bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leaching Treatment of Acid Sulphate Soil and Crop Adaptation Test under Micro Scale Condition
Authors: Imanudin M S , Satria J P , Budianta D , Charli C
Published: May 2021

Agricultural problem on acid sulphate soil is related to high concentration of iron and aluminum which can be toxic to crops. The research objective was to determine soil leaching intensity or frequency effect on decreasing iron and aluminum concentration. Results from this research information can be used to develop field strategy in order to determine time and period for land leaching. Moreover, crop adaptation toward leached soil was conducted on corn crop. Experiment was conducted in laboratory of soil physics department of soil science. Duration of leaching was set up in the 5, 10, 15 days. The pH of iron and aluminum was analyzed before treatment. Iron content was at 11.58 ppm and pH was at 3.29. The result showed that the leaching option had highly significant effect on the increasing pH and reducing iron content. The pH was increase at 3.85, 4.07, 4, 26 and 4.34 respectively for 5, 10 and 15 days of leaching. It was also followed by reducing iron content of 9.29, 7.08 and 5.06 respectively for 5, 10 and 15 days of leaching. Within 15 day (two weeks duration) it was sufficient time to facilitate leaching process in the field. Climatic data showed that the rainfall was available during land preparation stage (November for first crop and March for second crop). On the other hand, the drainage facility should be developed in tertiary block to leach out the toxic element in the roots zone. This process should be done in the beginning of rainy season. Adaptation toward corn crop showed that 5 times leaching treatment was sufficient to provide good environment for crop’s growth.
Surface temperature Across Land-use Change Phenomena in Padang, Indonesia
Authors: Ekaputra E G , Stiyanto E , Hasanah N A I
Published: May 2021

Intensive anthropogenic activities encourage drastic land-use changes. The changes in land cover, from vegetation to non-vegetation, have the potential to increase heat emissions from the land surface and the atmospheric temperature. A study concerning these aspects is worth conducting in Padang, a city in Indonesia with high land-use changes (1-5 % per year), regarding that this country has controversial issues related to land-use change. In this study, we use the method Land Surface Temperature to examine the surface temperature change in Padang, Indonesia, and assess its relation to the land-use change. Landsat Satellite Imagery was obtained from USGS, through a data mining process meant to help us gather spatial and temporal data for the period 2010-2019. The results show that the city of Padang has experienced an increase of 0.4°C/year in the land surface temperature, whereas the air temperature has increased with 0.01 0C/year. It reveals per 100 hectares change in land-use it potentially raising 0.06°C and 0.006 °C in land surface and air temperature, respectively. These conclusions improve our understanding of the effects that land-use change has on the spatial and temporal surface temperature in the city.
Design of Drip Irrigation for Cayenne Pepper
Authors: Asmuti A , Awalina R
Published: May 2021

Chili is one of the strategic vegetable commodities both red chili and cayenne pepper that farmers in West Sumatra productivity and quality are relatively low when compared to national productivity. Low productivity of chili is caused by physical factors and biotic factors. Water arrangement is one of the factors that determines the success of plant production because water is a basic need for plants. Chili is a sensitive plant to water shortages and excess because the rooting system is shallow. Thus, a more precise water supply system is required. Designing and using drip irrigation is a way of managing the agriculture of cayenne pepper with the rules of precission farming to increase the productivity. Drip irrigation system has a good way of controlling since the water is flowed until absorbed by plants. In addition, the system will reduce evaporation, and nutrients can be directly fed to plants through irrigation. This system is suitable for having high economic value of plants, so that it could cover the cost of development and management. The designed drip irrigation is expected to serve about 1, 000 of cayenne pepper, which can be built and managed by farmers and operate in a simple, easy-to-understand and relatively easy-to-obtain material on the market. The result obtained by the design of drip irrigation at a tower height of 2 m, a tank capacity of 180 liters, two filters (10 microns), an adjusted emitter for water output, a flow of 200 l/hour. with an operating time of 8 hours per day, is estimated to be able to serve around 3.000 to 4, 000 cayenne pepper plants on maximum water requirements on the plastic mulch soil. The drip irrigation capacity is also determined by the turbidity level of the water from the source. In limited conditions on an experimental area of 300 m^2 and relatively flat land, a watering uniformity index of 83% was achieved. The capacity of irrigation services can still be increased by increasing the pressure height, increase the water flow range and increase the number of filters and increase operating hours.
Developing and Testing Soil Correlation Matrix to Assess the Spatial Variation of Soil Resource in Indonesia
Authors: Cahyana D , Sulaeman Y , Anda M , Saparina D O , Subardja D
Published: May 2021

Soil survey and mapping in Indonesia uses 3 different soil classification systems simultaneously. These systems are the Soil Taxonomy of the United States Department of Agriculture (ST), World Reference Base (WRB) of the Food and Agriculture Organization, and Indonesian Soil Classification (ISC). The remaining challenge is to harmonize and interpret soil information among these systems. This study aimed to develop a correlation matrix to correlate soil names and to test it in Sukabumi Regency, West Java. The matrix was developed based on the peculiar soil properties which differentiate one soil class from another. Based on the results, in Indonesia, there are 10 soil orders dominant from 12 soil orders of ST System, 17 RSGs from 32 RSGs in WRB system (2015), and 16 soil types of ISC System (2016). Testing in Sukabumi showed a good example of using the correlation matrix to develop a WRB based soil type map. The correlation matrix was found helpful in developing the WRB soil map in a regional scale.
Potential Evapotranspiration uses Thornthwaite Method to the Water Balance in Padang City
Authors: Rusnam R , Yanti N R
Published: May 2021

