bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dysfunction and Pathology in Brussels: The European Commission and the Politics of Debt Restructuring
Authors: Angelou Angelos
Published: November 2022

The European Union (EU) studies literature has not engaged much with instances in which the European Commission exhibited dysfunctional and pathological behaviour. The paper employs a least likely case to suggest that the Commission might adopt such behaviour even under adverse circumstances. It examines the Commission's public opposition to a private sector involvement scheme for Greece in 2011, despite member states and investors favouring such an option. This stance exacerbated financial instability, proving detrimental for the Commission's stated crisis‐management goals. By using qualitative material, including 10 elite interviews, the paper attributes this behaviour to the Commission's pro‐integration culture as historically interpreted in the context of financial crises. This led the Commission to universalise inefficient policies whilst being insulated from external feedback. The study offers insights on when the Commission adopts dysfunctional behaviour whilst providing a novel angle on its role in EU integration.
Advances in vacuum frying: Recent developments and potential applications
Authors: Manzoor Shaziya , Masoodi F. A. , Rashid Rubiya , Wani Shoib Mohmad , Naqash Farah , Ahmad Mudasir
Published: November 2022

Vacuum frying has proven to be the most feasible technique to obtain safe and nutritious deep‐fried food without compromising its organoleptic and textural properties. This frying system has a lot of benefits over conventional frying such as reduced acrylamide content, lower oil content and better preservation of nutritious compounds. The most promising advantage of vacuum frying is its ability to produce foods with a low glycemic response. Optimization of vacuum frying technology is, however, a prerequisite to attain a fried product with desirable quality. Microwave‐assisted vacuum frying, ultrasound‐assisted microwave vacuum frying, and pulse‐spouted microwave vacuum frying are some of the novel frying techniques which improve the quality of fried products with enhanced nutrient retention, reduced oil uptake, and reduced starch digestibility. In addition, various pretreatments, posttreatments, packaging, and storage conditions have a profound effect on the quality of vacuum‐fried foods. This review aims to address the advantages vacuum frying offers over conventional frying, providing an overview of recent developments in this technology, and the effects of vacuum frying on the nutritional qualities of food.

Practical Applications

Frying industry all over the world is in boom as frying provides unique flavor and texture to the food products. However, the consumption of fried foods has been related to the development of various diseases due to the generation of harmful compounds at higher temperatures employed during deep‐frying. Vacuum frying has been suggested to overcome this limitation of atmospheric frying by maintaining low‐temperature conditions, thus producing safe foods. This review will focus on the developments done in vacuum fryer over the past few years and evaluate what enhancements in final fried products can be observed upon modifying the vacuum frying unit. Replacement of atmospheric fried products with vacuum‐fried products could further boost the frying sector by producing toxin‐free products without sacrificing sensorial or organoleptic properties.
Attitude of elite tennis coaches working with athletes with intellectual disabilities participating in Special Olympics
Authors: Orbán‐Sebestyén K. , Szilárd Z. S. , Farkas J. , Ökrös C. , Roswal G. M.
Published: November 2022

Background

There is a paucity of research regarding the attitudes of coaches towards training athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID). This is particularly evident for coaches working with athletes with ID that are competing in the innovative Special Olympics (SO) Unified Sports programme. Research on the inclusive impact of sport plays a significant role, not only in sports development but also in the training of sports professionals and coaches, as a sufficient amount of special coaching experience is required to achieve inclusion. For this reason, this study was conducted among professionals coaching tennis with athletes with ID. The purpose of this study was to analyse the attitudes of tennis coaches working with athletes with ID in the SO tennis programme.

Methods

The study was conducted on a sample of internationally recognised elite tennis coaches (n = 78) working with tennis players with ID at two international tennis competitions. A questionnaire and a structured interview were conducted with the coaches to examine the sociometric characteristics of the coaches involved in the research. Findings were then compared with views on professional statements for similarities and differences in their attitudes towards their athletes and their work.

Results

Results indicated that coaches felt the most important criteria for a coach working successfully with athletes with ID were (1) a wide range of knowledge, (2) professional expertise, (3) social sensitivity, (4) positive attitude and (5) motivation. Results supported the existing theoretical findings that besides professional expertise and experience, a basic knowledge about disability is needed among coaches working with athletes with ID.

Conclusions

This research was unique in the international scene, in that, although the number of tennis coaches working within the movement of SO is relatively high, to this date, no scientific survey has been focused on them.
A narrative review on subcutaneous injection components used for alopecia
Authors: Kim Jung Hyun
Published: November 2022

Background

Studies reporting the development and effectiveness of topical agents for alopecia are available. However, it was difficult to demonstrate a direct advantage of subcutaneous injection rather than topical application. Since existing articles lack information, future studies are needed to solve these problems and to narrow the knowledge gap.

Aims

Present article is aimed to review of the possible materials used in subcutaneous injection for alopecia with a hope for better guiding the analytic application and further evaluating the effective component for alopecia management.

Methods

A wide range of clinical articles was retrieved using electronic databases to determine the possible components used in subcutaneous injection and their potential mechanism of action.

