bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arioc: High-concurrency short-read alignment on multiple GPUs
Authors: Wilton Richard , Szalay Alexander S.
Published: November 2020

In large DNA sequence repositories, archival data storage is often coupled with computers that provide 40 or more CPU threads and multiple GPU (general-purpose graphics processing unit) devices. This presents an opportunity for DNA sequence alignment software to exploit high-concurrency hardware to generate short-read alignments at high speed. Arioc, a GPU-accelerated short-read aligner, can compute WGS (whole-genome sequencing) alignments ten times faster than comparable CPU-only alignment software. When two or more GPUs are available, Arioc's speed increases proportionately because the software executes concurrently on each available GPU device. We have adapted Arioc to recent multi-GPU hardware architectures that support high-bandwidth peer-to-peer memory accesses among multiple GPUs. By modifying Arioc's implementation to exploit this GPU memory architecture we obtained a further 1.8x-2.9x increase in overall alignment speeds. With this additional acceleration, Arioc computes two million short-read alignments per second in a four-GPU system; it can align the reads from a human WGS sequencer run–over 500 million 150nt paired-end reads–in less than 15 minutes. As WGS data accumulates exponentially and high-concurrency computational resources become widespread, Arioc addresses a growing need for timely computation in the short-read data analysis toolchain.
Modeling the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on skin, currency, and clothing
Authors: Harbourt David E. , Haddow Andrew D. , Piper Ashley E. , Bloomfield Holly , Kearney Brian J. , Fetterer David , Gibson Kathleen , Minogue Timothy
Published: November 2020

A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the winter of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread around the world. The extent and efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is far greater than previous coronaviruses that emerged in the 21st Century. Here, we modeled stability of SARS-CoV-2 on skin, paper currency, and clothing to determine if these surfaces may factor in the fomite transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Skin, currency, and clothing samples were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 under laboratory conditions and incubated at three different temperatures (4°C± 2°C, 22°C± 2°C, and 37°C ± 2°C). We evaluated stability at 0 hours (h), 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 72 h, 96 h, 7 days, and 14 days post-exposure. SARS-CoV-2 was stable on skin through the duration of the experiment at 4°C (14 days). Virus remained stable on skin for at least 96 h at 22°C and for at least 8h at 37°C. There were minimal differences between the tested currency samples. The virus remained stable on the $1 U.S.A. Bank Note for at least 96 h at 4°C while we did not detect viable virus on the $20 U.S.A. Bank Note samples beyond 72 h. The virus remained stable on both Bank Notes for at least 8 h at 22°C and 4 h at 37°C. Clothing samples were similar in stability to the currency. Viable virus remained for at least 96 h at 4°C and at least 4 h at 22°C. We did not detect viable virus on clothing samples at 37°C after initial exposure. This study confirms the inverse relationship between virus stability and temperature. Furthermore, virus stability on skin demonstrates the need for continued hand hygiene practices to minimize fomite transmission both in the general population as well as in workplaces where close contact is common.
Prenatal care counseling and delivery method among women with multiple Cesareans: A cross-sectional study from Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Maroyi Raha , Ngeleza Nyakio , Keyser Laura , Bosunga Katenga , Mukwege Denis
Published: November 2020

Prenatal care (PNC) and counseling about delivery method is an important strategy to prevent delivery complications among women with multiple prior Cesarean sections (CS). In low income countries, an elective CS is recommended for this population. This cross-sectional study examined factors associated with counseling about delivery method and its influence on the likelihood of an elective CS delivery. A total of 422 women with ≥2 prior CS who delivered across five hospitals in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were interviewed about PNC and counseling. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression were completed to ascertain factors associated with counseling. Only 33.6% delivered via planned CS; 60.7% required an emergency CS. One-quarter completed four PNC visits; 64.5% received counseling. Number of PNC visits and number of prior CS were significant predictors of receipt of counseling. Women who received ≥2 PNC visits were 2.2 times more likely to have received counseling (p = 0.000). Among women who received counseling, 38.6% had a planned CS compared with 24.7% in the non-counseled group. Counseling was associated with mode of delivery; emergency CS and vaginal delivery were more frequent among women who did not receive counseling (p = 0.008). These findings highlight the importance of counseling during PNC visits. This study also highlights the poor coverage and quality of counseling in this high-risk population and the need for improvements in PNC. Less than 40% of counseled women followed provider recommendations for a planned delivery via CS. The majority labored at home and later delivered emergently. The significant number of women who trial labor without medical supervision despite their high-risk status sheds light on the influence of patient perceptions about CS and acceptance of medical intervention during birth.
PCSK9 loss of function is protective against extra-coronary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in a large multi-ethnic cohort
Authors: Small Aeron M. , Huffman Jennifer E. , Klarin Derek , Lynch Julie A. , Assimes Themistocles , DuVall Scott , Sun Yan V. , Shere Labiba , Natarajan Pradeep , Gaziano Michael , Rader Daniel J. , Wilson Peter W. F. , Tsao Philip S. , Chang Kyong-Mi , Cho Kelly , O’Donnell Christopher J. , Casas Juan P. , Damrauer Scott M. ,   on behalf of the VA Million Veteran Program
Published: November 2020

Background

Therapeutic inhibition of PCSK9 protects against coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke (IS). The impact on other diseases remains less well characterized.

