bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lightning in Western Patagonia
Authors: Garreaud René D. , Gabriela Nicora M. , Bürgesser Rodrigo E. , Ávila Eldo E.
Published: March 2014

On the basis of 8 years (2005–2012) of stroke data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network we describe the spatial distribution and temporal variability of lightning activity over Western Patagonia. This region extends from ~40°S to 55°S along the west coast of South America, is limited to the east by the austral Andes, and features a hyper‐humid, maritime climate. Stroke density exhibits a sharp maximum along the coast of southern Chile. Although precipitation there is largely produced by cold nimbostratus, days with more than one stroke occur up to a third of the time somewhere along the coastal strip. Disperse strokes are also observed off southern Chile. In contrast, strokes are virtually nonexistent over the austral Andes—where precipitation is maximum—and farther east over the dry lowlands of Argentina. Atmospheric reanalysis and satellite imagery are used to characterize the synoptic environment of lightning‐producing storms, exemplified by a case study and generalized by a compositing analysis. Lightning activity tends to occur when Western Patagonia is immersed in a pool of cold air behind a front that has reached the coast at ~40°S. Under these circumstances, midlevel cooling occurs before and is more prominent than near‐surface cooling, leading to a weakly unstable postfrontal condition. Forced uplift of the strong westerlies impinging on the coastal mountains can trigger convection and produces significant lightning activity in this zone. Farther offshore, large‐scale ascent near the cyclone's center may lift near‐surface air parcels, fostering shallow convection and dispersing lightning activity.
Wave‐cloud lines over the Arabian Sea
Authors: Birch C. E. , Reeder M. J. , Berry G. J.
Published: March 2014

Meteosat visible satellite images between 2006 and 2011 show wave‐cloud lines over the Arabian Sea in all months outside the summer monsoon (June–September). These lines are most frequent between January and May (2–3 per month in a given year). All wave‐cloud lines in the region propagate offshore. As these wave‐cloud lines are associated with coherent convergence lines, the objective technique described by Berry and Reeder is applied to the ERA‐Interim reanalysis and a climatology of convergence lines at 850 hPa developed. Despite the coarse resolution of the ERA‐Interim reanalysis, the statistical properties of these lines are broadly constant with those deduced from the Meteosat visible satellite images. The generation mechanism is investigated in a simulation with the Met Office Unified Model of a particular wave‐cloud line (12 March 2011). The process appears to be similar to that over northwestern Australia, which has been documented previously. During the day, a synoptic‐scale northeasterly flow opposes the inland advection of the sea breeze on the west coast of India. However, as the daytime turbulence decays and the boundary layer stabilizes, the northeasterly flow accelerates, pushing offshore the leading edge of the sea breeze during the late evening and early hours of the morning. A wave is generated as the northeasterlies penetrate the marine boundary layer, and this wave propagates westward, producing cloud at its leading edge where there is strong ascent.
Synthetic Polymer as an Adjuvant in Collagen‐Induced Arthritis
Authors: Shakya Akhilesh Kumar , Nandakumar Kutty Selva
Published: March 2014

Collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), the classical animal model for experimental arthritis, resembles human rheumatoid arthritis in several aspects. However, the most widely used method of inducing CIA utilizes Freund's adjuvants, which can skew the elicited immune responses and also pose toxicity problems. This unit describes a new method of inducing CIA using a well defined stimuli‐responsive synthetic polymer, poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide‐based adjuvant, mixed with the joint cartilage protein collagen type II (CII). PNiPAAm as an adjuvant is biodegradable and biocompatible, and does not skew immune responses. Thus, it is helpful in the development of arthritis models for studying antigen and tissue ‐specific autoimmune responses in an unbiased manner. This model is valuable for analyzing disease pathways, positional identification of genes regulating arthritis, validation of existing therapies, and exploring new therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this newly developed PNiPAAm adjuvant allows investigation of disease induction using specific autoantigens in several autoimmune diseases independently of toll‐like receptors, as well as optimization of vaccine delivery systems for infectious diseases. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 4:11‐24 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fault‐tolerant control of linear multivariable controllers using iterative feedback tuning
Authors: Wang Yulei , Ma Guangfu
Published: March 2014

This paper introduces the iterative feedback tuning (IFT) into a Youla parameterization scheme for fault‐tolerant control. By off‐line IFT‐experiments of tuning Youla parameters, the proposed algorithm deals with a number of conditional failures that are described by the dual Youla parameter. The main contribution of this paper is to show how Youla scheme‐based IFT can be constructed for multivariable linear time‐invariant systems. Particular attention is given to the issue of the structure of the Youla parameter (filter), in which both finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters are presented and compared. As an illustration, the method is applied to a simulation model of a continuous stirred tank heater system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI guided iron assessment and oral chelator use improve iron status in thalassemia major patients
Authors: Nichols‐Vinueza Diana X. , White Matthew T. , Powell Andrew J. , Banka Puja , Neufeld Ellis J.
Published: March 2014

