bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxic Factor Produced by a Granulosis Virus in Armyworm Larva: Effect on
Apanteles militaris
Authors: Kaya Harry K.
Published: October 2006

The internal parasitoid
Apanteles militaris
is affected by a proteinaceous toxic factor in the hemolymph of granulosis virus-infected armyworm larva. The hemolymph, after centrifugation to remove the virus particles and inoculation into the larval hemocoel, is still toxic to the parasitoids.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: Andromimetic Action on Seminal Vesicular Enzymes
Authors: Singhal Radhey L. , Vijayvargiya R. , Ling George M.
Published: October 2006

Administration of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate with theophylline produced testosterone-like induction of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the seminal vesicles of both orchidectomized and immature rats. The N
6
-O
2
′-dibutyryl analog of this cyclic nucleotide produced greater increases in vesicular enzyme activities than those induced by the parent compound. The observed enhancement of the key glycolytic enzymes and of hexose monophosphate shunt dehydrogenase was significantly inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. The evidence indicates that cyclic adenosine monophosphate may be involved as an intermediary in the action of androgenic hormones on male accessory sex organs.
Fission Track Ages and Ages of Deposition of Deep-Sea Microtektites
Authors: Gentner W. , Glass B. P. , Storzer D. , Wagner G. A.
Published: October 2006

The Australasian and Ivory Coast deep-sea microtektites have fission track ages of 0.71 and 1.09 million years, respectively. These ages are in good agreement with the ages of deposition of the microtektites determined from paleomagnetic data. Both the fission track ages and ages of deposition of the microtektites agree with the potassium/ argon and fission track ages of tektites from the respective tektite strewn fields.
Antimycin A: Stimulation of Cell Division and Protein Synthesis in
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Elson Charles , Hartmann Henrik A. , Shug Austin L. , Shrago Earl
Published: October 2006

Addition of antimycin A to a culture of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
caused an increase in cell division and protein synthesis in this ciliated protozoan. The antimycin effect is a function of the time of exposure to the antibiotic as well as of the age of the culture. A large accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum, reflecting increased protein synthesis, was visualized by electron microscopy in cells stimulated by the antimycin A.
Colcemid Sensitivity of Fission Yeast and the Isolation of Colcemid-Resistant Mutants
Authors: Lederberg Seymour , Stetten Gail
Published: October 2006

Cell division of the fission yeast,
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
, is reversibly inhibited by the antimitotic agent Colcemid (
N
-deacetyl-
N
-methylcolchicine) in nutrient medium. Cell growth continues until all cells become nonseparating cell doublets in a V configuration. Mutants have been isolated capable of uninhibited growth in the presence of concentrations of Colcemid mycostatic for the parent strain.
Induction and Isolation of Auxotrophic Mutants in Somatic Cell Cultures of
Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Carlson Peter S.
Published: October 2006

A method for the selection of auxotrophic mutants from somatic cell cultures of
Nicotiana tabacum
depends upon the incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine into the DNA of wild-type cells and upon its lack of incorporation into the DNA of auxotrophic cells. There may be more than one functional copy of essential genes in the haploid genome of
Nicotiana tabacum
.
Radioactivity Induced in Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Material by Solar Flare Protons
Authors: Heydegger H. R. , Turkevich Anthony
Published: October 2006

Comparison of values of the specific radioactivities reported for lunar surface material from the Apollo 11 mission with analogous data for stone meteorites suggests that energetic particles from the solar flare of 12 April 1969 may have produced most of the cobalt-56 observed.
L-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase: A New Type in Glial Cells and Human Brain Gliomas
Authors: Haber Bernard , Kuriyama Kinya , Roberts Eugene
Published: October 2006

Human glial cells grown in culture and gliomas and white matter contain an L-glutamic acid decarboxylase which is stimulated markedly by carbonyl-trapping agents. In contrast, L-glutamic acid decarboxylase activity of human cerebral gray matter is strongly inhibited by carbonyl-trapping agents. These results suggest a glial localization of the new type of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase.
Somatic Cell Mating and Segregation in Chimeric Frogs
Authors: Volpe E. Peter , Earley Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2006

Both pentaploid and haploid cells were observed in a short-term culture of bone marrow of a diploid-triploid frog chimera. Apparently, diploid and triploid marrow cells fused to form "hybrid" pentaploid cells, which subsequently gave rise by somatic reduction to haploid daughter cells. The hybrid marrow cells and their haploid segregants are presumably at a selective disadvantage, as neither type of cell has been detected in the circulating blood of chimeric frogs.
Tektite Glass in Apollo 12 Sample
Authors: O'Keefe John A.
Published: October 2006

The glassy portion of lunar sample 12013 from Apollo 12 is chemically more like some tektites from Java than like any terrestrial igneous rock. It satisfies all the chemical criteria for a tektite. Tektites are relatively recent and acid rocks, whereas the moon is chiefly ancient and basaltic; hence, tektites are probably ejected volcanically, rather than by impact, from the moon.
Geological History of the Western North Pacific
Authors: Fischer Alfred G. , Heezen Bruce C. , Boyce Robert E. , Bury David , Douglas Robert G. , Garrison Robert E. , Kling Stanley A. , Krasheninnikov V. , Lisitzin A. P. , Pimm Anthony C.
Published: October 2006

