bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUÊNCIA DO ÂNGULO ENTRE O ESFORÇO APLICADO E A DIREÇÃO DAS FIBRAS DA MADEIRA SOBRE A RESISTÊNCIA AO CISALHAMENTO
Authors: Logsdon Norman Barros , Finger Zenesio , Jesus José Manoel Henriques de
Published: December 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509816610A madeira é um material anisotrópico e suas características de resistência variam com o ângulo entre o esforço e a direção das fibras (a). A norma brasileira NBR 7190 – Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira prevê a correção da resistência às tensões normais, sempre que a > 6º, e recomenda aplicar a expressão de Hankinson aos valores de cálculo. Entretanto, a referida norma é omissa sobre esta correção às tensões tangenciais. Além disso, não há comprovação experimental sobre a validade de utilizar esta expressão em valores de cálculo, oriundos de valores característicos. Foram objetivos deste trabalho: pesquisar na bibliografia outras expressões utilizadas; verificar a validade destas expressões para representar a variação das resistências ao cisalhamento com o ângulo a e verificar a validade de aplicação destas expressões em valores característicos. Para isto, utilizou-se uma amostra formada por doze pranchas de madeira. De cada prancha foram retirados corpos de prova de cisalhamento, com diferentes inclinações das fibras, que foram ensaiados em acordo com a atual NBR 7190, fornecendo as resistências ao cisalhamento, para diferentes a. Quatro modelos (Hankinson, Senos, Karlsen e Keylwerth) foram avaliados, utilizando-se os testes de pairing e dos desvios. O modelo que melhor representou o fenômeno, nos dois casos, foi o de Keylwerth.
ESTRUTURA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DE ANDIROBEIRAS (Carapa spp.) EM FLORESTA DE VÁRZEA DO ESTUÁRIO AMAZÔNICO
Authors: Abreu Jadson Coelho de , Guedes Marcelino Carneiro , Guedes Ana Claudia Lira , Batista Edmilson das Merces
Published: December 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509816614O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar se a densidade de ocorrência de andirobeiras é dependente da distância do rio Amazonas, analisando sua distribuição espacial e a estrutura diamétrica da população em um trecho de floreta de várzea no Estado do Amapá. Esse trabalho faz parte do projeto Florestam (Ecologia e manejo florestal para uso múltiplo de várzeas do estuário amazônico) e foi desenvolvido em uma área de proteção ambiental (APA) de 136,59 ha, localizada no Distrito da Fazendinha, município de Macapá - AP (00°03’04,24”S e 51º07’42,72”W). Foram lançados 3 transectos perpendiculares à margem do rio Amazonas, distanciados entre si a cada 500 m, para orientar no direcionamento e localização das árvores. Todas as andirobeiras com (CAP) circunferência a altura do peito  ≥ 15 cm foram inventariadas e mapeadas, anotando-se o (CAP) e o número da árvore em uma ficha de campo. A influência da distância do rio sobre a densidade das andirobeiras foi analisada por regressão linear. O número de classes diamétricas foi definido conforme Higushi. Foi testado o ajuste da distribuição dos diâmetros das andirobeiras ao modelo exponencial de Meyer. Foi calculado o quociente q de De Liocourt, tanto para a frequência observada quanto para a estimada. Calculou-se o índice de Morisita, variância/média e índice de agregação para se inferir sobre a distribuição espacial. Foram inventariadas 680 andirobeiras produtivas e não produtivas, com uma área basal de 55,84 m², gerando uma densidade de 5 árvores ha-1. Quanto à distribuição diamétrica, foram geradas 9 classes de diâmetro com 11 cm de amplitude, sendo que o coeficiente de determinação para o modelo exponencial foi de 0,93 e o quociente q=2,03. Os índices utilizados mostraram que a distribuição espacial das andirobeiras adultas ocorre de forma agregada. A estrutura diamétrica das andirobeiras mostra que há elevada quantidade de regenerantes e que a população não está senescente. A densidade de andirobeiras adultas é dependente da distância do rio, com maior concentração de árvores em áreas mais distantes do rio Amazonas.
ESTRUTURA DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA EM PLANTIO EXPERIMENTAL DE CANDEIA (Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish)
Authors: Ribeiro Andressa , Ferraz Filho Antonio Carlos , Scolforo José Roberto Soares , Netto Sylvio Péllico , Machado Sebastião do Amaral
Published: December 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509816618O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal caracterizar a distribuição diamétrica de um plantio experimental de candeia com diferentes tratamentos (idade, espaçamento e trato silvicultural distintos), através do ajuste de diversas funções de densidade de probabilidade. Posteriormente, realizou-se a prognose dos parâmetros da função selecionada em função da idade. Foram testadas as funções Gamma, Normal, Log normal, Weibull 2 parâmetros (2P) e Weibull 3 parâmetros (3P) para os diferentes tratamentos; a escolha do melhor ajuste foi baseada no teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov a 95% de probabilidade. A função Weibull 3P para a maioria dos tratamentos resultou em melhores ajustes, principalmente nas árvores podadas, sendo então selecionada para a prognose dos parâmetros em função da idade. Foi detectado que a poda influenciou o parâmetro de escala, porém, não o de forma, enquanto o espaçamento de plantio não influenciou nenhum dos parâmetros da função de Weibull de forma significativa. Assim, equações lineares foram ajustadas para a prognose dos parâmetros em função da idade. Uma simulação foi empregada considerando florestas podadas ou não para avaliar o comportamento da distribuição diamétrica em função da idade do plantio, na qual foi verificado que as equações obtidas distinguem de forma satisfatória os plantios de candeia podados ou não.
Gestão e democracia na escola: limites e desafios
Authors: Cária Neide Pena , Santos Mileide Pereira
Published: December 2014

