bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second-order projection from the posterior lateral line in the early zebrafish brain
Authors: Fame Ryann M , Brajon Carole , Ghysen Alain
Published: November 2006

Background

Mechanosensory information gathered by hair cells of the fish lateral-line system is collected by sensory neurons and sent to the ipsilateral hindbrain. The information is then conveyed to other brain structures through a second-order projection. In the adult, part of the second-order projection extends to the contralateral hindbrain, while another part connects to a midbrain structure, the torus semicircularis.

Results

In this paper we examine the second-order projection from the posterior lateral-line system in late embryonic/early larval zebrafish. At four days after fertilization the synaptic field of the sensory neurons can be accurately targeted, allowing a very reproducible labeling of second-order neurons. We show that second-order projections are highly stereotyped, that they vary according to rhombomeric identity, and that they are almost completely lateralized. We also show that the projections extend not only to the contralateral hindbrain and torus semicircularis but to many other brain centers as well, including gaze- and posture-controlling nuclei in the midbrain, and presumptive thalamic nuclei.

Conclusion

We propose that the extensive connectivity observed in early brain development reveals a basic scaffold common to most vertebrates, from which different subsets are later reinforced in various vertebrate groups. The large repertoire of projection targets provides a promising system to study the genetic encoding of this differential projection capacity.
BVDV and BHV-1 Infections in Dairy Herds in Northern and Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Kampa J , Ståhl K , Moreno-López J , Chanlun A , Aiumlamai S , Alenius S
Published: November 2006

Bulk milk samples from 220 dairy herds were collected at 9 public milk collection centres in the northeastern and northern Thailand, and a subset of 11 herds was selected for individual testing. The samples were tested for presence of antibodies to BVDV and BHV-1 using an indirect ELISA. The results from the bulk milk testing demonstrated a moderate level of exposure to BVDV and BHV-1 (73% and 67%, respectively). However, the low proportion of herds with high BVDV antibody-levels (13%) and the low within-herd seroprevalence of BVDV and BHV-1 in the 11 herds (24% and 5%, respectively), particularly among the young stock (15% and 0%, respectively), demonstrated a low prevalence of active BVDV infection and a low rate of reactivation of latent BHV-1. The presence of a self-clearance process was also indicated by the results from the individual testing. Moreover, a surprisingly low prevalence of BVDV and BHV-1 antibody-positive herds at one of the milk centres was found. This centre was established 5–10 years before the others. Our impression is that this reflects the self-clearance process, where consecutive replacement of imported infected animals without further spread has resulted in a nearly total elimination of the infections.

Based on our experiences and on these results we are convinced that this process can continue if there is awareness of herd biosecurity. This is especially important in the context of a future intensification of the dairy production.
Cumulative Risk of Bovine Mastitis Treatments in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden
Authors: Valde JP , Lawson LG , Lindberg A , Agger JF , Saloniemi H , Østerås O
Published: November 2006

Data from the national dairy cow recording systems during 1997 were used to calculate lactation-specific cumulative risk of mastitis treatments and cumulative risk of removal from the herds in Denmark, Finland Norway and Sweden. Sweden had the lowest risk of recorded mastitis treatments during 305 days of lactation and Norway had the highest risk. The incidence risk of recorded mastitis treatments during 305 days of lactation in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden was 0.177, 0.139, 0.215 and 0.127 for first parity cows and 0.228, 0.215, 0.358 and 0.204 for parities higher than three, respectively. The risk of a first parity cow being treated for mastitis was almost 3 times higher at calving in Norway than in Sweden. The period with the highest risk for mastitis treatments was from 2 days before calving until 14 days after calving and the highest risk for removal was from calving to 10 days after calving in all countries.

The study clearly demonstrated differences in bovine mastitis treatment patterns among the Nordic countries. The most important findings were the differences in treatment risks during different lactations within each country, as well as differences in strategies with respect to the time during lactation mastitis was treated.
A Serological Survey of Ruminant Livestock in Kazakhstan During Post-Soviet Transitions in Farming and Disease Control
Authors: Lundervold M , Milner-Gulland EJ , O'Callaghan CJ , Hamblin C , Corteyn A , Macmillan AP
Published: November 2006

The results of a serological survey of livestock in Kazakhstan, carried out in 1997–1998, are reported. Serum samples from 958 animals (cattle, sheep and goats) were tested for antibodies to foot and mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD), rinderpest (RP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viruses, and to Brucella spp. We also investigated the vaccination status of livestock and related this to changes in veterinary provision since independence in 1991. For the 2 diseases under official surveillance (FMD and brucellosis) our results were similar to official data, although we found significantly higher brucellosis levels in 2 districts and widespread ignorance about FMD vaccination status. The seroprevalence for BT virus was 23%, and seropositive animals were widespread suggesting endemicity, despite the disease not having being previously reported. We found a few seropositives for EHDV and PPRV, which may suggest that these diseases are also present in Kazakhstan. An hierarchical model showed that seroprevalence to FMD and BT viruses were clustered at the farm/village level, rather than at a larger spatial scale. This was unexpected for FMD, which is subject to vaccination policies which vary at the raion (county) level.
BISON: bio-interface for the semi-global analysis of network patterns
Authors: Besemann Christopher , Denton Anne , Carr Nathan J , Prüβ Birgit M
Published: November 2006

Background

The large amount of genomics data that have accumulated over the past decade require extensive data mining. However, the global nature of data mining, which includes pattern mining, poses difficulties for users who want to study specific questions in a more local environment. This creates a need for techniques that allow a localized analysis of globally determined patterns.

