bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel predictive model for formation enthalpies of Si and Ge hydrides with propane‐ and butane‐like structures
Authors: Weng C. , Kouvetakis J. , Chizmeshya A. V. G.
Published: October 2010

Butane‐ and propane‐like silicon–germanium hydrides and chlorinated derivatives represent a new class of precursors for the fabrication of novel metastable materials at low‐temperature regimes compatible with selective growth and commensurate with the emerging demand for the reduced thermal budgets of complementary metal oxide semiconductor integration. However, predictive simulation studies of the growth process and reaction mechanisms of these new compounds, needed to accelerate their deployment and fine‐tune the unprecedented low‐temperature and low‐pressure synthesis protocols, require experimental thermodynamic data, which are currently unavailable. Furthermore, traditional quantum chemistry approaches lack the accuracy needed to treat large molecules containing third‐row elements such as Ge. Accordingly, here we develop a method to accurately predict the formation enthalpy of these compounds using atom‐wise corrections for Si, Ge, Cl, and H. For a test set of 15 well‐known hydrides of Si and Ge and their chlorides, such as Si3H8, Ge2H6, SiGeH6, SiHCl3, and GeCl4, our approach reduces the deviations between the experimental and predicted formation enthalpies obtained from complete basis set (CBS‐QB3), G2, and B3LPY thermochemistry to levels of 1–3 kcal/mol, or a factor of ∼5 over the corresponding uncorrected values. We show that our approach yields results comparable or better than those obtained using homodesmic reactions while circumventing the need for thermochemical data of the associated reaction species. Optimized atom‐wise corrections are then used to generate accurate enthalpies of formation for 39 pure Si‐Ge hydrides and a selected group of 20 chlorinated analogs, of which some have recently been synthesized for the first time. Our corrected enthalpies perfectly reproduce the experimental stability trends of heavy butane‐like compounds containing Ge. This is in contrast to the direct application of the CBS‐QB3 method, which yields erratic predictions. Our approach also provides quantitative bond‐additivity rules for the chlorination of these heavier species. Finally, we discuss structure and bonding trends across the entire sequence of butane‐, propane‐, and ethane‐like molecules with a special focus on the isomeric variations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Assessing the performance of the molecular mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann surface area and molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area methods. II. The accuracy of ranking poses generated from docking
Authors: Hou Tingjun , Wang Junmei , Li Youyong , Wang Wei
Published: October 2010

In molecular docking, it is challenging to develop a scoring function that is accurate to conduct high‐throughput screenings. Most scoring functions implemented in popular docking software packages were developed with many approximations for computational efficiency, which sacrifices the accuracy of prediction. With advanced technology and powerful computational hardware nowadays, it is feasible to use rigorous scoring functions, such as molecular mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) and molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) in molecular docking studies. Here, we systematically investigated the performance of MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA to identify the correct binding conformations and predict the binding free energies for 98 protein–ligand complexes. Comparison studies showed that MM/GBSA (69.4%) outperformed MM/PBSA (45.5%) and many popular scoring functions to identify the correct binding conformations. Moreover, we found that molecular dynamics simulations are necessary for some systems to identify the correct binding conformations. Based on our results, we proposed the guideline for MM/GBSA to predict the binding conformations. We then tested the performance of MM/GBSA and MM/PBSA to reproduce the binding free energies of the 98 protein–ligand complexes. The best prediction of MM/GBSA model with internal dielectric constant 2.0, produced a Spearman's correlation coefficient of 0.66, which is better than MM/PBSA (0.49) and almost all scoring functions used in molecular docking. In summary, MM/GBSA performs well for both binding pose predictions and binding free‐energy estimations and is efficient to re‐score the top‐hit poses produced by other less‐accurate scoring functions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Structure and dynamics of methanol in water: A quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics study
Authors: Moin Syed Tarique , Hofer Thomas S. , Randolf Bernhard R. , Rode Bernd M.
Published: October 2010

An ab initio quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics simulation was carried out for one methanol molecule in water to analyze the structure and dynamics of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. It is found that water molecules around the methyl group form a cage‐like structure whereas the hydroxyl group acts as both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, thus forming several hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The dynamic analyses correlate well with the structural data, evaluated by means of radial distribution functions, angular distribution functions, and coordination number distributions. The overall ligand mean residence time, τ identifies the methanol molecule as structure maker. The relative dynamics data of hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl of methanol and water molecules prove the existence of both strong and weak hydrogen bonds. The results obtained from the simulation are in excellent agreement with the experimental results for dilute solution of CH3OH in water. The overall hydration shell of methanol consists in average of 18 water molecules out of which three are hydrogen bonded. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Rapid evaluation of the binding energies in hydrogen‐bonded amide–thymine and amide–uracil dimers in gas phase
Authors: Li Yang , Jiang Xiao‐Nan , Wang Chang‐Sheng
Published: October 2010

