bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME ASPECTS OF THE USE OF DISTRIBUTED LEDGER TECHNOLOGY (BLOCKCHAIN) IN RELATION TO REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS (CONTRACTS, ETC.): THE EXPERIENCE OF RUSSIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia, BELIKOVA KSENIA
Published: October 2020

This article is aimed at identifying the approaches of a number of foreign countries that are being implemented to address the issues of using distributed ledger technology (blockchain) in relation to real estate transactions, and some aspects of the situation in Russia. The starting point of the research is the currently observed creeping networking - the establishment of non-market communication, which is beginning to replace purely monetary regulators in the economy, law and other spheres of the life of the society. In this format the article analyzes approaches of foreign countries that create patterns of permissibility and assent of different applications of distributed ledger technology (blockchain) in relation to real estate transactions (sale & purchase contracts, leases, etc.), the potential of such an application and the existing legal (including mentality, tradition, etc.) basis based on analytical reflections on the information gathered from sources and literature from the list of references. The author reveals the dependence of the permissibility (acceptability, acceptance, etc.) of using distributed real estate ledgers in foreign countries on the degree of involvement of the intermediary (Registrar of rights, etc.) in real estate transactions and the notary system in force in the country. The relevance, theoretical and practical significance of such a research is due to the fact that a number of approaches to legislation can be useful in finding answers to similar questions related to the understanding, development and adoption of a similar approach by our country, and the fact that this study serves to fill in the existing gap in the coverage of legal and other approaches of foreign countries in the field under study in the modern period. The author's results are presented among others in the idea that the more types of real estate registration in the countries under study are not required, the better space for implementing blockchain-based transactions will there still be. This prospect, however, is negated by the desire of the parties themselves to register transactions & contracts that according to law does not need any registrations in order to create a legal certainty regime for themselves.
TO THE QUESTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TORTURE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors:   North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Nalchik, Russian Federation, ZHURTOV ASTEMIR
Published: October 2020

Cruel and inhumane acts that harm human life and health, as well as humiliate the dignity, are prohibited in most countries of the world, and Russia is no exception in this issue. The article presents an analysis of the institution of responsibility for torture in the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that the current criminal law of Russia superficially and fragmentally regulates liability for torture, in connection with which the author formulated the proposals to define such act as an independent crime. In the frame of modern globalization, the world community pays special attention to the protection of human rights, in connection with which large-scale international standards have been created a long time ago. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international acts enshrine prohibitions of cruel and inhumane acts that harm human life and health, as well as degrade the dignity.Considering the historical experience of the past, these standards focus on the prohibition of any kind of torture, regardless of the purpose of their implementation.
SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS OF FORENSIC ACTIVITIES OF CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
Authors:   Russian Customs Academy, ARISTEEV MINGIYAN
Published: October 2020

The article presents the results of a study of the problems of forensic activities of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation, conducted in the period from 2016 to 2019. The analysis made it possible to identify and classify the so-called “factors negatively affecting the forensic activities of customs authorities”. The above classification allows us to reflect at a comprehensive level the system of forensic activities of customs authorities in terms of its weaknesses. The text gradually reveals and describes the positions of some domestic scientists on the way to solving the problems of forensic activities of customs authorities. Based on the analysis of empirical material, the work of expert scientists and forensic scientists, recommendations are made on solving specific problems of forensic activities of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation.
LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF SELF-DEFENSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND CITIZENS AND LEGAL INTERESTS
Authors:   North Osetian State University named after Kosta Levanovich Khetagurov, Vladikavkaz, Russian Federation, RAMONOV SOSLAN
Published: October 2020

The scientific article briefly analyzes in a historical retrospective the issues of the formation and development of the institution of self-defense of rights and legitimate interests, starting with the Digest of Justinian and ending with today. The emphasis in the article is made on the need to study the issues of self-defense of the legitimate interests of citizens, as a little-explored side of this institution. At present, it seems important and timely to distinguish between subjective law and legitimate interest in the framework of the study of the constitutional right to self-defense. In addition, the article touches upon the problems of improving the institution of self-defense of rights and legitimate interests in the framework of out-of-court dispute resolution. The author makes a proposal to amend the article 12 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation related to the protection of both legal rights and legitimate interests.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW ON “SOVEREIGN RUNET”: LEGAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Authors:   North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Nalchik, Russian Federation, ZHUKOV AZAMAT , SHUGUNOV TIMUR ,   Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M.Berbekov, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Nalchik, Russian Federation
Published: October 2020

