bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF BARLEY CULTIVARS IN DIETS FOR GROWING-FINISHING PIGS
Authors: CASTELL A. G. , BOWREN K. E.
Published: March 2010

One-hectare plots of two-row (Fairfield, Fergus and Klages) and six-row (Bonanza, Klondike and Peguis) barley cultivars were seeded on fallow. Seed yields, kg dry matter/ha, ranged from 4374 (Peguis) to 6425 (Fairfield) in 1977 and from 3028 (Klages) to 4871 (Fergus) in 1978. Protein (N × 6.25) contents were lower in 1977, 11.3 to 13.1 vs. 13.1 to 14.3% of dry matter. During the following winters, each cultivar was used as 87.5% of a standard diet fed ad libitum to eight pigs from approximately 25 to 93 kg liveweight. Within feeding trials I and II, growth rates (averaging 798 ± 19 and 786 ± 24 g/day, respectively), efficiencies of feed conversion (EFC) and carcass measurements were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by cultivar. However, the trend for diets based on two-row cultivars to be superior in EFC was supported by their higher apparent digestibilities of energy (80.8 vs. 71.8%) and of nitrogen (73.5 vs. 65.7%) in the 1978 diets. A palatability study using these diets indicated the pigs’ preference for two-row over six-row barleys.
A SURVEY OF COMPOSITION AND HEAT DAMAGE IN DEHYDRATED ALFALFA PRODUCTS OVER THE GROWING SEASON FROM TWO B.C. PROCESSING PLANTS
Authors: SHELFORD J. A. , CATHCART E. B. , FRANCE R. T. , DOBB J. L.
Published: March 2010

Samples of forages were collected throughout the growing season from two dehydrating plants at three different stages of processing: prior to drying, after drying and after pelleting. Samples were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, fibre, nitrogen content of the acid detergent fibre and pepsin insoluble nitrogen. On the average the amount of heat damage present in the dehydrated samples was quite low (6.11 ADIN % N). There was significantly more heat damage in the samples from the Creston plant. The dry matter content of the material leaving the drier appears to be the main factor related to elevated heat damage.
PIG BREEDING: CURRENT PROGRAMS VS. FUTURE PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Authors: FREDEEN H. T.
Published: March 2010

Reports reported annually for the Canadian ROP swine testing program provide no evidence of genetic trends in the seed stock herds enrolled. Small herd size (< 8 sows), short average life span of these herds (< 5 yr) and the geographically diffuse nature of the seed stock industry appear to have been major impediments to the application of cohesive and sustained selection programs. The commercial industry, in contrast, has shown a marked improvement in average carcass merit during the past decade. This trend, stimulated and guided by the 1968 revision of carcass grading standards, has been accompanied by a 60% reduction in the number of commercial herds and a three-fold increase in the average number of pigs marketed annually per unit. The specific breeding programs employed by the commercial industry cannot be documented but there has been a steady growth in the use of systematic crossbreeding programs, and producer demand for boars with performance credentials has greatly intensified. This has fostered a fivefold increase in ROP testing activity since 1973, given impetus to the evolution of swine AI programs, and encouraged the development of large closed-herd seed stock operations with self-contained performance test facilities. The central objective of performance testing programs, both private and public, is the genetic improvement of traits directly relevant to efficient lean meat production. Future production requirements are unlikely to alter this basic objective but advances in the technology for live animal carcass evaluation and changing economic circumstances, specifically changes in rations to accommodate the increasing competition for cereal grain supplies, will necessitate continuous review and revision of testing procedures. Recent experimental evidence indicates that rate of feed ingestion is inversely related to efficiency of digestion and lean tissue feed conversion. This implies that testing programs which place a premium on rate of ingestion (e.g. "to appetite" or "scale" feeding) may be less suitable for purposes of measuring genetic differences in efficiency of lean production than programs which utilize ad libitum feeding.
THE EFFECT OF SLAUGHTER WEIGHT ON THE CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF YORKSHIRE BARROWS AND GILTS
Authors: FORTIN A.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two Yorkshire pigs, 16 barrows and 16 gilts, were slaughtered at four weights (85, 92, 103 and 112 kg) to determine the effect of slaughter weight on selected carcass characteristics. The left side was divided into shoulder, loin, ham and belly for which untrimmed and trimmed weights were recorded. The effect of the new Canadian grading regulations (1978) on the index values of carcasses was determined. Fat at the shoulder (point of maximum thickness) and at the loin (point of maximum thickness) increased (P < 0.01) with slaughter weight. The response of fat thickness to the increase in slaughter weight was linear (P < 0.01) at the shoulder but non-linear at the loin. Carcasses of the 103-kg slaughter weight group had higher index value under the new regulations while in the other slaughter groups, only minor changes in the index value were observed. Dressing percentage was not affected by slaughter weight or by sex. Heavier carcasses yielded heavier trimmed and untrimmed cuts (P < 0.01). The response was linear. No influence of sex was observed. The quantity of trimmings required to meet the specifications of the retail trade also increased in a linear fashion with slaughter weight (P < 0.01) but was not influenced by sex. The weights of the four untrimmed cuts as a percent of chilled left side remained unchanged throughout the period studied. Similarly, percentages of trimmed ham, loin and shoulder were constant: 18.34, 21.00 and 21.93% of the chilled left side, respectively. Fat thickness at the loin was a relatively good predictor of percent trimmed cuts while the fat measurement at the shoulder was found to be an unreliable predictor.
EFFICACY OF AVOPARCIN AS A GROWTH PROMOTER FOR BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: LEESON S. , SUMMERS J. D. , FERGUSON A. E.
Published: March 2010