The binding energies and the equilibrium hydrogen bond distances as well as the potential energy curves of 48 hydrogen‐bonded amide–thymine and amide–uracil dimers are evaluated from the analytic potential energy function established in our lab recently. The calculation results show that the potential energy curves obtained from the analytic potential energy function are in good agreement with those obtained from MP2/6‐311+G** calculations by including the BSSE correction. For all the 48 dimers, the analytic potential energy function yields the binding energies of the MP2/6‐311+G** with BSSE correction within the error limits of 0.50 kcal/mol for 46 dimers, only two differences are larger than 0.50 kcal/mol and the largest one is only 0.60 kcal/mol. The analytic potential energy function produces the equilibrium hydrogen bond distances of the MP2/6‐311+G** with BSSE correction within the error limits of 0.050 Å for all the 48 dimers. The analytic potential energy function is further applied to four more complicated hydrogen‐bonded amide–base systems involving amino acid side chain and β‐sheet. The values of the binding energies and equilibrium hydrogen bond distances obtained from the analytic potential energy function are also in good agreement with those obtained from MP2 calculations with the BSSE correction. These results demonstrate that the analytic potential energy function can be used to evaluate the binding energies in hydrogen‐bonded amide–base dimers quickly and accurately. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Role of intraoperative microvascular Doppler in the microsurgical management of intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Cui Hua , Wang Yong , Yin Yuhua , Wan Jieqing , Fei Zhimin , Gao Weizhen , Jiang Jiyao
Published: October 2010

Background

The outcome of surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms may be influenced by incomplete exclusion of the aneurysm or stenosis of the parent vessels. The goal of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and reliability of intraoperative microvascular Doppler (IMD) in guiding optimal clip placement in aneurysm surgery.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 79 patients, with a total of 85 intracranial aneurysms, operated between January 2004 and April 2009, who were evaluated with IMD using a 20‐MHz probe before and after clip application. IMD was used to examine the aneurysmal sac and adjacent vessels.

Results

The findings of IMD helped in adjusting the clip placement. In 9 (10.6%) of the 85 aneurysms, IMD revealed a persistent blood flow through the aneurysmal sac after clip application and the clip was repositioned. IMD showed relevant stenosis of adjacent vessels induced by the clip positioning in 10 of 79 (12.7%) cases. In six cases (7.6%), a blood flow reduction in the artery feeding the aneurysm was evident after clipping; in the other four cases (5.1%), the clip produced a severe blood flow reduction in other adjacent vessels. In addition, in two of these cases, an initial stenosis induced by clip positioning that had escaped detection by visual inspection through the operating microscope was identified by IMD. There were no complications related to the use of IMD.

Conclusions

IMD is a safe, feasible, and very reliable technique and should be used routinely in intracranial aneurysm surgery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Histochemical analysis of the root tuber of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Fam. Polygonaceae)
Authors: Liang Zhi‐Tao , Shi Yi‐Xiao , Chen Hu‐Biao , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen
Published: October 2010

Authentication is the first priority in quality evaluation of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs). The most commonly used authentication methods are morphological identification and microscopic identification. Unfortunately, these two methods cannot provide the chemical information needed to assess the quality of CHMs. In this study, a combination of fluorescence microscopy and high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) was used to analyze the chemical profiles of the tissues of the raw root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. The results showed that the cork cells, cortex, and vessels in transverse sections of the raw root tuber of P. multiflorum fluoresced differently. Further analysis by HPLC–MS revealed that anthraquinones are mainly distributed in the cortex, and 2,3,5,4′‐tetrahydroxystilbene‐2‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside could be found in all tissues of the raw root tubers of P. multiflorum with its relative content as cork > cortex > xylem of allotype vascular bundles > xylem of central vascular bundles. Moreover, the fluorescence characteristics of the tissues from the steamed root tuber of P. multiflorum were compared and showed different fluorescence from those of raw material. From these results, it can be deduced that the root tuber of P. multiflorum with a broader cortex and fewer vascular bundles visible in a transverse section should be of better quality. The different fluorescence characteristics can be used to differentiate raw root tubers of P. multiflorum from those that have been steamed. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An overview of the legislation and light microscopy for detection of processed animal proteins in feeds
Authors: Liu Xian , Han Lujia , Veys Pascal , Baeten Vincent , Jiang Xunpeng , Dardenne Pierre
Published: October 2010

