bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Millennial Leadership Development: An Evidence Assessment of Information Communication Technology and Reverse Mentoring Competencies
Authors: Harrison Alissa E.
Published: March 2017

An essential element of a firm’s competitiveness is the ability to attract, retain, and develop high potential employees. To build organizations that promote innovative leadership, development requires forward-thinking direction from the upper-most levels of organization management. Currently, many executives adhere to a traditional model when developing leaders who serve the organization’s goals. A systematic review of empirical studies was conducted to address the question, how can managers use innovator competencies to affect developing innovative millennial leaders? Rapid evidence assessment offered a methodology for gathering and assessing evidence to determine the need for future research. Eleven primary studies were identified and a systematic review suggests that information computer technology and reverse mentoring promote horizontal competency development. The research also indicates that information computer technology and reverse mentoring encourage vertical or stages of leadership competency development that influence innovation. Findings from the systematic review suggest that generational characteristics are associated with information computer technology and reverse mentoring. In combining core competency theory with generational cohort theory, this study offers insights for organizational leaders in developing future innovator workforce leaders. Information computer technology and reverse mentoring for millennials in today’s competitive organizational environment could serve to bridge the gap between needed leadership competencies and building needed innovator skills in the millennial cohort. This review contributes to theory by extending the understanding of organizational innovation through developing millennial leader competencies. Future research should investigate how other competencies might factor into the position organizations take in the development of a more strategic and innovative workforce.
Is the Banking Organization Providing IT Enabled Services with Accuracy and Measured Against the Agreed Specifications
Authors: Viswanadham N.
Published: March 2017

The bank system is facing challenges with stiff competition and advancement of technology. Banks are utilizing the technology based self-service delivery channels to provide anywhere, anytime, anyway banking to customers thereby enhancing and enriching their service experiences. The paper is a research, based on the various issues involved in provisioning of banking services through self-service delivery modes such as ATMs, Internet banking and Mobile banking. Methodology applied included questionnaires, unstructured interview, documentary review and simple random sampling techniques were used to get the respondents. The findings of this study reveal that ATMs are widely used; with internet banking and mobile banking used mostly by certain niche bank customers and both are in the introductory phase with limited patronage. This study recommends that, Bank Management should improve employee’s incentives policies regarding customer care from time to time. Also Bank Management should conduct regular research on customers’ needs and wants and how to effectively satisfy them.
War in Afghanistan: Europe and America, between Films and Documentaries. 1979-2014
Authors: Saldanha-Alvarez Jose Mauricio
Published: March 2017

This research looks at the Afghanistan War from the Soviet invasion of 1979 until the withdrawal of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 2014 through films chosen. This research demonstrates how the Soviets, supported by the USA and the Muslim world, operated on misconceptions during an insurrectional conflict against the Mujahedin. After September 11, the Bush-Cheney administration invaded Afghanistan, restricting the informative role of the corporate media system. According to Kellner, this action triggered a creative revolution in American cinema. Turning to the production of documentaries, directors abandoned large-scale productions, preferring highly dramatically charged narratives of real soldiers and real action. The Afghan war, a fragmented, relentless, and unremitting struggle, is portrayed in 9th Company (Rus), Restrepo (USA). And Armadillo (Denmark); and Kajaki (UK), films that narrates the conflict from the NATO perspective, can not be won.
Virginia Woolf’s Representation of Women: A Feminist Reading of “The Legacy”
Authors: AlGweirien Hussien
Published: March 2017

Over the centuries women have been struggling to gain recognition, calling their independent voice to be heard in patriarchal and racist societies. As they follow the standards and the values of their societies, women tend to break the stereotypical and submissive images that degrade their position in their societies. Thus, this paper will scrutinize thoroughly women’s intellectual ability from a Gynocriticism perspective taking Virginia Woolf’s short story “The Legacy” (published posthously in 1944) as an example. The present paper provides an analytical view of the four models of gynocriticism; i.e., biological, linguistic, cultural, and psychological. It also attempts to shed light on some common feminist themes such as the theme of marriage and how oppressed marriage motivates male dominance. The paper addresses the relationship between wife and husband in terms of gender inequality and women’s identity. It also tackles women’s trapped position as distinct from the liberty of men and oppressed by husband in an unhappy marriage. It relies heavily not only on feminist perspectives as gynocriticism, gender inequality, and the theme of marriage; but also on the authors’ personal life. The paper concludes that being unable to speak their voice freely, women view writing as their salvation for their voice to be heard.
On Obstacles of Metaphor Translation from Perspective of Culture
Authors: He Ke-yu
Published: March 2017

