bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status of endogenous endomycorrhizal fungi associated with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon
Authors: Tobolbaï Richard , Ngakou Albert , Adamou Souleymanou , Toukam Steve Takoukam
Published: January 2024

The Sudano-Sahelian part of Cameroon is known for its severe climatic conditions and low soil fertility. Local farmers use chemical fertilisers to increase crop production, usually without moderation. As a result, there is environmental pollution such as soil acidification, production of greenhouse gases, and increased eutrophication. To face this situation, scientific research recommends ecological solutions such as bio-fertilisers to enhance soil fertility. In this context, the mycorrhiza symbiosis technology deserves special attention. Indeed, it is a beneficial association between soil fungi (Glomeromycota) and the roots of more than 85% of plants; the evaluation of the agronomic potential of these microorganisms has shown spectacular results under field conditions. This study analyses the status of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the cowpea rhizosphere in the agro-ecological zone 1 of Cameroon. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from the Far North and North regions of Cameroon. Composite soil samples were obtained by mixing soils collected from three divisions per region. Cowpea was grown in pots on these composite soil samples for 3 months. At maturity, spores of mycorrhizal fungi were isolated and parameters including mycorrhization frequency and intensity, the specific spore’s density and richness were evaluated. The spores were characterised according to morpho-anatomical criteria. The results established that between localities, mycorrhization frequency varied between 7-19%; mycorrhization intensity, 7-17.28%; specific density, 0.66-44% and specific richness, 2-4%. Eight specimens of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in six genera were characterised: Acaulospora (A. kentinensis, A. myriocarpa); Ambispora sp; Diversispora epigae, Funneliformis mossea, Glomus (G. constrictum, G. manihotis, and G. maculosum) and Rhizophagus intraradices. G. constritum was predominant in all the studied sites, followed by R. intraradices, while Acaulospora myriocarpa was the rarest. These results pave the way for the selection of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi for ecological cowpea production in this area.
Structure des Bulbuls du Parc National du Banco (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire) et effet de l’architecture des arbres sur leur distribution spatiale
Authors: Kouadio Kouakou Pierre , Assa Essé Savorgnan , Koue-Bi Tih Mathieu , Yaokokore-Beibro Hilaire Kouassi
Published: January 2024

Les Bulbuls ou Pycnonotidae constituent l’une des familles d’oiseaux assez diversifiée qui occupent divers habitats. Ils sont dépendant de la structure et de la composition de la végétation. Mais aucune donnée n’est publiée sur l’effet de l’architecture des arbres sur leur distribution en milieu forestier. En vue de combler cette insuffisance, cette étude a été menée de février 2012 à janvier 2013 dans le parc national du Banco. L’objectif a été de connaître leur structure et la relation entre eux et l’architecture des arbres dans six faciès d’habitats. Ainsi par la méthode de l’indice ponctuel d’abondance, les Bulbuls ont été échantillonnés de même que les arbres selon leur architecture dans un rayon de 50 mètres autour de chaque point d’écoute. Au total 20 espèces de Bulbuls d’une abondance ponctuelle de 1047 individus ont été recensées. Parmi elles, deux sont inscrites sur la liste rouge de l’UICN : le Bulbul à barbe jaune Criniger olivaceus et le Bulbul à queue verte Bleda eximius. L’analyse à redondance canonique a révélé que la distribution des Bulbuls varie selon l’architecture des arbres et des habitats. Ainsi, neuf espèces de Pycnonotidae sont positivement et significativement influencées (p < 0,05) par les arbres à architectures de types B, C et D. Par contre, les autres espèces de Bulbuls n’en sont pas, sauf le bulbul verdâtre Eurillas virens et le bulbul des raphias Thescelocichla leucopleura qui en sont négativement corrélées.

The Bulbuls or Pycnonotidae are one of the fairly diverse bird families that occupy various habitats. They are dependent on the structure and composition of vegetation. But no data is published on the effect of tree architecture on their distribution in forest environments. In order to fill this gap, this study was conducted from February 2012 to January 2013 in Banco National Park. The objective was to know their structure and the relationship between them and the architecture of the trees in six habitat facies. Thus, by the method of the point index of abundance, the Bulbuls were sampled as well as the trees according to their architecture within a radius of 50 meters around each count point. A total of 20 species of Bulbuls with a point abundance of 1047 individuals have been recorded. Among them, two are on the IUCN Red List: the Yellow-bearded Greenbul Criniger olivaceus and the Green-tailed Bristlebill Bleda eximius. Canonically redundant analysis revealed that the distribution of bulbuls varies according to the architecture of trees and habitats. Thus, nine species of Pycnonotidae are positively and significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by trees with type B, C and D architectures. On the other hand, the other species of Bulbuls are not, except the Little Greenbul Eurillas virens and the Swamp Palm Bulbul Thescelocichla leucopleura which are negatively correlated.
Acceptability, accessibility and effectiveness of a form of physical exercise session adapted to obese adolescents attending school in Brazzaville: Comparative study
Authors: Moussouami Simplice Innocent , Agbodjogbe Dieu Donné Wilfrid Kpèdétin , Tonon Brigitte , Nigan Issiako Bio , Boussana Alain Marc , Gouthon Polycarpe , Mbemba François
Published: January 2024

