bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bistatic High Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Cross Section for an FMCW Source with an Antenna on a Floating Platform
Authors: Ma Yue , Huang Weimin , Gill Eric W.
Published: July 2016

The first- and second-order bistatic high frequency radar cross sections of the ocean surface with an antenna on a floating platform are derived for a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) source. Based on previous work, the derivation begins with the general bistatic electric field in the frequency domain for the case of a floating antenna. Demodulation and range transformation are used to obtain the range information, distinguishing the process from that used for a pulsed radar. After Fourier-transforming the autocorrelation and comparing the result with the radar range equation, the radar cross sections are derived. The new first- and second-order antenna-motion-incorporated bistatic radar cross section models for an FMCW source are simulated and compared with those for a pulsed source. Results show that, for the same radar operating parameters, the first-order radar cross section for the FMCW waveform is a little lower than that for a pulsed source. The second-order radar cross section for the FMCW waveform reduces to that for the pulsed waveform when the scattering patch limit approaches infinity. The effect of platform motion on the radar cross sections for an FMCW waveform is investigated for a variety of sea states and operating frequencies and, in general, is found to be similar to that for a pulsed waveform.
Spirituality Concept by Health Professionals in Iran: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Memaryan Nadereh , Rassouli Maryam , Mehrabi Maryam
Published: July 2016

Background. For years, researchers have sought to provide a clear definition of spirituality and its features and consequences, but the definitions provided of this concept still lack transparency. The present qualitative research was conducted to clarify this concept within the religious‐cultural context of Iran. Materials and Methods. The present conventional qualitative content analysis was conducted with an inductive approach. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 17 spiritual health experts and activists selected through purposive sampling. Results. Three themes emerged from the analysis of the data, including (1) the structure of spirituality, (2) defects in the conceptualization of spirituality, and (3) spirituality in practice, which are explained in this paper with their relevant subthemes and codes. The definition which this study proposes for this concept is that “spirituality is the sublime aspect of human existence bestowed on all humans in order for them to traverse the path of transcendence that is closeness to God (Allah).” Conclusion. The definition provided by this study is similar to the previous definitions of this concept in its main part (transcendence) and in incorporating a God‐centered view of spirituality within the context of an Islamic society. This definition has implications for health services’ education, research, and practice in similar societies.
The Perception and Estimation of Others’ Pain according to Children
Authors: Grégoire Mathieu , Bruneau-Bhérer Rosée , Morasse Karine , Eugène Fanny , Jackson Philip L.
Published: July 2016

Accurate interpretation of pain expressed by others is important for socialization; however, the development of this skill in children is still poorly understood. Empathy for pain models propose two main components (affective and cognitive), which develop at different stages of life. The study’s objective was to investigate the children’s ability between 3 and 12 years of age to detect and assess the pain intensity in others using visual stimuli depicting either facial expressions of pain or hands in painful contexts. 40 preschool children and 62 school-aged children were recruited. Children observed series of stimuli and evaluated the pain intensity depicted. Results demonstrated that children as young as three years old were able to detect and assess pain in both types of stimuli and this ability continued to improve until the age of 12. Participants demonstrated better detection performance with hands than with faces. Results were coherent with the idea that the two types of stimuli presented recruit different processes. Pain detection in hands appears to rely mostly on affective sharing processes that are effective early in life, while older children’s higher ability to perceive pain in facial expressions suggests that this ability is associated with the gradual development of cognitive processes.
Optic Disc, Macula, and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements Obtained by OCT in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Authors: Sayın Osman , Yeter Volkan , Arıtürk Nurşen
Published: July 2016

Aim. To compare the measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macula and optic disc parameters obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) between the patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and healthy controls.Methods. One hundred and thirty-two eyes of 66 patients with TAO and 72 eyes of 36 healthy controls were included in the study. Proptosis level was determined by Hertel exophthalmometer. Optic disc, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, and macula parameters were measured by OCT. All measurements of the patients were compared with those of age- and sex-matched healthy controls.Results.No statistically significant difference was found between the patients with TAO and control group in terms of demographic characteristics (P>0.05). Exophthalmometer measurements and IOP were higher in TAO group (P<0.05). Mean macula thicknesses in TAO and control groups were239.3±29.8 μm and246.6±31.8 μm, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P=0.000). TAO group had thinner inferior RNFL thickness and macular thicknesses (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal) and higher disc area and C/D ratio when compared with the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion.IOP, disc area, and C/D area ratio were higher in the patients with TAO and the thicknesses of macula and inferior RNFL were thinner when compared with healthy controls. This trial is registered with registration number at clinicaltrials.govNCT02766660.
Fixed Point Results Satisfying Rational Type Contraction inG-Metric Spaces
Authors: Popović Branislav Z. , Shoaib Muhammad , Sarwar Muhammad
Published: July 2016

