bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kia Manawaroa Kia Puawai: enduring Māori livelihoods
Authors: Harcourt Nichola , Awatere Shaun , Hyslop Jade , Taura Yvonne , Wilcox Mahuru , Taylor Lara , Rau Jonno , Timoti Puke
Published: October 2021

Neoliberalism has failed us. Our waterways are contaminated, their mauri (life-force) has diminished; our economic growth is fast approaching environmental limits, almost 4000 of our indigenous plant and animal species are currently threatened with or at risk of extinction, and our biodiversity has declined significantly. Increasingly stringent regulations are being rolled out by policy makers to protect natural systems, but these are framed by Eurocentric measures and concepts. If we are to achieve our vision to improve the health of te taiao (the environment) and our people, we need to change the way that people interact with their environment from a position of extractive resource use to one of reciprocal exchange. Te Ao Māori (the Māori world view) thinking offers us a pathway forward to achieving sustainable livelihoods that enable both the natural world and humans to prosper. In this paper, we showcase the operationalisation of He Waka Taurua, a framework for collaborative partnership based on the dual elevation of both Te Ao Māori and western science knowledge systems, through a Māori agribusiness case study.
Experimental Methods to Enable High-Throughput Characterization of New Structural Materials
Authors: Ellendt Nils , Clausen Brigitte , Mensching Nicole , Meyer Daniel , Plump Christina , Sonnenberg Heike , Steinbacher Matthias , Toenjes Anastasiya
Published: October 2021

Data-driven methods for developing new structural materials require large databases to identify new materials from known process routes, the resulting microstructures, and their properties. Due to the high number of parameters for such process chains, this can only be achieved with methods that allow high sample throughputs. This paper presents the experimental approach of the "Farbige Zustände" method through a case study. Our approach features a high-temperature drop-on-demand droplet generator to produce spherical micro-samples, which are then heat-treated and subjected to various short-time characterizations, which yield a large number of physical, mechanical, technological, and electrochemical descriptors. In this work, we evaluate achievable throughput rates of this method resulting in material property descriptions per time unit. More than 6000 individual samples could be generated from different steels, heat-treated and characterized within 1 week. More than 90,000 descriptors were determined to specify the material profiles of the different alloys during this time. These descriptors are used to determine the material properties at macro-scale.
Longtime behaviour and bursting frequency, via a simple formula, of FitzHugh–Rinzel neurons
Authors: Rionero Salvatore
Published: October 2021

The longtime behaviour of the FitzHugh–Rinzel (FHR) neurons and the transition to instability of the FHR steady states, are investigated. Criteria guaranteeing solutions boundedness, absorbing sets, in the energy phase space, existence and steady states instability via oscillatory bifurcations, are obtained. Denoting by $$ \lambda ^{3} + \sum\nolimits_{{k = 1}}^{3} {A_{k} } (R)\lambda ^{{3 - k}} = 0 $$

λ
3

+

∑

k
=
1

3

A
k

(
R
)

λ

3
-
k

=
0

, with R bifurcation parameter, the spectrum equation of a steady state $$m_0$$

m
0

, linearly asymptotically stable at certain value of R, the frequency f of an oscillatory destabilizing bifurcation (neuron bursting frequency), is shown to be $$ f=\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{A_2(R_\mathrm{H})}}{2\pi } $$

f
=

A
2

(

R
H

)

2
π

with $$R_\mathrm{H}$$

R
H

location of R at which the bifurcation occurs. The instability coefficient power (ICP) (Rionero in Rend Fis Acc Lincei 31:985–997, 2020; Fluids 6(2):57, 2021) for the onset of oscillatory bifurcations, is introduced, proved and applied, in a new version.
Application of the method for prediction of the failure location and time based on monitoring of a slope using synthetic aperture radar
Authors: Zhang Yi-hai , Ma Hai-tao , Yu Zheng-xing
Published: October 2021

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology has been widely used in landslide deformation monitoring in the past decade. It has the advantages of high monitoring accuracy, a wide range, and flexibility allowing all-weather continuous monitoring. The self-developed S-SAR synthetic aperture radar (slope radar) is the first completely domestic-made radar used in slope deformation monitoring equipment in China, and its performance and technical parameters are equal to or better than similar products made abroad. The characteristics of deformation data collected by S-SAR slope radar deployed in the front open pit mine are analyzed to further develop a spatio-temporal landslide prediction method which is applicable to the massive monitoring data within the monitoring range of slope radar. The intersection points of short-term moving average velocity curve and long-term moving average velocity curve of slope deformation, which are onset of acceleration (OOA) and termination of acceleration (TOA). When OOA occurs, the deformation will accelerate, and when TOA occurs, the deformation will tend to stabilize. The OOA can identify areas at risk in the monitored area before failure, so that the spatial position prediction of landslide early warning can be realized. Based on the assumptions of the inverse velocity method, a T-log (t) logarithmic model is established, and the updated monitoring data are corrected to approximate the time of failure, thus improving the accuracy of landslide location and time prediction. In an open-pit copper mine in Serbia, the accurate prediction of landslide location and time has been successfully applied, guaranteeing safe mining.
Petrography and origin of dedolomites of the Ordovician Majiagou formation in the southeastern Ordos Basin, China: implications for reservoir quality
Authors: Liu Lihong , Wang Chunlian , Huang Keke , Du Zhili
Published: October 2021

