bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH): Prevalence, clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcome in a cohort of 311 patients with well‐differentiated lung neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Hayes Aimee R. , Luong Tu Vinh , Banks Jamie , Shah Heer , Watkins Jennifer , Lim Eric , Patel Anant , Grossman Ashley B. , Navalkissoor Shaunak , Krell Daniel , Caplin Martyn E.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is considered to be a rare condition associated with lung neuroendocrine tumours (NET), and its natural history is poorly described. We aimed to assess the prevalence and clinicopathologic characteristics of DIPNECH in the lung NET population, and to investigate predictors of time‐to‐progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS).

Methods

We retrospectively identified patients diagnosed with DIPNECH between April 2005 and December 2020. Clinical data were collected from medical records. The relationship between baseline characteristics and TTP and OS was analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

Of 311 patients with well‐differentiated lung NETs, 61 (20%) had DIPNECH and were included in the study. Baseline demographics described 95% female, 59% never smokers and mean body mass index 34.4 kg m‐2; 77% were typical carcinoids (TC), 13% atypical carcinoids (AC), and 10% both TC and AC (multicentric). At presentation, 54% of patients were asymptomatic. Multicentric NETs were demonstrated in 16 (26%) on histopathology, and a further 32 (52%) had synchronous NETs suggested on imaging (multiple nodules ≥ 5 mm). Seven (11%) patients developed metastases and the median OS from time of first metastasis was 37 months. AC histopathology and NET TNM stage ≥ IIA were associated with poorer TTP and OS. Of the DIPNECH cohort, the 15‐year survival rate was 86%.

Conclusions

DIPNECH may be more prevalent in the lung NET population than previously appreciated, especially in women. Although our results confirm that DIPNECH is predominantly an indolent disease associated with TC, 23% developed AC and these patients may warrant closer observation.
Chemical, radiological and microbiological characterization of a drinking water source: a case study
Authors: Grujović M. Ž. , Mladenović K. G. , Marković S. M. , Đukić N. H. , Stajić J. M. , Ostojić A. M. , Zlatić N. M.
Published: June 2022

This study examined water samples from a local stream in Central Serbia, which was consumed as drinking water. The chemical parameters (chemical oxygen demand, COD; pH, total concentration of dissolved substances and electrical conductivity), the concentration of major, trace and radioactive elements in the water as well as the content of those from the environment, were examined. In addition, the microbiological quality of the water was inspected. The water samples were acidic (pH from 5·27–5·69) and COD ranged in upper permissible limits (up to 6·25 mg O2 l−1 [WR]). The concentrations of major, trace and radioactive elements, including radon, were below maximum contaminant levels. The water contained a higher number of total coliform bacteria (TCB) than it was allowed (˃10 colony-forming units (CFU) in 100 ml of water) as well as enterococci and Escherichia coli. The characterization of the isolated bacteria indicated that two isolates demonstrated proteolytic activity, while full antibiotic resistance was not detected. The isolates showed moderate to strong ability to produce biofilm, while the isolates of E. coli were nonpathogenic. The results indicated that examined water samples were not microbiologically and chemically safe, therefore, the usage of analysed water was not recommended as a water supply. Further research needs to include more frequent monitoring in order to propose measures for the improvement of the water quality and prevention of health risks for consumers.
Single‐cell analysis reveals immune cellular components in odontogenic keratocysts
Authors: Man Qi‐Wen , Li Rui‐Fang , Liu Jian‐Feng , Zhao Yi , Liu Bing
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Various types of cells comprising a complex and diverse cell population are required for the biological activities of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). Immune and non‐immune cells collaborate via cytokine‐ or chemokine‐mediated communication and direct cell–cell interactions. This study aimed to characterize the immune ecosystem and understand the potential chemotactic role of OKC fibroblasts in immune cell migration.

Materials and Methods

Mass cytometry of 41 markers was employed for the classification of OKC cells from six OKC samples. Immunofluorescence staining and single‐cell RNA sequencing (GSE176351) were used for the detection of fibroblast subpopulations. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining were employed for chemokine detection in hypoxia‐ and/or HIF‐1α inhibitor‐treated OKC fibroblasts and tissues. Chemotaxis assay was employed to determine the chemotactic effect of fibroblasts via co‐culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A cell communication network was constructed based on the single‐cell RNA sequencing data.

