bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formação de raízes em estacas de duas espécies de Calliandra (Leguminosae - Mimosoideae)
Authors: Mayer Juliana Lischka Sampaio , Cardoso Nerio Aparecido , Cuquel Francine , Bona Cleusa
Published: May 2018

RESUMO Calliandra brevipes e Calliandra tweedii, também conhecidas como caliandra ou esponjinha, são espécies nativas do Brasil cultivadas como plantas ornamentais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de ácido Indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de Calliandra tweedii e Calliandra brevipes e relacioná-los com a estrutura anatômica das estacas. Ambas as espécies apresentaram um aumento na porcentagem de enraizamento e no número de raízes quando tratadas com AIB. Todos os tratamentos de Calliandra brevipes obtiveram porcentagens de enraizamento superiores às de Calliandra tweedii, sendo que os melhores resultados desta foram com 2000 mg.L-1 AIB (56,67%). C. brevipes teve 90% de enraizamento sem a necessidade de aplicação de AIB. A raiz tem origem direta em ambas as espécies, podendo originar-se na região interna ou externa do floema. Provavelmente, os fatores limitantes ao enraizamento de C. tweedii são devidos à estrutura anatômica e fisiológica, como a ausência de grânulos de amido na região da medula.
Inclusion as Top-Priority Activity of the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education (Outcomes of the Moscow International Education Fair-2018)
Authors: Shvedovskaya A.A. , Erkenova F.S.
Published: May 2018

The article presents the results of the main directions of the exposition activity of the Moscow State University of Psychological and Education (MSUPE) presented at the 5th Moscow International Education Fair (MIEF), which was held April 18—21, 2018 in Moscow. The inclusive education was the key theme for the Moscow State University of Psychological and Education at MIEF. The content component of the university's exposure: three clusters, seven speakers, more than 60 thematic stands. Attention is drawn to the breadth of the participation of the MSUPE in discussing the issues of the ecosystem of education.
Knowledge and attitude related to medical ethics among medical students
Authors: S. Iswarya , S. Bhuvaneshwari
Published: May 2018

Background: There has been growing public awareness regarding the ethical conduct of medical practitioners, and complaints against physicians appear to be escalating. After completing their studies, healthcare professionals are expected to know ethical principles and apply them in their clinical practice. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical ethics among final year medical students.Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted among final year Medical students in a private medical college. After obtaining permission from Institutional ethics committee, the purpose of the study and nature of information which has to be furnished from the students was explained to them. Willingness to participate in the study was obtained from participants using written consent form. Data was collected among 135 medical students using pre tested self-administered questionnaire. The respondents were asked to grade their responses on a 3 point Likert scale.Results: Study results showed majority 87% of students felt patient wishes must always be adhered to. In contrast 65% of students felt doctors must do what is best irrespective of patient’s opinion. About 64.7% of them disagreed consent is required only in case of operations and not for tests and medications. Nearly half (47%) of the students were of opinion privacy of the patient must not be ignored for benefit of larger group.Conclusions: The fact that many respondents had neutral opinion to some questions may indicate their lack of awareness or knowledge in that area and their inability to decide. Hence there should be sufficient training classes, workshops, conferences to stress the importance of ethical practice.
Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy
Authors: Al Mallohi Norah Ahmed , Almofarreh Moatez Khalaf , Abdalruhman Alfarrah Basil , Albalbisi Mohammed Basheer , Alamoudi Abdulrahim Mohammed , Sharahili Mohammed Nasser , Alsharif Hanan Mohammed , Alomaim Rayan Mubarak M. , Baawad Faris Adnan Mohammed , Abukhodair Abdulaziz Osama
Published: May 2018

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has promptly emerged as a popular alternative to traditional open laparotomy and cholecystectomy. The Objective of the current meta-analysis is to evaluate the effect of Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy.Methods: We conducted this meta-analysis using a comprehensive search of Cochrane database of systematic reviews, PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane central register of controlled trials till 15 March 2018 for studies that evaluated laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy.Results: Eleven studies have been included with a total of 80691 patients: 41485 in the laparoscopic and 39206 into the open cholecystectomy groups. Odds ratios were regularly on the side of laparoscopic operation, in terms of respiratory complications (OR=0.32, 95%CI: 0.34-2.64, p<0.0001), mortality (OR=0.19, 95%CI: 0.08-1.05, p<0.0001), and morbidity (OR=0.31, 95%CI: 0.11-0.45, p<0.0001).Conclusions: Using laparoscopic cholecystectomy decreased morbidity, mortality, and respiratory complications rates. Large-scale and long-term randomized controlled trials in various populations must be carried out in future studies to deliver more significant evidence.
AKAR KEKERASAN TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DALAM FIQH AL-NISA’
Authors: Hamidah Tutik
Published: May 2018

