bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying Electoral Persuasion Using Online Experiments
Authors: Leeper Thomas J.
Published: June 2019

Online experimental methods have become a major part of contemporary social science research. Yet the method is also controversial and experiments are frequently misunderstood. This chapter introduces online experimentation as a method, by explaining the logic of experimental design for causal inference. While experiments can be deployed in almost any setting, online experiments tend to take two forms: online survey experiments and experiments in naturalistic online environments. Discussing the advantages and disadvantages of these types relative to each other and relative to their offline analogues, the chapter demonstrates ways that experimentation has been used to learn about political behavior, media and campaign dynamics, and public opinion. Emphasizing trade-offs between internal validity, experimental realism, and external validity, the chapter demonstrates how researchers have used online platforms in tandem with randomization to gain insights into both online and offline phenomena. Though experiments are sometimes seen as trading off external for internal validity, this is not an accurate depiction of all experimental work. Rather, online experiments exist on spectrums that trade-off these features to varying degrees. And with those trade-offs come key challenges related to experimental control, the generalizability of experimental results across settings, units, treatments, and outcomes, and the ethics of online experimentation. The chapter concludes by suggesting how future research might innovatively push beyond existing work.
Gendered Aspects of Political Persuasion in Campaigns
Authors: Dittmar Kelly
Published: June 2019

Political science research on gender, candidacy, and campaigning provides multiple points of access and insights into three axes of persuasion: persuading voters that candidates meet prevailing expectations of candidacy; persuading voters to rethink expectations of candidacy; and persuading political practitioners to consider their roles in re-gendering political campaigns. This chapter reviews existing scholarship as it relates to these types of persuasion within the gendered institutions of political campaigns, revealing both valuable and complementary insights as well as variation and gaps in existing literature. Among these gaps is the dearth of intersectional research that adequately addresses the interplay of race and gender in both voter evaluation and electoral strategy. Here, efforts to better address the simultaneous function of gender and party are instructive, both cautioning against monolithic claims about women or men and addressing gender as one among many influential dynamics in political campaigns and campaigning.
How and Why the Populist Radical Right Persuades Citizens
Authors: Ivarsflaten Elisabeth , Blinder Scott , Bjånesøy Lise
Published: June 2019

The “populist radical right” is a contested concept in scholarly work for good reason. This chapter begins by explaining that the political parties usually grouped together under this label are not a party family in a conventional sense and do not self-identify with this category. It goes on to show how political science scholarship has established that in Europe during the past thirty or so years we have seen the rise of a set of parties that share a common ideological feature—nativism. The nativist political parties experiencing most electoral support have combined their nativist agenda with some other legitimate ideological companion, which provides deniability—a shield against charges that the nativist agenda makes the parties and their supporters right-wing extremist and undemocratic. The chapter goes on to explain that in order to make progress on our understanding of how and why the populist radical right persuades citizens, we need to recognize: first, that nativism is the only necessary ingredient without which the populist radical right loses its force; and second, that nativism in contemporary established democracies has tended not to persuade a large share of voters without an ideological companion.
Paraphrase and Metaphrase
Authors: Faulkner Andrew
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores paraphrase as a common tool for early Christian exegesis. The first section discusses the definition of paraphrase, its parameters in Antiquity, and its broader use in classical literature and education. The second section looks in more detail at prose paraphrase of Scripture, including discussion of a striking instance of exegetical paraphrase in Greek by Gregory of Nyssa and one in Latin by the orator Gaius Marius Victorinus. The third section deals with verse paraphrase of Scripture, with reference to poets such as Juvencus and Nonnus of Panopolis, as well as the Late Antique hexameter paraphrase of the Psalms in Antiquity attributed to Apollinaris of Laodicea.
Catenae
Authors: Layton Richard A.
Published: June 2019

The term catena (Latin for ‘chain’) refers to an edited collection of excerpts from traditional exegetical authorities. Such collections are evidenced in various fields and forms in Late Antiquity, but the production of biblical catenae was an enduring and distinctive practice of Byzantine exegesis from the sixth to the sixteenth centuries. Procopius of Gaza (c.460/70–c.530/538) occupies a significant, if disputed, place in the history of catenae, as his ‘epitomes’ provide the earliest chronologically secure point for the production, use, and transmission of collected excerpts. Outside of Procopius’ academy in Gaza, catenae proliferated in diverse centres in Syria-Palestine in the sixth to eighth centuries until the centre of production shifted to Constantinople in the aftermath of the Arab conquest. Catenae can be studied either as a genre of biblical commentary or as an exegetical technology that performed distinct functions within Byzantine schools, monasteries, and churches. This chapter focuses on the latter approach to identify practices and institutions that supported the use of these collections, calling attention to the role of catenae in reinforcing the limits of exegetical diversity in the Orthodox Church.
Liturgy as Performative Interpretation
Authors: Phillips L. Edward
Published: June 2019

