bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1-Benzoyl-3-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)thiourea
Authors: Yusof M. Sukeri M. , Soh S. Kamilah C. , Ngah Nurziana , Yamin Bohari M.
Published: April 2006

The molecular structure of the title compound, C14H13N3OS, adopts a cis–trans configuration with respect to the positions of the benzoyl and 6-methylpyridin-2yl groups relative to the S atom across the thiourea C—N bonds. In the crystal structure, the molecules are linked by N—H...S, C—H...S and C—H...O interactions, forming a one-dimensional chain parallel to the b axis.
Disodium 4-nitrophenylphosphate hexahydrate
Authors: Zimmerman Matthew D. , Chruszcz Maksymilian , Cymborowski Marcin , Zheng Heping , Minor Wladek
Published: April 2006

Two formula units of disodium 4-nitrophenylphosphate hexahydrate, 2Na+·C6H4NO6P2−·6H2O, are present in the asymmetric unit. The 4-nitrophenyl groups of the two dianions are essentially identical in structure, while the phosphate groups differ in conformation.
The layered intermetallic compound LaPdSb3
Authors: Thomas Evan Lyle , Gautreaux Dixie P. , Chan Julia Y.
Published: April 2006

The title compound, lanthanum palladium triantimony, adopts a new structure type and is an intermediate between the CeCrSb3 and CeNiSb3 structure types. Its structure consists of La atoms located above and below layers of nearly square buckled Sb nets (∞
2[Sb]), and layers of highly distorted edge- and face-sharing PdSb6 octahedra (∞
2[PdSb2]).
1,3-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea
Authors: Shashidhar  , Thiruvenkatam Vijay , Shivashankar S. A. , Halli M. B. , Guru Row T. N.
Published: April 2006

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C15H16N2O2S, the The C=S group lies on a mirror plane. The molecules are packed in a centrosymmetric manner through intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen bonds.
trans-(2-Acetylpyridine-κN 2-furylhydrazonato-κ2
N
1,O)dichlorophenyltin(IV) dichloromethane solvate
Authors: Sousa Gerimário F. de , Hernández-Ortega Simón , Jancik Vojtech , Valdés-Martínez Jesús
Published: April 2006

In the structure of the title compound, [Sn(C12H10N3O2)Cl2(C6H5)]·CH2Cl2, the SnIV ion is in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry, with the phenyl and the N,N′,O-donor 2-acetylpyridine 2-furylhydrazonate ligands in equatorial positions and the Cl atoms in axial positions. The crystal structure shows π–π interactions between the pyridine and the coordinated phenyl rings. In the crystal structure, the molecules pack forming channels filled with disordered solvent molecules.
2,2,7,7-Tetraphenyl-2,7-dihydrodibenz[c,e]oxepine
Authors: Ieawsuwan Winai , Bru Roig Miriam , Bolte Michael
Published: April 2006

The structure of the title compound, C38H28O, has previously been reported by Hirano, Toyota & Toda [Heterocycles (2004), 62, 749–756]. Since these authors did not publish any coordinates, we present here a redetermination of this structure using new intensity data. The molecule has chemical but not crystallographic C
2 symmetry. The central seven-membered ring adopts a twist-boat conformation.
Ammonium 4-chloropyridine-3-sulfonate
Authors: Li Tie-Han , Mao Xin-Biao , Song Qing-Bao , Ma Chun-An
Published: April 2006

The title compound, NH4
+·C5H3ClNO3S−, was prepared by the hydrolysis of 4-chloropyridine-3-sulfonamide. In the crystal structure, a three-dimensional network is formed via N—H...O [H...O = 1.97 (3)–2.41 (2) Å] and N—H...N [H...N = 2.13 (3) Å] hydrogen bonds.
N-[(R)-1-Phenylethyl]thiobenzamide
Authors: Lu Zhong-Lin , Fun Hoong-Kun , Chantrapromma Suchada , Brown R. Stan
Published: April 2006

The title compound, C15H15NS, crystallizes with two crystallographically independent and conformationally almost identical molecules in the asymmetric unit. Both molecules are non-planar, the dihedral angle between the two phenyl planes in each molecule being 76.41 (11) and 86.65 (10)°. An anti conformation of the amide and thio groups is observed in the thioamide fragment. In the solid state, the structure is stabilized by weak C—H...S intramolecular interactions, intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions.
A redetermination of 1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one at 120 (2) K
Authors: Harrison William T. A. , Sarojini B. K. , Vijaya Raj K. K. , Yathirajan H. S. , Narayana B.
Published: April 2006

The title compound, C19H18O3, is confirmed to crystallize with orthorhombic symmetry [Shan et al. (1999). Z. Kristallogr. New Cryst. Struct. 214, 381–382; Marsh (2004). Acta Cryst. B60, 252–253]. The molecule has crystallographically imposed twofold symmetry and the only possible intermolecular interaction is a weak C—H...O bond.
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(2-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole
Authors: Zhang Shu-Ping , Liu Zhao-Di , Chen Shui-Deng , Yang Song , Shao Si-Chang
Published: April 2006

In the title compound, C21H18N4O, the p-methoxyphenyl and p-tolyl rings form dihedral angles of 61.33 (7) and 31.16 (7)°, respectively, with the triazole ring, and the dihedral angle between the triazole and pyridine rings is 46.25 (7)°. Intermolecular C—H...N hydrogen bonds link inversion-related molecules into chains.
2,4-Dimethyl-6-phenyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one
Authors: Dockendorff Chris , Lautens Mark , Lough Alan J.
Published: April 2006

