bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Influences the Repurchase Intention for Luxury Brands?-The Relative Impacts of Luxury Value Dimensions
Authors: Alan Alev Kocak , Dursun Inci , Kabadayi Ebru Tumer , Aydin Kenan , Anlagan Fikret
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates the main antecedents of repurchase intention for luxury brands. In addition to the traditional understanding of repurchase by trust and satisfaction this study specifically focuses on the relative and indirect impacts of luxury value drivers. Four different facets of luxury value (i.e. social value, individual value, financial value and functional value) were proposed to influence repurchase intention through encouraging brand trust and brand satisfaction. The researchers administer a survey to 500 undergraduate students in consideration of the luxury product -sunglasses- which they bought recently. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. Results confirmed some of indirect encouraging effects of luxury value dimensions on repurchase intention. Functional and financial facets of luxury value were found to be essential for consumer satisfaction while individual value provided by a luxury brand was the main driver for consumer trust. Results, managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.
Organizational Silence: Its Destroying Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Nafei Wageeh A.
Published: March 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify the types of Organizational Silence (OS) and its effects on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt.

Design/methodology/approach: To assess OS, refer to (OS questionnaire, Schechtman, 2008; Brinsfield, 2009), and OCB (OCB questionnaire Podsakoff, 1990; Konovsky & Pugh, 1994; and Konovsky & Organ, 1996). Out of the 357 questionnaires that were distributed to employees, 315 usable questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 88%. Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was used to confirm the research hypotheses.

Findings: The research has found that there is significant relationship between OS and OCB. Also, the research has found that OS directly affects OCB. In other words, OS is one of the biggest barriers to OCB at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt.

Practical implications: This research pointed to the need for organizations to adopt a culture which encourages and urges employees to speak in the labor issues and the non-silence in order for the administration to be able to realize these issues and try to solve them first hand in order to prevent their aggravation.

Originality/value: Silence climate has an impact on the ability of organizations to detect errors and learn. Therefore, organizational effectiveness is negatively affected. This research aims to measure the effect of OS on OCB. Based on the findings of this research, some important implications are discussed.
Government Expenditure Financing, Growth, and Factor Intensity
Authors: Lee Kuo-hao
Published: March 2016

By shedding light on the factor intensity, this paper incorporates the Romer (1986)-type knowledge spillover technology into the Uzawa (1961, 1963) two-sector model of consumption and investment goods and studies the effect of the ratio of government expenditure to total output on the economic growth rate under three types of tax financing schemes: lump-sum tax financing, income tax financing, and consumption tax financing. We find that a rise in government expenditure with lump-sum tax financing has an ambiguous effect on the balanced growth rate depending on the factor intensity between the sectors. The balanced growth rate decreases (increases) with a rise in government spending if the consumption (investment) goods sector is capital-intensive. Moreover, the result of consumption tax financing is equivalent to lump-sum tax financing, while an increase in the government expenditure with income tax financing reduces the balanced growth rate. Our two-sector model with lump-sum tax or consumption tax financing seems to be able to provide a channel through which to explain the mixed empirical findings.
Effects of the Realistic Job Previews on Employees Job Satisfaction and Met Expectations
Authors: Bashir Sarwat , Bashir Nadeem Ahmed
Published: March 2016

Realistic job preview (RJP) is the presentation of information both positive and negative given to the prospective employee about the job and the organization. The information provided is aimed to give the realistic image of the organization. The role of the information flow is to arrive at a stage where the expectations of the employee and the applicant match. It is being argued that employees who are given RJP’s during the recruitment and selection process have higher job satisfaction. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the relationships between realistic job previews and employee job satisfaction in the organizations. Job satisfaction has been conceptualized with the expectations of an employee. The survey was conducted by using closed-end structured questionnaires from the employees working in telecommunication and banking sectors in Pakistan. A total of 224 questionnaires were received. Correlation and ANOVA were used to determine the relationship between the variables. The outcome indicates that there is a significant positive relationship between the realistic information provided to the employees at the time of recruitment and job satisfaction.
Exploring the use of Online Marketing Strategies and Digital Media to Improve the Brand Loyalty and Customer Retention
Authors: Nuseir Mohammed T.
Published: March 2016

As a marketing tool, internet and digital media is a significant strategic weapon which goes beyond borders and targets the specific audience in accordance to the consumer needs. It is not dependent on the location, area or region and free of all the temporal restrictions. This study focused on identifying the impact of the online internet and digital media marketing strategies in creating the brand loyalty and retaining the existing and new customers. This research was to explore the depth of internet and figure out the possible outcomes and benefits of using internet and digital media as a marketing tool. The study opted a primary quantitative method and conducted a survey of 200 consumers and results affirmed that internet is useful marketing tool which helps and assist the companies to target specific and their targeted audience to promote their brand or product and also retain their new and existing consumers. The study has finally revealed that internet marketing and digital media marketing facilitates the companies and brands to increase their popularity and make loyal customers. o-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> Job satisfaction has been conceptualized with the expectations of an employee. The survey was conducted by using closed-end structured questionnaires from the employees working in telecommunication and banking sectors in Pakistan. A total of 224 questionnaires were received. Correlation and ANOVA were used to determine the relationship between the variables. The outcome indicates that there is a significant positive relationship between the realistic information provided to the employees at the time of recruitment and job satisfaction.
Connecting the Post-Training Task and Contextual Performance with the Essentials of Training Program and Characteristics of Trainees
Authors: Hassan Hamid , Asad Sarosh , Hoshino Yasuo
Published: March 2016

