bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimal Propositions, Cognitive Safety Mechanisms, and Psychological Reality
Authors: Elugardo Reinaldo
Published: November 2023

Cappelen and Lepore’s Semantic Minimalism is based on the familiar idea that natural language is semantically compositional: the meaning of every sentence of a natural language L is compositionally fixed solely by the meanings of its syntactic constituents, and its syntactic structure (2005: 144– 5). The meaning assigned to a sentence of L is the output of a finite, recursively definable, computational procedure defined over a finite stock of semantic primitives. The procedure is a bottom– up, semantically interpretative, process extending from a sentence’s lexical parts, through its phrasal parts, and onto its clausal parts, which includes the sentence itself. Cappelen and Lepore add something else to this familiar picture: the semantic content of a non-indexical sentence is a complete, truth-evaluable, proposition that has no semantically unarticulated constituent: every constituent of the proposition expressed corresponds to some formal bit in the sentence’s syntax (IS 3–4). Call these propositions, ‘‘minimal propositions’’.
The Slade professor
Authors: Hewison Robert
Published: November 2023

The private distress caused by the seventeen- year relationship with Rose La Touche undermined Ruskin ’s mental stability: there are many coded references to her in his public writings. None the less, by the end of the 1860s Ruskin was established as a prominent, if controversial, commentator on art and social issues, with a growing following. His position received institutional recognition when he was elected Oxford’s first Slade professor of fine art in August 1869.
The Origin of Species
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet
Published: November 2023

For support Darwin was now looking primarily to the rising London men of science rather than Cambridge clerics. In April 1856 he invited T. H. Huxley to Down for a weekend party of naturalists, during which he hoped to ensure that his theory could overcome Huxley’s objection to life’s progressive specialization. After this meeting Darwin began writing for publication. He was encouraged by Charles Lyell, who feared for Darwin’s priority after reading Alfred Russel Wallace’s ‘On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species’ in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1855.
The search for fame
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881), prime minister and novelist, was born on 21 December 1804 at 6 King’s Road, Bedford Row, London, the eldest son and second of five children of Isaac D’Israeli (1766–1848) and his wife, Maria (1775–1847), daughter of Naphtali and Ricca Basevi. From 1810 or 1811 he attended a school at Islington kept by a Miss Roper, and then, probably from 1813, one at Blackheath belonging to the Revd John Potticary, where he was given separate instruction in Judaism.
‘Nothing is difficult to the brave’
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Disraeli made his maiden speech in parliament on 7 December 1837, in a debate on MPs’ privileges. It was another challenge to Daniel O’Connell, the previous speaker, and was hooted down by jeering O’Connellite Irishmen, though not before its extraordinarily elaborate and aﬀected language had caused much hilarity. After that unpropitious beginning Disraeli avoided publicity for most of the rest of the parliament, generally supporting Sir Robert Peel and attacking the free trade agitators. However, he did urge respect for the Chartist movement.
The Reform drama and the premiership
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: November 2023

By the time of the 1865 election Disraeli had gained in position. The Conservatives, though still in a minority, won 290 seats at that election, and would doubtless have won more but for the popularity of Palmerston. Disraeli had become a more familiar figure in establishment circles, especially at court, where his ability to pay lavish public respect to the memory of Prince Albert won the queen’s affection even more than his willingness to refrain from attempting to unseat her government. He was excited beyond measure by his reception there, particularly by a much coveted invitation to the wedding of the prince of Wales in 1863 (shrewdly arranged by Palmerston).
Making of an architect
Authors: Downes Kerry
Published: November 2023

It was not unusual in this period for the well-educated to take up architecture as a gentle- manly activity, widely accepted in theory as a branch of applied mathematics; this is implicit in the writings of Vitruvius and explicit in such sixteenth-century authors as John Dee and Leonard Digges. Wren’s father was a keen and erudite observer of buildings. Oxford saw much fine building throughout the first half of the seventeenth century, and Wren’s own college, Wadham, was a paragon of Jacobean modernity (1610–13). He arrived at Gresham with a far from casual eye, having in Oxford absorbed intuitively the fundamentals of architectural design.
A public architect
Authors: Downes Kerry
Published: November 2023

During the 1670s Wren received significant secular commissions which manifest both the maturity and the variety of his architecture and the sensitivity of his response to diverse briefs; two of these works also involved Robert Hooke. The Monument commemorating the great fire, erected on Fish Street Hill near its source, was funded from the coal tax (1671–6). It is a colossal column, a concept consciously indebted to Roman models; several projects survive from different hands, including Hooke’s. Wren was certainly in control of the final design, which is not Hooke’s— an orthodox fluted Doric column, probably modelled on the smaller one erected in Paris a century
Mechanical hand and philosophical mind
Authors: Downes Kerry
Published: November 2023

The Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich Wren’s response to a challenge is nowhere better seen than in his last major building, the Royal Naval Hospital at Greenwich. The sea victory of La Hogue (1692) cost serious casualties, a number of whom were accommodated in the abandoned palace begun for Charles II by John Webb in 1664. The philanthropic concerns underlying Chelsea turned to the navy, and Wren was among those who in 1693 discussed a permanent institution on this site. The sovereigns’ grant of the site in October 1694 stemmed from Queen Mary’s particular interest and her desire for greater magnificence than Chelsea’s.
Introduction
Authors: Voorhoeve Alex
Published: November 2023

The Phaedrus recounts a discussion between Phaedrus and Socrates that takes place while they are relaxing in the shade of a plane tree by the banks of the Ilissus. Towards the end of the dialogue, Socrates raises the question of the best way to do philosophy. He argues that philosophical texts do not produce true understanding, because they do not fully engage with their audience. A text, he points out, cannot pick up on a reader’s misinterpretations or emotional resistance to its message, and so cannot respond to them. Nor can it respond to requests for clarification, or defend its theses against unforeseen objections.
A Mistrustful Animal
Authors: Williams Bernard
Published: November 2023

Bernard Williams (1929 –2003) was a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and taught at University College London, Cambridge University, and the University of California at Berkeley. He is the author of, among other works, Morality, Utilitarianism: For and Against (with J. J. C. Smart), Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, Truth and Truthfulness, and several volumes of essays, including the famous collection Moral Luck.
The sound inventory
Authors: Duanmu San
Published: November 2023

Speech is, at some level, made of a sequence of sounds (consonants and vowels). For example, there are three sounds (or segments) in the English word miss [mɪs], whose boundaries are easy to identify phonetically. However, sometimes the case is less obvious. For example, is the long vowel [iː] one sound or two? Since it has no internal boundary, it looks like one sound. On the other hand, it is much longer than a short vowel, so it is like two sounds in terms of duration. Similarly, the diphthong [ai] is like two sounds in terms of duration, but it is like one sound for lack of an internal boundary. A sound like [ ph] presents another kind of problem. It is like two sounds because there is a phonetic boundary between [ p] and [h]. In addition, the duration of [ ph] seems to be longer than that of [ p]. However, phonetic studies show that the vowel that follows [ ph] is shorter than the vowel that follows [ p]. As a result, a syllable like [ phai] ‘ send’ in SC is not appreciably longer than a syllable like [ pai] ‘ defeat’ . Therefore, in terms of total syllable duration [ ph] is still like one sound.
Expressive Versus Instrumental Motivation of Turnout, Partisanship, and Political Learning
Authors: Tóka Gábor
Published: November 2023

An exciting recent development in theories of voting is the increasing formalization of the difference between electoral outcomes under instrumental and expressive models of voting. Although the relevant literature concentrates on the problem of turnout, the choice between these models has to be confronted with respect to every aspect of voting behavior, including party choice (Brennan and Buchanan 1984) and the information-processing activities that shape choices (cf. Downs 1957; Popkin 1991).
‘In the name of the father’: Ovid’s Theban law
Authors: Janan Micaela
Published: November 2023

When Ovid turns to epic in the Metamorphoses, he eschews the genre’s preoccupation with either founding or defending polities;1 instead, he constructs a largely ‘pastoral’ epic of sinister bent.2 There would seem to be no place for Rome in a landscape where cities Wgure largely as backdrops established perfunctorily at the beginning of a tale, mere names isolated in wilderness. Rome and her history are indeed curiously patchy presences in the epic. From 13.623 onwards, the Metamorphosesdoes nominally contain the story of her founding. However, Ovid divides the story of Aeneas’ journey from Troy to Italy, the founding of Alba Longa, and the reigns of the early Alban and Roman kings into hasty summaries bracketed between leisurely divagations into extraneous narratives. Anius’ magical daughters (13.632–74), Polyphemus’ love for Galatea and revenge on her lover Acis (13.740–897), Circe’s passion for Glaucus and her retaliation against his beloved Scylla (13.898–14.74), all these stories and more interrupt the Roman narrative, swallowing most of the space in Such as Troy, Ithaca, Thebes, Persia, Colchian Aia, Carthage, Rome—the centres of attention in, respectively, Homer’s Iliadand Odyssey, Antimachus’ Thebais, and Choerilus of Samos’ Persica(both late Wfth century bce), Apollonius Rhodius’ Argonautica, Naevius’ Bellum Poenicum, Ennius’ Annales, and Vergil’s Aeneid. On the eclipse of the city in favour of the countryside in the Metamorphoses, see Hardie (1990: 224).
Ancient Rome for little comrades: the legacy of classical antiquity in Soviet children’s literature*
Authors: Balina Marina
Published: November 2023

