bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOUBLE MAGNETORESISTANCE MINIMA INDUCED BY THE IN-PLANE MAGNETIC FIELD FOR THE ν=1 DOUBLE-LAYER QUANTUM HALL STATE
Authors: TERASAWA DAIJU , NAKADA KAZUTAKA , KOZUMI SHINSUKE , EZAWA ZYUN F. , FUKUDA AKIRA , SAWADA ANJU , KUMADA NORIO , MURAKI KOJI , HIRAYAMA YOSHIRO , SAKU TADASHI
Published: April 2005

We have investigated ν=1 quantum Hall (QH) state in a double-layer system around the commensurate (C) -incommensurate (IC) transition. Detailed magnetoresistance measurements around the C-IC transition reveal that there are two minima within the ν=1 QH state. These minima, being induced by the difference of the in-plane magnetic field, correspond to the C and IC phases, respectively. The region between the two minima may be the soliton lattice phase predicted by theoretical analyses.
ELECTRONIC SPINS AND LOCALIZED MAGNETIC MOMENTS IN DILUTE MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM WELLS
Authors: TERAN F. J. , POTEMSKI M. , MAUDE D. K. , HASSAN A. K. , PLANTIER D. , WILAMOWSKI Z. , JAROSZYNSKI J. , WOJTOWICZ T. , KARCZEWSKI G. , SACHRAJDA A.
Published: April 2005

Electrical transport measurements are reported on 2-DEG in a CdMnTe quantum well structure. At low magnetic fields the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations show a beating pattern with nodes which are a direct consequence of the large Pauli paramagnetism. The effective electron Zeeman splitting ( E Z) has been tuned via the s-d exchange interaction in order to probe the quantum Hall effect under conditions of vanishing Zeeman energy. We have observed that reducing E Z to zero does not necessary imply a closing of the spin gap.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGH FIELD MAGNETO-OPTICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM WITH A ROTATIONAL CAVITY FOR THE STUDY OF ORGANIC CONDUCTORS
Authors: KIMATA M. , OHTA H. , KOYAMA K. , OSHIMA Y. , MOTOKAWA M. , YAMAMOTO H. M. , KATO R.
Published: April 2005

We have developed a new magneto-optical measurement system with a rotational cavity. It consists of a millimeter vector network analyzer and a 15T solenoid type superconducting magnet and it can go down to 1.5 K. The rotational cavity can be used in the transmission configuration and the rotation can be performed up to almost 360 degrees in 1 degree precision. We will show the magneto-optical measurement results of β"-(BEDT-TTF)(TCNQ) using our new system. We observe the quasi-two-dimensional periodic orbit resonance (POR) in β"-(BEDT-TTF) (TCNQ). The Fermi surfaces of this system will be discussed.
Palaeoglaciology of the Welsh sector of the British–Irish Ice Sheet
Authors: Jansson Krister N. , Glasser Neil F.
Published: April 2005

This palaeoglaciological reconstruction, based on the distribution of glacial lineations interpreted from satellite imagery, considers the extent, thickness and dynamics of the Welsh Ice Cap and its interaction with the British–Irish Ice Sheet. Two major ice-flow events were identified. The oldest phase of ice flow (Event I) is characterized by ice flowing from an ice dispersal centre situated over the higher terrain in north–central Wales and by ice thick enough to cover the mountain summits. At this time the interior of the ice cap is inferred to have been dominated by cold-based ice. During the growth of the Welsh Ice Cap it became confluent with the British–Irish Ice Sheet. The Welsh Ice Cap at this time was again sufficiently thick to submerge the highest mountain summits. The youngest detected phase of ice flow (Event II) was marked by an abrupt change in the dynamics of the Welsh Ice Cap. During Event II the Welsh Ice Cap was drained by at least four ice streams, which followed major troughs in northern and eastern Wales.
Testing tectonic models with geochemical provenance parameters in greywacke
Authors: Hegner E. , Gruler M. , Hann H.P. , Chen F. , GÜldenpfennig M.
Published: April 2005

A variety of models has been proposed for the origin of late Devonian low-grade greywacke, juxtaposed with the high-grade Variscan basement of the Black Forest. Here we interpret detrital zircon ages, and geochemical and Sm–Nd isotopic data of greywacke samples as evidence for their sources and tectonic setting of deposition. Detrital zircon ages of 371–384 Ma reveal igneous activity shortly before the deposition of the greywacke sequence at
c
. 365 Ma.
ε
Nd
values of
c
. +3 to −10 in the greywacke samples indicate mixing of juvenile and older crustal material. Samples with low MgO concentrations and
ε
Nd
values of −10 to −4 are interpreted as mostly derived from older granite–gneiss basement. Involvement of a juvenile mafic source is documented by samples with up to 7 wt% MgO and
ε
Nd
values up to +3. Assessment of the composition of the juvenile component shows high concentrations of light REE, and low Sm/Nd and Nb/La ratios, all consistent with a subduction-related origin. We conclude that the greywacke sequence was derived from a late Devonian Andean-type continental margin, implying a cryptic suture in the internal high-grade Variscan basement of the southern Black Forest.
Emplacement of giant mud volcanoes in the South Caspian Basin: 3D seismic reflection imaging of their root zones
Authors: Davies Richard J. , Stewart Simon A.
Published: April 2005

