bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relation of the Typhoidin Skin Reaction to Immunity in Typhoid Fever
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Berge James H.
Published: December 2022

While the bactericidal power of human sera over B. typhosus is increased in a proportion of persons following typhoid fever or active immunization with a vaccine, there is no direct relation between the typhoidin skin reaction and the results of bactericidal tests in vitro. Agglutinins or complement-fixing antibodies or both are present in the blood serum of the majority of persons reacting positively in the skin test and particularly among those actively immunized, but there is no definite relation between these as either may be in evidence in the absence of the other. Powdered typhoidin and its control produces severe reactions when injected intracutaneously in doses of 0.0005 to 0.001 mgm.; these reactions and particularly that produced by the control, render the reading and interpretation of the test quite difficult and subject to much error. Cutaneous anaphylaxis to typhoidin was found apparently to persist for a longer time among those who have had typhoid fever than among those actively immunized with the vaccine. Among the latter the highest percentage of reactions was found during the first year following immunization. While the typhoidin reaction indicates sensitization to typhoid protein, there is not yet sufficient evidence to warrant its acceptance as an index of immunity in typhoid fever.
The Antigenic Properties of Tubercle Wax
Authors: Lucke Balduin
Published: December 2022

Tubercle wax is the name applied to fatty and waxy substances extracted from tubercle bacilli with fat solvents such as alcohol, ether, benzol, chloroform, etc.

Historical and Nature of Tubercle Wax. Hammerschlag was first to show that tubercle bacilli contained a large amount of fatty and waxy substances, and that in this respect they differ from other vegetable microörganisms. De Schweinitz and Dorset confirmed Hammerschlag's results, and since then a great deal of attention has been paid to this subject. All investigators agree that it is difficult to extract the fatty substances entirely, and that the amount is influenced by the culture media upon which the bacilli are grown and by other factors mentioned below. Proskauer and Beck have demonstrated that bacilli cultivated on fat free media are also able to produce wax, although in smaller amount (10 per cent of dried bacillary substance).
Can a Specific Neurotoxin Be Obtained from the Corpus Striatum?
Authors: Moore Lillian M.
Published: December 2022

In a study of the thermogenic functions of the corpus striatum I have been led into a reinvestigation of the question of the occurrence of specific neurotoxins. Certain substances bring about a marked change of body temperature when applied to the corpus striatum and do not produce this effect when applied to other parts of the brain (1). This would indicate a difference in chemical composition between the corpus striatum and the other parts. It is conceivable that the characteristic differences should depend upon the protein constituents and hence it might be possible, by suitable methods, to induce the formation of specific neurotoxins in case such substances really occur.

Delezenne (2) described a neurotoxic serum obtained from a rabbit by repeated intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of an emulsion of dog brain. This serum, when injected into the marginal vein of a dog's ear, proved fatal in 5 to 10 minutes in doses of 0.2 cc. per kilo of body weight.
A Study of the Complement Fixation Reaction in Tuberculosis
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Frank , Maltaner Elizabeth
Published: December 2022

This study was started in 1917 for the purpose of ascertaining the practical value of the complement fixation reaction in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. From the outset, it was realized that a systematic and thorough investigation would involve experimental research into the mechanism of the immune reaction which might bring out new facts of fundamental significance. Two important observations have already been published: the adsorption by globulin and the extraction from the precipitated globulin of substances in bacterial cultures which possess antigenic activity (1); and the relationship of fibrinogen to certain agglutinative and lytic properties of the blood (2).

It is the purpose of this paper to record the results of further study. First, analyses of cultures of the tubercle bacillus by methods of extraction, to determine the distribution of the antigenic properties, were undertaken.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Hosepian V. M. , O'Neill F. I. , Moy H. Bing
Published: December 2022

The immediate reactions between specific foreign protein and anaphylactic blood are in themselves usually insufficient to cause recognizable anaphylactic phenomena in normal dogs. If the liver of an anaphylactic dog is transplanted into a normal dog, the normal dog will show all of the characteristic features of canine anaphylaxis on intravenous injection with specific foreign protein. If specific foreign protein is injected into a mesenteric vein of an anaphylactic dog and shock blood collected as it escapes from the liver, this blood, transfused into a normal dog, will reproduce all of the characteristic features of canine anaphylaxis. Blood drawn from the carotid artery from two to five minutes after throwing a dog into anaphylactic shock, usually shows little or no toxic action, when transfused into a normal dog The hepatic anaphylatoxin is not the only factor operating in canine anaphylaxis.
A Study of the Agglutination Reactions of the Diphtheria Group of Organisms
Authors: Bailey G. Howard
Published: December 2022

