bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Low‐Cost Arsenic and Selenium Determination at Microgram‐per‐Liter Levels
Authors: Caldwell James S. , Lishka Raymond J. , McFarren Earl F.
Published: February 2018

New methods and modifications of known methods of detecting arsenic and selenium in water are described. Whereas the previous procedures for these elements are extremely tedious and time consuming, these new procedures can be performed in a few minutes—thereby permitting routine monitoring of water supplies for As and Se.
Important Considerations in Concrete‐Reservoir Designs and Construction
Authors: Dykmans M. J.
Published: February 2018

Concrete has the ability to withstand greater pressures and last longer underground than any other type of structure that might be used for reservoir tanks. However, in order to produce the type of tank desired, the engineer, contractor, and owner must be thoroughly familiar with the different types of concrete as well as with the variations in foundations, steel corrosion, and drying shrinkage.
Pipeline Crossings Under Highways and Railways: An Appraisal
Authors: Godley Grandin A.
Published: February 2018

Pipeline crossings often need much advance planning. The old adage “a dollar saved is a dollar earned” applies to the contractor's problems in investigating sites and securing permits. Some of the methods of installation are described.
Water Sampling and Laboratory Service
Authors: Castorina Anthony R.
Published: February 2018

One practical way for the small water utility to check the quality of its water is to employ a consulting laboratory to do the actual tests. Here are some suggestions for picking the best laboratory, determining what tests are relevant to the area served, and cooperating successfully with the consultant.
Pesticide Analysis in Water
Authors: Hurley John T.
Published: February 2018

The presence of pesticides in drinking‐water supplies may pose a problem in the future. A concomitant problem is the detection of the pesticides, which occur in minute amounts. Gas chromatography is a method of detection that is sensitive and selective, making it suitable for determining the levels of pesticides in water.
On‐Site Caustic Chlorine Generation for Water Disinfection
Authors: Fiedler R. P.
Published: February 2018

There is now available new apparatus for generating caustic chlorine at the water‐treatment plant. The new method is safer and ultimately less expensive than other means of obtaining chlorine for disinfecting water supplies.
Pipe Network Analysis
Authors: Chenoweth Harry , Crawford Clyde
Published: February 2018

Many flow analyses can be more readily solved using pressure head rather than pressure flow assumptions in conjunction with iterative technique problem solving, according to the authors. After a brief explanation of their method, the authors provide several examples illustrating problem‐solving efficacy.
Operational and Experimental Results of Direct Filtration
Authors: Hutchison W. , Foley P. D.
Published: February 2018

When new standards demanded new water‐treatment procedures, several Canadian plants switched to direct filtration. It was very quickly found that filters were clogging with diatoms and filter runs were therefore too short. The diatom problem was overcome in several ways, as described in this article.
Hydraulic Control Systems of Constant and Declining Flow Rate in Filtration
Authors: Arboleda Jorge
Published: February 2018

The use of declining‐rate filtration has introduced a new series of variables in filter calculation and design. A more general approach is needed in the hydraulics of filtration to allow for a more rational design of filter control systems.
Water‐Quality Aspects of Ground‐Water Recharge in Israel
Authors: Goldshmid J.
Published: February 2018

Because of the differences in rainfall and water needs in northern and southern Israel, a method of recharging ground water and transporting it from the north to the south was needed. This article details the new system, including Problems encountered and overcome.
Managing Water Resources From the Wrong Place at the Wrong Time
Authors: McCullough Charles A.
Published: February 2018

California's economy developed through use of summer flows of streams and drilling of wells in extensive ground‐water basins. As these sources were overexploited, storage of winter flood flows and massive transportation facilities were constructed. Extensive water‐quality control programs were implemented.
Are the Great Lakes Threatened?
Authors: Bruce J. P. , Gabriel G. F.
Published: February 2018

Although the main body of water of the Great Lakes is still of good quality from the point of view of drinking‐water standards, many problems have developed in near shore areas, and more extensively implementation of pollution‐control measures on this lake system should be a matter of urgent concern.
Job Evaluation and Classification
Authors: McAdams Kenneth G.
Published: February 2018

There are essentially two types of job‐evaluation systems—the nonquantitative and the quantitative. The first is a traditional classification method utilizing subjective analysis. This article describes the quantitative system—a scientific and objective method of determining the value of a job, which, in turn, can be assigned a dollar value.
Employee Motivation and Recognition
Authors: Seidel Harris F.
Published: February 2018

Everyone likes to be recognized, especially when this recognition is due to job performance. Recognition reinforces motivation in an individual and results in improved job performance and self‐gratification on the part of the employee. The importance of such motivation and employee recognition is discussed in this article.
Operator Training in Ohio
Authors: Hill William R.
Published: February 2018

Water and wastewater operator training programs are becoming more and more important as the field of environmental control continues to grow. This article relates the history and experiences of the Ohio operator training programs since their inception more than two decades ago.
Water‐Treatment‐Plant Waste Disposal — Part 3
Authors: Westerhoff Garret P. , Daly Martin P.
Published: February 2018