Results

We developed a tool that determines and evaluates global patterns based on protein property and network information, while providing all the benefits of a perspective that is targeted at biologist users with specific goals and interests. Our tool uses our own data mining techniques, integrated into current visualization and navigation techniques. The functionality of the tool is discussed in the context of the transcriptional network of regulation in the enteric bacterium Escherichia coli. Two biological questions were asked: (i) Which functional categories of proteins (identified by hidden Markov models) are regulated by a regulator with a specific domain? (ii) Which regulators are involved in the regulation of proteins that contain a common hidden Markov model? Using these examples, we explain the gene-centered and pattern-centered analysis that the tool permits.

Conclusion

In summary, we have a tool that can be used for a wide variety of applications in biology, medicine, or agriculture. The pattern mining engine is global in the way that patterns are determined across the entire network. The tool still permits a localized analysis for users who want to analyze a subportion of the total network. We have named the tool BISON (B io-I nterface for the S emi-global analysis O f N etwork patterns).
Hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass: determinants and impact on postoperative outcome
Authors: Ranucci Marco , De Toffol Barbara , Isgrò Giuseppe , Romitti Federica , Conti Daniela , Vicentini Maira
Published: November 2006

Introduction

Hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass is relatively frequent and is associated with an increased postoperative morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine which perfusion-related factors may be responsible for hyperlactatemia, with specific respect to hemodilution and oxygen delivery, and to verify the clinical impact of hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality rate.

Methods

Five hundred consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were admitted to this prospective observational study. During cardiopulmonary bypass, serial arterial blood gas analyses with blood lactate and glucose determinations were obtained. Hyperlactatemia was defined as a peak arterial blood lactate concentration exceeding 3 mmol/l. Pre- and intraoperative factors were tested for independent association with the peak arterial lactate concentration and hyperlactatemia. The postoperative outcome of patients with or without hyperlactatemia was compared.

Results

Factors independently associated with hyperlactatemia were the preoperative serum creatinine value, the presence of active endocarditis, the cardiopulmonary bypass duration, the lowest oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass, and the peak blood glucose level. Once corrected for other explanatory variables, hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass remained significantly associated with an increased morbidity, related mainly to a postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, but not to mortality.

Conclusion

Hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass appears to be related mainly to a condition of insufficient oxygen delivery (type A hyperlactatemia). During cardiopulmonary bypass, a careful coupling of pump flow and arterial oxygen content therefore seems mandatory to guarantee a sufficient oxygen supply to the peripheral tissues.
Recurrent insertion and duplication generate networks of transposable element sequences in the Drosophila melanogaster genome
Authors: Bergman Casey M , Quesneville Hadi , Anxolabéhère Dominique , Ashburner Michael
Published: November 2006

Background

The recent availability of genome sequences has provided unparalleled insights into the broad-scale patterns of transposable element (TE) sequences in eukaryotic genomes. Nevertheless, the difficulties that TEs pose for genome assembly and annotation have prevented detailed, quantitative inferences about the contribution of TEs to genomes sequences.

Results

Using a high-resolution annotation of TEs in Release 4 genome sequence, we revise estimates of TE abundance in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that TEs are non-randomly distributed within regions of high and low TE abundance, and that pericentromeric regions with high TE abundance are mosaics of distinct regions of extreme and normal TE density. Comparative analysis revealed that this punctate pattern evolves jointly by transposition and duplication, but not by inversion of TE-rich regions from unsequenced heterochromatin. Analysis of genome-wide patterns of TE nesting revealed a 'nesting network' that includes virtually all of the known TE families in the genome. Numerous directed cycles exist among TE families in the nesting network, implying concurrent or overlapping periods of transpositional activity.

Conclusion

Rapid restructuring of the genomic landscape by transposition and duplication has recently added hundreds of kilobases of TE sequence to pericentromeric regions in D. melanogaster. These events create ragged transitions between unique and repetitive sequences in the zone between euchromatic and beta-heterochromatic regions. Complex relationships of TE nesting in beta-heterochromatic regions raise the possibility of a co-suppression network that may act as a global surveillance system against the majority of TE families in D. melanogaster.
Regulation of TNF mediated antiapoptotic signaling in human neutrophils: role of δ-PKC and ERK1/2
Authors: Kilpatrick Laurie E , Sun Shuang , Mackie DeMauri , Baik Fred , Li Haiying , Korchak Helen M
Published: November 2006

