bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactive transport model of an extreme acidic perched aquifer within roasted pyrite waste in a fully urbanized area (Zaragoza, Spain) 
Authors: Jiménez Jon , Marazuela Miguel Ángel , Baquedano Carlos , Martínez-León Jorge , Sanchez Navarro Jose Ángel , Cruz-Pérez Noelia , Santamarta Juan C. , García-Gil Alejandro
Published: March 2024

The abandonment of industrial waste frequently leads to acid drainage affecting groundwater and severely impacting the environment or urban infrastructure. The severe impacts of the acid drainage are related, besides the extremely low pH reached in the affected waters, to the subsequent mobilization and spread of toxic heavy metals such as As, Fe, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in highly oxidizing environments. The hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of an urban area in Al-Mozara (Zaragoza, Spain), built over an old industrial zone with pyrite roasting waste deposits that experienced acid drainage problems, has been investigated and modelled. Drilling and piezometer construction, and groundwater samples taken during the activities of the SAGE4CAN project, revealed the existence of a perched aquifer within old sulfide mill tailings, where the building basements interrupted the groundwater flow leading to a water stagnation zone that reached extreme acidity values (pH < 2), by drastically increasing the reaction times. A groundwater flow reactive transport model was developed with the software PHAST to reproduce flow and groundwater chemistry, to be used as a predictive tool for guiding and selecting the optimal remediation actions. The model reproduced the measured groundwater chemistry by simulating the kinetically controlled pyrite and portlandite dissolution. Further, the model predicts that an extreme acidity front (pH < 2), coincident with the Fe (III) pyrite oxidation mechanism taking dominance, is propagating by 30 m/year. The incomplete dissolution of residual pyrite (up to 18 % dissolved by the end of the simulations) predicted by the model indicates that the acid drainage in this aquifer is limited by the flow regime rather than by sulfide availability. The construction of additional water collectors between the recharge source and the stagnation zone has been proposed, together with periodical pumping out of acid water from the stagnation zone. The study findings are expected to serve as a useful background for the assessment of acid drainage and remediation techniques in urban areas by numerical modelling, since urbanization of old industrial land is rapidly increasing worldwide. 
Establishing a Framework for Assimilating Satellite Observations with Land Surface Process Models to Obtain Time-Continuous 1km High Spatial Resolution Surface Temperature: A Case Study of the Kunlun-Altunshan-Qilian Mountain Region 
Authors: Li Yongkang , Qing He , Wang Xiaofei , Yan Yang
Published: March 2024

The occurrence of cloud directly affects the spatial and temporal continuity of surface temperature inverted by satellite remote sensing. In this study, a framework for reconstructing surface temperature with high spatial and temporal resolution based on data assimilation is constructed on the basis of multiple subsurface validation. (1) The accuracy of MYD11A1 LST data varies with terrain and land cover characteristics. High-altitude alpine terrains (Kalasai and Arou) and undulating desert terrains (Tazhong A-E Sites) show high precision and less error, while agricultural fields (Daman) and desert transitional zones (Bajitan) exhibit more variability and larger errors. This suggests that the uniformity and stability of certain terrains, coupled with minimal atmospheric interference, enhance the accuracy of remote sensing observations. (2) A systematic bias, indicating a consistent underestimation of LST by the MYD11A1 product compared to ground-based observations, is observed across all sites. This bias is particularly pronounced in the presence of a sanding phenomenon, which results in a mixture of sand and air near the surface, leading to a lower station observation and a significant bias. (3) The Land Surface Temperature (LST) simulated by noah-MP exhibits a high degree of consistency with the LST observed through remote sensing. The significant correlation between the simulated LST and MODIS observations at the Kalsai and Arou stations indicates that noah-MP is highly applicable to mountain grassland surfaces. (4) A framework has been developed for reconstructing surface temperature with high temporal and spatial resolution, based on data assimilation. This method can generate all-weather, hourly surface temperature data.
Experience of a two-year phytoremediation field trial in the “Phy2Climate” project: Lithuanian case
Authors: Kidikas Zygimantas , Rubezius Mantas , Kasiuliene Alfreda
Published: March 2024

Phytoremediation is considered as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for the treatment of contaminated soil. Recently, there has been an increase in large-scale phytoremediation projects, one of the key moments of which is the transition from a pot experiment to large-scale field research under real conditions. The “Phy2Climate” project aims to provide clean biofuel production and phytoremediation solutions from contaminated lands worldwide, and field trials under real conditions was a focal point in this project. The trials were established in countries like Serbia, Spain, Argentina, and Lithuania, to cover different climatic conditions and differently polluted areas.In Lithuania, the field trials were established in a site that was formerly used as oil base in Soviet times and up-until-today exhibits contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons. Main method for phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil is the rhizodegradation, which focuses on stimulating the population of organic-degrading microorganisms through the plant rhizosphere. Thus, contaminated soil in the site was amended with organic and mineral fertilizers to promote plant development and increase biomass outputs. Furthermore, microbial  additive applied to ensure rhizodegradation. Two monocultures (amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and a mix of herbaceous plant species were grown on different subplots in the prepared soil for two consecutive years. The key parameters used to assess the efficiency of phytoremediation included biomass output, crucial for ensuring an adequate amount for biofuel production, and the phytoremediation factor, indicating changes in petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in the soil.
AMOC Connectivity Between the RAPID and OSNAP Lines Revealed by a Model-Based Dataset
Authors: Han Lei
Published: March 2024