A successful training program leads to improved performance; however, lack of evaluation on what makes a training program effective yet puzzles managers. It is imperative to know which elements of a training program and individual characteristics of a trainee impact the employees' performance in order to realize prolific returns from this expensive investment. This study reviews three training elements namely the duration, methodology and area and two individual characteristics: education level and experience of a trainee to assess their impact on task and contextual dimensions of performance. Results support a positive impact of duration and on the job training methodology for resultant performance of employees with better level of education. Experience of trainees have a significant effect on contextual performance while no effect on task performance of employees.
Small and Medium Tourist Enterprises and Social Media Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Tanzanian Tourism Sector
Authors: Ndekwa Albert Gabriel , Mujuni Katunzi Tumaini
Published: March 2016

The increasing competition and the highly demands of globalization in tourism sector are increasing challenges in the market and operation of Small and Medium enterprises in Tanzania. In order to cope with these challenges, it is evidenced that the adoption of social media networking is an enabler of small and medium tourist enterprises in quest of enhancing competitiveness in their globalized market place. Despite of this benefit offered by Social Media (SM) to SMEs, very little is known on the factors influencing adoption of Social Media in Tanzanian Tourist sector. This paper aims at filling the gap by examining factors influencing adoption of Social Media Networking among SMEs in Tanzanian Tourism Sector. Questionnaire was used to collect data from SMEs owners and employees in Dar es salaam city, Iringa region and Rukwa region where geographical stratified sampling was used to ensure representativeness of the sample from the heterogonous population to form homogeneous group followed by simple random sampling technique which was used to draw a sample of 265 respondents for quantitative data and purposive sampling technique was used to pick sample for qualitative data. Factor analysis was used to ensure construct validity of the proposed conceptual model in this study while Cronbach’s alpha was used to test the suitability of research instrument used in collecting data for the study. Structure equation modeling method was used to test hypothesis on the factors influencing adoption of social media networking among SME in Tanzania tourism sector. Findings using SEM revealed that organization context and environmental context are significantly influencing adoption of social media networking adoption while technology context was found to be insignificant factor. This study recommended that in order SMEs to continuously be competitive in this global and dynamic market they should continue to adopt the use of social media networking as a tool to capture more customers worldwide.
Effect of Calcium Chloride and Hydrocooling on Postharvest Quality of Selected Vegetables
Authors: Chepngeno Joyce , Owino Willis O , Kinyuru John , Nenguwo Ngoni
Published: March 2016

Precooling and postharvest application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on produce has positive effects in maintaining the produce quality during storage. However, there is variation in the response of the produce to different CaCl2 concentrations. As a result, there is need to establish optimal concentrations of calcium chloride that can extend postharvest life of targeted produce. Fresh good quality produce (tomatoes, carrots, courgettes and African eggplants) of uniform size and maturity were harvested and sampled into four portions. One was a control, hydrocooled with water only at 2±1 0C and the others were hydrocooled with water containing CaCl2 at 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. After hydrocooling, tomatoes, African eggplants and courgettes were stored at 10 0C, while carrots were stored at 7 0C, all at 95% constant relative humidity, and sampled every two days for quality assessment. Weight loss, chilling injury, vitamin c and beta-carotene loss were reduced by application of calcium chloride. Titratable acidity decrease and increase in total soluble solids and specific sugars was also slowed by application of CaCl2.
Geweld op school als handelingsalternatief?
Authors: Pauwels Lieven
Published: March 2016

Violence at school as action alternative? A partial test of the perception-choice process in Situational Action Theory

In this replica study in adolescents (N=1,040) we analyse to what extent characteristics of the environment like the presence of provocation and monitoring of teachers are related to choosing a violent response in a school context. The study starts from a key hypothesis of Situational Action Theory (SAT) and uses a randomised scenario study that allows for randomisation of environmental stimuli, while taking into account individuals’ propensity to break rules (as measured by their moral beliefs and emotions and ability to exercise self-control). The results demonstrate that high propensity adolescents are very strongly triggered by scenario criminogeneity (the accumulation of absence of monitoring and presence of provocation), while low propensity individuals are to a higher degree situationally resistant. The findings are in line with one of the key ideas of SAT.
Recorrido de arriba hacia abajo: un plano paralelo al del suelo en la arquitectura de Adalberto Libera
Authors: Blanes Pérez Eduardo
Published: March 2016

