bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of sprout damage on durum wheat milling and pasta processing quality
Authors: Fu B. X. , Hatcher D. W. , Schlichting L.
Published: January 2014

Fu, B. X., Hatcher, D. W. and Schlichting, L. 2014. Effects of sprout damage on durum wheat milling and pasta processing quality. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 545–553. Due to concerns over the unusual sprouting problem observed in the 2010 harvest of Canada Western Amber Durum Wheat (CWAD), it was deemed necessary by the industry to investigate and determine if appropriate tolerances for sprout damage were in place, particularly for No. 3 CWAD. More information on the impact of visually assessed sprout damage on durum quality is needed to better define the associated acceptable level of falling number (FN). To this end, two different samples of CWAD were sourced for this project: a No. 1 CWAD (FN 479 s) and a No. 5 CWAD (FN 68 s) degraded primarily due to sprout damage. A total of 19 samples were used in the study, i.e., a series of eight composite samples prepared by blending the No. 1 with increasing amounts of No. 5, as well as the two control extremes. The FNs of the blends were well characterized, displaying an incremental decrease of ∼50 s with increasing sprout damage. Each wheat sample was milled in duplicate. The resulting semolina was analyzed for ash, pigment, pigment loss, yellowness (b*), and speckiness. Protein content, gluten index and alveograph parameters were also evaluated. The semolina was made into spaghetti for colour measurement and texture evaluation. Results indicated that there was no change in ash content, pigment or semolina b* value even at 50% blend (FN 101 s). However, a noticeable increase in total speck count and the number of dark specks in the semolina were detected once the blending ratio reached the 35% level (FN 208 s). The increase in speck count was largely due to mildew associated with the No. 5 CWAD sample. The influence of sprout damage on gluten strength was minimal at all levels of blending. A significant increase in spaghetti redness (a*) was detected in blends with 25% (FN 152 s) or more of No. 5 CWAD. A decline in spaghetti brightness (L*) was also observed when transitioning from the 15% blend (FN 204 s) and very evident at the 35% blend (FN 123 s) level. No discernible differences due to sprout damage were noticed within the composite blends in terms of processing properties, firmness and cooking loss of the cooked pasta, although spaghetti made from the No. 5 sample showed slight checking, higher cooking loss and lower firmness.
Understanding Organizational Memory from the Integrated Management Systems (ERP)
Authors: Perez Gilberto , Ramos Isabel
Published: January 2014

