bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward the Development of a Theory of Bereavement Guilt: Sources of Guilt in Bereaved Parents
Authors: Miles Margaret Shandor , Demi Alice Sterner
Published: May 2005

Guilt has been reported as a common manifestation of grief, yet bereavement guilt is poorly understood and has not been adequately incorporated into bereavement theory. As a first step in the development of a theory of bereavement guilt, this article presents a conceptual model of sources of guilt in bereaved parents. This model identifies five sources of guilt: Cultural Role Guilt, Death Causation Guilt, Moral Guilt, Survivor Guilt, and Recovery Guilt. A pilot study of twenty-eight bereaved parents was conducted to assess the adequacy of this model. Findings provide partial support for the model and suggest an additional category, Grief Guilt. The most common types of guilt were Death Causation Guilt and Cultural Role Guilt. Rationalizing and sharing were the two most common guilt ameliorating strategies used. Suggestions for continued theory development are presented.
Regional Variation in Massachusetts Ceramics
Authors: Luedtke Barbara E.
Published: May 2005

This paper compares prehistoric ceramic assemblages from three regions of the Massachusetts coastal zone in an attempt to define which technological and stylistic variables are consistent throughout the zone, and which vary between regions. Technological, social, and economic implications of the patterns found are discussed.
Children'S Attitudes toward Suicide
Authors: Domino George , Domino Valerie , Berry Travis
Published: May 2005

Suicide in children is a topic with a substantial literature, much current concern, and some areas of investigation such as attitudes virtually untouched. The participants of this study were 116 junior high school students who were administered a fifty-six item Suicide Opinion Questionnaire. The results reflect the complexity of attitudes toward suicide and a wide heterogeneity of responses, as well as substantial commonality. A content analysis yielded nine clusters of items, including the relationship between psychopathology and suicide, suicide as a cry for help, and personal values. Children relate depression but not mental illness to suicide, appreciate the attention-getting aspects of suicide attempts but ascribe a greater degree of lethality to these attempts, seem aware of the difficulties in identifying suicide risks, and do not accept suicide as a reasonable solution to incurable illness. Approximately one in five children indicates seriously thinking about suicide, and a somewhat higher number have personally known someone who committed suicide.
Neuropsychiatric Complications in Burn Patients
Authors: Andreasen N. J. C.
Published: May 2005

The neuropsychiatric problems which burn patients experience may occur either during hospitalization or after discharge. Some of these may be considered “normal” in that they occur in many patients and are not pathological or life-threatening if handled appropriately. Others tend to interfere with the recovery process and are associated with a poor prognosis. Normal reactions which occur during hospitalization include anxiety reaction, mild depression, fear of deformity, and a steadily decreasing pain threshold. Potentially pathological reactions during hospitalization, which occur in 20 to 30 per cent of all patients, include severe depression, severe regression, and delirium. After discharge most patients, especially those with severe burns, face further adjustment problems. Follow-up study indicates that during the first year many patients continue to have symptoms of depression, anxiety, and phobic behavior. Most patients who have a normal adjustment prior to injury, however, eventually learn to deal with these problems without psychiatric help. The psychiatric prognosis for children is somewhat poorer, however, with approximately 80 per cent showing complications and sequelae such as fearfulness, suspiciousness, poor school performance, and difficulty in relating to other children.
Students Who Enroll to Withdraw: Planned Attrition from Programs of Study at University
Authors: Whiteley Sonia
Published: May 2005

In Australia, estimates of student attrition during the first year of university study range from 24 percent to 30 percent, depending on the institution, and have remained remarkably stable during the past 10 years (Abbott-Chapman, Hughes, & Wyld, 1992; Ramsey, Tranter, Sumner, & Barrett, 1996). Despite the vast number of causal studies of attrition overseas and the infrequent descriptive insights reported in Australia, institutional researchers appear to be no closer to accurately and easily predicting students at risk of prematurely withdrawing from undergraduate programs of study. This article will provide support for an alternative explanation of attrition for a specific group of university students: students who planned to withdraw from their original program of study after facilitating entry to another undergraduate degree.
Epistemological Importance and Fluted Points: An Observation
Authors: Haley Shawn D.
Published: May 2005

The earliest cultures of North America produced exquisitely made fluted projectile points. Over time, projectile points became progressively more crude in form and workmanship. A common explanation for this apparent regression is that native North American stone workers “lost the art of fine flint knapping.” This hypothesis is questioned and an alternative offered. It is suggested that regression had not occurred. Rather, there had been a shift in epistemological importance away from projectile points into more relevant areas for those more recent cultures. Points simply were no longer important to them.
Needs Assessment for Communication System Design
Authors: Stratton Charles R.
Published: May 2005