The policy for the management of obese children in Congo is almost non-existent. The present study aims at determining the level of acceptability, accessibility and effectiveness of the form of physical exercise session best suited for the management of obese school children in Brazzaville. Methods: The present study was an intervention study, carried out with 23 overweight students from eight secondary schools in the city of Brazzaville. The participants were subjected to two physical exercise sessions (aerobics alone and then, aerobics and muscle strengthening) during one week. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The form of the session was considered acceptable if its assessment based on 6 items scored at least 13.6 out of a total of 17 points; accessible if its assessment based on 5 items scored 14.4 out of a total of 18 points. It was considered effective if it met 4 of the physiological criteria. The level of acceptability of the aerobics and muscle strengthening session was significantly higher than that of the aerobics session alone (14/23 or 61% versus 4/19 or 17%; P = 0.03). PCA identified two components (percent weight loss %PP and energy expenditure DE) in axis 1 that had a satisfactory loading factor of 0.70. The results of this study put the acceptability, accessibility and effectiveness of an intervention program based on aerobics and strength training. This program could be recommended as a non-pharmacological means in the management of an obese adolescent population.
Ecologie et mécanismes d’adaptation à la sécheresse de Caralluma adscendens N.E.Br. à l’Ouest du Burkina Faso
Authors: Tindano Elycée , Traore Aїssata , Ouoba Paulin
Published: January 2024

Les inselbergs sont des affleurements rocheux caractérisés par la précarité de leurs facteurs édaphiques et microclimatiques. Ce sont des biotopes dont les espèces qui les colonisent ont la capacité de s’adapter à ce type d’environnement. C’est ce qui justifie l’étude sur Caralluma adscendens qui est l’une des espèces fréquentes sur les inselbergs du Burkina Faso. L’objectif de cette étude est de contribuer à la connaissance de l’écologie et des mécanismes d’adaptation de l’espèce à l’environnement xérique. Pour ce faire, une caractérisation des communautés végétales à C. adscendens s’est faite à l’aide de données floristiques collectées sur la base d’un échantillonnage orienté. Pour l’étude des mécanismes d’adaptation, plusieurs caractères physiologiques et morphologiques ont été évalués. Le cortège floristique des communautés végétales à C. adscendens est de 57 espèces réparties dans 45 genres et 23 familles dont les Poaceae (30%), les Fabaceae-Faboideae (12%) et les Cyperaceae (7%) sont les mieux représentées. Les mécanismes d’adaptation mis en place par l’espèce sont, la réduction des feuilles en feuilles vestigiales, le transfert des stomates des feuilles aux tiges, le nombre réduit de stomate par mm² et la grande capacité de rétention d’eau de l’espèce. Ces résultats témoignent la résistance de l’espèce à une perte d’eau importante et sa capacité à s’adapter à un environnement xérique.

Inselbergs are rocky outcrops characterised by precarious edaphic and microclimatic factors. They are biotopes in which the species that colonise them are able to adapt to this type of environment. This justifies the study of Caralluma adscendens, which is one of the most common species found on inselbergs of Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to contribute to our knowledge of the ecology and adaptation mechanisms of the species to the xeric environment. To this end, the plant communities of C. adscendens were characterised using floristic data collected on the basis of targeted sampling. Several physiological and morphological characteristics were assessed to study the adaptation mechanisms. The floristic assemblage of plant communities with C. adscendens comprises 57 species in 45 genera and 23 families, of which Poaceae (30%), Fabaceae-Faboideae (12%) and Cyperaceae (7%) were the best represented. The adaptation mechanisms put in place by the species were the reduction of leaves to vestigial leaves, the transfer of stomata from the leaves to the stems, the reduced number of stomata per mm² and the species' high water retention capacity. These results demonstrate the species' resistance to significant water loss and its ability to adapt to a xeric environment.
Revue des usages traditionnels, composition chimique et propriétés pharmacologiques de Combretum glutinosum (Combretaceae)
Authors: Tine Yoro , Sene Madièye , Thiam Khadidiatou , Gaye Cheikhouna , Diallo Alioune , Ndiaye Benjamin , Ndoye Idrissa , Diedhiou Adama , Balde Mamadou , Seck Matar , Fall Djibril , Wele Alassane
Published: January 2024

Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. (Combretaceae) est une plante médicinale largement utilisée en Afrique par les praticiens traditionnels pour le traitement de divers troubles comme les maladies respiratoires, la douleur, le paludisme et les infections microbiennes. En raison de sa large utilisation traditionnelle, dans cette revue, les rapports scientifiques publiés sur sa composition et ses propriétés pharmacologiques ont été explorés en effectuant une recherche documentaire dans les bases de données de Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect et Scifinder. Les études chimiques ont montré la présence de saponines, de flavonoïdes, d’alcaloïdes, de tanins, de saponines, de glycosides cardiaques, d’anthraquinones, d’acides aminés et de terpénoïdes. Il a été démontré que des extraits de cette plante ainsi que les composés purs qui en ont été isolés, possédaient des propriétés antibactérienne, antiparasitaire, antidiarrhéique, cytotoxique, anti-inflammatoire, hypoglycémiante, antioxydante, antihelminthique et antipaludique, entre autres. Cette revue fournit donc une vue d'ensemble des progrès actuels en matière, d'ethnopharmacologie, de phytochimie, de pharmacologie et de toxicité de C. glutinosum, constituant ainsi une référence pour la Recherche et Développement sur C. glutinosum.

Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. (Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in Africa by traditional practitioners for the treatment of various disorders such as respiratory diseases, pain, malaria and microbial infections. Due to its wide traditional use, in this review, published scientific reports on its composition and pharmacological properties were explored by conducting a literature search of Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect and Scifinder databases. Chemical studies showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, amino acids, and terpenoids. Extracts of this plant, as well as the pure compounds isolated from it, have been shown to possess antibacterial, antiparasitic, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antihelminthic and antimalarial properties, among others. This review therefore provides an overview of current progress in ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of C. glutinosum, thus constituting a reference for Research and Development on C. glutinosum.
Pédo-géochimie et minéralogie des sols à cuirassement sur substrat sédimentaire de Bingerville, au nord-est du district d’Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Yoboue Kouadio Emile , Gala Bi Trazié Jérémie , Hien Marie-Paule , Gboko Kouassi Yannick Stéphane
Published: January 2024

Pour déterminer la dynamique pédo-géochimique du cuirassement des sols sur le bassin sédimentaire de Côte d’Ivoire, des échantillons de sol et des indurations ont été prélevés à Bingerville, analysés au spectromètre à fluorescence X et au diffractomètre à rayons X. Les résultats ont révélé que les oxydes de silicium (SiO2), de fer (Fe2O3) et d’aluminium (Al2O3) étaient les principaux constituants des sols et des formations indurées. Dans les sols et les croûtes, en plus de la silice (27-62%), il s’y observait une forte concentration de chrome (420 à 1890 ppm) dans les échantillons. Par contre dans les cuirasses, ce sont les oxydes de fer (18-57%), le nickel (80 à 108 ppm), le plomb (64 ppm) et le Cadmium (30 ppm) qui étaient les plus concentrés. Au niveau minéralogique, les sols et les indurations étaient principalement constitués du quartz (environ 70%) et d’hématite (environ 4%) pour les oxydes et de kaolinite (24-33%) pour les minéraux argileux. Les indurations observées sur substrat sédimentaire sont assimilables au niveau pédo-géochimique à celles développées sur le socle protérozoïque du Centre et du Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire mais, leurs teneurs en ETM pourraient constituer des sources de toxicité pour les populations.

To determine the pedo-geochemical dynamic of soil duricrust in sedimentary basins in Côte d'Ivoire, soil samples were taken in Bingerville and analysed using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and an X-ray diffractometer. The results showed that oxides of silicon (SiO2), iron (Fe2O3) and aluminium (Al2O3) were the main constituents of the soils and indurated formations. In the soils and crusts, in addition to silica (27-62%), there was a high concentration of chromium (420 to 1890 ppm) in the samples. However, in the duricrusts, iron oxides (18-57%), nickel (80 to 108 ppm), lead (64 ppm) and Cdmium (30 ppm) were the most concentrated. Mineralogically, the soils and indurations were mainly composed of quartz (around 70%) and hematite (around 4%) for the oxides and kaolinite (24-33%) for the clay minerals. The indurations observed on sedimentary substrates are comparable at the pedo-geochemical level to those developed on Proterozoic bedrock in central and northern Côte d'Ivoire, but their TME content could be a source of toxicity for local populations.
Evaluation qualitative et typologie des eaux de forage de la sous-préfecture de Boguédia (Centre-Ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Koffi Affoué Bénédicte , Datte Atta Koffi Sebastien , Koblan Armel Kouadio , Kouame Amoin Marie-Andrée , Ake Gabriel Ettienne , Bedou-Bakayoko Aminata , Kouame Kan Jean , Kouadio Kouakou Luc Philippe , Jourda Jean Patrice Roger
Published: January 2024

L’eau destinée à la consommation humaine doit respecter un certain nombre de critères et directives recommandées par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Dans les pays en développement, obtenir de l’eau saine pour la consommation humaine est devenu un sérieux problème du fait d’un manque de protection de l’environnement. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la qualité hydrochimique et la typologie des eaux de forages consommées par la population de la Sous- préfecture de Boguédia. Les paramètres physico-chimiques des eaux ont été comparés aux normes préconisées par l’OMS pour les eaux de consommation. La typologie de ces eaux a été déterminée à l’aide du diagramme de piper. Les résultats montrent que les eaux sont acides (pH moyen de 6,25), légèrement chaudes, (température moyen de 27,16°C), faiblement minéralisées (CE = 123 μS/cm). Certains paramètres (K+, NO2-, HCO3-, Fe2+, PO43-, F-) des eaux de quelques forages présentent des teneurs supérieures aux normes OMS. Le diagramme de Piper a montré que toutes les eaux sont regroupées en quatre hydrofaciès: les eaux Bicarbonatées calciques et magnésiennes, les eaux bicarbonatées calciques, les eaux bicarbonatées sodiques et potassiques et les eaux chlorurées sulfatées calciques et magnésiennes. Au regard de cette étude, il ressort que les eaux de certains forages, notamment celles des localités de Boguédia, Bekora et Kibouo nécessitent un traitement préalable afin d’être aptes à la consommation.

