bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Micro Mass Spectrometer: Analysis of Particle Behavior in MEMS Ion Lens Systems
Authors: Russell Z , Russell PE , Glass J , Parker C , Stoner B , Gilchrist K , Piascik J
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
TEM Observations of Nano-porous Hematite Formed by Dehydration of Synthetic Goethite Particles
Authors: Steele J
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Applications of High-Resolution Aberration-Corrected STEM Imaging to Studies of the Behavior of Nanophase Materials at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Allard LF , More KL , Liu J
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
3-D Atom Probe Tomography of Resin Embedded Samples?
Authors: Evans JE , Arslan I , Jaeger DL , Marquis EA , Gorman BP , Browning ND
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Low Energy, Low Angle, Large Area Ion Polishing for Improved EBSD Indexing
Authors: Walck S , Porter J , Yang H-W
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
SEM of Ancient Jewelry
Authors: Taylor JV , Wright E , Miller A , Stein R
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Comparison of Cryo-fixation Methods used for Enhanced Ultrastructural Preservation and Immunogold Labeling of Biological Specimens.
Authors: Yi H , Ward R , Moran C , Wright E
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Electron Tomography of Chemotaxis Receptor Signaling Complex
Authors: Meng X , Zhao G , Mao Q , Wu X , Zhang P
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Compact Soft X-ray Imaging of Hydrated Biological Materials
Authors: Frazer B , Takman PAC , Abbott A , Booth CR , Fahey S , Hunt JA
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Sol Gel Processing of Iron(III) Oxides Decorated Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Camponeschi E , Walker J , Garmestani H , Tannenbaum R
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Quantitative Metallography And Microanalytical Analysis Of Particles In Iron Rivets Recovered From The Wreck Of The RMS Titanic
Authors: Foecke T , Hooper-McCarty J
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Structure of HIV-1 CA Protein: Image Reconstruction From Helical Assembly
Authors: Zhao G , Meng X , Zhang P
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Electron-Tomography of a Temperature-Sensitive Morphogenic Mutant of Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)
Authors: Butan C , Lokhandwala PM , Winkler DC , Craven RC , Steven AC
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Cation Stoichiometry from Microanalysis of Complex Perovskite Oxides
Authors: Kolesnik S , Dabrowski B , Mais J
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Electron Beam Induced Deposition and Etching: Fundamentals, Challenges and Nanotechnology–based Applications
Authors: Fowlkes J , Smith DA , Lassiter MG , Rack PD
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Biofilms, Minerals, and Bronchioles: Understanding Microenvironments Through Correlative Microscopy
Authors: Hunter R
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Cryo-Electron Tomography of Malaria Parasites
Authors: Cyrklaff M , Kudryashev M , Kilian N , Henrich P , Frischknecht F , Lanzer M
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Correlation between TEM Imaging and Microanalysis for Atom Probe Reconstruction Verification
Authors: Thompson G , Genc A , Morris R , Torres K , Fraser HL
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Challenges Involved In X-Ray Microanalysis Of The Mineral Kernite [Na2B4O6(OH)2P3H2O]
Authors: Vicenzi EP , Meier D , Davis JM
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Imaging Motile Pathogens by Light microscopy and Cryo-electron Tomography
Authors: Frischknecht F , Munter S , Kudryashev M , Lepper S , Hegge S , Baumeister W , Wallich R , Schwarz U , Cyrklaff M
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
STEM in SEM For Medium-Resolution X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Kotula PG
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Possible Skin Fragment Evidence is Found in Incomplete Fingerprints
Authors: Villena A , Calabro A , Becker D , Morales J
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Nanoparticles and Nanopores Induced by High-energy Electron Irradiation
Authors: Jiang N , Dong S , Spence JCH
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Challenges and Opportunities for Focused Ion Beam Processing at the Nano-scale
Authors: Gierak J , Schiedt B , Lucot D , Madouri A , Bourhis E , Patriarche G , Ulysse C , Lafosse X , Auvray L , Bruchhaus L , Jede R
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
In-situ Spatial and Temporal Studies of Electrochemistry in Advanced High Temperature Batteries Under Operating Conditions
Authors: Rijssenbeek J , Gao Y , Zhong Z , Jisrawi N , Ignatov I , Croft M
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Characterizing Ultrafine Grained Material using EBSD
Authors: Deal A , Bhat R , DiDomizio R , Marte J , Subramanian PR
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
In-situ Microcompression Experiments: Examination of Lateral Constraint Effects
Authors: Shade PA , Wheeler R , Choi YS , Uchic MD , Dimiduk DM , Fraser HL
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Luminescent Qdots for Molecular Imaging and Traceable Drug Delivery
Authors: Gao X
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Self-Assembled Nanoparticles for Integrated Cancer Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Duan H
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Engineering Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Cellular, Molecular, and In Vivo Imaging
Authors: Smith AM , Nie SM
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Three Dimensional Characterization of Xe Inclusions Ion-implanted in Al
Authors: Song M , Matsumoto H , Shimojo M , Mitsuishi K , Furuya K
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry for in situ Trace Element and Isotope Analysis
Authors: Ash RD
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
High Throughput Automated Crystal Orientation and Phase Mapping of Nanoparticles from HREM - TEM Images
Authors: Rauch EF , Rouvimov S , Nicolopoulos S , Moeck P
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
High Efficiency CT (HECT) for Automated Alignment and Contrast Calibration of Projections in Quantitative TEM Tomography
Authors: Jarisch WR , Dohnalkova AC
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
Auger Electron Spectroscopy of Kernite: Coaxing Useful Information Out of a Recalcitrant Specimen
Authors: Meier D , Davis JM , Vicenzi EP
Published: July 2009

