bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bohemia After the Thirty Years' War: Some Theses on Population Structure, Marriage and Family
Authors: Cerman Markus
Published: July 2017

The impact of the Thirty Years' War on the population of Bohemia has been overestimated, because research on a variety of sources for the period around the year 1651 suggests not only that there were long-term continuities in marital behavior (such as high proportions married) but also that some of the consequences attributed directly to warfare might well be explained by reference to inaccuracies of the source or to such population dynamics as emigration. A joint research project involving the University of Vienna, Charles University in Prague, and the State Central Archives in Prague is exploring socioeconomic dimensions of population change in mid-seventeenth-century Bohemia in order to test older assumptions and to develop new insights.
Czech and Slovak Families in the European Context
Authors: Rychtaříková Jitka
Published: July 2017

During the past two decades most of the developed countries of Europe have witnessed changes in such family-related demographic phenomena as nuptiality, divorce, and fertility. For the time being, the Czech and Slovak Republics continue to exhibit patterns established earlier in history. Marriage is universal and is contracted at young ages. Children are born to young parents and at short childbirth intervals. The proportion of childless women is below ten percent, which is comparatively low. The eight percent of children born out of wedlock is comparatively low by European standards. Longitudinal indicators are characterized by great stability. As a result of recent profound political, social, and economic changes, it is reasonable to expect changes in demographic behavior as well. The first of these may be a marked decline in fertility along the lines already experienced by southern European countries.
Child Mortality in the Italian Hospital in Prague (1719-1789)
Authors: Svobodný Petr
Published: July 2017

During most of the eighteenth century the Italian Hospital in Prague served mostly as a home for foundlings and orphans, who remained in the Hospital until they were around age twenty. The Hospital's death register is an important source for the study of mortality patterns among infants, children, and young persons in their teens, but the information in it has to be evaluated critically. Analysis of death patterns suggests that the Hospital's care system was not able to reduce significantly the expected high infant and child mortality rates, but also that the Hospital's residents did enjoy certain kinds of care that were not available to children in private homes.
Changes of Nuptiality in Czech Lands and Slovakia, 1918-1988
Authors: Fialová Ludmila
Published: July 2017

During the period between the World Wars differences in the age at first marriage and proportions married in the Czech and Slovak areas of the Czechoslovak Republic showed the two to be distinct regions. In the post-World War II period, however, differences in both measures have diminished and have almost disappeared, suggesting homogenization of demographic behavior. Current ages at first marriage have fallen to the levels-interwar demographers believed to be conducive to family instability.
Historical Models of the Central European Family: Czech and Slovak Examples
Authors: Horská Pavla
Published: July 2017

Preliminary research on the history of family and demography among Czechs and Slovaks in the pre-modern period suggests that these central European peoples shared both western and eastern charcteristics, but also that results depend very much on the geographical location of the community being analyzed, on its nationality composition, and its socio-economic characteristics. Using internationally accepted analytical techniques such as family reconstitution and household-structure analysis, research continues on a wide range of sources such as ecclesiastical registers, household listings, and the population sources known as status animarum.
Effect of Hygrothermal Environment on the Bending of PMC Laminates under Large Deflection
Authors: Upadhyay P. C. , Lyons Jed S.
Published: July 2017

The effects of hygrothermal conditions on the large-deflection behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite laminates have been studied. Cylindrical bending of laminates under in-plane and transverse loadings is analyzed using the von Kairman plate theory. A cross-plied symmetric laminate is chosen as an example. The results presented show the effects of expansional strains due to moisture. Results of a similar nature are expected under thermally induced expansion strains also. The formulation is quite general as it can be used for the hygrothermo-mechanical loading of PMCs as well as for the thermo-mechanical loading of MMCs, and fiber and matrix properties may be considered to be transversely isotropic.
Accelerated Stress Testing and Health Monitoring of Laminated Circuit Card Assemblies Using Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors
Authors: Sealing C. S. , Dasgupta A.
Published: July 2017

This paper explores the use of piezoelectric actuators for exciting selected vibration modes in fabric-reinforced composite laminates that are used as substrates for electronic circuit card assemblies. Experimental results show that the piezoelectric actuator system is capable of producing vibration excitations comparable to that of an electro-dynamic shaker and representative of use environments, for the purpose of accelerated stress tests. The effectiveness of the piezoelectric system as a health-monitoring device is also discussed.
Elastic Constants for a Two Phase Isotropic Composite
Authors: Sharma B. B. , Sharma Rajesh
Published: July 2017

A mathematical model is considered to obtain the expressions for elastic constants of a two phase isotropic composite in terms of respective elastic and other physical constants of the constituents enabling us to have an in-depth study of our earlier work proposed for the investigation of young's modulus. The composite is assumed to possess the properties described. Further, an emendation has been made in obtaining the young's modulus.
Influence of Reinforcing Layer Orientation on Impact Response of Plain Weave RTM Composites
Authors: Rydin R. W. , Locurcio A. , Karbhari V. M.
Published: July 2017