Two trials were conducted to test the effectiveness of a new antibiotic growth promoter, avoparcin, on growth and feed utilization of floor reared, mixed-sex, broiler chickens. Avoparcin 10 ppm, avoparcin 10 ppm + 3-nitro 50 ppm and lincomycin 2.2 ppm were tested in combination with various coccidiostats. To 28d (28 days), birds fed avoparcin were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than those fed lincomycin, although neither group was heavier than control birds receiving no growth promoter. Growth promoter had no significant effect on body weight at 49d, although the coccidiostat, coban, resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) depression in growth rate. From 0 to 49d, birds fed avoparcin alone showed a significantly (P < 0.05) improved feed intake:body weight gain. In a second trial 10 and 20 ppm avoparcin were tested. Avoparcin 10 ppm resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) 3.7% increase in body weight and 4.1% improvement in feed efficiency at 49d of age relative to control birds. Increasing the level of 20 ppm resulted in no further improvement in these parameters. The effect of avoparcin was independent of the coccidiostats used in this experiment.
THE FEEDING VALUE OF TOWER RAPESEED FOR EARLY-WEANED PIGS II. EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF COOKED SEED WITH IODINATED CASEIN AND PEA PROTEIN CONCENTRATE
Authors: OCHETIM S. , BELL J. M. , DOIGE C. E.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-nine pigs, fed ad libitum from 6.8 to 14.0 kg liveweight, were used to examine the effects of including iodinated casein (44 mg/kg diet) in an early weaning diet containing 20% of a low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ’Tower’). The rapeseed (RS) was prepared commercially by flaking and then cooking, but the enzyme myrosinase was not completely inactivated. Iodinated casein supplementation significantly increased growth rate, feed efficiency, the blood circulating levels of thyroxine and protein-bound iodine but produced no significant effect on feed intake or blood cholesterol values. Iodinated casein largely prevented thyroid englargement and the thyroids appeared histologically normal. There were no effects due to iodinated casein on livers, hearts or kidneys. These results indicate that iodinated casein is beneficial for growth and thyroid function of young pigs between 6.8 and 14.0 kg liveweight fed diets containing 20% ground, cooked Tower rapeseed and in which myrosinase is not completely deactivated. A second experiment with 48 pigs fed four diets (control; RS and pea protein concentrate PPC; RS and rapeseed meal RSM, and PPC) resulted in superior growth on the control diet and poorest feed conversion on the PPC diet. The same level (18.9%) of PPC, fed with RS, resulted in better feed utilization.
GROWTH RESPONSES OF CHICKS FED FABABEAN DIETS
Authors: GARDINER E. E. , DUBETZ S. , KEMP G. A.
Published: March 2010

Fababeans (Vicia faba L.) were fed to broiler chicks from 1 to 28 days of age in four experiments. In experiment 1, where fababeans were the sole source of supplementary protein, body weights (ranging from 465 to 571 g) and feed-to-grain ratios differed significantly among cultivars (Maris Bead, Strubes, Pavane, Diana, Ackerperle, Fioletowy, and Kleinkoernige) but none of the fababean diets equalled the soybean meal diet. In experiment 2, supplementary protein source (soybean meal and fababean), dietary protein level (18 and 22%), methionine level (0.0 and 0.3, added), and lysine level (0.0 and 0.3, added) significantly affected body weights of chicks. Significant first-order interactions were obtained but in no case were the weights of chicks fed fababean diets equal to those fed soybean meal diets. In experiment 3, where fababeans were used to supply 25% of the 22% protein in the diets, there were no significant differences in chick weights among fababean cultivars or among the cultivars grown under different N treatments. Fababeans supported rapid weight gains (701 g) but did not equal soybean meal diets (761 g). In experiment 4, where isocaloric diets of two energy levels were used, fababeans at 20 or 40% of the diet supported as high body weights as soybean meal diets in the low energy diets. In the high energy diets, 20% fababeans also supported as high body weights as soybean meal but the 40% fababean diets did not. In none of the experiments where the diets contained fababeans was the feed-to-gain equal to that of the diets that contained only soybean meal as the protein supplement.
PROTEIN QUALITY EVALUATIONS OF COMMERCIAL RAPESEED MEALS BY CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS
Authors: GOH Y. K. , CLANDININ D. R. , ROBBLEE A. R.
Published: March 2010

Fourteen commercial rapeseed meals (RSM), selected from a total of 63 samples received from six rapeseed processing plants, and one sample of soybean meal (SBM) were tested for protein quality in a chick growth trial. The RSM studied consisted of six pairs, of which each pair of meals represented the meals with the highest and lowest protein solubilities in 0.2% KOH solution among samples received from each plant and one pair of RSM selected in a similar manner from among a second set of RSM samples supplied by one of the processing plants. The protein solubilities of the RSM used in the growth trial ranged from 33.9 to 72.6%. However, the protein quality of the same meals determined biologically by the total protein efficiency (TPE) method were not significantly different (P < 0.05). The TPE values of the RSM varied from 2.57 to 2.71 and were not significantly different from that of soybeam meal (2.65). These results indicate that determination of protein solubility of RSM in 0.2% KOH solution is not a suitable laboratory method of predicting the protein quality of commercial RSM. Other analyses performed on the RSM samples included determination of basic amino acid composition, available lysine content and dye-binding capacity of protein (DBCP) with Acid Orange 12. Of these analyses, only the DBCP values of the meals were found to be significant (P < 0.05) correlated with the TPE values.
UTERINE WEIGHT CHANGES AND 3H-URIDINE UPTAKE IN RATS TREATED WITH PHYTOESTROGENS
Authors: KIITS D. D. , KRISHNAMURTI C. R. , KITTS W. D.
Published: March 2010

