bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of 4 Weeks of Elastic-Resistance Training on Ankle-Evertor Strength and Latency
Authors: Han KyungMo , Ricard Mark D.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Several researchers have suggested that improving evertor strength and peroneus longus reaction time may help alleviate the symptoms of chronic ankle instability and reduce the rate of recurrent ankle sprains.

Objectives:

To determine the effectiveness of a 4-wk elastic-resistance exercise-training program on ankle-evertor strength and peroneus longus latency in subjects with and without a history of ankle sprains (HAS).

Design:

Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Participants:

40 subjects (20 male, 20 female; 20 HAS, 20 healthy). Ten subjects (5 male and 5 female) from each of the HAS and healthy groups were randomly assigned to exercise or control groups.

Interventions:

4-directional elastic-resistance exercise training 2 times/wk for 4 wk.

Main Outcome Measures:

Ankle-evertor strength and peroneal muscle latency after sudden inversion were measured before training, after 4 wk of training, and 4 wk posttraining.

Results:

Four weeks of elastic-resistance exercise training did not elicit significant changes in 1-repetition-maximum ankle-evertor strength between the exercise and control groups (P = .262), HAS and healthy groups (P = .329), or males and females (P = .927). Elastic-resistance exercise training did not elicit significant changes in peroneus longus muscle latency between the exercise and control groups (P = .102), HAS and healthy groups (P = .996), or males and females (P = .947).

Conclusions:

The 4-wk elastic-resistance exercise training had no effect on ankle-evertor strength and reflex latency of the peroneus longus after unexpected ankle inversion.
Hip- and Trunk-Muscle Activation Patterns During Perturbed Gait
Authors: Stanek Justin M. , McLoda Todd A. , Csiszer Val J. , Hansen A.J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Selected muscles in the kinetic chain may help explain the body’s ability to avert injury during unexpected perturbation.

Objective:

To determine the activation of the ipsilateral rectus femoris (RF), gluteus maximus (MA), gluteus medius (ME), and contralateral external obliques (EO) during normal and perturbed gait.

Design:

Single-factor, repeated measures.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

32 physically active, college-age subjects.

Intervention:

Subjects walked a total of 20 trials the length of a 6.1-m custom runway capable of releasing either side into 30° of unexpected inversion. During 5 trials, the platform released into inversion.

Main Outcome Measures:

Average, peak, and time to peak EMG were analyzed across the 4 muscles, and comparisons were made between the walking trials and perturbed trials.

Results:

Significantly higher average and peak muscle activity were noted for the perturbed condition for RF, MA, and EO. Time to peak muscle activity was faster during the perturbed condition for the EO.

Conclusion:

Rapid contractions of selected postural muscles in the kinetic chain help explain the body’s reaction to unexpected perturbation.
An Exploration of Athletes’ Views on Their Adherence to Physiotherapy Rehabilitation After Sport Injury
Authors: Marshall Andy , Donovan-Hall Maggie , Ryall Steve
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To explore athletes’ perceptions of the factors that they feel may affect their adherence to a physiotherapy intervention.

Design:

A qualitative design using semistructured interviews.

Setting:

Participants were interviewed at home or their athletic club.

Participants:

8 participants, 5 men and 3 women with a mean age of 30.4 y.

Results:

Thematic analysis revealed 2 main categories of themes. The first relates to the athlete’s perceptions of factors affecting his or her own adherence, with themes including the impact of injury, justification of adherence, and strategies used by the patient. The second relates to perceptions of the physiotherapist’s impact on adherence, with themes relating to characteristics of and strategies used by the physiotherapist.

Conclusions:

Findings demonstrate the importance of exploring patients’ perceptions of adherence. A number of factors that affect adherence are identified, and strategies that may enhance adherence suggested.
Tendon Structure’s Lack of Relation to Clinical Outcome After Eccentric Exercises in Chronic Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy
Authors: de Vos Robert J. , Heijboer Marinus P. , Weinans Harrie , Verhaar Jan A.N. , van Schie Hans T.M.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy is a common and hard-to-treat disorder characterized by degenerative changes of the tendon matrix. Ultrasonographic tissue characterization (UTC) was successfully used to quantify structural human Achilles tendon changes. This novel and reliable technique could be used in follow-up studies to relate tendon structure to symptoms.

Objective:

To quantify structural tendon changes and assess clinical change in patients with tendinopathy.

Design:

Prospective observational study.

Setting:

Orthopedic department in a university medical center.

Patients:

23 patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy.

Intervention:

The patients performed a 16-wk home-based eccentric exercise program. An experienced researcher performed the ultrasonographic data collection with the UTC procedure. These data were assessed by a blinded observer. The severity of symptoms was established with the validated Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures:

UTC was performed to quantify tendon structure through measuring the proportion of 4 echo types. Echo types I and II represent more or less organized tendon bundles, and echo types III and IV represent disintegrated tendon structure. On the VISA-A, the total possible score is divided by 100 for a percentage score, with a perfect score of 100. Follow-up was at 2, 8, 16, and 24 wk.

