bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to peptide vaccination predicts survival in stage III colorectal cancer
Authors: Kawamura Junichiro , Sugiura Fumiaki , Sukegawa Yasushi , Yoshioka Yasumasa , Hida Jin‐ichi , Hazama Shoichi , Okuno Kiyotaka
Published: February 2018

We previously reported a phase I clinical trial of a peptide vaccine ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) and 34‐kDa translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOMM34) combined with uracil‐tegafur (UFT)/LV for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), and demonstrated the safety and immunological responsiveness of this combination therapy. In this study, we evaluated vaccination‐induced immune responses to clarify the survival benefit of the combination therapy as adjuvant treatment. We enrolled 44 patients initially in an HLA‐masked fashion. After the disclosure of HLA, 28 patients were in the HLA‐A*2402‐matched and 16 were in the unmatched group. In the HLA‐matched group, 14 patients had positive CTL responses specific for the RNF43 and/or TOMM34 peptides after 2 cycles of treatment and 9 had negative responses; in the HLA‐unmatched group, 10 CTL responses were positive and 2 negative. In the HLA‐matched group, 3‐year relapse‐free survival (RFS) was significantly better in the positive CTL subgroup than in the negative‐response subgroup. Patients with negative vaccination‐induced CTL responses showed a significant trend towards shorter RFS than those with positive responses. Moreover, in the HLA‐unmatched group, the positive CTL response subgroup showed an equally good 3‐year RFS as in the HLA‐matched group. In conclusion, vaccination‐induced CTL response to peptide vaccination could predict survival in the adjuvant setting for stage III CRC.
Anti‐human SIRPα antibody is a new tool for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Murata Yoji , Tanaka Daisuke , Hazama Daisuke , Yanagita Tadahiko , Saito Yasuyuki , Kotani Takenori , Oldenborg Per‐Arne , Matozaki Takashi
Published: February 2018

Interaction of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) expressed on the surface of macrophages with its ligand CD47 expressed on target cells negatively regulates phagocytosis of the latter cells by the former. We recently showed that blocking Abs to mouse SIRPα enhanced both the Ab‐dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activity of mouse macrophages for Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells opsonized with an Ab to CD20 (rituximab) in vitro as well as the inhibitory effect of rituximab on the growth of tumors formed by Raji cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD)/SCID mice. However, the effects of blocking Abs to human SIRPα in preclinical cancer models have remained unclear given that such Abs have failed to interact with endogenous SIRPα expressed on macrophages of immunodeficient mice. With the use of Rag2−/−γc−/− mice harboring a transgene for human SIRPα under the control of human regulatory elements (hSIRPα‐DKO mice), we here show that a blocking Ab to human SIRPα significantly enhanced the ADCP activity of macrophages derived from these mice for human cancer cells. The anti‐human SIRPα Ab also markedly enhanced the inhibitory effect of rituximab on the growth of tumors formed by Raji cells in hSIRPα‐DKO mice. Our results thus suggest that the combination of Abs to human SIRPα with therapeutic Abs specific for tumor antigens warrants further investigation for potential application to cancer immunotherapy. In addition, humanized mice, such as hSIRPα‐DKO mice, should prove useful for validation of the antitumor effects of checkpoint inhibitors before testing in clinical trials.
Distinction between rhinovirus‐induced acute asthma and asthma‐augmented influenza infection
Authors: Guibas G. V. , Tsolia M. , Christodoulou I. , Stripeli F. , Sakkou Z. , Papadopoulos N. G.
Published: February 2018

Background

Rhinovirus (RV) is an established trigger of asthma attacks, whereas such a link is less consistent for influenza virus (IFV).

Objective

In the context of precision medicine, we hypothesized that IFV infection may cause a condition essentially different from RV, and we investigated this by evaluating clinical characteristics of RV/IFV‐positive and ‐negative children with respiratory symptoms and/or fever.

Methods

One thousand two hundred and seven children, 6 months to 13 years old, hospitalized for flu‐like illness were recruited in this cross‐sectional study. Collected information included demographics, medical history, symptoms/physical findings/diagnosis at presentation and treatment. Nasal secretions were PCR‐tested for IFV/RV. Associations were evaluated with adjusted logistic regression models.

Results

Rhinovirus positivity was associated with an asthma‐like presentation, including increased wheeze/effort of breathing/diagnosis of acute asthma, and decreased fever/vomiting. Conversely, IFV+ children presented with less wheeze/effort of breathing/diagnosis of acute asthma, while they were more frequently febrile. In those with previous asthma history, both viruses induced wheeze; however, IFV was uniquely associated with a more generalised and severe presentation including fever, rales, intercostal muscle retractions and lymphadenopathy. These symptoms were not seen in RV+ asthmatics, who had fewer systemic signs and more cough.