Oral iron chelators and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of heart and liver iron burden have become widely available since the mid 2000s, allowing for improved patient compliance with chelation and noninvasive monitoring of iron levels for titration of therapy. We evaluated the impact of these changes in our center for patients with thalassemia major and transfusional iron overload. This single center, retrospective observational study covered the period from 2005 through 2012. Liver iron content (LIC) was estimated both by a T2* method and by R2 (Ferriscan®) technique. Cardiac iron was assessed as cT2*. Forty‐two patients (55% male) with transfused thalassemia and at least two MRIs were included (median age at first MRI, 17.5 y). Over a mean follow‐up period of 5.2 ± 1.9 y, 190 MRIs were performed (median 4.5 per patient). Comparing baseline to last MRI, 63% of patients remained within target ranges for cT2* and LIC, and 13% improved from high values to the target range. Both the median LIC and cT2* (cR2* = 1000/cT2*) status improved over time: LIC 7.3 to 4.5 mg/g dry weight, P = 0.0004; cR2* 33.4 to 28.3 Hz, P = 0.01. Individual responses varied widely. Two patients died of heart failure during the study period. Annual MRI iron assessments and availability of oral chelators both facilitate changes in chelation dose and strategies to optimize care. Am. J. Hematol. 89:684–688, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating UV/H2O2 exposure as a DEHP degradation treatment for plasticized PVC
Authors: Hankett Jeanne M. , Welle Alexander , Lahann Joerg , Chen Zhan
Published: March 2014

Millions of tons of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) materials are disposed every year. A biologically sustainable and green method for removal of toxic plasticizers from polymer systems after disposal is highly desired since plasticizers can leach out into the environment over decades. Here we compare the surface and bulk structural changes of DEHP‐plasticized PVC after two treatments intended to degrade bis‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in PVC plastic: short wave (254 nm) UV with and without the addition of 35 wt % H2O2. Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG) reveals the addition of aqueous H2O2 decreases CH3 signals on the surface of the films up to 8 h, due to increased molecular disorder and the removal of alkyl chains. Secondary ion mass spectrometry demonstrates that the degradation of DEHP after 8 h of reaction is similar with and without the use of H2O2. However, FTIR results reveal that the introduction of H2O2 reduces bulk DEHP degradation and leads to competing radical chain scission reactions with PVC. Therefore, simple short wave UV exposure may be an effective means to degrade DEHP within and on PVC plastic and the addition of H2O2 is only beneficial if additional degradation of PVC is needed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40649.
Steady State Photocapacitance Study of Semiconductor/Aqueous Electrolyte Junctions: I. Interest and Difficulties in the Case of n‐GaAs
Authors: Allongue P. , Cachet H.
Published: March 2014

The photocapacitance (PC) technique allows the determination of deep‐level as well as surface states at semiconductor/electrolyte (SC/EL) contacts. Expressions of the PC signal, given in several peculiar cases, help in the understanding of the results obtained with GaAs in contact with an aqueous electrolyte. It is found that relevant experimental conditions of band bending and/or incident photon flux are required to detect transitions which have a small magnitude compared to the large response due to EL2 in GaAs. A quantitative interpretation of the spectrum is also given.
Dielectric Spectroscopy on Aqueous Solutions of Purine and 6‐Methylpurine
Authors: Kaatze U. , Schmidt P. , Pottel R.
Published: March 2014

Between 1 MHz and 40 GHz the complex (electric) permittivity of aqueous solutions of purine and 6‐methylpurine has been measured as a function of frequency for various solute concentrations. Different relaxation spectral functions are fitted to the measured spectra to yield the solvent contribution to the static permittivity, the dipole moment of solute, the principal dielectric relaxation time of the solvent water, the number of hydration water molecules per molecule of solute, the hydration water relaxation time, and the relaxation time of solute. Unexspectedly, no effect of self‐association of the purine bases is found in these parameters.
ESR Analysis of Tetrahedral AB2C4 Defect Compounds with Mn2+ Ions as Spin Probes
Authors: Siebert D. , Febbraro S.
Published: March 2014

The ESR spectra of Mn2+ in eight defect tetrahedral structures have been analysed. The values for g and the hyperfine constant A turn out to be very close to those in the binary analogs with the same anion. As for the sulfides there is poor agreement between the measured and calculated b02 values, if one evaluates these values according to the superposition model of Newman and Urban using the unperturbed positions of the ligands. For some selenides and the telluride linewidths greater than 2.2 mT in the central sextets were observed and assigned to different degrees of disorder in the cation sublattices in agreement with recent X‐ray investigations.
Anisotropy of Translational Diffusion in Liquid α,ω‐Dibromoalkanes
Authors: Kempka M. , Peplińska B. , Pajak Z.
Published: March 2014

The analysis of the measured temperature dependences of self‐diffusion coefficients for prolate ellipsoid type molecules of α,ω‐dibromo‐methane, ‐ethane, ‐octane, ‐decane and ‐dodecane performed in the frame of the modified Perrin model enabled to discover anisotropy of translational diffusion in liquids. On the basis of the Eyring theory the effect was confirmed and the jump length of about 7 Å for all the molecules was derived. The same jump length for longer molecules was obtained from the Cohen‐Turnbull free volume theory.
A Fourier Transform Impedance Spectrometer using Logarithmically Spaced Time Samples
Authors: Ühlken Jürgen , Waser Rainer , Wiese Harm
Published: March 2014

A Fourier transform impedance spectrometer is described which is based on a transform algorithm using logarithmically spaced time samples. Thereby, the computational effort of Fourier transformation, which in electrochemistry constitutes the main problem of the application of the Fourier transform method, is substantially reduced. The spectrometer permits the performance of impedance measurements in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 105 Hz within a few seconds. Moreover, the impedance spectrometer mainly consists of devices, which are commonly available in electrochemical laboratories (e.g., microcomputer, storage oscilloscope, potentiostat).
Thermal Conductivity of Benzene and Cyclohexane under High Pressures
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Hase T. , Kubota H. , Makita T.
Published: March 2014

