bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American Poetry on the Brink, 1905–12
Authors: Newcomb John Timberman
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the crisis in American poetry during the period 1905–1912. Between 1900 and 1905, poetry in the United States was perceived to be in precipitous decline, and many questioned its very survival. No one assumed sustained responsibility for the publicizing and reviewing of new books of verse, the identification of emerging poets and trends, or the preservation of periodical verses past their immediate moment of publication. Aspiring poets felt isolated and useless, actively discouraged from writing for anyone except their own closeted muses. This chapter first provides an overview of the status of American poetry in the years before 1912 before discussing how its fortunes changed after October 1912, a period which saw the explosion of creative and institutional activity in a wide variety of venues such as the so-called “little magazines.” Examples of these little magazines are Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, The Masses, Others, and Seven Arts.
Introduction
Authors: Jentz John B. , Schneirov Richard
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter argues that the story of how Chicago wageworkers and the labor question achieved legitimacy in the public sphere begins with the formation of the Republican Party. The Republican Party of the 1850s had an ambiguous attitude toward wage labor. On the one hand, Republicans wanted to reserve the western lands for white settlers and maintain their access to landed property and personal independence. Thus, they opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories and supported a homestead law for those with little capital. However, Republicans were also the first party to offer an ideology and set of policy prescriptions that accepted and even glorified wage labor as an important element in the Northern social order. Thus, leaders of the new party substituted for propertied independence the free-labor values associated with social mobility.
An Eye for an “I”
Authors: Insdorf Annette
Published: May 2017

Philip Kaufman’s cinema is stylistically and philosophically rich, but he has not received the kind of acclaim routinely showered on his peers. One reason is that the movies of directors such as Woody Allen, Robert Altman, or Quentin Tarantino are easier to categorize as belonging to one person. Because Kaufman’s versatility is greater than his recognizability, he is considered less of an auteur. But close analysis of his twelve films reveals a true auteur at work. They are connected first by formal majesty: if Flaubert invoked “le mot juste” (the exact word), Kaufman finds “l’image juste”—the precise cinematic device appropriate to the story. Second, they are linked by an exploration of recurring and resonant themes. No other living American director has so consistently and successfully made movies for adults, tackling sensuality, artistic creation, and manipulation by authorities (governmental as well as technological)....
The Beautiful Music All Around Us
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This book presents the rich backstories of thirteen performances captured on Library of Congress field recordings between 1934 and 1942 in locations reaching from Southern Appalachia to the Mississippi Delta and the Great Plains. These performances were recorded in kitchens and churches, on porches and in prisons, in hotel rooms and school auditoriums. Documented during the golden age of the Library of Congress recordings, they capture not only the words and tunes of traditional songs but also the sounds of life in which the performances were embedded: children laugh, neighbors comment, trucks pass by. The book's author sought out the performers on these recordings, their families, fellow musicians, and others who remembered them. The book reconstructs the sights and sounds of the recording sessions themselves and how the music worked in all their lives. Some of these performers developed musical reputations beyond these field recordings, but for many, these tracks represent their only appearances on record: for example, prisoners at the Arkansas State Penitentiary jumping on “the Library's recording machine” in a rendering of Rock Island Line. The profiles and abundant photos in the book bring to life largely unheralded individuals—domestics, farm laborers, state prisoners, schoolchildren, cowboys, housewives and mothers, loggers and miners—whose music has become part of the wider American musical soundscape. By exploring how these singers and instrumentalists exerted their own creativity on inherited forms, “amplifying tradition's gifts,” the book shows how a single artist can make a difference within a democracy.
Christine and Katherine Shipp
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the recordings of the Shipp family. On May 13, 1939, Luella and her husband John Shipp opened the door of their house to strangers in search of musical information: New York-based folklorist Herbert Halpert and his locally appointed colleague and guide, Abbott Ferriss, a member of the Mississippi unit of the Federal Writers' Project. The researchers were there to record John's mother, Mary Shipp, forty-seven, and four of his siblings, who made up the Shipp family quartet: brothers Isaac (twenty-three) and Allison (fifteen), and their sisters Christine (twenty) and Katherine (eighteen). Christine and Katherine also recorded the piece “Sea Lion Woman.”
Vera Hall
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the recordings of Vera Hall (1902–1964). On October 31, 1940, at the Livingston, Alabama, home of author, painter, and folksong collector Ruby Pickens Tartt, Vera sang “Another Man Done Gone” twice into Lomax's machine. During the first take, the partially filled recording blank ran out of space, abruptly ending the song. The second time, however, Lomax used a fresh side, allowing Vera to include all her verses. Just as she finished, but before he lifted the cutting arm and turned off the microphone, he remarked, “That's perfect.” Lomax's summation saluted more than an unmarred recording. “Another Man Done Gone” became Vera Hall's most celebrated performance. Carl Sandburg recalled listening to it more than a dozen consecutive times during a January 1944 visit to Lomax's Dallas home, later including it in his second folksong anthology and learning it himself. The poet termed it “one of the strikingly original creations of Negro singing art.”
