bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PIXEL VS OBJECT-BASED IMAGE CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR LIDAR INTENSITY DATA
Authors: El-Ashmawy N. , Shaker A. , Yan W.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems are remote sensing techniques used mainly for terrain surface modelling. LiDAR sensors record the distance between the sensor and the targets (range data) with a capability to record the strength of the backscatter energy reflected from the targets (intensity data). The LiDAR sensors use the near-infrared spectrum range which provides high separability in the reflected energy by the target. This phenomenon is investigated to use the LiDAR intensity data for land-cover classification. The goal of this paper is to investigate and evaluates the use of different image classification techniques applied on LiDAR intensity data for land cover classification. The two techniques proposed are: a) Maximum likelihood classifier used as pixel- based classification technique; and b) Image segmentation used as object-based classification technique. A study area covers an urban district in Burnaby, British Colombia, Canada, is selected to test the different classification techniques for extracting four feature classes: buildings, roads and parking areas, trees, and low vegetation (grass) areas, from the LiDAR intensity data. Generally, the results show that LiDAR intensity data can be used for land cover classification. An overall accuracy of 63.5% can be achieved using the pixel-based classification technique. The overall accuracy of the results is improved to 68% using the object- based classification technique. Further research is underway to investigate different criteria for segmentation process and to refine the design of the object-based classification algorithm.
ANALYSIS OF TWO TRIANGLE-BASED MULTI-SURFACE REGISTRATION ALGORITHMS OF IRREGULAR POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Al-Durgham M. , Detchev I. , Habib A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The registration of multiple surface point clouds into a common reference frame is a well addressed topic, and the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) is – perhaps – the most used method when registering laser scans due to their irregular nature. In this paper, we examine the proposed Iterative Closest Projected Point (ICPP) algorithm for the simultaneous registration of multiple point clouds. First, a point to triangular patch (i.e. closest three points) match is established by checking if the point falls within the triangular dipyramid, which has the three triangular patch points as a base and a user-chosen normal distance as the height to establish the two peaks. Then, the point is projected onto the patch surface, and its projection is then used as a match for the original point. It is also shown through empirical experimentation that the Delaunay triangles are not a requirement for establishing matches. In fact, Delaunay triangles in some scenarios may force blunders into the final solution, while using the closest three points leads to avoiding some undesired erroneous points. In addition, we review the algorithm by which the ICPP is inspired, namely, the Iterative Closest Patch (ICPatch); where conjugate point-patch pairs are extracted in the overlapping surface areas, and the transformation parameters between all neighbouring surfaces are estimated in a pairwise manner. Then, using the conjugate point-patch pairs, and applying the transformation parameters from the pairwise registration as initial approximations, the final surface transformation parameters are solved for simultaneously. Finally, we evaluate the assumptions made and examine the performance of the new algorithm against the ICPatch.
AIRBORNE LIDAR: A FULLY-AUTOMATED SELF-CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
Authors: Lindenthal S. M. , Ussyshkin V. R. , Wang J. G. , Pokorny M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Automated calibration of LIDAR systems has been an active field of research and development over the last years. Traditional calibration approaches rely on manual extraction of geometric features in the laser data and require time-intensive input of a trained operator. Recently, new methodologies evolved using automatic extraction of linear features and planar information to minimize systematic errors in LIDAR strips. This paper presents a new methodology of LIDAR calibration using automatically reconstructed planar features. The calibration approach presented herein integrates the physical sensor model and raw laser measurements and allows for refined calibration of internal system parameters. The new methodology is tested and compared with a traditional approach based on manual boresighting using a typical survey mission. Optech's software suite LMS, which is the first commercial implementation of this functionality, was used to process the data and to derive means of quality assessment. Different methods of reconstructing automatically extracted geometric features are presented and discussed in the context of their contribution to the calibration process. The final results are compared numerically and through graphic quality check.
INTEGRATED STRATEGIES FOR THE MODELING VERY LARGE AND COMPLEX ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Fassi F. , Achille C. , Gaudio F. , Fregonese L.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The paper would like to present a research job conducted in cooperation with the Veneranda Fabbrica of Milan Cathedral to survey and model the main cathedral spire. The job aims to find methods and a typological way to operate to produce an accurate 3D model to support forthcoming restoration works. The paper will concentrate on the description and analysis of problems and difficulties found during the survey processes and solutions chosen to overcome these problems, both in the measuring phase but in particular in the processing one. Future research is also proposed.
