bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Values in Presidential Inaugural Addresses: A Test of Rokeach's Two-Factor Theory of Political Ideology
Authors: Mahoney John , Coogle Constance L. , Banks P. David
Published: September 2011

Values expressed in the inaugural addresses of the presidents of the United States were hypothesized to reflect an underlying factor structure characterized by historical value citations of “Freedom” and “Equality,” identified by Rokeach in 1973 as relevant to major political ideologies. A positive emphasis on both values yields a socialistic perspective, while rejection of both values generates fascism. Capitalism endorses “freedom” but rejects “equality,” while an emphasis on “equality” to the exclusion of “freedom” reflects Communism. Blind raters (with interrater reliabilities of .88 to .92) content analyzed the 50 inaugural addresses of 40 presidents, from Washington through Reagan, with reference to eight values (economy, equality, freedom, justice, morality, peace, power, and religion) identified as historically consistent themes in inaugural addresses. Factor analysis yielded two basic dimensions clearly identifiable as “Freedom” and “Equality,” lending substantial support to Rokeach's findings.
The Prisoner's Dilemma Game and Cooperation in the Rat
Authors: Gardner Rick M. , Corbin Terry L. , Beltramo Janelle S. , Nickell Gary S.
Published: September 2011

Cooperation in pairs of rats playing the prisoner's dilemma game was investigated. Six pairs of animals were taught to make either cooperative or uncooperative responses by running to one or the other end of a T-maze. Two T-mazes were joined together such that animals could respond simultaneously. Animals were run under conditions in which visual communication was present and absent. Mutually uncooperative responses were the most common and mutually cooperative behaviors the least preferred. Introduction of a barrier between the mazes, which removed visual communication between pairs, sharply accentuated uncooperative behavior. Similarities of the present findings to results with human subjects and the implications of using game theory for studying cooperative behavior in animals are discussed.
Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire: A Reliability and Validity Study
Authors: Deardorff Paul A. , Hopkins Lisa R. , Finch A. J.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the reliability and validity of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, 144 factory workers completed this measure. Those scoring high were expected to display high absenteeism because their ability to cope with stress was assumed to be poor. Although this scale showed good split-half reliability and internal consistency, scores were not related to absenteeism. Results were discussed in terms of the utility of this measure as well as the use of absenteeism as an index of illness.
Children's Problems in Peer Relations and Severity of Behavior Disorders
Authors: Hill Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

From 150 clinical records those of 24 children and youths (range = 3 to 19 yr.) assessed as having difficulty with peer relations were compared with the records of referred children who did not present difficulties with peers. Children in the target group were judged to be more psychologically impaired at time of first assessment and to experience difficulties in more areas than the comparison group. They tended as well to require more counselling sessions. Also, for boys but not girls, results indicated that problems in the parent-child relationship may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for the emergence of difficulties with peers.
Meta-Analysis: How Useful in Appraising Desegregatory Effects?
Authors: Scott Ralph S.
Published: September 2011

This paper examined the extent to which the use of appropriate selection factors to determine which studies should be reviewed is crucial to the validity of meta-analysis. Results obtained in a recent National Institute of Education investigation of desegregatory effects on blacks' achievement were appraised. Findings indicated that a few “outlier” studies skewed the over-all effect size. The present study employed microanalysis of the most extreme single “outlier” study, which alone accounted for a substantial amount of variance in the meta-analysis of 19 studies. Detailed analysis indicated that the targeted “outlier” study was inappropriate for use in the meta-analysis because it contains a number of methodological and statistical problems.
Individual and Family Environment Patterns among Jews and Non-Jews
Authors: Radetsky Dana S. , Handelsman Mitchell M. , Browne Angela
Published: September 2011

56 Jewish and 42 non-Jewish adolescents completed measures of social desirability, fear of negative evaluation, moral anxiety, and self-acceptance. They also completed Moos's Family Environment Scale. Although there were no group differences on individual measures, there were differences in correlational patterns between Jews and Non-Jews. Correlations in opposite directions were found between self-acceptance and social desirability. For the Jewish group, the tendency to give socially desirable answers was related to lower self-acceptance; for the non-Jewish group, social desirability was related to high self-acceptance. Different patterns of correlations were also found between two Family Environment subscales of independence and control. These scores were negatively correlated for the Jewish group. A high level of control in the family was associated with lower independence. For non-Jews, high levels of control were related to higher independence. This finding was discussed in regard to the frequency of “leaving home” issues reported among Jewish families.
Locus of Control and Recall of Death-Related versus Neutral Words
Authors: Gilligan Robert M. , Buckley Michael R.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the hypothesis that subjects with an external locus of control orientation would exhibit more anxiety when given a free-recall task involving death-related words than would subjects with an internal locus of control orientation. The hypothesis was confirmed in that external subjects required significantly more trials to recall correctly death-related words than did internal subjects. The results suggested that locus of control orientation and death-related stimuli interact to produce the interference observed on the free-recall task.
Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, and Conservatism
Authors: Houston Lawrence N.
Published: September 2011