Results:

The mean percentage of echo types I and II changed by 0.3% after 24 wk (P = .92, 95% CI −5.8 to 5.3). The mean VISA-A score increased slightly but significantly by 11.3 points after 24 wk (P = .01, 95% CI 2.6–20.0). An increased VISA-A score was not correlated with an increased percentage of echo types I and II (P = .94, r = −.02), and the baseline percentage of echo types I and II did not correlate with an increased VISA-A score (P = .74, r = .07).

Conclusions:

There is no short-term increase in organized tendon structure after eccentric exercises. Tendon structure is not related to symptom severity and cannot be used as a predictor of clinical outcome.
Dynamic-Position-Sense Impairment’s Independence of Perceived Knee Function in Women With ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Littmann Andrew E. , Iguchi Masaki , Madhavan Sangeetha , Kolarik Jamie L. , Shields Richard K.
Published: August 2016

Context:

There is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding whether women with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) demonstrate impaired proprioception. This study examined dynamic-position-sense accuracy and central-nervous-system (CNS) processing time between those with and without long-term ACLR.

Objective:

To compare proprioception of knee movement in women with ACLR and healthy controls.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Human neuromuscular performance laboratory.

Participants:

11 women (age 22.64 ± 2.4 y) with ACLR (1.6–5.8 y postsurgery) and 20 women without (age 24.05 ± 1.4 y).

Interventions:

The authors evaluated subjects using 3 methods to assess position sense. During knee flexion at pseudorandomly selected speeds (40°, 60°, 80°, 90°, and 100°/s), subjects indicated with their index finger when their knee reached a predetermined target angle (50°). Accuracy was calculated as an error score. CNS processing time was computed using the time to detect movement and the minimum time of angle indication. Passive and active joint-position sense were also determined at a slow velocity (3°/s) from various knee-joint starting angles.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Absolute and constant error of target angle, indication accuracy, CNS processing time, and perceived function.

Results:

Both subject groups showed similar levels of error during dynamic-position-sense testing, despite continued differences in perceived knee function. Estimated CNS processing time was 260 ms for both groups. Joint-position sense during slow active or passive movement did not differ between cohorts.

Conclusions:

Control and ACLR subjects demonstrated similar dynamic, passive, and active joint-position-sense error and CNS processing speed even though ACLR subjects reported greater impairment of function. The impairment of proprioception is independent of post-ACLR perception of function.
Effects of Respiratory-Muscle Exercise on Spinal Curvature
Authors: Obayashi Hiromune , Urabe Yukio , Yamanaka Yuki , Okuma Ryo
Published: August 2016

Design:

Randomized controlled study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

26 healthy swimmers randomly assigned to an exercise (n = 13; Ex) or control group (n = 13; Cont).

Intervention:

The Ex group performed respiratory-muscle exercises for 10 min thrice a week for 4 wk.

Context:

Respiratory-muscle exercises are used not only in the rehabilitation of patients with respiratory disease but also in endurance training for athletes. Respiration involves the back and abdominal muscles. These muscles are 1 of the elements responsible for posture control, which is integral to injury prevention and physical performance. However, the effects of respiratory-muscle exercise on posture remain unclear.

Objective:

To examine the potential of respiratory-muscle exercise for improving posture.

Main Outcome Measures:

Spinal curvature, pulmonary function, and trunk-muscle strength were measured for both the groups at baseline and after 4 wk. The data were compared between the Ex and Cont groups with Mann–Whitney U test and preintervention and postintervention within groups with a Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test.

Results and Conclusion:

The spinal curvature was significantly different in the Ex group, indicating a decrease in the thoracic (−13.1%, P < .01) and lumbar (−17.7%, P < .05) angles. The Ex group presented with lower thoracic (−8.6%) and lumbar (−20.9%) angles at postexercise than the Cont group (P < .05). With respect to trunk-muscle strength, only trunk-flexion strength significantly increased from pretest to posttest in the Ex group (P < .05). For pulmonary function, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1.0 s were significantly increased after 4 wk in the Ex group (P < .05). The results suggest that respiratory-muscle exercise straightened the spine, leading to good posture control, possibly because of contraction of abdominal muscles.
Reliability of 2-Dimensional Video Assessment of Frontal-Plane Dynamic Knee Valgus During Common Athletic Screening Tasks
Authors: Munro Allan , Herrington Lee , Carolan Michael
Published: August 2016

Context:

Two-dimensional (2D) video analysis of frontal-plane dynamic knee valgus during common athletic screening tasks has been purported to identify individuals who may be at high risk of suffering knee injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tear or patellofemoral pain syndrome. Although the validity of 2D video analysis has been studied, the associated reliability and measurement error have not.

Objective:

To assess the reliability and associated measurement error of a 2D video analysis of lower limb dynamic valgus.

