bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMMERSION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL TESTS STUDY ON CORROSION RESISTANCE OF CHROME-FREE CHEMICAL CONVERSION FILM ON AZ91D Mg ALLOY IN 5 wt% NaCl SOLUTION
Authors: ZHANG X. P. , CHEN G.
Published: August 2005

Immersion and electrochemical tests have been applied to study corrosion protection of AZ91D Mg alloy coating with chrome-free chemical conversion (CCC) coat in 5wt% NaCl solution. The immersions tests include weight-loss measurements after full or partial immersion with whole coating and full immersion with damaged coating. The electrochemical tests include electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curves measurement. The results of immersion and electrochemical tests show that chrome-free chemical conversion (CCC) surface treatment can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of AZ91D Mg alloy in 5% NaCl solution, and that the corrosion protection effect of CCC coating is not sensitive to pores or cracks. The equivalent circuit models are fitted from Nyquist plots for the uncoated specimens and the CCC-coated specimens. The charge transfer resistance, R ct , increases from about 1.669 Ω cm2 for the uncoated alloy to about 210 Ω cm2 after the alloy is coated with CCC coating.
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS AND THICKNESS OF SEMITRANSPARENT THIN FILMS USING SUCCESSIVE INTERFERENCE FRINGES OF TRANSMISSION SPECTRA
Authors: GHODSI F. E.
Published: August 2005

A simple method for determination of optical constants and thickness of semitransparent thin films deposited onto a transparent finite substrate has been developed. The method is based on the analysis of successive interference fringes of transmission spectra created by the films. It is essentially not necessary to obtain the envelope of transmission spectra in this method. The determined values of optical parameters are in good agreement with their true values used to generate transmission data. The accuracy of method in determining refractive index and thickness of the films is better than 1%.
FAVORABLE SILICA MONOLAYER STRUCTURES ON THE Mo(112) SURFACE
Authors: YAKOVKIN I. N.
Published: August 2005

Favored structures of SiO n monolayers on Mo (112) surface have been studied using the total energy minimization technique based on DFT semirelativistic approach. In the [ SiO 4] complexes, which form the c (2 × 2) silica structure on the Mo (112), the bonding of the Si atoms with the surface is accomplished through the oxygen atoms. The structure with a symmetric position of oxygen atoms has been found to be the most favorable. In this structure, two oxygen atoms occupy bridge-on-row sites on the Mo (112) surface, with Si atoms between them, while oxygen atoms in the troughs appear not in expected threefold sites, but adjust their positions along the middle lines of the troughs. Estimated main phonon frequency and density of states for the symmetric [ SiO 4] structure agree well with experimental results.
VISCOSITY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE THICKNESS OF SOLVATION LAYERS NEAR PARTICLES DISPERSED IN A LIQUID
Authors: SONG SHAOXIAN , ZHANG YIMIN , FORT TOMLINSON
Published: August 2005

In this paper, we present a method for determining the thickness of solvation layers near spherical particles dispersed in a liquid through measurements of the viscosity of the dispersion as a function of the volume fraction of the dry particles in the dispersion and the size distribution of the particles. It is termed viscosity method. The theoretical derivation for the method is based on Einstein's theory of viscosity of dispersions, while two assumptions are made:

1. Solvation layers contribute to increasing the viscosity of the dispersion in c times as the same volume of rigid solid spheres.

2. The thickness of solvation layers is the same near every chemically similar spherical particle in a given dispersion.
GRADUAL NERVE ELONGATION AFFECTS NERVE CELL BODIES AND NEURO-MUSCULAR JUNCTIONS
Authors: Kazuo Ikeda K. I. , Masaki Matsuda M. M. , Daisuke Yamauchi D. Y. , Katsuro Tomita K. T. , Shigenori Tanaka S. T.
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study is to clarify the reactions of the neuro-muscular junction and nerve cell body to gradual nerve elongation. The sciatic nerves of Japanese white rabbits were lengthened by 30 mm in increments of 0.8 mm/day, 2.0 mm/day and 4.0 mm/day. A scanning electron microscopic examination showed no degenerative change at the neuro-muscular junction, even eight weeks after elongation in the 4-mm group. Hence, neuro-muscular junction is not critical for predicting damage from gradual nerve elongation. There were no axon reaction cells in the 0.8-mm group, a small amount in the 2-mm group, and a large amount in the 4-mm group. The rate of growth associated protein-43 positive nerve cells was significant in the 4-mm group. Hence, the safe speed for nerve cells appeared to be 0.8-mm/day, critical speed to be 2.0-mm/day, and dangerous speed to be 4.0-mm/day in this elongation model.
INTRASHEATH TRIAMCINOLONE INJECTION FOR THE TREATMENT OF TRIGGER DIGITS IN ADULT
Authors: Sawaizumi Takuya , Nanno Mitsuhiko , Ito Hiromoto
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study is to describe our technique of intrasheath triamcinolone injection for trigger digit and to evaluate the treatment outcome. Seventy-two patients of 81 digits treated with intrasheath triamcinolone injection were followed up for at least one year and interviewed in our clinic. The injection was performed in all patients by one of the authors at two-week intervals. The amount used was 1 ml (10 mg) of triamcinolone and was mixed with 1 ml of 1% lidocaine and tried precise injection into the tendon sheath. According to the evaluation method developed by Patel and Moradia, they were excellent in 67 digits, good in ten digits, fair in three digits, and poor in one digit. Satisfactory results were obtained in 95% of the digits, and the effectiveness rate was higher than previously reported. But it should also be noted that triamcinolone easily induces local side effects such as dermatitis.
ULNOCARPAL IMPACTION SYNDROME RESTRICTS EVEN MIDCARPAL RANGE OF MOTION
Authors: Tatebe Masahiro , Nakamura Ryogo , Horii Emiko , Nakao Etsuhiro , Inagaki Hironobu
Published: August 2005

