bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boys or men? Duped or “made”? Palestinian soldiers in the Israeli military
Authors: Kanaaneh Rhoda
Published: April 2005

Several thousand Palestinian citizens of Israel currently volunteer to serve in various branches of the Israeli “security” apparatus. Members of this small group of mostly men are commonly perceived by other Palestinians as traitors to their people and are socially marginalized. Even soldiers who strain and sometimes break the limits of social acceptance, however, relate to their communities in dominant gendered terms. The critiques, explanations, and, occasionally, defenses of soldiering represent much larger concerns about the relationship of Palestinian citizens to the Israeli state, particularly concerns about Israelization, but are measured in relation to a family‐centered provider masculinity. What the state offers or withholds from Arab soldiers plays a powerful role in shaping Palestinian discourses on masculinity and citizenship.
Transfer of clindamicyn resistance between Bacteroides fragilis group strains isolated from clinical specimens
Authors: Carvalho Cibele B. Mano de , Moreira José Luciano B. , Ferreira Maria Candida S.
Published: April 2005

Clindamycin resistance was trasferred by a conjugation-like process from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 52, a multiple antibiotic-resistant strain isolated from clinical specimens, to other Bacteroides species. A possible association between a plasmid detected in the donor strain and clindamycin resistance is discussed.
FRUITY AROMA PRODUCTION BY Ceratocystis fimbriata IN SOLID CULTURES FROM AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Authors: Bramorski Adriana , Soccol Carlos R. , Christen Pierre , Revah Sergio
Published: April 2005

Solid state fermentations were carried out to test the efficacy of Ceratocystis fimbriata to grow on different agro-industrial substrates and aroma production. Seven media were prepared using cassava bagasse, apple pomace, amaranth and soya bean. All the media supported fungal growth. While amaranth medium produced pineapple aroma, media containing cassava bagasse, apple pomace and soya bean produced a strong fruity aroma. The aroma production was growth dependent and the maximum aroma intensity was detected a few hours before or after the maximum respirometric activity. Sixteen compounds were separated by gas cromatography of the components present in the headspace and fifteen of them were identified as acid (1), alcohols (6), aldehyde (1), ketones (2) and esters (5).
Chromium uptake from aqueous effluents by immobilized Baker's yeast
Authors: Menezes Lucia Beckmann C. , Braz Vera Nobre , Cordeiro Carlos Alberto M.
Published: April 2005

Baker’s yeast immobilized in alginate was used to take up chromium from effluents. Chromium in aqueous solutions were used in different concentrations. To evaluate the viability and efficiency the baker’s yeast for chromium uptake from effluents three experiments done in two differents reactor systems: first in system 1 at 17.5 ml/s and with 10, 20, 25 and 30 mg/l Cr; second in system 2 at 38.7 ml/s with 20 mg/l Cr; third in system 2.1 at 6.65 ml/s and with 20, 30 and 40 mg/l Cr. The efficiency of chromium uptake varied between 86 and 100 %.
Effect of aeration on biodegradation of petroleum waste
Authors: Ururahy Adriana F. P. , Marins Marcus D. M. , Vital Ronalt L. , Gabardo Irene Therezinha , Pereira Jr. Nei
Published: April 2005

Large amounts of oily sludge are generated as residues by the oil industry, representing a real problem for refineries. This work studied the technical viability of treating oily sludge biologically, through stimulation of native microorganisms, at bench scale. Such microorganisms were able to grow in a medium containing oily sludge as the only carbon and energy sources. Two oily sludge concentrations were studied, 5% (v/v) and 10% (v/v), with a C:N ratio of 100:1. Higher microbial populations were observed in the first case. Substrate inhibition and/or toxic effect took place in the second case. The importance of aeration on the microbial activity and on the biodegradation of the residue was ascertained. In terms of n-paraffins, pristane and phytane consumption, maximum global efficiency of 76.9% (w/w) was achieved, in a medium containing 5% (v/v) of oily sludge. Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas predominated. Two yeast species were also identified and two filamentous fungi were isolated.
Drug resistance of yeasts isolated from oropharyngeal candidiasis in aids patients
Authors: Silva Maria do Rosário Rodrigues , Paula Claudete Rodrigues de , Silva Soraya Cristina , Costa Théo Rodrigues , Costa Márcio Rodrigues
Published: April 2005

Candida spp was isolated from 59 (68.60%) out of eighty six samples of oral mucosa of AIDS patients. The identification, based or the production of a germ tube and chlamydospores, and on the assimilation and fermentation of carbohydrates, revealed 52 strains (88.13%) of C. albicans, 4 (6.77%) of C. tropicalis and 3 (5.08%) of C. krusei. The susceptibility of these strains to amphotericin B, flucytosine, itraconazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole was determined using the agar dilution method. Comparing the minimum inhibitory concentration values found in the susceptibility test with the serum levels achieved by these drugs, only 8.47% and 5.08% of the yeasts strains proved to be resistant to amphotericin B and flucitosyne, respectively. A high frequency of strains resistant to azole derivatives (25.42%, to itraconazole, 45.76%, to ketoconazole and 66.10% to fluconazole) was observed.
Production and action pattern of inulinase from Aspergillus Niger-245: hydrolysis of inulin from several sources
Authors: Cruz Vinícius D’Arcadia , Belote Juliana Gisele , Belline Márcia Zilioli , Cruz Rubens
Published: April 2005