Translating is a complex and fascinating task, as Richards (1965) once claimed that translating is probably the most complex type of event in the history of the cosmos. In the development of modern translation theories, there is a tendency that culture is introduced into this field. Translating becomes more complex for it has been defined as a cross-cultural communication event, and it involves not only two languages but also two cultures. This shift from emphasis on linguistic transfer towards emphasis on cultural transfer naturally exists in the translation of metaphor. Metaphor is not only an important figure of speech, but also a cognitive means of human mind. The people with different means of thinking have different cultures. The metaphorical language used by people must be fully saturated with culture peculiar to it. So because of the influence of cultural factor, the translation of metaphors becomes the most important particular problem. The paper discusses the reasons for the difficulties of metaphor translation, and summarizes several obstacles of it.
The Response of Spring Wheat Cultivars to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization under Salinity Stresses
Authors: Yi Daishu , Schwinghamer Timothy , Dalpé Yolande , Singh Jaswinder , Khanizadeh Shahrokh
Published: March 2017

Wheat is an important crop, playing inevitable roles in human life, ranging from major food resource to raw material for biofuel. However, due to the dramatically reduced available arable areas and increasingly severe abiotic and biotic stresses, wheat production nowadays faces extreme challenges.. Many approaches have been explored to increase wheat yield including development of new cultivars. One of the most promising approaches is the application of the naturally existent arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a mutualistic symbiosis originated over 400 million years ago. AM have long been known to form mutualistic symbiosis with various plants to enhance yield production and to improve stress tolerance, especially drought and salinity. But the benefits vary among AM strains and plant species. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the influence of four AM strains colonized on four selected spring wheat varieties under three salt concentrations (0, 50, 100 mmol/L). The results demonstrated that wheat inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal strains Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizoglomusirregulare mitigated yield losses caused by increased salinity stresses as well as strengthened root growth in comparison with non-inoculated plant controls. Salinity stress, however, had non-significant negative effects on most variables, except for grain yield, root surface area and root dry weight, in which a significant decrease was observed in root surface area and root dry weight with the increasing of saline concentration.
The place of conventional anal fistula surgeries among modern surgical techniques included
in the current anal fistula treatment algorithm
Authors: Kołodziejczak Małgorzata , Ciesielski Przemysław
Published: March 2017

The high percentage of complications after anal fistula surgery have resulted inattempts to seek new surgical solutions, which involve both improving the existing conventional surgical methods, as well as the introduction of modern surgical techniques. Classical surgical methods, such as fistulotomy, fistulectomy and Hippocrates’ procedure (loose or cutting setons) still have their place in the modernfistula treatment algorithm, however, some of the indications have changed (e.g. Hippocrates’ technique) and even new indications have been introduced. The noveltiesare represented e.g. by the use of a loose seton as a preparatory stage in innovativesurgical techniques, such as laser obliteration, injecting stem cells into the fistula tractor ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT). Advancement flaps were replacedby LIFT and laser techniques due to similar indications, higher efficacy and lowerinvasiveness of the latter ones. On the other hand, the LIFT procedure was replacedby laser obliteration in the treatment of non branching trans-sphincteric fistulasas a less invasive and equally effective method. Although techniques for closing thefistula tract with a plug or adhesives are still considered as minimally invasive, theyare unfortunately associated with high recurrence rates. Recently a new solutionhas appeared. It is known as BioLIFT and combines LIFT with the anal fistula plug.The estimated effectiveness of this procedure is 68.8%.
Short-Chain Polysaccharide Analysis in Ethanol–Water Solutions
Authors: Yan Xun
Published: March 2017

This study demonstrates that short-chain polysaccharides, or oligosaccharides, could be sufficiently separated with hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) conditions and quantified by evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). The multianalyte calibration approach improved the efficiency of calibrating the nonlinear detector response. The method allowed easy quantification of short-chain carbohydrates. Using the HILIC method, the oligosaccharide solubility and its profile in water/alcohol solutions at room temperature were able to be quantified. The results showed that the polysaccharide solubility in ethanol–water solutions decreased as ethanol content increased. The results also showed oligosaccharides to have minimal solubility in pure ethanol. In a saturated maltodextrin ethanol (80%) solution, oligosaccharide components with a degree of polymerization >12 were practically insoluble and contributed less than 0.2% to the total solute dry weight. The HILIC–ELSD method allows for the identification and quantification of low-MW carbohydrates individually and served as an alternative method to current gel permeation chromatography procedures.
Genetic and morphological evidence for cryptic species in Macrobrachium australe and resurrection of M. ustulatum (Crustacea, Palaemonidae)
Authors: Castelin Magalie , Mazancourt Valentin De , Marquet Gérard , Zimmerman Gabrielle , Keith Philippe
Published: March 2017

