bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Exchanges in Family Therapy
Authors: Friedlander Myrna L. , Carranza Valentín Escudero , Guzmán Michele
Published: March 2007

To encourage counseling psychologists to develop international ties, the authors describe a many-faceted partnership between the Universidad de La Coruña’s Postgraduate Program in Family Interventions and the University at Albany’s counseling psychology program. The partnership centers on an exchange program for graduate students and collaborative research in family therapy. In this article, the program is described in detail along with the challenges the authors faced in its creation. The benefits of international collaboration for training, research, and practice are discussed in light of the authors’ experiences to date. To illustrate, Michele Guzmán, the first Albany exchange student, describes how her experience in Spain influenced her professional work and aspirations. The article concludes with recommendations for establishing similar international alliances.
A Conceptual Framework for Counseling Psychologists in Schools
Authors: Walsh Mary E. , Galassi John P. , Murphy Jennifer A. , Park-Taylor Jennie
Published: March 2007

This article explores how contemporary developmental psychology, specifically developmental-contextualism, provides a conceptual framework for practice and research by counseling psychologists who work with schools. Developmental-contextualism articulates how human development (a) is affected by context, (b) involves bio-psycho-social levels, (c) occurs during the life span, and (d) includes strengths and deficits. The authors delineate how these four developmental principles, in conjunction with the traditional strengths of counseling psychology, can guide the application of effective interventions with school-aged children and their families.
Resident Services Coordinator
Authors: Little Linda F. , Laing Susan
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a new work place for counseling psychologists in the property management field. It clarifies the roles counseling psychologists could assume, establishes the need for their expertise in the property field, and suggests implications for appropriate training. The Fox chase Model of incorporating a counseling psychologist into the management of a large, urban housing development is provided.
Psychological Androgyny
Authors: Cook Ellen Piel
Published: March 2007

Androgyny represents a combination of personality characteristics traditionally associated with men (masculine) and those associated with women (feminine). This critical review provides an overview of basic assumptions, measures, research topics, and results of research in the androgyny literature. In particular, research on developmental perspectives emphasizes the importance of focusing upon how individuals systematically maintain and modify their perceptions and experiences as men and women over the life span. The impact of client and practitioner femininity and masculinity upon the counseling process remains poorly understood. Researchers and practitioners alike should recognize the complexity of sex-role-related phenomena, including the importance of situational factors and the role of individual differences in accounting for sex role behavior and adjustment.
Research in Counseling Psychology: Prospects and Recommendations
Authors: Gelso Charles J. , Betz Nancy E. , Friedlander Myrna L. , Helms Janet E. , Hill Clara E. , Patton Michael J. , Super Donald E. , Wampold Bruce E.
Published: March 2007

This report presents a summary of the conclusions and recommendations of the Research Group at the Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology. The report is organized into five topics, as were discussed during the conference. These topics are (a) definition and image, (b) methodological diversity in counseling research, (c) multi- and cross-cultural issues, (d) the connection of research to practice, and (e) research training. Fifteen general recommendations are offered to the specialty regarding research in counseling psychology.
Computer-Assisted Testing and the Goals of Counseling Psychology
Authors: Sampson James P.
Published: March 2007

This article explores how the use of computer-assisted testing and assessment can potentially contribute to the goals of counseling psychology. The following five trends in computer applications in testing and assessment are analyzed in relation to five goals of counseling psychology: (1) computer-based test interpretation (goals of remediation and rehabilitation, and serving diverse populations); (2) computer-assisted instruction (goals of remediation and rehabilitation, and education and development); (3) integration of audio-visual media (goals of prevention and serving diverse populations); (4) adaptive devices (goal of serving diverse populations); and (5) computer-assisted research (goal of research). The necessary commitment of human and financial resources, research priorities, and ethical issues are then discussed as issues that will influence the extent to which computer-assisted testing can contribute to the goals of counseling psychology.
College and University Counseling Centers in the 1990s
Authors: Stone Gerald L. , Archer James
Published: March 2007

Counseling centers, along with the American system of higher education, face serious challenges in the coming decade. This article explores the challenges facing counseling centers, particularly as centers encounter a changing and unstable social and financial environment and consider undertaking a greater or lesser degree and variety of tasks. A strategic agenda is suggested for consideration in the 1990s.
The Perils of "Process Talk" in Counseling and Counselor Education
Authors: Martin Jack
Published: March 2007

Three perils of "process talk" in counseling and counselor education are discussed: (a) perils of superfluit, (b) perils of concretizing, and (c) perils of prescription. It is concluded that there currently is little reason to support the use of "process models" of counseling and psychotherapy as blueprints for counseling or counselor education.
Subgroups within Division 17
Authors: Holahan William , Yesenosky Janice M.
Published: March 2007

