bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upper limit on room-temperature diffusion of metal impurities interstitially dissolved in amorphous Si
Authors: Diop O. , Roorda S.
Published: August 2013

Impurity profiles of Cu and Ag in amorphous silicon were studied before and after one year storage at room temperature and found to be indistinguishable. Since just before storage, hydrogen had been ion implanted into the uniformly metal doped layer, a diffusivity in excess of 3 × 10−24 m2/s would have led to an observable change in the impurity profile. Therefore the room-temperature diffusivity must be less than that (3 × 10−24 m2/s), which in turn implies one of two possibilities: either the interstitial diffusivity is much lower than previously determined, or the metal impurities were not fully detrapped by the implanted hydrogen. A subsequent thermal anneal at 450 °C confirmed that the detrapping and diffusion of Ag and Cu in H-implanted amorphous Si conforms to its normal behaviour. The low value of the room-temperature diffusivity is important for the interpretation of forthcoming measurements on high-energy ion tracks in amorphous Si.
THE STRUCTURE OF PHASE SPACE CLOSE TO FIXED POINTS IN A 4D SYMPLECTIC MAP
Authors: ZACHILAS L. , KATSANIKAS M. , PATSIS P. A.
Published: August 2013

We study the dynamics in the neighborhood of fixed points in a 4D symplectic map by means of the color and rotation method. We compare the results with the corresponding cases encountered in galactic type potentials and we find that they are in good agreement. The fact that the 4D phase space close to fixed points is similar to the 4D representations of the surfaces of section close to periodic orbits, indicates an archetypical 4D pattern for each kind of (in)stability, not only in 3D autonomous Hamiltonian systems with galactic type potentials but for a larger class of dynamical systems. This pattern is successfully visualized with the method we use in the paper.
FROM MODIFICATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL BIFURCATION DIAGRAMS TO OPERATING PROCESS STABILITY MARGIN
Authors: KOLOKOLOV YURY , MONOVSKAYA ANNA
Published: August 2013

The approach to research the uncertainties and the regularities of nonlinear system behavior is developed in the paper. The peculiarity of the approach is connected with modifying the experimental bifurcation diagrams that allows to identify and to analyze certain aspects of the nonlinear dynamics evolution. The variety and the interrelation of the modified bifurcation diagrams are shown. Attention is focused on estimating the limits of the zone within which the nonlinear system behavior is characterized by the uncertainty and on making visible the particular tendencies of dynamics evolution within this zone. The results obtained on the experimental setup of PWM buck converter are used for illustrations. In particular, the uncertainty zone is assumed to be the unit of measurement to estimate the operating process stability margin. It is demonstrated that the properties corresponding to the practical experience appear as per this assumption.
RELATIVELY COHERENT SETS AS A HIERARCHICAL PARTITION METHOD
Authors: MA TIAN , BOLLT ERIK M.
Published: August 2013

Finite time coherent sets [Froyland et al., 2010] have recently been defined by a measure-based objective function describing the degree that sets hold together, along with a Frobenius–Perron transfer operator method to produce optimally coherent sets. Here, we present an extension to generalize the concept to hierarchically define relatively coherent sets based on adjusting the finite time coherent sets to use relative measures restricted to sets which are developed iteratively and hierarchically in a tree of partitions. Several examples help clarify the meaning and expectation of the techniques, as they are the nonautonomous double gyre, the standard map, an idealized stratospheric flow, and empirical data from the Mexico Gulf during the 2010 oil spill. Also for the sake of analysis of computational complexity, we include an Appendix concerning the computational complexity of developing the Ulam–Galerkin matrix estimates of the Frobenius–Perron operator centrally used here.
ON CONSTRUCTING COMPLEX GRID MULTIWING CHAOTIC SYSTEM BY SWITCHING CONTROL AND MIRROR SYMMETRY CONVERSION
Authors: ZHANG CHAOXIA , YU SIMIN , HE QIANHUA , RUAN JINXIN
Published: August 2013

This paper further investigates a novel method, namely the mirror and double-mirror symmetry conversion both in z direction and in y direction, for generating complex grid multiwing chaotic attractors from a three-dimensional quadratic chaotic system. First, by designing a switching controller with even-symmetry multisegment quadratic function to extend the number of saddle-focus equilibrium points with index 2 in x direction, multiwing chaotic attractors are obtained. Based on this approach, then, different from the methods proposed in the previous literature, by the mirror and double-mirror symmetry conversion with respect to x-axis and y-axis respectively, various intended grid n × m-wing chaotic systems can be obtained. The principle and method for generating grid multiwing are also given. Numerical simulations and circuit realizations have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
BIFURCATIONS OF LIMIT CYCLES FROM A QUINTIC HAMILTONIAN SYSTEM WITH A FIGURE DOUBLE-FISH
Authors: QI MINGHUI , ZHAO LIQIN
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we consider Liénard systems of the form [Formula: see text] where 0 < ∣∊∣ ≪ 1 and (α, β, γ) ∈ ℝ3. We prove that the least upper bound of the number of isolated zeros of the related Abelian integrals [Formula: see text] is 4 (counting the multiplicity) and this upper bound is a sharp one.
STRONG AND WEAK RESONANCES IN DELAYED DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: WANG WANYONG , XU JIAN , SUN XIUTING
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a general and systematic scheme is provided to research strong and weak resonances derived from delay-induced various double Hopf bifurcations in delayed differential systems. The method of multiple scales is extended to obtain a common complex amplitude equation when the double Hopf bifurcation with frequency ratio k1:k2occurs in the systems under consideration. By analyzing the complex amplitude equation, we give the conditions of the strong and weak resonances respectively in the analytical expressions. The weak resonances correspond to the codimension-two double Hopf bifurcations since the amplitudes and the phases may be decoupled, but the strong resonances to the codimension-three double Hopf bifurcations in the system. It is seen that the weak resonances happen in the system even for a lower-order ratio, i.e. k1+ k2≤ 4. As applications, two examples are displayed. Three cases of the delay-induced resonance with 1:2, 1:3, 1:5 and [Formula: see text] are discussed in detail and the corresponding normals are represented. Thus, the relative dynamical behaviors can be easily classified in the physical parameter space in terms of nonlinear dynamics. The results show the provided conditions may be used to determine that a resonance is strong or weak.
DYNAMICS OF DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC EVOLUTIONARY GAMES WITH MULTIPLE DELAYS
Authors: SÎRGHI NICOLETA , NEAMŢU MIHAELA
Published: August 2013

