bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Region 1 and 2 currents in the quiet and substorm time plasma sheet from THEMIS observations
Authors: Liu Jiang , Angelopoulos V. , Chu Xiangning , McPherron R. L.
Published: July 2016

Although Earth's Region 1 and 2 currents are related to activities such as substorm initiation, their magnetospheric origin remains unclear. Utilizing the triangular configuration of THEMIS probes at 8–12 RE downtail, we seek the origin of nightside Region 1 and 2 currents. Our statistical study reveals that both kinds of currents exist in the plasma sheet during quiet and active times. Region 2 currents are deep inside the plasma sheet; Region 1 currents, which are farther away from the neutral sheet, extend to the plasma sheet boundary layer. At geomagnetic quiet times, the separation between the two currents is located ~2.5 RE from the neutral sheet. During substorms, the separation migrates toward (away from) the neutral sheet as the plasma sheet thins (thickens). These findings suggest that the plasma sheet is a source of Region 1 and 2 currents and its deformation is associated with redistribution of FAC sources in the magnetotail.
The relationship between the macroscopic state of electrons and the properties of chorus waves observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Yue Chao , An Xin , Bortnik Jacob , Ma Qianli , Li Wen , Thorne Richard M. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Gkioulidou Matina , Mitchell Donald G. , Kletzing Craig A.
Published: July 2016

Plasma kinetic theory predicts that a sufficiently anisotropic electron distribution will excite whistler mode waves, which in turn relax the electron distribution in such a way as to create an upper bound on the relaxed electron anisotropy. Here using whistler mode chorus wave and plasma measurements by Van Allen Probes, we confirm that the electron distributions are well constrained by this instability to a marginally stable state in the whistler mode chorus waves generation region. Lower band chorus waves are organized by the electron β∥e into two distinct groups: (i) relatively large‐amplitude, quasi‐parallel waves with
and (ii) relatively small‐amplitude, oblique waves with
. The upper band chorus waves also have enhanced amplitudes close to the instability threshold, with large‐amplitude waves being quasi‐parallel whereas small‐amplitude waves being oblique. These results provide important insight for studying the excitation of whistler mode chorus waves.
Large net CO2 loss from a grass‐dominated tropical savanna in south‐central Brazil in response to seasonal and interannual drought
Authors: Zanella De Arruda Paulo Henrique , Vourlitis George Louis , Santanna Franciele Bomfiglio , Pinto Jr. Osvaldo Borges , De Almeida Lobo Francisco , De Souza Nogueira José
Published: July 2016

The savanna vegetation of Brazil (Cerrado) accounts for 20–25% of the land cover of Brazil and is the second largest ecosystem following Amazonian forest; however, Cerrado mass and energy exchange is still highly uncertain. We used eddy covariance to measure the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of grass‐dominated Cerrado (campo sujo) over 3 years. We hypothesized that soil water availability would be a key control over the seasonal and interannual variations in NEE. Multiple regression indicated that gross primary production (GPP) was positively correlated (Pearson's r = 0.69; p < 0.001) with soil water content, radiation, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)‐derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) but negatively correlated with the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), indicating that drier conditions increased water limitations on GPP. Similarly, ecosystem respiration (Reco) was positively correlated (Pearson's r = 0.78; p < 0.001) with the EVI, radiation, soil water content, and temperature but slightly negatively correlated with rainfall and the VPD. While the NEE responded rapidly to temporal variations in soil water availability, the grass‐dominated Cerrado stand was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere during the study period, which was drier compared to the long‐term average rainfall. Cumulative NEE was approximately 842 gC m−2, varying from 357 gC m−2 in 2011 to 242 gC m−2 in 2012. Our results indicate that grass‐dominated Cerrado may be an important regional CO2 source in response to the warming and drying that is expected to occur in the southern Amazon Basin under climate change.
Additional boundary condition for electric quadrupolar continua derived from Maxwell's differential equations
Authors: Yaghjian A. D. , Silveirinha M. G.
Published: July 2016

Electric quadrupolar continua satisfying a physically reasonable constitutive relation supports both an evanescent and a propagating eigenmode. Thus, three interface boundary conditions, two plus an “additional boundary condition” (ABC), are required to obtain a unique solution to a plane wave incident from free space upon an electric quadrupolar half‐space. By generalizing the constitutive relation to hold within the transition layer between the free space and the quadrupolar continuum, we derive these three boundary conditions directly from Maxwell's differential equations. The three boundary conditions are used to determine the unique solution to the boundary value problem of an electric quadrupolar slab. Numerical computations show that for long wavelengths, two previous boundary conditions, derived under the assumption that the electric quadrupolarization contains negligible effective delta functions in the transition layer, produce an accurate solution by neglecting the evanescent eigenmode, that is, by assuming it decays within the transition layer. It appears that the general method used to derive the electric quadrupolar ABC can be applied to obtain the boundary conditions for any other realizable constitutive relation in a Maxwellian multipole continuum.
Dynamic Manipulation of Optical Anisotropy of Suspended Poly‐3‐hexylthiophene Nanofibers
Authors: Lobov Gleb S. , Zhao Yichen , Marinins Aleksandrs , Yan Min , Li Jiantong , Sugunan Abhilash , Thylén Lars , Wosinski Lech , Östling Mikael , Toprak Muhammet S. , Popov Sergei
Published: July 2016