A unique fixed point theorem for three self-maps under rational type contractive condition is established. In addition, a unique fixed point result for six continuous self-mappings through rational type expression is also discussed.
Coracoid Process Avulsion Fracture at the Coracoclavicular Ligament Attachment Site in an Osteoporotic Patient with Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation
Authors: Onada Yoshihiro , Umemoto Takahisa , Fukuda Kimitaka , Kajino Tomomichi
Published: July 2016

Coracoid fractures are uncommon, mostly occur at the base or neck of the coracoid process (CP), and typically present with ipsilateral acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocation. However, CP avulsion fractures at the coracoclavicular ligament (CCL) attachment with ACJ dislocation have not been previously reported. A 59-year-old woman receiving glucocorticoid treatment fell from bed and complained of pain in her shoulder. Radiographs revealed an ACJ dislocation with a distal clavicle fracture. Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) reconstruction showed a small bone fragment at the medial apex of the CP. She was treated conservatively and achieved a satisfactory outcome. CP avulsion fractures at the CCL attachment can occur in osteoporotic patients with ACJ dislocations. Three-dimensional computed tomography is useful for identifying this fracture type. CP avulsion fractures should be suspected in patients with ACJ dislocations and risk factors for osteoporosis or osteopenia.
Macrophages and Their Role in Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology and Transcriptome Analysis
Authors: Bobryshev Yuri V. , Ivanova Ekaterina A. , Chistiakov Dimitry A. , Nikiforov Nikita G. , Orekhov Alexander N.
Published: July 2016

Atherosclerosis can be regarded as a chronic inflammatory state, in which macrophages play different and important roles. Phagocytic proinflammatory cells populate growing atherosclerotic lesions, where they actively participate in cholesterol accumulation. Moreover, macrophages promote formation of complicated and unstable plaques by maintaining proinflammatory microenvironment. At the same time, anti-inflammatory macrophages contribute to tissue repair and remodelling and plaque stabilization. Macrophages therefore represent attractive targets for development of antiatherosclerotic therapy, which can aim to reduce monocyte recruitment to the lesion site, inhibit proinflammatory macrophages, or stimulate anti-inflammatory responses and cholesterol efflux. More studies are needed, however, to create a comprehensive classification of different macrophage phenotypes and to define their roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on macrophage diversity, activation, and plasticity in atherosclerosis and describe macrophage-based cellular tests for evaluation of potential antiatherosclerotic substances.
IL-21 Enhances Natural Killer Cell Response to Cetuximab-Coated Pancreatic Tumor Cells
Authors: McMichael Elizabeth L. , Jaime-Ramirez Alena Cristina , Guenterberg Kristan D. , Luedke Eric , Atwal Lakhvir S. , Campbell Amanda R. , Hu Zhiwei , Tatum Armika S. , Kondadasula Sri Vidya , Mo Xiaokui , Tridandapani Susheela , Bloomston Mark , Ellison E. Christopher , Williams Terence M. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios , Carson William E.
Published: July 2016

Purpose: Alternative strategies to EGFR blockage by mAbs is necessary to improve the efficacy of therapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. One such strategy includes the use of NK cells to clear cetuximab-coated tumor cells, as need for novel therapeutic approaches to enhance the efficacy of cetuximab is evident. We show that IL-21 enhances NK cell-mediated effector functions against cetuximab-coated pancreatic tumor cells irrespective of KRAS mutation status.

Experimental Design: NK cells from normal donors or donors with pancreatic cancer were used to assess ADCC, IFN-γ release, and T-cell chemotaxis toward human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The in vivo efficacy of IL-21 in combination with cetuximab was evaluated in a subcutaneous and intraperitoneal model of pancreatic cancer.

Results: NK cell lysis of cetuximab-coated wild-type and mutant kras pancreatic cancer cell lines were significantly higher following NK cell IL-21 treatment. In response to cetuximab-coated pancreatic tumor cells, IL-21–treated NK cells secreted significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and chemokines, increased chemotaxis of T cells, and enhanced NK cell signal transduction via activation of ERK and STAT1. Treatment of mice bearing subcutaneous or intraperitoneal EGFR-positive pancreatic tumor xenografts with mIL-21 and cetuximab led to significant inhibition of tumor growth, a result further enhanced by the addition of gemcitabine.

