bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary results of gravity surveys over the Mackenzie Basin and Beaufort Sea
Authors: Pau M , Gauthier S , Chavardès R D , Girardin M P , Marchand W , Bergeron Y
Published: March 2017

Three Bouguer anomaly maps at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and contoured at 5 mgal intervals have been prepared from 6,100 gravity observations made in the Interior Plains and on the Beaufort Sea from latitude 60°N to 72°N. The major features of the gravity
field are: a gravity low over the Mackenzie Mountains which is attributed to a thickened sedimentary sequence and a deeper crustmantle boundary; a relatively positive anomaly of 50 mgal striking north from Trout Lake to Great Bear Lake which reflects a ridge or trough of mafic rock within the
Precambrian basement; a negative anomaly over the Mackenzie River delta of 55 mgal which results from the deposition of more than 21,000 feet of Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments; and a circular positive anomaly of 130 mgal situated south of Darnley Bay which is explained by a cone-shaped basic
intrusion. Smaller variations in the gravity field in the Interior Plains may be attributed to changes in the depth to the Precambrian basement and density variations within the sedimentary column.
Editing and evaluating digitally recorded geomagnetic components at canadian observatories
Authors: Dawe D A , Parisien M -A , Boulanger Y , Boucher J , Beauchemin A , Arseneault D
Published: March 2017

Automatic magnetic observatory systems (AMOS) incorporating a fluxgate sensor and a proton precession magnetometer are in operation at 10 Canadian observatories. Values of the field (H , D, z, F) are recorded each minute on digital magnetic tape. Computer
programs edit the data and reduce AMOS values ta absolute observatory piers. Comparison of AMOS mean hourly values with sirnilar values scaled from RUSKA magnetograms, and other tests, support the adoption of AMOS systems as primary recorders at Canadian observatories.
Alternating field demagnetizer for rock magnetism studies
Authors: Munford K E , Asemaninejad A , Basiliko N , Mykytczuk N C S , Glasauer S , McGarry S , Watmough S A
Published: March 2017

The design of solenoids with inside radii of 4 or more cm and capable of producing alternating fields of a few thousand oersted is given. It is shown that, to produce such high fields, large wire sizes are required, the ohmic resistance being the main determining
factor of the field attainable. A multi-layer solenoid (5. 7 cm core radius) designed to produce fields of 3,800 oersted peak on an input of 230 volts is described. Practical considerations such as field uniformity, core sizes, heating problems, high voltages and methods of preventing anhysteretic
remanent magnetization are discussed. The circuit, the semi-automatic operation and other details of an apparatus onsisting principally of a solenoid, a tumbler and an induction coil are given. Severa! workers have extensively used the apparatus for rock magnetism studies.
Bibliography of magnetometers
Authors: Park D -Y , Liang J , Gravel J -P
Published: March 2017

A reference list of selected papers describing techniques and instruments for measuring the earth's magnetic field was prepared for the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. It includes nearly 200 references, concentrating on developments since
1950 in methods of geomagnetic measurement.
Educación intercultural en Latinoamérica: Análisis de las investigaciones de campo en la región
Authors: Villalta Marco Antonio
Published: March 2017

La educación intercultural es tarea y desafío para la educación formal del siglo XXI. En el presente artículo, se deconstruye el concepto de cultura para poner en evidencia el carácter intencional-transformativo de la acción educativa y se devela la noción de diferencia en las distinciones entre nosotros y otros. El artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las conclusiones de un conjunto investigaciones de campo sobre educación intercultural en la educación formal latinoamericana. La metodología empleada es de análisis de contenido de 30 artículos de investigación de campo en Latinoamérica, publicados en revistas científicas en el periodo 2000-2013, en la base EBSCO. Los resultados se organizan en dos dimensiones: (a) identidad cultural: la organización de las diferencias internas frente a los otros y (b) ético-político: el proyecto social de la acción educativa. El resultado es una sistematización que contribuye a comprender y proponer las lógicas subyacentes sobre el papel de la diferencia y la acción educativa en la Educación Intercultural Latinoamericana. Los estudios convergen en delimitar diferencias culturales que orienten la acción educativa intercultural.
Lecciones de la psicología del aprendizaje y el amor
Authors: Burman Erica
Published: March 2017

Este artículo trata la personificación y la emoción en contextos educacionales tempranos, aún cuando en la actualidad hayan sido desechados por ser demasiado riesgosos para ser reconocidos y que solamente se les admita como conocimiento emocional o resilencia, responsabilizando e individualizando ocurrencias que son abstracciones de lo que ocurre en la sala de clases y en las relaciones interpersonales. Me focalizo analíticamente en dos recuentos de eventos efímeros, ofreciendo lecturas consecutivas que cruzan marcos teóricos, incluyendo las perspectivas materialista y psicoanalítica – abarcando los contextos escolar, universitario y tutorial. El propósito de este artículo es explorar las relaciones entre afecto (emoción, sentimiento) y efecto (desenlace, resultado), entre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, entre el momento del incidente y la tarea primaria. La conceptualización de lo que se entiende quequeda entre es considerada vital en dos sentidos: primero, en el sentido de darle vida, es decir, incluyendo nociones de actividad de agencia (sin que esto necesariamente implique la existencia de un agente singular o intencionalidad), así como, en segundo lugar, el sentido coloquial de ser importante. Al relacionar estas dos vitalidades, aparecen en escena asuntos de relaciones interpersonales en la co-producción y constitución de ambientes educacionales, aún cuando el descansar en un solo modelo o marco de referencia para su interpretación se demuestra que es menos relevante que las adiciones, y de hecho fricciones, que esos modelos podrían iluminar o provocar.
Una epistemología para el estudio de la subjetividad: sus implicaciones metodológicas
Authors: González-Rey Fernando , Mitjáns Martínez Albertina
Published: March 2017