Poly‐3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT) nanofibers are 1D crystalline semiconducting nanostructures, which are known for their application in photovoltaics. Due to the internal arrangement, P3HT nanofibers possess optical anisotropy, which can be enhanced on a macroscale if nanofibers are aligned. Alternating electric field, applied to a solution with dispersed nanofibers, causes their alignment and serves as a method to produce solid layers with ordered nanofibers. The transmission ellipsometry measurements demonstrate the dichroic absorption and birefringence of ordered nanofibers in a wide spectral range of 400–1700 nm. Moreover, the length of nanofibers has a crucial impact on their degree of alignment. Using electric birefringence technique, it is shown that external electric field applied to the solution with P3HT nanofibers can cause direct birefringence modulation. Dynamic alignment of dispersed nanofibers changes the refractive index of the solution and, therefore, the polarization of transmitted light. A reversible reorientation of nanofibers is organized by using a quadrupole configuration of poling electrodes. With further development, the described method can be used in the area of active optical fiber components, lab‐on‐chip or sensors. It also reveals the potential of 1D conducting polymeric structures as objects whose highly anisotropic properties can be implemented in electro‐optical applications.​
Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Biaryls by Negishi Cross‐Coupling of Fluoro‐ and Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted (Hetero)arenes
Authors: Roesner Stefan , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: July 2016

A continuous‐flow method for the regioselective arylation of fluoroarenes and fluoropyridines has been developed. The telescoped procedure reported here consists of a three‐step metalation, zincation, and Negishi cross‐coupling sequence, providing efficient access to a variety of functionalized 2‐fluorobiaryl products. Precise temperature control of the metalation step, made possible by continuous‐flow technology, allowed for the efficient preparation of the arylated products in high yields and short residence times. Additionally, several examples of the regioselective arylation of benzotrifluoride derivatives are also provided.
Curing of poly(furfuryl alcohol) resin catalyzed by a homologous series of dicarboxylic acid catalysts: Kinetics and pot life
Authors: Marefat Seyedlar R. , Imani M. , Mirabedini S. M.
Published: July 2016

Curing kinetics and pot life are two vital characteristics for the application of poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) resin because of the complexities both in the resin composition and curing mechanisms involved. However, few reports have provided a complete picture of PFA curing behavior. In this research, the effect of the addition of catalysts on the pot life and curing behavior of a PFA resin were evaluated. A homologous series of dicarboxylic acids [i.e., oxalic acid (OX), succinic acid (SU), and adipic acid (SA)] were used as the catalysts. Rheometric and nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis were carried out at 0, 6, and 24 h after the addition of the catalyst. The relaxation exponent (n), gel stiffness (S), and gel strength (AF) of the prepared compositions were calculated with the Winter and Chambon and Gabriele rheological models. Furthermore, the curing kinetics were evaluated by the fitting of nonisothermal, multiple‐heating‐rate models. The DSC measurements showed a higher curing degree for samples containing OX catalyst compared to their counterparts containing either SU or AD. The rheometric findings supported an increased stiffness, gel strength, and curing development of the resin in the presence of OX compared to samples containing SU or AD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44009.
Anwendungen einer Näherungslösung für die Grundwasserströmung bei Restwasserhaltung
Authors: Perau Eugen , Meteling Nils
Published: July 2016

Bei der Erstellung von Baugruben im Grundwasser ist es sinnvoll, die Verbauwände in eine schwächer durchlässige Bodenschicht einzubinden und eine Restwasserhaltung zu betreiben. Da bei einer solchen Konstruktion die Verbauwände unterströmt werden, entsteht ein Strömungsfeld, das für verschiedene Berechnungen und Standsicherheitsnachweise ermittelt werden muss. So müssen zum Beispiel hydraulische Gradienten, Filtergeschwindigkeiten sowie Potenziale und Poren wasserdrücke bestimmt werden. Diese werden zur Ermittlung der Wandbelastung aus Erd‐ und Wasserdruck, bei den Nachweisen gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch, gegen innere Erosion und gegen Versagen des Erdwiderlagers sowie zur Bestimmung des Grundwasserzuflusses verwendet.

