bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNA TEORÍA COGNOSCITIVA DE LA INTERPRETACIÓN
Authors: Guastini Riccardo
Published: August 2020

El autor discute algunos aspectos de la teoría de la interpretación de R. Hernández Marín: en particular, la tesis de que los enunciados interpretativos serían enunciados del discurso descriptivo, es decir, verdaderos o falsos. Esta tesis supone que la interpretación no sea una actividad discrecional, sino una actividad genuinamente cognoscitiva. Según el autor, en cambio, cada texto normativo es (al menos diacrónicamente) equívoco, es decir, expresa potencialmente más de un signifi cado. Por lo tanto, la elección de un signifi cado determinado, descartando los demás, es necesariamente un acto discrecional, condicionado por las presuposiciones dogmáticas, las decisiones metodológicas, y los juicios de valor del propio intérprete. Y, por consiguiente, los enunciados interpretativos no son cognoscitivos, sino adscriptivos (al igual que las estipulaciones). Cualquiera sea la decisión que se tome acerca del estatuto ontológico de las normas, esta conclusión exige que se distinga entre los enunciados normativos y su signifi cado (en tanto producto de la interpretación).
SOBRE EL LENGUAJE DE LOS DERECHOS
Authors: Yturbe Corina
Published: August 2020

La preocupación por el uso retórico del lenguaje de los derechos recorre de manera persistente los trabajos de Juan Antonio Cruz. Ya en su primer libro, El concepto de derecho subjetivo (México, Fontamara, 1999), uno de sus objetivos era aclarar la noción de derecho subjetivo, partiendo del análisis de este concepto en cuatro autores (Kelsen, Hohfeld, Hart y Dworkin), cuyos distintos modos de abordar el Derecho, le permitieron ofrecernos, además de una crítica de los alcances y límites de cada una de esas perspectivas, una visión clara de la noción de derecho subjetivo.
REGLA DE CLAUSURA Y CONTINGENCIA DEL DERECHO
Authors: Sucar Germán
Published: August 2020

El propósito del presente trabajo es defender la posibilidad de la existencia de lagunas normativas en un sistema jurídico en el marco teórico del juspositivismo. En él se indican las diferentes maneras en que la existencia de lagunas normativas podría intentar ser negada, analizándose críticamente, en particular, dos importantes argumentos esgrimidos por uno de los representantes más prominentes del positivismo jurídico: Hans Kelsen. Por una parte, el argumento que se apoya en el principio de prohibición y, por la otra, un argumento que Alchourrón y Bulygin entienden como una variante del primero, esto es, basado en el principio de prohibición interpretado a la luz de la noción de permisión débil, que en el presente trabajo se concibe como de distinta naturaleza, a saber, como sustentado en la postulación de la existencia (necesaria) de una regla de clausura en los sistemas jurídicos, lo cual da lugar a una forma novedosa de plantear y de evaluar el problema de la existencia de lagunas normativas. Se concluye que los argumentos considerados resultan impotentes para demostrar la imposibilidad de la existencia de lagunas normativas en un sistema jurídico, y que tal posibilidad es una consecuencia que se sigue de los postulados del positivismo.
Perception of the quality of property insurance by mature customers in Lubelskie Voivodship
Authors: Jańska Anna , Kędra Arleta
Published: August 2020

One of the greatest challenges the European Union is facing nowadays is the current demographic changes. The issue of ageing population is gaining popularity also in the light of economic research. The aim of this study is to examine the perception of mature consumers (understood, for the purposes of this study, as born before 1967) of the quality of property insurance, with a particular emphasis on the claim settlement aspect. Information on how mature customers perceive the quality of insurance is important both from the perspective of insurance companies and insurance intermediaries. The former are developing and improving a tailored range of products for specific customer groups, as competition on the insurance market is constantly growing. Insurance sales have become computerised. Insurance agents have to constantly adapt the methods of acquiring clients to the changing needs of the latter; the needs and perception of insurance products and services differ across age groups.
The study was conducted in the years 2016–2017 by means of the CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) and PAPI (Paper and Pen Personal Interview) techniques. The questionnaire was completed by 388 residents of Lubelskie Voivodship whose selection was based on a quota sampling. The results of the survey were analysed with the application of an ordered logit model, in which quality aspects (such as the access to information, availability of the liquidator, etc.) were used as dependent variables, while socio-economic features (i.e. age, sex, place of residence, income, etc.) as regressors. The study showed that in addition to immanent product features, high compensation is most important to the respondents. Respondents perceiving their financial situation as satisfactory tend to assess the technical aspects of the damage liquidation process as less important than those with lower income, while older surveyees perceive the issue of insurance formalities as much more vital than younger respondents.
Application of fibrin in drug technology: Achievements
and perspectives
Authors: Rech Jakub , Wilińska Justyna , Borecka Aleksandra , Turek Artur
Published: August 2020

