bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive optimization of a reporter assay toolbox for three distinct CRISPR‐Cas systems
Authors: Chen Li , Gao Haoyuan , Zhou Bing , Wang Yu
Published: May 2021

The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats‐associated DNA nuclease (CRISPR‐Cas) protein system allows programmable gene editing through inducing double‐strand breaks. Reporter assays for DNA cleavage and DNA repair events play an important role in advancing the CRISPR technology and improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we developed a series of reporter assays to probe mechanisms of action of various editing processes, including nonhomologous DNA end joining, homology‐directed repair and single‐strand annealing. With special target design, the reporter assays as an optimized toolbox can be used to take advantage of three distinct CRISPR‐Cas systems (Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 and Francisella novicida U112 Cpf1) and two different reporters (GFP and Gaussia luciferase). We further validated the Gaussia reporter assays using a series of small molecules, including NU7441, RI‐1 and Mirin, and showcased the use of a GFP reporter assay as an effective tool for enrichment of cells with edited genome.
2D Materials for Skin‐Mountable Electronic Devices
Authors: Kim Jejung , Lee Yongjun , Kang Minpyo , Hu Luhing , Zhao Songfang , Ahn Jong‐Hyun
Published: May 2021

Skin‐mountable devices that can directly measure various biosignals and external stimuli and communicate the information to the users have been actively studied owing to increasing demand for wearable electronics and newer healthcare systems. Research on skin‐mountable devices is mainly focused on those materials and mechanical design aspects that satisfy the device fabrication requirements on unusual substrates like skin and also for achieving good sensing capabilities and stable device operation in high‐strain conditions. 2D materials that are atomically thin and possess unique electrical and optical properties offer several important features that can address the challenging needs in wearable, skin‐mountable electronic devices. Herein, recent research progress on skin‐mountable devices based on 2D materials that exhibit a variety of device functions including information input and output and in vitro and in vivo healthcare and diagnosis is reviewed. The challenges, potential solutions, and perspectives on trends for future work are also discussed.
Dense All‐Electrochem‐Active Electrodes for All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Meiying , Liu Tao , Shi Zhe , Xue Weijiang , Hu Yong‐sheng , Li Hong , Huang Xuejie , Li Ju , Suo Liumin , Chen Liquan
Published: May 2021

The energy density presents the core competitiveness of lithium (Li)‐ion batteries. In conventional Li‐ion batteries, the utilization of the gravimetric/volumetric energy density at the electrode level is unsatisfactory (<84 wt% and <62 vol%, respectively) due to the existence of non‐electrochemical active parts among the 3D porous electrodes, including electrolytes, binders, and carbon additives. These are regarded as indispensable and irreducible components of the electronic and ionic transport network. Here, a dense “all‐electrochem‐active” (AEA) electrode for all‐solid‐state Li batteries is proposed, which is entirely constructed from a family of superior mixed electronic–ionic‐conducting cathodes, to minimize the energy density gap between the accessible and theoretical energy density at the electrode level. Furthermore, with the ionic–electronic‐conductive network self‐supported from the AEA cathode, the dense hybrid sulfur (S)‐based AEA electrode exhibits a high compacted filling rate of 91.8%, which indicates a high energy density of 777 W h kg−1 and 1945 W h L−1 at the electrode level based on the total cathodes and anodes when at 70 °C.
Quicker and More Zn2+ Storage Predominantly from the Interface
Authors: Dai Yuhang , Liao Xiaobin , Yu Ruohan , Li Jinghao , Li Jiantao , Tan Shuangshuang , He Pan , An Qinyou , Wei Qiulong , Chen Lineng , Hong Xufeng , Zhao Kangning , Ren Yang , Wu Jinsong , Zhao Yan , Mai Liqiang
Published: May 2021

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries are highly desirable for large‐scale energy storage because of their low cost and high‐level safety. However, achieving high energy and high power densities simultaneously is challenging. Herein, a VOx sub‐nanometer cluster/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) cathode material composed of interfacial VOC bonds is artificially constructed. Therein, a new mechanism is revealed, where Zn2+ ions are predominantly stored at the interface between VOx and rGO, which causes anomalous valence changes compared to conventional mechanisms and exploits the storage ability of non‐energy‐storing active yet highly conductive rGO. Further, this interface‐dominated storage triggers decoupled transport of electrons/Zn2+ ions, and the reversible destruction/reconstruction allows the interface to store more ions than the bulk. Finally, an ultrahigh rate capability (174.4 mAh g−1 at 100 A g−1, i.e., capacity retention of 39.4% for a 1000‐fold increase in current density) and a high capacity (443 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, exceeding the theoretical capacities of each interfacial component) are achieved. Such interface‐dominated storage is an exciting way to build high‐energy‐ and high‐power‐density devices.
Adsorchromism: Molecular Nanoarchitectonics at 2D Nanosheets—Old Chemistry for Advanced Chromism
Authors: Eguchi Miharu , Nugraha Asep Sugih , Rowan Alan E. , Shapter Joe , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: May 2021