Macrobrachium australe is an amphidromous prawn living in the insular freshwater systems of the Indo-Pacific. Because it possesses few informative morphological characters, that often vary from one habitat to another, M. australe has produced much taxonomic confusion and has historically been described under eight synonyms. Here, 53 specimens collected throughout the Indo-Pacific under the name M. australe were phylogenetically and morphologically examined. Results revealed that what has been called M. australe belongs to at least two distinct species: M. australe, distributed from the Southwest Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific Ocean, and a cryptic species potentially restricted to the Northwest Pacific Ocean, here identified as M. ustulatum, which until now was considered as a junior synonym. Although they are not quite found in the same habitat (lentic-lotic), the presence of these distinct, and reciprocally monophyletic entities in the same rivers on the islands of Palau and Santo strongly favors the hypothesis of two reproductively isolated entities. Six morphological characters, including the proportions of the joints of the male second pereiopod, the shape of the epistome lobe and the armature of the fourth thoracic sternite, are evidenced as diagnostic. A neotype of M. australe is designated and deposited in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris.
New Developments in Breast Cancer and Their Impact on Daily Practice in Pathology
Authors: Li Xiaoxian , Oprea-Ilies Gabriela M. , Krishnamurti Uma
Published: March 2017

Advances in research have transformed our understanding of breast cancers and have altered the daily practice of pathology. Theranostic evaluations performed by pathologists are now critical in triaging the patients into appropriate treatment groups, as are new guidelines that were recently established for the evaluation of HER2/neu gene amplification. Emerging molecular classifications of breast cancers bring novel perspectives to the assessment of individual cases, and opportunities for better treatments. Molecular studies have particularly shed light on distinct biological subsets of triple-negative breast cancers, for which new targeted therapies are being developed. The prognostic and therapeutic utility of new histopathologic parameters, such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, are also being elucidated, and new protocols have been devised for the pathologic evaluation of breast specimens that have undergone neoadjuvant treatment. Novel clinical practices, such as radioactive seed localization, also affect the way breast specimens are processed and evaluated. In this brief review, we highlight the developments that are most relevant to pathology and are changing or could potentially impact our daily practice.
Albert Vanhoye, S.J. The Letter to the Hebrews: A New Commentary
Authors: McCruden Kevin B.
Published: March 2017

No abstract is available.
A Review Of Common And Quick Tests In Executive Function In Adults With Neurological Disorder
Authors: Satarian Fateme , Ghoreishi Zahra , Jalaei Shohreh
Published: February 2017

Purpose: As a higher cognitive function is controlled Executive function by frontal cortex. It is consisted of Decision-making، planning، inhibition، organization and working memory. According to high prevalence of executive dysfunction in adults with neurological disorders such as Dementia and stroke and considering to applying appropriate tests in neurological patients and aging people in order to diagnose executive dysfunction quickly and correctly، In this study we aimed to review common and quick executive function tests.Methods: This research was a review study on common and quick executive function tests in adults. A search was conducted using some databases including Iran medex، SID، Magiran، Google scholar، Medline، Science Direct، Scopus and Web of Science. The tests were investigated regarding to the date of publishing، method of administration، target populations، subscales، time administration and psychometric features.Results:  According to inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study، we found 26 common and quick tests، Most of them were in English and just one of them was a Persian version. Thirteen tests of them were translated or modified version of original English test. Ten tests of them were very quick with average administration time about 10 minute and the other need 30 minute to administer.Conclusion: Regarding to importance of evaluating of executive function in neurological patients especially individuals with Dementia beside  existence of  a lot of tests   in other languages and  lack of quick executive function tests in Persian , results of current study  can help neurologist, speech and language pathologist and other experts to be familiar with common quick tests  and their clinical application. These results also recommend researchers and clinicians to translate and adapt some of  the quick and easy administer Executive function  tests in Persian.
Approach To Unstable Plaque In Carotid Disease
Authors: Ghabaee Mojdeh
Published: February 2017

Risk of cerebral infarction due to thrombo emboli originating  from carotid artery disease estimated to be near 15%, and this risk  is closely associated with the severity of luminal stenosis. But at the same time characteristics  of the plaque should be taken into account for therapeutic planning when the patient is asymptomatic and the diameter of the stenosis does not reach the threshold of 70%. Search for markers of plaque vulnerability, instability, or thromboembolic potential as complementary to the degree of the luminal stenosis in stroke risk prediction should be considered .These morphologic features of carotid plaques are increasingly believed to be one of those markers that could carry further prognostic information, and early recognition of these plaques features may identify a high-risk subgroup of patients who might particularly benefit from aggressive interventions with aggressive medical treatment.Color and duplex Doppler sonography  evaluates both  morphologic and hemodynamic   abnormalitie of carotid. Echogensity, degree of stenosis and plaque surface features are essential parameters of morphological abnormality.
Self-Determination Theory Application In The Discharge Of Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Sarboozi Hosein Abadi Tahere , Ghiyasvandian Shahrzad , Zakeri Moghadam Masoome , Kazemnejad Anooshiravan
Published: February 2017