Exceptional quality 3D data for the largest mud volcano yet described provide the first detailed imaging of the plumbing architecture that connects a major volcanic edifice to its source layer at depth. The volcano is in the South Caspian Basin and consists of an extruded submarine mud bicone, 10 km wide and 1.4 km thick, overlying an oval caldera 1.2–1.6 km in width and 0.5 km in depth. The caldera narrows downwards into a zone of collapsed country rock forming a downward tapering cone, 1 km in height, the vertex of which is located close to the top of the mud source layer. The imaged structural elements lead to an evolutionary model. A narrow, steep fluidization pipe fed the oldest, ‘pioneer’ cone. We propose that numerous additional fluidization pipes injected the country rock, forming a densely intruded, cylindrical zone, similar to ‘gryphon’ swarms observed at outcrop onshore. Wall-rock erosion and compaction of the intruded zone led to collapse of the downward tapering cone that linked upwards into ring faults that define the caldera margins. Later mud flowage focused on the conical sheared margins. Volumetric contraction of the extruded volcanic cone led to an unusual concentric system of minor, outward-facing normal faults. This model has many similarities to syntheses of igneous maar–diatreme–caldera systems, for which it may be analogous.
Grenvillian massif-type anorthosites in the Sierras Pampeanas
Authors: Casquet C. , Pankhurst R.J. , Rapela C.W. , Galindo C. , Dahlquist J. , Baldo E. , Saavedra J. , González Casado J.M. , Fanning C.M.
Published: April 2005

We report the discovery of massif-type anorthosites in the Andean basement of the Western Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina. U–Pb zircon dating (by sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) of a cogenetic gabbronorite dyke yields ages of 1070 ± 41 Ma for igneous emplacement and 431 ± 40 Ma for metamorphism. These anorthosites are petrologically and geochemically comparable with those of the Grenville province of Laurentia. Palaeogeographical reconstructions of Rodinia at 1.0–1.1 Ga suggest that the Sierras Pampeanas anorthosites were part of a large anorthosite province in the late Mesoproterozoic.
Immediate early genes of glucocorticoid action on the developing intestine
Authors: Agbemafle Barbara M. , Oesterreicher Thomas J. , Shaw Chad A. , Henning Susan J.
Published: April 2005

Prior studies have demonstrated that glucocorticoid hormones elicit functional maturation of the small intestine as evidenced by their ability to induce increases in the expression of various digestive hydrolases, such as sucrase-isomaltase and trehalase. However, these increases have a lag time of ∼24 h, suggesting that they are secondary effects of hormone action. To identify candidate primary response genes, we performed microarray analysis on pooled RNA from jejunums of untreated postnatal day 8 mouse pups and from littermates who earlier received dexamethasone 2 h. Fluorescent dye-labeled samples were hybridized in quadruplicate to glass-spotted cDNA microarrays containing 15,000 cDNA clones from the National Institute of Aging cDNA clone set. Analysis of the resulting signals using relatively stringent criteria identified 66 transcripts upregulated and 36 downregulated by 2 h of glucocorticoid treatment. Among the upregulated transcripts, the magnitude of the increase detected by microarray ranged from 1.4- to 16-fold. Selected mRNAs from throughout the range were subsequently analyzed by Northern blot analysis. Of 11 mRNAs chosen all were confirmed, and there was a strong correlation between the magnitude of the increase observed from the microarray analysis and from Northern blot analysis. Additional time points showed that these transcripts peaked between 2 and 6 h and had returned to baseline by 24 h. Gene ontology analysis showed pleiotropic effects of dexamethasone on the developing intestine and pointed to genes in the development category as being likely candidates for mediation of glucocorticoid-induced maturation of intestinal function.
Impact of High Glucose/High Insulin and Dichloroacetate Treatment on Carbohydrate Oxidation and Functional Recovery After Low-Flow Ischemia and Reperfusion in the Isolated Perfused Rat Heart
Authors: Wang Peipei , Lloyd Steven G. , Chatham John C.
Published: April 2005

Background—

It is believed that increasing cardiac glucose metabolism in the setting of ischemia and reperfusion is protective because of the resulting decrease in fatty acid oxidation, which improves cardiac efficiency and increases glucose oxidation relative to glycolysis; however, these conclusions are based primarily on studies in which glucose is the only carbohydrate provided. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of stimulating myocardial carbohydrate use either by increasing glucose and insulin levels or by using dichloroacetate on the response to ischemia and reperfusion in hearts perfused with physiological concentrations of lactate and pyruvate plus glucose and fatty acids.