Ulnocarpal impaction syndrome is believed to be caused by abutment between the ulna and the ulnar carpus. We measured radiocarpal and midcarpal ranges of motion in 40 patients with ulnocarpal impaction syndrome by radiographic motion studies. The results showed that the radiocarpal and midcarpal ranges of motion were equally restricted in the affected wrist compared with the unaffected wrist. Therefore, motion of the radiocarpal joint and midcarpal joint contributed equally to total wrist motion bilaterally. No correlation between ulnar variance and the contribution of radiocarpal motion to overall wrist motion was found. Restriction of wrist motion in ulnocarpal impaction syndrome is not caused directly by abutment between the ulna and ulnar carpus, but a satisfactory explanation for restricted motion is still lacking.
GIANT CELL TUMOUR OF TENDON SHEATH IN A CHILD: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Hulse Narayan , Watson Stewart J.
Published: August 2005

Giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath is uncommon in children. We describe this tumour arising from the right ring finger in an eight-year-old girl. Plane radiographs showed a soft tissue mass with erosion of the distal phalanx. The tumour was treated by surgical excision with good outcome.
REPORT OF AN UNUSUAL CASE OF TRIGGER FINGER SECONDARY TO PHALANGEAL EXOSTOSIS
Authors: Lee S. J. , Pho R. W. H.
Published: August 2005

Trigger finger is commonly secondary to stenosing tenosynovitis. Space occupying lesions in the tendon bed, although uncommon, may prevent smooth tendon gliding. These include lipoma, anomalous muscle insertions, tumours of the tendon sheath and haemangiomas. We describe a patient who had triggering of the left middle finger at the proximal interphalangeal joint due to an exostosis blocking the flexor tendons gliding. Removal of the exostosis relieved the problem. The clinician must be aware that there are other causes for triggering. These may be identified with pertinent findings in the history and physical examination.
CLASSIFICATION OF BENIGN FATTY TUMOURS OF THE UPPER LIMB
Authors: Al-Qattan M. M. , Al-Lazzam A. M. , Al Thunayan A. , Al Namlah A. , Mahmoud S. , Hashem F. , Tulbah A.
Published: August 2005

In this paper, the authors offer a classification of benign fatty tumours of the upper limb. There are three histologically distinct types of fat cells: immature fat cells which give rise to lipoblastomas, mature brown fat cells which give rise to hibernomas and mature white fat cells which give rise to lipomas. Lipomas are the most common and they are sub-classified according to the anatomic site of fat cells into dermal, subcutaneous and sub-fascial lipomas; or tumours directly related to muscle, bone, synovium or nerve. Finally, the authors review 67 patients with benign fatty tumours of the upper limb and provide clinical examples of these tumours including their characteristic histological and radiological features.
PREVALENCE OF CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME IN WORKERS FROM A FISHNET FACTORY IN THAILAND
Authors: Jianmongkol Surut , Kosuwon Weerachai , Thumroj Ekamol , Sumanont Sermsak
Published: August 2005

We determined the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) at a fishnet factory in order to discern the possible associated risk factors at this type of workplace. The 662 workers were interviewed then physically examined. The prevalence of CTS was 14.5%, which is significantly higher than in the general population. Workers directly involved in the production of fishnets had a significantly higher risk of CTS than the factory's office workers or housemaids (odds ratio = 1.84; range, 1.03–3.29; 95% CI, p = 0.049). There was no association between the length of employment in the factory with CTS (odds ratio = 1.13; range, 0.77–1.66; 95% CI, p = 0.591). Our results confirm that factory jobs with repetitive hyperflexing and twisting of the wrists are at risk of CTS.
CONGENITAL METACARPAL SYNOSTOSIS TREATED BY DOUBLE BONE BLOCKS TECHNIQUE: A CASE REPORT FROM THAILAND
Authors: Jianmongkol Surut , Thammaroj Tala , Vipulakorn Kitiwan
Published: August 2005

Congenital metacarpal synostosis is a rare congenital anomaly in the hand, especially in our area. There were several reports of surgical techniques for correction deformities. We report this rare condition in our hospital and treatment with the metacarpal osteotomy and double bone blocks technique of grafting.
PALMAR PLATING FOR AO/ASIF C3.2 FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL RADIUS WITH ARTHROSCOPICALLY ASSISTED REDUCTION
Authors: Kamano Masayuki , Koshimune Masaru , Kazuki Kenichi , Honda Yoshinobu
Published: August 2005

We performed a retrospective study of 15 patients with AO/ASIF C3.2 fracture of the distal radius. All patients were treated with arthroscopically assisted reduction of the radiocarpal joint followed by palmar plating with autologous bone graft, with a follow-up evaluation of 24 months. According to the demerit point system of Gartland and Werley, five patients had excellent results and 10 had good results. Grade 1 arthritic changes were found in 10 patients even though with no step-off on radiographs. In the current study, this combined treatment was challenging and useful for AO/ASIF C3.2 fractures.
COMPARISON OF THE SURGICAL OUTCOMES FOR TRIGGER FINGER AND TRIGGER THUMB: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Moriya K. , Uchiyama T. , Kawaji Y.
Published: August 2005

