bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of cylinder Reynolds number on the turbulent horseshoe vortex system and near wake of a surface-mounted circular cylinder
Authors: Kirkil Gokhan , Constantinescu George
Published: July 2015

The turbulent horseshoe vortex (HV) system and the near-wake flow past a circular cylinder mounted on a flat bed in an open channel are investigated based on the results of eddy-resolving simulations and supporting flow visualizations. Of particular interest are the changes in the mean flow and turbulence statistics within the HV region as the necklace vortices wrap around the cylinder’s base and the variation of the mean flow and turbulence statistics in the near wake, in between the channel bed and the free surface. While it is well known that the drag crisis induces important changes in the flow past infinitely long circular cylinders, the changes are less understood and more complex for the case of flow past a surface-mounted cylinder. This is because even at very high cylinder Reynolds numbers, ReD, the flow regime remains subcritical in the vicinity of the bed surface due to the reduction of the incoming flow velocity within the bottom boundary layer. The paper provides a detailed discussion of the changes in the flow physics between cylinder Reynolds numbers at which the flow in the upstream part of the separated shear layers (SSLs) is laminar (ReD = 16 000, subcritical flow regime) and Reynolds numbers at which the transition occurs inside the attached boundary layers away from the bed and the flow within the SSLs is turbulent (ReD = 5 ∗ 105, supercritical flow regime). The changes between the two regimes in the dynamics and level of coherence of the large-scale coherent structures (necklace vortices, vortex tubes shed in the SSLs and roller vortices shed in the wake) and their capacity to induce high-magnitude bed friction velocities in the mean and instantaneous flow fields and to amplify the near-bed turbulence are analyzed. Being able to quantitatively and qualitatively describe these changes is critical to understand Reynolds-number-induced scale effects on sediment erosion mechanisms around cylinders mounted on a loose bed, which is a problem of great practical relevance (e.g., for pier scour studies).
Wave packet propagation across barriers by semiclassical initial value methods
Authors: Petersen Jakob , Kay Kenneth G.
Published: July 2015

Semiclassical initial value representation (IVR) formulas for the propagator have difficulty describing tunneling through barriers. A key reason is that these formulas do not automatically reduce, in the classical limit, to the version of the Van Vleck-Gutzwiller (VVG) propagator required to treat barrier tunneling, which involves trajectories that have complex initial conditions and that follow paths in complex time. In this work, a simple IVR expression, that has the correct tunneling form in the classical limit, is derived for the propagator in the case of one-dimensional barrier transmission. Similarly, an IVR formula, that reduces to the Generalized Gaussian Wave Packet Dynamics (GGWPD) expression [D. Huber, E. J. Heller, and R. Littlejohn, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 2003 (1988)] in the classical limit, is derived for the transmitted wave packet. Uniform semiclassical versions of the IVR formulas are presented and simplified expressions in terms of real trajectories and WKB penetration factors are described. Numerical tests show that the uniform IVR treatment gives good results for wave packet transmission through the Eckart and Gaussian barriers in all cases examined. In contrast, even when applied with the proper complex trajectories, the VVG and GGWPD treatments are inaccurate when the mean energy of the wave packet is near the classical transmission threshold. The IVR expressions for the propagator and wave packet are cast as contour integrals in the complex space of initial conditions and these are generalized to potentially allow treatment of a larger variety of systems. A steepest descent analysis of the contour integral formula for the wave packet in the present cases confirms its relationship to the GGWPD method, verifies its semiclassical validity, and explains results of numerical calculations.
Instability mechanisms in a low-Mach-number reacting flow from coupled convection-reaction-diffusion equations
Authors: Pulikkottil V. V. , Sujith R. I.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, instability mechanisms in a low Mach number reacting flow are investigated. Here, the emphasis is on the growth or decay of acoustic oscillations which arise from the acoustic-hydrodynamic interaction in a low Mach number reacting flow. Motivated by the studies in magnetohydrodynamics and atmospheric flows, we propose to investigate the acoustic-hydrodynamic coupling as a system of wave-mean flow interaction. For example, a comparison with the heat fluctuation modified hydrodynamics associated with magnetohydrodynamics is useful in understanding this coupling. The wavelike acoustic disturbance is introduced here as a compressibility correction to the mean flow. Accounting for the multiple scales introduced by the weak compressibility, we derive a set of equations governing wave-mean flow interaction in a reacting low Mach number flow. Sources such as volume expansion (which, in atmospheric flows arises due to the density variation with altitude) occur in reacting flows due to the heat release rate. This heat release rate, when coupled with the acoustic field, often leads to self-sustained thermo-acoustic oscillations. In the study of such oscillations, we discover a relation between the acoustic pressure and second order thermal fluctuations. Further, using this relation, we discover the nonlinear coupling mechanism that would lead to self-sustained oscillations in a reacting low Mach number flow. This mechanism, represented by a coupled convection reaction diffusion system, is presented here for the first time. In addition to the acoustic pressure and temperature fields, we also discover the role of acoustic velocity field in the acoustic-hydrodynamic interaction through a convective and lift-up mechanism.
High-gain cryogenic amplifier assembly employing a commercial CMOS operational amplifier
Authors: Proctor J. E. , Smith A. W. , Jung T. M. , Woods S. I.
Published: July 2015

