bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating Changes in Coho Salmon and Steelhead Abundance from Watershed Restoration: How Much Restoration is Needed to Measurably Increase Smolt Production?
Authors: Roni Philip , Pess George , Beechie Tim , Morley Sarah
Published: January 2011

Using existing data from evaluations of habitat restoration, we estimated the average change in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and steelhead O. mykiss parr and smolt densities for common in-channel (culvert removal, large wood placement, boulder placement, and constructed logjams) and floodplain restoration techniques (constructed side channels and reconnected floodplain habitats). We then used these numbers and a Monte Carlo simulation to predict changes in fish numbers in a model watershed for two restoration scenarios: (1) restoration of all accessible habitat within the watershed and (2) restoration of the average amount historically implemented in Puget Sound watersheds (8% of total restorable areas). Mean increases in coho salmon parr or smolt density after restoration ranged from 0.19 to 2.32 parr/m for in-channel techniques and from 0.34 to 1.70 parr/m2 for floodplain techniques. Increases in steelhead parr or smolt density ranged from −0.06 to 0.71 fish/m and from 0.03 to 0.06 fish/m2 for in-channel and floodplain techniques, respectively. Under restoration scenario 1, the predicted mean increase in numbers was 1,459,254 (117%) and 285,302 (140%) for coho salmon parr and smolts and 93,965 (65%) and 28,001 (125%) for steelhead parr and smolts. Under scenario 2, the predicted mean increase in parr and smolts was 59,591 (5%) and 15,022 (7%) for coho salmon and 1,733 (1%) and 1,195 (5%) for steelhead. The percentage of floodplain and in-channel habitat that would have to be restored in the modeled watershed to detect a 25% increase in coho salmon and steelhead smolt production (the minimum level detectable by most monitoring programs) was 20%. However, given the large variability in fish response (changes in density or abundance) to restoration, 100% of the habitat would need to be restored to be 95% certain of achieving a 25% increase in smolt production for either species. Our study demonstrates that considerable restoration is needed to produce measurable changes in fish abundance at a watershed scale.
The Bioeconomic Impact of Different Management Regulations on the Chesapeake Bay Blue Crab Fishery
Authors: Bunnell David B. , Lipton Douglas W. , Miller Thomas J.
Published: January 2011

The harvest of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay declined 46% between 1993 and 2001 and remained low through 2008. Because the total market value of this fishery has declined by an average of US $ 3.3 million per year since 1993, the commercial fishery has been challenged to maintain profitability. We developed a bioeconomic simulation model of the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery to aid managers in determining which regulations will maximize revenues while ensuring a sustainable harvest. We compared 15 different management scenarios, including those implemented by Maryland and Virginia between 2007 and 2009, that sought to reduce female crab harvest and nine others that used seasonal closures, different size regulations, or the elimination of fishing for specific market categories. Six scenarios produced the highest revenues: the 2008 and 2009 Maryland regulations, spring and fall closures for female blue crabs, and 152- and 165-mm maximum size limits for females. Our most important finding was that for each state the 2008 and 2009 scenarios that implemented early closures of the female crab fishery produced higher revenues than the 2007 scenario, in which no early female closures were implemented. We conclude that the use of maximum size limits for female crabs would not be feasible despite their potentially high revenue, given the likelihood that the soft-shell and peeler fisheries cannot be expanded beyond their current capacity and the potentially high mortality rate for culled individuals that are the incorrect size. Our model results support the current use of seasonal closures for females, which permit relatively high exploitation of males and soft-shell and peeler blue crabs (which have high prices) while keeping the female crab harvest sustainable. Further, our bioeconomic model allows for the inclusion of an economic viewpoint along with biological data when target reference points are set by managers.
Development of Two New Sampling Techniques for Assessing Lake Trout Reproduction in Deep Water
Authors: Riley Jacob W. , Thompson Neil F. , Marsden J. Ellen , Janssen John
Published: January 2011

Efforts to restore lake trout Salvelinus namaycush at shallow sites have yielded minimal success in the lower four Great Lakes, and management agencies are examining offshore deepwater reefs as possible sites for restoration efforts. Previous techniques developed for assessing egg deposition and fry relative abundance in shallow waters are not viable for use on deep offshore reefs. To assess lake trout reproduction at deep reefs, two new methods (deepwater egg traps and remote electrofishing) were tested in Lake Champlain, Vermont. Deepwater egg traps were paired with buried egg bags to compare egg collections between the two types of gear at shallow sites in Lake Champlain. After testing, the new egg traps were deployed in Lake Michigan to quantify egg deposition at two sites within the Mid-Lake Reef Complex. There was a significant positive correlation between estimates of egg density in the paired deepwater traps and buried egg bags and no significant difference between egg densities in the two types of gear. In Lake Michigan, eggs were collected at depths greater than 35 m; the egg densities within the Mid-Lake Reef Complex were above or similar to egg densities at shallow sites in Lake Michigan. To assess fry relative abundance, a remotely operated electrofisher with video was tested on different densities and life stages of lake trout fry in the laboratory and was used to detect fry in Lake Champlain. The remote electrofisher detected fry in 90% of laboratory trials and 34–56% of field trials. Fry were vulnerable to the electrofisher at all developmental stages, and fry detection from the remote electrofisher was proportional to fry density in the laboratory and fry catch per unit effort from traditional emergent fry traps. These methods provide the potential to detect and quantify lake trout egg deposition and detect fry at deep offshore sites and may improve evaluation of the contribution of deep reefs to lake trout restoration.
Carcass Addition Does Not Enhance Juvenile Salmonid Biomass, Growth, or Retention in Six Northwestern California Streams
Authors: Harvey Bret C. , Wilzbach Margaret A.
Published: January 2011