The present study evaluated the relationships among self-esteem, locus of control and conservatism for 284 undergraduate men and women. Men showed lower conservatism and partially higher self-esteem than women, but there were no sex differences on locus of control. Also, zero correlations were obtained between conservatism and locus of control as well as between conservatism and self-esteem. Relevance to prior research was discussed.
Emotionality and the Course of Collagen Arthritis in the Rat
Authors: Nowlis David P.
Published: September 2011

43 female Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for emotionality using standard open-field procedures. The subjects were then injected with emulsified collagen-II. 31 responded with arthritic activity, clearly evidencing edema and erythema in from one to all 4 limbs. Duration of active response varied from 29 to 59 days. For the arthritic rats, severity of disease (combining duration and number of limbs by standard scores) correlated with both premorbid emotionality (where the partial r, controlling for preweight, was .47, with p < .01), and premorbid weight (where the partial r, controlling for pre-emotionality, was .38, with p < .05). The results encourage further study of premorbid behavioral tendencies as predictors of variations in arthritic responsivity.
Relationship between Parental Child-Rearing Attitudes and Preschoolers' Moral Judgments
Authors: Moran James D. , O'Brien Gayle
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of parental child-rearing attitudes, as measured by the Parent Attitude Research Instrument, on the moral judgments of 35 preschool children. Correlational analyses indicated that maternal democratic control is related to more intention-based moral judgments by the preschool children. Data provide some support for Piaget's notion that parental child-rearing practices aid in the movement to intention-based judgments.
Satz-Mogel Short Form of WAIS with Older Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hyer Lee A. , Harkey Blaze
Published: September 2011

The Satz-Mogel short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was evaluated for use with older psychiatric inpatients. 57 older patients (— 55 yr.) and 50 younger patients (< 40 yr.) were administered the WAIS. The original WAIS was rescored according to the Satz-Mogel format. Pearson correlations between these two methods within each age group were high for each subtest as well as the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs. Analyses, however, detected significant differences within each age group on some of the Performance subtests. These findings suggest that the Satz-Mogel is an appropriate instrument for use with older psychiatric patients.
Hemispheric Asymmetry of Cognitive Processing in Schizophrenics
Authors: Miller Laurence
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that the use of neuropsychological tests to infer patterns of deficit-lateralization in schizophrenic patients not be constrained by textbook lateralization indices established for neurological cases with known unilateral brain damage. Rather, different cognitive strategies may be employed in the solution of seemingly unidimensional neuropsychological tasks, and patterns of impairment can be interpreted appropriately only in light of a thorough analysis of the task demands and their neurocognitive correlates that are inherent in the solution of complex problems.
Contact Comfort: A Reconsideration of the Original Work
Authors: Ainsworth L. L.
Published: September 2011

Contrary to general belief, published reports of the original infant/surrogate work contain few data to support the idea of a need for contact comfort, and the data which they do contain are incomplete. There appears to have been, no published formal replication of the 1958 work, and replication now may not be possible; the original data probably no longer exist, and published reports contain few details of methods or results.
Psychometric Properties of King's Rodent Emotionality Rating Scale
Authors: Jacobs Keith W. , Falgoust Lynnette
Published: September 2011

King's (1958) Rodent Emotionality Rating Scale has been used extensively as a measure of the effects of such experimental procedures as septal lesions. It has also been suggested that the King scale is appropriate for a variety of applications in laboratory activities for introductory physiological psychology and for studies with normal animals. Given this extent of potential use, a series of studies were undertaken to investigate the psychometric properties of this scale. The psychometric properties were generally adequate for instructional use, but perhaps less adequate for research, with a 5-day test-retest reliability of .84, and internal consistency coefficients in the range of .53 to .77 in several studies. Item analyses raise some minor questions about the scale. Significant differences were found between the scores obtained by experienced and inexperienced raters when viewing the same videotaped administration of the scale.
Experienced Levels of Emptiness and Existential Concern with Different Levels of Emotional Development and Profile of Values
Authors: Hazell Clive G.
Published: September 2011

