bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric Dynamics of Arterial Pulse for Wearable Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Yi Zhiran , Liu Zhaoxu , Li Wenbo , Ruan Tao , Chen Xiang , Liu Jingquan , Yang Bin , Zhang Wenming
Published: March 2022

Piezoelectric arterial pulse wave dynamics are traditionally considered to be similar to those of typical blood pressure waves. However, achieving accurate continuous blood pressure wave monitoring based on arterial pulse waves remains challenging, because the correlation between piezoelectric pulse waves and their related blood pressure waves is unclear. To address this, the correlation between piezoelectric pulse waves and blood pressure waves is first elucidated via theoretical, simulation, and experimental analysis of these dynamics. Based on this correlation, the authors develop a wireless wearable continuous blood pressure monitoring system, with better portability than conventional systems that are based on the pulse wave velocity between multiple sensors. They explore the feasibility of achieving wearable continuous blood pressure monitoring without motion artifacts, using a single piezoelectric sensor. These findings eliminate the controversy over the arterial pulse wave piezoelectric response, and can potentially be used to develop a portable wearable continuous blood pressure monitoring device for the early prevention and daily control of hypertension.
Shape‐Tuned Multiphoton‐Emitting InP Nanotetrapods
Authors: Kim Taehee , Kim Youngsik , Park Seongmin , Park Kyoungwon , Wang Zhen , Oh Sang Ho , Jeong Sohee , Kim Dongho
Published: March 2022

As the properties of a semiconductor material depend on the fate of the excitons, manipulating exciton behavior is the primary objective of nanomaterials. Although nanocrystals exhibit unusual excitonic characteristics owing to strong spatial confinement, studying the interactions between excitons in a single nanoparticle remains challenging due to the rapidly vanishing multiexciton species. Here, a platform for exciton tailoring using a straightforward strategy of shape‐tuning of single‐crystalline nanocrystals is presented. Spectroscopic and theoretical studies reveal a systematic transition of exciton confinement orientation from 3D to 2D, which is solely tuned by the geometric shape of material. Such a precise shape‐effect triggers a multiphoton emission in single nanotetrapods with arms longer than the exciton Bohr radius of material. In consequence, the unique interplay between the multiple quantum states allows a geometric modulation of the quantum‐confined Stark effect and nanocrystal memory effect in single nanotetrapods. These results provide a useful metric in designing nanomaterials for future photonic applications.
Plasmon‐Induced Disorder Engineering for Robust Optical Sensors
Authors: Shutsko Ivan , Buchmüller Maximilian , Meudt Maik , Görrn Patrick
Published: March 2022

Optical metasurfaces address a plethora of applications in planar optics, as they enable precise control of the phase, amplitude, and polarization of light at nanoscale interaction lengths. However, their implementation requires surface nanostructuring, based on complex design and fabrication methods. In addition, exploiting narrow spectral features, e.g., for sensing, is accompanied by high demands in terms of precise post‐process alignments of probing light—impractical for compact optical systems. Here, the realization of plasmonic metasurfaces, based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and using a solution‐based growth method, is demonstrated. The particle growth is mediated by localized surface plasmon resonances. The resulting nanostructures are directly applicable as self‐optimized metasurfaces in optical systems, as their fabrication and probing procedures allow the use of common—photonic and plasmonic—platforms. Information regarding the electromagnetic (EM) environment is stored during the fabrication via distinct particle positions and dimensions. The resulting optical response is inherently sensitive to deviations from this EM environment—enabling high‐performance nanoplasmonic sensing with a maximum discrete Figure of Merit* ( of 968 without the need for post‐process alignments.
Inorganic CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals as Interfacial Ion Reservoirs to Stabilize FAPbI3 Perovskite for Efficient Photovoltaics
Authors: Chen Yuetian , Wei Ning , Miao Yanfeng , Chen Haoran , Ren Meng , Liu Xiaomin , Zhao Yixin
Published: March 2022

Bulk lead halide perovskite films with unique optoelectronic properties and facile low‐cost processing methods are promising for various optoelectronic applications including photovoltaics. Solution‐processed colloidal inorganic perovskite nanocrystals with higher crystallinity hold good potential for devices with better stability and optoelectronic properties. To address phase stability and defect passivation issues in black phase FAPbI3 perovskite, all‐inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (CPB NCs) are adapted as an effective modifier to form CPB NC‐treated FAPbI3 perovskite films (noted as CPB NC‐FAPbI3). It is identified in this study that, the incorporated CsPbBr3 NCs not only act as surface additives for the bulk perovskite films, but can also serve as ion reservoirs to supply both cation and halide exchanges at the interface. This two‐way ion exchange in CPB NC‐FAPbI3 samples leads to the formation of a compositional gradient as FA1−xCsxPbI3−yBry layers on the bulk perovskite film surface with vertically varied x and y values. Defects at interfaces and grain boundaries are therefore effectively passivated, leading to improved stability and charge carrier dynamics. As a result, the CPB NC‐FAPbI3 perovskite based solar cells exhibit overall enhancements in device efficiency and operational stability.
Promoting justice through community‐based research: International case studies
Authors: Suarez‐Balcazar Yolanda , Balcazar Fabricio , Miranda Daniela E. , Velazquez Tesania , Arcidiacono Caterina , Garcia‐Ramirez Manuel
Published: March 2022

