bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis and Photorespiration: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Ecological Implications
Authors: Ehleringer James R.
Published: October 2022

Over the past 15 years tremendous progress has been made in the study of photosynthetic pathways. It is now accepted that there are 3 distinct photo-synthetic pathways in higher plants: the Calvin-Benson pathway (C3 photosynthesis), the Hatch-Slack pathway (C4 photosynthesis), and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM photosynthesis). Much progress has been made in describing the biochemistry and physiology of these pathways, but less is understood of the.genetics, ecology, evolution, and regulation of these pathways. The purpose of this review will be to bring the reader up to date on the significant details of the biochemistry and physiology of the 3 photosynthetic pathways and to present an ecological/evolutionary view of the significance of differences in the pathways.
Slide Presentations
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. , Crean David E. , Sydnor T. Davis
Published: October 2022

Many individuals view the need to deliver an occasional paper at a national meeting as an occupational hazard of their profession. Others take the more optimistic view that the presentation of a paper not only presents an opportunity to assist others, but also offers an excellent means to accelerate one’s career and argue that as much attention should be given to the presentation (both oral and written) as was given to the actual research. There is more at stake than one’s own reputation; after all, in an oral presentation you are holding your colleagues captive.
Relationship between Midseason Resistance to Chilling Injury and Reducing Sugar Level in Grapefruit Peel1
Authors: Purvis A. C. , Kawada K. , Grierson W.
Published: October 2022

Resistance of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to chilling injury (CI) at 4.4°C was highest during February–March, 1978 in Florida, Reducing sugar levels correlated better with resistance to CI than did total soluble carbohydrates or peel color. High levels of reducing sugars in grapefruit peel are considered to indicate greater resistance to CI and reducing sugars possibly play a significant role in promoting CI resistance of grapefruit peel at midseason (February–March in Florida).
Alfalfa Greening of ‘Anjou’ Pear1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas , Pierson C. F. , Richardson D. G.
Published: October 2022

Alfalfa greening, (green stain, green mottle, or superficial cork) is a physiological disorder of ‘Anjou’ pear fruit, Pyrus communis L. This disorder is characterized by green streaks, blotches, and specks on the skin occurring most frequently at the stem end; it may also extend to the calyx end where superficial cork is also frequently present. Mineral analysis of the peel and whole fruit of alfalfa greening-affected fruit indicated that the disorder was associated with higher nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus content but lower calcium levels than normal fruit.
Growth, Flowering, and Fruit Set Responses of Sweet Cherries to Daminozide and Ethephon1
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Rowe K. E.
Published: October 2022

Factorial combinations of 50 and 100 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide) sprayed on young ‘Napoleon’ sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) for 3 consecutive years showed no antagonistic or synergistic effects on either growth or flowering, Daminozide, at 2000 and 4000 ppm, reduced terminal growth but had no effect on flower initiation or flower density. Ethephon significantly reduced growth only the first year applied and appeared to increase flower initiation on wood previously untreated. Daminozide at 4000 ppm reduced fruit set on all combinations of year-wood and years but when applied at a concentration of 2000 ppm reduced set only 2 out of 5 possible year-wood, year combinations. Ethephon reduced set 3 out of the 5 year-wood combinations but the average response was not significant.
Effect of an Antitranspirant on Water Use, Growth, and Yield of Greenhouse-grown Potatoes1
Authors: Lipe William N. , Skinner John A.
Published: October 2022

Treatments of 0, 2% and 4% Folicote in water were applied to runoff at 0, 7 and 16 days after bloom (DAB) on ‘Norgold Russet’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in the greenhouse. Folicote is a wax emulsion antitranspirant (AT) containing 60% solids. Treatments at 0, 7 and 16 DAB with 2% AT reduced water uptake by >20% for 4, 8, and 14 days respectively, following application. AT treatment at 4% reduced water uptake >40% for 10-14 days. There was no significant reduction of tuber yield even at the higher concentration.
The Potential of Breeding Fruits and Vegetables for Human Nutrition
Authors: Munger Henry M.
Published: October 2022

Stevens (4) has given a recent and thorough review of cultivar influence on nutritive value in fresh fruits and vegetables. Differences described in his paper indicate that there is great potential in breeding for nutritional value. The largest body of information is with respect to vitamins. Here it is not uncommon for one cultivar to have twice the vitamin concentration of another, and occasional differences may be much greater. Minerals and protein apparently vary to a lesser degree than vitamins, and less is known about cultivars which are consistently high or low in these nutrients. Nevertheless, there is a real potential for developing cultivars that have higher percentage composition of minerals and proteins as well as of vitamins.
Challenge for the Future: Nutritional Quality of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: White Philip L.
Published: October 2022

The time may come when some very difficult decisions have to be made about the future of certain fruits and vegetables. Should maximum efficiency of land use become of such a high order of priority that only certain crops could represent efficient and, therefore, permissible resource utilization, society may have to decide which fruits and vegetables it wishes to retain. Thankfully, such decisions are not expected to be necessary for many generations, but, as an intellectual exercise, think about which fruits and vegetables you would be willing to forego. My son would never miss peas and I would scarcely miss eggplant.
The Influence of Training Methods, Light, and Moisture on Acid Content of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Matthews John M. , Swingle Homer D.
Published: October 2022

