bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rationalité des comportements et des anticipations dans les blocs réels des modèles macroéconomiques
Authors: Laffargue J.P. , Malgrange P.
Published: September 2022

Les modèles macroéconométriques de grande taille, utilisés par les décideurs publics pour évaluer leur politique économique, reposent, pour la plupart d’entre eux, sur une structure commune qualifiée de néokeynésienne. Plus précisément ils constituent une mise en pratique du schéma IS-LM enrichi par une description de son évolution dynamique: l’accumulation du capital combinée à des mécanismes d’ajustements progressifs et d’anticipations (Cf par exemple Deleau et Al. (1981) pour une formalisation de cette démarche).

Toutefois, dans ces modèles, les variables anticipées ne figurent qu’implicitement, n’étant pas directement observables. Les équations dynamiques d’ajustement sont en fait des formes réduites agrégeant les mécanismes d’ajustement proprement dit et ceux de formation des anticipations.

Cet état de fait rend impraticable l’analyse isolée de l’influence des anticipations, et pour aborder ce problème il est nécessaire de construire une maquette dans laquelle les comportements des agents soient dérivés le plus rigoureusement possible -optimisation intertemporelle-, faisant par là apparaître les grandeurs futures que ces agents doivent nécessairement anticiper pour les prendre en compte dans leurs calculs.
Sen’s Concept of the Living Standard applied to the Belgian Unemployed
Authors: Schokkaert Erik , Van Ootegem Luc
Published: September 2022

We try to operationalise Sen’s concept of the living standard using questionnaire data on the economic situation of the Belgian unemployed. We use factor analysis to reduce the number of basic functionings and to avoid possible overlap between them. The factors obtained can be interpreted in a natural and transparent way : they refer to social isolation, general feeling of happiness, physical functioning, microsocial contact, degree of activity and financial situation. Factor scores on these functionings are related in a meaningful way to the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents.
Demand Uncertainty and Labour Input in a Bivariate ARCH-M Model
Authors: Flaig Gebhard
Published: September 2022

This paper analyses the impact of input uncertainty on labour demand. An ARCH-M model is incorporated into an error-correction framework which allows to model both short- and long-run labour demand. The conditional variance of unexpected output changes serves as a proxy for demand uncertainty. The output and employment equations are estimated simultaneously for the West-German manufacturing sector.
Semi-Nonparametric Estimation of Binary Choice Models Using Panel Data: An Application to the Innovative Activity of German Firms
Authors: Laisney François , Lechner Michael , Pohlmeier Winfried
Published: September 2022

This paper presents an extension of Chamberlain's approach to modelling correlated random effects in a dichotomous model estimated on panel data. The extension consists in relaxing the arbitrary normality assumption made on all error terms and on specifying instead a SNP distribution for the composite error term resulting in each wave from Chamberlain's treatment of correlated random effects. An application to a panel of 1325 German firms illustrates the feasibility of the approach.
Overtime Work, Lack of Labour, and Structural Mismatch: Some Extensions of the “European Unemployment Programme” Framework
Authors: Entorf Horst
Published: September 2022

The paper extends the framework of the EUP to cover the effects of changes in the number of working hours. Beside this, a measure for the structural imbalances not only for the labour market (structural unemployment rate at equilibrium) but also for the goods market are presented. The empirical implementation introduces the concept of feasible working hours, which account for the maximal amount of overtime hours in the labour constraint. Simulation studies analyse the consequences of the present policy of German trade unions which bargain for a reduction of standard working hours. The main conclusions are: (i) The increasing mismatch on the goods market that is reported, basically results from an increasing mismatch on the labour market; (ii) reducing standard working hours might be a short-sighted policy; it may increase unemployment due to some induced substitution of workers by overtime work, and, moreover, due to the induced reduction of feasible working hours.
On the Long-run Relationship Between Money, Output and Interest Rates: A Cointegration Analysis for West Germany
Authors: Gaab Werner , Liedtke Olaf
Published: September 2022

L'existence d'une relation d'équilibre de long-terme entre le stock réel de monnaie, la production en volume et le taux de intérêt, joue un rôle important dans la théorie économique et la politique monétaire. Le principal objectif de cet article est de détecter l'existence une telle relation de long terme en Allemagne, au vu des changements de régiment dans la politique monétaire dans le milieu des années 1970. A cette fin, nous utilisons un test de co-intégration mis au point par Johansen (1988). La preuve empirique est très fragile et dépend fortement de la période considérée.
Modelling Cyclical Asymmetry in a Production Series Using Threshold Autoregressive Models
Authors: Kräger Horst
Published: September 2022

In recent years there is evidence in the literature that various time series like GNP or production may be nonlinear. In this paper the question is examined whether there are non-linearities in the net production index for the producing sector of the FRG. Three different non-linearity tests are applied on the stationary series and two exhibit clear nonlinearities. Therefore a SETAR-model was estimated and it was able to capture all the previous inherent non-linearities.
Monetary Integration in Europe: Introduction
Authors: Aglietto Michel , Ghymers Christian
Published: September 2022

Before undertaking the essential synthesis of the assembled contributions on European monetary integration, it seemed necessary, in the light of recent developments, to introduce this special number by a brief commentary on the conditions for the realisation of a viable monetary union.