Community‐based participatory research (CBPR) approaches to promoting justice focus on working from the ground up and giving a voice to marginalized communities regarding their concerns, potential solutions, and how to address social justice issues that matter to them. The pursuit of justice is often related to efforts to attain personal as well as collective well‐being. In this paper, we illustrate three exemplars of community psychologists' efforts to promote justice. Within each case study, we discuss the social and community context and examine how the researchers built partnerships and solidarity, developed ways of doing, and approached challenges and solutions. First, we present an example to promote economic justice through an entrepreneurship initiative developed in collaboration with young Black youth with disabilities in the United States. The second case illustrates an effort to promote reproductive justice in collaboration with Roma women and girls in Spain. The third exemplar depicts the use of life stories as a method to raise the voices of displaced, marginalized indigenous women in Peru. Based on these three case studies, we present a synthesis model of social justice. We also discuss implications for future studies emphasizing the importance of engaging community participants in research meaningful ways, developing sustainable partnerships, and decolonizing research.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)–related smell and taste impairment with widespread diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Omicron variant
Authors: Boscolo‐Rizzo Paolo , Tirelli Giancarlo , Meloni Pierluigi , Hopkins Claire , Madeddu Giordano , De Vito Andrea , Gardenal Nicoletta , Valentinotti Romina , Tofanelli Margherita , Borsetto Daniele , Lechien Jerome R. , Polesel Jerry , De Riu Giacomo , Vaira Luigi Angelo
Published: March 2022

Background

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self‐reported chemosensory dysfunction in a study cohort of subjects who developed a mild‐to‐moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in the period from January 17, 2022, to February 4, 2022 (Omicron proxy period) and compared that with a historical series of patients testing positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection between March and April, 2020 (comparator period).

Methods

Prospective study based on the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Tool (SNOT‐22), item “sense of smell or taste” and additional outcomes.

Results

Patients’ characteristics and clinical presentations of COVID‐19 were evaluated and compared in 779 patients, 338 of the study cohort and 441 of the historical series. The prevalence of self‐reported chemosensory dysfunction during the proxy Omicron period (32.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 27.6–37.8) was significantly lower from that during the comparator period (66.9%; 95% CI, 62.3–71.3) (p < 0.001). Nearly one‐quarter of patients (24.6%; 95% CI, 20.1–29.5) reported an altered sense of smell during the proxy Omicron period compared to 62.6% (95% CI, 57.9–67.1) during the comparator period (p < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of an altered sense of taste dropped to 26.9% (95% CI, 22.3–32.0) during the proxy Omicron period from 57.4% (95% CI, 52.6–62.0) during the comparator period (p < 0.001). The severity of chemosensory dysfunction was lower in the proxy Omicron period compared to the comparator period (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The prevalence and the severity of COVID‐19–associated smell and taste dysfunction has dropped significantly with the advent of the Omicron variant but it still remains above 30%.
Airway obstruction time and outcomes in patients with foreign body airway obstruction: multicenter observational choking investigation
Authors: Igarashi Yutaka , Norii Tatsuya , Sung‐Ho Kim , Nagata Shimpei , Yoshino Yudai , Hamaguchi Takuro , Nagaosa Riko , Nakao Shunichiro , Tagami Takashi , Yokobori Shoji
Published: March 2022

Aim

Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) is a major public health concern worldwide for infants and older adults. This study determines the association between airway obstruction time and neurological outcomes to plan an effective response for patients with FBAO.

Methods

This multicenter retrospective observational study was carried out among patients with life‐threatening FBAO in Japan over a period of 4 years. The duration of airway obstruction was calculated from the time of the accident to the time of foreign body removal. The study examined the relationship between airway obstruction time and outcome. The primary outcome was vegetative state or death at hospital discharge.

Results

Among 119 patients, 68 were in the category of vegetative state or death. Logistic regression analysis showed that longer airway obstruction time (adjusted odds ratio 1.04; 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.07) was associated with vegetative state or death. When the cut‐off value was set at 10, the sensitivity was 0.88, the specificity 0.47, with the area under the curve 0.69. Using the other cut‐off value of 4 min, the negative predictive value was 1.00.

Conclusion

Longer airway obstruction time was associated with vegetative state or death for patients with FBAO. The incidence of vegetative state or death increased when the airway obstruction time exceeded 10 min. Meanwhile, 4 min or less may be set as a target time for foreign body removal in order to prevent vegetative state or death and plan an effective response.
Decreasing Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Expenditures and Improving Quality at the Health System Level
Authors: Langer‐Gould Annette , Cheng Stephen C. , Li Bonnie H. , Smith Jessica B. , Kanter Michael H. ,   for the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Multiple Sclerosis specialist group
Published: March 2022

Objective

This study was undertaken to evaluate a multicomponent health system intervention designed to reduce escalating disease‐modifying treatment (DMT) expenditures and improve multiple sclerosis (MS) outcomes by increasing use of preferred formulary and highly effective DMTs (HETs).

