bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition strategies for youths with sensory impairments:	Educational, vocational and independent living considerations
Authors: Luft Pamela , Rumrill Phillip , Snyder Jennifer L. , Hennessey Mary
Published: December 2024

Students with sensory impairments comprise a heterogeneous group that is often underserved by rehabilitation and other social services. This underserved status has been attributed to poor interagency collaboration and eligibility issues, the low incidence nature of these disabilities, and the shortage of trained professionals to address the specialized needs of these individuals. This article examines important educational and vocational characteristics of this population to assist rehabilitation professionals in supporting more effective transitions into employment and other adult roles. Specific transition considerations include unique learning challenges, assessment issues, assistive technology, and accommodations. The article concludes with strategies for transition planning, community integration, and evaluating transition outcomes.
Proprietary rehabilitation: Challenges and opportunities in the	new millennium
Authors: Dunn Patrick
Published: December 2024

Proprietary rehabilitation has developed into a distinct professional sector with procedures, practices, and philosophy that differ from those in the public rehabilitation program. As the new millennium commences, proprietary rehabilitation will face a variety of challenges and opportunities that could affect the future of this sector of the rehabilitation profession. Among these issues are changes in occupational information upon which many proprietary rehabilitation practices are based; increased opportunities for early intervention and establishment of disability management programs within industry; adjustment to the movement to a managed health care system; and the necessity to demonstrate fiscal efficacy of rehabilitation services to workers with compensable injuries. This article discusses these issues and suggests some ways in which those involved in proprietary rehabilitation can properly position themselves to address and benefit from these challenges and opportunities.
New directions in special education research
Authors: Cook Bryan G. , Rumrill, Jr. Phillip D.
Published: December 2024

The article examines current and emerging trends in special education research. The role of scientific inquiry in shaping educational services for children with disabilities is emphasized, with a dual focus on (a) topic areas that are most fertile for future inquiry and (b) the scientific methods that researchers will use to address those topics.
The stress of progression from school to work for adolescents with	learning disabilities … What about life	progress?
Authors: Stacey Wendy A.
Published: December 2024

Four students with learning disabilities were interviewed about their experiences at work. Two students, one male and one female, were high school seniors and two students, one male and female, were freshmen at a community college. Individual student interviews ranged from 2 to 4 hours. Informal interviews were conducted with students' teachers and parents. At the time of the interview, students had part-time, unskilled jobs in which they had worked for at least 6 months prior to participation in the study. Themes that emerged from analysis of the data included students' reactions to entering the workforce, stress in learning the job tasks, overcoming difficulties by developing coping strategies, learning work values and parental influences. Student interviews underscored the importance of practice runs and real life learning to reduce stress prior to entering the work force.
An effective workplace stress management intervention: Chicken	Soup for the Soul at Work™ Employee Groups
Authors: Horan Anne Puidk
Published: December 2024

Stress is a costly and significant source of health problems and mental distress -- with work cited as a primary stressor. This pilot study supports the effectiveness of a new workplace stress intervention: Chicken Soup for the Soul at Work™Employee Groups. In this program, employee-participants met during nine weekly meetings to read inspirational workplace stories, comment, and share their own stories. A leader, chosen from and by the group, guided meetings.

Utilizing a wait-list control group design, participants were randomly assigned to an experimental or wait-list group. Participants completed pretests and posttests (Coping Resources Inventory, Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised, Job Descriptive Index, Pressure Management Indicator, survey). Statistical interaction effect for subtests was evaluated using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance.

Participants exhibited improved total coping resources, cognitive/rational coping, state of mind, confidence and home/work balance. Participant comments and their continued participation in a similar company-sponsored program bolster these empirical results.
The reliability of determining effort level of lifting and	carrying in a functional capacity evaluation
Authors: Reneman M.F. , Jaegers S.M.H.J. , Westmaas M. , Göeken L.N.H.
Published: December 2024

{\it Objectives:} To establish inter- and intra-rater reliability of observations in a functional capacity evaluation.

{\it Background:} Functional capacity evaluations are used to assess a person's functional capacity as it relates to work. Lifting and carrying are important aspects of a functional capacity evaluation. An evaluator determines the patient's levels of effort through standardized observations. Questions remain with regards to the reliability of these observations.

