bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sozialkassenverfahren und Verfassungsrecht
Authors: Grzeszick Bernd
Published: November 2020

Das Recht der Sozialkasseverfahren hat in der Praxis eine erhebliche Bedeutung. Dennoch hat das Rechtsgebiet in der juristischen Fachwelt bislang eher wenig Aufmerksamkeit erlangt. Zwei Entscheidungen des Bundesarbeitsgerichts vom September 2016, die auf verfassungsrechtlichen Ausführungen beruhen, haben dies geändert. Aber auch über die in den Entscheidungen und der folgenden Diskussion angesprochenen Aspekte hinaus stellen sich im Recht der Sozialkasseverfahren verfassungsrechtliche Fragen, die einer Aufarbeitung bedürfen. Dies ist der Gegenstand der vorliegenden Publikation, bei der die einschlägige Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom August 2020 bereits berücksichtigt ist.
Evaluation of ATG5 Gene Expression in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells During Endoderm Induction
Authors: Sabet Alice , Azarpira Negar , Ghavami Saeid , Kohan Leila
Published: November 2020

Background: Autophagy is a vital cell survival mechanism that authorizes cells to assort to metabolic stress and is essential for the development and maintenance of cellular and tissue homeostasis, as well as the prevention of human disease. It has also been shown that autophagy plays a significant role in the development and differentiation of stem cells, as well as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the mRNA expression of the ATG5 gene, one of the key markers of autophagy in human iPSCs (hiPSCs) during endoderm induction. Methods: In this study, we cultured the human iPSC line (R1-hiPSC1) on mitomycin-C, inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) layer, and used hanging drop protocol to generate embryoid body (EB) and expose differentiation. The Real-time PCR method was used to examine the mRNA expression level of ATG5 in hiPSC during endoderm induction. Results: Our results demonstrated the high mRNA expression of ATG5 in the mesendoderm induction (MEI) stage, which shows the high rate of autophagy in MEI days rather than the other stages of differentiation. Conclusions: The modification of ATG5 gene expression within hiPSC during endoderm induction shows the importance of autophagy assessments in hiPSC differentiation. Therefore, subsequent studies are needed to clarify the details of autophagy effects on hiPSC differentiation.
Prognostic Factors of Initial Chest CT Findings for ICU Admission and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia
Authors: Kazemi Mohammad Ali , Ghanaati Hossein , Moradi Behnaz , Chavoshi Mohammadreza , Hashemi Hassan , Hemmati Samira , Rouzrokh Pouria , Gity Masoumeh , Ahmadinejad Zahra , Abdollahi Hamed
Published: November 2020

Background: Studies have shown that computed tomography (CT) could be valuable for prognostic issues in COVID-19. Objectives: To investigate the prognostic factors of early chest CT findings in COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 91 patients (34 women, and 57 men) of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive COVID-19 from three hospitals in Iran between February 25, 2020, to March 15, 2020. Patients were divided into two groups as good prognosis, discharged from the hospital and alive without symptoms (48 patients), and poor prognosis, died or needed ICU care (43 patients). The first CT images of both groups that were obtained during the first 8 days of the disease presentation were evaluated considering the pattern, distribution, and underlying disease. The total CT-score was calculated for each patient. Univariate and multivariate analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics v.26 was used to find the prognostic factors. Results: There was a significant correlation between poor prognosis and older ages, dyspnea, presence of comorbidities, especially cardiovascular and comorbidities. Considering CT features, peripheral and diffuse distribution, anterior and paracardiac involvement, crazy paving pattern, and pleural effusion were correlated with poor prognosis. There was a correlation between total CT-score and prognosis and an 11.5 score was suggested as a cut-off with 67.4% sensitivity and 68.7% specificity in differentiation of poor prognosis patients (patients who needed ICU admission or died). Multivariate analysis revealed that a model consisting of age, male gender, underlying comorbidity, diffused lesions, total CT-score, and dyspnea would predict the prognosis better. Conclusion: Total chest CT-score and chest CT features can be used as prognostic factors in COVID-19 patients. A multidisciplinary approach would be more accurate in predicting the prognosis.
Modernity in Antiquity
Authors: Backman Jussi ,   Canadian Society for Continental Philosophy
Published: November 2020