Design:

Reliability study.

Participants:

20 recreationally active university students (10 women age 21.5 ± 2.3 y, height 170.1 ± 6.1 cm, weight 66.2 ± 10.2 kg, and 10 men age 22.6 ± 3.1 y, height 177.9 ± 6.0 cm, weight 75.8 ± 7.9 kg).

Main Outcome Measurement:

Within-day and between-days reliability and measurement-error values of 2D frontal-plane projection angle (FPPA) during common screening tasks.

Interventions:

Participants performed single-leg squat and drop jump and single-leg landings from a standard 28-cm step with standard 2D digital video camera assessment.

Results:

Women demonstrated significantly higher FPPA in all tests except the left single-leg squat. Within-day ICCs showed good reliability and ranged from .59 to .88, and between-days ICCs were good to excellent, ranging from .72 to .91. Standard error of measurement and smallest detectable difference values ranged from 2.72° to 3.01° and 7.54° to 8.93°, respectively.

Conclusions:

2D FPPA has previously been shown to be valid and has now also been shown to be a reliable measure of lower extremity dynamic knee valgus. Using the measurement error values presented along with previously published normative data, clinicians can now make informed judgments about individual performance and changes in performance resulting from interventions.
No Difference in Gluteus Medius Activation in Women With Mild Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: O’Sullivan Kieran , Herbert Ellen , Sainsbury David , McCreesh Karen , Clifford Amanda
Published: August 2016

Context:

The gluteus medius (Gmed) is proposed to consist of 3 functional subdivisions (anterior, middle, and posterior). Gmed weakness and dysfunction have been implicated in numerous lower extremity disorders, including patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). PFPS is a knee condition that frequently occurs in females and is associated with activities such as squatting and stair climbing. There is a lack of evidence for the role of the subdivisions of the Gmed in females with and without PFPS.

Objective:

To compare muscle activation in the 3 Gmed subdivisions during 4 weight-bearing exercises in women with and without PFPS.

Design:

Single-session, repeated-measures observational study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

Convenience sample of 12 women with PFPS and 12 age- and gender-matched asymptomatic controls.

Intervention:

Participants performed 4 weight-bearing exercises (wall press, pelvic drop, step-up-and-over, and unilateral squat) 3 times while surface electromyography (sEMG) activity of the Gmed segments was recorded.

Main Outcome Measures:

sEMG muscle activity for each functional subdivision of the Gmed during each weight-bearing exercise was analyzed using a mixed between–within-subjects ANOVA (post hoc Bonferroni).

Results:

No statistically significant differences in muscle activation were found between the PFPS and healthy participants (P = .97). Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences between the exercises (P = .19) or muscle fibers (P = .36) independent of group analyzed. However, the activation of the subdivisions varied according to the exercise performed (P = .003).

Conclusions:

Similar levels of muscle activation were recorded in the Gmed subdivisions of the PFPS and healthy participants during the different exercises. This is the first study to examine all 3 Gmed subdivisions in PFPS. Future studies using larger sample sizes should also investigate onset and duration of muscle activation in all Gmed subdivisions in both healthy individuals and those with PFPS.
Physiological Responses, Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Stride Characteristics During Walking on Dry Land and Walking in Water, Both With and Without a Water Current
Authors: Masumoto Kenji , Hamada Ayako , Tomonaga Hiro-omi , Kodama Kana , Hotta Noboru
Published: August 2016

Context:

Walking in water has been included in rehabilitation programs. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the influence of a water current on physiological responses, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and stride characteristics of subjects while they walk in water.

Objective:

To compare physiological responses, RPE, and stride characteristics of subjects walking in water (with and without a current) with those of subjects walking on dry land.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Participants:

7 male adults (mean age = 21.6 y).

Intervention:

Subjects walked on a treadmill on dry land and on an underwater treadmill immersed to the level of the xiphoid process. The walking speeds in water were set to be half of that on dry land.

Main Outcome Measures:

Oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), RPE (for breathing and legs, RPE-Br and RPE-Legs, respectively), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, and stride frequency (SF) were measured. In addition, stride length (SL) was calculated.

Results:

There was no significant difference in the VO2, RER, HR, VE, RPE-Br, and RPE-Legs while walking in water with a current compared with walking on dry land (P > .05). Furthermore, VO2, RER, HR, VE, RPE-Br, RPE-Legs, SF, and SBP while walking in water were significantly higher with a water current than without (P < .05).

Conclusions:

These observations suggest that half the speed should be required to work at the similar metabolic costs and RPE while walking in water with a current, compared with walking on dry land. Furthermore, it was suggested that the physiological responses and RPE would be higher while walking in water with a current than without.
Presentation and Conservative Management of Acute Calcific Tendinopathy: A Case Study and Literature Review
Authors: Scibek Jason S. , Carcia Christopher R.
Published: August 2016

Background:

The efficacy of a variety of noninvasive, conservative management techniques for calcific tendinopathy has been investigated and established for improving pain and function and/or facilitating a decrease in the size or presence of calcium deposits. Surprisingly, few have reported on the use of traditional therapeutic exercise and rehabilitation alone in the management of this condition, given the often spontaneous resorptive nature of calcium deposits. The purpose of this case is to present the results of a conservative approach, including therapeutic exercise, for the management of calcific tendinopathy of the supraspinatus, with an emphasis on patient outcomes.

