bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Long Reformation in Eastern Europe: The Case of Hungarian Puritanism Revisited
Authors: Tóth Zsombor
Published: November 2020

With the focus on Calvinist Reformation I propose a case study on Hungarian Puritanism that will allow further extrapolations, projections, and some general remarks regarding the entire process of the Hungarian Reformation. This paper draws on the findings of my research examining the reception of English Puritanism in early modern Royal Hungary and Transylvania. I intend to unearth the problematic aspects of cultural and intellectual transfers in an attempt to decipher the intricacies of how Puritan-Calvinist ideas were accepted and incorporated in the religious culture of Hungarian Calvinists. My concern is primarily related to the receiving Hungarian context and its historical evolution. For both the Hungarian Reformation and Hungarian Puritanism appear to have been newly emerging religious cultures resulting from a mixed tradition consisting of transferred ideas and native components. My contention is that the process of transfers and translations are not mechanical takeovers, borrowings or replacements, but a rather complex hermeneutical process of understanding, explaining and applying ideas to the needs of the receivers. One of the major findings of my article is that the application of the concept of long Reformation to the Hungarian case, in line with the latest developments of the field, will not only provide a more suitable historical framework, but it will put to use a repertoire of methodological novelties nurturing the understanding of the entire process of the Reformation based on the transfers of ideas and their consequent reception.
Lone other-language items in later medieval texts
Authors: Ingham Richard P. , Sylvester Louise , Marcus Imogen
Published: November 2020

This paper addresses the use in medieval texts of ‘lone other-language items’ (Poplack and Dion 2012), considering their status as loans or code-switches (Durkin 2014; Schendl and Wright 2011). French-origin and English-origin lexemes in Middle English, respectively, were taken from the Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval England, a source of loan words chosen for its sociolinguistic representativeness and studied via Middle English Dictionary citations and textbase occurrences. Four criteria were applied for whether they should be treated as code-switches or as loans: the textual context in which the item appears, the adoption of target language verbal morphology, the length of attestation within the target language of individual lexical items (Matras 2009), and the integration of items into the syntactic structure of nominal phrases in conflict sites for code-switching (Poplack et al. 2015). Results provide little support for code-switching as the channel for the integration of lone other-language items, suggesting rather that individual items of foreign origin were immediately borrowed, consistently with Poplack and Dion’s (2012) treatment of contemporary contact phenomena.
Skeletal animation for visualizing dynamic shapes of macromolecules
Authors: Ueno Yutaka , Muraoka Shinya , Sato Tetsuo
Published: November 2020

We apply a skeletal animation technique developed for general computer graphics animation to display the dynamic shape of protein molecules. Polygon-based models for macromolecules such as atomic representations, surface models, and protein ribbon models are deformed by the motion of skeletal bones that provide coarse-grained descriptions of detailed computer graphics models. Using the animation software Blender, we developed methods to generate the skeletal bones for molecules. Our example of the superposition of normal modes demonstrates the thermal fluctuating motion obtained from normal mode analysis. The method is also applied to display the motions of protein molecules using trajectory coordinates of a molecular dynamics simulation. We found that a standard motion capture file was practical and useful for describing the motion of the molecule using available computer graphics tools.
Machine learning based data retrieval for inverse scattering problems with incomplete data
Authors: Gao Yu , Zhang Kai
Published: November 2020

We are concerned with the inverse scattering problems associated
with incomplete measurement data. It is a challenging topic of
increasing importance that arise in many practical applications. Based on a
prototypical working model, we propose a machine learning based
inverse scattering scheme, which integrates a CNN (convolution
neural network) for the data retrieval. The proposed method can
effectively cope with the reconstruction under limited-aperture
and/or phaseless far-field data. Numerical experiments verify the
promising features of our new scheme.
The status of the narrator in Modernist fiction
Authors: Sotirova Violeta
Published: November 2020

This article explores hitherto unexplored complexities in the positioning of the Modernist narrator. Taking as a starting point Banfield’s ‘empty centre’ technique, the article re-evaluates the difficulties posed by this phenomenon and develops a more thorough and a sounder understanding of ‘the empty centre’. Some of the evidence for a new theory of ‘empty centre’ passages comes from pragmatics and naturally occurring discourse data. In particular, an investigation of the impersonal uses of generic pronouns, which Monika Fludernik (1993.The fictions of language and the languages of fiction: The linguistic representation of speech and consciousness. London: Routledge; 1996.Towards a natural narratology. London: Routledge) had established as key to our understanding of the technique, sheds new light on the nature of the ‘empty centre’ technique and leads to a new understanding of the status of the Modernist narrator. I propose that it is most plausible that the reader will naturalise examples of ‘the empty centre’ as stemming from the narrator. I also argue that we need to construct a new understanding of the status of the Modernist narrator which takes into account some of the central tenets of the Modernist aesthetic, those concerning subjectivity and the possibility of objectivity. Thus, what emerges from the analysis is that the self, and the narratorial figure by extension, can no longer be endowed with the power of omniscience. I will develop my theoretical explanation of ‘the empty centre’ and the positioning of the narrator in Modernist fiction with reference to a variety of examples, mainly drawn from Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf.
Perceptual relevance and art: Some tentative suggestions
Authors: Kolaiti Patricia
Published: November 2020