We have developed a cryogenic amplifier for the measurement of small current signals (10 fA–100 nA) from cryogenic optical detectors. Typically operated with gain near 107 V/A, the amplifier performs well from DC to greater than 30 kHz and exhibits noise level near the Johnson limit. Care has been taken in the design and materials to control heat flow and temperatures throughout the entire detector-amplifier assembly. A simple one-board version of the amplifier assembly dissipates 8 mW to our detector cryostat cold stage, and a two-board version can dissipate as little as 17 μW to the detector cold stage. With current noise baseline of about 10 fA/(Hz)1/2, the cryogenic amplifier is generally useful for cooled infrared detectors, and using blocked impurity band detectors operated at 10 K, the amplifier enables noise power levels of 2.5 fW/(Hz)1/2 for detection of optical wavelengths near 10 μm.
Hydrodynamic scaling of the deceleration-phase Rayleigh–Taylor instability
Authors: Bose A. , Woo K. M. , Nora R. , Betti R.
Published: July 2015

The scaling of the deceleration phase of inertial fusion direct-drive implosions is investigated for OMEGA and National Ignition Facility (NIF)-size targets. It is shown that the deceleration-phase Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) does not scale hydro-equivalently with implosion size. This is because ablative stabilization resulting from thermal conduction and radiation transport in a spherically converging geometry is different on the two scales. As a consequence, NIF-scale implosions show lower hot-spot density and mass ablation velocity, allowing for higher RTI growth. On the contrary, stabilization resulting from density-gradient enhancement, caused by reabsorption of radiation emitted from the hot spot, is higher on NIF implosions. Since the RTI mitigation related to thermal conduction and radiation transport scale oppositely with implosion size, the degradation of implosion performance caused by the deceleration RTI is similar for NIF and OMEGA targets. It is found that a minimum threshold for the no-α Lawson ignition parameter of χΩ ≈ 0.2 at the OMEGA scale is required to demonstrate hydro-equivalent ignition at the NIF scale for symmetric direct-drive implosions.
Anisotropic ferromagnetic behaviors in highly orientated epitaxial NiO-based thin films
Authors: Zhang Yu-Jun , Luo Yi-Dong , Lin Yuan-Hua , Nan Ce-Wen
Published: July 2015

Antiferromagnetic materials attract a great amount of attention recently for promising antiferromagnet-based spintronics applications. NiO is a conventional antiferromagnetic semiconductor material and can show ferromagnetism by doping other magnetic elements. In this work, we synthesized epitaxial Fe-doped NiO thin films on SrTiO3 substrates with various crystal orientations by pulsed laser deposition. The room-temperature ferromagnetism of these films is anisotropic, including the saturated magnetization and the coercive field. The anisotropic magnetic behaviors of Fe-doped NiO diluted magnetic oxide system should be closely correlated to the magnetic structure of antiferromagnetic NiO base. Within the easy plane of NiO, the coercive field of the films becomes smaller, and larger coercive field while tested out of the easy plane of NiO. The saturated magnetization anisotropy is due to different strain applied by different substrates. These results lead us to more abundant knowledge of the exchange interactions in this conventional antiferromagnetic system.
Anomalous behavior of water inside the SecY translocon
Authors: Capponi Sara , Heyden Matthias , Bondar Ana-Nicoleta , Tobias Douglas J. , White Stephen H.
Published: July 2015

Significance

α-Helical membrane proteins are assembled cotranslationally into cell membranes with the aid of the heterotrimeric membrane-embedded translocon complex. The structures of several translocons reveal that the interior has an hourglass shape filled with water. Because nascent peptide chains emerging from the ribosome are thought to pass through the translocon during secretion or membrane insertion, the translocon is often referred to as a protein-conducting channel. We show by all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations that the water molecules within a translocon do not behave as in a bulk phase, which raises fundamental questions not only about the current conceptual model of translocon-assisted insertion of membrane proteins but also about the physical principles of partitioning of solutes between bulk and confined water.
The RNA-binding protein LIN28B regulates developmental timing in the mammalian cochlea
Authors: Golden Erin J. , Benito-Gonzalez Ana , Doetzlhofer Angelika
Published: July 2015

Significance

The stereotyped cellular organization found within the mammalian auditory epithelium is key to its proper function. Differentiation of this structure occurs under strict spatial and temporal regulation to ensure that proper patterning is achieved. Unlike other neuronal structures (e.g. the retina and cortex), where terminal mitosis and differentiation are linked, these processes remain distinctly separated within the developing auditory epithelium. How coordination is achieved remains largely unknown. Here we show that the RNA-binding protein LIN28B times auditory prosensory cell cycle withdrawal and differentiation through both
let-7–
dependent and
let-7–
independent mechanisms. Additionally, we show that manipulation of the LIN28B/
let-7
axis alters the capacity for postnatal production of sensory hair cells (HC) in the absence of Notch signaling, revealing this axis as a potential candidate for future HC regeneration therapies.
Chicken heat shock protein HSPB1 increases and interacts with αB-crystallin in aged skeletal muscle
Authors: Ueda Shuji , Kokaji Yoshito , Simizu Shunsaku , Honda Kazuhisa , Yoshino Ken-ichi , Kamisoyama Hiroshi , Shirai Yasuhito , Yamanoue Minoru
Published: July 2015

