bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrin alpha11 is an Osteolectin receptor and is required for the maintenance of adult skeletal bone mass
Authors: Shen Bo , Vardy Kristy , Hughes Payton , Tasdogan Alpaslan , Zhao Zhiyu , Yue Rui , Crane Genevieve M , Morrison Sean J
Published: January 2019

We previously discovered a new osteogenic growth factor that is required to maintain adult skeletal bone mass, Osteolectin/Clec11a. Osteolectin acts on Leptin Receptor+ (LepR+) skeletal stem cells and other osteogenic progenitors in bone marrow to promote their differentiation into osteoblasts. Here we identify a receptor for Osteolectin, integrin α11, which is expressed by LepR+ cells and osteoblasts. α11β1 integrin binds Osteolectin with nanomolar affinity and is required for the osteogenic response to Osteolectin. Deletion of Itga11 (which encodes α11) from mouse and human bone marrow stromal cells impaired osteogenic differentiation and blocked their response to Osteolectin. Like Osteolectin deficient mice, Lepr-cre; Itga11fl/fl mice appeared grossly normal but exhibited reduced osteogenesis and accelerated bone loss during adulthood. Osteolectin binding to α11β1 promoted Wnt pathway activation, which was necessary for the osteogenic response to Osteolectin. This reveals a new mechanism for maintenance of adult bone mass: Wnt pathway activation by Osteolectin/α11β1 signaling.
RADIO RELAY SYSTEM WITH TWO-SECTION PERFORMANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF NAKAGAMI-M FADING AND RICIAN CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
Authors: MILOSAVLJEVIĆ SRĐAN , MILIĆ DEJAN , MILOSAVLJEVIĆ BOJANA , SPALEVIĆ PETAR , VUČKOVIĆ DRAGAN
Published: January 2019

Wireless mobile relay communication system with two sections operating over short term fading channel in the presence of co-channel interference subjected to small scale fading has been considered. Desired signal experiences Nakagami-m fading and co- channel interference experiences Rician fading. Desired signal at output of the second section has Nakagami-m*Nakagami-m distribution. The signal-to-interference ratio of product of two Nakagami-m random variables and Rician random variable has been presented. In this paper, closed form expresions for moments of signal- to-interference ratio of considered system are calculated. The influence of Nakagami-m short term fading severity parameter and Rician κ factor on presence is analysed and discussed. Mobile relay communication system with two sections can lead to a more reliable and efficient transmission, which is of great importance in the risky environments. Key words: Nakagami-m fading, Rician fading, moment, mobile relay communications system
ESTIMATION OF ABSORBED ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY ON SERVICE TECHNICIANS FROM BASE STATION ANTENNA SYSTEMS
Authors: KRSTI Ć DEJAN , ZIGAR DARKO , JOVANOVIĆ MILAN , STANKOVIĆ VLADIMIR , CVETKOVIĆ NENAD , HEDERIĆ ŽELJKO
Published: January 2019

Service technicians on mobile phone base stations systems
are exposed to electromagnetic waves in the near field. In this area, the values of electrical and magnetic field can overload maximal exposure limit defined by standards. The subject in this paper is health risk of a service technician. It is important to calculate electrical field in the body of a service technician who moves in the vicinity of base
station in order to estimate their health status.

Key words: Near electromagnetic field, service technicians, health risk from electromagnetic field.
Non-H3 CDR template selection in antibody modeling through machine learning
Authors: Long Xiyao , Jeliazkov Jeliazko R. , Gray Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2019

Antibodies are proteins generated by the adaptive immune system to recognize and counteract a plethora of pathogens through specific binding. This adaptive binding is mediated by structural diversity in the six complementary determining region (CDR) loops (H1, H2, H3, L1, L2 and L3), which also makes accurate structural modeling of CDRs challenging. Both homology and de novo modeling approaches have been used; to date, the former has achieved greater accuracy for the non-H3 loops. The homology modeling of non-H3 CDRs is more accurate because non-H3 CDR loops of the same length and type can be grouped into a few structural clusters. Most antibody-modeling suites utilize homology modeling for the non-H3 CDRs, differing only in the alignment algorithm and how/if they utilize structural clusters. While RosettaAntibody and SAbPred do not explicitly assign query CDR sequences to clusters, two other approaches, PIGS and Kotai Antibody Builder, utilize sequence-based rules to assign CDR sequences to clusters. While the manually curated sequence rules can identify better structural templates, because their curation requires extensive literature search and human effort, they lag behind the deposition of new antibody structures and are infrequently updated. In this study, we propose a machine learning approach (Gradient Boosting Machine [GBM]) to learn the structural clusters of non-H3 CDRs from sequence alone. The GBM method simplifies feature selection and can easily integrate new data, compared to manual sequence rule curation. We compare the classification results using the GBM method to that of RosettaAntibody in a 3-repeat 10-fold cross-validation (CV) scheme on the cluster-annotated antibody database PyIgClassify and we observe an improvement in the classification accuracy of the concerned loops from 84.5% ± 0.24% to 88.16% ± 0.056%. The GBM models reduce the errors in specific cluster membership misclassifications when the involved clusters have relatively abundant data. Based on the factors identified, we suggest methods that can enrich structural classes with sparse data to further improve prediction accuracy in future studies.
Grazing by large savanna herbivores indirectly alters ant diversity and promotes resource monopolisation
Authors: Purdon Jean , Parr Catherine L. , Somers Michael J.
Published: January 2019

