bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating science and citizen science: the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) sustainable fishery of Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Begossi Alpina , Salivonchyk Svetlana V.
Published: September 2019

We followed landings of dusky grouper,Epinephelus marginatus, from 2013 to 2019. We observed 1,896 individuals of dusky grouper,Epinephelus marginatus, in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, from September 2013 to February 2019. The total weight of the catches was 6,065.57 kg, with an average of 1,442.50 kg/year and a std of 147.30 kg.

We integrated fishers in our study through citizen science (CS): individuals were trained to monitor grouper gonads and supplied information on fishing spots and prices. After comparing catch curves (based on weight) and curve prices (in the Brazilian monetary currency of reals), our results showed that catches in the Copacabana fishery have been stable (the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference for either the weight of the catches or the average prices of dusky groupers in the years compared). Copacabana has been a sustainable fishery when considering its catches of dusky grouper. This is a very important result for conservation and management, considering the importance of small-scale fisheries in terms of their low fishing efforts and their possible effects on vulnerable species, as well as their ecological and economic importance in developing countries. Citizen science, alomng with local ecological knowledge, helps integrate research and fisheries as well as researchers and fishers and allows for larger sampling efforts and management training for fishers.
Genes encoding recognition of theCladosporium fulvumeffector protein Ecp5 are encoded at several loci in the tomato genome
Authors: Iakovidis Michail , Soumpourou Eleni , Anderson Elisabeth , Etherington Graham , Yourstone Scott , Thomas Colwyn
Published: September 2019

The molecular interactions between tomato andCladosporium fulvumhave been an important model for molecular plant pathology. Complex genetic loci on tomato chromosomes 1 and 6 harbor genes for resistance toCladosporium fulvum, encoding receptor like-proteins that perceive distinctCladosporium fulvumeffectors and trigger plant defenses. Here, we report classical mapping strategies for loci in tomato accessions that respond toCladosporium fulvumeffector Ecp5, which is very sequence-monomorphic. We screened 139 wild tomato accessions for an Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response, and in five accessions, the Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response segregated as a monogenic trait, mapping to distinct loci in the tomato genome. We identified at least three loci on chromosomes 1, 7 and 12 that harbor distinctCf-Ecp5genes in four different accessions. Our mapping showed that theCf-Ecp5inSolanum pimpinellifoliumG1.1161 is located at theMilky Waylocus. TheCf-Ecp5inSolanum pimpinellifoliumLA0722 was mapped to the bottom arm of chromosome 7, while theCf-Ecp5genes inSolanum lycopersicumOntario 7522 andSolanum pimpinellifoliumLA2852 were mapped to the same locus on the top arm of chromosome 12. Bi-parental crosses between accessions carrying distinct Cf-Ecp5 genes revealed putative genetically unlinked suppressors of the Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response. Our mapping also showed thatCf-11is located on chromosome 11, close to theCf-3locus. The Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response is widely distributed within tomato species and is variable in strength. This novel example of convergent evolution could be used for choosing different functionalCf-Ecp5genes according to individual plant breeding needs.
Thirty five novel nsSNPs may effect onADAMTS13protein leading to Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) using bioinformatics approach
Authors: Abdelhameed Tebyan A. , Ahmed Arwa I. , Mustafa Mujahed I. , Eltayeb Amel N. , Abdelrhman Fatima A. , Ahmed Amal B. , Ahmed Najla B. , Khadir Hiba Y. , Hassan Adla M. , Mohamed Huda K. , Osman Soada A. , Elhag Mustafa , Hassan Mohamed A.
Published: September 2019

Background

Genetic polymorphisms in theADAMTS13gene are associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura or TTP, a life-threatening microangiopathic disorder. This study aims to predict the possible pathogenic SNPs of this gene and their impact on the protein structure and function using insilico methods.

Methods

SNPs retrieved from the NCBI database were analyzed using several bioinformatics tools. The different algorithms applied collectively to predictthe effect of single nucleotide substitution on both structure and function of theADAMTS13protein.

Results

Fifty one mutations were found to be highly damaging to the structure and function of the protein. Of those, thirty five were novel nsSNPs not previously reported in the literature.