Conclusions and Clinical relevance

In children with respiratory symptoms and/or fever, RV but not IFV is associated with wheeze and an asthma‐like presentation. In those with an asthma history, IFV causes more generalised and severe disease that may be better described as “asthma‐augmented influenza” rather than an “asthma attack.” Differences in the acute conditions caused by these viruses should be considered in the design of epidemiological studies.
Does training people to administer take‐home naloxone increase their knowledge? Evidence from Australian programs
Authors: Dietze Paul M. , Draper Bridget , Olsen Anna , Chronister Karen J. , van Beek Ingrid , Lintzeris Nicholas , Dwyer Robyn , Nelson Marina , Lenton Simon
Published: February 2018

Introduction and Aims

Take‐home naloxone (THN) programs have been operating in Australia since 2012 in a variety of settings. We examine whether THN programs were effective in increasing knowledge about opioid overdose and appropriate responses in program participants.

Design and Methods

Data were obtained from pre‐ and post‐training questionnaires administered as part of the early evaluations of THN naloxone programs operated in Sydney (n = 67), Melbourne (n = 280), Perth (n = 153) and Canberra (n = 183). Pooled data from comparable items, analysed in the domains specified in previously‐developed evaluation scales, were compared using repeated‐measures analysis of variance and random effects logistic regression. Results pre‐ and post‐training were compared as well as results across sites.

Results

High levels of knowledge about overdose risks and signs and appropriate actions to take were observed at baseline and this generally improved over time. No substantial differences were identified across cities. Knowledge also increased with participant age but the improvements over time were similar in each age group. There were small differences by participant gender with knowledge generally higher among females.

Discussion and Conclusions

THN programs are effective in improving knowledge related to overdose response. Major improvements in knowledge were limited to overdose recognition and effect of naloxone suggesting that education may best be focused on overdose signs and the use of naloxone among populations accessed through these programs. A focus on younger people also appears warranted. Further work is needed to understand the impact of training and knowledge on actual behaviours around overdose events.
Predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movement for later cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Kwong Amanda K L , Fitzgerald Tara L , Doyle Lex W , Cheong Jeanie L Y , Spittle Alicia J
Published: February 2018

Aim

To systematically review the predictive validity of spontaneous early infant movements for later cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

Cohort studies with published data to calculate predictive validity of early spontaneous movements for laterCPwere searched in four electronic databases:CINAHL, Embase,MEDLINE, and PsycINFO.

Results

Forty‐seven studies met inclusion criteria. The Prechtl General Movements Assessment (GMA) during the fidgety period (10–20wks corrected age) had the strongest sensitivity: 97 per cent (95% confidence interval [CI] 93–99) and specificity: 89% (95%CI83–93). The sensitivity and specificity of the PrechtlGMAduring the writhing period (birth–6wks) was 93% (95%CI86–96) and 59% (95%CI45–71) respectively. Cramped‐synchronized movements in the writhing period according to Prechtl had the best specificity (sensitivity: 70% [95%CI54–82]; specificity: 97% [95%CI74–100]). Hadders‐Algra's method of assessing general movements had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 89% (95%CI66–97) and 81% (95%CI64–91) respectively. Presence of asymmetric postures and movement quality/quantity were reported under the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination, and Movement Assessment of Infants but had weak associations with laterCP.

Interpretation

Fidgety movements assessed by the PrechtlGMAhave the strongest predictive validity for laterCP, but cannot be considered in isolation because of the presence of false positive results.

What this paper adds

Fidgety general movements (Prechtl) are most predictive for later cerebral palsy compared with other spontaneous movements.

False positive results are high among all spontaneous movement assessments.
Design Research: Off the Rails or on the Right Track?
Authors: Huber Amy
Published: February 2018

If research findings remain unknown, they are unlikely to improve design processes and outcomes. While design scholars have lamented the lack of research utilization by practitioners, some designers have derided their efforts. While scholars have outlined strategies to decrease the research utilization gap, these are largely one‐sided suggestions and have lacked widespread implementation and testing. As such, a great deal of information likely remains out of the hands of those who could use it when making decisions that have real‐world implications. To determine a common understanding and collective direction surrounding design research utilization, this article synthesizes existing literature from social science, business, and information management, along with relevant findings from two national surveys. Using this evidence, this article proposes a model framed by economics and aimed at decreasing the research utilization gap prevalent in design. It calls for action on the part of both research producers and consumers and highlights specific issues, including topic selection, information translation, dissemination efforts, increasing awareness, value identification, and factors of action. The goal is for all parts of the design community to share in the responsibility for informing each other, thus growing our collective knowledge.
An Intimate Approach to the Management and Integration of Design Knowledge for Small Firms
Authors: Ford Peter , Terris David
Published: February 2018