Auf Basis der Definition des zugehörigen Strömungsproblems als parametrisiertes Randwertproblem und entsprechenden FEM‐Berechnungen wurde eine analytische Näherungslösung formuliert, mit der für langgestreckte sowie für kreisrunde Baugruben bei isotropem sowie anisotropem Baugrund das Potenzial in der Ebene der Wandunterkante und an der Wandinnenseite einfach berechnet werden kann. Diese Näherungslösung wird hier für den Nachweis gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch und zur Berechnung des maximalen Gradienten am Schichtwechsel im Bereich der Baugrube sowie zur Ermittlung der Einbindetiefe ausgewertet.
Interaktion zwischen Fernwärmeleitungen und dem umgebenden Boden
Authors: Achmus Martin , Weidlich Ingo
Published: July 2016

Fernwärmeleitungen werden durch erhebliche Temperaturwechsel beansprucht und interagieren deshalb bei der üblichen Erdverlegung intensiv mit dem umgebenden Boden, der die temperaturinduzierte Verformung behindert. Die axiale Verformung der Leitung mobilisiert Reibungskräfte und die laterale Verformung z. B. in Bogenbereichen Bettungswiderstände. Beide Bodenwiderstände verändern sich mit der Betriebsdauer der Leitung infolge ihrer Zyklenabhängigkeit. Die mobilisierbare Reibungskraft ist überdies von der Betriebstemperatur der Leitung abhängig, sodass sich ein sehr komplexes Tragverhalten ergibt, das in der derzeitigen Bemessungspraxis nur stark vereinfacht erfasst wird. Der vorliegende Fachaufsatz stellt den Kenntnisstand bezüglich der Reibungskräfte und Bettungswiderstände zusammengefasst dar und beschreibt den in einem laufenden Forschungsprojekt verfolgten Ansatz zur genaueren Erfassung des Tragverhaltens erdverlegter Fernwärmeleitungen.
Paper Strip‐based Fluorometric Determination of Cyanide with an Internal Reference
Authors: Lee Dong‐Nam , Seo Hyejin , Shin Ik‐Soo , Hong Jong‐In
Published: July 2016

The rapid, selective, and sensitive determination of cyanide anion (CN
−) using a simple paper strip is highly attractive because cyanide is acutely lethal to living organisms via all routes of administration, including alcohol consumption and inhaling cigarette smoke. Here, a synthetic probe (1) was designed for the selective determination of cyanide. The probe displays rapid and large blue spectral change (Δλabs =148 nm, Δλem = 165 nm) with respect to target recognition. Probe 1 exhibits a strong push–pull electronic effect and comprises a dimethylaminoaryl group as a donor and malononitrile as an acceptor; the π‐conjugation system can be destroyed by the Michael‐type addition of cyanide at the electrophilic β‐positions of the nitrile groups, resulting in the marked emergence of a peak at λem = 515 nm. The developed probe was successfully applied to a paper test strip because of its noticeable optical changes upon reaction with cyanide. The fabricated dumbbell‐shaped paper strip with an internal reference allowed the cyanide detection, which is indispensable for quantitative analysis in point‐of‐care testing. The paper strip test showed selective response to cyanide, with a linear correlation in the range of 0–25 mM in a simple and cost‐effective manner.
Prognostic value of HMGB1 in early breast cancer patients under neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Exner Ruth , Sachet Monika , Arnold Tobias , Zinn‐Zinnenburg Mercedes , Michlmayr Anna , Dubsky Peter , Bartsch Rupert , Steger Guenther , Gnant Michael , Bergmann Michael , Bachleitner‐Hofmann Thomas , Oehler Rudolf
Published: July 2016

The response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients is usually assessed by pCR and RCB score. However, the prognostic value of these parameters is still in discussion. We showed recently that an epirubicin/docetaxel therapy is associated with an increase in the cell death marker high‐mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in the circulation. Here, we investigate whether this increase correlates with the long‐term outcome. Thirty‐six early breast cancer patients under neoadjuvant epirubicin/docetaxel combination chemotherapy were included in this study. To determine the immediate effect of this treatment on HMGB1, we collected blood samples before and 24–96 h after the initial dose. This time course was then compared to the 5‐year follow‐up of the patients. HMGB1 levels varied before chemotherapy between 4.1 and 11.3 ng/mL and reacted differently in response to therapy. Some patients showed an increase while others did not show any changes. Therefore, we subdivided the patient collective into two groups: patients with an at least 1.1 ng/mL increase in HMGB1 and patients with smaller changes. The disease‐free survival was longer in the HMGB1 increase group (56.2 months vs. 46.6 months), but this difference did not reach significance. The overall survival (OS) was significantly better in patients with an increase in HMGB1 (log rank P = 0.021). These data suggest that an immediate increase in HMGB1 levels correlates with improved outcome in early breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and may be a valuable complementary biomarker for early estimation of prognosis.
Variation in Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Dorema aucheri Boiss., an Endemic Medicinal Plant Collected from Wild Populations in Natural Habitats
Authors: Akbarian Abolghasem , Rahimmalek Mehdi , Sabzalian Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2016

