bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Phenoxy Herbicide Translocation in Bean Seedlings
Authors: Long J. W. , Basler E.
Published: May 2019

The translocation of 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] in bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Stringless Greenpod’) seedlings was studied.14C-labeled herbicides in amounts of 0.75 to μg were injected into the center of the stem at the cotyledonary node with a 1-μL syringe pipette. The effects of time and duration of treatment, herbicide concentration, and herbicide interaction on acropetal and basipetal translocation subsequent to treatment were determined. There was considerable basipetal as well as acropetal translocation of herbicide from the site of injection. Acropetal translocation of 2,4,5-T to primary leaves was very rapid until 2 hr after treatment, and during the following hours of treatment the14C disappeared from the primary leaves. Acropetal translocation of 2,4,5-T to the young shoots was slow but continuous up to 6 hr after treatment, did not decrease during the latter hours of treatment, and was enhanced by high 2,4,5-T treatment levels. Translocation of 2,4,5-T to the nutrient solution continued for at least 72 hr after treatment while the roots accumulated maximum amounts in 6 to 12 hr. High treatment levels of 2,4,5-T enhanced the translocation of 2,4-D in the young shoots. However, 2,4-D did not promote the translocation of 2,4,5-T. Considerable variation occurred in the total translocation of 2,4,5-T when treatments were made at various times during the day. Translocation rates to the nutrient solution were at a maximum at about 12 A.M. and 12 P.M. each day regardless of the time of application of the 2,4,5-T.
Response of Soybean Cultivars to Bentazon, Bromoxynil, Chloroxuron, and 2,4-DB
Authors: Wax L. M. , Bernard R. L. , Hayes R. M.
Published: May 2019

The response of several hundred soybean[Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars to postemergence application of four herbicides was evaluated in the field, greenhouse, and growth chamber in 1970, 1971, and 1972. Postemergence application of 3.4 kg/ha of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] did not significantly reduce yields of the seven commercially important soybean cultivars evaluated. All entries in the regional breeding trials, Uniform Test I to IV, were relatively tolerant of postemergence applications of the herbicides at rates about double those required for weed control. The observed order of phytotoxicity was 3.4 kg/ha of bentazon < 3.4 kg/ha of chloroxuron [3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea] < 0.3 kg/ha of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) = 0.4 kg/ha of 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid]. Of the 338 named U.S. and Canadian cultivars in the U.S. Department of Agriculture soybean germplasm collection, all but one were tolerant to a postemergence application of 3.4 kg/ha bentazon. One U.S. cultivar, ‘Hurrelbrink,’ and ten plant introductions from Japan were highly sensitive to bentazon. These 11 cultivars were also highly sensitive to bromoxynil and 2,4-DB and somewhat sensitive to chloroxuron.
Factors Affecting Butylate Injury to Corn
Authors: Wright T. H. , Rieck C. E.
Published: May 2019

Injury to corn (Zea maysL.) hybrids from butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate) was investigated as a function of planting depth, soil pH, and temperature. Field and growth chamber studies indicated that the potential for butylate injury increased with increasing planting depth regardless of hybrid. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments suggested that as soil pH decreased butylate injury increased, depending upon the hybrid. Butylate injury was also a differential response among hybrids, depending on temperature. Certain hybrids may be injured more at higher temperatures and other hybrids more at lower temperatures. Butylate injury to corn, therefore, appears to be due to a three-way interaction, stress x hybrid X butylate.
Differential Tolerance of Hawaiian Sugarcane Cultivars to Diuron
Authors: Osgood R. V. , Romanowski R. R. , Hilton H. W.
Published: May 2019

Hawaiian sugarcane cultivars(SaccharumL. hybrids) differed considerably in their tolerance to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron). There was a greater concentration of diuron in the younger leaves of a sensitive cultivar, ‘H 53–263,’ compared with a tolerant cultivar, ‘H 50–7209′; degradation of diuron was more extensive in ‘H 50–7209′. The metabolites identified after applications of carbonyl-labeled diuron to the root system were 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (monomethyl-diuron) and 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (demethylated diuron). Differences in diuron phytotoxicity to cultivars ‘H 53–263’ and ‘H 50–7209’ are at least partially explained by differences in the distribution and degradation of diuron.
Effect of Pretreatment Environment on 2,4-D Phytotoxicity
Authors: Darwent A. L. , Behrens R.
Published: May 2019

Growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the influence of several pretreatment radiation, humidity, and temperature regimes on the response of peas (Pisum sativum L. ‘Alaska’) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) to foliarly-applied (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D). Under the conditions of these studies, growing peas under solar or fluorescent-incandescent lamp radiation, in high or low humidity, or in temperatures between 10 and 25 C prior to treatment did not influence their response to 2,4-D. The response of velvetleaf to 2,4-D was slightly greater when pretreatment growth was under solar radiation rather than under fluorescent-incandescent lamps. Similarly, high pretreatment humidities and temperatures produced slightly greater responses to 2,4-D in velvetleaf than low pretreatment humidities and temperatures. Herbicide uptake and translocation were greater when pretreatment pea growth was under solar radiation, but spray retention and rate of 2,4-D metabolism were not affected by pretreatment radiation. This study indicates that pretreatment light, temperature, and humidity conditions play only a minor role in determining the response of peas and velvetleaf to 2,4-D.
Role of Endothall in the Control of Annual Bluegrass in Turf
Authors: Turgeon A. J. , Meggitt W. F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Endothall (7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) was evaluated for controlling annual bluegrass(Poa annuaL.) infestations in Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensisL.) and creeping bentgrass(Agrostis stoloniferaL.) turfs. Growth of annual bluegrass was selectively suppressed by three applications of 0.6 kg/ha of endothall, two or three applications of 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha, and one application of 4.5 kg/ha made to the single plant sand cultures. Field treatments were variable and seasonably dependent. Endothall selectively killed annual bluegrass when applied to roots in sand culture at a concentration of 2.7 × 10−4molar. A granular formulation of endothall provided selective control of annual bluegrass in field and greenhouse studies. High watering frequency prior to application, low organic matter content of the underlying soil, and predominance of the annual biotype of annual bluegrass enhanced the selective action at the lowest rates of endothall application.
Effect of Copper on Uptake of Diquat-14C by Hydrilla
Authors: Sutton David L. , Haller W. T. , Steward K. K. , Blackburn R. D.
Published: May 2019

A linear uptake of14C-labeled 6,7-dihydrodipyrido (1,2-a:2′,1′-c)pyrazinediium ion (diquat-14C) at 1 ppmw by hydrilla(Hydrilla verticillataCasp.) occurred during a 10-day period under controlled conditions. Plant tissue contained higher amounts of radioactivity after treatment with combinations of 0.1 or 0.5 ppmw of diquat-14C plus 1 ppmw of copper than did tissue of plants in solutions of diquat-14C alone. Plants in a 1 ppmw of diquat-14C solution contained 2,123 cpm/mg after 8 days; however, 5,857 cpm/mg were measured in plant tissue taken after the same period from solutions containing diquat-14C plus 2 ppmw copper as copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP). An increase in CSP from 3 to 10 ppmw did not significantly increase the uptake of diquat-14C over the 2 ppmw. Results with an organic copper complex (copper sulfate triethanolamine) in combination with diquat-14C were the same as those obtained with diquat-14C plus CSP.
Metabolism of Chloros-Triazine Herbicides byPanicumandSetaria
Authors: Thompson Lafayette
Published: May 2019

SixSetariaspecies and varieties and threePanicumspecies were allowed to absorb14C-labeled 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (propazine), and/or 2-chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). The grasses metabolized the herbicides to water-soluble derivatives. Peptide conjugates were the only major metabolites formed by each species or variety; however, hydroxyderivatives of the herbicides were detected. The order of ability of theSetariaandPanicumspecies and varieties to metabolize atrazine and/or propazine was similar to the order of their tolerance to atrazine and/or propazine. SeveralSetariaandPanicumspecies and varieties formed peptide conjugates of atrazine and/or propazine to which they are resistant, more rapidly than they formed peptide conjugates of simazine, to which they are susceptible.
Systems of Weed Control for Soybeans in the Coastal Plain
Authors: Hauser Ellis W. , Jellum M. D. , Dowler Clyde C. , Marchant W. H.
Published: May 2019

