bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percentage and Relative Error Measures in Forecast Evaluation
Authors: Jose Victor Richmond R.
Published: November 2016

Properties of two large families of scale-free forecast accuracy measures that include popular measures such as mean absolute percentage error, relative error, and squared percentage error, are examined in this paper. We describe the optimal reports when forecasts are evaluated using these measures. We also provide analytic expressions for the optimal Bayes’ act associated with these measures under a general power transformation for several well-known probability distributions. We then show that using measures from these two families may inadvertently provide incentives for either pessimism or optimism among forecasters, i.e., rewarding underforecasts or overforecasts relative to some reference measure of central tendency. As an illustration of these concepts, we examine the use of these measures for model selection in a forecast aggregation example using stock price forecasts derived from the Thomson Reuters Institutional Brokers’ Estimate System. This example illustrates how aggregation methods that always yield lower estimates relative to the mean or median generally exhibit better scores using percentage error-based measures, while those that yield higher estimates compared to the mean or median will effectively rank higher when relative error-based measures are used.
Partnership in care: paediatric nursing model
Authors: Farrell Michael
Published: November 2016

In 1988, Casey developed her partnership in care model for use within the paediatric healthcare setting as she felt that other models did not recognize or emphasize concepts that she deemed essential for effective paediatric care. This has now been adopted by the Hospitals for Sick Children as the model of care.
Advances in clinical practice
Authors: Wright Steve
Published: November 2016

Primary nursing, quality assurance, the growth of research and nursing development units are but a few of the developments that are increasing nursing's worth as a profession, in the eyes of its own practitioners, as well as those of the politicians and public.
Neuropsychopathology of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Gillespie Francis J
Published: November 2016

Most, if not all, patients with HIV/AIDS experience significant problems in adjusting to a probably fatal illness and require psychological or psychiatric assistance. This places an enormous neuropsychiatrie burden on the psychiatric services.
The nurse as patient educator
Authors: Barrass Deborah
Published: November 2016

This article aims to examine the andragogical theory of adult learning and the implication that knowledge of adult learning theory is a prerequisite for successful patient teaching.
Somaclonal variation induction of Bogor taro (Colocasia esculenta) by gamma irradiation
Authors: NURILMALA FEBI , HUTAGAOL RICSON PEMIMPIN , WIDHYASTINI IGA MANIK , WIDYASTUTI UTUT , SUHARSONO SUHARSONO
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Nurilmala F, Hutagaol RP, Widhyastini IM, Widyastuti U, Suharsono.2017. Somaclonal variation induction of Bogor taro (Colocasia esculenta) by gamma irradiation. Biodiversitas 18: 28-33. Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is a staple food that all parts of the plants can be consumed from the leaves, stems and corms. In the framework of breeding, diversity of characters has needed and somaclonal variation induction is the one of the utilized technological option. This research aims to develop somaclonal variation of Bogor taro to expand the diversity of character that leads to a new genotype which will then be multiplicated in order to meet the needs of superior seeds. Induction made to the apical shoots culture of Bogor taro with gamma ray irradiation doses of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy. Evaluation of the mutants were conducted with AFLP markers and quantitative similarity analysis using UPGMA method. The results show that the gamma ray give influence on the number of leaves and the highest at doses of 10 Gy, not so on the new shoots and dose 20 Gy is a lethal dose. AFLP analysis of the 13 samples taro Bogor generate 235 fragments in the size of 50-255 bp and produces a dendogram with similarity coefficients 0.49 to 0.81 that the induction of somaclonal variation produces a diversity of up to 51% compared to the parent.Keywords: AFLP analysis, Colocasia esculenta, gamma ray irradiation, somaclonal variations, taroÂ
Factors affecting paddy farm income in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: KARMINI KARMINI
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Karmini.2017. Factors affecting paddy farm income in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 101-108. The development of paddy farming in East Kalimantan Province faces problem and challenge as the low level of paddy farm income. Consequently, efforts are needed to increase paddy farm income. The objective of this study is to determine factors affecting paddy farm income. This study was carried out in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia (Now, the province was divided into two, East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan). The two-stage cluster sampling was applied to select one cities and three Districts (Bontang City, Kutai Kartanegara District, and Penajam Paser Utara District) and to choose 3 sub-cities and 6 sub-districts (Sub-cities of South Bontang, North Bontang, and West Bontang and Sub-districts of Tenggarong Seberang, Loa Janan, Muara Muntai, Babulu, Penajam, and Waru) as the study areas. The simple random sampling was used to choose the households of paddy farmers as respondents. This study assessed 380 paddy households as respondents. The regression function was used to analyze the data. The result of F test shows age of household head, depreciation of tools, experience of household head in paddy farming, labour cost, land cultivation cost, paddy farm size, raw materials cost, and rice requirement of the household, collectively, very significantly affect paddy farm income in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The results of t tests show land cultivation cost, paddy farm size, and raw materials cost, individually, significantly affect paddy farm income in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Meanwhile, labour cost, individually, significantly affect paddy farm income. However, the other variables, individually, are not significantly affect paddy farm income.