Pete Steele
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the recordings of banjoist Pete Steele, who began as a coal miner and then became a carpenter in a southern Ohio paper plant. On March 29, 1938, at his company-owned home on Rhea Avenue a few blocks from the Champion paper mills, Pete Steele first recorded “Coal Creek March” along with twenty-six other songs and tunes. Pete's facility with multiple tunings, combined with his various right-hand picking styles, demonstrates a technical range unsurpassed on the Folk Archive's numerous other disc-era banjo recordings. Surrounded by his wife Lillie and their children, Pete applied these skills either solo or to accompany Lillie, who additionally sang four numbers by herself. Their son Craig joined them on three pieces, playing guitar and sometimes adding his voice to theirs.
Texas Gladden
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the recordings of Virginia ballad singer Texas Gladden, focusing on the piece she called “One Morning in May. ” This mournful story of a girl gone wrong offers a feminine retelling of “The Unfortunate Rake,” an Anglo-Irish broadside of the eighteenth century that conveys the last words of a young soldier dying of venereal disease. With its famous set of funeral instructions, the ballad has achieved abiding life in two of America's most popular songs: “Streets of Laredo” and “St. James Infirmary Blues.” It has appeared under various titles and on myriad recordings— from Louis Armstrong and his Savoy Ballroom Five to the Norman Luboff Choir; from Blind Willie McTell's guitar-accompanied eulogy titled the “Dying Crapshooter's Blues” to cowboy singer Dick Devall's tale of a fallen wrangler in “Tom Sherman's Barroom.” Texas Gladden took this most supple of ballads and made it her own. Just as she came to be presented as an exemplary Appalachian singer, “One Morning in May” has come to represent a folksong that continues to live through a dazzling variety of forms.
Charlie Butler
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes Charlie Butler's recording of “Diamond Joe.” Butler, convict number 10636, recorded “Diamond Joe” at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman, Mississippi, in the spring of 1937. Two years later, he sang it again into John Lomax's disc machine. At the time, he left only the barest account of how he learned “Diamond Joe,” and none at all concerning how he came to sing. Vanished, too, are most details about his life. Though he appears in the 1920 state census that positively identifies him and his wife, later searches have proven less conclusive. For one thing, he took aliases. For another, he could not write, leaving only an “X” on the signature line of his commitment papers.
Introduction
Authors: Flood Dawn Rae
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter examines the scope of sexual violence, rape trials, and criminal jurisprudence in an Anglo context through the familiar adage that rape is “an accusation easily to be made and hard to be proved and harder to be defended against by the party accused, tho [sic] never so innocent.” This statement, attributed to seventeenth-century British jurist Matthew Hale, speaks to the prevailing conceptions of rape in the United States today, at the same time that it captures myriad assumptions about sex and gender relations in modern society. This chapter is thus a brief exploration of what it means to be victimized or accused of rape, albeit updated to include more recent social justice concerns such as racism and feminism.
Rape Victims and the Modern Justice System
Authors: Flood Dawn Rae
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the experiences of women as they entered the justice system after reporting sexual attacks prior to the 1960s, when judicial decisions significantly altered trial proceedings. Victims' social differences were muted from a prosecutorial standpoint because of standardized investigative procedures—procedures much more rigorous, if not entirely sensitive, than previously understood by contemporary studies of sexual violence. Racial privilege shaped the majority of these successful prosecutions, in that African American women almost never appeared in court testifying against white men, and white women testified against black men far more often than they did against white rape defendants. Women's marital or class status did not preclude their central importance to the States' cases, demonstrating how many women challenged the limitations of chivalry, which awarded protections to only a select few, by standing up for themselves and being taken seriously when they reported sexual violence.
Second-Wave Feminists (Re)Discover Rape
Authors: Flood Dawn Rae
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how changes in gender and race relations played out in society and in Chicago rape trials during the late 1960s and 1970s. Outside the courtroom, feminists helped create victim advocacy services and provided much-needed support for women who came forward to report sexual attacks. Despite a long history of African American women's activism against racial and sexual violence, the radical feminist movement was plagued with a myopic focus on gender oppression that limited interracial cooperation in the anti-rape movement. Such limitations did not mean that black rape victims did not make use of advocacy services, reflecting the potential for interracial feminist cooperation during this period. Such cooperation did not extend to relaxed urban race relations, however, as defense strategies continued to challenge the familiar prejudices of the Chicago police well into the 1970s.