In the problem of femininity, fiqh has a very big role, because it is the science of fiqh that structuring the relationship of male women. This paper describes violence against women rooted in Fiqh al-Nisa 'However it is certainly not fair to judge Fiqh al-Nisa' with the present context. However fiqh is the product of his day. That in general in Fiqh al-Nisa ', women positioned as second actors or objects is due to several factors. First, some verses of the Qur'an and the Prophet's hadith present a patriarchal nuance, a view which places men as superior and inferior women. Secondly, the fiqh historic setting is generally a very patriarchal middle east region and the third, the fiqh writer is a man who is surely better presenting the superiority of men. Basically fiqh is the result of ijtihad miijtahid which is very good, relevant, dynamic in its era. The rigid is the thought of using the old work for the present religious rule. The rigid is the effort to develop new fiqh but still based on the methodology used in designing the old fiqh

 

Dalam problematika keperempuanan, ilmu fiqh memiliki peran sangat besar, karena ilmu fiqh-lah yang menstrukturkan hubungan laki-laki perempuan. Tulisan ini memaparkan kekerasan terhadap perempuan yang berakar pada Fiqh al-Nisa’ Namun demikian tentu tidak fair menghakimi Fiqh al-Nisa’ dengan konteks sekarang. Bagaimanapun fiqh adalah produk zamannya. Bahwa pada umumnya dalam Fiqh al-Nisa’, perempuan diposisikan sebagai pemeran kedua atau obyek adalah karena beberapa faktor. Pertama, beberapa ayat al-Qur’an dan hadis Nabi menghadirkan nuansa patriarkhi, suatu pandangan yang menempatkan laki-laki sebagai superior dan perempuan inferior. Kedua, setting kesejarahan fiqh itu pada umumnya adalah wilayah Timur tengah yang sangat patriarkhi dan ketiga, penulis fiqh itu adalah laki-laki yang tentu lebih mempresentasikan superioritas laki-laki. Pada dasarnya fiqh adalah hasil ijtihad miijtahid yang sangat baik, relevan, dinamis pada zamannya. Yang kaku adalah pemikiran untuk menggunakan karya lama itu untuk tata aturan keagamaan masa kini. Yang kaku ialah usaha menyusun fiqh baru namun tetap berpijak pada metodologi yang digunakan dalam merancang fiqh yang lama

 

 
AGAMA DAN KEKERASAN TERHADAP PEREMPUAN: Mencari Akar-Akar Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan Perspektif Islam
Authors: Sumbulah Umi
Published: May 2018

Violence against women, especially domestic violence that is currently prevalent, is actually a multilevel and multi-dimensional problem. This paper explores the roots of violence against women at various social, educational and economic levels. In the literature of feminism, the frequent form of violence against women is also the exploitation and exploitation of women, belonging to the violence of pornography, the harassment of women's image and dignity. This paper also offers some thoughts to solve them, as follows: 1) Reinterpretation of sacred texts that are just and uphold the principles of equality between men and women; 2) Internalization and socialization of equality values in multi-level and social stratification of the community regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, religion and other social level; 3) Creation of a sakinah and harmonious household situation; 4) Continuity of movement and struggle against inequality and injustice against women, baiik by men as well as by women themselves; 5) Handling of victims of violence, whether from psychological, legal, or other aspects; 6) Provision of legal facilities and political containers that accommodate the interests of women and counseling for the handling of violence.

 

Kekerasan terhadap kaum perempuan khususnya kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang saat ini marak terjadi, sebenarnya adalah masalah yang multilevel dan multi dimensional. Tulisan ini mengeksplorasi akar kekerasan terhadap kaum perempuan di berbagai tingkat sosial, pendidikan dan ekonomi. Dalam literatur-literatur feminisme, bentuk kekerasan terhadap perempuan yang sering juga dipersoalkan adalah eksploitasi dan seksploitasi terhadap perempuan, yang tergolong pada kekerasan pornografi, yakni pelecehan terhadap citra dan martabat perempuan. Tulisan ini juga menawarkan beberapa pemikiran untuk menyelesaikannya, sebagai berikut: 1) Reinterpretasi teks suci yang berkeadilan dan menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip kesetaraan antara laki-laki dan perempuan; 2) Internalisasi dan sosialisasi nilai-nilai kesetaraan di multi level dan stratifikasi sosial masyarakat tanpa memandang etnis, ras, jenis kelamin, agama dan tingkat sosial lainnya; 3) Penciptaan situasi rumah tangga yang sakinah dan harmonis; 4) Kontinuitas gerakan dan perjuangan melawan ketimpangan dan ketidakadilan terhadap kaum perempuan, baiik oleh laki-laki maupun oleh perempuan sendiri; 5) Penanganan korban kekerasan, baik dari aspek psikis, hukum, maupun lainnya; 6) Penyediaan fasilitas hukum dan wadah politik yang mengakomodir kepentingan perempuan serta konseling untuk penanganan kekerasan.
PEREMPUAN DAN KEUTUHAN BANGSA: Terikat atau Merekat?
Authors: Ch. Mufidah
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the role of women in unifying the nation associated with Islamic perspectives. The role of women in various sectors of the nation's life is an urgent need. Many things women can do for the benefit of nation and state. Women have been suggested as male subordination, marginalized and difficult self-actualizing well. Patterns of power and status that assume that men are higher than women are very influential on the pattern of gender relations. Not a few policies and regulations are born on the perception. It is therefore not surprising that in the community there is a gender ideology that seeks to fundamentally dismantle policies and regulations that are not considered gender-sensitive. Cultural context always puts women as second class people. Women are more required to fulfill obligations regardless of rights, used to struggle to become human beings who exist in their community. Such social construction makes women more patient, testable and istiqomah in the fight for peace, harmony and unity mission.