Methods

We created a genetic risk score (GRS) forPCSK9using four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at or near thePCSK9locus known to impact lower LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C): rs11583680, rs11591147, rs2479409, and rs11206510. We then used our GRS to calculate weighted odds ratios reflecting the impact of a genetically determined 10 mg/dL decrease in LDL-C on several pre-specified phenotypes including CAD, IS, peripheral artery disease (PAD), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), type 2 diabetes, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. Finally, we used our weighted GRS to perform a phenome-wide association study.

Results

Genetic and electronic health record data that passed quality control was available in 312,097 individuals, (227,490 White participants, 58,907 Black participants, and 25,700 Hispanic participants).PCSK9mediated reduction in LDL-C was associated with a reduced risk of CAD and AAA in trans-ethnic meta-analysis (CAD OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.80–0.87], p = 6.0 x 10−21; AAA OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.68–0.86], p = 2.9 x 10−06). Significant protective effects were noted for PAD in White individuals (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.71–0.97], p = 2.3 x 10−04) but not in other genetic ancestries. Genetically reduced PCSK9 function associated with a reduced risk of dementia in trans-ethnic meta-analysis (OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.78–0.93], p = 5.0 x 10−04).

Conclusions

Genetically reduced PCSK9 function results in a reduction in risk of several important extra-coronary atherosclerotic phenotypes in addition to known effects on CAD and IS, including PAD and AAA. We also highlight a novel reduction in risk of dementia, supporting a well-recognized vascular component to cognitive impairment and an opportunity for therapeutic repositioning.
Analysis of endogenous and exogenous tumor upregulated promoter expression in canine tumors
Authors: Sajib Abdul Mohin , Sandey Maninder , Morici Samantha , Schuler Bradley , Agarwal Payal , Smith Bruce F.
Published: November 2020

Gene therapy is a promising treatment option for cancer. However, its utility may be limited due to expression in off-target cells. Cancer-specific promoters such as telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), survivin, and chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) have enhanced activity in a variety of human and murine cancers, however, little has been published regarding these promoters in dogs. Given the utility of canine cancer models, the activity of these promoters along with adenoviral E2F enhanced E1a promoter (EEE) was evaluated in a variety of canine tumors, both from the endogenous gene and from exogenously administered constructs. Endogenous expression levels were measured for cTERT, cSurvivin, and cCXCR4 and were low for all three, with some non-malignant and some tumor cell lines and tissues expressing the gene. Expression levels from exogenously supplied promoters were measured by both the number of cells expressing the construct and the intensity of expression in individual cells. Exogenously supplied promoters were active in more cells in all tumor lines than in normal cells, with the EEE promoter being most active, followed by cTERT. The intensity of expression varied more with cell type than with specific promoters. Ultimately, no single promoter was identified that would result in reliable expression, regardless of the tumor type. Thus, these findings imply that identification of a pan-cancer promoter may be difficult. In addition, this data raises the concern that endogenous expression analysis may not accurately predict exogenous promoter activity.
UAV-based evaluation of morphological changes induced by extreme rainfall events in meandering rivers
Authors: Akay Semih Sami , Özcan Orkan , Şanlı Füsun Balık , Görüm Tolga , Şen Ömer Lütfi , Bayram Bülent
Published: November 2020

Morphological changes, caused by the erosion and deposition processes due to water discharge and sediment flux occur, in the banks along the river channels and in the estuaries. Flow rate is one of the most important factors that can change river morphology. The geometric shapes of the meanders and the river flow parameters are crucial components in the areas where erosion or deposition occurs in the meandering rivers. Extreme precipitation triggers erosion on the slopes, which causes significant morphological changes in large areas during and after the event. The flow and sediment amount observed in a river basin with extreme precipitation increases and exceeds the long-term average value. Hereby, erosion severity can be determined by performing spatial analyses on remotely sensed imagery acquired before and after an extreme precipitation event. Changes of erosion and deposition along the river channels and overspill channels can be examined by comparing multi-temporal Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based Digital Surface Model (DSM) data. In this study, morphological changes in the Büyük Menderes River located in the western Turkey, were monitored with pre-flood (June 2018), during flood (January 2019), and post-flood (September 2019) UAV surveys, and the spatial and volumetric changes of eroded/deposited sediment were quantified. For this purpose, the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) method and the DEM of Difference (DoD) method were used to determine the changes on the riverbank and to compare the periodic volumetric morphological changes. Hereby, Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique was exploited to a low-cost UAV derived imagery to achieve riverbank, areal and volumetric changes following the extreme rainfall events extracted from the time series of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data. The change analyses were performed to figure out the periodic morphodynamic variations and the impact of the flood on the selected meandering structures. In conclusion, although the river water level increased by 0.4–5.9 meters with the flood occurred in January 2019, the sediment deposition areas reformed after the flood event, as the water level decreased. Two-year monitoring revealed that the sinuosity index (SI) values changed during the flood approached the pre-flood values over time. Moreover, it was observed that the amount of the deposited sediments in September 2019 approached that of June 2018.
Human mobility trends during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Authors: Lee Minha , Zhao Jun , Sun Qianqian , Pan Yixuan , Zhou Weiyi , Xiong Chenfeng , Zhang Lei
Published: November 2020