A considerable portion of the abyssal floor of the western North Pacific was already receiving pelagic sediment in late Jurassic time. Carbonate sediments were later replaced by abyssal clays as the basin deepened and bottom waters became more aggressive. The resulting facies boundary, which can be recognized on seismic profiles, is broadly transgressive; it ranges in age from mid-Cretaceous in the western Pacific to Oligocene in the central Pacific. Cherts are encountered at and below the major facies boundary and appear to have been formed by postdepositional processes.
Jupiter: His Limb Darkening and the Magnitude of His Internal Energy Source
Authors: Trafton Laurence M. , Wildey Robert L.
Published: October 2006

The most accurate infrared photometric observations (8 to 14 microns) to date of the average limb darkening of Jupiter have been combined with the most refined deduction of jovian model atmospheres in which flux constancy has been closely maintained in the upper regime of radiative equilibrium and a much more accurate approximation of the 10- and 16-micron vibration-rotation bands of ammonia has been incorporated. The theoretically predicted emergent specific intensity has been multiplied by the spectral response function and folded (mathematically convolved—intersmeared) with the spatial response function of the atmosphere-telescope-photometer combination. The resulting comparison indicates that Jupiter is radiating from three to four times as much power as the planet is receiving from the sun.
Geochronology: Recent Development in the Lutetium-176/Hafnium-176 Dating Method
Authors: Boudin André , Deutsch Sarah
Published: October 2006

The application of the lutetium-176/ hafnium-176 method to gram quantities of minerals containing rare earths is made possible by the development of analytical and isotope dilution techniques for microgram amounts of lutetium and hafnium. The geological redetermination of the half-life of lutetium-176 (3.3 ± 0.5 × 10
10
years) is in agreement with recent physical measurements.
Ribonuclease V of
Escherichia coli
: Susceptibility of Heated Ribosomal RNA and Stability of R17 Phage RNA
Authors: Kuwano Michihiko , Apirion David , Schlessinger David
Published: October 2006

Native ribosomal RNA and intact phage R17 RNA are insensitive to attack by ribonuclease V, an exonucleolytic activity associated with ribosome movement on the substrate RNA. However, ribosomal RNA becomes a substrate when it is heated under conditions that make it a template for protein synthesis, and R17 RNA is attacked if it is either heated or fragmented. Accessibility of the 5′ terminus of an RNA molecule is probably increased by heating or fragmentation and may determine its susceptibility to ribonuclease V.
Quantitation of Strain BALB/c Mouse Peritoneal Cells
Authors: Shelton Emma , Daves Sylvia , Hemmer Rosalyn
Published: October 2006

Total and differential counts of the peritoneal cells of male and female BALB/c mice aged 10 days to over 2 years demonstrate that the increase in cell number that occurs in mice over 2 months old is due entirely to an increase in lymphocytes. The number of peritoneal macrophages in BALB/c females is maintained at a constant level for 22 months. The stability of the macrophage population in contrast to the increase in numbers of lymphocytes suggests that the body pools of these two cell types are not related.
Cataracts Produced in Rats by Yogurt
Authors: Richter Curt P. , Duke James R.
Published: October 2006

Rats kept on an exclusive diet of yogurt avidly ate the yogurt, grew at a normal rate, were normally active, mated, conceived, and gave birth to normal, healthy litters. However, all of the rats developed cataracts. Cataracts appeared in young rats 2 to 3 months, and in adult rats 4 to 6 months, after initiation of the yogurt diet. Cataracts first manifested themselves in small vacuoles at the periphery of the lens and then in small striae extending toward the center of the lens. These striae progressively became longer, more coarse, and numerous until they coalesced, finally forming a mature white lens. The high content of galactose in commercially available yogurt could account in full for appearance of cataracts in 100 percent of the experimental animals. The cataracts appear to be the same as those produced by diets with a high content of galactose.
Attenuation on an Earth-Space Path Measured in the Wavelength Range of 8 to 14 Micrometers
Authors: Wilson R. W.
Published: October 2006

A telescope operating over the wavelength range of 8 to 14 micrometers has been added to the Crawford Hill sun tracker for the purpose of measuring attenuation in that atmospheric window. Over a 9-month period the attenuation (typically from clouds) exceeded 10, 20, and 30 decibels for 48, 43, and 34 percent of the time.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Developing Plant Organs
Authors: Falk Richard H. , Gifford Ernest M. , Cutter Elizabeth G.
Published: October 2006

Shoot apices and young meristematic leaves can be examined directly with the scanning electron microscope without prior fixation or metal coating. The form of the shoot apex, cellular organization, and leaf arrangement (phyllotaxis) can be observed, perhaps as they have never been visualized before.
Assessment of Multiattribute Preferences
Authors: Keeney Ralph L.
Published: October 2006

Operational assumptions are made concerning the preferences of a decision maker. Functional forms of multiattribute utility functions that satisfy these assumptions are stated. These forms provide operational methods for assessing preferences over multiattribute consequences and have a wide range of practical application.
Lunar Ephemeris: Delaunay's Theory Revisited
Authors: Deprit André , Henrard Jacques , Rom Arnold
Published: October 2006

Delaunay's reduced Hamiltonian of the main problem in lunar theory is checked against a new analytical theory based on Lie transforms. It is found to be correct up to order 9 with the exception of one error in addition at order 7.
Calorimetric Detection of a Membrane-Lipid Phase Transition in Living Cells
Authors: Reinert Joe C. , Steim Joseph M.
Published: October 2006