With this research, in the form of a theoretical essay addressing the theme of Organizational Memory and Integrated Management Systems (ERP), we tried to present some evidence of how this type of system can contribute to the consolidation of certain features of Organizational Memory. From a theoretical review of the concepts of Human Memory, extending to the Organizational Memory and Information Systems, with emphasis on Integrated Management Systems (ERP) we tried to draw a parallel between the functions and structures of Organizational Memory and features and characteristics of ERPs. The choice of the ERP system for this study was made due to the complexity and broad scope of this system. It was verified that the ERPs adequately support many functions of the Organizational Memory, highlighting the implementation of logical processes, practices and rules in business. It is hoped that the dialogue presented here can contribute to the advancement of the understanding of organizational memory, since the similarity of Human Memory is a fertile field and there is still much to be researched.
Summertime free-tropospheric ozone pool over the eastern Mediterranean/Middle East
Authors: Zanis P. , Hadjinicolaou P. , Pozzer A. , Tyrlis E. , Dafka S. , Mihalopoulos N. , Lelieveld J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Observations show that the Mediterranean troposphere is characterized by a marked enhancement in summertime ozone, with a maximum over the eastern Mediterranean. This has been linked to enhanced photochemical ozone production and subsidence under cloud-free anticyclonic conditions. The eastern Mediterranean is among the regions with the highest levels of background tropospheric ozone worldwide. A 12 yr climatological analysis (1998–2009) of free-tropospheric ozone was carried out over the region based on the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) ERA-Interim reanalysis data and simulations with the EMAC (ECHAM5–MESSy) atmospheric chemistry–climate model. EMAC is nudged towards the ECMWF analysis data and includes a stratospheric ozone tracer. A characteristic summertime pool with high ozone concentrations is found in the middle troposphere over the eastern Mediterranean–Middle East (EMME) in the ERA-Interim ozone data, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite ozone data and simulations with EMAC. The enhanced ozone over the EMME during summer is a robust feature, extending down to lower free-tropospheric levels. The investigation of ozone in relation to potential vorticity and water vapour and the stratospheric ozone tracer indicates that the dominant mechanism causing the free-tropospheric ozone pool is the downward transport from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, in association with the enhanced subsidence and the limited horizontal divergence observed over the region. The implications of these high free-tropospheric ozone levels on the seasonal cycle of near-surface ozone over the Mediterranean are discussed.
Terrestrial carbon sink observed from space: variation of growth rates and seasonal cycle amplitudes in response to interannual surface temperature variability
Authors: Schneising O. , Reuter M. , Buchwitz M. , Heymann J. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere is currently acting as a net carbon sink on the global scale, exhibiting significant interannual variability in strength. To reliably predict the future strength of the land sink and its role in atmospheric CO2 growth, the underlying biogeochemical processes and their response to a changing climate need to be well understood. In particular, better knowledge of the impact of key climate variables such as temperature or precipitation on the biospheric carbon reservoir is essential. It is demonstrated using nearly a decade of SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) nadir measurements that years with higher temperatures during the growing season can be robustly associated with larger growth rates in atmospheric CO2 and smaller seasonal cycle amplitudes for northern mid-latitudes. We find linear relationships between warming and CO2 growth as well as seasonal cycle amplitude at the 98% significance level. This suggests that the terrestrial carbon sink is less efficient at higher temperatures during the analysed time period. Unless the biosphere has the ability to adapt its carbon storage under warming conditions in the longer term, such a temperature response entails the risk of potential future sink saturation via a positive carbon-climate feedback. Quantitatively, the covariation between the annual CO2 growth rates derived from SCIAMACHY data and warm season surface temperature anomaly amounts to 1.25 ± 0.32 ppm yr−1 K−1 for the Northern Hemisphere, where the bulk of the terrestrial carbon sink is located. In comparison, this relationship is less pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. The covariation of the seasonal cycle amplitudes retrieved from satellite measurements and temperature anomaly is −1.30 ± 0.31 ppm K−1 for the north temperate zone. These estimates are consistent with those from the CarbonTracker data assimilated CO2 data product, indicating that the temperature dependence of the model surface fluxes is realistic.
Aerosol impacts on California winter clouds and precipitation during CalWater 2011: local pollution versus long-range transported dust
Authors: Fan J. , Leung L. R. , DeMott P. J. , Comstock J. M. , Singh B. , Rosenfeld D. , Tomlinson J. M. , White A. , Prather K. A. , Minnis P. , Ayers J. K. , Min Q.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Mineral dust aerosols often observed over California in winter and spring, associated with long-range transport from Asia and the Sahara, have been linked to enhanced precipitation based on observations. Local anthropogenic pollution, on the other hand, was shown in previous observational and modeling studies to reduce precipitation. Here we incorporate recent developments in ice nucleation parameterizations to link aerosols with ice crystal formation in a spectral-bin cloud microphysical model coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in order to examine the relative and combined impacts of dust and local pollution particles on cloud properties and precipitation type and intensity. Simulations are carried out for two cloud cases (from the CalWater 2011 field campaign) with contrasting meteorology and cloud dynamics that occurred on 16 February (FEB16) and 2 March (MAR02). In both cases, observations show the presence of dust and biological particles in a relative pristine environment. The simulated cloud microphysical properties and precipitation show reasonable agreement with aircraft and surface measurements. Model sensitivity experiments indicate that in the pristine environment, the dust and biological aerosol layers increase the accumulated precipitation by 10–20% from the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada for both FEB16 and MAR02 due to a ~40% increase in snow formation, validating the observational hypothesis. Model results show that local pollution increases precipitation over the windward slope of the mountains by a few percent due to increased snow formation when dust is present, but reduces precipitation by 5–8% if dust is removed on FEB16. The effects of local pollution on cloud microphysics and precipitation strongly depend on meteorology, including cloud dynamics and the strength of the Sierra Barrier Jet. This study further underscores the importance of the interactions between local pollution, dust, and environmental conditions for assessing aerosol effects on cold-season precipitation in California.
An interaction network perspective on the relation between patterns of sea surface temperature variability and global mean surface temperature
Authors: Tantet A. , Dijkstra H. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. On interannual- to multidecadal timescales variability in sea surface temperature appears to be organized in large-scale spatiotemporal patterns. In this paper, we investigate these patterns by studying the community structure of interaction networks constructed from sea surface temperature observations. Much of the community structure can be interpreted using known dominant patterns of variability, such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. The community detection method allows us to bypass some shortcomings of Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis or composite analysis and can provide additional information with respect to these classical analysis tools. In addition, the study of the relationship between the communities and indices of global surface temperature shows that, while El Niño–Southern Oscillation is most dominant on interannual timescales, the Indian West Pacific and North Atlantic may also play a key role on decadal timescales. Finally, we show that the comparison of the community structure from simulations and observations can help detect model biases.
Quantitative spatial analysis of rockfalls from road inventories: a combined statistical and physical susceptibility model
Authors: Böhme M. , Derron M.-H. , Jaboyedoff M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Quantitative spatial analyses and statistical susceptibility assessments based on road inventories are often complicated due to the registration of impacts instead of source areas. A rockfall inventory from the Norwegian Directorate of Public Roads is analysed spatially in order to investigate potential controlling parameters in the Norwegian county Sogn and Fjordane. Quantitative spatial relationships are then used to model rockfall susceptibility with the help of the Weights-of-Evidence method. The controlling parameters tectono-stratigraphic position, quaternary geology, geological lineament density, relative relief and slope aspect resulted in the best performing model and thus yielded the basis for the statistical susceptibility map for the entire county of Sogn and Fjordane. Due to registered impacts instead of sources, the important parameter slope angle could not be included in the statistical models. Combining the statistical susceptibility model with a physically based model, restricts the susceptibility map to areas that are steep enough to represent a potential rockfall source. This combination makes it possible to use road inventories, with registered impacts instead of sources, for susceptibility modelling.
Chemical and physical transformations of mercury in the ocean: a review
Authors: Batrakova N. , Travnikov O. , Rozovskaya O.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Mercury is well known as a dangerous neurotoxin enriched in the environment by human activities. It disperses over the globe, cycling between different environmental media. The ocean plays an important role in the global mercury cycle, acting both as a dispersion medium and as an exposure pathway. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the major physical and chemical transformations of mercury in the ocean. This review describes the mechanisms and provides a compilation of available rate constants for the major processes in seawater, including oxidation and reduction reactions under light and dark conditions, biotic and abiotic methylation/demethylation, and adsorption by particles. In perspective, these data could be useful for the development of transport models describing processes undergone by mercury in the ocean and in air–seawater exchange.
Concurrent Brucellosis and Q Fever Infection: a Case Control Study in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan
Authors: Saeed Khwaja Mir Islam , Ahadi Jamalludin , Sahak Mohammad Nadir , Ghiasi Ahmad Farid , Ashgar Rana Jawad
Published: January 2014

