bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women in Indian Public Administration: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Beniwal V S , James Bulbul Dhar
Published: September 2019

To achieve equitable development in society gender equity in civil service is sine qua non. It is crucial that the structures of authority, decision making and implementation should be modified to provide access and equity to all segments of society including women. But ironically, women inhabit only 20% of decision-making places in public and private realm. Further, worldwide their visibility is merely 1-5% at apex positions in organisations. Alike, Indian Civil Service (ICS) was manned exclusively by men before 1947. Since Independence, women have been permitted to ender in the public sector including All-India Services. AIS Rules, 1954 entitled the government to demand the resignation of a female officer after marriage on ground of efficiency notwithstanding the Constitutional parity. 1972 gender parity was introduced in the most prestigious services. Nevertheless, the percentage of women in the services is abysmally low. In 2015 women were merely 12 percent and 6.4 percent in Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Police Service (IPS) respectively. Further, analysis unambiguously exposes that women are confined mainly in the sectors that foster prevailing gender stereotypes of their innateness province of bear, rear and nurture. The proposed study probes gender equity in Indian civil services in general and AIS – IAS and IPS in particular. The study reveals that women are underrepresented in IAS in general and managerial/executive position(s) in particular. Mainly three layers of hurdles are stifling their participation in these services e.g. personal factors, organizational factors and institutional and cultural factors.
Governance and Good Governance-A Conceptual Perspective
Authors: Rahim Abdul
Published: September 2019

Good Governance has been in argument from three decades in context of theoretical approach. It is specified and encompassed in Political Science of development in reverence of administrative component to achieve Social goals of society. The wide range of Good Governance topic has been understood to create an atmosphere of Accountability, Transparency, Rule of Law, Consensus orientation, Effectiveness and Efficiency so as to develop the region with international and national standards of the State. Good Governors relates to the institutional reformation Process and Political Will regarding Peace and sustainable development of the region.This research paper defines Good Governance with its all essential elements to achieve the development programs with the long range values, whereas, Political participation with the democratic ideas for achieving the goal of maintainable development of the region. The vision of good governance is discussed on boarder vision from institution to the state and Socio-economic factor is emphasized through the good governance reformative period.
Analysis of the Determinants of Public Education Expenditures in Bangladesh
Authors: Sheikh Rashidul Islam
Published: September 2019

This study based on the well-known theories of public policy analysis, economics, as well as public finance through empirically exploring and examining the determinants of public expenditure on education in Bangladesh. It is postulated, for the purpose of the research that education expenditures are determined by multidimensional factors. Economic-demographic, decision-making, political, and new institutionalism theories are therefore been studied, along with the concept of education. This research identified as well as computed education expenditure by types along with levels of education as per the distribution of government budget and the education system of Bangladesh. The results disclosed that education financing policy in Bangladesh is primarily determined by the previous year’s expenditures. Indirect tax also increased the total education expenditure as percentage of GDP. This is what in line of incrementalism theory and fiscal illusion or voting bias model suggests, respectively. Furthermore, total populations and government effectiveness has the positive impact of types as well as levels of education expenditures; implying that government of Bangladesh taken under consideration only certain factors and neglects to incorporate the importance of economic, governance and educational determinants while allocating education expenditures.
Tannery Sludge Added in Commercial Substrate for Capsicum baccatum Pepper Seedlings Production
Authors: Berilli Sávio da Silva , Almeida Rafael Nunes de , Sales Ramon Amaro de , Monaco Paola Alfonsa Vieira Lo , Berilli Ana Paula Cândido Gabriel , Quartezani Waylson Zancanella , Freitas Silvio de Jesus , Salles Rodrigo Amaro de , Oliveira Evandro Chaves de , Almeida Robson Ferreira de , Moreira Raphael Magalhães Gomes
Published: September 2019

Among the most used inputs in the seedling production stage, substrate has a higher cost when compared to fertilizers, trays and fungicides. The use of residues in addition to commercial substrates, reduces production costs and promotes greater sustainability in the agricultural and industrial production process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tannery sludge added to commercial substrate in Capsicum baccatum pepper seedlings production, as well as to identify better proportions of the substrate composition integrated with tannery sludge for this seedling. Pepper seedlings were evaluated growing in substrates with eight different compositions of tannery sludge (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%) in commercial substrates. A randomized block design with four replications was used. Plant height, stem diameter, crown diameter, dry matter of shoot and roots were evaluated, and Dickson quality index was obtained. The linear models were predominantly the most significant to explain the developmental response of the seedlings when the tannery sludge was added in the substrate. It was found that alternative substrate can be used in a proportion of 80% of tannery sludge and 20% of commercial substrate and contribute in Capsicum baccatum pepper seedlings production with greater vigor, besides decreasing the cost of these substrates.
Pedogenesis in the Barreiras Formation Under Climates of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Authors: Rêgo Lunara G. da S. , Silva Jéssia J. A. da , Souza Carolina M. M. , Portela Jeane C. , Moura Isadora N. B. M. de , Silva Ana C. R. da , Miranda Neyton de O.
Published: September 2019

In Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte has an important coastal zone and coastal Tableland areas along the Barreiras Formation, but there are few studies to locate and characterize soils with cohesive character. Therefore, this work was carried out to characterize pedons in the western and eastern mesoregions of the state, located in the Barreiras Formation and with different climatic conditions. The profile description and sample collection were carried out in March and April 2016. The characteristics of the profile identified were the sequence of horizons and their depth, soil color, texture, structure, consistency, and transition between horizons. The physical analyzes were of soil density and texture. The chemical analyzes consisted of: pH in water and in KCl, contents of available P, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, potential acidity, and total organic carbon. Indices obtained were: base sum, effective cation exchange capacity, cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0, base saturation, exchangeable aluminum saturation, and exchangeable sodium percentage. The profiles were classified up to the fourth categorical level. The mineralogical assembly was identified in the clay fraction of the diagnostic horizons. The identification of the minerals was performed by X-ray diffraction. The pedons of the two regions presented distinct characteristics and pedogenesis, occurring laterization in the pedons of the western mesoregion and podzolization in the pedons of the eastern mesoregion, both without presence of cohesive character as a diagnostic attribute.
Biometric and Bromatological Characteristics of Brachiaria Inoculated With Azospirillum brasilense Associated With Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Bulegon Lucas Guilherme , Suss Anderson Daniel , Júnior Roberto Cecatto , Guimarães Vandeir Francisco , Castagnara Deise Dalazen , Oliveria Paulo Sérgio Rabello de , Rampim Leandro
Published: September 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and bromatological characteristics of Urochloa ruziziensis in due to inoculation times with Azospirillum brasilense in the presence or absence of nitrogen fertilization. To do so it was used a randomized blocks design, with factorial scheme 4 × 2, where the first factor consisted the inoculation periods: control; A. brasilense in the seed; A. brasilense at tillering (aerial) and A. brasilense seed + foliar. The second factor constituted in the presence or absence of nitrogen (1000 mg dm³). Evaluations were made in the first, second and third cut, being evaluated the plant height, number of tillers per plant, leaves dry mass, culm+sheath dry mass; crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The use of nitrogen fertilization increased the productive and bromatological parameters in the crop of U. ruziziensis, however, the use of A. brasilense increased only the height of plants, not influencing the other productive characteristics and the bromatological parameters. It is concluded that the use of A. brasilense, regardless the period it was made, presents inconclusive results for biometric and bromatological characteristics of plants of Urochloa ruziziensis in need of further studies, on the other hand, the nitrogen fertilization brings positive effects over the evaluated parameters on U. ruziziensis.
A Study of Fuzzy Ideals in BCK Algebra
Authors: Alcheikh M. , Sabouh Anas
Published: September 2019

In this paper, some fuzzy ideals in BCK-Algebra has been discussed and some theorems relating with fuzzy ideals and anti-fuzzy ideals in BCK-Algebra have been proved.
Introductie bij het themanummer: een drieluik van groeiende woonongelijkheid
Authors: Hochstenbach Cody , Verloo Nanke
Published: September 2019

Introduction to the special issue: three acts of increasing housing inequality

Access to affordable, decent and secure housing is under increasing pressure in countries across the world, especially in burgeoning cities. This results in displacement, exclusion and increasing housing cost burdens. This theme issue consists of a collection of papers that approach inequality on urban housing markets from different angles. In this introduction to the special issue, we provide a framework to understand these various dimensions of inequality and their interconnectedness. We identify three scales of inequality: First, at the abstract level of housing systems, market developments and housing policies contribute to increasing housing costs and a reduction in affordable housing units. Second, at the urban level we identify increasing spatial segregation between populations as well as the intertwined trends of intensifying gentrification and suburbanization of poverty. Third, at the everyday level we can identify a loss of belonging among long-term residents of changing (gentrifying) neighbourhoods, while other residents may appreciate change. This also fosters the potential for conflict and poses new challenges to professionals dealing with families in situations of poverty. We argue that emerging inequalities at these different scales need to be considered as interconnected.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF MEETING ENERGY DEMANDS IN SYSTEM THERMAL POWER PLANTS BY USING LOCAL SOLID BIOMASS
Authors: Jasiulewicz Michał
Published: September 2019