Two-dimensional fabric forms such as plain weaves are increasingly being considered as the reinforcement of choice for large composite structures ranging from ballistic panels and tank hulls to marine and offshore structural components. A number of these are subject to out-of-plane impact. This paper addresses the influence of stacking sequence on resistance to static and low velocity dynamic penetration. A series of seven layer 24 oz. plain weave E-glass reinforced vinyl-ester composites were manufactured using the RTM process and their response was investigated through static and low-velocity impact testing. Inelastic Energy Curves were used in conjunction with measured projected damage areas and fiber bundle fractures to describe the dynamic behavior. Static and dynamic resistance to penetration is seen to increase with a non-zero delta between adjacent fabric layers. Trends observed during static testing compare well with dynamic behavior and the type of damage observed is similar. Final puncture depends predominantly on the number of fiber bundles fractured or pushed aside to provide a path for penetration.
A Finite Element Study of Bond-Line-Read-Out
Authors: Lee Ching-Chih
Published: July 2017

Adhesive bonding of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) panels usually results in undesirable surface deformation due to adhesive cure and thermal shrinkage. Bond-line-read-out (BLRO) refers to the fact that the bond line is visible on the panel surface opposite to the side of adhesive application. This paper studies the surface deformation on a bonded FRP structure which results from the differential thermal shrinkage between the panel material and the adhesive using the finite element method. Sheet molding compound (SMC) is chosen as a typical FRP material in the analysis. Three geometrical configurations are considered, namely, a bare adhesive film, an SMC backing strip, and an SMC hat section, respectively, bonded to the underside of an SMC flat plate. In particular, the effects of (1) material properties, (2) part geometry, and (3) adhesive thickness and coverage, on BLRO are investigated. Based on this study, it is concluded that BLRO can be reduced by the following means: (a) reducing the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of SMC and adhesive, (b) lowering the adhesive-cure temperature, (c) increasing the SMC/adhesive Young's modulus ratio, (d) increasing the SMC plate/adhesive layer thickness ratio, (e) eliminating or reducing the adhesive squeezeout, and (f) if possible, modifying part geometry or bond line layout.
Finite Element Analysis of Laminated Hat-Stiffened Plates
Authors: Ray Chaitali , Satsangi S. K.
Published: July 2017

Composite plates stiffened with hat shaped stiffener have been analyzed by the finite element method. A new scheme has been used to analyze composite hat-stiffened plate. In the present investigation, stiffener element has been formulated as a three noded beam element. An eight noded isoparametric quadratric plate bending element has been used for the plate element. This formulation does not impose any restriction on stiffener spacing and orientation within the plate element. The stiffness matrix of the stiffener is generated first irrespective of its orientation within the plate element. Then the stiffness matrix is transferred to that of the plate element depending on its position in the plate element before assembling to form the global stiffness matrix.
Evaluation of a Constitutive Model for Shape Memory Alloys Embedded in Shell Structures
Authors: Hurlbut Bryan J. , Regelbrugge Marc E.
Published: July 2017

The evaluation of a phenomenological three-dimensional constitutive model for shape memory alloys embedded in shell structures is presented. The constitutive model, originally proposed by Graesser and Cozzarelli, provides the capability to model both the martensitic twinning hysteresis and martensite-austenite superelastic behavior typical of shape memory alloys. This is achieved by casting the parameters used to define the behavior of the model in a temperature dependent form. The model is formulated using strain rate dependence to define the inelastic strain response of the shape memory alloy. The proposed three-dimensional equations are recast in the form of generalized plane stress for use with shell elements. Implementation of the model within a shell based finite element code is reviewed. The constitutive model was formulated as strain rate dependent, and was implemented using the concepts of endochronic plasticity resulting in an incremental form suitable for rate independent finite element analysis.

Simulations of a passive vibration isolator consisting of a composite leaf-spring laminated with shape memory alloy foils are detailed. The vibration isolator is designed to dissipate energy by taking advantage of the shape memory alloy's stress induced martensite twinning hysteresis activated by bending of the leaf-spring arrangement. Adaptivity of the isolator is demonstrated using the shape memory effect to change from the passive isolation mode to a stiffer austenitic configuration via the shape memory effect. Isolation is intended for relatively large amplitude and low frequency excitation. A number of geometrical design alternatives are investigated using materially and geometrically non-linear finite element simulations. Results of the analyses show that large amounts of passive damping can be obtained using the laminated leaf spring arrangement.
Effect of Delamination on Buckling Behavior of Quasi-Isotropic Laminates
Authors: Kim Hyo-Jin
Published: July 2017