In the present paper, we study the effect of time delays in evolutionary games with one population of users and two strategies. The case where the delays, corresponding to different strategies, are not the same is considered. The local stability of the stationary state for the replicator dynamics is analyzed. We show that there is Hopf bifurcation. The stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions is determined by using the center manifold theorem and normal form theory. The stochastic evolutionary game with delay is taken into consideration. We also study the behavior of the first and second solution moments for linear stochastic differential delay equation in the presence of white and colored noise. The last part of the paper includes numerical simulations and conclusions.
A UNIFIED "SCALAR" DISCRETE-TIME MODEL FOR ENHANCING BIFURCATION PREDICTION IN DIGITALLY CONTROLLED H-BRIDGE GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER
Authors: LEI BO , XIAO GUOCHUN , WU XUANLV , ZHENG LIFU
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a unified "scalar" discrete-time model is proposed for enhanced bifurcation prediction in digitally controlled H-bridge grid-connected inverter system. The model is established by analytically expressing the elements of the matrix exponential involved in the exact discrete-time model. In high-order system, different from the discrete-time model using the state-transition matrix directly, obtaining the discrete-time model of the state-variable vector only, in this system, the discrete-time model of each state variable can be obtained directly and separately. In addition, the stability boundary of Hopf bifurcation, period-doubling bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation can be obtained by analytical expressions. The modeling method is validated by an LCL-filter system as an example using practical circuit parameters. The results of the analysis can simplify the modeling process and enhance the bifurcation prediction of the digitally controlled inverter system.
STRONG SENSITIVITY OF THE VIBRATIONAL RESONANCE INDUCED BY FRACTAL STRUCTURES
Authors: DAZA ALVAR , WAGEMAKERS ALEXANDRE , SANJUÁN MIGUEL A. F.
Published: August 2013

We consider a nonlinear system perturbed by two harmonic forcings of different frequencies. The slow forcing drives the system into an oscillatory regime while the fast perturbation enhances the effect of the slow periodic drive. The vibrational resonance occurs when this enhancement is optimal, usually when the fast perturbation has an amplitude much higher than the slow periodic forcing. We show that this resonance can also happen when the amplitude of the fast perturbation is far below the amplitude of the slow periodic forcing due to a peculiar condition of the phase space. Moreover, this resonance presents an extreme sensitivity to small variations of the fast perturbation. We explore here this phenomenon that we call ultrasensitive vibrational resonance.
ANALYSIS OF DIELECTRIC AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLYAMIDE ENAMEL FILLED WITH CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: SELVARAJ D. EDISON , SUGUMARAN C. PUGAZHENDHI , GANESAN LIEUTENANT J. , RAMATHILAGAM J.
Published: August 2013

In recent days, there was a significant development in the area of nanoparticles and nanoscale fillers on dielectric, thermal and mechanical properties of polymeric materials. The dielectric and thermal properties of standard polyamide and nanoscale-filled samples were detailed and analyzed. Carbon nanotubes were used as nanofillers. Carbon nanotubes were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The basic properties such as dielectric loss tangent (tan δ), dielectric constant (ε), dielectric strength, partial discharge inception voltage, surface resistivity, quality factor, phase angle, dielectric conductivity, dielectric power loss and thermal withstand strength of the polyamide enamel filled with carbon nanotubes were analyzed and compared with the properties of the standard enamel. The experimental results show that carbon nanotubes mixed with polyamide enamel had better thermal properties when compared to that of standard enamel.
MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING WITH MULTIPLE FORMATS OF ATTRIBUTE ASPIRATIONS: A METHOD BASED ON PROSPECT THEORY
Authors: FAN ZHI-PING , ZHANG XIAO , ZHAO YAN-RU , CHEN FA-DONG
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a method based on prospect theory is proposed to solve the multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problem with three formats of attribute aspirations. According to the idea of prospect theory, reference points concerning attributes are first determined. Then, for the three formats of attribute aspirations, the calculation formulae of alternatives' gains/losses concerning attributes are given. By calculating each alternative's gain/loss, a gain–loss matrix is constructed. Further, using the value function from prospect theory and the simple additive weighting method, the overall prospect value of each alternative is calculated. Based on the obtained overall prospect values, a ranking of alternatives can be determined. Finally, a case study is given to illustrate the use of the proposed method.
FROM ADAPTATION-GUIDED RETRIEVAL TO REUSE-GUIDED RETRIEVAL: APPLICATION TO CASE RETRIEVAL NET MEMORY MODEL
Authors: NOUAOURIA NABILA , BOUKADOUM MOUNIR
Published: August 2013

In Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), case retrieval is generally guided by similarity. However, the most similar case may not be the easiest one to reuse (hard to adapt). As recommended by Smyth and Keane, it might be more efficient to use an adaptability criterion to guide the retrieval process (adaptation-guided retrieval or AGR). In the same trend but with the goal of optimizing case reuse, our approach is to consider what is similar to copy and what is different to adapt during the retrieval stage. We introduce a more general framework for retrieval, namely the reuse-guided retrieval (RGR). The goal of this paper is twofold: first, it proposes a case retrieval approach that relies on reuse cost; then, it illustrates its use by integrating adaptation cost into the case retrieval net (CRN) memory model, a similarity-based case retrieval system. The described retrieval framework optimizes case reuse early in the inference cycle, without incurring the full cost of an adaptation step. Our results on two case studies reveal that the proposed approach yields better recall quality than CRN's similarity only-based retrieval while having similar computational complexity.
EXTENDED INDUCED ORDERED WEIGHTED AVERAGING DISTANCE OPERATORS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO GROUP DECISION-MAKING
Authors: ZENG SHOUZHEN , LI WEI , MERIGÓ JOSÉ M.
Published: August 2013

The induced ordered weighted averaging distance (IOWAD) approach is very suitable in situations in which the available information is represented with exact numerical values. In this paper, we develop some extended IOWAD operators: the linguistic induced ordered weighted averaging distance (LIOWAD) operator, the uncertain induced ordered weighted averaging distance (UIOWAD) operator and the fuzzy induced ordered weighted averaging distance (FIOWAD) operator. Their main objective is to assess uncertain situations in which the available information is given in the form of linguistic variables, interval numbers and fuzzy numbers. Some special cases of these three new extensions are studied. Finally, we develop an application of the new operators in a group decision-making problem under an uncertain environment and illustrate it with a numerical example.
"ON-AXIS" LINEAR FOCUSED SPOT SCANNING MICROSTEREOLITHOGRAPHY SYSTEM: OPTOMECHATRONIC DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: GANDHI PRASANNA , DESHMUKH SUHAS , RAMTEKKAR RAHUL , BHOLE KIRAN , BARAKI ALEM
Published: August 2013

Microstereolithography (MSL) is technology of fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) components by using layer-by-layer photopolymerization. Typical design goals of MSL system are: small features, high resolution, high speed of fabrication, and large overall size of component. This paper focuses on design and development of such a system to meet these optomechatronic requirements. We first analyze various optical scanning schemes used for MSL systems along with the proposed scheme via optical simulations and experiments. Next, selection criteria for various subsystems are laid down and appropriate design decisions for the proposed system are made. Further, mechanical design of the scanning mechanism is carried out to meet requirements of high speed and resolution. Finally, system integration and investigation in process parameters is carried out and fabrication of large microcomponent with high resolution is demonstrated. The proposed system would be useful for fabrication of multiple/large microcomponents with high production rate in various applications.
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL MONORAIL BRIDGES UNDER TRAIN LOAD DURING STRONG EARTHQUAKES
Authors: KIM C. W. , KAWATANI M. , KANBARA T. , NISHIMURA N.
Published: August 2013

This paper investigated dynamic responses of steel monorail bridges incorporating train-bridge interaction under strong earthquakes. Two types of steel monorail bridges were considered in the study: a conventional type with steel track-girder; an advanced type with composite track-girder and simplified lateral bracing system. During strong earthquakes, monorail train was assumed standing on the track-girder of monorail bridges. Observations through the analytical study showed that considering the monorail train as additional mass rather than a dynamic system in numerical modeling overestimated effect of the train load on seismic performance of monorail bridges. Earlier plastic deformations at the end bracing of the girder system absorbed seismic energy and reduced the stress at the pier base.
Colchicine attenuates renal injury in a model of hypertensive chronic kidney disease
Authors: Guan Tianxiu , Gao Bo , Chen Guang , Chen Xing , Janssen Melissa , Uttarwar Lalita , Ingram Alistair J. , Krepinsky Joan C.
Published: August 2013