The membrane lipids in living
Mycoplasma laidlawii
exhibit a phase transition characteristic of that from crystal to liquid crystal within the bilayer conformation. The transition occurs at the same temperature in viable organisms, membranes isolated from the organisms, and isolated membrane lipids. The enthalpy of the transition in the membrane is compared with that of an aqueous suspension of isolated membrane lipids. The result is consistent with presence of an extended lipid bilayer in the native membrane.
Smog Aerosol: Infrared Spectra
Authors: Stephens Edgar R. , Price Monty A.
Published: October 2006

Infrared spectra of smog aerosol are similar to those of sulfuric acid aerosol, but they do not show the prominent CH and carbonyl bands of organic aerosols from terpenes. Some features of the smog aerosol spectra are not present in the spectra from either type of synthetic aerosol.
Pyrazole and Induction of Fatty Liver by a Single Dose of Ethanol
Authors: Bustos Gonzalo Orchard , Kalant Harold , Khanna Jatinder M. , Loth Juliet
Published: October 2006

Pyrazole (4 millimoles per kilogram or 272 milligrams per kilogram of body weight), given to fasted rats 10 minutes before gavage with ethanol (4 grams per kilogram), completely prevented both the disappearance of ethanol from the blood over a 16-hour period and the ethanol-induced reduction in the ratio of oxidized to reduced hepatic nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. However, it did not affect the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver after the administration of ethanol. These results indicate that metabolism of ethanol is not required for production of fatty liver by a single, large dose of ethanol.
DNA Polymerase Activities Associated with Smooth Membranes and Ribosomes from Rat Liver and Hepatoma Cytoplasm
Authors: Baril Earl F. , Jenkins Murphy D. , Brown Oliver E. , Laszlo John
Published: October 2006

Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity that prefers denatured DNA primer concentrates with the smooth membranes during sucrose gradient centrifugation of rat liver and hepatoma cytoplasmic extracts. The activity in this fraction is eightfold higher in hepatoma tissue. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity that prefers native DNA primer concentrates with the free ribosome fraction from both tissues.
Drug Effect Prediction by Computer
Authors: Gloye Eugene E. , Marcus Rudolph J.
Published: October 2006

The mass of information available about effects of chemical substances (drugs) on behavioral, biochemical, and physiological systems of living organisms is so extensive as to defy traditional methods of analysis. A procedure that provides automated, computerized searches for patterns among these effects has been developed and has been applied to a data base constructed of medical and chemical information from
The Merck Index.
One promising result is the development of new hypotheses about mechanisms of drug action.
Flaking Stone with Wooden Implements
Authors: Crabtree Don E.
Published: October 2006

Two of the seven Palliaike points show better quality workmanship than the other five. The better workmanship seems to result from use of a material superior to basalt rather than from greater skill. All seven examples show surface smoothing to a varying degree. The bifacial smoothing could be either intentional abrading by the worker or unintentional smoothing by function. Without the aid of considerable magnification and further experiment, it is difficult to pass final judgment. If these points were hafted, it would seem that the bifacial basal smoothing could not be the result of function. Hafting could be accomplished by using resins and adhesives to affix the base of the point to a wooden shaft, as was done by the Kimberley aborigines. Many Clovis points from western North America are smoothed to an even greater degree—for example, those found at the Simon Site in Idaho. Some points show the detachment of short flakes terminating in step fractures. But this may be a result of the Palliaike points being made of basalt, a very difficult material to work, of the worker being less skilled, or of the wooden flaker being inadequate to overcome the coarse-grained material. All the Palliaike points are thick in relation to their width, which makes them resistant to breakage. However, since only one point in the collection (Fig. 1a) shows an attempt at basal thinning, the worker may have been unable to control the coarse-grained basalt, which is difficult to thin with a wooden flaker, or he may simply have wanted the point thick for a particular function.
Homozygous Hb J Tongariki: Evidence for Only One Alpha Chain Structural Locus in Melanesians
Authors: Abramson Ruth K. , Rucknagel Donald L. , Shreffler Donald C. , Saave Jan J.
Published: October 2006

A high frequency of Hb J Tongariki (α 115 Ala → Asp) was found in a Kilenge village in New Britain. Heterozygotes had 45 to 50 percent of the Hb J component (determined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis). Two homozygotes for Hb J had no Hb A, suggesting that in this family only one Hbα structural locus is present.
L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine: Effect on
S
-Adenosylmethionine in Brain
Authors: Wurtman R. J. , Rose C. M. , Matthysse S. , Stephenson J. , Baldessarini R.
Published: October 2006

Forty-five minutes after intraperitoneal injection of a single dose (100 milligrams per kilogram) of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, the concentration of
S
-adenosylmethionine in rat brain was lowered by 76 percent. As little as 10 milligrams of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine per kilogram decreased content of
S
-adenosylmethionine in the adrenal medulla by 51 percent, whereas 100 milligrams per kilogram did not significantly depress concentration of
S
-adenosylmethionine in the liver in this time interval. Concentration of
S
-adenosylmethionine in the brain varied diurnally; L-dihydroxyphenylalanine lowered this concentration whether administered at the daily peak or at the nadir.
Technological Strategies and National Purpose
Authors: Gilpin Robert
Published: October 2006

