bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Distance in the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis
Authors: Welsch Robin , Hecht Heiko , Chuang Lewis , von Castell Christoph
Published: September 2020

Background

Mandatory rules for social distancing to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic require individuals to maintain a critical interpersonal distance above 1.5 m. However, this contradicts our natural preference, which is closer to 1 m for non-intimate encounters, for example, when asking a stranger for directions.

Objective

This review addresses how humans typically regulate interpersonal distances, in order to highlight the challenges of enforcing atypically large interpersonal distances.

Method

To understand the challenges posed by social distancing requirements, we integrate relevant contributions from visual perception, social perception, and human factors.

Results

To date, research on preferred interpersonal distances suggests that social distancing could induce discomfort, heighten arousal, and decrease social signaling in the short term. While the protracted effects of social distancing are unclear, we propose hypotheses on the mid- to long-term consequences of violating preferred norms of interpersonal distances.

Conclusion

We suggest that enforcing a physical distance of 1.5–2 m presents a serious challenge to behavioral norms.

Application

We address how notifications, architectural design, and visualizations could be effectively applied to promote interpersonal distance requirements.
Design and characterization of 3D multilayer woven reinforcements shape memory polymer composites
Authors: Goda Ibrahim , Zubair Zakariya , L’Hostis Gildas , Drean Jean-Yves
Published: September 2020

Shape memory polymer (SMP) composites are attractive and excellent smart materials due to their outstanding properties and rich functionality as they combine typical mechanical and functional properties of composites with shape memory properties. In particular, 3D reinforced preforms have tremendous potential for the development of functional composites by using the capabilities of 3D woven fabric preform design, and polymer shape memory behavior. Within that scope, this work aims to investigate the shape memory behavior and shape recovery properties of a specific type of 3D multilayer woven SMP composite in response to external stimuli. For this purpose, nine different multilayer stitched fabrics are produced with different weave structures, and different fabric thread densities using polyimide filaments. Then, a series of tests is carried out on these fabrics to evaluate their mechanical and physical properties. The layered fabric design that delivers high mechanical performance is next involved to manufacture the SMP composite samples, for which shape recovery capability is investigated. Fold-deploy and other shape memory cycle tests are performed to evaluate the shape memory characteristics. An optical 3D scanner based on fringe projection is further proposed to precisely acquire the geometry data and perform deformation analysis to quantitatively evaluate the shape fixity and shape recovery behaviors. The results from this study are very promising, demonstrating that these multilayer SMP structures can successfully be recovered following the desired design constraints without noticeable damage.
Previous Military Rule and Democratic Survival
Authors: Kim Nam Kyu
Published: September 2020

Existing scholarship shows that a history of military rule increases the risk of democratic breakdown. However, scholars overlook the fact that military rule takes two distinct forms: collegial and personalist military rule. I argue that the two types of military rule provide different structural settings for post-authoritarian contexts. Collegial military rule hands over more cohesive and hierarchical militaries to their subsequent democracies than personalist military rule. These militaries remain organized, politicized, and powerful in emerging democracies, which increases the risk of military intervention and coups. I hypothesize that collegial military rule poses a greater threat to the survival of the ensuing democracies than personalist military rule. Empirical analysis reveals that democracies after collegial military rule are more likely to collapse than other democracies, including those emerging from personalist military rule. This shows that the previous finding on the detrimental effect of military rule is largely driven by collegial military rule.
Bag of tricks for fabric defect detection based on Cascade R-CNN
Authors: Li Feng , Li Feng
Published: September 2020

In this paper, a bag of tricks is proposed to improve the precision of fabric defect detection. Although the general state-of-the-art convolutional neural network detection algorithm can achieve a better detection effect, in fact, the detection precision still has enough room to improve on fabric defect detection. Therefore, we propose three tricks to further improve the precision. Firstly, we use multiscale training, which scales the single input image into a number of images of different resolutions for training, so as to be able to adapt to the box distribution of different scales. Secondly, we use the dimension clusters method. By observing the distribution of the width and the height of the defect size in the fabric dataset, we find that the distribution of the defect size in the dataset is extremely unbalanced and the size span is large. We believe that the training results of the default prior boxes setting might not be optimal, so we conduct dimensional clustering for the width and height of the defect size of the dataset, so as to make the network model easier to learn. Thirdly, we use soft non-maximum suppression instead of traditional non-maximum suppression to avoid the situation that the same kinds of defect category in the dataset are overlapped and eliminated as repeated detection. With this bag of tricks, we effectively improve the precision of fabric defect detection by 8.9% mAP on the basis of the baseline of state-of-the-art convolutional neural network detection algorithm.
The Psychological Status and Self-Efficacy of Nurses During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Xiong Huan , Yi Shuanglian , Lin Yufen
Published: September 2020