La aparición de una segunda línea, por encima de la del horizonte, en los paisajes románticos del pintor Friedrich, modificará el plano del cuadro. Con este nuevo trazo se acotará el paisaje lejano, se creará un plano intermedio entre el plano del suelo y el del techo, que tanto Libera como Soane, a partir de Friedrich, entendieron como mecanismo activo del proyecto. Esa línea, que en la pintura era una gran arco iris, se transformará, en el campo de la arquitectura, en una gran superficie como plano de techo.   La reformulación del plano del techo será constante en las obras de Soane y Libera, buscando un tipo de cúpula rebajada que retará a la gravedad y se convertirá en un mecanismo arquitectónico activador del espacio. Tres serán los elementos que se extraerán como objeto de estudio: suelo, techo y estructura-cerramiento. La relación entre todos ellos, generará diferentes modelos espaciales que llevarán al espacio arquitectónico hacia una nueva conciencia de sus límites.

The appearance of a second line, above the horizon, in the romantic landscape painter Friedrich, modify the picture plane. With this new line will narrow the distant landscape, an intermediat e level between the ground plane and the ceiling, both as Soane and Libera, from Friedrich, that was understood by them as an active mechanism ot the project. That line, that in the painting was a rainbow, will be transformed, in the field of architecture, over a large area as flat roof.

The reformulation of the ceiling plane is constant in the works of Soane and Libera, seeking a type of recessed dome will challenge gravity and become a trigger mechanism of architectural space. Three are the elements that will be taken as an object of study: floor, ceiling and structure-enclosure.
Integrating equity into environmental health practice: findings of a pilot study
Authors: Rideout Karen , Oickle Dianne
Published: March 2016

The existence of health inequities is a priority public health issue in Canada, but it is not clear how—or how well—equity is embedded into environmental health practice. To assess how health equity and the social determinants of health intersect with their practice, we conducted two focus groups with public health inspectors in British Columbia and Nova Scotia. We explored where social barriers affect compliance, how practitioners respond, and where there are resource or knowledge gaps that limit practitioner response. Participants identified barriers related to socioeconomic status, culture, education, and geography. They responded to these barriers largely in ad hoc ways, using makeshift or borrowed tools, personal collaboration networks, and communication strategies, and by exercising discretion and progressive enforcement. Public health inspectors indicated they were motivated to take action but felt uncertain of their scope and role in doing so. Findings indicate that health equity does relate to environmental health practice and that there is a need for additional resources, organizational supports from management, and further research to identify and evaluate best practices.
Planning for Direct Potable Reuse: Operational Aspects of an Integrated Drinking Water System
Authors: Stanford Benjamin D. , Becker William C. , Debroux Jean F. , Ishii Stephanie K.L. , Khan Stuart J. , Khunjar Wendell O.
Published: March 2016

Direct potable reuse (DPR) increases water supplies, but possible DPR‐blending scenarios and water quality must be evaluated at blending locations.
Genre in media production
Authors: Bruun Hanne
Published: March 2016

How do we explain changes in media genres? Are they the result of economic, technological or other kinds of structural forces; or are they the result of the change-producing agency of the media producers? And how are changes in media texts connected to contextual conditions for media production on micro-, meso- or macro levels? This article suggests that a theoretical approach using a pragmatic and socio-cognitive understanding of genre will help us to address these questions. This approach can highlight the interplay between human agency and different kinds of structural forces involved in specific professional media production cultures. Furthermore, it has the potential to integrate media texts and especially the micro- and meso levels of production. Using lessons learned and findings from my recent production study of Danish television satire, the article will argue three major methodological as well as knowledge-producing advantages of a genre approach.
Realism as a third film practice
Authors: Langkjær Birger
Published: March 2016

The concept of realism may owe much of its success to its vague definition. This article suggests that it can be useful as a term that covers a central, mainstream film practice in European and other national cinemas, located somewhere in between genre films and art films. The concept refers to a serious kind of film that does not obey classical genre rules, but nevertheless tells its stories in an accessible and often engaging form that, generally speaking, creates a more popular (yet serious) film than the art film. As a film practice, it cuts across well known but often vaguely defined sub-categories, such as social realism and psychological realism. Finally, it is argued that the dichotomy between Hollywood genre films and European art cinema ignores both national variants of basic genres and a tradition of realism as a mainstream film practice.
Moving mountains with mobiles: Spatiotemporal perspectives on mHealth in Nepal
Authors: Chib Arul , B. Mohd Irwan Law Faiz , Ahmad Muhammad Nazran , Bte Mohamed Ismail Nadia
Published: March 2016