The thermal conductivity of benzene and cyclohexane has been measured by a transient hot‐wire method in the temperatue range from 283–373 K under pressures up to 250 MPa or freezing pressures with an estimated uncertainty of ±1.0%. The thermal conductivity of each substance decreases almost linearly with rising temperature at a constant pressure, and increases with increasing pressure at a constant temperature. The absolute value of the temperature coefficient of the thermal conductivity, (∂λ/∂T)P decreases with increasing pressure. The pressure coefficient (∂λ/∂P)T increases with rising temperature. The thermal conductivity obtained are correlated with temperature and pressure by a similar expression to the Tait equation. The dense hard‐sphere model presented by Menashe et al. also provides good representation of the present experimental results.
The Binary System Benzene‐Hexafluorobenzene Studied by SSOZ Theory and Computer Simulation II. The Structure of the Pure Components
Authors: Steinhauser O. , Hausleithner I.
Published: March 2014

The atom‐atom correlation functions (AACFs) of the respective pure components C6H6 and C6F6 are thoroughly analysed by means of SSOZ (site‐site Ornstein‐Zernike) theory and computer simulation. In particular, appropriate linear combinations of the AACFs are contrasted to experimental scattering data. This comparison shows the necessity of a potential refinement, which is done by an optimization of the static lattice structure and the harmonic frequencies. With this optimized potential further simulation studies are performed and the respective linear combinations of the improved AACFs agree now very well with the experimental quantities.
Die Auflösung yon Zinkmetall und die Löslichkeit von Zinkhydroxid durch Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit im System Zink/Wasser
Authors: Bohnsack G.
Published: March 2014

In conjunction with colorimetric determination of zinc concentration, sensitive conductivity measurement in solutions consisting of flowing deionized water saturated with hydroxide‐covered metallic zinc enabled conclusions to be drawn regarding the composition of the solutions. The equivalent conductivities of the ions and of a series of solutions allowed us to determine the ion concentrations of the solutions and the degrees of dissociation. In this way the non‐ionic portion was defined also. We thus acquired reliable data for determining the solubility of zinc hydroxide and zinc oxide in water as the sum of the dissolved components. These solubilities are lower than those given in the literature so far. The data can be used to calculate the normal thermodynamic constants, which agree well with the known values. As we were able to determine the undissociated zinc hydroxide in solution fairly reliably, it has also been possible for us to state the first dissociation constant of zinc hydroxid
Dynamic Light Scattering of the Fluid‐Fluid Phase Transition in the Vicinity of the Critical Solution Point and in the First Order Transition Region
Authors: Schröer W. , Rybarsch C. , Strojny M. , Staude W.
Published: March 2014

Measurements of the Rayleigh‐Brillouin spectra of the binary system nitroethane‐isooctane have been carried out as function of temperature and concentration. The purpose of this investigation was to study the transition of one type of phase transformation to an other. Taking the temperature as variable, the phase transformation is of second order for one specific concentration – the critical concentration, whereas for other concentrations it is of first order. Samples deviating up to 20% from the critical composition have been investigated in the temperature range 10 to 10−3 K above the transition temperature in the homogeneous region. The temperature dependence of the Rayleigh‐Brillouin intensity ratio Ir/2Ib can be described by the same critical exponent γ = 1.24 for all concentrations provided the critical temperature in the scaling function is replaced by another reference temperature, interpreted as pseudo‐spinodal temperature T*s The concentration dependence of T*s is found to be |X – Xc| = A · Tβ*s, where ts is the reduced temperature ts = 1 –T*s/Tc. The value of the exponent is found to be β* = 0.5, which is the classical exponent of the spinodal curve.
Fluorescein‐Labelled Glucagon: A New Probe for the Study of Receptor Disposition in Membranes
Authors: Cantrill Richard C. , Ward Larry W. , Heithier Helmuth , Klein Helmut W. , Peters Reiner , Helmreich Ernst J. M.
Published: March 2014

New fluorescent glucagon derivatives were synthesized by converting tryptophan25 to 2‐thiol‐tryptophan with the consequent use of thiol specific fluorescent reagents. All derivatives retained the ability to bind tightly to rat liver membranes and rat hepatocytes in primary culture and to activate adenylate cyclase as potently as native glucagon. Thus these derivatives are full agonists. From experiments with monolayer cultured hepatocytes and 125I‐glucagon at elevated temperatures it was assumed that the ligand was internalised at this temperature since some of the specifically bound ligand could no longer be washed off with acid. This was confirmed in experiments where monolayer cultures of hepatocytes were incubated with the fluorescein‐labelled derivates of glucagon, thus allowing the study of the distribution of glucagon specifically bound on the cell surface using video intensification microscopic techniques. In keeping with autoradiographic studies using radiolabelled glucagon, or electron microscope studies using ferritin labelled glucagon, we could now show using fluorescently labelled glucagon derivatives and video intensification microscopy that at lower temperatures the bound ligand was distributed all over the cell surface. Whereas, at the higher temperature, ligand derived fluorescence could only be detected in mobile intracellular vesicles following internalisation and removal from the cell surface.
Structure and Membrane Permeability of Charged Molecules: Membrane Experiments with Tetraphenylborate Analogs
Authors: Benz Roland
Published: March 2014