A novel coronavirus pneumonia broke out and gradually developed into a global public health problem. Health care workers, especially nurses, suffered from great occupational pressure and psychological distress during the outbreak of infectious diseases. We performed a cross-sectional survey to investigate the psychological status and self-efficacy of nurses in public hospital during COVID-19 outbreak between 16th and 25th February 2020. A total of 223 nurses participated in this study. The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms was 40.8% (CI 95%: 34.4%-47.2%) and 26.4% (CI 95%: 20.6%-42.2%), respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of anxiety symptoms among demographic variables. There was significant differences in the prevalence of depression symptoms according to professional titles ( P = .020). The mean score of self-efficacy was 25.90 ± 7.55. The self-efficacy was negatively correlated with anxiety ( r = −0.161, P < .05). The psychological status of nurses in public hospital during COVID-19 outbreak needs our attention. Improving nurses’ self-efficacy in dealing with emerging infectious diseases may be helpful to their psychology.
Time for a village-level strategy for the elimination of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in India: analysis of potential kala-azar outbreak situation in 2018
Authors: Saurabh Suman
Published: September 2020

Cases of kala-azar reported during 2013–2018 in Bihar, India were retrospectively analysed. Of 2187 villages reporting cases of kala-azar in 2018, 573 (26.2%) had reported no case in the previous five years but contributed to 20% of disease burden in 2018. On applying potential thresholds of kala-azar outbreaks, 805, 519 and 103 villages reported more than twice, thrice and five times their previous five-year annual average in 2018, respectively. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) in villages reporting any case of kala-azar in the past three years as per current guidelines could cover 72% of incident cases in 2018 vis-a-vis 80% if villages reporting cases in the past five years were considered. Therefore, IRS may be expanded to villages reporting cases in the past five years. Village case trends can be utilised to configure potential outbreak alarms (early warning and response system) on a pre-organised dashboard. A data-driven strategy for villages newly reporting cases and those in potential outbreak situations could prove effective in achieving and sustaining the elimination of kala-azar.
Out of Reach and Under Control: Distancing as a Self-Control Strategy
Authors: Cole Shana , Dominick Janna K. , Balcetis Emily
Published: September 2020

In a world where they are inundated with potential temptations, how are successful dieters able to resist the urge to give in to unhealthy foods? Four studies suggest distance is one tool that may enable people to forego temptation. People with strong goals to eat healthy preferred to be farther away from unhealthy foods (Study 1a), which was associated with feeling less tempted by and less likely to give in to them (Study 1b). In addition, successful self-regulators with goals to restrict unhealthy eating perceptually represented the distance to unhealthy foods as greater than the distance to healthy foods (Study 2). Moreover, in a week-long food diary study, distancing from temptations helped people make healthier food choices (Study 3). The studies suggest that successful self-regulators’ motivations to avoid unhealthy foods are reflected in the way they structure and perceive the world. Distancing may allow people space to make healthier choices.
Hindi Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Affiliate Stigma Scale
Authors: Kumari Rajbala , Ranjan Jay Kumar , Verma Saroj , Asthana Hari Shanker
Published: September 2020

Background:

The Affiliate Stigma Scale (ASS) is a widely used tool to measure affiliate stigma in the caregivers of individuals with various types of mental illnesses. However, the Hindi adaptation of this scale with evident psychometric properties is not available. This study aimed to adapt the ASS in the Hindi language and, further, to validate it in the Indian setting.

Methods:

Translation and back-translation methods were used to translate the original items of the ASS to the Hindi language. After completion of translations and linguistic adaptation process, the Hindi translated version of the ASS, WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were administered to 140 caregivers of persons with mental illness. Purposive sampling method was adopted. The age range of the participants was 17–60 years. Psychometric properties, as well as the factor structures of the scale, were evaluated.

Results:

The Hindi version of the ASS has adequate internal consistencies ( r = 0.87–0.93) and test–retest reliability ( r = 0.78, P < 0.001). The concurrent validity of this scale was also high, as the correlation coefficients among the Hindi version of the ASS, WHOQOL-BREF, GHQ-12, and HADS were ranging from 0.23 to 0.35. The exploratory factor analysis revealed three underlying factors, namely, cognition, affect, and behavior.

Conclusions:

The Hindi version of the ASS is a reliable and valid psychometric tool to measure affiliate stigma in caregivers of patients with mental illness.
From Death in the Ice to life in the museum: Absence, affect and mystery in the Arctic
Authors: Medby Ingrid A , Dittmer Jason
Published: September 2020

