bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPROVED DOMESTIC PROBIOTIC ENERGY BAR DESIGN BY USING SENSORY ANALYSIS METHODS
Authors: Kinvan Emine , Ozdal Tugba
Published: September 2022

Today, the relationship between health and nutrition is gaining more importance. Studies have shown that probiotics have significant effects on health and can be used to prevent various diseases. However, the consumption of probiotic products is still not sufficient. Therefore, probiotic products should be multiplied and disseminated. In this study, it was aimed to develop a probiotic product with high nutritional value and energy level by using probiotic oatmeal, hazelnut, peanut, pistachio, almond, walnut and chocolate. Products produced as probiotic energy bar are designed in three different formulations. Then, the most preferred product formulation was selected by using sensory analysis technique ranking tests and the profile of products were examined using quantitative descriptive analysis. Consumption suitability was also evaluated with microbiological analyzes including probiotic bacteria count, total bacterial count, mold and yeast count.
RESEARCH ON 5G NETWORK RESOURCE ORCHESTRATION ALGORITHM BASED ON NETWORK VIRTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Wei Yifei , Jia Yuning , Li Jun , Wang Xiaojun
Published: September 2022

With the advancement of wireless network technology to the next generation, network function virtualization (NFV) brings the advantages of centralized scheduling of virtual wireless resources and the ability to orchestrate virtual network functions. This makes it possible to dynamically deploy and manage service function chains (SFCs) in virtualized wireless networks according to changes in network load. Through the network function virtualization technology, the DU/CU separation architecture under 5G-NG-RAN is considered. Aiming at the resource orchestration problem of the 5G access network virtual protocol stack function and service function chain after deployment, an energy-aware virtualized network function instance (VNFI) orchestration algorithm is proposed. By modeling the underlying physical network and node energy consumption, the node load, resource type, tolerable delay and migration loss are included in the decision, and the state of the general server node is divided into two types: running state and sleep state. The algorithm decouples the decision-making process of VNF migration into two specific modules, namely "the VNF selection module" and "the migration destination node selection module". It is verified by simulation that compared with other energy-saving strategies, the algorithm in this paper has better performance in reducing energy consumption and reducing migration loss, and it can take into account both the reduction of the number of open server nodes and the improvement of resource utilization.
Hunt Volitional Repeaters & Jennings Breechloaders: Tracing the Origins of the Lever-action Rifle
Authors: Michael Danny
Published: September 2022

This article explores the firearm designs that eventually led to the Henry and Winchester models of magazine-fed, lever-action rifles. As is so often the case in the history of firearms design, these two iconic rifles were not created ex nihilo, but were born from the cumulative efforts of many years of design work by different individuals. The impacts of the Henry and Winchester rifles on firearms development and military and frontier history are frequent topics of discussion, but the rifles’ predecessors are not nearly as well known. This is especially true with regard to the timeline of their development. Accordingly, this article examines the development history of the predecessors to the Winchester Model 1866, beginning in 1847 with inventors Walter Hunt and Lewis Jennings, and reviews the key design steps that resulted in one of the most iconic of American firearms: the lever-action repeating rifle.
The Anderson Bullpup Machine Gun
Authors: Moss Matthew
Published: September 2022

This research note briefly examines a recently unearthed patent for a bullpup machine gun designed by a British civilian inventor during the First World War. It examines the design and its feasibility and places the patent in the contemporary context of firearms design of the period.
A Brief History of the Ministry of Defence Pattern Room
Authors: Jones Richard D.
Published: September 2022

This article provides a brief history of the British Ministry of Defence Pattern Room collection, incorporating a personal perspective upon its final days from the author, the final Custodian of the collection. The article explains the origins and original purpose of the Pattern Room, before tracing its growth into a world-renowned collection of small arms and light weapons. A little over a decade after relocating from Enfield, Middlesex, the facility was earmarked for closure and the collection put up for disposal by the owner on the basis that it no longer met the Ministry’s “core activity”. The author describes the resulting ordeal of trying to find a new owner, while at the same time keeping the collection complete and having to meet deadlines for site closure. Finally, the article relates the ultimate transfer of the Pattern Room objects to the only organisation able to offer a new home for the complete collection—the Royal Armouries Museum—and the eventual opening of the National Firearms Centre on 1 September 2005.
Bill Ruger's Toolbox: Tools that Made the Man
Authors: Sanetti Steve
Published: September 2022

I had the good fortune to work closely with Bill Ruger from 1980 until his death in 2002. When his office was cleaned out, I was given his original toolbox. The contents of that dusty, thoroughly neglected oak box are fascinating. What follows are my subjective impressions of the what the objects inside that toolbox reveal about Bill’s thought processes while designing new firearms features.
Book Reviews
Authors: Moss Matthew , Chan Henry , Wells Nick
Published: September 2022

