bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperación Internacional y derechos humanos frente a la minería en Colombia
Authors: Ponton Deluquez Elimar
Published: March 2017

El auge de la actividad extractiva en Colombia es cada vez mayor. Su capacidad de generar rentas al país, parece estar por encima de las externalidades negativas que genera. Este artículo analiza mediante un estudio de caso, el papel de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo frente a la posible vulneración de los derechos humanos en las comunidades de Chancleta y Patilla en el departamento de La Guajira (Colombia). Los hallazgos apuntan a que a pesar de estar vigentes acuerdos internacionales sobre protección de derechos humanos con los países de origen de las multinacionales mineras, como lo es con Canadá, la falta de acción estatal, la posición dominante de las compañías y la ausencia de acciones de cooperación internacional ha generado situaciones de afectación de los derechos humanos y otras vulneraciones, haciendo que contrasten la riqueza en recursos naturales de la zona con los altos niveles de pobreza y desigualdad que poseen.
La Cooperación Sur-Sur y Triangular: ¿subversión o adaptación de la cooperación internacional? . Bruno Ayllon
Authors: Solano-Mercado Ixhel
Published: March 2017

Reseña del libro "La Cooperación Sur-Sur y Triangular: ¿subversión o adaptación de la cooperación internacional?" escrito por Bruno Ayllon
La dimensión internacional del conflicto colombiano. El caso de las FARC-EP: Beligerancia y bolivarianismo
Authors: Trejos Rosero Luis Fernando
Published: March 2017

Este trabajo aborda la internacionalización del conflicto armado colombiano desde una variable que si bien ha sido relativamente desarrollada desde el enfoque regional andino, ha obviado las estrategias utilizadas por los actores armados para alcanzar sus objetivos políticos y militares internacionalmente. La investigación surge a raíz de la constatación de una ausencia de trabajos académicos que analicen las estrategias de inserción internacional de un actor armado como las FARC-EP, y los factores de orden nacional e internacional que han posibilitado dicha actividad especialmente al terminar la guerra fría. Los resultados de la investigación indican que la persistencia en el respice polum, dejó amplios espacios en Europa y Latinoamérica, que fueron llenados por la diplomacia de las FARC-EP, la cual mantuvo continuidad y un flujo permanente de recursos materiales y humanos y objetivos a largo plazo, que le permitieron entablar relaciones con organizaciones de distintos países.
POSIADANIE A WŁASNOŚĆ NAD UWAGAMI ŚW. TOMASZA
Authors: Longchamps de Bérier Franciszek
Published: March 2017

POSSESSION AND PROPERTY ON THE REMARKS OF ST. THOMAS AQUINASSummary There are at least two of St. Thomas Aquinas’s questions which are of interest to a lawyer: whether possession is natural to a human being, and whether the keeping of goods as one’s property is allowable. He gives two positive answers which in general follow Aristotelian arguments. Aquinas is convinced that the natural need for goods does not exclude the acceptability of the institution of property. It would seem that its legal protection is necessary for purely pragmatic reasons which, however, entails certain postulates concerning the use of property, e. g. that an owner should be aware of the social mortgage on his goods. This utilitarianism not only leads a government to protect private property, but also entitles it to intervene when owners behave in a socially unacceptable way.
PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MISKIN, MELALUI PROSES PENDIDIKAN NONFORMAL, UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL DI KABUPATEN HALMAHERA BARAT
Authors: Miradj Safri , Sumarno Sumarno
Published: March 2017