Results

Eight components from 19 articles were found to be used for alopecia via subcutaneous administration.

Conclusions

The current study illuminated the curative effects of possible substances and discussed the efficacy of subcutaneous injections.
Longitudinal neural and behavioral trajectories of charity contributions across adolescence
Authors: Spaans Jochem , Peters Sabine , Becht Andrik , van der Cruijsen Renske , van de Groep Suzanne , Crone Eveline A.
Published: November 2022

This study examined the development of prosocial charity donations and neural activity in the ventral striatum when gaining rewards for self and for charity. Participants 10–22 years (95% European heritage) participated in three annual behavioral‐fMRI waves (T1: n = 160, T2: n = 167, T3: n = 175). Behaviorally, donations to charity as measured with an economic Dictator Game increased with age. Perspective taking also increased with age. In contrast, self‐gain and charity‐gain enjoyment decreased with age. Ventral striatum activity was higher for rewards for self than for charity, but this difference decreased during adolescence. Latent growth curve models revealed that higher donations were associated with a smaller difference between ventral striatum activation for self and charity. These findings show longitudinal brain–donations associations in adolescence.
Ideal and Mandatory Moral Norms
Authors: Finegan Thomas
Published: November 2022

“Ideals” are often invoked in contemporary theological discussion of moral norms, especially but not exclusively regarding norms of marriage/sex ethics. Seemingly absent from the discussion, however, is focused critical analysis of the distinction between ideal and mandatory normativity. Attempting to address this oversight, the following paper begins by highlighting a serious inconsistency between recent Catholic magisterial documents. It is proposed that the inconsistency is largely due to understanding the respective norms—relating to marriage and euthanasia—in divergent ways: per the very different orders of ideal and mandatory normativity. After a philosophical clarification of the distinguishing features of ideal and mandatory normativity, one particularly indebted to the work of Joseph Raz, the paper illustrates how divergence between them operates to create the aforementioned magisterial inconsistency. This inconsistency is paralleled by neglect of—and consequent incoherence around—the ideal‐mandatory norm distinction within wider moral theology. The last section considers how the distinction bears upon and helps illuminate the relationship between principles, rules, and rules' exceptions.
Changes in volatile aroma profiles of soybean, rice, and wheatkojiduring fermentation using stir bar sorptive extraction followed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and descriptive sensory analysis
Authors: Hwang In‐Seo , Kim Mina K.
Published: November 2022

Doenjang, a fermented soybean paste, is a traditional food ingredient in Korea. While the flavor ofdoenjangis heavily dependent onkoji, studies on the aroma characteristics ofkojiremain limited. This study aimed to determine the changes in the aroma profiles of soybeankoji(SBK), ricekoji(RK), and wheatkoji(WK). Aroma analysis was performed using stir bar sorptive extraction followed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and descriptive sensory analysis. In SBK, bean‐associated aroma was strongly developed due to the lipid‐derived compounds, whereas in RK, sweet aromas were relatively strong at 72 h due to the sweet‐smelling ester compounds. In WK, the nutty cracker attribute was significantly strengthened during fermentation due to the high concentration of aldehydes. The results showed that the aroma profile ofkojiwas influenced by main ingredient, and this finding is useful in improving aroma development with the use ofkojiin the fermented food industry.

Practical Application

Kojiis one of the key ingredients utilized in commercializeddoenjangmaking process in Korea, in order to accelerate the fermentation process. In this study, influences of raw materials ofkojiin the aroma development ofdoenjangwere investigated using descriptive sensory analysis and instrumental flavor analysis using GC‐MS. Raw material‐driven aroma compounds were documented in differentkojisamples, in which influences the aroma characteristics ofdoenjangmade withkojimade with different raw materials. Finding from this study can aiddoenjangmanufacturers for versatile aroma development of commercializeddoenjang.
Sleep disordered breathing and haemoglobin A1c levels within or over normal range and ageing or sex differences: the Nagahama study
Authors: Matsumoto Takeshi , Murase Kimihiko , Tabara Yasuharu , Minami Takuma , Kanai Osamu , Takeyama Hirofumi , Sunadome Hironobu , Nagasaki Tadao , Takahashi Naomi , Nakatsuka Yoshinari , Hamada Satoshi , Handa Tomohiro , Tanizawa Kiminobu , Nakamoto Isuzu , Wakamura Tomoko , Komenami Naoko , Setoh Kazuya , Kawaguchi Takahisa , Tsutsumi Takanobu , Morita Satoshi , Takahashi Yoshimitsu , Nakayama Takeo , Sato Susumu , Hirai Toyohiro , Matsuda Fumihiko , Chin Kazuo
Published: November 2022