Two major trans-basin mooring arrays, the Rapid Climate Change-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID) at 26.5°N since 2004 and the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) situated at 53°–60°N since 2014, have been continuously monitoring the AtlanticMeridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This study explores the connectivity of AMOC across these two mooring lines from a novel adiabatic perspective utilizing a model-based data set. The findings unveil significant in-phase connections facilitated by the adiabatic basinwide redistribution of water between the two lines on a monthly timescale. This adiabatic mode is a possible cause for the observed subpolar AMOC seasonality by OSNAP. Furthermore, the Labrador Sea was identified as a hotspot for adiabatic forcing of the overturning circulations, primarily attributed to its dynamic isopycnal movements.
Use of an urban fjord as a living laboratory for understanding impacts of hypoxia on nitrous oxide production and iodine cycling, and for testing of mitigation strategies.
Authors: Wallace Douglas , Shi Qiang , LaRoche Julie , Segura Guzman Martha , Rakshit Subhadeep , Algar Chris , Pascal Ludovic , Chaillou Gwenaëlle
Published: March 2024

The Bedford Basin is a a 70 m deep, seasonally stratified and hypoxic semi-enclosed fjord on the West Atlantic coast (Nova Scotia, Canada). The basin is connected to the Atlantic Ocean (Scotian Shelf) via a narrow 20 m deep sill that restricts exchange and mixing of surface and bottom waters. Bedford Basin is located in an urban setting (Halifax) and receives considerable wastewater input. The Basin has benefitted from a weekly multidisiciplinary time-series of physical, chemical and microbiological data over several decades. Over the past decade, the intensity of hypoxia has increased due to warmer winters and reduced convective renewal of the deeper water. The presentation will highlight understanding of physical-microbiological-chemical interactions, and sediment-water exchanges, that affect the concentration and speciation of nitrogen and iodine species in relation to variable levels of oxygen. A focus will be on interannual and short-term variability in production of nitrous oxide and iodide in relation to variations in oxygen, microbial diversity and sediment-water exchange. The potential of coastal basins to act as living laboratories for  studying complex, redox-dependent processes through comprehensive, multidisciplinary, time-series study will be demonstrated. The closely related potential of urban fjords to act as testbeds for evaluation of emerging approaches to the mitigation of coastal hypoxia will be emphasized.
Probabilistic nowcasting of severe storms in Africa: workflow and online tools for monitoring
Authors: Klein Cornelia , Anderson Seonaid , Cole Steven , Taylor Christopher , Wells Steven , Nash Gemma , Diop Abdoulahat
Published: March 2024

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) dominate rainfall and its extremes in most parts of West Africa, frequently producing flash floods that result in major damage and loss of life. As West African storms are already intensifying, these effects are expected to become more frequent and severe under climate-change and rapid urban expansion. To help mitigate these impacts, the NFLICS (Nowcasting FLood Impacts of Convective storms in the Sahel) project has co-developed a prototype nowcasting system with West African meteorological services based on conditioned climatologies of organised convection as seen from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites since 2004.  Data on historical convective activity, conditioned on the present location and timing of observed convection, are used to produce probabilistic forecasts of convective activity out to six hours ahead. Verification against the convective activity analysis and the 24-hour raingauge accumulations over Dakar suggests that these probabilistic nowcasts provide useful information on the occurrence of convective activity. The highest skill (compared to nowcasts based solely on climatology) is obtained when the probability of convection is estimated over spatial scales between 100 and 200km, depending on the forecast lead-time considered. Furthermore, recent advances have included incorporation of land surface temperature anomalies to modify nowcast probabilities – this recognises that MCS evolution favour drier land. We present the workflow of this nowcasting system and discuss our current understanding of the land surface effects that play a role for storm development and prediction. The developed nowcasting system is crucially computationally inexpensive to run operationally and achieves skill in the absence of rainfall radar, as is the case over most of Africa. Operational trials over the 2020 and 2021 rainy seasons, and during intensive nowcasting testbeds with researchers and forecasters, has shown the utility of these new nowcast products to support Impact-based Forecasting, and are currently being extended for use during a testbed with meteorological services in southern Africa in 2024.Latest West Africa nowcasts alongside pan-African cloud and surface state imagery are publicy accessible on https://eip.ceh.ac.uk/hydrology/sub-saharan-africa/nowcasting
Uncertainties of past volcanic forcing - Modelling the impacts of eruption parameters and atmospheric background conditions
Authors: Krüger Kirstin , Fuglestvedt Herman , Zhuo Zhihong , Burke Andrea
Published: March 2024