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui proses pemberdayaan melalui pendidikan nonformal dalam melaksanakan kegiatan pelatihan kepada masyarakat miskin untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan sosial di Kabupaten Halmahera Barat. Penelitian kualitatif, pendekatan fenomenologi, sampel penelitian, PKBM Mario Laha, PKBM Merpati, Orsos Melati, Orsos Tunas Harapan dan Lembaga Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (LPM) Sonyinga, responden, penggelola lembaga, masyarakat miskin atau warga belajar, dan tokoh masyarakat. Pengumpulan data, metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian yaitu, (1) proses pemberdayaan yang dilakukan lembaga pendidikan nonformal belum sesuai harapan warga belajar yang terlibat dalam proses tersebut, dan belum memperhatikan aspek kebutuhan yang diperlukan warga belajarnya, (2) hasil yang di timbulkan pasca mengikuti proses pemberdayaan di lembaga-lembaga pendidikan nonformal belum membantu masyarakat miskin meningkatkan kehidupannya, dan (3) hubungan kerja sama yang selama ini dibangun oleh PKBM Merpati, PKBM Mario Laha, Orsos Tunas Harapan, Orsos Melati, dan LPM Sonyinga hanya sebatas pemerintah daerah.Kata kunci: pemberdayaan, kemiskinan, pendidikan nonformal, kesejahteraan sosial, PKBM, Orsos, dan LPM. THE EMPOWERMENT OF THE POOR THROUGH THE NON-FORMAL EDUCATION PROCESS AS AN EFFORT TO IMROVE THE SOCIAL WELFARE IN WEST HALMAHERA REGENCYAbstractThis study aims to investigate the empowerment process through non-formal educational institutions in the implementation of training activities for the poor to improve the social welfare in West Halmahera Regency. This study employed the qualitative using the phenomenological approach. The sample comprised MarioLaha Center for Community Learning Activities (CCLA), Merpati CCLA, Melati Social Organization (SO), Tunas Harapan SO, and Sonyinga Community Empowerment Institution (CEI). The respondents included the managerial personnel of the institutions, the poor people or learning participants, and community leaders.  The data were collected through observations, interviews, anddocumentation. The findings show that: (1) the empowerment processes carried out by non-formal educational institutions have not satisfied the expectations of the learning participants involved in the process and have not fully taken account of the aspects related to their needs, (2) the results of the empowerment processes in the non-formal educational institutions do not help the poor improve their life, and (3) the cooperative relationship that so far has been established by Merpati CCLA, Mario Laha CCLA, Melati SO, Tunas Harapan SO, and Sonyinga CEI is limited to the local government.Keywords: empowerment, poverty, nonformal education, social welfare, CCLA, SO, CEI
Evaluasi program pendidikan dan pengembangan anak usia dini (PPAUD) di Kabupaten Kulon Progo
Authors: Handoko Herdi , Wuradji Wuradji
Published: March 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui efektifitas program Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Anak Usia Dini (PPAUD) terhadap peningkatan akses layanan PAUD di Kabupaten Kulon Progo, (2) mengetahui efektifitas program Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Anak Usia Dini (PPAUD) terhadap peningkatan kualitas layanan PAUD di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian evaluasi dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Model eva-luasi yang digunakan adalah CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) yang dikembangkan oleh Stufflebeam. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan: (1) program Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Anak Usia Dini (PPAUD) di Kabupaten Kulon Progo telah mampu meningkatkan akses layan-an PAUD yang dibuktikan dengan peningkatan APK dari 34,3% di tahun 2006 meningkat menjadi 93,6% di tahun 2013. (2) program Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Anak Usia Dini (PPAUD) di Kabupaten Kulon Progo telah mampu meningkatkan kualitas layanan PAUD.Kata kunci: Evaluasi Program, CIPP, PAUD An Evaluation of Early Childhood Education and Development Program (ECED) in Kulon Progo Regency AbstractThis study aimed to (1) determine the effectiveness of the Early Childhood Education and Development Program (ECED) to the increase in access to early childhood education services in Kulon Progo, (2) determine the effectiveness of the Early Childhood Education and Development Program (ECED) to improve the quality of early childhood education services in Kulon Progo. This research is a qualitative evaluation study. That approach used in the research is CIPP model evaluation program develop by Stufflebeam. The results of the study revealed that: (1) The Early Childhood Education and Development Program (ECED) in Kulon Progo Regency has been able to improve access to early childhood education services as evidenced by an increase of 34.3% APK in 2006 increased to 93.6% in 2013. (2) the Early Childhood Education and Development Program (ECED) in Kulon Progo Regency has been able to improve the quality of early childhood education servicesKey words: program evaluation, CIPP, early childhood education (ECE)
Editorial
Authors: Giraldo Díaz Reinaldo , Nieto Gómez Libia Esperanza
Published: March 2017

La Universidad Nancional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD), através de contrato con la Red Nacional Académica de Tecnología Avanzada (RENATA), ha migrado el contenido de sus publicaciones (revistas, libros derivados de investigaciones, boletines y otros materiales universitarios) al Open Journal System (OJS), un sistema de Administración y publicación de revistas y documentos periódicos (seriados) en internet. El sistema permite reducir el tiempo y energías del proceso editorial y de esta forma lograr un manejo más eficiente y unificado del mismo, acelerando el acceso de los autores y la difusión de los artículos de investigación producidos por la comunidad académica.
Propuesta metodológica de priorización de áreas para conservación de cuencas. Validación en río Caquinal, Fómeque, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
Authors: Gutiérrez Malaxechebarría Álvaro Martín , Zambrano Rodríguez Yorlenny , Ospina Hoyos Laura
Published: March 2017

Las cuencas hidrográficas son unidades de territorio que suplen las necesidades  humanas a través de la oferta de recursos naturales, sin embargo, estas áreas también deben ser consideradas espacios potenciales de conservación y garantía de recursos para las generaciones venideras. Esta investigación plantea una propuesta de priorización de áreas estratégicas de conservación para la regulación de caudales, validada con el apoyo de la comunidad en la microcuenca del río Caquinal ubicada en el municipio de Fómeque, Cundinamarca, Colombia. La propuesta incluye elementos de índole físico-ambiental, normativo, socioeconómico y cultural, enfocados a integrar y a entender la dinámica de la cuenca hidrográfica, en cuanto a su respuesta hidrológica dentro del modelo lluvia- escorrentía, su relación con la morfometría, los múltiples usos del recurso hídrico y los lineamientos de orden ambiental, legislativo y social que aplican a una zona de estudio. La metodología, está dividida en dos fases, la primera corresponde al análisis de la cuenca y la segunda específicamente a la priorización de áreas, en la cual se propone la aplicación de la matriz descriptiva que reúne las principales variables a analizar de cada área y permite identificar cuáles de éstas son prioritarias o estratégicas. Se encontró que la metodología desarrollada constituye una herramienta para la toma de decisiones en la protección de cuencas hidrográficas y se espera que guie las acciones para priorizar áreas con diversos fines y objetivos.
Estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático en dos localidades del municipio de Junín, Cundinamarca, Colombia
Authors: Sierra Roncancio Sud Sair , Cano Muñoz Juan Guillermo , Rojas Sánchez Fabián
Published: March 2017