Background: More than 500,000 people are affected by brucellosis each year while the incidence of Q fever is poorly recorded. Consistent outbreaks of brucellosis have been reported in Afghanistan, affecting social and economic life. This study aimed to determine the means of propagation of brucellosis and Q-fever and establish appropriate control measures for both.Methods and Materials: An outbreak of 1,317 cases of brucellosis and Q fever was investigated from May 2011 to the end of 2012 in Bamyan province of Afghanistan.A total of 100 cases were selected by random sampling with equal number of neighbor controls. Data were collected through structured questionnaire.Results: The average age was 30 years ±14 years. Of those sampled, 62% were female, 38% were male, and resided in three districts: Punjab, Yakawlang and Waras. Using multivariate analysis, being a housewife (OR=7.36), being within proximity of kitchens to barns (OR= 2.98), drinking un-boiled milk (OR= 5.26), butchering (OR= 3.53) and purchasing new animals in the last six months (OR= 3.53) were significantly associated with contraction of brucellosis and Q fever.Conclusion: Health educators should focus on families dealing with animals, especially on females. Pasturing, healthy milking, dunging, and slaughtering practices, along with use of safe dairy products should be the focus of preventive measures.
Ricoeur and Foucault: Between Ontology and Critique
Authors: Gamez Patrick
Published: January 2014

In this paper, I trace some of Ricoeur’s criticisms of Foucault in his major works on historiography, and evaluate them. I find that Ricoeur’s criticisms of Foucault’s archaeological project in Time and Narrative are not particularly worrisome, and that Foucault’s “critical” project actually provides alternatives for enriching and expanding on some of Ricoeur’s later insights in Memory, History, Forgetting and – in particular – for troubling the distinction made between critique and ontology.
Narrative Identity and Social Networking Sites
Authors: Romele Alberto
Published: January 2014

The following paper takes on a double hypothesis: (1) that the concept of narrative identity, as developed by Ricoeur, is a strong candidate to account for the consequences of the “emplotment (mise en intrigue)” of our identities on social networking sites; and (2) that social networking sites can be useful to reconsider some of the assumptions at the basis of the Ricoeurian concept of narrative identity. The analysis is developed in three sections: (a) Ricoeur’s “temperate” notion is compared to the “savage” post-modern concept of performative identity; (b) part of the literature about identity on social networking sites is criticized in the light of the Ricoeurian concept; and (c) the paper considers the impact of such a “detour” through social networking sites on Ricoeur’s still monomediatic and monolinear notion.
Introduction
Authors: Chinello Chiara , Pedone Claudia , Romele Alberto
Published: January 2014

Présentation du septième numéro de Études Ricœuriennes/Ricœur Studies dédié à “la crise du soi: fragilité, vulnérabilité et souffrance.“
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Chaiklin Martha
Published: January 2014

None
Raw materials intended to be used for Gene, Cell and Tissue therapies: legal and regulatory considerations
Authors: Bisson Sophie
Published: January 2014

This paper offers some insights on the European regulatory situation with respect to raw materials used in production of gene, cell and tissue therapy products, including advanced therapy medicinal products. By focusing on the existing EU and French rules, the purpose of this paper is to review the content and scope of the measures restricting their placing on the market and/or use, the legal implications and hence key challenges ahead. Also known under the specific term â€˜ancillary productsâ€™ in France, raw materials are subject to a fragmented regulatory environment that could indirectly hinder innovation in this rapidly evolving area. Taking account of contamination risk that could originate from such materials, the question as to whether it is necessary to assure their quality and safety by means of one or various regulatory instrument(s) does not arise. Nevertheless, it is vital that, in a sector as innovative as this one, an appropriate and more predictable regulatory regime applies in Europe, which requires undertaking a constructive work aimed at harmonising the rules in relation to production of and trade in raw materials intended to be used for advanced therapies while ensuring the EU objective of public health protection: a work already in progress.
A Social Media Manifesto
Authors: Pitts Peter J.
Published: January 2014

