bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rogdi Defines GABAergic Control of a Wake-promoting Dopaminergic Pathway to Sustain Sleep in Drosophila
Authors: Kim Minjong , Jang Donghoon , Yoo Eunseok , Oh Yangkyun , Sonn Jun Young , Lee Jongbin , Ki Yoonhee , Son Hyo Jin , Hwang Onyou , Lee Changwook , Lim Chunghun , Choe Joonho
Published: September 2017

Kohlschutter-Tönz syndrome (KTS) is a rare genetic disorder with neurological dysfunctions including seizure and intellectual impairment. Mutations at the Rogdi locus have been linked to development of KTS, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that a Drosophila homolog of Rogdi acts as a novel sleep-promoting factor by supporting a specific subset of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission. Rogdi mutant flies displayed insomnia-like behaviors accompanied by sleep fragmentation and delay in sleep initiation. The sleep suppression phenotypes were rescued by sustaining GABAergic transmission primarily via metabotropic GABA receptors or by blocking wake-promoting dopaminergic pathways. Transgenic rescue further mapped GABAergic neurons as a cell-autonomous locus important for Rogdi-dependent sleep, implying metabotropic GABA transmission upstream of the dopaminergic inhibition of sleep. Consistently, an agonist specific to metabotropic but not ionotropic GABA receptors titrated the wake-promoting effects of dopaminergic neuron excitation. Taken together, these data provide the first genetic evidence that implicates Rogdi in sleep regulation via GABAergic control of dopaminergic signaling. Given the strong relevance of GABA to epilepsy, we propose that similar mechanisms might underlie the neural pathogenesis of Rogdi-associated KTS.
Gold-catalyzed domino cyclization–alkynylation reactions with EBX reagents: new insights into the reaction mechanism
Authors: Ghari Hossein , Li Yifan , Roohzadeh Roohollah , Caramenti Paola , Waser Jerome , Ariafard Alireza
Published: September 2017

New insights into the mechanism of gold-catalyzed domino reactions with hypervalent iodine reagents revealed by computation and confirmed by experiments.
Palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of arylboronic acid with isocyanide to form aromatic carboxylic acids
Authors: Chen Zhen-Bang , Liu Kui , Zhang Fang-Ling , Yuan Qing , Zhu Yong-Ming
Published: September 2017

A valuable palladium-catalyzed carboxylation process by using isocyanide as the carboxyl source for the synthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids from arylboronic acids has been developed.
Investigation of the solid forms of deferasirox: solvate, co-crystal, and amorphous form
Authors: Du Qiaohong , Xiong Xinnuo , Suo Zili , Tang Peixiao , He Jiawei , Zeng Xia , Hou Quan , Li Hui
Published: September 2017

Five solid forms of deferasirox were prepared, characterized and preliminarily investigated.
Gelation-driven selection in dynamic covalent CC/CN exchange
Authors: Liang Chunshuang , Kulchat Sirinan , Jiang Shimei , Lehn Jean-Marie
Published: September 2017

Gelation-driven amplification of an optimal gel-forming constituent is demonstrated for dynamic covalent libraries based on CC/CN exchange, through selection of the components leading to the most stable gel.
Origin of spray formation during impact on heated surfaces
Authors: van Limbeek Michiel A. J. , Hoefnagels Paul B. J. , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef
Published: September 2017

In many applications, it is crucial to control the heat transfer rate of impacting drops on a heated plate. Here we study how limited heat transfer, such as the plate thickness or low conductivity, affects the impact process.
Green‐oriented user‐satisfaction aware WiFi offloading in HetNets
Authors: Xu Jiao , Wu Shaohua , Xu Luyao , Zhang Ning , Zhang Qinyu
Published: September 2017

To cope with the tremendous growth of data traffic and obtain a given communication service with minimal energy use, traffic offloading and energy efficiency (EE) improving are two important issues to address for green cellular networks. The authors investigate downlink WiFi offloading in a heterogeneous network consisting of one long term evolution eNodeB (eNB) and multiple overlaid WiFi access points to maximise the user satisfaction of the whole system. In addition, a designed resource reallocation scheme after offloading is jointly considered to improve the EE of the eNB. In the offloading model, two constraints are considered to guarantee the rate promotion of the offloaded users and less impact on WiFi networks. Moreover, the authors transform the model into a combinatorial optimisation problem and adopt the best response (BR) algorithm based on game‐theoretic approach to obtain the optimal offloading user set. Numerical results show that the proposed WiFi‐offloading model can significantly improve the aggregate user satisfaction as well as EE of the eNB. Also, the BR algorithm can converge to the optimal solution same as the exhaustive search algorithm through several iterations.
Parameterisation of a special class of saturated controllers and application to mechanical systems
Authors: Li Meng , Ding Shihong , Ye Huawen , Zhang Juan
Published: September 2017