In recent years, fibrin has been successfully used as a polymer drug delivery carrier. Passive
properties of fibrin provide parenteral and local delivery of drug substances in controlled and
prolonged manner and also tissue support, gluing and sealing. Fibrin also has hemostatic and
proangiogenic effects. Discs, films, gels, beads and nanoparticles are among the most commonly
proposed and used fibrin-based formulations. It is routinely obtained from fibrinogen
and thrombin. Fibrin formulation methods are solution casting, dual syringe systems and emulsification. All fibrin formulations become gel after administration and water absorption.
Biodegradation and biocompatibility are important advantages of fibrin, which make it possible
to implant a formulation without the need to remove the carrier from the body after the drug
is released. Fibrin-based drug delivery systems are proposed and applied in the treatment of
wounds, infections and cancerous diseases.
AS TRAJETÓRIAS DA MÚSICA ROCK NA COMUNIDADE CAVERNA DE ADULÃO
Authors: Rodrigues Flávio Lages
Published: August 2020

O presente artigo mostrou como ocorreu a construção social na relação entre a religião e a cultura com os jovens adeptos da música rock e das tribos urbanas. Posteriormente foi mostrada a perda da força do rock como único elemento socializador e a entrada de outros elementos em seu lugar. Foi analisado como ocorrem os vínculos sociais entre os jovens na comunidade, com a autonomia para práticas religiosas diferenciadas, em que a cidade e a pós-modernidade possibilitam novas formas de viver e crer, na atualidade. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão bibliográfica, com o objetivo de analisar as fontes primárias e secundárias acerca do pensamento de Michel Maffesoli sobre as tribalizações juvenis, a partir do Portal de Periódicos da Capes, e das bibliotecas da PUC Minas e UFMG. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com o método antropológico-etnográfico, que aconteceu com as técnicas de observação participante e de grupo focal. Desse modo, a adesão desses jovens à Comunidade Caverna de Adulão aconteceu, a princípio, com a música rock, pelo fato de se sentirem integrados com sua cultura; depois ocorreu a abertura para outros elementos socializadores e para pessoas de várias idades.
DIALÉCTICA DA TEOLOGIA POLÍTICA
Authors: Sá Alexandre Franco de
Published: August 2020

O presente artigo apresenta o debate sobre a teologia política entre Carl Schmitt e Erik Peterson sob a forma de uma estrutura dialéctica. Afirmando a decisão do soberano como uma secularização do milagre, a defesa por Carl Schmitt da soberania é apresentada como o momento afirmativo da teologia política. Ao invés, a negação da possibilidade de uma teologia política cristã, por Erik Peterson, aparece como a sua contraposição dialéctica. Ao opor-se a esta possibilidade, na recusa da teologia política imperial proposta por Eusébio de Cesareia, Peterson confronta-se com a concepção por Carl Schmitt de uma Igreja baseada na autoridade infalível do Papa. Erik Peterson, no entanto, estabelece um abismo entre teologia e política, tornando toda a teologia não política. Agamben parece, por seu lado, tenta pensar não uma teologia não política, mas uma teologia que torne possível uma política contra a política teológico-política. É este o sentido de uma teologia económica – uma afirmação da negação – a qual, no entanto, parece permanecer insuficiente.
The Higher Education of Ukraine in the Global Educational Space
Authors: Soroka Svitlana , Akimova Tetiana
Published: August 2020

The article presents the analysis of the Ukrainian state policy in the field of higher education in terms of its integration into the global educational space. The process of management and financing of Ukrainian higher education institutions, the quality and quantity of teaching staff, the ratio of the number of teaching staff, and students are considered. The authors determine the reasons for the slow integration of Ukrainian higher education into the global educational space, low ratings of Ukrainian higher education institutions in the world ranking of universities. The main problems of Ukrainian higher education institutions are inadequate financing from the state budget, restriction of their autonomous right to set the rules, the decrease in the number of students, and the growing quantity of lecturers which exceeds the number of students in higher education institutions. The authors made recommendations for improving the quality and competitiveness of Ukrainian higher education in the world. Among them, in particular, are developing criteria for forming a rating of higher education institutions in Ukraine that will coincide with the world and European requirements, increasing academic exchanges with the world’s leading universities, forming an effective
model of state policy for the development of higher education in Ukraine focused on
improving the institutional and organizational structure.
Male vs. Female Mindsets on the Principles of Postmethod Pedagogy: A Case of Iranian EFL Teachers
Authors: Mirza Suzani Samad
Published: August 2020

This study aimed to investigate Iranian male and female EFL teachers’ mindsets on the post-method pedagogy and to discover if there was any statistically significant difference between their mindsets on the principles of post-method pedagogy. To this end, 118 Iranian EFL teachers (72 male and 46 female teachers) from four higher education establishments in Shiraz and Ahvaz were selected through convenience sampling. A 22-item questionnaire based on the 5-odd parameters of post-method pedagogy (i.e., particularity, practicality, possibility, teacher role, and learner role) was administered, and the descriptive statistics and the independent sample t-test were utilized to analyze the data. Findings revealed that despite both groups’ holding positive mindsets on the post-method pedagogy, a significant difference existed between their mindsets on the post-method pedagogy in general as well as the principles of practicality and learner role so that the female teachers had significantly more positive mindsets than the male teachers. However, the male and female teachers’ mindsets were not significantly different in terms of particularity, possibility, and teacher role as the other principles of post-method pedagogy.
Músicos y lesiones
Authors: Rosines M.D.
Published: August 2020

Según las estadísticas un 75% de los músicos han tenido o tienen problemas relacionados con el tocar y existen diferentes factores que influyen el la aparición de estos problemas, algunos relacionados con el instrumento, con la sobre solicitación de la musculatura, con una técnica inapropiada, con el esfuerzo que implica tocar un instrumento, con la repetición del gesto y por ultimo también influyen las características individuales del músico.