Conclusion

According to our analysis we found thirty five nsSNPs effects onADAMTS13protein leading to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura using computational approach. Bioinformatics tools are vital in prediction analysis, making use of increasingly voluminous biomedical data thereby providing markers for screening or for genetic mapping studies.
It takes two (Las1 HEPN Endoribonuclease Motifs) to cut the RNA right
Authors: Pillon Monica C. , Goslen Kevin H. , Williams Jason G. , Stanley Robin E.
Published: September 2019

Las1 is an essential endoribonuclease that is well-conserved across eukaryotes and a newly established member of the HEPN (higher eukaryotes and prokaryotes nucleotide-binding) nuclease family. HEPN nucleases participate in diverse RNA cleavage pathways and share a short HEPN nuclease motif important for RNA cleavage. While most HEPN nucleases participate in stress activated RNA cleavage pathways, Las1 plays a fundamental role in processing the pre-ribosomal RNA. Underscoring the significance of Las1 function, mutations to the LAS1L gene have been associated with neurological dysfunction. Two juxtaposed Las1 HEPN nuclease motifs create its composite nuclease active site, however the roles of the individual HEPN residues are poorly defined. Here we show through a combination of in vivo and in vitro studies that both Las1 HEPN nuclease motifs are required for nuclease activity and fidelity. Through in-depth sequence analysis and systematic mutagenesis, we define the consensus Las1 HEPN nuclease motif and uncover its canonical and specialized elements. Using reconstituted Las1 HEPN-HEPN’chimeras, we define the molecular requirements for RNA cleavage. Intriguingly, both copies of the Las1 HEPN motif are necessary for nuclease specificity revealing that both HEPN motifs participate in coordinating the RNA within the active site. Taken together, our work reveals critical information about HEPN nuclease function and establishes that HEPN nucleases can be re-wired to cleave alternative RNA substrates.
Interdependency of respiratory metabolism and phenazine-associated physiology in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14
Authors: Jo Jeanyoung , Price-Whelan Alexa , Cornell William Cole , Dietrich Lars E.P.
Published: September 2019

Extracellular electron transfer (EET), the reduction of compounds that shuttle electrons to distal oxidants, can support bacterial survival when preferred oxidants are not directly accessible. EET has been shown to contribute to virulence in some pathogenic organisms and is required for current generation in mediator-based fuel cells. In several species, components of the electron transport chain (ETC) have been implicated in electron shuttle reduction, raising the question of how shuttling-based metabolism is integrated with primary routes of metabolic electron flow. The clinically relevant bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa can utilize carbon sources (i.e., electron donors) covering a broad range of reducing potentials and possesses a branched ETC that can be modulated to optimize respiratory efficiency. It also produces electron shuttles called phenazines that facilitate intracellular redox balancing, increasing the complexity of its metabolic potential. In this study, we investigated the reciprocal influence of respiratory metabolism and phenazine-associated physiology in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. We found that phenazine production affects respiratory activity and terminal oxidase gene expression, and that carbon source identity influences the mechanisms enabling phenazine reduction. Furthermore, we found that growth in biofilms, a condition for which phenazine metabolism is critical to normal development and redox balancing, dramatically affects the composition of the P. aeruginosa phenazine pool. Together, these findings can aid interpretation of P. aeruginosa behavior during host infection and provide inroads to understanding the crosstalk between primary metabolism and shuttling-based physiology in the diverse bacteria that carry out EET.

IMPORTANCE

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections and long-term lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis. It can use diverse organic compounds as electron donors and possesses multiple enzymes that can transfer electrons from central metabolism to O2. These pathways support a balanced intracellular redox state and the production of cellular energy. Under hypoxic conditions, P. aeruginosa can reduce phenazines, secondary metabolites that also promote redox homeostasis and that contribute to virulence. We asked how these primary and secondary routes of electron flow influence each other. We found that phenazines affect respiratory function, that the roles of respiratory enzymes in phenazine reduction are highly condition-dependent, and that the complement of phenazines produced is strongly affected by growth in assemblages called biofilms. These results provide a more nuanced understanding of P. aeruginosa redox metabolism and may inform strategies for treating persistent infections caused by this bacterium.
DAF-16 and SMK-1 contribute to innate immunity during adulthood inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: McHugh Daniel R. , Koumis Elena , Schlaubitz-Garcia Michelle , Bennani Safae , Regan Paul , Patel Prem , Youngman Matthew J.
Published: September 2019

Aging is accompanied by a progressive decline in immune function termed “immunosenescence”. Deficient surveillance coupled with the impaired function of immune cells compromises host defense in older animals. The dynamic activity of regulatory modules that control immunity appears to underlie age-dependent modifications to the immune system. In the roundwormCaenorhabditis eleganslevels of the PMK-1 p38 MAP kinase diminish over time, reducing the expression of immune effectors that clear bacterial pathogens. Along with the PMK-1 pathway, innate immunity inC. elegansis regulated by the insulin signaling pathway. Here we asked whether DAF-16, a Forkhead box (FOXO) transcription factor whose activity is inhibited by insulin signaling, plays a role in host defense later in life. While in younger worms DAF-16 remains in an inactive state unless stimulated by environmental insults, we found that even in the absence of acute stress the transcriptional activity of DAF-16 increases in an age-dependent manner. Beginning in the reproductive phase of adulthood, DAF-16 upregulates a subset of its transcriptional targets, including genes required to kill ingested microbes. Accordingly, DAF-16 has little to no role in larval immunity, but functions specifically during adulthood to confer resistance to bacterial pathogens. We found that DAF-16-mediated immunity in adults requires SMK-1, a regulatory subunit of the PP4 protein phosphatase complex. Our data suggest that as the function of one branch of the innate immune system ofC. elegans(PMK-1) declines over time, DAF-16-mediated immunity ramps up to become the predominant means of protecting adults from infection, thus reconfiguring immunity later in life.
3,4′,5,5′-Tetramethoxy-2′-methylbiphenyl-4-ol
Authors: Gleede Barbara , Oehl Elisabeth K. , Schollmeyer Dieter , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: September 2019