Methods of training plants of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill. (staked vs. unstaked, or pruned vs. unpruned) or growing under conditions of reduced light or moisture did not alter acid content of fruit sufficiently to cause concern with botulism poisoning from the canned product.
Influence of Chlorothalonil, Nitrogen, and Tillage Practices on Cercospora Leafspots and Rust in Southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)1
Authors: Sumner Donald R. , Smittle Doyle A.
Published: October 2022

Nitrogen did not influence the severity of leafspots (Cercospora cruenta and C. canescens) or rust (Uromyces phaseoli var. vigna), but these foliage disease were more severe on southernpea plants grown in disk-harrowed treatments than in treatments deep-turned with a moldboard plow. Three applications of chlorothalonil reduced the severity of Cercospora leafspots and rust, but did not effectively control the diseases in all tests. Foliage diseases were less severe on ‘White Acre’ than on ‘Purpose Hull Pinkeye’ southernpea. ‘White Acre’ produced the most foliage in disk-harrowed treatments, and ‘Purple Hull Pinkeye’ was superior in deepturned treatments.
Water Spray as a Convenient Means of Imparting Mechanical Stimulation to Plants1
Authors: Wheeler Raymond M. , Salisbury Frank B.
Published: October 2022

Greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Tropic) subjected to 10 seconds of gentle water spraying each day were inhibited up to 40% in plant height, compared to unsprayed controls or plants wet each day with a water mist. Manual shaking of the stems for 10 seconds each day produced reduction in stem elongation similar to the spraying. Spraying or shaking also slightly reduced fresh weights and yields.
Examination of Vegetative Organs of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link, Scheid.) for Stored Wax1
Authors: Rost T. L. , Wang P. , Lambert C.
Published: October 2022

Leaves, stems, and roots of jojoba each contained equivalent amounts of petroleum ether extractable material. TLC separation of seed and vegetative organ extracts showed a leaf fraction that co-chromatographed approximately with the seed wax control. Histochemical and polarized light observations demonstrated the possible occurrence of a birefringent component (possibly a wax but not identical to seed wax) on the leaf surface but not internally in any organ.
Effects of Ancymidol Soil Drench and Time of Application of Bulb-dips on ‘Paul Richter’ Tulips1
Authors: Kincaid Susan , McDaniel Gary L.
Published: October 2022

Soil drench applications ancymidal (α-cyclopropyl-α-)p-methoxyphenol)-5-pyrimidinemethanol were more effective than bulb dips in retarding scape length and dry weight of Tulipa gesneriana L. Soil drench at 0.67 mg ai/pot was as effective as 3.33 mg in retarding scape growth. Ancymidol applications caused no change in leaf length or width, flower size or color, the date at which the tulips reached the salable stage, or the shelf-life of the flowers.
Flowering of Cyclamens as Affected by Gibberellic Acid and a Substituted Thalimide1
Authors: Parups E. V.
Published: October 2022

A substituted thalimide (AC94377), may be superior to gibberellic acid (GA) in treatments to promote the growth and flowering of some cultivars of cyclamens (Cyclamen persicum Mill.). The undesirable elongation of flower stems and distortion of flowers caused by gibberellic acid may be avoided by use of AC94377 but there were cultivar differences in response to AC94377.
‘Salinas’ Lettuce1
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: October 2022

In the last 2 decades, 2 cultivars of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) have dominated the western U.S. lettuce industry. The first, ‘Calmar’ was released by the University of California in 1960. For several years in the mid-1960's, it was planted on nearly all the spring, summer and early fall acreage in the Salinas Valley and other coastal districts in California. It is a large, vigorous cultivar of the Great Lakes type. The second, ‘Vanguard’, was released by the USDA in 1958 and for many years has been the mainstay cultivar for early spring production in the Imperial Valley and other desert districts. Each cultivar has spawned a group of selections, a ‘Calmar’ group and a ‘Vanguard’ group, which have increased the adaptive range of the original cultivars.
The Evolution of Horticulture as a Science and a Profession
Authors: Krezdorn A. H.
Published: October 2022

Alfred H. Krezdorn was born on April 10, 1920 in El Paso, Texas. Early years were spent in southern Texas where he graduated from Seguin High School in 1937. His BS degree with major in Horticulture was obtained at Texas A&M University in 1942. He then served in the U.S. Naval Reserve in World War II and was discharged with the rank of Lieutenant in 1946. He joined the faculty of Texas A&M University for ten years during which time he took leaves of absence to obtain the MS degree at the University of Florida in 1949 and the PhD in Horticulture from Texas A&M in 1956. He returned to Florida in 1957 as an Associate Horticulturist at the University of Florida's Citrus Experiment Station in Lake Alfred and in 1960 was appointed Head of the Department of Fruit Crops and moved to Gainesville. Administrative responsibilities were relinquished after fifteen years as Chairman when he resumed full-time research and teaching as Professor Horticulture.
Small Fruit Breeding — A Rich Heritage, A Challenging Future1
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: October 2022

On September 9-10, 1903, a small group of horticulturists and botanists attended a meeting in Boston, Massachusetts. The meeting, chaired by L. H. Bailey, was a result of a letter from S. A. Beach to all experiment station horticulturists and botanists in which he proposed the organization of a society for horticultural science. The purpose of the society would be to present scientific work being done in horticulture more prominently and to promote more complete scientific investigations. Among the charter members of the newly formed American Society for Horticultural Science were six men destined to achieve fame for investigations in small fruits: L. H. Bailey, S. A. Beach, C. P. Close, S. W. Fletcher, N. E. Hansen, and U. P. Hedrick.
The Breeding of Vegetable Crops: Highlights of the Past Seventy-Five Years
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: October 2022

