bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of albumin‐conjugated PYY on food intake: the respective roles of the circumventricular organs and vagus nerve
Authors: Baraboi Elena‐Dana , Michel Chantal , Smith Pauline , Thibaudeau Karen , Ferguson Alastair V. , Richard Denis
Published: July 2010

The mechanism and routes through which peptide tyrosine‐tyrosine (PYY) exerts its anorectic effects are still largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the roles of the area postrema (AP), subfornical organ (SFO) and vagus nerve in mediating the anorectic effect of PYY using PYY3‐36 conjugated to human serum albumin (PYY3‐36‐HSA) in rats. PYY3‐36‐HSA is a large molecule that does not penetrate the blood–brain barrier, and thus provides a useful tool to discriminate between the central (brain) and peripheral actions of this peptide. PYY3‐36‐HSA induced significant reductions in food and body weight gain up to 24 h after administration. The anorectic effect of PYY3‐36‐HSA was delayed for 2 h in rats in which both AP and SFO were ablated, while lesion of either of these circumventricular organs in isolation did not influence the feeding responses to PYY3‐36‐HSA. The PYY3‐36‐HSA‐induced anorectic effect was also reduced during the 3‐ to 6‐h period following subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Lesions of AP, SFO and AP/SFO as well as subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blunted PYY3‐36‐HSA‐induced expression of c‐fos mRNA in specific brain structures including the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, central amygdala, lateral–external parabrachial nucleus and medial nucleus of the solitary tract. In addition, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy inhibited the neuronal activation induced by PYY3‐36‐HSA in AP and SFO. These findings suggest that the anorectic effect and brain neuronal activation induced by PYY3‐36‐HSA are dependent on integrity of AP, SFO and subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve.
Dopamine D4 receptors modulate brain metabolic activity in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum at rest and in response to methylphenidate
Authors: Michaelides Michael , Pascau Javier , Gispert Juan‐Domingo , Delis Foteini , Grandy David K. , Wang Gene‐Jack , Desco Manuel , Rubinstein Marcelo , Volkow Nora D. , Thanos Panayotis K.
Published: July 2010

Methylphenidate (MP) is widely used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Variable number of tandem repeats polymorphisms in the dopamine D4 receptor (D4) gene have been implicated in vulnerability to ADHD and the response to MP. Here we examined the contribution of dopamine D4 receptors (D4Rs) to baseline brain glucose metabolism and to the regional metabolic responses to MP. We compared brain glucose metabolism (measured with micro‐positron emission tomography and [18F]2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose) at baseline and after MP (10 mg/kg, i.p.) administration in mice with genetic deletion of the D4. Images were analyzed using a novel automated image registration procedure. Baseline D4−/−mice had lower metabolism in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and greater metabolism in the cerebellar vermis (CBV) than D4+/+and D4+/−mice; when given MP, D4−/−mice increased metabolism in the PFC and decreased it in the CBV, whereas in D4+/+and D4+/−mice, MP decreased metabolism in the PFC and increased it in the CBV. These findings provide evidence that D4Rs modulate not only the PFC, which may reflect the activation by dopamine of D4Rs located in this region, but also the CBV, which may reflect an indirect modulation as D4Rs are minimally expressed in this region. As individuals with ADHD show structural and/or functional abnormalities in these brain regions, the association of ADHD with D4Rs may reflect its modulation of these brain regions. The differential response to MP as a function of genotype could explain differences in brain functional responses to MP between patients with ADHD and healthy controls and between patients with ADHD with different D4polymorphisms.
Decrease of Trefoil factor 2 in cats with feline idiopathic cystitis
Authors: Lemberger Stephanie I.K. , Dorsch Roswitha , Hauck Stefanie M. , Amann Barbara , Hirmer Sieglinde , Hartmann Katrin , Deeg Cornelia A.
Published: July 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common spontaneous disease in domestic cats which resembles painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis in humans in many aspects. For neither of the two diseases a consistent aetiology has yet been established, so that there is no causal therapy and diagnosis is still one of exclusion. The discovery of a deficiency of an important growth factor, the Trefoil Factor 2, in the urine and bladder tissue of cats with FIC gives new insights into possible aetiologic backgrounds of FIC and might serve as future biomarker faciliating diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE

To obtain new insights into aetiological backgrounds, and to search for diagnostic biomarkers by assessing the difference in urinary proteins between cats with spontaneous feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) and healthy controls.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Urine supernatants of 18 cats with FIC and 18 healthy control cats, and bladder biopsies of two FIC diseased cats and four healthy controls were included in the study. The Bradford method was used to determine protein quantity in urine supernatants. Urine was separated by two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis. Selected protein spots were excised from two‐dimensional gels and analysed with tandem mass spectrometry. Validation of Trefoil factor 2 expression was realized with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Western blot signal intensities were quantified with image quant software.

RESULTS

Eleven differentially expressed protein spots were identified between the 2‐D gels of cats with FIC and control cats. Ten spots (only visible in the FIC gel) were identified as albumin and one spot (only visible in the control gel) was identified as Trefoil factor 2.Using quantification of Western blot signal intensities and immunohistochemistry a decrease in Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) in cats with FIC could be revealed for the first time.