The article discusses the problems of the practical implementation of the law on “sovereign runet”. This bill is an integral element in the formation of a digital economy system. Many countries are actively developing a sustainable and highly effective cyber- security system. The implementation of aggressive policies in a number of countries is one of the reasons for the adoption of this bill andthe creation of a domestic system. However, this bill caused a number of disputes, both in professional and political circles. The relevance of the topic of theoretical research is obvious, since the formation of a digital economy and the creation of a sustainable cybersecurity system is impossible without the creation of domestic information resources.
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF MINORS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF ANTI-PUBLIC ACTION
Authors:   North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Nalchik, Russian Federation, KUMYSHEVA MARINA , SHIGALUGOVA MARYANA
Published: October 2020

Modern Russian legislation is focused on the effective protection of human rights. In this area, special attention is paid to the institution of the family and the rights of minors. The article presents an analysis of the responsibility for involving minors in the commission of antisocial actions. Based on the study, the author notes that Russian law does not reflect all the nuances of the crime in question. In this regard, proposals have been formulated to improve the current criminal law by supplementing with qualifying features.
FEATURES OF SOCIALIZATION OF DIFFICULT CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors:   North-Caucasian Advanced Training Institute (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Nalchik, Russian Federation, DADOVA ZALINA , BURAYEVA LYUDMILA
Published: October 2020

The aim of the work is to study optimal conditions for the socialization of difficult children and adolescents. The concept of “socialization” is defined and the characteristic features of this social process are considered in the article. The role of socialization institutions of different levels - the family and pedagogical institutions of different levels - is analyzed. The features and problems of difficult children and adolescents socialization are studied and recommendations are given for improving the effectiveness of this pedagogical and psychological process. A set of measures is proposed to optimize the education of difficult children and adolescents. The authors conclude that it is necessary to develop new methods and approaches to the difficult children and adolescents socialization in order to correct their behavior in the conditions of changing behavior norms in society.
SOME FORMS OF REALIZATION BY THE STATE OF A SOCIAL FUNCTION
Authors:   Vologda State University, Vologda, Russian Federation, OSOKINA YULIA , SERIAKOVA IRINA ,   Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penal Service of Russia, Vologda, Russian Federation, SAVICHEVA ELENA
Published: October 2020

The study is aimed at identifying the range of problems caused by the implementation of the state social function, as well as detecting ways to solve them. In modern society, the state's implementation of a social function is gaining importance in connection with increasing social tension and the strengthening of the role of the state in solving social problems against this background. Most of them are caused by economic difficulties, since the state can realize social rights and guarantees mainly due to material support, and, for the most part, the society is not ready for the functions that are assigned to it by the modern social state: active position, participation in charity, assistance in the implementation of social functions by authorities. In this regard, it is necessary to determine the priority of the interests of society and the state, identify the main problems that arise in the implementation of the idea of a social state and determine ways to solve them. In this article, the authors consider forms of implementing the social function of the state at the state and non-state levels. Particular attention is paid to the municipal level of organization of the social function as the closest to the population, as well as the activities of trade union organizations. A significant contribution to the formation and development of the idea of the state's implementation of a social function, in particular, was made by the scientist G. Becker. Other authors mentioned in the article also point to the most common problems in the process of implementing the social function of the state at all levels.
LEGAL, MORAL AND ETHICAL SIDE OF THE OFFENSE, DISCREDITING HONOR EMPLOYEE THE PENAL SYSTEM
Authors:   Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation, KOCHKINA OKSANA , MARCHUK OLGA ,   Interregional Training Centre for Management of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Moscow region, pos. New Homes, Russian Federation
Published: October 2020

The article examines the legal and moral and ethical aspects of a misdemeanor that discredits the honor of an employee of the criminal Executive system. The considered reason for dismissal has the main feature associated with the integration of legal and moral norms, which often raises a lot of questions about the attribution of a particular offense to this basis. Using the analysis of normative legal acts, the authors attempt to identify the signs that contribute to the separation of the studied grounds for dismissal from all their diversity. The classification of offenses that discredit the honor of an employee of the criminal Executive system is presented, which allows to systematize and organize the knowledge obtained about the considered grounds for dismissal. The analysis of a misdemeanor that defames the honor of an employee of the penal system from a moral and ethical position gives an understanding, first of all, that it does not have a clear regulation from the point of view of the law, but the consequences of committing such a misdemeanor are clearly legal. The concepts of “honor” and “dignity” are considered as ethical categories and are analyzed as personal qualities that are manifested in an employee of the penal correction system during the period of service. These categories in the behavior of a person or employee are manifested both externally (assessment from the outside) and internally (self-assessment). The article describes the value orientation of an employee of the criminal Executive system to ethical standards in professional activity, which is an integral part of the moral and ethical side of a misdemeanor that discredits the honor of an employee.
TO THE QUESTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TRAINING FOR THE PURPOSE OF IMPLEMENTING TERRORIST ACTIVITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors:   North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Nalchik, Russian Federation, AKKAEVA HALIMAT
Published: October 2020