Methods and Results—

Metabolic fluxes were determined in hearts from male Sprague-Dawley rats perfused with
13
C-labeled substrates using
13
C/
1
H-NMR isotopomer analysis after 30 minutes of low-flow ischemia (0.3 mL/min) and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Measurements were made under control conditions: 5 mmol/L glucose, 1 mmol/L lactate, 0.1 mmol/L pyruvate, 0.3 mmol/L palmitate, and 50 μU/mL insulin plus dichloroacetate 5 mmol/L or glucose and insulin increased to 30 mmol/L and 1000 μU/mL, respectively. Dichloroacetate increased carbohydrate oxidation and the ratio of glucose oxidation to glycolysis but did not improve functional recovery or cardiac efficiency; however, elevated glucose and insulin levels improved functional recovery and cardiac efficiency but did not increase carbohydrate oxidation or the ratio of glucose oxidation to glycolysis.

Conclusions—

These data support the notion that increasing myocardial glucose use is beneficial in the setting of ischemia and reperfusion; however, the protective effect appears not to be mediated by shifting the balance between carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation.
Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Humans and Possible Links With Inflammation
Authors: Savage David B. , Petersen Kitt F. , Shulman Gerald I.
Published: April 2005

Insulin resistance is a major player in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and yet, the mechanisms responsible for it remain poorly understood. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in humans suggest that a defect in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is the primary metabolic abnormality in insulin-resistant type 2 diabetics. Fatty acids appear to cause this defect in glucose transport by inhibiting insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and IRS-1 associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. A number of different metabolic abnormalities may increase intramyocellular/intrahepatic fatty acid metabolites; these include increased fat delivery to muscle/liver as a consequence of either excess energy intake or defects in adipocyte fat metabolism and acquired or inherited defects in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Understanding the molecular/biochemical defects responsible for insulin resistance is beginning to unveil novel therapeutic targets for treatment of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
100-Year Return Value Estimates for Ocean Wind Speed and Significant Wave Height from the ERA-40 Data
Authors: Caires S. , Sterl A.
Published: April 2005

In this article global estimates of 100-yr return values of wind speed and significant wave height are presented. These estimates are based on the ECMWF 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data and are linearly corrected using estimates based on buoy data. This correction is supported by global Topographic Ocean Experiment (TOPEX) altimeter data estimates. The calculation of return values is based on the peaks-over-threshold method. The large amount of data used in this study provides evidence that the distributions of significant wave height and wind speed data belong to the domain of attraction of the exponential. Further, the effect of the space and time variability of significant wave height and wind speed on the prediction of their extreme values is assessed. This is done by performing detailed global extreme value analyses using different decadal subperiods of the 45-yr-long ERA-40 dataset.
Regional and Diurnal Variability of the Vertical Structure of Precipitation Systems in Africa Based on Spaceborne Radar Data
Authors: Geerts Bart , Dejene Teferi
Published: April 2005

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 2A25 radar reflectivity profiles and derived surface rain rates are used to describe the vertical structure of precipitation systems in Africa. Five years of data are used in both the boreal and austral summer rainy seasons. A number of climate regions are isolated and compared. To place the composite reflectivity profiles in context, they are contrasted against TRMM 2A25 observations over the Amazon.

In all of tropical Africa, precipitation systems tend to be deeper and more intense than in the Amazon, and shallow warm-rain events are less common. In all African regions, but especially in the Sahel and northern Savanna, storms are characterized by high echo tops, high hydrometeor loading aloft, little indication of a radar brightband maximum at the freezing level, and evidence for low-level evaporation.

Storms in Africa are generally most common, and deepest, in the late afternoon, and weaker shallow systems are relatively more common around noon. The diurnal modulation is regionally variable. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle of the mean echo top height decreases from the arid margins of the zenithal rain region toward the equatorial region, and is smallest in the Amazon. A secondary predawn (0000–0600 LT) maximum occurs in the Congo, in terms of rainfall frequency, rainfall intensity, and echo tops. The storm intensity indicators generally peak a few hours later in the Sahel and northern Savanna than in other regions in Africa.

The difference between all African regions and the Amazon, and the relatively smaller differences between regions in Africa, can be understood in terms of the climatological humidity, CAPE, and low-level shear values.
Large-Scale Atmospheric Forcing by Southeast Pacific Boundary Layer Clouds: A Regional Model Study*
Authors: Wang Yuqing , Xie Shang-Ping , Wang Bin , Xu Haiming
Published: April 2005

A regional model is used to study the radiative effect of boundary layer clouds over the southeast Pacific on large-scale atmosphere circulation during August–October 1999. With the standard settings, the model simulates reasonably well the large-scale circulation over the eastern Pacific, precipitation in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) north of the equator, and marine boundary layer stratocumulus clouds to the south. In a sensitivity experiment with the radiative effect of liquid clouds south of the equator over the eastern Pacific artificially removed, boundary layer clouds south of the equator almost disappear and precipitation in the ITCZ is reduced by 15%–20%, indicating that the stratocumulus clouds over the southeast Pacific have both local and cross-equatorial effects.

