bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic Gent–McWilliams Parameterization for Ocean Models
Authors: Smith Richard D. , Gent Peter R.
Published: December 2004

An anisotropic generalization of the Gent–McWilliams (GM) parameterization is presented for eddy-induced tracer transport and diffusion in ocean models, and it is implemented in an ocean general circulation model using a functional formalism to derive the spatial discretization. This complements the anisotropic viscosity parameterization recently developed by Smith and McWilliams. The anisotropic GM operator is potentially useful in both coarse- and high-resolution ocean models, and in this study the focus is on its application in high-resolution eddying solutions, for which it provides an adiabatic alternative to the more commonly used biharmonic horizontal diffusion operators. It is shown that realistically high levels of eddy energy can be simulated using harmonic anisotropic diffusion and friction operators. Isotropic forms can also be used, but these tend either to overly damp the solution when a large diffusion coefficient is used or to introduce unacceptable levels of numerical noise when a small coefficient is used. A series of numerical simulations of the North Atlantic Ocean are conducted at 0.2° resolution using anisotropic viscosity, anisotropic GM, and biharmonic mixing operators to investigate the effects of the anisotropic forms and to isolate changes in the solutions specifically associated with anisotropic GM. A high-resolution 0.1° simulation is then conducted using both anisotropic forms, and the results are compared with a similar run using biharmonic mixing. Modest improvements are seen in the mean wind-driven circulation with the anisotropic forms, but the largest effects are due to the anisotropic GM parameterization, which eliminates the spurious diapycnal diffusion inherent in horizontal tracer diffusion. This leads to significant improvements in the model thermohaline circulation, including the meridional heat transport, meridional overturning circulation, and deep-water formation and convection in the Labrador Sea.
Interannual to Interdecadal Variability in the Japan Sea Based on a New Gridded Upper Water Temperature Dataset
Authors: Minobe Shoshiro , Sako Akinori , Nakamura Makoto
Published: December 2004

A new gridded water temperature dataset of upper 400-m depths (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 m) for the Japan Sea (or East Sea) is produced by using an optimal interpolation technique from 1930 to 1996, based on oceanographic observations collected in the World Ocean Database 1998. The temperature data are analyzed by a complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) with six levels combined using the data for a period from 1957 to 1996, during which most of gridded data are available. Before calculating the CEOFs, low-pass or high-pass filters (cutoff period at 7 yr) are applied to separate interannual and decadal temperature changes, respectively. One interannual and two decadal CEOF modes are identified. The interannual first CEOF mode is characterized by the energetic variability around and south of the subpolar front in the western Japan Sea, accompanied by northward and northeastward phase propagations emanating from the Tsushima Strait. The decadal first CEOF mode exhibits a broad structure prevailing over the whole Japan Sea, but large amplitudes are trapped by the subpolar front, with 60°–90° phase lags between the northeastern and southwestern Japan Sea. The decadal second CEOF mode has a localized structure with strong correlations in the Yamato Basin. The relation between the atmosphere and ocean is analyzed by a correlation analysis of wintertime sea level pressures (SLPs) onto the temporal coefficients of the CEOF modes. The interannual first CEOF mode is accompanied by the SLP anomalies over the western North Pacific Ocean with steep SLP gradients over the Japan Sea, suggesting that this mode is forced by local wind anomalies associated with the SLP changes over the western North Pacific. The decadal first CEOF mode is likely to be caused by changes of the east Asian winter monsoon due to the SLP variability of the northern part of the Siberian high, which is closely associated with the decadal fluctuations of the Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. The second decadal CEOF mode is accompanied by high SLP correlations over the central North Pacific associated with strength changes of Aleutian lows, suggestive of remote forcing from the central North Pacific.
Sea-Ice Drift on the Northeastern Shelf of Sakhalin Island
Authors: Shevchenko Georgy V. , Rabinovich Alexander B. , Thomson Richard E.
Published: December 2004

Ice-drift velocity records from coastal radar stations, combined with data from moored current meters and coastal wind stations, are used to examine sea-ice motion off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island in the Sea of Okhotsk. Ice motion is shown to be governed primarily by diurnal tidal currents and wind-induced drift, which explain 92%–95% of the total ice-drift variance. Diurnal tidal motions predominate off the northern Sakhalin coast, accounting for 65%–80% of the variance, while low-frequency wind-induced motions prevail off the south-central coast, accounting for over 91% of the ice-drift variance. Maximum diurnal tidal ice-drift velocities range from 90–110 cm s−1 on the north coast to 10–15 cm s−1 on the south coast, in good agreement with the barotropic model of Kowalik and Polyakov. The presence of diurnal shelf waves accounts for the strong diurnal currents on the steeply sloping northern Sakhalin shelf, while the absence of such waves explains the weak diurnal currents on the more gently sloping south-central shelf. Using a vector regression model, the authors show that wind-induced ice-drift “response ellipses” (the current velocity response to a unity wind-velocity forcing) are consistent with a predominantly alongshore response to the wind, with wind-induced currents most pronounced off the south-central coast where water depths are relatively shallow. Time–frequency analysis of wind and ice-drift series reveals that, in winter, when sea ice is most extensive and internally cohesive, the ice response is almost entirely aligned with the alongshore component of the wind; in spring, when sea ice is broken and patchy, the ice responds to both the cross- and alongshore components of the wind.
Imagining China’s Madrid in Manchuria
Authors: Cheng Victor Shiu Chiang
Published: December 2004