Infantry Weapons & Ammunition: A Century of Development Reviewed by: Matthew Moss Anthony G. Williams. Canterbury: Solo Publications, 2021. ISBN 978-0-9568529-8-4. 139 pp., numerous col. & b. & w. illus. £34. The Green Meanie: L96A1 Reviewed by: Henry Chan Steve Houghton. Eye: Swift & Bold, 2021. ISBN 978-1-5272-7461-7. 280 pp., numerous col. illus. £58.50. Air Defence Artillery in Combat, 1972 to the Present: The Age of Surface-to-Air Missiles Reviewed by: Major Nick Wells, Australian Army Colonel Mandeep Singh, Indian Army (retired). Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2020. ISBN 978-15-26762-04-7. 256 pp., 16 b. & w. illus. £16.99.
HEMŞİRELİK VE ÇOCUK GELİŞİMİ BÖLÜMÜ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN TİP 2 DİYABET RİSK ALGILARININ, SAĞLIKLI YAŞAM BİÇİMİ DAVRANIŞLARININ VE TİP 2 DİYABET RİSK DÜZEYLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: ÖZKAN İlknur , TAYLAN Secil , ÇİÇEK Sema Nur
Published: September 2022

Bu çalışma bir sağlık bilimleri fakültesindeki hemşirelik ve çocuk gelişimi bölümü öğrencilerinin tip 2 diyabet risk algılarının, sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının, tip 2 diyabet risk düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı kesitsel tipteki bu çalışma, 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılının bahar döneminde bir sağlık bilimleri fakültesinin hemşirelik ve çocuk gelişimi bölümünde öğrenim gören toplam 285 öğrenciyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın verileri Tanıtıcı Bilgi formu, Finlandiya Tip-2 Diyabet Risk Ölçeği ve Sağlıklı Yaşam Tarzı Davranışları Ölçeği II ile toplanmıştır. Öğrencilerin yaş ortalamasının 20.01±1.25 (18-25) yıl, %69.1’inin kadın, %80’nin normal kilolu olduğu ve %70.2’sinin kendisini diyabet açısından çok düşük risk altında algıladıkları belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin Finlandiya Tip-2 Diyabet Risk Ölçeğinden 5.38±3.26 (0-26) puan; Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeğinden toplam 126.42±21.01 (52-208) puan aldıkları saptanmıştır. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizinde elde edilen modelde, tip 2 diyabet risk düzeyinin yordayıcıları, diyabet risk algısı ve sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ölçeğinin “kişilerarası ilişkiler” ve “fiziksel aktivasyon” alt boyutu olarak belirlenmiştir ( R2= 17.3 F=5.873 p=.016). Çalışmada öğrencilerin çoğunluğunun gelecek on yıl içindeki tip 2 diyabet riskleri çok düşük bulunsa da, sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları istendik düzeyde bulunmamıştır ve tip diyabet risk algıları düşük olarak belirlenmiştir. Sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve tip diyabet risk algısı ile tip 2 diyabet risk düzeyleri arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, hemşirelik ve çocuk gelişiminin eğitim müfredatına diyabet ve sağlığın korunması ve geliştirilmesi gibi spesifik derslerin eklenmesi, düzenli sağlık eğitimlerinin yapılması ve üniversitelerde yıllık olarak daha derinlemesine sağlık taramalarının yapılması önerilmektedir. Böylece öğrencilerin diyabete yönelik farkındalıklarını ve risk algılarını artırarak sağlıklı davranış değişikliğini teşvik edebilir ve üniversite öğrencilerinde artan diyabet oranlarıyla mücadeleye yardımcı olabilir.
KALP YETERSİZLİĞİNDE SAĞLIK İNANÇ MODELİ’NE DAYALI YAPILAN ARAŞTIRMALAR: SİSTEMATİK BİR İNCELEME
Authors: DENİZ AKAN Dilan , DEDELİ CAYDAM Ozden
Published: September 2022

Bu araştırmada; kalp yetersizliği olan hastalara yönelik Sağlık İnanç Modeli’ne dayalı yapılan araştırmaların sistematik bir şekilde gözden geçirilmesi ve sağlık profesyonellerine rehber olabilecek bir kaynak sunulması amaçlandı. Konuyla ilgili makalelere ulaşmak için Pubmed, Scholar Google ve ScienceDirect arama motorlarından “kalp yetersizliği (heart failure)”, “sağlık inanç modeli (health belief model)” ve “uygulama (pratice)” anahtar kelimelerinden oluşan çeşitli kombinasyonlar ile 2011-2021 tarihleri arasında yayınlanan çalışmalara yönelik geriye doğru tarama yapıldı. Araştırma kapsamı ile ilgili 3545 makaleye ulaşıldı ve araştırmaya dahil olma kriterlerine uyan üç makale çalışma kapsamında değerlendirildi. Bu sistematik değerlendirmede, sağlık inanç modeline dayalı eğitim programları kullanılarak yapılan araştırmalarda, eğitim programlarının bireylerin kalp yetersizliğine yönelik bilgi, davranış, algılanan duyarlılık, ciddiyet, yarar ve farkındalığını arttırdığı; algılanan engellerini ise azalttığı belirlendi. Araştırma sonuçları, kalp yetersizliği ile ilgili bilgi, tutum ve davranışların geliştirilmesine yönelik bireyselleşmiş ve topluma yönelik eğitim programlarının oldukça sınırlı sayıda olduğunu gösterdi. Görülme sıklığı giderek artan kalp yetersizliğine yönelik bilgi, duyarlılık ve ciddiyet algısını, koruyucu önlemler ile ilgili davranışları geliştirecek çalışmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.
KUŞLARDA KLİNİK MUAYENE VE SAĞALTIM AŞAMASINDA KULLANILAN ENJEKTABL ANESTEZİK VE ANALJEZİKLER
Authors: BİLGİLİ Ali
Published: September 2022