A partir de la implementación del proyecto “Fortalecimiento de la capacidad de adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático en territorios productores de agua en Cundinamarca”, el presente artículo de investigación analiza las estrategias de adaptación en las comunidades de las localidades de Claraval y Chuscales del municipio de Junín, departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia, experiencia en la cual se utilizó la metodología de Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP), con el fin de ajustar criterios de investigación y principios agroecológicos para evaluar las estrategias implementadas. Se incluyó un ejercicio de cartografía social, como un instrumento de planificación y transformación social como soporte a la metodología MESMIS (Marco para la Evaluación de Sistemas de Manejo de Recursos Naturales incorporando Indicadores de Sustentabilidad). Se encontró que la adopción de estrategias agroecológicas para mitigar el cambio climático mejora la dieta de las familias, aumenta el número de productos de la canasta familiar, además los sistemas de policultivos son más eficaces biológicamente en comparación a los monocultivos y que hay mayor estabilidad ecológica, económica, social, energética, e incremento de la productividad laboral en estos agroecosistemas. Se concluye que los sistemas silvopastoriles y policultivos son una estrategia importante en la adaptación de los pequeños productores a los efectos del cambio climático y que la resiliencia de los cultivos y de los productores es importante para la adaptación y recuperación de los sistemas productivos
Editorial
Authors: Nieto Libia Esperanza , Giraldo Díaz Reinaldo
Published: March 2017

A partir de este año la Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental  RIAA abre las secciones Reseñas Bibliográficas, Documentos de Trabajo y Otros, las cuales se suman a la sección Artículos de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica con el fin de fomentar la comunicación y colaboración entre investigadores nacionales e internacionales a través de la divulgación y transferencia de conocimiento relacionado con las Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio ambiente, lo cual permitirá fortalecer la generación de nuevo conocimiento, además de favorecer el impacto de las publicaciones de RIAA
Control del balance energético negativo y comportamiento productivo y metabólico en vacas doble propósito bajo suplementación energética
Authors: Gómez Ortiz Laura , Campos Gaona Rómulo
Published: March 2017

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un suplemento energético de alta densidad sobre el control del balance energético negativo y el  comportamiento productivo y metabólico durante el período de transición de vacas doble propósito, para este fin se utilizaron 14 vacas de dos a tres partos, con producciones promedio de 15 l/día y que estuvieran en los 15 días próximos al parto, las vacas se distribuyeron en dos grupos aleatoriamente. Las vacas del tratamiento 1 (n=7) recibieron 150g de propilenglicol (PG) vía oral cada tercer día durante 90 días y el tratamiento control (n=7) no recibió suplementación. Se obtuvieron 8 muestras de sangre a partir del primer día y con intervalos de 15 días, hasta el día 75 después del parto. Se determinó la concentración sérica de NEFA, BHB y Glucosa, además se evaluó la producción de leche, la actividad reproductiva y la relación costo-beneficio de la suplementación. Los resultados fueron analizados bajo un diseño mixto de medidas repetidas en el tiempo utilizando el software InfoStat (2008). Se encontraron diferencias significativas para todos los metabolitos evaluados. La producción de leche aumentó en un 13.4% para los animales suplementados con PG y se mejoró la actividad reproductiva. Los resultados permiten concluir que la suplementación con propilenglicol tiene un efecto positivo sobre el control del balance energético negativo en vacas doble propósito.
Análisis de valoración contingente de restauración ecológica de una cantera en Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colombia
Authors: Tequia Mayorga Lina Melissa , Camargo Mayorga David Andrés
Published: March 2017

La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la disponibilidad a pagar por la realización de la restauración ecológica de la cantera Cueva del zorro, por parte de los habitantes de la vereda Panamá, en el municipio de Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Metodológicamente se aplicaron encuestas y una entrevista al líder comunitario de la comunidad con el fin de conocer la percepción acerca del ambiente, la restauración y la minería. La información  recopilada fue analizada a través de estadísticas descriptivas. Los resultados muestran que los niveles socio-económicos de la población influyen directamente en la toma de decisiones en cuanto al valor monetario ofrecido para la realización de la restauración.
Evaluación del contenido de metabolitos secundarios en dos especies de plantas forrajeras encontradas en dos pisos térmicos de Colombia
Authors: Santacoloma-Varón Luz Elena , Granados Jairo Enrique
Published: March 2017

Resumen.- Recolectamos muestras de dos especies forrajeras: Gliricidia sepium, y Tithonia diversifolia en dos localidades en diferentes pisos térmicos (Tuluá 960 msnm y Codazzi 131 msnm) y evaluamos el contenido de los taninos condensados y polifenoles totales, tomando muestras de hojas de tres zonas fotosintéticas de la planta. Aplicamos técnicas analíticas e instrumentales de la AOAC internacional para determinar la presencia de fitometabolitos secundarios. Encontramos que en T. diversifolia y en G. sepium no existen diferencias significativas en el contenido de polifenoles totales (PFT) y taninos condensados (TC) entre las dos zonas de la plantas, pero sí existe diferencia significativa entre las muestras provenientes de diferentes pisos térmicos.

