bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Guru dan Murid dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam Menurut Kajian Q.S. Al-Kahfi Ayat 65-70
Authors: Pratama Ervan Saleh
Published: January 2021

The research is based on the writer's interest in knowing how exactly the relationship between a teacher and student in the Quran perspective. The author uses Q.S. Al-Kahf verses 65 to 70 as a material to explore and extract due to its excellent educational encounter value in it. This thesis aims to find; Teachers' rights and obligations, pupil’s rights and obligations, both characters and their relationship behavior in the verses of Moses and Khidir action as mentioned in verses 65-70. This research is based on library research (Library Research) with primary data sources contains books of classical commentary and contemporary interpretation, while secondary data consists of educational books that discuss teacher-student relationships. Furthermore collected data is analyzed by using tahlili commentary method. The author finds that: the teacher-student relationship in the verses is a relationship based on close friendship relations with maintained ethical values and mutual understanding. Similarly, students are expected to understand the rights of teachers and should uphold the rights of teachers. The relationship model is essential to be well implemented in today's education system. Given the decline of student's ethics and also the presence of teachers who are less aware of their responsibilities. It is clear it is time to apply the concept of teacher-student relationship as in al-kahf verses 65 to 70.
Penilaian Kualitas Akustik Masjid Raudhaturrahman Padang Tiji Menggunakan Simulasi Ecotect
Authors: Yani Yulida
Published: January 2021

Mosque is a place of worship for Moslems. It has profound religious significance for the community; it is important that people feel serenity therein. In addition, they need to be able to hear sounds clearly so that they can perform their religious rituals like prayers smoothly and it is also crucial for them to hear speeches with a high degree of intelligibility. This study assessed the acoustic quality of Raudhaturrahman prayer's room, having a unique shape with the dome ceiling covering all dimensions of the building.  This study aims at finding the condition, causes, and improving the acoustic quality to meet the prayer's room acoustic needs.  This study specifically focused on calculating the background noise and reverberation time using the Ecotect Simulation method.  The simulation result demonstrates that the calculation of reverberation time (RT) and the measurement of background noise have not met the desired standard. This study found that the value for RT with occupancy 0%, 50%, 100% is 18, 29s, 7, the 80s, and 4, 71s.  In addition, the result of the background noise is 60 dB.  In conclusion, the acoustic of the Raudhaturrahmah mosque prayer's room is of inferior quality since it does not meet the standard of reverberation time (RT) and background noise for the speech purpose of the room.
Inalcik H. Power Relationships between Russia, the Crimea and the Ottoman Empire as Reflected in Titulature. Part 2
Authors:   Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Seitkhalilova Leylya S.
Published: January 2021

The given article is a Russian translation of the Turkish historian (of the Crimean Tatar origin) Halil Inalcik`s work “Power Relationships between Russia, the Crimea and the Ottoman Empire as Reflected in Titulature”. The author focuses attention on changes in titulature of Russian tsars and other rulers in the context of changes in mutual power relationships between the states. The author also analyses economic relationships between the given countries, pays attention to the tribute paid by the neighboring countries to the Crimean Khanate. The author stresses the most important of them: uluğ hazine, koltka, tiyiş, bölek, vergi, pişkeş. The essence of tribute sent to the Crimean Khan, his family members, officials, begs and servants is carefully considered.
«And more than hundred thousands of troops are with me…». Military science of the Crimean Khanate during the Modern Times: the review of A.A.Sheykhumerov’s monograph “Army of the Crimean Khanate: the organization and tactics (XV–XVIII centuries)”
Authors:   Belgorod State National Research University, Penskoy Vitaly V.
Published: January 2021

A study “The Army of the Crimean Khanate” of a young Crimean historian A. A. Sheykhumerov was published last year. It is devoted to the Crimean Khanate’s warfare in Modern Times (XV–XVIII centuries). The purpose of work, chosen by the author, is not clearly related to the number of popular and actively developed by domestic historical science topics. As the basic topic of research the historian took this problematic method and concentrated on analyzing key stories from the history of the Crimean warfare development in the New Times. This book in modern Russian historiography is the first essay on warfare of the Crimean Tatars. It allows us to have a holistic view of its main features and characteristics. The review gives a brief description of the structure and content of work and makes notes of some disputable points in the author’s concept and interpretations of individual moments in the history of the Crimean warfare evolution.
A new step towards the popularization of the journalistic heritage of Ismail Gasprinsky. Review of the third volume of the Complete Works of Ismail Gasprinsky, “Journalism: 1887–1890”
Authors:   V.I.Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Yablonovskaya Natalya V.
Published: January 2021