The period I have been asked to review has been a momentous and exciting one for Plant Breeding and Genetics. It spans the interval between the rediscovery of Mendel's classical work and the rise of molecular genetics. During this period the status of plant breeders has changed from that of a bumbling busybody, or poorman's Burbank, to that of one of the most influential and important groups of people in our Society, with the fate of hungry peoples of the world resting upon the success of their endeavors. The plant breeder's image as a factor in the world of human affairs has recently received much favorable public recognition with the initiation of the Green Revolution and the award of the Nobel Prize for Peace to Norman Borlaug.
New Vegetable Varieties List XXI1
Authors: _ _ , Tigchelaar E. C.
Published: October 2022

Twenty prior lists of new vegetable varieties introduced since 1936 have been published by the American Society for Horticultural Science. The most current listing was published in 1975 and more than 500 new vegetable varieties have been introduced in the past five years. This 21st Listing includes 407 cultivars introduced within the past decade. A 22nd Listing will be published in 1981 to bring lists up to date. In view of the large numbers of new introductions appearing each year, attempts will be made to publish future listings annually in HortScience.
Increased Stomatal Resistance in Two Cultivars of Almond Sensitive to Bud Failure1
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Even-Chen Z. , Kester D. E.
Published: October 2022

Leaf resistance (r1) in fully exposed leaves of bud-failure (BF) sensitive subclones of 2 almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) cultivars was much greater than in leaves of non-BF-sensitive (normal) subclones of these cultivars. The differences in resistance were evident at ambient temperatures between 26° and 38°C, and temperatures of fully exposed leaves on BF-sensitive plants exceeded ambient temperature and averaged 5° higher than leaf temperature of normal plants. The difference between BF-sensitive and normal subclones was not apparent below 25° or above 39°. Increase in resistance preceded the development of abnormal growth patterns characteristic of the BF syndrome, and these differences may serve to identify BF sensitivity at incipient stages of the syndrome. Stress is accentuated in BF-sensitive clones between 26° and 38° because transpirational cooling is suppressed; however, the physio-chemical basis of BF sensitivity remains obscure.
Effects of Daminozide, Ethephon, and Dikegulac on Yield, Harvest Distribution, and Ripening of Blackberries1
Authors: Lipe John A.
Published: October 2022

Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) applied to ‘Humble’ blackberries (Rubus arvensis Bailey) 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/liter at full bloom reduced production and delayed ripening. Daminozide applied 3-weeks after bloom did not affect production or berry size with 2000 and 4000 mg/liter, but ripening was delayed. Production was unaffected when (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 250 to 4000 mg/liter was applied 1 to 3 days before harvest. Sodium 2,3:4,6-di-0-isopropylidene-2-keto-L-gulonate (dikegulac) at 200 and 2000 mg/liter had no effect on production or harvest season distribution.
Seed Production and Germination in Four Lowbush Blueberry Clones1
Authors: Aalders Lewis E. , Hall Ivan V. , Brydon Avard C.
Published: October 2022

Seed production based on number of seeds per berry differed in 4 clones of lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Large seeds were more viable than small seeds.
Seasonal Changes in the Rooting of Juvenile and Adult Pecan Cuttings1
Authors: Smith Michael W. , Chiu Hwei-jen
Published: October 2022

Juvenile cuttings of pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) produced more roots and a larger percentage of rooted cuttings than adult cuttings when treated with a 0.5, 1, or 2% solution of indolebutyгic acid (IBA) in February, 1 or 2% IBA in June, and 0.5 or 1% IBA in August. Juvenile cuttings treated with a 1% IBA solution produced significantly more roots than treatment with 0, 0.5%, or 2% IBA when cuttings were taken during February, June, or August. The percentage of juvenile cuttings rooting was greater with February, June, and August than April, October, and December collections.
In Vitro Propagation of Mailing Merton Apple Rootstocks1,2
Authors: Snir Iona , Erez Amnon
Published: October 2022

Rapid propagation of the apple rootstocks Mailing Merton (MM) 104, MM 106 and MM 109 (Malus sp.) achieved was by shoot tip proliferation using a Murashige and Skoog basal medium with 1 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and 1 mg/liter indolebutyric acid (IBA). Improved proliferation was achieved by using a liquid medium. Two media were selected for rooting: the first contained IBA for root initiation and the second was without IBA but plus 0.25% activated charcoal for improved root development. Plantiets were successfully transferred to soil.
In Vitro Propagation of Gypsophila paniculata L. ‘Bristol Fairy’1,2
Authors: Kusey William E. , Allen Hammer P. , Weiler T. C.
Published: October 2022

Shoot tips, 1.5 cm long, of Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath), were proliferated on modified Murashige and Skoog salts, 30 g/liter sucrose, 7 g/liter agar, 0.4 mg/liter thiamine-hydrochloric acid (thiamine·HCL), 100 mg/liter myo-inositol with 0.05 mg/liter napthalene-acetic acid (NAA) plus 1.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Cultured shoots rooted on White’s medium after treatment of bases with NAA or indolebutyric acid (IBA).
In Vitro Propagation of Narcissus1
Authors: Hosoki Takashi , Asahira Tadashi
Published: October 2022