Ever since its disappearance in the mid-19th-century, the fate of the ‘Franklin expedition’ has attracted interest and intrigue. The story has been told and re-told but remained one of ‘mystery’ into the early 21st-century. When the expedition’s two ships were finally located, the narrative shifted with the reappearance of long-absent objects and materials – in turn, posing challenges for museum curators seeking to re-present the story. In this article, we conduct a side-by-side examination of two sites: the 1845 Franklin expedition in the Northwest Passage and the 2017 Death in the Ice exhibition at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, UK. We juxtapose these to consider the forces unleashed by the ships’ absence and their presence-ing first in Victorian times and then in the UK museum space today. By analysing the sites through the concept of ‘absent presence’, the agency of both the material and the immaterial is powerfully highlighted. Via an emphasis on the relation of the absent presence to the sensing bodies of others, we consider the concept as simultaneous and co-constitutive. That is, absence and presence ought to be understood not as objective states, but as becoming-absent and becoming-present: processes that are dependent on curated and embodied sensibilities.
‘We are in the process’: The exploitation of hope and the political economy of waiting among the aspiring irregular migrants in Nepal
Authors: Zharkevich Ina
Published: September 2020

‘We are in the process’ was the phrase used by my Nepali interlocutors, soon-to-be migrants, who were waiting for their departure abroad for months on end. Based on conversations with irregular migrants, this paper explores the relationship between time and power, focusing on the political economy of waiting. It suggests that making people wait has become a key technique of governmentality used by the migration industry actors to control aspiring migrants’ movement, exploit their desires and hopes, and extract surplus value, turning the migration industry in Nepal into a major system of profiteering. Forcing aspiring migrants to wait in a state of suspense (not boredom) for departures that are imminent but not certain, unscrupulous brokers create an affective state in suspended subjects, which allows those in power to prey on migrants’ vulnerability and their hope for a better life, pushing many of the aspiring migrants into grave debt.
Perceptual Coupling Based on Depth and Motion Cues in Stereovision-Impaired Subjects
Authors: Kirkels Laurens A. M. H. , Dorman Reinder , Wezel Richard J. A. van
Published: September 2020

When an object is partially occluded, the different parts of the object have to be perceptually coupled. Cues that can be used for perceptual coupling are, for instance, depth ordering and visual motion information. In subjects with impaired stereovision, the brain is less able to use stereoscopic depth cues, making them more reliant on other cues. Therefore, our hypothesis is that stereovision-impaired subjects have stronger motion coupling than stereoscopic subjects. We compared perceptual coupling in 8 stereoscopic and 10 stereovision-impaired subjects, using random moving dot patterns that defined an ambiguous rotating cylinder and a coaxially presented nonambiguous half cylinder. Our results show that, whereas stereoscopic subjects exhibit significant coupling in the far plane, stereovision-impaired subjects show no coupling and under our conditions also no stronger motion coupling than stereoscopic subjects.
Plasma levels of vasoactive neuropeptides in pediatric patients with migraine during attack and attack-free periods
Authors: Hanci Fatma , Kilinc Yasemin Baranoglu , Kilinc Erkan , Turay Sevim , Dilek Mustafa , Kabakus Nimet
Published: September 2020

Background

Increasing evidence suggests that vasoactive neuropeptides such as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-38), substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide are involved in the pathophysiology of migraine in adults, but their role in pediatric migraineurs remains unclear. We prospectively investigated plasma levels of these vasoactive neuropeptides in pediatric migraine patients without aura and compared the results with those of age-matched healthy controls.

Methods

Thirty-eight children aged 6–18 years with migraine without aura and 20 age-matched control subjects were included in the study. Neuropeptides in plasma samples from the controls, and in either the ictal or interictal periods in pediatric migraine without aura, were measured using ELISA.

Results

PACAP-38 and vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in both ictal and interictal plasma were higher in the patients with pediatric migraine without aura than in the controls ( p < 0.001), although calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P levels remained unchanged. Otherwise, no significant difference was determined between ictal and interictal periods in terms of all neuropeptide levels.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates increased plasma PACAP-38 and vasoactive intestinal peptide levels, but not calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P levels, in pediatric patients with migraine during both attack and attack-free periods. The study findings suggest that PACAP-38 and vasoactive intestinal peptide may be implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine, particularly in pediatric migraineurs.
Efficient and Stable Road Maintenance Strategy Evaluation Algorithm Utilizing a Trigger Horizon
Authors: Jooste Fritz J. , Costello Seosamh B.
Published: September 2020

The optimization of road maintenance on large road networks over long analysis periods is an extremely complex problem. Different approaches to the problem have been investigated and methods such as dynamic programming, integer programming, and genetic algorithms have shown promise in providing near-optimal solutions. One of the general approaches to the road maintenance optimization problem uses a sequential approach in which feasible candidate treatment strategies are first generated for each road segment. These strategies can then be evaluated using benefit cost analysis principles and the most promising strategies can be used in the network optimization phase. A key challenge in this approach is the tendency for the candidate treatment strategy set to increase exponentially as the modeling period increases. This leads at best to long modeling times, and at worst to computational instability. This paper presents a fast, approximate alternative to the conventional decision tree-based approach to strategy generation. The method involves the use of a specified “trigger horizon” to control the number of years a triggered treatment can be postponed. The proposed method is shown to have a more gradual increase in the number of strategies generated as the modeling period increases. The method is also shown to provide overall network costs that are within 2% for an unconstrained budget, and 11% for a constrained budget scenario, of the cost generated by the more comprehensive but slower, less stable, decision tree-based methods.
Overview of blood purification in uremia
Authors: Burton B.T.
Published: September 2020

Today, management of irreversible renal failure is based primarily on maintenance hemodialysis and renal transplantation with a growing minority of patients treated by peritoneal dialysis. With regard to renal transplantation — the early promise of renal transplantation in the mid 1960's has given way to the realities of the late 1970's. There have been no major changes in the rejection rate of transplanted kidneys in recent years though today's mortality of transplant patients is considerably reduced over what it used to be. Moreover, universally the lack of availability of a sufficient number of organs for transplantation poses a formidable problem.