My verse by labor will break the mountain chain of years, and will present itself ponderous, crude, tangible, as an aqueduct by slaves of Rome constructed, enters into our days. Vladimir Mayakovsky, At the Top of My Voice, 1930 * I would like to thank Diana Spencer, David Larmour, Jason Moralee, and Mark Lipovetsky for their invaluable comments and criticism on earlier versions of this article. My deep appreciation goes to Leila Dadiashvili for her assistance in gathering materials essential to my research. I extend my gratitude to Genevieve Nehrt for providing visual support for this publication. My heartfelt thanks go to my colleague Scott Sheridan whose insightful commentary and stimulating discussions helped me during various stages of this project.
Jane Austen
Authors: Butler Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain’s most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck.
Childhood
Authors: Butler Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Jane Austen (1775–1817), novelist, was born on 16 December 1775 at the rectory in Steventon, near Basingstoke, Hampshire, the seventh child and younger daughter of George Austen (1731–1805), rector of Deane and Steventon, and private tutor, and his wife, Cassandra (1739–1827), youngest daughter of the Revd Thomas Leigh (1696–1764) and Jane Walker (d. 1768).

George Austen was the only son of William Austen (1701–1737), a surgeon of Tonbridge, Kent, and Rebecca, daughter of the Gloucester physician Sir George Hampson, baronet, who died in 1733.
The making of a writer
Authors: Butler Marilyn
Published: November 2023

In his Memoir of Jane Austen, Edward Austen- Leigh planted the tradition, subscribed to by most twentieth-century critics and biographers, that Austen the novelist was substantially created at home. Thanks to tuition by her father and brothers, Jane was exposed as a child to the eighteenth-century essayists Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, and Samuel Johnson and to the novelists Samuel Richardson and Fanny Burney. It is probably true that the clarity, sharpness, and wit of the prose of Austen’s juvenilia indicate attentive reading in the century’s stylists, a good ear for the balance of a sentence, and sound regard for verbal economy.
Early novels
Authors: Butler Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Having copied and put away her miscellany of juvenilia in June 1793, Jane Austen began work on ‘Elinor and Marianne’, a very early version of Sense and Sensibility, said to have been first written in an epistolary form, and read out to the family about 1795. It was possibly at this time that Austen also began her novella, Lady Susan, although the fair copy of manuscript (now in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York) is untitled and was written on paper of which two leaves are watermarked ‘1805’. A spirited depiction of a woman seeking self-advancement, Lady Susan was first published as an addition to the second edition (1871) of Edward Austen-Leigh’s Memoir.
Austen at Chawton
Authors: Butler Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Before the end of her stay at Southampton Jane Austen was preparing for the writing she meant to return to once at Chawton. In her new home she was able to establish a routine for her own work with a minimal place in it for housework. Her nephew Edward Austen-Leigh does not comment on the marked generosity of three older women, who agreed to manage the household while Jane wrote. Instead he admired Jane’s ladylike discretion in covering her work with blotting paper in order to keep her secret, that she was writing for publication, from the neighbours. This was rather like her brother Henry’s disingenuous claim that she was prevailed upon with difficulty to publish.
‘England hath need of thee’
Authors: Campbell Gordon
Published: November 2023

In 1669 Milton published his Accidence commenced grammar, supplied with suﬃcient rules for the use of such (younger or elder) as are desirous without more trouble than need to attain the Latin tongue, the elder sort especially, with little teaching and their own industry; it is not clear when Milton had written this primer of Latin accidence (that is, the variable forms of words) and grammar, but it is possible that it was a product of his years as a teacher in the 1640s. Two years later Milton published his History of Britain.
Caskets Decorated with Biblical Scenes
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: November 2023

Two rectangular silver caskets decorated with biblical scenes and dated to the last quarter of the fourth century are known to us. One was found in the church of S. Nazaro in Milan; the other was discovered near Nea Herakleia in Macedonia in 1966. The two differ in size and choice of scenes, but since they share certain iconographic and stylistic elements they provide a good point of departure for our research into early Christian caskets. A monograph has been written on the casket from Milan (see Introduction); here, therefore, the discussionwill focus on the casket from NeaHerakleia while the Milan casketwill be considered in terms of comparison.
Decoration Programmes in Context
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: November 2023

Two of the caskets discussed here, the Capsella Africana and the casket from Grado, possibly also the Capsella Brivio, were discovered in churches, and we may add the caskets cited as comparative material, one found in the church of S. Nazaro, the other in the cathedral of Pula.In addition, the Africana and the casket from Grado are decorated with images of martyrs rather than of the apostles; the latter is also inscribed with the martyrs’ names, and so it seems safe to assume that these caskets were intended to be reliquaries. However, the fact of having been found in a church is not sufficient in itself to determine the function of relic container.
Mental Causation on the Program Model
Authors: Menzies Peter
Published: November 2023

