bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender difference of hedging in interpreting for chinese government press conferences: A corpus-based study
Authors: Pan Feng , Zheng Binghan
Published: October 2017

This paper aims to examine gender differences in hedging in Chinese–English conference interpreting based on a transcribed parallel corpus. The point of departure was to test Holmes’s (1986, 1988a) claims that women do not necessarily employ more hedges than men but that women’s use of hedges tends to focus more on interpersonal relationships while men’s is more on propositional precision. Hyland’s (1996a, 1996b) model in which hedges were categorized into accuracy-oriented, speaker-oriented and audience-oriented, has been adapted for this end. Our finding shows that male interpreters actually employ more hedges than their female counterparts on the whole. In particular, their accuracy-oriented and speaker-oriented hedges exceed those of female interpreters, but not for audience-oriented ones. To find out whether these differences were caused by the source texts per se or by interpreters’ manipulation, we named four types of interpreting approach towards hedge items: direct transfer, indirect transfer, shift and addition. The former two types were identified as source text interference while the latter two as interpreters’ manipulation. The results indicate that male interpreters exceed female interpreters in terms of shift and addition cases in all three types of hedges. The findings of the present study contribute to a more profound understanding of gender difference in language mediation and also have implications for future interpreter training.
Translating irony in media texts: A relevance theory perspective
Authors: Kamyanets Angela
Published: October 2017

The focus of the paper is on ironic statements in Ukrainian media texts and their English translations. The theoretical framework underpinning the text analysis is Sperber and Wilson’s account of verbal irony as echoic allusion to an attributed proposition from which the speaker dissociates himself/herself, implicitly expressing a critical attitude (Wilson and Sperber 1992). The corpus of the present study consists of a series of ironic statements selected from three opinion articles published between 2010 and 2014 in a quality Ukrainian magazine having both Ukrainian and English versions. The paper explores how the ironic interpretation in each particular instance is consistent with the principle of relevance, and discusses implicatures communicated by the ironic statements. Then the focus shifts to the choices made by the translators in reproducing the irony in the target text. The study undertakes to assess how much the irony along with the implicatures is accessible to the target readers of the English translations, considering their cognitive environment. The results suggest that implicatures of ironic statements in the source and target texts do not coincide completely, with irony often being more pronounced in the English translation than in the Ukrainian original. At the same time, the value judgments communicated by the source ironic statements remain basically unchanged in the target text.
Early Urban Water Management of Gdansk, Poland
Authors: Kowalik Piotr J. , Lakkonen Simo , Suligowski Ziemowit
Published: October 2017

This paper describes origin and development of sewer system in Gdansk, Poland, designparameters for water use and wastewater generation, gravity siphons, pumping stations,sewage fields. It was the first and complete solution of urban water on the Europeancontinent. This report gives literature review, background of decisions, comprehensive resultsand final conclusions. Paper focused on the water-based infrastructure in the city, namelypotable water, sewerage, irrigation and drainage. Described technologies are still in use andcan be used in the future in developing countries, for example for re-use of wastewater onirrigation fields.
Effects from log-yard stormwater runoff on the microalgae Scenedesmus subspicatus
Authors: Salomon Paulo S. , Kaczala Fabio , Marques Marcia , Granéli Edna , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

The effects posed by stormwater runoff from an industrial log-yard on the microalgae Scenedesmus subspicatus have been investigated. The effects of stormwater runoff sampled during two rain events on the microalgae were determined in different concentrations (% v:v). The test organisms were exposed to the stormwater runoff 96h and the percentage change in growth rates in relation to a control culture were measured at exposure times of 24h, 48h, 72 and 96h. Whereas the runoff from the first rain event posed in most cases growth stimulatory effects, the runoff from the second rain event inhibited algae growth. Differences in runoff physico-chemical characteristics combined with the hydrological factors of each rain event explained these opposite effects. The occurrence of the “first flush” phenomenon was studied and the results confirmed such occurrences in the second rain event. On the basis of normalized inhibitory effects and runoff volume, it was found that 42, 51 and 50% of the inhibitory effects during exposures of 24, 48 and 72h were associated with the initial 4% of the total discharged volume. To conclude it can be stated that since the stormwater runoff of only 2 rain events posed negative effects on the test organisms, the potential environmental threats posed by these waters during the entire hydrological year needs to be better understood in order to propose an adequate management program.
Fire Safety of Waste Storage
Authors: Lönnermark Anders , Persson Henry , Blomqvist Per , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