Recently an association between blood glucose dysregulation and sleep disruption was suggested. The association between sleep disordered breathing, most of which is due to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the general population, and diabetic severity, as well as the impact of antidiabetic treatment, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate these associations as well as age and sex differences. This cross‐sectional study evaluated 7,680 community participants as the main cohort (population‐based cohort). OSA was assessed by the 3% oxygen desaturation index from pulse oximetry, which was corrected for sleep duration obtained by wrist actigraphy. For arguing the limitations for using pulse oximetry, 597 hospitalised patients, who were assessed by the apnea–hypopnea index from attended polysomnography, were also evaluated as the validation cohort (hospital‐based cohort). Moderate‐to‐severe OSA was more prevalent as haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels increased (<5.6%/5.6%–<6.5%/6.5%–<7.5%/≥7.5%, respectively) in both cohorts (p < 0.001), but only in those without antidiabetic treatment. The HbA1c level was an independent factor for moderate‐to‐severe OSA (population‐based cohort, odds ratio [OR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.45; hospital‐based cohort, OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.22–2.33, per 1% increase). These associations were more prominent in the middle‐aged (aged <60 years) than in the elderly (aged ≥60 years) and in women than in men in both cohorts. The prevalence of moderate‐to‐severe OSA in patients with antidiabetic treatment in the hospital‐based cohort was ≥75% regardless of HbA1c levels. In conclusion, an association between the prevalence of OSA and HbA1c level even within or over the normal range was found only in patients without antidiabetic treatment and was more prominent in the middle‐aged and in women.
A core microbiome in the hyphosphere of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has functional significance in organic phosphorus mineralization
Authors: Wang Letian , Zhang Lin , George Timothy S. , Feng Gu
Published: November 2022

The mycorrhizal pathway is an important phosphorus (P) uptake pathway for more than two‐thirds of land plants. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi‐associated hyphosphere microbiome has been considered as the second genome of mycorrhizal P uptake pathway and functionality in mobilizing soil organic P (Po). However, whether there is a core microbiome in the hyphosphere and how this is implicated in mining soil Po are less understood.

We established on‐site field trials located in humid, semiarid, and arid zones and a microcosm experiment in a glasshouse with specific AM fungi and varying soil types to answer the above questions.

The hyphosphere microbiome of AM fungi enhanced soil phosphatase activity and promoted Po mineralization in all sites. Although the assemblage of hyphosphere microbiomes identified in three climate zones was mediated by environmental factors, we detected a core set in three sites and the subsequent microcosm experiment. The core members were co‐enriched in the hyphosphere and dominated by Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. Moreover, these core bacterial members aggregate into stable guilds that contributed to phosphatase activity.

The core hyphosphere microbiome is taxonomically conserved and provides functions, with respect to the mineralization of Po, that AM fungi lack.
(−)‐Loliolide is a general signal of plant stress that activates jasmonate‐related responses
Authors: Li Lei‐Lei , Li Zheng , Lou Yonggen , Meiners Scott J. , Kong Chui‐Hua
Published: November 2022

The production of defensive metabolites in plants can be induced by signaling chemicals released by neighboring plants. Induction is mainly known from volatile aboveground signals, with belowground signals and their underlying mechanisms largely unknown.

We demonstrate that (−)‐loliolide triggers defensive metabolite responses to competitors, herbivores, and pathogens in seven plant species. We further explore the transcriptional responses of defensive pathways to verify the signaling role of (−)‐loliolide in wheat and rice models with well‐known defensive metabolites and gene systems.

In response to biotic and abiotic stressors, (−)‐loliolide is produced and secreted by roots. This, in turn, induces the production of defensive compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, benzoxazinoids, and cyanogenic glycosides, regardless of plant species. (−)‐Loliolide also triggers the expression of defense‐related genes, accompanied by an increase in the concentration of jasmonic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Transcriptome profiling and inhibitor incubation indicate that (−)‐loliolide‐induced defense responses are regulated through pathways mediated by jasmonic acid, H2O2, and Ca 2+.

These findings argue that (−)‐loliolide functions as a common belowground signal mediating chemical defense in plants. Such perception‐dependent plant chemical defenses will yield critical insights into belowground signaling interactions.
Is There any Difference in Clinical Outcome between Open and Arthroscopic Treatment for Tennis Elbow? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Li Yue , Guo Siyi , Li Shangzhe , Yang Guang , Lu Yi
Published: November 2022

There is considerable controversy regarding the optimal approach (open vs arthroscopic) of releasing and/or debridement for the treatment of tennis elbow (TE). The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes of the two techniques by quantitatively synthesizing outcome data. The study was performed by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, and Elsevier databases between January 1995 and April 2022 for a minimum follow‐up of 6 months. The searching strategy was “(tennis elbow [Title/Abstract] OR lateral epicondylitis [Title/Abstract]) AND (open [Title/Abstract] OR arthroscopic [Title/Abstract] OR release [Title/Abstract] OR debridement [Title/Abstract] OR surgery [Title/Abstract])”. The quality of each study was investigated using the Coleman Methodology Score. In total, 1411 (693 open, 718 arthroscopic) elbows in 1392 patients who underwent releasing and debridement for tennis elbow were identified. The mean Coleman Methodology Score for the included studies was 55.2 ± 8.6 (open: 55.0 ± 9.4, arthroscopic: 55.8 ± 8.2). Improved clinical results were achieved after treatment with either open or arthroscopic treatment. The surgical success rate was 95.6% in open surgery and 92.4% in arthroscopic management. The complication rates were 2.2% and 1.5% for open and arthroscopic procedures, respectively. Similar subjective and objective outcomes, and surgical success rate were observed in patients with both techniques. Patients who had undergone arthroscopic release seemed to return to work earlier (5.3 weeks vs 7.1 weeks). To draw more definite conclusions, high‐quality long‐term follow‐up randomized controlled trials are needed.
Characterization and allelism of soybean mosaic virus strain SC3 resistance in ‘Qihuang‐1’ derived soybean cultivars
Authors: Chen Shanyu , Liu Mengzhuo , Jin Tongtong , Wang Liqun , Xu Ran , Karthikeyan Adhimoolam , Zheng Guijie , Zhi Haijian
Published: November 2022

