bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca del Capcir (Catalunya Nord), pel país de Querigut (pais de Foix, Arieja) i pel pais d´Axat i de Quillan (Aude): des de la Bollosa i a la Fontrabiosa, Atsat / Axat
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: July 2015

Recorregut realitzat el 6 de juliol del 2014. El recorregut del present itinerari, es desenvoluparà íntegrament pel Sistema Pirinenc; distribuint-se per diferents sectors del mateix. Així, s´iniciarà a la denominada Zona Axial del Sistema Pirinenc. Després, es circularà per la Depressió de la Cerdanya – Capcir. I posteriorment, fins a la fi del recorregut, per la Zona Nord – Pirinenca. Així  el recorregut de l’itinerari a la Zona Axial Pirinenca, a l´Estany de la Bollosa, per on es farà un recorregut entorn del mateix. Així, es veuran afloraments dels materials paleozoics per tot arreu. Seguidament, el recorregut s´adreçarà cap a les poblacions de: la Llaguna (la Llagonne), Matamala (Matemale), Formiguera /Formigueres) i Fontrabiosa (Fontrabiouse). Bona part d´aquest recorregut es farà per la Depressió del Capcir. En aquest tram, s´hauran vist afloraments dels materials neògens. Després, anar cap a la Cova de Fontrabiosa, el recorregut continuarà cap a Puivalador (Puyvalador), cap a Atsat (Axat) i Quilhan (Quillan). En aquesta part del recorregut, s´haurà deixat enrere la Depressió del Capcir, per a entrar a la Zona Nord – Pirinenca. Inicialment, s´hauran trobat afloraments dels materials paleozoics; tot i que cap a les parts finals del recorregut, anirem tallant afloraments dels materials mesozoics. Per d´altra banda, en aquesta darrera part del recorregut, haurem passat del Capcir al País de Querigut (del Departament de l´Arieja); i finalment al Paix d´Axat (del departament de l´Aude), per on clourà el recorregut d´aquest itinerari.
BioTimeâ€™s bid to end age-related disease: A look at CEO Michael Westâ€™s Vision
Authors: Clift Ian C.
Published: July 2015

The regenerative medicine space is one that is set to explode with considerable innovation and profitability for shrewd biotechnologists. I had the opportunity to speak with Michael West, PhD., CEO of BioTime (BTX) and found a man passionate about regenerative medicine and of course passionate about his role in its future. In this conversation I learned of West's vision, which I think provides some powerful clues as to areas of future growth in the biotech sector. He points to three scientific advances that make this vision actualizable. First, sequencing technology that allows us to perform RNA sequencing for around 300 dollars or less, second the common and reversible molecular basis for age-related diseases, and finally industrial scaling of pure cell lines like the ones manufactured by BTX. Let's look at the three enabling technologies that West touched on and examine how they are being utilized to achieve West's vision within BTX and others involved in the anti-aging revolution.
Cannabis-Derived Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Mintz Clifford S , Nison Evan , Fabrizio AJ
Published: July 2015

Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, weed or pot, is a natural product derived from the Cannabis sativa plant. It has been used medicinally for thousands of years. Recent legislation allowing the use of medical marijuana in over 23 US states has spurred interest in developing pharmaceutical-derived Cannabis products to treat a variety of clinical indications ranging from pain relief to epilepsy.Â  Many products are in late stage clinical development in the US and elsewhere.Â  This article reviews the medicinal properties of Cannabis and describes pharmaceutical-derived Cannabis products that are currently being developed for theUS market.Â
How Students' Everyday Situations Modify Classroom Mathematical Activity: The Case of Water Consumption
Authors: Tomaz Vanessa Sena , David Maria Manuela
Published: July 2015

Our aim is to discuss how school mathematical activity is modified when students' everyday situations are brought into the classroom. One illustrative sequence—7th grade classes solving problems that required proportional reasoning—is characterized as a system of interconnected activities within the theoretical perspective of activity theory. We discuss the tensions and contradictions that evolve when a generic school procedure emphasized by the teacher meets the specific procedures applicable to everyday situations proposed by the students. We evaluate the modifications that we perceived in the power relationships and other components of the school activity and the expansion of the meaning of those procedures as positive outcomes of how everyday situations were dealt with in school mathematics.
New distributional records of Arthromeris elegans Ching in India and Bhutan and lectotypification of A. himalayensis (Hook.) Ching (Polypodiaceae)
Authors: Mazumdar Jaideep
Published: July 2015

Arthromeris elegans Ching (Polypodiaceae), a Sino-Himalayan species, is reported for the first time from India and Bhutan. A lectotype is designated for A. himalayensis.
On the taxonomic identity of Phanera jampuiensis Darlong & D.Bhattach.
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subir
Published: July 2015

Phanera jampuiensis Darlong & D.Bhattach. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Cercideae) has been treated here as a new synonym of Phanera glabrifolia Benth. var. glabrifolia. The collection from Tripura forms the first collection of P. glabrifolia var. glabrifolia from the wild after more than 160 years after the species was described from Hortus Botanicus Calcuttensis.
Risk Factors and Managements of Bile Leakage After Hepatectomy
Authors: Sakamoto Kazuhiko , Tamesa Takao , Yukio Tokumitu , Tokuhisa Yoshihiro , Maeda Yoshinari , Oka Masaaki
Published: July 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively determine the risk factors and evaluate the management of bile leakage.