Examination of the differences between the control and sensitivity experiments indicates that clouds exert a net diabatic cooling in the inversion layer. In response to this cloud-induced cooling, an in situ anomalous high pressure system develops in the boundary layer and an anomalous shallow meridional circulation develops in the lower troposphere over the equatorial eastern Pacific. At the lower branch of this shallow circulation, anomalous boundary layer southerlies blow from the boundary layer high toward the northern ITCZ where the air ascends. An anomalous returning flow (northerly) just above the cloud layer closes the shallow circulation.

This low-level anomalous shallow circulation enhances the subsidence over the southeast Pacific above the cloud layer, helping to maintain boundary layer clouds and temperature inversion there. Meanwhile, the strengthened cross-equatorial flow near the surface enhances moisture convergence and convection in the ITCZ north of the equator. This in turn strengthens the local, deep Hadley circulation and hence the large-scale subsidence and boundary layer clouds over the southeast Pacific. This positive feedback therefore enhances the interhemispheric climate asymmetry over the tropical eastern Pacific.
Perceptions of locus of control and satisfaction in friendships: The impact of problem-solving strategies
Authors: Morry Marian M. , Harasymchuk Cheryl
Published: April 2005

When asked about their perceptions of close others, individuals project their own feelings, attitudes, and relationship views onto these individuals. These perceptions may or may not be accurate but should influence relationship judgments. We found that women’s perceptions of their same-sex friend’s external locus of control predicted higher reports of own and perceptions of the friend’s use of destructive problem-solving behaviors. Perceived friend’s external locus of control was also related to lower levels of own and perceptions of the friend’s satisfaction. These locus of control-satisfaction relations were mediated by the problem-solving behaviors. For men’s same-sex friendships, locus of control did not predict problem-solving behaviors but perceived friend’s locus of control (both internal and external) predicted own satisfaction.
Friendship quality and perceived relationship changes predict psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood
Authors: Bagwell Catherine L. , Bender Sarah E. , Andreassi Cristina L. , Kinoshita Tracy L. , Montarello Staci A. , Muller Jason G.
Published: April 2005

The current study examined three hypotheses about experience in close friendships and psychosocial adjustment. At Time 1, 51 same-sex close friend dyads ( n = 102 friends, 51% female, mean age = 20 years) completed self-report measures and participated in a brief observational assessment. The hypothesis that friendship quality would be associated with clinical symptomatology and self-esteem was supported and indicated that high levels of negative friendship features were positively associated with clinical symptoms, whereas positive features were most strongly associated with self-esteem. The second hypothesis that changes in the friendship would be associated with adjustment one year later (68% participation rate at Time 2) was supported only for interpersonal sensitivity such that perceived negative changes in the relationship predicted increased symptoms. Finally, friends’ perceptions of the features and quality of their relationship were somewhat consistent, yet as hypothesized, discordant perceptions predicted higher symptomatology and lower social support and satisfaction in the relationship. The results highlight the importance of considering both positive and negative aspects of friendship in early adulthood.
In-mold Coating of Composites Manufactured by Resin Infusion between Double Flexible Tooling Process
Authors: Toro N. , Okoli O. I. , Wang H. -P.
Published: April 2005

In-mold coating is desired by the composites industry since it eliminates the current paint process, which is not only laborious and time consuming, but expensive and presents safety issues. This work set out to investigate a means of implementing an in-mold coating scheme that would result in near class-A finish of composite component parts manufactured by the Resin Infusion between Double Flexible Tooling (RIDFT) process.

RIDFT is a novel two-stage process, which incorporates resin infusion and wetting with vacuum forming. The flow front of the infused resin is two-dimensional and avoids flow complexities prevalent in the three-dimensional flow seen in other liquid composite molding techniques. It employs a one-sided mold, which provides obvious cost benefits when compared with resin transfer molding.

This paper describes the preliminary results of in-mold coating assessment studies made using thermoformable paint films. A room temperature-cured vinyl ester resin is used and the paint film is an Avery Dennison Avloy film.
Optimization of Compression Molding Process in Laminated Woven Composites
Authors: Onal L. , Adanur S.
Published: April 2005

The production parameters of compression molding have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of glass-reinforced composites. The effects of compression molding parameters such as curing time, curing temperature, and clamp pressure on the stress-strain relation of the woven composites are examined for the same volume fraction ratio (Vf1/4 39%). The contribution of epoxy resin and curing agent mixing ratio is investigated as well. The optimum production parameters with desired mechanical properties are investigated. The stress-strain relation of laminated glass fabric-reinforced composites fabricated with different manufacturing parameters is evaluated under tensile loading. ANOVA is performed for investigating the significance of each variable.
Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis of Thermoplastic Composite Beams Loaded by a Single Force
Authors: Topcu Muzaffer , Conkur E. Sahin , Altan Gürkan
Published: April 2005