Veteriner Hekimler kuşlarda tam fiziksel muayene, tanı, tıbbi ya da cerrahi sağaltımı gerçekleştirmek için anestezi uygulamaya gereksinim duyarlar. Ayrıca Veteriner Hekimler trakeal rezeksiyon, hava kesesi rezeksiyonu, hava kesesi ile ilişkili pneumotik kemiklerin fikzasyonu gibi ameliyatlarda enjektabl anestezik ve analjezikleri yaygın şekilde kullanırlar. Enjektabl anestezisinin düşük maliyet, hızlı ve kolay uygulama ve daha az ekipman avantajları vardır. Bazı anesteziklerin antogonistlerinin elde edilebilir olması saha koşullarında avantajlar da sağlayabilir. Kuşlarda anestezi öncesinde acil bir durum gelişmesine karşı alınacak tedbirler, anestezi protokolü, anestezi sırasında dikkat edilecek hususlar, acil durumlarda uygulanacak önlemler ve uyanma sırasında alınacak tedbirler hakkında da bilgiler verildi. Ayrıca anestezik amaçla yaygın şekilde kullanılan lokal anestezikler, benzodiazepinler, dissosiyatif anestezikler, tiletamin+zolezepam, alfa-adrenerjik agonistler, propofol ve antikolinerjik ilaçlar ve analjezi amacıyla yaygın şekilde kullanılan opioitler ve nonsteroit antiinfamatuvar ilaçların türlere göre etkileri hakkında bilgiler verildi.
İNSANLARDAKİ COVID-19 YABAN HAYVANLARINDA RİSK OLUŞTURUYOR MU?
Authors: HANEDAN Basak , BİLGİLİ Ali , ABBASOVA Nigar
Published: September 2022

Dünya çapında insanların önemli bir kısmının SARS-CoV-2 ile enfekte olmaları ve semptomlar görülmeden önce enfeksiyonu bilinmeyen şekilde yayabilmelerinden dolayı insanların yaban hayvanlarına COVID-19’u yayma riskleri bulunmaktadır. COVID-19’a yaban hayvanlarının duyarlılığının değerlendirildiği çalışmada primatlar, takiben karnivorlar, memeli deniz hayvanları, yabani kemirgenlerin yüksek potansiyel gösterdiği, laboratuvar kemirgenlerinin düşük riskte olduğu, kuşlar, reptiller ve amfibilerin de düşük riskte olduğu bildirildi. Kaplan, aslan, puma ve kar leoparına insanlardan COVID-19’un bulaştırıldığı bildirildi. COVID-19’la enfekte vizonların etkenleri insanlara ve kedilere bulaştırdığı gösterildi. COVID-19’un yabani gelincik ve vizonlara bulaşması halinde hayvanlar daha sonra devamlı rezervuar konaklar haline gelebilir ve insanlara ve diğer hayvan türlerine enfeksiyonu bulaştırabilir. Yaban hayvanları insanlarla yakın temastadır. Dolayısıyla COVID-19’a bağlı bulaşma olup olmadığının bilinmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında son yıllara ait çok sayıda bilimsel kaynak incelenerek insanlardan yaban hayvanlarına, yaban hayvanlarından tekrar insan ya da diğer hayvanlara COVID-19’un bulaştırılıp bulaştırılmadığı konularında ayrıntılı bilgiler verildi. Ayrıca insanlardan yaban hayvanlarına COVID-19’un bulaşmasının engellenmesine yönelik yapılması gereken uygulamalar hakkında bilgiler sunuldu.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIORS RELATED TO COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE PRACTICES IN PHYSIOTHERAPY AND REHABILITATION STUDENTS
Authors: YAPALI Gökmen , ARSLAN Serdar , AKSOY Cihan Caner , YILMAZ Neslihan Altuntas
Published: September 2022

Purpose: There are studies in the literature evaluating students’ attitudes toward and knowledge of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices, with most of this research focusing on medical, pharmacy, nursing and psychology students; however, few studies have been conducted with physiotherapy and rehabilitation (PTR) students. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to CAM among students of PTR.

Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2018 to March 2019. A self-administered questionnaire form developed to identify the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding CAM practices among students of PTR. The questionnaire form included eighteen items that was sent via email to the participants.