Summary and Results

A summary of all the agglutination tests is given in condensed form in table 1. It will be observed that a large number of cross-reactions occurred among the strains of avirulent diphtheria bacilli. Thus sera 1549, 1875, 387-2, B370-1, 6391, 6439, 6466, “Denberg,” “Farise,” “Pizano,” and “Car” gave about the same number of cross-agglutinations for the various heterologous cultures, while sera 2098, B196-1, B1746 and “Abramowitz” gave fewer cross-reactions. Since strains 6439 and 6466 were agglutinated in the lower dilutions by normal serum, their agglutination by some of the heterologous sera is of little significance. The anti-Hofmann bacillus serum “Gracia” gave significant cross-agglutination only for another strain of this organism, and the same is true of serum “Bruce” (anti-Xerosis bacillus) for two other strains of B. xerosis. No agglutination was shown by any of the above sera for the two cultures (8D and 2) of virulent diphtheria bacilli tested. According to their fermentative reactions, these cultures were representatives of the first and second serological groups of these organisms respectively. In every case the serum and its own culture gave the highest titer. Although no absorption tests were made, the large number of cross-reactions, especially among the strains of avirulent diphtheria bacilli, would indicate the presence of common agglutinins.
Immunologic Specificity of the Localized Shwartzman Phenomenon Induced in Guinea Pigs by Simple Chemical Haptens
Authors: De Weck A. L. , Frey J. R. , Geleick H.
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs possessing delayed-type hypersensitivity to haptens such as Neoarsphenamine (NEO) or to 2-4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) show a hemorrhagic reactivation of the inflammatory lesions caused 48-hr before by the intradermal injection of the hapten, when challenged intravenously with those haptens. This hemorrhagic reactivation closely resembles the localized Shwartzman phenomenon to bacterial endotoxins. By varying the type of sensitization (single or double sensitization, tolerance or absence of sensitization), the type of intradermal preparatory injection (delayed-type allergic or primary toxic reaction) and the hapten used for intraveneous challenge, it is possible to demonstrate unequivocally a close relationship of the localized hemorrhagic reactivation phenomenon with specific immunologic reactions.

These experiments indicate that the localized hemorrhagic reactivation depends on different molecular mechanisms from those of the Arthus reaction. They establish an obligatory relationship with delayed-type reactivity in the preparation of susceptible skin sites, although the elicitation of the phenomenon itself may be nonspecific.
Rhinoviruses: Basis for a Numbering System
Authors: Conant Robert M. , Hamparian Vincent V.
Published: December 2022

In comparative neutralization tests to enumerate serotypes among 68 rhinovirus strains, many one-way heterotypic reactions were encountered. Heterologous serum titers of 64 and above were not uncommon. This heterologous reactivity could be removed from antisera by absorption with human liver powder without altering homologous neutralizing antibody levels. It was concluded that these inhibitors were not specific for rhinoviruses and most likely are antibodies directed against host cell components.

Following the removal of nonspecific inhibitors from antisera by absorption with human liver powder, cross-neutralization test results were more readily interpreted. Fifty-five distinct serotypes and one subtype were found among the 68 rhinovirus strains.
A Cellulose Mercurial: Preparation, Properties and Use in Antibody Purification
Authors: Shainoff John R.
Published: December 2022

A cellulose mercurial has been developed and applied as an aid to the antibody isolation method that is based on use of thiolated antigens as retrievable harvesting agents. The mercurial was prepared by etherifying cellulose with 1-allyloxy-2,3-epoxypropane, and subsequently mercurating allyl groups with mercuric acetate. The mercurial had properties of an ion exchange resin with covatently bound, monofunctional HgII as exchanging group. In 0.05 M chloride at pH near 2.4, the resin seemed to bind protein only by forming mercaptides and, then, only with particular thiol groups. Native thiol groups of serum albumin or ovalbumin did not react, but groups added de novo by thiolating protein with N-acetyl homocysteine thiolactone did. In enabling separation of thiolated from non-thiolated proteins in presence of chloride, the resin provided an important advantage over a previously described mercurial. The resin was applied to isolation of anti-bovine γ-globulin antibody. In this application, thiolated bovine γ-globulin was used to precipitate the antibody. The precipitate was dissolved, and the thiolated antigen subsequently removed with the resin, leaving purified antibody in solution.
Structure of Human Immunoglobulin M
Authors: Onoue Kaoru , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Yamamura Yuichi
Published: December 2022

A 10.6 S fragment with an approximate molecular weight of 320,000, which represented the Fc portion of the human IgM was isolated by digesting the IgM in the absence of cysteine with activated papain. Comparison of antigenic properties, amino acid composition and carbohydrate content of this fragment with those of the Fc fragment obtained from the subunits of IgM previously, indicated that this 10.6 S fragment was composed of the Fc portions of IgM subunits. The 10.6 S fragment dissociated into 3.2 S Fc units by mild reduction followed by alkylation. Thus it was evidenced that the intersubunit disulfide bonds of IgM are located on the Fc portions of the subunits.
A New Basic Protein in Rabbit Serum Unrelated to Immunoglobulin
Authors: Nash Donald R. , Schwab John H.
Published: December 2022

Immunoelectrophoresis of whole serum, developed with a sheep antiserum, reveals the presence in all rabbit sera of a precipitin are which is located in the slow γ-globulin region of the pattern. This post-γ-globulin antigen (PGGA) is not antigenically related to IgG globulin or subunits of this protein. Absorption studies indicate that no antigenic relationship exists between PGGA and any other serum constituents. It is also distinct from rabbit lysozyme, ribonuclease and desoxyribonuclease.