Background: The principle of transient ischemic attack treatment is lifestyle modification and pharmacological treatment that would reduce recurrence and incidence of stroke. Lifestyle changes require follow-up care and continuity of nurse and patient relationships, but the current training does not meet this need. The trainings based on motivating theory such as self-determination, besides continuity of the relationship with patient, improve his/her incentive, specially of it is carried out at the discharge time. Therefore, this study has been done by the purpose of defining the impact of discharge plan based on self-determination theory on the lifestyle patients with transient ischemic attack.Methodology: The analysis has been done on 57, 18-90 years old clinical random patients in Tehran hospitals (29 cases and 28 controls) in 2015. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire at the beginning and health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire(second edition) were collected at the end of the study. Discharge plan based on self-determination theory, including patients and families meeting in hospital and telephone counseling during the 12 weeks after discharge was accomplished in cases group. The control group received only routine hospital care. Data were analyzed by t-test and chi- squre test.Results: The score of lifestyle was similar in both groups (p> .05) at beginning of the study, but at the end of the study, the average score of cases group (17.1 ± 164.2) significantly higher than the control group (17.6 ± 118.3) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, At the end of study, the mean scores of nutrition, physical activity, stress management, interpersonal relationships, spiritual growth and responsibility in the lifestyle cases group was significantly higher than the control group (p <.001). The frequency of transient ischemic attacks after discharge in the cases group (13.8%), significantly lower than the control group (46.4%), respectively (p = .016).Conclusion: By executing discharge plan based on self-determination theory, transient ischemic attack patients lifestyle score increased to 26.7% and the frequency of transient ischemic attacks32.6% reduces. So use this simple and accessible program in the care of patients with ischemic attack is recommended.
Knowledge And Skill About Stroke Patients In Medical Students, A Review
Authors: Shams Vahdati Samad , Moharamzadeh Payman , Fahimi Roshan , Parsian Zahra , Bagheri Sahar
Published: February 2017

Stroke a leading cause of neurological disability in the world, is the third major reason of mortality behind cancer and heart disease, that it is epidemic emerging worldwide, especially in the low and middle income countries. Most of the patients who are survived from stroke are not treated completely and have life with disability and complications preclude a poor outcome.Therefore, it is necessary that medical students be trained and educate in a standardized manner, through focused lectures,  interactive workshops, and bedside teaching sessions in the way of dealing and correctly managing of prevalent and potentially disabling neurological emergencies, such as stroke.
Neuroprotection In Acute Stroke
Authors: Amini Harandi Ali
Published: February 2017

Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and remains the third most common cause of death in industrialized nations. The concept of neuroprotection mainly came from the studies of the pathology and pathophysiology of ischemic brain injury. Greater understanding of the pathophysiology of neuronal damage in ischemic stroke has generated interest in neuroprotection as a management strategy. Neuroprotective agents in stroke treatment, have generated long-term interest that have the potential to preserve brain tissue and improve overall outcome. One arm of neuroprotective agents limits acute injury to neurons in the ischemic penumbra. Many of these agents modulate neuronal receptors to reduce release of excitatory neurotransmitters, which contribute to early neuronal injury. Other neuroprotective agents prevent potentially detrimental events associated with return of blood flow. Returning blood contains leukocytes that may occlude small vessels and release toxic products. In fact they should act targeting excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and inflammation. The past few decades have produced a plethora of negative neuroprotective trial results. The questions of feasibility and practicability cannot be resolved simultaneously. In the future, optimal therapy may be achieved by combining neuroprotective agents with complementary mechanisms. Relevant areas of interest include the search for safe and effective treatment strategies that combine neuroprotection reperfusion, better use of advanced brain imaging for patient selection, and wider implementation of prehospital conducted clinical trials.
Role Of Neurosonology In Management Of Stroke
Authors: Assarzadegan Farhad
Published: February 2017