Soybean mosaic virus is a severe constraint of soybean production in China. A total of country‐wide 22 SMV strains (SC1‐SC22) were identified. Of these, SC3 is a major strain widely distributed in Huanghuai and Yangtze River Valley region of China. Soybean cultivar ‘Qihuang‐1’ contains RSC3Q locus conditioning the resistance to SC3 and is an important parental line extensively used to breed the soybean cultivars in China. The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic pattern of SC3 resistance genes in cultivars developed from ‘Qihuang‐1’ or its derivative lines. Hence, we have evaluated the SC3 resistance in 91 cultivars developed from ‘Qihuang‐1’ or its derivative lines. The results showed that a total of 43 cultivars exhibited resistance to the SC3 strain. Among them, 37 cultivars were derived from ‘Qihuang‐1’. Then, we have detected the RSC3Q loci in these cultivars using four SSR markers (Satt334, Sct_033, BARCSOYSSR_13_1114 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1136). It revealed that, among the 37 resistant cultivars derived from ‘Qihuang‐1’, there are 20 cultivars containing RSC3Q loci. Moreover, the allelic relationship of resistance genes was analysed using the crosses from resistance × resistance between ‘Qihuang‐1’ and its resistant derived cultivars. The results showed that the resistance genes of ‘Qihuang‐1’ and its 20 cultivars were allelic. But it is not allelic with those of the other 17 cultivars, different from ‘Qihuang‐1’, and also, RSC3Q does not condition the resistance. These results will be beneficial to exploring the transmission of resistance genes of ‘Qihuang‐1’ and will be useful to the disease resistance breeding of soybean.
Bilateral eyelid swelling as the presenting sign of subcutaneous sarcoidosis
Authors: McKinnon Alyson T. , Shalin Sara C. , Evans Megan S.
Published: November 2022

An 18‐year‐old Black female presented with a 2‐year history of bilateral upper eyelid swelling and the recent onset of multiple subcutaneous nodules on the arms. She had previously undergone evaluation and treatment for presumed angioedema. Biopsies of the eyelid and an arm nodule demonstrated non‐necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with special stains negative for acid‐fast bacilli and fungi, and the patient was diagnosed with subcutaneous sarcoidosis. The isolated finding of bilateral eyelid swelling 2 years prior to the onset of additional cutaneous findings led to a significant delay in diagnosis, highlighting the importance of considering sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis for bilateral eyelid swelling.
Incidence and distribution of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with dieback in walnut orchards in Australia
Authors: Antony Stella , Billones‐Baaijens Regina , Stodart Benjamin J. , Steel Christopher C. , Lang Michael D. , Savocchia Sandra
Published: November 2022

Fungi belonging to the family Botryosphaeriaceae have been implicated in significant economic loss in many horticultural crops worldwide. These fungal pathogens pose an emerging risk to the productivity of the Australian walnut industry, although which species of Botryosphaeriaceae are present is unknown. To address this knowledge gap, walnut tissues were collected from 14 orchards representing the major walnut‐growing regions of Australia, and fungal isolations performed. Botryosphaeriaceae species were recovered from both symptomatic and asymptomatic samples from nine of the orchards. DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of five Botryosphaeriaceae species, namely Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora, Neofusicoccum parvum, N. macroclavatum and Spencermartinsia viticola. Of the 106 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates recovered, D. seriata and N. parvum were the most prevalent species. Pathogenicity studies using detached stems indicated that Neofusicoccum spp. were the most virulent followed by D. seriata. This is the first systematic study on the incidence, identification and pathogenicity of species of Botryosphaeriaceae from walnut orchards in Australia.
The novel HLA‐DQB1*03:03:29 allele, identified by sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Yang A‐peng , Zheng Zhong‐zheng , Du Ke‐ming , Chen Jun‐min , Zeng Zhi‐yong
Published: November 2022

HLA‐DQB1*03:03:29 differs from HLA‐DQB1*03:03:02:01 by one nucleotide in exon 2.
The rise of GCC‐East Asian trade: A cointegration approach to analysing trade relationships
Authors: Rutledge Emilie , Polyzos Efstathios
Published: November 2022