At present, terrorism is an urgent problem for most states of the world. In this regard, there is a constant improvement of legislation and law enforcement practice in the counter-terrorism sphere. The author analyzed the institution of responsibility for training in order to carry out terrorist activities in the Russian Federation. The article states that Russian criminal law has examined certain aspects of holding accountable for undergoing appropriate training. However, this legal regulation does not take into account the currentlevel of development of the criminal community. In this regard, author's proposals are formulated to consolidate the organization of training in order to carry out terrorist activities as an independent crime.
GROUNDS AND CONDITIONS FOR THE CONTINUATION OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE EVENT OF THE DEATH OF A SUSPECT (ACCUSED)
Authors:   Research Center of Management Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation, ANUCHINA OLGA
Published: October 2020

The death of a suspect (accused) is considered in the article not only as the basis for terminating the criminal case, but also as the factual basis for the continuation of the proceedings for rehabilitation. The necessity of protecting not only the rights and legitimate interests of the deceased as a subject of legal reality, but also the legitimate interests of the close relatives of the deceased, his heirs, in their absence - the defender, as well as accomplices of the crime, is determined. At the same time, we are talking about circumstances and conditions under which the criminal proceedings should be continued in order to rehabilitate the deceased suspect (accused).
LEADERS OF ORGANIZED CRIME AS AN OBJECT OF CRIMINALISTIC RESEARCH
Authors:   Institute of Law and National Security FSBEI HE “Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin”, Tambov, Russian Federation, POTAPOV SERGEY , POPOVA NADEZHDA
Published: October 2020

The relevance of the article is due to a comprehensive study of the concept of organized crime leaders. The purpose of the article is to analyze the forensic aspects of the characteristics of this legal phenomenon as a whole, as well as to consider the problematic elements that exist in it. The realization of this goal is achieved by using the laws of dialectics, formal logic and the application of general scientific and special scientific research methods. The article uses a systematic approach to the study of the object in question. The concept of a leader is given, the basic qualities inherent in him are considered, and it is concluded that these qualities are clearly manifested, or if they are lacking, they are developed in the course of their criminal activity. It is noted that the leaders of organized crime, both general criminal and economic, have a different set of these qualities. The features inherent in the leaders of these areas of organized criminal activity are highlighted. The problems of a criminal-legal nature that have a negative impact on bringing them to criminal responsibility are investigated, and proposals are made to eliminate the problems identified.
INTERPRETATION OF SINO-RUSSIAN CULTURE AND HUMANITIES COOPERATION IN THE NEW ERA
Authors:   Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China, YANYAN REN
Published: October 2020

The friendship between nations lies in the mutual affinity of the people, and the people’s affinity lies in the communion of hearts. The cultural and humanities cooperation between China and Russia has a long history. In recent years, under the role of the“Belt and Road” initiative, the SCO, and the Sino-Russian Humanities Cooperation Committee, Sino-Russian culture and humanities cooperation has continued to deepen. Entering a new era, taking the opportunity to promote Sino-Russian relations into a “new era China-Russia comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership”, the development of human relations between the two countries has entered a new historical starting point, while also facing a series of problems and challenges. This article is based on the current status of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, interprets the characteristics of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, analyzes the problems and challenges of Sino-Russian human relations in the new era, and tries to propose solutions and solutions with a view to further developing Sino-Russian cultural and humanities relations in the new era. It is a useful reference, and provides a reference for future related research, and ultimately helps the Sino-Russian cultural and humanities relations in the new era to be stable and far-reaching.
ABOUT ETHNIC FEATURES OF RUSSIAN THINKING
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, ANDRIEVSKAYA ZHANNA
Published: October 2020