Dedolomites, the replacement of dolomite by calcite, are widely distributed in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation of the southeastern Ordos Basin, China, which critically affects reservoir quality throughout the region. Two types of dedolomites were recognized in the upper 100 m of the Majiagou Formation, namely brecciated dedolomite and crystalline dedolomite. The petrographic and geochemical data reveal that the investigated dedolomites are often associated with clay minerals and dissolution-collapse breccia, indicating their close relationship with erosional unconformities. The relative negative δ18O and δ13C values and relative high Fe, Mn contents of dedolomite with respect to corresponding dolomite are interpreted as being result from meteoric phreatic water involvement. The dedolomitization process related to subaerial exposure is conventionally interpreted to be formed by dolomite dissolution and calcite precipitation. The rhombic shape crystals in the brecciated dedolomite was formed by an Mg2+-loss process under evaporite solution conditions, which retain the rhombic shape of the dolomite. The crystalline dedolomites, however, were formed by dissolution/precipitation and recrystallization process to form medium to coarse calcite mosaic with very low intercrystalline porosity. The resulting fabrics are mainly controlled by the paleo-topography. The precursor dolomite of the crystalline dedolomite is primarily recrystallized mudstone, which is more soluble and favorable for calcite precipitation. The crystalline dedolomite mostly occurs in the low paleotopographic locations, where the karst-saturated water with respect to CaCO3 is more concentrated, occluding the remaining porosity when excess calcium is supplied. It’s, therefore, recommended to implement drilling in tectonic highland and avoid low paleotopographic locations.
Frontiers of protected areas versus forest exploitation: Assessing habitat network functionality in 16 case study regions globally
Authors: Angelstam Per , Albulescu Andra-Cosmina , Andrianambinina Ollier Duranton F. , Aszalós Réka , Borovichev Eugene , Cardona Walter Cano , Dobrynin Denis , Fedoriak Mariia , Firm Dejan , Hunter Malcolm L. , de Jong Wil , Lindenmayer David , Manton Michael , Monge Juan J. , Mezei Pavel , Michailova Galina , Brenes Carlos L. Muñoz , Pastur Guillermo Martínez , Petrova Olga V. , Petrov Victor , Pokorny Benny , Rafanoharana Serge C. , Rosas Yamina Micaela , Seymour Bob Robert , Waeber Patrick O. , Wilmé Lucienne , Yamelynets Taras , Zlatanov Tzvetan
Published: October 2021

Exploitation of natural forests forms expanding frontiers. Simultaneously, protected area frontiers aim at maintaining functional habitat networks. To assess net effects of these frontiers, we examined 16 case study areas on five continents. We (1) mapped protected area instruments, (2) assessed their effectiveness, (3) mapped policy implementation tools, and (4) effects on protected areas originating from their surroundings. Results are given as follows: (1) conservation instruments covered 3–77%, (2) effectiveness of habitat networks depended on representativeness, habitat quality, functional connectivity, resource extraction in protected areas, time for landscape restoration, “paper parks”, “fortress conservation”, and data access, (3) regulatory policy instruments dominated over economic and informational, (4) negative matrix effects dominated over positive ones (protective forests, buffer zones, inaccessibility), which were restricted to former USSR and Costa Rica. Despite evidence-based knowledge about conservation targets, the importance of spatial segregation of conservation and use, and traditional knowledge, the trajectories for biodiversity conservation were generally negative.
A Probabilistic Particle Tracking Framework for Guided and Brownian Motion Systems with High Particle Densities
Authors: Herzog Sebastian , Schiepel Daniel , Guido Isabella , Barta Robin , Wagner Claus
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a new framework for particle tracking based on a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). It is an extension of the state-of-the-art iterative reconstruction of individual particles by a continuous modeling of the particle trajectories considering the position and velocity as coupled quantities. The proposed approach includes an initialization and a processing step. In the first step, the velocities at the initial points are determined after iterative reconstruction of individual particles of the first four images to be able to generate the tracks between these initial points. From there on, the tracks are extended in the processing step by searching for and including new points obtained from consecutive images based on continuous modeling of the particle trajectories with a Gaussian Mixture Model. The presented tracking procedure allows to extend existing trajectories interactively with low computing effort and to store them in a compact representation using little memory space. To demonstrate the performance and the functionality of this new particle tracking approach, it is successfully applied to a synthetic turbulent pipe flow, to the problem of observing particles corresponding to a Brownian motion (e.g., motion of cells), as well as to problems where the motion is guided by boundary forces, e.g., in the case of particle tracking velocimetry of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection.
Nonadiabatic quantum dynamics of the coherent excited state intramolecular proton transfer of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline
Authors: Picconi David
Published: October 2021

The photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of the enol-keto isomerization of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline (HBQ) are studied computationally using high-dimensional quantum dynamics. The simulations are based on a diabatic vibronic coupling Hamiltonian, which includes the two lowest $$\pi \pi ^*$$