Keywords: East Kalimantan, farm, income, Indonesia, paddy
Characterization of phenotypic diversity of a medicinal plant Lunasia amara
Authors: CAHYANINGSIH RIA
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Cahyaningsih R. 2016. Characterization of phenotypic diversity of a medicinal plant Lunasia amara. Nusantara Bioscience 8: 245-251. Characterization of phenotypic diversity is an important first step in the conservation of plant species and in plant breeding for human purposes. Lunasia amara Blanco (‘kemaitan’, ‘sanrego’) is a medicinal plant native to Indonesia, used traditionally as an aphrodisiac. However, there is little knowledge about genetic diversity in this species, and even its taxonomic status remains under review. The study reported here describes and classifies phenotypic diversity among Lunasia amara and its relatives, focusing on vegetative characters assessed in the extensive collection of the species held in Indonesian Botanic Gardens. Based on results of a similarity analysis using SIMQUAL (Similarity for Qualitative Data) employing SM (Simple Matching Coefficients), the accessions exhibit low phenotypic diversity as indicated by high similarity coefficients. Nevertheless, the accessions could be divided into two not very distinctive groups. Based on PCA (Principal Component Analysis), none of the observed characters were of outstanding significance in partitioning the diversity among the accessions. Due to their high similarity value, and despite the wide geographic area represented in the accessions, the study lends support to the belief that they belong to a single taxon, Lunasia amara var. amara. For conservation of Lunasia spp, this study suggests further collection activity is not a priority. Studies on the quantitative content of medicinally active constituents as well as phylogenetic studies of molecular diversity would test this conclusion and support a plant breeding program to develop the usefulness of this plant for human purposes.
Screening and characterization of amylase enzyme in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) juice clarification
Authors: UTAMI ROHULA , WIDOWATI ESTI , CHRISTY ACCESSTIA
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Utami R, Widowati E, Christy A. 2016. Screening and characterization of amylase enzyme in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) juice clarification. Nusantara Bioscience 8: 268-272. The amylum compound of sweet orange cloudify the produced juice. Clarification by amylase could remove the cloudiness. The aimed of this study were screening the amylolytic bacteria from spoiled potato which are potential in clarification of sweet orange juice, and characterization of the resulted amylase (optimum pH and temperature, pH and thermal stability, KM and Vmax). The results showed that from thirteen bacterial isolates, three isolates (K-7, K-8, and K-11) produced enzymes that showed the best clarification activity on the sweet orange juice. The optimum pH of the isolate K-7, K-8, and K-11 enzymes were found to be 7, 7 and 6, respectively. The optimum temperature of the isolate K-7, K-8, and K-11 enzymes were found to be 35, 40 and 35°C, respectively. Enzymes of isolate K-7, K-8, and K-11 were stable in the pH range 3-6, 5-6, and 7-8, respectively. The enzyme of isolate K-7 and K-11 were stable at temperature 40-60°C while enzyme of isolate K-8 stable at temperature 40-70° C. Km values of isolate K-7, K-8, and K-11 enzymes were 0.2756 mg/mL, 0.0888 mg/mL, and 0.0956 mg/mL, respectively. Vmax values of isolate K-7, K-8, and K-11 enzyme were 0.0325 U/mL, 0.0164 U/mL, and 0.0134 U/mL.
Characterization of cassava starch-based edible film enriched with lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus)
Authors: RESIANINGRUM RIANI , ATMAKA WINDI , KHASANAH LIA UMI , KAWIJI KAWIJI , UTAMI ROHULA , PRASEPTIANGGA DANAR
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Resianingrum R, Atmaka W, Khasanah LU, Kawiji, Utami R, Praseptiangga D. 2016. Characterization of cassava starch-based edible film enriched with lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus). Nusantara Bioscience 8: 278-282.  Good packaging is necessary to prevent food spoilage before and after processing. The edible film maintains food quality and eco-friendly packaging. Cassava starch-based edible film is capable of being developed because of the approaching appearance of plastic packaging. The addition of essential oils can be used as an alternative to improve the antimicrobial properties of the edible film. Lemongrass oil consists of active compounds that shown antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the characteristics of cassava starch-based edible film incorporated with lemongrass oil were investigated. Concentration of lemongrass oils varied at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%. The analyzed edible film characteristics include thickness, water vapor transmission rate, tensile strength, elongation, and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the addition of lemongrass oil increased the thickness, tensile strength, and antimicrobial activity but decreased the elongation of edible films. The water vapor transmission rate of edible films was not affected by the addition of lemongrass oil.
Effect of cinnamon essential oils addition in the sensory attributes of dark chocolate
Authors: DWIJATMOKOa MUHAMMAD ISA , PRASEPTIANGGA DANAR , MUHAMMAD DIMAS RAHADIAN AJI
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Dwijatmoko MI, Praseptiangga D, Muhammad DRA. 2016. Effect of cinnamon essential oils addition in the sensory attributes of dark chocolate. Nusantara Bioscience 8: 301-305. Chocolate is one of the most popular confectionery products in the world. The increasing demand for healthy foods has led to rapid growth in innovative healthy chocolate. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) has been widely used as flavoring agent in the food product as well as has been proven to have benefit for human well-being. This study aims to investigate the effect of cinnamon essential oils added in dark chocolate on consumer acceptance. A hedonic test using untrained panelists was performed in this research. The result showed that the presence of the cinnamon essential oils changed significantly on the panelist acceptability to the chocolate.
Towards an Olympic volunteering legacy: motivating volunteers to serve and remain – a case study of London 2012 Olympic Games volunteers
Authors: Koutrou Niki , Pappous Athanasios (Sakis)
Published: November 2016