METRIC SURVEY OF THE MONUMENT OF QUEEN ELISENDA'S TOMB IN THE MONASTERY OF PEDRALBES, BARCELONA
Authors: Núñez M. A. , Buill F. , Regot J. , Mesa A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. When an urban development is planned the cartography of this territory is necessary, in the same way before starting a project to rehabilitate a monument the graphic information about it has to be available. At present, different techniques are available which allow to obtain three-dimensional models with a different accuracy level and runtimes.This paper shows the work carried out to obtain the graphic information and three-dimensional models that are necessary for the rehabilitation project of the tomb of Queen Elisenda in the Monastery of Pedralbes, Barcelona (Spain). This monument has the peculiarity of being symmetrical about the wall separating monastery church and the cloister. To do this, different techniques have been used that allow us to obtain an accurate model and as complete as possible, for the analysis of the construction process of the monument. In order to achieve the complete architectural survey the integration of laser scanning and photogrammetric data, and CAD models has been necessary. Due to the detail of the sculptures and the Queen’s sarcophagus two sensors, with different resolution, range and accuracy, have been used to obtain the laser scanning data. Stereo pairs have been taken to obtain the 3D model of these elements to complete the model and obtain an ortophotography.In this way, a comparative analysis of both techniques has been carried out, in order to decide which one is the suitable for certain application. This investigation has been restricted to the tomb, in the two symmetrical parts of the monument.
ARCHITECTURAL LARGE CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENT. MODELING AND INTERACTION USING DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Authors: Fiamma P.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. How to use for the architectural design, the simulation coming from a large size data model? The topic is related to the phase coming usually after the acquisition of the data, during the construction of the model and especially after, when designers must have an interaction with the simulation, in order to develop and verify their idea. In the case of study, the concept of interaction includes the concept of real time "flows". The work develops contents and results that can be part of the large debate about the current connection between "architecture" and "movement". The focus of the work, is to realize a collaborative and participative virtual environment on which different specialist actors, client and final users can share knowledge, targets and constraints to better gain the aimed result. The goal is to have used a dynamic micro simulation digital resource that allows all the actors to explore the model in powerful and realistic way and to have a new type of interaction in a complex architectural scenario. On the one hand, the work represents a base of knowledge that can be implemented more and more; on the other hand the work represents a dealt to understand the large constructed architecture simulation as a way of life, a way of being in time and space. The architectural design before, and the architectural fact after, both happen in a sort of "Spatial Analysis System". The way is open to offer to this "system", knowledge and theories, that can support architectural design work for every application and scale. We think that the presented work represents a dealt to understand the large constructed architecture simulation as a way of life, a way of being in time and space. Architecture like a spatial configuration, that can be reconfigurable too through designing.
REALTIME COMPOSITING OF PROCEDURAL FACADE TEXTURES ON THE GPU
Authors: Krecklau L. , Kobbelt L.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The real time rendering of complex virtual city models has become more important in the last few years for many practical applications like realistic navigation or urban planning. For maximum rendering performance, the complexity of the geometry or textures can be reduced by decreasing the resolution until the data set can fully reside on the memory of the graphics card. This typically results in a low quality of the virtual city model. Alternatively, a streaming algorithm can load the high quality data set from the hard drive. However, this approach requires a large amount of persistent storage providing several gigabytes of static data. We present a system that uses a texture atlas containing atomic tiles like windows, doors or wall patterns, and that combines those elements on-the-ﬂy directly on the graphics card. The presented approach beneﬁts from a sophisticated randomization approach that produces lots of different facades while the grammar description itself remains small. By using a ray casting apporach, we are able to trace through transparent windows revealing procedurally generated rooms which further contributes to the realism of the rendering. The presented method enables real time rendering of city models with a high level of detail for facades while still relying on a small memory footprint.