The EC Directive on landfill of waste and the development of different national regulations, together with the need and interest for biofuels, have resulted in more extensive handling and storage of these products. Calorific value and bulk density are for most fractions lower than for example oil, which translates into a further increase in volumes of fuel needed for a given amount of energy. Since the material is to be used as a high-grade fuel, higher requirements are placed on the storage technology. There will also probably be strong desire to place stocks in direct connection with for example a specific industry or co-generation plant, to minimize the need for transport. Overall, this means that very large production and handling facilities with large stocks will be required. These new types of storages also mean new types of risks. There is therefore a great need for knowledge on the risks for spontaneous ignition, fire characteristics, and risk for fire spread for these fuels and storages. If a fire occurs it can lead to significant problems with emissions and in many cases the rescue services have problems with handling these fires. These fires can also lead to large economic losses. It is, therefore, important to know both how to avoid and how to facilitate extinguishment of these fires. In the paper some trends regarding storage of waste are discussed together with the risks for self-heating and emissions. Experiences from real fires are presented and some existing guidelines for storage of waste are discussed.
About Necessity of Development a Common Method of training of Students in Natural Science to Solve Ecoogical and Environmental Problems
Authors: Hogland William , Rud Vasilii , Stepanova Anastasia
Published: October 2017

The problem of worsening of ecological situation on the Earth and in the Nordic and the Baltic countries requires a detailed search to find solutions ecological and environmental problems. It is obviously that their decision may occur on various fronts: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the share of energy plants, new water treatment technologies, management of municipal solid waste, etc.

However, not only technology, but also the skills of engineers, scientists and support staff underlie of each of these approaches. Therefore it’s important to make a decision in training of highly qualified personnel to develop and manage new technologies comes out on top.

The Nordic and the Baltic Sea region consists of 10 states, each of which has its own system of training specialists in the field of ecology and environmental. One of the aims is not only to analyze the set of natural-scientific disciplines that are studied by the future specialists in this area and their volume, but also to create (develop) a single, brand new for the Nordic and Baltic region, the method of training, based on an analysis of existing systems. This approach can be implemented on the basis of the traditional cooperation in this area between the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University ( SPbSPU) (Russia) and the University of Linnaeus ( Sweden), involving other universities, producing companies and the management authorities of cities of the Baltic and northern regions and the creation of an extensive network on the subject.
Suitability of Wastewater Sludge for Utilization in the Leningrad Region (Russia)
Authors: Värri Hanna , Havukainen Jouni , Horttanainen Mika Horttanainen
Published: October 2017

Insufficient wastewater treatment causes serious problems for the environment and health in the Leningrad Region. Even though wastewater treatment has been improving during the last decade, almost no attention has been paid to the wastewater sludge treatment. Nutrient emissions from the organic wastes, including wastewater sludge, are among the most significant sources of the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Disposal of sludge causes also significant greenhouse gas emissions, polluting local water resources and filling up the landfill sites.

Currently the main treatment method of wastewater sludge in Russia is so called aging. This means that sludge is stored in piles from some months up to some years, and after that the sludge is disposed to landfills. In order to develop wastewater sludge treatment, it is essential to know the properties of the material treated. In Russia, wastewater sludge is often expected to contain high amounts of heavy metals. This is a significant challenge for material or energy recovery from the sludge. Different possible treatment methods of wastewater sludge are discussed in this paper.

The properties and composition of wastewater sludge from two different municipal wastewater treatment plants are defined and discussed in the paper. The main properties are volatile and total solids, moisture and ash content, inorganic compounds, heavy metal contents, and the lower heating value of dry matter. The effect of the properties on energy and nutrient recovery purposes are evaluated.
Biodegradation of Textile Dyes Based on Wood Carriers
Authors: Forss Jörgen , Welander Ulrika
Published: October 2017

Biodegradation of textile dyes from the azo class by Bjerkandera sp.and microbial consortium from forest residues. Bjerkandera’s degradation ability was evaluated in unsterile environment and put out of competition from the microbial consortium inhabiting forest residues. Microorganisms from forest residues were evaluated and transferred to soft wood shavings with maintained biodegrade performance. A continuous system was created containing anaerobic and aerobic parts and a successful degradation was monitored by spectrophotometer and High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
The Impact of Changing Environmental Conditions on the Retention of Heavy Metals Adsorbed by Pine Bark
Authors: Khokhotva Oleksandr
Published: October 2017

Landfills are widely used for the disposal of households' and industrial waste. Liquid landfill effluents contain heavy metals, are toxic to humans and ecosystems and have to be efficiently treated. One treatment option that is becoming popular is the reactive filter technology. The total efficiency of metal removal by a filter media greatly depends not only on adsorption itself, but also on the metal leaching from the adsorbent. The last parameter, in turn, may be dependant on changing environmental conditions since filters are usually located on open air and flow of contaminated water (landfill leachate, runoff water) has the intermittent nature. A filter material may dry, become frozen or stay wet, depending on a season. Previously adsorbed metals can leach from an adsorbent at the next flash of water, coming to water treatment facilities. Among others, pine bark has shown a high capacity to adsorb heavy metals from landfill leachates. In this study, pine bark has been pre-treated with urea-solution in order to increase its stability and adsorption properties. Within leaching experiments using either non-treated or pre-treated bark samples no significant influence of the changing environmental conditions on the extent of metal leaching was observed, though in most cases, metal leaching from wet bark samples exposed to freezing was somewhat higher. Zn leaching was the highest and Cu leaching the lowest for both NTB and UTB samples. The metal leaching from non-treated bark was several-fold higher compared to urea-treated bark. Possible mechanisms of barkurea interactions and reasons for enhanced metals adsorption by urea-modified bark are discussed.
Sorption of Heavy Metal Ions (Cu2+ and Cd2+) From Simulated and Industrial Wastewaters Using Sugarcane Biomass
Authors: Opeolu, B.O. , Fatoki O.S.
Published: October 2017

