bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
iCausalOSR: invertible Causal Disentanglement for Open-set Recognition
Authors: Han Jingling
Published: January 2024

Despite recent developments that allowed neural networks to achieve impressive performance in a wide range of recognition, these models are intrinsically challenged by real-world applications. Open-set recognition is introduced to facilitate the development of recognition systems towards real-world applications, for this it has to deal with the issue caused by discriminative features. Such features arise from closed-set training and tend to partition the full input space into the closed set of target classes. To reduce the issue, we present an invertible model, iCausalOSR, to learn invertible causal disentanglement to reveal the essence of classes for open-set recognition. The invertible model consists of an encoder and class functions, wherein the class functions are responsible to model the known classes, and the encoder is responsible for progressive signal separation and contraction. A contrast strategy is designed to couple the encoder and class functions to learn invertible causal disentanglement. The dual properties of the model, causal disentanglement and invertibility, constitute the key elements in revealing the class essence. Experiments on widely-used standard datasets in open-set recognition demonstrate the superior performance of our model.
Transaksi Yang Diharamkan
Authors: Yuskasari Riska
Published: January 2024

Materi mengenai Transaksi Yang Diharamkan - Ekonomi Syariah
Spatial cueing of attention by rotational motion
Authors: Nguyen Hong B , van Buren Benjamin
Published: January 2024

Does rotational motion cue spatial attention? We predict that viewing a clockwise-rotating stimulus will result in faster responses to targets appearing on the right (vs. left) and that viewing a counterclockwise-rotating stimulus will result in faster responses to targets appearing on the left (vs. right).
Limb anatomy of the Triassic turtles: appendicular osteology of Proterochersis (Testudinata, Proterochersidae)
Authors: Szczygielski Tomasz , Piechowski Rafał
Published: January 2024

The turtle locomotor system is heavily modified owing to the severe impact of development of the shell on the body plan of these reptiles.Although limb and girdle osteology of the earliest, Triassic turtles is relatively well understood in general, the exact impacts of variability, ontogenyand preservation (e.g. deformation) on the observed morphologies have rarely been considered in detail. Here, we describe in detail anddocument the osteology and intraspecific variability of the limbs and girdles of Proterochersis spp., the basalmost true turtles (Testudinata). Wealso provide a synthesis of currently available data and detailed comparisons with other Triassic stem turtles to gain a better understanding of thediagnostic value of the early turtle appendicular skeleton and to pave the way for future biomechanical and functional studies. Our data suggestthat Proterochersis spp. could be at least partly aquatic and could change their preferred habitat during ontogeny, with larger (and, presumably,older) specimens presenting more characters suggestive of a more terrestrial environment.
Recent Trends and Disparities in 24-hour Movement Behaviors among US Youth with Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Conditions
Authors: hou meijun
Published: January 2024

Background: Meeting 24-hour movement behaviors (24-HMB: physical activity [PA], screen time [ST], and sleep [SL]) guidelines may be associated with positive health outcomes among youth with specific mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental (MBD) conditions. However, temporal trends and disparities in meeting 24-HMB guidelines in these higher-risk groups have not been investigated, hampering the development of evidence-based clinical and public health interventions. The purpose of this study was to examining temporal trends and disparities (i.e., sex, age, and ethnicity) in meeting 24-HMB guidelines in youth with MBD conditions.Methods: Serial, cross-sectional analyses between 2016 and 2021 of nationally representative data (including U.S. youth aged 6 -17 years with MBD conditions) were conducted through caregiver proxy reports. Youth were categorized as meeting or not meeting different sets of PA, ST, and SL within the guidelines. Linear and Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the time trends and disparities.Results: Data on 52,634 individuals (mean age, 12.0 years [SD,3.5]; 28,829 [58.0%] boys) were analyzed. From 2016 to 2021, the estimated trend of meeting SL guideline alone increased (3.7% [95%CI,3.2% to 4.9%], P for trend < 0.001), whereas meeting ST guideline alone decreased (-2.0% [-2.4% to -1.5%], P for trend < 0.001). The estimated trend in meeting integrated (PA + ST + SL) guidelines declined (-0.8% [95%CI, -1.0% to -0.5%], P for trend < 0.001), whereas meeting none of 24-HMB guidelines increased (2.2% [1.8% to 2.6%], P for trend < 0.001). White participants, children, and boys reported higher estimated prevalence of meeting full integrated (PA + ST + SL) guidelines.Conclusion: The temporal trends observed in this study highlight the importance of consistently monitoring physical behavior among MBD youth and identifying variations by sociodemographic groups in meeting 24-HMB guidelines for health promotion within these vulnerable groups.
Specific Learning Disabilities and Associated Emotional-Motivational Profiles: A Study in Italian University Students
Authors: Iaia Marika , Vizzi Francesca , Carlino Maria Diletta , TURI MARCO , Marinelli Chiara Valeria , Angelelli Paola
Published: January 2024

