bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Correlation Between CO2 Insertion Mechanism and Chain Length of Diamine in Metal‐Organic Framework Adsorbents
Authors: Ju Susan E. , Choe Jong Hyeak , Kang Minjung , Kang Dong Won , Kim Hyojin , Lee Jung‐Hoon , Hong Chang Seop
Published: April 2021

Although CO2 insertion is a predominant phenomenon in diamine‐functionalized Mg2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4−=4,4‐dioxidobiphenyl‐3,3′‐dicarboxylate) adsorbents, a high‐performance metal‐organic framework for capturing CO2, the fundamental function of the diamine carbon chain length in the mechanism remains unclear. Here, Mg2(dobpdc) systems with open metal sites grafted by primary diamines NH2−(CH2)n−NH2 were developed, with en (n=2), pn (n=3), bn (n=4), pen (n=5), hn (n=6), and on (n=8). Based on CO2 adsorption and IR results, CO2 insertion is involved in frameworks with n=2 and 3 but not in systems with n≥5. According to NMR data, bn‐appended Mg2(dobpdc) exhibited three different chemical environments of carbamate units, attributed to different relative conformations of carbon chains upon CO2 insertion, as validated by first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. For 1‐hn and 1‐on, DFT calculations indicated that diamine inter‐coordinated open metal sites in adjacent chains bridged by carboxylates and phenoxides of dobpdc4−. Computed CO2 binding enthalpies for CO2 insertion (−27.8 kJ mol−1 for 1‐hn and −20.2 kJ mol−1 for 1‐on) were comparable to those for CO2 physisorption (−19.3 kJ mol−1 for 1‐hn and −20.8 kJ mol−1 for 1‐on). This suggests that CO2 insertion is likely to compete with CO2 physisorption on diamines of the framework when n≥5.
Reuse of LiCoO2 Electrodes Collected from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re‐Lithiation of the Electrode
Authors: Lahtinen Katja , Rautama Eeva‐Leena , Jiang Hua , Räsänen Samuli , Kallio Tanja
Published: April 2021

The recycling of used Li‐ion batteries is important as the consumption of batteries is increasing every year. However, the recycling of electrode materials is tedious and energy intensive with current methods, and part of the material is lost in the process. In this study, an alternative recycling method is presented to minimize the number of steps needed in the positive electrode recovery process. The electrochemical performance of aged and re‐lithiated Mg−Ti‐doped LiCoO2 and stoichiometric LiCoO2 was investigated and compared. The results showed that after re‐lithiation the structure of original LiCoO2 was restored, the capacity of an aged LiCoO2 reverted close to the capacity of a fresh LiCoO2, and the material could thus be recovered. The re‐lithiated Mg−Ti‐doped LiCoO2 provided rate capability properties only slightly declined from the rate capability of a fresh material and showed promising cyclability in half‐cells.
Time: The ever‐elusive resource of a higher education administrator
Authors: Schwebel David C.
Published: April 2021

If you ask a university administrator what their most precious resource is, they may recite common answers like skilled personnel, quality facilities, or a stable budget. But upon reflection, another answer may emerge also: time.
Communication key to online success for students with disabilities
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2021

The shift to online communication caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic has had benefits for students with disabilities, according to a new study recently published by the Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability.
Contralateral nodal spread in human papillomavirus‐associated oropharyngeal cancer: Can more details help guide contralateral neck coverage?
Authors: Pfister Neil T. , Beitler Jonathan J. , Stokes William A.
Published: April 2021

see page 2254
Chirripó hydrological research site: Advancing stable isotope hydrology in the Central American Páramo
Authors: Esquivel‐Hernández Germain , Sánchez‐Murillo Ricardo , Vargas‐Salazar Enzo
Published: April 2021

The Chirripó hydrological research site (CHRS) is located within the Chirripó National Park, Costa Rica (between 3100 and 3820 m asl) whereby ~100 km2 are covered by Páramo, a high‐elevation tropical grassland ecosystem. A lake district with approximately 30 lakes of glacial origin is also protected in this area. The CHRS has been monitored since April 2015 with the aim of establishing the first water isotope baseline for the Central American Páramo. At a regional scale, the water isotope ratios (δ2H and δ18O) in precipitation and surface water at CHRS are useful for describing the governing moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean and the complex rainfall producing systems across the N–S mountain range of Central America. These data are also providing unique information about the evaporation and water balance conditions of tropical glacial lakes and the formation of orographic and convective precipitation in high‐elevation tropical ecosystems. Current data sets from CHRS include continuous lake water temperature and meteorological conditions (i.e., precipitation amount, air temperature and relative humidity), as well as water stable isotopes in precipitation, stream water, and lake water (daily to biweekly sampling frequency). Stream water is collected at several locations across the topographic gradient whereas lake water is sampled in the three main lake systems of CHRS. CHRS serves as a reference site for conducting pilot isotopic research in high‐elevation ecosystems to advance the atmospheric, hydrogeological and ecohydrological studies in these understudied biomes. All data from April 2015 to November 2020 are publicly available.
An end‐to‐end brain tumor segmentation system using multi‐inception‐UNET
Authors: Latif Urva , Shahid Ahmad R. , Raza Basit , Ziauddin Sheikh , Khan Muazzam A.
Published: April 2021