TNF is implicated in the suppression of neutrophil apoptosis during sepsis. Multiple signaling pathways are involved in TNF-mediated antiapoptotic signaling; a role for the MAP kinases (MAPK), ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK has been suggested. Antiapoptotic signaling is mediated principally through TNF receptor-1 (TNFR-1), and the PKC isotype-delta (δ-PKC) is a critical regulator of TNFR-1 signaling. δ-PKC associates with TNFR-1 in response to TNF and is required for NFκB activation and inhibition of caspase 3. The role of δ-PKC in TNF-mediated activation of MAPK is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the MAPK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK are involved in TNF antiapoptotic signaling and whether δ-PKC is a key regulator of MAPK activation by TNF. In human neutrophils, TNF activated both p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 principally via TNFR-1. The MEK1/2 inhibitors PD098059 and U0126, but not the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, decreased TNF antiapoptotic signaling as measured by caspase 3 activity. A specific δ-PKC antagonist, V1.1δ-PKC-Tat peptide, inhibited TNF-mediated ERK1/2 activation, but not p38 MAPK. ERK1/2 inhibition did not alter recruitment of δ-PKC to TNFR-1, indicating δ-PKC is acting upstream of ERK1/2. In HL-60 cells differentiated to a neutrophilic phenotype, δ-PKC depletion by δ-PKC siRNA resulted in inhibition of TNF mediated ERK1/2 activation but not p38 MAPK. Thus, ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK, is an essential component of TNF-mediated antiapoptotic signaling. In human neutrophils, δ-PKC is a positive regulator of ERK1/2 activation via TNFR-1 but has no role in p38 MAPK activation.
Relevance of DC-SIGN in DC-induced T cell proliferation
Authors: Gijzen Karlijn , Tacken Paul J , Zimmerman Aukje , Joosten Ben , de Vries I Jolanda M , Figdor Carl G , Torensma Ruurd
Published: November 2006

The role of dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) in DC-T cell communication was assessed by analyzing the effect of DC-SIGN-blocking mAb in MLR. The results show that the degree of inhibition by DC-SIGN and LFA-1 mAb depends on the magnitude of the MLR and the maturation status of the DC. Addition of DC-SIGN mAb at several time-points during MLR showed that DC-SIGN is involved early on in DC-T cell contacts. This initial role is masked by strong adhesive and costimulatory mechanisms, indicating a short-lived effect of DC-SIGN in DC-T cell interactions. To examine this concept in more detail, the percentage of PBL capable of binding DC-SIGN was determined. Analysis of several donors revealed that 1–20% PBL bind to beads coated with recombinant DC-SIGN, and the DC-SIGN-binding cells comprised all major cell subsets found in blood. PBL isolated from a donor with high DC-SIGN-binding capacity were more prone to blocking by DC-SIGN mAb in MLR than PBL from a donor with low DC-SIGN-binding capacity. This study indicates an initial and transient role for DC-SIGN in T cell proliferation, which becomes apparent when T cell proliferation is low and when the percentage of DC-SIGN binding PBL is high.
The CD14+ CD16+ blood monocytes: their role in infection and inflammation
Authors: Ziegler-Heitbrock Loems
Published: November 2006

Blood monocyte subpopulations have been defined in man initially, and the two major types of monocytes are the CD14++ CD16− and the CD14+ CD16+ monocytes. These cells have been shown to exhibit distinct phenotype and function, and the CD14+ CD16+ were labeled proinflammatory based on higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines and higher potency in antigen presentation. The current review describes these properties, including the relationship to dendritic cells, and summarizes the host of publications about CD14+ CD16+ monocytes in inflammation and infectious disease in man, all of which suggest a crucial role of these cells in the disease processes. The review also covers the more recent description of homologues of these cells in other model species, which is expected to better define the role of monocyte subsets in disease.
Perinatal circumstances and risk of offspring
suicide
Authors: Riordan Daniel V. , Selvaraj Sivasubramaniam , Stark Cameron , Gilbert Julie S. E.
Published: November 2006

Background

A higher risk of suicide has been associated with low birth weight in one
study, but not yet replicated. Higher birth order has been associated
with self-harm, but not with suicide.

Aims

To examine the relationship between perinatal circumstances and
subsequent young adult suicide in Scotland.

Method

Using linked data from the Scottish Morbidity Record and Scottish death
records, a birth cohort of 1 061 830 people was followed-up for a mean of
25.1 years. Data were analysed using Cox regression.

Results

Higher maternal parity, younger maternal age (<25 years),
non-professional parental occupations and low birth weight (<2500 g)
were independently associated with higher suicide risk of offspring as
young adults. There was no independent association with gestational
age.