Methods

We conducted a trend study of treatment utilization and expenditure outcomes prior to (2009–2011) and during (2012–2018) MS Treatment Optimization Program (MSTOP) implementation in Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) compared to a Kaiser Permanente region of similar size. Annual relapse rates (ARRs) were obtained from KPSC's electronic health records.

Results

Adherence to preferred formulary DMTs increased from 25.4% in 2011 to 72.2% in 2017 following MSTOP implementation in KPSC and 22.1% to 43.8%, respectively, in the comparator. KPSC's annual DMT expenditures in 2018 were less than in 2011 despite an 11.3% increase in DMT‐treated members. The decline in average per patient per year of treatment expenditures from a peak of $43.1 K in 2014 to $26.3 K in 2018 in KPSC was greater than the comparator, which peaked at $52.1 K and declined to $40.0 K in 2018. Over the 7 years following initiation of MSTOP, cumulative MS DMT expenditures were $161.6 million less than the comparator. HET use increased to 62.5% of per patient treatment‐years versus 32.4% in the comparator. This corresponded to a 69% decline in adjusted ARR (95% confidence interval = 64.1–73.2%;p < 0.0001) among DMT‐treated patients in KPSC.

Interpretation

A novel, expert‐led health system intervention reduced MS DMT expenditures despite rising prices while simultaneously reducing MS relapse rates. Our focus on health system progress toward meaningful, measurable targets could serve as a model to improve quality and affordability of MS care in other settings. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:164–172
Mesoionische Imine (MIIs): Starke Donoren und vielseitige Liganden für Übergangsmetalle und Hauptgruppensubstrate
Authors: Rudolf Richard , Neuman Nicolás I. , Walter Robert R. M. , Ringenberg Mark. R. , Sarkar Biprajit
Published: March 2022

Wir berichten über die Synthese und die Reaktivität mesoionischer Imine (MIIs) des 1,2,3‐Triazolin‐5‐imin Typs. Die MIIs sind über eine Basen‐mediierte Cycloaddition eines substituierten Acetonitrils mit einem aromatischen Azid, Methylierung nach etablierten Methylierungsrouten und anschließender Deprotonierung zugänglich. C=O‐Streckschwingungen in MII−CO2− und −Rh(CO)2Cl‐Komplexen wurden bemüht um die Gesamtdonorstärke zu bestimmen. Die MIIs sind stärkere Donoren als N‐Heterocyclische Imine (NHIs). MIIs sind exzellente Liganden für Hauptgruppenelemente und Übergangsmetalle, in welchen sie Substituenten‐induzierte Fluor‐spezifische Wechselwirkungen zeigen oder C−H‐Aktvierungen eingehen. DFT‐Berechnungen haben Einblicke in die Grenzorbitale der MIIs gegeben. Die Rechnungen sagen im Vergleich zu verwandten Liganden eine relative kleine HOMO–LUMO Lücke vorraus. MIIs können potentiell sowohl als π‐Donor‐ als auch π‐Akzeptorliganden wirken. Dieser Bericht demonstiert das Potential von MIIs spannende Eigenschaften mit einem gewaltigen Zukunftspotential zu entwickeln.
X‐ray Electron Density Study of the Chemical Bonding Origin of Glass Formation in Metal–Organic Frameworks**
Authors: Sarkar Sounak , Grønbech Thomas Bjørn Egede , Mamakhel Aref , Bondesgaard Martin , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Nishibori Eiji , Iversen Bo Brummerstedt
Published: March 2022

Glass‐forming metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have novel applications, but the origin of their peculiar melting behavior is unclear. Here, we report synchrotron X‐ray diffraction electron densities of two zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), the glass‐forming Zn‐ZIF‐zni and the isostructural thermally decomposing Co‐ZIF‐zni. Electron density analysis shows that the Zn−N bonds are more ionic than the Co−N bonds, which have distinct covalent features. Variable‐temperature Raman spectra reveal the onset of significant imidazolate bond weakening in Co‐ZIF‐zni above 673 K. Melting can be controlled by tuning the metal–ligand and imidazole bonding strength as shown from thermal analysis of nine solid‐solution CoxZn1−x‐ZIF‐zni (x=0.3 to 0.003) MOFs, and a mere 4 % Co‐doping into Zn‐ZIF‐zni results in thermal decomposition instead of melting. The present findings demonstrate the key role of the metal–ligand bonds and imidazolate bonds in controlling the delicate balance between melting and decomposition processes in this class of ZIF compounds.
Estimating Phosphorescent Emission Energies in IrIII Complexes Using Large‐Scale Quantum Computing Simulations**
Authors: Genin Scott N. , Ryabinkin Ilya G. , Paisley Nathan R. , Whelan Sarah O. , Helander Michael G. , Hudson Zachary M.
Published: March 2022