Abstract.- We evaluated Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia from two different altitudes (Tuluá 960 masl and Codazzi 131 masl). We assess the content of hydrolyzable tannins and total polyphenols in three different parts of the plant, in order to identify the potential effect of altitude over secondary biomolecules concentration. We applied analytical and instrumental protocols of AOAC international to determine the presence of secondary metabolites. Two way ANOVA shows
no-significant differences in the content of total polyphenols and condensed tannins in the different parts of the plant in neither T. diversifolia or G. sepium. We found significant differences in the content of total polyphenols within the altitude, but not for the part of the plant in which the sample was collected.
Variación somaclonal y selección in vitro con toxinas como herramienta en la búsqueda de resistencia a enfermedades en plantas: Revisión
Authors: Patiño Torres Carlos
Published: March 2017

Resumen.- La diversidad alélica es un requisito fundamental para el éxito de los programas de fitomejoramiento. En casos en los que la reserva de genes es escasa existen varios mecanismos para aumentarla artificialmente, incluyendo la obtención de variantes somaclonales a través de técnicas de cultivo de tejidos vegetales in vitro. La variación somaclonal es un fenómeno natural que ocurre en los procedimientos de cultivo de tejidos, a través del cual pueden recuperarse mutantes con o sin ventajas adaptativas. Cuando este fenómeno se utiliza para generar mutantes con características prediseñadas, a través del uso de un agente de selección artificial, el proceso se denomina selección in vitro. Si lo que se busca es producir material vegetal con resistencia y/o tolerancia a enfermedades, el agente de selección puede ser el microorganismo etiológico, sus partes, o sus productos metabólicos, incluidas sus toxinas. Consideraciones de costo, sencillez y eficacia, hacen que esta técnica sea particularmente apta para los países en vía de desarrollo. En este documento se revisan los fundamentos científicos que la sustentan.
Revisión de experiencias urbanas y periurbanas de cría animal como alternativa de seguridad alimentaria
Authors: Seija Flórez Camilo Ernesto
Published: March 2017

La producción animal urbana y periurbana en países tropicales constituye una estrategia válida para mejorar la nutrición humana, el autoconsumo familiar, la generación de ingresos, el ahorro y las condiciones de vida. Mediante estudios de caso se revisaron experiencias de cría animal (porcícola, acuícola, de leche, avícola, cunícola y apícola) en algunas ciudades del mundo para contribuir a resolver problemas de abastecimiento de alimentos en áreas urbanas y periurbanas. Se destacan las limitaciones (políticas, legales, sanitarias y ambientales) y las estrategias de intervención buscando soluciones a los problemas. Se concluyó que a partir de las experiencias positivas alrededor del mundo, es posible introducir consideraciones de sostenibilidad en la crianza animal urbana y periurbana.
KONTRIBUSI PEMIKIRAN METODE TAFSIR IBNU TAIMIYYAH: Telaah atas Buku Muqaddimah Fi Ushuli al-Tafsir
Authors: Waliko Waliko
Published: March 2017

Tulisan ini menelaah buku Muqaddimah Fi Ushuli al-Tafsir karya dari Ibnu Taimiyyah Ibnu Taimiyyah dalam buku ini memberi jalan (manhaj) dalam memahami al-Qur’an dengan meletakkan dasar–dasar ilmu tafsir dan mengetengahkan perbedaan-perbedaan pendapat di antara para ulama tafsir serta mengadakan tarjih di antara perbedaan pendapat tersebut. Adapun pembahasan dalam buku tersebut terdiri dari 5 fasal yang rinciannya adalah fasal (1) Nabi saw menjelaskan makna al-Qur’an kepada para sahabat, fasal (2) perbedaan di kalangan ulama salaf dalam tafsir yaitu perbedaan tanawwu’ fasal (3) Jenis perbedaan-perbedaan dalam tafsir, yaitu dari segi naqal dan dari segi istidlal, fasal (4) perbedaan penafsiran dari segi istidlal (5) Metode terbaik dalam tafsir. Dalam penafsiran terjadi dua jalan, yaitu tafsir dengan melalui jalan naqli dan tafsir dengan jalan melalui istidlal atau ma’qul. Dalam hal ini, Ibnu Taimiyyah komitmen pada jalan yang pertama dan mengkritik bagi siapa yang melalui jalan yang kedua.
The moment of Leveson: Beyond ‘First Amendment fundamentalism’ in news regulatory policies
Authors: Jones Paul K.
Published: March 2017

Australian discussion of the Leveson Inquiry has started and finished at asking whether ‘we’ suffer from precisely the same ethical malaise that led to phone-hacking in the United Kingdom. Yet as Leveson has unfolded it has become clear that its report will have international significance as a watershed moment in content regulation in a multi-platform future. A 30-year-old neoliberal orthodoxy has promulgated the view that digital convergence would mean the expansion of newspaper models of self-regulation to all future platforms. Broadcast models of structural and content regulation would disappear along with spectrum scarcity and other ‘old media’ trappings. All that is now at serious risk. Instead, for the UK at least, the public service obligations placed on commercial broadcasters now appear a more evident success story in maintaining journalistic integrity. Convergence might mean instead that public service obligations should be applied to newspaper publishers. However, making sense of all this from Australia is rendered difficult by the failure of our regulatory regimes to set such standards for commercial broadcast journalism at even levels achieved in the US at its broadcast regulatory high watermark. This article thus weighs up recommendations of the Finklestein and Boreham reviews in this context.
REVIEW: Noted: Journalism as a diverse and dynamic practice
Authors: Dodson Giles
Published: March 2017