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H20O5, contains two independent molecules, A and B, with similar geometries [dihedral angles between the phenyl rings = 56.19 (8) and 54.98 (7)°, respectively]. Intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds occur in both molecules. In the crystal, the A molecules form [1\overline{1}0] chains linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds from the hydroxyl group to one of the methoxy O atoms. The B molecules form O—H...O hydrogen bonds to the hydroxyl O atoms of the A molecules and thus act as fixed spacers between the chains of molecule A. Some weak C—H...O contacts are also present.
Learning English language in primary school
Authors: Shilova Lyudmila , Masterskikh Svetlana , Mensh Elena , Zemlyanova Maria
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of intrinsic motivation of primary-school-age children alongside the factors that influence these levels when learning English.

Design/methodology/approach

This goal was reached through a study that was conducted in four educational establishments of Tyumen. The study benefits from qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative part consists of an experiment in a group setting. Two groups of students were learning under two different programmes and the teachers were making records of student outcomes, interest in learning and motivation. The findings demonstrate that the level of motivation/interest is higher when interactive techniques (appropriate for the age of students) are in use. The quantitative part involved a survey to identify intrinsic motivations by completing which the students revealed high and medium levels of motivation/interest to learn.

Findings

The findings can be used when updating or re-designing education programmes and when creating new methods for teaching English in Russian educational establishments.

Originality/value

Giving the schoolchildren a motivation to learn is, without any exaggeration, one of the central problems in modern school. Teaching English as a foreign language to students of younger age (schoolchildren) requires a special approach due to special psychological and mental characteristics that these students have. The scholars have established that learning of foreign languages happens best at a very young age. However, without proper methods of teaching, teachers will not be able to reach the learning objectives, which they were attempting to reach. The reason for this effect is simple. The way the subject is taught is expected to spark interest but with the lack of interest in the subject, students will not feel sufficiently motivated to actually learn something. Hence, motivation is essential for learning any foreign language. In the home setting, motivation to learn, as well as a positive learning environment, is the responsibility of parents.
Information technology adoption and implementation in higher education
Authors: Tarhini Abbas , Tarhini Jihan , Tarhini Anwar
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Research has shown that information technology has a tremendous effect on higher educational (HE) institutions. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework that would depict and highlight on the financial, cultural, political and social difficulties that affect the adoption of technology in HE institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, it is hypothesized that cultural, political and financial resources of the university administrative body, together with the employees’ background in terms of academic experience and education, shape the approach to a successful IT adoption. To investigate the proposed framework, a survey targeting employees, and an interview targeting IT managers were conducted.

Findings

The results indicate that the university structural framework together with IT knowledge and awareness at the university administrative level restrains any individual cultural and political effects on the IT adoption even if it is implemented partially.

Research limitations/implications

First, the respondents were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Second, the data were collected through self-report questionnaires.

Practical implications

The results of this study are important for university administrators, technology suppliers and donors, as this may contribute to better understanding of the factors that could influence the adoption, management and use of ICT resources for enhancing the knowledge of the university capabilities.

Originality/value

This study is the first one to address the integration of IT in HE institutions in the region; the results have implications for IT adoption in such institutions. More importantly, the study suggests a framework that reveals multiple levels of influence that impact the adoption and implementation of IT in the institutions.
The benefits of mentoring newly qualified teachers in Malta
Authors: Attard Tonna Michelle
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Newly qualified teachers (NQTs) seek advice from more experienced colleagues and are considered as learning through participation, including observing other teachers and receiving feedback. In many education systems around the world, induction programmes are developed to support these new teachers in needs ranging from pedagogical to the practical. The induction programme in Malta has been in place since 2010 and offers support to NQTs through their mentor, a member of the school management team, and their college principal. The purpose of this paper is to examine the benefits of mentoring as experienced by a group of NQTs and their mentors in select Maltese schools.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a grounded theory approach (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Strauss and Corbin, 1994), the reflections and online conversations with 15 mentors from 10 schools, who were given the role of supporting an NQT in their school for one scholastic year, informed this study. This approach was used because grounded theory seeks to derive its explanations from the data of the phenomenon itself and encourages systematic, detailed analysis of the data. Codes were developed from the transcripts, which were then compared against the research questions, using an inductive approach. Themes emerged, helping the researcher to construct meaning.