This article discusses a specifically Russian type of thinking with its specific ethnic Russian type of rationality; the purpose of the article is to detect their characteristic features. It is revealed, that Russian thinking is not reduced to performing banal logical operations at the level of rational activity of “common sense”; it is indicated that it is characterized by a slight neglect of rationality, pragmatism, “common sense”, it contains some super-rational elements, that can not reduced to either rational or cognitive in general, and are the basis of such phenomena as, for example, “breadth of the Russian soul” - signs that are nonspecific for carriers of Western rationality; this reveals the existence of the Russian type of rationality, which cannot be reduced to either Western or Eastern typesof rationality. Thus, the purpose of this article - to discuss the irreducibility of the fundamental specifics of Russian thinking - first of all, value - to the Eastern and Western specifics of thinking - is achieved through consideration of these value attitudes, and above all, to the installation of refusal to reduce rational activity to rational, - Russian people “Thinks with the heart”, and not with reason, and, thus, the Russian cultural space forms a special type of rationality, moreover, it is not hybrid in the “ West - East ” coordinates, which is not a kind of an interest in the attitudes of Western and Eastern types of rationality, but representing a certain independent, immanent, autonomous, original, type of rationality that passed through a thousand years of its historical crystallization, from ancient pagan cults to its modern - post-Soviet state.
“NOVELTY” AS A COMMUNICATIVE CRITERION OF SOCIAL “AUTOPOIESIS” (ON THE EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENCES IN THE SOCIETY OF HOMERIC AND ARCHAIC GREECE)
Authors:   Vladimir State University, Vladimir, Russian Federation, LIUTAEVA MARIA
Published: October 2020

The study is devoted to the semantic study of the phenomenon of “novelty” in the context of social and philosophical theorizing by Niklas Luhmann. The factor of novelty is considered as a necessary aspect of communication, its obligation as an informational or demonstrative component, the semantic ambiguity of the word in the subsystems of religion and art is indicated. On the basis of an etymological analysis and study of the resource of the National Corpus of the Russian language, three “basic” attitudes towards the novelty were identified: negative, neutral and positive in the fields of religion and art. Within the framework of the study, the dependence of the noting of the “new” and social valuations of this phenomenon depending on the cultural and historical context, the study of which is possible using the methodology of N. Luhmann, is indicated. As an example of the practical application of the method of “distinguishing differences” and identifying semantic dynamics in self-descriptions of autopoietic social systems, the experience of understanding the novelty in the society of Homeric and archaic Greece, the degree and forms of its acceptability/unacceptability is analyzed. In terms of Luhmann’s philosophy, the society of our research refers to segmented, in which access to the forbidden, the unknown, of which the novelty is a part, is strictly regulated. On the basis of Homer’s poems, as well as texts of the archaic period, the main mechanisms of the emergence of a novelty are shown, interpreted as news from the world of the gods, received by people through poets, oracles, signs. As a result of the study, the difference between the lexeme «novelty» and the social phenomenon of the new was demonstrated. The phenomenon of novelty is an integral characteristic of communication, however, the historical forms of its access to social life change depending on the context, which can be traced in the textual forms of self-description of a society.
INTERNATIONAL PROJECT “ONE BELT, ONE ROAD”: SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT
Authors:   Shandong University, School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Shandong, China, PROSKURIAKOV MAKSIM
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the research is to carry out a semantic and pragmatic analysis of the concept “One Belt, One Road”. Methodology. The work integrates a complex of modern approaches and methods, the main of them are the ideas and principles of the traditional cultural-historical method, which provided an analysis of the etymology of the concept and the features of the translation “One Belt, One Road”. Linguistic analysis of hieroglyphs, word usage and interpretation of words made it possible to analyze the structural elements of the concept “One Belt, One Road”. Main results. It was determined that the project presented by the PRC mythologizes the former Silk Road, since a priori it defines its belonging exclusively to the Chinese civilization. This project semantically incorporates all the previous Silk Roads, in fact, polemicizing with the Western worldview and returning to the sinocentric model of worldview. As a result of the study, it is shown that “One Belt, One Road” is the Chinese way of thinking about creating an all-encompassing road, at the same time mythologizing and globalizing the ancient Silk Road in order to solve the current problems of the PRC. Application of the study. The materials and conclusions of the research can be used in university courses in political linguistics, in special courses and special seminars in Sinology, when writing coursework, qualification and dissertation papers. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the analysis of the concept “One Belt, One Road” was first carried out in the context of semantics and pragmatics. Such a study provides not only an opportunity to once again analyze the concept of “One Belt, One Road”, but also to trace the influence of the Chinese ethnic mentality on its political and economic processes in the world.
THE GENESIS OF CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS IN THE POLITICAL REFORM OF MODERN COUNTRIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIA AND FRANCE)
Authors:   Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation, EPREMYAN MARIETA
Published: October 2020