Charge‐pulse experiments were performed on membranes made of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine/n‐decane in the presence of 4 structural analogs of tetraphenylborate (TPB, triphenylcyanoborate (TPCB), tetrakis (4‐fluorophenyl)borate (TFPB), tetrakis (4‐chlorophenyl)borate (TCPB), and tetrakis (3‐trifluoromethylphenyl)borate (TTFPB)). The analysis of the experimental results using a previously proposed model allowed the calculation of the partition coefficient, β, and of the translocation rate constant, ki, of the lipophilic ions. The adsorption of the different TPB‐analogs to the membranes was similar, whereas their structure had a dramatic influence on the translocation rate constants and they increased by almost six orders of magnitude from TPCB to TTFPB. The free energy of the ions in the membranes as calculated from the translocation rate constants, decreased from TPCB to TTFPB by about 31 kJ/mol (7.4 kcal/mol). The change of the free energy in the membrane was used for the estimation of an effective radius of the TPB‐analogs with respect to the van der Waals radius of TPB.
Dissipative Structures of Ion Channels in the Fluid Mosaic Model of a Membrane Cable
Authors: Fromherz Peter
Published: March 2014

The dynamics of an ideal fluid mosaic of ionic ion channels in a membrane is combined with the dynamics of the electrical membrane potential. The distribution of the channels and the profile of the potential in a linear cable are described by two coupled nonlinear partial differential equations: A Smoluchoswki equation with respect to lateral diffusion and electrophoresis of the channels and Kelvin's cable equation with respect to the propagation of the potential. Numerical integration demonstrates the formation of periodic patterns far from electrochemical equilibrium.
Stereodynamic Coupling of Light Energy and Ion Transport in the Retinal Proteins Bacteriorhodopsin and Halorhodopsin
Authors: Tavan Paul
Published: March 2014

The status of research on chromophore‐protein interactions in the light‐driven ion pumps bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin is reviewed. The ideas of the socalled 13,14‐cis model, which consider retinal as an ion switch, and corresponding experimental checks are particularly emphasized.
Pressure Dependence of the Rotational Relaxation of t‐Stilbene and t‐Diphenylbutadiene in n‐Alkanes
Authors: Schroeder J. , Schwarzer D. , Troe J.
Published: March 2014

The rotational relaxation of t‐stilbene and t‐diphenylbutadiene in the first electronically excited singlet state was measured by picosecond anisotropic absorption spectroscopy. The viscosity η in n‐alkane solvents was changed by increasing the pressure up to several kilobars. In all cases the viscosity dependence of the rotational relaxation time τor could be described by a modified form of the Stokes‐Einstein‐Debye equation. No solvent dependence was found for η ≤ 0.8 cP. Therefore we attribute the observed solvent dependence of photoisomerisation rates of t‐stilbene and t‐diphenylbutadiene measured under the same conditions to specific solvent‐solute interactions that modify the path on the potential energy surface.
The Kinetics of the Reaction of N2(A3Σu+) with NO2(X̃2A1)
Authors: Böhmer E. , Hack W.
Published: March 2014

The reaction of N2(A3Σu+) with NO2(X̃2A1) was studied in a fast discharge flow system. N2(A) was produced by energy transfer from Ar* and detected by laser induced fluorescence (LIF). From the N2(A,ν′)‐depletion as a function of reactant concentration under pseudo‐first order conditions [N2(A)]0 ≪ [NO2] the overall reaction rate constants for the reactions:

were determined: k10 = 0.76, k11 = 0.84, k12 = 1.8 and k13 = 1.8 (in 1013 cm3/mol·s) at T = 298 K. – The reaction products NO(X2Π) and O(3P) were detected directly by LIF via the transition (A2Σ+ – X2Π) and with resonance absorption (RA) respectively. Other products than NO(X) and O(3P) were not detected. The absolute NO concentration was calibrated with a NO/Ar mixture. The NO(X) concentration at long reaction times was found to be equal to the [N2(A)]0 concentration within the experimental error limits, i.e. the branching ratio for the reaction:

magnified image

was determined to be unity. The reaction of N2(A) with NO2(X̃) can thus be used as a calibration reaction to determine absolute N2(A) concentrations.
A Model for the Electrochemical Behaviour of TiN and TiC
Authors: Schmickler Wolfgang , Schultze J. W.
Published: March 2014

We have performed simple model calculations for the surface electronic structure of TiN and TiC based on the theory of Miedema for the heat of formation of these compounds. The electronic properties of pure anionic (N‐ and C‐surfaces) and pure cationic (Ti‐) surfaces are contrasted. The anionic surfaces have a higher surface energy, and cannot screen external fields as well as the cationic surfaces. Our model suggests that at potentials below the onset of oxidation surface layers enriched in nitrogen (resp. carbon) are formed, which shield the underlying titanium atoms from the external field. At higher potentials the field can penetrate through the anions at the surface and induce the oxidation of the titanium atoms.
Dynamics of Nitrite Ions in Ionic Plastic Crystal RbNO2 Studied by Nitrogen and Rubidium NMR
Authors: Honda Hisashi , Kenmotsu Motoko , Ohki Hiroshi , Ikeda Ryuichi , Furukawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2014

Temperature dependences of NMR spin‐lattice relaxation times T1, of 15N, 14N, 85Rb and 87Rb, spin‐spin relaxation times T2 of 14N and 87Rb, and NMR spectra of 15N and 87Rb in RbNO, were observed in the plastic phase (Phase 1) and the low‐temperature phase (Phase II) obtainable below 264 K. We showed the presence of a new NO−2 motion in Phase II with an activation energy of 12‐ 15 kJ mol−1. This motion was assigned to NO−2 reorientation about its C2‐axis by referring to the temperature dependence of the 15N chemical‐shift anisotropy and the reported data of the dielectric dispersion. In the plastic phase, we detected the NO−2 isotropic reorientation with an activation energy of 6.2 kJ mol−1 and the ionic self‐diffusion with 110 kJ mol−1, which was confirmed by measuring electrical conductivity.
Study of Sodium Colloids in Heavily Irradiated NaCl Crystals by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Kanert O. , Schmidt C. , Küchler R. , Den Hartog H.W.
Published: March 2014