It is all too apparent that current methods of blood purification in uremia are far from optimal. Even though the mortality in maintenance dialysis is relatively low, hemodialysis is characterized by a variety of complications and most maintenance dialysis patients are not optimally rehabilitated.
Treatment of chronic renal failure: Situation of CAPD
Authors: Faller B. , Marichal J.-F.
Published: September 2020

Until recently, Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) was considered as a method reserved for patients with contraindications to or complications of hemodialysis. With the introduction of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) which is a simple, efficient technique without a machine, PD appears to be another kind of maintenance therapy in chronic renal failure. We report our experience which started in May 1978.
Clinical and metabolic aspects of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Authors: Gahl G.M. , Schurig R. , Becker H. , Sorge F. , Pustelnik A. , Borowzak B. , Riedinger R. , Baeyer H. V. , Kessel M.
Published: September 2020

Experience with CAPD in 14 patients, treated for periods of 2–10 months, is presented. Clinical and biochemical control of uremia appeared adequate in all patients except one. Control of extracellular volume and hypertension was easier with CAPD than with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD). Nine episodes of peritonitis occurred in 5 patients (one peritonitis/8 patients months). Mean protein loss was 9.7 ± 2.7 g per day. In 6 patients on IPD oral glucose tolerance test resulted in a paradoxical rise of HGH, whereas this was not observed after 4 months of CAPD.
‘Working to Live, Not Living to Work’: Low-Paid Multiple Employment and Work–Life Articulation
Authors: Smith Andrew , McBride Jo
Published: September 2020

This article critically examines how low-paid workers, who need to work in more than one legitimate job to make ends meet, attempt to reconcile work and life. The concept of work–life articulation is utilised to investigate the experiences, strategies and practicalities of combining multiple employment with domestic and care duties. Based on detailed qualitative research, the findings reveal workers with two, three, four, five and even seven different jobs due to low-pay, limited working hours and employment instability. The study highlights the increasing variability of working hours, together with the dual fragmentation of working time and employment. It identifies unique dimensions of work extensification, as these workers have an amalgamation of jobs dispersed across fragmented, expansive and complex temporalities and spatialities. This research makes explicit the interconnected economic and temporal challenges of low-pay, insufficient hours and precarious employment, which creates significant challenges of juggling multiple jobs with familial responsibilities.
Measuring patient safety climate in operating rooms: Validation of the Spanish version of the hospital survey on patient safety
Authors: Botero Jose Hugo Arias , Arias Ruben Dario Gomez , Cardona Angela Maria Segura , Rodriguez Fernando Acosta , Rico Jose Antonio Quesada , Guillen Vicente Gil
Published: September 2020

Objective

The measurement of patient safety climate within hospitals, and specifically in operating rooms is a basic tool for the development of the patient’s safety policy. There are no validated Spanish versions of instruments to measure safety climate. The objective of this research was to validate the Spanish version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety (HSOPS®), with the addition of a module for surgical units, to evaluate the patient safety climate in operating rooms.

Methods

Survey validation study. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety (HSOPS®) was applied to health workers from 6 acute general hospitals, from Medellín (Colombia), with surgical procedures greater than 300 per month, 18 items were added considered specific for Operating Rooms. For construct validation, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used, utilizing principal components as the extraction method. Reliability was evaluated with Cronbach’s α.

Results

A 10 dimensions model was obtained with EFA, most of the dimensions of the original questionnaire were conserved, although the factorial structure was not reproduced. Two new dimensions emerged from the added items. The Cronbach’s α ranged between 0.66 and 0.87. Conclusions: We found the HSOPS questionnaire is valid and reliable for measuring patient safety climate in Spanish speaking Latin American countries. Two additional dimensions are proposed for Operating Rooms.
The effects of hospital-physician financial integration on adverse incident rate: An agency theory perspective
Authors: Upadhyay Soumya , Weech-Maldonado Robert , Opoku-Agyeman William
Published: September 2020

Background

Patient safety is an important aspect of quality of care. Physicians’ alignment with hospitals by means of financial integration may possibly help hospitals achieve their quality goals. Most research examines the effects of financial integration on financial performance. There is a need to understand whether financial integration has an effect on quality and safety.