Community healthcare workers (CHW) are an important component of rural healthcare service delivery to remote rural communities in developing countries. The field of mHealth proposes that mobile technologies will have a beneficial impact on rural healthcare development. Current analyses advance the proposition that the utilization of mobile technologies leads to the shifting of space and time (Ling & Campbell, 2009). The current research examined the potential for a sustainable mHealth system for CHW in Achham, Nepal. The community aspect of mobile usage was overlaid with a spatio-temporal lens to examine the information and communication needs and practices of stakeholders within the healthcare infrastructure. Fieldwork was conducted in conjunction with Nyaya Health, at the Bayalpata Hospital, in Accham, Nepal. Qualitative research methods, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews included 57 respondents. The findings revealed that limited relevance and information-sharing, limited access due to individual ownership and low income, and ineffective training programs were key barriers to the delivery of rural healthcare services. The spatio-temporal perspective, particularly community communicative practices, revealed technological mHealth design solutions to alleviate the problems identified. The potential shifts in power relationships by using mobile technologies and hybrid fixed wireless technologies provide opportunities for further theoretical investigation.
Learning about “wicked” problems in the Global South. Creating a film-based learning environment with “Visual Problem Appraisal”
Authors: Witteveen Loes , Lie Rico
Published: March 2016

The current complexity of sustainable development in the Global South calls for the design of learning strategies that can deal with this complexity. One such innovative learning strategy, called Visual Problem Appraisal (VPA), is highlighted in this article. The strategy is termed visual as it creates a learning environment that is film-based. VPA enhances the analysis of complex issues, and facilitates stakeholder dialogue and action planning. The strategy is used in workshops dealing with problem analysis and policy design, and involves the participants “meeting” stakeholders through filmed narratives. The article demonstrates the value of using film in multi stakeholder learning environments addressing issues concerning sustainable development.
Estimating HIV incidence among key affected populations in China from serial cross‐sectional surveys in 2010–2014
Authors: Cui Yan , Guo Wei , Li Dongmin , Wang Liyan , Shi Cynthia X , Brookmeyer Ron , Detels Roger , Ge Lin , Ding Zhengwei , Wu Zunyou
Published: March 2016

Introduction

HIV incidence is an important measure for monitoring the development of the epidemic, but it is difficult to ascertain. We combined serial HIV prevalence and mortality data to estimate HIV incidence among key affected populations (KAPs) in China.

Methods

Serial cross‐sectional surveys were conducted among KAPs from 2010 to 2014. Trends in HIV prevalence were assessed by the Cochran‐Armitage test, adjusted by risk group. HIV incidence was estimated from a mathematical model that describes the relationship between changes in HIV incidence with HIV prevalence and mortality.

Results

The crude HIV prevalence for the survey samples remained stable at 1.1 to 1.2% from 2010 to 2014. Among drug users (DUs), HIV prevalence declined from 4.48 to 3.29% (p<0.0001), and among men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV prevalence increased from 5.73 to 7.75% (p<0.0001). Changes in HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs) and male patients of sexually transmitted disease clinics were more modest but remained statistically significant (all p<0.0001). The MSM population had the highest incidence estimates at 0.74% in 2011, 0.59% in 2012, 0.57% in 2013 and 0.53% in 2014. Estimates of the annual incidence for DUs and FSWs were very low and may not be reliable.

Conclusions

Serial cross‐sectional prevalence data from representative samples may be another approach to construct approximate estimates of national HIV incidence among key populations. We observed that the MSM population had the highest incidence for HIV among high‐risk groups in China, and we suggest that interventions targeting MSM are urgently needed to curb the growing HIV epidemic.
Medications frequently used for asthma and rhinitis
Authors: Craig Timothy J , Mills Katherine , Steering Committee Asthma , Geisinger Health System Penn State
Published: March 2016

Multiple medications are available to treat asthma and other allergic diseases, making it difficult to determine which medications to use. The decision should be based on efficacy, cost, and other advantages and disadvantages. Comparative tables can help for rapid selection and can be used as a tool for enhancing prescribing practices. This article organizes this information into a tabular format, allowing for rapid review.
Vertex hemangioma mimicking an encephalocele
Authors: Mitchell Craig S
Published: March 2016

Most extracranial masses detected prenatally by use of ultrasonography are either encephaloceles or meningoceles. This article describes an extracranial mass detected prenatally that was initially thought to be an encephalocele, but was subsequently found to be a large hemangioma.
Complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a brief overview
Authors: Schorr Alan B
Published: March 2016

The recent findings of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) have focused attention on the need to prevent complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Understanding the pathogenesis and physiologic mechanisms that lead to complications in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is imperative to prevent their progression and improve treatment. This article discusses the more common complications and their possible etiologies, progression, and contribution to themorbidity of the diabetic population. It also reviews treatment of these complications and recent advances. In addition, some of the less common complications will be identified so that primary care physicians and specialists will be aware and not overlook these in patients who can be treated early and aggressively.
Heteroepitaxy growth of GaAsBi on Ge(100) substrate by gas source molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Wang Peng , Pan Wenwu , Wu Xiaoyan , Cao Chunfang , Wang Shumin , Gong Qian
Published: March 2016