Tazetta narcissus ‘Geranium’ and large-cupped ‘Fortune’ were propagated from tissue cultures. Cultures of young flower stalks of ‘Geranium’ produced many adventitious buds on a culture medium supplemented with 5mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) plus 1mg/liter naphtaleneacetic acid. (NAA). Ovaries, leaves, and disks also produced adventitious buds although the number of buds was smaller. When the elongating shoots were transferred to a culture medium supplemented with 0.1mg/liter NAA alone, they formed bulbs with roots. These plantlets were successfully established in vermiculite in pots 4 months after explanting.
In Vitro Propagation of Bromeliads in Liquid Culture1
Authors: Hosoki Takashi , Asahira Tadashi
Published: October 2022

In vitro propagation of bromeliads (Quesnelia quesneliana (Brongn.) L. B. Sm., Vriesea poelmannii Lindl., Aechmea fasciata (Lindl.) Baker and Guzamania spp.) was achieved using lateral bud culture. Liquid medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and 1.0 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was optimum for adventitious bud induction. Recultured young leaves produced many adventitious buds from the basal parts. Shoots obtained by this method rooted easily in 0.1 mg/liter NAA solid medium and were successfully established in pots.
Gamma Irradiation and in Vitro Induced Separation of Chimeral Genotypes in Carnation1
Authors: Johnson Richard T.
Published: October 2022

Gamma irradiation of rooted cuttings of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) produced non-chimeral shoots regenerated from each genotypic layer of periclinal chimera cultivars. Analysis of plants derived from meristem culture and macerated shoot tip culture indicated that chimeral separation could be achieved. Gamma irradiation was mutagenic.
Influence of Rate and Placement of Slow-release Fertilizer on Pot Plants of African Violet Grown with Capillary Mat Watering1
Authors: Payne R. N. , Marie Adam Shivaun
Published: October 2022

Ballet African violets (Saintpaulia ionantha Wend. cvs. Ulli and Lisa) were grown in a peat-vermiculite-perlite mix using capillary mat subirrigation in the summer and winter. Rates of 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6 kg of Osmocote 14-14-14 (14N-6.1P-11.6K) per m3 of growing medium were either top-dressed, incorporated, or placed in the bottom of the pot. In the summer, maximum dry weight of ‘Lisa’ was produced at the 3.6 kg/m3 rate and for ‘Ulli’ at the 2.7 kg/m3 rate (over all fertilizer placement methods). In winter, the 2.7 kg/m3 rate produced greatest dry weight in both cultivars. Placement method was significant for ‘Lisa’ dry weight and plant quality in summer, with top-dressing or incorporation generally being better than bottom-of-pot placement. Placement method was not significant for ‘Ulli’ in summer or winter for dry weight or quality.
Container Moisture State and Stomatal Resistance in Nursery Plants1
Authors: Havis John R.
Published: October 2022

Stomatal resistance (rs) was measured in Cornus florida L., Magnolia × soulangeana Soul., Rhododendron cv. Nova Zembla and Viburnum carlesii Hemsl. in containers with a range of different matric potentials (ψm). Significant increase in rs occurred at potentials between −250 and −390 millibar (mb) in clear, warm weather. Minimum ψm of −200 mg is suggested to avoid water stress.
An Economic Evaluation of Grower Savings in a Pest Management Program1
Authors: Thompson P. , How R. B. , White G. B.
Published: October 2022

During the 1978 growing season, data on the number, timing and dosages of pesticide applications were collected in Wayne County, New York from 23 growers not participating in the New York Tree Fruit Program (NYTFP). Thirty-three blocks of apples were matched with 33 similar blocks from growers participating in the NYTFP. Average annual pesticide costs for participants were $48 and $71 per hectare lower than for nonparticipants, for fresh and processing fruit, respectively. No change in quality or yield of fruit was observed.
Effects of Maturity, Storage, and Ethephon Treatment on Pericarp Thickness of Tomato1
Authors: Freeman Roger E. , McFerran Joe
Published: October 2022

Fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) picked at full vine-ripened stage had significantly thicker fruit walls than those harvested at the mature-green stage. No increase in pericarp thickness occurs after fruit detachment from the vine. Fruit wall thickness showed no significant response to accelerated ripening with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Germination and Seedling Development of Tomato in Hypobaric Atmospheres1
Authors: Rule Dean E. , Staby George L.
Published: October 2022

Germination and seedling development of Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill ‘C-28’ was measured at 750 (atmospheric pressure), 375, and 250 torr. Germination percentage and rate along with seedling development to the first true leaf increased as pressure increased.
Effect of Soaking Treatment on the Color and Texture of Dry Quick Cooking Southernpeas1
Authors: Smith Durward A.
Published: October 2022

Processing variables including soaking medium, soaking temperature and soak time were examined in the production of quick cooking southernpeas (Vigna unguiculata (1.) Walp. ov. Freezegreen). The partially hydrated peas were cooked by microwave, and freeze dried before being rehydrated and examined for color, texture, and seedcoat integrity. Rapid low temperature vacuum infusion of soaking water produced a uniform product with good seedcoat integrity. The use of certain phosphates in the soaking medium resulted in very good retention of the green color.
Physical Injury to Crisphead Lettuce during Box Closing1
Authors: Hinsch R. T. , Rij R. E.
Published: October 2022

Crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) located in the top layer of packed lettuce boxes sustained a significant increase in the incidence of physical injury during closing of the box under usual commercial practice. In the bottom layer, the trend was similar, but the differences were not statistically significant.
‘AU-Cropper’, ‘AU-Leader’, and ‘AU-Homestead’ Chinese Chestnuts1
Authors: Harris Hubert , Norton J. D. , Moore J. C. , Hunter A. G.
Published: October 2022

Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima Bl., is resistant to chestnut blight incited by Endothia parasitica Murr., a disease which eliminated almost all American chestnuts, C. dentata (Marsh) Borkh. Two or three nuts are usually present in each bur of Chinese chestnuts; the better ones are excellent in quality. Chinese chestnuts grow over a large part of the United States; however, they seem best adapted to the southeastern region.
AS9 Sweet Corn Population1
Authors: Davis David W. , Grier Stephen L.
Published: October 2022

AS9 is a sugary-1 breeding population of sweet com (Zea mays L.) having moderate to high resistance to first brood attack (leaf feeding phase) by the European corn borer (Ostrinianubilalis, Hübner). The first sugary-1 source material having such resistance, it has been composited from diverse sources and is being released for its potential value in sweet corn breeding.
13-1 Mango Rootstock Selection1
Authors: Gazit S. , Kadman A.
Published: October 2022

The 13-1 mango (Mangifera indica L.) was selected as a preferable polyem bryonic rootstock for calcareous soils and/or irrigation with saline water.
Usda’s Southern Regional Vegetable Laboratory1
Authors: Wann E. V.
Published: October 2022

Absrtact

The long gray melon from Charleston, called ‘Charleston Gray’, for more than two decades has been the most widely grown cultivar. It is prominent throughout Europe and Asia. In 1979 it was found growing in Heilongiang, the northernmost province of China and is a leading cultivar in the Shaanxi Province in central China. Since its release in 1954, ‘Charleston Gray’ has pleased growers, shippers, and consumers with its high yields, superior quality, and outstanding shipping ability, and in recent years many of its indirect descendants have begun to be important in the industry.
Inhibition of Regrowth and Yield of Mature Lemon Trees with Ammonium Ethyl Carbamoylphosphonate1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Embleton T. W. , Jones W. W. , Summers L. L.
Published: October 2022

Sprays of ammonium ethyl carbamoyl-phosphonoate (Krenite), applied to the tops of mature Lisbon lemon trees [Citrus limon (L). Burml.] resulted in significant inhibition of re-growth for over 3 years. One spray increased yield over the control trees (hand topped annually), while 2 sprays reduced yield. The sprays did not effect the N concentration in the leaves.
Wound-induced Ethylene Production in Peel Expiants of ‘Valencia’ Orange Fruit1, 2
Authors: Evensen Kathleen B. , Bausher Michael G. , Hilton Biggs R.
Published: October 2022

The effect of wounding and abscission-accelerating compounds on ethylene production in ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinesis (L.) Osb.) was studied using enclosed peel explants. Three peel disks, 10 mm in diameter, produced a maximum of about 5.5 nl hour ethylene during the second day after excision from the fruit. Higher rates of ethylene production were observed in albedo than in flavedo tissue from 30 to 72 hours after excision. Treatment with the abscission accelerant 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-l H-pyrazole (Release) more than doubled ethylene production, an effect which was prevented by cordycepin. Inhibition of ethylene production by rhizobitoxine and cycloheximide indicated that ethylene production induced by either physical or chemical wounding in citrus peel proceeds from methionine and has requirements similar to those of other tissues.
Laboratory Efficacy of Some Commercial Zinc Phosphide Baits Used for Control of Meadow and Pine Voles in Orchards1
Authors: Merson M. H. , Byers R. E.
Published: October 2022

Five commercially available zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) preparations were tested in a 3-day, free choice trial for efficacy on meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and pine voles (M. pinetorum). A 2% Zn3P2 pellet produced a significantly greater and quicker kill in meadow voles than a 2% Zn3P2 oat-corn bait. Whole oat and cracked corn baits (2% Zn3P2) performed as well on meadow voles as did a 1% Zn3P2 paraffinized pellet. The 2% Zn3P2pellet produced significantly greater mortality in pine voles than did 2% Zn3P2 oat-corn and whole oat baits and a 1 % paraffinized pellet. There was no evidence that grain baits were more effective for meadow voles than pine voles.
Graft-transmission of Blister Bark and Internal Bark Necrosis in Delicious Apples1
Authors: Parish C. L.
Published: October 2022

Blister bark, a scaly bark-type disorder of ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) is shown to consist of 3 similar disorders. Two of these, blister bark 1 (the one most commonly encountered in the Northwestern United States) and blister bark 2, are graft transmissible. The 3rd disorder, blister bark 3, was not transmitted. The symptoms are described and the differences discussed. Another bark disorder, a form of internal bark necrosis, is shown to be graft-transmissible. A key to differentiate the blister bark complex is presented.
Effect of Prebloom Oil Applications on Pear Fruit Set and the Possible Mode of Action1
Authors: Lombard P. B. , Westigard P. H. , Zwick R. W. , Mellenthin W. M. , Martin G. C.
Published: October 2022

Dilute sprays of 4, 8 and 16% Volck Supreme oil at dormant and repeated at delayed dormant to mask pear trees against psylla, Psylla pyricola (Foerster), oviposition delayed bloom slightly, while 2% applications in the Meld advanced bloom less than 1 day. Dormant pear branches dipped under laboratory conditions in oil at concentrations of 8% and higher caused injury to vegetative buds and slight injury to flowering buds. Single and repeat field applications of oil at 2, 4 and 8% caused no reduction of fruit set or cropping of ‘Anjou’, ‘Bartlett’, ‘Cornice’, ‘Bose’, and ‘Seckel’ pear trees, and in some cases increased fruit set on ‘Anjou’ trees. Hormonal analysis of oil-treated buds indicated a slight increase of gibberellin (GA) and a reduction of abscisic acid (ABA) levels.
Resistance to False Rust in Winged Beans1
Authors: Parman  , Thompson A. E.
Published: October 2022