Accurate detection and pixel‐wise classification of brain tumors in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans are vital for their diagnosis, prognosis study and treatment planning. Manual segmentation of tumors from MRI is highly subjective and tedious. With recent advances in deep learning, automatic brain tumor segmentation is an emerging research direction in the medical imaging domain. We present a study to improve the automatic segmentation process by introducing size variability in the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). For pixel‐wise classification of tumorous slices convolutional neural network‐based encoder‐decoder UNET model is referred. A multi‐inception‐UNET model is proposed to improve scalability of the UNET model. Extensive experiments have been performed using the Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge (BRATS) datasets to establish the validity of our proposed model. Experimental results show that our proposed method achieved the best results on BraTS 2015, 2017 and 2019 datasets for complete tumor, core tumor and enhancing tumor regions respectively.
In silico identification of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor by per‐residue energy decomposition‐based pharmacophore approach
Authors: Teli Mahesh Kumar , Kumar Surendra , Yadav Dharmendra Kumar , Kim Mi‐hyun
Published: April 2021

Hypoxia is an effective preconditioning stimulus and many cellular responses to hypoxia are mediated through a transcription control complex termed the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF). The stability and activation of HIF are governed by HIF prolyl‐4‐hydroxylases 2 (PHD2). Hence, the development of a small molecule inhibitor for prolyl hydroxylase has been suggested as a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of oxidative/ischemic stress conditions. Thus, to unveil a novel human PHD2 inhibitor, a custom‐based virtual screening was carried out to identify the potential inhibitors against PHD2 based on; (1) the per‐residue energy decomposition (PRED)‐based pharmacophore model, (2) molecular docking, and (3) MD approaches. The PRED analysis was performed to identify the common interaction pattern of HIF fragment (5L9B) and crystallized ligand (4JZR) to develop a relevant accurate allosteric pharmacophore model. The custom pharmacophore model (AAARR) was developed and further used to screen multiple databases. The docking was performed as a secondary strategy for screening the pharmacophore hits. Furthermore, the docked complexes were screened by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM–GBSA) based binding free energy calculations to determine the binding energy of the inhibitors and to identify crucial interaction energy fingerprint. One hit has demonstrated good binding free energy and a better binding affinity for PHD2 compared to the other four selected ligands. Thus, the results obtained from pharmacophore, docking, and MD simulations depicted that linker length and metal binding in the scaffold could be effectively used as a potent inhibitor toward human PHD2 in AD therapeutics.
Modeling ligand electrochemical parameters by repulsion‐corrected eigenvalues
Authors: Kiani Pirouz , Dodsworth Elaine S. , Lever A. B. P. , Pietro William J.
Published: April 2021

Ligand electrochemical parameters, EL, more commonly known as Lever parameters, have played a major research role in understanding redox processes involved in inorganic electrochemistry, enzymatic reactions, catalysis, solar cells, biochemistry, and materials science. Despite their broad usefulness, Lever parameters are not well understood at a first‐principles level. Using density functional theory, we demonstrate in this contribution that a ligand's Lever parameter is fundamentally related to the ligand's ability to alter the eigenvalue of the electroactive spin‐orbital in an octahedral transition metal complex. Our analysis furthers a first‐principles understanding of the nature of Lever parameters.
Post‐9/11 military veterans' adjustment to civilian life over time following separation from service
Authors: Park Crystal L. , Sacco Shane J. , Finkelstein‐Fox Lucy , Sinnott Sinead M. , Scoglio Arielle A. J. , Lee Sharon Y. , Gnall Katherine E. , Mazure Carolyn , Shirk Steven D. , Hoff Rani A. , Kraus Shane W.
Published: April 2021

Objectives

US military veterans face many challenges in transitioning to civilian life; little information is available regarding veterans' reintegration experiences over time. The current study characterized veterans' postdeployment stressful life events and concurrent psychosocial wellbeing over one year and determined how stressors and wellbeing differ by demographic factors.

Methods

Recent Post‐911 veterans (n = 402) were assessed approximately every three months for 1 year. Participants were 60% men, primarily White (78%), and 12% Latinx; the average age was 36 years.

Results

The frequency of stressful events decreased over time but was higher for men and minority‐race veterans (independent of time since separation). Veterans reported high mean levels of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms, which improved slightly over time. Minority‐race and Latinx veterans had higher symptom levels and slower rates of symptom reduction.

Conclusion

Veterans remain distressed in their overall transition to civilian life. Interventions to promote resilience and help veterans manage readjustment to civilian life appear urgently needed.
Barriers and opportunities for dental school faculty research
Authors: Chambers David W. , Brady Michelle
Published: April 2021

Purpose/objectives

Identify barriers and opportunities regarding faculty participation in research.