Volunteers are often seen as ‘soft infrastructure’ following the legacy plans of host nations aiming to stage the Olympic Games. This refers to social mobility and the potential of further utilising such volunteer resources for other future events and activities that would benefit the community. The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of a volunteer legacy following volunteers’ involvement with the London 2012 Olympic Games. A total of 163 volunteers involved with the transport department of London 2012 completed a web-based survey. Factor analysis was employed to summarise volunteers’ motivations. The analysis yielded five reliable dimensions of their motivations. Regression analysis was then applied to identify which motivations, sociodemographic characteristics and sport engagement variables had an impact on future intentions for volunteering. The implications of the findings for a potential social legacy of volunteering are explored.
Calibração de um índice de qualidade de águas subterrâneas (IQNAS) para a região do vale do Rio Pardo, RS, Brasil: nova ferramenta tecnológica para o monitoramento ambiental
Authors: Pacheco Graciela , Costa Adilson Ben da , Silveira Elizandro Oliveira , Deprá Bruno , Lobo Eduardo A.
Published: November 2016

O estudo teve por finalidade calibrar um índice de qualidade de água subterrânea para a região do Vale do Rio Pardo, RS, visando avaliar a qualidade da água, através de análises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, em duas campanhas de amostragem, realizadas no período de fevereiro a setembro de 2015. Os parâmetros analisados foram: benzeno, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, ferro, manganês, cloreto, fluoreto, dureza, pH, sulfatos, turbidez, nitrato, nitrogênio amoniacal, mercúrio total, condutividade elétrica, Sólidos Totais Dissolvidos, alcalinidade (carbonatos, bicarbonatos e hidróxidos), sódio e potássio. Com base nos principais índices publicados de qualidade de águas subterrâneas (SEQ- EAUX Souterraines, Deininger, IQNAS, IQASB) e, considerando a tipologia química da região (presença excessiva de fluoretos em 18% das amostras) o IQNAS foi escolhido por refletir de forma mais representativa a qualidade destas águas. Para calibração dos pesos das variáveis usadas para o cálculo do IQNAS, utilizou-se a Análise de Componentes Principais. Considerando os usos prioritários das águas subterrâneas da região, os parâmetros cloreto e fluoreto foram identificados como as variáveis mais importantes e com o maior peso na configuração do índice. Desta forma, aplicando o IQNAS calibrado, 74% das amostras de águas apresentaram qualidade Ótima, 9% qualidade Boa e 17% impróprias para consumo humano. Concluiu-se que o IQNAS calibrado neste trabalho é uma ferramenta eficiente para representar as condições ambientais da região.
Identifying informational norms in Mumsnet Talk: A reflexive-linguistic approach to internet research ethics
Authors: Mackenzie Jai
Published: November 2016

In recent years, researchers working within the discipline of applied linguistics and beyond have discovered stimulating opportunities to study human interaction, rituals and behaviours online. But with these opportunities come concerns for the human subjects ‘behind’ online data, most notably, their rights to privacy and freedom from harm. Applied linguists working with data from the internet therefore have a responsibility to continually scrutinise and re-evaluate the ethics of their research methods in line with fast-moving technological developments. In the past decade, an increasing number of scholars have advocated a case-based, context-sensitive approach to the issue of privacy, ethics and internet research. But the mechanisms for applying such an approach are often not made explicit, leaving researchers unsure how to proceed ethically in increasingly complex and shifting research contexts. Using a study of the Mumsnet Talk forum as a case, I show how my self-reflexive and linguistic approach, which draws on established traditions in qualitative research, has helped me to understand what many users of this forum see as normal information flows within this setting. I suggest that such areflexive-linguisticapproach is of value to internet researchers working within the applied linguistic discipline and beyond, who wish to make sensitive, informed ethical judgements that minimise the risk of harm to their participants.
Pollen morphology and the flower visitors of Chaerophyllum coloratum L. (Apiaceae)
Authors: Mačukanović-Jocić Marina , Stešević Danijela , Rančić Dragana , Stevanović Zora Dajić
Published: November 2016