In the present research, variability in essential oil (EO) composition of five Dorema aucheri populations collected from natural habitats in different regions of Iran, were investigated. The EO content of populations varied from 0.28 to 0.68%. According to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, β‐caryophyllene (7.17 – 35.73%), thymol (23.45 – 29.64%), β‐gurjunene (2.58 – 5.89%), carvacrol (1.32 – 2.67%) and cuparene (1.97 – 2.98%) were the major components. Hierarchical cluster, principal component and canonical correspondence analyses classified the studied populations into three groups based on major EO components. The environmental parameters of the collected sites were also evaluated. According to the results, it might be suggested that sandy soils with high mean annual precipitation were major environmental factors influencing the amount of β‐caryophyllene, while thymol, cuparene and caryophyllen oxide increased in silty and clay soils. Finally, the population collected in high altitudes and clay soils had higher amount of β‐gurjunene.
WO3@α‐Fe2O3 Heterojunction Arrays with Improved Photoelectrochemical Behavior for Neutral pH Water Splitting
Authors: Li Yuan , Zhang Lihan , Liu Ruirui , Cao Zhen , Sun Xiaoming , Liu Xijun , Luo Jun
Published: July 2016

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting on illuminated semiconductors plays an increasing role in alternative energy devices because of the need for clean and sustainable energy. However, the overall efficiency of the process is still very low and requires further improvement for widespread application. Herein, we report that the PEC performance of WO3 can be optimized by constructing a WO3@α‐Fe2O3 heterojunction nanosheet array to expand the spectral range of light absorption and promote photogenerated electron–hole separation/transfer. This heterojunction photoanode exhibit a pronounced photocurrent response of 1.66 mA cm−2, a high incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency of ∼73.7 % at 390 nm, and an excellent photostability of 100 %, all at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Therefore, our approach has great potential for designing efficient hybrid photoanodes for PEC water‐splitting systems.
Electrocatalytic Activity of Different Phases of Molybdenum Carbide/Carbon and Platinum–Molybdenum Carbide/Carbon Composites toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Gómez‐Marín Ana M. , Bott‐Neto José Luiz , Souza João B. , Silva Tiago L. , Beck Watson , Varanda Laudemir C. , Ticianelli Edson A.
Published: July 2016

In the last few years, transition metal carbides have emerged as novel materials with promising catalytic properties toward important practical reactions. In this work, cubic and hexagonal molybdenum carbides are synthesized and evaluated as carbon‐supported catalysts and as support materials for Pt nanoparticles for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The catalysts are characterized by XRD, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, TEM, XPS, and cyclic voltammetry on stationary and rotating ring‐disk electrodes. The results suggest different reactivity of the molybdenum carbide phases as both catalysts and supports for the ORR. Enhanced mass and specific ORR activities at 0.9 V are calculated for Pt–molybdenum carbide‐derived composites compared to commercial Pt and Pt/C catalysts prepared by depositing Pt by the same method. The origin of the improved ORR activity is discussed in terms of the synergistic effect between Pt and the carbide‐derived support and a decrease in the adsorption strength of oxygen‐containing species on the Pt surface, similar to that proposed for Pt–metal alloys. Additionally, the possible formation of a Pt–Mo alloy on the catalyst surface is proposed.
Phenoxazine‐Based Conjugated Ladder Polymers as Novel Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Gong Xiaohui , Zhang Yidong , Wen Hui , Fan Yeli , Han Pei , Sun Ying , Zhang Xueqin , Yang Hong , Lin Baoping
Published: July 2016

As pseudocapacitive materials, conducting polymers are generally attractive as they have high charge density and are inexpensive. In this study, two novel conjugated ladder polymers based on phenoxazine are synthesized and applied as electrode materials in aqueous symmetric supercapacitors. Their electrochemical properties are investigated in a two‐electrode configuration. Owing to the good hydrophilicity and perfect backbone conjugation, the acid‐doped polymer greatly outperforms the intrinsic polymers, and achieves a specific capacitance of 311 F g−1 with an energy density of 10.1 W h kg−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in aqueous sulfuric acid. This material is therefore a potential competitor to the classical polymer electrode materials for use in powerful supercapacitors. In addition, a type of sheet‐like supercapacitor is also developed to verify the practicality of the material, which was easily used as a tandem capacitor.
Removal of nitric oxide in a microporous tube‐in‐tube microchannel reactor by ferrous chelate solution
Authors: Aru La , Qian Zhi , Gao Yi , Shao Lei , Wang Jie‐Xin , Chen Jian‐Feng
Published: July 2016

