bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CaPO4-Mediated CKD of Crystallo-Tubular-Nephropathy [CKD-CTN]—A Crystal and Nanotube-Induced Geo-Environmental Disease
Authors: Wimalawansa Sunil J. , Dissanayake Chandra B.
Published: April 2022

Importance

More than forty million people from certain tropical countries are at risk of developing a non-conventional form of chronic kidney disease (CKD), CKD of multifactorial etiology (CKDmfo). This is also known as CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu). Worldwide, it kills more than 20,000 people annually.

Findings

CKDmfo is a chronic tubulointerstitial renal disease caused by groundwater-induced hydroxy- and fluorapatite nano-crystals and nano-tube formation in renal tubules and cortical tissues, in conjunction with chronic intravascular volume depletion, chronic renal anaemia, and ischemia. To manifest this gradually developing renal failure, consuming hard water having, higher concentrations of calcium, phosphates, and fluoride for more than 10 years is necessary. The disease progresses when the kidneys fail to repair or due to ongoing renal tissue damage in the presence of micronutrient deficiency, chronic dehydration, renal ischemia, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. These prevents regenerations of renal tissues.

Conclusion

Consumption of stagnant groundwater concentrated with ions, like Ca2+, PO4, and F− due to prolonged annual droughts over many years, in conjunction with lesser water intake and chronic dehydration, creates a conducive internal milieu for CaPO4 crystallisation in renal tissues. This proposed primary etiology of the crystal-tubular-nephropathy (CTN) provides an insight into a deeper understanding of the use of cost-effective strategies for prevention, early intervention, and eradication of CKD-CTN. In addition to the nano-crystal/nano-tube concept, we provide supporting scientific evidence that Mg2+ in water and the diet does not promote the disease; instead, it prevents crystal formation and developing CKDmfo, as with some other CKDs.

Relevance

We present novel CaPO4 hydroxyapatite crystal formation concepts in a hyperosmolar fluid in renal tissues that causes CKDmfo. Besides, the protective (e.g., magnesium) and enhancing (e.g., dehydration, drinking stagnant hard water) mechanisms that cause CKD-CTN are explored. A new understanding of causative mechanisms paves a path for cost-effective targeted interventions to prevent and eliminate CKDmfo. These principles apply to all CKDmfo/CKDu-affected countries to protect the renal health of farm labourers and others who regularly engage in physical work in hot and dry environments. Providing affordable potable water, increasing water consumption, and avoiding harmful behaviours are critical measures for eliminating CKDmfo.
World Risk Society and Constructing Cosmopolitan Realities: A Bourdieusian Critique of Risk Society
Authors: Jong Abbas
Published: April 2022

Current global crises and threats have revealed the growing implications of Ulrich Beck's theory of risk society. Rather than being a theory of risk, risk society theory is more a social theory of the new social world and modernity. Risk society theory encompasses a new social ontology of the social in the era of uncertainties and crises. Beck also proposes the cosmopolitan outlook and particularly methodological cosmopolitanism as the epistemology and methodology of the world risk society. Yet, a close examination of Beck's social theory reveals a contradiction between the two aspects. On the one hand, in the ontological dimension, we are faced with the primacy of the indeterminate and the empirical, but on the other hand, Beck's epistemological prescriptive eliminate the possibility of reaching them. The current article aims to address this incompatibility. In doing so, first, the main pillars of risk society theory, and then the cosmopolitan outlook and sociology are discussed. By criticizing Beck's epistemological apparatus as well as juxtaposing the theory of risk society and Pierre Bourdieu's theory of action and fields, in the final section, the article proposes a solution to complete the ontology of risk society and overcome some of its epistemological problems.
How the Nitrogen Economy of a Perennial Cereal-Legume Intercrop Affects Productivity: Can Synchrony Be Achieved?
Authors: Crews Timothy E. , Kemp Laura , Bowden James H. , Murrell Ebony G.
Published: April 2022

The UN's Sustainable Development goal of Zero Hunger encompasses a holistic set of targets that range from ending hunger by 2030, to increasing environmental sustainability and resilience of food production. Securing and managing soil nutrients remains one of the most basic challenges to growing adequate food while simultaneously protecting biodiversity and the integrity of ecosystems. To achieve these objectives, it is increasingly clear that the management of ecological processes will need to supplant reliance on non-renewable and environmentally damaging inputs. In recent years, progress has been made in developing perennial grain crops that show promise to improve on a range of ecological functions such as efficient nitrogen cycling and soil carbon accretion that tend to be well-developed in natural ecosystems but become compromised following land conversion to row crop agriculture. Here we report on a multi-faceted, 5-year experiment in which intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) (Thinopyrum intermedium), a perennial relative of wheat that is bred to produce the grain Kernza®, was intercropped in alternating rows with the perennial legume alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The performance of the unfertilized intercrop was compared to monocropped IWG treatments, with and without urea-N applications, planted at two row densities such that the intercrop could be interpreted as either an addition or substitution design. Comparisons of relative IWG yields (RYs) in the intercrop with unfertilized monocrops suggest net competitive interactions between alfalfa and IWG in the establishment year, followed by increasing degrees of facilitation over the next 4 years. Evidence from N fertilizer responsiveness, SPAD readings, net N mineralization assays, and N balance calculations suggest that alfalfa contributed to an aggrading pool of soil organic nitrogen over the course of the experiment. Comparisons of grain RYs of intercropped IWG and fertilized IWG monocultures suggest N-limitation in the first half of the experiment, and N sufficiency in the second half. Grain yields in the intercrop did not decline significantly over 5 years in contrast to all IWG monocrop treatments that did significantly decline. This study contributes to a growing literature on approaches to ecological nutrient management that incorporate diversity and perenniality to increase food security and resilience.
Nutrient Inputs for Rehabilitation of Non-responsive Soils in the Guinea and Sudan Savannah Agroecological Zones of Ghana: Impact on Grain Yield and Soil Quality
Authors: Asei Rechiatu , Abaidoo Robert C. , Opoku Andrews , Adjei-Nsiah Samuel
Published: April 2022