In this study an elastic-plastic stress analysis is carried out in a woven thermoplastic fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite cantilever beam loaded by a constant single force at its free end. The expansion of the plastic region and the residual stress component of x are determined for 0, 15, 30, and 45 orientation angles. Yielding begins for 0 and 45 orientation angles of both upper and lower surfaces of the beam at the same distances from the free end. An elastic-plastic analysis is carried out for the plastic region, which spreads both at the upper and lower surfaces. The residual stress components are obtained after releasing the external force. The distributions of the residual stress components of x are also determined. The intensity of the residual stress components of x is maximum at the upper or lower surfaces of the beam.
Development and Characterization of GF/PET, GF/Nylon, and GF/PP Commingled Yarns for Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Alagirusamy R. , Ogale Vinayak
Published: April 2005

Commingling is becoming an important method for developing thermoplastic composites, which demonstrate significant advantages over thermoset composites in several applications including aerospace, marine, sporting, and automotive industries. Although the commingling technique has a very high potential to produce towpregs with a good blending of matrix and reinforcing fibers, it has been reported that these towpregs tend to de-mingle due to nonuniform stretching during textile and other preforming processes, leading to the segregation of stiffer reinforcing fibers and matrix-forming fibers, which in turn results in poor mechanical properties. Therefore, the current research focuses on the enhancement of stability and homogeneity of commingled yarns during subsequent processing. An attempt has been made to study the effect of the commingling process variables, namely air pressure and volume fraction of matrix-forming fibers on the structure and properties of Glass/Polypropylene, Glass/Polyester, and Glass/Nylon commingled yarns. In this paper, nips are classified into different categories based on their structure. The causes of occurrence and their effect on the commingled yarn properties are identified. Other parameters including nip frequency, nip length, and degree of interlacing are also studied in relation to the process parameters. The results show that commingling process parameters as well as the type of matrix-forming fibers significantly affect the structure and properties of commingled yarns.
The ‘House of the Veil’ in Sirach 50
Authors: Gurtner Daniel M.
Published: April 2005

This article contends that the phrase חכרפה חיבמ (Sir. 50.5) reflects a similar reading from the Hebrew Bible (חכרפל חיבמ, Exod 26.33; Lev. 16.2, 12; Num. 18.7) and likewise means ‘within’ or ‘inside’ ‘the [inner] veil’. This indicates that the sacrifice in view in Sirach 50 is that of the Day of Atonement.
Planetary Demons in Early Jewish Literature
Authors: Toepel Alexander
Published: April 2005

Within the process of cultural exchange taking place during the Hellenistic age Babylonian and Greek astronomy and astrology were received and transformed by Jewish authors. Among these originally pagan ideas is the concept of planets as powerful and sometimes malign spiritual beings, whose rule extends over the course of history and the human body. Instances of this motif can be found in the Qumran fragments 4Q552-553 and in Testament of Reuben 2.1-3.7. On this basis the question is raised whether the tutelary angels of nations in Daniel 10.13, 20, 21 are in fact planetary deities.
Effectiveness of Managers
Authors: Azeem Mohammed Abdul
Published: April 2005

Managerial effectiveness means handling managerial functions with competence, which reflects the smooth working operations over a period of time, obtained within the laid down parameters of cost, time and productivity. Efficiency focuses on the input–output ratio, while effectiveness focuses on generating revenues, creating new markets and launching new products. To study the effectiveness of managers, the study has been carried out in two public and private sector organizations. It has made an attempt to segregate managers into highly effective and less effective groups, with an inter-company comparison.
Copyright Protection and Consumer Welfare
Authors: Debroy Bibek , Chakraborty Debashis , Guha Arup
Published: April 2005

Property rights always create a limited monopoly of the right holder. Intellectual property rights (IPR) came into existence in order to acknowledge and encourage creativity, for example, literary works, although in early days the provision was misused as a government policy. In the subsequent period, author’s rights over his creations, that is, copyright, was granted and later standardized in the international conventions. However, the trade-off between the author’s right over his creation and its public dissemination has always been a debatable question. The TRIPS agreement under WTO has set the copyright protection period for literary works at 50 years in order to ensure minimum protection necessary to induce authors to create and disseminate their works. Although India as a signatory to the WTO and other international conventions followed this norm, in 1991 the domestic regulation was amended to extend the period to 60 years. The driving motive was to facilitate availability of the works of Tagore, the first Nobel Laureate of India, by keeping the copyright with the right holder, Viswabharati, for 10 more years. In other words, strengthened property rights (and the consequent monopoly hold) were expected to augment consumer welfare. The article analyses outcomes of this regulation and concludes that the purpose has not been fulfilled, at least in the case of Tagore’s works.
Marketing Theory and Practice
Authors: Thomas Joffi , K. Gupta Rajen
Published: April 2005

The macro-environmental changes brought about by technological advances and globalization in the last decade had significant influences at all levels: the economy, industries, markets and the consumer. The article reviews developments in marketing theory and practice over the last two decades against the backdrop of these macro-influences which led to borderless, connected knowledge economy, globalizing, converging and consolidating industries, fragmenting and frictionless markets, active, connected, informed and demanding customers and a complex, distinctly different competitive scenario.