Population growth has resulted in many changes in land cover that occurs in the city of Padang. The availability of groundwater which mostly comes from rainfall is an important limiting factor that increased the production of a plant. Limited water availability causes competition for water use in the community both for agricultural activities, residential, industrial and other water uses. The water balance is a method that can be used to see the availability of groundwater for plants at a certain time. This study aims to analyze the water balance using the Thorntwaite method. The data used in this study are rainfall data along with climatological data for the years 2007-2018 which represent the Padang City area. The results showed that there was a water surplus every month. The highest excess of water occurred in November at 375.72 mm.
Improving Volcanic Soil Chemistry After the Eruption of Mt. Sinabung, North Sumatera in 2020
Authors: Rajmi S L , Gusnidar G , Lubis R L , Ginting F I , Hidayat F R , Zulhakim H , Armer A N , Yulanda N , Syukri I F , Fiantis D
Published: May 2021

Volcanic activity produces pyroclastic deposits when erupted and cover the surrounding area. The minerals contained in these deposits are the source of plant nutrients. The volcanic deposits weathered, release nutrients to the environment, and improve soil chemical properties. The eruption of Mt. Sinabung in 2018 covered an area of 30, 320 ha, while in 2019 was 1, 371 ha. The study aims to investigate the status of nutrient content and the volcanic ash weathering level in 2020. There were 16 samples taken from ash deposits at various depths, with a total area of 1, 585.31 ha. Samples were analyzed to determine the total elemental composition using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer, nutrient reserves, and weathering indices. The results showed that the total elemental composition of SiO2 is 51.51-67.51% classified as mafic (basalt) to felsic (dacite) materials, Al2O3; 15.54-23.41%, Fe2O3; 2.84-10.02% and CaO; 3.94-6.46%. Mount Sinabung’s volcanic ash has a nutrient reserve capacity of MgO, CaO, P2O5, K2O, and SO3, respectively with the amount of 37, 384.17 kg/ha, 235, 794.99 kg/ha, 34, 293.12 kg/ha, 72, 357.39 kg/ha, and 70, 352.22 kg/ha. The weathering indices of volcanic ash of 2020 were determined with a value of 2.76-4.19 for Ruxton ratio and Product of Weathering Index (PWI) of 67.39-76.13, indicates the weathering rate of silicates from volcanic ash are still at initial stage and are still in the fresh condition.
The Potential of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Improving the Water Infiltration Rate in Lateritic Soil
Authors: Rashid N F A , Zulkifli N , Yaacob A , Yong S K , Kassim J
Published: May 2021

Poor soil drainage of the lateritic soil is due to its clayey texture and high bulk density. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) may be administrated to increase the water infiltration rate and improve the drainage of the lateritic soil. The share farm of the Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, UiTM Jasin was treated with various volume of POME for 16 weeks by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Overall, treatment of POME did not increased water infiltration rate. The bulk density of the lateritic soil that was treated with POME is suitable for agriculture. Treatment 1 (2L) gave 68 mm/hour of water infiltration rate and 1.25 g/cm3 of bulk density with 0.570 and 0.451 of p-values respectively which is acceptable with the consideration of cost benefits, cost inputs, and profit to the industry. The results shown were not significant might be due to types and soil textures, duration for the research to be completed, and also climate change factors.
The Operation Management Model of Intermittent Irrigation in Cihea Irrigation Area In Cianjur Regency
Authors: Yanti D , Mandang T , Purwanto M Y J , Solahudin M
Published: May 2021

The availability of water for irrigation has been decreasing and the need for other sectors has been increasing rapidly over the time. Whereas, there are also several environmental damages due to the serious exploitation of natural resources in many places. This situation causes the irrigation system has to be managed efficiently and effectively. In irrigation modernization, the implementation of intermittent irrigation is the right choice, because it is a water-saving irrigation technology. The model operation of intermittent irrigation operation that is built is a calculation model to determine the interval of irrigation water provision and the amount of irrigation water, which begins with the planning of the cropping pattern. The irrigation operation management model with intervals of providing irrigation water for 3 days developed in the Cihea Irrigation Area, Cianjur Regency has an influence on irrigation performance. The paddy planting season in Cihea, Cianjur Regency with intermittent irrigation operation, was able to achieve irrigation water productivity values > 0.8-1.0 kg / m3 (advanced stage in modern irrigation management).
The Effect of Different Rate of Biofertilizer on the Growth Performance and Yield of Rice
Authors: Noraida M R , A Hisyamuddin M R
Published: May 2021