Results

The characterization of the immune cell types of OKC evidenced the enrichment of macrophages, neutrophils and B cells. The majority (41.5%) of fibroblast subsets consisted of chemokine ligand‐enriched myofibroblasts. The activation of the HIF‐1α signaling pathway in fibroblasts was associated with chemokine release. The chemokines released by OKC fibroblasts remarkably promoted the migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the co‐culture system. Close interactions between myofibroblasts and immune cells were validated by cell–cell interaction analysis. Increased RANKL expression was detected in OKC fibroblasts in the co‐culture system with peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Conclusions

Our results provided deep insights into the immune ecosystem and highlighted the potential chemotactic effects of chemokine‐enriched myofibroblasts within OKCs. The close interaction between immune cells and fibroblasts demonstrated in this study may be responsible for the osteoclastogenic effects of OKC fibroblasts.
Oral leukoplakia classification and staging system with incorporation of differentiated dysplasia
Authors: Brouns Elisabeth R. , Evren Ilkay , Wils Leon J. , Poell Jos B. , Brakenhoff Ruud H. , Bloemena Elisabeth , de Visscher Jan G. A. M.
Published: June 2022

Objectives

A classification and staging system for oral leukoplakia (OL) was introduced to promote uniform reporting. In this system, size and the histopathologic diagnosis are assessed and combined in a staging system. The various stages could be predictive for malignant transformation of OL. Differentiated dysplasia (DD) was recently recognized as an important architectural pattern of dysplasia and is highly associated with malignant transformation (MT) of OL. In the present study, DD was incorporated in the OL‐system. The aim of the present study was to test the adapted system on a cohort of patients with OL.

Patient and methods

The group consisted of 140 patients. The size, absence or presence and degree of classic dysplasia (CD) and DD were incorporated into the OL‐system.

Results

In 31/140 patients, MT occurred. Size was not statistically significant with MT (p = 0.422). The presence of dysplasia was predictive for MT (p = 0.003), whereby severe CD and DD were highly statistically significant for MT (p = 0.008). Stage IV was statistically significant for MT (p = 0.011).

Conclusions

The present study emphasizes the value of the slightly modified OL‐system with incorporation of DD in uniform reporting of OL and the value in predicting MT.
Visual observation of extraction of a Micra leadless pacemaker from a human cadaver
Authors: Bonner Matthew , Hilpisch Kathryn , Wika Kent , Mesich Mary Lauren , Harris Megan , White Troy
Published: June 2022

Introduction

In this article we present the extraction of a Micra from a human cadaver implanted 3 years previously with both visual and X‐ray imaging taken during the removal.

Methods

A Micra pacemaker was extracted from a human cadaver with endoscopy and fluoroscopy using a Micra delivery tool. Histological analysis was performed on slices from the tissue surrounding the Micra.

Results

The fully encapsulated Micra was easily retrieved with a maximum force of 1.9 pounds.

Conclusions

Even though the Micra was implanted almost 3 years previously, the snaring and extraction of the Micra was performed relatively easily and with minimal force required.
Efficient assembly of long DNA fragments and multiple genes with improved nickase‐based cloning and Cre/loxP recombination
Authors: Zhao Yanchang , Han Jingluan , Tan Jiantao , Yang Yaqian , Li Shuangchun , Gou Yajun , Luo Yuyu , Li Tie , Xiao Wenyu , Xue Yang , Hao Yu , Xie Xianrong , Liu Yao‐Guang , Zhu Qinlong
Published: June 2022

Functional genomics, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering require efficient tools to deliver long DNA fragments or multiple gene constructs. Although numerous DNA assembly methods exist, most are complicated, time‐consuming and expensive. Here, we developed a simple and flexible strategy, unique nucleotide sequence‐guided nicking endonuclease (UNiE)‐mediated DNA assembly (UNiEDA), for efficient cloning of long DNAs and multigene stacking. In this system, a set of unique 15‐nt 3′ single‐strand overhangs were designed and produced by nicking endonucleases (nickases) in vectors and insert sequences. We introduced UNiEDA into our modified Cre/loxP recombination‐mediated TransGene Stacking II (TGSII) system to generate an improved multigene stacking system we call TGSII‐UNiE. Using TGSII‐UNiE, we achieved efficient cloning of long DNA fragments of different sizes and assembly of multiple gene cassettes. Finally, we engineered and validated the biosynthesis of betanin in wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves and transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) using multigene stacking constructs based on TGSII‐UNiE. In conclusion, UNiEDA is an efficient, convenient and low‐cost method for DNA cloning and multigene stacking, and the TGSII‐UNiE system has important application prospects for plant functional genomics, genetic engineering and synthetic biology research.
Effects of a lifestyle counselling intervention on adherence to lifestyle changes 7 years after stroke – A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Oikarinen Anne , Engblom Janne , Paukkonen Leila , Kääriäinen Maria , Kaakinen Pirjo , Kähkönen Outi
Published: June 2022

Background

Adherence to medication and healthy lifestyle is crucial for preventing secondary strokes and other vascular events. However, there is not enough evidence on the long‐term effects of hospital‐initiated lifestyle counselling.

Aim

To determine the effects of The Risk Factor Targeted Lifestyle Counselling Intervention, which is implemented during acute hospitalisation, on adherence to lifestyle changes 7 years after stroke or TIA.

Methods

Quasi‐experimental design with 7‐year follow‐up period. Baseline data (n = 150) were gathered from a neurology unit in Finland between 2010 and 2011. Patients received either the studied intervention (n = 75) or the prevailing form of counselling at the time (n = 75). Data concerning lifestyle and clinical values were measured at the baseline time point, while adherence to lifestyle changes was assessed 7 years later (2017–2018). Analysis of covariance and multivariate ordinal logistic regression were used to describe the mean differences between the intervention and control groups.