This article is an interdisciplinary study of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) military decision making at the outset of the civil war. The historical phenomenon of the Communists’ invocation of “Madrid” is studied in the context of the Chinese civil war in Manchuria, particularly the battle of Sipingjie. The strategic culture of the Communist leaders is discussed thematically in terms of their desire for a decisive battle, their expectation of a short war, and their propensity for preemptive strikes. Analyzing newly released primary documents, the author argues that norms, beliefs, and material conditions work in tandem in the making of strategy in a way that the realist premise fails to explain. He concludes that the interaction of normative and material factors, symbolized by the Madrid concept, heightened the CCP policy makers’ acceptance of risk in 1946, which foreshadowed the open general war in China over the following three years.
Pediatric Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Authors: Bickert Betsy , Reilly Anne
Published: December 2004

Patients with a high tumor burden may develop tumor lysis syndrome. Tumor lysis syndrome consists of at least 2 metabolic abnormalities, which may include hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, or hyperuricemia. The goal of standard therapy is to prevent tumor lysis syndrome. Prophylactic therapy includes hydration, alkalinization, and treatment to lower uric acid with either allopurinol or rasburicase. Other metabolic abnormalities are treated as they occur.
A Taxonomy for Stakeholder Involvement in Public Sector Transportation Research and Technology Programs
Authors: Brach Ann M.
Published: December 2004

Providing for stakeholder involvement in a research program means giving those interested in the research opportunities to help shape the program. This article develops a taxonomy for stakeholder involvement in public sector transportation research programs based on the purpose of the research, sponsorship of the research, and stages of the research management process. Four types of stakeholders are identified—sponsor, experts, users, and affected parties—and their potential roles at each stage of the research management process are discussed. The article identifies four general types of mechanisms for stakeholder involvement, from the least formal to the most formal mechanism, and provides guidelines for their use in the context of the taxonomy for stakeholder involvement.
Accuracy and Precision of Manual Baseline Determination
Authors: Jirasek A. , Schulze G. , Yu M. M. L. , Blades M. W. , Turner R. F. B.
Published: December 2004

Vibrational spectra often require baseline removal before further data analysis can be performed. Manual (i.e., user) baseline determination and removal is a common technique used to perform this operation. Currently, little data exists that details the accuracy and precision that can be expected with manual baseline removal techniques. This study addresses this current lack of data. One hundred spectra of varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-baseline ratio (SBR), baseline slope, and spectral congestion were constructed and baselines were subtracted by 16 volunteers who were categorized as being either experienced or inexperienced in baseline determination. In total, 285 baseline determinations were performed. The general level of accuracy and precision that can be expected for manually determined baselines from spectra of varying SNR, SBR, baseline slope, and spectral congestion is established. Furthermore, the effects of user experience on the accuracy and precision of baseline determination is estimated. The interactions between the above factors in affecting the accuracy and precision of baseline determination is highlighted. Where possible, the functional relationships between accuracy, precision, and the given spectral characteristic are detailed. The results provide users of manual baseline determination useful guidelines in establishing limits of accuracy and precision when performing manual baseline determination, as well as highlighting conditions that confound the accuracy and precision of manual baseline determination.
Gas-Phase Databases for Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Sharpe Steven W. , Johnson Timothy J. , Sams Robert L. , Chu Pamela M. , Rhoderick George C. , Johnson Patricia A.
Published: December 2004

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are each creating quantitative databases containing the vapor-phase infrared spectra of pure chemicals. The digital databases have been created with both laboratory and remote-sensing applications in mind. A spectral resolution of ≈0.1 cm−1 was selected to avoid degrading sharp spectral features, while also realizing that atmospheric broadening typically limits line widths to 0.1 cm−1. Calculated positional (wavenumber, cm−1) uncertainty is ≤0.005 cm−1, while the 1σ statistical uncertainty in absorbance values is <2% for most compounds. The latter was achieved by measuring multiple (typically ≥9) path length–concentration burdens and fitting a weighted Beer's law plot to each wavenumber channel. The two databases include different classes of compounds and were compared using 12 samples. Though these 12 samples span a range of polarities, absorption strengths, and vapor pressures, the data agree to within experimental uncertainties with only one exception.
Acousto-Optic Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy for Atmospheric Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheng Andrew Y. S. , Chan M. H.
Published: December 2004