Completing a three‐part series concerning the improvement of the Sturgeon Point Water‐Treatment Plant in accordance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, Part 3 summarizes the economic evaluation of the project.
Water‐Distribution‐System Corrosion Control
Authors: Trivers Robert E. , Armacost James F. , Lee John A.
Published: February 2018

Corrosion control is not a simple task. If approached practically, however, it can become a reality. Practical procedures, objectives, learning, and equipment, plus a constant eye on the future, all contribute toward maintaining corrosion control.
Cathodic Protection of Underground Pipelines With Special Reference to Urban Areas
Authors: Baeckmann Walter G. v.
Published: February 2018

Cathodic protection of underground pipelines is not new in Europe, having been a recognized technology for many years in natural‐gas and petroleum high‐pressure lines. Now underground water pipelines are so protected, and a study of the procedure is presented. The first portion of this article contains background‐development information. The last half contains definitive design information applicable to water pipes.
Water‐Tank Maintenance and Repair Practices
Authors: Shelton Frank G.
Published: February 2018

For many years utility owners have been plagued by the migrant tank repairman and have paid out substantial amounts of money for his “services.” Contemporary methods of lining should result in lower costs of repair and remove the fraudulent maintenance man from among owners' concerns.
Corrosion of Copper Pipes
Authors: Cruse Henry , Pomeroy Richard D.
Published: February 2018

Rapid pitting of the walls of copper pipes used in plumbing has resulted in several controversial overtones. The results of a study of the problem in southern California are now available in this article and should benefit the water purveyor, who is, after all, responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent unnecessary corrosion to copper service lines
Asbestos in Potable‐Water Supplies
Authors: Olson Harold L.
Published: February 2018

Tests made in various parts of the world indicate that present levels of asbestos in drinking water are not harmful to consumers and may, in fact, be economically beneficial.
Facing the Real Cost of Clean Water
Authors: Train Russell E.
Published: February 2018

Until recently most persons considered clean, healthful drinking water to be a natural and safe assumption. Because of the danger of communicable diseases and of pollutants in a technological society, such an assumption can no longer prevail without a price tag. To relieve the threat toward clean, healthful water, everyone must contribute his share toward the price that must now be paid for it.
The Impact of the Safe Drinking Water Act on Utilities
Authors: Sears John W.
Published: February 2018

There seems to be little doubt that legislation is imminent for the preservation of safe water supplies. Since water is earth's most precious commodity, it is vital that safe‐drinking‐water acts be given thorough and just consideration.
Meeting Regional Water Requirements—A Case Study
Authors: Singh K. P. , Visocky A. P. , Lonnquist C. G.
Published: February 2018

Within the next 50 years the water supply of many communities may be in serious jeopardy. Thorough studies are necessary now in order to plan for water‐supply potential in the future. Based upon such studies, it must be decided today whether future water supplies will be met more economically from ground‐water or surface‐water sources.
Pump Surges in Closed Piping Systems—Theory and Performance
Authors: Ingalsbe W. E.
Published: February 2018

Surges resulting from acceleration and deceleration of fluids in a pipeline are familiar to personnel who are responsible for the design and operation of water systems. This article presents design criteria and testing methods of facilities for surge suppression for the Calleguas conduit located in the San Fernando Valley in the cities of Glendale, Burbank, Los Angeles, and San Fernando.
A Rapid Specific Free Available Chlorine Test With Syringaldazine (FACTS)
Authors: Cooper W.J. , Sorber C.A. , Meier E.P.
Published: February 2018

In a recent study, several field test kits for the determination of free available chlorine (FAC) were evaluated. In addition, modifications to the most promising test procedures were also evaluated. As a result, an improved method for the determination of FAC has been developed. This new procedure resulted from modification of the syringaldazine (liquid) procedure and is known as the free available chlorine test with syringaldazine (Facts).
Wastewater Reclamation for Industrial Use
Authors: Flett Douglas B.
Published: February 2018

In Contra Costa County, Calif., a program is under way to institute a water‐reclamation project. The reclaimed water will be used by industrial plants in the area for cooling purposes. Several plans were considered before the water district settled on the reclamation project. Local industry participated in the decision‐making process, and tests are still under way to determine what treatment will be necessary to prepare the reclaimed water for use in cooling processes. Nevertheless, the project demonstrates that wastewater reclamation can provide an economic solution to water‐supply problems.
Algae in Baltimore's Reservoirs
Authors: Valcik J. A.
Published: February 2018

In recent years, Baltimore's filtration plants have experienced difficulties in their operations as a result of algal blooms in the city's impoundment reservoirs. Correctional treatment in the plants has been costly, and problems of this nature are expected to increase in the future. Such algal blooms are the result of increased levels of nutrient wastes in surface waters. The author points out that federal, state, and local agencies must all work together to limit the discharging of nutrient wastes into watersheds, thereby reducing the risk of contamination to surface waters.
The Canyon Lakes Project
Authors: Headstream Marcia , Wells Dan M. , Sweazy Robert M.
Published: February 2018

