 1.24 (95% CI = 1.12–1.36) for the highest versus the lowest level of red meat intake. Nonlinear dose‐response meta‐analysis indicated that CRA risk increased approximately linearly with increasing intake of red meat up to ∼ 90 g/day, where the curve reached its plateau. Subgrouped analyses revealed that the increased risk of CRA with intake of red meat was independent of geographic locations, design and confounders. The SRRs of CRA was 1.28 (95% CI = 1.03–1.60) for per 50 g/day increase in processed meat intake, and 1.17 (95% CI = 1.08–1.26) for the highest versus the lowest level of processed meat intake. Increased intake of red and processed meat is associated with significantly increased risk of CRA.
Antibiotic use and risk of non‐hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Rasmussen M.‐L.H. , Hjalgrim H. , Mølgaard‐Nielsen D. , Wohlfahrt J. , Melbye M.
Published: May 2012

Clinical case reports have suggested that specific bacterial infections are associated with certain non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes. Epidemiological case–control studies have been conducted using antibiotics as a proxy for bacterial infections, but with inconclusive results. The aim of this study was, in a cohort design, based on the unique nationwide Danish registers, to investigate the association between use of antibiotics and the risk of NHL subtypes. On the basis of the Civil Registration System, we established a cohort of the entire adult (≥15 years) Danish population. Information on use of antibiotics came from the Danish Drug Prescription Registry and lymphoma diagnosis from the Danish Cancer Registry. Associations were assessed by adjusted rate ratios (RRs). In total, 13,602 patients were diagnosed with one of the NHL subtypes during 51.6 million person‐years of follow‐up (1995–2008). We observed positive associations between use of antibiotics and plasma cell myeloma [RR = 1.11, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.00–1.24], chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) (RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.20–1.45), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.04–1.88) and anaplastic large T‐cell lymphoma (ALCL) (RR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.00–3.36). Among these, the increased risk of CLL/SLL, MCL and ALCL, respectively, did not vary by years since use, and only the risk of CLL/SLL risk differed by number of prescriptions. While causality could not be established in our study, an intriguing positive long‐term association between antibiotic use and CLL/SLL risk was observed. To what extent these findings indicate a role for bacteria in lymphoma pathogenesis requires further investigation.
Predicting maternal sensitivity: The roles of postnatal depressive symptoms and parasympathetic dysregulation
Authors: Musser Erica D. , Ablow Jennifer C. , Measelle Jeffrey R.
Published: May 2012

Previous research has established that maternal depression is a risk factor for a variety of negative developmental outcomes among infants and children. Although low levels of maternal sensitivity have been hypothesized to explain this risk, the biological mechanisms underlying the association between maternal depressive symptoms and low levels of maternal sensitivity have been largely underexplored. This study examined the roles of postnatal depressive symptoms and parasympathetic nervous system functioning as predictors of low levels of maternal sensitivity, during a stressful mother–infant interaction—the reunion phase of the Still‐Face Paradigm. Depressive symptoms and traitlike predispositions toward parasympathetic dysregulation, as indexed by low resting levels of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, were associated independently with less sensitive parenting. Discussion considers that during stressful mother–infant interactions, both mothers with depressive symptoms and mothers predisposed to parasympathetic dysregulation may have fewer emotional, physiological, and psychological resources with which to respond sensitively to their infants' cues.
Mothers' voices: Coping with their children's initial disability diagnosis
Authors: Bingham Ann , Correa Vivian I. , Huber Jennifer J.
Published: May 2012

For parents of infants and toddlers receiving a diagnosis of disability, a variety of responses may result. Yet, little is known about the specific ways families cope with the initial diagnosis. This qualitative study investigated 6 mothers' memories of their children's diagnoses. Mothers described their use of both palliative strategies (denying, questioning, and wishful thinking) and problem‐solving strategies (searching for information, seeking social support, reframing, and seeking spiritual support) to cope with their children's initial diagnoses. The results of this study may improve professionals' understanding of parents' need for information and support at the time of initial diagnosis.
Short‐term effect of biochar and compost on soil fertility and water status of a Dystric Cambisol in NE Germany under field conditions
Authors: Liu Jie , Schulz Hardy , Brandl Susanne , Miehtke Herbert , Huwe Bernd , Glaser Bruno
Published: May 2012