System design for communication packages involves assessing communication needs and designing a set of communication vehicles to meet these needs. This article, which focuses on the first of these two steps, outlines three categories of data that are important to communication system design and proposes a system for gathering and correlating the data in these three categories. The tangible product of this gathering and correlating is a three-dimensional needs assessment matrix, which is used as part of the input for the actual design of the communication system. A later article will deal with the communication system design itself.
Training for Technical Illustrators
Authors: Buckstone Richard W.
Published: May 2005

This article attempts to outline for teachers and prospective teachers of technical illustration the requirements for becoming a technical illustrator. Included is a course of technical illustration that could be taught in the high school, vocational or trade school, junior college, or college.
Workers' Health and Safety in Australia: An Overview
Authors: Pearse Warwick , Refshauge Chloë
Published: May 2005

In this article we explore some of the precursors and background to the recent wave of administrative and legislative change in the field of occupational health and safety in Australia. The influences of the New Left and women's movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s are seen to be crucial in creating a climate in which the issue of workers' health could be raised. It is then argued that the labor movement has been fundamentally important in determining the shape and extent of reform. Current organizational and legal developments are described and discussed in the context of Australian society.
Task and Gang Labor: Work Patterns at a Kentucky Plantation
Authors: Young Amy L.
Published: May 2005

Labor was a central part of the African-American slave experience. This article examines labor organization on Southern antebellum plantations and explores models typically used by scholars for reconstructing and interpreting work patterns. The purpose is to reconstruct the labor organization system at Locust Grove, a plantation near Louisville, Kentucky, utilizing archaeologically derived data. Ceramics and faunal analyses were completed because both have been suggested as possible indicators of plantation labor systems.
How the U.S. Press Covers the Canadian Health Care System
Authors: Brundin Jennifer
Published: May 2005

The U.S. media dwell on what they perceive as the shortcomings of the Canadian health care system, and minimize the advantages of providing free medical care for all. Focusing on specialization and high-tech treatments as the most important measure of health care quality, the media overlook the importance of greater access to medical care in promoting health. At the same time, the U.S. media are reluctant to cite the higher infant mortality rates and lower life expectancy rates in the United States compared with Canada.
Readability and Creativity in Technical Writing
Authors: Edens Bert
Published: May 2005

The work of a technical writer must be readable and easy to understand. Indeed, we have methods to teach students how to be readable. But is it reasonable to request creativity in their work? There are differences between the style of a technical writer and of a novelist. But there are also similarities. To be creative in his technical writing, the technical writer must be influenced by the novelist. I advise especially the study and writing of essays and poems.
The Effects of System Characteristics on Policy Implementation and Functioning of Care for the Elderly in France
Authors: Henrard Jean-Claude , Cassou Bernard , Le Disert Dominique
Published: May 2005

In the early 1960s, old age in France was replaced by the notion of “troisième âge,” a new definition stressing the possibility of pursuing social and leisure activities and greater independence. Old age itself was postponed to a later age, and acquired a purely negative image and one confused with that of incurable illness. As a result, a living-at-home policy was elaborated, and also a program of adapting institutions to the problems of those now defined as being in the “quatrième âge.” This dual-faceted medicosocial policy was originally intended to be comprehensive and coordinated. Analysis of the structural characteristics of the care providers and of the agencies responsible for organization and financing of services shows fragmentation at the levels of service delivery and policy development. This prevents the coordination of service provision, gives rise to a mismatch between people and provision, and leads to a lack of coherent regulation and of adequate financing, in particular with regard to domiciliary care and social services. External factors, such as scarcity of funds related to the economic crisis, reinforce system dysfunctions.
The Management of Learning Systems
Authors: Doherty George P.
Published: May 2005

The rationale and need for including a component on the management of learning systems in a graduate program is discussed. The major components associated with managing learning systems are described to provide ideas for the content of a graduate degree program. Since every applied learning system is made of many components which interact to produce specific results, good management is essential if the components are to interact synergistically to achieve optimum outcomes.
Teaching on-Line versus Face-to-Face
Authors: Smith Glenn Gordon , Ferguson David , Caris Mieke
Published: May 2005

This study investigates and describes the current instructor experience of teaching college courses over the Web (versus in face-to-face formats) in terms of the teaching strategies, social issues, and emergent issues such as media effects. We interviewed 22 college instructors who had taught in both formats. Four of the interviews were made by telephone and eighteen by e-mail. Interview fragments were categorized and counted for frequency to highlight emerging trends. Results indicate that Web-based classes have a profoundly different communication style than face-to-face classes. This has far-reaching consequences for on-line classes in terms of greater equality between students and instructors, greater explicitness of written instructions required, greater workloads for instructors and deeper thinking manifested in discussions, initial feelings of anonymity giving way later to emerging on-line identities. Authors propose a model with two competing systems, isolation effects versus community effects.
Computers in Language Arts: Potential Benefits and Problems
Authors: Vacc Nancy N.
Published: May 2005