A strain of Aspergillus niger isolated from soil samples showed great capacity to produce extracellular inulinase. Although the enzyme has been synthesized in presence of monosaccharides, sucrose and sugar cane molasse, the productivity was significantly higher (p<0.05) when the microorganism was inoculated in media formulated with dahlia extract and pure inulin, as carbon sources. With regard to the nitrogen source, the best results were obtained with casein and other sources of proteic nitrogen, comparatively to the mineral nitrogen. However, statistic significance (p<0.01) only was found between the productivity obtained in the medium prepared with casein and ammonium sulphate. The optimum pH of the purified enzyme for inulin hydrolysis was found between 4.0 and 4.5 and the optimun temperature at 60oC. When treated by 30 minutes in this temperature no loss of activity was observed. The enzyme showed capacity to hydrolyse sucrose, raffinose and inulin from which it liberated only fructose units showing, therefore, an exo-action mechanism. Acting on inulins from several sources, the enzyme showed larger hydrolysis speed on the polissaccharide from chicory (Cichorium intibus), comparatively, to the inulins from dahlia (Dahlia pinnata) and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) roots.
Cinnabarin synthesis by Pycnoporus sanguineus strains and antimicrobial activity against bacteria from food products
Authors: Smânia Elza de Fátima Albino , Smânia Júnior Artur , Loguercio-Leite Clarice
Published: April 2005

Among three strains of Pycnoporus sanguineus, MIP 89007 produced more cinnabarin than MIP 95001 and MIP 95002. The antimicrobial activity of cinnabarin was tested against 11 species of bacteria isolated from food. Bacillus cereus and Leuconostoc plantarum were the most sensitive to cinnabarin, being inhibited by 0.0625 mg/ml. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the least sensitive (>4.0 mg/ml).
Bovine S protein (vitronectin) increases phagocytosis of Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Authors: Filippsen Laerte Francisco
Published: April 2005

The effects of bovine S protein (vitronectin) on phagocytosis of Streptococcus dysgalactiae strains isolated from cattle with mastitis were investigated. Phagocytized streptococci were determined by a fluorometric microassay using glass adherent polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Preincubation of S. dysgalactiae with bovine S protein significantly increased their phagocytosis by PMN. Bovine S protein had no effect on phagocytic killing of non-S protein binding S. pyogenes cultures. Enzymatic digestion of the bovine S protein binding sites on S. dysgalactiae with pronase resulted in a significative reduction of the effects of S protein on phagocytosis. It could thus be concluded that in addition to its role as a promoter of cellular adhesion and complement inhibitor, bovine S protein may also influence the phagocytosis of S. dysgalactiae during inflammatory processes.
Pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis in rabbits by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5)
Authors: Silva Adriana M. da , Flores Eduardo F. , Weiblen Rudi , Canto Marister C. , Irigoyen Luiz F. , Roehe Paulo M. , Sousa Renato S. de
Published: April 2005

This article describes the main aspects of bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5) neurologic infection and disease in rabbits, a candidate animal model for studying BHV-5 neuropathogenesis. Intranasal inoculation of weanling rabbits with a Brazilian BHV-5 isolate produced neurological disease and death in 78.8% (26/33) of the animals. Neurological signs started as early as 5 days post-inoculation and lasted from 10-12 hours up to several days. Most animals evolved to a moribund state or death within 24 (69.2%) to 48 hours (88.5%). Neurological disease was characterized by excitability or depression, tremors, bruxism, walking or running in circles, backward arching of the head and body, incoordination, backward and sideways falling, paddling, profound depression and death. Moderate levels of infectivity were detected in several areas of the brain, most consistently in the ventro-lateral hemisphere (in 16 out of 20 animals), anterior cerebrum (15/20), midbrain (11/20), dorso-lateral hemisphere (10/20) and pons (12/26). Infectious virus was also recovered from the olfactory bulb (9/20), medulla oblongata (10/26), cerebellum (7/20), posterior cerebrum (5/20) and trigeminal ganglia (4/20). No gross lesions were observed. Microscopic lesions were mild and consisted of non-suppurative meningitis, mononuclear perivascular cuffing and focal gliosis. These changes were observed most consistently in the ventro-lateral hemisphere and anterior cerebrum. Passive immunity partially protected rabbits from BHV-5-induced encephalitis. Rabbits born to immunized dams showed a significative delay in the onset of clinical disease and reduced morbidity and mortality rates compared to rabbits born to unvaccinated dams. These results demonstrate that BHV-5-induced neurological disease can consistently be reproduced in rabbits and point towards the use of this species as an animal model to study BHV-5 neuropathogenesis.
Plasmids in Mycoplasma species isolated from goats and sheep and their preliminary typing
Authors: Nascimento Elmiro R. , DaMassa Al J. , Yamamoto Richard , Nascimento M. Graça F.
Published: April 2005

One-hundred-five (105) clinical isolates of mycoplasma from caprine origin and one isolate from ovine were surveyed for plasmids, which were present in thirty-three (31%) of them. These mycoplasmas originated from 13 herds. Ten of them were symptomatic for mycoplasmal disease (mastitis, polyarthritis, septicemia) and three herds were asymptomatic, i.e., clinically normal. Twenty-eight isolates were Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides LC (large colony or caprine biotype), four were Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and one was Mycoplasma cottewii. The isolated plasmids were linearized by EcoRI, EcoRV, EcoRI and EcoRV or BamHI and EcoRV, and were of five sizes (1.1, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9 Kbp). Based on restriction enzyme digestion and size of the linearized supercoiled extrachromosomal DNA, five plasmid types were recovered (p1II, p2III, p2V, p3I, and p4IV). The small size of these DNA elements probably exclude replicative forms of DNA virus, which are equal or larger than 8.0 Kbp.
Nitrate levels and stages of growth in hypernodulating mutants of Lupinus albus. I. N2 fixation potential
Authors: Burity Hélio Almeida , Chamber-Perez Manuel , Lyra Maria do Carmo Catanho Pereira de , Figueiredo Márcia do Vale Barreto
Published: April 2005