Estradiol-17β, diethylstilbestrol (DES) and certain phytoestrogens were administered intraperitoneally to immature female rats. Though coumestrol and genistein exhibited uterine responses similar to those of estradiol-17β and DES, the dose required to produce the effects was approximately 102–103 times higher than in the latter two compounds. In vitro incorporation of 3H-uridine in rat uterus showed that common feedstuffs containing phytoestrogenic activity influence biochemical processes preceding net increases in target tissue synthesis.
ISOMERS OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL IN SILAGE PRESERVED WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE
Authors: FENTON MIRJANA , MATHISON G. W.
Published: March 2010

The 2,3-butanediol concentration in silage was decreased from 0.87% of the dry matter in control silage to 0.12% in silage preserved with 0.66 SO2. The meso isomer comprised from 41 to 64% of the total 2,3-butanediol. Both D and L isomers of the chemical were also present.
ZINC, COPPER AND MANGANESE DEFICIENCIES AND THE RUMINANT SKELETON: A REVIEW
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M.
Published: March 2010

This review deals with changes in the morphology and composition of the skeleton of ruminants caused by trace element deficiencies, specifically with respect to zinc, copper and manganese. When ruminants are fed a zinc-deficient diet, bone abnormalities occur. Zinc is also reported to be of value in the prevention or cure of footrot in cattle and sheep. Depletion of zinc reserves appears to lead to alterations in bone mineralization and reduction of bone zinc concentration. The bones of copper-deficient ruminants are fragile and easily broken. The most prominent symptom of this deficiency is a very marked stiffness of the legs. Copper-deficient animals show symptoms of rickets with beading of the ribs and enlargement of the ends of the long bones. Histologically, the affected bones show widening of the growth plate and the overall appearance of the lesion is that of osteoporosis. Crosslinking between collagen precursors is impaired in copper deficiency, which affects the structural integrity of collagen. There is no evidence of any correlation between the concentration of copper in bone and the severity of malformation. A relationship between low manganese intake by gestating ruminants and increased incidence of deformed calves or lambs has been demonstrated. The deformities observed included enlarged joints and twisted forelimbs. Histological examinations of the affected bones revealed retarded growth. Since manganese plays an active role in bone matrix formation, synthesis of mucopolysaccharide is reduced in the deficient bones. The synthesis of chondroitin sulfate, which is involved in maintaining the rigidity of connective tissue, is also affected during manganese deficiency, resulting in skeletal abnormalities.
ALTERNATIVE PROGENY TESTING PROGRAMS FOR WEANING WEIGHT AND EASE OF CALVING IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: HUDSON G. F. S. , SCHAEFFER L. R. , WILTON J. W.
Published: March 2010

Progeny test programs were characterized by numbers of young bulls, successful matings (conceptions) per young bull, herds in which each young sire was used, proven bulls used as reference sires and herd size. Matings to reference sires were calculated as a percentage of the number of young sire matings. Designs were simulated and mixed-model equations formed and added to equations obtained from the Canadian ROP program for years 1971–1978. The average standard error of prediction (SEP) of young bulls was used for comparing designs. Increasing matings per young sire decreased SEP curvilinearly. The curvilinearity was greater when either herd size or herds per young sire was low. Increasing herd size and herds per young sire improved connectedness between sires and reduced SEP. Number of young sires affected SEP only when fewer than 10 bulls were sampled. Number of young sire matings were more important in reducing SEP than percent reference sire matings. If number of young sire matings was adequate to achieve a desired level of SEP, 10% reference sire matings were sufficient. The number of reference sires used did not affect SEP. Design patterns affected SEP of weaning weight (h2 = 0.25) and calving ease (h2 = 0.10) similarly. SEP was not affected by the number of proven sires in a breed (Maine Anjou, 133 sires or Blonde d’Aquitaine, 39 sires) or by the connectedness between proven sires.
THE EFFECT OF METHOD OF SAMPLE PREPARATION UPON THE DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILIZED INTRAMUSCULAR COLLAGEN FROM BOVINE MUSCLE BY QUANTITATION OF ITS HYDROXYPROLINE CONTENT
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E. , MURRAY A. C. , MARTIN A. H.
Published: March 2010

A total of 91 muscle samples were utilized in a series of three separate but related experiments to evaluate possible effects of method of sample preparation upon the yields of intramuscular hydroxyproline from the heat-soluble, insoluble and combined fractions of bovine muscle tissue. The combined results of these experiments indicate that yields of intramuscular hydroxyproline, and thereby yields of intramuscular collagen, obtained in different studies can not be compared unless the same muscle is evaluated and the same method of sample preparation is employed in both and/or all studies in which yields are to be compared. Results from these experiments may also suggest that sample preparation, in which samples are frozen in liquid nitrogen, results in underestimation of intramuscular hydroxyproline content, and thereby intramuscular collagen content, from the heat-soluble fraction as evidenced by: (1) the substantially lower yields of intramuscular hydroxyproline from the heat-soluble fraction of samples frozen in liquid nitrogen; (2) the fact that added hydroxyproline was completely recovered in the heat-soluble fraction of muscle during preliminary experiments; and (3) the fact that method of sample preparation (freeze drying vs. direct homogenization) did not influence the recovery rate or result in overestimation of added hydroxyproline.
FERTILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF EWES WITH DIFFERING OVULATORY PATTERNS
Authors: THRIFT F. A. , DUTT R. H.
Published: March 2010