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal in the world and can be grown in different habitats such as lowland, irrigated and upland rice. In order to study the effects of biofertilizer on the growth performance and yield of rice, the experiment was carried out using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) based on 5 treatments with 5 replications. The control treatment (T0) was 100% of NPK fertilizer, treatment 1 (T1) was 30% biofertilizer and 70% NPK fertilizer, treatment 2 (T2) was 50% biofertilizer and 50% NPK fertilizer, treatment 3 (T3) was 70% biofertilizer and 30% NPK and treatment 4 (T4) was 100% biofertilizer. The rice variety used was MR 220 and different doses of biofertilizer were applied 4 times. Each of the application was mixed with inorganic fertilizer NPK at a recommended rate. The parameters used in this study were number of leaves, number of tillers, number of panicles, height of rice, 1000-grain weight and fresh weight. In this experiment, treatment 2 (50% biofertilizer and 50% NPK) showed positive result for all parameters and has significant difference between the treatments. Treatment 3 (70% biofertilizer and 30% NPK) showed the lowest means for most of the parameters. Thus, from this study, the combination of 50% biofertilizer with 50% chemical fertilizer is proved to boost a better growth and yield of rice.
Chlorella vulgaris Supplementation as Mineral Source of Zinc and Selenium to Improve the Quality of Goat Milk as Health Drink in COVID-19 Pandemy
Authors: Sani S , Warly L , Zudri F , Novia R , Fadri R A
Published: May 2021

Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris contains micronutrients such as mineral zinc and selenium having role to produce antibody and improve body immunity. However, the impact of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation to goat milks’s chemical compositions has not being well documented. This research’s objective is to identify Chlorella vulgaris suppmentation as zinc and selenium source to improve goat milk’s quality as health drink in COVID-19 pandemy. Fifteen Etawah cross breed or Peranakan Etawa (PE) goats groupped into 5 treatments dan 3 repetitions. The goats were fed with grass, tofu waste and tempe waste. Chlorella supplement is fed to treated goat feed every day with level 0g (P0 = control), 2, 5g (P1), 5g (P2), 7, 5g (P3), and 10g (P4). The research’s result shows that zinc content in goat milk increase 2, 12 ppm or 24, 67%, while selenium increase 0, 08 mcg or 5, 5% after getting supplementation of Chlorella 10g/goat/day (P4). The provision of Chlorella also increase as solids total, protein and milk fat. Milk production increased by 28, 36% with Chlorella vulgaris supplements (P4). Based on the results of this study it can be stated that Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in goat PE feed can be used as a source of natural zinc and selenium minerals to improve the quality of goat milk as a health drink to increase body immunity, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Photo-Oxidation Stability of Mayonnaise from Striped Catfish and Red Palm Mixture Oil
Authors: Ayu D F , Aminah S , Diharmi A
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of light on the photo-oxidation stability of mayonnaise. The mayonnaise was made from a mixture of 20% striped catfish oil and 80% red palm oil. The treatments were condition storage, namely P1 (coated aluminium foil), P2 (uncoated aluminium foil), and P3 (exposed to a light intensity of 7500 lux) for two days and evaluated every 8 hours. Results showed that the light increased peroxide and TBA value, but decreased total carotene and tocopherol in the mayonnaise. The highest increase of peroxide and TBA value were shown in P3 with k values of 0.0067 meq O2.kg−1.h−1 and 0.0061 mg MDA.kg−1.h−1. The highest decrease of total carotene was shown in P3 with a k value of 0.0155 mg.kg−1.h−1, but the highest decrease of total tocopherol was shown in P1 with a k value of 0.0161 mg.kg−1.h−1. The light affected descriptively but not hedonically characteristics of colour, aroma, texture, and overall assessment of the mayonnaise. The best treatment was P1 with descriptive characteristics of yellowish-orange colour, red palm oil aroma, and very viscous. The hedonic characteristics of P1 were like by panellists on colour and texture but rather like on the aroma.
The Effect Levels of Cassava Leaf and Palm Kernel Meal Fermented Used Bacillus amylolicofaciens in Laying Duck Feed
Authors: Nova T D , Rizal Y , Sari S Y
Published: May 2021

This study aims to determine the level of administration of a mixture of cassava leaves and palm kernel meal fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in rations on egg index, shell thickness, shell strength and color index of duck egg yolk. This study used 160 laying ducks aged 14 months and weighing ± 1500g. This research method is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD), with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment is feed that uses a mixture of cassava leaves and fermented palm kernel cake (CLPKCF). The treatments were Ration A 0% CLPKCF, Ration B 6% CLPKCF, Ration C 12% CLPKCF and Ration D 18% CLPKCF, each experimental unit consisted of 10 laying kamang ducks. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the application of the CLPKCF mixture in the ration of laying ducks had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the egg index, shell thickness, shell strength and color index of duck egg yolk. The conclusion of this research is the use of CLPKCF ration up to 18% level in the ration can maintain the quality of duck eggs. In this condition, the egg index was 0.80, the shell thickness was 0.28, the shell strength was 4.73 kg / mm and the egg yolk color index was 14.83.
The Extraction of Gambier by Using Ultrasonic Assisted at Various Temperature
Authors: Anggraini T , Rini  , Aini L
Published: May 2021