This heat stable serum protein exhibits distinctive solubility properties when serum is fractionated with (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, alcohol or rivanol. Elution of PGGA from Sephadex G 200 occurs after albumin, indicating a molecular weight ranging between 15,000 and 50,000. Data obtained by elution from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose show that PGGA may form complexes with itself or other serum proteins.

PGGA is not found in urine, colostrum or cerebrospinal fluid. Neonatal rabbit sera contain this antigen but in considerably lower concentrations than the adult.

Many IgG globulin preparations contain PGGA as a contaminant, but no antibody activity has been associated with this serum protein.

There is measurable ribonuclease activity in γG-globulin preparations isolated by DEAE-Sephadex or DEAE-cellulose chromatography, as well as by alcohol precipitation.
Immunochemical Comparison of β-Lactoglobulins
Authors: Phillips Nancy I. , Jenness Robert , Kalan Edwin B.
Published: December 2022

The genetic variants of cow β-lactoglobulin are indistinguishable by Ouchterlony double diffusion and the quantitative precipitin test. They are distinguishable from each other by complement and micro-complement fixation tests.

Goat and sheep β-lactoglobulins are identical to the cow β-lactoglobulin variants by the Ouchterlony test, but are distinguishable by quantitative precipitation, complement and micro-complement fixation.

Chemical modification of cow β-lactoglobulin, such as cleavage of the -His-Ile C-terminal sequence of the B variant, crystallization of the A variant with 2 moles of SDS and blocking of the -SH groups of the B variant with DTNB, do not produce molecules which are immunologically distinguishable from the parent molecule.
Susceptibility of Different Mouse Strains to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J.
Published: December 2022

There is a wide spectrum in the susceptibility of different mouse strains to Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus. This is manifested by different amounts of LCM virus needed to reach an LD50 end point in adult mice of several strains, and in the concentration of infectious virus present in neonatally infected mice of these strains.
The Effect of Benzylation or Sequential Amidination and Benzylation on the Ability of Rabbit γG-Antibody to Fix Complement
Authors: Cohen Stanley , Becker Elmer L.
Published: December 2022

Benzylation of rabbit γG-antibody results in a partial loss of complement-fixing ability, as has been described by others. The greater part of this loss is due to the conjugation of only one or two tryptophan groups. The tryptophan groups which contribute most to the antibody's ability to fix complement are most susceptible to benzylation.

Double conjugation of rabbit γG-antibody, by means of sequential amidination and benzylation, results in an antibody preparation which shows no significant loss in its ability to combine with and precipitate antigen, but which has suffered a 92% reduction in complement-fixing ability. This reduction is probably due to the specific inactivation of complement-fixing sites on the antibody molecule. Moreover, amidination and benzylation affect the same population of complement-fixing sites.

The doubly conjugated antibodies show a diminution in the rate at which they aggregate with antigen. However, double conjugation is more effective at maximizing changes in complement fixation and minimizing alterations in reaction with antigen than either amidination or benzylation alone.
Isolation of a Protein Antigen Following Extraction of Lipids from Sheep Red Blood Cell Stroma
Authors: Santos-Buch Charles A. , Guzmán-Rivero J. René
Published: December 2022

Two highly purified protein fractions were isolated after lipid extraction of washed sheep red blood cell stroma. One of these acid soluble proteins has an apparent molecular weight of over 200,000 and elicits a marked circulating hemolytic response in rabbits. Following a single intravenous injection of the high molecular weight antigen in particulate form at pH 7.0, a rise in hemolytic IgM was detected as early as 2 days after sensitization. Hemolytic 7 S γ-globulins were not detected up to 24 days following primary sensitization with this antigen. Only after challenge of previously sensitized rabbits was circulating hemolytic IgG in rising levels isolated.
“Protein A” from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Gustafson G. T. , Stålenheim G. , Forsgren A. , Sjöquist J.
Published: December 2022

Cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis-like reactions as well as hemorrhagic reactions were produced in nonimmunized guinea pigs by injection of a bacterial cell wall protein (protein A) from Staphylococcus aureus. These phenomena are believed to be mediated by a reaction between protein A and the Fc region of γ-globulin. Protein A is thus able to produce in normal guinea pigs reactions indistinguishable from immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Direct Demonstration and Quantitation of Aal, Aa2 and Aa3 Allotypic Specificities on Fd-Fragments of Rabbit Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Micheli Antoine , Mage Rose G. , Reisfeld Ralph A.
Published: December 2022