This article reviews the first volume “Journalism: 1887–1890” of The Complete Works of Ismail Gasprinski published in Russian in Simferopol, in 2019. This volume includes journalistic works of I. Gasprinsky (notes, comments, articles, essays, sketches, etc.), published in the issues of the newspaper “Perevodchik-Terdzhiman” for 1887–1890, as well as several journalistic works by I. Gasprinsky period, for the first time transliterated and translated into Russian. The peer-reviewed publication has undoubted philological, philosophical and media-logical significance, makes it possible to consider new facets of the Gasprinsky-thinker and Gasprinsky-publicist, inextricably linked with his era and all its transient concerns and enduring values. In addition, the materials of the volume, revealing “in the first person” the socio-political, economic and cultural realities of Crimea in the second half of the 1880s, will be extremely interesting to historians, cultural experts and local historians.
Materials related to the city of Bakhchisarai and Bakhchisarai Palace Museum from the Archive of TsGaLI SPb (CSA LA SPb): photographs, graphics, documents (1920–1950s)
Authors:   Bakhchisarai historical, cultural and archaeological museum-preserve, Eminov Rustem R. , Seytumerov Shukri S. ,   Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2021

The article explored extensive material from the Central State Archive of Literature and Art of Saint Petersburg (TsGaLI SPb) (CSA LA SPb), dedicated to the monuments of Bakhchisarai and the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum. The authors attempted to classify and systematize this material. A number of errors were identified in the attribution of some photo materials. In the article was also analyzed handwritten material from the archive of the architect-restorer A.L.Rotach.
Name index of the Crimean Tatar officials of Tavricheskaya province (first half of the XIX century)
Authors:   Fevzi Yakubov Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University, Kravchuk Alexandr S. ,   V.I.Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Published: January 2021

In the article, for the first time, was restored the list of the Crimean Tatars who served in the civil service of the Taurida governorate in the first half of the XIX century. The reconstruction was carried out on the basis of «end-to-end» analysis of Address-Calendars and Mesyatseslovs of the Russian Empire. This information can serve as a background information for further research concerning the participation of the Crimean Tatars in the civil service. The facts, presented in the article, also expand understanding of the interaction ways of Russian administration in Taurida with representatives of the old-time population. In addition, the information given in the article, will help to restore previously unknown plages from the life of selected outstanding public and state leaders of the Crimean Tatars.
Semantic parallels of archaic Crimean Tatar musical terminology with the musical vocabulary of “Divan Lugat at-Turk” by Mahmud al-Kashgari in the context of the Turkic musical culture of the early Middle Ages
Authors:   Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Zaatov Ismet A.
Published: January 2021

The process of the formation of the Crimean Tatar musical culture can be divided into post-Byzantine-Golden Horde, Tatar-Seljuk and Nogai Kypchak (Nogai) – Ottoman periods of the cultural genesis of the Crimean Tatar people. The fact that the ancestors of the steppe Crimean Tatars are the Turkic tribes of the Kypchaks and the ancestors of the southern coastal Crimean Tatars are the Turkic tribes of the Oghuz, from the earliest centuries of their history were ethnic groups with a developed musical culture, written evidence from ancient Turkic authors and, in particular, the dictionary “Divan Lugat ata” – Turk “Mahmud al-Kashgari”. This article attempts to determine, based on the lexical analysis of the text of the vocabulary, the direct connection between the semantics of musical terminology in the language of modern Crimean Tatars with the semantics of the musical vocabulary of their Oguz and Kipchak ancestors, as well as identifying patterns of Oguz and Kipchak musical vocabulary in lexicon of the Crimean Tatars by the time of Mahmud Al-Kashgari has written his creation.
PKM Pemanfaatan Bahan Baku Lokal dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah di Desa Leboni
Authors: Antara Made , Effendy Effendy , Basri Zainuddin
Published: January 2021

Desa Leboni termasuk pada kawasan perdesaan prioritas nasional. Masyarakat Desa Leboni sebagian besar adalah petani. Padi sawah merupakan salah satu tanaman andalan masyarakat setempat, namun produktivitasnya masih rendah. Tujuan program kemitraan masyarakat (PKM) ini adalah untuk menganalisis permasalahan yang dihadapi Kelompok Tani Subak Amerta di Desa Leboni Kecamatan Pamona Puselemba. Hasil yang dicapai dalam kegiatan PKM ini adalah: (1) terdapat peningkatan keterampilan kelompok tani mitra tentang teknik pembuatan pupuk organik berbahan baku lokal, (2)  terdapat peningkatan keterampilan kelompok tani mitra tentang pengendalian hama penyakit padi sawah, (3) terjadi peningkatan penerimaan usahatani padi sawah kelompok tani mitra sebesar 19,05%.
Pelatihan Kultur Jaringan Kepada SMA dan SMK
Authors: Kasim Hawalina , Basri Zainuddin , Amir Jeki , Nursalam Nursalam
Published: January 2021