The widespread use of heavy metals in different manufacturing processes has resulted in their presence in the air, soil and aquatic ecosystems. Many manufacturing processes release their effluents into nearby streams and rivers due to non-availability of waste treatment technologies in the developing world. Industrialization has therefore been reported to be a major anthropogenic source of these elements and their compounds waterbodies. Conventional methods that are currently being used in the developed world (such as chemical precipitation, ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis, etc) are expensive and so, unaffordable to small-scale businesses prevalent in developing economies. The need for alternative, cheaper and available technologies therefore, cannot be over-emphasized. This study attempted to remove heavy metals (Cu2+ and Cd2+) from simulated and industrial (paint and textile) wastewaters using sugarcane biomass. A synthetic resin (Chelex) was used as control. Batch sorption experiments were conducted to assess the influence of contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, pH, agitation speed, temperature and particle size. Increases in the parameters (except particle size) gave corresponding increases in percentage adsorption of both metals. Optimal temperature for adsorption was achieved at 50oC above which adsorption declined considerably. Experimental data for Cu2+ and Cd2+ fitted well into freundlich and langmuir isotherms. In textile effluent, 100% adsorption was achieved for both metals using sugarcane biomass in contrast to 89% and 91% for Cu2+ and Cd2+ respectively in chelex, a synthetic resin. Similarly, adsorption was 100% for both metals using the biosorbent. Sugarcane biomass may therefore be utilized for water and wastewater remediation in the developing world. Its biodegradability gives comparative advantage over alternative synthetic and expensive resins since its disposal will be more environmentally friendly.
Treatment of Wastewaters Olive Mill by Electrocoagulation and Biological Process
Authors: Neffa M. , Hanine H. , Lekhlif B. , Taourirt M. , Habbari K.
Published: October 2017

Olive mill wastewaters (OMWW) cause a recurrent environmental pollution problem. Treatment and reuse of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) presents significant challenges both due to the nature of olive oil production (seasonal and small scale) and due to the characteristics of the wastewater (high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and high phenolic content in the organic fraction of OMWW principally responsible for the phytotoxicity and microbial growth inhibitory effects of the effluent). In the present work the combined pretreatment of actual olive mill wastewaters by electrocoagulation and coagulation with natural organic coagulant, such as TNN and Kim 2212, and the biological purification, was investigated. Tests were conducted with raw OMWW and diluted with tap water at pH neuter adjusted by adding lime coagulant with chemical oxygen demand (COD) contents of 178 g d'O2.l-1, total suspended solids (TSS) of 6,4 g/L, Conductivity (mS.cm-1) of 29, pH of 4,8 and turbidity of 50 NTK. The optimum removal of COD, turbidity and total polyphenolic was respectively 38,39 % , 74,45 % and 60%. This results was obtained with TNN coagulation at pH (7) and 20 mg/l of the coagulant . The maximum organic matter removals by electrocoagulation (56.76%) processes was achieved after 90 min, by using 15V/m² voltage kept constant for each run at initial pH of the OMWW (4,4). Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) was then treated aerobically with fungi. The results show that the fungus is capable of reducing chemical oxygen demand 68% and 75% for the diluted OMWW at 50 % treated by lime and lime/KIM 2120 respectively, after only 5 days of growth. Neutral pH seems supported aerobic treatment.
An Evaluation of the Urban Storm Water Runoff Pollutant Removal Efficiency with a Focus on the Retention Time
Authors: Karlavičienė Vilmantė , Rudzevičiūtė Raminta , Rimeika Mindaugas , Hogland William , Reinikytė Monika
Published: October 2017

In urban areas, during heavy rain events various pollutants are flushed off impervious surfaces with storm water runoff and through the storm water drainage system directly discharged to surface water bodies. Commonly, storm water runoff sedimentation tanks are used to remove suspended solids and total petroleum hydrocarbons from the first portions of storm water runoff. Unfortunately, the operation of especially storm water sedimentation tanks is still quite complicated and not very effective. The regulation of outflow rate can be one of the ways to increase the effectiveness of pollutants removal using sedimentation tank technology. The research was performed at the storm water runoff treatment unit based on the sedimentation process. The aim of the study was to investigate the removal of suspended solids (SS) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) at the storm water runoff sedimentation tank with a focus on the retention time. Initially, the distribution of concentration of SS and TPH in various places of sedimentation tank after the rain event was investigated. The obtained results showed that the concentrations of SS and TPH are very similar all over the tank after a rain event. Therefore, it is more reasonable to take one composite sample instead several grab samples during the research of sedimentation process efficiency. According to the obtained SS and TPH removal efficiency results it was determined that optimal storm water runoff retention time in the researched sedimentation tank is 48 hour, when the inflow and outflow of sedimentation tank are closed.
Enhancement of a UASB-Septic Tank Performance for Decentralised Treatments of Storng Domestic Sewage
Authors: Mahmoud Nidal
Published: October 2017