This article presents a synthesis of how computers can be used within the instruction of language arts; writing, listening, speaking, reading, literature, and total communication. Also discussed are potential benefits and problems of using computers in language arts.
The Role of Production Control in the Development of Burnout
Authors: Houben Gerard J. , Nijhuis Frans J. N.
Published: May 2005

Burnout is an increasingly important problem in modern work organizations. Few studies, however, have explicitly applied an adequate theoretical understanding of the performance of modern organizations. This article aims to initiate both a discussion of this phenomenon and higher-quality research into the emergence of burnout based on an understanding of the economic-technological rationalization and control (management control) of production and service processes. In applying production control, both technical and bureaucratic, group and attitudinal control systems are increasingly integrated. This so-called systematic control strategy is one of the major causes of burnout. The cumulative effect of an increasing workload combined with reduced resources due to economic considerations and technocratic implementation of production control is assumed to be relevant to the development of burnout. The authors' propositions apply to service workers in human service organizations and to key workers in enterprises using flexible specialization combined with self-directed work groups.
The Multinational Drug Companies in Zaire: Their Adverse Effect on Cost and Availability of Essential Drugs
Authors: Glucksberg Harold , Singer Jack
Published: May 2005

An analysis of the types and costs of drugs imported by seven multinational pharmaceutical companies in Zaire, an underdeveloped country in Africa, reveals that three-fourths of the drugs consisted of expensive and nonessential items. The prices of essential drugs (24 percent of their total imports) were much higher than those of available generic sources (average difference of 300 percent). The importation of nonessential drugs and the high prices paid for essential drugs exacerbate the scarcity of needed items because of Zaire's limited supply of hard currency. In addition, two drug firms imported and promoted the sale of aminopyrone-dipyrone analgesic-antipyretics, drugs now rarely used in Western industrialized countries because of potentially fatal complications. Thus, in Zaire, the multinational pharmaceutical industry has an adverse effect on the availability and cost of drugs, as well as on the pattern of drug usage.
A Summary of Misconceptions of High School Basic Programmers
Authors: Putnam Ralph T. , Sleeman D. , Baxter Juliet A. , Kuspa Laiani K.
Published: May 2005

This study examined high school students' knowledge about constructs in the BASIC programming language. A screening test was administered to ninety-six students, fifty-six of whom were interviewed. Students were asked to trace simple programs and predict their output. Errors in virtually all BASIC constructs we examined were observed, with many of the misconceptions arising from the application of knowledge and reasoning from informal domains to programming. It is argued that a lack of knowledge of basic features of programming language will prevent students from developing the higher-level cognitive skills that much programming instruction is intended to foster.
Hypnotic Visual Hallucinations as Imaginings: A Cognitive-Social Psychological Perspective
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Radtke H. Lorraine
Published: May 2005

Research pertaining to the phenomenology of hypnotic (suggested) visual hallucinations is reviewed within a cognitive-social psychological framework. Suggested hallucinations are conceptualized as cognitive-social enactments; as imaginings generated by co-operative subjects to meet the social demands of the experimental test situation. These imaginings differ from corresponding perceptions even in highly responsive (i.e., susceptible) subjects, and when provided with the opportunity to do so, the majority of subjects describe such experiences as “imagined” rather than as “seen.” The few subjects who report that they “saw” the suggested object and believed that it was actually there appear to be highly absorbed in their imaginings. Consequently, they fail to attend to information that contradicts the status of their imaginings as external (i.e., “real”) happenings. Responsiveness to hallucination suggestions is no more strongly facilitated by hypnotic procedures than by short instructions aimed at ensuring subjects' cooperation and positive motivation. There is no support for the hypothesis that hallucinations in hypnotic subjects reflect the operation of a hypothetical hypnotic state.
The Effect of Proposal Appearance on the Technical Evaluation Scoring of Government Proposals
Authors: Dycus Robert D.
Published: May 2005

The effect of proposal appearance on technical evaluation scoring was examined experimentally. Two mock proposals were prepared—one from the A Corporation and the other from the B Corporation. Each proposal was prepared in two versions—a “nice” appearing version (stylized “logoed” pages, offset two-color printing, heavy paper stock, plastic 19-ring spiral binding), and a “poor” appearing version (single-spaced typed pages, xerox reproduction, cheap transparent plastic cover, staple binding.) The proposals were scored against a set of eight evaluation questions by twenty-eight experienced government evaluators in a 2 × 2 factorial design experiment. No statistically significant effects of appearance on evaluation scoring were detected. A general model is presented that describes impression in terms of proposal appearance versus proposal thought content. The experiment is interpreted in terms of this model, and “real-world” applications of the model are discussed.
Earth Lab: A Local Network for Collaborative Classroom Science
Authors: Newman Denis , Goldman Shelley V.
Published: May 2005