Kultur jaringan merupakan bagian dari Mata Pelajaran Biologi di Sekolah Menengah Atas Jurusan IPA dan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan terkait, namun, hampir semua sekolah terkait tidak atau belum memiliki laboratorium untuk menyelenggarakan kultur jaringan.  Program Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pelatihan kultur jaringan tanaman kepada guru dan siswa SMK Negeri 3 Sigi Kabupaten Donggala dan SMA Negeri 5 Tondo Palu yang merupakan Mitra dari Tim Pengabdi pada Laboratorium Bioteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako.  Pelatihan diberikan dengan metode ceramah dan diskusi, disusul dengan praktek langsung pelaksanaan kultur jaringan mulai dari pengenalan peralatan, cara pemilihan dan penyiapan eksplan, pembuatan larutan stok dan media kultur jaringan, sterilisasi eksplan, peralatan dan media, pelaksanaan teknik aseptik, penanaman, pemeliharaan dan aklimatisasi.  Hasil atau output yang dicapai adalah guru dan siswa SMK Negeri 3 Sigi (28 orang) dan SMA Negeri 5 Tondo Palu (25 orang), telah memahami dan memiliki keterampilan melakukan teknik kultur jaringan dan bersertifikat.
Ownership structure and real earnings management: An empirical study on emerging economy
Authors: Debnath Nitai Chandra , Chowdhury Suman Paul , Khan Safaeduzzaman
Published: January 2021

We observe the association amid ownership structure and real earnings management in Bangladesh. Our study takes 2195 firm-year observations which are listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange over the period of 2000-2017. The outcome of the panel least square regression indicates that inside ownership, as well as foreign ownership, is inversely related to real earnings management, whereas institutional ownership is positively related to real earnings management. In particular, firms tend to reduce discretionary expenses to manage earnings if the magnitude of inside ownership is low. In contrast to that, when firms are characterized by more institutional ownership, they are more inclined towards real earnings management through additional price discounts, offering a more friendly credit facility, and lowering discretionary expense. This result is consistent with previous findings. Nevertheless, if firms encounter an absence of foreign ownership, they prefer to manage earnings through operating at over-production levels as well as lowering discretionary expenses. Additionally, we find that corporate governance is playing a beneficial role in limiting real earnings management
“The Stakes Could Not Be Higher”: A Qualitative Study of Parental Social Media Use in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Foot Elizabeth , Leonhard Amanda , Majeski Jill , Zahn Lauren , Li Hsin , Brown Amy Caruso
Published: January 2021

Background: To describe how parents and families of children with cancer
evaluate the benefits and risks of using social media (SM) and how they
navigate disagreements between oncologists’ advice and information found
on SM. Procedure: Parents of children who had been previously diagnosed
with cancer, and who had used SM for a purpose related to that child’s
health were recruited through SM sites and nonprofit organizations
across the U.S. and were invited to complete questionnaires about their
experiences using SM; a subset of participants also completed a
follow-up in-depth interview. Open-ended responses and interviews were
analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: 90 parents completed written
questionnaires; 21 completed follow-up interviews. 70% described
experiencing a situation in which information shared on SM conflicted
with information provided by their child’s oncologist. Although 86%
discussed it with the oncologist and 70% described the response as
positive, 78% retained negative feelings about the experience. Openness
to discussing SM, honesty, transparency and humility regarding the
limits of medicine, and shared decision-making regarding information
found on SM were connected with reported trust in the oncologist.
Conclusions: Parents offered valuable insights regarding their
experiences navigating SM, including 8 recommendations for how
pediatricians might approach discussing parental SM use. Future studies
will evaluate the utility of these recommendations for pediatric
clinicians.
Incidence, characteristic and risk factors of drug-induced liver injury in hospitalized patients: a matched case-control study
Authors: Kong Xianghao , Guo Daihong , Liu Siyuan , Zhu Yu , Yu Chengxuan
Published: January 2021

Abstract: Aims: The diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is
relatively complex, involving a wide variety of drugs. The purpose of
this study is to use algorithms to quickly screen DILI patients, count
incidence rates and find risk factors. Methods: The Adverse Drug Events
Active Surveillance and Assessment System-2 was used to extract the data
of hospitalized patients in 2019 according to the set standards, then
the RUCAM was used to evaluate patients who meet the standards. A
retrospective case-control study was conducted according to suspected
drugs, length of hospital stay, height and weight matched controls, and
logistic regression was used to find risk factors. Results: Among the
156,570 hospitalized patients, 480 patients (499 cases) of DILI were
confirmed, and the incidence of DILI was 0.32%. Anti-infective agents,
antineoplastic agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NASIDs)
were the major category of causative drugs causing DILI, and the highest
incidence of DILI caused by agent of voriconazole. The latency period
and hospital stay of patients with cholestasis was relatively long.
Patients with hyperlipidemia (AOR: 1.884), cardiovascular disease (AOR:
1.465), pre-existing liver disease (AOR: 1.827) and surgical history
(AOR: 1.312) were likely to be risk factors for DILI. Conclusions: The
incidence of DILI in hospitalized patients was uncommon (0.32%), and
its pathogenic drugs were widely distributed. LiverTox’s information
could assist in the diagnosis of DILI. The incidence of DILI in many
drugs was seriously underestimated. It is recommended to focus on
patients with hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, pre-existing liver
disease, and surgical history.
Potential of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in preventing clinical deterioration of COVID-19
Authors: BISWAS TATHAGATA , MISHRA BISWA , BHUNIYA SOURIN , MAITI RITUPARNA , MOHAPATRA DEBADATTA , NATH SANTANU
Published: January 2021