{\it Methods:} Four healthy subjects were videotaped while performing two lifts and four carries with progressive loads. The videotape was scrambled randomly and viewed twice by 3 physical therapists and 2 occupational therapists. The evaluators determined the amount of effort it required (light, medium, heavy, and maximum). The inter- and intra-rater reliability of the observations was expressed by means of percentage agreement.

{\it Results:} Inter-rater reliability ranged 87--96%, intra-rater reliability ranged 93--97%.

{\it Conclusion:} The results indicate that by means of standardized observations, therapists can reliably determine effort level during lifting and carrying in healthy subjects, and thus affirm the findings of other studies of similar design.
Reliability and reactivity of three new functional assessment	measures
Authors: Matheson Leonard N. , Rogers Lisa C. , Kaskutas Victoria , Dakos Mark
Published: December 2024

This study of the reliability of three new tests of work performance considered the effect of test reactivity on measured performance. The tests are components of an employment screening battery designed for placement of applicants in automotive assembly jobs. Statistical measures of reliability were compared with a simple measure of test reactivity in a sample of 51 healthy adults. The effect of test reactivity on employment selection decisions using various cut scores was studied. Test reactivity is found to be a significant threat to reliability that must be considered when skill-based performance tests are used on a serial basis. When intended for use on a serial basis, such tests should be studied for both reliability and reactivity. In addition to reporting traditional statistical indices of reliability, an index of the reactivity should be reported.
Workplace assessments and functional capacity evaluations: Current	practices of therapists in Australia
Authors: Innes Ev , Straker Leon
Published: December 2024

The literature has focused predominantly on functional capacity evaluations and related clinic-based assessments, however, there is little that examines workplace-based assessment approaches. In Australia, rehabilitation of injured workers occurs in the workplace wherever possible, and it is expected that workplace-based services will increase elsewhere in the future. There is a lack of knowledge, however, of therapists' current practices regarding workplace- and clinic-based work-related assessments.

{\it Objectives:} The purpose of this study was to understand the current practice of therapists in Australia who are directly involved in conducting work-related assessments.

{\it Study design:} A naturalistic inquiry approach was utilised for this study. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 occupational therapists and physiotherapists representing a spread of geographical locations, organisations, and experience.

{\it Findings:} Participants described three major types of work-related assessments -- workplace assessments, functional capacity evaluations (job) and functional capacity evaluations (no job). The types, purposes, and characteristics of work-related assessments were described and influences and constraints identified. Participants described using processes, data sources, methods of data collection and analysis consistent with qualitative methods, although some quantitative methods were also employed.

{\it Conclusion:} The findings suggest that the further a work-related assessment moves away from the actual work environment and requirements of a specific job, the greater its level of standardisation and generalisability. Conversely, when work-related assessments occur in the actual work environment, qualitative processes are used, and results are specific and non-generalisable.
Early employment careers of people with disabilities in the	National Child Development Study
Authors: Pilling Doria S.
Published: December 2024

{\it Objectives:} To compare the early employment careers of people with disabilities and their non-disabled contemporaries.

{\it Study design:} The employment of 436 people with disabilities was investigated between the ages of 23 and 33. The sample were part of a continuing longitidinal study, the National Child Development Study (NCDS), of some 17,000 people born during one week in 1958 and living in England, Wales and Scotland. Cross-tabulations were carried out comparing the employment of people with disabilities and that of their non-disabled counterparts using SPSS for Windows.

{\it Results:} Despite the majority of the sample not having difficulties with everyday activities people with disabilities were disadvantaged in terms of educational and vocational qualifications, employment rates and earnings. Those with physical disabilities fared better than the other disability groups in terms of employment and earnings, among this group men with `below average' educational and vocational qualifications differing most from their non-disabled counterparts and women with `above average' qualifications differing least.

{\it Conclusions:} Findings indicate the importance of educational and vocational qualifications for those with disabilities, for more emphasis on job retention, for measures against wage discrimination, and for job placement assistance for some groups of those with a disability.
A review of research on techniques for lifting low-lying objects:	1. Criteria for evaluation
Authors: Straker Leon M.
Published: December 2024

Advice and training on techniques for lifting is frequently provided. The choice of which technique to use should be based on the evidence available on a number of criteria. Important criteria include: psychophysical, physiological, biomechanical, psychological, performance and clinical. However few professionals have the time to read all the original research required to understand the limitations of the available criteria. The purpose of this paper was to present an accessible synthesis of the criteria used to choose a specific technique. Each criterion is described and its validity discussed to provide the reader with a better understanding of the criteria, and thus the evidence available.
What helps people with bipolar affective disorder succeed in	employment: A grounded theory approach
Authors: Tse Samson , Yeats Mike
Published: December 2024