Chromism induced by changes in the electronic states of dye molecules due to surface adsorption is termed “adsorchromism” in this article. These changes of molecular electronic states are induced by protonation, aggregation, intramolecular structural changes, and other processes, depending on the surface environment. Intramolecular structural changes, such as co‐planarization and decreased molecular motion are the most characteristic and interesting behavior of dye molecules at the surfaces, resulting in spectral shift and/or emission enhancement. In this review, adsorchromism at the surfaces of layered materials are summarized since their flexibility of interlayer distance, surface flatness, and transparency is suitable for a detailed observation. By understanding the relationship between adsorchromism and the electronic states of molecules on the surfaces, it will be possible to induce some desired functions which can be realized simply by adsorption, instead of complicated organic syntheses. Thus, adsorchromism has potential applications such as effective solar energy harvesting systems, or biological/chemical sensors to visualize environmental changes.
Recent Advances in Stimulus‐Responsive Nanocarriers for Gene Therapy
Authors: Yu Cheng , Li Long , Hu Pei , Yang Yan , Wei Wei , Deng Xin , Wang Lu , Tay Franklin R. , Ma Jingzhi
Published: May 2021

Gene therapy provides a promising strategy for curing monogenetic disorders and complex diseases. However, there are challenges associated with the use of viral delivery vectors. The advent of nanomedicine represents a quantum leap in the application of gene therapy. Recent advances in stimulus‐responsive nonviral nanocarriers indicate that they are efficient delivery systems for loading and unloading of therapeutic nucleic acids. Some nanocarriers are responsive to cues derived from the internal environment, such as changes in pH, redox potential, enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate, and hypoxia. Others are responsive to external stimulations, including temperature gradients, light irradiation, ultrasonic energy, and magnetic field. Multiple stimuli‐responsive strategies have also been investigated recently for experimental gene therapy.
Water Stable Haloplumbate Modulation for Efficient and Stable Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Wang Huanhuan , Zhang Zhuang , Milić Jovana V. , Tan Liguo , Wang Zaiwei , Chen Rong , Jing Xin , Yi Chenyi , Ding Yi , Li Yuelong , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiaodan , Hagfeldt Anders , Grätzel Michael , Luo Jingshan
Published: May 2021

The commercialization of perovskite solar cells is mainly limited by their operational stability. Interlayer modification by thin interface materials between the perovskite and the charge transport layers is one of the most effective methods to promote the efficiency and stability of perovskite devices. However, the commonly used interlayer materials do not fulfill all the demands, including good film quality, excellent stability, and passivation capability without interfering with the charge transport. In this work, a water stable haloplumbate [TBA]PbI3 for interfacial modification that meets these demands is proposed, which is formed on the perovskite surface in situ by tetra‐butylammonium iodide treatment. Benefiting from its passivation effect and robustness, the modified devices result in a power conversion efficiency of 22.90% with enhanced environmental and operational stability. In addition, the self‐limiting effect of the reaction contributes to the controllability of device fabrication and the repeatability of device performance.
Acquiring real kinetics of reactions in the inhibitory atmosphere containing product gases using micro fluidized bed
Authors: Liu Xuejing , Hao Wenqian , Wang Kexin , Wang Yingche , An Ping , Zhang Hong , Yue Junrong , Bai Dingrong , Xu Guangwen
Published: May 2021

This study proposed an isotope‐tagging method to investigate reactions under the atmosphere of product gas. To illustrate this method, the calcination kinetics of calcium carbonate Ca13CO3 in CO2 atmospheres were investigated by monitoring 13CO2 produced using a micro fluidized bed reaction analyzer (MFBRA). The results demonstrated that the presence of CO2 in reaction atmosphere increases the apparent activation energy. The increase in the apparent activation energy is, however, significantly overestimated by the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) because of the excessive suppression by stagnated product gas inside the sample crucible. Comparatively, the apparent activation energy increases with CO2 from the MFBRA due primarily to the thermal equilibrium limitation, because the gas diffusion in the MFBRA is essentially eliminated. It is thus concluded that the MFBRA is quite capable of acquiring the real kinetics of reactions in such inhibitory atmospheres.
Optimal timing of tracheostomy in patients on veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for coronavirus 2019: a case series
Authors: Matsuyoshi Takeo , Shimizu Keiki , Kaneko Hitoshi , Kohsen Daiyu , Suzuki Hiroaki , Sato Yuichi , Hamaguchi Jun
Published: May 2021

Aim

An early tracheostomy is often considered for patients with veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV‐ECMO). However, there is no consensus on the timing of a tracheostomy in patients on VV‐ECMO for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The present report described the optimal timing of tracheostomy for these patients.

Method

The present study was a single‐center case series. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of nine consecutive patients who underwent tracheostomy either during or after VV‐ECMO treatment in our center between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020.

Results

All the patients received a percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, which was performed during VV‐ECMO in four patients. Three of these patients experienced hemorrhagic complications, and the remaining patient required a circuit change on the day after the operation. Heparin was discontinued 8 h preoperatively and resumed 1–14 h later. The platelet count was below normal in two patients, but no transfusion was performed. APTT was almost normal, and D‐dimer was elevated postoperatively. The remaining five patients received a tracheostomy after weaning off VV‐ECMO, and no complication was observed. Eight patients were deeply sedated during VV‐ECMO to prioritize lung rest and prevent infecting the healthcare workers.

