bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING DALAM TIGA RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN (RPP) TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI KELAS VII SMP DI KOTA BOGOR
Authors: Budiana Sandi , Nurjaman Aam , Sa'adah Nur
Published: February 2022

Rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran merupakan acuan bagi guru dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas sehingga lebih terarah. Rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran dikembangkan dengan rinci dari materi pokok. Model pembelajaran adalah rangkaian penyajian materi yang ada dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Model pembelajaran dapat membuat suasana pembelajaran lebih aktif dan menarik sehingga peserta didik dapat termotivasi ketika pembelajaran berlangsung. Pada tulisan ini, peneliti menganalisis model pembelajaran model pembelajaran discovery learning dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran teks laporan hasil observasi kelas VII SMP Insan Kamil, SMP Tarbiyatul Huda dan SMP Yapina. Analisis ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kesesuian langkah-langkah model pembelajaran discovery learning dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran teks laporan hasil observasi kelas VII SMP Insan Kamil, SMP Tarbiyatul Huda dan SMP Yapina. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua pertemuan yang terdapat dalan rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran tersebut. Metode penelitian kualitatif menggunakan teknik triangulasi (gabungan) untuk mengumpulkan data. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian dilakukan dengan membaca langkah-langkah model pembelajaran discovery learning. Keabsahan data analisis temuan dilakukan oleh triangulator yang berjumlah tiga orang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, agar peneliti dapat mendeskripsikan langkah-langkah model pembelajaran discovery learning yang terdapat pada rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran telah sesuai. Terdapat 42 data yang ditemukan. Pada pertemuan satu mengenal memahami struktur teks laporan hasil observasi, lalu pada pertemuan kedua menyajikan rangkuman teks laporan hasil observasi.
KAJIAN PSIKOLOGI HUMANISTIK TOKOH UTAMA NOVEL ORANG-ORANG BIASA KARYA ANDREA HIRATA DAN IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA DI SMA
Authors: Nurjaman Aam , Najla Rania
Published: February 2022

Keberhasilan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran tidak luput dari penggunaan model pembelajaran yang diterapkan oleh guru dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui langkah-langkah model pembelajaran discovery learning dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran teks eksplanasi kelas VIII SMP Bogor. Model pembelajaran discovery learning memiliki enam sintak atau langkah pembelajaran yakni stimulus atau pemberian rangsangan, pertanyaan atau identifikasi masalah, pengumpulan data, pengolahan data, pembuktian, dan menarik kesimpulan. Penelitian ini berfokus pada langkah-langkah model pembelajaran discovery learning, serta kesesuain model pembelajaran discovery learning dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran teks eksplanasi kelas VIII SMP Bogor. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data dan sumber data dalam penelitian ini ialah langkah-langkah model pembelajaran discovery learning pada rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran teks eksplanasi kelas VIII SMP Bogor. Teknik yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data penelitian ialah teknik studi pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data menunjukan terdapat kesesuaian langkah-langkah model pembelajaran discovery learning dalam keseluruhan RPP yang telah dikaji yaitu RPP SMP Bina Putera, SMPN 1 Cisarua, SMPN 3 Cibungbulang, SMPN 1 Dramaga, dan SMPN 4 Bogor. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa langkah-langkah kegiatan dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran teks eksplanasi sudah sesuai dengan langkah-langkah model pembelajaran discovery learning.
ANALISIS KONFLIK BATIN : TINJAUAN PSIKOLOGI DALAM ANTOLOGI CERPEN MALAM TERAKHIR KARYA LEILA S. CHUDORI DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SMA
Authors: Sinatrya Mukodas , Gharizah Maurel
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini mengkaji konflik batin yang dialami oleh tokoh dalam antologi cerpen Malam Terakhir. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari kutipan atau dialog tokoh. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori psikoanalisis Sigmund Freud. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menguraikan konflik batin yang dialami para tokoh dalam kumpulan cerpen Malam Terakhir ditinjau dari struktur kepribadian id, ego, dan superego.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu metode deskriptif kualitatif, artinya data yang ditemukan berupa kata-kata dan hasilnya akan dipaparkan secara deskriptif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa kutipan dialog dalam cerpen Malam Terakhir dengan 6 sub judul cerpen sebagai sumber datanya. Pengecekan keabsahan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode triangulasi. Konflik batin menjadi fokus penelitian pada skripsi ini, yaitu konflik id, konflik ego, dan konflik superego). Dari hasil penelitian tersebut ditemukan konflik batin sebanyak 69 data. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah konflik batin yang disebabkan id dalam memenuhi keinginan, konflik batin ego dalam membuat keputusan berdasarkan prinsip realitas dan konflik superego yang dipresentasikan dalam bentuk penyesalan, empati, dan rasa bersalah yang dialami tokoh dalam cerpen Malam Terakhir. Hasil ini memberikan hal yang positif bagi pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia di sekolah.
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS SURAT PRIBADI PADA SISWAKELAS VII SMP BUMI PUTRA CIBINONG BOGOR
Authors: Fauzi Mubarock Wildan , Rosdiana Rina , Andriani Pitri
Published: February 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keterampilan menulis surat pribadi pada siswa kelas VII SMP Bumi Putra melalui penerapan model discovery learning serta mengetahui kendala yang dialami siswa. metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode eksperimen. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu tes, angket, dan observasi. Populasi dalam penelitan ini yaitu siswa kelas VII SMP Bumi Putra. Sampel penelitian ini adalah kelas VII-A sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas VII-B sebagai kelas kontrol dengan teknik cluster random sampling. Hipotesis pertama yaitu penerapan model discovery learning dapat meningkatkan dalam pembelajaran menulis surat pribadi pada siswa kelas VII SMP Bumi Putra dapat teruji kebenarannya, dibuktikan dengan diperolehnya data prates kelas eksperimen dengan nilai rata-rata 51,03 berada pada tingkat penguasaan kurang mampu, sedangkan pada hasil postes nilai rata-rata 78,56 dengan tingkat penguasaan mampu. Hasil perbandingan mean kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol dengan menggunakan rumus uji t, diperoleh harga t0= 2,82 dan d.b. = 34 setelah melakukan pengetesan satu skor pada tabel nilai “t”. Nilai d.b. = 34 tidak terdapat dalam tabel maka dicari d.b. yang mendekati, yaitu d.b. 30 dan diperoleh harga t0 0,99 = 2,45 dan harga to 0,05 = 1,69. Dengan demikian, thitung signifikan karena nilai ttabel thitung yaitu 1,69 lebih kecil dari 2,82 lebih besar dari 2,45.
PENGGUNAAN INTERJEKSI DALAM NOVEL GURU AINI KARYA ANDREA HIRATA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA
Authors: Efendi Roy , Trisna Monica Anggita
Published: February 2022