Methods

Three hundred and thirty‐four patients who underwent hepatectomy for Child classification grade A liver disease, without biliary reconstruction and laparoscopic procedures, between 2003 and 2013 were included. Risk factors were identified using multivariate analysis.

Results

Bile leakage was observed in 30 (9.0 %) patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that type of hepatectomy (segmentectomy 1, medial sectionectomy, anterior sectionectomy, or central bisectionectomy) and operating time was independent risk factors for bile leakage. Among 30 patients with confirmed bile leakage, central type leakage that was in communication with the biliary tree occurred in 23 (76.7 %) patients and peripheral type, which was not in communication with the biliary tree, in 7 (23.3 %) patients. Ten patients were treated with only drainage. Endoscopic or percutaneous transhepatic procedures were performed in 15 cases with central type leakage. Ablation treatment using ethanol or minocycline was mainly performed for peripheral type leakage. Four cases with central type leakage had strictures of the right hepatic duct. Two of them were treated with ablation treatment, portal vein embolization, or fistulojejunostomy. Median duration from diagnosis to end of therapy was 77 days (11–323) in central type and 44 days (6–123) in peripheral type leakage, respectively.

Conclusions

Complex hepatectomy and operating time are independent risk factors for postoperative bile leakage. Biliary exploration should be performed as soon as possible after diagnosis, because most bile leakage is the central type. Central type of bile leakage is sometimes refractory to therapy, needing various treatments and requiring a long time for recovery.
Resprouting after coppicing is negatively influenced by browsing in Terminalia sericea
Authors: Moyo H. , Scholes M. C. , Twine W.
Published: July 2015

Ungulate herbivory, interacting with human activities such as tree cutting, can change vegetation structure by reducing tree growth or even increasing tree mortality. There is limited information about how browsing that occurs subsequent to coppicing affects regrowth of resprouting trees, with available data focusing on mature trees and seedlings. To address this knowledge gap, we studied the effect of browsing on the coppice response of resprouting Terminalia sericea trees in a semi‐arid savanna in South Africa. The coppice response of browsed trees was compared with that of unbrowsed trees for 12 months after excluding all browsing from study trees. Shoot production was initially higher for browsed coppiced trees, but this effect diminished with time. Resprout shoot diameter and shoot length remained higher throughout the study for unbrowsed coppiced trees. Leaf stomatal conductance and leaf expansion were initially higher for browsed coppiced trees, with no significant differences observed as the wet season progressed. Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus levels were higher in browsed coppiced trees. These tree responses suggest that exposing resprouting trees to browsing initially induces a quick response in terms of shoot production, in order to recover lost biomass, but this growth declines as the growing season progresses.
The Current Evidence Base and Future Needs in Improving Children’s Well-Being Across Europe: is There a Case for a Comparative Longitudinal Survey?
Authors: Goswami Haridhan , Fox Christopher , Pollock Gary
Published: July 2015

There has been a growing interest among academics, policy makers and practitioners in the subjective well-being of children and young people (CYP). The recognition of CYP’s rights to having a good childhood and good future life chances, coupled with the injunction from the New Sociology of Childhood to consult with CYP as active agents have also resulted in an increasing interest in the use of well-being as a key concept in policy programmes in many countries. In recent years, child well-being has become a priority for the European political agenda. However, the main challenge for the European Union (EU) is to develop the best policies and approaches to effectively improve the well-being of children and young people using the most robust and suitable sources of data. This article identifies research gaps on children and young people’s subjective well-being and discusses the policy relevance of longitudinal survey in the context of the EU strategy for CYP. It is argued that a longitudinal survey would fulfil research gaps and provide invaluable data for the European Union and its member states for monitoring and evaluation of existing policies on children and young people’s well-being and developing future polices supported by robust data.
Significance of the detection of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clones in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Chatziantoniou Vasileios , Alexia Stavroula , Konstantopoulos Kostas , Repousis Panagiotis Repousis , Megalakaki Aikaterini , Kotsopoulou Maria , Kylidou Pavlina , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros , Angelopoulou Maria K
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND:

There are reports about the presence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones in multiple myeloma (MM), but these have been demonstrated only in red blood cells (RBCs) and the previous reports utilized an obsolete diagnostic method. We carried out a study to identify the clones by flow cytometry (FC) and to understand their clinical significance.

METHODS:

A prospective study on consecutive patients with newly diagnosed MM who were candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) from 2008 to 2012. We screened peripheral blood samples by FC for CD55- and/or CD59-deficient RBC, neutrophils, and monocytes. PNH testing was carried out at diagnosis, before ASCT and 3 months after ASCT, as well as sporadically during MM remission and at disease relapse.