This study explored the relationships of experienced levels of emptiness and existential concern with level of emotional development, as measured by the Definition/Response instrument of Gage, Morse, and Piechowski and profile of values as measured by the Allport, Vernon, and Lindzey Study of Values. 24 respondents completed measures of experienced levels of emptiness and existential concern, the Definition/Response instrument and the Study of Values. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson's r and multiple regression. Experienced level of emptiness was positively correlated with theoretical interest and level of emotional development and was inversely correlated with economic interest. Experienced existential concern was correlated directly with religious interest and with emotional development. These results question hypotheses about emptiness that (a) argue the experience of emptiness results solely from developmental deficits, (b) do not differentiate between “revealed emptiness” and “concealed emptiness,” and (c) neglect to include profile of values in the explanation.
Relationship between Rigidity, Self-Esteem, and Attitudes about Computer-Based Information Systems
Authors: Stone Dianna L. , Kemmerer Barbara , Gueutal Hal G.
Published: September 2011

Data from a field study were used to assess the relationship between two individual differences variables, (a) rigidity, (b) self-esteem, and beliefs and attitudes toward the introduction of a computer-based information system. Multiple regression and correlation analyses showed that rigidity was negatively related to computer-related beliefs and attitudes. Further, the data indicated that self-esteem was not related to either computer-related beliefs or attitudes. Implications of these results for dealing with resistance to computerization are discussed.
Elements of Prognosis in Psychotherapy
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The present paper examined a number of elements which may be used to estimate patients' prognoses in psychotherapy. Since increased professional accountability requires therapists to deliver more consistent therapeutic results, it may be helpful to evaluate—in advance of protracted treatments—patients' suitability to receive psychotherapy. In so doing, efficacy might be enhanced since patients with unfavorable prognostic signs can be apprised of therapeutic limitations and even directed to alternative treatments when indicated. More careful attention to these prognostic elements might help improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce patients' disappointments with results.
The Palestinians of Dearborn, Michigan
Authors: Stockton Ronald R.
Published: September 2011

Michigan has a Palestinian community of 400, of whom 71 were interviewed. Topics covered were assimilation, social relations, USA politics, USA Mideast policy, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The article suggests that Palestinians view themselves as a nation in exile rather than as immigrants and that this affects their attitudes and behavior.
Preventive Health Behaviors Related to the Ten Leading Causes of Mortality of Health-Fair Attenders and Nonattenders
Authors: Price James H. , O'Connell Janelle , Kukulka Gary
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine if preventive health behaviors differed for 97 health fair attenders and 70 nonattenders. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the two groups' perceptions of how well they were taking care of their health and control over their future health. t-test comparisons of means of attenders and nonattenders for preventive health behaviors related to the 10 leading causes of mortality indicated significant differences for cirrhosis of the liver and arteriosclerosis. Chi-squared tests for individual behaviors showed 10 significant differences on nutrition, smoking, mental health, safety, and personal care behaviors. This study indicates that health fairs may not be reaching individuals who need the information the most.
Measuring Morale: Note on Use of Factor Scores
Authors: Mancini Jay A , Shade Daniel D. , Quinn William H.
Published: September 2011

This research examined how a multidimensional measure of well-being was used in studies of successful aging. Probability methods yielded a sample of 171 people who were at least 65 years of age. The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (revised) was contrasted in summary and factor form with several aspects of perceived health. It had been anticipated that the magnitude of association between perceived health, a summared morale score, and the morale factor-derived scores would vary. The data partially supported this expectation.
Significance of Femininity in Human Figure Drawings of Girls
Authors: Delatte Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between self-esteem of adolescent girls and the femininity of their human figure drawings was studied. 36 drawings were rated for femininity and these ratings were correlated with their scores on the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale .31 ( p < .03, one-tailed test).
Extrapolated Stanford-Binet IQs for Severely and Profoundly Retarded Adults
Authors: Durham Thomas W.
Published: September 2011

The 1972 table of norms for the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale does not include scores for adults who achieve Mental Ages (MA) below 5–3. To standardize assignment of IQ for severely and profoundly retarded adults scoring in this range, a regression analysis of the 1972 tabled values at the Chronological Age (CA) 18–0 level was performed. From the resulting regression equation, a table containing extrapolated IQs for MAs 2–0 through 5–11 was produced which can be used to standardize estimates of IQ for low-functioning adults.
Yet Another Empirical Test of the Relationship between Self-Actualization and Moral Judgment
Authors: Kelly Roger B. , Chovan William
Published: September 2011

The focus of this study was the discrepancy noted in previous investigations of both positive and negative correlations between self-actualization and principled moral judgment when measured on the main scale of the Personal Orientation Inventory and the Defining Issues Tests. The same tests were administered to 90 undergraduate and continuing education students with special attention to the contingent variable, response style. Low correlations resulted.
Learning Styles and Correlates
Authors: Hayden Robert R. , Brown Margery S.
Published: September 2011

