bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) aggregate formation in binary solvent mixtures: An excitonic coupling analysis
Authors: Johnson Calynn E. , Boucher David S.
Published: February 2014

The aggregation behavior of P3HT [Mn ≈ 28.2 kDa, regioregularity >96%, PDI ≈ 1.3] in 96 solvent mixtures is studied using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. Hansen solubility parameters and Spano excitonic coupling analyses are used to identify correlations between the properties of the solvent mixtures and the extent of structural order of the aggregates. It is clear that the identity of the poor solvent used to drive aggregation has a significant impact on the excitonic coupling behavior and, hence, the structural order of the P3HT aggregates. However, solubility parameter theory does not account nor provide a predictive theory for the observed trends. Instead, qualitative arguments based on the nature of the interactions between the solvents and the polythiophene and hexyl side chain motifs are used to rationalize the kinetics of formation and the observed excitonic coupling characteristics of the P3HT aggregates. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 526–538
Rock Glacier Inventory of the Valles Calchaquíes Region (~ 25°S), Salta, Argentina, Derived from ALOS Data
Authors: Falaschi Daniel , Castro Mariano , Masiokas Mariano , Tadono Takeo , Ahumada Ana Lía
Published: February 2014

Rock glaciers near the Andean mountains of central and northwestern Argentina provide an important supply of water for agriculture, but data on their number, size, geographic distribution and altitudinal range are poorly known. Here, we provide the first detailed rock glacier inventory of the Valles Calchaquíes region of Salta, Argentina, based on 2.5 m x 2.5 m resolution Advanced Land Observing Satellite PRISM (Panchromatic Remote‐sensing Instruments for Stereo Mapping) satellite images. Rock glacier outlines were manually digitised and a total of 488 were identified, which cover a total area of c. 59 km2. The lower limits of intact and fossil rock glaciers are at c. 4300 m asl and 4100 m asl, respectively. Because rock glaciers are protected by law in Argentina, the inventory provides an important basis for political decision‐making about water resources and for further periglacial and environmental studies in this region. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metals' roles during Ag and Au assisted silicon etching in HF aqueous solution
Authors: Abouda Lachiheb M. , Nafie N. , Ben Rabha M. , Bouaïcha M.
Published: February 2014

Silver and gold assisted etching of silicon in an HF aqueous solution is studied in this work. In the literature, we found that such etching leads to the formation of a variety of structures; i.e. silicon nanowires (SiNWs) or porous silicon (PS). It is also reported that the role of metals during the etching can be a catalyzing role (Peng et al., Adv. Mater. 23, 198 (2011) [1]) or a protective role (Qiun and Chu, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 61, 59 (2008) [2]). In addition, we found that for a sole experimental protocol, silver is described to have both roles. In this study, this apparent sole experimental protocol is divided into two different experimental ones; the one step process (OSP) and the two steps process (TSP). For each process, we propose an etching mechanism. We give experimental evidences arguing that the protective effect occurs during the OSP and the catalyzing effect occurs during the TSP. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation on Mn doping of Ge nanowires for spintronics
Authors: Renard C. , Vincent L. , Gardès C. , Boukhicha R. , Oliviero E. , Patriarche G. , Fossard F. , Hajjar S. , Bubendorff J. L. , Pirri C. , Bouchier D.
Published: February 2014

Various approaches are described to synthesize Mn‐doped Ge NWs using UHV‐CVD growth via the VLS mechanism. We explored in‐situ doping using an organo‐metallic precursor (TCMn) and tested different catalyst seeds such as Au, Au‐Mn or Ge‐Mn. All in‐situ attempts failed to incorporate Mn atoms into the NW. Moreover we observed that the use of TCMn and/or Au‐Mn catalysts have a crippling effect on the growth kinetics. Finally, ex‐situ doping with ion implantation is right now considered as a doping alternative. We report on preliminary results aiming at testing the radiation resistance of Ge NWs embedded in a removable silica matrix. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of the experimental parameters on the shape and formation kinetics of SiNWs formed by electroless chemical etching in aqueous AgNO3/HF/H2O2 solution
Authors: Nafie Nesma , Braham Chedly , Ben Rabha Mohamed , Bouaicha Mongi
Published: February 2014

The discovery at the beginning of 1990 of carbon nano‐tubes awaked the interest for one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Currently, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) formed by electroless chemical etching in aqueous Ag‐NO3/HF/H2O2 solution, arouse great interest due to their physical properties and potential applications. The understanding of physical‐chemical phenomena that occur during the formation of SiNWs, the effect of etching parameters on their morphology, the formation mechanism and formation kinetic raise many questions. In this paper, we investigate the effect of etching parameters; namely AgNO3 concentration, HF concentration, etching time and the volume of H2O2 on the shape of obtained nanostructures. The formation kinetic was investigated by studying the effect of the etching time on the morphology of obtained nanostructures. SiNWs studied in this work were formed on a P type and (100) oriented monocrystalline silicon substrate. Characterization of formed SiNWs was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A linearization approach for the model‐based analysis of combined aggregate and individual patient data
Authors: Ravva Patanjali , Karlsson Mats O. , French Jonathan L.
Published: February 2014

The application of model‐based meta‐analysis in drug development has gained prominence recently, particularly for characterizing dose‐response relationships and quantifying treatment effect sizes of competitor drugs. The models are typically nonlinear in nature and involve covariates to explain the heterogeneity in summary‐level literature (or aggregate data (AD)). Inferring individual patient‐level relationships from these nonlinear meta‐analysis models leads to aggregation bias. Individual patient‐level data (IPD) are indeed required to characterize patient‐level relationships but too often this information is limited. Since combined analyses of AD and IPD allow advantage of the information they share to be taken, the models developed for AD must be derived from IPD models; in the case of linear models, the solution is a closed form, while for nonlinear models, closed form solutions do not exist.

