bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life Cycle, infrastructure and Molecular Phylogeny of Hyalinocysta chapmani (Microsporidia+Thelohaniidae), a parasite of Culiseta melanura (Diptera+Culicidae) and Orthocyclops modestus (Copepoda+Cyclopidae)
Authors: ANDREADIS THEODORE G. , VOSSBRINCK CHARLES R.
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT
The complete life cycle of the microsporidium Hyalinocysta chapmani is described from the primary mosquito host Culiseta melanura and the intermediate copepod host Orthocyclops modestus. Infections are initiated in larval C. melanura following the oral ingestion of uninucleate spores from infected copepods. Spores germinate within the lumen of the midgut and directly invade fat body tissue where all development occurs. Uninucleated schizonts undergo binary division (schizogony) followed by karyokinesis (nuclear division) to form diplokaryotic meronts. Merogony is by synchronous binary division. The onset of sporogony is characterized by the simultaneous secretion of a sporophorous vesicle and meiotic division of the diplokaryon resulting in the formation of eight ovoid meiospores enclosed within a sporophorous vesicle. Most infected larvae die during the fourth stadium and there is no evidence of a developmental sequence leading to vertical transmission. Hyalinocysta chapmani is horizontally transmitted to O. modestus via oral ingestion of meiospores. Infections become established within ovarian tissue of females and all parasite development is haplophasic. Uninucleate schizonts divide by binary division during an initial schizogonic cycle. Newly formed uninucleate cells produce a thin sporophorous vesicle and undergo repeated nuclear division during.sporogony to produce a rosette‐shaped, multinucleated sporogonial plasmodium with up to 18 nuclei. This is followed by cytoplasmic cleavage, sporogenesis, and disintegration of the sporophorous vesicle to form membrane‐free uninucleate spores. Infected females eventually die and there is no egg development. The small subunit rDNA sequence of H. chapmani isolated from meiospores from C. melanura was identical to the small subunit rDNA sequence obtained from spores from O. modestus, corroborating the laboratory transmission studies and confirming the intermediary role of O modestus in the life cycle. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with closely related microsporidia from mosquitoes. Hyalinocysta chapmani did not cluster within described Amblyospora species and can be considered a sister group, warranting separate genus status.
Ultrastructure and Development of Pleistophora ronneafiei n. sp., a Microsporidium (Protista) in the Skeletal Muscle of an Immune‐Compromised Individual
Authors: CALI ANN , TAKVORIAN PETER M.
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT. This report provides a detailed ultrastructural study of the life cycle, including proliferative and sporogonic developmental stages, of the first Pleistophora species (microsporidium) obtained from an immune‐incompetent patient. In 1985, the organism obtained from a muscle biopsy was initially identified as belonging to the genus Pleistophora, based on spore morphology and its location in a sporophorous vesicle. Since that initial report, at least two new microsporidial genera, Trachipleistophora and Brachiola, have been reported to infect the muscle tissue of immunologically compromised patients. Because Trachipleistophora development is similar to Pleistophora, and as Pleistophora was only known to occur in cold‐blooded hosts, the question of the proper classification of this microsporidium arose. The information acquired in this study makes it possible to compare Pleistophora sp. (Ledford et al. 1985) to the known human infections and properly determine its correct taxonomic position. Our ultrastructural data have revealed the formation of multinucleate sporogonial plasmodia, a developmental characteristic of the genus Pleistophora and not Trachipleistophora. A comparison with other species of the genus supports the establishment of a new species. This parasite is given the name Pleistophora ronneafiei n. sp.
Ciliated Protozoa in the Rumen of Turkish Domestic Cattle (Bos taurus L.)
Authors: GöçMEN BAYRAM , DEHORITY BURK A. , RASTGELDI SAMIYE
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT. Rumen Contents obtained from 28 domesticated cattle (Bos taurus L.) slaughtered at abatoirs near Izmir, Turkey were surveyed for ciliate protozoa. Protozoa are known to make an appreciable contribution to ruminal fiber digestion in many different geographical areas; however, little if any Information is available on their occurrence in Turkish cattle. As a result of our survey, 13 genera including 52 species were identified. Nine of the species were further divided into 36 forma. The average ciliate density in our cattle (52.44 X 104/ml) was higher than that of Turkish domestic sheep and other domestic cattle reported previously from different geographical areas. Entodinium basoglui, Entodinium williamsi f. williamsi, E. williamsi f. turcicum, E. dalli f. rudidorsospinatum, Entodinium imai, Entodinium oektemae, Eudiplodinium dehorityi, Epidinium graini, Ophryoscolex purkynjei f. bifidobicinctus, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei f. bifidoquadricinctus have previously been reported from Turkey and appear to be endemic. All of the remaining species represent a new host record for domestic Turkish cattle. This study also reports for the second time the presence of Entodinium constrictum in herbivorous mammals, and is the first record of its occurrence in domesticated cattle.
An Enzyme‐Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) for the Identification of Naegleria fowleri in Environmental Water Samples
Authors: REVEILLER FABIENNE L. , VARENNE MARIE‐PIERRE , POUGNARD CLAIRE , CABANES PIERRE‐ANDRE , PRINGUEZ EMMANUELLE , POURIMA BENEDICTE , LEGASTELO STEPHANE , PERNIN PIERRE
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT. Naegleria fowleri, a free‐living amoeba, is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal human disease of the central nervous system often contracted after swimming in fresh water. Identifying sites contaminated by N. fowleri is important in order to prevent the disease. An Enzyme‐Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) has been developed for the specific identification of N. fowleri in primary cultures of environmental water samples. Of 939 samples isolated from artificially heated river water and screened by ELISA, 283 were positive. These results were subsequently confirmed by isoelectric focusing, the established reference method. A sensitivity of 97. 4% and a specificity of 97% were obtained. These results indicate that this ELISA method is reliable and can be considered as a powerful tool for the detection of N. fowleri in environmental water samples.
Dexiotrichides pangi n. sp. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia), a New Marine Ciliate from the North China Sea
Authors: SONG WEIBO , MA HONGWEI , AL‐RASHEID KHALED A. S.
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT. The morphology, infraciliature, and silverline system of a new marine scuticociliate, Dexiotrichides pangi n. sp. were investigated. The new species is characterized by: size about 45–65 X 20–25 μm in vivo with kidney‐like body shape and obliquely truncated semicircle‐shaped apical plate; cytostome at bottom of conspicuously depressed oral cavity, which is located at the cell equatorial level; paroral membrane extending anteriorly to membranelle 3; scutica multi‐rowed; 33–38 somatic kinetics; contractile vacuole near ventral side and subcaudally positioned, opening at posterior end of somatic kinety 3; one oval macronucleus and one small micronucleus; caudal cilium positioned in a small pouch; marine habitat. Based on the data obtained, an improved diagnosis for the genus Dexiotrichides is suggested: body with circular cross‐section and conspicuous cilia‐free apical plate; buccal cavity conspicuously depressed with cytostome located near or at equatorial level; three membranelles transversely orientated each with 2–3 rows; paroral membrane zigzaging structure, extending to about half of the length of buccal field; multi‐rowed scutica; somatic kinety one strongly shortened and terminating anteriorly at posterior end of buccal field; basal bodies in equatorial region arranged usually in circular pattern, while in the anterior portion of somatic kinety 2, basal bodies characteristically in pairs and separated from the posterior part of kinety 2; one caudal cilium.
Permanent Expression of a Cyclin B Homologue in the Cell Cycle of the Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis
Authors: BARBIER MICHELE , LEIGHFIELD TOD A. , SOYER‐GOBILLARD MARIE‐ODILE , VAN DOLAH FRANCES M.
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT. The eukaryotic cell cycle is driven by a set of cyclin‐dependent kinases associated with their regulatory partners, the cyclins, which confer activity, substrate specificities arid proper localization of the kinase activity. We describe the cell cycle of Karenia brevis and provide evidence for the presence of a cyclin B homologue in this dinoflagellate using two antibodies with different specificities. This cyclin B homologue has an unusual behavior, since its expression is permanent and it has a cytoplasmic location throughout the cell cycle. There is no evidence for translocation to the nucleus during mitosis. However, it appears also to be specifically bound to the nucleolus throughout the cell cycle. The permanent expression and the cytoplasmic localization during mitosis of this cyclin B homologue is similar to p56, a cyclin B homologue previously described in a different species of dinoflagellate, Crypthecod‐inium cohnii. Here we discuss this unusual behavior of the cyclin B homologue in dinofiagellates, its relationship to the unusual characteristics of dinomitosis, and its potential implications regarding the evolution of cell cycle regulation among eukaryotes.
Freshwater Foraminiferans Revealed by Analysis of Environmental DNA Samples
Authors: HOLZMANN MARIA , HABURA ANDREA , GILES HANNAH , BOWSER SAMUEL S. , PAWLOWSKI JAN
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT. Sediment‐dwelling protists are among the most abundant meiobenthic organisms, ubiquitous in all types of aquatic ecosystems. Yet, because their isolation and identification are difficult, their diversity remains largely unknown. In the present work, we applied molecular methods to examine the diversity of freshwater Foraminifera, a group of granuloreticulosan protists largely neglected until now. By using specific PCR primers, we detected the presence of Foraminifera in all sediment samples examined. Phylogenetic analysis of amplified SSU rDNA sequences revealed two distinct groups of freshwater foraminiferans. All obtained sequences branched within monothalamous (single‐chambered), marine Foraminifera, suggesting a repeated colonization of freshwater environments. The results of our study challenge the traditional view of Foraminifera as essentially marine organisms, and provide a conceptual framework for charting the molecular diversity of freshwater granuloreticulosan protists.
Holosticha hamulata n. sp. and Holosticha heterofoissneri Hu and Song, 2001, Two Urostylid Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Intertidal Sediments of the Yellow Sea
Authors: LEI YANLI , XU KUIDONG , CHOI JOONG KI
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Two marine urostylid ciliates, Holosticha hamulata n. sp. and Holosticha heterofoissneri Hu and Song, 2001, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. Both species were isolated from Korean intertidal sediments of the Yellow Sea. Holosticha hamulata measures about 150 × 25 μm in vivo, and is characterized by a tripartite body shape with a narrow head, an inflated trunk, and a tail that distally projects ventrally forming a hook‐like structure. It is the characteristic body shape that distinguishes H. hamulata distinctly from congeners. Holosticha hamulata differs from H. heterofoissneri, possibly the nearest relative, also by the location of the contractile vacuole (ahead of mid‐body versus near posterior body third) and the configuration of the macronucleus (on average, 33 scattered nodules assuming a Y‐shape versus 17 nodules that may form a U shape). The average number of the macronuclear nodules is a pronounced feature showing great consistency in populations of each species. However, their arrangement is variable in H. heterofoissneri where the nodules are basically scattered or connected by fine fibers forming an elongate U‐shape. The location of the contractile vacuole as a taxonomic feature is discussed and a dichotomous key to the species of Holosticha sensu stricto is provided.
Effect of pH on viability of Entodinium caudatum, Entodinium exiguum, Epidinium caudatum, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei in vitro
Authors: DEHORITY BURK A.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Cultures of Entodinium caudatum, Entodinium exiguum, Epidinium caudatum, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei were grown and transferred in poorly buffered media prepared using different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and a nitrogen gas phase. By transferring every 12 or 24 h, culture pH was gradually decreased until the protozoa disappeared. The cultures were transferred by placing half of the culture into an equal volume of fresh medium, resulting in pH fluctuations similar to those in the rumen, resulting from fermentation, eating, and saliva production. All four species appeared to maintain their concentrations around pH 5.8, but numbers decreased as pH values fell below 5.6. The four species were similar in that they all survived above pH 5.3. These results differ from previous reports in which Entodinium species appeared to be more tolerant to low pH than all other species of rumen ciliates. No adaptation to low pH was observed in Epidinium caudatum cultures after recovery from pH 5.4 medium containing only one or two viable cells.
A Transcriptional Fusion of Genes Encoding Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and Enolase in Dinoflagellates
Authors: TAKISHITA KIYOTAKA , PATRON NICOLA J. , ISHIDA KEN‐ICHIRO , MARUYAMA TADASHI , KEELING PATRICK J.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and enolase are enzymes essential for glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Dinoflagellates possess several types of both GAPDH and enolase genes. Here, we identify a novel cytosolic GAPDH–enolase fusion protein in several dinoflagellate species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the GAPDH moiety of this fusion is weakly related to a cytosolic GAPDH previously reported in dinoflagellates, ciliates, and an apicomplexan. The enolase moiety has phylogenetic affinity with sequences from ciliates and apicomplexans, as expected for dinoflagellate genes. Furthermore, the enolase moiety has two insertions in a highly conserved region of the gene that are shared with ciliate and apicomplexan homologues, as well as with land plants, stramenopiles, haptophytes, and a chlorarachniophyte. Another glycolytic gene fusion in eukaryotes is the mitochondrion‐targeted triose‐phosphate isomerase (TPI) and GAPDH fusion in stramenopiles (i.e. diatoms and oomycetes). However, unlike the mitochondrial TPI–GAPDH fusion, the GAPDH–enolase fusion protein appears to exist in the same compartment as stand‐alone homologues of each protein, and the metabolic reactions they catalyze in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are not directly sequential. It is possible that the fusion is post‐translationally processed to give separate GAPDH and enolase products, or that the fusion protein may function as a single bifunctional polypeptide in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, or perhaps more likely in some previously unrecognized metabolic capacity.
In Vitro Cultivation of an Insect Microsporidian Tubulinosema ratisbonensis in Mammalian Cells
Authors: FRANZEN CASPAR , FISCHER SUSANNE , SCHROEDER JOSEF , BLEISS WILFRID , SCHNEUWLY STEPHAN , SCHÖLMERICH JÜRGEN , SALZBERGER BERND
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Tubulinosema ratisbonensis is a microsporidian pathogen of Drosophila melanogaster belonging to the family Tubulinosematidae. The microsporidia in this family mainly cause infections in invertebrate hosts, but two members of this family, Brachiola vesicularum and Brachiola algerae, have been found to cause infections in humans as well. Moreover, B. algerae can be transmitted to immunodeficient mice and grows in mammalian cell cultures. Thus, the examination of the opportunistic properties of other members of the family Tubulinosematidae is important. Spores of T. ratisbonensis, isolated from infected fruit flies, were used to inoculate mammalian and insect cell cultures. Parasite growth was only seen in human lung fibroblasts. No growth was seen in Vero cells or insect cell cultures. Comparison of growth kinetics at 31°C and 37°C showed that there were fewer and smaller parasitic foci in cultures incubated at 37°C. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the typical ultrastructure of T. ratisbonensis, and scanning electron microscopy showed oval or slightly pyriform spores, with some spores having extruded their polar tubes. The PCR‐amplified sequences of rDNA fragments from infected cell cultures were 100% identical to the original T. ratisbonensis rRNA sequence. As T. ratisbonensis is able to proliferate in mammalian cell cultures, it may have the opportunistic properties of other members of the family Tubulinosematidae.
Genomic and Proteomic Evidence for a Second Family of Dense Core Granule Cargo Proteins in Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: BOWMAN GRANT R. , SMITH DARYL G. S. , MICHAEL SIU K. W. , PEARLMAN RONALD E. , TURKEWITZ AARON P.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. In addition to a family of structurally related proteins encoded by the Granule lattice (GRL) genes, the dense core granules in Tetrahymena thermophila contain a second, more heterogeneous family of proteins that can be defined by the presence of a domain homologous to β/γ‐crystallins. The founding members of the family, Induced during Granule Regeneration 1 (IGR1) and Granule Tip 1 (GRT1), were identified in previous screens for granule components. Analysis of the recently sequenced T. thermophila macronuclear genome has now uncovered 11 additional related genes. All family members have a single β/γ‐crystallin domain, but the overall predicted organization of family members is highly variable, and includes three other motifs that are conserved between subsets of family members. To demonstrate that these proteins are present within granules, polypeptides from a subcellular fraction enriched in granules were analyzed by mass spectrometry. This positively identified four of the predicted novel β/γ‐crystallin domain proteins. Both the functional evidence for IGR1 and GRT1 and the variability in the overall structure of this new protein family suggest that its members play roles that are distinct from those of the GRL family.
Descriptions of Protospathidium serpens (Kahl, 1930) and P. fraterculum n. sp. (Ciliophora, Haptoria), Two Species Based on Different Resting Cyst Morphology
Authors: XU KUIDONG , FOISSNER WILHELM
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Protospathidium serpens (Kahl, 1930) is frequent in semiterrestrial and terrestrial habitats worldwide. Conventionally, all populations are considered as conspecific because they have very similar overall morphologies and morphometrics. We studied in detail not only the morphology of the vegetative cells but also the resting cysts using live observation, protargol impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. These revealed a cryptic diversity and biogeographic pattern in details of the dorsal brush and cyst wall morphology. The cyst wall is spiny in the Austrian specimens, while smooth in the South African and Antarctic populations. Accordingly, P. serpens consists of at least two species: P. serpens (with spiny cyst wall) and P. fraterculum n. sp. (with smooth cyst wall); the latter is probably composed of two distinct taxa differing by the absence (South African)/presence (Antarctic) of a monokinetidal bristle tail in brush row 3, the number of dikinetids comprising brush row 1 (seven versus three), and the total number of brush dikinetids (29 versus 17). Protospathidium serpens is neotypified with the new population from Austria. The significance of resting cyst morphology is discussed with respect to alpha‐taxonomy and overall ciliate diversity.
Identification and Localization of a Protein Immunologically Related to Caltractin (Centrin) in the Myonemes and Membranelles of the Heterotrich Ciliate Stentor coeruleus
Authors: MALONEY MICHAEL S. , McDANIEL W. SCOTT , LOCKNAR SARAH A. , TORLINA HEATHER M.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The contractile properties of the myonemes of Stentor are very similar to caltractin (centrin)‐containing fibers of other organisms. We investigated whether the calcium‐binding protein caltractin was present in Stentor by using three different antibodies to caltractin or caltractin‐related proteins, in conjunction with immunofluorescence microscopy and protein blotting. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that a protein immunologically similar to caltractin is present in the myonemes and in the bases of the membranelles of Stentor. The localization to the myonemes is observed in intact cells, osmotically lysed cells, and isolated cortices. Double‐label immunofluorescence with anti‐α‐tubulin and anti‐caltractin antibodies showed that the fluorescence in the myonemes was not in the overlying Km fibers. The myonemes in the posterior one‐third of the cell appear as thick fibers with no cross‐bridging. They become thinner as they approach the anterior end of the cell and show extensive cross‐bridging here. Staining in the bases of the membranelles shows a distinct comma‐like immunofluorescence pattern similar to that seen with protargol‐stained cells and SEM views of the membranellar band reported by others. Western blots demonstrated that the caltractin‐like protein in Stentor has an apparent molecular weight of 23 kDa compared with the 20‐kDa protein from Chlamydomonas and is a calcium‐binding protein.
The Apertospathulidae, a New Family of Haptorid Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora)
Authors: FOISSNER WILHELM , XU KUIDONG , KREUTZ MARTIN
Published: July 2005