Systems of weed control composed of (a) intensive cultivation only, (b) herbicides only, or (c) herbicides plus cultivation controlled weeds in soybeans(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) with acceptable crop tolerance. On Ocilla sandy loam, systems withS-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) as a preplanting treatment and 3[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea (chloroxuron) as an early postemergence treatment, followed by either sweep cultivations or directed postemergence applications of other herbicides, controlled yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) satisfactorily and controlled 99 to 100% of the common cocklebur(Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC.]. As directed postemergence treatment, 2-seobutyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) controlled common cocklebur and Florida beggarweed about as well as 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron). However, for the broad spectrum of weeds encountered on the Greenville soil, linuron was superior to dinoseb, especially on Texas panicum(Panicum texanumBuckl.). Systems containing only cultivation controlled 84 to 98% of the common cocklebur and 78 to 99% of the Florida beggarweed. On Greenville sandy clay loam, several systems of weed control significantly reduced the stand but not the yield of soybeans. Vernolate reduced stands when used as a preplanting incorporated treatment but not when injected at planting. No significant yield differences among the weed control systems were apparent in the 3-year averages. Costs of weed control ranged from $20 to $30/ha for cultivation only, from $55 to $73/ha for herbicides only, and from $45 to $53/ha for herbicides combined with cultivation. Uncontrolled weeds, primarily common cocklebur and Florida beggarweed, in the weedy check plots reduced the average yield of soybeans 74% on the Ocilla soil during the 3-year period. The different systems of weed control did not affect commercial quality of soybean oil.
LA PROFESSIONALIZZAZIONE DEI DIRIGENTI DI PARTITO ITALIANI
Authors: Sani Giacomo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La carriera dei dirigenti di partito è stata spesso considerata come una progressione o un passaggio da cariche a livelli organizzativi inferiori a cariche a livelli superiori. Ma il termine « carriera » denota anche una certa stabilità della occupazione o professione svolta, ed esso si può applicare, almeno per una certa parte del personale dirigente, come vedremo subito, anche in questa seconda accezione. In questo articolo, ci occuperemo dapprima delle professioni prevalentemente esercitate dai dirigenti, concentreremo poi la attenzione sul fenomeno della professionalizzazione e sul ruolo svolto dai dirigenti che si occupano solo di politica, e toccheremo, da ultimo, il tema del partito come veicolo di mobilità sociale.
LA STRATEGIA DEL PCI E L'ELETTORATO ITALIANO
Authors: Sani Giacomo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nelle discussioni sulle strategie dei partiti, che sono andate intrecciandosi di recente, viene dato giustamente risalto al ruolo delle élites di partito, nazionali e locali. Dico giustamente perché non c'è dubbio che nella elaborazione, applicazione e valutazione delle strategie generali e delle tattiche particolari utilizzate, le élites di partito svolgono un ruolo fondamentale. Tuttavia concentrare l'attenzione esclusivamente sull'atteggiamento del gruppo dirigente di un partito è poco soddisfacente in quanto, per definizione, la applicazione di una strategia coinvolge altri attori politici. Inoltre, quando la strategia riguarda la mobilitazione di grandi forze sociali i piani di osservazione si moltiplicano rapidamente. In questo caso, infatti, i leaders e gli attivisti di un partito debbono non solo tener conto della probabile ≪ risposta ≫ di altri attori al loro stesso livello, ma anche introdurre esplicitamente nel loro quadro di riferimento il gruppo o i gruppi sociali che costituiscono ≪ l'obbiettivo ≫ della loro strategia. Determinare se e in qual misura una strategia di conquista di un determinato gruppo sociale abbia avuto successo significa porsi degli interrogativi che riguardano non solo i fondamenti del proprio piano di azione, ma anche la reazione del bersaglio. Il problema analizzato in questo saggio è precisamente di questo tipo. Dal 1944 il partito comunista italiano persegue una strategia di inserimento quale protagonista della vita politica italiana che è basata, a livello di massa, sulla capacità di estendere la sua penetrazione in strati sociali sempre piú ampi, e, a livello di élites, sulla possibilità di instaurare rapporti di alleanza con altre forze politiche che consentano al partito di accedere a posizioni di governo almeno a livello locale. A quasi trent'anni di distanza dall'enunciazione di questa strategia ci possiamo chiedere: come ha reagito l'elettorato italiano a questo piano di penetrazione formulato e portato avanti dal PCI nel dopoguerra? Questo quesito di carattere generale si scompone in una serie di interrogativi particolari che tenterò di affrontare via via in questo articolo; e cioè: fino a che punto è riuscito il PCI ad assicurarsi il pieno appoggio della classe operaia e ad estendere la sua forza negli altri ceti sociali? In che misura il PCI è diventato una forza politica pienamente accettata a livello di massa? E, infine, come viene visto il PCI dall'elettorato non comunista e quali sono le principali componenti di questa immagine? In un successivo saggio analizzerò alcuni fattori attinenti alla struttura dei canali di informazione politica che hanno condizionato e limitato l'ulteriore sviluppo del seguito elettorale del partito.
FUNZIONI DELLE CORTI COSTITUZIONALI NEL SISTEMA POLITICO
Authors: Marradi Alberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Gli studi empirici sul sistema giudiziario finora prodotti seguono due orientamenti prevalenti. Gli studiosi di ispirazione behaviorista mettono in relazione le caratteristiche psicosociologiche, gli atteggiamenti e le opinioni dei singoli giudici con il loro comportamento decisionale nelle corti collegiali, profittando del fatto che nei paesi anglosassoni le sentenze sono emesse con voto maggioritario e palese, e che molti giudici in minoranza scrivono motivazioni dissenzienti. D'altro canto, alcuni studiosi aderenti alprocess approachraccolgono dati empirici sugli effetti di un certo gruppo di decisioni e sul grado di obbedienza che esse ottengono presso determinate comunità o detentori di ruoli sociali.
I SINDACATI E LO STATO LIBERAL-DEMOCRATICO
Authors: Finer Samuel E.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Storicamente, cosí come nel momento attuale, vediamo che i sindacati tendono a porsi in una delle seguenti quattro possibili posizioni di rilievo nel moderno stato liberal-democratico. Innanzitutto i sindacati possono partecipare alle lotte dei partiti, ovvero possono starne al di sopra e svolgere un ruolo meramente o principalmente industriale (possono anche, in verità, tenere tutti e due i ruoli, come accade in Inghilterra). Negli Stati Uniti i sindacati hanno alcuni collegamenti con i partiti politici, specialmente a sostegno del partito democratico; ma la loro preoccupazione principale è un'azione nel campo industriale per fini industriali. In Inghilterra, d'altra parte, il partito laburista è un'emanazione dei sindacati, che forniscono la maggior parte dei finanziamenti al partito. I membri di origine sindacale prevalgono in quel partito in ragione di nove a uno sui membri indipendenti; hanno una lieve maggioranza nel Comitato Esecutivo Nazionale del partito e rappresentano il trenta per cento dei parlamentari laburisti.
IL SINDACATO COME ATTORE POLITICO: UNA RASSEGNA DELLA LETTERATURA
Authors: Zannoni Paolo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Una ricerca sugli studi di relazioni industriali, apparsa recentemente a cura del CO.S.PO.S. (Comitato per le Scienze Politiche e Sociali) si propone di valutare l'evoluzione della cultura sindacale in Italia dal 1949 al 1970; tale ricerca bibliografica è dedicata agli studi che hanno come oggetto il sindacato in quanto attore principale di un sistema di relazioni industriali. Uno studio analogo che avesse come oggetto il sindacato come attore politico terminerebbe peraltro in breve spazio, perché la cultura sindacale italiana si presenta assai carente di opere che esaminino il sindacato da questo punto di vista.
A Contextual Analysis of the Late Roman Pewsey and Wilcot Vessel Hoards, Wiltshire
Authors: Henry Richard , Roberts David , Grant Michael J. , Pelling Ruth , Marshall Peter
Published: May 2019