The asymmetric unit of the title crystal structure, C15H18O2, contains two independent molecules which have essentially the same conformation. Two independent one-dimensional chains are formed via weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds. A further single weak C—H...O interaction links the two types of chain, forming extended tapes running in the a-axis direction.
5-Bromo-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran
Authors: Harrison William T. A. , Gaonkar S. L. , Anilkumar H. G. , Yathirajan H. S.
Published: April 2006

The title compound, C14H10BrFO, possesses normal geometrical parameters. The dihedral angle between the two ring systems is 71.50 (9)°. An unusually short intermolecular Br...Br contact of 3.4311 (5) Å occurs.
A new chiral ligand: 2,6-bis[4(S)-isopropyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]pyridine
Authors: Ma Kuoyan , Cheng Liang , Gau Han-Mou , You Jingsong
Published: April 2006

The title compound, C29H33N5, is a new chiral bis(imidazolyl)pyridine derivative with a skeleton similar to the bis(oxazolyl)pyridine derivatives, which have been extensively used as ligands in various asymmetric catalytic reactions. The most prominent feature of the present compound is the considerable sp
2 character of N atoms of the imidazoline rings. The substituents at the Nsp
2 atoms can provide a means for tuning the electronic and conformational properties of the compound.
6-(2-Chloro-4-fluorobenzylamino)purine
Authors: Trávníček Zden˘ek , Marek Jaromír , Popa Igor
Published: April 2006

In the title molecule, C12H9ClFN5, all bond lengths and angles show normal values. The mean planes of the benzene ring and the purine ring system make a dihedral angle of 77.79 (5)°. Intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into ribbons extending along the [1\overline{1}0] direction. The crystal packing is further stablized by weak C—H...F and C—H...Cl interactions.
(Benzoylacetonato)chloro[3-(dimethylamino)propylamine]copper(II)
Authors: Huang Juan-Lan , Feng Yun-Long
Published: April 2006

In the molecular structure of the title complex, [Cu(C10H9O2)Cl(C5H14N2)], the CuII atom is in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry, coordinated by two O atoms of a benzoylacetonate ligand and two N atoms of a 3-(dimethylamino)propylamine ligand in the basal plane, while a Cl atom occupies the apical position.
Dibromo[N,N-dimethyl-N′-(2-pyridylmethylidene)propane-1,3-diamine]zinc(II)
Authors: Zhang Yu-Liang
Published: April 2006

In the title mononuclear zinc(II) compound, [ZnBr2(C11H17N3)], the ZnII ion is five-coordinated by three N atoms of a Schiff base ligand and by two Br− anions, forming a distorted square-pyramidal geometry with a Br atom in the apical site.
(E)-2-Methyl-3-(phenethylamino)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Huang Shu-Ping , Li Hai-Tang , Shi He-Ping , Tan Gai-Feng
Published: April 2006

The title compound, a secondary enamine PhCOC(CH3)CHNH(CH2)2Ph or C18H19NO, is U-shaped. The dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings is 109.7 (4)°. N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules to form a chain.
Azido{1-[(2-diethylaminoethylimino)methyl]naphthalato}copper(II)
Authors: Qiu Xiao-Yang
Published: April 2006

The title compound, [Cu(C17H21N2O)(N3)], is a mononuclear copper(II) complex. The central CuII ion is four-coordinated by one O and two N atoms of the Schiff base ligand, and by one N atom of an azide anion, forming a distorted square-planar coordination geometry.
13a-Methyl-2,3,3a,3b,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-decahydro-1H-7-azaindeno[5,4-a]anthracen-1-ol
Authors: Yan Ji-Zhong , Xia Cheng-Cai , Rao Guo-Wu
Published: April 2006

The molecule of the title compound, C21H25NO, is built up from five fused rings, four of which are six-membered and one five-membered. O—H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains and weak C—H...O interactions connect these chains.
N-(2-Phenethyl)phthalimide
Authors: Warzecha Klaus-Dieter , Lex Johann , Neudörfl Jörg M. , Griesbeck Axel G.
Published: April 2006

The molecule of the title compound, C16H13NO2, contains two planar units, viz. a phthalimide system and a phenyl ring in almost parallel orientation, linked by an ethylene bridge. In the crystal structure, the molecules form centrosymmetric pairs which are held together by π–π interactions between the phthalimide systems. The latter are stacked in a head-to-tail fashion with an interplanar distance of 3.263 (6) Å.
p-Nitroaniline hydrobromide
Authors: Lemmerer Andreas , Billing David G.
Published: April 2006

The crystal stucture of p-nitroaniline hydrobromide, C6H7N2O2
+·Br− or O2NC6H4NH3
+·Br−, exhibits ionic layers separated by hydrocarbon layers. The hydrocarbon layers stack head-to-tail but no π–π interactions are observed. In the inorganic layer, the ammonium group, Br− anion and nitro group interact to form a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network. The structure is compared with that of the related compound O2NC6H4NH3
+·Cl−.
(S)-3-Hydroxy-1-(N-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonylacetimidoyl)pyrrolidine
Authors: Ren Peng , Yang Xue-Mei , Guo Jing-Ning , Zhu Xi-Zong
Published: April 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound, C14H17N3O5, is stabilized by intermolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds.
4-[N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-methylamino]-N-isopropyl-1,8-naphthalimide
Authors: Bardajee Ghasem Rezanejad , Winnik Mitchell A. , Lough Alan J.
Published: April 2006