Interjeksi adalah kata yang bertugas untuk mengungkapkan perasaan seseorang dalam bentuk rasa kesal, kagum, senang, syukur, heran, kecewa, dan sebagainya. Rasa hati yang diungkapkan dapat memiliki makna yang berbeda pada setiap konteks kutipannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan penggunaan jenis interjeksi dalam novel Guru Aini karya Andrea Hirata dan implikasinya terhadap pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di SMP. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan data berupa kata yang termasuk sebagai salah satu jenis interjeksi. Metode dan teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode simak dengan teknik catat dan menggunakan teknik triangulasi sebagai uji validitas data. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa interjeksi yang digunakan berupa asyiiik, oi, ai, nah, oh, ah, mantap, aduh, ayo, amboi, wai, jeh, hei, masyaallah, ojeh, luar biasa, alhamdulillah, dan wallahualam. Interjeksi tersebut diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan jenisnya berdasarkan ungkapan rasa hati yang ditunjukkan. Adapun jenis interjeksi yang ditemukan terbagi dalam delapan jenis, diantaranya (1) interjeksi kekesalan terdapat 4 kutipan. (2) interjeksi kepuasan atau kekaguman terdapat 6 kutipan. (3) interjeksi kesyukuran terdapat 2 kutipan. (4) interjeksi keheranan terdapat 18 kutipan. (5) interjeksi kekagetan terdapat 5 kutipan. (6) interjeksi ajakan terdapat 4 kutipan. (7) interjeksi panggilan terdapat 8 kutipan. (8) interjeksi simpulan terdapat 9 kutipan.
NILAI MORAL DAN SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL KAMI (BUKAN) SARJANA KERTAS KARYA J. S. KHAIREN
Authors: Sulistyawati Anggraeni , Mubarock Wildan Fauzi , Islahuddin Islahuddin
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini meneliti tentang nilai moral dan nilai sosial dalam novel kami (bukan) sarjana kertas karya J.S. Khairen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan nilai moral dan mendeskripsikan nilai sosial yang terkandung dalam novel Kami (Bukan) Sarjana Kertas karya J. S. Khairen, serta mendeskripsikan implementasi nilai moral dan nilai sosial yang terkandung dalam novel Kami (Bukan) Sarjana Kertas karya J.S. Khairen pada pembelajaran di SMA. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu jenis penelitian yang bertujuan untuk membuat deskripsi, gambaran secara sistematis, kalimat faktual, dan akurat mengenai fakta. Data penelitian ini berupa kata-kata, kalimat, paragraf, dan kutipan dalam novel. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan, bahwa dalam novel Kami (Bukan) Sarjana Kertas karya J.S. Khairen mengandung nilai moral dan nilai sosial yang dapat diimplementasikan sebagai bahan pembelajaran sastra di SMA. Nilai moral dan sosial diperoleh dengan menganalisis wujud-wujud nilai yang terkandung dalam novel yang dikaji. Nilai-nilai tersebut diwujudkan dalam berbagai perilaku serta sifat tokoh pada rangkaian cerita novel. Nilai moral yang terkandung pada novel yang dikaji mencakup tiga jenis, yaitu: hubungan manusia dengan diri sendiri, hubungan manusia dengan orang lain, dan hubungan manusia dengan tuhan. Serta nilai sosial mencakup nilai sosial kasih sayang, nilai sosial tanggung jawab, dan nilai sosial keserasian hidup.
Creating the Desired Citizen: Ideology, State and Islam in Turkey by Ihsan Yilmaz
Authors:   European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), Demir Mustafa
Published: February 2022