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
FURTHER RESULTS ON POSITIVE PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF IMPULSIVE FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: LIU YUJI
Published: July 2009

A class of first-order impulsive functional differential equations with forcing terms is considered. It is shown that, under certain assumptions, there exist positive T-periodic solutions, and under some other assumptions, there exists no positive T-periodic solution. Applications and examples are given to illustrate the main results.
A METHOD OF IMPROVING OAR EFFICIENCY
Authors: BREARLEY MAURICE N.
Published: July 2009

In boats used for competitive rowing it is traditional for the rowers to use strokes in which the angle between the oar shaft and the perpendicular to the hull centre line is much greater at the catch than it is at the end of the power stroke. As a result, the oar blade is even more inefficient in its action at the catch than it is at the end of the power stroke. This paper shows how boat performance in a race would be improved by reducing the difference in these starting and finishing angles. The claim of improved race performance is supported by a detailed investigation of the dynamics involved in the case of a particular coxless pair whose performance has been recorded by the Australian Institute of Sport. We also suggest an easy way to make the necessary change in boat design.
Climate modelling of mass-extinction events: a review
Authors: Feulner Georg
Published: July 2009

Despite tremendous interest in the topic and decades of research, the origins of the major losses of biodiversity in the history of life on Earth remain elusive. A variety of possible causes for these mass-extinction events have been investigated, including impacts of asteroids or comets, large-scale volcanic eruptions, effects from changes in the distribution of continents caused by plate tectonics, and biological factors, to name but a few. Many of these suggested drivers involve or indeed require changes of Earth's climate, which then affect the biosphere of our planet, causing a global reduction in the diversity of biological species. It can be argued, therefore, that a detailed understanding of these climatic variations and their effects on ecosystems are prerequisites for a solution to the enigma of biological extinctions. Apart from investigations of the paleoclimate data of the time periods of mass extinctions, climate-modelling experiments should be able to shed some light on these dramatic events. Somewhat surprisingly, however, only a few comprehensive modelling studies of the climate changes associated with extinction events have been undertaken. These studies will be reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, the role of modelling in extinction research in general and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Protecting and preserving traditional knowledge and plant genetic resources: is ASEAN there yet?
Authors: Payumo Jane G. , Jussaume Raymond , Grimes Howard D.
Published: July 2009

The treatment of traditional knowledge (TK) and plant genetic resources is timely international topics for debate with the focus on preventing the misappropriation and misuse of these resources, and on promoting the equitable sharing of benefits that arise from utilization and commercialization. In this paper, the initiatives of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its member countries toward safeguarding TK associated with plant genetic resources are reviewed. While Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines have national frameworks in place for the protection of TK and plant genetic resources, other ASEAN member countries do not. In addition, true regional cooperation among ASEAN countries in the area of TK and plant genetic resources has yet to be realized. After a review of these cases, this paper will argue that a single unique model or solution for all ASEAN member countries cannot meet the wide range of concerns and objectives that exist to protect TK and plant genetic resources. Instead, what is suggested is to create a mix of solutions to better handle TK and plant genetic resources issues.
Identification of geographical gaps in the pearl millet germplasm conserved at ICRISAT genebank from West and Central Africa
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Reddy K. N. , Irshad Ahmed M. , Gowda C. L. L. , Haussmann B. I. G.
Published: July 2009