This article reports the implementation and research related to the first phase of the field test of a local area network system developed to support collaborative science activities in elementary school classrooms. The Earth Lab Project developed system and application software to run on a network of Apple II computers in a classroom or computer lab. The project also developed a sixth-grade science curriculum built around geographic issues, such as weather and climate. Observational research focused on issues such as classroom organization and the extent of collaborative planning among teachers. Preliminary results indicate that the network system is beginning to act as a catalyst for student collaboration and cross-curriculum integration.
Toward a Social Theory of Dying
Authors: Rosel Natalie
Published: May 2005

The literature on death and dying is becoming increasingly specialized. This paper offers a single framework that might be useful in working toward a social theory of dying. Selected contributions are reviewed under the rubrics of social psychological coping processes, institutional role relationships, and societal values and attitudes. Socialization is then applied as a framework in which to codify existing approaches and move toward a more encompassing social theory of dying.
The New Corporate Health Ethic: Lifestyle and the Social Control of Work
Authors: Conrad Peter , Walsh Diana Chapman
Published: May 2005

A corporate health ethic, forged in U.S. industry in the 20th century, clearly demarcated boundaries between private and workplace health concerns. This article advances evidence that the boundary is blurring, and argues that trends in workplace initiatives, including employee assistance, wellness programs, and drug screening, are giving shape to a new corporate health ethic. The new ethic emphasizes workers' lifestyles on and off the job, en endering a shift in corporate jurisdiction over employee health and behavior. Economic arguments such as “health care cost containment” are commonly offered as explanations for these new health initiatives. But the authors see the new ethic as a deeper response to a changing corporate environment and, more fundamentally, as emblematic of changes in the social control of work and productivity. They argue that the new health ethic may be a harbinger of new forms of social control in the workplace.
Health and Labor-Power: A Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Schatzkin Arthur
Published: May 2005

In this historical materialist analysis of health and medical care, health is defined as a component of labor-power (capacity to work). Investment in health, including provision of medical services, represents part of the cost of maintaining the labor force. The primary determinant of the level of health and medical care under capitalism is the tendency toward maximization of the rate of exploitation. The absolute level of health and medical care tends to decline as unemployment rises and individual workers become more “replaceable.” Health differentials by socioeconomic status are similarly explained by the easier replacement of lesser-skilled workers.

Medical care services in the context of the capitalist system constitute a drain on surplus-value. In periods of economic decline, attempts are made to conserve surplus-value through reductions in medical services (“social wages”). Institutional and ideological racism yields additional surplus-value savings and weakens public resistance to medical care retrenchment. The profits of health-related industries are shown to be merely partially recouped surplus-value losses. The social epidemiology of capitalism has been characterized as social murder. “Public health” measures appropriate to this systemic pathology are suggested.
The Role of Research on Contexts of Teaching Practice in Informing the Design of Handheld Learning Technologies
Authors: Penuel William R. , Tatar Deborah G. , Roschelle Jeremy
Published: May 2005

One definition of design is “creating something new that fits with reality” (Stults, 1985). This article describes a project in which the researchers started with the intuition that new handheld-based wireless technologies held the promise of creating something new and highly desirable for K-12 education. We saw the potential for handheld-based activities to enable deeply needed formative assessment, that is, teachers' and students' own monitoring of learning for the purpose of improving teaching and learning. From prior research and our own experience, we knew of several barriers to the adoption and success of new technologies in K-12 classrooms and (separately) new science inquiry methods. Taking these barriers seriously led us to ethno***graphically-based activities oriented toward understanding “the reality” to which our designs needed to fit. Initial efforts to understand the variety of attitudes, experiences, and conditions in one school district caused us to make hard decisions about our priorities. In this article, we describe the realities we found and the implications we drew from them for our project, which we argue have broad import for the design of handheld technologies for schools.
Suicidal Behavior and Community Mental Health Care in Emilia-Romagna (Italy)
Authors: Crepet P. , Caracciolo S. , Fabbri D. , Tomelli A. , Tugnoli S. , Molinari S.
Published: May 2005