The pollen features of Chaerophyllum coloratum L., endemic to the Dinaric Alps, have been examined by both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in order to contribute to a better understanding of the taxonomic status of the species. Flower visitors have also been observed and analyzed with the aim of clarifying certain pollination aspects of the species including flower attractiveness especially to honeybees, and also in order to ascertain its contribution to the bee pasture. The pollen grains of C. coloratum are isopolar, radially symmetrical and medium sized. Polar axis (P) is 26.83±1.77 μm length, and equatorial diameter (E) is 9.17±0.57 μm length. P/E ratio amounts 2.90±0.10 indicating a perprolate shape. In an equatorial view, the grains are constricted in the equatorial region (bone-shaped), with obtuse polar caps. In polar view, they are triangular with obtuse angles and furrows in the sides of the triangle (interangular). The grains are tricolporate with three straight ectocolpi arranged regularly meridionally, of mean length 14.43±2.17 μm, each of which has one endopore. The characteristic internal thickenings around the protruding, clearly visible endopores (costae) in the constricted equatorial region are obvious in light microscopy. The ornamentation is psilate, irregularly rugulate (“cerebroid”), the exine surface is rather undulating. With regard to the observed flower visitors, the following pollination types occurred: melittophily, myophily, sapromyophily, cantharophily, and phalaenophily, and the most frequent pollinator was the honeybee.
Primary sand-dune plant community and soil properties during the west-coast India monsoon
Authors: Willis A. , Harris P.J.C , Rodrigues B.F. , Sparks T.H.
Published: November 2016

A seven-station interrupted belt transect was established that followed a previously observed plant zonation pattern across an aggrading primary coastal dune system in the dry tropical region of west-coast India. The dominant weather pattern is monsoon from June to November, followed by hot and dry winter months when rainfall is scarce. Physical and chemical soil characteristics in each of the stations were analysed on five separate occasions, the first before the onset of monsoon, three during and the last post-monsoon. The plant community pattern was confirmed by quadrat survey. A pH gradient decreased with distance from the shoreline. Nutrient concentrations were deficient, increasing only in small amounts until the furthest station inland. At that location, there was a distinct and abrupt pedological transition zone from psammite to humic soils. There was a significant increase over previous stations in mean organic matter, ammonium nitrate and soil-water retention, although the increase in real terms was small. ANOVA showed significant variation in electrical conductivity, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and sodium concentrations over time. There was no relationship between soil chemistry characteristics and plant community structure over the transect. Ipomoea pes-caprae and Spinifex littoreus were restricted to the foredunes, the leguminous forb Alysicarpus vaginalis and Perotis indica to the two stations furthest from the strand. Ischaemum indicum, a C4 perennial grass species adopting an ephemeral strategy was, in contrast, ubiquitous to all stations.
Exposure to bleomycin nanoaerosol does not induce fibrosis in mice
Authors: Shlyapnikova Elena A. , Kanev Igor L. , Novikova Nadezhda N. , Litvinova Elena G. , Shlyapnikov Yuri M. , Morozov Victor N.
Published: November 2016

Bleomycin (BLM), a cytostatic drug widely used in the treatment of cancer, often induces lung fibrosis as a side effect. This phenomenon has been exploited in biomedical studies to create a fibrosis model. Inhalation of BLM nanoaerosol particles (NAPs) was expected to induce severe fibrosis in mice. Instead, inhalation of BLM NAPs for 13 days with a total inhaled dose of ~1 mg/kg did not cause pneumofibrosis in CD-1 mice; only marked pneumonitis with infiltration of macrophages in all parts of the lungs was observed in all eight mice exposed. These changes were notably reversible within 2 weeks of cessation of exposure. Despite the limited number of animals it was confidently concluded that slow administration of BLM in the form of NAPs did not cause fibrosis as the bolus instillation of similar doses does.
Intelligent Transport Systems in the Management
of Road Transportation
Authors: Kalupová Blanka , Hlavoň Ivan
Published: November 2016

Extension of European Union causes increase
of free transfer of people and goods. At the same time
they raised the problems associated with the transport,
e.g. congestion and related accidents on roads, air traffic
delays and more. To increase the efficiency and safety
of transport, the European Commission supports the introduction
of intelligent transport systems and services in
all transport sectors. Implementation of intelligent transport
systems and services in the road transport reduces
accident frequency, increases the capacity of existing infrastructure
and reduces congestions. Use of toll systems
provides resources needed for the construction and operation
of a new road network, improves public transport, cycling
transport and walking transport, and also their multimodal
integration with individual car transport.
Characterization of tabique walls nails of the Alto
Douro Wine Region
Authors: Cardoso Rui , Pinto Jorge , Paiva Anabela , Lanzinha João Carlos
Published: November 2016