O presente artigo aborda a evolução do princípio da democracia na história da educação pública brasileira, a fim de contextualizar o processo de gestão democrática, atualmente em evidência na escola pública, como condição para a melhoria da qualidade da educação. O objetivo é analisar, a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 e da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional de 1996, quais os princípios de uma gestão democrática, com vistas a compreender os limites e os desafios da democracia no âmbito escolar. Tem-se como pressuposto orientador deste artigo que a participação dos atores da escola e da comunidade escolar constitui-se em um fator determinante para que haja a gestão democrática. O conceito de participação foi abordado na perspectiva de Diaz Bordenave (1994), que a considera como um aprendizado. Como metodologia, utilizou-se da pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. O estudo apresenta uma crítica ao modelo de gestão que se diz democrática, mas que não abre espaço para a participação dos atores da escola. Evidencia que a participação efetiva dos professores e da comunidade nos processos de gestão escolar ainda é um devir, um grande desafio e um dos entraves à implantação da democracia na escola. Nesse processo, o gestor se destaca como líder e responsável pelo rompimento do paradigma tradicional da gestão conservadora da escola.Palavras-chave: gestão democrática, participação, qualidade da educação.
Olhares para a educação do campo: em busca da construção do projeto-político pedagógico
Authors: Ribas Juliana Da Rosa , Antunes Helenise Sangoi
Published: December 2014

Este texto traz uma abordagem do processo de construção de um projeto político-pedagógico para escola do campo. Compreende-se que é cada vez mais urgente a educação do campo incluir em seu projeto pedagógico uma reflexão cuidadosa e mais aprofundada sobre como acontecem, no cotidiano da escola, os processos de socialização, sua relação com a conservação e a criação de culturas, fazendo também a reflexão específica sobre que traços de socialização são importantes na formação dos sujeitos do campo hoje, buscando valorizar as particularidades e especificidades que são características do seu entorno.Palavras-chave: projeto político-pedagógico, educação do campo, escola do campo.
Gestão escolar: a opinião dos profissionais de educação sobre o sistema de tecnologia educacional do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Cabral Isabel , Pereira Lucia Helena Esteves
Published: December 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a opinião dos usuários da tecnologia educacional, para gestão escolar, utilizada na rede estadual de ensino no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Um questionário, com onze perguntas, foi aplicado aos profissionais que fazem parte da equipe administrativa, pedagógica, além dos professores de uma instituição de ensino estadual, localizado na cidade de Volta Redonda/RJ, no período de 4 a 22 de novembro de 2013, nos turnos da manhã e noite. Foram 40 respondentes, sendo a maioria composta de professores atuantes em sala de aula. O resultado mostrou que, para alguns profissionais pesquisados, a ferramenta utilizada pelas escolas públicas do Estado é inovadora e útil, mas ainda está longe de contemplar todas as necessidades da educação. Também foi apurado que o sistema de gestão apresenta pontos fortes e pontos fracos, cabendo a todos os atores do universo escolar a obrigação de reforçar os pontos fortes e reduzir os pontos fracos em busca da melhoria da qualidade na educação no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.Palavras-chave: educação, tecnologia, gestão.
Gestão pública escolar e a necessidade de combate e prevenção do bullying diante da possibilidade de responsabilização de professores e instituições de ensino
Authors: Pompéo Wagner Augusto Hundertmarck
Published: December 2014

O bullying representa um dos maiores desafios a ser enfrentado pelos educadores e gestores escolares do recém-iniciado século 21. Dificuldade essa que se extraí tanto da falta de embasamento teórico e prático que permita a esses profissionais identificar sua ocorrência e/ou por que, esporadicamente, quando identificada, na esmagadora maioria das vezes, não sabem eles como proceder em seu trato. Em virtude disso, procurou-se, através do estudo proposto, inferir como os professores e gestores escolares veem o bullying no ambiente escolar para, a partir disso, destacar a necessidade de um melhor pedagógico para lhes guarnecer na importante tarefa de preveni-lo e erradicá-lo, evitando sejam responsabilizados por eventual atitude omissiva. Desse modo, após estabelecer como público-alvo, os alunos do Programa Especial de Graduação (PEG) Formação de Professores para o Ensino Profissional da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), dirigiu-se a eles o questionário constante ao final do supranominado, para o qual participaram enquanto fornecedores dos dados que compuseram a amostragem não probabilística que o embasou. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se classifica como quantitativa e, conduzida mediante pesquisa survey, foi composto pela aplicação de questionário estruturado sob a forma de doze perguntas de múltipla escolha e uma discursiva, opcional, em que a população de voluntários poderia narrar algum fato de bullying que tenha vivenciado. Os principais resultados encontrados demonstram o bullying é prática bastante comum no ambiente escolar, variando, entretanto, quanto ao gênero de suas vítimas/agressores, formas de caracterização, local em que ocorre e consequências que despertam na psique do lesado. Disso se tem, portanto, é necessário implementar uma nova política de gestão pública, a qual se preocupe, de fato e de direito, com a formação pedagógica dos atores escolares, que devem, mais do que qualquer um, saber identificar, erradicar e prevenir essa verdadeira patologia social que vem em constante crescimento.Palavras-chave: bullying, criança e adolescente, gestão pública, responsabilização.
EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA NOS ANOS INICIAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL: A QUESTÃO DA UNIDOCÊNCIA
Authors: Fonseca Denise Grosso da , Cardoso Lisiane Torres e
Published: December 2014