Constructing Orphans
Authors: Ramey Jessie B.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter explores how working families shaped institutional child care, emphasizing the historical agency of parents and the children themselves in that process. Throughout this study, the term “child care” is used to mean assistance with the daily labor of caring for children; and specifically in the case of orphanages, parents' tactic of placing their children temporarily in institutions with the intention of retrieving them after a relatively short time. Working parents and their children continually cooperated with orphanage managers, who also had to bargain with progressive reformers, staff members, and the broader community over the future of their organizations. The book argues that the development of institutional child care was premised upon and rife with gender, race, and class inequities—these persistent ideologies had consequences for the evolution of social welfare and modern child care.
Away without Leave
Authors: Rivers Larry Eugene
Published: May 2017

This chapter talks about how the very nature of Florida′s development over time caused bondpeople within and outside its boundaries to view the peninsula as a runaway haven. Nineteenth-century bondpeople escaped from farms and plantations; enslaved persons from other jurisdictions absconded to the peninsula as well. Many whites understood this fact and reflected on what they perceived as the high incidence of truancy in Florida. A St. Augustine journalist expressed in 1824 what many others had feared for years: many newcomers refused to settle in the territory “because they are liable to the loss of their negroes by elopement.” The intra- and interstate flight of bondservants would continue to mark nineteenth-century Florida until freedom came for all, and the state′s image as a haven for runaways remained a constant source of concern to whites.
Four Days in Madrid
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone
Published: May 2017

By ten o’clock in the morning, we have left the dark mass of the Escurial [sic] behind us and have crossed through Paravelo, which was devastated by the civil war, and where all the houses are still in ruins.1 Now the train is crossing a rocky plateau covered with white frost. And suddenly, with no suburbs to announce it, Madrid surges up. Looking through the door, I see the sections of a large gutted building to the left above the train station; it is the outermost University residence hall....
Merleau-Ponty and Pseudo-Sartreanism
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Véronique Zaytzeff
Published: May 2017

When Merleau‑Ponty discovered in the light of the Korean War that up until then he had confused Marx and Kant, he realized that he had to give up the Hegelian idea of the end of history and decided on the need to liquidate the Marxist dialectic. I do not intend to examine here the value of the logical process which slowly developed “in conjunction with events” and led him to write ...
Solidarity with Israel
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Artime Michael
Published: May 2017

The reason I am here and the reason I was in Israel has basically already been explained to you with the words exile, encirclement and solitude. I was deeply affected, outraged and even greatly distressed by the ostracism of which Israel was the victim in the latest UNESCO resolutions....
The Rise of “Southern” Gospel Music and the Compensations of History
Authors: Harrison Douglas
Published: May 2017

This chapter takes issue with the widely held and uncritically accepted belief in the southern gospel imagination that James D. Vaughan, an early-twentieth-century disciple of Ruebush–Kieffer, is the “founder” of today's southern gospel. In challenging his status, this chapter traces an alternative history of southern gospel in the twentieth century that reinterprets the meaning of Vaughn as a cultural icon. This alternative account emphasizes the music's synchronous interaction with broader shifts in American life beyond the narrow confines of what are often thought to be southern gospel's insular borders, with the most visible evidence of these shifts being the emergence of the term “southern gospel” itself in the last half of the twentieth century.
The Gaitherization of Contemporary Southern Gospel
Authors: Harrison Douglas
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides the first comprehensive academic treatment of Bill Gaither and the Bill and Gloria Gaither Homecoming Friends concert tour and video series. It explores the private origins of Bill Gaither's public oeuvre. The focus here is on the way Gaither's life and music crystallize a set of widespread anxieties and ambitions among the generations of Cold War, postmodern evangelicals who follow his music. The chapter identifies the strategic manner in which Gaither Homecomings repurpose the habits of early-twentieth-century singing-convention style in southern gospel. It then concludes by demonstrating how these updated patterns of expression refract the music's long-standing function as a pressure regulator between tradition and modernity in postmodern America.
Interviews with John Sayles
Authors: Shumway David R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a bibliography of key interviews given by the John Sayles throughout his career, followed by excerpts from these materials. In one interview, Sayles says that people forget that entertainment also has a political message. In another interview, he says that his work does not really fit into a specific genre, and confesses that he is very bad at finding titles for his movies. He singles out Matewan, saying that it is not a great-selling title, but that he never thought of anything better. The remaining excerpts present his thoughts about the Bush administration, the film Silver City, and why he attempts to immerse viewers in a place.