It would be presumptuous to suggest that economic and technological forces will determine the course of domestic or international affairs. In the last analysis, passions rule the world. Nonetheless, to a degree perhaps unparalleled in the past, economic and technological considerations will shape the ways in which political interests and conflicts seek their expression and work themselves out. In a world where nuclear weaponry has inhibited the use of military power and where social and economic demands play an inordinate role in political life, the choice, success, or failure of a nation's technological strategy will influence in large measure its place in the international pecking order and its capacity to solve its domestic problems.
Apollo 11: Exposure of Lower Animals to Lunar Material
Authors: Benschoter C. A. , Allison T. C. , Boyd J. F. , Brooks M. A. , Campbell J. W. , Groves R. O. , Heimpel A. M. , Mills H. E. , Ray S. M. , Warren J. W. , Wolf K. E. , Wood E. M. , Wrenn R. T. , Zein-Eldin Z.
Published: October 2006

Lunar material returned from the first manned landing on the moon was assayed for the presence of replicating agents possibly harmful to life on earth. Ten species of lower animals were exposed to lunar material for 28 days. No pathological effects attributable to contact with lunar material were detected.
Sexual Reproduction in
Geotrichum candidum
Authors: Butler E. E. , Petersen L. J.
Published: October 2006

A perfect state of
Geotrichum candidum
was isolated from soil in Puerto Rico. Wild-type cultures are self-fertile but give rise to self-sterile, cross-fertile mating types morphologically different in some respects from the wild type. This discovery of the perfect state of
G. candidum
and its unique pattern of sexuality may contribute to knowledge of its ecology, the origin of pathogenic races, and speciation.
Diploid Azaguanine-Resistant Mutants of Cultured Human Fibroblasts
Authors: Albertini Richard J. , DeMars Robert
Published: October 2006

Two azaguanine-resistant clones of cultured, human fibroblasts were isolated from unrelated strains of karyotypically normal, male cells. The most resistant mutant has little hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity, is virtually unable to incorporate hypoxanthine (a normal substrate of the enzyme), and resembles fibroblasts cultured from boys with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The less resistant mutant has about one-third as much enzyme activity as its parent strain and is less able to utilize hypoxanthine. Both mutants are morphologically and karyotypically normal. These mutations may have occurred at the X-chromosomal, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus and may provide a realistic experimental model for studying mutation in human genetic material.
Thermosensitivity of Neurons in the Sensorimotor Cortex of the Cat
Authors: Barker Jeffery L. , Carpenter David O.
Published: October 2006

Extracellular action potentials were recorded from 80 neurons in the sensorimotor cortex of the cat as brain temperature was varied by 4° to 8°C. The discharge rate of 37 percent of the neurons studied increased with increasing brain temperature. The discharge rate varied inversely with temperature in 11 percent of the neurons.
Gibberellic Acid: A Growth Factor in the Unicellular Alga
Gymnodinium breve
Authors: Paster Zvi , Abbott Bernard C.
Published: October 2006

Gibberellic acid stimulates growth in the unicellular alga
Gymnodinium breve
(dinoflagellate). The maximum effect was obtained with 10
-7
molar gibberellic acid, whereas concentrations greater than 5 × 10
-7
mole per liter were inhibitory. The effect of the compound is observed as a marked shortening of the lag period, which is normally 6 to 8 days after innoculation.
Biosynthesis of Vitamin B
6
: Incorporation of Three-Carbon Units
Authors: Hill Robert E. , Spenser Ian D.
Published: October 2006

Pyridoxol, one of the forms of vitamin B
6
, is derived from three glycerol units. One of these is incorporated by way of pyruvate as a two-carbon fragment at the oxidation level of acetaldehyde. The other two glycerol units are incorporated intact, possibly by way of triose phosphate.
Mercury Poisoning: Prevention by Spironolactone
Authors: Selye Hans
Published: October 2006

The renal tubular necrosis and calcification as well as the mortality induced by mercuric chloride in the rat are readily prevented by prior treatment with well-tolerated amounts of spironolactone.
Clean Power from Coal
Authors: Squires Arthur M.
Published: October 2006

Nuclear engineers have a vision whose fulfillment will make plutonium-239 and uranium-233 the "dirty, cheap" fuels and will make coal the fuel of esteem. It will be valued for derivative chemicals and clean fuels and for metallurgical and electrochemical uses of its fixed carbon. In a coal technology devised to exploit these values, the recovery of sulfur will be a mere incidental. An immediate, properly financed effort to develop means for coping with sulfur can give us clean air with profit, help to conserve our limited supply of vital uranium-235, and take us a large step toward a coal technology for the 21st century.
A Facultative Gymnosperm from an Interspecific Cotton Hybrid
Authors: Meyer Vesta G.
Published: October 2006

A plant population from an interspecific cotton hybrid produces flowers with exposed ovules on petal margins. The variability of these abnormal flowers suggests the possibility that angiosperms may have evolved by accumulating regulator genes which narrow the range of response to fluctuations in the environment. Progressive canalization of development within a population like the "carpelloid petal" plants could have resulted in both angiospermy and speciation.
Mutation in Internode Length Affects Wheat Plant-Type
Authors: Qualset C. O. , Fick G. N. , Constantin M. J. , Osborne T. S.
Published: October 2006

