bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chan “Dialogues” from the Tang Dynasty
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores “Chan dialogue,” considering two dialogue texts from the Tang dynasty. The Discourse on the Essentials of Cultivating Mind was, at some point, attributed to Hongren, though its final section says that it was put together by his students. Meanwhile, the Discourse on No-Mind promises to present an account of the final truth of Buddhism or, rather, the “great Dao,” as the author calls it. Looking closely at these two Tang dialogue texts, it would seem that the two kinds of Buddhism that were identified in the Two Entrances and Four Practices have now been brought together to form a unified discourse in which the karmic form of Buddhism—the Second Entrance—is presented as something to be dreaded, while the sudden, “trapdoor” teachings promise that karmic Buddhism can be overcome as one somehow gains enlightenment and instant access to an innate form of buddhahood.
Chan Compendiums from the Song Dynasty
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines vast compendiums in Song-era Chan literature that present information about many hundreds of past Chan masters. The Song compendiums functioned as museums of sorts, museums which held idealized images of the past masters in a kind of suspended animation. Considered more broadly, it would seem that very old Chinese assumptions about the quasi-presence of ancestors joined forces with new and evocative literary styles that gave readers an enhanced sense of being in the company of the patriarchs as they read through these highly fictionalized “histories.” Thus, it was that with the new literary talents of the Song, past masters could be made to live alongside ordinary Chinese Buddhism, thereby providing attractive and inspiring examples of a Buddhism that could never exist in the real world, but could, in literary form, enhance more traditional forms of Buddhism and advance various real-world agendas.
Conclusions
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that the most reasonable way to account for the composition of Chan texts is to assume that Chan authors were quite aware of the art of writing “religious literature,” and were equally aware of how their efforts fit into a long tradition of reshaping tradition. Thus, though Chan authors no doubt wrote their texts for a variety of reasons, it remains altogether likely that their view of the Buddhist tradition and its ever-expanding body of literature was a particularly clear-eyed one, and that, based on that clarity, they felt entitled to continue the work of rewriting tradition in new and provocative terms. In presenting this evidence, this book casts doubt on the regrettably durable assumption that ancient and medieval religious authors were simple people who straightforwardly wrote down what they thought about life and salvation, with little or no consideration for politics, personal gain, institutional longevity, state support, their place in history, and so on.
Extending Inequality
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 focuses on how current school security and punishment practices actually increase inequality, particularly racial inequality. It describes the body of evidence showing that youth of color, particularly Black youth, are punished more harshly than white youth in schools, even when their behaviors are similar. It also reviews other dimensions of inequality, including social class, sex, special education status, and sexual identity, and how these statuses can intersect to put some youth at particular disadvantage. Finally, the chapter explains why schools increase inequality, and relates this problem to broader social issues.
Life behind Bars
Authors: Flores Jerry
Published: May 2017

In this and other American detention centers, violence is ubiquitous, a central part of life behind bars. Most research in this area focuses on the violence that takes place among fellow inmates (Davis, 2003). My time observing the girls at El Valle suggests the behavior of the correctional staff contributes to violence and fighting in secure detention. In the following chapter, I demonstrate how this institution and its staff promote problematic behaviors (like fighting) and create an atmosphere where these behaviors are necessary. Encouraging these actions might help keep girls safe in detention, but it ultimately further entrenches these young women in the El Valle–Legacy Community School cycle and the larger criminal justice system, contrary to the stated goals of wraparound services. Most of the young people in this study were initially arrested for nonviolent, drug-related offenses, but they earned more time in secure confinement because of fighting. In other words, girls began participating in violent behavior after entering El Valle juvenile detention center.
Hooks for Change and Snares for Confinement
Authors: Flores Jerry
Published: May 2017

For girls in El Valle and Legacy, incarceration is a central component of their lives. However, once kids turn 18, the violations that previously landed them in juvenile detention now lead directly to adult prisons. I identify the key turning points that lead girls in my study from detention to college, gainful employment, or the larger California prison system. I also reveal the key moments in girls’ development when they are ready and willing for positive change. Unfortunately, many youth are so entrenched in the criminal justice system that when they become ready for change, exiting the criminal justice system becomes impossible. I inform scholars understanding of young women and criminal desistance, as well as the institutional and interpersonal factors that prevent these youth from exiting the criminal justice system. This final section sheds light on the key factors that educators and criminal justice agencies can look for when attempting to make positive interventions in young peoples' life trajectories. It also sheds light on the shortcomings of wraparound services and further verifies my argument that these services resemble wraparound incarceration.
Conclusion
Authors: Flores Jerry
Published: May 2017