This chapter appeals to the observation by Basil of Caesarea (fourth century) that ‘not everyone knows why’ the Church performs various rituals, to argue that habitual practice often preceded the application of scriptural interpretation. Sociologist P. Bourdieu’s concept of ‘habitus’ provides theoretical explanation for how pre-reflective participation in ritual and other communal acts prepared converts to be schooled in rudimentary Christian belief. The use of Scripture as public reading in worship eventually led liturgical commentators to describe rituals as a mimesis of Scripture, even though liturgical practice was rarely the repetition of a biblical precedent as such. The evolving role of the institution narrative at the Eucharist is an example of how a practice gave rise to scriptural explanations, which in turn shaped performance in a dynamic process.
Novels
Authors: Jones F. Stanley
Published: June 2019

The ancient genre ‘novel’ influenced early Christian composition and exegesis most purely in the Pseudo-Clementines, the only true ancient Christian novel. The original Pseudo-Clementine novel was idealistic: carefully constructed to work as a believable whole. Accordingly, it pursued exegesis of the Jesus-tradition in a realistic, or believable, manner, as displayed particularly in the explicit regulation of Peter’s lifestyle and mission by the sayings of Jesus. The Klementia (Hom. Clem.), a later version, transformed the idealistic novel into parody and introduced fantastic eye-popping exegesis that tended to break through the original realism and its consistent chronological framework. The other later version, the Recognition, was long the only form of the narrative known in the West. It sapped the vigour of the original novel and introduced the ‘authoritative interpretation’, in which harmonizing exegesis smothered exploratory enquiry.
Scripture in the Christological Controversies
Authors: Hofer, OP Andrew
Published: June 2019

After its introduction on believing in Christ in accordance with Scripture, this chapter begins its treatment of biblical interpretation in the Christological controversies with methodological matters at stake in assessing early Christianity’s journey from biblical questions to scholastic answers. It then examines the era of the ancient ecumenical councils and select theologians of those times in their increasingly developed Christological scholasticism, with special attention to Christ’s suffering in their treatments of offering rules for reading Scripture rightly. Most influential is Cyril of Alexandria, whose exegetical arguments opposed Nestorius’ rejection of the Marian title Theotokos, a term symbolizing an exegetical method that seemed to Nestorius to insult God’s impassibility and that needed further clarification. It concludes by returning from John of Damascus’ intricate rules for biblical interpretation on Christ, after centuries of scholastic development, to the biblical questions that generated early Christian responses and continue to generate answers today.
Scripture and Asceticism
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2019

This chapter surveys some interpretative techniques employed by early Christian writers to encourage ascetic renunciation, especially renunciation of marriage and reproduction. These authors, gearing their messages to different audiences, sought to mine passages from both the Old Testament and the New to advance their cause. By use of different exegetical techniques (e.g. intertextual exegesis; appeal to ‘the difference in times’; ‘close reading’), they wrested ascetic meaning from often-recalcitrant scriptural passages. The chapter concludes with some examples of ascetic exegesis from Syrian authors.
Covenants
Authors: Ferguson Everett
Published: June 2019

As a term in the Hebrew Bible, covenant was discussed in early Christian writings initially in the context of polemics with Jews. It served a useful purpose in arguments against heretics who rejected or disparaged the Old Testament as illustrating an unfolding purpose of God. The word continued in comments on biblical passages. The varied applications of the distinction of the covenants reflect the importance of the idea in the interpretation of Scripture.
The Gospel of John
Authors: Hill C. E.
Published: June 2019