We have investigated the growth of GaAsBi single-crystal film on Ge substrate by gas source molecular beam epitaxy. A high-quality GaAsBi epilayer has been obtained. It has been found that the surfactant effect of Bi suppresses the interdiffusion of Ge at the GaAsBi/Ge interface and reduces the misfit dislocation density. The Bi atoms occupy the As sites, as indicated by the appearance of GaBi-like TO(Γ) and LO(Γ) phonon modes in Raman spectra. In addition, the redshift of the GaAs-like LO(Γ) phonon frequency has been observed in the Raman spectra, owing to the Bi-induced biaxial strain and the alloying effect as well.
Low-temperature-deposited insulating films of silicon nitride by reactive sputtering and plasma-enhanced CVD: Comparison of characteristics
Authors: Sato Masaru , Takeyama Mayumi B. , Nakata Yoshihiro , Kobayashi Yasushi , Nakamura Tomoji , Noya Atsushi
Published: March 2016

The characteristics of SiN
x
films deposited by reactive sputtering and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are examined to obtain high-density films at low deposition temperatures. PECVD SiN
x
films deposited at 200 °C show low densities of 2.14–2.20 g/cm3 regardless of their composition, while their refractive index varies depending on their composition. PECVD requires the substrate temperature to obtain high-density films, because a possible cause of low-density films is the amount of Si–H bond, rather than that of N–H bond, in the films originating from hydrogen incorporated by the insufficient decomposition of SiH4 molecules at low temperatures. The sputtered SiN
x
films with high density are obtained at a temperature lower than 200 °C and considered a promising candidate for insulating films at low process temperatures.
Enhanced responsivity and detectivity values of short 30-period InAs/GaSb type-II infrared photodetectors with reduced device areas
Authors: Chen Hsuan-An , Shih Tung-Chuan , Chen Hsuan-Yu , Lin Shih-Yen
Published: March 2016

Enhanced responsivity and detectivity values are observed for a short 30-period InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice infrared photodetector with reduced device areas. With cut-off wavelength at 4 µm, the device with the smallest device area exhibits the highest 10 K responsivity value of 15 mA/W and the corresponding detectivity value of 1.9 × 1010 cm·Hz1/2/W at 3.6 µm. The phenomenon is attributed to the increasing carrier recombination processes with increasing transport paths for photo-excited carriers with increasing device areas. The thermal images obtained by using a single-detector raster scan system have demonstrated the potential of the device for this application.
Strangulated Lesser Omentum Hiatus Hernia: A Rare Case Report and a Literature Review
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Haifeng , Tao Feng , Ai Kaixing
Published: March 2016

Intestinal obstruction caused by primary intraperitoneal hernia is infrequent and difficult to diagnose. Incorrect diagnosis and delayed surgical treatment will lead to serious consequences. We report a rare case of a 62-year-old Chinese woman with strangulated lesser omentum hiatus hernia. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan is recommended for early revelation of direct and indirect signs. We propose three diagnostic points of primary intraperitoneal hernia: (1) “Three-no” pathography: with no history of abdominal operation, abdominal trauma, or abdominal infection. (2) The disease begins with mechanical intestinal obstruction, then turns easily into strangulated intestinal obstruction. (3) It excludes intestinal wall lesions and intestinal blockage. We also summarize the surgical procedure in four steps. We hope this case can provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of similar situations.
A metastable structure for the compact 30‐nm chromatin fibre
Authors: Wu Chenyi , McGeehan John E. , Travers Andrew
Published: March 2016

The structure of compact 30‐nm chromatin fibres is still debated. We present here a novel unified model that reconciles all experimental observations into a single framework. We propose that compact fibres are formed by the interdigitation of the two nucleosome stacks in a 2‐start crossed‐linker structure to form a single stack. This process requires that the dyad orientation of successive nucleosomes relative to the helical axis alternates. The model predicts that, as observed experimentally, the fibre‐packing density should increase in a stepwise manner with increasing linker length. This model structure can also incorporate linker DNA of varying lengths.
Temperature homeostasis in mice lacking the p43 mitochondrial T3 receptor
Authors: Bertrand‐Gaday Christelle , Pessemesse Laurence , Cabello Gérard , Wrutniak‐Cabello Chantal , Casas François
Published: March 2016