On the eve of the symbolic date of “Europe 1992”, the monetary events of September 1992 are a timely reminder that a “Community of currencies”, which by suppressing the final source of national divisions will bring about the single market, requires the strict respect of the preconditions. However, the latter appear to be far from being secure; an opinion apparently shared by the markets whose recent somersaults have illuminated two essential principles. Firstly, the necessity for the convergence of economic performances and policies as an anchor for monetary union; and secondly, the validity of the “incompatibility theory”. The latter referring to the unstable character of a European Monetary System (EMS) based on: perfect capital mobility; fixed exchange rates; and the absence of tangible progress on monetary cooperation or a firm political engagement towards Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), such as the faultless ratification of the Treaty of Maastricht.
The External Dimension of EMU
Authors: Goodhart Charles
Published: September 2022

This paper is divided into three main sections. The first considers the implications of the Maastricht treaty for the external economic dimension, concentrating mainly on the inter-relationships between, and allocations of responsibility for, the decisions within the EC on the main policy issues, monetary policy, the exchange rate regime and fiscal policy. The second section considers the non-strategic external economic implications of EMU and the move to a single currency, the Ecu, issues such as the effects on trade finance, reserves, seigniorage and the net external demand for Ecu assets. The third section discusses how the establishment of EMU may affect the workings of the world economy, the exchange rate regime and coordination, such as it may be, among the main players.
Stochastic implications of the life cycle consumption model under rational habit formation
Authors: Winder Carlo C.A. , Palm Franz C.
Published: September 2022

Hall [1978] showed that the life cycle consumption hypothesis implies a first order autoregressive process for the marginal utility of consumption. This paper extends his results by showing that an appropriate pattern of rational habits will lead to an arbitrary autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) process for consumption. Since the framework allows for consumption of durable goods, the analysis extends the results of Mankiw [1982]
Retraites, soutenabilité et garantie du gouvernement
Authors: Garrec Gilles Le
Published: September 2022

Nous étudions dans un modèle à générations imbriquées le rôle primordial du gouvernement pour la pérennité des systèmes de retraite par répartition. Nous montrons que les systèmes de retraite à fort taux de cotisation, comme ceux que l'on observe en Europe, ne sont viables à long terme qu'à la condition qu'une partie des droits accumulés par les retraités lorsqu'ils étaient actifs est garantie par le gouvernement. Cette condition peut néanmoins être relativisée à partir du moment où les agents de l'économie croient suffisamment en cette garantie. Ainsi, il est possible d'interpréter la baisse des droits à pension, que des retraités de certains régimes ont été amené à accepter, non plus comme la seule conséquence d'une démographie défavorable mais aussi comme résultant d'une révision de croyance.
Real exchange rates and real interest rates : a nonlinear perspective
Authors: Bec Frédérique , Ben Salem Mélika , MacDonald Ronald
Published: September 2022

In this paper we use a Threshold AutoRegressive (TAR) model to capture the nonlinear dynamics of monthly real effective exchange rate data for the G7 countries. The novelty of our approach relates to the use of the real interest differential as the switching variable. This choice allows us to consider jointly the nonlinearity and nonstationarity issues using recent advances in asymptotic theory. We find that the null of linearity is easily rejected against the nonlinear model for all currencies considered. Further, for five out of the seven countries, where the null of unit root is rejected, we report evidence of quite rapid mean reversion.
Fécondité et régulation des naissances suivant le niveau professional des couples dans une population catholique
Authors: Vanhoutvinck Jan
Published: September 2022

La relation entre le niveau social des époux et leur fécondité retient depuis plusieurs dizaines d'années déjà l'attention des démographes et d'autres chercheurs en sciences sociales. Sans doute, l'intensité, la nature et la tendance de cette relation varient suivant la période, la région ou la catégorie de la population qu'on envisage, mais on l'a toujours observée dès qu'on disposait de données statistiques suffisantes à ce propos. Cette relation caractéristique paraît dans une large mesure indépendante d'autres relations bien connues entre la fécondité et des variables comme l'âge des conjoints, la durée de leur union et diverses caractéristiques du mème genre dont l'effet a déjà été étudié en démographie de façon approfondie. En d'autres termes, la relation statistique entre le niveau social et la fécondité paraît suggérer, au niveau de la procréation humaine, l'existence d'une catégorie d'influences tout autre que celles qui ont été traditionnellement étudiées par le démographe.
Indices standardisés et indices résumés d'une distribution de taux d'éventualité
Authors: Wunsch Guillaume
Published: September 2022