This chapter reviews the significant role played by the Gospel according to John in the early Church, and recent scholarship surrounding this issue. John’s importance in the Christological and Trinitarian debates of the fourth and fifth centuries is widely recognized, but controversy has surrounded the question of John’s use in the Church prior to Irenaeus. This chapter reviews that academic controversy, particularly the longstanding argument that John won its place in the ‘great Church’ only after a long battle with heresy (docetism; Gnosticism; Valentinianism) about its true nature and meaning. It then surveys some of the ways in which John’s influence was felt in the early period, in the areas of biblical interpretation, in mission, in Christology, and in artistic expression, all of which offer promise for future research.
Divine Discourse
Authors: Young Frances
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on the relationship of the Word of God inscribed in Scripture and Word of God incarnate in Christ, both being expressions of God’s revelation and constitutive of the divine oikonomia, and both involving God’s self-accommodation to creaturely limitations. The development of the Christological meaning of Scripture as a whole is traced from second-century debates about the continuing validity of the Jewish Scriptures to the holistic reading of Scripture in the light of the Rule of Faith, and from allegorical reading to the search for Scripture’s dianoia. Thus it becomes clear that God’s entire purpose and strategy is revealed in Scripture’s testimony to Christ.
Paul the Apostle
Authors: Kovacs Judith L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the interpretation of the letters of the Apostle Paul and his extensive legacy in the patristic period. The first two sections consider his importance during his lifetime, his focus on the ‘word of the cross’, the collection of his letters, the patristic corpus of thirteen or fourteen Pauline letters, and controversies surrounding his teaching, including debates about Christology and marriage. The rest of the chapter sketches out four different portraits of Paul, with attention to particular passages in his letters that inspired them. Paul is pictured as: guide on the road to perfection (Origen), champion of free will (Pelagius), herald of salvation by divine grace alone (Augustine), and embodiment of all virtue (John Chrysostom). Patristic exegetes engage not only with Paul’s theology but also with the person of the ‘divine Apostle’, and they understand exegesis of his letters as a process that involves the whole self of the interpreter.
Medieval Latin Reception
Authors: Harkins Franklin T.
Published: June 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the nature of medieval Latin reception of early Christian biblical interpretation, proposing that ancient exegesis served as an ‘omnipresent foundational force’ undergirding and guiding medieval engagements with the sacred text. The first part of the chapter broadly sketches several characteristic examples from the dawn of the Middle Ages to the twelfth century, including the reception of Jerome’s Vulgate as the authoritative version of Scripture, the enormous debt that early medieval scholars such as Bede and Alcuin owed the fathers, and the form and function of the Glossa ordinaria. The second part, in contrast, offers a detailed analysis of the reception of early Christian interpretations of 1 Timothy 2.4 by considering the readings that high scholastic masters such as Bonaventure and John Duns Scotus set forth in their Sentences commentaries.
Modern Biblical Criticism and the Legacy of Pre-Modern Interpretation
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: June 2019

Although biblical criticism in the early modern period is often identified with the rejection of tradition, a closer examination reveals a more complex effort to investigate the literal sense while retaining the authority of Christian culture and Antiquity. This chapter traces the development of early modern biblical criticism in relation to changing attitudes toward early Christian interpreters. Focusing on the Republic of Letters and figures such as Erasmus and Hugo Grotius, it also examines the pivotal contribution of French Oratorian Richard Simon. Simon is important not only for his critical histories of biblical literature but also for his articulation of the relation between criticism and traditional authority. Finally, this chapter considers the ways that Simon’s conception of criticism paved the way for academic interpreters in the eighteenth century, notably Johann Salomo Semler.
Introduction
Authors: Blowers Paul M. , Martens Peter W.
Published: June 2019

This Introduction sets out the crucial role of sacred Scripture in the life, faith, and practices of the early churches, a centrality that is the very premise of all the essays in this Handbook. The editors also contextualize this Handbook within the burgeoning of interest in early Christian biblical interpretation that has unfolded in patristic studies in recent decades, and indicate its interest for scholars and readers from disciplines broader than patristics. An important aspect of this Handbook, highlighted here, is its attention to forms, modes, and genres of biblical interpretation beyond line-by-line commentary undertaken by scholarly exegetes. Only by observing these does one begin to grasp how Scripture was the lifeblood of early Christian communities. The Introduction closes by insisting on the importance of including early Christian biblical interpretation, whatever its foreignness to modern biblical-critical methodologies, in contemporary conversations over philosophical and theological hermeneutics.
Graeco-Roman Literary Criticism
Authors: Struck Peter
Published: June 2019

The poets in the classical world carried wide authority on questions about the gods, the nature of the world, and the human place in it, and this provoked ancient readers to detailed and subtle reflections on how such profound wisdom might be conveyed through the medium of poetry. This chapter presents an overview of literary criticism in the Greek and Roman world. It sets Plato and Aristotle at the centre, working through core questions of imitation, morality, and epistemology. It gives outlines of the histories of allegorical commentary, which is mostly focused on questions of interpretation, and rhetorical criticism, more focused on the craft by which such meanings might be communicated; with some further consideration of the origins of textual criticism, and the importance of philosophical and rhetorical schools in producing these traditions. The chapter concludes with the creative and deeply influential ideas of the Neoplatonists.
From Letter to Spirit
Authors: Cavadini John C.
Published: June 2019