Gambier is an extract from the leaves Uncaria gambier Roxb plant that contain polyphenolic compounds. One of polyphenol compounds in gambier is catechin, that can act as antioxidant and antimicrobial. This study aimed to determine the effect of heat on the catechin extraction from gambier by using ultrasonic assisted. The experimental design used a completely randomized design with four temperature treatments, i.e. 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C with 3 replications. The variables measured were IC50, polyphenol content and catechin content. This study showed that the heating process during the extraction with ultrasonic waves has an impact on the content of antioxidants, polyphenols and catechins of the extract produced. The extraction process using ultrasonic assisted at 50°C showed the best result for antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, and catechin content. The value of IC50 was 1.3538 mg/L, polyphenol content was 6.6724 mg/L, and catechin content was 957.01 μg/mg.
The Study of Avocado Mayonnaise with Addition of Dadih as Emulsifier
Authors: Hari P D , Novelina  , Dina M , Afifah D
Published: May 2021

Mayonnaise is a semi-solid dressing, an emulsion of oil in water that made of oil, acidifier, and egg yolk as an emulsifier. Nowadays, consumers prefer natural and healthy food such as salad and others with mayonnaise as a dressing. Innovations in mayonnaise production are necessary to fullfill their needs. In this research, avocado flesh was used as raw material with dadih as emulsifier. Dadih has a potential to replace egg yolk as an emulsifier in mayonnaise due to its casein content. This research objective was to identify the physical, chemical and sensory properties of the resulted mayonnaise. The technique used was explorative method. The treatment was avocado pulp – olive oil ratio variation. The result showed that the ratio variation had an influence to physical, chemical and sensory properties of the resulted mayonnaise.
Evaluation and Determination of Total Antioxidant in Anting-Anting (Acalypha indica L.) Leaf Extract
Authors: Refilda  , Ilahi F , Hanifa D , Yefrida  , Batubara I
Published: May 2021

Acalypha indicaL. is one of herbal plants found in wet, moderate, tropical areas which grows as a weed. This herb has been used traditionally to treat dysentery, diarrhea, malnutrition, and malaria. But chemical compounds inAcalypha indica L. hasn’t been completely reported yet. This study aims to evaluate chemical compounds and total antioxidant ofAcalypha indica L. extract. The extraction ofAcalypha indica L. was carried out by maceration method using methanol and ethanol as solvent. The rendemen, water and ash content ofAcalypha indicaL. extract determined by gravimetric methods. The DPPH method was used to determine total antioxidant and the X-Ray Fluorescence method was used to analyze of the elements contained in the extract. The yield of methanol extract was 14.83%, this was greater than the ethanol extract ofAcalypha indica L. which was 5.94%. The water and ash content of the methanol extract were obtained 10.57% and 17.44% respectively, while the ethanol extract was 35.66% and 17.93%. Phytochemical screening ofAcalypha indica L. in methanol and ethanol extracts showed that the extracts contained phenolic, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids compounds. The total antioxidant was obtained 1.59 mg/gDW and 3.11 mg/gDW in methanol and ethanol extract. XRF analysis results showed that methanol and ethanol extract contained elements Mg, Si, Cl, K, Mn and Fe. Based on the result, it can be concluded thatAcalypha indica L.extract contained some compounds and elements which is beneficial for health.
Accumulation of the Unknown Possible Saccharide’s Derivative Compound during Soybean Seed Germination
Authors: Ismed  , Silvy D , Syukri D
Published: May 2021

The effect of temperature on oligosaccharides profile during germination process of soybean seed was studied to enrich the basic knowledge on the producing method of soybean sprout with high functionality. In the experiment, the germination temperature conditions were set at 20 °C and 30 °C. Stachyose and raffinose as the main oligosaccharides were determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detector. Both stachyose and raffinose were changed depending on germination temperature; they decreased rapidly under both temperature conditions. Moreover, it also observed the accumulation of an unknown compound during germination process. Since the detection of this compound has present on oligosaccharides chromatographic system and there is no report has informed the accumulation of saccharides derivative compounds during soybean seed germination, this finding need to be further clarified.
Life Cycle Assessment of Cow Tanned Leather Products
Authors: Ulya M , Arifuddin A L , Hidayat K
Published: May 2021

The leather tanning industry is one of the chemical industries, which significantly impacts the environment. The raw material used for tanning is chromium (Cr), which is toxic to humans. The study aims to estimate the environmental impact of the cow tanned leather production at UD. PK X, Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. The method used is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and analyzed using the “gate to gate” perspective. The results showed that the leather tanning process at UD. PK X produces several impact categories, including climate change for the entire process chain except fleshing and trimming with a total impact value of 2.03E+02 kg CO2 eq. The impact category of human toxicity potential, freshwater ecotoxicology, and marine ecotoxicology on the tanning process (Cr VI) has an impact value of 1.54E+02 kg 1.4 dichlorobenzene eq, 1.25E+03 kg 1.4 dichlorobenzene eq, and 1.55E+05 kg 1.4 dichlorobenzene eq, respectively. The last impact is photochemical oxidation in the setting out process with an impact value of 6.07E-7 kg ethylene eq.
Optimization of the Different Formulations for the Eucalyptus Blended Tea Based on Response Surface Method
Authors: Mu’tamar M F F , Fakhry M , Ulya M
Published: May 2021