Fisheries managers commonly consider the addition of salmon carcasses when seeking to enhance salmonid populations. However, the range of environmental conditions under which the technique is effective remains poorly defined. We addressed this issue by measuring the effects of wintertime addition of salmon carcasses on the biomass, growth, and retention of juvenile salmonids in an experiment that included two study reaches within each of six northwestern California streams. In the first 2 years of the study, half of the streams received carcasses in both study reaches; in the subsequent 2 years, we added carcasses only to the downstream reach in all six streams. For juvenile salmonid biomass, growth, and retention, the change in carcass distribution did not affect general patterns in the relationship of the upstream and downstream reaches within streams. Artificial addition of salmon carcasses during winter in streams similar to those we studied appears unlikely to benefit juvenile salmonids in the short-term; management alternatives focused on increasing escapement should probably take priority.
The Bioenergetic Consequences of Invasive-Induced Food Web Disruption to Lake Ontario Alewives
Authors: Stewart Thomas J. , O'Gorman Robert , Sprules W. Gary , Lantry B. F.
Published: January 2011

Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus are the dominant prey fish in Lake Ontario, and their response to ecological change can alter the structure and function of the Lake Ontario food web. Using stochastic population-based bioenergetic models of Lake Ontario alewives for 1987–1991 and 2001–2005, we evaluated changes to alewife production, consumption, and associated bioenergetic ratios after invasive-induced food web disruption. After the disruption, mean biomass of alewives declined from 28.0 to 14.6 g/m2, production declined from 40.8 to 13.6 g·m−2·year−1, and consumption declined from 342.1 to 137.2 g·m−2·year−1, but bootstrapping of error sources suggested that the changes were not statistically significant. Population-based bioenergetic ratios of production to biomass (P/B ratio), total consumption to biomass (Q/B ratio), and production efficiency did not change. Pathways of energy flow measured as prey-group-specific Q/B ratios changed significantly between the two time periods for invasive predatory cladocerans (from 0.6 to 1.3), Mysis diluviana (from 0.4 to 2.5), and other prey (from 0.8 to 0.1), but the observed decline in the zooplankton Q/B ratio (from 10.6 to 5.5) was not significant. Gross production efficiency did not change; values ranged from 8% to 15%. Age-group mean gross conversion efficiency (GCE) declined with age; GCE ranged from 7.5% to 11.0% for yearlings, was approximately 5% for age-2 alewives, and was less than 2% for age-3 and older alewives. The GCE increased significantly between the time periods for yearling alewives. Our analyses support the hypothesis that after 2003, alewives could not sustain their growth while feeding on zooplankton closer to shore. Modeling of observed spatial variation in diet and alternative occupied temperatures demonstrates the potential for reducing consumption by alewives. Our results suggest that Lake Ontario alewives can exploit spatial heterogeneity in resource patches and thermal habitat to partially mitigate the effects of food web disruption. Fish management implications are discussed.
Effectiveness of a Redesigned Water Diversion Using Rock Vortex Weirs to Enhance Longitudinal Connectivity for Small Salmonids
Authors: Martens Kyle D. , Connolly Patrick J.
Published: January 2011

For nearly 100 years, water diversions have affected fish passage in Beaver Creek, a tributary of the lower Methow River in north-central Washington State. From 2000 to 2004, four dam-style water diversions were replaced with a series of rock vortex weirs (RVWs). The weirs were designed to allow fish passage while maintaining the ability to divert water into irrigation canals. We observed the new appearance of three species (juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, juvenile coho salmon O. kisutch, and mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni) upstream of the RVWs, indicating successful restoration of longitudinal connectivity. We used passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and instream PIT tag interrogation systems during 2004–2007 to evaluate upstream passage of small salmonids (<240 mm fork length) through one series of RVWs. We documented 109 upstream passage events by small salmonids through the series of RVWs; most of the events (81%) involved passage of rainbow trout O. mykiss or juvenile steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout). Small rainbow trout or steelhead ranging from 86 to 238 mm (adjusted fork length) were able to pass upstream through the RVWs, although a delay in fish passage at discharges below 0.32 m3/s was detected in comparison with nearby control sections.
Stinging insect allergy
Authors: Warpinski J.R. , Bush R.K.
Published: January 2011