Conclusion

In the present study, patients who underwent a tracheostomy during VV‐ECMO tended to have more hemorrhagic complications. Because an early tracheostomy during ECMO has little benefit for patients with COVID‐19, it should be performed after weaning off VV‐ECMO to protect the safety of the healthcare workers concerned.
Mutations in HID1 Cause Syndromic Infantile Encephalopathy and Hypopituitarism
Authors: Schänzer Anne , Achleitner Melanie T. , Trümbach Dietrich , Hubert Laurence , Munnich Arnold , Ahlemeyer Barbara , AlAbdulrahim Maha M. , Greif Philipp A. , Vosberg Sebastian , Hummer Blake , Feichtinger René G. , Mayr Johannes A. , Wortmann Saskia B. , Aichner Heidi , Rudnik‐Schöneborn Sabine , Ruiz Anna , Gabau Elisabeth , Sánchez Jacobo Pérez , Ellard Sian , Homfray Tessa , Stals Karen L. , Wurst Wolfgang , Neubauer Bernd A. , Acker Till , Bohlander Stefan K. , Asensio Cédric , Besmond Claude , Alkuraya Fowzan S. , AlSayed Moenaldeen D. , Hahn Andreas , Weber Axel
Published: May 2021

Objective

Precursors of peptide hormones undergo posttranslational modifications within the trans‐Golgi network (TGN). Dysfunction of proteins involved at different steps of this process cause several complex syndromes affecting the central nervous system (CNS). We aimed to clarify the genetic cause in a group of patients characterized by hypopituitarism in combination with brain atrophy, thin corpus callosum, severe developmental delay, visual impairment, and epilepsy.

Methods

Whole exome sequencing was performed in seven individuals of six unrelated families with these features. Postmortem histopathological and HID1 expression analysis of brain tissue and pituitary gland were conducted in one patient. Functional consequences of the homozygous HID1 variant p.R433W were investigated by Seahorse XF Assay in fibroblasts of two patients.

Results

Bi‐allelic variants in the gene HID1 domain‐containing protein 1 (HID1) were identified in all patients. Postmortem examination confirmed cerebral atrophy with enlarged lateral ventricles. Markedly reduced expression of pituitary hormones was found in pituitary gland tissue. Colocalization of HID1 protein with the TGN was not altered in fibroblasts of patients compared to controls, while the extracellular acidification rate upon stimulation with potassium chloride was significantly reduced in patient fibroblasts compared to controls.

Interpretation

Our findings indicate that mutations in HID1 cause an early infantile encephalopathy with hypopituitarism as the leading presentation, and expand the list of syndromic CNS diseases caused by interference of TGN function. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:149–164
Thermal aging performance of glass fiber/polyphenylene sulfide composites in high temperature
Authors: Wang Wenchao , Wu Xiaoman , Ding Chao , Huang Xianbo , Ye Nanbiao , Yu Quan , Mai Kancheng
Published: May 2021

In order to use the glass fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide composites (GF/PPS) in high temperature environments, thermal aging performance of two kinds of commercial grade PPS composites, reinforced by 40% glass fiber, PPS‐G40 HM and 1140L4, in thermal aging temperature of 250°C was compared by tensile strength, oxidized layer, color, crystallization and melting behavior. The results showed that tensile strength of GF/PPS composites is significantly decreased with increasing of aging time below 200 h and the tensile strength of aged PPS‐G40 HM is higher than that of aged 1140L4. The thickness of dark color area is increased with increasing of aging time. The thickness of oxidized layer of 1140L4 is thinner than that of PPS‐G40 HM. However, the color of oxidized layer of PPS‐G40 HM is lighter than that of 1140L4. The recrystallization in thermal aging results in the formation of crystal with higher melting point and increased melting temperature of GF/PPS composites. It is found that addition of epoxy resin can increase the initial mechanical property and improve the thermal aging performance of GF/PPS composites. A novel modified GF/PPS composite with higher thermal aging properties was obtained.
Chemical oxidation of high‐density polyethylene: Surface energy, functionality, and adhesion to liquid epoxy
Authors: Azimi Mohammadyousef , Asselin Edouard
Published: May 2021

The application of polyolefins has increased significantly over the past few decades. However, their chemical inertness and low surface energy limits their application in many industries where high adhesion to polar materials is required, such as for composites and protective coatings. Herein, six different acids are used to create polar functional groups on High‐Density Polyethylene's (HDPE) surface and to increase its adhesion to liquid epoxy (LE). Contact angle measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and pull‐off strength measurements are used to analyze the surface energy and functionality of HDPE and to measure its adhesion to LE. The results show that each acid increases both the polar and disperse surface energies of HDPE to a different extent, but that this is not necessarily a function of acid strength. Chlorosulfonic acid and chromic acid increase the oxygen to carbon ratio by a factor of 8 and increase HDPE's adhesion to LE by more than 400%. Furthermore, a comparison between predicted work of adhesion values from the OWRK model and experimental results shows that the latter are significantly higher than what is predicted, especially with increasing surface polarity.
Thermo‐responsive shape memory properties based on polylactic acid and styrene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer
Authors: Azizul Rahim Fathin Hani , Saleh Abdul Aziz , Shuib Raa Khimi , Ku Ishak Ku Marsilla , Abdul Hamid Zuratul Ain , Abdullah Muhammad Khalil , Shafiq Mohamad Danial , Rusli Arjulizan
Published: May 2021