Fd-fragments were prepared from Fab-fragments obtained by papain digestion of rabbit immunoglobulin-G (IgG). In addition, a 5 S piece was obtained by cyanogen bromide treatment of IgG and an Fd derived from the 5 S piece was prepared. Polyalanylation was carried out in order to solubilize the Fd-fragments. Some masking of a-locus-allotypic specificity was demonstrated when IgG and 5 S piece were polyalanylated. 125I-labeled fragments were allowed to react with either anti-a1, -a2 or -a3 antisera and supernatant portions were precipitated with appropriate anti-allotype antisera specific only for the antibody portion of the soluble complexes. In spite of some probable masking due to polyalanylation, the majority of polyalanylated Fdfragments (generally more than 60%) had demonstrable determinants associated with a-locus-allotypic specificity. Fab-fragment (a2), from which noncovalently linked glycopeptides were removed on Sephadex in 1 M propionic acid, retained a2 allotypic specificity. Fd-fragments derived from CNBr treated IgG, especially those with short polyalanine chains, gave high control values with normal rabbit sera, suggesting either a nonspecific or a specific affinity for immunoglobulins in normal rabbit sera.
The Isolation of Immunoglobulins of the Adult Opossum (Didelphys Virginiana)
Authors: Rowlands David T. , Dudley Mary A.
Published: December 2022

Analysis of the serum and the immunoglobulins of the adult opossum (Didelphys virginiana) suggests that these animals occupy a position intermediate between eutherian mammals and lower vertebrates in terms of their immune system. The serum proteins of the opossum are similar to those of other mammals in their complexity but differ in the relatively small amount of albumin present. Two major classes of immunoglobulins have been isolated which appear to be very similar to those of eutherian mammals. Although a conversion from macromolecular antibodies to smaller molecular weight antibodies has been demonstrated, preliminary studies suggest that the rate of conversion is much more nearly like that seen in lower vertebrates than in other mammals.
Sex-Related Resistance in Hamsters to Adenovirus-12 Oncogenesis
Authors: Yohn David S. , Funk Clare A. , Grace James T.
Published: December 2022

Syrian hamsters (Mesocricatus auratus) were incoulated subcutaneously at birth with adenovirus-12, strain Huie. Thymectomy at 1 week of age resulted in essentially a twofold increase in tumor incidence in both sexes. However, tumor incidence remained higher in females than in males by a factor of 1.4 ± S.D. with a virus dose of 105.0 or 106.0 TCD50. Cortisone treatment begun at 1 week of age in hamsters given 106.3 TCD50 at birth and continued until a tumor developed or until the animals were 2 months of age increased tumor incidence by factors of 1.24 and 1.50 in females and males, respectively. However, tumor incidence in females still exceeded that in males by a factor of 1.3. Cortisone treatment begun at 3 weeks of age in hamsters given 106.3 TCD50 and continued at least 2 weeks after tumors developed or until death prior to or at 4 months of age resulted in equal tumor incidence, 95%, in both sexes; tumor incidence in control animals was 63% and 41% in females and males, respectively.

Tumor regressions occurred in one-third of the hamsters of both sexes given 106.3 TCD50 at birth. Regressions were reduced to 3% in both sexes by continuous cortisone treatment, 2.5 mg weekly. Discontinuance of cortisone at the time tumors appeared or 2 or 4 weeks afterward resulted in 29 to 55% tumor regressions in males and 17 to 26% in females.

Antibody responses to adenovirus-12 T-antigen as measured by complement-fixation and indirect immunofluorescence were depressed in thymectomized and cortisone-treated animals. Antibody responses in tumor-bearing animals, which were comparable to those of untreated animals, were detected beginning 10 days after cortisone was discontinued.

These results revealed that the primary cell-virus interactions associated with adenovirus-12 oncogenesis occurred in virtually all animals given 106.3 TCD50. Secondary factors, such as the immunologic status of the host, determined whether transformed cells proliferated and continued to grow progressively as a tumor. Extensive steroid immunosuppression resulted in full expression of viral oncogeny. Restoration of the host's immunologic capacity by removing cortisone resulted in the succesful abortion of established tumors in a significant proportion of animals.

The mechanism responsible for the greater incidence of tumors among normal or immunosuppressed females (excluding the extensively cortisonized animals) is yet to be clearly defined. Evidence is cited favoring a stimulatory role for estrogen.
Reversible Loss of Activity of the First Component of Complement (C′1) As a Function of Ionic Strength
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: December 2022

Guinea pig C′1a at an ionic strength greater than 0.15 loses up to 90% of its original activity. The rate and extent of inactivation of depend on ionic strength, concentration of C′1a and temperature. The rate and extent of reactivation of C′1a (inactivated by elevated ionic strength) also depend on ionic strength and on the concentration of C′1a but are independent of temperature. The data suggest that the loss of activity of C′1a at high ionic strength is the result of dissociation of C′1a into hemolytically inactive fragments of approximately equal size. C′1a is eluted from EAC′1a by high ionic strength in a hemolytically inactive form. The eluted, inactive C′1a can be reactivated by lowering the ionic strength; the eluted reactivated C′1a cannot be distinguished from untreated C′1a.
Carbodiimide-Induced Bentonite-Antigen Complexes: Readily Prepared Immunoadsorbents
Authors: Carpenter Robert R. , Reisberg Margaret A.
Published: December 2022

γ-globulin and albumin are bound to bentonite by l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. The reaction proceeds promptly at room temperature in physiologic solution. It is suggested than an organometallic bond results between protein and bentonite. The bond is stable under most conditions, and the resulting materials function well as immunoadsorbents.