Methods

Sixty‐four faculty members of all ranks and days of employment completed a survey designed to reveal attitudes toward participation in research.

Results

Among those responding, three‐quarters said they were actively engaged in research, and 45% of these identified no perceived barriers. Those reporting obstacles rank‐ordered 10 barriers, but no consistent patterns emerged. A factor analysis revealed three clusters of concerns: (a) school barriers, (b) personal barriers, and (c) team opportunities. A large number of comments were offered, and these tended to group by the three quantitatively identified factors.

Conclusion

These findings were consistent with the view that lack of time and formal training in standardized research skills were not major impediments to scholarship. Instead, assistance in navigating administrative hurdles and participation on multiskilled teams appeared to offer the best prospect for helping faculty interested in research.
Antimicrobial effects of vanillin‐based pyridyl‐benzylidene‐5‐fluoroindolins
Authors: Raymond Mohanraj Deena Gladies , Alagumuthu Manikandan , Subramaniam Palaniraja , Bakthavachalam Dhivya , Arumugam Sivakumar , Chellam Subha
Published: April 2021

In this study, the antimicrobial effect and DNA gyrase inhibitor potential of vanillin‐based pyridyl–substituted fluoro‐indolines were evaluated. These compounds are synthesized and established through green‐chemistry approaches. The inhibition effect on both DNA gyrase A and B was evaluated in silico and in vitro. Agar well diffusion method–based antimicrobial activity against Gram‐ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Gram+ve Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC 442) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), and a clinical isolate of Candida albicans (Fungi) was evaluated. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed over macrophages using the MTT assay. In the results, the target compounds exhibited a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity against both bacterial types and fungal.
On the protonation and deuteration of N,N‐disubstituted 2‐aminothiophenes, 2‐aminothiazoles, and some 3‐amino substituted analogues
Authors: Heichert Christoph , Hartmann Horst
Published: April 2021

In contrast to their carbocyclic aniline analogues, N,N‐diarylsubtituted 2‐aminothiophenes are not protonated at their N‐atoms but at the 5‐position or, to a smaller extent, at the 3‐position of the thiophene nucleus giving rise to cationic species of the Wheland type. However, 5‐formyl and 5‐acetyl‐substituted 2‐(N,N‐diarylamino)thiophenes are protonated at the corresponding carbonyl moieties. This finding not only enables insight into the mechanism of electrophilic substitution of N,N‐disubstituted 2‐aminothiophenes but also allows to prepare deurated 2‐aminothiophenes by treatment their non‐deuterated parent compounds with CF3COOD.
A semiautomated method to quantitatively assess osteolytic lesion volume and bone mineral density within acetabular regions of interest from CT
Authors: Grace Thomas M. , O'Rourke Dermot , Robertson Thomas , Perilli Egon , Callary Stuart , Taylor Mark , Atkins Gerald J. , Solomon Lucian B. , Thewlis Dominic
Published: April 2021

The objectives of this study were to (1) develop a semiautomated method to obtain lesion volume and bone mineral density (BMD) in terms of Hounsfield units from pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans in three regions of interest, and (2) assess accuracy and reliability of the method based on cadaveric CT scans. Image artefacts due to metal implants reduce CT clarity and are more severe with more than one implant in situ. Therefore, accuracy and reliability tests were performed with varying numbers of total hip arthroplasties implanted. To test the accuracy of lesion size measurements, microcomputed tomography was used as a reference. Mean absolute error ranged from 36 to 284 mm3 after five measurements. Intra‐ and inter‐operator reliability of the entire method was measured for a selection of parameters. All coefficient of variation values were good to excellent for CT scans of the native pelvic anatomy and a CT scans of the same pelvis with one and two implants in situ. Accuracy of quantifying lesion volume decreased with decreasing CT image clarity by 0.6%–3.6% mean absolute relative error. Reliability of lesion volume measurement decreased with decreasing CT clarity. This was also the case for reliability of BMD measurements in the region most disrupted by metal artefact. The presented method proposes an approach for quantifying bone loss which has been proven to be accurate, reliable, and clinically applicable.
Imparting Gradient and Oriented Characters to Cocontinuous Structure for Improving Integrated Performance
Authors: Sun Zhao‐Bo , Song Ying‐Nan , Ma Guo‐Qi , Gao Ping‐Ping , Xie Ze‐Xiang , Gao Xue‐Qin , Li Yue , Xu Jia‐Zhuang , Zhong Gan‐Ji , Li Zhong‐Ming
Published: April 2021