This chapter offers an overview of patristic theory and practice of both figurative and literal exegesis, as well as of the relationship between them. It argues that for the fathers of the Church, the literal sense of Scripture was not a free-standing independent sense, but was intrinsically related to, and ordered towards, the figurative or spiritual sense(s). Since that is true, the literal sense of Scripture cannot be fully appreciated apart from an understanding of the spiritual or figurative sense(s), and, since this aspect of patristic exegesis is the one perhaps most foreign to contemporary exegetical sensibilities, the chapter spends the majority of its time demonstrating from patristic texts what is meant by the figurative or spiritual sense of Scripture. This then paves the way for a treatment of the literal sense and its relationship to the figurative sense as it has been presented in the earlier part of the chapter.
Ideal Interpreters
Authors: Martens Peter W.
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines early Christian accounts of ideal (and less than ideal) interpreters of Scripture. These figures were configured by two spaces in the Late Antique world: the institution of the schoolroom, especially the grammatical and rhetorical training that were directly applicable to the study of Christian Scripture; and the Christian ‘religion’, with its range of doctrinal, moral, and liturgical associations that informed the student and study of Scripture. This chapter focuses on the following features of these interpreters: their aims, their education and skills, their moral and doctrinal commitments, precedents and guidelines for interpretation, reading virtues, and the dynamic of prayer and divine response.
Cardiovascular System
Authors: Shah Kevin S. , Shivkumar Kalyanam , Nojoumi Mehdi , Natterson-Horowitz Barbara
Published: June 2019

Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading killer of our species. Various evolutionary lenses can be applied to better understand human vulnerability to CV disorders. The evolutionary origins of a healthy human heart—its myocardial, electrophysiologic, valvular and vascular systems—offers a history of the selective pressures, trade-offs and adaptations leading to the normal mammalian CV systems. Beyond these evolutionary-developmental perspectives, the application of a framework based on Tinbergen’s four questions offers a novel evolutionary lens for understanding our species’ vulnerability to CV pathology. This is done by a consideration of comparative information about non-human animals who spontaneously develop the same CV diseases. This phylogenetic information can then be used to develop trade-off-based adaptive hypotheses to explain the nature and origins of vulnerability to a range of CV pathologies including atherosclerosis, heart failure, valvular heart disease and arrhythmias.
Endocrinology
Authors: Bribiescas Richard G.
Published: June 2019

This chapter on endocrinology aims to shed light on the biology of hormones within the context of human life history evolution. An evolutionary perspective contributes to not only our understanding of human evolution, but also to the contemporary and emerging health challenges across the spectrum of ecologies and environments. Evolutionary endocrinology extends our understanding of human biology and health through the engagement of gene–environment interactions, social dynamics, human variation, and how hormones regulate life history traits such as growth, immune function, metabolism, and ageing. This chapter describes key aspects of endocrinology that are specific to men and women, while also being mindful of the importance of human variation. For example, men and women exhibit reproductive states that deploy specific functions. In women, these are menstruation, gestation, and lactation. These processes are governed largely by the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis and how it responds to environmental challenges such as nutritional demands, activity, and social stresses. Men also exhibit reproductive states, although they are mostly in the form of investment in sexually dimorphic tissue and behavioural variation. These states are governed by hormones which allocate resources between tissues that are indicative of different forms of reproductive effort. These include sexually dimorphic muscle tissue and adiposity. Spermatogenesis is obviously key but has differential effects on fertility compared to gametogenesis in women. Additional aspects of human evolutionary endocrinology include stress homoeostasis and metabolism, which involve the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis as well as the thyroid and other metabolic hormones.
Senescence and Ageing
Authors: Zhao Xiaqing , Promislow Daniel E.L.
Published: June 2019

Ageing, or senescence, is the decline in fitness components caused by the progressive deterioration of virtually all physiological functions. Given the direct fitness costs of ageing, and the rich history of evolutionary and biomedical studies on the topic, it fits well within the framework of evolutionary medicine. This chapter explores the history of evolutionary studies of ageing, but attempts to integrate this rich literature with proximate, molecular studies of ageing. Evolutionary biologists have long seen ageing not as an adaptive process, but rather as the inevitable outcome of natural selection’s inability to eliminate alleles that are associated with deleterious effects if these effects occur at later ages. This principle underlies two complementary theories. First, germline mutations that do not affect fitness early in life but show deleterious effects at late ages will accumulate over evolutionary time, leading to increased ageing (the ‘mutation accumulation’ theory). Second, selection would actually favour late-acting deleterious mutations if they conferred early-acting beneficial effects (the ‘antagonistic pleiotropy’ theory). This chapter discusses the rationale behind these theories and the challenges facing efforts to test them. It discusses a variety of proximate mechanisms thought to underlie ageing, including environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors, placing these in an evolutionary context and exploring the possibility that proximate mechanisms might provide us with a biological clock. Finally, it explores three of the most common pathophysiological processes associated with ageing—cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease—and the potential to decrease or delay onset of these major age-related drivers of ageing.
Feminist Economics and Ethics
Authors: Knobloch Ulrike
Published: June 2019