The city of Lubbock does not have an abundance of water‐based recreational facilities. A research project was initiated to determine the suitability for recreational purposes of reclaimed municipal wastewater that had already been used for irrigation. Test results showed that the water had algal‐growth potential, but that such growth could be controlled with an effective algicide. In addition, the water will apparently support various types of fish life and may be suitable for primary contact.
An Economic Assessment of the Impact or Present Shortages on the Water Industry
Authors: Stallworth T. E.
Published: February 2018

Constant demands for newer equipment and more materials are adding to the problem of already depleted sources. To alleviate some of these demands, it is suggested that both the water‐utility industry and federal government exhibit more initiative in resource management.
Checking the Accuracy of Water Analyses Through the Use of Conductivity
Authors: Rossum John R.
Published: February 2018

The following article provides mathematical means for calculating the conductance from the constituent mineral concentrations in fresh water.
Computer Customer Billing
Authors: Massoff George
Published: February 2018

A good computer operation can reduce utility operating costs. Here is an overview of how one center services several surrounding water utilities.
Water‐Treatment Practices at the Barekese Water Utility in Ghana
Authors: Article A Metricized , Amuzu A. T.
Published: February 2018

Aquatic weeds and microorganisms infested Lake Barekese, which supplies water to the Kumasi area of Ghana, creating problems of taste, odor, and clogged filters. This article explains how these problems were overcome.
Distribution‐System Operation Analysis Model
Authors: Gerlt Joseph L. , Haddix George F.
Published: February 2018

As the size and complexity of a water system increases, the need for new tools to analyze the operation does also. To meet this need, a mathematical tool has been formulated to assist in efficiently carrying out system operations in the face of rapidly increasing energy, labor, and facilities costs.
Control of Water Quality in Transmission and Distribution Systems
Authors: Rossie W. L.
Published: February 2018

If the water‐supply field is going to continue providing high‐quality water to the public, it must be prepared to adapt to stresses on its distribution Systems. Planning, extensive checking and monitoring procedures, and well‐trained personnel will ensure that water Utilities maintain flexibility and competency to handle the Problems of the future.
Evaluation of State Drinking‐Water‐Quality Surveillance Programs
Authors: Taylor Donald H. , Hutchinson Gary D.
Published: February 2018

Summarized herein are the findings from a study covering four southeastern State water‐supply programs. The principal objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the programs and to recommend necessary improvements. One hundred and twenty‐five Community water supplies and 282 semicommunity supplies, serving more than 5.4 million people, were involved in this investigation.
Revenue Collection in Cobb County
Authors: Ingram Harry E.
Published: February 2018

Administrators of the Cobb County Water Dept. discovered that by initiating three management changes within their collection division, the amount in outstanding accounts could be reduced by about 25 per cent; the procedures are described in the following article.
Use of Test Wells as Water‐Quality Predictors
Authors: Fetter C. W.
Published: February 2018

Outlined in this article is one method of testing water quality in unconsolidated deposits by installing temporary wells. The cost can be significant at first, but the well casing and screen can be used in a number of wells thereby justifying the expenditure.
Design and Operation of High‐Rate Filters‐Part 1
Authors: Kawamura Susumu
Published: February 2018

In spite of being the most basic of water‐treatment processes, filtration today remains as much an art as a science. This article presents experience, available formulas, and design criteria to aid in more economical filter design and Operation. Parts 2 and 3 of this article will be presented in later issues of the Journal.
Corrosion in Potable Water
Authors: Geld Isidore , McCaul Colin
Published: February 2018

Various alloys were exposed in quiescent potable water for periods up to fifteen years. Although average corrosion rates were low, a number of interesting instances of significant localized damage were observed. The alloys so affected were aluminum bronze, nickel‐copper, manganese bronze, type 416 stainless steel, and galvanized iron.
Report of the AWWA Metrication Committee
Authors: Doe Peter W.
Published: February 2018

The US is rapidly approaching the day when it will be virtually forced to “go metric” and conform to an international System of weights and measures. Considering the impact that this change will have on the water industry, it is imperative for those within the industry to begin the task of learning to “think metric” now. It is the objective of the Metrication Com. to aid the water‐supply field in as smooth a transition as possible.
Biography of Jack J. Hinman Jr.
Authors: Schroepfer George
Published: February 2018

Presented is a biography of Jack J. Hinman, Jr., who served as AWWA's national president in 1929.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Mangravite Frank , Drewry William A.
Published: February 2018

A commentary and ensuing reply are presented here in regard to an article published in the Oct. 1973 Journal.
Flow Forecasting for the Bull Run Watershed
Authors: Palmer George G.
Published: February 2018

As a result of a 1972 landslide in the Bull Run area of Oregon, monies were allocated to the Portland Water Bureau to conduct an investigation with the intention of ultimately preventing another such occurrence. Given here are details of that study.
Conversion of the English
Authors: Barrett Stanley G.
Published: February 2018

The move toward metrication now underway in the United Kingdom should be generally completed by the end of the year. This article traces the progress toward metrication from the inception of the idea in 1790 to the present.
Quabbin Reservoir: A Study of Drought and Water Demand
Authors: Erickson Paul A. , Miner Norman H. , Camougis George , Zajicek O. T.
Published: February 2018