In this study, we analyzed the emotional and motivational aspects characterizing the profile of university students with Specific Learning Disorders (SLDs). We assessed 61 university students, 32 with SLD (age=23.6) and 29 in the control group (age=23.00). The results highlighted that individuals with SLDs exhibit higher levels of anxiety and depression and lower resilience compared to the control group. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale – Short Form, which explores perfectionism, did not reveal differences between the groups. Conversely, lower scores emerged in SLD students for the intrinsic motivation sub-scales of the Academic Motivation Scale. This indicates less engagement in studying out of personal cognitive curiosity. The Self-Regulated Knowledge Scale – University, which measures various cognitive strategies, showed significantly lower scores in the SLD group for knowledge linking, knowledge training, and knowledge critique. This suggests a lower frequency with which SLD students attempt to connect new knowledge with what they already possess, apply their knowledge, ask questions, and critically analyze what they have learned. Therefore, psychological and motivational consequences are evident in this population and can impact well-being and quality of life.
Causation, Norms, and Cognitive Bias
Authors: Güver Levin , Kneer Markus
Published: January 2024

Extant research has shown that ordinary causal judgments are sensitive to normative factors. For instance, agents who violate a norm are standardly deemed more causal than norm-conforming agents in identical situations. In this paper, we explore two competing explanations for the Norm Effect: the Responsibility View and the Bias View. According to the former, the Norm Effect arises because ordinary causal judgment is intimately intertwined with moral responsibility. According to the alternative view, the Norm Effect is the result of a blame-driven bias. In a series of five preregistered experiments (N = 2688), we present evidence that predominantly favours the Bias View. In particular, and against predictions made by the Responsibility View, we show that participants deem agents who violate nonpertinent or silly norms – norms that do not relate to the outcome at hand – as more causal, and that this effect cannot be explained in terms of plausible mediators such as the agent’s foreknowledge and desire, or the foreseeability of harm. We close with a discussion regarding the implications of these findings, in as regards the just assessment of proximate cause in the law.
The Game Within the Game: The Potential Influence of Demand Characteristics and Participant Beliefs in Violent Video Game Studies
Authors: Seetahul Yashvin , Greitemeyer Tobias
Published: January 2024

In two experiments, we examined the potential impact of demand characteristics in violent video game (VVG) research. Study 1 (N = 788) measured behavioral aggression, while Study 2 (N = 1,182) measured trait aggression. Participants were informed either that researchers wanted to confirm that VVGs increase aggression ("Positive Hypothesis") or that VVGs have no effect ("Null Hypothesis"). Study 2 included a third condition where participants were given no information. In both studies, the interaction between VVG exposure and experimental conditions was significant. Whereas VVG exposure was significantly positively associated with aggression in the “Null Hypothesis” condition, it was not in the “Positive Hypothesis” condition. These effects were driven by habitual players responding differently based on the presented hypothesis, appearing less aggressive in the "Positive Hypothesis" condition than in the other two conditions. These findings highlight the importance of addressing demand characteristics in VVG studies.
Exploring the Efficacy of a Brief Mindfulness Training Program for Indian Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lodha Surabhi , Gupta Rashmi
Published: January 2024

Objectives: Mindfulness interventions have demonstrated enhancements in attentional control and emotion regulation. Nevertheless, there is a limited body of research on shorter mindfulness programs. In this pilot randomized controlled trial, we examined the impact of a short-term mindfulness training on attentional control for irrelevant emotional information in healthy adults, compared to a control group. Methods: Thirty-one adults were randomly assigned to either a 10-day mindfulness training program or a passive control group. Before and after the intervention, participants completed three computerized tasks assessing attentional control, each generating notable emotional distraction effects. Additionally, participants completed self-reported measures of trait mindfulness, positive and negative affect, and depression anxiety, and stress. Training feedback was collected to evaluate training-related engagement. Results: The findings indicated slightly improved attentional control in the mindfulness training group compared to the passive control group, despite both groups showing similar improvements in task performance. Symptoms of stress and anxiety decreased in the mindfulness group following the training relative to the passive control group. Conclusions: The study found preliminary support for the role of short mindfulness training in improving attentional control for irrelevant emotional information in healthy adults. Implementing brief mindfulness interventions in non-Western communities demands thorough contextual adjustments and instructor readiness.
DEFEN-CE: Understanding Vulnerability: A Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Authors: Holubová Barbora , Kahancová Marta
Published: January 2024

This working paper is part of the DEFEN-CE project and seeks to: •review the existing literature defining vulnerability and vulnerable groups;•develop an own, multi-faceted conceptualization of vulnerable groups, based on the available literature •Find theoretical relevance on the issue of vulnerability•Conceptualize vulnerability and vulnerable groups in order to guide empirical research within the DEFEN-CE projectThe report collects relevant theoretical concepts and approaches to understand vulnerability as a basis for identifying the vulnerable groups and their operationalization and measurement in the project. We applied a heuristic approach to define the vulnerability/ties and got inspired by the meaning of the concept of the vulnerability and related concepts beyond social sciences or labour market concepts. Basically, we are looking for heuristic matric of vulnerability help us to detect what is the construction of the “vulnerable group”.
Bibliotheca in Fabula: The library motive in “La Biblioteca de Babel”, The British Library is Falling Down and Il Nome della Rosa
Authors: Chrupała Grzegorz
Published: January 2024