From the first cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) among cattle in the United Kingdom in 1986, the route of infection of BSE is generally believed by means of feeds containing low level of processed animal proteins (PAPs). Therefore, many feed bans and alternative and complementary techniques were resulted for the BSE safeguards in the world. Now the feed bans are expected to develop into a “species to species” ban, which requires the corresponding species‐specific identification methods. Currently, banned PAPs can be detected by various methods as light microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, near infrared spectroscopy, and near infrared microscopy. Light microscopy as described in the recent Commission Regulation EC/152/2009 is the only official method for the detection and characterization of PAPs in feed in the European Union. It is able to detect the presence of constituents of animal origin in feed at the level of 1 g/kg with hardly any false negative. Nevertheless, light microscopy has the limitation of lack of species specificity. This article presents a review of legislations on the use of PAPs in feedstuff, the detection details of animal proteins by light microscopy, and also presents and discusses the analysis procedure and expected development of the technique. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sweep MRI with algebraic reconstruction
Authors: Weiger Markus , Hennel Franciszek , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: October 2010

In the recently proposed technique Sweep Imaging with Fourier Transform (SWIFT), frequency‐modulated radiofrequency pulses are used in concert with simultaneous acquisition to facilitate MRI of samples with very short transverse relaxation time. In the present work, sweep MRI is reviewed from a reconstruction perspective and several extensions and modifications of the current methodology are proposed. An algorithm for algebraic image reconstruction is derived from a comprehensive description of signal formation, including interleaved radiofrequency transmission and acquisition of arbitrary timing as well as the relevant filtering and decimation steps along the receiver chain. The new reconstruction approach readily permits several measures of optimising the signal sampling strategy as demonstrated in simulations and imaging experiments. Employing a variety of radiofrequency pulse envelopes, water and rubber phantoms as well as bone samples with transverse relaxation time in the order of 500 μsec were imaged at signal bandwidths of up to 96 kHz. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Finite RF pulse correction on DESPOT2
Authors: Crooijmans H. J. A. , Scheffler K. , Bieri O.
Published: October 2010

Magnetization transfer and finite radiofrequency (RF) pulses affect the steady state of balanced steady state free precession. As quantification of transverse relaxation (T2) with driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T2 is based on two balanced steady state free precession acquisitions, both effects can influence the outcome of this method: a short RF pulse per repetition time (TRF/TR ≪ 1) leads to considerable magnetization transfer effects, whereas prolonged RF pulses (TRF/TR > 0.2) minimize magnetization transfer effects, but lead to increased finite pulse effects. A correction for finite pulse effects is thus implemented in the driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T2 theory to compensate for reduced transverse relaxation effects during excitation. It is shown that the correction successfully removes the driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T2 dependency on the RF pulse duration. A reduction of the variation in obtained T2 from over 50% to less than 10% is achieved. We hereby provide a means of acquiring magnetization transfer‐free balanced steady state free precession images to yield accurate T2 values using elongated RF pulses. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychological Treatments for Obesity in Youth and Adults
Authors: Lo Presti Rebecca , Lai Justine , Hildebrandt Tom , Loeb Katharine L.
Published: October 2010

Obesity has become a leading global health concern affecting both physical and mental quality of life. This article reviews the psychological interventions currently utilized in confronting the obesity epidemic. It examines obesity in both the pediatric and adult populations, specifically considering empirical evidence of weight loss interventions through randomized control trials. Behavioral weight loss intervention and family‐based interventions emerged as 2 of the more frequently utilized and data‐supported approaches. Empirically supported psychological treatments for subgroups of the obese population, such as individuals with binge eating disorder, are considered here as well. Limitations of the current interventions are discussed, including issues with generalizability across demographic variables such as age and severity of overweight status. Despite these limitations, overall, psychological interventions play an important role in achieving and maintaining weight loss. Mt Sinai J Med 77:472–487, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Insulin Resistance in Obesity as the Underlying Cause for the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Gallagher Emily J. , LeRoith Derek , Karnieli Eddy
Published: October 2010

The metabolic syndrome affects more than a third of the US population, predisposing to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The 2009 consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, International Association for the Study of Obesity, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute defines the metabolic syndrome as 3 of the following elements: abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hyperglycemia. Many factors contribute to this syndrome, including decreased physical activity, genetic predisposition, chronic inflammation, free fatty acids, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Insulin resistance appears to be the common link between these elements, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In normal circumstances, insulin stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, and decreases adipose‐tissue lipolysis and hepatic production of very‐low‐density lipoproteins. Insulin signaling in the brain decreases appetite and prevents glucose production by the liver through neuronal signals from the hypothalamus. Insulin resistance, in contrast, leads to the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increased hepatic production of very‐low‐density lipoproteins and decreased high‐density lipoproteins. Increased production of free fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, and adipokines and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to impaired insulin signaling, decreased skeletal muscle glucose uptake, increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, and β cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia. In addition, insulin resistance leads to the development of hypertension by impairing vasodilation induced by nitric oxide. In this review, we discuss normal insulin signaling and the mechanisms by which insulin resistance contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome. Mt Sinai J Med 77:511–523, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Focal nodular hyperplasia in pediatric patients with and without oncologic history
Authors: Gobbi Dalia , Dall'Igna Patrizia , Messina Chiara , Cesca Eleonora , Cecchetto Giovanni
Published: October 2010