Fertility characteristics and ovulatory patterns were studied in single and twin ovulating ewes. Of the ewes that had single ovulations, a greater percentage ovulated (62%, P < 0.05) on the right ovary; however, an additional 0.09 (P < 0.05) and 0.01 morphologically normal and fertile ova, respectively, were produced by ewes ovulating on the left ovary. For ewes having twin ovulations, 25% had both ovulations on the left ovary, 50% ovulated on each ovary and 25% had both ovulations on the right ovary. Percentages of morphologically normal and fertile ova were not influenced significantly by the ovulatory pattern in ewes having twin ovulations. These results suggest that the ovulatory pattern, independent of the number of ova produced, had no significant effect upon fertility in ewes. Based on single and twin ovulators, the overall estimate of intra-abdominal ova migration was 0.97%. Over one-half (53.9% of the ova passed from the oviducts into the uterine horns between days 3 and 4 after the onset of estrus. Fertility significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the rate of ova passage through the oviduct. Number of ovulations (single or twin) had no significant influence on the rate of ova passage through the oviducts. Side of ovulation had no effect on ova passage through the oviducts at 3 days; however, at day 4, significantly (P < 0.05) more ova were recovered from oviducts on the right side.
THE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE IN BULLS AND HEIFERS OF TWO BREEDS
Authors: JONES S. D. M. , PRICE M. A. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

A trial is reported comparing muscle growth and distribution in 12 bulls and 12 heifers of each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Serial slaughter was carried out from weaning (163 ± 15.1 days) to approximately 15 mo of age. After slaughter, the left side of each carcass was broken into quarters and then eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat, muscle and bone. The growth pattern of muscle in each cut relative to total side muscle was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous among breeds and sexes, indicating that neither breed nor sex influenced relative muscle growth. Some significant (P < 0.05), though minor, sex and breed differences were found when muscle weight distribution was adjusted to constant side muscle weight. Notably DY heifers had significantly (P < 0.05) more muscle in the high-priced cuts (sum of round, sirloin, loin and rib) than either HE heifers or bulls of either breed-type. When muscle weight was adjusted to constant side weight, bulls were found to have a greater weight of muscle in the high-priced cuts than heifers, and DY animals to have more than HE animals.
THE EFFECT OF FIBER IN DIETS FORMULATED TO CONTAIN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN ON DIGESTIBILITY COEFFICIENTS IN SWINE
Authors: KENNELLY J. J. , AHERNE F. X.
Published: March 2010

The influence of dietary crude fiber (CF), and the methods used in formulating high-fiber diets, on digestibility coefficients were investigated. Following a 10-wk adaptation period to the four dietary treatments, two barrows and two gilts per treatment, of an average initial weight of 67 kg, were transferred to metabolism crates. Diet 1 contained 14.1 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg, 17.1% crude protein (CP) and 4.1% crude fiber (CF). Diets 2, 3 and 4 each contained 22% oat hulls, which were added to the diets isonitrogenously (diet 2), by simple dilution (diet 3), or isonitrogenously and isoenergetically (diet 4). The three diets contained, respectively, 9.8, 9.6 and 10.2% CF, 12.2, 12.5 and 14.8 MJ DE/kg and 17.0, 14.4 and 17.3% CP. Pigs fed diet 1 had significantly higher dry matter (DM) digestibility than those fed the higher fiber diets. Dry matter digestibility was also significantly influenced by the method of addition of CF with coefficients of 70.2, 72.8 and 65.0% for diets 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The inclusion of 11.5% tallow in diet 4 significantly improved ether extract digestibility over that obtained with diets 1, 2 and 3. Apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids were unaffected by the level of CF in the diet. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the energy and nitrogen level of diets with similar CF levels were associated with significant differences in the digestibility of CF, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber.
PREDICTION OF CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF NATURALLY FERMENTED AND CHEMICALLY PRESERVED COLOSTRUM DURING STORAGE
Authors: WHEELER E. ELIZABETH , IKURIOR S. A. , STONE J. B. , McMILLAN I.
Published: March 2010

Colostrum was treated with Chemstor (C), formic acid (FA) or a mixture (M) each at the 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% level (vol/vol) ornaturally fermented (NF) and stored for42 days at each of three ambient temperatures (12, 20 and 28 °C). Analyses of pH, titratable acidity, total solids, protein, nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), lactose and fat were performed initially and at 14-day intervals during storage. Observed data were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression to isolate effects of temperature, time and level of preservative and to predict nutrient changes throughout storage. In NF colostrum, the predicted pH and protein decreased and NPN increased at all storage temperatures. An increase in acidity and decreases in total solids, lactose and fat were predicted over time only in NF colostrum stored at high temperatures. The predicted pH remained constant over temperature and time in FA- and M-treated colostrum and was determined exclusively by the level of preservative applied. M-treatment resulted in lower predicted NPN and higher total solids, protein, lactose and fat during storage than C- or FA-treatment. Fewer nutrient losses were predicted in treated than in NF colostrum. Predicted and observed values were highly correlated.
EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE ON THE GROWTH OF HOLSTEIN CALVES
Authors: BUSH R. S. , NICHOLSON J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Holstein calves were fed identical diets supplemented with ammonium perchlorate at 0, 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg body weight/day. There was a slight trend toward faster growth; however, there were no statistically significant differences. Ammonium perchlorate does not appear to be a useful growth promotant for young dairy calves under the conditions of these experiments.
BREED AND AGE OF DAM INFLUENCES ON BEEF SIRE EVALUATIONS FOR EASE OF CALVING
Authors: HUDSON G. F. S. , SCHAEFFER L. R. , WILTON J. W.
Published: March 2010