In late summer, sometime between cala.d. 340–405, a hoard of tightly packed, stacked copper-alloy vessels was deposited in the Vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire. The corrosion of the vessels allowed for the preservation of delicate plant macrofossils and pollen. Analysis of this material has provided insights into the date, season and context of this act of structured deposition. A second hoard of similar vessels was deposited in the fourth or fifth century only a few miles away at Wilcot. The hoards and their deposition relate to Romano-British lifeways, at a time when the region was on the cusp of a dramatic period of change. The distribution of late Roman coins and belt fittings offers further insights into the social and economic character of Wiltshire at their times of deposition.
15. Physical Study of Comets
Authors: Vanysek V.
Published: May 2019

The following triennial report on the progress in the physics of comets is written in a slightly different form from that in the previous volume of Reports on Astronomy, 1970. All sections were written by the undersigned on the basis of contributions submitted by L. Biermann, A. H. Delsemme, O. V. Dobrovolskii, B. Donn, G. Herzberg, V. P. Konopleva, Rhea Lust, J. Rahe, V. Riives, E. Roemer, S. K. Vsekhsvyatskii, F. Whipple and K. Wurm. The aim of this Report is not to present a review of all papers published and results obtained in recent three years, and many publications are not mentioned explicitly. The published papers which are reviewed in Astronomy & Astrophysics Abstracts are quoted here by eight digits which mean the A & A volume (first two digits) and the reference number.

A generally accepted assumption that the asteroids and comets are keys to the history of the solar system is obviously the reason why the interest in the physical study of comets has been increasing in recent years.
A Novel Cooperative Teleoperation Framework for Nonlinear Time-Delayed Single-Master/Multi-Slave System
Authors: Farahmandrad Maryam , Ganjefar Soheil , Talebi Heidar Ali , Bayati Mahdi
Published: May 2019

This paper proposes a novel control framework for a single-master/multi-slave teleoperation system to grasp and handle an object, considering nonlinearity and uncertainty in the dynamics of the slaves and time-varying delay in the communication channel. Based on passive decomposition approach, the dynamics of the slaves are decomposed into two decoupled systems, and then two higher order sliding mode controllers are designed to control them. Also, a synchronization control methodology for the master is developed. Stability is fully studied using the passivity property and Lyapunov theorem. Finally, simulation and practical results confirm that the control system works well against the conditions.
Evaluating the utility of routine screening catheterisation before interstage discharge of infants with single-ventricle physiology
Authors: Bates Katherine E. , Glatz Andrew C. , Giglia Therese M. , Natarajan Shobha S. , Ravishankar Chitra , Stagg Alyson , Rome Jonathan J.
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Interstage mortality causes are often unknown in infants with shunt-dependent univentricular defects. For 2 years, screening catheterisation was encouraged before neonatal discharge to determine if routine evaluation improved interstage outcomes.

Methods:

Retrospective single-centre review of home monitoring programme from December, 2010 to June, 2012. Composite scores were created for physical examination/echocardiography risk factors; catheterisation risk factors; and interstage adverse events. Composite scores were compared between usual care and screening catheterisation groups. The ability of each risk factor composite to predict interstage adverse events, individually and in combination, was assessed with sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results:

There were 27 usual care and 32 screening catheterisation patients. There were no significant differences between groups except rates of catheterisation before discharge (29.6 versus 100%, p < 0.001). Usual care patients who underwent catheterisation for clinical indications had higher intervention rates (37.5 versus 3.1%, p = 0.004). Physical examination/echocardiography risk factor frequency was similar, but usual care patients with catheterisation had a higher catheterisation risk factor frequency. Interstage adverse event frequency was similar (48.2 versus 53.1%, p = 0.7). For interstage adverse event prediction, sensitivity for the physical examination/echocardiography, catheterisation, and either risk factor composites was 53.3, 72, and 80%, respectively; specificity was 59, 60, and 48%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.56, 0.66, and 0.64.