Rabbit antibody, isolated from the adsorbent, contains a trace of albumin and less than 1 part/1000 antigen. At equivalence, 92 to 97% of the protein in preparations of isolated antibody is precipitated by soluble antigen.

Protein is adsorbed both to immunologically specific and non-specific sites on the antigen-bentonite complex. About 0.17 mole antibody is quantitatively bound per mole adsorbent antigen. In excess antibody, the capacity of the γ-globulin adsorbent exceeds 0.54 mole antibody per mole adsorbent antigen.

Most antibody, in the presence of other serum protein, is bound to specific sites on the adsorbent and is readily eluted at pH 2.5. Normal γ-globulin and other proteins are bound to nonspecific sites, and remain largely bound at the pH of elution.

It is likely that a small amount of antibody is bound to nonspecific, adsorbent sites and remains bound during elution. Nevertheless, estimates of serum antibody with the adsorbents exceed estimates made by quantitative precipitation and more accurately reflect total serum antibody.
Ultracentrifugal Studies of the Reaction of IgM Anti-γ-Globulin Subunits with Human IgG
Authors: Schrohenloher Ralph E. , Barry Carolyn B.
Published: December 2022

Subunits were produced from three human IgM anti-γ-globulins by reduction with ethylmercaptan and alkylation with iodoacetamide. The formation of soluble complexes by reaction of the subunits with human IgG was investigated by quantitative sedimentation analysis. The subunits from each of the anti-γ-globulins formed a major complex component which sedimented at approximately 8 or 9 S. The sedimentation properties of the complex components were found to be independent of the amount of IgG reacted with the subunits. In the presence of an excess of active subunits, the quantity of complexes formed by the subunits from each of the anti-γ-globulins was twice the quantity of IgG present in the reaction mixture. Evidence was obtained that most, if not all, of the IgG in these reaction mixtures reacted with the subunits. In the presence of an excess of IgG, the quantity of complexes remained constant regardless of the amount of IgG used in the reaction mixtures. The results were discussed in terms of their possible significance with regard to the valence of the subunits.
Passive Sensitization of Monkey Lung Fragments with Sera of Timothy-Sensitive Patients
Authors: Malley Arthur , Harris Raymond L.
Published: December 2022

A spectrofluorometric method for the determination of histamine liberated from monkey lung tissue passively sensitized with human atopic sera is described.

The close correlation of histamine liberated from sensitized tissue with P-K titer, the loss of activity by heating sera at 56°C for 1 hr, and the failure of both rabbit and rhesus monkey precipitating antibody or human blocking antibody to release histamine indicate that this method provides an in vitro estimation of the reagin content of the sera from allergic patients. The sensitivity of the method described may also permit the detection of reagin in the sera of allergic patients not detectable by the P-K test.

It is suggested that the use of adult monkey lung tissue may provide a means to study the mechanism of antibody fixation.
The Stoichiometric Measurement of the Serum Inhibitor of the First Component of Complement by the Inhibition of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Gigli Irma , Ruddy Shaun , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

A sensitive technique for the measurement of the activity of the α-2-globulin inhibitor of the activated first component of complement has been described. The reaction is based on the ability of this inhibitor to block C′1a in a stoichiometric fashion in immune hemolysis.

A hemolytic unit of C′1aINH has been defined as the amount required to inhibit 63% of one effective molecule of C′1a in the presence of a total dose of from 1.5 to 2.5 effective molecules per cell. The C′1a inhibitor is stoichiometrically depleted by its interaction with fluid phase hemolytically active C′1a. C′1aINH is equally effective in blocking C′1a in the fluid phase or on the cell.

C′1aINH activity can be measured in human serum after removal of C′1 by precipitating the latter at low ionic strength, pH 7.5. Normal levels for C′1aINH activity are 37,445 ± 17,790 units/ml. Patients with hereditary angioedema were found to have a 99% reduction in C′1aINH activity.
Skin-Sensitizing Properties of Guinea Pig Antibodies to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin
Authors: Strejan Gill , Campbell Dan H.
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. A crude guinea pig anti-KLH γ-globulin pool was prepared and three different antibody preparations were obtained as follows: A) by acid dissociation of specific KLH anti-KLH precipitates and separation of the KLH from the antibodies by ultracentrifugation; B) by acid dissociation of the immune precipitates and isolation of the antibodies by gel filtration through Sephadex G 200; C) by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.

The preparations were absorbed with a rabbit anti-guinea pig 7 S γ1 serum and were subsequently found free of 7 S γ1 when tested by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Antigenically pure 7 S γ2 anti-KLH antibodies as well as unabsorbed controls were tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. The results indicated that antibodies associated with the 7 S γ2 class elicited positive PCA reactions in the guinea pig.
Evaluation of an Agar Gel Precipitin Test for the Serodiagnosis of Actinomycosis
Authors: Georg Lucille K. , Coleman R. Marie , Brown June M.
Published: December 2022

This study indicates that the agar gel precipitin test, used as described, cannot be relied upon for a presumptive diagnosis of actinomycosis. With the Actinomyces antigens used, precipitin bands were obtained not only with sera from patients with proven actinomycosis, but also with sera from other diseases.