Conclusions

Our findings provide support for the influence of maternal circumstance
and foetal experience on subsequent mental health.
Long-term course of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia
Authors: Morrison Gary , O'Carroll Ronan , McCreadie Robin
Published: November 2006

The aim of this study was to examine the long-term course of cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia. Forty-three people with schizophrenia were followed up over an average of 33 years along with a control group of 12 matched individuals free from psychosis. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and follow-up. The participants with schizophrenia were found to show impairment in verbal and non-verbal intelligence at baseline compared with estimated premorbid scores, this was not found in the control group. At follow-up there was a significant decline in non-verbal intelligence over time in participants with schizophrenia compared with controls (P=0.007). This differential change over time was not seen in verbal intelligence (P= 0.318).
Delayed early proprioceptive information processing in
schizophrenia
Authors: Arnfred Sidse Marie , Hemmingsen Ralf P. , Parnas Josef
Published: November 2006

It was first suggested that disordered proprioception was a core feature of
schizophrenia by Sandor Rado in 1953. Using a recently designed
proprioceptive event-related potential paradigm based on a change of load,
we studied 12 unmedicated male out-patients with schizophrenia and 24
controls. In the patients, the early contralateral parietal activity was
delayed and later central activity had increased amplitude, but gating was
unaffected. The results could be understood within the ‘deficiency of
corollary discharge’ model of schizophrenia but not within the ‘filtering’
theory. Further studies, including psychiatric controls, are necessary to
verify the specificity of the abnormality.
Processing facial emotions in adults with velo-cardio-facial
syndrome: functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Van Amelsvoort Therese , Schmitz Nicole , Daly Eileen , Deeley Quinton , Critchley Hugo , Henry Jayne , Robertson Dene , Owen Michael , Murphy Kieran C. , Murphy Declan G.
Published: November 2006

We studied the functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour in
velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) using a facial emotional processing task
and functional magnetic resonance imaging in adults with this syndrome and
controls matched for age and IQ. The VCFS group had less activation in the
right insula and frontal brain regions and more activation in occipital
regions. Genetically determined abnormalities in pathways including those
involved in emotional processing may underlie deficits in social cognition
in people with VCFS.
Influence of sub-syndromal symptoms after remission from manic
or mixed episodes
Authors: Tohen Mauricio , Bowden Charles L. , Calabrese Joseph R. , Lin Daniel , Forrester Tammy D. , Sachs Gary S. , Koukopoulos Athanasios , Yatham Lakshmi , Grunze Heinz
Published: November 2006

Background

Sub-syndromal symptoms in bipolar disorder impair functioning and
diminish quality of life.

Aims

To examine factors associated with time spent with sub-syndromal symptoms
and to characterise how these symptoms influence outcomes.

Method

In a double-blind randomised maintenance trial, patients received either
olanzapine or lithium monotherapy for 1 year. Stepwise logistic
regression models were used to identify factors that were significant
predictors of percentage time spent with sub-syndromal symptoms. The
presence of sub-syndromal symptoms during the first 8 weeks was examined
as a predictor of subsequent relapse.

Results

Presence of sub-syndromal depressive symptoms during the first 8 weeks
significantly increased the likelihood of depressive relapse (relative
risk 4.67, P<0.001). Patients with psychotic features
and those with a greater number of previous depressive episodes were more
likely to experience sub-syndromal depressive symptoms (RR=2.51,
P<0.001 and RR=2.35, P=0.03
respectively).

Conclusions

These findings help to identify patients at increased risk of affective
relapse and suggest that appropriate therapeutic interventions should be
considered even when syndromal-level symptoms are absent.
Facial emotion processing in criminal
psychopathy
Authors: Deeley Quinton , Daly Eileen , Surguladze Simon , Tunstall Nigel , Mezey Gill , Beer Dominic , Ambikapathy Anita , Robertson Dene , Giampietro Vincent , Brammer Michael J. , Clarke Amory , Dowsett John , Fahy Tom , Phillips Mary L. , Murphy Declan G.
Published: November 2006

Background

It has been suggested that people with psychopathic disorders lack
empathy because they have deficits in processing distress cues (e.g.
fearful facial expressions).

Aims

To investigate brain function when individuals with psychopathy and a
control group process facial emotion.

Method

Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging we compared six
people scoring ⩾25 on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised and nine
non-psychopathic healthy volunteers during an implicit emotion processing
task using fearful, happy and neutral faces.

Results

The psychopathy group showed significantly less activation than the
control group in fusiform and extrastriate cortices when processing both
facial emotions. However, emotion type affected response pattern. Both
groups increased fusiform and extrastriate cortex activation when
processing happy faces compared with neutral faces, but this increase was
significantly smaller in the psychopathy group. In contrast, when
processing fearful faces compared with neutral faces, the control group
showed increased activation but the psychopathy group decreased
activation in the fusiform gyrus.

Conclusions

People with psychopathy have biological differences from controls when
processing facial emotion, and the pattern of response differs according
to emotion type.
Risk factors for common mental disorders in women
Authors: Patel Vikram , Kirkwood Betty R. , Pednekar Sulochana , Weiss Helen , Mabey David
Published: November 2006

Background

The determinants of common mental disorders in women have not been described in longitudinal studies from a low-income country.

Method

Population-based cohort study of 2494 women aged 18 to 50 years, in India. The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule was used for the detection of common mental disorders.

Results

There were 39 incident cases of common mental disorder in 2166 participants eligible for analysis (12-month rate 1.8%, 95% CI 1.3–2.4%). The following baseline factors were independently associated with the risk for common mental disorder: poverty (low income and having difficulty making ends meet); being married as compared with being single; use of tobacco; experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge; reporting a chronic physical illness; and having higher psychological symptom scores at baseline.