COVID-19 has an unpredictable course with substantial percentage of
infected patients developing clinical deterioration and increasing
health care burden. With no specific treatment or vaccination, the
current search is for drugs that can limit the disease progression.
Recently Fluvoxamine has been reported to have disease modifying effects
in COVID-19. We suggest the hypothesis that short term routine use of
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) can prevent clinical
deterioration of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 cases by the following
ways: a) anti-inflammatory actions through sigma-1 agonism and reducing
release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, b) anti-coagulant action by
reducing platelet aggregation, c) specific antiviral and antibacterial
effects, d) Immunomodulation through Serotonin pathway and
anti-oxidation. The routine short term use of SSRIs can also alleviate
the psychological impact of the disease. We hope our hypothesis will
encourage future clinical trials to validate the routine use of SSRIs
against COVID-19.
Traumatic aortic root rupture leading to acute aortic insufficiency and acute Type A aortic dissection.
Authors: Nepal Subash , Raj Vijay , Chaudhuri Debanik , Barreto Stephany
Published: January 2021

A 17-year-old male was admitted for the management of multiple fractures
after sustaining blunt thoracic trauma. He was hemodynamically stable
and without any cardiac symptoms. He was admitted with fracture of T4
end plate, manubrium and left first rib, right pulmonary contusion, left
apical pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. The patient underwent
echocardiography and cardiac CT angiogram for the work up of aortic
injury as the patient had new aortic regurgitation murmur, troponin rise
and RBBB. He was found to have aortic root rupture, type A aortic
dissection and acute severe aortic insufficiency. The patient underwent
surgical aortic valve and root replacement with Bentall procedure with
good outcome.
Trustworthy computational evidence through transparency and reproducibility
Authors: Barba Lorena A.
Published: January 2021

Abstract content goes here
The transformation of Caribbean coral communities since humans
Authors: Cramer Katie , Donovan Mary , Jackson Jeremy , Greenstein Benjamin , Korpanty Chelsea , Cook Geoffrey , Pandolfi John
Published: January 2021

The mass die-off of Caribbean corals has transformed many of this
region’s reefs to macroalgal-dominated habitats since systematic
monitoring began in the 1970s. Although attributed to a combination of
local and global human stressors, the lack of long-term data on
Caribbean reef coral communities has prevented a clear understanding of
the causes and consequences of coral declines. We integrated
paleoecological, historical, and modern survey data to track the
prevalence of major coral species and life history groups throughout the
Caribbean from the pre-human period to present. The regional loss of
Acropora corals beginning by the 1960s from local human
disturbances resulted in increases in the prevalence of formerly
subdominant stress-tolerant and weedy scleractinian corals and the
competitive hydrozoan Millepora beginning in the 1970s and 1980s.
These transformations have resulted in the homogenization of coral
communities within individual countries. However, increases in
stress-tolerant and weedy corals have slowed or reversed since the 1980s
and 1990s in tandem with intensified coral bleaching. These patterns
reveal the long history of increasingly stressful environmental
conditions on Caribbean reefs that began with widespread local human
disturbances and have recently culminated in the combined effects of
local and global change.
Design of an Online Detection System for COVID-19 based on Attention Mechanism
Authors:   College of Electrical & Information Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu, 610041, China, Liu Fan , Xiang Wei ,   College of Electrical & Information Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu, 610041, China, Wang Li ,   College of Electrical & Information Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu, 610041, China, Zhang Jintao ,   College of Electrical & Information Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu, 610041, China, Li Jiacheng ,   College of Electrical & Information Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chendu, 610041, China
Published: January 2021