What is of crucial importance in local conditions as concerns the heat power industry is the use of local biomass, especially waste biomass, as an energy raw material in the existing system of thermal power plants. The purpose of the present study is to assess the possibility of replacing hard coal as an energy raw material with solid biomass. Solid biomass is constituted by: surpluses of cereal straw and rape straw, as well as hay from unused meadows, from the upkeep of roadside trees and from energy crop plantations. The research was conducted on the example of thermal power plants associated in the “Together Warmer” Cluster. This cluster is formed by 10 thermal power plants in small towns in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Province and the city of Biała Podlaska (Lubelskie Province). All of these are located in north-east Poland. Considering the high transport costs of biomass, a biomass technical potential was accepted within a radius of 30 km from the thermal power plant. The solid biomass potential for each of the ten thermal power plants demonstrates that most of the thermal power plants from the Cluster under examination are able to meet their energy needs with solid biomass from the nearest neighbourhood (replace hard coal). However, when taking a decision on replacing hard coal with local biomass, it is necessary to adequately handle logistics and replace boilers in thermal power plants with special boilers for the combustion of solid biomass.
EVALUATION OF THE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND CARBON FOOTPRINT REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF SPRING BARLEY CULTIVATION
Authors: Żyłowski Tomasz
Published: September 2019

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of spring barley cultivation to indicate the reasons for its inefficiency and assess the possibility of the carbon footprint reduction potential. Survey data from 113 farms cultivating spring barley in 2016 were used. DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) input oriented models were applied to assess technical, pure technical and scale efficiency. The carbon footprint of crop cultivation and its reduction potential for inefficient farms were estimated. The Fractional Regression Model (FRM) was used to explain how farm specific variables (structural and environmental factors) influence the efficiency of spring barley cultivation. Results indicate that the improvement of spring barley cultivation technology, through the effective use of inputs, especially mineral fertilizers, could lead to a reduction in the carbon footprint of its cultivation by an average of 32%, which, in turn, leads to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 744 kg CO2e per ha. The economic size of farms, farm area, soil quality and annual rainfall significantly affect the results of technical efficiency.
SITUATION OF DISABLED PEOPLE IN THE POLISH LABOR MARKET
Authors: Jabłońska-Porzuczek Lidia
Published: September 2019

Work is an important component of individual life. To disabled people, it is of particular importance because in addition to helping them address their material needs, it prevents social exclusion and is part of integration and rehabilitation processes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to assess the labor market situation of the working-age disabled population. This paper also includes a comparative analysis between the situation of disabled and able-bodied persons to explore the significant differences in economic activity, employment and unemployment ratios. The data analysis suggests that the labor market situation of working-age disabled people was much more difficult than that of able-bodied persons. In 2011-2018, the average activity rate for disabled people was 27%, i.e. 51 percentage points below the corresponding ratio for able-bodied people. In turn, the average unemployment rate for persons with impairments was 13.3%, compared to 7.7% for people without impairments. The average employment rate for disabled and able-bodied persons was 23% and 72%, respectively. The disadvantages faced by disabled people are driven by many factors, including socio-demographic aspects. Legal regulations as well as attitudes of employers, collaborators, the society and the disabled people also play a considerable role.
AGRICULTURAL RISK AND ITS PERCEPTION AMONG PROTEIN PLANT FARMERS
Authors: Śmiglak-Krajewska Magdalena
Published: September 2019

As farmers are exposed to risk and uncertainty, they are unable to make optimal choices. The main purpose of this paper was to present how farmers perceive risk in agriculture.To meet the objective defined above, this paper relied on the results of a 2018 survey conducted with a sample of 137 legume farms across the country. The information was analyzed and described with the use of descriptive statistics methods. Also, the correlation between selected characteristics was assessed with the Pearson’s contingency coefficient (C) based on the chi-square test of independence. Most interviewees (71%) perceive the effects of risk as the possible emergence of losses or profits, while 29% associate risks with losses only. None of the interviewees declared the perception of risks purely as an opportunity to reap benefits. The respondents believe that agricultural businesses should be most wary of production risk (an average rating of 11.6) and market risk (8.1 to 9.0).
FARMS PARTICIPATING IN THE AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL-CLIMATE MEASURE AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF OTHER FARMS
Authors: Żak Agata , Zieliński Marek
Published: September 2019