Drinking water must comply with several criteria and guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In developing countries, access to safe drinking water is becoming challenging due to a lack of environmental protection. The aim of this study was to determine the hydrochemical quality and typology of borehole water consumed by the population of the Boguédia sub-prefecture. The water's physico-chemical parameters were compared with the WHO’s standards for drinking water. The typology of these waters was determined using the Piper diagram. The results show that the water is acidic (average pH 6.25), slightly warm (average temperature 27.16°C), with low mineral content (EC = 123 μS/cm). Some parameters (K+, NO2-, HCO3-, Fe2+, PO4-, F) in some samples exceeded WHO standards for drinking water. The Piper diagram shows that all the waters are grouped into four hydrofacies: calcium-magnesium bicarbonate waters, calcium-bicarbonate waters, sodium-potassium bicarbonate waters and calcium-magnesium chloride-sulfate waters. The study revealed that water from certain boreholes, notably those in Boguédia, Bekora and Kibouo, requires prior treatment before it is fit for consumption.
Étude de la toxicité subaiguë hématologique et biochimique des extraits hydro-méthanoliques de Ingofera pulchra chez les rats Wistar
Authors: Layibo Yao , Magnang Hézouwé , Dosseh Kossivi , Togbenou Norbert , Kueviakoe Délagnon Messanh Irenée , Agbonon Amégnona
Published: January 2024

Indigofera eIndigofera pulchra (Ip) Willd est utilisé en médecine traditionnelle pour traiter l’anémie, le paludisme et la douleur, par des ingestions répétées. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la toxicité subaiguë des extraits hydro-méthanoliques de Ip. La constitution phytochimique de l’extrait a été déterminée. Quatre lots de cinq rats Wistar chacun ont été constitués dans lesquels étaient administrés quotidiennement de l’eau distillée (lot 1 : groupe témoin), l’extrait à 100 mg/kg de poids (lot 2), l’extrait à 200 mg/kg de poids (lot 3) et l’extrait à 400 mg/kg de poids (lot 4). Un hémogramme, une numération des réticulocytes (J0, J15 et J29) et des examens biochimiques (J0 et J29) ont été réalisés après gavage avec les extraits. L’extrait contenait des flavonoïdes, des tanins, des triterpènes et stérols, des saponosides et des coumarines. La variation de la numération des globules rouges (p=0,014) et l’urée sérique (p=0,019) était plus faible et celle du volume globulaire moyen (p=0,015) et de la teneur corpusculaire moyenne en hémoglobine (p=0,014) plus importante dans le lot 4 par rapport au lot 1 à J29. Il n’y avait pas de différence significative des valeurs et de la variation des paramètres biologiques étudiés. Ip n’est pas responsable de toxicité hématologique, hépatique ou rénale à la dose 100 à 400 mg d’extrait par kilogramme chez les rats.

Indigofera pulchra (Ip) Wild is used as medicinal plant to treat anemia, malaria and pain, conditions that often require repeated doses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the subacute toxicity of Ip hydro-methonolic extracts. Four groups of five Wistar rats receiving orally every day and respectively distilled water (group 1: control group), 100 mg of extract per kilogram of weight (group 2), 200 mg/kg (group 3) and 400 mg/kg weight (group 4). A complete blood count with reticulocytes count (day0, day15 and day29) and biochemical tests (day0 and day29) were assessed after the extract administration. Flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes and sterols, saponins and coumarins were detected in the extract. The change in red blood cell count (p=0.014) and serum urea (p=0.019) was lesser and that of the mean corpuscular volume (p=0.015) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p=0.014) greater in group 4 compared to group 1 at day29. The other hematological and biochemical parameters were not significantly different between the groups of rats. There was no significant difference in the absolute values and the variation of the assessed biological parameters. Ip is not responsible for hematological, liver or renal toxicity when administered orally at the dose of 100-400 mg extract per kilogram in rats.
Quantification des stocks de carbone dans des systèmes agro-sylvopastoraux et sylvopastoraux de deux zones agroécologiques du Bénin
Authors: Hessa Célestin Cokou , Idrissou Yaya , Assani Alassan Seidou , Worogo Hilaire Sorébou Sanni , Assogba Brice Gérard Comlan , Traore Ibrahim Alkoiret
Published: January 2024

Dans de nombreux pays, les pratiques agroforestières ont été proposées pour lutter contre la dégradation des terres et le changement climatique. Parmi ces pratiques figure l’agro-sylvo-pastoralisme et le sylvopastoralisme qui constituent des puits de carbone (C). Cependant, des informations sont rares sur le potentiel de puits de C de ces pratiques au Bénin. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer le stock de C de ces deux pratiques agroforestières avec chacune deux variantes : petit agro-sylvo-pastoralisme (PAS), petit sylvopastoralismes (PSV), grand sylvopastoralisme (GSV), et grand agro-sylvo-pastoralisme (GAS). Les données collectées ont été des dendrométriques, des échantillons de litière, herbacées, culture et sol. Les résultats ont révélé que quel que soit le type d’élevage considéré, le sol et les arbres constituaient les plus grands réservoirs de C. Le stock total de C a significativement varié (p˂0,05) d’un type d’élevage à l’autre. Ainsi, les stocks totaux de C ont été de 73,34 t C/ha ; 62,52 t C/ha ; 50.89 t C/ha et 49,94 t C/ha respectivement pour les types GAS, GSV, PAS et PSV. Ces résultats montrent la contribution considérable de ces pratiques dans la séquestration du carbone au Bénin. Ainsi ces pratiques doivent être vulgariser dans tout le pays.