The conclusion revisits the major themes of book. It also highlights the larger implications of these findings for young people in the United States. New partnerships between education and penal facilities and wraparound services as a whole do not help young people stay away from the criminal justice system. Despite the positive intentions of these new services, law enforcement and education administrators inadvertently undermine their goal of helping youth by exposing them to further criminalization. Instead these new services break down social bonds between adults, institutional actors, and other young people that would help the girls in my study begin a more positive life-course. This is reflected in their failed attempts to finish probation, return to traditional school and leave the criminal justice system altogether. I revisit this clear disconnect between the well-intentioned goals of education and corrections administrators with negative outcomes young women must negotiate as they try, and often fail, to stay out of secure detention. I also remind the reader how this process has a set of challenges that are unique to Latinas’ intersecting identities.
Palestine, the Third World, and the UN as Seen from a Special Commission
Authors: Allen Lori
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the United Nations's engagement with Palestine through its Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories (“Special Committee”) in a broader Third World context of “global war against the forces of imperialism and neo-imperialism.” It first discusses the history of Palestinian commitment to UN special commissions as a means to the just resolution of the conflict with Israel before turning to the symbolic aspects of UN politics. It then provides a background on the UN Special Committee, whose stated mission was to investigate human rights violations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. In particular, it considers the key challenges faced by the committee, such as the refusal of the government of Israel to cooperate with it. The chapter suggests that UN special commissions came and went in Palestine, but little progress was made in terms of an emancipatory politics.
On Behalf of the United Nations
Authors: Falk Richard
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on the role as special rapporteur of the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC), which investigated the human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The chapter first provides an overview of the role and office of special rapporteur, noting that UN concerns about Israel and responses to Palestinian grievances are highly politicized within the organization, before discussing some of the characteristics that distinguish the mandate established by the HRC and made applicable to Occupied Palestine. It also explains what was accomplished in six years as special rapporteur of the HRC and details the controversies and pressures attached to that job. It shows that the “UN” comprises different layers, agendas, and interests. The chapter claims that while the United Nations secretary-general in New York permitted personal attacks against the special rapporteur, the leadership and professionals of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva strongly supported his efforts in what the chapter calls the “legitimacy war”.
The Politics of the Sanctions on Iraq and the UN Humanitarian Exception
Authors: von Sponeck Hans-Christof
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the politics of the sanctions imposed on Iraq by the United Nations four days after Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990. The UN Security Council's decision to impose sanctions for Iraq's aggression against Kuwait was justified. However, these should have been accompanied by a carefully crafted humanitarian exemption to ensure that the civilian population would receive what they needed for a dignified survival, especially food, medicines, clean water, and electricity. The UN's failure to do so eventually led to the successive resignations of Denis Halliday and the this chapter's author as Baghdad-based UN assistant secretaries-general and humanitarian coordinators. The chapter recounts how the UN sanctions on Iraq during the period 1990–2003 were implemented in “an iron-fist and an inhuman” way at the expense of the Iraqi civilians. It also considers how the humanitarian exception to these sanctions—via the Oil-for-Food program—was overshadowed by powerful Western interests for regime change in Iraq. The chapter suggests that the UN was caught between geopolitical considerations and its humanitarian mission.
Challenged but Steadfast
Authors: Grandi Filippo
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the contradictions between the United Nations's essential humanitarian role in advocating for Palestinians and its failure in the more political process of ensuring their self-determination. The issue of refugees from Palestine has been a compelling political and humanitarian crisis since 1948. In the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, about 750,000 Palestinians either fled or were forced to flee from their homes in what would become the state of Israel. UNRWA was created by the UN General Assembly in 1949 to address the needs of the Palestinian refugees until a political solution to their plight could be found. Drawing on experience as a former commissioner-general of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and the current United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the chapter reflects on the everyday struggles and resilience of Palestinian refugees and explains why leading UNRWA is one of the UN's most challenging managerial tasks.
The UN, the Economic and Social Commission for West Asia, and Development in the Arab World
Authors: Dahi Omar
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the development of the United Nations in three different time periods in the postwar era in the Arab world. The first was from the 1950s to the 1970s, which witnessed the rise of the developmental state in several parts of the Arab world and coincided with the rise of the Third World Movement in the Global South, when developing countries came together to demand political and economic reforms as well as nuclear disarmament. The second period spanned the late 1970s to 2010, which witnessed state retrenchment and rising poverty and inequality alongside persistent authoritarianism and increased imperial intervention. The third period is marked by the dawn of the Arab uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa region. In each of the three eras a different UN report is referenced: the 1949 “United Nations Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East,” the 2002 Arab Human Development Report, and the Economic and Social Commission for West Asia's Arab Integration report.
The International Labour Organization and Workers’ Rights in the Arab Region
Authors: Hamdan Walid
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of the International Labor Organization (ILO) in addressing workers' rights in the Arab region. Founded in 1919, ILO is the United Nations specialized agency that seeks the promotion of social justice and internationally recognized human and labor rights. It stands out within the UN system by having a tripartite structure representing the voice and interests not only of governments but also of workers' organizations and employers' organizations. This chapter first provides an overview of ILO's work and interventions in the Arab states since 2010 before assessing the extent to which the organization was able to reflect its principles and conventions through its interventions in the Arab region. It also discusses ILO's approach by considering its response to the Arab uprisings as well as its competition with other international organizations for donor funds to increase its portfolio. The chapter concludes with suggestions for improving ILO's role in the Arab region.
Peacekeeping, Development, and Counterinsurgency
Authors: Kassem Susann
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the function of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon's (UNIFIL) post-2006 “Quick Impact Projects” (QIPs), small-scale and short-term development projects carried out with local municipalities. More international interventions were carried out in the name of “peace” in the decade following the end of the Cold War than in the previous four decades put together. In the era of United States unipolarity, following the demise of its Soviet rival, the budget of United Nations peacekeeping missions has increased from a total of US$3.6 billion in the year 1994 to US$8.27 billion in the year 2016. After providing a brief background on the history of UNIFIL, the chapter suggests that QIPs illustrate the mission's contradictions and its frequently thorny relations with the local population, who welcome UNIFIL's economic development efforts but reject their underlying political objective of constructing a rival authority and influence to Hizbullah in southern Lebanon.
Just How Russian Was Stravinsky?
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