Tabique is one of the main Portuguese traditional
building techniques which use raw materials as
stone, earth andwood. In general, a tabique building component
as a wall consist of a wooden structure made up of
vertical boards connected to laths by metal nails and covered
on both sides by an earth based material. This traditional
building technology as an expressive incidence
in the Alto Douro Wine Region located in the interior of
Northern Portugal, added to the UNESCO’s Word Heritage
Sites List in December 2001 as an ‘evolved continuing cultural
landscape’. Furthermore, previous research works
have shown that the existing tabique construction, in this
region, reveals a certain lack of maintenance partially justified
by the knowledge loosed on that technique, consequently
this construction technique present an advanced
stage of deterioration. This aspect associated to the fact
that there is still a lack of scientific studies in this field motivated
the writing of this paper, the main objectives are to
identify and characterize the nails used in the timber connections.
The nails samples were collected from tabique
walls included in tabique buildings located in LamegoMunicipality,
near Douro River, in the Alto Douro Wine Region.
This work also intends to give guidelines to the rehabilitation
and preservation of this important legacy.
ANFIS optimized semi-active fuzzy logic controller
for magnetorheological dampers
Authors: César Manuel Braz , Barros Rui Carneiro
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we report on the development of
a neuro-fuzzy controller for magnetorheological dampers
using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System or ANFIS.
Fuzzy logic based controllers are capable to deal with
non-linear or uncertain systems, which make them particularly
well suited for civil engineering applications. The
main objective is to develop a semi-active control system
with a MR damper to reduce the response of a three
degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) building structure. The control
system is designed using ANFIS to optimize the fuzzy inference
rule of a simple fuzzy logic controller. The results
show that the proposed semi-active neuro-fuzzy based
controller is effective in reducing the response of structural
system.
Green and facile synthesis of Fe3O4-PbS magnetic nanocomposites applicable for the degradation of toxic organic dyes
Authors: Hedayati Kambiz , Goodarzi Mojtaba , Kord Mohsen
Published: November 2016

Magnetite (Fe
The Status of William Carlos Williams in American Modernism
Authors: Atashi Laleh
Published: November 2016

William Carlos Williams was an American poet who renounced poetic diction in favor of the unpoetic, establishing himself in American Modernism as a powerful voice distinct from such canonical contemporaries as T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. His attitude towards literary production was different from many of his contemporaries in that he believed ‘the idea is in the thing’ and therefore the presence of objects rather than abstractions is strongly felt in his poems. A critical survey of Williams’ poems indicates that the poet/physician observes, describes and levels criticism at his society where modernism has transformed the American identity in significant ways. In this article, American icons and popular culture are retraced in the poetry of William Carlos Williams in an effort to explain the seeming opacity of his poems.
The Language of Romanian Politics: Reifying the Other
Authors: Marian Petru Ioan
Published: November 2016

The dominant ideology of a society seems to possess the means to infiltrate an individual’s conscience with relative ease. From the perspective of the functions of language, we intend to investigate those fundamental characteristics of the ideological discourse that reify the left-right dichotomy in Romanian politics.
Inkjet-printed flexible RFID antenna for UHF RFID transponders
Authors: Tomaszewski Grzegorz , Jankowski-Mihułowicz Piotr , Węglarski Mariusz , Lichoń Wojciech
Published: November 2016

The results of technological investigations in the scope of inkjet-printed flexible RFID antennas dedicated to UHF transponders and also problems with the application of nanomaterials are reported in this paper. The design of the antenna electrical circuit and the parameters of the inkjet printing process were elaborated on the basis of the numerical model prepared in the Mentor Graphics HyperLynx 3D EM software. The project evaluation was performed by measuring electrical parameters of the structures printed with silver-based conductive inks. The obtained results confirm coincidence between the model and its implementation in the inkjet printing technology. Finally, the prepared antenna has been applied in an RFID transponder of UHF band and the functional tests are also reported in this paper.
Painful chemistry! From barbecue smoke to riot control
Authors: Green Christopher , Hopkins Farrha B. , Lindsay Christopher D. , Riches James R. , Timperley Christopher M.
Published: November 2016

Pain! Most humans feel it throughout their lives. The molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are still poorly understood. This is especially true of pain triggered in response to molecules of a certain shape and reactivity present in the environment. Such molecules can interact with the sensory nerve endings of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs to cause irritation that can range from mild to severe. The ability to alert to the presence of such potentially harmful substances has been termed the ‘common chemical sense’ and is thought to be distinct from the senses of smell or taste, which are presumed to have evolved later. Barbecue a burger excessively and you self-experiment. Fatty acids present in the meat break off their glycerol anchor under the thermal stress. The glycerol loses two molecules of water and forms acrolein, whose assault on the eyes is partly responsible for the tears elicited by smoke. Yet the smell and taste of the burger are different experiences. It was this eye-watering character of acrolein that prompted its use as a warfare agent during World War I. It was one of several ‘lachrymators’ deployed to harass, and the forerunner of safer chemicals, such as ‘tear gas’ CS, developed for riot control. The history of development and mechanism of action of some sensory irritants is discussed here in relation to recent advice from the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) on chemicals that conform to the definition of a riot control agent (RCA) under the Chemical Weapons Convention.
A developmental approach to diglossia: Bilectalism on a gradient scale of linguality
Authors: Grohmann Kleanthes K. , Kambanaros Maria , Leivada Evelina , Rowe Charley
Published: November 2016

The cognitive benefits of bilingualism have an impact on the processing mechanisms that are active during the acquisition process in a way that results in language variation. Within bilingual populations, the notion of “language proximity” is also of key importance for deriving variation. Certain sociolinguistic factors can invest the process of language development and its outcome with an additional layer of complexity that results from the emergence of mesolectal varieties which blur the boundaries of grammatical variants. We report data on the acquisition and development of object clitic placement in the two varieties of Greek spoken in Cyprus, and on performance in executive control tasks by monolingual, bilectal, and bi-/multilingual children. Comparing findings across experiments, the present study identifies the different factors that define “bilectalism” within the greater context of multilingualism, merging sociolinguistic and neurocognitive insights about language variation and how they inform development in diglossic contexts that involve closely related varieties—a study in comparative linguality.
Ancient Doctrines of Passions: Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Iskra-Paczkowska Agnieszka , Paczkowski Przemyslaw
Published: November 2016