Results

Several between‐group differences were detected, namely, members of the intervention group reported consuming less alcohol and having lost more weight during hospitalisation relative to the control group. No between‐group differences in the prevalence of smokers were found, but the intervention group reported a greater number of daily cigarettes than the control group. Adherence to medication, importance of adherence to a healthy lifestyle, support from family and friends, and support from nurses were all significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the lifestyle counselling intervention was effective in decreasing alcohol use and weight, as well as increasing factors that are known to support adherence to a healthy lifestyle.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results indicate that the adherence process already begins during acute phase counselling. To ensure long‐lasting lifestyle changes, counselling should be started at the hospital, after which it can be provided by friends and family members.
High‐resolution map of plastid‐encoded RNA polymerase binding patterns demonstrates a major role of transcription in chloroplast gene expression
Authors: Palomar V. Miguel , Jaksich Sarah , Fujii Sho , Kuciński Jan , Wierzbicki Andrzej T.
Published: June 2022

Plastids contain their own genomes, which are transcribed by two types of RNA polymerases. One of those enzymes is a bacterial‐type, multi‐subunit polymerase encoded by the plastid genome. The plastid‐encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) is required for efficient expression of genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis. Despite the importance of PEP, its DNA binding locations have not been studied on the genome‐wide scale at high resolution. We established a highly specific approach to detect the genome‐wide pattern of PEP binding to chloroplast DNA using plastid chromatin immunoprecipitation–sequencing (ptChIP‐seq). We found that in mature Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts, PEP has a complex DNA binding pattern with preferential association at genes encoding rRNA, tRNA, and a subset of photosynthetic proteins. Sigma factors SIG2 and SIG6 strongly impact PEP binding to a subset of tRNA genes and have more moderate effects on PEP binding throughout the rest of the genome. PEP binding is commonly enriched on gene promoters, around transcription start sites. Finally, the levels of PEP binding to DNA are correlated with levels of RNA accumulation, which demonstrates the impact of PEP on chloroplast gene expression. Presented data are available through a publicly available Plastid Genome Visualization Tool (Plavisto) at https://plavisto.mcdb.lsa.umich.edu/.
Effect of special operational forces surgical resuscitation teams on combat casualty survival: A narrative review
Authors: Beckett Andrew , Parker Paul , Naveed Asad , Williams Phillip , Tien Homer
Published: June 2022

Importance

The most common cause of preventable death on the conventional battlefield or on special operations force (SOF) missions is hemorrhage. SOF missions may take place in remote and austere locations. Many preventable deaths in combat occur within 30 min of wounding. Therefore, SOF damage control resuscitation (DCR) and damage control surgery (DCS) teams may improve combat casualty survival in the SOF environment.

Objective

To determine the effect of SOF DCR and DCS teams on combat casualty survival. Also, to describe commonalities in team structure, logistics, and blood product usage.

Design

A narrative review of the English literature used a Medline and Embase search strategy. The authors were contacted for more details as required. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's ROBINS‐I tool. Pooling of data was not done to the heterogeneity of studies.

Results

Weak evidence was identified showing a clinical benefit of SOF DCR and DCS teams. Conflicting evidence from less rigorous studies was also found. The overall risk of bias using ROBINS‐I was serious to critical. Several commonalities in team structure, training, and logistics were found.

Conclusions and Relevance

There is conflicting evidence regarding the effect SOF DCR and DCS teams have on combat casualty survival. There is no strong evidence that SOF DCR and DCS teams cause harm. More robust data collection is recommended to evaluate these teams.
Real exchange rate shocks and new product margins in the export market
Authors: Hahn Chin Hee , Pyun Ju Hyun
Published: June 2022

This study examines the impact of industry real exchange rate (RER) shocks on plant and product exports using a comprehensive dataset for South Korea from 1990 to 1996. We find that RER changes have heterogeneous effects on real exports of existing exporters in terms of their productivity, and the positive RER depreciation effect on exports is more pronounced for less productive plants. At a product level, we find new evidence that a weak home currency prompts exporters to introduce new products to the export market, especially more remarkable for low‐productivity plants. In contrast, a strong home currency leads to product exit with less significance.
Strategies to Reduce the Impact of Resource Consumption in the Ghanaian Construction Industry
Authors: Kukah Augustine Senanu Komla , Blay Jnr Andrew Victor Kabenlah , Opoku Alex
Published: June 2022

With a growing priority on resolving environmental issues and managing resources more effectively in line with Sustainable Development Goal 12, this research aims to assess solutions to minimize resource consumption in the Ghanaian construction sector. In the Ghanaian cities of Accra and Kumasi, questionnaires were utilized to solicit responses from construction stakeholders. Mean score ranking was used to rank these techniques. A reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha coefficient found a high level of internal consistency. A high level of agreement was found after testing using Kendall's concordance. A one-sample t-test was also employed to examine the relative importance of the variables. Properties should be built to be disassembled; sections of existing building structures should be reused; prefabricated components should be utilized for on-site assembly; demolition components should be re-used or recycled, and existing buildings should be renovated to prevent destruction. This research is valuable because it adds to a checklist of measures for minimizing the effect of resource consumption in the Ghanaian construction sector, as well as to the achievement of the SDG goal. Project managers, architects, engineers, subcontractors, and other key stakeholders are encouraged to use innovative approaches to decrease resource consumption.
A Theoretical Model to Predict Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux for Micro/Nano-Structured Surfaces
Authors: Bharadwaj A. , Misra R. D.
Published: June 2022