π

π
∗

excited states and a $$n\pi ^*$$

n

π
∗

state, which has high energy in the Franck–Condon zone, but significantly stabilizes upon excited state intramolecular proton transfer. A procedure, applicable to large classes of excited state proton transfer reactions, is presented to parametrize this model using potential energies, forces and force constants, which, in this case, are obtained by time-dependent density functional theory. The wave packet calculations predict a time scale of 10–15 fs for the photoreaction, and reproduce the time constants and the coherent oscillations observed in time-resolved spectroscopic studies performed on HBQ. In contrast to the interpretation given to the most recent experiments, it is found that the reaction initiated by $$1\pi \pi ^* \longleftarrow S_0$$

1
π

π
∗

⟵

S
0

photoexcitation proceeds essentially on a single potential energy surface, and the observed coherences bear signatures of Duschinsky mode-mixing along the reaction path. The dynamics after the $$2\pi \pi ^* \longleftarrow S_0$$

2
π

π
∗

⟵

S
0

excitation are instead nonadiabatic, and the $$n\pi ^*$$

n

π
∗

state plays a major role in the relaxation process. The simulations suggest a mainly active role of the proton in the isomerization, rather than a passive migration assisted by the vibrations of the benzoquinoline backbone.

Graphic Abstract
Seasonality of Response to Millennial‐Scale Climate Events of the Last Glacial: Evidence From Loess Records Over Mid‐Latitude Asia
Authors: Fan Yijiao , Jia Jia , Xia Dunsheng , Meadows Michael , Wang Zhiyuan
Published: October 2021

Although difficult to resolve, seasonality is an important element in considering paleoenvironmental records and simulated results, and it is therefore critical to address this shortcoming in order to develop more accurate reconstructions of past climate. In this study, climatic proxies with seasonal implications (magnetic susceptibility and mean grain size) are analyzed for several high‐resolution loess sections from mid‐latitude Asia using the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to detect their response to millennial‐scale oscillations during the last glaciation. In so doing, we are capable to estimate the amplitude and relative contribution of the reconstructed climate components. Combined with an analysis of modern processes, magnetic susceptibility (χ) can be interpreted as representing summer and spring precipitation, while mean grain size (Mz) can be interpreted as representing spring and summer dust activity in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) and southern central Asia (SCA), respectively. Our results show that the spring and summer signals are clearly correlated with Heinrich events, but that the spring signal is more prominent than the summer signal during Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) oscillations of the last glacial. These results are consistent with modeled simulations. It is proposed that weakening or complete shutdown of AMOC influences the response of seasonal signals to abrupt climate events. The study highlights the need for further high‐resolution climate proxies with robust seasonality indicators in order to develop a deeper understanding of the response of mid‐latitude Asia to rapid climate events.
The Effect of Fore‐Arc Deformation on Shallow Earthquake Rupture Behavior in the Cascadia Subduction Zone
Authors: Aslam Khurram S. , Thomas Amanda M. , Melgar Diego
Published: October 2021

Within the fore‐arc of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, there are significant along‐strike differences in the orientation of splay faults, sediment consolidation, and fault roughness. Here, we use dynamic rupture simulations of megathrust earthquakes on different realizations of a fault system that incorporate fore‐arc properties representative of offshore Oregon and Washington to estimate how splay faults may behave in future megathrust earthquakes in Cascadia. While splay faults were activated in all of our simulations, splay orientation is a primary control on slip amplitude. Seaward vergent faults accommodate significant amounts of slip resulting in large seafloor uplift and significantly larger tsunami amplitudes. For example, our median tsunami heights including splay faults are about a factor of two larger than those that did not include splay fault deformation. We suggest that there is an urgent need to revisit existing approaches to tsunami hazard assessment in Cascadia to include the influence of splay faults.
Positive Zeta Potential in Sandstones Saturated With Natural Saline Brine
Authors: Alarouj Mutlaq , Collini Harry , Jackson Matthew D.
Published: October 2021

It is widely accepted that the zeta potential in natural sandstones is negative in the brine pH and compositions found in the subsurface. The zeta potential is a measure of the electrical potential at a mineral surface. We report new measurements of the zeta potential using a saline natural brine rich in divalent ions. The sandstone samples were quartz dominated but some also contained dolomite, siderite, and clay minerals. The quartz‐dominated sandstones showed behavior consistent with earlier studies, but the dolomite‐ and siderite‐bearing samples returned positive zeta potentials. We suggest that this is caused by a positive zeta potential on dolomite and siderite mineral surfaces, adsorption of divalent ions onto quartz mineral surfaces, and/or ion exchange with clay minerals. The results have broad implications for the zeta potential of natural sandstones, because the magnitude and polarity of the zeta potential impact geophysical monitoring and the transport of the charged contaminants.
Differences Between Present‐Day and Cretaceous Hydrological Cycle Responses to Rising CO2 Concentration
Authors: Higuchi Taro , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Chan Wing‐Le
Published: October 2021

Climate model simulations have suggested that, in East Asia, the mean precipitation increases with global warming, leading to more humid conditions. In contrast, Cretaceous proxy data show an aridification in the low latitudes of East Asia during the mid‐Cretaceous when CO2 levels were higher and the climate was relatively warmer compared to the early and late Cretaceous. We conducted simulations of the Present‐day and Cretaceous climates with different CO2 levels using an atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model, MIROC4m, to investigate the hydrological cycle changes as CO2 is increased. The results show that the responses of the hydrological cycle in East Asia for the Present‐day and Cretaceous experiments are the exact opposite; an increase in the Present‐day, and a decrease in the Cretaceous, as geological evidence shows. Overall, the opposite response in the Cretaceous is attributed to a weaker summer atmospheric circulation, associated with the absence of the Tibetan Plateau.
Parameterizing Eddy Transport of Biogeochemical Tracers
Authors: Prend Channing J. , Flierl Glenn R. , Smith Katherine M. , Kaminski Alexis K.
Published: October 2021