Este artigo é um recorte da pesquisa intitulada “Políticas de formação de professores: quais suas implicações na prática Pedagógica da educação física em escolas Públicas estaduais?” Tem como objetivo refletir sobre a educação física nos anos iniciais enfocando a unidocência como prática pedagógica e gratificação salarial. É uma investigação de natureza qualitativa, realizada através de análise documental e entrevista semi-estruturada com seis professores. Em que pese a argumentação pedagógica e legislativa que justifica a unidocência, a análise das informações aponta que, no tocante à .Educação Física, sua prática precisa ser revista.
CARACTERÍSTICAS SOCIODEMOGRÁFICAS E CONDIÇÕES DE SAÚDE DE IDOSAS LONGEVAS INATIVAS FISICAMENTE PARTICIPANTES DE GRUPOS DE CONVIVÊNCIA PARA IDOSOS
Authors: Krug Rodrigo de Rosso , Lopes Marize Amorim , Mazo Giovana Zarpellon
Published: December 2014

Objetivou-se identificar as características sociodemográficas e as condiçõesde saúde das idosas longevas inativas fisicamente participantes de grupos de convivênciapara idosos de diferentes regiões de Florianópolis-SC. Foram estudadas 173 idosasinativas fisicamente, com 80 anos ou mais, frequentadoras dos grupos de convivência deFlorianópolis-SC. Aplicou-se entrevista estruturada, contendo dados sociodemográficos,condições de saúde e o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física adaptado para idosos.A média de idade foi 84,9±4,12 anos, sendo a maioria viúva, com baixa escolaridade, católica,caucasiana, aposentada/pensionista, apresenta alguma doença, usa medicamentos e nãopraticavam atividade física moderada ou vigorosa, por pelo menos 10 minutos contínuosdurante uma semana normal, nos quatro domínios do IPAQ. Espera-se que estes resultadosauxiliem no planejamento de estratégias de intervenções que busquem modificações decomportamentos para a adoção de um estilo de vida ativo desta população.
A PRÁTICA PEDAGÓGICA DE PROFESSORES DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA FRENTE À INCLUSÃO ESCOLAR
Authors: Conceição Victor Julierme Santos da , Vassoler Bruna Coelho , Frasson Jéssica Serafim
Published: December 2014

Este estudo objetivou compreender como os professores de Educação Físicarede pública e particular organizam a sua prática pedagógica para as turmas com alunoscom deficiência incluídos. Participaram da pesquisa dois professores e duas professorasde Educação Física das séries finais do ensino fundamental, que lecionam nas turmas emescola da rede estadual e particular do município de Forquilhinha-SC. A coleta de dadosse deu através de questionário com perguntas abertas. Nas análises, aprendemos que opouco envolvimento na formação continuada nas escolas, e a organização do sistema deamparo docente à inclusão escolar é o ponto que mais influencia na prática pedagógica dosprofessores.
Chronological Revision of Preclassic Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala: Implications for Social Processes in the Southern Maya Area
Authors: Inomata Takeshi , Ortiz Raúl , Arroyo Bárbara , Robinson Eugenia J.
Published: December 2014

Kaminaljuyú has been an important focus of archaeological research since the 1930s, and the chronologies of various sites of the Southern Maya Area are linked directly to that of Kaminaljuyú. The implications of the currently prevalent chronology of Kaminaljuyú are that various social and political institutions developed significantly earlier in the Southern Maya Area than in the Maya Lowlands during the Preclassic period. Our evaluations of new and existing radiocarbon dates through the application ofBayesian statistics, as well as ceramic cross-dating, indicate that the Middle and Late Preclassic portions of the Kaminaljuyú sequence need to be shifted forward in time by roughly 300 years. Our chronological revisions have the following important implications: (1) many centers in the Southern Maya Area suffered political disruptions around 400 B.C., roughly at the same time as La Venta and the centers in the Grijalva region of Chiapas; and (2) highly centralized polities with divine rulers and their depictions on stelae developed roughly contemporaneously in the Southern Maya Area and in the Maya Lowlands after 100 B.C.
Epigenetic modification of the PD-1 (Pdcd1) promoter in effector CD4+ T cells tolerized by peptide immunotherapy
Authors: McPherson Rhoanne C , Konkel Joanne E , Prendergast Catriona T , Thomson John P , Ottaviano Raffaele , Leech Melanie D , Kay Oliver , Zandee Stephanie E J , Sweenie Claire H , Wraith David C , Meehan Richard R , Drake Amanda J , Anderton Stephen M
Published: December 2014