We reviewed 110 trigger digits, treated surgically, to compare the outcomes of trigger finger and trigger thumb in terms of peri-operative characteristics and complications. The patients with trigger thumb complained mainly of pain on motion, while those with trigger finger complained of triggering or limited range of motion. Trigger fingers had a significantly longer duration before surgery than did trigger thumbs. Trigger fingers took significantly longer for the symptoms to subside. In our series, 64% of trigger fingers had a flexion contracture of the PIP joint more than three weeks after surgery. Our results suggest that the peri-operative characteristics and outcomes differ between trigger finger and thumb, and that the surgical outcome for trigger finger was poorer than that for trigger thumb, partly due to flexion contracture of the PIP joint.
T-CONDYLAR FRACTURE OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS IN A THREE-YEAR-OLD CHILD
Authors: Osada D. , Tamai K. , Saotome K.
Published: August 2005

A three-year-old girl suffered a T-condylar fracture of the distal humerus. Open reduction and pinning were performed. Three years after injury, there was no functional disturbance or radiographic evidence of avascular necrosis or epiphyseal growth arrest.
APPROPRIATION AND APPROPRIABILITY IN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
Authors: DAHLANDER LINUS
Published: August 2005

Firms in open source software (OSS) are active in a field encompassing all the characteristics of a public good, given the non-excludability and non-rivalry nature of OSS. The fact that many important inputs to the innovative process are public should not be taken to mean that innovators are prevented from capturing private returns. The objective of this paper is to explore how firms appropriate returns from innovations that are created outside the boundaries of firms and in the public domain, using the case of OSS. To do so, the paper draws upon an explorative multiple case study of five small firms that attempt to appropriate returns from OSS, with rich empirical evidence from various data sources. The cases illustrate how firms try a variety of approaches to appropriate adequate returns, and suggest that selling services is the dominant trend. Firms also balance the relative inefficiency of traditional means of intellectual property rights such as patents by putting greater emphasis on first-mover advantages and creating network externalities.
MANAGING NEW TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: INTEGRATING SOFTWARE IN MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
Authors: KARLSSON CHRISTER , LOVÉN EVA
Published: August 2005

Development processes in which software is integrated in hardware products are explored with the aim of finding obstacles to the development process and hypothesising how they can be dealt with. Empirical data are based on case studies in nine manufacturing companies chosen to have a varied amount of software in their products and experience of technology integration. Results indicate that obstacles in experienced companies concern processes, structures and resources but few culture-related issues. In companies with short experience of software integration in hardware development, cultural aspects were important. Where new technology played a strategic role in the product function, organisational issues such as structures, processes and cultural differences formed obstacles. Where technology only had a supporting role, resource-related obstacles such as lack of competencies were more important. Managerial measures tended to be partly related to the different types of obstacles, partly to the strategic situation of the company.
DEFINITION OF INNOVATION REVISITED: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON INDIAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY
Authors: GOSWAMI SANGHAMITRA , MATHEW MARY
Published: August 2005

In spite of increased attention and resulting vibrancy within the field of innovation, earlier research has not yielded a widely accepted consensus regarding how to define innovation. Without a good working definition, we still lack good measures of innovation. One of the greatest obstacles in understanding innovation has been the lack of a meaningful measure. The present study is carried out to find a generic definition of innovation in Information Technology organisations. We also did a comparative study between innovative and less innovative organisations with respect to the way these organisations define innovation. Results showed that there are differences between these two groups of organisations with respect to the way these organisations define innovation. Finally, the implications of findings on these organisations are discussed.
Standard Photometric Systems
Authors: Bessell Michael S.
Published: August 2005

▪ Abstract  Standard star photometry dominated the latter half of the twentieth century reaching its zenith in the 1980s. It was introduced to take advantage of the high sensitivity and large dynamic range of photomultiplier tubes compared to photographic plates. As the quantum efficiency of photodetectors improved and the wavelength range extended further to the red, standard systems were modified and refined, and deviations from the original systems proliferated. The revolutionary shift to area detectors for all optical and IR observations forced further changes to standard systems, and the precision and accuracy of much broad- and intermediate-band photometry suffered until more suitable observational techniques and standard reduction procedures were adopted. But the biggest revolution occurred with the production of all-sky photometric surveys. Hipparcos/Tycho was space based, but most, like 2MASS, were ground-based, dedicated survey telescopes. It is very likely that in the future, rather than making a measurement of an object in some standard photometric system, one will simply look up the magnitudes and colors of most objects in catalogs accessed from the Virtual Observatory. In this review the history of standard star photometry will be outlined, and the calibration and realization of standard systems will be examined. Finally, model atmosphere fluxes are now very realistic, and synthetic photometry offers the best prospects for calibrating all photometric systems. Synthetic photometry from observed spectrophotometry should also be used as a matter of course to provide colors within standard systems and to gain insights into the spectra and colors of unusual stars, star clusters and distant galaxies.
Activation of the 12-lipoxygenase and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway during neointima formation in a model of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Pei Hong , Gu Jiali , Thimmalapura Pushpa-Rekha , Mison Angeles , Nadler Jerry L.
Published: August 2005

Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The obese Zucker rat (ZR) is a model of IR that shows markedly increased insulin and triglyceride concentrations without major changes in glucose. In this study, we evaluated the response of obese and lean ZR to carotid balloon injury and determined potential mechanisms and treatments. The neointima-to-media ratio of obese ZR was greater than that of lean ZR, starting at 14 days after injury, and persisted until at least day 30. An enhanced inflammatory response to balloon injury in the obese ZR was reflected by significantly higher ED1-positive macrophage cells in the injured vessel wall compared with that in lean ZR at 3, 7, and 14 days after balloon injury. Inflammatory mediators 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) and STAT4 were studied in neointimal lesions. Expression of 12-LO RNA was increased beginning at day 7 and showed increases of 4.3-fold on day 14 and 7-fold on day 30 in obese ZR compared with lean animals. Staining of phosphorylated STAT4 (PSTAT4), the activated form of STAT4, in lesions from obese ZR was also increased compared with that in leans. We tested the effects of a novel anti-inflammatory agent, lisofylline (LSF), in the obese ZR. LSF markedly reduced neointimal formation in the obese ZR. LSF also reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration into the vessel wall and the activation of PSTAT4. These studies suggest both the presence of an exaggerated injury response in the insulin-resistant obese ZR model and that inflammation plays a major role in mediating neointimal growth.
Antihypertensive and cognitive effects of grape polyphenols in estrogen-depleted, female, spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Peng Ning , Clark John T. , Prasain Jeevan , Kim Helen , White C. Roger , Wyss J. Michael
Published: August 2005

Both endogenous and dietary estrogens reduce hypertension and enhance cognitive abilities in estrogen-depleted female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Many of the beneficial effects of estrogens/phytoestrogens also appear to be provided by other polyphenols (e.g., proanthocyanidins) in grape seed, which lack appreciable estrogenic receptor binding. The present study tested the hypothesis that similar to phytoestrogens, proanthrocyanidins in grape seed polyphenols reduce salt-sensitive hypertension in young, estrogen-depleted SHR. SHR were ovariectomized at 4 wk of age and placed on phytoestrogen-free diets with or without 0.5% grape seed extract added and with high (8.0%) or basal (0.6%) NaCl. After 10 wk on the diets, grape proanthrocyanidin supplementation significantly reduced arterial pressure in the rats fed the basal (10 mmHg) and high (26 mmHg)-NaCl diet, compared with the nonsupplemented controls. In vitro superoxide production was significantly reduced (23%) by the grape seed polyphenols. Spatial learning (8-arm-radial maze) in the SHR on the basal NaCl diets was improved by dietary grape seed polyphenols. These results indicate that grape seed polyphenols decrease arterial pressure in SHR, probably via an antioxidant mechanism.
Proteinuria as a determinant of renal expression of heme oxygenase-1: studies in models of glomerular and tubular proteinuria in the rat
Authors: Pedraza-Chaverri José , Murali Narayana S. , Croatt Anthony J. , Alam Jawed , Grande Joseph P. , Nath Karl A.
Published: August 2005

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective gene, is commonly induced in renal tubules in the diseased kidney. Because proteinuria is a hallmark for kidney disease, we examined the relationship between proteinuria and tubular induction of HO-1, specifically questioning whether increased trafficking of protein across the renal tubular epithelium, as a consequence of proteinuria, induces tubular expression of HO-1. We examined a model of glomerular proteinuria induced by daily injections of BSA, which is associated with increased tubular uptake of filtered protein, and a model of tubular proteinuria induced by maleate, the latter exhibiting decreased tubular uptake and trafficking of protein. The BSA model of glomerular proteinuria failed to exhibit induction of HO-1; HO-1 was not induced in proximal tubular epithelial cells exposed to BSA. In contrast, in maleate nephropathy wherein tubular uptake of protein is decreased because of generalized proximal tubular injury induced by maleate, HO-1 was strongly induced in proximal tubules; inhibition of HO activity in maleate nephropathy worsened proteinuria, renal histological injury, and apoptosis. In renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, maleate induced HO-1 and caused apoptosis, the latter increased when HO activity was inhibited. From these studies, we conclude that expression of HO-1 in the diseased kidney cannot be ascribed to the tubular uptake and metabolism of protein such as albumin, and that the expression of HO-1 in a model of tubular proteinuria reflects a functionally significant stress response to toxin-induced proximal tubular injury.
Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Bassuk Shari S. , Manson JoAnn E.
Published: August 2005

Epidemiological studies suggest that physically active individuals have a 30–50% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes than do sedentary persons and that physical activity confers a similar risk reduction for coronary heart disease. Risk reductions are observed with as little as 30 min of moderate-intensity activity per day. Protective mechanisms of physical activity include the regulation of body weight; the reduction of insulin resistance, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and inflammation; and the enhancement of insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and fibrinolytic and endothelial function. Public health initiatives promoting moderate increases in physical activity may offer the best balance between efficacy and feasibility to improve metabolic and cardiovascular health in largely sedentary populations.
Intraoperative protein sparing with glucose
Authors: Schricker Thomas , Lattermann Ralph , Carli Franco
Published: August 2005