The diagnosis of FNH is warranted by the possibility of avoiding unnecessary hepatic resections. The 18 patients of our series, 6 of whom were long‐term survivors of malignant, non‐hepatic tumors, underwent either a biopsy or a complete excision to obtain the diagnosis. The imaging characteristics could not be considered pathognomonic. The lesion remained stable after the biopsy in 8 patients; no complications were observed in other 10 patients who underwent resection of the mass. The outcome of all our patients with or without previous oncological disease was benign. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:1420–1422. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrospun polyamide‐6 membranes containing titanium dioxide as photocatalyst
Authors: Lombardi Mariangela , Palmero Paola , Sangermano Marco , Varesano Alessio
Published: October 2010

Electrospun polyamide‐6 membranes containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst were prepared and characterized. By tailoring the electrospinning parameters it was possible to obtain membranes having two different thicknesses, namely 5 and 20 µm, in which TiO2 particles were homogeneously dispersed. As a comparison, hybrid films made with polyamide‐6 matrix and TiO2 filler were successfully produced, with inorganic/organic ratios of 10 and 20 wt%. The photocatalytic activity of both hybrid systems was evaluated by following the degradation of methylene blue as a target molecule as a function of UV irradiation time. A smoother degradation was recorded for the electrospun membranes with respect to the hybrid films probably due to a less exposed surface because of the highly porous structure. Even if a longer photodegradation time was necessary, the degradation of the dye was successfully achieved. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Interaction of Allium sativum leaf agglutinin with midgut brush border membrane vesicles proteins and its stability in Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Upadhyay Santosh Kumar , Mishra Manisha , Singh Harpal , Ranjan Amol , Chandrashekar Krishnappa , Verma Praveen Chandra , Singh Pradhyumna Kumar , Tuli Rakesh
Published: October 2010

Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) binds to several proteins in the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera and causes toxicity. Most of these were glycosylated. Six ASAL‐binding proteins were selected for identification. PMF and MS/MS data showed their similarity with midgut aminopeptidase APN2, polycalins and alkaline phosphatase of H. armigera, cadherin‐N protein (partial AGAP009726‐PA) of Acyrthosiphon pisum, cytochrome P450 (CYP315A1) of Manduca sexta and alkaline phosphatase of Heliothis virescens. Some of the ASAL‐binding midgut proteins were similar to the larval receptors responsible for the binding of δ‐endotoxin proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Galanthus nivalis agglutinin also interacted with most of the ASAL‐binding proteins. The ASAL showed resistance to midgut proteases and was detected in the larval hemolymph and excreta. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of ASAL in the body tissue also.
Analysis of earthworm Eisenia fetida proteomes during cadmium exposure: An ecotoxicoproteomics approach
Authors: Wang Xing , Chang Li , Sun Zhenjun , Zhang Yufeng , Yao Lan
Published: October 2010

Identification of differential proteomic responses to cadmium (Cd) would provide a means for better understanding the survival mechanisms of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, living in a Cd‐polluted environment, and the stress responses can be assessed by ecotoxiptoromics approaches. Extracts of whole earthworm collected at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after Cd exposure were analyzed by 2‐DE and quantitative image analysis. In total, 143 proteins demonstrated significant regulation in at least at one time point, and 56 proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS and database searching. Compared with control samples, 28 protein spots were up‐regulated and 28 were down‐regulated during at least one time point. The identified proteins, including chaperonine protein HSP60, caspase‐8, calcium ion‐binding protein, zinc ion‐binding protein, actin‐binding protein, proteolysis, fibrinolytic protease, glutamate dehydrogenase, gelsolin‐like protein, lombricine kinase, coelomic cytolytic factor 1, manganous superoxide dismutase, extracellular globin‐4, lysenin, intermediate filament protein, and tubulin, are involved in several processes, including transcription, translation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the cellular amino acid metabolic process, protein amino acid phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the glucose metabolic process. Thus, our study provides a functional profile of the Cd‐responsive proteins in earthworms.
In vivo processing of CXCL12α/SDF‐1α after intravenous and subcutaneous administration to mice
Authors: Antonsson Bruno , De Lys Patricia , Dechavanne Vincent , Chevalet Laurent , Boschert Ursula
Published: October 2010