NO gas emission has harmfully impacted human health and the environment. Absorption of NO gas into an aqueous solution is considered to be a promising approach for its removal. FeII(EDTA) solution has been demonstrated as an efficient option in the denitrification process. However, its absorption rate is strongly affected by mass transfer limitation of NO into FeII(EDTA) solution in traditional reactors. In this paper, the removal process of NO with FeII(EDTA) solution was studied in a microporous tube‐in‐tube microchannel reactor (MTMCR). The effects of design and operating parameters such as micropore size, annular channel width, liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, gas‐liquid ratio, pH and concentration of absorbent, and absorption temperature on overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and NO removal efficiency were explored. The results indicated that the MTMCR exhibited obvious advantages owing to continuous operation mode and higher NO removal efficiency of over 90 %, as compared to traditional reactors. Both KLa and NO removal efficiency increased with increases of absorbent concentration and liquid flow rate, as well as decreases of absorption temperature, micropore size, and annular channel width. In addition, KLa increased while NO removal efficiency decreased with increasing gas‐liquid ratio and gas flow rate. The obtained results imply a great potential of the MTMCR in the removal of NO from post‐combustion flue gas.
Hydrated Proton‐Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Sadakiyo Masaaki , Yamada Teppei , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2016

Recent investigations into proton conduction in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) indicate that MOFs are promising materials as a new class of proton conductors. Hydrated proton‐conductive MOFs show not only high proton conductivity of approximately 10−2 S cm−1, which is comparable to that of a practical organic polymer, but also structural visibility of proton‐conducting pathways inside the materials owing to their high crystallinity. Herein, studies on the design, synthesis, and proton‐conductive properties of MOFs with hydrated proton‐conductive systems are introduced.
Chaos and complexity in mine grade distribution series detected by nonlinear approaches
Authors: Pourmahmood Aghababa Mohammad , Abdollahi Sharif Jafar
Published: July 2016

In this article, the underlying dynamics of treating grade distribution is interpreted as a chaotic system instead of a stochastic system for a better understanding. Here, we study the behavior of grade distribution spatial series acquired at the Chadormalu mine in Bafgh city of Iran to distinguish the possible existence of low‐dimensional deterministic chaos. This work applies a variety of nonlinear techniques for detecting the chaotic nature of the grade distribution spatial series and adopts a nonlinear prediction method for predicting the future of the grade distributions. First, the delay time dimension is computed using auto mutual information function to reconstruct the strange attractors. Then, the dimensionality of the trajectories is obtained using Cao's method and, correspondingly, the correlation dimension method is adopted to quantify the embedding dimension. The low embedding dimensions achieved from these methods show the existence of low dimensional chaos in the mining data. Next, the high sensitivity to initial conditions is evaluated using the maximal Lyapunov exponent criterion. Positive Lyapunov exponents obtained demonstrate the exponential divergence of the trajectories and hence the unpredictability of the data. Afterward, the nonlinear surrogate data test is done to further verify the nonlinear structure of the grade distribution series. This analysis provides considerable evidence for the being of low‐dimensional chaotic dynamics underlying the mining spatial series. Lastly, a nonlinear prediction scheme is carried out to predict the grade distribution series. Some computer simulations are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the applied nonlinear tools. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 355–369, 2016
Effectiveness of Short‐Term Dynamic Group Psychotherapy in Primary Care for Patients with Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Bros Ignasi , Notó Pere , Bulbena Antoni
Published: July 2016

An open prospective controlled study was designed to compare the efficacy of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy with the standard treatment in patients with depressive symptoms attended in the primary care setting. A total of 115 patients with depressive symptoms were assigned to receive psychotherapy (75 min) over 9 months (37 to 39 sessions) (n = 70) or the standard care (n = 45). Outcome measures were the differences between baseline and post‐treatment in the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) and the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐12) questionnaire in the two study groups. At the end of dynamic group psychotherapy, statistically significant improvements in the mean scores of all questionnaires were observed, whereas in control patients, significant improvements were only observed in the HDRS‐17 scale and in the Mental Component Summary score of the SF‐12. The mean changes after treatment were also higher in the psychotherapy group than in controls in all outcome measures, with statistically significant differences in the mean differences in favour of the psychotherapy group. In summary, implementation of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy run by experienced psychotherapists for patients with depressive symptoms attended in routine primary care centres is feasible and effective. © 2016 The Authors. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy was delivered as a non‐pharmacological intervention to improve depressive symptoms.

Statistically significant differences as compared with a control group were observed in 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) and the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐12) questionnaire.

Implementation of short‐term dynamic group psychotherapy run by experienced psychotherapists for patients with depressive symptoms attended in routine primary care centres is feasible and effective.
Application of class D power amplifiers in low power potentiostat circuits
Authors: Habibi Mehdi , Ghanbari Sonia
Published: July 2016

In this paper a low power CMOS potentiostat is presented for energy limited applications such as human implantable sensors. The main focus is on using different techniques to reduce the power consumption at different circuit blocks, especially in the output stage that delivers power to the electrochemical cell. The proposed technique includes the use of a class D amplifier to reduce conduction power dissipation compared with conventional linear methods. Power dissipation has been improved by several other considerations such as elimination of opamp blocks which consume static power, avoiding current sampling stages and using dynamic latched comparators for loop error calculations. Closed loop stability problem and a low power solution to overcome this issue are addressed in the paper. The role of effective parameters such as inductor value, output MOSFET dimensions and clock pulse timing has been investigated and optimization considerations are used to achieve the low power potentiostat. Evaluation results show that a 12.96‐μW potentiostat with 1.03‐μW power dissipation and 89% efficiency is achievable with a linearity of R2 = 0.998. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary pancreatic leiomyosarcoma with metastasis to the liver diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration and fine needle biopsy
Authors: Reyes Maria Cecilia D. , Huang Xiao , Bain Andrew , Ylagan Lourdes
Published: July 2016