In savannas, grazing is an important disturbance that modifies the grass layer structure and composition. Habitat structural complexity influences species diversity and assemblage functioning. By using a combination of natural sites and manipulated experiments, we explored how habitat structure (grazing lawns and adjacent bunch grass) affects ant diversity and foraging behaviour, specifically the efficiency of resource acquisition, resource monopolisation and ant body size. We found that in the natural sites there was no difference in the amount of time ants took to locate resources, but in the manipulated experiments, ants were faster at locating resources and were more abundant in the simple treatments than in the more complex treatments. Ant body size was only affected by the manipulated experiments, with smaller ants found in the more complex treatments. In both the grazing lawn and bunch grass habitats there were differences in assemblage patterns of ants discovering resources and those dominating them. Seasonality, which was predicted to affect the speed at which ants discovered resources and the intensity of resource monopolisation, also played a role. We show that ants in winter monopolised more baits and discovered resources at a slower rate, but only at certain times within the experiment. Grazing in conjunction with season thus had a significant effect on ant diversity and foraging behaviour, with dominant ants promoted where habitat complexity was simplified when temperatures were low. Our results indicate that structural complexity plays a major role in determining ant assemblage structure and function in African savannas.
Alterações comportamentais em crianças portadoras de enfermidades crônicas e suas repercussões na família: Hospital da Criança – Obras Sociais de Irmã Dulce, Salvador, BA
Authors: Pinho Solange Rubim de , Souza Bruno Solano de Freitas , Cunha Caroline Ciríaco C. , Costa Danilo Menezes , Nunes Lucas Nonato , Fonseca Lúcia Cunha G. da , Lima Mariana Fontes , Mello Rodrigo Paixão , Hora Tárcio W. de Jesus P. da , Silva Vanessa Vianna C. da
Published: January 2019

Trata-se de um estudo piloto que envolve 15 crianças internadas no Hospital da Criança: Obras Sociais de Irmã Dulce, Salvador, Bahia, realizado com o objetivo de investigar a percepção da família perante o paciente pediátrico, portador de enfermidade crônica. Para tanto, o responsável pelo paciente respondeu a um questionário que abordou questões referentes a perfil sociodemográfico, grau de conhecimento da família em relação à doença, percepção quanto a alterações comportamentais ocorridas na criança e na família, além da impressão quanto ao prognóstico e serviços médicos prestados à população pesquisada. Os resultados desta pesquisa evidenciaram que toda a população avaliada apresentou algum tipo de alteração comportamental, sendo mais freqüentes os sintomas: tristeza, ansiedade, isolamento e sonolência. Os pais referiram como manifestações mais comuns, após o surgimento da doença: maior união familiar, sentimento de medo, ansiedade e preocupação com seqüelas físicas. No que diz respeito ao padrão de assistência hospitalar, revelaram-se satisfeitos com a qualidade e eficiência do serviço médico prestado. Entretanto, consideram insuficiente o suporte psicológico à criança e à família no enfrentamento da doença crônica. A próxima fase deste estudo deverá possibilitar uma análise mais consistente e abrangente acerca do tema proposto.
Tratamento cirúrgico de seqüelas de traumatismo zigomático-orbitário: relato de caso
Authors: Oliveira Marília Gerhardt de , Gaião Lêonilson , Kreisner Paulo Eduardo , Guimarães Karis Barbosa , Bezerra Marcelo Ferraro
Published: January 2019

O tratamento de seqüelas que envolvem o complexo zigomático-orbitário é um grande desafio em Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial. Sua correção cirúrgica inclui o reestabelecimento do contorno ósseo orbitário e a reabilitação anátomo-funcional ocular. Para obter esses resultados, uma série de técnicas e materiais podem ser utilizados, entre os quais o enxerto ósseo autógeno e o implante de biomateriais. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar um caso de tratamento cirúrgico de seqüela de traumatismo zigomático-orbitário, com utilização de enxerto ósseo autógeno retirado de crista ilíaca, associado à tela de titânio, para obter-se o reposicionamento ósseo e do globo ocular. O manejo terapêutico de seqüelas que envolvem o complexo zigomático-orbitário é discutido à luz da revisão de literatura.
Dispositivos bioabsorvíveis de fixação em cirurgia bucomaxilofacial – revisão de literatura
Authors: Silveira Roger Lanes , Maia Belini Freire , Machado Rosilene Andréa , Weigert Francine Beal , Oliveira Rogério Belle de
Published: January 2019

A preocupação quanto ao tratamento das fraturas faciais é registrada desde a antiguidade até os dias atuais. A literatura demonstra o crescente desenvolvimento de técnicas e materiais utilizados para esse fim, constatando-se uma gradativa alteração dos tratamentos empíricos, baseados em evidências científicas. Os materiais inicialmente descritos variavam desde o uso de bandagens, tiras de couro extra-orais, calhas fabricadas através de chifres de animais até a utilização do metal no tratamento fechado e aberto das fraturas. Através dos avanços tecnológicos utilizados na produção dos sistemas de fixação, passou-se a utilizar materiais que fossem bem aceitos pelo organismo, como o sistema de placas e parafusos metálicos. Mais recentemente, outro sistema foi introduzido no mercado, os materiais de fixação bioabsorvíveis. Desde então, trabalhos vêm sendo desenvolvidos com o intuito de formular um protocolo de utilização, testar os novos materiais e ressaltar suas principais indicações e possíveis desvantagens. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer um breve relato histórico sobre a evolução dos materiais utilizados nas cirurgias maxilofaciais, além de revisar tópicos relevantes em relação às placas e parafusos bioabsorvíveis.
Análise morfométrica de micronúcleos e colágeno intersticial em tumores de mama
Authors: Melo-Junior Mario Ribeiro , Machado Marcos Cezar Feitosa de Paula , Araújo-Filho Jorge Luiz Silva , Malta-Patu Vasco José Ramos , Telles Adriana Maria Da Silva
Published: January 2019