The distribution of oceanic biogeochemical tracers is fundamentally tied to physical dynamics at and below the mesoscale. Since global climate models rarely resolve those scales, turbulent transport is parameterized in terms of the large‐scale gradients in the mean tracer distribution and the physical fields. Here, we demonstrate that this form of the eddy flux is not necessarily appropriate for reactive tracers, such as nutrients and phytoplankton. In an idealized nutrient‐phytoplankton system, we show that the eddy flux of one tracer should depend on the gradients of itself and the other. For certain parameter regimes, incorporating cross‐diffusion can significantly improve the representation of both phytoplankton and nutrient eddy fluxes. We also show that the efficacy of eddy diffusion parameterizations requires timescale separation between the flow and reactions. This result has ramifications for parameterizing subgrid scale biogeochemistry in more complex ocean models since many biological processes have comparable timescales to submesoscale motions.
Subdivision of Seismicity Beneath the Summit Region of Kilauea Volcano: Implications for the Preparation Process of the 2018 Eruption
Authors: Cui Xin , Li Zefeng , Huang Hui
Published: October 2021

Long‐period (LP), hybrid, and volcano‐tectonic (VT) seismicity are important indicators for tracking the evolution of volcanic processes. Here, we propose an unsupervised learning method to classify 5,949 seismic events in Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i, during a 4‐month period before the collapse of Pu'u’ O'o on April 30, 2018. The LPs and hybrids exhibit three major episodes, which progressively intensified and had increasing shallow events toward the eruption. The most intense episode starting 3 weeks before eruption coincides with changes in near‐caldera deformation and lava lake elevation in Halema'uma'u, serving as possible immediate precursors. However, the first two episodes imply magma migration was already active months prior to the eruption. The spatiotemporal patterns of abundant hybrids reveal that they are associated with magma movement but mixed with shear‐failure or near‐surface resonance. Our results provide useful constraints on the magmatic processes in the preparation phase of the Kilauea eruption in 2018.
Melting of Iron Explored by Electrical Resistance Jump up to 135 GPa
Authors: Hou Mingqiang , Liu Jin , Zhang Youjun , Du Xueyan , Dong Hongliang , Yan Limin , Wang Junyue , Wang Lin , Chen Bin
Published: October 2021

The melting temperature (Tm) of iron at megabar pressures constrains the Earth's core temperature structure and dynamics. Previous experimental studies demonstrated large discrepancies in Tm at high pressures. We used the intrinsic resistance discontinuity across solid‐liquid transition as a melting criterion to study the melting behavior of iron in laser‐heated diamond anvil cells. The resistance jump is sensitive to the incipient melting, capable of detecting the emergence of less than 2 vol.% melts. We found a high melting curve of iron at 30–135 GPa, but a relatively low‐transition temperature of the slow‐fast recrystallization. The determined Tm of iron is 4306(±300) K at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) pressure in good agreement with the static and shockwave experimental results by Anzellini et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233514) and Li et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087758). The high melting point of iron implies a high and steep geothermal gradient and influences a heat flow across the CMB.
Can Current Hyperspectral Infrared Sounders Capture the Small Scale Atmospheric Water Vapor Spatial Variations?
Authors: Di Di , Li Jun , Li Zhenglong , Li Jinlong , Schmit Timothy J. , Menzel W. Paul
Published: October 2021

Severe storms are often associated with high temporal and spatial variations in atmospheric moisture deviation. Satellite‐based hyperspectral IR sounders are widely used for weather forecasting and data assimilation in numerical weather prediction. Current infrared (IR) sounders have spatial resolutions ranging from 12 to 16 km, with future sounders improved to 4–8 km. It is important to understand if measurements from the current and future IR sounders can capture small‐scale atmospheric moisture variations, especially during mesoscale weather events. Using measurements from three Advanced Himawari Imager moisture absorption bands, different sounder resolutions are simulated for sub‐footprint moisture variation analysis. Current sounders are limited when attempting to capture small‐scale moisture variations, especially over land and in the pre‐convection environment. In contrast, future sounders such as the InfraRed Sounder with 4 km resolution can better capture such small‐scale variations. In addition, the higher spatial resolution IR sounders provide more clear sky observations for applications.
Triton’s Variable Interaction With Neptune’s Magnetospheric Plasma
Authors: Liuzzo Lucas , Paty Carol , Cochrane Corey , Nordheim Tom , Luspay‐Kuti Adrienn , Castillo‐Rogez Julie , Mandt Kathleen , Mitchell Karl L. , Holmström Mats , Addison Peter , Simon Sven , Poppe Andrew R. , Vance Steven D. , Prockter Louise
Published: October 2021