Here, we propose a linearization method based on a second order Taylor series approximation for fitting models to AD alone or combined AD and IPD. The application of this method is illustrated by an analysis of a continuous landmark endpoint, i.e., change from baseline in HbA1c at week 12, from 18 clinical trials evaluating the effects of DPP‐4 inhibitors on hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. The performance of this method is demonstrated by a simulation study where the effects of varying the degree of nonlinearity and of heterogeneity in covariates (as assessed by the ratio of between‐trial to within‐trial variability) were studied. A dose‐response relationship using an Emax model with linear and nonlinear effects of covariates on the emax parameter was used to simulate data. The simulation results showed that when an IPD model is simply used for modeling AD, the bias in the emax parameter estimate increased noticeably with an increasing degree of nonlinearity in the model, with respect to covariates. When using an appropriately derived AD model, the linearization method adequately corrected for bias. It was also noted that the bias in the model parameter estimates decreased as the ratio of between‐trial to within‐trial variability in covariate distribution increased. Taken together, the proposed linearization approach allows addressing the issue of aggregation bias in the particular case of nonlinear models of aggregate data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A score‐type test for heterogeneity in zero‐inflated models in a stratified population
Authors: Cao Guanqun , Hsu Wei‐Wen , Todem David
Published: February 2014

We propose a score‐type statistic to evaluate heterogeneity in zero‐inflated models for count data in a stratified population, where heterogeneity is defined as instances in which the zero counts are generated from two sources. Evaluating heterogeneity in this class of models has attracted considerable attention in the literature, but existing testing procedures have primarily relied on the constancy assumption under the alternative hypothesis. In this paper, we extend the literature by describing a score‐type test to evaluate homogeneity against general alternatives that do not neglect the stratification information under the alternative hypothesis. The limiting null distribution of the proposed test statistic is a mixture of chi‐squared distributions that can be well approximated by a simple parametric bootstrap procedure. Our numerical simulation studies show that the proposed test can greatly improve efficiency over tests of heterogeneity that ignore the stratification information. An empirical application to dental caries data in early childhood further shows the importance and practical utility of the methodology in using the stratification profile to detect heterogeneity in the population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitätsüberwachung in pharmazeutischen Gefriertrocknungsanlagen
Authors: Barfuss Heinz
Published: February 2014

Medikamente z. B. zur Behandlung von schweren Erkrankungen durchlaufen langwierige und kostenintensive Entwicklungs‐ und Zulassungsprozesse. In der Herstellungskette spielt die Gefriertocknung des Wirkstoffs eine wichtige Rolle und die Anforderungen an die Reinheit des Trocknungsguts sind hoch. Verschiedenste Silikonöle werden als Wärmeträger zum Transport der Wärmeenergie in und aus der Vakuumkammer verwendet. Silikonölleckagen können durch die mechanische Bewegung der ölführenden Bauteile während des Be‐ und Entladeprozesses und nach Prozessende zu Leckagen führen, die es zu vermeiden gilt, da es sonst zu einem kostspieligen Verlust der hochwertigen Charge führen kann. Daher gewinnt der Einsatz von präzisen und schnellen Messmethoden immer mehr an Bedeutung. Massenspektrometer sind eine präzise, schnelle und kostengünstige Multi‐Tasking‐Mess‐ und Überwachungseinrichtung, um geringste Silikonölkontaminationen im ppm‐Bereich qualitativ und quantitativ zu messen. Es wird somit nachweislich sichergestellt, dass Grenzwerte nicht überschritten werden. Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Methodik, Anwendung und den Ergebnissen.
3‐(1‐Adamantyl)‐, 3‐Ferrocenyl‐, and 3‐(2‐Furanyl)‐Substituted 5‐(2‐Pyridyl)pyrazole as well as Lithium and Zinc Complexes
Authors: Schowtka Björn , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: February 2014

3‐(2‐Furanyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (1) and 3‐(1‐adamantyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (2) crystallize as hydrogen‐bridged tetrameric molecules, whereas 3‐ferrocenyl‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (3) forms hydrogen‐bridged dimers in the solid state. Deprotonation of the appropriate pyrazole with n‐butyllithium in ethereal solvents or with diethylzinc yields the dimers of (η1‐1, 2‐dimethoxyethane)lithium 3‐(2‐furanyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolate (4), (η1‐1, 4‐dioxane)lithium 3‐(1‐adamantyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (5), and ethylzinc 3‐(2‐furanyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolate (6). Exposure of a solution of 6 to ambient conditions leads to hydrolytic decomposition and the formation of bis{(ethylzinc hydroxide) zinc bis[3‐(2‐furanyl)‐5‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolate]} (7). This tetranuclear zinc complex contains two tetra‐ and two hexa‐coordinate metal atoms.
New Ternary La2Sb‐Type Compounds, ScRESb (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb), and the Oxygen Stuffed Variant Sc4Yb4Sb4O
Authors: Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin
Published: February 2014