In August 2012, I presented a paper entitled ‘‘The Fuzzy Front End of Product Design Projects: How Universities Can Manage Knowledge Transfer and Creation’’ at the International Design Management Research Conference. Via a series of design projects and design support schemes, the paper investigated how a higher education institution with a particular approach to the management and integrating of knowledge on behalf of small firms could bring together manufacturers, subcontractors, design consultancies, market researchers, intellectual property specialists, funding bodies, and other higher education institutions to make for an extremely effective design support network. In particular, the paper dealt with the dynamics of knowledge acquisition during the fuzzy front end of product design projects. It was suggested that, through this novel approach, the management and integration of the different players involved in new product development (NPD), higher education institutions could help small firms in particular achieve effective knowledge transfer, develop new knowledge, and generally reduce and manage uncertainty in the process and therefore utilize design more effectively in generating new products and increasing profitability. This article investigates the work that has taken place in the ensuing years, including material that led to outstanding impact in the 2014 UK Research Excellence Framework evidencing significant economic growth as a result of this approach to the management of the NPD process for small firms. It proposes that the management and integration of those factors leading to successful NPD for small firms require an intimate style of engagement to be effective, demanding a broad knowledge of, and/or an ability to manage, those factors pertinent to the needs of small firms. Based on four case studies, this article attempts to identify the nature of this intimate approach and therefore its potential significance.
Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin as add‐on therapy to a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 52‐week, open‐label, phase IV study
Authors: Harashima Shin‐ichi , Inagaki Nobuya , Kondo Kazuoki , Maruyama Nobuko , Otsuka Makiko , Kawaguchi Yutaka , Watanabe Yumi
Published: February 2018

Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) are antihyperglycaemic agents with weight‐lowering effects. The efficacy and safety of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin as add‐on therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and inadequate glycaemic control with a GLP‐1RA (≥12 weeks) were evaluated in this phase IV study. Patients received canagliflozin 100 mg once daily for 52 weeks. Efficacy endpoints included change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HDL cholesterol from baseline to week 52. Safety endpoints included adverse events (AEs), hypoglycaemia and laboratory tests. Of the 71 patients treated with canagliflozin, 63 completed the study. At 52 weeks, HbA1c was significantly reduced from baseline (−0.70%; paired t test, P < .001). Significant changes were also observed in FPG (−34.7 mg/dL), body weight (−4.46%), SBP (−7.90 mm Hg), and HDL cholesterol (7.60%; all P < .001). The incidence of AEs, adverse drug reactions and hypoglycaemia was 71.8%, 32.4% and 9.9%, respectively. All hypoglycaemic events were mild. These findings suggest that the long‐term combination of canagliflozin with a GLP‐1RA is effective and well tolerated in Japanese patients with T2DM.
Contrast ‑ in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Patel Nirav , Kolakalapudi Pavani , Arora Garima
Published: February 2018

The utility and role of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) as a non‐invasive diagnostic imaging modality has been well recognized in the field of cardiovascular disease. Use of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has further enhanced CMR's ability to determine structural, functional, and prognostic information in various cardiovascular diseases. The delivery and distribution of gadolinium as an extracellular agent allows the detection of edema, fibrosis, and infiltration in the myocardium. The pattern of LGE in cardiomyopathies enables us to distinguish among various disease processes non‐invasively. Additionally, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death, it helps in decision making in regards to use of implantable cardioverter defibrillator. In the evaluation of cardiac masses, LGE‐CMR can often times differentiate between neoplastic and non‐neoplastic conditions. In this review, we will discuss the various aspects of gadolinium‐based contrast agents, and its application in CMR.
ACADEMIC PROBATION, STUDENT PERFORMANCE, AND STRATEGIC COURSE‐TAKING
Authors: Casey Marcus D. , Cline Jeffrey , Ost Ben , Qureshi Javaeria A.
Published: February 2018

We use a regression discontinuity design to study how academic probation affects outcomes and course‐taking behaviors at a large public university in the United States. Consistent with past work, students placed on probation improve their grade point average (GPA) in the subsequent semester. We document that part of this GPA improvement is attributable to strategic course‐taking, and there is significant heterogeneity in these behaviors across race. Non‐minority students placed on probation attempt fewer credits, easier courses, and are more likely to withdraw from courses in the following term. In contrast, underrepresented minorities exhibit few of these behaviors, consistent with past work that suggests black and Hispanic students are less likely to possess helpful institutional knowledge and use available support systems such as academic counseling. (JEL I20, I23)
Extralegal payments to state officials in Russia, 1750s–1830s: assessing the burden of corruption
Authors: Korchmina Elena , Fedyukin Igor
Published: February 2018

This article uses the records of expenditures from a set of estates that belonged to the Golitsyn family to assess the level of ‘routine corruption’ in Imperial Russia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The data from these books allow us to identify individual cases of unofficial facilitation payments made by the estates and by peasant communes to district‐level officials; to delimit key types of payment situations; and to calculate the sums expended for payments by a given estate in a given year. The resulting numbers are compared to the overall volume of obligations borne by the serfs to the state and to their landlords. Our conclusion is that while the facilitation payments were ubiquitous and accompanied any interaction with the state, the volume of these ‘routine’ payments (as opposed to other forms of extraction) was quite low and they did not put a significant burden on the peasants, while at the same time securing hefty extra incomes for top district officials. Rather, by the last decades of the eighteenth century Russian Imperial officials at the district level might have switched from a tribute‐like extortion from the population at large to acquiring vast sums by collecting unofficial payments in more targeted ways.
Direct and indirect pathways for choosing objects and actions
Authors: Hikosaka Okihide , Kim Hyoung F. , Amita Hidetoshi , Yasuda Masaharu , Isoda Masaki , Tachibana Yoshihisa , Yoshida Atsushi
Published: February 2018