Attempts to relate the formation of a particular band with actinomycotic infection have not been successful thus far. The potentialities of this test should be investigated further in the hope of developing a specific and sensitive immunodiffusion test for actinomycosis.

Use of trade names is for identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Mycobacterial Substitutes in “Complete” Freund's Adjuvant
Authors: Salvaggio John E. , Castro-Murillo E.
Published: December 2022

Known granuloma-producing agents in man were substituted for mycobacteria in Freund's complete adjuvant. Observations were made on the type and extent of granuloma formation, antibody production and the development of delayed hypersensitivity to an incorporated protein antigen (bovine serum albumin) in rabbits and guinea pigs, and the results were compared with those obtained using Freund's “complete” (mycobacteria) and “incomplete” adjuvants.

The results indicate that none of the granuloma-producing substitutes were comparable in their enhancing effect to crude whole Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Animals of all groups developed intense granulomatous reactions at the local toe or foot pad inoculation site but only mycobacterial adjuvant resulted in an extensive and widespread epithelioid cell response throughout the reticuloendothelial system plus uniform high levels of circulating antibody and intense delayed hypersensitivity to BSA, suggesting an association between macrophage response and overall adjuvant activity.

Occasional animals in the mycobacteria substitute groups were good antibody producers and developed strong delayed hypersensitivity reactions to BSA without extensive granuloma formation, thus indicating that quantity of granuloma formation per se was not related to adjuvant effect.

There was no relationship between intensity or appearance of delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production to BSA in individual animals during the course of the study.
Antimuscle Factor and Antinuclear Factor in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: McFarlin D. E. , Johnson J. S. , Seymour W. F. K.
Published: December 2022

A three-layer indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to study the classes of immunoglobulins responsible for AMF and ANF in sera from patients with myasthenia gravis. AMF was found in IgG but not in IgA or IgM. In contrast ANF was detected in all three major classes. In individual sera this reactivity occurred in one, two or three immunoglobulin classes. Evidence is presented that ANF and AMF, although frequently found in the same serum, behave as separate serologic entities.
Antibody Response in Humans to Deoxycholate-Treated Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Duxbury A. E. , Hampson A. W. , Sievers J. G. M.
Published: December 2022

A subunit influenza vaccine, prepared by deoxycholate treatment of aqueous influenza virus vaccine concentrates, has been shown to be of comparable antigenicity to the unmodified vaccine when injected into young adult males.

When used in high dosage the vaccine induced high antibody levels and caused no undesirable systemic reactions.
Antibody Production Stimulated in Vitro in Burkitt Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Kamei Hideo , Moore George E.
Published: December 2022

Cells of the cell line P3-J (Jijoye), derived from a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma, were exposed to coliphage T2. Protein isolated from spent culture medium suppressed plaque formation by T2, but not by coliphage T5. When the cultured cells had been exposed to T5, the protein fraction had a neutralizing activity to T5 but not to T2. This activity was reduced by treatment with dithiothreitol, mercaptoethanol, antihuman whole γ globulin serum, or anti-human IgM serum. Protein fractions from the spent media of P3-J cultures that had not been exposed to the test phage had no activity. The protein preparations from cultured human osteosarcoma or mesothelioma cells that had been similarly exposed to coliphages showed no such activity. These experiments strongly suggest production of a “specific” antibody, probably IgM, by P3-J cells stimulated by coliphages acting as antigens.
Biologic Properties of Rat Antibodies
Authors: Morse Herbert C. , Bloch Kurt J. , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

The antibody activity responsible for the immunologic release of SRS-A in the rat was present in rat serum obtained 1 week after immunization with DNP-BGG in complete Freund's adjuvant. Peak activity was present at weeks 2 and 3 and declined to negligible levels by week 10. The antibody activity was associated with the IgGa class of rat immunoglobulins and was stable to heating at 56°C for 4 hr. Relatively small amounts of nonspecific IgG interfered with the capacity of IgGa antibody to prepare rat tissue for SRS-A release.
Types of Canine Serum Immunoglobulins
Authors: Patterson Roy , Roberts Mary , Pruzansky Jacob J.
Published: December 2022

Studies of canine serum immunoglobulins demonstrated preparations considered to be canine γG and γM. and Canine γA and γE are provisionally identified. Antisera specific for these immunoglobulins were prepared. Canine reaginic antibody reactivity was absorbed from the fractions with an antibody prepared against the serum fraction considered to contain canine γE but not with rabbit antisera against canine γA, γM or γG.
The Immunodepressive Action of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus in Mice
Authors: Mims C. A. , Wainwright Sally
Published: December 2022

Adult mice infected with LCM virus showed a temporary depression in antibody response to sheep red cells, and fewer antibody-forming cells were present in the spleen. There was also a reduction in antibody response to HSA, and decreased susceptibility to systemic anaphylaxis after immunization with OVA. Infection with either ectromelia or cowpox virus did not lead to immunodepression.