El presente artículo presenta los antecedentes del giro hacia las Ciencias Naturales dado por la Psicología a principios del siglo XX y los diferentes procesos que, facilitaron la identificación de su carácter científico con atributos como objetividad, destaque a lo empírico y cuantificación. Se enfatiza el carácter histórico y cultural de la propia ciencia, yla necesidad de nuevas representaciones epistemológicas y metodológicas como condición para avanzar sobre nuevos caminos teóricos. Siguiendo ese objetivo, se propone la necesidad de una Epistemología Cualitativa, sobre la cualse desarrolle una metodología constructivo-interpretativa como condición necesaria para avanzar la investigación de campo sobre el tema de la subjetividad desde una perspectiva cultural-histórica. La teoría de la subjetividad queapoya este artículo representa, de hecho, una propuesta epistemológica, pues sus conceptos no existen a priori de la práctica profesional ni de la investigación, sino que deben ser construidos en el curso de ambas, de tal forma que no es posible hablar de una “recolección de datos”, sino de producción y configuración subjetiva.
Subjetividades tejidas en historias de violencias de género y procesos migratorios: Lugares liminales de transformación
Authors: Albertín Carbó Pilar
Published: March 2017

La subjetividad se construye en diferentes procesos de la vida cotidiana, entre ellos en situaciones críticas, como son las situaciones de violencia de género que intersectan con procesos migratorios a otros países. Esta investigación busca observar la transformación de subjetividades tomando esos momentos críticos, y a la vez, mostrar cómo pueden aprehenderse dichas subjetividades a través de la narración que 5 mujeres migrantes hacen sobre sus experiencias. Los resultados indican subjetividades vulnerables de partida, sujetas a posiciones enunciativas hegemónicas y constrictivas, que a partir de lugares liminales como experiencias de dolor, de malestar, o bien de soporte de otros/as, y de expectativas futuras, se convierten en subjetividades emergentes que se constatan con gran potencial transformador.
La gestión del contrato psicológico en una empresa multinacional de alimentos española
Authors: Pallarès Sara , Selva Clara
Published: March 2017

Resumen         En el contexto económico y social actual, es de gran importancia que las organizaciones gestionen de forma adecuada el contrato psicológico, es decir, el conjunto de creencias y expectativas intercambiadas entre la persona y la organización. Este estudio explora en qué espacios se desarrolla el contrato psicológico y cómo se gestiona, indagando qué ofertas ofrece la organización y su equidad entre los trabajadores. La investigación es un estudio de caso realizado en una empresa multinacional del sector alimentario. La metodología es cualitativa, y se han realizado entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores de diferentes niveles organizativos: los técnicos de RRHH, los managers y los trabajadores. Tras el análisis de contenido realizado, los resultados arrojaron diferencias en las percepciones de la gestión del contrato psicológico entre los diferentes niveles analizados. Destacando, como conclusión principal del estudio, la falta de equidad interna en las ofertas personalizadas que reciben los empleados, y la ausencia de preparación de los managers, responsables directos de la gestión del contrato psicológico.
Claves para el análisis de la participación social en los procesos de envejecimiento de la generación baby boom.
Authors: Majón-Valpuesta Dolores , Ramos Pilar , Pérez-Salanova Mercé
Published: March 2017

La revolución demográfica de las últimas décadas ha supuesto una transformación en la vivencia del ciclo vital y sus resultados sobre la vejez están aún lejos de haberse revelado completamente. En este sentido, este trabajo se centra en aquella población que en los próximos años experimentará la entrada en la etapa de jubilación, la llamada generación baby boom. Se muestran los resultados de una revisión bibliográfica sobre la participación social como pilar en la promoción del envejecimiento activo de la generación baby boom. Dicha generación se inscribe en una realidad socio-histórica particular, definitoria de las formas de afrontamiento el proceso de envejecer, en general, y de una conceptualización de la participación social diferenciada, en particular. Con la revisión y el análisis sistematizado de la literatura generada en los últimos años, se extraen cinco claves para el análisis de las prospecciones en este ámbito.
Hombres cuidadores: Barreras de género y modelos emergentes
Authors: Comas-d'Argemir Cendra Dolors
Published: March 2017