Dans la plupart des analyses de faits de population, le démographe se trouve confronté avec une série de taux, selon la durée écoulée depuis un événement-origine, qu'il s'agit de résumer en un indice unique à des fins de comparaison spatiale ou temporelle. Le procédé classique, utilisé dans nombre de traités de démographic, est d'appliquer ces taux à une « population standard » ou « population type » et d'aboutir ainsi, par la voie de la standardisation directe, à un indice standardisé unique synthétisant l'information contenue dans la suite des taux d'éventualité selon la durée écoulée depuis l'événement-origine. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de réexaminer le bien-fondé de ce procédé, en utilisant un éventail de populations types, et de comparer les résultats à d'autres indices-résumés, notamment la somme des taux, que l’on pourrait tirer de la distribution des taux d'éventualité. Enfin, une critique générale de l'indice-résumé unique sera développée, et quelques solutions seront proposées pour remédier à ses lacunes.
Traitement au moindre coût des effluents industriels et tarification d’une station d’épuration
Authors: Tulkens Henry
Published: September 2022

La loi belge du 26 mars 1971 (Mon. Belge 1er mai 1971) sur la protection des eaux de surface interdit aux entreprises de polluer les eaux de surface. Elle leur laisse le choix entre (i) épurer elles-mêmes leurs effluents, ou (ii) raccorder leurs canalisations d’effluents à une station (publique) d’épuration. En cas de raccordement, elle spécifie (art. 20, b et c, et surtout art. 21, § 3) que les entreprises participeront aux frais d’exploitation de la station, ainsi d’ailleurs qu’aux frais d’investissement (art. 9, § 2, 3 et 15, § 1, c).
An Inquiry into the United States Textile Problem
Authors: Roussakis Emmanuel N.
Published: September 2022

Until 1962, international trade relations of the United States were regulated by the Trade Agreement Act of 1934, which was always extended or amended according to prevailing international trade policies. In view of the expiration of this act in June 1962, the Kennedy Administration proposed the Trade Expansion Act which, adopted in October 1962, provided for a freer trade policy —a policy that was considered “radical” by a large number of congressmen and other elected officials. The arguments that they advanced were centered around the protection of the domestic producer, the safeguard of employment and domestic wages, and the avoidance of economic crisis due to foreign competition. Further, the whole idea of freer trade was flatly opposed by various businessmen, and particularly by some textile concerns. Thus, the president of a textile association was quoted as follows regarding the possibility of a more liberal trade policy: “If imports keep increasing as they have (7.2% of the U.S. Market in 1960, up 300% from 1958), all United States textiles would be replaced by 1970”.
Estimation des soldes migratoires internes par la comparaison de deux recensements
Authors: Dionne Claude
Published: September 2022

La méthode de la ≪ population attendue ≫ est souvent utilisée pour le calcul des soldes migratoires dans les pays où on ne possède pas de registres régionaux. Elle s’appuie sur la comparaison de deux recensements portant sur une même population ; elle consiste à calculer, à partir d’un taux de survie et des effectifs d’un recensement, une population attendue correspondant à la même cohorte dans l’autre recensement : la différence donne le solde migratoire. L’opération se fait directement si on applique un taux de survie aux chiffres du premier recensement; elle se fait à rebours (méthode indirecte ou inverse) si on applique aux chiffres du second recensement l’inverse du taux de survie. On peut en outre combiner les démarches directe et inverse, et faire la moyenne des résultats tirés des deux méthodes précédentes : on parlera alors de la ≪ méthode de la moyenne ≫.
The Natural Rate of Unemployment in a Disequilibrium Model
Authors: Latham R.W. , Peel D.A.
Published: September 2022

Seven years ago Friedman first argued that there is no long run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. Since then several authors have derived this result in a model which juxtaposes a neoclassical wage equation with a mark-ap price equation. The former is

where ŵ and are the percentage rates of change of money wage rates and expected prices respectively, D and S are the demand for and supply of labour, λ is a postive and constant speed of adjustment, and a is a constant which is equal to unity when there is no money illusion.
Energie, transports et structure urbaine
Authors: Zoller Henry G.
Published: September 2022

Les événements de la fin 1973 ont progressivement conduit les responsables à s’interroger sur les implications des politiques d’aménagement urbain en matière énergétique. Il existe encore peu d’études quantitatives dans le domaine dont des résultats au moins partiels soient aujourd’hui disponibles. Réalisées aux Etats-Unis, celles-ci ont pour objet de mettre en évidence des structures et des types de développements urbains susceptibles de produire des économies d’énergie. Elles étudient plus précisément la répartition spatiale des principales utilisations du sol (industries, commerces et services, résidence, transport) au niveau métropolitain, dans la perspective d’une réduction de la consommation pétrolière requise par les déplacements des personnes. L’idée est évidemment d’organiser les nouveaux développements, ou de réorganiser les structures existantes, de manière à permettre des déplacements plus courts et à favoriser la substitution du transport public au transport privé.
La politique économique face à la crise
Authors: de Lettenhove A. Kervyn
Published: September 2022

Au temps où les gouvernements croyaient encore à la possibilité de poursuivre une politique éonomique efficace, on avait pris l’habitude d’en désigner les objectifs en termes d’un carré magique dont les quatre sommets étaient:

— un taux de chômage minimal (ou un taux de croissance suffisamment élevé de la production);

— un taux d’inflation minimal;

— l’équilibre extérieur;

— l’équilibre financier de l’Etat.