Anticipating a water shortage which may occur even sooner than expected, engineers explored the possibility of diverting flows from the Connecticut and Millers rivers and a portion of the Tully River into the Quabbin Reservoir, Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Cold‐Weather Operation of Elevated Tanks
Authors: Larson Lloyd A.
Published: February 2018

A leak in an elevated tank during winter is a serious Situation. A frozen water tank with broken pipes creates interrupted water Service to customers and considerable risk to the repairman. There are, however, several precautions that may reduce the number and severity of freeze ups.
Nontechnical Problems in Urban Area Dam Construction
Authors: Lane Paul H.
Published: February 2018

A well‐engineered dam proposed for construction in an urban area must not oniy be safe and satisfy the needs of its intended purposes, but must also survive exhaustive public involvement and scrutiny in current social, political, and environmental climate.
Multipurpose Computer for the Honolulu Board of Water Supply
Authors: Alexander Stuart M.
Published: February 2018

The multipurpose Computer that has been installed to direct fully automatic control of the water System for the island of Oahu (Honolulu County) is described here. It will act as master to a minicomputer‐based central supervisory control and data‐acquisition System known as the WATCCH System. The commercial applications as well as the economic benefits derived thereform are also described.
Metrication in Canada
Authors: Kennedy A. P.
Published: February 2018

This article reviews the historical development of the metric System in Canada and the progress made by the Metric Commission, referring to the proposed timetable for the change. Discussed also is the introduction of metric water meters in the City of Mississauga.
Haloforms in Drinking Water
Authors: Rook Johannes J.
Published: February 2018

Haloforms in drinking water created by chlorination recently generated a tumult in the US, and EPA is still exploring their possible consequences. These chlorinated products have raised concern in Europe as well, as signified by this article, which explains possible mechanisms of haloform formation and conceivable ploys for minimizing its existence.
Simplified Resin Sorption for Measuring Selected Contaminants
Authors: Junk G. A. , Richard J. J. , Svec H. J. , Fritz J. S.
Published: February 2018

In an extensive study initiated at Iowa State Univ. the concentrations of three pesticides–atrazine, DDE, and dieidrin–in various surface, subsurface, and finished waters were measured. Surface water from every major watershed in Iowa were found to have appreciable levels of contamination, with seasonal and climatic fluctuations that were consistent with an agricultural runoff model. Waters from shallow wells and from water‐treatment plants were also contaminated. The contamination was either not detected or found at < 1 ng/l in water from deep wells located outside the alluvial plain of contaminated rivers. Water‐treatment processes, even charcoal‐bed filtration, employed at one modern treatment plant, were shown to be ineffective in reducing the pesticide concentration. Other applications and tests of the resin‐sorption method for monitoring organic contaminants are presented herein.
Analytical Notes—Electrochemical Method for Early Detection and Monitoring of Coliforms
Authors: Wilkins Judd R. , Boykin Elizabeth H.
Published: February 2018

An electrochemical method for detecting bacteria, based on a linear relationship between inoculum size and the time of hydrogen evolution, was tested for the early detection and monitoring of coliforms in naturally contaminated estuarine and fresh water samples. Standard methods for coliform analysis were performed on each sample, and membrane filtration counts were used to construct dose‐response curves; relationships and results are discussed herein.
Reservoir Linings
Authors: Harem F. E. , Bielman K. D. , Worth J. E.
Published: February 2018

Liners used in potable‐water‐storage reservoirs prior to about 25 years ago were made of predominantly rigid materials. Later, asphalt concrete was introduced, usually with a seal coat, as a lining material in large open reservoirs. About the same time, the development of prefabricated asphalt panels and plastic sheets made it possible to extend the use of linings to all types and configurations of storage reservoirs. This article describes some of these applications, traces the performance of the different lining materials as applied to specific structures, and points out some of the problem areas associated with their uses.
WaterConservation...Good
Authors: McLeod Robert J.
Published: February 2018

The topic appearing in this commentary was selected by the AWWA Publications Advisory Com. on the basis of its timeliness and importance to the field. The contributor was solicited on the recommendations of the committee. The viewpoints expressed are those of the author and are not intended to reflect Association policy. Equal space for refutation will be provided in future JOURNAL issues. You are invited to respond.
Water Treatment – Present, Near Future, Futuristic
Authors: Hudson H.E.
Published: February 2018

The past, present, and future of water treatment is reviewed. Corrosion, cost of energy, settling basins, sedimentation, aeration, lime softening, coagulation, granular activated carbon, reverse osmosis, flocculation, rapid mix, dual and multi‐media filtration, sludge disposal, and health effects are covered.
High‐Rate Direct Filtration
Authors: Hutchison W. R.
Published: February 2018

During a recent study in Ontario, several variables that influence the direct‐filtration process including raw‐water turbidity, diatom concentrations, and mixing were studied. Results indicate that direct filtration can be a viable alternative to conventional sedimentation–filtration systems when the coagulant dosage is < 15 mg/l and the diatom concentration is below 1000 asu/ml.
New Method for Water Disinfection
Authors: Kinman Riley N. , Layton Ronald F.
Published: February 2018