Studies have shown that the continuous application of N, P, and K fertilizers has led to the depletion of secondary and micronutrients, which have become limiting nutrients hindering crop growth and yield. An on-farm trial was conducted to determine the effect of site-specific nutrient fertilizers and compost on soybean yield, phosphorus use efficiency, and soil properties, at Nyong Guma, Serekpere, Daffiama Saapare, and Naaga in northern Ghana. Nine (9) treatments (3 rates of mineral fertilizer × 3 rates of FertiSoil) were applied in a factorial combination arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. On average, the soybean grain yield increased significantly with the combined application of FertiSoil and mineral fertilizer at full rates at Nyong Guma, Serekpere, and Naaga from <1,000 kg ha−1to > 1,500 kg ha−1. The co-application of 50% recommended rate (RR) of mineral fertilizer and 5 t ha−1FertiSoil increased soybean grain yield by over 250% at Daffiama Saapare. The application of 50% RR mineral fertilizer significantly increased phosphorus use efficiency by 5–55% compared to its combination with FertiSoil or FertiSoil alone at different rates across locations. Incorporation of 5 t ha−1FertiSoil and 100% RR mineral fertilizer significantly increased exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, and microbial C and P by 0.33, 2.84, 0.56 cmol(+)kg−1and 102.7, 33.37 mg kg−1, respectively, at Serekpere. The combined application of 5 t ha−1FertiSoil and 50% RR mineral fertilizer relatively increased soil organic C (42%) and available P (12%) at Naaga. The soil quality index revealed that the addition of 5 t ha−1FertiSoil to 100% RR mineral fertilizer was the most sustainable nutrient management option across the study sites. Sole mineral fertilizer treatments at 50% RR were the most profitable in all the study locations ranging from value cost ratio (VCR) of 2.7–7.6. The application of limiting nutrients and organic amendments serves as an efficient nutrient management option to improve soil health, crop production and economic profitability on smallholder non-responsive soils.
Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Modified Combined Short and Long Axis Method versus Oblique Axis Method for Right Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization in Adult Patients (The MCSLOA Trial): Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tang Jia-Xi , Wang Ling , Nian Wei-Qi , Tang Wan-Yan , Tang Xi-Xi , Xiao Jing-Yu , Liu Hong-Liang
Published: April 2022

Background

Ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization has become a standard procedure as it yields a higher success rate and fewer mechanical complications compared with an anatomical landmark technique. There are several common methods for ultrasound guidance IJV catheterization, such as short-axis out-of-plane, long-axis in-plane and oblique axis in-plane, but these technologies are still developing. It is important to further study the application of different ultrasound-guided IJV puncture techniques and find an effective and safe ultrasound-guided puncture technique.

Methods

A China randomized, open-label, parallel, single center, positive-controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial will evaluate 190 adult patients undergoing elective surgery and need right jugular vein catheterization. Study participants randomized in a 1:1 ratio into control and experimental groups. The control group will take the oblique axis in-plane method for IJV catheterization. The experimental group will take the Modified combined short and long axis method. The primary endpoint of the trial is the rate of one-time successful guidewire insertion without posterior wall puncture (PWP). Secondary endpoints are the number of needle insertion attempts, the total success rate, the procedure time, and mechanical complications.

Conclusion

This randomized controlled trial will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Modified combined short and long axis method and oblique axis in-plane method for right IJV catheterization in adult patients.
Ovarian Response, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Complications Between Salpingectomy and Proximal Tubal Occlusion in Hydrosalpinx Patients Before in vitro Fertilization: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ou Hua , Sun Jie , Lin Lin , Ma Xiao
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Contradictory findings exist in studies comparing salpingectomy and proximal tubal occlusion (PTO) in treating hydrosalpinx patients before in vitro fertilization (IVF). Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively compare ovarian response, pregnancy outcomes, and complications between salpingectomy and PTO in treating these patients.

Methods

Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to identify relevant articles published from 1980 to August 31, 2020. Eight studies that involve 716 hydrosalpinx patients before IVF were included, among whom 408 patients received salpingectomy and 308 patients received PTO. The data were pooled; the standardized mean difference (SMD) or odds ratio (OR) was calculated.