A finite element modeling is presented to study the effect of delamination on the buckling behavior of quasi-isotropic laminates. The effects of delamination on the buckling and postbuckling behavior of graphite/epoxy composite laminates are investigated for various delamination sizes, stacking sequence and boundary conditions. Three different possible modes of instability are identified at the critical load, which is global, mixed, and local buckling mode. The buckling load and postbuckling behavior depend on the delamination buckling mode that is determined by the delamination size, stacking sequence and boundary conditions. It is found that the presence of a delamination in composite laminates may induce couplings, which have significant effects on the buckling and postbuckling behavior of composite laminates.
Global Strength of Hybrid Shape Memory Composite Plates Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact
Authors: Birman Victor , Chandrashekhara K. , Sain Sukhendu
Published: July 2017

Deformations and stresses in hybrid shape memory alloy plates subjected to low-velocity impact are considered. Shape memory alloy fibers embedded in resin sleeves and located at the middle plane of the plate can be an effective tool for the reduction of deformations and the control of damage. The desirable effect can be achieved by activating the fibers, i.e., through a constrained reverse transformation. In the examples considered in the paper, transverse deflections were reduced to approximately one-third of the deflections of identical plates without shape memory alloy fibers. Although the benefits to the stresses were less impressive, they were still significant. The accuracy of the closed-form solution presented in the paper is limited only by a number of terms in the series that represent deformations. Numerical analysis reflected a good convergence of the solution.
Thermostructural Finite Element Analysis of Laminated Doubly Curved Composite Shells
Authors: Rao D. Maruthi , Sinha P. K.
Published: July 2017

The present investigation concerns with the development of a finite element method for the thermostructural analysis of laminated doubly curved composite shells. The thermal analysis includes all conventional modes of heat transfer including external heat fluxes and convection environments. The shell strain-deformation relations are based on Donnell's shallow shell theory. The thermo-mechanical properties of composites are assumed to be temperature dependent. Both steady and transient states are analysed. The present results are found to compare well with those existing in the open literature. Numerical results are also obtained for displacements and stresses to study the effects of thermal boundary conditions, radius to span ratios, stacking sequences, structural boundary conditions and temperature dependent material properties.
Non-Isothermal Non-Newtonian Analysis of Flow in a Modular List/Buss Kneader
Authors: Lyu Min-Young , White James L.
Published: July 2017

Non-isothermal and non-Newtonian simulations of flow in a combined Kneader and crosshead screw extruder system which yields pressure profiles, fill factor profiles and temperature profiles through both machines are described. The results are compared with experimental studies on a commercial Kneader manufactured by Buss AG.
On the Influence Zone and the Prediction of Tensile Strength of Particulate Polymeric Composites
Authors: Liu Zhi-Hong , Li Jing , Liang Nai-Gang , Liu Hong-Qui
Published: July 2017

An intended numerical investigation is carried out. The results indicate that, even if a perfect adhesive bond is preserved between the particles and matrix materials, the two-phase element cell model is unable to predict the strength increment of the particulate polymeric composites (PPC). To explore the main reinforcing mechanism, additional microscopic experiment is performed. An "influence zone" was observed around each particle which is measured about 2 to 10 micrometers in thickness for a glasspolyethylene mixture. Then, an improved computational model is presented to include the "influence zone" effect and several mechanical behaviors of PPC are well simulated through this new model.
A Review of Flow and Compaction Modelling Relevant to Thermoset Matrix Laminate Processing
Authors: Hubert Pascal , Poursartip Anoush
Published: July 2017

Cost-effective manufacturing has become the primary objective for many industries using composite materials in primary structures. To realize this objective, the trial and error method, expert system control and process modelling have been used to help understand the interaction between the parameters affecting product quality. Among the multitude of phenomena occurring during composites processing, resin flow is a critical issue. It affects the fiber volume fraction distribution, the mechanical properties of the laminate and the final dimensions of the part. Flow of composites during cure can be separated into two major mechanisms: percolation flow and shear flow. For percolation flow, applying pressure to the laminate is similar to squeezing a sponge that causes the fluid to bleed out. In this case, the pressure gradient causes resin flow relative to the fibers and the flow has to be coupled with the fiber bed compaction behaviour to obtain the final shape of the laminate. For shear flow, the composite behaves as a very viscous fluid filled with inextensible fibers. In this case the resin and fibers move together and the driving force is the deviatoric component of the stress applied to the laminate. Typically, the percolation flow approach is used to model the flow and compaction of thermoset matrix composites and the shear flow approach is applied to thermoplastic matrix composites. The flow and compaction behaviour of thermoset matrix laminates of simple shape is well covered in the literature, but there is much less on the behaviour of complex shapes, or the interaction between the two mechanisms in high viscosity or complex geometry situations. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature relevant to flow and compaction modelling of thermoset matrix laminates during cure, covering the literature up to November 1996.
Prediction of Creep Properties of Laminated Composites from Matrix Creep Data
Authors: Harris J. S. , Barbero E. J.
Published: July 2017