Measurement of the atmospheric concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollutant was demonstrated by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) using a visible acousto-optic tunable filter. In a traditional spectral scanning DOAS system for atmospheric concentration monitoring, a highly stable light source is required. When the light intensity fluctuates during scanning, the concentration retrieval will be inaccurate. In order to reduce the error due to intensity fluctuations, a modified DOAS system has been developed by introducing a broadband light intensity monitoring channel. Using the measured intensity of the broadband channel as the intensity of the light source, the spectrum can be de-biased and the residual intensity variation will primarily result from atmospheric extinction. In addition, by employing the lock-in detection technique, the background light interference is also removed in the modified DOAS system. The atmospheric NO2 concentration measurement was performed at the campus of City University of Hong Kong, and the results were compared with the concentration reported from a nearby monitoring station in Sham Shui Po, operated by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department.
Ti:Sapphire-Based Picosecond Visible-Infrared Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy from 900–3100 cm−1
Authors: Hore Dennis K. , King Jennifer L. , Moore Fred G. , Alavi David S. , Hamamoto Mathew Y. , Richmond Geraldine L.
Published: December 2004

Visible-infrared sum-frequency spectroscopy is ideally suited to the study of surfaces and interfaces. This paper introduces new sum-frequency spectroscopy instrumentation that we have developed with two novel features: (1) stable and robust infrared generation in the 900–3100 cm−1 (11–3.2 μm) region using an amplified Ti:sapphire oscillator with a home-built OPG/OPA, and (2) continuous tuning over either 900–2700 cm−1 (11–3.7 μm) or 1800–3100 cm−1 (5.5–3.2 μm) in a single experiment. All practical details of baseline correction issues due to the picosecond pulses (including variation in infrared (IR) energy, spatial and temporal overlap, Fresnel coefficients) are addressed while demonstrating signal throughout this region from an amorphous gold surface. A sum-frequency spectrum from an oriented polymer is shown as a complete example of the data treatment, which reveals the vibrational modes accessible in this wavelength region.
A Lightweight Hydrogel System for Passive Cooling of Solar Cells
Authors: Lapsirivatkul Teerapat , Boon‐in Supissra , Crespy Daniel , Pattanasattayavong Pichaya
Published: February 2025

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of photovoltaics (PVs) or solar cells is significantly affected by the temperature. Under 1‐sun solar irradiance, the PV temperature can reach up to 65–70 °C; consequently, the PCE and power output can be reduced by as much as 18%. Herein, highly efficient PV passive cooling based on thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) containing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), or polyacrylamide (PAM), is demonstrated. Crucially, the measurements of water release ratio and differential thermal analysis (DTA) reveal that the cooling performance of hydrogels not only depends on how much water they absorb but also on how fast they can release water. The DTA experiments allow the quantification of specific cooling power (SCP). The optimal composition of PNIPAM/PAM hydrogels with 15 wt.% PAM shows the largest swelling ratio of 30 and highest SCP of 1.86 W g−1. Employed in the cooling application of silicon PV cells, a large temperature reduction of 23 °C is achieved (from 70 to 47 °C), resulting in a relative increase in PCE by 12.3%. Remarkably, only 5.1 kg m−2 of the hydrogels is required, 90% lower than what is typically required of phase change materials for passive PV cooling.
Streamlined Inkjet‐Printing of Stretchable Organic Photodetectors
Authors: Seiberlich Mervin , Rainer Christian , Skarjan Leon , Ruiz‐Preciado Luis Arturo , Perevedentsev Aleksandr , Xia Kai , Krebsbach Peter , Schlisske Stefan , Lemmer Uli , Hernandez‐Sosa Gerardo
Published: February 2025

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, robotics, and wearable electronics has created new challenges and increased the demand for advanced sensing technologies. These sensors must not only exhibit tailored performance but also offer new properties like stretchability and flexibility while being compatible with industrial manufacturing. In this work, a streamlined and simplified method is introduced for fabricating stretchable Organic Photodiodes (OPDs) relying solely on industry‐grade inkjet‐printing. It is demonstrated that printed stiff islands effectively decouple strain from the stretched substrate and serve as a chemically resistant and mechanically rigid platform for printed OPDs. Printing difficulties that arose while processing the Ag electrodes on the curved island surfaces are overcome by a two‐step printing process. Finally, the study reports fully printed OPDs exhibiting peak responsivities (λ = 730 nm) of 340 mA W−1 and specific detectivities (D*) of 2.8 · 1011 Jones at 100 Hz, both measured at −2 V. The light sensors remained functional for over 600 mechanical stretching cycles at strains up to 7%.
Comparative Test of Novel Fluorescent Optical Antennas for LED‐ and Laser‐Based Optical Wireless Communications
Authors: Meucci Marco , Aresti Mauro , Cossu Giulio , Gilli Lorenzo , Oliviero Luca , Bartolini Matteo , Pucci Andrea , Ciaramella Ernesto , Catani Jacopo
Published: February 2025