Hypertension is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, particularly when associated with impaired renal autoregulation and thereby increased intraglomerular pressure (Pgc). Elevated Pgc can be modeled in vitro by exposing glomerular mesangial cells to mechanical strain. We previously showed that RhoA mediates strain-induced matrix production. Here, we show that RhoA activation is dependent on an intact microtubule network. Upregulation of the profibrotic cytokine connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) by mechanical strain is dependent on RhoA activation and inhibited by microtubule disruption. We tested the effects of the microtubule depolymerizing agent colchicine in 5/6 nephrectomized rats, a model of chronic kidney disease driven by elevated Pgc. Colchicine inhibited glomerular RhoA activation and attenuated both glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis without affecting systemic blood pressure. Upregulation of the matrix proteins collagen I and fibronectin, as well as CTGF, was attenuated by colchicine. Activity of the profibrotic cytokine TGF-β, as assessed by Smad3 phosphorylation, was also inhibited by colchicine. Microtubule disruption significantly decreased renal infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. Our studies thus indicate that colchicine modifies hypertensive renal fibrosis. Its protective effects are likely mediated by inhibition of RhoA signaling and renal infiltration of inflammatory cells. Already well-established in clinical practice for other indications, prevention of hypertension-associated renal fibrosis may represent a new potential use for colchicine.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α and TGF-β signaling interact to promote normoxic glomerular fibrogenesis
Authors: Hanna Christian , Hubchak Susan C. , Liang Xiaoyan , Rozen-Zvi Benaya , Schumacker Paul T. , Hayashida Tomoko , Schnaper H. William
Published: August 2013

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors consisting of an oxygen-sensitive α-subunit binding to a stable β-subunit. HIFs regulate multiple signaling pathways that could contribute to fibrogenesis, supporting their potential role in hypoxia-mediated renal fibrosis. We previously reported that HIF-1 is upregulated and required for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induction of collagen in renal tubular cells. Here, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies of potential glomerular crosstalk between TGF-β and normoxic HIF signaling. HIF-α has two major isoforms, HIF-1α and HIF-2α with different target gene sets. In cultured human mesangial cells, TGF-β1 treatment increased both HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression in normoxia. TGF-β1 did not increase HIF-1α/2α mRNA levels nor decrease the rate of protein degradation, suggesting that it enhances HIF-1α/2α expression through translation. TGF-β receptor (ALK5) kinase activity was required for increased, TGF-β-stimulated HIF-α expression in response to TGF-β, and inhibiting PI3-kinase markedly decreased HIF-α expression. Blocking HIF-1α/2α expression using siRNA decreased basal and TGF-β1-stimulated type I collagen expression, while overexpressing nondegradable HIF-α increased the collagen response, with HIF-2α being significantly more effective than HIF-1α. In adriamycin-induced mouse glomerulosclerosis, HIF-2α target genes were upregulated in sclerosing glomeruli. Taken together, our data demonstrate potential signaling interaction between TGF-β and HIFs to promote renal fibrogenesis in normoxia and suggest that the HIF-2α isoform is more important during glomerulosclerosis.
Dendritic mechanisms contribute to stimulus-specific adaptation in an insect neuron
Authors: Triblehorn Jeffrey D. , Schul Johannes
Published: August 2013

Reduced neuronal activation to repetitive stimulation is a common feature of information processing in nervous systems. Such stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) occurs in many systems, but the underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood. The Neoconocephalus (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) TN-1 auditory neuron exhibits an SSA-like process, characterized by reliably detecting deviant pulses after response cessation to common standard pulses. Therefore, TN-1 provides a model system to study the cellular mechanisms underlying SSA with an identified neuron. Here we test the hypothesis that dendritic mechanisms underlie TN-1 response cessation to fast-pulse rate repeated signals. Electrically stimulating TN-1 with either high-rate or continuous-current pulses resulted in a decreased ability in TN-1 to generate action potentials but failed to elicit cessation of spiking activity as observed with acoustic stimulation. BAPTA injection into TN-1 delayed the onset of response cessation to fast-pulse rate acoustic stimuli in TN-1 but did not eliminate it. These results indicate that calcium-mediated processes contribute to the fast cessation of spiking activity in TN-1 but are insufficient to cause spike cessation on its own. Replacing normal saline with low-Na+saline (replacing sodium chloride with either lithium chloride or choline chloride) eliminated response cessation, and TN-1 no longer responded selectively to the deviant pulses. Sodium-mediated potassium channels are the most likely candidates underlying sodium-mediated response suppression in TN-1, triggered by Na+influx in dendritic regions activated by acoustic stimuli. On the basis of these results, we present a model for a cellular mechanism for SSA in a single auditory neuron.
Altered PKA modulation in the Nav1.1 epilepsy variant I1656M
Authors: Liu Shuai , Zheng Ping
Published: August 2013

Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is an inherited epilepsy that can result from mutations in at least four ion channel subunits. The majority of the known GEFS+mutations have been identified in SCN1A, the gene encoding Nav1.1 α-subunit. Protein kinases as critical modulators of sodium channels have been closely related to the genesis of epilepsy. However, little is known about how protein kinases affect the GEFS+mutant sodium channel. To gain insight into the protein kinases effect on channel properties and neuronal excitability of SCN1A mutant channels, we investigated the human SCN1A GEFS+mutation I1656M by using whole cell patch-clamp technique and an established computational neuron model. The results showed that the PKA inhibition of sodium current amplitude significantly decreased in the I1656M mutant channels, but the PKC inhibition did not. The responses of the voltage-dependent activation and fast inactivation to PKA activator disappeared in the I1656M mutant channels, but the response of the voltage dependence of the slow inactivation did not. Computational model analysis suggested that changes of the I1656M mutant channel gating behaviors in response to PKA activation altered neuronal excitability. These results indicate that altered responses of the mutant channels to PKA signaling may impair the delicate balances between chemical and electrical harmony and lead to abnormal neuronal excitability.
The Predictive Value of Interim and Final [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography after Rituximab-Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhu Yuyuan , Lu Jianda , Wei Xin , Song Shaoli , Huang Gang
Published: August 2013