O presente trabalho estabeleceu a densidade de micronúcleos e a distribuição do colágeno intersticial no tecido tumoral benigno e maligno de mama humana. Foram utilizadas a reação histoquímica de Feulgen e tricrômico de Masson, e a análise digital de imagens. Foram selecionados fragmentos de tecido mamário, diagnosticados como Fibroadenoma (FA), Doença fibrocística (DF) e Carcinoma Ductal Infiltrante (CDI). Para controle, foram utilizadas amostras de plástica mamária com tecido normal. A reação histoquímica foi realizada através da reação de Feulgen, para evidenciação dos micronúcleos, e, para a análise de colágeno intersticial, foi utilizada a coloração tricrômico de Masson. O número médio de micronúcleos exibiu valores semelhantes em amostra de FA (90,8 ± 4,5), DF (80,3 ± 4,0) e tecido normal (83,0 ± 4,1). Entretanto, valores significativamente menores que aqueles foram encontrados no CDI (176,5 ± 88,3). Quanto à distribuição do colágeno intersticial, constatou-se um aumento estatisticamente significante (p< 0,001) nos casos de FA (8101,4 ± 405,07) e DF (7046,78 ± 352,33), quando comparados ao tecido mamário normal (1733,13 ± 86,65) e ao CDI (2165,94 ± 108,29). Pode-se concluir que tanto o método de análise de imagem como a reação de Feulgen mostraram-se eficientes para evidenciar as alterações do núcleo celular e da matriz extracelular de tumores de mama.
Contenção durante a aspiração traqueal em recém-nascidos
Authors: Falcão Fernanda R. C. , Silva Maria Alina B.
Published: January 2019

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da manobra de contenção durante o procedimento de aspiração de secreção traqueal em RN. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, tendo como amostra todos os RN que necessitaram de aspiração na UTIN de um hospital de Salvador-BA. A variável independente foi a contenção, e as dependentes, a variação da FC, da SpO2 e a presença de dor. Cada RN recebeu dois procedimentos: aspiração com contenção (grupo intervenção) e apenas aspiração (grupo controle). Para as variáveis FC e SpO2, foi utilizado o valor de variação do parâmetro. Já para avaliação da dor, foi aplicado o Sistema de Codificação da Atividade Facial Neonatal (NFCS). Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram T Student, Mann Whitney e Qui-quadrado, de acordo com características das variáveis. A média da FC no grupo intervenção foi de 24bpm, enquanto que, no grupo controle, foi de 57bpm (p < 0,0001). Comparando-se a variação da SpO2, foi notado que a mediana do grupo intervenção foi de 2%, enquanto que, no grupo controle, foi de 7% (p=0,0056). Apresentaram dor 23% dos RN contidos e 92% dos não contidos (p=0,0015). O estudo demonstrou que a contenção de RN durante a aspiração traqueal promove estabilização clínica e redução da dor, minimizando complicações que podem ser causadas por esse procedimento.
Interação entre Strongyloides venezuelensis e Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos da linhagem AKR/J
Authors: Gazzinelli Sandro Eugênio Pereira , Melo Alan Lane de
Published: January 2019

Camundongos da linhagem AKR/J, experimentalmente infectados por Strongyloides venezuelensis, 45 dias após o inóculo intraperitoneal de cercárias de Schistosoma mansoni, apresentaram uma diminuição de larvas recuperadas dos pulmões, na fecundidade e tamanho alcançado pelas fêmeas, quando comparados aos animais infectados somente por S. venezuelensis. A análise dos resultados sugere uma interação parasitária negativa, com alteração da resposta imunológica do hospedeiro, desfavorável à infecção por S. venezuelensis.
Metodologia para estudo do polimorfismo do gene da enzima álcool desidrogenase
Authors: Rebello André Soares , Carvalho Maria da Glória Da Costa
Published: January 2019

As principais enzimas responsáveis pelo metabolismo do álcool são a álcool desidrogenase (ADH) e aldeído desidrogenase (ALDH). EsSas enzimas estão presentes em várias formas e são codificadas por diferentes genes. Alguns desses genes apresentam polimorfismos, e as enzimas codificadas por eles podem apresentar diferenças quanto à eficiência metabólica em relação ao álcool e ao aldeído acético. EsSa variação tem se mostrado um fator que influencia a quantidade de álcool ingerido e o risco no aumento de abuso e dependência ao álcool. Neste trabalho, nós descrevemos um método que permite estudar o polimorfismo de um dos genes da enzima álcool desidrogenase, o gene ADH1C. O DNA foi isolado de doadores e o polimorfismo foi determinado pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Nossos resultados confirmam a viabilidade da técnica por nós descrita para o estudo do polimorfismo do gene ADH1C.
Implementação da técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para o diagnóstico do circovírus suíno tipo-2 (CVS-2)
Authors: Barbosa Clara Nilce , Freitas Tânia Rosária Pereira
Published: January 2019