Canadian Record of Performance for Beef National Sire Monitoring Program ease of calving records for the years 1975–1978, inclusive, for Charolais (1232 sires, 20 256 calves) and Simmental (944 sires, 68 943 calves) were used to compare BLUP sire proofs calculated from records from different dam populations. Product-moment correlations between sire proofs from all data and only 2-yr-old dam data were 0.61 for Charolais and 0.56 for Simmental. Correlations between proofs from all data and from records from individual dam breeds were 0.87, 0.61, and 0.38 for Charolais sires when mated to Charolais, 50% and 75% Charolais, or British (Angus, Hereford or Shorthorn and their crosses) dams, respectively, and 0.15, 0.45, 0.51, 0.70, and 0.43 for Simmental sires when mated to Angus, Hereford, 75% Simmental, Simmental × British, or British cross dams, respectively. Correlations were not statistically different from the expected values except in one case. There was no evidence in this study indicating a need for separate sire proofs for ease of calving for either 2-yr-old mates or mates of individual breeds or crosses.
A REPEAT MATING DESIGN IN A SELECTION EXPERIMENT
Authors: PARKER R. J. , CHEUNG T. K. , WITTENBERG K. M. , HICKMAN C. G.
Published: March 2010

The separation of genetic and environmental trends in a repeat mating design and the effectiveness of such a design in producing genetic response to selection were observed during eight cycles of directional selection for high 12-day litter weight in mice. A random-bred control was used to monitor the repeat mating design in estimating environmental trend. Two mass selection populations (M1 and M2) under different selection intensities were used to assess the success of the repeat mating design in achieving selection response. From the third to the eighth cycle, the estimated genetic gain in 12-day litter weight for the repeat mating population was 0.89 ± 0.25 g per cycle. The selection response from the repeat design was lower than from one mass selection population (M2) but higher than from the other (M1). The environmental trend estimate of −0.79 ± 0.78 g per cycle was in fair agreement with the estimate of −0.88 ± 0.55 g per cycle from the random bred control.
FATTENING PATTERNS IN CATTLE. 2. FAT DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE WHOLESALE CUTS
Authors: JONES S. D. M. , PRICE M. A. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

A trial is reported comparing fat distribution in carcasses from bulls and heifers of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Twelve bulls and twelve heifers of each breed were grouped four to a pen at weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SE) days), and serially slaughtered from that time to approximately 16 mo of age. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), and body cavity fat (BCF)), muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in each cut was investigated using the allometric equation with side fat weight as the independent variable. Coefficients for SF were significantly higher in the rib, chuck and flank for HE carcasses than for DY carcasses and higher in the rib and flank for heifers than for bulls. At equal total side fat, HE carcasses had significantly more SF in the brisket and in the loin than DY animals. Heifers had significantly more fat in the loin than bulls. Differences among coefficients for IF relative to total fat were minor for both breed and sex. At equal total side fat, HE carcasses had less fat distributed intermuscularly than DY carcasses and had less IF in the brisket than heifers. The results are discussed in relation to the Canadian beef grading system.
THE FEEDING OF FERMENTED COLOSTRUM TO NEONATAL CALVES. I. THE EFFECT OF INOCULATION OF COLOSTRUM ON ITS STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND ON CALF PERFORMANCE
Authors: DREVJANY L. A. , IRVINE O. R. , HOOPER G. S.
Published: March 2010