Fluorescent Concentrators (FCs) are set to revolutionize Optical Wireless Communications (OWC), offering significant advantages over traditional receivers, such as large Field of View (FoV) and enhanced optical gain (OG). In this study, three different Optical Antennas are presented and evaluated as OWC receivers, exploiting FCs incorporating different fluorophores. The performances of DQ1 and Lumogen Red 305F (LR305), and a newly synthesized fluorophore (H2) are comparatively tested for solar energy harvesting, never proposed before for OWC. The devices are tested in high bit rate, laser‐based OWC configuration, and for indoor LED‐based Visible Light Communication (VLC) by presenting a realistic indoor VLC transmitter‐receiver (TX‐RX) system embedding high‐power white LEDs as transmitter. The results demonstrate that all the proposed OAs exhibit greater angular stability than traditional detectors, potentially offering greater resilience to misalignment and beam wandering effects, particularly relevant also in Free Space Optical (FSO) configurations. Furthermore, the intrinsic properties of H2 and LR305 make them particularly suited for white‐light VLC applications. Based on a thorough experimental characterization, the work is the first to propose and evaluate in detail the performance of various new OAs, depending on the specific application, highlighting the efficiency of such devices across various OWC fields.
Decoding the High Efficiency of Cs₂SnI₆ Perovskite Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Study Through First‐Principles Calculations and SCAPS Modeling
Authors: Anshul  , Raj Manasvi , Kushwaha Aditya , Goel Neeraj
Published: February 2025

Cs₂SnI₆ has emerged as a stable and environmentally friendly replacement for lead (Pb)‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its air stability, attributed to the Sn⁴⁺ oxidation state, and non‐toxic composition (lead‐free). A key benefit of using Cs₂SnI₆ as an absorber layer is that it enables the elimination of hole transport layers (HTLs) in some device architectures; however, PSCs with HTLs generally outperform those without HTL. Here, the structural, electronic, and optical properties of Cs₂SnI₆ are investigated using first‐principles calculations, and photovoltaic effects by using SCAPS‐1D simulation software. Nine different device configurations have been investigated by combining three electron transport layers (ETLs) with three HTLs to optimize device performance. The impact of HTL thickness, ETL thickness, absorber layer thickness, and operating temperature are studied on the solar cell's efficiency. The optimized PSC demonstrates a fill factor (FF) of 84.683%, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.0%, the short circuit current density JSC of 28.433 mA cm−2, the open circuit voltage VOC of 0.998 V, and a quantum efficiency of 99.866%, with optimal operating conditions at 300 K.
Reaction Pathway Differentiation Enabled Fingerprinting Signal for Single Nucleotide Variant Detection
Authors: Yang Huixiao , Zhang Linghao , Kang Xinmiao , Si Yunpei , Song Ping , Su Xin
Published: February 2025

Accurate identification of single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) is paramount for disease diagnosis. Despite the facile design of DNA hybridization probes, their limited specificity poses challenges in clinical applications. Here, a differential reaction pathway probe (DRPP) based on a dynamic DNA reaction network is presented. DRPP leverages differences in reaction intermediate concentrations between SNV and WT groups, directing them into distinct reaction pathways. This generates a strong pulse‐like signal for SNV and a weak unidirectional increase signal for wild‐type (WT). Through the application of machine learning to fluorescence kinetic data analysis, the classification of SNV and WT signals is automated with an accuracy of 99.6%, significantly exceeding the 80.7% accuracy of conventional methods. Additionally, sensitivity for variant allele frequency (VAF) is enhanced down to 0.1%, representing a ten‐fold improvement over conventional approaches. DRPP accurately identified D614G and N501Y SNVs in the S gene of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants in patient swab samples with accuracy over 99% (n = 82). It determined the VAF of ovarian cancer‐related mutations KRAS‐G12R, NRAS‐G12C, and BRAF‐V600E in both tissue and blood samples (n = 77), discriminating cancer patients and healthy individuals with significant difference (p < 0.001). The potential integration of DRPP into clinical diagnostics, along with rapid amplification techniques, holds promise for early disease diagnostics and personalized diagnostics.
Evolutionary‐Distinct Viral Proteins Subvert Rice Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral Immunity Mediated by the RAV15‐MYC2 Module
Authors: Zhang Hehong , Huang Chaorui , Gao Chenfei , Yan Wenkai , Song Weiqi , Hu Xiaodi , Li Lulu , Wei Zhongyan , Li Yanjun , Chen Jianping , Sun Zongtao
Published: February 2025

A variety of plant viruses employ different virulence strategies to achieve successful infection, resulting in abnormal plant development. However, the common pathogenicity of distinct viruses has rarely been studied. Here, it is shown that a plant‐specific RAV‐type transcription factor, OsRAV15, is specifically targeted by several distinct viral proteins for facilitating viral infection. OsRAV15 is found to activate jasmonic acid (JA)‐mediated broad‐spectrum antiviral immunity by physically associating with JA signaling essential components OsMYC2‐OsJAZ complex. To facilitate viral infection, evolutionarily distinct viral proteins encoded by diverse rice viruses generally disrupt the OsRAV15‐OsMYC2 complex to attenuate activation of JA signaling. Together, the results reveal a common counter‐defense strategy used by different viruses to suppress the OsRAV15‐OsMYC2 module that plays a vital role in fine‐tuning JA‐mediated antiviral defense.
Breaking barriers for academic‐industry sabbaticals
Authors: Hartman Ryan L. , Hickman Daniel A. , Palumbo Amanda , Ramesh Narayan
Published: February 2025