A national survey of 800 members of Division 17 (Counseling Psychology) was conducted to assess attitudes about selected work sites and professional activities for counseling psychologists. Survey items were written to represent worksites and activities that have been traditionally associated with either counseling or clinical psychology. Responses to the survey were analyzed through an oblique rotation principle components analysis of survey items, the assignment of standardized scores to respondents' data, and the subsequent cluster analysis of standardized scores. Based on responses to the attitude survey items three subgroups of respondents emerged, which were named Clinical Counseling Psychologists, Central Counseling Psychologists, and Traditional Counseling Psychologists. These subgroups are described and the implications of their existence within Division 17 are discussed.
What Leads to Wellness?
Authors: Lightsey Owen Richard
Published: March 2007

An expanding literature reveals that personality traits and psychological resources (PRs) are important in human well-being. In this article, the author reviews the literature regarding four PRs (positive thoughts, hardiness, generalized self-efficacy, and optimism), discusses the relationships among PRs and between PRs and personality characteristics, and proposes a theory that helps to account for current findings. Specific hypotheses are proposed, and implications for the practice of counseling psychology are discussed.
Extending the Tradition of The Counseling Psychologist by Building on Strengths
Authors: Heppner P. Paul
Published: March 2007

This article describes The Counseling Psychologist’s (TCP’s) format and content, policy issues, editing experiences, and the interplay of professional and social forces during the first two editorial years of P. Paul Heppner (1997-1998). Given the real heritage of the journal and existing resources, the primary mission has been to extend the tradition of TCP by building on the journal’s many strengths.
Assessing Legal Liabilities in Law Enforcement: Police Chiefs' Views
Authors: Vaughn Michael S. , Cooper Tab W. , del Carmen Rolando V.
Published: March 2007

Texas mandates 40 hours of law enforcement management and leadership training biannually for police chiefs. To implement this requirement, from October 1997 to August 1999, the Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas held 22 statewide training classes. During the training, we administered a survey on legal liabilities in law enforcement, in which 808 usable surveys were completed. Amassing the largest data set on legal liabilities in law enforcement, this article reports results from that survey and documents the chiefs' perceptions of the prevalence of civil litigation, fear of litigation, type of suits filed by members of the public as well as by their own officers, and issues surrounding settlements, policy and procedure changes, training, indemnification, and lawsuit prevention. The article concludes that nationwide systematic data collection should be undertaken on legal liabilities in law enforcement so the public becomes better informed about this important aspect of police work.
Addiction Careers and Criminal Specialization
Authors: Farabee David , Joshi Vandana , Anglin M. Douglas
Published: March 2007

For many drug users, the initiation of drug use and the subsequent transition to an addiction career is accompanied by criminal activities. However, the use of general crime and drug use categories often obscures important features of their relationship. In the present study, data from the national Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies sample of 7,189 clients in substance abuse treatment were analyzed to explore the relationships between several addiction career variables and the likelihood of lifetime participation in predatory, victimless, and nonspecialized criminal behaviors. The order of initiation of addiction and criminal careers was significantly related to participation in certain types of crimes, with those beginning criminal careers after beginning their addiction careers being more likely to engage exclusively in victimless than in predatory crimes. Likewise, dependence on cocaine, heroin, or both, relative to alcohol, was associated with greater criminal diversity but a reduced likelihood of participating specifically in predatory crimes.
Reshaping Community Corrections
Authors: O'Leary Vincent
Published: March 2007

The field of corrections generally, and community supervision in particular, badly need to articulate their goals and to adopt strategies and means of administration consistent with those goals. This article traces briefly the implication of two models for corrections and argues for a Risk Control model with certain characteristics. Based on a decade of work in field agencies, it suggests specific means by which the model can be implemented in community supervision agencies so that discretion is appropriately controlled while the aims of the model are pursued.
A Federal Perspective on Juvenile Justice Reform
Authors: Regnery Alfred S.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an exposition of the changed federal perspective on juvenile justice reform. The major programmatic elements of OJJDP's new reform emphasis are presented, and the ideological rationale for those activities is explained.
“Hidden Delinquency” in Korea
Authors: Shim Young-Hee
Published: March 2007

Self-reported misbehavior among Korean youths is reported for samples of male workers and high school students in Kwanju, Chonnam, Korea. The data indicate that petty misconduct is widespread, but serious delinquency is much less common. Differential handling of juvenile offenders is also examined, as are causal factors in delinquency.
The Life-without-Parole Sanction: Its Current Status and a Research Agenda
Authors: Cheatwood Derral
Published: March 2007