Este artículo plantea una reflexión teórica sobre la implicación de los hombres en los trabajos de cuidados. Discutimos el concepto de cuidado como categoría académica y como categoría política, la relación de la crisis de los cuidados con la crisis de reproducción social  y abordamos los ejes de la agenda académica y política orientada a la redistribución del cuidado y la equidad de género. El objetivo es identificar las barreras que obstaculizan la implicación de los hombres en los trabajos de cuidados no remunerados y remunerados, así como los modelos emergentes, y plantear alternativas para un sistema de cuidados sustentable. Tomamos como referente la investigación que estamos desarrollando en Cataluña (España), de carácter cualitativo e interdisciplinar. Las conclusiones destacan que se tiene poco conocimiento sobre la participación de los hombres en los trabajos de cuidados y la necesidad de profundizar en esta cuestión tanto en el marco académico como en las propuestas y debates sobre el reparto equilibrado del cuidado entre familia, Estado y comunidad, así como entre hombres y mujeres y entre generaciones.
La crisis de los cuidados: Percepciones del cuidado en los estudiantes de enfermería
Authors: Martínez Rodríguez Laura , Venceslao Pueyo Marta , Ramió i Jofre Anna
Published: March 2017

El desmantelamiento del Estado social no sólo ha renovado el interés por el concepto de los cuidados, sino que ha dejado en evidencia la crisis de los cuidados como manifestación de la incapacidad social y política de garantizar el bienestar de amplios sectores de la población. El presente trabajo se pregunta por la impronta de esta crisis en una profesión, la enfermería, cuyo eje vertebral son los cuidados. Se trata de un exploratorio sobre la concepción de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre el cuidado en su dimensión profesional y social. Utiliza una metodología cualitativa interpretativa a partir de recogida de datos mediante un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas y grupos de discusión. Los resultados se articulan a partir de cuatro categorías de análisis: cuidados, obstáculos para realizar los cuidados, dimensión ética y dimensión social. La crisis de los cuidados, inscrita a su vez en una crisis de valores, incide en las percepciones de los estudiantes en aspectos tan relevantes como la responsabilización del paciente en la dificultad para proveerle cuidados o el borramiento de la dimensión social de la enfermería.
Los cuidados en infancia: Regímenes y arreglos familiares en Chile y Uruguay
Authors: Vera Rojas William , Montes Maldonado Cecilia , De la Barra Urquieta Carina
Published: March 2017

El artículo analiza las formas de organizar el cuidado hacia niños menores de 6 años en  Chile y Uruguay. Se propone caracterizar y comparar el régimen social de cuidados en infancia y estudiar los arreglos familiares que desarrollan los hogares para ejercer estas labores. Recoge los resultados de una investigación que sigue el método de estudios de casos comparativos internacionales para estudiar los regímenes de bienestar en cuidados, aplicando una combinación de análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. Utiliza las técnicas de relevamiento de fuentes secundarias y datos estadísticos para el año 2013 y entrevistas en profundidad para conocer las prácticas sociales de cuidado. Como resultados surge que en materia de equidad socioeconómica, persisten los tipos residuales y mercantilizados en ambos países, determinando el acceso en función del ingreso del hogar. Además el tipo de equidad de género se vincula con la participación de los padres en el mercado laboral. Y por último en los dos casos analizados se observa una tensión entre familiarismo y desfamiliarismo tanto a nivel macro como micro-social.
Políticas públicas y subjetividades en disputa: Implementación de programas sociales en la Comuna de Lota, Chile
Authors: Astete Cereceda Marco , Vaccari Jiménez Pamela
Published: March 2017