This study provides a new parameterisation for a special class of nested‐saturation controllers, in which some multiplying coefficients appear before saturation functions. In an existing saturation scheme for the chain of integrators, the saturation levels and the multiplying coefficients are separately assigned in two stages, namely determined in the reduction analysis of saturated terms and the stability analysis of a reduced system. In the new parameterisation, it is in the saturation reduction analysis that the mentioned parameters are already determined. Such a convenient parameterisation is also applied to the uncertain multiple integrators and some mechanical systems.
Two‐level game algorithm for multi‐microgrid in electricity market
Authors: Lin Yun , Dong Ping , Sun Xinglu , Liu Mingbo
Published: September 2017

The operation mode of microgrids influences the dispatching management of distribution system in the power market. The study uses game theory to study dispatching strategies between multi‐microgrid in the distribution system. For this purpose, a two‐level game model of multi‐microgrid dispatching in the electricity market is proposed. Firstly, the upper level of the model researches the answer of a basic question for a multi‐microgrid distribution system that what the boundary line between non‐cooperation mode and coalition mode is. Secondly, by the lower level of the model, multi‐microgrid decides the operation mode ultimately when it is uncertain in the upper level of model. The upper level is a non‐cooperative price game between multi‐microgrid and distribution system while the lower level is a cooperative trading loss cost game. In order to optimise multi‐microgrid dispatching, an algorithm is proposed to allow microgrids merge or split self‐adaptively based on NSGA‐II. Simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm can find the Nash equilibrium of the upper level of the model and the optimal operation mode for multi‐microgrid in the two‐level game, which yields a reduction of 52.7% in coalition mode compared to non‐cooperation mode.
Low voltage field emission of single Cu nanowire in air with nanoscale gaps for vacuum electronics
Authors: Liu Meng , Yang Yang , Li Tie , Wang Yuelin
Published: September 2017

Field emission applications to date including displays have featured electrode gaps in the micron scale or even larger. Devices such as vacuum field effect transistors demand smaller gaps for improved performance and continued scaling. The present work investigates nanoscale cathode–anode distances and evaluated field emission characteristics using a single Cu emitter. The gap was systematically varied between 20 and 80 nm with the aid of focused ion beam etching. Field emission was achieved at bias voltages below 5 V under atmospheric conditions with a 20 nm gap between the cathode and anode. The turn‐on voltage was 1.75 V and the maximum current reached 32.5 nA at 5 V. The emission current is dependent on the cathode–anode distance and decreases exponentially with increasing distance. The nanoscale gap allows lower drive voltages than in previous studies while providing large emission currents for a single emitter.
A deep X-ray view of the bare AGN Ark 120
Authors: Porquet D. , Reeves J. N. , Matt G. , Marinucci A. , Nardini E. , Braito V. , Lobban A. , Ballantyne D. R. , Boggs S. E. , Christensen F. E. , Dauser T. , Farrah D. , Garcia J. , Hailey C. J. , Harrison F. , Stern D. , Tortosa A. , Ursini F. , Zhang W. W.
Published: September 2017

Context. The physical characteristics of the material closest to supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are primarily studied through X-ray observations. However, the origins of the main X-ray components such as the soft X-ray excess, the Fe Kα line complex, and the hard X-ray excess are still hotly debated. This is particularly problematic for active galactic nuclei (AGN) showing a significant intrinsic absorption, either warm or neutral, which can severely distort the observed continuum. Therefore, AGN with no (or very weak) intrinsic absorption along the line of sight, so-called “bare AGN”, are the best targets to directly probe matter very close to the SMBH.

Aims. We perform an X-ray spectral analysis of the brightest and cleanest bare AGN known so far, Ark 120, in order to determine the process(es) at work in the vicinity of the SMBH.

Methods. We present spectral analyses of data from an extensive campaign observing Ark 120 in X-rays with XMM-Newton (4 × 120 ks, 2014 March 18–24), and NuSTAR (65.5 ks, 2014 March 22).

Results. During this very deep X-ray campaign, the source was caught in a high-flux state similar to the earlier 2003 XMM-Newton observation, and about twice as bright as the lower-flux observation in 2013. The spectral analysis confirms the “softer when brighter” behavior of Ark 120. The four XMM-Newton/pn spectra are characterized by the presence of a prominent soft X-ray excess and a significant Fe Kα complex. The continuum is very similar above about 3 keV, while significant variability is present for the soft X-ray excess. We find that relativistic reflection from a constant-density, flat accretion disk cannot simultaneously produce the soft excess, broad Fe Kα complex, and hard X-ray excess. Instead, Comptonization reproduces the broadband (0.3–79 keV) continuum well, together with a contribution from a mildly relativistic disk reflection spectrum.

Conclusions. During this 2014 observational campaign, the soft X-ray spectrum of Ark 120 below ~0.5 keV was found to be dominated by Comptonization of seed photons from the disk by a warm (kTe ~ 0.5 keV), optically-thick corona (τ ~ 9). Above this energy, the X-ray spectrum becomes dominated by Comptonization from electrons in a hot optically thin corona, while the broad Fe Kα line and the mild Compton hump result from reflection off the disk at several tens of gravitational radii.
Nikolaus Rüdinger (1832–1896), His Description of Joint Innervation in 1857, and the History of Surgical Joint Denervation
Authors: Gohritz Andreas , Kaiser Erich , Guggenheim Merlin , Dellon Arnold
Published: September 2017

Background Selective joint denervation has become a reliable palliative treatment, especially for painful joints in the upper and lower extremity.