CONCLUSION

Deficiency in TFF2 possibly leads to impaired repairing abilities and immune response of the urothelium. The result could be a greater susceptibility to injury, inflammation and relapse. Therefore TFF2 deficiency might be an important event in FIC pathogenesis. Detection of a decrease in urinary TFF2 could serve as diagnostic biomarker, facilitating diagnosis. As FIC can serve as an animal model for human painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis, the findings of this study might also be valuable for interstitial cystitis research and should be further investigated.
For debate.Glucose variability and diabetes complication risk: we need to know the answer
Authors: Kilpatrick E. S. , Rigby A. S. , Atkin S. L.
Published: July 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 868–871 (2010)

There is still a debate as to whether or not glucose variability contributes to diabetes complication risk. There is much in vitro laboratory evidence that glycaemic instability gives rise to increased production of reactive oxygen species and has a detrimental effect on endothelial dysfunction. While some in vivo studies have also shown similar findings in patients with or without diabetes, others have been unable to confirm any association. Furthermore, clinical studies which have sought to translate this possible risk into an increased likelihood of developing micro‐ or macrovascular complications have so far not demonstrated an effect. However, few of these trials were specifically designed to establish any influence of glucose fluctuations. This issue is now one of the largest remaining unanswered questions in diabetes. While this article focuses on the data which do not support a role for glucose variability in the development of complications, it also highlights the need for further studies to be performed which will definitively resolve the matter.
RENT‐SEEKING AND CAPITAL ACCUMULATION
Authors: BARELLI PAULO , PESSÔA SAMUEL DE ABREU
Published: July 2010

A general model incorporating rent‐seeking activities in the standard neoclassical model of capital accumulation is presented. The welfare of the representative agent is negatively affected by the efficiency of rent‐seeking activities. Although intuitive, this result is not obvious because long‐run income can be positively affected by more efficient rent‐seeking activities. The model is used to provide explanations for some recent experiences in developing countries, including the relative poor performance of economies that experience a move to a more decentralized system and the observed path of total factor productivity (TFP) in countries like Ireland and Venezuela. (JEL D23, D74, O40, O41, O47)
Positioning theory as a discursive approach to understanding same‐sex intimate violence
Authors: Ofreneo Mira Alexis P. , Montiel Cristina Jayme
Published: July 2010

This study focuses on same‐sex intimate violence, recognizing that violence in gay and lesbian relationships is as severe and prevalent as in heterosexual relationships. Positioning theory as a relational approach is used as an alternative to the dominant individual and structural accounts. Intimate violence is seen as produced through the assignment of rights and duties or positioning in couples' conversations. Two gay and two lesbian couples were interviewed. A basic discursive pattern was found from 25 accounts of episodes involving physical violence. Violence ensued only after the initiator of violence had claimed innocence or blamelessness and attributed guilt or blame on the receiver of violence. The findings are discussed in relation to the discursive production of power and violence.
Prospects for Closer Economic Cooperation in Northeast Asia
Authors: Aminian Nathalie , Calderon Cuauhtémoc
Published: July 2010

In contrast to developments in other world regions, efforts to institutionalize regional economic cooperation in East Asia have been weak. Though Southeast Asian economies have taken action toward trade liberalization (ASEAN Free Trade Area), the major economies of the region such as China, Japan, and Korea have not been part of any formal trade groupings until recently. However, given the slow pace of progress within AFTA and the importance of the Northeast Asian countries in terms of weight in the Asian economy, a de facto Northeast Asian economic cooperation is a necessary condition for East Asian integration. This paper investigates the substance of recent economic cooperation in Northeast Asia. The trilateral economic cooperation is analyzed through examination of trade and direct investment links for 1990–2004, and estimation of selected determinants of direct investment, in particular the relationship between trade and FDI. Estimation results suggest that the main driving forces for direct investment outflows from the source country have been the falling‐off of exchange rate risk, the level of the nominal bilateral exchange rates, growth rate of the recipient country, and the per capita GDP gap between source and host countries. Bilateral trade has been shown to be statistically insignificant.
Does Openness Affect Regional Inequality? A Case Study for India
Authors: Barua Alokesh , Chakraborty Pavel
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the impact of economic liberalization on interregional inequality in India. It has been observed in many studies that interregional inequality in India has been steadily increasing over time. This paper is a further confirmation of this result. We have tried to locate the cause of rising interregional inequality within the production structure of the economy and observed that it is positively and systematically related to the cross‐regional inequalities in agriculture and manufacturing. This systematic relationship has further been examined from a structuralist viewpoint to unravel the factors determining manufacturing production across regions where we have found that trade openness is the key factor determining the manufacturing share in income across the regions. Our further enquiry into manufacturing and trade patterns has shown that the Herfindahl index of concentration has been increasing over time on both counts. This result, along with the findings of the structuralist model about disproportionate growth of manufacturing across regions, provides an explanation of the cause of rising interregional inequality in India.
Forecasting Long‐Run Coal Price in China: A Shifting Trend Time‐Series Approach
Authors: Dong Baomin , Li Xuefeng , Lin Boqiang
Published: July 2010

The paper studies the behavior of mid‐ to long‐run real coal price in the Chinese market. The problem is of great importance because the coal takes a 70% share in China's energy mix, and China is the world's second largest carbon emitter. An accurate forecast in coal price is crucial in predicting China's future energy consumption mix as well as the private sector's energy‐type‐related investment decisions. In estimation and forecasting, the shifting trend time‐series model suggested by Robert Pindyck is used to capture the technological progress that is unobservable to the econometrician. It is found that the shifting trend model with continuous and random changes in price level and trend outperforms plain vanilla ARIMA models. It is argued that the model postulated by Pindyck is robust even in a transition economy where energy prices are subject to relatively rigid regulatory control. Out‐of‐sample forecasts are provided.
Trade Structure, FTAs, and Economic Growth
Authors: Sohn Chan‐Hyun , Lee Hongshik
Published: July 2010