A mutant form was found in an M
2
population of wheat
Triticum aestivum
L. em. Thell. (aestivum group) 'Seneca'. The population was derived from soaked grains treated with 3.2 kilorads of gamma rays. The first and second internodes below the spike were reduced in length 33 and 15 percent, respectively, and the total height was 18 percent shorter than the prototype. The flag leaf sheath was normal in length resulting in spike placement below the flag leaf lamina. Segregation data suggest that one dominant gene controls this character. The canopy structure of a population of mutant plants is different from that of the normal type; therefore, this mutant can be used to evaluate light interception and physiological aspects of crop productivity.
Insulin Levels in Primates by Immunoassay
Authors: Mann George V. , Crofford Oscar B.
Published: October 2006

Only trace amounts of insulin were detected by an immunoassay system with guinea pig antibody to pork insulin in the New World primates
Cebus
and
Saimiri
. The system found insulin levels in the Old World primates rhesus and chimpanzee which were quite like those of human beings. The findings suggest important structural differences in the insulins of the two primate divisions.
Blocking of the Initiation-to-Elongation Transition by a Transdominant RNA Polymerase Mutation
Authors: Kashlev Mikhail , Lee Jookyung , Zalenskaya Katya , Nikiforov Vadim , Goldfarb Alex
Published: October 2006

RNA polymerase, the principal enzyme of gene expression, possesses structural features conserved in evolution. A substitution of an evolutionarily invariant amino acid (Lys
1065
→ Arg) in the β subunit of
Escherichia coli
RNA polymerase apparently disrupts its catalytic center. The mutant protein inhibited cell growth when expressed from an inducible promoter. The assembled holoenzyme carrying the mutant subunit formed stable promoter complexes that continuously synthesized promoter-specific dinucleotides but that did not enter the elongation step. The mutant polymerase inhibited transcription by blocking the access of the wild-type enzyme to promoters.
Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Hamsters after Exposure to Proteolytic Enzymes of
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Goldring Irene P. , Ratner Irving M. , Greenburg Leonard
Published: October 2006

Single exposures of Syrian hamsters by aerosol inhalation or intratracheal instillation to proteolytic enzymes of
Bacillus subtilis
produced massive pulmonary hemorrhage within the first week. Of 46 animals exposed, eight died as a result of extensive hemorrhage. The remainder made uneventful recovery with no apparent residual pulmonary disease 6 weeks after exposure.
Mars: Is Nitrogen Present?
Authors: Dalgarno A. , McElroy M. B.
Published: October 2006

If the atmosphere is uniformly mixed, a mixing ratio of nitrogen to carbon dioxide of 5 percent is consistent with the observational data on the ultraviolet dayglow of Mars. If the magnitude of the eddy coefficient in the atmosphere is similar to that for the earth, this limit is reduced to less than 0.5 percent.
Structure of RNA in Ribosomes
Authors: Hartman Karl A. , Amaya Jaime , Schachter Eugene M.
Published: October 2006

The 50
S
and 30
S
ribosomes and 23
S
and 16
S
RNA were hydrolyzed with ribonuclease A. The rate constants and number of fragments produced were determined for each reaction. The conformation of 23
S
RNA changes when the RNA is extracted from the ribosome. Specific regions of the RNA in 50
S
and 30
S
ribosomes are protected from hydrolysis by the ribosomal proteins.
Polymeric Structure of Spruce Lignin
Authors: Bolker Henry I. , Brenner Helen S.
Published: October 2006

From the Flory-Stockmayer theory and molecular weights of successive fractions of lignin obtained by extraction of spruce wood with a mixture of water, dioxane, and hydrochloric acid and by sulfonation, the average length of the primary chains was estimated to be 18 phenylpropane units. From data on the acid-catalyzed cleavage of model compounds in various solvents the degrees of cross-linking in four extraction processes were calculated. The average degree of cross-linking of intact lignin was found to be 0.277; that is, 5 out of every 18 phenylpropane units bear cross-linking benzyl ether groups. Of the five, three are also etherified at their phenolic ends (B groups), and two are not (X groups).
Flour Beetles: Responses to Extracts of Their Own Pupae
Authors: Ryan Michael F. , Park Thomas , Mertz David B.
Published: October 2006

Two species of flour beetles,
Tribolium confusum
and
Tribolium castaneum
, respond to neutral pith disks impregnated with aqueous extracts of their pupae in such a way that the adults and larvae tend to select the extract of the other species. These findings have implications for the population ecology of
Tribolium
.
Sex Ratio of Newborns: Preponderance of Males in Toxemia of Pregnancy
Authors: Toivanen P. , Hirvonen T.
Published: October 2006

The ratio of males to females in 1061 babies born to mothers with toxemia of pregnancy is 1.24. The ratio increases as the severity of the disease increases, being 1.71 in cases in which the urinary output of protein is equal to or greater than 3 grams per 24 hours. Histoincompatibility of the fetus and mother, including incompatibility due to an antigen (or antigens) dependent on the Y chromosome, is suggested to function in the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia.
Underground Power Transmission
Authors: Rose P. H.
Published: October 2006