Conclusion:

Screening catheterisation evaluation offered slightly increased sensitivity and specificity, but no difference in interstage adverse event frequency. Given this small advantage versus known risks, screening catheterisations are no longer encouraged.
Controlling Perception Thresholds for Changing Timbres in Continuous Sounds
Authors: Dobrowohl Felix A. , Milne Andrew J. , Dean Roger T.
Published: May 2019

Perceptual dimensions underlying timbre and sound-source identification have received considerable scientific attention. While these scholarly insights help us in understanding the nature of sound within a multidimensional timbral space, they carry little meaning for the majority of musicians. To help address this, we conducted two experiments to establish listeners’ perceptual thresholds (PT) for changes in sound using a staircase-procedure. Unlike most timbre perception research, these changes were sonic manipulations that are common in synthesisers, audio processors and instruments familiar to musicians and producers, and occurred within continuous sounds (rather than between discrete pairs of sounds). In experiment 1, two sounds (variants of a sawtooth oscillation) both with the same fundamental frequency (F1: 80 Hz, 240 Hz or 600 Hz) were played with no intervening gap. In each trial, the two sounds’ partials differed in amplitudes or frequencies to produce a timbre change. The sonic manipulations were varied in size to detect thresholds for the perceived timbre change – listeners were instructed to indicate whether or not they perceived a change within the sound. In experiment 2, we modified stimulus presentation to introduce the factor of transition time (TT). Rather than occurring instantaneously (as in experiment 1), the timbre manipulations were introduced gradually over the course of a 100 ms or a 1000 ms TT. Results revealed that PTs were significantly affected by the manipulations in experiment 1, and additionally by TT in experiment 2. Importantly, the data revealed an interaction between the F1 and the timbre manipulations, such that there were differential effects of timbre changes on the perceptual system depending on pitch height. Musicians (n=11) showed significantly smaller PTs compared to non-musicians (n=10). However, PTs for musicians and non-musicians were highly correlated (r=.83) across different sonic manipulations, indicating similar perceptual patterns in both. We hope that by establishing PTs for commonly used timbre manipulations, we can provide musicians with a general perceptual unit, for each manipulation, that can guide music composition and assessment.
Bailout or bust? Government evaluations in the wake of a bailout
Authors: Larsen Erik Gahner , Klemmensen Robert , Klitgaard Michael Baggesen
Published: May 2019

Governments are often punished for negative events such as economic downturns and financial shocks. However, governments can address such shocks with salient policy responses that might mitigate public punishment. We use three high-quality nationally representative surveys collected around a key event in the history of the Dutch economy, namely the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, to examine how voters responded to a salient government bailout. The results illustrate that governments can get substantial credit for pursuing a bailout in the midst of a financial crisis. Future research should take salient policy responses into account to fully understand the public response to the outbreak of financial and economic crises.
Broadband dual linear polarized (DLP) antenna array for energy harvesting system
Authors: Elsheakh Dalia N.
Published: May 2019

A broadband linear polarized antenna is designed for radio frequency energy harvesting. The antenna covers the frequency range from 1 up to 6 GHz with relative impedance bandwidth of 126% at −6 dB reflection coefficient |S11| and extended from 1.1 to 3.3 GHz and from 4.2 to 5.6 GHz at |S11| ≤ −10 dB. A 2 × 2 dual linear polarized (DLP) antenna array is designed based on the antenna element by using equal phase and equal power divider 1-to-4 Wilkinson power divider with 180° phase shifter. The DLP antenna array covers the frequency band from 1.8 to 2.9 GHz. This frequency band covers a wide range of modern wireless communication standards, including GSM 1800, UMTS 2100, Wi-Fi 2.4, and most of LTE bands. The developed array prototype was then used to experimentally validate the simulation results. The horizontally and vertically polarized gain of the designed array were found to be quite similar across the 1.8–2.9 frequency band with an average gain value of 5.5 dBi.
Toward 3D passive radar exploiting DVB-T2 transmitters of opportunity
Authors: Barkhatov Aleksey , Vorobev Evgenii , Veremyev Vladimir , Kutuzov Vladimir
Published: May 2019

This article presents the configuration and technical specification of the passive radar exploiting third-party transmitters of second-generation digital video broadcasting standard DVB-T2 as illuminators of opportunity. The performance of the two-dimensional (2D) passive radar estimated based on theoretical and experimental study is described. The possible configuration of the 2D non-equidistant antenna array for the three-dimensional (3D) passive radar is proposed to ensure the 3D localization of detected targets. The experimental results on drone detection conducted with the 3D passive radar show that the radar with the 2D antenna array is capable to measure not only azimuth but also elevation and consequently target altitude.
Characteristics of Surface Meteorology at Lindsey Islands, Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica
Authors: Choi Taej in , Kim Seong‐Joong , Kim Ji Hee , Kwon Hataek , Lazzara Matthew A.
Published: May 2019

Investigating warming in West Antarctica is important to understand and predict mass balance changes of the ice sheet. However, clear understanding of the extent and rate of warming across West Antarctica has been limited by the lack of ground‐based meteorological measurements. An automatic weather station was set up at Lindsey Islands, the Amundsen Sea of West Antarctica, in 2008, and operated for about 7 years. The measured variables showed high interannual variability, particularly in winter seasons. The longitudinal shift of the center of the Amundsen Sea Low contributed to the large variability and resulted in much lower temperatures at the site, especially in winter seasons, through cold advection from the south. The measured data showed good agreement with ERA‐Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data, though there was a large negative bias in wind speed. The ERA‐Interim reanalysis data showed no significant trends in seasonal averaged temperature from 1980 to 2014, but significant trends were shown in pressure and wind speed in autumn (p < 0.05), even though the interpretation of the trend requires caution. The seasonal correlation coefficients of monthly averaged temperature (T) and pressure (P) between the study site and three neighboring automatic weather station sites in the coastal area were >0.8 for T and >0.92 for P and up to 0.76 for P and 0.72 for T at an inland site.
East Asian Monsoon as a Modulator of U.S. Great Plains Heat Waves
Authors: Lopez Hosmay , Lee Sang‐Ki , Dong Shenfu , Goni Gustavo , Kirtman Ben , Atlas Robert , Kumar Arun
Published: May 2019