As of January 1, 1987, 29 states have life-without-parole statutes. These laws are divided into capital offender statutes that most commonly apply the sanction for aggravated homicide, and career criminal statutes that apply the sanction to repeat offenders under specified conditions. Although both types are life-without-parole statutes, they are directed at two very different offender populations and probably arise from divergent social and political conditions. Further, the capacity of the executive to release through commutation makes the life-without-parole statutes less substantial than is commonly believed. Some of the problems that increased use of this sanction may create are discussed, and a research agenda to prepare for these problems before they arrive is suggested.
Girls' Crime and Woman's Place: Toward a Feminist Model of Female Delinquency
Authors: Chesney-Lind Meda
Published: March 2007

This article argues that existing delinquency theories are fundamentally inadequate to the task of explaining female delinquency and official reactions to girls' deviance. To establish this, the article first reviews the degree of the androcentric bias in the major theories of delinquent behavior. Then the need for a feminist model of female delinquency is explored by reviewing the available evidence on girls' offending. This review shows that the extensive focus on disadvantaged males in public settings has meant that girls' victimization and the relationship between that experience and girls' crime has been systematically ignored. Also missed has been the central role played by the juvenile justice system in the sexualization of female delinquency and the criminalization of girls' survival strategies. Finally, it will be suggested that the official actions of the juvenile justice system should be understood as major forces in women's oppression as they have historically served to reinforce the obedience of all young women to the demands of patriarchal authority no matter how abusive and arbitrary.
Perceived Neighborhood Crime and the Impact of Private Security
Authors: Klein Lloyd , Luxenburg Joan , King Marianna
Published: March 2007

Citizens and businesses have generally rejected the expectation that criminal justice authorities can successfully achieve their delegated responsibility of protecting life and property. These people have employed alternative measures in securing desired safety from criminal victimization. This article focuses upon the following concerns: (1) the growth and impact of private security, (2) the significance of private policing as reflected in citizen attitudes toward crime prevention measures, (3) the model implementation of private security in an urban community, and (4) alternatives as reflected by the impact of the Guardian Angels and other citizen patrol efforts in anticrime programs versus the employment of private security firms.
Home Detention with Electronic Monitoring: Comparing Pretrial and Postconviction Programs
Authors: Maxfield Michael G. , Baumer Terry L.
Published: March 2007

Since its introduction, electronically monitored home detention has become a common disposition throughout the United States. At the present time individuals at virtually every point in the criminal justice process are being monitored. This article describes studies of two populations. Preliminary results are presented from an evaluation of a pretrial home detention program. Salient differences are noted between the pretrial program and a similar program for convicted offenders delivered by the same agency, in the same jurisdiction. It is concluded that the nature of the client population significantly affects the design, delivery, and impact of electronically monitored home detention programs.
A Neighborhood Business Area is Hurting: Crime, Fear of Crime, and Disorders Take their Toll
Authors: Fisher Bonnie
Published: March 2007

Neighborhood businesses are essential to the social and economic viability of a community. Research on the effects of crime, fear of crime, and physical and social disorders has focused primarily on the residential area and has ignored the neighborhood business area. This note presents an argument for further research to redress this imbalance and offers survey results from one neighborhood business area that suggest that crime, fear, and disorders are perceived by small business proprietors and landowners to be serious problems. Results indicate that victimization is frequent and has negative financial and operational effects on business.
Drugs and Justice: The Impact of Drugs on Criminal Justice in a Metropolitan Community
Authors: Klofas John M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of drugs on the criminal justice system of the greater Rochester (New York) metropolitan area. Although discussed widely, there has been little investigation of the effects of the “war on drugs” at the local level. This research considers patterns of arrest and case processing and includes an examination of drug treatment. Increases in arrests, particularly for possession of drugs, have occurred in the city but not the suburbs and have had a disproportionate effect on African-Americans. Many cases are processed as misdemeanors and result in minor sanctions. The implications for traditional order maintenance concerns in a metropolitan community are discussed.
Rethinking the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Hirschi Travis , Gottfredson Michael
Published: March 2007