Eucalyptus tea is an effective herbal drink because it reduces cholesterol and blood sugar levels. However, the overall acceptability of Eucalyptus tea was not good, so it needs to be blended with black tea and cinnamon to improve the sensory characteristics. This study aims to obtain an optimum blended Eucalyptus tea formula that meets customer requirements. This study used the response Surface Method (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) using two factors, namely the percentage of black tea powder and cinnamon powder on Eucalyptus leaves powder. The parameters studied to obtain the optimum formula were moisture content, extract content, color and sensory scoring including color, aroma, taste and overall preference of blended Eucalyptus tea. The results showed that the optimum formula for blended tea of Eucalyptus was 48.5% black tea and 29.8% cinnamon.
Combination of Temperature and Time in Epoxidation for Producing Epoxidized Palm Oil as Source of Bio Polyol
Authors: Neswati  , Nazir N
Published: May 2021

Epoxidized palm oil is an alternative source of bio polyol. The combination of temperature and time in epoxidation reaction is important to produce qualifying epoxidized palm oil. This study used a combination of the temperatures ranged from 50-80 °C and time ranged from 1-4 hours. The epoxidized palm oil parameters were Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), density, oxirane oxygen content (OOC), and iodine value. The result of this study shows that an epoxidation temperature of 70 °C for 3 hours produced the highest OOC, while the epoxidation reaction temperature of 50 °C for 1 hour produced the lowest OOC. Epoxidized palm oil with high OOC is considered to be of better quality. The study also showed that the iodine values were getting lower. It indicates the epoxidation reaction was successful.
Isolation and Characterization of Lipid Degraded Bacteria from Galamai Leftovers
Authors: Murtius W S , Hari P D , Fiana R M
Published: May 2021

Galamai is one of traditional food originated from West Sumatera Indonesia. The Minangese favor galamai for its chewy texture, sweet taste and its oil content. Galamai shelf life is relatively limited; signed by odor transformation followed by the appearance of white layer on its surface. The transformation that occur in galamai possibly caused by biological degradation and, or hydrolysis and oxidation. Biological degradation as a process by which organic substances are broken down by the enzymes produced by living organism. Typical biodegradation process involves the use of enzymes produced by a microorganism on its target compound and transforming it chemically into other compounds that is less or not harmfull. The research objective is to identify the characters of lipid degraded bacteria that present on Galamai Leftovers (GL). GL samples were derived from souvenir shops in Payakumbuh City. Sample was carried under aseptic condition. 14 isolated bacteria that previously cultured on Nutrient Broth were subjected to morphology tests and then cultured on selective medium for lipolytic activity. Gram staining, characteristic tests and biochemical test were performed to pure isolates. There were 14 isolates found on GL. 3 isolates (KSKP1, KSP1, dan KB2) shown lipid degraded activity. The entire colonies had smooth and glistening surface, the color range from white to yellowish and produce clear zone on Rhodamin-B medium. The entire colonies were gram positive, catalase negative and capable of fermenting sugar. KSKP1 was aerob facultative and produced no endospore. While KSP1 and KB2 were aerobic bacteria with central type endospore and terminal type endospore, subsequently. Verification by Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology suggested that KSKP1 was Staphylococcus, sp, while others were Bacillus, sp.
Identification of Raw Materials, Processes and Products from Traditional Agroindustry Dadiah
Authors: Dewi K H , Hasbullah  , Atiqah N
Published: May 2021

Agroindustry of dadiah is a small industry of Minangkabau traditional food, made from buffalo milk through spontaneous fermentation. Dadiah is a combination of comparative and competitive advantages that has the potential to be developed in West Sumatra. This synergic and sustainable “local specific” development is expected to be able to increase community income and product added value. This is a further research, after mapping dadiah agroindustry. The purpose of this study is to identify the raw materials, processes and products of dadiah traditional food agro-industry that had been mapped in earlier studies. Dadiah identification includes physical properties (length and diameter of dadiah tube, color, moisture content), chemical (pH) and biological (BAL). The sampling technique uses deliberate sampling techniques, namely the agro-industry that is willing to be interviewed and whose products are analyzed. Observation on the identification of raw materials showed that the length of dadiah tube varied for each group. Tanah Datar District has an average size of 28+ 2cm. The dadiah product of Agam District, taken from two locations, each with size of 10 + 2 (Gaduik) and 17 +/-2 cm (Lambah), Sawahlunto District 30 +/-2 and Solok District 60+/2 5 cm. The physical properties of color, aroma and overall appearance are not different, namely yellowish white, dadiah distinctive aroma, solid shape, flat and curved surface. The chemical properties of dadiah have almost the same pH and ash content.
Evaluation of Selected Chemical Pesticides for Controlling Bacterial Heart Rot Disease in Pineapples Variety MD2
Authors: Sidik S , Sapak Z
Published: May 2021