The subject of this essay is a discussion of the doctrines of emotions of Plato and Aristotle. According to both them it is impossible to oust the passions from the good, i.e. happy life. On the contrary, emotions are an important component of human excellence. We investigate this question with reference to Plato’s doctrine of the soul and his concept of a perfect life, and Aristotle’s ethics, poetics and rhetoric.
The Godfather: A Translator’s and Writer’s Subconscious and Conscious Skills in the Process of Evoking Reader’s Emotions
Authors: Dziurawiec Dominika
Published: November 2016

The article is an unyielding argument supporting the thesis that not only a writer, but also a translator is expected to use their creativity so that nothing is lost in translation. Amongst various factors that influence the process of translating a novel the article focuses on two of them: a translator should stick to the original text with taking the semantic fields differences into account while s/he should keep the atmosphere of the source language, making as little changes in the target language as possible. Marking a translator’s existence in a text is strongly connected with a perlocutionary act. A great example of the translation that covers both principles is The Godfather, written by Mario Puzo and translated from English into Polish by Bronisław Zieliński. He translated only English words into Polish, leaving the target Italian words with no metamorphosis. The article presents the effect obtained by such an action.
Presumptions in Communication
Authors: Moldovan Andrei
Published: November 2016

In the first part of this paper I consider the Gricean account of communication, as structured by the Cooperative Principle and the four maxims. Several authors, including Jean Goodwin [10], Fred Kauffeld [17], Michael Gilbert [7], Ernie Lepore and Mathew Stone [22], among others, argue that the Gricean view of communication fails in as much as it pretends to offer an account of all such human interactions. As Goodwin and Kauffeld suggest, a more promising starting point is to consider the variety of contextually determined presumptions that we make about speakers and that we rely upon in interpreting utterances. These presumptions are established in various ways, and are dropped, or defeated, in certain conditions. In order to clarify these aspects we need to inquiry into the nature of presumptions. I argue that Kauffeld’s [18], [19], [20] account of presumptions is useful in this context. In the second part of the paper I look at what this account tells us about how, and in what conditions, presumptions in communication are rebutted.
Modeling the Optical Responses of Noble Metal Nanoparticles Subjected to Physicochemical Transformations in Physiological Environments: Aggregation, Dissolution and Oxidation
Authors: Piella Jordi , Bastús Neus G. , Puntes Víctor
Published: November 2016

Herein, we study how optical properties of colloidal dispersions of noble metal nanoparticles (Au and Ag) are affected by processes such as aggregation and oxidative dissolution. The optical contributions of these processes to the extinction spectra in the UV-vis region are often overlapped, making difficult its interpretation. In this regard, modeling the UV-vis spectra (in particular absorbance curve, peaks position, intensity and full width at half maximum -FWHM) of each process separately offers a powerful tool to identify the transformation of NPs under relevant and complex scenarios, such as in biological media. The proper identification of these transformations is crucial to understand the biological effects of the NPs.
Ovarian tissue culture in the presence of VEGF and fetuin stimulates follicle growth and steroidogenesis
Authors: Asadi Ebrahim , Najafi Atefeh , Moeini Ashraf , Pirjani Reihaneh , Hassanzadeh Gholamreza , Mikaeili Saideh , Salehi Ensieh , Adutwum Emmanuel , Soleimani Mansoureh , Khosravi Fariba , Barati Mahmood , Abolhassani Farid
Published: November 2016

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation together with follicle culture provides a promising technique for fertility preservation in cancer patients. The study aimed to evaluate follicle parameters in a culture medium supplemented with VEGFA165 and/or fetuin. Vitrified-warmed ovarian cortical pieces were divided randomly into four culture groups consisting of basic culture medium (control), and the basic culture medium supplemented with VEGFA165, fetuin or both. After six days of culture, we evaluated the following: percentage of resting, primary and secondary growing follicles; survival rate; steroid hormones production; levels of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity; and developmental and antioxidant gene expression. The addition of VEGFA165 alone or in combination with fetuin to the culture medium caused resting follicle activation and increased the number of growing follicles. In the VEGFA165 group, we found a significant increase in the concentrations of 17β-estradiol at day 6 and progesterone from 4th day of the culture period. In the VEGFA165 + fetuin group, the concentration of 17β-estradiol rose at day 4 of the culture period. The levels ofBMP15,GDF9andINHBmRNAs were increased in all treated groups. In the fetuin and fetuin + VEGFA165 groups, we observed a high level of total antioxidant capacity and expression ofSOD1andCATgenes, low reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels and increased number of viable follicles. In conclusion, the present study provides useful evidence that supplementation of culture medium with VEGFA165 + fetuin leads to primordial follicle activation and development and increased percentage of healthy secondary growing follicles.
Thyroid hormone regulated genes in cerebral cortex development
Authors: Bernal Juan
Published: November 2016