Este estudio cualitativo exploratorio de orientación crítica y socioconstruccionista tiene por objetivo analizar las tensiones entre implementación de programas sociales y la subjetividad de quienes son intervenidos. Se busca aportar a comprender desde las personas intervenidas, por qué después implementar numerosas políticas sociales en las comunas persisten problemas sociales como la pobreza, la desigualdad y el desempleo. El trabajo fue realizado en la comuna de Lota-Chile con 15 dirigentes vecinales con años de experiencia en estos cargos. Como técnica de recogida de información se usó el relato de vida y para el análisis de datos se utilizó el análisis de contenido temático donde se codificó la construcción de relaciones entre sujetos, comunidad y Estado. La discusión nos muestra la necesidad de comprender la intervención considerando una coyuntura pertinente con las organizaciones comunitarias y una perspectiva multidimensional de problemas que promuevan y destaquen recursos que poseen los propios grupos sociales intervenidos.
Wintertime enhancements of sea salt aerosol in polar regions consistent with a sea ice source from blowing snow
Authors: Huang Jiayue , Jaeglé Lyatt
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Sea salt aerosols (SSA) are generated via air bubbles bursting at the ocean surface as well as by wind mobilization of saline snow and frost flowers over sea-ice-covered areas. The relative magnitude of these sources remains poorly constrained over polar regions, affecting our ability to predict their impact on halogen chemistry, cloud formation, and climate. We implement a blowing snow and a frost flower emission scheme in the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model, which we validate against multiyear (2001–2008) in situ observations of SSA mass concentrations at three sites in the Arctic, two sites in coastal Antarctica, and from the 2008 ICEALOT cruise in the Arctic. A simulation including only open ocean emissions underestimates SSA mass concentrations by factors of 2–10 during winter–spring for all ground-based and ship-based observations. When blowing snow emissions are added, the model is able to reproduce observed wintertime SSA concentrations, with the model bias decreasing from a range of −80 to −34 % for the open ocean simulation to −2 to +9 % for the simulation with blowing snow emissions. We find that the frost flower parameterization cannot fully explain the high wintertime concentrations and displays a seasonal cycle decreasing too rapidly in early spring. Furthermore, the high day-to-day variability of observed SSA is better reproduced by the blowing snow parameterization. Over the Arctic (> 60° N) (Antarctic, > 60° S), we calculate that submicron SSA emissions from blowing snow account for 1.0 Tg yr−1 (2.5 Tg yr−1), while frost flower emissions lead to 0.21 Tg yr−1 (0.25 Tg yr−1) compared to 0.78 Tg yr−1 (1.0 Tg yr−1) from the open ocean. Blowing snow emissions are largest in regions where persistent strong winds occur over sea ice (east of Greenland, over the central Arctic, Beaufort Sea, and the Ross and Weddell seas). In contrast, frost flower emissions are largest where cold air temperatures and open leads are co-located (over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, coastal regions of Siberia, and off the Ross and Ronne ice shelves). Overall, in situ observations of mass concentrations of SSA suggest that blowing snow is likely to be the dominant SSA source during winter, with frost flowers playing a much smaller role.
Assessment of snowfall accumulation underestimation by tipping bucket gauges in the Spanish operational network
Authors: Buisán Samuel T. , Earle Michael E. , Collado José Luís , Kochendorfer John , Alastrué Javier , Wolff Mareile , Smith Craig D. , López-Moreno Juan I.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Within the framework of the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (WMO-SPICE), the Thies tipping bucket precipitation gauge was assessed against the SPICE reference configuration at the Formigal–Sarrios test site located in the Pyrenees mountain range of Spain. The Thies gauge is the most widely used precipitation gauge by the Spanish Meteorological State Agency (AEMET) for the measurement of all precipitation types including snow. It is therefore critical that its performance is characterized. The first objective of this study is to derive transfer functions based on the relationships between catch ratio and wind speed and temperature. Multiple linear regression was applied to 1 and 3 h accumulation periods, confirming that wind is the most dominant environmental variable affecting the gauge catch efficiency, especially during snowfall events. At wind speeds of 1.5 m s−1 the tipping bucket recorded only 70 % of the reference precipitation. At 3 m s−1, the amount of measured precipitation decreased to 50 % of the reference, was even lower for temperatures colder than −2 °C and decreased to 20 % or less for higher wind speeds.The implications of precipitation underestimation for areas in northern Spain are discussed within the context of the present analysis, by applying the transfer function developed at the Formigal–Sarrios and using results from previous studies.
Tropospheric dry layers in the tropical western Pacific: comparisons of GPS radio occultation with multiple data sets
Authors: Rieckh Therese , Anthes Richard , Randel William , Ho Shu-Peng , Foelsche Ulrich
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We use GPS radio occultation (RO) data to investigate the structure and temporal behavior of extremely dry, high-ozone tropospheric air in the tropical western Pacific during the 6-week period of the CONTRAST (CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics) experiment (January and February 2014). Our analyses are aimed at testing whether the RO method is capable of detecting these extremely dry layers and evaluating comparisons with in situ measurements, satellite observations, and model analyses. We use multiple data sources as comparisons, including CONTRAST research aircraft profiles, radiosonde profiles, AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) satellite retrievals, and profiles extracted from the ERA (ERA-Interim reanalysis) and the GFS (US National Weather Service Global Forecast System) analyses, as well as MTSAT-2 satellite images. The independent and complementary radiosonde, aircraft, and RO data provide high vertical resolution observations of the dry layers. However, they all have limitations. The coverage of the radiosonde data is limited by having only a single station in this oceanic region; the aircraft data are limited in their temporal and spatial coverage; and the RO data are limited in their number and horizontal resolution over this period. However, nearby observations from the three types of data are highly consistent with each other and with the lower-vertical-resolution AIRS profiles. They are also consistent with the ERA and GFS data. We show that the RO data, used here for the first time to study this phenomenon, contribute significant information on the water vapor content and are capable of detecting layers in the tropics and subtropics with extremely low humidity (less than 10 %), independent of the retrieval used to extract moisture information. Our results also verify the quality of the ERA and GFS data sets, giving confidence to the reanalyses and their use in diagnosing the full four-dimensional structure of the dry layers.
The SPARC water vapour assessment II: comparison of annual, semi-annual and quasi-biennial variations in stratospheric and lower mesospheric water vapour observed from satellites
Authors: Lossow Stefan , Khosrawi Farahnaz , Nedoluha Gerald E. , Azam Faiza , Bramstedt Klaus , Burrows John. P. , Dinelli Bianca M. , Eriksson Patrick , Espy Patrick J. , García-Comas Maya , Gille John C. , Kiefer Michael , Noël Stefan , Raspollini Piera , Read William G. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Rozanov Alexei , Sioris Christopher E. , Stiller Gabriele P. , Walker Kaley A. , Weigel Katja
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In the framework of the second SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) water vapour assessment (WAVAS-II), the amplitudes and phases of the annual, semi-annual and quasi-biennial variation in stratospheric and lower mesospheric water were compared using 30 data sets from 13 different satellite instruments. These comparisons aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the typical uncertainties in the observational database which can be considered in subsequent observational and modelling studies. For the amplitudes, a good agreement of their latitude and altitude distribution was found. Quantitatively there were differences in particular at high latitudes, close to the tropopause and in the lower mesosphere. In these regions, the standard deviation over all data sets typically exceeded 0.2 ppmv for the annual variation and 0.1 ppmv for the semi-annual and quasi-biennial variation. For the phase, larger differences between the data sets were found in the lower mesosphere. Generally the smallest phase uncertainties can be observed in regions where the amplitude of the variability is large. The standard deviations of the phases for all data sets were typically smaller than a month for the annual and semi-annual variation and smaller than 5 months for the quasi-biennial variation. The amplitude and phase differences among the data sets are caused by a combination of factors. In general, differences in the temporal variation of systematic errors and in the observational sampling play a dominant role. In addition, differences in the vertical resolution of the data, the considered time periods and influences of clouds, aerosols as well as non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) effects cause differences between the individual data sets.
Soil carbon, available nutrients, and iron and aluminium crystallinity vary between boreal closed-canopy forests and open lichen woodlands
Authors: Bastianelli Carole , Ali Adam A. , Beguin Julien , Bergeron Yves , Grondin Pierre , Hély Christelle , Paré David
Published: March 2017