Inspired by the oriented, gradient, and heterogeneous characters of natural materials, an oriented and gradient cocontinuous structure is designed to obtain excellent mechanical performance via a gradient shear stress and temperature during melt processing. The investigation of hierarchical structure containing phase morphology, crystalline morphology, and lamellae in the cocontinuous structure can clarify the role of gradient shear stress and temperature in promoting gradient and oriented features. Given such oriented and gradient features in the cocontinuous structure, a notable enhancement in the tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and impact strength is achieved in the model poly(butylene adipate‐ran‐terephthalate)/poly(butylene succinate) biodegradable cocontinuous blends. Compared with the isotropic cocontinuous structure, homogenous structure and discrete phase structure, oriented and gradient cocontinuous structure provides a promising balance of strength, hardness, and toughness. Local reinforcement is achieved by highly oriented cocontinuous phase, crystal, and lamellae in skin layer. Meanwhile, the toughness is achieved by weakly oriented cocontinuous phase. The tuning of cocontinuous structure with gradient and oriented features is suggested as a new pathway toward the development of “materials systems” with unprecedented mechanical performance.
Multicomponent topology optimization of functionally graded lattice structures with bulk solid interfaces
Authors: Yi Bing , Saitou Kazuhiro
Published: April 2021

This article presents a topology optimization method for structures consisting of multiple lattice components under a certain size, which can be manufactured with an additive manufacturing machine with a size limit and assembled via conventional joining processes, such as welding, gluing, riveting, and bolting. The proposed method can simultaneously optimize overall structural topology, partitioning to multiple components and functionally graded lattices within each component. The functionally graded lattice infill with guaranteed connectivity is realized by applying the Helmholtz PDE filter with a variable radius on the density field in the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) method. The partitioning of an overall structure into multiple components is realized by applying the discrete material optimization (DMO) method, in which each material is interpreted as each component, and the size limit for each component imposed by a chosen additive manufacturing machine. A gradient‐free coating filter realizes bulk solid boundaries for each component, which provide continuous mating surfaces between adjacent components to enable the subsequent joining. The structural interfaces between the bulk solid boundaries are extracted and assigned a distinct material property, which model the joints between the adjacent components. Several numeral examples are solved for demonstration.
A novel evaluation method for dehydrochlorination of plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) containing heavy metal‐free thermal stabilizing synergistic agent
Authors: Al‐Mosawi Ali I.
Published: April 2021

A novel method for determining the level of dehydrochlorination, that is, the conversion of degradation from the conductivity curve of plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing heavy metal‐free agent, has been used. The novel method was introduced in this article to evaluate the thermal stability of PVC by dehydrochlorination that shows more reproducibility for measured results than the standard method, which depends on the conductivity only. The novel method was used to measure thermal degradation in a new generation of thermal stabilizing heavy metal‐free additive added to plasticized PVC, which is Oxydtron (a nanocement additive). Plasticized PVC containing Oxydtron is our new candidate to replace conventional stabilizers or at least increase their efficiency. The primary use of this new material is in the cable grade industry and construction applications. The basic principle of our novel method is based on converting the conductivity data obtained by the conventional or standard method to HCl concentration. The data analysis graph will have two curves instead of the one conductivity curve, representing the conversion and HCl concentration. In this study, a comparison was made between the results of the novel method with the results obtained from the conventional or standard method. In contrast to the standard method, it describes better the process, particularly in the case of PVC compounds. This method's designed computer program shows a good agreement with the discoloration and initial color changes.
Shwachman‐Diamond syndrome and solid tumors: Three new patients from the French Registry for Severe Chronic Neutropenia and literature review
Authors: Bou Mitri Fares , Beaupain Blandine , Flejou Jean‐François , Patient Matthieu , Okhremchuck Ilona , Blaise Didier , Izadifar‐Legrand Faézeh , Martignoles Jean Alain , Delhommeau François , Bellanne‐Chantelot Christine , Emile Jean‐François , Donadieu Jean
Published: April 2021

Shwachman‐Diamond syndrome with Shwachman‐Bodian‐Diamond syndrome (SBDS) biallelic variants is a rare disorder that predisposes the carrier to malignant hemopathies but solid‐cancer predisposition is poorly known. Among 155 cases entered in the French Registry for Severe Chronic Neutropenia, three were identified with malignant solid tumors (ovary, breast, and esophagus). All cancers occurred during the fifth decade and, despite being localized at diagnosis, were rapidly fatal thereafter. No cancer was observed post transplantation in the 14 HSCT survivors. Based on the literature and our patient data, we can merely advance that this complication is predominantly diagnosed in adults.
Role of nano‐zirconia in the mechanical properties improvement of resin cement used for tooth fragment reattachment
Authors: El‐Kemary Baraa M. , El‐Borady Ola M. , Abdel Gaber Sara A. , Beltagy Talat M.
Published: April 2021