Insect stings occur commonly, with clinical responses ranging from mild local reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Stings from Hymenoptera (yellow jackets, hornets, wasps, honey bees, and imported fire ants) account for the majority of severe allergic reactions to insects. Patients who present with a systemic reaction should receive emergency therapy and be provided with self-injectable epinephrine (Epi-Pen®) until definitive treatment can be provided. Anaphylactic symptoms and hypotension may be prominent in persons taking beta adrenergic blockers and may necessitate vigorous treatment. The diagnosis of Hymenoptera hypersensitivity can be established by venom skin testing. In more than 95% of cases, immunotherapy with specific venom is effective in preventing subsequent systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings.
The effect of jewel weed in preventing poison ivy dermatitis
Authors: Zink B.J. , Otten E.J. , Rosenthal M. , Singal B.
Published: January 2011

The treatment of poison ivy dermatitis with jewel weed (Impatiens biflora, Impatiens pallida) is a common folk remedy, which dates back to native American medicine. We designed a double blind, randomized and controlled clinical trial in human volunteers to test the effect of jewel weed juice in preventing poison ivy dermatitis. Twenty-five subjects were enrolled and had three areas on their forearms exposed to poison ivy leaves. The exposed areas received one of three applications: jewel weed juice, saline, or no agent. The subjects were assessed at 48, 72 and 96 h for severity of dermatitis and symptoms. No significant differences were found between the three categories in severity of dermatitis or degree of symptoms. With this model, it appears that jewel weed is not effective in preventing poison ivy dermatitis.
Snakebite: an Australian perspective
Authors: White Julian
Published: January 2011

The causative snake species, their venoms and envenoming apparatus, and the epidemiology, clinical profile, and management of envenomed humans is discussed. Australian snakes dangerous to man are elapids, in five groups corresponding to available monovalent antivenoms. The principle systemic effects of their venoms comprise neurotoxicity (N), defibrination type coagulopathy (C), myotoxicity (M), and renal damage (R), the latter possibly secondary in many cases. Major local effects of bites are not usually seen, but some groups commonly cause local edema (E). The groups are: (1) Brown snakes ( Pseudonaja) = C,R,N; (2) Tiger snakes ( Notechis, Tropidechis, Austrelaps) = N,C,M,R,E; (3) Mulga snakes ( Pseudechis) = M,R,E; (4) Death adders ( Acanthophis) = N; Taipans ( Oxyuranus) = N,C,M,R,E. Dry bites are common; Australian deaths from snakebites are approximately 1–2 per year. Bites with significant envenomation need rapid expert care and appreciation of common venom pathology profiles. Antivenom, preferably monovalent, is the mainstay of treatment in such cases. Venom detection kits allow identification of the causative snake and appropriate antivenom. Subcutaneous pretesting for antivenom allergy is an unacceptable practice in Australia.
The social and public health implications of global warming and the onslaught of alien species
Authors: Soulé M.E.
Published: January 2011

Humans are engaged in an uncontrolled experiment in planetary heating. Each decade, the concentration of CO2, methane and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing by about 4%. All signs point toward unprecedented rates of warming and climate change. Many plant and animal species living in natural ecosystems will perish because they will be unable to keep up with shifting climatic zones. Warming exacerbates another biomedical problem – the influx of alien animals, plants and pathogens. These introduced species, many from the tropics, will not only increase the variety and incidence of tropical diseases, but will also affect the quality of the wilderness experience and hence, the popularity of outdoor recreation. Some personal actions and political prophylaxis are recommended.
Health, safety and risk in Outward Bound
Authors: Paton B.C.
Published: January 2011

There are five USA Outward Bound schools with an annual enrollment of 30 000 students. The national office has general supervisory responsibility for safety, although each school has its own Safety Committee and local operating procedures. All safety incidents, including injuries, illnesses,’near misses’, student dropouts, and incident-associated activities are reported to the national office annually. Overall injury rates for all schools from 1978–1988 were 0.75 per 1000 student days. The 1988 injury rate was 0.49 and illness rate 0.40 per 1000 student days. Since 1962 there have been 13 accidental student deaths, 3 instructor deaths, and 4 deaths unrelated to accidents. The last accidental death was in 1978. Statistics for 1988 and 1989 are reviewed in detail, and a comparison made between injury rates in Outward Bound and in common sports. The injury rates in Outward Bound compare favorably with those in other sports; well supervised wilderness experiential education is as safe as, or safer than, other activities of urban youth.
Giardia cyst inactivation by iodine
Authors: Fraker Lesa D. , Gentile Douglas A. , Krivoy Daniel , Condon Mark , Backer Howard D.
Published: January 2011

Iodine is frequently employed for backcountry water disinfection. However, the dynamics of the disinfection process have not been adequately studied, particularly with regard to the most resistant organism, Giardia lamblia. Using Giardia muris as a model for the human pathogen, we measured the iodine inactivation of cysts over a range of water temperatures and iodine concentrations. These data indicate that manufacturers’ recommendations for backcountry water disinfection with iodine are inadequate to insure complete inactivation of Giardia cysts. New recommendations for water disinfection with iodine are made.
Cyst acquisition rate for Giardia lamblia in backcountry travelers to Desolation Wilderness, Lake Tahoe
Authors: Zell S.C. , Sorenson S.K.
Published: January 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of Giardia lamblia acquisition in back-country travelers to a wilderness area, provide longitudinal follow-up on the incidence of symptomatic gastrointestinal illness and relate such information to concentrations of Giardia cysts in water samples from a high-use area. A prospective cohort non-interventional study of 41 healthy adult backcountry travelers from age 19 to 71 years in Desolation Wilderness, Lake Tahoe Basin was carried out.