Results: A total of 504 participants were included in this study. Their mean age was 21.66±2.50 years, 69.84% was female and 30.16% was male. Most participants (76.99%) thought that various CAM practices could be beneficial adjuncts to modern medicine. The most used sources of CAM practices was reported as online resources (64.68%). Moreover, the most well-known CAM practice among the students was massage (82.90%).

Conclusions and Suggestions: Majority of PTR students had a positive opinion about CAM practices. Incorporating evidence-based CAM practices with high levels of efficacy into the curricula can reliably increase physiotherapists’ knowledge about CAM practices.
The Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Point-of-Care Test for Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Kim Dong Hyun
Published: September 2022

Dry eye disease (DED) is a condition of the ocular surface characterized by tear film abnormalities and ocular symptoms; ocular surface inflammation is the principal pathogenesis. Recently, a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) point-of-care immunoassay (InflammaDry) has become widely used as an ancillary diagnostic tool in routine clinical settings. This paper reviews the role of MMP-9 in DED, the relationships of MMP-9-positivity on the InflammaDry test with the symptoms and signs of DED, and specific considerations when performing the test.
A Comparative Study of Refraction in Skiascopy and Autorefractometry before and after Application of Cycloplegics
Authors: Son Yu Bin , Kim Hui Kyung , Lee Jong Soo
Published: September 2022

Purpose: To evaluate the difference of refractive errors measured by skiascopy and autorefractometry before and after application of cycloplegics according to age, the degree of myopia and of astigmatism.Methods: School myopia (384 eyes of 227 persons) were measured by skiascopy and autorefractometry before and after instillation of cycloplegics, and each refractive error was compared. According to age, it was divided into elementary school group (236 eyes), middle and high school group (54 eyes), and university group (94 eyes). Myopic spherical power was classified into mild group with power -2.0 diopter (D) or less (119 eyes), moderate group with -2.0 D or more and -6.0 D or less (178 eyes), and high group with greater than -6.0 D (87 eyes). Astigmatism is divided into mild group with less than -2.0 D (296 eyes) and high group with greater than -2.0 D (88 eyes).Results: The post-cycloplegics spherical and spherical equivalent refractive values by the autorefractometry and the skiascopy were measured to be lower than manifest autorefractometry, and the astigmatic power after cycloplegic refraction was measured to be high, but there is no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). In the case of elementary school, middle and high school, the value of spherical and astigmatism increased significantly compared to the university group, but there is no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The difference of refractive errors between the spherical and the spherical equivalent value increased significantly as the degree of myopia increased. The value of difference between mild and high group of astigmatism was significantly increased in high group compared to mild group.Conclusions: It should be necessary to accurately measure to wear glasses in school myopia with the younger, the more myopia is greater than -6.0 D, and high astigmatism with more than -2.0 D.
Clinical Use of Mini-Scleral Contact Lens in Ocular Surface Diseases
Authors: Yang Seung Ahn , Park Su Hwan , Lee Ji Eun
Published: September 2022

A scleral contact lens lies on the sclera, not the cornea, which differs from a rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens, and has shown successful clinical outcomes in patients unable to tolerate glasses or RGP contact lenses because of a severely deformed cornea. In addition, a scleral lens forms a tear film between the cornea and contact lens that stabilizes the ocular surface and could be a useful therapeutic option. The mini-scleral contact lens is a useful therapeutic option for visual improvement and symptom control in patients with corneal abnormalities such as keratoconus, corneal opacity, ocular surface disease, and irregular corneal astigmatism.
Flipped Classroom and Peer Learning: A New Approach to the Educational Process at University
Authors: Androulakis George S. , Georgiou Dimitra Ap. , Kaisari Maria
Published: September 2022

In this paper, a new flipped classroom model at the university emerged. The innovation of the model lies in the combination of two methods of the students' learning process: students work together in small groups before the class (cooperative learning) and also conduct presentations in groups within the class (group peer tutoring). Indeed, during the semester students alternate in the roles of the tutor and the tutee in the classroom process. The teaching experiment was carried out at the Department of Business Administration of the University of Patras in the context of the Calculus course of the 1st semester. Of the 344 participating students, 179 chose to follow the procedure of the flipped classroom while 165 the traditional lecture. It was revealed that the proposed model of the flipped classroom induces the students’ academic performance of the students. In addition, this level of academic performance is maintained even after the semester in mathematics and in courses in different cognitive subjects. The proposed flipped classroom model that emerged, can offer benefits to the educational process and the students in terms of both traditional and distance learning environments.
Values Orientation Towards Intention to Sustain in Environmental Volunteering: Views from University Students
Authors: Abd Rahman Norshariani
Published: September 2022