The progressive effects of climate change and persistent negative trends in the state of the natural environment of many rural areas in the European Union and throughout the world are reasons for which there is an urgent need to carry out activities with respect to the protection of climate and natural environment in the agricultural sector. The objective of this article is to describe both the state of spending funds and farms belonging to beneficiaries of the Agri-environmental-climate The aim of the study was to measure and assess the functioning of farms belonging to beneficiaries of the RDP 2014-2020 measure against a background of other farms in 2017. A comparative analysis of farms belonging to beneficiaries and other farms included farms with field crops, mixed production and animals fed with roughage, as they play an important role in Polish agriculture. As part of the Measure, more than half of the farms use support under Packages 1 and 2. The share of farms implementing 3 or more packages at a time was much lower. The analysis carried out shows, inter alia, that farms belonging to beneficiaries are characterised by a worse economic situation expressed by income per 1 FWU (Family Work Unit).
The beginnings of the journal “Rachunkowość”
Authors: Luty Zbigniew
Published: September 2019

This article presents the initial stage of creating the Polish journal “Rachunkowość” (“Accountancy”).
Contemporary Polish accounting scientists are well acquainted with world literature and current Polish
studies, including publications contained in the journal “Rachunkowość”. The author believes that the
content of this journal from 60-70 years ago is not well known, as evidenced by the lack of references in
present time scientific papers to articles from this period, which were very important for shaping Polish
accounting after World War II. The aim of this paper is to present the activities of the Editorial Board and
the Program Board, as well as the content of the journal “Rachunkowość” in the years 1949–1970. This
study, on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the journal Accounting, links the theory of accounting
with practice, presents the beginning of Accounting Departments conferences, Congresses of the Association
of Accountants in Poland and training courses for accountants, and also describes the problems of
Polish economy of that time.
DETERMINANTS OF FARM INCOME IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN NEW AND OLD MEMBER STATES. A REGIONAL STUDY
Authors: Kryszak Łukasz , Matuszczak Anna
Published: September 2019

The aim of the article was to identify the determinants of income of representative farms at the level of European Union regions. For this purpose, FADN data was used for the years 2004-2017. Due to varied conditions of agricultural development, EU regions were divided into groups according to seniority of members. Income was examined using basic panel regression and quantile panel regression models using the extended Cobb-Douglas formula. Apart from the basic input of production factors (labour, capital and land), the impact of subsidies as well as production and financial management strategies in the farms were also investigated. It was found that farm income in so-called new member states were more sensitive to growing specialization, direct payments and capital expenditure, while, in the so-called old EU, there was a relatively high elasticity of income in relation to the labour factor. On the other hand, income was negatively affected by an increase in the level of financial leverage. The results of the quantile regression model show that, with increasing farm income, the role of labour and land factors decreases, while the significance of the capital factor remains relatively constant.
PRODUCTIVITY OF THE POLISH AGRICULTURAL SECTOR COMPARED TO EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES IN 2004-2017 BASED ON FADN FARMS
Authors: Smędzik-Ambroży Katarzyna , Rutkowska Martyna , Kirbaş Hakan
Published: September 2019

The aim of the study was to assess the productivity of the Polish agricultural sector compared to other EU countries in the long-term, encompassing the years 2004-2017. The time range of analyzes covered the years 2004-2017, spatial range of analyzes concerned individual EU countries, and the subjective scope of research included representative farms from these countries. Data was from EUFADN. Therefore, a comparative analysis of synthetic indicators of agricultural productivity in 2004-2006, 2007-2010, 2011-2014 and 2015-2017 was performed. It has been proven that agriculture in Poland, compared to other EU countries, was characterized in the years 2004-2017, almost by the lowest level of resource productivity. The sources of competitiveness of agriculture in Poland in relation to other EU countries result from price differences and not from differences in the productivity of land, capital and labor. The Polish agricultural sector, in the last decade, showed almost the lowest productivity of resources in relation to other EU countries. This was proven by excluding the impact of prices on the differences in resource productivity between EU countries. The increase in the productivity of Polish agriculture is therefore a necessary condition to prevent a progressive decrease in the competitiveness of this sector.
MAIN FOCUSES OF ENGLISH PAPERS OF ANNALS (PAAAE) DURING THE LAST TEN YEARS
Authors: Takács István , Takács-György Katalin
Published: September 2019