Circovírus Suíno Tipo-2 (CVS-2) é um virus não-envelopado, DNA fita única circular, classificado na família Circoviridae, associado à Síndrome Multissistêmica do Definhamento dos Suínos (SMDS). A SMDS é considerada uma doença emergente, multifatorial e de distribuição cosmopolita. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos e o diagnóstico, além dos achados de necropsia e histopatologia compatíveis com SMDS, deve ser corroborado pela demonstração do ácido nucléico e (ou) do antígeno viral nas lesões. A técnica de Imuno-Histoquímica (IHQ) permite a demonstração de antígenos virais pela aplicação de anticorpos específicos e conjugados de anticorpos. A implementação da IHQ foi realizada aplicando-se anticorpo policlonal anti – CVS -2 em 23 blocos de cortes histológicos, fixados com formalina e embebidos em parafina, sabidamente positivos ou negativos para o CVS-2. A análise histológica prévia demonstrou que os tecidos positivos continham lesões características da SMDS. O genoma do CVS-2 foi demonstrado pela Hibridização “in situ” (HIS). A IHQ implementada foi testada em 16 blocos com de três a quatro amostras de tecidos de animais, totalizando, respectivamente, 48 a 64 amostras de tecido de suínos com suspeita clínica da SMDS. Em dez blocos (40 amostras de tecidos) foram confirmadas pela detecção do genoma viral. Os resultados obtidos pela aplicação da IHQ padronizada foram correlacionados com as lesões histopatológicas compatíveis com a SMDS. A IHQ vem sendo aplicada com êxito no rastreamento do vírus em suídeos de diversas granjas brasileiras onde se estabelece a suspeita de ocorrência de SMDS.
Prevalência de cefaléia em pacientes portadores de disfunção temporomandibular
Authors: Requião Fabiana Maria Oliveira , Macedo Candice Ribeiro Santos de
Published: January 2019

Disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) caracteriza-se por um conjunto de sinais e sintomas, sendo a cefaléia um dos sintomas mais comuns. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar a prevalência de cefaléia entre portadores de disfunção temporomandibular. Para isso, foi realizada a revisão de prontuários de pacientes com DTM, e observado relatos de queixa de cefaléia, sua localização e forma de apresentação, presença de dor à palpação muscular, idade e sexo dos pacientes. Dos 232 prontuários analisados, 163 (70,25%) apresentaram cefaléia, sendo 143 (74,87%) do sexo feminino. A faixa etária mais acometida pela cefaléia foi de 33 a 83 anos, com 87 (75,65%) pacientes. Dos pacientes com cefaléia, 74,61% apresentaram dor em musculatura mastigatória e (ou) cervical, e 78,72% tinham dor em um músculo. Na localização da dor muscular e da cefaléia, 76,07% tinham dor em músculo temporal e 58,28% cefaléia em região temporal; 59,33% apresentam cefaléia em apenas uma região da cabeça. Quanto à forma de apresentação da cefaléia, 80,90% caracterizam a cefaléia de uma forma, sendo a forma de aperto mais ocorrente (12,26%). Os resultados obtidos indicam que é alta a prevalência de cefaléia entre portadores de DTM, sendo relevante a realização de mais estudos explicativos sobre essa temática.
Caracterização fenotípica e análise plasmidial de cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae em pacientes iranianos
Authors: Feizabadi Mohammad Mehdi , Farahani Akram Shahrbai , Rahmati Marveh , Asadi Soroor
Published: January 2019

É importante os conhecimentos locais de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana para Klebsiella pneumoniae a fim de que haja uma implementação efetiva de política hospitalar em relação aos anti- bacterianos. Foram isoladas 100 culturas para K. pneumoniae coletadas a partir de 3 diferentes hospitais no Irã durante o ano de 2004; para a susceptibilidade foram selecionados treze antibióticos diferentes, utilizando o método de difusão em disco e ensaio em caldo de diluição. Os isolados foram então submetidos à análise de endonucleases restritas ao DNA plasmidial. Todos os isolados foram sensíveis ao imipenem. As taxas de resistência a outros antibióticos foram na seguinte ordem: amicacina (10%), piperacilina-tazobactam (2%), ciprofloxacina (20%), ceftizoxima (14%), cefexime (31%), ceftazidima (28%) , cefotaxima (33%), ácido nalidíxico (32%), cefalexina (32%), gentamicina (30%), nitrofurantoína (31%) e piperacilina (66%). A produção de betalactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) que hidrolisa a ceftazidima e a cefotaxima foi detectada em 54% dos isolados. Das 100 amostras testadas, 67 portavam plasmídeos e o restante faltava qualquer plasmidial. Embora a prevalência do fenótipo ESBL no Irã seja superior a países ocidentais, os números reportados são restritos de uma região. As evidências de focos com certos isolados de K. pneumoniae foram encontradas pela análise das endonucleases restritas de DNA plasmidial. Esta técnica também mostrou a persistência de infecções do trato urinário de vários pacientes.
Editorial
Authors: Vieira Regina Lúcia Bastos
Published: January 2019

Editorial
Precisão dos testes sorológico e molecular para diagnóstico do HBV e HCV em pacientes com Insuficiência Renal Crônica em hemodiálise, em Porto Velho, Brasil
Authors: Pereira Dhélio Batista , Oliveira Kelly Régia Vieira , Moreira Regina , Oba Isabel Takano , Compri Adriana Parise , Lemos Marcilio Figueiredo , Vasconcelos Mariana , Salcedo Juan Miguel Villalobos
Published: January 2019