The tilt between Neptune’s magnetic and rotational axes, along with Triton’s orbital obliquity, causes a strong time variability of the moon’s local electromagnetic environment. To constrain Triton’s interaction with the ambient magnetospheric plasma, we apply a hybrid (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) model including the moon’s ionosphere and induced field. To represent the extremes in the changes to the local electromagnetic field over a synodic rotation, we consider two orientations between the ambient magnetic field and flow velocity. For each, we first investigate the (analytical) magnetic signatures associated with the superposition of Triton’s induced field and the magnetospheric field in the absence of any plasma interaction effects. To constrain the effect of Triton’s ionosphere on the currents, we model the interaction between the ionospheric and magnetospheric plasma in isolation from the moon’s inductive response, before combining these effects to investigate the complex scenario of plasma interaction and induction. Finally, we explore the sensitivity of the plasma interaction to changes in the ambient plasma density and the strength of Triton’s inductive response. Despite plasma interaction signatures that dominate the plasma perturbations far from the moon (beyond Triton radii), we illustrate that the induced field is clearly discernible within Triton radii, regardless of the moon’s location within Neptune’s magnetosphere. We find that the orientation of the magnetospheric field and velocity vectors strongly affects Triton’s plasma interaction; at times, resembling those of Jupiter’s or Saturn’s moons, while at others, revealing unprecedented signatures that are likely unique to moons of the ice giants.
Magnetic Structure and Propagation of Two Interacting CMEs From the Sun to Saturn
Authors: Palmerio Erika , Nieves‐Chinchilla Teresa , Kilpua Emilia K. J. , Barnes David , Zhukov Andrei N. , Jian Lan K. , Witasse Olivier , Provan Gabrielle , Tao Chihiro , Lamy Laurent , Bradley Thomas J. , Mays M. Leila , Möstl Christian , Roussos Elias , Futaana Yoshifumi , Masters Adam , Sánchez‐Cano Beatriz
Published: October 2021

One of the grand challenges in heliophysics is the characterization of coronal mass ejection (CME) magnetic structure and evolution from eruption at the Sun through heliospheric propagation. At present, the main difficulties are related to the lack of direct measurements of the coronal magnetic fields and the lack of 3D in‐situ measurements of the CME body in interplanetary space. Nevertheless, the evolution of a CME magnetic structure can be followed using a combination of multi‐point remote‐sensing observations and multi‐spacecraft in‐situ measurements as well as modeling. Accordingly, we present in this work the analysis of two CMEs that erupted from the Sun on April 28, 2012. We follow their eruption and early evolution using remote‐sensing data, finding indications of CME–CME interaction, and then analyze their interplanetary counterpart(s) using in‐situ measurements at Venus, Earth, and Saturn. We observe a seemingly single flux rope at all locations, but find possible signatures of interaction at Earth, where high‐cadence plasma data are available. Reconstructions of the in‐situ flux ropes provide almost identical results at Venus and Earth but show greater discrepancies at Saturn, suggesting that the CME was highly distorted and/or that further interaction with nearby solar wind structures took place before 10 AU. This work highlights the difficulties in connecting structures from the Sun to the outer heliosphere and demonstrates the importance of multi‐spacecraft studies to achieve a deeper understanding of the magnetic configuration of CMEs.
Influence of Permafrost Type and Site History on Losses of Permafrost Carbon After Thaw
Authors: Manies Kristen L. , Jones Miriam C. , Waldrop Mark P. , Leewis Mary‐Cathrine , Fuller Christopher , Cornman Robert S. , Hoefke Kristen
Published: October 2021

We quantified permafrost peat plateau and post‐thaw carbon (C) stocks across a chronosequence in Interior Alaska to evaluate the amount of C lost with thaw. Macrofossil reconstructions revealed three stratigraphic layers of peat: (a) a base layer of fen/marsh peat, (b) peat from a forested peat plateau (with permafrost), and (c) collapse‐scar bog peat (at sites where permafrost thaw has occurred). Radiocarbon dating revealed that peat initiated within the last 2,500 years and that permafrost aggraded during the Little Ice Age (ca. 250–575 years ago) and degraded within the last several decades. The timing of permafrost thaw within each feature was not related to thaw bog size. Their rate of expansion may be more influenced by local factors, such as ground ice content and subsurface water inputs. We found C losses due to thaw over the past century were up to 46% of the C available, but the absolute amount of C lost (kg m−2) was over 50% lower than losses previously described in other Alaskan peatland chronosequences. We hypothesize that this difference stems from the process by which permafrost aggraded, with sites that formed permafrost epigenetically (significantly later than most peat accumulation) experiencing less absolute C loss with thaw than sites that formed syngenetically (simultaneously with peat accumulation). Epigenetic peat from our site had lower C:N ratios as compared to Alaskan sites that have syngenetic peat. This difference could help predict the magnitude of C loss with thaw across a range or permafrost types and histories.
Simulating Linear Kinematic Features in Viscous‐Plastic Sea Ice Models on Quadrilateral and Triangular Grids With Different Variable Staggering
Authors: Mehlmann C. , Danilov S. , Losch M. , Lemieux J. F. , Hutter N. , Richter T. , Blain P. , Hunke E. C. , Korn P.
Published: October 2021