Organizations’ attempts to adapt to these changing environmental realities have effected changes in the focus (value distribution to value creation), emphasis (customer acquisition to customer retention) and scope (immediate customer to value-chain) of marketing. Changes in marketing practice have brought about fundamental theoretical shifts in marketing. The shifts are from a goods-centred view to service-centred view and co-creating valued customer experience; attention to social processes in consumption/marketing than the economic processes alone; and from firm perspective to customer perspective in understanding marketing/consumption phenomena. The dominant marketing mix paradigm was found inadequate in incorporating these theoretical shifts and this led to the development of the relationship marketing paradigm in marketing. The research areas, relationship marketing, services marketing, market orientation and marketing productivity received increased attention from the research community during the last decade.
Stimulating Innovative Thinking
Authors: J. Mockler Robert
Published: April 2005

While it is useful and necessary to know where the industry and competitive market now stands and how it works today in order to formulate threshold or survival strategies, more is needed. Gaining competitive advantage and deriving financial profit from the results over the intermediate and longer term requires studying where the competitive market might be heading. Therefore, systematically listening to what that market is saying about the future becomes a creative art as much as it is a science. This article discusses exploring future trends and possible effective responses to these trends.
Mother-Child Expression of Psychological Distress in War Trauma
Authors: Qouta Samir , Punamäki Raija-Leena , El Sarraj Eyad
Published: April 2005

The aims of this study were, first, to examine how exposure to war trauma, maternal neuroticism and psychological distress are associated with child psychological distress, and, second, whether good maternal mental health and low neuroticism can moderate the negative impact of war trauma on child mental health. Third, we examined whether mother-child dyads’ psychological distress was dependent on who was the main war trauma victim in the family: the mother, the child or both. Fourth, we tested whether mother-child dyads express similar or different symptoms. The sample consists of 121 Palestinian children (aged 6-16 years; 45% girls and 55% boys), and their mothers (aged 21-55 years) living under conditions of military violence and war in Gaza. Child psychological distress was measured using the CPTS-RI (child-reported) and Rutter Parent Questionnaire (mother-reported), and mothers’ mental health was measured using the SCL-90-R. The results failed to show any moderating effect of good maternal mental health or low neuroticism in protecting child mental health from negative impact of war trauma. The main effects showed that the child’s young age, war trauma and poor maternal mental health were associated with children’s internalizing symptoms, and male gender, maternal neuroticism and poor mental health with children’s externalizing symptoms. There were gender differences in psychological distress depending on whether the mother, the child or both were the main war trauma victim in the family: girls showed particularly high psychological distress when their mothers were exposed to war trauma (family systems model), whereas boys showed high levels of distress when both they themselves and their mothers were exposed to war trauma (accumulative impact model). Similarities were confirmed in dyadic symptom expression: significant associations were found between mothers’ depressive and children’s internalizing symptoms, and between mothers’ hostile and children’s externalizing symptoms.
Severely Impaired Young Refugees
Authors: Hodes Matthew , Tolmac Jovanka
Published: April 2005

This article is concerned with the small numbers of refugee children and adolescents who, for psychiatric reasons, have significant social impairment, with difficulties in functioning within their families and in school. Data from recent studies carried out in London are presented regarding the characteristics of this group. The studies show that the impaired refugee children are psychiatrically heterogeneous, but had high exposure to past violence and losses, and they experience high levels of isolation, compared with non-refugee peers. These adversities are particularly likely to occur among those who are psychiatrically admitted, including those who have psychoses. A high level of cooperation between agencies, especially mental health and social services, is frequently required to meet the complex needs of this group. Implications for service provision and clinical management are discussed.
The museum’s redemption
Authors: Dibley Ben
Published: April 2005

Despite a history deeply implicated in an imperial, bourgeois and phallocentric social order, the museum is a cultural institution that can be redeemed from this legacy of racism, classism and sexism. Or so it would seem from reading the now burgeoning critical scholarship on museums. Here, almost all of the museum’s analysts argue that, in some way or another, the institution can be reformed so that it can overcome the exclusions of the past and realize its true democratic vocation. Seduced by the institution’s own rhetoric of its democratic potential, these cultural analysts produce redemptive narratives that ultimately mimic the reformism of the museum’s own political logic. Defending this contention, this article proceeds, first, by demonstrating the persistence of this redemptive narrative as an enduring trope in critical museum scholarship; second, it focuses on two sophisticated variations on this narrative - those articulated respectively by James Clifford and Tony Bennett. Third, drawing on Foucault’s work on subjectivation, this article proposes a critical politics that returns to museums not with the demand that they better represent ‘us’ so that ‘we’ can finally ‘discover who we are’, but rather with the theoretical and political injunction that, as modern institutional sites that subjectivize subjects, museums are one of those key cultural loci where ‘we’ might, indeed must, ‘refuse what we are’.
Virtual homeland?
Authors: Senjković Reana , Dukić Davor
Published: April 2005