The possibility of enhancing the process performance of the UASB-septic tank for treating strong sewage in Palestine by the means of inoculating the reactor with well adopted anaerobic sludge and/or adding a packing media to the upper part of the reactor, thus becoming an AH-septic tank, was investigated. To achieve those objectives, two community onsite UASB-septic tank and Anaerobic Hybrid (AH)-septic tank were operated in parallel at 2 days HRT for around eight months overlapping the cold and hot periods of the year, Palestine. The achieved removal efficiencies of CODtot in the UASB-septic tank and AHseptic tank during the first months of operation, coinciding the cold period and the subsequent months coinciding the hot periods were respectively “50(15) and 48(15)” and “66(8) and 54.73(7.9)”. This shows that the UASB-septic tank performed significantly better (p<0.05) than the AH septic tank after rather long period of operation. The difference in the CODtot removal efficiency was mainly due to the better CODss removal efficiencies in the UASBseptic tank. The removal efficiencies over the last 50 days of operation for CODtot, CODsus, CODcol and CODdis were “70, 72, 77 and 55%” and “53, 54, 78 and 45%” for the UASBseptic tank and AH-septic tank, respectively. Comparing the here achieved COD removal efficiencies with previously reported efficiencies of UASB-septic tanks operated in Palestine shows that the reactor performance has improved substantially by being started with well adopted anaerobic sludge but not by adding a packing media.
Engineered Ecosystem for Decentralized Treatment of Sewage from Small Generators and Isolated Communities
Authors: De S. Salomão André Luis , Marques Marcia , Da C. Roque Odir C.
Published: October 2017

In different regions of the world as well as in many parts of Brazil, high percentage of thepopulation and sometimes, entire isolated communities do not have access to seweragesystem or sewage treatment. The common scenario is the use of septic tanks and, in manycases, direct discharge into water bodies. The objective of this study was to develop and test alow-cost sewage treatment system, appropriate for isolated or poor communities at the sametime, meeting the discharge threshold limits established by the Brazilian regulation. For that, acompact engineering ecosystem for decentralized treatment of domestic sewage wasconstructed and tested in a research unit installed in an environmental protected area inGrande Island, south coast of Rio de Janeiro State. The system is formed by septic tank,submersed aerated filter, secondary decanter, and for polishing, vegetated tanks containingaquatic macrophytes (wetland) and one tank with algae. The results of a 200 day monitoringperiod, covering two different flows rates (200 L.h-1 and 52 L.h-1) are presented. With thelower flow (52 L.h-1), the following removal efficiency was achieved: 87.8% (nitrite); 71%(nitrate); 47% (Ammoniacal nitrogen); 89% (COD); 40.2% (total phosphorus). After the flowreduction, most of parameters analysed, met the threshold limits established by the BrazilianFederal Legislation, which demonstrated that the system fulfilled its purpose.
Emissions of VOC from a Landfill and its Plume Disperison Modelling
Authors: Corrêa Sérgio Machado , Teixeira Jorgina Rosete , Sodré Eduardo Delfino , De Souza Carolina Vieira
Published: October 2017

The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the VOC emissions by a landfill, located at Niteroi city, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Twenty six samples were collected at 500 mL min-1 using a battery-operated air pump during 10 minutes, at four days in May and December, 2009. It was used a cylindrical 30 liters PVC flux chamber, which open bottom side was inserted 5 cm inside the landfill soil, and the samples were collected using a valve at the upper closed side. It were used double bed activated charcoal cartridges and the chemical analyses were done by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometry detector. The results indicated that the landfill contain several chemical compounds, mainly VOC, causing injures to vegetation and human health at the vicinities. The results indicated an elevated value of 1,980 kg km-2 h-1, when compared with metropolitan areas of São Paulo (38 kg km-2 h-1) and Rio de Janeiro (26 kg km-2 h-1). It was used a Gaussian dispersion model implemented at ISCSC3 mathematical model to calculate the pollutants diffusion and transport, in order to estimate the concentrations at the neighborhood, using the emissions, meteorological, and topographical data. Maximum values of 525 μg m-3 for VOC were found near 500 m from the landfill. As the landfill will be used for a long time it is necessary to evaluate the possibility to change the location of several schools, churches, residences, and hospitals to avoid the impacts.
LCA of Local Bio-chp Fuelled Greeenhouses Versus Mediterranean Open Fiel Tomatoes for Consumption in Northern Scandinavia
Authors: Nordenström Erik , Guest Geoffrey , Fröling Morgan
Published: October 2017