Thyroid hormones and Thra gene play a key role in energy expenditure regulation, temperature homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. To decipher the function of the mitochondrial TRα receptor in these phenomena, we used mice lacking specifically the p43 mitochondrial T3 receptor. We found that these animals were hypermetabolic, hyperphagic, and displayed a down setting of the core body temperature. However, p43−/− animals do not present cold intolerance or defect of facultative thermogenesis. In addition, the mitochondrial function of BAT is slightly affected in the absence of p43. Our study, therefore, suggests a complementarity of action between the mitochondrial receptor and other proteins encoded by the Thra gene in the control of basal metabolism, facultative thermogenesis, and determination of the set point of temperature regulation.
Response of SO2 and particulate air pollution to local and regional emission controls: A case study in Maryland
Authors: He Hao , Vinnikov Konstantin Y. , Li Can , Krotkov Nickolay A. , Jongeward Andrew R. , Li Zhanqing , Stehr Jeffrey W. , Hains Jennifer C. , Dickerson Russell R.
Published: March 2016

This paper addresses the questions of what effect local regulations can have on pollutants with different lifetimes and how surface observations and remotely sensed data can be used to determine the impacts. We investigated the decadal trends of tropospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) and aerosol pollution over Maryland and its surrounding states, using surface, aircraft, and satellite measurements. Aircraft measurements indicated fewer isolated SO2 plumes observed in summers, a ∼40% decrease of column SO2, and a ∼20% decrease of atmospheric optical depth (AOD) over Maryland after the implementation of local regulations on sulfur emissions from power plants (∼90% reduction from 2010). Surface observations of SO2 and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Maryland show similar trends. OMI SO2 and MODIS AOD observations were used to investigate the column contents of air pollutants over the eastern U.S.; these indicate decreasing trends in column SO2 (∼60% decrease) and AOD (∼20% decrease). The decrease of upwind SO2 emissions also reduced aerosol loadings over the downwind Atlantic Ocean near the coast by ∼20%, while indiscernible changes of the SO2 column were observed. A step change of SO2 emissions in Maryland starting in 2009–2010 had an immediate and profound benefit in terms of local surface SO2 concentrations but a modest impact on aerosol pollution, indicating that short‐lived pollutants are effectively controlled locally, while long‐lived pollutants require regional measures.
Observations of small‐scale latitudinal structure in energetic electron precipitation
Authors: Blake J. B. , O'Brien T. P.
Published: March 2016

We describe first‐light observations from the AC6 mission, a pair of CubeSats that are in polar orbit and whose in‐track separations range up to several hundred kilometers and whose separations are controlled by differential drag. We present temporal dose rate profiles from electrons greater than 35 keV that are very similar at the two vehicles, but offset in time by the GPS‐derived in‐track separation. We interpret these structures as spatial and propose that they are the result of multiple microbursts that have experienced bounce phase mixing and differential drift over a small fraction of a drift orbit before reaching the spacecraft.
Observations of ULF waves on the ground and ionospheric Doppler shifts during storm sudden commencement
Authors: Ouyang Xinyan , Liu Wenlong , Xiao Zuo , Hao Yongqiang
Published: March 2016

Using data from ground‐based magnetometers and HF Doppler sounder, we study ultralow frequency (ULF) waves excited during the storm sudden commencement (SSC) on 8 March 2012 and find possible evidence on the link between ULF waves and ionospheric Doppler shifts. Pc1–Pc2 ULF waves are observed from 11:04 to 11:27 UT after the SSC by ground stations of L shell ranging from 1.06 to 2.31, mapping to the topside ionosphere. There are weak responses in this frequency range in the power spectra of ionospheric Doppler shift. From 11:19 to 11:23 UT, oscillations of magnetic field in a lower frequency range of Pc3–Pc4 are observed and are well correlated with the trace of Doppler shift. It is thus suggested that ionospheric Doppler shift can response to ULF oscillations in magnetic field in various frequency ranges, especially in the frequency range of Pc3–Pc4 and below. This paper demonstrates a new mechanism of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling.
Changes in repeating earthquake slip behavior following the 2004 Parkfield main shock from waveform empirical Green's functions finite‐source inversion
Authors: Kim Ahyi , Dreger Douglas S. , Taira Taka'aki , Nadeau Robert M.
Published: March 2016

Finite‐source inversions are performed using small earthquake waveforms as empirical Green's functions (eGf) to investigate the rupture process of repeating earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault in Parkfield, California. The eGf waveform inversion method is applied to a repeating Mw 2.1 Parkfield earthquake sequence using three‐component velocity waveforms recorded by an array of borehole seismometers. The obtained models show a circular slip distribution with a ~20 m radius, a 3.0–4.2 cm average slip of the main asperity, and peak displacement of 10.6–13.5 cm. The static stress drop distribution shows that the main asperity has a peak stress drop of 69.5–94.7 MPa. The inversion results support an earlier finding by Dreger et al. (2007) that high‐strength asperities exist in the rupture areas of the Mw 2.1 events at Parkfield. In addition, notable temporal peak slip and stress drop reduction was observed after the 2004 Parkfield event while the average value remains constant (~12 MPa) over time. These events may represent mechanically strong sections of the fault, surrounded by regions that are undergoing continuous deformation (creep), Given repeated loading of the strong asperities, it would be expected that these similar repeating earthquakes should also have very similar slip distributions since surrounding regions are deforming aseismically. There are small differences in the waveforms of these repeating earthquakes, and this could be because of rupture nucleation points not being in exactly the same location within the region of the fault that is capable of stick‐slip behavior. Our result indicates that waveform slip inversion is needed to reveal spatial and temporal variations of the stress drop within the rupture area to improve understanding of fault healing and rupture mechanics.
Fluvial supraglacial landscape evolution on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Karlstrom Leif , Yang Kang
Published: March 2016