The present study used a qualitative research design to unfold those contextual factors which influence vocational outcomes amongst people with bipolar disorder (BD). The data for this qualitative study was collated using a grounded theory approach because of its particular relevance to the study's aims i.e., to propose a theory grounded in the data that provided an account of the vocational integration process people with BD go through. The emerging theory consists of two over-arching principles that determine an individual's readiness to join the workforce: i) recovery from an acute phase of BD and ii) goodness of fit between the individual, support, job and wider contextual components. The emerging theory is in general agreement with those issues discussed in the literature. The present study also highlights the importance of maintaining a sense of hope and how self-determination may help individuals achieve their vocational goals. The credibility of these findings was strengthened by the method of triangulation of data interpretation and sources.
Perspectives on workplace disability management: A review of the	literature
Authors: Williams Renee M. , Westmorland Muriel
Published: December 2024

Work-related musculoskeletal injuries represent a major source of work disability. While many employers recognize the importance of workplace disability management approaches and are assuming greater responsibility for preventing and minimizing work-related disability, questions about the effectiveness of these interventions exist. The purposes of this article are to: 1) describe the essential components of workplace disability management programs related to musculoskeletal injuries; 2) review the literature on disability management practices based on research evidence by focussing on workplace-based interventions and the role of the workplace; and 3) provide recommendations for disability management in the prevention and reduction of disability, and the rehabilitation of injured workers with musculoskeletal work injuries. The literature suggests that employer participation, a supportive work climate and cooperation between labour and management are crucial factors in facilitating return to work. Given the complexity of the disability management process and the numbers of individuals involved, it is essential that all workplace parties work together to achieve the goal of safe and early return to work.
Factors contributing to low back pain among professional drivers:	A review of current literature and possible ergonomic controls
Authors: Lyons Jane
Published: December 2024

It is suggested that professional drivers are at an increased risk for low back pain and injury due to a variety of factors such as whole body vibration, prolonged sitting, awkward postures, lifting and carrying, and psychosocial issues. Ergonomics can play an important role in the reduction of risk of injury to the professional driver by implementing modifications to the work place (engineering controls), changes in administrative and management practice (administrative controls), and education of the worker (work practice controls). A review of the literature of the etiology of low back pain and injury among professional drivers is presented, and possible ergonomic controls have been recommended.
Effects of backpack load and task demand on trunk forward lean:	Pilot findings on two boys
Authors: Goodgold Shelley , Mohr Kristen , Samant Anita , Parke Tim , Burns Terri , Gardner Leah
Published: December 2024

Trunk forward lean (TFL) has been identified as a postural adaptation to increases in backpack load, and spinal forces have been presumed based on TFL. This pilot project examined the combined effects of increasing backpack load and task demand on TFL. Two boys with typical development, aged 11 and 9, were participants. Peak5 Motion Analysis Videography was used to gather 2D kinematic data under three levels of backpack load (0%, levels of task demand (stand, walk and run). Passive reflective markers were placed on anatomical landmarks, and TFL was calculated by the angle formed by a line joining the right acromion and right greater trochanter and a vertical reference line. Descriptive statistics were performed to compare TFL under the nine experimental conditions. Although TFL most often increased with increases in backpack load and task demand, TFL was not dose dependent. Postural patterns varied between participants, and the findings supported a ceiling effect. In conclusion, to compensate for changes in inertia and center of gravity when wearing a backpack, TFL represents a dynamic emergent strategy that varies based on task demand and characteristics of the individual. Further research on TFL is warranted, and clinicians should be cautious when recommending safe carrying loads for children based on posture.
The physical impact of computers and electronic game use on	children and adolescents, a review of current literature
Authors: Gillespie Robin Mary
Published: December 2024

Children using computers and electronic games may adopt the kinds of sustained and awkward postures that are associated with musculoskeletal disorders in working adults. If they do, the physical demands of extensive use could lead to a wide range of adverse effects on developing children, including visual, neurological and physical changes. This article reviews the literature related to media use, ergonomics, epidemiology and pediatrics that address the physical impact of computer use by children. The literature establishes that computer use is common, but does not demonstrate a causal or statistical association with any physical disorders. Laboratory studies on vision, case reports of game-related tendonitis and ergonomic analyses of classroom computers suggest that concern is warranted.
Mismatch of school desks and chairs by ethnicity and grade level	in middle school
Authors: Cotton Lance M. , O'Connell Dennis G. , Palmer Phillip P. , Rutland Marsha D.
Published: December 2024

{\it Objective:} The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric measurements of children/adolescent (6th grade -- 8th grade) and use these measurements to determine fit by ethnicity and grade level across three common classroom desks and chairs.