Methods This article highlights the life and work of Nikolaus Rüdinger (1832–1896) who first described joint innervation which became the basis of later techniques of surgical joint denervation. The historical evolution of this method is outlined.

Results Rüdinger made a unique career from apprentice barber to military surgeon and anatomy professor in Munich, Germany. His first description of articular innervation of temporomandibular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, finger, sacroiliac, hip, knee, ankle, foot, and toe joints in 1857 stimulated the subsequent history of surgical joint denervation. Comparing his investigations with modern joint denervation methods, developed by pioneers like Albrecht Wilhelm or A. Lee Dellon, shows his great exactitude and anatomical correspondence despite different current terminology. Clinical series of modern surgical joint denervations reveal success rates of up to 80% with reliable long-term results.

Conclusion The history of joint denervation with Rüdinger as its important protagonist offers inspiring insights into the evolution of surgical techniques and exemplifies the value of descriptive functional anatomy, even if surgical application may not have been realized until a century later.
Hilft das auch langfristig?
Authors: Bräunig Jochen , Ellger Björn , Gottschalk Antje
Published: September 2017

Auswirkungen auf das Langzeit-Outcome (Teil 2) Atemphysiotherapie kann sich positiv auf kritisch kranke und invasiv beatmete Patienten
auswirken. Diverse Studien, die sich mit diesem Thema befassen, haben wir Ihnen im ersten Teil des Beitrags vorgestellt. Im zweiten Teil
stellen wir Ihnen nun die Defizite der Studien vor und gehen der Frage nach, ob Atemphysiotherapie auch mit Blick auf das Langzeit-Outcome
von Intensivpatienten eine Rolle spielt.
Therapie der idiopathischen Fazialisparese (Bell’s palsy)
Authors: Heckmann Josef , Lang Christoph , Urban Peter , Glocker Franz , Weder Bruno , Reiter Gudrun , Bischoff Christian , Meier Uwe , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando
Published: September 2017

Die periphere Fazialisparese ist die häufigste Hirnnervenläsion und wird klinisch diagnostiziert. Neurophysiologische Zusatzuntersuchungen können ergänzend zur Differenzierung und Prognoseabschätzung herangezogen werden. Der Anteil idiopathischer Fazialisparesen beträgt 60 – 75 %. Die übrigen 25 – 40 % lassen sich mit einer definierten Ätiologie in Zusammenhang bringen. Am häufigsten sind dabei die Neuroborreliose und der Zoster oticus (Ramsay-Hunt-Syndrom), seltener andere Infektionen. Weitere mögliche Auslöser sind die Sarkoidose (Heerfordt-Syndrom), das Sjögren-Syndrom, eine Meningeosis carcinomatosa, das Melkersson-Rosenthal-Syndrom, das Guillain-Barré-Syndrom, raumfordernde Prozesse im Kleinhirnbrückenwinkel, Frakturen des Felsenbeins, Parotistumoren und otogene Prozesse.

Patienten mit idiopathischer Fazialisparese sollen mit Glukokortikoiden behandelt werden. Steroide begünstigen die vollständige Rückbildung und verringern das Risiko von Synkinesien, autonomen Störungen sowie Kontrakturen (Number needed to treat [NNT] 10; 95 % KI 6 – 20). Eine zusätzliche virustatische Therapie kann bei nur dezentem zusätzlichen Nutzen (< 7 %) nicht generell empfohlen werden. Patienten mit Fazialisparesen durch eine definierte Ätiologie werden ursachenbezogen behandelt. In der klinischen Praxis bewährt hat sich die symptomatische Therapie (Dexpanthenol-Augensalbe, Uhrglasverband) zum Schutz der Hornhaut. Eine zusätzliche Übungsbehandlung ist aus psychologischen Gründen angeraten. Nach Defektheilung können Methoden der Lidbeschwerung oder eine Tarsorrhaphie zur Erzielung eines hinreichenden Lidschlusses durchgeführt werden. In Einzelfällen sind operative mikrochirurgische Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zur Reanimation des N. fazialis in Betracht zu ziehen. Bei Schwangeren gelten grundsätzlich die gleichen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Prinzipien.
A surface-hopping method for semiclassical calculations of cross sections for radiative association with electronic transitions
Authors: Szabó Péter , Gustafsson Magnus
Published: September 2017

A semiclassical method based on surface-hopping techniques is developed to model the dynamics of radiative association with electronic transitions. It can be proven that this method is an extension of the established semiclassical formula used in the characterization of diatomic molecule-formation. Our method is tested for diatomic molecules. It gives the same cross sections as the former semiclassical formula but, contrary to the former method, it allows us to follow the fate of the trajectories after the emission of a photon. This means that we can characterize the rovibrational states of the stabilized molecules. Using semiclassical quantization, we can obtain quantum state-resolved cross sections or emission spectra for the radiative association process. The calculated semiclassical state-resolved spectra show general agreement with the result of quantum mechanical perturbation theory. Furthermore, our surface-hopping model is not only applicable for the description of radiative association but it can be used for semiclassical characterization of any molecular process where spontaneous emission occurs.
UCSD researchers use cold COAT to study photochemistry of ozonide anions
Authors: Dowd Deborah
Published: September 2017