Clinically effective antigen-based immunotherapy must silence antigen-experienced effector T cells (Teff) driving ongoing immune pathology. Using CD4+ autoimmune Teff cells, we demonstrate that peptide immunotherapy (PIT) is strictly dependent upon sustained T cell expression of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-1. We found high levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at the PD-1 (Pdcd1) promoter of non-tolerant T cells. 5hmC was lost in response to PIT, with DNA hypomethylation of the promoter. We identified dynamic changes in expression of the genes encoding the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) proteins that are associated with the oxidative conversion 5-methylcytosine and 5hmC, during cytosine demethylation. We describe a model whereby promoter demethylation requires the co-incident expression of permissive histone modifications at the Pdcd1 promoter together with TET availability. This combination was only seen in tolerant Teff cells following PIT, but not in Teff that transiently express PD-1. Epigenetic changes at the Pdcd1 locus therefore determine the tolerizing potential of TCR-ligation.
A highly tunable dopaminergic oscillator generates ultradian rhythms of behavioral arousal
Authors: Blum Ian D , Zhu Lei , Moquin Luc , Kokoeva Maia V , Gratton Alain , Giros Bruno , Storch Kai-Florian
Published: December 2014

Ultradian (∼4 hr) rhythms in locomotor activity that do not depend on the master circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus have been observed across mammalian species, however, the underlying mechanisms driving these rhythms are unknown. We show that disruption of the dopamine transporter gene lengthens the period of ultradian locomotor rhythms in mice. Period lengthening also results from chemogenetic activation of midbrain dopamine neurons and psychostimulant treatment, while the antipsychotic haloperidol has the opposite effect. We further reveal that striatal dopamine levels fluctuate in synchrony with ultradian activity cycles and that dopaminergic tone strongly predicts ultradian period. Our data indicate that an arousal regulating, dopaminergic ultradian oscillator (DUO) operates in the mammalian brain, which normally cycles in harmony with the circadian clock, but can desynchronize when dopamine tone is elevated, thereby producing aberrant patterns of arousal which are strikingly similar to perturbed sleep-wake cycles comorbid with psychopathology.
Net ecosystem production and organic carbon balance of U.S. East Coast estuaries: A synthesis approach
Authors: Herrmann Maria , Najjar Raymond G. , Kemp W. Michael , Alexander Richard B. , Boyer Elizabeth W. , Cai Wei‐Jun , Griffith Peter C. , Kroeger Kevin D. , McCallister S. Leigh , Smith Richard A.
Published: December 2014

Net ecosystem production (NEP) and the overall organic carbon budget for the estuaries along the East Coast of the United States are estimated. We focus on the open estuarine waters, excluding the fringing wetlands. We developed empirical models relating NEP to loading ratios of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to total organic carbon, and carbon burial in the sediment to estuarine water residence time and total nitrogen input across the landward boundary. Output from a data‐constrained water quality model was used to estimate inputs of total nitrogen and organic carbon to the estuaries across the landward boundary, including fluvial and tidal‐wetland sources. Organic carbon export from the estuaries to the continental shelf was computed by difference, assuming steady state. Uncertainties in the budget were estimated by allowing uncertainties in the supporting model relations. Collectively, U.S. East Coast estuaries are net heterotrophic, with the area‐integrated NEP of −1.5 (−2.8, −1.0) Tg C yr−1 (best estimate and 95% confidence interval) and area‐normalized NEP of −3.2 (−6.1, −2.3) mol C m−2 yr−1. East Coast estuaries serve as a source of organic carbon to the shelf, exporting 3.4 (2.0, 4.3) Tg C yr−1 or 7.6 (4.4, 9.5) mol C m−2 yr−1. Organic carbon inputs from fluvial and tidal‐wetland sources for the region are estimated at 5.4 (4.6, 6.5) Tg C yr−1 or 12 (10, 14) mol C m−2 yr−1 and carbon burial in the open estuarine waters at 0.50 (0.33, 0.78) Tg C yr−1 or 1.1 (0.73, 1.7) mol C m−2 yr−1. Our results highlight the importance of estuarine systems in the overall coastal budget of organic carbon, suggesting that in the aggregate, U.S. East Coast estuaries assimilate (via respiration and burial) ~40% of organic carbon inputs from fluvial and tidal‐wetland sources and allow ~60% to be exported to the shelf.
Net community production in the North Atlantic Ocean derived from Volunteer Observing Ship data
Authors: Ostle Clare , Johnson Martin , Landschützer Peter , Schuster Ute , Hartman Susan , Hull Tom , Robinson Carol
Published: December 2014

The magnitude of marine plankton net community production (NCP) is indicative of both the biologically driven exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the surface ocean and the export of organic carbon from the surface ocean to the ocean interior. In this study the seasonal variability in the NCP of five biogeochemical regions in the North Atlantic was determined from measurements of surface water dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sampled from a Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS). The magnitude of NCP derived from dissolved oxygen measurements (NCP) was consistent with previous geochemical estimates of NCP in the North Atlantic, with an average annual NCP of 9.5 ± 6.5 mmol O2 m−2 d−1. Annual NCP did not vary significantly over 35° of latitude and was not significantly different from NCP derived from DIC measurements (NCPDIC). The relatively simple method described here is applicable to any VOS route on which surface water dissolved oxygen concentrations can be accurately measured, thus providing estimates of NCP at higher spatial and temporal resolution than currently achieved.
The stoichiometry of carbon and nutrients in peat formation
Authors: Wang Meng , Moore Tim R. , Talbot Julie , Riley John L.
Published: December 2014