In many countries, agroforestry practices have been proposed to address land degradation and climate change. These practices include agro-silvo-pastoralism and silvo-pastoralism. Among these practices are agro-silvo-pastoralism and silvo-pastoralism which constitute carbon sinks (C). However, information is scarce on the C sink potential of these practices in Benin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stock of C of two agroforestry practices with each two variants: small agro-silvo-pastoralism (PAS), small silvo-pastoralism (PSV), large silvo-pastoralism (GSV), and finally large agro-silvo-pastoralism (GAS). To achieve this aim, dendrometric data, litter, herbaceous, crop, and soil samples were collected. The results revealed that regardless of the type of livestock considered, the soil and the trees constituted the largest reservoirs of C while the litter constituted the weakest reservoir. The total stock of C varied significantly (p˂0.05) from one type of farm to another. Thus, the total C stocks were 73.34 t C/ha; 62.52 t C/ha; 50.89 t C/ha and 49.94 t C/ha respectively for the GAS, GSV, PAS, and PSV types. These results show the considerable contribution of these systems in carbon sequestration in Benin. Thus, these practices must be popularized throughout the country.
The effects of non-bitter Cucumis metuliferus fruit extract on blood sugar of high-fat/fructose diet and streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic Wistar Albino rats
Authors: Mwangi Muriuki Dennis , Muchina Kamau David , Kariuki Kweri Joseph , Simon Karanja , Reuben Thuo
Published: January 2024

Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the leading debilitating non-communicable diseases, with its prevalence projected to increase from 8.8% in 2015 to 10.0% in 2030. The management of diabetes mellitus remains a major challenge, and the number of diabetes-related deaths is projected to rise from 3.1 million in 2015 to 4.2 million in 2030. This continues to be a public health concern, particularly in developing countries where the majority of people are poor and predominantly live in rural areas, facing challenges in accessing healthcare services. However, the non-bitter Cucumis metuliferus fruit is being used for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus by some communities in Kenya, although its therapeutic benefits have not been adequately studied and proven. The study aimed to determine the effects of non-bitter Cucumis metuliferus fruit extract on blood sugar in high-fat/fructose diet and streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic Wistar albino rats. This study adopted an experimental laboratory-based design. A sample size of 64 male Wistar albino rats, aged 5 weeks and weighing between 90 and 130 grams, was randomly assigned to two major study groups: the control group and the experimental group. The experimental group received a high-fat/fructose diet plus streptozotocin (STZ) injection to induce diabetes mellitus, whereas the control group received a standard rodent pellet diet plus 0.9% normal saline injection. The experimental group was further divided into a positive control group treated with pioglitazone (the standard drug) at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight, a low-dose CMFE group at 200 mg/kg body weight, and a high-dose CMFE group at 400 mg/kg body weight. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and haemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) tests were used as indicators, and the results were compared between the groups. The study findings revealed a significant statistical rise (P <0.001) of FBS in the treatment group after induction of type II DM, followed by a decline to pre-induction levels after treatment. Similarly, there was a statistically significant increase (P <0.001) of the OGTT after induction of type II DM, with the OGTT declining to pre-induction levels following treatment (P =0.106). The findings on both the FBS and OGTT tests indicate that treatment with CMFE controlled the blood sugar. Consequently, there was no significant difference (P =0.712) in Hb A1c test results between the control group and the treatment group at the end of the experiment, indicating that treatment with CMFE had a long-term control effect on blood sugar. This study concludes that the non-bitter CMFE possesses both short-term and long-term hypoglycemic properties in type II diabetes mellitus.
Performances of plantlets from selected cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes under Semi - Autotrophic Hydroponics (SAH) using different substrates
Authors: Mamy Binzunga Makumbu , Kokou Kintche , Sikirou Mouritala , Adetoro Najimu , Angelique Kajibwami , Nyende Aggrey Bernard
Published: January 2024

The cassava seed system faces challenges due to limited seed stock caused by a slow propagation rate and a lengthy growth period. Conventional methods lacking phytosanitary guarantees further compound these issues. To address these limitations, the Semi-Autotrophic Hydroponics (SAH) technology was adopted for the rapid mass propagation of healthy, disease-free cassava plants. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of cassava planting materials using different substrates for stem-cutting multiplication in the laboratory at the IITA Kalambo research station in DR Congo. The experiment followed a split-plot design of five replications of three consecutive sub-culture periods lasting four weeks each. Four different genotypes: IB961089A, MM060083, Nase14, and Albert28 as the main plots, with four different substrates: KlasmannTS3, Vermiculite, Local Peat, and Sawdust as the sub-plots, were laid out. Cuttings were placed in 500-ml substrate-filled boxes and watered weekly with a 100-ml Miracle-Gro solution. Data were collected on survival, height, leaf and internode numbers, and cutting numbers at the end of each subculture period. The data were analysed using ANOVA in R software. The Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was utilised to separate means when significant differences among treatments were present (p <0.05). The results showed that survival was primarily influenced by the substrate used, with KlasmannTS3 demonstrating the highest rate, exceeding 90%. Significant differences (p < 0.05) among genotypes for survival rate and performance parameters mentioned above (p < 0.001) were observed. Similarly, there were significant differences (p < 0.001) among substrates for survival rate and performance parameters. Furthermore, the interaction between genotype and substrate significantly (p < 0.001) affected performance parameters. MM060083 performed the best across all traits. KlasmannTS3 was the superior substrate and had the highest average cutting number regardless of genotype, with a notable increase of 292% from 20 to 58.4 cuttings, representing a ratio of 1:3 within three months. Sawdust had the lowest multiplication rate, with a 5% decrease. The superior performance of KlasmannTS3 was attributed to its rapid growth and favourable properties. The interaction between MM060083 and KlasmannTS3 consistently showed the highest number of cuttings (70.4). Sawdust consistently showed poor growth performance, regardless of genotype. The study concludes that the SAH offers the potential for rapid multiplication of disease-free cassava planting materials in reduced space and time.
The intra-uterine effects of phenobarbital on fetal growth and development in albino rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
Authors: Segut Jennifer , Kweri Joseph , Mwangi Ann , Sigei Caroline , Kanyoni James , Macharia Peris , Rono Walter , Kamau Cyrus , Njoki Anne , Chebii Cynthia , Kuria Jane , Wachira Joseph , Mramba Christopher , Karanja Jane
Published: January 2024