Background and Purpose. The aim of this study is to determine the prognostic value of interim and final FDG-PET in major histotypes of B-cell NHL patients treated with rituximab containing-chemotherapy.Methods. We searched for articles published in English, limited to lymphoma, rituximab, and FDG-PET, and dedicated to deal with the impact on progression and survival. The log hazard ratios (HR) and their variances were estimated.Results. A PubMed and Scopus review of published trials identified 13 studies of Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) which were set as the main outcome measures. The combined HRs of I-PET for PFS and OS in DLBCL were 4.4 (P=0.11) and 3.99 (P=0.46), respectively. The combined HRs of F-PET for PFS and OS in DLBCL were 5.91 (P=0.39) and 6.75 (P=0.92), respectively. Regarding to non-DLBCL with F-PET, the combined HRs of F-PET for PFS and OS were 4.05 (P=0.79) and 5.1 (P=0.51), respectively. No publication bias existed.Conclusion. In DLBCL, both I-PET and F-PET can be performed for survival and progression analysis. But in other B-cell subtypes such as follicular lymphoma (FL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), it would be necessary to perform F-PET for predictive purposes.
Electron Charge Density Distribution from X-Ray Diffraction Study of the 4-Methoxybenzenecarbothioamide Compound
Authors: Drissi Mokhtaria , Chouaih Abdelkader , Megrouss Youcef , Hamzaoui Fodil
Published: August 2013

The molecular electron charge density distribution of the title compound is described accurately using the multipolar model of Hansen and Coppens. The net atomic charge and the in-crystal molecular dipole moment have been determined in order to understand the nature of inter- and intramolecular charge transfer.
The study reveals the nature of intermolecular interactions including charge transfer and hydrogen bonds in the title compound. In this crystal, the molecules form dimers via N–HS intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The dimers are further linked by C–HO hydrogen bonds into chains along the c crystallographic axis. This study has also allowed us to determine the electrostatic potential and therefore locate the electropositive part and the electronegative part in molecular scale of the title compound.
An Overview of Multiple Sequence Alignments and Cloud Computing in Bioinformatics
Authors: Daugelaite Jurate , O' Driscoll Aisling , Sleator Roy D.
Published: August 2013

Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences is one of the most essential techniques in the fields of molecular biology, computational biology, and bioinformatics. Next-generation sequencing technologies are changing the biology landscape, flooding the databases with massive amounts of raw sequence data. MSA of ever-increasing sequence data sets is becoming a significant bottleneck. In order to realise the promise of MSA for large-scale sequence data sets, it is necessary for existing MSA algorithms to be run in a parallelised fashion with the sequence data distributed over a computing cluster or server farm. Combining MSA algorithms with cloud computing technologies is therefore likely to improve the speed, quality, and capability for MSA to handle large numbers of sequences.
In this review, multiple sequence alignments are discussed, with a specific focus on the ClustalW and Clustal Omega algorithms. Cloud computing technologies and concepts are outlined, and the next generation of cloud base MSA algorithms is introduced.
Oral, Esophageal and Cutaneous Lichen Ruber Planus Controlled with Alitretinoin: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kolios Antonios G.A. , Marques Maggio Ewerton , Gubler Christoph , Cozzio Antonio , Dummer Reinhard , French Lars E. , Navarini Alexander A.
Published: August 2013

Background: Therapy-resistant lichen planus (LP) can be a challenging condition for dermatologists. There are some case reports about successful treatments with alitretinoin of cutaneous and oral, but not of esophageal LP. Objective: We present the unique case of a patient with cutaneous, oral and esophageal LP which was refractory to classical treatment options (topical clobetasol propionate and pimecrolimus, intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide); because of systemic side effects the patient did not tolerate systemic acitretin dosed up to 25 mg daily. Methods: Oral alitretinoin was used at a dose of 30 mg daily. Results: Both oral and skin changes as well as dysphagia completely resolved within 4 weeks without any severe side effects and the drug was used for 6 months. No papules, intraoral striae or dysphagia recurred during the 6 months of treatment. After 4 months the patient relapsed with mucosal patches so that a second cycle was initiated for 6 months where oral LP lesions resolved after 4 weeks also (with sporadic mild headache). Conclusion: Further studies are needed to better understand the impact of alitretinoin in LP. Our observation suggests alitretinoin as a new, well-tolerated treatment option for esophageal LP after failed response to conventional treatments.
Corneal Confocal Microscopy Anomalies Associated with Cowden Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Sbordone Sandro , Savastano Alfonso , Savastano Maria Cristina , Romano Vito , Bifani Mario , Savastano Silvio
Published: August 2013