Purpose

The aim of this study is to examine the association between hospital physician financial integration (employment, joint ventures, and ownership) and Adverse Incident Rate. Methodology: A longitudinal panel study design was used. A random effects model with hospital, year, and state effects was used. Our sample contained 3,528 hospitals observations within U.S. from 2013–2015.

Findings

Contrary to our hypotheses, hospital physician financial integration does not influence AIR. Besides financial integration, hospitals need to have a high commitment towards quality and safety to influence a lower AIR.
Experimental investigation of structural integrity behavior of High strength low alloy steel – Study of mechanical, microstructural and corrosion behavior of Submerged arc welding weldments
Authors: Sharma Lochan , Chhibber Rahul
Published: September 2020

The present study aims at investigating the effect of submerged arc welding fluxes for enhanced corrosion resistance of structural steel welds. By varying the basicity index of submerged arc welding fluxes the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of weld metal such as tensile strength, impact strength, microhardness in submerged arc weldments were evaluated. The result shows that with the increase in bascity index tensile strength of weld specimen reduced while impact strength and microhardness value increased. Maximum microhardness (288 HV) was observed for flux 2 while base metal show minimum microhardness value (205 HV). Flux 5 gives maximum impact strength (94.17 J) as compared to the base metal (80 J). This is due to the reduced content of oxygen in weld metal which increases the weld metal impact toughness. Corrosion resistance of weld specimen increased as compared to the base metal. Ductile fracture mode and shear lip or tears were observed in the weld zone. Shear dimples and shear lips were more severe in base metal as well as weld metal impact specimens due to the rapid effect of external forces on the impact test. The banded microstructure of delta ferrite and austenite was observed in the base metal. Fine grains of ferrite and pearlite at the center and edges were present in the weld zone.
HIV incidence among men who have sex with men and transgender women in four provinces in Thailand
Authors: Kritsanavarin Usanee , Bloss Emily , Manopaiboon Chomnad , Khawcharoenporn Thana , Harnlakon Pronnipa , Vasanti-Uppapokakorn Monthinee , Kitwattanachai Prapaporn , Naprasert Supranee , Phiphatthananon Tharee , Visavakum Prin , Jetsawang Bongkoch , Mock Philip A
Published: September 2020

The HIV epidemic in Thailand is concentrated in key populations, with the highest rates in men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TG). Previous studies of HIV incidence in these groups have been limited mostly to Bangkok. We measured HIV incidence in MSM and TG in four provinces and evaluated factors associated with incident infections to inform public health prevention efforts. An analysis was conducted using data collected during a prospective observational cohort study during April 2015–May 2018 in outpatient clinics in five hospitals across four provinces in Thailand. MSM and TG aged ≥18 years, who were not known to be HIV-infected, and who reported anal intercourse with a male or TG without a condom in the past six months were enrolled. Participants were followed-up every 6 months for 18 months with questionnaires and HIV testing. A total of 40 HIV seroconversions occurred during follow-up, resulting in an HIV incidence of 3.5 per 100 person-years (95% CI 2.5, 4.8). Multivariate analyses indicated that identifying as gay (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 4.9; 95% CI 1.7–14.2), having receptive anal sex in the past six months (AHR 3.6; 95% CI 1.4–9.5), using alcohol (AHR 3.3; 95% CI 1.3–8.3), and taking alkyl nitrites (AHR 4.4; 95% CI 1.7–11.2) in the past six months were all independently associated with HIV infection. Overall this study found a lower HIV incidence in the highest risk population in Thailand compared with similar studies in Bangkok. Accelerated prevention efforts are needed to make the goal of ‘zero new infections’ possible in Thailand.
Universal Patterns in Color-Emotion Associations Are Further Shaped by Linguistic and Geographic Proximity
Authors: Jonauskaite Domicele , Abu-Akel Ahmad , Dael Nele , Oberfeld Daniel , Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Al-Rasheed Abdulrahman S. , Antonietti Jean-Philippe , Bogushevskaya Victoria , Chamseddine Amer , Chkonia Eka , Corona Violeta , Fonseca-Pedrero Eduardo , Griber Yulia A. , Grimshaw Gina , Hasan Aya Ahmed , Havelka Jelena , Hirnstein Marco , Karlsson Bodil S. A. , Laurent Eric , Lindeman Marjaana , Marquardt Lynn , Mefoh Philip , Papadatou-Pastou Marietta , Pérez-Albéniz Alicia , Pouyan Niloufar , Roinishvili Maya , Romanyuk Lyudmyla , Salgado Montejo Alejandro , Schrag Yann , Sultanova Aygun , Uusküla Mari , Vainio Suvi , Wąsowicz Grażyna , Zdravković Sunčica , Zhang Meng , Mohr Christine
Published: September 2020