The aim of the research is to analyze English language scientific articles that have been published in the scientific journal entitled Annals PAAAE from 2009 to 2018 by using tools of text mining and text analysis, measuring how the frequency of key terms has changed, and to conclude the probable change of research focus of authors based on it. The subjects of the research are 393 English language articles that have been issued in the volumes of Annals PAAAE (Polish title is Roczniki Naukowe SERiA) from 2009 to 2018 (from Vol. 11 to Vol. 20), which are ready to download in pdf format on the website of the publishing house. Text mining and text analysis were conducted using own self-adapted routines of samples written in the R language programme. At the hierarchic cluster analysis, the Ward D method was used, and the association of frequency of terms was measured using Pearson’s correlation. It was found that the weight of research concerning the context of the product-production-market has increased, but there was low usage of the term “competitiveness”. What was of key significance was that in the case of clustering articles by author nationality, the role of the origin of the author has decreased as a determinant factor, which could suggest the uniformity of terminology as well as similarity of research topics and the researcher’s interests, which can initialize cooperation and common research. The growth of the number of articles elaborated on by international teams is also a projection of this tendency.
ANALYSIS OF INCOME DISPARITY OF FARMER HOUSEHOLDS
Authors: Parlińska Maria , Pomichowski Piotr
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the analysis is an attempt to assess the income disparity of farmers compared to other socio-professional groups in light of the latest available data and an assessment on how administrative division impacts income disparity size. The analysis was performed using data gathered by the Household Budget Survey from 2017, availing for that purpose the statistics of disposable income per household and converting it to a per capita figure. Among socio-professional groups, the following households were distinguished: farmers, entrepreneurs, employees, pensioners and other earners earning income from other sources. The results of the analysis have given evidence of existing income disparity of farmer households with respect to other households. By comparing households of farmers and entrepreneurs, the greatest disparities can be observed in average disposable income to the detriment of farmers and employee incomes are located between these types of households. The highest income levels of farmers in comparison with entrepreneurs, employees or households in general, for that matter, are recorded in the Podlaskie, Lubelskie and Lubuskie voivodships. This observation suggests the significant development of the agricultural sector or slow overall economic development, which generates low revenue for individuals making their living as employees or entrepreneurs. Higher disposable income level households of entrepreneurs and employees tend to be characteristic of territories with significant urban areas, i.e. the Mazowieckie voivodship or Małopolska region. In these areas, income levels earned from work or entrepreneurship are substantially higher than those acquired from farming.
FOREIGN TRADE IN LAMB MEAT BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Authors: Rokicki Tomasz
Published: September 2019

The main purpose of the paper was to present foreign trade in lamb meat concerning exchanges between the countries of the European Union. In a targeted manner, all EU member states were selected for research as of 31/12/2018 (28 countries). The research period concerned the years 2005-2018. The sources of materials were literature and Eurostat data. For analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular and graphical methods, dynamics indicators based on a constant and variable basis, the Gini concentration coefficient, Lorenz curve concentration analysis and Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient were applied. The export of lamb meat in relation to other EU countries accounted for over 90% of total export of this type of meat. In the case of imports, it was just over 50%. There were countries only selling to other EU countries and those with buyers from outside the EU. The situation was similar in import. The concentration of lamb meat export and import decreased, faster for imports. There were also positive average relationships between foreign trade in lamb meat in relations with other EU countries and basic economic parameters.
ECONOMIC PROFITABILITY OF INVESTMENT IN A PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANT IN SOUTH-EAST POLAND
Authors: Gradziuk Piotr , Gradziuk Barbara
Published: September 2019

The goal of the conducted research was to assess the economic profitability of investment in a photovoltaic power plant located in south-east Poland, taking into consideration the whole invested capital, regardless of its origin. To determine such profitability, the NPV (Net Present Value) was used as well as the DPBT (Dynamic [Discounted] Pay Back Time). Empirical data was obtained from Energia Dolina Zielawy Sp. z o.o., with its registered office in Wisznice, which owns a photo-voltaic farm with 1.4 MW power, located in Bordziłówka (commune of Rossosz, province of Lublin). In accordance with the adopted assumptions described in the methodology section, the net present value of the investment in both variants was above zero, thus being economically efficient. The discounted period of payback time DBPT for the version with a subsidy was 9 years, whereas the option without subsidy extended that period to 13 years, and in the case of not taking the PMSPE into account – 18 years, still significantly shorter than the assumed 25-year period of use.
THE SATISFACTION OF PRODUCERS, SELLING IN VARIOUS MARKETPLACES – RESULTS OF A PRIMARYSURVEY FROM HUNGARY
Authors: Kiss Konrád
Published: September 2019

Scientific interest in short supply chains (SSC) and local food has increased in the past decade. Due to the concentration of trade, sale opportunities for small sized agricultural producers has decreased. Short supply chains can offer alternate opportunities for them in trading. Therefore, it is necessary to examine their profitability and role in rural development. In the article, producer satisfaction with marketplaces, by means of primary survey is investigated. The sample area consisted of marketplaces with different sizes and types, and were located in a 40-kilometer-radius area of the capital city, Budapest, and Gyöngyös (located in the Mátra region). Paper-questionnaires with 214 market-producers between August and December of 2018 were carried out, in 22 different places. The survey is based on conventional markets (and market-halls), producer markets, and an eco-market. Results showed that differences between producer markets and conventional ones were more determining than simple territorial differences. Differences between conventional markets of the two areas were not statistically significant. In light of the results, it is worth launching future studies or campaigns that deal with rural consumer susceptibility on producer markets. In this survey, rural producer markets – that could increase producer satisfaction – were not typical.
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL MUNICIPALITIES IN THE MAŁOPOLSKA VOIVODSHIP
Authors: Kudełko Joanna
Published: September 2019