An inoculation technique was developed to test seedling plants of winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) for resistance to false rust disease incited by the fungus Synchytrium psophocaropi (Rac.) Gaumann. Sporangia were collected in distilled water by washing or scraping from infected, sporulating winged bean leaves. Inoculum was applied by brushing the sporangial suspension onto the 1st or 2nd true leaves of seedling plants, and holding the inoculated plants under high humidity conditions for 24 hours. Intensity of infection can be scored 10 days after inoculation. Resistance appears to result from a hypersensitive reaction.
Effect of High Temperature on Pollen Grain Germination, Pollen Tube Growth, and Seed Yield of Chinese Cabbage1
Authors: Kuo C. G. , Peng J. S. , Tsay J. S.
Published: October 2022

Seed yield of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis Rupr.) was studied at 34–37/22–24°C (day/night) temperatures applied at different growth stages. High temperatures at first anthesis and immediately after pollination diminished seed yield mainly through reduction in seed number. Hand pollination with pollen grains from plants reared under normal temperature improved seed yield of the plant heated at first anthesis. Both male and female gametogeneses appeared to be affected by high temperature based on seed set, but the most drastic effect of high temperature on seed yield occurred after pollination. In vitro pollen viability tests indicated that the optimum temperature for pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth was 20°. Temperatures below 16° or above 28° reduced pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth mainly because of an increase in burst pollen grains.
Effect of Soil Oxygen Concentration on Sweet Potato Storage Root Induction and/or Development1
Authors: Chua Lee K. , Kays Stanley J.
Published: October 2022

Sweet potato plants, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Porto Rico Red with the storage root production zone subjected to 2.5% oxygen for 81 days, showed an almost complete repression in storage root number and weight, when compared to plants subjected to 21% oxygen. When plants were grown in 2.5% oxygen for 81 days followed by 21% oxygen for 28 days, there was no difference in storage root number when compared to plants grown in 21 % oxygen for the entire period. Alteration of the storage root zone oxygen concentration appears to provide an excellent method for studying the initial biochemical changes occurring during storage root induction and/or development.
Response of Container-grown Plants to Six Consumer Growing Media1
Authors: Brown O. D. R. , Emino E. R.
Published: October 2022

Bulk density, moisture holding capacity, pH, initial nutrient level, aeration or soluble salt characteristics were not consistently related to growth response in 6 commercial growing media. Growth of Tradescantia albiflora Kunth ‘Albovittata’, Hemigraphis alternata (Burm,f.) T. Anderson, Wedelia trilobata(L.) A. S. Hitchc, Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) Dietr., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Better Boy’, and Hypoestes phyllostachya Bak. were highly variable among media.
Effects of Irrigation Frequency on Growth, Transpiration, and Acclimatization of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Ingram D. L. , Barrett J. E.
Published: October 2022

Increased soil moisture stress reduced growth and transpiration rate of Ficus benjamina. Leaf drop during indoor phase was greater for plants previously watered during production at 3 day intervals than for plants grown under the 6- and 9-day water regimes.
Light Acclimatization of African Violet1
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T.
Published: October 2022

Flowering of African violet, Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl. cv. Inge ceased when plants were transferred from a greenhouse at 13 klx to interior light levels of 0.5,1.0 or 2.0 klx. Plants placed under 2.0 klx acclimatized and flowered after 3 months, while plants under 1.0 klx flowered after 6 months and only minimal flowering occurred at 0.5 klx after 9 months. Flowering was highly correlated with production of new leaves under interior light intensities. Fertilizer levels had no effect on either leaf production or flowering.
W1, W3, W4, W5, and W6 Multidisease-resistant Musknielon Breeding Lines1
Authors: Thomas Claude E. , Webb Raymon E.
Published: October 2022

Muskmelon (cantaloupe), Cucumis melo L., lines W1, W3, W4, W5, and W6 released by the Southern and Northeastern Regions, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture represent multidisease-resistant advanced breeding lines with high-quality attributes suited to the development of cultivars for long-distance shipping as well as for small farm and home garden production. They were selected under severe epiphytotie conditions in South Texas for resistance to downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk.) Rostow.; powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht. ex Fr.) Poll.; Alternaria leaf-blight, Alternaria cucumerina (Ell. & Ev.) Elliot; and watermelon mosaic virus 1 (WMV-1). In extensive, replicated, repeated field studies, these lines were consistently found to possess a high level of resistance to all of these diseases, enabling production of a marketable crop under severe disease stress, often without application of fungicides. W4, W5, and W6 exhibit a higher level of resistance to dow ny mildew and Alternaria leaf-blight than do the more moderately resistant W1 and W3 lines. All 5 lines are highly resistant to powdery mildew and have excellent resistance to natural infections of WMV-1.
Evolution of Horticultural Research: Progression or Regression?
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: October 2022

Evolution teaches that all things change; nothing remains static. This is certainly the case with biological sciences. Change, however, may be bidirectional. It may be progressive or regressive as viewed for the good of the science. Whither goest horticultural science?
Communicating Vegetable Production Information to Growers with Varying Educational Skills1
Authors: William R. D. , Nehiley J. M. , Halsey L. H. , Thorne J. W. , Korsching P. F. , Christenberry L·T·
Published: October 2022