A fundamental assumption in relevance theory is that human cognition has evolved in the direction of increased efficiency and, as such, tends, as Sperber and Wilson (Relevance: Communication and cognition, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995: 38–46, 260–66) put it in their cognitive principle, to be naturally geared towards the maximisation of relevance. The cognitive principle inter alia explains the selectivity of human agency and attention: for an input to merit the attention of the human cognitive system, it must seem relevant enough to be worth attending to. But what makes an input relevant? The relevance-theoretic account proposes that relevance for an individual organism at any specific time involves a balancing of mental effort and a particular type of worthwhile modifications, cognitive effects, that are representational in nature and amount to improvements in knowledge. The type of relevance yielded by such effects could be described as a cognitive type of relevance. However, inputs such as artistic stimuli – including literary ones – invite us to widen the scope of the causal engineering behind the selective directedness of our mental lives. Artistic stimuli merit the attention of the human cognitive system at various time-scales (momentary, developmental, and evolutionary). Following Kolaiti (The limits of expression: Language, literature, mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019: 76–94) and drawing on neuroscientific evidence from the last 25 years, I will make tentative suggestions that artistic stimuli may also yield non-representational worthwhile modifications or effects. My discussion focuses on one such type of effects involving the human perceptual system: perceptual effects. Being partly or wholly embodied, perceptual effects could extend the machinery of relevance theory in an embodied direction and widen its interdisciplinary implications.
The tragic in Greek drama and conceptual blending
Authors: Ioannou Georgios
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the tragic sense permeating ancient Greek drama as a product of a special type of conceptual integration between two antithetic mental spaces, which prompts the simultaneous generation of two mutually exclusive emergent structures. The special tragic sense generated carries along the inferences of two equally impossible situations. The key-difference between this type of blend and other counterfactuals is argued to be found in the lack of reference scenario in the blend. In the context of theatrical enactment, the realisation of this special type of antithetic blend is based on the frame-clash between conceived and enacted space, matched by the emotions of pity and fear, respectively. The feeling of catharsis that follows the end of the play is analysed as a second level blend within the emergent structure that leads to the restoration of a single common space of cognitive compatibility between actors and audience.
On the equivalence of authentication codes and robust (2, 2)-threshold schemes
Authors: Paterson Maura B. , Stinson Douglas R.
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we show a “direct” equivalence between certain authentication codes and robust threshold schemes. It was previously known that authentication codes and robust threshold schemes are closely related to similar types of designs, but direct equivalences had not been considered in the literature. Our new equivalences motivate the consideration of a certain “key-substitution attack.” We study this attack and analyze it in the setting of “dual authentication codes.” We also show how this viewpoint provides a nice way to prove properties and generalizations of some known constructions.
A framework for reducing the overhead of the quantum oracle for use with Grover’s algorithm with applications to cryptanalysis of SIKE
Authors: Biasse Jean-François , Pring Benjamin
Published: November 2020

In this paper we provide a framework for applying classical search and preprocessing to quantum oracles for use with Grover’s quantum search algorithm in order to lower the quantum circuit-complexity of Grover’s algorithm for single-target search problems. This has the effect (for certain problems) of reducing a portion of the polynomial overhead contributed by the implementation cost of quantum oracles and can be used to provide either strict improvements or advantageous trade-offs in circuit-complexity. Our results indicate that it is possible for quantum oracles for certain single-target preimage search problems to reduce the quantum circuit-size from

O

2

n

/

2

⋅
m
C

$O\left(2^{n/2}\cdot mC\right)$

(where C originates from the cost of implementing the quantum oracle) to

O
(

2

n

/

2

⋅
m

C

)

$O(2^{n/2} \cdot m\sqrt{C})$

without the use of quantum ram, whilst also slightly reducing the number of required qubits.

This framework captures a previous optimisation of Grover’s algorithm using preprocessing [21] applied to cryptanalysis, providing new asymptotic analysis. We additionally provide insights and asymptotic improvements on recent cryptanalysis [16] of SIKE [14] via Grover’s algorithm, demonstrating that the speedup applies to this attack and impacting upon quantum security estimates [16] incorporated into the SIKE specification [14].
Highly negative dispersion compensating fiber with low third order dispersion
Authors: Islam Md. Ibadul , Islam Md Saiful
Published: November 2020