Scandium rare‐earth metal antimonides, ScRESb (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb) were synthesized from scandium metal and binary RESb at 1770 K in tantalum ampoules. According to X‐ray analyses of the crystal structures, they adopt the tetragonal ScCeSi‐type of structure (space group I4/mmm, Pearson code tI12), a variant of La2Sb, with a fully ordered atom distribution. Especially in ScSmSb and ScTbSb, the scandium atoms are distorted from an ideal 44 net in a way to form Sc nets of squares and rhombi in order to adjust to the lattice shrinkage in the ab plane, caused by the lanthanide contraction. Finally the structure changes from La2Sb to Sc2Sb‐type (anti‐PbFCl‐type), when terbium is replaced by dysprosium. The respective compound with ytterbium was only found when stoichiometric amounts of oxygen were present, resulting in Sc4Yb4Sb4O, a La2Sb‐type variant stuffed with oxygen. A structure field map, based on specific geometric parameters, easily allows for distinguishing between oxygen stuffed and oxygen‐free compounds. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of ScCeSb, ScPrSb, and ScNdSb indicate Curie‐Weiss behavior with ferromagnetic exchange coupling underlying. The magnetic moments correspond to the expected values for RE3+.
Fluorescence Detection of Malignant Liver Tumors using 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid‐Mediated Photodynamic Diagnosis: Principles, Technique, and Clinical Experience
Authors: Inoue Yoshihiro , Tanaka Ryo , Komeda Koji , Hirokawa Fumitoshi , Hayashi Michihiro , Uchiyama Kazuhisa
Published: February 2014

Background

Photoactive drugs selectively accumulate in malignant tissue specimens and cause drug‐induced fluorescence. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and fluorescence can distinguish normal from malignant tissue.

Objective

Methods

From May 2012 to September 2013, a total of 70 patients underwent hepatic resections using 5‐ALA‐mediated PDD for liver tumors at our hospital.

Results

5‐ALA fluorescence was detected in all hepatocellular carcinoma cases with serosa invasion. In liver metastasis from colorectal cancer cases with serosa invasion, 18 patients (85.7 %) were detected, and three patients (14.2 %) whose tumors showed complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed no fluorescence. Both superficial and deep malignant liver tumors were detected with 92.5 % sensitivity. Using 5‐ALA‐mediated PDD, tumors remaining at the cut surface and postoperative bile leakage were less frequent than in our previous hepatic resections using conventional white‐light observation. Moreover, all malignant liver tumors were completely removed with a clear microscopic margin using 5‐ALA, with a significant difference in resection margin width between 5‐ALA‐mediated PDD (6.7 ± 6.9 mm) and white‐light observation (9.2 ± 7.0 mm; p = 0.0083).

Conclusions

With the detection of malignant liver tumors, residual tumor and bile leakage at the cut surface of the remnant liver were improved by PDD with 5‐ALA. This procedure may provide greater sensitivity than the conventional procedure. Furthermore, 5‐ALA‐mediated PDD can ensure histological clearance regardless of the resection margin and preserve as much liver parenchyma as possible in patients with impaired liver function.
Analytic Standard Errors for Exploratory Process Factor Analysis
Authors: Zhang Guangjian , Browne Michael W. , Ong Anthony D. , Chow Sy Miin
Published: February 2014

Exploratory process factor analysis (EPFA) is a data-driven latent variable model for multivariate time series. This article presents analytic standard errors for EPFA. Unlike standard errors for exploratory factor analysis with independent data, the analytic standard errors for EPFA take into account the time dependency in time series data. In addition, factor rotation is treated as the imposition of equality constraints on model parameters. Properties of the analytic standard errors are demonstrated using empirical and simulated data.
Effect of α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐Tocotrienol on the Oxidative Stability of Lard
Authors: Kim Hyun Jung
Published: February 2014

Despite the structural similarity of tocopherols, the antioxidative activities of tocotrienol homologues have not been studied often. In this study, the antioxidant activities of α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocotrienols at various concentrations from 100 to 1,000 ppm in lard were evaluated. Headspace oxygen content of the lard without tocotrienol decreased from 21.1 to 10.7 % and the peroxide value increased from 0.4 to 33.4 mequiv/kg after 7 days of storage at 55 °C in the dark. α‐Tocotrienol at 100 ppm and β‐tocotrienol at 100 and 200 ppm effectively improved the oxidative stability of lard; however, the antioxidative activities of α‐ and β‐tocotrienol reduced as the concentration increased to 1,000 ppm. The γ‐ and δ‐tocotrienols improved the oxidation stability of lard and the effectiveness was essentially same at all concentrations (p > 0.05). The antioxidative activities of tocotrienols in the autoxidation of lard increased in the order of α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocotrienols. The activities of tocotrienols in lard were different depending on the type of homologues and concentrations.
Reporting Errors in Siblings’ Survival Histories and Their Impact on Adult Mortality Estimates: Results From a Record Linkage Study in Senegal
Authors: Helleringer Stéphane , Pison Gilles , Kanté Almamy M. , Duthé Géraldine , Andro Armelle
Published: February 2014