Case Description:

The patient was a self-referred 41-y-old man with complaints of acute right-shoulder pain and difficulty sleeping. Imaging studies revealed liquefied calcium deposits in the right supraspinatus. The patient reported constant pain at rest (9/10) and tenderness in the area of the greater tuberosity. He exhibited a decrease in all shoulder motions and had reduced strength. The simple shoulder test (SST) revealed limited function (0/12). Conservative management included superficial modalities and medication for pain and a regimen of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral range-of-motion (ROM) and strengthening exercises.

Outcomes:

At discharge, pain levels decreased to 0/10 and SST scores increased to 12/12. ROM was full in all planes, and resisted motion was strong and pain free. The patient was able to engage in endurance activities and continue practicing as a health care provider.

Discussion:

The outcomes with respect to pain, function, and patient satisfaction provide evidence to support the use of conservative therapeutic interventions when managing patients with acute cases of calcific tendinopathy. Successful management of calcific tendinopathy requires attention to outcomes and an understanding of the pathophysiology, prognostic factors, and physical interventions based on the current stage of the calcium deposits and the patient’s status in the healing continuum.
Quadriceps Strength and Corticospinal Excitability as Predictors of Disability After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Pietrosimone Brian G. , Lepley Adam S. , Ericksen Hayley M. , Gribble Phillip A. , Levine Jason
Published: August 2016

Background:

Disability is common in a proportion of patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R). Neuromuscular quadriceps deficits are a hallmark impairment after ACL-R, yet the link between muscle function and disability is not understood.

Purposes:

To evaluate the ability of quadriceps strength and cortical excitability to predict self-reported disability in patients with ACL-R.

Methods:

Fifteen participants with a history of ACL-R (11 female, 4 male; 172 ± 9.8 cm, 70.4 ± 17.5 kg, 54.4 ± 40.9 mo postsurgery) were included in this study. Corticospinal excitability was assessed using active motor thresholds (AMT), while strength was assessed with maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). Both voluntary strength and corticospinal excitability were used to predict disability measured with the International Knee Documentation Committee Index (IKDC).

Results:

The overall multiple-regression model significantly predicted 66% of the variance in self-reported disability as measured by the IKDC index (R2 = .66, P = .01). Initial imputation of MVIC into the model accounted for 61% (R2 = .61, P = .01) of the variance in IKDC. The subsequent addition of AMT into the model accounted for an insignificant increase of 5% (Δ R2 = .05, P = .19) in the prediction capability of the model.

Conclusions:

Quadriceps voluntary strength and cortical excitability predicted two-thirds of the variance in disability of patients with ACL-R, with strength accounting for virtually all of the predictive capability of the model.
Immediate Effect of Kinesio Taping on Muscle Response in Young Elite Soccer Players
Authors: de Hoyo Moisés , Álvarez-Mesa Alejandro , Sañudo Borja , Carrasco Luis , Domínguez Sergio
Published: August 2016

Context:

Kinesio taping (KT) is a new taping technique increasingly used in sports medicine to improve muscle performance; however, its real effect is not entirely known.

Objective:

To assess the immediate effects of KT on muscle performance in young healthy elite soccer players.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Participants:

Eighteen young elite soccer players voluntarily participated in the study (mean ± SEM: age 18.20 ± 2.45 y, height 1.76 ± 3.56 m, body mass 65.25 ± 3.76 kg, body-mass index 20.12 ± 1.25 kg/m2).

Interventions:

Each subject completed 2 different protocols, with and without KT. Interventions were performed in a random order, with a washout period between conditions of 1 wk.

Main Outcome Measures:

Outcome measures included tensiomyographic response in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, power output with 30 and 50 kg, countermovement jump, and 10-m sprint.

Results:

Data showed no significant differences for any of the outcomes analyzed between interventions.

Conclusions:

KT does not produce a short-term improvement in muscle performance in young elite soccer players.
Two Stretching Treatments for the Hamstrings: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Versus Kinesio Taping
Authors: Chen Che-Hsiu , Huang Tsun-Shun , Chai Huei-Ming , Jan Mei-Hwa , Lin Jiu-Jenq
Published: August 2016

Context:

Recent studies have shown that the static stretch (SS) may adversely affect leg-muscle performance.

Objectives:

The authors examined the short-term effects of 2 stretching exercises on hamstrings muscle before and after exercise.

Design:

Crossover.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

9 healthy, physically active men.