This study aims to compare thermal, mechanical, and shape memory behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) blended with different structures of styrene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer (SBS), namely linear SBS (L‐SBS), and radial SBS (R‐SBS). The amount of L‐SBS and R‐SBS added was varied between 10 and 70 wt%, and the blending process was carried out using an internal mixer at 180°C before the shaping process by the compression molding. An improvement in the degree of crystallinity was observed across the entire composition range with less pronounced transition temperature change. Tensile strength and modulus of PLA/L‐SBS blends were higher than PLA/R‐SBS blends across all composition ranges. The results also revealed that the shape fixing ratio (Rf) and recovery ratio (Rr) of PLA/L‐SBS were higher than PLA/R‐SBS, with PLA70/SBS30 showed the best shape memory behavior. The morphology characteristics of the blend were also examined with the scanning electron microscope.
Nuciferine from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. attenuates isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats
Authors: HarishKumar Rajendran , Selvaraj Chinnadurai Immanuel
Published: May 2021

The study explored the cardioprotective role of the methanolic leaf extract of Nelumbo nucifera and nuciferine against isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarction (MI) in Wistar rats. Pretreatment with leaf extract and nuciferine (200 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively) against MI induced by isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight) significantly decreased heart weight; levels of cardiac markers such as lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase‐MB were similar to those in controls. The treatment significantly increased the content of endogenous antioxidants and decreased lipid peroxidation in all treated groups. Treated groups showed a significant reduction in heartbeats per minute as compared with the MI‐induced positive control. The MI‐induced group showed pathological implications such as tachycardia, left atrial enlargement, and anterolateral ST‐elevated MI, which were absent in treated groups. Histology confirmed that the leaf extract and nuciferine prevented structural abnormality and inflammation in heart and liver tissues of treated groups. On in silico analysis, nuciferine showed stronger binding interaction with both β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors than isoproterenol. Hence, the leaf extract of N. nucifera and nuciferine could be used as plant‐based cardioprotective agents.
Kombilösung Karlsruhe: ein zukunftsweisendes innerstädtisches Tunnelbauprojekt
Authors: Nenninger Frank , Schmidt Matthias
Published: May 2021

Im Zuge des Ausbaus des schienengebundenen ÖPNV in der Stadt Karlsruhe wurden in den vergangenen Jahren mehrere Stadtteile und umliegende Gemeinden an das Stadtbahnnetz angeschlossen. Hierbei wurden umsteigefreie Verbindungen in die Innenstadt geschaffen. Dies führte zu einem starken kontinuierlichen Fahrgastzuwachs. In der Folge ist das Bestandsnetz im Innenstadtbereich und insbesondere in der Kaiserstraße an seine Kapazitätsgrenze angelangt. Zur Verbesserung der Verkehrsverhältnisse wie auch der Leistungsfähigkeit des schienengebundenen ÖPNV in der zentralen Innenstadt hatte die Stadt Karlsruhe folgende Maßnahmen zur Umsetzung vorgesehen, die unter dem Namen „Kombilösung“ zusammengefasst wurden: Das Projekt Kombilösung Karlsruhe besteht aus zwei Teilprojekten, dem Teilprojekt 1 mit dem maschinell herzustellenden Stadtbahntunnel unter der Haupteinkaufsmeile der Stadt Karlsruhe, mit einem bergmännischen Tunnel unter Druckluftbetrieb sowie Tunnelbaubereichen in offener Bauweise. Teilprojekt 2 beinhaltet die Neugestaltung des Straßenbahnboulevards in der Kriegsstraße mit einer oberirdischen Gleistrasse und einem darunterliegenden Straßentunnel. Die Kombilösung verfolgt mehrere Ziele: Verbesserung und Zukunftssicherung des ÖPNV, Schaffen einer „echten“ Fußgängerzone sowie eine erhebliche Aufwertung des Stadtbilds.
Educating ‘others’: Drawing on the collective wisdom of intercultural experts
Authors: Arvanitis Eugenia
Published: May 2021

Forty invited interculturalists (both academics and non‐academics) from nine countries engaged in developing a coherent culture of dialogue and collective action to address the challenge of redefining intercultural education provisions with regard to the needs of refugee children. The method of cooperative inquiry to elicit theoretical and professional expertise from the participants was adopted. This inquiry was based on four dimensions of reflective practice, drawing on experiential, presentational, propositional and practical knowledge. The intercultural experts (seen as ‘co‐researchers’ and/or ‘co‐subjects’) who participated engaged in a rigorous intercultural and reflexive dialogue developed in four distinct phases. The first two phases took place in their own local contexts and the final ones in a forum organised in Greece. During the forum, the participants’ diverse knowledge and experience were renegotiated to ascertain the ‘collective wisdom’ of the group and to address issues of otherness and approaches to refugee education, teachers’ training and mediation. The consensus reached by the participants included the following: the need for local communities to be supported so as to avoid and mitigate any hostility towards refugees; the urgency of a common European asylum policy; the realisation of the ‘other’ as a social construct based on hierarchical connotations and defined by diverse (meta)narratives; the urgency for providing formal/mainstream education to secure a pathway to social citizenship for refugees; the adoption of culturally responsive education practices to empower intercultural learning using refugee children’s own cultural knowledge and collaborating with parents; and the need for systemic intercultural and mediation training for teachers.
Development of an efficient stability‐indicating LC–MS/MS method for the analysis of selexipag and characterization of its degradation products
Authors: Amara Babu Namburi L. A. , Koganti Kalyani , Palakeeti Babji , Srinivas Koduri S. V. , Rao Koya Prabhakara
Published: May 2021