Crop growth in sandy soils is usually limited by plant‐available nutrients and water contents. This study was conducted to determine whether these limiting factors could be improved through applications of compost and biochar. For this purpose, a maize (Zea mays L.) field trial was established at 1 ha area of a Dystric Cambisol in Brandenburg, NE Germany. Five treatments (control, compost, and three biochar‐compost mixtures with constant compost amount (32.5 Mg ha–1) and increasing biochar amount, ranging from 5–20 Mg ha–1) were compared. Analyses comprised total organic C (TOC), total N (TN), plant‐available nutrients, and volumetric soil water content for 4 months under field conditions during the growing season 2009. In addition, soil water‐retention characteristics were analyzed on undisturbed soil columns in the laboratory. Total organic‐C content could be increased by a factor of 2.5 from 0.8 to 2% (p < 0.01) at the highest biochar‐compost level compared with control while TN content only slightly increased. Plant‐available Ca, K, P, and Na contents increased by a factor of 2.2, 2.5, 1.2, and 2.8, respectively. With compost addition, the soil pH value significantly increased by up to 0.6 (p < 0.05) and plant‐available soil water retention increased by a factor of 2. Our results clearly demonstrated a synergistic positive effect of compost and biochar mixtures on soil organic‐matter content, nutrients levels, and water‐storage capacity of a sandy soil under field conditions.
Stimulating and toxicity effects of nickel on growth, yield, and fruit quality of cucumber supplied with different nitrogen sources
Authors: Hossein Khoshgoftarmanesh Amir , Bahmanziari Hoda
Published: May 2012

Limited information is available on biological effects of various levels of nickel (Ni) (deficiency to toxicity levels) on growth and yield of certain crops, particularly vegetables. In this sand‐culture study, we investigated the effects of four levels of Ni (0, 50, 100, and 200 μM) on growth, yield, and fruit‐quality attributes of two cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus L. cvs. Super Dominus and Negin) supplied with urea or NH4NO3 as nitrogen source. Addition of 50 μM Ni to the nutrient solution resulted in a significant increase of shoot and root dry‐matter yield of cv. Negin although this increase was greater in the urea‐fed plants than those fed with NH4NO3. In both cultivars, addition of 50 μM Ni increased urease activity and thereby decreased the urea concentration in the urea treatment. Addition of 100 and 200 μM Ni caused a significant decrease in root and shoot growth of cucumber although this decrease was insignificant for cv. Super Dominus in the 100 μM treatment. The highest fruit yield, total soluble solids (TSS), and fruit firmness were achieved at the 50 μM Ni treatment. Regardless of nitrogen source, Ni addition proportional to the concentration used increased leaf Ni concentration and fruit acid ascorbic concentration. The concentration of Ni required for optimum growth and yield of cucumber varied with cultivars. The level of 50 μM was sufficient for optimum growth of cv. Negin in nutrient‐solution culture while lower concentration of Ni was required for cv. Super Dominus. While the beneficial effects of sufficient levels of Ni on growth and yield of urea‐fed plants was greater than with NH4NO3‐fed plants, the toxic effects of Ni in these plants were also greater.
Elemental and isotopic carbon and nitrogen records of organic matter accumulation in a Holocene permafrost peat sequence in the East European Russian Arctic
Authors: Andersson Rina Argelia , Meyers Philip , Hornibrook Edward , Kuhry Peter , Mörth Carl‐Magnus
Published: May 2012