The intrauterine developmental consequences of phenobarbital, when administered in varied doses, on foetal growth and development remain poorly understood. This study is therefore set to evaluate the intrauterine effects of phenobarbital at differing doses when administered at different incubation periods in albino rats. In carrying out this study, a post-test only control experimental study design was adopted, and a sample size of 30 Albino rats was used. These rats were obtained from the Small Animal Facility for Research and Innovation in the School of Biomedical Sciences at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. They were arbitrarily allocated into two large study groups of 3 control rats and 27 experimental rats. The 27 rats in the experimental group were further subdivided into three study groups of 9 rats, each with low, medium, and high phenobarbital doses. On gestation day 20, all the rats were humanely sacrificed, and three fetuses from each rat were selected. The parameters evaluated in this study included the foetal weight, bi-parietal diameters, and crown lump length. The data was collected using a structured checklist, then entered into the computer using an Excel spreadsheet. The data was then exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Scientist (SPSS). To determine the causal effects, the statistical significance was determined by using Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison tests, and all values with a p value less than 0.05 were considered to be significant. This research discovered that there was a reduction in all foetal parameters, which was statistically significant (P<0.05), especially during trimesters one and two. The effects of phenobarbital administered on foetal parameters depended on the time of exposure and dose administered. Phenobarbital, administered prenatally, had dose- and time-dependent effects on foetal parameters. Therefore, more studies need to be done on higher primates to ascertain their teratogenic safety in pregnancy.
Uchanganuzi wa uhamishaji msimbo wa Kiswahili-Kiingereza: mkabala wa Kiunzi cha Lugha Msingi
Authors: Nyagah Shadrack Kirimi , Mwangi Patrick Iribe , Mungania Basilio Gichobi
Published: January 2024

Binadamu anapokuwa na ujuzi wa lugha zaidi ya moja huzitumia zote katika mazungumzo yake. Hali hii hujulikana kuwa ni uhamishaji msimbo. Uchanganyaji wa mofimu na elementi za Kiswahili na Kiingereza hufanyika kwa haraka bila kumtatiza mzungumzaji au kukwamiza mawasiliano. Hali hii ndiyo imetupa ari ya kuutafitia uhamishaji huu. Tumeegemea mkabala wa kisarufi kubainisha sifa za kiisimu zinazodhihirika wakati lugha ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza hutumika katika sentensi moja. Makala hii inalenga kudhihirisha ikiwa lugha ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza hutekeleza majukumu sawa na pili, kutathmini iwapo uhamishaji msimbo hudhibitiwa na sheria za aina yoyote. Tumetumia modeli ya Kiunzi cha Lugha Msingi (K.L.M) ya Myers-Scotton (1993) kusaidia kutimiza malengo hayo. Data ya makala hii imetokana na mazungumzo ya vipindi viwili kutoka kwenye runinga. Uchanganuzi wa data umeonesha kwamba, lugha ya Kiswahili huwa na majukumu mengi ikilinganishwa na lugha ya Kiingereza. Pia, mofimu na elementi za lugha ya Kiingereza huchopekwa kwenye muundo wa Kiswahili kuambatana na sheria za lugha ya Kiswahili.
Mchango wa kasida teule za Zanzibar katika mapambano dhidi ya ugonjwa wa virusi vya Korona
Authors: Ibrahim Ulfat Abdul-aziz
Published: January 2024

Kasida kama aina mojawapo ya nyimbo zenye maudhui ya kidini zimekuwapo katika jamii zetu kwa muda mrefu. Kasida hizi hutumika katika matukio mbalimbali ya kijamii kama vile sherehe na misiba (Said, 2016). Kupitia kasida, jamii imekuwa ikielimika, kuburudika na kupata nasaha muhimu za maisha. Aidha, kwa kuwa kazi za sanaa, ikiwamo fasihi, ni zao la jamii, watunzi wa kasida za kidini pia husukumwa na matukio mbalimbali ya kijamii kutunga kazi zao. Kwa muktadha huo, makala hii inalenga kuchambua mchango wa kasida za dini katika mapambano dhidi ya Ugonjwa wa Virusi vya Korona– 19 (kuanzia sasa UVIKO-19). Ili kusheheneza makala, mwandishi amesikiliza na kuchambua kasida teule zilizoimbwa kutoka vikundi na madrasa teule za Zanzibar. Ukusanyaji data na uchambuzi wake umeongozwa na Nadharia ya Uhalisia. Matokeo ya utafiti yameonesha kuwa kasida zina mchango mkubwa kwa jamii. Miongni mwa mchango huo ni pamoja na kukumbusha watu kumrejea Mungu, kutoa elimu ya kujikinga na UVIKO-19, kueleza hali ya upatikanaji wa huduma za afya, kubainisha athari za UVIKO-19 na kufanya maombi juu ya kutokomeza UVIKO-19. Kwa ujumla, makala imebainisha mchango wa kasida teule kwa jamii ya Wazanzibari, hususani katika kupambana na magonjwa ya mlipuko. Hivyo, mwandishi anapendekeza kuwa jamii iziendeleze kasida katika kutoa elimu ya kuikinga, kupunguza athari na kuifariji jamii dhidi yamagonjwa mbalimbali ya mlipuko ukiwemo UVIKO-19.
Organisational reward system as a tool in enhancing employee performance: a study of some selected public higher education institutions in Enugu State
Authors: Nze Ujunwa Lilian , Ahumibe Felicia N
Published: January 2024