Pacientes em tratamento com hemodiálise para a Insuficiência Renal Crônica (IRC) estão entre os grupos com maior prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B e C, devido às transfusões de sangue e transmissão nosocomial. Um grupo de pacientes com IRC residentes em Porto Velho foi testado com marcadores sorológicos para hepatite B e C utilizando o teste ELISA e técnicas de biologia molecular (PCR). Os parâmetros para a validação dos resultados sorológicos foram medidos com base nos resultados da PCR. Dos 128 pacientes em hemodiálise durante o estudo, 12 (9,4%) eram HBsAg positivos, 69 (53,9%) eram anti-HBc positivos, 93 (72,7%) eram anti-HBs positivos, e 22 (17,2%) eram anti- HCV positivos. Os resultados dos testes com PCR foram de 12 (9,4%) HBV-DNA positivos e 16 (12,5%) HCV-RNA positivos. A precisão, sensibilidade e especificidade do ELISA para o HBsAg foram de 90,6%, 50% e 94,8%, e os mesmos parâmetros foram de 92,2%, 87,5% e 92,9% para anti-HCV. Com base nos resultados, apenas o valor preditivo negativo para anti-HCV (98,2%) mostrou-se confiável em pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise. Além disto, testes sorológicos e/ou moleculares representam a metodologia indicada para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HBV e HCV nestes pacientes.
Influência do protocolo laboratorial no rendimento in vitro de células-tronco mesenquimais
Authors: Silveira Raniere Fagundes de Melo , Ferreira Leonardo Capistrano , Ginani Fernanda , Barboza Carlos Augusto Galvão
Published: January 2019

Células-tronco mesenquimais apresentam excelentes características para o uso em terapia celular. Contudo, os protocolos

de extração, manutenção e expansão dessas células ainda necessitam de uma padronização. A proposta do nosso trabalho

foi avaliar a influência do período de pré-cultivo (PPC), tempo de tripsinização (TT) e adição de meio condicionado (IMC) com

relação ao rendimento de uma cultura primária de células-tronco mesenquimais extraídas da medula óssea de

camundongos. Nossos resultados mostram que os grupos de células cultivadas em PPC de 72 horas mostraram um melhor

rendimento celular, quando comparadas às de PPC de 24 horas. O TT não apresentou diferença significativa entre 5 e 10

minutos, embora a viabilidade celular se mantivesse acima de 90% para os dois tempos avaliados. O meio condicionado

adicionado à cultura primária parece não influenciar significativamente o rendimento celular. Concluímos que o uso de um

PPC de 72 horas aumenta significativamente o número de células obtidas em cultura primária de medula óssea.
Effects of species invasion on population dynamics, vital rates and life histories of the native species
Authors: Vincenzi Simone , Crivelli Alain J. , Jeseňsek Dušan , Campbell Ellen , Garza John C.
Published: January 2019

Invasions occurring in natural environments provide the opportunity to study how vital rates change and life histories evolve in the presence of a competing species. In this work, we estimate differences in reproductive traits, individual growth trajectories, survival, life histories and population dynamics between a native species living in allopatry and in sympatry with an invasive species of the same taxonomic Family. We used as a model system marble troutSalmo marmoratus(native species) and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss(non‐native) living in the Idrijca River (Slovenia). An impassable waterfall separates the stream into two sectors only a few 100 meters apart: a downstream sector in which marble trout live in sympatry with rainbow trout and an upstream sector in which marble trout live in allopatry. We used an overarching modelling approach that uses tag‐recapture and genetic data (>2,500 unique marble and rainbow trout were sampled and genotyped) to reconstruct pedigrees, test for synchrony of population dynamics and model survival and growth, while accounting for individual heterogeneity. The population dynamics of the two marble trout populations and of rainbow trout were synchronous. We found higher prevalence of younger parents, higher mortality and lower population density in marble trout living in sympatry with rainbow trout than in marble trout living in allopatry. There were no differences in the average individual growth trajectories between the two marble trout populations. Faster life histories of marble trout living in sympatry with rainbow trout are consistent with predictions of life history theory.
Asexual reproduction changes predator population dynamics in a life predator–prey system
Authors: Scheuerl Thomas , Stelzer Claus‐Peter
Published: January 2019

Many organisms display oscillations in population size. Theory predicts that these fluctuations can be generated by predator–prey interactions, and empirical studies using life model systems, such as a rotifer‐algae community consisting of Brachionus calyciflorus as predator and Chlorella vulgaris as prey, have been successfully used for studying such dynamics. B. calyciflorus is a cyclical parthenogen (CP) and clones often differ in their sexual propensity, that is, the degree to which they engage into sexual or asexual (clonal) reproduction. Since sexual propensities can affect growth rates and population sizes, we hypothesized that this might also affect population oscillations. Here, we studied the dynamical behaviour of B. calyciflorus clones representing either CPs (regularly inducing sex) or obligate parthenogens (OPs). We found that the amplitudes of population cycles to be increased in OPs at low nutrient levels. Several other population dynamic parameters seemed unaffected. This suggests that reproductive mode might be an important additional variable to be considered in future studies of population oscillations.
Acetylation modulates LC3 stability and cargo recognition
Authors: Song Tingting , Su Haifeng , Yin Wei , Wang Liming , Huang Rui
Published: January 2019

LC3 is a key autophagy‐related protein involved in both autophagosome formation and autophagy cargo recruitment. Despite these functions being exerted by deacetylated LC3, this protein is more abundantly distributed in its acetylated form. Here, we reveal that the stability and cargo recognition ability of LC3 are highly dependent on its acetylation. Through detecting the diffusion rate of soluble LC3 by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we found that nutrient‐state‐related acetylation inhibited LC3 complex formation. Acetylation blocked LC3's interaction with p62, the autophagic cargo receptor, preventing the mis‐targeting of p62 to nonautophagic LC3 and thus permitting the efficient degradation of autophagic cargoes. Acetylation also inhibited LC3 proteasome‐dependent degradation, thus maintaining LC3 as a long‐lived protein that could serve as a reserve. Altogether, acetylated LC3, the nonactivated form, is suitable for storage and avoids inopportune interactions with other proteins, assuring autophagic degradation.
Invisible Images: Your Pictures Are Looking at You
Authors: Paglen Trevor
Published: January 2019