En realidad todas estas causas van a provocar una alteración de la biomecánica corporal que estará en la raíz de sobrecargas musculares, ligamentosas i articulares, aumento de tensión de los músculos, alteración del gesto y por último a la lesión.

As the statistical a 75% of the musicians have had or have problems related to playing and exist different factors that influence the beginning of these problems, some related with the instrument, with the on solicitation of the musculature, with an inappropriate technique, with the effort that involves to play an instrument, with the repetition of the gesture and at last also influence the individual characteristics of the musician.

All these causes are going to cause an alteration of the body biomechanics that will be in the root of muscular, ligaments and articulation overuse, increases of muscle’s tension, alteration of the gesture and finally the appareance of an injury.
Estudio de la trabeculación ósea en la artrodesis subastragalina
Authors: Parra G. , Lara A. , Vila J. , Martín C. , Llanos L.F.
Published: August 2020

En este artículo presentamos nuestra casuística en artrodesis artroscópica subastragalina revisando los principios biomecánicos que rigen esta articulación y presentando ésta como una técnica válida para el tratamiento de distintas patologías en el retropié que interesan esta articulación.

We present our casuistic on arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis reviewing the biomechanics of this joint and presenting it as a valid technique for the treatment of some pathologies in the rearfoot that affect this joint.

Premio al mejor trabajo en el XXXII Congreso de la Sociedad Ibérica de Biomecánica y Biomateriales
Migración intrapélvica (cut-in) en un clavo Gamma. Caso Clínico
Authors: Cañellas Trobat A. , Soucheiron Serra L. , Alcaide Matas F. , Cañellas Ruesga A.
Published: August 2020

Una de las complicaciones de los clavos intramedulares es sin duda la implantación central del tornillo cérvico-cefálico. Aún así, la confluencia de diversos factores (osteoporosis, trazo de la fractura, reducción insuficiente del foco, motorización reiterada, etc.) pueden precipitar la salida de éste (cut-out) que viene a evidenciar una prevalencia del 2 al 4% de las diversas series y, ulterior aflojamiento del montaje. La presencia del cut-in, supone una eventualidad muy ocasional por debajo del 0,3% de la literatura. En este caso se ilustra una consolidación definitiva afortunada, tras un abanico de factores mecánicos y estructurales que encaminaron a una doble cirugía terapéutica. Se analizan los factores biomecánicos implicados en la génesis del cut-in.

One common complication of intramedullary nails is the central implantation of the cervico-cephalic screw. However, the confluence of some factors (osteoporosis, fracture line, inadequate focus reduction, repeated motorizing, etc.) can hasten a cut-out, showing a prevalence of 2 to 4% of the diverse series, and further assembly loosening. The presence of cut-in is an infrequent eventuality under the 0.3% of literature. The present case illustrates a fortunate definite consolidation, after a range of mechanical an structural factors leading to a double therapeutic surgery. The biomechanical factors affecting the cut-in origin are analysed.
Reconstrucción computacional de andamios para ingeniería de tejidos
Authors: Sandino C. , Ginebra M.P. , Planell J.A. , Lacroix D.
Published: August 2020

La caracterización de biomateriales se sirve cada vez más técnicas no destructivas de obtención de imágenes. Estás técnicas pueden ser aplicadas tanto in vitro como in vivo con una resolución que depende del tamaño de la muestra y de la técnica utilizada. Una de las técnicas más utilizadas, por su alta resolución, es la micro tomografía axial computerizada (μ-TAC).

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar andamios para ingeniería de tejidos óseos en términos de su arquitectura y porosidad usando reconstrucciones computacionales a partir de microtomografía y generar mallas tridimensionales para modelos de elementos finitos. Imágenes de dos materiales con morfología diferente fueron utilizadas. Un andamio de cemento de fosfato de calcio y un andamio de vidrio biodegradable poroso fueron escaneados con una resolución de 7,8 x 7,8 x 12,2 μm, para realizar posteriormente una recontrucción informática tridimensional y un mallado para análisis con el método de los elementos finitos. Se calculó la porosidad y se evaluó la interconectividad visualmente.

No se encontraron grandes diferencias entre los dos andamios al calcular la porosidad y la interconectividad (18% para el cemento y 23% para el vidrio), sin embargo en las reconstrucciones tridimensionales se observaron grandes diferencias en la distribución de los poros dentro de los andamios.

The characterization of biomaterials employs increasingly non-destructive imaging techniques. These techniques can be applied both in vitro and in vivo, with a resolution dependent on the size of the sample and the employed technique. One of the most used techniques, due to its high resolution, is the axial computer microtomography (μ-CT).

The objective of this study was to characterize scaffolds for tissue engineering in terms of its architecture and porosity using computer reconstructions from microtomography and to generate 3D meshes for finite element modeling. Images of two materials with different morphology were utilized. A scaffold of calcium phosphate cement and a scaffold of porous biodegradable glass were scanned with a resolution of 7.8 x 7.8 x 12.2 μm, to carry out subsequently a 3D computer reconstruction and meshing. The porosity was calculated and the interconnectivity was evaluated visually.