Review of: Journalism across cultures: An introduction, by Levi Obijiofor and Folker Hanusch. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2011, 236 pp., ISBN 978023023609 (pbk). Journalism across cultures offers an excellent introduction for students and instructors seeking to broaden their view of international journalism practices and issues. As the authors suggest, the increasing interdependence and interconnection of our world demands a global perspective when assessing the changing dynamics of news journalism. Nonetheless, as this volume makes clear, notwithstanding the emergence of global media forms and practices, comparative journalism studies draws our attention to the ongoing contingencies of culture politics and history that continue to shape journalism around the globe.
Resistencia in vitro de la garrapata equina (Dermacentor nitens) en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia
Authors: Montañez B Yonatan , Gutiérrez P Delio , Martínez H Nicolas , Herrera B Yonairo , Vergara G Oscar
Published: March 2017

Determinar la resistencia de la garrapata Dermacentor nitens a metrifonato (Neguvon®, Bayer©, Alemania), cipermetrina (Ganabaño®, Novartis©, USA), y amitraz (Triatox®, Schering Plough©, USA). Un estudio experimental no probabilístico por conveniencia, de cinco predios, donde se recolectaron 120 teleogínas ingurgitadas de D. nitens, las teleogínas fueron sometidas a inmersión según prueba de Drummond. Se encontró que el tratamiento que menos quimioresistencia produjo fue amitraz con 97% de efectividad, seguido por cipermetrina con 93% y metrifonato con 53% respectivamente. A la evaluación de la oviposición, se encontró que amitraz es el de mayor efectividad 23%, luego cipermetrina 18% y metrifonato con 1%. La evaluación porcentual de eclosión fue mayor para el metrifonato con 18,97%, cipermetrina con 4,70% y amitraz con 1,68% respectivamente. Se concluye que amitraz es el acaricida más efectivo in vitro no solo para eliminar adultos sino afectar el ciclo de D. nitens, pero su uso en la práctica in vivo es improbable por los efectos tóxicos en équidos. Entre los productos utilizables en los equinos, la cipermetrina es el fármaco de elección.
Kejayaan Kesultanan Buton Abad Ke-17 & 18 dalam Tinjauan Arkeologi Ekologi
Authors: Mujabuddawat Muhammad Al
Published: March 2017

Buton Sultanate is a prosperous maritime sultanate in its heyday. Buton Sultanate land is not very fertile and does not produce a lot of commodities, but it is quite well known because of its location in the commercial lines, so that it becomes a stopover place for passing ships. This paper provides an overview of ecological archaeology towards the triumph case of Buton Sultanate in the 17th-18th century. The research method used in this paper is literature study and review of a theory through an observation of cultural ecology and environmental determinism. The results show that the ecological aspects affect the heyday of the Buton Sultanate. Buton Sultanate does not produce a lot of major commodities, but it is successfully adapt to environmental conditions and maximize the benefits derived from the ecological aspects by applying it to the structure of Sultanate society, a commercial network, and material culture. The profits are also applied to maintain its legitimacy in the great power of hegemony in the region. Success in 'conquering' the environment makes the Buton Sultanate victorious, even the identity of 'kebutonan' still embedded in Buton society until this day.Kesultanan Buton merupakan kesultanan bercorak maritim yang cukup besar pada masa jayanya. Daratan Kesultanan Buton tidak begitu subur dan tidak banyak menghasilkan komoditi namun cukup terkenal karena lokasinya terletak di jalur niaga, sehingga menjadi lokasi singgah bagi kapal-kapal yang melintas. Penelitian ini berisi tinjauan arkeologi ekologi terhadap kasus kejayaan kesultanan Buton abad ke-17-18. Metode penelitian menggunakan studi pustaka dan tinjauan teori melalui tinjauan model cultural ecology dan environmental determinism. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek-aspek ekologi berpengaruh terhadap kejayaan Kesultanan Buton. Kesultanan Buton tidak banyak menghasilkan komoditi utama, namun berhasil menyesuaikan diri dengan kondisi lingkungannya dan sukses memaksimalkan keuntungan-keuntungan yang diperoleh dari aspek ekologis. Dengan menerapkannya pada struktur masyarakat Kesultanan, jaringan perniagaan, budaya material, Kesultanan Buton mempertahankan legitimasi dalam hegemoni kekuatan besar di wilayahnya. Kesuksesan dalam ‘menaklukan’ lingkungan menjadikan Kesultanan Buton berjaya, bahkan hingga saat ini identitas ‘kebutonan’ masih melekat di dalam masyarakat Buton.
Karakteristik dan Habitasi Moluska di Situs Hatusua Seram Bagian Barat Maluku Indonesia
Authors: Surbakti Karyamantha , Ririmasse Marlon NR
Published: March 2017