Purpose: To describe bilateral corneal alterations through confocal microscopy in a patient affected by Cowden syndrome (CS). Methods: Evaluation of Schirmer's, fluorescein, and lissamine green dye tests. Confocal microscopy was performed in both eyes to investigate corneal abnormalities. Results: Slit lamp observation showed the focal involvement of anterior stromal and epithelial layers. Schirmer's, fluorescein, and lissamine green dye test results were regular, while corneal confocal examination confirmed the disorganization of anterior stromal and epithelial layers in both eyes. Conclusion: CS is a rare autosomal-dominant systemic disorder. In our case, confocal analysis revealed predominance of alterations in the anterior stromal corneal layer, showing an increase of reflectivity, and a totally unstructured architecture in the epithelium layer. Even though the main purpose remains the prevention and the early diagnosis of different systemic tumors that could occur in affected patients, corneal confocal evaluation could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this rare disease.
Stent Thrombosis after Coronary Stent Implantation: A Protective Effect of High-Dose Statin Therapy?
Authors: Jeger Raban V. , Brunner-La Rocca Hans Peter , Bertel Osmund , Kiowski Wolfgang , Pfisterer Matthias E. , Kaiser Christoph A. ,   for the BASKET Investigators
Published: August 2013

Objectives: To assess independent predictors of stent thrombosis (ST) in an all-comer trial. Methods: This is an observational case-control study based on a retrospective analysis of the Basel Stent Kosten Effektivitäts Trial (BASKET) (n = 826). Patients with ST were compared to controls with regard to baseline parameters. Multivariate models were performed to identify independent predictors of ST. Results: At 36 months, there were 53 (6.4%) patients with ST, 17 (32%) of whom had early ST and 36 (68%) of whom had late/very late ST. Patients with ST were at a higher cardiovascular risk but received lower doses of statins than the controls (n = 212). Stents in ST patients were longer, had more overlap and were not as well expanded, with significantly more remaining stenoses than the stents in the controls. Multivariable analysis revealed interventions in saphenous vein grafts, malapposed stents, an overlap >3 mm, complex coronary anatomy and treatment with low-dose/no statins as risk factors for ST, while interventions in saphenous vein grafts, underexpanded or malapposed stents, a history of myocardial infarction and treatment with low-dose/no statins were risk factors for late ST. Conclusions: The use of statins might have a protective effect against ST. This observation is new, hypothesis-generating and should be evaluated in an adequately powered randomized trial.
Do High Levels of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cell Membranes Increase the Risk of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation?
Authors: Bjorgvinsdottir Lara , Arnar David O. , Indridason Olafur S. , Heidarsdottir Ragnhildur , Skogstrand Kristin , Torfason Bjarni , Hougaard David M. , Palsson Runolfur , Skuladottir Gudrun V.
Published: August 2013

Objectives: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) has been associated with an inflammatory response to the surgical procedure. n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) have been proposed for the prevention of POAF. We investigated the relationship between the plasma concentration of inflammatory mediators, levels of n-3 LC-PUFA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipids, and the risk of POAF after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: A total of 125 patients who underwent CABG were studied. Inflammatory mediators in plasma and the content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in RBC membranes were assessed. Results: Sixty-two patients (49.6%) developed POAF. The POAF group had higher RBC levels of total n-3 LC-PUFA and DHA than did patients remaining in sinus rhythm (p < 0.05). Of the inflammatory mediators, only postoperative interleukin-6 levels differed, being higher in the POAF group (p < 0.05). Inflammatory mediators were not independent predictors of POAF by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Higher levels of DHA and total n-3 LC-PUFA in RBC membranes, measured immediately prior to CABG and on postoperative day 3, were linearly associated with an increased risk of POAF (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that inflammatory mediators are not associated with the occurrence of POAF. Interestingly, high n-3 LC-PUFA levels in RBC membranes appear to increase the risk of POAF.
Intravitreal Functional Plasminogen Is Elevated in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Bertelmann Thomas , Mennel Stefan , Sekundo Walter , Strodthoff Stefan , Witteborn Michael C.P. , Stief Thomas , Nguyen Nauke , Koss Michael J.
Published: August 2013

Purpose: To detect intravitreal functional plasminogen in vitreous samples of patients with recent onset of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and to demonstrate significantly higher intravitreal plasminogen in CRVO patients in comparison to controls. Methods: Prospective clinical case series of 13 consecutive patients with recent onset of CRVO scheduled for core pars plana vitrectomy and 10 consecutive patients undergoing standard pars plana vitrectomy for routine macular surgery or vitreal floater removal. In all 23 cases, vitreous taps were extracted from the central vitreous body, and plasminogen was functionally determined in a new ultrasensitive p-nitroanilide reaction after activation with streptokinase (100% of normal, %N = functional plasminogen in pooled normal citrated plasma). Results: Plasminogen was detected in all analyzed samples (n = 23), and mean plasminogen was revealed to be 1.33 ± 1.73% (mean ± SD), with a range of 0.03-7.8%N. Patients with recent onset of CRVO exhibited significantly higher intravitreal plasminogen (2.19 ± 1.89%N) in comparison to controls (0.20 ± 0.21%N; p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusion: Due to significantly increased intravitreal plasminogen in patients with recent onset of CRVO, intravitreally administered tissue plasminogen activator might be an option to induce posterior vitreous detachment (enzymatic vitreolysis) in CRVO patients.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Donepezil in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Results from a 52-Week, Open-Label, Multicenter Extension Study
Authors: Ikeda Manabu , Mori Etsuro , Kosaka Kenji , Iseki Eizo , Hashimoto Mamoru , Matsukawa Noriyuki , Matsuo Kazutaka , Nakagawa Masaki ,   on behalf of the Donepezil-DLB Study Investigators
Published: August 2013