A new model to predict the creep response of laminated composite materials is presented. The correspondence principle is used to perform the micro-and macro-mechanics analysis in the Laplace domain. A new set of micromechanical formulas are used, which are accurate without the use of empirical correction factors. A macro-mechanical model is developed, which includes provisions for modeling materials with randomly oriented reinforcement. Experimental data for the neat vinyl ester resin and various laminates is presented. The theoretical model accurately predicts the experimental creep response of polymer matrix composites considered in this work.
Damage in Laminated Composites Due to Low Velocity Impact
Authors: Naik N. K. , Sekher Y. Chandra
Published: July 2017

The behavior of unidirectional (UD) and woven fabric (WF) laminates has been studied under low velocity impact using a 3D transient finite element code. The failure evaluation of the laminates used a failure function based on Tsai Hill criterion. The studies were carried out for both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions with plate geometry 150 x 150 x 8 mm. Incident impact velocity of 5 m/s and impactor mass of 50 gm were considered. It was observed that the failure function is lower for WF laminates than for UD laminates indicating that WF laminates are more resistant to impact damage.
Geometric Nonlinear Static Analysis of Laminated Hat Stiffened Plates
Authors: Ray Chaitali , Satsangi S. K.
Published: July 2017

Composite plates stiffened with close-section stiffeners have been analysed for large deflection using the method of finite elements.The laminated plate has been modelled using eight noded isoparametric quadratic plate bending elements which include transverse shear deformation. Three noded isoparametric beam elements have been used to formulate the stiffener elements.The stiffener can be incorporated at any arbitrary direction within the plate element. The nonlinear equations of the static equilibrium assuming small rotation have been solved by the Newton-Raphson iteration technique. The composite stiffened plates with both the open and the closed type stiffeners have been analysed in the present investigation and the results have been compared with the published results to validate the present formulation.
Response to Impacts in Composites Containing Foam
Authors: Venkatraman S. , Kishore
Published: July 2017

Glass-epoxy composites with and without the flexible foam layers, included at different locations during lay up, were made and subjected to impacts with low mass pendulum tups. The first impacts were done repeatedly with a lower mass whereas for the second (final) a tup with a higher mass was selected. While three sheets of 6 mm thick foam layers constituted one type of foam-containing composite, two selections of another foam sheet of 9 mm thickness formed the second variety. The data points to the higher absorption of impact energy by the foam bearing samples. The post-impact macroscopic features are catalogued and discussed.
Computer Modelling of the Rotational Moulding Process
Authors: Attaran M. T. , Wright E. J. , Crawford R. J.
Published: July 2017

Rotational moulding appears to be a simple processing method for manufacturing hollow plastics but in fact it involves a complex interaction of many variables. During bi-axial rotation, the plastic powder moves about inside the mould and will subsequently melt and form a layer on the inside surface of the mould.

Numerical modelling of this process has proved difficult. This paper reviews briefly the early attempts involving necessary simplifications and describes the results of recent research to provide a comprehensive model of the heat transfer mechanism during the process. Predictions of temperature at various locations inside the mould are presented and compared with the experimental data taken from full-scale rotomoulding equipment. Prediction of the melting behaviour of the plastic powder is also shown. The relative effects of the main process variables are described and the data are used to recommend improvements in the process.
Model of Heterophase Polymer Formation from Reacting Blends at Phase Decomposition Induced by Thermoset Cure
Authors: Sigalov Grigori M. , Rozenberg Boris A.
Published: July 2017

The model of cure reaction-induced microphase separation proceeding via nucleation and growth mechanism with moderate reaction rate and far enough from the critical point is proposed. The classical frequency of elementary acts of nucleation was adopted. The model of particle growth with equilibrium boundary conditions and the conventional linear diffusion equation was developed to describe the concentration changes both inside and outside the particle. This provides a new insight on the ways of control of polymer morphology generated.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Folded Plates with Elastically Restrained Edges
Authors: Haldar S. , Sheikh A. H. , Sarkar S. K.
Published: July 2017

The behavior of composite folded plate under transverse loading has been investigated in this paper. The effect of partial rigidity at the edges has also been studied by modelling the edges elastically restrained against both translation and rotation. The finite element method has been used to model the structure. The effect of shear deformation has been taken into account as composite is weak in shear. As there is no published results on composite folded plates, composite flat plate and isotropic folded plate have been analyzed and the results obtained have been compared with the available results to validate the present approach. Finally a new problem of composite folded plate has been solved for different plate thickness, ply arrangement and stiffness parameters for the elastically restrained edges.
Pressure Effect on Extensional Viscosity
Authors: Christensen Jens H. , Kjaer Erik M.
Published: July 2017

The primary object of these experiments was to investigate the influence of hydrostatic pressure on entrance flow. The effect of pressure on shear and extensional viscosity was evaluated using an axis symmetric capillary and a slit die where the hydrostatic pressure was raised with valves. The experiments show a significant increase in extensional viscosity with increasing pressure.
Blown Film Extrusion of LLDPE/LDPE Blends
Authors: Oh Jang-Hoon
Published: July 2017