In this work, a dispersion compensating photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF) is proposed in which dispersion, dispersion slope, second order dispersion, third order dispersion, nonlinearity, effective mode area, V parameter are investigated. The suggested structure is very effective for compensating of chromatic dispersion about −951 to −3075.10 ps/(nm.km) over 1340–1640 nm wavelength bandwidth. With perfectly matched layer boundary condition, guiding properties are inspected applying finite element method (FEM). The investigated results conform the opportunity of large negative dispersion and high group velocity dispersion (GVD) of −2367.10 ps/(nm.km) and 3018.55 ps2/km respectively, at 1550 nm operating wavelength. The offered fiber also shows low third order dispersion about −637.88 ps3/km, high nonlinearity of 91.11 W−1 km−1. From overall simulation results, it can be expected that the suggested PCF will be an effective candidate in high bit rate long haul optical communication system as well as sensing applications.
Composite predicates in the layers of Latin
Authors: Rosén Hannah
Published: November 2020

The present study gives a comprehensive portrait of the accusatival-passival type of the composite-predicate (or support-verb) construction in the history of Latin. Taking stock of properties shows them to only minimally serve as a touchstone distinguishing between Latin composite predicates and syntagmatically identical verb + direct object constructs. The intricate issue of idiomaticity and the prospects of establishing its parameters are discussed, concluding that although characteristics such as figurativity of the verb or direct-object incorporation indicate this status, the closed corpus of Latin securely allows only for a quantitative parameter, or familiarity, for this kind of a complex predicate. We are looking from the diachronic perspective at individual support verbs, primarilycapereandhabere, in the evolvement of their function and status—grammatical or lexical-phraseological—as well as at other sets of verbs, figurative ones and verbs otherwise departing from their basic meaning. The support verb emerges as the cardinal constituent of the construct, determining the function of the complex, and as considerably autonomous, being capable of representing, in anaphoric contexts, the entire construction. A reconsideration of the opposition between composite predicates and their monolexematic counterparts brings up again their added value as to exhaustiveness, clarity, perspective, and focus of the message conveyed through a composite predicate.
Bemerkungen zur Chronologie der Seleukidenzeit: Die Koregentschaft von Seleukos I. Nikator und Antiochos (I. Soter)
Authors: Hackl Johannes
Published: November 2020

Der Artikel bietet die Bearbeitung eines bislang unveröffentlichten Keilschrifttextes (LB 863) aus der Liagre Böhl Collection (Leiden), der weiterführende Aussagen zur Dauer der Koregentschaft von Seleukos I. Nikator und Antiochos (I. Soter) erlaubt. Aufgrund des darin genannten Datums lässt sich wahrscheinlich machen, dass Antiochos’ Erhebung zum Koregenten wenigstens zwei Jahre früher anzusetzen ist als allgemein angenommen. Im Übrigen ist diese Beobachtung gut mit einem anderen Keilschrifttext (D.T. 189) vereinbar, dessen ungewöhnliches Datum sich bislang einer befriedigenden Erklärung entzogen hat.
Wann eroberte Mithridates die ProvinzAsia?
Authors: Leydold Miran
Published: November 2020

Die 1890 von Reinach aufgestellte Chronologie der Ereignisse beim Ausbruch des Ersten Mithridatischen Krieges wurde über 80 Jahre lang nicht hinterfragt, ehe sie von Badian und Sherwin-White zu Recht widerlegt wurde. Worüber die beiden Forscher keine Einigkeit erzielten, ist, ob Mithridates die römische ProvinzAsiavor oder nach dem Winter 89/88 v. Chr. eroberte. Der Zweck dieses Artikels ist es, diese Frage zu klären. Da die antiken Quellen uns nicht explizit sagen, wo der Winter in der Reihenfolge der Ereignisse zu platzieren ist, muss man die Erzählung der antiken Autoren, ebenso wie die Argumente der modernen Historiker, genau überprüfen. Das Ergebnis ist, dass Mithridates die ProvinzAsiahöchstwahrscheinlich nicht vor dem Winter erobert hat.
The Evolution of the Right to Property in India: From a Law and Development Perspective
Authors: Venkatesan Rashmi
Published: November 2020

Property rights are contentious in any jurisdiction. But the right to property in India, adopted as a fundamental right in Article 31 of the Constitution of the India, 1950 (“Article”), has had a particularly tumultuous legal and political history. It holds the distinction of being the second most debated Article in the Constituent Assembly, the most amended provision of the Constitution and the only fundamental right to ever be deleted. The history of the Article is commonly understood as arising from an ideological institutional conflict between a Parliament in pursuit of socialism and a judiciary safeguarding individual freedoms. However, looking at the Article and its initial amendments from a “law and development” perspective provides a critique of the current narrative of “conflict” and offers an alternative interpretation of the history of Article 31. The paper argues that rather than arising from the pursuit of either authoritarian socialist planning or an egalitarian social revolution, the travails of the Article came in the context of India’s quest for economic modernity through a process of “passive revolution”. The powers of eminent domain reinforced in the Article empowered the state to modernise economic relations in industry and agriculture by restructuring a semi-feudal pre-capitalist property rights regime established during colonialism along productive capitalist lines. In this process, the Article helped to consolidate the powers of the developmental state in the domain of economic policy; forged the relationship between state, market and the individual; and helped shape the regime of private property rights in India. Understanding the evolution of the fundamental right to property in India therefore, not only tells a key part of India’s development story but also contributes to the “law and development” literature by assimilating diverse historical experiences within its framework, which, as critics have long argued, tends to have a strong Eurocentric bias.
A new wave of Shakespeare lexicography (with special reference to LSP dictionaries)
Authors: Karpova Olga M.
Published: November 2020