Colostrum inoculated with Streptococcus lactis (treatment A), mixture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (treatment B), Lactobacillus acidophilus (treatment C), naturally fermented (treatment D) and kept fresh (treatment E) was used in laboratory storage trial and without treatment E in calf feeding trial. Both trials were aimed at better control of the fermentation process of colostrum and improving its acceptability and nutritive value as the main feed for calves up to weaning. The fermentation, as indicated by pH and titratable acidity changes, was most effectively controlled by an early inoculation with S. lactis, although it had no effect on mold and yeast contamination. The use of this culture produced better (P < 0.05) overall daily gains (582.0 and 434.0 g for treatments A and D, respectively), higher (P < 0.05) daily consumption of starter feed (1131 and 893 g for treatments A and D, respectively) and lowest incidence of watery diarrhea in the calf feeding trial. In the laboratory storage trial, it resulted in highest (P < 0.05) levels of residual lactose in the fermented product (3.41, 1.61, 1.63 and 3.15% for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively). Early development of high acidity (below pH 4) in colostrum treated by a mixed culture of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus or by L. acidophilus led to premature termination of both trial treatments due to total refusal of colostrum by calves. However, both products were free of mold and yeast contamination for the duration of 25-day storage. To assure high palatability of colostrum and minimize acid sensitive contamination, it appears that fermentation should quickly lower and then maintain the pH within 4–4.5.
RUMEN METABOLISM AND FEEDLOT RESPONSES BY STEERS FED TYLOSIN AND MONENSIN
Authors: HORTON G. M. J. , NICHOLSON H. H.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-six Hereford steers with an average weight of 336 kg were fed tylosin (Tylan, Elanco Division, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, In., U.S.A.) (11 mg/kg of diet), monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Division, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, In., U.S.A.) (33 mg/kg of diet), tylosin plus monensin or a nonmedicated control diet for 105 days. The diets contained 60% barley, 36% alfalfa meal, 2% tallow, 1% Co + I salt and 1% vitamin premix. Organic matter and crude protein digestibilities tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in steers fed monensin. Both tylosin and monensin increased (P < 0.05) acid detergent fiber digestibility. Tylosin did not affect molar proportions of ruminal VFA or ammonia. Monensin increased (P < 0.05) propionic acid and reduced (P < 0.05) acetic and butyric acids. There were no treatment effects on ruminal dehydrogenase activity or plasma urea nitrogen. Ruminal free amino acids were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in steers fed tylosin, both alone and with monensin. There were no significant treatment effects on feedlot performance or carcass measurements and there was no evidence of a complementary interaction of tylosin and monensin. The incidence of liver abscesses was reduced (P < 0.05) by tylosin. Steers with normal livers gained 5% faster (P > 0.05) than steers with abscessed livers.
EFFECTS OF RAPESEED DOCKAGE CONTENT ON THE FEEDING VALUE OF RAPESEED MEAL FOR SWINE
Authors: BELL J. M. , SHIRES A.
Published: March 2010

Five lots of fine rapeseed screenings were obtained from crushing plants, extracted in a pilot crushing plant, subjected to botanical analysis, and assayed for mycotoxins, protein, ether extract, ash, crude fibre, sand, amino acids, combustible energy and glucosinolates. Each screenings meal was substituted for 4, 8 and 12% of clean Tower rapeseed meal, incorporated into diets, pelleted and fed to swine over a weight range of 23–88 kg. The main finding in the feeding trial was a decline in efficiency of feed utilization as the level of screenings increased. Digestibility trials were conducted on the 12% screenings diets. Two of the screenings lots depressed protein digestibility from 78 to 73% and four of the screenings samples depressed energy digestibility. The lysine content of screenings tended to be lower than for Tower rapeseed meal and this, together with the lower protein digestibility, suggests that available lysine might be adversely affected by the inclusion of screenings in rapeseed meal. It therefore is nutritionally advantageous to ensure that rapeseed is relatively free of foreign matter prior to crushing.
RELEASE OF LH FOLLOWING INTRAUTERINE ADMINISTRATION GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE
Authors: MANNS J. G. , HUMPHREY W. D. , MURPHY B. , BURTON B.
Published: March 2010

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, 100 μg) or a potent analogue (50 μg) were administered into the uterus of proestrous cows (n = 6) in 0.5 mL of saline or semen diluent. GnRH analogue, but not GnRH, caused pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) release which lasted approximately 4 h and reached maximum concentrations of 40–100 ng/mL by 2 h after treatment.
INFLUENCE OF FORM AND MODE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON THE AVAILABILITY OF SOIL AND FERTILIZER POTASSIUM
Authors: Acquaye D. K. , MacLean A. J.
Published: March 2010

Ammonium applied alone or after addition of K depressed the uptake of K by oats grown in a sandy loam soil in the greenhouse. When NH4 was added first and K later at seeding, however, NH4 increased K-uptake.In the absence of K fertilizer, NH4 reduced the release of non-exchangeable K to the plants. When added prior to or at the same time as K at seeding, NH4 reduced K-fixation. This inhibitory effect of NH4 on fixation of added K was reflected in higher amounts of K in solution as shown by lower [Formula: see text] ratios. These results of chemical extraction of the soil indicated that the effects of NH4 on K-uptake by the oat crop arose from reactions in the soil.
DIFFERENTIATION OF SOILS HAVING CYCLIC OR RECURRING HORIZONS
Authors: Arnold R. W.
Published: March 2010

Irregular tonguing horizons and those that occur sporadically in soil sections are not only difficult to describe consistently but also pose problems in correlating and classifying soil series. Average measurements of the frequency of occurrence and of the maximum and minimum depths of horizon variations can be used to describe and compare these variations in soils. Theoretical values of these parameters are combined and grouped into five variability classes that serve as guidelines with which actual field data can be compared.
THE SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SULFATE IN SOIL EXTRACTS
Authors: Lowe L. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN AUTOMATIC PLOT SHELTER FOR FIELD IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Findlay W. I. , Fulton J. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE EQUIPOTENTIAL ZONE ABOVE THE WATER TABLE
Authors: Pierpoint G. , Farrar J. L.
Published: March 2010