Estimates of adult mortality in countries with limited vital registration (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa) are often derived from information about the survival of a respondent’s siblings. We evaluated the completeness and accuracy of such data through a record linkage study conducted in Bandafassi, located in southeastern Senegal. We linked at the individual level retrospective siblings’ survival histories (SSH) reported by female respondents (n = 268) to prospective mortality data and genealogies collected through a health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS). Respondents often reported inaccurate lists of siblings. Additions to these lists were uncommon, but omissions were frequent: respondents omitted 3.8 % of their live sisters, 9.1 % of their deceased sisters, and 16.6 % of their sisters who had migrated out of the DSS area. Respondents underestimated the age at death of the siblings they reported during the interview, particularly among siblings who had died at older ages (≥45 years). Restricting SSH data to person-years and events having occurred during a recent reference period reduced list errors but not age and date errors. Overall, SSH data led to a 20 % underestimate of 45q15 relative to HDSS data. Our study suggests new quality improvement strategies for SSH data and demonstrates the potential use of HDSS data for the validation of “unconventional” demographic techniques.
Saving Babies: The Impact of Public Education Programs on Infant Mortality
Authors: Moehling Carolyn M. , Thomasson Melissa A.
Published: February 2014

We take advantage of unique data on specific activities conducted under the Sheppard-Towner Act from 1924 through 1929 to focus on how public health interventions affected infant mortality. Interventions that provided one-on-one contact and opportunities for follow-up care, such as home visits by nurses and the establishment of health clinics, reduced infant deaths more than did classes and conferences. These interventions were particularly effective for nonwhites, a population with limited access to physicians and medical care. Although limited data on costs prevent us from making systematic cost-benefit calculations, we estimate that one infant death could be avoided for every $1,600 (about $20,400 in 2010 dollars) spent on home nurse visits.
Agent-Based Modelling, a New Kind of Research
Authors: Held Fabian P. , Wilkinson Ian F. , Marks Robert E. , Young Louise
Published: February 2014

We discuss the use of Agent-based Modelling for the development and testing of theories about emergent social phenomena in marketing and the social sciences in general. We address both theoretical aspects about the types of phenomena that are suitably addressed with this approach and practical guidelines to help plan and structure the development of a theory about the causes of such a phenomenon in conjunction with a matching ABM. We argue that research about complex social phenomena is still largely fundamental research and therefore an iterative and cyclical development process of both theory and model is to be expected. To better anticipate and manage this process, we provide theoretical and practical guidelines. These may help to identify and structure the domain of candidate explanations for a social phenomenon, and furthermore assist the process of model implementation and subsequent development. The main goal of this paper was to make research on complex social systems more accessible and help anticipate and structure the research process.
European Psychiatric Association (EPA) Guidance on Post-graduate Psychiatric Training in Europe
Authors: Mayer S. , van der Gaag R.J. , Dom G. , Wassermann D. , Gaebel W. , Falkai P. , Schüle C.
Published: February 2014

The European Union Free Movement Directive gives professionals the opportunity to work and live within the European Union, but does not give specific requirements regarding how the specialists in medicine have to be trained, with the exception of a required minimum of 4 years of education. Efforts have been undertaken to harmonize post-graduate training in psychiatry in Europe since the Treaty of Rome 1957, with the founding of the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) and establishment of a charter outlining how psychiatrists should be trained. However, the different curricula for post-graduate training were only compared by surveys, never through a systematic review of the official national requirements. The published survey data still shows great differences between European countries and unlike other UEMS Boards, the Board of Psychiatry did not introduce a certification for specialists willing to practice in a foreign country within Europe. Such a European certification could help to keep a high qualification level for post-graduate training in psychiatry all over Europe. Moreover, it would make it easier for employers to assess the educational level of European psychiatrists applying for a job in their field.
Promoter CpG island methylation of RET predicts poor prognosis in stage II colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Draht Muriel X.G. , Smits Kim M. , Tournier Benjamin , Jooste Valerie , Chapusot Caroline , Carvalho Beatriz , Cleven Arjen H.G. , Derks Sarah , Wouters Kim A.D. , Belt Eric J.T. , Stockmann Hein B.A.C. , Bril Herman , Weijenberg Matty P. , van den Brandt Piet A. , de Bruïne Adriaan P. , Herman James G. , Meijer Gerrit A. , Piard Françoise , Melotte Veerle , van Engeland Manon
Published: February 2014

Improved prognostic stratification of patients with TNM stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) is desired, since 20–30% of high‐risk stage II patients may die within five years of diagnosis. This study was conducted to investigate REarranged during Transfection (RET) gene promoter CpG island methylation as a possible prognostic marker for TNM stage II CRC patients.

The utility of RET promoter CpG island methylation in tumors of stage II CRC patients as a prognostic biomarker for CRC related death was studied in three independent series (including 233, 231, and 294 TNM stage II patients, respectively) by using MSP and pyrosequencing. The prognostic value of RET promoter CpG island methylation was analyzed by using Cox regression analysis.