Accurate estimation of critical heat flux (CHF) is essential in determining the maximum heat a boiling system is capable of extracting. This study presents a theoretical model for predicting CHF over microchannel, unidirectionally roughened, and coated surfaces. The researchers started developing theoretical models on this phenomenon considering the hydrodynamic instability. However, effects of parameters like capillarity, wettability, wicking ability, and surface geometry have been considered in the theoretical models developed in recent years. In the present work, a theoretical model has been developed to predict the CHF for pool boiling applications by combining these factors. The capillary effect causes the liquid microlayer beneath the evaporating bubble to occupy the dry spot and thus delay CHF. Hence, in this model, the capillary force has been added along with the momentum, hydrostatic, and surface tension forces acting at the liquid–vapor interface on the evaporating vapor bubble. The roughness factor has also been factored in with the contact angle to incorporate the effect of change in contact area of the solid–liquid interface in rough surfaces. The results from the model agree with the results of previously conducted experimental studies with 20% accuracy. The correlation is primarily derived for microchannels and has also been extended to randomly roughened surfaces with micro/nanostructures.
The impact of C-tactile low-threshold mechanoreceptors on affective touch and social interactions in mice
Authors: Huzard Damien , Martin Miquel , Maingret François , Chemin Jean , Jeanneteau Freddy , Mery Pierre-François , Fossat Pascal , Bourinet Emmanuel , François Amaury
Published: June 2022

Affective touch is necessary for proper neurodevelopment and sociability. However, it remains unclear how the neurons innervating the skin detect affective and social behaviors. The C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs), a specific population of somatosensory neurons in mice, appear particularly well suited, physiologically and anatomically, to perceive affective and social touch. However, their contribution to sociability has not been resolved yet. Our observations revealed that C-LTMR functional deficiency induced social isolation and reduced tactile interactions in adulthood. Conversely, transient increase in C-LTMR excitability in adults, using chemogenetics, was rewarding, promoted touch-seeking behaviors, and had prosocial influences on group dynamics. This work provides the first empirical evidence that specific peripheral inputs alone can drive complex social behaviors. It demonstrates the existence of a specialized neuronal circuit, originating in the skin, wired to promote interactions with other individuals.
Metabolic reprogramming of skeletal muscle by resident macrophages points to CSF1R inhibitors as muscular dystrophy therapeutics
Authors: Babaeijandaghi Farshad , Cheng Ryan , Kajabadi Nasim , Soliman Hesham , Chang Chih-Kai , Smandych Josh , Tung Lin Wei , Long Reece , Ghassemi Amirhossein , Rossi Fabio M. V.
Published: June 2022

The role of tissue-resident macrophages during tissue regeneration or fibrosis is not well understood, mainly due to the lack of a specific marker for their identification. Here, we identified three populations of skeletal muscle–resident myelomonocytic cells: a population of macrophages positive for lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor 1 (LYVE1) and T cell membrane protein 4 (TIM4 or TIMD4), a population of LYVE1
−
TIM4
−
macrophages, and a population of cells likely representing dendritic cells that were positive for CD11C and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII). Using a combination of parabiosis and lineage-tracing experiments, we found that, at steady state, TIM4
−
macrophages were replenished from the blood, whereas TIM4
+
macrophages locally self-renewed [self-renewing resident macrophages (SRRMs)]. We further showed that
Timd4
could be reliably used to distinguish SRRMs from damage-induced infiltrating macrophages. Using a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibition/withdrawal approach to specifically deplete SRRMs, we found that SRRMs provided a nonredundant function in clearing damage-induced apoptotic cells early after extensive acute injury. In contrast, in chronic mild injury as seen in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, depletion of both TIM4
−
- and TIM4
+
-resident macrophage populations through long-term CSF1R inhibition changed muscle fiber composition from damage-sensitive glycolytic fibers toward damage-resistant glycolytic-oxidative fibers, thereby protecting muscle against contraction-induced injury both ex vivo and in vivo. This work reveals a previously unidentified role for resident macrophages in modulating tissue metabolism and may have therapeutic potential given the ongoing clinical testing of CSF1R inhibitors.
MBZM-N-IBT, a Novel Small Molecule, Restricts Chikungunya Virus Infection by Targeting nsP2 Protease Activity
In Vitro
,
In Vivo
, and
Ex Vivo
Authors: De Saikat , Ghosh Soumyajit , Keshry Supriya Suman , Mahish Chandan , Mohapatra Chinmayee , Guru Ankeeta , Mamidi Prabhudutta , Datey Ankita , Pani Sweta Smita , Vasudevan Dileep , Beuria Tushar Kant , Chattopadhyay Subhasis , Subudhi Bharat Bhusan , Chattopadhyay Soma
Published: June 2022