Findings

The data strongly suggest that a mentoring approach based on reflection and dialogue promoted positive relationships between the mentors and the mentees and led to professional growth. Moreover, the school and social environment played a crucial role in the way the participants interacted and defined their challenges. It is thus recognised that the NQT induction programme needs to be adequately understood and acknowledged by schools and the education authorities in order for it to reach its aims of supporting beginning teachers. Physical spaces and opportunities for collaboration can enhance what the mentors are trying to achieve.

Originality/value

This research is the first of its kind in Malta as it explores the perceptions and experiences of mentors who are actively participating in the induction programme for NQTs.
The potential of web components for libraries
Authors: Wusteman Judith
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the potential of web components for libraries.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper introduces a working example web component that reimplements an OCLC WorldCat search widget.

Findings

By exploring the case study, the paper explains the functioning of web components and the potential advantages of web components for library web development.

Originality/value

Increasingly, web components are being used within library web development, but there is scope for much greater use of this technology to the advantage of those libraries involved.
Profile of food truck consumers and their opinion about food safety
Authors: Valente Gabriela Mazzon , Stangarlin-Fiori Lize , Seiscentos Lais de Oliveira , de Souza Viviane Valle , Opolski Medeiros Caroline
Published: September 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate the profile of food truck consumers at gourmet events, identifying their food preferences and opinions about the provision of safe food by this segment.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 750 food truck customers in the city of Curitiba, Brazil, participated in the study. The survey investigated the socio-economic profile of the consumers, the frequency of their food consumption, the criteria for their choice of food trucks, their mean spending value, the method of payment used and the opinion of consumers about food cost and food truck hygiene conditions.

Findings

Most consumers were female (62.7 per cent), students (31.3 per cent) and with an average age of 29 ± 10 years. Many customers preferred the consumption of salty foods (84.0 per cent), mainly burgers and kabobs. The consumers reported spending between $6.32 and $9.03 during the events, and men spent more money than women (p = 0.000). Both thought that good conditions of hygiene (81.9 per cent), food presentation (46.9 per cent) and service (48.0 per cent) were more important than the product price (19.3 per cent). Consumers thought that the food trucks had an adequate structure (73.5 per cent) and the food handlers (74.4 per cent) had good conditions of hygiene, ensuring the safety of the food sold.

Research limitations/implications

On account of the convenience sampling in an urban environment, the data cannot be generalized to the entire population of the municipality and to other regions.

Originality/value

There are few studies with food trucks consumers in Brazil, to this writing the largest sample ever used for this type of research in this country. The results were designed to be used by professionals working in the area.
Sensor system for use with low intensity pulsed ultrasound
Authors: Diermeier Andreas , Sindersberger Dirk , Angele Peter , Kujat Richard , Monkman Gareth John
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Ultrasound is a well-established technology in medical science, though many of the conventional measurement systems (hydrophones and radiation force balances [RFBs]) often lack accuracy and tend to be expensive. This is a significant problem where sensors must be considered to be “disposable” because they inevitably come into contact with biological fluids and expense increases dramatically in cases where a large number of sensors in array form are required. This is inevitably the case where ultrasound is to be used for the in vitro growth stimulation of a large plurality of biological samples in tissue engineering. Traditionally only a single excitation frequency is used (typically 1.5 MHz), but future research demands a larger choice of wavelengths for which a single broadband measurement transducer is desirable. Furthermore, because of implementation conditions there can also be large discrepancies between measurements. The purpose of this paper deals with a very cost-effective alternative to expensive RFBs and hydrophones.

Design/methodology/approach

Utilization of cost-effective piezoelectric elements as broadband sensors.

Findings

Very effective results with equivalent (if not better) accuracy than expensive alternatives.

Originality/value

This paper concentrates on how very cost-effective piezoelectric ultrasound transducers can be implemented as sensors for ultrasound power measurements with accuracy as good, if not better than those achievable using radiation force balances or hydrophones.
Bordet‐Gengou agar medium supplemented with albumin‐containing biologics for cultivation of bordetellae
Authors: Hiramatsu Yukihiro , Osada‐Oka Mayuko , Horiguchi Yasuhiko
Published: September 2019

Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica cause respiratory infections in mammals, including humans, and are generally cultivated on Bordet‐Gengou (BG) agar plates in laboratories. The medium requires animal blood as a supplement for better bacterial growth. However, using blood is problematic, as its constant supply is occasionally difficult because of the limited shelf‐life. This study proposes modified BG agar plates supplemented with bovine serum albumin and fetal bovine serum as a simple and convenient medium that confers sufficient growth of bordetellae.
Vegetation changes from 1984 to 2008 on Mount Usu, northern Japan, after the 1977–1978 eruptions
Authors: Tsuyuzaki Shiro
Published: September 2019