Industrial sabbaticals provide a unique learning opportunity for both professors and the host company. However, a successful sabbatical requires early alignment regarding objectives followed by careful planning to maximize the value of the experience. We offer this description of our recent experience to give our academic and industrial colleagues practical advice for designing and executing a successful sabbatical in a corporate research setting. Sabbaticals can serve as an additional conduit between academia and industry, and we expect the immersive experience to impact teaching and undergraduate and graduate education broadly.
2025 Clinical Trials Update on Hemophilia, VWD, and Rare Inherited Bleeding Disorders
Authors: Jiang Debbie , Wang Michael , Wheeler Allison P. , Croteau Stacy E.
Published: February 2025

Clinical trial programs for inherited bleeding disorders feature an array of innovative prophylaxis options: engineered clotting factor concentrates, FVIIIa mimetics, gene therapies, and biologics to bolster thrombin generation (rebalancing agents). Increasingly, non‐hemophilia bleeding disorders and a broader demographic (females, children, and infants) are being incorporated into study populations. Ongoing clinical trials broadly address three themes: (1) indication expansion for licensed therapeutics in previously uninvestigated patient subgroups or clinical scenarios, (2) evaluation of efficacy and safety among other bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease, platelet function defects, and rare clotting factor deficiencies, and (3) longitudinal assessment of approved treatments particularly with regard to longer‐term efficacy outcomes such as musculoskeletal health and treatment‐specific safety outcomes including thrombotic risk and liver health. With these new prophylaxis modalities, providers must have a nuanced understanding of each therapy's mechanism of action, advantages, side effect profile, therapeutic limitations, and impact on hemostasis and laboratory monitoring. Treatment is no longer “one size fits all.” Rather, management is tailored to individual needs and preferences. Here, we review active investigational trials and highlight promising approaches in preclinical development, expanding the innovative, complex landscape of inherited bleeding disorders therapeutics.
Robust Fully Screen‐Printed Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Synergistic Ostwald Ripening
Authors: Chen Changshun , Guo Chunyu , Yao Qing , Wang Jinpei , Xu Yutian , Wang Dengke , Huang Xiao , Ran Xueqin , Xia Yingdong , Chao Lingfeng , Chen Yonghua
Published: February 2025

Fully screen‐printed process for low‐cost manufacturing significantly enhances the commercial competitiveness of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the controllable crystallization in screen‐printed perovskite thin films using high‐viscosity ionic liquids has been suggested to be difficult, which hampers further development of fully screen‐printed perovskite devices in terms of application expansion and performance improvement. Here, we report a synergistic ripening strategy to fully control crystallization by employing methylamine propionate (MAPa) ionic liquid and water (H2O, moisture in the air). We found that a reversible and sustainable ripening process was activated by integrating MAPa/H2O in both externally and internally into perovskite crystals. MAPa effectively prevents the loss of organic salts and maintains the dispersion of Pb‐I framework, preventing the perovskite component loss and decomposition. H2O and organic salts trends to form hydration complexes, which lowers the energy barrier and enhances the reactivity of the humidity‐induced Ostwald ripening reaction. These improvements allow the screen‐printed perovskite thin films achieve controlled secondary growth and ion exchange, thereby reducing defects and optimizing energy level alignment. The resulting fully screen‐printed PSCs exhibits a record power conversion efficiency of 19.47 % and an operational stability over 1,000 h with maintaining 91.6 % of the highest efficiency under continuous light stress at maximum power point.
Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Schiff Base Complexes for Chemiluminogenic Bioprobes
Authors: Zhu Jing‐Hui , He Xin , Wu Yingnan , Huang Haiqiao , Yang Dekai , Li Jianyuan , Gu Mingrui , Wang Lei , Li Mingle , Chen Xiaoqiang , Peng Xiaojun
Published: February 2025

Chemiluminogenic bioimaging has emerged as a promising paradigm due to its independence from light excitation, thereby circumventing challenges related to light penetration depth and background autofluorescence. However, the availability of effective chemiluminophores remains limited, which substantially impedes their bio‐applications. Herein, we discovered for the first time that cyclometalated iridium(III) Schiff base complexes can unexpectedly generate chemiluminescence. Notably, the chemiluminescence reaction was rapid, with a half‐life of only 0.86 s, significantly faster than previously reported examples. Unlike conventional chemiluminescent scaffolds, the distinguishing feature of the chemiluminogenic iridium(III) complex is its unique intramolecular imine‐to‐amide conversion upon reaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intriguingly, the chemiluminogenicity of these complexes is not influenced by the cyclometalating ligands but is closely associated with the Schiff base ligand, allowing for tuning of the emission colors via altering the cyclometalating ligands. Additionally, we formulated one of the Schiff base complexes (1) as water‐soluble chemiluminogenic nanoparticles (CLNPs) and successfully employed them as activatable chemiluminescence bioprobes for precise and rapid imaging of hypochlorite‐related biological events both in vitro and in vivo. We believe that this significant finding of the development of chemiluminogenic Schiff base complexes will greatly facilitate the designing of innovative chemiluminophores for theranostic applications.
High Heat Resistance and Low Dielectric o‐Cresol Formaldehyde Epoxy Resin Solder Resist Containing Photocurable Small Molecular Compound Based on 3,4‐Epoxycyclohexylmethyl Methacrylate
Authors: Tang Wei , Lian Keyu , Zhang Junhua
Published: February 2025

