bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obstructive lung disease as a complication in post pulmonary TB
Authors: Tarigan A P , Pandia P , Eyanoer P , Tina D , Pratama R , Fresia A , Tamara  , Silvanna
Published: March 2018

The case of post TB is a problem that arises in the community. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) can affect lung function. Therefore, we evaluated impaired pulmonary function in subjects with diagnosed prior pulmonary TB. A Case Series study, pulmonary function test was performed in subjects with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis; aged ≥18 years were included. Exclusion criteria was a subject who had asthma, obesity, abnormal thorax and smoking history. We measured FEV1 and FVC to evaluate pulmonary function. Airflow obstruction was FEV1/FVC%<75 and restriction was FVC<80% according to Indonesia’s pneumomobile project. This study was obtained from 23 patients with post pulmonary TB, 5 subjects (23%) had airflow obstruction with FEV1/FVC% value <75%, 15 subjects (71.4%) had abnormalities restriction with FVC value <80% and 3 subjects (5.6%) had normal lung function. Obstructive lung disease is one of the complications of impaired lung function in post pulmonary TB.
Holistic management of diabetic foot
Authors: Lindarto D
Published: March 2018

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the most costly and devastating complication of diabetes mellitus, which affect 15% of diabetic patients during their lifetime. DFUs are complex, chronic wounds, which have a major long-term impact on the morbidity, mortality and quality of patients’ lives. Individuals who develop a DFU are at greater risk of premature death, myocardial infarction and fatal stroke than those without a history of DFU. Unlike other chronic wounds, the development and progression of DFU is often complicated by wideranging diabetic changes, such as neuropathy and vascular disease. The management of DFU should be optimized by using a multidisciplinary team, due to a holistic approach to wound management is required. Based on studies, blood sugar control, wound debridement, advanced dressings and offloading modalities should always be a part of DFU management. Furthermore, surgery to heal chronic ulcer and prevent recurrence should be considered as an essential component of management in some cases.
Neurological complication in HIV patients
Authors: Ritarwan K
Published: March 2018

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is neurotropic and immunotropic, making themassive destruction of both systems. Although their amount has been reduced, there is still neurological presentations and complications of HIV remain common in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Neurological opportunistic infections (OI) occur in advanced HIV diseases such as primary cerebral lymphoma, cryptococcal meningitis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and progressive multifocal encephalopathy. Neurological problem directly related to HIV appear at any stage in the progress of HIV disease, from AIDS-associated dementia to the aseptic meningitis of primary HIV infection observed in subjects with an immune deficiency. The replication of peripheral HIV viral is able to be controlled in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Non-HIV-related neurological disease such as stroke increased important as the HIV population ages.
A note on the discrete Fourier restriction problem
Authors: Lai Xudong , Ding Yong
Published: March 2018

In this paper, we establish a general discrete Fourier restriction theorem. As an application, we make some progress on the discrete Fourier restriction problem associated with KdV equations.
Addressing the Silence
Authors: Black Helen K. , Groce John T. , Harmon Charles E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter, as the conclusion to our book, is entitled Addressing the Silence. We went “behind the scenes” of our work to examine the research process and pondered various aspects of interviewing a coterie of African-American men. For example, why were our caregiving men so willing to discuss their experiences of caregiving? Were there topics within caregiving that men were reluctant to discuss? And, why did the methods of our research fit well with the subject of caregiving and with the communal history of our respondents? Although our research addressed the gap in the caregiving and gerontological literature about elderly African-American men, our respondents showed us how much more we need to learn from them. As men discussed their care work in the forum of the research interview, the role of the elder African-American male caregiver came out of the shadows, but not yet completely into the light.
Reputational Entrepreneurs
Authors: Wheeldon Marianne
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers four music critics and three performers—Emile Vuillermoz, Charles Koechlin, Louis Laloy, Léon Vallas, D. E. Inghelbrecht, Marguerite Long, and Alfred Cortot—whose writings in the postwar years helped to combat the negative press that surrounded Debussy after his death. Viewing these personalities through the lens of the “reputational entrepreneur” sheds light not only on what they wrote on behalf of Debussy, but also on how and why they wrote what they did. By drawing on multiple sources, this chapter provides an interpretation of their motivations that makes it possible to read between the lines of the narratives they constructed around the figure of Debussy. Indeed, the manner in which they defended and perpetuated Debussy’s reputation was in large part a result of how they renegotiated their own professional positions in the unsettled musical environment of postwar Paris.
Anthropocene: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Ellis Erle C.
Published: March 2018