The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) genebank in India holds the world's largest collection of 21,594 pearl millet germplasm accessions including 18,447 landraces from 50 countries. West and Central Africa (WCA) region, which is considered as the centre of diversity for pearl millet, is also an important pearl millet germplasm source for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A total of 7372 landraces were assembled from WCA countries. Out of which, 6434 landraces have the georeference data. The geographic origins of these landraces were analyzed using geographic information system tools to identify gaps in the collection. Geographical distribution of existing collections, type of vegetation, land cover and the high probability (>70%) for the occurrence of pearl millet estimated using the FloraMap software in different countries show that 62 districts in 13 provinces of Nigeria, 50 districts in 16 provinces of Burkina Faso, 9 districts in 6 provinces each of Mali and Mauritania, 8 districts in 8 provinces of Chad and 7 districts in 3 provinces of Ghana as the major geographical gaps in the pearl millet collection at the ICRISAT genebank. In view of this, we suggest that the final areas for exploration in these districts should be decided prior to the launch of the collection missions in consultation with local government officials and extension officers, who have the knowledge of pearl millet cultivation in the districts identified.
Particulate matter air quality assessment using integrated surface, satellite, and meteorological products: Multiple regression approach
Authors: Gupta Pawan , Christopher Sundar A.
Published: July 2009

Monitoring particulate matter air quality from spaceborne measurements is largely confined to relating columnar satellite retrievals of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) with ground measurements of PM2.5 mass concentration. However, vertical distribution of aerosols and meteorological effects such as wind speed, temperature, and humidity also play a major role in this AOT‐PM2.5 relationship. In this study, using 3 years of coincident hourly PM2.5 mass concentration (PM2.5 or PM2.5), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer–derived AOT, and rapid update cycle meteorological fields, we developed multiple regression equations as function of season for 85 P.M2.5 monitors over the southeastern United States. Our goal is to examine whether the use of meteorological fields will improve the relationship between PM2.5 and AOT. Our results indicate that there is up to threefold improvement in the correlation coefficients while using meteorological information through multiple regression methods compared to two variant regression (AOT versus PM2.5) equations. A 20–50% improvement in root‐mean‐square error is observed when adding temperature and boundary layer height to the AOT‐PM2.5 relationship. The best agreement between AOT and PM2.5 was found during summer and in well‐mixed boundary layer regimes. Since boundary layer heights are readily available from model simulations over the United States, they can be used as a good surrogate for estimating aerosol heights in conjunction with space‐ and ground‐based lidars. These results and analysis are useful to research and operational communities that seek to improve the use of satellite information for assessing surface PM2.5.
Setting the length and time scales of a cellular automaton dune model from the analysis of superimposed bed forms
Authors: Narteau C. , Zhang D. , Rozier O. , Claudin P.
Published: July 2009

We present a new 3‐D cellular automaton model for bed form dynamics in which individual physical processes such as erosion, deposition, and transport are implemented by nearest neighbor interactions and a time‐dependent stochastic process. Simultaneously, a lattice gas cellular automaton model is used to compute the flow and quantify the bed shear stress on the topography. Local erosion rates are assumed to be proportional to the shear stress in such a way that there is a complete feedback mechanism between flow and bed form dynamics. In the numerical simulations of dune fields, we observe the formation and the evolution of superimposed bed forms on barchan and transverse dunes. Using the same model under different initial conditions, we perform the linear stability analysis of a flat sand bed disturbed by a small sinusoidal perturbation. Comparing the most unstable wavelength in the model with the characteristic size of secondary bed forms in nature, we determine the length and time scales of our cellular automaton model. Thus, we establish a link between discrete and continuous approaches and open new perspectives for modeling and quantification of complex patterns in dune fields.
Field evidence of a negative correlation between saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil carbon in a sandy soil
Authors: Wang Tiejun , Wedin David , Zlotnik Vitaly A.
Published: July 2009

Soil organic matter (SOM) is generally assumed to be positively correlated with saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS). However, recent studies of pedotransfer functions suggest a possible negativeKS‐SOM relationship that still needs independent verification. Our fieldKSstudy of sandy soils in a semiarid region provides such in situ evidence of a negativeKS‐SOM relationship, which is nonlinear and is strongest at the lowest levels of soil carbon (<0.1%). A regression analysis also shows that soil carbon is an important factor for explainingKSin those soils. The likely reason for the observed negativeKS‐SOM relationship is a reduced wettability caused by SOM, which is believed to outweigh the impacts of any increase inKScaused by soil aggregation. The low SOM content and large particle size of sand may explain the limited effect of SOM on soil aggregation processes in the examined soils.
Sequential updating of multimodal hydrogeologic parameter fields using localization and clustering techniques
Authors: Sun Alexander Y. , Morris Alan P. , Mohanty Sitakanta
Published: July 2009