Scientists gain insights into critical O 3 ¯ photochemistry by refining technique that eliminates O3¯ internal excitation.
Analysis of seed production and its association with forage production and agronomic traits in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) under different moisture conditions
Authors: Saeidnia F. , Majidi M. M. , Mirlohi A.
Published: September 2017

Genetic analysis of seed production and the effect of water stress on seed and forage production have not been addressed simultaneously in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Thirty-six genotypes of orchardgrass were clonally propagated and evaluated in the field under two moisture environments (normal and water stress) during 3 years (2013–15). A high degree of variation was observed among genotypes for all of the measured traits. Water stress had a negative effect on seed weight per plant and dry matter biomass per plant, and it reduced genotypic variation for most of the traits. A significant and positive correlation was found between seed weight per plant and dry matter biomass per plant, which suggested that simultaneous selection for both traits is possible in normal as well as water-stress environments. The results also indicated that traits explaining seed and forage production variability were not exactly the same in water-stress and non-stress environments. Therefore, indirect selection based on seed weight and dry matter biomass components under normal and water-stress conditions may result in genotypes with different performances. In both normal and water-stress environments, some genotypes were identified as superior with respect to high seed weight and dry matter biomass per plant. These genotypes can be used for further studies to improve seed weight and dry matter biomass per plant, simultaneously.
Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using spectrochemical analysis of blood
Authors: Paraskevaidi Maria , Morais Camilo L. M. , Lima Kássio M. G. , Snowden Julie S. , Saxon Jennifer A. , Richardson Anna M. T. , Jones Matthew , Mann David M. A. , Allsop David , Martin-Hirsch Pierre L. , Martin Francis L.
Published: September 2017

Significance

Vibrational spectroscopy is an ideal technique for analysis of biofluids, as it provides a “spectral fingerprint” of all of the molecules present within a biological sample, thus generating a holistic picture of the sample’s status. Neurodegenerative diseases lack early and accurate diagnosis, and tests currently used for their detection are either invasive or expensive and time-consuming. This study used blood plasma to diagnose and differentiate various neurodegenerative diseases; the achieved sensitivities and specificities are equal to, or even higher than, the ones obtained by clinical/molecular methods. Herein, we show that spectroscopy could provide a simple and robust diagnostic test. Additional work should include asymptomatic individuals for an early screening test and exploration of neurodegenerative diseases at all stages of severity.
Ultrafast fluorescent decay induced by metal-mediated dipole–dipole interaction in two-dimensional molecular aggregates
Authors: Hu Qing , Jin Dafei , Xiao Jun , Nam Sang Hoon , Liu Xiaoze , Liu Yongmin , Zhang Xiang , Fang Nicholas X.
Published: September 2017

Significance

Quantitative understanding of the ultrafast energy transfer between fluorescent nanoemitters and the environment is essential in nanophotonics and optoelectronics and beneficial to many industrial applications. For nanoemitters like single or colloidal dye molecules or quantum dots, their fluorescence decay near a metallic substrate can be described by a noninteracting single-dipole picture. In this work, we find a dominant fluorescent decay channel in a 2D molecular aggregate as a result of the strong and coherent dipole–dipole interaction mediated by a metallic substrate. This unique mechanism leads to an ultrafast fluorescent decay and 10-times greater energy dissipation rate than expected. Our finding opens up a unique way to manipulate energy transfer and to develop light-energy devices on the molecular level.
Discrete modes of social information processing predict individual behavior of fish in a group
Authors: Harpaz Roy , Tkačik Gašper , Schneidman Elad
Published: September 2017

Significance

The way that individuals interact and coordinate their motion in a group is fundamental to the nature of individual and group behavior. Here, we inferred interaction rules that govern individual swimming behavior of adult zebrafish in a group. We show that fish alternate between apparent “active” and “passive” behavioral modes, which we describe using mode-dependent spatiotemporal models of social and sensory computation. This modeling framework closely matches the behavior of individual fish in a group, surpassing previously suggested models that use a universal, ongoing computation. We conclude that group behavior depends on both the computation used by the fish and their current behavioral mode and that the way that fish alternate between modes can shape collective behavior of the group.
Discovery of peptide ligands through docking and virtual screening at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor homology models
Authors: Leffler Abba E. , Kuryatov Alexander , Zebroski Henry A. , Powell Susan R. , Filipenko Petr , Hussein Adel K. , Gorson Juliette , Heizmann Anna , Lyskov Sergey , Tsien Richard W. , Poget Sébastien F. , Nicke Annette , Lindstrom Jon , Rudy Bernardo , Bonneau Richard , Holford Mandë
Published: September 2017