The role of marketing communications is to advance the bottom line and the public good â€“ and not necessarily in that order. Giving back is an integral part of the New Normal. And there has never been a better tool to accomplish this mission than social media.But healthcare marketing â€“and particularly of the regulated variety --is between a rock and a hard place. On the one hand, marketers understand the importance and opportunity in social media. Itâ€™s where the people are. Itâ€™s where the action is. But then there are all those pesky regulatory concerns.As Walter Oâ€™Malley â€“the man who moved the Brooklyn Dodgers to Los Angeles once commented, â€œThe future is just one damn thing after another.â€
How a large biotechnology company teamed with a translation service provider to define best practices
Authors: Coombs Jeremy
Published: January 2014

According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, nearly 100,000 pharmaceutical and biotechnology patent applications are filed each year around the world, and the trend is increasing. These companies have very little room for error in the work they conduct each day. As a result, the translations of these patent applications need to be completely accurate, which requires a translation service provider who follows best practices. These best practices include centralized processes, highly specialized teams, quality control, terminology management and advanced technologies.By following them, they will ultimately reduce office actions and litigation risks, as well as decrease time to grant.Â This case study will highlight how a large biotechnology company worked with their translation service provider to develop a series of best practices for the translations of their intellectual property, focused primarily on their patent applications. Readers will come away with an understanding of how their multinational enterprises can leverage these best practices to get improved quality, reduced time to grant and more filings for the budget.Â
PB1-F2 Amino Acids Regulate Influenza A Viral Polymerase Activity
Authors: Yumi Ueda  , Motoko Tanaka  , Yukihiro Kyan  , Mitsutaka Yoshida  , Kenji Sasahara  , Kyoko Shinya
Published: January 2014

In 2001, the 11th influenza A viral protein PB1-F2 was detected and found to be encoded by an alternative open reading frame in the PB1 polymerase gene. PB1-F2 has several unique functions, including roles in promoting apoptosis, increasing inflammation, and regulating viral polymerase activity. This study focused on a single PB1-F2 function: regulation of polymerase activity. We constructed a minigenome system to determine the influence of PB1-F2 amino acid (aa) mutations on polymerase activity. We examined four types of aa mutations: three species-specific aa mutations and one mutation that alters pathogenicity in mice. We discovered that an arginine (R) residue at aa position 29 is highly conserved in avian-derived virus strains. Introducing this mutation into mammalian strain A/WSN/33 (H1N1) led to a marked increase in polymerase activity in mammalian cells.These findings suggest that as PB1-F2 in H5N1 viruses regulates viral polymerase activity, it could be targeted for control of avian influenza infection and drug discovery.
Dependabilidade em rede de computadores: uma análise baseada em importância para confiabilidade
Authors: Carvalho Eduardo Rodrigues de , Guimarães Almir Pereira
Published: January 2014

Este artigo tem por objetivo o estudo de aspectos relativos à dependabilidade de redes de computadores corporativas, com vistas a que se garanta um melhor tempo de atividade e se alcance os objetivos organizacionais. Serão utilizados RBD e FT como abordagem de modelagem para avaliação analítica de cenários complexos. Uma combinação de modelos de dependabilidade e confiabilidade será utilizada para análise da disponibilidade do sistema em função dos componentes mais importantes.
Design de produtos de software dirigidos à inovação: um estudo de caso
Authors: Oliveira Ricardo Tavares Antunes de , Oliveira Allisson Dantas de , Azevedo Bruno Campos de , Souza Ricardo André Cavalcante de
Published: January 2014

Este artigo apresenta resultados de um estudo de caso na área de mobilidade urbana onde é proposto um novo produto de software, a ideação e concepção foram baseadas em técnicas de inovação, tal como, Cauda Longa, Gratuidade e Estratégia do Oceano Azul. Basicamente, a problemática está relacionada ao fato do crescimento do número de veículos nos grandes centros urbanos, resultando em demandas por mais estacionamento e até mesmo um sistema inteligente que possa ser integrado com os estacionamentos e informar em tempo real a disponibilidade do local. Uma pesquisa realizada em um dos grandes centros urbanos constatou-se que 80,6% das pessoas estão interessadas em utilizar este tipo de serviço, 100% nunca utilizaram nenhum tipo de serviço dessa natureza e por fim, 72,2% responderam que estariam dispostas a pagar para utilizar tal serviço. Os resultados mostram a concepção de um produto de software que busca explorar um nicho de mercado ainda pouco visado. Este artigo avalia o nível da inovação através da matriz de avaliação de valor e do modelo das quatro ações proposto pela estratégia do oceano azul. A curva de inovação do software proposto se diferencia com relação aos concorrentes do mesmo seguimento de negócio, caracterizando uma inovação de valor e com potencial de mercado.
E-leições: novas mídias e política na sucupira digital
Authors: Silva Tiara Camera da , Sales Jefferson David Araujo , Luft Maria Conceição Melo Silva
Published: January 2014