This work aimed to evaluate physiological parameters, nodulation response and N2 fixation rate in mutants of Lupinus albus in comparison with the standard Multolupa cultivar. Two nitrate levels (0 and 5mM) and two evaluation periods (7 and 10 weeks) were used. Significant differences were observed among genotypes, in relation to fresh nodule weight, nitrate levels and growth stages. The overall average for nitrate level differed between them where 5mM severely inhibited the number of nodules, reaching a 49.5% reduction in relation to treatment without nitrate. There were no behaviour differences among genotypes, nor among evaluation periods. Although the level of nitrate did not influence the production of shoot dry matter in relation to the average among levels applied, the L-135 genotype, being an inefficient mutant, reached very low values. There were no significant differences in electron allocation coefficient (EAC) among nitrate levels, nor among genotypes studied. However, the evaluation periods revealed differences, where the EAC for the seventh week had a higher value than that for the tenth week, when a 5mM aplication was evaluated. The N2 fixation rate (N2 FIX) showed the existence of the nitrate interference in fixation, given that the application of 5mM severely reduced. However, there were no differences among the genotypes and it was noted that the fixation rate was much higher in those that received nitrate. The L-88 and L-62 genotypes were the ones that have shown best adaptability in this experiment, thus being able to be recommended for new studies with higher nitrate levels and different evaluation periods. The nitrate (5mM) interferes in the nitrogen fixation rate, given that all the genotypes were affected by the level applied.
Recent advances in the study of biocorrosion: an overview
Authors: Beech Iwona B. , Gaylarde Christine C.
Published: April 2005

Biocorrosion processes at metal surfaces are associated with microorganisms, or the products of their metabolic activities including enzymes, exopolymers, organic and inorganic acids, as well as volatile compounds such as ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. These can affect cathodic and/or anodic reactions, thus altering electrochemistry at the biofilm/metal interface. Various mechanisms of biocorrosion, reflecting the variety of physiological activities carried out by different types of microorganisms, are identified and recent insights into these mechanisms reviewed. Many modern investigations have centered on the microbially-influenced corrosion of ferrous and copper alloys and particular microorganisms of interest have been the sulfate-reducing bacteria and metal (especially manganese)-depositing bacteria. The importance of microbial consortia and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in biocorrosion are emphasized. The contribution to the study of biocorrosion of modern analytical techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, Auger electron, X-ray photoelectron and Mössbauer spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and microsensors, is discussed.
Production of biosurfactant by hydrocarbon degrading Rhodococcus ruber and Rhodococcus erythropolis
Authors: Bicca Flávio Correa , Fleck Leonardo Colombo , Ayub Marco Antônio Záchia
Published: April 2005

There is world wide concern about the liberation of hydrocarbons in the environment, both from industrial activities and from accidental spills of oil and oilrelated compounds. Biosurfactants, which are natural emulsifiers of hydrocarbons, are produced by some bacteria, fungi and yeast. They are polymers, totally or partially extracellular, with an amphipathyc structure, which allows them to form micelles that accumulate at the interface between liquids of different polarities such as water and oil. This process is based upon the ability of biosurfactants to reduce surface tension, blocking the formation of hydrogen bridges and certain hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. The ability of biosurfactant production by five strains of Rhodococcus isolated from oil prospecting sites was evaluated. Surface tension measurement and emulsifying index were used to quantify biosurfactant production. The influence of environmental conditions was also investigated - pH, temperature, medium composition, and type of carbon source - on cell growth and biosurfactant production. Strain AC 239 was shown to be a potential producer, attaining 63% of emulsifying index for a Diesel-water binary system. It could be used, either directly on oil spills in contained environments, or for the biotechnological production of biosurfactant.
Adhesive properties of an outer structure of Clostridium perfringens type A isolated from piglets with with catarrhal enteritis
Authors: Teixeira Elizabeth Pelosi , Serafim Marlene Braide , Höfling Maria Alice Cruz , Yamada Aureo T. , Castro Antonio Fernando Pestana de
Published: April 2005

One strain (S32) of Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from a case of catarrhal enteritis of piglets. This strain was able to adhere to HeLa cells showing an adherence index (AI) of 25.15 ± 1.26 (mean ± 1 standard error of the mean). Treatment of the bacterial cells with trypsin (0.25mg/ml) decreased in 70%-80% the AI and metaperiodate (10mg/ml) abolished completely the adherence, suggesting that the structure responsible for this phenomenon was probably a glycoprotein. Heating of bacterial suspensions (100ºC/5 min) before carrying out the adhesion test decreased the AI rendering it equal to the negative controls. Rabbit homologous S32 antiserum inhibited the adherence up to dilutions of 1: 640, at least. The piglet ileal loop assay, carried out with strains S32 and Jab-1 (negative control) demonstrated that the strain S32 was able to adhere to the intestinal epithelial cells when examined after Gram staining. Transmission electron microcopy (TEM) demonstrated that S32 strain displayed a loose fibrillar material not seen with Jab-1. Stabilization of the bacterial cells with homologous antiserum of strain S32, followed by staining with rhuteniun red, revealed loose long fibrillar material on the outer surface of the cells, that sometimes could be seen spreading out from the cells and linking bacterial cells. The question whether this structure might be an adhesin for this strain of Cl. perfringes type A, perhaps playing a role in the pathogenesis of the catarrhal enteritis of piglets, is dependent on further studies.
Influence of raw meat natural background flora on growth of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in ground beef
Authors: Saad Susana M.I. , Franco Bernadette D.G.M.
Published: April 2005