Dental fractures of the anterior teeth are a common form of dental trauma. Reattachment of fractured tooth fragment by means of self‐adhesive resin cement is currently compromised by the poor mechanical properties of these ceramics. Herein, we synthesized zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (nano‐ZrO2) using the Co‐precipitation approach and then mixing it in different concentrations (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt%) with the commercially available RelyX™ Unicem self‐adhesive universal resin cement (ARC) forming, nano‐ZrO2/ARC. Both the synthesized nano‐ZrO2 and nano‐ZrO2/ARC were characterized using a high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HR‐TEM), field‐emission scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared technique. The HR‐TEM images revealed that the synthesized nano‐ZrO2 was spherical with a size of ~ 12 nm. The results showed that the addition of nano‐ZrO2 significantly enhanced the mechanical properties as fracture resistance, compressive strength, diametral tensile, and micro‐hardness values of the resin cement. The mixing 3.0 wt% of nano‐ZrO2 with ARC revealed the maximum improvement in the mechanical properties and, consequently, the resin's repair strength. Their incorporation with ARC up to 3.0% wt did not cause significant cell death than ARC alone. We believe that the information discussed here might be relevant to the stability of nano‐ZrO2‐modified resin cement and, therefore, to its clinical usage for fragment tooth reattachment, cementation of dental crowns, bridges, and bands.
Malevolent object relations: A multimethod study of female survivors of childhood abuse
Authors: Adams Brett E. , Porcerelli John H. , Abell Steven , Huprich Steven K.
Published: April 2021

Although childhood victimization is associated with impairments in object relations, it is not clear how different measures comparatively perform in assessing this relationship. This study examined the connection between emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in childhood and three methods of assessing malevolent object representations. Sixty adult women, recruited from an urban primary‐care clinic, were administered the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Object Relations Inventory (ORI) interview, and a version of the Early Memories Test (EMT)/interview. Ratings of malevolent object relations were obtained using the affect‐tone dimension from the Social Cognition and Object Relations (SCORS‐G) scale with both TAT and early memory narratives and through Malevolence ratings from the ORI interview. It was found that, outside of emotional abuse, ORI interview ratings of malevolence consistently differentiated adult childhood abuse groups and nonabuse groups, whereas early memory ratings of malevolence differentiated groups in two of four analyses. Malevolence ratings based upon TAT ratings failed to differentiate any type of abuse from nonabuse. These findings suggest that the use of malevolence ratings from the ORI and early memory narratives are preferred methods for assessing malevolent object relations in urban‐dwelling women who have been victimized as children.
Membrane to cytosol redistribution of αII‐spectrin drives extracellular vesicle biogenesis in malignant breast cells
Authors: Taylor Jack , Patio Kevin , De Rubis Gabriele , Morris Micheal B. , Evenhuis Christian , Johnson Michael , Bebawy Mary
Published: April 2021

Spectrin is a ubiquitous cytoskeletal protein that provides structural stability and supports membrane integrity. In erythrocytes, spectrin proteolysis leads to the biogenesis of plasma membrane extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, its role in non‐erythroid or cancer‐derived plasma membrane EVs biogenesis is unknown. This study aims to examine the role of αII‐spectrin in malignant and non‐malignant plasma membrane vesiculation. We developed a custom, automated cell segmentation plugin for the image processor, Fiji, that provides an unbiased assessment of high resolution confocal microscopy images of the subcellular distribution of αII‐spectrin. We show that, in low vesiculating non‐malignant MBE‐F breast cells, prominent cortical spectrin localises to the cell periphery at rest. In comparison, cortical spectrin is diminished in high vesiculating malignant MCF‐7 breast cells at rest. A cortical distribution of spectrin correlates with increased biomechanical stiffness as measured by Atomic Force Microscopy. Furthermore, cortical spectrin can be induced in malignant MCF‐7 cells by treatment with known vesiculation modulators including the calcium chelator, BAPTA‐AM or the calpain inhibitor II (ALLM). These results demonstrate that the subcellular localisation of spectrin is distinctly different in malignant and non‐malignant cells at rest and shows that the redistribution of cortical αII‐spectrin to the cytoplasm supports plasma membrane‐derived EV biogenesis in malignant cells.
Analysing the effects of residential mobility behaviours on the composition of personal network in Switzerland
Authors: Drevon Guillaume , Viry Gil , Kaufmann Vincent , Widmer Eric D. , Gauthier Jacques‐Antoine , Ganjour Olga
Published: April 2021

Individual life courses are marked by residential mobility often associated with family and workplace changes and therefore likely to be related to the types of personal relationships people develop and maintain. Evidence about the relationship between residential mobility behaviours over the life course and personal network composition is however scarce. This study investigates this relationship among 747 individuals living in Switzerland using regression models and standard deviational ellipse for analysing all residential locations in Switzerland and their duration over the life course. Results show that people with low residential mobility have personal networks centred around the partner and vertical family ties (parents and children), confirming that strong intergenerational ties develop in close proximity. By contrast, longer distance residential moves at the regional level are associated with small personal networks centred around peers and horizontal ties (such as friends and siblings). The network composition of people with mobility experiences at the national level does not differ from the network composition of non‐movers when controlling for socio‐demographic characteristics. Likewise, networks including in‐laws and extended family members and large mixed networks including both family and friends were not associated with a particular residential mobility trajectory. The density of the Swiss transport system enabling people to stay connected to family and friends may partly explain the weak association between residential mobility behaviours and the composition of personal networks.
Evaluating the impact of upstream and downstream interventions on chronic kidney disease and dialysis care: a simulation analysis
Authors: Ansah John Pastor , Hng Keith Low Sheng , Ahmad Salman , Goh Cheryl
Published: April 2021