The library motif appears in many literary texts.Motyw biblioteki pojawia się w wielu tekstach literackich.The motif of the library appears in many literary texts.Motyw biblioteki pojawia się w wielu tekstach literackich. In three of them, in Borges' ``La Biblioteca de Babel'', The British Museum is Lodge's Falling Down and Eco's Il nome della rosa, the library is a central symbolic object and it relates to a thread that runs through all three texts - the concept of intertextuality.From an intertextual perspective, each text always contains other texts, refers to them in some way or transforms them in some way. The boundaries of the text are blurred and the author loses importance in favor of an intertextual game, a continuous dialogue in the course of which subsequent texts are born.Apart from the library, the works mentioned at the beginning also share a number of minor motifs, e.g. a labyrinth, a fire, a lost manuscript, and a supporting character of a girl with whom the protagonist-scientist has a sexual adventure. These elements appear together with the central motif of the library, modifying its multiple meanings.However, the most important function of the library is to illustrate what is happening in the world of texts: their constant dialogue. The library, belonging to the real world and at the same time representing the textual world, is a place where complex relationships between fiction and reality and between various fictional texts are especially clearly visible.
THE RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: A GEOPOLITICAL APPROACH FROM NEOCLASSICAL REALISM
Authors: Vidal Pérez Esteban
Published: January 2024

Nicholas Spykman contributed to defining the national security strategy of the United States during WWII, which has served as the framework for its foreign policy ever since. This strategy has been adapted to the current international scenario, in which the rise of China represents the main challenge to the US. As a result, the Indo-Pacific region has become the focal point of US security concerns. This paper examines the consistency of US policy towards the Russian invasion of Ukraine with its national strategy, employing a geopolitical approach based on neoclassical realism. To accomplish this, the paper utilizes the analytical concept of geographic mental map to shed light on how US foreign policy-makers comprehend international politics and make decisions. The objective of this article is to test the hypothesis that US policy towards Ukraine is not coherent with its national security strategy, as it has allocated significant resources to a region of lesser geopolitical importance compared to the Indo-Pacific, where the rivalry with China is taking place. Additionally, the article aims to explain this policy by reviewing the contributions of foreign policy advisors and analyzing official statements from US institutions and decision-makers.
Studying Individuals in Same-Sex Couples using Longitudinal Administrative Data from Canadian Tax Records: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Yang Chih-lan Winnie , Denier Nicole , St-Denis Xavier , Waite Sean
Published: January 2024

Background: Quantitative research on the social, demographic, and economic outcomes of sexual minorities has long been hampered by data shortfalls, with most surveys and censuses limited by sample sizes and/or a lack of direct questions on sexual identity. The growing availability of administrative data presents an opportunity to fill some of these gaps.Objective: This article highlights the challenges and opportunities involved with using a novel administrative dataset – the Longitudinal Administrative Databank, which includes 20% of Canadian tax filers – to study sexual minority populations in Canada. We identify three sources of bias, propose strategies to adjust for this bias, and introduce a measure of “inferred sexual minority status” to improve the identification of sexual minorities in tax data.Results: Administrative tax data offers significant advantages, including a large sample size, high-quality income data for individuals and linked family members, a longitudinal design, and the ability to trace individuals’ same-/different-sex partnership histories. Our adjustment strategies mitigate some biases in identifying same-sex couples, including underreporting, misclassification, and measurement errors. The estimated proportion of individuals in same-sex marriages closely aligns with Canadian census estimates from 2006–2021, while the proportion in same-sex common-law partnerships is underestimated. Finally, our earnings gaps analyses highlight the utility of the inferred sexual minority status measure.Contribution: This article contributes to research on sexual minority data landscapes, offering new insights into the identification and measures of sexual minority populations using longitudinal administrative tax data. Our approach points to new opportunities for studying the long-term longitudinal income and family dynamics of sexual minority populations on the national level.
DEFEN-CE: Social Dialogue in Defence of Vulnerable Groups in Post-COVID-19 Labour Markets. Comparative report
Authors: Kahancová Marta
Published: January 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated unprecedented health and far-reaching life consequences, triggering a global social and economic crisis through its protective measures aimed at safeguarding lives. This crisis compels social scientists and researchers to scrutinize the deficiencies in social and economic readiness and responses to the pandemic.The DEFEN-CE project, supported by the European Commission, delves into institutional strategies and power dynamics in social protection, policy formulation, and implementation. It sought to safeguard labour markets and workers by examining the governance of vulnerable groups in the (post) COVID-19 labor markets. Moreover, it aimed to generate research-based knowledge at EU and national levels, including candidate countries, on the role of social partners in creating and implementing protective policies vis-à-vis vulnerable groups.This report spotlights all key project findings both at the EU-level and the national level in 12 countries, embedding them to a conceptual understanding of vulnerability in general and labour-market related vulnerability in particular.
Resumption of dental practice after COVID-19 lockdown: perspectives of dental professionals in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Zafar Sumaiya , Abidi Syed Yawar Ali , Adnan Samira , Lone Maham Muneeb , Sajjad Isma
Published: January 2024