Based on different normative foundations, a plurality of approaches to feminist economics has developed since the 1980s. The major tasks of an ethics of feminist economics, feminist economic ethics, are to make visible these normative foundations and to critically reflect them from a non-androcentric moral point of view that has first to be unfolded. Therefore, the first section on feminist ethics looks beyond androcentric ethics, reflects critically the existing gender norms and asks, “care justice for whom?” The second section degenders economic terms and makes explicit the normative foundations of feminist economics and economic ethics. The third section is dedicated to the method, subject matter, and agency model of a contemporary feminist economic ethics taking queer and postcolonial ethics into account. The conclusion summarizes the challenges a critical reflexive feminist economic ethics of paid and unpaid work as an ethics of caring provisioning is facing.
Civil Rights, Employment, and Race
Authors: O'Flaherty Brendan
Published: June 2019

Why are there civil rights laws? What should their scope and coverage be? What are their weaknesses? How can they be improved? In answering these questions, I concentrate on employment and on race in the United States. Following Sophia Moreau, I argue that civil rights laws are ways of assigning rights that are needed when groups are victims of pervasive discrimination. Empirical economic work shows that blacks and Hispanics probably meet the relevant conditions for coverage under these laws, but whites (at least white males) do not. Civil rights laws are hard to enforce, and should cover as many different domains of life as possible because coverage in each domain is complementary with coverage in others. Existing laws do not seem sufficient to assure blacks and Hispanics of the deliberative freedoms that Moreau enunciates, and so I speculate on alternative approaches.
The Tragedy of Economics: On the Nature of Economic Harm and the Responsibilities of Economists
Authors: DeMartino George F.
Published: June 2019

Economists cause harm as they try to do good: that is the tragedy of economics. That claim is a non-normative description, not an indictment of the profession. Harm arises because of the uneven impact across society of most economic policy interventions, and because of the irreparable ignorance economists face in their work. But the profession gives inadequate attention to the harm its practice induces—a claim that is both positive and normative. Standard approaches to harm in economics present harms as fully reparable through monetary compensation, even though many harms are not in fact reparable or compensable. Given its prevalence and depth, economists should foreground economic harm in their assessment of economic systems. The paper offers one such approach: “economy harm profile analysis.”
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Social Welfare Functions
Authors: Adler Matthew D.
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes and compares the two most important policy-analysis methodologies in economics: cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and the social-welfare-function (SWF) framework. Both approaches are consequentialist and welfarist; both are typically combined with a preference-based view of well-being. Despite these similarities, the two methodologies differ in significant ways. CBA translates well-being impacts into monetary equivalents, and ranks outcomes according to the sum total of monetary equivalents. By contrast, the SWF framework relies upon an interpersonally comparable measure of well-being. Each possible outcome is mapped onto a list (vector) of these well-being numbers, one for each person in the population; the ranking of outcomes, then, is driven by some rule (the SWF) for ranking these well-being vectors. The utilitarian SWF and the prioritarian family of SWFs (each corresponding to well-developed positions in moral philosophy) are especially plausible. The case for using CBA rather than one of these SWFs is weak—or so the chapter argues.
Morality as a Complex Adaptive System
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on Hayek’s analysis of morality as an evolved spontaneous order while updating and revising it, taking account of current research and models. While his path-breaking work requires revision, Hayek presents an analysis of a complex adaptive moral order that is far more in tune with current science than are the highly rationalistic analyses of contemporary political philosophy, which often seek to present utopian plans for the perfect justice. Yet, I argue, we need to rethink important claims. Hayek puts great weight on group-level selection to maintain the functionality of the complex adaptive system of social morality, a claim that has been buttressed by the recent work of David Sloan Wilson. I question this, showing how an “invisible hand” can maintain functional cooperation among current humans without strong group-level selection.
National Education Systems
Authors: Campbell Craig , Stephenson Maxine
Published: June 2019

With British colonization from the late eighteenth century came attempts to school indigenous and nonindigenous populations in ways familiar to colonizers. This was so in Australia and New Zealand. Writing histories that respect the indigenous experience of education has been a challenge. Mainstream historiography concentrated on the growth of schools and school systems as they provided for the colonizing populations from Britain. Colonial and postcolonial struggles among private interests, churches, and the state over schooling were the common subjects of research. Beginning in the 1970s revisionist historians have often written in terms of social history. Relationships between schooling and different social classes, indigenous students, teachers, and girls and women students often inform more recent writing. Traditional biographies of educators, histories of schools and school systems, and curriculum and pedagogy have not been neglected, but the influence of recent international historiography has impacted research into the history of education in Australia and New Zealand.
The German University and Its Influence
Authors: McClelland Charles E.
Published: June 2019