International trading markets of meat require the animal’s age information to prevent cross-contamination of ineligible meat products. Individual livestock age is either evaluated from physiological features or verified by breeding history. However, it remains impossible to perform age verification on meat when a suspicion of error occurred in the importing country. To investigate an age-related protein in skeletal muscle of livestock, we compared protein expression among chicken pectoralis major of different ages. Results indicated that the level of expression of chicken HSPB1, one of the small heat shock proteins, was increased in aged muscles. On the other hand, other heat shock proteins, heat shock factors, and myosin heavy chain isoform did not change the expression levels in aged chicken muscle. In addition, we identified that αB-crystallin interacted with HSPB1 in aged chicken muscle. These results suggest that HSPB1 protein forms complexes with αB-crystallin in aged chicken muscle and suppose to become the candidate of age-related bio-marker for verifying the age of chicken meat.
Teacher collaborative curriculum design in technical vocational colleges: a strategy for maintaining curriculum consistency?
Authors: Albashiry Nabeel M. , Voogt Joke M. , Pieters Jules M.
Published: July 2015

The Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) curriculum requires continuous renewal and constant involvement of stakeholders in the redesign process. Due to a lack of curriculum design expertise, TVET institutions in developing contexts encounter challenges maintaining and advancing the quality and relevance of their programmes to the needs of the labour market. The purpose of this multiple‐case study is to describe the potential of teacher collaborative curriculum design (TCCD) in TVET colleges for improving the internal and external consistency of curricula. The study describes how four teams from different TVET college departments redesigned their programmes systematically and relationally to improve their internal and external consistency. The findings indicated that although the teams found the re‐design task a challenge, they felt positive about the TCCD experience and its outcomes. The design teams also perceived the consistency of their programmes to have improved. The criticality of the support offered to the teams and the variety of the teams' design work were salient themes captured during the design process. It is concluded that supported TCCD teams, applying a systematic and relational approach, can be an efficient strategy for maintaining the consistency of the TVET curriculum.
Key comparison of liquid density standards
Authors: Buchner Christian , Zelenka Zoltan , Kajastie Heikki , Madec Tanguy , Wolf Henning , Vámossy Csilla , Lorefice Salvatore , Garberg Torgunn , Lenard Elżbieta , Spohr Isabel , Mares Gabriela , Spurný Robert , Lumbreras Angel , Medina Nieves , Akçadağ Ümit Y , Perkin Michael
Published: July 2015

Hydrostatic density determination for liquids is mainly performed by laboratories to provide means for calibrating liquid density measuring instruments such as oscillation-type density meters. From 2002 to 2005 the CIPM key comparison CCM.D-K2 ‘comparison of liquid density standards’ was carried out piloted by the PTB. The aim was to compare the results of the density determination by the participating laboratories to support entries to the CMC tables in this sub-field. To provide further laboratories the possibility to support their entries to the CMC tables at the meeting of the EUROMET Working Group on Density in 2007 this comparison was agreed on.

BEV (Austria) organized the comparison supported by the PTB (Germany).

For the comparison samples of pentadecane, water, tetrachloroethylene and of an oil of high viscosity were measured in the temperature range from 5 °C to 60 °C at atmospheric pressure by hydrostatic weighing.

The measurements were completed in 2008. The reference values of the first reports based on the draft of the CCM.D-K2. After the official publication of the CCM.D-K2 the reference values were recalculated and the report was finalised in 2015.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
ERGC: an efficient referential genome compression algorithm
Authors: Saha Subrata , Rajasekaran Sanguthevar
Published: July 2015

Motivation: Genome sequencing has become faster and more affordable. Consequently, the number of available complete genomic sequences is increasing rapidly. As a result, the cost to store, process, analyze and transmit the data is becoming a bottleneck for research and future medical applications. So, the need for devising efficient data compression and data reduction techniques for biological sequencing data is growing by the day. Although there exists a number of standard data compression algorithms, they are not efficient in compressing biological data. These generic algorithms do not exploit some inherent properties of the sequencing data while compressing. To exploit statistical and information-theoretic properties of genomic sequences, we need specialized compression algorithms. Five different next-generation sequencing data compression problems have been identified and studied in the literature. We propose a novel algorithm for one of these problems known as reference-based genome compression.

Results: We have done extensive experiments using five real sequencing datasets. The results on real genomes show that our proposed algorithm is indeed competitive and performs better than the best known algorithms for this problem. It achieves compression ratios that are better than those of the currently best performing algorithms. The time to compress and decompress the whole genome is also very promising.

Availability and implementation: The implementations are freely available for non-commercial purposes. They can be downloaded from http://engr.uconn.edu/∼rajasek/ERGC.zip.