A mixture of monochloramine and iodide ion was found to be more effective in killing E. coli and S. Faecalis in water‐distribution systems than monochloramine alone.
Comparative Disinfection Methods
Authors: Hoehn Robert C.
Published: February 2018

Alternatives or supplements to chlorination are examined in the following to identify, compare, and contrast the relative merits and disadvantages of each. Information has also been collected to show what is currently known about the relative effectiveness of various disinfectants, to relate this to some practical points involving water treatment, and to predict some treatment trends.
Freeze Treatment of Alum Sludge
Authors: Wilhelm J. H. , Silverblatt C. E.
Published: February 2018

Characteristics of this type of sludge disposal are reviewed in the following, which also includes pertinent cost information.
Polyelectrolyte Persistence in a Municipal Water Supply
Authors: Goppers Velta , Straub Conrad P.
Published: February 2018

Laboratory investigation revealed that a particular polyelectrolyte added to raw water as a coagulant and filter aid was present in the finished water; the polyelectrolyte in the finished water appeared as the polymer and as monomers; and the polyelectrolyte or other added chemicals reacted with the organic compounds in raw water forming new substances that were transferred through the various stages of water treatment to the finished water prior to discharge to the distribution system.
Alum Sludge Drying With Basic Extractive Treatment
Authors: Olson Richard L.
Published: February 2018

Sludge drying has been a costly, difficult routine. This article is about a new methodology that purportedly wrings water from sludge to an extent hitherto unattainable on a commercial scale. Success is attributable to a solvent‐water carrier combination that is either miscible or immiscible—depending on temperature
High‐Gradient Magnetic Separation A Water‐Treatment Alternative
Authors: de Latour Christopher , Kolm Henry H.
Published: February 2018

This is the first of three articles by the authors to be presented in the JOURNAL which discuss High‐Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS). HGMS is a new technique that is capable of extracting weakly paramagnetic, submicron particles at several hundred times the flow rates of conventional filtration. HGMS is applicable to water purification by a technique involving the addition and removal of finely divided magnetic seed materials which scavenge many waterborne contaminants. Laboratory tests indicate this technique to be capable of high flow rates with excellent purification capability.
Algorithm Control of Coagulant Addition
Authors: Cairo Patrick R. , Coyle James T.
Published: February 2018

To effect a better cost‐saving program and achieve maximum efficiency in the clarification process, computerized data were incorporated into the treatment process at the Torresdale plant, with impressive results.
Removal of Mercury From Drinking Water Using Activated Carbon
Authors: Thiem Leon , Badorek Diane , O'Connor John T.
Published: February 2018

Rigorous controls on levels of mercury in drinking water and increased monitoring mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act urged an investigation into practical treatment techniques for lowering mercury levels in water. Aqueous solutions of mercury were treated by various combinations of activated carbon, EDTA, tannic acid, citric acid, and calcium. Samples close to neutral pH allowed the most effective treatment; quite small additions of tannic acid dramatically increased treatment success, as did progressively higher concentrations of calcium ions.
Analytical Notes—An Investigation of the Applicability of Ferrate Ion for Disinfection
Authors: Gilbert Marsha B. , Waite Thomas D. , Hare Curtis
Published: February 2018

A series of investigations on Fe(VI) reveals its powerful oxidant qualities, studied in concentrations between 1.2 mg/l and 6 mg/l, are comparable to those of more common disinfectants, and also may reduce the organic precursors of organohalides.
Effective Labor Relations
Authors: Money Walter C.
Published: February 2018

Many utilities will have to deal with unions in the future. By communicating effectively with all employees, management personnel can help to retain the loyalty of their employees.
Test Kits: Their Evaluation and Uses
Authors: Duncan Thomas W. , Uhler Robert B. , Singley J. Edward
Published: February 2018

A series of tests was run on various Florida waters using test kits with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer serving as control, in order to determine statistically the accuracy of the kits for the relatively frequent and possibly expensive water quality measurements mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act. Results indicated one kit was both easy to use and relatively accurate in determining concentrations of Fe/I.
Balancing Concerns in the Environmental Age
Authors: Peterson Russell W.
Published: February 2018

There are possibilities for conflict between environmental protection, economic justice, and jobs. Extremism in the pursuit of environmental cleanup could slow the economy, but environmental regulation has created jobs that otherwise would not exist.
The Trenton Story
Authors: Baxter Samuel S.
Published: February 2018

The chairman of the board of experts called in to investigate the Trenton water‐treatment crisis of Aug. 31‐Sep. 7, 1975, reports less on the physical problems of the Utility than on the political and economic difficulties that had debilitated the utility and contributed to the crisis.
A New Pumping Station for Wichita
Authors: Condon W.R.
Published: February 2018