Humanity’s impact on the planet has been profound. From fire, intensive hunting, and agriculture, it has accelerated into rapid climate change, widespread pollution, plastic accumulation, species invasions, and the mass extinction of species—changes that have left a permanent mark in the geological record of the rocks. Yet the proposal for a new unit of geological time—the Anthropocene Epoch—has raised debate far beyond the scientific community. The Anthropocene has emerged as a powerful new narrative of the relationship between humans and nature. Anthropocene: A Very Short Introduction draws on the work of geologists, geographers, environmental scientists, archaeologists, and humanities scholars to explain the science and wider implications of the Anthropocene.
10. Was Marx right?
Authors: Singer Peter
Published: March 2018

Many of Marx’s predictions have been proven wrong. If Marx did not make scientific discoveries about economics and society, what did he get right? ‘Was Marx right?’ suggests it is better to think of Marx as a philosopher than as a scientist. As a philosopher, Marx’s work endures, altering our understanding of our history and our social existence, and deepening our grasp of what it is to be free. Marx saw that capitalism is a wasteful, irrational system that controls us when we should be controlling it. That insight is still valid, but we can now see that the construction of a free and equal society is a far more difficult task than Marx realized.
Turmoils and Temporalities
Authors: Volkman Lucas P.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 2 discloses that intra-denominational and intra-congregational strife over African American bondage became most intense when it implicated the conflicting claims of urban middle-class congregants over church-owned property. Divergent views on the morality of slavery underlay evangelical strife. But the determination of antagonistic middle-class congregational factions to retain ownership of disputed church lands and buildings made splits within local religious societies and denominations highly contentious public altercations. Central to this chapter, furthermore, is the argument that benevolent women, especially in town-dwelling congregations, had vital stakes in disputed church lands, buildings, and schools, and that these women sometimes played key roles in factional contests.
The Textual Culture of the Nauvoo Female Relief Society Leadership and Minute Book
Authors: Reeder Jennifer
Published: March 2018

Jennifer Reeder’s “The Textual Culture of the Nauvoo Relief Society Leadership and Minute Book” provides a foundation for a deep understanding of the social production of the Nauvoo Female Relief Society’s minute book, which exemplifies the broad activity and discourse among Mormon women in Nauvoo, Illinois, in the 1840s. Typical of contemporary women’s organizations, the Relief Society was led by formally appointed officers who kept careful records of their benevolent efforts and theological discussions. Reeder shows that the Relief Society’s minute book was much more than a ledger of names and donations. Of particular interest is the way relationships played out among the women and how the practice of polygamy influenced the Relief Society, though never openly discussed in meetings. Reeder examines the polygamist relationships of several of the Society’s leaders and clerical officers in order to read between the lines of what was and was not written.
The Early Diaries of Wilford Woodruff, 1835–1839
Authors: Ulrich Laurel Thatcher
Published: March 2018

In “The Early Diaries of Wilford Woodruff, 1835–1839,” Laurel Thatcher Ulrich turns her eye to a source long considered important in early Mormon history that she believes is also a “great American diary.” Examining the handwriting and ornamentation as well as the content of Woodruff’s journals, she shows the close relationship between nineteenth-century writing practices and an emerging religious faith. Ulrich’s essay reminds readers of the ways in which diaries and journals represent not just the thoughts and words of their author, but their lived experiences. Over five years, Woodruff’s ambitious hopes for his new-found religion reframed his responsibilities as a son, brother, husband, and father. The borders and drawings in his diaries, as well as the family records and autograph albums he created for others, document his struggle to reconcile earthly and heavenly bonds.
Track 2
Authors: Bell Adam Patrick
Published: March 2018

Tara, a twenty-seven-year-old classically trained pianist with a masters degree in music, subscribes to the Tin Pan Alley method of music production, conceptualizing the song as a distinct entity from the recording. In search of a more polished sound than she has been able to achieve recording herself with Logic, Tara hired a friend of a friend to serve as the sound engineer for a week of home recording sessions. Battling the unflattering acoustics of a concrete loft apartment, noisy neighbors, the unapologetic New York subway, the trappings of perfectionism, and the creeping resentment that stems from communication breakdowns, Tara questioned if she would be better off going to a professional recording studio, but persevered to see her project through to the stage of mixing.
Track 4
Authors: Bell Adam Patrick
Published: March 2018

Subsisting on peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and often sleeping in his windowless concrete rehearsal room nestled between his guitar and amplifier, thirty-three-year-old rapper-turned-rocker Jimmy hopes to make it as a rock star. A disciple of guitar greats Clapton, Page, and Hendrix, Jimmy sets out to craft the ultimate hook-heavy guitar song. As the lead singer, rhythm guitarist, lead guitarist, bassist, and “drummer” (he plays the drums on his computer with his index fingers), Jimmy exemplifies the DAW-dependent one-man-band. A self-described producer, Jimmy applies his knowledge and skills as a hip-hop DJ to his rock compositions. Recording technologies such as Pro Tools and Waves plugins are as important to his songwriting as his beloved Fender Stratocaster guitar.
Mastering the Multitrack
Authors: Bell Adam Patrick
Published: March 2018