The incidence of Giardia cyst acquisition in backcountry travelers was only 5.7% (95% CI 0.17–20.2%). Mild, self-limiting gastrointestinal illness occurred in 16.7% of subjects (95% CI 4.9%–34.50%), none of whom demonstrated G. lamblia infection. Water sampling from three popular stream sites revealed cyst contamination to be generally at low levels with cyst concentrations in the single digit range for every 100 gallons filtered. G. lamblia contamination of water occurs, but at low levels. Acquisition of this parasite may be infrequent in backcountry recreationalists. Symptomatic gastrointestinal illness following wilderness travel can be due to other etiologies. Our findings may not be representative of all wilderness areas, but suggest that in the absence of documented G. lamblia infection, persons symptomatic following travel may suffer a self-limiting gastrointestinal illness. In such circumstances, empiric therapy for giardiasis is tempting but difficult to justify.
Aging at high altitudes and the risk of chronic mountain sickness
Authors: León-Velarde F. , Arregui A. , Monge C. , Ruiz y Ruiz H.
Published: January 2011

Clinical records of healthy high altitude (HA) (4300 m [14 100 ft]; n=2875) and sea level (SL) ( n=2899) miners were examined for vital capacities (VC), body weights (W), heights (H), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in different age groups. In the HA population, excessive erythrocytosis (EE) was defined as Hb ≥ 21.3 g dl−1; i.e., the mean Hb in the 20–29 age group plus 2 sd. This level of Hb is one of the parameters above which clinical chronic mountain sickness (CMS) becomes apparent. We found a smooth increasing prevalence of EE with age: 6.8% at age 20–29 to 33.7% at age 60–69. Height corrected VC (VC/H) decreases 3.0% between ages 20–29 and 60–69 years in SL miners and 26.5% in HA for the same age interval. In the latter, the pronounced decrease in VC/H is seen both in miners with EE (30.6%) and in those with physiological erythrocytosis (PE, 22.4%). SL miners have significantly higher W/H ratios than do HA ones. This index steadily increases with age at SL. At HA, however, miners with EE and PE show a drop in their weights after ages 40–49 years. In addition, EE miners have higher W/H ratios than do PE ones between ages 40–59 years. We suggest that increasing Hb and diminishing VC with age at HA do not represent the so-called physiological adaptation. On the contrary, these may be risk factors for the development of CMS with age among HA Andean populations.
Incidence and severity of middle ear barotrauma in recreational scuba diving
Authors: Green Steven M. , Rothrock Steven G. , Hummel Christopher B. , Green Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2011

This prospective observational study was designed to assess the incidence and severity of middle ear barotrauma associated with repetitive recreational scuba diving.

Eleven healthy adult experienced scuba divers were observed performing repetitive daily scuba diving over a 15 day period. Otoscopy and tympanometry were performed on days 0, 3, 7, 11 and 15. Participants averaged 41 dives during the study period. Mild otalgia occurred at some point in 23% of ears and subsequently resolved in all but one despite continued diving. Eight-two per cent of ears demonstrated otoscopic evidence of middle ear barotrauma by day 3, and all exhibited barotrauma by day 11. Tympanic membrane perforation, hemotympanum, or evidence of inner ear barotrauma did not occur. Tympanometry revealed a significant decrease in middle ear pressures but no evidence of middle ear effusions. Gross measurements of otologic acuity and conduction remained normal. No complications or sequelae were noted at three month follow-up.

Otoscopic evidence of middle ear barotrauma and tympanometric evidence of eustachian tube dysfunction developed rapidly in a group of experienced scuba divers performing repetitive recreational diving. Symptoms were minimal and infrequent. No serious otologic dysfunction was noted despite continued repetitive diving, and it is possible that middle ear barotrauma at the degrees observed represents a more benign disorder than has been previously assumed.
Mountaineering emergencies on Denali
Authors: Lattimore Clare
Published: January 2011

Rescue records of 98 mountaineering emergencies were reviewed to evaluate the risks of climbing North America's highest peak, Denali (6187 m). During a 10 year study period (1978–87) there were 126 search and rescue subjects, including 28 deaths (fatality rate = 4.3 per 1000 climbers; case fatality rate = 22.2%). Increased risk was significant at higher elevations ( p < 0.01), on technically difficult climbing routes ( p < 0.001), and for European and Asian climbers ( p < 0.001). Hazard is inherent to climbing; while prevention of mountaineering injuries is the ideal, development of skilled rescue and medical services is also essential.
Marine microbiology of Rocas Alijos
Authors: Thomas Millington J. , Wilhelm Peggt
Published: January 2011

Cordell Expeditions conducted a research journey to Rocas Alijos in 1990 to perform numerous scientific projects at this remote site. As one of the projects, bacteriological cultures were obtained from multiple marine sources, and the bacteria recovered were identified. Antibiotic sensitivities were performed, and the results were compared with previous reports from coastal waters.
Migraine with aura at high altitude
Authors: Jenzer Gerhard , Bärtsch Peter
Published: January 2011