Background/Aims: To investigate the safety and efficacy of long-term administration (52 weeks) of donepezil in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Methods: This was a 52-week, multicenter, open-label extension study. Up to 8 weeks after the completion of the preceding randomized, placebo-controlled trial (RCT), patients started treatment with 3 mg of donepezil daily for 2 weeks, followed by 5 mg daily for the remaining 50 weeks. Cognitive function, behavioral and psychiatric symptoms, cognitive fluctuations, and caregiver burden were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Cognitive Fluctuation Inventory, and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview, respectively. Safety parameters were monitored throughout. Results: In total, 108 patients were enrolled in the study. Cognitive function and dementia-related behavioral symptoms, including cognitive fluctuations, were improved after the start of donepezil treatment, and improvement was maintained for 52 weeks. Reduction in caregiver burden observed in the preceding RCT returned to the baseline level at 52 weeks. There was no significant imbalance in the incidence of adverse events (AEs) by onset time, and delayed AE onset induced by the long-term administration of donepezil was unlikely to appear. Conclusion: The long-term administration of donepezil at 5 mg/day was well tolerated in patients with DLB and is expected to exhibit lasting effects, improving impaired cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms up to 52 weeks.
Identifying the Time to Change BCR-ABL Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Savona Michael R. , Saglio Giuseppe
Published: August 2013

Many patients newly diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase (CML-CP) respond to imatinib. Those experiencing imatinib resistance/intolerance require alternative treatments. Delayed responses increase the risk of transformation to advanced disease, mutation development and loss of response. In retrospective analyses, achieving faster, deeper responses correlated with improved long-term response and outcome. Changing therapy to obtain early responses may improve the depth and speed of response, ultimately improving the outcome. Although trials are ongoing, there are no prospective data indicating that changing from imatinib to later-generation inhibitors reverses the inferior prognosis and improves the outcome. We describe the rationale behind early therapy change in CML-CP.
Low-Volume Morning-Only Polyethylene Glycol with Specially Designed Test Meals versus Standard-Volume Split-Dose Polyethylene Glycol with Standard Diet for Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized Trial
Authors: Seo Eun Hee , Kim Tae Oh , Park Min Jae , Heo Nae Yun , Park Jongha , Yang Sung Yeon
Published: August 2013

Background/Aims: Split-dose polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a standard bowel preparation regimen for colonoscopy, but the large volume is burdensome to ingest and the night dose causes sleep disturbance. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a bowel preparation protocol using low-volume morning-only PEG with specially designed low-residue test meals (LV-PEG with TM) compared to a standard-volume split-dose PEG bowel preparation with a standard diet (SV-PEG with SD). Methods: This was a single-center, prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded, noninferiority study. The primary end point was bowel preparation quality according to the Ottawa scale. Tolerability, compliance, adverse events, sleep quality and polyp/adenoma detection were also assessed. Results: Among 197 patients analyzed (mean age 54.6 years, 51.3% men), 97 received LV-PEG with TM and 100 received SV-PEG with SD. The Ottawa score for the total colon was 3.76 ± 2.07 in the LV-PEG with TM group and 3.67 ± 1.57 in the SV-PEG with SD group (p = 0.723; difference 0.09, 95% confidence interval -0.60 to 0.42). The compliance was high (more than 95%) in both groups (p = 0.621). PEG was easier to ingest for patients in the LV-PEG with TM group compared to the SV-PEG with SD group [visual analogue scale (VAS) for difficulty: 4.64 ± 2.46 vs. 5.97 ± 2.42, respectively; p < 0.001]. Diet instructions were also easier to comply with for patients in the LV-PEG with TM group compared to the SV-PEG with SD group (VAS for difficulty: 3.11 ± 2.25 vs. 4.00 ± 2.39, respectively; p = 0.008). Patients in the LV-PEG with TM group had a lower incidence of abdominal bloating (p = 0.012) and better sleep quality (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the groups regarding polyp and adenoma detection. Conclusions: LV-PEG with TM and SV-PEG with SD have similar efficacy with regard to bowel preparation for colonoscopy. LV-PEG with TM provided easier PEG intake and diet compliance, less abdominal bloating and better sleep quality than SV-PEG with SD.
Sex-Specific Gonadal and Gene Expression Changes throughout Development in Fathead Minnow
Authors: Leet J.K. , Lesteberg K.E. , Schoenfuss H.L. , Olmstead A.W. , Amberg J.J. , Ankley G.T. , Sepúlveda M.S.
Published: August 2013

Although fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are commonly used as a model fish in endocrine disruption studies, past studies have not characterized sex-specific baseline expression of genes involved in sex differentiation during development in this species. Using a sex-linked DNA marker to verify gender, we evaluated the expression over time of genes involved in sex differentiation (dmrt1, cyp19a, cyp17, star, esr1, ar) in developing fathead minnows (10-45 days post hatch). Evaluation of these molecular markers in combination with gender identification help us to better understand the mechanisms regulating sex differentiation in fathead minnows and how endocrine-disrupting chemicals may alter these processes.
Cytokines as Key Players in the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia
Authors: Raghupathy Raj
Published: August 2013