A peat deposit from the East European Russian Arctic, spanning nearly 10 000 years, was investigated to study soil organic matter degradation using analyses of bulk elemental and stable isotopic compositions and plant macrofossil remains. The peat accumulated initially in a wet fen that was transformed into a peat plateau bog following aggradation of permafrost in the late Holocene (∼2500 cal a BP). Total organic carbon and total nitrogen (N) concentrations are higher in the fen peat than in the moss‐dominated bog peat layers. Layers in the sequence that have lower concentrations of total hydrogen (H) are associated with degraded vascular plant residues. C/N and H/C atomic ratios indicate better preservation of organic matter in peat material dominated by bryophytes as opposed to vascular plants. The presence of permafrost in the peat plateau stage and water‐saturated conditions at the bottom of the fen stage appear to lead to better preservation of organic plant material. δ15N values suggest N isotopic fractionation was driven primarily by microbial decomposition whereas differences in δ13C values appear to reflect mainly changes in plant assemblages. Positive shifts in both δ15N and δ13C values coincide with a local change to drier conditions as a result of the onset of permafrost and frost heave of the peat surface. This pattern suggests that permafrost aggradation not only resulted in changes in vegetation but also aerated the underlying fen peat, which enhanced microbial denitrification, causing the observed 15N‐enrichment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grothedieck Numbers of Linear and Continuous Operators on Banach Spaces
Authors: Geiss Stefan
Published: May 2012

We define for a linear and continuous operator T between Banach spaces E and F a sequence (Tn(T)) as

where the supremum is taken over all normalized elements x1,…. xn of E and all normalized linear functionals b1,…, bn on F. After proving basic properties we give estimates from above by special ideal norms and derive from this related results of eigenvalue distributions.
Local Dimension of Piecewise Polynomial Spaces, Syzygies, and Solutions of Systems of Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Dahmen Wolfgang , Micchelli Charles A.
Published: May 2012

In this paper we discuss the relationship between syzygies, the dimension of spline spaces and the solutions of systems of differential equations. Several applications of our results are given.
On Linear Differential Equations in Spaces of Locally Integrable Functions and of Mikusiński Operators
Authors: Pap Endre , Takači Djurdjica
Published: May 2012

In this paper the convergence rates of the solutions of linear operator differential equation in the space L of locally integrable functions on (0, ∞) and in the eubalgebra Fo, of the field F of Mikuński operators are investigated. In particular it is shown that if the solution belongs to L then its corresponding representation converges in L.
On the Inverse Problem of a Dissipative Scattering Theory, III
Authors: Neidhardt Hagen
Published: May 2012

Considering a scattering theory in the class of contractions on Hilbert spaces the Inverse problem is solved in an operator‐theoretical manner. The solution is obtained under the very general assumptions that the free evolutions are different for different time directions and that not only the perturbed or full evolutions but also the free evolutions are given by contraction. It is shown that the class of contractive Hankel operators can be viewed as a set of scattering operators. This implies the possibility that the scattering operator can be compact. Moreover, Win result is applied to the so‐called Lax‐Phillips scattering theory with losses restoring a result of B. S. Pavlov on the completion of this theory in a quite different manner.
On Inner Characterizations of Aõ‐Algebras and some Applications to Calkin Algebras and Symmetric Tensor‐Algebras
Authors: Hofmann Gerald , Löffler Frank
Published: May 2012

Spacefree characterizations of Aõ‐algebras are discussed, and their applications to (unbounded) Calkin algebras and symmetric tensor‐algebras are considered. For Calkin algebras, a sufficient condition for being an Aõ‐algebra is provided. On symmetric tensor‐algebras, Õ‐lopologies are constructed and their relations to the well‐known topologies are examined.
The Tipping Point of Design: How Product Design and Brands Interact to Affect Consumers’ Preferences
Authors: Landwehr Jan R. , Wentzel Daniel , Herrmann Andreas
Published: May 2012

Existing research on product design has demonstrated the importance of aesthetics in generating favorable consumer responses. However, the literature has only recently begun to explore if and to what extent the impact of product design is influenced by brand strength. Whereas some research indicates that strong brands may benefit less strongly from aesthetically attractive designs, other research suggests that attractive designs are more persuasive when they are paired with a strong brand. In this research, these two competing predictions were tested through three studies with German car buyers. In Study 1, participants were exposed to a fictitious car that was paired with a randomly chosen brand name. In Study 2, participants were presented with a set of existing cars and were asked to choose one. Both studies yield converging evidence and show that product design and brands interact in a positive fashion, suggesting that attractive designs exert a greater influence on consumers’ decision processes when they are accompanied by a strong brand. Study 3 extended these findings by demonstrating that strong brands only increase the impact of attractive designs when perceived risk is high but not when it is low.
Transformational Leadership: Managing the Twenty‐First Century Sales Force
Authors: Smith Brent , Andras Trina Larsen , Rosenbloom Bert
Published: May 2012