In the first of two investigations, 116 college freshmen and senior men and women from middle-class backgrounds responded to measures which assessed their preferred learning styles. Differences between classes indicated that, whereas freshmen were heterogeneous in the choices of learning style, seniors preferred learning through abstract conceptualization. Canonical discriminant functions further differentiated sexes and classes. In a follow-up study, 29 seniors who participated in the first study as freshmen again responded to the measures. As seniors they were predominantly abstract conceptualizers, suggesting that learning styles do shift over the four-year college experience. Discriminant functions correctly classified 73% of cases by sex and class. Results are discussed in light of Kolb's theory as related to this significant shift in preferred learning style.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Hand Test with Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Stoner Sue
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test was administered to 60 institutionalized mentally retarded adults (36 men and 24 women) ranging in age from 19 to 69 yr. who resided in a residential facility. Six weeks later the subjects were again administered the test by the same examiner. Significant correlations between test-retest administrations were found. The results suggest that the projective Hand Test possesses sufficient reliability to be used clinically with institutionalized mentally retarded adults.
Differential Effects of Rural and Urban Upbringing on Nigerian Adolescents' Self-Concepts
Authors: Olowu A. A.
Published: September 2011

A review of pertinent literature on the effects of westernization/urbanization on traditional African society was made. A self-concept study of 133 urban and 110 rural male and female Nigerian adolescents showed that the younger urban sample had significantly more negative self-concepts than their older rural counterparts. Suggestions were made for enhancing the self-concepts of young urbanites.
On the Relationship between Machiavellianism and Anxiety among Italian Undergraduates
Authors: Nigro G. , Galli I.
Published: September 2011

139 Italian undergraduates (61 men and 78 women) responded to the Italian version of the Christie's Mach IV scale and to the Italian version of the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Positive correlations between Mach IV scores and both State Anxiety and Trait Anxiety scores were found for both sexes. The authors hypothesized that moderate anxiety may be associated with high Machiavellianism. Further implications of the findings were discussed.
Effect of Thirst on the Acoustic Startle Reflex
Authors: Armus Harvard L. , Isham Karen Anita
Published: September 2011

Eight rats were tested for acoustic startle, using a within-subjects design, while they were under either 0 or 21 hr. water deprivation. The startle stimulus was a percussive, non-tonal sound. No significant effect of thirst on startle was found.
Changing Orientations of Medical Students to Patients' Care: Biomedical versus Biopsychosocial Models
Authors: Calhoun Judith G. , Woolliscroft James O. , Beauchamp Charles
Published: September 2011

The instructional effectiveness of a new biopsychosocial medicine curriculum model was evaluated using criterion-based measures of medical students' patient-history taking. Students ( n = 63) who received the new biopsychosocial curriculum were significantly more skilled in identifying, documenting and translating patients' psychosocial data and predisposing risk, factors than students ( n = 56) receiving the prior biomedical, disease-oriented curriculum. Implications for medical education and practice are also discussed.
Note on the Reliability of the MMPI with Spanish-Speaking Inmates in the Federal Prison System
Authors: Traub Gary S. , Bohn Martin J.
Published: September 2011

The MMPI was administered to 32 male Spanish-speaking federal prisoners and read ministered after a 1- or 2-wk. interval. Pearson correlations between K-corrected T-scores from the two administrations ranged from .59 to .87, with an average of .76. The results indicate that this translation of the MMPI is reliable for use within this population.
Psychology of the Scientist: LI. Noncompliance with Reprint Requests among Behavioral Scientists
Authors: Ellis Lee , Curless Irving
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire was mailed to 157 behavioral scientists who failed to comply with requests for reprints. For the 75 respondents to the survey, the reasons for noncompliance fell into two categories; 58% reportedly failed to comply because there were “problems in communication” (e.g., not receiving the request) and 42% specifically chose not to comply (called refusers). The two groups indicated that they were equally prolific in publishing, but refusers reported receiving more than twice as many requests for reprints in the past 12 months as those who failed to comply because there were “problems in communication.” While neither group was prone to request reprints from other scientists to the extent that they were receiving requests, refusers were especially unlikely to ask others for reprints.
Causal Attributions of Depression: Reliability of the “Causal Dimension Scale” in Research on Clinical Inference
Authors: Abraham Ivo L.
Published: September 2011

This article presents estimates of internal consistency for the Causal Dimension Scale, recently developed to measure causal attributions in terms of attributions of locus, stability, and controllability of the causes. In a study of the clinical inference of depression, alpha coefficients ranging from .68 to .96 were noted for the whole test and the subscales. The scale may prove helpful in the study of causal attributions about the mental health of others.
Standard Errors of Measurement for the Various MMPI Subscales
Authors: Bushman B. J.
Published: September 2011