Hatusua is a late prehistoric site in the southern coast of west Seram. Chronologically dated until 1,100 BP, Hatusua is a site with rich molusc findings. The aim of this research is to identify the profile of molusc in Hatusua site and its habitation characteristic in the regional context. Collecting data with surface survey, excavation and bibliographical study have been adopted as the approach in this research. The results show that The Hatusua Site is Site Complex with the history of geological genesis was a part of wallacea with the biotic marine faunal profile related to Sahul. Situs Hatusua adalah situs berkarakter masa prasejarah akhir di wilayah pesisir selatan seram bagian barat. Situs yang memiliki penanggalan hingga 1,100 tahun silam, ini merupakan salah satu situs yang banyak diidentifikasi temuan moluska. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengenali profil temuan moluska yang ada di Situs Hatusua dan karakteristik habitasinya dalam konteks kawasan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei permukaan, ekskavasi dan telaah pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Situs Hatusua yang berada di Seram Bagian Barat merupakan kawasan situs yang memiliki histori pembentukan geologisnya termasuk dalam zona transisi Asia-Australia (Wallasea) dengan kecenderungan fauna biotis lautnya termasuk dalam kategori Zona Kawasan Sahul.
Bandar Niaga di Perairan Maluku dan Perdagangan Rempah-Rempah
Authors: Pattikayhatu John A.
Published: March 2017

AbstrakKepulauan Maluku telah dikenal dalam jaringan perdagangan di Nusantara sejak masa lampau. Wilayah ini masuk dalam jaringan perdagangan karena merupakan sumber utama komoditi rempah-rempah khususnya cengkih dan pala. Berbagai catatan historis yang ada telah memberikan konfirmasi bahwa komoditi yang dihasilkan dari wilayah ini telah diperdagangkan hingga ke Eropa dan tempat-tempat lain di dunia. Tulisan ini membahas tentang jalur perdagangan dan pelayaran dalam konteks perdagangan rempah-rempah, bandar-bandar niaga di perairan Maluku, serta kehancuran peran perdagangan rempahrempah di Maluku. AbstractMaluku Islands are known in the trade network in the archipelago since past. These areas included in the network as the main source of commodity trading of spices, especially cloves and nutmeg. Existing historical records has confirmed that the commodities produced from this region have been trafficked to Europe and other places in the world. This paper discusses the trade and shipping in the context of the spice trade, the commercial port in the waters of the Moluccas, and the destruction of the role of the spice trade in the Moluccas.
Probabilidade de ruína de estacas helicoidais nas fundações de torres de linhas de transmissão
Authors: Marques das Neves Alessandro , Reis Jeselay
Published: March 2017

Nos projetos de linhas de transmissão são inúmeras as variabilidades devido ao fato da linha de  transmissão consistir em uma obra que pode se estender por vários quilômetros, passando por diversas  unidades geológicas e diferentes microclimas. As mudanças de unidade geológicas causam variabilidade na  resistência e as mudanças de microclimas inserem variabilidades nas solicitações. Desta forma, neste trabalho  faz-se uma avaliação da probabilidade de ruína e da segurança de um trecho da Linha de Transmissão de alta  tensão 230 kV executada em sua maioria com torres do tipo estaiadas e fundações em estacas helicoidais. O  cálculo das solicitações das torres foi feito pelo software Tower considerando os mapas de vento da região.  As resistências foram determinadas com base no torque de instalação das estacas, calibrados a partir de  ensaios de arrancamento. Obteve-se como resultados a probabilidade de ruína e os coeficientes de segurança  que permitiram concluir que quando as estacas helicoidais são executadas tendo como referência na  instalação o torque de projeto a probabilidade de ruína é praticamente nula; porém, quando se toma como  referência durante a instalação a profundidade mínima prevista em projeto, a probabilidade de ruína da Linha  de Transmissão aumenta consideravelmente.
Obras de melhoramento e reforço de solos
Authors: Natário Paulo
Published: March 2017

O artigo descreve os princípios do melhoramento dos solos, enquadrando o seu  desenvolvimento inicial, a evolução e as inovações das técnicas ao longo dos tempos e os problemas que  tipicamente são resolvidos pela aplicação das mesmas. Aborda os pricípios da consolidação, da compactação  e faz referência a técnicas de reforço complementares descrevendo ainda algumas tecnologías bem como o  seu alcance e os seus diversos campos de aplicação. Apresenta três casos de obra que representam sucessos  na aplicação de algumas das técnicas postas em evidência e detalha as fases de concepção, de  acompanhamento e de validação da solução encontrada. Finalmente aponta algumas recomendações  fundamentais a considerar durante a implementação e o acompanhamento de qualquer processo de concepção  e execução de técnicas de melhoramento de solos.
Simulation of protected and unprotected loss of flow transients in a WWER-1000 reactor based on the Drift-Flux Model
Authors: Baghban G. , Shayesteh M. , Bahonar M.
Published: March 2017

In view of the importance of studying coolant transient behavior in a nuclear reactor, this work is devoted to the thermal-hydraulic analysis of protected and unprotected loss of flow transients in a WWER-1000 reactor. A series of corresponding mathematical and physical models based on the four-equation Drift-Flux model has been applied. Based on a multi-channel approach, the core has been divided into different regions. Each region has different characteristics as represented in a single fuel pin with its associated coolant channel. Appropriate initial and boundary conditions have been considered and two situations of tripping four and two primary pumps in a protected core in addition to situation of tripping all four pumps in an unprotected core have been analyzed. For each transient, a full range of thermal-hydraulic parameters has been obtained. For verification of the proposed model, the results have been compared with those of the RELAP5/MOD3 and Bushehr nuclear power plant Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR). A good agreement between results has been attained for the aforementioned transients.
Evolution of the temperature, microstructures and microsegregation in equiaxed solidification of Al-5 wt.% Cu alloy
Authors: Ma Xiaoping , Li Dianzhong
Published: March 2017