Abstract. At the northernmost extent of the managed forest in Quebec, the boreal forest is currently undergoing an ecological transition between two forest ecosystems. Open lichen woodlands (LW) are spreading southward at the expense of more productive closed-canopy black spruce-moss forests (MF). The objective of this study was to investigate whether soil properties could distinguish MF from LW in the transition zone where both ecosystem types coexist. All the soils studied were typical podzolic soil profiles evolved from glacial till deposits that shared a similar texture of the C layer. However, soil humus and the B layer varied in thickness and chemistry between the two forest ecosystems at the pedon scale. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to evaluate how soil properties could help distinguish the two types at the site scale. MF humus (FH horizons) showed significantly higher concentrations of organic carbon and of the main exchangeable base cations (Ca, Mg) than LW soils, which were nutritionally poorer. The B horizon of LW sites held higher concentrations of total Al and Fe oxides, and particularly greater concentrations of inorganic amorphous Fe oxides than MF mineral soils, while showing a thinner B layer. Overall, our results show that MF store three times more organic carbon in their soils (B + FH horizons, roots apart) than LW. We suggest that variations in soil properties between MF and LW are linked to a cascade of events involving the impacts of natural disturbances such as wildfires on forest regeneration that determines the of vegetation structure (stand density) and composition (ground cover type) and their subsequent consequences on soil environmental parameters (moisture, radiation rate, redox conditions, etc.). Our data underline significant differences in soil biogeochemistry under different forest ecosystems and reveal the importance of interactions in the soil–vegetation–climate system for the determination of soil composition.
A joint global carbon inversion system using both CO2 and 13CO2 atmospheric concentration data
Authors: Chen Jing M. , Mo Gang , Deng Feng
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Observations of 13CO2 at 73 sites compiled in the GLOBALVIEW database are used for an additional constraint in a global atmospheric inversion of the surface CO2 flux using CO2 observations at 210 sites (62 collocated with 13CO2 sites) for the 2002–2004 period for 39 land regions and 11 ocean regions. This constraint is implemented using prior CO2 fluxes estimated with a terrestrial ecosystem model and an ocean model. These models simulate 13CO2 discrimination rates of terrestrial photosynthesis and ocean–atmosphere diffusion processes. In both models, the 13CO2 disequilibrium between fluxes to and from the atmosphere is considered due to the historical change in atmospheric 13CO2 concentration. This joint inversion system using both13CO2 and CO2 observations is effectively a double deconvolution system with consideration of the spatial variations of isotopic discrimination and disequilibrium. Compared to the CO2-only inversion, this 13CO2 constraint on the inversion considerably reduces the total land carbon sink from 3.40 ± 0.84 to 2.53 ± 0.93 Pg C year−1 but increases the total oceanic carbon sink from 1.48 ± 0.40 to 2.36 ± 0.49 Pg C year−1. This constraint also changes the spatial distribution of the carbon sink. The largest sink increase occurs in the Amazon, while the largest source increases are in southern Africa, and Asia, where CO2 data are sparse. Through a case study, in which the spatial distribution of the annual 13CO2 discrimination rate over land is ignored by treating it as a constant at the global average of −14. 1 ‰, the spatial distribution of the inverted CO2 flux over land was found to be significantly modified (up to 15 % for some regions). The uncertainties in our disequilibrium flux estimation are 8.0 and 12.7 Pg C year−1 ‰ for land and ocean, respectively. These uncertainties induced the unpredictability of 0.47 and 0.54 Pg C year−1 in the inverted CO2 fluxes for land and ocean, respectively. Our joint inversion system is therefore useful for improving the partitioning between ocean and land sinks and the spatial distribution of the inverted carbon flux.
Can integrative catchment management mitigate future water quality issues caused by climate change and socio-economic development?
Authors: Honti Mark , Schuwirth Nele , Rieckermann Jörg , Stamm Christian
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The design and evaluation of solutions for integrated surface water quality management requires an integrated modelling approach. Integrated models have to be comprehensive enough to cover the aspects relevant for management decisions, allowing for mapping of larger-scale processes such as climate change to the regional and local contexts. Besides this, models have to be sufficiently simple and fast to apply proper methods of uncertainty analysis, covering model structure deficits and error propagation through the chain of sub-models. Here, we present a new integrated catchment model satisfying both conditions. The conceptual iWaQa model was developed to support the integrated management of small streams. It can be used to predict traditional water quality parameters, such as nutrients and a wide set of organic micropollutants (plant and material protection products), by considering all major pollutant pathways in urban and agricultural environments. Due to its simplicity, the model allows for a full, propagative analysis of predictive uncertainty, including certain structural and input errors. The usefulness of the model is demonstrated by predicting future surface water quality in a small catchment with mixed land use in the Swiss Plateau. We consider climate change, population growth or decline, socio-economic development, and the implementation of management strategies to tackle urban and agricultural point and non-point sources of pollution. Our results indicate that input and model structure uncertainties are the most influential factors for certain water quality parameters. In these cases model uncertainty is already high for present conditions. Nevertheless, accounting for today's uncertainty makes management fairly robust to the foreseen range of potential changes in the next decades. The assessment of total predictive uncertainty allows for selecting management strategies that show small sensitivity to poorly known boundary conditions. The identification of important sources of uncertainty helps to guide future monitoring efforts and pinpoints key indicators, whose evolution should be closely followed to adapt management. The possible impact of climate change is clearly demonstrated by water quality substantially changing depending on single climate model chains. However, when all climate trajectories are combined, the human land use and management decisions have a larger influence on water quality against a time horizon of 2050 in the study.
An Analytical Autoethnographical Account of using Inquiry-Based Learning in a Graduate Research Methods Course
Authors: Woolf Jules
Published: March 2017