The paper deals with a description of new specialized Shakespeare reference books belonging to English cultural heritage lexicography (dictionaries of characters, quotations, proverbs, guides, companions). The main accent is made on LSP titles published by Arden Shakespeare Dictionaries, describing terminology of different subject fields found in Shakespeare’s works: economics, medicine, politics, philosophy, visual arts, religion, music, etc., where Shakespeare is known to be a professional. The article also covers needs and demands of LSP dictionaries target audience (theatre, cinema producers) and shows perspectives of the digital future of Shakespeare lexicography.
Adaptive Mathematical Morphology on Irregularly Sampled Signals in Two Dimensions
Authors: Asplund Teo , Luengo Hendriks Cris L. , Thurley Matthew J. , Strand Robin
Published: November 2020

This paper proposes a way of better approximating continuous, two-dimensional morphology in the discrete domain, by allowing for irregularly sampled input and output signals. We generalize previous work to allow for a greater variety of structuring elements, both flat and non-flat. Experimentally we show improved results over regular, discrete morphology with respect to the approximation of continuous morphology. It is also worth noting that the number of output samples can often be reduced without sacrificing the quality of the approximation, since the morphological operators usually generate output signals with many plateaus, which, intuitively do not need a large number of samples to be correctly represented. Finally, the paper presents some results showing adaptive morphology on irregularly sampled signals.
GABRD promotes progression and predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Niu Gengming , Deng Li , Zhang Xiaotian , Hu Zhiqing , Han Shanliang , Xu Ke , Hong Runqi , Meng He , Ke Chongwei
Published: November 2020

Little is known about the functional roles of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit delta (GABRD) in colorectal cancer (CRC). The expression of GABRD between CRCs and adjacent normal tissues (NTs), metastasis and primary tumors was compared using public transcriptomic datasets. A tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) were used to determine the clinical and prognostic significance of the GABRD in CRC. We used gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments to investigate the in vitro roles of GABRD in cultured CRC cells. We characterized the potential mechanism of GABRD’s activities in CRC using a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) with The Cancer Genome Atlas Colon Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-COAD) dataset. We found that the GABRD expression was significantly increased in CRCs compared to that in NTs, but was similar between metastasis and primary tumors. Overexpression of GABRD was significantly associated with later pTNM stages and unfavorable patient survival. Overexpression of GABRD accelerated while knock-down of GABRD inhibited cell growth and migration. Mechanistically, the function of GABRD might be ascribed to its influence on major oncogenic events such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and hedgehog signaling. Collectively, GABRD could be a novel prognostic predictor for CRC that deserves further investigation.
Domesticated mammoths: Mythic and material in Nenets verbal tradition onya’ xora
Authors: Lukin Karina
Published: November 2020

This article discusses language materialities and the Otherworld through the findings of mammoth remains and text-artifacts representing Nenets verbal art. The remains and verbal art are read together as a network of mythic knowledge that forms a semiotic whole, where different signs interact and create potentials for new significations. The article aims to open up a web of relations in which materialities of differing ages and durabilities meet and affect each other through their semiotic potentialities. The materialities operate on several levels of signification, ranging from basic metaphors for mammoths to larger regimes that organize the signification. Consequently, mythic knowledge concerns worlds that are, on the one hand, imperceptible but, on the other, sensible through narration and imagination in terms of materialities. The key material elements of the mythic knowledge are tainted by the narration, such that they cannot be considered without the mythic qualities. In addition, the knowledge concerning the world affects Nenets rituals and ways of dwelling.
Roles, ethics and lawyers’ reactions: An ethnographic study of interpreters’ role performance in interpreted lawyer-client interviews
Authors: Xu Han
Published: November 2020