In the late 1980s and early 1990s Philip Pettit collaborated with Frank Jackson in writing an important series of articles in which they proposed an account of causal relevance that they called the program model of causal relevance (Jackson and Pettit 1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1992a, 1992b). While Jackson (1996) seems to have moved away from the model as a solution to the problem of intentional causation (he tells me that he still thinks it is the right account of a major kind of causal relevance), Pettit has gone on to articulate and develop the model in interesting ways on his own.
Contestatory Citizenship; Deliberative Denizenship
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

Political philosophy is construed as having a relevance problem to a world where power has become pluralized, governance networked. We cannot assume that the Westphalian project of progressively centralizing power in the hands of the state at the expense of other centres of power such as the church, granting the state a monopoly over the use of armed force, continues to be a project with explanatory force. Philip Pettit ‘s political philosophy of republican dispersal of power and contestatory democracy to secure freedom as non-domination is a serviceable framework for coming to grips with pluralized governance through networks.
Crime, Responsibility, and Institutional Design
Authors: Lacey Nicola
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I address certain aspects of two questions to which Philip Pettit ‘s work has made an important contribution. First, given both our normative commitments and our understanding of human psychology and the social world, how can we best design institutions of criminal justice? Second, what role does the concept of human responsibility play in the legitimation of criminalizing power, and how do normative and social analyses of responsibility interact in contributing to our understanding of this question? In selecting these topics, I have been guided not merely by my own research interests, but by what I see as one of the greatest strengths of Pettit ‘s work: his astute grasp not only of normative and conceptual questions in moral and political philosophy, but also of the relevance of empirical facts bearing on, and the institutional conditions of existence of, normatively desirable political arrangements.
Bending The Rules
Authors: Hinde Robert A
Published: November 2023

Everywhere people share certain moral principles - it is bad to steal, to kill, to lie. We see our morality as absolute, yet we live by rules that differ with the context: it is ok to kill the enemy in war; for a businessman to do the best for himself; for a lawyer to argue professionally for a position he would personally reject. We are constantly ‘bending the rules’, while considering our moral principles as absolute. Robert Hinde, the eminent Cambridge biologist and psychologist, presents a new approach to morality based on combining an evolutionary approach with observations on how people actually behave to show that morality is more subtle than it appears. The complexity of modern societies requires the rules to be somewhat flexible according to the context - personal relationships, science, law, business, politics and war. Some bending of rules is necessary for social cohesion; but too much is destructive. Hinde argues from a humanistic standpoint for a deeper appreciation of the nature of morality, so that we may avoid global catastrophe, and strive for a more ethical, just, and peaceful world.
Objects Collect People: Past Perspectives on the Mind and the Material World
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison
Published: November 2023

In a conventional view, a museum is a set of objects collected by people. But it is possible to reverse this formula and see a museum as a set of people gathered up by objects. Tylor, Balfour, Pitt Rivers, and many other collectors like them collected people partly to collect objects. Take, for example, one letter in the manuscript collections at the Pitt Rivers Museum. In the autumn of 1896 Tylor received the letter from his friend and colleague in Canada, the American ethnologist Horatio Hale, whom he had asked to secure some Canadian wampum beads for his collection.
Intentionality or Phenomenology? Descartes and the Objects of Thought
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

Descartes, according to a widespread conception, is seen as having set a distinctive stamp on the mind–body problem: by taking the mind to be something privately accessed by each individual, he made its relationship to the public world of science a matter for prolonged philosophical puzzlement. But for many late twentieth-century philosophers, the long tangle of problems stemming from the supposed ‘privacy’ of the mental is at last reaching its end, and the focus of debate has shifted back to a quite different aspect of the mind, discussed by philosophers long before Descartes, and later made famous by Brentano, namely its intentionality. Intentionality, that property of the mind in virtue of which it is directed at, or about, or of, certain objects, is not normally thought of as a topic on which Descartes had much to say.
Descartes on Colour
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

‘Philosophy scarcely ever advances a greater paradox in the eyes of the people than when it affirms that Snow is neither cold nor white: Fire neither hot nor red.’ So wrote Hume on 4 July 1762; and he commented on the great ‘pains’ it had cost Malebranche and Locke to establish that ‘the Sensible Qualities of Heat, Smell, Sound and Colour’ are ‘not really in Bodies’. What Hume had in mind was Malebranche’s vigorous attack on the ‘error’ whereby almost everyone believes that ‘heat is in the fire ... and colours in coloured objects’ (Recherche de la vérité[1674], bk. I ch. xi), and Locke’s assault on the ‘vulgar’ way of talking ‘as if Light and Heat were really something in the Fire more than a power to excite [certain] Ideas in us’ (Essay concerning Human Understanding [1670], bk. II ch. xxxi §2). But Hume might have gone back further. For both Malebranche and, whether directly or indirectly, Locke, were powerfully influenced in their attitude to colour and other sensible qualities, by the arguments of RenéDescartes. It is the contribution of Descartes to what we now know as the ‘secondary qualities’ tradition that will be the main theme of this chapter.
United States Redistricting: A Comparative Look at the 50 States
Authors: McDonald Michael P
Published: November 2023