Conclusions

Programmes to reduce the burden of common mental disorder in women should target poorer women, women with chronic physical illness and who have gynaecological symptoms, and women who use tobacco.
Collaborative care for depression in primary
care
Authors: Bower Peter , Gilbody Simon , Richards David , Fletcher Janine , Sutton Alex
Published: November 2006

Background

The management of depression in primary care is a significant issue for
health services worldwide. ‘Collaborative care’ interventions are
effective, but little is known about which aspects of these complex
interventions are essential.

Aims

To use meta-regression to identify ‘active ingredients' in collaborative
care models for depression in primary care.

Method

Studies were identified using systematic searches of electronic
databases. The content of collaborative care interventions was coded,
together with outcome data on antidepressant use and depressive symptoms.
Meta-regression was used to examine relationships between intervention
content and outcomes.

Results

There was no significant predictor of the effect of collaborative care on
antidepressant use. Key predictors of depressive symptom outcomes
included systematic identification of patients, professional background
of staff and specialist supervision.

Conclusions

Meta-regression may be useful in examining ‘active ingredients' in
complex interventions in mental health.
Smoke-free legislation and mental health units: the challenges ahead
Authors: Jochelson Karen
Published: November 2006

Under the proposed English Health Act regulations most mental health units will have to be smoke-free, although patients will be able to smoke outside. Implementing the regulations will be challenging but may also be an opportunity for a more holistic approach focusing on the physical and psychological health of patients.
Setting up a telepsychiatry service
Authors: Jones Roland M. , Leonard Sarah , Birmingham Luke
Published: November 2006