No relevant differences were found between the two scaffolds upon calculating the porosity and the interconnectivity (18% for the cement and 23% for the glass), nevertheless in the three-dimensional reconstructions large differences in the distribution of the pores inside the scaffolds were observed.
Los polímeros tipo elastina y su utilización como tags para la purificación de proteínas
Authors: Fernández-Colino A. , Girotti A. , López M.I. , Arias F.J. , Rodríguez-Cabello J.C.
Published: August 2020

Actualmente, una de las técnicas más ampliamente utilizadas en la purificación de proteínas recombinantes es la cromatografía de afinidad. Sin embargo, esta técnica es costosa, requiere de equipo especializado y es difícil de escalar. Por tanto, es deseable el desarrollo de métodos más económicos y técnicamente más sencillos. Uno de estos métodos está basado en aprovechar las características termosensibles y el comportamiento inteligente de los polímeros tipo elastina (ELP) para purificar una proteína de interés. El bajo coste que esta metodología requiere permitiría disminuir el precio de diversas proteínas de interés biomédico en el mercado, con las consiguientes repercusiones que ello conlleva a la hora de su aplicación en clínica.

Por tanto, el presente artículo pretende indagar en la utilización de los ELP como tags para la purificación proteica, gracias al diseño y la producción de construcciones de fusión compuestas por la proteína diana de interés unida al tag elastomérico. Además se resaltarán otros efectos colaterales positivos que la presencia del ELP puede aportar a la proteína quimérica.

Currently, chromatography is one of the most commonly used techniques to achieve protein purification. Nevertheless, such technique requires specialized equipment and is difficult to scale-up. Therefore, the development of new, simpler and broadly applicable purification methods to circumvent these problems is desirable. One such approach takes advantages of the thermo-sensitive and smart behavior of the elastin like polymers (ELP) to purify the target protein. The low-cost of carrying out such methodology may permit us to decrease the price of diverse biomedical useful proteins, with the consistent impact that such fact entails when applying in clinic.

Therefore, the aim of this article is to clarify some aspects related to the use of the ELP as protein purification tags. For such use, it is necessary to design and produce fusion constructs between the target protein and the elastomeric tag. Moreover, apart from protein purification, further effects of the presence of the ELP in the fusion construct would be described.
Influencia de los parámetros biomecánicos en el rendimiento y la economía de corredores de fondo aficionados
Authors: Ogueta-Alday A. , Morante J.C. , Rodríguez-Marroyo J.A. , Villa J.G. , García-López J.
Published: August 2020

Los objetivos de este estudio son analizar la relación entre las variables biomecánicas, la economía de carrera y el rendimiento en corredores de fondo aficionados. Además, determinar si existe algún cambio en los parámetros biomecánicos coincidente con el umbral anaeróbico ventilatorio. Participaron 10 corredores de fondo aficionados realizando: Antropometría, batería de saltos verticales, prueba de economía de carrera y prueba de consumo máximo de oxígeno. Estas últimas realizadas en tapiz rodante, registrándose parámetros fisiológicos (ventilatorios y frecuencia cardiaca) y biomecánicos (tiempos de contacto y de vuelo, frecuencia y amplitud de zancada, “duty factor”). Por primera vez, se ha observado una relación entre parámetros biomecánicos espacio-temporales de la carrera (frecuencia y amplitud de zancada), el rendimiento y la economía de carrera. Además, se ha comprobado que la aparición del umbral anaeróbico ventilatorio se encuentra relacionada con cambios en la biomecánica de la carrera (fundamentalmente “duty factor” y amplitud de zancada). Las relaciones encontradas entre las variables antropométricas y de salto, economía de carrera y rendimiento están en consonancia con las mencionadas en estudios previos, así como que la relación entre la economía de carrera y el rendimiento. Futuros trabajos deberían realizarse en corredores de mayor nivel para contrastar estos hallazgos.

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between running biomechanics, running economy and performance in recreational long distance runners. Additionally, determine if there is any change in running biomechanical parameters that coincides with the anaerobic threshold. Ten recreational runners performed an anthropometric evaluation, a battery of vertical jumps, a running economy test and a maximal incremental test. Both running tests were performed in a treadmill, registering simultaneously physiological (ventilation and heart rate) and biomechanical (contact and flight times, stride length and rate, “duty factor”) parameters. A relationship between running biomechanics (step length and rate), running economy and performance was obtained. Furthermore, the appearance of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold was related with changes in running biomechanics (mainly with “duty factor” and step length). The relationships between anthropometry and vertical jumps’ parameters, running economy and performance still consistent with those identified in previous studies, as well as the relationship between running economy and performance. Future studies should be done with a higher level sample to contrast these findings.
Deposición electroforética de cerámica en polímeros
Authors: Fleckenstein C. , Mochales C. , Müller W.-D.
Published: August 2020

El interés por la deposición electroforética (EPD) de la cerámica o compuestos de cerámica ha aumentado mucho debido a la posibilidad de crear bloques de cerámica en verde con varias características interesantes para aplicaciones biomédicas, por ejemplo, cerámicas porosas y/o laminadas con un gradiente de funcionalidad. A fin de obtener una buena deposición de cerámica es necesario el uso de electrodos de elevada conductividad. Los metales con alta conductividad se utilizan comúnmente para esta aplicación. En este trabajo se propone el uso de polímeros de bajo coste, no conductores, como electrodos. Para aumentar su conductividad, los electrodos de polímero se recubrieron mediante sputtering con oro o carbono. El aumento de la conductividad obtenido permite la deposición de diversas cerámicas ampliamente utilizadas en la productos dentales y ortopédicos, como son la zirconia estabilizada con ytria (Y-TZP), la alúmina o la hidroxiapatita (HA).