Increased emphasis is being placed on integrating research and teaching in higher education because of the numerous benefits accrued by students. In accordance, research methods courses are ubiquitously contained in curricula, ostensibly to promote research training and the research-teaching nexus. Students may not appreciate the inclusion, however, of such courses or emphasis on research training when their career ambitions are outside academia. In this analytical autoethnographic study, I examined my experience of teaching research methods to twenty graduate students using an inquiry-based learning strategy. To assist my analysis, I incorporated the students’ reflective journals of their experience of the course. Inquiry based learning motivated both the students and me, however the approach was time intensive and stressful for me. Contrary to current recommendations, guidance is of crucial importance with this teaching approach, particularly at the onset. Furthermore, an alignment between my own research interests and course content was not necessary for the research-teaching nexus to be experienced. Moreover, absence of such alignment provided opportunities for personal development both for the students and in my case, the instructor.
Dans l’enseignement supérieur, on met maintenant de plus en plus d’emphase sur l’intégration de la recherche dans l’enseignement à cause des nombreux avantages dont peuvent bénéficier les étudiants. Par conséquent, les cours de méthodologie de la recherche font désormais partie des programmes de cours de façon ubiquitaire, visiblement pour favoriser la formation en recherche et le lien entre l’enseignement et la recherche. Toutefois, les étudiants n’apprécient pas toujours une telle inclusion de ces cours ni l’accent mis sur la formation en recherche lorsque leurs ambitions de carrière se situent hors du milieu universitaire. Dans cette étude analytique auto-ethnographique, j’examine l’expérience que j’ai eue quand j’ai enseigné un cours de méthodes de recherche à vingt étudiants au cycles supérieurs en utilisant une stratégie d’apprentissage basée sur l’enquête. Pour faciliter mon analyse, j’ai incorporé les journaux de réflexions personnelles des étudiants dans lesquels ils ont relaté leurs expériences concernant le cours. L’apprentissage basé sur l’enquête a motivé à la fois les étudiants et moi-même, mais il s’est avéré que cette approche avait pris énormément de temps et avait été stressante pour moi. Contrairement aux recommandations qui circulent actuellement, il est de la plus haute importance de fournir des conseils quand on utilise cette approche d’enseignement, en particulier au début. De plus, il n’a pas été nécessaire d’aligner mes propres intérêts en matière de recherche avec le contenu du cours pour faire l’expérience du lien entre la recherche et l’enseignement. Par ailleurs, l’absence d’un tel alignement a fourni des occasions de développement personnel à la fois pour les étudiants et, dans mon cas, pour l’instructeur.
OS ELEMENTOS CLIMÁTICOS E SUA INTERAÇÃO COM A ATIVIDADE TURÍSTICA DO PARQUE ESTADUAL DE VILA VELHA NO MUNICÍPIO DE PONTA GROSSA-PR
Authors: Andrade Aparecido Ribeiro , Copque Barbara Veroneze
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho tem como tema o clima e sua relação com a atividade turística no parque Estadual de Vilah Velha, localizado no município de Ponta Grossa-PR. A variabilidade do clima pode ser influenciada e influenciadora em relação às questões sociais, por isso pretendeu-se, nesse trabalho, analisar como o turismo, sendo uma atividade principalmente social, se comporta em relação à variação dos elementos climáticos. Para tanto, foi definido como objetivo geral descobrir o nível de influência da temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e precipitação nas atividades turísticas do parque. Inlfuências essas estudadas nas alternâncias das estações do ano (verão e inverno) através de dados meteorológicos no período de 2006 a 2009. Buscando também, a identificação dessa relação, foi utilizada a metodologia da percepção climatica por parte dos visitantes do parque. Ao final foi possível concluir que a estação do ano mais favorável à visitação é o verão e que os elementos do clima influenciam a decisão para visitação, mas de forma diferente de visitante para visitante.
ANÁLISE DO USO E OCUPAÇÃO DO SOLO NO ASSENTAMENTO SANTO ANTÔNIO NO MUNICÍPIO DE CAJAZEIRAS-PB
Authors: Freitas Janierk Pereira de , Silva NETO Manoel Ferreira da , FREITAS Francisco Eduardo de , LINHARES Erika Juliana , Silva Medeiros Monalisa Cristina
Published: March 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o atual uso e ocupação do solo e as atividades agrícolas desenvolvida pelos agricultores do assentamento Santo Antonio no Município de Cajazeiras – PB. Verificando que meios esses agricultores vem utilizando para que esta terra seja produtiva ao longo dos anos e quais os plantios são mais adaptados ao solo do assentamento. O procedimento metodológico utilizou-se dos pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa.A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas,depoimento de agricultores e familiares tendo uma abordagem quantitativa na sistematização de parte dos dados, sendo compilados em gráficos. Aliado a estas, utilizou-se a metodologia denominada "bola de neve" na qual os primeiros entrevistados, indicam outros atores sociais, e assim sucessivamente. De acordo com as informações obtidas pelos participantes da pesquisa, os resultados mostraram  que os agricultores vem se adaptando de novos mecanismo para uma nova lógica e concepção de trabalhar e construir um Semiárido com práticas agrícolas saudáveis voltadas para a preservação ou recuperação do solo degradado garantido assim à preservação dos recursos naturais e melhoria na qualidade de vida dos mesmos.
A Selection of News from the Institute
Authors: Wengrow David , Altaweel Mark , Pinarello Massimiliano
Published: March 2017