Le carré était sans doute magique au moins dans le sens que la magie était requise pour atteindre à la fois les 4 objectifs. Les indicateurs qu’il définit donnent aujourd’hui encore une vue simplifié mais significative de la crise belge et de sa spéificité par rapport à l’ensemble de la Communauté Européenne.

Dans le tableau qui suit, les chiffres pour 1979 sont tirés des comptes nationaux révisés, ceux de 1980 sont des estimations, ceux de 1981 les prévisions des budgets économiques nationaux, en date de février 1981, tels que assemblés (et parfois amendés) par la CEE.

Trois indicateurs sur quatre montrent une situation pire en Belgique que dans la moyenne de la Communauté. L’évolution du chômage est parallèle, mais son niveau plus élevé en Belgique. Pour les déficits publics et extérieurs, la situation belge est beaucoup plus mauvaise, et elle empire aussi davantage entre 1979 et 1981. Cette référence à la Communautté ne constitue en rien une norme; elle offre toutefois un point de référence utile.
M-Form adoption and firm performance : an empirical investigation
Authors: Thompson R.S.
Published: September 2022

This paper presents the results of an empirical study on the relationship between internal structural change and performance, in a sample of 138 large U.K. companies, 1959-1976. The paper considers the introduction of the multidivisional form (M-form) within the sample and addresses itself to three principal questions:

Firstly, whether re-organization to an M-form structure followed a significant decline in the performance of the firm?

Secondly, whether M-form adoption was followed by a significant improvement in performance?

Finally, was the performance impact, if any, of re-organization related in a systematic way to firm characteristics — e.g. size, diversification etc. — in a manner consistent with the M-form hypothesis?
Fédéralisme, coordination et harmonisation fiscales Etude du cas suisse
Authors: Dafflon Bernard
Published: September 2022

1. CHAPITRE PRELIMINAIRE

1.1 Introduction

Cette étude a pour objet les problèmes de coordination et d’harmonisation fiscales dans un système fédéral. Pris au sens général, la coordination et l’harmonisation fiscales se réfèrent à l’ensemble des mesures permettant de passer d’un système fiscal épars à un système uniforme, puis unifié.

Par système fiscal épars, on entend un système dans lequel la souveraineté fiscale, respectivement les compétences de définir et de prélever des impôts, sont éparpillées entre les niveaux de gouvernement et, à chaque niveau, entre les gouvernements, d’où une situation de conflits.

Par système fiscal uniforme, on entend un système fiscal dans lequel les gouvernements appliquent des règles semblables; si ces dernières sont identiques, alors le système fiscal est réputé « unifié »
Wage Formation in a Two-Sector Open Economy with Two Strong Unions
Authors: Raaum Oddbjørn
Published: September 2022

1. INTRODUCTION

Observing wage formation, at least in Norway during recent years, you cannot miss the unions increased emphasis on relative wages in the wage negotiations. This focus might be motivated by tactical reasons. Relatively decreasing wages is often a good argument, at least as far as support from the public opinion is concerned. On the other hand, people’s appreciation of their situation (here wages) does often depends on the situation of “groups with which we naturally compare ourselves”.

The economics of trade unions is a rapidly expanding area. Oswald (1985) and Pencavel (1985) have given surveys of the last years’ literature. So far, little attention has been paid to the existence of different sectors and trade unions in the economy. A multisectoral framework may imply interdependence between the wage claims of the different unions. When the unions care about relative wages, there will be implications for the wage formation process. In an economy with more than one union there might exist links between wage claims of different trade unions. There are roughly three main ways in which the interdependence takes place. First, the wage claims of one union may affect the demand for workers who are members of the other unions.
Tobin’s q, the Demand for Investment and the Corporate Profit Taxation Policy in Canada (1950-1983)
Authors: Moussa Hassouna
Published: September 2022

INTRODUCTION

In his General Theory, Keynes argued that the ratio q of the market value of firms to the replacement costs of their assets is an important determinant of investment demand. As the market value of the firm depends on the yield of stocks and bonds, the ratio q depends itself negatively on the general level of interest. It also depends positively on the corporate income tax parameters such as the tax rate and the capital cost allowance schedule. That is, in this model, both monetary policy and corporation taxation policy affect the level of investment, if at all, through q. Whether monetary policy, or corporate income taxation policy can stabilize investment depends on at least two conditions. First they must alter the procyclical tendency of q due to the procyclicity of expected profits, and secondly, q must act on investment with a very short lag.
Diffusion de l’innovation à l’intérieur de la firme et apprentissage par la pratique Une reformulation du modèle d’E. Mansfield
Authors: Le Bas C.
Published: September 2022

La diffusion de l’innovation à l’intérieur de la firme a été jusqu’à présent exclusivement analysée comme un processus impliquant des risques et des résultats incertains. Avec l’utilisation des nouveaux procédés les risques se trouvent mieux évalués et l’incertitude réduite. La diffusion correspond donc à un apprentissage individuel par expérience. Les travaux de E. Mansfield [1968] et de P. Stoneman [1981] offrent deux variantes de cette problématique. Partant d’hypothèses différentes quant aux variables expliquant la vitesse de la diffusion de l’innovation et quant à la détermination du seuil de diffusion (pare optimal d’équipement incorporant le nouveau procédé), ils aboutissent à une conclusion assez voisine : le sentier de diffusion (la représentation formelle de l’évolution temporelle du parc de nouvel équipement) est logistique pour le premier, en général, sïgmoide pour le second.
The two-handed growth strategy for Europe: Autonomy through flexible cooperation
Authors: Drèze Jacques , Wyplosz Charles , Bean Charles , Giavazzi Francesco , Giersch Herbert
Published: September 2022