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen of increasing importance. It has been involved in several threatening outbreaks, most of them associated with meat products. In this study, the influence of some bacteria from the natural background flora of raw meat over E.coli O157:H7 in ground beef stored under refrigeration and at room temperature was evaluated. Different levels of E.coli O157:H7 (101-102, 103-104 and 106-107 CFU/g), inoculated in ground beef samples, were challenged with strains of non-pathogenic E.coli, Pseudomonas putida or Leuconostoc sp. Growth of the pathogen was monitored using standard cultural methods and an ELISA-type rapid method. Non-pathogenic E.coli, Pseudomonas putida and Leuconostoc sp. did not affect growth of E.coli O157:H7 in ground beef, both under refrigeration and at room temperature. Based on these findings, the low occurrence of E.coli O157:H7 in raw meat may not be attributed to antagonistic effects of bacteria from the natural background flora.
Hepatosplenomegaly caused by an extract of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa bloom collected in the Manguaba Lagoon, Alagoas - Brazil
Authors: Porfirio Zenaldo , Ribeiro Micheline P. , Estevam Cicero S. , Houly Ricardo L. S. , Sant'Ana Antonio Euzébio G.
Published: April 2005

Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa), which produce powerful hepatotoxic cyclopeptides, were collected and submitted to the determination of toxicity through intraperitoneal injections made in 30 and 90 days-old Swiss albino mice. The liver and the spleen were histopathologically analyzed and the weight and vital signs development were monitored. Test of toxicity resulted in a LD50 of 154.28 mg.Kg-1. M. aeruginosa represented 95% of the analyzed biomass. The ratios between liver weight and body weight in the animal inoculated with a single dose were 6.0% and 7.2%, with multi doses 7.0% and 7.5% and in the control animals 4.0% and 5.0%, for adult and young animals, respectively. There was an accentuated increase in the volume and weight of the spleen, and the animals inoculated with a single dose showed a ratio between spleen weight and body weight of 0.67% and 0.37%, with multidoses 1.22% and 1.05% and the control animals the ratio was 0.12% and 0.15%, for adult and young animals, respectively. The young animals inoculated with single and multi doses had an increase of 150% and 407% in the spleen size while the adults increased, 607% and 845%, respectively, in relation to the control. The histopathological analysis showed strong differences in the structure of the hepatic parenchyme in control animals and in those exposed to the M. aeruginosa extract. The main alterations were the congestive aspect, including the sinusoid, and intrahepatic haemorrhagia. The histopathological analysis showed considerable increase in the number of multinuclear giant cells in the spleen of the animals intoxicated by M. aeruginosa.
Production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) by Streptococcus salivarius strains isolated from the tongue and throat of children with and without sore throat
Authors: Fantinato Vera , Jorge A. O. C. , Shimizu Mário. T.
Published: April 2005

Streptococcus salivarius strains, isolated from children with and without sore throat, were tested for bacteriocin production against Streptococcus pyogenes. S. salivarius strains producing bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) against S. pyogenes were more frequently found in children without sore throat. These results suggest that these children may be protected against sore throat by the presence of BLIS-positive S. salivarius strains.
Studies on some species of Culex (Melanoconion), with the description of a new one from Southern Brazil (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Forattini Oswaldo Paulo , Sallum Maria Anice Mureb
Published: April 2005

Redescription of Culex (Melanoconion) oedipus Root and of Cx. (Mel.) plectoporpe Root, as well as the description of a new one, named Cx. (Mel.) rabelloi, are made. The material was collected in S.Paulo State, Southern Brazil. The descriptions include adults, pupal and larval stages, illustrating the morphological aspects and with pictures of breeding places. Some data about known distribution and bionomics are presented, remarking that all the three species seem to be closely associated with artificial manmade enviroments.
Freqüência domiciliar e endofilia de mosquitos Culicidae no Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Forattini Oswaldo Paulo , Gomes Almério de Castro , Natal Délsio , Kakitani Iná , Marucci Daniel
Published: April 2005

Apresentam-se os resultados obtidos na coleta dos culicídeos nos ecótopos, domiciliar e peridomiciliar, de duas localidades do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, onde o ambiente se apresenta acentuadamente alterado pelas atividades agropecuárias. Em se tratando de comunidades tropicamente relacionadas, os índices de diversidade e o quociente de similaridade podem fornecer esclarecimentos sobre a relação entre os recursos alimentares e sua distribuição, considerados como importantes na avaliação de possível endofilia. Os dados obtidos sugerem a possível existência de comportamento endófilo em evolução, por parte de Ae. scapularis, Cx. ribeirensis e Cx. sacchettae. Todavia as evidências indicam a influência exercida pela presença de hospedeiros domésticos de grande porte e do comportamento humano nos ambientes domiciliar e alterado. Conclui-se pela possível existência de variações desse comportamento nas três citadas espécies.
Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) no Brasil: V - Sobre o Simulium (Chirostilbia) friedlanderi sp.n. e a revisão do Simulium (C.) laneportoi Vargas, 1941
Authors: Py-Daniel Victor
Published: April 2005