High heat resistance and low dielectric constant are the development trend for PCB ink. Generally, higher crosslinking density and rigid molecular structure are beneficial for improving the heat resistance, and low polarity molecules and larger three‐dimensional structure are helpful for reducing dielectric constant. In this work, based on the photocurable small molecular epoxy compound 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl methacrylate (TTA15), we successively grafted it with acrylic acid (AA) and 1,2,5,6‐tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA), named 15AT. After modification with AA and THPA, two unsaturated double bonds were introduced. In 15AT, containing three double bonds and a cyclohexyl ring, mixed as an auxiliary resin into the main resin EPT‐001 (industrialized o‐cresol formaldehyde epoxy resin grafted with AA and THPA products), it is obviously possible to improve the heat resistance. According to the addition mass of 15AT in total resin, 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were named EAT, EAT15‐5, EAT15‐10, EAT15‐15, and EAT15‐20, respectively. The results show that the introduction of 15AT increases the Tg value by up to 37.1°C and also has the lowest dielectric constant (2.45), which is 0.29 lower than the original resin EAT, thereby offering a new approach to improving the properties of PCB ink.
Evaluating Anti‐Diabetic Effect of Courmarin Derivative Aesculetin in Rats with Diet‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Wu Bian , Wang Junyu , Sun Guishun , Li Kunlin , Chen Qiyun , Wang Yibo , He Xuan , Li Shiwen , Yang Wei
Published: February 2025

Obesity, modifiable and an avertable medical condition, has become a global threat due to rapid modernization and industrialization. Swift growth in modernization not only eases the day‐to‐day life, it also mandates sedentary lifestyle, which leads to various noncommunicable diseases. At present one in eight people in global population are obese, and these booming obese individuals are prone to various other micro‐ and macrovascular diseases such hyperglycemia, myocardial infraction, hypertension, stroke, and so forth. Ample research had unveiled an intricate association perceived between obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Although the intake of anti‐obesity drugs along with anti‐diabetic drugs had effectively regulated the hyperglycemic conditions in diabetic patients, it causes various side effects on long‐term usage. Coumarins are phytochemicals that have demonstrated pharmacological properties including anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‐tumor, and so forth. In this analysis, we assessed anti‐obesity and anti‐diabetic potency of aesculetin, a courmarin derivative. The rats were induced obesity with high‐fat diet and subjected to streptozotocin infusion to induce hyperglycemia. Obese diabetic induced rats were treated with aesculetin and assessed for its anti‐diabetic effect. BMI were assessed in the rats to analyze the anti‐obesity effect of aesculetin. Diabetic profile test and lipid profile test were performed to evaluate the anti‐diabetic effect of aesculetin. Ameliorative effect of aesculetin in obese rats during hyperglycemic conditions was assessed with renal profile test, hepatic function biomarkers, and by histopathological analysis of cardiac tissue. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant property were also assessed to determine the mechanism of action of aesculetin. To confirm the anti‐obesity potency of aesculetin, adipokines levels were estimated. Aesculetin eminently decreased the BMI, HbA1c, cholesterol levels, and intensified secretion of insulin in obese diabetic rats. It also regulated the renal, hepatic functional markers and prevented cardiac tissue injury in obese diabetic rats. It regulated the adipokines, increased antioxidants, and decreased level of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby prevented obesity‐induced hyperglycemic effects in rats. To conclude, our findings had confirmed the supplementary intake of aesculetin prevents obesity‐induced hyperglycemic disorder in rats.
A Supra‐Numerary Limb Grafted Onto a Sacrococcygeal Mass in a Child With Spinal Dysraphism: Case Report, Dysmorphogenesis, and Management Review
Authors: Freitas Kaylene , Castro Leonor , Pilar Carla , Barreira Catarina , Nogueira Rosete , Gonçalves Jenny
Published: February 2025

Background

Externally attached supra‐numerary body structures are a rare congenital malformation. Dysmorphogenesis remains controversial, hence many different classifications have been proposed over the years. We report a case of a supra‐numerary lower limb grafted onto a sacrococcygeal mass in a child with a myelomeningocele. Prevailing theories for its origin are revised as well as prenatal and postnatal management.

Case

The case relates to a female neonate with a third lower limb grafted to a lumbosacral mass found upon birth. Postnatal imaging revealed a lipomyelomeningocele and a supra‐numerary limb. Surgical intervention was performed on day seven of life with removal of the supra‐numerary limb and correction of the dural defect. Anatomopathologic study revealed mature and dysplastic tissues of the three germlines. The infant was discharged after 16 days to follow‐up by a multidisciplinary team. In early follow‐up, minor asymmetry in lower limb mobility, peri‐anal anesthesia, and bladder incontinence was present. Currently 8 years old, the patient has no motor or sensory dysfunction.