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of LLDPE/LDPE blend compositions on the physical properties of blown films and processing properties during extrusion. Spiral mandrel die analysis was also performed by FAN method and its results were compared with measured die pressure. Positive synergy effects of LDPE addition into LLDPE could be seen except the dart impact and MD tear strength of the films.
Finite Element Analysis of the Effect of Processing Conditions on Thermoforming
Authors: Nam G. J. , Lee J. W.
Published: July 2017

A numerical algorithm is developed to simulate the deformation behaviors of a sheet from the simple axisymmetric to the complex three dimensional geometries. This algorithm employs finite element method with the total Lagrangian approach. It is possible to obtain thickness, stress and strain distribution of each loading step in thermoforming process using this algorithm. The change of various processing conditions such as temperature, plug assists are very crucial to the final deformation behaviors of sheet, and these effects are discussed in this paper.
RTI Confusion in the Case Law and the Legal Commentary
Authors: Zirkel Perry A.
Published: July 2017

This article expresses the position that the current legal commentary and cases do not sufficiently differentiate response to intervention (RTI) from the various forms of general education interventions that preceded it, thus compounding confusion in professional practice as to legally defensible procedures for identifying children as having a specific learning disability under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). After providing the legal framework for RTI in terms of IDEA and corresponding state laws, including the generally agreed on key components, the article canvasses examples of this confusion in recent case law and the legal commentary—extending even to legal publisher classifications—concerning this case law. The recommendation, starting with local school district policy and practice, is for clear and defensible differentiation that maintains, with fidelity, the integrity of RTI.
Impact of Motivation to Read on Reading Gains for Struggling Readers With and Without Learning Disabilities
Authors: Melekoglu Macid A.
Published: July 2017

This study was an investigation of the impact of motivation to read on reading gains of struggling readers with and without specific learning disabilities (LD) who were exposed to a structured, research-based daily reading program over an 18-week period. Participants included 13 students with LD and 25 students without disabilities from two middle schools and one high school in a U.S. Midwestern state. In this study, motivation to read was assessed by the Adolescent Motivation to Read Survey, and reading achievement was measured by the Scholastic Reading Inventory. The impact of motivation to read on reading gains was evaluated by conducting analyses with the bootstrap method of resampling. The results yielded significant reading gains for all students with and without LD but indicated a significant relationship only between pretest reading scores and improvements in motivation of students without disabilities. In addition, results showed a significant improvement in reading motivation only for students without disabilities.
Effects of Cognitive Strategy Instruction on Math Problem Solving of Middle School Students With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Montague Marjorie , Enders Craig , Dietz Samantha
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the study was to improve mathematical problem solving for middle school students with learning disabilities by implementing a research-based instructional program in inclusive general education math classes. A total of 40 middle schools in a large urban district were matched on state assessment performance level (low, medium, and high performing) and socioeconomic status. One school from each pair was randomly assigned to the intervention condition, and one eighth grade math teacher participated at each school ( n = 40). Because of attrition at the outset, 24 schools completed the study (8 intervention, 16 comparison). The intervention, Solve It!, a research-based cognitive strategy instructional program, was implemented for 7 months, and periodic progress monitoring was conducted. A cluster-randomized design was used, and the data were consistent with a three-level model in which repeated measures were nested within students and students were nested within schools. The results indicated that students who received the intervention ( n = 319) showed significantly greater growth in math problem solving over the school year than students in the comparison group ( n = 460) who received typical classroom instruction. Moreover, the intervention effects did not differ for students with learning disabilities, low-achieving students, and average-achieving students. Thus, the findings were positive and support the efficacy of the intervention when implemented by general education math teachers in inclusive classrooms.
Multiple Goals Perspective in Adolescent Students With Learning Difficulties
Authors: Núñez José Carlos , González-Pienda Julio Antonio , Rodríguez Celestino , Valle Antonio , Gonzalez-Cabanach Ramon , Rosário Pedro
Published: July 2017