Northern peatlands have stored large amounts (~500 Pg) of carbon (C) since the last glaciation. Combined with peat C are nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K), each of which plays an important role in plant production, litter decomposition, and the biogeochemical functioning of peatlands. Yet little attention has been given to the amounts of these nutrients stored in northern peatlands and their stoichiometry with C. Here we use data on nutrient concentrations in over 400 peat profiles in Ontario, Canada, representing bogs, fens, and swamps and their vegetation. We show that the C:N ratio is high (>40:1) in vegetation and litter but declines through the peat profiles to reach ratios between 22:1 and 29:1 in peat below 50 cm. In contrast, the C:P ratio rises from vegetation and litter (500:1 to 1300:1) to 1500:1 to 2000:1 in the lower part of the peat profile. Ratios of C to Ca, Mg, and K vary with peatland type. Most of these stoichiometric changes occur in the early stages of organic matter decomposition, where the litter structure remains intact. We estimate that ~18 Pg of N has been stored in northern peatlands since deglaciation, reflecting high N accumulation rates (~0.8 g m−2 yr−1), whereas P accumulation is small (~0.3 Pg, ~0.016 g m−2 yr−1), indicating that P is quickly recycled in the surface layers.
Effects of Arctic haze on surface cloud radiative forcing
Authors: Zhao Chuanfeng , Garrett Timothy J.
Published: December 2014

From 4 years of observations from Barrow, Alaska, it is shown that the cloud radiative impact on the surface is a net warming effect between October and May and a net cooling in summer. During episodes of high surface haze aerosol concentrations and cloudy skies, both the net warming and net cooling are amplified, ranging from +12.2 Wm−2 in February to −11.8 Wm−2 in August. In liquid clouds, approximately 50%–70% of this change is caused by changes in cloud particle effective radius, with the remainder being caused by unknown atmospheric feedbacks that increase cloud water path. While the yearly averaged warming and cooling effects nearly cancel, the timing of the forcing may be a relevant control of the amplitude and timing of sea ice melt.
Observation of deep water microseisms in the North Atlantic Ocean using tide modulations
Authors: Beucler Éric , Mocquet Antoine , Schimmel Martin , Chevrot Sébastien , Quillard Olivier , Vergne Jérôme , Sylvander Matthieu
Published: December 2014

Ocean activity produces continuous and ubiquitous seismic energy mostly in the 2–20 s period band, known as microseismic noise. Between 2 and 10 s period, secondary microseisms (SM) are generated by swell reflections close to the shores and/or by opposing swells in the deep ocean. However, unique conditions are required in order for surface waves generated by deep‐ocean microseisms to be observed on land. By comparing short‐duration power spectral densities at both Atlantic shoreline and inland seismic stations, we show that ocean tides strongly modulate the seismic energy in a wide period band except between 2.5 and 5 s. This tidal proxy reveals the existence of an ex situ short‐period contribution of the SM peak. Comparison with swell spectra at surrounding buoys suggests that the largest part of this extra energy comes from deep ocean‐generated microseisms. The energy modulation might be also used in numerical models of microseismic generation to constrain coastal reflection coefficients.
Net primary production in the Gulf Stream sustained by quasi‐geostrophic vertical exchanges
Authors: Pascual Ananda , Ruiz Simón , Buongiorno Nardelli Bruno , Guinehut Stéphanie , Iudicone Daniele , Tintoré Joaquín
Published: December 2014

We analyze 12 years of mesoscale vertical motion derived from an observation‐based product in the top 1000 m of the North West Atlantic Ocean. Vertical velocities (O(10 m d−1)) associated with Gulf Stream instabilities consist of alternating cells of upwelling and downwelling. Here we show that the magnitude of the vertical motions decays exponentially southward with an e‐folding length scale that is informative on the dynamics of the system. We further investigate the impact of the vertical supply of nutrients about phytoplankton growth with a conceptual model incorporating the mean effect of nutrient distribution, quasi‐geostrophic dynamics, and Ekman suction/pumping. Results confirm that the mean effect of mesoscale vertical velocity variability alone can sustain observed levels of net primary production in the immediate vicinity of the Gulf Stream, while other mechanisms, including horizontal advection and submesoscale dynamics, need to be considered when moving toward the subtropical gyre.
Airborne observations of regional variation in fluorescent aerosol across the United States
Authors: Perring A. E. , Schwarz J. P. , Baumgardner D. , Hernandez M. T. , Spracklen D. V. , Heald C. L. , Gao R. S. , Kok G. , McMeeking G. R. , McQuaid J. B. , Fahey D. W.
Published: December 2014

Airborne observations of fluorescent aerosol were made aboard an airship during CloudLab, a series of flights that took place in September and October of 2013 and covered a wideband of longitude across the continental U.S. between Florida and California and between 28 and 37 N latitudes. Sampling occurred from near the surface to 1000 m above the ground. A Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS‐4) measured average concentrations of supermicron fluorescent particles aloft (1 µm to 10 µm), revealing number concentrations ranging from 2.1 ± 0.8 to 8.7 ± 2.2 × 104 particles m−3 and representing up to 24% of total supermicron particle number. We observed distinct variations in size distributions and fluorescent characteristics in different regions, and attribute these to geographically diverse bioaerosol. Fluorescent aerosol detected in the east is largely consistent with mold spores observed in a laboratory setting, while a shift to larger sizes associated with different fluorescent patterns is observed in the west. Fluorescent bioaerosol loadings in the desert west were as high as those near the Gulf of Mexico, suggesting that bioaerosol is a substantial component of supermicron aerosol both in humid and arid environments. The observations are compared to model fungal and bacterial loading predictions, and good agreement in both particle size and concentrations is observed in the east. In the west, the model underestimated observed concentrations by a factor between 2 and 4 and the prescribed particle sizes are smaller than the observed fluorescent aerosol. A classification scheme for use with WIBS data is also presented.
The (End)angered Black Male Swimming Against the Current
Authors: Guy Talmadge C.
Published: December 2014