Conclusions

This case challenges the existing theories for conjoined twinning, as they do not fully explain the co‐occurrence of neural tube defects in sacrally fused supra‐numerary structures. Whether these malformations are entities of a single disease spectrum or the result of independent dysmorphogenesis is debated. Prenatal diagnosis with sequential investigation of morphogenesis as well as postnatal anatomopathological examination are crucial for a better understanding of complex biologic processes.
Mechanistic Insights into the Photocatalytic Indigo Carmine Dye Decolorization by Co3O4/TiO2
Authors: de Graaf Mirjam E. , Godec Nejc , Kappé Bram T. , Grote Roos L. , Flapper Jitte , Hutter Eline M. , Weckhuysen Bert Marc
Published: February 2025

TiO2 is widely studied as an efficient UV‐light photocatalyst for organic compound degradation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. TiO2 can be modified to show photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination by combining with visible‐light absorbing metal oxides. Here, we investigated Co3O4/TiO2 composite materials as visible‐light absorbing photocatalysts, with various weight loadings of Co3O4, for the decolorization of wastewater pollutant indigo carmine. Under green LED light, 1.4 wt% Co3O4/TiO2 showed the highest decolorization rate compared to other weight loadings and bare TiO2. While UV‐Vis spectroscopy indicated that Co3O4/TiO2 composite materials and bare TiO2 cause similar dye decolorization behavior, NMR spectroscopy showed that after 24 h, reaction products were present in the reaction mixture for 1.4 wt% Co3O4/TiO2, while TiO2 showed no reaction products. The lack of photocatalytic activity of Co3O4/zeolite and other Co3O4/oxide composite materials suggests a synergistic effect between Co3O4 and TiO2, where a small amount of Co3O4 enables TiO2 to utilize visible light without compromising the surface area available for ROS creation. Lastly, we emphasize the need to be cautious when drawing conclusions regarding the dye degradation, since we showed that decolorization does not necessarily equate to full degradation, using a unique combination of UV‐Vis and NMR spectroscopy.
Effects of the Presence of Adjacent Tooth and Material Type on the Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Endocrowns Fabricated by the Digital Impression Technique
Authors: Falahchai Mehran , Ardekani Fatemeh Razavi , Musapoor Naghme , Hemmati Yasamin Babaee , Asli Hamid Neshandar
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To assess the effects of the presence of adjacent tooth and material type on the marginal and internal adaptation of endocrowns fabricated by the digital impression technique.

Material and Methods

An endodontically treated molar tooth was used for the fabrication of endocrowns in this in vitro study. Five groups of specimens (n = 17) were evaluated based on the material type and presence of adjacent tooth: three groups of monolithic zirconia (Zir), lithium disilicate (LDS), and zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) in the presence of adjacent teeth, and two groups of zirconia endocrowns, one in the absence of an adjacent anterior tooth (second premolar; Zir‐no ant.) and one in the absence of a posterior adjacent tooth (second molar; Zir‐no post.). Marginal and internal adaptation of endocrowns was evaluated by the silicone replica technique. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey test for pairwise comparisons and generalized estimating equation with Bonferroni correction for pairwise comparisons (α = 0.05).

Results

The largest marginal gap was found in the ZLS, followed by the LDS and Zir groups (p < 0.05). The Zir group showed significantly higher internal adaptation than the ZLS group (p < 0.05); LDS had no significant difference with the ZLS and Zir groups (p > 0.05). The Zir group showed larger marginal and internal gaps than the Zir‐no ant. and Zir‐no post. groups (p < 0.05); the latter two groups had no significant difference (p > 0.05). All groups showed the largest gap at the pulpal and the smallest gap at the marginal and cervical areas (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Zirconia endocrowns showed the highest marginal and internal adaptation. Digital impression technique in absence of anterior or posterior adjacent tooth would result in higher marginal and internal adaptation of endocrowns.
Engineering Carboxyl Content in Aqueous Core‐Shell Emulsions for Efficient Inorganic Coated Separators Enhancing Lithium‐Ion Battery Safety Performance
Authors: Xia Yinghao , Cheng Dejian , Li Yujie , Qin Denglin , Luo Dong , Ye Xiangyi , Wang Chaoyang
Published: February 2025

Polypropylene separators (PP) are widely used in lithium‐ion batteries due to good electrochemical stability and low cost. However, PP separators are prone to thermal shrinkage at high temperatures, resulting in short circuit of positive and negative electrode contacts and thermal runaway. In this work, a waterborne core‐shell emulsion binder rich in carboxyl and ester groups with both strength and adhesion is designed and coated with alumina (Al2O3) as a composite coating on the PP separator. Due to the good adhesion of the emulsion binder to the Al2O3 and the PP separator, the separator has excellent dimensional stability at 120 °C, while the thickness of the separator only increases by 2.5 μm. With the help of the dissociation effect of the ester group on the lithium salt and the lithium ion conduction characteristics, the composite separator improves the ionic conductivity (0.82 mS/cm) by 25 % compared with the PP separator and the lithium ion transference number reaches 0.47. The cycling capacity of the lithium‐ion battery with the composite separator is 8.62 % higher than that of the PP separator after 100 cycles. The performance changes of acrylic acid as a functional monomer on emulsion binders and composite separators are further investigated.
Multiload Resonant Inverter With Boosting for All‐Metal Domestic Induction Heating System
Authors: Junju Ramesh , S Porpandiselvi
Published: February 2025