Here we calculate T1→S0 transition energies in nine phosphorescent iridium complexes using the iterative qubit coupled cluster (iQCC) method to determine if quantum simulations have any advantages over classical methods. These simulations would require a gate‐based quantum computer with at least 72 fully‐connected logical qubits. Since such devices do not yet exist, we demonstrate the iQCC method using a purpose‐built quantum simulator on classical hardware. The results are compared to a selection of common DFT functionals, ab initio methods, and empirical data. iQCC is found to match the accuracy of the best DFT functionals, but with a better correlation coefficient, demonstrating that it is better at predicting the structure–property relationship. Results indicate that the iQCC method has the required accuracy to design organometallic complexes when deployed on emerging quantum hardware and sets an industrially relevant target for demonstrating quantum advantage.
Steering Self‐Assembly of Three‐Dimensional Iptycenes on Au(111) by Tuning Molecule‐Surface Interactions
Authors: Grossmann Lukas , Ringel Eva , Rastgoo‐Lahrood Atena , King Benjamin T. , Rosen Johanna , Heckl Wolfgang M. , Opris Dorina , Björk Jonas , Lackinger Markus
Published: March 2022

Self‐assembly of three‐dimensional molecules is scarcely studied on surfaces. Their modes of adsorption can exhibit far greater variability compared to (nearly) planar molecules that adsorb mostly flat on surfaces. This additional degree of freedom can have decisive consequences for the expression of intermolecular binding motifs, hence the formation of supramolecular structures. The determining molecule‐surface interactions can be widely tuned, thereby providing a new powerful lever for crystal engineering in two dimensions. Here, we study the self‐assembly of triptycene derivatives with anthracene blades on Au(111) by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Near Edge X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure and Density Functional Theory. The impact of molecule‐surface interactions was experimentally tested by comparing pristine with iodine‐passivated Au(111) surfaces. Thereby, we observed a fundamental change of the adsorption mode that triggered self‐assembly of an entirely different structure.
Elucidation of the changes occurring at the proteome level in ovaries of high‐fat diet‐induced obese rats
Authors: Simsek Hayal U. , Albayrak Merve G. B. , Kasap Murat , Simsek Turgay , Akpinar Gurler , Guler Sertac A. , Canturk Nuh Z.
Published: March 2022

High‐fat diet‐induced obesity adversely affects the female reproductive system. The metabolic changes that the high‐fat diet causes on the ovaries have not been elucidated. Herein, to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of long‐term high‐fat diet‐fed, the changes in the global proteomic profile of the rat ovaries were investigated. The female rats were randomly divided into two groups based on their diets: the ones that were fed with the high‐fat diet and the other ones that were fed with the control diet for 18 weeks. To identify differentially expressed proteins, the changes in ovary proteomes were investigated by two‐dimensional electrophoresis coupled to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight and label‐free quantification with nano‐high performance liquid chromatography to tandem mass spectrometry (nHPLC‐MS/MS). A total of 80 proteins were differentially regulated. The upregulated proteins were involved in responses to chemical and organic substances, cytokines, external stimuli, and lipids. These proteins were particularly associated with vesicles, microbodies, and cell surface proteins. The downregulated proteins were involved in biological processes associated with cellular respiration. Those proteins created a network consisting of proteins involved in aerobic respiration and energy generation. Our results demonstrated that the mechanisms related to energy production in the ovary tissue were particularly affected by the high‐fat diet.
Congenital granular cell tumor: Report of a case with literature review and differential diagnosis
Authors: Singh Arpita , Ghosh Snehashish , Yadav Anjani Kumar , Panthee Anuja
Published: March 2022

Congenital granular cell tumor (CGCT) is a rare benign lesion and presents as a fibrous mass arising from the alveolus in the newborn. The prenatal screening of lesions can help in parent counseling, determining the complications, as larger size lesions may interfere with normal delivery and require a cesarean section.
Dementia as a core clinical feature of a patient with aceruloplasminemia
Authors: Ashrafi Farzad , Salari Mehri , Nouri Fatemeh , Shiravi Fatemeh
Published: March 2022

Aceruloplasminemia is an autosomal recessive disease, caused by systemic iron accumulation due to mutations in the Ceruloplasmin gene. We report two Iranian siblings who have been diagnosed with aceruloplasminemia. Although dementia has not been published as the first neurological feature, one of our cases was presented with pure dementia.
Far migration of an intrauterine contraceptive device from the uterus to the small bowel
Authors: Carroll Alexandria , Paradise Courtney , Schuemann Katie , Schellhammer Shannon Scott , Carlan Steve J.
Published: March 2022

A sexually active, asymptomatic 44‐year‐old presented for Intrauterine device (IUD) removal that had been in place for 13 years. IUD removal was unsuccessful as the strings could not be located. Imaging revealed an extrauterine IUD and at surgical removal of the abdominal IUD a small bowel perforation requiring bowel resection was required. Uterine perforation is a rare complication of IUD use occurring in approximately 1–1.3 in 1000. Risk factors for perforation include provider inexperience, retroverted uterus, immobile uterus, and myometrial defect from a previous cesarean delivery or myomectomy.
Magnetite‐Free Sn‐Doped Hematite Nanoflake Layers for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Ahn Hyo‐Jin , Kment Stepan , Yoo Jeong Eun , Truong Nguyen Nhat , Naldoni Alberto , Zboril Radek , Schmuki Patrik
Published: March 2022