Stravinsky’s career took him from Russia to Switzerland to France to the United States. He exemplified and explicitly asserted cosmopolitanism. Nevertheless, post-Soviet Russia has reclaimed him and in the West as well he is more likely than he used to be to be classified with other Russian composers. This article assesses the claim.
Of Spoons and Other Political Things
Authors: Trumper Camilo D.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 examines the connections between urban planning and political theory, with particular attention to how the state’s urbanization and industrial design programs of the 1960s and 1970s shed light on the era’s political debates over citizenship. It looks especially closely at the work of the state-sponsored industrial design team that was charged with reshaping both everyday objects like spoons, plates, and chairs, and the larger processes that underwrote the integration of industry into a national socialist economy. This chapter examines the connections between seemingly mundane or innocuous everyday objects, and the era’s most ambitious projects. It ends with a study of the building designed for and built to host the Third United Nations Congress on Trade and Development (UNCTAD III), which acted as a symbol of Popular Unity socialist modernity and a stage upon which its residents and visitors could practice an inclusive vision of Popular Unity socialism. The UNCTAD building was, in short, a public sphere rooted or grounded in public space and action. This chapter offers a unique view into multilayered visions for an “ideal” socialist city, and a model for the practice of a particular, modern socialist citizenship.
Streets, Citizenship, and the Politics of Gender in Allende’s Chile
Authors: Trumper Camilo D.
Published: May 2017

Chapter two examines how those on the Left and Right alike crafted political narratives on the street that made new sense of these idealized views of the city and of citizenship. In an effort to fashion political opposition to Allende, women organized around the specter of food shortages, scarcity, and price inflation in the December 1, 1971 March of the Empty Pots. Circulating information and organizing meetings in the press, supermarkets, food queues, and hair salons, they politicized traditionally “apolitical” places. In so doing, they created new possibilities for political association and debate. They also made gendered spectacle of “reclaiming the streets” from Allende supporters, banging empty pots and pans to arguing that they were forced out of their domestic worlds by the “dire” lack of subsistence goods and into the contested space of urban politics. Studying this emblematic protest through the intertwined lenses of gender, politics and the public sphere, Chapter 2 reveals how the ephemeral political practice of protest effectively transformed gendered domestic tropes into legitimate political languages and into the bases for new, gendered, and conservative political identities.
Conclusion
Authors: Trumper Camilo D.
Published: May 2017