This study explores interpreters’ role performance, lawyers’ reactions to interpreters’ performance, and the perceptions and expectations of the interpreter role among these two groups of professionals. It adopts an ethnographic approach to generate data from observations made in Australia of 20 authentic interpreted lawyer-client interviews and post-observation interviews with the lawyers and the interpreters respectively. The study shows that interpreters are very active participants in lawyer-client interviews, as manifested in their various forms of intervention and in their adoption of roles not stipulated in their professional ethics. The interpreters’ active performance of their role relates to their perception of their function, their understanding of the relevant communicative tasks, their assumptions about lawyer’s professional needs, and their previous interpreting experience. While lawyers strongly supported an understanding of the interpreter role as “impartial and faithful” and spoke against certain types of interpreter interference, such as interpreters using summarisation, yet in actual practice, very few lawyers were observed to question or stop interpreters’ interference, and the lawyers’ inaction may in fact be partly responsible for the interpreters’ adoption of additional roles. These findings have implications for the professional development of interpreters and for lawyers in how to conduct effective interpreted legal interviews.
Engineering photonic environments for two-dimensional materials
Authors: Ma Xuezhi , Youngblood Nathan , Liu Xiaoze , Cheng Yan , Cunha Preston , Kudtarkar Kaushik , Wang Xiaomu , Lan Shoufeng
Published: November 2020

A fascinating photonic platform with a small device scale, fast operating speed, as well as low energy consumption is two-dimensional (2D) materials, thanks to their in-plane crystalline structures and out-of-plane quantum confinement. The key to further advancement in this research field is the ability to modify the optical properties of the 2D materials. The modifications typically come from the materials themselves, for example, altering their chemical compositions. This article reviews a comparably less explored but promising means, through engineering the photonic surroundings. Rather than modifying materials themselves, this means manipulates the dielectric and metallic environments, both uniform and nanostructured, that directly interact with the materials. For 2D materials that are only one or a few atoms thick, the interaction with the environment can be remarkably efficient. This review summarizes the three degrees of freedom of this interaction: weak coupling, strong coupling, and multifunctionality. In addition, it reviews a relatively timing concept of engineering that directly applied to the 2D materials by patterning. Benefiting from the burgeoning development of nanophotonics, the engineering of photonic environments provides a versatile and creative methodology of reshaping light–matter interaction in 2D materials.
Subwavelength sorting of full-color based on anti-Hermitian metasurfaces
Authors: Kim Seong Jun , Lee Changhyun , Jeon Sangtae , Park Junghyun , Kim Soo Jin
Published: November 2020

Splitting the spectrum of incident light at nanoscale has been of great scientific and practical interest due to its potential application in various optical sensors. For many years, researchers have been striving to realize the full-color sorting of light at subwavelength scale, while keeping the loss of incident photons to a minimum. In this article, we present semiconductor-based metasurfaces that facilitate the efficient sorting of full-color by inducing anti-Hermitian coupling between multiple nanoantenna arrays. To achieve this, we first explore how the coherent interactions between maximally crafted nanoantennas in the metasurfaces can be effectively controlled by judiciously positioning them in both lateral and vertical directions, which leads to the switched coupling of light at each target position. Based on the analysis, we demonstrate a metasurface-based absorber that features efficient, spectropolarimetric detections over the entire visible spectrum, ranging from 470 to 630 nm. In addition, the metasurface detects relatively narrow spectral linewidth of 60 nm and shows the sensitivity up to 70%, which surpasses the previous works on subwavelength photon sorting or color filter-based detection system. We envision that our approach provides guidelines for realizing the metasurfaces with enhanced functionalities, that is the increase of spectral channels for detection in a given subwavelength-scaled unit cell.
Disorder effects in nitride semiconductors: impact on fundamental and device properties
Authors: Weisbuch Claude , Nakamura Shuji , Wu Yuh-Renn , Speck James S.
Published: November 2020

Semiconductor structures used for fundamental or device applications most often incorporate alloy materials. In “usual” or “common” III–V alloys, based on the InGaAsP or InGaAlAs material systems, the effects of compositional disorder on the electronic properties can be treated in a perturbative approach. This is not the case in the more recent nitride-based GaInAlN alloys, where the potential changes associated with the various atoms induce strong localization effects, which cannot be described perturbatively. Since the early studies of these materials and devices, disorder effects have indeed been identified to play a major role in their properties. Although many studies have been performed on the structural characterization of materials, on intrinsic electronic localization properties, and on the impact of disorder on device operation, there are still many open questions on all these topics. Taking disorder into account also leads to unmanageable problems in simulations. As a prerequisite to address material and device simulations, a critical examination of experiments must be considered to ensure that one measures intrinsic parameters as these materials are difficult to grow with low defect densities. A specific property of nitride semiconductors that can obscure intrinsic properties is the strong spontaneous and piezoelectric fields. We outline in this review the remaining challenges faced when attempting to fully describe nitride-based material systems, taking the examples of LEDs. The objectives of a better understanding of disorder phenomena are to explain the hidden phenomena often forcing one to use ad hoc parameters, or additional poorly defined concepts, to make simulations agree with experiments. Finally, we describe a novel simulation tool based on a mathematical breakthrough to solve the Schrödinger equation in disordered potentials that facilitates 3D simulations that include alloy disorder.
The crystal structure of 3-chloropropionic acid, C3H5ClO2
Authors: Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard
Published: November 2020