Crime is the product of the confluence of individuals low on self-control and appropriate opportunities. The likelihood of crime varies continuously with age, but the meaning of criminal acts does not depend on the age of the offender. Distinctions based on age are thus arbitrary, and probably cause more trouble than they are worth. Special treatment of juveniles is based on an erroneous image of developmental sequences, and misrepresents differences between juvenile and adult crime. We argue that one justice system would be better than two, and that of the models currently available, the juvenile system seems preferable to the adult.
Cross-Site Analysis of Victim-Offender Mediation in Four States
Authors: Umbreit Mark S. , Coates Robert B.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the first cross-site analysis of victim-offender mediation programs in the United States, working with juvenile courts in Albuquerque, Austin, Minneapolis, and Oakland. A total of 1,153 interviews were conducted with victims and offenders. These included pre- and postmediation interviews and the use of two comparison groups. Court officials were interviewed and 28 observations of mediations were conducted. The vast majority of victims and offenders experienced the mediation process and outcome as fair and were quite satisfied with it. Mediation resulted in significantly greater satisfaction and perceptions of fairness for victims, as well as significantly higher restitution completion by offenders, than found in comparison groups. Some implications for juvenile justice policy are offered.
A Limited Capacity to Treat: Examining the Effects of Prison Population Control Strategies on Prison Education Programs
Authors: Marquart James W. , Cuvelier Steven J. , Burton Velmer S. , Adams Kenneth , Gerber Jurg , Longmire Dennis , Flanagan Timothy J. , Bennett Kathy , Fritsch Eric
Published: March 2007

The number of prisoners across the country has increased dramatically throughout the 1980s. Texas is one state that has felt the strain of prisoner population pressures. To keep abreast of demand, more state prison units were built. However, new prisons were soon filled to capacity. This situation forced policymakers to implement a population cap and an allocation formula. To keep the prisoner population within the cap, prisoners were released early and time served declined rapidly over the course of the 1980s. These latter consequences severely affected the ability of the Windham School System to deliver prison education programs. The data showed that one in seven inmates was released prior to taking a vocational certification test. Various policy options are then explored.
Police Referrals to Shelters and Mental Health Treatment: Examining Their Decisions in Domestic Assault Cases
Authors: Finn Mary A. , Stalans Loretta J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how husband's mental state, antagonism between the disputants, and victim injury affect officers' inferences and referral decisions to battered women shelters and outpatient mental health centers. Husband's mental state and victim injury affected officers' inferences, whereas antagonism did not. Referrals to outpatient mental health treatment were influenced by perceptions of the wife's credibility and the disputants' control over their actions. Referrals to battered women shelters were influenced by the presence of injuries, officers' perceptions of the wife's intent to fight and argue, the husband's responsibility for the violence, and officers' age.
The Impact of IMPACT: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Jail-Based Treatment Program
Authors: Swartz James A. , Lurigio Arthur J. , Slomka Scott A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of a drug treatment program in Chicago's Cook County Jail (CCJ). The program, known as the Integrated Multiphase Program of Assessment and Comprehensive Treatment (IMPACT), involves three agencies and is based on the general model of a modified therapeutic community. IMPACT significantly reduced rearrest rates and delayed time-to-rearrest for program participants. Outcomes improved as length of stay in the program increased up to 150 days, after which there were no further reductions in recidivism. In addition, community treatment significantly reduced rearrest rates even for inmates who stayed an optimal length of time in the program.
The Ignition Interlock Program for Drunk Drivers: A Multivariate Test
Authors: Weinrath Michael
Published: March 2007

The ignition interlock has been touted as a “high-tech” intervention to reduce drunk-driving recidivism. However, it has been difficult to evaluate because outcomes may be a result of program selection. In the study reported here, a random sample of interlock cases was contrasted against a comparison group of impaired drivers in a retrospective analysis. Program effects were tested through a series of logit regressions, and program and comparison group drunk-driving survival rates were also compared. Program participants had lower recidivism rates and higher survival rates, indicating that the program has strong potential to protect the public and to change offender behavior.
Gender Biases Underlying the Social Construction of Illness States: The Case of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Richman Judith A. , Jason Leonard A.
Published: March 2007

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a controversial illness of unknown etiology which appears to predominate among women. This article employs a feminist social constructionist perspective to critically assess the biomedical and psychosocial literatures on CFS. The authors argue that the failure to demonstrate a viral etiology of CFS led to a paradigmatic shift in research perspectives. Substantial attention became directed to psychiatric components of CFS. The authors contrast this research focus with the divergent views of the nature and likely etiology of this illness represented in CFS patient accounts of their illness experiences. Moreover, current assumptions regarding the nature and etiology of CFS are contrasted with perspectives on multiple sclerosis and depressive disorders. Documentation of the gap between CFS patients and medical professionals adds to feminist critiques of medical practice. However, while this literature generally critiques processes of medicalization of female states and highlights problems of biological reductionism, the CFS literature suggests that female illnesses may also evoke medical reactions which move in the opposite direction, entailing an overfocus on psychological and psychosocial factors to the detriment of adequate attention to phenomena occurring at the biomedical level.
A Critical Guide to Knowledge Society Newspeak: Or, How Not to Take the Great Leap Backward
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: March 2007