This article develops the international aspects of the two-handed growth strategy. Both the supply and demand side measures are reviewed. The need to work on both sides simultaneously is stressed, even if the specific topic of cooperation privileges the demand side. The report argues that inflation, while always a risk, should not be currently seen as a major issue. Accordingly, it concentrates on the fiscal and external constraints. These two constraints are strongly interrelated. Openness makes fiscal policy significantly less cost-efficient: the case for cooperative action stems from the possibility of internalizing the income flow leakages which may deter governments from working on the demand side of the economy as they make progress on the supply side.

The benefits from cooperation are directly related to openness. In practice, this means that Europe can act autonomously, as it is relatively closed: the two-handed strategy does not need to be made contingent on cooperation with the US and Japan. On the contrary, cooperation within Europe is crucial. Yet cooperation is not synonymous with synchronisation and, in particular, different conditions across countries (inflation, public and external debts) warrant different policies. Flexible cooperation must rely on Germany, France and the UK taking the lead in staging a fiscal expansion to match advances on the supply side.
L’investissement dans un contexte de faible croissance et de taux d’intérêt élevés: Une étude sur données individuelles du comportement des entreprises industrielles françaises
Authors: Chevallier Jean-Yves , Legendre François , Morin Pierre
Published: September 2022

Les années 1980 ont été caractérisées par une atonie persistante de l’investissement industriel des entreprises françaises, une détérioration accusée de leurs comptes jusqu’en 1983 et des taux d’intérêt très élevés. En même temps, plusieurs difficultés sont apparues dans les travaux macroéconomiques consacrés à l’influence des anticipations de demande, du coût relatif des facteurs et du profit sur le comportement d’investissement. Ceci souligne l’intérêt d’une étude de ce comportement sur un panel d’environ 700 entreprises industrielles suivies de 1975 à 1983, qui représentent 30 % de la valeur ajoutée industrielle. Les principales conclusions de l’étude pourraient être les suivantes : le modèle de l’accélérateur est moins pertinent à partir de 1979. La contrainte de rentabilité semble avoir eu une forte influence pendant la période étudiée (1979-1983). Le taux d’intérêt apparent, propre à l’entreprise, semble influencer l’accumulation du capital. Le ratio d’endettement et les aides fiscales n’ont pas une grande importance.
Endogenous Stackelberg Leadership when Costs are Private Information
Authors: Albæk Svend
Published: September 2022

Lately several authors have tried to explain the emergence of Stackelberg leadership as an endogenous feature of duopoly models. This article describes two models where assumptions of incomplete information about the rival firm’s marginal cost of production creates incentives for duopolistic firms to end up in a sequential choice situation. In the first model the duopolists can commit themselves to be a Stackelberg leader or follower at the time when they know the distributions, but not the actual values, of their own and the rival’s cost. The central result from this model is that under quantity (but not price) competition the duopolists may agree on who should be the leader and who should be the follower. In the second model the firms cannot commit to a specific role. In the quantity setting version of this model they must decide both when and how much to produce. It turns out that there can never be an equilibrium where they both always produce in the same period. However, there are equilibria where one firm produces in the first period and the other in the second, i.e. Stackelberg-type equilibria. Similar results are found in a price setting version of the model.
Market Index Specification and Estimation of Risk on the Brussels Stock Exchange
Authors: Corhay Albert
Published: September 2022

This paper demonstrates that the level of autocorrelation in the market index returns of the Brussels Stock Exchange depends on the number of securities which make up the index as well as their price adjustment delay. It also shows that the value of the systematic risk depends on both the choice of an index and the length of the differencing interval used to calculate the returns. Furthermore it highlights the fact that autocorrelation coefficients and systematic risk coefficients also exhibit seasonal fluctuations.
The “Sallow Mr. Freely”: Sugar, Appetite, and Unstable Forms of Whiteness in George Eliot's “Brother Jacob”
Authors: Walters Alisha R.
Published: September 2022

In this paper, I argue that George Eliot's “Brother Jacob” (1864) reveals a fluid system of racial production that is inextricably tied to sugar. “Brother Jacob” is one of Eliot's most unusual narratives. It is written in the tone of a fable, and it concerns confectioner David Faux, who immigrates to the colony of Jamaica. Twice, Faux's plans for fiscal gain are thwarted by his “idiot” brother, Jacob, and the latter's uncontrollable sweet tooth in ways that warn against the ungovernability of bodies—especially white ones—that desire sugar.