Redistricting in the United States is exceptional in that it is decentralized, political, and often litigated. Article I, Section 4, of the United States Constitution delegates authority to conduct federal elections to the state legislatures; the Constitution is silent on the conduct of state and local elections, reserving those responsibilities to the states. Over time, national and state constitutions have been amended and reinterpreted through the legal system to place constraints on state decision-making with regard to redistricting. In addition, the patch-work of state laws regulating the redistricting process has been supplemented by federal laws and federal court decisions under specific circumstances.
The Politics of Redistricting in Japan: A Contradiction between Equal Population and Respect for Local Government Boundaries
Authors: Moriwaki Toshimasha
Published: November 2023

In March 1994, the Japanese parliament passed a series of political reform bills. The major purpose of these bills was to revise the electoral system. The system in place at the time, which had been introduced in 1925, was that of multimember districts with a single non-transferable vote (SNTV). Under this system, each electoral district elected three to five representatives and voters cast only one vote. This electoral system was criticized for producing severe competition among individual candidates, as opposed to political parties. Individual candidates were required to collect large amounts of money and organize their own campaigns in order to compete effectively. Critics of this electoral system contended that this had corrupted Japanese politics.
Race and Redistricting in the United States: An Overview
Authors: Lublin David
Published: November 2023

The racial composition of constituency boundaries has often been manipulated for both racial and partisan purposes in the United States. Racial redistricting, a common American name for this policy, has played a critical role in attempts both to advance and to suppress minority representation in the United States. Although over four decades have passed since the enactment of the Voting Rights Act 1965, heated battles over the necessity of intentionally creating majority– minority districts for the election of minority officials and its impact on minority representation continue in the scholarly, legal, and political arenas.
Interrogating Whiteness
Authors: Huggan Graham
Published: November 2023

The last decade or so has witnessed the rapid development of a comparative cross-disciplinary scholarship on whiteness that has proved instrumental in building arguments against white supremacism, bigotry and racethinking at both local and, increasingly, transnational and global levels (see, for example, Dyer 1997; Frankenberg 1993, 1997; Hill 1997, 2003; Ware and Back 2002). The aim of this scholarship, particularly widespread in the US, has been to move beyond whiteness as a privileged racial category; its two main variants have been either to press for the abolition of whiteness as the shameful legacy of formerly segregated societies (Ignatiev 1995; Roediger 1994), or to forge more critically conscious understandings of whiteness as an empowering form of ethnic self-identity (Kincheloe et al. 1998). The whiteness to which these critics refer is not a given, ontological category but rather a ‘normative structure, a discourse of power, and a form of [racialized] identity’ (Ware and Back 2002: 13).
Multiculturalism and its Discontents
Authors: Huggan Graham
Published: November 2023

In 1994, the previously little-known writer Helen Darville published her first novel The Hand that Signed the Paper, and almost immediately hit the headlines. Succès d’estime — the novel won a stash of literary prizes— came to be accompanied by succès de scandale as it emerged, not only that it had played fast and loose with Holocaust history, but also that it had been published under a false Ukrainian name. The ‘Demidenko affair’, as it all too quickly came to be known, raised unanswerable questions about its infamous progenitor. Was Demidenko/Darville to be seen as a pathological attention-seeker, or rather as a canny manipulator? Was she to be treated in her own right, or rather to be added to an already impressive list of Australian literary hoaxers, tricksters, frauds?
Essentially Embodied Agency I: Actions, Causes, and Reasons
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle
Published: November 2023

It turns out that it is not at all easy to say what the categorical difference between an intentional arm-raising and a mere arm-rising really consists in. Now the we and us in action are conscious, intentional, motile, egocentrically-centered and spatially oriented, thermodynamically irreversible, suitably neurobiologically complex living organisms— minded animals. So our goal in this chapter and the next is to say as precisely as possible what, for minded animals, the categorical difference between intentional actions and mere bodily events really is. More specifically, this chapter explores the neurophenomenological, conceptual, and metaphysical connections between intentional actions, causes, and reasons. In Section 2.1, we spell out and criticize classical causal theories of action in a general way. But as we point out, non-causal theories of action are also unacceptable, since they implausibly substitute teleological reasons-explanations for the basic causal facts that actually bring about intentional actions. Our response to this dilemma is to develop a non-classical but still causal theory of action— what we call the Essentially Embodied Agency Theory. In Sections 3.2 to 3.5 we motivate this theory of action by focusing specifically on Davidson’s classical causal theory and then developing four fundamental worries about it.
Spartan Visions: Antiquity and the Metaxas Dictatorship
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: November 2023