{\it Study design:} Eighty-eight Caucasian-American (CA), 65 Mexican-American (MA), and 58 African-American (AA) 6th, 7th, and 8th graders participated in the study (n = 211 students). Students were seated (shoeless) on a horizontal seating surface with an adjustable footrest to obtain 90° angles at the hips, knees, and ankles. Standing height and five seated measurements were obtained using a stadiometer. Desk measurements were obtained from the most common desks used for each grade level. Six measurements (seat height, seat depth, seat slope, desk height, desk clearance, desk slope) were obtained with a tape measure and angle finder. Mismatch was operationalized apriori to determine fit of student dimensions and desks.

{\it Results:} Multivariate analysis (SPSS 10.1) revealed significant differences in anthropometric dimensions at each grade level for ethnicity and gender (p < 0.05). Only one 6th grade MA male fit both seat height and depth criteria. One-way ANOVA's and Scheffe post hoc tests revealed significant differences between fit by ethnicity for chair 1 and chair 2. No students experienced knee/desk clearance problems. Only one student was able to find a desk surface that did not exceed their maximum functional elbow height.

{\it Conclusions:} AA's had longer lower extremity lengths versus their ethnic counterparts at all grade levels. Subjects did not fit chairs and desks regardless of age or ethnicity. Ethnicity played a significant role in seat height fit for two of the three chairs. These disparities may create a generation with an increased incidence of musculoskeletal problems carrying over to adulthood and the adult workplace.
Computers in the elementary school classroom
Authors: Bennett Cheryl L.
Published: December 2024

Children now use computers throughout their education. As schools have focused on purchasing computers and providing internet access, there has been little consideration of ergonomics. Even if educators and school administrators acknowledge students would benefit from better ergonomics, they may assume it is too expensive or not know where to begin. This paper describes one process used to implement low cost ergonomic improvements and provide training for teachers, staff and students in an elementary school.
Construct validities and the empirical relationships between	optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and locus of control
Authors: Carifio James , Rhodes Lauren
Published: December 2024

This study assessed the construct validities and the relationships between Optimism [21], Hope [27], Self-Efficacy [18], and Locus of Control [12]. The validities and relationships between these scales were examined not only because they are to some degree rival constructs but also because there is an outstanding theoretical question in the literature of whether each of these variables is a state or trait variable or both. Synder' Hope scale was the "know marker" trait-state scale in this study. Data were obtained on all scales from 78 at-risk university students and 22 regular (or normal) students, as all scales either make claims about or have existing data on these two different types of subjects. Other background data were also collected. A Manova on the 13 variables for which data were obtained found significant profile differences between the two groups of subjects as theory and the literature predicted at the 0.01 level. The trait-state two factor structure of Synder's Hope scale was found except the structure was orthogonal in at-risk students as opposed to the oblique structure Synder found in normals. The same strong results were obtained for Schiever and Carver's Optimism scale which additionally resolved an outstanding interpetability issue with this scale. Hypothesized factor structures were not obtained for the self-efficacy or the locus of control scales and both scales best fit the trait-sate model, which contradicts Bandura's and other prevailing view of these two variables, but supports the results found by Bandalos et al. [2].
Practice guidelines: Therapeutic interventions aimed at assisting	people with bipolar affective disorder achieve their vocational goals
Authors: Tse Samson
Published: December 2024

Based on a thorough review of literature and findings from an earlier study on what are the factors helping individuals with bipolar disorder to find and remain in employment, the practice guidelines are proposed to aim at assisting individuals affected by bipolar disorder or other persistent mental disorder achieve their vocational goals. The proposed guidelines emphasise an integrated approach to the employment problem, incorporating clinical, vocational training and employment services. The guidelines advocate quick job placements as opposed to prolonged pre-vocational assessment and training are preferable for people with bipolar disorder in view of their usual high educational achievements and vocational experiences prior to the onset of illness. When necessary, a graduated approach to immediate placement may be adopted. Interventions proposed in these guidelines involve working with an individual client, mobilising support from family, workmates, managers, advising the employers on provision of support systems within the actual workplace and liaising with government agencies to reinforce client's aspiration to work.
Health risks associated with prolonged standing
Authors: McCulloch John
Published: December 2024