In the present work, we report a preparation strategy for hematite phase‐pure photoanodes consisting of Sn‐doped hematite nanoflakes/hematite thin film bilayer nanostructure (Sn‐HB). This approach is based on a two‐step annealing process of pure iron films deposited on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by advanced magnetron sputtering. While the high density hematite ultrathin nanoflakes (HNs) with detrimental iron oxide layers (Fe3O4 and/or FeO) are generated during the first annealing step at 400 °C for two hours, the second thermal treatment at 800 °C for 15 minutes oxidises all the undesired iron oxide phases to a photoactive hematite layer as well as is providing efficient Sn doping of a drop‐casted SnCl4 in order to increase the conductivity. The optimized Sn‐HB shows an around 11 times higher photocurrent density (0.71 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE) compared with a reference hematite photoanode produced from iron foil under the same conditions.
Comparing adult‐child and spousal caregiver burden and potential contributors
Authors: Fenton Anny T.H.R. , Keating Nancy L. , Ornstein Katherine A. , Kent Erin E. , Litzelman Kristin , Rowland Julia H. , Wright Alexi A.
Published: March 2022

Background

Adult‐children caring for a parent with cancer comprise a significant segment of caregivers. Yet less is known about adult‐child caregivers, their burden, or caregivers' and patients' gender's impact, which may differ from the well‐studied spousal caregiver. This knowledge gap may hinder efforts to ameliorate adult‐children's caregiver burden.

Methods

We analyzed caregiver surveys from the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium, a multi‐regional population‐based study of patients with colorectal or lung cancer. Using t tests and multivariate regression models, we assessed whether adult‐child and spousal caregivers' caregiving responsibilities and social/emotional and financial burdens differed and used structural equation models (SEMs) to examine mediating factors.

Results

Compared with spouses/partners (N = 1007), adult‐children (N = 227) spent less time caregiving (14 vs 23 hours/week; P < .001), but experienced higher social/ emotional burden (P < .01). In models adjusted for objective caregiving burden measures and demographics, adult‐children's social/emotional (P < .05) and financial burdens (P < .01) were greater than spouses'. Poor communication quality was associated with greater social/emotional burden for both groups (P < .05). SEMs indicated that gender concordance between caregivers and patients (eg, daughters caring for mothers) and caregiver employment increased the difference between adult‐child and spouses' social/emotional burden, whereas caregiver‐patient relationship quality reduced it.

Conclusions

Adult‐children spend less time caregiving than spouses/partners, but have higher social/emotional and financial caregiving burdens, partially due to adult‐children's employment, caregiver‐patients' gender concordance, and relationship quality. Gender concordance's contribution to greater social/emotional burden adds important context to prior findings, indicating female caregivers experience the most burden. Interventions that improve caregiver‐patient communication may reduce both adult‐child and spousal caregiver burden.
Monolayer, Bilayer, and Bulk BSi as Potential Anode Materials of Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Samad Abdus , Shafique Aamir , Schwingenschlögl Udo , Ji ZongWei , Luo Guangfu
Published: March 2022

Monolayer, bilayer, and bulk BSi are studied to explore their application potential as anode materials of Li‐ion batteries. Structural stability and metallicity are obtained in each case. The Li storage capacities of monolayer and bilayer BSi are 1378 and 689 mAh g−1, respectively, with average open circuit voltages of 1.30 and 0.47 V as well as Li diffusion barriers of 0.48 and 0.27 eV. Bulk BSi realizes a layered structure in the presence of a small amount of Li and its Li diffusion barrier of 0.48 eV is identical to that of graphite and lower than that of bulk Si (0.58 eV). The Li storage capacity of bulk BSi is found to be 689 mAh g−1, i. e., much higher than that of graphite (372 mAh g−1). The volume expansion turns out to be 33 % and the chemical bonds remain intact at full lithiation, outperforming the 72 % volume expansion of bulk Si at the same capacity and thus pointing to excellent cyclability.
Energy‐Efficient Small‐Scale Ammonia Synthesis Process with Plasma‐Enabled Nitrogen Oxidation and Catalytic Reduction of Adsorbed NOx
Authors: Hollevoet Lander , Vervloessem Elise , Gorbanev Yury , Nikiforov Anton , De Geyter Nathalie , Bogaerts Annemie , Martens Johan A.
Published: March 2022

Industrial ammonia production without CO2 emission and with low energy consumption is one of the technological grand challenges of this age. Current Haber‐Bosch ammonia mass production processes work with a thermally activated iron catalyst needing high pressure. The need for large volumes of hydrogen gas and the continuous operation mode render electrification of Haber‐Bosch plants difficult to achieve. Electrochemical solutions at low pressure and temperature are faced with the problematic inertness of the nitrogen molecule on electrodes. Direct reduction of N2 to ammonia is only possible with very reactive chemicals such as lithium metal, the regeneration of which is energy intensive. Here, the attractiveness of an oxidative route for N2 activation was presented. N2 conversion to NOx in a plasma reactor followed by reduction with H2 on a heterogeneous catalyst at low pressure could be an energy‐efficient option for small‐scale distributed ammonia production with renewable electricity and without intrinsic CO2 footprint.
A Rapid and Reversible pH Control Process for the Formation and Dissociation of Lignin Nanoparticles
Authors: Xu Jiayun , Zhou Hao , Zheng Yong , Li Chenyu , Dai Lin , Xu Chunlin , Si Chuanling
Published: March 2022