In mid-May 1939 an unusual excavation was being carried out by the General Director of Greek Antiquities, Spyridon Marinatos. The excavation, which was reported extensively in the domestic as well as the foreign press, took place at the site of Thermopylai in central Greece, and its aim was to locate the spot of the famous battle between the invading Persian army and the defending ancient Greek soldiers. The battle, which was narrated in detail by Herodotus (VII.213–217), is known in the modern Greek national narrative and imagination as the episode when Leonidas, the Spartan leader, sacrificed himself together with 300 remaining Spartan fighters. The Greek soldiers were managing to successfully resist the invaders but were overcome by them only due to treason by Ephialtes, whose name forever since has been synonymous with shameful national treachery.
Introduction
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Recent scholarship on early Greek elegy suggests that there were two basic types: shorter poems sung at symposia on a variety of martial, political, and erotic themes and much longer historical narratives, such as Mimnermus’ Smyrneis or Simonides’ poem on the battle of Plataea. There is less consensus on the existence of a third type, a formal elegaic lament sung in funerary contexts that was perhaps a specialty of the Doric world. Our understanding of all forms of archaic elegy is, however, continually vexed by our inability to know what was the traditional length of a shorter elegiac poem and what—if any—was the size of a typical compositional unit in the more extended poems. Such ignorance greatly limits our aesthetic appreciation, for example, of the poetry of Archilochus and Mimnermus, which survives antiquity only in small, isolated fragments quoted out of context by much later authors, who were generally more interested in mining these ancient poems for moral maxims than appreciating them as examples of archaic poetry. This ignorance is equally debilitating when we turn our attention to the longer
Internal Structure
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Of the two derivations of the word ‘ stanza’ mentioned in the previous chapter, weshallexplore Wrsttheideaofastanzaasa’ room’ , thatis, a freestanding and internally coherent poetic unit. Many early archaic elegiac fragments do, in fact, seem to be composed in Wve-couplet stanzas, individually marked by thematic or rhetorical coherence but also by poetic devices common to other genres, for example, ring-composition and other forms of repetition that bring the stanza to satisfying closure. Single elegiac stanzas often take one of two recognizable forms with regard to content: (i) an A–B form, which begins with one theme or outlook, but then Wnishes—sometimes after a dramatic twist in the middle of the Wfth line—with another, strongly contrary one; and (ii) an A–B–A form, which begins with one topic (A), shifts to a second (B), whichchallengesorillustratesthe Wrst, andthenreturnstothe Wrst (A) at the veryend ofthe stanza. Elegiac poets also cast otherkindsofrhetorical forms or generic set-pieces in the form of a single stanza. One persistent patternconsistsoffourcoupletsofmeditationfollowedbyasingleoneof exhortation. Set-pieces include the elegiac prayer, which often starts and ends with the name of the deity invoked, and the elegiac catalogue or priamel, which regularly begins with a general gnomic statement and then lists at least three illustrative examples of it.
Composition
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we examined the inner structure of individual stanzas, turning our attention only in the last instance, the catalogues of Solon 13, to how these stanzas might be arranged with others in a longer sequence. In what follows I shift entirely to this second, more complex order of analysis and once again I Wnd it helpful to invoke the two diVerent derivations of the term ‘ stanza’ . Italian musicians and poets originally imagined stanzas as regular ‘ stopping points’ on a journey, at which the poet could pause and then change the content, tone, or mode of his discourse, a model that is most apt for the Wrst section of this chapter, where I discuss how elegiac poets regularly use the boundaries between stanzas as points of transition between advice and meditation, the two basic linguistic actions of the elegiac genre.1 The second deWnition of stanza as a ‘ room’ , which proved useful in the previous chapter, will be invoked again in the second half of this chapter. Here, however, I draw upon a wider architectural metaphor and imagine the structure of a longer poem as a building of sorts assembled from a series of ‘ rooms’ , that are joined together in complimentary and coordinated ways. This use of individual stanzas as building blocks allows the poet to present and explore more complex ideas in an extended and orderly fashion, such as we Wnd, for example, in Tyrtaeus’ lengthy discussion of excellence (IæET) in his Fragment 12 or Solon’ s ‘ Ages of Man’ elegy (Fragment 24).
Performance
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Now that we have a good sense of how poets constructed individual elegiac stanzas and used them to organize longer compositions, a diVerent question arises: can the stanzaic design of these fragments give us any insight into how this genre was performed? In recent years, for example, scholars have suggested that the extant elegiac fragments might be more polyphonic and complex than previously imagined. Reviving the work of Reitzenstein and others, some have returned to the idea that most if not all shorter elegiac compositions, like Greek drinking songs (skolia), were sung at symposia by a series of individuals, with each in turn ‘ taking up the song’ and adding to or reacting against the verses of the previous singer.
Conclusions
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