In March of this year, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, and it continues to threaten public health. This global health crisis imposes limitations on daily movements, which have deteriorated every sector in our society. Understanding public reactions to the virus and the non-pharmaceutical interventions should be of great help to fight COVID-19 in a strategic way. We aim to provide tangible evidence of the human mobility trends by comparing the day-by-day variations across the U.S. from January 2020 to early April 2020. Large-scale public mobility at an aggregated level is observed by leveraging mobile device location data and the measures related to social distancing. Our study captures spatial and temporal heterogeneity as well as the sociodemographic variations and teleworking trends regarding the pandemic propagation and the non-pharmaceutical mobility interventions. All metrics adapted capture decreased public movements after the national emergency declaration. The population staying home has increased in all states before the stay-at-home mandates implemented and becomes more stable after the order with a smaller range of fluctuation. The public had been taking active responses, voluntarily staying home more, to the in-state confirmed cases while the stay-at-home orders stabilize the variations. As the estimated teleworking rates also continue to incline throughout the study period, the teleworking trend can be another driving factor for the growing stay-at-home population. We confirm that there exists overall mobility heterogeneity between the income or population density groups. The study suggests that public mobility trends are in line with the government message urging to stay home. We anticipate our data-driven analysis offers integrated perspectives and serves as evidence to raise public awareness and, consequently, reinforce the importance of social distancing while assisting policymakers.
Longitudinal vibration compensation model of stepped-pipe strings in deep-sea mining
Authors: Song QingHui , Jiang HaiYan , Song QingJun , Xiao Linjing , Liu Qiang
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the dynamic model of the rigid space stepped-pipe strings system is derived with Lagrangian method to represent the system dynamic behaviors which enriches the analysis method of longitudinal vibration of stepped-pipe strings. The stepped-pipe strings is constructed of pipes with different diameters and lengths, the physical properties of which mainly depends on the axial force and the depth of deep-sea mining. Based on lumped element method, the heave compensation system with dynamic vibration absorber is designed for longitudinal vibration suppression of the stepped-pipe strings. The analytical solution is obtained by modal analysis method when the mining ship is subjected to sea breeze excitation. The proposed method is easily implementable for rigid space stepped-pipe strings system with complex multi-degree-of-free deep-sea mining dynamic model. Furthermore, the optimal combination of mass ratio, spring coefficient and damping ratio is shown to have a better vibration suppression performance. Finally, numerical simulations on the stepped-pipe strings system with or without dynamic vibration absorbers are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Utility of the monocyte to lymphocyte ratio in diagnosing latent tuberculosis among HIV-infected individuals with a negative tuberculosis symptom screen
Authors: Mayito Jonathan , Meya David B. , Rhein Joshua , Sekaggya-Wiltshire Christine
Published: November 2020

Background

Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) remains a major driver of the TB epidemic, and individuals with Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) are particularly at a heightened risk of developing LTBI. However, LTBI screening among HIV-infected individuals in resource limited setting is largely based on a negative symptom screen, which has low specificity.

Methods

In a cross sectional diagnostic study, 115 HIV infected participants with a negative symptom screen will be consented and enrolled. They will be requested to donate 5 ml of blood for complete blood count (CBC) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) testing. In a nested prospective study, the 115 participants will be initiated on Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy and the CBC testing repeated after 3 months. In the analysis of study finding, the monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) will be derived from the dividend of the absolute monocyte and lymphocyte counts. The optimal MLR positivity cut-off for elevated or normal MLR will be the highest value of Youden’s index, J (sensitivity + specificity-1). The MLR will be cross tabulated with the IGRA status to determine the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of the MLR. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve will be determined to give the overall diagnostic accuracy of MLR. The baseline and 3 month CBC will be used to determine the change in MLR, and a random effect logistic regression will be used to determine factors associated with the change in the MLR.

Discussion

If positive results are realized from this study, the MLR could become an inexpensive alternative biomarker with potential to improve the specificity of the negative symptom screen in identifying individuals that should be targeted for TB preventive therapy.
Mechanical and structural properties of major ampullate silk from spiders fed carbon nanomaterials
Authors: Kelly Sean P. , Huang Kun-Ping , Liao Chen-Pan , Khasanah Riza Ariyani Nur , Chien Forest Shih-Sen , Hu Jwu-Sheng , Wu Chung-Lin , Tso I-Min
Published: November 2020

The dragline silk of spiders is of particular interest to science due to its unique properties that make it an exceptional biomaterial that has both high tensile strength and elasticity. To improve these natural fibers, researchers have begun to try infusing metals and carbon nanomaterials to improve mechanical properties of spider silk. The objective of this study was to incorporate carbon nanomaterials into the silk of an orb-weaving spider,Nephila pilipes, by feeding them solutions containing graphene and carbon nanotubes. Spiders were collected from the field and in the lab were fed solutions by pipette containing either graphene sheets or nanotubes. Major ampullate silk was collected and a tensile tester was used to determine mechanical properties for pre- and post-treatment samples. Raman spectroscopy was then used to test for the presence of nanomaterials in silk samples. There was no apparent incorporation of carbon nanomaterials in the silk fibers that could be detected with Raman spectroscopy and there were no significant improvements in mechanical properties. This study represents an example for the importance of attempting to replicate previously published research. Researchers should be encouraged to continue to do these types of investigations in order to build a strong consensus and solid foundation for how to go forward with these new methods for creating novel biomaterials.
Geographic analysis of latent tuberculosis screening: A health system approach
Authors: Bonnewell John P. , Farrow Laura , Dicks Kristen V. , Cox Gary M. , Stout Jason E.
Published: November 2020

Background

Novel approaches are required to better focus latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) efforts in low-prevalence regions. Geographic information systems, used within large health systems, may provide one such approach.