Stroke is one of the most commonly occurring brain diseases and, in spite of its often homogeneous clinical appearance, its causes vary considerably. The implementation of a tailored and targeted therapy in each individual case requires rapid etiological classifi cation and a qualifi ed evaluation of the vascular status. Knowledge of normal vascular anatomy, variants, and anomalies are essential for proper clinical assessment.In clinical neurology, ultrasound became available in the early 1970s. The neurovascular focus developed in the 1980s with the use of extracranial color-coded duplex sonography (ECCS) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) techniques. The development of transcranial color- coded duplex sonography (TCCS) in the early 1990s was an important advance, as TCCS’s diagnostic sensitivity exceeded that of TCD. B-mode and color-mode images generated using TCCS greatly facilitated vessel identifi cation by off ering additional spatial information about vessel courses in relation to bone, parenchymal structures, and ventricles.In the mid-1990s, routine vascular diagnostic procedures was shifted away from TCD to TCCS. The combination of extra- and intracranial duplex ultrasound permits an almost comprehensive assessment of all brain- supplying vessels with a single bedside device. TCD remains the primary method for functional assessments such as right–left shunt diagnosis, assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity, autoregulation, and bilateral continuous monitoring for spontaneous microemboli.What is the best diagnostic approach for patients with acute and chronic brain ischemia? Several angiologic methods are now available for the treatment of stroke patients: DSA, MRA, CTA, and ultrasound. Each technique may yield information that is partly competing and partly complementary regarding vessel anatomy, vessel wall properties, and circulation physiology. Stroke physicians should be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the available methods.
Legal Aspects In Stroke Management
Authors: Hajmanouchehri Reza
Published: February 2017

Due to increasing the cases of complaint from therapeutic staff, referred to Legal Medicine decided to mention a few examples of these actions and by reviewing them, we want to do something even nothing to prevention. Three cases were given and discussed in this article.

1. Patient is a 68-year-old woman complaining of weakness of her left side and speech disturbance that started about 2 hours earlier, was admitted to hospital at 8 am. Patient with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke in progress is placed in antiplatelet therapy (Plavix 4 initial dose and one per day and an 80 mg aspirin per day) and anti-Coagulation Heparin (initial dose of 6000 units and 1000 units per hour).Patient conflicts with loss of consciousness at 17:45. By doing CT, they have found a large hemorrhage in the right parietal Frontó with severe shift from midline, IVH, SAH. Currently, patient has movement disorders and several cerebral complications.

2. The patient took under angiography because of chest pain. Patient had an unpleasant feeling in organs at the time of angiography and the symptoms have been intensified in the afternoon of that day and conflicted with headache and blurred vision. The next day, he also afflicted with weakness of organs and at 8 am neurology consultation is requested, and according to a neurologist takes MRI. The patient was suffered from speech impairment and right hemiparesis. MRI indicates stroke. Two days later, intravenous heparin begins. The Patient discharged on 31/4/ … .

3. The patient hospitalized because of headache and weakness of right organs and with a presumptive diagnosis of stroke. Headache had progressive trend. There were not seen certain lesions on the initial CT. 5000 units of heparin with 1000 units of infusion in an hour starts with telephone orders at 8 am. The morning 1/8 /..., he afflicted with loss of consciousness, and transferred to the ICU. In morning experiment, patient’s platelet is reported low (47000).The patient gave MRI that had large ischemic lesions of temporoparietal on left with suspicious regions of bleeding and Parietal. Due to low level of platelets (35,000), despite high clinical suspicion for CVST heparin was closed at 11:30. HIT is confirmed in blood consultation and recommended to be cut the anticoagulants. Despite the measures taken, the patient died at 3:45 pm.

In first case, it seems that to start double antiplatelet and intravenous heparin simultaneously was wrong. In the second case, late neurology consultation is a question, though heparin is started too late. But in the third case, progression of the disease has been quite rapid.
Cerebral Vasculitis
Authors: Khorvash Fariborz
Published: February 2017

Introduction:Vasculitis is an inflammation systems may be involved of blood vessels due to various origins. Vessels of the peripheral and/or central nervous. Vasculitis of the CNS is rare and occurs in the context of systemic diseases or as primary angiitis of the CNS.Epidemiology:The overall incidence of primary vasculitis is about 40/1,000,000 persons [excluding giant cell (temporal) arteritis, GCA]. Its incidence increases with age. The incidence of GCA is much higher (around 200/1,000,000 persons in the age group[50 years).Clinical Presentation:Clinical and pathological presentation in CNS vasculitis represents a wide spectrum. Among others, headache, cranial nerve affections, encephalopathy, seizures, psychosis, myelitis, stroke, intracranial haemorrhage and aseptic meningoencephalitis are described. Primary and secondary vasculitides leading more frequently to CNS manifestations are discussed.Primary and secondary Vasculitides:Including Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis , Takayasu arteritis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Primary angiitis of the CNS, Wegener’s granulomatosis, and Connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective disease and Sjögren syndrome, are systemic immune-mediated diseases that lead to multiple organ affections.Cerebral Vasculitis: Imaging and Differential Diagnosis:Vasculitides represent a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases that affect blood vessel walls of varying calibers (inflammatory vasculopathy). Since the devastating symptoms of CNS vasculitis are at least partially reversible, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important. In order to establish a differential diagnosis clinical features, disease progression, age of onset, blood results, as well as CSF examinations have to be taken into consideration. Neuroimaging techniques, such as MRI and DSA, play a central role in the diagnosis and disease monitoring .The diagnostic protocol for cerebral vasculitis should include initial MRI to assess the degree of parenchymal damage and to detect vessel wall changes, in particular in large-vessel vasculitis. If the results are ambiguous or medium-sized arteries are affected (beyond the spatial resolution of MRI) DSA should follow. Small-vessel vasculitides entirely evade detection by vascular imaging and consequently require brain or leptomeningeal biopsy . Exclusion of differential diagnoses: Important differential diagnoses include RCVS,  intracranial atherosclerosis Moyamoy disease, autoimmune encephalopathies and infectious disorder such as varicella zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathies or endocarditis.Therapy:Vasculitis is a serious disease that is potentially fatal or leads to permanent disability and requires rapid institution of immunosuppressive treatment. Possible therapeutic options include glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, intravenous immunoglobulins and mycophenolate mofetil.
Reversible Cerebrovascular Syndrome
Authors: Saadatnia Mohammad
Published: February 2017