What are the implications of computer vision in relation to machine learning and ‘artificial intelligence’? New York‐based artist and writer Trevor Paglen argues that autonomous image‐interpretation systems, from algorithms that analyse photos on Facebook to licence‐plate readers used by police, constitute a new kind of visuality which is paradoxically largely invisible to human eyes. What is more, this new ‘invisible visuality’ should be understood as a means of centralising power in the hands of the state and corporate actors who are able to deploy machine‐vision systems at scale.
Calibration Camouflage
Authors: Young Liam
Published: January 2019

Facial recognition software raises issues of privacy and perception. To tackle these, Adam Harvey, an American designer based in Berlin, has worked with the multinational multimedia collective Hyphen‐Labs to create a new form of camouflage textile aimed at computer rather than human vision. Guest‐Editor Liam Young investigates.
Where Tomorrow Arrives Today: Infrastructure as Processional Space
Authors: Manaugh Geoff
Published: January 2019

Yesterday's processional routes are in centres of human civilisation such as Rome. Today's are in environments that not only have no need for human presence, but require human absence in order to function. Yet the life of our great cities depends on such places. American writer Geoff Manaugh reports on his visit to a major marine transportation facility in Bayonne, New Jersey, where constantly shifting ‘walls’ of shipping containers are moved about by an algorithmically controlled mechanical system, with humans intervening only remotely and for mere seconds at a time.
Human Exclusion Zones: Logistics and New Machine Landscapes
Authors: LeCavalier Jesse
Published: January 2019

From automatically guided vehicles (AGVs) to robotic drive units (RDUs), warehouse operations have advanced apace in recent decades. Jesse LeCavalier – Assistant Professor of Architecture at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, and Daniel Rose Visiting Assistant Professor at the Yale School of Architecture in New Haven, Connecticut – recounts the development of the latest generation of adaptive, environment‐reconfiguring machines, such as those created by Kiva Systems and its successor Amazon Robotics, and discusses their effect on architecture itself.
A Benediction for the Amazon Wind Farm Texas: Where the Landscapes of Resource‐and Data Extraction Meet
Authors: Burrington Ingrid
Published: January 2019

Our online activities can have a hefty carbon footprint. Some of the big tech companies have been taking responsibility for this by investing in sustainable energy projects. Having visited the site of Amazon's first wind farm, New York‐based writer and artist Ingrid Burrington questions the motivations and outcomes of such ventures.
Tending Goats and Microprocessors Xingzhe Liu: Uncovering Sichuan's Remote Bitcoin Mines
Authors: Young Liam
Published: January 2019

A new technological industry is stirring deep in rural China: Bitcoin mines operated by hydroelectric power from mountain streams. Photojournalist Xingzhe Liu took the long hike to discover their operators’ working conditions. Guest‐Editor Liam Young relays the dark and gruelling tale of what he found.
Fringes of Technology and Spaces of Entanglement in the Pearl River Delta
Authors: Bedir Merve , Hilgefort Jason
Published: January 2019

China's Pearl River Delta is a burgeoning megalopolis and a hotbed of technological transformation. Based in one of its cities, Shenzhen, the spatial knowledge exchange platform Aformal Academy was set up to explore the nature of this transformation. Its co‐founders Merve Bedir and Jason Hilgefort present a range of ventures that have been happening on the urban and digital margins, where human and nonhuman intermingle. Mechanisation, e‐commerce, online supply‐chain management and data harvesting are impacting a whole array of fields, from building construction and electric car production to craft villages and landscape projects.
Ghosts in the Machine: Space Junk and the Future of Earth Orbit
Authors: Gorman Alice
Published: January 2019

Hundreds of millions of objects are orbiting our planet, 94 per cent of which are pure machine debris. Space archaeologist Alice Gorman, who is Senior Lecturer at Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia, takes this AD's investigations beyond the Earth's surface and out into the near universe – looking at the material and cultural implications of the status quo, and reflecting on possibilities for the years and centuries to come.
Organic Transistor Based on Cyclopentadithiophene‐Benzothiadiazole Donor–Acceptor Copolymer for the Detection and Discrimination between Multiple Structural Isomers
Authors: Khatib Muhammad , Huynh Tan‐Phat , Sun Jiaxing Jeccy , Do Thu Trang , Sonar Prashant , Hinkel Felix , Müllen Klaus , Haick Hossam
Published: January 2019

Distinguishing structural isomers is a critical and challenging task for biotechnology, chemical industry, and environmental monitoring. Approaches currently available are limited in terms of selectivity and simplicity. In this paper, a highly sensitive organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) using the cyclopentadithiophene‐benzothiadiazole (CDT‐BTZ) copolymers as a semiconductor is presented for easy and selective detection of different families of structural isomers, as well as between different isomers within each family. High accuracy discrimination is achieved over a range of concentrations using only a single sensing parameter derived from the OFET characteristic transfer curve. As a reference, other homopolymer‐ and donor–acceptor copolymer‐based OFET sensors are examined but do not have an equivalent sensing performance to that of the CDT‐BTZ‐based OFETs. Investigating the link between isomer absorption and swelling, supramolecular order and energy levels of the active layer reveals a unique effect of each isomer on the energy bands of the semiconducting polymer.
Development of a Coaxial 3D Printing Platform for Biofabrication of Implantable Islet‐Containing Constructs
Authors: Liu Xiao , Carter Sarah‐Sophia D. , Renes Max Jurie , Kim Juewan , Rojas‐Canales Darling Macarena , Penko Daniella , Angus Cameron , Beirne Stephen , Drogemuller Christopher John , Yue Zhilian , Coates Patrick T. , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: January 2019