Interventions:

There were 3 protocols in a randomized order with a 7-d interval: nonstretching (CON protocol), hamstrings static stretching (SS) with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), and SS with kinesio-taping application on the hamstrings.

Main Outcome Measures:

Outcome measures included first-felt and maximum tolerant-felt range of motion (FROM and TROM), maximal knee-flexion peak torque (PT) at 180°/s, and hamstrings muscle stiffness.

Results:

Groups were not different at prestretching in terms of hamstrings flexibility, PT, and muscle stiffness. At poststretching, both stretching protocols showed significant increases in FROM and TROM (P < .05). Stiffer hamstrings muscle and decreased PT were found in both SS+PNF and CON protocols (P < .05). However, there was no significant difference in the SS+Taping protocol (P > .05).

Conclusion:

The stretching protocols improve hamstrings flexibility immediately, but after exercise hamstrings peak torque is diminished in the SS+PNF but not in the SS+Taping group. This means that SS+Taping can prevent negative results from exercise, which may prevent muscle injury.
Effect of Foot Orthoses as Treatment for Plantar Fasciitis or Heel Pain
Authors: Anderson Jordan , Stanek Justin
Published: August 2016

Clinical Scenario:

Plantar fasciitis is a debilitating and painful problem present in the general population. It most often presents with moderate to severe pain in the proximal inferior heel region and is most commonly associated with repeated trauma to the plantar fascia. Plantar fasciitis, itself, is an injury at the site of attachment at the medial tubercle of the calcaneus, often due to excessive and repetitive traction. Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain and is estimated to affect 2 million people in the United States alone.

Focused Clinical Question:

For adults suffering from plantar fasciitis, are foot orthoses a viable treatment option to reduce pain?
Brain Regulation of Muscle Tone in Healthy and Functionally Unstable Ankles
Authors: Needle Alan R. , Palmer Jacqueline A. , Kesar Trisha M. , Binder-Macleod Stuart A. , Swanik C. Buz
Published: August 2016

Context:

Current research into the etiology of joint instability has yielded inconsistent results, limiting our understanding of how to prevent and treat ligamentous injury effectively. Recently, cortical reorganization was demonstrated in patients with ligamentous injury; however, these neural changes have not been assessed relative to joint laxity.

Objective:

The purpose of the current study was to determine if changes in cortical excitability and inhibition occur in subjects with functional ankle instability, as well as to investigate the relationship between these measures and joint laxity.

Design:

Posttest only with control group.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Subjects:

12 subjects with no history of ankle sprain (CON) and 12 subjects with a history of unilateral functional ankle instability (UNS).

Interventions:

Subjects were tested for joint laxity using an instrumented ankle arthrometer. Cortical excitability and inhibition were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to obtain motor-evoked potentials and the cortical silent period from the lower leg muscles.

Main Outcome Measures:

Joint laxity was quantified as peak anterior displacement and inversion rotation. Active motor threshold, slope, and intensity at 50% of peak slope of TMS-derived recruitment curves were used to quantify cortical excitability from lower leg muscles, while the cortical silent period from the peroneus longus was used to represent intracortical inhibition.

Results:

No significant differences were observed between groups for laxity or cortical measures. CON demonstrated a significant relationship between laxity and tibialis anterior excitability, as well as laxity and silent period, while UNS ankles demonstrated significant relationships between peroneal and soleus excitability and laxity measures.

Conclusion:

Our results support relationships between laxity and measures of excitability and inhibition that differ between healthy and unstable subjects. Future research should further investigate the mechanisms behind these findings and consider cortical influences when investigating altered joint laxity.
Comparison of Patient and Proxy Reporting of Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Athletes Who Suffer a Sports-Related Injury and Require Orthopedic Consultation
Authors: Valier Alison R. Snyder , Swank Elizabeth M. , Lam Kenneth C. , Hansen Matthew L. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich
Published: August 2016

Context:

Accurate assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is important for quality patient care. Evaluation of HRQoL typically occurs with patient self-report, but some instruments, such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), allow for proxy reporting. Limited information exists comparing patient and proxy reports of HRQoL after sport-related injury in adolescent athletes.

Objective:

To compare patient ratings and parent-proxy ratings of HRQoL in adolescent athletes who suffer musculoskeletal injuries requiring orthopedic consultation. The authors hypothesized poor agreement between patient and parent-proxy ratings of HRQoL.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Orthopedic practice.

Patients:

Thirteen adolescent patients with a sport-related musculoskeletal injury requiring orthopedic consultation and 1 of their parents participated.

Interventions:

During the initial visit to the physician’s office, each patient was asked to complete the PedsQL, and the patient’s parent was asked to complete the parent-proxy version of the PedsQL.

Main Outcome Measurements:

The PedsQL is a pediatric generic outcome measure that consists of a total score and 4 subscale scores: physical, emotional, social, and school functioning. Means and standard deviations were calculated for all scores, and comparisons between patient-self report and parent-proxy ratings of HRQoL were made for the PedsQL total score and subscale scores using Pearson product–moment correlations (r).