AN APPLICATION FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE IN ERASMUS PLACEMENT. SURVEYS AND 3D CATALOGING ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS IN MÉRIDA (SPAIN)
Authors: Barba S. , Fiorillo F. , Ortiz Coder P. , D'Auria S. , De Feo E.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Man has always had the need to live with his past, with its places and its artefacts. The reconstructions, the economical changes, the urbanization and its speculations have devastated whole cities, changed the faces of their historical centers, changed the relationship between the new and the old. Also the millenarian 'rest' of the archaeological findings, and therefore the respect towards those ancient civilizations, has been troubled. Our continent is rich in masterpieces that the modern man are not able to protect and pass on to the future, it is commonplace to observe that the modern ‘civilization’ has cemented and suffocated the ancient city of Pompeii, or even worse, failed to protected it. Walking in the archaeological area of Paestum it can be noticed how just sixty years ago, no one had the slightest concern of fencing the amphitheatre and the Roman forum, or entire houses and shops, to lay a carpet of tar or simple to build constructions completely inferior compared to those majestic Greek temples. The engineers and the architects should be held responsible for this as based on their scientific and humanistic sensibility; they should bring together the man with his surroundings in the complete respects of the historical heritage. The interest in ancient began to change nearly three decades ago since it was realized that the "Cultural Heritage" is a major tourist attraction and, if properly managed and used, it can be an economical cornerstone. Today, thanks to survey and the 3D graphics, which provide powerful new tools, we are witnessing a new and real need for the conservation, cataloguing and enhancement as a way to revive our archaeological sites. As part of a major laboratory project, artefacts from the Roman period (I and II century b.C.), found in the Spanish city of Mérida, declared World Heritage by UNESCO in 1993, were acquired with a 3D laser scanner VIVID 910, and then catalogued. Based on these brief comments we wanted to direct the work carried out under an Erasmus Placement Agreement with the Spanish company Gavle, towards the info-graphics detection and documentation of this archaeological heritage.
A WEB-BASED INTERACTIVE TOOL FOR MULTI-RESOLUTION 3D MODELS OF A MAYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
Authors: Agugiaro G. , Remondino F. , Girardi G. , von Schwerin J. , Richards-Rissetto H. , De Amicis R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Continuous technological advances in surveying, computing and digital-content delivery are strongly contributing to a change in the way Cultural Heritage is "perceived": new tools and methodologies for documentation, reconstruction and research are being created to assist not only scholars, but also to reach more potential users (e.g. students and tourists) willing to access more detailed information about art history and archaeology. 3D computer-simulated models, sometimes set in virtual landscapes, offer for example the chance to explore possible hypothetical reconstructions, while on-line GIS resources can help interactive analyses of relationships and change over space and time. While for some research purposes a traditional 2D approach may suffice, this is not the case for more complex analyses concerning spatial and temporal features of architecture, like for example the relationship of architecture and landscape, visibility studies etc. The project aims therefore at creating a tool, called "QueryArch3D" tool, which enables the web-based visualisation and queries of an interactive, multi-resolution 3D model in the framework of Cultural Heritage. More specifically, a complete Maya archaeological site, located in Copan (Honduras), has been chosen as case study to test and demonstrate the platform’s capabilities. Much of the site has been surveyed and modelled at different levels of detail (LoD) and the geometric model has been semantically segmented and integrated with attribute data gathered from several external data sources. The paper describes the characteristics of the research work, along with its implementation issues and the initial results of the developed prototype.
MEASURED MODEL, THEORETICAL MODEL AND REPRESENTED MODEL: THE SO-CALLED ARCH OF DRUSUS IN ROME
Authors: Canciani M. , Maestri D. , Spadafora G. , Manacorda D. , Di Cola V.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The Arch of Drusus is a complex building, stratified over time. It isn’t possible to advance only one hypothesis about its origin, but its several transformations may be given some interpretations. The difficulty lies in the coexistence of two structures, typologically and chronologically different, in a single monument: an original structure which can be related to a commemorative travertine arch sheathed in marble, dating back to the Imperial Age, which probably had three fornices and a later structure reused in the III century as an aque- duct arch and monumentalized again with the application of decorated architectural elements on the southern façade. In order to provide a graphic description as much accurate as possible from the metric-dimensional point of view and as much detailed as possible in all the elements which form the building, a new survey methodology has been tested. It uses different kinds of systems – instrumental, topographic and GPS, photogrammetric and direct traditional – which complement each other, in order to render a three-dimensional computerized reference model. The analysis process of the monument, made from what emerged from the archaeological analysis, thanks to the carrying out of dif- ferent navigable models, has been developed making, in the early stage, a represented model subsequently detailed on the basis of the incongruities detected in the survey.
AUTOMATIC CAMERA ORIENTATION AND STRUCTURE RECOVERY WITH SAMANTHA
Authors: Gherardi R. , Toldo R. , Garro V. , Fusiello A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. SAMANTHA is a software capable of computing camera orientation and structure recovery from a sparse block of casual images without human intervention. It can process both calibrated images or uncalibrated, in which case an autocalibration routine is run. Pictures are organized into a hierarchical tree which has single images as leaves and partial reconstructions as internal nodes. The method proceeds bottom up until it reaches the root node, corresponding to the ﬁnal result. This framework is one order of magnitude faster than sequential approaches, inherently parallel, less sensitive to the error accumulation causing drift. We have veriﬁed the quality of our reconstructions both qualitatively producing compelling point clouds and quantitatively, comparing them with laser scans serving as ground truth.