Over the last two decades, pancreatic islet transplantations have become a promising treatment for Type I diabetes. However, although providing a consistent and sustained exogenous insulin supply, there are a number of limitations hindering the widespread application of this approach. These include the lack of sufficient vasculature and allogeneic immune attacks after transplantation, which both contribute to poor cell survival rates. Here, these issues are addressed using a biofabrication approach. An alginate/gelatin‐based bioink formulation is optimized for islet and islet‐related cell encapsulation and 3D printing. In addition, a custom‐designed coaxial printer is developed for 3D printing of multicellular islet‐containing constructs. In this work, the ability to fabricate 3D constructs with precise control over the distribution of multiple cell types is demonstrated. In addition, it is shown that the viability of pancreatic islets is well maintained after the 3D printing process. Taken together, these results represent the first step toward an improved vehicle for islet transplantation and a potential novel strategy to treat Type I diabetes.
Assembling Mesoscale‐Structured Organic Interfaces in Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Hou Yi , Xie Chen , Radmilovic Vuk V. , Puscher Bianka , Wu Mingjian , Heumüller Thomas , Karl André , Li Ning , Tang Xiaofeng , Meng Wei , Chen Shi , Osvet Andres , Guldi Dirk , Spiecker Erdmann , Radmilović Velimir R. , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: January 2019

Mesoscale‐structured materials offer broad opportunities in extremely diverse applications owing to their high surface areas, tunable surface energy, and large pore volume. These benefits may improve the performance of materials in terms of carrier density, charge transport, and stability. Although metal oxides–based mesoscale‐structured materials, such as TiO2, predominantly hold the record efficiency in perovskite solar cells, high temperatures (above 400 °C) and limited materials choices still challenge the community. A novel route to fabricate organic‐based mesoscale‐structured interfaces (OMI) for perovskite solar cells using a low‐temperature and green solvent–based process is presented here. The efficient infiltration of organic porous structures based on crystalline nanoparticles allows engineering efficient “n‐i‐p” and “p‐i‐n” perovskite solar cells with enhanced thermal stability, good performance, and excellent lateral homogeneity. The results show that this method is universal for multiple organic electronic materials, which opens the door to transform a wide variety of organic‐based semiconductors into scalable n‐ or p‐type porous interfaces for diverse advanced applications.
Neural Stem Cells Transfected with Reactive Oxygen Species–Responsive Polyplexes for Effective Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Jiang Xin‐Chi , Xiang Jia‐Jia , Wu Hong‐Hui , Zhang Tian‐Yuan , Zhang Dan‐Ping , Xu Qian‐Hao , Huang Xiao‐Li , Kong Xiang‐Lei , Sun Ji‐Hong , Hu Yu‐Lan , Li Kai , Tabata Yasuhiko , Shen You‐Qing , Gao Jian‐Qing
Published: January 2019

Neural stem cells (NSCs), capable of ischemia‐homing, regeneration, and differentiation, exert strong therapeutic potentials in treating ischemic stroke, but the curative effect is limited in the harsh microenvironment of ischemic regions rich in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gene transfection to make NSCs overexpress brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can enhance their therapeutic efficacy; however, viral vectors must be used because current nonviral vectors are unable to efficiently transfect NSCs. The first polymeric vector, ROS‐responsive charge‐reversal poly[(2‐acryloyl)ethyl(p‐boronic acid benzyl)diethylammonium bromide] (B‐PDEA), is shown here, that mediates efficient gene transfection of NSCs and greatly enhances their therapeutics in ischemic stroke treatment. The cationic B‐PDEA/DNA polyplexes can effectively transfect NSCs; in the cytosol, the B‐PDEA is oxidized by intracellular ROS into negatively charged polyacrylic acid, quickly releasing the BDNF plasmids for efficient transcription and secreting a high level of BDNF. After i.v. injection in ischemic stroke mice, the transfected NSCs (BDNF‐NSCs) can home to ischemic regions as efficiently as the pristine NSCs but more efficiently produce BDNF, leading to significantly augmented BDNF levels, which in turn enhances the mouse survival rate to 60%, from 0% (nontreated mice) or ≈20% (NSC‐treated mice), and enables more rapid and superior functional reconstruction.
State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Challenges of UV Curable Polymer‐Based Smart Materials for Printing Technologies
Authors: Mendes‐Felipe Cristian , Oliveira Juliana , Etxebarria Ikerne , Vilas‐Vilela José Luis , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu
Published: January 2019

The one‐step printing of fully functional electronic devices is one of the main goals of additive manufacturing. In general, this approach is increasingly growing, being one of the key developments additive manufacturing processes based on ultraviolet curing. The main reasons for this increasing interest in UV curing based technologies are its advantages, such as fast curing at room temperature, space and energy efficiency, high‐resolution patterns, and solvent‐free formulations. Despite the important developments, some challenges remain with respect to improving UV curing process and, in particular, to obtain smart UV curable materials, many times based on the inclusion of specific nanoparticles in a UV curable polymer matrix. Thus, this paper reviews the recent developments in UV curable smart materials for printing technologies focusing on both materials and processes. The curing mechanisms and the main materials used in UV photocurable resins are reviewed as well as the main smart and multifunctional materials obtained based on them. Finally, a summary of the main achievement and the future needs are indicated. This review represents therefore a landmark for the development of a new generation of UV curable smart and multifunctional materials and solutions.
Anisotropic Fast Electrically Switchable Emission from Composites of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Cuboids in a Nematic Liquid Crystal
Authors: Satapathy Pragnya , Santra Pralay K. , Haque Anamul , Yelamaggad C. V. , Das Shyamashis , Prasad S. Krishna
Published: January 2019