O uso da Internet tem se popularizado no mundo. Cada vez mais, pessoas conectam-se e tornam-se dependentes dessa rede que pode oferecer novas possibilidades de comunicação, canais de informação e formas de interação. Entretanto, a rede virtual cresce em proporções irregulares e desiguais nas diferentes regiões do globo, principalmente em virtude das diferenças econômicas, culturais e políticas. Com o propósito de contribuir com tal discussão, a pesquisa em tela investiga o uso da Internet, mas especificamente as redes sociais, na campanha eleitoral municipal de 2012 numa cidade de médio porte localizada na região Nordeste do Brasil, chamada aqui de Sucupira, visando compreender quais as funções do ciberespaço, bem como das mídias sociais enquanto instrumentos de comunicação política na campanha eleitoral. Assim, buscou-se identificar os reais espaços ocupados pela Internet numa eleição. Este é um estudo exploratório que utiliza dados quantitativos e qualitativos, obtidos através de pesquisas documentais (através de monitoramento e análise das mídias sociais utilizadas pelos candidatos ao cargo de prefeito) e aplicação de questionários com eleitores. Os dados dos questionários que exigiram análises quantitativas foram tratados com estatística descritiva simples e seus resultados construíram os perfis dos eleitores entrevistados. Já os dados qualitativos coletados durante as pesquisas documentais foram tratados com análise de conteúdo qualitativa tipo Bardin (2009). Os resultados demonstram que o ciberespaço não tem alterado a estrutura de comunicação política, o potencial interativo das mídias sociais não tem sido explorado pelos candidatos, nem houve aumento da participação dos eleitores através das comunidades virtuais.
Engajamento digital: um estudo com páginas de instituições de ensino superior no facebook
Authors: Silva Junior Arnaldo Pedro da , Pereira Felipe Augusto , Correia-Neto Jorge da Silva
Published: January 2014

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de identificar o que influencia as interações dos usuários no Facebook, a principal rede social do Brasil, no contexto das instituições de ensino superior (IES). Foram analisadas as páginas de IES com mais de 10.000 fãs segundo o site SocialBakers. Foram coletados dados de 600 postagens e foram realizadas análises descritivas, de correlações e diferenças entre médias. Constatou-se que existe variação no engajamento de acordo com algumas características das postagens e que outros parecem não influenciar o fenômeno. A partir dos resultados, as equipes responsáveis pelas redes sociais das organizações desse universo podem obter melhor retorno atentando a esses aspectos.
Medições em sistemas de automação de subestação (SAS): uma abordagem de gerência de redes
Authors: Sousa Elza Tânia Moura de , Francês Carlos Renato Lisboa , Oliveira Edvar da Luz
Published: January 2014

Este artigo apresenta medidas do workload obtidas em uma subestação que se encontra em meio à implantação do padrão IEC 61850 - Communication Networks and Systems in Substations, considerado vital para as redes inteligentes no domínio elétrico ou smart grids. A carga real auxiliará na avaliação dos requisitos da norma e planejamento de capacidade para processos decisórios. É necessário o monitoramento contínuo da rede de comunicação que atende o SAS (Sistema de Automação de Subestação) com suas especificidades, avanços e complexidades em vista de novos requisitos de gerenciamento e segurança no que tange à disponibilidade e confiabilidade. Busca-se contribuir com a análise de carga de dados operacionais com este enfoque integrado da rede de comunicação e a rede de supervisão em uma Subestação do Setor Elétrico.
The Slavic And German Versions Of The Second Merseburg Charm
Authors: Agapkina Tatiana , Karpov Vladimir , Toporkov Andrey
Published: January 2014

This paper considers the dissemination of the versions of the Second Merseburg Charm among the Slavs. The authors combine the structural-semiotic method, which allows them to describe the text structure and the inner logic of its variations, with the historical-geographical method, which helps in understanding texts and their historical transformations and geographical transferences.
Ex Ecclesia: Salvific Power Beyond Sacred Space In Anglo-Saxon Charms
Authors: Arthur Ciaran
Published: January 2014

Many of the Anglo-Saxon charms identify locations for their performance and function. Previous scholarship has used locations as evidence of continuous pre-Christian practices and this argument has impacted on how the charms are perceived. As a result, the role of the church building as one of the charms’ identified locations has not yet been properly highlighted. Rather than focusing on the potential pre-Christian associations with certain sites in the charms, it is more enlightening to look at how other locations orientate around the church building. In this article I will explore how charms use liturgical and public spaces to signify their function during the late Anglo-Saxon period. After outlining the main scholarly views of Anglo-Saxon locations that have had an impact on charm studies, my analysis will make a comparative case study of two charms against elf-sickness to open readings of the corpus of Anglo-Saxon charms. This approach reveals interesting information about the Anglo-Saxons’ interaction with their landscape in the tenth and eleventh centuries and helps us to redefine the religious nature of these rituals.
"This Child Here Won’t Shed Tears Of Dreadful Fright, ’Cause He’s Not Caught By Devil’s Might" Change And Stability Of Charms Against Fright Illness: A Hungarian Perspective
Authors: Kis-Halas Judit
Published: January 2014