A prominent target of the basal ganglia is the superior colliculus (SC) which controls gaze orientation (saccadic eye movement in primates) to an important object. This ‘object choice’ is crucial for choosing an action on the object. SC is innervated by the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) which is controlled mainly by the caudate nucleus (CD). This CD‐SNr‐SC circuit is sensitive to the values of individual objects and facilitates saccades to good objects. The object values are processed differently in two parallel circuits: flexibly by the caudate head (CDh) and stably by the caudate tail (CDt). To choose good objects, we need to reject bad objects. In fact, these contrasting functions are accomplished by the circuit originating from CDt: The direct pathway focuses on good objects and facilitates saccades to them; the indirect pathway focuses on bad objects and suppresses saccades to them. Inactivation of CDt deteriorated the object choice, because saccades to bad objects were no longer suppressed. This suggests that the indirect pathway is important for object choice. However, the direct and indirect pathways for ‘object choice’, which aim at the same action (i.e., saccade), may not work for ‘action choice’. One possibility is that circuits controlling different actions are connected through the indirect pathway. Additional connections of the indirect pathway with brain areas outside the basal ganglia may also provide a wider range of behavioral choice. In conclusion, basal ganglia circuits are composed of the basic direct/indirect pathways and additional connections and thus have acquired multiple functions.
Latitudinal patterns of herbivore pressure in a temperate herb support the biotic interactions hypothesis
Authors: Baskett Carina A. , Schemske Douglas W.
Published: February 2018

The longstanding biotic interactions hypothesis predicts that herbivore pressure declines with latitude, but the evidence is mixed. To address gaps in previous studies, we measured herbivory and defence in the same system, quantified defence with bioassays, and considered effects of leaf age. We quantified herbivory and defence of young and mature leaves along a continental gradient in eastern North America in the native herb Phytolacca americana L. Herbivory in the field declined with latitude and was strongly correlated with lepidopteran abundance. Laboratory bioassays revealed that leaf palatability was positively correlated with latitude of origin. Young leaves were more damaged than mature leaves at lower latitudes in the field, but less palatable in bioassays. Both defence and palatability displayed non‐linear latitudinal patterns, suggesting potential mechanisms based on biological or climatic thresholds. In sum, observational and experimental studies find patterns consistent with high herbivore pressure and stronger plant defences at lower latitudes.
Ant communities andSolidagoplant invasion: Environmental properties and food sources
Authors: Trigos‐Peral Gema , Casacci Luca P. , ŚlipiŃski Piotr , GrzeŚ Irena M. , MoroŃ Dawid , Babik Hanna , Witek Magdalena
Published: February 2018

The invasion ofSolidagois one of the main threats to the biodiversity of natural meadows, leading to changes in animal and plant communities, as well as soil features. We compared effects of soil microclimatic conditions (temperature and moisture) and the availability of potential protein sources (dry mass of epigean invertebrates) on ants between meadows invaded bySolidago altissimaandS. canadensisand those uninvaded. Our results showed that the ant communities were different between the uninvaded and invaded meadows, with reduction of ant abundance and species richness in the latter.Myrmicaspp. were abundant in the uninvaded meadows, whereasLasius nigerwas the dominant species in the invaded ones. We found that the lower moisture negatively influenced the abundance ofMyrmicaspecies in theSolidago‐invaded meadows. Moreover, the epigean invertebrate dry mass, as an estimation of the availability of protein sources, varied between the two types of meadows, with a higher abundance in the uninvaded ones. The abundance ofMyrmicaants with narrower ecological requirements showed a positive correlation with the invertebrate biomass in the invaded meadows. In contrast, the abundance ofL. nigerwith broad ecological requirements was negatively correlated with the invertebrate biomass in the invaded meadows, possibly as a strategy to reduce interspecific competition. Our study showed that the invasion ofSolidagoplants caused changes in the abundance and species composition of ant communities through modification in microhabitat conditions, that is, decreasing soil moisture, reducing biomass and changing distribution of prey invertebrates.
Prey‐mediated changes in the selectivity of the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Maselou Dionyssia A. , Perdikis Dionyssios Ch. , Fantinou Argyro A.
Published: February 2018