Observations in polar regions show that sea ice deformations are often narrow linear features. These long bands of deformations are referred to as Linear Kinematic Features (LKFs). Viscous‐plastic sea ice models have the capability to simulate LKFs and more generally sea ice deformations. Moreover, viscous‐plastic models simulate a larger number and more refined LKFs as the spatial resolution is increased. Besides grid spacing, other aspects of a numerical implementation, such as the placement of velocities and the associated degrees of freedom, may impact the formation of simulated LKFs. To explore these effects this study compares numerical solutions of sea ice models with different velocity staggering in a benchmark problem. Discretizations based on A‐,B‐, and C‐grid systems on quadrilateral meshes have similar resolution properties as an approximation with an A‐grid staggering on triangular grids (with the same total number of vertices). CD‐grid approximations with a given grid spacing have properties, specifically the number and length of simulated LKFs, that are qualitatively similar to approximations on conventional Arakawa A‐grid, B‐grid, and C‐grid approaches with half the grid spacing or less, making the CD‐discretization more efficient with respect to grid resolution. One reason for this behavior is the fact that the CD‐grid approach has a higher number of degrees of freedom to discretize the velocity field. The higher effective resolution of the CD‐discretization makes it an attractive alternative to conventional discretizations.
A QBO Cookbook: Sensitivity of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation to Resolution, Resolved Waves, and Parameterized Gravity Waves
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , Gerber Edwin P. , Shamir Ofer , Rao Jian , Jucker Martin , White Ian , Paldor Nathan
Published: October 2021

An intermediate complexity moist general circulation model is used to investigate the sensitivity of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) to resolution, diffusion, tropical tropospheric waves, and parameterized gravity waves. Finer horizontal resolution is shown to lead to a shorter period, while finer vertical resolution is shown to lead to a longer period and to a larger amplitude in the lowermost stratosphere. More scale‐selective diffusion leads to a faster and stronger QBO, while enhancing the sources of tropospheric stationary wave activity leads to a weaker QBO. In terms of parameterized gravity waves, broadening the spectral width of the source function leads to a longer period and a stronger amplitude although the amplitude effect saturates in the mid‐stratosphere when the half‐width exceeds m/s. A stronger gravity wave source stress leads to a faster and stronger QBO, and a higher gravity wave launch level leads to a stronger QBO. All of these sensitivities are shown to result from their impact on the resultant wave‐driven momentum torque in the tropical stratosphere. Atmospheric models have struggled to accurately represent the QBO, particularly at moderate resolutions ideal for long climate integrations. In particular, capturing the amplitude and penetration of QBO anomalies into the lower stratosphere (which has been shown to be critical for the tropospheric impacts) has proven a challenge. The results provide a recipe to generate and/or improve the simulation of the QBO in an atmospheric model.
Current topics in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine: a regional perspective from the United Kingdom
Authors: Johnson William Eustace
Published: October 2021

This special issue of Emerging Topics in Life Sciences entitled ‘Current Topics in Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine’ brings together expertise from a collaborative organisation known as the Mercia Stem Cell Alliance (MSCA). The alliance was established initially by Professors Sue Kimber (University of Manchester) and Jon Frampton (University of Birmingham) just over 10 years ago and now has multiple regional centres of excellence across the Midlands and North West of the UK, including Aston University, University of Chester, Keele University, Manchester Metropolitan University, Lancaster University, University of Leicester, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moore's University, Loughborough University, University of Nottingham, University of Oxford, University of Sheffield, University of York. Many of these centres have contributed reviews to this issue. The MSCA also partners with industrial and clinical organisations, including the NHS, and is active in bringing stem cells and regenerative medicines to a meaningful translational endpoint (see: http://www.msca.manchester.ac.uk/).
Deep neural network‐based adaptive zero‐velocity detection for pedestrian navigation system
Authors: Zhang Liqiang , Chen Boxuan , Li Hu , Liu Yu
Published: October 2021

The zero‐velocity update (ZUPT) method is an effective way to reduce accumulated velocity errors of pedestrian navigation systems (PNSs). For a typical scheme, a stance phase detection module based on a fixed threshold is used to trigger the ZUPT algorithm. However, the detector is not robust enough for dynamic gait speeds. The false detection will degrade the navigation performance. In this letter, to improve the stance phase detector, the adaptive zero‐velocity detection problem is cast under dynamic gait speeds as a sequential threshold of a traditional detector inferring problem and a zero‐velocity detection framework proposed by combining a deep neural network with a traditional binary gait phase detector. Sufficient experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other discussed learning‐based methods taking into account the trade‐off among model performance, structure, and size. Compared with the traditional method with a fixed threshold, the real‐world high‐dynamic positioning experiments show that this proposed method reduces the root mean squared error (RMSE) of absolute distance error by 48.7%, RMSE of start‐end error by 12.5%, and average RMSE of position error by 19.2%.
A dynamic distributed energy storage control strategy for providing primary frequency regulation using multi‐armed bandits method
Authors: Sun Jianfeng , Zhao Yuan , Zhang Nianchu , Chen Xinyi , Hu Qinran , Song Jieying
Published: October 2021