The advent of the `knowledge society' appears so fascinating to social theorists because the theorists themselves have been finally incorporated into the capitalist mode of production. In postmodern societies, knowledge itself becomes a commodity subject to market forces, rather than an overarching principle of rationalization and legitimation. The article critically surveys the clearest indications of this transition: the requirement of credentials for employment, the development of computerized expert systems and the expansion of intellectual property legislation. Together these trends point to the rise of `knowledge management', which treats knowledge as raw material that needs to be cultivated and pruned, an idea that runs counter to most academic thinking on the nature of knowledge from philosophy to economics. A sign of these changing times is the designation of universities by knowledge managers as `dumb organizations' that mindlessly produce knowledge without any clear organizational goals. This leads the author to revisit the three ways of defining the value of goods in classical political economy - rent, labour, profit - as a foundation for recovering knowledge-producing institutions from the knowledge managers and knowledge society theorists.
Women in the South Korean Military
Authors: Hong Doo-Seung
Published: March 2007

This article examines the changing role of women in the Korean armed forces and explores the issue of gender integration in the military. During the past half-century, the utilization of women in the armed forces has been limited in Korea due to constitutional and cultural restraints. Yet the expansion of utilizing females in the military is becoming a global trend. Since the Women's Army Corps was abolished as an independent corps in the early 1990s in Korea, women have been assigned to various corps of the army, the navy and the air force. By 2020 the Korean armed forces plan to recruit women to a level of 5 percent of the total officers and NCOs in the three services. Overall, the evaluation of women in the military appears to be positive, although gender differences are detected in the role of servicewomen. This article highlights the advantages of women's presence in the armed forces with respect to social representation, cultural integration and the acquisition of quality human resources.
Hobson v. Hansen: A Study in Organizational Response
Authors: Cuban Larry
Published: March 2007

Court decisions requiring school changes are familiar landmarks on the landscape of the last decade. Less familiar is an examination of how and why a school system responds to court edicts. The Hobson v. Hansen decision has often been cited as a key case in achieving educational equality.
Leadership Effectiveness in Teacher Probation Committees
Authors: Martin Yvonne M. , Isherwood Geoffrey B. , Lavery Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness postulates that task-group effectiveness is contingent upon the relationship between leadership style and favorableness of the situation. Using teacher probation committees within elementary schools, this study tested the predictions of the theory, namely, that a relationship-oriented leadership style would lead to task group effectiveness in a moderately favorable situation, while a task-oriented leadership style would lead to effectiveness in an unfavorable situation. If Fiedler's notion of leader position power is recast, then support is found for the theory.
Judging the Effectiveness of Teaching Styles: The Perceptions of Principals
Authors: Tuckman Bruce W. , Steber James M. , Hyman Ronald T.
Published: March 2007

Principals rated teachers in their schools whom they had previously nominated as either effective or ineffective on the four dimensions of the Tuckman Teacher Feedback Form (TTFF): creativity, dynamism, organized demeanor, and warmth and acceptance. One hundred eighty teachers were rated, one-third each at elementary, intermediate, and high school levels. Elementary principals rated ineffective teachers higher on dynamism than effective ones and rated effective teachers almost twice as high on warmth and acceptance as ineffective ones. Intermediate principals rated their effective teachers higher on creativity than did high school principals, while high school principals downgraded warmth and acceptance and upgraded dynamism as characteristics of effective teachers. Principals of all three levels rated organized demeanor as an important trait of effective teachers. Differences were seen as consistent with the teaching requirements at the different levels. This rating could be effectively incorporated into the supervision/feedback process.
A Missing Concept in Theories of School Finance
Authors: Swanson Austin D.
Published: March 2007

In explaining variations in educational costs across the nation, Professor Swanson shows variations in the general wage level of state and regional labor markets to be the principal cause. He suggests that "societal esteem" is a significant component of teacher pay with important implications for federal support proposals and teacher recruitment strategies. Mr. Swanson is assistant professor of education at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
A Theoretical Framework and Exploration of Organizational Effectiveness of Schools
Authors: Hoy Wayne K. , Ferguson Judith
Published: March 2007

After the examination of two competing frameworks for the study of organizational effectiveness, ageneral model of school effectiveness is proposed. This multidimensional perspective was operationalized and explored with data from a sample of secondary schools in a single state. The empirical analysis supported the framework, and suggestions for further refinements were made.
Hodgkinson on Ethics and the Philosophy of Administration
Authors: Evers Colin W.
Published: March 2007