Determining the factors influencing environmental volunteering provide valuable input on how to retain and sustain environmental volunteerism among students. Previous research shows that volunteerism is attributed to many factors, such as motivation for personal development, social norms, well-being, and the environment. However, there is a lack of research on the value orientation of environmental volunteering, specifically environmental values and intentions linked to environmental volunteering behaviour. Comparing values orientation in environmental volunteering between genders can provide comprehensive guidelines for the intervention strategy to foster environmental volunteering participation among students. Therefore, this study examined university students' values orientation and intention to sustain their participation in environmental volunteering. There are four (4) subconstructs for values orientation, i.e., egoistic, biospheric, altruistic, and religious values. Random sampling was used, and a survey was conducted among 356 university students with experience in environmental volunteering. Descriptive analysis was employed to analyse the level of values orientation and intention to sustain their involvement in environmental volunteering. The t-test was conducted to determine the differences in levels of values orientation and intention to sustain environmental volunteering based on gender. The results indicate that values orientation and intention among the respondents are high, and there is a significant difference in biospheric values orientation based on gender. Thus, this research makes a valuable contribution in understanding issues affecting University students’ participation in environmental volunteering. This study highlights the role of tertiary level environmental education in promoting environmental volunteering among students, as a part of the environmental conservation effort and to maximize students’ individual growth.
First Mediterranean record of Atys ehrenbergi (A. Issel, 1869) with notes on some species of the genus Retusa (T. Brown, 1827) (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea)
Authors: Agamennone Franco , Micali Pasquale
Published: September 2022

The Red Sea species Atys ehrenbergi (Issel, 1869) is reported for the first time in Mediterranean based on findings at Karpathos Island (Greece) and in the Gulf of Iskenderun (Turkey). It is compared with similar Mediterranean species. Moreover, the variability of the Mediterranean species Retusa leptoeneilema (Brusina, 1866) and Retusa minutissima (Monterosato, 1878) is discussed with the support of photos of various forms from various localities. Shell characters allowing specific separation are indicated.
Enhancing Mathematical Word Problem Solving Skills: Using Bar Model Visualization Technique
Authors: Shah Muhammad Naeem , Anjum Fehmina , Chand Sumaira , Tabassum Prof. Dr. Rabia
Published: September 2022

The study purpose is to investigate the effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on the word problem solving skills of elementary level students in mathematics. Following were the objectives of the study (i) to investigate the effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on addition word problems-solving skills; (ii) to investigate the effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on subtraction word problems solving skills; (iii) to investigate the effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on multiplication word problems solving skills; (iv) to investigate the effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on division word problems solving skills. The null hypotheses were designed to test the objectives as (i) there is no significant effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on addition word problem solving skills; (ii) there is no significant effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on subtraction word problem solving skills; (iii) there is no significant effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on multiplication word problem solving skills; (iv) there is no significant effect of Bar Model Visualization Technique on division word problem solving skills. The nature of the study was experimental. Pre-test and post-test equivalent group design was used as a tool for data collection in this study. Sample of the study was 40 students (Male & Female) of Government Primary School No.2 Bab-e-Jadeed District Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The sample students were divided on the basis of pretest scores by applying paired random technique in to experimental group and control group. Data were analyzed by mean, SD and t-test.  It was concluded that the concepts of Bar Model Visualization Technique had significant effect on addition word problems and subtraction word problems but it has not significant effect on multiplication word problems neither division word problems. The results of the study show that Bar Model Visualization Technique had significant effect on Mathematical word problem solving skills and also the learner take interest in the subject. It provides alternative method for teacher to teach mathematics subject.
Effect of Critical Thinking on Reading Skills of Student Teachers at University Level
Authors: Hakim Fazal , Malik Prof. Dr. Samina , Jumani Prof. Dr. N. B.
Published: September 2022

The current study investigated the effectiveness of critical thinking teaching intervention on developing the receptive and productive skills of the students studying at university level. Both kind of skills are highly valued and expected from the students at university level. The receptive skills refer to listening and reading while productive skills are speaking and writing. The main objectives of the study was to find effect of ‘critical thinking’ as an intervention on receptive skills as well as on productive skills of students at university level. As well, it was to compare their performance before and after critical thinking intervention. Similarly, experiences with respect to critical thinking were also targeted to be found out. The study used quasi-experimental design due to its suitability in the given circumstances. The population of the study comprised of students from BEd (Hons) program. Due to small size, all the students of BEd (Hons) studying in second semester were taken as sample using total population sampling technique. A critical thinking model was adopted for the intervention purpose in the subject of Communication Skills in BEd program of education department in university of Haripur. The intervention continued for the period of eight weeks. The receptive (reading) and productive (writing) were measured through standardized pretest and posttest. As follow-up, to describe students' experiences, motivated learning strategies questionnaire (MLSQ) and critical thinking questionnaire (CTQ) were used to strengthen the results obtained from the intervention. The data were analyzed through ‘t-test’, ‘mean score’, ‘standard deviation’ and ‘percentages’. The results of the study showed better performance in reading and writing skills of the students at university level. It was recommended to train teachers in areas relevant to critical thinking in order to make them better teach their students in terms of critical thinking. Further researches should be carried out in different disciplines.
A Study of The Achievement of Training Objectives of Provincial Training Institutions for Heads of Secondary Schools in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Dr. Shahji , Hayat Mr. Fazal , Gul Dr. Nabi
Published: September 2022