RESULTS:

A total of 31 patients were included in the study. PNH clones reaching a median size of 10.8% (range 4.0-18.7%) were found in 10 patients (32.3%). Clones were detected at diagnosis in nine patients and 3 months after ASCT in one patient. A correlation between the presence of the clones and subclinical hemolysis was observed. Nevertheless, the presence of the clones did not influence the overall management and prognosis of the patients.

CONCLUSION:

We confirmed findings of previous reports with current diagnostic guidelines and showed that although the size of the clones may be relatively large, their presence is probably not detrimental. The clinical significance of these clones and the possible mechanisms underlying their expansion in MM must be a subject of further investigation.
E-quality control: A support vector machines approach
Authors: Tseng Tzu-Liang (Bill) , Aleti Kalyan Reddy , Hu Zhonghua , Kwon Yongjin (James)
Published: July 2015

The automated part quality inspection poses many challenges to the engineers, especially when the part features to be inspected become complicated. A large quantity of part inspection at a faster rate should be relied upon computerized, automated inspection methods, which requires advanced quality control approaches. In this context, this work uses innovative methods in remote part tracking and quality control with the aid of the modern equipment and application of support vector machine (SVM) learning approach to predict the outcome of the quality control process. The classifier equations are built on the data obtained from the experiments and analyzed with different kernel functions. From the analysis, detailed outcome is presented for six different cases. The results indicate the robustness of support vector classification for the experimental data with two output classes.

Highlights This work uses innovative methods in e-quality with the application of SVM. Many potential benefits of e-quality control have been presented and instantiated. The classifier equations are built on the data obtained from the experiments. A detailed analysis is presented for six different case studies. The results indicate the robustness of proposed SVM classification.
Cross-Sectional Study of the Impact of a Natural Disaster on the Delivery of Gynecologic Oncology Care
Authors: David-West Gizelka , Musa Fernanda , Frey Melissa K. , Boyd Leslie , Pothuri Bhavana , Curtin John P. , Blank Stephanie V.
Published: July 2015

Objective

We aimed to compare access to gynecologic oncology care at a private and a city hospital, both of which closed for a period of time because of Hurricane Sandy.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study of gynecologic oncology chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical patients from October 29, 2012 (the eve of the storm), to February 7, 2013 (the reopening of the city hospital). New referrals during this time were excluded. Delays in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery were compared.

Results

Analysis included 113 patients: 59 private patients (52.2%) and 54 city patients (47.8%). Of the private patients, 33/59 received chemotherapy (55.9%), 1/59 received radiotherapy (1.7%), and 28/59 had planned surgery (47.5%). Of the city patients, 40/54 received chemotherapy (74.1%), 7/54 received radiotherapy (12.3%), and 18/54 had planned surgery (33.3%). The mean delay in chemotherapy was 7.6 days at the private hospital and 21.7 days at the city hospital (P=0.0004). The mean delay in scheduled surgery was 14.2 days at the private hospital and 22.7 days at the city hospital (P=0.3979). The mean delay in radiotherapy was 0.0 days at the private hospital and 25.0 days at the city hospital (P=0.0046). Loss to follow-up rates were 3/59 of the private patients (5.1%) and 3/54 of the city patients (5.6%).

Conclusions

Gynecologic oncology care was maintained during a natural disaster despite temporary closure and relocation of services. Disparity in care was in access to chemotherapy. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:605–608)
Estimating Uncertainty in Party Policy Positions Using the Confrontational Approach
Authors: Louwerse Tom , Pellikaan Huib
Published: July 2015

This research note extends the confrontational approach to estimating party policy positions by providing a way to estimate uncertainty associated with the measurements. The confrontational approach is a flexible method of determining party policy positions, which is ideally suited to measure parties’ positions on issues that are specific to a country or period in time. We introduce a method of estimating the uncertainty of confrontational estimates by restating the approach as a special case of an item response theory, opening up the possibility of using the confrontational approach not only as a descriptive tool but also as a means of testing hypotheses on party policy preferences. We illustrate our model using analysis of the 2010 Dutch parliamentary election and the 2009 European elections.
MODERNIZING LOVE: GENDER, ROMANTIC PASSION AND YOUTH LITERARY CULTURE IN COLONIAL NIGERIA
Authors: Aderinto Saheed
Published: July 2015

This article concerns literary culture and the representation of romantic love in colonial Nigeria's print media. It examines how Nigerians, during the first half of the twentieth century, began redefining love, as both a biocultural and a historical construction, through what I call the modernization of African romantic passion. Through letters to editors and articles, print media showed that love, like education, politics and other institutions of colonial power, could be modernized to reflect Nigerians' quest to embrace ‘civilization’ and Western modernity. Modern romantic love did not just replace the precolonial or ‘traditional’ norms; rather, selective appropriation of precolonial gender and romantic norms created a hybrid that was neither African nor totally Western. While much has been written on African textual and print culture, gender, marriage and sexuality under colonial rule, the subject of romantic passion has received limited attention. Those few published works on the subject overlook it as a significant element of modernization that was championed by Africans who sought new avenues to express their emotion for the consumption of the reading public. This article attempts to retrieve the literary culture of colonial Nigerian youth by weaving textual analyses of representations of love into the wider socio-cultural transformation under alien rule.
MUKOMBOZI AND THE MONGANGA: THE VIOLENCE OF HEALING IN THE 1944 KITAWALIST UPRISING
Authors: Eggers Nicole
Published: July 2015