Reversible cerebrovascular syndrome (RCVS) is clinico-radiological syndrome defined as severe recurrent thunderclap headache with or without seizures or neurologic deficits and constriction of cerebral arteries which resolves spontaneously within 1-3 months. RCVS affects patients in various racial and ethnic groups and in all age groups, although most commonly in the fourth decade of life.  Headache is the main symptom. Headache is usually “thunderclap variety”, peaks within one minute and very intense. Many conditions and exposures have been linked to RCVS, including vasoactive drugs, metabolic disorder, vasculitis and the peripartum period. Associated strokes and cerebral hemorrhages are not uncommon. As complications we can see Localized cortical SAH (20-25%), Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (5-10%), posterior reversible encephalopathic syndrome ( PRES). Permanent sequelae of RCVS is usually benign entity. Prognosis is highly dependent on the occurrence of stroke (6-9%), otherwise, by definition, most resolve completely without any sequelae. Treatment is Symptomatic (pain, seizures, blood pressure control), trigger avoidance should be done (either activity or vasoactive substances), calcium channel blockers, IV magnesium and Short-course of steroids may be effective.
Nursing Roles And Functions In The Inpatient Neurorehabilitation Of Stroke Patients: A Literature Review
Authors: Tabari Fariba
Published: February 2017

Stroke is the third largest cause of death and largest cause of adult disability in the United Kingdom and United States. The World Health Organization (WHO)[1] estimates 15 million people worldwide will have a stroke annually; this represents a major health burden. The purpose was to explore the nursing roles and functions in the Inpatient Neurorehabilitation of Stroke Patients.Method:In this review study, an online search among articles published from 2000 to 2016 was conducted through CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, SID, Iran Medex, Magiran and Google scholar databases using key words; “Inpatient Neurorehabilitation of Stroke Patients”, “Nursing Roles and Functions”. The protocol of York University Guide was used to select the articles.Results:In total, 15 articles were used from 40 articles that were initially obtained from the search, from which, 6 were Iranian articles and the rest were non-Iranian articles. The articles indicated that, nursing roles and functions in the Inpatient Neurorehabilitation of Stroke Patients can be divided into the factors related to patient role, interdisciplinary cooperation, feedback to the staff about the patient’s progress, to provide emotional Support for patients and relatives.Conclusions: The contribution that nurses with stroke rehabilitation skills can make to effective stroke care was understood. However, The nurse considers the individual’s needs  working collaboratively with the patient and their families to involve them in a meaningful way with decision making and their recovery.
The Role Of Neuroplasticity Types In Aphasia Recovery And Its Influencing Factors: A Systematic Review Of Literature
Authors: Aghaz Alireza
Published: February 2017

Background and Objectives: Aphasia is common consequence of stroke. Most people with aphasia in the acute phase show some degree of spontaneous recovery, most of which occurs during the first two to three months. Neuro-linguistic mechanisms of recovery in aphasia remain a lot unknown still, but considerably depends to the amount of change plasticity in brain of patients after stroke. The aim of this article is review of the role of Neuroplasticity types in aphasia recovery and its influencing factors: a systematic review of literatureMethods: This study is a review of all articles listed in PubMed database from January 1990 to September, 2016 that were identified using the keywords Neuroplasticity and aphasia (in titles) and language.Results: Three types of changes in the activity of the nervous system after a stroke, is closely linked with aphasia recovery: 1. Reactivation of damaged areas of the left hemisphere or activities it`s surrounding in language tasks 2. Acquisition or manifest of the ability to process language in the nondominant right Hemisphere 3. The wrong activity of nondominant right hemisphere that can prevent language improvement.Discussion and Conclusion: Most of studies have shown involvement of surrounding areas in the left hemisphere lesion in language improvement, others reported employment of the right hemisphere regions and some others have known useful the involvement of both hemispheres in language improvement. It is difficult, aphasia improvement prediction due to the interaction of various factors. The most promising results aphasia treatment for the reorganization of the brain, caused by speech therapy that lead to quick improvements considerably.
Effects of Input-based and Output-based Instructions on Iranian EFL Learners’ Productive Knowledge of Collocations
Authors: Gholami Nawal , Taghi Farvardin Mohammad
Published: March 2017