Introduction: In the COVID-19 pandemic, the implementation of the lockdown led to the closure of dental practices. Restricting treatment to emergency patients, having to use Personal Protective Equipment and the fear of contracting the virus led to modifications in the techniques and methods used to provide efficient dental care to the patients. However, it caused a significant psychological and financial impact on the dental community. The purpose of this research was to evaluate dentists’ perceptions regarding the psychological, financial, and general impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reopening of their dental practices.
Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using a validated questionnaire, which was distributed among 257 dental practitioners working in Karachi through the social media app (WhatsApp®) from May 2021 to May 2022. The questionnaire included four sections and 26 items, recording data for demographics, psychological effects on resumption of dental practices, workplace disinfection, and precautionary measures along financial impacts. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 21.0. p-value ≤ 0.05 was taken as statistically significant
Results: A total of 200 filled questionnaires were received, making the response rate 77%. The majority of respondents were females (67%). More than half of the respondents (55.5%) were working in dental OPDs. Most participants affirmed that they did not have a COVID-19 screening area nor patient triage was being done in dental OPDs. Closure of dental practices caused financial problems for all dental practitioners, more specifically for those that were associated with both public and private types of practices (84.9%). The majority of the dentists in private practice (94.4%) declared that their workplaces were being disinfected, while 47.7% of dental practitioners working in the dental OPD affirmed that they had enough financial stability to keep using Personal Protective Equipment. Approximately 64.9% of professionals practicing in dental OPDs and 33.3% in private practice believed that the reopening of dental practices was responsible for the re-spread of the coronavirus
Conclusion: Significant anxiety and stress related to COVID-19 were seen among dental practitioners. Some CDC-recommended guidelines such as the use of Personal Protective Equipment were being implemented whereas COVID-19 screening and patient triage were found deficient.
Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practices of biomedical waste management among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Palaneswamy Savetha , Srikumar Akshada , Kannan Iyanar , Rathinam Thenmozhivalli Pitchai
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Bio-medical waste (BMW) means any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals. Inadequate and inappropriate knowledge of handling healthcare waste may have serious health consequences and a significant impact on the environment. Thus, the study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of biomedical waste management among healthcare workers from different strata in the hospital. 
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 383 participants conducted between June 2022 to October 2022, A structured, close-ended, self-administrated questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using R studio and presented as frequencies and percentages. The association between different variables was analyzed by the chi-square test. 
Results: Most of the doctors (41.3%) and nurses (41.5%) had very good knowledge of Bio-Medical Waste Management (BMWM) but only 23.1% of laboratory technicians and housekeeping staff 18.2% showed very good knowledge. All the participants had a very good attitude (69.2% to 82.6%) towards BMWM but it needs some improvement concerning reporting needle stick injuries and taking Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). More than 80 % of participants were immunized against Hepatitis B and followed the appropriate practice of BMWM except for wearing adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) while handling BMW. Knowledge and good attitude were observed to increase with experience. 
Conclusion: From the study, it is identified that knowledge regarding BMWM is inadequate among the healthcare professions. It is concluded that there should be adequate training among the HCWs about BMWM like video lectures, symposiums, quiz programs, and role play that can help them update their knowledge.
Health status of police personnel in a selected subdivision of Bengaluru District, Karnataka, India
Authors: Jeganish A. , Kiran Pretesh R. , Lyngdoh Darryl Rodney , Abhay Joseph , Anand Rahul , Goalla Priyanka Chowdary , Gnanaselvam Nancy A.
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Police personnel perform untiring duties to maintain law and order. The objectives of this study were to assess the physical and mental health status of police personnel in a selected rural subdivision of Bengaluru District.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 142 police personnel in 7 police stations of the selected rural subdivision using a universal sampling technique. A structured interview schedule was used, which included socio-demographic details, occupational details, anthropometry, blood pressure and blood sugar measurements, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to screen for depression and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to identify stress.
Results: The mean age of the police personnel was 40.28±10.97 years. Most of the workforce were males (83%). About 68.3% of the studied group were obese. High random blood sugar and high blood pressure values were observed in 5.6% and 48.6% of the personnel who had no previous history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The prevalence of mild to severe depression was found to be 36% and that of high stress was 83.1%.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of increased blood pressure, obesity, depression and perceived stress warrants the need for routine screening and application of various levels of prevention. Health promotion and improved working conditions can improve their health status.
Ergonomic Risk Assessment and Fatigue Analysis During Manual Lifting Tasks in Farming Activities
Authors: Teja K. S. R. Varun , Mohan Sreejith , Patel Ganesh , Sivapirakasam S. P. , M. Rahul
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Farming is a physically demanding occupation that puts farmers at risk of musculoskeletal disorders, particularly when frequently performing activities like heavy lifting, which strains the lower back muscles. The present study aimed to assess the ergonomic risk and fatigue during manual lifting tasks pertaining to farming activities.
Methods: A study was performed on 20 farmers to analyze the ergonomic risks associated with load lifting through the estimation of the Recommended Weight Limit and Lifting Index using the revised NIOSH lifting equation. The low back compression forces of the participants were estimated using the 3DSSPP software. Surface electromyography was employed to analyze the onset of muscle fatigue during the lifting activity.
Results: The results of the study showed a 111.12% increase in the recommended weight limit, a 52.77% reduction in lifting index, and a 28.15% reduction in the low back compression forces for the redesigned lifting technique. The average low-back compression force for the redesigned technique was observed to be well below the back compression design limit of 770 lb. A reduction in the slope of the RMS voltage regression line by 60% and a reduction of 50.23% in the peak spectral power of the sEMG signal, accompanied by a shift in the peak spectral power towards higher frequency region indicated delayed onset of fatigue for the redesigned technique.
Conclusion: The outcomes of the study indicated that the ergonomic redesign of the lifting task could significantly reduce the lifting index and alleviate the spinal compression forces well within the back-compression design limit. The redesign was also found to delay the onset of fatigue in the erector spinae muscles.
Biosafety knowledge and perception among medical laboratory students: a cross-sectional study at a medical university in Vietnam
Authors: Thi Ngoc Ha Bui  , Trung Duc Nguyen  , Joshi Thang Tran Xuan , Thi Thu Ha Nguyen
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Medical students have to deal with biohazards in laboratories during undergraduate studies and intensive practice in hospitals. Unsafe operators can result in an outbreak of biohazardous pathogens to healthcare workers, the community, and the environment. However, the most common risk factors for laboratory accidents are a lack of perception and knowledge of biosafety and laboratory safety management. This study aimed to assess knowledge and factors influencing the biosafety practices of medical students at Hanoi Public Health University, Vietnam
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the biosafety knowledge of all 286 students majoring in a medical laboratory at HUPH from December 2021 to February 2022. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Hanoi University of Public Health. The questionnaire has been created based on WHO biosafety guidelines with some modifications according to the local context. The data were collected by face-to-face interviews
Results:: Out of the 286 students invited to complete a biosafety questionnaire, 68.6% of students recognized the fundamental principles of biosafety. Additionally, 76.2% and 91% of students correctly identified risk factors and danger signs in the laboratory, respectively. Furthermore, 79.8% of students provided accurate answers to biosafety laboratory troubleshooting questions. Notably, academic performance, students’ year of study, and average scores in biosafety courses had significantly related to the biosafety knowledge. Gender factors and academic performance were related to the rate of obtaining precise knowledge about incident handling and preventing risk factors in the laboratory.
Conclusion: The passed rate of biosafety knowledge among medical laboratory students at the University of Public Health was 68.6%. Factors such as the student's school year, academic performance, average score in the biosafety course number of internships in hospitals significantly affected their biosafety and troubleshooting knowledge in the laboratory.
A Variance-Ratio Test of Random Walk in the Stock Markets of Selected South Asian Countries
Authors: Dhungana Yub Raj
Published: January 2024