In the first series, analyzed by MSP, CRC stage II patients (n = 233) with RET methylated tumors had a significantly worse overall survival as compared to those with unmethylated tumors (HRmultivariable = 2.51, 95%‐CI: 1.42–4.43). Despite a significant prognostic effect of RET methylation in stage III patients of a second series, analyzed by MSP, the prognostic effect in stage II patients (n = 231) was not statistically significant (HRmultivariable = 1.16, 95%‐CI 0.71–1.92). The third series (n = 294), analyzed by pyrosequencing, confirmed a statistically significant association between RET methylation and poor overall survival in stage II patients (HRmultivariable = 1.91, 95%‐CI: 1.04–3.53). Our results show that RET promoter CpG island methylation, analyzed by two different techniques, is associated with a poor prognosis in stage II CRC in two independent series and a poor prognosis in stage III CRC in one series. RET methylation may serve as a useful and robust tool for clinical practice to identify high‐risk stage II CRC patients with a poor prognosis. This merits further investigation.
Genetic diversity and insecticide resistance during the growing season in the green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on primary and secondary hosts: a farm-scale study in Central Chile
Authors: Rubiano-Rodríguez J.A. , Fuentes-Contreras E. , Figueroa C.C. , Margaritopoulos J.T. , Briones L.M. , Ramírez C.C.
Published: February 2014

The seasonal dynamics of neutral genetic diversity and the insecticide resistance mechanisms of insect pests at the farm scale are still poorly documented. Here this was addressed in the green peach aphidMyzus persicae(Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Central Chile. Samples were collected from an insecticide sprayed peach (Prunus persicaL.) orchard (primary host), and a sweet-pepper (Capsicum annumvar.grossumL.) field (secondary host). In addition, aphids from weeds (secondary hosts) growing among these crops were also sampled. Many unique multilocus genotypes were found on peach trees, while secondary hosts were colonized mostly by the six most common genotypes, which were predominantly sensitive to insecticides. In both fields, a small but significant genetic differentiation was found between aphids on the crops vs. their weeds. Within-season comparisons showed genetic differentiation between early and late season samples from peach, as well as for weeds in the peach orchard. The knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation was detected mostly in the heterozygote state, often associated with modified acetylcholinesterase throughout the season for both crops. This mutation was found in high frequency, mainly in the peach orchard. The super-kdrmutation was found in very low frequencies in both crops. This study provides farm-scale evidence that the aphidM. persicaecan be composed of slightly different genetic groups between contiguous populations of primary and secondary hosts exhibiting different dynamics of insecticide resistance through the growing season.
Dominance of an invasive fruit fly species,Bactrocera invadens, along an altitudinal transect in Morogoro, Eastern Central Tanzania
Authors: Geurts K. , Mwatawala M.W. , De Meyer M.
Published: February 2014

Bactrocera invadens, a fruit fly from Asia, is an invasive pest species across Africa. It appears to continue spreading, not only in latitude but also in altitude. To assess its capacity to infest a large variety of hosts and its competition with other fruit fly species, a study along an altitudinal gradient was conducted. At low altitudes, the high abundance in the field and high infestation ofB. invadensin different fruit species make it a serious pest. At high altitudes, colonization has started andB. invadensoccurs in low numbers by reproducing successfully in high altitude fruits. Overall the abundance and infestation ofB. invadensis influenced by its direct competitorCeratitis rosaand the presence of its preferred host species.C. rosais still the dominant species in temperate fruits grown at high altitude.Ceratitis cosyra, however, is negatively affected byB. invadens, this species seems to have shifted hosts to avoid competition. The broad host range and competitive potential ofB. invadensincrease the risk for further spread not only to higher areas, but also to subtropical regions.
Requiring On-Line Medical Command for Helicopter Request Prolongs Computer-Modeled Transport Time to the Nearest Trauma Center
Authors: Tortella Bartholomew J. , Lavery Robert F. , Kamat Mihir , Ramani Mohnish
Published: February 2014

Introduction:

Rapid transport from scene to closest trauma center requires optimal use of public safety first responder (FR), basic life support (BLS), advanced life support (ALS), and transport resources (ground or air). In some parts of this regional emergency medical services (EMS) system, on-scene ALS requires contact with on-line medical command (OLMC) to obtain authorization for air medical helicopter (AMH) dispatch, because some EMS medical directors believe that this may decrease overutilization of AMH services.

Hypothesis:

The hypothesis of this study was that requiring prior OLMC for AMH dispatch prolongs mean time to a trauma center versus either FR or BLS request for AMH.

Methods:

Computer mapping programs were used to model the most rapid driving time to the closest trauma center from 167 actual AMH responses to the scene of a motor vehicle accident. In an OLMC-ALS model, only OLMC-ALS can request an AMH. In a BLS model, BLS units arrive on the scene and the crew requests simultaneous dispatch of an ALS response and an AMH. In the FR model, on arrival at the scene, a FR requests simultaneous dispatch of a BLS unit, an ALS unit, and an AMH.

Results:

The OLMC-ALS model resulted in a longer mean value for time to trauma center by an AMH than did the computer model for all ground transport settings. The FR model yielded a shorter mean time for AMH compared with the mean values for time to trauma center for all settings. Differences in mean values for time in urban settings were small (ground: 42 minutes, air: 36 minutes), whereas those for the suburban (ground: 52 minutes, air: 41 minutes), and those for rural (ground: 69 minutes, air: 47 minutes) were significant clinically. For the BLS model, these differences persisted, but were significant clinically only in the rural setting (ground: 68 minutes, air: 53 minutes).