Methods

A retrospective, cross-sectional design was used to integrate US Census and Duke Health System data between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2017 and examine the relationships between LTBI screening and population tuberculosis risk (assessed using the surrogate measure of proportion of persons born in tuberculosis-endemic regions) by census tract.

Results

The median proportion of Duke patients screened per census tract was 0.01 (range 0–0.1, interquartile range 0.01–0.03). The proportion of Duke patients screened within a census tract significantly but weakly correlated with the population risk. Furthermore, patients residing in census tracts with higher population tuberculosis risk were more likely to be screened with TST than with an IGRA (p<0.001).

Conclusion

The weak correlation between patient proportion screened for LTBI and our surrogate marker of population tuberculosis risk suggests that LTBI screening efforts should be better targeted. This type of geography-based analysis may serve as an easily obtainable benchmark for LTBI screening in health systems with low tuberculosis prevalence.
Do electronic medication monitors improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes? Programmatic experience from China
Authors: Wang Ni , Shewade Hemant Deepak , Thekkur Pruthu , Zhang Hui , Yuan Yanli , Wang Xiaomeng , Wang Xiaolin , Sun Miaomiao , Huang Fei
Published: November 2020

Background

In China, an indigenously developed electronic medication monitor (EMM) was used. EMM recorded each time the device was opened (no real time data), offering an indirect measure of tuberculosis treatment adherence. Previous study in China showed that the EMM uptake was satisfactory, missing adherence data were common in the information management system (25%) and shift to directly observed therapy (DOT) based on poor adherence documented by EMMs were seldom.

Objectives

Among people with tuberculosis notified in 30 counties (July-December 2018) where EMM supported self-administered therapy (SAT) was suggested to all eligible (no communication impairment, ambulatory), we assessed the relative differences in unfavourable outcomes and deaths among those started on EMM at baseline (within first month of diagnosis) when compared to SAT alone.

Methods

This was a cohort study using secondary data. We employed an intention to treat analysis, and used modified Poisson regression with robust variance estimates to assess the association.

Results

Of 1810 eligible people, 1047 used EMM at baseline and of them, 216 (20.1%) stopped using EMM midway. Of 763 people who did not use EMM at baseline, 267 (35.0%) started using EMM later during the treatment. Among those who started using EMM at baseline, 6.3% [95% CI: 4.9, 8.0] had unfavourable outcomes compared to 6.7% [95% CI: 5.1, 8.8] among those who did not (p = 0.746). Lesser deaths were observed in people who started EMM at baseline when compared to those who did not: 2.5% [95% CI: 1.7, 3.7] versus 3.5% [95% CI: 2.4, 5.2], p = 0.191. The lack of association remained after adjusting for potential confounders (occupation, TB classification and TB category).

Conclusion

Under programmatic settings, we did not find significant differences in the outcomes. Optimization of EMMs by shifting to DOT when indicated, addressing the issue of missing data and ensuring continuous use is required.
I riferimenti alle donne nel Timeo di Platone
Authors: De Simone Pia
Published: November 2020

Questo lavoro si propone di indagare le occorrenze del lessico femminile, in particolare γυνή e μήτηρ, nel Timeo, per far emergere la posizione di Platone riguardo alle donne che si può evincere dall’ermeneutica dei passi esaminati. Bisogna considerare anche i problemi relativi all’interpretazione degli scritti di Platone, come le strutture argomentative di cui si serve e la complessità di alcuni concetti. Le occorrenze nel Timeo, sebbene non numerose, sono contenutisticamente significative, data la natura di questo dialogo che si propone di identificare la posizione e il ruolo nel cosmo dell’uomo e della sua anima. Nel prologo del Timeo, come anche nella Repubblica, Platone esprime posizioni più aperte riguardo al ruolo sociale delle donne; invece in altri passi, come quelli che trattano della trasmigrazione delle anime, Platone si serve di immagini relative alle donne per aiutare i suoi ascoltatori a comprendere questioni molto complesse. Tali immagini, per essere comprensibili, devono rispecchiare l’idea riguardo alle donne comune al tempo di Platone.
Merawat Kearifan Lokal melalui Sanggar Budaya
Authors:   Universitas Bung Hatta, Isnanda Romi , Azkiya Hidayati ,   Universitas Bung Hatta, Syofiani Syofiani ,   Universitas Bung Hatta
Published: November 2020