In the title crystal structure, C18H20N2O3, molecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers via O—H...O hydrogen bonds [H...O = 1.92 (3) Å]. These dimers are, in turn, linked by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds [H...O = 2.42 Å], forming a two-dimensional network.
1-Bromopyrene
Authors: Taylor Robert E. , Raithby Paul R. , Teat Simon J.
Published: April 2006

1-Bromopyrene, C16H9Br, is a planar, fused aromatic organic compound. The molecule is approximately planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0243 Å for the ring C atoms and 0.0261 Å for all non-H atoms. A herringbone packing motif based on π-π interactions is observed, with a perpendicular distance between adjacent stacked molecules of 3.519 Å.
3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Butcher Ray J. , Yathirajan H. S. , Anilkumar H. G. , Sarojini B. K. , Narayana B.
Published: April 2006

The title compound, C17H15FO3, crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group and thus does not show any non-linear optical activity. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit.
Methyl 3-(2-chloro-5-ethyl-3-pyridyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylenepropanoate
Authors: Swamy G. Y. S. K. , Ravikumar K. , Narender P. , Jayathirtha Rao V.
Published: April 2006

The molecule of title compound, C12H14ClNO3, has an L-shaped conformation, with the methyl propanoate unit at the base. The molecules are linked via O—H...N hydrogen bonds into infinite chains of graph-set motif C(6) running along the b axis. In addition, the structure is further stabilized by C—H...O, C—H...Cl and C—H...π interactions.
Copper(II) chlorofumarate trihydrate
Authors: Billetter Heinrich , Pantenburg Ingo , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: April 2006

Blue crystals of the title compound, poly[[[diaquacopper(II)]-μ3-chlorofumarato] monohydrate], {[Cu(OOC–CH=CCl–COO)(H2O)2]·H2O}
n
, crystallized unexpectedly from an aqueous solution containing acetylenedicarboxylic acid and CuCl2. Each copper cation is coordinated by five O atoms – three from three fumarate anions and two from two water molecules – in the form of a distorted square pyramid. All atoms of the asymmetric unit, except a carboxylate oxygen and the coordinated water molecule, lie on a mirror plane. These units are connected by the bifunctional anions to form ribbons along [001]. These ribbons are held together by hydrogen bonds, which also involve the third water molecule.
4-{2-[(4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]-2-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)acetyl}morpholine
Authors: Dong Wei-Li , Zhao Wei-Guang , Li Zheng-Ming , Song Hai-Bin
Published: April 2006

In the title molecule, C15H17N3O3S2, the morpholine ring adopts a chair conformation. The benzene and the thiadiazole rings make a dihedral angle of 30.9 (4)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by van der Waals forces.
1-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-2-methylpyridinium bis(maleonitriledithiolato)nickelate(III)
Authors: Ni Chun-Lin , Liu Ming-Guo
Published: April 2006

The title compound is a new ionic complex, (C13H13ClN)[Ni(C4N2S2)2] or [ClBzPyMe][Ni(mnt)2] [where ClBzPyMe is 1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-2-methylpyridinium and mnt is maleonitriledithiolate]. In the anion the NiIII atom is coordinated by the four S atoms of two mnt2− ligands and exhibits the expected square-planar coordination geometry. In the [ClBzPyMe]+ cation the benzene and pyridine rings are twisted with respect to the C/C/N plane incorporating the methylene C atom that links them. The [Ni(mnt)2]− anions and [ClBzPyMe]+ cations stack into well segregated columns along the a axis, and the NiIII ions form a one-dimensional zigzag chain through weak Ni...S, S...S, and π–π interactions.
Di-μ-oxo-bis[(2,2′-bipyridine)cobalt(III)] bis(perchlorate)
Authors: Zhang Hui , Chen Pu , Fang Liang
Published: April 2006

In the title compound, [Co2O2(C10H8N2)2](ClO4)2, the binuclear complex cation has 2/m symmetry, and the perchlorate ion has mirror symmetry. The CoIII atoms are coordinated by two N atoms of the 2,2′-bipyridine ligand and two bridging O atoms in a square-planar geometry. The Co...Co distance in the complex is 2.8784 (19) Å.
Aqua(2,2′-bipyridine)maleatocopper(II) dihydrate
Authors: Li Ming-Tian , Fu Xu-Cheng , Wang Cheng-Gang
Published: April 2006

In the molecule of the title compound, [Cu(C10H8N2)(C4H2O4)(H2O)]·2H2O, the Cu(II) atom has elongated tetragonal pyramidal geometry, coordinated by one water O atom, two N atoms of the 2,2′-bipyridine ligand and two O atoms of the two carboxylate groups of the maleate dianion. The molecules are linked through hydrogen-bonding and π–π stacking interactions, forming a two-dimensional supramolecular structure.
2,3,5,6-Tetrafluorohydroquinone dihydrate
Authors: Rusak Paweł , Gdaniec Maria
Published: April 2006

2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-1,4-dihydroxybenzene easily crystallises as a dihydrate, C6H2F4O2·2H2O. The molecule exhibits approximate C
2v
symmetry. The crystal packing is dominated by O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Shwachman–Diamond syndrome: an inherited model of aplastic anaemia with accelerated angiogenesis
Authors: Leung Elaine W. , Rujkijyanont Piya , Beyene Joseph , Wei Kuiru , Abdelhaleem Mohamed , Freedman Melvin H. , Dror Yigal
Published: April 2006