AUTOMATIC ORIENTATION OF IMAGE SEQUENCES IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Del Pizzo S. , Troisi S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. role in the field of cultural heritage. Making copies of virtual objects is very significant for their consultation, storage, disclosure and restoration. Nowadays the modeling of a free-form object can be attained both by laser-scanning and by digital photogrammetry. With the use of the last methodology dense point clouds can be obtained through elaborate process steps. The purpose of this study is to provide input to the automation of some phases of these processes. Recent advances in the Structure from Motion community have greatly extended the feature matching and triangulation capabilities to enable significantly larger datasets to be used for the reconstruction of the relative orientation of the cameras and, consequently, of the artefacts. In this paper a methodology to automatically orient a set of images is presented, such methodology makes use of algorithms for feature extraction coming from computer vision community and allows to easily recognize a large amount of homologous points on a set of images in a completely automatic way. The above said methodology has been adopted for the automatic orienting of some sequences of images relative to several interesting sites from the perspective of cultural heritage.
SURVEY, REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF A WAR I COMPLEX SYSTEM OF SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND FORTIFICATIONS IN THE GRESTA VALLEY, ITALY
Authors: Salvador I. , Vitti A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This work is part of a research on the use of terrestrial laser scanner, integrated with total station and GPS, for the documentation and comprehension of complex architectures in up-land sites. The research is performed in the framework of the project "Ambiente e Paesaggi dei siti di Altura Trentini" – APSAT (Environment and landscape of hill-top sites in Trentino), a multidisciplinary project focused on the evolution of hill-top anthropic system in the Trentino region, Italy. The study area is located in the Gresta Valley and this work concerns on the Nagià Grom site, fortified by the Austria-Hungarian Army during the World War I. The site has been interested by a significant restore operation of a large series of entrenches paths and fortifications in the last decade. The survey herein described has involved an area once interested by military barracks with Officers' Mess, water provision and by one of the biggest field kitchens discovered in the Trentino region. A second survey involved the tunnel connecting the ammunition depot to the artillery stations. The nature of such complex architectures, characterized by an irregular and composite 3D span leads, in general, to necessary simple surveys and representations and somehow to simplified studies too. The 3D point cloud, once filtered by the massive presence of dense vegetation, eventually constitutes a rich data set for further analyses on the spatial, geological, architectural and historical properties of the site. The analysis has been carried out on two different scales. At the architectural-scale, the comparison to historic photos has allowed to understand how the original structure of the barracks was made and to find building characters that now are lost. The on-site observation of the underground stratigraphic splices and their analysis in the 3D point cloud, e.g., spatial extension and slope, have permitted the understanding of the special excavation process guided by the practical advantage of exploiting the natural collapse of the rock along the stratigraphic splices. At the landscape-scale: the 1918's aerial photos, showing the trenches and military barracks during the World War I, have been georeferenced and compared to recent ortho- photos and DTM to evaluate the landscape changes and to assess the complete detection of the entire set of fortified structures. The analysis involved also the evaluation of the landscape visibility from some key points of the fortification and the visibility of the same fortification from the surrounding landscape. That has permitted, for example, to underline the very strategic location of the field kitchen. The availability of the 1×1m ALS DSM suggests a possible processing for the detection of the preserved surface artefacts and trenches so to extend the metric knowledge of the fortification system and to plan further surveys.
MY IDEAL CITY (MIC): VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS TO DESIGN THE FUTURE TOWN
Authors: Borgherini M. , Garbin E.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. MIC is an EU funded project to explore the use of shared virtual environments as part of a public discussion on the issues of building the city of the future. An interactive exploration of four european cities – in the digital city models were translated urban places, family problems and citizens wishes – is a chance to see them in different ways and from different points of view, to imagine new scenarios to overcome barriers and stereotypes no longer effective. This paper describes the process from data to visualization of virtual cities and, in detail, the project of two interactive digital model (Trento and Lisbon).
TARGETLESS CAMERA CALIBRATION
Authors: Barazzetti L. , Mussio L. , Remondino F. , Scaioni M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. In photogrammetry a camera is considered calibrated if its interior orientation parameters are known. These encompass the principal distance, the principal point position and some Additional Parameters used to model possible systematic errors. The current state of the art for automated camera calibration relies on the use of coded targets to accurately determine the image correspondences. This paper presents a new methodology for the efficient and rigorous photogrammetric calibration of digital cameras which does not require any longer the use of targets. A set of images depicting a scene with a good texture are sufficient for the extraction of natural corresponding image points. These are automatically matched with feature-based approaches and robust estimation techniques. The successive photogrammetric bundle adjustment retrieves the unknown camera parameters and their theoretical accuracies. Examples, considerations and comparisons with real data and different case studies are illustrated to show the potentialities of the proposed methodology.