The concluding chapter returns to the book’s different subjects, and studies how they took new shape in the early moments of the regime that toppled Allende and inaugurated a military dictatorship that ruled for close to two decades. It then turns to street photography as a case study for transformation and continuity in political practice and visual culture. It shows how photographers responded to political repression by fashioning a visual language that played upon the “objectivity” of the lens and the “transparency” of the image, fashioning an innovative genre of “creative testimony.” Street photographers ultimately turned images into the preeminent medium around which they could organize an active resistance movement. This perspective suggests that citizens responded to political violence by reimagining the tactics of political conflict they had developed in democracy into a rich visual and material culture of political resistance. In the absence of generalized armed conflict, ephemeral acts and visual culture became the most effective form of political engagement and resistance in Chile. They scrawled slogans and images on buildings, distributed leaflets, acted out fleeting forms of furtive political street theater, and crashed empty pots and pans as an ongoing form of aural protest. Developed in democracy but reimagined under dictatorship, these ephemeral practices were essential to the creation of clandestine networks of political association and organization after the coup.
Epilogue
Authors: Trumper Camilo D.
Published: May 2017

The concluding chapter returns to the book’s different subjects, and studies how they took new shape in the early moments of the regime that toppled Allende and inaugurated a military dictatorship that ruled for close to two decades. It then turns to street photography as a case study for transformation and continuity in political practice and visual culture. It shows how photographers responded to political repression by fashioning a visual language that played upon the “objectivity” of the lens and the “transparency” of the image, fashioning an innovative genre of “creative testimony.” Street photographers ultimately turned images into the preeminent medium around which they could organize an active resistance movement. This perspective suggests that citizens responded to political violence by reimagining the tactics of political conflict they had developed in democracy into a rich visual and material culture of political resistance. In the absence of generalized armed conflict, ephemeral acts and visual culture became the most effective form of political engagement and resistance in Chile. They scrawled slogans and images on buildings, distributed leaflets, acted out fleeting forms of furtive political street theater, and crashed empty pots and pans as an ongoing form of aural protest. Developed in democracy but reimagined under dictatorship, these ephemeral practices were essential to the creation of clandestine networks of political association and organization after the coup.
Police and Confidential Informants
Authors: Dabney Dean A. , Tewksbury Richard
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the state of knowledge regarding law enforcement and confidential informants. The bulk of the previous literature has taken either a very practical, hands-on, how-to approach written by practitioners or a very legalistic perspective focusing on the ways that informant use fits (or does not fit) within legal structures. Additionally, social science literature on the topic is available, but is all at least 2 or 3 decades old. This literature approaches informants as a part of the structure of police agencies and investigations and primarily emphasizes the utility of informants for investigations. What is largely missing from the literature is the perspective of informants and the officers with whom they work, foci which the current book emphasizes.
Study Methods
Authors: Dabney Dean A. , Tewksbury Richard
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 presents the methods of the current study. Three fieldwork projects in two cities are explained, including one researcher’s embeddedness with a plain-clothes, street crime unit, one researcher’s 10 month inclusion with a narcotics investigation unit, and one author’s 18 months of participant observation with a major city’s homicide investigation unit. Additionally, in-depth interviews with 15 federal, state and local law enforcement authorities were conducted. These three sources of data are integrated and triangulate the data used for the analysis.
Working with Informants
Authors: Dabney Dean A. , Tewksbury Richard
Published: May 2017

Chapter four highlights the actual ways that law enforcement officers work with confidential informants. Here the processes by which informants are identified and recruited are discussed, including a stage model for conceptualizing the process. The means by which officials communicate with potential informants is addressed, especially how indentured informants are convinced to provide information so as to assist themselves in their own (or others’) legal entanglements. Also highlighted are the characteristics that law enforcement officers find desirable and challenging, including the role of gender, and how different characteristics of officers, informants, and situations coalesce to create information exchanges.
Pitfalls of Working with Informants
Authors: Dabney Dean A. , Tewksbury Richard
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 contrasts the content of Chapter 7 with a focus on the pitfalls and potential problems involved in law enforcement officials working with confidential informants. The problems and pitfalls of working with confidential informants are classified as personal, professional, and individualized issues. Personal pitfalls include the intrusion of work and informant relationships on private/personal time and allowing one’s relationship with some informants to cross the line into a “personal” relationship. Professionally law enforcement officials can face problems with informants in the form of being misled by unreliable informants and informants who attempt to skirt their “responsibilities” or deals with police. And, as the individual issue pointed to most frequently by policing officials as a danger of working with an informant is “being burned,” and having informants provide explicitly false information and/or information that sets an officer up for attack, failure or embarrassment.
Summary and Implications
Authors: Dabney Dean A. , Tewksbury Richard
Published: May 2017