Results

Proximal tubal occlusion-treated patients had higher fertilization rate (SMD = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.11–0.59), while similar days of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) (SMD: 0.15, 95% CI: −0.36–0.67) and number of retrieved oocytes (SMD = −0.22, 95% CI: −0.54–0.10) compared with salpingectomy-treated patients. Furthermore, no difference of implantation rate (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.62–2.20), clinical pregnancy rate (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.59–1.15), ongoing pregnancy rate (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.36–1.13), or live birth rate (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.16–2.72) was shown between salpingectomy-treated patients and PTO-treated patients. Additionally, ectopic pregnancy rate (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.21–5.92) and miscarriage rate (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.31–2.48) were similar between salpingectomy-treated patients and PTO-treated patients.

Conclusion

Proximal tubal occlusion exhibits a higher fertilization rate but no obvious benefits on days of COH, number of retrieved oocytes, pregnancy outcomes, and complications over salpingectomy in hydrosalpinx patients before IVF.
Machine Learning-Based Surgical Planning for Neurosurgery: Artificial Intelligent Approaches to the Cranium
Authors: Dundar Tolga Turan , Yurtsever Ismail , Pehlivanoglu Meltem Kurt , Yildiz Ugur , Eker Aysegul , Demir Mehmet Ali , Mutluer Ahmet Serdar , Tektaş Recep , Kazan Mevlude Sila , Kitis Serkan , Gokoglu Abdulkerim , Dogan Ihsan , Duru Nevcihan
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in neurosurgery have an increasing momentum as well as the growing number of implementations in the medical literature. In recent years, AI research define a link between neuroscience and AI. It is a connection between knowing and understanding the brain and how to simulate the brain. The machine learning algorithms, as a subset of AI, are able to learn with experiences, perform big data analysis, and fulfill human-like tasks. Intracranial surgical approaches that have been defined, disciplined, and developed in the last century have become more effective with technological developments. We aimed to define individual-safe, intracranial approaches by introducing functional anatomical structures and pathological areas to artificial intelligence.

Methods

Preoperative MR images of patients with deeply located brain tumors were used for planning. Intracranial arteries, veins, and neural tracts are listed and numbered. Voxel values of these selected regions in cranial MR sequences were extracted and labeled. Tumor tissue was segmented as the target. Q-learning algorithm which is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm was run on labeled voxel values (on optimal paths extracted from the new heuristic-based path planning algorithm), then the algorithm was assigned to list the cortico-tumoral pathways that aim to remove the maximum tumor tissue and in the meantime that functional anatomical tissues will be least affected.

Results

The most suitable cranial entry areas were found with the artificial intelligence algorithm. Cortico-tumoral pathways were revealed using Q-learning from these optimal points.

Conclusions

AI will make a significant contribution to the positive outcomes as its use in both preoperative surgical planning and intraoperative technique equipment assisted neurosurgery, its use increased.
Impact of Examined Lymph Node Count on Precise Staging and Long-term Survival After Neoadjuvant Therapy for Carcinoma of the Esophagus: A SEER Database Analysis
Authors: Bao Tao , Bao Lei , Guo Wei
Published: April 2022

Purpose

To identify the optimal number of lymph nodes dissected during esophagectomy following neoadjuvant therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Registry (SEER) database.

Patients and Methods

Patients who underwent neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) plus esophagectomy with EC from 2001–2016 were analyzed retrospectively in the SEER database. We analyzed the correlation between the lymphadenectomy count and nodal stage migration and overall survival (OS) by using a binary logistic regression model and Cox proportional hazards regression. The curves of the odds ratios (ORs) of nodal stage migration and hazard ratios (HRs) of OS were smoothed using the LOWESS technique, and the cutoff points were determined by the Chow test. The OS curves were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Among the 4,710 patients analyzed in the SEER database, a median of 12 lymph nodes (IQR, 7–19) were harvested. There was a significantly proportional increase in nodal stage migration (OR, 1.017; 95% CI, 1.011 to 1.023; P < 0.001) and serial improvements in OS among node-negative patients (HR, 0.983; 95% CI, 0.977 to 0.988; P < 0.001) with an increased ELN count after adjusting for the T stage. The corresponding cutoff point of the 16 ELNs was calculated for the OR of stage migration by the Chow test. For those with node-negative and node-positive diseases, no significant trend of survival benefit that favored a more extensive lymphadenectomy was demonstrated (HR, 1.001; 95% CI, 0.989 to 1.012; P = 0.906; and HR, 0.996; 95% CI, 0.985 to 1.006; P = 0.405, respectively).

Conclusion

On the basis of these results, we recommend that at least 16 ELNs be removed for accurate nodal staging as well as for obtaining a therapeutic benefit after nCRT for EC. Furthermore, once precise nodal staging has been achieved, patient survival does not improve with additional ELN dissection after nCRT, regardless of pathological nodal staging (negative or positive).
A Sternoclavicular Joint-Specific Plate for the Displaced Medial-End Clavicle Fracture
Authors: Zhu Yunli , Liu Fucun , Lin Lie , Zhang Chuanyi , Wang Bin , Wang Shouli
Published: April 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to introduce a sternoclavicular joint (SCJ)-specific plate for the treatment of medial-end clavicle fracture and evaluate the clinical and radiological results of this method.