Bacterial heart rot (BHR) disease in pineapple variety MD2 is caused by Dickeya zeae syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi. The present study aims to screen the effectiveness of four systemic chemical pesticides in different dosages for controlling the BHR pathogen in vitro and to evaluate the effectiveness of delivery techniques of the selected chemical pesticides based on in vitro results to control the disease under rain shelter conditions. The pathogen was isolated from symptomatic pineapple leaves with the appearance of water-soaked and rotten basal tissues and confirmed via pathogenicity test. A poisoned food technique was used for in vitro assessment. The pathogen was tested with different pesticide concentrations of 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 mg L−1. Two fungicides were selected based on in vitro study for further investigation under the rain shelter condition. This in vivo study was performed with arrangement of complete randomize design with five treatments and 10 replicates of pineapple plants per treatment. The treatments were difenoconazole with pathogen, mancozeb with pathogen, benomyl with pathogen (standard industry), positive control (pathogen only) and negative control (without pathogen). Data of disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI) were collected for six-weeks after the early symptoms of BHR were detected. Finding of in vitro study showed that mancozeb and difenoconazole were able to control the pathogen at the lowest concentration of 250 mg L−1 from the recommended rate. These two fungicides were consistently giving the similar results for the rain shelter study. The treatments with difenoconazole recorded the lowest value of DI and DSI with 4.60% and 0.00%, respectively. Then followed by mancozeb with DI of 5.62% and 63.71%. In contrast, besides positive control, the treatment of benomyl displayed the high values of DI (8.38%) and DSI (89.81%). Based on these findings, difenoconazole with combination method is the most effective control method for controlling BHR in pineapple. However, this research is highly recommended to be further investigated under the field conditions.
Feasibility Analysis of Establishment of Euphorbia hirta Extract-Fortified Honey Industry
Authors: Nugroho A , Heryani H , Istikowati W T
Published: May 2021

During this last decade, the highest death rate in Indonesia was caused by degenerative diseases, such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Life style, including consumption pattern with lacks of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants is suspected as one of the main causes. Modern functional food is designed to accommodate the practical uses and its main function to supply some deficient nutrients. Honey fortified with extract ofEuphorbia hirtawas designed as functional food to comply the practical uses and as health beneficial food, especially for its special function as strong antioxidant. This works analyzed the feasibility of establishing a functional food industry for honey fortified withE. hirtabased on local resources. The aspects observed included marketing aspects, technical aspects, legal aspects, management aspects, and also financial aspects. From the measurement of financial aspects, we obtained that net present value of the business was Rp197, 535, 270.00, net benefit and cost ratio was 1.72, internal rate of return value was 48.27% with payback period for 2.1 years. The business will reach break-even point by selling 18, 509 bottles of products. Considering the values of the analyzed financial parameters, the business is declared feasible to be implemented.
Characterization of Effective Microorganism (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) Isolated from Rice-Field Soils
Authors: Rosnan N A , Aziz K M , Hashim M M , Nor M N M
Published: May 2021

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) is included in one of the effective organisms for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and considered as promising biofertilizers. This study is focused on identifying with inoculations PSB will give effects to the solubilization of phosphorus in soil and become available for plant uptake. To address this, four treatments are set up which are Merlimau soil (T0), Merlimau soil with Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) (T1), Tanjong Karang soil (T2), and Tanjong Karang soil with PSB (T3). Available P for the treatments and the value of soil pH is being taken as the parameter. Besides, the growth performance of rice plants was also recorded with the measurement of plant height, the number of tillers, and the number of leaves on weekly for five weeks. The soil analysis for available P and the soil pH was found to have a significant increase when treated with PSB as shown for the results of T1 and T3. The plant analysis for the growth performance of rice plants also shows that better growth of plants for the soils that have been treated with PSB. Thus, the application of PSB to the rice-field soil can increase P availability and reduce the acidity of the soil. In addition, it gives effect to the performance of the rice growth where this study shows results in increasing plant height, higher development of tillers, and plant leaves compared to the soils that do not treated with PSB.
Ant Community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at the Forest Park of Sultan Syarif Hasyim, Riau
Authors: Putri F A , Yulminarti  , Herwina H , Janra M N , Satria R
Published: May 2021

Research on ant community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) had been carried out at natural and disturbed area in Sultan Syarif Hasyim Forest Park, Minas District, Siak Regency, Riau Province, from 22-25 July 2020 using five sampling methods namely Pitfall Trap, Honey Bait Trap, Hand Collecting, Leaf Litter Sifting and Soil Core Sampling. This study aimed to determine the composition of ant species, diversity and evenness of ants across the habitats in the study site. The study identified 23 species from 15 genera, nine tribes and five subfamilies with a total of 2, 458 individuals collected. The most common species was Nylanderia sp. 1, while Baited Trap collected most ant individuals at each location. The analysis revealed that Nylanderia sp. 1 became the most abundant species at two sampling area, indicated by index value 0.32. The natural and disturbed area had moderate diversity and similarity (H’= 1.74, E = 0.59). Environmental conditions were thought to affect the composition of ants were soil pH, soil temperature, soil moisture, air temperature and humidity. In addition, the availability of food sources, interspecific competition, habitat quality and human activities were also included as influence for ant community.
Ant Community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Ghimbo Potai Traditional Prohibited Forest, Kampar, Riau
Authors: Ariani L , Yulminarti  , Herwina H , Janra M N , Satria R
Published: May 2021