This article analyses 68 songs from the free download music offer on the leading rightist web page designed for Croatian-speaking users. The selection of songs is taken as a specific intersection of fantasy images and discursive forms, in which one of the contemporary Croatian cultural imaginings is condensed. It is compared with imaginings from the last decade of the 20th century, which were the product of the socio-political elite’s strategy and, primarily, absorbed from the official media’s offer during the 1991-5 war in Croatia, but also from earlier official political memories.,
Vicarious Shame and Guilt
Authors: Lickel Brian , Schmader Toni , Curtis Mathew , Scarnier Marchelle , Ames Daniel R.
Published: April 2005

Participants recalled instances when they felt vicariously ashamed or guilty for another’s wrongdoing and rated their appraisals of the event and resulting motivations. The study tested aspects of social association that uniquely predict vicarious shame and guilt. Results suggest that the experience of vicarious shame and vicarious guilt are distinguishable. Vicarious guilt was predicted by one’s perceived interdependence with the wrongdoer (e.g. high interpersonal interaction), an appraisal of control over the event, and a motivation to repair the other person’s wrongdoing. Vicarious shame was predicted by the relevance of the event to a shared social identity with the wrongdoer, an appraisal of self-image threat, and a motivation to distance from the event. Implications for intergroup behavior and emotion are discussed.
Gender Differences in the Relational and Collective Bases for Trust
Authors: Maddux William W. , Brewer Marilynn B.
Published: April 2005

A variety of research suggests that men and women differ in their interdependent orientation: whereas women tend to be more relationally interdependent, men tend to be more collectively interdependent (e.g. Gabriel & Gardner, 1999). The current study sought to investigate differences in interdependence within the domain of trust. In particular, the authors predicted that men would tend to trust individuals based on whether or not they shared group memberships. On the other hand, women were predicted to trust those who shared direct or indirect relationship connections. Results from an online trust-dilemma game supported these predictions. Implications for our understanding of the impact of gender on social identity and self-representation are discussed.
Conceptualizing the EU’s Social Constituency
Authors: Fossum John Erik
Published: April 2005

The EU is often considered to be a unique entity. This assertion rests on assessments of its institutional character more than on assessments of its social constituency, i.e., the structure of demands and expectations that citizens and groups place on the EU. Establishing the character of the latter is important both to understand the EU as polity and to understand its democratic deficit. It is also of theoretical interest given the increased focus on recognition politics, not only within nation-states but also within the transnational realm. This article develops a conceptual-methodological framework with a set of structured tests so as to permit us to establish the character of the EU’s social constituency. This framework combines a philosophical approach to recognition with a sociological approach to contentious politics. A central element is the notion of ‘recognition order’, and the article briefly examines whether the EU might be said to make up a unique recognition order.
Social Theory and Social Policy
Authors: Jordan Bill
Published: April 2005

This article contends that social policy faces a crisis over whether a viable collective order can be constructed out of individual choices. The neo-liberal paradigm is now challenged by neo-conservatives, who argue for policies derived from traditional moral, religious and patriotic values. This raises issues about the nature of social bonds, the institutional order and collective life itself. The article argues that it provides an opportunity for social theorists and policy analysts to co-operate in re-examining these questions. However, these debates indicate a need for social theorists to confront their relationship with Enlightenment accounts of how commerce and private property enable liberty and consensual government. In the face of recent evidence of ‘stalled well-being’ within increasing prosperity, the article argues for a new analysis of choice and solidarity.
Critical Realism and the Limits of Philosophy
Authors: Kemp Stephen
Published: April 2005

This article critiques the idea that, by establishing a general framework within which research must be conducted, philosophical argument can ‘take the lead’ in relation to research. It develops Holmwood’s work in this area by examining the ontological arguments put forward by critical realists, which attempt to establish the fundamental characteristics of the social realm prior to the production of empirically successful research in that realm. The article draws on a contrast with ontological argument in the natural sciences to demonstrate the illegitimacy of this manoeuvre, showing that ontological claims can be given some justification, but only when they are derived from research that is widely held to be empirically successful. Realist ontological claims in the social sciences do not have this basis, and it is argued that Bhaskar’s alternative mode of justification for these claims is unconvincing. Archer’s view is also criticized that critical realist arguments should be given a strong regulatory role in relation to research, illustrating the problems with this by critiquing Cruickshank’s ontologically driven analysis of unemployment and the underclass. The article concludes that social scientific research should be conducted without philosophical legislation.
Communication and interaction within dementia care triads
Authors: Adams Trevor , Gardiner Paula
Published: April 2005

This article develops an approach towards dementia care that highlights the nature of dementia care triads comprising the person with dementia, their informal carer, and the health and social professional. In particular, the article highlights various social practices that are shown, from our practice, to contribute towards the inclusion or exclusion of particular triad members. The article reviews existing work on triadic interaction, particularly in relationship to dementia care. Various communication processes are identified and illustrated using examples taken from casework. The implications of this approach for theory, practice, education, and research within dementia care are discussed.
The early identification of cognitive impairment
Authors: Scott David , Donnelly Michael
Published: April 2005

The early and accurate identification of dementia helps to ensure the delivery of appropriate treatment and allows people with dementia and their carers to plan for the future. This article describes a research evaluation of a new screening, assessment and referral service for people with early-stage dementia and their carers who reside in one of Northern Ireland’s integrated health and social services trusts.