This article offers a systematic critical response to the values-oriented, non-positivist conception of administration and philosophy of administration recently advanced by Christopher Hodgkinson. It argues that Hodgkinson 's theory of value is seriously flawed, and that his philosophy is, in key respects, much closer to the positivism espoused by H. A. Simon. This positivism is criticized and an alter-native, non-positivist basis for values in administrative theory is proposed.
The Dissat-Factor: Recent Discoveries in the Dissatisfaction Theory
Authors: Wang Lee-Yen , Lutz Frank W.
Published: March 2007

During an AERA symposium, Douglas Mitchell (1988) charged dissatisfaction theory to live up to the expectations of it. He suggested that it was perhaps time to abandon the theory because it had not been able to predict the political upheavals it described. Coming from one who has contributed significantly to the theory, and is probably the one who labeled it, his suggestion that it should perhaps be abandoned because of its failure to provide reliable prediction indeed deserves serious consideration. This article deals with that assertion in two ways. First, it reports the first instance of actually predicting school board member incumbent defeat. Second, it suggests why prediction, in its absolute statistical sense, is not the only goal or perhaps even an achievable expectation for such a social/political theory.
Toward a Theory of School Administration: The Centrality of Leadership
Authors: Greenfield William D.
Published: March 2007

Three conditions distinguish the work of school administrators from that of their colleagues in nonschool contexts: the uniquely moral character of schools; a highly educated, autonomous, and permanent workforce; and regular and unpredictable threats to organizational stability. The resultant demand environment requires school administrators to rely more extensively on leadership than routine administration to influence teachers and to negotiate the complex interplay among the five situational imperatives of school administration: moral, instructional, political, managerial, and social! interpersonal role demands.
Research on Learning and Teaching in K-12 Schools: Implications for the Field of Educational Administration
Authors: Rowan Brian
Published: March 2007

This article briefly describes research on learning and teaching and discusses its implications for the field of educational administration. The author argues that the field of educational administration should pay more attention to issues of learning and teaching in its programs of teaching and research, and he discusses some promising directions for the reform of these endeavors based on recent cognitive approaches to the study of learning and teaching.
School Mathematics and African American Students: Thinking Seriously about Opportunity-to-Learn Standards
Authors: Tate William F.
Published: March 2007

The author draws on tenets of critical race theory to investigate the political and conceptual underpinnings of opportunity-to-learn standards. More specifically, he examines the potential influence of opportunity-to-learn standards on the mathematics education of African American students. Four questions are raised and discussed related to the adequacy of opportunity-to-learn standards as a framework for improving the mathematics performance of African American students. The author concludes that opportunity-to-learn standards should be built on (a) the rapid growth and changes in mathematics; (b) constructivist principles of learning; (c) the concept of fiscal adequacy; and (d) cultural factors that influence mathematics learning.
The Irony of Year-Round Schools: Mexican Migrant Resistance in a California Community During the Civil Rights Era
Authors: Donato Rubén
Published: March 2007

This study examines the politics of year-round education in a California community during the early 1970s. As one of the few school districts in the nation to experiment with the concept, and one of the first to test it that served a large Mexican migrant student clientele, the findings show that Mexican Americans challenged the 45-15 year-round plan because they were excluded in the decision-making process and because it conflicted with the employment pattern of Mexican migrant agricultural workers. Whereas most studies have primarily focused on middle-class concerns in urban and suburban environments, this article gives special attention to how Mexican migrant resistance differed from conventional accounts.
Leaders in Context: Postpositivist Approaches to Understanding Educational Leadership
Authors: Gronn Peter , Ribbins Peter
Published: March 2007

Leadership is one social scientific field that has escaped the ubiquitous "paradigm wars." Leadership theorists have always attached great, perhaps exaggerated, significance to the agency of leaders. Traditional research methodologies (e.g., questionnaire surveys) normally associated with positivist approaches remain theorists' predominant modes of inquiry. Such methods, however, pay insufficient attention to the role played by institutional contexts in the definition and structuring of human agency. Two alternative methodologies that acknowledge the importance of context in the social construction of leaders and leadership systems are ethnography and biography. Each provides a better way for dealing with followers' implicit theories than mainstream conceptions of leadership. This article outlines the purposes of both modes of inquiry, discusses the problems and possibilities inherent in each, and provides illustrative examples of their advantages for theory building.
The Aesthetic of Thomas B. Greenfield: An Exploration of Practices That Leave No Mark
Authors: Harris Carol E.
Published: March 2007