The concluding chapter summarizes the key take away messages emanating from the ethnographic work that underlies the book. A series of theoretical considerations are detailed, including an effort to establish a broader context associated with the book’s 4-part typology of the police-citizen information exchange, the observation that informant work is inherently complex, and that more theoretical development is needed. A host of policy considerations are forwarded, including calls for more structure and protocol surrounding informant use and a need for police to plan ahead on the role that the police-citizen information exchange will play in the future.
Loving Meth
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3, “Loving Meth,” addresses use, the first step of immersion in the life. Loving methamphetamine and the progression of use are critical steps in the lifestyle. An insider’s perspective on the benefits of and motivations for use, patterns of consumption, and personal preferences is presented. The attractions of psychoactive and social benefits are reviewed.
An Intoxicating Life
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6, “An Intoxicating Life,” provides an insider’s view of the seductive and intoxicating lifestyle that accompanies immersion with methamphetamine. Interrelationships between the different dimensions of the life—use, dealing, and manufacturing—are described in rich detail. The underlying attractions to each of these diverse aspects are also explored.
A Dark Life
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8, “A Dark Life,” describes the darkness that encompasses the world of methamphetamine. An insiders’ view of the loss of self and crossing of moral boundaries is shown for what it is. Some of the most disconcerting, dangerous, and harmful aspects of immersion are described the perspectives of those who lived to speak of them.
City of Palaces
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

The central nexus of Chapter 1 the Lecumberri Palace, commonly known as the Black Palace—the state prison inaugurated in 1901, turned into the General National Archive in 1976, and the site of the public announcement of President Vicente Fox’s transparency reforms in 2002. Lecumberri is also the locus of the two early testimonial narratives on the 68 student movement and Tlatelolco massacre, by Luis González de Alba and José Revueltas. Their analysis shows how this theoretically closed, impermeable institution constitutes a node within the network of the modern spaces of discipline and, at the same time, the microcosm of Mexico City. On the other hand, the transmutations of Lecumberri serve to reflect on different modes of knowledge production, history writing and commemoration. Both the prison and the archive are shown to be more than just physical spaces—they are results of the ongoing embodied interpretative processes.
Work and Respect in Chennai
Authors: Mazza Giulia
Published: May 2017

In India, relatively few of those who are mentally ill live without their families. Yet some do, either because they are abandoned or because they flee. The Banyan is a non-governmental organization founded in 1993 to rescue poor, abandoned, homeless women with mental health issues. Since its inception, the Banyan has treated over two thousand persons with mental illness. They bring in women who are often too incapacitated to remember their own names, and they care for them and treat them and teach them to work. They provide food, clothing, shelter, medication, general healthcare, therapeutic activities, and occupational training–all for free. They have been able to return over a thousand of them to their natal homes. Its remarkable success arises in part from the way these families understand the problems created by illness: first and foremost as failure to work, not as an inner experience with symptoms of distressing voices. This chapter illustrates this process through the life of a woman with schizophrenia abandoned by her family.
A Fragile Recovery in the United States
Authors: Myers Neely A. L.
Published: May 2017