Strong irradiation of NaCl crystals results in a formation of sodium colloids which exhibit metallic properties. In consequence, besides the 23Na line of NaCl a second well‐separated 23Na line occurs in the NMR spectrum caused by the Knight shift of the conduction electrons. We present Knight shift and nuclear spin relaxation measurements performed on the “metallic” 23Na line in e–‐irradiated NaCl single‐crystals between about 4 and 390 K. Evaluation of the data leads to detailed information on the electronic properties, atomic self‐diffusion, and melting behavior of the colloids. The results are discussed in view of corresponding data obtained in bulk sodium.
On the Interaction of Paramagnetic Point Defects in Heavy Metal Fluoride Glasses
Authors: Scholz G. , Stösser R. , Grande T. , Aasland S.
Published: March 2014

The origin and nature of ESR signals of fluoride glasses (ZBLAN: ZrF4/BaF2/LaF3/AlF3/NaF) doped both with Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions was studied using the temperature and microwave power (PMW) dependencies as well as a complete simulation of the X‐band ESR spectra. For the first time, evidence is given for the existence of {FeII‐OH‐FeIII} units (S' = 9/2) formed in the glasses involving traces of O2 and H2O present in the samples. Fluoride glassy matrices constrain the formation of interacting species and therefore nonuniform spatial distributions of the dopants. Reasons are seen (i) in the local structural chemistry (geometrical and charge compensation reasons), and (ii) in the melting and post‐melting processes.
Thermochemistry of the NaBr‐Nal Solid Solution at 750 K – A Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometric Study
Authors: Miller Miroslaw , Hilpert Klaus
Published: March 2014

The excess molar Gibbs energy and partial pressures at a temperature of 750 K for the solid phase of the NaBr‐NaI system were determined by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. The parameters of the Redlich‐Kister equation for GEm resulted in kJ mol−1 as B1 = 6.46 and B2 = −1.12. The thermodynamic data obtained from the molecular ion intensities of NaBr+ and NaI+ and those obtained from the fragment ion intensities of Na2Br+ (from Na2Br2) and Na2I+ (from Na2I2) agree well. The results of this work are discussed with respect to those reported by other authors.
Viscosity Measurements on Molten Salts with an Oscillating Cup Viscometer: Viscosity of Molten KNO3 and NaCl
Authors: Tolbaru D. , Borcan Rodica , Zuca Stefania
Published: March 2014

An oscillating cup viscometer interfaced to an automatic data acquisition and processing system (computer, interface, software) was built for viscosity measurements in molten salts below 1400 K.

In order to avoid the “meniscus effect”, the main source of errors of the method, the measurements were carried out in the so‐called “full cup” condition, i.e. with the height of the liquid column (h) of 11.2 cm, the overall height of the cup being 11.9 cm. An adequate software supplied η values at each temperature, as function of R, I, δ, h, ρ and T values in air and with liquid containing cup. The viscosity of molten KNO3 and NaCl, both of “standard salt purity”, was reinvestigated over a temperature range of 100 K above their melting points. The standard deviation of the data obtained was ±0.38%. These data were systematically lower (3% for ηNaCl and 2% for η) than those obtained earlier by the same method, but agree within ±0.9% with the recommended Janz's “calibration quality viscosity data”.

One can conclude that the method gives accurate results only if operated in “full cup” condition.
The Rovibrational Overtone Spectrum of H13CNO up to 3600 cm−1: A Network of Resonance Systems
Authors: Albert Sieghard , Albert Karen Keppler , Winnewisser Manfred , Winnewisser Brenda P.
Published: March 2014

The infrared spectrum of fulminic acid, H13CNO, has been analyzed in the range 700–3600 cm−1. More than 90 new vibrational levels have been identified. Power series coefficients of these levels are given.

Every vibrational level and its rotational levels are locally or globally perturbed. It was possible to classify most of the interactions into a grand network of Coriolis‐ and/or Fermi‐type resonance systems, similar to that described for the parent species H12CNO, by using the previously known basic resonance systems 00010/00002 and 00100/00004. In addition, as for H12CNO, another basic resonance for H13CNO was identified as 01000/00111, leading to the system 00015/01000/00103/(00111), corresponding to a resonance involving the same states in the parent species. As a consequence of the interactions, many so‐called “resonance‐enhanced” rovibrational subbands have been assigned. The identification and partial analysis of the resonance systems have been carried out, first with the help of different representations of reduced term values and second, by determining the J‐value separation between e and f crossing points. The five main resonance systems will be discussed in this paper.
The Thermal Decomposition of NH2 and NH Radicals
Authors: Deppe J. , Friedrichs G. , Ibrahim A. , Römming H.‐J. , Wagner H. Gg.
Published: March 2014

The formation of NH2 and NH radicals as well as H and N atoms during the thermal decomposition of hydrazine was investigated over a wide temperature range. For the first time frequency‐modulated spectroscopy was used for the detection of NH2 radicals behind shock waves. In comparison with the dual beam laser absorption technique, the detection limit has been improved by one and a half orders of magnitude.

For reaction (5a) NH2 + M → NH + H + M the rate constants were obtained in the temperature range from 2200 to 4000 K

k5a = (1.2 ± 0.5)1015 · exp[‐(318±10) kJ mol−1/RT] cm3/mol s

and for reaction (6) NH + M → N + H + M in the temperature range from 2500 to 3400 K

k6 = (1.8 ± 0.8)1014 · exp[‐(313 ± 15)kJ mol−1/RT] cm3/mol s.