Conclusions: These results suggest that cetuximab treatment in combination with IL-21 adjuvant therapy in patients with EGFR-positive pancreatic cancer results in significant NK cell activation, irrespective of KRAS mutation status, and may be a potential therapeutic strategy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 489–502. ©2016 AACR.
Overestimating the Role of Environment in Cancers
Authors: Noble Robert , Kaltz Oliver , Nunney Leonard , Hochberg Michael E.
Published: July 2016

In a recent article, Wu and colleagues (Nature 2016;529:43–47) review previous studies and present new estimates for the contribution of extrinsic factors to cancer development. The new estimates are generally close to 100%, even for bone and brain cancers that have no known associations with lifestyle and are typically not considered to be preventable. We find that the results of Wu and colleagues are incompatible with previous estimates derived from epidemiological and genetic data. We further argue that their methods are fundamentally flawed because they overlook important effects of tissue type on cancer risk. We therefore conclude that their results give a misleading view of cancer etiology and preventability. Cancer Prev Res; 9(10); 773–6. ©2016 AACR.
Clinical Study of 1,515 Patients Presenting with Epistaxis Over the Last 6 Years
Authors: Yukitatsu Yoriko , Tsuzuki Kenzo , Takebayashi Hironori , Sakagami Masafumi
Published: July 2016

Aim: This study reviews our clinical experience of patients with epistaxis and discusses proper management. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively investigated 1,515 patients with epistaxis treated in our department between 2005 and 2010. Results: Men over 50 years old predominated. More than half of the patients (n = 828) first visited after consultation hours, and 40% (n = 606) were brought by ambulance. The most common underlying diseases were circulatory diseases (69%, n = 1,047). Antithrombotics were being administered to 23% (n = 345). Kiesselbach's plexus was the most commonly observed bleeding site (51%, n = 769). In 20% (n = 297), no bleeding point was confirmed because hemostasis had been achieved on arrival. Anterior packing was the most common primary treatment, followed by electrocauterization. Hospitalization was required in 2% (n = 30). Re-bleeding occurred within 14 days after primary treatment in 14% (n = 206). Surgical treatment was performed for 5% (n = 11). Conclusions: Patients showing repeated pulsatile arterial bleeding require hospitalization for surgical therapy, although outpatient therapy is sufficient in most cases. A risk of re-bleeding should be considered if patients show unclarified bleeding points and circulatory diseases.
Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies: Update and Future Outlook
Authors: Mallone Anna , Weber Benedikt , Hoerstrup Simon P.
Published: July 2016

In the effort of improving treatment for cardiovascular disease (CVD), scientists struggle with the lack of the regenerative capacities of finally differentiated cardiovascular tissues. In this context, the advancements in regenerative medicine contributed to the development of cell-based therapies as well as macro- and micro-scale tissue-engineering technologies. The current experimental approaches focus on different regenerative strategies including a broad spectrum of techniques such as paracrine-based stimulation of autologous cardiac stem cells, mesenchymal cell injections, 3D microtissue culture techniques and vascular tissue-engineering methods. These potential next-generation strategies are leading the way to a revolution in addressing CVD, and numerous studies are now undertaken to assess their therapeutic value. With this review, we provide an update on the current research directions, on their major challenges, limitations, and achievements.
Dopamine D2L Receptor Is Required for Visual Discrimination and Reversal Learning
Authors: Morita Makiko , Wang Yanyan , Sasaoka Toshikuni , Okada Kinya , Niwa Minae , Sawa Akira , Hikida Takatoshi
Published: July 2016

The corticostriatothalamic circuit regulates learning behaviors via dopamine neurotransmission. D2 long (D2L) receptors are an isoform of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) and may act mainly at postsynaptic sites. It is well known that D2Rs influence high brain functions, but the roles of individual D2R isoforms are still unclear. To assess the influence of D2L receptors in visual discrimination learning, we performed visual discrimination and reversal tasks with D2L knockout mice using a touchscreen operant system. There were no significant differences in an operant conditioning task between genotypes. However, D2L knockout mice were impaired in both visual discrimination and reversal learning tasks. D2L knockout mice were also significantly slower than wild-type mice in collecting the reward in the visual discrimination task. These results indicate that D2L receptors play an important role in visual discrimination and reversal learning.
A intimidade materna: A contribuição da psicanálise na pesquisa sobre os bebês
Authors: Benhaim Michèle , Jano Isabel Bettencourt
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho parte de dois postulados para pensar a intervenção sobre a posição subjetiva materna na clínica psicanalítica com bebês. O primeiro postulado é que o campo de desenvolvimento da criança interessa à psicanálise por ter como base uma teorização e uma forma de compreensão da construção subjetiva; e o segundo postulado é que a psicanálise remete a uma clínica do sujeito. O artigo mostra como o discurso psicanalítico ordena o lugar do sujeito em sua interlocução linguageira, ou seja, a sua submissão aos significantes que o determinam e a marca da completude impossível, ou ainda, que o bebê, antes de nascer, é um significante.
Miracles and Pain Relief
Authors: Paldam Ella , Schjoedt Uffe
Published: July 2016