A new RP‐HPLC method with a quick, sensitive and stable indication for the quantitative measurement of selexipag and its associated substances was developed and validated in the present study. In this new method, using the impurity‐spiked solution, the chromatographic approach was optimized. Similarly, using the X‐bridge phenyl column with isocratic elution of mobile phase containing acetonitrile and formic acid, selexipag and its impurities were separated. Recovery experiments obtained were satisfactory, and also the calibration graphs plotted for selexipag and its five impurities were found to be linear. The system validation parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness were determined successfully. The obtained results indicated that the developed method was found to be useful for analyzing selexipag from its impurities. Further, using stress tests against acid, alkali, peroxide, reduction, thermal, hydrolysis and UV conditions, the present established method of HPLC was assessed and validated as per ICH Q2(R1) guidelines.
Co‐activation pattern alterations in autism spectrum disorder–A volume‐wise hierarchical clustering fMRI study
Authors: Paakki Jyri‐Johan , Rahko Jukka S. , Kotila Aija , Mattila Marja‐Leena , Miettunen Helena , Hurtig Tuula M. , Jussila Katja K. , Kuusikko‐Gauffin Sanna , Moilanen Irma K. , Tervonen Osmo , Kiviniemi Vesa J.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

There has been a growing effort to characterize the time‐varying functional connectivity of resting state (RS) fMRI brain networks (RSNs). Although voxel‐wise connectivity studies have examined different sliding window lengths, nonsequential volume‐wise approaches have been less common.

Methods

Inspired by earlier co‐activation pattern (CAP) studies, we applied hierarchical clustering (HC) to classify the image volumes of the RS‐fMRI data on 28 adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their 27 typically developing (TD) controls. We compared the distribution of the ASD and TD groups' volumes in CAPs as well as their voxel‐wise means. For simplification purposes, we conducted a group independent component analysis to extract 14 major RSNs. The RSNs' average z‐scores enabled us to meaningfully regroup the RSNs and estimate the percentage of voxels within each RSN for which there was a significant group difference. These results were jointly interpreted to find global group‐specific patterns.

Results

We found similar brain state proportions in 58 CAPs (clustering interval from 2 to 30). However, in many CAPs, the voxel‐wise means differed significantly within a matrix of 14 RSNs. The rest‐activated default mode‐positive and default mode‐negative brain state properties vary considerably in both groups over time. This division was seen clearly when the volumes were partitioned into two CAPs and then further examined along the HC dendrogram of the diversifying brain CAPs. The ASD group network activations followed a more heterogeneous distribution and some networks maintained higher baselines; throughout the brain deactivation state, the ASD participants had reduced deactivation in 12/14 networks. During default mode‐negative CAPs, the ASD group showed simultaneous visual network and either dorsal attention or default mode network overactivation.

Conclusion

Nonsequential volume gathering into CAPs and the comparison of voxel‐wise signal changes provide a complementary perspective to connectivity and an alternative to sliding window analysis.
Changes of coagulation function and risk of stroke in patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Qiu Feng , Wu Yue , Zhang Aiqing , Xie Guojin , Cao Hui , Du Mingyang , Jiang Haibo , Li Shun , Ding Ming
Published: May 2021

Background and purpose

COVID‐19 is spreading throughout the whole world as a public health issue. There is a link between the new coronavirus and changes in biochemical indicators, such as coagulation functions. Hypercoagulable state of blood caused by infections may lead to cerebrovascular diseases. More attention should be paid to patients with COVID‐19, especially critically ill individuals with history of cerebrovascular disease who may have high risk of stroke.

Methods

193 patients with COVID‐19 were enrolled in the study. These patients were categorized into nonsevere (143 patients) and severe (50 patients) groups. This study evaluated laboratory tests, including routine blood tests, C‐reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, electrolytes, and coagulation functions. Furthermore, neurological function and stroke risks were evaluated in this study.

Results

Compared to the nonsevere group, there were increases in white blood cells, neutrophil count, interleukin‐6, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C‐reactive protein in the severe group (p < .05). For coagulation functions, parameters like prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, D‐dimer, and fibrin degradation products were increased significantly in the severe group (p < .01). Severe patients also demonstrated higher scores on the Framingham stroke risk profile and lower Glasgow scores (p < .05). Furthermore, significant associations were noticed between stroke risk and age, blood cell count, neutrophil count, D‐dimmer, and fibrin degradation productions (p < .05).

Conclusions

Data suggested that coagulation functions were affected in patients with COVID‐19. Hypercoagulable state in patients may lead to potential high risk of stroke.
Recent advances in cellular biosensor technology to investigate tau oligomerization
Authors: Lo Chih Hung
Published: May 2021