The article examines the epistemological roots of conservative ideology, development trends and further prospects in political reform not only in modern Russia, but also in other countries. The author focuses on the “world” and Russian conservatism. In the course of the study, the author illustrates what opportunities and limitations a conservative ideology can have in political reform not only in modern Russia, but also in the world. In conclusion, it is concluded that the prospect of a conservative trend in the world is wide enough. To avoid immigration and to control the development of technology in society, it is necessary to adhere to a conservative policy. Conservatism is a consolidating ideology. It is no coincidence that the author cites as an example the understanding of conservative ideology by the French due to the fact that Russia has its own vision of the ideology of conservatism. If we say that conservatism seeks to preserve something and respects tradition, we must bear in mind that traditions in different societies, which form some kind of moral imperatives, cannot be a single phenomenon due to different historical destinies and differing religious views. Considered from the point of view of religion, Muslim and Christian conservatism will be somewhat confrontational on some issues. The purpose of the work was to consider issues related to the role, evolution and prospects of conservative ideology in the political reform of modern countries. The author focuses on Russia and France. To achieve this goal, the method of in-depth interviews with experts on how they understand conservatism was chosen. Already today, conservatism is quite diverse. It is quite possible that in the future it will transform even more and acquire new reflections.
IMAGE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA IN THE MEDIA VOLGA FEDERAL DISTRICT (BASED ON CONTENT ANALYSIS OF NEWS PUBLICATIONS)
Authors:   Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68, Bolshevistskaya st., Saransk, ZAITSEVA LARISA
Published: October 2020

The territorial image is formed both purposefully by the subjects of image-making, and spontaneously-based on the influence of information content published in various media. The purpose of the research is to analyze the image of the Republic of Mordovia in the information space of the Volga Federal district. The image of the territory formed by external target audiences by means of news materials is studied using the method of case study and content analysis of publications: “Volga news”, “Federal Press” news of the PFD, “Pravda PFD”. The authors conclude that modern reality is perceived through the prism of the information field created by mass media. The media creates images filled with certain data, facts, colored by emotions, on the basis of which representations, opinions, judgments, and assessments are subsequently formed. The media play a significant role in shaping the territorial image, especially for external target audiences who are not familiar with the region and do not have their own assessment knowledge and experience. Most of the information content about the Republic in the studied media is related to the main thematic blocks: politics, economy, social sphere, culture (art, sports). Moreover, if in the publications “Volga news” and “Pravda PFD” mention of the region prevails in the economic block, then in the publications “Federal Press” and “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” - in the political one. The Volga news publication significantly dominates the rest in terms of the number of publications about Mordovia. The content of publications is mostly positive and neutral related to the issues of economic development of the territory and the preparation and holding of the world football championship. Pravda PFD mentions the Republic in the context of news from neighboring territories, most of the publications date back to 2018, but here the context is related to the Republic's positions among the regions of the PFD in various ratings. The publication “Federal-Press” forms a generally reflective image of the territory, focusing on the negative aspects of regional life. “Nezavisimaya Gazeta”, giving priority to political news, maintains a neutral and reflective context of publications, paying attention to the key problems of the territory. Thus, the desired image of the region is counter-dictated to the image broadcast by the media through various information channels, so it is necessary to constantly monitor the information space and timely correction of the broadcast materials.
CRIME AS A VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors:   Arbitration Court of the Moscow Region, Moscow, Russian Federation, GUZEEVA OLGA
Published: October 2020