Following infection with LCM virus in the neonatal period, mice showed a depressed antibody response to sheep red cells during the first few weeks of life, with recovery to normal responsiveness when they became adult. Mice from carrier colonies, in contrast, had normal immune responses whether immature or adult.

Ectromelia virus was much more lethal for mice that had been infected a week earlier with LCM virus, and this was attributed to a reduction in the immune response to ectromelia infection. When mice immune to ectromelia were infected with LCM virus and subsequently challenged in the footpad with a large dose of ectromelia virus they survived, but failed to control the growth of virus at the site of challenge. They also showed reduced immune foot swelling compared with control mice, a finding which suggests impaired expression of delayed hypersensitivity.

Mice infected neonatally with LCM virus and then 2 weeks later with cowpox virus showed an increase in survival rate, but a decreased footpad response to infection and decreased ability to withstand later challenge with ectromelia virus.
Iso-Antibodies to a β Globulin that Detects Spontaneous Delayed Iso-Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Follett D. A. , Battisto J. R.
Published: December 2022

The level of spontaneous delayed-type iso-hypersensitivity that is directed toward a β globulin iso-antigen (SF) in guinea pigs can be enhanced three- to five-fold by injecting animals with SF+ serum in Freund's adjuvant. This heightened iso-hypersensitivity can be detected in vitro by inhibiting macrophage migration.

Circulating antibodies specific for SF were also produced in SF- guinea pigs immunized with SF+ serum in Freund's adjuvant. These antibodies were of the PCA variety in the majority of animals and of the precipitating variety in a small number of animals. In neutralization tests of the PCA antibody using fractions of SF+ serum, SF was found in the β globulin fraction. PCA neutralization was used also to show that the antigens of human and rabbit sera that evoke dermal responses in the guinea pig are different from SF. The precipitating antibodies, used in immunodiffusion, detected a single β-globulin component in SF+ sera but not in SF- sera.

The adoptive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (ACA) was used to show that lymph node cells from spontaneously iso-hypersensitive guinea pigs immunized with an unrelated antigen were inhibited from making antibody to the antigen when deposited in the skin of animals possessing SF. The ACA test, thus, will be useful to detect pre-existing iso-hypersensitivity in species that do not readily show delayed dermal reactions.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Pondman K. W. , Stoop J. W. , Cormane R. H. , Hannema A. J.
Published: December 2022

A 6-year-old child gradually developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the first titration 3 months after onset of the disease, a zero C′H50 titer was found, while SLE was not yet manifest. At that time, the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell test was still negative and there were no anti-nuclear factors (ANF) present. Immunoglobulins could not be demonstrated in the basal membrane of the skin. Fluorescence demonstrating immunoglobulin fixation in skin was for the first time positive 5 months after the beginning of the complaints, while the LE cell test and ANF fluorescence remained negative. ANF were first demonstrated at 10 months. The LE cell test remained negative. A C′H50 titer of 0 value was found throughout. Patient's sera were tested for C′1, C′2, C′4 and “C′3 complex” (EDTA serum); only absence of C′1 was consistently noted. The C′1 esterase inhibitor level of the serum was significantly increased varying from 150 to 300% above normal.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Leon M. A. , Jocius I. , Yokohari R.
Published: December 2022

Reduction of partially purified IgM hemolysin (A) in solution, or bound to sheep erythrocytes (EA), is accompanied by loss of complement (C′)-fixing activity. C′-fixing activity is not recovered under mild oxidizing conditions. After reaction of EA with the jack bean lectin, concanavalin A, C′-fixing activity of the hemolysin can be destroyed by reduction and recovered by mild oxidation. C′-fixing activity of the reduced and re-oxidized products is determined after dissociation of concanavalin A from the complex using methyl-α-D glucoside. Reversibility of reduction after reaction of A with both Forssman antigen on the sheep erythrocytes and concanavalin A is interpreted as being due to increased rigidity of A under conditions where at least part of the FAB and FC portions of the molecule are complexed. The sulfhydryl groups formed on reduction are thus constrained and on re-oxidation form the same disulfide bonds found in the native molecule.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Donaldson V. , Ratnoff O. D. , Klemperer M. R. , Rosen F. S.
Published: December 2022

Plasma from persons with hereditary angioneurotic edema develops permeability factor and kinin activity, both of which seem to be due to the action of a relatively small polypeptide molecule. Histamine plays no role in these activities, clearly distinguishing the permeability factor and kinin properties in this plasma from the anaphylatoxins which may be formed from purified components of complement. Partially purified preparations of this kinin-permeability factor activity contracted rat uterus but not guinea pig ileum; and when injected intravenously into anesthetized rats, their arterial blood pressure was raised slightly. The kinin and permeability factor activity of this preparation could be destroyed during incubation with trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase. The effect on rat arterial blood pressure and susceptibility to trypsin suggest that the polypeptide differs from bradykinin and lysyl bradykinin, both of which have vasodepressor effects in the rat, and neither of which loses its kinin or permeability factor activity during incubation with trypsin.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Lachmann P. J. , Coombs R. R. A. , Fell H. B. , Dingle J. T.
Published: December 2022