The economic relationship between the Gulf Cooperation Council states and the countries of East Asia has grown in significance in recent years at the expense of the European Union and the USA. Empirical analysis of GCC‐East Asian trade indices shows that East Asian states now dominate GCC trade flows and a number of GCC‐East Asian Free Trade Agreements are cementing the long‐term economic ties between the two regional blocs, which are based on the complementarity of their economic structures and comparative advantage. Within East Asia, Japan is increasingly having to compete with China and India for both security of energy supplies from the GCC and to supply GCC markets with their manufactured exports. Using a new approach to analysing trade relationships, we utilise cointegration techniques to analyse GCC trade patterns over time. We find econometric evidence of a long‐term trade relationship between the GCC states and those of East Asia, in particular China, whose continued economic growth has allowed the GCC bloc to diversify its economic and political dependence away from North America and ‘look East’ for new strategic alliances.
Special issue on world Englishes and English for specific purposes (ESP)
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Jenks Christopher
Published: November 2022

This special issue brings together leading scholars in the field of English for specific purposes (ESP) for an innovative and insightful discussion of the interface between ESP, as a leading subject area in applied and educational linguistics, and world Englishes (WE), as a sub‐discipline of linguistics and sociolinguistics. The contributions to this special issue explore, in various ways, the synergies between these two approaches for linguistic research and pedagogy.
World Englishes and English for specific purposes (ESP)
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Jenks Christopher
Published: November 2022

This article sets out to review English for specific purposes (ESP) as a discipline and its conceptual and scholarly connections with the world Englishes (WE) approach English worldwide. This is done partly through a detailed literature review of articles on ESP in the Asian and European regions, taken from the journal English for Specific Purposes, identifying which countries and topics are most frequently represented in this leading publication. The later sections of the article go on to explore the disciplinary interface between ESP and world Englishes, with reference to the potential contributions of both disciplines to research on areas of shared interest, including English‐medium instruction (EMI) worldwide.
Locally hyperarithmetical induction
Authors: Aguilera J. P.
Published: November 2022

We compute the closure ordinals of hyperarithmetical inductive definitions of sets of integers and of locally hyperarithmetical inductive definitions of sets of integers.
Enough vector bundles on orbispaces
Authors: Pardon John
Published: November 2022

We show that every orbispace satisfying certain mild hypotheses has ‘enough’ vector bundles. It follows that the $K$-theory of finite rank vector bundles on such orbispaces is a cohomology theory. Global presentation results for smooth orbifolds and derived smooth orbifolds also follow.
Is the Future Hazy?
Authors: Goudarzi Sara
Published: November 2022

Direct, large-scale solar management interventions have been part of the fringe of the climate debate for decades. To critics, they were seen as a speculative excuse for not doing the hard work of reducing carbon emissions. It was thought that even asking whether these interventions could be considered created a moral hazard. But the argument that the sole focus should be on greenhouse gas emissions has run into the reality that reduction has been too slow. Is it time to reconsider climate interventions?
Two new species of Steneotarsonemus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) from the Himalayan forests of West Bengal, India
Authors: Ganguly Moumi , Karmakar Krishna
Published: November 2022

Two new species of the genus Steneotarsonemus Beer, 1954 namely Steneotarsonemus kharukiae Karmakar & Ganguly sp. nov. and Steneotarsonemus mohanasundarami Karmakar & Ganguly sp. nov. are described based on the specimens collected from northern hill zone of West Bengal. Steneotarsonemus kharukiae was collected from Capioedium assimile and closely resembles S. comosus and S. vasiljevae. Steneotarsonemus  mohanasundarami was collected from Oplismenus sp. and closely resembles S. stipa and S. hippodromus.
Reflection on Slide Rules, Calculators, Log Tables, and Computers
Authors: Greenslade Thomas B.
Published: November 2022

As I approach my 70th year in physics, let me tell my younger colleagues about my adventures with computation. When I was 14, my father gave me a slide rule because I appeared to be headed toward a career in physics. Since then, I have had experience with many other calculating devices.
Wavelength-Dependent Solar Limb Darkening with Smartphones, Solar Projection, and SalsaJ
Authors: Birriel Jennifer J. , Wagoner Jacob M.
Published: November 2022

Solar limb darkening is a prominent feature seen in white images of the Sun: the brightness of the solar disk is greatest at the solar center and decreases radially outward towards the limb. White light images can be used to examine and even model limb darkening; however, the limb-darkening effect is, in fact, wavelength dependent. Limb darkening is more pronounced at the blue end of the spectrum and less at the red end. We discuss a relatively simple method to examine the wavelength-dependent nature of limb darkening using solar projection, smartphone imaging, and SalsaJ software.
Podcast recording room design considerations and best practices
Authors: Didier Madeline
Published: November 2022