 

Tulisan ini memaparkan peran perempuan dalam mempersatukan bangsa yang dikaitkan dengan perpektif Islam. Peran perempuan dalam berbagai  sektor kehidupan bangsa merupakan kebutuhan mendesak. Banyak hal yang dapat dilakukan perempuan untuk kemaslahatan bangsa dan negara. Selama ini perempuan dikesankan sebagai subordinasi laki- laki, termarginalkan dan sulit

mengaktualisasikan diri dengan baik. Pola kekuasaan dan status yang beranggapan bahwa laki-laki lebih tinggi dari perempuan sangat berpengaruh pada pola relasi gender. Tidak sedikit kebijakan dan peraturan lahir atas persepsi tersebut. Karena itu tidak heran jika dimasyarakat muncul ideologi gender yang berupaya meninjau secara mendasar membongkar berbagai kebijakan dan peraturan yang dinilai tidak berwawasan gender. Konteks budaya selalu menempatkan perempuan sebagai manusia kelas dua. Perempuan lebih dituntut untuk memenuhi                 kewajiban tanpa memperhitungkan hak, terbiasa berjuang untuk menjadi manusia yang eksis dalam komunitasnya. Konstruksi sosial demikian itu menjadikan perempuan lebih sabar, tahan uji dan istiqomah dalam memperjuangkan misi kedamaian, kerukunan dan persatuan.

 
Remote Sensing Based and Participatory Analysis of Land Degradation and Potential Land Conservation Measures in Kloto District (Togo, West Africa)
Authors: Koglo Yawovi S. , Agyare Wilson A. , Diwediga Badabate , Sogbedji Jean M. , Adden Ayi K. , Gaiser Thomas
Published: May 2018

This study investigates proximate drivers of cropland and forest degradation in Kloto district (Togo, West Africa) as, way of, exploring integrated sustainable landscape approaches in respect to socio-economic and environmental needs and requirements. Net change analysis of major cash and food crops based on three time steps Landsat data (1985–2002, 2002–2017 and 1985–2017) and quantitative analysis from participatory survey data with farmers and landowners are used. Study underlines poor agricultural systems and cassava farming as major impediments to alarming forest losses between 1985–2017. Significant net loss in forests cover by 23.6% and surface areas under cultivation of cocoa agroforestry and maize by 12.99 and 10.1% from 1985 to 2017, due to, intensive cassava cropping (38.78%) and settlement expansions (7.84%). Meanwhile, loss in forest cover between 2017 and 2002 was marginal (8.36%) compared to the period 1985–2002 for which the loss was considerable (15.24%). Based on participatory surveys, majority of agricultural lands are threatened by erosion or physical deterioration (67.5%), land degradation or salt deposits and loss of micro/macro fauna and flora at 56.7%, declining in soil fertility (32.5%), soil water holding capacity (11.7%) and changes in soil texture (3.3%). Majority of farmers adhere to the adoption of the proposed climate smart practices with emphasis on cost effective drip irrigation systems (45.83%), soil mulching (35%) and adoption of drought resilient varieties (29.17%) to anticipate drought spells adverse. The study concludes that low adoption of improved soil conservation, integrated water management and harvesting systems and low productive and adaptive cultivars entail extreme degradation of croplands and crops productivity decline. Therefore, farmers are forced to clear more forests in search of stable and healthy soils for production and extraction of forest products to meet their food demands and improve their livelihoods conditions. Capacity building on integrated pathways of soil and land management practices are therefore needed to ensure sustainable and viable socio-ecological systems at local scale.
PENGEMBANGAN BELAJAR BERBASIS ANEKA SUMBER (BEBAS)
Authors: Siregar Eveline
Published: May 2018

The development of science and technology is improved rapidly brings about the sources of learning vary as well. This condition facilitates learners in studying independently. This article wants to discuss the definitions of the sources of learning, the technology types of the sources of learning, the benefits of the variety resource based learning, and the ways of learning and using the sources of learning.
El Tribunal Supremo “desmonta” la teoría del doble vínculo en materia retributiva
Authors: Enrique García Lázaro
Published: May 2018

La Ley 31/2014, de 3 de diciembre, por la que se modifica la Ley de Sociedades de Capital para la mejora del gobierno corporativo (en adelante, la “LMGC”), trajo consigo una serie de modificaciones en lo que respecta al régimen retributivo de los administradores de las sociedades de capital.De este modo, la LMGC, haciéndose eco de los conflictos de interés que potencialmente podría generar la retribución de los administradores, trató de fomentar una mayor participación de la junta general de socios en las decisiones sobre las retribuciones del órgano de administración.
Análisis de la implementación de las notificaciones judiciales vía electrónica en el sistema jurídico-procesal civil en el Estado de Sonora, México
Authors: Coronado Rincón Oscar , Coronado Gutiérrez Álvaro , Córdova Pimentel Adriel
Published: May 2018