Detailed investigations after the second attack of a right-sided hemisymptomatology during high altitude mountaineering in an otherwise healthy man pointed to the diagnosis of migraine with aura (MA). Whereas the occurrence óf acute mountain sickness (AMS) and/or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and the possibility of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke should be considered as priorities, the diagnosis of MA should not be neglected.
Central and South American pit vipers
Authors: Davidson Terence M. , Schafer Susan F. , Moseman James
Published: January 2011

Pit vipers are the predominant venomous serpents of Central and South America. Their bites cause substantial local tissue destruction and other morbidity and if untreated cause significant mortality. Primary treatment is with intravenous equine derived antivenom.
The effects of prolonged exposure to cold on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats
Authors: Yanagidaira Yasunori , Sakai Akio , Kashimura Osamu , Kaneko Michiyo , Asano Koji
Published: January 2011

Pulmonary artery hypertension is a common occurrence in mammals exposed to high altitude, yet little is known about the response of cold-acclimated animals. To study this problem pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), systemic blood pressure (Psa) and the ratio of Ppa/Psa in cold-acclimated rats (CA, 8 weeks, 6 °C, n = 11) during exposure to low oxygen (10% O2) were measured by direct catheter methods and compared with those of controls raised at 22 °C (C, n = 10). There was no difference between CA and C in values of Ppa at a normal oxygen level (20.9% O2). When rats were exposed to 10% O2 Ppa increased significantly in C, while the increase in CA was not significant. The weights of the total ventricle (TV), right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) in the CA animals were increased significantly above the C values. The ratio of RV weight (RVW) to LV weight (LVW), however, was higher in C than in CA. During exposure to low oxygen, Psa did not change between the two groups. The ratio of Ppa/Psa was increased significantly in both groups when exposed to hypoxia. There were no significant differences in hematological measurements, including hematocrit (Ht), blood viscosity (CP) and red blood cells (RBC) between the CA and the C. It was concluded that the animals exposed to cold over a long period had no right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and the response to hypoxia in Ppa was lower in CA than that in C. The depression in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in CA may be caused by the decrease of RVW/LVW.
Nutritional intake and carbohydrate supplementation at high altitude
Authors: Edwards John S.A. , Wayne Askew E. , King Nancy , Fulco Charles S.
Published: January 2011

A high carbohydrate (CHO) diet has previously been shown to lessen the severity of the symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). The aims of this study were to ascertain whether selected military field rations provided adequate nutritional support, and assess the effectiveness of a high CHO food supplement in reducing the severity of the symptoms of AMS at high altitude. An experimental group ( n = 32) received field rations plus a CHO food supplement and a control group ( n = 35) only received field rations. Food intakes for 15 consecutive days were recorded using a visual estimation technique and 24-h dietary log. Food acceptability was assessed with a 9-point hedonic scale. Daily urine samples and body weights were obtained from all subjects and a 24-h urine sample obtained from a subsample of the combined groups ( n = 30) for the first and last two days of the study.

Results show that energy intake decreased for the first three days at altitude, improved on day four and leveled out thereafter. Mean daily energy intakes were 2265 kcal for the supplemented group and 2140 kcal for the control group; body weight losses were 1.71 kg and 1.68 kg. Mean CHO intake was 271 and 244 g per day; 48 and 46% of energy intake. Ration acceptability was generally good and did not decline over time.

It was concluded that rations used at sea level could also be satisfactorily used at altitude, but given an ad libitum dietary regimen and a CHO food supplement, CHO intake was not automatically increased. Supplementation via a beverage component, rather than a food supplement, may therefore be more effective in increasing CHO intake.
Acetazolamide or dexamethasone for prevention of acute mountain sickness: a meta-analysis
Authors: Douglas Ried L. , Carter Kelly A. , Ellsworth Allan
Published: January 2011

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) describes a constellation of symptoms that is usually self-limited and benign. However, it may impair judgement and physical abilities at high altitudes and interfere with the pleasure of recreational activities. Severe cases may be fatal. Acclimatization is an effective prevention, but is not always practical or possible. Therefore, pharmacologic prophylaxis of AMS is an active area of research.

This study used meta-analytic techniques to evaluate the published literature regarding pharmacologic prophylaxis of AMS with acetazolamide and dexamethasone. Twenty eligible reports were located via a computer-assisted search, reference lists and review articles. Dependent measures for this study were the percentage of patients with AMS and the percentage of patients with specific symptoms associated with AMS.

An effect size (ES) is the standardized mean difference between experimental and control groups or the conversion from the point-biserial correlation between treatment and effect and allows integration of the results of independent studies. In this study, a negative ES indicates that the prophylaxis regimen exerted a protective effect; the greater the magnitude of the ES the greater its effect. The overall average weighted ES was −0.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.41 to −0.77) when both drugs’ results were pooled. The average weighted ES for studies comparing acetazolamide to placebo was −0.61 and it was −0.32 for studies comparing dexamethasone to placebo. The average ES was −0.38 when all of the reported symptoms were pooled together.