My analysis employs the methodologies of critical race studies, as I examine how Eliot's text denaturalizes the frequent “invisibility of whiteness” (Richard Dyer). And if, as Sara Ahmed argues, we “do not face whiteness; it ‘trails behind’ bodies, as what is assumed to be given,” then Eliot's text reveals whiteness when it is in front of bodies, when its construction is rendered seeable. I analyze Eliot's examination of individual and collective white bodies that are ambivalently racialized through their desires for sugar. Throughout, I argue that the plasticity of racial forms connected to sugar suggests that bodies are unruly and cannot uphold coherent systems of racial meaning.
Framing Mills’ Black Radical Kantianism: Kant and Du Bois
Authors: Kirkland Frank M.
Published: September 2022

This article has two purposes. The first speaks to the compatibilist quality of Charles Mills’ Black Radical Kantianism (BRK), its strengths and weaknesses and the pertinence of W. E. B Du Bois to it. BRK turns from Mills’ previous critique of Kantianism as representative of arassenstaatlichpolitical liberalism, underwritten and tainted by the racial/domination contract, to his current defence of a compatibilist Kantianism as representative of arechtsstaatlichpolitical liberalism supported by a non-ideal racially corrective critique of both that contract and the kind of political liberalism affiliated with it. The second focuses on what I introduce as the ‘Radicalization of Kant in Black’ (RKB). RKB isnota compatibilist project. Rather it re-examines issues first posed by ‘slave- and black-encoded’ blacks coming to act and struggle with the primacy of practical reason under the historically normative authority of freedom and the abolition of enslavement. What are the ramifications of each for Kant-/Kantian-radicalization?
“Algiers and the Algerian Desert”: Decolonization and the Regional Question in France, 1958–1962
Authors: Davis Muriam Haleh
Published: September 2022

This article demonstrates how Algerian decolonization played a key role in shaping the discipline of territorial planning (aménagement du territoire) in metropolitan France. A number of liberal economists, including François Perroux, articulated notions of economic space that eschewed the nation-state as a unit of analysis. In colonial Algeria, this discourse was subsequently adopted by officials who sought to integrate Muslim Algerians into the French Republic. Discussions on territorial planning in late colonial Algeria echoed debates in the United States regarding the “social uplift” of African Americans in the South, which also attempted to stem the rising tide of separatism. In the 1950s, liberal understandings of the relationship among cultural specificity, territorial scale, and economic development were challenged by a host of actors, including Algerian nationalists who espoused ideas that would later appear in the analyses of world systems theorists. After the victory of the Algerian FLN (Front de libération nationale) in 1962, discussions on regional identities provided an important tool for political claims on both sides of the Mediterranean. Moreover, techniques of territorial planning developed in Algeria were imported to the Hexagon in the aftermath of Algerian independence.
Remote‐Sensing Derived Trends in Gross Primary Production Explain Increases in the CO2 Seasonal Cycle Amplitude
Authors: He Liyin , Byrne Brendan , Yin Yi , Liu Junjie , Frankenberg Christian
Published: September 2022

An increase in the seasonal cycle amplitude (SCA) of atmospheric CO2 since the 1960s has been observed in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). However, the underlying dominant drivers are still debated. The peak season CO2 uptake by vegetation is critical in shaping the CO2 seasonality. Using satellite‐upscaled gross primary production (GPP) from FLUXCOM and near‐infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRV), we demonstrate that peak GPP has increased across the NH over the last two decades. We relate this productivity increase to changes in the CO2 SCA using an atmospheric transport model. The increased photosynthesis has strongly contributed to CO2 SCA trends, but with substantial latitudinal and longitudinal variations. Despite a general increase in the CO2 SCA, there are distinct regional differences. These differences are mainly controlled by regional biosphere carbon fluxes, with the remainder explained by non‐biome factors, including large‐scale atmospheric transport, changes in fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and oceanic fluxes. Using the global flask and in situ CO2 measurement sites, we find that SCA trends at high latitude are mainly driven by increasingly productive natural ecosystems, whereas mid latitude sites around the Midwest United States are mainly impacted by intensified agriculture and atmospheric transport. Averaging across the 15 long‐term surface sites, forests contribute 26% (7%) to the SCA trends, while crops contribute 17% (24%) and the combined shrubland, grassland and wetland regions contribute 23% (37%) for simulations driven by FLUXCOM (NIRv) ecosystem fluxes. Our findings demonstrate that satellite inferred trends of ecosystem fluxes can capture the observed CO2 SCA trend.
Radiocarbon’s Blast from the Past
Authors: Hasler Caroline
Published: September 2022

Radiocarbon dating is a cornerstone of climate and archaeological sciences. But the method is under threat as fossil fuel emissions negate a useful signal from atomic tests.
Surprise Hydrological Shifts Imperil Water Resources
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: September 2022

Mounting evidence suggests the need for improved water planning strategies and revamped hydrological models.
The Influence of Magnetic Minerals on Induced Polarization Measurements in Sedimentary Rocks
Authors: Peshtani Klaudio , Weller Andreas , Saneiyan Sina , Slater Lee
Published: September 2022