Actualmente la tecnología se ha presentado como una herramienta útil en varias ramas de la ciencia en donde el derecho no es la excepción. En enero de 2017, los diputados integrantes la LXI Legislatura del Congreso del Estado de Sonora, México, emitieron el contenido del decreto número noventa que reforma y adiciona diversas disposiciones del Código de Procedimientos Civiles para el Estado de Sonora, en la que propusieron, a través de dicha iniciativa, la implementación de las notificaciones judiciales vía electrónica en un loable intento de brindar justicia pronta y expedita a los particulares, en donde en una primera instancia pareciera todo un beneficio hasta que sopesamos con el parámetro de los derechos humanos y la idoneidad de su implementación.
Managing temporal data in a comprehensive modeling environment
Authors: Jones Norman L. , Nelson E. James , Manwaring Colby T.
Published: May 2018

Numerous graphical pre- and post-processors have been developed for numerical modeling. Many of these systems support numerical models that can be used for both steady state and transient simulations. Dealing with transient data can be particularly difficult in such an environment due to the differing time scales and units associated with transient field data and boundary conditions. A data model and a set of functions are presented in this paper as a simple, yet powerful strategy for managing temporal data in a comprehensive modeling environment. The strategy makes it possible to seamlessly integrate multiple types of transient data and convert the data to the appropriate values at the desired computational time intervals. In addition to simplifying the creation of transient models, the strategy makes it possible to automate much of the data manipulation required for model calibration.
Migration from tabular to spatial data analysis techniques for water management in Idaho
Authors: Tuthill David R. , Petrich Christian R. , Ciscell Michael H. , Kissinger Bruce A. , Oakleaf James R.
Published: May 2018

The State of Idaho has insufficient water supplies in many basins. Competition for water has spawned a complex system of administering water rights. Administration of water rights has historically been accomplished using paper records. During the 1970s a tabular, proprietary database was developed in conjunction with various mapping techniques. Emerging capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are now facilitating administrators in the use of spatial data throughout their decision-making processes. This paper portrays various arenas where GIS is being used to enhance spatial capabilities related to water resources in the state, leading to improved and conjunctive management of surface and ground water.
Input–output dynamic neural networks simulating inflow–outflow phenomena in an urban hydrological basin
Authors: Giustolisi Orazio
Published: May 2018

In this paper neural networks have been studied as a tool to realise a single-input single-output nonlinear dynamic system simulating rainfall-runoff transformation in a urban hydrological basin. The aim is to test the performance, in simulation and real time forecasting, of these models when compared to single-input single-output linear dynamic systems with a stochastic process as forecasting component. For this reason, the impulse unit hydrograph, the transfer function of the deterministic component of such linear models, and the stochastic process have been calculated by means of the experimental data (59 events of rainfall-runoff) and, similarly, the identification procedure of the best nonlinear model was performed. The comparison between linear and nonlinear models was achieved by computing the estimated mean generalisation error and by performing statistical tests by means of cross-correlation and auto-correlation functions, using cross-validation techniques.
Rainfall-runoff modelling using adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems
Authors: Gautam D. K. , Holz K. P.
Published: May 2018

Two important applications of rainfall-runoff models are forecasting and simulation. At present, rainfall-runoff models based on artificial intelligence methods are built basically for short-term forecasting purposes and these models are not very effective for simulation purposes. This study explores the applicability and effectiveness of adaptive neuro-fuzzy-system-based rainfall-runoff models for both forecasting and simulation. For this purpose, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy system with autoregressive exogenous input (ARX) structure is proposed and an application is presented for the modelling of rainfall-runoff processes in the Sieve basin in Italy.
An owner's view of hydroinformatics: its role in realising the bridge and tunnel connection between Denmark and Sweden
Authors: Thorkilsen Mette , Dynesen Claus
Published: May 2018

The motorway and railway connection between Denmark and Sweden, opened on 1 July 2000, when taken together with the connection across the Great Belt between the largest Danish islands, now provides a direct link between the Scandinavian peninsular and the rest of Europe. At a total cost of some 8 billion US dollars, these projects represented the largest infrastructural investments of their kind in Europe. Although backed by strong political and economic interests, these projects were also opposed by a part of the public and especially by political and environmental interest groups. This opposition was particularly pronounced in the case of the Denmark-Sweden link, partly owing to its location in a densely populated area and partly due to the potential impacts of the proposed link on the very sensitive local and regional marine environment. Thus, alongside the task of designing and constructing the physical link, the consortium that was responsible for its realisation, Øresundsbro Konsortiet, had to find ways to satisfy these many diverse interests. This paper describes how Øresundsbro Konsortiet, being an owner that valued constructive partnership, took up these challenges in their management, and how the environmental concerns were accommodated in the design and construction methods. Furthermore, it describes how the socio-technical approaches already taken up and developed within hydroinformatics in earlier projects were taken much further in the case of the Denmark-Sweden link. Finally, the paper describes the role of hydroinformatics in the various phases of the project and its significance in achieving the successful completion. The role of hydroinformatics as an important technology in facilitating stakeholder dialogue is thereby also clearly illustrated.
A virtual GIS-based hydrodynamic model system for Tamshui River
Authors: Liang Shin-Jye , Molkenthin Frank
Published: May 2018