Methods

From January 2006 to December 2020, 31 patients with displaced medial-end clavicle fractures were included in this study, with 8 patients with accompanying SCJ dislocation. Abduction and forward elevation of the shoulder, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score (ASES) were used for evaluation before index surgery and at the latest follow-up.

Results

After an average of 98.5 (range, 13 to 171) months, the mean VAS significantly decreased from 6.8 ± 1.0 preoperatively to 0.9 ± 0.8 at the latest follow-up (P < 0.001). The mean ASES score significantly increased from 34.3 ± 7.8 preoperatively to 90.2 ± 4.9 at the latest follow-up (P < 0.001). The mean abduction of the shoulder significantly increased from 72.1 ± 6.6 preoperatively to 169.5 ± 8.5 at the latest follow-up (P < 0.001). The mean forward elevation of the shoulder significantly increased from 97.1 ± 11.0 preoperatively to 163.1 ± 11.5 at the latest follow-up (P < 0.001). The union of all fractures was achieved, and all implants were removed. No loose or breakage of implants was observed. No vascular or nerve damage occurred during the operation.

Conclusions

This SCJ-specific plate provided excellent long-term results for the treatment of displaced medial-end clavicle fractures and was an alternative implant for medial-end clavicle fractures with or without small or comminuted medial fragments, especially those associated with SCJ dislocation.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Published Studies on Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm With the p-Branch
Authors: Wu Haoliang , Zhang Liwei , Li Mingxing , Wei Shunbo , Zhang Cong , Bai Hualong
Published: April 2022

Background

Endovascular treatment of juxtarenal or pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms is more popular than open surgery, mainly because it reduces perioperative mortality and morbidity. The custom-made fenestrated devices need to be tailored to each patient, so these devices require extra manufacturing and shipping time. The increased wait time may increase the risk of aneurysm rupture in some patients. In some situations, “Off-the-shelf” (OTS) fenestrated grafts can be used. The Cook Zenith p-Branch device (William Cook Australia, Brisbane, Australia) is a relatively common OTS. This study aimed to systematically evaluate all published experiences with p-Branch.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane to find works of literature that reported on the outcomes of patients treated with the p-Branch stent-grafts. Then we conducted an assessment of quality and meta-analysis of the results. The primary endpoints were the application rate of p-Branch stent-graft (type A, B), technical success rate, and early re-intervention rate. We estimated pooled proportions and 95% CIs.

Results

Initial search of the literature included 111 articles, of which 7 studies were included in the end. A total of 260 patients were enrolled in these studies, and 218 patients were eventually treated with p-Branch. The pooled application rate of type A devices was 48% (95% CI, 29–67%), and pooled application rate of type B devices was 30% (95% CI, 16–44%). The pooled technical success rate was 87% (95% CI, 75–98%). The early re-intervention rate was 10% (95% CI, 3–17%). Midterm renal infarct rate (after 30 days) was 3% (95% CI, 0–6%). Midterm re-intervention rate (after 30 days) was 30% (95% CI, 3–57%). Midterm renal failure rate (after 30 days) was 6% (95% CI, 2–10%).

Conclusions

This pooled analysis indicated an acceptable technical success rate after p-Branch stent-graft implantation, with early and midterm re-intervention rate and renal failure rate that cannot be ignored. The p-Branch repair of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms may be an appropriate and safe option, especially in emergency situations.
Push or Pull? Cell Proliferation and Migration During Wound Healing
Authors: Zanca Adriana , Flegg Jennifer A. , Osborne James M.
Published: April 2022

Wound healing of the skin is a complex process that is still not well-understood. Wound management is expensive for both individuals and the health system overall, and can reduce quality of life for patients. Given these significant socio-economic impacts, wound healing has long been a focus of scientific research. Recentin vivomouse studies have identified two key regions in wounded skin tissue: A non-proliferative leading edge that actively migrates into wounded space, and a proliferative hub in which cells have enhanced mitotic properties. This work uses mathematical and computational modelling to investigate the effect of changing the mechanical characteristics of cells in these two key regions. In this paper we explore what characteristics are sufficient for wound healing, particularly focusing on cell proliferation, since wounds are not able to repair successfully without sufficient levels of cell division. By considering contact inhibited proliferation, where small cells are unable to divide, we find that a quiescent region develops if the proliferative hub is able to grow over time, essentially limiting the number of cells that are able to divide. In contrast, if the size of the proliferative hub is kept below some threshold, then contact inhibition has a less significant role in wound repair. This work builds upon existing cell-based computational studies of wound healing and could be modified to investigate different stages of wound healing, impaired healing and wound treatments.
Deep Heating of a Snowpack by Solar Radiation
Authors: Dombrovsky Leonid A. , Kokhanovsky Alexander A.
Published: April 2022