After her father’s suicide, Meg’s distress intensifies until she can no longer do her work and she is fired from her job. She loses her apartment and ends up on the “institutional circuit” of shelters, half-way houses, and public services for the indigent mentally ill in a large city. Meg experiences the arbitrary-appearing rules and grinding despair of this life until she began receiving disability benefits for schizoaffective disorder. While Meg did not work for pay, she is able to create a meaningful life with friends and family, and her interests in art and music. As such, she has achieved the outcome envisioned by the Recovery Movement. Yet the chapter also illustrates the social factors which make this recovery difficult.
Paths Leading to Faith in Place
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 considers some of the varied paths that led individuals and groups to work with Faith in Place. While the women and men I encountered during my fieldwork generally supported the organization’s values and messages, additional factors also contributed to their religious environmental involvement. This chapter examines the diverse set of motivations participants brought to their work with Faith in Place, including factors related to religion, racial and ethnic identity, civic identity, and economic opportunity.
Food and Environment at an African American Church
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 focuses on a Faith in Place bible study on food and faith held at an African American church. This bible study was one of Veronica Kyle’s first sustained recruitment efforts and through the group she developed her approach for attracting other African Americans to Faith in Place. Rather than conforming to the norms of religious environmental ideology that developed through the work of white scholars and activists, this chapter demonstrates, Kyle helped the women cultivate an awareness of and language about the environment through a distinctive focus on the history and current circumstances of African Americans.
Finding Racial Diversity with Religious Pluralism
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 examines Faith in Place’s use of language around religious, racial, and ethnic diversity. It demonstrates that Faith in Place’s use of “interfaith” discourse helped the organization build a racially and ethnically diverse coalition, while at the same time limiting the kinds of people willing to associate with the Faith in Place. By using the discourse of “interfaith,” Faith in Place tapped into a resonant trope in American life – the valuing of religious diversity and religious differences – to talk about a subject with a much more difficult set of associations: race.
Faith in Place’s Religious Message
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 examines the liberal Protestant theological underpinnings of Faith in Place’s work and the limitations to its universalistic discourse. While presenting earth stewardship as an ethic within all religions, Faith in Place leaders actually placed stewardship above all religions, demanding that religions bend and adapt to the earth’s needs. After examining Faith in Place’s theology, the chapter discusses conflicts that emerged through encounters with people who were not liberal Protestants in order to demonstrate the limitations of the interfaith organization’s claims to universality.
From Grassroots to Mainstream
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7 examines Faith in Place’s shifting identity as it developed from a tiny nonprofit with one paid staff member into a bustling downtown organization with two satellite offices and a staff of seventeen. While initially aligning its work with grassroots environmental causes related to working-class struggles in the inner-city, Faith in Place gradually shifted its image and message as it successfully attracted minority involvement and transitioned to an established and professionalized nonprofit.
Conclusion
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

The conclusion reiterates the book’s main argument, that that environmental innovations in American religions have developed for reasons that expand far beyond direct expressions of religious teachings and faith. Then it discusses implications of these findings for the study of religion and ecology and religious studies more broadly.
Naked Ladies and Ice Cream Bars
Authors: Alilunas Peter
Published: May 2017

In this prologue, I describe my own background in relation to this topic, particularly important given my religious family upbringing describe the book’s guiding questions, and set the stage for the rest of the book.
Panorams, Motels, and Pirates
Authors: Alilunas Peter
Published: May 2017

Chapter one examines the early history of adult video from a variety of technological, cultural, and industrial perspectives beginning with the Panoram, a device invented in the 1940s and completely unintended for pornography. Following is an analysis of the adult motel landscape of Southern California, an early site of adult video distribution. The chapter concludes with a history of the early pioneers of adult video, including George Atkinson, who created the first video rental store in the United States.
Adult Video News
Authors: Alilunas Peter
Published: May 2017

Chapter two explores the creation in 1983 of Adult Video News (AVN), a newsletter initially aimed at the public but gradually transformed into an industry trade journal in the vein of Variety or Hollywood Reporter. In its attempts to provide a more sophisticated, nuanced, and professional set of discourses for adult video, AVN represents a major turning point in this history, focusing on the industry as an industry, rather than merely as content made by unseen, hidden forces. Additionally, AVN repeatedly emphasized and encouraged the creation of quality material as a strategy to gain the respectability that would lead to greater acceptability and profits, a stance it also replicated within its own pages and editorial practices. Ultimately, AVN crafted something new: a space in which to promote, sell, and celebrate adult video.
The Means of Production
Authors: Alilunas Peter
Published: May 2017

Chapter three contrasts a pair of case studies involving the challenges faced by the women whose performances helped build the adult video industry, and particularly the significance of the means of production and control. First, Ginger Lynn and Vivid Video, the first company to recognize the potential of the shot-on-video format. Lynn was the centerpiece in a new, aggressive marketing strategy that sought widespread public acceptance but did not hold an ownership stake in the company, and thus represents the limitations of performance success. Second is Candida Royalle, a performer in the 1970s who founded Femme Productions in 1984 with the goal of creating adult films for women, which she did as writer, director, producer, and owner. While similar to Vivid in terms of the desire for economic success with particular demographics, Royalle’s overt politics, feminist strategies, marketing discourses, and narrative and visual content set Femme in radically different territory.
Race Doesn’t Matter
Authors: Fields Corey D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on African American Republicans who can be labeled as “color-blind” because their strategy for linking black identity to Republican politics involves de-emphasizing the role of race in black people's lives. These African American Republicans see themselves as linked to a broader black community, but they reject identity politics as the pathway to racial uplift. They endorse Republican social policy as part of a commitment to an abstract notion of conservative politics, not because the policies are good for black people. Indeed, for race-blind African American Republicans, the best thing for blacks is to abandon race-based identity politics.
Like Crabs in a Barrel
Authors: Fields Corey D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how differences in their approaches to thinking about race and their framing of conservative social policy prevent African American Republicans from forming stable, long-term organizations. Multiple cases of organizational failure demonstrate how internal conflict inhibits basic organizational tasks like defining audiences, developing organizational missions, and determining tactics. Indeed, it is difficult for African American Republicans to organize because of intense interpersonal conflicts and political disagreements, both of which are actually manifestations of competing beliefs about the role of black racial identity in the political arena. These fights simultaneously expose the personal and political fault lines among African American Republicans.
Conclusion
Authors: Fields Corey D.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter explores the broader lessons that can be taken from the case of African American Republicans. This research demonstrates the importance of understanding how the political context in which African American Republicans are embedded shapes the way they understand race and how they can express their racial identity. Rather than being only about how race drives political behavior, the experience of African American Republicans is animated by a reciprocal relationship between race and politics. These findings call attention to the multiple ways in which race works in the political arena, but they also provide guidance for how one might think about the ways that other social identities inform political behavior.
Introduction
Authors: Holtzman Jon D.
Published: May 2017