If an individual takes more than one MMPI the subscale scores are likely to vary. The individual giving the test may wish to identify significant changes between subscale scores. Standard errors of measurement may be beneficial in this regard. The purpose of this study was to compute the standard errors of measurement for each of the MMPI subscales. A table is also provided for individuals who wish to use these data.
Motivational Antecedents: A Test of Predictor Models
Authors: Dellva W. L. , Wacker John G. , Teas R. Kenneth
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the results of a study of motivational antecedents of military noncommissioned officers (NCOs). The antecedent variables examined included individual characteristics, organizational factors, and task characteristics. The results, which were based upon estimates of multiple regression equations predicting NCOs' estimates of expectancy and instrumentality, indicated several individual characteristic, organizational, and total characteristic variables were potentially important predictors of NCOs' estimates of job-related expectancy and instrumentality.
Longest Prior Abstinence and Cessation of Smoking
Authors: Coelho Richard J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between cigarette smokers' longest prior abstinence and cessation maintenance for a current attempt. 66 adult smokers were blocked on their longest prior abstinence, i.e., (1) had never quit, (2) had quit up to 1 mo., (3) had quit for 1 mo. up to one year, (4) had quit 1 yr. or more, and randomly assigned to two social-learning-based treatments. Subjects who had more prior experience with abstinence, especially 1 yr. or more, smoked less and were more often abstinent than subjects with less or no prior experience. At 3 mo. posttreatment, non-smokers had four times as much prior experience with abstinent behavior as smokers. The implications of these findings for research on cessation of smoking are discussed.
Gender-Role and Sex Differences in Recreation
Authors: Klonsky Bruce G.
Published: September 2011

The present purposes were to assess the relative influences of gender-role orientation and sex on recreational preferences and time spent in recreation and work. Undergraduate volunteers (48 men, 61 women) completed a recreational inventory and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Chi-squared analyses by gender-role orientation indicated that there was a greater representation of androgynous individuals in the social activities category and that masculine-typed individuals were underrepresented in the vicarious activities category. Significant chi-squared analyses by sex indicated that men were overrepresented in the chance, strategy, and physical skill and strategy categories and women were overrepresented in social activities and imaginary playmates categories. Subjects' gender-role orientation and its interaction with sex significantly predicted time spent on work and approached significance for recreation.
Significance and Rationale for Education in Early Childhood in Africa: A Lesson from Western Experience
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: September 2011

To examine the theoretical and empirical evidence in support of education in early childhood both in the West and in the Third World Countries a brief account is given of the present state of education during early childhood in Africa. Comparatively early childhood education in Africa leaves much to be desired. By alerting the public to the importance of early childhood education as observed in Western countries, African countries and other developing countries might be encouraged to give greater attention and allocate part or more of their scarce resources to the operation of such programs to improve preschoolers' lives.
Measuring Locus of Control in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Tadmor Ciporah S. , Hofman John E.
Published: September 2011

A 6-item health locus-of-control scale was freely adapted from the well known Rotter scale of perceived locus of control to differentiate between individuals who believe that even in a hospital setting they exercise some control over decisions affecting their health and those who look for medical caregivers, doctors, nurses, and technicians to assume external control. Test-retest reliability of the measure developed was 0.81, as obtained from 26 hospital personnel. It was hypothesized that individuals higher in hospital status would be more internally oriented on the measure, i.e., physicians and nurses, than individuals lower in status, such as patients. Confirmation of the hypothesis lent construct validity to the measure and opened the way for its use and further development.
Modeling Labor Arbitration Decisions: Factors Used in Medically-Based Grievances
Authors: Leap Terry L. , Stahl Michael J.
Published: September 2011

The policies of arbitrators deciding cases which involved health-impaired grievants were statistically captured. 144 published medically-based arbitration cases were used and 10 factors commonly associated with such cases were analyzed. An employee's work record and seniority had the most effect on the outcome of the case.
Awareness of Aggressive Response Contingencies When Using the Reaction-Time Research Task
Authors: Bertilson H. S. , Bendinelli L. J.
Published: September 2011

College students interacted via the Taylor reaction-time method of studying aggression with an opponent who attacked the subject with maximum shocks for six trials and switched to a matching strategy for 1, 6, or 12 additional trials. At the end of the task, subjects responded to a questionnaire that measured awareness of their own shock settings, the opponent's shock settings, and the relationship between shock settings made by the subject and those made by the opponent. While a statistically significant proportion of subjects correctly recalled the shock settings and relationships between shock settings, a substantial proportion of subjects did not. Results were discussed in relation to a “trade-off” between the use of “masking” tasks, such as the reaction-time procedure, to control subjects' response bias, and the risk that stimulus contingencies may be obscured by such “masking” tasks. One solution to the dilemma may be to replicate the findings both with and without a “masking” task.
Mood State-Dependent Retrieval: A Failure to Replicate
Authors: Wetzler Scott
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted a modified replication of Bower, et al.'s 1978 finding of affective state-dependent retrieval. It is argued that Bower's finding confounds two theoretically distinct effects, pure affective state-dependent retrieval and an interference effect. Using the Velten mood induction and an interference list learning task over 24- to 48-hr. intervals, it was impossible to replicate Bower's finding. Considering the difficulty of reproducing affective state-dependent retrieval in many laboratories, one must exercise caution in drawing conclusions about its generalizability.
Alliteration in Mate Selection: Does Barbara Marry Barry?
Authors: Kopelman Richard E. , Lang Dorothy
Published: September 2011