Estimated parameter distributions in groundwater models may contain significant uncertainties because of data insufficiency. Therefore, adaptive uncertainty reduction strategies are needed to continuously improve model accuracy by fusing new observations. In recent years, various ensemble Kalman filters have been introduced as viable tools for updating high‐dimensional model parameters. However, their usefulness is largely limited by the inherent assumption of Gaussian error statistics. Hydraulic conductivity distributions in alluvial aquifers, for example, are usually non‐Gaussian as a result of complex depositional and diagenetic processes. In this study, we combine an ensemble Kalman filter with grid‐based localization and a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) clustering techniques for updating high‐dimensional, multimodal parameter distributions via dynamic data assimilation. We introduce innovative strategies (e.g., block updating and dimension reduction) to effectively reduce the computational costs associated with these modified ensemble Kalman filter schemes. The developed data assimilation schemes are demonstrated numerically for identifying the multimodal heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity distributions in a binary facies alluvial aquifer. Our results show that localization and GMM clustering are very promising techniques for assimilating high‐dimensional, multimodal parameter distributions, and they outperform the corresponding global ensemble Kalman filter analysis scheme in all scenarios considered.
Time‐lapse electrical resistivity monitoring of salt‐affected soil and groundwater
Authors: Hayley Kevin , Bentley L. R. , Gharibi M.
Published: July 2009

In order to develop and test a methodology for incorporating time‐lapse electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) into the monitoring of salt‐affected soil and groundwater, a multifaceted study including time‐lapse electrical resistivity imaging, push tool conductivity (PTC), and core analysis was conducted to monitor the movement of a saline contaminant plume over the span of 3 years. The survey was done on a field site containing salt‐affected soils and groundwater to depths of over 7 m. The site contained a tile drain system at approximately 2 m below ground level. Temperature and saturation changes were accounted for in electrical conductivity (EC) measurements to isolate changes in electrical conductivity due to changes in salt distribution. ERI inversion parameters were selected so that the inverse models gave the best match to PTC depth profiles and the best correlation with core EC data. A strong correlation between the core data and the ERI results was observed. Time‐lapse ERI difference images showed that the subsurface EC distribution was consistent with preferential solute removal above the tile drains in some locations. The ERI‐delineated reduction in solute concentration is consistent with nonuniform flushing due to depression‐focused recharge. The addition of time‐lapse ERI to the study allowed delineation of details of solute redistribution that would not have been possible with point measurements alone.
Geoelectrical measurement and modeling of biogeochemical breakthrough behavior during microbial activity
Authors: Slater L. D. , Day‐Lewis F. D. , Ntarlagiannis D. , O'Brien M. , Yee N.
Published: July 2009

We recorded bulk electrical conductivity (σb) along a soil column during microbially‐mediated selenite oxyanion reduction. Effluent fluid electrical conductivity and early time σb were modeled according to classic advective‐dispersive transport of the nutrient medium. However, σb along the column exhibited strongly bimodal breakthrough which cannot be explained by changes in the electrical conductivity of the pore fluid. We model the anomalous breakthrough by adding a conduction path in parallel with the fluid phase, with a time dependence described by a microbial population‐dynamics model. We incorporate a delay time to show that breakthrough curves along the column satisfy the same growth model parameters and offer a possible explanation based on biomass‐limited growth that is delayed with distance from influent of the nutrient medium. Although the mechanism causing conductivity enhancement in the presence of biomass is uncertain, our results strongly suggest that biogeochemical breakthrough curves have been captured in geoelectrical datasets.
Azimuthal plasma pressure gradient in quiet time plasma sheet
Authors: Xing X. , Lyons L. R. , Angelopoulos V. , Larson D. , McFadden J. , Carlson C. , Runov A. , Auster U.
Published: July 2009

We have investigated the quiet‐time azimuthal plasma pressure gradient in the plasma sheet at a radial distance of 10 RE to 12 RE using two THEMIS spacecraft that were in overlapping orbits during the 2008 THEMIS tail season. The equatorial plasma pressure is estimated by using the in‐situ measurement of the plasma pressure and magnetic pressure based on pressure balance assumption. The results show a persistent duskward pressure gradient in the entire observed nightside region, which indicates upward field‐aligned current from the ionosphere maps to this entire region. This current corresponds to the Region‐2 current system in the post‐midnight sector and the Region 1 current system in pre‐midnight sector. The pressure gradients indicate that the upward field‐aligned currents peak in the vicinity of midnight and decrease towards dusk and dawn, perhaps approaching zero near dusk. The downward Region‐2 current system in the pre‐midnight sector is expected to be located earthward of 11 RE.
Global distribution of the solar wind during solar cycle 23: ACE observations
Authors: Zhao L. , Zurbuchen T. H. , Fisk L. A.
Published: July 2009