The five-couplet stanza appears to have been popular among early elegiac poets as a frame for a short poem or contribution to a sympotic performance, and also as a helpful unit for assembling longer compositions. Given the fragmentary evidence for early elegy, it is fruitless, of course, to invoke statistics in any probative way, but they do give us some sense, albeit grosso modo, of the importance of this feature. Of the extant fragments longer than four couplets it is remarkable how many are themselves either preserved as rhetorically complete and coherent Wve-couplet units or as longer stretches of two or more such stanzas.
Introduction
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: November 2023

Years ago a colleague asked me how ‘tense and aspect worked’ in Bantu. I realized I could not answer the question. I knew something of the verb in the standard form and in some dialects of Swahili, somewhat less of verbs in some other East African languages, and almost nothing about verbs in all the other hundreds of Bantu languages spoken in east, south, central, and west central Africa. I realized that most other Bantuists and linguists were and are in much the same situation. Many linguists know or suspect that some Bantu languages have a rich set of grammaticalized tense-aspect categories but the details and the limits of the set are much less well known. Two Bantuists (Meeussen 1967; Guthrie 1971) attempted to reconstruct (diachronic) verbal formatives and verbal morphology for Proto-Bantu.
Verb structure and categories in Bantu
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: November 2023

Most morphologists distinguish analytic/isolating from synthetic languages. In ana- lytic languages ‘most word-forms are made up of a single morph’ (Bauer 1988: 246), clearly not the Bantu or Niger-Congo case. Synthetic languages are divided into polysynthetic, inflectional/fusional, and agglutinating. Polysynthetic is irrelevant, as it refers to languages having very long strings of bound morphemes, as in Algonkian, often equivalent to a whole long sentence in a language such as English. Inflectional and agglutinating are often presented as a contrast—a language is one or the other. Both types have in common that the major word classes, such as noun and verb, consist of a stem and in?ectional morphemes.
Tense
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: November 2023

This chapter sets out the general thinking behind the analysis of tense, deals with major categories and their exponence across Bantu, provides examples, examines different kinds of systems, and devotes some space to minor categories. In Bantu studies in English, the term ‘tense’ is used in two ways. Elsewhere it has been used as a cover term for both tense and aspect, thus any form inflected for tense, aspect, or mood (and sometimes other categories, too) would be referred to as a ‘tense’. In this book ‘tense’ is not used like that, the concepts ‘tense’ and ‘aspect’ being clearly distinguished. Once they are separated, there are several definitions of tense, which differ mainly by their emphases.
What can be assumed for Proto-Bantu?
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: November 2023

Since the general historical background to Bantu may not be familiar to all readers, it is brieﬂy sketched here, then followed by an outline of the linguistic methodology used. (Narrow) Bantu languages are said to form a discrete family within Niger-Congo, the largest linguistic phylum in the world with over 1,500 languages (Gordon 2004). Proto-Niger-Congo was likely spoken at least ten thousand years ago.1 Within Niger-Congo, Bantu is a subpart of a grouping currently called Benue-Congo (Williamson and Blench 2000).
Processes of change
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: November 2023

Whereas much of the nineteenth, and the first two-thirds of the twentieth century were involved with comparative work, that is, triangulating backwards from contemporary languages to reconstruct earlier language stages, the last few decades have seen mounting interest in examining downstream change from earlier to more recent language states and in the processes involved. This book does both. This chapter is a summary and arrangement of the processes of change mentioned in the body of this book, particularly in Chapters 3–6. It builds on the work done by other Africanists in the last thirty years.
Homer and the Archaic Age
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: November 2023

At the very same time that one Greek city was revering a ‘frojan as its eponymous founder, another was transforming the Trojans into barbarian precursors of the Persians. The former was the obscure northern town of Aineia, the latter was Athens as it recovered from the Persian wars.1 These two examples represent opposite poles and help to demonstrate that there was no one image of the Trojans current among the Greeks. Instead, the Greek relationship with the mythical Trojans ,vas complex and changing, responding to situation and circumstances. The alien, non-Greek Trojan that can be observed in Athens has perhaps acquired greater prominence than it should have, and this is for two reasons. First, the very Athenocentric nature of our evidence tends to mean that the shift from ‘Athenian’ to ‘Greek’ is all too easily made; secondly, Athens’ role as the cultural centre of the Greek world led later intellectuals to adopt readily an Athenian perspective.
Greek States and Roman Relatives
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: November 2023