What is the relationship between trade and economic growth? Does trade positively affect economic growth? Owing to the ambiguity of this relationship, the empirical relationship has remained open (Rodriguez and Rodrik, 2001; Baldwin, 2003). This paper introduces “trade structure” variables, borrowed from the paper of Lederman and Maloney (2003), and applies them to the relationship. A dynamic panel estimation for the data of 66 countries during 1991–2004 is used to verify the validity and robustness of the relationship. Trade structure variables show strong evidence of positive effects on growth. Free‐trade agreements/areas (FTAs) also enhance economic growth. East Asia shows a different relationship between trade and growth than the world and reflects a weaker role of FTAs in its growth.
The Incentive to Declare Taxes and Tax Revenue: The Lottery Receipt Experiment in China
Authors: Wan Junmin
Published: July 2010

Indirect tax such as sales tax collection is difficult as the government has difficulty monitoring the actual economic dealings. To bring out private information on transaction only known to a firm and a consumer, China's government has set up a lottery receipt system which has been tried out in many areas. This paper empirically examines the validity of this new system. Estimation is performed based on panel data for different periods during 1998–2003 from a total of 37 districts in Beijing and Tianjin. It is found that the lottery receipt experiment (LRE) has significantly raised the sales tax and the growth of sales tax and total tax revenues.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms and brain structural alterations in Fabry disease
Authors: Schermuly I. , Müller M. J. , Müller K.‐M. , Albrecht J. , Keller I. , Yakushev I. , Beck M. , Fellgiebel A.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), mainly cognitive deficits up to dementia and depressive syndromes have been described repeatedly in Fabry disease (FD). However, examinations regarding the pattern, extent, and frequency of the NPS in FD are still lacking. Moreover, the relationship between NPS and brain structural alterations in FD is unknown. The aim of this study was 1) to characterize NPS in a relatively large cohort of adult subjects with FD, and 2) to explore the association of cognitive performance and depressive syndromes with the FD‐typical brain structural findings.

Methods:  Twenty‐five Fabry patients (age 36.5 ± 11.0) with mild to moderate disease involvement and 20 age, gender‐, and education‐matched healthy controls were extensively studied by neuropsychiatric assessment, structural magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, and diffusion‐tensor imaging.

Results:  Patients with FD showed deficits only in the attention domain. Clinically relevant depressive syndromes were noted in 60% of the patients. The subgroup of patients with markedly elevated volumes of white matter lesions (not associated with actual stroke; n = 7) showed slightly more learning and memory deficits, but no higher depression rate compared to less affected patients.

Conclusions:  Against the prevailing assumption, Fabry patients, even those with marked brain structural alterations, showed only mild cognitive deficits. The high frequency of depression in FD is likely to be related to the burden of this chronic multiorganic hereditary disease, but not to the FD‐typical brain structural alterations. Longitudinal studies are necessary to clear, if the mild cognitive deficits in FD might precede clinically relevant cognitive decline.
The Return of the Slum: Does Language Matter?
Authors: GILBERT ALAN
Published: July 2010

The ‘cities without slums’ initiative has resuscitated an old and dangerous term from the habitat vocabulary. Use of the word ‘slum’ will recreate many of the myths about poor people that years of careful research have discredited. The UN has employed the word in order to publicize the seriousness of urban problems and to improve its ability to attract funding with which to tackle the issue. But in using such an emotive word the UN risks opening a Pandora's box. The campaign implies that cities can actually rid themselves of slums, an idea that is wholly unachievable. The word is also dangerous because it confuses the physical problem of poor quality housing with the characteristics of the people living there. The UN knows that earlier research has rehabilitated most ‘slum dwellers’ but ignores the danger of conjuring up all of the old images. In the process, the campaign also offers an oblique invitation to governments to look for instant solutions to insoluble problems. Demagogic governments have always shown a willingness to demolish slums despite the fact that experience has shown that policy to be ineffective. I fear that the new campaign will encourage more to employ this foolish policy. Words need to be employed carefully.

L'initiative ‘Villes sans taudis’ a ressuscité un terme ancien et dangereux du vocabulaire de l'habitat. Utiliser le mot ‘taudis’ va recréer toute une mythologie sur les pauvres que des années de recherches consciencieuses avaient réfutée. L'ONU a fait ce choix pour souligner la gravité des problèmes urbains et renforcer sa capacitéà attirer des fonds avec lesquels résoudre la question. Cependant, ce mot étant connotéémotionnellement, l'ONU risque d'ouvrir une boîte de Pandore. La campagne implique que les villes peuvent réellement se débarrasser des taudis, ce qui est totalement irréalisable. Le mot est dangereux aussi parce qu'il mélange le problème matériel de la piètre qualité des logements et les caractéristiques des populations qui y vivent. L'ONU sait que des études antérieures ont réhabilité la plupart des ‘habitants de taudis’, mais elle ignore le risque liéà l'évocation des vieilles images. Parallèlement, la compagne invite indirectement les gouvernements à trouver des solutions immédiates à des problèmes insolubles. Les gouvernements démagogues se sont toujours montrés disposés à démolir les taudis même si l'expérience a prouvé l'inefficacité de cette politique. Je crains que cette nouvelle campagne n'en encourage d'autres à appliquer cette stratégie insensée. Il faut employer les mots avec circonspection.
Methane emission from natural gas seeps and mud volcanoes in Transylvania (Romania)
Authors: SPULBER L. , ETIOPE G. , BACIU C. , MALOŞ C. , VLAD Ş.N.
Published: July 2010