System redundancy and extreme reliability were respectively the technique and the goal of the new Wichita 160 mgd pumping plant. The Station is designed to be unattended, with annunciators and control panels located nearby, and all Systems are fail‐safe to provide reliability even in the event of natural disaster.
The Development and Field Testing of a New Locator for Plastic and Metal Pipelines
Authors: Eberle Arthur C. , Howe Harlan , Carr Kenneth L.
Published: February 2018

Third‐party excavation damages made the development of a pipeline detector that could locate both metal and plastic lines imperative. Sonic‐ and magnetic‐based concepts were rejected in favor of a radar‐based System. Results reported in this article indicate the device functions reliably despite interfering Signals from metal, soils, and rock. Operator acceptance is reportedly good.
Conversion of Rapid Sand Filters to Granular Carbon Filters
Authors: Ross R.M.
Published: February 2018

To deal with taste and odor problems the Pittsburgh water utility has installed granular activated carbon filters. Provisions of the iease agreement between the Utility and the carbon supplier are detailed.
Can Deterioration of Water‐System Facilities Be Controlled?
Authors: Hertzberg Lee B.
Published: February 2018

A well‐designed program of preventive maintenance is important in the efficient functioning of a water Utility. Principles and techniques for such a program are outlined with an emphasis on the cost savings of a corrosion‐control program. The method used by one Utility for determining cost‐benefit ratios is discussed.
Facing the Cost of Water Quality
Authors: Buchanan George G. , II James D. Beard , Bowers A.E.
Published: February 2018

In early 1975 the energy crisis was hard upon the US. The Situation prompted some rethinking on the part of MWDSC's managers on making the most of the energy available. This report captures these rationalizations and is as valid today as then.
Notes and Comments — Corrosion Behavior of Ductile Cast‐Iron Pipe in Soil Environments
Authors: Fuller A.G.
Published: February 2018

This article responds to the article “Corrosion Behavior of Ductile Cast‐Iron Pipe in Soil Environments” by W.F. Gerhold, which appeared in the December 1976 issue of JOURNAL AWWA, p. 674. In the studies done by the National Bureau of Standards, no direct comparison was made of gray and ductile iron pipe, only one site was common to both materials, the composition of the ductile iron pipe may not have been representative of commercial production, and pipe length and wall thickness were not given proper perspective in the tests.
Application of Acoustic Velocity Flowmeters
Authors: Lanning Cortland C. , Ehrhart Robert W.
Published: February 2018

Because of the increasing value of water, the accurate measurement of water is important and valuable. Acoustic velocity flowmeters are proving to be an outstanding contribution to the measurement of water. The development and accuracy of acoustic velocity flowmeters in application is discussed.
Research Required to Establish Confidence in the Potable Reuse of Wastewater
Authors: English John N. , Bennett Edwin R. , Linstedt K. Daniel
Published: February 2018

EPA, AWWA, and WPCF sponsored a workshop to define and establish priorities and provide direction for a potable reuse research program. This article highlights the conclusions and recommendations of the various workshop groups in dealing with the topics of wastewater treatment, treatment reliability and quality control, health effects associated with inorganic pollutants, organic pollutants, and biological pollutants, and socio‐economic considerations.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Bushman J.B.
Published: February 2018

In response to the article “Polyethylene Encasement for Cast‐Iron Pipe” by Walter Amory published in the May 1976 issue of the JOURNAL, the following comments have been made to clarify certain aspects of the article.
Frazil‐The Invisible Strangler
Authors: Foulds D.M. , Wigle T.E.
Published: February 2018

Frazil is an ice phenomenon that usually occurs between midnight and dawn and only when the water has become supercooled. It can choke intakes and open channels through its “stickiness,” blocking the water flow to facilities. The development of frazil is traced in this article, and suggestions to alleviate the problems it causes are made.
Activated Carbon Adsorption of the Odorous Compounds 2‐Methylisoborneol and Geosmin
Authors: Herzing Dennis R. , Snoeyink Vernon L. , Wood Neville F.
Published: February 2018

Two primary causative agents, 2‐methylisoborneol and geosmin, of earthy‐musty odor in water supplies readily adsorb on granular activated carbon at the threshold odor limit, 0.1 μg/l. Distilled water solutions and real and simulated natural water solutions were used in batch equilibrium tests and continuous flow column experiments. Most of the adsorbed compounds could be recovered by extraction of the carbon with dioxane. Solution pH has no major effect on adsorption, but the adsorption capacity of both compounds is significantly reduced by humic substances.
The Regulation and Prevention of Cross Connections in Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Woodhull Richard S.
Published: February 2018

Safe drinking water must be supplied to the consumer's tap and not simply to the service connection. The Connecticut State Health Department, Water Supplies Section believes that utility money should be invested to protect the people who drink the water, not simply protect the water in the street pipes. Cooperation between the consumers and suppliers is imperative in solving cross connections and backflow problems.
Counter Point
Authors: Ongerth Henry J.
Published: February 2018

The initiative for US water supply research must come from the federal government. Additional funding for EPA water supply research activities is urgently needed. There is need for input from the scientific and professional community in establishing all aspects of a national research plan. The most urgent present need is for health effects research.
Legal Responsibilities of Water Utilities
Authors: Vries John N. Vander
Published: February 2018