A total of 435 referrals were made to the service during the first 33 months; most were female (70%) with an average age of 80 (SD = 7.68) and a mild/moderate (71%) cognitive impairment (mean Mini-mental State Examination score of 20.21 (SD = 6.10)). A research interview was conducted with 20 consecutive service users and their carers ( n = 21) following their initial assessment by a community psychiatric nurse and again four months later. Users recorded an overall improvement in self-reported quality of life and their use of health and social services remained unchanged. Carers valued highly the information and support provided by the project; their QoL improved and ‘stress and strain’ (as measured by the General Health Questionnaire-30 and Carers’ Checklist) decreased.

Generally, stakeholders such as referral agents reported that the new service made an important contribution to dementia care, although some professionals thought that the service needed to be better ‘networked’ in order to avoid duplication of resources. Overall, the findings from this evaluation help to address the lack of available information about ways in which to organize and deliver early-stage dementia care.
Daytime sleep and the threat to well-being of persons with dementia
Authors: Kuhn Daniel , Edelman Perry , Fulton Bradley R.
Published: April 2005

Sleep dysfunction is common among persons with dementia. The relationship of daytime sleep to the quality of life and social engagement of persons with dementia has not been examined. The present study examined this relationship among 166 persons with dementia in three nursing homes, two assisted living facilities, and three adult day centers. Two staff proxy questionnaires and two measures of direct observation were used to assess quality of life and social engagement. Findings differed somewhat in nursing homes and assisted living facilities compared to adult day centers. In general, multivariate analyses indicated that greater frequency of daytime sleep was related to lower quality of life and lower social engagement, regardless of dementia severity.
Nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease in special care units compared to other residents with Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Buchanan Robert J. , Choi Maryann , Wang Suojin , Ju Hyunsu , Graber David
Published: April 2005

The purpose of the study was to compare nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in special care units (SCUs) to other AD residents.

We analyzed 49,627 admission assessments recorded in the Minimum Data Set during 2000 for residents with AD, with 11,311 in SCUs. We compared these two groups of AD residents for demographic characteristics, health status, and treatments.

SCU residents were significantly more likely to be male, younger, white, married, and self pay than other AD residents. SCU residents were significantly more likely to have poorer cognitive function and communication skills while other AD residents were significantly more likely to be totally activities of daily living (ADL) dependent, more physically disabled, and have cardiac-related conditions. SCU residents were significantly more likely to receive daily anti-psychotic, anti-anxiety, or anti-depressant medications than other AD residents. Other AD residents were more likely to receive a range of treatments and procedures, while SCU residents were more likely to receive intervention programs for mood, behavior, or cognitive loss.

The implications of this are that SCU residents and other AD residents represent distinct nursing home populations. SCU residents are more likely to have cognitive decline and behavior problems while other AD residents are more likely to have greater physical disability and life-threatening co-morbidities.
Goat uromodulin promoter directs kidney-specific expression of GFP gene in transgenic mice
Authors: Huang Yue-Jin , Chretien Nathalie , Bilodeau Annie S , Zhou Jiang Feng , Lazaris Anthoula , Karatzas Costas N
Published: April 2005

Background

Uromodulin is the most abundant protein found in the urine of mammals. In an effort to utilize the uromodulin promoter in order to target recombinant proteins in the urine of transgenic animals we have cloned a goat uromodulin gene promoter fragment (GUM promoter) and used it to drive expression of GFP in the kidney of transgenic mice.

Results

The GUM-GFP cassette was constructed and transgenic mice were generated in order to study the promoter's tissue specificity, the GFP kidney specific expression and its subcellular distribution. Tissues collected from three GUM-GFP transgenic mouse lines, and analyzed for the presence of GFP by Western blotting and fluorescence confirmed that the GUM promoter drove expression of GFP specifically in the kidney. More specifically, by using immuno-histochemistry analysis of kidney sections, we demonstrated that GFP expression was co-localized, with endogenous uromodulin protein, in the epithelial cells of the thick ascending limbs (TAL) of Henle's loop and the early distal convoluted tubule in the kidney.

Conclusion

The goat uromodulin promoter is capable of driving recombinant protein expression in the kidney of transgenic mice. The goat promoter fragment cloned may be a useful tool in targeting proteins or oncogenes in the kidney of mammals.