This report confirms the effectiveness of pharmacologic prophylaxis against AMS with acetazolamide or dexamethasone. Acetazolamide appears to be more effective, but inconsistencies in dexamethasone dosing, environmental conditions, and rate of ascent confound interpretation. This meta-analysis points out areas for future research.
Catfish envenomation
Authors: Shepherd Suzanne , Thomas Stephen H. , Keith Stone C.
Published: January 2011

There are over 1000 species of fresh and saltwater catfish worldwide, many of them venomous. Toxicity results from both the classically described venom, delivered when a spine punctures the victim, and a more recently elucidated skin toxin found over the entire surface of the catfish. Although systemic sequelae including death have been reported, symptoms are usually limited to the involved extremity and respond within hours to supportive therapy. We report a case of toxicity resulting from occupational exposure to the coral catfish, Plotatus lineatus.
Vector-borne infections: a hazard for adventure visitors to Israel
Authors: Guberman Dror , Vardy Daniel A. , Klapholz Laurent , Klaus Sidney N.
Published: January 2011

Three vector-borne diseases, Mediterranean spotted fever, cave fever, and simple cutaneous leishmaniasis, are endemic to Israel. These diseases may pose a significant health hazard to visitors to this area. The objective of this article is to supply the essential information concerning these diseases to physicians who are unfamiliar with them, with the intention of preventing disease by better traveler education and enabling prompt recognition and treatment outside the endemic areas. Mediterranean spotted fever is a rickettsiosis transmitted by a dog tick and presenting as a high fever with headache and typical rash. Cave fever is a borrelial infection transmitted by a soft tick and presenting as a relapsing febrile disease. Both diseases can be prevented by avoiding endemic areas and ticks, and respond well to treatment with tetracycline. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a protozoan infection of the skin transmitted by the sandfly and presenting as an indurated erythematous cutaneous nodule. It responds to topical paromomycin and to intralesional or systemic sodium stibogluconate, but the best policy is to take the proper precautions and avoid infection.
Ecology and distribution of Echis carinatus snakes in Deogad Taluka and other areas of Maharashtra State, India
Authors: Sengupta S.R. , Tare T.G. , Sutar N.K. , Renapurkar D.M.
Published: January 2011

The saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) is one of the principal causes of snake bites in India. For the Haffkine Institute, these snakes are procured for their venom every year from the Deogad area. A study of prevalence and distribution of these snakes was, therefore, undertaken to find out the areas where their prevalence is at the highest. Echis carinatus were invariably found under stones in open fields. Maximum numbers of snakes were collected during the rainy months. A study of output of venom by snakes procured during different months revealed that snakes collected during August produced less venom in comparison to snakes procured in October.
Implications for Soil Properties of Removing Cereal Straw: Results from Long‐Term Studies1
Authors: Powlson David S. , Glendining Margaret J. , Coleman Kevin , Whitmore Andrew P.
Published: January 2011

Bioenergy developments could lead to large‐scale removal of cereal straw from fields, with consequences for soil organic carbon (SOC) and related properties. In 25 experiments of 6 to 56 yr duration there was a trend for SOC and total soil N content to increase where straw was incorporated annually. However the increases were only significant in six experiments and were <10% in the majority of cases. Increases in microbial biomass C or N were always proportionately greater than for SOC or N. In simulations of annual straw incorporation using the RothC model, 90% of the microbial biomass C increase in 100 yr was reached within 20 yr as biomass C moves toward a new equilibrium value more rapidly than total SOC. Simulations also showed that if straw was removed in 50% of years, SOC and biomass C increases were about 50% of those with annual straw incorporation. There is considerable evidence that small changes in total SOC have disproportionately large impacts on soil physical properties such as aggregate stability, water infiltration rate, and plow draft and that microbial activity is crucial in the formation of stable aggregates. We conclude that, although changes in SOC resulting from addition or removal of straw are small, it would be unwise to remove straw every year as this is likely to lead to deterioration in soil physical properties. Local assessments are required to determine the frequency of straw removal that is acceptable for soil functioning; this will influence the capacity of bioenergy installations.
Monitoring Soil Quality to Assess the Sustainability of Harvesting Corn Stover
Authors: Karlen Douglas L. , Varvel Gary E. , Johnson Jane M. F. , Baker John M. , Osborne Shannon L. , Novak Jeff M. , Adler Paul R. , Roth Greg W. , Birrell Stuart J.
Published: January 2011