In the present work, the hypothesis of the existence of diverse motivational profiles in students with learning difficulties (LD) and the differential implications for intervention in the classroom are analyzed. Various assessment scales (academic goals, self-concept, and causal attributions) were administered to a sample of 259 students with LD, ages 8 to 15 years, in Spain. The data obtained were analyzed through (a) cluster analysis to study this hypothesis and (b) MANOVAs to determine the extent to which such profiles were accompanied by significant differences in self-esteem and causal attribution patterns. The results revealed four different motivational profiles and significantly different levels of self-esteem and causal attribution process.
Anxiety, Depression, and Coping Skills Among Mexican School Children
Authors: Gallegos Julia , Langley Audra , Villegas Diana
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare severity and risk status for anxiety and depression with coping skills among 130 Mexican school children with learning disabilities (LD) and 130 school children without LD. This research is the first to explore the emotional difficulties of Mexican children with LD. Children completed the Spanish version of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale and Children’s Depression Inventory, and the Cuestionario de Afrontamiento ( Coping Skills Questionnaire). Results indicated that a higher percentage of children with LD were at risk for anxiety (22.3% vs. 11.5%) and depression (32% vs. 18%). No statistically significant differences were found for coping skills. Results support the idea that there is an increased awareness of comorbid depression and anxiety among students with LD and a need to promote early identification and intervention in schools. Efforts should focus on better understanding the relationship between social-emotional difficulties and academic achievement and on developing effective interventions to support children with LD.
Achievement and Social Goals of Younger and Older Elementary Students
Authors: Zentall Sydney S. , Beike Suzanne M.
Published: July 2017

Children with mild disabilities experience sufficient failure to produce negative future expectations (goals), which may compound early academic and social deficits. This research compared the teacher- and student-rated goals of 57 children at two age levels, who were average learners, had a reading problem/disability (RP), and were hyperactive or had ADHD (H). In line with predictions of academic impairment, the findings were that students with RP were teacher-rated more than the H group as less motivated to do their best (work avoidant), especially at older age levels, with fewer goals related to self-determination. Students with H also reported fewer preferences to work well with others and preferred to work independently (social avoidance goals), in line with their social impairment (more than the RP group). Educational implications are presented for identification, for timing of intervention, and for differentiating instruction.
Message to Editors: Readers Want Solid News
Authors: Watts Liz
Published: July 2017

A survey of readers in Lubbock, Texas, shows some things don't change. Readers want solid news stories in three categories—local, political and safety.
Getting it Right? Not in 59 Percent of Stories
Authors: Maier Scott
Published: July 2017

News sources report more than half the local news stories in The News & Observer in Raleigh, N.C. included errors. Inaccuracies involved context and perspective, such has hype, misrepresentations and essential information left out.
Social Responsibility Wins When CEO Has Been Editor
Authors: Knott Diana L. , Carroll Virginia , Meyer Philip
Published: July 2017

CEOs who have been editors are much more likely to “talk the talk” of social responsibility in their annual report letters to shareholders than are CEOs who have not served as editors.
Web Page Design Affects News Retrieval Efficiency
Authors: Li Xigen
Published: July 2017

A content analysis of the online versions of five major dailies shows how different aspects of Web design contribute to the efficiency of information retrieval. The Washington Post was the most efficient.
Tribune's ‘WomanNews’ Gives Voice to Women's Issues
Authors: Lueck Therese L. , Chang Huayun
Published: July 2017

A cultural analysis of the women's section in the Chicago Tribune finds that ‘WomanNews’ provided a powerful forum by incorporating women's voices, studying media's role relative to women, fostering a sisterhood and advocating feminist activism.
Competition, Circulation and Advertising
Authors: Lacy Stephen , Martin Hugh J.
Published: July 2017

This article reviews academic literature about the impact of competition on newspaper circulation and advertising. It suggests some principles about competition and the long-run performance of daily circulation newspapers.
Reflections on Content Quality in Newspapers
Authors: Bogart Leo
Published: July 2017

Can newspaper content quality be measured, and if, so, of what use is the quality measure? The dean of newspaper research examines indicators of quality and summarizes how these measures are related to various measures of business success.
Commercialism and Newspaper Quality
Authors: Picard Robert G.
Published: July 2017

This article explores how commercialism has diminished the importance of public service. Market concerns now determine operation and content in the newspaper industry.
Increased Circulation Follows Investments in Newsroom
Authors: Cho Sooyoung , Thorson Esther , Lacy Stephen
Published: July 2017

Twenty-seven U.S. dailies identified by E&P with improved newspaper quality had stronger circulation growth than did a national representative sample of 98 dailies.
Age, Wealth, Education Predict Letters to Editor
Authors: Reader Bill , Stempel Guido H. , Daniel Douglass K.
Published: July 2017

A national survey of 1,017 U.S. adults found that most letter writers tend to be older, wealthier and better educated than average. Political party and social ideology were not significant factors.
Editor & Publisher Slow to Change Depiction of Women
Authors: Senat Joey
Published: July 2017

Not until 1974 did E&P change its vocabulary in describing women, dropping the emphasis on their appearance and their relationship to men when the information was not pertinent to the story.
Who's Really Writing Those ‘Canned’ Letters to the Editor?
Authors: Reader Bill
Published: July 2017

A Web-based content analysis finds that nearly one in three special-interest groups supply sample text that readers can copy and submit as their own letters to the editor.
House Ads in Print Editions Promote E-Newspapers
Authors: Rodgers Shelly , Jin Yan , Choi Yoohyeung , Siu Wanda , Brill Ann M.
Published: July 2017