The new-model German university of the nineteenth century built upon previous efforts to reform higher education and reached its highest point of development and influence before World War I. It shaped the roles of universities worldwide. Reforms reflected the conscious creation of institutions promoting cutting-edge research, in fields from physics and medicine to law and theology. This was combined with the highest standards of active, self-involved student preparation for the learned professions. Yet even at the height of its prestige, its contradictions and limitations were already visible by the 1920s. When the concept of the elite research university is subject to critique, revisiting its origins in Germany can provide stimulus to debates about the future of the university, not only in North America and Europe but in all countries with higher education systems influenced by the German or American models.
The Professions and Professional Education
Authors: Neumann Richard K.
Published: June 2019

Education for a professional career differs fundamentally from other forms of education. A physician, for example, must know more than medical science. To be competent, medical doctors must know how to practice medicine, which Donald Schön called knowing-in-action. At times, professional schools have been stepchildren in universities because they taught skills as well as pure knowledge. In other eras, a medical school or a law school might be one of a university’s crown jewels. Differing degrees of acceptance in universities seem correlated to a profession’s prestige and to a professional school’s ability to generate research and publications. The tensions between trying to satisfy those criteria while simultaneously teaching knowledge-in-action with pure knowledge are essential to the history of professional education. The professions differ from one another in how they have navigated through these tensions, but the differences are variations on more or less the same theme.
The Urban History of Education
Authors: Erickson Ansley T.
Published: June 2019

This chapter draws on the historical literature on urban education published in English to explore how urban education has operated as an interpretive frame in the history of education. Four key themes emerge. First, cities appeared chiefly as context for the development of schooling; how schools interacted with the city or even shaped the city received much less attention. Second, unlike other settings, the U.S. historiography of urban education has overwhelmingly emphasized the industrial city. Third, despite the strong attention to urban education, scholarly attention to education in urban contexts remains incomplete. And fourth, the idea of the city as the prime site of educational innovation has been challenged by new works that emphasize the importance of educational developments in rural settings or at national rather than local scale.
Education and Migration in History
Authors: Ramsey Paul J.
Published: June 2019

Although the historiography of migrant education is, in many ways, problematic—especially the lack of historical literature for many regions of the world—general patterns do arise. As nation-states and their educational systems began to emerge and develop in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the schooling of migrant children often focused on assimilating them into the national culture. In the decades following the Second World War, the heavy-handed acculturation began to give way to more multicultural notions of schooling, although, in practice, multicultural education often simplified cultural differences and continued, albeit in different ways, to demand a sort of conformity to the new national, multicultural norms, thus undermining a true acceptance of all migrant populations.
Colonial Education and Anticolonial Struggles
Authors: Madeira Ana Isabel , Correia Luís Grosso
Published: June 2019

This chapter addresses two intertwined topics: colonial education and anticolonial intellectual struggles. The first refers to the historical period of European colonization in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and America, starting with the establishment of colonial education systems. Formal education represented the spread of colonial models of education furthered by stereotypes about indigenous cultures. The chapter concentrates on sub-Saharan African colonies, mainly the Portuguese, the English, and the French overseas territories. Anticolonial intellectual struggles are examined as movements that invoke ideas of social justice, emancipation, and opposition to the oppressive structures of racism, discrimination, and exploitation. Anticolonial thought contributed much to the reshaping of the educational systems, often relying on precolonial cultures combined with internationally influential thinkers such as Gandhi, Fanon, Césaire, and Cabral. Postcolonial theories and comparative methodologies provide an understanding of the role played by anticolonial narratives in reshaping national identities and political educational strategies.
The History of School Teachers and Administrators
Authors: Rousmaniere Kate
Published: June 2019

This chapter is an overarching historical narrative of the development of the occupations of teaching and school administration, focusing on the history of educators who have worked as elementary and secondary public school teachers and local school administrators. The emphasis is on the historical development of Anglo and Anglo American education, with notations of patterns of change in a more global context. The chapter discusses the nature of research on the history of educators, and then introduces three themes that mark the history of teachers and school administrators: the creation of state systems of education, the troubled history of professionalization of education, and the historical relationship of public school educators to the state.
Precolonial Indigenous Education in the Western Hemisphere and Pacific
Authors: Lawrence Adrea
Published: June 2019