This article looks at the role of Hellenistic thought in the historical narratives of Martin Heidegger and Hannah Arendt. To a certain extent, both see—with G. W. F. Hegel, J. G. Droysen, and Eduard Zeller—Hellenistic and Roman philosophy as a “modernity in antiquity,” but with important differences. Heidegger is generally dismissive of Hellenistic thought and comes to see it as a decisive historical turning point at which a protomodern element of subjective willing and domination is injected into the classical heritage of Plato and Aristotle. Arendt, likewise, credits Stoic philosophy with the discovery of the will as an active faculty constituting a realm of subjective freedom and autonomy. While she considers Hellenistic philosophy as essentially apolitical and world-alienated—in contrast to the inherently political and practical Roman culture—it nonetheless holds for her an important but unexploited ethical and political potential.L’article examine le rôle de la pensée hellénistique dans les récits historiques de Martin Heidegger et Hannah Arendt. Dans une certaine mesure, tous les deux voient, avec G. W. F. Hegel, J. G. Droysen et Eduard Zeller, la philosophie hellénistique et romaine comme une « modernité dans l’antiquité », mais avec des différences importantes. Généralement, Heidegger dédaigne la philosophie hellénis-tique et finit par la considérer comme un tournant historique déci-sif qui introduit un élément protomoderne de volonté et de domination subjective dans l’héritage de Platon et Aristote. De même, Arendt attribue à la philosophie stoïque la découverte de la volonté en tant que faculté active constituant un domaine de liberté et d’autonomie subjectives. Même si elle considère la philosophie hellénistique comme fondamentalement apolitique et aliénée du monde—à l’inverse du caractère fondamentalement politique et pratique de la culture romaine—cette pensée détient néanmoins pour elle un potentiel éthico-politique important et sous-exploité.
Stiegler, Foucault, and Epictetus
Authors: Lampe Kurt ,   Canadian Society for Continental Philosophy
Published: November 2020

Why does Bernard Stiegler speak of “this culture, which I have named, after Epictetus, my melete?” In the first part of this article, I elucidate Stiegler’s claims about both Stoic exercises of reading and writing and their significance for the interpretive questions he has adapted from Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida. In particular, I address the relations among care for oneself and others, the use of material technologies, and resistance to subjection or “freedom.” In the second part, I consider the merits and limitations of Stiegler’s comments about reading and writing in Stoicism, with particular attention to Epictetus. We will see that Stiegler’s interpretive frame-work casts considerable light on ancient texts and contexts, on the condition that it be combined with close reading of ancient texts and engagement with specialist scholarship. Finally, in the conclusion, I will suggest that the history of technology in Epictetus’s time contributes to a debate about Stiegler’s theories.Bernard Stiegler signale à plusieurs reprises l’importance des exercices stoïciens de lecture et d’écriture. Dans la première partie de cet article, j’essaye de clarifier ces assertions et d’expliquer leur lien aux oeuvres de Michel Foucault et de Jacques Derrida. Il s’agit en particulier des rapports entre le souci de soi et d’autrui, l’usage des techniques et des matériaux et la résistante à la soumission ou à la « liberté ». Dans la deuxième partie, je considère les mérites ainsi que les limites des remarques de Stiegler sur la lecture et l’écriture au sein du stoïcisme, en portant une attention particulière à Épictète. Le point du vue stieglerien donnera de nouvelles significations à quelques passages des oeuvres d’Épictète, à condition qu’il soit conjugué à une lecture attentive d’études spécialisées et de textes anciens. Je conclurai, dans la troisième partie, en proposant que l’histoire des techniques à l’époque d’Épictète pourrait alimenter un débat à l’égard des théories de Stiegler.
Levantamento e caracterização dos impactos ambientais na área de preservação do Itapiracó, São Luís/MA
Authors: Rodrigues Jeferson Botelho , Silva Debora Danna Soares da , Sales Layse Lorena Neves , Cantanhede Ketelly Marley Campos , Freitas Stephanie Jael Negrão de , Cabral Ana Carla Leite Carvalho , Alves Beatriz da Silva , Silva Jennifer da Cruz Arouche , Gonçalves Júnior Francisco de Assis , Silva Adeildo Cabral da
Published: November 2020

Em virtude do rápido e contínuo processo de degradação ambiental, o meio ambiente vem sofrendo com crescimento urbano desordenado, atividades poluidoras e o aumento da demanda sobre os recursos naturais. No entanto, faz-se necessário o monitoramento e gerenciamento dos impactos ambientais ocorridos na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) do Itapiracó - São Luís/MA. O presente trabalho objetivou-se levantar os impactos ambientais causados por atividades antrópicas na Área de Proteção Ambiental do Itapiracó. O trabalho trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo estratégica e de análise por Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) que foram realizadas nos dias 05/03/2018, 09/03/2018, 16/03/2018, 20/03/2018, 25/03/2018 e 29/03/2018, através da observação sistemática das condições ambientais do local. A partir da pesquisa, notou-se que a APA do Itapiracó vem sofrendo ao longo dos anos com a degradação ambiental, essa crescente devastação é oriunda, principalmente, do uso incorreto de seus recursos naturais. Na área de estudo foram identificados vários impactos ambientais decorrentes das atividades exercidas no local e no seu entorno. Os principais impactos ambientais constatados na área foram à retirada da mata ciliar das margens do Riacho Itapiracó e o acúmulo de resíduos sólidos.
Prospecção de produtos direcionados à segurança nos procedimentos de estanqueidade em tanques subterrâneos de armazenamento de combustíveis em postos de revenda
Authors: Santos Luiz Diego Vidal , Holanda Francisco Sandro Rodrigues , Pedrotti Alceu , Andrade Carlos Eduardo Celestino de , Santos Maraiza Santana dos , Santos Ana Maria dos
Published: November 2020