Over the past many years, researchers in finance, economics, and other related fields conduct intensive studies to examine whether stock prices follow a random walk. They, used various statistical techniques, often document mixed findings. In this paper, the random walk hypothesis is assessed using the relatively fresh data, NEPSE Index, BSE Sensex, DSE Index and KSE 100 Index of the Nepalese Stock market, Indian Stock Market, Bangladeshi stock market and Pakistani Stock Market from February 2012 to November 2017.The study is based on the Lo and Mackinlay variance ratio test. The empirical result explored that the Nepalese stock market follow the random walk model but Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani stock market do not follow the random walk.
Digging up the Gender Spectrum: Patriarchy to Intersectionality
Authors: Adhikari Ashok Kumar
Published: January 2024

This paper aims to depict the overall situation of gender and its prevalent variants throughout the globe, in particular to Nepal. The dichotomy of sex and gender, on the other hand, is another debated issue giving rise to number of feminist movements. These movements have direct impacts entailing the gender practices in Nepali society and culture. As such, Nepal’s journey through the channel of gender spectrum leads a roadmap to a more liberal perspective of gender.
नवलपरासीको भूगोलमा मानव बस्तीको इतिहास {History of human settlements in the geography of Nawalparasi}
Authors: अधिकारी Adhikari बमबहादुर Bambahadur
Published: January 2024