Contact:  rajasek@engr.uconn.edu
LDlink: a web-based application for exploring population-specific haplotype structure and linking correlated alleles of possible functional variants
Authors: Machiela Mitchell J. , Chanock Stephen J.
Published: July 2015

Summary: Assessing linkage disequilibrium (LD) across ancestral populations is a powerful approach for investigating population-specific genetic structure as well as functionally mapping regions of disease susceptibility. Here, we present LDlink, a web-based collection of bioinformatic modules that query single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in population groups of interest to generate haplotype tables and interactive plots. Modules are designed with an emphasis on ease of use, query flexibility, and interactive visualization of results. Phase 3 haplotype data from the 1000 Genomes Project are referenced for calculating pairwise metrics of LD, searching for proxies in high LD, and enumerating all observed haplotypes. LDlink is tailored for investigators interested in mapping common and uncommon disease susceptibility loci by focusing on output linking correlated alleles and highlighting putative functional variants.

Availability and implementation: LDlink is a free and publically available web tool which can be accessed at http://analysistools.nci.nih.gov/LDlink/.

Contact: mitchell.machiela@nih.gov
Oxaliplatin regulates expression of stress ligands in ovarian cancer cells and modulates their susceptibility to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Siew Yin-Yin , Neo Soek-Ying , Yew Hui-Chuing , Lim Shun-Wei , Ng Yi-Cheng , Lew Si-Min , Seetoh Wei-Guang , Seow See-Voon , Koh Hwee-Ling
Published: July 2015

Selected cytotoxic chemicals can provoke the immune system to recognize and destroy malignant tumors. Most of the studies on immunogenic cell death are focused on the signals that operate on a series of receptors expressed by dendritic cells to induce tumor antigen-specific T-cell responses. Here, we explored the effects of oxaliplatin, an immunogenic cell death inducer, on the induction of stress ligands and promotion of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in human ovarian cancer cells. The results indicated that treatment of tumor cells with oxaliplatin induced the production of type I interferons and chemokines and enhanced the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chains (MIC) A/B, UL16-binding protein (ULBP)-3, CD155 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-R1/R2. Furthermore, oxaliplatin but not cisplatin treatment enhanced susceptibility of ovarian cancer cells to NK cell-mediated cytolysis. In addition, activated NK cells completely abrogated the growth of cancer cells that were pretreated with oxaliplatin. However, cancer cells pretreated with the same concentration of oxaliplatin alone were capable of potentiating regrowth over a period of time. These results suggest an advantage in combining oxaliplatin and NK cell-based therapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Further investigation on such potential combination therapy is warranted.
The Brilliant Style
Authors: Ivanovitch Roman
Published: July 2015

The brilliant style, described loosely by Leonard Ratner as rapid passages for virtuoso display, has been a mainstay of modern topic theory, often invoked in conjunction with the singing style to account for the basic contrastive mechanism of the classical style. This chapter explores some contextual bases for the topic, suggesting that eighteenth-century linguistic usage can offer useful nuance and proposing a topical home in the genre of the concerto. Illustrations relate to the concerto, aria, symphony, and quartet, and examine both keyboard and string virtuosity. At the heart of the brilliant style is a set of propensities for public and theatrical modes, tied to a sense of occasion; it can highlight tensions between composer and performer, and relates directly to our constructions of the active “persona” in a composition or performance.
Topics and Harmonic Schemata
Authors: Byros Vasili
Published: July 2015

Topics and harmonic schemata powerfully interact in the late eighteenth-century communicative channel. This chapter illustrates both a categorial and pragmatic interfacing of the two domains in Beethoven’s “Eroica” Symphony, where a particular schema, thele–sol–fi–sol(Byros 2012, 2009), enables the communication of a powerful philosophical message involving the spiritual consequences of suffering, self-sacrifice, and death. Thele–sol–fi–sol, as an instance of harmonic grammar, is closely related to theombratopic with mortal, funereal, and sacrificial connotations. As a hybrid symbolic structure, this schema–topic amalgam is the basis for establishing a number of correlations of oppositions in the structural and expressive domains of the symphony, which communicate a “tragic-to-transcendent” expressive genre and the cultural unit of “abnegation” (Hatten 1994).
Topics and Tonal Processes
Authors: Galand Joel
Published: July 2015

This chapter contributes to topic theory by evaluating the extent to which the choice of musical topics and tonal process in a composition might mutually condition or influence one another. Is it possible to “semanticize” the tonal paths taken by eighteenth-century composers on the basis of the keys with which certain topics were associated? The chapter begins by establishing some conditions under which a proposed connection between topics and tonal process may be considered. Next, it reviews the evidence for associating certain keys with individual topics in the first place, with particular emphasis on the pastorale, hunt,tempesta(i.e.Sturm und Drang),ombra, and military topics. Finally, the chapter presents passages, mostly drawn from the music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, that exemplify possible interactions of topic and tonal plan.
Topics and Form in Mozart’s String Quintet in e Flat Major, k. 614/i
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: July 2015