A computer infrastructure which integrates the geographic information system (GIS), hydrodynamic model, visualization and network applications was developed and applied in Tamshui River, Taiwan. A digital terrain model (DTM) of the study area was first generated. We used it as a basis to construct the computation grids, conduct the flow simulations, and visualize the predicted flow scenarios in the virtual world. The three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model system WQMAP was employed to simulate flows under the tidal forcing, upstream river inflows and seawater–freshwater interactions of Tamshui River. Model predictions were generally in good agreement with other simulations. Computed results were visualized in both the innovative virtual reality (VR) environment and Internet-based collaborative visualization environment (CVE). The VR environment enabled us to observe firsthand the complicated flow phenomena in the virtual world. Internet-based CVE supports distributed visualization and collaboration. The GIS-based system exhibits great potential in data visualization capabilities and the improvement of water management. We anticipate that these computer technologies will popularly be applied to hydroinformatics and other related domains in the foreseeable future.
Identification, verification and validation of process models in wastewater engineering: a critical review
Authors: Guergachi A. Aziz , Patry Gilles G.
Published: May 2018

This article presents a critical review of the existing methodologies for process mathematical modelling in the area of wastewater engineering. It is argued that model identifiability is not a major issue in mathematical modelling. Model verifiability is a very demanding criterion that can be replaced by a less stringent one: model observability. The issue of ‘complex models versus reduced-order models’ is to be resolved by introducing a new concept: optimal model complexity. The traditional procedures of model validation are not adequate and a mathematical framework for model quality evaluation is needed.
Lateral structure of uniform flow
Authors: Sobey Rodney J.
Published: May 2018

The concept of uniform flow is traditionally associated with a cross-section-integrated description of channel flow. In some analyses of flow in wide channels, it may be appropriate to adopt a depth-integrated description. The ensuing lateral structure of the depth-integrated flow is investigated at uniform flow. The steady state ordinary differential equation for the lateral structure is established, along with the formulation as a boundary value problem. An integral part of the formulation is the relationship between the channel resistance models for cross-section-integrated and depth-integrated descriptions, respectively. Predictions are shown for a rectangular channel and for an irregular channel.
A process-oriented approach to computing multi-field problems in porous media
Authors: Kolditz Olaf , Bauer Sebastian
Published: May 2018

Object-oriented methods are becoming more and more important in order to meet the challenges in scientific computing, such as the treatment of coupled multi-field problems with high spatial resolution. This paper introduces an object-oriented concept for modelling multi-process systems in porous media. The basic idea is the direct representation of a physical process by an object of the numerical code.

Because a physical process can be represented by a field variable and an equation system, the process object contains the equation system for the field variable as well as all methods needed for building and solving the equation system. The process object is thus self-configuring and well encapsulated, which are the main advantages of this new approach and thus allows for an easy extension to more complex applications with a higher number of processes.

The design and implementation of the object-oriented concept for the presented process objects is described in detail and illustrated by a set of application examples.
Identification of support vector machines for runoff modelling
Authors: Bray Michaela , Han Dawei
Published: May 2018

This paper describes an exploration in using SVM (Support Vector Machine) models, which were initially developed in the Machine Learning community, in flood forecasting, with the focus on the identification of a suitable model structure and its relevant parameters for rainfall runoff modelling. SVM has been applied in many fields and has a high success rate in classification tasks such as pattern recognition, OCR, etc. The applications of SVM in regression of time series are relatively new and they are more problematic in comparison with classifications. This study found that exhaustive search of an optimum model structure and its parameter space is prohibitive due to their sheer size and unknown characteristics. Some parameters are very sensitive and can increase the CPU load tremendously (and hence result in very long computation times). All these make it very difficult to efficiently identify SVM models, which has been carried out by manual operations in all study cases so far. The paper further explored the relationships among various model structures (ξ-SV or ν-SV regression), kernel functions (linear, polynomial, radial basis and sigmoid), scaling factor, model parameters (cost C, epsilon) and composition of input vectors. These relationships should be able to provide useful information for more effective model identification in the future. The unit response curve from SVM was compared with a transfer function model and it is found that a TF model outperforms SVM in short-range predictions. It is still unclear how the unit response curve could be utilised for model identification processes and future exploration in this area is needed.
A hybrid reasoning system for supporting estuary modelling
Authors: Passone Sara , Nassehi Vahid , Chung Paul W. H.
Published: May 2018