We examined the hypothesis that glucose infusion inhibits amino acid oxidation during colorectal surgery. We randomly allocated 14 patients to receive intravenous glucose at 2 mg·kg−1·min−1 (glucose group) starting with the surgical incision or an equivalent amount of normal saline 0.9% (control group). The primary endpoint was whole body leucine oxidation; secondary endpoints were leucine rate of appearance and nonoxidative leucine disposal as determined by a stable isotope tracer technique (l-[1-13C]leucine). Circulating concentrations of glucose, lactate, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol were measured before and after 2 h of surgery. Leucine rate of appearance, an estimate of protein breakdown, and nonoxidative leucine disposal, an estimate of protein synthesis, decreased in both groups during surgery ( P < 0.05). Leucine oxidation intraoperatively decreased from 13 ± 3 to 4 ± 3 μmol·kg−1·h−1 in the glucose group ( P < 0.05 vs. control group) whereas it remained unchanged in the control group. Hyperglycemia during surgery was more pronounced in patients receiving glucose (9.7 ± 0.5 mmol/l, P < 0.05 vs. control group) than in patients receiving normal saline (7.1 ± 1.0 mmol/l). The administration of glucose caused an increase in the circulating concentration of insulin ( P < 0.05) resulting in a lower glucagon/insulin quotient than in the control group ( P < 0.05). Intraoperative plasma cortisol concentrations increased in both groups ( P < 0.05), whereas plasma concentrations of lactate and glucagon did not change. The provision of small amounts of glucose was associated with a decrease in amino acid oxidation during colorectal surgery.
Reticulocyte changes after experimental anemia and erythropoietin treatment of horses
Authors: Cooper C. , Sears W. , Bienzle D.
Published: August 2005

Availability of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) has facilitated use to enhance red blood cell production, and therefore aerobic performance, in human and equine athletes. Recombinant human EPO promotes growth and differentiation of equine erythroid precursor cells, but in some horses repeat administration induces immune interference with endogenous EPO resulting in fatal anemia. Although blood reticulocyte parameters acquire unique changes in humans treated with EPO, with manual enumeration methods, horses were not considered to release reticulocytes from the bone marrow into circulation, even under severe erythropoietic stress. The goals of this study were to determine whether reticulocytes could be detected and characterized in horses that are anemic or have been treated with EPO using a modern hematology analyzer. Anemia was induced in six horses by removal of 30 ml of blood/kg of body wt over 24 h. After 28 days, the horses were treated twice with 55 U/kg of EPO (Eprex), and after 65 days they were treated thrice with 73 U/kg of EPO. Blood samples were analyzed with the ADVIA120 instrument every 3–5 days and bone marrow samples 7 days after anemia and EPO treatments. Analysis of blood reticulocyte parameters by ANOVA in a randomized complete block design determined that anemia and EPO induced significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increases in red cell distribution width and reticulocyte mean cell volume. Parameters changed only after EPO treatment were cellular hemoglobin concentration mean, mean cell volume, reticulocyte concentration, proportion of macrocytic reticulocytes, and reticulocyte cellular hemoglobin. These findings indicate that horses under erythropoietic stress and after EPO treatment release reticulocytes with unique characteristics into circulation.
Influence of fibrillin-1 genotype on the aortic stiffness in men
Authors: Powell J. T. , Turner R. J. , Sian M. , Debasso R. , Länne T.
Published: August 2005

Aortic stiffness is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. The mechanical properties of the arterial wall depend on the connective tissue framework, with variation in fibrillin-1 and collagen I genes being associated with aortic stiffness and/or pulse pressure elevation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether variation in fibrillin-1 genotype was associated with aortic stiffness in men. The mechanical properties of the abdominal aorta of 79 healthy men (range 28–81 yr) were investigated by ultrasonographic phase-locked echo tracking. Fibrillin-1 genotype, characterized by the variable tandem repeat in intron 28, and collagen type I alpha 1 genotype characterized by the 2,064 G>T polymorphism, were determined by using DNA from peripheral blood cells. Three common fibrillin-1 genotypes, 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4, were observed in 50 (64%), 10 (13%), and 11 (14%) of the men, respectively. Those of 2-3 genotype had higher pressure strain elastic modulus and aortic stiffness compared with men of 2-2 or 2-4 genotype ( P = 0.005). Pulse pressure also was increased in the 2-3 genotype ( P = 0.04). There was no significant association between type 1 collagen genotype and aortic stiffness in this cohort. In conclusion, the fibrillin-1 2-3 genotype in men was associated with increased aortic stiffness and pulse pressure, indicative of an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
cDNA microarray analysis reveals novel candidate genes expressed in human peripheral blood following exhaustive exercise
Authors: Zieker Derek , Fehrenbach Elvira , Dietzsch Janko , Fliegner Judith , Waidmann Marc , Nieselt Kay , Gebicke-Haerter Peter , Spanagel Rainer , Simon Perikles , Niess Andreas Michael , Northoff Hinnak
Published: August 2005