Primary pancreatic leiomyosarcomas are rare tumors of the pancreas that are usually diagnosed after resection or by biopsy. One case in the literature has utilized endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) cytology. We report a second case of a primary pancreatic leiomyosarcoma that yielded diagnostic material on EUS‐FNA cytology. A 72‐year‐old female presented with 3–4 months of abdominal pain. A CT scan showed a large heterogeneous, lobulated pancreatic head and uncinate mass and multiple hypoattenuating liver lesions. An EUS‐FNA was performed on one of the liver lesions with a 25‐gauge needle, yielding an adequate sample with lesional cells. The initial read was a spindle cell neoplasm. A subsequent endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle biopsy with a 22‐gauge needle was performed on the pancreatic head mass to rule out two primaries and to provide tissue for a mitotic index in the case of gastrointestinal tumor. Both the cell block of the EUS‐FNA and the core biopsy were equally cellular and showed interlacing spindle cells that stained positive for SMA and negative for DOG‐1, CD 117, and CD34. In addition, the core biopsy of the pancreas stained positive for Desmin. A diagnosis of a primary pancreatic leiomyosarcoma was made and the patient was started on systemic chemotherapy. Primary pancreatic leiomyosarcomas are rare pancreatic tumors that may yield diagnostic material by EUS‐FNA with a 25‐gauge needle. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:1070–1073. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why China guidelines for type 2 diabetes represent an opportunity for treating this disease
Authors: Maddaloni Ernesto , Pozzilli Paolo
Published: July 2016

More than one quarter of people affected by type 2 diabetes worldwide live in China, where an alarming increase in diabetes incidence is taking place. However, most of the evidence about diabetes management derives from studies conducted on non‐Asian people, raising concerns about their validity in other ethnic groups, including the Chinese. The guidelines proposed by the Chinese Diabetes Society suggest tools for medical doctors in China and worldwide to appropriately face diabetes in Chinese people, whose number in non‐Chinese countries is continuously increasing. However, additional efforts are still needed to achieve an evidence‐based tailored therapy for type 2 diabetes in Chinese people. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naive tadpoles do not recognize recent invasive predatory fishes as dangerous
Authors: Hettyey Attila , Thonhauser Kerstin E. , Bókony Veronika , Penn Dustin J. , Hoi Herbert , Griggio Matteo
Published: July 2016

Invasive alien predators (IAP) are spreading on a global scale—often with devastating ecological effects. One reason for their success may be that prey species fail to recognize them due to a lack of co‐evolutionary history. We performed a comprehensive test of this “prey naiveté” hypothesis using a novel approach: we tested whether predator‐naive tadpoles of the agile frog (Rana dalmatina) display antipredator behavior upon encountering chemical cues produced by native, invasive (established or recent) or allopatric fishes (four perciforms, four siluriforms, and two cypriniforms). We studied the influence of population origin on predator‐detection ability by presenting chemical cues to predator‐naive tadpoles that originated from fishless hill‐ponds or fish‐infested floodplain populations. Before trials, we fed fishes with tadpoles or an alternative food to test whether direct chemical cues from the predator's diet influences the tadpoles’ recognition of potential predators. Tadpoles reduced their activity upon exposure to cues from native and long‐established invasive perciforms, but not in response to recent invaders, allopatric predators, or to any siluriforms. Also, predators that were previously fed with tadpoles did not universally induce behavioral defensedefenses upon first encounter. Finally, tadpoles originating from isolated hill‐ponds exhibited higher baseline activity and responded in weaker fashion than their conspecifics from floodplain populations, which co‐exist with predatory fishes. Our results indicate that tadpoles may be vulnerable to invading predatory fishes due to their inability to recognize them as dangerous, though their ability to recognize invasive IAP may evolve rapidly, in fewer than 30 generations.
Traits of riparian woody plants responding to hydrological and hydraulic conditions: a northern Swedish database
Authors: Bejarano María Dolores , Maroto Judit , Nilsson Christer , Aguiar Francisca Constança
Published: July 2016