This article investigates the fraught relationship between violence and healing in Central African history. Looking at the case study of one of the largest uprisings in the colonial history of Congo – the Lobutu–Masisi Kitawalist uprising of 1944 – the article asks how the theories of power that animated the uprising might help better illuminate the nature and role of violence not only in the uprising itself but in the broader history of the region. Drawing attention to the centrality of discourses that relate to the moral and immoral use of disembodied spiritual power (puissance/nguvu/force) in the uprising, the article evokes critical questions about the deeper history of such discourses and the imaginaries and choreographies of violence that accompanied them. Thinking about violence in this way not only breaks down imagined lines between productive and destructive/legitimate and illegitimate violence by highlighting that such distinctions are always contentious and negotiated, but also demonstrates that the theories of power animating such negotiations must be understood not as tangential to the larger anti-colonial political struggle of Bushiri and his followers, but as central to that struggle. Moreover, it paves the way towards thinking about how these same theories of power might animate negotiations of legitimacy in more recent violent contexts in Eastern Congo.
‘SIYAYINYOVA!’: PATTERNS OF VIOLENCE IN THE AFRICAN TOWNSHIPS OF THE VAAL TRIANGLE, SOUTH AFRICA, 1980–86
Authors: Rueedi Franziska
Published: July 2015

Between 1984 and 1986, South Africa was engulfed in widespread uprisings in the townships across the country. State repression, aimed at curbing popular protests, had the detrimental effect of radicalizing sections of black youth who were at the forefront of the struggle against the apartheid regime. While the insurrectionary period was marked by non-violent repertoires of protest including boycotts, strikes and protest marches, violent strategies gained momentum as well. One area that saw the proliferation of popular protest was the Vaal Triangle, a highly industrialized complex south of Johannesburg. It was in this area where protests against an illegitimate and defunct local government, poor service delivery and rent increases turned into a popular uprising in September 1984. This uprising not only signified the redrawing of boundaries of community but also a shift towards more militant and violent strategies among sections of politicized youth. Based on life history interviews and archival research, this article argues that political violence aimed to forge a new political and social order. Strategies of violence emerged out of the intersection between localized conflicts and broader ideologies and strategies of the African National Congress, including its call for ‘ungovernability’ in 1984 and its promotion of a People's War in 1985.
‘HUNTERS-WITH-SHEEP’: THE |XAM BUSHMEN OF SOUTH AFRICA BETWEEN PASTORALISM AND FORAGING
Authors: McGranaghan Mark
Published: July 2015

The ability of hunting and gathering populations to adopt herding forms of subsistence constitutes the crux of a long-standing debate in southern African archaeological and anthropological scholarship concerning the spread of livestock to the subcontinent. This article takes as a detailed case study the subsistence strategies of the nineteenth-century ǀXam Bushmen of the Northern Cape (South Africa), extracted from a transcription of the entirety of the Bleek–Lloyd Archive. It focuses on ǀXam characterization of and relationships with the various domesticated species that shared their Karoo landscape, and asks whether these relationships differ markedly from their conceptions of non-domesticated animals. Turning to the wider context of hunter-gatherer engagements with domesticates, the article concludes by proposing that, for the ǀXam, domesticated fauna were part of a spectrum of differentiated resources, and did not entail an interaction with a wholly alien suite of new demands.
THE POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS OF THE ENGLISH FOREIGN ACT OF STATE AND NON-JUSTICIABILITY DOCTRINE(S)
Authors: Nicholson Matthew
Published: July 2015

This article reviews the history and politics of the English foreign act of State and non-justiciability doctrines in light of recent judgments in Belhaj and Rahmatullah. It argues that the doctrines have a political unconscious—a term borrowed from literary theorist Fredric Jameson—and that an appreciation of this should inform the Supreme Court's approach to the forthcoming appeals.
The Place of the “Minimum Core Approach” in the Realisation of the Entrenched Socio-Economic Rights in the 2010 Kenyan Constitution
Authors: Orago Nicholas Wasonga
Published: July 2015

The high levels of poverty, inequality and socio-economic marginalisation that bedevilled Kenya for generations led to a struggle for a new constitutional dispensation, which culminated in the promulgation of a new, egalitarian and transformative constitution in August 2010. This constitution entrenched justiciable socio-economic rights within an elaborate Bill of Rights. Though an important step in the process of the egalitarian transformation of the country, the challenge remains to transform these precepts into practice with their scrupulous implementation through legislative, policy and programmatic frameworks, as well as judicial decision-making. This article argues that, in order to achieve the intended egalitarian transformation, Kenya must adopt a strong interpretive approach, with sufficient foundational standards for the translation of these rights into tangible realities for Kenyans. Kenya must therefore explicitly adopt a minimum core approach for the realisation of these rights to transform them into practical realities for the poor, vulnerable and marginalised Kenyans.
Distribution and status of Nubian ibex in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Habibi Khushal , Grainger John
Published: July 2015