In this paper the development of a Case-Based reasoning system for Estuarine Modelling (CBEM) is presented. The aim of the constructed CBEM system is to facilitate the utilisation of complex modelling software by users who lack detailed knowledge about modelling techniques and require training and assistance to implement sophisticated software effectively. The system is based on modern computing methods and is constructed as a hybrid of three modules which operate conjunctively to guide the user to obtain the best possible simulation for realistic problems. These modules are: a case-based reasoning scheme, a genetic algorithm and a library of numerical estuarine models. Based on the features of a given estuary and the physical phenomenon to be modelled, an appropriate solution algorithm from the system's library is retrieved by the case-based module after a specifically designed reasoning process. The selected model is then analysed and further treated by the genetic algorithm component to find the optimum parameters which can appropriately model the conditions and characteristics of any given estuary. Using these modules the steps that yield the best solution for a problem from the available hydrographic data under a set of specified conditions are explained. This is further elucidated by an illustrative case study which shows the applicability of the present CBEM system under realistic conditions. This case deals with the simulation of salinity distribution in the Tay estuary (Scotland, UK).
Derivation of effective and efficient data set with subtractive clustering method and genetic algorithm
Authors: Doan C. D. , Liong S. Y. , Karunasinghe Dulakshi S. K.
Published: May 2018

Success of any forecasting model depends heavily on reliable historical data, among others. Data are needed to calibrate, fine tune and verify any simulation model. However, data are very often contaminated with noise of different levels originating from different sources. This study proposes a scheme that extracts the most representative data from a raw data set. Subtractive Clustering Method (SCM) and Micro Genetic Algorithm (mGA) were used for this purpose. SCM does (a) remove outliers and (b) discard unnecessary or superfluous points while mGA, a search engine, determines the optimal values of the SCM's parameter set. The scheme was demonstrated in: (1) Bangladesh water level forecasting with Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic and (2) forecasting of two chaotic river flow series (Wabash River at Mt. Carmel and Mississippi River at Vicksburg) with the phase space prediction method. The scheme was able to significantly reduce the data set with which the forecasting models yield either equally high or higher prediction accuracy than models trained with the whole original data set. The resulting fuzzy logic model, for example, yields a smaller number of rules which are easier for human interpretation. In phase space prediction of chaotic time series, which is known to require a long data record, a data reduction of up to 40% almost does not affect the prediction accuracy.
A 3D CFD model analysis of the hydraulics of an outfall structure at a power plant
Authors: Khan Liaqat A. , Wicklein Edward A. , Rashid Mizan
Published: May 2018

A practical application of a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to an outfall structure of a power plant is presented in this paper. The outfall structure, used for discharging 55 m3/s of cooling water to a reservoir, consists of two inflow pipes, two deflectors and a baffle wall. The computational grid, resolving all the geometric features of the outfall structure consists of 350,660 hexahedral cells. The CFD model was run for two configurations of the outfall structure, with and without a baffle wall. The interactions of two high velocity jets with deflectors and baffle wall create complex velocity distribution and circulation patterns. Initially, both the jets bifurcate and then merge as they propagate downstream. At the outlet, the maximum near-surface velocities are not significantly different for the two configurations of the outfall structure. However, when the baffle wall is used the near-bed velocities, responsible for reservoir bed scouring, are approximately 75% smaller.
ON THE BALANCES OF 90Sr AND 137Cs IN THE BALTIC SEA
Authors: VOIPIO AARNO , SALO ANNELI
Published: May 2018

The total amounts of 90Sr and 137Cs that accumulated in the water of the Baltic Sea in the years 1960-67 are estimated on the basis of 10-15 samples collected annually in different parts of the Baltic Sea. The changes found in the amounts are compared with evaluated effects of decreasing and increasing processes.
A STOCHASTIC MODEL DESCRIBING THE WATER MOTION IN A RIVER
Authors: KAIJSER THOMAS
Published: May 2018

In this paper a mathematical model for the movement of water particles in a river is constructed.

Using the model it will be possible to find an analytic expression for the distribution function F(t) of the transit time, T, needed for a water particle to travel from one cross section of the river to another. This implies that we obtain a quantitative description of the longitudinal dispersion in the river.

Briefly the model can be described as follows. Firstly we divide the river into two layers, an upper layer and a lower layer. (The «border-line» between the two layers will depend on the mean velocity of the river and on the velocity profile across the river.) Secondly we assume that the longitudinal velocity is constant (and positive) in the upper layer and zero in the lower layer. Finally we assume that a water particle moves back and forth between the two layers in a random way. The probability law governing this movement will depend on a parameter characterizing the roughness of the bottom of the river.
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION IN AN ENGINEERED STRUCTURE
Authors: STARR VICTOR P. , ANATI DAVID A. , GAUT NORMAN E.
Published: May 2018

The momentum theorem of classical hydrodynamics is applied to a scheme for controlled atmospheric convention within a vertical tube of large height and diameter, open at both ends, for which the name aerological accelerator was previously suggested by the writers. The interior thermodynamic process is conceived as being moist adiabatic, although departures from this ideal case must be considered. The condensation and consequent latent heat release renders unnecessary any external drive, save for a proper supply of moist air. As discussed previously by the writers, the most important practical application of the device is the production of fresh water for ordinary uses from atmospheric water vapor. A year of daily soundings from the aerological station at Brownsville, Texas, is analyzed to examine the probable success of the procedure. The theoretical results are encouraging, but a host of questions and problems remain. Various of these are commented upon, and suggestions are made for further investigation of them.
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE WATER BALANCE
Authors: HANSEN EGGERT , ANDERSSON SV.AAGE
Published: May 2018

Lowering the head of an artesian aquifer in Zealand, Denmark by pumping of groundwater is shown to affect the water balance.