Induced polarization (IP) measurements in porous sedimentary rocks are modeled in terms of pore geometrical descriptors (PGD). Using an extensive data set composed of 241 sandstone, carbonate, and arenite samples, we identified a stronger relationship between IP parameters and volumetric magnetic susceptibility versus IP parameters and PGD. This finding suggests that even small concentrations of iron minerals in rocks typically thought to lack electron‐conducting minerals can significantly influence IP measurements. The combination of magnetic susceptibility with a pore geometrical descriptor term improves the empirical prediction of IP measurements relative to the use of pore geometrical descriptor terms alone. This suggests that small concentrations of iron minerals exert a strong control on the specific capacitance, a property that remains poorly understood. The lack of any relationship between magnetic susceptibility and the PGD confirms that the magnetic susceptibility provides additional information unrelated to PGD.
Investigating the Effect of Mantle Flow and Viscosity Structure on Surface Velocities in Alaska Using 3‐D Geodynamic Models
Authors: McConeghy Joseph , Flesch Lucy , Elliott Julie
Published: September 2022

We utilize 3‐D finite element geodynamic models, incorporating long‐term kinematic estimates of upper plate motion, to better understand the roles that viscosity structure and mantle tractions play in generating plate motions and continental interior deformation in Alaska. Surface deformation in the Pacific‐North American plate boundary zone in Alaska and northwest Canada is strongly influenced by the complex interactions between flat‐slab subduction, gravitational collapse and mantle tractions. Predictions of long‐term tectonic block motion derived from recent Global Positioning System datasets (GPS) reveal surface motions atypical of other continental convergent plate boundary zones. Specifically, in northern and northwestern Alaska, southeastward motion is observed directed back toward the plate boundary. Geodynamic models that incorporate a southeastward directed long‐wavelength mantle traction of ∼2.5–3.8 MPa best replicate surface velocities in Alaska. These mantle tractions, in conjunction with the collision of the Yakutat microplate, appear to drive the uplift and deformation in the Mackenzie Mountains. Furthermore, the extent of the northward motion in southern and central Alaska is controlled by the location of the leading edge of the Yakutat flat slab.
The Sources of Sea‐Level Changes in the Mediterranean Sea Since 1960
Authors: Calafat F. M. , Frederikse T. , Horsburgh K.
Published: September 2022

Past sea‐level changes in the Mediterranean Sea are highly non‐uniform and can deviate significantly from both the global average sea‐level rise and changes in the nearby Atlantic. Understanding the causes of this spatial non‐uniformity is crucial to the success of coastal adaptation strategies. This, however, remains a challenge owing to the lack of long sea‐level records in the Mediterranean. Previous studies have addressed this challenge by reconstructing past sea levels through objective analysis of sea‐level observations. Such reconstructions have enabled significant progress toward quantifying sea‐level changes, however, they have difficulty capturing long‐term changes and provide little insight into the causes of the changes. Here, we combine data from tide gauges and altimetry with sea‐level fingerprints of contemporary land‐mass changes using spatial Bayesian methods to estimate the sources of sea‐level changes in the Mediterranean Sea since 1960. We find that, between 1960 and 1989, sea level in the Mediterranean fell at an average rate of −0.3 ± 0.5 mm yr−1, due to an increase in atmospheric pressure over the basin and opposing sterodynamic and land‐mass contributions. After 1989, Mediterranean sea level started accelerating rapidly, driven by both sterodynamic changes and land‐ice loss, reaching an average rate of 3.6 ± 0.3 mm yr−1 in the period 2000–2018. The rate of sea‐level rise shows considerable spatial variation in the Mediterranean Sea, primarily reflecting changes in the large‐scale circulation of the basin. Since 2000, sea level has been rising faster in the Adriatic, Aegean, and Levantine Seas than anywhere else in the Mediterranean Sea.
Global Vertical Distribution of Water Vapor on Mars: Results From 3.5 Years of ExoMars‐TGO/NOMAD Science Operations
Authors: Aoki S. , Vandaele A. C. , Daerden F. , Villanueva G. L. , Liuzzi G. , Clancy R. T. , Lopez‐Valverde M. A. , Brines A. , Thomas I. R. , Trompet L. , Erwin J. T. , Neary L. , Robert S. , Piccialli A. , Holmes J. A. , Patel M. R. , Yoshida N. , Whiteway J. , Smith M. D. , Ristic B. , Bellucci G. , Lopez‐Moreno J. J. , Fedorova A. A.
Published: September 2022

We present water vapor vertical distributions on Mars retrieved from 3.5 years of solar occultation measurements by Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which reveal a strong contrast between aphelion and perihelion water climates. In equinox periods, most of water vapor is confined into the low‐middle latitudes. In aphelion periods, water vapor sublimated from the northern polar cap is confined into very low altitudes—water vapor mixing ratios observed at the 0–5 km lower boundary of measurement decrease by an order of magnitude at the approximate altitudes of 15 and 30 km for the latitudes higher than 50°N and 30–50°N, respectively. The vertical confinement of water vapor at northern middle latitudes around aphelion is more pronounced in the morning terminators than evening, perhaps controlled by the diurnal cycle of cloud formation. Water vapor is also observed over the low latitude regions in the aphelion southern hemisphere (0–30°S) mostly below 10–20 km, which suggests north‐south transport of water still occurs. In perihelion periods, water vapor sublimated from the southern polar cap directly reaches high altitudes (>80 km) over high southern latitudes, suggesting more effective transport by the meridional circulation without condensation. We show that heating during perihelion, sporadic global dust storms, and regional dust storms occurring annually around 330° of solar longitude (LS) are the main events to supply water vapor to the upper atmosphere above 70 km.
Thermospheric Conditions Associated With the Loss of 40 Starlink Satellites
Authors: Zhang Yongliang , Paxton Larry J. , Schaefer Robert , Swartz William H.
Published: September 2022