Significance

Predicting how conotoxins bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is hard. Not only are these venom-derived peptides large, but the structures of many nAChRs are unknown. In response, we developed an ensemble-docking algorithm named ToxDock. We used ToxDock to reliably dock the conotoxin α-GID to a homology model of the α4β2 nAChR, a main nAChR in the brain and target for nicotine addiction therapeutics. A virtual screen with ToxDock identified four α-GID analogs and, based on experimental evidence, correctly predicted their activity at the α4β2 nAChR in all cases. More screening showed that two of these analogs have substantially reduced antagonism at the human α7 nAChR, a key step in optimizing α-GID into a tool for studying brain nAChRs.
Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in central Europe
Authors: Knipper Corina , Mittnik Alissa , Massy Ken , Kociumaka Catharina , Kucukkalipci Isil , Maus Michael , Wittenborn Fabian , Metz Stephanie E. , Staskiewicz Anja , Krause Johannes , Stockhammer Philipp W.
Published: September 2017

Significance

Paleogenetic and isotope data from human remains shed new light on residential rules revealing patrilocality and high female mobility in European prehistory. We show the crucial role of this institution and its impact on the transformation of population compositions over several hundred years. Evidence for an epoch-transgressing maternal relationship between two individuals demonstrates long-debated population continuity from the central European Neolithic to the Bronze Age. We demonstrate that a simple notion of “migration” cannot explain the complex human mobility of third millennium BCE societies in Eurasia. On the contrary, it appears that part of what archaeologists understand as migration is the result of large-scale institutionalized and possibly sex- and age-related individual mobility.
Dendritic space-filling requires a neuronal type-specific extracellular permissive signal in
Drosophila
Authors: Poe Amy R. , Tang Lingfeng , Wang Bei , Li Yun , Sapar Maria L. , Han Chun
Published: September 2017

Significance

Neurons develop diverse dendrite morphologies to achieve specialized functions. Certain neurons completely fill their receptive fields with evenly spaced dendrites, while others only partially occupy available space with sparse dendrites. How a similar extracellular environment regulates dendrite patterning of different neurons has been elusive. Here we show that
Drosophila
space-filling neurons require epidermis-derived heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to cover the body wall, while other sensory neurons sharing the same receptive fields are insensitive to extracellular HSPGs. HSPGs promote dendritic growth and maintenance of space-filling neurons by stabilizing microtubules in dynamic high-order branches. HSPGs do not function through the only known HSPG receptor leukocyte antigen-related (Lar) nor by transporting extracellular diffusible ligands. Our results reveal important mechanisms by which HSPGs regulate neuronal morphogenesis.
EIN2 mediates direct regulation of histone acetylation in the ethylene response
Authors: Zhang Fan , Wang Likai , Qi Bin , Zhao Bo , Ko Eun Esther , Riggan Nathaniel D. , Chin Kevin , Qiao Hong
Published: September 2017

Significance

Upon receipt of different cues, transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences to recruit the general transcriptional machinery for gene expression. Chromatin modification plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by providing transcription factors and the transcription machinery with dynamic access to an otherwise tightly packaged genome. We use
Arabidopsis
to study how chromatin perceives ethylene signaling, an important plant hormone in plant growth, development, and stress responses. We demonstrate that the essential factor EIN2, which mediates ethylene signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, directly regulates histone acetylation through an interaction with a histone-binding protein. This study reveals the novel mechanism of how chromatin perceives the hormone signals to integrate into gene regulation.
Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole-genome sequencing data
Authors: Lippert Christoph , Sabatini Riccardo , Maher M. Cyrus , Kang Eun Yong , Lee Seunghak , Arikan Okan , Harley Alena , Bernal Axel , Garst Peter , Lavrenko Victor , Yocum Ken , Wong Theodore , Zhu Mingfu , Yang Wen-Yun , Chang Chris , Lu Tim , Lee Charlie W. H. , Hicks Barry , Ramakrishnan Smriti , Tang Haibao , Xie Chao , Piper Jason , Brewerton Suzanne , Turpaz Yaron , Telenti Amalio , Roby Rhonda K. , Och Franz J. , Venter J. Craig
Published: September 2017

Significance

By associating deidentified genomic data with phenotypic measurements of the contributor, this work challenges current conceptions of genomic privacy. It has significant ethical and legal implications on personal privacy, the adequacy of informed consent, the viability and value of deidentification of data, the potential for police profiling, and more. We invite commentary and deliberation on the implications of these findings for research in genomics, investigatory practices, and the broader legal and ethical implications for society. Although some scholars and commentators have addressed the implications of DNA phenotyping, this work suggests that a deeper analysis is warranted.
Affective collaboration in the Westfjords of Iceland
Authors: Halldórsson Valdimar J.
Published: September 2017

This article advances the need for participatory, affect-based approaches to research through reflection on two projects: the first, concerning the work of a District Committee, the inhabitants of the district and the Municipal Government in the Westfjords of Iceland; the second, a qualitative research project conducted for Red Cross branches in the same area. Anthropologists and ethnographers have always practised collaboration of some sort. This collaboration was until recently mainly driven by the anthropologist who sought to represent ‘native points of view’ in ‘objective’ ‘scientific’ forms. This unequal hierarchical relationship was severely criticised in the 1970s and 1980s and led to various experiments such as ‘Collaborative Anthropology’, which shifts the control process out of the hands of the ethnographer into the collective, equal hands of the ethnographer and the community with which they are working. However, collaboration and other social arrangements are based in the intersubjective realm, in which people, things and events affect one another in multi-farious ways. This article holds that ‘affect’ must be granted central consideration when conducting collaborative and other social research.
Reconciling Approaches in the Study of Mixed-Member Electoral Systems
Authors: Herron Erik S. , Nemoto Kuniaki , Nishikawa Misa
Published: September 2017