Conclusions:

Optimal use of AMH requires balancing the need for early helicopter dispatch to fully exploit its speed advantage with the disadvantage of expensive overutilization. This computer model indicates that the best person to request AMH varies by venue: in urban settings, the OLMC physician should request AMH dispatch; in suburban venues, BLS should request AMH dispatch; and in rural venues, FRs should request AMH dispatch.
Transpositions of Spectacle and Time: The Entr'acte in theTragédie en musique
Authors: STEVENS BLAKE
Published: February 2014

The entr'acte in thetragédie en musiqueis the site of compelling yet often overlooked musical and dramaturgical activity. The term refers to both spatial and musical categories: the space between acts in which rapid and potentially astonishing set changes occur and the instrumental music that accompanies these transformations. Practices in French classical tragedy established a precedent for opera; largely observing the ‘unity of place’ after 1640, spoken tragedy included brief instrumental interludes between acts while the stage remained unoccupied. These intervals punctuated the action and created suspensions in mimesis, allowing off-stage events to occur in unfixed temporal and spatial dimensions. Characterized by Mikhail Bakhtin as a ‘chronotope’ of theatrical time and space, the entr'acte exposes foundational issues concerning representation in opera and drama, including questions of illusion and the status of fictional actions and worlds. This article examines the role played by the spectator's reflection and rumination during operatic entr'actes and the use of narrative reference to shape the awareness of unseen actions presumed to transpire within them. These modes of representation and spectatorship are illustrated by Simon-Joseph Pellegrin'slivretsforJephté(1732) andHippolyte et Aricie(1733). Parodies ofHippolyte et Ariciefurther demonstrate that the possibilities of unseen action had a vital effect on the reception of thetragédie en musique.
New Light on theBouffonsin Paris (1752–1754)
Authors: CHARLTON DAVID
Published: February 2014

Modern writing on the troupe of Eustachio Bambini has encouraged different thinking about the ‘querelle’ and the ‘bouffons’. Andrea Fabiano, in particular, has intimated a fresh view of Bambini's Parisian repertory that aims to understand the various tactics of pamphleteers and free itself from received opinion. Recent writers have taken a harder look at the evidential assumptions that led to a long-held weighting of thebouffonnarrative towards Pergolesi'sLa serva padronaon one hand and the departure of the Italian troupe on the other, politicized as this was by outraged reactions to Rousseau'sLettre sur la musique françoise. In the present account, the emphasis is on new evidence, both primary and secondary. It fills in new details concerning the institutional relationship between Bambini and the Paris Opéra, alerts us to hitherto unreported performances by thebouffonsbetween Easter 1753 and February 1754 and tells us that a rearguard action for compensation was fought by Jean-Baptiste-Claude Rousselet of Rouen, whose original contract with Bambini had been severed in November 1752. The concluding picture is one of constructive support for Bambini by the Opéra; indeed, a creative collaboration between these two had been arranged before thequerellebegan. Mandated by the king in 1749 to recognize a public-interest function in running the Opéra, itsdirecteur(Bernage de Saint-Maurice) may well have wanted to continue some form of binary programming between the two traditions, French and Italian, at the point when Rousseau'sLettremade it impossible. Box-office takings rose during the early success of his initiatives, especially before Easter 1753; after this juncture the extant financial records are not adequate to judge such profitability.
WHAT BEETHOVEN LEARNED FROM K464
Authors: RUMPH STEPHEN
Published: February 2014

Beethoven imitated Mozart's String Quartet in A major K464 more openly than any other work by a fellow composer. Yet critics have never explained his fascination with the fifth ‘Haydn’ quartet. This article argues that Beethoven responded to a rare and unexplored transformation of sonata form in which the primary theme returns at its original pitch in the secondary area. This preserves the melody of the theme, but reinterprets its harmonic and schematic function. Mozart explored this device with unusual rigour ink464, recalling the primary theme at pitch in both outer movements. The two primary themes share a common chromatic line whose invariant return wittily probes late eighteenth-century tonal conventions.

Beethoven emulated Mozart's harmonic design in his own Quartet in A major, Op. 18 No. 5, and even intensified its more problematic features. He imitatedk464 most literally in the finale of the ‘Kreutzer’ Sonata, which provided a model for similar harmonic experimentation in the Sonata in G major Op. 31 No. 1, the ‘Waldstein’ Sonata and the first ‘Razumovsky’ quartet.k464 suggests an important source for Beethoven's use of chromatic elements to problematize tonal and thematic function, a practice most evident in the ‘Eroica’ Symphony.
Heritage, History, and Historical Processes: Across and Beyond Southeast Asia
Authors: Thompson Eric C.
Published: February 2014

Trans –Regional and –National Studies of Southeast Asia enters its second year of publication with an examination of heritage, history and historical processes. The contributions range from a critique of broad world-historical frameworks to detailed analysis of architectural references in court chronicles. Together, the articles share in attending to historical, regional, and comparative processes in, across, and beyond Southeast Asia.
East-Southeast Asia in World History: The Making of a World Region
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: February 2014

Global trends which have seen the dramatic rise of the East-Southeast Asian economies suggests a turning of the wheel. Students of world history will recall the central place of China and India in the pre-modern world as producers and exporters of, variously, silks, ceramics and textiles, just as their populations and economies vastly dwarfed those of medieval Europe. The sprawling tropical zone of Southeast Asia, known historically as a prime source of spices and natural commodities, also boasted impressive civilisations. Still we are perplexed as to how a region boasting internationally known trade emporium dropped off the centre stage of world history. Reading back, did colonialism and imperialism turn the tide against indigenous agency? Or was stagnation an inevitable feature of life in pre-modern Southeast Asia? In seeking to answer these and other questions, this article both replays and critiques the many constructions of the broader East-Southeast Asia region, including its historiography, with special attention to recent trends in the framing of world-regional and global history. This is important, I argue, as localism, powerful state narratives, and the legacies of colonial conceptions and categories all contrive to ignore the importance of a holistic framing of this part of the globe.
Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Sen Tansen
Published: February 2014