AUTOMATIC POINT CLOUD GENERATION AND REGISTRATION WITH A STEREOVISION SLIT-SCANNER
Authors: Prokos A. , Kalisperakis I. , Karras G.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. In this paper, a fully automatic 3D surface scanner, from point collection to point cloud registration and smoothing, is presented. The system is composed by a camera pair, which is calibrated automatically, and a hand-held laser plane. On epipolar images, generated from the stereo-frames taken as the object is being swept over by the laser plane, the search for point correspondences is reduced to identifying intersections of image rows with the recorded laser profiles. A variation of fitting Gaussian curves to the gray-value data along epipolar lines allows estimating peak positions by also using information from the vicinity of the peak. 3D reconstruction by simple stereovision is strengthened geometrically by imposing additional coplanarity constraints. All unknowns for a scanning po- sition are estimated simultaneously in a single iterative adjustment. In order to register point clouds from different scan positions, the ICP algorithm is applied. Initial values for ICP are obtained automatically by using images acquired from adjacent scanning positions. For this, SIFT points on images of overlapping scans are extracted, matched and related to the scans to provide 3D point corres- pondences, which allow the required approximate 3D registration. The tools employed here for surface smoothing are also presented. Finally, examples are given to illustrate the performance of described methods.
LASER SCANNING OF A MONOLITHIC COLUMN DURING PROCESSING IN MIDDLE EGYPT
Authors: Ajioka O. , Hori Y.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. From ancient quarries around Akoris in Middle Egypt, which belong to the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, the stone blocks could be carried to the working area located in the outside of the city. Those blocks included a giant monolithic column measured approximately 14m in length, which had been cracked for reasons unknown and must have contributed to disuse of monolith. The first deal is a comparison of plans drawn by the point clouds by laser scanning with those coming from plane-tabling, which had been one of popular methods for measuring in the last century. This part shows how the laser scanning technology is useful in far better measuring and documentation of the site. The second discuss is about a detailed assessment of the procedure of processing through the observation of chisel marks and the detail analysis about the 3 dimensional data. In the result, we are succeed to show the restoration of the procedure of the proceedings using guidelines and a wooden curve since we concentrate attention on the point of abstracting the centre line and shaving the surface into the round shape.
3D DOCUMENTATION OF GLOBAL HISTORIC SITES: THE ‘SCOTTISH TEN’ PROJECT AND ITS APPLICATIONS FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Wilson L. , Rawlinson A. , Mitchell D. S. , Pritchard D. K. , McGregor H. C.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The Scottish Ten project seeks to digitally document World Heritage Sites in Scotland and culturally significant international heritage sites, using technologies such as terrestrial laser scanning, aerial LiDAR, high resolution photography, digital photogrammetry, high-accuracy GPS and digital total stations. The project has numerous aims, centering around conservation, cultural heritage management, promoting Scotland's technical and scientific expertise and Scottish cultural connections. This paper focuses on the recent 3D survey work in the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site in Scotland. Two principal sites, Skara Brae and Maeshowe, are described, the methodologies undertaken and the results so far. Aside from generating accurate survey records, data will be utilised for analysis and interpretation, monitoring, visualisation and numerous other purposes. Although the data is still at the early stages of processing, the paper highlights the significant potential of 3D survey for understanding and managing the Heart of Neolithic Orkney and the benefits of 3D survey for cultural heritage applications in general.
VIRTUAL EXHIBITION AND FRUITION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS
Authors: Manferdini A. M. , Garagnani S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. During the last two decades, since digital technologies have become more sophisticated in acquiring real data and building faithful copies of them, their improvements have suggested interesting applications in the field of valorisation of Historical, Cultural and Artistic Heritage, with significant consequences in the share and widespread of knowledge. But although several technologies and methodologies for 3d digitization have recently been developed and improved, the lack of a standard procedure and the costs connected to their use still doesn't encourage the systematic digital acquisition of wide collections and heritage. The aim of this paper is to show the state of the art of a project whose aim is to provide a methodology and a procedure to create digital reproductions of artefacts for Institutions called to preserve, manage and enhance the fruition of archaeological finds inside museums or through digital exhibitions. Our project’s aim is to find the most suitable procedure to digitally acquire archaeo logical artefacts that usually have small dimensions and have very complex and detailed surfaces. Within our methodology, particular attention has been paid to the use of widely shared and open-source visualization systems that enhance the involvement of the user by emphasizing three-dimensional characteristics of artefacts through virtual reality.
URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY: HOW TO COMMUNICATE A STORY OF A SITE, 3D VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION BUT NOT ONLY
Authors: Capone M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Over the past few years experimental systems have been developed to introduce new ways of enjoying cultural heritage using digital media. Technology had a lead role in this testing ground increasing the need to develop new way of communication according to contemporary iconography culture. Most applications are aimed at creating online databases that allow free access to information, that helps to spread the culture and simplify the study about cultural heritage. To this type of application are added others, which are aimed at defining new and different ways of cultural heritage enjoyment. Very interesting applications are those regarding to reconstruction of archaeological landscape. The target of these applications is to develop a new level of knowledge that increases the value of the archaeological find and the level of understanding. In fact, digital media can bridge the gap of communication associated to archaeological find: the virtual simulation offers the possibility to put it in the context and it defines a new way to enjoy the cultural heritage. In most of these cases the spectacular and recreational factor generally prevails. We believe that experimentation is needed in this area, particularly for the development of Urban Archaeology. In this case, another trouble to enjoy is added to the lack of communication, typical of archaeological finds, because it is "hidden" in an irreversible way: it is under water or under city. So, our research is mainly oriented to define a methodological path to elaborate a communication strategy to increase interest about Urban Archaeology.
VIRTUAL PRESENCE AND THE MIND’S EYE IN 3-D ONLINE COMMUNITIES
Authors: Beacham R. C. , Denard H. , Baker D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Digital technologies have introduced fundamental changes in the forms, content, and media of communication. Indeed, some have suggested we are in the early stages of a seismic shift comparable to that in antiquity with the transition from a primarily oral culture to one based upon writing. The digital transformation is rapidly displacing the long-standing hegemony of text, and restoring in part social, bodily, oral and spatial elements, but in radically reconfigured forms and formats. Contributing to and drawing upon such changes and possibilities, scholars and those responsible for sites preserving or displaying cultural heritage, have undertaken projects to explore the properties and potential of the online communities enabled by "Virtual Worlds" and related platforms for teaching, collaboration, publication, and new modes of disciplinary research. Others, keenly observing and evaluating such work, are poised to contribute to it. It is crucial that leadership be provided to ensure that serious and sustained investigation be undertaken by scholars who have experience, and achievements, in more traditional forms of research, and who perceive the emerging potential of Virtual World work to advance their investigations. The Virtual Museums Transnational Network will seek to engage such scholars and provide leadership in this emerging and immensely attractive new area of cultural heritage exploration and experience. This presentation reviews examples of the current "state of the art" in heritage based Virtual World initiatives, looking at the new modes of social interaction and experience enabled by such online communities, and some of the achievements and future aspirations of this work.
IMAGE-BASED AND RANGE-BASED 3D MODELLING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE TELAMON OF THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS IN AGRIGENTO (ITALY)
Authors: Lo Brutto M. , Spera M. G.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The Temple of Olympian Zeus in Agrigento (Italy) was one of the largest temple and at the same time one of the most original of all the Greek architecture. We don’t know exactly how it was because the temple is now almost completely destroyed but it is very well-known for the presence of the Telamons. The Telamons were giant statues (about 8 meters high) probably located outside the temple to fill the interval between the columns. In accordance with the theory most accredited by archaeologists the Telamons were a decorative element and also a support for the structure. However, this hypothesis has never been scientifically proven. One Telamon has been reassembled and is shown at the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. In 2009 a group of researchers at the University of Palermo has begun a study to test the hypothesis that the Telamons support the weight of the upper part of the temple. The study consists of a 3D survey of the Telamon, to reconstruct a detailed 3D digital model, and of a structural analysis with the Finite Element Method (FEM) to test the possibility that the Telamon could to support the weight of the upper portion of the temple. In this work the authors describe the 3D survey of Telamon carry out with Range-Based Modelling (RBM) and Image-Based Modeling (IBM). The RBM was performed with a TOF laser scanner while the IBM with the ZScan system of Menci Software and Image Master of Topcon. Several tests were conducted to analyze the accuracy of the different 3D models and to evaluate the difference between laser scanning and photogrammetric data. Moreover, an appropriate data reduction to generate a 3D model suitable for FEM analysis was tested.