The increase in disease incidences and persistent Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-induced arthritis have been a huge burden on public health globally. In the absence of specific antivirals or vaccines, it is essential to continue efforts to develop effective anti-CHIKV strategies.
COVID-19 Variant Detection with a High-Fidelity CRISPR-Cas12 Enzyme
Authors: Fasching Clare L. , Servellita Venice , McKay Bridget , Nagesh Vaishnavi , Broughton James P. , Sotomayor-Gonzalez Alicia , Wang Baolin , Brazer Noah , Reyes Kevin , Streithorst Jessica , Deraney Rachel N. , Stanfield Emma , Hendriks Carley G. , Fung Becky , Miller Steve , Ching Jesus , Chen Janice S. , Chiu Charles Y.
Published: June 2022

Laboratory tests for the accurate and rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants can potentially guide the treatment of COVID-19 patients and inform infection control and public health surveillance efforts. Here, we present the development and validation of a rapid COVID-19 variant DETECTR assay incorporating loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) followed by CRISPR-Cas12 based identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) gene.
Examination of Genome-Wide Ortholog Variation in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of the Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Horta Maria Augusta C. , Steenwyk Jacob L. , Mead Matthew E. , dos Santos Luciano H. Braz , Zhao Shu , Gibbons John G. , Marcet-Houben Marina , Gabaldón Toni , Rokas Antonis , Goldman Gustavo H.
Published: June 2022

Aspergillus fumigatus
is a cosmopolitan species of fungus responsible for thousands of cases of invasive disease annually. Clinical and environmental isolates of
A. fumigatus
exhibit extensive phenotypic differences, including differences related to virulence and antifungal drug resistance.
Potent Protease Inhibitors of Highly Pathogenic Lagoviruses: Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus and European Brown Hare Syndrome Virus
Authors: Perera Krishani Dinali , Johnson David , Lovell Scott , Groutas William C. , Chang Kyeong-Ok , Kim Yunjeong
Published: June 2022

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) and European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) are viral diseases that affect lagomorphs with significant economic and ecological impacts. RHD vaccines are available, but specific antiviral treatment for these viral infections would be a valuable addition to the current control measures.
Trends in Political Islam: Transition towards Liberalization
Authors: Khairullin T. R.
Published: June 2022

The evolution of Islamism/political Islam as an ideological system is analyzed. This system was formed in the 1970s‒1980s and initially played the role of a progressive and alternative model, replacing the previously dominant ideas of Arab nationalism. However, the Islamists failed to fully achieve one of their main goals—the creation of an Islamic state—because of the deterrence of secular authoritarian states. The events in the Persian Gulf and the temporary drop in oil prices in the late 1990s aggravated the ideological crisis of Islamism and led to its rethinking. As a solution, a more liberal version of Islamism was proposed in the form of post-Islamism, which combined Islamic and democratic principles and was focused on duties rather than human rights. The next milestone in liberalizing Islamist ideas was the events of the Arab Spring, which led to a rethinking of post-Islamist ideas, as well as the liberalization and politization of the Salafi doctrine. Moreover, the failures of a number of Islamist parties in achieving political power, as well as the activities of radical Islamist groups, discredited Islamism among the population of the Middle East and North Africa. It is likely that the next crisis of Islamism will lead to its further liberalization or the formation of a new ideological model.
ETHNICITY AND POLITICS: TERMINOLOGICAL DEBATES AND NODAL POINTS OF INTERSECTION
Authors: Oskolkov P. V.
Published: June 2022

A critical interpretation of the existing academic texts devoted to various phenomena related to ethnic politics raises the following questions: what are the criteria for ethnicity? What are the nodal points of intersection of ethnicity and politics? Based on the constructivist interpretation of ethnicity as a changeable concept that cannot be reduced to cultural and linguistic originality, the definition of an ethnic group as a social group that has distinctive cultural features (in the broadest sense) and the idea of the hereditary transmission of group membership is proposed. Based on this definition, it is proposed not to limit the subject field of ethnopolitical science to the interaction of the state with ethnic groups, but to include populism (in the form of right-wing populism, understood as ethnopopulism) and nationalism (as a product of ethnic mobilization). Particular attention is paid to regionalism as a particular but very important case of nationalism. The conclusions are supported by examples from Western European political practice. Based on the extremely inclusive constructivist definition of ethnicity, it is possible and necessary to understand the subject field of ethnopolitical science as broadly as possible in order to strengthen its position in the circle of sociopolitical disciplines, in particular, in studying sociopolitical processes in the European Union.
Angela Merkel’s Leadership Lessons: the Secret of Political Longevity (2013‒2021)
Authors: Timoshenkova E. P.
Published: June 2022