Details of news and events can be found throughout the year on the Institute’s web-site at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/calendar
Pathways of Rice Diversification across Asia
Authors: Fuller Dorian Q , Weisskopf Alison R , Castillo Cristina Cobo
Published: March 2017

The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour-demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.
The Effect of Peer Instruction Method on Pre-Service Teachers’ Conceptual Comprehension of Methodology Course
Authors: Al-Hebaishi Safaa Mohammad
Published: March 2017

Peer teaching has become a productive learning strategy at all education levels. Peer Instruction Method is carried out in a range of forms and contexts like co-tutoring, reciprocal tutoring and discussion groups without teachers. To examine the effectiveness of using the peer instruction method to enhance the conceptual comprehension of pre-service teachers’ attending a methodology course. The participants included 78 female post-graduate English teachers, who were seeking to obtain their teaching qualifications and were enrolled in a teaching methodology course during the first semester of the 2015 academic year. Statistically significant differences were observed while examining peer instruction method and students’ achievements (t = .181; sig = .857). Higher score ranging from 4.5500 and 3.4000 was observed among students in regards of peer instruction method. It has been examined that lecture enjoyability is increased from peer instruction method. Students are more perceived towards making apparent viewpoints concerning course concepts. Peer instruction method positively influence on attitudes of treatment group to understand essential course concepts. Peer instruction method was effective in enhancing conceptual comprehension and that the participants harboured positive attitudes towards it.
A Proposal to Manage Lessons Learned in Projects: Web 2.0 Technologies to Promote Innovation
Authors: Chaves Marcirio Silveira , Veronese Giuliana Santos
Published: March 2017

The web 2.0 is transforming the project management in organizations by improving communication and collaboration. The new generation of web-based collaborative tools provides much better experience than the traditional software package allowing document sharing, integrated task tracking, enforcing team processes and agile planning. Despite of the indubitable benefits brought by web 2.0, the use of these technologies to promote knowledge management remains unexplored. For many project managers to obtain and integrate information from different tools of previous similar projects in global organizations remains a challenge. This theoretical paper presents a proposal that suggests an innovation in the knowledge management area applying web 2.0 technologies. The main goal is to provide an integrated vision of a set of technologies that could be used by organizations in order to promote better management of lessons learned. The proposal includes the lessons learned processes (e.g. capture, share and dissemination), the process-based (e.g. project review and after action review) and documentation-based (e.g. micro article and learning histories) methods. Results show how web 2.0 technologies can help project managers and team project to cope with the main lessons learned processes and methods to learn from experience. Moreover, recommendations are made for the effective use of web 2.0 components promoting innovation and supporting lessons learned management in projects.Keywords: Project management; Lessons learned processes; lessons learned methods; project learning; web 2.0 technologies; innovation.
Evaluation of procedures for typing of group B Streptococcus: a retrospective study
Authors: Slotved Hans-Christian , Hoffmann Steen
Published: March 2017