This chapter explores the nature of the relationship between topics (understood, following Leonard Ratner, as “subject[s] to be incorporated into a musical discourse”) and form. An introductory section notes the sometimes precarious disposition of topics and acknowledges the heterogeneous nature of the topical universe. This is followed by a description of the role of topics in each of the fifteen periods that make up this sonata-form movement. In addition to confirming that topics typically give profile to tonal-harmonic and phrase-structural processes, the analysis notes the relationship between topics and theme, the stylistic implications of topical usage, and the temporal character of topics.
The Troping of Topics in Mozart’s Instrumental Works
Authors: Hatten Robert
Published: July 2015

An eighteenth-century musical topic is a familiar figure, texture, genre, or style that is imported into a new context, where it may interact with other topics and the prevailing discourse of a movement in ways that may spark creative meanings. These interactions are analogous to the processes that produce tropes in literary language. A merger of expressive meanings may produce an effect akin to metaphor, whereas resistance to merger may signal some form of irony. Degrees of compatibility, dominance, creativity, and productivity among topics and tropes are explored in Mozart’s instrumental works, with extended examples drawn from the first movements of Mozart’s Piano Sonatas in F major, K. 332, and D major, K. 576, and the second and fourth movements of his String Quartet in D minor, K. 421.
Performing Topics in Mozart’s Chamber Music with Piano
Authors: Irving John
Published: July 2015

This chapter discusses ways in which an awareness of topics might influence performance behaviors. It contrasts topics as understood respectively by Aristotle (abstract concepts) and Vico (potential for action). Through case studies taken from Mozart’s chamber music with piano (specifically in a “period-instrument” context), it investigates subtle interactions between different dance topics (sarabande, gavotte, bourrée), which emerge only through careful consideration of notational features such as beat hierarchy and other aspects of historically informed performance practice hinted at in the notation. Awareness of these interactions, and recognition of their invitations to engage in certain performance gestures, offers the potential to create performance narratives that counterpoint the formal design mapped out in the notated score.
Recognizing Musical Topics Versus Executing Rhetorical Figures
Authors: Beghin Tom
Published: July 2015

Along with the emergence of topic theory, musicological discourse has witnessed a spectacular revival of rhetorical terminology. How can musical topics be defined vis-à-vis rhetorical figures? Any answer is fraught with paradox. Unlike Scheibe’s or Mattheson’sloci topici(which remained conceptually clearly anchored ininventio), Ratnerian topics span the range ofresandverba(ideas and words) orinventioandelocutio: like figures, topics are to be recognized as striking foreground events and definitions of them have been style-specific. This chapter discusses three existing examples of figure- versus topic-oriented analysis of solo keyboard sonatas, exploring the compatibility of topic and figure while enlarging the picture to include performance,voluntas(or intent of the speaker), and choice of instrument. The three analyses are Friedrich August Kanne’s (1821) of Mozart’s K. 309/i, Wye Allanbrook’s (1992) of Mozart’s K. 332/i, and Leonard Ratner’s (1980) of Haydn’s Hob. XVI:52/i.
Amateur Topical Competencies
Authors: Lowe Melanie
Published: July 2015

This chapter considers the topical competency of late eighteenth-century amateur players and listeners. Focus is on selected string quartets by Haydn, Mozart, and Pleyel. The analytical strategy is comparative, and therefore the analyses are limited to movements governed by clearly defined topics. The troping of learned and galant elements is the focus of discussion of three minuet movements, all of which incorporate contrapuntal techniques to varying structural and expressive ends. Parametric density is the focus of discussion of fourchassemovements. In both sets of examples, issues considered include topical content and syntactical function, topical dissonance, and social and cultural associations.
Symphonies and the Public Display of Topics
Authors: Sisman Elaine
Published: July 2015

To the multiple audiences for whom Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and their contemporaries composed—patrons, publishers, players, and an expanding universe of listeners at different levels of knowledge—symphonies were the ubiquitous markers of public musical life in the later eighteenth century, opening and sometimes closing concerts and theatrical events. To heighten their appeal and intelligibility, classical composers found topics for their symphonies in the expressive worlds of opera and theater, as well as in the realms of human activity in nature, at court, or (less often) in the church. In so doing, they heightened their listeners’ range of musical experiences and the possibility of shared interpretations. Rereading contemporaneous opinion to find surprising topical correlations, this chapter develops an understanding of symphonic topics that draws both on referential musical styles and on the textures and colors of the orchestra itself.
Topics in Chamber Music
Authors: Sutcliffe W. Dean
Published: July 2015

It can be argued that the specific contribution of chamber genres to the topical universe of eighteenth-century music was negligible; most elements of this universe seem to derive from more widely shared, “public” genres. On the other hand, what we now define as chamber music could be lighter on its feet, using a wider spectrum of topics than other mediums, changing topics more quickly and combining them with greater versatility. This chapter first considers the contribution of Domenico Scarlatti, an early protagonist of a topically mixed style, including an analysis of his Sonata K. 181. It then explores several topical fields in which chamber music could speculate with particular freedom: the learned, the pastoral, and the evocation of more public genres such as the overture and more broadly orchestral style.
Ballroom Dances of the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: McKee Eric
Published: July 2015