In this study, the evolutions of the microstructures and microsegregation are related to the cooling curve in equiaxed dendritic solidification of the Al-5 wt.% Cu alloy. In addition to regular branching of dendritic arms, leaf venation branching, free branching and radial branching were also observed. With the extension of the dendritic zone, both the composition of the extra-dendritic melt and average composition of the dendritic zone change. The microsegregation mechanism in the dendritic zone deviates from the modified Scheil model. The microsegregation data suggest that the single dendritic arm is a porous structure containing the trapped boundary layer. As the temperature decreased after the isothermal periods, some original dendritic arms and interdendritic melt converged to form a new dendritic arm.
Assessment of State Agencies’ Practices in Managing Geotechnical Risk in Design–Build Projects
Authors: Castro-Nova Ivan , Gad Ghada M. , Gransberg Douglas D.
Published: March 2017

Policies and procedures of state highway agencies for articulating geotechnical information and requirements on design–build (DB) projects are the means to manage the geotechnical risk. Successful approaches and practices to managing geotechnical risk not only reduce the level of geotechnical uncertainty for both the owner and the competing design–builder but also distribute the remaining geotechnical risk between the parties. Discussed here are the differences with regard to geotechnical risk management, aspects of the DB procurement process, and contract aspects between state departments of transportation (DOTs) with experience delivering projects using the DB process versus those that are not as experienced. Results are presented from two independent sources of information: one was obtained through a literature review of aspects related to geotechnical requirements and management of DB projects and the other was obtained through an online survey of 38 state DOTs. Results of the study statistically demonstrate the value of DB experience in managing geotechnical risk and, accordingly, a set of recommended practices for agencies that are relatively new to DB project delivery, during both procurement and contract formation, is presented.
Roles and Responsibilities of Independent Cost Estimator in Construction Manager–General Contractor Highway Construction
Authors: Alleman Douglas , Duval Richard B. , Molenaar Keith R.
Published: March 2017

The use of construction manager–general contractor (CM-GC) project delivery is gaining momentum with highway projects across the United States. This project delivery process is different from the traditional design–bid–build (D-B-B) process in that an agency works with one CM-GC to develop the construction cost. To ensure that agencies receive fair market value, many agencies employ an independent cost estimator (ICE) in lieu of competitive bidding. The findings of a research effort to explore ICE roles, responsibilities, and best practices within highway construction are presented. The findings were derived through a review of previous literature, current agency CM-GC ICE policies, surveys of 25 completed CM-GC projects, and in-depth interviews with highway agency officials on six of the projects. The six projects were selected for interviews from the set of completed projects to allow for cross-case comparison. Although multiple best practices are identified, the two key findings of the research are that the ICE should have construction experience and local knowledge and should be an involved team member throughout the design process. In summary, all of the reviewed agencies found the ICE role to be essential in establishing a competitive construction contract cost and thereby gaining value through early contractor involvement. Some agencies found that the ICE added value beyond the costing process as a team member throughout design, but this practice was not found to be universal across all projects studied.
Field and Laboratory Properties of Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavements
Authors: LaHucik Jeffrey , Roesler Jeffery
Published: March 2017

Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) pavements present three primary challenges relative to conventional concrete pavement: mixture design, structural design details, and construction process and verification. An investigation was initiated to reconcile the discrepancy between the field and laboratory properties of RCC pavements because of differences in laboratory mixture design procedures and field construction processes. Four RCC pavement projects in Illinois were selected for field coring along with sampling of RCC constituent materials for replication of the laboratory mixture design. Density measurements of field cores indicated that density decreased with depth into the pavement structure and the relative density at paving-lane joints could be as low as 80%. Statistical differences in compressive strength and fracture properties between field and laboratory samples were observed and result from differences in density. A 4% difference in density between field and laboratory samples resulted in an approximate 45% difference in compressive strength. The reduction in field RCC strength and fracture properties relative to the values obtained in the laboratory will result in decreased slab flexural capacity and field performance. Application of the gyratory compactor demonstrated that it can be used repeatedly to compact most RCC mixtures to similar target densities as the modified Proctor method and field-extracted cores. The gap between field and laboratory properties of RCC can be reduced by application of high-density pavers; improvement in mixture design procedure with the gyratory compaction method; a foundation layer beneath the RCC that is stiffer, thicker, or both; reduced RCC lift thicknesses to achieve specified density; or all of these.
Framework for Objectively Determining Best Practices for Alternative Contracting Methods
Authors: Gransberg Douglas D. , Scheepbouwer Eric , Lopez del Puerto Carla
Published: March 2017

Alternative contracting method (ACM) usage has grown to the point where the industry has sufficient experience to provide a definitive set of best practices both to promote consistency in the nation’s procurement system and to leverage the lessons learned by early ACM adopters. The barrier to achieving this goal is that there is no uniform agreement on the definition of what constitutes a best practice. Both an objective definition and a framework for identifying and analyzing ACM practices are proposed that have been found to be effective by peer-reviewed research to determine whether a given practice deserves to be termed as a best practice. The framework is based on a series of indexes that are used to rank candidate practices in order of their importance and their effectiveness. The 24 ACM practices evaluated were identified from six NCHRP Synthesis reports on ACM topics. It was found that only four of the 24 candidates met the objective criteria to be termed a best practice. These candidates were formalizing and institutionalizing agency ACM procedures, using two-step best-value award procedures, appointing an agency ACM champion, and offering stipends for unsuccessful competitors.
Cyanobacterial PHA Production—Review of Recent Advances and a Summary of Three Years’ Working Experience Running a Pilot Plant
Authors: Troschl Clemens , Meixner Katharina , Drosg Bernhard
Published: March 2017