The diffusion of mixed-member electoral systems over the last three decades has prompted extensive scholarly attention to their consequences. One approach, labeled controlled comparison, emphasizes how the juxtaposition of two different election rules allows scholars to assess the implications of Duverger’s propositions. Another approach, labeled contamination effects, emphasizes how the simultaneous use of two different election rules creates interaction that potentially undermines the implications of Duverger’s propositions. The literature building upon these two approaches is inconclusive; some research finds evidence of contamination effects and other research does not. This chapter strives to reconcile the two approaches and proposes a research agenda that could uncover why scholarship on mixed-member systems has not reached consensus on their consequences.
Genetic Influences on Eating Disorders
Authors: Wade Tracey D. , Bulik Cynthia
Published: September 2017

The current chapter reviews our progress in understanding how genes influence eating disorders by addressing the following areas: (1) how recognition of genetic influences on eating disorders emerged; (2) the complexities of gene environment interplay; (3) what twin studies can tell us about gene environment interplay, and (4) the current state of molecular genetic studies. It is concluded that both genes and nonshared environment play a critical role in the explanatory framework for the etiology of eating disorders. Shared environment is likely to contribute to the development of cognition and attitudes that may initiate disordered eating practices. Researchers are on the cusp of identifying specific genes that are implicated, and explication of the manner in which genes and the environment work together to increase risk for eating disorders hinges on the collection of larger samples.
Urban Climate and Risk
Authors: Georgiadis Teodoro
Published: September 2017

This work reports on the main physical processes that arise in the environment of the megacity from the “urban metabolism”—the complex interactions of the climate with the activities performed in the city and its built structure and texture—as well as on associated large-scale processes that generate hazards for the megacity’s inhabitants. It is estimated that in a few decades most of the world’s population will live in urban centers. Both the growth of megacities and climate change will increase the vulnerability of huge sectors of the population to climatic consequences of the urban metabolism. These include urban heat islands, pollution, and extreme weather events such as heat waves and floods. Developing policies to mitigate these threats will require integrating scientific knowledge with management skills, communication among cities about effective approaches, and taking into account residents’ needs for health and the capacity to live safely.
The Caribbean in an International and Regional Context
Authors: Mawby Spencer
Published: September 2017

In terms of demography, ecology, culture, and politics, the modern Caribbean is rooted in a hybrid/creole past. This is significant because many theorists have identified the local as the antithesis of the global and parochial sentiment as a key motive for resistance to globalization. The destruction of the indigenous Caribbean society and the repopulation of the islands in the aftermath of the European conquests made the notion of a Black Atlantic diaspora a feature of Caribbean life in the colonial period; Caribbean anticolonialism had a similarly globalist orientation. Caribbean territories witnessed some of the most imaginative (but least successful) schemes for regional federation and inter-island co-operation devised in the 1950s and 1960s. The region was also the site of multiple imperial interests and foreign interventions, which, as this chapter demonstrates, contributed to the ways in which decolonization unfolded.
Imperial Business Interests, Decolonization, and Post-Colonial Diversification
Authors: White Nicholas J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter scrutinizes the ways in which corporations with substantial colonial interests both anticipated and reacted to decolonization. In particular, it focuses on patterns of co-operation with post-colonial governments and the strategies of commercial diversification adopted in order to conserve regional stakes in emerging economies. Temporarily exhilarated by the Second Colonial Occupation as European imperial regimes refortified the siege economies of the 1930s and the Second World War, big business was soon to be alienated by the big government of the new imperialism in combination with the struggle over resources which exposed the impossibility of reconciling European privilege with non-European entitlement.
Introduction
Authors: Flyvbjerg Bent
Published: September 2017

Megaprojects are large and are constantly growing ever larger, and more and more are being built in what has been called the biggest investment boom in history. This chapter serves as an introduction to megaprojects in which they are defined and in which the size of global megaprojects business is estimated. Drivers of the megaproject boom are identified, including monumentalism and the technological sublime; ten things you must know about megaprojects are detailed, from their tendency to suffer from uniqueness bias to their overexposure to black-swan events; and the “iron law of megaprojects” is identified as a main challenge to megaproject management: “Over budget, over time, under benefits, over and over again.” Finally, the main structure of the Handbook is set out as covering the what, the why, and the how of megaproject management, in terms of the challenges, causes, and cures that students of megaprojects must decipher to better understand and better manage them.
Large Dam Development
Authors: Ahlers Rhodante , Zwarteveen Margreet , Bakker Karen
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that there are important distinctions between large dam development in the twentieth century and the twenty-first century by conceptually framing dams not as mere objects in space but also as agents in dynamic and contested spatial strategies. This is illustrated by two examples: the Aswan High Dam on the Nile, and the Nam Theun 2 on the Mekong. Twentieth-century dams may be likened to Trojan Horses in that they were important embodiments of political and ideological spatial strategies, while large dams of the twenty-first century are more like Pandora’s Boxes due to a proliferation of private and quasi-private actors involved in their development. This complicates the assessment of the responsibilities for the costs, benefits, and risks of dam building, and makes transparent and democratic organization of dam governance even more difficult. The concept of “dam democracy” is proposed as an organizing principle for addressing these issues.
Cycles in Megaproject Development
Authors: Siemiatycki Matti
Published: September 2017