Results:

Pearson product–moment correlations showed little to fair insignificant relationships between patient self-report and parent-proxy report of the PedsQL for the total score (r = −.1) and all subscales (range r = .1 to .4).

Conclusions:

Our results suggest a lack of agreement between patient and parent-proxy ratings of HRQoL, with patients rating their HRQoL lower than their parent. Patient perception of HRQoL may be more accurate than proxy report, which supports the use of patient-rated HRQoL in patient evaluation. Assessments of HRQoL made by proxies, even those close to the patient, may not represent patient health status.
Effect of Patellar Taping and Bracing on Patellar Position: An MRI Case Study
Authors: Worrell Teddy W. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Farr Jack
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this case study was to determine the effect of patellar taping, patellar bracing, and control condition on (a) patellofemoral congruence angle (PFC), (b) lateral patellar angle (LPA), (c) lateral patellar displacement (LPD), and (d) pain, as determined by the visual analog scale (VAS) during an 8-in. step-down. The subject was a 15-year-old female with a 3-year history of recurrent patellar subluxations and anterior knee pain syndrome. Results revealed the following: control condition—PFC 41.4-1.1°, LPA 19.9-6.9°, LPD 18.6-8.3 mm, VAS 8.8 cm; tape—PFC 46.2-2.3°, LPA 25.1-2.9°, LPD 24.2-7.5 mm, VAS 0.8 cm; brace—PFC 3.4-16.5°, LPA 7.9-0.8°, LPD 9.4-4.7 mm, VAS 0.3 cm. Patellar bracing was effective in centralizing the patella as revealed by the PFC, LPA, and LPD measures; however, patellar taping did not improve patellar position, and in some positions taping actually worsened patellar position. A large reduction in pain as measured by the VAS occurred during an 8-in. step-down for both taping and bracing. More research is necessary to explain the pain reduction without a change in patellar position using tape.
Open versus Closed Kinetic Chain Rehabilitation of the Lower Extremity: A Functional and Biomechanical Analysis
Authors: Rivera Jose E.
Published: August 2016

Closed kinetic chain and functional rehabilitation have lately received increased attention in the rehabilitation community. The purpose of this paper is to review biomechanical considerations applicable to the lower extremity, in a way that clearly justifies the use of functionally sound rehabilitation exercises. The origin of the kinetic chain concept is reviewed, and the differences in biomechanical events in the foot, ankle, and knee under open versus closed chain conditions are described. An analysis of these biomechanical events supports the notion that function results from the integration of muscles and joints to achieve desired outcomes. This leads to the conclusion that rehabilitation exercises, in order to be functional, must demand integration of muscular activity, must be of a closed kinetic chain nature, and must challenge the utilization of normal proprioceptive mechanisms. Guidelines for the practical application of these principles are clearly outlined, and examples of functional activities are described. Readers are encouraged to explore creative and challenging approaches to help clients achieve their highest level of function.
Effect of Ibuprofen Use on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness of the El bow Flexors
Authors: Grossman Jayd M. , Arnold Brent L. , Perrin David H. , Kahler David M.
Published: August 2016

This study evaluated the effectiveness of ibuprofen in treating delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the elbow flexors when taken prior to and following exercise. Twenty subjects received either 2,400 mg/day ibuprofen or a placebo four times per day. Subjects performed intense eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors to elicit DOMS. Concentric and eccentric peak torque production against an isokinetic resistance of 0.52 radls, range of motion at the elbow, and subjective soreness of the elbow flexors were measured. ANOVA indicated no significant group-by-time interaction for concentric peak torque, eccentric peak torque, or pain. A significant interaction was revealed for range of motion. There was a significant difference within each group's ROM but no interaction between groups. It was concluded that the use of 2,400 mg/day ibuprofen prior to and following intense eccentric exercise was no more effective than a placebo in treating DOMS of the elbow flexors.
Intertester Reliability of Active and Passive Ankle Joint Position Sense Testing
Authors: Szczerba Joseph E. , Bernier Julie N. , Perrin David H. , Gansneder Bruce M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to estimate intertester reliability of active and passive ankle joint position sense measurements in uninjured subjects. Subjects were 10 males and 10 females. Active and passive ankle joint position sense was assessed by two testers. Each subject was positioned supine on a modified examination table with his or her ankle placed in 25° of plantar flexion. Joint position sense (IPS) measurements, on two separate occasions, were recorded in degrees of error from four predetermined test positions. Test order was counterbalanced according to mode (active/passive) and test position. Two trials were performed for each sequence and the average of the two was recorded for analysis. The results revealed that both the active and passive JPS protocols yielded poor to moderate intertester reliability. It was concluded that further research is needed to develop reliable protocols for testing joint position sense of the ankle joint.
Abdominal Strengthening Exercises: A Comparative EMG Study
Authors: Beim Gloria M. , Giraldo Jorge L. , Pincivero Danny M. , Borror Matthew J. , Fu Freddie H.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare electromyographic (EMG) activity of the abdominal muscles between the crunch exercise and five other popular abdominal exercises. Surface EMG recordings of four muscles (upper rectus, lower rectus, external oblique, and internal oblique) of the anterior abdominal wall were collected and analyzed on 20 healthy, male volunteers. EMG activity was recorded during execution of the abdominal crunch, the sit-up, and exercises performed with the Abflex machine, the AbRoller, the Nordic Track Ab Works, and the Nautilus crunch machine. The results indicate that the crunch exercise is comparable to the five other abdominal exercises with respect to muscle activation of the internal and external abdominal oblique muscles. Activation of the upper rectus abdominal muscles appears to be best achieved with the Abflex machine, whereas the crunch exercise is superior to the sit-up for activation of the upper and lower rectus abdominal muscles.
ACL Surgery and Accelerated Rehabilitation: Revisited
Authors: De Carlo Mark , Klootwyk Thomas E. , Shelbourne K. Donald
Published: August 2016