Ihsan Yılmaz’s new book presents a detailed analysis of Turkey’s political and sociological evolution, from the country’s anxious birth as a “fearful nation,” preoccupied and weighed down by historical traumas to the present. Yılmaz’s study provides a detailed account of the polity’s “never-ending” nation-building process and offers keen insights into why this process is intransient. His book highlights the political nature of defining citizens as either “desired,” “tolerated,” or “undesired” and the way this definitional process functions as a tool in hegemonic rivalries between “political tribes” in polities such as Turkey.
Modelling self-reported driver perspectives and fatigued driving via deep learning
Authors: Zoupos Alexandros , Ziakopoulos Apostolos , Yannis George
Published: February 2022

Driving while fatigued is a considerably understudied risk factor contributing to car crashes every year. The first step in mitigating the respective crash risks is to attempt to infer fatigued driving from other parameters, in order to gauge its extend in road networks. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which declared fatigued driving behavior can be predicted based on overall driver opinions and perceptions on that issue. For that purpose, a broad cross-country questionnaire from the ESRA2 survey was used. The questionnaire is related to self-declared beliefs, perception, and attitudes towards a wide range of traffic safety topics. Initially, a binary logistic regression model was trained to provide causal insights on which variables affect the likelihood that a driver engaged in driving while fatigued. Drivers reporting driving under the influence of drugs, fatigue, or alcohol, as well as speeding, safety, and texting while driving or drivers who were more acceptable of fatigued driving were more likely to have recently driven while fatigued. In contrast, acceptability of other hazardous behaviors, namely mobile phone use and drunk driving, was negatively correlated with fatigued driving behavior, as were more responsible driver perspectives overall. To provide a more accurate detection mechanism, which would also incorporate non-linear effects, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) was subsequently trained on the data, slightly outperforming the binary logistic model. From the results of both models, it was concluded that declared fatigued driving behavior can be predicted from questionnaire data, providing new insights to fatigue detection.
The thread-leaf sundews Drosera filiformis and Drosera tracyi
Authors: Rice Barry A.
Published: February 2022

The thread-leaf sundews of the Eastern North America are spectacular plants with erect, tall, filiform leaves. Backlit in the morning or evening light, their leaves burst with sunlight. There are two thread-leaf sundews (also known as dew-threads), known as either infraspecific taxa within Drosera filiformis, or as Drosera filiformis and Drosera tracyi. In this paper, I review their history of discovery, the details of their ranges, and the arguments regarding whether the two taxa should be treated as one species or two. I also describe the morphological differences between the two sundews. In total, this paper summarizes the current knowledge for this group, and also serves as a progress report on my continuing work on these plants.
What exactly is a carnivorous plant?
Authors: Rice Barry A.
Published: February 2022

We all find carnivorous plants fascinating, beautiful, and interesting. But just what is a carnivorous plant? What are the attributes that transform a mundane vegetable into a hungry killer? For a long time I preached that a plant is carnivorous if it attracts, captures, digests, and absorbs prey. This four-point definition seemed to work.
Flower studies do not support subspecies within Pinguicula macroceras
Authors: Rice Barry
Published: February 2022

How much do the flowers of Pinguicula vary in size from site to site? To explore this and related questions, flowers of Pinguicula macroceras from different Californian colonies were studied. It was found that different colonies, even if separated by only small distances, can have significantly different typical flower sizes. These differences are even greater than the differences that were used to define subspecies within Pinguicula macroceras. As such, there is inadequate evidence to support subspecific divisions within P. macroceras.
Fluorescence tagging of phosphatase and chitinase activity on different structures of Utricularia traps
Authors: Adamec Lubomír , Vrba Jaroslav , Sirova Dagmara
Published: February 2022

The genus Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) comprises about 220 species and represents the largest genus of carnivorous plants (Taylor 1989; Guisande et al. 2007). The trap of Utricularia is a hollow utricle usually 1-4 mm long, with walls mostly two cells thick, and filled with water. It is the most sophisticated trap within carnivorous plants (Juniper et al. 1989), with a variety of glands and trichomes both on the inner and outer surfaces (see Figure 1). After the prey irritates trigger hairs situated close to the trap door, it is sucked in as a result of the underpressure maintained inside the utricle. After firing, the trap restores the underpressure by rapidly removing approximately 40% of the water from the lumen. This process lasts about 30 min and the trap is ready to fire again (Sydenham & Findlay 1975).
The Savage Garden: 'The creation and early evolution of CPN'
Authors: D'Amato Peter
Published: February 2022

Early history of Carnivorous Plant Newsletter.
Unusual aspects of phytocenology of Drosera rotundifolia L. (Droseraceae Salisb.) in Central Russia
Authors: Demidova Anna N. , Prilepsky Nikolay G.
Published: February 2022

Common sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.) is an insectivorous plant in the Droseraceae family. Drosera is the largest genus of this family, containing more than 90 species. Representatives of this genus are found in almost all climatic belts of both hemispheres. Most species of Drosera are located in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa (Lloyd 1942; Denisova 1981).
Utricularia humboldtii seed longevity
Authors: Rice Barry , Salvia Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2022