Abstract. We studied the morphology of three rare haptorid ciliates, using live observation and silver impregnation: Apertospathula verruculifera n. sp., Longispatha elegans n. gen., n. sp., and Rhinothrix porculus (Penard, 1922) n. gen., n. comb. Simple ethanol fixation (50–70%, v/v) is recommended to reveal the ciliary pattern of “difficult” ciliates, such as R. porculus, by protargol impregnation. The three genera investigated have a distinct feature in common, viz., a lasso‐shaped oral bulge and circumoral kinety, where the right half is slightly to distinctly longer than the left and the circumoral kinety is open ventrally. Thus, they are united in a new spathidiid family, the Apertospathulidae n. fam., which probably evolved from a Bryophyllum‐like ancestor by partial reduction of the oral bulge and circumoral kinety. Apertospathula verruculifera has a wart‐like process, the palpus dorsalis, at the anterior end of the dorsal brush. The right branch of the circumoral kinety is only slightly longer than the left one. Longispatha elegans has a straight oral bulge and circumoral kinety, the right branch of which extends to the posterior end of the body while the left branch ends in the anterior third of the body. Rhinothrix porculus, a curious ciliate with a snout‐like dorsal elongation of the oral bulge, the palpus oralis, has a highly characteristic ciliary pattern: the oral pattern is as in Longispatha, but the bulge and circumoral kinety extend spirally to the posterior end of the body while the somatic kineties course meridionally. This is achieved by inserting some shortened kineties in the curves of the oral bulge.
Alternative Oxidase (AOX) Genes of African Trypanosomes: Phylogeny and Evolution of AOX and Plastid Terminal Oxidase Families
Authors: SUZUKI TAKASHI , HASHIMOTO TETSUO , YABU YOSHISADA , MAJIWA PHELIX A. O. , OHSHIMA SHIGERU , SUZUKI MITSUKO , LU SHAOHONG , HATO MARIKO , KIDO YASUTOSHI , SAKAMOTO KIMITOSHI , NAKAMURA KOSUKE , KITA KIYOSHI , OHTA NOBUO
Published: July 2005

Abstract. To clarify evolution and phylogenetic relationships of trypanosome alternative oxidase (AOX) molecules, AOX genes (cDNAs) of the African trypanosomes, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma evansi, were cloned by PCR. Both AOXs possess conserved consensus motifs (‐E‐, ‐EXXH‐). The putative amino acid sequence of the AOX of T. evansi was exactly the same as that of T. brucei. A protein phylogeny of trypanosome AOXs revealed that three genetically and pathogenically distinct strains of T. congolense are closely related to each other. When all known AOX sequences collected from current databases were analyzed, the common ancestor of these three Trypanosoma species shared a sister‐group position to T. brucei/T. evansi. Monophyly of Trypanosoma spp. was clearly supported (100% bootstrap value) with Trypanosoma vivax placed at the most basal position of the Trypanosoma clade. Monophyly of other eukaryotic lineages, terrestrial plants + red algae, Metazoa, diatoms, Alveolata, oomycetes, green algae, and Fungi, was reconstructed in the best AOX tree obtained from maximum likelihood analysis, although some of these clades were not strongly supported. The terrestrial plants + red algae clade showed the closest affinity with an α‐proteobacterium, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, and the common ancestor of these lineages, was separated from other eukaryotes. Although the root of the AOX subtree was not clearly determined, subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the composite tree for AOX and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) demonstrated that PTOX and related cyanobacterial sequences are of a monophyletic origin and their common ancestor is linked to AOX sequences.
Stoeckeria algicida n. gen., n. sp. (Dinophyceae) from the Coastal Waters off Southern Korea: Morphology and Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA Gene Sequence
Authors: JEONG HAE JIN , KIM JAE SEONG , PARK JAE YEON , KIM JONG HYEOK , KIM SANGHEE , LEE ILHA , LEE SEUNG HYUN , HA JEONG HYUN , YIH WON HO
Published: July 2005

Abstract. This paper presents a new description of the morphology of the planktonic dinoflagellate Stoeckeria algicida n. gen., n. sp. and a report of the sequence of the small subunit rDNA (SS rDNA) from cultured cells. The vegetative biflagellated cell, gametes, triflagellated planozygotes, and cyst stages of this heterotrophic species were observed in cultures. The vegetative biflagellated cells are oval, with the cell length being considerably larger than the cell width. The ranges (and mean, n=60) of cell length and width of live biflagellated cells satiated with the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo were 14.4–20.8 μm (16.8) and 10.0–17.4 μm (12.9), respectively, while those of biflagellated cells starved for 3 d (n=60) were 7.3–15.9 μm (11.6) and 2.7–12.2 μm (7.3), respectively. Thin plates of the vegetative biflagellated cells were arranged in a Kofoidian series of Po, cp, X, 4′, 2a, 7″, 6c, 6s, 5″′, 0 (p), and 2″″. When properly aligned, the sequence of the SS rDNA of the biflagellated cells of S. algicida (GenBank Accession no. AJ841809) was 3% different from that of a dinoflagellate from Shepherd's Crook and 4% different from that of Cryptoperidiniopsoid sp. brodyi, Pfiesteria spp., or Pfiesteria‐like species. In a maximum‐likelihood‐distance phylogenetic tree generated using the SS rDNA sequences, Pfiesteria spp., Pfiesteria‐like species, and a dinoflagellate from Shepherd's Crook were closest to S. algicida, but these dinoflagellates were clearly divergent with S. algicida. Based on morphological and genealogical analyses, we suggest that this is a new species in a new genus.
Bacterial vaginosis – a disturbed bacterial flora and treatment enigma
Authors: LARSSON P. G. , FORSUM U.
Published: July 2005

The syndrome bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by a disturbed vaginal microflora in which the normally occurring lactobacilli yield quantitatively to an overgrowth of mainly anaerobic bacteria. As BV is a possible cause of obstetrics complications and gynaecological disease – as well as a nuisance to the affected women – there is a strong impetus to find a cure. In BV treatment studies, the diagnosis criteria for diagnosis of BV vary considerably and different methods are used for cure evaluation. The design of study protocols varies and there is no consensus respecting a suitable time for follow‐up visits. For the purpose of this review, available data were recalculated for 4‐week post treatment cure rates. For oral metronidazole the 4‐week cure rate was found not to exceed 60–70%. Treatment regimens with topical clindamycin or topical metronidazole have the same cure rates. It can thus be said that no sound scientific basis exists for recommending any particular treatment. There is no evidence of beneficial effects on BV engendered by partner treatment, or by addition of probiotics or buffered gel. Long‐term follow‐up (longer than 4 weeks) shows a relapse rate of 70%. With a primary cure rate of 60–70%, and a similar relapse rate documented in the reviewed literature, clinicians simply do not have adequate data for determining treatment or designing clinical studies. This is unfortunate since – apart from the obvious patient benefits – clinical studies can often serve as a guide for more basic studies in the quest for underlying disease mechanisms. In the case of BV there is still a need for continued basic studies on the vaginal flora, local immunity to the flora and host‐parasite interactions as an aid when designing informative clinical studies.
Soluble thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptors are absent in murine sera – detection with anti‐mTSLPR monoclonal antibodies
Authors: ROSENQVIST LINDA , ANDERSSON ANNE‐MARIE , OHLS SARA , BOSTRÖM MARINA , NORDSTRÖM TOMMY , LINDQVIST CHRISTER
Published: July 2005

Two monoclonal antibodies, termed nnIE11 and nnIG11, were generated against the murine thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor, mTSLPR, using traditional hybridoma technology. The antibody‐producing hybridoma clones were obtained by fusing P3X63‐Ag8.653 myeloma cells with splenocytes from Balb/c mice immunized with anti‐FLAG M2 affinity‐purified FLAG‐tagged mTSLPR from pSVL‐mTSLPR‐FLAG‐transfected COS cells and Ni‐NTA‐purified his‐tagged mTSLPR from recombinant FastBacHisB‐mδ1 baculovirus‐infected Sf9 cells. Several monoclonal anti‐mTSLPR‐specific hybridoma clones were obtained and two of these clones are further characterized here. The generated antibodies could in an immunoblotting identify baculovirus‐expressed mTSLPR proteins with a molecular weight corresponding to 50 kDa. Both immunoblotting and ELISA with recombinant mouse TSLPR/Fc chimera as antigen, having only the N‐terminal domain of mTSLPR present, indicated that the generated monoclonal antibodies identify the C‐terminus of mTSLPR. Although sandwich ELISAs performed with a goat anti‐mTSLPR antiserum as capture antibody and nnIE11 as indicator antibody were able to detect mTSLPR in the range of 5 ng/ml, no souble mTSLPR could be observed in serum samples from CBA/H, Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice.
Molecular serotyping of Salmonella: identification of the phase 1 H antigen based on partial sequencing of the fliC gene
Authors: SONNE‐HANSEN JACOB , JENABIAN SALOOMEH M.
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and non‐labour‐intensive molecular method to identify the phase 1 H antigens of Salmonella. The variable region of the flagellin gene, fliC, from 96 Salmonella strains representing 51 different phase 1 H antigens was sequenced in one direction. Unique sequences were found for 45 of the 51 different antigens. We were not able to separate either H:z42 from H:d; H:g, q from H:g, m, q; H:l, w from H:Rl, z40 or H:l, (v),z13 from H:l,z,13. Several phase 2 H antigens were found to be encoded by fliC. Polymorphism, at the subspecies level, was observed in fliC of H:b, H:d, H:z10, H:z and especially H:k. By this method we were also able to confirm that one monophasic strain possesses a new antigen, H:z91. This study shows that sequence‐based typing of the phase 1 H antigen of Salmonella is a good alternative to serotyping when strains are non‐typable by serological methods.
Bone metastasis of Wilms' tumor with monophasic epithelial histology in a young adult
Authors: LU SHENG‐YUN , ENG HOCK‐LIEW , CHEN WEI‐JEN , CHEN TAI‐YI , WANG HUA‐PIN , HUANG CHAO‐CHENG
Published: July 2005

A unique case of Wilms' tumor with monophasic epithelial histology in the bone metastasis at initial presentation in an 18‐year‐old Taiwanese girl is presented. Histologically, a purely differentiated epithelial component in the L1–3 vertebrae was noted, which is consistent with the epithelial component in primary Wilms' tumor of the kidney by both microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Hence, Wilms' tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of a metastatic lesion presenting a purely epithelial histology in a young adult or a child.
Juvenile temporal arteritis associated with Kimura's disease
Authors: FUKUNAGA MASAHARU
Published: July 2005

A case of juvenile temporal arteritis, which is a rare vascular lesion in children and young adults, associated with Kimura's disease in a healthy 23‐year‐old asymptomatic man is described. The patient presented with a painless 2.5 cm nodule with eosinophilia and normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Histologically, the left superficial artery showed marked intimal thickening with moderate eosinophilic infiltrates, constriction of the vascular lumen, focal disruptions of the internal elastic lamina and media, moderate eosinophilic infiltrates in the adventia, and absence of giant cells. The subcutaneous tissue surrounding the artery was characterized by lymphofollicular hyperplasia, marked eosinophilic infiltrates in the intra‐ and extra‐follicles with abscess, capillary proliferations, lymphocytic, plasma cell and mast cell infiltrates, and fibrosis in the interfollicular region. Immunohistochemically, reticular, positive IgE staining was observed in the germinal centers. Clinically and histologically, the lesion was consistent with juvenile temporal arteritis associated with Kimura's disease. The findings indicate that both entities are closely related and juvenile temporal arteritis may be secondary to Kimura's disease.
Accelerating the Calibration of Multihole Pressure Probes by Applying Advanced Computational Methods
Authors: Franken Arnoud R. C. , Ivey Paul C.
Published: July 2005

The miniature multihole pneumatic pressure probe is widely regarded as a cost-effective, easy-to-use, and accurate method for performing two- or three-dimensional flow field measurements in turbomachinery. The major downside to the use of these probes is that the influence of fabrication imperfections on probe characteristics necessitates an extensive and highly time-intensive and, therefore, costly calibration of each individual probe. Unless these probes can be fabricated to such standards that make individual probe calibrations superfluous, the only way to significantly reduce the time and costs associated with probe calibration is to shorten the calibration process. The latter is only possible if all essential information can be obtained from less calibration data. This paper describes an approach to the calibration of a series of multihole pressure probes in which advanced computational methods are used to make this possible. By exploiting the key features of a probe’s characteristic this approach requires only a fraction of the size of a conventional calibration database for the accurate modeling of the relationships between port pressures and flow conditions. As a result, calibration time and costs can be reduced without the sacrifice of quality.
Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Wake/Blade Interactions in Low-Pressure Turbine Flows Using an Intermittency Transport Equation
Authors: Suzen Y. B. , Huang P. G.
Published: July 2005

An extensive computational investigation of the effects of unsteady wake/blade interactions on transition and separation in low-pressure turbines has been performed by numerical simulations of two recent sets of experiments using an intermittency transport equation. The experiments considered have been performed by Kaszeta and Simon and Stieger in order to investigate the effects of periodically passing wakes on laminar-to-turbulent transition and separation in low-pressure turbines. The test sections were designed to simulate unsteady wakes in turbine engines for studying their effects on boundary layers and separated flow regions over the suction surface. The numerical simulations of the unsteady wake/blade interaction experiments have been performed using an intermittency transport model. The intermittent behavior of the transitional flows is taken into account and incorporated into computations by modifying the eddy viscosity, with the intermittency factor. Turbulent quantities are predicted by using Menter’s two-equation turbulence model (SST). The intermittency factor is obtained from the transport equation model, which can produce both the experimentally observed streamwise variation of intermittency and a realistic profile in the cross-stream direction. Computational results are compared to the experiments. Overall, general trends are captured and prediction capabilities of the intermittency transport model for simulations of unsteady wake/blade interaction flowfields are demonstrated.
Simulated Land-Based Turbine Deposits Generated in an Accelerated Deposition Facility
Authors: Jensen Jared W. , Squire Sean W. , Bons Jeffrey P. , Fletcher Thomas H.
Published: July 2005

This report presents a validation of the design and operation of an accelerated testing facility for the study of foreign deposit layers typical to the operation of land-based gas turbines. This facility was designed to produce turbine deposits in a 4-h test that would simulate 10000h of turbine operation. This is accomplished by matching the net foreign particulate throughput of an actual gas turbine. Flow Mach number, temperature and particulate impingement angle are also matched. Validation tests were conducted to model the ingestion of foreign particulate typically found in the urban environment. The majority of this particulate is ceramic in nature and smaller than 10microns in size, but varies up to 80microns. Deposits were formed for flow Mach number and temperature of 0.34 and 1150°C, respectively, using MCrAlY coated coupons donated from industry. Investigations over a range of impingement angles yielded samples with deposit thicknesses from 10to50microns in 4h, accelerated-service simulations. Deposit thickness increased substantially with temperature and was roughly constant with impingement angle when the deposit thickness was measured in the direction of the impinging flow. Test validation was achieved using direct comparison with deposits from service hardware. Deposit characteristics affecting blade heat transfer via convection and conduction were assessed. Surface topography analysis indicated that the surface structure of the generated deposits were similar to those found on actual turbine blades. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray spectroscopy analyses indicated that the deposit microstructures and chemical compositions were comparable to turbine blade deposit samples obtained from industry.
Latticework (Vortex) Cooling Effectiveness: Rotating Channel Experiments
Authors: Acharya S. , Zhou F. , Lagrone J. , Mahmood G. , Bunker R. S.
Published: July 2005

The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of latticework coolant blade passages have been investigated experimentally under conditions of rotation. Stationary studies with the latticework configuration have shown potential advantages including spatially-uniform streamwise distributions of the heat transfer coefficient, greater blade strength, and enhancement levels comparable to conventional rib turbulators. In the present study, a latticework coolant passage, with orthogonal-ribs, is studied in a rotating heat transfer test-rig for a range of Reynolds numbers (Res), Rotation numbers (Ros), and density ratios. Measurements indicate that for Res⩾20,000, the latticework coolant passage provides very uniform streamwise distributions of the Nusselt number (Nus) with enhancement levels (relative to smooth-channel values) in the range of 2.0–2.5. No significant dependence of Nus on Ros and density ratio is observed except at lower Res values (⩽10,000). Nusselt numbers are highest immediately downstream of a turn indicating that bend-effects play a major role in enhancing heat transfer. Friction factors are relatively insensitive to Ros, and thermal performance factors at higher Res values appear to be comparable to those obtained with conventional rib-turbulators. The present study indicates that latticework cooling geometry can provide comparable heat transfer enhancements and thermal performance factors as conventional rib-turbulators, with potential benefits of streamwise uniformity in the heat transfer coefficients and added blade strength.
Investigation on a Type of Flow Control to Weaken Unsteady Separated Flows by Unsteady Excitation in Axial Flow Compressors
Authors: Zheng Xin-qian , Zhou Xiao-bo , Zhou Sheng
Published: July 2005

By solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations discretized by a high-order scheme, the results showed that the disordered unsteady separated flow could be effectively controlled by periodic suction and blowing in a wide range of incidences, resulting in enhancement of time-averaged aerodynamic performances of an axial compressor cascade. The effects of unsteady excitation frequency, amplitude, and excitation location were investigated in detail. The effective excitation frequency spans a wide spectrum, and there is an optimal excitation frequency that is nearly equal to the characteristic frequency of vortex shedding. Excitation amplitude exhibits a threshold value (nearly 10% in terms of the ratio of maximum velocity of periodic suction and blowing to the velocity of free flow) and an optimal value (nearly 35%). The optimal excitation location is just upstream of the separation point. We also explored feasible unsteady actuators by utilizing the upstream wake for constraining unsteady separation in axial flow compressors.
Simultaneous Heat Flux and Velocity Measurements in a Transonic Turbine Cascade
Authors: Holmberg D. G. , Diller T. E.
Published: July 2005

The gas turbine engine combustor generates turbulence that increases heat transfer on downstream turbine blades, but the mechanisms of that heat transfer are not fully understood. In this work, simultaneous time-resolved surface heat flux and velocity measurements have been made at three locations on the pressure surface of a high-turning transonic airfoil. Grids were used upstream of the linear turbine cascade to produce free-stream turbulence with two different inlet length scales, but the same turbulence intensity. High-frequency response instrumentation was used to obtain both steady and unsteady measurements. Results show that the time-averaged heat transfer is larger for the flow with the smaller integral length scale. Frequency-domain analysis demonstrates coherence between the fluctuations of heat flux and velocity over a broad range of frequencies. This is a direct indication that free-stream turbulent eddies penetrate completely through the boundary layer to the surface.
Aerodynamic and Heat-flux Measurements with Predictions on a Modern One and One-Half State High Pressure transonic Turbine
Authors: Haldeman Charles W. , Dunn Michael G. , Barter John W. , Green Brain R. , Bergholz Robert F.
Published: July 2005

Aerodynamic and heat-transfer measurements were acquired using a modern stage and 1∕2 high-pressure turbine operating at design corrected conditions and pressure ratio. These measurements were performed using the Ohio State University Gas Turbine Laboratory Turbine Test Facility. The research program utilized an uncooled turbine stage for which all three airfoils are heavily instrumented at multiple spans to develop a full database at different Reynolds numbers for code validation and flow-physics modeling. The pressure data, once normalized by the inlet conditions, was insensitive to the Reynolds number. The heat-flux data for the high-pressure stage suggests turbulent flow over most of the operating conditions and is Reynolds number sensitive. However, the heat-flux data do not scale according to flat plat theory for most of the airfoil surfaces. Several different predictions have been done using a variety of design and research codes. In this work, comparisons are made between industrial codes and an older code called UNSFLO-2D initially published in the late 1980’s. The comparisons show that the UNSFLO-2D results at midspan are comparable to the modern codes for the time-resolved and time-averaged pressure data, which is remarkable given the vast differences in the processing required. UNSFLO-2D models the entropy generated around the airfoil surfaces using the full Navier-Stokes equations, but propagates the entropy invisicidly downstream to the next blade row, dramatically reducing the computational power required. The accuracy of UNSFLO-2D suggests that this type of approach may be far more useful in creating time-accurate design tools, than trying to utilize full time-accurate Navier-Stokes codes which are often currently used as research codes in the engine community, but have yet to be fully integrated into the design system due to their complexity and significant processor requirements.
Experimental Investigation of Local Heat Transfer Distribution on Smooth and Roughened Surfaces Under an Array of Angled Impinging Jets
Authors: El-Gabry Lamyaa A. , Kaminski Deborah A.
Published: July 2005

Measurements of the local heat transfer distribution on smooth and roughened surfaces under an array of angled impinging jets are presented. The test rig is designed to simulate impingement with crossflow in one direction. Jet angle is varied between 30, 60, and 90deg as measured from the target surface, which is either smooth or randomly roughened. Liquid crystal video thermography is used to capture surface temperature data at five different jet Reynolds numbers ranging between 15,000 and 35,000. The effect of jet angle, Reynolds number, gap, and surface roughness on heat transfer and pressure loss is determined along with the various interactions among these parameters.
Boiling Performance of Single-Layered Enhanced Structures
Authors: Ghiu Camil-Daniel , Joshi Yogendra K.
Published: July 2005

A study of pool boiling at atmospheric pressure from single-layered enhanced structures was conducted for a dielectric fluorocarbon liquid (PF 5060). The parameters investigated in this study were: (a) Heat flux (1-45W∕cm2); (b) width of the microchannels (65-105μm); and (c) microchannel pitch (0.2-0.7mm). The boiling performance of the enhanced structures was found to increase with the increase in channel width and decrease in channel pitch. A simple single line curve fit is provided as a practical way of predicting the data over the entire nucleate boiling regime. The exponent n in the single line power curve fit was found to be between 1 and 2. The modes of boiling from an enhanced structure proposed by previous researchers were unable to explain the boiling curves obtained in this study. The present data are explained in light of the contribution from the top finned surface of the enhanced structure.
Stability Behavior of a Natural Circulation Loop with End Heat Exchangers
Authors: Rao N. M. , Maiti B. , Das P. K.
Published: July 2005

The present investigation describes the stability behavior of NCL with end heat exchangers. The one-dimensional transient conservation equations of the loop fluid and the two fluid streams of cold end and hot end heat exchangers are solved simultaneously using the finite element program. For the stability analysis the loop response is found for an imposed finite perturbation to the loop circulation rate. Though the stability may depend on the number of parameters, variation of two nondimensional parameters, namely Ch* and GrL, is studied. Selecting the specific combinations of the above two parameters three different cases of stability, namely, stable, neutrally stable, and unstable, are demonstrated. The stability behavior is scanned over a wide range of Ch* and GrL values and the stability envelope is also constructed.