The main goal of this study was to create a database that ultimately serves further studies on riparian vegetation and flow response guilds in the boreal region and on transferability of results across different regions. To achieve this aim, we compiled traits for all woody riparian species in northern Sweden which, directly or indirectly, underlie their responses to hydrological and hydraulic conditions, between October 2012 and April 2015. Consulted sources of information were diverse, ranging from scientific to informative and whose accuracy might or might not be verified. They were focused on particular or several traits and species from concrete areas to a worldwide perspective. Sources were characterized by different degrees of accessibility and showed a wide variety of descriptions, categorical and ordinal classifications, and numerical information for each trait. Our effort was to synthesize information for each trait from all sources into the common frame of our own database, following own defined criteria so that comparisons between species are congruent. Therefore, this data set is unique in that it comprehensively combines and homogenizes morphological, phenological, reproductive, and ecological data for 59 woody, riparian, boreal species and from 118 sources of information, that would otherwise be scattered and hardly available.
Recent progress of sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis (2014–2016)
Authors: Šlampová Andrea , Malá Zdena , Gebauer Petr , Boček Petr
Published: July 2016

The term “sample stacking” comprises a relatively broad spectrum of techniques that already form an almost inherent part of the methodology of CZE. Their principles are different but the effect is the same: concentration of a diluted analyte into a narrow zone and considerable increase of the method sensitivity. This review brings a survey of papers on electrophoretic sample stacking published approximately since the second quarter of 2014 till the first quarter of 2016. It is organized according to the principles of the stacking methods and includes chapters aimed at the concentration adjustment principle (Kohlrausch stacking), techniques based on pH changes, micellar methods, and other stacking techniques. Not reviewed are papers on transient ITP that are covered by another review in this issue.
Seismic analysis of a tall metal wind turbine support tower with realistic geometric imperfections
Authors: Sadowski Adam Jan , Camara Alfredo , Málaga‐Chuquitaype Christian , Dai Kaoshan
Published: July 2016

The global growth in wind energy suggests that wind farms will increasingly be deployed in seismically active regions, with large arrays of similarly designed structures potentially at risk of simultaneous failure under a major earthquake. Wind turbine support towers are often constructed as thin‐walled metal shell structures, well known for their imperfection sensitivity, and are susceptible to sudden buckling failure under compressive axial loading.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the seismic response of a 1.5‐MW wind turbine steel support tower modelled as a near‐cylindrical shell structure with realistic axisymmetric weld depression imperfections. A selection of 20 representative earthquake ground motion records, 10 ‘near‐fault’ and 10 ‘far‐field’, was applied and the aggregate seismic response explored using lateral drifts and total plastic energy dissipation during the earthquake as structural demand parameters.

The tower was found to exhibit high stiffness, although global collapse may occur soon after the elastic limit is exceeded through the development of a highly unstable plastic hinge under seismic excitations. Realistic imperfections were found to have a significant effect on the intensities of ground accelerations at which damage initiates and on the failure location, but only a small effect on the vibration properties and the response prior to damage. Including vertical accelerations similarly had a limited effect on the elastic response, but potentially shifts the location of the plastic hinge to a more slender and, therefore, weaker part of the tower. The aggregate response was found to be significantly more damaging under near‐fault earthquakes with pulse‐like effects and large vertical accelerations than far‐field earthquakes without these aspects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel weighting switch function for uniformly high‐order hybrid shock‐capturing schemes
Authors: Peng Jun , Shen Yiqing
Published: July 2016

Hybrid schemes are very efficient for complex compressible flow simulation. However, for most existing hybrid schemes in literature, empirical problem‐dependent parameters are always needed to detect shock waves and hence greatly decrease the robustness and accuracy of the hybrid scheme. In this paper, based on the nonlinear weights of the weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) scheme, a novel weighting switch function is proposed. This function approaches 1 with high‐order accuracy in smooth regions and 0 near discontinuities. Then, with the new weighting switch function, a seventh‐order hybrid compact‐reconstruction WENO scheme (HCCS) is developed. The new hybrid scheme uses the same stencil as the fifth‐order WENO scheme, and it has seventh‐order accuracy in smooth regions even at critical points. Numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of both the switch function and HCCS. Comparisons also reveal that HCCS has lower dissipation and less computational cost than the seventh‐order WENO scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Moderating Effect of State Anger on Treatment Outcome in Female Adolescents With PTSD*
Authors: Kaczkurkin Antonia N. , Asnaani Anu , Zhong Jody , Foa Edna B.
Published: July 2016

Trauma experienced in childhood and adolescence negatively affects the development of adaptive regulation of emotions and is associated with greater symptoms of anger. Prior research has suggested that high levels of anger may impede the outcome of treatment in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study investigated whether high levels of anger resulted in poorer treatment outcomes in adolescent girls with PTSD. Participants included 61 female adolescent survivors of sexual abuse or assault who were randomized to either prolonged exposure for adolescents (PE‐A) or client‐centered therapy (CCT) for traumatized children for 8–14 weekly sessions. Participants were followed for 12 months posttreatment. High levels of state anger at baseline were associated with less improvement in PTSD symptoms in the CCT group than the PE‐A group (d = 0.62). The moderating effects of state anger on improvement in PTSD symptoms was significant with emotion regulation difficulties, which may underlie anger symptoms (d = 0.58) in the model. The results of this study suggessted that high state anger was less of an impediment to treatment of PTSD for those receiving PE‐A than those receiving less differentiated approaches such as CCT.
Response to a standard behavioral weight loss intervention by age of onset of obesity
Authors: Rupp K. , Taverno Ross S. E. , Lang W. , Jakicic J. M.
Published: July 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to examine weight loss, physical activity, fitness and diet changes in response to a standard behavioral weight loss intervention in adults with self‐reported juvenile onset (n = 61) or adult onset (n = 116) obesity.