No Brasil, segundo a Agência Nacional do Petróleo – ANP foram registrados até o ano de 2017, 41.984 postos revendedores de combustíveis automotivos, dos quais muitos apresentam problemas de vazamentos gerando a contaminação de solos e águas subterrâneas. Outros estão submetidos à exposição ocupacional a hidrocarbonetos do composto BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etil-benzeno e xilenos), o que tem inspirado grande preocupação devido a problemas de saúde resultantes de ingestão direta e indireta.  Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o cenário das tecnologias empregadas na fabricação de tanques de baixa pressão, delineando os métodos que buscam promover a estanqueidade durante o uso. Os dados foram coletados por meio de busca de patentes e posterior prospecção na base de dados QuestelOrbit. Foi observada a presença de 67 registros de Patentes industriais diretamente relacionados ao processo que objetivam impedir o vazamento do fluído orgânico interno aos tanques de baixa pressão utilizados em postos de revenda de combustível, com principais códigos da Classificação Internacional de Patentes (IPC) o B60S-005/02 (13 Registros) e G01M-003/26 (13 Registros), sendo as principais áreas de estudo Engenharia e Transporte.
Percepción de los estudiantes de Maestro de Educación Primaria sobre su competencia digital, urgencias formativas detectadas.
Authors: Fombona Javier , Pascual Maria Angeles
Published: November 2020

El dinamismo del fenómeno de las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas a la educación obliga a la comunidad académica a revisar de forma sistemática el nivel de dominio de los estudiantes sobre las competencias relacionadas. Este trabajo forma parte de una amplia investigación que analiza la formación sobre nuevas tecnologías que posee el alumnado del Grado de Maestro de Educación Primaria en tres universidades españolas (Granada, Jaén y Oviedo). El estudio se centra en una muestra de 559 estudiantes y pone en relieve las fortalezas y debilidades que tienen actualmente en materia TIC, haciendo énfasis en aquellos aspectos que deben ser objeto de especial atención didáctica. Los resultados muestran nuevos retos para el docente, ya sean aspectos técnicos, legislativos, o cuestiones relacionadas con la seguridad, tales como el acoso o la ansiedad derivada. Este incremento de contenidos no debe ser óbice para continuar abordando temas TIC tradicionales y de elevado impacto, dado que los datos indican que esos aspectos se vuelven nuevamente lagunas del conocimiento.

The new technologies applied to education are a dynamic phenomenon, and this forces the academic community to review the level of students’ knowledge over their real competences. This work is part of an extensive research that analyzes the training on the students’ ICT of the Primary School Degree Teacher Training, on three Spanish universities (Granada, Jaén and Oviedo). The study focuses on a sample of 559 students and highlights the strengths and weaknesses about their ICT skills, emphasizing those aspects that should be specially studied. The results show new challenges for the teacher, technically, legislatively, or about security-related issues, such as cyberbullying or anxiety. This increase in subjects should not be an obstacle to continue addressing traditional ICT issues, since our results show these aspects again become gaps in the students’ knowledge.
Fused Filament Fabrication Printer Modified to Dispense Cement Paste for
Concrete Additive Manufacturing Studies
Authors: Jones Scott Z.
Published: November 2020

Additive manufacturing (AM) with cement-based materials is an emerging technology
that has the potential to revolutionize concrete construction. The placement process is
quite complex, requiring sufficient flow properties as the material leaves the nozzle,
and sufficient stiffening properties before the subsequent layer is placed. Precise
control of material proportions and in-line monitoring of the time-dependent rheology
are required to ensure the successful adoption of AM in the concrete construction
community. To facilitate the study of the rheological properties of cementitious
materials, as they pertain to AM, a commercial bench-top fused filament fabrication
three-dimensional (3-D) printer was modified to dispense cement paste mixtures.
Modifications included the design and assembly of a pumping system and software
modifications to the 3-D printer's firmware that were necessary to accommodate the new
hardware. After assembly, a series of tests were conducted to verify machine movements
and to calibrate the number of step pulses required per unit volume of extruded paste.
The resulting software modifications and configuration files are publicly
available.
Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions and Current Changes of Slovak Competition and Civil Law
Authors: Blažo Ondrej
Published: November 2020