Preeclampsia (PE) is an important, common, and dangerous complication of pregnancy; it causes maternal and perinatal illness and is responsible for a high proportion of maternal and infant deaths. PE is associated with increased blood pressure and proteinuria, with a whole host of other potentially serious complications in the mother and fetus. The maternal syndrome in PE is primarily that of generalized dysfunction of the maternal endothelium, and this generalized endothelial dysfunction appears to be part of an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response that involves maternal leukocytes and proinflammatory cytokines. This review examines evidence that points to a significant role for the maternal immune system; inadequate trophoblast invasion of spiral arteries initiates ischemia and hypoxia in the placenta, resulting in an increased release of proinflammatory cytokines in the placenta. Placental ischemia and hypoxia also cause the enhanced release of trophoblast microparticles into the maternal circulation which stimulates increased induction of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of maternal endothelial cells. This activation results in a systemic, diffuse endothelial cell dysfunction which is the fundamental pathophysiological feature of this syndrome. Recent evidence also supports important roles for proinflammatory cytokines in hypertension, proteinuria, and edema which are characteristic features of PE.
Rare and Unusual Choroidal Abnormalities in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Makino Shinji , Tampo Hironobu
Published: August 2013

Purpose: To report a case of rare and unusual choroidal abnormalities in a 42-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Images were obtained using fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, near-infrared reflectance (NIR) imaging, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results: The patient had a history of SLE and central retinal artery occlusion in her right eye. Fundus examination showed no specific retinochoroidal abnormalities, with the exception of optic disc atrophy in her right eye and a peripapillary small hemorrhage in her left eye. However, NIR revealed multiple bright patchy lesions in the choroid of the posterior pole and the mid-periphery of the fundus in both eyes. OCT demonstrated irregular hyperreflectivity at the lesion sites. Conclusions: The observed choroidal abnormalities are highly specific findings and therefore indicative of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Since the coexistence of SLE and NF1 is extremely rare, this case provided the chance to examine the relationship between SLE and NF1.
Cardiotoxicity and Cancer Therapy: Treatment-Related Cardiac Morbidity in Patients Presenting with Symptoms Suggestive of Heart or Lung Disease
Authors: Wieshammer Siegfried , Dreyhaupt Jens , Müller Dirk , Momm Felix , Jakob Andreas , Freund Ulrich
Published: August 2013

Objectives: Cardiac injury is one of the complications of cancer treatment. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between the types of radiotherapy of the chest (RT), chemotherapy (CT), cancer surgery (CS) and endocrine therapy (ET), and the presence of heart disease, and their associations with the serum level of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Methods: A consecutive series of 374 patients with cancer who were referred because of symptoms suggestive of heart or lung disease prospectively underwent a diagnostic workup. Results: The prevalence of heart disease was 36.9%. RT administered before 1995 (n = 19) was associated with both increased odds of heart disease [adjusted odds ratio 10.3, 95% confidence interval 3.1-34.0] and higher ln-transformed NT-proBNP values (p < 0.01) compared to the control group (no RT or RT for right-sided breast cancer from 1995 onwards; n = 311). Anthracycline-treated patients (n = 54) had higher adjusted values for ln(NT-proBNP) compared to the control group (no CT; n = 243; p < 0.01) but no increased odds of heart disease. Conclusions: While pre-1995 RT and anthracycline-containing CT were associated with cardiac effects, there was no evidence that RT using modern cardioprotective techniques, CT in the absence of anthracyclines, CS or ET had detrimental effects on the heart.
Reversible Isolated Accessory Nerve Palsy due to a Large Thrombosed Vertebral Aneurysm
Authors: Saito Hisayasu , Kuroda Satoshi , Terasaka Shunsuke , Asano Takeshi , Nakayama Naoki , Houkin Kiyohiro
Published: August 2013

Objective: Isolated accessory nerve palsy due to intracranial disorders is uncommon because intracranial accessory nerve injury usually occurs in case of a skull base tumor or trauma, resulting in one of multiple cranial nerve palsies. We report a very rare case of isolated accessory nerve palsy due to a large thrombosed aneurysm of the intracranial vertebral artery. Full recovery was achieved after surgery. Case Report: A patient complaining of transient numbness in the right side was referred to our hospital. An MRI indicated a large thrombosed aneurysm of the right vertebral artery. The aneurysm severely compressed the medulla oblongata. First, the proximal vertebral artery (VA) was clipped with an aneurysm clip to reduce the pressure inside the aneurysm. However, cerebral angiography revealed a partial recanalization of the right VA. The patient then underwent coil embolization of the right VA just proximal to the aneurysm clip. Subsequently, the right VA was completely obliterated. The patient was discharged without any neurological deficit. Two weeks later, however, she complained of right shoulder pain. Physical and neurological examinations demonstrated atrophy of the right trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle, leading to a deepening of the right supraclavicular fossa. The symptoms were considered to result from the right isolated accessory nerve palsy. Follow-up MRI showed that the VA aneurysm gradually decreased in size over a period of several months. At the same time, her symptoms disappeared completely. Conclusion: We should keep in mind that isolated accessory nerve palsy can be caused by a large or giant vertebral aneurysm.