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus infection that was discovered in some hospitals in Wuhan, China in December 2019. From a global perspective, COVID-19 epidemic is still in a pandemic period. Every country is taking timely preventive measures. Therefore, it is necessary to use Artificial Intelligence (AI) identification to assist radiologists in diagnosing COVID-19. This paper proposes a network model of dynamic self-attention machine for pneumonia images. The model adopts DPN92 and GCNet. It implements CR images and CT image classification of COVID-19. A COVID-19 detection system based on dynamic auto-attention machine is designed. The lung CT or CR images that meet the design requirements will be uploaded through the browser, and the background server will analyze and process the lung images, and finally output the detection category of the lung images.
Road Object Detection of YOLO Algorithm with Attention Mechanism
Authors:   College of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China, Li Jiacheng , Wang Huazhang ,   College of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China, Xu Yuan ,   College of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China, Liu Fan ,   College of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
Published: January 2021

In auto-driving cars, incorrect object detection can lead to serious accidents, so high-precision object detection is the key to automatic driving. This paper improves on the YOLOv3 object detection algorithm, and introduces the channel attention mechanism and spatial attention mechanism into the feature extraction network, which is used to autonomously learn the weight of each channel, enhance key features, and suppress redundant features. Experimental results show that the detection effect of the improved network algorithm is significantly higher than that of the YOLOv3 algorithm.
In vitro tissue culture and genetic analysis of two high-CBD medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) breeding lines
Authors: Mestinsek-Mubi Spela , Svetik Sinja , Flajsman Marko , Murovec Jana
Published: January 2021

The species Cannabis sativa L. has recently witnessed a resurgence of
interest all over the world due to its multipurpose applications and the
scientific confirmation of its pharmacological properties. Genotypes with
high cannabinoid content are appreciated in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic
industries due to their therapeutic potential. These genotypes, with
predominantly high cannabidiol (CBD) content, are the subject of research
and breeding in several programs, but to date, little data is published on
the in vitro tissue culture of cannabis. Our study focused on the
establishment of an efficient micropropagation method for two high-CBD
breeding lines (MX-CBD-11 and MX-CBD-707) as the basis for advanced
biotechnological breeding approaches. The results demonstrated that the in
vitro culture of medical cannabis can be initiated on different culture
media, that cultured plants can be successfully acclimatized, and that nodal
position, and especially the genotype, have a significant influence on the
success of shoot culture establishment. They showed that the published
tissue culture media optimized for one high-THC strain of Mexican cannabis
are not as efficient for other genotypes of (medical) cannabis. We
complemented this research with a genetic study of 95 plants of the two
breeding lines with 16 microsatellite (SSR) markers which clustered the
plants based on breeding line. The results demonstrated that only 8 markers
are needed for discrimination of all analyzed plants and their usefulness
for clonal identification.
Mapping wheat QTLS for grain yield related traits under high temperature stress
Authors: Barakat Mohamed , Al-Doss Abdullah , Moustafa Khaled , Motawei Mohamed , Al-Ashkar Ibrahim , Al-Otayk Soleman , Alamri Mohamed , Mergoum Mohamed
Published: January 2021

Stress induced by high temperature represents a major constraint over wheat
production in many production areas. Here, the comprehensive coverage of the
wheat genome achievable using single nucleotide polymorphism markers was
exploited to carry out a genetic analysis targeting yield components in
plants exposed to high temperature stress. The mapping population was a set
of doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between the cultivars Yecora
Rojo and Ksu106. Both of the parental cultivars and their derived population
were tested in the field in two locations over two consecutive seasons; at
each site, two sowing dates were included, with the later sowing intended to
ensure that the plants were exposed to high temperature stress during the
grain filling period. Composite interval mapping detected 93 quantitative
trait loci influencing grain yield and some related traits, along with 20
loci associated with a ?heat susceptibility index? (HSI). The loci were
distributed over all 21 of the wheat chromosomes. Some of these loci were of
large enough effect to be considered as candidates for the marker-assisted
breeding of high temperature tolerance in wheat.
An inventory routing problem for deteriorating items with dynamic demand and spoilage rate
Authors: Widyadana Gede , Wahyudi Krisna , Sutapa Nyoman
Published: January 2021

Inventory routing problems (IRP) are among important tools to be used for implementing vendor manage inventory. Many researchers try to develop methods for solving inventory routing problem, however, only a few developed methods for inventory routing problems for spoilage items. In reality, many items are deteriorated and spoiled during transportation and storage period. In this paper, we developed a model and methods to solve the inventory routing problem for deteriorating items with dynamic demand and spoilage rate, i.e., demand varies and items spoil during planning periods. Those cases are more realistic since many commodities such as fruits and vegetables have dynamic demand and spoilage rate. A Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization are developed to solve the problem with various demands in a specific planning period since the problem is Np-hard. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are conducted to verify the model, and to get management insight it. The result is interesting and support general hypothesis that dynamic demands result in higher inventory cost than the static demands, and the increasing demand results in increasing inventory cost. Also, the results show that increasing demand and deteriorating rates significantly affect the total cost, therefore, the developed model is important and significantly useful to be used for solving IRP with dynamic demand and spoilage items
Endometriosis
Authors: Flores Valerie A , Taylor Hugh S
Published: January 2021