Slovak competition law enforcement can be characterized by infrequency of leniency applications and near absence of private enforcement. As a result, the adoption of the Damages D irective is not likely to cause substantial breakthrough in Slovakia, be it with respect to the rate of leniency applications or in private enforcement. A comprehensive amendment of Slovak competition law took place in 2014. Changes introduced therein reflected, among other things, the practice of the European Commission regarding access to its file. A new approach was also introduced towards damages claims submitted against leniency applicants. The paper will first consider the question whether it is necessary to further redesign these new Slovak rules because of the adoption of the Damages Directive, or if they have been successfully pre-harmonized. Along with changes to Slovak competition law, procedural rules for civil courts were also re-codified. Hence the second part of this analysis will focus on the question if a new civil procedure framework, including obligatory harmonization, could foster private enforcement of competition law. Summarizing the resulting answers, the third question focuses on who could benefit from further changes to Slovak legislation – final consumers or enterprises that are involved in the production chain. Finally, will changes in Slovak legislation driven by the Directive be coherent with its overall legal system, or will they appear to be an odd and peculiar piece of legislation?
Antitrust Damages Actions in Ukraine: Current Situation and Perspectives
Authors: Gerasymenko Anzhelika , Mazaraki Nataliia
Published: November 2020

The article gives an overview of Ukrainian legislation and experiences concerning antitrust damages actions. The analysis has led to a number of conclusions: private claims are rare in Ukraine due to difficulties in obtaining evidence, high legal costs, and lacking confidence in the Ukrainian court system. The paper gives examples of Ukrainian private antitrust enforcement practice and provides a statistical analysis of the dynamics of ‘compensated’ damages caused by antitrust infringements in Ukraine. The value of ‘compensated’ damages is compared to the value of the economic effect of stopping antitrust infringements, as well as to the value of the overall welfare loss deriving from market power in the national economy. Finally, some new sources of damages caused by market power are discussed considering the development perspectives of this branch of antitrust activity.
Gas Insulated Switchgear Cartel in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Sramelova Silvia
Published: November 2020

The case of the Gas insulated switchgear (hereafter, GIS) cartel is well known to competition experts all over Europe. The cartel lasted for more than twenty years and affected competition on relevant markets in several countries. Following leniency applications submitted by one of its participants, the case was brought before several competition authorities in the European Union, including the European Commission and the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic
Resale Price Maintenance in Poland – Further Steps to Its Liberalization or Stuck in a Status Quo?
Authors: Aziewicz Dariusz
Published: November 2020

Due to the recognition of their positive market effects, the evolving approach to minimum or fixed resale price maintenance (RPM) creates, in many countries, the requirement of analyzing their true economic outcomes. In the light of newest judgments delivered by the Polish Supreme Court, the purpose of this article is to analyze if it is still justified to qualify RPM as a multilateral practice that restricts competition ‘by object’ under Polish law.
Energy Security as a Priority for CEE countries. Is the King Naked?
Authors: Szwedziak-Bork Ilona
Published: November 2020

The aim of this article is to assess the implementation process of the EU energy security policy in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. In the EU, energy security remains a crucial issue for European Energy Strategy, the fundamental goals of which include the security of supply, sustainability and competitiveness. Security of supply should be considered the most important aspect in this context, because it is connected to deep interdependencies between markets and economies, often based on political or even geo-political considerations. This is currently particularly noticeable, among other things, in the relations between the EU and Russia, where – in the event of any potential energy supply disturbances – some CEE countries are considered to be the most exposed. By analysing matters referred to the security of energy supplies, the article aims to determine the scope of activities undertaken by selected CEE countries which are also EU Member States in order to achieve this goal. The paper stresses the significance of cooperation by CEE countries at regional level, and focuses on initiatives and projects meant to ensure the security of their energy supplies. The conclusions of the paper assess some of the success stories as well as failures experienced by CEE countries in the process of building their energy independence.
A Note on 2015 Developments in Polish Competition Law: Is it Really a Drive Towards the European Model?
Authors: Piszcz Anna
Published: November 2020

Modern Polish competition law has become highly regulated and codified over the twenty five years of its existence and this article will provide readers with information relating to its recent developments of 2015. Separate subsections present a review of provisions on remedies in infringement decisions as well as settlements. A considerable part of this paper is designed to outline the peculiarities that characterize Poland’s new provisions on fines. Further on, the paper introduces readers to newest trends in the area of concentration control between undertakings. In addition, an assessment of recent developments and suggestions for a further development of Polish competition law are reviewed in the EU context. The conscious intention of the author is to analyse whether the EU competition law pattern, often regarded as a model for Member States, has been used to develop Polish competition law. Has the latter been amended to look more, or less like EU competition law? Has Polish competition law shown the capacity to absorb the best elements of EU competition law into itself? How is the outcome aligned with the declared direction of these amendments?
The Principle of Liability in Private Antitrust Enforcement in Selected European States in Light of the Implementation of the Damages Directive into the Polish Legal System
Authors: Wolski Dominik
Published: November 2020