Bone marrow angiogenesis is increased in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but has not been studied in inherited or acquired marrow failure syndromes. Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) carries a high risk of MDS/AML and is characterised by marrow stromal dysfunction. Compared with controls, SDS patients without MDS/AML had higher marrow microvessel density. Stromal VEGF gene expression, stromal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and VEGF levels in serum and marrow mononuclear cells were normal. Future studies should investigate the mechanism for increased angiogenesis in SDS, and whether SDS marrow, with its increased angiogenesis, promotes progression of malignant clones.
High‐dose darbepoetin alpha in the treatment of anaemia of lower risk myelodysplastic syndrome results of a phase II study
Authors: Mannone L. , Gardin C. , Quarre M. C. , Bernard J. F. , Vassilieff D. , Ades L. , Park S. , Vaultier S. , Hamza F. , Beyne‐rauzy M. O. , Cheze S. , Giraudier S. , Agape P. , Legros L. , Voillat L. , Dreyfus F. , Fenaux P. ,   for the Groupe Francais des Myelodysplasies (GFM)
Published: April 2006

An open‐label, phase II non‐randomised trial was conducted with darbepoetin (DAR), an erythropoiesis‐stimulating factor with prolonged half‐life, at a weekly dose of 300 μg subcutaneously in 62 anaemic patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with an endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) level <500 mU/ml. Most of the patients were classified as low or intermediate 1 according to the International Prognostic Scoring System. After 12 weeks, 44 (71%) patients had an erythroid response (34 major and 10 minor), including eight of 13 patients who were previous non‐responders to conventional EPO. Two additional responses (one minor and one major) occurred, in 10 non‐responders, after the addition of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). Thirty‐six of the 46 total responders (31/35 major and 5/11 minor) continued to respond on maintenance DAR after a median of 40 weeks (range 4–84). Median dose of DAR required to maintain response was 300 μg every 14 d. The only prognostic factors of favourable response were low endogenous EPO level and low or absent red blood cell transfusion requirement. Those results suggest that high‐dose DAR alone yields high erythroid response rates in anaemia of lower risk MDS, possibly equivalent to those obtained with conventional EPO + G‐CSF, although this will need to be confirmed in larger and randomised trials.
Central Asian origin of and strong genetic differentiation among populations of the rare and disjunct Carex atrofusca (Cyperaceae) in the Alps
Authors: Schönswetter Peter , Popp Magnus , Brochmann Christian
Published: April 2006

Aim  Carex atrofusca has an arctic–alpine distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, with only a few, disjunct localities known in the European Alps. These alpine populations are declining in number and size. In contrast, C. atrofusca has a wide circumpolar distribution range and is abundant in large parts of the Arctic. The degree of genetic differentiation of the alpine populations and their importance for the conservation of the intraspecific genetic variation of the species is unknown.

Location  Eurasia and Greenland, with emphasis on the European Alps.

Methods  We applied amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting and sequences of chloroplast DNA to determine the position of the alpine populations in a circumpolar phylogeography of C. atrofusca and to unravel the patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation within the Alps.

Results  Two distinct major groups were detected in a neighbour‐joining analysis of AFLP data and in parsimony analysis of chloroplast DNA sequences: one consisting of the populations from Siberia and Greenland and one consisting of all European populations as sister to the populations from Central Asia. Within Europe, the populations from the Tatra Mountains and those from Scotland and Scandinavia formed two well‐supported groups, whereas the alpine populations did not constitute a group of their own. The genetic variation in the Alps was almost completely partitioned among the populations, and the populations were almost invariable.

Main conclusions  The alpine populations possibly originated due to immigration from Central Asia. The strong differentiation among them suggests that genetic drift has been strongly acting on the populations, either as a consequence of founder events during colonization or due to subsequent reduction of population sizes during warm stages of the Holocene.
Genetic exchange of the S2 and S3 subunits in pertussis toxin
Authors: Raze Dominique , Veithen Alex , Sato Hiroko , Antoine Rudy , Menozzi Franco D. , Locht Camille
Published: April 2006

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, produces a complex hetero‐oligomeric exotoxin, named pertussis toxin (PTX), which is responsible for several of the clinical manifestations associated with whooping cough. The toxin is composed of five dissimilar subunits, named S1 through S5 and arranged in a hexameric structure with a 1S1:1S2:1S3:2S4:1S5 stoichiometry. Although S2 and S3 share 70% amino acid identity, these two subunits were previously thought not to be able to substitute for each other in toxin assembly/secretion and the biological activities of PTX. Here, we show that toxin analogues containing two S3 subunits and lacking S2 (PTXΔS2), or containing two S2 subunits and lacking S3 (PTXΔS3), can be produced, assembled and secreted by B. pertussis strains, in which the S2‐encoding cistron or the S3‐coding cistrons have been inactivated by internal in‐frame deletions that avoid downstream effects. In fact, PTXΔS3 was produced in higher amounts in the bacterial culture supernatants than natural PTX, whereas PTXΔS2 was produced in lower amounts than PTX. The action of the toxin analogues on the clustering of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells was also affected differentially by the S2–S3 substitution. These toxin analogues constitute thus interesting probes for the study of cellular functions, in particular immune cell functions, for which natural PTX has already shown its usefulness.
Time, Space and Contextual Models of the Immunity Tolerance Decision: Bridging the Geographical Divide of Zinkernagel and Hengartner's ‘Credo 2004’
Authors: Anderson C. C.
Published: April 2006