Chapter 8 discusses the significance of the studio as musical instrument and its implications for music education. The stories of Michael, Tara, Tyler, and Jimmy depict a music education with DIY studios that is largely devoid of teachers and schools. Their collective quest to make new music and realize new sonic textures by their own volition has spawned an approach to making music that is typified by trial-and-error learning. Their end goal is to make music, implying that learning occurs tacitly as a by-process. On the surface, trial-and-error learning appears cumbersome and inefficient, but it is a time-honored practice in music production, and the likes of Michael, Tara, Tyler, and Jimmy are continuing its evolution. Music education would do well to follow in their footsteps.
The Trouble with Time
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: March 2018

Analyzing the discourse on timekeeping and lateness in Kafka’s The Trial, the author demonstrates that the novel overturns modernity’s one-sided, speed-as-progress narrative by puncturing the chronology and linearity of time with metaphysical time. Josef K.’s inability to keep time or to stay attentive when it really matters makes him a protagonist who has lost the capacity to acknowledge the possibility of a different temporality. He therefore misreads his trial by interpreting it solely with reference to modern notions of legal evidence, procedures, and institutions. Intersecting the analysis of Kafka’s handling of narrative time with a discussion of how manifestations of metaphysical time in the novel challenge Josef K.’s modern control over time and modernity’s time regime, the chapter foregrounds temporal ambivalence as a central feature of Kafka’s world.
Kafka’s Modernism
Authors: Hammer Espen
Published: March 2018

Using ideas from Ludwig Wittgenstein’s and Stanley Cavell’s visions of ordinary language philosophy, this essay explores Kafka’s modernism. As opposed to Maurice Blanchot’s notion of literary language as non-referential, it is argued that the modernism at stake in The Trial centers on the question of intelligibility. While the court system in the novel signifies some sort of general skepticism, in which the use of language threatens to become unintelligible, Kafka offers the reader an extended reflection on the conditions of intelligibility and sense. At stake is language itself and our relation to it as agents seeking to make ourselves understandable to others. In The Trial, there are numerous examples of acts of communication that only seemingly make sense. The parallels with how, for Wittgenstein, our language can become emptied of meaning are made explicit.
Rationally Irrational?
Authors: Cohen Dov , Hernandez Ivan , Gruschow Karl , Nowak Andrzej , Gelfand Michele J , Borkowski Wojciech
Published: March 2018

A commitment to honor is a commitment to irrationality—at least in the short-run—because it involves defending one’s honor, regardless of stakes or cost. Yet, circumstances giving rise to honor cultures—lawless environments, portable (easy-to-steal) wealth—create milieus where people must appear tough to deter predators. Thus, what seems irrational in the short-run may be rational in the long-run. This chapter describes three agent-based models exploring when an honor stance is advantageous and examining population dynamics of strategies in the environment. Models track empirical observations well. Further, models highlight: how prosocial reciprocity (not just vengeance) is crucial for honor to thrive; how positive and negative reciprocity become correlated over time in honor cultures; the rise of a strategy opposite to honor and how honor and its opposite exist symbiotically; how evolution cannot be outsmarted but can be “outdumbed”; cycling of strategies’ popularity; and Child × Environment interactions producing drift.
Decision-Making Up Against the Wall
Authors: Sheehy-Skeffington Jennifer
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an overview of research on the behavioral dimension of low socioeconomic status and a set of theoretical and empirical principles for better understanding it. In particular, the chapter focuses on those behaviors that are claimed to exacerbate a situation of poverty or deprivation, such as poor academic performance, myopic financial decisions, early child-bearing, consumption of unhealthy foods, and engaging in unhealthy lifestyle habits. Though such behavioral patterns have been used to make claims as to the defective values or motives of the poor, the chapter argues that studying them rigorously, aided by the experimental method, leads to a more nuanced and accurate picture, in which psychology is systematically shaped by socioeconomic position. After reviewing evidence from education, public health, and behavioral economics concerning the behavioral dimension of low socioeconomic status, the chapter suggests an organizing set of mechanisms that might structure a comprehensive explanatory account of it.
Socio-Economic Cultures
Authors: Carey Rebecca , Bencharit Lucy Zhang
Published: March 2018