In the vast majority of European countries, private antitrust enforcement falls under general rules of civil law. One of the issues to be discussed in relation to this type of litigation is the principle of liability, which exists in the given legal system, and its presumed impact on private enforcement. This problem has been debated in the course of the implementation works on the Damages Directive into the Polish legal system. A discussion on the principle of liability has taken place at least twice in this context. First, the issue was considered by the Civil Law Codification Commission and expressed in its Assumptions behind the Draft Act on complaints for damages caused by the breach of competition law. Subsequently, the principle of liability was assessed again at the reconciliation conference held at the Ministry of Justice. This is but a part of a broader discussion about the relationship between the rule of liability existing in national laws being applied to private enforcement cases and EU law as well as limitations arising from the latter. After outlining this interplay, the paper will briefly introduce solutions adopted with respect to the principle of liability in the context of private enforcement in selected European countries. The selection is not random, despite the fact that a limited number of countries has been analysed – eight including Poland. These include the most advanced EU Member States when it comes to private antitrust enforcement (such as the UK, Germany or the Netherlands), along with less developed examples (such as Italy or France), and even underdeveloped countries when it comes to the number and popularity of private antitrust litigations (such as Lithuania and Poland). This sort of analysis paints a relatively comprehensive picture of the adopted solutions in relation to the principles of liability governing private enforcement cases in Europe. The same is true for the issue of the burden of proof and presumptions/binding power in civil proceedings of decisions issued by competition authorities. Furthermore, what seemed to be crucial for the drafters of the Damages Directive, this sort of analysis makes it possible to formulate certain conclusions with respect to the relationship between the effectiveness of private enforcement in a given State and the adopted principle of liability. The final conclusions understandably focus on the Polish example, that is, the implementation of the Damages Directive into the Polish legal system.
Overview of Kazakhstani New Anti-monopoly Regulation
Authors: Korobeinikov Alexander
Published: November 2020

The main statute governing competition in Kazakhstan is the Entrepreneurial Code, first adopted in October 2015. Section 4 of the Code in particular is aimed at the protection of competition in Kazakhstan. It primarily deals with anticompetitive agreements and conduct, provides for a control system over economic concentrations, and regulates anti-monopoly investigations. The anti-monopoly provisions of the Code are enforced by the Committee on the Regulation of Natural Monopolies and Protection of Competition within the Ministry of the National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its regional departments located in each Kazakhstani region and its two main cities (Almaty and Astana). The Committee has a broad range of powers and duties ranging from investigating anticompetitive conduct and imposing administrative sanctions to regulating natural monopolies. The Code generally prohibits horizontal and vertical agreements and concerted actions that lead (or can lead) to restriction of competition, albeit it also provides certain exemptions. The Code includes an exhaustive list of conduct which is prohibited for dominant entities. The Anti-monopoly Committee exercises control over economic concentrations by overseeing mergers, consolidations, acquisitions and certain other transactions.
The Type of Liability in Private Enforcement in Selected CEE Countries Relating to the Implementation of the Damages Directive
Authors: Wolski Dominik
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the type of liability in selected CEE countries, namely those covered by the national reports drafted for the 2nd International Conference on Harmonization of Private Antitrust Enforcement: Central and Eastern European Perspective. The paper starts with preliminary remarks concerning the role of the type of liability in private enforcement of competition law and the Damages Directive. In the following sections of the article, the author discusses the manner of adopting the aforementioned element as a result of the implementation process in CEE Member States. The article is mainly based on the content of the relevant national reports, with a few references to issues beyond their scope. In the summary, the author formulates brief conclusions with respect to the implementation manner of the type of liability as well as provides general remarks concerning the role of the type of liability in competition-based private enforcement cases.
Joint and Several Liability of Competition Law Infringers in the Legislation of Central and Eastern European Member States
Authors: Miskolczi Bodnár Péter , Szuchy Róbert
Published: November 2020

The study reviews the provisions of the Directive by, first, presenting its general rule – joint and several liability – and then its two exceptions, pointing out that albeit they contain similar solutions, these have different reasons in the case of leniency applicants obtained immunity from fines and small and medium-sized enterprises. The study examines whether the 11 CEE Member States prescribe joint and several liability, in principle, to cases where multiple persons cause harm jointly by an infringement of competition law. The study also analyses the position of an immunity recipient in national laws. During the examination, the study separates the position of the immunity recipient and the injured parties, as well as the position of the immunity recipient and other co-infringers, as is the case in the Directive. The study summarizes also national experiences with the implementation of the Damages Directive. It is a fact that the norms of the Directive have been implemented, and there is no deviation to jeopardize either the enforcement of claims for damages or the integrity of the internal market. Nevertheless, having established two separate exceptions, it would have been duly justified for the Commission to explain them in detail, considering their rules differ from each other. Noticeably, some CEE countries considered the difference unjustified and uniformly provided an opportunity for the co-infringer who compensated the harm of an injured party to submit a reimbursement claim against the immunity recipient and SMEs. Other CEE countries considered that they did not have the authority to do so. It would be worth reviewing the implementation of the exceptions to joint and several liabilities after a year, in conjunction with the issue of alternative dispute resolution. The study makes a proposal for an amendment of the Directive. Doctrinal views related to the SMEs exemption from joint and several liability draw attention to the fact that it is unfortunate if solutions designed in a relatively late stage of the legislative procedure do, in fact, later become a part of that directive. It would seem practical, for example, to declare that this exception shall be applied also to micro enterprises in relation to the compensation of harms caused by infringements of competition law. The Damages Directive requires, however, the implementation of this exception only with regard to small and medium-sized enterprises.
The Huawei Case and Its Aftermath: a New Test for a New Type of Abuse
Authors: Pais Sofia Oliveira
Published: November 2020