Kebudayaan hadir di tengah-tengah kehidupan manusia bukanlah seperti seorang pesulap yang memainkan kecepatan tangannya untuk mengubah suatu benda menjadi bentuk benda yang lainnya atau menggeser posisi benda, dari tempat yang satu ke tempat lainnya, namun melalui proses tindakan dan pemikiran bijak dengan dilandasi rasa memiliki yang tinggi oleh para tetua dan masyarakat yang hidup di massa lampau. Dengan dilandasi rasa memiliki yang tinggi itulah kebudayaan menjadi suatu penciri secara kolektif bagi kelompok masyarakat yang berada di sekitarnya. Apabila ada satu di antara kelompok masyarakat yang merusak marwah budaya, baik disengaja atau pun tidak maka yang akan terkena dampaknya bukan hanya individu/kelompok tertentu, melainkan kelompok masyarakat secara kolektif. Mengingat bagaimana proses dan fungsi kehadiran kebudayaan di tengah-tengah kehidupan masyarakat, sudah selayaknyalah setiap generasi yang hidup dari zaman ke zaman menyadari arti penting kedudukan, peran, dan fungsi kebudayaan. Hal tersebut tentunya menjadi tanggung jawab bersama bagi setiap lapisan masyarakat, baik dalam bentuk formal maupun non-formal melalui strategi, media, dan metode yang bisa dipahami. Dengan demikian, marwah budaya yang menjadi salah satu jati diri masyarakat tetap terjaga dengan baik di tengah-tengah perubahan zaman. Oleh sebab itu, buku ini mencoba menguraikan permasalahan kebudayaan di lingkaran zaman dan alternatif upaya untuk menjaga serta merawatnya yang dimulai dari kebudayaan daerah/kearifan lokal. Alternatif upaya menjaga dan merawat kebudayaan disesuaikan dengan kondisi masyarakat yang bersifat kekinian.
A Unique Case of Severe Hematochezia: Ruptured Pseudoaneurysm of the Superior Rectal Artery
Authors: Marusca Georgiana , Yeddi Ahmed , Kiwan Wissam , Al Masalmeh Nada , Newberger Shane , Kakos Roger , Ehrinpreis Murray
Published: November 2020

Visceral artery aneurysms are rare, with an incidence of 0.01%–2% based on autopsy results. Among the visceral arteries, inferior mesenteric artery aneurysms are the rarest. To our knowledge, we report the first case of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in a 45-year-old man, arising from a nontraumatic pseudoaneurysm of the superior rectal artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. Urgent angiography provided the diagnosis and allowed successful hemostatic intervention via endovascular coil embolization. A subsequent routine colonoscopy revealed an ulcer with central yellow-bluish bulge in the distal rectum correlating with the site of the treated pseudoaneurysm.
„Harcownik w świecie zawodowców”. Roman Zimand jako badacz literatury i pisarz polityczny
Authors: Olaszek Jan
Published: November 2020

Artykuł dotyczy postaci Romana Zimanda jako badacza kultury i pisarza politycznego. Autor przedstawia życiorys badacza, analizuje jego dorobek i podejście do pracy naukowej, zastanawia się nad jego funkcjonowaniem jako intelektualisty zaangażowanego politycznie, opisuje relacje między trzema aktorami wydarzeń: Zimandem, otaczającym go środowiskiem naukowym i władzami PRL. Wreszcie stawia pytanie o zasadność używania wobec Zimanda kategorii „intelektualisty totalnego” i zastanawia się nad typowością tego przypadku dla PRL po 1956 roku.
Intelektualiści totalni jako przedstawiciele inteligencji – teoria warstwy „względnie oderwanej” Karla Mannheima
Authors: Kozubowski Jan
Published: November 2020

W artykule zaprezentowano koncepcję inteligencji Karla Mannheima oraz usytuowano ją w kontekście teorii wiedzy socjologa. We wstępnej części pracy dookreślone zostały terminy wykorzystywane przez Mannheima. Na podstawie teorii socjologicznej przedstawiono znaczenie pojęć „inteligencja” oraz „intelektualiści”. Sławna teza o istnieniu „względnie oderwanej inteligencji” opiera się na założeniu, że ta wyróżniona warstwa społeczna nie uczestniczy bezpośrednio w walce grupowych świadomości (utopii i ideologii). W ramach procesu historycznego nastąpiła jej alienacja, umożliwiło jej to dostrzeżenie historycznie zdeterminowanej prawdy. Część inteligencji, która wypełnia swoją misję poszukiwania tej prawdy, zostaje w artykule nazwana intelektualistami totalnymi, posiada ona bowiem zdolność oglądu totalności społeczeństwa. W pracy przeanalizowano koncepcję totalności oraz jej heglowskie źródła. Dystans wobec problemów społeczeństwa klasowego, który jest skutkiem nowoczesnego wykształcenia intelektualisty, pozwala mu na eksplorację pełnego obrazu różnych ścierających się światopoglądów. Wykształcenie sprawia jednak, że staje się on obcym elementem dla społeczeństwa. Ta cecha intelektualisty została omówiona przez pryzmat eseju Georga Simmla pt. Obcy. W końcowej części artykułu poruszony został problem społecznej roli intelektualistów totalnych, którzy pomimo swojego odosobnienia powinni zaangażować się w politykę i przyjąć na siebie rolę społecznego doradcy.
Межгрупповые различия в установках к людям с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС)
Authors: Зангиева Ирина Казбековна , Лесных Кирилл Анатольевич
Published: November 2020