Beilan, Lerner, and the Court’s Shift, Passport Cases, and Congress’s Court-Curbing Climax
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1957 term. The continued heavy flow of “Communist” cases produced fourteen signed decisions and two via per curiam opinions. The outcomes were mixed, but they revealed a shift in the Court’s direction. The government prevailed in two state public-employee loyalty cases and three criminal contempt cases. However, it lost five deportation decisions, two decisions testing the State Department’s authority to deny passports on political grounds, and two narrow rulings invalidating state laws that conditioned the receipt of government benefits on signing a non-Communist oath. It also lost the two per curiam decisions—one reviewing the issuance of less-than-honorable Army discharges to “subversive” draftees and the other a contempt-of-Congress case against Dennis lawyer Harry Sacher.
Ann Schein
Authors: Porter Cecelia Hopkins
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Ann Schein (November 10, 1939–) in contrast to the other women previously mentioned. She is here as someone at the living edge of the continuum in Western society, a non-European whose career centers on public concert performance. Thus the bulk of the research in this chapter is conducted in interviews the author has made with Schein between 2005 and 2009. A present-day artist, Schein can speak about herself firsthand, adding a further dimension to our understanding of her and casting light on earlier women in music in a way not possible with those of the past. The present examination of Schein's life, both private and professional, offers a type of evidence that can shed unique light not only on the past, but also on the present by way of an American artist still intensely active.
The Problem of Race and Chicago’s Great Tivoli Theater
Authors: Semmes Clovis E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter historicizes the building of “the great palace theaters” of the early twentieth century, paying particular attention to real-life racial politics. Inspired by the architectural designs of the Chateau de Versailles, the Tivoli Theater was located in Washington Park with its 85 percent white population. The theater, originally built in 1921 for white neighborhood residents, employed a number of black men and women in service capacities. Due to gradual demographic shifts, Tivoli Theater management pursued a policy of separate seating for audiences for the live performances and film exhibitions. The chapter notes that the ornate theaters, including the Regal Theater, which was the black counterpart to the Tivoli Theater, sought to sell the feeling of being upper class while giving access to all classes.
The “Friendly Principle of Brotherhood”
Authors: Austin Allan W.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter considers the complicated history of Quaker interracial activism. It specifically looks at the complex relationship between the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) and race, charting both the successes and shortcomings of the organization's activist work. The story of the AFSC, the chapter asserts, is a complex one—best told not as one of minority or white agency alone but instead as one of attempted cooperation, even if halting and awkward at times. While AFSC activists saw the necessity of working in concert with nonwhite Americans from the start, they rarely if ever achieved a color-blind perfection. Indeed, the history of the Service Committee and race during the first half of the twentieth century might best be seen as an ongoing struggle to understand better how shared agency might function in an imperfect and often racist world.
The Conspiracy
Authors: Messer-Kruse Timothy
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the series of events from whence the Haymarket meeting and conspiracy were generated. It explains how the ill-fated Haymarket rally was an event suspiciously unlike any the anarchists or socialists of the Chicago area had ever held. For prosecutors, the many departures from the usual anarchist routines that were apparent in the unfolding of this meeting were evidence of its unique purpose: to launch a coordinated attack upon the police. While none of the meeting's anomalies by themselves prove the existence of an insurrectionary plot, they do raise suspicions about just what the anarchists were planning for that night.
Vast, Sparse Areas of Possibility: 1960–1969
Authors: Hicks Michael , Asplund Christian
Published: May 2017

This chapter documents more experimental changes in Wolff's compositional oeuvre, as well as certain new milestones in his life. While working in the army, Wolff continued to develop his musicianship through prose polemics and new compositional strategies. In 1962, he reached a new threshold in his experimental evolution, as he began a two-year span of writing only pieces with unspecified instrumentation. In addition, Wolff's academic and family moorings had begun to shift. Family-wise, he would marry Hope (“Holly”) Nash at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Royalton in 1965, develop an interest in electric guitar, and witness the birth of his firstborn, Christian Mayhew (“Hew”). Career-wise, Wolff's teaching contract with Harvard would not be renewed, which later provided him with the opportunity to apply for a position teaching classics and music at Dartmouth.
Among Friends, in a Private World
Authors: Hicks Michael , Asplund Christian
Published: May 2017

This chapter contains some final reflections on Wolff. At present Wolff is the last surviving member of the so-called New York School of composers, and how he contends with this “survival” even as he continues to defy easy definitions of his musical oeuvre. The chapter also discusses the numerous challenges and accolades he received during this period, as well as his continued efforts to compose and to improvise. Yet it also considers a strain of organicism in Wolff's later works—however tenuous—and there are certain themes that also emerge during this latter period which this chapter briefly dwells on. The chapter concludes with further remarks on Wolff's survival and preoccupations as a musician.