Despite increased hunting pressure accompanied by habitat degradation, the current distribution of Nubian ibex Capra ibex nubiana in Saudi Arabia closely resembles that of historical record and spans a wide diversity of habitat types. Efforts are under way to conserve the species and two special ibex reserves have been created.
A new population of de Brazza's monkey in Kenya
Authors: Muriuki J. W. , Tsingalia M. H.
Published: July 2015

Until recently, de Brazza's monkey Cercopithecus neglectus was not known to occur in the Kakamega and Kisere forests of western Kenya. Today, four groups of successfully breeding de Brazza's monkeys have been identified with a possibility of more. Although this may make the future of this species in Kenya slightly less bleak, efforts to conserve these forests are desperately needed. Through the efforts of Kenya's President, about 4000 ha of these forests have been designated a national reserve, but this area is far too small to support the rare de Brazza's monkeys as well as many other threatened species of flora and fauna. The forests cover about 25,000 ha and more of this land should be set aside as a reserve.
The trade in freshwater turtles from Bangladesh
Authors: Das Indraneil
Published: July 2015

There are at least 25 species of turtles and tortoises in Bangladesh, with freshwater turtles being particularly abundant. Although these turtles form part of the diet for only a minority of people in the country, they are being exported in increasingly large numbers and this trade could now be threatening this valuable resource.
How to develop a community sanctuary – an experimental approach to the conservation of private lands
Authors: Horwich Robert H.
Published: July 2015

Ashuman pressure on tropical forests grows, conservation needs new approaches. An experiment in conserving tropical rain forests on private lands on the Belize River is under way in Belize. Over 70 landowners have signed pledges to abide by a management plan devised for the conservation of the black howler monkeyAlouatta pigra.The author discusses what was involved in creating the Community Baboon Sanctuary and how this approach could be used in similar projects to benefit both wildlife and local people.
Post-illness-onset risk of offending across the full spectrum of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Stevens H. , Laursen T. M. , Mortensen P. B. , Agerbo E. , Dean K.
Published: July 2015

Background

The link between psychotic disorders and violent offending is well established; knowledge about risk of post-illness-onset offending across the full spectrum of psychiatric disorders is lacking. We aimed to compare rates of any offending and violent offending committed after the onset of illness, according to diagnostic group, with population controls.

Method

A 25% random sample of the Danish population (n = 521 340) was followed from their 15th birthday until offending occurred. Mental health status was considered as a time-varying exposure in a Poisson regression model used to examine the duration from service contact to the offence.

Results

Males with any psychiatric contact had an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.80–3.02] for any offending; 4.18 (95% CI 3.99–4.38) for violent offending. Associations were stronger for women (IRR 4.17, 95% CI 3.95–4.40 for any offending; 8.02, 95% CI 7.20–8.94 for violent offending). Risk was similar across diagnostic groups for any offending in males, while variation between diagnostic groups was seen for male violent and female offending, both any and violent.

Conclusions

Risk of offending, particularly violent offending, was elevated across a range of mental disorders following first contact with mental health services. The extent of variation in strength of effect across diagnoses differed by gender.
On the history and politics of the social turn
Authors: WEBER MARTIN
Published: July 2015

The emergence of social theory is closely linked to the transformations inaugurated by the rise of a distinctly capitalist modernity from the second half of the eighteenth century onwards. In this article, I reconstruct the outlines of two strands of social theorising that emerged in response to the radical challenges posed by ‘the great transformation’ on the one hand, and the French Revolution on the other. I juxtapose two responses to the transnational constellations these events signify, one heralded by Auguste Comte, and the other,inter alia, by Karl Marx. While the Comtean frame obliterates meaningful registers of thinking about political transformation, I argue that conflict-theoretic tradition indebted to G. W. F. Hegel and Marx is much more amenable to analytical and practical concerns with responding politically to the challenges posed by ‘the rise of the social’. In the final part, this is discussed with reference to the ‘social turn’ in IR theory.
A repetitive 800 kA linear transformer drivers stage for Z-pinch driven fusion-fission hybrid reactor
Authors: Liang Chuan , Zhou Lin , Sun Fengju , Zeng Jiangtao , Li Mingjia , Wang Zhen , Li Zhenghong , Peng Xianjue
Published: July 2015