Based on known amounts of groundwater being developed, the coefficient of transmissivity was determined and in combination with piezometric maps the net outflow of groundwater was computed for the pre-pumping period as well as for the pumping period.

The annual streamflow was found to decrease considerably and the groundwater recharge to increase by the same amount.
OPTIMAL POLICY FOR RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
Authors: MUSPRATT M. A.
Published: May 2018

Development of a rational management philosophy for existing reservoirs is being stimulated by the rapid exploitation throughout the world of dam sites which are economically and ecologically viable. A nonlinear, stochastic mathematical programming algorithm is used to maximise profit from the operation of a reservoir over a finite time period, namely an annual hydrologic cycle, taking account of water used for domestic, industrial, irrigation, low-flow augmentation, and power demands, and of losses due to seepage and evaporation.
TIME LAG RESPONSE IN BOULDER CLAY WELLS
Authors: BONELL M.
Published: May 2018

Well hydrograph and change in well level map analysis, associated with a small boulder clay catchment, detected a time lag response with the causal factors rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. The main purpose of this investigation was to test whether a suitable statistical method can detect this time lag and therefore translate this mechanism into quantitative terms. The analysis proved to be very successful despite some defects in the original data. The results confirm the general trends indicated in the earlier hydrograph and contour map analyses.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE NITROGEN CIRCULATION OF A BIOLOGICAL POND
Authors: SEPPÄNEN H. , HOOLI J.
Published: May 2018

The ammonification and nitritation potentials of a biological pond in southern Finland have been experimentally explored at the laboratory scale.
THE EFFECT OF SHELTER BELTS AND IRRIGATION ON WATER USE IN A DRY REGION
Authors: ROGNERUD BENGT , VÅRUM KNUT
Published: May 2018

This article describes an investigation of irrigation and water use in an area with wooden shelter belts. Soil moisture was measured using a neutron moisture probe and tensiometers. The soil is deep and the water holding capacity is very high. Values of actual evapotranspiration on irrigated and non-irrigated plots are presented.
ADAPTATION AND APPLICATION OF THE KARAZEV METHOD TO THE RATIONALIZATION OF QUEBEC'S HYDROMETRIC BASIC NETWORK
Authors: LECLERC M. , BOBÉE B. , VILLENEUVE J. P.
Published: May 2018

In a research program carried out by I.N.R.S.-Eau, certain principles inherent to the rational development of hydrometric networks were applied to the Quebec network. This study describes an application of a method specific to the development of a basic network. The method used to establish the number of stations required is based on the actual knowledge of the spatial distribution and time variability of the mean annual runoff. A modified version of Karazev's (1968) method applied originally to a study of the hydrographic basins in the USSR was found to be particularly suitable to regions of little hydrologic information and particularly to Quebec.
MAPPING RUNOFF BY THE GRID SQUARE TECHNIQUE
Authors: FOYSTER ANGELA M.
Published: May 2018

Runoff is a difficult variable to map because the information from river gauging stations only indicates average runoff from the catchment area above the gauging point. A method of mapping runoff by grid-based extrapolation of two components of the water balance equation (evapotranspiration and precipitation) and application of a runoff model in each grid square, is suggested as a means of overcoming many of the problems related to runoff mapping.
COMPARISON OF THE METHODS OF ESTIMATING MEAN AREAL RAINFALL
Authors: SINGH VIJAY P. , BIRSOY YÜKSEL K.
Published: May 2018

A comparison of nine different methods of estimating mean areal rainfall is made. Five areas from three continents of the world are selected for application of the methods. The methods are utilized to estimate mean areal rainfall for daily, monthly and yearly values. It is shown that all methods generally yield comparable results, and that for most hydrologic problems simpler methods of estimating mean areal rainfall are sufficiently accurate-an observation contradicting the traditional belief.
Recent Hypolimnetic Sediment in Lake Gjersjöen, a Eutrophicated Lake in SE Norway
Authors: Skogheim Odd K.
Published: May 2018

During the last decades Lake Gjersjøen has developed from an oligotrophic state to a level of high eutrophy. The present state is characterized by an intense primary production in the trophogenic zone and anaerobic conditions in the lower part of the hypolimnion during periods of thermal stratification.

The deterioration of the lake as a resource has resulted in research on main components of the ecosystem. Most of the limnological data about the lake are to be found in Johansen (1955), Skulberg (1968), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (1969, 1972), Holtan (1972) and Lillevold (1975).

The intention of the present investigation was to reveal in which way the rapid eutrophication has been manifested in the hypolimnetic sediments and to search for processes in the sediment that could influence a suggested development towards meromixis. This investigation may provide data for further and more specific research on the sediments in Lake Gjersjøen.
Physical Data for Catchment Models
Authors: Jones J. R.
Published: May 2018

The physical components of catchments that are commonly included in deterministic rainfall-runoff models are examined. Data are presented which can be used for design purposes, to provide a guide to the realism of parameter values that have been derived by optimisation procedures, or to facilitate the examination of overall model validity.
Comprehensive Geohydrological Study of Consolidated Sedimentary Rocks in Bornholm
Authors: Sørensen Tage , Hansen Hans Ole
Published: May 2018

Problems and procedures conserning planning and execution of geohydrological investigations of aquifer systems composed of consolidated sedimentary rocks are discussed. The discussion is illustrated by investigations in an area on the island of Bornholm, Denmark, where the aquifer system is composed of inclined and faulted beds of sand-, silt-and claystone.