C3H5ClO2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 5.2011(4) Å, b = 7.4362(4) Å, c = 24.1175(15) Å, β = 94.594(3)°, V = 929.78(10) Å3, Z = 8, R

gt
(F) = 0.0333, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0795, T = 200 K.
The crystal structure of 3-chloropropylammonium chloride, C3H9Cl2N
Authors: Muller Kina , Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard
Published: November 2020

C3H9Cl2N, monoclinic, I2/a (no. 15), a = 8.7694(5) Å, b = 9.6963(6) Å, c = 14.8577(9) Å, β = 98.266(3)°, V = 1250.24(13) Å3, Z = 8, R

gt
(F) = 0.0193, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0511, T = 200 K.
Measurement and interpretation of spatially registered bar-forces in LC refining
Authors: Aigner Matthias , Olson James , Wild Peter
Published: November 2020

A high resolution rotary encoder and a piezo electric force sensor are implemented in a 16-inch laboratory-scale low consistency refiner to explore the effect of plate gaps on bar-force profiles. The sensor replaces a short length of a stator bar and measures normal and shear forces applied during the passage of each rotor bar. The rotary encoder data is used to locate the rotor bars relative to the stator bar in which the sensor is located. Previous work with this type of force sensor focuses primarily on the distribution of the maximum force measured during the passage of each rotor bar over the sensor orbar passing event, BPE. In this work, force profiles for bar passing events are registered to the position of rotor bars relative to the stator bar in which the sensor is located. These registered force profiles are measured for a range of plate gaps and two different pulp furnishes. The angular reference provided by the encoder makes it possible to generate mean force profiles. As force data for individual BPEs is highly variable, these mean force profiles have potential to shed light on the fundamental mechanisms of mechanical refining. For large gaps, there is alate peakin the force profiles that occurs toward the end of the bar passing event. For gaps that are less than thecritical gap, below which fiber cutting occurs, there is anearly peakin the force profiles that occurs at the start of the bar passing event. It is hypothesized that the early peak represents thecorner forceand, therefore, that corner force is causal in the onset of fiber cutting. To explore this hypothesis, a model is presented connecting corner force and friction force to the progression geometric variables during the bar passing event such as the bar edge length engaged at any point in the bar passing event and the area covered by the rotor bar on the force sensor at any point in the bar passing event.
The Taxation of Industrial Foundations in Sweden (1862–2018)
Authors: Johansson Dan , Stenkula Mikael , Wykman Niklas
Published: November 2020

It has been argued that the Swedish tax system has favored firm control through industrial foundations, which should have inhibited entrepreneurship and economic growth. However, research has been hampered because of a lack of systematic historical tax data. The purpose of this study is to describe the evolution of tax rules for industrial foundations in Sweden between 1862 and 2018 and to calculate the marginal effective tax rate (METR) on capital income. The results show that the METR for an equity-financed investment is typically below 20% and occasionally peaks at approximately 40%. When the requirement that industrial foundations have to donate the bulk of capital income (less capital gains) for charitable purposes is treated as a tax, the METR is seldom below 50% when financing investments with new share issues and often exceeds 100%.
Adoption of agricultural practices with climate smart agriculture potentials and food security among farm households in northern Nigeria
Authors: Oyawole Funminiyi Peter , Dipeolu Adewale Oladapo , Shittu Adebayo Musediku , Obayelu Abiodun Elijah , Fabunmi Thomas Oladeji
Published: November 2020

Despite the conceptual promise and attractiveness of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in ensuring farmers’ resilience and food security, empirical evidence of its success are observed to be scanty and mixed in terms of results, thus prompting further research. In this article, we analyzed the effect of adopting six Agricultural Practices with CSA Potentials (AP-CSAPs) on food security status using recent cross-sectional data on 238 maize farmers from Northern Nigeria. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Probit regression. The results showed that 92.4% of the maize farmers were male, with a mean age and household size of 44 years and nine persons, respectively. We find that 37.0% of the farm households were food insecure, and adoption of the AP-CSAPs was generally low. However, while refuse retention and agroforestry influenced food security, the remaining four practices considered did not. In addition, we find that land fragmentation, off-farm income and age influence the likelihood of being food secure. We recommend further research on the medium- to long-term effects of AP-CSAPs and suggest that policies aimed at consolidating landholdings to promote monocropping among rural farmers be discouraged.
Influence of low-fracture-fiber mechanism on fiber/melt-flow behavior and tensile properties of ultra-long-glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites injection molding
Authors: Huang Po-Wei , Peng Hsin-Shu , Hwang Sheng-Jye , Huang Chao-Tsai
Published: November 2020