Telepsychiatry is the delivery of healthcare and the exchange of healthcare information for purposes of providing psychiatric services across distances (Yellowlees et al, 2003). In practice, this most often means an interaction between a patient and clinician who are in different sites, through the use of transmitted live sound and video images. The term telepsychiatry was first used by Dwyer in 1973 who described the use of closed-circuit television at Massachusetts General Hospital for consultations between psychiatrists and patients. However, telemedicine was pioneered at the Nebraska Psychiatric Institute nearly 20 years earlier (Wittson & Dutton, 1956).
Epizootics of Yellow Fever in Venezuela (2004–2005)
Authors: RIFAKIS PEDRO M. , BENITEZ JESUS A. , DE‐LA‐PAZ‐PINEDA JOSE , RODRIGUEZ‐MORALES ALFONSO J.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Epidemics and epizootics of yellow fever (YF) have been occurring in the border area of eastern Colombia and western Venezuela since 2003; for this reason many epidemiological control measures were adopted by the Ministry of Health (MOH) trying to prevent their spreading. These activities included monkey deaths surveillance as well as immunization of susceptible individuals with YF vaccine. In this setting, we analyzed epidemiological and epizootical issues related to YF in Venezuela during 2004–2005. In this period, YF epizootics occurred initially without geographical links to the 2003 outbreaks (which occurred at the Southern Maracaibo lake epizootic wave), but in relation with the Guayana epizootic wave; beginning in Monagas state and then affecting Anzoátegui, Guárico, and Sucre states. Just months later, Apure was also affected. Mérida and Táchira also report epizootics for the end of 2004. This year concluded with 15 human deaths due to YF and more than 100 howler monkey deaths. In the same year, 715 suspected cases were investigated confirming YF in 0.7% of them. For these reasons, between 2002 and 2004, Venezuela's MOH has vaccinated approximately 1.9 million people in areas considered to be enzootic. The country's goal for 2006 is to have 7 million people residing in high‐risk cities and towns vaccinated, and in this way, preventing and controlling this emerging zoonotic disease.
Regional and International Approaches on Prevention and Control of Animal Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
Authors: DOMENECH J. , LUBROTH J. , EDDI C. , MARTIN V. , ROGER F.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Transboundary animal diseases pose a serious risk to the world animal agriculture and food security and jeopardize international trade. The world has been facing devastating economic losses from major outbreaks of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as foot‐and‐mouth disease, classical swine fever, rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and Rift Valley fever. Lately the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) due to H5N1 virus, has become an international crisis as all regions around the world can be considered at risk. In the past decades, public health authorities within industrialized countries have been faced with an increasing number of food safety issues. The situation is equally serious in developing countries. The globalization of food (and feed) trade, facilitated by the liberalization of world trade, while offering many benefits and opportunities, also represents new risks. The GF‐TADs Global Secretariat has carried out several regional consultations for the identification of priority diseases and best ways for their administration, prevention and control. In the questionnaires carried out and through the consultative process, it was noted that globally, FMD was ranked as the first and foremost priority. Rift Valley fever, and today highly pathogenic avian influenza, are defined as major animal diseases which also affect human health. PPR and CBPP, a disease which is particularly serious in Africa and finally, African swine fever (ASF) and classical swine fever (CSF) are also regionally recognised as top priorities on which the Framework is determined to work. The FAO philosophy—shared by the OIE—embraces the need to prevent and control TADs and emerging diseases at their source, which is most of the time in developing countries. Regional and international approaches have to be followed, and the FAO and OIE GF‐TADs initiative provides the appropriate concepts and objectives as well as an organizational framework to link international and regional organizations at the service of their countries to better prevent and control the risks on animal and human health and the economic impact of TADs and emerging animal diseases.
Integrated Risk Reduction along the Food Chain
Authors: MUMFORD ELIZABETH L. , KIHM ULRICH
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Animal health is the crucial first part of the food chain and must be considered when developing the controls or preventative measures for an endemic or emerging zoonotic food‐borne diseases. Increasing the number of complementary control measures at various points along the food processing chain results in overall risk reduction and improved safety of products for the domestic markets and trade. In addition, a risk assessment must be made and surveillance implemented. Measures require sufficient infrastructure within veterinary services, and must be controlled and re‐evaluated periodically. The system must be communicated to stakeholders in order to improve compliance as well as confidence from domestic consumers, trading partners, and the international community. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and avian influenza (AI) can be used as examples for implementation of these control concepts.
Surveillance for Avian Influenza in the United States
Authors: BOKMA BOB H. , HALL CHERYL , SIEGFRIED LYNNE M. , TODD WEAVER J.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  In the United States, some 1.7 million agar gel immuno diffusion (AGID) tests for avian influenza (AI) are conducted yearly by various poultry groups, governmental sectors, and private industry. In addition to the AGID test, additional testing includes virus isolations, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions, and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. HI and neuraminidase inhibition tests are conducted on positive AGID samples to determine the subtype. Directigen, a type of antigen capture test, is used in the field in some cases. If monitoring and surveillance activities give rise to a suspicious test result, the accredited veterinarian and official State laboratory are required to report these to the governmental authorities. A thorough investigation in collaboration with the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (a World Organization for Animal Health—AI reference laboratory), State and Federal veterinarians, and others is conducted. Testing conducted as part of the National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) effectively monitors the status of breeder and multiplier flocks. A new commercial poultry program is being added and will expand NPIP AI testing to all commercial flocks. Private poultry companies conduct additional tests; and in the poultry‐producing States, there are active state‐wide programs to monitor poultry health. All components of the live‐bird market system (source flocks, haulers, dealers, and markets) are tested under the Low Pathogenicity AI Live‐Bird Market Program.