CXCL12α has been shown to be selectively processed at the N‐ and C‐termini in blood and plasma in vitro. In order to study the processing in vivo, several versions of CXCL12α were expressed and purified. The protein was administered either iv or sc to mice, and at different time points postadministration plasma was collected and analyzed. To detect modifications of the CXCL12α molecule in crude plasma a SELDI TOF‐MS‐based method was developed. Anti‐CXCL12 antibodies were immobilized on the SELDI chip and CXCL12α binding to the antibodies was detected by SELDI‐TOF‐MS. The protein was found to be processed both at the C‐ and N‐termini. The same processed CXCL12α forms as detected in vitro were found; however, in addition further processing was detected at the N‐terminus, where altogether seven amino acids were removed. At the C‐terminus the lysine was removed as has been seen in vitro, and no further processing was detected. The full‐length CXCL12α disappeared within minutes after administration, whereas the processed forms of the protein were detectable for up to 6–8 h postadministration. The same processed forms appeared after iv and sc administration, only the kinetics was different. When the shortest processed form detected in plasma, 7ΔN1ΔC‐CXCL12α, was administered directly, no further processed forms were detected. Interestingly, a version of CXCL12α containing a N‐terminal methionine was protected against N‐terminal processing in plasma in vitro; however, in vivo no protection was seen, the protein was processed in the same way as full‐length CXCL12α.
Characterization of Phleum pratense pollen extracts by 2‐D DIGE and allergen immunoreactivity
Authors: Schmidt Hendrik , Gelhaus Christoph , Nebendahl Melanie , Janssen Ottmar , Petersen Arnd
Published: October 2010

The allergen content of standardized pollen material is crucial for an effective diagnosis and treatment. However, variations in IgE reactivities of allergic patients to different preparations of Phleum pratense pollen have been reported. In order to define and directly compare the allergen composition of pollen preparations provided by different suppliers, a comprehensive proteome analysis of three different timothy grass pollen extracts was performed. More than 140 proteins were annotated comprising the pollen proteome/allergome in a global 2‐D map. With regard to the individual pollen preparations, several major differences in the overall protein composition were detected that also affected known Phleum allergens and their isoforms. Importantly, these differences were also reflected at the level of antibody reactivities in 1‐D and 2‐D immunoblots. As a consequence, it is suggested that the observed differences should be taken into consideration aiming for a standardized diagnosis and therapy of grass pollen allergies as recommended by international medical agencies.
Altered prostate epithelial development and IGF‐1 signal in mice lacking the androgen receptor in stromal smooth muscle cells
Authors: Yu Shengqiang , Zhang Caixia , Lin Chiu‐Chun , Niu Yuanjie , Lai Kuo‐Pao , Chang Hong‐chiang , Yeh Shauh‐Der , Chang Chawnshang , Yeh Shuyuan
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play critical roles in the prostate development via mesenchymal–epithelial interactions. Smooth muscle cells (SMC), differentiated from mesenchyme, are one of the basic components of the prostate stroma. However, the roles of smooth muscle AR in prostate development are still obscure.

METHODS

We established the smooth muscle selective AR knockout (SM‐ARKO) mouse model using the Cre‐loxP system, and confirmed the ARKO efficiency at RNA, DNA and protein levels. Then, we observed the prostate morphology changes, and determined the epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. We also knocked down the AR in a prostate smooth muscle cell line (PS‐1) to confirm the in vivo findings and to probe the mechanism.

RESULTS

The AR was selectively and efficiently knocked out in the anterior prostates of SM‐ARKO mouse. The SM‐ARKO prostates have defects with loss of infolding structures, and decrease of epithelial proliferation, but with little change of apoptosis and differentiation. The mechanism studies showed that IGF‐1 expression level decreased in the SM‐ARKO prostates and AR‐knockdown PS‐1 cells. The decreased IGF‐1 expression might contribute to the defective development of SM‐ARKO prostates.

CONCLUSIONS

The AR in SMCs plays important roles in the prostate development via the regulation of IGF‐1 signal. Prostate 77:517–524, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AMACR polymorphisms, dietary intake of red meat and dairy and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Wright Jonathan L. , Neuhouser Marian L. , Lin Daniel W. , Kwon Erika M. , Feng Ziding , Ostrander Elaine A. , Stanford Janet L.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

Alpha‐methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) is an enzyme involved in fatty acids metabolism. One of AMACRs primary substrates, phytanic acid, is principally obtained from dietary red meat/dairy, which are associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. AMACR is also a tumor tissue biomarker over‐expressed in PCa. In this study, we explored the potential relationship between AMACR polymorphisms, red meat/dairy intake, and PCa risk.

METHODS

Caucasian participants from two population‐based PCa case–control studies were included. AMACR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected to capture variation across the gene and regulatory regions. Red meat and dairy intake was determined from food frequency questionnaires. The odds ratio (OR) of PCa (overall and by disease aggressiveness) was estimated by logistic and polytomous regression. Potential interactions between genotypes and dietary exposures were evaluated.