नेपालको भौगोलिक परिवेशमा नवलपरासी जिल्लाको भू–वनोट एवम् धरातलीय स्वरूप, हावापानी, पहाड, भित्री मधेस, चुरे, भावर र तराईको भूगोलमा विभाजित नदी, खोलाहरूको प्राकृतिक विषमतालाई चिनाउनु यस लेखको मुख्य सार रहेको छ । एउटै जिल्लामा फरक फरक प्रकृतिको जलवायु, मानव बसोवासको स्थिति, वन जङ्गलप्रति मानवको चलखेल वन विनाश र संरक्षणको स्थिति, राजनीतिक तथा प्रशासनिक विभाजन आदि पक्षलाई विश्लेषण गरी नवलपरासी जिल्लाको परिचय गराउनु पनि यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । खास गरी प्रागैतिहासिक कालको नवलपरासीको संरचना र मानव बस्तीको रूपमा विकसित स्थितिलाई देखाउनु र नवलपरासी जिल्लाको इतिहास केलाउनु पनि लेखको सार हो । विशेष गरेर नवलपरासीको भौगोलिक परिस्थितिमा मानव बस्तीको विकास क्रमलाई प्रागैतिहासिक अवस्थादेखि वर्तमान अवस्थासम्मको स्थितिलाई सङ्क्षेपमा विश्लेषण गरी नवलपरासीको भू–भागलाई चिनाउनु लेखको प्रमुख सार हो । सबै प्रकारको भौगोलिक र प्राकृतिक वातावरण समेटिएको नवलपरासीले सदीऔँ पुरानो सभ्यतालाई हुर्काएर मानव बस्तीको जगेर्ना गर्दै आएको भू–भौतिक तथा मानव बसोवाससम्बन्धी विषयवस्तुको मूल्याङ्गन गर्नमा यो लेख सीमित रहेको छ । पुरानो नवलपरासी जिल्लाको वर्तमान भौगोलिक र प्रशासनिक स्थितिलाई चिनाएर दुइ प्रदेश र दुइ जिल्लामा परिणत भएको वास्तविक स्थितिलाई पनि यस लेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ ।
एउटा सल्लाह कवितामा पौरस्त्य दर्शन {Paurastya philosophy in an advice poem}
Authors: ज्ञवाली Gyawali ज्ञाननिष्ठ Gyannistha
Published: January 2024

प्रस्तुत लेखमा शिवगोपाल रिसालद्वारा रचिएको एउटा सल्लाह कवितालाई पौरस्त्य दर्शनका कोणबाट विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । आध्यात्मिक विषयलाई सांसरिक जीवनसँग तादात्म्य गराएर यसलाई अपरिहार्य ठानी अगाडि बढाउने कवि रिसालको उक्त कवितामा पौरस्त्य दर्शनको प्रस्तुति भएको छ । यस कवितामा मूलतः मनलाई अध्यात्ममा वा ईश्वरमा लगाउँर मोक्ष प्राप्त गर्नुपर्ने चिन्तनलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । ईश्वरको अस्तित्वलाई स्वीकार्ने आस्तिक वेदान्त दर्शनको मूल मर्म यस कवितामा आएको छ । मनको शुद्धता, ईश्वरको चिन्तन, जीवनको क्षणिकता, भौतिक वस्तुप्रति वितृष्णा, मनको चिन्तनजस्ता विषयमा केन्द्रित रहे पनि कवितामा मूलतः आत्मज्ञानको अर्थात् मोक्ष प्राप्तिको ध्येय राखिएको छ । हरेक मानिसलाई सांसरिक विषय वासनाले मोक्ष प्राप्तिमा वाधा गरिरहेको हुन्छ । त्यो वासनालाई हटाएर आÇनो स्वरूप आत्मा प्राप्ति गर्नु नै प्रस्तुत कविताको दार्शनिक चिन्तन रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
पर्यटन प्रवद्र्धनमा पथ प्रदर्शकको भूमिका एक अध्ययन {A Study of the Role of Guides in Tourism Promotion}
Authors: आचार्य Acharya सुरेश Suresh
Published: January 2024

पर्यटन वर्तमान समयमा आय आर्जन गर्ने महत्वपूर्ण एवम् बलियो स्रोत भएको छ । संसारका जुनसुकै मुलुकमा पनि आर्थिक उन्नति र प्रगकिो भरपर्दाे आधार पर्यटन बन्दै आएको छ । पर्यटन विकासका लागि रमणीय गन्तव्य भएर मात्र पुग्दैन । पर्यटकलाई यात्रामा सहयोगीको भूमिका निर्वाह गर्ने पथ प्रदर्शकको महत्व पनि उत्तिकै उल्लेखनीय हुने गर्दछ । पर्यटनका लागि पथ प्रदर्शक एउटा अनिवार्य जनशक्ति हो । सामान्यतः व्यक्ति आफूले जानेको, चिनेको, पुगेको स्थानमा भनदा पनि नजानेको नचिनेको र नपुगेको बिरामी गन्तव्यमा यात्रा गर्न मन पराउँदछ । यो मानवीय स्वभाव एवम् मनोविज्ञान नै हो । त्यसैले पर्यटनलाई एउटा अपरिचित ठाउँमा गरिने यात्रा भएकाले सम्बन्धित यात्रुलाई आवश्यक पर्ने अनेकन सुख सुविधाहरूमध्ये पथ प्रदर्शक पनि एउटा महत्वपूर्ण सुविधा भित्र पर्दछ । पथ प्रदर्शकको सहयोग एवम् सहायताले मात्र यात्रुले सही अर्थमा सम्बन्धित गन्तव्यका विषयमा जानकारी लिन सक्दछन् । सकेसम्मको फाइदा उठाउन सक्ने सम्भावना रहन्छ । फलस्वरूप पथ प्रदर्शक पर्यटनका लागि अनिवार्य आवश्यकता मानिएको हो । समग्रमा खास लेखमा पृष्ठभूमि, पथ प्रदर्शकको अर्थ, पथ प्रदर्शकका निम्ति चाहिने आधारभूत मापदण्ड, पथ प्रदर्शकको पालना गर्नुपर्ने आचार संहिता, पर्यटन प्रवद्र्धनमा पथ प्रदशकको भूमिका र उपशीर्षक भित्र पथ प्रदर्शकसँग सम्बन्धित विविध पक्षको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।
The Economic and Constitutional Considerations in Allocating Spending Responsibilities in Federal Countries
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, رسول عابد , فقى ابراهیم عبدالله
Published: January 2024