Cyanobacteria, as photoautotrophic organisms, provide the opportunity to convert CO2 to biomass with light as the sole energy source. Like many other prokaryotes, especially under nutrient deprivation, most cyanobacteria are able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as intracellular energy and carbon storage compounds. In contrast to heterotrophic PHA producers, photoautotrophic cyanobacteria do not consume sugars and, therefore, do not depend on agricultural crops, which makes them a green alternative production system. This review summarizes the recent advances in cyanobacterial PHA production. Furthermore, this study reports the working experience with different strains and cultivating conditions in a 200 L pilot plant. The tubular photobioreactor was built at the coal power plant in Dürnrohr, Austria in 2013 for direct utilization of flue gases. The main challenges were the selection of robust production strains, process optimization, and automation, as well as the CO2 availability.
Comparison of Impulse Wave and Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Methods for Diagnosis of Transformer Winding Faults
Authors: Yang Qing , Su Peiyu , Chen Yong
Published: March 2017

Monitoring of winding faults is the most important item used to determine the maintenance status of a transformer. Commonly used methods for winding-fault diagnosis require the transformer to exit operation before testing and an external exciting signal, whether the transformer is malfunctioning or not. However, if an overvoltage signal can be regarded as a broadband excitation source for fault diagnosis, then the interference caused by signal injection can be eliminated without the need for additional pulse or impulse signals. In this paper, a tapped transformer is designed and test platforms are built to compare winding diagnoses using the impulse wave and sweep frequency response analysis methods by recording voltage responses on both the high- and low-voltage sides and calculating the respective transfer functions. Based on comparison of statistical indicators, it is found that the sensitivities of both methods are similar for detecting conditions of winding-ground and winding-interlayer short circuits. It is concluded that it is feasible to use a transient overvoltage monitoring system for winding-fault diagnosis.
A Dual Half-Bridge Converter with Adaptive Energy Storage to Achieve ZVS over Full Range of Operation Conditions
Authors: Zhao Lei , Xu Chuangyu , Zheng Xuemei , Li Haoyu
Published: March 2017

The phase-shifted full-bridge (PSFB) converter is widely employed in high-power applications. However, circulating current, duty-cycle loss, secondary voltage oscillation, and narrow zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) range are the main drawbacks of the conventional PSFB converter. This paper proposes a novel full-bridge converter to improve the performance of the conventional PSFB converter. The proposed converter contains two paralleled half-bridge inverters and an auxiliary inductor on the primary side. The rectifier stage is composed of six diodes connected with the form of full-bridge rectification. This structure allows the stored energy for ZVS operation to change adaptively with duty-cycle. The power can be transferred from the primary side to the secondary side during the whole period. Therefore, the requirement of output filter inductance is reduced and the circulating current is removed. The proposed converter is a good candidate for high power, high voltage and variable input voltage applications. The operation principle and performance are verified on a laboratory prototype.
Improving Suicide Prevention in Dutch Regions by Creating Local Suicide Prevention Action Networks (SUPRANET): A Study Protocol
Authors: Gilissen Renske , De Beurs Derek , Mokkenstorm Jan , Mérelle Saskia , Donker Gé , Terpstra Sanne , Derijck Carla ,   The SUPRANET (Suicide Prevention Action Network) Research Group, Franx Gerdien
Published: March 2017

The European Alliance against Depression (EAAD) program is to be introduced in The Netherlands from 2017 onwards. This program to combat suicide consists of interventions on four levels: (1) increasing the awareness of suicide by local media campaigns; (2) training local gatekeepers, such as teachers or police officers; (3) targeting high-risk persons in the community; and (4) training and support of professionals in primary care settings. The implementation starts in seven Dutch pilot regions. Each region is designated as a Suicide Prevention Action NETwork (SUPRANET). This paper describes the SUPRANET program components and the evaluation of its feasibility and impact. The findings will be used to facilitate the national implementation of EAAD in The Netherlands and to add new findings to the existing literature on EAAD.
Modeling the Relationship between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in a Developing Construction Industry: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study
Authors: Zahoor Hafiz , Chan Albert , Utama Wahyudi , Gao Ran , Zafar Irfan
Published: March 2017

This study attempts to validate a safety performance (SP) measurement model in the cross-cultural setting of a developing country. In addition, it highlights the variations in investigating the relationship between safety climate (SC) factors and SP indicators. The data were collected from forty under-construction multi-storey building projects in Pakistan. Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, a SP measurement model was hypothesized. It was tested and validated by conducting confirmatory factor analysis on calibration and validation sub-samples respectively. The study confirmed the significant positive impact of SC on safety compliance and safety participation, and negative impact on number of self-reported accidents/injuries. However, number of near-misses could not be retained in the final SP model because it attained a lower standardized path coefficient value. Moreover, instead of safety participation, safety compliance established a stronger impact on SP. The study uncovered safety enforcement and promotion as a novel SC factor, whereas safety rules and work practices was identified as the most neglected factor. The study contributed to the body of knowledge by unveiling the deviations in existing dimensions of SC and SP. The refined model is expected to concisely measure the SP in the Pakistani construction industry, however, caution must be exercised while generalizing the study results to other developing countries.