Uma espécie nova, Simulium friedlanderi, do subgênero Simulium (Chirostilbia) Enderlein é descrita, sendo a mesma procedente do norte da Província Hidrogeológica do Centro-Oeste, subprovíncia Alto Paraguai. Simulium (Chirostilbia) laneportoi Vargas, 1941 é revisada, sendo o Simulium (C.) dekeyseri Shelley e Py-Daniel, 1981 colocada em sua sinonimia, e apresentando uma distribuição geográfica tanto no norte da Província Hidrogeológica do Centro-Oeste, subprovíncia Alto Paraguai, como no sudeste da Província Hidrogeológica do Escudo Central. São apresentadas chaves diferenciativas para larvas e pupas do grupo pertinax.
Tecnología apropiada en obstetricia: definición y evaluación desde las perspectivas de la población y del personal de salud
Authors: Climent Graciela Irma
Published: April 2005

Se parte de la hipótesis de que para lograr satisfacer las necesidades de salud de la población, es preciso, entre otras cosas, que los servicios de salud utilicen tecnologías apropiadas. El problema que surge es el de definir lo que se considera "adecuado" y quiénes lo definen. Para ello se ha efectuado una investigación que permite detectar y analizar comparativamente la definición que, desde las perspectivas de la población y de los profesionales, se hace de la tecnología apropiada en obstetricia, como así también la tecnología utilizada en los distintos sectores de atención (público, de obras sociales y privado). Se presentan algunos datos referidos a dos aspectos de la atención: Utilización de técnicas y procedimientos biomédicos (pujar, jadear, episiotomía, anestesia, etc.) y consideración de las relaciones interpersonales en el proceso de atención (continuidad de la atención, rol del padre, favorecimiento del vínculo madre-hijo, etc.). Se observa que se utilizan modalidades de atención diferenciales según sectores de atención: son más tecnologizadas y medicalizadas en el sector privado. A la vez en éste se consideran más las relaciones interpersonales que favorecen la atención. Además, las opiniones de los profesionales, en cuanto a lo que cosideran adecuado, concuerdan más con las de las madres de dicho sector, siendo sus necesidades satisfechas en mayor medida que las de las demás. Resulta así que las necesidades de las mayorías - las que se atienden en servicios privados y de obras sociales - son cubiertas en menor medida, no qual se opone a un enfoque de riesgo que vuelca sus recursos en los grupos considerados vulnerables.
Larvas de Anopheles (subgênero Kerteszia) Theobald 1905 encontradas em criadouros artificiais, no Estado do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Luz Ennio , Consolim José , Barbosa Orlando Carlos , Torres Pedro Barroso
Published: April 2005

Discute-se encontro de larvas de duas espécies de anofelinos do subgênero Kerteszia - An. (Ker.) cruzii e An. (Ker.) bambusicolus - em criadouros artificiais, no Estado do Paraná, Brasil.
O direito à saúde
Authors: Dallari Sueli Gandolfi
Published: April 2005

No fim do século XX a simples declaração de direitos não satisfaz ao povo. Busca-se delimitá-los determinando seu conteúdo, para se construírem estruturas que possam garantir o direito declarado. Nessa linha analisou-se a conceituação de saúde e de direito à saúde para procurar na organização do Brasil, Estado federal e capitalista, meios para garantir o direito à saúde. A municipalização das ações de saúde somada à necessidade de aprovação legislativa do Plano de Saúde e à organização judiciária local foram considerados elementos importantes para a efetivação do direito à saúde.
Health education: the role and functions of the specialist and the generalist
Authors: Cleary Helen P.
Published: April 2005

Education for health is a process in which all public health and medical care personnel are involved. People learn both formally (planned learning experiences) and informally (unplanned learning experiences). Since the patient, the client, the consummer and the community expect public health and medical care personnel to assist them with health and disease issues and problems, the response of the professional "educates" the customer whether the professional intends to educate or not. Therefore, it is incumbent on all public health and medical care professionals to understand their educational functions and their role in health education. It is also important that the role of the specialist in education be clear. The specialist, as to all other specialists, has an in-depth knowledge of his area of expertise, i.e., the teaching/learning process; s/he may function as a consultant to others to enhance the educational potential of their role or s/he may work with a team or with communities or groups of patients. Specific competencies and knowledge are required of the health education specialist; and there is a body of learning and social change theory which provides a frame of reference for planning, implementing and evaluating educational programs. Working with others to enhance their potential to learn and to make informed decisions about health/disease issues is the hallmark of the health education specialist.
Razões de desmame e de introdução da mamadeira: uma abordagem alternativa para seu estudo
Authors: Rea Marina Ferreira , Cukier Rosa
Published: April 2005

Descrevem-se as razões alegadas pelas mães para o desmame e a introdução de mamadeira em uma amostra de 875 mulheres, de um bairro de São Paulo, que deram a luz em uma maternidade pública local, em 1985. Estas mães fizeram parte de um estudo de intervenção pró-amamentação desenvolvido nos serviços públicos de saúde por elas freqüentados até o 4º mês de vida das crianças. Discutem-se formas diferentes de coleta de dados sobre o processo de desmame e apresentam-se três maneiras distintas de analisar tais dados. Conclui-se que as razões mais alegadas pelas mães para introduzir a mamadeira, quando colhidas em várias entrevistas com elas ("entrevistas múltiplas") são: trabalho fora do lar (20,5%), nervosismo (12,5%) e conveniência da mãe (11/0%). Entretanto, quando tais razões são argüidas em apenas um primeiro contacto, assim aparecem: choro do bebê (23,0%), conceitos ou suposições sobre o aleitamento (12,5%) e trabalho fora do lar (11,0%). Estas diferenças no perfil de razões conforme o tipo de coleta, não aparecem evidentes no caso de razões para o desmame completo, entretanto, acreditando-se ser o desmame um processo, onde razões de introdução da mamadeira e do desmame devem ser vistas como um todo, as autoras apontam para a vantagem de se utilizar todas as respostas da mãe em diversos momentos ("entrevistas múltiplas") no sentido de melhor contribuir para a elucidação daquele processo. O agrupamento das razões conforme responsabilização pelo desmame mostra que, ao se permitir que a mãe reveja seu discurso em várias entrevistas, ao invés de em uma única, ela passa a responsabilizar mais a si própria (ato de vontade) do que o bebê ou o seu próprio corpo. Apontam-se limites do sistema de saúde em interferir no processo de desmame precoce e perspectivas de intervenção de ordem mais ampla.
Primeiros casos autóctones de esquistossomose mansoni em região do Noroeste do Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil)
Authors: Carvalho Omar dos Santos , Rocha Roberto Sena , Massara Cristiano Lara , Katz Naftale
Published: April 2005