Many of us “see red,” “feel blue,” or “turn green with envy.” Are such color-emotion associations fundamental to our shared cognitive architecture, or are they cultural creations learned through our languages and traditions? To answer these questions, we tested emotional associations of colors in 4,598 participants from 30 nations speaking 22 native languages. Participants associated 20 emotion concepts with 12 color terms. Pattern-similarity analyses revealed universal color-emotion associations (average similarity coefficient r = .88). However, local differences were also apparent. A machine-learning algorithm revealed that nation predicted color-emotion associations above and beyond those observed universally. Similarity was greater when nations were linguistically or geographically close. This study highlights robust universal color-emotion associations, further modulated by linguistic and geographic factors. These results pose further theoretical and empirical questions about the affective properties of color and may inform practice in applied domains, such as well-being and design.
Moral Choice When Harming Is Unavoidable
Authors: Berman Jonathan Z. , Kupor Daniella
Published: September 2020

Past research suggests that actors often seek to minimize harm at the cost of maximizing social welfare. However, this prior research has confounded a desire to minimize the negative impact caused by one’s actions (harm aversion) with a desire to avoid causing any harm whatsoever (harm avoidance). Across six studies ( N = 2,152), we demonstrate that these two motives are distinct. When decision-makers can completely avoid committing a harmful act, they strongly prefer to do so. However, harming cannot always be avoided. Often, decision-makers must choose between committing less harm for less benefit and committing more harm for more benefit. In these cases, harm aversion diminishes substantially, and decision-makers become increasingly willing to commit greater harm to obtain greater benefits. Thus, value trade-offs that decision-makers refuse to accept when it is possible to completely avoid committing harm can suddenly become desirable when some harm must be committed.
“Even crap can be fertilizer”: The experience of volunteering at sexual assault crisis centers for women survivors of sexual assault
Authors: Gueta Keren , Cohen-Leibovich Yael , Ronel Natti
Published: September 2020

This qualitative study illuminates the experience of volunteering at sexual assault crisis centers among women survivors of sexual assault. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 women who had been volunteering at four different sexual assault crisis centers across Israel for 1 to 17 years. The findings reveal three main themes. First, there are five types of motivation to volunteer at such centers, all grounded in the participants’ experience of sexual assault. Second, volunteering fosters recovery by promoting an empowered identity reconstruction and social integration. Third, both challenges and risks to recovery, such as exposure to sexual-assault triggers, arise from the experiences of sexual assault and volunteering at the centers. Moreover, the findings indicate various mechanisms that shape the risks–benefits dynamic involved in volunteering, such as the demands of the volunteering role. Thus, this study shifts the understanding of prosocial behavior by sexual-assault survivors from a binary assessment of “positive” or “negative” to a more comprehensive appraisal at the individual, role, and organizational levels.
Lessons From Tuberculosis Control for COVID-19: Screening Should Be Universal
Authors: Thébaud-Mony Annie , Turshen translated by Meredeth
Published: September 2020

Since World War II, a tradition of fighting infectious diseases had proven its worth in stopping chains of contamination and controlling diseases. Contradicting this tradition, the choices made in France regarding the COVID-19 pandemic failed to prevent deaths and protect the most exposed populations. Workers, in particular, are the victims of this failure. Based on the experience of tuberculosis control, this article shows that another strategy is not only possible, but crucial to overcome such epidemic.
Characterization of Magnesium Sulfate as an Antiarrhythmic Agent
Authors: Sugiyama Atsushi , Xue Yi-xue , Hagihara Atsushi , Saitoh Masaki , Hashimoto Keitaro
Published: September 2020

Background

Recently, intravenous magnesium therapy has been used for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, but data to establish a causal link between the electrophysiological properties and the antiarrhythmic actions are lacking.

Methods and Results

The acute antiarrhythmic effect of magnesium sulfate was assessed using epinephrine-, digitalis-, and coronary ligation-induced canine ventricular arrhythmia models. The intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate (100 mg/kg) reduced the incidence of the ventricular arrhythmias of all models. The antiarrhythmic effect on the epinephrine-induced arrhythmia was potent and long-lasting, while those on the other arrhythmia models were weak and transient. The direct cardiovascular effects were assessed using the canine isolated, blood-perfused sinus node, papillary muscle, and atrioventricular node preparations. The intracoronary administration of magnesium sulfate (0.1–30 mg) suppressed sinoatrial automaticity and ventricular contraction, while it increased atrio-His and His-ventricular conduction time, coronary blood flow, and the duration of monophasic action potential in a dose-dependent manner. The effects on His-ventricular conduction and monophasic action potential duration were less potent compared with the other cardiovascular effects.