Seventeen studies, which included information regarding the adverse health risks associated with prolonged standing, were selected for review. Prolonged standing was defined as standing for over 8 hours [7,8,9]. Studies were divided into three categories relating to the particular health risk associated with prolonged standing. Review of the literature indicated that chronic venous insufficiency [7,16], musculoskeletal pain of the lower back and feet [11,13], preterm birth, and spontaneous abortions [4,6,12,14] were health risks associated with working conditions that required prolonged standing. The use of support hose was associated with positive outcomes in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency in several studies [1,2,3,9,17].
Expert review of an approach to functional capacity	evaluation
Authors: Gibson Libby , Strong Jenny
Published: December 2024

Functional capacity evaluation (FCE) is a widely used tool in work rehabilitation, despite the limited examination of the soundness of its measurement properties. This paper outlines the development of a new approach to FCE, the GAPP FCE, and reports on the findings of an expert review of aspects of its content validity and technical adequacy and how it meets established test criteria. Five expert occupational therapists reviewed the materials of the GAPP FCE then completed a questionnaire related to the content validity, technical adequacy and safety, reliability, validity, practicality and utility of the GAPP FCE. The experts gave support to most aspects of these criteria. The main issue identified by the review was related to interpretation and extrapolation of the FCE results for return to work. This and other issues are discussed in relation to recent developments in FCE and plans for future development of the GAPP FCE.
The role of work in the lives of retired men following	stroke
Authors: Hillman Anne , Chapparo Christine J.
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted with the purpose of describing self-perceived occupational role performance and to explore the possibility that role is a concept that is understood and utilised in the planning and performance of meaningful occupations. The participants were thirteen men who had experienced a stroke and undergone rehabilitation. The naturalistic methodology employed included a single extensive interview to establish and describe self-perceived roles and occupational role performance, followed by role sorting and role rating tasks. Data from the tasks were used to verify transcript analysis data. The findings of this study as they relate to the concept of work are described. Work as perceived by the study participants was found to continue beyond retirement and the advent of disability. Work roles, work occupations and workful elements of occupational performance were identified. For some participants a sense of being productive was highly significant to their feelings of well-being and social fit. A number of strategies were employed by participants to enable them to continue to do work. It is suggested that work should be considered in rehabilitation even beyond retirement.
Learning technologies at the service of higher education: Global	trends and local Israeli opportunities
Authors: Beller Michal , Or Ehud
Published: December 2024

This paper provides an overview of global trends in e-Learning and opportunities opened by harnessing learning technologies at the service of the Israeli higher education. The introduction of innovative learning technologies is examined in light of an organizational change. A series of substantial issues should be taken into account to successfully manage the change. Among these are: rethinking of academic learning and instruction, redefining the role of the teachers and the students, decoupling the learning materials and the learning process, new approaches to student assessment and program evaluation, and instituting a well thought out organizational plan including a support center. The above-mentioned issues guided the introduction of a recent call for project proposals for the integration of technologies into Israeli higher education. The main principles, criteria and results of this call are described.
Employment and disability in the United Kingdom: An outline of	recent legislative and policy changes
Authors: Curtis John
Published: December 2024

In 1996, a paper (Floyd, 1996), on the Vocational Rehabilitation Services in the United Kingdom, reviewed the way in which the services had evolved during the past 50 years, since the end of the second world war. The author described the Disabled Persons (Employment) Act 1944 and the development of rehabilitation and placement services and sheltered workshops over the years. He also gave readers a glimpse of possible future changes, and, in particular, speculated that the UK might follow the United States in the professional training and development of employment and vocational rehabilitation personnel.