The bladderwort Utricularia humboldtii Schomb. is an extraordinary plant in an extraordinary genus. It is a plant both well known and greatly desired by carnivorous plant horticulturists because of its enormous leaves and spectacular flowers; some growers even value it for its especially large bladders. Those interested in the natural history of carnivorous plants delight in its frequent occurrence within the water-filled urns of large bromeliads, including Brocchinia reducta, which may itself be carnivorous (Rice 2006).
Natural abundance of stable isotopes reveals the diversity of carnivorous plant diets
Authors: Brearley Francis Q.
Published: February 2022

Ever since carnivorous plants were first described and studied by early naturalists (e.g., Darwin 1875), there has been continued interest in the relationship between the uptake of nutrients from invertebrate prey and the growth and performance of these plants. Although it is now thought that multiple nutrients appear to limit the growth of most carnivorous plants (Ellison 2006), of particular interest has been nitrogen (N), as many studies have shown that carnivorous plants can obtain extra N from the digestion of their prey.
Drosera x hybrida rest in peace
Authors: Brittnacher John
Published: February 2022

In the final years of the 19th century, the Scottish botanist John Muirhead Macfarlane was uniquely situated to discover, describe, and understand a plant he named Drosera hybrida (Macfarlane 1899). He was classically trained in all the minutia related to structural botany and probably spent a large part of his early life sitting at a microscope. His scientific method was to observe and describe nature, then philosophize about what he discovered.
Quinones from 'Gondwanan' sundews
Authors: Schlauer Jan , Carow Thomas , Fleischmann Andreas
Published: February 2022

The acetogenic naphthoquinones, plumbagin (P in this paper) and ramentaceone (= 7-methyl- juglone, M in this paper), are important chemotaxonomic markers in sundews (Drosera L.) (D rand & Zenk 1974; Culham & Gornall 1994; Schlauer & Fleischmann 2016; Schlauer et al. 2017; 2018). Most of the previous phytochemical data relate to the chemotaxonomy of the genus in Australia, where several endemic lineages have evolved into the bulk of the species diversity. In this study several taxa presumed to occupy crucial branching points in the phylogenetic backbone of the genus (Rivadavia et al. 2003; Fleischmann et al. 2018a) have been investigated together with taxonomically established representatives of the sections that account for the diversity of the genus outside Australia. The geographical distribution of these taxa is conspicuously Gondwanan (Brewer & Schlauer 2018), reminiscent of the former (pre-Cretaceous) coherence of South America, Africa (incl. Madagascar), Australia, and New Zealand.
Pitchers for the public! The Meadowview story (Part 1)
Authors: Sheridan Phil
Published: February 2022

Early history of Meadowview Biological Research Station and the Joseph Pines Preserve.
New cultivars
Authors: Martinez Drew , Guillaume Bily , Barin Thibault
Published: February 2022

The cultivars Nepenthes veitchii 'Jim Bockowski' and Sarracenia leucophylla 'Mont Blanc' are described.
Nocturnal and diurnal digestive responses in Byblis gigantea, Drosophyllum lusitanicum, and Roridula gorgonias
Authors: Allan Gregory
Published: February 2022

Byblis Salisb. is a highly understudied carnivorous genus currently consisting of eight recognized species – now with motile adhesive traps (Allan 2019 [p 51 this issue])). In particular, the carnivorous syndrome exhibited by the genus is imperfectly understood when compared to other carnivorous plant genera. The leaves, stems, pedicels, and sepals bear stalked glands and digestive glands. The stalked glands vary in length, even within individual plants, the longest stalks reaching 2.6 mm in length (McPherson 2010). Each stalked gland bears a droplet of mucilage, assumed to be sugar-based and water-soluble (Bauer et al. 2018), that is responsible for prey-capture. The far more numerous digestive glands sit in rows in longitudinal grooves on the epidermis (Lloyd 1942) (see Fig. 1) and are usually assumed to secrete digestive fluids in response to prey-capture, as well as to absorb the products of digestion (Cross et al. 2018). The stalked glands are capable of collapsing in response to detection of animal proteins, apparently due to a rapid loss of cell turgidity. In consequence, prey can be brought within the range of the secretions of the digestive glands.
Observations and tests on cultivated tropical Byblis
Authors: Hartmeyer Siegfried R. H. , Hartmeyer Irmgard
Published: February 2022

The annual Byblis species (Byblidaceae, Lamiales) are predominantly Australian endemics with B. liniflora extending also north to Papua New Guinea (Cross et al. 2018). Beside their features as sticky carnivorous plants, many enthusiasts especially appreciate their bushy appearance with many showy hermaphroditic flowers. The following report features our experiences with the cultivation and hybridization of B. filifolia and B. liniflora over two decades at our heated greenhouse in Weil am Rhein (Germany).
A note on Drosera seed dispersal
Authors: Ksepka Jason
Published: February 2022