The study was sought to assess the achievement of training objectives of provincial training institutions for heads of secondary schools in Pakistan. Study was descriptive in nature.430 trained secondary school heads constituted the population of the study. Out of the total population 400 respondents were randomly selected. Data was collected through questionnaire and analyzed by  t-test. Findings of the study revealed that the training has enhanced their understanding about the concept of leadership and management, development planning skills, knowledge of office management, human resource management, teaching learning process, parents, and community participation in school improvement initiatives. However, the training has not enhanced their understanding about the concept of financial management in both provinces. It was recommended that financial management aspect of training programs should be improved in both the provinces. In addition, the heads should be trained in information technology.
An Examination of the Association between Teachers Work Engagement and Organizational Commitment at University Level
Authors: Sabir Azeem , Kayani Dr. Muhammad Munir
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between teachers work engagement and organizational commitment at university level. In this study, a quantitative research approach was used. The research would use factor analysis to describe the relationship between organisational commitment and work engagement, hence it was descriptive in nature. Work engagement and organisational commitment are factors in the study that are already present and cannot be manipulated by the researcher. All full-time teaching faculty (N= 37397) of public and private sector universities/Degree Awarding Institutions/Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan that are recognised by the Higher Education Commission made up the study's population. The sample of 400 university instructors (n=500) was chosen using a proportionate stratified random selection procedure. This sample size represents around 1.33 percent of the overall population (N=37397) and 7% of the population that is accessible (N1=7134). The questionnaire used to evaluate overall employee involvement as well as the study's sub-dimensions is clearly accurate and consistent. To collect data and assure the highest response rate possible, the researcher personally visited teachers. To answer the study's original questions, SPSS was used to analyse the data.
Analysis the Recruitment and Selection Process of Elementary School Teachers in Azad and Jamu Kashmir
Authors: Mahmood Khalid , Khatoon Safeera , Noreen Fouzia
Published: September 2022

The present study attempted to evaluate the recruitment and selection process of elementary school teachers in AJ&K. The study involved analysis of collected quantitative data through survey instruments for elementary school teachers and their selectors. Study was delimited to elementary school teachers of high, elementary public schools and their selectors of district Poonch. Major objectives of the study were to find out the internal and external factors which affect (influence) the selection process of teachers and to evaluate the current teacher selection process. Sample of the study was comprised on 16 selectors, 200 head teachers and 400 elementary school teachers male and female of public schools of district Poonch. Data were collected by personal visits and postages. Three parameters were determined for this study. These were internal factors that were affecting recruitment process, evaluation of existing selection process, finding recruitment criteria and factors influencing to it. All three parameters of the study such as internal and external influencing factors and evaluation of current selection process were not accepted at 0.05 significance level with df-4.It was concluded that current selection process was greatly influenced by above mentioned indicators in the past selection process as well as in current selection process. It was concluded that current selection process was better than previous departmental process although at the time of interview it was influenced by different authorities. It was recommended that selection should be clear, unbiased and according to future educational needs.
Exploring the Factors Influence Quality of Education at College Level in Pakistan
Authors: Sughra Ghulam , Amin Sufi , Kayani Dr. Muhammad Munir
Published: September 2022

Quality has attained paramount importance in 21th century. A quality higher education system is essential to the successful development and functioning of an open and democratic. The main purpose of this study was to explore the factors influence quality of education at college level in Pakistan. It was quantitative study the nature of the study was descriptive and survey type. This study was delimited to all colleges of Punjab Province. All principals, teachers and students of degree colleges in government degree colleges of Punjab was population of the study.  Systematical sampling techniques was used in the selection of the sample. In this way total No. of students, teachers and principals were 540, 180 and 18 respectively. Self-developed questionnaires were used as research tools. Three questionnaires were used one for students, second for teachers and third for heads of the institutes. Validity of the research tools were ensured through expert opinions while the reliability of the questionnaires for this study were determined through the Cronbach Alpha. The questionnaires were administered through prepaid postage and e-mail to the respective respondents but where applicable these were personally and by friends handed over to the respondents. The male respondents were also be reminded by telephone calls. Data was cleaned and codified before undertaking its statistical analysis with the help of SPSS. Statistical tools including mean, standard deviation and t-test was used for this purpose.
Impact of ILE on Learners’ Motivation while Learning Mathematics at Secondary School Level
Authors: Afzal Saima , Hina Qurat-ul-Ain
Published: September 2022