This paper describes first the main services currently provided by Government and then outlines the quite significant legislative changes and one major policy development that have taken place in the past five years. This includes an overview of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 which came into force in late 1996, a brief look at some of the early outcomes, and describes the latest proposals for amendment. A description of the major policy development (New Deal for Disabled People) is also given but it is too soon to report on its effectiveness. Whether the changes will lead to any lasting improvement in labour market participation by disabled people, remains an unanswered question; certainly, up to the present, from a statistical point of view, it seems that the position remains much the same (Curtis J, forthcoming). The paper concludes with discussion of the latest key issues and returns to the question raised in 1996 about the training of employment and rehabilitation personnel.
The nature of working in the United States: An occupational	therapy perspective
Authors: Baker Nancy A. , Jacobs Karen
Published: December 2024

Although working is considered by occupational therapy practitioners to be an important life role, there is very little information about the nature of working in the occupational therapy literature. This article reviews the construct of working in three ways: 1) The history of working and how it has shaped the modern beliefs about working; 2) The nature of working; and 3) The health promoting attributes of working. The paper will also discuss research done on how working is viewed by individuals with disabilities and will touch on some of the implications of the cultural bias in the workplace toward workers with disabilities. Through this increased knowledge of the nature of working, occupational therapy practitioners and other vocational rehabilitation professionals will be better equipped to break down the subtle cultural barriers, and help individuals with disabilities to participate in working.
A comparison of performance outcomes between the Minnesota Rate of	Manipulation Test and the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test
Authors: Surrey Lynn R. , Nelson Kimberly , Delelio Cheri , Mathie-Majors Danielle , Omel-Edwards Natasha , Shumaker Jack , Thurber Gretchen
Published: December 2024

This study examined the performance outcomes between two tests of manual dexterity, the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test [1] and the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (1981). Even though the tests are constructed differently and are different versions of the Complete Minnesota Dexterity tests, both tests utilize the same instruction manual and the same normative data. The researchers measured 233 random participants at a Midwestern international airport and in the student center at a local university in Indiana. Each participant completed three trials of a subtest on both versions of the test. One sample t-tests on difference scores indicated statistically significant differences on outcomes of both subtest comparisons as well as overall test score differences (p < 0.000). These significantly different outcomes on the two tests illustrate the need to establish separate normative data on the latest version of the test, the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test.
A novel redesign of food scoops in high volume food service	organizations
Authors: Williams Chad D.
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this article is to propose design changes to a food scoop commonly used in the food service industry. A review of literature concerning the design of hand tools is used to justify modifications to the existing design. Changes to the handle and shape of the tool are discussed. Implications of the newly designed food scoop, both for future research and the workplace are reviewed. The conclusion of this article is that the proposed food scoop should have a 40-millimeter diameter, foam rubber handle and should have a lift angle of 35 degrees.
Falls from trucks: A descriptive study based on a workers	compensation database
Authors: Jones Derek , Switzer-McIntyre Sharon
Published: December 2024

Background: Falls from heights, including falls from nonmoving trucks, are a known cause of serious workplace injuries [1,2,4,6,7,14,15]. Subsequent to the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) of Ontario implementing an industry sector management approach for service delivery the principle author noted a number of serious injuries as a consequence of falls from trucks or truck trailers. A literature search revealed limited articles, specifically relating to injuries sustained in falls from trucks or truck trailers. It was therefore decided to further investigate the scope of the problem.

Methods: A search of the Province of Ontario, Workplace Safety & Insurance Board (WSIB) database for the year 1997 was conducted to identify all claims, within the Transportation Sector, where a reported accident had been classified as a fall from a non-moving vehicle. The data extracted from identified claims constitutes the basis of this study. There were 1026 claims initially identified. Each identified claim was reviewed to determine if the study entry criteria; (1) a fall occurred and (2) the fall originated from a truck, its trailer or the cargo, were met. Of the identified claims 352 met the study inclusion criteria. A retrospective file review was conducted on each claim entered into the study and the study variables recorded on a predefined data sheet.

Results: The most frequent sites of falls were the back of the truck or trailer, the truck step and the cargo being transported. More than one injury was sustained by 23.6% of the study population. The major injuries identified included; 214 strains/sprains, 117 contusions and 101 fractures. One year post accident 89.4% of the study population had returned to work, of these 84.9% were on full duties and the remaining 4.5% were on modified duties. The total costs associated with the 352 injured workers included in this study amounted to $5,313,901.27.

Interpretation: Falls from trucks often result in significant injuries with considerable periods of disability and related costs. As falls from three specific locations i.e. the back of trucks/trailer, the cargo and the truck step made up 83% of the total falls efforts at prevention might best be directed to further investigate causal factors involved in the falls from these high frequency areas. A prospective study, including a detailed interview, with workers suffering a fall from a truck would assist in understanding factors that contribute to falls from trucks or truck trailers.
Employment and chronic non-cancer pain: Insights into work	retention and loss
Authors: Howden Stella , Jones Derek , Martin Denis , Nicol Maggie
Published: December 2024

Objectives. To explore the work experiences of three individuals who have chronic non-cancer pain and to identify factors which may affect their ability to remain in employment.