The investigations includes the following elements:Hydrogeological mapping.Geophysical investigations and well-logging (gamma-, resistivity-, flow- and conductivity-log).Pumping-test Evaluation of hydraulic properties of the aquifers. Construction of mathematical model.Deliniation of infiltration areas and evaluation of potential infiltration. Protection against groundwater-pollution.

The paper emphasises the general procedure for engineering geohydrological investigations of consolidated sedimentary rocks and the correlation of the information collected by different methods.
The Quality of Finnish Surface Waters and Future Trends
Authors: Mustonen Seppo E.
Published: May 2018

Finland's water resources are abundant and can be considered adequate to meet needs except in some coastal areas. This abundance was previously considered so obvious that water resources were used carelessly, without a thought to the harmful changes in water quality caused by the reckless use of lakes e.g. for discharging waste waters. In the late 1950's people finally perceived the rapid deterioration of Finland's beautiful lakes. An administration for water pollution control was established and a new Water Act was passed at the beginning of the 1960's. Since then the fight for clean waters has continued with varying success. What is the state of Finnish surface waters now, and what are the prospects for the future?
A One-Dimensional Numerical Model for Temperature Studies in Lakes
Authors: Thendrup Arve
Published: May 2018

Most hydro-electric schemes change the seasonal variation of river discharge. As a result of this the temperature in lakes downstream of a hydro-electric plant will be changed. The numerical model described in this paper has been developed to calculate the change in the vertical temperature distribution. The model has been applied to two Norwegian lakes.
The Relationship between Irrigated Pasture Production and Radiation
Authors: Fitzgerald P.D.
Published: May 2018

Regression analyses showed that the best relationship between solar radiation and pasture production of an irrigated trial cut on a fortnightly basis over 9 years was P = AR1BR2C where P was the pasture production and R1 and R2 the radiation during the cutting period and in the previous cutting period.
The Watershed Influence on Storm Runoff in Small Norwegian Rivers
Authors: Ruud Erik , Tjomsland Torulv , Nordseth Kjell
Published: May 2018

A procedure to isolate and investigate the watershed influence on storm runoff is presented. It offers an opportunity to study also the change in influence of particular watershed characteristics by changing the input or soil moisture state of each catchment. Weighted lake area, area of bare rocks, main stream gradient, drainage density and basin area are found to be the most significant characteristics in affecting peak runoff and time of rise on storm hydrographs in small Norwegian rivers. The intercorrelation structure of the watershed properties is examined.
The Dynamics of a Drainage Network
Authors: Gurnell A. M.
Published: May 2018

The dynamics of the drainage network within a small catchment, are studied in detail. Variations in the network are related both to transient characteristics of the catchment, including precipitation, soil moisture content and discharge, and to more permanent characteristics including vegetation and rock type.
Some Errors in Precipitation Measurements
Authors: Rasmussen Keld Rømer , Halgreen Christian
Published: May 2018

The effect of gauge height, exposure and screening on systematic errors in rainfall estimation is investigated. Adhesion losses are found to be more than 2% of the annual precipitation, but for summer periods alone it can amount to over 5%. A statistical model using the square root of observations (corrected for adhesion) is found to be adequate to describe differences due to the aerodynamic effects. A correction formula is proposed.
Determination of Aquifer Diffusivity from Annual Fluctuations of Ground Water Levels
Authors: Ambo Kurt
Published: May 2018

Annual fluctuations of ground water levels of an aquifer are described as a consequence of water recharging periodically over a part of the aquifer. These areas can be depicted by drawing maps showing the areal amplitude distribution of the oscillation. Considering these areas as periodic (in time) surface sources, the damping and the phase of the oscillation are found analytically as functions of distance, the recharge area being an infinite strip or a circular disc. From these solutions the aquifer diffusivity can be calculated by the use of typecurves.
The Utilization of Spaceborne Microwave Radiometers for Monitoring Snowpack Properties
Authors: Rango A. , Chang A. T. C. , Foster J. L.
Published: May 2018

Snow accumulation and depletion at specific locations can be monitored from space by observing related variations in microwave brightness temperatures. Using vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures from the Nimbus 6 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer, a discriminant function can be used to separate snow from no snow areas and map snowcovered area on a continental basis. For dry snow conditions on the Canadian high plains significant relationships between snow depth or water equivalent and microwave brightness temperature were developed which could permit remote determination of these snow properties after acquisition of a wider range of data. The presence of melt water in the snowpack causes a marked increase in brightness temperature which can be used to predict snowpack priming and timing of runoff. As the resolutions of satellite microwave sensors improve the application of these results to snow hydrology problems should increase.