When foraging in communities with mixed prey, generalist predators may be confronted with prey species that differ in quality, size and mobility and interact with one another. To examine prey selection, predation by Macrolophus pygmaeus (Heteroptera: Miridae) was recorded by providing a diet of either one or two prey species of Myzus persicae (third‐instar nymphs), Aphis gossypii (fourth‐instar nymphs), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (third‐instar nymphs) and Ephestia kuehniella (eggs). In the experiments, prey mobility, prey quality and prey biomass were considered. The biomass consumed by the predator was dependent on the combination of prey species and the quantity of biomass offered. In choice experiments with diets mixed of two prey species at equal densities, the predation to A. gossypii was significantly reduced in the presence of E. kuehniella but the rate of consumption of M. persicae, T. vaporariorum and E.kuehniella was not significantly affected by the coexistence of any other species in the mixed prey diet. When equal amounts of biomass from two prey species were provided in combination, the total consumed biomass was significantly reduced in the mixed prey diets composed of E. kuehniella eggs and aphid nymphs. Thus, under the mixed‐prey situation, prey selection by predators may be affected by interactions among prey species differing in traits such as quality, mobility and size.
Depressive Symptoms, Criticism, and Counter‐Criticism in Marital Interactions
Authors: Trombello Joseph M. , Post Kristina M. , Smith David A.
Published: February 2018

Although people with depressive symptoms face criticism, hostility, and rejection in their close relationships, we do not know how they respond. Following interpersonal theories of depression, it might be expected that depressive symptoms would be associated with a tendency to receive and also to express criticism toward one's spouse, and that at least some of this criticism would be a contingent response to criticism received (i.e., “counter‐criticism”). However, other research has determined that depressive symptoms/behaviors suppress partner criticism, suggesting that depressed people might respond to partner criticism similarly, by subsequently expressing less criticism. In a sample of 112 married couples, partial correlations, regressions, and Actor‐Partner Interdependence Modeling indicated that lower criticism and counter‐criticism expression during a laboratory marital interaction task was associated with higher depressive symptoms, especially when such individuals were clinically depressed. Furthermore, during a separate and private Five‐Minute Speech Sample, lower criticism by partners was associated with higher depressive symptoms, especially when those who chose the interaction topic were also clinically depressed. All analyses controlled for relationship adjustment. These results suggest that spouses with higher depressive symptoms and clinical depression diagnoses may be suppressing otherwise ordinary criticism expression toward their nondepressed partners; furthermore, nondepressed partners of depressed people are especially likely to display less criticism toward their spouse in a private task.
Chronic inflammation in skeletal muscle impairs satellite cells function during regeneration: can physical exercise restore the satellite cell niche?
Authors: Perandini Luiz Augusto , Chimin Patricia , Lutkemeyer Diego da Silva , Câmara Niels Olsen Saraiva
Published: February 2018

Chronic inflammation impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. Although many cells are involved in chronic inflammation, macrophages seem to play an important role in impaired muscle regeneration since these cells are associated with skeletal muscle stem cell (namely, satellite cells) activation and fibro–adipogenic progenitor cell (FAP) survival. Specifically, an imbalance of M1 and M2 macrophages seems to lead to impaired satellite cell activation, and these are the main cells that function during skeletal muscle regeneration, after muscle damage. Additionally, this imbalance leads to the accumulation of FAPs in skeletal muscle, with aberrant production of pro‐fibrotic factors (e.g., extracellular matrix components), impairing the niche for proper satellite cell activation and differentiation. Treatments aiming to block the inflammatory pro‐fibrotic response are partially effective due to their side effects. Therefore, strategies reverting chronic inflammation into a pro‐regenerative pattern are required. In this review, we first describe skeletal muscle resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis, and explain how macrophages are replenished after muscle injury. We next discuss the potential role of chronic physical activity and exercise in restoring the M1 and M2 macrophage balance and consequently, the satellite cell niche to improve skeletal muscle regeneration after injury.
The compounding feminization of animal cruelty investigation work and its multispecies implications
Authors: Coulter Kendra , Fitzgerald Amy
Published: February 2018

All forms of human labour performed with and/or for animals are gendered, although not always tidily. Here we focus on animal cruelty investigation work, a particularly complicated gendered occupational case. Drawing on survey, interview and focus group data, we focus on a regionally based workforce's gendered specifics. In keeping with feminist political economy and labour process theory, we highlight both material and experiential dimensions, examining physical and psychological risks, and rewards. We argue that the gendered and multispecies entanglements of the work and the victims coalesce in the compounding feminization of cruelty investigation labour. We raise questions about the implications of the gendered and multispecies interconnections for the women and men involved, and for the animals dependent on their work.
Formation of p62‐positive inclusion body is associated with macrophage polarization in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Fukushima Hirofumi , Yamashina Shunhei , Arakawa Atsushi , Taniguchi Gentaro , Aoyama Tomonori , Uchiyama Akira , Kon Kazuyoshi , Ikejima Kenichi , Watanabe Sumio
Published: February 2018

Aim

Hepatic inclusion composed of autophagy‐specific substrate p62 is one of the histological features of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and can be a precursor to hepatic carcinogenesis. The expression of p62 was enhanced by not only autophagic dysfunction but also oxidative stress and inflammation. M1/M2 phenotypic balance of macrophages plays a pivotal role in the progression of NAFLD. We evaluated the correlation between macrophage polarization and the formation of p62 aggregation in NAFLD.