The composition of the solar wind can be used to determine its origin at the Sun; e.g., solar wind from coronal holes has demonstrably lower charge states than solar wind of other origins. The O7+/O6+ ratio as measured by Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) during 1998–2008 is used to divide the solar wind into three categories: non‐transient solar wind from coronal holes (hereafter referred to as CHW); non‐transient solar wind that originates from outside of coronal holes (hereafter referred to as NCHW), and solar wind associated with transient interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). The global distribution of the solar wind relative to the Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS), as specified by a Potential‐Field‐Source‐Surface model, is then determined. The solar wind from outside of coronal holes is found to originate from a band of about 40° in width about the HCS during solar maximum conditions, and a much smaller band of < 17° during solar minimum. These results are consistent with models for the global transport of the solar magnetic field during the solar cycle, and they are consistent with earlier global flow structure determinations based upon velocity alone.
Sulfuric acid deposition from stratospheric geoengineering with sulfate aerosols
Authors: Kravitz Ben , Robock Alan , Oman Luke , Stenchikov Georgiy , Marquardt Allison B.
Published: July 2009

We used a general circulation model of Earth's climate to conduct geoengineering experiments involving stratospheric injection of sulfur dioxide and analyzed the resulting deposition of sulfate. When sulfur dioxide is injected into the tropical or Arctic stratosphere, the main additional surface deposition of sulfate occurs in midlatitude bands, because of strong cross‐tropopause flux in the jet stream regions. We used critical load studies to determine the effects of this increase in sulfate deposition on terrestrial ecosystems by assuming the upper limit of hydration of all sulfate aerosols into sulfuric acid. For annual injection of 5 Tg of SO2 into the tropical stratosphere or 3 Tg of SO2 into the Arctic stratosphere, neither the maximum point value of sulfate deposition of approximately 1.5 mEq m−2 a−1 nor the largest additional deposition that would result from geoengineering of approximately 0.05 mEq m−2 a−1 is enough to negatively impact most ecosystems.
Clear‐sky shortwave radiative closure for the Cabauw Baseline Surface Radiation Network site, Netherlands
Authors: Wang Ping , Knap Wouter H. , Kuipers Munneke Peter , Stammes Piet
Published: July 2009

In this paper a clear‐sky shortwave closure analysis is presented for the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) site of Cabauw, Netherlands (51.97°N, 4.93°E). The analysis is based on an exceptional period of fine weather during the first half of May 2008, resulting in a selection of 72 comparisons, on 6 days, between BSRN measurements and Doubling Adding KNMI (DAK) model simulations of direct, diffuse, and global irradiances. The data span a wide range of aerosol properties, water vapor columns, and solar zenith angles. The model input consisted of operational Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol products and radiosonde data. The wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical thickness, single scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter was taken into account. On the basis of these data, excellent closure was obtained: the mean differences between model and measurements are 2 W/m2 (+0.2%) for the direct irradiance, 1 W/m2 (+0.8%) for the diffuse irradiance, and 2 W/m2 (+0.3%) for the global irradiance. The good results were obtained because of proper specification of the DAK model input and the high quality of the AERONET and BSRN measurements. The sensitivity of the achieved closure to uncertainties in the aerosol optical thickness, single scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter was examined. Furthermore, several sensitivity experiments related to the wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical properties and the treatment of water vapor were performed. It appeared that a correct description of the wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical properties is important for achieving broadband closure. However, broadband closure can also be obtained by means of using spectrally averaged values of the single scattering albedo and the asymmetry parameter. Cancellation of errors in different parts of the solar spectrum also contributes to the achieved closure.
Validation of OMI‐TOMS and OMI‐DOAS total ozone column using five Brewer spectroradiometers at the Iberian peninsula
Authors: Antón M. , López M. , Vilaplana J. M. , Kroon M. , McPeters R. , Bañón M. , Serrano A.
Published: July 2009