Many variables have been examined in connection with assortative mating; however, one factor that has been overlooked is alliteration, partners whose first names begin with the same letter. It was predicted that the incidence of alliterative matches among married couples would exceed that expected due to chance alone. Combining separate results from nine data sets, the prediction was supported both for given names and nicknames. Supplementary analyses indicated (1) that the findings are not attributable to nonindependence among samples and (2) that many years ago alliteration was a more important factor in assortative mating than it is today.
Is There Always Escalation of Commitment?
Authors: Singer Ming S. , Singer Alan E.
Published: September 2011

The Staw (1976) study and the Bazerman, et al. (1984) study showed that individuals responsible for negative consequences consistently escalated their commitment to the previously chosen course of action. The present study attempted to replicate the escalation of commitment phenomenon. Staw's experimental procedures for the condition of high responsibility and negative feedback were followed. The present sample consisted of 93 university students. Analysis showed that there was no escalation of commitment following negative feedback. There was a significant reduction in commitment following the initial allocations to the Industrial Products Division. Possible interpretations for the inconsistent findings were proposed.
Predictive Value of Some Personal Characteristics in Premarital Sexual Attitude
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook
Published: September 2011

Data from 657 Australian adults shows that church attendance and age were significant in defining premarital sexual attitudes, while the influence of sex and education appear to be less.
Rated Clinical Utility of the Psychological Inventory of Personality and Symptoms
Authors: Vincent Ken R. , Williams Wright , Pitts Wesley M. , Rodriguez-Garcia Manuel
Published: September 2011

The clinical utility and validity of Psychological Inventory of Personality and Symptoms, a new test of psychopathology based on the descriptors and criteria of the DSM-III, was assessed on an inpatient psychiatric unit of a public hospital. Clinicians rated the interpretive profile in terms of its over-all utility and accuracy in clinical usefulness. The mean over-all rating was 5.3, with 83% of these ratings being above average in clinical usefulness. It was concluded that the inventory shows promise as a useful assessment device.
Test-Retest Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised Scores for 310 Educable Mentally Retarded and Specific Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Whorton James E.
Published: September 2011

Pearson coefficients were computed between 1979–80 and 1982–83 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale scores for 310 exceptional students (89 mentally retarded and 221 learning disabled). The correlations were all significant at p = .001.
Ratings of German Personal Names and E, P and A
Authors: Hartmann Torsten
Published: September 2011

A series of three pretests and three tests were carried out at the University of Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany, to evaluate the affective meanings of 108 first names, second names, and name combinations. For this purpose a concept-specific semantic differential was developed. A close similarity between these results and those of the intercultural tests of the Osgood group was noted; the three main factors resembled E, P, and A.
Attitudes toward Technology and Religion among Collegiate Undergraduates
Authors: Frost Taggart F. , Rogers Bruce G.
Published: September 2011

This study concerned the relationship between attitudes toward technology and religion among collegiate undergraduates. Attitude measures of religious ideology and technological innovations were administered to 144 education students and 198 business students. While those in education scored slightly higher than those in business on the ideology measure but lower on the technology measure, the differences were in the generally accepted small range of effect size. Views toward ideology and technological innovations were statistically independent of each other. Over-all, both groups showed positive attitudes toward traditional religious values and technology.
Self-Report Inventories as Predictors of Men's Heterosocial Skill: A Multiple Regression Analysis
Authors: Faulstich Michael E. , Jensen Bernard J. , Jones Glenn N. , Calvert James D. , Van Buren Dorothy J.
Published: September 2011

Little research has concerned criterion-related validity of heterosocial self-report inventories. 82 undergraduate men responded to the Survey of Heterosocial Interactions, Situation Questionnaire, and Dating and Assertion Questionnaire and also had heterosocial skillfulness rated during an analog interaction. Scores on the interaction survey correlated the highest ( r = .43) with ratings of global skill, and a four-variable regression model accounted for 31% of the ratings' variance. The significant relationships between these inventories and ratings of skill provide some evidence for criterion-related validity of these measures.
Preference for Immediate Events: Choices between Immediate and Delayed Drinks of Quinine Sulfate Solution or Tap Water
Authors: Bertilson H. S.
Published: September 2011