Methods. Three cases were selected from a data set of six, to illustrate distinct employment history scenarios. All participants had a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Data was gathered using semi-structured, in-depth interviews that were audiotaped and later transcribed for qualitative, content analysis. Themes identified were those which related to employment experiences and appeared to be important factors influencing the retention of work.

Findings. Four main themes were identified: the nature of physical barriers to employment, autonomy at work, social networks, and the importance and motivation to remain in employment.

Conclusion. These findings support existing research in relation to chronic pain and employment in general and expands upon the nature and importance of social support at work. It is suggested that the qualitative methodology illustrated here, which explores the perspectives of those still in employment (as well as those who have stopped working) may be a useful approach to investigating this important area of research.
Equally unequal: Gender discrimination in the workplace among	adults with mental retardation
Authors: Julius Elona , Wolfson Hagit , Yalon-Chamovitz Shira
Published: December 2024

Gender discrimination in the work place has been widely reported. Women are usually discriminated against both with respect to level of occupation and salary. The current study explored the correlation between gender and employment among adults with mental retardation, specifically, whether gender discrimination in the work place is as prominent among people with mental retardation as in the general population. Level of occupation and salary earned were studied in 227 adults with mild and moderate mental retardation residing in institutions, hostels, and sheltered homes in Israel. The findings suggest a correlation between gender and employment similar to that in the general population. Women were found to be employed mainly in sheltered workshops and lower levels of occupation, and to earn significantly less than the men. However, closer examination of each work place revealed that within each level of occupation there were no significant gender differences in salary. The finding suggests that while women with mental retardation earn lower salaries than men, this is mainly the result of their lower level of occupation. Rehabilitation efforts should therefore be directed toward ensuring higher levels of occupation as well as community employment among women with mental retardation.
Construct validity of the instrument DOA: A dialogue about ability	related to work
Authors: Linddahl Iréne , Norrby Eva , Bellner Anna-Lena
Published: December 2024

This study examined the construct validity of the newly developed instrument A Dialogue About Ability Related To Work (DOA). DOA [18] was developed using concepts from the Model of Human Occupation [20] as theoretical framework. The instrument assumes the assessment of work ability by both the client and the occupational therapist, and is followed by a dialogue which is expected to distinguish possible goal-setting for further rehabilitation [18,19]. Twenty-one professionals and 126 clients from three clinics in Sweden participated in the study. All clients were involved as outpatients in psychiatric work rehabilitation in county councils or community services. Results of a Rasch analysis test indicated that items are well separated and generally work together in five unidimensional continuums to measure work ability. Twenty-nine of 34 items showed goodness-of-fit statistics, which means acceptable infit MnSq values from ≥ 0.6 to ≤ 1.4 in association with Z values from -2 to 2. The five misfit items have to be revised. The study has indicated that DOA is a valid instrument in psychiatric work rehabilitation and ought to be useful in the dialogue between occupational therapists and clients about goalsetting and treatment planning.
Workplace assessments and functional capacity evaluations: Current	beliefs of therapists in Australia
Authors: Innes Ev , Straker Leon
Published: December 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand the current beliefs of therapists in Australia, and the strategies they use to address the issues of credibility, reliability, consistency, trustworthiness, validity, generalisability and quality in conducting work-related assessments.

Study design: In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 occupational therapists and physiotherapists from around Australia.

Findings: Participants expressed the belief that the therapist was the assessment instrument and was central to the credibility of an assessment. Conflict was reported when participants modified standardised assessments in an attempt to focus on context relevant activities and tasks. Participants were aware of the issues of reliability and validity but believed it was not practical to establish these aspects formally in most work-related assessments. The strategies used to achieve credibility, reliability, consistency, trustworthiness, validity, generalisability and quality were similar to those recommended for use in qualitative research.