Cycles of megaproject development are a common feature across a wide variety of infrastructure types, locations, and time periods. Over the past two centuries, new innovations in megaprojects have emerged in jurisdictions around the world, surged in popularity as they are adopted widely, and subsequently seen declining implementation as they deliver on their promised benefits, fail to meet expectations in a large number of places, or are usurped by the next wave of development. This chapter describes and explains the reasons for the emerge–surge–decline cycle of megaproject development, and reflects on the implications for policymakers and project planners.
Did Megaproject Research Pioneer Behavioral Economics?
Authors: Flyvbjerg Bent
Published: September 2017

With Albert O. Hirschman, project management scholarship has what it lacks the most: an eminent intellectual and social scientist who has thought long and hard about project management, and especially the management of large transformative projects. Cass Sunstein, co-author of Nudge and a key contributor to behavioral economics, distinguishes Hirschman as an early behavioral economist and says that his main contribution to project management, the book Development Projects Observed, “can plausibly be counted as a work in behavioral economics.” This chapter tests Sunstein’s claim by assessing Hirschman’s work in major project management, and asks what we can learn from Hirschman, as scholars, policy makers, and project leaders. The focus is on Hirschman’s principle of the Hiding Hand, first described in Development Projects Observed, because this is rightly considered his largest idea on project management and is one of his main contributions to economics and social science.
Paradox in Everyday Practice
Authors: Lê Jane , Bednarek Rebecca
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the shared ontological basis of the paradox and practices perspectives to advance the emerging “practice turn” in paradox. The authors outline the practice-theoretical approach to studying paradox by articulating four main principles that define its research agenda. These principles are social construction, everyday activity, consequentiality, and relationality. They describe each theoretical principle, explain its implications for the way paradox is understood and studied, and illustrate it with an example of existing work. Finally, they use these principles to reflect on the potential of a practice-based view of paradox, highlighting avenues for future research. Herein the authors review, integrate, and develop a foundation for practice-based studies of paradox.
Methods of Paradox
Authors: Andriopoulos Constantine , Gotsi Manto
Published: September 2017

Despite growing scholarly interest in paradoxes, there is still a lack of literature expressly engaging with the methodological mechanics of “doing” paradox research. First, there are no clearly established guidelines around what should count as paradox in research endeavours. Second, there is uncertainty around who sees/thinks/experiences the paradox and what is relevant when it comes to the emergence, choice, interpretation, and appropriation of paradoxes in empirical settings. Third, there is still confusion around where one can find evidence of paradoxes. This chapter aims to shed some light on these methodological shortcomings. It suggests that paradox researchers can deal with these methodological challenges by: 1) showing evidence of contradictory, interrelated, simultaneous, and persistent paradoxical tensions in the empirical setting, 2) developing reliable and flexible protocols for paradox identification, 3) pushing for multilevel paradox studies, 4) practicing reflexivity, 5) staying close to the context, and 6) leveraging multi-modality.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Wendy K. , Lewis Marianne W. , Jarzabkowski Paula , Langley Ann
Published: September 2017

While dating back to ancient philosophy, only recently have organizational scholars started to explore paradox. Drawing from insights across disciplines including psychoanalysis and macro sociology, some provocative theorists urged researchers to take seriously the study of paradox and deepen understanding of plurality, tensions, and contradictions. Scholars responded. Studies of organizational paradox have grown exponentially over twenty years, canvassing varied phenomena, methods, and levels of analysis. As paradox studies grow, new insights challenge foundational ideas, and raise questions around definitions, overlapping lenses, and varied research and managerial approaches. Alternative perspectives highlight divides while inviting complementary approaches. Reflecting on the state of paradox studies, the editors became aware that they were surfacing the paradoxes of paradoxes—contradictory, yet interdependent perspectives on paradox enveloped in the core theoretical assumptions. The introduction surfaces these paradoxes of paradoxes, noting how the chapters in this handbook both engage these tensions, while expanding insight into the field.
DBT for Eating Disorders
Authors: Bhatnagar Kelly , Martin-Wagar Caitlin , Wisniewski Lucene
Published: September 2017