Tomatoes are a commonly used product in the Scandinavian countries, where locally grown tomatoes generally have to be cultivated in greenhouses, heated for most part of the year. Tomatoes imported from the Mediterranean area will not need heated greenhouses, but are transported a longer distance. Earlier studies have shown imported tomatoes over long distances are environmentally preferable when compared to tomatoes produced in greenhouses. In this study, tomatoes for the Trøndelag market in Norway locally grown in greenhouses with heat from biofuelled CHP generation have been studied using life cycle assessment (LCA). An LCA model for the biofuel heated greenhouse tomatoes was created and compared to a model of field grown tomatoes in Spain. In a sensitivity analysis a fossil energy scenario for the greenhouse tomatoes was studied. The biofuelled greenhouse tomatoes was found to be better in all studied life cycle impact categories compared to the long-distance transported field grown tomatoes. The scenario with fossil energy to the greenhouse give much higher impacts compared to the long distance transported tomatoes in most categories studied. A shift towards more renewable energy systems is one important task for a more sustainable agriculture.
Identifications of Waste to be Registred under the Reach Provisions in Latvia
Authors: Kazerovska Kristine , Dipane Judite , Ansone Linda
Published: October 2017

Recently, substantial changes have taken place in the European Union (EU) to ensure the safety of chemicals. REACH Regulation (EC) No.1907/2006 has aim to protect theenvironment and human health from negative impact of chemical substances. New legal requirements set by the REACH will be implemented in all EU Member States according set timeline. Requirement with regard to the registration of chemical substance mainly is targeted towards manufacturers and importers. However, it is relevant also to the companies that are placing on the market recovered waste to be used as raw material by other enterprise later on. It can be noted that some companies are aware of this requirement and they have done already pre-registration of their substances. Nevertheless, overall picture is missing on situation in Latvia. The aim of this research was to assess actual situation on preliminary amounts and types of recovered waste to be registered under REACH and a number of companies involved. Assessment of available data, e.g. waste management permits, statistical data on waste management of companies as well as interviews with involved stakeholders provided the basis for evaluation of the current situation. The recovered waste material types,shortcomings and scenarios of future developments of REACH implementation in relation to waste area identified and discussed.
Use of Vermicomposting Biotechnology for Recycling Fly Ash as a Source of Plant Nutrients
Authors: Chattopadhyay G.N. , Roy Gourab , Iftikar Wasim
Published: October 2017

Large scale generation of fly ash from increasing numbers of coal fired plants is now emerging as a global environmental threat. To combat the situation, emphasis is being given on recycling of this waste material for various productive purposes. Since fly ash contains many plant nutrients in appreciable amount, it’s re-use as a source of these nutrients forms an important component of such efforts. However, the major problem associated with supply of plant nutrients through fly ash is the low availability of most of the nutrients in this material despite their good occurrence in total amount. This behavior is attributed to inert nature of this burnt material. Since vermicomposting helps in accelerated degradation of various kinds of wastes through earthworm gut microorganisms, we assessed the possibility of enhancing the availability of different plant nutrients in fly ash through this biotechnology. The results of a series of yard as well as on-farm studies showed that introduction of epigeic earthworms in mixtures of fly ash and organic wastes helped to stabilize the organic matter and enhance the microbiological activity in the substrates. These, in turn, helped to improve the availability of three major nutrients viz. N, P and K in the composted materials. It was further observed that substantial shares for such increments came from degradation of fly ash. Onfarm trials showed use of vermicomposted fly ash to be able to compensate the application rates of fossil fuel based chemical fertilizers to 40 – 50 % without compromising the yield of the crops. Status of different soil health attributes were also found to be in acceptable ranges under these treatments. A protocol for vermicomposting of fly ash, developed through systematic studies on screening of suitable earthworm species, maintenance of optimum composting condition, use of varying kinds of organic wastes etc, has been discussed
Full Scale Process Design for Energy Recovery from Swine Manure
Authors: Jinadasa Wathsala , Wakjera Eshetu Janka , Bakke Rune
Published: October 2017

The aim of this study is to investigate biogas reactor designs to recover energy from swine manure and utilize that energy for a small scale pig farm in Norway. Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor were the design alternatives investigated. Simulations were based on the anaerobic digestion model no.1(ADM1) implemented in Aquasim software.