The revegetation patterns after volcanic eruptions were monitored annually on Mount Usu, northern Japan, using over 25 years to detect successional changes. The vegetation was monitored by 2 × 5 m plots from 1984 and 2008 and by 5 × 5 m plots that were enlarged from the original plots from 1994 to 2008 due to increasing vegetation height. The thick tephra from these eruptions destroyed the former vegetation in 1977 and 1978. Diversity indexes were calculated, and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was conducted using the vegetation data with environmental factors. The cover of dominant species was higher in the large plots probably due to the vegetative expansion. Species richness and diversity continued to increase annually for 30 years after the eruptions. Well‐established plants were perennial forbs and trees and the species replacement occurred consistently. NMDS of small plot data suggested that elevation was related to the first axis, and year, litter volume and distance to the caldera rim were related to the second axis. Plot scores on the first axis suggested that deterministic factors, that is, elevation and its related factors, produced vegetation convergence but those on the second axis suggested that the vegetation change was in response to stochastic factors, such as litter accumulation and its related unmeasured factors, with year. The results indicated that the convergence or divergence was determined by the conflict between the net effects of deterministic and stochastic factors on vegetation development.
Financial Dollarisation Hysteresis: The Case of Indonesia
Authors: Thaariq Rahmanda Muhammad , Wahyuni Heni
Published: September 2019

This paper provides a determinant analysis of financial dollarisation hysteresis in Indonesia during 2007–2016 by employing the autoregressive distributed‐lag estimation method. Placing emphasis on the return aspect, this paper indicates that financial dollarisation in Indonesia has been shaped by inflation, the exchange rate, inflation volatility, the exchange rate's volatility and the spread. Given the macroeconomic conditions, ensuring credible inflation targeting, making the rupiah more attractive and building a prudent standard would all help Indonesia to escape from its financial dollarisation hysteresis.
Tumor location may affect the clinicopathological features and prognosis of thymomas
Authors: Tian Dong , Shiiya Haruhiko , Sato Masaaki , Sun Chang‐Bo , Anraku Masaki , Nakajima Jun
Published: September 2019

Background

The current staging systems do not consider the tumor location of thymomas, and its clinical relevance is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of tumor location on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of thymomas.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of patients at our institution who underwent an extended thymectomy for a thymoma from 1976 to 2015. The tumor location was classified as either the superior or inferior mediastinum based on the maximum tumor diameter. The clinicopathological characteristics of the thymoma were also evaluated. Kaplan‐Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the survival outcomes and risk factors for recurrence.

Results

A total of 194 patients with thymoma were eligible for this study. Compared with the inferior mediastinum group (n = 167), the superior mediastinum group (n = 27) had a higher frequency of myasthenia gravis (MG), advanced Masaoka‐Koga staging, disease progression and recurrence (P < 0.05). The Kaplan‐Meier analysis demonstrated thymomas in the superior mediastinum had worse survival outcomes that included overall survival, progression‐free survival and disease‐free survival (P < 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed tumor location was an independent prognostic factor for all the survival outcomes (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the tumor location (P = 0.004) and Masaoka‐Koga stage (P < 0.001) were the only two independent risk factors for recurrence in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

The clinicopathological features of thymomas on MG, Masaoka‐Koga staging, disease progression, and recurrence were different between locations of superior and inferior mediastinum locations. Thymomas in the superior mediastinum tended to be associated with worse survival and increased recurrence.
Reversal of epigenetic aging and immunosenescent trends in humans
Authors: Fahy Gregory M. , Brooke Robert T. , Watson James P. , Good Zinaida , Vasanawala Shreyas S. , Maecker Holden , Leipold Michael D. , Lin David T. S. , Kobor Michael S. , Horvath Steve
Published: September 2019

Epigenetic “clocks” can now surpass chronological age in accuracy for estimating biological age. Here, we use four such age estimators to show that epigenetic aging can be reversed in humans. Using a protocol intended to regenerate the thymus, we observed protective immunological changes, improved risk indices for many age‐related diseases, and a mean epigenetic age approximately 1.5 years less than baseline after 1 year of treatment (−2.5‐year change compared to no treatment at the end of the study). The rate of epigenetic aging reversal relative to chronological age accelerated from −1.6 year/year from 0–9 month to −6.5 year/year from 9–12 month. The GrimAge predictor of human morbidity and mortality showed a 2‐year decrease in epigenetic vs. chronological age that persisted six months after discontinuing treatment. This is to our knowledge the first report of an increase, based on an epigenetic age estimator, in predicted human lifespan by means of a currently accessible aging intervention.
Voluntary exercise normalizes the proteomic landscape in muscle and brain and improves the phenotype of progeroid mice
Authors: Ross Jaime M. , Coppotelli Giuseppe , Branca Rui M. , Kim Kyung M. , Lehtiö Janne , Sinclair David A. , Olson Lars
Published: September 2019

The accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations is a suspected driver of aging and age‐related diseases, but forestalling these changes has been a major challenge. One of the best‐studied models is the prematurely aging mtDNA mutator mouse, which carries a homozygous knock‐in of a proofreading deficient version of the catalytic subunit of mtDNA polymerase‐γ (PolgA). We investigated how voluntary exercise affects the progression of aging phenotypes in this mouse, focusing on mitochondrial and protein homeostasis in both brain and peripheral tissues. Voluntary exercise significantly ameliorated several aspects of the premature aging phenotype, including decreased locomotor activity, alopecia, and kyphosis, but did not have major effects on the decreased lifespan of mtDNA mutator mice. Exercise also decreased the mtDNA mutation load. In‐depth tissue proteomics revealed that exercise normalized the levels of about half the proteins, with the majority involved in mitochondrial function and nuclear–mitochondrial crosstalk. There was also a specific increase in the nuclear‐encoded proteins needed for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and complex II, but not in mitochondrial‐encoded oxidative phosphorylation proteins, as well as normalization of enzymes involved in coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found tissue‐specific alterations, with brain coping better as compared to muscle and with motor cortex being better protected than striatum, in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that voluntary exercise counteracts aging in mtDNA mutator mice by counteracting protein dysregulation in muscle and brain, decreasing the mtDNA mutation burden in muscle, and delaying overt aging phenotypes.
Loss of HDAC3 contributes to meiotic defects in aged oocytes
Authors: He Yongfu , Li Xiaoyan , Gao Min , Liu Honglin , Gu Ling
Published: September 2019

Maternal age‐related decline in oocyte quality is associated with meiotic defects, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has been shown to govern multiple cellular events via deacetylating diverse substrates. We previously found that HDAC3 could promote meiotic apparatus assembly in mouse oocytes. In the present study, we identified a substantial reduction in HDAC3 protein in oocytes from old mice. Importantly, overexpression of HDAC3 in old oocytes not only partially prevents spindle/chromosome disorganization, but also significantly lowers the incidence of aneuploidy. Meanwhile, we noticed the elevated acetylation level of α‐tubulin in oocytes derived from old mice. By employing site‐directed mutagenesis, we showed that acetylation‐mimetic mutant tubulin‐K40Q disrupts the kinetochore–microtubule attachments and results in the assembly failure of meiotic apparatus in mouse oocytes. Importantly, forced expression of tubulin‐K40R (nonacetylatable‐mimetic mutant) was capable of alleviating the defective phenotypes of oocytes from aged mice. To sum up, this study uncovers that loss of HDAC3 represents one potential mechanism mediating the effects of advanced maternal age on oocyte quality.
(Pro)renin Receptor is Involved in Myocardial Damage in Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Xiong Jie , Cao Xinran , Qiao Shiyuan , Yu Shiran , Li Lei , Yu Yalin , Fu Changning , Jiang Fan , Dong Bo , Su Qing
Published: September 2019

Background

(Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a novel member of the renin–angiotensin system, participates in various cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of PRR in alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM), which is caused by alcohol intake and manifests as myocardial damage and cardiac dysfunction, remains unclear.

Methods

PRR gene silencing was achieved by transfecting recombinant adenovirus expressing anti‐PRR short hairpin RNA (PRR‐shRNA). In vitro, primary rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were cultured with the stimulation of alcohol (200 mM), with or without PRR‐shRNA and PD98059. Immunofluorescence, RT‐PCR, and Western blot were used to measure the protein and messenger (mRNA) expression of PRR, fibrotic factors, and members of related signaling pathways. In vivo, Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 9% (v/v) alcohol or a normal diet for 3 months, with or without PRR‐shRNA. Sirius Red staining, immunohistochemical staining, and toluidine blue staining were used to evaluate myocardial fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation response.

Results

Alcohol markedly increased PRR mRNA and protein expression in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner in CFs. The increased expression of fibrotic factors induced by alcohol was prevented by PRR‐shRNA and PD98059. Moreover, PRR‐shRNA decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2 in CFs. Furthermore, PRR‐shRNA decreased cardiac fibrosis, reduced oxidative stress, and alleviated inflammation response in the myocardial tissue.