Thirteen daily U.S. newspapers decreased the number of house ads between 2000 and 2003, while improving the number and types of structural features used to cross promote the e-newspapers.
Kansas Readers Feel Loss When Town's Paper Closes
Authors: Smethers Steven , Bressers Bonnie , Willard Amber , Harvey Linda , Freeland Gloria
Published: July 2017

This study reports readers' perceptions of loss when the the newspaper in Humbolt, Kan., ceased publication after 129 years. Readers did not find that local media alternatives filled the void left by the newspaper's demise.
U.S. Weekly Newspapers Embrace Web Sites
Authors: Adams Jennifer Wood
Published: July 2017

Most respondents see the Internet as the future of publishing and are exploring how their sites can increase readership and revenues. They also see online editions as complementary to the printed paper.
Basic Journalism Skills Remain Important in Hiring
Authors: Pierce Tamyra , Miller Tommy
Published: July 2017

Newspaper editors said basic journalism skills were rated as most important in new hires, while computer-assisted and online reporting skills and the ability to write for a Web site rose in importance from their ranking in a 1990 study.
Sports Journalists Who Blog Cling to Traditional Values
Authors: Schultz Brad , Sheffer Mary Lou
Published: July 2017

Sports journalists who blog as part of their jobs reveal little, if any, change of commitment to traditional journalism values. Most respondents consider reporting as central to their work and blogging as limited in value.
Community Newspapers Play Significant Role in Election
Authors: Shaker Lee
Published: July 2017

This article compares coverage of the 2007 Philadelphia mayoral campaign in the city's major daily and community newspapers. The findings show that community newspapers serve as a complement to the dailies but also prove to be sources of campaign information in their own right.
Community Newspaper Use Promotes Social Cohesion
Authors: Yamamoto Masahiro
Published: July 2017

The analysis of survey data from the northwestern United States shows that newspaper reading correlates with respondents' sense of social cohesion, indicating that community newspapers are important to community engagement.
New Models Emerge for Community Press
Authors: Pickard Victor , Stearns Josh
Published: July 2017

This essay provides an inventory of several emerging initiatives that focus on alternative production methods and business models for the news media. The analysis also considers how these models might be implemented at community newspapers.
Online Publication Expands Reach of Community Journalism
Authors: Gilligan Eileen
Published: July 2017

This essay examines recent scholarship that shows how the Internet has expanded community beyond geography raising important implications for journalists at these newspapers and scholars who study and teach community journalism.
Community Journalism Provides Model for Future
Authors: Terry Thomas C.
Published: July 2017

This essay provides an overview of the origins of the concept of community journalism in general and the long-standing application of the concept in regard to community-focused newspapers.
Photographers' Ethical Calls May Rest on ‘It Depends’
Authors: Kim Yung Soo
Published: July 2017

Photojournalists occasionally have to choose between acting as dispassionate observers or becoming Good Samaritans. This study asked photojournalists to assess scenarios of a photojournalist's decision to take a picture of a person suffering severe trauma instead of helping.
Katrina Study Shows Human Interest Photos Predominant
Authors: Shin Jae-Hwa , Fahmy Shahira , Lewis Richard A.
Published: July 2017

An analysis of photographs of Hurricane Katriana in six newspapers found that most centered on groups of people or individuals rather than environments. Local newspapers tended to focus more on images expressing anxiety than on objective third-party perspectives of national newspapers.
Newspaper Journalists Support Online Comments
Authors: Nielsen Carolyn
Published: July 2017

A survey at 36 newspapers shows journalists feel strongly that readers should have the ability to comment online, but they also dislike the verbal ‘free-for-alls’ and personal attacks in these comments. Only 35 percent say they frequently or always read online comments on their stories.
Weekly Newspaper Websites Don't Live up to Potential
Authors: Karlis Jack V. , Mitchell Kelly A. , Collins Erik L.
Published: July 2017

This analysis of local, community, weekly newspapers found that a majority of their websites maintained information archives that were searchable and free. Most, however, do not offer hyperlinks to a range of community sources and thus fail to serve as a one-stop information shop.
Citizen Journalism Just as Credible as Stories by Pros, Students Say
Authors: Netzley Sara Baker , Hemmer Mark
Published: July 2017

College students did not differentiate between the credibility of a news article that they were told was written either by a professional journalist or an untrained citizen. Students who trust the mainstream media assigned higher credibility to the news articles.
Health Most Common Frame for Spinach, Peanut Recalls
Authors: Haigh Michel M.
Published: July 2017

This study examines the frames used in the 2006 spinach and the 2009 peanut recalls. A content analysis found the most common frames were health, business ethics and political strategies. The tone of the coverage was slightly negative. Stories focused little on the cause of the recall.
Content Analysis Shows “Red States” Used More than “Blue States”
Authors: Zelenkauskaite Asta , Gao Ya , Powell Rich
Published: July 2017