It is generally accepted that exhausting endurance exercise exhibits strong effects on the immune system. Such effects have been attributed to changes in the cellular composition of peripheral blood as well as to changes in the expression of plausible candidate genes. The list of candidate genes is far from being complete, since this issue has not yet been investigated in a systematic way. In this study, we used a custom-made cDNA microarray focused on inflammation as a screening approach to study gene expression in eight one-half marathon runners before, immediately after, and 24 h after exercise. Significant differential gene expression was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Linear regression analysis showed that microarray expression analysis of cell type-specific surface molecules reflects the observed individual cellular shifts in peripheral blood cells with high statistical significance. In line with the results of former studies, we observed an upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAP-K2), l-selectin, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) after exhaustive exercise. The main results of this study report, for the first time, the downregulation of CD81; the upregulation of thioredoxin, which may play an important part in anti-oxidative defense; and, surprisingly, the downregulation of the anti-carcinogenic gene glutathione- S-transferase-3 (GSTM3) in peripheral blood. The study shows cDNA microarray expression analysis as a reliable systematic instrument to complete the list of candidate genes that may play a role in exhaustive exercise-induced modulation of the immune response.
Comparative Measurement of Anti-Factor VIII Antibody by Bethesda Assay and ELISA Reveals Restricted Isotype Profile and Epitope Specificity
Authors: Towfighi Farzaneh , Gharagozlou Soheila , Sharifian Ramazan Ali , Kazemnejad Anoushirvan , Esmailzadeh Khadijeh , Managhchi Mohammad Reza , Shokri Fazel
Published: August 2005

Factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor antibodies are produced against functional epitopes of FVIII in about 30% of severe hemophilia A patients leading to inhibition of its procoagulant activity. The Bethesda assay, the most commonly used method to measure FVIII inhibitors, based on inhibition of coagulant activity of FVIII, is neither able to detect noninhibitory antibodies nor their isotype. In this study we employed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure dif ferent isotypes and IgG subclasses of anti-FVIII anti body in the plasma of hemophiliacs (with and without inhibitor) and normal individuals using recombinant FVIII-coated microtiter plates. The results showed a predominance of IgG and IgG4, though IgA was slightly elevated in a few inhibitor-positive patients and IgM was hardly detectable. A highly significant correlation was found between the Bethesda titer and the optical density values of total Ig, IgG and IgG4 anti-FVIII antibodies obtained by ELISA (p<0.0001). These findings suggest a restricted specificity of anti-FVIII response in hemophiliacs towards functional epitopes of the molecule. Furthermore, high specificity and reasonable sensitivity of the ELISA, together with other technical advantages, suggest this method as a suitable supplementary technique for rapid large-scale screening of inhibitor-positive samples, though ELISA-negative samples need to be rechecked by the Bethesda assay to identify patients with a low inhibitor titer.
Dyserythropoietic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia due to a Novel Mutation in GATA-1
Authors: Del Vecchio Giovanni Carlo , Giordani Lucia , De Santis Attilio , De Mattia Domenico
Published: August 2005

Hematopoiesis is a complex process regulated by nuclear proteins that coordinate lineage-specific patterns of gene expression. Targeted mutagenesis has revealed critical roles for the X-linked transcription factor GATA-1 in erythrocyte and megakaryocyte differentiation. GATA-1 has two zinc fingers essential for normal function. The C-terminal finger is necessary for DNA binding. The N-terminal finger mediates interaction with FOG-1, a cofactor for GATA-1. Mutations in the N-terminal zinc finger of GATA-1 result in abnormal hematopoiesis. Here we report a family with a novel single base mutation that results in an amino acid substitution (Gly208Arg) within the highly conserved portion of the GATA-1 N-terminal finger domain, leading to dyserythropoietic anemia and macrothrombocytopenia. Another mutation described at the same codon (208) has been found to be associated with thrombocytopenia only. Our data support and extend the effect of the amino acid substitution at codon 208 on GATA-1 function not only regarding megakaryocyte but also regarding erythroid development.
Retinopathy in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Al-Zuabi Homoud , Al-Tammar Yaqoub , Al-Moataz Reem , Al-Sabti Khalid , Wani Vivek B. , Hamama Fahad , Mohammad Hanan , Al-Suwayan Mai H.
Published: August 2005

Objective: To study the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its association with risk factors in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in two primary care diabetic clinics in Kuwait. Subjects and Methods: All newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending Ferdous and Yarmouk Health Care Diabetic Clinics in Farwaniya and Asma Health Areas, respectively, during the period of January 2002 to July 2004 were examined for the presence of diabetic retinopathy by color fundus photographs. Risk factors such as sex, age, hypertension, nephropathy, hyperglycemia, level of glycated hemoglobin, microalbuminuria and hyperlipidemia were evaluated by statistical analysis for their possible association with the presence of diabetic retinopathy at the time of diagnosis of diabetes. Results: Of the 92 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients studied, diabetic retinopathy was present in 7 (7.6%) patients. Two of the 7 patients had maculopathy that needed treatment by photocoagulation. High glycated hemoglobin in 51 patients (55.4%), microalbuminuria in 25 (27.2%), hypertension in 29 (315%), hyperlipidemia in 69 (75%), obesity in 45 (48.9%) and overweight in 37(40.2%) were noted in the study population. Microalbuminuria was weakly associated with the presence of retinopathy (p = 0.08) at the time of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, but other risk factors were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 7.6% among the study population. Maculopathy was present in 2 of the 7 patients needing photocoagulation.
Genetic Predisposition to 4NQO-Induced Tongue Carcinogenesis in the Rat
Authors: Tanuma Jun-ichi , Hirano Masato , Hirayama Yoshikazu , Semba Ichiro , Ogawa Kotaro , Shisa Hayase , Hiai Hiroshi , Kitano Motoo
Published: August 2005