Extension educational materials were designed to communicate vegetable production information to citizens with varying educational and agricultural skills. Slide/tape sets written at 4th to 6th grade levels and extension circulars at 6th to 8th grade levels were evaluated by North Florida citizens. Recall increased 20 to 50% following presentation of a slide/tape set or reading of the revised production guide. These educational materials were used by county extension agents to improve production skills of vegetable growers.
The Nursery Industry
Authors: Lederer Robert F.
Published: October 2022

In April, 1980, a new “character” was introduced to the U.S. and Canadian airways. He goes simply by the name “Your Yard,” and speaking over the radio in friendly tones he talks to homeowners about such ideas as increasing the value of real estate through plantings and enhancing the beauty of your home.
Abscission Chemical Effects on Shaker-catchframe Harvest System Performance and Subsequent ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Pineapple’ Orange Yield1
Authors: Wilson W. C. , Coppock G. E.
Published: October 2022

Four abscission chemical treatments (Acti-Aid, 20 ppm cycloheximide) (Release, 125 ppm 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole) (Acti-Aid, 5 ppm + Sweep, 250 ppm chlorothalonil + Release, 125 ppm) and (Pik-Off, 300 ppm glyoxal dioxime) were applied to the same orange trees (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, cv. Hamlin and Pineapple) for 3 consecutive years to aid harvest with a shaker-catchframe system. The treatments had no significant effect on subsequent fruit yield for years not influenced by freezing temperatures.
Enhancement of Citrus Regreening and Peel Lycopene by Trickle Irrigation1
Authors: Huff Albert , Abdel-Bar Mohamed Z. , Rodney D. R. , Roth R. L. , Gardner B. R.
Published: October 2022

Regreening of ‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis L., Osbeck) is more intense with trickle irrigation than flood irrigation. Peels of fruit from trickle-irrigated trees contain more chlorophyll and less carotenoids than peels of fruit from flood-irrigated trees. Peels of ‘Redblush’ grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.) from trickle irrigated trees have higher chlorophyll and lycopene contents, but do not differ in ß-carotene content.
Water, Osmotic, and Turgor Potentials of Kinetin-treated Callus1
Authors: Kirkham M. B. , Holder P. L.
Published: October 2022

Water and turgor potentials of callus tissue from the cactus Echinopsis turbinata L. increased with increasing concentration of kinetin. Osmotic potential showed no consistent trend with an increase in concentration of kinetin or p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (p-CPA).
In Vitro Propagation of Heat-treated Red Raspberry Clones1
Authors: Pyott J. L. , Converse R. H.
Published: October 2022

Small explants from four clones of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) obtained from heat treatment (8 weeks at 37°C) to eliminate viruses were successfully regenerated in vitro using major Anderson’s medium with 1/4 strength levels of Murashige and Skoog major salts.
In Vitro Propagation of Grevillea rosmarinifolia1
Authors: Ben-Jaacov J. , Dax Edna
Published: October 2022

Shoot segments of Grevillea rosmarinifolia A. Cunn. placed on solid half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.5 mg/liter 6-benzyiamino purine (BA) proliferated and formed shoots which were subcultured and rooted on paper bridges in Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.1 mg/liter α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Cull Losses in Western Sweet Cherries at Retail and Consumer Levels in Metropolitan New York1
Authors: Ceponis Michael J. , Butterfield James E.
Published: October 2022

Retail and consumer level losses of western sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) studied in metropolitan New York during 1977–80 were 9.9 and 12.0%, respectively. More loss was observed in store-prepackaged consumer samples than in consumer samples obtained from bulk displays. Half of the loss at each level resulted from parasitic diseases and a third from physiological disorders. The remaining loss was caused by mechanical injuries.
Effect of Honey Bee Foraging Behaviors on ‘Delicious’ Apple Set1
Authors: Robinson Willard Scott , Fell Richard D.
Published: October 2022

‘Delicious’ apple flowers (Malus domestica Borkh.) set very few fruit after receiving single visits from honey bees (Apis meilifera L.) that foraged for nectar while standing on the flower petals. Yield from these flowers was similar to the yield from unpollinated blossoms. Much higher sets were observed in blossoms that were hand-pollinated, and on flowers visited only once by pollen-foraging or nectar-foraging bees that worked from on top of the stamens. Final yields from the latter 3 treatments were very similar, though generally lower than would be commercially desirable.
Inheritance of Resistance to Sulfur Dioxide in Cucumber1
Authors: Bressan Ray A. , LeCureux Lloyd , Wilson Lloyd G. , Filner Philip , Baker L. R.
Published: October 2022

Crosses and subsequent segregation between inbred lines of ‘National Pickling cucumber (Cucumis satirus L.) resistant to acute exposure to sulfur dioxide, and the sensitive ‘Chipper‘ cucumber indicated that resistance was dominant and may be controlled by a single gene.
Effectiveness of Fish Soluble Nutrients as Fertilizers on Container-grown Plants1
Authors: Emino Everett R.
Published: October 2022

Growth of 7 species in the greenhouse receiving fish soluble nutrients (FSN) applied at weekly intervals was equivalent to plants fertilized with a nutrient solution derived from inorganic sources at equivalent rates of nitrogen.
Boron Accumulation in Taxus media1
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Watson M. E.
Published: October 2022