Interviews with Dario Argento
Authors: Cooper L. Andrew
Published: May 2017

This essay presents two interviews with Dario Argento, one conducted by Élie Castiel and the other by Stephane Derderian. In the Castiel interview, Argento talks about early influences on his career; his approach to every film; eroticism and sadism as well as the question of voyeurism in his work; the importance of objects in the genre films that he has made; and the future of horror films. In the Derderian interview, Argento shares his thoughts on the bloodiness in Deep Red; what the subject of visual memory that often comes up in his films such as The Bird with the Crystal Plumage represent for him; the place of homosexuality in his films; why people who see his films don't look for a suspect as much as they look for a truth; the psychology of the murderer vs. the psychology of the investigator in his films; and the presence of the world of painting in Deep Red, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, and The Stendhal Syndrome.
Bearing Witness
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the life and career of Denise Levertov from 1993 to 1996. In early May 1993, after her decision to retire from Stanford, she learned that a biopsy of an ulcer revealed she might have non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Paradoxically this news was energizing and prompted her to resolve to use her time well. She felt grateful she had been given the chance to experience beauty and to enrich the lives of many wonderful friends. Life had not cheated her, and she had no regrets. She was particularly thankful that she had enough financial resources to pass on to her son Nikolai. Retired, and with looming health problems, Levertov was unwilling to put energy into anything other than writing, poetry readings, and deepening her spiritual life. She did not want to return to protest activity, both because of her disappointment in others and fear of what she called her own “knee-jerk” reaction to political issues.
Prelude to War
Authors: Stole Inger L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the significance to advertising of the Temporary National Economic Committee’s (TNEC) investigations, and discusses the ongoing government investigations into advertising’s economic role. It considers the shift from a consumer to a defense economy and how the changes affected the advertising industry’s raison d’être. A series of bills were proposed in Congress that would have effectively halted advertising during World War II, leaving advertisers to fear that the public might not be eager to return to an advertising-laden society once the fighting was over. Increasing demands for advertising restrictions, combined with renewed government interest in consumer conditions, propelled industry leaders into a state of high defense.
Epilogue
Authors: Stole Inger L.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter discusses the impact of wartime events on advertising and consumer activism after World War II, and examines their reverse trajectories in the 1950s. With a few notable exceptions, it was not until the later 1960s that advertising came under new scrutiny by a nascent consumer movement. The key factor in the transformation of advertising’s image was the (War) Advertising Council’s tireless work on behalf of the advertising community. Displaying an excellent sense of timing and direction, the WAC coached and chastised individual advertisers, pleading for their compliance in what it believed to be a fantastic public relations opportunity. The war experience had shown that just as advertisers were capable of providing the keys to social success, they were equally adept at guiding the public through issues of political magnitude.
Diverted Mothering among American Indian Domestic Servants, 1920–1940
Authors: Jacobs Margaret D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on young Indian women who took up domestic service in white women's households in urban areas of the American West. Most women found this work tedious and their employers imperious. In particular, many intensely disliked caring for white women's children. However, despite the oppressive nature of domestic service, many Indian women gravitated to these jobs in urban areas where they formed a vibrant social network with other Indian youth and reveled in modern urban leisure pursuits. While in service, many young Indian women became pregnant out of wedlock and then confronted a dilemma about how to mother their own children while earning a living as domestics and caretakers of other children. Examining the case files of ninety-seven Indian domestic servants in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1920 and 1940, the chapter considers the ways in which Indian women's paid work as domestic servants often undermined their unpaid culturally reproductive work as mothers.
Beethoven’s Unfinished Piano Trio in F Minor from 1816
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: May 2017

This chapter concerns Beethoven's Piano Trio in F Minor, which would have become one of Beethoven's major chamber works had it been completed. It first examines the sketches in Beethoven's large-format sketchbook from the years 1815 and 1816, referred to here as the “Scheide Sketchbook” after the library of William Scheide at Princeton, New Jersey, where it is held. The chapter then places these sketches into relationship with the most central document for the trio—the extended draft for the first movement, presented here in facsimile and transcription sound recording at the University of Illinois Press website. The final sections of the chapter assess the place of this major unfinished project in Beethoven's creative development and its affinities with his other, familiar works in this distinctive key.