This article focuses on the comparison of the total ozone column data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flying aboard the NASA EOS‐Aura satellite platform with ground‐based measurement recorded by Brewer spectroradiometers located at five Spanish remote sensing ground stations between January 2005 and December 2007. The satellite data are derived from two algorithms: OMI Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (OMI‐TOMS) and OMI Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (OMI‐DOAS). The largest relative differences between these OMI total ozone column estimates reach 5% with a significant seasonal dependence. The agreement between OMI ozone data and Brewer measurements is excellent. Total ozone columns from OMI‐TOMS are on average a mere 2.0% lower than Brewer data. For OMI‐DOAS data the bias is a mere 1.4%. However, the relative difference between OMI‐TOMS and Brewer measurements shows a notably lower seasonal dependence and variability than the differences between OMI‐DOAS and ground‐based data. For both OMI ozone data products these relative differences show significant dependence on the satellite ground pixel solar zenith angle for cloud‐free cases as well as for cloudy conditions. However, the OMI ozone data products are shown to reveal opposite behavior with respect to the two antagonistic sky conditions. No significant dependency of the ground‐based to satellite‐based differences with respect to the satellite cross‐track position is seen for either OMI retrieval algorithm.
Extending the Foundational Model of Anatomy with Automatically Acquired Spatial Relations
Authors: Möller Manuel , Folz Christian , Sintek Michael , Seifert Sascha , Wennerberg Pinar
Published: July 2009

Formal ontologies have made significant impact in bioscience over the last ten years. Among them, the Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology (FMA) is the most comprehensive model for the spatio-structural representation of human anatomy. In the research project MEDICO we use the FMA as our main source of background knowledge about human anatomy. Our ultimate goals are to use spatial knowledge from the FMA (1) to improve automatic parsing algorithms for 3D volume data sets generated by Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging and (2) to generate semantic annotations using the concepts from the FMA to allow semantic search on medical image repositories. We argue that in this context more spatial relation instances are needed than those currently available in the FMA. In this publication we present a technique for the automatic inductive acquisition of spatial relation instances by generalizing from expert-annotated volume datasets.
Actin filaments: key players in the control of asymmetric divisions in mouse oocytes
Authors: Azoury Jessica , Verlhac Marie‐Hélène , Dumont Julien
Published: July 2009

Meiotic maturation is characterized by the succession of two asymmetric divisions each giving rise to a small polar body and a large oocyte. These highly asymmetric divisions are characteristic of meiosis in higher organisms. They allow most of the maternal stores to be retained in the oocyte, a vital property for further embryo development. In mouse oocytes, the asymmetry is ensured by the migration and the anchoring of the division spindle to the cortex in meiosis I and by its anchoring to the cortex in meiosis II. In addition, and subsequent to this off‐centre positioning of the spindle, a differentiation of the cortex overhanging the chromosomes takes place and is necessary for the extrusion of small polar bodies. In the present review, we will emphasize the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the control of spindle positioning, spindle anchoring to the cortex and cortical differentiation.
Effects of It Takes Two to Talk—The Hanen Program for Parents of Preschool Children With Cerebral Palsy: Findings From an Exploratory Study
Authors: Pennington Lindsay , Thomson Kirsty , James Peter , Martin Laura , McNally Richard
Published: July 2009

Purpose

To investigate whether It Takes Two to Talk—The Hanen Program for Parents of Preschool Children With Cerebral Palsy is associated with change in interaction between children who have motor disorders and their parents.

Method

Eleven children aged 19–36 months who had nonprogressive motor disorders that affected their communication, and their mothers, were observed 4 months and 1 month before mothers attended It Takes Two to Talk training, and 1 month and 4 months after its completion.

Results

Interaction patterns were stable prior to training. After training, mothers initiated less and produced more responses and fewer requests. Children produced more initiations, as well as more requests and provisions of information, after training. Mothers' linguistic input did not change in amount or complexity. Changes were maintained 4 months later. Mothers' views of parenting did not change.

Conclusions

It Takes Two to Talk may be associated with positive communication change for this group. Further investigation of its clinical effectiveness is warranted.
The Connectivity of Orofacial Systems
Authors: Estep Meredith E. , Barlow Steven M.
Published: July 2009

Acknowledging the dynamical properties of neural networks allows insight into the functional segregation and integration of cerebral areas. From a theoretical viewpoint, the complexity of neuronal interactions within a distributed system may reflect its capacity to rapidly process multimodal information and modulate context-sensitive neural activity to encode perception and adaptive behavior. This article highlights recent studies aimed at understanding the functionally flexible connectivity of the orofacial substrate.
Suck Predicts Neuromotor Integrity and Developmental Outcomes
Authors: Poore Meredith A. , Barlow Steven M.
Published: July 2009