The model was calibrated based on a series of laboratory batch reactors. The batch reactor with the highest biogas yield was first simulated to obtain the organic matter concentration in the feed manure. The resulting calibrated model was used to simulate CSTR and UASB reactors for a manure feed flow rate of 2m3/day. Different CSTR volumes in the range of 10- 60 m3 and UASB volumes in the range of 2-20 m3 were assessed using simulations. At low reactor volumes overloaded conditions were observed. Maximum energy production of 128 kWh/day at a biogas production rate of ~20 m3/day (68-71 % methane content in the biogas) was simulated for the reactor volumes for CSTR and UASB of 30m3 and 2.5m3, respectively. An efficient biogas production (e.g. to cover farm energy needs) can be obtained from a UASB reactor that can be constructed and installed at a reasonable cost.
Application of Geostatistical Methods to Describe Variation in Technological Parameters of Ash-Slags
Authors: Namysłowska-Wilczyńska Barbara , Skorupska Bożena , Wieniewski Andrzej
Published: October 2017

Spatial analyses were carried out to develop a 3D geostatistical model of the spatial variation in the technological parameters of an ash-slag heap connected with the operation of the power utilities located near Świecie (Toruń). Tank A filled with ash-slags was the subject of geostatistical studies. The spatial variation of organic carbon content Corg, ash content AO, moisture content W and recoverability e’ (defined as the amount of carbon [kg] recovered from 1 ton of ash-slag), was analyzed. The variation of these parameters in the horizontal and vertical extents of the ash-slag heap was subjected to structural (variographic) analysis using the directional variogram function. The parameters of geostatistical models approximating the empirical variograms of content Corg., ash content AO, moisture content W and recoverability e’ were the basis for the estimation. Averages Z* and corresponding standard estimation deviations σk were estimated for the particular depths of the tank using (3D) ordinary (block)kriging.

The variation of the parameters clearly differs between the particular depth levels of the waste heap. Carbon content Corg. and recoverability e’ were found to vary greatly while the variation in ash content AO and moisture content W was respectively small and average. There is a spatial correlation between the values of the investigated parameters. The variation of content Corg., moisture content W and recoverability e’, shows a certain regularity within the waste heap tank. Maximum and minimum averages Z* (the upper limits) consistently decrease (a downward trend) with depth, in the interval of 1-10 m. The ranges of maximum averages Z* of content AO notably increase, reaching higher values in deeper ash-slag horizons.

Thanks to the application of the geostatistical methods to describe the parameters of the waste material (treated as an anthropogenic deposit) databases containing complete valuable input information for a project aimed at utilizing the deposited material were created.
Multilateral Exploitation of Olive Tree Lop – Techno-Economical Analysis for Leave Extracts, Compost and Energy Pellet Production
Authors: Konstantakou P. P. , Haroutounian S. A. , Papadakis V. G.
Published: October 2017

Agricultural residues in Greece are amounted to several million tons per year, the olive tree lops (OTL) ranked first with 1.4-3 million tons per year. After the removal of the thicker woods, the rest are burned in the countryside by farmers causing except from energy loss, particularly severe air pollution (greenhouse gases, micro particles, etc.). First objective of this study was to perform a techno-economical analysis of a complete management of OTL in a rural municipality (real application to the Municipality Department of Vasilaki in the Prefecture Laconia, Greece) for the final production of: a) leaves from OTL for extraction of useful constituents, b) bio-compost for soil enhancement and fertilizer and c) pellets for energy applications. From a sensitivity analysis, it was observed that the proposed investment was sensitive in changes of leaves value. Moreover, a change in the price of raw material alters considerably the investment. Generally, the expected profit was considered sufficient and the evaluation criteria (rate on return on initial investment, payout period and net present value) offer very promising results in the direction of undertaking the investment.

As the main result, this work envisages to opening up a new road showing a feasible solution of this problem, better than that used nowadays. The proposed solution could be extended to any agricultural residue and can be applied by any interested farmer, enterprise or local authority, offering exploitation of natural resources and enhancement of agriculturist income, especially those in less favored regions.
Additional Infiltration to Undergournd Waters of Big Cities Territory (for Example Kharkiv Regione)
Authors: Sierikova Olena , Yakovlev Valeriy
Published: October 2017

The paper treats issue of additional technogenic recharge of underground waters of typical industrial city Kharkiv. Base of quantity identification is statistical data of water supply system and canalization at the city. Aim is to estimate additional infiltration influence to groundwater level rising and qualitative composition of them.
Approach to Structural Analysis of Environmental Science
Authors: Noviks Gotfrids
Published: October 2017

The paper discusses the essence, structure , research objects , methods and aims of the environmental science.

Due to interdisciplinary character of the environmental science , large scale term and vague boundaries with other sciences there are various definitions of environmental science and different concepts , sometime delusions in research fields and methods .

Author analysed the current location of research objects in environmental science and their connection with other sciences and came to conclusion that up to nowadays there are notdeveloped essential part of every independent science yet – general theoretical base of environmental science.

It is necessary to find out perfect proper research fields and objects of environmental science, which differ from other natural , and technical sciencies.

Analysis showed that the objects of environmental science must be neither nature nor technology itself but only contact zones between technosphere and biosphere –namely,between systems – technosystems and ecosystems . Exactly in these contact zones arises most environmental problems , conflicts and stresses between human activities and nature .