Objective: This study aims to elucidate the genetic basis of predisposition to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced tongue cancers (TCs). Materials and Methods: We have reported that inbred Dark-Agouti (DA) strain rats were highly susceptible to 4NQO-induced TCs, whereas Wistar/Furth (WF) rats were resistant to tongue squamous cell carcinomas induced by oral administration of 4NQO. Using size and number of the tumours as quantitative parameters, responsible host loci were analysed by an interval mapping of F2 intercross of DA and WF given carcinogenic regimen. Also, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at these loci was analysed in tongue cancers in (DA × WF) F1. Results: We identified and mapped 5 significant quantitative trait loci (QTL), the Tongue squamous cell carcinoma 1–5 (Tscc1–5), and several other suggestive QTL that determine susceptibility to 4NQO-induced TC. Study of TCs induced in (DA × WF)F1 rats revealed a high frequency of LOH in the chromosomal regions of Tscc2, 3, and 4 and also of suggestive QTL on chromosomes 5 and 6. The fact that LOH was found only in larger TCs indicates that LOH occurred in the process of tumour progression. In most LOH, the allele of the resistant WF strain was lost, suggesting that these loci may encode tumour suppressor genes. In larger TCs, in addition to LOH, point mutations and the methylation of possible candidate genes were accumulated. Conclusion: These observations indicate that the 4NQO-induced TC in the rat is a multifactorial disease of a polygenic trait. This model will be useful to understand the complicated genetic basis of predisposition to oral cancers.
Demographic Pattern and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Smear- Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Kuwait
Authors: Abal Adnan T. , Jayakrishnan B. , Parwer Shahid , El Shamy Abdul Salam , Khadadah Mousa , Ayed Adel , Al Alawi Alia
Published: August 2005

Objective: The aim of this study was to document various clinical factors that are likely to be of help in the control of tuberculosis in Kuwait. Subjects and Methods: Details of patients with sputum positive for acid-fast bacilli in the period from January 1998 to December 2000 were collected retrospectively from the case records and population statistics from government sources. The data were then tabulated and analyzed. Results: Of the 526 cases, 83.5% were expatriates and 16.5% Kuwaiti; 373 (70.9%) were male. Of the expatriates, 66.7% were from Asia and the Far East, 5.7% were ≧60 years. The annual incidence was 8.34 per 100,000 population. The lowest incidence was observed in the Jahrah governorate with an overall incidence of 5 (2.0 among Kuwaitis and 6.4 among expatriates) per 100,000 population. The highest incidence overall (10.2) and among Kuwaitis (4.1) was observed in the Farwaniya governorate, while the highest incidence among expatriates was seen in the Capital governorate (13.4). Radiologically, 94 (19.5%) had minimal, 246 (51.5%) had moderately advanced and 141 (29.3%) far-advanced disease. The majority of the patients (72%) had only + status for AFB in the smear. Hypercalcemia (25.7%), hyponatremia (22.15%) and hyperglycemia (29.9%) were common in the patients. Mean serum albumin was low (28.7 ± 5.5 g/l). Two hundred and forty-seven (47.2%) were declared cured while 116 (22.2%) completed treatment. Comparison between nationals and expatriates showed a significant difference only for age, smoking status, defaulter rate and place of residence. Conclusion: The lowest regional incidence was found in the Jahrah governorate. Both biochemical abnormalities and radiologically advanced presentations were common. Disease pattern and response to treatment was purely individual and did not differ with respect to nationality or race.
Compliance and Efficacy of Hand Rubbing during In-Hospital Practice
Authors: Karabay Oguz , Sencan Irfan , Sahin Idris , Alpteker Hacer , Ozcan Arzu , Oksuz Sukru
Published: August 2005

Objective: To compare alcohol-based hand rubbing with hand washing using antimicrobial soap regarding antimicrobial efficacy and compliance with routine practice in hospital and intensive care units. Subjects and Methods: From February to June 2003, 35 nurses were randomly selected from a nursing staff of 141 and divided into two groups: hand rubbing and hand washing groups. Hand cultures were obtained before and after health care procedures. The nurses were observed on days 1, 7 and 14 of the study, in order to determine compliance and efficacy of the hand hygiene methods. Results: A total of 368 routine patient care activities were observed during the study period. Hand rubbing with alcohol-based solutions significantly reduced the bacterial contamination of the hands of the nurses more than hand washing with an antimicrobial soap (54 and 27%, respectively; p < 0.01). Compliance was also better in the hand rubbing group than in the hand washing group (72.5 and 15.4%, respectively; p < 0.001). Compliance with hand rubbing was markedly lower among the nurses who had experience of more than 3 years in hospital practice. Both hand rubbing and hand washing compliance were poorer among nurses working inintensive care units than among nurses working in the other hospital wards. Generally, after taking off gloves, nurses preferred hand washing to hand rubbing. Conclusion: These data indicate that alcohol-based hand rubbing reduces mean bacterial counts on the hands of nurses more effectively than hand washing with antimicrobial soaps, and compliance rates with hand rubbing were also higher than with hand washing. Nevertheless, the compliance with hand rubbing was markedly lower in more experienced nurses.
Surgical Treatment for Ipsilateral Fractures of Femoral Neck and Shaft
Authors: Khallaf F. , Al-Mosalamy M. , Al-Akkad M. , Hantira H.
Published: August 2005