3D MODELS FOR THE RESTORATION PROJECT: SOME ISSUES AND A CASE STUDY
Authors: Novello G. , Marchis E.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This contribute aim to explore 3D modelling and its practical applications investigating scales of representation and scales of contents. The goal of this research work was to test the flexibility of modeling tools to different field of application and to draw shared methods, even if they are applied. During the research occurred some problems that should be considered as central for future developments. They will drive the mainlines for the refinement of software and application technologies, but it must be remembered that, first of all, the direct experience and the validation with practical case studies must be absolutely taken into account. On the basis of the outcomes and of research directions for the future, it has paved the way to thinking useful to the implementation of the method and to the management of the graphic results.
THE USE OF 3D MODELS IN INTEGRATE SURVEY: THE CHURCH OF ST. THOMAS OF VILLANOVA IN CASTEL GANDOLFO
Authors: Canciani M. , Saccone M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The research illustrated below describes the integrated survey method as applied to the Church of St. Thomas of Villanova in Castel Gandolfo, the work of G. L. Bernini. In particular, integration of the various survey methods with 3D modelling to reconstruct all the elements with complex and/or hard to measure geometries has made it possible to obtain an accurate survey model. Comparison of this model with Bernini's original project, based on the analysis of several drawings, has given a clearer view of certain aspects of the design and of Bernini's planning methods.
DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CHURCH OF SAN ILDEFONSO AT ZAMORA (SPAIN) USING ORTHOWARE
Authors: Pérez A. , Cachero R. , Navarro S. , Jordá F. , López D. , Lerma J.L. , Martos A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This paper describes the surveying process performed on the Church of San Ildefonso in Zamora (Spain) using Orthoware©, an innovative photogrammetric software tool specially designed for the digital reconstruction of cultural heritage. This software is the result of intense R&D at Metria Digital after several years producing heritage true orthoimages, plans and full color 3D models in a commercial environment. Orthoware allows true measurements and produces high quality true orthoimages and full color 3D models starting out from conventional digital photographs. This is a progressive tool designed for non-specialist users, providing intuitive and quick methods to visually diagnose the quality of the results. The Church of San Ildefonso in Zamora was built over a previously existing temple whose Romanesque construction dates back to the 11th century, although it is nowadays hidden among extensions and remodelings carried out up until 18th century. With a length of more than 30 meters, the original floor plan of the Church consists on three naves and three apses, although only one nave is visible now, covered by groin vault, and one semicircular apse partially hidden by the current building. The south front maintains the greater part of its Romanesque origins, in spite of being hidden and higher than the present ground level. At the feet of the temple a tower rises, whose first stage is Romanesque but which has been altered by numerous Baroque elements. The objective of the photogrammetric reconstruction was the integral survey of the monument, including its four façades, interior faces and roofs for the production of some true-orthoimages, cross-sections, longitudinal-sections and ground plans at scale 1/50 with an accuracy of 10 mm for the drawings and a pixel size below 10 mm for the synthetic imagery. The usual photogrammetric workflow for producing true-orthoimages and digital 3D models in cultural heritage depends to a great extent on finding and matching homologous features amongst various images. This is a time-consuming, repetitive and blind recognition process requiring some spatial intuition and experience from the user. Orthoware makes use of automatic image analysis and computer vision techniques to improve this processing. Its innovative graphic user interface allows full interactivity and corrections or refinements to be performed at any time providing intuitive diagnostics from partial results. This flow involves very intensive calculations achieved through a software development specific for GPU (Graphic Processing Unit), using OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) and DirectX. Therefore, a combination of manual and automatic techniques makes up the ideal tool for a production environment. The workflow presented herein allow users to reduce orthoimage production time from months to just a few weeks.
AN IMAGE-BASED MODELING EXPERIENCE ABOUT SOCIAL FACILITIES, BUILT DURING THE FASCIST PERIOD IN MIDDLE ITALY
Authors: Rossi D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The main focus of this article is to explain a teaching activity. This experience follows a research aimed to testing innovative systems for formal and digital analysis of architectural building. In particular, the ﬁeld of investigation is the analytical drawing. An analytical draw allows to develope an interpretative and similar models of reality; these models are built using photomodeling techniques and are designed to re-write modern and contemporary architecture. The typology of the buildings surveyed belong to a cultural period, called Modern Movement, historically placed between the two world wars. The Modern Movement aimed to renew existing architectural principle and to a functional redeﬁnition of the same one. In Italy these principles arrived during the Fascist period. Heritage made up of public social buildings (case del Balilla, G.I.L., recreation center...) built during the fascist period in middle Italy is remarkable for quantity and in many cases for architectural quality. This kind of buildings are composed using pure shapes: large cube (gyms) alternate with long rectangular block containing ofﬁces creates compositions made of big volumes and high towers. These features are perfectly suited to the needs of a surveying process by photomodeling where the role of photography is central and where there is the need to identify certain and easily distinguishable points on all picture, leaning on the edges of the volume or lininig on the texture discontinuity. The goal is the documentation to preserve and to develop buildings and urban complexes of modern architecture, directed to encourage an artistic preservation.