Competition law sets limits on the exercise of intellectual property rights by dominant companies, namely in cases involving standard essential patents (SEPs). This article will examine the framework for SEP owners’ right to seek an injunction, discussing competitive problems that such situations may cause as well as the solutions adopted by the European Institutions, comparing them with the US and Japanese approach, and finally reflecting upon the opportunity for a new test for a new type of abuse. Although the three legal orders – US, EU and Japan – apply different laws establishing a general presumption against injunctions in SEPs encumbered with FRAND commitments, their goal is the same: to protect the interest of the SEP holder to obtain a remuneration without an abusive recourse to injunctions. I will argue that, in the EU, the Huawei case created a new test for a new type of abuse, improving the comprehensibility and certainty for the companies involved in standardization across Europe and allowing the harmonization of national judicial solutions regarding the seeking of injunctions in the SEPs context. In spite of some uncertainties, the new test clarifies the role that competition rules should play in cases of abuses by SEPs owners
Open Access Competition in the Long-Distance Passenger Rail Services in Poland
Authors: Król Marcin
Published: November 2020

This paper presents evidence of the head-on open access competition which took place on the market of long-distance passenger rail services in Poland in 2009–2015. The regional governments-owned challenger managed to raise its market share to more than 33% (2010) but eventually was forced out of the market (2015) due to a sudden change in its business strategy as well as the incumbent’s strategic pressure on the political and regulatory decision-makers. This case has not featured yet in the scientific discussion on the open access in the passenger rail markets in Europe and the main aim of this preliminary study is to fill this gap.
Consumer Welfare in Financial Services: A View from EU Competition Law
Authors: Robertson Viktoria H.S.E.
Published: November 2020

The paper analyses to what extent financial consumer protection forms part of the competition law objective of consumer welfare that EU competition law nowadays adheres to. It argues that while EU consumer law more generally aims at protecting the final consumer, EU financial consumer protection instruments often protect a broader spectrum of customers. This wider notion of the consumer can also be found in EU competition law, where the consumer is usually likened to any customer. A notable difference between EU financial consumer protection and EU competition law, however, is that they place a different emphasis on structural goals and inherently individual components. In EU competition law, the structural protection of competition is thought to eventually protect consumers. By uniting individual and structural aspects of consumer welfare, as well as by combining reactive and proactive consumer protection, EU competition law and EU financial consumer protection law can together achieve a financial protection of consumers that naturally goes beyond what each area of the law could achieve alone. A stringent approach, however, would require the development of a comprehensive EU financial consumer law which includes both dimensions.
The European Competition Network in the European Administrative System: Theoretical Concerns
Authors: Csatlós Erzsébet
Published: November 2020

The public administration of the European Union (EU) is a sui generis multi-level structure under constant development. After five decades of successful functioning, the European Union still lacks a coherent and comprehensive set of codified rules of administrative procedure at all levels. The existing acquis related to European administration and administrative procedures is fragmented, sector specific and although it is based on the constitutional principles of the democratic traditions of its Member States, such coincidence is often insufficient for the present requirements of good administration. The EU basically relies on indirect administration, while a growing number of cooperation forms exists of the competent authorities that aims to ensure efficacy of execution and to overcome diversity of non-harmonised legal areas. The aim of this paper is to place the European Competition Network (ECN) in this structure, explore and examine its legal nature as it is probably the most advanced example for such cooperation. The ECN incorporates and reveals the major procedural law questions of European administration; it is a rather successful form of cooperation, and although its core issues fail to correspond to the fundamental requirements of European administrative procedures, there seem to be positive changes in the evaluation of soft law and the functioning of the system.
Private Antitrust Enforcement Without Punitive Damages: A Half-Baked Reform?
Authors: Massa Claudia
Published: November 2020

Directive 2014/104/EU on private antitrust enforcement opted for the exclusion of punitive damages from the category of recoverable damages following a violation of antitrust law. This article will outline the concept of punitive damages and analyse the relevant case-law of the courts of the Member States, of the ECtHR and of the ECJ. Then, it will examine the regime laid down in the Directive and consider the possible reasons why the European legislator opted for this exclusion. Thus, the opportunity to introduce such a provision into the European legal system will be evaluated, taking into consideration the problem of overdeterrence, the problem of the division of functions between public and private enforcement, and enforcement of intellectual property rights. Finally, a possible modification of Article 3(3) of the Directive will be suggested, in the framework of the review that the Commission is required to undertake by December 27, 2020
Marketplaces Restrictions and Selective Distribution after Coty Germany
Authors: Szot Patrycja , Amza Ana
Published: November 2020