Few studies have investigated the effects of input-based and output-based instructions on collocational knowledge of EFL learners. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of these instructional approaches on Iranian EFL learners’ productive knowledge of collocations. To this end, 80 senior high school students from three intact classes at Tali-e High School in Ahvaz, Iran, were selected. Each class was assigned to a control group (n = 28) and two experimental groups including the input group (n = 27) and the output group (n = 25). Twenty collocations were selected as the target collocations. Then, a pretest was administered to all groups. Two days after the last treatment session, an immediate posttest was given to the participants. A delayed posttest was also administered two weeks later. The results of Mixed-ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests revealed that both input and output groups outperformed the control group on the immediate and delayed posttests. However, there were no significant differences between the input and output groups on the posttests. The implications and suggestions for future research are also presented.
The Dichotomy in between Ecocentrism & Anthropocentrism: An Ecocritical Rendering of Two Indian English Poets
Authors: Karmakar Goutam , Krishan Rai Shri , Banerjee Sanjukta
Published: March 2017

One of the plebeian environmental moral dilemmas that are noticed in third world nations are the dialectical assimilation in between anthropocentrism and ecocentrism. Owing to some devout and semipolitical prejudices some people are taking the whip hand over nature snubbing the nature, flora and fauna. But concurrently some of the great unwashed gestate in nature centered ecological system and yielding values to all non-human entities unheeding of their usefulness to human civilization. In the third world Asian countries this situation is even more abominable and eminent eco-socialists assay to exhibit this delineated envision in various ways for it becomes necessitate for them. While it is in the case of literary eminent some Indian English poets conjure up their apotheosis and cerebration through their penned composition. Poets from Indiaon one hand depict the anthropocentric attitude of their native people and simultaneously they assume ecocentric attitude. Exalted bookmen like Keki N.Daruwalla and Shiv K.Kumar evince the world with its acculturation, sights and sounds, predilection, disillusionment, bewilderment and discombobulation ensuing from modern way of living and mentation. So from this vantage point their eco-poems arbitrate in between anthropocentrism and ecocentrism. A construe brooding of some of their oeuvre excogitate light on environmental awareness along with the enactment of human and non-human relation which is often laissez faire and patriarchal. Concurrently their perdurable compositions splay socio-ecologic discouse through which readers can ensnarl with the demography, urbanization, modernization and development of environmental activism. Their abiding oeuvre works like a mirror where the congenial understanding between man and nature along with the scope of verdict is contrived. Working within the peripheries of environmentalism their aeonian verse paves a way through which a solution within this third world environmentalism can be made possible.
The Comparative Effect of Teaching Metacognitive Strategies and Collaborative Strategic Reading on EFL Learners' Reading Comprehension
Authors: Nosratinia Mania , Mohammadi Elham
Published: March 2017

This study was an attempt to systematically investigate the comparative impact of teaching Metacognitive Strategies (MS) and Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' Reading Comprehension (RC). The participants were 58 homogenized intermediate level female EFL learners, within the age range of 18-30 (Mage = 24); they were non-randomly selected and were randomly assigned into two experimental groups of 29. One experimental group received MS training based on Anderson's (2002) model, and the other experimental group received training in CSR based on Klingner and Vaughn’s (1998) model. Inspecting the initially-homogenized participants’ post-treatment performance, through using a piloted PET reading test and running an independent-samples t-test, revealed that the MS group performed significantly better than the CSR group in terms of RC. The study concludes with a discussion on the obtained results, followed by presenting some implications for EFL teachers, EFL learners, and EFL material developers.
What Happened in the Sahara? A Transition over the Bound of Semi-consciousness in Paul Bowles’ The Sheltering Sky
Authors: Movaghati Sina
Published: March 2017