We analyzed far ultraviolet data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)/Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) and Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)/Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) and found significant changes in the thermospheric density and composition during the 3–5 February 2022 storm when 40 Starlink satellites started to re‐enter the atmosphere associated with increased neutral drag at an altitude around 210 km. The standard NRLMSISE‐00 model predicts only ∼5% increase in neutral density at 210 km. TIMED/GUVI observations showed a clear increase in the thermospheric N2/O column density ratio and an increase in the nitric oxide (NO) column density, indicating high thermospheric density, and temperature. DMSP SSUSI 130.4 nm limb data showed a clear increase in neutral density in the low latitude region (−30°–30°). On the duskside (17:32 LT), the density increase (compared to the pre‐storm density) is around 11%–18% at 210 km and around 18%–26% at 520 km. On the dawn‐side (05:19 LT), the density increase is more significant, 40%–59% at 210 km and ∼300% at 520 km. There are a few reasons for the dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the relative density increase: (a) the pre‐storm background density or heat capacity is lower on the dawn‐side than that on the duskside, (b) stronger auroral heating was observed on the dawnside based on analysis of auroral images, (c) the thermosphere density enhancement partially recovered when the disturbance co‐rotated with the Earth from dawn to dusk side due to enhanced infrared cooling by NO. Note that the neutral density increase is expected to be much higher at high latitudes where the neutral disturbances are initiated.
Integration of Deep Learning and Information Theory for Designing Monitoring Networks in Heterogeneous Aquifer Systems
Authors: Chen Junjun , Dai Zhenxue , Dong Shuning , Zhang Xiaoying , Sun Guifang , Wu Jichun , Ershadnia Reza , Yin Shangxian , Soltanian Mohamad Reza
Published: September 2022

Groundwater monitoring networks are direct sources of information for revealing subsurface system dynamic processes. However, designing such networks is difficult due to uncertainties in the spatial heterogeneity of aquifer parameters such as permeability (k). This study combines deep learning and information theory with an optimization framework to address network design problems in heterogeneous aquifer systems. The framework first employs a generative adversarial network to parameterize heterogeneous k distribution using a low‐dimensional latent representation. Then, surrogate models are developed based on the deep neural networks to perform uncertainty quantification of pressure heads and solute concentrations at locations of pre‐designed candidate monitoring stations. The monitoring stations are then ranked using the greedy search algorithm based on the maximum information minimum redundancy (MIMR) criterion. In order to depict the importance of each candidate monitoring location, the hotspot maps of the selection probability (Ps) are derived from MIMR repetition results. Comprehensive monitoring networks derived from the hotspot maps are then conducted as the final monitoring stations to improve monitoring information compared to MIMR results. Additionally, nine entropy quantization strategies are compared to evaluate their effects on monitoring network optimization results. Results indicate that caution should be taken when selecting entropy quantization strategies to achieve the accuracy required for model calibration and to improve the efficiency of monitoring optimization. Considering high‐dimensional uncertainties associated with aquifer parameters, the developed framework can provide important insights for monitoring network designs in various earth observational projects.
Grid cell remapping under three-dimensional object and social landmarks detected by implantable microelectrode arrays for the medial entorhinal cortex
Authors: Xu Zhaojie , Mo Fan , Yang Gucheng , Fan Penghui , Wang Yiding , Lu Botao , Xie Jingyu , Dai Yuchuan , Song Yilin , He Enhui , Xu Shihong , Liu Juntao , Wang Mixia , Cai Xinxia
Published: September 2022

Grid cells with stable hexagonal firing patterns in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) carry the vital function of serving as a metric for the surrounding environment. Whether this mechanism processes only spatial information or involves nonspatial information remains elusive. Here, we fabricated an MEC-shaped microelectrode array (MEA) to detect the variation in neural spikes and local field potentials of the MEC when rats forage in a square enclosure with a planar, three-dimensional object and social landmarks in sequence. The results showed that grid cells exhibited rate remapping under social conditions in which spike firing fields closer to the social landmark had a higher firing rate. Furthermore, global remapping showed that hexagonal firing patterns were rotated and scaled when the planar landmark was replaced with object and social landmarks. In addition, when grid cells were activated, the local field potentials were dominated by the theta band (5–8 Hz), and spike phase locking was observed at troughs of theta oscillations. Our results suggest the pattern separation mechanism of grid cells in which the spatial firing structure and firing rate respond to spatial and social information, respectively, which may provide new insights into how the brain creates a cognitive map.