The physiological and developmental effects of thyroid hormones are mainly due to the control of gene expression after interaction of T3with the nuclear receptors. To understand the role of thyroid hormones on cerebral cortex development, knowledge of the genes regulated by T3during specific stages of development is required. In our laboratory, we previously identified genes regulated by T3in primary cerebrocortical cells in culture. By comparing these data with transcriptomics of purified cell types from the developing cortex, the cellular targets of T3can be identified. In addition, many of the genes regulated transcriptionally by T3have defined roles in cortex development, from which the role of T3can be derived. This review analyzes the specific roles of T3-regulated genes in the different stages of cortex development within the physiological frame of the developmental changes of thyroid hormones and receptor concentrations in the human cerebral cortex during fetal development. These data indicate an increase in the sensitivity to T3during the second trimester of fetal development. The main cellular targets of T3appear to be the Cajal-Retzius and the subplate neurons. On the other hand, T3regulates transcriptionally genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins, involved in cell migration and the control of diverse signaling pathways.
Relación de pareja, uso de redes sociales y mensajería instantánea en los estudiantes de la Universidad de las Islas Baleares
Authors: Casero Martines Antonio , Ouled-Driss Ismael Algaba
Published: November 2016

Con el objetivo de describir el patrón de uso de dispositivos interactivos y su relación con la situación de relación de pareja, se elaboró y aplicó un cuestionario a 776 estudiantes de la Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB, España), mediante un procedimiento de muestreo mixto y polietápico. Por medio de pruebas de independencia, comparaciones de medias y análisis de la varianza se analizaron parámetros de uso de las redes sociales y mensajería instantánea tales como el hábito, la aplicación, y las sensaciones por deprivación, entre otros, y siempre en función de la situación de pareja y de la antigüedad de la misma. Los principales hallazgos muestran a Facebook y a WhatsApp como los medios dominantes, incluso dentro del aula, donde el aburrimiento y la necesidad de desconectar de clase son los argumentos más utilizados para justificar el uso no didáctico de los medios durante la sesión docente. También se han detectado diferencias significativas en la antigüedad de la pareja y el uso general de estos medios, y las sensaciones de malestar autoinformado por deprivación
Mano remizoviana
Authors: Герра Ренэ
Published: November 2016

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Книга о союзе мысли и слова
Authors: Михайлова Галина
Published: November 2016

[Светлана Валюлис. Содружество литературы и философии: Сборник научных статей. Вильнюс: изд-во Литовского эдукологического университета, 2016. 256 с.]
Lähmungen vom peripheren Typ im Gliedmaßen - bereich des Rindes
Authors: Kaiser Matthias , Brehm Walter , Starke Alexander , Kretschmar Anne
Published: November 2016

Die zweiteilige Arbeit bietet eine Übersicht über Lähmungen vom peripheren Typ im Gliedmaßenbereich des Rindes, die bei dieser Tierart den Hauptteil aller neurologischen Erkrankungen ausmachen und meist infolge eines Traumas peripherer Nerven auftreten. Erläutert werden deren Vorkommen, Ätiologie, Diagnostik, Prognose und The rapie. Im vorliegenden ersten Teil dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden allgemeine Ursachen beschrieben und Schädigungen spezieller Nerven an Vorder- und Hintergliedmaßen im Detail dargestellt.
MHC Class II Risk Alleles and Amino Acid Residues in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy
Authors: Cui Zhao , Xie Li-jun , Chen Fang-jin , Pei Zhi-yong , Zhang Li-jie , Qu Zhen , Huang Jing , Gu Qiu-hua , Zhang Yi-miao , Wang Xin , Wang Fang , Meng Li-qiang , Liu Gang , Zhou Xu-jie , Zhu Li , Lv Ji-cheng , Liu Fan , Zhang Hong , Liao Yun-hua , Lai Lu-hua , Ronco Pierre , Zhao Ming-hui
Published: November 2016

Epitopes of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), the target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN), must be presented by the HLA–encoded MHC class II molecules to stimulate autoantibody production. A genome–wide association study identified risk alleles at HLA and PLA2R loci, with the top variant rs2187668 within HLA-DQA1 showing a risk effect greater than that of the top variant rs4664308 within PLA2R1. How the HLA risk alleles affect epitope presentation by MHC class II molecules in iMN is unknown. Here, we genotyped 261 patients with iMN and 599 healthy controls at the HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DPB1 loci with four-digit resolution and extracted the encoded amino acid sequences from the IMGT/HLA database. We predicted T cell epitopes of PLA2R and constructed MHC-DR molecule-PLA2R peptide-T cell receptor structures using Modeler. We identified DRB1*1501 (odds ratio, 4.65; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.39 to 6.41; P<0.001) and DRB1*0301 (odds ratio, 3.96; 95% CI, 2.61 to 6.05; P<0.001) as independent risk alleles for iMN and associated with circulating anti–PLA2R antibodies. Strong gene-gene interaction was noted between rs4664308(AA) and HLA-DRB1*1501/DRB1*0301. Amino acid positions 13 (P<0.001) and 71 (P<0.001) in the MHC-DRβ1 chain independently associated with iMN. Structural models showed that arginine13 and alanine71, encoded by DRB1*1501, and lysine71, encoded by DRB1*0301, facilitate interactions with T cell epitopes of PLA2R. In conclusion, we identified two risk alleles of HLA class II genes and three amino acid residues on positions 13 and 71 of the MHC-DRβ1 chain that may confer susceptibility to iMN by presenting T cell epitopes on PLA2R.
Local Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility for Arctic Petroleum in the Barents Region
Authors: Kelman Ilan , Loe Julia S.P. , Rowe Elana Wilson , Wilson Emma , Poussenkova Nina , Nikitina Elena , Fjærtoft Daniel Buikema
Published: November 2016