One of the strategies that many organisations have used to enhance their employees' morale, thereby increasing productvity is applying rewards. The most common rewards are monetary and non-monetary rewards. This study, therefore, sort to examine the effect of reward system on employee performance in selected public higher education institutions in Enugu state, Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive research design and survey method of data collection. The target population of the study was the staff of Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Institute of Management and Technology, and Enugu State University of Science and Technology.The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire administered to 384 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using frequencies and Linear Regression respectively. The result indicates that monetarty incentives (fringe benefits, promotions, salary, and pension scheme) and non-monetary incentives (training and development opportunities, employee recognition, good working conditions and flexibility of working hours) have significant effect on employees’ performance in the Nigerian public higher education institutions. The study, therefore, recommends that management of these institutions should improve on the provision of both monetary and non-monetary incentives because if well planned and implemented as organizational culture would have long-term positive effects on the performance of the employees
Microbiological, Physicochemical and Heavy Metals Assessments of Soils and Selected Vegetables Grown on Rumde-Doubeli Irrigated Farmland in Yola Nigeria
Authors: Ja’afaru Mohammed , Ewansiha Joel , Dahiru Abdulwahab , Chimbekujwo Konjerimam
Published: January 2024

Leaf parts of vegetable plants grown on irrigated farmlands and are easily accessed by contaminants; pose greater risks of being contaminated with heavy metals. Soil, irrigation water and edible vegetable plants were collected and evaluated for concentrations of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and standard laboratory methods. Physicochemical parameters of irrigation water, compared with WHO limits for chloride (326.14 + 7.03 mg/L, 250 mg/L), total hardness (196.0 + 8.72 mg/L, 150 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (286.4 ±1.35 mg/L; 150 mg/L) and alkalinity (171.0 + 4.36 mg/L, 120 mg/L) were significantly (p ˂ 0.05) higher than the control sites and respective reference values. Zinc (0.92 + 0.06 mg/L, 2.00 mg/L) and biological oxygen demand (115.7 + 6.46 mg/L, 200 mg/L, except for site C, which had 211.5 + 1.11 mg/L, 200 mg/L) had lower values compare to the control sites and respective reference values. For the control site, the physicochemical parameters were within the permissible limits but with increase of trace metal contents in soil and consequently into the vegetables (p ˂ 0.05). Microbiological analysis revealed a high count of faecal coliforms, above the WHO recommended limit. Three significant pathogens identified included Salmonella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus species. Farmers should be enlightened on the need for hygienic water for irrigation, and proper disinfection of raw vegetables before its consideration for consumption.

Keyword: Wastewater; Heavy Metal; Pollution; Physicochemical; Irrigation; Toxicity
Geological and Geochemical Characterisation of Pegmatites around Olode, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Jimoh Razak , Olatunji Akinade
Published: January 2024

Olode is prolific in terms of pegmatites, occurring in different ways as large intrusive bodies, as veins and dykes, discordantly intruding the host rocks of mica schist, gneiss and granite. This study is aimed at the geological and geochemical characterisation of pegmatites around Olode. Field investigation was undertaken to determine the occurrences and relationships of the pegmatites with the host rocks. Fresh pegmatite samples were studied petrographically and geochemically. Two main lithologically and chronologically different groups of pegmatites were distinguishable in the study area. These were the tourmaline pegmatites associated with the Older Granite rocks and the NE-SW trending beryl-bearing pegmatites typically occurring as dykes, hosted by the mica schist. Results of the geochemical analysis showed variations in the chemical compositions of the two varieties of pegmatites, reflecting their mineralogical differences, but with common peraluminous provenance. The discrimination plots of Cs and Rb versus K/Rb have classified most of the beryl-bearing pegmatites as mineralised, with mean K/Rb ratio of 85, and the tourmaline pegmatites as barren. The Olode pegmatites have emanated from a common source, a higly mineralised magma, and their differences in chemical composition and occurrences have resulted from fractional crystallisation of the parent magma and varied evolutionary trends.