The term "capillary fringe" is ambiguous due to differing definitions. Above a water table there exists a zone wherein total potentials of the soil water are equal. Laboratory experiments conducted in columns of sandy soil showed that, whilst this equipotential zone developed most rapidly over a lowered water table, less rapidly over a water table raised into moist soil, and least rapidly over a water table raised into dry soil, the final height of the zone was approximately equal in all cases. When a soil overlying an impermeable layer with no outlet was wetted from above, an equipotential zone developed prior to the development of a water table.Permeability was the factor dominating the development of the equipotential zone. Once developed, the zone exhibited high permeability, and experiments showed that water movement could occur rapidly even with extremely small total potential gradients, especially where the zone developed by desorption above a lowered water table.The height of the equipotential zone equals numerically the value of matric potential (in centimeters of water) which prevails at field capacity.The term "equipotential zone" is superior and preferable to "capillary fringe" since it describes accurately the prevailing situation and cannot be misinterpreted.
THE AVAILABLE BORON CONTENT OF THE GENETIC HORIZONS OF SOME ONTARIO SOILS: I. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER-SOLUBLE BORON AND OTHER SOIL PROPERTIES
Authors: Miljkovic N. S. , Matthews B. C. , Miller M. H.
Published: March 2010

The available boron content of the genetic horizons of eight Ontario soils was determined using a hot-water extraction and a sunflower test. The available boron was highest in the surface horizons and decreased in the zones of eluviation to a level equal to or lower than that in the parent material. The content in the horizons was generally higher than that in the C horizons.The water-soluble boron was closely related to the organic matter content in a quadratic regression (R2 = 0.691). When pH and clay content were included in regressions, a positive organic matter × pH component was the single most important variable, explaining 64.4% of the variability. Additional terms involving clay content and pH did not greatly increase the R2 value.
THE AVAILABLE BORON CONTENT OF THE GENETIC HORIZONS OF SOME ONTARIO SOILS: II. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORON ABSORPTION BY SUNFLOWERS AND OTHER SOIL PROPERTIES
Authors: Miljkovic N. S. , Matthews B. C. , Miller M. H.
Published: March 2010

The boron absorption by sunflowers in the greenhouse from samples of the genetic horizons of eight Ontario soils increased with increasing water-soluble boron content (R2 = 0.78). The absorption from a group of 17 cultivated surface samples was also positively correlated with water-soluble boron (R2 = 0.54).Clay content had the greatest influence on boron absorption after the influence of water-soluble boron was removed. The two variables in a multiple curvilinear regression accounted for 79% of the variability in absorption from the cultivated surface samples. The absorption increased with increasing clay content up to 15% and then decreased with a further increase in clay up to 20%. Organic matter content had a lesser effect on absorption. The [Formula: see text]-atm moisture value had a relatively large influence on absorption from the profile samples, but essentially no influence on that from the surface samples. The pH and CaCO3 content had very little influence on absorption from either set of samples.
DIFFERENTIAL PERFORMANCE OF TWO BARLEY VARIETIES TO VARYING ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: MacLean A. A. , Chiasson T. C.
Published: March 2010

In a greenhouse experiment, yields of Charlottetown 80 and Herta barley decreased with increasing rates of aluminum applied to a Caribou loam soil. The decline in yield was greater with the Herta variety. At the same time, this variety did not exhibit symptoms of aluminum toxicity as had been encountered on the same soil m field trials.A nutrient solution experiment established that Charlottetown 80 and Herta possessed a differential tolerance to aluminum and indicated that regional barley production problems were due to high concentrations of this element. Typical aluminum toxicity symptoms were encountered which appeared at lower aluminum concentrations in the Herta variety. Top and root yields of both varieties declined with increasing aluminum treatment but the effect was more pronounced with Herta.Phosphorus and calcium decreased in the tops and increased in the roots with increasing aluminum concentration. The effect was greater in Herta at intermediate aluminum concentrations than in Charlottetown 80. It was concluded that aluminium depressed the translocation of these elements within the plant rather than their adsorption by the roots.
FIXATION AND RELEASE OF Cs-137 IN SOILS AND SOIL SEPARATES
Authors: Evans E. J. , Dekker A. J.
Published: March 2010

In a series of experiments designed to describe Cs fixation and release by soils and sou separates, considerable Cs-137 was found to be fixed by the sand fractions of agricultural soils. The amount fixed by the sand exceeded that fixed by the clay m calcium-saturated samples taken from Podzolic soils. Cesium fixed when added as CsCl in macroconcentrations (5 meq per 100-g sample) was greater in the clay fractions than the sand fractions for all soils. These findings support the findings of others that there is more than one site for CS fixation depending on the concentration. Considerable Cs-137 was released by soil separates when shaken in the presence of H-resin. The amount released by the sand fraction was substantially greater than that released by the clay fraction for two of the three soils investigated. The fixation of Cs-137 was found to be approximately proportional to applied dose over a large range of carrier-free Cs-137 concentrations. The amount fixed by soils of alkaline pH was higher than that fixed by samples from Podzolic soils at all concentrations. When the soils were calcium-saturated after the removal of the colloidal sesquioxides by oxalate extractions, the difference between the fixation of Cs-137 by acid and alkaline soils was greatly decreased. This suggests strongly that these colloidal coatings blocked Cs-137 fixation by Podzolic soils.
COMPORTEMENT DIFFERENTIEL DU TREFLE LADINO EN REGARD DU CHAULAGE SUR CINQ TYPES DE SOL DU QUEBEC
Authors: Dionne J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFILTRATION INTO HOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED COLUMNS OF AGGREGATED LOAM, SILT LOAM, AND CLAY SOIL
Authors: Staple W. J. , Gupta R. P.
Published: March 2010