Gas seepage from petroleum basins is the second largest natural source of methane to the atmosphere, after wetlands. The uncertainty in global emission estimates should be reduced by extending the flux database which is fundamental for defining the emission factors and the actual area of seepage adopted for up‐scaling. As a contribution to this goal, we report a new seepage data‐set for the Transylvanian Basin, one of the largest natural gas producing regions of Europe, that is characterized by the widespread occurrence of natural leakages of gas at the surface, including at least 73 mud volcanoes and gas seeps. In this study, methane flux was measured using closed‐chambers, from 12 seepage sites, in correspondence with focused gas vents (mud volcano craters, bubbling pools, and flammable gas leaks), in the soil surrounding the vents, and at 15 sites located far from macro‐seep zones but close to gas fields. Fluxes from individual vents (macro‐seeps) were found to reach orders of kg CH4 m−2 day−1 (up to 12 kg m−2 day−1) and diffuse fluxes from soils (miniseepage) were found to be up to a few g CH4 m−2 day−1. Far from seep zones, positive CH4 fluxes (microseepage) may occur locally, typically on the order of tens to hundreds of mg m−2 day−1. The values, as well as the occurrence of seepage even far from vent zones and in mud volcanoes that are apparently extinct, are coherent with results obtained in other countries. Gas fluxes from macro‐seeps and soils may change seasonally, but the interannual variation of the average emission factor was found to be minimal. The total CH4 output for Transylvania macro‐seeps is estimated conservatively to be around 680 t year−1; the total geo‐CH4 seepage emission from the Transylvania petroleum system could be approximately 40 × 103 t year−1, and at least 100 × 103 t year−1 for all Romanian petroleum systems, that is roughly 10% of the total anthropogenic CH4 emission in the country.
Cutanecmuscular Reflexes Recorded from the First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Evans A. L. , Harrison Linda M. , Stephens J. A.
Published: July 2010

Cutaneomuscular reflexes were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscles of 21 children with spastic cerebral palsy. The reflex responses in children with cerebral palsy were consistent with dysfunction of the pyramidal system, but differed from those seen in adults with central nervous lesions. This provides further evidence that the effect of a central nervous lesion on the reflex control of movement is dependent on whether it occurs in early or adult life.

Réflexes cutanéo‐musculaires au niveau du premier interosseux dorsal chez les enfants I.M.C.

Les réflexes cutanéo‐musculaires ont été enregistrés sur le premier interosseux dorsal chez 21 enfants I.M.C. à forme spastique. Les réponses réflexes observées chez les enfants souffrant d'une paralysie cérébrale peuvent ětre expliquées par une anomalie du système pyramidal. Cependant, elles diffèrent de celles observées chez des adultes ayant une lésion du système nerveux central. Cela fournit une évidence supplémentaire que I'effet d'une lésion nerveuse centrale sur le contrǒle réflexe du mouvement n'est pas le měme lorsqu'il survient précocément ou à I'ǎge adulte.

Cutoneornuskuläre Reflexe abgeleitet vom ersten M. interosseus dorsalis bei Kindern mit Cerebralparese

Bei 21 Kindern mit spastischer Cerebralparese wurden vom ersten M. interosseus dorsalis cutaneomuskuläre Reflexe abgeleitet. Die Reflexantworten von Kindern mit zerebraler Lähmung waren vereinbar mit der Annahme eine Funktionsstörung des kortiko‐spinalen pyramidalen Systems, sie unterscheiden sich jedoch von den Antworten Erwachsener mit Läsionen des ZNS. Dies ist ein weiterer Hinweis dafür, daß die Auswirkungen einer zentralnervösen Läsion auf die Reflexkontrolle von Bewegungen davon abhängen, ob sie im frühen Kindes‐oder im Erwachsenenalter auftreten.

Refejos cutaneomusculares registrados en el músculo interóseo primero dorsal en niños con parálisis cerebral

Se registraron los reflejos cutaneomusculares del primer músculo interóseo dorsal en 21 nińos con parálisis cerebral espástica. Las respuestas reflejas en el niño con parálisis cerebral consisten en una disfunción del sistema piramidal, pero difieren de las que se ven en adultos con lesión del sistema nervioso central. Esto proporciona una evidencia mayor de que el efecto de una lesión nerviosa central sobre el control del movimiento depende de si tiene lugar al principio de la vida o en la edad adulta.
AGE‐ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF GUILLAIN‐BARRÉ SYNDROME IN CHILDREN
Authors: Sakakihara Yoichi , Kamoshita Shigehiko
Published: July 2010

The medical records were reviewed of 83 children with Guillain‐Barré syndrome, with reference to the age‐associated changes found in the initial symptoms, the intervals between the preceding illness and the onset of disease, and the patterns of affected cranial nerves. A close correlation was observed between cranial nerve involvement and respiratory complications. The findings suggest the involvement of nervous system maturation in the clinical manifestations of Guillain‐Barré syndrome in children.

Modifications associées à l'âge dans la symptomatolgie dy syndrome de Guillain‐Barré chez l'enfant Les dossiers médicaux de 83 enfants présentant un syndrome de Guillain‐Barré, ont étéétudiés en fonction des modifications liées à l'âge trouvées dans (1) les symptômes initiaux, (2) l'intervalle entre l'affection précédente et le début de la maladie, et (3) la distribution de l'atteinte des nerfs craniens touchés. Une corrélation étroite a été observée cntre l'implication des nerfs craniens et les complications respiratoires. Les données suggèrent l'influence d'une maturation du système nerveux dans les manifestations cliniques du syndrome de Guillain‐Barré chez l'enfant.