This paper presents the design and tests of a repetitive 800 kA fast linear transformer driver (LTD) stage aimed for the Z-pinch driven fusion-fission hybrid reactor (Z-FFR).The LTD stage consists of 34 parallel basic resistor R, inductor L, and capacitor C (RLC) circuits each made up of two 100 kV/40 nF capacitors, a multi-stage gas switch and Metglas magnetic cores. The stage can deliver about 800 kA current pulse with rise time of 100 ns into the matched liquid resistive load at a repetitive frequency 0.1 Hz. A novel method to trigger the stage via a continuous internal trigger bus composed by a single cable has been proposed and demonstrated. The experimental results show that the new trigger method is feasible and reliable. A 140 kV, 25 ns rising time trigger pulse, and a 5.2 kA, 30 μs width pre-magnetization current pulse which can operate at a repetition rate 0.1 Hz were used in this stage to insure the LTD stage generating a 80 kV/800 kA current pulse every 10 s. A multi-stage gas switch that has a lifetime in excess of 10,000 shots and a jitter less than 3 ns one sigma agrees well with the demand of Z-FFR. The electrical behavior of the stage can be predicted from a simple RLC circuit, which can simplify the design of various LTD-based accelerators.
Interaction of annular-focused laser beams with solid targets
Authors: Andreev N.E. , Povarnitsyn M.E. , Veysman M.E. , Faenov A.YA. , Levashov P.R. , Khishchenko K. V. , Pikuz T.A. , Magunov A.I. , Rosmej O.N. , Blazevic A. , Pelka A. , Schaumann G. , Schollmeier M. , Roth M.
Published: July 2015

The two-temperature, 2D hydrodynamic code Hydro–ELectro–IOnization–2–Dimensional (HELIO2D), which takes into account self-consistently the laser energy absorption in a target, ionization, heating, and expansion of the created plasma is elaborated. The wide-range two-temperature equation of state is developed and used to model the metal target dynamics from room temperature to the conditions of weakly coupled plasma. The simulation results are compared and demonstrated a good agreement with experimental data on the Mg target being heated by laser pulses of the nanosecond high-energy laser for heavy ion experiments (NHELIX) at Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung. The importance of using realistic models of matter properties is demonstrated.
Surface modification of a-CN/TiAlN double layer coating on ASP 30 steel induced by femtosecond laser with 1013–1014 W/cm2 intensity in vacuum
Authors: Trtica M. , Limpouch J. , Gavrilov P. , Gemini L. , Panjan P. , Stasic J. , Milovanovic D. , Brankovic G.
Published: July 2015

A double layer a-CN/TiAlN coating deposited on ASP30 steel substrate was irradiated by femtosecond laser and surface modification effects were observed. Moderate laser intensities used were in the range of 1014–1013 W/cm2, while the total thickness of double layer coating was 4.8 µm (a-CN = 0.6 and TiAlN = 4.2 µm). Laser-induced changes of the surface showed dependence on laser intensity and number of accumulated pulses. Irradiations at the highest intensity resulted in preservation of one or both layers up to 10 pulses, while at lower intensity (1013 W/cm2) a-CN layer is removed after several pulses and TiAlN is preserved up to 50 pulses. Evaluated damage threshold of the target was 0.49 J/cm2. Lower laser intensity irradiation produced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) over the entire irradiated spot with periodicity of ~700 nm, almost in agreement with the laser wavelength used. Irradiations carried out at the highest laser intensity (1014 W/cm2) and laser pulse count of ≥50 resulted in the creation of crater like damages with depth up to 20 µm. Craters were conically shaped, implying intensive processes which took place at the surface. Generation of LIPSS as well as craters can be of great interest for contemporary technologies.
Human See, Human Do: Simianification, Cross-species, Cross-cultural, Body Transformation
Authors: Diamond Catherine
Published: July 2015

Simianification is the practice of humans inhabiting the simian body on stage. Because Asians have lived with monkeys and apes, several Asian theatre traditions have long legacies of representing monkeys on stage. In Europe and North America, where non-human primates did not exist, they are not a familiar feature in performance until nineteenth-century music hall and circus and twentieth-century film and television. In some recent performances in Asia dancers and actors have expanded their understanding of monkey roles by incorporating scientific discoveries, modern movement techniques, and global pop culture. On the British and American stage, actors experiment to ‘impersonate’ the humanized ape bodily and mentally, without the aid of the disguises and prosthetics usual in film. These performers ‘embody’ the philosophical inquiry of what it means to ‘be monkey’ by inhabiting a monkey’s body while still performing ‘art’ for a human audience. Catherine Diamond, a Contributing Editor to NTQ, is a professor of theatre and environmental literature at Soochow University, Taiwan. She is also the director of the Kinnari Ecological Theatre Project in Southeast Asia.
The Anthropology of Dario Fo: an Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Scuderi Antonio
Published: July 2015

Anthropological issues concerning socio-cultural evolution were important in the development of Marxism and led to the theories of cultural materialism. Besides Marx and Engels, anthropology was an important subject for other seminal Marxist theorists, such as Plekhanov. For the Marxist playwright-performer Dario Fo, Gramsci’s theories of hegemony are fundamental to his ideas of the development of art from utilitarian activities, and explain his insistence on drawing from folk and popular forms of performance. In this article Antonio Scuderi investigates some of the major anthropological and folkloric themes in Fo’s theatre, including the influence of anthropologists such as Toschi and Lévi-Strauss. Antonio Scuderi is Professor of Italian at Truman State University in Missouri, where he founded the Italian programme. His interdisciplinary articles on Italian performance traditions have been published in leading journals of theatre, folklore, and literary studies, including Theatre Journal, Oral Tradition, and Modern Language Review. He is the author of Dario Fo and Popular Performance (Legas, 1998), Dario Fo: Framing, Festival, and the Folkloric Imagination (Lexington Books, 2011), and co-editor of Dario Fo: Stage, Text, and Tradition (Southern Illinois, 2000).
‘Addressing a Great Silence’: Black Diggers and the Aboriginal Experience of War
Authors: Syron Liza-Mare
Published: July 2015