This paper reports a quantitative study related to Interactive Learning Environment and motivation of secondary school mathematics students. The aim of this research was to measure the impact of Interactive Learning Environment on Student’s motivation. The respondents were chosen from the public secondary schools situated in Islamabad (Federal Territory), working under control of Federal Directorate of school education. There were 101 public schools out of which 56 were for girls and 45 were for boys. This research study was delimited to pupil of grade 10th only. Total 12810 students were studying in these schools in grade tenth, out of which about 2 percent were selected randomly. Thus the sample of the study was 260 students.  A questionnaire “What Is Happening in the Class (WIHIC)”was adapted and utilized to study the prevailing practices regarding to learning environment of the classroom. To determine the students’ level of motivation “Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS)” was used. The instruments were validated by professionals from the field of education and educational psychology. The reliability of the instrument was determined by using Cronbach Alpha which was found 0.89 for WIHIC questionnaire and 0.82 for MAS. Student’s cohesiveness was found most prevailing practice related to classroom learning environment in maths classrooms and maximum number of the students were at medium level of motivation. Findings also reveal that Interactive learning environment motivate the learners utmost. The major recommendation of the study was that learning environment may be interactive and directed in such a way that it should motivate the learners to learn and perform better.
Perceptions of Heads of Secondary Schools Regarding Academic Advising Competencies of The Teachers at Secondary School Level
Authors: Ahmad Zaheer , Mahmood Dr. Azhar
Published: September 2022

This study was aimed at analyzing the perceptions of heads of secondary schools regarding academic advising competencies of the teachers at secondary school level. Quantitative approach was used in this study and the design of the study was descriptive and survey type. The study was delimited to the four districts of Rawalpindi Division, i.e. Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. A total number of 4913 secondary school teachers and 960 heads of secondary schools were included in the population. Simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of sample. A total number of 491 teachers and 97 heads were selected as sample. Questionnaire was developed for the collection of quantitative data from the heads. The quantitative data was analyzed using the frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation and chi-square. On the basis of the conclusions it is recommended that enough time for interaction and contact between the students and the teachers for the purpose of academic advising may be offered. The professional development of teachers regarding academic advising may be given due importance so as to make the very process more effective and efficient. The teachers in this regard may be given more autonomy and flexibility in dealing with rules and regulations of academic advising. There is a dire need to establish an advanced psycho-educational advising centre at the schools and activate its activities to offer advising, developmental, and remedial services focusing on the development of the bright and optimist side of students’ personalities.
Students’ Morality Development in Primary Public Schools of Sindh Province: An Application of Moral Foundation Theory
Authors: Unar Narjis , Hussain Prof. Dr. Nasreen
Published: September 2022

The paper investigated the effectiveness of the implemented curriculum in emphasizing the moral values of students in primary public sector schools in Sindh. Also it analyzes the role played by the school principals/head teachers in promoting moral values among students. The paper also explored how teachers at primary schools contribute to developing the moral values of students. The study has collected 177 responses from the teachers of primary public level schools of five districts of Sindh province using purposive sampling technique while PLS-SEM has been employed for data analysis using SmartPLS v3.2.9. The results have shown that effectiveness of curriculum, teachers’ implicit beliefs, and role of principals have positive effect on students’ moral development while teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals have positive effect on role of teachers; whereas, teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals have positive effect on effectiveness of curriculum. The mediation analysis showed that effectiveness of curriculum has positive mediation between teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals towards students’ moral development. However, socioeconomic support has no significant moderating effect on the role of curriculum effectiveness, teachers’ and principals’ role towards students’ moral development. In this regards, it has been recommended that schools can best promote students' moral growth by assisting instructors in coping with the difficulties of their jobs and developing teachers' capacity for introspection and empathy. Students undoubtedly benefit from community service, being reminded of essential qualities, and developing good habits.
Class Inequalities: A Marxist Study of Uzma Aslam Khan’s The Story of Noble Rot
Authors: Ishfaq Faiza , Khan Layla , Haider Muhammad Wasim
Published: September 2022

This study aims to analyze the aspect of Class inequalities in Uzma Aslam Khan’s novel The Story of Noble Rot from Marxist perspectives. This study also highlights how the factors of Class inequalities become the cause of class conflict and give rise to the issue of false class consciousness. False class consciousness refers to the frame of mind that wards off a person from perceiving the maltreatment of their situation. According to Marxist theory, the society is divided into two different classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Labor is a commodity in a capitalist society, and it is taken as something bought and sold in the economic market. The bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat by using their labor power and such manipulation of the masses gives rise to class conflict. The proletariats are deceived into thinking that everything is fine and the alarming situations in which they live and work are inevitable. This self-deception is known as false class consciousness, which leads to a sense of alienation. The masses suffer from false class consciousness and fail to realize their common interest against their exploiters. Such Inequalities also bring to light the perspective of Marxist feminism, which highlights the exploitation of women by the bourgeoisie in a capitalist society.
Relationship Between Emotionally Stable College Principals and Performance of Their Teachers Through Discipline and Regularity in Classroom
Authors: Mahmood Muhammad , Asghar Dr. M. Aslam , Iqbal Dr. M. Javed , Ul Haq Dr. Muhammad Nisar
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study is to explain relationship between emotionally stable college principals and performance of their teachers in the context of teaching methodology in classroom. The nature of this research was descriptive where survey method was used to collect the data.  The statements of two questionnaires were designed based on close ended norms.  Each questionnaire consisted of six statements.  First questionnaire was standardized one obtained from the National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) and second one was prepared by researcher and validated by fifteen experts from different educational institutions. Participants of this research were 37 Principals and 878 teachers of class XII.  Stratified random sampling was used for teachers to collect the data. The conclusion of this research was 1) Principal neither feel like crying without any reason nor suffer from a sense of guilt without any reason. 2) Teachers either use writing board properly in class or prepare lesson plan before coming to class.
The Socio-Political Impacts of the Educational and Literary Services of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan & His Colleagues on Muslims of South Asia 1858-1898 (A Historical Analysis)
Authors: Akhtar Dr. Sohail , Qazi Dr. Rashida , Mushtaq Dr. Sabahat
Published: September 2022