Altersabhängige Veränderungen der Symptomatologie des Guillain‐Barré Syndroms bei Kindern Die Anamnesen von 83 Kindern mit Guillain‐Barré Syndrom wurden im Hinblick auf die altersabhängigen Veränderungen überprüft, die bei (1) den anfänglichen Symptomen, (2) den Intervallen zwischen den vorausgehenden Erkrankungen und dem Beginn dieser Erkankung und (3) der Symptomatologie der betroffenen Hirnnerven gefunden wurden. Es fand sich eine enge Beziehung zwischen Hirnnervenbeteiligung und respiratorischen Komplikationen. Die Befunde spechen dafür, daß die Reifungsprozesse des Nervensystems für die klinische Manifestation des Guillain‐Barré Syndroms bei Kindern eine Rolle spielt.

Cambios asociados con la edad en la sintomatología del síndrome de Guillain‐Barré Se revisaron las historias médicas de 83 niños con síndrome de Guillain‐Barré para observar los cambios, en relación con la edad, hallados en los síntomas iniciales, los intervalos entre la enfermedad anterior y el inicio de la enfermedad, y patrones de afectación de los pares craneales. Se observó una relación estrecha entre la alteración de nervios craneales y las complicaciones respiratorias. Los hallazgos sugieren la afectación de la maduración del sistema nervioso en las manifestaciones clínicas del sindrome de Guillain‐Barré en niños.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS IN RELATION TO EPILEPSY AND MRI FINDINGS
Authors: Jambaqué I. , Cusmai R. , Curatolo P. , Cortesi F. , Perrot C. , Dulac O.
Published: July 2010

The neuropsychological performances, outcome of epilepsy and MRI topography of tubers of 23 children with tuberous sclerosis were reviewed. Seven children had normal intelligence, 10 had mental retardation, and six mental retardation and autism. An adverse association was found between the number of lesions and IQ, behaviour and severity of epilepsy. Posterior lesions, in addition to frontal‐lobe dysfunction, were observed in children with autism. Tuberous sclerosis with well‐defined cerebral lesions may represent a model for the relationship between different neuropsychiatric problems.

Aspects neuropsychologiques de la sclérose tubéreuse: relations avec l'épilepsie et les données IRM Les performances neuropsychologiques, le devenir de l'épilepsie et la topographie IRM des tubers chez 23 enfants présentant une sclérose tubéreuse ont été déterminés. Sept enfants avaient une intelligence normale, dix avaient un retard mental, et six un retard mental avec autisme. Une correlation inverse a été trouvée entre le nombre de lésions et le QI, le comportement et la gravité de l'épilepsie. Des lésions postérieures, associées à une dysfonctionnement du lobe frontal, ont été observées chez les enfants avec autisme. La sclérose tubéreuse avec lésions cérébrales bien définies peut représenter un modèle de la relation existant entre les différents problèmes neuropsychiatriques.

Neurophysiologische Aspekte der tuberösen Hirnsklerose: Relation zu Epilepsie und MRI Befunden Bei 23 Kinder mit tuberöser Hirnsklerose wurden die neurophysiologischen Leistungen, der Epilepsiebefund und die Topographie der tuberösen Veränderungen im MRI untersucht. Sieben Kinder hatten eine normale Intelligenz, 10 eine geistige Retardierung und sechs eine geistigen Retardierung mit Autismus. Es fand sich eine negative Beziehung zwischen der Anzahl der Läsionen und dem IQ, dem Verhalten und dem Schweregrad der Epilepsie. Bei Kindern mit Autismus wurden posteriore Läsionen in Verbindung mit Dysfunktionen im Frontallappen beobachtet. Die tuberöse Sklerose mit genau definierten Hirnläsionen kann als Modell dienen für Beziehungen zwischen Morphologie und verschiedenen neuropsychiatrischen Störungen.

Aspectos neuropsicológicos de la esclerosis tuberosa en relación con la epilepsia y los hallazgos de la IRM

Se revisaron las características neuropsicológicas, el curso de la epilepsia y la topografía de los tuberomas en la IRM en 23 niños con esclerosis tuberosa. Siete niños tenian una intelligencia normal, 10 tenian un retraso mental y seis retraso mental y autismo. Se halló una asociacion adversa entre el número de lesiones y el CI, el comportamiento y la gravedad de la epilepsia. En niños con autismo se observaron lesiones posteriores, además de la disfunción del lóbulo frontal La esclerosis tuberosa con lesiones cerebrales bien definidas puede representar un modelo de las relaciones entre diferentes problemas neuropsiquiátricos.
PRADER‐WILLI SYNDROME IN A SWEDISH RURAL COUNTY: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Authors: Åkefeldt Arne , Gillberg Christopher , Larsson Christer
Published: July 2010

The total population under 25 years of age in one rural county in Sweden was screened in an attempt to find all cases of Prader‐Willi syndrome and to establish prevalence rates for the disorder. 11 clear and five suspect cases were found. For the seven‐ to 25‐year‐old age‐group the prevalence was 13 per 100,000 for clear cases only, but 20 per 100,000 if borderline cases were included. There was a slight over‐representation of males, but it was possible that this was a result of under‐representation of females in the very young age‐groups, in whom hypogonadism may be difficult to diagnose.