Education has become the tipping point that separates those who thrive from those who struggle just to survive. This chapter synthesizes many of the powerful and previously unexamined psychological consequences of educational attainment, illustrating that education influences behavior by shaping one’s experience of self. Although most people have both an independent and an interdependent self, people inhabiting college-educated contexts tend to prioritize their independent selves. Those inhabiting high school-educated contexts—and thus with fewer resources and less power and status—tend to emphasize their interdependent selves. From music preferences, to friendship, to responses to natural disasters, these different selves organize how people think, feel, and behave in their world. However, these differences are not inherent or fixed. They are the highly malleable products of the different interactions, institutions, and ideas that characterize high school–educated and college-educated contexts.
Dynamics of Culture Change and Cultural Stability among the Shuar of Ecuador
Authors: Clark Barrett H
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the dynamics of culture change and cultural stability among the Shuar, an indigenous Amazonian society in southeastern Ecuador. While the Shuar have always engaged in transactions with markets and global flows in Ecuador and beyond, rapid changes in technology and infrastructure in the Amazon region are leading to changes in economic and social practices, norms, ideologies, and modes of interaction within and across Shuar society. The conceptual tools of cultural evolutionary theory may help readers to understand which aspects of Shuar social and economic life remain relatively stable through these transitions and which aspects undergo rapid change and why. This chapter proposes a framework for theorizing domains of change and stasis in contemporary Shuar culture and suggests ways in which this framework can be applied to understanding broader questions about the dynamics of human cultural history.
Introduction
Authors: Freilich Charles D.
Published: March 2018

The introduction presents the book’s thesis: that Israel’s strategic environment, the threats it faces, and its society have all undergone fundamental change, thereby necessitating a major revision of its national security strategy. Israel does not have a formal, governmental, national security strategy, and the extensive academic literature on its defense and foreign affairs focuses on virtually every specific dimension thereof, but with little of a comprehensive nature. The book thus seeks to present an overall assessment of Israel’s national security, as the basis for the comprehensive new strategy proposed in the final chapter. To this end, the introduction presents a definition of Israel’s national objectives and discusses terminology. It further argues that Israel has been a “laboratory” and bellwether for changes in defense and foreign affairs and that the book should thus be of broad interest as a testing ground for changes that other states, too, are likely to face.
Hybridity and the Other in Modern National Music
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: March 2018

The process of inventing a national musical tradition for newly independent Vietnam demanded the inclusion of appropriate features from the minority cultures. Scholars compiled studies of these groups and ascribed musical instruments and styles to particular people. Composers and performers were then encouraged, via the awards and honors that were bestowed upon them by the Communist Party, to incorporate these features into their musical palettes. Lương Kim Vĩnh, a state-employed musician from the Viet majority, successfully modified the Hmong reed pipe for use in modern national music, and he became internationally renowned for his innovative compositions and performances on this instrument. Chapter 2 examines the evolution of his “Hmong” sound, which has become a synecdoche for a wider pan-minority sound in contemporary Vietnam. His development of the modified reed pipe is used as a lens for studying the assimilation of the musical Other into Vietnamese modern national music.
Community Reformation in the Diaspora
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: March 2018

Chapter 6 investigates the circulation of foreign-produced recordings in Vietnam to understand how popular music is generating a heightened awareness of Hmong transnationalism. Vietnamese minorities are compensating for shortcomings in the national media by accessing transnational networks through alternative technological means. VCDs, cell phones, and the Internet are permitting an unprecedented intensification of cross-border exchanges, some of which promote the concept of an independent Hmong nation. Vietnam-based Hmong now regularly listen to, watch, and comment on recordings and music videos produced in other countries. This chapter examines the means of access to these global networks and argues that the limitations on access outweigh the potential for unification as an independent Hmong nation. The research traces the emergence of a Hmong music industry to provide a means of understanding Vietnamese Hmong power, or lack thereof, in this reimagined ethnonationalist community.
Cosmopolitan Communication and the Discourse of Pietism
Authors: Goodman Nan
Published: March 2018

The chapter makes a case for cosmopolitanism in the development of Pietism, a movement of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries that put the Puritans in touch with what was called the Protestant International. Unlike more conventional readings of the “internationalism” of Pietism, which focus on the networks the Puritans established with coreligionists across the world, this chapter links Pietism to the creation of a cosmopolitan language, which can be seen most explicitly in Cotton Mather’s version of late seventeenth-century Pietism.
Manly States and Feminist Foreign Policy
Authors: Duriesmith David
Published: March 2018