The interest in electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of ceramics or ceramic composites has widely increased due to the possibility to create green bodies with several interesting characteristics for biomedical applications, for instance porous and/or laminated functionally graded ceramics. In order to get a good ceramic deposition the use of high conductive electrodes is required. Metals with high conductivity are commonly used for this purpose. In this work, the use of low cost non conductive polymers as electrodes is proposed. To increase their conductivity, these polymer electrodes were sputtered with gold or carbon. The conductivity increase obtained by the sputtering allowed the deposition of different ceramics widely used in the dental and orthopaedic industry, as yttria stabilised tetragonal zirconia particles (Y-TZP), alumina and hydroxyapatite (HA).
Comportamiento reológico de geles biodegradables para aplicacions en medicina regenerativa
Authors: Reyes Ortega F. , Rodríguez G. , Rosa Aguilar M. , García-Sanmartín J. , Martínez A. , San Román J.
Published: August 2020

Resumen

Los hidrogeles (HG) poliméricos son redes macromoleculares tridimensionales constituidas por

elementos básicos conectados entre sí física o químicamente e hinchados por un disolvente. Los HG

poliméricos tienen múltiples aplicaciones, entre ellas su utilización en el desarrollo de materiales para

regeneración de tejidos gracias a su alta biocompatibilidad y su uso frecuentemente como sistemas de

liberación de fármacos debido a su capacidad para retener líquidos y compuestos bioactivos. En este

trabajo se han preparado HG poliméricos formados por dos componentes altamente biocompatibles

como son la gelatina y el ácido hialurónico, estabilizados con distintas concentraciones de genipina,

consiguiendo diferentes grados de entrecruzamiento. Para comprobar la resistencia mecanodinámica

y la estabilidad de estos hidrogeles, se realizaron ensayos termogravimétricos, estudios reológicos

y estudios de hinchamiento de los mismos utilizando distintos medios tamponados. El uso de estos

HG como sistema portador de fármacos se ha ensayado en un modelo experimental in vivo de ratón,

utilizando el péptido N-terminal de 20 aminoácidos de la proadrenomedulina (PAMP) que posee

propiedades angiogénicas, re-epitalizantes y antimicrobianas.

Abstract

Hydrogels (HG) are polymeric three-dimensional macromolecular networks formed by basic

elements physically or chemically interconnected and swollen by a solvent. Polymeric HG have

multiple applications, including their use in developing materials for tissue regeneration due to their

excellent biocompatibility and their frequent use as drug delivery systems because of their ability

to hold liquids and bioactive compounds. In this work, polymeric HG have been prepared with two

highly biocompatible components such as gelatin and hyaluronic acid, stabilized with different

concentrations of genipin, achieving different degrees of crosslinking. The mechanodynamic resistance

and the stability of these hydrogels were tested with thermogravimetric assays, rheological tests and

swelling measurements using various buffered media. The use of these HG as a drug carrier system

has been tested in an experimental in vivo mouse model, using the 20 aminoacid N-terminal peptide

of proadrenomedullin (PAMP) with angiogenic, antimicrobial and re-epithelizing properties.
Variables antropométricas, fisiológicas y bimecáni- cas determinantes del rendimiento en corredores de media maratón
Authors: Ogueta-Alday A. , Rodríguez-Marroyo J.A. , García-López J.
Published: August 2020

El objetivo es analizar la influencia de los factores antropométricos, fisiológicos y biomecánicos en el rendimiento de carreras de fondo. Participaron 48 corredores clasificados en 4 niveles según rendimiento en media maratón (hh:mm:ss): Grupo 1 (n=11, <1:10:00), Grupo 2 (n=13, <1:20:00), Grupo 3 (n=13, <1:30:00), Grupo 4 (n=11, <1:45:00). Realizaron una valoración antropométrica, prueba submáxima de economía de carrera y prueba máxima de VO2max. Estas últimas realizadas en tapiz rodante, registrándose parámetros fisiológicos y biomecánicos (análisis espacio-temporal). Se observaron diferencias entre grupos y correlaciones con el rendimiento en ciertas variables ligadas al entrenamiento (años de experiencia y kilómetros semanales), antropométricas (masa, IMC y sumatorio de pliegues), fisiológicas (VO2max, umbral anaeróbico y economía de carrera) y biomecánicas (tiempos de contacto en prueba submáxima; tiempos de contacto y amplitudes de zancada en prueba máxima). Las diferencias en los tiempos de contacto podrían explicarse por los distintos patrones de pisada de los corredores (talonadores vs planta entera/antepié), velocidad a la que se obtuvieron las variables fisiológicas (umbrales y VO2max) y, en menor medida, por el nivel de rendimiento. Así, a excepción de la amplitud de zancada, el resto de variables biomecánicas han mostrado ser poco sensibles al rendimiento obtenido en esta disciplina.