Neonatal motor behavior predicts both current neurological status and future neurodevelopmental outcomes. For speech pathologists, the earliest observable patterned oromotor behavior is suck. Suck production requires effective coordination of an infant's oral sensorimotor system and is subject to a variety of neuromodulatory inputs. Demonstration and practice of coordinated suck serves as a biomarker for oral feeding skills neural integrity and is being assessed for its relation to neurodevelopmental outcomes (speech, cognition, and learning) by research teams in the United States, Europe, Japan, and Brazil. Suck may also serve as an intervention point to prevent feeding disorders and mitigate speech-language delays and disorders.
The Complexity of Transitioning to Oral Feeds in Preterm Infants
Authors: Zimmerman Emily A. , Barlow Steven M.
Published: July 2009

Transitioning to oral feeds is one of the final tasks that preterm infants need to accomplish before discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. There are many types of pacifiers and nipples used to accelerate and encourage the development of feeding skills; however, little is known about the impact of the mechanical properties of these nipples on feeding among preterm infants, who often must endure prolonged periods of sensory deprivation, maladaptive inputs, and motor restriction. Many feeding specialists alternate between different nipple types on a trial-and-error basis in an attempt to find the most appropriate nipple type for the infant. Given the complexity of feeding, a more comprehensive understanding of the multiple neural interactions among suck, swallow, airway protection, pharyngoespophageal motility, and digestive mechanisms is needed. Delay or disruption of these processes during a critical phase in late gestation may prevent infants from transitioning successfully to oral feeds and may lead to poor neurodevelopmental outcomes.
2008 Zemlin Award in Speech Sciences Memorial Lecture: The Role of Auditory Feedback for the Control of Voice Fundamental Frequency and Amplitude
Authors: Larson Charles R.
Published: July 2009

Previous research has failed to identify precise neural mechanisms involved in auditory feedback regulation of vocalization. The goal of this research project was to improve our understanding of neural mechanisms controlling the voice. Participants were instructed to sustain a vowel or repeat phrases during which perturbations in voice pitch or loudness feedback were presented. Voice signal averaging, neuroimaging, laryngeal electromyography, and cortical event-related potential techniques were used to measure vocal and neural responses to perturbed feedback. Pitch- and loudness-shifted voice feedback triggers small automatic corrective responses in voice fundamental frequency and amplitude during vowel or speech production. Larger responses during speech suggest task modulation of these responses. Larger responses were also recorded in individuals with Parkinson's disease and children with autism than in normal controls. Neural recording techniques revealed cortical activation during these responses. Cortical mechanisms are involved in generating corrective vocal responses to perturbations in voice auditory feedback. This system helps control the voice during speech and dynamically adjusts responses to meet vocal goals. Abnormally large responses in individuals with Parkinson's disease and autism suggest that the audio-vocal mechanisms just described may be involved in the speech and vocalizations of these individuals as well.
Impact of Daylight Savings on Small Hospitality and Tourism Businesses: A Western Australian Case Study
Authors: Alonso Abel D. , Ogle Alfred
Published: July 2009

This study examines the impacts of daylight savings among small businesses represented by a group of 41 operators consisting of small wineries, bed and breakfast, food factories and other facilities open to the public located in and around Perth, the capital of Western Australia. While the largest group of respondents in this study did not perceive any major impacts of daylight savings to their businesses, just over one-third of operators viewed daylight savings as detrimental to their businesses. The overall findings clearly reflect the ongoing heated political debate in Western Australia and have a number of implications for businesses, including the fact that daylight savings is affecting operators' lifestyle and working patterns. Further, as some respondents indicated, daylight savings also appears to be affecting their customers' behavior, with resulting potential negative consequences for their operations.
Imprinting layer specific magnetic anisotropies in amorphous multilayers
Authors: Raanaei Hossein , Nguyen Hugo , Andersson Gabriella , Lidbaum Hans , Korelis Panagiotis , Leifer Klaus , Hjörvarsson Björgvin
Published: July 2009

We demonstrate how layer specific in-plane magnetic anisotropy can be imprinted in amorphous multilayers. The anisotropy is obtained by growing the magnetic layers in the presence of an external field and the anisotropy direction can thereby be arbitrarily chosen for each of the magnetic layers. We used Co68Fe24Zr8 and Al70Zr30 layers as building blocks for demonstrating this effect. The imprinting is expected to be obtainable for a wide range of amorphous materials when grown at temperatures below the magnetic ordering temperature.
X-ray photoemission analysis of chemically treated GaTe semiconductor surfaces for radiation detector applications
Authors: Nelson A. J. , Conway A. M. , Sturm B. W. , Behymer E. M. , Reinhardt C. E. , Nikolic R. J. , Payne S. A. , Pabst G. , Mandal K. C.
Published: July 2009