Much of the generating capacity to meet the needs of the future may be from generating stations in groups of two or three, each of 1000 Mw, located away from the growing urban areas. Transmission systems will become longer and be of higher duty; and a combination of popular demand and land cost will force the system underground at increasing distances from cities. The need for higher capacity cables to match the new overhead systems and for reduced capital and installation costs is forcing the search for better materials and new techniques. The vast size of the power industry implies that a breakthrough in technology would have dramatic consequences and even a small improvement in materials or techniques can be of significant economic importance.
Atmospheric Aerosol: Does a Background Level Exist?
Authors: Porch William M. , Charlson Robert J. , Radke Lawrence F.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of light-scattering made with an integrating nephelometer at Point Barrow, Alaska, and Mount Olympus, Washington, are in agreement in magnitude, and both sets of measurements also are in agreement with other measurements of light-scattering and turbidity made in remote locations. This agreement suggests that a background level of aerosol exists and that the concept of a background is applicable.
Chemically Induced Porphyria: Prevention by Prior Treatment with Phenobarbital
Authors: Kaufman Leon , Swanson Ann Louise , Marver Harvey S.
Published: October 2006

The excessive induction of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in rats after the administration of porphyria-inducing compounds is prevented by prior treatment with phenobarbital. Studies in vivo and in vitro indicate that phenobarbital prevents the induction of chemical porphyria by increasing the rate of detoxification of inducers by way of drug-metabolizing enzymes of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.
Pigeon Control by Chemosterilization: Population Model from Laboratory Results
Authors: Sturtevant Joan
Published: October 2006

Reproductivity of pigeons is inhibited with mestranol incorporated in a synthetic grit; continual erosion releases daily doses. Young squabs may be permanently sterilized when fed crop milk by treated birds. A theoretical model of pigeon population dynamics using laboratory-obtained data shows the advantages of chemosterilization over killing as a means of pigeon control.
Water Transport in the Cloaca of Lizards: Active or Passive?
Authors: Murrish David E. , Schmidt-Nielsen Knut
Published: October 2006

The withdrawal of water from the lizard cloaca can be a passive process resulting from the colloidal osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins. The forces necessary to withdraw water from lizard urine, the forces prevailing within the cloaca in vivo, and the counterbalancing of these forces by a protein solution placed in the cloaca all are in accord with this hypothesis.
Fine Structure of the Exoerythrocytic Stage of
Plasmodium cynomolgi
Authors: Sodeman Thomas , Schnitzer Bertram , Durkee Thomas , Contacos Peter
Published: October 2006

The light microscopy of primate exoerythrocytic stages (liver stage) of malaria is well described. This report demonstrates the ultrastructure of the 7-day exoerythrocytic stage of
Plasmodium cynomolgi
in the liver of a rhesus monkey.
Trisomy-3,4 and Triploidy (3A-ZZZW) in Chick Embryos: Autosomal and Sex Chromosomal Nondisjunction in Meiosis
Authors: Bloom Stephen E.
Published: October 2006

The first known cases of trisomy-3, trisomy-4, and triploidy (3A-ZZZW) in chickens are reported. The trisomic embryos were near death at 4 days of incubation; the triploid embryo appeared normal and probably could have developed further. Although the triploid (3A-ZZZW) was found after sampling more than 2000 embryos, the trisomic-3 and trisomic-4 embryos were discovered in the first sampling of a line of chickens selected for low egg production. These studies suggest that the sex chromosomes (Z and W), as well as the autosomes, can undergo nondisjunction in meiosis of chickens.
Radioresistance of Cooperative Function of Carrier-Specific Lymphocytes in Antihapten Antibody Responses
Authors: Katz David H. , Paul William E. , Goidl Edmond A. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: October 2006

Transfer of lymphoid cells from strain-2 guinea pigs immunized to bovine gamma globulin into syngeneic recipients immunized with dinitrophenyl ovalbumin markedly enhances the secondary antidinitrophenyl response of the recipient to challenge with dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma globulin. This function of the carrier bovine gamma globulin-specific cells is resistant to irradiation with up to 5000 rads, although the capacity of the irradiated cell population to transfer immunologic memory for bovine gamma globulins or to be stimulated by antigen to synthesize DNA in vitro is abolished by this treatment.
Transfer of Bilirubin Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronyltransferase to Enzyme-Deficient Rats
Authors: Rugstad Hans E. , Robinson Stephen H. , Yannoni Claudine , Tashjian Armen H.
Published: October 2006

Cells from a clonal strain (MH
1
C
1
) of rat hepatoma were transplanted subcutaneously into two homozygous Gunn rats, which are jaundiced because the enzyme bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase is absent from the liver. Because of the enzyme activity present in the transplanted cells, the recipient rats developed the capacity to conjugate bilirubin and reverted in large part to a normal pattern of bilirubin excretion.
Ribonuclease-Inhibitor System Abnormality in Dystrophic Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Little Brian W. , Meyer William L.
Published: October 2006

Skeletal muscle extracts from mice with muscular dystrophy contain severalfold higher than normal levels of free alkaline ribonuclease II activity and none of the free ribonuclease inhibitor normally present. This abnormal pattern is not seen in heart or liver extracts from dystrophic mice.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Maize: Genetic Control of Enzyme Activity
Authors: Efron Yoel
Published: October 2006

A gene (

Adh
r

) which controls the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the scutellum of maize has been found. This gene is not allelic to the

Adh
1

locus, which specifies the charge of the enzyme molecule and hence its migration rate. The two genes are linked and located about 17 crossover units apart. The

Adh
r
N

allele specifies equal activities of both the Adh
1
S
and Adh
1
F
products. The

Adh
r
L

allele gives lower activities of the Adh
1
S
products only and operates in both the
cis
and the
trans
configurations.
International Research: Its Role in Environmental Biology
Authors: Higginson John
Published: October 2006