Isolation of Avian Influenza Virus A Subtype H5N1 from Internal Contents (Albumen and Allantoic Fluid) of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Eggs and Oviduct during a Natural Outbreak
Authors: PROMKUNTOD NARUEPOL , ANTARASENA CHONGMAS , PROMMUANG PORNTIP , PROMMUANG PRAISON
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Avian influenza virus (AIV) was recovered from the internal contents of eggs, including mixture of albumen and allantoic fluid, and from the oviduct of naturally infected Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) flocks in the southern part of Thailand. The virus titers of 104.6‐106.2 ELD50/mL were directly measured from the internal content of infected eggs. The virus was isolated by chorioallantoic sac inoculation of embryonating chicken eggs. Infected allantoic fluid was identified as hemagglutinating virus and then was indicated the presence of H5 hemagglutinin. The virus was confirmed to be H5N1 subtype influenza A virus by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction assay could specifically detect influenza virus subtype H5. Furthermore, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test by using specific anti‐influenza A monoclonal antibody indicated that virus antigens were detected in the parenchyma of multiple tissues. Systemic localization of viral antigen detected was certainly considered to be viremic stage. In addition, influenza virus antigen was also detected by IFA in allantoic fluid sediments isolated from internal content of egg or oviduct. The conclusion of isolated AIV type A subtype H5N1 from these two infected materials was correlated to the viremic stage of infection because the virus antigens could be observed in almost all tissues. Conclusively, the need for adequate safeguards to prevent contamination and spread of the virus to the environment during movement of eggs—including hatching eggs, cracked eggs, and other relevant infected materials— or egg consumption from area of outbreak is emphasized and must not be ignored for the reasons of animal, public, and environmental health.
Principles for Vaccine Protection in Chickens and Domestic Waterfowl against Avian Influenza
Authors: SWAYNE DAVID E.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The H5N1 highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza (AI) epizootic began with reports of mortality from China in 1996 and, by June 2005, caused outbreaks of disease in nine additional Asian countries, affecting or resulting in culling of over 200 million birds. Vaccines can be used in programs to prevent, manage, or eradicate AI. However, vaccines should only be used as part of a comprehensive control strategy that also includes biosecurity, quarantine, surveillance and diagnostics, education, and elimination of infected poultry. Potent AI vaccines, when properly used, can prevent disease and death, increase resistance to infection, reduce field virus replication and shedding, and reduce virus transmission, but do not provide “sterilizing immunity” in the field; i.e., vaccination does not completely prevent AI virus replication. Inactivated AI vaccines and a recombinant fowlpox‐H5‐AI vaccine are licensed and used in various countries. Vaccines have been shown to protect chickens, geese, and ducks from H5 HPAI. The inactivated vaccines prevented disease and mortality in chickens and geese, and reduced the ability of the field virus to replicate in gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Although the Asian H5N1 HPAI virus did not cause disease or mortality in ducks, the use of inactivated vaccine did reduce field virus replication in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The inactivated vaccine protected geese from morbidity and mortality, and reduced challenge virus replication. The recombinant fowlpox‐H5‐AI vaccine has provided similar protection, but the vaccine is used only in chickens and with the advantage of application at 1 day of age in the hatchery.
Development and Use of Fowlpox Vectored Vaccines for Avian Influenza
Authors: BUBLOT MICHEL , PRITCHARD NIKKI , SWAYNE DAVID E. , SELLECK PAUL , KARACA KEMAL , SUAREZ DAVID L. , AUDONNET JEAN‐CHRISTOPHE , MICKLE THOMAS R.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The avian influenza (AI) vaccine designated TROVAC™‐AIV H5 (TROVAC‐H5) contains a live recombinant fowlpox rec. (FP) recombinant (recFP), expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of an AI H5 subtype isolate. This recombinant vaccine was granted a license in the United States for emergency use in 1998 and full registration in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador where over 2 billion doses have been administered. One injection of TROVAC‐H5 protects chickens against AI‐induced mortality and morbidity for at least 20 weeks, and significantly decreases shedding after challenge with a wide panel of H5‐subtype AI strains, regardless of neuraminidase subtype. Recently, excellent protection was demonstrated against 2003 and 2004 Asian highly pathogenic H5N1 isolates. Whereas TROVAC‐H5 AI H5 efficacy was not inhibited by anti‐AI or anti‐fowlpox maternal antibodies (passive immunity), protection to AI was significantly decreased in chickens previously vaccinated or infected with FP (active immunity). Advantages of the TROVAC‐H5 vaccine over inactivated AI vaccines are: (a) single administration at 1 day of age and early onset (1 week) of protection, (b) easy monitoring of AI infection in vaccinated flocks with agar gel precipitation (AGP) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used as tests to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA tests), and (c) no residue problem due to adjuvant. These features make TROVAC‐H5 an ideal AI vaccine for routine administration of day‐of‐age chicks in hatcheries. RecFP expressing HA from three lineages of H7 subtype (Eurasian, American, and Australian) were also tested for efficacy against a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) Eurasian HPAI H7N1. Only the recFP expressing the Eurasian H7 gene provided sufficient protection indicating that the breadth of protection induced by recFP is apparently restricted for H7 isolates. The fowlpox vector technology can also be used for the production of an emergency vaccine: once the HA sequence of an emerging AI virus is known, recFP can be rapidly generated. TROVAC‐H5 has recently been shown to be immunogenic in cats and could therefore also be considered for use in mammals.
West Nile Virus in Guadeloupe
Authors: LEFRANÇOIS THIERRY , BLITVICH BRADLEY J. , PRADEL JENNIFER , MOLIA SOPHIE , VACHIÉRY NATHALIE , MARTINEZ DOMINIQUE
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  In July 2002, a surveillance system was implemented on Guadeloupe to detect for the potential introduction and monitor the spread of West Nile virus (WNV). From 2002 to 2004, equines and chickens were serologically assayed for antibodies to WNV by IgG and IgM enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), epitope‐blocking ELISA, and plaque reduction neutralization tests. After introduction, probably through migratory birds at the end of 2001, many seroconversions occurred between July and October 2002 resulting in a high seroprevalence (19.3%) in equines in 2003. WNV circulation levels decreased dramatically in 2003 and 2004 as assessed by the absence of seroconversion in equine and the very low prevalence in chickens. This decrease coincided with a 7‐month drought that presumably caused a decrease in vector populations. In 2005, a sentinel survey was implemented in equines and chickens placed in areas at high risk and the very low rate of seroconversion (1 equine out of 106, no chicken) demonstrated that WNV circulation is now occurring at a very low level.