The article examines the phenomenon of the political longevity of German Chancellor Angela Merkel. The subject of the study is the second period of her chancellorship (2013–2021), as few German leaders have managed to stay in office longer than two terms. The author analyses in detail what objective factors and personal qualities helped Merkel to win the 2013 and 2017 elections, overcome declining personal popularity and objective voter fatigue, and get through all crises, including the migration crisis and COVID-19. The article examines how the tactics and strategy of the first female chancellor have transformed in response to changing political conditions. It explores the tools with which Merkel built her image as nonpartisan leader of the nation, and how she became a hostage to the image she created in 2015. The decision to accept refugees was a turning point in Merkel’s career; thus, the author pays particular attention to the ways in which she helped maintain her chancellorship. The paper uses the theory of how women’s leadership differs from men’s. The conclusion is drawn that Merkel developed her own special personal method of securing power and maintaining the image she needs. The main secret of her success is not the use of force but quick learning and adaptation, based on her instinct for political survival.
Non-Agricultural Crafts in the Peasant Farms of the Northwestern Provinces of Russia in the Second Half of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Authors: Nikulin Valery
Published: June 2022

This article presents the results of a study of nonagricultural crafts of peasants in the postreform period in the northwestern region of the Russian Empire, which included the Novgorod, Pskov, and St. Petersburg provinces. A general description of the craft activities of peasants during the period of rapid formation and development of bourgeois relations in the country’s economy in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries is given. The objects of study are the most significant local crafts of peasants and the otkhodnichestvo (the temporary departure of peasants from their permanent residences in villages to earn money in regions where industry and agriculture were well developed) of farmers. The factors that determined the dynamics of the development of crafts, the place of craft income in the budget of the peasant economy, the evolution and direction of the otkhodnichestvo, and the influence of crafts on the socioeconomic situation of the northwestern countryside are studied. This approach makes it possible to identify both general trends and features of the development of peasant local and seasonal crafts in the northwestern countryside over a long period of time, as well as determine the local specifics of the transformation of crafts. This article is written based on an extensive corpus of both published and archival materials, a significant part of which was introduced in scientific publications for the first time.
Exploration of whether socioeconomic factors affect the results of priority setting partnerships: updating the top 10 research priorities for the management of Parkinson’s in an international setting
Authors: Bowring Francesca , Welch Jessica , Woodward Charlotte , Lo Christine , Lawton Michael , Sulzer Patricia , Hanff Anne-Marie , Kruger Rejko , Liepelt-Scarfone Inga , Hu Michele T
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Explore whether socioeconomic differences of patients affect the prioritisation of pre-existing research questions and explore the agreement between healthcare professionals (HCP) and patients in priority setting partnerships (PSPs).

Design and setting

Prospective, three centre survey across UK (400 participants), Tuebingen (176 participants) and Luxembourg (303 participants). People with Parkinson’s (PwP), research participants, relatives and HCP associated with three Parkinson’s cohort studies were invited to participate, along with linked centres (clinical care settings, research groups, charities). Responders were encouraged to pass on the survey to friends/families/carers.

Methods

The survey involved rating the importance of research questions on a Likert scale, allowing for the generation of one new question participants felt was particularly important. Collection of demographic information allowed for comparisons of priorities across a range of socioeconomic variables; the top 10 research priorities for each group were then compared. Questions added by participants were subject to a thematic analysis.

Results

879 participants completed the survey (58% PwP, 22% family/friends, 13% HCP, 4% carers). Finding the best form of physiotherapy for PwP was the number one priority across the majority of analyses. HCP were the only subgroup not to place physiotherapy in the top 10. Factors most likely to affect prioritisation in PwP included educational level, presence of carer support and disease duration. There was little difference between other socioeconomic categories.

Conclusions

Socioeconomic factors modestly influenced some research priority ratings but did not significantly affect the top priority in most comparisons. Future studies must ensure patients from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds are recruited, ensuring results generalisable to the public while also identifying any key disparities in prioritisation. PSP should also take care that HCP do not skew results during prioritisation of questions, as in this study the most important priority to patients was not identified by professionals.
Structural validity and internal consistency of the Patient Centred Assessment Method in a primary care setting in a Japanese island area: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sugiyama Yoshifumi , Mutai Rieko , Yoshimoto Hisashi , Horiguchi Ryoko , Yoshida Shuhei , Matsushima Masato
Published: June 2022

Objectives

The objective of this study was to examine the structural validity and internal consistency of the original English version of the Patient Centred Assessment Method (PCAM) in a primary care setting in a Japanese island area.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

A clinic on a remote island in Okinawa, Japan, that provides general outpatient and 24-hour emergency services.

Participants

This study included 355 patients who visited Tarama Clinic from 1 April 2018 to 30 June 2018, were aged ≥20 years, lived in Tarama Village and had decision-making capacity.

Main outcome measures

Patient complexity scored by the PCAM.

Results

The mean (SD) PCAM score was 21.4 (5.7). The distribution was skewed to the right and there were no ceiling and floor effects. Confirmatory factor analysis found that the previously reported two-factor and three-factor structures did not show a good fit (root mean square error of approximation 0.18 and 0.16, comparative fit index 0.83 and 0.89 and standardised root mean square residual 0.14 and 0.11, respectively). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a new two-factor structure: ‘Biomedical complexity’ and ‘Psychosocial complexity’. The Cronbach’s alpha values for the total PCAM score, the ‘Biomedical complexity’ factor, and the ‘Psychosocial complexity’ factor were 0.81, 0.82 and 0.74, respectively.