During my explorations last summer of the Pinelands of southern New Jersey, I went to one of my favorite places. Unfortunately, this site is also a favorite place for off-road vehicles. The Forked River Mountains, and the adjacent powerline and railroad right-of-way, have been very severely damaged by illegal off-road vehicle use. In recent years, a number of volunteers organized, developed a plan, purchased and planted local white cedar trees in an effort to stabilize the soil and begin restoration of the site. I noticed that Drosera rotundifolia and D. intermedia seemed to have segregated themselves to slightly different spaces in the same area (Fig. 1). The nature of the site allows for fluctuations in surface water level, the results of which can be seen in differences where the plants grew. Differences in seed morphology might possibly be the cause of the observed segregation.
New cultivars
Authors: Moscoso Juan , Müller Julien , Mattevi Paolo
Published: February 2022

The cultivars Dionaea 'FFT Stegosaurus', Dionaea 'Génépine', Dionaea 'Morano', and Dionaea 'Axe' are described.
Grow Venus flytraps indoors
Authors: Brittnacher John
Published: February 2022

Dionaea muscipula does not require dormancy or seasons to survive long term.
Quinone patterns and identification of Japanese Spider Leg Sundews (Drosera Sect. Arachnopus)
Authors: Schlauer Jan , Hartmeyer Siegfried R. H. , Hartmeyer Irmgard
Published: February 2022

The Japanese sundews that have previously been collectively called D. indica L. (especially after the influential Flora of Japan, Ohwi 1965:492) are being split up. Various authors (e.g., Watanabe 2013) are trying to re-establish or create one or two additional species assumed endemic to Japan, following the contemporary trend to recognize a number of segregate taxa in Drosera sect. Arachnopus (Greek for “spider leg”), the group that contains D. indica. Previous research (Schlauer et al. 2017, 2018, 2019) has demonstrated a rather unexpected diversity in the naphthoquinones that are characteristic for the different species now recognized in this group. While a few Australian species contain ramentaceone (7-methyljuglone), most contain the regio-isomer plumbagin (2-methyljuglone). So far, only D. indica s.str. (accessions from Asia and Africa have been investigated) contains both isomers in the same plant. The morphological diversity found in Japan thus prompted a chemical investigation, the results of which are reported here.
Quest for the origin of Heliamphora heterodoxa. Report of May 2018 expedition to Venezuela with carnivorous flora occurrences in the base areas of Ptari-tepui
Authors: Wrazidlo Mateusz
Published: February 2022

In May 2018 I had the opportunity to co-organize an independent expedition to the areas surrounding the massif of Ptari-tepui and Sororopan-tepui in Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. My group led by a team of Pemón guides from the community of Santa Teresita de Kavanayen succeeded in reaching the location of the first scientific expeditions to the massif of Ptari-tepui led by W. Phelps in February 1944 and J. A. Steyermark in November 1944, including re-discovering the locus classicus of Heliamphora heterodoxa which had not been accurately located ever since the original publication of the taxon in 1951 (McPherson et al. 2011).
Research on inductive neuron model and its dynamic characteristics
Authors: Wu Jing , Pan Chun-Yu ,   School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Published: February 2022

The size of neuron is on a mesoscopic scale. In this paper, considering the inductance characteristics of the neuron, the classical circuit model and mesoscopic circuit model of neuron including neuron membrane inductance, membrane capacitance, potassium ion memristor and chloride ion resistance are established. Based on the classical circuit theory and the quantum theory of mesoscopic circuit, the expression of neuron membrane voltage response under external impulse excitation is derived. Substituting the electrophysiological parameters of the squid neuron into the expression of membrane voltage, we find that the membrane voltages in both models first increase and then decrease, and finally reach their corresponding resting states of zero value, and their energy values are concentrated mainly in a range of 0–30 Hz in which the brainwave frequency is. Further comparisons show that the peak value of membrane voltage and the time required to reach the peak value (peak time) in the mesoscopic circuit model are lower than those in the classical circuit model, and are closer to the experimental results after the squid axon has been stimulated, indicating that the mesoscopic circuit model can better reflect the physiological characteristics of the stimulated neurons. Based on the mesoscopic circuit model, the peak value of membrane voltage increases and the peak time decreases with the increase of external excitation intensity. Parameters such as membrane voltage peak and peak time are more sensitive to the neuron membrane capacitance. The mesoscopic circuit model of the neuron is of great significance in understanding the excitability of the stimulated neuron and also in promoting the development of quantum neural networks inspired by brain function.
Influence of the light excitation on energy transfer in a multi-pigments light-harvesting model of photosynthesis
Authors: Chen Hao , Tian Jian-Min , Sun Xue-Jian , Lü Ke-Zhen , Xu Li-Hua , Li Hong-Rong ,   College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China,   Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China,   College of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, China
Published: February 2022

Most studies on quantum effects in the process of excitation energy transfer in photosynthesis system are based on the single-excitation initial state hypothesis, which can well describe the initial state of some photosynthesis systems that people are concerned about. But for natural and artificial photosynthesis systems that do not meet the above hypothesis, the excitation process has a non-negligible impact on the system dynamics. Based on a multi-pigments model excited by Gaussian pulse, the effects of the excitation pulse width and the excitation interval on system dynamics and excitation energy transfer efficiency are studied. First, the kinetic equations for the overall evolution of the donor system and the acceptor system that can theoretically contain any number of pigments are derived. Afterwards, the relationship between the excitation energy transfer efficiency and the related parameters of the system, as well as the optimal range of the corresponding parameters are demonstrated by numerical simulation. It is found that under the condition of donor pigments being excited by a single Gaussian pulse, there exists optimal pulse width, and the optimal range of the pigment molecule numbers, the coupling strength as well as the dephasing rate can be modulated by the pulse width. The mechanism of the above modulation is also analyzed and presented. Under the condition of donor pigments being excited by two Gaussian pulses sequentially, there exists an optimal combination of pulse width and pulse interval. The kinetic equations obtained in this paper can be extended to other forms of excitation pulses. The numerical results and the related optimal design principles obtained have reference significance for the optimal design of artificial photosynthesis systems under different light conditions.
Relationship between anti-blue hazard mode and color gamut of display devices
Authors: Wang Guan , Gu Chun , Xu Li-Xin ,   State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
Published: February 2022