Conclusions

Our results show that PRR‐ERK1/2 signaling was involved in the development of ACM and that PRR could be a new target for the treatment of ACM.
Topical and spatial repellent bioassays against the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Sukkanon Chutipong , Chareonviriyaphap Theeraphap , Doggett Stephen L
Published: September 2019

The Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, is the cause of significant human morbidity. Bites from the tick may result in paralysis, allergic reactions that can include anaphylaxis and death, mammalian meat allergies and the transmission of infectious agents. In recent years, there have been a number of papers published on the microbiome of the species, but to date, there is no published research on I. holocyclus management or personal protection options to prevent the bite from the species. The study herein focused on the latter; the use of repellents for the prevention of bites from I. holocyclus. Five personal repellents were tested along with coconut oil, and a citronella patch and wristband. These were all tested for repellency in a laboratory assay over the time intervals of 15 min, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h post application. The personal repellents included the active ingredients of picaridin (9.3%), DEET (11.5%), lemon eucalyptus (36.0%), a combined formulation of citronella and tea tree oil (28.4%) and an extract of Andrographis paniculata (30% w/v). The coconut oil was 30% v/v. The citronella patch contained 120 mg/patch, whereas the citronella wristband contained 750 mg/band. Two spatial repellents were also tested in the laboratory for repellency and toxicity against I. holocyclus and tested for toxicity in the field. These included OFF!® Clip‐On™ (metofluthrin 312 g/kg) and Thermacell® (allethrin 219.7 g/kg). For the personal repellents at 4 h, there was no statistical difference in repellency between the formulations of picaridin, DEET and lemon eucalyptus, with over 84% repellency recorded for all. Thus, these would be the personal repellents recommended for preventing tick bites. The citronella patch produced 100% repellency over 4 h; however, as this type of product is known to only provide protection close to the patch, it is not recommended for routine use. For the spatial repellents, both produced significant repellency and toxicity in the laboratory, but failed to produce any tick mortality in the field, and their use cannot be recommended. This is the first published study investigating personal and spatial repellents for the prevention of tick bite from I. holocyclus.
Laparoscopic segmentectomy using ultrasound probe compression of hepatic vessel
Authors: Lee Woohyung , Cho Jin‐Kyu , Jang Jae Yool , Hong Soon‐Chan , Jeong Chi‐Young
Published: September 2019

Although open liver resection using ultrasound (US) probe compression of the hepatic vessel has been reported, laparoscopic liver resection using the same method has not yet been reported. Magnetic resonance imaging of a 55‐year‐old man with hepatitis B‐related liver cirrhosis revealed a 2.5 cm liver mass in segment VI. He underwent laparoscopic segmentectomy. After right liver mobilization, the subglissonean pedicle of segment VI was identified and it was compressed with laparoscopic US probe with confirmation using Doppler US. The liver parenchyma was transected with a Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator and advanced bipolar system along the ischemic line. The patient was discharged 9 days after surgery without complications. Laparoscopic segmentectomy using laparoscopic US probe compression has advantages including preservation of the hepatic parenchyma and prevention of injury to the adjacent Glissonean pedicle.
A heterogeneity measure for cluster identification with application to disease mapping
Authors: Lin Pei‐Sheng , Zhu Jun
Published: September 2019

Mapping of disease incidence has long been of importance to epidemiology and public health. In this paper, we consider identification of clusters of spatial units with elevated disease rates and develop a new approach that estimates the relative disease risk in association with potential risk factors and simultaneously identifies clusters corresponding to elevated risks. A heterogeneity measure is proposed to enable the comparison of a candidate cluster and its complement under a pair of complementary models. A quasi‐likelihood procedure is developed for estimating the model parameters and identifying the clusters. An advantage of our approach over traditional spatial clustering methods is the identification of clusters that can have arbitrary shapes due to abrupt or noncontiguous changes while accounting for risk factors and spatial correlation. Asymptotic properties of the proposed methodology are established and a simulation study shows empirically sound finite‐sample properties. The mapping and clustering of enterovirus 71 infections in Taiwan are carried out for illustration.
Virgin coconut oil enhances neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory factors in the thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes of rats
Authors: Karrunanithi Sunil , Ravichandran Kishore A. , Hima Lalgi , Pratap Uday P. , Vasantharekha Ramasamy , ThyagaRajan Srinivasan
Published: September 2019

Objective

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries because of its therapeutic effects mediated through hypolipidemic, antimicrobial and anti‐oxidant properties. The interactions between the sympathetic noradrenergic nervous system and the immune cells of the lymphoid organs (thymus and lymph nodes) modulate immunity to determine health or onset of inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of VCO in modulating neuronal and anti‐inflammatory factors in the thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN).

Methods

Young male Wistar rats (n = 8/group) were fed with a control diet or diet supplemented with 4%, 8%, and 16% of VCO. After a 30‐day treatment period, thymus and MLN were isolated to analyze the expressions of p‐tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor, p‐nuclear factor‐κB (p50 and p65), p‐mechanistic target of rapamycin, SIRT1, p‐LKB1 and intracellular signaling molecules (p‐ERK, p‐Akt, p‐CREB). Activities of anti‐oxidant enzymes and the extent of lipid peroxidation were also analyzed.