This study discusses the assignment of spending responsibilities in federal countries, taking into account both economic and constitutional considerations. According to the theory of fiscal federalism, the economic functions of governments contain resource allocation, stabilization, and redistribution. However, it is also important to consider constitutional considerations, as federal systems are based on constitutions and the distribution of power between government levels is influenced by political and historical variables. While economic considerations are vital for achieving efficiency and equity, constitutional considerations are crucial for determining functions and responsibilities and safeguarding the distribution of power consistent with federalism principles. Therefore, this study begins by questioning the best allocation of spending responsibilities in light of economic and constitutional considerations, and what methods can be used to solve conflicts that arise in government financial relationships. We assume that economic considerations alone are not enough to design the financial system, especially in federal countries. While they theoretically explain what needs to be done to achieve economic equity and efficiency, constitutional considerations explain the types of constitutions in terms of details of power distribution in general, including financial matters and functional responsibilities for both central and regional governments. We concluded that there is no one-size-fits-all approach for all federal countries to distribute powers, as federal states operate in different political and historical settings, and the nature of intergovernmental fiscal relations are constantly changing.
The nature of the relationship between media and politics in the United States of America (Donald Trump's treatment of social networking as a model)
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, رێشاوی یه‌حیا
Published: January 2024

This study: (The nature of the relationship between media and politics - former US President Donald Trump's dealings with social media as a model) deals with an important topic, which is the interactive nature between the fields of politics and the media, and the aim of this study is to know the nature of this relationship in the United States of America since the inception of this country, and the study focused on the nature of former US President Donald Trump’s dealings with social media. This relationship and the nature of dealing with the media were explained by political leaders in the United States of America through this study, and the researcher reached several results, including: that both media and politics occupy a large area of the history of the United States of America, And that this pattern of dealing with the space of social media has embarrassed the traditional media such as news agencies, satellite channels and famous newspapers in the United States of America and the world. and this relationship emerged through Donald Trump's use of social networking sites and his controversial handling of the media, the nature of this relationship with social networking sites by Trump has resulted in widespread controversy in political and media circles in the United States of America and the world during the spread of corona disease. Just as the media contribute to raising the profile of a political figure, it may stand against a political figure, as happened with Donald Trump, with the decision of social media companies to close Trump's accounts and fight him in the media, which has never happened with any former president in the United States of America.
The relationship of the Ayyubids with the eastern Christian forces
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, حبيب الله نهاد , زەينەڵ ئاراس
Published: January 2024

The Ayyubids were a dominant Kurdish family during the Abbasid era. They took control of the affairs of the Islamic world for a historical period, including the affairs of relations between the Islamic world and the Christian world. Meanwhile, they had relations with the Christian powers of the world and their neighbors, including relations with the Christian kingdoms of Georgia and Armenia. Many of the relations between the Ayyubids and the two kingdoms were often based on confrontation and conflict, although friendly relations prevailed at times, but soon the relations returned to conflict due to the influence of the forces surrounding them. The relations between the Ayyubids and the Byzantines were often cordial because both sides had a common enemy, the Crusaders, and the exchange of gifts and congratulations on each other's victories and religious respect among themselves were the distinguishing features of their relations, but sometimes the Byzantines were forced to take steps against the Ayyubids under Crusaders pressure.
The role of women in the conflict between the opposition factions and the Abbasid authority (132-232 AH)
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, شوکت ئامانج , مستەفا شوان
Published: January 2024

During the Abbasid reign, compared to the previous eras, women had more freedom and came forward in many fields. As a result of that, they were able to play their roles politically. One of the movements which were in strong conflict with Abbasid authority was the Kharijites movement. On both eastern and western Islamic sides, women carried out their activities publicly and secretly and supported the movement considerably. Due to their easy comings and goings and lack of censuring on them, they had the task of transferring political and military messages. The Alawites, as an opposition movement of the Abbasid authority, since the beginning of the establishment of the state stood against the authority and considered themselves worthy of the Caliphate. In this arena, Alawite women had a remarkable role in politics and in delivering political messages among Alawite leaders, and consequently, they encountered imprisonment and violence. Another opponent group of the Abbasids was the Barmakids. Although they were initially supporters of the Abbasid authority and held high positions, eventually, due to a lot of interference and some wrong steps, for instance; secret marriages with girls in the Abbasid family, their relations deteriorated, and this is known as the disaster of the Barmakids fall. Regarding the Zandiqs, after their leader’smurder, some Zandiqi women were threatened by the Abbasids, and even the sources have talked about how some relatives of Zandiq leaders died as a result of their intimidation. Another prominent role of women in the conflicts between the authorities and the opposition was the action of spying by women. Even during the reign of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, about 1,700 old women were used for being aware of people’s conditions. Despite that, women were sent, in the guise of business people, employers, and doctors, to areas where opposition parties had hegemony to be aware of the movements and activities of the Abbasid opposition movements.
The Role of Nationalised Oil Industry to the Economic Developments in Iraq: What is learnt from history?
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, ئەحمەد چنور
Published: January 2024