Display devices based on new generation of light source have become the mainstream of the market due to the advantages of large color gamut, high brightness, and high resolution. Blue light, as one of the three primary colors, is an indispensable part of the display system. Its parameters, such as wavelength, spectral width, brightness affect the color gamut of the display system from different aspects. Strong blue light can damage the retinal cells of the human eye and affect the biological rhythm. Therefore, it is needed to consider how to reduce the blue light hazard when designing the display system. Display devices, represented by mobile phones and TV are an important part for human-computer interaction. In order to reduce the blue light hazard, anti-blue hazard mode is usually used and this mode will affect the color gamut of display device. To measure the color gamut and blue light hazards in a display system with the blue light protection mode is necessary. We propose a theory of measuring the characteristic points of display devices to obtain the stereoscopic color gamut. Several mainstream mobile phones currently on the market are used as experimental samples to measure the stereoscopic color gamut and blue light hazard value. Based on the results, we propose the measurement standard of the conversion ratio between the color gamut and the blue light hazard to evaluate the quality of the anti-blue hazard mode.
Genome‐wide aneuploidy detected by mFast‐SeqS in circulating cell‐free DNA is associated with poor response to pembrolizumab in patients with advanced urothelial cancer
Authors: Mendelaar Pauline A. J. , Robbrecht Debbie G. J. , Rijnders Maud , de Wit Ronald , de Weerd Vanja , Deger Teoman , Westgeest Hans M. , Aarts Maureen J. B. , Voortman Jens , Martens John W. M. , van der Veldt Astrid A. M. , Nakauma‐González José Alberto , Wilting Saskia M. , Lolkema Martijn
Published: February 2022

Second‐line treatment with immune checkpoint inhibition in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) has a low success rate (~ 20%). Circulating tumour‐derived DNA (ctDNA) levels may guide patient stratification, provided that an affordable and robust assay is available. Here, we investigate whether the modified fast aneuploidy screening test‐sequencing system (mFast‐SeqS) may provide such an assay. To this end, mFast‐SeqS was performed on cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) from 74 patients with mUC prior to treatment with pembrolizumab. Results were associated with corresponding tissue‐based profiles, plasma‐based variant allele frequencies (VAFs) and clinical response. We found that plasma‐derived mFast‐SeqS‐based aneuploidy scores significantly correlated with those observed in the corresponding tumour tissue as well as with the ctDNA level in the plasma. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, a high aneuploidy score was independently associated with lack of clinical benefit from treatment with pembrolizumab. In conclusion, mFast‐SeqS provides a patient‐friendly, high‐throughput and affordable method to estimate ctDNA level. Following independent validation, this test could be used to stratify mUC patients for response prior to the initiation of treatment with pembrolizumab.
MAP kinases differentially bind and phosphorylate NOS3 via two unique NOS3 sites
Authors: Solone Xzaviar K. V. , Caldara Amber L. , Wells Brady , Qiao Hao , Wade Lydia R. , Salerno John C. , Helms Katy A. , Smith Katherine E. R. , McMurry Jonathan L. , Chrestensen Carol A.
Published: February 2022

Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) is a major vasoprotective enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l‐arginine to nitric oxide (NO) in response to a significant number of signaling pathways. Here, we provide evidence that NOS3 interactions with MAP kinases have physiological relevance. Binding interactions of NOS3 with c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK1α1), p38α, and ERK2 were characterized using optical biosensing with full‐length NOS3 and NOS3 specific peptides and phosphopeptides. Like p38α and ERK2, JNK1α1 exhibited high‐affinity binding to full‐length NOS3 (KD 15 nm). Rate constants exhibited fast‐on, slow‐off binding (kon = 4106 m−1s−1; koff = 6.2 × 10‐5 s−1). Further analysis using synthetic NOS3 peptides revealed two MAP kinase binding sites unique to NOS3. p38α evinced similar affinity with both NOS3 binding sites. For ERK2 and JNK1α1, the affinity at the two sites differed. However, NOS3 peptides with a phosphate at either S114 or S633 did not meaningfully interact with the kinases. Immunoblotting revealed that each kinase phosphorylated NOS3 with a unique pattern. JNK1α1 predominantly phosphorylated NOS3 at S114, ERK2 at S600, and p38α phosphorylated both residues. In vitro production of NO was unchanged by phosphorylation at these sites. In human microvascular endothelial cells, endogenous interactions of all the MAP kinases with NOS3 were captured using proximity ligation assay in resting cells. Our results underscore the importance of MAP kinase interactions, identifying two unique NOS3 interaction sites with potential for modulation by MAP kinase phosphorylation (S114) and other signaling inputs, like protein kinase A (S633).
Effects of drawing instructions and strategic knowledge on mathematical modeling performance: Mediated by the use of the drawing strategy
Authors: Rellensmann Johanna , Schukajlow Stanislaw , Blomberg Judith , Leopold Claudia
Published: February 2022