Eating disorders (EDs) are severe and life-threatening illnesses that impact psychological and physical health. Because ED behaviours can result in premature mortality and/or lead to significant impairment, finding effective treatment for EDs is essential. There are ED treatment models for adults and adolescents that have garnered empirical support; however, not all individuals experience full recovery from these approaches. Furthermore, individuals with certain clinical presentations (e.g. affect and emotion regulation deficits) may be even less likely to reach remission using existing models. Due to its affect regulation focus and unique blend of behavioural and Zen principles, DBT may help address aspects of the ED that tend to result in poorer outcomes in traditional treatment models. This chapter provides an overview of the DBT for ED treatment model. It presents rationale for the model, specific components of the model, and a review of preliminary research supporting the use of the model.
DBT as a Suicide and Self-harm Treatment
Authors: Mehlum Lars
Published: September 2017

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) was developed to treat suicidal and self-harming behaviours in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), frequently perceived as extremely challenging to treat by many clinicians. This chapter reviews these challenges and demonstrates what strategies DBT adopts both in crisis intervention and long-term management to prevent suicide and non-suicidal self-harm. It, furthermore, reviews the research literature on the treatment outcome and efficacy of DBT to reduce these behaviours, their associated symptoms and consequential emergency room visits and psychiatric hospital admissions. The chapter then discusses which of the many therapeutic strategies DBT uses are likely to be the most important mechanisms of change with respect to reducing self-harming behaviours.
Encountering Photoamulets and the Use of Apotropaic Light in Late Antiquity
Authors: Lapp Eric C.
Published: September 2017

In antiquity, natural and artificial light was not only manipulated to illuminate dark spaces but could also serve an amuletic function. This chapter explores several unique and in some instances forgotten archaeological small finds that hint at the use of symbolic light in tombs, sanctuaries, and building foundations. These ‘photoamulets’ were linked to symbolic and metaphoric light in word, image, and form. They were used for protection against darkness where impure demons lurked, especially in burial contexts, wherethey were left to safeguard the deceased by invoking the apotropaic powers of light which ensured rebirth and eternal life. Mirror plaques, clay lamps with retrograde script, lamp-shaped pendants, miniature lamps, and tokens were the most popular types adopted by pagans and monotheists in the late antique Near East.
Thirty Days of Night
Authors: Dawson Peter , Levy Richard
Published: September 2017

The extended periods of daylight and darkness that characterize Arctic and Antarctic regions make them unique places on earth. At a location 250km north of the Arctic Circle, for example, polar night can last for upwards of 30 days during the winter months. These periods of darkness become increasingly longer as one moves to higher latitudes. It is therefore surprising that comparatively little research has explored how historic Inuit societies and their predecessors adapted to the challenges posed by these extremesThis is especially pertinent given that winter was a time for manufacturing, repairing, and maintaining hide clothing and a plethora of tools used for animal harvesting activities. Recent computer simulations of illumination levels within pre-contact Inuit dwellings demonstrate that lighting may have been strategically used to make interior spaces appear larger, to enhance the metaphorical associations of dwellings with sea mammals, and to facilitate the completion of complex tasks.
Lighting and Museum Exhibits
Authors: Innes Malcolm
Published: September 2017

Museums exist to display and preserve valuable artefacts. Display lighting helps fulfil one of the main tenets of a museum, but excessive light causes irreparable damage to sensitive exhibits. Getting the balance between good display lighting and good conservation conditions is often difficult, but not impossible. Good exhibit lighting is not accidental. A considered process of design ideation and refinement is required to render exhibits to best effect. This thoughtful process is not explicit in the installation; nevertheless, by analysing methodologies that an experienced designer may consider as ‘intuitive’, the author establishes the critical design practices that underpin effective lighting for museum exhibits. The author explores factors that may impair viewing conditions and how the human physiological response to light can work against us in dimly lit galleries. However, considered use of light can reveal details of texture, shape, and decoration that could easily be missed in low light conditions.
Citizenship in Non-Western Contexts
Authors: Chung Erin Aeran
Published: September 2017

This chapter surveys the major challenges, opportunities, and insights of scholarship on citizenship and migration in the so-called non-Western world in order to move the field of citizenship studies forward by critically reevaluating our assumptions about the concept of citizenship, its associated rights, and the lived realities of citizenship practices in various parts of the world. The study of citizenship in various non-Western contexts provides a distinctive lens through which we can analyze its contradictions. Rather than begin with the assumption that citizenship is universal, democratic, and inclusive, research in this area highlights how citizenship—as a legal status, symbol of national and/or ethnic identity, institution, and practice—is contingent. The chapter explores how technologies of citizenship create hierarchies of citizens and noncitizens that prioritize meso-level membership over individual rights, that extend beyond national boundaries, and that generate “in-between” statuses among both native and migrant populations.
Secular and Religious Citizenship
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: September 2017

Citizenship, having antecedents in the ancient world and in the Enlightenment, is often understood in political theory as a secular framework of rights and duties. This chapter argues that there is typically a parallel religious development in which members of churches have to pay taxes, follow the authoritative commands, abide by an orthodoxy and norms of religious and ethical practice, and in return they receive sacramental services and frequently welfare and educational services. Just as citizens can be incarcerated for misdemeanours, members of a religious community can also be expelled or denied ritual services. While there are two distinctive spheres of membership, their relationship has varied considerably over time and by national context. In the liberal politics of western societies, the two spheres are kept apart by the constitutional separation of church and state. However, the two spheres often overlap or conflict with each other.