Reconstructions of past volcanic forcing rely on the assumption that the stratospheric sulphur loading from eruptions in the pre-satellite era is directly proportional to the sulphate flux recorded in polar ice sheets. The scaling factors, known as "transfer functions," used for this calculation are currently based on the Antarctic sulphate flux following the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, radioactivity in Greenland ice from nuclear weapon tests, and model simulations of two high-latitude eruptions. However, recent studies have shown that ice sheet deposition of volcanic sulphate varies significantly as a function of both eruptive parameters and the background atmospheric state, presenting an opportunity to enhance the accuracy and reliability of volcanic forcing reconstructions through improving the use of transfer functions. Here, we investigate how the transfer function depends on eruption parameters and background conditions. Using simulations with the Earth system model CESM2-WACCM6, we explore a wide range of parameters, including eruption magnitude, latitude, plume composition, season, and plume height. By understanding the relationships between eruption parameters and resulting polar sulphate fluxes, we aim to improve the transfer function estimate used in the volcanic forcing for CMIP6 and shed light on the associated uncertainties.
Digital twin development for an irrigation machine
Authors: García Lovera Guillermo Salvador , González Rafael , Camacho Emilio , Montesinos Pilar
Published: March 2024

Irrigated agriculture, the main user of water resources, is undergoing a change in its management and use. Therefore, tools such as artificial intelligence or digital twins applied to water management can improve it to maximize water use efficiency. Thus, the main objective of this work focuses on the development and implementation of a digital twin in a mobile irrigation system, specifically a universal irrigation machine. The digital twin, DT, is an accurate, real-time virtual representation of a real element (irrigation system), becoming an advanced decision support system for irrigation management, which can incorporate artificial intelligence tools for the implementation of intelligent precision irrigation. This technology allows, in real time, to simulate and analyze multiple operation scenarios before making decisions that affect the actual system. Thus, several interconnected components have been developed to form the DT of a real irrigation machine, located in southern Spain. It reproduces the machine operation in real time using information obtained from sensors (climatic information, soil moisture probes, pressure transducers and flowmeters) located in the study area and in the irrigation machine itself. The DT is made up of different components: i) the hydraulic model of the machine that provides the pressure and flow rate supplied by the emitters of the irrigation machine; ii) the irrigation programming module that manages the machine operation (at what time and for how long) during the irrigation campaign;  iii) The irrigation machine water distribution model that provides water distribution maps, which will allow adjusting the operation of the machine (for example, forward speed) aimed at that each spatial element of ​​the irrigation plot (conditioned by the parameters soil, climate and stage of development of the irrigated crop) receives the required amount of water; and iv) the communication module with sensors. The DT of the irrigation machine provides the amount of water that each spatial unit of the plot receives in each irrigation event throughout the irrigation campaign for different operation conditions of the irrigation machine. This information can be the input of other DTs such as the crop development DT to create more complex DTs that reproduce the operation of an irrigated farm. Finally, the ability to monitor and simulate irrigation in real time by the DT provides farm managers with valuable data to make correct decisions, especially in periods of water scarcity, adjusting irrigation management to the spatial variability of the plot, taking into account the water availability to maximize crop production.
Complex mantle flows caused by multiple subducting slabs: P-wave tilting-axis anisotropic tomography of the Molucca Sea subduction zone
Authors: Yuan Tianmeng , Wang Zewei , Zhao Dapeng , Gao Rui , Chen Xiaofei
Published: March 2024

The Molucca Sea subduction zone is famous for its active divergent double subducted slab and located on the north side of the ongoing Java and Banda subduction zones. The spatial closeness of the subduction zones would causes a complex mantle flow field. To clarify the mantle dynamics, in this study, we present a P-wave tilting-axis anisotropic tomography by inverting a large number of local and teleseismic travel-time data recorded at 254 seismic stations in eastern Southeast Asia. Our anisotropic tomographic result shows that the mantle structure of the western Molucca Sea subduction zone is probably affected by the remote controls of the Java and Banda subduction zones. The mantle convection in the big mantle wedge west of the Molucca Sea subduction zone is possibly influenced by the east-west mantle flow associated with the compression of the Indo-Australian slab, as well as the north-south mantle flow related to the rollback of the Indo-Australian slab. In contract,  the eastern Molucca Sea subduction zone is virtually unaffected by other subduction zones, probably due to the domination of its still ongoing subduction.
Recent progress in the use of documentary data in landslide research: a review of approaches, sources, and methods 
Authors: Raška Pavel
Published: March 2024