As a new and green type of nanomaterials, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) have been considered as high‐value renewable materials for application in many fields. However, the industrialization of LNPs faces many challenges, such as high manufacturing costs and small‐scale production. Here, a simple but rapid and reversible approach for the fabrication of LNPs was provided via switching pH environments. The LNPs were regularly shaped in the acetonitrile/water system, and their size appeared to be very homogeneous. The alternation of forming and dissolving of LNPs could be repeated many times simply by alternately adding acid and alkaline solutions. There was little difference in the molecular structures between the original and regenerated LNPs. In addition, the consumption of solvents for LNPs production was only 200 mL g−1, reduced by more than 10 times compared with conventional solvent exchange methods. The concentration of LNPs in the solution also improved to 5.0 g L−1. This study not only provides a new, simple, and effective strategy for the fabrication of LNPs but also paves the way towards their real green production and application.
Revisiting the improved core confinement simulations for FT‐2 tokamak
Authors: Iorio Riccardo Nicolò , Chône Laurent , Gusakov Evgeniy , Kiviniemi Timo P. , Lashkul Serguey , Leerink Susan
Published: March 2022

In the present paper, we revisit observations performed in FT‐2 tokamak from previous works. Improvements of core confinement are observed and believed to be caused by wide orbits going from collisionless to collisional regimes. Similar phenomena can occur whenever gradient lengths are comparable to the orbit widths at the top of the pedestal and the loss cone is continuously and increasingly filled by heated particles, collisions and turbulent effects. The lower hybrid heating operator is introduced into the ELMFIRE code to increase the ion temperature during the simulations while keeping the edge temperature low with logical boundary condition at the limiter. Particular focus is given on how the radial electric field deviates from the neoclassical value while introducing turbulent effects.
Comparative analysis of inter‐observer variability between conventional reporting system of salivary gland cytology with Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology
Authors: Khan Lubna , Sudarsini Saheeta , Mishra Vandana , Dwivedi Shobha , Kala Chayanika
Published: March 2022

Background

Interpretation of salivary gland cytology often leads to inter‐observer variability due to heterogenous and complex nature of these lesions. This creates a dilemma regarding their management by clinicians. Proposal of a universal system of reporting of salivary gland lesions leading to agreement in diagnosis and better understanding among clinicians was the need of the hour. Hence Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology (MSRSGC) was proposed in 2015 by the American society of cytopathology and the International Academy of Cytology. Present study was undertaken to assess inter‐observer variability in reporting by conventional system and MSRSGC.

Material and methods

One hundred and seventy‐six cases of salivary gland lesions were subjected to fine needle aspiration cytology. Cases were interpreted by two experienced cytopathologists and were reported by both conventional system and MSRSGC. Histopathological correlation was available in 81 cases.

Results

Inter‐observer variability was noted in six cases reported by conventional system and in two cases by MSRSGC. Moreover three cases out six cases had different management protocols while both cases of Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytology had same management. Thirteen cases diagnosed by Milan system and 17 cases diagnosed by conventional system were discordant with histopathological diagnosis.

Conclusion

Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytology has an edge over conventional system of reporting as it provides better agreement among cytopathologists and better management guidelines for clinicians with the added advantage of assessment of risk of malignancy.
Temperature and barometric pressure affect the activity intensity and movement of an endangered thermoconforming lizard
Authors: Ariano‐Sánchez Daniel , Mortensen Rasmus M. , Wilson Rory P. , Bjureke Peder , Reinhardt Stefanie , Rosell Frank
Published: March 2022

Global warming is expected to affect movement‐related thermoregulation in ectotherms, but the likely effects on thermoconforming lizards, which spend little energy in thermoregulation behavior, are unclear. We used the Guatemalan beaded lizard (Heloderma charlesbogerti) as a model thermoconforming species to investigate the effects of ambient temperature and barometric pressure (a cue for rain in the study area) on activity intensity and the structure of movement paths. We tracked 12 individuals over a total of 148 animal days during the wet season of 2019 using Global Positioning System tags and triaxial accelerometry. We found a clear positive effect of ambient temperature on activity (using vectorial dynamic body acceleration [VeDBA]) and step length of lizard movements. The movement also became more directional (longer step lengths and smaller turning angles) with increasing ambient temperatures. There was a small negative effect of barometric pressure on VeDBA. We propose that our patterns are indicative of internal state changes in the animals, as they move from a state of hunger, eliciting foraging, which is enhanced by lower temperatures and rainfall to a thermally stressed state, which initiates shelter‐seeking. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of this species to temperature change, show that not all thermoconforming lizards are thermal generalists, and indicate that predicted regional increases in temperature and reduction in rainfall are likely to negatively impact this species by reducing the width of their operational thermal window.
Electrolyte circulation effects in electrochemical performance for different flow fields of all‐vanadium redox flow battery
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Jayanti Sreenivas , Singh Arvind
Published: March 2022