The properties and processes in these zones obey to laws which must be determined, interpreted and used for mankind wealth.

It is the aim of environmental science and the complex system analysis must be essential research methodology and accordingly system engineering as instrument for solving practicalenvironmental problems.
Fires due to Selfignition in (MSWS) Municipal Solid Waste Storages
Authors: Ibrahim M. A. , Hogland William , Elmberg E. , Lönnermark A. , Person H.
Published: October 2017

Growing energy demands and global emphasis on employing sustainable energy resources to meet energy requirements result in increased importance of MSW (municipal solid waste) as a valuable carbondioxide neutral fuel. There is a need to study the factors that may lead to selfignition of MSW, if stored for sufficiently longer period of time. A better understanding of these factors may help in establishing the practicle guidelines for efficient handling of MSW and to reduce the environmental and social costs caused by selfigniting fires. Its importance is evident from the fact that millions of euros are lost every year in Sweden because of spontaneous fires. These fires cause loss of valuable material and injuries to people, and they are also associated with intense environmental pollution, in particular in the form of smoke and water pollution. This study is based on a questionnaire survey among the members of the Swedish waste management association (Avfall Sverige), whose members service 95% of the Swedish population. The response to the survey was 60%. A total of 96 major surface fires have been reported in the past 10 years at storage sites. 74% of these 96 fire incidents were due to self-ignition, 11% were due to known causes other than self-ignition and 15% were due to unknown reasons. In reference to the type of storage, 50% of these 96 fire incidents took place at sites that store both household and industrial waste, 20% at sites that store only industrial waste, and 30% at sites that store household, industrial, and agricultural waste. Regarding the most frequent cause of fire at any storage site, 33% of respondents relate the fire incidents with extreme hot weather conditions, 8% of respondents report that fire incidents at their storage site are mostly an aftereffect of rainfall, 13% relate the fire incidents with cold weather in December, and 46% of respondents experienced the fire incidents throughout the whole year.

Based on data covering the last 10 years, the average annual amount of emissions of dioxins is (upper/lower bound) TCDD 0.03/0.12 g, PAH 0.98/3.7 tons, PCB 1.66/6.31 g, Hg 16.51/62.59 g, and VOC 18/68 tons from MSW storage fires in Sweden.
Efficiency of Rye Biomass on Oil Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
Authors: Giedraitytė G. , Kalėdienė L. , Liužinas R.
Published: October 2017

The majority of the plants secrete their enzymes in the soil, where they can decompose various organic compounds. Extra cellular plant enzymes can be effective against a number of contaminants. To estimate the plants, their enzymes and micro-organism effect on hexadecane content in the soil, the sterile soil samples was amended with 0.5 % hexadecane and sowed with accordingly prepared rye seeds. Till increasing the quantity of micro-organisms and the formation of rye seedlings, hexadecane content remained practically unchanging in all samples. After 21 days hexadecane content in the soil with rye seedlings was about 5 % of the contributed content. The intrinsic soil processes through 21 days to shrank the hexadecane content in the soil without rye seedlings up to 17 %. Oxidases, catalases and peroxidases were detected in rye biomass during all test period. As shown by the results, polyphenoloxydases were detected only in root biomass, the early germs of germination and roots formation stages.
Coordinating Council for Youth in Science and Education Under the Russian President’s Council for Science and Education
Authors: Serdiukova Yulia , Andreev Alexey , Korobets Boris , Popov Vasiliy , Rud Vasiliy , Ivanov Dmitry
Published: October 2017

Coordinating Council for Youth in science and education under the Russian President’s Council for Science and Education began its work in 2007. In 2011, the leadership of the country was given the task of creating youth innovation center (YIC) for large companies, which would attract young scientists from universities and research institutes and created them certain conditions for the implementation of their ideas and developments in practice. Company, which responded to the offer of the President of Russia was "IDGC Holding» (http://www.holding-mrsk.ru/) JSC IDGC Holding. As a result, half past year a number of youth innovation centers were created. Such cooperation with the Coordination Council was born and practically embodied the very constructive idea of the first National Youth Competition intensive innovative ideas and projects titled "Future Energetics". This competition was attended by over 180 participants from more than 81 regions of Russia. Now our task to invite all the leaders of the Russian economy. There already exist a preliminary agreement to hold similar competitions industrial grants to other major Russian companies. In the future, we want these competitions, but rather a system of working with young scientists, not only with universities and institutions, but also with some promising innovators and their teams have been stated in the program of innovation development of any company, not necessarily belong entirely to the state. And it's not so distant future, it may seem, but rather an imperative.
Phytoremediation of Landfill Leachate and Peat Filter Treatment in Constructed Wetland
Authors: Hogland Marika , Berg Bjørn E. , Stenis Jan
Published: October 2017