Rehabilitation following intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has undergone a dramatic evolution during the last decade. This paper describes our accelerated rehabilitation program, which is divided into four phases. The preoperative phase begins immediately after injury and emphasizes control of swelling and restoration of full range of motion (ROM) and strength before surgery. Phase II, which includes the first 2 weeks after surgery, emphasizes helping the patient obtain full terminal knee extension and weight bearing. The final two phases focus on improving lower extremity strength and full return to daily and athletic activities. This accelerated program has resulted in an earlier return of ROM and strength as well as a decrease in postoperative procedures, without compromising ligamentous stability.
Inter- and Intratester Reliability of Lower Extremity Circumference Measurements
Authors: Harrelson Gary L. , Leaver-Dunn Deidre , Fincher A. Louise , Leeper James D.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the inter- and intratester reliability of lower extremity circumference measurements obtained by two testers using the same tape measure and two different tape measures. Twenty-one male high school student-athletes participated in this study. Two testers measured lower extremity circumference at three sites using a standard flexible tape measure and a Lufkin tape measure with a Gulick spring-loaded handle attachment. Measurement sites were medial joint line, 20 cm above medial joint line, and 15 cm below medial joint line. Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed for inter- and intratester comparisons for each measuring device and each measurement site. Results indicated high reliability but a significant difference between the two tape measures. These findings indicate that the reliability of lower extremity circumference measurements is not influenced by tester experience and that the Lufkin tape measure with the Gulick handle attachment is the more accurate of the two tape measures.
Relationship between Clinical and Forceplate Measures of Postural Stability
Authors: Riemann Bryan L. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Shields Edgar W.
Published: August 2016

Although sophisticated forceplate systems are available for postural stability analyses, their use is limited in many sports medicine settings because of budgetary constraints. The purpose of this investigation was to compare a clinical method of evaluating postural stability with a force-platform sway measure. Participants completed a battery of three stance variations (double, single, and tandem) on two different surfaces (firm and foam) while standing on a force platform. This arrangement allowed for simultaneous comparisons between forceplate sway measures and clinical assessments using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). Significant correlations were revealed for the single-leg and tandem stances on the firm surface and for double, single, and tandem stances on the foam surface. These results suggest that the BESS is a reliable method of assessing postural stability in the absence of computerized balance systems.
The Relationship of Ankle Temperature during Cooling and Rewarming to the Human Soleus H Reflex
Authors: Krause. B. Andrew , Hopkins J. Ty , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Cordova Mitchell L. , Edwards Jeffrey E.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

Correlate skin temperature and motoneuron-pool recruitment during cooling and rewarming.

Design:

Within-subjects, correlational analysis. H reflex was correlated to ankle-skin temperature over time using a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and a coefficient of determination (R2).

Subjects:

Ten healthy, physically active college students.

Measurements:

Soleus H reflex and ankle-skin interface temperature were measured during ice application and rewarming. Electrical stimulation was delivered to produce 75% of each subject's maximum H reflex.

Results:

Ankle cooling (r = −.95, P < .05) exhibited a strong inverse relationship with soleus H reflex. A positive correlation was observed between rewarming (r = .74, P < .05) and soleus H reflex.

Conclusions:

Temperature accounts for nearly 90% (R2 = .90) of the variability in the soleus H reflex during cooling and 55% (R2 = .55) during rewarming, suggesting that more motoneurons are recruited as temperature decreases. These interactions appear to involve both local and central nervous system functions.
Balance and Joint Stability: The Relative Contributions of Proprioception and Muscular Strength
Authors: Blackburn Troy , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Petschauer Meredith A. , Prentice William E.
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To determine whether proprioception or muscular strength is the dominant factor in balance and joint stability and define what type of ankle rehabilitation is most effective for these purposes.

Setting:

The University of North Carolina Sports Medicine Research Laboratory.