Forest becomes essential natural resource that greatly sustain the existence of flora and fauna diversity, including ant species. The presence of ants can be used as bio-indicator for habitat condition. On the other hand, forest conversion threats the live of ants. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of ant and its composition at three different habitats, namely secondary forest, disturbed habitat and rubber plantation. The study had been conducted in February 2020 using pitfall traps that deployed for 72 hours. This research recorded from the three studied habitats as many as 16 species from seven tribes and four subfamilies. The rubber plantation and disturbed habitat had moderate diversity of ant, indicated from its H’ value range between 1 to 3, while the secondary forest became the lowest in the diversity of ant with H’ less than 1.
Diversity of Butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) attracted to Carrion Trap at Harau Valley Nature Reserve
Authors: Bibas E , Herwina H , Dahelmi  , Janra M N , Amanda A K
Published: May 2021

Butterflies are important insect used as bioindicator in addition to their attractiveness in nature. In the wild, butterflies actually use broad spectrum of food sources rather than just sipping nectar as commonly known. This study aimed to collect butterflies that may use substances produced by decaying carrion. It used Carrion Bite Traps baited with decaying fishes or shrimps and set at Harau Valley Nature Reserve areas from April to June 2019. The traps were checked every 24 hours for seven consecutive days at valley site, conservation site sites and plantations site. A total 35 butterfly species that belong to 24 genera and four families identified from 90 collected individuals. Nymphalidae became butterfly family with the highest species number observed (30), while three other families with few species recorded, i.e. Hesperidae with three species, Lycaenidae and Pieridae with one species each. This result might suggest specific trophic of Nymphaeidae compared to other butterfly families. Species diversity for butterflies in relation to decaying carrion was high (3.24), indicating the effectiveness of carrion as bait for butterflies in biodiversity rapid assessment.
Parasitism on Riparian Dragonflies (Odonata) at Biology Education and Research Forest, Universitas Andalas
Authors: Janra M N , Herwina H
Published: May 2021

Parasitism on dragonflies (Odonata) may become the least attention in most entomological studies in Indonesia, since it possesses much indirect effect to human being. The odonata parasitism is caused by the infestation of water mite larvae onto the body of adult dragonflies. In this paper we discuss the result of odonatological survey we did at two tributaries in Biology Education and Research Forest (BERF), Universitas Andalas. The survey had been conducted between August to November 2019. We recorded 17 dragonfly species bound to these tributaries, 12 Zygopterans and 5 Anispterans. Water mite infestation was observed to happen on four Zygopteran species and one Anisoptera. The highest prevalence was shown by Orthetrum testaceum (100%), followed by Euphaea variegata (16.67%), Prodasineura verticalis (14.29%), Euphaea modigliani (3.57%) and Heliocypha angusta angusta (0.85%). In overall, the prevalence on community level reached 3.29%. The parasitism case observed in the tributaries of BERF can be classified as low incident, each infested odonate only contained a single water mite except for O. testaceum with two water mites. We presume that habitat condition may contribute to the rate of dragonfly parasitism, where a good habitat help lowering the parasitism incident.
Biotransformation Methods of Paddy Straw into Bioethanol
Authors: Sarif N N , Jumali S S
Published: May 2021

Bio-fuel production can be categorized into biodiesel and bioethanol and the most common renewable fuel today is ethanol derived from sugar. Future large-scale use for ethanol will most certainly have to be based on production from lignocellulosic materials due to its abundance in food crop waste. This article gives an overview on paddy straw biotransformation into ethanol. Rice straw has lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production since it is one of the most abundant renewable resources. Paddy straw especially, has favorable characteristics such as high hemicellulose and cellulose content that can be readily hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars. However, one of the major challenges in developing technology for bioethanol production from paddy straw is selection of an appropriate pre-treatment and fermentation method.
Coexistence of memory and threshold switching behaviors in natural milk-based organic memristor
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Jiahui , Wang Kunjie , Wang Li , Liu Xianrong , Jing Yan , Xu Benhua
Published: May 2021

Natural biomaterials have attracted great interest for the fabrication of biocompatible memristors. Here, dense and smooth milk films were deposited on the Pt/SiO2/Si substrate by spin-coating method and resistive switching (RS) devices based milk films with the configuration of Ag/milk/Pt/SiO2/Si are fabricated for the first time. Furthermore, memory RS (MRS) and threshold RS (TRS) effects coexist in the devices, which can be controlled by appropriately setting the compliance current (I
cc). The current conduction mechanisms of the devices with MRS and TRS effects are controlled by typical trap-controlled space charge limited current (SCLC) conduction and filamentary conduction mechanism. The good RS performances of the milk-based devices make them promising for sustainable bioelectronics and novel logic device applications.
Rheology and alkali-silica reaction of alkali-activated slag mortars modified by fly ash microsphere: a comparative analysis to OPC mortars
Authors: Zhang Fuyang , Yao Xiao , Yang Tao , Gao Xuan , Geng Chenzi , Jiang Tao
Published: May 2021