To determine the role of environmental factors in human health, studies on several population groups are essential, involving the most sophisticated techniques possible. The logistic and political problems associated with such studies, especially in developing countries, and the high cost of modern environmental biological investigations make it particularly desirable to avoid unnecessary duplication and waste of resources. For certain investigations an international research center would appear to have considerable advantages, provided that the organizational difficulties can be overcome. Not only can such an organization provide the human data necessary for calculating the balance between the benefits and harm of a given course of action but also it may stimulate the long-term routine laboratory studies so necessary as a basis for extrapolation from animals to man.
Pineal Function and Oviposition in Japanese Quail: Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy and Photoperiod
Authors: Ralph Charles L. , Lynch Harry J. , Gundy G. Craig , Hedlund Laurence
Published: October 2006

Bilateral ablation of the superior cervical ganglia appears to deprive the pineal body of sympathetic innervation. Although this procedure presumably interrupts the neural circuit for transmission of optic information to the pineal, oviposition rates of ganglionectomized females exposed to stimulatory (15-hour) or to nonstimulatory (4-hour) daily photoperiods do not differ from those of the controls.
Antigen-Binding Cells in Normal Mouse Thymus
Authors: Modabber Farrokh , Morikawa Shigeru , Coons Albert H.
Published: October 2006

The thymus of a normal adult mouse contains lymphocytic cells with a large number of antigen-binding receptors. Binding of the antigen by these cells is specific and can be inhibited by cross-reactive materials. It is possible that the interaction of thymocytes with antibody-forming precursor cells, required in the primary immune response to certain antigens, is mediated by these specific antigen-binding cells of the thymus.
Formation of "Photodieldrin" by Microorganisms
Authors: Matsumura F. , Patil K. C. , Boush G. M.
Published: October 2006

Photodieldrin, previously reported as the major conversion product of dieldrin by sunlight, was found among the metabolic products of dieldrin among microorganisms isolated from various environments including soil, water (Lake Michigan), rat intestines, and rumen stomach contents of a cow.
Genetic Variation of Cholesterol Ester Content in Mouse Adrenals
Authors: Doering Charles H. , Kessler Seymour , Clayton R. B.
Published: October 2006

Total cholesterol concentrations in muscle, liver, and plasma do not differ significantly between adult male C57BL/10J and DBA/2J mice. In the adrenal glands of these two strains, of their hybrids, and of AC mice, concentrations of free cholesterol vary by 5 percent. Adrenals from C57 mice, however, contain six times as much esterified cholesterol as adrenals from AC or DBA mice. The intermediate concentrations of cholesterol esters in F
1
hybrids suggest that the difference in this measure is inherited additively. The finding of variation in adrenal cholesterol within a species is useful for the further study of the role of cholesterol in steroidogenesis by means of genetic analysis.
Regeneration of the Amputated Amphibian Limb: Retardation by Hemicholinium-3
Authors: Hui F. , Smith A.
Published: October 2006

Doses of hemicholinium-3 which partially paralyze the larval salamander profoundly retarded regeneration of the amputated hind limb. The drug also reduced the vascularity and mitotic index of the regenerating tissue. After withdrawal of the drug the rate of regeneration returned to normal. Atropine, in a daily dose of 40 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, did not retard growth. These findings suggest that in the salamander acetylcholine may mediate neurotrophic activity.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl: Interaction with Duck Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Friend Milton , Trainer Daniel O.
Published: October 2006

Ten-day-old mallard ducklings fed a polychlorinated biphenyl at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 parts per million for 10 days suffered no apparent clinical intoxication. Five days later these birds were challenged with duck hepatitis virus, and they suffered significantly higher mortality than birds which were not exposed to the polychlorinated biphenyl.
Intellectual Development of Children from Interracial Matings
Authors: Willerman Lee , Naylor Alfred F. , Myrianthopoulos Ntinos C.
Published: October 2006

Interracial offspring of white mothers obtained significantly higher IQ scores at 4 years of age than interracial offspring of Negro mothers, suggesting that environmental factors play an important role in the lower intellectual performance of Negro children.
Rate of Decomposition of GB in Seawater
Authors: Epstein Joseph
Published: October 2006

The hydrolysis rate of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB) in seawater can be predicted from known or extrapolated rate constants for the reaction between GB and the hydroxo-metal complexes of magnesium and calcium and between GB and the hydroxide ion. At 25°C and
p
H 7.9 (typical values of many surface waters) the half-life of GB is approximately 30 minutes.
Chemically Induced Porphyria: Increased Microsomal Heme Turnover after Treatment with Allylisopropylacetamide
Authors: Meyer Urs A. , Marver Harvey S.
Published: October 2006

Excessive induction of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in rats after treatment with porphyria-inducing chemicals, such as allylisopropylacetamide, is accompanied by a decrease in microsomal heme and cytochrome P450 concentrations. Measurement of the radioactive decay after labeling of the heme moiety of submicrosomal particles shows increased breakdown of heme in rats treated with allylisopropylacetamide. The effects of allylisopropylacetamide on heme synthesis and heme turnover may be interrelated.
Developmental Variation in the Isoenzymes of Human Liver and Gastric Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Murray Robert F. , Motulsky Arno G.
Published: October 2006