Subjects:

Thirty-two healthy volunteers free of head injury, dominant leg injury, and vestibular deficits.

Design:

Subjects were divided into control, strength-training, proprioceptive-training, and strength-proprioception combination training groups. Balance was assessed before and after 6-week training programs.

Measurements:

Static, semidynamic, and dynamic balance were assessed.

Results:

Subjects showed no improvement for static balance but improved significantly for semidynamic (P= .038) and dynamic (P = .002) balance. No significant differences were observed between groups.

Conclusions:

Enhancement of proprioception and muscular strength are equally effective in promoting joint stability and balance maintenance. In addition, no 1 type of training program is superior to another for these purposes.
Concerns of Preservice Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Behets Daniel
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the concerns of preservice physical education teachers at the University of Leuven (Belgium). In two studies, data were obtained with two different methodologies, namely a questionnaire and the logbook. In the first study the Teacher Concerns Questionnaire (TCQ) was administered to 100 students on three occasions during their early field teaching experiences. Of the three types of concern—self, task, and impact—only impact concern increased significantly and could be identified as a stable factor. In line with related studies, data did not reveal the three stages of Fuller’s concern model. In the second study written concerns were gathered using the logbook method. Concerns about pupil control and organization were found most frequently. Finally, concerns obtained from the TCQ were compared with the written ones. The contradicting findings suggest there are both idealistic and realistic concerns. Further research into a valid instrument for assessing concerns of prospective physical educators is recommended.
Toward Understanding, Dialogue, and Polyvocality in the Research Community: Extending the Boundaries of the Paradigms Debate
Authors: Sparkes Andrew C.
Published: August 2016

This paper attempts to extend the boundaries of the paradigm debate by focusing on the textual construction of realities. In doing so, it is concerned to enhance the possibilities of critical dialogue within the research community so that understanding might prevail. Insights from poststructuralism are provided to illuminate the manner in which different paradigms utilize various discourses and rhetorics to persuade the reader of the legitimacy of their findings. It is suggested that researchers be encouraged to become active readers and engage in the criticism of texts so that their involvement in producing texts may be viewed as literary enterprises. The development of such a critical and reflective self-awareness regarding their own stylistic conventions and the manner in which these express specific taken-for-granted paradigmatic assumptions are taken to be vital first steps in opening up the possibilities for entertaining alternative views and exploring the intellectual landscape of others. The difficulties of this task are outlined in relation to the political economy of truth and the manner in which power operates to prevent polyvocality in the marketplace of ideas.
Teacher Role Identity of Student Teachers in Physical Education: An Interactive Analysis
Authors: Solmon Melinda A. , Worthy Terry , Lee Amelia M. , Carter Jo A.
Published: August 2016

This investigation examined the teaching perspectives of student teachers and described the interplay between their role identities and teaching contexts. Principal findings were (a) investigators were able to describe definable characteristics of teacher role identity and assess the relative strength of the role based on clarity of teacher image and level of confidence, (b) interaction patterns were observable and varied according to individual teacher and context, (c) subjects with stronger TRIs were able to negotiate for and closely approximate a real teaching role by implementing their own style, and (d) subjects with weaker TRIs relied heavily on their cooperating teachers by mimicking their teaching styles and routines. In conclusion, the findings of this study support the view of the prospective teacher as an active agent in controlling the direction of biography and social structure in the socialization process.
Curriculum Theory as Practiced: Case Studies of Operationalized Value Orientations
Authors: Ennis Catherine D.
Published: August 2016

This research was conducted to investigate the role of value orientations in effective elementary physical educators’ curricular decision making. Educational value orientations served as the theoretical base for the research. Three research questions were examined: (a) what were the learning goals and expectations for student performance in each program, (b) why did teachers value these goals, and (c) how well did students understand the goals and expectations of the program? Data were collected through class observations, teacher and student interviews, and the Value Orientation Inventory. Data were analyzed using constant comparison. Results described students’ learning goals and academic and social performance expectations within each teacher’s value profile. Dynamical systems theory was used to elaborate the influence of value orientations in the curriculum decision-making process.
Prospective PETE Students, PETE Student Teachers, and Clinical Model Teachers in a University Teacher Education Program
Authors: Graham Kathy C. , Hohn Richard C. , Werner Peter H. , Woods Amelia M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare conceptions of teaching of different groups of individuals associated with a university physical education teacher education (PETE) program. These individuals were 6 prospective PETE students, 4 PETE student teachers, and 4 cooperating teachers in the physical education department’s Clinical Model Program. The intent was to assess subjects’ conceptions, values, and beliefs about teaching relative to the seven categories of the knowledge base identified by Shulman (1987). Data were collected through use of a structured interview with frequent probes. Results revealed that teaching conceptions of prospective PETE students differed considerably from those of the other two groups. In addition, conceptions of student teachers and clinical model teachers more closely resembled those aspects emphasized in the teacher education program. Results of this exploratory study suggest questions for future research.