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical factors on long-distance running performance. Forty-eight runners participated in the study and were classified into 4 groups according to their performance level in half-marathon (hh:mm:ss): Group 1 (n=11, <1:10:00), Group 2 (n=13, <1:20:00), Group 3 (n=13, <1:30:00), Group 4 (n=11, <1:45:00). They performed an anthropometric evaluation, a submaximal running economy test and a maximal incremental test. Both running test were performed on a treadmill, registering simultaneously physiological and biomechanical (spatio-temporal) parameters. Significant differences between groups and correlations with performance were obtained with training-related variables (experience and km/week), anthropometrics (mass, BMI and sum of skinfolds), physiological (VO2max, anaerobic threshold and running economy) and biomechanical (contact times in submaximal test; contact times and step length in incremental test). Differences in contact times could be explained by the different runners’ foot strike patterns (rearfoot vs midfoot/forefoot), speed where physiological variables were obtained (thresholds and VO2max), and to a less extend, to performance level. Thus, except from step length, the rest of biomechanical variables have shown to be not very sensitive to long-distance running performance.
Caracterización de gomas elásticas para su uso en sistemas elásticos tensores, una nueva técnica para corregir la luxación patelar canina
Authors: Guindal E.P. , Musté M.R. , Vázquez J.J. , Villasevil Marco Francisco Javier
Published: August 2020

Este artículo presenta el estudio y viabilidad de una nueva técnica para el tratamiento de las luxaciones de rótula canina denominada sistemas elásticos tensores. Los sistemas elásticos sirven para corregir desviaciones óseas por luxación de rodilla canina mediante esfuerzos aplicados a la articulación por mecanismos tensores fijados externamente a la articulación. Primero se caracteriza el material usado en la técnica y luego se describe la biomecánica del conjunto para alcanzar su objetivo funcional. La técnica consiste en el enclavamiento de dos agujas de Kirschner con rosca cerca de la articulación, una en el fémur distal y otra en la tibia proximal, unidas por un elemento tensor que produce un momento angular contrario a la desviación por luxación. Caracterizada la rigidez de los elementos tensores, el sistema se implantó en dos pacientes de distintas razas de perros con luxaciones de rótula medial de grado III, intervenidos en el Hospital Clínic Veterinari de la UAB. No se pudieron concluir los protocolos postoperatorios por complicaciones ajenas, pero los primeros resultados muestran mejoras tanto en la corrección de la desviación tibial, como en la funcionalidad de la marcha del perro. Son necesarios más casos clínicos para obtener datos concluyentes.

This article proposes a new technique for treating canine patellar luxation, called elastic tensioning system. The aim is to analyze the biomechanics of the system to achieve its functional purpose and describe the behavior of the most important component, the elastomer, by the characterization of their mechanical properties. The elastic system corrects the luxation deviation by forces applied to the femorotibial joint through tensioning mechanisms fixed externally to the joint. The technique involves the interlocking of two Kirschner wire near the joint, one in the distal femur, and the other one in the proximal tibia, joined by a tensioning element that produces a torque opposite to the angular deviation of the luxation. Elastomers are subjected to mechanical tests to find their stiffness. The system has been implemented in two different dog breeds with grade III of medial patellar luxation. Elastomers effectively produce a torque, tending to align the extensor mechanism as predicted in the biomechanical study. Early results show improvements in both, tibial offset correction and dog’s gait functionality.Tt is necessary to implement the system in different clinical cases to validate the technique.
If Schools Didn't Exist
Authors: Christie Nils
Published: August 2020

A classic in the philosophy of education, considering the fundamental purpose and function of schools, translated into English for the first time.

This classic 1971 work on the fundamental purpose and function of schools belongs on the same shelf as other landmark works of the era, including Ivan Illich's Deschooling Society, Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed, and John Holt's How Children Fail. Nils Christie's If School Didn't Exist, translated into English for the first time, departs from these works by not considering schooling (and deschooling) as much as schools and their specific community and social contexts. Christie argues that schools should be proving grounds for how to live together in society rather than assembly lines producing future citizens and employees.

Christie presents three examples of schools in different settings—a French village school that became the bedrock of its community; federal government–run schools for Native Americans that facilitated the experience of inferiority; and a British secondary school that reinforced class stratification. He considers the school's function as a storage space (for an unproductive segment of society), as a means for differentiation (based on merit), and as distributor of knowledge. He introduces the idea of the school-society, a self-governing body of students, teachers, parents, and community; and he offers a vision of a society based on normalizing the needs and values of local communities.