This study examines a large collection of healing testimonies published by a Danish charismatic Christian organization. Diseases and symptoms reported to be healed through charismatic prayer healing (CPH) are counted and coded using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. The analysis shows that even in testimonies published to convince other believers about the divine powers of prayer, most accounts include relatively mundane reports of pain relief in the musculoskeletal system. Cases of complete and immediate healing of serious diseases, echoing miracles reported in the Bible, also exist in the material, but such cases appear to be predicted by variables relating to the credibility of each testimony. The notable proportion of pain relief in this supposedly highly biased Christian material is interpreted as support for a popular but poorly documented assumption that CPH mainly affects subjective symptoms responsive to expectation modulation.
Religious Coping in Stressful Situations
Authors: Nouman Hani , Benyamini Yael
Published: July 2016

Religious coping has been found to help people in stressful situations. It takes place within a specific cultural religious/context yet its measurement has not always been adapted to the context of the study population. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to measure religious coping among religious Jews—a population that has received little research attention—and assess the associations of religious coping strategies with emotional adjustment. The study was based on quantitative data gathered from 332 religious Jewish women, who were coping with stress. The findings support the utilization of three religious coping strategies by the participants: Seeking the Support of God, Seeking the Support of Rabbis, and Seeking the Support of the Community, which were found to be directly correlated with better emotional adjustment. This instrument can assist in evaluating and understanding religious coping with stressful situations and in culturally adapting psychosocial interventions to promote emotional adjustment.
The millipede genus Enghoffosoma Golovatch, 1993 recorded in Vietnam
for the first time, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)
Authors: NGUYEN ANH D. , GOLOVATCH SERGEI I.
Published: July 2016

The genus Enghoffosoma is recorded from Vietnam for the first time, altogether with six species involved. Two species, E. lanceolatum Likhitrakarn et al., 2014 and E. anchoriforme Likhitrakarn et al., 2014, were previously known only from the western part of Laos, thus being new to the fauna of Vietnam. One more species, Sundanina fedorenkoi Golovatch, 2016, very recently described from Dak Lak Province, southern Vietnam, is formally transferred to Enghoffosoma, comb. nov., based both on a strict topotype and a sample from Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam. Three other species are described as new: E. triangulare sp. nov., E. retrorsum sp. nov. and E. digitatum sp. nov. A key to all six species of Enghoffosoma currently known to occur in Vietnam is provided.
The first records of Mesocapnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) from China with description of a new species
Authors: CHEN ZHI-TENG , DU YU-ZHOU
Published: July 2016

Three species of the capniid genus Mesocapnia are reported from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, M. variabilis and M. gorodkovi, and M. daxingana sp. nov. These are the first records for the genus from China, extending the distribution of Mesocapnia into the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
A new species of kukri snake (Squamata: Colubridae: Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from Con Dao Islands, southern Vietnam
Authors: NGUYEN SANG NGOC , NGUYEN VU DANG HOANG , LE SON HONG , MURPHY ROBERT W.
Published: July 2016

We describe a new kukri snake, Oligodon condaoensis sp. nov., from Con Dao Islands, southern Vietnam based on the morphological characters of four specimens. It differs from other congeners by a combination of the following characters: medium size in adults (total length up to 552 mm); 17–17–15 dorsal scale rows; deeply forked hemipenes without spines and papillae, extending to subcaudal 13 or 14; 11–13 maxillary teeth, the posterior three being enlarged; cloacal plate undivided; head scalation complete; nasal divided; presubocular absent; 168–176 ventrals; 33–37 subcaudals; overall dorsal coloration dark gray, faint body stripes present or absent; and ventral coloration cream to dark gray without rectangular blotches. We also provide a list of 43 species of amphibians and terrestrial reptiles recorded from Con Dao Islands.
Native Advertising Is the New Journalism
Authors: Schauster Erin E. , Ferrucci Patrick , Neill Marlene S.
Published: July 2016

Native advertising’s effectiveness lies in its ability to look like content produced by journalists. The potential for deceiving readers and proliferation of native advertising threaten journalism’s credibility along with its core boundary: the separation between editorial and advertising. For the press to function in a normative manner, as a watchdog, contributing to the public’s ability to self-govern, it simply cannot participate in deception. Therefore, 56 qualitative interviews were conducted with journalists, advertising, and public relations executives to examine the extent to which native advertising impedes on the social responsibility of the press. Perspectives revealed that all three professions agreed native advertising raises ethical concerns. Native advertising potentially deceives audiences who are unaware that native advertising is paid, persuasive content versus editorial, thus contributing to the diminishing credibility of journalism. Furthermore, if native advertising is done well, it is undetectable from traditional editorial content. Based on these findings, authors discuss how native advertising threatens several tenets of social responsibility theory.
The knowledge-building process of public administration research: a comparative perspective between Brazil and North American contexts
Authors: Peci Alketa , Fornazin Marcelo
Published: July 2016

Assessments of public administration research in the Global South are relatively scarce, although they are relevant in moving beyond a North–South dichotomy in understanding the knowledge-building process of public administration. In this article, we apply a content analysis to 592 Brazilian publications in order to assess the subjects of the studies, their cognitive orientations, their methodological strategies, and their institutional aspects, and compare these results with previous evaluations of North American publications. Our findings indicate that a “North American way of doing research” is gaining ground as the legitimate way of doing public administration research in Brazil, despite a research agenda that reflects subjects of practical relevance to the Brazilian public sector. Such intellectual mimesis, associated with the existence of a weak and unequal institutional network for academic research, may influence the “parochialism” of public administration research.