The maritime regions of Southeast Asia played an important but varying role in connecting South Asia and China prior to the sixteenth century. With regard to commercial exchanges, traders, ships, and polities in Southeast Asia facilitated and sometimes controlled the flow of goods. Additionally, merchant associations from South Asia and China established their bases in Southeast Asia to participate in trading activities in the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea regions. At least three distinct networks emerged as a result of these maritime interactions: 1) networks of exchanges among the polities skirting the Bay of Bengal; 2) networks that connected the areas around the South China Sea; and 3) networks of direct exchanges between South Asia and China. Buddhist ideas also circulated through these networks, but seem to have made limited inroads in the maritime regions of Southeast Asia prior to the fifth century AD. By this time, Buddhism had already spread widely in China, with significant number of Buddhist missionaries arriving in the region through the maritime routes. Rather than playing a staging role in the transmission of Buddhism to China, the doctrine may have penetrated maritime Southeast Asia due to the vibrant Buddhist interactions and a significant increase in commercial activity along the networks linking South Asia and China during the fourth and fifth centuries. The use of Buddhism to legitimise new regimes in China and the diplomatic exchanges between Southeast Asian polities and these courts may have also facilitated the spread of Buddhism in the region.
A Spatial Analysis of Thăng Long Capital During the Lý Period Through Re-Exploitation of Written Sources
Authors: Momoki Shiro
Published: February 2014

In August 2010, the Vietnamese government and people celebrated the 1000thanniversary of the establishment of their capital Thăng Long (present-day Hanoi). Historical research on Thang Long has progressed considerably over the past decade, especially since the ‘18 Hoàng Diệu’ archaeological site was found. As a specialist in the Ly-Tran Period, I offer this contribution to the study of the spatial composition of Thăng Long Capital under the Ly dynasty (AD 1010–1226), through a re-examination of written sources such as dynastic annals. In view of the various functions necessary for a capital, new questions need to be addressed based on the original texts of the sources and the theories of East Asian ancient capitals. For instance: 1) were thecam trung(‘inside the forbidden area’) anddai noi(‘great interior area’) the same or not? 2)thanh(‘wall’) andthanh noi(‘inside the wall’?) are often mentioned in the sources, but which wall of the capital was it? 3) In China, the outermost area of the capital was not always included in thethanh (cheng)area; did the system of ‘three concentric walls’ indeed exist in Đại Việt during the Ly-Tran Period? And, 4) what functions and meanings did the space within each wall (and the suburban area outside the outmost wall) have? Given the present condition of sources, it is difficult to answer these questions. In this article I offer some tentative remarks in an attempt to fix a steady base for future collaborative research between historians and archaeologists.
Temperature alters Plasmodium blocking by Wolbachia
Authors: Murdock Courtney C. , Blanford Simon , Hughes Grant L. , Rasgon Jason L. , Thomas Matthew B.
Published: February 2014

Very recently, the Asian malaria vector (Anopheles stephensi) was stably transinfected with the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia, inducing refractoriness to the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. However, conditions in the field can differ substantially from those in the laboratory. We use the rodent malaria P. yoelii and somatically transinfected An. stephensi as a model system to investigate whether the transmission blocking potential of wAlbB is likely to be robust across different thermal environments. wAlbB reduced malaria parasite prevalence and oocyst intensity at 28°C. At 24°C there was no effect on prevalence but a marked increase in oocyst intensity. At 20°C, wAlbB had no effect on prevalence or intensity. Additionally, we identified a novel effect of wAlbB that resulted in reduced sporozoite development across temperatures, counterbalancing the oocyst enhancement at 24°C. Our results demonstrate complex effects of temperature on the Wolbachia-malaria interaction and suggest the impacts of transinfection might vary across diverse environments.
Exploring the nature of collisionless shocks under laboratory conditions
Authors: Stockem A. , Fiuza F. , Bret A. , Fonseca R. A. , Silva L. O.
Published: February 2014

Collisionless shocks are pervasive in astrophysics and they are critical to understand cosmic ray acceleration. Laboratory experiments with intense lasers are now opening the way to explore and characterise the underlying microphysics, which determine the acceleration process of collisionless shocks. We determine the shock character – electrostatic or electromagnetic – based on the stability of electrostatic shocks to transverse electromagnetic fluctuations as a function of the electron temperature and flow velocity of the plasma components and we compare the analytical model with particle-in-cell simulations. By making the connection with the laser parameters driving the plasma flows, we demonstrate that shocks with different and distinct underlying microphysics can be explored in the laboratory with state-of-the-art laser systems.
A simple chalcone-based fluorescent chemosensor for the detection and removal of Fe3+ ions using a membrane separation method
Authors: Velmurugan K. , Prabhu J. , Tang Lijun , Chidambaram T. , Noel M. , Radhakrishnan S. , Nandhakumar R.
Published: February 2014