When faced with inevitable mild electric shock to the wrist, most people prefer to “get it over with” immediately. The present experiment tested the generality of this preference by asking 60 college students to choose between immediate and delayed drinks of a bitter tasting quinine sulfate solution. The immediate bitter drink was chosen over an equally bitter, delayed drink on 88% of the trials. A control condition using tap water was also tested. Immediate tap water was chosen over delayed tap water on 84% of the trials. This is the first known study in which a nonaversive control has been used and suggests that the preference people have for immediate aversive events may be part of a larger preference for immediate events (positive, neutral, or aversive in hedonic tone).
Guide for Interpreting Other-Sex Scores on Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scales
Authors: Apostal Robert A.
Published: September 2011

A guide for interpreting other-sex scores on Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scales was proposed. The guide was based on the rationale that other-sex Occupational Scale scores should be interpreted only if scores on relevant General Occupational Theme scales are at the mean or higher on same-sex criterion group norms (persons on whom the Occupational Scales, were constructed). The analysis showed that a General Occupational Theme score of 55 based on combined-sex general norms identified 91% of the General Occupational Theme scores which fall at the mean or higher on same-sex criterion group norms. The score of 55 was considered a satisfactory cut-off for interpreting scores on other-sex Occupational Scales.
Generalizability of the Mathematics Attribution Scale Norms to Academically Talented High School Students
Authors: Powers Stephen , Gose Kenneth F. , Douglas Peggy , Cool Brent A.
Published: September 2011

Mean responses of 120 high school students (46 boys, 74 girls) of high ability appeared to differ from the norms in selected attributional processes related to algebra. Reported variances of the Mathematics Attribution Scale were similar to those obtained from academically talented high school students. These findings support the generalizability of some psychometric properties of the scale to other samples, regions, and times.
Comparison of Self-Reports and Clinicians' Ratings of Unipolar Major Depression
Authors: Post Robin D. , Alford Charlotte E. , Baker Neil J. , Franks Ronald D. , House Robert M. , Jackson Anna M. , Petersen Janice L.
Published: September 2011

Recent literature has unfavorably compared self-report measures of depression to clinician-administered measures such as the Hamilton Rating Scale. In the present study, the Beck Depression Inventory and the MMPI D scale were compared to the Hamilton Rating Scale to assess the effectiveness of each measure in discriminating unipolar depressed psychiatric inpatients ( n = 26) from inpatients without a major affective disorder ( n = 11). Scores on the Beck scale and the MMPI Depression scale but not the Hamilton Rating Scale were significantly related to the diagnosis of unipolar major depression.
Behavior as an Indication of an Opponent's Intentions in Collective Negotiations
Authors: Duane Michael J. , Azevedo Ross E. , Anderson Urton
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether an opponent's intentions during grievance negotiations can be accurately identified from the bargaining behavior of that person. A sample of 38 paired observations were collected from officials involved in teachers' grievance negotiations, 19 school principals and their respective union opponents. Results show assertive opponents' behaviors are good indicators of intentions, particularly when the dyad is of the same sex, whereas moderate behaviors are not.
Stability and Predictive Validity of the Teacher Rating Scale
Authors: Powers Stephen , De La Garza Jesus V. , Medina Marcello
Published: September 2011

The stability and predictive validities of the Teacher Rating Scale were examined by computing correlations between ratings by two groups of teachers of the same students and by computing the correlations between teachers' ratings and the California Achievement Test, Reading scores. A total of 257 public school students participated in the study. The results indicated the Teacher Rating Scale was moderately stable across one year and that it had adequate predictive validity. One implication of these findings is that simple rating scales which are carefully developed may be useful in the identification of students for educational programs—especially when utilized in conjunction with achievement test scores.
Does Task Structure Moderate the Relationship of Leaders' Behavior and Employees' Satisfaction?
Authors: Levanoni Eliahu , Knoop Robert
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the moderator effect of various task dimensions on the form of the relationship between leaders' behavior and employees' satisfaction with supervision and with the jobs, as postulated by path-goal theory of leadership. Data were collected from five groups of educators: 978 public school teachers, 976 high school teachers, 186 community college instructors, 191 university professors, and 188 student teachers. Instruments included Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey, Stogdill's LBDQ, Form 12, Hoppock's Job Satisfaction Scale, Aiken and Hage's global measure of Supervisory Satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple-regression analyses were performed to test specific hypotheses. The results did not support path-goal theory. The findings were discussed, and implications for research were suggested.
Factor Analytic Support for Psychosocial and Vocational Mentoring Functions
Authors: Schockett Melanie R. , Haring-Hidore Marilyn
Published: September 2011