This article presents the initial stages and the planned further developments of a research on Hungarian curative charms against fright illness. Based on a rich and interesting database of healing and curative folk beliefs, rituals and texts, the research aims at exploring the charms and the charming rituals from the perspective of medical anthropology. The analysis is focused on the phenomenon of fright-illness (ijedtség) and its verbal magical treatment, on the basis of emic perceptions. While this research will develop and progress, the current article gives a general introduction to the Hungarian terminology on fright-illness in comparison to similar culture-bound syndromes in Central Europe, and also introduces the most prominent of the charms, in Hungarian with English translation.
Parchment, Praxis And Performance Of Charms In Early Medieval Ireland
Authors: Tuomi Ilona
Published: January 2014

St. Gall MS 1395, a collection of fragments from various periods, includes a page of Irish origin and apparently ninth-century date, containing four healing charms known as the St. Gall Incantations, each followed by instructions concerning its ritual performance. A close study of this single vellum folio examining the characteristics of the text, scribal practices and the cultural setting in which the document was compiled, provides a basis for theorizing about Old Irish magical practices and their multidimensional performative context. By highlighting the investigation of the liaison between the words of the charm and the associated ritual, an attempt will be made to elucidate how the textual register of the manuscript translated into physical performance. Accordingly, questions of mise-en-page performance and the manuscript as a material amulet are addressed in order to understand the written environment of magical language as well as the practices of charming in early medieval Ireland.
Irish Scribal Culture As A Purveyor Of Charm Texts In The Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Wolf Nicholas
Published: January 2014

Irish-language scribal culture demonstrated a significant interest in charms in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in part because of the more localized and intimate audience for such texts. Yet when folklorists later made note of the provenance of charms they collected from these scribal sources, they often failed to convey information about how charms came to be copied down and how charms fit into the larger intellectual context of their users. In fact, collectors preferred to highlight the oral aspects of folk practices, as in the example of Douglas Hyde’s massive collection of popular religious material, Abhráin Diadha Chúige Connacht (1906). It is argued here that the scribal context surrounding eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Irish charm exemplars deserves closer investigation so that the textual practices that surrounded the propagation of charms can be restored to their place alongside the words of the charms themselves.
Chorus waves and spacecraft potential fluctuations: Evidence for wave‐enhanced photoelectron escape
Authors: Malaspina D. M. , Ergun R. E. , Sturner A. , Wygant J. R. , Bonnell J. W. , Breneman A. , Kersten K.
Published: January 2014

Chorus waves are important for electron energization and loss in Earth's radiation belts and inner magnetosphere. Because the amplitude and spatial distribution of chorus waves can be strongly influenced by plasma density fluctuations and spacecraft floating potential can be a diagnostic of plasma density, the relationship between measured potential and chorus waves is examined using Van Allen Probes data. While measured potential and chorus wave electric fields correlate strongly, potential fluctuation properties are found not to be consistent with plasma density fluctuations on the timescales of individual chorus wave packets. Instead, potential fluctuations are consistent with enhanced photoelectron escape driven by chorus wave electric fields. Enhanced photoelectron escape may result in potential fluctuations of the spacecraft body, the electric field probes, or both, depending on the ambient plasma and magnetic field environment. These results differ significantly from prior interpretations of the correspondence between measured potential and wave electric fields.
Retrieval of tropical cyclone statistics with a high‐resolution coupled model and data
Authors: Zhang S. , Zhao M. , Lin S.‐J. , Yang X. , Anderson W.
Published: January 2014

When observations are assimilated into a high‐resolution coupled model, a traditional scheme that preferably projects observations to correct large‐scale background tends to filter out small‐scale cyclones. Here we separately process the large‐scale background and the small‐scale perturbations with low‐resolution observations for reconstructing historical cyclone statistics in a cyclone‐permitting model. We show that by maintaining the interactions between small‐scale perturbations and successively corrected large‐scale background, a model can successfully retrieve the observed cyclone statistics that in return improve estimated ocean states. The improved ocean initial conditions together with the continuous interactions of cyclones and background flows are expected to reduce model forecast errors. Combined with convection‐permitting cyclone initialization, the new high‐resolution model initialization along with the progressively advanced coupled models should contribute significantly to the ongoing research on seamless weather‐climate predictions.
The hysteretic evapotranspiration—Vapor pressure deficit relation
Authors: Zhang Quan , Manzoni Stefano , Katul Gabriel , Porporato Amilcare , Yang Dawen
Published: January 2014