Parasuicide and aftercare treatment in a Community Mental Health Service (CMHS) were studied both retrospectively and prospectively. Data were extracted from CMHS Epidemiological Register. Six hundred and fifty persons were recruited (450 F, 200 M), referring to 779 parasuicide episodes. Higher rates (102/100,000) were observed in females in the age class fifteen to twenty-four, while the general rate was 52.79. Psychiatric care was studied for 311 suicide attempters, subsequently divided in three Groups. Thirty-nine subjects (12.5%) previously unknown at CMHS resulted to receive psychiatric treatment after follow up (GROUP 1), while seventy-two attempters (23.15%) with previous contact (GROUP 2) remained mostly (16.4%) in contact; two-hundred subjects (64.3%) without previous contact were still unknown after parasuicide (GROUP 3). Parasuicide repetition was higher for Group 2, while suicide incidence was higher for Group 1. Results suggest that most peclple skip psychiatric care before and after parasuicide.
Worker Produced Health Education Material for the Construction Trades
Authors: Roter Debra L. , Rudd Rima E. , Keogh James , Robinson Betty
Published: May 2005

There is broad acceptance of the philosophic foundations of health education as grounded in the collaborative model of client and professional partnership. In practice, however, this partnership is largely dominated by the professional side. Workers may be particularly sensitive to professional domination as issues associated with health promotion vs. safety and health programs at the workplace are often politicized. This polarization is particularly evident in the area of asbestos-related hazard prevention, reduction, and education. Using asbestos hazards as the unifying theme, we participated in a program to facilitate active participation of workers in the production of their own occupational health education materials through the use of the photonovel. Representatives from some seven building trade locals worked with a staff to produce a twenty-four-page photonovel for their co-workers. A random sample of 500 members of building trades locals received either a copy of the photonovel or a popular NCI asbestos pamphlet with an evaluation questionnaire. Differences between the groups were evident in favor of the photonovel in readability, factual recall, general credibility, and attitudes toward future involvement in health and safety issues.
EMDR as a Treatment for Test Anxiety
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Florell Dan W.
Published: May 2005

We assigned sixty-two test-anxious undergraduates to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), rational emotive therapy (RET), and information only, which were administered in a single session by trained, “blind” therapists. At posttest, EMDR was most effective in reducing distress whereas RET decreased global test anxiety more than information only. These results may reflect the differential impact of EMDR and RET on verbalized distress and on combined affective and cognitive dimensions of test anxiety, respectively. Perceptions of therapist credibility and helpfulness of treatment moderated the results. We discuss the clinical and research implications of these findings.
Understanding the Experiential World of the Dying: Limits to Sociological Research
Authors: Chatterjee Suhita Chopra
Published: May 2005

In recent years there has been a proliferation of literature on Sociology of Dying. However, sociologists often treat the experience of those who are critically ill as similar to those who are really dying. This article argues that the level of emotional experience of one who is facing death is different from one who is critically ill but can intellectually anticipate it as the end of one's existence. In other words, dying though mostly contiguous with illness experience is not to be treated as synonymous with it. The article further shows how the complex issues related to the dying person's world defy a systematic sociological enquiry. Many of the conventional methods of sociological research fail to gain access to the self of the dying. It concludes by suggesting the need for a thorough rejuvenation of sociological methods and theories to accommodate the dying phenomenon.
Support of Educational Technology by the U. S. Department of Education: 1971–1980
Authors: Zucker Andrew A.
Published: May 2005

During the decade 1971–1980 the Department of Education, and its predecessor the Education Division of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, spent about one billion dollars on educational technology research, development, demonstrations, and on support for local purchase of equipment and facilities (including facilities for public and educational broadcasting). A breakdown of this spending is given, together with an analysis of the spending pattern. Recommendations are made for future support of educational technology.
Rethinking Difference: A Feminist Reframing of Gender/Race/Class for the Improvement of Women's Health Research
Authors: Whittle K. Lisa , Inhorn Marcia C.
Published: May 2005

In exploring the history of the social construction of gender/race/class in Western scientific discourse and examining the legacy of these persisting constructions in modern research on women's health, the authors join in a growing debate about sexism/racism/classism in women's health research–a debate being forwarded most forcefully by feminist epidemiologists. A major purpose of this article is to aid in the development of a new research paradigm for examining the relationship between gender, race, and class, one that considers the interdisciplinary theorizing of Third World feminists and European/American feminists of color. Following the examination of both historical and epistemological issues surrounding interlocking forms of oppression based on gender/race/class, the authors propose a feminist research agenda that not only is responsive to different women's health needs, but can potentially contribute to a process for understanding and answering the health needs of all persons.
Using Theory to Design an Intervention for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Farm Workers in Rural Zimbabwe
Authors: Laver Susan M. L. , Van Der Borne Bart , Kok Gerjo
Published: May 2005