Harvesting feedstock for biofuel production must not degrade soil, water, or air resources. Our objective is to provide an overview of field research being conducted to quantify effects of harvesting corn (Zea mays L.) stover as a bioenergy feedstock. Coordinated field studies are being conducted near Ames, IA; St. Paul and Morris, MN; Mead, NE; University Park, PA; Florence, SC; and Brookings, SD., as part of the USDA‐ARS Renewable Energy Assessment Project (REAP). A baseline soil quality assessment was made using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). Corn grain and residue yield for two different stover harvest rates (∼50% and ∼90%) are being measured. Available soil data remains quite limited but sufficient for an initial SMAF analysis that confirms total organic carbon (TOC) is a soil quality indicator that needs to be closely monitored closely to quantify crop residue removal effects. Overall, grain yields averaged 9.7 and 11.7 Mg ha−1 (155 and 186 bu acre−1) in 2008 and 2009, values that are consistent with national averages for both years. The average amount of stover collected for the 50% treatment was 2.6 and 4.2 Mg ha−1 for 2008 and 2009, while the 90% treatment resulted in an average removal of 5.4 and 7.4 Mg ha−1, respectively. Based on a recent literature review, both stover harvest scenarios could result in a gradual decline in TOC. However, the literature value has a large standard error, so continuation of this long‐term multi‐location study for several years is warranted.
Deficit Irrigation of Alfalfa for Water‐Savings in the Great Plains and Intermountain West: A Review and Analysis of the Literature
Authors: Lindenmayer R. Bradley , Hansen Neil C. , Brummer Joe , Pritchett James G.
Published: January 2011

Diversions of water from irrigated agriculture are occurring in the western United States to address increasing municipal and industrial demands. Deficit irrigation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) could be a source of water without complete dry‐up of irrigated fields. Water saving potential from alfalfa is high because it is a high water‐use crop produced on 12% of the irrigated land in the United States. The objectives of this paper are to review alfalfa plant–water relations in the Great Plains and Intermountain West, to understand potential water savings through deficit irrigation, and to indentify management practices that maximize water‐use efficiency (WUE). Alfalfa biomass yield exhibits a linear relationship to evapotranspiration (ET) with the slope of a regionally aggregated water production function of 0.16 Mg ha−1 cm−1 Relative ET declines 30% faster than relative biomass yield under deficit irrigation or dryland management. Because early season harvests have greater WUE, combining full irrigation in spring with no irrigation during less efficient water‐use growth periods may be more effective in saving water than season‐long deficit irrigation. Management practices that can influence WUE under deficit irrigation include stand age, growth stage at harvest, and alfalfa variety. A potential complication with controlled deficit irrigation of alfalfa is an uncertain contribution to ET from a water table. As alfalfa roots develop over time, a significant percentage of total ET can come from water tables shallower than 200 cm and the percentage increases as availability of water from precipitation or irrigation declines.
Seasonal Fiber Content of Three Sugarcane Cultivars in Three Crop Cycles on Sand and Muck Soils
Authors: Glaz Barry , Shine James M. , Irey Michael S. , Perdomo Raul , Powell Gerald , Comstock Jack C.
Published: January 2011

Accurate seasonal estimates of fiber are needed to maximize profits whether producing sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) for sucrose or ethanol. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sample date and crop cycle on fiber content of three sugarcane cultivars growing on sand and organic (muck) soils, and secondarily to determine if fiber could be reliably estimated 1 mo before the beginning of the harvest season. From September through February, from 2007–2009, fiber content was estimated from monthly sampled stripped stalks of cultivars CP 72‐2086, CP 78‐1628, and CP 89‐2143 growing in three replications of field plots in south Florida in the plant‐cane, first‐ratoon, and second‐ratoon crop cycles on Pompano fine sand (siliceous, hyperthermic Typic Psammaquent) or Margate sand (Siliceous, hyperthermic Mollic Psammaquent), and Torry muck (euic, hyperthermic Typic Haplosaprist) soils. Linear increases in fiber content ranged from 0.07 to 0.28 g kg−1 d−1 Quadratic models usually predicted maximum fiber content from December through early January. On sand soils, the cultivar rankings were often similar to expectations, with fiber content of CP 78‐1628 > CP 89‐2143 > CP 72‐2086. On the muck soil, CP 78‐1628 fiber content was high, but differences between CP 72‐2086 and CP 89‐2143 were not consistent. For all soils, overall means were often not indicative of fiber status due to significant, but inconsistent interactions. Researchers should analyze fiber content whenever they analyze sucrose content, and mills should monitor fiber content daily of unique cultivar × crop cycle × soil deliveries.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of some 6,6″-functionalized terpyridine derivatives
Authors: Lar Claudia , Roiban Gheorghe-Doru , Crăsneanu Romina , Mihalca Ilişca , Bogdan Elena , Terec Anamaria , Grosu Ion
Published: January 2011

The synthesis and photophysical properties of several 6,6″ symmetrically substituted 4′-aryl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine derivatives are reported herein. The UV-Vis spectra in acetonitrile as well as in dichloromethane show two intense bands in the UV areas 252–262 nm and 275–290 nm while the fluorescence emission spectra are only slightly influenced by chemical derivatization.
The Comparison of Different Types of Observational Training on Motor Learning of Gymnastic Handstand
Authors: Maleki Farzad , Nia Parvaneh , Zarghami Mehdi , Neisi Abdoljalil
Published: January 2011

The Comparison of Different Types of Observational Training on Motor Learning of Gymnastic Handstand