Diurnal hysteresis between evapotranspiration (ET) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was reported in many ecosystems, but justification for its onset and magnitude remains incomplete with biotic and abiotic factors invoked as possible explanations. To place these explanations within a holistic framework, the occurrence of hysteresis was theoretically assessed along a hierarchy of model systems where both abiotic and biotic components are sequentially added. Lysimeter evaporation (E) measurements and model calculations using the Penman equation were used to investigate the effect of the time lag between net radiation and VPD on the hysteresis in the absence of any biotic effects. Modulations from biotic effects on the ET‐VPD hysteresis were then added using soil‐plant‐atmosphere models of different complexities applied to a grassland ecosystem. The results suggest that the hysteresis magnitude depends on the radiation‐VPD lag, while the plant and soil water potentials are both key factors modulating the hysteretic ET‐VPD relation as soil moisture declines. In particular, larger hysteresis magnitude is achieved at less negative leaf water potential, root water potential, and soil water potential. While plant hydraulic capacitance affects the leaf water potential‐ET relation, it has negligible effects on the ET‐VPD hysteresis. Therefore, the genesis and magnitude of the ET‐VPD hysteresis are controlled directly by both abiotic factors such as soil water availability, biotic factors (leaf and root water potentials, which in turn depend on soil moisture), and the time lag between radiation and VPD.
Scalable Oxygen‐Ion Transport Kinetics in Metal‐Oxide Films: Impact of Thermally Induced Lattice Compaction in Acceptor Doped Ceria Films
Authors: Rupp Jennifer L. M. , Fabbri Emiliana , Marrocchelli Dario , Han Jeong‐Woo , Chen Di , Traversa Enrico , Tuller Harry L. , Yildiz Bilge
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we focus on the effect of processing‐dependent lattice strain on oxygen ion conductivity in ceria based solid electrolyte thin films. This is of importance for technological applications, such as micro‐SOFCs, microbatteries, and resistive RAM memories. The oxygen ion conductivity can be significantly modified by control of lattice strain, to an extent comparable to the effect of doping bulk ceria with cations of different diameters. The interplay of dopant radii, lattice strain, microstrain, anion‐cation near order and oxygen ion transport is analyzed experimentally and interpreted with computational results. Key findings include that films annealed at 600 °C exhibit lattice parameters close to those of their bulk counterparts. With increasing anneal temperature, however, the films exhibited substantial compaction with lattice parameters decreasing by as much as nearly 2% (viz, Δd600–1100 °C: –1.7% (Sc+3) > –1.5% (Gd+3) > –1.2% (La+3)) for the annealing temperature range of 600–1100 °C. Remarkably 2/3rd of the lattice parameter change obtained in bulk ceria upon changing the acceptor diameter from the smaller Sc to larger La, can be reproduced by post annealing a film with fixed dopant diameter. While the impact of lattice compaction on defect association/ordering cannot be entirely excluded, DFT computation revealed that the main effect appears to result in an increase in migration energy and consequent drop in ionic conductivity. As a consequence, it is clear that annealing procedures should be held to a minimum to maintain the optimum level of oxygen ion conductivity for energy‐related applications. Results reveal also the importance to understand the role of electro‐chemo‐mechanical coupling that is active in thin film materials.
Primate spatial strategies and cognition: Introduction to this special issue
Authors: Garber Paul A. , Dolins Francine L.
Published: January 2014

Wild primates face significant challenges associated with locating resources that involve learning through exploration, encoding, and recalling travel routes, orienting to single landmarks or landmark arrays, monitoring food availability, and applying spatial strategies that reduce effort and increase efficiency. These foraging decisions are likely to involve tradeoffs between traveling to nearby or distant feeding sites based on expectations of resource productivity, predation risk, the availability of other nearby feeding sites, and individual requirements associated with nutrient balancing. Socioecological factors that affect primate foraging decisions include feeding competition, intergroup encounters, mate defense, and opportunities for food sharing. The nine research papers in this Special Issue, “Primate Spatial Strategies and Cognition,” address a series of related questions examining how monkeys, apes, and humans encode, internally represent, and integrate spatial, temporal, and quantity information in efficiently locating and relocating productive feeding sites in both small‐scale and large‐scale space. The authors use a range of methods and approaches to study wild and captive primates, including computer and mathematical modeling, virtual reality, and detailed examinations of animal movement using GPS and GIS analyses to better understand primate cognitive ecology and species differences in decision‐making. We conclude this Introduction by identifying a series of critical questions for future research designed to document species‐specific differences in primate spatial cognition. Am. J. Primatol. 76:393–398, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wachstumsinduziertes Biegen und Verwinden von Einkristallen
Authors: Shtukenberg Alexander G. , Punin Yurii O. , Gujral Ankit , Kahr Bart
Published: January 2014

Kristalle von verschiedenen Stoffen, z. B. von Elementen, Mineralien, einfachen Salzen, organischen Molekülkristallen und hochmolekularen Polymeren, können die Translationsfernordnung aufgeben, indem sie sich während des Wachstums verwinden und verbiegen. Diese Erscheinungen wurden bei Kristallen im Größenbereich von Nano‐ bis Zentimetern beobachtet. Wir analysieren, wie und warum viele Materialien solche oft drastischen nichtkristallographischen Verzerrungen wählen und betonen dabei die Kristallchemie, die zu Spannungen an Oberflächen von Kristalliten oder innerhalb des Volumens führt.
Genetic structure and diversity of the endangered bath sponge Spongia lamella
Authors: Pérez‐Portela Rocío , Noyer Charlotte , Becerro Mikel A.
Published: January 2014

Natural populations of Mediterranean commercial sponges have declined substantially over recent decades.