A variety of primary prevention strategies are used in HIV prevention programs in Africa. However, these are often developed through intuition and the theoretical basis for many interventions is limited to the knowledge/attitude model. This article illustrates how research findings from a base-line survey are combined with Paulo Freire's social change theory and the Ecological Model for Health Promotion to develop a participatory intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention in farm workers in Zimbabwe. The article addresses the need to focus attention on the process of change at the interpersonal level, organizational and policy levels of the community. Dialogue is central to the range of strategies proposed for the intervention. The effect will be measured through process and outcome evaluation.
Family Therapy with Elderly Suicidal Patients: Communication and Crisis Aspects
Authors: Richman Joseph
Published: May 2005

This article discusses the role of the family in the origins of a suicidal state, and its role in resolving the suicidal crisis, especially when family therapy is available. Death wishes, homicidal ideation, and suicide pact-and-suicide-murder ideation, are present far more frequently than is commonly realized. They all contain a constructive potential in the presence of a competent and experienced therapist. Success in therapy includes a knowledge of how to deal with the communication of suicidal impulses by the suicidal person, the family's communication of feeling burdened and fed up, and the venting of rage. Treatment is based upon the understanding that suicide is a process that is frequently handed down from one generation to the next, and includes several generations at one time. These considerations are illustrated by case examples, mostly from the experiences of the writer, demonstrating how destructive interactions can be transformed into life affirming ones.
Resolution of Depressive Symptoms in Medical Inpatients after Discharge
Authors: Pomerantz Andrew S. , De Nesnera Alexander , West Alan N.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Most studies to date demonstrate a high prevalence of depressive symptoms and depressive disorders in general medical inpatients. In order to determine whether these symptoms represent a self limited epiphenomenon of medical illness or evidence of psychiatric comorbidity, assessment of the natural history of such symptoms in this population is necessary. In this study we focused on resolution versus persistence of depressive symptoms in hospitalized medical patients following medical, but not psychiatric, treatment.

Method:

Every second admission to the acute care medical ward of a VA teaching hospital was assessed for inclusion in the study. Fifty-seven were screened, fifty participated initially, forty-two remained in the study for the one-week post-discharge follow-up, and thirty-three remained at the one-month follow-up. Depressive symptomatology was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory at each time point. Subjects whose scores at follow-ups were above threshold were considered to have persistent symptoms and those whose scores fell below threshold were considered to have resolved. No patients were treated with antidepressants prior to or during the study.

Results:

With a conventionally accepted threshold score (14) on the BDI as representing clinically significant depression, roughly half of those patients identified as depressed at the time of admission were nondepressed at both follow-ups. The BDI predicted persistence of depression with a sensitivity of .64 and specificity of .74 at one week and .71 and .73 at one month. Raising the threshold score to 20 raised the sensitivity to 1.00 and the specificity to .95 at one week and 1.00 and .93 at one month.

Conclusions:

Depressive symptoms seen in acutely-ill medical patients can be expected to resolve without potentially-hazardous antidepressant treatment in a significant number of patients. Persistence of depressive symptoms may be better predicted by raising the threshold on commonly used self-report scales.
An Experimental Cross-Validation of Mental Imagery
Authors: Algom Daniel , Lewin Isaac
Published: May 2005

The following operational question was investigated: do two separate, independently developed models of mental imagery tap the same underlying psychological phenomena? Empirical implications were derived from a general cognitive-information model and a bio-feedback model to be tested simultaneously within the design of a single experiment. Three measures of imagery were employed: quantity, vividness and controllability. It is shown that differential manipulation of imagery by the two types of treatments produces a predictable set of results. This demonstration of transitivity and replicability of imagery results across experimental methods and laboratories is supportive of the validity of this, now popular, psychological concept.
A Paradigm of Educational Change: Major Factors in Renewal and Change
Authors: Simonds Richard S.
Published: May 2005

The rate and direction of educational change are major concerns throughout the literature on educational change. The lack of a broad-based, comprehensive model has further been identified. The purpose of this paper has been to integrate a variety of models and paradigms of educational change into one comprehensive model/paradigm.

To do this the literature of management information systems, system analysis and synthesis, management science, and the behavioral sciences was reviewed and a search for compatible data elements was made. From this search and comparison came the generic paradigm presented in this paper.

The paradigm is basically a “linking model,” with influence to be seen from a variety of other disciplines, as mentioned above. Components of this paradigm which make it somewhat unique are: community involvement, “temporary systems,” force-field analysis, forcing function, professional education, and computer managed and client assisted change. These concepts have existed independently in the literature, and are brought together in this paradigm as a holistic approach toward change.

The significance of and need for a system approach to educational change is emphasized in this paradigm, and the computer-based change process is inherent in managing change.
A Review of the Differences between Somatizing and Psychologizing Patients in Primary Care
Authors: Garcia-Campayo J. , Sanz-Carrillo C.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This article reviews all published studies on somatizing and psychologizing patients in primary care, according to Bridges and Goldberg's criteria [1].