Tau is a microtubule binding protein which plays an important role in physiological functions but it is also involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. While insoluble and β‐sheet containing tau neurofibrillary tangles have been the histopathological hallmark of these diseases, recent studies suggest that soluble tau oligomers, which are formed prior to fibrils, are the primary toxic species. Substantial efforts have been made to generate tau oligomers using purified recombinant protein strategies to study oligomer conformations as well as their toxicity. However, no specific toxic tau species has been identified to date, potentially due to the lack of cellular environment. Hence, there is a need for cell‐based models for direct monitoring of tau oligomerization and aggregation. This review will summarize the recent advances in the cellular biosensor technology, with a focus on fluorescence resonance energy transfer, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and split luciferase complementation approaches, to monitor formation of tau oligomers and aggregates in living cells. We will discuss the applications of the cellular biosensors in examining the heterogeneous tau conformational ensembles and factors affecting tau self‐assembly, as well as detecting cell‐to‐cell propagation of tau pathology. We will also compare the advantages and limitations of each type of tau biosensors, and highlight their translational applications in biomarker development and therapeutic discovery.
Racial/ethnic disparities in weight or BMI change in adulthood and pancreatic cancer incidence: The multiethnic cohort
Authors: Farias Albert J. , Streicher Samantha A. , Stram Daniel O. , Wang Songren , Pandol Stephen J. , Le Marchand Loïic , Setiawan Veronica W.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Compared to non‐Hispanic Whites, Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians, and African Americans have higher incidences of pancreatic cancer (PCa) that are not entirely explained by rates of obesity but may be explained by weight changes throughout adulthood.

Methods

The multiethnic cohort is a population‐based prospective cohort study that has followed 155,308 participants since its establishment between 1993 and 1996. A total of 1,328 incident cases with invasive PCa were identified through 2015. We conducted separate multivariable Cox proportional hazards models for self‐reported weight‐change and BMI‐change (age 21 to cohort entry) to determine the association with PCa risk, adjusting for potential confounders including weight or BMI at age 21.

Results

The mean age at cohort entry was 59.3 years (SD 8.9). An increased risk of PCa was associated with: 1) weight (HR per10 lbs = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03–1.09) or BMI (HR per kg/m2 = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02–1.05) at age 21; and 2) weight (HR per 10 lbs = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01–1.05) or BMI (HR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.00–1.03) at cohort entry. We found increased risk of PCa between weight (HR per 10 lbs = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01–1.05) and BMI (HR per 5 kg/m2 = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.01–1.15) change from age 21 to baseline. There were significant interactions between race/ethnicity and weight (p = 0.008) or BMI (p = 0.03) at baseline, and weight (p = 0.02) or BMI (p = 0.02) change. Weight and BMI change through adulthood significantly increased the risk of PCa for Japanese Americans and Latinos, but not for African American, White, or Hawaiian participants.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that weight or BMI gain has a significant and independent impact on PCa risk, specifically among Latinos and Japanese Americans.
Prepare for potential integrity implications connected to growth in legalized sports betting
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: May 2021

About half of U.S. states have legalized sports betting. But all the laws and regulations in the world can't prevent a match‐fixing or point‐shaving scandal from damaging the reputation of your institution, not to mention the NCAA penalties and even the potential of prison time for those involved.
Evaluation of Chalcone Derivatives as Photosynthesis and Plant Growth Inhibitors
Authors: Mara Silva de Pádua Geilly , Maria De Souza Jéssica , Celia Moura Sales Miriane , Gomes de Vasconcelos Leonardo , Luiz Dall'Oglio Evandro , Faraggi Tomer M. , Moreira Sampaio Olívia , Campos Curcino Vieira Lucas
Published: May 2021

We report the evaluation of chalcone derivatives as photosystem II (PSII) and plant growth inhibitors. Chalcone derivatives were evaluated as PSII inhibitors through Chl a fluorescence measurement. (E)‐Chalcone (6a) and (E)‐3‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (6j) showed the best results, reducing the performance index on absorption basis parameter (PIabs) by 70 %. Additionally, the decrease of TR0/RC and ET0/RC parameters indicates that the chalcone derivatives limited the number of active PSII reaction centers and the amount of trapped energy within them. Compounds 6a and 6j both act as post‐emergent herbicides at 50 μM, reducing the root biomass of the Ipomoea grandifolia weed by 72 % and 83 %, respectively, corroborating the fluorescence results. The selectivity against weeds as compared to valuable crops by compounds 6a and 6j were evaluated employing Zea mays and Phaseolus vulgaris plants. In these, our newly synthesized compounds showed no effects on biomass accumulation of roots and aerial parts when compared to the control, providing valuable evidence for the role of these compounds as selective inhibitors of the growth of undesired weeds.
One‐Step Chemo‐, Regio‐ and Stereoselective Reduction of Ketosteroids to Hydroxysteroids over Zr‐Containing MOF‐808 Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Mautschke H.‐H. , Llabrés i Xamena F. X.
Published: May 2021