Methods

Liver biopsy specimens from NAFLD patients were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for M1 macrophage marker CD11c, M2 macrophage marker CD163, and p62/SQSTM1 (p62). The histological severity of NAFLD is assessed by a NAFLD activity score (NAS). The number of autophagic vesicles in hepatocytes was visualized and counted by using transmission electron microscopy.

Results

The aggregation of p62 was undetectable in control, whereas hepatocytes with p62 aggregation were observed in approximately 88% of NAFLD specimens. The number of hepatocytes with p62 aggregation was positively correlated with the number of autophagic vesicles, serum alanine aminotransferase, NAS, fibrosis, and the number of CD11c‐positive cells, but not CD163‐positive cells. Assembly of CD11c‐positive cells was observed around hepatocytes with p62 aggregation. The ratio of CD11c/CD163‐positive macrophages was significantly associated with the formation of p62 aggregation.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that chronic inflammation by M1‐polarization of macrophages contributes to the disease progression from simple steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in concert with autophagic dysfunction.
Developing and testing a brief clinic‐based lung cancer screening decision aid for primary care settings
Authors: McDonnell Karen Kane , Strayer Scott M. , Sercy Erica , Campbell Callie , Friedman Daniela B. , Cartmell Kathleen B. , Eberth Jan M.
Published: February 2018

Background

Cancer screening‐related decisions require patients to evaluate complex medical information in short time frames, often with primary care providers (PCPs) they do not know. PCPs play an essential role in facilitating comprehensive shared decision making (SDM).

Objective

To develop and test a decision aid (DA) and SDM strategy for PCPs and high‐risk patients.

Design

The DA was tested with 20 dyads. Each dyad consisted of one PCP and one patient eligible for screening. A prospective, one‐group, mixed‐method study design measured fidelity, patient values, screening intention, acceptability and satisfaction.

Results

Four PCPs and 20 patients were recruited from an urban academic medical centre. Most patients were female (n = 14, 70%), most had completed high school (n = 15, 75%), and their average age was 65 years old. Half were African American. Patients and PCPs rated the DA as helpful, easy to read and use and acceptable in terms of time frame (observed t = 11.6 minutes, SD 2.7). Most patients (n = 16, 80%) indicated their intent to be screened. PCPs recommended screening for most patients (n = 17, 85%).

Conclusions

Evidence supports the value of lung cancer screening with LDCT for select high‐risk patients. Guidelines endorse engaging patients and their PCPs in SDM discussions. Our findings suggest that using a brief, interactive, plain‐language, culturally sensitive, theory‐based DA and SDM strategy is feasible, acceptable and may be essential to effectively translate and sustain the adoption of LDCT screening recommendations into the clinic setting.
Anthropogenic cause of range shifts and gene flow between two grasshopper species revealed by environmental modelling, geometric morphometrics and population genetics
Authors: Sivyer Louisa , Morgan‐Richards Mary , Koot Emily , Trewick Steven A.
Published: February 2018

The range of a species is controlled by biotic and abiotic factors; both could have changed recently due to human activity.

We used environmental modelling, morphometric and genetic data to interpret ecological responses at the species boundary of a pair of New Zealand grasshoppers with very different ranges; one widespread (Phaulacridium marginale) and one restricted to semi‐arid central/southern South Island (Phaulacridium otagoense).

Climate‐ and habitat‐based distribution models for grasshoppers in the past (last glacial maximum), present and future (2070), in concert with modelling of vegetation patterns imply range and demographic expansion of P. marginale and stability of P. otagoense.

mtDNA sequence revealed four main lineages with pronounced differences in genetic diversity and geographical range. The widespread lineage associated with P. marginale revealed a signature of range expansion but regionally restricted lineages were geographically structured at a fine scale. Within the narrow geographical range of P. otagoense, three mtDNA lineages resulted in high diversity, more typical of large stable populations.

Geometric analysis of pronotum shape identified individuals from a region of sympatry with mixed characteristics. Mismatch of phenotype, mtDNA lineage and nuclear DNA sequence indicates introgression between grasshopper species now in contact. This appears to be accompanied by P. otagoense range reduction through ecological competition.

Deforestation by people starting ∼800 years ago best explains range change and resulting hybridisation of these grasshoppers. Anthropogenic habitat modification can have indirect consequences on insect biodiversity and conservation by enabling introgression between formerly separate populations and species.
Effectiveness of oral chlorhexidine for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia and ventilator‐associated pneumonia in intensive care units: Overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Rabello F , Araújo VE , Magalhães SMS
Published: February 2018

Objective

To summarize evidence regarding the effectiveness of using chlorhexidine for oral healthcare on patients in the intensive care unit for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia and ventilator‐associated pneumonia.