In Credo 2004, Zinkernagel and Hengartner (Z&H) have continued their challenge to the immunological community to reconsider assumptions regarding the most fundamental aspects of adaptive immunity. They have appropriately championed the role of persistent, widely distributed antigen in tolerance induction, parameters that do not figure prominently in most other models. The global theory of immunity they have developed is predominately based on observations from studies with viruses and tumours. I suggest here that a more successful approach to generating a theory of the default rules of immunity can be obtained through the study of immunity versus tolerance in the setting of transplantation. Transplantation studies lack the confounding variable of competing evolution present in responses to specific infectious agents and tumours and, therefore, more clearly elucidate default rules of immunity. The geographical model in Credo 2004, primarily a one‐signal model regulated by antigen, is contrasted with (1) Cohn's time‐based two‐signal model and (2) a development–context model that postulates distinct central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms.
Role of Very Late Antigen‐1 in T‐cell‐Mediated Immunity to Systemic Viral Infection
Authors: Kauffmann S. Ø. , Thomsen A. R. , Christensen J. P.
Published: April 2006

The T‐cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was studied in mice lacking very late antigen‐1 (VLA‐1). The generation of virus‐specific effector T cells was unimpaired in VLA‐1–/– mice. In the memory phase, VLA‐1 deficiency did not influence the number of memory CD8+ T cells or their distribution between lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. Regarding a functional role of VLA‐1, we found that intracerebral infection of both VLA‐1–/– and wild‐type (wt) mice resulted in lethal T‐cell‐mediated meningitis, and quantitative and qualitative analyses of the cellular exudate did not reveal any significant differences between the two strains. Expression of VLA‐1 was also found to be redundant regarding the ability of effector T cells to eliminate virus from internal organs of i.v. infected mice. Using delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) assays to evaluate subdermal CD8+ T‐cell‐mediated inflammation, no significant influence of VLA‐1 was found either in the primary response or in the memory phase. However, α‐VLA‐4 antibody reduced the DTH‐like reaction in VLA‐1–/– mice to a higher degree than in wt mice, suggesting a synergistic effect of blocking both integrins. Taken together, the current findings indicate that the expression of VLA‐1 is not pivotal for T‐cell‐mediated antiviral immunity to a systemic infection.
Is Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Authors: Rao Gatha S. , Vohra Deepak , Kuruvilla Maria
Published: April 2006

A 32‐year‐old woman presented with fever and swelling in the axillae of 2 months’ duration, and erythema of the face, fluid‐filled lesions on the trunk, oral ulcers, crusting of the lips, and redness and watering of the eyes for 3 days. The patient was initially diagnosed with tuberculous lymphadenitis and was given antituberculous treatment. One month later, she developed the present complaints (see below). The patient was photosensitive. There was no joint pain or Raynaud’s phenomenon. She had experienced three intrauterine deaths in the past with no live births.

On examination, the patient was pale. Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was present. The lymph nodes were mobile, nontender, and not matted. Mucocutaneous examination revealed a malar eruption, flaccid bullae on the back (Fig. 1), crusting of the lips (Fig. 2), oral ulcers, and redness and discharge from the eyes. On investigation, immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA for tuberculosis were negative. There was anemia and leukopenia, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was raised, albumin in urine was positive, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was negative, and venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test was nonreactive. Antinuclear antibody (ANA), dsDNA, and antiphospholipid antibody were positive.

Upper back showing erosions and postinflammatory hypopigmentation

image

Crusting of the lips

image

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the axillary lymph node showed loss of nodal architecture. The extensive infiltrate consisted of lymphocytes, histiocytes, immunoblasts, and necrosis of cortical and paracortical areas. There was histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis without granulocytic infiltration. These features were suggestive of Kikuchi–Fujimoto’s disease (Fig. 3). Skin biopsy showed epidermal atrophy, basal cell vacuolation, focal hyperkeratosis, pilosebaceous atrophy, and follicular plugging. The dermis showed edema and a lymphocytic infiltrate in the upper dermis and around the blood vessels. These features were suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Direct immunofluorescence of lesional skin showed a strong continuous basement membrane zone (BMZ) band of C3 and fibrinogen and a strong discontinuous granular BMZ band of IgG. IgA was negative. Covered skin showed moderate and strong positivity for IgM and IgG, respectively. C3, IgA, and fibrinogen were negative. These findings were suggestive of SLE (Fig. 4).

Fine needle aspiration cytology of the axillary lymph node (hemotoxylin and eosin, ×40)

image

Direct immunofluorescence study showing evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (fluorescein stain)

image

Based on the clinical findings and investigations, a diagnosis of Kikuchi–Fujimoto’s disease with SLE was made.
The Azerbaijani scrub: a simple method to harvest large amounts of stratum corneum
Authors: Paslin David , Krug Esther
Published: April 2006

Background  The study of skin barrier constituents may require collection of much stratum corneum. Existing methods are inadequate and/or difficult.

Methods  A simple and safe method to harvest stratum corneum from glabrous human skin derives from the bathing practices of people in Azerbaijan. The method requires water immersion of the subject for 30 min immediately followed by vigorous scrubbing of skin with a moist rough crepe mitten.

Results• This scrubbing method causes the separation of large amounts of stratum corneum which is easily harvested.

Conclusion  The method facilitates study of stratum corneum components, including intercellular lipids.
Acropustulosis repens
Authors: Proença Nelson Guimarães
Published: April 2006

Background  Pustular eruptions of the extremities of the fingers and toes (acropustulosis) have been grouped under the single term “Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua”, which is a severe disease, with uninterrupted course, and successive eruptions that may become generalized. However, there is a form of acropustulosis with few lesions, evolving with remissions and relapses, with a benign course. It is necessary to separate these two forms of acropustulosis.

Methods  I had the opportunity to observe six patients with a mitigated form of acropustulosis that does not fit into the diagnostic criteria of Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua, which should be considered an independent clinical entity.