Conclusions

In this study, confirmatory factor analysis found that the data did not fit sufficiently using the previously reported two-factor and three-factor structures. Instead, exploratory factor analysis revealed a new two-factor structure, for which the Cronbach’s alpha values exceeded the threshold level. Therefore, the structural validity and internal consistency of the English version of the PCAM were verified in a primary care setting in a Japanese island area.
Technology to improve reliable access to oxygen in Western Uganda: study protocol for a phased implementation trial in neonatal and paediatric wards
Authors: Bagayana Sheillah , Subhi Rami , Moore Graham , Mugerwa Joseph , Peake David , Nakintu Eleanor , Murokora Daniel , Rassool Roger , Sklar Marc , Graham Hamish , Sobott Bryn
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Oxygen is an essential medicine for children and adults. The current systems for its delivery can be expensive and unreliable in settings where oxygen is most needed. FREO2 Foundation Australia has developed an integrated oxygen system, driven by a mains-powered oxygen concentrator, with the ability to switch automatically between low-pressure oxygen storage device and cylinder oxygen in power interruptions. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of expanding this system to 20 community and district hospitals and level IV facilities in Western Uganda.

Methods and analysis

This will be a phased implementation with preintervention and postintervention comparison of outcomes. Standardised baseline data collection and needs assessment will be conducted, followed by implementation of the FREO2 Oxygen System in combination with pulse oximetry in 1–2 facilities per month over a 16-month period, with a total 23-month data collection period. The primary outcome will be the proportion of hypoxaemic children receiving oxygen pre and post oxygen system. Secondary outcomes will assess clinical, economic and technical aspects. Pre and post oxygen system primary and secondary outcomes will be compared using regression models and standard tests of significance. Useability will be quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated in terms of acceptability, feasibility and appropriateness, using standardised implementation outcome measure tools.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval was obtained from Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUREC 1/7) and the University of Melbourne (2021-14489-13654-2). Outcomes will be presented to the involved facilities, and to representatives of the Ministry of Health, Uganda. Broader dissemination will include publication in peer-reviewed journals and academic conference presentations.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12621000241831.
Occupational burn-out, fatigue and stress in professional rescuers: a cross-sectional study in Kazakhstan
Authors: Vinnikov Denis , Kapanova Gulnara , Romanova Zhanna , Krugovykh Ilya , Kalmakhanov Sundetgali , Ualiyeva Aliya , Baigonova Kaini , Tulekov Zhangir , Ongarbaeva Damet
Published: June 2022

Objectives

To find predictors of burn-out in a cohort of rescuers.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Republican Rescue Squad (N=105) and Republican Mudslide Rescue Service under the Ministry of Emergency Situations (N=480) in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Participants

In total, we included 268 (80% men, median age 38 (IQR 22) years) rescuers from both organisations.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

We offered a questionnaire to rescuers, which included Maslach Burnout Inventory, quantifying emotional exhaustion (EX), cynicism (CY) and professional efficacy (PE) along with fatigue, stress and health-related quality of life (HRQL) tools.

Results

Lower scores of HRQL (Physical Component Score (PCS) beta −0.04 (95% CI −0.06 to −0.02); Mental Component Score beta −0.03 (95% CI −0.05 to −0.01)), higher fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score beta 0.03 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.04)) and stress (Perceived Stress Score-10 beta 0.04 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.06)) independently predicted greater EX. Lower PCS (beta −0.03 (95% CI −0.06 to −0.01)) and FSS (beta 0.02 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.03)) could predict more CY burn-out. In addition to stress, higher education (beta 0.86 (95% CI 0.40 to 1.32)) was positively associated with lower burn-out severity in PE domain.

Conclusions

Fatigue, stress and HRQL were associated with burn-out in rescuers. Addressing these predictors may help guide further interventions to reduce occupational burn-out.
Effectiveness of ‘Tackle Your Tics’, a brief, intensive group-based exposure therapy programme for children with tic disorders: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Heijerman-Holtgrefe Annet , Huyser Chaim , Verdellen Cara , van de Griendt Jolande , Beljaars Laura , Kan Kees-Jan , Lindauer Ramón , Cath Daniëlle , Hoekstra Pieter , Utens Lisbeth
Published: June 2022

Introduction

This paper outlines the study protocol for the Dutch Tackle Your Tics study in youth with tic disorders. Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders are prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, placing considerable burden on youth and their families. Behavioural treatment is the first-line, evidence-based intervention for tic disorders, but tic reduction and availability remain relatively low. Patient associations stress the need for more accessible high-quality treatments, also focusing on improving quality of life. Therefore, the brief, intensive group-based treatment Tackle Your Tics was developed.