The introduction sets the stage for a multi-sited, multi-vocal ethnography of violence in northern Kenya. It outlines the basic subject matter for the book, which are stories from each side of a set of conflicts between Samburu herders and several neighboring groups with whom they oscillate between peaceful co-existence and lethal violence. It introduces a theoretical approach to the cultural study of violence emphasizing the interaction of a shifting triad of perpetrators, victims and observers, as well as the methodological and analytical issues incumbent in ethnography that seeks to take seriously the intrinsically conflicting accounts of participants on both sides of violent encounters.
Being There, Being Friends, Being Uncertain
Authors: Holtzman Jon D.
Published: May 2017

Organized around an incident of violence, rife with ambiguity, in which I was tangentially at risk, I consider the extent to which uncertainty is more than a characteristic of fieldwork and of the texts produced by it. Rather, as ethnographers working in contexts of violence, we document uncertainty as the material of our accounts. Thus, my own uncertainty about how close I may have come to being inadvertently killed in this particular incident is far less important than the fact that intrinsic to the lives of my interlocutors is the uncertainty of being unable to fully explain why the violent events described in this book occur, who is responsible and how and when this may directly affect their own lives.
Killing the Sheik
Authors: Holtzman Jon D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws on the interlocking stories of the surviving relatives of a Somali sheik and of Samburu personally involved in killing him in the 1960s. Viewing the Sheik as a leader who used supernatural powers to orchestrate a bloody massacre, Samburu view his death as emblematic of their resilience in the face of loss—themes that replayed in conflicts in the late 1990s. The Sheik’s family and other Somalis, interpret these events in radically different ways, despite differing only nominally in their factual accounts of what happened. Through a reading of these two accounts—almost identical factually but with very different interpretations--I examine the fundamental misunderstandings through which violence is memorialized and which sow the seeds for future violence.
Bad Friends and Good Enemies
Authors: Holtzman Jon D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the triad of Samburu, Pokot and Turkana in their oscillations between peaceful neighbors and deadly adversaries. Specifically, I explore the ironic conundrum that despite long-term, ritual bonds between Pokot and Samburu. interaction and affection between the groups is modest. In contrast, Samburu and Turkana have long engaged in both sporadic and devastating incidents of deadly warfare, yet maintain close interrelationships and relatively high levels of affection. Considering the ways in which peace and war are mediums for refracting identities I further critically consider the truism that if people only got to know each other they would not fight; Instead sometimes groups fight not because they do not know each other but because they do.
Views on a Massacre
Authors: Holtzman Jon D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Kenyan government, an often-absent player in these conflicts. Easily the strongest local military force, it frequently sits on the sidelines or participates in ways counter to their role as the insurer of peace. Local actors accept the principle of the government as the agent of order, and narratives of violence are sculpted bring the government to one’s side or conversely to avoid its wrath. However, in practice the government is frequently viewed as negligent or even as perpetrators. Thus, the chapter explores how the diverse ways that local actors understand both the principle of government and its actual actions that may be contrary to this principle, are fundamental to making sense of these conflicts.
Introduction
Authors: Yonemoto Marcia
Published: May 2017