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is promoted and critiqued by many players involved in or opposed to petroleum exploration and extraction, although a common understanding of CSR’s theoretical and practical meanings rarely exists. This paper uses Arctic petroleum in the Barents region (Norway and Russia) to investigate local perceptions of CSR. We conducted open-ended, semi-structured interviews in four locations: Hammerfest, Murmansk, Komi Republic, and Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO). Interviewees included the local population, regional and local authorities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and petroleum company representatives. The field research suggests that those who gain directly from the petroleum industry and do not directly experience negative impacts were more inclined to be positive about the industry, although overall, general support for petroleum activity was high. In some cases, positive economic benefits resulted in greater tolerance of environmental risk. Sometimes, the industry and government were criticised by locals for failing to support a more equitable distribution of broader economic benefits. Rather than splitting along for-profit/NGO or indigenous/non-indigenous lines, our analysis suggests that those who are closer to the petroleum industry or its benefits, termed ‘insiders’, tend to be more positive than ‘outsiders’. This study is perhaps the first of its kind in its focus on local perceptions of CSR for Arctic petroleum across the Barents region. The findings of this study not only match with that of the previous literature on Arctic petroleum but also provide further practical and theoretical insights by indicating subtleties and nuances within the localities examined.(Published: November 2016)Citation: I. Kelman et al. ‘‘Local Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility for Arctic Petroleum in the Barents Region.’’ Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2016, pp. 152–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/arctic.v7.418
The Effectiveness of the Regulatory Regime for Black Carbon Mitigation in the Arctic
Authors: Shapovalova Daria
Published: November 2016

In addition to being a hazardous air pollutant, Black Carbon is the second-largest contributor to Arctic warming. Its mitigation is being addressed at the international regulatory level by the Arctic Council and the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). Whilst the Convention and its protocols are binding documents, the Black Carbon regulation under their framework appears to have ‘soft law’ characteristics. At the same time, the voluntary Black Carbon and Methane Framework, adopted by the Arctic Council, demonstrates positive compliance and follow-up dynamics compared to earlier norm-creating attempts. This paper argues that the nature of the norm (binding or non-binding) is not the decisive factor regarding effective implementation in the Arctic region. Current efforts to mitigate Black Carbon by means of a non-binding Arctic Council Black Carbon and Methane Framework represent an improvement in the Council’s normative function and may have more effect on the behaviour of Arctic States than relevant provisions under the Gothenburg Protocol to the CLRTAP. To support this argument, the first section presents an overview of the Arctic Council as an actor in Arctic policy-making. It then provides an assessment of current efforts to combat Black Carbon carried out by the Arctic Council and the CLRTAP.(Published: November 2016)Citation: D. Shapovalova. ‘‘The Effectiveness of the Regulatory Regime for Black Carbon Mitigation in the Arctic.’’ Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2016, pp. 136–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/arctic.v7.427
Transformational Change and Regime Shifts in the Circumpolar Arctic
Authors: Nilsson Annika E. , Koivurova Timo
Published: November 2016

The Arctic is changing rapidly, and there are many indications that the region is in the midst of transformational change. While some of the focus relates to impacts of climate change, rapid economic development and the potential for shifts in political and social structures in the region have also been in the limelight. This article looks at the circumpolar Arctic as a potential case of aregime shift in a large-scale social–ecological system that includes reinforcing feedbacks. A special focus is placed on governance structures, as these play an important role in social negotiations on the relationship between societies and the environment. While climate change is often portrayed as a driver of social change in the Arctic, it does not appear that the ongoing changes in the biophysical features of the Arctic region have rocked current circumpolar governance structures out of kilter. On the contrary, the ongoing climate-related changes, in particular sea ice decline, appear to have reinforced political commitment to existing legal structures. Major past social regime shifts have mainly been related to access to resources and national identity ideology, withpolitical dynamics reinforced at times by military security considerations.(Published: November 2016)Citation: A.E. Nilsson and T. Koivurova. ‘‘Transformational Change and Regime Shifts in the Circumpolar Arctic.’’ Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2016, pp. 179–195. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/arctic.v7.532
Norway and Its Obligations under ILO 169 – Some Considerations after the Recent Stjernøy Supreme Court Case
Authors: Ravna Øyvind
Published: November 2016

(Published: November 2016)Citation: Ø. Ravna. ‘‘Norway and Its Obligations under ILO 169 – Some Considerations after the Recent Stjernøy Supreme Court Case.’’ Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2016, pp. 201–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/arctic.v7.583