RESULTS

Data from 1,309 cases and 1,267 controls were analyzed. Carriers of the variant T allele (rs2287939) had an OR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.68–0.97) for less aggressive PCa, but no alteration in risk for more aggressive PCa. Red meat consumption was positively associated with PCa risk, and the association was stronger for more aggressive disease (lowest vs. highest tertile OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.10–2.20). No effect modification of AMACR polymorphisms by either dietary red meat or dairy intake on PCa risk was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

PCa risk varied by level of red meat intake and by one AMACR SNP, but there was no evidence for gene–environment interaction. These findings suggest that the effects of AMACR polymorphisms and red meat and dairy on PCa risk are independent. Prostate 77:498–506, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐mapping of prostate cancer aggressiveness loci on chromosome 7q22–35
Authors: Liu Xin , Cheng Iona , Plummer Sarah J. , Suarez Brian K. , Casey Graham , Catalona William J. , Witte John S.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

Deciphering the genetic basis of prostate cancer aggressiveness could provide valuable information for the screening and treatment of this common but complex disease. We previously detected linkage between a broad region on chromosome 7q22–35 and Gleason score—a strong predictor of prostate cancer aggressiveness. To further clarify this finding and focus on the potentially causative gene, we undertook a fine‐mapping study across the 7q22–35 region.

METHODS

Our study population encompassed 698 siblings diagnosed with prostate cancer. 3,072 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the chromosome 7q22–35 region were genotyped using the Illumina GoldenGate assay. The impact of SNPs on Gleason scores were evaluated using affected sibling pair linkage and family‐based association tests.

RESULTS

We confirmed the previous linkage signal and narrowed the 7q22–35 prostate cancer aggressiveness locus to a 370 kb region. Centered under the linkage peak is the gene KLRG2 (killer cell lectin‐like receptor subfamily G, member 2). Association tests indicated that the potentially functional non‐synonymous SNP rs17160911 in KLRG2 was significantly associated with Gleason score (P = 0.0007).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that genetic variants in the gene KLRG2 may affect Gleason score at diagnosis and hence the aggressiveness of prostate cancer. Prostate 71:682–689, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of alternative rice planthopper control by the combined action of oil‐formulated Metarhizium anisopliae and low‐rate buprofezin
Authors: Jin Shao‐Feng , Feng Ming‐Guang , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Mu Wen‐Jing , Chen Jue‐Qi
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: High resistance of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål to common insecticides is a challenge for control of the pest. An alternative control strategy based on the combined application of fungal and chemical agents has been evaluated.

RESULTS: Three gradient spore concentrations of oil‐formulated Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Ma456) were sprayed onto third‐instar nymphs in five bioassays comprising the low buprofezin rates of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 µg mL−1 respectively. Fungal LC50 after 1 week at 25 °C and 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod decreased from 386 conidia mm−2 in the buprofezin‐free bioassay to 40 at the highest chemical rate. Buprofezin (LC50: 1647, 486 and 233 µg mL−1 on days 2 to 4) had no significant effect on the fungal outgrowths of mycosis‐killed cadavers at the low application rates. The fungal infection was found to cause 81% reduction in reproductive potential of BPH adults. In two 40 day field trials, significant planthopper (mainly BPH) control (54–60%) was achieved by biweekly sprays of two fungal candidates (Ma456 and Ma576) at 1.5 × 1013 conidia ha−1 and elevated to 80–83% by incorporating 30.8 g buprofezin ha−1 into the fungal sprays.

CONCLUSION: The combined application of the fungal and chemical agents is a promising alternative strategy for BPH control. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Fully room‐temperature‐fabricated TiN/TaOx/Pt nonvolatile memory devices
Authors: Choi Sun Young , Yang Min Kyu , Kim Sangsig , Lee Jeon‐Kook
Published: October 2010

The reliable resistive switching properties of TiN/TaOx/Pt structures fabricated with a fully room‐temperature process are demonstrated in this letter. The devices exhibited a low operation voltage of 0.6 V as well as good endurance up to 105 cycles. No data loss was reported upon continuous readout for more than 104 s at 125 °C. Multilevel storage is feasible due to the dependence of the low resistance state (LRS) on the initial “SET” (switch from high to low RS) compliance current. The values of LRS showed no dependence on the size of the device, which correlated with the localized conductive filament mechanism. This nonvolatile multilevel memory effect and the fully room‐temperature fabrication process make the TiN/TaOx/Pt memory devices promising for future nonvolatile memory application. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A surgical robot with vision field control for single port endoscopic surgery
Authors: Kobayashi Yo , Tomono Yu , Sekiguchi Yuta , Watanabe Hiroki , Toyoda Kazutaka , Konishi Kozo , Tomikawa Morimasa , Ieiri Satoshi , Tanoue Kazuo , Hashizume Makoto , Fujie Masaktsu G.
Published: October 2010

Background

Robotic end‐effectors for single port endoscopic surgery (SPS) require a manual change of vision field that slows surgery and increases the degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the manipulator.

Methods

A new surgical prototype robot has dynamic vision field control and a master controller to manipulate the endoscopic view. It uses positioning (4 DOF) and sheath (2 DOF) manipulators for vision field control, and dual tool tissue manipulators (gripping, 5 DOF; cautery, 3 DOF).