Heat waves are the leading weather‐related cause of death in the United States, with the most recent examples occurring in the summers of 2011 and 2012 over the Great Plains. These events are unusual and largely unpredictable beyond the synoptic timescale. Their number and severity have increased and are projected to continue to increase, prompting the need to identify the physical processes that modulate heat waves and, consequently, can lead to improved prediction and future projection. Our results based on observations and model simulations suggest that convective latent heat release from the East Asian Monsoon enhances the likelihood of droughts and heat waves over the United States through an equivalent barotropic wave train along the subtropical jet stream, promoting an anticyclonic circulation pattern over the Great Plains. This anticyclone serves as a blocking pattern for transient synoptic‐scale systems and is supportive of persistent drought and clear sky conditions, promoting high temperatures and heat waves.
Sustained Nonphotochemical Quenching Shapes the Seasonal Pattern of Solar‐Induced Fluorescence at a High‐Elevation Evergreen Forest
Authors: Raczka Brett , Porcar‐Castell A. , Magney T. , Lee J. E. , Köhler P. , Frankenberg C. , Grossmann K. , Logan B. A. , Stutz J. , Blanken P. D. , Burns S. P. , Duarte H. , Yang X. , Lin J. C. , Bowling D. R.
Published: May 2019

Traditional methods of carbon monitoring in mountainous regions are challenged by complex terrain. Recently, solar‐induced fluorescence (SIF) has been found to be an indicator of gross primary production (GPP), and the increased availability of remotely sensed SIF provides an opportunity to estimate GPP across the Western United States. Although the empirical linkage between SIF and GPP is strong, the current mechanistic understanding of this linkage is incomplete and depends upon changes in leaf biochemical processes in which absorbed sunlight leads to photochemistry, heat (via nonphotochemical quenching [NPQ]), fluorescence, or tissue damage. An improved mechanistic understanding is necessary to leverage SIF observations to improve representation of ecosystem processes within land surface models. Here we included an improved fluorescence model within the Community Land Model, Version 4.5 (CLM 4.5), to simulate seasonal changes in SIF at a subalpine forest in Colorado. We found that when the model accounted for sustained NPQ, this provided a larger seasonal change in fluorescence yield leading to simulated SIF that more closely resembled the observed seasonal pattern (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment‐2 [GOME‐2] satellite platform and a tower‐mounted spectrometer system). We found that an acclimation model based on mean air temperature was a useful predictor for sustained NPQ. Although light intensity was not an important factor for this analysis, it should be considered before applying the sustained NPQ and SIF to other cold climate evergreen biomes. More leaf‐level fluorescence measurements are necessary to better understand the seasonal relationship between sustained and reversible components of NPQ and to what extent that influences SIF.
Magnetism Signals in a Stalagmite From Southern China and Reconstruction of Paleorainfall During the Interglacial‐Glacial Transition
Authors: Chen Q. , Zhang T. W. , Wang Y. T. , Zhao J. X. , Feng Y. X. , Liao W. , Wang W. , Yang X. Q.
Published: May 2019

Precipitation variations deduced from speleothem stable oxygen isotopes (δ18O) have long been debated in monsoonal China. The magnetic property in speleothems is interpreted to be related to regional precipitation and can therefore offer reliable information of regional precipitation variations. Here we present a speleothem from southern China to explore the magnetic signals in speleothems and to reconstruct regional precipitation in hominin‐occupational area in southern China during MIS5. Saturation magnetization (Ms), which represents the magnetic mineral concentrations, is used as an indicator of effective rainfall variations. The precipitation inferred from Ms increased sharply in the period prior to 80.3 ka before present, followed by a drop to precipitation anomaly afterward, indicating that regional precipitation varied greatly during the hominin‐occupied interval in southern China. Power spectrum analysis of Ms values shows significant ~205‐, ~90‐, ~77‐, and ~64‐year periodicities, suggesting that the solar activity may play an important role in precipitation variations in southern China during the MIS5a/4 transition.
Reconstruction of Cloud Vertical Structure With a Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Leinonen Jussi , Guillaume Alexandre , Yuan Tianle
Published: May 2019

We demonstrate the feasibility of solving atmospheric remote sensing problems with machine learning using conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs), implemented using convolutional neural networks. We apply the CGAN to generating two‐dimensional cloud vertical structures that would be observed by the CloudSat satellite‐based radar, using only the collocated Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectrometer measurements as input. The CGAN is usually able to generate reasonable guesses of the cloud structure and can infer complex structures such as multilayer clouds from the Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data. This network, which is formulated probabilistically, also estimates the uncertainty of its own predictions. We examine the statistics of the generated data and analyze the response of the network to each input parameter. The success of the CGAN in solving this problem suggests that generative adversarial networks are applicable to a wide range of problems in atmospheric science, a field characterized by complex spatial structures and observational uncertainties.
Quantifying Wind Erosion During the Late Quaternary in the Qaidam Basin, Central Asia
Authors: Wu Lei , Prush Veronica , Lin Xiubin , Xiao Ancheng , Zhang Li , Chen Ninghua , Yang Rong , Chen Hanlin
Published: May 2019