This chapter discusses the sociohistorical and deeply embedded myths and stereotypes that have dominated narratives about Black men and how these shape the educational and professional experiences of Black men.
The Good Provider: Missing or Overlooked?
Authors: Drayton Brendaly
Published: December 2014

This chapter explores Black men's reasons for participating in an adult basic education and literacy program through the lens of gender identity.
High School Equivalency as Counter‐Space
Authors: Schwartz Joni
Published: December 2014

This chapter is based on the findings of an ethnographic study of an urban General Education Development (GED®) program and suggests that, for some marginalized African American and other young men of color, adult education programs are counter‐spaces (Yosso, Ceja, Smith, & Solorzano, ) of spatial justice in opposition to previous negative school spaces. The chapter is framed from the perspective of critical race theory.
A New Normal: Young Men of Color, Trauma, and Engagement in Learning
Authors: Van Thompson Carlyle , Schwartz Paul J.
Published: December 2014

This chapter will center on the continuing impact of systemic and persistent educational trauma experienced by Black and Latino males and how trauma affects their current learning. The young men's counterstories from a phenomenological study and documentary are included.
Empty Promise: Black American Veterans and the New GI Bill
Authors: Ottley Alford H.
Published: December 2014

The 2008 GI Bill offers college funds for veterans. Yet Black male vets are not taking advantage of these benefits. This chapter examines personal and societal problems that hinder access to higher education for Black vets, and suggests some ways adult educators can advocate for these young men.
Black Males and Adult Education: A Call to Action
Authors: Drayton Brendaly , Rosser‐Mims Dionne , Schwartz Joni , Guy Talmadge C.
Published: December 2014

In this concluding chapter, the editors offer their reflections on the key themes of this volume and implications for future research and practitioners of adult education.
Human Neuronal SHSY5Y Cells on PVDF:PTrFE Copolymer Thin Films
Authors: Tonazzini Ilaria , Bystrenova Eva , Chelli Beatrice , Greco Pierpaolo , De Leeuw Dago , Biscarini Fabio
Published: December 2014

Here, we investigate the in vitro biocompatibility of polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)–polytrifluoroethylene (PTrFE) copolymer thin films using neuronal cells. The aim is to obtain an optimal capping layer material for hybrid bio‐organic electronic transducers based on organic electronic devices, which can be applied for bidirectional communication with the central nervous system. PVDF:PTrFE thin films were grown by spin coating and characterized by AFM. Human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells were used as neuronal model and their interaction with PVDF:PTrFE films was investigated in term of cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and cytoskeleton organization. We show that PVDF:PTrFE thin films allowed standard SHSY5Y proliferation and neuronal differentiation, even if with reduced short‐term cell adhesion and spreading.
Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation of (Hetero)Arenes
Authors: Wang Qiang , Qi Zisong , Xie Fang , Li Xingwei
Published: December 2014

(N‐Trifluoromethylthio)saccharin has been applied as an electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent for a broad scope of heteroarenes, electron‐donating group (EDG)‐activated benzenes, and several electron‐rich olefins. Iron(III) and gold(III) catalysts showed complementary activity for different substrates.

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Ontogeny of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis in a modern Queensland, Australian population using computed tomography
Authors: Lottering Nicolene , MacGregor Donna M. , Alston Clair L. , Gregory Laura S.
Published: December 2014

Due to disparity regarding the age at which skeletal maturation of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis occurs in forensic and biological literature, this study provides recalibrated multislice computed tomography (MSCT) age standards for the Australian (Queensland) population, using a Bayesian statistical approach. The sample comprises retrospective cranial/cervical MSCT scans obtained from 448 males and 416 females aged birth to 20 years from the Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Osteological Database. Fusion status of the synchondrosis was scored using a modified six‐stage scoring tier on an MSCT platform, with negligible observer error (κ = 0.911 ± 0.04, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.994). Bayesian transition analysis indicates that females are most likely to transition to complete fusion at 13.1 years and males at 15.6 years. Posterior densities were derived for each morphological stage, with complete fusion of the synchondrosis attained in all Queensland males over 16.3 years of age and females aged 13.8 years and older. The results demonstrate significant sexual dimorphism in synchondrosis fusion and are suggestive of intrapopulation variation between major geographic regions in Australia. This study contributes to the growing repository of contemporary anthropological standards calibrated for the Queensland milieu to improve the efficacy of the coronial process for medicolegal death investigation. As a stand‐alone age indicator, the basicranial synchondrosis may be consulted as an exclusion criterion when determining the age of majority that constitutes 17 years in Queensland forensic practice. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:42–57, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ancient DNA reveals a migration of the ancient Di‐qiang populations into Xinjiang as early as the early Bronze Age
Authors: Gao Shi‐Zhu , Zhang Ye , Wei Dong , Li Hong‐Jie , Zhao Yong‐Bin , Cui Yin‐Qiu , Zhou Hui
Published: December 2014