Исследование посвящено определению социальных установок по отношению к людям с РАС и оценке различий в установках людей в зависимости от их социально-демографических характеристик и степени вовлеченности в тематику РАС. Работа основана на данных специально организованного количественного онлайн-опроса выборки из 1297 респондентов, состоящих в сообществах смежной с РАС тематики (психология, доказательная медицина, родительство и воспитание детей). На основе кластерного анализа массива данных были выделены пять социальных установок по отношению к людям с РАС, получившие следующие названия: «интерес и сочувствие», «помощь без сочувствия», «нейтралитет», «сочувствующее отторжение», «агрессия и отторжение». Последующий регрессионный анализ показал, что положительные установки чаще встречаются среди женщин, а также статистически связаны с наличием детей, относительно высокой самооценкой материального положения, декларацией личной заинтересованности в тематике РАС и наличием родственников с РАС. Агрессивная установка у респондентов связана с отсутствием людей с РАС в ближайшем окружении, отсутствием опыта общения с ними при наличии только опыта наблюдения носителей РАС.
Благодарность. Исследование финансировалось в рамках государственной поддержки ведущих университетов Российской Федерации "5-100".
Гендер как дискриминирующий признак профессиональной успешности российских фрилансеров-разработчиков
Authors: Вилкова Ольга Владимировна
Published: November 2020

Несмотря на существование исследований гендерной дискриминации как на онлайн-биржах труда, так и в IT, комплексный анализ дискриминации женщин в IT на российских биржах фриланса отсутствует. Работа является попыткой восполнить пробел с использованием социологического подхода И.С. Кона к изучению предубеждений, когда анализируется не носитель предубеждений, а среда, в которой предубеждения могут существовать, — онлайн-биржа заказов. На основе данных одной из онлайн-бирж фриланса, извлеченных методом веб-скрейпинга, исследование доказывает существование дискриминации по гендерному признаку среди IT-специалистов на российских онлайн-биржах заказов. Вопреки динамичному развитию IT и практик удаленной работы, женщины-разработчики по сравнению с мужчинами за аналогичные проекты получают меньшее вознаграждение, худшие оценки и более низкий рейтинг. Низкие рейтинг и вознаграждение, меньшее количество проектов и отзывов пессимизируют положение женщины в органической выдаче портала. Дискриминирующее поведение заказчиков ухудшает позиции женщин на платформе и понижает шансы найти следующий проект — ориентируясь на топ выдачи, заказчик реже видит женщину в качестве исполнителя. Для решения проблемы женщины покупают баллы для продвижения профиля, в ФИО профиля указывает имя мужа, формируя фиктивный гендер, при выполнении заказа часто тратят время на неоговоренное в требованиях обучение клиента, перевыполняют план в ущерб себе, занижают цены.
Структурные особенности коммуникации российских социологов: кейс онлайн-сообщества
Authors: Бархатова Лариса Александровна
Published: November 2020

Статья посвящена анализу структурных особенностей коммуникации в социологических онлайн-сообществах. На материалах этнографического кейс-стади крупнейшего русскоязычного социологического онлайн-сообщества рассматриваются коммуникативная активность, социальный состав участников и правила взаимодействия. Дизайн исследования построен на смешивании методов, которое включало параллельное применение количественных и качественных методов: контент-анализа, сетевого анализа и онлайн-наблюдения. Было обнаружено, что в изучаемом сообществе неизбежно проявляется специфика онлайн-площадок. Фактически сообщество состоит из небольшого по размерам ядра более-менее активных пользователей и огромного количества периферийных участников (наблюдателей), не имеющих связей. В отличие от российского социологического сообщества в целом, на анализируемой площадке не обнаруживается фрагментации по региональному и профессиональному признаку. Отсутствие жесткого контроля над обсуждениями в онлайн-сообществе позволяет участникам свободно высказывать свою точку зрения.
Социальное значение денег для пенсионеров в российской деревне
Authors: Маркин Максим Евгеньевич , Чефанова Елизавета Игоревна
Published: November 2020

Статья посвящена способам социальной дифференциации денег пенсионерами в российской деревне. В условиях относительно низкого уровня жизни в сельской местности ее жители уделяют повышенное внимание источникам доходов. Еще бо́льшую актуальность этот вопрос имеет для пенсионеров, чье финансовое положение значительно хуже, чем у трудоспособного населения. В качестве теоретического подхода авторами выбрана теория социальной множественности денег Вивианы Зелизер, отвергающая ценностную нейтральность денежных средств в пользу их социальной дифференцированности в зависимости от источников получения и целей использования, а также от механизмов принятия финансовых решений. На основе интервью с пенсионерами в одной из деревень Вологодской области получены результаты, демонстрирующие различные способы социальной дифференциации денег.
В зависимости от источника дохода пенсионеры на смысловом уровне разделяют свои доходы на пять основных типов: доходы, носящие экзистенциальный характер; высокоценные заработки; доходы от народных промыслов; деньги, являющиеся носителями сакрального смысла; случайные доходы. Если принятие финансовых решений по базовым расходам пенсионеров происходит практически автоматически, без глубокой рефлексии по данному вопросу, то денежные средства, полученные из прочих источников дохода, использующиеся для удовлетворения потребностей более высокого уровня, представляют собой предмет для глубокого осмысления. Целевое предназначение денег проявляется в использовании гарантированных источников дохода для обеспечения базового уровня жизни, в то время как нерегулярные денежные поступления уходят на финансирование необязательных расходов.
Трудовая мобильность населения моногородов Свердловской области
Authors: Аникиева Анна Владимировна
Published: November 2020