Before widespread colonization began in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, indigenous peoples of the western hemisphere and Pacific were agriculturalists and land and seaside managers who hunted and fished; they were brilliant scientists; they were artists and musicians; they were politicians; they were historians and geographers; they were adaptive economic players; and, importantly, they were exceptionally diverse. Much of the scholarship examining these achievements has been political and anthropological, not educational. How can this be? By following different forms of evidence down an array of disciplinary paths, scholars can consider epistemological questions orienting how peoples past and present have made sense of their worlds and their learning. And by examining the residual evidence of learning through the processes of place-making at the junctures of geography, oral tradition, and architecture, as well as agronomy and crop creation and various forms of knowledge construction, porous histories of indigenous education take shape.
Introduction a multifaceted and flourishing field
Authors: Rury John L. , Tamura Eileen H.
Published: June 2019

The history of education is a venerable and multifaceted field of research and writing, dating from the nineteenth century as subject taught in many countries. Initially a central component of teacher education, it grew into a vibrant branch of social and institutional history after the 1960s. Like other fields, it was influenced by social movements of the latter twentieth century and continues to exhibit a concern for questions of inequity and discrimination. It has been influenced by social science theory and research, particularly the work of sociologists and economists, and reflects a variety of methodological and evidentiary traditions. While historians of education have focused largely on events at the national and local scale, they also have longstanding interests in comparative and international research. Historians continue to find new facets of the educational past to examine, insuring that the field will remain lively and compelling for the foreseeable future.
Pentecostal and Charismatic
Authors: Work Telford
Published: June 2019

Accounts of Pentecostal ecumenism tend to take two basic shapes. In one, the story of Pentecostal and charismatic ecumenism is subsumed into the wider course of twentieth-century ecumenism, whose centre has been the World Council of Churches. The other regards Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity as an ecumenical movement in its own right, expressed in innumerable informal relationships and recently embodied in the Global Christian Forum. These two popular visions often keep Pentecostals, charismatics, and mainstream ecumenists talking past one another. An inventory of the gifts offered, gifts received, and gifts withheld or rejected among these parties in twentieth- and twenty-first-century ecumenism leads to a different interpretation of their interrelationship. The ecumenical movement at large and Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity itself are both among the renewing tides in Christ’s ecclesial ecumene. The most significant Pentecostal/charismatic contribution to ecumenism may be its own spirit, and vice versa.
Africa
Authors: Smit Dirk J.
Published: June 2019

Since the birth of the ecumenical movement in Edinburgh a century ago, much has changed ecumenically regarding the African continent. This chapter briefly tells the story of official ecumenism on African soil, including the history of the ecumenical movement and the presence of international confessional bodies and traditions. It then describes some of the complex stories of regional, national, and local ecumenism in Africa, including the history of the All Africa Conference of Churches and of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians. Drawing on these stories, the chapter then lists five of the most important ecumenical challenges facing the continent—cultural, political, economic, peacemaking, and survival—which often give rise to informal ecumenism. It concludes with an overview of several well-known ecumenical initiatives and documents in Africa.
Europe
Authors: Dieter Theodor
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes the multifaceted relations between churches in Europe in an ecumenical age. It considers church fellowships and communions of different ecclesial density on the Protestant side, and various significant agreements (e.g. Leuenberg, Meissen, Porvoo, and Reuilly) that have enabled them; the Conference of European Churches, which also has Orthodox participation; and the European Ecumenical Assemblies, in which additionally the Roman Catholic Church participates. It also notes the more informal, spiritual movement called Together for Europe. The Charta Oecumenica is presented, together with several agreements on the mutual recognition of baptism, and finally there is a brief account of national councils of churches, of ecumenical research institutions, and of a number of dialogue commissions, with a sampling of their fruits.
Roman Germania? What Germania?
Authors: Reddé Michel
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents some general remarks about Roman Germany. The English term ‘Roman Germany’ refers to both the two Roman provinces of Germania (respectively Inferior and Superior) and to the regions of modern Germany that were Romanized, i.e. the two provinces of Roman Germania, Raetia, and a small part of Noricum. When considered from the perspective of the Roman administrative organization, Roman Germany is not confined to the territory of modern Germany: it extends over a significant part of modern France. The discussions include the rhythms of economic development in the provinces of Germania; the great strides made by German archaeology in recent years; and the position of the free Germanic world in its relations with the Empire.
Historical Development of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
Authors: Langenbahn Donna M. , Rath Joseph F. , Diller Leonard
Published: June 2019