An ageing population, with increasing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, is expected to increase the number of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) needing dialysis. This paper explores the impact of upstream and downstream interventions on the future number of CKD, ESRD patients needing dialysis, and the cost of dialysis. A system dynamics model was developed based on Singapore national data. Results indicate that under the base case scenario the number of people with CKD is projected to increase from 437,338 in 2020 to 489,049 by 2040. As a result, the number of patients requiring dialysis is projected to increase from 7669 in 2020 to 10,516 by 2040. The cost of dialysis care, under the base case, is projected to increase from S$417.08 million in 2020 to S$907.01 million by 2040. The policy experiments show that a combined policy will cumulatively save S$1.042 billion from 2020 to 2040. © 2021 System Dynamics Society.
Light‐Responsive Luminescent Materials for Information Encryption Against Burst Force Attack
Authors: Zhou Qianwen , Qiu Xiaochen , Su Xianlong , Liu Qian , Wen Yue , Xu Ming , Li Fuyou
Published: April 2021

Optical encryption with easy operation, multichannel and high security has been one of the most significant technologies for information security. Stimuli‐responsive luminescent materials have emerged as an ideal candidate for optical encryption, owing to its smart responsive property and high security. Herein, a type of light‐responsive multicolor luminescent materials for high‐security information encryption, which are fabricated by combining sensitizer, consumption unit, and emitter is developed. Different types of sensitizers to achieve different stimulus light responses, and multicolor light‐responsive luminescent can be obtained by varying the composition of perovskite nanocrystals emitter can be selected. Both stimulus light and emission color can be used as distinguishable encoding dimensions, which enable multiplexed encoding with high capacity and complexity. Importantly, the controllable consumption can be manipulated by varying the concentration of consumption unit, so the programmed information encoded in different channels can be selectively read and erased simultaneously by varying stimulus light. The method makes the encryption information highly resistive to brute force trial‐and‐error attacks, which achieves high security level of information protection.
Estimation of Degradation Indices of Oil‐Filled Transformer Based on the Color Data of Insulating Oil
Authors: Oshima Seiichirou , Nakamura Hisahide , Kobayashi Hiroshi
Published: April 2021

This study proposes a novel method for estimation of the acid value and the furfural contained in the insulating oil of an oil‐filled transformer based on the information received from the color of the insulating oil. A spectrometer analysis is carried out on insulating oils. The color data, represented as L*, a*, and b*, are measured, and it is found that these values change on a certain trajectory in accordance with the degradation of the insulating oil. Subsequently, a method for the estimation of acid value and the furfural is proposed based on the trajectory. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through experimental procedures. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Analysis of the demand for pet insurance among uninsured pet owners in the United States
Authors: Chiu Leslie J. Verteramo , Li Jie , Lhermie Guillaume , Cazer Casey
Published: April 2021

Background: Although cost is often a barrier to providing optimal veterinary care, only a minority of pet owners use insurance to help cover veterinary costs. We sought to estimate consumer demand and preferences for pet insurance and how educating owners on treatment costs and disease risk affects pet insurance uptake.

Methods: We surveyed 306 dog owners across the United States without pet insurance, including a choice experiment, used ordinary least squares regression to estimate the demand for pet insurance, and conjoint analysis to estimate the pet insurance feature preferences.

Results: Pet insurance uptake increased by 12.3% after veterinary treatment cost and canine cancer risk information was presented to participants. We found that, on average, pet owners were willing to pay $24 more per month for a preventive care service in pet insurance. Forty‐four percent of participants were willing to spend up to $1000 to prolong their pet's life a year, while 46% of the sample were willing to spend $3000 or more.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that providing pet owners’ information about the costs and likelihood of disease can increase their willingness to pay for pet insurance. Coverage of preventive care was the most valuable feature in pet insurance among those presented to dog owners.
Influence of farm management on the dynamics of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis shedding and antibiotic resistance during the growing period of broiler chickens
Authors: Montoro‐Dasi Laura , Villagra Arantxa , Vega Santiago , Marin Clara
Published: April 2021

Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is a zoonotic pathogen isolated in broilers causing great economic losses in the European poultry sector. It is demonstrated that an investment in management measures at farm level could directly affect the control of food chain microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of S. Infantis antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns during the growing period, according to flock density and ventilation management, without antibiotic administration.

Methods: The experiment was performed in two identical poultry houses, evaluating commercial and optimal farm conditions. At 24 h of rearing, 20% of the animals were orally infected with a S. Infantis strain susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. To study Salmonella shedding, faeces samples from each experimental group were taken weekly and analysed as per ISO/TS 6579–2:2017. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/653.

Results: Salmonella shedding showed that the lowest counts were observed in the first week post‐infection and highest at slaughter day for both groups. Moreover, 100% of the isolates were multi‐resistant.