Objectives: To review the primary and the final results of surgical management of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. Subjects and Methods: Seventeen patients (2 female, 15 male, average age 37 years, range 20–60) with ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures were treated by compression plate fixation for the femoral shaft fractures and dynamic hip screw or cannulated cancellous screw fixation for the neck fractures in Al-Razi and Al-Jahra Hospitals, Kuwait, from March 1996 to June 2002. The clinical and radiological primary and final results were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The average follow-up for the primary outcomes was 3.6 years (range 2–6 years). 100% union of the femoral neck fractures, 0% osteonecrosis of the femoral head and 77% union of the shaft fractures were achieved. Complications of femoral shaft fractures, nonunion and metal failure, occurred in 4 (23%) patients and postsurgical infection occurred in 1 patient. At the final follow-up, 15 (88%) patients achieved good clinical outcome and 2 (12%) had fair outcome. Conclusion: Our results show that compression plate fixation for the femoral shaft fracture and dynamic hip screw or cannulated screw fixation for the neck fracture in combination injury is a reliable and adequate technique.
Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates from Shanghai and Hong Kong
Authors: Ling Thomas K.W. , Ying Chun Mei , Lee Ching Ching , Liu Zhi Kai
Published: August 2005

Objective: To compare the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Shanghai and Hong Kong. Materials and Methods: A total of 212 A. baumannii strains of one isolate per patient were collected from Shanghai and Hong Kong from August 2002 to August 2003 that were tested against 15 commonly used antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method according to the NCCLS guidelines. Results: Most β-lactams showed no significant increase in activity after adding β-lactamase inhibitors. The resistance rates of the isolates against ticarcillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam and ampicillin-sulbactam were for Shanghai 74.9, 70.9, 69.1% and Hong Kong 24.3, 18.9, 13.5%, respectively. Only cefoperazone-sulbactam showed a significant increase in activity against both Shanghai and Hong Kong strains, as the resistance rates dropped from 93.7 to 8.6% and 83.8 to 5.4%, respectively. The resistance rates of ceftazidime, cefepime, and gentamicin against Shanghai strains were 69.7, 72.0, 73.7% and Hong Kong strains 69.7, 29.7, 18.9%, respectively. About 65% of Shanghai strains were found to be amikacin-resistant, however, all Hong Kong strains were sensitive. Fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin had resistance rates over 60% against Shanghai strains, but only 13.5% against Hong Kong strains. Shanghai strains had imipenem and meropenem resistance rate of 6.3%. Though 10.8% Hong Kong strains were resistant to meropenem, only 2.7% of them were resistant to imipenem. Conclusion:A. baumannii isolated from Shanghai were more resistant to all drugs except meropenem than Hong Kong isolates. The results indicate a need for measures to control the abuse of antibiotic usage in order to prevent the emergence of more multidrug-resistant isolates in both cities.
Multi-Minicore Disease: A Report of 5 Patients from Kuwait
Authors: Al-Jumah E.S. , Habeeb Y.K. , Al-Bloushi M.A. , Moosa A.
Published: August 2005

Objective: To describe the characteristic clinical features and the diagnostic findings in muscle histochemistry of multi-minicore disease in 5 children from two unrelated families in Kuwait. Clinical Presentation: The 5 children who presented with muscle weakness, 2 siblings from family 1 and the remaining 3 from the other (family 2), represent the classical type of multi-minicore disease; however, the two families differ in the course of the disease. Family 1 had the non-progressive form while family 2 had progressive weakness with respiratory complications and scoliosis. The diagnosis was confirmed in the index patients by muscle histochemistry, which demonstrated the typical minicores, which are devoid of oxidative enzyme activity. Conclusion: Both families represent the classical form, however, clinical variability in the course of the illness was demonstrated in these two families.
Hemangioendothelioma of the Spinal Cord with Intramedullary Extension
Authors: Abuzallouf S. , Wong R. , Mintz A.P. , Provias J.
Published: August 2005

Objective: Hemangioendotheliomas (HE) are vascular neoplasms that rarely involve the neuraxis. We report a rare case in the literature of intradural HE of the spinal cord with intramedullary extension. Clinical Presentation and Interventions: A 41-year-old gentleman presented with low back pain, numbness and urinary retention. Imaging revealed a spinal tumor causing complete blockage at the level of T12. The tumor was resected and postoperative radiotherapy was delivered for residual disease. No disease was seen on MRI after 48 months of clinical and radiological follow-up. Conclusion: Complete excision of HE is the treatment of choice. Radiotherapy may play a role in the management of this lesion.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of High-Dose Gentamicin in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Al-lanqawi Yousef M. , Capps Phillip , Abdulmalik Kefaya
Published: August 2005

Objective: To report the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin using traditional multiple daily doses and a high-dose regimen in an elderly patient. Clinical Presentation and Intervention:An 80-year-old male who presented with mild renal failure received two different gentamicin dosing regimens, 60 mg every 8 h for septicemia and a high dose of 400 mg with extended interval for suspected endocarditis. Based on population parameters of ke (0.1030 h–1) and Vd (18.1 liters), the initial gentamicin dosage regimen was calculated to be 80 mg every 12 h. The measured peak and trough concentrations were used to calculate the individual parameters of ke (0.0749 h–1) and Vd (30.9 liters). After a 5-mg·kg–1 gentamicin dose, the Hartford nomogram was used to estimate the extended dosage interval. Conclusion: The Hartford nomogram may be a valid tool for estimating the dosage interval after a 5-mg·kg–1 single dose of gentamicin.