Method:

A review of the Medline base from 1985 to 1998 was carried out.

Results:

Somatization is a concept valid, reliable, and stable over time. There are no differences between somatizers and psychologizers in sociodemographics, social problems or past medical and psychiatric history. The main clinical and diagnostic difference is a predominance of depressive symptoms and disorders in psychologizers. Finally, the most remarkable differences between somatizers and psychologizers are found in personality traits, such as attribution of somatic symptoms. However, some traits considered important in the outcome of somatizers, such as hypochondriasis or locus of control, show no differences between both groups of patients.

Conclusion:

Contrary to what was expected, the comparison between these two groups of patients give few clues for the etiology and treatment of somatization. Follow-up studies should be the main source of data to answer these questions.
Suicide and Suicide Prevention: Greek versus Biblical Perspectives
Authors: Kaplan Kalman J.
Published: May 2005

This article compares suicide in Greek tragedy and the Hebrew Bible. It concentrates not simply on expressed attitudes but on the actual life situations portrayed in the two sets of narratives promoting or preventing suicide. Perhaps the most striking comparison is the sheer frequency of suicides in Greek tragedy and the infrequency of them in the Hebrew Bible. Most of the suicides in Greek tragedy may be classified as egoistic or altruistic with a number falling in the anomic category. The excused suicides in the Hebrew Bible can be described as covenantal with the most criticized ones falling into egoistic or altruistic categories. The stories of Narcissus and Jonah are compared in an attempt to pinpoint what is suicide-promoting in Greek narratives and what is suicide-preventing in Biblical ones. Covenantal regression is suggested as the factor allowing potentially suicidogenic anomic confusion to be worked out.
The Construction of Patienthood in Medical Advertising
Authors: Lupton Deborah
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dominant symbolic elements, themes, and discourses used in drug advertisements published in a weekly magazine directed toward physicians. The discussion is concerned with both the visual signs and textual format of the advertisements, analyzing their attempts to create images around the drugs that appeal to the medical readership of the magazine. With the premise that the producers of the advertisements drew upon shared knowledge and belief systems of their medical audience to create a meaningful image for the drugs, the focus of the article is upon the portrayal of patients in the advertisements, with particular interest in gendered representations. The author argues that the way in which patients are portrayed visually and verbally in such advertisements is revealing of the ideological dimension of the doctor-patient relationship within the biomedical system of healing, including notions of the mechanical man and the vulnerable woman as archetypal patients.
Hepatitis in 101 Consecutive Suburban Cocaine and Opiate Users
Authors: Estroff Todd W. , Extein Irl L. , Malaspina Dolores , Gold Mark S.
Published: May 2005

The records of 101 cocaine and/or heroin drug abusing patients admitted consecutively to Fair Oaks Hospital were evaluated for history of IV drug abuse, antigen and serum antibody evidence of hepatitis A and B infection, and elevation of serum SGPT. One patient, an IV user, had hepatitis B antigen present in his blood. No patient had acute hepatitis A (IgM) antibody present. Forty-five out of fifty-three (84.9%) IV abusers were Hep B Ab positive, while two out of twenty-nine non-IV abusers (6.9%) were positive. Twenty of fifty-three (43.4%) IV users had positive hepatitis A Ab while one of twenty-nine (3.4%) of non-IV users were positive. Thirty-five of fifty-five (63.6%) IV users had elevated SGPT compared to five of forty-one (12.2%) in non-IV users. IV users tended to be older than non-IV users. The data presented in this article indicate that there is a greatly increased incidence of both hepatitis A and B in IV drug users compared to non-IV users and that the hepatitis B incidence is increased in a far greater amount than could be expected in a normal population. The type of drug injected (heroin, other opiates, or cocaine) was not an important determinant. The presence of hepatitis B antibodies in any drug abusing patient who denies IV use is a strong indication that they may not be telling the truth about their past drug abuse. It makes little difference whether drug abusing patients live in the inner city or the suburbs. They carry a similar risk of exposure to hepatitis. Our data suggest that a comprehensive hepatitis evaluation including hepatitis A Ab, hepatitis B surface and E antigens and antibodies, core antibodies and SGPT should be performed on all IV and heavy non-IV using drug abusers. These tests are described as a possible screen test for selecting patients to test for AIDS with Anti HTLV III antibodies.
Credibility and Reasoning in Technical Writing—Some Notes for Writers, Editors, and Instructors
Authors: Jordan Michael P.
Published: May 2005