In the eleventh month of 1681, a twenty-two-year-old woman named Inoue Tsūjo left her home in Marugame, on the northern coast of Shikoku, and began a journey to the “eastern capital,” Edo. After two weeks, Tsūjo and her traveling party, including her father and several servants, arrived at a border checkpoint in the town of Arai, west of Kyoto, where they presented to inspectors the official passports required by the shogunal government of all travelers. Much to their dismay, the Arai inspectors refused to allow Tsūjo to pass, on the grounds that her travel documents described her as a “woman” (...
Filial Piety
Authors: Yonemoto Marcia
Published: May 2017

The chapter focuses on the transformation in ideals of filial piety for women from an emphasis on the image of the devoted wife to that of crusading daughter, willing to resort to violence and self-sacrifice—both acts forbidden by law and convention—to avenge the unjust death of a parent. The tension between filial norms and exceptions to them also is traced through the lives and writings of Inoue Tsūjo (1660-1738), Nakayama Suzuko (b. 1675), and Itō Maki (1797-1862).
Self-Cultivation
Authors: Yonemoto Marcia
Published: May 2017

The chapter examines the ideal of self-cultivation for women, which involved developing both human virtues and practical skills. The knowledge and skills a woman acquired through the various forms of self-cultivation and education unintentionally broadened her consciousness of herself and opened up possibilities for activities outside of as well as within the household. The effects of self-cultivation are seen in the cases of Inoue Tsūjo and Sekiguchi Chie (1793-1865).
Marriage
Authors: Yonemoto Marcia
Published: May 2017

The chapter focuses on the contradictions between ideals and practices of marriage. Once married, convention decreed that a woman was to devote herself loyally and exclusively to her husband and his family. And yet among all classes divorce and remarriage were frequent, and women more often than not maintained close relationships to their own families throughout their married lives. The chapter examines instructional manuals’ dictates on marriage, the economy and politics of marriage as an alliance between families, and popular cultural images of wives and wifely behavior. The experience of married life is traced through the lives of Kuroda Tosako (1682-1753), Sekiguchi Chie, and Itō Maki.
Motherhood
Authors: Yonemoto Marcia
Published: May 2017

The chapter explores the discourse and experience of motherhood within Japan’s low-fertility regime in the early modern period. In a manner rarely seen elsewhere in the early modern world, Japanese families used various means, from infanticide to adoption, to correlate family size with income. The chapter examines a wide range of primary sources to explore the effects of family planning on motherhood in two dimensions, the biological and the social. It also examines motherhood as a lived experience through the writings of Inoue Tsūjo, Kuroda Tosako, and Sekiguchi Chie.
Retirement
Authors: Yonemoto Marcia
Published: May 2017

The chapter shows how the structure of early modern Japanese families made it imperative that women as well as men retire from active household management in order to allow the next generation to assume full adult responsibilities. For older women, retirement was a respite from work and responsibility, an appropriate time for long-awaited self-indulgence. At the same time, cohabitation of the generations always had the potential to create tension, anger, and anxiety. The chapter examines the representations and realities of retirement for women in popular discourse and in narratives by Inoue Tsūjo, Kuroda Tosako, and a selection of travel diaries written by women.
Namesake and Inheritance
Authors: Marquis Christine Luckritz
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates how the intersection of names(akes), legacies, and social locations associated with the monastic tradition were negotiated in light of the first Origenist controversy.  It takes as its starting point the simultaneously rather common (from a Roman senatorial family) and rather unusual (within the monastic milieu) situation in which the legacies of Melania the Elder and her namesake, Melania the Younger, are found.  While Melania the Younger did follow in her grandmother's footsteps, fleeing Rome (though under decidedly different circumstances) and taking up the monastic life, the value of her familial position was much more mixed in light of her grandmother's decided Origenism.  Whereas the monastic tradition would sometimes blur the lives and sayings of Macarii, Isaiahs, Apollos, and the like, both the Lausiac History and the Life of Melania the Younger are careful to distinguish between the Melanias, due to the grandmother's Origenist legacy.
Wounded by Divine Love
Authors: Upson-Saia Kristi
Published: May 2017

In the Life of Melania, Gerontius explains that Melania was impelled to adopt an ascetic life because she had been “wounded by divine love” and that, later in life, that “wounding” prompted Melania to a more rigorous form of asceticism. The concept of “divine wounding”—a prodding and provoking by God that drove ascetics to deeper devotion, discipline, and piety—had become relatively well-defined and common in the fourth and fifth centuries. This chapter demonstrates that wounding was an exceedingly “usable” image in ascetic texts given the widespread bodily experience to which the figurative language referred and given its relationship to other wound metaphors pervasive in earlier Christian discourse.