Xinjiang is at the crossroads between East and West Eurasia, and it harbors a relatively complex genetic history. In order to better understand the population movements and interactions in this region, mitochondrial and Y chromosome analyses on 40 ancient human remains from the Tianshanbeilu site in eastern Xinjiang were performed. Twenty‐nine samples were successfully assigned to specific mtDNA haplogroups, including the west Eurasian maternal lineages of U and W and the east Eurasian maternal lineages of A, C, D, F, G, Z, M7, and M10. In the male samples, two Y chromosome haplogroups, C* and N1 (xN1a, N1c), were successfully assigned. Our mitochondrial and Y‐chromosomal DNA analyses combined with the archaeological studies revealed that the Di‐qiang populations from the Hexi Corridor had migrated to eastern Xinjiang and admixed with the Eurasian steppe populations in the early Bronze Age. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:71–80, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone microarchitecture at muscle attachment sites: The relationship between macroscopic scores of entheses and their cortical and trabecular microstructural design
Authors: Djukic Ksenija , Milovanovic Petar , Hahn Michael , Busse Björn , Amling Michael , Djuric Marija
Published: December 2014

The studies of entheses in bioarchaeology attempted to reconstruct the habitual physical activities of past populations. However, the studies of microarchitecture of the underlying bone are still lacking despite well‐known potential of bone internal microarchitecture to reflect mechanical loading. It is unknown whether different morphological expressions of entheseal changes (ECs) correlate with the microstructural characteristics of the underlining bone. This study analyzed bone microstructural characteristics at the entheses. Our focus was on examining the possible successive nature of the three‐stage scale of entheseal macroscopic changes by comparing EC scores with the microarchitectural features at the attachment sites. The study was based on the hypothesis that mechanical loading influences the microarchitecture of the bone at the attachment site. The bone samples were taken from 24 adult male skeletons from medieval cemeteries in Serbia, with different macroscopic expression score of EC. We evaluated the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of four entheses of the lower limbs (origin of the soleus muscle and the insertions of the adductor magnus, gluteus maximus, and iliopsoas muscles). The specimens were scanned using microcomputed tomography (Scanco µCT 40). Our data showed a lack of consistent correlation between stages of the macroscopic scoring systems with microarchitecture at the entheses, only cortical thickness was significantly different between EC stages. Analyzing relationship between trabecular and cortical bone microstructure we found correlations between cortical and trabecular variables only in Stage C. Results of our study suggest that macroscopic EC might not represent distinct successive phases in bone adaptation to mechanical loading. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:81–93, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of saline irrigation and topical corticosteroids on the postsurgical sinonasal microbiota
Authors: Liu Cindy M. , Kohanski Michael A. , Mendiola Michelle , Soldanova Katerina , Dwan Michael G. , Lester Richard , Nordstrom Lora , Price Lance B. , Lane Andrew P.
Published: December 2014

Background

Topical treatments with nasal saline irrigation, topical steroid sprays, or corticosteroid rinses can improve sinonasal symptoms in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the impact of these therapies on commensals (Corynebacterium) and on biofilm pathogens associated with CRS (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas) is not well characterized.

Methods

Paired nasal and sinus swabs were collected endoscopically from 28 controls and 14 CRS patients with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) who had not received systemic antibiotics or corticosteroids in the previous 8 weeks. Total DNA from swab eluents were extracted and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene‐based pyrosequencing. A total of 359,077 reads were obtained and classified taxonomically. The association of use of topical therapies with sinonasal microbiota composition was assessed by factor/vector‐fitting. The proportional abundances of sinonasal bacteria between topical therapy users and nonusers were further compared by 2‐tailed Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test among controls and among CRSwNP participants.

Results

Nasal saline irrigation, with or without added budesonide, was not associated with significantly distinct sinonasal microbiota composition or significantly decreased Pseudomonas or S. aureus abundances among either controls or CRSwNP participants. Corynebacterium was slightly lower in controls that reported using saline irrigation than those who did not. No significant association was found between nasal saline irrigation and the proportional abundances of Pseudomonas, S. aureus, and Corynebacterium in CRSwNP participants. However, male CRSwNP patients were noted to have significantly higher Corynebacterium proportional abundances than their female counterparts. The use of topical steroid sprays was associated with a distinct microbiota in control subjects, characterized by higher proportional abundances of Dolosigranulum and Simonsiella and a lower proportional abundance of Campylobacter.

Conclusion

Nasal saline irrigation is not associated with a distinct alteration in the proportional abundance of commensal bacteria or biofilm‐forming pathogens in CRSwNP patients. However, use of topical intranasal corticosteroid sprays in control subjects is associated with a distinct sinonasal microbiota.
Coping with catastrophe: the value of endoscopic vascular injury training
Authors: Padhye Vikram , Valentine Rowan , Sacks Raymond , Ooi Eng H. , Teo Charlie , Tewfik Marc , Wang Dehui , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: December 2014

Background

Inadvertent injury to the internal carotid artery (ICA), if poorly managed, not only presents a risk of exsanguination but can also result in significant long‐term morbidity. Through the implementation of a novel animal model of endoscopic carotid artery injury (CAI), effective techniques to manage this scenario have been developed. The Vascular Injuries Workshop has trained over 110 surgeons in these techniques. This study reviews events of major arterial hemorrhage managed by surgeons who completed this vascular injury workshop training.