The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Intrinsic excitation-inhibition imbalance affects medial prefrontal cortex differently in autistic men versus women
Authors: Trakoshis Stavros , Martínez-Cañada Pablo , Rocchi Federico , Canella Carola , You Wonsang , Chakrabarti Bhismadev , Ruigrok Amber NV , Bullmore Edward T , Suckling John , Markicevic Marija , Zerbi Valerio ,   MRC AIMS Consortium, Baron-Cohen Simon , Gozzi Alessandro , Lai Meng-Chuan , Panzeri Stefano , Lombardo Michael V
Published: August 2020

Excitation-inhibition (E:I) imbalance is theorized as an important pathophysiological mechanism in autism. Autism affects males more frequently than females and sex-related mechanisms (e.g., X-linked genes, androgen hormones) can influence E:I balance. This suggests that E:I imbalance may affect autism differently in males versus females. With a combination of in-silico modeling and in-vivo chemogenetic manipulations in mice, we first show that a time-series metric estimated from fMRI BOLD signal, the Hurst exponent (H), can be an index for underlying change in the synaptic E:I ratio. In autism we find that H is reduced, indicating increased excitation, in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of autistic males but not females. Increasingly intact MPFC H is also associated with heightened ability to behaviorally camouflage social-communicative difficulties, but only in autistic females. This work suggests that H in BOLD can index synaptic E:I ratio and that E:I imbalance affects autistic males and females differently.
Tuning of olfactory cortex ventral tenia tecta neurons to distinct task elements of goal-directed behavior
Authors: Shiotani Kazuki , Tanisumi Yuta , Murata Koshi , Hirokawa Junya , Sakurai Yoshio , Manabe Hiroyuki
Published: August 2020

The ventral tenia tecta (vTT) is a component of the olfactory cortex and receives both bottom-up odor signals and top-down signals. However, the roles of the vTT in odor-coding and integration of inputs are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the involvement of the vTT in these processes by recording the activity from individual vTT neurons during the performance of learned odor-guided reward-directed tasks in mice. We report that individual vTT cells are highly tuned to a specific behavioral epoch of learned tasks, whereby the duration of increased firing correlated with the temporal length of the behavioral epoch. The peak time for increased firing among recorded vTT cells encompassed almost the entire temporal window of the tasks. Collectively, our results indicate that vTT cells are selectively activated during a specific behavioral context and that the function of the vTT changes dynamically in a context-dependent manner during goal-directed behaviors.
Clinical Efficacy of Mesenteric Lift to Relieve Constipation in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
Authors: Berry James A.D. , Ogunlade John , Kashyap Samir , Berry Daniel K. , Wacker Margaret , Miulli Daniel E. , Saini Harneel
Published: August 2020

Context

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) often have multiple autonomic disturbances that interfere with normal gastrointestinal motility. Many of the pharmacologic agents used in the intensive care unit (ICU) also adversely affect gastrointestinal motility. The body is further subjected to excessive levels of sympathetic discharge in states of traumatic injury and extreme stress, which can interfere with the proper absorption of fluids and nutrients.

Objective

To determine whether mesenteric lift, an osteopathic manipulative treatment technique, is effective in relieving constipation in patients with TBI who are intubated in the ICU.

Methods

This retrospective medical record review examined the effect of mesenteric lift on intubated patients with significant TBI who were unable to have a bowel movement within 72 hours of admission. The primary endpoint was the return of normal bowel function within 24 hours. A control group consisted of intubated patients with TBI during the same period who did not receive mesenteric lift.

Results

Of patients who received mesenteric lift, 77% experienced bowel movements (n=27 of 35), compared with 36% (n=16 of 44) in the control group (P=.01).

Conclusion

The application of mesenteric lift to intubated patients with severe TBI in the intensive care unit significantly increased patients’ ability to resume normal bowel function and expel waste.
OBAMA: OBAMA for Bayesian amino-acid model averaging
Authors: Bouckaert Remco R.
Published: August 2020

Background

Bayesian analyses offer many benefits for phylogenetic, and have been popular for analysis of amino acid alignments. It is necessary to specify a substitution and site model for such analyses, and often an ad hoc, or likelihood based method is employed for choosing these models that are typically of no interest to the analysis overall.

Methods

We present a method called OBAMA that averages over substitution models and site models, thus letting the data inform model choices and taking model uncertainty into account. It uses trans-dimensional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) proposals to switch between various empirical substitution models for amino acids such as Dayhoff, WAG, and JTT. Furthermore, it switches base frequencies from these substitution models or use base frequencies estimated based on the alignment. Finally, it switches between using gamma rate heterogeneity or not, and between using a proportion of invariable sites or not.

Results

We show that the model performs well in a simulation study. By using appropriate priors, we demonstrate both proportion of invariable sites and the shape parameter for gamma rate heterogeneity can be estimated. The OBAMA method allows taking in account model uncertainty, thus reducing bias in phylogenetic estimates. The method is implemented in the OBAMA package in BEAST 2, which is open source licensed under LGPL and allows joint tree inference under a wide range of models.
Survival, growth and carbon content in a forest plantation established after a clear-cutting in Durango, Mexico
Authors: Soto-Cervantes Jesús Alejandro , Carrillo-Parra Artemio , Rodríguez-Laguna Rodrigo , Corral-Rivas José Javier , Pompa-García Marín , Dominguez-Calleros Pedro Antonio
Published: August 2020

Background

Forest plantations play an important role in carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate climate change. In this study, survival, biomass, growth rings and annual carbon content storage were evaluated in a mixedPinus durangensisandP. cooperiplantation that was established after a clear-cutting. The plantation is eight years old and covers an area of 21.40 ha.