Landslides cause severe impacts on society, infrastructure, and the environment globally, and their occurrence in some regions is expected to rise due to climate change. Although the cumulative impacts of landslides do not reach the level of earthquakes or floods, their disperse occurrence in space and difficult prediction pose a fundamental challenge for landslide disaster risk reduction effort. Clearly, accurate information is needed both for understanding spatiotemporal occurrence of landslides and their social impacts and responses held by societies. Documentary data are among the key sources that enable compilation of regional landslide databases, allow to quantify the landslide impacts and describe both quantitatively and qualitatively causal chains leading to increased landslide risk and the societal responses to landslide events. In this respect, the documentary data fill the time gap between the landslide occurrence in the past environments studied by proxy data, and the present-day landslides, for which different monitoring and mapping techniques may be used. Over the last decades, important progress has been made in employing various documentary data for landslide research, and extending empirical evidence about advantages and limitations is available thanks to case studies from different environmental and institutional settings. The synthesis of this progress that would guide further research is missing though. The overall goal of this paper is to broaden the perspective on the use of documentary data in historical landslide research, which has so far too much concentrated around the landslide inventories. To do so, we present a scoping literature review with three main objectives. First, we present a classification of both quantitative and qualitative approaches and related research questions in historical landslide research, linking them to key challenges in landslide disaster risk reduction. Second, we review the types and content of available documentary data sources with special attention paid to sources that have been underresearched so far. Finally, we review the quantitative and qualitative methods used to analyse the content of documentary data. While doing so, we draw also from comparative evidence in historical climatology and hydrology in order to point to methods that may hold a potential, but have not been validated in landslide research yet. The paper concludes with identifying challenges and pathways for future research.  
Limnological assessment of 51 climate-sensitive permafrost-thaw lakes in Central Yakutia, Siberia
Authors: Baisheva Izabella , Heim Birgit , Glückler Ramesh , Stieg Amelie , Stoof-Leichsenring Kathleen R. , Eulenburg Antje , Overduin Pier Paul , Meyer Hanno , Zakharov Evgenii S. , Ushnitskaya Lena A. , Davydova Paraskovya V. , Biskaborn Boris K. , Levina Sardana N. , Gorodnichev Ruslan M. , Molinos Jorge García , Pestryakova Luidmila A. , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: March 2024

Climate is rapidly changing in northern regions, including Central Yakutia, a densely populated area in Siberia. Here, permafrost-thaw lakes in topographical depressions, named “alaas”, are widely distributed. Alaases and the residual lakes within became the traditional home to the indigenous Sakha people, providing critical ecosystem services like fresh water supply, meadows for cattle breeding, or fishing and hunting grounds. Alaas formation is closely related to the Late Glacial and Early Holocene warming, as it was caused by the degradation of permafrost. This makes alaases, and permafrost-thaw lakes in general, highly sensitive to both climatic changes and land use impacts. Global warming is predicted to cause permafrost loss, potentially resulting in new alaas formations and irreversibly changing water quality and biodiversity within the existing alaas lakes. The exact consequences of anthropogenic climate change and land use on these unique landforms are still poorly understood, which may also be a result of lacking data availability.Here, we present a comprehensive new dataset of limnological characteristics of 66 lakes across Central Yakutia Lowland and the Oymyakon Highlands, with a focus on 51 alaas lakes in Central Yakutia. During field work in summer of 2021, we measured lake physical properties (lake depth, pH, specific conductivity) and afterwards we analyzed lake water hydrochemistry including ions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), isotopic composition (δ18O H20, δD H20), and aquatic and terrestrial plant composition via surface sediment environmental DNA metabarcoding. The majority of alaas lakes are classified as magnesium-bicarbonate types. Isotope concentrations indicate that lakes in the Central Yakutian Lowlands are controlled mainly by evaporation, underlining their sensitivity to future warming. Aquatic vegetation is dominated by submerged macrophytes, whereas terrestrial vegetation mainly consists of graminoids and forbs. Settlements are mostly situated in connected alaas systems, where flowing water results in lower DOC concentration. This “snapshot” of limnological characteristics can be helpful to assess the most critical factors which may be impacted by land use or respond to future warming.
The EU R&I Task Force for Climate Neutral and Resilient Historic Areas
Authors: Peinhardt Katherine , Garzillo Dr. Cristina , Lückerath Dr. Daniel , Egusquiza Aitziber , Michalis Panagiotis , Istrati Denis
Published: March 2024