Results  Sometimes, there is only one lesion in each eruption. The pustules are sterile and appear in small crops, located on the hyponychium or on the nail bed. The result is partial onycholysis or nail detachment. After each eruption there is complete recovery. Histopathology shows a nonspongiform pustule filled with neutrophils, with subcorneal localization. Four patients had follow‐up for at least 2 years, and one patient presented psoriasis lesions on the scalp after 11 years.

Conclusions  Acropustulosis as I described it can be differentiated from Halopeau's acrodermatitis continua using the following diagnostic criteria: (1) it is a benign condition; (2) the pustules are located on the hyponychium or nail bed; (3) pustules can be single or occur in small groups; (4) they reccur in flares, with restitutio ad integrum during the periods of remission; (5) the pustules are sterile; (6) microscopic study shows a subcorneal pustule (spongiform aspect is rare). A similar condition to that found in my cases was described by Radcliff‐Crocker (H. Radcliff‐Crocker, Diseases of the Skin, London: H.K. Lewis, 1888), termed “dermatitis repens”.
Impact of psoriasis on quality of life in Kuwait
Authors: Al‐Mazeedi K. , El‐Shazly M. , Al‐Ajmi H. S.
Published: April 2006

Background  Psoriasis can seriously affect the quality of life (QOL) of patients and has a strong impact on social relations, psychological status and daily activities.

Objective  The aim of this study was to describe the impact of different grades of severity in psoriasis on QOL in patients in Kuwait.

Patients/methods  We used the Dermatology Quality Of Life scale (DQOLS) developed by Morgan and then validated for use in Kuwait to study a sample of 330 out‐patients with psoriasis.

Results  Overall, physical activities were affected in greater than 50% of cases. This figure increased significantly with increased severity of psoriasis. Also, social relationships were disrupted in more than half of the patients but with no significant difference between different grades of severity. All psychological feeling items were affected by psoriasis to variable degrees. However, significant differences related to the severity of psoriasis were detected: feeling embarrassed, feeling short tempered, feeling depressed, and feeling a lack of hope. One third of cases declared their sexual activities were affected by psoriasis.

Conclusion  Data provided should improve the physicians’ awareness of the importance of patients’ QOL and enhance psychological evaluation of the psoriatic patient which will promote his/her positive outcome and compliance with treatment.
A simple digital image processing system to aid in melanoma diagnosis in an everyday melanocytic skin lesion unit. A preliminary report
Authors: Manousaki Aglaia G. , Manios Andreas G. , Tsompanaki Evgenia I. , Panayiotides John G. , Tsiftsis Dimitris D. , Kostaki Anastasia K. , Tosca Androniki D.
Published: April 2006

Background  For early melanoma diagnosis, experienced dermatologists have an accuracy of 64–80% using clinical diagnostic criteria, usually the ABCD rule, while automated melanoma diagnosis systems are still considered to be experimental and serve as adjuncts to the naked‐eye expert prediction. In an attempt to aid in early melanoma diagnosis, we developed an image processing program with the aim to discriminate melanoma from melanocytic nevi, establishing a mathematical model to come up with a melanoma probability.

Methods  Digital images of 132 melanocytic skin lesions (23 melanomas and 109 melanocytic nevi) were studied in features of geometry, color, and color texture. A total of 43 variables were studied for all lesions, e.g., geometry, color texture, sharpness of border, and color variables. Univariate logistic regression analysis followed by “−2 log likelihood” test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to eliminate inappropriate variables, as the presence of multicollinearity among variables could cause severe problems in any stepwise variable selection method. Initially, “−2 log likelihood” and nonparametric Spearman's rho picked five variables to be included in a multivariate model of prediction. The five‐variable model was then reduced to three variables and the performance of each model was tested. The “jackknife” method was performed in order to validate the model with the three variables and its accuracy was weighed vs. the five‐variable model by receiver‐operating characteristics (ROC) curve plotting. It was concluded that the reduced model did not compromise discriminatory power.

Results  Not all variables contributed much to the model, therefore they were progressively eliminated and the model was finally reduced to three covariates of significance. A predictive equation was calculated, incorporating parameters of geometry, color, and color texture as independent covariates for the prediction of melanoma. The proposed model provides melanoma probability with a 60.9% sensitivity and 95.4% specificity of prediction, an overall accuracy of 89.4% (probability level 0.5), and 8% false‐negative results.

Conclusions  Through a digital image processing system and the development of a mathematical model of prediction, discrimination between melanomas and melanocytic nevi seems feasible with a high rate of accuracy using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The proposed model is an alternative method to aid in early melanoma diagnosis. Expensive and sophisticated equipment is not required and it can be easily implemented in a reasonably priced portable programmable computer, in order to predict previously undiagnosed skin melanoma before histopathology results confirm diagnosis.
Etiology and incidence of chronic ulcers in Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: Zeegelaar Jim E. , Stroïnk Aimee C. , Steketee Willemyn H. , Faber William R. , Van Der Wal Allard C. , Komolafe Isaac O. O. , Dzamalala Charles , Chibwana Cecilia , Wendte Johannes F. , Zijlstra Eduard E.
Published: April 2006

Background  Little information is available on the incidence and etiology of chronic ulcers in the tropics. Therefore, the incidence and etiology of chronic skin ulcers were assessed in out‐patients at the Department of Dermatology and in in‐patients at the Departments of Dermatology, Surgery, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi.

Method  In a 10‐week study period, 44 patients (31 males, 70%) with chronic skin ulcers were diagnosed from 6292 patients seen by the departments involved.