An analysis of five newspapers and two wire services traced the use of the terms “red states” and “blue states” from 2002 to 2008. The Washington Post and The New York Times were early adoptors of the terms in 2002, and the term “Red States” was used most often.
Medical Reporters Say ‘No’ to ‘Pack’ Journalism
Authors: Kiernan Vincent
Published: July 2017

This survey asked reporters who cover medical topics at U.S. newspapers about their opinion leaders. More than 75 percent said they are lone wolves, unaffected by the work of any other journalists. Of those who reported some influence, most named only one or two other reporters.
Print Readers Recall More than Do Online Readers
Authors: Santana Arthur D. , Livingstone Randall M. , Cho Yoon Y.
Published: July 2017

This study of print versus online readers looks at how readers process information in print versus online format. Among the findings is that print news readers remember significantly more news stories than do those who read content online.
10th Anniversary Photos of 9/11 Framed as Collective Remembrance
Authors: Dahmen Nicole Smith , Christensen Britt
Published: July 2017

This analysis of 170 photos published in print newspapers on the 10th anniversary of the attacks on the World Trade Center shows how newspapers visually framed the observation as a story of a somber remembrance. Images of the physical site prevailed.
Few Latin American Items Appear on Editorial Pages
Authors: Golan Guy J. , Munno Greg
Published: July 2017

This analysis of opinion pieces in The New York Times and The Washington Post points to a limited discussion of Latin America. The majority of the articles were filtered through the American conflict and security frames, thus providing readers with a narrow perspective regarding the region.
The Nonreader Problem: A Closer Look at Avoiding the Newspaper
Authors: Lipschultz Jeremy Harris
Published: July 2017

Why do some people avoid reading newspapers? Are their reasons different from those of regular readers? Findings from a survey suggest responses to a sample of avoidance statements by readers are more clearly defined than those of nonreaders. This study also raises questions about distinguishing between “regular” and “casual” readers, as findings provide only limited support for the use of “casual” readers in future research. Further development of avoidance gratification theory might help newspapers convert nonreaders to future readers.
Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act
Authors: Busterna John C.
Published: July 2017

The economic performance of newspapers has three goals: product performance, technical efficiency and allocated efficiency. Current enforcement of the Newspaper Preservation Act attempts to promote the first two goals at the expense of the third. A modified plan is suggested which should promote all three policy goals. This plan should be granted in all competitive markets without a long review process by the Department of Justice since it involves no significant antitrust exemption.
Minority News Coverage in the Columbus Dispatch
Authors: Pease Edward C.
Published: July 2017

An examination of news content about minorities in the Columbus Dispatch finds little change in amount of coverage between 1965 – three years before the Kemer Commission Report-and 1987 but some improvement in the kind and tone of minority coverage.
A Content Analysis of Metropolitan & Suburban Papers in Denver & Detroit
Authors: Lacy Stephen , Sohn Ardyth B. , Stephens Lowndes F.
Published: July 2017

Metro dailies and suburban non-dailies seem to be complementary, not interchangeable, at least in this study of four metros and 28 suburban non-dailies in the Denver and Detroit areas. Metro papers and suburban papers cover different things, which seems to be what readers want: different things from different papers.
Images of Daily Newspapers in Their Local Markets
Authors: Lavrakas Paul J. , Holley Jack K.
Published: July 2017

In six daily newspaper markets, local papers fared better on image attributes than did newspapers in general examined in a 1985 national ASNE study. Even so, since thousands of potential readers disapprove of the product, newspapers should work harder to understand what their publics want.
Liability for Publishing Syndicated and Free-Lance Material
Authors: Anderson Douglas A.
Published: July 2017

Since before Drew Pearson, whose syndicated column elicited more titan 100 libel suits, editors have feared libel suits prompted by copy produced by outside writers. The courts have given prudent editors some breathing space, however, shielding publications in most instances from potential recklessness of free-lancers.
Effects of Chartoons & Three-Dimensional Graphs on Interest & Information Gain
Authors: Tankard James W.
Published: July 2017

Both chartoons — cartoon-like informational graphics — and three-dimensional graphs are found to be more appealing to readers than plain graphs. Much that has been written about effective graphs suggests that both forms should lead to less information gain than plain graphs, but this was not found to be the case.
Predicting the Content of State Public Records Laws
Authors: Pritchard David , Nemeth Neil
Published: July 2017

A study of state public records laws indicates links between the concept of policy liberalism of states and the relative openness of their state records laws. Categorizations of states according to their political culture, however, are not significant predictors of the contents of their laws
Reader Use & Understanding of Newspaper Infographics
Authors: Pasternack Steve , Utt Sandra H.
Published: July 2017

Infographics play a dual role in newspapers — as design elements and to convey data. This study indicates that readers may use infographics increasingly for content reasons — to grasp a story's information quickly — suggesting a need to place more emphasis on the “info” and less on the purely “graphic.”