Climate change poses a significant and alarming threat to cultural and natural heritage in urban and rural areas, jeopardizing the preservation of tangible and intangible aspects of our shared human history, including cultural traditions, knowledge, and practices. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and increased temperatures contribute to the degradation of cultural sites. Coastal regions face the imminent danger of inundation and erosion, endangering landscapes that have withstood centuries. At the same time, Indigenous communities are vulnerable, as their cultural heritage is often intricately connected to specific ecosystems and landscapes. On top of these climatic threats, cultural and natural heritage is also threatened by impacts from anthropogenic stresses, like unsustainable tourism and consumption patterns or environmental pollution.Against this backdrop the H2020 projects ARCH, HYPERION, and SHELTER founded the EU R&I Task Force for Climate Neutral and Resilient Historic Urban Districts in 2021. The task force aims to bring together diverse groups of practitioners, researchers, and policy makers at the cross section of heritage management, climate change adaptation / mitigation, disaster risk management, and sustainable development. This coincides with the objective to identify and discuss current developments in research and practice; bridge knowledge gaps between these fields; boost collaboration among the cross-sectoral actors involved; and ultimately make our historic areas more climate neutral and resilient. In doing so, the task force aims to provide practical support to European authorities and decision makers for developing harmonised, evidence-based policies, strategies, and procedures. The Task Force has thus far convened three times: June and December 2021, and June 2022, and resulted in a joint white paper, Paving the Way for Climate Neutral and Resilient Historic Districts.With the successful conclusion of the three funding projects, the work of organizing the task force has been taken over by their follow-up projects RescueME, THETIDA, and TRIQUETRA in 2023, shifting the focus from urban districts to historic areas, encapsulating cultural and natural heritage in urban and rural areas and other cultural landscapes, including coastal and underwater heritage.In this presentation, we present the last results of the task force, the way forward regarding its development and activities within the updated partnership, and potential collaboration opportunities with other initiatives, projects, and actors.
Browning and mining increase the nitrous oxide production in sediments of large boreal lakes during winter
Authors: Palacin-Lizarbe Carlos , Bertilsson Stefan , Siljanen Henri J. , Buck Moritz , Kolh Lukas , Paul Dhiraj , Maréchal Marion , Nykänen Hannu , Liu Tong , Kiljunen Mikko , Aalto Sanni L. , Rissanen Antti J. , Biasi Christina , Vainikka Anssi , Pumpanen Jukka
Published: March 2024

There is limited knowledge on the N (nitrogen) cycling in winter, on the role of organic matter quality on N cycling, and on the microbes involved.We studied Lake Viinijärvi and Lake Höytiäinen, large boreal lakes in Finland, each lake with clear-water and brown-water sides. Viinijärvi has an additional side affected by mining activities in the catchment showing higher nitrate and sulphate levels. During winter of 2021 we sampled 5 sites at the beginning and at the end of the ice-covered period. Using the Isotope Pairing Technique we incubated sediment cores with 15NO3- and quantified the products of 1) complete denitrification (N2), 2) truncated denitrification (nitrous oxide, N2O), and 3) dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA, NH4+) to infer the process rates. We characterized the DOM using FT-ICR MS. We explore the genetic potential (DNA) of the sediment microbiome by using several sequencing techniques.During winter the sediment-water interface is an active compartment. The top sediment microbiome has heterotrophic bacteria with flexible metabolism, breaking-down OM during winter despite most of the DOM is recalcitrant. Impacts of browning and mining with major differences between sites. The genetic potential of the sediment microbiome indicates more DNRA and N2O consumption in clear-waters, while in the mining-impacted site and brown-water sites the dominant pathway depends on the sediment layer with truncated denitrification in top layer, and methanogenesis and N-fixation in sub-top layer. The N2O production (d14), that fits the genetic potential, is highest in the mining-impacted site (35-43 µmol N/m2/d), followed by the brown-water sediments (6-11 µmol N/m2/d), with the lowest rates in the clear-water sediments (0-1 µmol N/m2/d).
Texture of quartzite pebbles in metaconglomerates: strain paths across an extensional detachment 
Authors: Gómez-Barreiro Juan , Wenk Hans Rudolf , Vogel Sven , Palomeras Immaculada , Ayarza Puy , Martínez Catalán José Ramón
Published: March 2024

The shape of pebbles in metamorphosed conglomerates has been used as an indicator of strain during tectonic deformation. Here we analyze deformed quartzite pebbles from metaconglomerates across the Salamanca detachment shear zone (SDSZ),  with variations of strain and deformation temperature. This structure is related to the late Variscan gravitational collapse in the Iberian Massif, Central Spain and has significant control on mineral resources. Strong preferred orientation is documented with time-of-flight neutron diffraction measurements and EBSD. The c-axes are in an asymmetric maximum perpendicular to the pebble elongation direction and there is considerable variation between samples. The oblique c-axis maximum relative to the elongated shape axis can be explained as a result of extension, combined with simple shear and dominant basal and rhombohedral slip, based on polycrystal plasticity modeling. It may also be influenced by recrystallization resulting in orientation patterns that resemble single crystals. The role of inherited textures is discussed and seems to be dominant in lower temperature segments on the base of the SDSZ hanging-wall.Funding: grant PID2020-117332GB-C21 funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033; SA084P20 from the JCyL government, and TED2021-130440B-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.
Seasonal and daily freeze-thaw dynamics of a rock glacier and their impacts on mixing and solute transport: a case study from the Val d’Ursé, Bernina Range, Switzerland
Authors: Halloran Landon , Louis Cyprien , Molson John , Roques Clément
Published: March 2024