Aesthetics of Integration in Mahler’s Fifth Symphony
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the intermovement connections of the final two movements in Mahler's Fifth Symphony—the Adagietto and the Rondo-Finale. It shows how the questions of aesthetic meaning and biographical context raised by the Adagietto are complicated by the fact that the finale of the Fifth Symphony has generated its own share of controversy since the appearance in 1960 of Theodor Adorno's classic study Mahler: Eine musikalische Physiognomik. The chapter studies these paired final movements of the Fifth Symphony and explores the nature of their interrelationship. It then assesses Mahler's techniques of integration in light of the influence on his style of Bach and Wagner as well as his interest in the aesthetics of polarity as articulated by one of his favorite writers, Jean Paul. In this context, the chapter returns to Adorno's conviction that “brokenness” is the key to Mahler's music.
Black Power
Authors: Thomas Damion L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the shifting political landscape after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as African American athletes increasingly began to use sport to challenge continued oppression rather than celebrate racial progress. It argues that the protest gestures of Tommie Smith and John Carlos in Mexico City were a direct response to the State Department's use of African American athletes as propaganda tools. Furthermore, the chapter shows that these athletes saw themselves as picking up Malcolm X's mantle and mission. Perhaps most significant, this chapter analyzes the minimalist response from the U.S. government to the protest gestures of Smith and Carlos to demonstrate how and why international pressure ceased to be a dominant impetus for racial reform in the United States by 1968.
Epilogue
Authors: Thomas Damion L.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter explores the continued usage of sports as a U.S. foreign policy tool after the Mexico City Olympic protests. The United States as well as other global powers continued to utilize sport as a means to solidify friendships, antagonize rivals, and advance claims about the viability of their political, social, and economic systems. Two of the most widely used tactics to express displeasure with other nations were boycotts and the denial of visas for potential competitors. Conversely, sport continued to be viewed as a means to initiate and foster positive relationships. In this regard, some of the most widely employed strategies included sports exchanges, training assistance, and facility construction. Hence, sport remained a venue through which nations articulated political alliances, battleground issues, and counternarratives that frequently went unnoticed by the general public when expressed through traditional diplomatic channels.
Investigating and Challenging
Authors: Cavender Gray , Jurik Nancy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers both the strategies of detection that enable Jane Tennison to solve cases and the television production techniques employed in the series that establish Tennison as a credible and successful female protagonist in a previously male-dominated subgenre. Thus, it examines methods whereby the male dominance of the police procedural is decentered in Prime Suspect. The chapter shows that Tennison challenged organizational and interpersonal barriers to successfully perform her job. In doing her job, she demonstrated a relentless work ethic, attention to the details of the case, aggressiveness, trickery, and at times what might seem to be special “feminine” insights. It further argues that Tennison's sense of justice for victims motivated her investigations.
’Garde ici et ’garde lá-bas
Authors: Snyder Jared
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the history of the Creole accordion. Black Creoles in Louisiana have created their own, distinctive accordion music adapted from French, Native American, and African cultures. While Creole musicians in the early twentieth century were often hired for Cajun dances, where they played Cajun dance music, at their own gatherings they played a uniquely Creole repertoire that drew from the African American blues—a repertoire later developed by accordionists such Clifton Chenier and Boozoo Chavis. Zydeco, as this music eventually was labeled, has become a symbol of Louisiana Creole culture. It is argued that despite the pressure on modern zydeco bands to adapt to the demands of the music industry, the traditional accordion and rubboard remain the core instruments, and zydeco accordionists keep playing in a distinctively Creole style.
Preserving Territory
Authors: Sturman Janet L.
Published: May 2017

Ethnographic focus on identifying shared cultural practice often obscures the fact that many times such choices result from individual desire and taste. This chapter illustrates the importance of such personal choices and explores a means for including individuality in an explanation of shared cultural practice, similar in some ways to what the anthropologist Lila Abu-Lughod has called “the ethnography of the particular.” Despite variations in performance practices, O'odham listeners uniformly value waila because it connects them to each other and “makes them happy.” The focus on how and why waila musicians play the accordion the way they do show how the music also links O'odham to non-O'odham and to much wider social, musical, and even economic circles. Yet even as waila musicians engage with the non-O'odham world, they simultaneously hold it at bay.
Play Me a Tarantella, a Polka, or Jazz
Authors: Zinni Christine F.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the emergence of accordion schools and accordion bands in the United States established by Italian Americans. Approaching the subject from the perspective of grassroots oral history and performance theory, it maps the ways in which the efforts of Roxy and Nellie Caccamise (pioneers of the piano accordion in upstate New York) were connected to a longer history and larger matrix of Italian American musicians, composers, publishing houses, and manufacturers in New York City, Chicago, and San Francisco. The chapter also suggests how the interactions and interplay of peoples within, and through, these community-based networks functioned to create a parallel economy and a cultural space that was not only imbricated in the politics of identity but helped span gaps between folk and fame. Taking an actor/action-centered approach to life-history narratives, it suggests that the accordion schools created by Italian Americans operated through the interstices of two cultures and proved to be a strategic intervention in American cultural life with polysemous meanings.