Endometriosis is a chronic, gynecologic disease affecting 6 to 10% of reproductive age women. Pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and infertility are the most common symptoms of endometriosis that can have a significant impact on patients’ lives. Although the etiology remains largely unknown, the role of estrogens in the development and growth of endometriosis is well characterized. Medical and surgical therapies are the two cornerstones of endometriosis management. Following diagnosis of endometriosis, treatment options will be dependent on patient preference (ie, seeking pain relief versus fertility treatment). Future research aimed at targeting altered molecular pathways in patients with endometriosis will hopefully help mitigate the burden of this debilitating disease.
This review contains 5 figures, 7 tables, and 75 references.
Key Words: aberrant gene expression, altered immunity, endometriosis, infertility, medical and surgical therapy, pelvic pain, retrograde menstruation, stem cells
Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Yawetz Sigal
Published: January 2021

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection, affecting women far more than men. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria are the most common uropathogens causing UTI, with Escherichia coli remaining the most predominant organism in complicated infections. UTI can result in a variety of infections and inflammations, from asymptomatic bacteriuria to typical symptomatic cystitis to acute pyelonephritis, as well as bacterial prostatitis in men. In general, antimicrobial therapy is warranted for any symptomatic infection of the urinary tract. However, new consensus treatment guidelines for uncomplicated UTI in women, set by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology of Infection Diseases in 2010, account for the increasing antimicrobial resistance of pathogens and focus on first-line empirical treatment regimens. To reduce the use of antibiotics, treatment and prevention of recurrent UTI may involve several strategies on varying levels of effectiveness; some of the more well-tested options include probiotics, antiseptics, and topical estrogen. Antimicrobial approaches should be reserved for women in whom these options prove to be ineffective.
This review contains 7 figures, 10 tables, and 122 references.
Adult Preventive Health Care
Authors: Haas Jennifer S
Published: January 2021

Over the past quarter century, prevention has become a major activity in primary care. During a typical day, primary care clinicians spend much of their time managing asymptomatic conditions in which the main goal is to prevent death or complications (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis). This chapter focuses primarily on preventive screening recommendations from the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). The rationale and evolution of preventive care guidelines are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of cervical, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian and lung cancer screening are explained, along with recommendations regarding behavioral counseling, especially for smoking cessation and alcohol use. Graphs are included. Tables delineate major causes of death in the United States, criteria for evaluating a screening program, sample board examination questions about screening, government-sponsored preventive guidelines programs, the USPSTF grading system, strongly recommended noncancer preventive services in adults, the recommended adult immunization schedule, recommended and strongly recommended measures for cancer prevention, recommended preventive noncancer screening measures, and selected recommendations for counseling and patient education.
This review contains 5 figures, 10 tables, and 77 references.
Symptom Management in Palliative Medicine
Authors: Selvaggi Kathy J , Abrahm Janet L
Published: January 2021

Palliative care is an interdisciplinary specialty focused on providing comfort, communication, and support for patients, families, and professional caregivers throughout the course of a life-limiting illness. This chapter discusses assessment and treatment of symptoms and disorders that commonly contribute to patient distress during these illnesses: pain, disorders of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, skin disorders, hot flashes, fatigue, pruritis, insomnia, and delirium. This chapter reviews care of the imminently dying patient, discusses methods for assessing patients' symptoms, and provides two examples of valid and reliable symptom measurement systems: the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. Achieving symptom control requires the physician to assess patient suffering in all dimensions: physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. The extent of the assessment may be modified, however, based on patients’ prognosis as well as their goals and the burden and benefit of the diagnostic intervention. A 10-step protocol for terminal wean is presented. Signs that patients are entering their final days and symptom management in the last hours of a patient's life are discussed. Tables list the modified Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale; the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale; the DOLOPLUS-2 scale (behavioral pain assessment in the elderly); relative potencies of commonly used opioids; conversions between the transdermal fentanyl patch and morphine; symptomatic treatment for dyspnea, cough, and hiccups; pharmacologic treatment of nausea and vomiting; a progressive bowel regimen for patients receiving opioid therapy; treatments for constipation; etiology-based treatment for oral problems; risk factors for pressure ulcers; and applicable medications for physical and psychological sources of distress near the end of life. This chapter contains 12 tables, 120 references, 5 MCQs.
Hypertension
Authors: Bonaca Marc P
Published: January 2021