The present study explored the distribution of genetic diversity of the endangered bath sponge Spongia lamella along the western Mediterranean and the Portuguese coast.

Seven microsatellite markers were used to genotype 231 individuals scattered over nine populations. Basic genetic descriptors and population genetic analyses based on FST test, analyses of the molecular variance (AMOVA), Bayesian clustering, dissimilarity analysis of principal components, and demographic analyses were performed.

Genetic differentiation between populations was large and highly significant (global FST = 0.236, P < 0.001). AMOVA and Bayesian analyses showed genetic differentiation among the Atlantic, Balearic, and North Mediterranean areas (FCT = 0.129, P = 0.003).

Restricted gene flow owing to short‐distance larval dispersal and hydrographical barriers may be playing an important role in genetic differentiation.

Recent bottlenecks were also detected for most populations of this sponge.

The high levels of inbreeding, sub‐structuring, and modest levels of genetic diversity that characterized populations of S. lamella (mean value of genetic diversity 0.512), may compromise its long‐term survival. Only one population, from the Gibraltar Strait, presented high levels of genetic diversity (Ceuta, genetic diversity = 0.657), indicating a hotspot of genetic diversity for this species with special relevance for its conservation.

Disease outbreaks and overexploitation may be the most important causes of genetic diversity impoverishment of S. lamella.

Future conservation guidelines should focus on preserving genetic diversity within genetically impoverished populations by limiting exploitation, and increasing population size. Transplanting specimens from areas with high values of genetic diversity to areas with low diversity values or to areas that have recently experienced demographic declines could reverse the local and global recession of this species.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Auszugsverhalten von Stahlfasern in höherfesten Betonen
Authors: Breitenbücher Rolf , Song Fanbing
Published: January 2014

Stahlfaserbetone finden verstärkt auch in konstruktiven Betonbauteilen Eingang. Ein Beispiel sind Tübbinge für den Tunnelausbau, wobei hier die Besonderheit hinzukommt, dass dafür meist Betone mit Festigkeiten in der Größenordnung von 70 bis 90 N/mm2 verwendet werden. Damit weisen diese Betone ein vergleichsweises sprödes Verhalten mit geringer Bruchzähigkeit auf, sodass es des Öfteren zu Schädigungen in Form von Rissbildung und Abplatzung im Eck‐ oder Kantenbereich kommt. Die Zugabe von Stahlfasern kann hier erheblich zur Verbesserung der Duktilität beitragen. Dabei ist von wesentlicher Bedeutung, inwieweit die Stahlfaser im gerissenen Zustand des Betons Zugkräfte über den Riss hinweg übertragen kann bzw. inwieweit sie aus der Matrix ausgezogen wird.

Um das charakteristische Verbundverhalten zwischen Stahlfaser und Beton genau zu untersuchen, wurden Auszugsversuche an Einzelfasern durchgeführt, die in höherfesten Betonen eingebettet waren. Gezielt wurden dabei Stahlfasern bezüglich Form, Geometrie, Festigkeit und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit sowie Einbettungswinkel und Einbindelänge variiert. Basierend auf den experimentellen Ergebnissen wurden die Auswirkungen dieser Parameter auf das Auszugsverhalten von Stahlfasern im Hinblick auf das Kraft‐Verschiebungs‐Verhältnis, die Arbeit beim Ausziehen und den Ausnutzungsgrad der Faserzugfestigkeit sowie die Versagensbilder von Faser und Beton analysiert und diskutiert.

Experimental investigation of the pullout behavior of steel fibers in high‐strength concrete

Steel‐fiber‐reinforced concretes are used more and more also in structural concrete elements. Examples for these are among others tunnel lining segments. In this case there is a specific characteristic, that concretes for such elements usually have a compressive strength between 70 and 90 N/mm2. These concretes are very brittle with only low fracture toughness, so that damages in form of cracking and spalling often occur in the periphery of the segments. By the addition of steel fibers the ductility of the concrete can be considerably improved. The primary question is, to which extend the stresses can be transferred in concrete cracks by the fibers bridging these cracks.

To investigate the bonding behavior between steel fiber and concrete matrix, single fiber pullout tests were performed in high‐strength concrete matrix. Various parameters such as fiber shape, geometry, tensile strength, surface properties, inclination angle and embedment length were investigated. Based on the experimental results, the effect of those parameters on pullout force versus slip relationship, pullout work, fiber utilization and fiber/matrix failure mode were analyzed and discussed.