“A Hellish Instrument”
Authors: Azzi María Susana
Published: May 2017

Argentina's most popular music genre, the tango, had already enjoyed a long history before the bandoneón became its quintessential instrument. Known as a danceable music genre, tango involves everything from poetry, song, gesture, and narrative to philosophy and ethical values. This chapter traces the history of the instrument and of the dance from their inception through the Golden Age. It concludes with an homage to the internationally acclaimed bandoneonist Astor Piazzolla, who singlehandedly redefined tango in the 1980s. Piazzolla considered the accordion “a strong instrument” because of its noisy sound—it is this “mud quality” that is so characteristic of his tango nuevo (new tango).
Ixya Herrera
Authors: Hellier Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the life and career of Ixya Herrera. She debuted at the age of twelve, dueting with her idol Linda Ronstadt in front of a crowd at the Tuscon Mariachi Conference 1992 in Arizona. Growing up in California, in the supportive environment of a musical family, and with the legacy of Chicano cultural politics, she has developed a solo career engaging a repertoire of diverse Mexican genres. In her self-crafting processes, Ayben aspires to enchant audiences with the thrill of her singing voice, negotiating stereotypes and placing satisfaction before commercial gain. She continues to push forward with recordings and concert appearances, engaging a form of subtle activism, and demonstrating self-determination and self-definition.
Kyriakou Pelagia
Authors: Demetriou Nicoletta
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to the life and career of Kyriakou Pelagia. She passed her childhood and much of her adult life undertaking women's roles of village domesticity in Cyprus, as homemaker and cultivator of produce, caring for her husband and raising a family. Singing was important to her as child, but she had no public outlet. Life changed in the 1990s with the introduction of private radio stations. Pelagia made frequent auditory appearances, resulting in an invitation to perform with a local music ensemble and record a CD, which subsequently led to national fame. With a singing career that began as an older woman in her fifties, her social role and offstage life as a housewife and grandmother is integral to her vocal performances.
Conclusion
Authors: Marsh Leslie L.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that Brazilian women's film practice retains an impulse to use moving images as a way to denounce social inequality and fight for justice. Indeed, throughout the 1990s and in recent years, one finds an increasingly intersectional approach whereby gender, and female sexuality have been studied in conjunction with age, class, race, ethnicity, and other markers of power and social exclusion. Moreover, the sociopolitical issues raised by women directors from the past find echo in current debates surrounding Brazilian women's filmmaking. As the area of Brazilian women's filmmaking receives increasing attention from academics, analysis of women's filmmaking in Brazil needs to further examine funding strategies women employ to make their films while also expanding its focus to include other arenas in film production, distribution, and exhibition in which women have been involved.
The Golden Age of Gambling
Authors: Figone Albert J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the increased popularity of college basketball after World War II. At the tail end of the conflict “big men” had come to dominate a game already revolutionized by changes in rules and equipment and a faster, higher-scoring style of play, greatly increasing the spectator appeal of the sport. Many gamblers who favored the horses before the war switched to college basketball and football in the early 1940s. But the switch was not always easy, though the future of college basketball nevertheless looked bright after the war, despite frequent and disturbing reports that players had been offered bribes to fix games. By then many basketball players and gamblers remained cozy bedfellows, and fixing had become such a time-honored tradition that even students were aware that some players rigged games with gamblers.
“Do You Have Anything for Me?”
Authors: Figone Albert J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to a history of gambling scandals that plagued college football. It shows how gambling in college football has grown steadily from its beginnings in the latter part of the nineteenth century, and this growth, like with college basketball, can be similarly attributed to the new technologies and the socio-economic circumstances of the time. However, despite repeated abuses in recruiting, subsidizing, and academics, the sport escaped the game-fixing scandals that had plagued college basketball. Nonetheless, since the 1990s, college officials, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and law enforcement at the federal, state, and local levels have investigated and indicted an increasing number of college football players who have bet on sports, in some cases against their own teams.
College Basketball’s Incurable Disease
Authors: Figone Albert J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts the 1961 basketball scandal, arguing that Jack Molinas was not the only one to blame for the scandal. It remarks on the similarities between both scandals, arguing that the scandal would have occurred without Molinas' involvement. Corruption had become more rather than less pervasive after the 1951 scandal, as many major colleges continued with their self-imposed mandate to provide professionalized entertainment for the American public. As in the 1951 scandal, coaches and college authorities ran professionalized sports operations, recruiting players not qualified to be students, paying them to play, and ignoring obvious signs of rigging, all to win championships and national rankings and in the process earn money for themselves, their institutions, and their boosters. In this environment of hypocrisy and corruption and widespread popularity of gambling and organized crime, the chapter thus argues that a scandal was inevitable.