Syndrome de Prader‐ Willi dans un comté rural suédois: aspects épidémiologiques

La population totale de moins de 25 ans dans un comté rural a étéétudié dans le but de détecter tous les cas de syndrome de Prader‐Willi et d'établir les taux de prévalence du trouble. 11 cas indiscutables et cinq cas douteux ont été trouvés. Pour le groupe d'âge de sept à 25 ans la prévalence a été de 13 cas indiscutables pour 100 000, et de 20 pour 100 000 si les cas suspects étaient inclus. II y avait une légère sur‐représentation masculine, et ceci pourrait être liéà une sousreprésentation des filles dans le groupe d'âge des plus jeunes, chez qui l'hypogonadisme peut être difficile à diagnostiquer.

Prader‐ Willi Syndrom in einem schwedischen Landbezirk: epidemiologische Aspekte

In einem Landbezirk wurde die Gesamtbevölkerung unter 25 Jahren mit dem Ziel untersucht, alle Fälle mit Prader‐Willi Syndrom herauszufinden und die Häufigkeit dieser Erkrankung festzustellen. 11 eindeutige unf fünf verdächtige Fälle wurden gefunden. Für die Gruppe der sieben‐ bis 25‐jährigen betrug die Häufigkeit nur 13/100,000 für eindeutige Fälle, aber 20/100,000 wenn Grenzfälle mit berücksichtigt wurden. Die Zahl der männlichen Patienten war etwas höher, was möglicherweise mit einer zu geringen Zahl weiblicher Patienten in den sehr jungen Altersgrupen zusammenhängt, bei denen ein Hypogonadismus schwer zu diagnostizieren sein kann.

Síndrome de Prader‐Willi en un condado rural de Suecia:aspectos epidemiológicos

La población total por debajo de 25 años en un condado rural fue estudiada con la intención de hallar todos los casos de síndrome de Prader‐Willi y establecer las relaciones de prevalencia para esta alteración. Se hallaron 11 casos claros y otros cinco sospechosos. Para el grupo de edad entre los siete y 25 años la prevalencia fue de 13 por 100,000 sólo para los casos claros si se incluian los casos borderline. Había una ligera prevalencia de varones, y se especuló si esto era el resultado de una baja representación de hembras en los grupos muy jóvenes, en los que es difícil diagnosticar un hipogonadismo.
WHAT CHILDREN SEE AFFECTS HOW THEY READ
Authors: Cornelissen Piers , Bradley Lynette , Fowler Sue , Stein John
Published: July 2010

Children of mixed abilities were given three single‐word lists to read, matched for linguistic complexity. The visual component of the task was made harder by reducing the print size with each new list. The reading errors made by children who did and who did not have a visual impairment were compared. The visually impaired children's pattern of reading errors changed as their vision was stressed by the reduction in print size; their errors became non‐words (neologisms). This finding suggests a link between the efficiency of visual processing and the accuracy of reading of these children.

Ce que les enfants voient modifie leur lecture

Des enfants de capacités variées reçurent des listes de trois mots isolés à lire, appariés pour la complexité linguistique. La composante visuelle de la tâche fut rendue plus difficile en réduisant la taille d'imprimerie avec chaque nouvelle liste. Les erreurs de lecture faites par les enfants que avaient ou n'avaient pas de troubles visuels ont été comparées. La distribution de erreurs de lecture chez les enfants à trouble de vision étaient modifiée lorsque leur vision était altérée par la réduction de la taille d'impression; leurs erreurs devînrent des non‐mots (néologisms). Ces données suggèrent un lien entre Pefficience de la fonction visuelle et la précision de la lecture chez ces enfants.

Was Kinder sehen, bestimmt wie sie lesen

Kinder mit unterschiedlichen Fähigkeiten bekamen drei Listen mit einzelnen Wörtern zu lesen, geordnet nach sprachlichem Zusammenhang. Die visuelle Komponente der Aufgabe wurde dadurch erschwert, daß die Buchstaben mit jeder neuen Liste kleiner wurden. Die Lesefehler wurden bei den Kindern mit und ohne Sehbehinderung verglichen. Bei den visuell behinderten Kindern änderte sich mit zunehmender Beanspruchung der Augen durch kleinere Buchstaben das Muster der Lesefehler; ihre Fehler waren Wortneubildungen. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß es eine Verbindung zwischen der visuellen Verarbeitung und der Lesegenauigkeit bei diesen Kindern gibt.

Lo que el niño ve afecta a como lee

A niños con habilidades mixtas se les dió tres listas de monosílabos para ser leidas, según una complejidad linguistica. El componente visual de la tarea se aumentó en complejidad reduciendo el tamaño de la letra impresa en cada nueva lista. Se compararon los errores de lecturea hechos por los niños que tenían o no alteración visual. El patrón de errores de lectura de los niños con alteración visual cambiaba al aumentar la dificultad visual con la reducción del tamaño de las letras; sus errores se convirtieron en neologismos (no palabras). Este hallazgo sugiere un enlace entre la eficiencia del procesado visual y la precisio de la lectura en estos niños.
Postoperative Migration Of The Adductor Tendon After Posterior Adductor Transfer In Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Loder Randall T. , Harbuz Alan , Aronson David D. , Lee Christopher L.
Published: July 2010

The adductor longus tendon was tagged with metallic markers after posterior adductor transfer in 17 children (33 hips) with cerebral palsy: 10 had spastic diplegia and seven had spastic quadriplegia. The average age at operation was 5 years 3 months, time of postoperative immobilization 5–7 weeks and average follow‐up 1 year 7 months. In 19 hips the tendon remained attached to the ischium, in 11 hips it pulled away from the ischium and in three hips the result was equivocal. The incidence of detachment was higher among diplegic children than quadriplegic children.