Conclusion: The acquisition of AMR by S. Infantis starts at the onset of the production cycle and is maintained until the end, demonstrating the importance of transmission of AMR in zoonotic bacteria at farm level.
Hand hygiene compliance in companion animal clinics and practices in Switzerland: An observational study
Authors: Schmidt Janne S. , Hartnack Sonja , Schuller Simone , Kuster Stefan P. , Willi Barbara
Published: April 2021

Background: Hand hygiene (HH) is one of the most important measures to prevent healthcare‐associated infections. Data on HH compliance in companion animal veterinary institutions in Europe are sparse.

Methods: This observational study assessed HH according to WHO standards in three large and two medium‐sized clinics and two primary care practices in Switzerland. Associations with HH indication, professional group, clinical area and institution were determined using a generalized linear mixed effects model.

Results: Based on 2056 observations, overall HH compliance [95% confidence interval] was 32% [30%‐34%]. HH compliance was highest in the consultation area (41% [38%‐45%]) and after contact to body fluids (45% [40%‐50%]), and lowest in the pre‐OR area (20% [15%‐24%]) and before clean/aseptic procedures (12% [9%‐15%]). Veterinarians showed a higher HH compliance (37% [34%‐40%]) than veterinary nurses (25% [22%‐28%]). HH compliance was lower before clean/aseptic procedures compared to all other indications (all p < 0.015 except ‘before touching a patient’ in medium‐sized clinics/practices, p = 0.095) and higher in the consultation area compared to all other areas in large clinics (all p < 0.04).

Conclusion: Effective HH training should urgently be promoted for all veterinary personnel with special emphasis on the importance of HH before clean/aseptic procedures.
Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with lepidic pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a cat
Authors: Matralis Dimitrios , Panopoulos Ioannis , Papadogiannaki Ioanna , Van der Lugt Jaco , Papadogiannakis Emmanouil
Published: April 2021

An 11‐year‐old female Persian cat was presented with a 4‐week history of anorexia, exercise intolerance, weight loss and difficulty in ambulation. Plain radiographs and CT revealed diffuse symmetric hyperostosis of the appendicular skeleton and multiple, space‐occupying masses in the lungs along with bronchial consolidation of the caudal lung lobe. The lung masses were labelled strongly by pan‐cytokeratin but not by vimentin and diagnosed as lepidic pulmonary adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination. The cat did not respond to chemotherapy and was euthanized 77 days later. Post‐mortem examination of bone sample confirmed the diagnosis of new bone formation (hypertrophic osteopathy).
Who we are impacts how we lead: Social class influence on leader identity, capacity, and efficacy
Authors: Ardoin Sonja , Guthrie Kathy L.
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, the authors offer constructs for understanding the broad nature of social class and how social class identity can, and does, influence leadership identity, capacity, and efficacy. Utilizing the social class worldview model in combination with cultural mismatch theory, the authors position culturally relevant leadership learning as essential to reduce classism and advance class equity in leadership learning, development, and practice.
Critical social class and leadership practices
Authors: Svoboda Tori , Lozano Adele
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides a brief overview of critical perspectives on social class and leadership and describes a culturally sustaining and class‐conscious leadership approach. Case scenarios illustrate using the approach for reflective practice.
Connecting social class and leadership learning through intersectionality
Authors: Bitton Adrian L. , Jones Susan R.
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, intersectionality is used as an analytic tool to examine the connections between social class and leadership learning. We emphasize leadership identity, capacity, and efficacy and identify strategies that educators may use to center social class by incorporating intersectionality within culturally relevant leadership learning.
Social class barriers to traditional student leader roles
Authors: Houze Shea Kidd
Published: April 2021

This chapter acknowledges the historical origins and access points of positional leadership roles on campus. In addition to highlighting barriers for poor and working‐class students, the chapter suggests broadening access to leadership learning from the lens of community cultural wealth.
Interpolating between multi-boundary wormholes and single-boundary geometries in holography
Authors: May Alex , Van Raamsdonk Mark
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The recent paper [1] described how states of a holographic CFT can be approximated by states of a large collection of non-interacting BCFTs, such that the dual of the new system accurately approximates an arbitrarily large causal patch of the original geometry. In this paper, we first describe in more detail the geometries dual to such discrete BCFT systems, emphasizing that they are multi-boundary wormholes in which it is not possible to move causally between different asymptotic regions. By reintroducing couplings between the BCFTs in various ways, we show that the wormholes can be made traversable, giving an intermediate class of geometries that interpolate between the multi-boundary wormhole and the original geometry that it approximates.
Mechanisms underlying pre- and postnatal development of the vomeronasal organ
Authors: Katreddi Raghu Ram , Forni Paolo E.
Published: April 2021