This article discusses the framework of selective distribution agreements within EU competition law following the Coty Germany case and the EU Commission’s 2017 E-commerce report. It argues that the judgment removed, in essence, the limitation of sales via online platforms from the ‘by object box’. In respect of luxury goods, the ban is considered not to infringe competition law at all. In this context, the article addresses one of the judgment’s key points: what constitutes a ‘luxury good’ and evaluates to what an extent this definition can be practically applied. The authors also embark on the conditions under which the restriction is considered proportionate (when applied to non-luxury goods) and point to the risk of divergent interpretations of platform bans across member states. To illustrate the latter, several examples are given from national case-law. The considerations are completed with a brief look at problematic restrictions on the use of price comparison tools.
The Judicial Review of the Standard of Proof in Cartel Cases: Raising the Bar for the Croatian Competition Authority Case comment to the Judgment of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia No. U-III-2791/2016 of 1 February 2018 (Sokol Marić d.o.o.)
Authors: Svetlicinii Alexandr
Published: November 2020

The Security agencies case represents another example of the procedural diversity among Member States in applying national competition rules that mirror Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. In its infringement decision the Croatian NCA specified that the presence at the meeting with competitors and participation in the discussion concerning minimum prices was sufficient to impute to the parties participation in an anti-competitive agreement prohibited under the national equivalent of Article 101 TFEU. As the Croatian NCA investigated an agreement ‘by object’, it considered itself relieved of the burden to demonstrate the anti-competitive effects. The Constitutional Court has taken a different approach and held that the fact that the participants of the meeting have not publicly denounced the results of the meeting, cannot serve as evidence of an anti-competitive agreement. The court also found that the Croatian NCA did not manage to provide a reasonable explanation why the ‘hourly cost of service’ apparently discussed by competitors is the same as ‘hourly price of service’ that appears in the NCA’s decision. As a result, the Constitutional Court’s approach deviated from several substantive presumptions developed by the EU Commission and the EU courts when applying competition rules in relation to anti-competitive agreements. This places a heavier burden of proof on the Croatian NCA in cartel cases when compared to its own preceding practice or the enforcement practices of the EU Commission or other European NCAs.
L’internationalisation (régionale) des entreprises sénégalaises : déterminants et modalités ?*
Authors: Bah Thierno , Catanzaro Alexis , Ndione Louis César
Published: November 2020

Cet article propose d’analyser les caractéristiques et les modalités de l’internationalisation des entreprises sénégalaises en vue d’en faire ressortir les spécificités. Sur la base d’une recherche qualitative constituée de treize cas d’entreprises sénégalaises internationalisées, les résultats permettent tout d’abord de proposer une catégorisation originale des entreprises sénégalaises internationalisées. Ils questionnent également le principe de chaîne d’établissement et la supposée prédominance de l’exportation comme modalité de déploiement des entreprises africaines. La recherche démontre aussi la présence des différentes logiques d’internationalisation. Au final, les spécificités mises en lumière par notre recherche appellent à une relecture contextualisée du processus d’internationalisation des entreprises sénégalaises.
L’entreprise comme lieu d’apprentissage et de changement : monographie de la première certification iso 9001 en Algérie
Authors: Arab Abdellah , Lambert Gilles
Published: November 2020

Les études mettant en relation la démarche RSE et les théories de la gouvernance de l’entreprise (Charreaux, 2006; Cespa et Cestone, 2007) ont permis d’expliquer dans le contexte algérien l’élargissement du pouvoir des managers et la privatisation des entreprises (Gana-Oueslati et Labaronne, 2011). Malgré la pertinence de ces recherches, nous montrons que l’entreprise n’est pas réductible à des noeuds de contrats. Elle est aussi un lieu de changements et d’apprentissages (Argyris et Schön, 2002; March, 1991). Dans le contexte d’une entreprise publique algérienne, nous proposons d’apprécier les apprentissages provenant de la certification à la norme ISO 9001.
Is It Good to Be a Green Multinational Bank?
Authors: Laguir Issam , Stekelorum Rebecca , Laguir Lamia , Elbaz Jamal
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the influence of environmental corporate social responsibility
(ECSR) on corporate financial performance (CFP) using data on French multinational banks
from 2008 to 2011. Our results show that the relationship between ECSR and multinational
bank CFP is positive and statistically significant. However, taking into account R&D
activities allows an alternative perspective: the influence of ESCR on ROA decreases as
banks’ R&D activities increase. Thus, ECSR most strongly influences CFP in low-R&D
intensity multinational banks.
L’influence des facteurs stratégiques et organisationnels sur les relations entre contrôle de gestion environnemental et apprentissage organisationnel : le cas d’une éco-PME missionnaire
Authors: Renaud Angèle , Berland Nicolas
Published: November 2020