After the decline of glorious Mughal Danasity Muslims of India had lost their dignity. the Muslims of Subcontinent. They had become slave The War of Independence 1857 proved havoc for in India. With new colonial Master, their country fellow Hindus had also become bitter enemy. After 1869 the condition of Muslims was very miserable as Sir William Hunter pointed out in his famous book “Our Indian Muslims". Sir Syed Ahmad khan was a great leader of the Muslim of sub-continent during 19th century. He tried to uplift the socio-economic condition of Muslims. He clearly said only education can change their status. He always worked for the Muslim's welfare through education. His educational and literary work was a tool for the socio-cultural uplift of Indian Muslims. With the foundation of schools and college he also worked for the literary development of the Muslims. He also wrote number of books not himself but his colleagues Hali, Shibli, Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk had written dozen books. The literary services of Sir Syed and his colleagues were splendid .This research paper highlights the educational and literary efforts of Sir Syed and his colleagues in trail the period of decline when the Indian Muslims were suffering from all type of difficulties.
Chinese Innovative Practices for Transparency in Judicial System
Authors: Mukhtar Hamid , Saqib Kashif Mahmood , Malik Zia-ud-Din
Published: September 2022

Transparency and openness are necessary things in order to develop a fair judicial system that can protect people’s rights and uphold rule of law in the society.  Over the past forty years, China has been undertaking massive reforms in judicial sector for turning it into an open, transparent and fair system. Various online mechanisms have been developed with the deployment of information technology into the judicial system, which have effectively turned the Chinese Judicial system into transparent one. Significant improvements have been made by Chinese People’s Courts for making convenience in the cases management system, development of a system of public hearings, disclosure of information related to parole and Commutation, and development of a public information system online containing documents related to cases i.e. hearing notices, orders, judgements and other necessary information. This research paper focuses on the innovative mechanisms developed by the Chinese Government and People’s Courts to showcase those steps as learning experiences for other jurisdiction.
Problems of English Teachers at Secondary Level in Azad Jammu & Kashmir
Authors: Karim Abdul , Hussain Mehtab , Naheed Khalida
Published: September 2022

The teaching of English language holds an important position in the educational curricula of the whole world. The educationists of all times have advocated the study of more than one language for multi purposes. In the past classical languages like Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit in the East, and Latin and Greek in the West were held in high esteem. The study of one or more of these languages was considered vital for the complete education of the young people. In current era, the study of only modern and living languages is considered important because of the mass communication at the national level for students in the middle and western middle schools; the modern language is the second language. (Abbott, 2012).
Weightage to Kashmir and Kashmir Issue in Curriculum: An Analysis of Syllabus Taught at School Level in Azad Jammu And Kashmir
Authors: Rifaqt Muhammad , Mahmood Khalid , Karim Muhammad
Published: September 2022

This study (content analysis) was conducted to analyze the curriculum taught at school level in the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) to know the weightage of contents on Kashmir and Kashmir issue in the curriculum/syllabus. The entire syllabus taught at elementary and secondary levels in AJ&K were reviewed by the researchers. Besides this, all those who have relevant experienced and also have master degree in Urdu, English, History, Pakistan Studies and Kashmiriat were population of the study. Only textbooks published by AJ&K Text Book Board of four subjects (Urdu, English, History and Pakistan Study) taught at elementary and secondary levels were reviewed. Nine (09) experts were selected as a sample of the study to seek their opinion. Self-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. It was found that Kashmir and Kashmir issue were not given due weightage in the curriculum of elementary and secondary levels of education. Majority of the experts suggested that curriculum may be revised and minimum three lessons may be included in primary level text books. Separate book about Kashmir and Kashmir issue may be introduced at middle and secondary levels.
Does Service Quality Dimensions Matter for Customer Satisfaction? Evidence from Higher Education Institutes
Authors: Noonari Hassan Bakhsh , Junejo Ikramuddin , Fatima Dr. Ghulam
Published: September 2022

Purpose of present to examines the role service quality dimensions for customer satisfaction of higher universities/Institutes of Sindh, Pakistan. Data gathered via adopted questionnaire from previous studies and convenience sampling strategy is applied. Total 200 customers were requested with help of HR officers at their respective universities/Institutes.  Findings revealed all service quality dimensions have shown significant and positive effect including Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy and Tangibility on customer satisfaction in context of higher education institutes Sindh, Pakistan. However, the empathy has higher beta value that determine the higher importance with respect to others variables. The Higher Education Institutes policy makers should consider these variables into future policies for better market shares of higher education institutes Sindh, Pakistan