Wind erosion is an important surface process on terrestrial planets but is difficult to quantify particularly on long‐term timescales. Here we use high‐resolution Terrestrial Laser Scanning and cosmogenic Beryllium‐10 (10Be) exposure dating to investigate the yardangs, a wind‐eroded landform with aerodynamic forms, within the western Qaidam Basin, Central Asia. The results indicate that the yardangs started to form at ~105 ka, coincident with the early phase of the arid last glacial period. We further calibrated the wind erosion rate in the last glacial period to be ~0.26 mm/a, twice as fast as that of the present‐day interglacial period in our study site. Our results highlight the severe wind erosion during glacial periods and emphasize the fundamental control of global glacial‐interglacial climate oscillations on the secular variation in wind erosion in the Qaidam Basin during the late Quaternary period.
Evolution of an Upward Negative Lightning Flash Triggered by a Distant +CG From a 257‐m‐Tall Tower, Including Initiation of Subsequent Strokes
Authors: Zhu Y. , Ding Z. , Rakov V. A. , Tran M. D.
Published: May 2019

Using the high‐speed optical and electric field records, in conjunction with Earth Networks Total Lightning Network and radar data, we examined in detail the morphology and evolution of an upward negative flash containing six downward leader/upward return stroke sequences terminated on a 257‐m tower in Florida. The upward flash was induced (triggered) by a single‐stroke 50‐kA +CG that occurred about 45 km from the tower. The in‐cloud part of +CG was optically detected to extend toward the tower and appeared to stop at a height of about 3 km above the tower top. The six leader‐return‐stroke sequences were each initiated by a bidirectional leader utilizing the remnants of branches created during the initial stage. Electric field signatures of bidirectional leaders were similar to K‐changes. The upper end of the return‐stroke channel in all six cases exhibited branching and appeared to extend to higher altitudes or/and move closer to Lightning Observatory in Gainesville with increasing stroke order.
Time Scales for Electron Quasi‐linear Diffusion by Lower‐Band Chorus Waves: The Effects of ωpe/Ωce Dependence on Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Agapitov O. , Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. , Hospodarsky G. , Bonnell J.W.
Published: May 2019

Electron scattering by chorus waves is an important mechanism that can lead to fast electron acceleration and loss in the outer radiation belt. Making use of Van Allen Probes measurements, we present the first statistical survey of megaelectron volt electron pitch angle and energy quasi‐linear diffusion rates by chorus waves as a function of L‐shell, local time, and AE index, taking into account the local electron plasma frequency to gyrofrequency ratio ωpe/Ωce, chorus wave frequency, and resonance wave amplitude. We demonstrate that during disturbed periods, ωpe/Ωce strongly decreases in the night sector, leading to a faster electron loss but also a much faster electron energization in two distinct regions just above the plasmapause and at L ~ 3.5–5.5. Spatiotemporal variations of ωpe/Ωce with AE shape the evolution of electron energization in the outer belt, sometimes leading to very short time scales for quasi‐linear megaelectron volt electron acceleration in agreement with Van Allen Probes observations.
Correction: USP17 mediates macrophage-promoted inflammation and stemness in lung cancer cells by regulating TRAF2/TRAF3 complex formation
Authors: Lu Chih-Hao , Yeh Da-Wei , Lai Chao-Yang , Liu Yi-Ling , Huang Li-Rung , Lee Alan Yueh-Luen , Jin S. -L. Catherine , Chuang Tsung-Hsien
Published: May 2019

A correction to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Correction: Suppression of interferon gene expression overcomes resistance to MEK inhibition in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer
Authors: Wagner Steve , Vlachogiannis Georgios , De Haven Brandon Alexis , Valenti Melanie , Box Gary , Jenkins Liam , Mancusi Caterina , Self Annette , Manodoro Floriana , Assiotis Ioannis , Robinson Penny , Chauhan Ritika , Rust Alistair G. , Matthews Nik , Eason Kate , Khan Khurum , Starling Naureen , Cunningham David , Sadanandam Anguraj , Isacke Clare M. , Kirkin Vladimir , Valeri Nicola , Whittaker Steven R.
Published: May 2019

A correction to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Individual variability in behavior and functional networks predicts vulnerability using an animal model of PTSD
Authors: Dopfel David , Perez Pablo D. , Verbitsky Alexander , Bravo-Rivera Hector , Ma Yuncong , Quirk Gregory J. , Zhang Nanyin
Published: May 2019