Постоянное снижение численности и отток трудоспособного населения — тенденции, которые часто ассоциируются с российскими моногородами. Вместе с тем социально-экономическая ситуация в таких поселениях совсем не одинакова. В статье выделяются типы моногородов в зависимости от направлений трудовой мобильности населения (отток местного населения, приток трудовых ресурсов из других населенных пунктов). Для исследования выбрана Свердловская область — регион, где высокая доля населения проживает в моногородах.
На основе анализа данных Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 г. и Сплошного статистического наблюдения малого и среднего бизнеса 2011 г. предлагается разделить все моногорода Свердловской области на четыре группы в зависимости от особенностей трудовой мобильности их населения. Первую группу составляют моногорода, для которых характерен отток трудовых ресурсов. Вторую группу — города, притягивающие трудовые ресурсы. В третью группу входят моногорода, в которых наблюдается трудовая мобильность в двух направлениях: часть собственного населения работает за пределами города, при этом жители других территорий приезжают в город для работы. Также выявлены моногорода, в которых трудовая мобильность населения не столь интенсивна. Автор приходит к выводу, что сложившееся представление об оттоке трудоспособного населения из моногородов не отражает ситуацию на их рынках труда. Проблема не только в нехватке трудовых ресурсов, но и в их несоответствии требованиям конкретного рынка труда, не принимаются во внимание барьеры для трудовой мобильности населения. Автор рассматривает мобильность в контексте как экономического производства, так и социальной инфраструктуры городов.
Благодарность. Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта «Траектории мобильности трудоспособного населения малых и средних моногородов различного профиля». Проект реализуется при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (РФФИ), проект № 18-011-00457, 2018—2020 гг.
Космос глазами социологов: астросоциология как новая социологическая дисциплина
Authors: Ходыкин Александр Владимирович
Published: November 2020

Проблемы освоения космоса исследуются не только техническими и естественными, но и социогуманитарными науками. Комплекс социогуманитарных исследований деятельности по освоению космоса формирует дисциплинарное поле астросоциологии. Автор выделил и проанализировал две концепции астросоциологии: социологическую и междисциплинарную.
Социологическая концепция предполагает интеграцию астросоциологии в корпус социологических дисциплин и описание астросоциальных феноменов на языке социологической теории. Поскольку физические особенности космического пространства задают специфику деятельности по его освоению, в качестве теоретической базы для социологической концептуализации астросоциологии выбрана социология пространства. Автор определяет астросоциологию как относящуюся к социологии пространства отраслевую социологическую дисциплину, которая изучает возникающие в ходе освоения и присвоения космического пространства социальные связи, действия и коллективные представления людей.
Однако в настоящее время наиболее распространена междисциплинарная концепция астросоциологии, подразумевающая, что социогуманитарные проблемы освоения космоса исследуются в комплексе дисциплин: культурологии, философии, социальной антропологии, экономики, права и т.д. 
В статье систематизирована дисциплинарная структура астросоциологии. На основании проведенной теоретической работы автор сформулировал проблему, объект, предмет, цель и задачи астросоциологии. Структуру астросоциологии, очерчивающую ее предметное поле, составляет комплекс направлений исследований: организационное или подготовительное, наземно-исследовательское, полетное, колонизационное, конструктивистское и трансформационное. Существующие исследования, а также перспективные темы для будущих исследований систематизированы автором в контексте данных направлений.
Благодарность. Автор выражает благодарность своему научному руководителю, доктору социологических наук профессору В.Б. Звоновскому (СГЭУ, Самара) за всестороннюю поддержку, оказанную в ходе написания данной работы, мудрые советы и конструктивную критику.
Glucose-Sparing Action of Ketones Boosts Functions Exclusive to Glucose in the Brain
Authors: Zilberter Yuri , Zilberter Tanya
Published: November 2020

The ketogenic diet (KD) has been successfully used for a century for treating refractory epilepsy and is currently seen as one of the few viable approaches to the treatment of a plethora of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Empirical evidence notwithstanding, there is still no universal understanding of KD mechanism(s). An important fact is that the brain is capable of using ketone bodies for fuel. Another critical point is that glucose’s functions span beyond its role as an energy substrate, and in most of these functions, glucose is irreplaceable. By acting as a supplementary fuel, ketone bodies may free up glucose for its other crucial and exclusive function. We propose that this glucose-sparing effect of ketone bodies may underlie the effectiveness of KD in epilepsy and major neurodegenerative diseases, which are all characterized by brain glucose hypometabolism.
Sharia Compliance dan Islamic Corporate Governance Terhadap Dana Pihak Ketiga Pada Bank Umum Syariah
Authors: Dzahabiyah Annisa , Umiyati Umiyati
Published: November 2020