Hypertension is a common chronic disorder with an increasing prevalence in the context of an aging population. Patients with hypertension are at risk for adverse cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic outcomes. Treatment of hypertension reduces this associated risk; therefore, early diagnosis and systematic management are critical in reducing morbidity and mortality. Although hypertension is multifactorial, a large component is related to lifestyle, including excess sodium intake, lack of physical activity, and obesity. Lifestyle intervention and education, therefore, are critical to both prevention and treatment of hypertension. Patients diagnosed with hypertension should be evaluated for their overall risk, with specific therapies and treatment targets guided by their characteristics and comorbidities. Several professional and guideline societies have published recommendations with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, which have many similarities but also several areas of discussion and ongoing debate. Recent evolutions in the field include the expanded indications for home-based and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and outcomes trials, which add important data regarding optimal treatment targets. These evolutions are likely to be addressed in ongoing guideline updates.
This review contains 10 figures, 15 tables, and 67 references.
Key words: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure, blood pressure targets, cardiovascular risk, high blood pressure, home blood pressure monitoring, hypertension, screening, secondary hypertension
Diseases of the Nail Unit
Authors: Nguyen Jennifer , Cotserelis George
Published: January 2021

The human nail is a complex unit that includes five major modified cutaneous structures: the nail matrix, nail bed, nail plate, nail folds, and cuticle (eponychium). This chapter discusses the function and structure of the five nail components and the pathophysiology affecting each. Also reviewed are nail findings associated with underlying systemic and dermatologic conditions: splinter hemorrhages, koilonychia, transverse nail-plate depressions (Beau’s lines), onycholysis, leukonychia, clubbing, nail-plate pitting, and longitudinal pigmented bands. Infections of the nail are discussed, which include bacterial paronychia, chronic paronychia, and onychomycosis. Figures illustrate the longitudinal section of the fingernail, multiple pigmented longitudinal bands, psoriasis involving the fingernail, late-stage lichen planus of the fingernail, transverse linear grooves, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing a green nail, psoriasis of the nail, melanonychia striata, and a nail specimen for potassium hydroxide preparation. Tables describe antifungal treatment for toenail onychomycosis as well as selected dermatologic disorders that affect the nail unit. This chapter contains 50 references.
Infective Endocarditis
Authors: O'Gara Patrick T.
Published: January 2021

Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of a cardiac valve or the mural endocardium caused by bacteria or fungi. Forms of this infection include subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) and acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE). Etiology and epidemiology are discussed. There is a section on pathogenesis followed by specific clinical presentations, including endocarditis associated with parenteral drug abuse as well as prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). Diagnosis and cardiac complications of endocarditis, treatment, recommendations for prophylaxis, and prognosis are addressed. There are several figures showing manifestations and anatomic relations from the infection. Tables describe microorganisms that cause native valve endocarditis, the etiology of PVE, the Duke criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis, antimicrobial therapy for endocarditis in adults, guidelines to prevent endocarditis, and recommendations and regimens for endocarditis prophylaxis. This chapter contains 99 references.
Parkinsonism and Related Disorders
Authors: Slow Elizabeth J. , Lang Anthony E.
Published: January 2021

Parkinsonism describes the core clinical criteria of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. There is a large differential diagnosis, but the most common cause of parkinsonism is due to Parkinson disease. This review details the epidemiology, etiology/genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, management, and prognosis of Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, vascular parkinsonism, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and drug-induced parkinsonism. 
This review contains 8 figures, 32 tables, and 73 references.
Keywords: Parkinson disease, parkinsonism, levodopa, cogwheel ridigity, multiple system atrophy, dementia, substantia nigra, palsy, neurodegenerative disease, hydrocephalus, Lewy body, Lewy neurite
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Schissler Andrew J , Washko George , Come Carolyn E.
Published: January 2021

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. This edition reviews the epidemiology and etiologies of COPD, including the gender effects, racial differences, and more recently identified genetic factors associated with this condition. It details the many pathogenetic mechanisms thought to be associated with this disease state, such as increased airway inflammation and turnover of extracellular matrix. There is a detailed discussion about diagnosis, classification, and the therapeutic options available for both stable disease and acute exacerbations. The recent evidence supporting various treatments, such as vaccinations, inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oral corticosteroids, antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and surgery, is reviewed in depth. There is further evaluation of experimental approaches, such as bronchoscopic lung reduction procedures and the use of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for hypercapnic respiratory failure. The many complications associated with COPD are described, acknowledging that evidence continues to suggest that COPD has a significant systemic component associated with increased rates of psychiatric illness, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and skeletal muscle dysfunction along with lung cancer. Overall this text serves as an excellent evidence-based guide to better understand, diagnose, and manage COPD and its array of associated complications.
This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 241 references
Key words: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), COPD complications, COPD diagnosis, COPD management, COPD pathophysiology, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD)
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Miller Frederick W , Schiffenbauer Adam
Published: January 2021