The paper aims to identify the level of socio-economic development of rural municipalities in the Małopolska voivodship, present relevant development rankings, and describe changes in this area in 2003-2017. The development processes of rural municipalities are analysed in the context of the functions they perform as well as their position in the spatial system of Małopolska. Selected diagnostic characteristics allow for the calculation of the synthetic measure of development, leading to a linear presentation of Małopolska’s rural municipalities and their ranking in terms of socio-economic development. The ordering of municipalities is based on Hellwig’s method. Empirical analysis is based on the statistical data of the Central Statistical Office and the Statistical Office in Cracow. Development trends in the rural municipalities of Małopolska and relative growth gaps have a persistent character over time. The highest development levels are recorded in urbanised areas in which agricultural functions are considerably reduced, and are located in close vicinity of the regional centre of Cracow. On the other hand, the least developed rural municipalities in the region include those with a dominant agricultural function. The conducted research indicates that functional factors in the development of rural municipalities, related to economic structures, as well as spatial factors, related to the vicinity of regional centres, are closely correlated.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS – DETERMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Brodzińśki Zbigniew
Published: September 2019

The aim of the research was to identify and group conditions affecting the development of entrepreneurship among agricultural producers. The article presents opinions of a purposefully selected group of farmers taking part in the work of a team appointed by the voivode for the preparation of a diagnosis of the socio-economic situation of agriculture in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. Using the technique of a focus group interview, among others, opinions on the forms and areas of entrepreneurship of agricultural producers and conditions for its further development in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship were obtained. Barriers have been defined, including the poor innovative nature of commenced undertakings, low interest in cooperation with other economic entities and low social capital, especially in interaction with the socio-cultural and economic environment. The obtained assessment by means of the FGI method allowed to classify factors influencing the development of entrepreneurship of farmers into five groups including the conditioning, stimulating and maintaining character of determinants having an impact on farmer entrepreneurship as well as those with an indirect and local impact on entrepreneurship development. In the case of factors conditioning the development of farmer entrepreneurship, the following proved important: individual predispositions of entrepreneurs (including creativity, optimism, commitment), competition on the market (market niches, mobilization for operation, healthy competition), the state of equipment of farms with machines, devices, buildings and structures and the possibility of obtaining financial resources (EU funds, loans, own resources).
DEMAND FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANIC FOOD MARKET – A REVIEW OF POLISH RESEARCH
Authors: Łuczka Władysława
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this paper is to identify the progress made in research on demand factors of development of the Polish organic food market in 2004-2018, to present the strengths and weaknesses of relevant research and identify cognitive gaps in this respect. The review is restricted to Polish literature because of the particularities of the domestic organic food market which reflect its immaturity. The analysis focused on the last fifteen years (2004–2018). The papers were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, Google Scholar and BazEkon, basing on four keywords: demand for organic food; purchasing behavior of organic food consumers; availability of organic food; and organic food prices. The article presents a review of research from 107 publications. The review of research findings suggests that progress has been made in the identification of key demand factors of development of the organic food market. Some development barriers (high prices, limited availability of the product range) were not removed in the study period. The weakness of the relevant research is the insufficient use of complex statistical methods.
DISADVANTAGEOUS BEHAVIOR FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE FOOD CONSUMPTION ACCORIDNG TO CONSUMER OPINIONS
Authors: Goryńska-Goldmann Elżbieta
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the article is to specify behavior considered to be disadvantageous for achieving sustainable consumption by consumers. Sustainable consumption, in economics usually derived from the consumer usefulness theory, is, on the one hand, inseparably linked to the effectiveness of a food supply chain, and on the other, a phenomenon significantly less identifiable and much more difficult to verify. In research, factual material gained through a personal interview survey, conducted in the Greater Poland Voivodship was used. Respondents were chosen with the use of quota and purposive sampling. It was found that consumers are able to see some behavior that are unfavorable for achieving sustainable consumption. The average level of unfavorable behavior (2.25) proves that consumers see such behavior with a relatively low level of disadvantages for achieving sustainable food consumption (in the economic, ecologic and social aspect). Consumers see unfavorable behavior for achieving sustainable consumption as behavior of a low level of disadvantages, including behavior stemming from the cost of moving from a previous model to a sustainable model, which demands spending more time on planning and shopping and creates a need to control personal behavior in terms of shopping logistics, i.e. planning, organizing, storing, buying and consuming products, as well as waste disposal. A very low level disadvantage of achieving sustainable food consumption is connected, according to consumers, with some behavior demanding self-control and self-discipline (e.g. avoiding excessive, disadvantageous consumption), engagement in the life of the local society and spending more time on looking for local products (in order to exchange, borrow, share and foster the community). Information concerning behavior unfavorable for achieving sustainable food consumption can be used for planning and implementing actions aimed at disseminating the idea and increasing consumer awareness.
Editorial
Authors: Dobroszek Justyna
Published: September 2019