The aim of this study was to quantify the seasonal to daily freeze-thaw cycles of a rock glacier (RG) located in the Val d'Ursé catchment (Bernina Range, Switzerland) and their role in controlling the dynamic of the connected groundwater system. We combined digital image correlation techniques (Bickel et al., 2018) and time series analysis of discharge rates and physicochemical properties of springs and streams influenced by the RG, as well as changes in hydraulic head in nearby deep boreholes. The results indicate an acceleration of creep since 1990 due to rising temperatures, with the most active regions exhibiting horizontal velocities of ~1 m/yr. Distinct geochemical signatures of springs affected by RG discharge reflect different mixing rates with groundwater. Observed variations in discharge and dilution/enrichment cycles (based on the electrical conductivity signal) reveal an afternoon onset linked to the diurnal freeze/thaw cycle of the RG ice. This daily signal is superimposed on a seasonal trend that combines the effect of the changes in temperature and recharge/discharge dynamics of the deep groundwater system. Based on the results of a FFT-based analysis performed on the electrical conductivities and temperature signals of springs, we discuss the evolution of flow and transport mechanisms involved at the seasonal timescale. Specifically, the analysis of the phase lag between the signal of electrical conductivity with respect to the air temperature reveal key information on transport properties and timescales. Further investigations using a cryo-hydrogeological model (HEATFLOW-SMOKER code, Molson and Frind, 2019) allowed us to investigate the coupled processes governing groundwater-meltwater mixing on daily to seasonal time scales, supporting the interpretations of our field observations.
Faulting activity during the 2021 oblique rifting event in the Reykjanes Peninsula (SW Iceland)
Authors: Ruch Joël , Bufferal Simon , Panza Elisabetta , Mannini Stefano , Nobile Adriano , Óskarsson Birgir , Gies Nils , Hjartardóttir Ásta Rut
Published: March 2024

The Reykjanes Peninsula is located at the boundary between the North American and the Eurasian plates. The Peninsula is experiencing an oblique rifting episode that started with a strong earthquake swarm the 24 February 2021, preceded by sparse swarm occurrences in the decade before. This activity has been followed by a volcanic eruption the 19 March 2021 and by three other eruptions in 2022 and 2023 after ~800 years of quiescence in this region. These series of events offer a unique opportunity to explore the relation between tectonic, faulting and volcanic activity in a highly oblique rift zone. Here we focus on faulting activity during the onset period of the ongoing rifting episode, from February to March 2021. We use an extensive dataset of field observations and high resolution drone orthomosaics and DEMs over a ~30 km2 area to map, quantify and characterize the widespread ground fracturing associated with the oblique rifting activity. We mapped ~20’000 ground cracks of metric to decametric length, centimetric extensional offset, and clear dextral shear component, well-correlated to major earthquakes. Most fractures show en-échelons structures globally aligned along NS-striking fault zones up to 3-4 km long. By analyzing the timing of the ground fracturing thanks to our repeated field observations, seismic data and InSAR images, we relate most ground fractures to earthquakes of Mw ≥ 5.0 that occurred in the month preceding the March 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption. Using optical image correlation from drone data and air photos, we further characterize in unprecedented details several NS fault zones that were reactivated up to three times during the event and were already existing before. Our results show dominant strike-slip features, atypical in rift zones, that highlight the geometry of a bookshelf-mode activity along a diffuse and highly oblique plate boundary. These findings further question the relation between tectonic and magmatic activity at mid-oceanic ridges. Thanks to our immediate on-site response in early March 2021, we witnessed extensive ground fractures that have been quickly lost within a year due to erosion or recovered by lava flows, pointing out a potential under-representation of diffuse fracturing when studying oblique volcanic systems.
Determinants on foraminiferal stable carbon isotopes offshore Cape Blanc, NW Africa
Authors: Botond-Árpád Lázár , Cristiano Mazur Chiessi , Stefano Crivellari , Karin Zonneveld , Lóránd Silye
Published: March 2024

The region offshore Cape Blanc, NW Africa, is one of the most productive zones in the world’s oceans due to the occurrence of an eastern boundary upwelling system and dust input from the Sahara. It is also a well-known site for benthic foraminiferal research, where vertical zonation of the living foraminifera was first described in detail. However, earlier studies are based only on >150μm or >250μm specimens collected along one transect. Therefore, the relative proportion of the smaller, phytodetritus-related species (e.g., Alabaminella, Epistominella) is likely underestimated. This region was also the focus of foraminiferal stable carbon isotope (δ13C) studies.However, previous area works concentrated either on the sea surface or on the deep-water signals and their oceanographic meaning. Thus, there is a lack of data linking these two realms.Here we investigated foraminiferal assemblages, δ13C determinants, patterns, and shifts from the continental shelf to the abyssal plain. We analyzed ca. 360 samples from 12 multicore split in two parallel depth transects from ca. 100 to 3400 m water depth. The topmost 10 cm of each multicore was sampled in 1 cm intervals. We analyzed the δ13C composition of benthic species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (epifauna) and Uvigerina peregrina (infauna), as well as planktonic species Globigerinoides ruber white (>150 μm).  Benthic and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages (>63 μm) were also determined.The δ13C difference between the sea-surface and the ocean-floor values (∆δ13CG. ruber white - C. wuellerstorfi) do not show notable changes along the two studied transects. However, the δ13C difference between the epifaunal and the infaunal species (∆δ13CC. wuellerstorfi - U. peregrina) shows a major increase from the continental shelf to the abyssal plain. Moreover, the benthic and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages present vertical and horizontal zonation related to the environmental parameters (e.g., oxygen, temperature, nutrients) and this is in accordance with the changes observed in geochemical signals showcasing a faunal and δ13C shift from the shore to the abyssal plain.Our findings argue for different determinants of δ13C off Cape Blanc. In the nearshore (ca.100-1500 m water depth) the main control is mineral-rich dust input from the Sahara, while below this depth and further away from the continental shelf lateral advection plays the dominant role.
Exploring sex-specific anatomical adaptations in Rhamnus alaternus L. a Mediterranean dioecious shrub: implications for resilience to climate change
Authors: Balzano Angela , Amitrano Chiara , Merela Maks , Motti Riccardo , De Micco Veronica
Published: March 2024