Embryonic chick bones grown in organ culture in a medium containing rabbit antibody against cell membrane antigens and rabbit complement show extensive degradation of cartilage matrix and characteristic resorption of bone. Biochemical studies have shown that these changes are due to release of lysosomal protease. Cell death is confined to the extreme outer layer of cells; and if the affected rudiment is returned to a normal medium, recovery occurs rapidly and may be associated with irregular growth. These changes are wholly dependent on the presence of complement and are abolished if the source of complement is heated, or treated with antigen-antibody complexes or with zymosan. Serum from C′6-deficient rabbits is also quite inactive. Immunohistochemical examination of affected rudiments shows that fixed rabbit γ globulin is found maximally at the periphery of the rudiment and decreases sharply towards the center. Fixed C′3 is apparently confined wholly to the most peripheral layers.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Taylor F. B. , Müller-Eberhard H. J.
Published: December 2022

A study was undertaken to determine the requirements for lysis of clots formed by the addition of 1 U of thrombin to whole blood diluted 1:10 in phosphate buffer (µ = 0.082, pH 7.4, 4°C). Removal of platelets inhibited normal clot retraction and lysis. Addition of antisera specifically directed against purified γM globulin (19 S cold agglutinin), C′4, C′3, and plasminogen inhibited normal clot retraction and lysis. Antisera to γG globulin and albumin did not inhibit. Washed platelets were preferentially agglutinated by antisera to the above proteins. Photomicrographs of clots formed in the presence of γM antisera had fewer platelets and less platelet aggregation than control samples. These findings suggest that 1) platelets, a γM globulin, C′4, C′3, and plasminogen may participate in a series of reactions leading to lysis of the clot under these conditions; 2) the γM globulin, C′4 and C′3 are preferentially adsorbed onto the platelet surface under the conditions of the assay; and 3) these platelets with their attached proteins in turn are adsorbed onto the fibrin network.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968
Authors: Henson P. M. , Cochrane C. G.
Published: December 2022

Anti-BSA antibody produced in rabbits by injection of BSA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant was shown to elicit a PCA reaction in rabbits which was inhibited by C′3, platelet, or neutrophil depletion. This antibody was thus differentiated from homocytotropic antibody. In vitro this antibody, together with antigen, induced the clumping of rabbit platelets and release of their histamine in the presence of rabbit plasma. Clumping and release were observed when C′6-deficient, but not when cobra factor-treated (C′3-depleted), rabbit plasma was employed. Similarly, sheep erythrocytes or zymosan with fixed rabbit C′3 which have been subsequently washed caused adherence of washed platelets and the release of histamine. Treatment of platelets with IgG anti-platelet antibody also produced histamine release in the absence of plasma. The reaction of either antibody or fixed C′3 with the surface of rabbit platelets appears to induce the release of their contained histamine either directly or as a result of platelet-platelet contact.
Antibody-Producing Cells in Rabbits Injected with Soluble BSA
Authors: Daniels J. C. , Weigle William O.
Published: December 2022

Using a modified hemolytic plaque assay, the kinetics of antibody-producing cells were followed in both spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of rabbits receiving either primary or secondary injections of soluble BSA. Direct plaques, developed by complement alone, were distinguished from amplified plaques, requiring an incorporated antiglobulin. In the primary response spleen cells were much more active than lymph node cells, while identical responses were observed in spleen and nodes during the secondary response, probably because of a redistribution of memory cells. Peak numbers of antibody-producting cells preceded highest serum antibody levels by several days, but correlated with the appearance of circulating antigen-antibody complexes and their rapid immune elimination. In both primary and secondary responses, injection of large doses of soluble BSA were shown to result in fewer antibody-producing cells than did injection of moderate doses.
Light Chain Determinants of Exocrine Isoagglutinins
Authors: Costea Nicolas , Yakulis Vincent , Schmale John , Heller Paul
Published: December 2022

Exocrine (IgA) isoagglutinins with specificity to the A-erythrocyte antigen contain both K and L type IgA subunits which retain agglutinating activity. Reductive depolymerization using NaBH4 results in the formation of free transport pieces and 7 S subunits.
The Specificity of a Monoclonal Macroglobulin (γM) Antibody: Reactivity with Primate γG Immunoglobulins
Authors: Stone Marvin J. , Metzger Henry
Published: December 2022

A Waldenström macroglobulin antibody (γMLay) which reacts with human γG has been tested with γG from the major families of the Primate order. The antibody cannot distinguish between γG from the Hominoidea and Cercopithecoidea. It is totally unreactive with γG from the Ceboidea but, interestingly, reacts weakly with the more distantly related Lorisiformes (but not with γG from the Lemuriformes). Moreover, high molar ratios of γG from the Lorisiformes, P. potto and G. crassicaudatus quantitatively precipitated the γMLay antibody.

These results are most consistent with γMLay being homogeneous and directed to a single determinant on human γG.