The present study aimed at assessing the influence of three types of observational training on motor learning of gymnastic handstand. Fifty healthy male subjects (age 20.35±1.44) from the faculty of Physical Education, University of Shahid Chamran served as the participants in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups: 1: Actual model observation group (AOG), 2: Actual model observation and verbal description group (AOVG), 3: Animated model observation and verbal description group (AONG). Each group underwent training for 3 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The whole sample practiced the handstand skill equally ten times per session. The acquisition test was preformed after the last session while the retention test was done 48 hours later. Values of p<0.05 were chosen as significant. The results of repeated measures analysis showed that all three types of training improved the handstand skill performance for retention. As well as the acquisition phase. Furthermore, the results of ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups regarding the acquisition test. However, there was no significant difference among the three groups regarding the retention test. Our findings revealed that observation of model with verbal teaching improves learning of the handstand skill, while observation without verbal description has no effect on learning the skills.
Acute Effects of Stretching on Flexibility, Power and Sport Specific Performance in Fencers
Authors: Tsolakis Charilaos , Douvis Andreas , Tsigganos George , Zacharogiannis Elias , Smirniotou Athanasia
Published: January 2011

Acute Effects of Stretching on Flexibility, Power and Sport Specific Performance in Fencers

Elite athletes are eager to perform to the best of their ability, regardless of different warm-up stretching techniques used before training or competition which actually help or hinder specific performance variables. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of static or ballistic stretching on flexibility and leg power characteristics of fencing performance in fencers of both genders. Ten male and ten female international level fencers participated in this study. Each subject performed static or ballistic stretching (3 sets of 20 sec) on three muscles of the lower limbs on separate days. Flexibility, squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump, time and power of lunge and shuttle run test were measured before and after different stretching interventions. Neither static nor ballistic stretching exercises affected flexibility, jumping ability and leg functional fencing performance tests. Moreover, stretching conditions did not affect differently. The results of this study suggest that static or ballistic stretching in the later stages of a general warm-up normally used before training or competition does not hinder specific performance in fencing. Consequently, fencers can continue performing any type of stretching before training or competition at their preference.
The Effects of Training Volume on the Performance of Young Elite Weightlifters
Authors: Siahkouhian Marefat , Kordi Hassan
Published: January 2011

The Effects of Training Volume on the Performance of Young Elite Weightlifters

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increasing training volume on improvements in performance, physical fitness test records, and body composition variables in young elite weight lifters.

Sixteen young elite weightlifters who volunteered to participate in the study undertook the training program included specific weightlifting training with an 80%-90% of individual records. Volume of training increased according to the Fry et al. protocol. Training for subjects consisted primarily of large muscle mass exercises made up of front and back squats, overhead lifts, dead lifts, the snatch, clean and jerk, and their variations. Vertical jump height and rearward weight throws were determined using a force platform with specifically designed software and distance covered by the subjects to the nearest 1cm, respectively.

No significant changes in snatch and clean & jerk records were observed from pre- to mid- and from mid- to post-testing phases (snatch: 75.18±34.58 vs. 71.61±22.07 vs. 74.46±33.74 kg, P≥0.05; clean & jerk: 91.96±47.84 vs. 88.21±42.85 vs. 92.82±43.56 kg, P≥0.05). There were no significant changes in the front squat records from pre-to mid and from mid-to post testing (111.57±48.57 vs. 109.07±49.80 vs. 108.79±49.46 kg; P≥0.05). Results showed decreases (no significant) from pre-to mid testing but remarkable increase from mid- to post testing for back squat (130.36±56.79 vs. 125.89±57.48 vs. 163.07±101.90 kg; P≥0.05).

The data showed that performing additional session per day of high intensity weightlifting training does not lead to significantly greater improvements in performance of young elite weightlifters. Therefore, coaches could use one instead of two sessions of high intensity lifting training per day.
Biomechanics of Human Motion, Basics and Beyond for the Health Professions; Barney F. LeVeau; SLACK Incorporated, Thorofare, NJ, USA, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-55642-905-7
Authors: Błaszczyk Janusz
Published: January 2011

Biomechanics of Human Motion, Basics and Beyond for the Health Professions; Barney F. LeVeau; SLACK Incorporated, Thorofare, NJ, USA, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-55642-905-7
Breeding birds of shelterbelts near Sombor (NW Serbia)
Authors: Mérő Thomas
Published: January 2011

Breeding birds of shelterbelts near Sombor (NW Serbia)

In 2008, breeding birds were studied in the shelterbelts surrounded by arable land NW of Sombor (Vojvodina, NW Serbia). Seven 500 m long sections of wooded shelterbelts were selected and surveyed for birds six times between May and July. Sampling plots differed in tree species composition and dominance, in height of trees, and presence and composition of shrub and herb layers. 22 breeding species were found with a mean density of 9.86 ± 1.47 pairs/km of shelterbelt. The mean number of species per shelterbelt was 8.3 ± 1.2. Species richness ranged from 4 (shelterbelt G) to 14 (shelterbelt D) species. Similarity, measured by the Sørensen index, showed strong qualitative similarity (over 70%) between the compared communities in only 19% of all possible pairs of shelterbelts. The most abundant breeding species were Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus and Greenfinch Carduelis chloris, with overall linear densities of 2.9 and 2.6 pairs/km, respectively. Overall linear densities of a further four species (Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio, Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus, Whitethroat Sylvia communis and Cuckoo Cuculus canorus) exceeded 1 pair/km. The densities of breeding birds are compared to those obtained during other studies in Europe and elsewhere.