A comparative study of electrochemical performance and hydrodynamic effects on a single cell for all vanadium redox flow batteries has been investigated in the present study. Electrochemical performance of a cell has been conducted with an active area of 414 cm2fitted with serpentine, interdigitated, and enhanced cross‐flow split serpentine (ECFSS) flow fields. The effects of electrolyte circulation rates on the electrochemical performance have been investigated for each flow field, and stable energy efficiency was achieved in 20 charge/discharge cycles for all three flow fields. Higher coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies in the serpentine flow field were achieved to be 96%, 82%, and 79%, respectively. The maximum peak power density values for the serpentine, ECFSS, and interdigitated flow field were found to be 158.2, 152.5, and 136.8 mW·cm−2, respectively, at a flow rate of 345 mL·min−1. Furthermore, detailed flow analysis was simulated by using computational fluid dynamics, and these studies postulated the reasons for the higher performance of the serpentine flow field compared to other flow fields.
Design and use of chimeric peptides in a new non‐destructive ecological process applied to the extraction of all trans/9‐cis β‐carotene isomers from Dunaliella salina
Authors: Kouidhi Soumaya , Mnif Wissem , Alqarni Nada , Abdelwahed Soukaina , Redissi Alaeddine , Ammous Nihel , Selmi Boulbaba , Gargouri Ali , Achour Sami , Cherif Ameur , Mosbah Amor
Published: March 2022

Recently, β‐carotene has gained tremendous importance as a bioactive molecule due to the growing awareness of the harmful effects of synthetic products. β‐carotene is a high‐value natural pigment that has the highest demand in the global carotenoid market owing to its proven antioxidant properties relevant for several diseases. To date, Dunaliella salina is the most important producer of natural β‐carotene and is the subject of important industrial efforts. However, the extraction of β‐carotene remains challenging since all the proposed techniques present a risk of product contamination or loss of quality due to solvent residuals and low yields. The purpose of this study was to set up a green, ecological, and innovative process of extraction of the two major β‐carotene isomers from the halophilic microalgae Dunaliella salina. Based on molecular modeling, docking, and drug design, we conceived and synthesized two chimeric peptides (PP2, PP3) targeting specifically the two major isomers: all‐trans or 9‐cis β‐carotene. The experimental protocol used in this study demonstrated the ability and the efficacy of those two peptides to cross the cell membrane and bind with high affinity to β‐carotene isomers and exclude them toward the extracellular medium while preserving the integrity of living cells. Interestingly, the tested peptides (PP2, PP3) exhibit significant β‐carotene extraction yields 58% and 34%, respectively, from the total of the β‐carotene in microalgae cells. In addition to its simplicity, this process is fast, independent of the source of the β‐carotene, and selective. These results would allow us to set up a green, ecological, and very profitable process of extraction from microalgae containing high amounts of β‐carotene. Our innovative approach is highly promising for the extraction of Dunaliella salina biomass on an industrial scale.
Occupational safety and health guidelines in relation to COVID‐19 risk, death risk, and case‐fatality proportion: An international, ecological study
Authors: Roberts Morgan , Thygerson Steven M. , Beard John D. , Clark Camille , Montague Emma
Published: March 2022

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) began in 2019 with several unknown factors. The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently developed COVID‐19 occupational safety and health (OSH) guidelines to reduce occupational COVID‐19 transmission. Many countries also developed their own COVID‐19 OSH guidelines, but whether these guidelines included WHO's guidelines and whether including WHO's guidelines in countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines reduced COVID‐19 transmission is unknown.

Objectives

The objectives of our study were to (1) compare the COVID‐19 OSH guidelines of several countries to WHO's OSH guidelines, (2) estimate associations between characteristics of countries and their OSH guidelines and the number of WHO's OSH guidelines included in countries' OSH guidelines, and (3) estimate associations between WHO's OSH guidelines included in countries' OSH guidelines and COVID‐19 risk, death risk, and case‐fatality proportion.

Methods

This study represents international, ecological research of 36 countries from all six world health regions. Countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines were compared with WHO's OSH guidelines. Linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate associations of interest.

Results

The median number of WHO's 15 COVID‐19 OSH guidelines included in countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines was eight. Countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines focused on workers included significantly more of WHO's COVID‐19 OSH guidelines than countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines focused on general populations. Including “provide personal protective equipment for workers” and “create workplace policy for wearing personal protective equipment” in countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines were significantly related to decreased COVID‐19 risk, death risk, and/or case‐fatality proportion.