The legal liability of water utilities in Illinois involves aspects of water quality, fire‐protection service, water‐distribution‐system operations, as well as environmental standards of noise pollution and sludge disposal.
The Tort Liability of a Municipal Water Supplier
Authors: Rhyne Charles S.
Published: February 2018

The factual settings of recent court cases dealing with the liability of a public water supplier in supplying water for public purposes, in adequately supplying water to extinguish fires and in supplying impure water, and liabilities arising from the water supplier's use of defective equipment are examined in this article.
Water‐Quality Problems From Vandalism at Storage Reservoirs
Authors: Peisch Wm. Kent
Published: February 2018

Water utilities should plan not only for operational emergencies but also for problems resulting from a breach of security at treated‐water‐storage facilities.
Trend in Rate of Return
Authors: Newman Chester O.
Published: February 2018

What appears as a reasonable rate of return today will probably be quite unreasonable when finally effectuated. Inflation has its way.
Dual Water Systems—Design
Authors: Haney Paul D. , Beatty Fred K.
Published: February 2018

Dual systems that distribute two grades of water, both safe, offer a means of wise and efficient management of water resources and should continue to be explored.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E.F. , Rice I.M.
Published: February 2018

In the following interview I.M. Rice, director of the Dallas (Texas) Water Utilities, answers questions asked by Eric Johnson, executive director of AWWA. Some items discussed in the interview include: history of Dallas Water Utilities; reducing the overall number of employees and yet increasing service; budgeting, accounting, and rates; federal grants; and thoughts on water conservation.

Mr. Rice joined Dallas Water Utilities in 1969 after completing a distinguished career with the US Army Corps of Engrs. (1939 – 1969). He received BS and MS degrees from Colorado School of Mines, MA degree from George Washington Univ., and PhD degree from American Univ. He is registered as a professional engineer in Colorado, and as a civil engineer in Hawaii and Texas. Professional societies in which he holds membership include: AWWA, WPCF, Water Resources Congress, Soc. of American Military Engrs., and Texas Water Conservation Assn.
Water‐Quality Effects From Urban Runoff
Authors: Pitt Robert , Field Richard
Published: February 2018

A hypothetical case study of the problems of water‐quality deterioration from urban storm‐water runoff is presented and recommendations to mitigate the problems made.
The Effect of pH on the Silicate Treatment of Hot Water in Galvanized Piping
Authors: Lane R.W. , Larson T.E. , Schilsky S.W.
Published: February 2018

Controlled tests in circulating systems were conducted to determine the actual effect of pH at various silica levels on the corrosion of galvanized steel at a domestic hot water temperature.
Control Equipment Obsolescence
Authors: Garrett Jerry W.
Published: February 2018

Technological obsolescence of control equipment occurs rapidly with the high rate of development in this field, but economic obsolescence is dependent on other factors.
Engineering Analysis of Water‐Distribution Systems
Authors: Shamir Uri , Howard Charles D.D.
Published: February 2018

In an attempt to bridge the gap between technological advancement and application, a nonmathematical explanation of modeling for analysis of water‐distribution systems is given.
Perspective on River‐Quality Diagnosis
Authors: Cleary Edward J.
Published: February 2018

An outline of past assessments of river‐quality conditions provides a perspective on the effort required to cope with these components of water‐resources management.
The Determination of Sulfide With DPD
Authors: Kloster M.B. , King M.P.
Published: February 2018

A substitute for the present standard methylene blue sulfide test is proposed using DPD instead of N, N‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine.
Pro: Government Participation
Authors: Ray John
Published: February 2018

The following is a condensation of a message by John Ray, A ssistant Counsel. Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. presented at a conference sponsored by ANSI on Dec. 7. 1976.
Water Conservation Education for the Public
Authors: Lattie J.E. , Vossbrink D.J.
Published: February 2018

The East Bay Munic. Utility Dist. program—which includes the famous Captain Hydro—for public education in water conservation is discussed.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E. F. , Hyle Robert C.
Published: February 2018

The Portland, Oregon Bureau of Water Works is discussed including such topics as the impact of environmentalists concerns about logging, uses of the system watershed, plans for expansion, and efforts to preserve the notably high quality of its water supply. Also covered are water consumption, drought, revenues, budgeting, the Willamette River, the Columbia River, rates, unions, safety, training programs, public information programs, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), primacy, uncovered distribution reservoirs, energy conservation, and outside city users.
The Winter of 1976–77 in Richmond, Va.
Authors: Lordley H.E.
Published: February 2018

The Richmond, Va., water department, which was accustomed to mild winters, had to learn in a hurry, by actual practice, how to cope with the problems brought on by several weeks of below freezing temperatures.
A Water Utility Energy Management Program‐Dallas, Texas
Authors: Trainer W. G. , Clopton David E.
Published: February 2018