In 2014 Indigenous theatre director Wesley Enoch announced in an interview that ‘the aim of Indigenous theatre is to write into the public record neglected or forgotten stories’. He also spoke about the aims of a new Australian play, Black Diggers, as ‘honouring and preserving’ these stories. For Enoch, Black Diggers (re)addresses a great silence in Australia’s history, that of the Aboriginal experience of war. Also in 2014, the memorial sculpture Yininmadyemi Thou Didst Let Fall, commissioned by the City of Sydney Council, aimed to place in memoriam the story of forgotten Aboriginal soldiers who served during international conflicts, notably the two world wars. Both Black Diggers and the Yininmadyemi memorial sculpture are counter-hegemonic artefacts and a powerful commentary of a time of pseudo-nationalist memorialization. Both challenge the validity of many of Australia’s socio-political and historical accounts of war, including the frontier wars that took place between Aboriginal people and European settlers. Both unsettle Australia’s fascination with a memorialized past constructed from a culture of silence and forgetfulness. Liza-Mare Syron is a descendant of the Birripi people of the mid-north coast of New South Wales in Australia. An actor, director, dramaturg, and founding member of Moogahlin Performing Arts, a Sydney-based Aboriginal company, she is currently the Indigenous Research Fellow at the Department of Media, Music, Communication, and Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney. She has published widely on actor training, indigenous theatre practice, inter-cultural performance, and theatre and community development.
‘Distilling the Essence’: Working with Shared Experience
Authors: Teale Polly
Published: July 2015

In this wide-ranging interview of 25 November 2014, Polly Teale, writer, director, and Artistic Director of UK-based Shared Experience theatre company, reflects on her stage adaptations of literary works, the lives of their authors, and the processes of adapting texts between genres. Founded in 1975 by Mike Alfreds, Shared Experience has toured internationally from Sydney to Beijing with highly physical stage adaptations of literary texts and biographies that express the inner lives of complex and fascinating characters. Teale discusses the adaptation of her play Brontë to a screenplay, Shared Experience’s upcoming production of Mermaid, and rehearsal strategies she uses to encourage actors to explore the subjective truths that lie beneath the surface of their characters. Besides Brontë, past productions have included Jane Eyre, The Mill on the Floss, and After Mrs Rochester. Shared Experience was recently awarded a £105,000 grant by the Andrew Lloyd Webber Foundation and has won several theatre awards including Time Out’s Live Award for Best Play in the West End (2004) and an Edinburgh Fringe First Award (2010). Rebecca Waese is a lecturer and researcher in Creative Arts and English at La Trobe University, Melbourne. She is co-writing a book on Polly Teale and has previously written on interdisciplinary adaptations and dramatic modes in Australian and Canadian literature.
Legacies of British Colonial Violence: Viewing Kenyan Detention Camps through the Hanslope Disclosure
Authors: Duffy Aoife
Published: July 2015

A number of works have recently been published that seek to re-narrate colonial histories, with a particular emphasis on the role of law in at once creating and marginalizing colonial subjects.1Focusing on mid-twentieth century detention camps in the British colony of Kenya, this article illuminates a colonial history that was deeply buried in a Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) building for many years. As such, the analysis supports the revelatory work of David Anderson and Caroline Elkins, who highlighted the violence that underpinned British detention and interrogation practises in Kenya.2In particular, the article explores recently declassified colonial files, and pieces together a picture of administrative subterfuge, suppression of facts, and whitewashing atrocities, threaded through with official denial, which long outlived its colonial genesis. Against the hypothesis that detention laws created an architecture of destruction and concomitant custodial violence in Kenya, the article establishes that an accountability deficit is the legacy of detention without trial as it was practiced in colonial Kenya. By untangling a complex web of colonial records and government papers relating to Kenya, this article reveals the often insurmountable pressure that was exerted to conceal evidence of detainee violence, and the role of a highly sophisticated propaganda machine that controlled the public narrative of a violent incident when outright denial was impossible.
Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics
Authors: Verbeke Kristin A. , Boobis Alan R. , Chiodini Alessandro , Edwards Christine A. , Franck Anne , Kleerebezem Michiel , Nauta Arjen , Raes Jeroen , van Tol Eric A. F. , Tuohy Kieran M.
Published: July 2015