Keywords: Olode; Pegmatites; Beryl-bearing; Tourmaline; Mineralised;
Trypsin Immobilization on Thiol Functionalized Mesoporous Silicas Prepared Using Castor Oil Template
Authors: Mgaya James
Published: January 2024

Mesoporous thiol modified silicas have been prepared using castor oil as a templating agent. The preparation was done through a co-condensation of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethylorthosilicate in a 1:4 molar ratio. Physisorption studies showed that the prepared mesoporous silicas have an average pore diameter of 9 nm, pore volume of 1.0336 cm3/g and surface areas of up to 605 m2/g. FTIR confirmed the attachment of thiol groups on the surface of the prepared mesoporous silica as evidenced with an absorption band at around 2600 cm. SEM images indicated agglomeration of the prepared particles. The prepared thiol modified silicas were successfully immobilized with trypsin enzyme. The immobilized trypsin enzyme was stable and active for hydrolysis of N-α-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) substrate. Re-use studies of the immobilized trypsin showed that the enzyme could be reused up to four cycles without significant loss of activity.

Keywords: Castor oil; Template; Mesoporous silica; Thiol; Trypsin; Enzyme immobilization;
Assessment of Genetic Diversity of the Wild Rice (Oryza longistaminata) Populations in Tanzania Using Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Mangosongo Hashim , Mneney Emerald , Harvey Jagger , Kyallo Martina
Published: January 2024

The genetic diversity of 132 samples of the perennial wild rice (Oryza longistaminata) populations from selected districts (Bagamoyo, Kibaha, Kilombero and Mbarali) in Tanzania was evaluated using twenty eight microsatellite markers. Genomic DNA was extracted using standard protocols. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out in a total reaction volume of 10 μL, using Touchdown protocol. It was found that all 28 microsatellite markers generated polymorphic patterns, with average Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value of 0.631. Moreover, a total of 243 alleles were detected by the 28 markers, with average of 8.68 alleles per marker. The percentages of genetic variations among and within populations were 10% and 90%, respectively, implying that there was more gene flow among populations than within populations. Furthermore, the O. longistaminata population from Kilombero had highest genetic diversity followed by population from Mbarali, while the lowest genetic diversity was recorded in the population from Kibaha. Generally the populations from Kilombero, Mbarali and Bagamoyo were found to have relatively high genetic diversity, hence have potential to be used in rice breeding. In situ conservation of this species is recommended, and it can be achieved by conserving all areas which harbour populations with high levels of genetic diversity.

Keywords: Genetic diversity; Microsatellites; SSR Markers; Oryza longistaminata; Wild rice;
Total and Available Fluoride Content in Toothpastes Sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Ndoile Monica
Published: January 2024

A total of eleven (11) different toothpaste brands (imported and manufactured in Tanzania) sold in Dar es Salaam were evaluated for Total Fluoride (TF) and Total Soluble Fluoride (TSF) concentrations. To protect the subject’s identity, the samples were coded. Four selected toothpastes were analyzed for potentially bioavailable fluoride by examining the relationship between TSF in tooth brushing residues and in that of the toothpaste. The results indicated that measured TF of the toothpaste samples coded as TPSA, TPSC and TPSH were consistent to the one declared by the manufacturers. On the other hand, samples coded as TPSB, TPSD, TPSE, TPSF, TPSG, TPSI, TPSJ and TPSK showed discrepancies between TF declared by the manufacturers and the measured amounts. Generally, measured TSF in majority of the tested toothpastes were above the minimum required amount for dental caries prevention (≥1000 ppm). Toothpastes with amounts below minimum were, TPSF (TF = 310 ppm and TSF = 305 ppm); TPSG (TF = 350 ppm and TSF = 340 ppm); TPSI (TF = 20 ppm and TSF = 17 ppm). Significant correlations were observed between TSF in toothpastes and in that of brushing residues (r = 0.850; p = 0.0001). These findings indicate that TSF concentration that is chemically available in toothpastes could be used to estimate how much fluoride would be bioavailable during brushing. On the other hand, the necessity for the development of strict regulatory measures on amounts of fluoride concentrations in toothpastes sold in Dar es Salaam is recommended for effective caries control.

Keywords: Toothpaste; Fluoride ion electrode; Available fluoride; Total fluoride; Dentifrice; Dental caries
Improved Image Quality in Digital Mammography Using Anti-Scatter Grids
Authors: Omondi Samson , Msaki Peter , Kazema Ramadhan , Lugendo Innocent
Published: January 2024

Curability and effective management of breast cancer are dependent on its early detection. Early diagnosis strategies focus on providing timely access to breast cancer treatments by reducing barriers and improving access to effective early diagnosis. Mammography is the screening method of choice but suffers from degrading effects of scatter photons obstructing visualization of ductal carcinoma in situ and micro-calcifications in the breast. Quantitative evaluation of scatter suppression by anti-scatter grid using the beam stopper method has been investigated. Breast tissue equivalent phantom, polymethyl methacrylate was evaluated at X-ray mammographic nominal energy ranges. The anti-scatter grid used had aluminium interspace material and carbon fibre covers with varying grid features. Transmitted scatter and primary photon to the detector was analysed and evaluated. A scintillator type detector–model a Dexela 2315 MAM of size 290.8 ×229.8 mm having a resolution of 3072×3888 pixels was used. Transmitted scatter values in the range of 0.123 to 0.243 across the polymethyl methacrylate thickness of 10 mm to 80 mm were observed, whereas transmitted primary values recorded ranged from 0.713 to 0.495. Object, anti-scatter grid and X-ray energy exposure factors influenced the scatter fraction significantly. Improved mammography images showed significant improvements with this scatter reduction method using anti-scatter grid.

Keywords: Digital mammography; Anti-scatter grids; Breast screening; Scatter image artifacts; Beam stopper method;