Fast electrically switchable anisotropic photoluminescence from a nano‐soft composite comprising a nematic liquid crystal (LC) and quantum cuboids of a cesium lead halide perovskite is reported. The magnitude of the anisotropy in emission appears to be dictated by the anisotropy of the LC and the capability of the cuboids to form a linear chain, the latter being evidenced through optical and electron microscopy. Application of an ac electric field of small amplitude and its consequent coupling to the LC director is employed to continuously vary the magnitude of the green emission. By appealing to a two‐frequency protocol, the emission could be alternated between the anisotropic limits 40 times faster than with a standard protocol. These studies assume importance to obtain backlight sources having narrow full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) and polarized emission for achieving high‐quality low‐cost LC displays. While conventionally, the light source and the LC are separate entities, the possibility of combining the two functionalities in a single material is highly desirable from the fabrication point of view.
All‐Solid‐State Fiber Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Volumetric Energy Density and Outstanding Flexibility
Authors: Pan Zhenghui , Yang Jie , Zhang Qichong , Liu Meinan , Hu Yating , Kou Zongkui , Liu Na , Yang Xin , Ding Xiaoyu , Chen Hao , Li Jia , Zhang Kai , Qiu Yongcai , Li Qingwen , Wang John , Zhang Yuegang
Published: January 2019

Fiber supercapacitors (FSCs) represent a promising class of energy storage devices that can complement or even replace microbatteries in miniaturized portable and wearable electronics. One of their main limitations, however, is the low volumetric energy density when compared with those of rechargeable batteries. Considering the energy density of FSC is proportional to CV2 (E = 1/2 CV2, where C is the capacitance and V is the operating voltage), one would explore high operating voltage as an effective strategy to promote the volumetric energy density. In the present work, an all‐solid‐state asymmetric FSC (AFSC) with a maximum operating voltage of 3.5 V is successfully achieved, by employing an ionic liquid (IL) incorporated gel‐polymer as the electrolyte (EMIMTFSI/PVDF‐HFP). The optimized AFSC is based on MnOx@TiN nanowires@carbon nanotube (NWs@CNT) fiber as the positive electrode and C@TiN NWs@CNT fiber as the negative electrode, which gives rise to an ultrahigh stack volumetric energy density of 61.2 mW h cm−3, being even comparable to those of commercially planar lead‐acid batteries (50–90 mW h cm−3), and an excellent flexibility of 92.7% retention after 1000 blending cycles at 90°. The demonstration of employing the ILs‐based electrolyte opens up new opportunities to fabricate high‐performance flexible AFSC for future portable and wearable electronic devices.
Discovery of Calcium‐Metal Alloy Anodes for Reversible Ca‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yao Zhenpeng , Hegde Vinay I. , Aspuru‐Guzik Alán , Wolverton Chris
Published: January 2019

Ca‐ion batteries (CIBs) show promise to achieve the high energy density required by emerging applications like electric vehicles because of their potentially improved capacities and high operating voltages. The development of CIBs is hindered by the failure of traditional graphite and calcium metal anodes due to the intercalation difficulty and the lack of efficient electrolytes. Recently, a high voltage (4.45 V) CIB cell using Sn as the anode has been reported to achieve a remarkable cyclability (>300 cycles). The calciation of Sn is observed to end at Ca7Sn6, which is surprising, since higher Ca‐content compounds are known (e.g., Ca2Sn). Here, the Sn electrochemical calciation reaction process is investigated computationally and the reaction driving force as a function of Ca content is explored using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This exploration allows the identification of threshold voltages which govern the limits of the calciation process. This information is then used to design a four‐step screening strategy and high‐throughput DFT is utilized to search for anode materials with higher properties. Many metalloids (Si, Sb, Ge), (post‐)transition metals (Al, Pb, Cu, Cd, CdCu2) are predicted to be promising inexpensive anode candidates and warrant further experimental investigations.
Risk factors for incisional surgical site infection after elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery
Authors: Chida Keigo , Watanabe Jun , Suwa Yusuke , Suwa Hirokazu , Momiyama Masashi , Ishibe Atsushi , Ota Mitsuyoshi , Kunisaki Chikara , Endo Itaru
Published: January 2019

Background

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common morbidity in patients undergoing colorectal surgery, and the focus of previous studies has primarily been on incisional SSI. Most reports thus far have focused on open surgery rather than on laparoscopic colorectal surgery (Lap CR). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors for incisional SSI in patients undergoing elective Lap CR.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence and risk factors of incisional SSI for elective Lap CR. From January 2008 to June 2018, 1825 consecutive patients with a preoperative diagnosis of colorectal cancer who underwent Lap CR were analyzed at a single institution.

Results

Incidence of incisional SSI was 3.3%. Postoperative hospital stay (days) was significantly longer in the incisional SSI group than in the non‐incisional SSI group (8 [6‐12] vs 10 [8‐19], P < 0.001). Incisional SSI were significantly associated with five operative factors: blood loss (g) (P < 0.014), midline wound length (mm) (P = 0.038), suture materials (P = 0.014), suture technique (interrupted vs continuous mass closure, P = 0.003), and organ/space SSI (P = 0.041). Multivariate analysis showed that continuous mass closure (odds ratio 0.290; 95% confidence interval 0.101‐0.831, P = 0.021) was the only factor independently associated with the incidence of incisional SSI.

Conclusions

Incidence of incisional SSI was comparable to that in previous reports. Continuous mass closure decreased the risk of incisional SSI in elective Lap CR.