The observed gradual change in the Earth’s climate most noticeably affects the snow cover and ice sheets in the polar regions, especially during the long polar summer, when solar radiation leads to considerable increase in temperature and partial melting at some distance from the snow or ice surface. This effect, which in the polar regions is more pronounced in the snow cover, deserves serious attention as an important geophysical problem. In this article, for the first time, a theoretical analysis is made of the conditions under which the absorption of directional radiation penetrating a weakly absorbing scattering medium has a maximum at some distance from the illuminated surface. It is shown that the maximum absorption of radiation inside an optically thick medium exists only at illumination angles less than 60° from the normal. An analytical solution was obtained that gives both the magnitude of this maximum absorption and its depth below the illuminated surface. Calculations of solar radiation transfer and heat propagation in the snow layer are also performed. Various experimental data on the ice absorption index in the visible range are taken into account when determining the optical properties of snow. To calculate the transient temperature profile in the snow layer, the heat conduction equation with volumetric absorption of radiation is solved. The boundary conditions take into account the variation of solar irradiation, convective heat transfer, and radiative cooling of snow in the infrared transparency window of the cloudless atmosphere. The calculations show that the radiative cooling should be taken into account even during the polar summer.
Poultry Value Chain in Two Medium-Sized Cities in Kenya; Insights From Cluster Theory
Authors: Omondi Samuel Onyango
Published: April 2022

Poultry is an attractive enterprise among urban smallholder farming households and is the most common livestock reared for home consumption and sale. By combining cluster and value chain approaches, the study analyses the operation of poultry value chain in medium-sized cities of Thika and Kisumu, Kenya. The study draws on a survey of 312 urban poultry producing households as well as qualitative interviews with key stakeholders in the urban poultry value chain. Spot market is the predominant governance structure in the poultry value chain in Thika and Kisumu. Farmers and traders employ various upgrading mechanisms to maintain their competitiveness. However, some producers and traders engage in illegal activities such as theft of poultry, illegal slaughtering, and sale of adulterated low-quality poultry feed. Results also show that poultry producers in Thika enjoy the benefits of being located in a cluster of feed millers and close proximity to output market.
A Review on Hydroponics and the Technologies Associated for Medium- and Small-Scale Operations
Authors: Velazquez-Gonzalez Roberto S. , Garcia-Garcia Adrian L. , Ventura-Zapata Elsa , Barceinas-Sanchez Jose Dolores Oscar , Sosa-Savedra Julio C.
Published: April 2022

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the world population will reach nine billion people in 2050, of which 75% will live in urban settlements. One of the biggest challenges will be meeting the demand for food, as farmland is being lost to climate change, water scarcity, soil pollution, among other factors. In this context, hydroponics, an agricultural method that dispenses with soil, provides a viable alternative to address this problem. Although hydroponics has proven its effectiveness on a large scale, there are still challenges in implementing this technique on a small scale, specifically in urban and suburban settings. Also, in rural communities, where the availability of suitable technologies is scarce. Paradigms such as the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0, promote Precision Agriculture on a small scale, allowing the control of variables such as pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, among others, resulting in higher production and resource savings.
Field Resistance of Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. to Haloxyfop-P-methyl in China’s Cotton Fields
Authors: Zong Tao , Li Jie , Zhou Xuguo , Liu Xiangying
Published: April 2022

Large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., is a devastating weed species in the cotton (Gossypium spp.) fields in China. It has developed resistance to haloxyfop-P-methyl, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide known for its ability to inhibit lipid synthesis and induce oxidative stress in weeds, due to years of continuous and intensive use. Here, we present the results from a nation-wide, long-term resistance monitoring effort. To understand the scale and level of haloxyfop-P-methyl resistance, a total of 65 D. sanguinalis populations from eight cotton production provinces, including Hunan, Jiangxi, Xinjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hebei, Shanxi, and Anhui, were collected from 2014–2017. Based on results from dose response to haloxyfop-P-methyl, we observed a gradient of sensitivity to haloxyfop-P-methyl among 65 field populations, ranging from sensitive (8), to low-level resistance (40; 2 ≤ RI ≤ 10) to moderate-level resistance (17; 10 < RI < 20). Although no high-level resistance (RI > 20) was found among the 65 populations, populations from Hunan and Hebei exhibited a rapid spread of field-evolved resistance. After challenged with haloxyfop-P-methyl (48.600 g a.i./ha at the 4–5-leaf stage), resistant and susceptible D. sanguinalis responded differently in the activity of an array of resistance-related enzymes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and carboxylesterase (CarE), suggesting the potential involvement of NADPH, CarE and GSTs in D. sanguinalis to haloxyfop-P-methyl resistance.
Performance of Two Very Early-Season Clementines, ‘Clemenrubi’ and ‘Orogros’ Mandarins on Three Rootstocks in Spain: Yield and Quality Study
Authors: Martínez-Cuenca Mary-Rus , Molina María Dolores , Forner-Giner María Ángeles
Published: April 2022