Oil and gas as the essential primary sources of energy have been critical factors in the lives of states in the past and modern times. Some oil-producing states had left part of their oil companies privatised, while some others nationalised them. Iraq as one of the global crude oil producers had nationalised its oil industry in the early 1970s. The research issue stems from the historical consideration of whether oil industry could support Iraq's economy if it was not nationalized. The research addresses the question why the oil industry was nationalised in Iraq, and what were the advantages and disadvantages of this nationalization to the coutry in general. The research objectives are to examine whether it depended on political or economic reasons, and what is learnt from the nationalisation outcome. The research outline starts with the literature on the historical perspective of why was the oil industry nationalised in Iraq. This will be followed by examining the concept of nationalization and the reasons behind them. The research then addresses the benefits and drawbacks of state ownership, which will be the subject of two separate sections. The research comes to conclusions that the nationalisation of oil industry in Iraq in early 1970s brought advantages to the country and its population, but was not problem free.
Persisting Exclusion? Contextualizing the Tribal Welfare Policies of Kerala State
Authors: Thadathil Abhilash
Published: January 2024

This article provides a critical assessment of the tribal development policy of the Kerala government over the past decade. Commencing with the recent controversy surrounding the portrayal of adivasis as a 'human zoo' during the Keraleeyam event in November, 2023, this paper delves into the transformations in the state's approach, particularly its shift towards a 'right-based approach' in the late nineties. The discussion encompasses land-related issues, the state's stance concerning adivasis during the pandemic, and, notably, the prevalent 'dropout syndrome.' The paper concludes by contending that the current state perspective appears to perceive tribal issues primarily as residential challenges rather than a confluence of land and livelihood difficulties.
Medical Applications of Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Judkins Lauren , Manogharan Guha , Gupta Richa , Jia Lori , Tang My My , Teinturier Tim , Hast Michael
Published: January 2024

This article provides an overview of currently available metal AM processes for the medical industry; outlines a step-by-step review of the typical workflow for design, manufacturing, evaluation, and implantation of patient-specific AM devices; and examines the existing research trends in medical applications of AM with specific focus on metallic biomedical implants. Finally, challenges and opportunities for future developments in AM pertaining to the medical field are also explored.
In Situ Process Control and Monitoring in Additive Manufacturing—An Overview
Authors: Lanigan Erin , Snodderly Kirstie , Jamshidinia Mahdi , Kottman Michael
Published: January 2024

In situ process monitoring includes any technologies that monitor or inspect during an additive manufacturing (AM) process. This article presents the types, process considerations, and challenges of in situ monitoring technologies that can be implemented during an AM process. The types include system health monitoring, melt pool monitoring, and layer monitoring. The article discusses data analysis, and provides an overview of the integration of sensors into AM machines.
Tensile Properties
Authors: Lancaster R.J. , Bourell D.L.
Published: January 2024

This article summarizes how the tensile properties of several key metal alloy systems commonly used in additive manufacturing (AM) compare against their traditionally manufactured counterparts, which process parameters can be manipulated to enable more optimized performance, the role that process-induced artifacts play in influencing tensile behavior, and how postprocessing can be employed to overcome any anomalies induced during manufacture. Popular specific grades include type 316L and 17-4PH stainless steels, AlSi10Mg, Scalmalloy, Inconel 625 and 718, H13 tool steel, Ti-6Al-4V, and cobalt-chromium.
Physics-Based Feedforward Control of Metal Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Qian
Published: January 2024

Physics-based feedforward control is discussed in this article for two important laser-based metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes: directed-energy deposition and laser powder-bed fusion. For each type of process, control-oriented, lumped-parameter models that characterize melt pool dynamics as a function of process parameters are discussed first. Then, the derivation of model-based controllers is illustrated, followed by experimental evaluations of the model-based controller implemented as a feedforward control on a commercial AM system.
Application of Machine Learning to Monitor Metal Powder-Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Reutzel Edward , Petrich Jan , Corbin David Jeffrey , Snow Zackary
Published: January 2024

The use of additive manufacturing (AM) is increasing for high-value, critical applications across a range of disparate industries. This article presents a discussion of high-valued engineering components predominantly used in the aerospace and medical industries. Applications involving metal AM, including methods to identify pores and voids in AM materials, are the focus. The article reviews flaw formation in laser-based powder-bed fusion, summarizes sensors used for in situ process monitoring, and outlines advances made with in situ process-monitoring data to detect AM process flaws. It reviews investigations of ML-based strategies, identifies challenges and research opportunities, and presents strategies for assessing anomaly detection performance.
Process Optimization
Authors: Sprayberry Michael , Kirka Michael , Paquit Vincent
Published: January 2024

Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process to optimize a specified set of parameters without violating engineering constraints. This article reviews data-driven optimization methods based on genetic algorithms and stochastic models and demonstrates their use in powder-bed fusion and directed energy deposition processes. In the latter case, closed-loop feedback is used to control melt pool temperature and cooling rate in order to achieve desired microstructure.