Relevance of the research. The close substantive and functional connection between human rights and a crime forms a complex research subject, though its study is not given sufficient attention in the domestic literature. On the one hand, the concept of human rights violations includes acts that are not always criminalized, on the other hand, not all crimes can be regarded as violations of human rights. Meanwhile, the criminal law is recognized as a universal instrument of protecting human rights, and therefore it must take into account these features of offenses in the mechanism of its functioning. Purpose of the research. The relevant task of this publication is to define a differentiated analysis of the mechanism for the formation of a criminal-legal prohibition on committing dangerous acts, depending on whether they infringe or not infringe on the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Research results. Acts that infringe on fundamental human rights and freedoms are subject to mandatory criminalization. The unlawfulness of such acts is determined precisely by the fact that they violate the general constitutional provisions on the inadmissibility of encroachments on fundamental rights and freedoms. Acts that do not infringe on fundamental human rights and freedoms can be criminalized in accordance with the discretion of the legislator. The establishment of a criminal law prohibition in this case is preliminarily mediated by the construction of sectoral legal restrictions for the relations protected by the criminal law. Such sectoral legal restrictions are subject to the requirements of Part 3 of Art. 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and can be expressed in two of their main forms: either as a complete prohibition of a certain right (freedom), or as a decrease in the options for possible, permissible behavior by establishing various limits of such behavior by state authorities. A differentiated analysis of the mechanism of criminalization of acts, depending on their correlation with violation of human rights, proves that the criminal law itself, formally confirming in the dispositional part, the restriction of the rights of law-abiding citizens, in reality does not restrict them, since the grounds for such a restriction lie outside the criminal law.
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors:   “Akkuyu Nükleer” Anonim Şirketi, Moscow, Russian Federation, MOLODTSOV TOMAS
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the definition of artificial intelligence and its impact on human rights in the context of lawmaking activity. Purpose of the article: this paper aims to investigate the main approaches to understanding artificial intelligence and the consequences of its integration into the legislative process, as well as to assess the impact of artificial intelligence on human rights. The purpose of the article is also to identify the risks of such influence and ways to level them. Methodology and methods: this article uses general scientific methods of analysis, especially empirical and dialectical, which allow to consider raised issues comprehensively. The author also uses methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. Conclusions: as the result of this research, the author comes to the conclusion that artificial intelligence, understood as both an exclusively automated tool and a pure consciousness, can significantly optimize the current lawmaking system. However, its impact on human rights in this context may be negative, limiting the freedom of choice, privacy and secrecy of correspondence. To protect human rights, the author recommends using automation tools only as additional measure, but not as substitute. The conclusion raises the question of what consequences can occur for people if artificial intelligence, integrated into law-making activities, can become aware of itself. Scope of the results: this work can be interested to both lawmakers and society as a whole, as it raises basic issues of human rights protection in the context of global digitalization.
THE HISTORY OF LAW REGULATION OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC OIL DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Murmansk Arctic State University (MASU), Murmansk, Russian Federation, IVANOVA VICTORIA
Published: October 2020

The article discusses the main laws regulated search and extraction of oil and gas in the Russian Arctic in the 20th century. The establishment of Energy Law in Russia and the main periods of oil and gas development in the Russian Arctic are demonstrated.
The Effect of Nitrogen Starvation on Biomass Yield and Biochemical Constituents of Rhodomonas sp.
Authors: Latsos Christos , van Houcke Jasper , Timmermans Klaas R.
Published: October 2020

The microalgae Rhodomonas sp. is known as an excellent feed source for live feed organisms such as copepods. The main benefits of feeding Rhodomonas to live feed animals are attributed to the relative high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level, the combination of containing both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and the ratio between these fatty acids (FA). It has been shown that microalgae are able to accumulate valuable metabolites, such as lipids, under adverse conditions. The easiest and most inexpensive method to induce stress to microalgae is through nitrogen (N) starvation. In this study, the effect of N-starvation on biomass concentration, cell volume, and cellular composition, such as fatty acid concentration and composition, and phycoerythrin (PE) concentration of Rhodomonas sp. during a period of 8 days, was investigated. The research was divided into two stages. In the first (growth) stage, Rhodomonas sp. was cultivated in small 400 ml photobioreactors (Algaemist-S) under optimal conditions in turbidostat mode, which reached a biomass concentration of 1.5 gDW L–1 and dilution rate of 1.3 d–1. Samples were taken every 24 h for cell density and volume and productivity measurements in order to ensure a healthy and stable culture. In the next stage (N-starvation), the biomass was washed and transferred in a reactor filled with N-depleted medium. During N-starvation, samples were taken for biomass concentration, cell volume, PE and FA composition. The results of this study demonstrate that the lipid content increased significantly from 9% (t = 0 h) to 30% (t = 120 h) of the dry weight. After 120 h of N-starvation, the total FA content of Rhodomonas sp. remained stable for the remainder of the experiment (next 72 h). The highest increase of the FA concentration was represented by C16:0, C:18:1, C18:2, and C18:3, with highest concentrations after 120 h of starvation. The maximum EPA and DHA concentrations were observed after 48 h of starvation, while the maximum DHA to EPA ratio was detected at the end of the starvation.
Genome Editing for CNS Disorders
Authors: Duarte Fábio , Déglon Nicole
Published: October 2020