Infiltration rates and moisture profiles were measured during vertical infiltration into three soils of differing texture and aggregate structure. The measurements were made both for homogeneous columns of the air-dry soil and for columns made up of two-layer combinations of the three soils. Infiltration rates and profiles for the same soils were computed on the basis of tension, diffusivity and conductivity data obtained on wetting. Agreement between measured and computed moisture profiles was satisfactory considering the high variability in moisture movement found in packed columns of coarsely aggregated soils. Differences in aggregate-size distribution and bulk density produced variation in tension and conductivity which in turn had a marked influence on infiltration rate.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR AMINO ACID ANALYSIS USING A DESALTED HYDROLYZATE ON A SPINCO/BECKMAN ANALYZER AND AN UNTREATED HYDROLYZATE ON A TECHNICON AUTOANALYZER
Authors: Carson J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF BROMEGRASS GROWN ON SOLONETZIC SOILS
Authors: Cairns R. R. , Bowser W. E. , Milne R. A. , Chang P. C.
Published: March 2010

Annual applications of ammonium nitrate (449 and 898 kg/ha) were added to bromegrass growing on a Black Solonetz soil. Over a five-year period the average yield per year was 1,506 kg/ha on the check plots, 4,794 kg/ha on the plots receiving the 150-kg rate of nitrogen, and 6,779 kg/ha on the plots receiving the 300-kg rate.The nitrogen and potassium content of the bromegrass was increased from deficiency amounts on the check plots to sufficiency amounts on the fertilized plots- the sodium, aluminum, and iron content of the grass was somewhat reduced There was a significant reduction in soluble and exchangeable sodium in the A horizon of the fertilized soil as compared with the check. This, plus the greater growth of roots and the accumulation of nitrates in the subsoil of the fertilized soil, suggests a greater permeability in the fertilized plots. Supplementary experiments on Dark Brown Solonetz soils gave results similar to those obtained on the more humid Black Solonetz.
THE EFFECT OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT ON THE Cs-137 CONCENTRATION IN CROPS
Authors: Evans E. J. , Dekker A. J.
Published: March 2010

The Cs-137 concentration of oats grown in peat in the greenhouse was affected only slightly by liming. The values were considerably higher than those obtained when mineral soils were used. The effect of different levels of soil organic matter on Cs-137 concentration in oats and alfalfa was obscured by variable exchangeable soil-K contents. But high Cs-137 concentrations were associated with high organic-matter contents provided K was added to the soils. In contrast to the results obtained with oats, the Cs-137 concentration in lettuce grown after oats was found to decrease with increase in soil organic-matter content. It was concluded that the effect of organic matter on the Cs-137 concentration in the second or subsequent crop in a rotation might be different from its effect in the first crop.
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL INHIBITION OF NITRIFICATION ON PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION BY WHEAT
Authors: Nielsen K. F. , Warder F. G. , Hinman W. C.
Published: March 2010

Wheat was grown in a loam soil that had been treated with N serve, a nitrification inhibitor, and dressed with N and P fertilizers.With the inhibitor, NH4-N accumulated in the soil but NO3-N accumulated where none was used. Uptake of N was less when nitrification was inhibited but uptake of P was greater.
EFFECT OF FREEZING ON THE FREE SUGARS IN SOIL
Authors: Ivarson K. C. , Gupta U. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
COBALT STATUS IN QUEBEC SOILS
Authors: Rana S. K. , Ouellette G. J.
Published: March 2010

Studies on thirty mineral soil series and five organic soils from the broad cultivated areas of Quebec indicated that total cobalt, extracted with 70% perchloric acid digestion, ranged from 1.1 to 21.6 ppm and 2.5% acetic acid-extractable cobalt from 0.3 to 0.83 ppm. Extractable cobalt in the surface soils was significantly correlated with total cobalt, which in turn was highly dependent on the clay content of the soil. The soil pH or the organic matter content did not seem to have any influence on the cobalt content in the cultivated soils. Light-textured and podzolized soils are likely to be low m cobalt, while soils with richer clay content are higher. Organic soils, in general, were found to be lower in cobalt content than mineral soils. Nineteen out of the thirty mineral soils studied and all the organic soils contained less than 0.25 ppm of extractable cobalt and may be considered as critical or deficient because forage grown on such soils is likely to cause cobalt deficiency in livestock.
AN EVALUATION OF 0.1 M PYROPHOSPHATE AND PYROPHOSPHATE-DITHIONITE IN COMPARISON WITH OXALATE AS EXTRACTANTS OF THE ACCUMULATION PRODUCTS IN PODZOLS AND SOME OTHER SOILS
Authors: McKeague J. A.
Published: March 2010

The 0.1 M Na-pyrophosphate solution extracted some of the Fe-, Al-organic matter products in Podzol B and some Acid Brown Wooded B horizons, but it dissolved a low proportion of the free Fe in the B horizon of some Gleysolic soils. It did not dissolve the inorganic amorphous or crystalline Fe and Al substances tested. The oxalate solution extracted Fe and Al from some amorphous inorganic substances as well as from horizons of accumulation or Fe-, Al-organic matter complexes, but it did not dissolve crystalline Fe oxides. The pyrophosphate-dithionite solution removed some Fe from crystalline oxides as well as from amorphous organic and inorganic forms.Although the pyrophosphate solution appeared to be the most specific for the sesquioxide-organic complex accumulation products in some soils, high speed centrifugation was necessary to obtain extracts free of suspended material. The oxalate procedure was simpler and it appeared to be equally useful for differentiating the classes of soils tested. The pyrophosphate-dithionite procedure appeared to be the least specific of the three.