The isoenzyme patterns of alcohol dehydrogenase from human liver and stomach are different in the fetal, newborn, childhood, and adult periods of life. This provides additional evidence that the fetal and adult alcohol dehydrogenases are qualitatively different. Gastric and hepatic isoenzyme patterns also differed from each other.
Functional Sequences Modulated by Morphological Transitions in Human Lymphoid Cells Grown in vitro
Authors: Drewinko B. , Trujillo J. M. , Tessmer C. F.
Published: October 2006

Immunoglobulin-producing cells undergo a series of morphological transitions; each configuration displays specific functional attributes. The life cycle of immunocytes may be visualized as a series of functional compartments expressed by morphological sequences.
Glucocorticoid Receptors in Lymphoma Cells in Culture: Relationship to Glucocorticoid Killing Activity
Authors: Baxter John D. , Harris Alan W. , Tomkins Gordon M. , Cohn Melvin
Published: October 2006

Mouse lymphoma cells in culture which are killed by adrenal steroids contain specific cortisol receptors that may be involved in the initial events of hormone action. The similarity of these receptors to those in hepatoma tissue culture cells, where adrenal steroids induce tyrosine aminotransferase, suggests that certain aspects of steroid action are similar in the two systems. In three steroid-resistant lymphoma cell populations specific binding was less than in the parent lines, suggesting that conversion to steroid resistance may be associated with changes in specific steroid binding.
Randomization and the Draft Lottery
Authors: Rosenblatt Joan R. , Filliben James J.
Published: October 2006

Fifty "random permutations" were prepared for use by the Selective Service System as a basis for a two-stage randomization that preceded the lottery drawing on 1 July 1970. This report identifies the permutations used. It also gives the orders in which calendar dates and numbers were put into and drawn from two drums and the correlations between them.
Arsenic in Potable Desert Groundwater: An Analysis Problem
Authors: Whitnack G. C. , Martens H. H.
Published: October 2006

An accuracy investigation, initiated because of conflicting analytical data on the arsenic content for some 24 drinking water locations in the Mojave Desert, revealed that interference with the evolution of arsine in the American Public Health Association silver diethyldithiocarbamate method caused either color enhancement or arsine suppression. For certain types of natural waters this method is unreliable.
Immunogenicity of Glucagon: Determinants Responsible for Antibody Binding and Lymphocyte Stimulation
Authors: Senyk George , Nitecki Danute , Goodman Joel W.
Published: October 2006

Bovine glucagon, a polypeptide of 29 amino acids, is immunogenic in rabbits and guinea pigs. The antigenic determinants of glucagon were investigated with isolated tryptic peptides of the hormone. Antibodies from virtually all of more than a dozen animals tested had specificity primarily for the amino-terminal heptadecapeptide. However, only intact glucagon and its carboxy-terminal dodecapeptide stimulated spleen or lymph node cells to synthesize DNA. It thus appears that glucagon was cleaved along functional lines into two parts, one of which contained the major antigenic determinant for serum antibody and the other of which was "recognized" by antigen-reactive cells.
Radioimmunoassay for Prostaglandins
Authors: Jaffe Bernard M. , Smith Jay W. , Newton William T. , Parker Charles W.
Published: October 2006

Antibodies to prostaglandin were obtained by immunization of rabbits with PGA
1
, PGA
2
, and PGE
1
protein conjugates of prostaglandins. The antibodies demonstrated specificity toward both the cyclopentane ring and the aliphatic side chains. With the use of these antibodies a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay capable of measuring less than picomolar amounts of PGA
1
, PGA
2
, and PGE
1
has been developed.
Stanford School of Medicine (1): Problems over More than Money
Authors: Walsh John
Published: October 2006

Since World War II the American medical school has become a highly complex institution and, like other American institutions today, the medical school is being challenged to respond to diverse and often conflicting demands. In part the pressure comes from activists who insist that the medical school more fully meet the needs of the community by reforming both training and the delivery of medical care. But another sort of pressure is exerted as a result of changes in internal relationships that have occurred in the last two decades in large measure because of the federal support of biomedical research. As in most institutional conflicts the dispute is expressed in contests over power and money, but, at a more fundamental level, what is involved is the value and reward system of academic medicine and the question of how the medical school is to be governed.

This is the first of three articles which will attempt to discuss these issues in the context of the development of one medical school—Stanford's. The first article will describe the pattern and policies of expansion since World War II, and the other two will examine the effects of internal and external pressures for change.
Induction of Microsomal Oxidase in F
1
Hybrids of a High and a Low Oxidase Housefly Strain
Authors: Terriere L. C. , Yu S. J. , Hoyer R. F.
Published: October 2006

Microsomal oxidase activity is increased up to sixfold in dieldrin-resistant houseflies exposed to sublethal doses of dieldrin. The net increase in enzyme activity is greater in a strain initially high in oxidase activity than in a strain low in this respect, and this tendency is carried into the F
1
hybrids of the strains.
Linkage Group-Chromosome Correlation in
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
Authors: Baker Richard H. , Sakai Richard K. , Mian Afsar
Published: October 2006

Linkage groups of a culicine mosquito,
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
, have been assigned to their respective chromosomes by genetic and cytologic observations of radiation-induced aberrations. Linkage group I is assigned to the smallest chromosome, linkage group II to the submetacentric chromosome, and linkage group III to the metacentric chromosome.