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders have a social and economic burden on modern societies, and the development of effective therapies is urgently required. Gene editing may prevent or cure a disease by inducing genetic changes at endogenous loci. Genome editing includes not only the insertion, deletion or replacement of nucleotides, but also the modulation of gene expression and epigenetic editing. Emerging technologies based on ZFs, TALEs, and CRISPR/Cas systems have extended the boundaries of genome manipulation and promoted genome editing approaches to the level of promising strategies for counteracting genetic diseases. The parallel development of efficient delivery systems has also increased our access to the CNS. In this review, we describe the various tools available for genome editing and summarize in vivo preclinical studies of CNS genome editing, whilst considering current limitations and alternative approaches to overcome some bottlenecks.
Spatial Skills Associated With Block-Building Complexity in Preschoolers
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxia , Chen Chuansheng , Yang Tao , Xu Xiaohui
Published: October 2020

Block building is a popular play activity among young children and is also used by psychologists to assess their intelligence. However, little research has attempted to systematically explore the cognitive bases of block-building ability. The current study (N= 66 Chinese preschoolers, 32 boys and 34 girls; mean age = 4.7 years, SD = 0.29, range = 3.4 to 5.2 years) investigated the relationships between six measures of spatial skills (shape naming, shape recognition, shape composition, solid figure naming, cube transformation, and mental rotation, with the former four representing form perception and the latter two representing visualization) and block-building complexity. Correlation results showed that three of the four measures of form perception (shape naming, shape recognition, and shape composition) were significantly and positively correlated with block-building complexity, whereas the two measures of visualization were not. Results from regression models indicated that shape recognition and shape composition, as well as shape-recognition-by-gender interaction, were unique predictors of children’s block-building complexity. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the basic spatial skills underlying children’s block-building complexity and have implications for classroom instructions aimed at improving preschoolers’ block-building complexity.
The Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatment on the Fruit Quality of ‘Idared’ Apples during Storage and Transportation
Authors: Tomala Kazimierz , Małachowska Maria , Guzek Dominika , Głąbska Dominika , Gutkowska Krystyna
Published: October 2020

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is applied as an inhibitor of ethylene action, which is widely used in postharvest technology to prolong the shelf life of many fruits. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility to apply 1-MCP treatment to maintain the quality of ‘Idared’ apples for long-distance transportation. The studied apples were assessed in three groups: (I) 1-MCP postharvest treatment; (II) 1-MCP postharvest treatment with Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) selected gas permeability bags; and (III) control groups (with neither 1-MCP treatment, nor dedicated packaging). Apples were subjected to storage in the Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) chamber that was applied for 0 weeks, 10 weeks and 20 weeks (three periods of storage); simulated long-distance transport (6 weeks); and simulated distribution, which was applied for 0 days, 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days (4 periods of distribution). The obtained 36 groups (three postharvest treatments per three periods of storage per four periods of distribution) were analyzed to assess firmness, total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA). There were differences between firmness values for control groups and those with 1-MCP applied, which were characterized by higher values of firmness (p < 0.05). Groups with 1-MCP and MAP applied combined were characterized by higher values of TSS than control groups (p < 0.05). The majority of groups with 1-MCP applied alone were characterized by higher values of TA than control groups (p < 0.05), but values for samples attributed to 1-MCP and MAP combined were not higher than for 1-MCP alone. It may be concluded that 1-MCP applied postharvest contributed to higher results of firmness and TA of ‘Idared’ apples after long-distance transportation, but combining 1-MCP with MAP did not contribute to further differences for TA. However, for TSS the observed influence was inconclusive. It may be stated that 1-MCP is a beneficial treatment for ‘Idared’ apples for long-distance transportation as it prolongs their shelf life and improves firmness.
The Dynamics of Endophytic Bacterial Community Structure in Rice Roots under Different Field Management Systems
Authors: Lin Guan-Ying , Lin Chia-Yu , Chang Su-Jein , Lin Wei-Yi
Published: October 2020