Results  The mean age of patients with ulcers was 38 years (range, 9 months to 82 years). The most frequent cause of ulcers was bacterial infection (n = 22), followed by malignancy (n = 11) and trauma (n = 7).

Conclusion  In contrast with developed countries, venous and diabetic ulcers were uncommon. In addition to bacterial infections, a surprisingly large number of malignancies were found in this study. We speculate that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which is seen with a high prevalence at QECH, is a contributing factor. Because of the large number of malignancies, we recommend early histopathologic investigation of chronic ulcers in this part of Africa.
Evaluation of concurrent collection of in‐line filtered platelets and packed red blood cells by multicomponent apheresis with three last‐generation apparatuses
Authors: Picker S. M. , Radojska S. M. , Gathof B. S.
Published: April 2006

Background and Objectives  Multicomponent apheresis enables the collection and procession of different blood products in a single donation. Different apparatuses vary in terms of principle and efficiency. Knowledge of them is essential to analyse cost effectiveness.

Materials and Methods  A total of 30 donors, well matched for baseline parameters, were randomly assigned to the concurrent collection of red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets (PLTs) with the Baxter Amicus (AM), the Haemonetics MCS plus (MCS+), and the Gambro Trima Accel (TA). The procedures were prospectively evaluated, focusing on yield, time, efficiency, citrate donor load and in vitro quality.

Results  PLT yield (× 1011/unit; mean ± standard deviation) was 3·09 ± 0·34 (AM), 2·53 ± 0·35 (MCS+), 2·51 ± 0·32 (TA). Absolute RBC mass (ml/unit; mean ± standard deviation) was 177·4 ± 2·7 (AM), 161·5 ± 0·7 (MCS+), and 163·7 ± 5·4 (TA). The programmed RBC collection target of 160–180 ml was reached by all instruments, whereas the programmed PLT yield of 3·0 × 1011 was met satisfactorily by AM only. All units contained < 1 × 106 WBCs. In vitro RBC quality was equivalent among the systems. No significant differences were noted with collection efficiency, processed whole blood or citrate donor load. Owing to high collection and draw rates, the TA was the fastest of all the systems. The MCS+ had the longest donation/needle time and the highest PLT activation, but compensated with significantly lower draw and citrate infusion rates. The overall processing time was longest with the AM, as a result of manual procedures from donor disconnection to the final products.

Conclusions  Multicomponent apheresis was performed safely and efficiently with all three instruments. There was no ‘magic apparatus’ as each system combined advantages and pitfalls for the diverse parameters evaluated.
Exploiting beneficial alloreactive T cells
Authors: Barber L. D. , Madrigal J. A.
Published: April 2006

Although the T‐cell response to allogeneic cells is typically regarded as a detrimental phenomenon responsible for rejection of transplanted allografts and graft‐vs.‐host disease following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, beneficial components also exist within the alloreactive population. Alloreactive T cells specific for tumour antigens can contribute to the elimination of malignant cells, and alloantigen‐specific regulatory T cells can promote transplant tolerance. The challenge is to separate the good from the bad. We review how the identification, isolation and manipulation of beneficial alloreactive T cells has grown from a greater understanding of the molecular basis of the T‐cell alloresponse and how alloaggression could be exploited for immunotherapy.
Therapeutic transfusions of granulocytes collected by simple bag method for children with cancer and neutropenic infections: results of a single‐centre pilot study
Authors: Kikuta A. , Ohto H. , Nemoto K. , Mochizuki K. , Sano H. , Ito M. , Suzuki H.
Published: April 2006

Background and Objectives  Granulocyte transfusion therapy (GTX) can be effective for life‐threatening infections unresponsive to conventional antimicrobial therapies in severely neutropenic children with cancer. We developed a new granulocyte collection method, named the ‘bag method’, in which apheresis, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) or dexamethasone are not used. We undertook a pilot study to determine the feasibility and the safety of GTX collected by the bag method for children with cancer and life‐threatening infections.

Materials and Methods  A total of 25 GTX were administered to 13 patients (median age 3 years, range: 0·3–17; median weight 10·6 kg, range: 4·5–49·8) with neutropenia‐related infections. Thirteen blood‐relative donors received granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) (5–10 µg/kg), subcutaneously, 14 h before collection. Major end‐points were granulocyte yields, post‐transfusion absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) in patients, donor and patient safety, and clinical outcome on day 30.

Results  The median yield of ANC per 400 ml of processed whole blood was 6·2 × 109 (range: 2·5–15·0 × 109). Patients received a mean of 6·4 ± 0·8 × 108 granulocytes per kg of body weight per transfusion. The 1‐h and 24‐h post‐transfusion ANC rose to 607 ± 124/µl and 704 ± 300/µl, respectively, from the baseline of 21/µl before the first GTX. Adverse reactions were observed in five of 13 donors (bone pain, headache, vasovagal reaction; all ≤ grade 2) and in two of 25 transfusions of 13 patients (transient hypoxia; grade 3). Ten patients had favourable responses, and infection resolved in nine patients.