Points for practitioners

The research reveals that the subjects of public administration publications also reflect the dynamics of public administration as a field of practice, reflected in topics of empirical interest to the Brazilian public sector that are cognitively and, partly, methodologically discussed from a North American perspective. The similar trends in the cognitive dimensions that both regions share may also recursively reflect the diffusion of public sector reforms from developed to developing countries, particularly as a consequence of New Public Management, which has also taken place in countries like Brazil.
Social work and engineering: Lessons from a water filtration project in Guatemala
Authors: Matthew Lenore E , Piedra Lissette M , Wu Chi-Fang , Kramer Diaz Anne , Wang Hanting , Straub Anthony P , Nguyen Thanh H
Published: July 2016

International service learning (ISL) programs seek to facilitate community inclusion, but such participation can prove elusive. For technical projects, such ventures can undermine local leadership, generate mistrust in communities, and even create an aversion to technological solutions. In this article, we document how social work and engineering students collaborated to bring clean water to rural Guatemala, and demonstrate how we employed social work principles to address the myriad issues encountered in the project. We contend that the inclusion of a social work perspective, with its emphasis on relationships, can help mitigate some of the challenges ISL projects tend to encounter.
Examination of the Evidence Base for Using Visual Activity Schedules With Students With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Spriggs Amy D. , Mims Pamela J. , van Dijk Wilhelmina , Knight Victoria F.
Published: July 2016

We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to establish the evidence base for using visual activity schedules (VAS) with individuals with intellectual disability. Literature published after 2005 was evaluated for quality using the criteria developed by Horner et al.; a total of 14 studies were included as acceptable. Findings suggest that VAS is an evidence-based practice for teaching a variety of daily living, navigation, vocational, recreation, and academic skills to adolescents and adults with intellectual disability. Results also show increases in independence and on-task behaviors. We conclude the article by discussing limitations and recommendations for future research.
The impact of urban regrowth on the built environment
Authors: Wolff Manuel , Haase Annegret , Haase Dagmar , Kabisch Nadja
Published: July 2016

After several decades, an increasing number of European cities have been experiencing population growth after a longer phase of decline. This new growth represents not just a quantitative phenomenon but also has qualitative implications for the urban space and the built environment. A juxtaposition of re- and de-densification, as well as changes in land use, in the form of a small-scale spatial mosaic, can be observed. A crucial factor for estimating the relationship between the built environment and demand for it is population density. Increasing population densities may put pressure on sustaining a certain quality of life and on ecological recovery spaces. In this vein, an indicator concept for re- and de-densification will be applied to the city of Leipzig, one of the most illustrative examples of a regrowing city, in order to shed light on the complex relationship between changing human housing demands and their impact on land use. The concept involves measuring population density. Our study has demonstrated that, although similar density changes can be observed in different periods in different parts of the city, they are dominated by different drivers, leading to the formation of different spatial patterns. The results of our study emphasise that regrowth should be understood as a distinctive process because it is distributed very heterogeneously within the city area, with a variety of spatial effects and impacts. The concept allows us to draw conclusions about processes that mitigate, drive or reinforce regrowth, and therefore contributes to a better understanding of this phenomenon and its implications for land use.
How Long Does an Economic Impact Last? Tracking the Impact of a New Giant Panda Attraction at an Australian Zoo
Authors: Driml Sally , Ballantyne Roy , Packer Jan
Published: July 2016

A concerning issue with Economic Impact Analysis (EIA) is that many EIAs give results for one year, without being explicit about how long impacts are expected to last. New tourism attractions should not be assumed to provide continuing positive impacts into the future. For instance, the Giant Pandas at Adelaide Zoo generated a positive economic impact in their first year of residence (22% of a sample of tourists visited Adelaide “due to pandas,” additional tourism expenditure in the region was $27.7 million, with $2.3 to $4.6 million captured by the zoo); however, increased numbers visiting to see the pandas lasted only two years. Investment decision makers expected larger, longer-term economic benefits than eventuated, and the zoo experienced financial difficulties. This study provides advice for predictive EIA of new tourism attractions and prompts a call for tourism EIA studies to be explicit about the time period for which results are relevant.
Exploring the Trust Question in the Midst of Public Management Reforms
Authors: Boateng Joseph , Cox Raymond W.
Published: July 2016