Methods

This overview of systematic reviews was developed using articles found inPUBMED, Cochrane Library,LILACS,CRD,CINHAL, manual search and grey literature.

Results

Of the total 16 systematic reviews, 14 included meta‐analysis. Most of them were classified with high methodological quality. In seven systematic reviews, chlorhexidine was effective for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia and ventilator‐associated pneumonia in adult population in cardiothoracic intensive care unit. The effectiveness was contradictory with other population patients in intensive care units.

Conclusion

Chlorhexidine has proven to be effective for the prevention ofNPamong adult populations in cardiothoracicICU. InICUs with patients who have varied clinical‐surgical conditions, the effectiveness of chlorhexidine for the prevention ofPNandVAPwas inconclusive.
Spanish version of the modifiedAdvanced Practice Role Delineationtool, adaptation and psychometric properties
Authors: Sevilla Guerra Sonia , Risco Vilarasau Ester , Galisteo Giménez Maria , Zabalegui Adelaida
Published: February 2018

SUMMARY STATEMENT

What is already known about this topic?

Professional nursing practice has been expanded to adapt to new health and social requirements.

Internationally, there are instruments that describe and measure specific nursing activities and domains covered by advanced practice nurses. The modified Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool has been shown to be a valid, reliable instrument for predicting the extent of advanced practices across different organizations in contemporary society.

At a time when advanced practice nursing roles are emerging in Spain, clarification of roles and delineation of functions is required using well‐adapted, precise tools to avoid confusion and role ambiguity.

What this paper adds?

Results of this study support the adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Spanish version of the modified Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool.

Results confirm the reliability of the tool, which was estimated through internal consistency and test‐retest stability. The tool showed evidence of acceptable psychometric properties for use in a nursing and midwifery population in the Spanish context.

The results provide a framework for delineating and measuring the extent of advanced nursing domains and activities in the study context.

The implications of this paper:

The findings should be used to explore and develop emerging advanced nursing practices in Spain. The tool will be useful to measure the extent of advanced nursing practice and activities within the study population and to influence role delineation.

The tool could help to overcome role ambiguity and false expectations that could benefit future practice, professional development, and policy regarding advanced nursing practice.

It will also allow comparison of advanced practice roles with those in other international contexts.
Counterproductive sustainability behaviors and their relationship to personality traits
Authors: Dilchert Stephan
Published: February 2018

This article introduces the concept of ‘counterproductive sustainability behaviors’ (CSB) as a novel expression of counterproductive work behaviors (CWB). It presents a short measure of CSB that applies the construct of counterproductivity to employee behaviors in the environmental sustainability domain. Personality assessments were administered to three independent samples—employed students, experienced employees, and job applicants—to investigate the relationship between personality and CSB (self‐reports and other‐rated), and to compare results to those obtained in the prediction of traditional CWB.
MEK‐ERK signaling diametrically controls the stimulation of IL‐23p19 and EBI3 expression in epithelial cells by IL‐36γ
Authors: Scholz Glen M , Heath Jacqueline E , Walsh Katrina A , Reynolds Eric C
Published: February 2018

Interleukin (IL)‐36 cytokines are important regulators of mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. We previously established that oral epithelial cells strongly upregulate IL‐36γ expression in response to the bacterial pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Here, we have established that IL‐36γ stimulates the expression of the IL‐12 cytokine family members, IL‐23p19 and Epstein‐Barr Virus‐Induced Gene 3 (EBI3), by oral epithelial cells; their expression was also selectively stimulated by IL‐36α. Notably, IL‐23p19 and EBI3 expression was not stimulated by P. gingivalis, thus suggesting that their expression by the oral epithelium in response to P. gingivalis is likely to be mediated in an autocrine manner by IL‐36γ. The IL‐36γ‐inducible expression of IL‐23p19 and EBI3 was found to be diametrically regulated by the mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MEK)‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, whereby the activation of MEK‐ERK signaling likely functions as a negative feedback mechanism to limit EBI3 expression. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, which is important for mucosal homeostasis, was demonstrated to modulate, in a MEK‐ERK‐dependent manner, the stimulation of IL‐23p19 and EBI3 expression by IL‐36γ. IL‐23p19 and EBI3 have recently been shown to heterodimerize to form the novel cytokine IL‐39 and promote neutrophil expansion. EBI3 has been shown to also have IL‐12 cytokine family independent functions (e.g. mediating IL‐6 trans‐signaling). Thus, this study not only advances our understanding of how IL‐36 cytokines may control mucosal inflammation, but also establishes EGFR signaling as a potentially important modulator of IL‐36 cytokine function.
Relationship between nurse psychological empowerment and job satisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Huanhuan , Shi Ying , Li Yuan , Xing Zhuangjie , Wang Shouqi , Ying Jie , Zhang Meiling , Sun Jiao
Published: February 2018

Aims

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to synthesize and analyse studies that explored the relationship between the psychological empowerment and job satisfaction of nurses.