The structure of endophytic bacteria is important to plant health and stress tolerance, but little is known about the impacts of farming systems on temporal changes in diversity of endophytic bacteria. In this study, we investigated the endophytic microbiome in rice roots under organic and conventional farming systems at the seedling and tillering stages over two consecutive cropping seasons using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Although the composition of the microbiome was significantly influenced by a field management system, growth stage, and interaction between the two factors, the growth stage alone explained more than 40% of variance. Soil pH and organic matter content also partially influenced the endophytic bacterial community composition. In addition, through indicator species analysis and the functional profiles predicted by phylogenetic analysis, we revealed the selection force of rice roots at the tillering stage to recruit endophytes, which are beneficial to plant growth. In summary, our data show that the dynamics of rice root bacterial composition are mainly influenced by the plant growth stage. Our findings offer new insights regarding the control of the root microbiome by host plants and the influence of farming systems.
Decontamination of Ti Oxide Surfaces by Using Ultraviolet Light: Hg-Vapor vs. LED-Based Irradiation
Authors: Arroyo-Lamas Nagore , Ugalde Unai , Arteagoitia Iciar
Published: October 2020

C-range Ultraviolet (UVC) mercury (Hg)-vapor lamps have shown the successful decontamination of hydrocarbons and antimicrobial effects from titanium surfaces. This study focused on surface chemistry modifications of titanium dental implants by using two different light sources, Hg-vapor lamps and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), so as to compare the effectivity of both photofunctionalization technologies. Two different devices, a small Hg-vapor lamp (λ = 254 nm) and a pair of closely placed LEDs (λ = 278 nm), were used to irradiate the implants for 12 min. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to characterize the chemical composition of the surfaces, analysing the samples before and after the lighting treatment, performing a wide and narrow scan around the energy peaks of carbon, oxygen and titanium. XPS analysis showed a reduction in the concentration of surface hydrocarbons in both UVC technologies from around 26 to 23.4 C at.% (carbon atomic concentration). Besides, simultaneously, an increase in concentration of oxygen and titanium was observed. LED-based UVC photofunctionalization has been suggested to be as effective a method as Hg-vapor lamps to remove the hydrocarbons from the surface of titanium dental implants. Therefore, due to the increase in worldwide mercury limitations, LED-based technology could be a good alternative decontamination source.
Glaucoma and Antioxidants: Review and Update
Authors: Garcia-Medina Jose Javier , Rubio-Velazquez Elena , Lopez-Bernal Maria Dolores , Cobo-Martinez Alejandro , Zanon-Moreno Vicente , Pinazo-Duran Maria Dolores , del-Rio-Vellosillo Monica
Published: October 2020

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Oxidative stress has been related to the cell death in this disease. Theoretically, this deleterious consequence can be reduced by antioxidants substances. The aim of this review is to assemble the studies published in relation to antioxidant supplementation and its effects on glaucoma and to offer the reader an update on this field. With this purpose, we have included studies in animal models of glaucoma and clinical trials. Although there are variable results, supplementation with antioxidants in glaucoma may be a promising therapy in glaucoma.
A Preprocessing Strategy for Denoising of Speech Data Based on Speech Segment Detection
Authors: Lee Seung-Jun , Kwon Hyuk-Yoon
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we propose a preprocessing strategy for denoising of speech data based on speech segment detection. A design of computationally efficient speech denoising is necessary to develop a scalable method for large-scale data sets. Furthermore, it becomes more important as the deep learning-based methods have been developed because they require significant costs while showing high performance in general. The basic idea of the proposed method is using the speech segment detection so as to exclude non-speech segments before denoising. The speech segmentation detection can exclude non-speech segments with a negligible cost, which will be removed in denoising process with a much higher cost, while maintaining the accuracy of denoising. First, we devise a framework to choose the best preprocessing method for denoising based on the speech segment detection for a target environment. For this, we speculate the environments for denoising using different levels of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and multiple evaluation metrics. The framework finds the best speech segment detection method tailored to a target environment according to the performance evaluation of speech segment detection methods. Next, we investigate the accuracy of the speech segment detection methods extensively. We conduct the performance evaluation of five speech segment detection methods with different levels of SNRs and evaluation metrics. Especially, we show that we can adjust the accuracy between the precision and recall of each method by controlling a parameter. Finally, we incorporate the best speech segment detection method for a target environment into a denoising process. Through extensive experiments, we show that the accuracy of the proposed scheme is comparable to or even better than that of Wavenet-based denoising, which is one of recent advanced denoising methods based on deep neural networks, in terms of multiple evaluation metrics of denoising, i.e., SNR, STOI, and PESQ, while it can reduce the denoising time of the Wavenet-based denoising by approximately 40–50% according to the used speech segment detection method.