This article explored the dynamics of interpersonal trust relationship between political appointees and career managers. Premised on the contemporary public management reforms at the state level, the article found a relatively limited level of interpersonal trust from the perspectives of career managers, and that correlated positively with managerial variables such as flexibility of discretion, participatory management, communication, and commitment. A simple regression analysis, complemented with qualitative data analysis, revealed that managerial variables such as flexibility of discretion, communication, and length of service have significant implications for a trustful relationship between political officeholders and career public managers, accounting for 52% of the variance in the regression model. Juxtaposing the states that have adopted radical civil service reforms and those with moderate reforms, the article found that career managers operating under the two models did not express significant difference in terms of interpersonal trust in their relationship with political appointees.
The Proportion of Sexual Offenders Who Are Female Is Higher Than Thought
Authors: Cortoni Franca , Babchishin Kelly M. , Rat Clémence
Published: July 2016

Women commit sexual offenses, but the proportion of sexual offenders who are female is subject to debates. Based on 17 samples from 12 countries, the current meta-analysis found that a small proportion of sexual offenses reported to police are committed by females (fixed-effect meta-analytical average = 2.2%). In contrast, victimization surveys indicated prevalence rates of female sexual offenders that were six times higher than official data (fixed-effect meta-analytical average = 11.6%). Female sexual offenders are more common among juvenile offenders than adult offenders, with approximately 2 percentage points more female juvenile sex offenders than female adult sex offenders. We also found that males were much more likely to self-report being victimized by female sex offenders compared with females (40% vs. 4%). The current study provides a robust estimate of the prevalence of female sexual offending, using a large sample of sexual offenses across diverse countries.
The Post-1965 Trajectory of Race, Class, and Urban Politics in the United States Reconsidered
Authors: Reed Adolph
Published: July 2016

Comments by Larry Bennett, Cynthia Horan, Cedric Johnson, and Timothy Weaver prompted me to reflect on and connect my work on race ideology, the underclass idea, class dynamics in American politics, and the evolution of urban governance and the terms of black political incorporation since the 1990s. Race is best understood as a particular instance of a class of ideologies that work to justify existing hierarchies by reading them into nature. Understanding race in that way helps to see the notion of an urban underclass as also an ideology that seeks to naturalize hierarchy by attributing it to a population defined by durable cultural and behavioral defects, which make it impervious to social intervention. Proliferation of underclass ideology has rationalized retreat from social provision and underwritten a punitive turn in social policy. It has also articulated with the class dynamics driving black politics to generate a basis for an urban neoliberalism steered by an increasingly interracial or biracial governing class committed to diversity and market-driven social policy. New Orleans provides a useful case examination of these dynamics, both through reconsideration of the character of racial transition in local politics in the 1970s and 1980s and through analysis of the forces shaping the post-Katrina political regime. New Orleans’s political development, pre- and post-Katrina, exposes the inadequacy, indeed the class character, of a critical politics based on antiracism as a frame of reference for pursuit of egalitarian interests. More hopeful signs lie in emergence of a strong labor voice in the city.
A World of Materialisms
Authors: Willey Angela
Published: July 2016

Research often characterized as “new materialist” has staged a return/turn to nature in social and critical theory by bringing “matter” into the purview of our research. While this growing impetus to take nature seriously fosters new types of interdisciplinarity and thus new resources for knowing our nature-cultural worlds, its capacity to deal with power’s imbrication in how we understand “nature” is curtailed by its failures to engage substantively with the epistemological interventions of postcolonial feminist science studies. The citational practices of many new materialist thinkers eschew the existence of what Sandra Harding has called “a world of sciences.” I argue that the “science” privileged and often conflated with matter in new materialist storytelling is the same science destabilized by postcolonial feminist science studies. This does not mean that new materialist feminisms and postcolonial feminist science studies are necessarily at odds, as new materialist storytelling and prevailing conceptualizations of the postcolonial seem to suggest. On the contrary, I suggest that thinking creatively, capaciously, pluralistically, and thus irreverently with respect to the rules of science––about the boundaries and meanings of matter, “life,” and “humanness”––could be understood as a central project for a postcolonial feminist science studies.
Burnout Syndrome Among Health Care Students
Authors: Skodova Zuzana , Lajciakova Petra , Banovcinova Lubica
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Type D personality, along with other personality traits (resilience and sense of coherence), on burnout syndrome and its counterpart, engagement, among students of nursing, midwifery, and psychology. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 97 university students (91.9% females; M age = 20.2 ± 1.49 years). A Type D personality subscale, School Burnout Inventory, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Sense of Coherence Questionnaire, and Baruth Protective Factor Inventory were used. Linear regression models, Student’s t test, and Pearson’s correlation analysis were employed. Negative affectivity, a dimension of Type D personality, was a significant personality predictor for burnout syndrome (β = .54; 95% CI = [0.33, 1.01]). The only significant personality predictor of engagement was a sense of coherence. Students who were identified as having Type D personality characteristics scored significantly higher on the burnout syndrome questionnaire ( t = −2.58, p < .01). In health care professions, personality predictors should be addressed to prevent burnout.
Modifying a Risk Assessment Instrument for Youthful Offenders
Authors: Shapiro Cheri J. , Malone Patrick S. , Gavazzi Stephen M.
Published: July 2016