This study aims to analyze the effect of Sharia Compliance and Islamic Corporate Governance on Third Party Funds in Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia. The population in this study are Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia. Samples were selected using the purposive sampling method. The independent variables in this study are Islamic Income Ratio (IsIR), Proft Sharing Ratio (PSR), Zakat Performing Ratio (ZPR), and Islamic Corporate Governance (ICG). While the dependent variable is Third Party Funds (DPK).The analytical method used is panel data regression with e-views analysis tool 10. The results of this study indicate that the variable Profit Sharing Ratio (PSR) and Islamic Corporate Governance (ICG) significantly influence the Third Party Funds at Islamic Commercial Banks. While the Islamic Income Ratio (IsIR) and Zakat Performing Ratio (ZPR) variables do not significantly influence the Third Party Funds at Islamic Commercial Banks.
Determinan Struktur Modal Dalam Perspektif Pecking Order Theory Dan Agency Theory
Authors: Umdiana Nana , Tivana Shifa
Published: November 2020

The capital structure seen from the perspective of pecking order theory explains that companies are more likely to prefer internal funding than external companies. Pecking Order Theory explains why highly profitable companies generally have less debt. This study aims to discuss Liquidity, Asset Structure, Business Risk, Growth Opportunity, Managerial Ownership of Capital Structures on Manufacturing Companies of the basic Consumer Good Industry Sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2016- 2019.This type of research is an associative causal research with the type of time series. The sample was selected using the purposive sampling method. Data analyzed amounted to 40. Data was tested using multiple linear regression analysis.The result of this study indicate that Liquidity is significant affect the Capital Structure. Asset Structure, Business Risk, Growth Opportunity, Managerial Ownership did not affect the Capital Structures.
Pengaruh Kompleksitas Tugas Terhadap Kualitas Audit Dengan Disfungsional Auditor Sebagai Variabel Moderasi
Authors: Suprapto Fitria Magdalena , Nugroho Wawan Cahyo
Published: November 2020

The auditor is the most important part of the assessor component of an organization’s financial statements. People who need financial information as a basis for making decisions expect the independence of public accountants in assessing financial statements so that in order to maintain reputation, auditors are always required to be careful in maintaining audit quality. This study aims to examine the effect of task complexity on audit quality with auditor dysfunctionality as a moderating variable. The research sample used auditors who work in KAP located in Surabaya with the sampling technique using purposive sampling method. The source of research is the primary which comes from the collection of survey on respondents to obtain individual opinion. There are 66 questionnaires that meet the criteria to be sampled. Hypothesis testing uses linear regression and moderated regression analysis. The results showed that task complexity had an effect on audit quality. Dysfunctional auditors are not able to moderate the complexity of the task on audit quality
Los historiadores mexicanos del siglo XIX y el surgimiento de la identidad nacional mexicana
Authors: Achmatowicz Jerzy
Published: November 2020

The present article is trying to find and link the work of the 19th‑century Mexican historiography with the emergence of the national identity of the society of Mexico. Contextualizing this process, the paper recalls the main events of the political scene of a newly independent and sovereign country, also involved in a whole series of international conflicts. The purpose is to find, in the works of Teresa de Mier, Bustamante, Ramírez, Icazbalceta, Paso and Troncoso, Alemán, Orozco and Berra, those contributions that had a relevant impact on the vision of the historical past related to both the independence process and the pre‑Hispanic period, that is, Mesoamerican and colonial history. These contributions are perceived mainly in the rescue of the masterpiece of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún and the confrontation with the foundational narration of both the Creole culture and the indigenous culture that was formed after the conquest, i.e. the miraculous appearance of the Virgin from Guadalupe.
Eso le pasó a un amigo en un reino lejano: ¿Por qué y para qué datos incómodos y polémicos en los libros para niños?
Authors: González Espinosa Lillyam Rosalba
Published: November 2020

Realistic children’s literature published in Latin America in the last thirty years allows us to see how the author transfers sensitive and complex information to the young reader. This article aims to present some of the reasons of this issue and the way the author approaches a potential reader. The first two parts provide general information about current children’s literature and the last one introduces some specific examples related to this topic in Colombian books published in the 21st century
La memoria como espacio de libertad: autobiografía y testimonio en las narrativas gráficas Cuba: My Revolution, de Inverna Lockpez y Adiós mi Habana, de Anna Veltfort
Authors: Pérez Cano Tania
Published: November 2020

This essay is a comparative analysis of the graphic novels Cuba: My Revolution (2010) and Adiós mi Habana (2017), by Inverna Lockpez and Anna Veltfort, respectively.It studies the potential of graphic narratives to articulate an autobiographical and testimonial discourse that subverts the hegemonic narratives about nation and identity generated by the Cuban revolution of 1959. Both authors show the possibilities of graphic novels to give voice to perspectives, actors and sensibilities silenced by authoritarianism and intolerance. They constitute historical documents about the experience of the Cuban revolution, trauma and exile. Through the intertwining on the intimate and the historical, these narratives establish memory as the space of creative freedom.