Background

This study evaluates two procedures for typing of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci; GBS) isolates, using retrospective typing data from the period 2010 to 2014 with a commercial latex agglutination test (latex test) and the Lancefield precipitation test (LP test). Furthermore, the genotype distribution of phenotypically non-typable (NT) GBS isolates is presented. We also raise the awareness, that the difference in typing results obtained by phenotypical methods and genotype based methods may have implications on vaccine surveillance in case a GBS vaccine is introduced.

Methods

A total of 616 clinical GBS isolates from 2010 to 2014 were tested with both a latex test and the LP test. Among these, 66 isolates were genotyped by PCR, including 41 isolates that were phenotypically NT.

Results

The latex test provided a serotype for 83.8% of the isolates (95% CI [80.7–86.6]) compared to 87.5% (95% CI [84.6–90.0]) obtained by the LP method. The two assays provided identical capsular identification for all sero-typeable isolates (excluding NT isolates). The PCR assay provided a genotype designation to the 41 isolates defined as phenotypically NT isolates.

Discussion

We found that the latex test showed a slightly lower identification percentage than the LP test. Our recommendation is to use the latex agglutination as the routine primary assay for GBS surveillance, and then use the more labour intensive precipitation test on the NT isolates to increase the serotyping rate. A genotype could be assigned to all the phenotypically NT isolates, however, as a consequence genotyping will overestimate the coverage from possible future capsular polysaccharide based GBS vaccines.
Reply to comment by B. E. Prokhorov and O. V. Zolotov on “An improved coupling model for the lithosphere‐atmosphere‐ionosphere system”
Authors: Kuo Cheng‐Ling , Lee Lou‐Chuang
Published: March 2017

The currents flowing between the Earth and ionosphere are numerically calculated. We solve the current continuity equation by two methods: the first method is to solve ϕ in ∇ ⋅ J = ∇ ⋅ (σ∇ϕ) = 0, where σ is atmospheric conductivity and ϕ is the electric potential, and the second method is to solve the current potential Ψ in ∇ ⋅ J = − ∇2Ψ = 0 by assuming J = − ∇Ψ, a curl‐free current density. Two solutions of ∇ ⋅ J = 0 for current flow in the atmosphere between Earth surface and ionosphere are compared in this reply. The differences of two results are <4%, which may be partly caused by the numerical errors in the presence of large variations in the σ profile. The current potential can provide a good approximation for upward currents that flow into the ionosphere. In addition, we compare two models for the current flow from lithosphere to atmosphere: (a) two charge layers embedded in the lithosphere and (b) a dynamo in the lithosphere. The presence of a dynamo in the lithosphere for Model (b) can lead to the presence of current and electric field in the atmosphere and hence in the ionosphere. In Model (a), the electrostatic charge layers in the lithosphere cannot lead to the presence of electric field in the atmosphere.
Buoyancy‐driven coastal current blocks ventilation of an anoxic fjord on the Pacific coast of Canada
Authors: Thomson Richard E. , Spear David J. , Krassovski Maxim V. , Hourston Roy A. S. , Juhász Tamás A. , Mihály Steven F.
Published: March 2017

Shallow sills restrict the ventilation of deep coastal fjords. Dense oceanic water seaward of the sill and lower density water within the receiving basin are generally required for oxygenated water to cross the sill and descend deep into the fjord. Here we use concurrent 10 year time series from current meters in the fjord and on the continental shelf to examine ventilation of the 120 m deep, anoxic inner basin of Effingham Inlet on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Whereas density currents traverse the 40 m deep sill and flow into the inner basin at mid‐depth at quasi‐fortnightly tidal intervals, only five current intrusions descended to the bottom of the basin over the decade‐long measurement period. The deep intrusions had a mean (±SD) return interval of 1.75 (±1.33) years and induced bottom‐water changes that persisted for 1–2 months. We show that, in addition to conditions within the inlet, deep ventilation of the inner basin is dependent on a coordinated sequence of external processes: (1) the onset of upwelling winds along the outer coast; (2) reversal of the buoyancy‐driven coastal current that normally flows poleward over the inner shelf off Vancouver Island; and (3) reversal of the estuarine circulation in the channel connecting the inlet to the ocean. As the observed ventilation intervals are short compared to the decadal intervals derived from the spacing of “homogenites” (sedimentation sequences disrupted by intruding bottom currents), the use of homogenites as proxies for past upwelling conditions in the northeast Pacific may need to be reexamined.