RŕSUMŕ

Migration post opŕratoire du tendon adducteur après transfert du grand adducteur chez l'enfant I.M.C.

Le tendon adducteur a ŕtŕ marquŕ par des ŕtiquettes mŕtalliques après transfert du grand adducteur chez 17 enfants I.M.C. (33 hanches): 10 prŕsentaient une diplŕgie spastique et sept une quadriplŕgie spastique. L'âge moyen à I'intervention ŕtait de 5 ans 3 mois, le dŕlai d'immobilisation postopŕratoire de 5,7 semaines el le suivi moyen d'un an sept mois. Le tendon restait fixŕ á I'ischion pour 19 hanches, il s'en ŕtait dŕtachŕ pour 11 hanches et le rŕsultat ŕtait douteux pour trois hanches. L'incidence de la dŕsinsertion ŕtait plus ŕlevŕe en cas de diplŕgie qu'en cas de quadriplŕgie.

Postoperative Wanderung der Adduktorsehne nach posteriorer Verlagerung des Adduktor bei Kindern mit Cerebralparese

Bei 17 Kindern (33 Hüften) mit Cerebralparese, von denen 10 eine spastische Diplegie und sieben eine spastische Tetraplegie hatten, wurde, nach posteriorer Verlagerung des Adduktor longus, die Sehne des Adduktor mit metallischen Markern versehen. Das Durchschnittsalter bei der Operation war fünf Jahre und drei Monate, die postoperative Immobilisation betrug 5–7 Wochen und die durchschnittliche Nachuntersuchungszeit ein Jahr und sieben Monate. Bei 19 Hüften blieb die Sehne am Sitzbein, bei 11 Hüften löste sie sich vom Sitzbein und bei drei Hüften war das Ergebnis zweifelhaft. Bei den Kindern mit Diplgie kam as häufiger zu einer Ablösung als bei den Kindern mit Tetraplegie.

Migración postoperatoria del tendón del aductor despuŕs del trasplante del aductor posterior en niños con parálisis cerebral

El tendón largo del aductor fue marcado con marcadores metálicos despuŕs del trasplante del aductor posterior en 17 niños (33 caderas) con parálisis cerebral: 10 tenian diplejia espástica y siete cuadriplejia espástica. El promedio de edad en la operación era de 5 años y 3 meses, el periodo de inmovilización postoperatoria de 5, 7 semanas y el periodo de seguimiemto de 1 año y 7 meses. En 19 caderas el tendón permanecia adherido al isquion. En 11 caderas empujaba hacia afuera del isquion y en tres caderas el resultado fue equivoco. La incidencia de desinserción era mayor en los niños diplŕjicos que en los cuadriplŕjicos.
Overlooking: a Sign of Bilateral Central Scotomata in Children
Authors: Good William V. , Crain Lucy S. , Quint Richard D. , Koch Thomas K.
Published: July 2010

Four children are reported who always looked above objects of visual interest (overlooking). All had bilateral central scotomata (loss of central visual field). Three had optic nerve disease selectively affecting the papillomacular fibers; the fourth had ocular colobomata affecting the maculae. Overlooking is an important sign of bilateral central scotomata in children: it is an adaptation to loss of central vision.

RŕSUMŕ

Le regard au dessus: un signe de scotome central bilatŕral chez I'enfant

L'article dŕcrit quatre enfants regardant toujours au dessus des objets interŕressants sur le plan visuel (overlooking). Tous prŕsentaient un scotome central bilatŕral (perte du champ visuel central). Trois d'entre eux prŕsentaient une affection du nerf optique frappant sŕlectivement les fibres papillomaculaires; le quatrième avait un colobome oculaire affectant la macula. Le regard au dessus est un signe important de scotome central bilatŕral chez I'enfant: il traduit une adaptation á la perte de vision.

Overlooking (über einem Gegenstand fixieren): ein Zeichen für bilaterale zentrale Skotome bei Kindern

Es wird über vier Kinder berichtet, die immer über Gegenstände von visuellem Interesse hinwegsahen. Alle hatten bilaterale zentrale Skotome (Verlust des zentralen Sehfeldes). Drei hatten eine Sehnervenerkrankung, die selektiv die papillomakuláren Fasern betraf; das vierte hatte Kolobome, die die Makula in Mitleidenschaft zogen. Overlooking ist ein wichtiges Zeichen für bilaterale zentrale Skotome bei Kindern: es ist eine Anpassung beim Ausfall des zentralen Sehfeldes.

Supramirada: signo de escotoma central bilateral en niños

Se refieren cuatro niños que siempre miraban los objectos de interŕs por encima de ellos (supramirada). Todos tenían un escotoma central bilateral (pŕridada de la visión del campo visual central). Tres tenían una entermedad del nervio ópitoc afectando selectivamente las fibras pápilomaculare. El cuarto tenía un coloboma ocular afectando la mácula. La supramirada es un signo importante de escotoma central bilateral en niños; es una adaptación a la pŕrdida de la visión central.
ASSESSMENT OF POST‐TRAUMATIC AMNESIA IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Ruijs M. B. M. , Keyser A. , Gabreëls F. J. M.
Published: July 2010

To assess the duration of post‐traumatic amnesia (PTA) in children, a new procedure is described, derived from a method described previously for adults. The procedure was tested on 70 healthy children between 3·5 and 10 years of age, then applied in a longitudinal prospective study of 54 children with brain damage resulting from closed head‐injury. The procedure consistently measured PTA in children of various ages. The duration of PTA was found to be as good a prognostic indicator for the occurrence of long‐term residual sequelae as is duration of coma.