Methods

Participants (n = 177; 43.0 ± 8.6 years; body mass index [BMI] = 33.0 ± 3.4 kg m−2) engaged in an 18‐month standard behavioral weight loss intervention. Participants were randomized into three different intervention groups as part of the larger parent trial. BMI, physical activity, fitness and diet were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months. Separate adjusted mixed models were constructed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

Results

There was significant weight loss, increased physical activity, improved fitness and reduced caloric intake over time (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in these outcome variables by obesity onset group. However, there was a significant group by time interaction for fitness (p = 0.001), with the adult onset making significantly greater gains in fitness from baseline to 6 months (p < 0.001); however, this difference was no longer present at 12 or 18 months.

Conclusions

With the exception of fitness at 6 months, weight loss, physical activity and diet did not differ between juvenile onset and adult onset participants, suggesting that those with juvenile onset obesity are equally responsive to a standard behavioral weight loss intervention in adulthood.
PNP‐Pincer‐Type Phosphaalkene Complexes of Late Transition Metals
Authors: Ozawa Fumiyuki , Nakajima Yumiko
Published: July 2016

This account summarizes our recent studies on PNP‐pincer‐type phosphaalkene complexes. Phosphaalkenes with a P=C bond possess an extremely low‐lying π* orbital and have a marked tendency to engage in strong π back‐bonding with transition metals. This particular ligand property provides PNP‐pincer complexes with unique structures and reactivities. 2,6‐Bis(phosphaethenyl)pyridine leads to the isolation of coordinatively unsaturated complexes of Fe(I) and Cu(I); the former adopts a trigonal monopyramidal configuration, whereas the latter has a strong affinity for
and
as non‐coordinating anions. Unsymmetrical PNP‐pincer‐type phosphaalkene complexes of Ir(I) bearing a dearomatized pyridine unit instantly cleave the N–H bond of NH3 and the C–H bond of MeCN at room temperature. The dearomatized iridium complexes catalyze the dehydrative coupling of amines with alcohols to afford N‐alkylated amines and imines in high yields.

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A productive role for science in assisted colonization policy
Authors: Neff Mark W. , Carroll Katherine
Published: July 2016

Assisted colonization—the intentional movement of species as a climate adaptation strategy—has emerged as a divisive controversy in the conservation biology literature. We review selected scientific literature to understand the nature of the controversy, alongside relevant scholarship on the science‐policy interface to highlight ways in which scientists and their work might most effectively and appropriately inform decisions on this management strategy. The scientific literature thus far is problematic in two ways that threaten to undermine the utility of science to actual decision‐making processes: As a collection, it contains abundant and seemingly incommensurable insights about assisted colonization. This is at least in part a product of nature, which is sufficiently diverse to provide examples and case studies that appear to justify any number of policy preferences regarding ecosystem management. This first shortcoming exacerbates the second: Scientific authors thus far have not adequately addressed the value‐based considerations implicit in their own work, nor acknowledged public's legitimate standing in these inherently value‐based decisions. In combination, these attributes of the literature ensure that additional knowledge on assisted colonization will exacerbate public controversy—rather than dispel it—when public attention increases. We propose that if scientists appropriately disentangle value considerations from technical ones, invite public debates over values, and treat proposals individually rather than debating the approach writ‐large, they stand to have the greatest influence over technical aspects of decision processes. Scientists would serve themselves well to acknowledge the limits of science and embrace public dialogue about specific management proposals. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:852–868. doi: 10.1002/wcc.420

This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Extinction Risk

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Availability, operation and maintenance costs of offshore wind turbines with different drive train configurations
Authors: Carroll James , McDonald Alasdair , Dinwoodie Iain , McMillan David , Revie Matthew , Lazakis Iraklis
Published: July 2016

Different configurations of gearbox, generator and power converter exist for offshore wind turbines. This paper investigated the performance of four prominent drive train configurations over a range of sites distinguished by their distance to shore. Failure rate data from onshore and offshore wind turbine populations was used where available or systematically estimated where no data was available. This was inputted along with repair resource requirements to an offshore accessibility and operation and maintenance model to calculate availability and operation and maintenance costs for a baseline wind farm consisting of 100 turbines. The results predicted that turbines with a permanent magnet generator and a fully rated power converter will have a higher availability and lower operation and maintenance costs than turbines with doubly fed induction generators. This held true for all sites in this analysis. It was also predicted that in turbines with a permanent magnet generator, the direct drive configuration has the highest availability and lowest operation and maintenance costs followed by the turbines with two‐stage and three‐stage gearboxes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.