Information, commands, and requirements not only must be understood—they must be credible too. That is, they must be such that they change the knowledge or understanding of the readers, or else they demand appropriate action. These introductory notes explain under what circumstance statements need to be made more credible and they explain how to add credibility at the clause, sentence, paragraph, and section levels. Principles of syllogistic reasoning, analogies, and experimental reasoning are also discussed. Brief mention is made of the related instruction for students and professional engineers.
The Identification of Student Opinion Leaders for An HIV Prevention Programme in Cape Town High Schools
Authors: Mathews Catherine , Guttmacher Sally , Hani Andiswa , Antonetti Illena , Flisher Alan J.
Published: May 2005

Opinion leaders are influential members of their social networks, strategically selected for their ability to sway community norms. The aims of the study were to assess: 1) whether it is feasible to identify student opinion leaders (SOLs) and their social networks among Grade 11 students at two high schools in Cape Town, South Africa; and 2) whether these opinion leaders would be willing to be involved in an HIV/AIDS prevention program in their school. The students ( N = 412) completed a semi-structured, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. We conducted key informant interviews among the students and teachers. Students in both schools provided a wide range of characteristics that define social networks, which were generally consistent with those that emerged in the key informant interviews. Using information from the survey and key informant interviews, we identified 44 and 42 SOLs at the two schools respectively. Of these, all but two at each school were willing and available to participate in a HIV/AIDS prevention program.
Internal Dialogues about Conflict: Implications for Managing Marital Discord
Authors: Gendrin Dominique M. , Werner Barbara L.
Published: May 2005

Studies in social cognition suggest that people in relationships engage in imagined interactions to develop appropriate lines of actions for actual conflict situations. Additionally, imagined interactions about disputes, in the absence of actual communication, has a “mulling” effect, tends to increase the severity of conflict and the likelihood partners are blamed. However, prolonged thought about disputes may have an attenuating effect when it is associated with frequent communication and when interactions are integrative. This study examines the role of imagined interactions, as one type of cognition, in processing marital disputes. The study showed that Traditionals, Independents, and Separates rely on different mental conflict schemata. An examination of the “linkage” function of imagined interactions revealed a functional impact in processing marital disputes for Traditionals and Independents. Imagined interactions about disputes were dysfunctional for Separates.
Cultural and Text Variables in Processing Personal Experiences While Reading Literature
Authors: László János , Larsen Steen F.
Published: May 2005

The present study investigated the influence of reader and text variables on personal resonance while reading literature. As the reader variable, the distance between readers' cultural background and the thematic content of the text was studied. A Hungarian short story dealing with themes that are central to the cultural and historical past of that country was presented to Hungarian (culturally proximate) and Danish (culturally distant) readers. As the text style variable, narrative point of view (POV) was manipulated by changing some inside POV passages to outside POV. The findings indicate that cultural proximity did result in the generation of a larger proportion of personally experienced, contextually rich, and vividly remembered events. The occasional use of inside, psychological POV in the story enhanced this effect in the Hungarian (culturally proximate) group, but not in the Danish group. However, the phenomenal quality of remindings elicited locally by reading the inside POV text passages differed from those of the same passages written from the outside POV, irrespective of readers' cultural background. This suggests that compositional text devices, as narrative POV, may have universal effects on literary reading.
Occupational Health, Stress, and Work Organization in Australia
Authors: Deves Leigh , Spillane Robert
Published: May 2005

Contemporary issues and changes in occupational health are reviewed in this article, with particular reference to salient historical and ideological influences on industrial relations in Australia. Comprehensive occupational health and safety legislation has been introduced recently, and the views of employers and unions are analyzed. Research into occupational stress has continued to provide guidelines for work reform, but the controversy generated by the Australian phenomenon known as Repetition Strain Injury (RSI) has raised important issues for the work reform movement.
Identifying Relationships between Self-Report Measures of Personality and the Type a Behavior Pattern
Authors: Mellor Steven , Berg L. A.
Published: May 2005

Relationships between self-report measures of personality and the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) were examined in a sample of eighty-eight male and female adults. TABP categorization was based on the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). Personality traits were measured by the Self-Monitoring Scale (SM), the Self-Deception Scale (SD), and the Impression Management Scale (IM). Predictions were that Type As would report lower scores than Type Bs on the SM and IM scales, but higher scores than Type Bs on the SD scale. Results indicated that independent of individual differences on other measures, age of subject, sex of subject, or social desirability responding that predictions were supported, with the exception that Type As reported lower scores than Type Bs on the SD scale. This suggests that self-report measures may be used to identify relationships between personality traits and TABP, and that Type As may be distinguished from Type Bs by trait tendencies toward low self-monitoring, low self-deception, and low impression management. This also suggests that distinctive Type A behavioral tendencies and coping strategies may be manifestations or consequences of specific trait tendencies.