Dance topics represent the largest and most pervasive category of late eighteenth-century topics. This chapter examines ballroom dances current in Vienna during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. The repertoire is largely drawn from theRedoutentänzethat Mozart composed for the imperial court balls held during Carnival season during the last three years of his life (1788–91). This rich and diverse group of works includes the most popular ballroom dances of the Classic period: minuets, contredanses,Deutsche, andLändler. I have two objectives. The first is to provide an account of the prototypical features of each dance’s choreography and music and the correlations found between the two; the second is to introduce some cultural, social, and expressive meanings associated with these dances.
Hunt, Military, and Pastoral Topics
Authors: Haringer Andrew
Published: July 2015

This chapter is intended as a response and supplement to Raymond Monelle’s bookThe Musical Topic: Hunt, Military and Pastoral(2006), with a focus on the writings of eighteenth-century music theorists. Despite the thoroughness of Monelle’s study, he largely overlooks such writers as Mattheson, Sulzer, Schubart, and Türk, who all provide important details on these topics, both in terms of their musical parameters and their cultural meanings. Their insights both strengthen and finesse Monelle’s arguments, providing a richer picture of such complex subtopics as the march and siciliana. The chapter concludes with a reflection on Monelle’s unique contributions to the field of music semiotics.
Topical Figurae
Authors: Rumph Stephen
Published: July 2015

Musical topics have invited comparison with language ever since Leonard Ratner adopted the rhetorical termtopos. Yet topic theory has not addressed the “double articulation” of language: while words function as meaningful signs, they are articulated by meaningless elements, what Louis Hjelmslev referred to collectively as “figurae.” This chapter develops an analogous theory of topical figurae, structural features that articulate multiple topics but do not themselves signify topically, adapting concepts from phonology (deletion, markedness, assimilation, neutralization). The musical analyses explore both the semantic and syntactic implications of topical figurae, focusing on Beethoven’s “Eroica” Symphony and Mozart’s Piano Sonata in F major, K. 332. Embedded equally in the musical structure and the topical code, figurae bridge the gap between formal analysis and cultural hermeneutics and can lead to a more holistic understanding of topical meaning.
Increased Noradrenergic Neurotransmission to a Pain Facilitatory Area of the Brain Is Implicated in Facilitation of Chronic Pain
Authors: Martins Isabel , Carvalho Paulina , de Vries Martin G. , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Wilson Steven P. , Westerink Ben H. C. , Tavares Isaura
Published: July 2015

AbstractAbstract

In rats, peripheral nerve injury–induced hypersensitivity was associated with evidence for activation of cells in the brainstem, noradrenergic locus coeruleus nucleus, including cells that project to the dorsal reticular nucleus, which provides descending pain facilitating input. Pharmacologic studies suggest that the analgesic action of spinally released norepinephrine may be reduced by simultaneous activation of supraspinal facilitating systems dependent on α1-adrenoceptors.

Background:

Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors are known to produce analgesia through a spinal action but they also act in the brain. However, the action of noradrenaline on supraspinal pain control regions is understudied. The authors addressed the noradrenergic modulation of the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), a medullary pronociceptive area, in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain.

Methods:

The expression of the phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB), a marker of neuronal activation, was evaluated in the locus coeruleus and A5 noradrenergic neurons (n = 6 rats/group). pCREB was studied in noradrenergic DRt-projecting neurons retrogradely labeled in SNI animals (n = 3). In vivo microdialysis was used to measure noradrenaline release in the DRt on nociceptive stimulation or after DRt infusion of clonidine (n = 5 to 6 per group). Pharmacology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot were used to study α-adrenoreceptors in the DRt (n = 4 to 6 per group).

Results:

pCREB expression significantly increased in the locus coeruleus and A5 of SNI animals, and most noradrenergic DRt-projecting neurons expressed pCREB. In SNI animals, noradrenaline levels significantly increased on pinprick (mean ± SD, 126 ± 14%; P = 0.025 vs. baseline) and acetone stimulation (mean ± SD, 151 ± 12%; P < 0.001 vs. baseline), and clonidine infusion showed decreased α2-mediated inhibitory function. α1-adrenoreceptor blockade decreased nociceptive behavioral responses in SNI animals. α2-adrenoreceptor expression was not altered.

Conclusions:

Chronic pain induces brainstem noradrenergic activation that enhances descending facilitation from the DRt. This suggests that antidepressants inhibiting noradrenaline reuptake may enhance pain facilitation from the brain, counteracting their analgesic effects at the spinal cord.
ADIPOQ −11377C>G Polymorphism Increases the Risk of Adipokine Abnormalities and Child Obesity Regardless of Dietary Intake
Authors: Gajewska Joanna , Kuryłowicz Alina , Ambroszkiewicz Jadwiga , Mierzejewska Ewa , Chełchowska Magdalena , Szamotulska Katarzyna , Weker Halina , Puzianowska‐Kuźnicka Monika
Published: July 2015

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to verify whether selected functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in LEP, LEPR, and ADIPOQ loci are associated with the development of obesity and serum levels of the respective adipokines in prepubertal white children with obesity.