Results

In the thymus, a VCO diet enhanced the expression of p‐tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor and SIRT1, and the activities of anti‐oxidant enzymes, whereas it decreased the expression of p‐nuclear factor‐κB (p50 and p65) and the extent of lipid peroxidation. In the MLN, VCO augmented the expression of p‐tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor, p‐mechanistic target of rapamycin, SIRT1 and p‐LKB1, and activities of anti‐oxidant enzymes, whereas p‐nuclear factor‐κB (p50 and p65) expression was inhibited. VCO enhanced the expression of intracellular signaling molecules in both the thymus and MLN.

Conclusion

Dietary VCO might modulate immune responses by upregulating neuroprotective factors, and suppressing inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress through intracellular signaling pathways.
B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin
Authors: Calderón‐Ospina Carlos Alberto , Nava‐Mesa Mauricio Orlando
Published: September 2019

Background

Neurotropic B vitamins play crucial roles as coenzymes and beyond in the nervous system. Particularly vitamin B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin) contribute essentially to the maintenance of a healthy nervous system. Their importance is highlighted by many neurological diseases related to deficiencies in one or more of these vitamins, but they can improve certain neurological conditions even without a (proven) deficiency.

Aim

This review focuses on the most important biochemical mechanisms, how they are linked with neurological functions and what deficits arise from malfunctioning of these pathways.

Discussion

We discussed the main role of B Vitamins on several functions in the peripheral and central nervous system (PNS and CNS) including cellular energetic processes, antioxidative and neuroprotective effects, and both myelin and neurotransmitter synthesis. We also provide an overview of possible biochemical synergies between thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin and discuss by which major roles each of them may contribute to the synergy and how these functions are inter‐related and complement each other.

Conclusion

Taking into account the current knowledge on the neurotropic vitamins B1, B6, and B12, we conclude that a biochemical synergy becomes apparent in many different pathways in the nervous system, particularly in the PNS as exemplified by their combined use in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy.
The ‘multilayer’ theory of Denonvilliers’ fascia: anatomical dissection of cadavers with the aim to improve neurovascular bundle preservation during rectal mobilization
Authors: Ghareeb W. M. , Wang X. , Chi P. , Wang W.
Published: September 2019

Aim

Denonvilliers’ fascia is thought to be a multilayered fascial structure, based on its embryological development with the neurovascular bundle embedded within it. Recently, this theory had been proven histologically and by confocal microscopy in many published articles. However, the literature does not report on how surgeons can identify these structures. We aimed to determine the optimal surgical approach for preserving these critical structures.

Method

Eighteen cadavers (13 male/five female) were included and treated according to the ethical considerations stated in the donation consent of our institution. Dissection was performed with the assistance of binocular loupes for better anatomical detail. The compositions of the prerectal fascia and the neurovascular bundle were observed and recorded at different levels of dissection using a high‐definition camera.

Results

The theoretical multilayered fascia was found in male specimens as three fascial layers originating from the perineal body, seminal vesicles and posterior bladder neck. The first layer merged posterolaterally and fused with the rectosacral fascia (Waldeyer's fascia). The neurovascular bundle in male specimens was observed piercing the second and third layers, while the first layer acted as a protective cover. Dissection of female specimens demonstrated only one layer in the prerectal space.

Conclusion

Intiating anterior rectal mobilization by incising the peritoneum posterior to its reflection seems to be anatomically correct to preserve DVF. However, its applicability may be difficult in a narrow chanllenging pelvis. The lateral rectal ligaments and Waldeyer's fascia should be dissected from their attachments to the proper fascia of the rectum.
Risk factors associated with unplanned readmission following excisional haemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Xia W. , MacFater W. S. , Barazanchi A. W. H. , Sammour T. , Hill A. G.
Published: September 2019

Aim

Excisional haemorrhoidectomy is the gold standard for management of advanced symptomatic haemorrhoids. Although an effective treatment, it is associated with significant postoperative morbidity with pain, bleeding and a high readmission rate. This study seeks to investigate potential risk factors that may predict unplanned 30‐day readmissions following excisional haemorrhoidectomy.

Method

A retrospective cohort review of all haemorrhoidectomies performed at Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand, between January 2012 and December 2017 was performed. Baseline demographic data, readmission data and potential variables for readmission were recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine significant variables for readmission within 30 days.

Results

In total, 485 cases of excisional haemorrhoidectomy were included in the final analysis with 62 (12.8%) unplanned readmissions. The demographics between the no readmission and unplanned readmission groups were similar. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that male gender (P = 0.018) and the use of non‐diathermy devices (P = 0.017) were significant risk factors for readmission. Initial dispensing of opioid analgesia did not decrease the risk of readmission.

Conclusion

This study suggests that male gender and surgical technique are associated with increased risk of readmission.