Conclusion

These results suggest that magnesium sulfate possesses multiple electrophysiological properties and that the effects related to the calcium channel inhibition may be the most relevant for the antiarrhythmic actions.
Antimicrobial packaging and high hydrostatic pressure: Combined effect in improving the safety of coalho cheese
Authors: Gonçalves Sheyla M , de Melo Nathália R , da Silva Janine PL , Chávez Davy WH , Gouveia Fabíola S , Rosenthal Amauri
Published: September 2020

Active cellulose acetate films incorporated with oregano essential oil (antimicrobial film) were previously subjected to high hydrostatic pressure treatment (300 MPa/5 min (FHP1) or 400 MPa/10 min (FHP2)) and investigated for possible changes in their antimicrobial efficiency. In parallel, the efficiency of the antimicrobial films, high hydrostatic pressure (300 MPa/5 min or 400 MPa/10 min), or a combination of antimicrobial film and high hydrostatic pressure, was tested on coalho cheese, experimentally contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, stored for 21 days under refrigeration. Investigations in culture media (agar, brain–heart infusion broth, and micro-atmosphere) detected antimicrobial efficiency for all films, with or without high hydrostatic pressure, against the three bacteria. However, the data indicated that the treatment with 300 MPa/5 min may have impaired the migration of oregano essential oil from FHP1, justifying its lower efficiency in solid medium and brain–heart infusion broth. In cheese samples, the combination of antimicrobial film and 400 MPa/10 min caused greater reductions in counts for the three microorganisms, at zero time throughout the entire coalho cheese storage. Only antimicrobial film or combination (antimicrobial film and high hydrostatic pressure) were able to control microbial multiplication during the 21 days. Therefore, the results confirm that the individual use of high hydrostatic pressure (300 MPa/5 min or 400 MPa/10 min) at the level evaluated can allow bacterial multiplication during storage and that the combination of antimicrobial packaging and high hydrostatic pressure has greater potential to ensure a safer coalho cheese.
Exploring How Trauma Is Addressed in Sexual Education Interventions for Youth: A Scoping Review
Authors: Panisch Lisa S. , Faulkner Monica , Fernandez Sofia B. , Fava Nicole M.
Published: September 2020

Traumatic experiences are common among adolescents and can negatively affect learning and increase the risk of early pregnancy, parenthood, and sexually transmitted infections. Little is known about how current sexual health interventions address trauma. A scoping review was conducted to gain insight into how trauma is addressed in adolescent sexual health interventions. Peer-reviewed studies from the United States published between 2008 and 2018 describing a sexual health intervention for youth were considered. Studies were analyzed to determine if and how trauma was addressed in the interventions. Out of 169 articles initially screened, 29 met inclusion criteria and 23% ( n = 6) addressed trauma. Four interventions addressed trauma in the intervention content, while two studies evaluated trauma in outcome measures. Educators can broaden this reach by developing trauma-informed content that is compatible with existing curricula. Ongoing study is recommended to evaluate the impact of trauma-informed content on the sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of youth.
Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas
Authors: Wheeler Andrew P. , Reuter Sydney
Published: September 2020

In this work we evaluate the predictive capability of identifying long term, micro place hot spots in Dallas, Texas. We create hot spots using a clustering algorithm, using law enforcement cost of responding to crime estimates as weights. Relative to the much larger current hot spot areas defined by the Dallas Police Department, our identified hot spots are much smaller (under 3 square miles), and capture crime cost at a higher density. We also show that the clustering algorithm captures a wide array of hot spot types; some one or two addresses, some street segments, and others an agglomeration of larger areas. This suggests identifying hot spots based on a specific unit of aggregation (e.g. addresses, street segments), may be less efficient than using a clustering technique in practice.
Bending and buckling behaviors of heterogeneous temperature-dependent micro annular/circular porous sandwich plates integrated by FGPEM nano-Composite layers
Authors: Arshid Ehsan , Amir Saeed , Loghman Abbas
Published: September 2020

Bending and buckling analyses of heterogeneous annular/circular micro sandwich plate which is located on Pasternak substrate is presented in the current study. The plate’s core is made of saturated porous materials and face sheets are made of functionally graded piezo-electro-magnetic polymeric nano-composites. The displacement components of the plate described based on FSDT and MCST is employed to analyze the structure in micro scale. Length scale parameter of MCST shows the difference between macro and micro scales elasticity theory. Material properties of the three layers are varied across the thickness following different patterns and in addition, are temperature-dependent. The face sheets are subjected to electro-magnetic fields and pre loads. Using energy method and variational calculus, the equations are obtained and solved via GDQ as a numerical method for various boundary conditions. To examine the reliability of the results, they are compared with previous studies and verified. Effect of different properties and aspect ratio of the plate are investigated and highlighted. The results depicted by enhancing the porosity, the critical buckling load and maximum transverse deflection decreases and increases, respectively. Also increasing temperature leads the buckling load to more values and vice versa about deflection of the plate. The findings of this research can help to design and create more efficient structures especially smart one as sensors or actuators.
Primary total hip replacement using Burch-Schneider cages for acetabular fractures
Authors: Liaw Frank , Govilkar Siddharth , Banks Daniel , Kankanalu Pradeep , Youssef Bishoy , Lim Justin
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

Osteoporotic acetabular fractures are common and pose a difficult technical challenge for the trauma surgeon. Acute total hip arthroplasty (THA) using a Burch-Schneider antiprotrusio cage with immediate postoperative weight-bearing is a method to approach these injuries. This case series reports our outcomes of acute THA using Burch-Schneider cages for acetabular fractures from a UK major trauma centre based on length of stay, radiological outcome, complications and outcome scores.