Results

The robot is feasiblein vitro. ‘Cut and vision field control’ (using tool manipulators) was suitable for precise cutting tasks in risky areas; ‘cut by vision field control’ (using the vision field control manipulator) was effective for rapid macro cutting of tissues. A resection was performed using a combination of both methods.

Conclusions

The novel robotic system is feasible, but further studies are needed to address its performancein vivo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3′ processing in protists
Authors: Clayton Christine , Michaeli Shula
Published: October 2010

Molecular biologists have traditionally focused on the very small corner of eukaryotic evolution that includes yeast and animals; even plants have been neglected. In this article, we describe the scant information that is available concerning RNA processing in the other four major eukaryotic groups, especially pathogenic protists. We focus mainly on polyadenylation and nuclear processing of stable RNAs. These processes have—where examined—been shown to be conserved, but there are many novel details. We also briefly mention other processing reactions such as splicing. WIREs RNA 2011 2 247–255 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.49

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms

RNA Processing > 3' End Processing

RNA Processing > rRNA Processing
Biomarkers for mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders
Authors: Suomalainen Anu
Published: October 2010

Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiencies are a group of more than 100 disorders of adults and children, with highly variable phenotypes. Their diagnosis is a great challenge, in spite of the fact that knowledge on their molecular genetic background has increased considerably during the last 20 years. Muscle biopsy is the key diagnostic procedure, including histological and biochemical analysis of mitochondria. Less invasive, specific and sensitive diagnostic tools based on serum biomarkers are still lacking. Recent technological developments, especially in mass spectrometry, enable novel tools for identification of local and global molecular consequences of mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in patient samples. Furthermore, emerging disease models, especially genetically modified mice, offer unique materials to tackle pathophysiology with modern transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. Identified molecular signals or metabolic fingerprints have the potential to be highly useful biomarkers for future diagnosis of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders.
On Separable Tests, Correlated Priors, and Paradoxical Results in Multidimensional Item Response Theory
Authors: Hooker Giles
Published: October 2010

This paper presents a study of the impact of prior structure on paradoxical results in multidimensional item response theory. Paradoxical results refer to the possibility that an incorrect response could be beneficial to an examinee. We demonstrate that when three or more ability dimensions are being used, paradoxical results can be induced by using priors in which all abilities are positively correlated where they would not occur if the abilities were modeled as being independent. In the case of separable tests, we demonstrate the mathematical causes of paradoxical results, develop a computationally feasible means to check whether they can occur in any given test, and demonstrate a class of prior covariance matrices that can be guaranteed to avoid them.
Regiospecific Analyses of Triacylglycerols of Hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) and Greenshell™ Mussel (Perna canaliculus)
Authors: Miller Matthew R. , Perry Nigel B. , Burgess Elaine J. , Marshall Susan N.
Published: October 2010

The lipid profiles of the two most important New Zealand marine oil sources were investigated, with particular attention to the regioisomeric compositions of triacylglycerides (TAG), using 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Oils from hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) and Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) (GSM) were analyzed for their lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid profile. The regiospecific distribution of long chain (C ≥ 20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) between the sn‐1,3 and sn‐2 glycerol positions was calculated from 13C responses in the carbonyl region in the triacylglycerol fraction. Rendered hoki oil (RHO) produced from the viscera and filleting discards, had a similar lipid profile to that of hoki liver oil (HLO) confirming that the liver is the major source of oil in RHO. The regioisomeric distribution of fatty acids showed differences between the two oil sources. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had a regioisomeric distributional preference to the sn‐2 position in TAG from all the oils (59.2% HLO, 54.3% RHO and 63.4% GSM). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) had a more even distribution along the triacylglycerol backbone in hoki TAG (29.1% HLO, 33.6% RHO) while there was a slight sn‐2 positional preference in the GSM TAG (37.6%). This regioisomeric information is vital to distinguish LC‐PUFA‐rich marine oils from other marine sources for authentication purposes.
Testosterone induces activation of porcine primordial follicles in vitro
Authors: Magamage Manjula P. S. , Zengyo Mai , Moniruzzaman Mohammad , Miyano Takashi
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The mechanism underlying primordial follicle activation is poorly understood. In this study, in‐vitro culture and subsequent xenotransplantation were conducted to determine whether testosterone promotes the activation of porcine primordial follicles.