Paul Bowles’ prodigious novel, The Sheltering Sky, is an epitome of a narrative about the Modern Man and his existentialistic dilemmas. After six decades from its initial publication, The Sheltering Sky, still, attracts multitudinous attention for its esoteric and abstruse nature of the occurrences. In regard to nomadic-diasporic lifestyle of the author, and his protagonists, normally, many critical approaches to the text have shifted toward hyper-textual perusals. By mentioning the noteworthy scholarly works which have been done hitherto, this article tries to be faithful to the text as much as possible, and elucidates the myth that, what has really happened in the Sahara which coerced the protagonists to forget their identities to this great extent; thus, hectic and deranged, divagating in the desert, inclining toward the destruction of their identities. In this article, in regard to textual substantiations, ‘Sand’ and ‘Time’ are adduced as the two crucial elements which balance two main protagonists’ state of semi-consciousness, in the inside journey of self. Also, the concept of ‘humanistic identity,’ from Bowles’ viewpoint, in connexion to the setting of the novel, will be discussed.
Iranian EFL Learners’ Reaction to Teacher’s Written Corrective Feedback
Authors: Zarifi Abdolvahed
Published: March 2017

Providing different types of corrective feedback on learners’ writing is a common practice in writing classes. Applied linguists have also invested huge attempt in investigating the impact that coorective feedback might have on developing different language skills among EFL/ESL writers. Despite the breadth of empirical research on the issue, literature has witnessed very few studies addressing the writer thought processes in dealing with the corrective feedback they recieve from their instructors. Therefore, the present qualitative study, which explores the way Iranian EFL learners respond to teacher corrective feedback, is an answer to this research need. The study included a sample of ten female high school students who were purposively selected and investigated for the cognitive process they assumed in responding to teacher written corrective feedback and their preferences for CF in writing tasks. Findings of the study have revealed that EFL learners go through a long and sophisticated thought process, reviewing, evaluating and finally accepting or ‘submiting to’ teacher corrective feedback.
Social Network Sites as ESL/EFL Learning and Teaching Tools: A Critical Review
Authors: Alnujaidi Sulaiman
Published: March 2017

This study analyzed the educational and instructional implications of Social Network Sites (SNS) in the ESL/EFL teaching and learning context. SNS's definition, types, classifications, features, positive and negative aspects, their educational implications as well as their limitations and challenges in the ESL/EFL classroom settings are identified and discussed in order to better utilize and integrate their innovative aspects into the language teaching and learning practices.
The History of Scottish English and A Brief Description of the Salient Linguistic Features That Characterize The Scots Dialect
Authors: A. Alkazwini Azhar
Published: March 2017

A brief history of the Scots dialect shall be presented, and, the salient Linguistic Features that characterize Scots shall be discussed. Some observers have different views regarding these linguistic features. I shall provide examples of these differences and conclude with the fact that the Great Vowel Shift played a major role in forming Scots and, as a result, Scots has its own characteristics that distinguishes it from other dialects.
The Ethnic Identity Crisis and Acculturation in Shakir's "Let's Dance"
Authors: Ali Abdullah Al-Momani Hassan
Published: March 2017

This study aims at investigating the ethnic identity crisis and the problems of acculturation and enculturation in Evelyn Shakir's "Let's dance." The study will present a close reading analysis of Shakir's story highlighting the problem of constructing the ethnic identity for the protagonist Nadia who suffers from the lack of her parental support and divorce. Additionally, the study presents the problems that most Arab American young adults suffer from when living in America such as the confusion of belonging to the Arab and American culture, the American negative media stereotypes about Arabs, and the conflict between Arab and American ethnic and cultural traditions. The study concludes that the parental problems and conflicts negatively influence the construction of Arab American young adults' ethnic identity and acculturation.
Laparoscopic Total Pelvic Exenteration After Neoadjuvant Imatinib Therapy for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Rectum: A Case Report
Authors: Nagasaki Toshiya , Fukunaga Yosuke , Akiyoshi Takashi , Konishi Tsuyoshi , Fujimoto Yoshiya , Nagayama Satoshi , Ueno Masashi , Yamaguchi Toshiharu
Published: March 2017

Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) may be the only curative procedure for locally advanced rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) that is contiguous with the adjacent organs and pelvic wall. There is no previous report of laparoscopic TPE for advanced rectal GIST. Here, we describe our experience of performing laparoscopic TPE on a locally advanced rectal GIST after neoadjuvant imatinib chemotherapy. A 62-year-old Japanese man was diagnosed with locally advanced rectal GIST that was contiguous with the seminal vesicles, prostate, and left pelvic sidewall. He received imatinib mesylate for 5 months, after which the mass had shrunk but was still contiguous with adjacent organs. We therefore needed to perform TPE, and we accomplished the operation laparoscopically. The total operative time was 540 minutes and estimated blood loss was 280 mL. There were no intraoperative complications and not required conversion to open surgery. The patient had his first stool on the first postoperative day and discharged on the 21st postoperative day with no major complication. Pathologic examination of the resected specimen revealed negative margins. The patient had further adjuvant imatinib chemotherapy and had no recurrence for 20 months postoperatively. Laparoscopic TPE appears to be minimally invasive surgery and safe in the present case of rectal GIST. This is the first report of a case in the world that underwent laparoscopic TPE for advanced rectal GIST.