In this study, an injection molding machine with a low-fracture-fiber mechanism was designed with three stages: a plasticizing stage, an injection stage, and a packing stage. The fiber-fracture behavior is observed under the screw (plasticizing stage) of low-compression/shear ratio for the ultra-long fiber during the molding process. The molding material employed in this study was 25-mm-ultra-long-glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP/U-LGF). In addition, a thickness of 3 mm and a width of 12 mm spiral-flow-mold were constructed for studying the melt flow length and flow-length ratio through an experiment. The experimental results showed that the use of an injection molding machine with a three-stage mechanism decreased the fiber length when the screw speed was increased. On average, each fiber was shortened by 50% (>15 mm on average) from its original length of 25 mm. Longer glass fibers were more resistant to melt filling, and as the fiber length was reduced, the mixing between the melt and glass fibers was improved. Thus, the melt fluidity and fiber ratios were increased. In addition, the mixing/flow direction of the melt had an impact on the dispersion and arrangement of glass fibers, thus the tensile strength of PP/U-LGF increased.
The Gel, the Colour, and the Complexing Agent: An Investigation of a Rigid Gel Application of Benzotriazole for Verdigris-Damaged Paper
Authors: Humenuck Leah
Published: November 2020

The aim of this research was an investigation into creating a rigid gel application of benzotriazole (BTA), a complexing agent, as a new potential way of treating verdigris-damaged paper. Various gel recipes were mixed and tested on historical samples. The gel recipes varied in gellan gel concentration, BTA/solvent solution concentration, and BTA concentration. The recipe effectiveness was assessed using Hulthe’s indicator paper and MQuant™ Test Cu indicator strips, two types of indicator papers which detect free copper ions. The results showed that rigid gel application of BTA is effective in complexing the copper ions which may inhibit further damage to the paper caused by free copper ions. Some of the other effects of the gel were the simultaneous removal of paper discolouration by the gel. Further research is needed to refine the gel recipes as well as the treatment process to prevent or reduce potential tidelines and other possible negative side-effects of gel treatment.
The Colour of Pine Needles and Nightingales. A Traditional Japanese Copper-based Green Pigment
Authors: Plate Maria Katharina , Eyb-Green Sigrid , Baatz Wolfgang
Published: November 2020

The article describes a historic Japanese green pigment which was identified in a painting attributed to the Kano school, dating to the Edo period. According to literature, malachite – which is the common translation of the Japanese termrokushō –has been the most widely used green pigment in Japan over a long period of time. Its colour shade could be modified by the use of different degrees of grinding and by heating the pigment. The green paint layer found in the painting was examined using XRF, SEM-EDS and XRPD, and cross sections. Examinations revealed a heterogeneous paint layer which consists of a mixture of various natural copper-containing minerals, some of which also contain arsenic and other elements. A concluding discussion of pigment nomenclature in Japan raises the question ifrokushōmay in fact be equated with pure malachite.
Moral Context, Moral Complicity And Ethical Theory
Authors: Hartner Daniel F.
Published: November 2020

One of the dominant traditions in normative ethics is characterised by the attempt to develop a comprehensive moral theory that can distinguish right from wrong in a range of cases by drawing on a philosophical account of the good. Familiar versions of consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics have emerged from this tradition. Yet such theories often seem to lack the resources needed to evaluate the broader contexts in which moral dilemmas arise, which may cause them to encourage moral complicity. Context-insensitive complicity of this sort receives surprisingly little direct philosophical attention, despite its being a ubiquitous concern for ordinary moral agents and despite the threat it poses to this form of ethical theorising. The present paper sketches the problem more formally and canvasses some leading responses before locating its source in the implicit distinction between moral and non-moral domains at the root of much traditional normative theorising.
In Search of the Context of a Question
Authors: Strandberg Hugo
Published: November 2020

How is the role of context in moral philosophy to be understood? Why is the consideration of context important here? This paper is a small contribution to answering these questions. The kind of context that is in focus does not help us answer moral questions but is essential for understanding what kind of moral question arises – indeed, if any question arises at all. For whom does the question arise? What form does the question have for him or her? What relation does the person for whom it arises have to the events in the example as described by the philosopher? In considering such issues, the importance of thinking from an existentially and morally engaged perspective becomes evident.
Wendt versus Pollock: Toward visual semiotics in the discipline of IR theory
Authors: Güner Serdar
Published: November 2020

We focus on a key IR Theory article by Alexander Wendt (1992) and two Jackson Pollock paintings. Our aim is to identify meanings Pollock’s art communicates and reveals for Wendt (1992). It derives from an appeal to visual imagination and a desire for semiotic interpretation of Constructivist view of anarchy. The visual sign is an association such that there is Wendt’s theoretical claim on the one hand and an abstract painting on the other. We do not gaze at Wendt’s claim, we read it. We do not read a painting, look at it. This remark does not imply a one-way relationship. We can argue that a specific painting comes to life in our mind where colored movements are inextricably mixed up when we read the constructivist claim. Both Pollock paintings selected for our sign-making effort confirm the dynamic character of Constructivism and reveal not only three but countlessly many anarchies in international relations. They foment our assessments of abrupt changes of intersubjectivity among states. Cyclicality of dripped paints provides an anchor to fix Wendt’s anarchy conceptualization in these structural-abstract paintings. As to Wendt’s concept of anarchy, it acts as a helper, as a standard, against which interpretations of Pollock’s artwork construct meanings.
Neue Herausforderungen erfordern neue Ideen: Elemente einer Theorie des Sieges in modernen strategischen Konflikten
Authors: Roberts Brad
Published: November 2020