Supraglacial stream networks incise via thermal erosion of underlying ice, reflecting a balance between localized fluvial incision and dynamic topography from underlying ice flow. We analyze high‐resolution digital elevation models of the ice surface and bedrock in the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet from 1000‐1600 m elevation to quantify the importance of fluvial erosion. At wavelengths greater than ice thickness, bedrock dominates surface topography so supraglacial drainage basins are fixed spatially. At smaller wavelengths, fluvial erosion significantly affects topography. Stream longitudinal profiles exhibit positive mean curvature and consistent power law scaling between local channel slope and drainage area, suggestive of adjustment toward topographic steady state. We interpret these observations with a model for fluvial thermal erosion on top of a flowing ice substrate that predicts concave up steady state longitudinal profiles, where average concavity is most sensitive to melt rate and the relative magnitudes of ice flow and fluvial erosion.
Large contribution of boreal upland forest soils to a catchment‐scale CH4 balance in a wet year
Authors: Lohila Annalea , Aalto Tuula , Aurela Mika , Hatakka Juha , Tuovinen Juha‐Pekka , Kilkki Juho , Penttilä Timo , Vuorenmaa Jussi , Hänninen Pekka , Sutinen Raimo , Viisanen Yrjö , Laurila Tuomas
Published: March 2016

Upland forest soils affect the atmospheric methane (CH4) balance, not only through the soil sink but also due to episodic high emissions in wet conditions. We measured methane fluxes and found that during a wet fall the forest soil turned from a CH4 sink into a large source for several months, while the CH4 emissions from a nearby wetland did not increase. When upscaled to the whole catchment area the contribution of forests amounted to 60% of the annual CH4 emission from the wetlands, while in a normal year the forest soil consumes 10% of the wetland emission. The period of high upland soil emission was also captured by the nearby atmospheric concentration measurement station. Since the land cover within the catchment is representative of larger regions, our findings imply that upland forests in the boreal zone constitute an important part in the global CH4 cycle not previously accounted for.
The distribution and characterization of strike‐slip faults on Enceladus
Authors: Martin Emily S.
Published: March 2016

Strike‐slip faulting is typically characterized by lateral offsets on icy satellites of the outer solar system. However, strike‐slip faults on Enceladus lack these typical lateral offsets and instead are marked by the presence of tailcracks or en echelon cracks. These features are used here to develop the first near‐global distribution of strike‐slip faults on Enceladus. Strike‐slip faults on Enceladus fall into three broad categories: tectonic terrain boundaries, reactivated linear features, and primary strike‐slip faults. All three types of strike‐slip faults are found predominantly, or within close proximity to, the antipodal cratered terrains on the Saturnian and anti‐Saturnian hemispheres. Stress modeling suggests that strike‐slip faulting on Enceladus is not controlled by nonsynchronous rotation, as on Europa, suggesting a fundamentally different process driving Enceladus's strike‐slip faulting. The motion along strike‐slip faults at tectonic terrain boundaries suggests large‐scale northward migration of the ice shell on the leading hemisphere of Enceladus, occurring perpendicular to the opening direction of the tiger stripes in the south polar terrain.
Memorial Monitoring and Control: How Confidence and Social and Financial Consequences Affect Eyewitnesses' Reporting of Fine‐Grain Information
Authors: McCallum Nicole A. , Brewer Neil , Weber Nathan
Published: March 2016

Research suggests that accessible coarse‐grain (i.e. general) information is sometimes under‐reported in memory accounts. In two experiments, socially motivating conditions were manipulated to determine whether, and under what contexts, coarse‐grain information is avoided because eyewitnesses are motivated to be specific and willing to risk accuracy. In Experiment 1, response privacy (private, public) and audience (high authority, low authority) were manipulated. Response privacy and penalty for inaccurate reporting (penalty, no penalty) were manipulated in Experiment 2. Across both experiments, eyewitnesses' confidence estimation (i.e. monitoring) was effective, suggesting that coarse‐grain information is under‐reported through poor decision making (i.e. control). Eyewitnesses avoided coarse‐grain information because they sometimes displayed a bias towards reporting fine‐grain information. This bias was more apparent, and coarse‐grain information avoiding more likely, when the perceived consequences for reporting were minimal (i.e. when in private in Experiment 1 and when no penalty for inaccuracy was imposed in Experiment 2). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptual Load Induces Inattentional Blindness in Drivers
Authors: Murphy Gillian , Greene Ciara M.
Published: March 2016