E-LEARNING AIDED TEACHING PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN NCKU TAIWAN
Authors: Tsay J.-R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. This paper introduces the two e-learning platforms, namely ITeach and Moodle, which are adopted by the author since 1999 to aid teaching the undergraduate courses related to photogrammetry in National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan. The experience on e-learning aided teaching over more than ten years shows that e-learning is really a good assistant tool for improving learning and teaching effectiveness. The university provides very convenient and user-friendly assistant tools for the faculty of university so that teachers don't need to spend much time on learning how to use these e-learning systems, and can produce the corresponding e-learning course materials quickly. Therefore, the university professors are able to focus themselves on teaching and researching.
CURRENT SITUATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROJECT ON DISASTER PREVENTION IN TAIWAN
Authors: Chang C.-P. , Chen Y.-A. , Hsu T.-H.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The Taiwan government has invested much effort in developing and promoting disaster relief and prevention by following out many research projects after the 1999 Chichi earthquake. "Experiment and Development Project on Implementation and Introspection of Disaster Prevention Education" is one of the most important among these projects. This project includes five major areas such as, 1) "operation and supporting mechanism build-up"; 2) "curriculum development and popularization experiment"; 3) "teachers’ training programs on disaster prevention education"; 4) "promotion and popularization of experiment and e-learning"; and 5) "establishment of evaluation system". Furthermore, The Ministry of Education has promoted actively for the participation of local government since 2007. Depending upon the requirements and characteristics of different areas, different projects are set up and some involved the teachers and students senior high schools and event under to participate. Through this project, most primary and secondary schools in Taiwan have participated the evacuation training during the large earthquake in the campus and have developed the disaster prevention project for their selves. These implementations are still of the early stage, most of the schools still lack experience and need to be more relevant for disaster prevention and relief exercises. In the future more executive powers and supports from the Ministry of Education and from the local government works will largely help the schools and general public at all levels to reduce the occurrence of disaster events on campus.
DESIGNING E- GEOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE FOR SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING
Authors: Van H. T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The article deals with designing (Lam, 2003) and editing electronic geographical Atlas (EGA) (Lam, 2002a) as a new trend of cartographyapplied to teach school geography. We have been presenting theoretic (Xalisev, 2006) and practical approaches to design and edit (Lam, 2002b) a version of EGA for Thai Nguyen province with the purpose of teaching Geographyin 9th and 12th classes (La et
THE DESIGN OF AN INTERACTIVE E-LEARNING PLATFORM FOR SURVEYING EXERCISE
Authors: Cheng S.-C. , Shih P. T. Y. , Chang S.-L. , Chen G.-Y.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Surveying exercise is a fundamental course for Civil Engineering students. This course is featured with field operation. This study explores the design of an e-learning platform for the surveying exercise course. The issues on organizing digital contents such as recorded video of the standard instrument operation, editing learning materials, and constructing the portfolio for the learning process, as well as generating learning motivation, are discussed. Noting the uploaded videos, publishing articles and commentaries, interactive examination sessions, assessing for each other, and mobile device accessing, are found to be useful elements for this platform.
GIS AWARENESS FOR SURVEYORS – A SPATIAL DATA DISTRIBUTION PERSECTIVE
Authors: Hong J.-H. , Chu H.-J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The rapid technological growth of GIS, internet and mobile devices has steered a variety of innovated and pioneering applications in the past few years. All of these applications require spatial data that meet specified criteria to ensure the quality of the service content. The traditional role for surveyors was to use surveying technology and instruments to determine the location of phenomena of interests and offer map products to serve as the basis for decision making. As the application demands becomes more variety and instantaneous, the role and responsibility for modern surveyors must be examined. Professional surveyors nowadays must have both the knowledge and skills to produce geospatial data that precisely meet the various application needs and correctly convey their understanding about data to domain users to avoid wrong decision making. This paper discussed how we include such considerations into our curriculum design at the Dept of Geomatics, NCKU. During their studies, students are expected to establish a correct understanding about the role and responsibility of surveyors and develop themselves to be "solution providers" for providing reliable geospatial data.