Methods:

Frequencies of −2548G>A LEP (rs7799039), Q223R (rs1137101) and K656N (rs8129183) LEPR, and −11377C>G (rs266729) and −11426A>G (rs16861194) ADIPOQ polymorphisms were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 101 obese (standard deviation score [SDS]‐body mass index [BMI] >2) and 67 normal‐weight (SDS‐BMI <−1 + 1>) children. Serum adipokine concentrations were measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method.

Results:

The GC/GG genotypes of −11377C>G ADIPOQ polymorphism were associated with a higher risk of obesity (P = 0.022, odds ratio 2.08 [95% confidence interval 1.11–3.90]). Individuals carrying the GG genotype had a higher leptin/total adiponectin ratio by 25% than CC homozygotes (Ptrend = 0.05). In the multivariate linear regression model, we found differences among particular genotypes of this polymorphism in concentrations of high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin (Ptrend = 0.043) and HMW/total adiponectin ratio (Ptrend = 0.048), with the lowest values in GG homozygotes. Positive correlations between SDS‐BMI and dietary reference intake percentage were observed in individuals homozygous for allele C (r = 0.403, P = 0.01) and CG heterozygotes (r = 0.428, P = 0.004). No significant correlations between both parameters were found in the GG homozygotes.

Conclusions:

Among the analyzed polymorphisms, only −11377C>G ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with obesity during the prepubertal period. Adipokine abnormalities coexisting with the lack of relations between SDS‐BMI and dietary intake may predict a higher risk of future obesity‐related disorders in obese children carrying the GG genotype than in those with other genotypes.
Evaluation of Nasal Obstruction in Various Sagittal Skeletal Deformity of Jaws
Authors: Rodrigues Marco Marques , Passeri Luis Augusto , Monnazzi Marcelo Silva , Gabrielli Mario Francisco Real , Gabrielli Marisa Aparecida Cabrini , Pereira-Filho Valfrido Antonio
Published: July 2015

Nasal obstruction (NO) is a common symptom present in 25% of the general population, which significantly interferes with the quality of life. The different facial profiles and malocclusion patterns could be associated with the degree of NO. In order to evaluate the nasal function in patients with different facial morphology patterns, the authors developed a prospective study in which 88 patients from a dentofacial deformities center were included. These patients were submitted to fibrorhinoscopy (Mashida, ENT PIII) with a 3.2-mm cannula under topical anesthesia to evaluate septal deviation, inferior and medium turbinates, and pharyngeal tonsils. The 88 patients included in the study were divided into 3 groups according to the classification of the facial profile, distributed as follows: 32 class I, 28 class II, and 28 class III; the data collected was statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and the results are shown. The patients included in this study presented similar prevalence of NO with the reduction of airway function efficiency. Although it was not a statistically different, the group II presented higher mean Nasal Obstruction Syndrome Evaluation scores.
Implant Site Under-Preparation to Compensate the Remodeling of an Autologous Bone Block Graft
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Murias-Freijo Alia , Alkhraisat Mohammad Hamdan
Published: July 2015

Autologous bone block grafting is an efficient technique to thicken an atrophied residual alveolar ridge. A variable degree of resorption, however, occurs due to graft remodeling. In this study, we hypothesize that under-preparation of implant socket would permit the dental implant to act as a bone expansor and thus compensate for the contraction in the augmented ridge width. For that reason, 10 patients received an autologous bone block graft that was obtained from the ramus of the mandible. Residual alveolar ridge width was measured on CBCT scans obtained before surgery (T0), after 2 months of healing (T1), after 4 months of healing just before implant placement (T2), and after 4 months of implant placement (T3). The thickness of the alveolar ridge was initially increased from 2.5 ± 1.4 to 6.1 ± 2.0 mm. Before implant insertion, this width was decreased to 5.6 ± 2.1 mm. The last measurement after implant insertion indicated an increase to 7.3 ± 1.8 mm. In comparison to the measurements at T1, a loss of about 0.5 mm of the augmented width occurred. But, this loss was compensated by an increment of 1.2 mm at T3 (after implant insertion) if related to the measurement at T1. Neither gingival dehiscence nor block exposure was observed. Within the limitations of this study, under-preparation of implant socket could make the ridge expansion possible during implant insertion and thus to compensate the remodeling of autologous bone block graft.
Mandibular Symphyseal L-Inverted Midline Osteotomy to Correct Mild Laterognathia and Malocclusion
Authors: Collantes Carlos , Solano Nicolás , Romero Luis , Molina César , Gómez-Delgado Andrés
Published: July 2015

Objective:

The aim of this study was to present the authors’ experience with a new surgical technique to correct mild laterognathia and malocclusion by means of an L-inverted midline osteotomy.

Patient and Methods:

The patient was a 26-year-old woman diagnosed with left laterognathia and ipsilateral posterior crossbite. She was operated by using this novel technique in November 2009 at Hogar Clínica San Rafael, Maracaibo, Venezuela. Bicortical midline symphyseal vertical osteotomy was executed, followed by block removal of the central right inferior incisor and its surrounding alveolar bone. The mandibular segmentation was completed by means of a right hemimentoplasty. After this, a 4-mm right mandibular rotation was made, and titanium plates and monocortical screws of the 2.0 system were used to achieve the rigid fixation.