Perceptual load theory states that the level of perceptual load in a task predicts the processing of task‐irrelevant information. High perceptual load has been shown to result in increased inattentional blindness; however, there is little evidence that this extends beyond artificial computer‐based tasks to real‐world behavior. In this study, we adapted a typical load‐blindness paradigm for use in a driving simulator. Forty‐two drivers performed a series of gap perception tasks where they judged if their vehicle could fit between two parked vehicles, with the task imposing either low or high perceptual load. Awareness for an unexpected pedestrian or animal at the side of the road was found to be significantly lower in the high perceptual load condition. This study is the first to demonstrate perceptual load effects on awareness in an applied setting and has important implications for road safety and future applied research on the perceptual load model.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric Computation: History and Future
Authors: Frazer John
Published: March 2016

John Frazer is a pioneer and leader in the field of generative design and evolutionary computation. In the 1970s he developed the world's first microcomputer‐based design systems and invented tangible interfaces. Professor at the European Graduate School, he is the author of the seminal book An Evolutionary Architecture (1995). Here he traces the history of parametric architecture and discusses how, in its second state, redefined as Parametricism 2.0, Parametricism opens up the possibilities to become more than a matter of generational technique, scripting variational geometry, and a means to addressing wider social and environmental purpose.
Relational Urban Models: Parameters, Values and Tacit Forms of Algorithms
Authors: Llabres Enriqueta , Rico Eduardo
Published: March 2016

Parameter‐dependent processes have huge potential for urban design and planning, which is shaped by the relational input of a number of parties or stakeholders. Enriqueta Llabres and Eduardo Rico of the multidisciplinary London‐based office Relational Urbanism describe how they have developed participatory urban models that translate data into parameters, bringing to the fore the influences of shared relational values.
Advancing Social Functionality Via Agent‐Based Parametric Semiology
Authors: Schumacher Patrik
Published: March 2016

With the launch of Parametricism 2.0, Guest‐Editor Patrik Schumacher asserts how Parametricism as a movement now needs to shift its main focus from computation and technological advancement towards social function. Here he advocates how Parametricism should realise its semiotic potential, with the power to express complex spatial arrangements in large‐scale projects and a full spectrum of programmes for diverse users.
Parametrising the Social
Authors: DeLanda Manuel
Published: March 2016

As espoused by Guest‐editor Patrik Schumacher, the social function of architecture is at the core of the reformulation of Parametricism 2.0. Artist and philosopher Manuel DeLanda, who is Professor of Graduate Architecture and Urban Design (GAUD) at Pratt Institute in New York, argues for an innovative new approach to social processes that is compatible with Parametricism. He highlights the significance of the meso‐scale as a parameter; these are communities and organisations that operate between the micro‐scale of the individual and the macro‐scale of society as a whole.
A Hospice for Parametricism
Authors: Gage Mark Foster
Published: March 2016

Could Parametricism 2.0 prove the final resting place for Parametricism1.0? Architect and Assistant Dean of the Yale School of Architecture, Mark Foster Gage questions the underlying currency and influence of Parametricism, condemning it as a ‘true red herring’ of a style.
Failure Mechanism of Brass with Three V‐Notches Characterized by Acoustic Emission in In Situ Three‐Point Bending Tests
Authors: Hou Pengliang , Fan Zunqiang , Zhang Lin , Zhai Xiangguo , Zhang Shizhong , Li Cong , Du Yumeng , Zhao Hongwei
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study is to characterize the V pre‐notched specimens with different relative depth ratio and the relative distance ratio by the AE signals in in situ three‐point bending tests. Simultaneously, during the bending process, the V pre‐notched specimen is in situ monitored by the opto‐digital microscope. In order to analyze the depth of V‐notch and the distance between the side V‐notches and the middle V‐notch effect on the specimens, a finite element analysis model is built by ABAQUS. Combining the in situ images, the AE signals and the finite element analysis (FEA) results, it is found that the experiment results are consistent with the FEA results. It is demonstrated that the amplitude of AE signals can effectively characterize the crack initiation, crack growth, and crack fast instability fracture.
Nanostructured Soft Matter with Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Tokarev Alexander , Yatvin Jeremy , Trotsenko Oleksandr , Locklin Jason , Minko Sergiy
Published: March 2016

Magnetic field imaging in living specimens with magnetic nanoparticles as contrasting agents has attracted significant interest in the rapidly developing field of nanomedicine. Developments in this field have also stimulated research into the synthesis and design of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles that find applications in broader areas of materials science beyond contrasting for biomedical applications. This article provides a brief discussion of the methods for synthesis and surveys the surface functionalization chemistry of magnetic nanoparticles, along with various approaches for magnetic nanoparticle manipulation and assembly in uniform and nonuniform magnetic fields.