The yield and fruit quality performances of Clemenrubi and Orogros mandarins were evaluated in the Mediterranean climate of Valencia, Spain, from 2009 to 2016. The cumulative yields and tree growth of both varieties’ mandarins over this 8-year production period were lower in Clemenrubi. Fruit size was affected by the rootstock being the control rootstock (CC), which induced the smallest fruit, although yield efficiency and alternate bearing behaviour were not affected. Although C-35 was highlighted for delaying fruit maturity (lower RI and CI indices), no significant differences in TSS were obtained compared to the other rootstocks. CC also presented strong granulation disorder and C-35 the highest tree mortality. In conclusion, all the rootstocks for Clemenrubi and Orogros mandarins gave good fruit quality for fresh fruit markets in the eastern Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, long-term studies are needed to determine the exact effects of multibud galls on tree survival and the granulation problem on the CC fruit.
Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Underutilized Fruits Grown in Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera Shamara , Silva A. Buddhika G. , Amarathunga Yashora , De Silva Shiromi , Jayatissa Renuka , Gamage Ashoka , Merah Othmane , Madhujith Terrence
Published: April 2022

Sri Lanka has been identified as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots with a rich array of fruits; however, most of them remain underutilized. The present study was carried out to investigate the nutritional composition and to assess the bioactivity of six underutilized fruits collected from three provinces of Sri Lanka. The selected fruit species were Màdan (Syzygium cumini), Maha Karamba (Carissa carandas), Himbutu (Salacia chinensis), Ugurassa (Flacourtia indica), Barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata), and Ceylon gooseberry (Dovyalis hebecarpa). The proximate composition, total dietary fiber content, mineral content, total phenolic content, and vanillin contents were determined using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of fruits was assessed using FRAP and DPPH assays. Uguressa extract exhibited the highest dietary fiber content (12.25 ± 0.29 of fresh fruit weight) while the lowest was observed in Barbados cherry (6.01 ± 1.10 g/100 g). The total phenolic content (TPC) of fruits ranged from 6.8 ± 0.4 to 10.3 ± 0.3 milligram gallic acid equivalents/g fruit. Barbados cherry showed the highest antioxidant activity (AOA) as measured by FRAP (0.022 ± 0.003 mM Fe 2+/g fruit) and the highest vanillin content (2.4 mg/kg). The highest potassium (434.60 ± 0.36 mg/kg), phosphorous (16.69 ± 0.46), and calcium contents (23.43 ± 0.45) were observed in Uguressa. Màdan had the highest content of magnesium (13.25 ± 0.38 mg/kg), sodium (5.28 ± 0.30), iron (0.65 ± 0.12 mg/kg), and aluminum (1.15 ± 0.16 mg/kg). The highest manganese content (0.98 ± 0.18 mg/kg) was observed in Himbutu while the highest copper content was found in Uguressa (0.11 ± 0.04 mg/kg) and Maha Karamba (0.11 ± 0.03 mg/kg). The study reveals that six underutilized fruits tested possess high nutritional value and are rich in antioxidant activity.
Citrus Canker—Distribution, Taxonomy, Epidemiology, Disease Cycle, Pathogen Biology, Detection, and Management: A Critical Review and Future Research Agenda
Authors: Naqvi Syed Atif Hasan , Wang Jie , Malik Muhammad Tariq , Umar Ummad-Ud-Din , Ateeq-Ur-Rehman  , Hasnain Ammarah , Sohail Muhammad Aamir , Shakeel Muhammad Taimoor , Nauman Muhammad , Hafeez-ur-Rehman  , Hassan Muhammad Zeeshan , Fatima Maheen , Datta Rahul
Published: April 2022

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, a causative agent of the citrus canker (CC) disease, belongs to one of the essential groups of the bacterial phytopathogen family, Xanthomonadaceae. It has been a potential threat to the globally significant citrus fruit crop, which has remained under investigation for disease management and epidemiology since the 1980s. In Pakistan, the average yield of citrus is 11 t/ha, which is lower than other countries, including China, Brazil, and India, having average productions of 27, 26, and 22 tons/hectare, respectively. Citrus canker is one of the most devastating diseases, posing a significant threat to crop yield and fruit quality. To date, five distinct types (or forms) of the citrus canker have been recognized; the Asiatic (Canker A) form is most destructive and affects most citrus cultivars. Severe infection outcomes include dieback, defoliation, severely blemished fruit, premature fruit drop, and reduced fruit quality. The infection increases under humid, warm, cloudy climate, wind, and heavy rainfall. The analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA of X. citri subsp. citri depicted an evolutionary relationship among pathovars of Xanthomonas. The extensive study on the genome of X. citri subsp. citri has contributed to the current knowledge of plant host recognition of pathogens, host specificities, dissemination, and propagation. Regulatory programs, i.e., quarantine or exclusion, continued to be practiced, prohibiting infected citrus plant material into the existing stock. Other measures include removal of inoculums sources, resistant hosts, protective copper-containing sprays, and windbreak systems. In this review, we explored the latest trends in the areas of epidemiology, pathogenome, detection, host–pathogen interaction, biofilm formation, and management of X. citri subsp. citri.
Approach to Demography of ALS-Resistant Glebionis coronaria as Influenced by Management Factors: Tillage, Allelopathic Crops and Herbicides
Authors: Hada Zeineb , Khammassi Messaad , Jenfaoui Houda , Menchari Yosra , Torra Joel , Souissi Thouraya
Published: April 2022

Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach is one of the most serious weeds in cereal crops in Northern Tunisia. Our previous studies have confirmed the presence of resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in G. coronaria, showing the evolution of cross-resistance through TS and NTS mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of (i) two tillage practices (conventional tillage and reduced tillage), (ii) three known allelopathic crops: Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley), Brassica napus L. (Rapeseed) and Triticum durum (Wheat) and (iii) herbicides belonging to different modes of action on the density, the cohort numbers and the growth of an ALS-inhibiting cross-resistant population of G. coronaria. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive years (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) in the Fritissa-Mateur-Bizerte region. Our results revealed that barley considerably contributed to the decrease in G. coronaria’s density, cohort number, total biomass accumulation and plant height. The effect of rapeseed is likely dependent on the tillage practice and the timing of herbicide application, while G. coronaria could be successfully controlled in wheat using auxin herbicides. It is suggested that the management of resistant population of G. coronaria could be achieved by combining barely or rapeseed with right tillage practice and auxin herbicides’ application.
Metabolomics Reveal That the High Application of Phosphorus and Potassium in Tea Plantation Inhibited Amino-Acid Accumulation but Promoted Metabolism of Flavonoid
Authors: Wei Kailing , Liu Meiya , Shi Yifan , Zhang Hua , Ruan Jianyun , Zhang Qunfeng , Cao Minhui
Published: April 2022

As leaf-harvest plants, tea trees show unique nutrient requirements, different from those of corn and other field crops. However, the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) application on the accumulation of quality-related compounds and the mechanisms underlying how nutrients affect tea-leaf metabolism have not been well elucidated. Here, fertilizers with different N, P, K ratios were applied to tea plants in pot experiments, and metabolomics based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with multivariate statistical and quantitative detections were conducted to assess the responses of quality-related compounds to NPK in tea leaves. An increased proportion of P and K was beneficial for the accumulation of carbohydrates and catechins in shoots, although the total carbon content did not increase significantly. In contrast, a high proportion of P and K input reduced the relative chlorophyll content in shoots, and the contents of free amino acids such as theanine and glutamic acid negatively correlated with P and K nutrient content. Moreover, the metabolism of malic acid in the tricarboxylic acid cycle was highly promoted by increasing the application of P and K. These results validate our suggestion that the application of high amounts of P and K in tea plantations induces the biased reallocation of photosynthates and carbohydrates to the catechin pathway by promoting malic acid metabolism in young tea shoots, which further affects tea quality. The results of this study provide theoretical ground for tea quality improvement by optimizing fertilization strategies.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Predictive Simulation Algorithm of Forest and Fruit Wood Borer Galleries Based on Two-Dimensional Images and Different Influencing Factors
Authors: Li Xiao , Yang Meng , Li Wanlu
Published: April 2022

Since forest and fruit wood borer insects are very harmful, and the formed galleries are complex and not easy to observe, the 3D reconstruction and visual prediction simulation of their galleries are of great importance in agricultural and forestry research. A single image-based 3D reconstruction and visualization method is proposed. The method is divided into two steps: (1) photographing the complete insect galleries on different sample wood segments, correcting the images to obtain the complete insect tract outline, and then redefining the height of model expansion based on the distance from the outline to the midline of the outline via the sketch-based reconstruction method to reconstruct the 3D geometric model of insect tracts; (2) setting the influencing factors, such as forest and fruit wood borer pest species, host plants and insect population density, and simultaneously judging the newly added sample points and updating the original skeleton points according to the category of sample points and the comprehensive consideration of influencing factors, so as to obtain the changes of insect gallery structure under different conditions and achieve the predictive simulation of insect tract structure. We found that modeling 3D wood borer galleries by different pests on different host plants can be achieved. Compared to the hand drawing method, our method can obtain 3D models in a very short time, and the experimental models are all reconstructed within 1.5 s. The predicted variation in the range of insect tracts indicate that it was inversely proportional to the population density and positively proportional to the moth-eating ability of the pests, indicating that the method reflects the relationship between the range of insect tracts and the influencing factors. The proposed method provides a new approach to the study and control of wood borer galleries in the forest and fruit industry. In conclusion, we provide a method to reconstruct and predict the wood borer galleries in three dimensions.
A Gene Encoding a SHINE1/WAX INDUCER1 Transcription Factor Controls Cuticular Wax in Barley
Authors: McAllister Trisha , Campoli Chiara , Eskan Mhmoud , Liu Linsan , McKim Sarah M.
Published: April 2022