Conclusions: The strategies identified in this study can provide the basis for therapists to examine how they conduct work-related assessments and consider whether they currently use these strategies or have the opportunity to implement others.
A comprehensive work injury prevention program with clerical and	office workers: Phase I
Authors: Martin Susan A. , Irvine Julie L. , Fluharty Karah , Gatty Carolyn M.
Published: December 2024

The risk for the development of musculoskeletal disorders and associated conditions in clerical and office workers is well documented. The majority of work injury prevention programs for this population were single-faceted (education, workstation redesign, or task modification) and yielded both positive and negative findings. This pilot study was conducted with 16 full-time clerical and office workers at a small private college. In a randomized control trial, the intervention group received four hours of individualized training through a multi-faceted injury prevention program. Between group differences in musculoskeletal symptom frequency and intensity and perceived stress and energy levels existed, although were statistically insignificant. There was a statistically significant decrease in Lower Back ache/pain from pre to post measures for the intervention group.
Constructing the program impact theory for an evidence-based work	rehabilitation program for workers with low back pain
Authors: Durand Marie-José , Vachon Brigitte , Loisel Patrick , Berthelette Diane
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Several low back pain work rehabilitation programs have been developed and evaluated for their outcomes. Unfortunately, the program impact theory for these programs is not described, and consequently, the exact mechanisms of action by which these programs intend to increase the probability of return to work remain unknown. This lack of knowledge jeopardizes the implementation of effective programs by health professionals and managers. The objective of this paper is to present the results of an exploratory study aimed at building the program impact theory for the PREVICAP work rehabilitation program.

Methods: The program impact theory was develop by conducting: unpublished documents and scientific literature analyses, individual and group discussions with multiple stakeholders and observation of program reality by reviewing the files of workers who completed the program.

Results: The PREVICAP program's impact theory was elaborated based on an ecological approach to work rehabilitation. Program goals and objectives were defined for the three dimensions of the model: the worker, the work environment and the interaction between the worker and his work environment. Two program action mechanisms were defined and describe how the program was intended to achieve its expected outcomes.

Conclusions: This study made explicit the PREVICAP program impact theory and can help rehabilitation practitioners to address work disability according to an ecological model.
Cost-effectiveness of a prework screening program for the	University of Illinois at Chicago Physical Plant
Authors: Littleton Michael
Published: December 2024

A post-offer screening program jointly developed by the Occupational and Physical Therapy Departments (University of Illinois at Chicago) was first implemented in March 1998. A total of 712 screens were completed from 3-01-98 through 2-28-01. A quasi-experimental design was utilized to analyze changes in Workers' Compensation costs between the three-year period prior to, and the three-year period following program inception. Additionally, injury rates and mean cost per injury were compared between injuries sustained between 3-98 and 3-01 which were incurred by workers who had passed screening and those that had not been screened. Finally, the tabulated cost per screen and reduction in Workers' Compensation costs allowed derivation of a dollar spent/ dollar saved ratio.

Dramatic declines in number of injuries, total costs and mean cost per case occurred in the three-year period following program inception. Mean cost per case also dramatically declined comparing injured workers who had passed screening versus those who had never been screened. Cost savings were over $18 per dollar spent on the program.

While a number of mitigating variables may have accounted for some of the profound effects noted, decrease in average cost per case (indicating possible reduction in severity of injury) was consistent with existing literature.
Role of workplace safety: A revisit of the relationship between	job satisfaction and employment status
Authors: Huang Yueng-Hsiang , Chen Peter Y. , Rogers D. Apryl , Krauss Autumn D.
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the relationship between employment status (i.e., part- and full-time) and job satisfaction, with the focus on the moderating roles of perceived injury risk and injury incidence. The results found that the level of job satisfaction for full-time workers was about the same regardless of the level of injury risk they perceived. In contrast, job satisfaction of part-time workers was significantly higher when they perceived low injury risk rather than high injury risk. The findings also supported the potential adverse impact of injury incidence and injury risk on job satisfaction for both part- and full-time workers. This study highlighted the importance of understanding both workplace safety and job satisfaction when attempting to understand the differences between part-time and full-time workers.
Prevention, health and safety program in companies provide a more	successful and healthier workplace
Authors: Olafsdottir Lovisa
Published: December 2024

This article describes the importance of injury prevention in the workplace and the status of this issue in Iceland. Using a theoretical approach, this article examines workers' psychological and physical health, as it is affect by work. The article seeks to answer the question, "What methods are appropriate when health and safety management is of primary importance in the workplace?" Finally, the article will explain the condition of these matters in Iceland, and will also discuss how one measurement strategy, called "Workplace Analysis", uses performance indicators to demonstrate the effectiveness of health and safety consultations. This tool has been developed by Solarpexus. It is important to analyze the work environment, set goals, and measure results.