Available evidence on the bioactive, nutritional and putative detrimental properties of gut microbial metabolites has been evaluated to support a more integrated view of how prebiotics might affect host health throughout life. The present literature inventory targeted evidence for the physiological and nutritional effects of metabolites, for example, SCFA, the potential toxicity of other metabolites and attempted to determine normal concentration ranges. Furthermore, the biological relevance of more holistic approaches like faecal water toxicity assays and metabolomics and the limitations of faecal measurements were addressed. Existing literature indicates that protein fermentation metabolites (phenol,p-cresol, indole, ammonia), typically considered as potentially harmful, occur at concentration ranges in the colon such that no toxic effects are expected either locally or following systemic absorption. The endproducts of saccharolytic fermentation, SCFA, may have effects on colonic health, host physiology, immunity, lipid and protein metabolism and appetite control. However, measuring SCFA concentrations in faeces is insufficient to assess the dynamic processes of their nutrikinetics. Existing literature on the usefulness of faecal water toxicity measures as indicators of cancer risk seems limited. In conclusion, at present there is insufficient evidence to use changes in faecal bacterial metabolite concentrations as markers of prebiotic effectiveness. Integration of results from metabolomics and metagenomics holds promise for understanding the health implications of prebiotic microbiome modulation but adequate tools for data integration and interpretation are currently lacking. Similarly, studies measuring metabolite fluxes in different body compartments to provide a more accurate picture of their nutrikinetics are needed.
Striatal and Pallidal Activation during Reward Modulated Movement Using a Translational Paradigm
Authors: Bischoff-Grethe Amanda , Buxton Richard B. , Paulus Martin P. , Fleisher Adam S. , Yang Tony T. , Brown Gregory G.
Published: July 2015

Human neuroimaging studies of reward processing typically involve tasks that engage decision-making processes in the dorsal striatum or focus upon the ventral striatum’s response to feedback expectancy. These studies are often compared to the animal literature; however, some animal studies include both feedback and nonfeedback events that activate the dorsal striatum during feedback expectancy. Differences in task parameters, movement complexity, and motoric effort to attain rewards may partly explain ventral and dorsal striatal response differences across species. We, therefore, used a target capture task during functional neuroimaging that was inspired by a study of single cell modulation in the internal globus pallidus during reward-cued, rotational arm movements in nonhuman primates. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, participants used a fiberoptic joystick to make a rotational response to an instruction stimulus that indicated both a target location for a capture movement and whether or not the trial would end with feedback indicating either a small financial gain or a neutral outcome. Portions of the dorsal striatum and pallidum demonstrated greater neural activation to visual cues predicting potential gains relative to cues with no associated outcome. Furthermore, both striatal and pallidal regions displayed a greater response to financial gains relative to neutral outcomes. This reward-dependent modulation of dorsal striatal and pallidal activation in a target-capture task is consistent with findings from reward studies in animals, supporting the use of motorically complex tasks as translational paradigms to investigate the neural substrates of reward expectancy and outcome in humans. (JINS, 2015,21, 399–411)
Look both ways before crossing the street: Perspectives on the intersection of bimodality and bilingualism
Authors: ANIBLE BENJAMIN , MORFORD JILL P.
Published: July 2015

In 1939, NYU Professor of German, Murat Roberts warned readers about the potentially harmful effects of societal bilingualism: “When two languages come to be spoken by the same society for the same purposes, both of these languages are certain to deteriorate. The sense of conflict disturbs in both of them the basis of articulation, deranges the procedure of grammar, and imperils the integrity of thought. The representation of the mind is divided into incongruous halves; and the average speaker, being no linguistic expert, finds it difficult to keep the two media apart. Confusion follows. The contours of language grow dim as the two systems collide and intermingle” (23). Roberts’ warnings about the threat of bilingualism are a thin cloak over the assumption that monolingualism is the norm. But even without dire predictions, conceptions of language representation and use derived from the study of bilinguals have been slow to enter the mainstream. The relation between language representation and control (Abutalebi & Green, 2007) and the dynamic nature of grammatical knowledge across the lifespan (Linck, Kroll & Sunderman, 2009) should change the way we conceptualize all language processing, whether monolingual, bilingual or multilingual.
How many foods in the UK carry health and nutrition claims, and are they healthier than those that do not?
Authors: Kaur Asha , Scarborough Peter , Matthews Anne , Payne Sarah , Mizdrak Anja , Rayner Mike
Published: July 2015

Objective

The present study aimed to measure the prevalence of different types of health and nutrition claims on foods and non-alcoholic beverages in a UK sample and to assess the nutritional quality of such products carrying health or nutrition claims.

Design

A survey of health and nutrition claims on food packaging using a newly defined taxonomy of claims and internationally agreed definitions of claim types.

Setting

A national UK food retailer: Tesco.

Subjects

Three hundred and eighty-two products randomly sampled from those available through the retailer’s website.

Results

Of the products, 32 % (95 % CI 28, 37 %) carried either a health or nutrition claim; 15 % (95 % CI 11, 18 %) of products carried at least one health claim and 29 % (95 % CI 25, 34 %) carried at least one nutrition claim. When adjusted for product category, products carrying health claims tended to be lower in total fat and saturated fat than those that did not, but there was no significant difference in sugar or sodium levels. Products carrying health claims had slightly higher fibre levels than products without. Results were similar for comparisons between products that carry nutrition claims and those that do not.

Conclusions

Health and nutrition claims appear frequently on food and beverage products in the UK. The nutrient profile of products carrying claims is marginally healthier than for similar products without claims, suggesting that claims may have some but limited informational value. The implication of these findings for guiding policy is unclear; future research should investigate the ‘clinical relevance’ of these differences in nutritional quality.