A simple chalcone based fluorescent chemosensor 1, capable of detecting Fe3+ in aqueous media, has been designed and synthesized by the condensation of 3-formyl-2-hydroxyquinoline and acetophenone.
Locating microcalcifications in breast histopathology sections using micro CT and XRF mapping
Authors: Scott Robert , Kendall Catherine , Stone Nicholas , Rogers Keith
Published: February 2014

Systematic methods to identify the location of microcalcifications in histopathology sections assist in the study of these clinically important entities.
Fast analysis of β-ecdysone in Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography using a fused-core column
Authors: Rostagno Mauricio A. , Debien Isabel C. N. , Vardanega Renata , Nogueira Gislaine C. , Barbero Gerardo F. , Meireles M. Angela A.
Published: February 2014

The recent development of fused-core technology in HPLC columns is enabling faster and highly efficient separations.
Transition from low molecular weight non-gelating oligo(amide-triazole)s to a restorable, halide-responsive poly(amide-triazole) supramolecular gel
Authors: Yim Siu-Lung , Chow Hak-Fun , Chan Man-Chor
Published: February 2014

Switching between non-gelating and gelating polymer: the cation vs anion game.
Synthesis of trinity metal–organic framework membranes for CO2 capture
Authors: Li Wanbin , Zhang Guoliang , Zhang Congyang , Meng Qin , Fan Zheng , Gao Congjie
Published: February 2014

Mixed-matrix membranes and MOF layers were integrated to synthesize novel trinity MOF membranes with excellent performance by using different substrates.
Bottom-up synthesis of cerium–citric acid coordination polymers hollow microspheres with tunable shell thickness and their corresponding porous CeO2 hollow spheres for Pt-based electrocatalysts
Authors: Shen Zhurui , Liu Ji , Hu Fangyun , Liu Song , Cao Ning , Sui Ying , Zeng Qingdao , Shen Yongtao
Published: February 2014

Cerium–citric acid CPs hollow spheres and the electrocatalytic properties of Pt/CeO2 hollow spheres.
Thin films of Co1.7Fe1.3O4prepared by radio frequency sputtering – the first step towards their spinodal decomposition
Authors: Bui T. M. A. , Le Trong H. , Presmanes L. , Barnabé A. , Bonningue C. , Tailhades P.
Published: February 2014

Co1.7Fe1.3O4thin films are submitted to spinodal transformation after annealing at low temperature.
Growth and characterization of 6-chloro-2,4-dinitroaniline crystals in anti-solvent precipitation and reprecipitation methods
Authors: Mani Rajaboopathi , Varadharajan Krishnakumar , Louhi-Kultanen Marjatta
Published: February 2014

A superstructure was formed on form I of 6-chloro-2, 4-dinitroaniline crystals. It was observed using a slow evaporation solution growth technique and crystals grown from slow evaporation of the filtrate in anti-solvent precipitation. The thickness of 2D petals in the superstructure is about 100 nm.
Distinguishing Förster resonance energy transfer and solvent-mediated charge-transfer relaxation dynamics in a zinc(ii) indicator: a femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopic study
Authors: Sreenath Kesavapillai , Yi Chongyue , Knappenberger Kenneth L. , Zhu Lei
Published: February 2014

The rates of intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer and solvent-mediated relaxation of charge-transfer excited state have oppsite solvent polarity dependencies.
A single centre aluminium(iii) catalyst and TBAB as an ionic organo-catalyst for the homogeneous catalytic synthesis of styrene carbonate
Authors: Supasitmongkol Somsak , Styring Peter
Published: February 2014

Cyclic carbonate synthesis from an epoxide is achieved by sparging CO2 at 1 bar into the solution using an aluminium/TBAB catalyst.
Lactide polymerization catalyzed by Mg and Zn diketiminate complexes with flexible ligand frameworks
Authors: Whitehorne Todd J. J. , Vabre Boris , Schaper Frank
Published: February 2014

Subtle variations in the substitution pattern of N-alkyl diketiminate complexes significantly change their performance in lactide polymerization. ortho-Substitution increases activity, ligand chlorination increases selectivity for Mg diketiminate complexes, while Zn diketiminate complexes react differently.
Variable photon energy photoelectron spectroscopy of tris-cyclopentadienyl lanthanides
Authors: Coreno Marcello , de Simone Monica , Green Jennifer C. , Kaltsoyannis Nikolas , Coates Rosemary , Hunston Charlene , Narband Naima , Sella Andrea
Published: February 2014

Gas-phase photoelectron spectra are presented for LnCp3 (Cp = η-C5H5; Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm) in which f ionization gives rise to bands associated with 4fn configurations in addition to the expected 4fn−1 bands.
Synthesis, structure and luminescence properties of a cadmium(ii)-based coordination polymer with (S)-4,4′-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphinoyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl as chiral linker
Authors: Lestari Witri Wahyu , Streit Huayna Cerqueira , Lönnecke Peter , Wickleder Claudia , Hey-Hawkins Evamarie
Published: February 2014

[{Cd2(L)2(H2O)}·18 dmf]n forms a two-dimensional chiral coordination polymer.
Cluster analysis of passive air sampling data based on the relative composition of persistent organic pollutants
Authors: Liu Xiande , Wania Frank
Published: February 2014

Cluster analyses of POP data distinguish sampling sites influenced by local sources from those with regional or continental POP fingerprints.