Making drawings can help students avoid and overcome difficulties they encounter when solving real‐world (or modeling) problems. However, many students do not make drawings spontaneously. In the present study, 132 students in Grades 9 and 10 were randomly assigned to the experimental conditions “with situational or mathematical drawing instructions” or to the control condition “without drawing instructions.” Multilevel path analyses showed that mathematical drawing instructions had a positive total effect on performance, and the effect was transmitted via the use of drawings. Also, strategic knowledge about drawing had a positive total effect on performance via the use of drawings. Further, strategic knowledge about drawing moderated the effect of mathematical drawing instructions on students' use of drawings. An in‐depth analysis of an exemplary modeling problem provided us with additional hypotheses about how drawing instructions and the use of drawings affect modeling performance on the problem level.
Study on Dual Pore Network Polylactic Acid Scaffolds for Growth of MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: McAllister Brenna , Thajudeen Mohammed , Phelan Shelley , Srinivas Sundarram Sriharsha
Published: February 2022

The ability to fabricate dual pore tissue scaffolds remains a challenge with respect to material selection and control over geometry. Herein, a novel method combining additive manufacturing and solid‐state foaming to fabricate dual porous tissue scaffolds is presented. Structures with designed architectures are 3D printed followed by solid‐state foaming resulting in macro‐ and micropores, respectively. The advantage of this approach is its applicability to a wide range of materials with flexibility to control the pore sizes during the design stage and foaming process, respectively. The obtained scaffolds have macro‐ and micropore sizes of 200 and 25 μm, respectively, with a porosity of 71%. The scaffolds are seeded and cultured with MCF7 breast cancer cells to study cell adhesion and growth followed by the efficacy of oleuropein treatment. The results show that the scaffold is able to support attachment, proliferation, and viability of the cells. In addition, the scaffolds do not elicit any toxicity and the MCF7 cells are equally susceptible to the oleuropein treatment when grown on the scaffolds. In summary, a scalable, controllable, and repeatable process for the fabrication of dual pore tissue scaffolds is presented, which can aid in the development of bioartificial organs.
Backbone Configuration and Electronic Property Tuning of Imide‐Functionalized Ladder‐Type Heteroarenes‐Based Polymer Acceptors for Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Yingfeng , Sun Huiliang , Gámez‐Valenzuela Sergio , Yan Zhenglong , Feng Kui , Uddin Mohammad Afsar , Koh Changwoo , Zhou Xin , López Navarrete Juan Teodomiro , Ruiz Delgado María Carmen , Meng Hong , Niu Li , Woo Han Young , Ponce Ortiz Rocío , Guo Xugang
Published: February 2022

Electron‐deficient ladder‐type π‐conjugated systems are highly desired for constructing polymer acceptors due to their unique electronic properties. Herein, two series of polymer acceptors PBTIn‐(F)T (n = 1–4) based on imide‐functionalized ladder‐type heteroarenes (BTIn) with tunable conjugation length are synthesized. Effects of their backbone configuration and electronic properties on film morphology and performance of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) are systematically investigated through theoretical computation, Raman spectroscopy, grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, etc. It is found that the ladder‐type heteroarene size extension and polymer backbone fluorination gradually lower the frontier molecular orbital energy levels, leading to progressive bandgap narrowing with more efficient exciton dissociation. Furthermore, the centrosymmetric and axisymmetric characteristics of BTIn result in distinct backbone configuration with varied self‐aggregation and crystalline phases, hence determining the blend film morphology. The highest efficiencies in these two series are attained from PBTI3‐T and PBTI3‐FT with a curved backbone configuration. PBTI4‐(F)T with further extended heteroarenes shows linear backbone, negatively affecting film morphology and efficiency. This study provides fundamental material structure‐device performance correlations for ladder‐type heteroarenes‐based polymer acceptors for the first time and demonstrates that more extended ladder‐type backbones do not necessarily improve the device performance, offering guidelines for designing polymer acceptors to maximize all‐PSC performance.
Human Protein‐Based Porous Scaffolds as Platforms for Xeno‐Free 3D Cell Culture
Authors: Santos Sara C. , Custódio Catarina A. , Mano João F.
Published: February 2022