Methods:

Data were collected from all patients who underwent acute THA with a Burch-Schneider cage for acetabular fractures between June 2006 and August 2015. Patients were followed up clinically, radiologically, and using Oxford Hip Scores (OHS).

Results:

20 patients with a median age of 73 (range 60–90 years) were identified. All patients were independent walkers at follow-up, and had achieved radiological union. There were no dislocations, subsidence, revision or deep infections. Significant complications include 1 perioperative death as a result of complications arising from pre-existing pulmonary fibrosis; 1 deep vein thrombosis; 1 intraoperative arterial injury to the superior gluteal artery; and 1 leg-length discrepancy. Mean length of stay was 10 days. The mean OHS was 37/48 at a mean follow-up of 26 months.

Conclusions:

This case series further validates the use of Burch-Schneider cages with primary THA in acute acetabular fractures.
A conservative approach to dislocation following total hip arthroplasty: a review of 8606 hips
Authors: Ogonda Luke , Cassidy Roslyn S , Beverland David E
Published: September 2020

Patients and methods:

We present the data on 8606 total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures carried out in 7818 patients through a posterior approach between 1998 and 2017.

Results:

218 hips (2.5%) suffered at least 1 dislocation with dislocation rates declining from 6.2% from 1998 to 2002 to 1.5% from 2003 to 2017. Overall, 92 hips (1.06%) required revision surgery but of these, only 5 (0.06%) had a full revision of both components with the remaining 87 requiring intervention only on the acetabular side. None have had a pseudo-arthrosis; none were left dislocated and all remain stable to date.

Conclusions:

In patients who have a second dislocation within 3 months of their primary surgery we recommend a spica or long leg cylinder cast to reduce the need for revision surgery. We propose an algorithm to manage instability with less aggressive operative treatment in this often-elderly patient population with the potential for less physiological insult and significant cost savings.
Boris Johnson in hospital: a Chinese gaze at Western democracies in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Peng Altman Yuzhu , Zhang Ivy Shixin , Cummings James , Zhang Xiaoxiao
Published: September 2020

In this article, we examine Chinese assessments of Western democratic systems in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is based on an up-to-date case study of how Chinese Internet users discussed the UK Prime Minister – Boris Johnson’s infection with COVID-19 in late March and early April 2020. The research collected original data from the Chinese community question-answering (CQA) site – Zhihu. Using a mixed-method approach, consisting of content analysis (CA) and thematic analysis (TA), we show how Zhihu users evaluate the incident (1) as a way to express their sentiments towards Boris Johnson, (2) as a case to assess British politics and (3) as a vehicle for rationalizing their views on Western democratic systems in relation to China’s domestic politics. The research findings shed new light on a Chinese gaze at Western democratic systems in the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.
The gay rights backlash: Contrasting views from the United States and Latin America
Authors: Encarnación Omar G
Published: September 2020

This essay examines the conditions that enable a ‘gay rights backlash’ through a comparison of the United States and Latin America. The United States, the cradle of the contemporary gay rights movement, is the paradigmatic example of a gay rights backlash. By contrast, Latin America, the most Catholic of regions, introduced gay rights at a faster pace than the United States without much in the way of a backlash. Collectively, this analysis demonstrates that a gay rights backlash hinges upon organisationally-rich ‘backlashers’ and an environment that is receptive to homophobic messages, a point underscored by the American experience. But the Latin American experience shows that the counter-framing to the backlash can minimise and even blunt the effects of the backlash.
Conceptualising backlash politics: Introduction to a special issue on backlash politics in comparison
Authors: Alter Karen J , Zürn Michael
Published: September 2020

Despite the widespread sense that backlash is an important feature of contemporary national and world politics, there is remarkably little scholarly work on the politics of backlash. This special issue conceptualises backlash politics as a distinct form of contentious politics. Backlash politics includes the following three necessary elements: (1) a retrograde objective of returning to a prior social condition, (2) extraordinary goals and tactics that challenge dominant scripts, and (3) a threshold condition of entering mainstream public discourse. When backlash politics combines with frequent companion accelerants – nostalgia, emotional appeals, taboo breaking and institutional reshaping – the results can be unpredictable, contagious, transformative and enduring. Contributions to this special issue engage this definition to advance our understanding of backlash politics. The special issue’s conclusion draws insights about the causes and dynamics of backlash politics that lead to the following three potential outcomes: a petering out of the politics, the construction of new cleavages, or a retrograde transformation. Creating a distinct category of backlash politics brings debates in American politics, comparative politics, and international relations together with studies of specific topics, facilitating comparisons across time, space, and issue areas and generating new questions that can hopefully promote lesson drawing.