Taxus media Rehd. ‘Anderson’ were grown at 4 boron rates: 0.5, 5.0, 25.0 and 50.0 ppm using 2 media:4 pinebark:l sand and 4 hardwood bark:l sand. toxicity symptoms developed when foliar concentration was between 85–100 μg/g of dry tissue. Foliar symptoms of toxicity were characterized by leaf-tip yellowing followed by leaf-tip necrosis and premature defoliation. Shoot and root growth were suppressed at the 50 ppm application rate. continued to accumulate in the foliage after the 2 higher rates of were discontinued. Foliar concentration of Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn were lower when plants were grown with 25 and 50 ppm when compared to plants grown with 0.5 and 5 ppm B.
‘Veeglo,’ Peach1
Authors: Leuty S. J. , Bradt O. A. , Cook F. I.
Published: October 2022

‘Veeglo’ is an attractive, high quality peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) that matures during the last week in August, 9 days after ‘Redhaven’. Assessments indicate typical, moderate susceptibility to perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.) and moderate resistance to bacterial spot (Xanthomonas pruni (E.F. Smith) Dows.). ‘Veeglo’ was introduced to satisfy the requirement for a high quality fresh market or home preserving peach maturing between Redhaven and Loring, and adapted to climatic conditions in southern Ontario, Canada.
‘Durbin’ Nectarine1
Authors: Prince V. E. , Okie W. R.
Published: October 2022

‘Durbin’ nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is an early mid-season cultivar with medium sized, attractive fruit. Under southeastern conditions. ‘Durbin’s’ size and disease resistance are superior to other nectarines.
‘Fuchs-20’ Avocado Rootstock1
Authors: Kadman A. , Ben-Ya’acov A.
Published: October 2022

‘Fuchs-20’ (Persea americana Mill.) was selected in an experiment carried out during 1959-60 to find a highly tolerant rootstock for saline conditions from West Indian seedlings of 5 different groups and hybrids, including seedlings of ‘Fuchs’ (West Indian x Guatemalan). Plants were grown in containers and irrigated with highly saline water (1330 ppm NaCl). Only 4 plants survived. These survivors were planted in an orchard in order to obtain material for further experiments by vegetative propagation. ‘Fuchs-20’, a ‘Fuchs’ seedling marked No. 20, was the only one of these 4 plants from which cuttings have been successfully rooted (2) (350 ppmCl), (1). Trees of various cultivars grafted on ‘Fuchs-20’ rootstocks show excellent performance without any damage due to salinity in a commercial orchard irrigated with water containing 380-400 ppmCl, (A. Ben-Ya’acov, unpublished data).
Cowpea Production In The United States1
Authors: Fery R. L.
Published: October 2022

The cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., has been cultivated since Neolithic times, and it is one of our most ancient food plants. Cowpeas are important in world agriculture with more than 12 million acres (5 million hectares) produced annually. The seed, leaves, and shoots provide a significant portion of the dietary protein in the stable cereal diets of people in many of the developing nations. Although the cowpea is an excellent forage and green manure plant and was once an important agronomic crop in the United States, there is only limited agronomic use of the crop in this country at present. However, the cowpea has long been valued in the South as an edible table legume, and an extensive industry now exists to supply the cowpea products that are consumed nationwide.
In Vitro Propagation of ‘Dolce Agogia’ Olive1
Authors: Rugini Eddo , Fontanazza Giuseppe
Published: October 2022

In vitro shoot proliferation of‘Dolce Agogia’ olive (Olea europaea L.) was obtained on a half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 10 mg/liter zeatin riboside, 0.5 mg/liter indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3). Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 2 and 4 mg/liter was effective in inducing root-differentiation in combination with half-concentration Knop macronutrients and Heller micronutrients. Proliferated plants were transplanted to pots containing a mixture of sand, beech leaves, and peat with about 60% survival.
Effect of Wounding on ‘Fuerte’ Avocado Ripening1
Authors: Zauberman Giora , Fuchs Yoram
Published: October 2022

Wounded mature ‘Fuerte’ fruit (Persea americana Mill.) ripened faster than non-wounded fruit when stored at 14°C. Significant differences were not observed in respiration or ethylene production between wounded and non-wounded fruit when stored at 20° but the former softened faster and showed greater polygalacturonase activity. Wounded and non-wounded fruit ripened at similar rates when stored after wounding for 10 days at 5° and thereafter transferred to either 14° or 20°. No “wound ethylene” could be detected immediately after wounding at any temperature and is not the earliest event occurring during ripening. Effects of wounding in metabolic processes of ripening are observed better at a moderate continuous storage temperature of 14° than at 20°.
Effects of Ethephon on Fruit Cracking of Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)1
Authors: Shrestha G. K.
Published: October 2022

Fruit cracking of “Early Large Red” lychee was reduced from 12% to 6% as sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) increased from 0-10 ppm. There was more cracked fruit on the southwest side of the tree (9.5%) than on the northeast side (7.3%).
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Ray Frank J.
Published: October 2022

The terms “Integrated Pest Management” or “IPM” were considered buzz words or catch phrases in the 1960s, ideas for possible consideration during much of the 1970s, and are now considered of prime importance during the 1980s.
An Overview of Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Poe Sidney L.
Published: October 2022

An overview of integrated pest management (IPM) includes consideration of at least 4 major points. 1) What IPM is, its objectives and goals; 2) IPM history and evolution or why we have IPM; 3) how IPM is implemented and how it works today, and 4) IPM tomorrow. To provide more than a superficial coverage of these points is not possible; however, the serious student will want to begin with a study of the literature cited in this report. This treatise will relate mainly to IPM for plant communities; however, similar programs are underway for live stock, urban systems, aquatic systems and othe