Extracellular matrix and protein‐based biomaterials emerge as attractive sources to produce scaffolds due to their great properties regarding biocompatibility and bioactivity. In addition, there are concerns regarding the use of animal‐derived supplements in cell culture not only due to the risk of transmission of xenogeneic contaminants and antigens but also due to ethical issues associated with collection methods. Herein, a novel human protein‐derived porous scaffold produced from platelet lysates (PL) as platform for xeno‐free 3D cell culture has been proposed. Human PL are chemically modified with methacryloyl groups (PLMA) to make them photocrosslinkable and used as precursor material to produce PLMA‐based sponges. The herein reported human‐based sponges have highly tunable morphology and mechanical properties, with an internal porous structure and Young's modulus dependent on the concentration of the polymer. Human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) are cultured on top of PLMA sponges to validate their use for 3D cell culture in xeno‐free conditions. After 14 days hASCs remained viable, and results show that cells are able to proliferate during time even in the absence of animal‐derived supplementation. This study reveals for the first time that such scaffolds can be promising platforms for culture of human cells avoiding the use of any animal‐derived supplement.
Macroscale Conjugated Microporous Polymers: Controlling Versatile Functionalities Over Several Dimensions
Authors: Zhang Weiyi , Zuo Hongyu , Cheng Zhonghua , Shi Yu , Guo Zhengjun , Meng Nan , Thomas Arne , Liao Yaozu
Published: February 2022

Since discovered in 2007, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have been developed for numerous applications including gas adsorption, sensing, organic and photoredox catalysis, energy storage, etc. While featuring abundant micropores, the structural rigidity derived from CMPs’ stable π‐conjugated skeleton leads to insolubility and thus poor processability, which severely limits their applicability, e.g., in CMP‐based devices. Hence, the development of CMPs whose structure can not only be controlled on the micro‐ but also on the macroscale have attracted tremendous interest. In conventional synthesis procedures, CMPs are obtained as powders, but in recent years various bottom‐up synthesis strategies have been developed, which yield CMPs as thin films on substrates or as hybrid materials, allowing to span length scales from individual conjugated monomers to micro‐/macrostructures. This review surveys recent advances on the construction of CMPs into macroscale structures, including membranes, films, aerogels, sponges, and other architectures. The focus is to describe the underlying fabrication techniques and the implications which follow from the macroscale morphologies, involving new chemistry and physics in such materials for applications like molecular separation/filtration/adsorption, energy storage and conversion, photothermal transformation, sensing, or catalysis.
Reversible Pressure‐Dependent Mechanochromism of Dion–Jacobson and Ruddlesden–Popper Layered Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Muscarella Loreta A. , Dučinskas Algirdas , Dankl Mathias , Andrzejewski Michał , Casati Nicola Pietro Maria , Rothlisberger Ursula , Maier Joachim , Graetzel Michael , Ehrler Bruno , Milić Jovana V.
Published: February 2022

Layered Dion–Jacobson (DJ) and Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) hybrid perovskites are promising materials for optoelectronic applications due to their modular structure. To fully exploit their functionality, mechanical stimuli can be used to control their properties without changing the composition. However, the responsiveness of these systems to pressure compatible with practical applications (<1 GPa) remains unexploited. Hydrostatic pressure is used to investigate the structure–property relationships in representative iodide and bromide DJ and RP 2D perovskites based on 1,4‐phenylenedimethylammonium (PDMA) and benzylammonium (BzA) spacers in the 0–0.35 GPa pressure range. Pressure‐dependent X‐ray scattering measurements reveal that lattices of these compositions monotonically shrink and density functional theory calculations provide insights into the structural changes within the organic spacer layer. These structural changes affect the optical properties; the most significant shift in the optical absorption is observed in (BzA)2PbBr4 under 0.35 GPa pressure, which is attributed to an isostructural phase transition. Surprisingly, the RP and DJ perovskites behave similarly under pressure, despite the different binding modes of the spacer molecules. This study provides important insights into how the manipulation of the crystal structure affects the optoelectronic properties of such materials, whereas the reversibility of their response expands the perspectives for future applications.
In Situ Super‐Resolution Imaging of Organoids and Extracellular Matrix Interactions via Phototransfer by Allyl Sulfide Exchange‐Expansion Microscopy (PhASE‐ExM)
Authors: Blatchley Michael R. , Günay Kemal Arda , Yavitt F. Max , Hawat Elijah M. , Dempsey Peter J. , Anseth Kristi S.
Published: February 2022

3D organoid models have recently seen a boom in popularity, as they can better recapitulate the complexity of multicellular organs compared to other in vitro culture systems. However, organoids are difficult to image because of the limited penetration depth of high‐resolution microscopes and depth‐dependent light attenuation, which can limit the understanding of signal transduction pathways and characterization of intimate cell‐extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. To overcome these challenges, phototransfer by allyl sulfide exchange‐expansion microscopy (PhASE‐ExM) is developed, enabling optical clearance and super‐resolution imaging of organoids and their ECM in 3D. PhASE‐ExM uses hydrogels prepared via photoinitiated polymerization, which is advantageous as it decouples monomer diffusion into thick organoid cultures from the hydrogel fabrication. Apart from compatibility with organoids cultured in Matrigel, PhASE‐ExM enables 3.25× expansion and super‐resolution imaging of organoids cultured in synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels crosslinked via allyl‐sulfide groups (PEG‐AlS) through simultaneous photopolymerization and radical‐mediated chain‐transfer reactions that complete in <70 s. Further, PEG‐AlS hydrogels can be in situ softened to promote organoid crypt formation, providing a super‐resolution imaging platform both for pre‐ and post‐differentiated organoids. Overall, PhASE‐ExM is a useful tool to decipher organoid behavior by enabling sub‐micrometer scale, 3D visualization of proteins and signal transduction pathways.