In the 190s ambassadors from the Greek city of Lampsakos in the Troad arrived in Rome to seek Roman protection. Coming before the Senate they informed their aristocratic audience that the people of Lampsakos were kinsmen of the Romans. This is no isolated instance. Several other states also invoked ties of kinship when making approaches to Rome. The numbers may be few but the mere fact is significant. For many scholars the Greeks were exploiting Rome’s Trojan ancestry to win favours for themselves. The implication is that they said these things because they thought that the Romans would be pleased to hear them. 1 This, however, distorts what was happening by focusing on the relationship between the Greek states and Rome while at the same time failing to take account of the Hellenistic context.
The Roman Nude
Authors: Hallett Christopher H
Published: November 2023

Statues of important Romans frequently represented them nude. Men were portrayed naked holding weapons - the naked emperor might wield the thunderbolt of Jupiter - while Roman women assumed the guise of the nude love-goddess, Venus. When faced with these strange images, modern viewers are usually unsympathetic, finding them incongruous, even tasteless. They are mostly written off as just another example of Roman `bad taste'. This book offers a new approach. Comprehensively illustrated with black and white photographs of nude Romans represented in a wide range of artistic media, it investigates how this tradition arose, and how the nudity of these images was meant to be understood by contemporary viewers. And, since the Romans also employed a variety of other costumes for their statues (toga, armour, Greek philosopher's cloak), it asks, `What could nudity express that other costumes could not?' It is Hallett's claim that - looked at in this way - these `Roman nudes' turn out to be documents of the first importance for the cultural historian.
The Roman Adoption of the Nude Portrait
Authors: Hallett Christopher H
Published: November 2023

This chapter seeks to reconstruct the historical circumstances in which leading Romans of the late Republic took over for themselves the Greek convention of the portrait in ‘heroic costume’. We begin with a brief review of the earliest known cases in which Romans (or Italians) are so portrayed.
The Nude Portrait under the Empire
Authors: Hallett Christopher H
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to determine the function and meaning of the portrait in heroic costume under the empire. Since the extant material for this period is so abundant, the kind of comprehensive treatment attempted in the previous chapter is not possible. Instead a different method is followed: in the first part of the chapter a broad historical survey is offered of the various kinds of nude portrait found in the imperial period, making use of select examples to represent (as far as is possible) the full extent and variety of the surviving evidence. There follows in the second part a brief account of the general range of costumes employed for Roman portraits that reconstructs the symbolic significance of each costume for Roman self-representation.
Colour, Consciousness, and Colour Consciousness
Authors: Mclaughlin Brian P
Published: November 2023

For those of us blessed with sight, colours have been manifest in the scenes before our eyes ever since such scenes first came into focus. Familiarity has not bred understanding, however. The nature of these old acquaintances remains a matter of dispute. The dispute is intimately tied to ‘the hard problem’ of visual consciousness-the problem of determining the nature of visual consciousness.
The Content and Epistemology of Phenomenal Belief
Authors: Chalmers David J
Published: November 2023

Experiences and beliefs are different sorts of mental states, and are often taken to belong to very different domains. Experiences are paradigmatically phenomenal, characterized by what it is like to have them. Beliefs are paradigmatically intentional, characterized by their propositional content. But there are a number of crucial points where these domains intersect. One central locus of intersection arises from the existence of phenomenal beliefs: beliefs that are about experiences.
Perspectival Representation and the Knowledge Argument
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: November 2023

Someday there will be no more articles written about the ‘Knowledge Argu¬ ment’ (Nagel 1974; Jackson 1982). That is beyond dispute. What is less certain is, how much sooner that day will come than the heat death of the universe. Let us quickly review Jackson’s version of the argument. He offers the now painfully familiar example of Mary, the brilliant colour scientist trapped in an entirely black-and-white laboratory. (Even she herself is painted black and white. There are potential complications that would have been avoided had Jackson made Mary temporarily colour-blind instead of merely confined to her lab space, but I shall ignore those.) Working through her modem and various black-and-white monitors, she becomes scientifically omniscient as regards the physics and chemistry of colour, the neurophysiology of colour vision, and every other conceivably relevant scientific fact; we may even suppose that she becomes scientifically omniscient, period.
Why Cognitive Scientists Cannot Ignore Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Smith Quentin
Published: November 2023

There is something fundamentally disturbing about contemporary philosophy of mind and philosophical cognitive science. Almost without exception (exceptions such as Lockwood (1989) and Chalmers (1996, see esp. p. 349) ), the philosophical theories are logically inconsistent with the most well-confirmed theory ever developed by humans, namely, quantum mechanics. Why do philosophers develop theories of the mind-brain as if quantum mechanics does not exist, or as if it is utterly irrelevant to theories of the mind-brain? I believe this epistemic situation has arisen due to a series of questionable philosophical arguments about the role of philosophy of mind/cognitive science and quantum mechanics in our overall theoretical framework. In sect. I explain some of these arguments and contend they are unsound.