Support for antiviolence campaigns represents a significant step forward in mobilizing the state in achieving feminist goals, while at the same time these actions uncover underlying tensions in challenging gender inequality by drawing on institutions defined by masculine modes of action. This chapter looks at the HeForShe campaign as a recent state attempt to pursue profeminist policies in the international arena. It argues that the use of the liberal state as an agent of change risks a quixotic search for a “good” masculinity as a basis for the state achieving feminist change. Comparing HeForShe to masculinities theorization on gender activism, the chapter challenges the notion that states can internationally break free from their masculinist underpinnings without adopting the position of being reflective allies to feminist causes.
Violence and Gender Politics in the Proto-State “Islamic State”
Authors: Brown Katherine E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the idea of the so-called Islamic State, also known as Daesh, as a proto-state. A proto-state operates in an environment of extreme instability but also, like the nucleus of an atom, manages to generate cohesion and structural integrity while constantly in flux. Because of this condition, and despite rejecting both nationalism and statehood in Islamic State’s rhetoric, this chapter argues that Daesh remains dependent on both. This is demonstrated by exploring the ideal-figure types of the “Muslimwoman” and the “warrior-monk,” and through understanding the organized public violence on the streets of its territory. The chapter reveals how these both transcend and depend upon nationalism and statism to create forms of authority and legitimacy for Daesh.
Energy
Authors: Penick Michael A.
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the development and structure of energy cash and futures markets, along with current regulatory issues. It begins by discussing common features of energy markets: energy markets are characterized by inelastic short- and medium-term demand curves in which demand decreases rather slowly as prices increase. It then discusses the energy markets with actively traded benchmark futures contracts as well as the development of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives that can be used by end users in conjunction with futures contracts to refine their hedges. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the effects of derivatives market regulation, including hedging and speculation in energy markets, position limits, and the “futurization” of OTC derivatives that were formerly structured as swaps.
Commodity Exchange-Traded Funds
Authors: Milliken Christopher
Published: March 2018

Commodity exchange-traded funds (ETCs), which debuted in 2004, enable investors to access an asset class previously difficult or expensive to access. Although a small segment of the overall exchange-traded fund (ETF) universe, ETCs have grown in popularity with both speculators and investors looking for long-term portfolio diversification. Examples of the types of commodities that are now accessible through ETCs include gold, oil, and agricultural. The literature on ETCs is limited, but academic and industry work has centered on using futures contracts to replicate the performance of the underlying commodities spot price as well as the effect additional capital has had on the integrity of the futures market. This chapter covers this topic by reviewing the growth, investment strategies, and regulatory structure of ETCs as well as the underlying effects these funds have had on the underlying markets with which they engage.
Asset Allocation Strategies and Commodities
Authors: Boido Claudio
Published: March 2018

As a result of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and subsequent central banking decisions, the asset management industry changed its asset allocation choices. Asset managers are focusing their attention on the search for new asset classes by taking advantage of the new opportunities to capture risk premia with the aim of exceeding the returns given by traditional investments, including traded equities, fixed income securities, and cash. By doing so, they are trying to improve the selection of alternative assets, such as commodities that sometimes have relatively low correlations with traditional assets. The chapter begins by describing the principles of asset allocation, distinguishing between passive and active asset allocation, also focusing on beta and alternative beta. It then concentrates on how investors can gain exposure to commodities through different investment vehicles and strategies.
High Frequency Trading of Commodities
Authors: Fishe Raymond P. H.
Published: March 2018

Electronic platforms and high frequency traders (HFTs) have changed the nature of trading. Like equity markets, commodity markets have experienced an influx of algorithmic traders and a decline in “pit” or open outcry trading. Regulatory efforts to understand the effects of HFTs and to offer prudent guidelines or new rules are in their infancy. An overall hesitancy exists because academic studies have produced diverse results on liquidity, volatility, and market quality. This survey focuses on high frequency trading research in commodity derivative markets, documenting basic results and extracting inferences when warranted. Evidence indicates that HFTs act as market makers and their speed advantage has lowered transaction costs, generally during normal markets. Although not entirely conclusive, evidence also suggests that HFTs may exacerbate volatility by withdrawing liquidity in times of market stress, such as during “flash” crashes.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Kate Pride
Published: March 2018