The Search for High John the Conquer
Authors: Hazzard-Donald Katrina
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on High John the Conquer root, the most powerful and best-known root in Hoodoo practice. It asks how a root that is native only to Xalapa, Mexico, became so significant to African American Hoodoo practice, particularly in places like Virginia or other locales thousands of miles away, and how it was accessed by bondsmen and later freedmen. Zora Neale Hurston describes High John the Conquer as “our hope bringer,” an intermediary between man and God, a warrior martyr, a soul saver, and a virtual saint of the old Hoodoo religion. High John is used in numerous types of Hoodoo work and has been the most utilized Hoodoo root. This chapter discusses the possible sociocultural origins and movement of High John the Conquer root and its representative plant. It also examines the myth and legacy of High John de Conquer as well as the importance of the root in the Hoodoo pharmacopeia.
Postscript
Authors: Hazzard-Donald Katrina
Published: May 2017

This book concludes with a postscript, which reflects on the transformation of Hoodoo and the black belt Hoodoo complex since emancipation. It shows how Hoodoo began as a practice that focused on the needs of the enslaved African American community and how, after emancipation, middlemen minority marketeers seized control of Hoodoo at a time when both African Americans and their folk spiritual traditions were most vulnerable to exploitation and racialized control. It considers the proliferation in the marketplace of cyberspace self-styled Hoodoo marketeers who offer themselves up as arbiters and teachers of African American spiritual tradition. It also discusses evidence indicating that old tradition Hoodoo can recuperate and be preserved and ends by outlining directions for future Hoodoo research.
Organized Crime in Chicago
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This book provides a comprehensive sociological explanation for the emergence and continuation of organized crime in Chicago. Tracing the roots of political corruption that afforded protection to gambling, prostitution, and other vice activity in Chicago and other large American cities, the book challenges the dominant belief that organized crime in America is a descendent of the Sicilian Mafia. According to this widespread “alien conspiracy” theory, organized crime evolved in a linear fashion beginning with the Mafia in Sicily, emerging in the form of the Black Hand in America's immigrant colonies, and culminating in the development of the Cosa Nostra in America's urban centers. Looking beyond this Mafia paradigm, this volume argues that the development of organized crime in Chicago and other large American cities was rooted in the social structure of American society. Specifically, the book ties organized crime to the emergence of machine politics in America's urban centers. It contends that Chicago's criminal underworld could not have existed without the blessing of those who controlled municipal, county, and state government. These practices were not imported from Sicily, the book contends, but were bred in the socially disorganized slums of America where elected officials routinely franchised vice and crime in exchange for money and votes. The book also traces the history of the African American community's participation in traditional organized crime in Chicago and offers new perspectives on the organizational structure of the Chicago Outfit, the traditional organized crime group in Chicago.
Conclusion
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This book has has argued that traditional organized crime in America is directly related to the social conditions that were found in American society during the early years of the twentieth century, rather than the result of a transplanted Sicilian Mafia as claimed by the alien conspiracy theory. Additional evidence against the alien conspiracy thesis comes from sociologist William Chambliss's study of “Rainfall West,” a pseudonym given to the city of Seattle. This concluding chapter first considers the arguments of ethnic succession theory before discussing racket subcultures and street crew neighborhoods and how the failure of social control allowed organized crime to develop further. It asserts that organized crime in Chicago was not related to the emergence of the Sicilian Mafia but was the product of America's disorganized urban areas. It also highlights the importance of community social structure for recruitment issues and the influence of differentially organized community areas for the development and continuation of organized crime in Chicago.
Blooming
Authors: Mirchandani Sharon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Marga Richter's works during the 2000s, a period that saw her compose emotionally charged music. Since the year 2000, Richter has composed music of a more intimate nature, employing a simpler harmonic and melodic language but still embodying her distinctive voice. These works include several song cycles, some of a humorous nature, a variety of chamber music, a return to solo piano music, and two unaccompanied woodwind pieces (clarinet and oboe). Almost all of them were commissioned, and all have been performed. Richter has also learned to use a computer music-notation program (Sibelius), and in 2011 she established her own Web page, margarichter.com. This chapter first considers Richter's humorous works, including Erin Odyssey and Bye-Bye Bake Shoppe, before discussing her serious songs such as Testament and Dew-drops on a Lotus Leaf. It also examines her chamber and solo pieces, along with her compositions after moving to a new house.