Thomas Greenfield, between the early 1970s and 1992, argued passionately for a theory of organizations that would begin with their social construction. Greenfield advised researchers to concentrate on the subjectively held meanings of those within organizations. In choosing to illustrate his own theory with persona from the discursive arts, he blends two axiological concerns-aesthetics and values. He accomplishes this boldly and dramatically through a "shock aesthetic" and, in an interdisciplinary vein, through bringing other ways of seeing to the field of educational administration. Greenfield's experiment in the art of inquiry also holds broad implications for the preparation of administrators.
Devolving the Management of Schools in Britain
Authors: Raab Charles D. , Munn Pamela , McAvoy Lorraine , Bailey Lucy , Arnott Margaret , Adler Michael
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon the authors' study of the devolved management of secondary schools comparing England with Scotland, this article describes the background to the policy initiative, explains its English and Scottish variations, and assesses its effects in terms of several dimensions of roles and relationships. It also considers areas for further theoretical development in light of these findings.
Dimensions of Employee Compensation: Practical and Theoretical Implications for Superintendents
Authors: Young I. Philip
Published: March 2007

Employment represents an exchange relationship between public school boards and employees. Fundamental to this exchange relationship is compensation provided by school boards and received by employees. To capture this relationship at least in part, a model for organizational justice is used as a framework, and special attention is given to procedural and distributive dimensions of organizational justice. Procedural justice is explored through the use of earning equations designed to render a prevailing market rate, and the utility of several earning equations is assessed for different types of compensation enjoyed by educational employees. Distributive justice is approached through the lens of competing discrepancy theories of satisfaction, and the unique impact of several different referent sources used for comparison is assessed via moderated regression analysis.
Laying the Groundwork for a New Generation of Policy Research: Commentary on “Knowledge Utilization in Educational Policy and Politics”
Authors: Wong Kenneth K.
Published: March 2007

A division of intellectual labor exists between those who are directly involved in policy intervention and those who conceptualize the nature of societal problems. In this commentary, it is argued that the two roles can be complementary. From this synthesized perspective, it is observed that the field of educational policy is faced with interrelated sets of challenges, producing high-quality conceptual work and ensuring that paradigmatic ideas are useful for operational purposes.
Comparative Educational Administration: Developing a Cross-Cultural Conceptual Framework
Authors: Dimmock Clive , Walker Allan
Published: March 2007

Although educational administration has experienced impressive development over the past three decades, the fact that a robust comparative branch of the field has failed to emerge is equally conspicuous. This article acknowledges and highlights the need for comparative educational administration and argues that the development of conceptual frameworks is imperative in building a comparative dimension. A conceptual framework is described and justified based on a cultural and cross-cultural approach focusing on the school level as the baseline unit for analysis. Specifically, the proposed framework is architectured around the interrelationship between the core concepts of culture, organizational structures, leadership and management processes, curriculum, and teaching and learning. Finally, implicatitons of the model are discussed, including the need for the framework to be operationalized by the development of appropriate research instruments.
Approximating Standardized Achievement Test Norms With a Theoretical Model
Authors: Brandenburg Dale C. , Forsyth Robert A.
Published: March 2007

This study was undertaken to answer the following research question: Can standardized achievement test norms be better estimated with a theoretical probability model other than the negative hypergeometric model? Ninety norms distributions from two standardized achievement test batteries (ITBS and ITED) were fitted by six models. The results strongly supported the Pearson Type I model (four moments) as the best-fitting curve. It was concluded that this Type I model could provide a viable alternative to the negative hypergeometric model for use in approximating distributions when moment estimates are obtained from multiple matrix sampling or item sampling procedures.
The Development of a Listening Comprehension Test for Kindergarten and Beginning First Grade
Authors: Wallner Nancy Kubin
Published: March 2007

Results of a year's study to develop and validate a test of listening comprehension for kindergarten and beginning first grade (TLC) are presented. Two forms of the test were written, each consisting of six graded passages and 84 questions presuming to measure literal and inferential comprehension. One hundred forty kindergarten pupils, participating in small groups, marked picture responses after receiving standardized auditory stimuli through individual headsets. The TLC fulfilled two of the three statistical criteria for parallel tests. The alternate-form and internal reliabilities should be considered high. Content, criterion-related, and predictive validities were established. Results of the study suggested that, in light of the population studied, the two forms of the Wallner Test of Listening Comprehension appear to have sufficient reliability and validity to warrant their use as measures of early listening comprehension.
Comparison of Tukey's T-Method and Scheffé's S-Method for Various Numbers of All Possible Differences of Averages Contrasts Under Violation of Assumptions
Authors: Keselman H.J. , Toothaker Larry E.
Published: March 2007