In today's more diverse sales organizations, sales managers face important interpersonal challenges to achieving high‐quality relationships, which result in better performance within their sales force. In this article, it is argued that cultural distance can negatively influence sales manager and sales subordinate relationships. The quality of these relationships ultimately influences the level of effort that sales subordinates exert toward achieving organizational sales goals. However, despite the potential obstacle of cultural distance, sales managers can utilize transformational leadership as a means to mitigate its adverse effects on one‐to‐one relationships with members of the sales force.
Thioketone‐Mediated Polymerization with Dithiobenzoates: Proof for the Existence of Stable Radical Intermediates in RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Junkers Tanja , Delaittre Guillaume , Chapman Robert , Günzler Fabian , Chernikova Elena , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: May 2012

A novel dithioester control agent [dimethyltetrathioterephtalate (DMTTT)] is presented for the thioketone‐mediated radical polymerization (TKMP) of n‐butyl acrylate. The rate of polymerization is significantly decreased in the presence of DMTTT indicating formation of dormant radical species. During polymerization, molar masses increase linearly with monomer conversion with reasonably narrow initial molar mass distributions (PDI between 1.3 and 1.8), whereas the dispersity increases during the course of the polymerization due to irreversible termination of both propagating and dormant radicals. The present results thus highlight the possibility of a mixed mechanism operating in RAFT polymerization, which combines slow fragmentation (long‐lived intermediates) and intermediate radical termination.
Tricyclic antidepressants delay the need for dopaminergic therapy in early Parkinson's disease
Authors: Paumier Katrina L. , Siderowf Andrew D. , Auinger Peggy , Oakes David , Madhavan Lalitha , Espay Alberto J. , Revilla Fredy J. , Collier Timothy J. ,   for the Parkinson Study Group Genetics Epidemiology Working Group
Published: May 2012

This study examined whether antidepressants delay the need for dopaminergic therapy or change the degree of motor impairment and disability in a population of early Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Preclinical studies have indicated that antidepressants modulate signaling pathways involved in cell survival and plasticity, suggesting they may serve to both treat PD‐associated depression and slow disease progression. A patient‐level meta‐analysis included 2064 patients from the treatment and placebo arms of the following trials: FS1, FS‐TOO, ELLDOPA, QE2, TEMPO, and PRECEPT. Depression severity was determined at baseline, and antidepressant use was reported in a medication log each visit. Kaplan–Meier curves and time‐dependent Cox proportional hazards models determined associations between depression severity and antidepressant use with the primary outcome, time to initiation of dopaminergic therapy. ANCOVAs determined associations with the secondary outcome, degree of motor impairment and disability, reported as annualized change in UPDRS scores from baseline to final visit. When controlling for baseline depression, the initiation of dopaminergic therapy was delayed for subjects taking tricyclic antidepressants compared with those not taking antidepressants. No significant differences were found in UPDRS scores for subjects taking antidepressants compared with those not taking antidepressants. Tricyclic antidepressants are associated with a delay in reaching the end point of need to start dopaminergic therapy. The lack of change in overall UPDRS scores suggests the delay was not attributable to symptomatic effects. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Slow relaxation of longitudinal multispin orders in weakly and strongly coupled two‐spin systems
Authors: D'Silva Loyola , Pola Arunima , Dutta Prasanta , Martinez Gary V. , Sprenger Peter , Gillies Robert J. , Kuchel Philip W. , Sendhil Velan S.
Published: May 2012

Longitudinal multispin order (LOMO) corresponds to a nonequilibrium population distribution in spin systems that exhibit scalar (J), dipolar, or quadrupolar coupling. We investigated the relaxation of longitudinal two‐spin order (2‐LOMO) in systems that had either weakly or strongly J‐coupled spins. Our results indicated longer relaxation times for the 2‐LOMO state compared with the corresponding longitudinal single‐spin state (1‐LOMO). Accessing nuclear spin states that have relaxation times longer than T1, without the use of external contrast agents, is potentially useful for in vivo imaging and also for studying systems using dynamically hyperpolarized nuclear spins where longer life times are sought to increase the time available to study (bio)chemical events. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.