The conclusion summarizes the findings of the book, focusing upon the interplays of the field of power. These powers ebb and flow in relation to each other, creating interesting opportunities and ambiguities over time. Civil society holds social power, which is threatening to financial and political elites. In Russia, the result is a return of authoritarian state dominance, similar to the Soviet period, but adapted to modern conditions. However, the field of power need not only be dominated by the state. In the West, growing economic inequality could have a similar constraining effect on the field of power as a whole. Because the field is contingent and relational, there is always the opportunity for civil society to find a moment to exert its power. But if one power dominates the field in Russia indefinitely, then it is likely to produce the same deteriorating conditions that faced its Soviet predecessor.
Development of the SYP Curriculum
Authors: Fuchsel Catherine
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an overview of how the Sí, Yo Puedo (SYP) curriculum and program was developed from a qualitative pilot study that examined the meaning of marriage, relationships, and domestic violence among a small group of immigrant Latina women between 2004 and 2007. A prevention model was developed from the original pilot study that essentially became the SYP 11-week, group format, culturally specific curriculum and program. Over a five-year period, evaluation of the SYP curriculum and program in group settings was conducted with different community-based agencies in two Midwestern states. Rigorous qualitative research methods and design such as action research, mixed-methods, and survey methods were used. These methods were used to examine participant’s experience, improve weekly sessions, assess group facilitator’s experience, and observe for any differences among participants after completing the program. The framework of community-based participatory research was used throughout the ongoing evaluation.
The Festival Isogaisa
Authors: Fonneland Trude
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, I examine stories, products, and services that take shape as a Sámi shaman festival opens its doors to the public for the first time. I ask what is included in the marketing of the Isogaisa festival as an appealing happening. I further explore the role the past and Sámi indigenous religion play in the production of experiences that takes place, and examine how what is distinctly local at Isogaisa is highlighted on the basis of global structures and organizations to create interest for a chosen product and a specific destination.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Baaij C.J.W.
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s argument for an English-based, source-oriented approach to EU Translation. Chapter 2 constructed the task of EU Translation from the objectives of the EU policies on legal integration and language diversity. Chapters 3 and 4 assessed current EU Translation practices. Chapter 3 demonstrated that the principles underlying EU’s Institutional Multilingualism require that English be the official source text of EU Translation and the sole language version of EU legislation. Chapter 4 established that EU Translation practices are inconsistent in terms of Schleiermacher’s translation “orientations.” Finally, Chapters 5 and 6 offered an alternative approach to EU Translation. Chapter 5 contended that a source-oriented strategy promises to diminish the risk of discrepancies and inconsistencies between language versions, and lies on philosophical concepts of language and translation. Last, the challenges involved in implementing the proposed English-based, source-oriented technique of EU Translation were illustrated in Chapter 6.
Introduction
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2018

The Introduction introduces the terms Buddhism, Buddhist system, and violence for the book. The chapter reviews previous approaches to Buddhism and violence and mistake in assuming every religion understands and defines violence in a uniform manner. Ahimsa serves as a cornerstone of Buddhist morality, and means non-harm or non-injury. This slight nuance alters the way in which Buddhist doctrine and Buddhist leaders understand violence from the way in which violence is typically identified. As such, the chapters in this book serve collectively as an exploration into the Buddhist approach to violence and its various vicissitudes. It then reviews the challenges and dangers for the author in studying the relationship between religion and violence. Lastly, it provides an overview of the chapters in the book.
Postsecular American Catholics
Authors: Dillon Michele
Published: March 2018

This chapter demonstrates how American Catholics embody the mutual relevance of religious and secular expectations that is the hallmark of postsecularity. It argues that individual interpretive autonomy—the secularization of religious authority—is critical to their construal of Catholicism, and it discusses the ironies this entails. The chapter shows that interpretive autonomy is legitimated in official Church teaching, which in part allows Catholics to disagree with Church teachings on sexual morality and other issues while maintaining loyalty to Catholicism. It is also used by them to advocate for doctrinal changes that would more closely align their secular expectations with their attachment to the sacraments. Interpretive autonomy is thus a crucial mechanism in the preservation of Catholicism as a living tradition open to secular realities. The chapter also discusses how intra-Catholic political differences and a large socioeconomic divide between white and a growing Hispanic Catholic population fracture the notion of Catholic communal solidarity.
Buster Keaton’s Climate Change
Authors: Fay Jennifer
Published: March 2018

Much of Buster Keaton’s slapstick comedy revolves around his elaborate outdoor sets and the crafty weather design that destroys them. In contrast to D. W. Griffith, who insisted on filming in naturally occurring weather, and the Hollywood norm of fabricating weather in the controlled space of the studio, Keaton opted to simulate weather on location. His elaborately choreographed gags with their storm surges and collapsing buildings required precise control of manufactured rain and wind, along with detailed knowledge of the weather conditions and climatological norms on site. Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928) is one of many examples of Keaton’s weather design in which characters find themselves victims of elements that are clearly produced by the off-screen director. Keaton’s weather design finds parallels in World War I strategies of creating microclimates of death (using poison gas) as theorized by Peter Sloterdijk.
Nuclear Conditioning
Authors: Fay Jennifer
Published: March 2018