Editorial
Disclosures regarding the risk of estimated measurement in the financial statements – behavioral aspects
Authors: Zieniuk Paweł
Published: September 2019

Disclosures regarding the risk of estimated measurement in the financial statements – behavioral aspects
Diagnostico socioambiental e econômico dos quintais produtivos para agricultura familiar na Amazônia: estudo de caso em Fordlândia, Aveiro (PA)
Authors: Santos Magno Silva , Correa Edinelson Saldanha , Shinaigger Thiago
Published: September 2019

O presente artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a importância dos quintais produtivos para agricultura familiar, identificando as condições socioeconômicas desta população que vive mais afastada dos grandes centros urbanos, mostrando que quitais produtivos podem ser uma alternativa de sustentabilidade, pois estas populações possuem baixa oferta de emprego formal e dificuldade na composição da cesta básica. O estudo foi realizado entre os meses de julho a outubro de 2018, em Fordlândia, distrito localizado na Amazônia, no município de Aveiro (PA). Foi realizado aplicação de questionário semiestruturado, com questões abordando a importância dos quintais produtivos no âmbito da agricultura familiar, aplicadas a uma amostra de 15 famílias de agricultores. A idade dos agricultores variou entre 41 e 79 anos, onde ficou evidente que o homem é o principal manejador de seus sistemas produtivos, tendo como principal produto trabalhado, as hortaliças, um outro ponto importante é a utilização das plantas medicinais, que ainda auxiliam os moradores quando necessário na manutenção da saúde. Em relação à característica de aprendizado e conhecimento nas produções, é passado de geração para geração, que é ainda o mais evidente, mesmo com a saída de muitos jovens, que buscam outras oportunidades em grandes centros mais próximas. Os quintais produtivos exaltam a grande importância para a subsistência e composição de renda para as famílias, trançando perfis socioeconômicos e culturais dessa comunidade, além de proporcionar sombra, locais de lazer e encontros familiares, e amenizando a temperatura ao redor das casas.
Variation of Surface Topography in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
of Nickel Super Alloy 625
Authors: Fox Jason C.
Published: September 2019

This document provides details on the files available for download in the
dataset "Variation of Surface Texture in Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Nickel Super
Alloy 625." The following sections provide details on the experiments, methods, and
data files. The experiment detailed in this document methodically varies part
position and surface orientation relative to the build plate and relative to the
recoater blade. This dataset provides surface height data for analysis and
development of correlations by the greater research.
A New Framework for Hierarchical Drawings
Authors: Ortali Giacomo , Tollis Ioannis
Published: September 2019

We present a new approach to visualize directed graphs and their hierarchies that departs from the classical four-phase framework of Sugiyama and computes readable hierarchical visualizations that focus on the reachability information of a directed acyclic graph. Additionally, our approach has the feature that a few transitive edges are not drawn in the drawing, thus reducing the visual complexity of the resulting drawing. Furthermore, the problems involved in our framework require only polynomial time. The channel decomposition is a partition of the vertex set of the graph into channels, where a channel is a relaxed path. Our framework offers a suite of solutions depending upon the requirements, and it consists of only two steps: (a) the cycle removal step (if the directed graph contains cycles) and (b) the channel decomposition and hierarchical drawing step. Our framework does not introduce any dummy vertices and it keeps the vertices of a path/channel vertically aligned.
The time complexity of the main drawing algorithms of our framework is $O(km)$, where $k$ is the number of paths/channels, typically much smaller than $n$ (the number of vertices).
The paraventricular thalamus is a critical mediator of top-down control of cue-motivated behavior in rats
Authors: Campus Paolo , Covelo Ignacio R , Kim Youngsoo , Parsegian Aram , Kuhn Brittany N , Lopez Sofia A , Neumaier John F , Ferguson Susan M , Solberg Woods Leah C , Sarter Martin , Flagel Shelly B
Published: September 2019