Conclusions  The bag method without apheresis relieves the physical load of donors and enables patients with a low body weight to provide an adequate dose of granulocytes.
Multi‐stage volcanism in the Ulleung Back‐arc Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan)
Authors: Chough Sung Kwun , Lee Kyung Eun
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Multichannel seismic reflection profiling in the Ulleung back‐arc Basin reveals that the acoustic basement largely comprises volcanic materials. The volcanics are interlayered with sediment sequences, forming an anomalously thick layer. The volcanic activities resulted in a zonation of the acoustic basement, trending northeast‐southwest. In the southeastern part, the acoustic basement is deep and obscure, whereas in the northwestern part it is shallow and forms mounds and seamounts. The volcanic activities were probably initiated in the Early Miocene (ca 20Ma). The volcanism was time‐transgressive northward, associated with the possible southward drift of the Japanese islands.
Cenozoic volcanism, stress gradient and back‐arc opening in the North Island, New Zealand: Origin of Taupo‐Rotorua Depression
Authors: Tatsumi Yoshiyuki , Tsunakawa Hidewo
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Extensive subduction‐related and intraplate volcanism characterize Cenozoic magmatism in the North Is., New Zealand. Volcanics in the central North Is., predominantly intermediate to felsic, form above the dipping seismic zone and show tectonic/geochemical features common to magmatism in most subduction zones. Basaltic volcanism in Northland, the northern part of the North Is., has chemical characteristics typical of intraplate magmatism and may be caused by the upwelling of asthenospheric materials from deeper parts of the mantle. The rifting just behind the present volcanic front (the Taupo‐Rotorua Depression), which follows the trench ward migration of the volcanic front and the gradual steepening of the subducted slab, is also a feature of the North Is. A possible mechanism for the back‐arc rifting in the area is injection of asthenospheric materials into the mantle wedge; this asthenospheric flow results from the mantle upwelling beneath Northland and pushes both the rigid fore‐arc mantle wedge and the subducted slab trenchwards. This mechanism is also consistent with the stress fields in the North Is.: dilatation in Northland, northwest‐southeast tension in the Taupo‐Rotorua Depression, and the northeast‐southwest compression in the fore‐arc region.
The Palaeo‐Tethyan suture: A line of demarcation between two fundamentally different architectural styles in the structure of Asia
Authors: ŞEngör Ali Mehmet Celal
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The Palaeo‐Tethyan suture separates regions characterized by two fundamentally different tectonic styles in the structure of the Tethysides. North of the suture in Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and large parts of the Russian Federation and China, orogenic development is characterized by very large subduction‐accretion complexes developed since the late Proterozoic. Magmatic arc axes migrated radially outwards from the ‘Old Vertex of Eurasia’ and consolidated the accretionary prisms into a ‘basement complex’ dominated by a pelitic composition. In such orogens, called the ‘Turkic‐type’ after the dominant ethnic population of Central Asia, ophiolites are unreliable indicators of sutures, because they are present throughout the ‘basement’ as in‐faulted shreds and rarely as nappes. By contrast, south of the Palaeo‐Tethyan suture, orogeny was commonly characterized by a Sumatra‐ or Andean‐type continental margin arc (e.g. the Transhimalaya arc) that in places became an island arc by back‐arc basin rifting (e.g. the Black Sea behind the Rhodope‐Pontide fragment) and later collided with an Atlantic‐ (as in the Himalaya) or California‐type (as in the Alps) continental margin to create Alpine‐ or Himalayan‐type orogenic belts. Turkic‐type orogenic belts result from the exaggeration of the Himalayan‐type as a result of the subduction of very large oceanic areas that contain great amounts of sediment. They contribute to the enlargement and also possibly the growth of the continental crust which has a composition more silicic than basalt. The Palaeo‐Tethyan suture is thus a line across which the rate of continental enlargement by subduction‐accretion changed dramatically.
Development of composite planar fabric in mylonites along the Median Tectonic Line, southwest Japan
Authors: Takagi Hideo
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Mylonites along the Median Tectonic Line, southwest Japan commonly contain shear bands comprising S(‐C)‐Ss fabrics. This paper stresses the lithologic control on the orientation, dimension and development of shear bands by comparing the microstructure of the shear bands in different rock types (P mylonites, F mylonites, micaceous phyllonite and quartzose phyllonite). There is no significant change of the α angles (average 21–24°) between Ss and S toward the centre of the shear zone (viz. increasing the intensity of mylonitization) and it is different from the S‐C relationship in a narrow sense.

The generation of the composite planar fabric can be classified into four different strain partitioning models: S only type without any slip surface (model A); S‐C type (model B); S‐Ss type with Ss‐slip precedence (model C), and S‐Ss type with S‐slip precedence (model D). Model C is proposed in this paper and is similar to the model for the generation of Riedel shears in brittle shear zones. An unstable slip between porphyroclasts and the matrix during ductile flow can easily initiate shear bands. Formation of a composite planar fabric is initiated according to model A, followed by model C in conditions of increasing strain, and then model D when the angle between S and the shear zone boundary becomes small enough (α/2 = 10°) to produce S‐slip. Thus the generation of the shear bands probably begins in the early stages of shear deformation and continues until the latest stages.
Kinematics, structure and relationship to metamorphism of the east‐west flow in the Sanbagawa Belt, southwest Japan
Authors: Wallis Simon R. , Banno Shohei , Radvanec Martin
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Deformation in the Sanbagawa Belt is characterized by ductile flow in an east‐west direction sub‐parallel to its length. The east‐west flow (D1) caused large‐scale recumbent folding of the metamorphic sequence in central Shikoku, which can explain the inverted thermal structure of this region. Chemical zoning of metamorphic minerals associated with D1 microstructures also suggest that the east‐west flow developed under retrograde conditions. D1 is therefore related to exhumation rather than subduction processes. A variety of kinematic indicators show that during the east‐west flow, deformation was partitioned into structurally continuous domains with opposed senses of shear. This suggests that bulk deformation was not simple shear but included a component of flattening.