Psychologists who understand the nuances of impaired cognitive abilities, especially within the context of personality and emotional factors, are uniquely qualified to provide interventions for cognitive and psychosocial difficulties following brain injury. Such interventions fall under the labels cognitive rehabilitation and neuropsychological rehabilitation. Following a brief overview of the historical precursors of neuropsychological rehabilitation, the chapter focuses upon developments in the 20th century through the present, some European, mostly German and Russian, and primarily those in the United States. The manner in which the fields of clinical neuropsychology and rehabilitation medicine provided context and complemented the development of neuropsychological rehabilitation is highlighted. Current trends and future implications are addressed, with an emphasis on the examination of individual patient characteristics and therapy factors to optimize clinical outcomes.
Wayne State University and the Birth of Contemporary Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Woodard John L. , Milberg William , Whitman R. Douglas
Published: June 2019

The neuropsychology specialization at Wayne State University was probably the first organized training experience in neuropsychology housed entirely within a clinical psychology training program. The genesis of this neuropsychology training experience was dependent on a critical mass of faculty who brought a convergence of psychological expertise from a variety of disciplines inside and outside clinical psychology. The primary driving force was the vision of Gerald Rosenbaum, who saw the critical relevance of the central nervous system to the understanding of psychopathology. Rosenbaum’s influences included Arthur Benton and Kenneth Spence. The development of experiential training for students at the Lafayette Clinic was another critical factor that brought expertise in clinical psychology, neurology, and psychiatry together under one roof. Phillip Rennick (who trained under Ward Halstead), Raymond Dennerll, Mel Schwartz, and R. Douglas Whitman were also highly influential figures who developed and maintained the neuropsychology specialization to the present time.
Jane Talbot, a Novel
Authors: Shapiro Stephen
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces the critical history of Charles Brockden Brown’s Jane Talbot from the dominant reception of it as a failed novel and a capitulation to a gendered consumer market and political conservatism. Yet Jane Talbot deserves to be read not as expressing the rising interests of liberalism and imperialist nationalism but as critiquing their emergence, while also standing as a retrospective consideration of the flaws of 1790s Woldwinite claims for rational sentiment and progressive emulation as a mechanism for social betterment. Jane Talbot stands as one of the first American literary productions that self-consciously understands itself as a novel (rather than a “romance”) while also suggesting the limits to the novel form in a period of increasingly dominant economic and political liberalism.
Historical Sketches
Authors: Barnard Philip
Published: June 2019

Historical Sketches is a book-length ensemble of unfinished historical-fiction fragments, dispersed in three print sources, that date from the 1803–1807 years of Charles Brockden Brown’s Literary Magazine and likely primarily from 1805 to 1806. It stands as his longest and most experimental fictional project. This chapter reviews textual issues that have hindered fuller scholarly response to date, as well as the close relations between this c. 1805 ensemble, analogous career-long projects, and Brown’s theory of romance as conjectural history, from 1792 to 1793 forward. It surveys the general features of the ensemble on three levels: (1) the world-systemic geographical-historical scope of the narrative, which emphasizes periphery-center dynamics and uneven development; (2) its depiction of modernizing governmental and disciplinary systems, in which cultural practices are recognized as social-ideological technologies; and (3) its metafictional, metageneric reflections on Romantic-era “historical romance” as a symptom of the period’s emergent nostalgic medievalism and nationalist ideologies.
Short Fiction
Authors: Slawinski Scott
Published: June 2019

This chapter on Charles Brockden Brown’s short fiction provides an overview of eight tales written by Brown and published in various magazines, offering interpretative discussion of the texts and how they fit into the larger Brown oeuvre. These works deal with historical events, state-sponsored and individual acts of violence, secrecy, sensibility, gender roles, and insanity. Brown develops in these tales themes commonly found in his novels, and he often employs some of his favorite narrative devices, gothic or otherwise. Like his other writings, his stories reveal how Brown absorbed the transatlantic intellectual currents of his day and presented them effectively within a compact space.
Slavery, Abolition, and African Americans in Brown
Authors: von Morzé Leonard
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines Charles Brockden Brown’s relationship to the abolitionist politics of his time, as well as his representation of African Americans. It begins by examining factors in Brown’s thinking about slavery, notably his Quaker background and the immediate influence of his friends’ abolitionist activities. Brown’s Memoirs of Stephen Calvert is interpreted as a critique of the division between Northern and Southern forms of slaveholding and a statement of the impossibility of effecting a geographical containment of slavery. The doubling of African American and white characters in Arthur Mervyn and Ormond is read as undermining the visual codes of race and as reflecting on racial mixing during a period when Haitian emigrants were resettling in Philadelphia. Brown’s 1803 pamphlet on French Louisiana is seen as an ambiguous reflection on the agency of slaves and a warning about the intractable problem that slavery posed for the early republic.