Empirical .05 and .01 rates of Type I error were compared for the Tukey and Scheffé multiple comparison techniques. The experimentwise error rate was defined over five sets of the all possible 25 differences of averages contrasts. The robustness of the Tukey and Scheffé statistics was not only related to the type of assumption violation, but also to the sets containing different numbers of contrasts. The Tukey method could be judged as robust a statistic as the Scheffé method.
An Investigation of the Procedures for Developing and Validating the Classroom Attitude Measure Toward Educational Inquiry
Authors: Stauffer A.J.
Published: March 2007

A description is given of the development of a content valid measure of attitude toward educational inquiry that emphasizes five research processes rather than content in an educational research course. Two procedures are set forth and compared for measuring change of attitude of students during a course. Although a rather complex transposed composite scoring technique yielded a higher estimate of reliability than that furnished by a single conventional scoring procedure, the much simpler approach is recommended for use by teachers, since the correlation between the two sets of resulting scores was .95 in a sample of four classes.
Domain Validity and Generalizability
Authors: Kaiser Henry F. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

An alternative derivation of Tryon's basic formula for the coefficient of domain validity or the coefficient of generalizability developed by Cronbach, Rajaratnam, and Gleser is provided: This derivation, which is also the generalized Kuder-Richardson coefficient, requires a relatively minimal number of assumptions compared with that in previously proposed approaches.
A Model for Psychometrically Distinguishing Aptitude From Ability
Authors: Whitely Susan E. , Dawis René V.
Published: March 2007

It is widely agreed that current ability measures reflect a complex interaction of environment with genetic potential. This leads to a basic measurement problem since persons with the same measured ability may vary widely in potential due to nonequivalent learning opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to present a model which may hold some promise in psychometrically distinguishing ability (current status) from aptitude (potential). Data on spatial reversal performance are analyzed according to the model to illustrate how some of the practical problems may be solved.
The Classroom Boundary Questionnaire: An Instrument to Measure one Aspect of Teacher Leadership in the Classroom
Authors: Morrison Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

Two studies were done to operationalize the concept of social system boundaries as applied to teacher control in classrooms. In Study 1 a multiple choice Classroom Boundary Questionnaire (CBQ) was developed to measure teacher preference for boundary control. The 25 items were found to load primarily on one factor and to have adequate split-half reliability (corrected r = .85). In Study 2, observations in 32 4th through 6th grade classrooms found that observational measures of teacher boundary control behavior could be reliably recorded and were correlated with teachers' CBQ scores. Degree of boundary control preferred by the teacher on CBQ and the frequency of child-initiated boundary crossing events allowed in the classroom were negatively correlated ( r = -.48, p < .01).
Computer Program for the Selection and Computation of Measures of Relationship
Authors: Smith Robert A. , James Mark , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

Relative to given scale properties of each of two paired variables, a computer program for the identification and computation of the following indices of relationship is provided: phi, Spearman rank order, Kendall's Tau, Pearson's product moment (involving two continuous variables), biserial, and point biserial.
Behavior of the Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient When Two Heterogeneous Subgroups Are Pooled1
Authors: Sockloff Alan L.
Published: March 2007

An equation was derived to determine the relationship between the pooled within-subgroup correlation coefficient, rw, and the correlation coefficient obtained from the total group data, rt. It was, thus, possible to assess the amount of distortion introduced by pooling heterogeneous subgroups. As a basis for deciding whether to pool two subgroups in order to calculate rt, a two-stage procedure was recommended: (1) comparison of the two within-subgroup r's; and (2) comparison of rt and rw. On the basis of results for the second stage test, distortion in rt was shown to be a function of the pattern of subgroup mean differences, total group sample size, and the magnitude of rw. Implications were discussed.
Estimating Moments of Universe Scores and Associated Standard Errors in Multiple Matrix Sampling for All Item-Scoring Procedures
Authors: Pandey Tej N. , Shoemaker David M.
Published: March 2007

Described herein are formulas and computational procedures for estimating the mean and second through fourth central moments of universe scores through multiple matrix sampling. Additionally, procedures are given for approximating the standard error associated with each estimate. All procedures are applicable when items are scored either dichotomously or polychotomously.
Univocal Varimax: an Orthogonal Factor Rotation Program for Optimal Simple Structure
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Skinner Harvey A.
Published: March 2007

Univocal varimax is an orthogonal factor rotation strategy aimed at improving upon the simple structure qualities of a preliminary varimax solution. This is accomplished by targetting for patterned rotation the highest element in each row of the varimax factor loading matrix. This tends to yield a solution in which each variable in the final rotated matrix maximally loads on only one factor. Univocal varimax is particularly relevant to research problems in which each rotated factor should be marked by a relatively tight cluster of variables. A FORTRAN IV program is described for the efficient analysis of large input factor loading matrices.