Methods

Prepubertal porcine ovarian cortical strips containing primordial follicles were cultured in the presence of testosterone for 7 days, and subsequently transplanted to immunodeficient mice for 2 months. After culture and transplantation, development of follicles was examined histologically. The presence of androgen receptors in oocytes was assessed by use of western blot and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results

Testosterone at 10−6 M induced the primordial follicle transition to the intermediate (19 ± 4%) and primary (3 ± 1%) stages after 7‐day culture, while 56 ± 5% of primordial follicles remained in the initial pool. Higher concentrations, above 10−5 M, or lower concentrations, below 10−6 M, did not induce follicle transition to the primary stage. After 7‐day culture with 10−6 M testosterone, ovarian cortical strips were transplanted to immunodeficient mice. Some of the follicles developed to the secondary (15 ± 3%) and antral (10 ± 3%) stages, whereas 44 ± 7% of primordial follicles remained in the initial pool. In the culture experiment, estradiol‐17β (10−7–10−5 M) had no significant effect on follicle activation. The androgen receptor antagonist, cyproterone acetate, inhibited the stimulatory effect of testosterone on primordial follicle activation, suggesting an androgen receptor‐mediated action of testosterone. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that androgen receptors were present in the oocytes of primordial follicles.

Conclusions

These results suggest that testosterone at 10−6 M promotes the activation of porcine primordial follicles in vitro through the androgen receptors in the oocytes.
Driving functions in a video simulator in chronic non‐malignant pain patients using and not using codeine
Authors: Nilsenl Halvard K. , Landrøl Nils I. , Kaasal Stein , Jenssenl Gunnar D. , Fayersl Peter , Borchgrevinkl Petter C.
Published: October 2010

Background and aims: A considerable number of Europeans suffer from chronic pain and are using opioids, particularly of the weak type. It is a clinical impression that many of these are driving or wish to drive a car. The aims of this study were to investigate if codeine influences driving ability in a simulator, and to examine if chronic pain per se might impair such functions.

Methods: Twenty patients with chronic pain on long‐term codeine therapy were compared to 20 chronic pain patients not using codeine in a video driving simulator test. The chronic pain patients were then compared to 20 healthy controls. The primary outcome measures were reaction time and number of missed reactions.

Results: The patients using codeine 120–270 mg (mean 180 mg) daily showed the same driving skills as patients not using codeine, and the codeine level did not affect the results. This was the case both 1 h after intake of a single dose of 60 mg codeine and five or more hours after the last codeine intake. The reaction times were significantly slower for the chronic pain patients, in both rural and urban driving conditions, compared to the healthy controls (difference 0.11 s. and 0.12 s., respectively). The chronic pain patients missed almost twice as many reactions to traffic signs. There were no difference between the groups in steering precision.

Conclusion: The main finding in this simulator study was that codeine does not impair driving‐related abilities over and above what is associated with chronic pain per se.
Efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine on placental parasitemia in pregnant women in midwestern Nigeria
Authors: Aziken Michael E. , Akubuo Kenneth K. , Gharoro Etedafe P.
Published: October 2010

Objective

To assess the effect of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (IPT‐SP) on placental parasitemia and maternal and perinatal outcome.

Methods

We compared placental malaria parasitemia during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome in 2 groups of women receiving antenatal care at University of Benin Teaching Hospital. One group was prophylactically treated with IPT‐SP and the other was not treated.

Results

The parasitemia rates for peripheral, placental, and cord blood were 11.9%, 11.4%, and 2.7% in the IPT‐SP group (n = 370) and 19.1%, 22.6%, and 6.2% in the control group (n = 371) (P = 0.006, P = 0.002, and P = 0.02, respectively). The treatment reduced the odds of placental parasitemia by 37% (OR 0.63; 95% CI, 0.48–0.81). Peripheral (P = 0.002) and placental (P = 0.001) parasitemia were significantly reduced in the subgroup of women who took 2 or 3 doses of SP. Fewer women (16.2%) in the IPT‐SP group than the control group (23.7%) had symptomatic malaria. Anemia at delivery was significantly lower in the IPT‐SP group (10.8 vs 1.6%). The risks of abortion, preterm delivery, and low birth weight were also significantly lower in the IPT‐SP group.

Conclusion

IPT‐SP is effective in preventing placental parasitemia, and reduces rates of malaria, maternal anemia, abortion, preterm delivery and low birth weight among pregnant women.
Uterine artery sparing robotic radical trachelectomy (AS‐RRT) for early cancer of the cervix
Authors: Al‐Niaimi Ahmed N. , Einstein Margaret H. , Perry LaToya , Hartenbach Ellen M. , Kushner David M.
Published: October 2010

Objective

To describe the surgical technique of uterine artery sparing robotic assisted radical trachelectomy (AS‐RRT) for early stage cervical cancer.

Methods

We used our experience with AS‐RRT performed at the University of Wisconsin‐Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA, to present a detailed description of the surgical technique.

Results

The report details, step‐by‐step, our innovative surgical technique, supported by photos and illustrations. We also discuss potential difficulties with the surgical technique and offer solutions.

Conclusion

Technically, the surgery is feasible and could be performed by any gynecologic oncologist who is skilled in radical pelvic surgery and the robotic system. The long‐term obstetric and oncologic outcome of this technique would be expected to match the outcome of the other radical trachelectomy techniques in the published literature, but is yet to be fully elucidated.