Genotyping of Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated from 2002 to 2004 in China
Authors: WANG ZHILIANG , LIU HUALEI , XU JIANGTAO , BAO JINGYUE , ZHENG DONGXIA , SUN CHENGYING , WEI RONG , SONG CUIPING , CHEN JIMING
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The main function region of the fusion (F) protein gene of 124 strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated from 2002 to 2004 in China was amplified and sequenced for further phylogenetic and residue substitutive analysis. Most of the isolates were classified into genotype VIIc, VIId, VIf, and VIb, while others into genotype IX, III, or II. The genotype IX, a unique genotype which includes strain F48, the first Chinese virulent NDV strain isolated in 1948, were still found inducing sporadic infections in certain areas. Subgenotype VIIc, VIId, and VIIe viruses, which were distributed in clusters in the phylogenetic tree distinct from members of subgenotypes VIIa and VIIb, were responsible for most outbreaks in China and circulated predominantly in China in recent years. Strain NDV03‐026, an isolate of the genotype II which was normally lentogenic, was found carrying 112RRQKRF117 motif at the cleavage site of F protein as the virulent strain.
Efficacy of DNA Immunization with F and G Protein Genes of Nipah Virus
Authors: WANG XIJUN , GE JINYING , HU SEN , WANG QINGHUA , WEN ZHIYUN , CHEN HUALAN , BU ZHIGAO
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  We investigated the antibody response of DNA immunization with two mammalian codon optimized envelope glycoprotein genes, F and G, of Nipah virus in a mouse model. The results indicated that G gene immunization elicited more significant specific serum IgG response and neutralization antibody response than F gene did, suggesting that the G gene DNA immunization is a potential vaccine strategy against Nipah virus.
Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Other Gut Bacteria in Pigs by a Macroarraying Method
Authors: THANANTONG NARUT , EDWARDS SANDRA , SPARAGANO OLIVIER A.E.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) consist of many genera, Gram‐positive, and nonspore‐forming micro‐organisms; some members being used as probiotics while some others have negative effects on pig health. Bacterial species in the gastrointestinal tract can produce antibacterial substances, reduce serum cholesterol in their host, or can be responsible for growth reduction, diarrhea, and intestinal epithelial damage. It is therefore important for the pig industry to evaluate the impact of food and farm management on the presence of “good” or “bad” bacteria and the risk for consumers. This articles focuses on the molecular identification of gut microflora species following different diets given to pigs in UK and correlating the data on growth, health, and welfare. First of all, pig feces were individually collected from sows before and after farrowing and also from piglets before and after weaning over several months. Bacteria colonies were grown on MRS agar plates from feces and DNA was extracted (QIAamp DNA stool kit) and amplified using 16S rDNA (27f and 519r) primers. DNA sequencing and sequence alignment allowed us to identify species‐specific zones, which were used as probes in a macroarray system also known as reverse line blot hybridization. Some probes were found to be species specific for the following species: Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. animalis, L. gallinarum, L. kitasanotis, L salivarius, Streptococcus alactolyticus, S. hyointestinalis, and Sarcina ventriculi. Actual studies are now focusing on the impact of diets of the microflora in different gut parts and at different stages of the animal's life.
Porcine Eperythrozoonosis in China
Authors: WU JIANSAN , YU JIANMIN , SONG CUIPING , SUN SHENGJUN , WANG ZHILIANG
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Eperythrozoonosis of swine (also designated as porcine mycoplasmosis) is a disease of swine under stress, expressed as a febrile condition with development of an acute ictero‐anemia. It is caused by Eperythrozoon suis and usually causes a subclinical infection with a latent carrier state that persists for extended periods. In China, this disease has gradually developed as an important intercurrent disease and an emerging swine disease that, in recent years, has spread throughout all provinces except Tibet. Classical swine fever (hog cholera), porcine influenza, swine enzootic pneumonia, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (blue ear disease), streptococci, and toxoplasmosis were detected in Eperythrozoonosis‐infected pig herds, and caused serious economic losses. National epidemiology surveillance in 2002 revealed that this disease caused a total morbidity of 30% and a mortality of 10–20%. Total mortality (which includes culling sick pigs) was more than 60%. The morbidity within infected herds was near 100%, has spread throughout with a total mortality rate usually over 50%. Mortality of piglets in some districts was as high as 50%. The highest infection rate on pig farms was more than 90%. The farms with higher infection rates occurred in pig‐raising areas during epidemic seasons. New diagnostic tests, such as ELISA and PCR, have been developed for the detection of porcine eperythrozoonosis, but traditionally the diagnosis of the disease is still based on clinical history and optical microscopic examination of the causative agent in blood smears. Efficient preventive and control measures include the detection of carriers in pig herds and treatment of sick pigs with drugs, such as long‐acting oxytetracycline, doxycycline, or aceturate of diminazene. Oxytetracyclines as feed additives have been introduced for eperythrozoonosis prevention in uninfected pig herds, and pig producers have taken measures to reduce stress and improve sanitary conditions.
Trypanosomosis in Goats
Authors: GUTIERREZ CARLOS , CORBERA JUAN A. , MORALES MANUEL , BÜSCHER PHILIPPE
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Trypanosomosis is a major constraint on ruminant livestock production in Africa, Asia, and South America. The principal host species affected varies geographically, but buffalo, cattle, camels, and horses are particularly sensitive. Natural infections with Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. evansi have been described in goats. Trypanosomosis in goats produces acute, subacute, chronic, or subclinical forms, being T. vivax, T. congolense, and T. evansi, the most invasive trypanosomes for goats. However, the role of goats in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis is largely discussed and not well understood. Thus, it has commonly been assumed that trypanosomosis presents a subclinical course and that goats do not play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. This can partially be due to parasitemia caused by trypanosomes which has been considered low in goats. However, this assumption is currently undergoing a critical reappraisal because of goats may also serve as a reservoir of trypanosome infection for other species, including the human beings in the case of T. brucei rhodesiense. The present article describes the current status of trypanosomosis in goats in Africa, Asia, and South America. Pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the different trypanosomes are also described. The possible role in the epidemiology of the disease in the different areas is also discussed.