Nevada’s Atomic Testing Site hosted nuclear atmospheric tests from the late 1940s to the early 1960s and doubled as both an outdoor laboratory and a film studio. Here, worlds meant to resemble small American towns in every detail were built and obliterated by nuclear explosions, giving rise to thousands of nuclear test films. Cinema transforms explosions into aesthetic experiences, turns the chaos of fallout into comprehensible narratives, and trains viewers to survive or endure the culture of nuclearism. Cinema naturalizes this regime that leaves a stratigraphic signature in the planet’s geological record, a signal so pronounced that geologists propose that the Anthropocene began in 1945 with the first atomic test. The chapter concludes with consideration of “Project Plowshare,” a proposed program to use atomic bombs for “geological engineering.” Operation Plowshare targets the earth’s “unfriendly terrain” to make it useful and welcoming to human development and global commerce.
Conclusion
Authors: Fay Jennifer
Published: March 2018

Cinema is a record of the Anthropocene, and not just because it has recorded the changing planet. Celluloid is already embedded in the geological record. Bill Morrison’s film Dawson City: Frozen Time tells the story of how nitrate films were buried in the Yukon permafrost and unearthed decades later. Considered hazardous material, the nitrate film reels are also our cultural heritage. We can read the film as a lamentation that humanity and its culture are impermanent and its archives in jeopardy. But when we consider that so many films have been dumped, burned, and buried, we may be struck with the melancholic possibility that humanity and its culture will never disappear from the earth. In time, the human artifacts on the planet and the traces of humanity’s artificial life worlds will be the nature upon which future life forms create their worlds and rituals of hospitality.
Introduction
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

Traditional histories of studio-era Hollywood contend that the film industry offered little more than acting and secretarial jobs to women; however, industry trade papers and syndicated press of the time reveal a different picture. Women worked as producers, executives, writers, script readers, production and costume designers, film and sound editors, set dressers, make-up artists, publicists, agents, researchers, actors, and directors. They worked for their unions and on industry committees. Although they didn’t always agree politically, Hollywood’s women shared a commitment to the Equal Rights Amendment and often helped each other’s careers. This chapter provides an overview of the diverse professions open to women in the Hollywood studio system and challenges the “great man” theories of authorship and female disempowerment that have driven conventional histories of old Hollywood.
Organization Women
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

Hollywood employed legions of organization women during the studio system, from stenographers to producers; none of them simply took dictation. These white-collar organization women worked as executive secretaries, assistants to the vice president in charge of production, heads of scenario, heads of research, independent publicists, technical advisers, readers, screenwriters, and agents. The range of work, managerial and creative, knew few boundaries for women with the drive to succeed, but these women had an easier time working with producers and studio heads Harry Cohn, Irving Thalberg, Darryl F. Zanuck, and David O. Selznick. But, with the economic decline of the system and the political purges of the blacklist, by the mid-1950s, there was no time for comedy or much girlish laughter at the top. The chapter focuses on the careers of Silvia Schulman, Kay Brown, Dorothy Hechtlinger, Eve Ettinger, Marguerite Roberts, Ida Koverman, and Anita Colby.
Madam President
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

Mary C. McCall Jr. was the Screen Writers Guild’s most valuable asset from its earliest days through the blacklist. Eventually, she would publicly sacrifice her career in Hollywood defending the basic right of screen credit against a new breed of politically repressive producers. But, like her most famous creation, Maisie Ravier, McCall did not give up on herself or her show business industry. Sadly, over the years, the guild and historians of Hollywood have denied her the screen credit she deserves. She was one of the most politically active and powerful of all Hollywood writers, and yet is one of the least discussed in scholarly accounts of the film industry. Though much of the scholarship on studio-era Hollywood screenwriters has focused on the men who led the Hollywood Left, during the studio era, McCall wielded more power than any Hollywood woman before or since. This is her story.
Controlling the Cut
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

Despite being a founding member of her union, Barbara McLean worked sixty-hour weeks. She supervised her male colleagues, had more Academy Award nominations than anyone, and was known as “Hollywood’s Editor-in-Chief.” But McLean—who arguably had more control over her studio’s feature output than all of Twentieth Century-Fox’s directors—was not alone. During the studio system, Hollywood’s top female editors were formidable auteurs, and were unafraid of acknowledging, as Anne Bauchens did in 1941, “Women are better at editing motion pictures than men.” Regardless of their fame within the industry and the syndicated press in the 1930s and 1940s, studio-era Hollywood’s top female editors have become obscure footnotes in Hollywood history. As women and as editors, they are doubly “invisible” in the director-driven agendas of contemporary film criticism. But during the studio system, they were at the creative center of Hollywood filmmaking. This chapter puts them back where they belong.
Designing Women
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