Methods

We report a retrospective multicenter case series of patients who required endoscopic management of intranasal major arterial hemorrhage. Delegates who had attended the course were contacted by e‐mail and surveyed with regard to instances of major arterial bleeding and the management undertaken. Patient demographics, tumor type, factors influencing injury, management technique, and outcomes were reviewed.

Results

The cases reported herein are characterized as follows: 9 cases are reported in total, 3 male, 6 female; age range 37 to 82 years; 1 basilar artery, and 8 ICA injuries. Each case was successfully managed endoscopically with intraoperative muscle patch application. There were no deaths, 1 case of pseudoaneurysm with successful endovascular treatment, 2 cases of impaired carotid flow, and 1 carotid dissection was conservatively managed. There were no permanent neurological sequelae or other permanent morbidity.

Conclusion

The Vascular Injuries Workshop arms surgeons with a structured approach to managing the surgical field and provides effective hemostatic techniques in the face of impending catastrophe. In comparison to the existing literature on ICA rupture, our results show trained surgeons are well equipped to achieve safe outcomes for their patients.
Influence of Ligand Architecture on Oxidation Reactions by High‐Valent Nonheme Manganese Oxo Complexes Using Water as a Source of Oxygen
Authors: Barman Prasenjit , Vardhaman Anil Kumar , Martin Bodo , Wörner Svenja J. , Sastri Chivukula V. , Comba Peter
Published: December 2014

Mononuclear nonheme MnIVO complexes with two isomers of a bispidine ligand have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopies and density functional theory (DFT). The MnIVO complexes show reactivity in oxidation reactions (hydrogen‐atom abstraction and sulfoxidation). Interestingly, one of the isomers (L1) is significantly more reactive than the other (L2), while in the corresponding FeIVO based oxidation reactions the L2‐based system was previously found to be more reactive than the L1‐based catalyst. This inversion of reactivities is discussed on the basis of DFT and molecular mechanics (MM) model calculations, which indicate that the order of reactivities are primarily due to a switch of reaction channels (σ versus π) and concomitant steric effects.
Rational Design of a Humanized Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Agonist Antibody
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zou Huafei , Wang Ying , Caballero Dawna , Gonzalez Jose , Chao Elizabeth , Welzel Gus , Shen Weijun , Wang Danling , Schultz Peter G. , Wang Feng
Published: December 2014

Bovine antibody BLV1H12 possesses a unique “stalk–knob” architecture in its ultralong heavy chain CDR3, allowing substitutions of the “knob” domain with protein agonists to generate functional antibody chimeras. We have generated a humanized glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist antibody by first introducing a coiled‐coil “stalk” into CDR3H of the antibody herceptin. Exendin‐4 (Ex‐4), a GLP‐1 receptor agonist, was then fused to the engineered stalk with flexible linkers, and a Factor Xa cleavage site was inserted immediately in front of Ex‐4 to allow release of the N‐terminus of the fused peptide. The resulting clipped herceptin–Ex‐4 fusion protein is more potent in vitro in activating GLP‐1 receptors than the Ex‐4 peptide. The clipped herceptin–Ex‐4 has an extended plasma half‐life of approximately four days and sustained control of blood glucose levels for more than a week in mice. This work provides a novel approach to the development of human or humanized agonist antibodies as therapeutics.
Excluded‐Volume Effects in Living Cells
Authors: Gnutt David , Gao Mimi , Brylski Oliver , Heyden Matthias , Ebbinghaus Simon
Published: December 2014

Biomolecules evolve and function in densely crowded and highly heterogeneous cellular environments. Such conditions are often mimicked in the test tube by the addition of artificial macromolecular crowding agents. Still, it is unclear if such cosolutes indeed reflect the physicochemical properties of the cellular environment as the in‐cell crowding effect has not yet been quantified. We have developed a macromolecular crowding sensor based on a FRET‐labeled polymer to probe the macromolecular crowding effect inside single living cells. Surprisingly, we find that excluded‐volume effects, although observed in the presence of artificial crowding agents, do not lead to a compression of the sensor in the cell. The average conformation of the sensor is similar to that in aqueous buffer solution and cell lysate. However, the in‐cell crowding effect is distributed heterogeneously and changes significantly upon cell stress. We present a tool to systematically study the in‐cell crowding effect as a modulator of biomolecular reactions.
Programmable Engineering of a Biosensing Interface with Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructures for Ultrasensitive DNA Detection
Authors: Lin Meihua , Wang Jingjing , Zhou Guobao , Wang Jianbang , Wu Na , Lu Jianxin , Gao Jimin , Chen Xiaoqing , Shi Jiye , Zuo Xiaolei , Fan Chunhai
Published: December 2014

Self‐assembled DNA nanostructures with precise sizes allow a programmable “soft lithography” approach to engineer the interface of electrochemical DNA sensors. By using millimeter‐sized gold electrodes modified with several types of tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) of different sizes, both the kinetics and thermodynamics of DNA hybridization were profoundly affected. Because each DNA probe is anchored on an individual TDN, its lateral spacing and interactions are finely tuned by the TDN size. By simply varying the size of the TDNs, the hybridization time was decreased and the hybridization efficiency was increased. More significantly, the detection limit for DNA detection was tuned over four orders of magnitude with differentially nanostructured electrodes, and achieved attomolar sensitivity with polymeric enzyme amplification.