Results:

The patient showed outstanding aesthetic and functional results after 5 years.

Conclusions:

This technique provides a new treatment option for the correction of mild laterognathia cases associated with dental malocclusion.
Ideal or Young-Looking Brow Height and Arch Shape Preferred by Koreans
Authors: Hwang Se Jin , Kim Hun , Hwang Kun , Kim Seong Kee , Kim Young Suk , Kim Yeon Soo
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study is to see which brow height and arch shape is preferred as ideal or young-looking by Koreans.

A survey was conducted between June and Dec 2014 on 186 women who visited the brow bar (“Benefit” of Incheon city). They were asked to choose which they believed ideal and youngest amongst the 3 brow archetypes according to their height and 4 types of modification of Anastasia (rotation of medial and lateral arms), which was illustrated.

Approximately half (52.5%) of the respondents answered that their brow matches them very well or well. Most (81.2%) believed there might be a method to yield an ideal brow archetype and almost all (97.3%) would change the brow shape if the expert advised. The most preferred ideal brow height was of a middle height (63.2%, the distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral end of eyebrow, which was 2/3 of the eye width). The most preferred ideal brow arch shape was the arched type (57.6% arches on a line drawn from the center of the nose through the center of the pupil). The most preferred young-looking brow height was of an upper height (46.2%, the distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral end of eyebrow was 3/4 of the eye width) followed by a middle height (39.7%). The most preferred young-looking brow arch shape was the head-up position (53.3%, medial arm of the brow was rotated upward to the horizontal plane).

The result of this study might be useful in facial rejuvenation surgeries as well as in brow esthetics or tattooing of the eyebrows.
Application of Computer-Aided Designing and Rapid Prototyping Technologies in Reconstruction of Blowout Fractures of the Orbital Floor
Authors: Tabaković Saša Z. , Konstantinović Vitomir S. , Radosavljević Radivoje , Movrin Dejan , Hadžistević Miodrag , Hatab Nur
Published: July 2015

Introduction:

Traumatology of the maxillofacial region represents a wide range of different types of facial skeletal injuries and encompasses numerous treatment methods. Application of computer-aided design (CAD) in combination with rapid prototyping (RP) technologies and three-dimensional computed tomography techniques facilitates surgical therapy planning for efficient treatment.

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to determine the efficiency of individually designed implants of poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA) in the reconstruction of blowout fractures of the orbital floor.

Methods:

In the course of a surgical treatment, individually designed implants manufactured by CAD/RP technologies were used. Preoperative analysis and postoperative monitoring were conducted to evaluate the successfulness of orbital floor reconstruction using customized PDLLA implants, based on: presence of diplopia, paresthesia of infraorbital nerve, and presence of enophthalmos.

Results:

In 6 of the 10 patients, diplopia completely disappeared immediately after surgical procedure. Diplopia gradually disappeared after 1 month in 3 patients, whereas in 1, it remained even after 6 months. In 7 patients, paresthesia disappeared within a month after surgery and in 3 patients within 2 months. Postoperative average Orbital volume (OV) of the injured side (13.333 ± 3.177) was significantly reduced in comparison with preoperative OV (15.847 ± 3.361) after reconstruction of the orbital floor with customized PDLLA implant (P < 0.001). Thus, average OV of corrected orbit was not different compared with the OV of the uninjured orbit (P = 0.981).

Conclusions:

Reconstruction of blowout fractures of the orbital floor by an individually designed PDLLA implant combined with virtual preoperative modeling allows easier preoperative preparation and yields satisfactory functional and esthetic outcomes.
Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia Following Herpes Zoster
Authors: Li Guo-wei , Lan Qing , Zhang Wen-chuan
Published: July 2015

Objective:

The aim of this study was to illustrate the clinical characteristics and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia following herpes zoster.

Methods:

From August 1, 2011 to August 1, 2013, 23 consecutive patients with trigeminal neuralgia following herpes zoster underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) at our cranial nerve disease center. All patients underwent preoperative MRI evaluation, intraoperative observation, and clinical effect evaluation. Clinical data were collected and analyzed in our center.

Results:

V2 division was the most commonly affected branch. Unlike pretrigeminal neuralgia (PTN), trigger zone was only found in a small part of patients (21.7%). Unlike PTN, the adhesions and compressions between trigeminal nerve and offending vessels were usually not serious; trigeminal nerve usually is atrophic; superior cerebellar artery was the most common offending vessels (65.2%). Of 23 patients, 19 experienced pain relief (82.6%), 1 patient suffered from hearing loss, and another one suffered from cerebrospinal fluid leak; no severe complications were found. During follow-up period, no recurrence was found (3 lost).

Conclusions:

For patients who suffered from trigeminal neuralgia following herpes zoster, trigger zone was only found in a small part of patients. The trigeminal nerve usually is atrophic; microvascular decompression was equally applied to these patients if vessel compression was confirmed.