Zr‐containing MOF‐808 is a very promising heterogeneous catalyst for the selective reduction of ketosteroids to the corresponding hydroxysteroids through a Meerwein‐Ponndorf‐Verley (MPV) reaction. Interestingly, the process leads to the diastereoselective synthesis of elusive 17α‐hydroxy derivatives in one step, whereas most chemical and biological transformations produce the 17β‐OH compounds, or they require several additional steps to convert 17β‐OH into 17α‐OH by inverting the configuration of the 17 center. Moreover, MOF‐808 is found to be stable and reusable; it is also chemoselective (only keto groups are reduced, even in the presence of other reducible groups such as C=C bonds) and regioselective (in 3,17‐diketosteroids only the keto group in position 17 is reduced, while the 3‐keto group remains almost intact). The kinetic rate constant and thermodynamic parameters of estrone reduction to estradiol have been obtained by a detailed temperature‐dependent kinetic analysis. The results evidence a major contribution of the entropic term, thus suggesting that the diastereoselectivity of the process is controlled by the confinement of the reaction inside the MOF cavities, where the Zr4+ active sites are located.
A Novel Strategy of Multi‐element Nanocomposite Synthesis for High Performance ZnO‐CoSe2 Supercapacitor Material Development
Authors: Chen Xin , Li Yan , Li Chang , Cao Hongliang , Wang Chuanzhen , Cheng Siyu , Zhang Qi
Published: May 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Developing multi‐element composites is a promising way for high performance supercapacitor material development, and simplifying the synthesis steps is critical for reducing the preparation costs and successful promotion of the materials. A novel one‐step selective reaction strategy is developed, and successfully used to prepare four‐element ZnO‐CoSe2 (ZOCS) nano‐spherical composites, to be used as supercapacitor materials. Started form nano‐spherical glycerate templates, under the optimal synthesis condition, the obtained ZOCS‐0.125 electrode material exhibits a specific capacitance of 450.7 F/g at 1 A/g and a good rate performance by keeping 76.8% capacitance at 20 A/g. Moreover, the ZOCS‐0.125 electrode exhibits excellent cycle stability of 114.9% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at 10 A/g. An asymmetric supercapacitor assembled by ZOCS‐0.125 and activated carbon electrodes delivers an energy density of 22.35 Wh/kg at 825 W/kg, and a cycle stability of 105.6% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. This work not only shows the good potential of the facilely prepared ZnO‐CoSe2 composite electrode material, but also demonstrates a new strategy for low cost and high performance multielement composite material development, that can be used in a wide range of applications.
The use of minimal fluoroscopy for cardiac electrophysiology procedures: A meta‐analysis and review of the literature
Authors: Chiang Lorraine Lok Wing , Li Christien , Hong Kathryn L , Hui Winsy Sin , Beh Sze Yi , Gong Mengqi , Liu Tong , Li Guangping , Xia Yunlong , Ho Jeffery , Roever Leonardo , Duong Sophia , Huang Grace , Tse Gary , Baranchuk Adrian , Glover Benedict M. ,   International Health Informatics Study (IHIS) Network
Published: May 2021

Background

Conventional catheter ablation involves prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation, potentially leading to detrimental health effects. Minimal fluoroscopy (MF) represents a safer alternative, which should be explored. Data on the safety and efficacy of this technique are limited.

Hypothesis

Our hypothesis is that MF is of equal efficacy and safety to conventional catheter ablation with the use of fluoroscopy by performing a meta‐analysis of both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and real‐world registry studies.

Methods

Pubmed and Embase were searched from their inception to July 2020 for RCTs, cohort and observational studies that assessed the outcomes of catheter ablation using a MF technique versus the conventional approach.

Results

Fifteen studies involving 3795 patients were included in this meta‐analysis. There was a significant reduction in fluoroscopy and procedural time with no difference in acute success (odds ratio [OR]:0.74, 95% CI: 0.50–1.10, p = .14), long‐term success (OR:0.92, 95% CI: 0.65–1.31, p = .38), arrhythmia recurrence (OR:1.24, 95% CI: 0.75–2.06, p = .97) or rate of complications. (OR:0.83, 95% CI: 0.46–1.48, p = .65). Additionally sub‐group analysis for those undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) did not demonstrate a difference in success or complication rates (OR:0.86, 95% CI: 0.30–2.42, p = .77). Multivariate meta‐regression did not identify the presence of moderator variables.

Conclusion

This updated meta‐analysis demonstrated an overall reduction in procedural and fluoroscopy time for those undergoing a minimal fluoroscopic approach. There was no significant difference in either acute or chronic success rates or complications between a MF approach and conventional approach for the management of all arrhythmias including those undergoing catheter ablation for AF.
Racial differences in the treatment and outcomes for prostate cancer in Massachusetts
Authors: Cole Alexander P. , Herzog Peter , Iyer Hari S. , Marchese Maya , Mahal Brandon A. , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Nyambose Joshua , Gershman Susan T. , Kennedy Mark , Merriam Gail , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Trinh Quoc‐Dien
Published: May 2021

Background

Massachusetts is a northeastern state with universally mandated health insurance since 2006. Although Black men have generally worse prostate cancer outcomes, emerging data suggest that they may experience equivalent outcomes within a fully insured system. In this setting, the authors analyzed treatments and outcomes of non‐Hispanic White and Black men in Massachusetts.

Methods

White and Black men who were 20 years old or older and had been diagnosed with localized intermediate‐ or high‐risk nonmetastatic prostate cancer in 2004‐2015 were identified in the Massachusetts Cancer Registry. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess predictors of definitive therapy. Adjusted and unadjusted survival models compared cancer‐specific mortality. Interaction terms were then used to assess whether the effect of race varied between counties.

Results

A total of 20,856 men were identified. Of these, 19,287 (92.5%) were White. There were significant county‐level differences in the odds of receiving definitive therapy and survival. Survival was worse for those with high‐risk cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% CI, 1.4‐1.60) and those with public insurance (adjusted HR for Medicaid, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.38‐2.07; adjusted HR for Medicare, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.14‐1.35). Black men were less likely to receive definitive therapy (adjusted odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74‐0.83) but had a 17% lower cancer‐specific mortality (adjusted HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.7‐0.99).

Conclusions

Despite lower odds of definitive treatment, Black men experience decreased cancer‐specific mortality in comparison with White men in Massachusetts. These data support the growing body of research showing that Black men may achieve outcomes equivalent to or even better than those of White men within the context of a well‐insured population.