Evaluation de l'amnésie post‐traumatique du jeune enfant

L'article décrit une nouvelle méthode, dérivée d'une méthode décrite antérieurement chez l'adulte, pour évaluer la durée de l'amnésie post‐traumatique (PTA) chez l'enfant. Le procédé fut expérimenté chez 70 enfants en bonne santéâgés de trois ans et demi à dix ans et appliquéà une étude prospective longitudinale de 54 enfants ayant présenté un traumatisme céphalique récent. Le procédé mesura de façon réguliére la PTA des enfants à des âges variés. La durée de la PTA se révéla un aussi bon indicateur du risque de séquelles résiduelles a long terme que la durée du coma.

Beurteilung der posttraumatischen Amnesie bei Kleinkindern

Es wird eine neue Methode zur Beurteilung der Dauer einer posttraumatischen Amnesie (PTA) bei Kindern vorgestellt, die von einer früher beschriebenen Methode für Erwachsene abgeleitet wurde. Diese Methode wurde bei 70 gesunden Kindern zwischen 3½ und 10 Jahren getesfet und dann in einer prospektiven Langzeitstudie bei 54 Kindern mit einem Schädelhirntrauma angewendet. Mit der Methode wurde die PTA bei Kindern unterschiedlichen Alters gemessen. Die Dauer der PTA stellte sich als ebenso guter prognostischer Indikator für das Auftreten von Spätfolgen heraus wie die Dauer des Komas.

Evaluación de la amnesia post‐traumática en niños pequeños

Se describe un nuevo método para evaluar la duración de la amnesia post‐traumática (APT), derivada de un método descrito previamente para los adultos. La técnica se ensayó en 70 niños sanos entre 3½ y 10 años de edad, y luego se aplicó a un ensayo prospectivo longitudinal en 54 niños con daño cerebral originado por un traumatismo cerebral cerrado. La técnica consistia en medir la APT en niños de diferentes edades: se observó que la duración de la APT era un indicador pronóstico con respecto a la aparición de secuelas a largo plazo tan bueno, como lo es la duración del coma.
Golclenhar Syndrome and Autistic Behaviour
Authors: Landgren Magnus , Gillberg Christopher , Strömland Kerstin
Published: July 2010

Two girls with concomitant Goldenhar syndrome (oculo‐auriculovertebral spectrum disorder) and autistic disorder are described. One was diagnosed as having Goldenhar syndrome in the first few weeks of life and as having autistic disorder in her fifth year; the other was diagnosed as having Goldenhar syndrome when she was referred for evaluation of autistic symptoms at seven years of age. The type of physical abnormalities encountered in Goldenhar syndrome suggests damage to neural structures in the second or late stages of the first trimester. The two cases described in this report suggest that autistic disorder sometimes can result from neural damage during the second trimester.

Syndrome de Goldenhar el comportement autistique

L'articles rapporte les cas de deux fillettes présentant un syndrome de Goldenhar (trouble oculo‐auriculo‐vertébral) en association avec un trouble autistique. Dans un cas, le syndrome de Goldenhar fut diagnostiqué dans les premières semaines de vie et le trouble autistique durant la cinquième année; dans l'autre cas, le diagnostic de syndrome de Goldenhar fut poséà l'âge de sept ans, à l'occasion d'une consultation pour troubles autistiques. Le type des anomalies physiques du syndrome de Goldenhar suggère une atteinte des structures nerveuses durant la seconde ou la dernière étape du premier trimestre. Les deux cas décrits dans cet article suggèrent qu'un syndrome autistique peut parfois provenir d'une atteinte nerveuse durant le deuxième trimestre.

Goldenhar Syndrom und autistisches Verhalten

Es werden zwei Mädchen mit einem Goldenhar Syndrom (okulo‐aurikulärvertebrales Syndrom) und gleichzeitig bestehendem autistischem Verhalten beschrieben. Bei einem wurde die Diagnose des Goldenhar Syndroms in den ersten Lebenswochen und des autistischen Verhaltens im fünften Lebensjahr gestellt; beim anderen wurde das Goldenhar Syndrom im Alter von sieben Jahren diagnostiziert, als es wegen autistischer Symptome untersucht wurde. Die Mißbildungen beim Goldenhar Syndrom lassen eine Schädigung neuraler Strukturen im zweiten oder im Spätstadium des ersten Trimenon vermuten. Die zwei in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Fälle sprechen dafür, daß eine autistische Erkrankung manchmal ihren Ursprung in einer Nervenschädigung im zweiten Trimenon haben kann.

Sindrome de Goldenhar y comportamiento autistico

Se describen dos niñas con sindrome de Goldenhar concomitante (alteración oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral) y alteración autística. Una fue diagnosticada de síndrome de Goldenhar en las primeras semanas de vida y de tener una alteración autistica a los cinco años de edad; la otra fue diagnosticada del síndrome cuando fue llevada a la consulta por sintomas autísticos a los siete años de edad. El tipo de anomalías fisicas encontradas en el síndrome de Goldenhar sugiere una lesión en la estructuras neurales en el segundo trimestre o finales del primero. Los dos casos descritos en esta comunicación sugieren que la alteración autística a veces es el resultado de una lesión neural durante el segundo trimestre.