In Russland und China dreht sich der militärstrategische Diskurs schon seit Langem um die Frage, wie man die Vereinigten Staaten in einem regionalen konventionellen Krieg unter dem nuklearen Schatten abschrecken und besiegen kann. Bis vor Kurzem lag das Hauptaugenmerk des militärstrategischen Denkens der USA auf Terrorismus- und Aufstandsbekämpfung. Dies hat zu einem gefährlichen Ungleichgewicht und zu dem Risiko geführt, dass die Führungen in Moskau und Peking versucht sein könnten, in Konflikte einzutreten und diese zu eskalieren, in der Überzeugung, sie könnten diese gewinnen. Die USA und ihre Verbündeten müssen daher eigene Konzepte darüber entwickeln, wie sie diese Überzeugung erschüttern und folglich die Abschreckung stärken können. Eine kohärente, glaubwürdige Gesamtheit diesbezüglicher Ideen könnte auch eine „Theorie des Sieges“ genannt werden.
Hysteresis and sources of aggregate employment inertia
Authors: Mota Paulo R. , Vasconcelos Paulo B.
Published: November 2020

It is widely recognized that aggregate employment dynamics is characterized by hysteresis. In the presence of hysteresis, the long run level of employment instead of being unique and history-independent, depends on the adjustment path that is taken, which includes the monetary and fiscal measures. It is thus important to study the presence of hysteresis in the macrodynamics of employment to understand whether the recession followed 2007s financial crisis will have permanent effects, and prospectively to conduct fiscal and monetary policies. The main contribution of this paper is to analyse the relative impact of the main sources hysteresis (non-convex adjustment costs, uncertainty and the flexibility of working time arrangements) to the width of the employment band of inaction. For that purpose, a switching employment equation was estimated from a computational implementation of the linear play model of hysteresis. From our results we found significant hysteresis effects in the aggregate employment dynamics caused by the presence of non-convex adjustment costs as uncertainty. We also found that the flexibility firms may have to adjust labour input by varying the number of hours of work per employee helps to mitigate the effect of uncertainty upon the band of inaction.
Massification and diversification in tertiary language education: evaluating the parameters for a successful outcome
Authors: du Plessis Colleen
Published: November 2020

In response to trends such as internationalization, migration and the knowledge economy, universities globally are under pressure to open their doors to as many students as possible. In South Africa, massification of higher education has two additional dimensions to the above. Firstly, it has to provide a forum for creating a socially inclusive society. Further to this, it has to compensate for the inferior standard of basic education. Together these factors compound the number of diversity variables that require management, particularly as far as language and academic literacy imperatives are concerned. This chapter examines how massification is unfolding at one institution of higher learning in the country and how it fuels systemic problems in a particular teacher training programme. What distinguishes the students in this undergraduate course from those in other programmes is that they constitute the future educators responsible for literacy development in the first years of schooling, precisely where literacy levels are deplorable and of critical concern. The study considers relevant policies, institutional support and curricula, before scrutinizing student performance. Two main findings emerge: Successful massification of higher education is highly dependent on quality basic education in which language instruction and the development of academic literacies are foregrounded at school level. This in turn requires comprehensive teacher training programmes that are attentive to sociolinguistic realities and theoretical underpinnings of language learning.
Tolerance and Control.Developing a language policy for an EMI university in Uzbekistan
Authors: Linn Andrew , Bezborodova Anastasiya , Radjabzade Saida
Published: November 2020

This article presents a practical project to develop a language policy for an English-Medium-Instruction university in Uzbekistan. Although the university is de facto English-only, it presents a complex language ecology, which in turn has led to confusion and disagreement about language use on campus. The project team investigated the experience, views and attitudes of over a thousand people, including faculty, students, administrative and maintenance staff, in order to arrive at a proposed policy which would serve the whole community, based on the principle oftoleranceand pragmatism. After outlining the relevant language and educational context and setting out the methods and approach of the underpinning research project, the article goes on to present the key findings. One of the striking findings was an appetite for control and regulation of language behaviours. Language policies in Higher Education invariably fall down at the implementation stage because of a lack of will to follow through on their principles and their specific guidelines. Language policy in international business on the other hand is characterised by acontrolstage invariably lacking in language planning in education. Uzbekistan is a polity used to control measures following from policy implementation. The article concludes by suggesting that Higher Education in Central Asia may stand a better chance of seeing through language policies around English-Medium Instruction than, for example, in northern Europe, based on the tension between tolerance on the one hand and control on the other.