Induction heating (IH) systems have gained significant attention because of their high efficiency, rapid heating, versatility, and precise control. Induction cooking (IC) is one of the primary domestic applications of IH technology. Traditional IC systems typically employ single‐frequency inverters optimized for ferromagnetic (FM) material loads. This approach presents limitations when confronted with various cookware materials including nonferromagnetic (NFM) materials. To address the growing demand for multimaterial load IC systems with enhanced performance and flexibility, a multiload resonant inverter integrated with boosting is proposed with a double full‐bridge three‐leg architecture. The proposed system features three independent legs, each operating at a different frequency to power three different material loads. Integrating this topology with boost functionality enhances performance and optimizes energy utilization. Pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and asymmetrical duty cycle (ADC) control techniques are used to control the load powers independently and simultaneously. A detailed analysis of the inverter and its design procedure is presented. A 1.5‐kW hardware prototype is designed, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results.
A Novel Power Quality Management Method of MGC Based on Distributed Consensus Algorithm
Authors: Shi HongTao , Li Yuchao , Zhu Jiahao , Suo Zhongmei , Chen Tingting , Dong Xiaolin
Published: February 2025

A novel power quality management method of microgrid cluster based on distributed consensus algorithm is proposed in this paper. First of all, when power quality problems arise, converters with suitable positions and capacity can be selected for compensation by using the distributed consensus algorithm proposed in this paper, so as to realize power quality management of microgrid cluster. Further, when a converter in microgrid cluster cannot continue to participate in the task, other converters can be flexibly switched through the distributed consensus algorithm to ensure the continuity and stability of power supply and power quality management. Finally, the remaining capacity of each converter can be adjusted in real time through the distributed consensus algorithm proposed in this paper, which reduces the negative influence of the uneven capacity distribution caused by converter switching on the power quality in microgrid cluster. The results show that multiple converters of microgrid cluster can be effectively coordinated by adopting the power quality management method based on distributed consensus algorithm proposed in this paper, so that the comprehensive power quality management of microgrid cluster can be optimized.
Fish mass mortality events in northern temperate lakes are happening later in the year than in the past
Authors: Alofs Karen M. , Wehrly Kevin E.
Published: February 2025

Globally, mass mortality events are becoming more common across ecosystems and taxa. For fishes in northern temperate lakes, climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of summerkills and decrease the frequency of winterkills. We compiled reports of fish kills in Michigan inland lakes from 1936 to 2022 derived from historical records, management reports, and an online app for the public. Using this dataset of 525 reported fish kills in eight decades, we tested for changes in timing of fish kills. We found that fish kills in the early 20th century were most likely to be reported in early spring months, as lake ice thawed, while in the later 20th and early 21st centuries, more fish kills were reported through summer. Across our dataset, the median day of year fish kills were reported shifted later by more than 50 days. Shifts in the timing of these perturbations can alter population demography, and community resilience, and may have lasting and unprecedented impacts on lake ecosystems.
Differentiated policy implementation in food safety and animal welfare policymaking
Authors: Bazzan Giulia , Vogeler Colette S.
Published: February 2025

Agri‐food policies are in the midst of far‐reaching transitions, including the transformation towards sustainable production and food consumption. The European Green Deal and Farm to Fork Strategy prioritize food safety and animal welfare issues, aiming to transform food systems towards more sustainability. Despite existing EU legislation, little is known about how EU agri‐food policies are implemented across member states. Our analysis addresses this gap by examining the conditions that shape how EU requirements are implemented in 16 EU member states in two policy areas: food safety and farm animal welfare. Through our qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), we identify distinct pathways to differentiated implementation in both sectors, with a shared emphasis on political engagement, green party influence, and public advocacy, while also highlighting domain‐specific governance dynamics. Understanding variations in the implementation of EU demands among member states is crucial to identify gaps, assess governance effectiveness, and promote harmonization within the EU.
Common Shocks and Climate Risk in European Equities
Authors: Cipollini Andrea , Parla Fabio
Published: February 2025

We examine the contribution of a shock to climate concern to the observed outperformance of a portfolio of European green stocks relative to a brown benchmark. We show, first, that an information set given by 1‐month stock return and realized volatility of each stock constituent (and their cross‐sectional averages) improves the (in‐sample) forecasting performance for the return series relative to the traditional market risk factors proxied by Fama–French portfolios. Moreover, the identification of the shock to climate concern occurs in two stages: First, we compute the historical decomposition based on a Panel SVAR fitted to the return and volatility of each green and brown portfolio constituent. Then, the contribution of the first common shock to the historical decomposition of returns is purged of macroeconomic forecast errors, and the residual is interpreted as the innovation to climate concern. The empirical evidence is robust to a number of different selections of stocks entering the green and brown portfolio.