Methods

Sixteen sites of 100 m2were distributed randomly. At each site, two trees distributed proportionally to the diametric categories were destructively sampled (one per tree species). Two cross-sections were cut from each tree: The first at the base of the stump and the second at 1.30 m. The width of tree rings of the first cross-section was measured using a stereoscopic microscope with precision in microns (µm). The year-by-year basal diameter of each tree was recorded and biomass and carbon content was estimated using allometric equations.

Results

The estimated survival was 75.2%. The results of the ANOVA showed significant differences between the year-by-year width records of tree rings, the highest value corresponding to the fifth year. The average carbon sequestration per year is 0.30 kg for both studied tree species.

Conclusions

P. durangensisandP. cooperiplantations adapt and develop well in Durango forests when they are established in areas that are subjected to clear-cutting.
Proteins from Lignosus tigris with selective apoptotic cytotoxicity towards MCF7 cell line and suppresses MCF7-xenograft tumor growth
Authors: Kong Boon Hong , Teoh Kean Hooi , Tan Nget Hong , Tan Chon Seng , Ng Szu Ting , Fung Shin Yee
Published: August 2020

Background

Lignosus tigris, a recently discovered species of the unique Lignosus family, has been traditionally used by the indigenous communities in Peninsular Malaysia to treat various ailments and as an alternative medicine for cancer treatment. The L. tigris cultivar sclerotia (Ligno TG-K) was found to contain numerous bioactive compounds with beneficial biomedicinal properties and the sclerotial extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity. However, the anticancer property of the Ligno TG-K including in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects as well as its anticancer active compounds and the mechanisms has yet to be investigated.

Methods

The cytotoxicity of the Ligno TG-K against human breast (MCF7), prostate (PC3) and lung (A549) adenocarcinoma cell lines was evaluated using MTT cytotoxicity assay. The cytotoxic mechanisms of the active high molecular weight proteins (HMWp) fraction were investigated through detection of caspases activity and apoptotic-related proteins expression by Western blotting. The in vivo antitumor activity of the isolated HMWp was examined using MCF7 mouse xenograft model. Shotgun LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to identify the proteins in the HMWp.

Results and Discussion

Cold water extract of the sclerotia inhibited proliferation of MCF7, A549 and PC3 cells with IC50 ranged from 28.9 to 95.0 µg/mL. Bioassay guided fractionation of the extract revealed that HMWp exhibited selective cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells via induction of cellular apoptosis by the activation of extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways. HMWp activated expression of caspase-8 and -9 enzymes, and pro-apoptotic Bax protein whilst inhibiting expression of tumor survivor protein, Bcl-2. HMWp induced tumor-cell apoptosis and suppressed growth of tumor in MCF-7 xenograft mice. Lectins, serine proteases, RNase Gf29 and a 230NA deoxyribonuclease are the major cytotoxic proteins that accounted for 55.93% of the HMWp.

Conclusion

The findings from this study provided scientific evidences to support the traditional use of the L. tigris sclerotia for treatment of breast cancer. Several cytotoxic proteins with high abundance have been identified in the HMWp of the sclerotial extract and these proteins have potential to be developed into new anticancer agents or as adjunct cancer therapy.
Taxonomic affiliation influences the selection of medicinal plants among people from semi-arid and humid regions—a proposition for the evaluation of utilitarian equivalence in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Reinaldo Rafael , Albuquerque Ulysses , Medeiros Patrícia
Published: August 2020

Background

This study sought to investigate the occurrence of taxonomic patterns between semi-arid and humid regions, verifying how the taxonomic affiliation can influence the selection of plants for medicinal purposes and act as a selection criterion.

Methods

The relationship between the taxonomic affiliation and the selection of medicinal plants with four different communities was analyzed; two of them associated with a seasonally dry tropical forest and the other two associated with a tropical rain forest. We used the Utilitarian Equivalence Model (transposing the concept of ecological equivalence, proposed by Odum, for ethnobotany) to test the hypothesis that species that have the same taxonomic affiliation tend to have the same therapeutic applications in different environments (utilitarian equivalence). In addition, we used the Utilitarian Redundancy Model to verify whether, within the same medical system, plants of the same taxonomic affiliation tend to be redundant (treating the same diseases).

Results

We found that a pair of plants of the same genus were 9.25 times more likely to be equivalent than a different genus pair (OR = 9.25, CI [1.68–51.02], p < 0.05). When we analyzed the species used by the same population, the chances of a pair having similar therapeutic uses (utilitarian redundancy) increased when they were species of the same family (OR = 1.94, CI [1.06−3.53]; p < 0.05).

Conclusions

These findings confirm the hypothesis that there is an influence of taxonomic affiliation, in terms of genera and family, on the selection of medicinal plants in semi-arid and humid areas in Northeast Brazil. In addition, our Utilitarian Equivalence Model can be an important tool in the search for more common selection criteria, in order to identify the shared characteristics among the equivalent pairs and consequently the main types of perceptions or stimuli that led to the inclusion of such species in local pharmacopoeias.