Background

Nurse turnover is an important cause of staff shortage. Job satisfaction is a major predictor of nurse turnover and is connected to the psychological empowerment of nurses.

Design

This systematic review and meta‐analysis is based on the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines.

Data Sources

A total of 1,572 articles on psychological empowerment and job satisfaction were retrieved from PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Web of Science. The articles were written in English and published before or by April 2017.

Methods

Studies on the relationship between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction were summarized.

Results

The majority of the included studies revealed that psychological empowerment and job satisfaction are significantly correlated. Only two studies showed that the two factors are not significantly correlated. The result of this meta‐analysis is consistent with the results of most studies. One study reported that psychological empowerment partially mediates the structural empowerment and job satisfaction of school health nurses. Two studies, however, did not find that the mediating role of psychological empowerment between structural empowerment and job satisfaction.

Conclusion

The results of this review provided evidence for the importance of psychological empowerment for the job satisfaction of among nurses. Exploring the correlation between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction can provide guidelines and recommendation for the development of strategies to promote nurse retention and alleviate nursing shortage.
An umbrella review of clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with hip fractures and a synthesis of recommendations for the pre‐operative period
Authors: Filiatreault Sarah , Hodgins Marilyn , Witherspoon Richelle
Published: February 2018

Aim

The aim of this review was to locate, retrieve and critically appraise practice guidelines for the management of hip fractures. Given increasing evidence that the early recognition and management of these fractures is integral to achieving optimal outcomes, recommendations for the pre‐operative period were synthesized and compared.

Background

Hip fractures are associated with high rates of adverse outcomes and high healthcare costs which has resulted in the development of multiple practice guidelines to inform clinical decision‐making.

Design

An umbrella review of practice guidelines was conducted which included a critical appraisal using the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation‐II instrument and a synthesis of pre‐operative management recommendations.

Data Sources

Multi‐phased search for practice guidelines published in English using three bibliographic databases; three guideline network websites and three healthcare safety and quality organization websites with no date limit applied. Search was supplemented by contacting front‐line knowledge users and content experts.

Review Methods

Steps for evidence‐informed practice were followed: form question then search for, appraise and synthesize the evidence.

Results

Five practice guidelines were appraised revealing significant variability in quality. The largest variability was in “rigour of development”. Recommendations for pre‐operative management were grouped into six categories: timing of surgery, expedited patient management, identification and treatment of correctable co‐morbidities, pain management, preventative measures and multidisciplinary management.

Conclusion

Results of this review illustrate that not all practice guidelines are of equal quality. Given the costs associated with the development and maintenance of high‐quality practice guidelines, such work may be more efficiently completed through international collaborations and then adapted for national and regional healthcare contexts.
Being in safe hands: Patients’ perceptions of how cancer services may support psychological well‐being
Authors: Appleton Lynda , Poole Helen , Wall Christine
Published: February 2018

Aims

To explore how cancer services may positively promote and support patients’ well‐being throughout treatment. Specifically to identify components of care that are important to patients and meet their needs.

Background

Patients commonly experience stress and uncertainty during their cancer journey which can have a negative impact on their psychological health and quality of life. Comparatively, little is known about how patients may experience positive well‐being during their treatment experience.

Design

Qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

Interviews were conducted between 2014 – 2015 with a purposive sample of 30 individuals who were at the beginning, middle or end of treatment for lung, colorectal and head and neck cancer. The majority were outpatients and receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of these. The recordings were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Patients may obtain a range of positive health benefits derived from contact with staff, patients and public. Positive emotional gains were based on “being in safe hands” and part of the collective effort to eradicate cancer. This appeared to assist patients achieve favourable treatment responses, however, a range of factors encouraged and hindered them to express concerns.

Conclusion

Interactions with staff, patients and the hospital environment supported well‐being in those receiving cancer treatment. Findings demonstrate additional areas for research including the development of interventions to facilitate peer support and the implementation of communication strategies that promote well‐being.
Taking the Love Pill: A Reply to Naar and Nyholm
Authors: Spreeuwenberg Lotte
Published: February 2018

In recent discussions about whether the use of a love pill to enhance love in our romantic relationships is desirable, one argument centres on the question whether this love pill would secure the final value we attribute to love. Sven Nyholm argues that it would not, because one thing we desire for its own sake is to be at the origin of the love others feel for us. In a reply, Hichem Naar argues against Nyholm that a love pill does not need to be incompatible with the final value we attribute to love and that a love pill can have a facilitating role in the creation and sustainment of loving attachment. I think Naar is right but does not address Nyholm's worry completely. I will argue that Naar and Nyholm are speaking of different ends for which the love pill is used as a means, and that whether the love pill would fail or not fail to secure the final value we attribute to love, depends on this particular end.