Methods and analysis

Tackle Your Tics is a 4-day intensive and comprehensive group-based intervention for children and adolescents (9–17 years) with Tourette syndrome or a chronic tic disorder. The programme encompasses exposure and response prevention treatment and additional supporting components (coping strategies, relaxation exercises and parent support). To study the effectiveness of Tackle Your Tics and identify predictors/moderators at baseline, a single-blinded randomised controlled trial (n=104) is conducted, comparing Tackle Your Tics (n=52) with a waiting list condition lasting 3 months (n=52). Assessments are performed at similar time points for both groups: at baseline, after 4 weeks, and at 3 and 6 months of follow-up, on tic severity, quality of life and other psychosocial variables.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval has been obtained from the medical ethical committee of the Amsterdam Medical Centre (METC nr NL66340.018.18, v3 June 2020). Findings will be presented on national and international conferences, peer-reviewed scientific journals, patient organisation meetings and public media. Patient representatives are fully integrated as part of the research team. If Tackle Your Tics proves to be effective, it can expand evidence-based treatment possibilities for children and adolescents with tic disorders. Identifying the psychosocial predictors/moderators for the effectiveness of this intervention can provide personalised treatment advice in the future.

Trial registration number

NL8052.
The relationship between the living lab approach and successful implementation of healthcare innovations: an integrative review
Authors: Zipfel Nina , Horreh Bedra , Hulshof Carel T J , de Boer Angela G E M , van der Burg-Vermeulen Sylvia J
Published: June 2022

Objectives

The concept of living labs as a research method to enhance participation of end-users in the development and implementation process of an innovation, gained increasing attention over the past decade. A living lab can be characterised by five key components: user-centric, cocreation, real-life context, test innovation and open innovation. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to summarise the literature on the relationship between the living lab approach and successful implementation of healthcare innovations.

Methods

An integrative literature review searching PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cinahl databases between January 2000 and December 2019. Studies were included when a living lab approach was used to implement innovations in healthcare and implementation outcomes were reported. Included studies evaluated at least one of the following implementation outcomes: acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, penetration or sustainability. Quality was assessed based on a tool developed by Hawker et al.

Results

Of the 1173 retrieved articles, 30 studies were included of which 11 of high quality. Most studies involved a combination of patients/public (N=23) and providers (N=17) as key stakeholders in the living lab approach. Living lab components were mostly applied in the development phase of innovations (N=21). The majority of studies reported on achievement of acceptability (N=22) and feasibility (N=17) in terms of implementation outcomes. A broader spectrum of implementation outcomes was only evaluated in one study. We found that in particular six success factors were mentioned for the added-value of using living lab components for healthcare innovations: leadership, involvement, timing, openness, organisational support and ownership.

Conclusions

The living lab approach showed to contribute to successful implementation outcomes. This integrative review suggests that using a living lab approach fosters collaboration and participation in the development and implementation of new healthcare innovations.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020166895.
Detection of atrial fibrillation in primary care with radial pulse palpation, electronic blood pressure measurement and handheld single-lead electrocardiography: a diagnostic accuracy study
Authors: Verbiest-van Gurp Nicole , Uittenbogaart Steven B , Lucassen Wim A M , Erkens Petra M G , Knottnerus J André , Winkens Bjorn , Stoffers Henri E J H , van Weert Henk C P M
Published: June 2022

Objective

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of three tests—radial pulse palpation, an electronic blood pressure monitor and a handheld single-lead ECG device—for opportunistic screening for unknown atrial fibrillation (AF).

Design

We performed a diagnostic accuracy study in the intention-to-screen arm of a cluster randomised controlled trial aimed at opportunistic screening for AF in general practice. We performed radial pulse palpation, followed by electronic blood pressure measurement (WatchBP Home A) and handheld ECG (MyDiagnostick) in random order. If one or more index tests were positive, we performed a 12-lead ECG at shortest notice. Similarly, to limit verification bias, a random sample of patients with three negative index tests received this reference test. Additionally, we analysed the dataset using multiple imputation. We present pooled diagnostic parameters.

Setting

47 general practices participated between September 2015 and August 2018.

Participants

In the electronic medical record system of the participating general practices (n=47), we randomly marked 200 patients of ≥65 years without AF. When they visited the practice for any reason, we invited them to participate. Exclusion criteria were terminal illness, inability to give informed consent or visit the practice or having a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

Outcomes

Diagnostic accuracy of individual tests and test combinations to detect unknown AF.

Results

We included 4339 patients; 0.8% showed new AF. Sensitivity and specificity were 62.8% (range 43.1%–69.7%) and 91.8% (91.7%–91.8%) for radial pulse palpation, 70.0% (49.0%–80.6%) and 96.5% (96.3%–96.7%) for electronic blood pressure measurement and 90.1% (60.8%–100%) and 97.9% (97.8%–97.9%) for handheld ECG, respectively. Positive predictive values were 5.8% (5.3%–6.1%), 13.8% (12.2%–14.8%) and 25.2% (24.2%–25.8%), respectively. All negative predictive values were ≥99.7%.

Conclusion

In detecting AF, electronic blood pressure measurement (WatchBP Home A), but especially handheld ECG (MyDiagnostick) showed better diagnostic accuracy than radial pulse palpation.

Trial registration number

Netherlands Trial Register No. NL4776 (old NTR4914).