The experimental apparent activation energies were found to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations and recently recommended enthalpies of formation for NH2 and NH. The competing NH2 decomposition channel (5b) NH2 + M → N + H2 + M was shown to be of minor importance (⩽ 5%). The kinetic behavior of the unimolecular decomposition of NH2 is compared with that of H20 and 3CH2.
Pharmacokinetics of honokiol after intravenous guttae in beagle dogs assessed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liang Yi , Cui Gang , Wang Xiaoxue , Zhang Wei , An Quan , Lin Zongtao , Wang Hong , Chen Shizhong
Published: March 2014

A simple, rapid and sensitive ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of honokiol in beagle dog plasma after intravenous guttae. With addition of the internal standard magnolol, plasma samples were precipitated with methanol and separated on a Shim‐pack XR‐ODS II (2.0 × 100 mm, 2.2 µm) with isocratic elution of methanol and water (80:20) solution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. A good separation of honokiol was achieved within 3.5 min. Quantification was performed on a Waters Quattro Premier XE triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization inlet in the negative multiple reaction monitoring mode. Good linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 5.12–15580 ng/mL (r2 > 0.998). Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were <13.10%, and accuracy ranged from 89.21 to 99.92%. The lower limit of quantification for honokiol was 5.12 ng/mL, and honokiol was stable under various conditions (three freeze–thaw cycles, short‐term temperature, post‐preparative and long‐term temperature conditions.). This validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of honokiol in dogs by intravenous guttae. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The messy social lives of objects: Inter‐personal borrowing and the ambiguity of possession and ownership
Authors: Jenkins Rebecca , Molesworth Mike , Scullion Richard
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we position inter‐personal borrowing as a form of non‐market mediated access‐based consumption, a distinct form of exchange that is complex and inherently ambiguous, and a form of consumption that is under researched. We argue that the temporary transfer of possession is a defining feature of borrowing, which causes ambiguity to arise out of an object being simultaneously active in more than one network; a good can often be different things to different people at the same time. From our empirical data, we establish two emergent themes or forms of ambiguity inherent in borrowing. First, we consider the ambiguity of relationships with goods and people. We note that borrowing is significant in forming and maintaining relationships, but also that relationships to goods are significant in determining lending and borrowing practices. Second, we consider the ambiguity of ownership and find that borrowers make appropriation attempts, such that borrowed items may be temporarily treated as profane, before being re‐sacralised by the borrower and then re‐incorporated by the lender into their active network of possessions. The unique characteristics of borrowing identified in our study offer an opportunity to better understand the ambiguity, or ‘messiness’, within an object's social life that is not contained within existing work on the biography of goods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: The Phase Equilibria in the Au—In—Ga Ternary System.
Authors: Ghasemi Masoomeh , Lidin Sven , Johansson Jonas
Published: March 2014

Phase equilibria of the title system are studied by DTA, XRD, EDS, SEM and the 280 °C isothermal section of the phase diagram is given.
ChemInform Abstract: High Rate Capability of Li3V2(PO4)3/C Composites Prepared via a TPP‐Assisted Carbothermal Method and Its Application in Li3V2 (PO4)3||Li4Ti5O12.
Authors: Mao Wen‐feng , Zhang Nuo‐nuo , Tang Zhi‐yuan , Feng Ya‐qing , Ma Chen‐xiang
Published: March 2014

The title composite is prepared from mixtures of V2O5, Li2CO3, NH4H2PO4, and meso‐tetraphenyl porphyrin as the carbon source (350 °C for 4 h followed by sintering at 800 °C for 8 h in N2 atmosphere).
ChemInform Abstract: Solution Synthesis and Reactivity of Colloidal Fe2GeS4: A Potential Candidate for Earth Abundant, Nanostructured Photovoltaics.
Authors: Fredrick Sarah J. , Prieto Amy L.
Published: March 2014

Colloidal nanostructures of Fe2GeS4 are synthesized by injection of a solution of hexamethyldisilazane and hexamethyldisilathiane in octadecene at 120 °C into a mixture of FeCl2, GeI4, hexadecylamine, and octadecene followed by heating (320 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Nitrile Imines with Methyleneindolinones.
Authors: Gerten Anthony L. , Slade Michael C. , Pugh Kelsie M. , Stanley Levi M.
Published: March 2014

The title reaction in the presence of a catalyst generated in situ from Mg(NT2)2 and an aminoindanol‐derived chiral bisoxaline ligand affords spiro compounds (III) and (VI) in good yields and high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Expanding Dynamic Kinetic Protocols: Transaminase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Substituted β‐Amino Ester Derivatives.
Authors: Cuetos Anibal , Lavandera Ivan , Goto Vicente
Published: March 2014

Several enantiopure α‐alkylated β‐amino esters (II)/(III) are obtained via dynamic kinetic resolution employing a kit of transaminases as biocatalysts and isopropylamine as amino donor.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Alkylation of Amines with Alcohol over Nanosized Zeolite Beta.
Authors: Reddy Marri Mahender , Kumar Macharla Arun , Swamy Peraka , Naresh Mameda , Srujana Kodumuri , Satyanarayana Lanka , Venugopal Akula , Narender Nama
Published: March 2014

The zeolite‐catalyzed reaction of a series of amines with alcohols leads to N‐alkylated amines in most cases.
ChemInform Abstract: Ni‐Catalyzed Reductive Homocoupling of Unactivated Alkyl Bromides at Room Temperature and Its Synthetic Application.
Authors: Peng Yu , Luo Long , Yan Chang‐Song , Zhang Jian‐Jian , Wang Ya‐Wen
Published: March 2014