The surface of the layered III-VI chalcogenide semiconductor GaTe was subjected to various chemical treatments commonly used in device fabrication to determine the effect of the resulting microscopic surface composition on transport properties. Various mixtures of H3PO4:H2O2:H2O were accessed and the treated surfaces were allowed to oxidize in air at ambient temperature. High-resolution core-level photoemission measurements were used to evaluate the subsequent chemistry of the chemically treated surfaces. Metal electrodes were created on laminar (cleaved) and nonlaminar (cut and polished) GaTe surfaces followed by chemical surface treatment and the current versus voltage characteristics were measured. The measurements were correlated to understand the effect of surface chemistry on the electronic structure at these surfaces with the goal of minimizing the surface leakage currents for radiation detector devices.
A combined reaction-separation lab-on-a-chip device for low Péclet number applications
Authors: Weddemann A. , Eickenberg B. , Wittbracht F. , Auge A. , Hütten A.
Published: July 2009

A microfluidic continuous flow lab-on-a-chip structure is presented, for combined reaction and separation implementation. Thereby, the geometry is optimized with respect to a long duration time in the reaction area and a narrow preconditioning along the separation site to enhance the separation yield. We theoretically predict high stability of separation and transport properties of the device against particle diffusion whereas the particle dynamics in the reaction site maintain a diffusive character. We derive a formula setting the limitations of the structure, relating the desired duration of the particles in the reaction site to the particle size under the condition of a narrow spatial particle distribution along the separation site. We experimentally realize the low diffusion limit to prove the theoretically predicted properties of the device.
Diffractive imaging using a polychromatic high-harmonic generation soft-x-ray source
Authors: Dilanian Ruben A. , Chen Bo , Williams Garth J. , Quiney Harry M. , Nugent Keith A. , Teichmann Sven , Hannaford Peter , Dao Lap V. , Peele Andrew G.
Published: July 2009

A new approach to diffractive imaging using polychromatic diffraction data is described. The method is tested using simulated and experimental data and is shown to yield high-quality reconstructions. Diffraction data produced using a high-harmonic generation source are considered explicitly here. The formalism can be readily adapted, however, to any short-wavelength source producing a discrete spectrum and possessing sufficient spatial coherence.
Spectral properties and luminescence lifetime of blue light of solid state cathodoluminescence based on poly[(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)phenylene vinylene]
Authors: Qu Chong , Xu Zheng , Ma Xiaoguang , Xu Xurong
Published: July 2009

The heterojunction of poly[(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV)/SiO2 was prepared based on a layered optimization scheme. In three different voltage ranges, the emission spectra of the device changed. The red light was obtained at low applied voltages. With increasing the applied voltages, a blue light was observed. In the medium of the voltage range, one can see both of these two emissions. These two types of the emission resulted from the bombardment of the luminescent material of the MEH-PPV by the hot electron that accelerated in the layer SiO2, which was named solid state cathodoluminescence. In this paper we investigated the spectral properties, frequency response, and luminescence lifetime of blue light in solid state cathodoluminescence.
Exact rate calculations by trajectory parallelization and tilting
Authors: Vanden-Eijnden Eric , Venturoli Maddalena
Published: July 2009

A sampling procedure to compute exactly the rate of activated processes arising in systems at equilibrium or nonequilibrium steady state is presented. The procedure is a generalization of the method proposed in [A. Warmflash et al., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 154112 (2007); A. Dickson et al., J. Chem. Phys. 130, 074104 (2009)] in which one performs simulations restricted into cells by using a reinjection rule at the boundaries of the cells which is consistent with the exact probability fluxes through these boundaries. Our generalization uses results from transition path theory which indicate how to tilt the dynamics to calculate reaction rates.
Contributions of multipolar polarizabilities to the isotropic and anisotropic light scattering induced by molecular interactions in gaseous methane
Authors: El-Kader M. S. A. , El-Sheikh S. M. , Bancewicz T. , Hellmann R.
Published: July 2009

The binary isotropic and anisotropic collision-induced light scattering spectra of gaseous methane at room temperature are analyzed in terms of a recent ab initio intermolecular potential and interaction-induced pair polarizability trace and anisotropy models, using quantum line-shapes computations. The translational spectra at relatively low frequencies are determined largely by the effects of bound and free transitions. At intermediate frequencies the spectra are sensitive to both the attractive part of the potential and the short-range part of the polarizability trace and anisotropy. The high frequency wings are discussed in terms of the collision-induced rotational Raman effect and estimates for the dipole-quadrupole polarizability A and the dipole-octopole polarizability E are obtained and checked with recent ab initio theoretical values.