During the early 1940s, journalists observed that after years of men controlling women’s fashion, Hollywood had become “a fashion center in which women designers are getting to be a big power.” In a town where “the working girl is queen,” it was women who really knew how to dress working women. Edith Head’s name dominates Hollywood costume design. Though a relatively poor sketch artist who refused to sew in public, Head understood what the average woman wanted to wear and knew better than anyone how to craft her image as the-one-and-only Edith Head. However, she was one of many women who designed Hollywood glamour in the studio era. This chapter juxtaposes Head’s career with that of a younger, fiercely independent designer who would quickly upstage Head as a creative force. In many senses, Dorothy Jeakins’s postwar career ascent indicated the waning of the Hollywood system and the powerful relationship between female designers, stars, and fans.
The Draw of Religion
Authors: Manglos-Weber Nicolette D.
Published: March 2018

Since the 1960s, a certain variety of Charismatic Evangelical Christianity has rapidly been assuming the religious mainstream in Ghana, as in other countries of West Africa and, indeed, around the world. This chapter is based on research in southern Ghana into the appeal of these new groups. I examine them as part of a youth-oriented religious movement, specifically adapted to the lifestyles and concerns of Ghana’s young, upwardly mobile, educated populations, who disproportionately end up migrating abroad. I focus in particular on the accessibility and portability of Evangelical Charismatic Christianity as a form of religious membership they can take with them wherever they travel, and on the ways in which the environment within these new Evangelical organizations gives young people a sense of aspirational promise for their own futures.
Conclusion
Authors: Stapley Jonathan A.
Published: March 2018

The “power of godliness” is a term derived from the King James Version of the Bible. Within Mormonism, it has evolved to indicate the power manifest in the authorized liturgy of the church. In order to situate Mormon liturgical history and this volume within a broader context, this conclusion reviews the main concepts presented in the book, and in particular the role of the cosmological priesthood. It then contrasts metaphors employed by David Holland and Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger describing their respective religions’ evolution in tradition.
Philosophical Ruminations
Authors: Attanasio John
Published: March 2018

Ideas matter. Constitutional jurisprudence decisions reflect overarching intellectual trends in society. The Buckley Constitution reflects the influence of modern individualistic libertarianism in contemporary American society. Some prominent authors have glimpsed more inclusive approaches to free speech. For example, renowned First Amendment theorist Alexander Meiklejohn sought to illustrate an inclusive approach to freedom of speech in his timeless metaphor of a town meeting. This chapter begins by outlining several wrong turns that the campaign finance cases have taken which render an inclusive approach impossible. One involves equating spending money with speaking. Spending money to speak is at most a combination of speech and action. Moreover, monetary limitations on political campaigning are similar to content neutral time, place, and manner restrictions. Some authors concerned with the distribution of speech rights have overtly offered a more egalitarian free speech approach. They include Jürgen Habermas, Bruce Ackerman, and Ronald Dworkin.
Studying Positive Youth Development in Different Nations
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Lerner Jacqueline V. , Geldhof G. John , Gestsdóttir Steinunn , King Pamela Ebstyne , Sim Alistair T. R. , Batanova Milena , Tirrell Jonathan M. , Dowling Elizabeth
Published: March 2018

International interest is growing concerning using strength-based models of adolescent development to understand how mutually influential relations between individuals and their key settings may be a basis for positive, healthy development. Bidirectional relations models are linked to relational developmental systems (RDS) metatheory, with a focus on the positive youth development (PYD) model, the most used ininternational PYD-related research and programs. A three-nation, counterfactual, comparative, longitudinal study is described to understand if Compassion International programs enhance thriving of the world’s poorest youth. RDS metatheory ideas point to the need for longitudinal studies using measures reflecting reliability, validity, and invariance across people, time, and place. This research should be framed by the “specificity principle” to identify individual and setting combinations that capitalize on the strengths of youth and place young people on a thriving trajectory.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Francis L. F , Chan Joseph M
Published: March 2018

Chapter 1 introduces the background of the Umbrella Movement, a protest movement that took hold in Hong Kong in 2014, and outlines the theoretical principles underlying the analysis of the role of media and communication in the occupation campaign. It explicates how the Umbrella Movement is similar to but also different from the ideal-typical networked social movement and crowd-enabled connective action. It explains why the Umbrella Movement should be seen as a case in which the logic of connective action intervenes into a planned collective action. It also introduces the notion of conditioned contingencies and the conceptualization of an integrated media system.
Social Transformation and the Rise of Protests, 2003–2014
Authors: Lee Francis L. F , Chan Joseph M
Published: March 2018

This chapter places the Umbrella Movement against the background of the rise of social protests in Hong Kong in the previous 15 years. The development of Hong Kong as a social movement society was traced by the rising number of protests, the diversity of issues addressed and organizers, the increasing level of acceptance of protests by the general public, and the rising levels of generalized protest potential and collective efficacy. The chapter also discusses the precedents and transformation of Internet-based citizen self-mobilization in Hong Kong since 2003. The chapter ends with a discussion of value changes in the population and the emergence of substantial generational differences on value orientations and social perceptions.