Lay Summary

There is a growing body of evidence showing that the excess risk of death among Black men with prostate cancer may be caused by disparities in access to care, with few or no disparities seen in universally insured health systems such as the Veterans Affairs and US Military Health System.

Therefore, the authors sought to assess racial disparities in prostate cancer in Massachusetts, which was the earliest US state to mandate universal insurance coverage (in 2006).

Despite lower odds of definitive treatment, Black men with prostate cancer experience reduced cancer‐specific mortality in comparison with White men in Massachusetts. These data support the growing body of research showing that Black men may achieve outcomes equivalent to or even better than those of White men within the context of a well‐insured population.
A battery integrated three‐port bidirectional charger/discharger for light electric vehicles with G2V and V2G power flow capability
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Saxena Anmol Ratna
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a non‐isolated battery integrated three‐port bidirectional dc‐dc converter (BIBTPC) is proposed and analyzed for interfacing light electric vehicles (LEVs) with solar photovoltaic (SPV)‐fed low voltage dc distribution system (LVDDS). Depending upon the power generation, the converter can be controlled to operate in grid‐to‐vehicle (G2V) or vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) arrangement. BIBTPC can implement maximum power point tracking (MPPT), simultaneously regulating the dc bus voltage of LVDDS. It also has an inherent feature of pulse charging and pulse discharging of the battery which improves its charging/discharging rate. The converter operation in all the possible modes is elucidated, and steady‐state analysis is performed to establish the key performance features. The guidelines for the inductor and capacitor design of the converter are also presented. The control strategy to ensure MPPT simultaneously managing the power flow among SPV, LVDDS, and LEV battery is developed and implemented. The theoretical predictions are validated experimentally on the laboratory prototype of the converter. These results are found to be in close agreement with each other.
Versuche am Bau mit Injektionsankern im Mauerwerk nach Technischer Regel des DIBt
Authors: Scheller Eckehard , Küenzlen Jürgen H. R. , Kuhn Thomas , Becker Rainer
Published: May 2021

Auf Baustellen trifft man auf eine Vielzahl an Mauersteinen, die sich durch den Baustoff (Ziegel, Porenbeton, Kalksandstein, Leichtbeton oder Normalbeton), die Struktur (Vollsteine, Lochsteine mit oder ohne Dämmstoff‐Füllung), die Geometrie, die Rohdichte und die Druckfestigkeit unterscheiden.

Im Rahmen von Zulassungsverfahren für Kunststoffdübel und Metall‐Injektionsanker wird es für Dübel‐Hersteller aber immer nur möglich sein, einen Teil dieser Vielfalt von Mauersteinen als zulässigen Verankerungsgrund abzubilden. (Dübel‐)Versuche am Bauwerk ermöglichen es dem Anwender dennoch, unter bestimmten Bedingungen zulassungskonform zu bemessen und zu montieren, wenn der tatsächlich auf der Baustelle vorhandene Verankerungsgrund nicht in der Zulassung für das Dübelsystem abgebildet ist.

Der vorliegende Artikel ist ein Auszug aus dem Heft 4 der Schriftenreihe des Deutschen Ausschuss für Mauerwerk e.V. (DAfM) „(Dübel‐)Versuche am Bauwerk in Mauerwerk – Aktuelle Regelungen für Kunststoffdübel und Metall‐Injektionsanker zur Verankerung im Mauerwerk” und gibt Praxistipps zur Anwendung des dafür vorhandenen und zu beachtenden Regelwerks – insbesondere zu einer der beiden aktuellen Technischen Regeln des Deutschen Instituts für Bautechnik (DIBt) „Durchführung und Auswertung von Versuchen am Bau für Injektionsankersysteme im Mauerwerk”.
Re‐Use und Recycling von Ziegeln
Authors: Rosen Dieter
Published: May 2021

Mit Ziegelrecycling können nicht nur Rohstoffe für die Produktion neuer Ziegel substituiert werden, sondern insbesondere auch Primärkörnungen eingespart und damit Ressourcen in vielen anderen Produktbereichen geschont werden. Neue Entwicklungen in der Trenn‐ und Sortiertechnik moderner Recyclinganlagen lassen die Prognose zu, dass der Baustoff Ziegel zukünftig nahezu vollständig wieder in den Stoffkreislauf zurückgeführt werden kann. Welchen Weg die Altziegel tatsächlich nehmen, richtet sich nach den zu diesem Zeitpunkt vorherrschenden technischen, umweltpolitischen und nicht zuletzt ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen. Wesentlich unter wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten werden dann weiterentwickelte selektive Abrissverfahren, geeignete Aufbereitungs‐ und Sortiermethoden sowie Vermarktungspotenziale sein. Forschung und Entwicklung in der Ziegelindustrie orientieren sich natürlich auch in Zukunft an den Anforderungen moderner Ziegelbauweisen. Immer wichtiger aber wird im Sinne der Produktverantwortung des Herstellers, dass auch nach der ersten Nutzungsphase eine umweltgerechte, ressourcenschonende und zugleich auch wirtschaftliche Verwertung des sogenannten „End‐of‐Life”‐Produkts möglich sein wird.
Adopt framework that promotes collaboration for providing disability services
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: May 2021

Meeting the needs of students with disabilities requires disability services providers to work with other stakeholders to be effective. And while the traditional model requires students to reach out to disability services providers, faculty members, and others for the support they need, many students don't realize what services are available and don't understand who does what on campus.