Podcast recording and listening has seen significant growth over recent years and continues to expand. The spaces used to record podcasts include everything from small closets to more sophisticated recording studios. There are not presently any known acoustic standards aimed specifically at the design of podcast studios. This paper discusses the question of what is required acoustically for a room to function successfully as a space for podcast recording. This is accomplished by examining an assortment of Jaffe Holden podcast studio projects, as well as existing standards for similar room types. Design considerations include background noise targets, sound isolation systems and performance targets, and room finishes and reverberation time targets. This paper also includes a discussion of how podcast studio acoustic design targets should be selected to optimize the functionality without overdesigning a space.
Between the devil and the deep blue sea—A journey towards shelfbreak acoustics (1982–2016)
Authors: Lynch James , Newhall Arthur E. , Gawarkiewicz Glen , Duda Timothy F. , Lin Ying-Tsong , von der Heydt Keith , Kemp John
Published: November 2022

In this talk, we present a retrospective of the journey that both we and the community have taken in going from the more well-trodden areas of deep and shallow water acoustics to the arena of sloping shelves and the continental shelfbreak. We discuss the bathymetry, geology, oceanography, biology, and acoustics of these regions, and also the technology and science advances made during that time. A number of the major experiments that we participated in will be highlighted. A quick look at how things have evolved since 2016, and where they might be going will also be included.
Variations of acoustic ducting in the presence of gulf stream warm core rings at the New England shelfbreak
Authors: Johnson Jennifer J. , Lin Ying-Tsong , Gawarkiewicz Glen , DeCourcy Brendan J. , Newhall Arthur E.
Published: November 2022

The physical oceanographic (PO) conditions at the New England shelfbreak have become more dynamic with increased warming and meandering of the gulf stream. Consequently, underwater sound propagation in the area has also become more variable. The most profound PO feature that breaks off from Gulf Stream instabilities is warm core rings, which have complex interactions with bathymetry and seasonal shelf water masses. Warm core rings can cause shelf water streamers to extend offshore, resulting in surface and/or subsurface acoustic ducting conditions. This study observed acoustic surface ducting and breakdown conditions induced by a shelf water streamer at the New England shelfbreak. Ducting conditions were variable when a subsequent warm core ring intruded the acoustic source and receiver network, mixing with the shelf water streamer and influencing the sound propagation during and after the acoustic duct breakdown period. The field observations were also compared with a broadband numerical model. With increasing gulf stream warm core ring formations, streamer induced surface ducts are becoming more relevant in shelf break acoustics. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
Sound propagation measurements using an autonomous underwater vehicle acoustic array in the New England shelf break acoustics network
Authors: Kukshtel Natalie , Lin Ying-Tsong , Lavery Andone C. , Loranger Scott , Chaytor Jason , Gawarkiewicz Glen
Published: November 2022

The New England shelf break is a highly dynamic region, which experiences complex spatial and temporal water-column variations due to interactions with warm core rings originating from the gulf stream. This widely varying ocean environment leads to changes in sound speed and acoustic propagation. Acoustic payload-equipped autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are advantageous for sound propagation measurements in such environments due to their ability to detect changes with greater spatial resolution compared to fixed moorings. An AUV-towed acoustic array was tested and deployed in the New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) experiment in May 2021. The acoustic AUV system was comprised of a modified REMUS 600 vehicle, a hull-mounted 3.5 kHz transducer, and a towed multi-channel linear hydrophone array. The AUV sound source was tested at the Dodge Pond Naval Facility to characterize the effect of AUV body resonance, and the resulting calibration was incorporated into the data processing. Propagation paths between the AUV, acoustic moorings, and a ship-towed sound source were studied to investigate the acoustic effects of varying physical oceanographic conditions and biological scattering layers. These measurements also enabled investigation of the local seabed conditions and sub-bottom layering structure. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
From Paul Langevin’s quartz sensor to ultrasound metrology of today
Authors: Lewin Peter A.
Published: November 2022

This talk focuses on the remarkable impact of Paul Langevin’s research since he (in 1917) proposed to use the piezoelectric properties of quartz for underwater detection of ultrasound signals. Not only has his pioneering idea opened the field of quantitative measurements of acoustic waves, but it also had far-reaching implications for the development of modern ultrasound metrology, driven by the need to ensure the safety of ultrasound used in visualizing of internal human organs for diagnostic applications and maximizing the efficacy and precision of treatment in therapeutic application of ultrasound waves. In summarizing the current advances in ultrasound metrology, a succinct background explaining why, initially, both the scientific community and industry were skeptical about the existence of the nonlinear (NL) wave propagation in tissue will be given and the design of an adequately wideband piezoelectric polymer hydrophone probe that was eventually used to verify that the 1–5 MHz probing wave then used in diagnostic ultrasound imaging was undergoing nonlinear distortion and generated harmonics in tissue will be discussed. [ Work supported by the NIHNINR through Grant No. 5R01NR015995. The contents of this presentation are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.]
Microscopic rogue waves in strongly nonlinear capillary wave turbulence
Authors: Orosco Jeremy , Connacher William , Nguyen Kha , Friend James
Published: November 2022