Only a minority of individuals experiencing trauma subsequently develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, whether differences in vulnerability to PTSD result from a predisposition or trauma exposure remains unclear. A major challenge in differentiating these possibilities is that clinical studies focus on individuals already exposed to trauma without pre-trauma conditions. Here, using the predator scent model of PTSD in rats and a longitudinal design, we measure pre-trauma brain-wide neural circuit functional connectivity, behavioral and corticosterone responses to trauma exposure, and post-trauma anxiety. Freezing during predator scent exposure correlates with functional connectivity in a set of neural circuits, indicating pre-existing circuit function can predispose animals to differential fearful responses to threats. Counterintuitively, rats with lower freezing show more avoidance of the predator scent, a prolonged corticosterone response, and higher anxiety long after exposure. This study provides a framework of pre-existing circuit function that determines threat responses, which might directly relate to PTSD-like behaviors.
Flexible and scalable diagnostic filtering of genomic variants using G2P with Ensembl VEP
Authors: Thormann Anja , Halachev Mihail , McLaren William , Moore David J. , Svinti Victoria , Campbell Archie , Kerr Shona M. , Tischkowitz Marc , Hunt Sarah E. , Dunlop Malcolm G. , Hurles Matthew E. , Wright Caroline F. , Firth Helen V. , Cunningham Fiona , FitzPatrick David R.
Published: May 2019

We aimed to develop an efficient, flexible and scalable approach to diagnostic genome-wide sequence analysis of genetically heterogeneous clinical presentations. Here we present G2P (www.ebi.ac.uk/gene2phenotype) as an online system to establish, curate and distribute datasets for diagnostic variant filtering via association of allelic requirement and mutational consequence at a defined locus with phenotypic terms, confidence level and evidence links. An extension to Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor (VEP), VEP-G2P was used to filter both disease-associated and control whole exome sequence (WES) with Developmental Disorders G2P (G2PDD; 2044 entries). VEP-G2PDD shows a sensitivity/precision of 97.3%/33% for de novo and 81.6%/22.7% for inherited pathogenic genotypes respectively. Many of the missing genotypes are likely false-positive pathogenic assignments. The expected number and discriminative features of background genotypes are defined using control WES. Using only human genetic data VEP-G2P performs well compared to other freely-available diagnostic systems and future phenotypic matching capabilities should further enhance performance.
A unified relationship for evaporation kinetics at low Mach numbers
Authors: Lu Zhengmao , Kinefuchi Ikuya , Wilke Kyle L. , Vaartstra Geoffrey , Wang Evelyn N.
Published: May 2019

We experimentally realized and elucidated kinetically limited evaporation where the molecular gas dynamics close to the liquid–vapour interface dominates the overall transport. This process fundamentally dictates the performance of various evaporative systems and has received significant theoretical interest. However, experimental studies have been limited due to the difficulty of isolating the interfacial thermal resistance. Here, we overcome this challenge using an ultrathin nanoporous membrane in a pure vapour ambient. We demonstrate a fundamental relationship between the evaporation flux and driving potential in a dimensionless form, which unifies kinetically limited evaporation under different working conditions. We model the nonequilibrium gas kinetics and show good agreement between experiments and theory. Our work provides a general figure of merit for evaporative heat transfer as well as design guidelines for achieving efficient evaporation in applications such as water purification, steam generation, and thermal management.
Sensory perception of dead conspecifics induces aversive cues and modulates lifespan through serotonin in Drosophila
Authors: Chakraborty Tuhin S. , Gendron Christi M. , Lyu Yang , Munneke Allyson S. , DeMarco Madeline N. , Hoisington Zachary W. , Pletcher Scott D.
Published: May 2019

Sensory perception modulates health and aging across taxa. Understanding the nature of relevant cues and the mechanisms underlying their action may lead to novel interventions that improve the length and quality of life. We found that in the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, exposure to dead conspecifics in the environment induced cues that were aversive to other flies, modulated physiology, and impaired longevity. The effects of exposure to dead conspecifics on aversiveness and lifespan required visual and olfactory function in the exposed flies. Furthermore, the sight of dead flies was sufficient to produce aversive cues and to induce changes in the head metabolome. Genetic and pharmacologic attenuation of serotonergic signaling eliminated the effects of exposure on aversiveness and lifespan. Our results indicate that Drosophila have an ability to perceive dead conspecifics in their environment and suggest conserved mechanistic links between neural state, health, and aging; the roots of which might be unearthed using invertebrate model systems.
Atomic-scale combination of germanium-zinc nanofibers for structural and electrochemical evolution
Authors: Song Gyujin , Cheong Jun Young , Kim Chanhoon , Luo Langli , Hwang Chihyun , Choi Sungho , Ryu Jaegeon , Kim Sungho , Song Woo-Jin , Song Hyun-Kon , Wang Chongmin , Kim Il-Doo , Park Soojin
Published: May 2019

Alloys are recently receiving considerable attention in the community of rechargeable batteries as possible alternatives to carbonaceous negative electrodes; however, challenges remain for the practical utilization of these materials. Herein, we report the synthesis of germanium-zinc alloy nanofibers through electrospinning and a subsequent calcination step. Evidenced by in situ transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterizations, this one-dimensional design possesses unique structures. Both germanium and zinc atoms are homogenously distributed allowing for outstanding electronic conductivity and high available capacity for lithium storage. The as-prepared materials present high rate capability (capacity of ~ 50% at 20 C compared to that at 0.2 C-rate) and cycle retention (73% at 3.0 C-rate) with a retaining capacity of 546 mAh g−1 even after 1000 cycles. When assembled in a full cell, high energy density can be maintained during 400 cycles, which indicates that the current material has the potential to be used in a large-scale energy storage system.