The Dallas Water Utilities’ ongoing program of design, construction, and operating procedures geared to conserving energy while making optimum use of available water resources was capped recently by the installation of a computer‐based data acquisition and control system that is expected to increase operational efficiency and decrease power costs by enough to pay for itself in less than five years.
The Atlantic City Water System Adjusts to a New Industry ‐ Casino Gambling
Authors: McLees William P.
Published: February 2018

The Atlantic City water system had its origins nearly a century ago. Having grown in the interim, it is equal to the task of providing water for a new industry that should augment the city's capacity to lure myriad fun‐seekers.
Management Evaluation of New Products in the Water Utility
Authors: Frederick W. Glenn
Published: February 2018

These days evaluation is everybody's business. Here is how the San Antonio City Water Board does it.
The Effect of Metrication on Design
Authors: Mains Ken
Published: February 2018

Although Canada is in advance of the US in its progress toward metrication, the road to total conversion is neither short nor straight. Some of the obstacles confronting the Canadian designer are discussed—notably the difficulties entailed by hard conversion and standardization.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Jenkins Stephen R. , Moore Richard C.
Published: February 2018

The following was submitted to contest the arguments in a “Notes and Comments” prepared by B.L. Weand, which appeared in the Jul. 1977 issue of the JOURNAL, and which was prompted by an article by S.R. Jenkins and R.C. Moore appearing in the Jan. 1977 JOURNAL.
The Effects of Pricing Policies on the Economics of Water Storage
Authors: MacDonald David V. , Barney Kline P.
Published: February 2018

Oceanside, Calif., learned that water pricing policies can have an important and perhaps surprising effect in determining the need for and cost effectiveness of a reservoir project.
Constant‐Rate and Constant‐Pressure Filtration Look Similar—But Are They?
Authors: Arora Madan Lal
Published: February 2018

Work on correlating constant‐rate and constant‐pressure filtration has been inconclusive. The author shows that correlation is not possible with current technology and explains why.
in Water Utility Construction: The View off a Supplier
Authors: Lacy Howard W.
Published: February 2018

Cooperation and teamwork among owner, engineer, contractor and supplier are necessary to the efficiency of the entire project. Engineers are forced into an untenable position when government agencies dictate the criteria as to design, selection of equipment, guarantees, and bidding procedures.
Managing Liability and Loss
Authors: Gillette Sam D. , Dolezal Joe
Published: February 2018

Minimizing losses in a cost‐effective way is the function of a risk‐management program, involving identifying and controlling, accepting or transferring risks. The author discusses the options open to the water utility.
Automatic Rate Adjustment
Authors: Shields John R.
Published: February 2018

The author describes the use of rate adjustments to cope with inflation—what they are and how they work.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson Eric F. , Wiener Aaron I.
Published: February 2018

Water resources development in Israel is discussed. Planning, management, wastewater reuse, groundwater, rainfall, irrigation, desalination, cloud seeding, metering, agricultural and industrial uses, and computerization are covered. The structure of Tahal and how it fits into the administration of Israeli water management is described.
Improved Quality and Efficiency Through Modernization of Facilities
Authors: Popalisky J.R.
Published: February 2018

As water utility facilities have increased in size over the years to serve larger populations, they have also grown in complexity. The author describes both kinds of growth in the Kansas City, Mo., system, emphasizing new treatment processes, remote‐controlled facilities, and computerization.
Increasing Water System Efficiency Through Control of Unaccounted‐For Water
Authors: Hudson William D.
Published: February 2018

The author discusses the metered ratio as a measure of water utility system efficiency and describes how to locate and deal with sources of unaccounted‐for water.
Surge Protection Designs for Water Supply Systems: A Case Study
Authors: Mussalli Yusuf G. , Bennett Bruce A.
Published: February 2018

Computer analysis of hydraulic transients formed the basis for fast, accurate evaluation of alternate means of providing for surge protection in a water transmission pipeline.
Treatment Technology to Meet the interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Inorganics: Part 2
Authors: Sorg Thomas J. , Logsdon Gary S.
Published: February 2018

This second article of a series outlines specific treatment technology for arsenic and selenium removal from potable water. The first article, which appeared in the February 1978 issue of the JOURNAL, discussed fluoride and nitrate removal. Subsequent articles will review the treatment technology for the six other NIPDWR‐regulated inorganic contaminants and the radionuclides.
Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Water
Authors: Maknoon Reza , Burges Stephen J.
Published: February 2018

General characteristics and a literature review of conjunctive ground‐surface water systems are outlined in an attempt to develop a systematic approach for analyzing such systems.
The Rural Water Survey
Authors: Levin Alan
Published: February 2018

By mandate of the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act the EPA was required to “conduct a survey of the quantity, quality, and availability of rural drinking water supplies.” The EPA interim report, as presented to the Journal, is reproduced here for review.
The Economics of Water Conservation
Authors: Larkin Donald G.
Published: February 2018

The recent drought in California made water conservation mandatory, not just desirable. The costs of conservation to one water utility, the East Bay Municipal Utility Dist., are described here.
Financing System Changes
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

An advocate of locally financed water utility operation gives an example of how one utility financed growth without government subsidy. Possible effects of the SDWA as an example of mandated change are discussed, along with alternatives to federal grant financing.