Secondary sexual dimorphism plays an important role in shaping the response of plants to different environmental constraints, particularly in relation to energy requirements. Dioecious plants exhibit intricate sex-specific differences that influence stress tolerance mechanisms. In Mediterranean ecosystems, the challenges to stress tolerance are exacerbated by climate change-induced changes in temperature, precipitation patterns and frequency of extreme weather events. Understanding how male and female dioecious plants cope with stress is essential for the development of effective conservation strategies.This study focuses on the investigation of secondary sexual dimorphism in the wood and leaf anatomy of a Mediterranean shrub Rhamnus alaternus L., to identify potential sex-specific responses to environmental stressors. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of wood and leaf anatomy in male and female individuals at a southern Italian Mediterranean site. Microscopy and subsequent image analysis allowed the quantification of anatomical features related to water-use efficiency, safety against embolism and photosynthetic efficiency. Parameters measured included stem vessel size and distribution, reaction wood formation, stomata characteristics, leaf tissue thickness and mesophyll density.Our results show a coordinated sex-specific adaptation in anatomical traits that influence either the efficiency or safety of water flow and the regulation of gas-exchange. This knowledge is crucial for improving the resilience and diversity of these plant populations in the face of climate change impacts. The knowledge gained from this study will contribute to the development of targeted conservation strategies for dioecious species in Mediterranean ecosystems.
Monitoring coastal eutrophication with remote sensing analysis. Seasonal variability of chlorophyll-a 
Authors: Biliani Irene , Zacharias Ierotheos
Published: March 2024

Coastal waters face growing challenges from population growth, urban expansion, and alterations in hydrologic flows caused by climate change, affecting their quantity and seasonal patterns. Long-term observations of chlorophyll-a in aquatic environments, can show seasonal variability. Remote sensing analysis of chlorophyll-a seasonal variability is a significant approach for understanding the interactive dynamics of climate change, providing information for mitigation methods and trophic state. This study examines long-time series of Surface Reflectance datasets in selected sampling stations at coastal waters, proposes logical corrections after statistical analysis, and evaluates chlorophyll-a seasonal variability. The derived chlorophyll-a bloom phase was consistent with the limited field measurements. In addition, the results indicated that sampling stations of higher depth present better accuracy in evaluating seasonal phytoplankton blooms
Two powerful Google Earth Engine (GEE) Apps for the worldwide high-temperature features monitoring and investigation
Authors: Faruolo Mariapia , Pergola Nicola , Genzano Nicola , Marchese Francesco
Published: March 2024

Two innovative and powerful Google Earth Engine (GEE) Apps have recently been developed to identify and map volcanic thermal features and investigate gas flaring sources at global scale in daylight conditions. Both the GEE Apps are based on the Normalized Hotspot Indices (NHI; Marchese et al., 2019), which analyze the Near Infrared (NIR) and Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) radiances from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and the Operational Land Imager (OLI/OLI-2) sensors, respectively aboard the Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8/9 satellites, to detect high-temperature features. The NHI tool enables the analysis of volcanic thermal anomalies through plots of hotspot pixel number, total SWIR radiance and total hotspot area. In addition, an automated module of the tool notifies the active volcanoes over the past 48 hours (https://sites.google.com/view/nhi-tool/home-page). DAFI (Daytime Approach for gas Flaring Investigation) by performing a multitemporal analysis of the NHI identifies the gas flares on annual basis both onshore and offshore, providing information about the gas flaring sources in terms of persistence of thermal activity and through the computation of the radiative power (https://sites.google.com/view/flaringsitesinventory). These systems demonstrate the relevance of the GEE platform in supporting the analysis, monitoring and characterization of hot targets (both natural and industrial ones) thanks to the massive computational resources and the availability of extended datasets of multisource satellite observations.
Temperature and wind statistics with convection-permitting model WRF in the context of heat waves and urban heat island events
Authors: Danaila Luminita , Blervacq Clement , Sayeed Kazim , Fossa Manuel , Massei Nicolas , Chun Kwok
Published: March 2024