São relatados os primeiros casos autóctones de esquistossomose mansoni, originários da cidade de Paracatu, Noroeste do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, região até o momento considerrada indene para esta parasitose. Trata-se de oito pacientes com idade entre 12 e 14 anos, e que nunca haviam se ausentado da localidade. Os levantamentos malacológicos proporcionaram a coleta de 11.471 exemplares de Biomphalaria straminea, todos negativos para Schistosoma mansoni. Foram sugeridas medidas que, se colocadas em prática, poderiam controlar a parasitose na cidade.
Helmintoses intestinais: II - Prevalência e correlação com renda, tamanho da família, anemia e estado nutricional
Authors: Pedrazzani Elisete Silva , Mello Dalva A. , Pripas Sergio , Fucci Marta , Barbosa Calógeras A. de A. , Santoro Maria Cristina M.
Published: April 2005

Foi analisada a prevalência das helmintoses intestinais e suas associações com anemia, estado nutricional, renda e composição familiar em escolares de Santa Eudóxia, subdistrito de São Carlos, SP, Brasil. Foram examinadas 254 crianças: dos resultados coprológicos, 37,8% foram positivos. O parasita mais freqüente foi o Ascaris lumbricoides (12,1%), seguido de Trichuris trichiura (4,8%), ancilostomídeo (3,7%) e Hymenolepis nana (3,7%). Ocorreu maior concentração de resultados positivos na faixa de 8 a 12 anos (51,9%). Foram diagnosticadas como anêmicas 14,7% das crianças e 15% como desnutridas. Das correlações estudadas, apenas aquela entre helmintose e tamanho familiar mostrou resultado estatisticamente significante.
Profissionais da área da saúde: conhecimento e terminologia de documentação
Authors: Población Dinah Aguiar , Duarte Jurandir Godoy
Published: April 2005

A interação dos profissionais das áreas da saúde e de informação permitirá não só consolidar o processo de comunicação, mas também agilizar as várias etapas da geração de novos conhecimentos. Para isso, é necessário dominar a terminologia considerada básica para compreender o fluxo de comunicação e os termos essenciais ao acesso à informação, quer pelo processo manual e/ou automatizado. Os resultados alcançados em uma pesquisa realizada com uma comunidade da área de saúde permitiram a adoção de estratégias que iriam facilitar a preparação desses pesquisadores para participar das etapas posteriores de pesquisa mais abrangente, que está sendo efetuada para implantação de um "Centro de Informação e Documentação". Foram comparadas as respostas da comunidade da área da saúde com as de uma elite selecionada de uma comunidade da área tecnológica.
The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni where Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host
Authors: Dias Luiz Candido de Souza , Glasser Carmen M. , Etzel Arnaldo , Kawazoe Urara , Hoshino-Shimizu Sumie , Kanamura Hermínia Yohko , Cordeiro José A. , Marçal Júnior Oswaldo , Carvalho José F. , Gonçales Júnior Fernando L. , Patucci Rosa
Published: April 2005

The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni in the Municipality of Pedro de Toledo (State of S. Paulo, Brazil) since 1980, has been studied. In 1980 the prevalence evaluated by stool exams (Kato-Katz method) was 22.8% and no statistical difference at 5.0% level was observed between rural and urban zones. The intensity of infection was low (58.5 eggs/g of faeces); the highest prevalence and intensity of infection rates were observed within the group of from 5 to 29 years of age, respectively. The transmission of schistosomiasis usually occurred during leisure time. The majority of the carriers of the parasite were asymptomatic. Of the B. tenagophila examined only 0.4% were found to be infected. The control programme has been intensified from 1981 on resulting in a sharp decrease in the prevalence from 22.8% in 1980 to 6% at the present time. This result shows that, in spite of the control programme there is a residual human prevalence. A beginning has been made on the investigation into the possible causes of this residual prevalence (6.0% was maintained through out 1987).
Contaminación por compuestos organoclorados en algunos alimentos procedentes de una región de México
Authors: Albert Lilia A. , Rendón-von Osten Jaime
Published: April 2005

Fueran determinados los residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en huevos y quesos de la población agricola de la Villa de Ahorne, Sinaloa, México, mediante cromatografia gas-líquido con detector de captura de eletrones. En los huevos, los compuestos detectados con mayor frecuencia y concentración fueran: epóxido de heptacloro, p, p'-DDT e p, p'-DDE. Simultáneamente fué realizado en la Villa de Ahorne un estudio epidemiológico preliminar en la cual se detectó varias manifestaciones patológicas en las personas entrevistadas y en sus familiares.
Marcos referenciais para estudos e investigações em mortalidade materna
Authors: Laurenti Ruy
Published: April 2005