When an otherwise quiescent minuscule (O(≤10−6)μl) basin of water is driven by ultrasonic vibrations at high frequencies (O(≥106)Hz) and with nanoscale (O(≤10−9)m) amplitudes, turbulent capillary waves that are visible by eye (O(10−2)m amplitudes and O(10−1)s periods) form at the air-water interface. Classical mechanisms typically attributed to such instabilities—such as Faraday wave theory—are absent. Contemporary wave turbulence studies have been mainly limited to weakly nonlinear regimes. In this talk, we present detailed measurements of strongly nonlinear, microscopic capillary wave turbulence. We show that this regime is reliably statistically characterized as an alpha-stable Lévy flight with a varying tail parameter. Our results demonstrate that as input power is increased, the heaviness of distribution tails also increases so that rogue events play an increasingly prevalent role in the overall wave system. Implications for future study and potential applications within the area of controlled atomization are discussed.
An investigation of the maximum particle velocity as an invariant in acoustofluidic applications and more
Authors: Singh Arik , Zhang Naiqing , Friend James
Published: November 2022

Vibrating materials experience internal stress waves that can cause material failure or energy loss due to inelastic vibration. Failure is traditionally defined in terms of acceleration, yet this approach has many drawbacks, principally because it is not invariant with respect to scale, type of vibration, or material choice. Here, the likelihood of failure is instead defined in terms of the maximum particle velocity. While the exact dependence of the internal stress on the particle velocity may be determined for specific cases, here we take a statistical approach in seeking a universal maximum particle velocity correlated to a specific risk of material failure. Our Monte Carlo-based analysis on a variety of materials, vibration types and frequencies, structures with flaws, and vibration velocities produced results in support of the notion that a maximum particle velocity on the order of 1 m/s is a universal and critical limit. Upon exceeding this limit, we find the probability of failure or excessive acoustic loss in suppression of the vibration to become significant, regardless of the details of the material, geometry, or vibration. We illustrate this in a specific example relevant to acoustofluidics, a simple surface acoustic wave device with fluid sample, and point out the value of using the maximum particle velocity as a design invariant.
Recent results in shallow water acoustic channel estimation and equalization
Authors: Sen Gupta Ananya , Kofron Nathan , Riherd Eva
Published: November 2022

Shallow water acoustic channel estimation and equalization has been widely studied and explored across the last three decades, with several techniques being proposed that account for the rapidly time-varying nature of the channel. Despite advances in integrating robust channel equalization techniques with channel estimation, incorporating well-known models of acoustic propagation into the equalization setup has been hard. In this work, we will present some of our recent explorations in this regard involving a hybrid setting as well as a model-based simulation to test the performance of simple equalization schemes under a variety of channel conditions. The shallow water acoustic channel is first estimated from experimental field data, and the real-time channel estimates are used to simulate an end-to-end communication system with ambient noise at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). In tandem, we also simulate a time-varying shallow water acoustic channel under similar oceanic conditions using the Bellhop model, along with a communication system with similar signaling schemes and SNR variations. Equalization results from both the hybrid and model-based settings will be presented and implications of including machine learning to learn the channel parameters from both setups to inform the channel equalizers will be explored.
Recording studio sound isolation: A case study of challenges faced in measuring door transmission class (DTC) and noise isolation class (NIC) in small rooms
Authors: Clements Jessica S.
Published: November 2022

This case study examines the challenges faced in measuring the DTC and NIC between a recording studio control room and the studio recording space. Challenges included structural radiation around the tested partition, flanking paths, ADA ramp design, and improper use of the space during construction. The measurements were performed following the procedures of ASTM E2964-14 Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Normalized Insertion Loss of Doors and ASTM E336-19 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound Attenuation between Rooms in Budlings. The spaces were designed by an acoustical consultant and desired by the owner to have extremely high levels of sound isolation. Furthermore, the nature of the intended clientele necessitated high performance, a high finish level, and state of the art technology. The investigators were not part of the design team and were invited to measure the space to document and validate the final performance. This presentation will outline the findings, challenges in measurement, and the steps taken to increase the sound isolation performance.
Effect of spatial separation of sources on speech intelligibility in an automotive environment
Authors: Liang Linda , Yu Guangzheng
Published: November 2022

Speech intelligibility has been shown to be enhanced when the target speech source is spatially separated from the interferer, which is related to the spatial unmasking phenomenon. However, this issue has not been studied in the small acoustical space of an automobile. This study, thus, examines the effect of spatial separation of sources on the speech reception threshold (SRT) in an automobile, and compared with the results in a weak-reflective listening room. The target was always presented at the front-passenger seat, and the interferer was presented at the front-passenger seat, right-back seat, mid-back seat, and left-back seat in sequence. The stimuli were synthesized using convolution with binaural room impulse responses measured on a dummy head in driver seat under different interferer locations. Sentence SRTs in Mandarin Chinese were measured via headphones virtually in an automobile and a listening room. Accordingly, the spatial release from masking (SRM) was obtained based on the SRT result. Results show that the SRM in automobile is always smaller than that in listening room, because the early reflections and seat-back occlusions cannot only obscure the binaural cues related to the source localization such as the interaural-time-difference and interaural-level-difference, but also influence the target-to-interferer ratio.
Predictive capability assessment for physics-guided learning of vortex-induced vibrations
Authors: Banyay Gregory A. , Wixom Andrew S.
Published: November 2022