Conclusions

Countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines should include WHO's guidelines, focus on workers, and include “provide personal protective equipment for workers” and “create workplace policy for wearing personal protective equipment.”
Retracted: Internet of things in the management of chronic diseases during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review
Authors: Shamsabadi Ahmadreza , Pashaei Zahra , Karimi Amirali , Mirzapour Pegah , Qaderi Kowsar , Marhamati Mahmoud , Barzegary Alireza , Fakhfouri Amirata , Mehraeen Esmaeil , SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad , Dadras Omid
Published: March 2022

Introduction

The use of new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) in the management of chronic diseases, especially in the COVID pandemics, could be a life‐saving appliance for public health practice. The purpose of the current study is to identify the applications and capability of IoT and digital health in the management of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted by searching the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using selected keywords to retrieve the relevant literature published until December 25th, 2021. The most relevant original English studies were included after initial screening based on the inclusion criteria.

Results

Overall, 18 studies were included. Most of the studies reported benefits and positive responses in the form of patients' and healthcare providers' satisfaction and trust in the online systems. Many services were provided to the patients, including but not limited to training the patients on their conditions; monitoring vital signs and required actions when vital signs were altered; ensuring treatment adherence; monitoring and consulting the patients regarding diet, physical activity, and lifestyle.

Conclusion

IoT is a new technology, which can help us improve health care services during the COVID‐19 pandemic. It has a network of various sensors, obtaining data from patients. We have found several applications for this technology. Future studies can be conducted for the capability of other technologies in the management of chronic diseases.
Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among students of Jahangirnagar University in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md. Moyazzem , Alam Md. Asraful , Masum Monirul Hasan
Published: March 2022

Background and Aims

Anxiety and depression, as well as stress, are well‐known problems observed across the world, particularly among students. This study intends to identify the level of anxiety, depression, and stress among university students and determine its association with their sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods

The primary data were collected from 351 students with the help of a self‐administrated questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic information and contains the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 Items (DASS‐21) instrument over the period December 8, 2019–January 23, 2020. The χ2 test is employed to find the association between the status of stress, anxiety, and depression level with selected sociodemographic variables, and confirmatory factor analysis is used to find interrelationships between DASS items.

Results

The results illustrate that no students have an extremely severe level of stress. However, the majority have a mild or moderate level of stress and it is associated with sex and residence (urban or rural). More than 40% of students have extremely severe anxiety. Results reveal that gender, residence (urban or rural), and family type of the students are linked with the anxiety level. The results also suggest that the type of accommodation of the students, their family type, and birth order are related to their depression level at a 5% level of significance. The findings also disclose that female students have more levels of depression, stress, and anxiety than their counterparts.

Conclusion

Considering the finding, the authors think that the university authority should pay a need for greater interest to the mental well‐being of students to enhance their quality of life. Given the harmful impacts of stress on academic performance and health, university administrators should be incorporating anxiety, stress, and depression management training in orientation activities.
A qualitative study of challenges affecting the primary care system performance: Learning from Iran's experience
Authors: Rahimi Hamed , Haghdoost AliAkbar , Noorihekmat Somayeh
Published: March 2022

Background and Aims

Primary care and the use of a referral system are essential components of any health system. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify the challenges affecting the performance of the primary health‐care system in Iran.

Methods

This qualitative study was carried out consisting of 14 interviews with experts and those familiar with the primary care system and its function. Purposive and snowball sampling was used to identify the samples. The recorded files were transcribed and entered into the MAXQDA‐11 software to be analyzed. The conventional content analysis approach was used for data analysis.

Results

The findings of this study included 72 initial codes classified into 7 main themes and 18 subthemes. Seven main themes consist of governance, manpower, resources, financial management, services delivery, trans‐sectional, and social and cultural. The greatest challenges for Iran's primary health care (PHC) system are governance and human resources problems.

Conclusion

Various dimensions of Iran's primary care system especially governance and human resources are facing several challenges that threaten its performance and efficiency. Policymakers and planners must address challenges fundamentally and do not get satisfied with superficial reforms that have short‐term and soothing effects. In this regard, enhancing governance functioning can profoundly solve numerous challenges of Iran's primary care system. We also suggest the strengthening of intersectoral collaboration.
The status and challenges of a modern irrigation system in Kenya: A systematic review
Authors: Kanda Edwin Kimutai , Lutta Valery Osimbo
Published: March 2022

The modernization efforts of the irrigation subsector in Kenya have been hampered by several challenges. This review describes the status and challenges facing irrigated agriculture in Kenya. The results indicated that as of 2018, the developed irrigation schemes covered an area of 222,240 ha, which is 16% of the irrigation potential of 1.34 million ha. Most large‐scale irrigation schemes use the furrow system. Private and commercial farms and smallholder irrigation schemes use modern irrigation systems. The major challenges to irrigation development are technical, socio‐economic, and institutional. The main technical challenges include poor water infrastructure, water scarcity, and poor water quality. The main socio‐economic challenges include the high cost of modern irrigation systems, inadequate credit facilities, and market inaccessibility. The institutional challenges include the existence of a pluralistic legal framework, inadequate participation by farmers, including women farmers, and poorly organized irrigation water user associations. However, the future of irrigation development is bright through climate change adaptation strategies such as solar‐powered irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting.