bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reputation and Honour in Court and Country: Lady Elizabeth Russell and Sir Thomas Hoby
Authors: Heal Felicity
Published: March 2007

In 1576 William Cecil, Lord Burghley, was engaged in one of the most painful disputes of his distinguished career: a bitter conflict with the earl of Oxford who had married, and then repudiated, his beloved daughter Anne. Cecil's distress erupted in a series of memoranda enumerating die injuries inflicted by die earl. At the end of the most comprehensive of these documents he briefly resumed his other role, as mentor and Polonius to the young de Vere. Remember, he begged him, who he was and what the world expected of him: above all remember that ‘the gretest possession that any man can have is honor, good name, good will of many and of the best sort’. This appeal to honour as good reputation among the wisest and best was unlikely to move his renegade son-in-law, whose understanding of the honour code, if we may judge by his actions, is that it provided justification for the wilful individualism of the nobleman. But Cecil's choice of language has resonance in the broader context of thinking about reputation in the late sixteenth century. It eschews excessive personal pride in favour of a balanced appeal to the judgment of one's peers, yet it is scarcely an elevated perception of virtuous Protestant honour of the kind associated with another of Cecil's protègès, Philip Sidney.
Male Honour, Social Control and Wife Beating in Late Stuart England
Authors: Foyster Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

In seventeenth-century England honour was a concept which had meaning for men in the private or domestic spheres as well as in the public spheres of their lives. Indeed, failure to prove an honourable man at home could exclude men from entering any honour community outside it. Above all else, men from whatever social status were only held worthy of honour if they could demonstrate control over their wives, children and servants. Hence honour was a concept which was vital to the upholding of male power. To achieve that power or control men were encouraged to adopt behaviour which laid emphasis on two key gender characteristics which were thought to distinguish them from women: physical strength and reason. As Sir Thomas Smith explained in 1583, God had intended to give the male ‘great wit, bigger strength, and more courage to compel the woman to obey by reason or force’. Men used their claim to reason to legitimise their authority over women; the first Marquis of Halifax explained to his daughter in a letter of 1688:

That there is Inequality in the Sexes, and that for the better Economy of the World, the Men, who were to be the Law-givers, had the larger share of Reason bestow'd upon them…Your Sex wanteth our Reason for your Conduct, and our Strength for your Protection.
Women, Status and the Popular Culture of Dishonour
Authors: Gowing Laura
Published: March 2007

The history of honour in early modern English society has tended of necessity to focus on dishonour. The ways in which women and men were defamed, shamed and dishonoured have seemed to offer a vivid insight into how what we call ‘honour’ worked in early modern society. And yet honour and dishonour were not exactly correspondent points on the same axis of values: what was dishonouring was not necessarily the opposite of what constituted honour. This was especially true where sex was concerned; sexual conduct could be dishonouring in all sorts of ways, but rarely if ever did it confer honour. Sexual dishonour was a concept and a process with a disrupting power of its own, applied most powerfully to women.
The Cromwellian Decade: Authority and Consent
Authors: Davies C. S. L.
Published: March 2007

The 1530s always remained classic Elton territory, in spite of later and fruitful excursions into the Cecilian world and beyond. How distinctive were the thirties? Are we still justified in talking about a ‘Revolution’? In a historical climate which puts the accent on continuities, such talk has become unfashionable. Productive reform was characteristic of the Wolsey ministry, of the reigns of Henry VII and of Edward IV, and perhaps had its origin with Margaret of Anjou's regime. Equally historians are now very aware of the gap between aspiration and reality, the sheer difficulty of effecting real change, and especially in such areas as religious practice. They are also aware of how un-revolutionary in many respects were the succeeding years; of how many of the initiatives of the thirties were not followed up in the later year of Henry VIII or even in the otherwise revolutionary reign of Edward VI; above all of the Elizabethan regime with its avoidance whenever possible of confrontation and its attempts to recreate many of the ancient continuities. The thirties did represent a watershed in very many areas, did introduce changes which would be difficult if not necessarily impossible toreverse. But to try to make the thirties the fulcrum around which English history revolves is to invite refutation and the probability that the degree of real change will be underestimated as a result. Where, for instance, Tudor Revolution in Government deals with the particular it remains a remarkable work: inevitably sharpened by subsequent research, but none the less pointing in the right direction on changes in die financial departments, and above all in the evolution of a formal Privy Council.
The Parliament of England
Authors: Croft Pauline
Published: March 2007

REREADING the thousands of words that Geoffrey Elton penned on English parliamentary history has been a fascinating and a humbling experience. The analytical power, the mastery of sources, the clarity of argument compel unstinting admiration. Although he generously acknowledged the contributions made by friends and students, he was the paramount revisionist of early modern parliamentary history.
Thomas Cromwell's Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty
Authors: Russell Conrad
Published: March 2007

IN attending a conference on ‘The Eltonian Legacy’, most of us are here to pay tribute to a teacher or a patron. I am here for the no less heartfelt, but rather trickier, task of paying tribute to a much-missed sparring partner. My first encounter with Geoffrey Elton was at long range, through his review of The Crisis of Parliaments, which I can now describe, recollecting it in tranquillity, as my first encounter with Test Match bowling. It was a bit like taking guard in one's first Test to find oneself facing Curtly Ambrose. Like many such encounters, it gave rise to a firm, but always competitive, friendship.
Sir Geoffrey Elton and the Practice of History
Authors: Skinner Quentin
Published: March 2007

A REVEALING metaphor runs throughout The Practice of History, Sir Geoffrey Elton's first and fullest consideration of the methods and purposes of historical study. The aspiring historian is pictured as an apprentice—at one point specifically as an apprentice carpenter (p. 214)—who is aiming to produce a first piece of work to be inspected and judged by a master craftsman. Elton repeatedly speaks of the need for die young scholar to undergo ‘a proper apprenticeship’ (p. 103). He must acknowledge that ‘his life is that of an apprentice learning a craft’, and that he requires to be ‘instructed, guided, and trained’.
The Hereford Map: Its Author(s), Two Scenes and a Border
Authors: Flint Valerie I. J.
Published: March 2007

The Hereford Map is drawn upon a single pentangular skin of very high quality and, presumably, expense. It measures some 5′2″ by 4′4″ at its longest and widest points, and has, in addition to the world map from which it takes its name, a number of ornamented borders, inscriptions in Latin and Anglo-Norman, and illuminated scenes. The map thus has a great many claims to the attention of medieval historians, art historians and linguists, but I would single out three. Firstly, as a result of the loss of the Ebstorf Map, the Hereford Map is now die largest and most elaborate medieval mappa mundi known to have survived. Secondly, it is still one of the most difficult there is of the genre definitively to date, place and understand; this in the face of over more than one hundred and fifty years of effort on the part of a whole series of accomplished scholars and cartographers, effort of which the recent short and penetrating book by Professor Harvey is a triumphant example. Thirdly, though the map is rightly now regarded by the Hereford Cathedral Chapter as one of its greatest treasures, and is quite beautifully cared for and displayed in Hereford, we are still all a little hazy about how it got there in the first place. Professor Harvey suspects it may originally have been made in Lincoln, a suspicion to which I might perhaps now bring a little additional support. But if it was made in Lincoln, how, then, did it come to Hereford, when did it come and, perhaps most importantly of all, why?
The Meaning of Irish Freedom Constitutionalism in the Free State
Authors: Townshend Charles
Published: March 2007

The performance of Ireland as an autonomous state since 1922 remains a contentious subject. Joseph Lee's withering critique of Irish economic backwardness and cultural parochialism, which he holds to be rooted in a narrow adhesion to the ‘possessor principle’ against the ‘performance ethic’, charts a long-term failure to rise to the challenge of statehood. It is not appropriate here to attempt even a summary of his sprawling, bristling account; I want to focus on an aspect highlit by Denis Donoghue when he reviewed it in die London Review of Books. ‘The first and most important fact about modern Ireland,’ Donoghue contended, ‘is that, after die Civil War, there was unquestioned transition to democracy.’ On this view, modern Irish history is, pace Lee, in essence a success story. As Brian Farrell put it, die capacity of die Irish parliamentary tradition to ‘encompass, neutralise and institutionalise’ the disastrous split of 1922 ‘makes die Irish experience unique among the new nation-states of the twentiedi-century world’. Tom Garvin has recendy reinforced this verdict by pointing to the surprising speed with which any tendency to military intervention in Irish politics disappeared. This after a Civil War in which die new Army—lacking any experience of subordination to the civil power— had saved die life of the infant Irish Free State. Indeed, far from witnessing the politicisation of the military, Ireland ‘rapidly became one of the most demilitarised societies in Europe’.
For Reasoned Faith or Embattled Creed? Religion for the People in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Cameron Euan
Published: March 2007

There has long been some measure of agreement that European people in the middle ages adhered to a form of Christianity which was ‘folklorised’, ‘enchanted’, or ‘magical’. Interwoven with the traditional creeds and the orthodox liturgy were numerous beliefs and practices which were intended to ensure spiritual and bodily welfare, and guard against misfortune. To the endless frustration of theologians, ‘religion’ and ‘superstition’ stubbornly refused to remain clearly separate, despite the intellectual effort expended in forcing them into different compartments. ‘Superstitious’ rites or beliefs repeatedly intersected with the official Catholic cult. It was believed that if a talisman were placed under an altar-cloth during mass, it would acquire spiritual potency. Orthodox prayers were constantly adapted to serve the needs of popular magic. Clergy, let alone layfolk, found the line between acceptable and superstitious practice difficult to draw. For a graphic illustration of this problem, one need only look at the following recipe for curing a hailstorm caused by sorcery:

But against hailstones and storms, besides those things said earlier about raising the sign of the cross, this remedy may be used: three little hailstones are thrown into the fire with the invocation of the most Holy Trinity; the Lord's Prayer with the Angelic Salutation is added twice or three times, and the Gospel of St John, ‘In the beginning was the word’, while the sign of the cross is made against the storm from all quarters, before and behind, and from every part of the earth. And then, when at the end one repeats three times, ‘the Word was made flesh’, and says three times after that, ‘by these Gospels uttered, may that tempest flee’, then suddenly, so long as the storm was caused to happen by sorcery, it will cease.
Empire and National Identities: The Case of Scotland
Authors: MacKenzie John M.
Published: March 2007

The modern historiography of the origins of British national identities seems riven with contradictions and paradoxes. First there is a major chronological problem. Is the forging of Britishness to be located in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth or nineteenth centuries? Second, there is a difficulty in the compilation of such identities. Are they to be found in negative reactions to the perceived contemporary identities of others or in positive, if mythic, readings of ethnic history? Third, can there be a British identity at all when the cultural identities of what may be called the sub-nationalisms or sub-ethnicities of the United Kingdom seem to be forged at exactly the same time? And fourth, did the formation of the British Empire and the vast expansion of British imperialism in the nineteenth century tend towards the confirmation of the identity of Greater Britain or of the Welsh, Irish, English and Scottish elements that made it up?
Christians, Civilised and Spanish: Multiple Identities in Sixteenth-Century Spain
Authors: Rodríguez-Salgado M. J.
Published: March 2007

In January 1556 Charles V renounced his rights to the Iberian kingdoms and passed them on to his son, Philip, who at once assumed the title of King of Spain. To his surprise and consternation, the English council refused to endorse it and pertly reminded him that the Kingdom of Spain did not exist. While the title had long been used, and almost every language had an equivalent for Spain and Spanish, the truth was that legally there was no such entity. Philip II's will reflected this judicial reality. He was, ‘by the grace of God, king of Castile, Leon, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Portugal, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Mallorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, Algarve, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern and Western Indies, the islands and terra firma of the Ocean Sea; archduke of Austria; duke of Burgundy, Bravant and Milan; count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol, Barcelona; Lord of Biscay, Molina etc.’. This lengthy litany partly explains why he and all his contemporaries habitually resorted to the title King of Spain as convenient short-hand. As we will see, however, there was more to it than simple utility. The terms were used because they were broadly understood and accepted. But it will be apparent at once that the concept of a specific Spanish identity in the sixteenth century is likely to be particularly problematic since Spain did not exist.
The British Empire and Muslim Identity in South Asia
Authors: Robinson Francis
Published: March 2007

British Empire in India saw major transformations in the identities of its Indian subjects. The growth of the modern state, the introduction of new systems of knowledge, the expansion of capitalist modes of production, and the spread of communications of all forms—railway, telegraph, post, press—made possible the fashioning of all kinds of new identities at local, regional and supra-regional levels. One of the identities which developed most strikingly was the Muslim. Indeed, at independence in 1947 it gained the particular accolade of embracing its own modern state in the shape of Pakistan. This political outcome, however, was just part of an extraordinary series of developments in Muslim identities under British rule which shed light not just on the nature of British rule but also on major changes at work in Muslim society.
Liberalism and the Establishment of Collective Security in British Foreign Policy (The Alexander Prize Essay)
Authors: Heim Joseph Charles
Published: March 2007

Perhaps no phrase is so evocative of inter-war British foreign policy as is ‘collective security.’ Yet surprisingly, despite this obvious centrality—what political figure did not at one time or another express his views regarding collective security?—there remains a missing dimension regarding our understanding of the part collective security played in British foreign policy during the critical decades of the nineteen-twenties and nineteen-thirties.
Empire and Opportunity in Britain, 1763–75The Prothero Lecture
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: March 2007

At the Peace of Paris in 1763 Britain reaped the rewards of a successful war overseas. Great gains were made in North America, die West Indies and West Africa. Two years later Robert Clive signed the treaty of Allahabad by which the Mughal emperor transferred thediwaniand widi it effective possession of die huge province of Bengal to the East India Company. No one could doubt the scale of what had been acquired in so short a time in terms of land, people or resources. How these vast gains could be turned to account, by whom and with what consequences, aroused eager anticipation, a well as serious misgivings, as die British state and many private individuals tried to exploit the opportunities opened up by British military prowess. In so doing they revealed much about the strengdis and weaknesses of British overseas expansion in the eighteenth century.
Knights, Esquires and the Origins of Social Gradation in England
Authors: Coss Peter
Published: March 2007

One of the abiding characteristics of the English gentry has been its system of social gradation. And yet the origins of this system have received relatively little attention from historians. Of course, we are well used to describing a local society of knights and esquires in the fourteenth century and of accommodating the addition of gentlemen, albeit with some hesitancy, in the fifteenth. Historians have highlighted the sumptuary legislation of 1363, which points to the gentility of the esquire, and the Statute of Additions of 1413 which gives legal recognition to the mere gentleman. We may understand that neither piece of legislation is to be taken entirely at face value. Nevertheless they are recognised to be significant markers in the evolution of a graded gentry.
General De Gaulle and his Enemies: Antigaullism in France Since 1940
Authors: Jackson Julian
Published: March 2007

On the centenary of General de Gaulle's birth in November 1990, hundreds of historians, politicians and statesmen gathered in Paris to discuss his life. Their deliberations were published in seven volumes running to several thousand pages. The participants included former opponents who now declared themselves ‘posthumous Gaullists’ or ‘remorseful’ ones. The whole occasion seemed to fulfil André Malraux's prediction: ‘Everyone is, has been or will become Gaullist.’ Of those who were not, never had been, or would never become Gaullist, little was said.
Remembering, Forgetting and Inventing: Attitudes to the Past in England at the End of the First Viking Age
Authors: Foot Sarah
Published: March 2007

‘Remember’, King Alfred wrote to his bishops, sending them a copy of the translation he had made of Pope Gregory the Great'sCura pastoralis, ‘remember what punishments befell us in this world when we ourselves did not cherish learning nor transmit it to other men’. To remedy the twofold disaster consequent on this intellectual and pedagogic failure – not just the ransacking of the churches throughout England and loss of their treasures and books, but, worse, the loss to the English of the wisdom the books had preserved – King Alfred arranged to have the young men among his subjects taught to read in the vernacular. Set-texts for this programme were to be supplied by the translating of ‘certain books which are the most necessary for all men to know’. Among these was Boethius’Consolation of Philosophy, generally thought to have been translated by the king himself and to include some of Alfred's own musings. Towards the end of his text in the context of a discussion of the nature of God, eternity and the place of humanity in the divine plan, Alfred had Wisdom declare: ‘we can know very little concerning what was before our time, except through memory and inquiry, and even less concerning what comes after us. Only one thing is certainly present to us, namely that which now exists. But to God all is present, what was before, what is now, and what shall be after us. The central point at issue here is the disjunction between what an omniscient deity and frail humanity can know of the past, but it usefully introduces this discussion by linking the process of obtaining information about the past with that of personal memory.
Gender and Authority of Oral Witnesses in Europe (800–1300)
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

Between 1068 and 1070 an extraordinary dispute was settled at Bonneville-sur-Touques in Normandy. Duke William, who had recently become king of England, and his wife Matilda, heard the story of a contested property at Bayeux which centred on the identity of a rented child. The story goes as follows. A man called Stephen had married a widow called Oringa by whom he had a small son (puerulus) who lived only a short while. When the boy died, Oringa substituted for him, without her husband's knowledge, the son of a woman called Ulburga at Martragny (Calvados, c. Creully), to whom she paid an annual sum of 100solidi. Stephen made the boy his heir and left him his property. When first Oringa and then Stephen died, the boy's natural mother emerged and demanded rent from the couple's surprised relatives. The family refused to pay and Ulberga turned to Duke William and his wife Matilda. Having heard die case Duke William, in consultation with Archbishop John of Rouen, Roger of Beaumont and others, decided that an ordeal of the hot iron would be die most appropriate way to establish the truth. William and Matilda sent their chaplain Rainald to Bayeux to organise the ordeal, which took place in the monastery of Saint-Vigor in the presence of Rainald himself, two named archdeacons, RobertInsuleand his wife Albereda, Euremarus of Bayeux and many otfier good men (meliores homines) of Bayeux. Ulburga emerged unscathed from the ordeal by fire and therefore her son was returned to her.
Memory and Tradition in Sienese Political Life in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Shaw Christine
Published: March 2007

When someone who is not a specialist thinks of Italian Renaissance politics, he or she probably thinks first of Machiavelli – Machiavelli the cynical, Machiavelli the revolutionary. But if you read the writings of Machiavelli's contemporaries – not so much perhaps the political theorists (except for Francesco Guicciardini, to my mind a far more interesting political thinker than Machiavelli), as the active politicians of the day, Machiavelli does not seem anything like so revolutionary. Next to their clear-eyed realism and knowledge of men and affairs, Machiavelli's extremism can seem naïve.
Anthropology, History and Personal Narratives: Reflections on Writing ‘African Voices, African Lives’
Authors: Caplan Pat
Published: March 2007

Almost half a century ago, the famous British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard suggested that anthropology is actually a form of historiography, thus initiating a debate about the relationship between the two disciplines which has continued sporadically ever since. His statement was a reaction to the claims of Radcliffe-Brown, a founding ‘father’ of British social anthropology, that social anthropology was a kind of science, whereas Evans-Pritchard sought to claim it for the humanities.
Relation between childhood peer victimization and adult perfectionism: are victims of indirect aggression more perfectionistic?
Authors: Miller Jessie L. , Vaillancourt Tracy
Published: March 2007

Using two independent samples and two different measures of perfectionism, this study investigated the hypothesized relation between retrospective accounts of perceived peer‐inflicted emotional abuse during childhood and perfectionism in adulthood. Emotional victimization (‘indirect’ aggression) is characterized by behavior in which mental harm is inflicted on victims through exclusionary acts, gossiping, and rumor spreading.Study one:Self‐reported questionnaires of indirect victimization [DIAS; Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, and Osterman, 1992] and perfectionism [multidimensional perfectionism scale; Hewitt and Flett, 1991] were administered to 162 (mean age=20.14 years) female undergraduate psychology students. Results support the predicted positive relationship between recalled indirect peer victimization and current socially prescribed/self‐oriented perfectionism.Study two:self‐reports of indirect peer victimization and perfectionism (eating disorder inventory‐perfectionism) were collected from 196 (mean age=19.5 years) female undergraduate students. Again, recalled indirect peer victimization was a statistically significant predictor of current socially prescribed/self‐oriented perfectionism whereas recalled direct (physical, verbal) peer victimization held no relation. Discussion addresses the implications of these results, which hold importance for both the bullying and perfectionism literatures. Aggr. Behav. 33:1–12, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss; Inc.
Adolescent psychopathy features: 6‐Year temporal stability and the prediction of externalizing symptoms during the transition to adulthood
Authors: Loney Bryan R. , Taylor Jeanette , Butler Melanie A. , Iacono William G.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the 6‐year stability and predictive validity of adolescent psychopathy features during the transition to young adulthood. It represents one of the longest outcome studies of youth psychopathy to date, and therefore addresses a primary criticism of the research area (i.e., lack of demonstrated associations between child and adult psychopathy features). Recruited participants were 475 males enrolled in the Minnesota Twin and Family Study who had completed a research‐based measure of psychopathy features consisting of separate emotional detachment (or affective) and antisocial tendencies (or behavioral) subscales. These psychopathy features and various externalizing symptoms (i.e., conduct problems, impulsivity, and substance use disorder) were assessed through rating scales and structured diagnostic interview at an intake assessment (ages 16–18) and 6‐year follow‐up. Consistent with prediction, adolescent psychopathy features displayed moderate stability across the transition from adolescence to adulthood [intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) = 0.40–0.41]. The antisocial tendencies subscale was uniquely related to most externalizing symptoms both in adolescence and in adulthood, whereas the emotional detachment subscale showed appropriate discriminant validity in its lack of association with externalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that psychopathy features are relatively stable from adolescence to adulthood and provide possible insights into the development and maintenance of externalizing difficulties during the adult transition. Aggr. Behav. 33:1–11, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of motivation to respond to provocation, the social environment, and trait aggression in alcohol‐related aggression
Authors: Tremblay Paul F. , Mihic Ljiljana , Graham Kathryn , Jelley Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Little attention has been paid to the motivation to respond to provocation and to the interaction between this motivation, alcohol, the drinking environment, and individual characteristics. Undergraduates at six Canadian universities (N = 1,232) read three vignettes describing conflict situations with social environmental manipulations while imagining themselves as either sober or intoxicated. Self‐ratings assessed likelihood of assertive and aggressive responses and motivational indices of anger, offensiveness of the instigator's actions, and importance to respond to the provocation. Respondents also completed a measure of trait aggression. Multi‐group structural equation models supported the hypothesis that perceived likelihood of reactive aggression is influenced by perceived alcohol intoxication, gender, trait aggression, social environmental factors, and motivation to respond to the provocation. In addition, a number of interactions were found among the predictors. These results provide insight into the types of factors that may influence aggression in drinking situations. Aggr. Behav. 33:389–411, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The importance of narcissism in predicting proactive and reactive aggression in moderately to highly aggressive children
Authors: Barry Tammy D. , Thompson Alice , Barry Christopher T. , Lochman John E. , Adler Kristy , Hill Kwoneathia
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the importance of psychopathy‐linked narcissism in predicting proactive and reactive aggression and conduct problems in a group of 160 moderately to highly aggressive children (mean age of 10 years, 9 months). Children's self‐report of self‐esteem and parent and teacher report of dimensions of psychopathy [narcissism, callous–unemotional (CU) traits, and impulsivity], proactive and reactive aggression, and conduct problems were collected. Composites of parent and teacher ratings of children's behavior were used. Consistent with the study's hypotheses, narcissism predicted unique variance in both proactive and reactive aggression, even when controlling for other dimensions of psychopathy, demographic variables associated with narcissism, and the alternative subtype of aggression. As hypothesized, impulsivity was significantly associated with only reactive aggression. CU traits were not related to proactive or reactive aggression once the control variables were entered. All dimensions of psychopathy predicted unique variance in conduct problems. Consistent with prediction, narcissism was not significantly related to general self‐esteem, providing support that narcissism and self‐esteem are different constructs. Furthermore, narcissism and self‐esteem related differentially to proactive aggression, reactive aggression, and conduct problems. Furthermore, narcissism but not self‐esteem accounted for unique variance in aggression and conduct problems. The importance of narcissism in the prediction of aggressive behaviors and clinical implications are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 33:1–13, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss; Inc.
Magnetische Molekülverbindungen: Schaltung magnetischer Eigenschaften durch externe Stimuli
Authors: Sato Osamu , Tao Jun , Zhang Yuan‐Zhu
Published: March 2007

Man kennt eine Vielzahl magnetischer Materialien, deren magnetische Eigenschaften durch externe Stimuli geschaltet werden können. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der thermischen, photochemischen, elektrochemischen und chemischen Steuerung von Phasenübergängen, die mit einem Wechsel der Magnetisierung einhergehen. Die Bandbreite der beschriebenen Spezies reicht von Metallkomplexen über rein organische Verbindungen bis zu Kompositmaterialien, wobei der Schwerpunkt dieses Aufsatzes auf den Eigenschaften von valenztautomeren Verbindungen, molekularen Magneten und Spin‐Crossover‐Komplexen liegt, für die Anwendungen als Speichermedien oder optische Schalter in Aussicht stehen.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Organocatalysts
Authors: Marion Nicolas , Díez‐González Silvia , Nolan Steven P.
Published: March 2007

Organocatalyzed reactions represent an attractive alternative to metal‐catalyzed processes notably because of their lower cost and benign environmental impact in comparison to organometallic catalysis. In this context, N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been studied for their ability to promote primarily the benzoin condensation. Lately, dramatic progress in understanding their intrinsic properties and in their synthesis have made them available to organic chemists. This has resulted in a tremendous increase of their scope and in a true explosion of the number of papers reporting NHC‐catalyzed reactions. Here, we highlight the ever‐increasing number of reactions that can be promoted by N‐heterocyclic carbenes.
Inside Cover: Rings of Nanorods (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 13/2007)
Authors: Khanal Bishnu P. , Zubarev Eugene R.
Published: March 2007

Rodlike nanocrystals typically pack in a parallel fashion as dictated by their anisometric shape and stiffness. In their Communication on page 2195 ff., E. R. Zubarev and B. P. Khanal report the spontaneous self‐organization of polymer‐coated metallic nanorods into circular arrays (see picture). These superstructures—“rings of nanorods”—are templated by water microdroplets that condense on the surface of nonpolar organic solvents and can be produced in near‐quantitative yield in a matter of seconds.
Synthesis and characterization of core‐shell particles containing a perfluoroacrylate copolymer rich in the shell
Authors: Tingting Yang , Hui Peng , Shiyuan Cheng , Jun Park In
Published: March 2007

A simple synthetic method for preparing the core‐shell latex particles containing fluorinated shell was presented. Polymerization was achieved by a low‐sheer monomer‐starved emulsion polymerization process, thus facilitating mobility and subsequent polymerization of perfluoroacrylate (FA) along with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n‐butyl acrylate (nBA) monomers. The structure and thermal behavior of the resulting perfluoroacrylate copolymer were investigated by FTIR, NMR, and DSC. Furthermore, PCS, TEM as well as SFM, were carried out to characterize the surface morphology of the particles. These studies illustrated that the incorporation of FA into MMA/nBA particle morphologies facilitated surface phase separation during coalescence, resulted in F‐containing film‐air interfaces. Thus, surface properties with a significant increase in the contact angles could be produced. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of new reducing agent based on methylmethacrylate‐vinylpyridene copolymer–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Salahuddin Nehal
Published: March 2007

Methylmethacrylate (MMA)‐vinylpyridine (VP) copolymer‐montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared, by direct interaction of sodium montmorillonite with various copolymers of MMA‐VP, using different ratios of VP. The interaction occurred through ion exchange between sodium cations in MMT and pyridinium ions in the copolymers. The resulting composites were reacted with lithium aluminum hydride forming the supported reagents. The structure of the resulting composites, as determined by elemental analysis, Infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction, consisted of the insertions of MMA‐VP macromolecules between lamellar layers. Because of cooperative formation of electrostatic bonding the copolymers were strongly fixed to the inorganic surfaces. The absence of observable transition in the thermogram, using differential scanning calorimetry, confirmed the copolymer sandwiching between the inorganic layers. The thermal stability of nanocomposites was investigated by thermogravimetry analysis. The dispersion of the MMT particles in the polymer matrix was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. The effectiveness of these materials has been examined in the reduction of potassium ferricyanide. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Thermal degradation kinetics of poly(imide‐silica) hybrid films. I. Nanocomposites prepared from HFPA and bis(4‐amino phenyl) ether by sol–gel process
Authors: Foroutan M. , Khoee S.
Published: March 2007

Degradation kinetics of poly(imide‐silica) hybrid films based on 4‐4′‐(hexafluro isopropylidene) bis(phthallic anhydride) and bis(4‐aminophenyl) ether were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis TGA and DTG. The results indicated that the presence of inorganic content influence the mechanism of degradation of organic phase. Energy of activation of degradation for the hybrids with varying inorganic content was determined by the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa, pseudo first‐order, van Krevelen methods. Although the values of Ea calculated by using various methods are different, there is a similar change trend of Ea between those methods. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Fly‐ash particles and precipitated silica as fillers in rubbers. II. Effects of silica content and Si69‐treatment in natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber vulcanizates
Authors: Sombatsompop N. , Wimolmala E. , Markpin T.
Published: March 2007

This article explored the possibility of using silica from fly‐ash particles as reinforcement in natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber (NR/SBR) vulcanizates. For a given silica content, the NR : SBR blend ratio of 1 : 1 (or 50 : 50 phr) exhibited the optimum mechanical properties for fly‐ash filled NR/SBR blend system. When using untreated silica from fly‐ash, the cure time and mechanical properties of the NR/SBR vulcanizates decreased with increasing silica content. The improvement of the mechanical properties was achieved by addition of Si69, the recommended dosage being 2.0 wt % of silica content. The optimum tensile strength of the silica filled NR/SBR vulcanizates was peaked at 10–20 phr silica contents. Most mechanical properties increased with thermal ageing. The addition of silica from fly‐ash in the NR/SBR vulcanizates was found to improve the elastic behavior, including compression set and resilience, as compared with that of commercial precipitated silica. Taking mechanical properties into account, the recommended dosage for the silica (FASi) content was 20 phr. For more effective reinforcement, the silica from fly‐ash particles had to be chemically treated with 2.0 wt % Si69. It was convincing that silica from fly‐ash particles could be used to replace commercial silica as reinforcement in NR/SBR vulcanizates for cost‐saving and environment benefits. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
New investigation of 1‐substituted imidazole derivatives as thermal latent catalysts for epoxy‐phenolic resins
Authors: Wong Fung Fuh , Chen Kun‐Lung , Lin Chun Min , Yeh Mou‐Yung
Published: March 2007

Novel 1‐substituted imidazole derivatives (4–10) were synthesized by imidazole and the corresponding substituted reagents (chloromethylpivalate, diphenylphosphinicchloride, di‐tert‐butyldicarbonate, 1,1′‐oxalylchloride, pyrazine, phneylisocyanat, and p‐toluensulfonylchloride). Polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with 1‐substituted imidazole derivatives, two commercial available catalysts (imidazole and 1‐cyanoethyl‐2‐ethyl‐4‐methylimidazole) and N‐benzylpyrazinium hexafluoroantimonate were investigated as model reactions of epoxy resin systems with respect to the thermal latency and storage stability of the catalysts. The catalytic activity of 1‐substituted imidazole derivatives 4–10 depended on the steric and withdrawing electronic effect of the substitution groups. To characterize the cure activation energy and the viscosity‐storage time, the order of thermally latent activity is 1‐tosylimidazole (6) > 1,1′‐oxalyldiimidazole (8) > N‐benzylpyrazinium hexafluoroantimonate (BPH, 3) > 1‐tritylimidazole (9) > N‐phenyl‐imidazole‐1‐carboxamide (5) > 3‐(diphenylphosphinoyl)imidazole (7) > tert‐butyl‐1H‐imidazole‐1‐carboxylate (4) > 1‐cyanoethyl‐2‐ethyl‐4‐methylimidazole (2E4MZ, 2) > 1‐[(pivalyloxy)methyl]imidazol (10) > imidazole (1). In comparison with commercially available catalysts imidazole (1) and 1‐cyanoethyl‐2‐ethyl‐4‐methylimidazole (2) and a cationic latent catalyst N‐benzylpyrazinium hexafluoroantimonate (BPH, 3) as the standard compounds, in addition to 1‐[(pivalyloxy)methyl]imidazole (10), the 1‐substituted imidazole derivatives (4–9) revealed better thermal latency. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Molecular evidence for the presence of chlamydia in the synovium of patients with reiter's syndrome
Authors: Rahman Mahboob U. , Cheema M. Akhtar , Schumacher H. Ralph , Hudson Alan P.
Published: March 2007

Objective. There is much evidence indicating that chlamydial antigens in the synovium may be critical in the pathogenesis of Reiter's syndrome (RS), but it is not known whether intact organisms are present in that tissue in any stage of the disease. The present study was undertaken to begin to address this question.

Methods. We used a highly specific and sensitive molecular hybridization screening system which detects chlamydial RNA, to examine synovial biopsy samples from 22 patients with various arthropathies, including 9 with RS.

Results. Seven of the 9 RS patients were positive for chlamydial RNA, while 3 of the 13 non‐RS patients were also positive; positive results in the non‐RS patients probably indicate the actual presence of the organism, since these patients had arthritis that was otherwise incompletely explained.

Conclusion. The detection of chlamydial RNA, in combination with previous findings of chlamydia‐like particles and/or chlamydial antigens in the synovium of RS patients, suggests that whole bacterial cells are present in that tissue.
Corticosteroid injection of the sacroiliac joint in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy
Authors: Maugars Yves , Mathis Christine , Vilon Philippe , Prost Alain
Published: March 2007

Objective. We report our experience with the use of corticosteroid injections into the sacroiliac joint in the treatment of patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy.

Methods. We performed 42 injections, constituting 24 procedures in 22 patients (2 patients had the procedure performed twice).

Results. The response was considered very good or good in 19 of 24 procedures (79.2%) and 34 of 42 joints (81%). Improvement persisted in 14 patients after a mean ± SD followup time of 9.6 ± 4.2 months.

Conclusion. This technique appears to be safe, easy to apply into ambulatory patients, and quite effective.
Four‐helix bundle cavitein reveals middle leucine as linchpin
Authors: Freeman Jon O. , Wallhorn Diana , Sherman John C.
Published: March 2007

A template‐assembled de novo four‐helix bundle is used to examine the hydrophobic effect within the bundle interior. Leu to Ala variants of the basis sequence GG‐EELLKKLEELLKKG were characterized by GuHCl denaturation, NMR dispersion, and N‐H/D exchange experiments. The results show that the middle leucine (L7) is imperative in maintaining bundle stability. The average leucine was found to contribute 1.8 kcal mol−1 toward stability, whereas the middle leucines contribute 2.7 kcal mol−1 each. Substituting alanine into the middle position (7) constitutes a striking 95% reduction of the overall cavitein stability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 725–732, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cimetidine or vagotomy? Comparison of the effects of proximal gastric vagotomy, cimetidine and placebo on nocturnal intragastric acidity and acid secretion in patients with cimetidine resistant duodenal ulcer
Authors: Gledhill T , Buck Maxine , Paul Angela , Hunt R H
Published: March 2007

Nocturnal pH, acid output and volume of gastric secretion have been measured in a group of patients who were referred for surgery because of a poor clinical response to cimetidine. Patients were studied after no treatment, cimetidine 1 g/day and proximal gastric vagotomy. Although pH and acid output were controlled better with cimetidine than no treatment this was not true for volume of secretion. Vagotomy was significantly better than cimetidine in controlling pH, acid output and volume of gastric secretion. The results suggest that cimetidine non-responders should have a good result from proximal gastric vagotomy, making more radical forms of gastric surgery unnecessary.
Mortality after surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Stell P M , Missotten F , Singh S D , Ramadan M F , Morton R P
Published: March 2007

Results of 362 patients with squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx are presented. The hospital mortality was 25 per cent for patients treated surgically. The mortality was increased by previous radiotherapy and poor general condition, and also depended on the method of pharyngeal repair: the mortality for visceral (stomach or colon) transposition was higher than that for repair by skin flaps. The chance of long term survival decreased with increasing N stage, and was also reduced for patients undergoing visceral repair compared with skin flap repair of the pharynx.
A survey of postoperative function after rectal anastomosis with circular stapling devices
Authors: McDonald P J , Heald R J
Published: March 2007

Seventy-five patients, who had previously undergone anterior resection or sigmoid colectomy using a circular stapling device, were interviewed and examined. Their postoperative bowel, sexual and bladder function was noted. 22 patients had anastomoses more than 10 cm from the anal verge (Group A); 32 between 5–10 cm (Group B); 21 below 5 cm (Group C). The lower anastomoses were associated with less perfect function but only 2 patients were incontinent. Some impairment of sexual function was noted in one-third of patients in Group B and one half of patients in Group C. Changes in bladder function were rare.
Coeliac plexus block for pain in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Leung J W C , Bowen-Wright M , Aveling W , Shorvon P J , Cotton P B
Published: March 2007

We have performed coeliac plexus block by standard percutaneous technique for disabling pain in 36 patients (13 with cancer and 23 with chronic pancreatitis). Eleven of the 13 cancer patients had complete pain relief initially and 7 remained pain free at the time of death. By contrast, only 12 of the 23 patients with pancreatitis had complete pain relief, 6 had partial relief and there was no effect in 5. The mean pain-free period in the chronic pancreatitis patients was only 2 months, and the longest 4 months. Benefit was least in patients with previous pancreatic surgery and repeat blocks were unhelpful. Transient postural hypotension occurred in most patients; two had nerve root pain and one developed persistent weakness and anaesthesia of the left leg, with bladder disturbance. These results warrant the continuing use of coeliac plexus block in pancreatic cancer, but rarely in chronic pancreatitis.
Treatment of hilar carcinoma by bile drainage combined with internal radiotherapy using 192iridium wire
Authors: Fletcher M S , Brinkley Diana , Dawson J L , Nunnerley Heather , Williams R
Published: March 2007

Eighteen patients with a cholangiocarcinoma involving the hilum of the liver, and one patient with a carcinoma of the gall bladder causing obstruction of the common hepatic duct, have been treated with bile drainage using a U-tube (8 patients) or a percutaneous transhepatic catheter (11 patients) followed by internal radiotherapy with 192iridium wire. The median survival is 11 months, and 9 patients (47 per cent) have survived for 12 months or longer. The addition of internal radiotherapy may be beneficial to patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma causing biliary obstruction in whom bile drainage can be established.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for lower limb ischaemia
Authors: Campbell W B , Jeans W D , Cole S E A , Baird R N
Published: March 2007

Forty successful percutaneous transluminal angioplasties (PTA) were performed in the iliac and femoropopliteal segments of 33 patients with lower limb ischaemia. There was immediate symptomatic relief in 37 limbs (92 per cent) although 7 relapsed and 5 patients required reconstructive arterial surgery within a month of PTA. Objective testing showed that the longer term relapse rate (median follow-up 12 months) was low (10 per cent). Despite a significant incidence of early complications and relapse, PTA provided a good long term result in the majority of patients treated.