Recent studies have shown two-way interactions between aloft large-scale structures in the atmosphereand local features such as surface temperature, wind, and land use. This requires the use of high-resolution land use schemes and convection-permitting models (CPM) for large eddy simulations (LES).  WeatherResearch and Forecasting model (WRF) is being increasingly used with resolutions that allow convectionto be fully simulated, and efforts (such as CORDEX FPS URB RC) have been made to introduce moreprecise land use schemes to model the impacts of urban zones on temperature and wind statistics. Inthis study, we focus on the 2003 summer heat wave and compute temperature and wind statistics fromsurface to upper tropospheric pressure levels, ranging from microscales (~50m) to mesoscales (~500km) inNorth-western France. The emphasis is put on extreme values of temperature by computing its ProbabilityDensity Function (PDF) over the domain and across different spatial scales. Results pertain to second,third, and fourth-order moments of temperature and wind reflecting variance, direction of across-scaleinteractions, and extreme events' occurrence probability, respectively. Finally, we correlate mean large-scaletemperature gradients with those extreme events. This study provides new insights into the complex andcontinuous across scales two-way interactions between local features and large-scale climate.
Slow-moving landslide exposure increases with population pressure
Authors: Ferrer Joaquin Vicente , Korup Oliver
Published: March 2024

Slow-moving landslides can cause damage to structures and infrastructure and result in thousands of casualties, if they fail catastrophically. Landslide motion may accelerate after prolonged rainfall, and with alterations to their surface hydrology caused by urbanization. As populations grow in mountainous regions, there will be more direct interactions between communities expanding onto landslides. Yet, the lack of systematic data has precluded a global overview of exposure. We address this by compiling a global database of 7,764 large landslides (>0.1 km2 in area) reported to be slow-moving. Here, we assess the presence of human settlements in 2015 and estimate exposure across IPCC regions with projected landslide risk. We estimate that 9% of landslides in a given basin are occupied by human settlements. On 1195 km2 slow-moving landslides, settlement footprints total 55 km2 and cover an average of 12%, relative to the landslide area. We show regional influences of exposure to floods, average steepness, and urbanization on exposure across basins. Our estimates of exposure in East Asia (EAS) show the most credibility across regions facing growing landslide and flood risk by the IPCC. Apart from Central Asia, we find that urbanization in a basin increases the relative number of landslides inhabited. Furthermore, we find that regions with mountain risks projected to increase have highest uncertainty in our assessment.
Analysis of operational droughts in an alpine Mediterranean basin using a conjunctive use model of surface and groundwater resources
Authors: Gómez-Gómez Juan-de-Dios , Collados-Lara Antonio , Pulido-Velázquez David , Baena-Ruiz Leticia , Hidalgo-Hidalgo Jose-David , Cruz-Gallegos Víctor , Jimeno-Sáez Patricia , Senent-Aparicio Javier , Delgado-Ramos Fernando , Rueda-Valdivia Francisco
Published: March 2024

Extreme events, and particularly, droughts are a main concern in Mediterranean basins that will be increased in the future due to climate change (CC), according to the forecasting for the region made by researchers. A novel integrated approach is proposed to analyze operational droughts and their propagation in future CC scenarios at a basin scale. This approach has been applied to the Alto Genil basin (Granada, Spain), an alpine Mediterranean basin with the singularity of having an important snow component in its precipitation regime. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) methodology has been applied to the variable Demand Satisfaction Index (DSI) at a monthly scale to evaluate operational droughts. A conjunctive use model of surface and groundwater resources developed with the code Aquatool has been used to obtain historical and future DSI monthly series. It is an integrated management model that includes all water demands, water resources (surface, groundwater, and their interaction), regulation and distribution infrastructures in the Alto Genil system. The Vega de Granada aquifer is a key element of the water supply system such for agricultural needs as for guarantee the urban supply to the city of Granada. Groundwater flow in this important aquifer has been simulated with a distributed approach defined by an eigenvalue model to integrate it in the management model, and in order to obtain a more detailed analysis of its future evolution. The proposed methodology consists of the sequential application of the following steps: (1) generation of future scenarios for the period 2071-2100 to obtain series of precipitation (P) and temperature (T); (2) application of a chain of models: a rainfall-runoff model (Témez) coupled with a snowmelt model to obtain runoff (Q) series in subbasins of Alto Genil basin, a crop water requirement model (Cropwat) to get agricultural demand series, and an integrated management model (Aquatool) to get historical and future series of DSI; and (3) analysis of operational droughts comparing historical and future series of the Standardized Demand Satisfaction Index (SDSI), which is the application of the SPI methodology to the variable DSI. A cluster analysis of variables P and Q has been made in order to define homogeneous hydroclimatic areas by aggregation of subbasins. It will allow us to perform an analyses of the heterogeneity in  the propagation of droughts.Aknowledments: This research has been partially supported by the projects: STAGES-IPCC (TED2021-130744B-C21), SIGLO-PRO (PID2021-128021OB-I00), from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, RISRYEARTH (Recovery funds), and “Programa Investigo” (NextGenerationEU).