Foram abordados alguns aspectos relacionados à mortalidade materna como importante problema de saúde pública, e destacados outros que devem ser levados em conta quando se estuda a mortalidade materna por meio de coeficientes, tais como: o pequeno número de casos, mesmo quando a taxa é alta; fidedignidade dos dados; casos sugestivos de morte materna; período fértil; definição de morte materna e o período de 42 dias após o parto; o denominador de coeficiente; as causas obstétricas diretas, indiretas e as não relacionadas e outras variáveis.
Epidemiologia da leishmaniose tegumentar americana e suas relações com a lavoura e o garimpo, em localidade do Estado da Bahia (Brasil)
Authors: Dourado Maria Inês Costa , Noronha Ceci Vilar , Alcantara Neusa , Ichihara Maria Yuri T. , Loureiro Sebastião
Published: April 2005

Realizou-se um estudo sobre a associação entre infecção leishmaniótica e a ocupação dos indivíduos em Lençóis-Bahia (Brasil). Foram utilizados um questionário com variáveis biológicas, sociais e econômicas e o teste de Montenegro. Houve captura de flebotomíneos em locais peri e intra-domiciliares. Encontrou-se maior prevalência da infecção no grupo ocupacional de lavradores/garimpeiros em comparação às demais ocupações. Explica-se esse resultado em razão da dupla exposição dos lavradores/garimpeiros à leishmaniose tegumentar americana, em sua área de moradia e local de trabalho.
Níveis lipêmicos e alguns fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares em população do Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil)
Authors: Martins Ignez Salas , Gomes Armando Duarte , Pasini Urbano
Published: April 2005

No estudo de população constituída de 3.792 indivíduos, procurou-se caracterizar o estado dos níveis lipêmicos, segundo sexo, idade e a presença ou ausência de fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares, expressos pelo hábito de fumar, obesidade, antecedentes diabéticos e uso de contraceptivos orais. Os indivíduos que não apresentaram nenhuma patologia e qualquer dos fatores de risco considerados foram denominados "isentos". Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância constatando-se que a obesidade apresentou-se como o fator de risco mais relevante, para todos os grupos etários de ambos os sexos. Entretanto, para as mulheres encontraram-se diferenças menores, embora significantes, ao se comparar as médias dos níveis séricos lipêmicos, entre "isentas" e portadoras de fatores de risco. Para o grupo etário acima de 50 anos, sexo feminino, os níveis lipêmicos foram altos independentemente dos fatores de risco abordados.
Nutritional status of children of urban low-income communities, Brazil (1986)
Authors: Molina Maria Carmen Bisi , Gross Rainer , Schell Bernd , Leão Maria Antonia Cuelho , Strack Ulrike , Brunken Brunke
Published: April 2005

During the second half of 1986 the health and nutritional status of 254 children aged up to six years was studied, as well as the socio-economic situation of their parents in two favelas (shantytowns) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The nutritional status of the children was characterized by stunting (Z-score: 20.1% < -2) but not by wasting (Z-score: 3.7% < -2). Consideration was also given to how far stunting was caused by high morbidity such as acute respiratory infections (point prevalence: 38.5%), diarrheal diseases (point prevalence: 11.5%) and parasitosis (point prevalence: 70.3%). Furthermore, anemia (point prevalence: 29.7%) appeared as another health problem. The most important determinant of anthropometric indices turned out to be the mother's schooling. From the present data it can be hypothesized that the nutritional status of the children was limited less by the lack of food than by their poor health status.
Prevalencia del alcoholismo durante tres décadas en Chile (1952-1982)
Authors: Naveillan Pedro , Vargas Sergio
Published: April 2005

Mediante el método de Jellinek se estudió la evolución del número de alcohólicos y de la tasa de prevalencia de alcoholismo en Chile y sus variaciones entre los años 1952 y 1982. Se señalan los sesgos y limitaciones de la metodología empleada y se comparan los resultados obtenidos con los de otras investigaciones chilenas. Se concluye que ha habido un incremento del número de alcohólicos y de la tasa de alcoholismo en el periodo analizado que para 1982 es un 70% mayor que para 1952. Este incremento ha sido irregular y fluctuante. Nuestros resultados cuestionan la eficacia de las políticas de prevención del alcoholismo llevadas a cabo en el período.
Experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje: cambio de creencias y conductas en el manejo del agua de consumo
Authors: Rancich Ana María , Ferrarini Stella Ofelia , Palma Néstor Hornero
Published: April 2005

Se propuso modificar las creencias y conductas de los niños con respecto al manejo del agua de consumo, utilizando una experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con mostración al microscopio del agua contaminada. Se administró una pre-encuesta estructurada y una post-encuesta (resolución de problemas) a 63 niños (28 varones y 35 mujeres) de sexto y séptimo grado de la escuela primaria. Estos niños provenían, en su totalidad, de una población marginal del norte del Gran Buenos Aires, Argentina. El promedio de edad fue 12 años 8 meses y el ED = 1 año 1 mes. Cada conducta adecuada fue evaluada con un punto: higiene y protección de los recipientes de recolección y almacenamiento, tratamiento del agua (hervido o clorado) y periodo de conservación y cada creencia óptima, dos puntos (evitar la contaminación que produce enfermedad). Se determinó el número de alumnos que modificaron sus conductas y creencias en la post-encuesta y se halló si era significativa la diferencia por la prueba de Chi cuadrado (X²). Se comprobó que los niños, en general, no mejoraron sus conductas y creencias. Se mantuvieron las conductas adecuadas de lavado; no se modificaron las de protección del recipiente en la recolección del agua y se mantuvieron comportamientos inadecuados en el almacenamiento. Sólo se adquirieron conductas correctas en el tratamiento, a través del hervido y más específicamente del clorado (P < 0,01). Las creencias no se modificaron. El 30% de alumnos señaló todos los pasos correctos en el manejo del agua y el 18% sólo le faltó señalar la protección del envase en la post-encuesta. En próximas acciones educativas se deberá reforzar las conductas adecuadas de lavabo y clorado y revertir las erróneas del periodo de conservación y el momento de clorado y a su vez, sustentar estos procedimientos correctos con sólidos conocimientos de los procesos de contaminación, haciéndolos extensivos a otros aspectos del saneamiento básico.
Análise das condições de saúde e de vida da população urbana de Botucatu, SP (Brasil): II - Conhecimentos e opiniões da população sobre sintomas de doenças, 1983
Authors: Carandina Luana , Magaldi Cecília
Published: April 2005