Cues in the environment can elicit complex emotional states, and thereby maladaptive behavior, as a function of their ascribed value. Here we capture individual variation in the propensity to attribute motivational value to reward-cues using the sign-tracker/goal-tracker animal model. Goal-trackers attribute predictive value to reward-cues, and sign-trackers attribute both predictive and incentive value. Using chemogenetics and microdialysis, we show that, in sign-trackers, stimulation of the neuronal pathway from the prelimbic cortex (PrL) to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) decreases the incentive value of a reward-cue. In contrast, in goal-trackers, inhibition of the PrL-PVT pathway increases both the incentive value and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell. The PrL-PVT pathway, therefore, exerts top-down control over the dopamine-dependent process of incentive salience attribution. These results highlight PrL-PVT pathway as a potential target for treating psychopathologies associated with the attribution of excessive incentive value to reward-cues, including addiction.
Allergic rhinitis, rather than asthma, might be associated with dental caries, periodontitis, and other oral diseases in adults
Authors: Ho Sai-Wai , Lue Ko-Huang , Ku Min-Sho
Published: September 2019

Background

The association between asthma (AS), allergic rhinitis (AR) and oral diseases remains inconclusive in adults. AS and AR often coexist. However, studies that investigate AS, AR together and their association with oral diseases are scarce.

Methods

Data from 22,898 men and 28,541 women, aged 21 to 25 years, were collected from a national database in Taiwan. Five common oral diseases: dental caries, periodontitis, pulpitis, gingivitis, and stomatitis/aphthae were studied. Differences in the incidence of the five oral diseases in AR vs. non-AR, and AS vs. non-AS groups were compared. The incidence of the five oral diseases in men/ women, urban/country citizen, and high/low income groups was studied. The frequencies of clinical visits and impact of topical steroid use between the groups were also studied. The confounding factors included sex, socioeconomic status, urbanization, dentofacial anomalies, disease of salivary flow, diabetes mellitus, and esophageal reflux.

Results

The incidence and the frequencies of clinical visits for all five oral diseases were higher in those with AR than in the non-AR group after adjusting for confounding factors and AS. Similar observation was made for the AS group, without adjusting for AR. However, if AR was included for adjustment, no relationship was found between AS and oral diseases. In the AR group, those with higher incomes, and country residents had a high risk of developing oral disease. Intranasal steroids, rather than inhaled steroids, were also associated with oral diseases.

Conclusion

AR, rather than AS, may be associated with oral diseases in young adults.
OS SABERES DOCENTES IDENTIFICADOS NA PRODUÇÃO ACADÊMICA NO EXERCÍCIO DA EDUCAÇÃO INCLUSIVA
Authors: Nozi Gislaine Semcovici , Vitaliano Celia Regina
Published: September 2019

Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os saberes docentes recomendados por pesquisadores da área da Educação Especial como necessários ao professor do ensino regular para promover a inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais (NEE). Realizamos uma pesquisa documental de teses e dissertações disponíveis no Banco de Teses da Capes. Os dados coletados foram organizados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo e consistiram de cinco temas: dimensão conceitual, dimensão procedimental, dimensão atitudinal, dimensão contextual e outras características pessoais do professor que favorecem a inclusão de alunos com NEE. Os resultados evidenciaram que os saberes mais frequentemente indicados como necessários para a atuação pedagógica em classes inclusivas contribuem para o processo educacional de todos os alunos, sejam eles com ou sem NEE.
Diarrhoea and Comorbidities Seen at University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Authors: Ide Lucy E. Yaguo , Alex-Hart Balafama A.
Published: September 2019

Background: Diarrhoea illnesses continue to cause major sickness and death in children in developing countries. They often occur simultaneously in association with other illnesses as comorbidities, especially in children under five years of age. There is a dearth of literature on these comorbidities.

Objective: To evaluate the pattern of diarrhoea and associated comorbidities in children with diarrhoea diseases at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Methods: This was a descriptive, retrospective cross sectional study carried out in the Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, between January 2011 to December 2014. The case notes of all children with diarrhoea who presented to the Diarrhoea Training Unit (DTU) and children’s emergency ward were retrieved and studied. Information sought included the biodata, type of diarrhoea, presence and level of dehydration, year and month of presentation, outcome of illness and comorbidities.

Results: There were 394 subjects, males were 215(54.6%), females 179(45.4%). Their ages ranged from 1 month to 168 months, mean age 17.1±2.8 months. Acute watery diarrhoea was the most common type 321 (81.47%), followed by dysentery 47 (11.93%). Two hundred and thirty nine (60.7%) patients had no dehydration, 37 (9.46%) mild dehydration, 107 (27.2%) moderate dehydration and 11 (2.8%) severe dehydration. Malaria was the most common comorbidity 66 (16.8%), followed by tonsillitis 65(16%) and pneumonia 45 (11.4%). Two hundred and eighteen (55.3%) were discharged following treatment and 14 (3.6%) died.

Conclusion: The commonest type of diarrhoea found was acute watery diarrhoea and malaria was the most frequent comorbidity found.