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is sensory organ located in the ventral region of the nasal cavity in rodents. The VNO develops from the olfactory placode during the secondary invagination of olfactory pit. The embryonic vomeronasal structure appears as a neurogenic area where migratory neuronal populations like endocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons form. Even though embryonic vomeronasal structures are conserved across most vertebrate species, many species including humans do not have a functional VNO after birth. The vomeronasal epithelium (VNE) of rodents is composed of two major types of vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs): (1) VSNs distributed in the apical VNE regions that express vomeronasal type-1 receptors (V1Rs) and the G protein subunit Gαi2, and (2) VSNs in the basal territories of the VNE that express vomeronasal type-2 receptors (V2Rs) and the G subunit Gαo. Recent studies identified a third subclass of Gαi2 and Gαo VSNs that express the formyl peptide receptor family. VSNs expressing V1Rs or V2Rs send their axons to distinct regions of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Together, VNO and AOB form the accessory olfactory system (AOS), an olfactory subsystem that coordinates the social and sexual behaviors of many vertebrate species. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie VNO development. We also discuss open questions for study, which we suggest will further enhance our understanding of VNO morphogenesis at embryonic and postnatal stages.
A rigorous derivation and energetics of a wave equation with fractional damping
Authors: Mielke Alexander , Netz Roland R. , Zendehroud Sina
Published: April 2021

We consider a linear system that consists of a linear wave equation on a horizontal hypersurface and a parabolic equation in the half space below. The model describes longitudinal elastic waves in organic monolayers at the water–air interface, which is an experimental setup that is relevant for understanding wave propagation in biological membranes. We study the scaling regime where the relevant horizontal length scale is much larger than the vertical length scale and provide a rigorous limit leading to a fractionally damped wave equation for the membrane. We provide the associated existence results via linear semigroup theory and show convergence of the solutions in the scaling limit. Moreover, based on the energy–dissipation structure for the full model, we derive a natural energy and a natural dissipation function for the fractionally damped wave equation with a time derivative of order 3/2.
Direct statistical inference for finite Markov jump processes via the matrix exponential
Authors: Sherlock Chris
Published: April 2021

Given noisy, partial observations of a time-homogeneous, finite-statespace Markov chain, conceptually simple, direct statistical inference is available, in theory, via its rate matrix, or infinitesimal generator, $${\mathsf {Q}}$$
Q
, since $$\exp ({\mathsf {Q}}t)$$

exp
(
Q
t
)

is the transition matrix over time t. However, perhaps because of inadequate tools for matrix exponentiation in programming languages commonly used amongst statisticians or a belief that the necessary calculations are prohibitively expensive, statistical inference for continuous-time Markov chains with a large but finite state space is typically conducted via particle MCMC or other relatively complex inference schemes. When, as in many applications $${\mathsf {Q}}$$
Q
arises from a reaction network, it is usually sparse. We describe variations on known algorithms which allow fast, robust and accurate evaluation of the product of a non-negative vector with the exponential of a large, sparse rate matrix. Our implementation uses relatively recently developed, efficient, linear algebra tools that take advantage of such sparsity. We demonstrate the straightforward statistical application of the key algorithm on a model for the mixing of two alleles in a population and on the Susceptible-Infectious-Removed epidemic model.
The (non-)robustness of influential cheap talk equilibria when the sender’s preferences are state independent
Authors: Diehl Christoph , Kuzmics Christoph
Published: April 2021

Chakraborty and Harbaugh (Am Econ Rev 100(5):2361–2382, 2010) prove the existence of influential cheap talk equilibria in one sender one receiver games when the state is multidimensional and the preferences of the sender are state independent. We show that influential equilibria do not survive the introduction of any small degree of Harsanyi-uncertainty, i.e., uncertainty about the sender’s preferences in the spirit of Harsanyi (Int J Game Theory 2(1):1–23, 1973).
A new method of adjusting mesh tension using cystoscopy during laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy
Authors: Nomura Yukiko , Okada Yoshiyuki , Hiramatsu Aya , Matsubara Eiji , Kato Kumiko , Yoshimura Yasukuni
Published: April 2021

We aimed to examine the usefulness of cystoscopic findings to guide mesh tension adjustment during laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) to promote better repair of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and prevent de novo stress urinary incontinence (SUI). In this technique, the bladder wall was observed using a cystoscope when various traction pressures were applied by pulling the mesh arm with forceps before fixation to the promontory during LSC. Adjustment was performed on 20 patients, and postoperative outcomes of POP repair and development of de novo SUI were evaluated. When excessive traction was applied on the mesh arm, a bladder neck opening and a cord-like elevation in the center of the trigone and posterior wall were observed in all cases. The tension was gradually loosened, and precisely when the above-mentioned cystoscopic finding (“Central Road”) disappeared, an anatomically appropriate elevation of the vaginal apex was achieved; the mesh arm was fixed to the promontory. At 6 months after LSC, anterior wall recurrences were diagnosed in four patients (beyond the hymen in one) with few symptoms, while no occurrence of de novo SUI. Cystoscopic findings during mesh tension adjustment in LSC could be useful in achieving improved POP repair.