We seek here a computationally parsimonious and credible means to simulate the complex phenomena of vortex-induced vibrations (ViV), as one tool to assist in mitigating risk associated with ViV-induced instabilities that can cause non-negligible structural acoustic response. To address current limitations in data-driven modeling, for which credibility assessment proves challenging, or physics-based simulation (i.e., constrained by governing partial differential equations (PDEs)), which often includes prohibitive computational expense, we explore recent state-of-the-art approaches to optimally combine these engineering disciplines via a physics-guided machine learning framework. One can expect that intersecting data-driven modeling with physics-guided simulation offers one means to both maximize the credibility of machine learning based approaches and minimize the computational expense of physics-based modeling approaches.
Training physics-informed neural networks to directly predict acoustic field values in simple environments
Authors: Lee Brandon M. , Dowling David R.
Published: November 2022

As acousticians turn to machine learning for solutions to old and new problems, neural networks have become a go-to tool due to their capacity for model representation and quick forward computations. However, these benefits come at the cost of obscurity; it is difficult to determine whether the proficiency of a trained neural network is limited by training effort, training dataset size or scope, or compatibility of the network’s design with the data’s underlying pattern of interest. For neural networks trained to provide solutions to the point-source Helmholtz-equation in axisymmetric single-path, two-path, and multi-path (ideal waveguide) environments with constant sound speed, the key limitations are the dataset composition and network design. This study examines the effects on performance and explainablity which result from providing physical information (governing equation and boundary conditions) to these neural networks, instead of only acoustic-field solutions generated from well-known analytic solutions. The outcome of using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for these simple environments informs their possible extension to more complex, realistic environments. This study emphasizes source frequencies in the 100’s of Hz, depths up to 500 m, and ranges up to 10 km for sound speeds near 1500 m/s. [Work supported by the NDSEG fellowship program.]
Pneumonia diagnosis algorithm based on room impulse responses using cough sounds
Authors: Jeon Jin Yong , Kim Na Young , Kim Sang Heon , Kim Hong Jin , Park Gwun Il
Published: November 2022

For data augmentation of the pneumonia diagnosis algorithm by deep learning, an image conversion method through a convolutional method utilizing spatial impulse and sound quality factors of cough sounds is proposed. First, reverberant spaces with different volumes were implemented, and spatial impulse responses were generated for each space through computer simulation of spatial models according to sound source and receiver points. Sound quality analysis was performed to improve accuracy, and 2-D sound quality data of time series was converted into 3-D image data using the Gramian Angular Field (GAF) method for combination between heterogeneous data. As a result, 97.5% accuracy was obtained for the configured dataset. The result of this study is expected to be used to develop diagnostic algorithms for various respiratory diseases including pneumonia in the future.
The feces thesis: Using machine learning to detect diarrhea
Authors: Gatlin Maia , Ancalle David S. , Popa Anthony , Taneja Ashima , Tyler Cade , Meyer David , Hu David L. , Noel Alexis
Published: November 2022

Cholera is a bacterial disease which induces extremely liquid diarrhea. It affects millions of people, resulting in up to about 150,000 deaths per year. In this study, a sensor is developed which can non-invasively determine if an outbreak may occur in an area, acting as an early detection method so that resources can be employed to stop the rapid spread of the disease. The sensor uses a microphone to collect audio samples of various excretion events. The collected acoustic data are pre-processed to produce mel spectrograms which capture the distinct temporal frequency characteristics of each excretion event. These mel spectrograms are input into a pre-trained convolutional neural network to classify the event as either diarrheal or non-diarrheal with up to 98.1% accuracy. The algorithm is also capable of classifying other excretion events such as urination, flatulence, and defecation. The sensor developed here could be applied to identify other use cases such as tracking bowl movements for hospice patients or for those with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease.
MEMS microphones as ultrasonic transducers
Authors: Niu Xiaoyu , Meng Yuqi , Liu Zihuan , Vatankhah Ehsan , Hall Neal A.
Published: November 2022

We demonstrate the transmission of ultrasound in air using a transducer that resembles a MEMS microphone in its construction. The device comprises a compliant 1 mm diameter diaphragm, a stiff perforated backplate electrode, and a back-volume. The diaphragm is driven using AC signals with peak values that exceed the pull-in voltage of the diaphragm. Relatively large diaphragm displacements are achieved as diaphragm oscillations traverse the complete 2.30-micrometer diaphragm-backplate gap in response to excitation waveforms spanning from 40 kHz to 150 kHz. Large amplitude diaphragm vibration is advantageous for high SPL applications in air, as sound pressure is directly proportional to diaphragm displacement for a given operating frequency. Diaphragm vibration profiles are measured using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer, and resultant acoustic pressure waveforms in air are measured using a broadband microphone. We demonstrate how nonlinear features of the electrostatic transducer can be exploited to generate loud, broadband signals. We also discuss interesting applications using an array of these transducers.