High rates of incarceration in the United States are compounded by high rates of recidivism and prison return. One solution is more accurate identification of individual prisoner risks and needs to promote offender rehabilitation and successful community re-entry; this is particularly important for youthful offenders who developmentally are in late adolescence or early adulthood, and who struggle to reengage in education and/or employment after release. Thus, this study examined the feasibility of administration and initial psychometric properties of a risk and needs assessment instrument originally created for a juvenile justice population (the Global Risk Assessment Device or GRAD) with 895 male youthful offenders in one adult correctional system. Initial feasibility of implementation within the correctional system was demonstrated; confirmatory factor analyses support the invariance of the modified GRAD factor structure across age and race. Future studies are needed to examine the predictive validity and the sensitivity of the instrument.
Colonial ties and civil conflict intervention: Clarifying the causal mechanisms
Authors: Chacha Mwita , Stojek Szymon
Published: July 2016

Civil war intervention literature identifies colonial history as influencing the likelihood of interventions. This literature, however, has yet to clarify the mechanisms through which colonial history influences interventions. We develop and test an argument linking the relations established by colonialism—economic, political, and social—with interventions. We find that colonial history influences interventions, but its effect matters less once we control for these three relations. Importantly, we find that this effect of colonial history is particularly small in dyads with stronger economic relations. Our paper gives further credence to liberal arguments emphasizing the role of economic factors in international security.
Vehicle effects on human stratum corneum absorption and skin penetration
Authors: Zhang Alissa , Jung Eui-Chang , Zhu Hanjiang , Zou Ying , Hui Xiaoying , Maibach Howard
Published: July 2016

This study evaluated the effects of three vehicles—ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM)—on stratum corneum (SC) absorption and diffusion of the [14C]-model compounds benzoic acid and butenafine hydrochloride to better understand the transport pathways of chemicals passing through and resident in SC. Following application of topical formulations to human dermatomed skin for 30 min, penetration flux was observed for 24 h post dosing, using an in vitro flow-through skin diffusion system. Skin absorption and penetration was compared to the chemical-SC (intact, delipidized, or SC lipid film) binding levels. A significant vehicle effect was observed for chemical skin penetration and SC absorption. IPA resulted in the greatest levels of intact SC/SC lipid absorption, skin penetration, and total skin absorption/penetration of benzoic acid, followed by IPM and EtOH, respectively. For intact SC absorption and total skin absorption/penetration of butenafine, the vehicle that demonstrated the highest level of sorption/penetration was EtOH, followed by IPA and IPM, respectively. The percent doses of butenafine that were absorbed in SC lipid film and penetrated through skin in 24 h were greatest for IPA, followed by EtOH and IPM, respectively. The vehicle effect was consistent between intact SC absorption and total chemical skin absorption and penetration, as well as SC lipid absorption and chemical penetration through skin, suggesting intercellular transport as a main pathway of skin penetration for model chemicals. These results suggest the potential to predict vehicle effects on skin permeability with simple SC absorption assays. As decontamination was applied 30 min after chemical exposure, significant vehicle effects on chemical SC partitioning and percutaneous penetration also suggest that skin decontamination efficiency is vehicle dependent, and an effective decontamination method should act on chemical solutes in the lipid domain.
Experimental study of flow field on stepped airfoil at very low Reynolds number
Authors: Kamyab Matin Reza , Ghassemi Hojat , Ebrahimi Abbas , Ghasemi Bahman
Published: July 2016

In this article, the flow field around NACA0024 airfoil with step at lower and upper surfaces is experimentally investigated. For this purpose, particle image velocimetry technique based on the instantaneous flow structures is used to investigate the flow field around the airfoil at different times. All the experimental measurements in current study are conducted at very low Reynolds number condition based on the chord of the airfoil (Re=2000) and at angles of attack at 0° and 5° where the flow around airfoils is separated. The differences between vortical structures, mean streamlines, sizes of the wake regions, and vortex shedding of the stepped airfoils compared to unmodified airfoil are observed. The results disclose that using step in airfoil leads to a decrease in the Strouhal number. In addition, the formation of vortices in wake region and their positions at different times are discussed.
Sinusoidal endothelial cell and hepatic stellate cell phenotype correlates with stage of fibrosis in chronic liver disease in dogs
Authors: Vince Andrew R. , Hayes M. Anthony , Jefferson Barbara J. , Stalker Margaret J.
Published: July 2016