All land plants seal their above ground body parts with a lipid-rich hydrophobic barrier called the cuticle to protect themselves from dehydration and other terrestrial threats. Mutational studies in several model species have identified multiple loci regulating cuticular metabolism and development. Of particular importance are the eceriferum (cer) mutants characterized by a loss of cuticular wax. Some barley cer mutants, including cer-x, show defects in the distinctive β-diketone-enriched wax bloom on reproductive stage leaf sheaths, stems, and spikes. We exploited extensive allelic populations, near-isogenic lines, and powerful genotyping platforms to identify variation in the HvWAX INDUCER1 (HvWIN1) gene, encoding a SHINE transcription factor, as underlying cer-x. Comparing the cer-x allelic glossy sheath4.l Bowman Near Isogenic Line BW407 to cv. Bowman revealed an increased cuticular permeability in tissues showing reduced accumulation of β-diketones and altered cuticular metabolic gene expression in BW407. Analyses across the barley pangenome and hundreds of exome-capture datasets revealed high sequence conservation of HvWIN1 and two non-synonymous variants exclusive to the cultivated germplasm. Taken together, we suggest that variation in HvWIN1 controls multiple cuticular features in barley.
Identification of Unsound Grains in Wheat Using Deep Learning and Terahertz Spectral Imaging Technology
Authors: Jiang Yuying , Wang Fei , Ge Hongyi , Li Guangming , Chen Xinyu , Li Li , Lv Ming , Zhang Yuan
Published: April 2022

This paper offers a prospective solution to the poor quality and less prominent features of the original terahertz spectral images of unsound wheat grains caused due to the imaging system and background noise. In this paper, a CBDNet-V terahertz spectral image enhancement model is proposed. Compared with the traditional algorithms, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) of the obtained enhanced images using the proposed model show performance improvement. As validated by the ResNet-50 classification network, the proposed model processes images with an accuracy of 94.8%, and the recognition accuracy is improved by 3.7% and 1.9%, respectively, compared to the images with only denoising and feature extraction. The experimental results indicate that the deep learning-based terahertz spectral image technology for unsound wheat kernels has good prospects in the identification of unsound wheat kernels.
Directional Preference in Avian Midbrain Saliency Computing Nucleus Reflects a Well-Designed Receptive Field Structure
Authors: Wang Jiangtao , Qian Longlong , Wang Songwei , Shi Li , Wang Zhizhong
Published: April 2022

Neurons responding sensitively to motions in several rather than all directions have been identified in many sensory systems. Although this directional preference has been demonstrated by previous studies to exist in the isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc) of pigeon (Columba livia), which plays a key role in the midbrain saliency computing network, the dynamic response characteristics and the physiological basis underlying this phenomenon are unclear. Herein, dots moving in 16 directions and a biologically plausible computational model were used. We found that pigeon Imc’s significant responses for objects moving in preferred directions benefit the long response duration and high instantaneous firing rate. Furthermore, the receptive field structures predicted by a computational model, which captures the actual directional tuning curves, agree with the real data collected from population Imc units. These results suggested that directional preference in Imc may be internally prebuilt by elongating the vertical axis of the receptive field, making predators attack from the dorsal-ventral direction and conspecifics flying away in the ventral-dorsal direction, more salient for avians, which is of great ecological and physiological significance for survival.
Metabolomics Reveals the Effects of High Dietary Energy Density on the Metabolism of Transition Angus Cows
Authors: Chen Hao , Wang Chunjie , Huasai Simujide , Chen Aorigele
Published: April 2022

The diet energy level plays a vital role in the energy balance of transition cows. We investigated the effects of high dietary energy density on body metabolism. Twenty multiparous Angus cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (10 cows/treatment), one receiving a high-energy (HE) diet (NEm = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM) and the other administered a control (CON) diet (NEm = 1.53 Mcal/kg of DM). The results indicated that feeding a high-energy diet resulted in higher plasma glucose concentration and lower concentrations of plasma NEFA and BHBA on d 14 relative to calving in the HE-fed cows compared to the CON-fed ones. The postpartum plasma levels of T-AOC were lower in cows that received the CON diet than in cows in the HE group, while the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed an opposite trend. Among the 51 significantly different metabolites, the concentrations of most identified fatty acids decreased in HE cows. The concentrations of inosine, glutamine, and citric acid were higher in HE-fed cows than in CON-fed cows. Enrichment analysis revealed that linoleic acid metabolism, valine, leucine as well as isoleucine biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the two groups.
A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Methods for Predicting Live Weight of Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire Pigs
Authors: Ruchay Alexey , Gritsenko Svetlana , Ermolova Evgenia , Bochkarev Alexander , Ermolov Sergey , Guo Hao , Pezzuolo Andrea
Published: April 2022

Live weight is an important indicator of livestock productivity and serves as an informative measure for the health, feeding, breeding, and selection of livestock. In this paper, the live weight of pig was estimated using six morphometric measurements, weight at birth, weight at weaning, and age at weaning. This study utilised a dataset including 340 pigs of the Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire breeds. In the present paper, we propose a comparative analysis of various machine learning methods using outlier detection, normalisation, hyperparameter optimisation, and stack generalisation to increase the accuracy of the predictions of the live weight of pigs. The performance of live weight prediction was assessed based on the evaluation criteria: the coefficient of determination, the root-mean-squared error, the mean absolute error, and the mean absolute percentage error. The performance measures in our experiments were also validated through 10-fold cross-validation to provide a robust model for predicting the pig live weight. The StackingRegressor model was found to provide the best results with an MAE of 4.331 and a MAPE of 4.296 on the test dataset.