The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), also known as myositis syndromes, are a collection of heterogeneous disorders that share the common feature of chronic muscle inflammation of unknown cause. These disorders may occur in adults or children and are sometimes associated with other connective tissue disorders and a variety of cancers. A combined clinical, laboratory, and pathologic evaluation is needed to establish the diagnosis of these acquired systemic connective tissue diseases to rule out the many disorders that mimic IIMs. This module reviews the classification of IIMs, including polymyositis, dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, myositis associated with other connective tissue diseases and cancer, and antisynthetase syndrome. The epidemiology; etiology, genetics, and environmental factors; pathophysiology and pathogenesis; diagnosis; differential diagnosis; treatment; and prognosis of IIMs are discussed. Tables describe the criteria for polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis; well-characterized subgroups of the IIMs in adults and children; presentation of polymyositis; differential diagnosis of muscle weakness or pain; features that assist in discriminating IIMs from other myopathies; goals for managing IIMs; and key factors for achieving adequate corticosteroid response in IIMs. Figures demonstrate skin findings in IIMs, muscle pathology of IIMs, magnetic resonance imaging of three patients with different IIMs, and treatment approaches to the management of myositis patients.
This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 80 references.
Management of Somatic Symptoms
Authors: Schröder Andreas , Dimsdale Joel E
Published: January 2021

Somatic symptoms that cannot be attributed to organic disease account for 15 to 20% of primary care consultations and up to 50% in specialized settings. About 6% of the general population has chronic somatic symptoms that affect functioning and quality of life. This chapter focuses on the recognition and effective management of patients with excessive and disabling somatic symptoms. The clinical presentation of somatic symptoms is categorized into three groups of patients: those with multiple somatic symptoms, those with health anxiety, and those with conversion disorder. The chapter provides information to assist with making a diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Management includes ways to improve the physician–patient interaction that will benefit the patient, a step-care model based on illness severity and complexity, and psychological and pharmacologic treatment. The chapter is enhanced by figures and tables that summarize health anxiety, symptoms, differential diagnoses, and management strategies, as well as by case studies and examples.
This review contains  5 highly rendered figures, 10 tables, and 235 references.
Infestations
Authors: Elston Dirk
Published: January 2021

This review looks at parasitic diseases of the skin. Scabies, caused by the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), and pediculosis, caused by the bloodsucking louse, are the most prevalent parasitic diseases in temperate regions. For treatment of scabies, ivermectin is suitable for mass drug administration during severe outbreaks, although patients with heavy scabies infestation may exhibit Mazzotti reactions during treatment with oral ivermectin. Another promising scabicide is Tinospora cordifolia lotion. The increase in global travel has also meant a worldwide increase in parasitic disorders endemic to tropical regions; these disorders include cutaneous larva migrans, pyodermas, arthropod-reactive dermatitis, myiasis, tungiasis, urticaria, and cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Finally, patients with delusional parasitosis will express the belief that parasitical organisms are infesting their skin. Pimozide, an antipsychotic, has been successfully used to treat delusional parasitosis.
This module contains 16 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, 15 references, and 5 MCQs.
Cirrhosis and Complications of Portal Hypertension
Authors: Cardenas Andres , Graupera Isabel , Sola Elsa , Ginès Pere
Published: January 2021

Cirrhosis is the most advanced stage of all the different types of chronic liver diseases. It is defined as a diffuse disorganization of normal hepatic structure by extensive fibrosis associated with regenerative nodules. Hepatic fibrosis is potentially reversible if the causative agent is removed. However, advanced cirrhosis leads to major alterations in the hepatic vascular bed and is usually irreversible. Cirrhosis is a progressive and severe clinical condition associated with considerable morbidity and high mortality. It leads to a wide spectrum of characteristic clinical manifestations, mainly attributable to hepatic insufficiency and portal hypertension. Major complications of portal hypertension include ascites, gastrointestinal (GI) variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), renal failure, and bacterial infections. In recent years, major advances in the understanding of the natural history and pathophysiology of cirrhosis and the treatment of its complications have led to improved management, quality of life, and life expectancy of patients with this disease. Cirrhosis is also a risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Decompensated cirrhosis carries a poor short-term prognosis; thus, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) should always be considered in suitable candidates. This chapter describes the epidemiology, etiology and genetic factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, general management, and treatment of cirrhosis. Complications of cirrhosis are discussed, including ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, dilutional hyponatremia, hepatorenal syndrome, variceal bleeding, hepatopulmonary syndrome and postpulmonary hypertension, HE, and HCC. Indications and contraindications for liver transplantation are described. Figures show liver biopsy results and ultrasound images in cirrhosis from hepatitis C, a patient with tense ascites, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS), large esophageal varices with red spots, and HCC. Tables outline the main causes of cirrhosis and the diagnostic methods for identifying them, the Child-Pugh score, diagnostic criteria for hepatorenal syndrome, grades of HE, and indications for liver transplantation.This chapter contains 6 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 73 references.