Com objetivo de verificar o grau de informação da população urbana de Botucatu sobre questões de saúde, foram pesquisados conhecimentos e opiniões a respeito da freqüência e gravidade de treze sintomas e sinais de doenças, em 1.005 famílias amostradas. As respostas foram analisadas segundo idade, sexo, escolaridade e estrato sócio-econômico e mostraram tendência compatível com os conhecimentos da medicina científica. Na comparação dos sexos, por idade, as mulheres (adultas jovens) valorizaram mais do que os homens a freqüência e a gravidade da maioria dos sintomas. Os escores altos conferidos para a gravidade tenderam a diminuir com o aumento da escolaridade para todos os sintomas. Houve variações, entre os sintomas, na valorização da freqüência, de acordo com os estratos sócio-econômicos, com tendência à diminuição dos escores altos para gravidade, com o aumento do nível sócio-econômico. O grau de informação encontrado na população contraria o preconceito ainda existente na área médica, a respeito do conhecimento dos leigos. Foi levantada a hipótese de que a amostra estudada teve acesso a múltiplas fontes de informação, entre as quais a extensa rede local de serviços médicos.
Aegla platensis Schmitt, 1942 (Decapoda: Anomura) um predador de imaturos de Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha)
Authors: Magni Sandra Tonetti , Py-Daniel Victor
Published: April 2005

Observações de campo e de laboratório evidenciaram, pela primeira vez, a predação preferencial, de larvas e pupas de simulídeos pelo crustáceo. Aegla platensis Schmitt, 1942. Foram feitas observações de campo e coletas no arroio Carpintaria, Município de Dois Irmãos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. É ressaltada a possibilidade de ser usado esse caranguejo em manejo integrado no controle de simulídeos.
Análise do preenchimento de declarações de óbitos em localidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), 1987
Authors: Heckmann Irajá Carneiro , Canani Luis Henrique , Sant'anna Urbano Leonel , Bordin Ronaldo
Published: April 2005

É analisado o preenchimento dos itens existentes nas declarações de óbito registradas para o Município de Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, durante 1987. Os itens foram sistematizados segundo as informações em branco, ignoradas ou incorretas. Observou-se uma pequena omissão no preenchimento dos dados de identificação do falecido, sendo maior no tocante aos antecedentes sociais e obstétricos, assistência médica e casos de morte violenta. Para melhorar o preenchimento das declarações de óbito sugere-se processo de sensibilização contínua do médico para a importância dos dados por ele assinalados, capacitação de funcionários administrativos que lidam com as declarações e realização de estudos de mortalidade setorizados por serviços de saúde.
Tres especies nuevas de Simulium Latreille de la región Neotropical: Simulium (Hemicnetha) cristalinum sp.n., (Grenieriella) wygodzinskyorum sp.n. y sumapazense sp.n. (Diptera, Simuliidae)
Authors: Coscarón Sixto , Py-Daniel Victor
Published: April 2005

Tres especies nuevas son descriptas: Simulium (Hemicnetha) crisatalinum proveniente de Roraima, Brasil (hembra, macho, pupa y larva; pertenciente al el grupo brachycladum); (Grenieriella) wygodzinskyorum de Junin, Perú (hembra, macho, pupa y larva; pertenciente al el grupo lahillei); (Grenieriella) sumapazense proveniente de Cundinamarca, Colombia y descripta con base en la pupa y parte del macho.
Biología de Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai H., D. & K., 1913 (Diptera: Culicidae) en la Costa Pacifica de Colombia: IV - Estructura etárea y transmisión de malaria
Authors: Murillo B. César , Jaramillo S. Consuelo , Quintero C. Jaime , Suarez T. Mario
Published: April 2005

Con el fin de determinar la dinamica de transmisión de malaria en el poblado de Charambirá (Chocó), Colombia, se estudió la estructura etárea de Anopheles neivai (reconocido vector en la Costa Pacífica) con base en su estado gonadotrófico. Se recolectaron mosquitos intradomiciliarmente durante el crepúsculo vespertino con cebos humanos y aspiradores bucales. Los mosquitos recolectados se mantuvieron en cajas cilíndricas de cartón con papel humedecido y dispensadores alimenticios hasta su disección al día siguiente. De los 200 mosquitos disecados entre septiembre y octubre de 1986,68 (34%) presentaban huellas de menos de tres oviposturas y los restantes (66%) habían efectuado al menos tres oviposturas. La diferencia entre el primer grupo considerado como mosquitos "no infectivos" y el segundo considerado como los "potencialmente infectivos" fue altamente significativa (X² = 10,68; P = 0,001). El 1,5% de A. neivai estudiados presentaban huellas correspondientes a 10 oviposturas mostrando una marcada longevidad y múltiples alimentaciones sanguíneas. Los resultados sugieren que existe un alto riesgo de contraer malaria en Charambirá durante el crepúsculo vespertino.