Application of this method is demonstrated by the total syntheses of racemic Chimonanthine and Folicanthine.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Addition of Aliphatic Thiols to Internal Alkynes in a Catalytic System with Palladium “Nanosalt” as an Active Site.
Authors: Orlov N. V. , Chistyakov I. V. , Starikova Z. A. , Ananikov V. P. , Beletskaya I. P.
Published: March 2014

Title reaction is achieved using γ‐terpinene as free radical trap and affords vinyl sulfides of E‐configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Iodination‐Initiated Wagner—Meerwein Rearrangement.
Authors: Romanov‐Michailidis Fedor , Guenee Laure , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: March 2014

A high‐yielding enantioselective semipinacol transposition, initiated by an electrophilic iodination event is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Zn(II) Chloride‐Catalyzed Direct Coupling of Various Alkynes with Acetals: Facile and Inexpensive Access to Functionalized Propargyl Ethers.
Authors: Suzuki Itaru , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: March 2014

Various propargyl ethers are synthesized using in situ generated Zn(OMe)Cl or Zn(OEt)Cl, resp., as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Cesium Carbonate Mediated Aryl Triflate Esters′ Deprotection.
Authors: Green Alice E. , Agouridas Vangelis , Deniau Eric
Published: March 2014

The efficient and operationally simple procedure for the deprotection of aryl triflate esters exhibits good functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Acylation of N‐Boc Hydrazones with Aldehydes: One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2‐Diacylbenzenes.
Authors: Sharma Satyasheel , Kim Aejin , Park Jihye , Kim Mirim , Kwak Jong Hwan , Jung Young Hoon , Park Jung Su , Kim In Su
Published: March 2014

A hydrazone‐directed Pd‐catalyzed ortho‐acylation of acetophenone N‐Boc hydrazones with aromatic aldehydes (II) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Friedel—Crafts‐Type Substitution to Form Biaryl Linkages.
Authors: Gulyas‐Fekete Gergely , Boluda Carlos J. , Westermann Bernhard , Wessjohann Ludger A.
Published: March 2014

The ipso‐substitution of one or two hydroxy groups of phloroglucinol (I) with arene nucleophiles (II) is achieved under Friedel—Crafts‐type conditions to afford dihydroxybiphenyls (III) or monohydroxytriphenyls, such as (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Electron‐Transfer (SET)‐Induced Oxidative Biaryl Coupling by Polyalkoxybenzene‐Derived Diaryliodonium(III) Salts.
Authors: Yamaoka Nobutaka , Sumida Kohei , Itani Itsuki , Kubo Hiroko , Ohnishi Yusuke , Sekiguchi Sho , Dohi Toshifumi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: March 2014

The title reaction proceeds without a metal catalyst by a unique mechanism involving SET oxidation by means of aryliodonium salts followed by electron‐rich aryl transfer.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Installation of a Hydroxyalkyl Group into Hydroxyanthraquinones and Aminoanthraquinones Through the Modified Marschalk Reaction.
Authors: Zhao Li‐Ming , Ma Feng‐Yan , Jin Hai‐Shan , Ma Jiao , Wang Huan , Fu Chuan‐Zhao
Published: March 2014

A simple, mild, and efficient method for the preparation of the target compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Oxindoles Based on a One‐Pot Ullmann Coupling/Claisen Rearrangement and Its Application to the Synthesis of a Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indole Alkaloid.
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroshi , Hirano Tomohiro , Okawa Yoichiro , Nakazaki Atsuo , Kobayashi Susumu
Published: March 2014

A convenient and efficient method for the preparation of spirocyclic oxindoles in good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Unprotected Isatins with Cyclic Enones.
Authors: Gomes Juliana , Sirvent Jordi , Moyano Albert , Rodrigues Manoel T. Jr. , Coelho Fernando
Published: March 2014

Readily available 6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]imidazol‐7‐ol is used as an unique catalyst for the aqueous Morita—Baylis—Hillman (MBH) reaction between unprotected isatins and cyclic enones.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Synthesis of Pyrrolidinyl Spirooxindole Grafted 3‐Nitrochromanes Through 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Azomethine Ylides
Authors: Rao J. Naga Siva , Raghunathan R.
Published: March 2014

azomethine ylides are generated in situ from isatin and amino acids (III) and (V)
ChemInform Abstract: Effective Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides by Phosphonium Iodides as Catalysts in Alcoholic Solvents.
Authors: Aoyagi Naoto , Furusho Yoshio , Endo Takeshi
Published: March 2014

The optimized reaction conditions allow the synthesis of five‐membered cyclic carbonates in high yields under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Abnormal N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Copper(I) Complex in Click Chemistry.
Authors: Sau Samaresh Chandra , Roy Sudipta Raha , Sen Tamal K. , Mullangi Dinesh , Mandal Swadhin K.
Published: March 2014

A newly developed copper(I) chloro complex is used as an unusual N‐heterocyclic carbene salt to efficiently catalyze Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azides with alkynes to give 1,4‐substituted triazoles in excellent yields within short reaction times under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: From Aspartic Acid to Dihydropyridone‐2‐carboxylates: Access to Enantiopure 6‐Substituted 4‐Oxo‐ and 4‐Hydroxypipecolic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Vu Huy‐Dinh , Renault Jacques , Toupet Loic , Uriac Philippe , Gouault Nicolas
Published: March 2014

The synthesis of the title compounds employs a gold‐catalyzed enantioselective cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Spontaneous Formation of Nitrarine and Polycyclic Skeletons Related to Nitraria Indolic Alkaloids under Non‐enzymic Conditions.
Authors: Gravel Edmond , Harfouche Abha , Salame Rim , Leblanc Karine , Maciuk Alexandre , Poupon Erwan
Published: March 2014