It’s universally known that landfills leaking emissions into surroundings have negative environmental impacts and in response to the EC Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) and later the Waste Directive 2008/98/EC of 19th November 2008, many landfills sites have been forced to close down and many needs remediation. The landfill operator is responsible for the final coverage and after-care control of the site for a period of at least 30 years after the closure. In this case study, Ødegård landfill in Norway (associated member of EU), has received total 600 000 tons of solid waste from automobile shredder and contaminated soil during the period 1992-2009. The leachate is pumped from the collection tank up to a SBR Byggingenjörerna reactor plant for chemical and biological treatment. The residual sludge from the SBR plant is collected in the sludge pit and then returned to the landfill and the treated leachate discharged into the river Drogga. Most of the organic compounds in the raw leachate have concentrations over the emission limit before lead into the SBR treatment and in particular high of pesticides. To investigate the ability of peat to uptake pollutants from the leachate from Ødegård, column tests with ash mixed with peat as filter media were performed. Chemical analyses show a high metal concentration and the discharge of Cu, Ni, Cr and Zn reaching high level over emission limits for the recipient. The aim of the study is to compose purification and treatment steps for leachate in a natural based constructed wetland. The steps include:

Sedimentation basin, straw filter, peat filter, irrigation area of Salix (energy crops),

Wetland pond with plants for assimilation of contaminants, sand/stone filter,

Aeration in a water wheel and meandering water into planted wetland pond,From the waterfall the leachate is lead into a sedimentation pond (excavation started summer 2012).
Groundwater Remediation in Contaminated Baltic Sea Coastal Area Near Ventspils City
Authors: Burlakovs Juris , Karklina Anete
Published: October 2017

Different solutions for groundwater treatment often are needed because of complicated hydrogeological conditions and manifold contaminants demanding distinct approaches for remediation. Various technologies of treatment can be used such as pump-and-treat, reactive barriers, chemical injections and other. Two systems were proposed for treatment of different age and fraction oil product contamination in groundwater of the Baltic Sea coastal area north from Ventspils City, in the western part of Latvia. Remediation should be performed after careful analysis of results of groundwater level and LNAPL fluctuations in the zone of direct influence of the open sea. Series of experiments using vacuum pumping system were performed in addition to the monitoring as one of the method for estimation of the close-to-sea hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater contamination, LNAPL monitoring and intensive pumping of contaminated groundwater is in progress during season 2012. Contaminated groundwater flow behavior is under the strong influence of the sea, therefore common methodology by creating artificial groundwater surface depression by vacuum pumping can be questionable and not very effective. This study gives the opportunity to evaluate efficiency of vacuum pumping treatment system for two different types of oil contamination under the strong marine influence conditions.
In Situ Bioremediation
Authors: Romantschuk Martin , Mäkelä Riikka , Malk Vuokko , Talvenmäki Harri , Sinkkonen Aki , Kauppi Sari , Simpanen Suvi
Published: October 2017

For more than 20 years we have tested various approaches for enhancement of bioremediation of sites polluted by organic contaminants. Through collaboration with contractors and site owners, more than 10 actual sites presenting typical problems have been targets for testing and optimization, first by laboratory modeling, and then by applying  lab experiences in application scale. Samples from the sites were used in controlled laboratory conditions to build micro- and mesocosm- setups in which biological, physical, and chemical treatments were tested and combined, with the main goal of achieving optimal biostimulation and contaminant degradation. As soon as lab results were available, these were utilized for in situ field purposes. Lab and field tests were run in parallel, so that each new challenge in the field treatment generated modifications in the laboratory testing, and each new full scale treatment method was preceded by laboratory modeling. Successful bioremediation was achieved in most of the target cases. Lab testing also created the knowledge when not to use bioremediation, and this can be regarded as one of the utilities of our results. Fresh oil spills resulting from accidents is a new research topic. While old contaminated sites often can rely on an adapted indigenous microbial community, new spill sites may be less responsive to mere biostimulation, and therefore more active treatment measures may be required. The results from this oil spill simulation performed at a lysimeter field are currently being gathered.
Sediment Mining
Authors: Fathollahzadeh Homayoun , Kaczala Fabio , Bhatnagar Amit , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

The main dilemma of contaminated sediments has been the proper management with reduced environmental footprints. Furthermore, by considering the fact that global warming and climate change may complicate the choice of management options, finding appropriate solutions become extremely critical. In the present work, mining of contaminated sediments to recover valuable constituents such as metals and nutrients is proposed as sustainable strategy, both through enhancing resilience of ecosystem and remediation. Contaminated sediments in the Oskarshamn harbor, southeast of Sweden were collected and analyzed through a modified sequential extraction in order to evaluate the feasibility of metals recovery. The results have shown that among different metals present in the sediments, Cu and Pb can be initially considered as economically feasible to recover. The shifting in the concept of dredging and further remediation of contaminated sediments towards sediment mining and recover of valuable metals can be considered in the near future as a sustainable strategy to tackle contaminated harbor/ports areas. However, it must be highlighted that short and long-term environmental impacts related to such activities should be addressed.