Eight 50-word vignettes which portrayed either psychosocial or vocational mentoring functions were presented to 144 college students who rated the desirability of each function on a scale of 1 to 7. A principal axis factor analysis with oblique rotation yielded two factors, one on which the psychosocial functions loaded more heavily (and which accounted for 33.4% of the variance) and one on which the vocational functions loaded more heavily (and which accounted for an additional 5.9% of the variance). The results may help researchers formulate different questions about mentoring than the basic questions which have guided prior work.
Academic Job Involvement and Performance: Another Look
Authors: Rabinowitz Samuel
Published: September 2011

The relationship between academic job involvement and performance was explored in a sample of 80 upper-level business students. Data relating to academic job involvement (a modification of a job-involvement measure), final grade, GPA, performance ratings for self and peers, number of absences, and effort were collected. Significant correlations were .24 between academic job involvement and final grade, -.26 number of absences, and .34 effort. These results are discussed in light of prior research and implications for further exploration are identified.
Borderline Personality and Victims of Incest
Authors: Barnard Charles P. , Hirsch Cynthia
Published: September 2011

This article explored the apparent relationship between the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and the victims' experience of incest. While a review of the related literature is discussed to identify the apparent correlation, results of a preliminary study are consistent with the association. Recognizing the limitations inherent in the study, some tentative conclusions are offered.
Achievement Motivation and Attributions for Success and Failure
Authors: Powers Stephen , Douglas Peggy , Cool Brent A. , Gose Kenneth F.
Published: September 2011

The relationships of attributions for success and failure with achievement motivation were investigated in 110 academically talented high school students. Subjects were administered the Mathematics Attribution Scale and measures of self-esteem, anxiety, and achievement motivation. Attributions of success to effort were correlated .42 with achievement motivation, and attributions of failure to lack of effort were correlated -.22 with achievement motivation. First-order partial correlations between attributions and achievement motivation controlling for self-esteem and anxiety did not differ from the zero-order correlations.
The Waffle Phenomenon and Candidates' Image
Authors: Carlson James M. , Dolan Kathleen
Published: September 2011

This study investigated with 44 undergraduates the effects of political candidates' consistency of attitudes and party affiliation on candidates' image. An experiment designed to examine the waffle phenomenon—individuals who display attitude change are evaluated negatively—showed that observers have significantly more positive images of consistent candidates than inconsistent candidates. Party affiliation did not significantly interact with consistency of attitude.
Family History and Severity of Disability Associated with Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Pollard C. Alec
Published: September 2011

76 patients with chronic low back pain were asked to complete the Pain Disability Index and a family history pain checklist. A significant positive relationship was found between severity of chronic pain disability and the number of chronic pain conditions in the patients' families of origin and genesis. These findings support the position that pain disability is learned from family members, but controlled research is needed before dismissing the possible role of genetic and other factors.
Initial Relaxation Response: Personality and Treatment Factors
Authors: Rawson J. R. , Bhatnagar N. S. , Schneider H. G.
Published: September 2011

The relative effectiveness of three techniques used for relaxation training (EMG Biofeedback, Progressive Muscle Relaxation, and Self-relaxation) was compared for 12 subjects who scored high or low on trait anxiety. Dependent variables included change scores based on EMG readings and pulse rate and posttreatment State-anxiety. Pulse rate was significantly affected by the type of treatment, i.e., Progressive Muscle Relaxation produced less decrease in pulse rate than the other two techniques. EMG and State anxiety measures did not differ as a function of treatment.
Bilingual Representational Systems in Free Recall
Authors: Opoku J. Y.
Published: September 2011

40 undergraduates equally proficient in English and Yoruba were classified as “low” or “high” on separation of bilingual representational systems depending on the extent to which they were able to provide correct Yoruba translations to responses they had earlier given on a 10-item word-association test in English. The two groups of subjects participated in a task involving the repeated learning and recall of a bilingual list of translated equivalent words. Three trials were given. It was predicted that the low group who provided more translations would benefit more on this task than the high group who provided comparatively fewer translations. The low group recalled more translated equivalent words than the high group on Trials 2 and 3. It was concluded that the two groups of subjects are differentially sensitive to the semantic equivalence between the translated equivalent words and must possess somewhat different representations of the words in memory.
Opponents' Size Influences Maternal Aggression
Authors: Flannelly Kevin J. , Flannelly Laura
Published: September 2011

20 female Long-Evans rats were tested for aggression on the day they gave birth. Only 30% of females tested with male intruders appreciably larger than themselves bit their opponents, and none showed offensive behaviors. By contrast, 80% of females tested with smaller males bit the intruders, and all of these used male-like offensive tactics. All attacked intruders exhibited defensive behavior, and all but one emitted ultrasonic vocalizations usually associated with pain. None of the males retaliated against the females. It is suggested that the size of the larger males evokes fear and that fear reduces offensive tendencies.