Maintaining frequency stability is a crucial but challenging task for the stable operation of a power system. The distributed energy storage (DES) can charge or discharge for both upward and downward frequency regulation, exploring and effectively using the regulation capabilities will provide a strong backup for frequency regulation. Here, a dynamic DES control strategy for providing primary frequency regulation is proposed. The different behaviours of storage owners are considered when they respond to the regulation requests from the aggregator. This kind of uncertainty would lead to a mismatch between the final aggregation result and the expected target. Hence, the multi‐armed bandit approach is applied to learn users’ response behaviour and select the optimal set of users to mitigate the mismatch. Case studies on the IEEE RTS 24‐bus system demonstrate that the proposed method's mismatch between the actual aggregation result and the regulation target is less than half as much as the conventional method, and it can restore the frequency 20 events earlier than the traditional method.
Influence of bubbles on electric field distribution of butt‐gaps in superconducting cable insulation layer
Authors: Zhang Jiahui , Xue Peng , Xiang Bin , Gao Lei , Jiang Xiaohua
Published: October 2021

Superconducting energy pipeline (SEP) is a new type of electrical energy transmission. It contains high‐temperature superconducting cables and liquefied natural gas pipelines and can simultaneously transmit electricity and liquefied natural gas (LNG). However, when the superconducting tapes in the superconducting cables in SEP quench and generate heat, bubbles will generate in the butt‐gaps of the insulation layer of superconducting cables, which can reduce the insulation strength of the cables significantly. In addition, the effects of bubbles in the butt‐gap of the insulation layer on the insulation properties of the superconducting cables are unknown. The objective here is to obtain the influences of bubbles in the insulation layer of superconducting cables in capacitive field, transitional field, and resistive field. Simulation results show that: Compared with the absence of bubbles, the big bubbles can increase the capacitive field strength of the PP film, the butt‐gap, and the kraft by 37.54%, 30.89%, and 18.5%, and increase the transition time from the capacitive field to the resistive field, but has almost no effect on the butt‐gap in the resistive field.
GSA‐ELM: A hybrid learning model for short‐term traffic flow forecasting
Authors: Cui Zhihan , Huang Boyu , Dou Haowen , Tan Guanru , Zheng Shiqiang , Zhou Teng
Published: October 2021

Accurate and timely short‐term traffic flow forecasting is an essential component for intelligent traffic management systems. However, developing an effective and robust forecasting model is challenging due to the inherent randomness and nonlinear characteristic of the traffic flow. In this paper, a gravitational search algorithm optimized extreme learning machine, termed GSA‐ELM, is proposed to unlock the potential performance for short‐term traffic flow forecasting. The extreme learning machine avoids the tedious backpropagation by analytically determining the optimal solution. The gravitational search algorithm globally searches the optimal parameters for the extreme learning machine. The forecasting performance of the GSA‐ELM is evaluated on four benchmark datasets by comparing several state‐of‐the‐art models. The four benchmark datasets are real‐world traffic flow data from highways A1, A2, A4, A8 near the ring road of Amsterdam. The MAPEs of the GSA‐ELM model are , , and on four benchmark datasets, respectively, whereas the RMSEs of the GSA‐ELM model are 287.89, 203.04, 221.39 and , respectively. The experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed model.
Detection of sea‐surface target of coastal defense radar based on Stacked Autoencoder (SAE) algorithm
Authors: Yan He , Chen Chao , Jin Guodong , Zhang Jindong , Zhang Gong , Zhu Daiyin
Published: October 2021

In recent years, machine learning theory has set off a wave of research in the field of radar signal processing. In this study, a novel algorithm for sea‐surface target detection based on a stacked autoencoder (SAE) is proposed, which has already been applied in the authors’ coastal defense radar system. In the proposed algorithm, the sea surface echo data are cut into a large number of two‐dimensional (2‐D) images through a sliding window, mapping the cell under test (CUT) and the 2‐D images one by one and performing classification or detection from the perspective of 2‐D signal processing. Experimental results of simulated data and real radar data show that the proposed algorithm based on the SAE has better target detection performance compared with the traditional cell averaging constant false alarm rate (CA‐CFAR) algorithm. Besides, the proposed algorithm shows certain interference suppression ability in real data processing. As far as it is known, there is no public report on the detection of 2‐D sea surface targets based on the SAE algorithm in coastal defense radar.
Liebe Leserinnen, liebe Leser,
Authors: Bethge Matthias
Published: October 2021