We evaluated the extent of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver disease of dogs using a modification of Ishak’s staging criteria for human chronic liver disease, and examined the association of stage of fibrosis with immunophenotypic markers of transdifferentiation of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, hematoxylin and eosin–stained liver biopsy specimens from 45 case dogs with chronic liver disease and 55 healthy control dogs were scored for the presence and extent of fibrosis. This stage score for fibrosis strongly correlated with upregulated von Willebrand factor (vWF) expression in lobular sinusoidal endothelial cells (Spearman correlation coefficient [SCC] = 0.57, p < 0.05). Immunoreactivity for vWF factor was identified in 68.9% of case biopsies, varying in distribution from periportal to diffuse, whereas vWF immunoreactivity was identified in only 14.5% of control specimens, and was restricted to the immediate periportal sinusoids. The majority of both case and control biopsies exhibited similar prominent lobular perisinusoidal expression of alpha–smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). A minority of specimens (17.8% of case biopsies, 1.8% of control biopsies) exhibited low perisinoidal α-SMA expression, and there was a weak negative correlation between α-SMA expression and stage of fibrosis (SCC = −0.29, p = 0.0037). These results document a method for staging the severity of fibrosis in canine liver biopsies, and show a strong association between fibrosis and increased expression of vWF in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells.
Outbreak of H5N2 highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus infection in two commercial layer facilities
Authors: Arruda Paulo H. E. , Stevenson Gregory W. , Killian Mary L. , Burrough Eric R. , Gauger Phillip C. , Harmon Karen M. , Magstadt Drew R. , Yoon Kyoung-Jin , Zhang Jianqiang , Madson Darin M. , Piñeyro Pablo , Derscheid Rachel J. , Schwartz Kent J. , Cooper Vickie L. , Halbur Patrick G. , Main Rodger G. , Sato Yuko , Arruda Bailey L.
Published: July 2016

The largest outbreak of highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus (HPAIV) infection in U.S. history began in December 2014 resulting in the euthanasia of millions of birds and collateral economic consequences to the U.S. poultry industry. We describe 2 cases of H5N2 HPAIV infection in laying hens in Iowa. Following a sharp increase in mortality with minimal clinical signs, 15 dead birds, from 2 unrelated farms, were submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Common lesions included diffuse edema and multifocal hemorrhage of the comb, catarrhal exudate in the oropharynx, and multifocal tracheal hemorrhage. Less common lesions included epicardial petechiae, splenic hemorrhage, and pancreatic necrosis. Influenza A virus nucleoprotein was detected by immunohistochemistry in multiple cell types including ependymal cells, the choroid plexus, neurons, respiratory epithelium and macrophages in the lung, cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells, necrotic foci in the spleen, Kupffer cells in the liver, and necrotic acinar cells in the pancreas. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequencing confirmed H5N2 HPAIV with molecular characteristics similar to other contemporary U.S. H5N2 HPAIVs in both cases.
The detection of Felis catus papillomavirus 3 DNA in a feline bowenoid in situ carcinoma with novel histologic features and benign clinical behavior
Authors: Munday John S. , Fairley Rob , Atkinson Karen
Published: July 2016

Bowenoid in situ carcinoma (BISC; papillomavirus-associated squamous cell carcinoma in situ) is an uncommon skin neoplasm of cats that can result in euthanasia because of the development of multiple lesions or because of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. BISCs are currently thought to be caused by Felis catus papillomavirus 2 (FcaPV-2). The presently described cat developed a single 0.5 cm in diameter interscapular mass. Over the following 18 months, the mass doubled in size; no additional lesions developed. The mass was surgically excised and histologically diagnosed as a BISC. However, in contrast to previously reported BISCs, neither prominent thickening of the deep aspects of the follicular infundibula nor marked cell dysplasia were present. Furthermore, ~50% of the keratinocytes in the affected epidermis had prominent PV cytopathic changes that included shrunken angular nuclei and elongated basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. As the histopathology was not typical for FcaPV-2 infection, polymerase chain reaction was performed and revealed only DNA sequences from Felis catus papillomavirus 3 (FcaPV-3). No further BISCs developed in this cat 6 months postremoval, hence surgical excision appeared to be curative. Results from this case suggest that, although FcaPV-2 appears to be the predominant cause of BISCs in cats, infection by FcaPV-3 can also cause these neoplasms. BISCs caused by FcaPV-3 appear to have unique histologic features that allow the causative PV type to be predicted. Results from this single case suggest that BISCs caused by FcaPV-3 may have a more benign clinical course than those caused by FcaPV-2.