The poor workability and the risk of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) caused by alkaline activators restrict the wide range of applications of alkali-activated slag (AAS) cement. This paper presents a study on the effect of fly ash microsphere (FAM) on mitigating the rheological properties and ASR of AAS mortars for the first time. For comparison, the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortars blended with FAM are also prepared and investigated. The FAM addition is effective in decreasing the viscosity and meanwhile increasing the fluidity of the AAS pastes and mortars due to its ‘ball-bearings’ effect. According to the results obtained from the accelerated mortar bar test, the addition of more than 10% FAM reduces the ASR expansion effectively in both of the AAS and OPC mortars. Mineralogical studies demonstrate that for the AAS mortars, FAM promotes the formation of C-A-S-H gel phases with a better alkali binding capacity to mitigate ASR. The pozzolanic reaction of FAM consumes Ca(OH)2 in the OPC mortars, which is essential to the ASR development. In addition, minor ASR products are observed in the AAS or OPC mortars modified with FAM, and meanwhile there is a more strong bonding between the interface of aggregate-paste.
HEARTS, minds and souls—it is time for geriatricians to bring more to continence management
Authors: Schlögl Mathias , Gordon Adam
Published: May 2021

Urinary incontinence (UI), the involuntary loss of urine, is a common health condition that may decrease the quality of life and which increases in incidence and prevalence with age. Recent epidemiologic data suggest an overall prevalence of 38% in women older than 60 years, increasing to 77% in older women living in nursing homes. Despite this high prevalence, incontinence remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in this age group. In a representative population of 7,000 participants drawn from the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing, 750 had UI of whom 285 (38%) had not sought the help of a health care professional. The reasons that older people do not seek help for incontinence are complex and multiplex. Stigma surrounding diagnosis, a sense of futility coupled to a notion that incontinence is a part of normal ageing and the fact that incontinence simply gets ‘lost’ in the midst of multimorbidity and frailty have all been shown to play a role. Active case finding has therefore been highlighted as a cornerstone of effective care in serial international guidelines.
Seasonal changes in temperate woody plant phloem anatomy and physiology: implications for long-distance transport
Authors: Ray Dustin M , Savage Jessica A
Published: May 2021

Seasonal changes in climate are accompanied by shifts in carbon allocation and phenological changes in woody angiosperms, the timing of which can have broad implications for species distributions, interactions and ecosystem processes. During critical transitions from autumn to winter and winter to spring, physiological and anatomical changes within the phloem could impose a physical limit on the ability of woody angiosperms to transport carbon and signals. There is a paucity of the literature that addresses tree (floral or foliar) phenology, seasonal phloem anatomy and seasonal phloem physiology together, so our knowledge of how carbon transport could fluctuate seasonally, especially in temperate climates is limited. We review phloem phenology focussing on how sieve element anatomy and phloem sap flow could affect carbon availability throughout the year with a focus on winter. To investigate whether flow is possible in the winter, we construct a simple model of phloem sap flow and investigate how changes to the sap concentration, pressure gradient and sieve plate pores could influence flow during the winter. Our model suggests that phloem transport in some species could occur year-round, even in winter, but current methods for measuring all the parameters surrounding phloem sap flow make it difficult to test this hypothesis. We highlight outstanding questions that remain about phloem functionality in the winter and emphasize the need for new methods to address gaps in our knowledge about phloem function.
A meta-analysis of the combined effects of elevated carbon dioxide and chronic warming on plant %N, protein content and N-uptake rate
Authors: Jayawardena Dileepa M , Heckathorn Scott A , Boldt Jennifer K
Published: May 2021

Elevated CO2 (eCO2) and high temperatures are known to affect plant nitrogen (N) metabolism. Though the combined effects of eCO2 and chronic warming on plant N relations have been studied in some detail, a comprehensive statistical review on this topic is lacking. This meta-analysis examined the effects of eCO2 plus warming on shoot and root %N, tissue protein concentration (root, shoot and grain) and N-uptake rate. In the analyses, the eCO2 treatment was categorized into two classes (<300 or ≥300 ppm above ambient or control), the temperature treatment was categorized into three classes (<1.5, 1.5–5 and >5 °C above ambient or control), plant species were categorized based on growth form and functional group and CO2 treatment technique was also investigated. Elevated CO2 alone or in combination with warming reduced shoot %N (more so at ≥300 vs. <300 ppm above ambient CO2), while root %N was significantly reduced only by eCO2; warming alone often increased shoot %N, but mostly did not affect root %N. Decreased shoot %N with eCO2 alone or eCO2 plus warming was greater for woody and non-woody dicots than for grasses, and for legumes than non-legumes. Though root N-uptake rate was unaffected by eCO2, eCO2 plus warming decreased N-uptake rate, while warming alone increased it. Similar to %N, protein concentration decreased with eCO2 in shoots and grain (but not roots), increased with warming in grain and decreased with eCO2 and warming in grain. In summary, any benefits of warming to plant N status and root N-uptake rate will generally be offset by negative effects of eCO2. Hence, concomitant increases in CO2 and temperature are likely to negate or decrease the nutritional quality of plant tissue consumed as food by decreasing shoot %N and shoot and/or grain protein concentration, caused, at least in part, by decreased root N-uptake rate.