sowohl die Beantragung als auch die Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Rehabilitation hat sich in den vergangenen Monaten pandemiebedingt drastisch reduziert. In welchem Ausmaß sich dies langfristig auf die Teilhabechancen der betroffenen Menschen auswirken wird, können wir jetzt noch nicht absehen. Ein regelmäßiges Monitoring der Lebenssituation von Menschen mit Behinderungen, wie es in anderen Ländern bereits üblich ist, hätte frühzeitig dabei unterstützen können, auf die besonderen Bedürfnisse von Menschen mit Behinderungen hinzuweisen und diese transparent darzustellen. Klar ist, dass Menschen mit chronischen Erkrankungen oder Behinderungen nicht nur ein erhöhtes Risiko eines ungünstigen Krankheitsverlaufs im Fall einer Infektion mit dem Virus haben, sondern dass sie auch in der Wahrnehmung erforderlicher Gesundheitsversorgungleistungen beeinträchtigt waren und die sozialen Folgen der Eindämmungsmaßnahmen besonders deutlich erlebt haben. Repräsentative Daten dazu, wie Menschen mit chronischen Erkrankungen und Behinderungen die Pandemie in ihrem Verlauf erlebt haben, fehlen uns allerdings. Der Teilhabebericht, den die Bundesregierung alle vier Jahre vorlegt, ist ohne Frage ein wichtiger erster Schritt, um Daten im Sinne der Behindertenrechtskonvention zu erfassen und die Umsetzung der in der Konvention benannten Ziele zu begleiten. Um jedoch schnell auf veränderte Teilhabebedarfe zu reagieren, werden wir unsere bisherigen Datensammlungen zukünftig durch weitere Instrumente und wahrscheinlich auch digital umgesetzte Erhebungen ergänzen müssen. Das COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring hat uns in den vergangenen Monaten schnell und verlässlich repräsentative Einblicke in Denken, Sorgen und Erwartungen der deutschen Bevölkerung gegeben. Vielleicht kann das auch ein Impuls für die Weiterentwicklung und Ergänzung des Teilhabesurveys sein.
Sedierung mit Propofol: perfusorgesteuerte Applikation versus intermittierende Bolusgabe – Methodenvergleich und Sicherheit
Authors: Wehrmann Till
Published: October 2021

In Zusammenschau mit den umfangreichen Erfahrungen mit dieser Technik in der Anästhesie (hier nicht im Detail aufgeführt) muss die Propofolapplikation als Perfusor als sichere Technik (bei entsprechender Überwachung der Sedierung durch eine qualifizierte Person) angesehen werden. Dies wird auch durch die inzwischen größere Zahl von Studien zum Einsatz in der Endoskopie bestätigt. Da bei der Mehrzahl der gastroenterologischen Endoskopien jedoch nur eine kürzere Zeitspanne benötigt wird (< 45 Minuten), erscheint hier der Vorteil einer perfusorgesteuerten Propofolapplikation im Vergleich zum Aufwand gegenüber der intermittierenden Bolusgabe doch limitiert. Insofern hat sich die Verwendung von Perfusoren zur Propofolgabe bisher in der deutschen Endoskopie nicht durchgesetzt. Hingegen wird bei lang dauernden Interventionen (z. B. POEM, Großflächen-ESD, umfangreiche Pankreas-Nekrosektomien etc.) häufiger die Hilfe der Anästhesie in Anspruch genommen, tendenziell führen diese dann aber eher eine TIVA (mit Intubation des Patienten) durch als eine perfusorgesteuerte Sedierung. Insofern ist der Einsatz der perfusorgesteuerten Propofolapplikation zwecks Sedierung – meines Wissens – in Deutschland bisher auf einige wenige Zentren beschränkt.

Die PCSA erscheint als eine theoretisch attraktive Methode, bei jedoch in Deutschland fehlenden Vergütungsstrukturen in der Endoskopie und technisch höherem Aufwand ist die Anwendung derzeit limitiert, da zudem auch nicht alle Patienten bereit sind, hier selbst in die Verantwortung zu übernehmen.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for Hematological Malignancies: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in Northern India and Review of Indian Data
Authors: Sharma Sanjeev Kumar , Choudhary Dharma , Doval Divya , Khandelwal Vipin , Setia Rasika , Dadu Tina , Handoo Anil
Published: October 2021

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the preferred treatment for high-risk and relapsed/refractory hematological malignancies. Moreover, with the improved supportive care and increasing acceptance of haploidentical transplantations as an alternative treatment modality, more patients are opting for HSCT as a definite treatment for hematological malignancies. We report here the real-world data and outcome of HSCT done for hematological malignancies at our transplant center. Five hundred and sixteen patients underwent HSCT from August 2010 to November 2019. The most common indications for allogeneic and autologous HSCT were acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma, respectively. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival for all transplants were 65% and 33%, respectively. Though outcome of matched sibling donor allogeneic transplant is better than haploidentical donor (HID) transplant, patients having only HID can still be considered for allogeneic HSCT for high-risk diseases. The most common cause of death was infections followed by relapse of the disease.
Bradyarrhythmias in Cardio-Oncology
Authors: Fonseca Marta , Cheng Evaline , Do Duc , Haldar Shouvik , Kutty Shelby , Yang Eric H. , Ghosh Arjun K. , Guha Avirup
Published: October 2021

The relationship between bradyarrhythmias and cancer therapies has not been well described but is increasingly recognized. There have been extensive advances in oncological pharmacotherapy, with several new classes of drugs available including targeted agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T cell therapy. This increasing repertoire of available drugs has revolutionized overall prognosis and survival of cancer patients but the true extent of their cardiovascular toxicity is only beginning to be understood. Previous studies and published reviews have traditionally focused on conventional chemotherapies and in arrhythmias in general, particularly tachyarrhythmias. The number of patients with both cancer and cardiovascular problems is increasing globally and oncologists and cardiologists need to be adept at managing arrythmia based scenarios. Greater collaboration between the two specialties including studies with prospective data collection in Cardio-Oncology are much needed to fill in knowledge gaps in this arena. This case-based review summarizes current available evidence of cancer treatment-related bradyarrhythmia incidence (including its different subtypes), possible mechanisms and outcomes. Furthermore, we propose a stepwise surveillance and management protocol for patients with suspected bradyarrhythmia related to cancer treatment.