Next to the formation of compound (IV) and several byproducts, traces of Nitrarine could be detected after very long reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Tandem N—H/C—H Arylation: Regioselective Synthesis of N‐Heterocycle‐Fused Phenanthridines as Versatile Blue‐Emitting Luminophores.
Authors: Yan Lipeng , Zhao Dongbing , Lan Jingbo , Cheng Yangyang , Guo Qiang , Li Xiaoyu , Wu Ningjie , You Jingsong
Published: March 2014

A variety of fluorescent molecules comprising imidazole‐fused, benzimidazole‐fused, indole‐fused, and pyrrole‐fused phenanthridines are obtained by this approach.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Synthesis of Quinazoline Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Zhongyan , Chen Jiuxi , Liu Miaochang , Ding Jinchang , Gao Wenxia , Huang Xiaobo , Wu Huayue
Published: March 2014

The title reaction represents a new strategy for the construction of 2‐substituted quinazolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Privileged Substructure‐Based Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis Pathway for Diverse Pyrimidine‐Embedded Polyheterocycles.
Authors: Kim Heejun , Tung Truong Thanh , Park Seung Bum
Published: March 2014

A new diversity‐oriented synthesis pathway for the fabrication of a pyrimidine‐embedded polyheterocycles library is developed for potential interactions with diverse biopolymers.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Functionalization of Purine Derivatives at Positions 8 and 6 Using Hindered TMP‐Amide Bases of Zn and Mg.
Authors: Crestey Francois , Zimdars Silvia , Knochel Paul
Published: March 2014

A range of purine derivatives are metallated at positions 8 and 6 using TMP‐amide bases.
ChemInform Abstract: Masked Mercapto Acid‐Driven MCR in Task‐Specific Ionic Liquid: A New Stereocontrolled Entry into Bicyclic 1,3‐Thiazines.
Authors: Rai Vijai K. , Rai Prashant Kumar , Thakur Yogita
Published: March 2014

An unprecedented one‐pot four‐component reaction including Michael addition followed by mercaptoacetylative ring transformation allows the synthesis of optically active bicyclic 1,3‐thiazines.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Crotogoudin.
Authors: Breitler Simon , Carreira Erick M.
Published: March 2014

The key step for the synthesis of the target compound consists in a radical cyclopropane opening followed by annulation and an elimination.
ChemInform Abstract: Jahnellamides, α‐Keto‐β‐methionine‐Containing Peptides from the Terrestrial Myxobacterium Jahnella sp.: Structure and Biosynthesis.
Authors: Plaza Alberto , Viehrig Konrad , Garcia Ronald , Mueller Rolf
Published: March 2014

Two new cyclic peptides, named jahnellamides A and B are isolated from the title myxobacterium.
ChemInform Abstract: Cephalosporolide B Serving as a Versatile Synthetic Precursor: Asymmetric Biomimetic Total Syntheses of Cephalosporolides C, E, F, G, and (4‐OMe‐)G.
Authors: Song Liyan , Liu Yuan , Tong Rongbiao
Published: March 2014

Cephalosporolide B (I) is efficiently synthesized and exploited for the first time as a versatile biomimetic synthetic precursor for the chemical syntheses of not only cephalosporolides C (II) and G (V) via a challenging diastereoselective oxa‐Michael addition but also the structurally unprecedented cephalosporolides E (III) and F (IV) via a novel biomimetic ring‐contraction rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Carbon‐Incorporated Non‐noble Transition Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Hung Tai‐Feng , Chen Syuan‐Hong , Tu Meng‐Hsiu , Lu Zhi‐Hsiang , Chen Chih Kai , Liu Ru‐Shi , Greer Heather F. , Zhou Wuzong , Lo Man‐Yin
Published: March 2014

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Journey of Metal‐Metal Bonding Beyond Cotton′s Quadruple Bonds
Authors: Hua Shao‐An , Tsai Yi‐Chou , Peng Shie‐Ming
Published: March 2014

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemicals from Alkynes with Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Chinchilla Rafael , Najera Carmen
Published: March 2014

Review: 531 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Organic Framework Catalysis: Quo Vadis?
Authors: Gascon Jorge , Corma Avelino , Kapteijn Freek , Llabres i Xamena Francesc X.
Published: March 2014

Review: 203 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Templated Native Chemical Ligation: Peptide Chemistry Beyond Protein Synthesis
Authors: Vazquez Olalla , Seitz Oliver
Published: March 2014

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inteins: Nature′s Gift to Protein Chemists
Authors: Shah Neel H. , Muir Tom W.
Published: March 2014

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments and Applications of Nanodiamonds as Versatile Bioimaging Agents
Authors: Hui Yuen Yung , Chang Huan‐Cheng
Published: March 2014

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Carbon Nanomaterials from Molecular Precursors
Authors: Rondeau‐Gagne Simon , Morin Jean‐Francois
Published: March 2014

Review: tutorial review with emphasis on the preparation of carbon nanomaterials from alkyne‐containing molecules and organometallic compounds; 55 refs.
On the Space of Kähler Potentials
Authors: He Weiyong
Published: March 2014

We consider the geodesic equation for the generalized Kähler potential with only mixed second derivatives bounded. We show that given two such generalized Kähler potentials, there is a unique geodesic segment such that for each point on the geodesic, the generalized Kähler potential has uniformly bounded mixed second derivatives (in manifold directions). This generalizes a fundamental theorem of Chen (2000) on the space of Kähler potentials.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.