Cet article étudie les relations entre contrôle de gestion environnemental (CGE) et apprentissage organisationnel (AO) en inscrivant le modèle de Simons (1995) dans une perspective contingente. Par des facteurs stratégiques et organisationnels, ce modèle enrichi explique les liens entre les modes de contrôle (diagnostique et interactif) de Simons et les niveaux d’apprentissage (en simple et double boucle) d’Argyris et Schön (1978). S’appuyant sur le « cas révélateur » d’une éco-PME missionnaire, l’étude montre l’influence de trois facteurs (valeurs fortes, stratégie proactive, cycle de vie des activités) sur les quatre configurations relationnelles CGE-AO et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives aux travaux de Simons.
Faire l’histoire de la médicalisation en Chine du Sud au début du XXe siècle : l’expérience des sources
Authors: Girouard Kim
Published: November 2020

À partir du cas d’étude de la province méridionale chinoise du Guangdong, cet article interroge la tendance marquée de l’historiographie à aborder le phénomène de la médicalisation en Chine au début du XXe siècle à partir des cas de Beijing et Shanghai. En révélant les limites et les biais que présentent les archives de la Rockefeller Foundation, incontournables des travaux de recherches sur le sujet, il soulève l’idée selon laquelle ces sources auraient pu contribuer à infléchir la démarche des chercheurs et à entretenir un certain désintérêt pour les initiatives médicalisatrices dans les régions chinoises excentrées comme le Guangdong.
Les générations d’après-guerre et la réécriture de l’histoire de la guerre de Corée
Authors: Han Jae Yeong
Published: November 2020

Dans les années 2000, les générations nées après la guerre de Corée (1950–1953) ont entrepris de réécrire l’histoire de la guerre afin de rectifier des pans de l’histoire jusqu’alors méconnus, grâce à des sources déclassifiées. Cette réécriture de l’histoire concernait notamment les massacres de civils commis par l’armée et la police sud-coréennes pendant la guerre de Corée. Les querelles politiques dues à la demande de reconnaissance officielle de mémoires plurielles non reconnues par les gouvernements conservateurs, ont créé une controverse qui influence la mémoire collective aujourd’hui encore.
Rencontre et représentations des femmes chinoises dans les récits des voyageurs européens aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Gosselin Frédérick
Published: November 2020

Cet article examine la représentation des femmes chinoises dans les récits d’ambassadeurs européens des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. S’appuyant sur l’ambassade hollandaise de 1655 mise en récit par Jehan de Nieuhoff et sur l’ambassade anglaise dirigée par Macartney de 1792 à 1794, mise en récit par George Leonard Staunton, ce texte examine d’une part les représentations de la beauté et la construction des genres et soutient, d’autre part que les perceptions à l’égard de la femme sont les résultats du contexte de représentation globale de la Chine à cette époque, soit le passage de la sinophilie à la sinophobie.
Quantum-synergetic ontology of generalized corporeality (II): post-nonclassics, temporality, and reflection of acting
Authors: Budanov Vladimir Grigoryevich , Sinitcyna Tamara Andreevna
Published: November 2020

In this article, the author advances the idea of generalized corporeality in its functional manifestations in the acts of communication, activity, and theatrical art. The work is dedicated to the problem of “smart body”, in other words, conscious and manageable generalized corporeality is one of the core themes in development and self-improvement of acting skills and onstage genuineness. The key problem is the problem of harmony, unity between inner and outside, words and doings, thoughts and actions, realized by the actor just partially, so is by the stage director and audience. The author attempts to describe this problem by means of post-nonclassical philosophical methodology offered by V. S. Stepin, concepts of post-nonclassical practices, synergy of motion and state, which marks the synthesis of the ontologies of states of generalized corporeality and temporal ontologies, introduced in the previous article. The author also attracts the concept of unconscious reflection of V. Lefebvre, which describes a special type of reflection as a certain unconscious component of generalized corporeality that creates a specific interpretation of the skill and work with time in post-nonclassical context. Interpretation of the acquired acting skills that taught in many schools of classical and contemporary theatre, from K. Stanislavski and M. Chekhov to A. Artaud and E. Barba, are also viewed through the prism of reflection of synthetic ontologies of generalized corporeality. In conclusion, the author introduces theatrical interpretation of the twofold activity triad, which allows embracing the relationship between various observers, the actors of theatrical event: actor – stage director – audience.
Art and politics within the structure of modernity
Authors: Maltsev Yaroslav Vladimirovich
Published: November 2020

The object of this research is the situation of permanent modernity, interpreted as a phenomenon of culture, the ontology and dynamics of which is in the subject reviewed in Cartesian-Quantum tradition: as a free, creative, avocational individual who relies upon his own reason, answering the sapere aude enlightenment call, understanding the games of the micro-power (M. Foucault) and liberated from the power of the Big Other (J. Lacan), i.e. consciously and independently constructing own selfhood, Self=Self (J. Fichte), Self speaks of Self (J. Lacan); and through Self realizing cognition and creation of surrounding sociocultural space, where art and politics become the symptom and form of interaction between the subject and permanence of time. Leaning on the theoretical concepts of A. V. Pavlov, J. Lacan, A. Badiou and J. Rancière, the author examines the relations between art and politics within the structure of permanent modernity. The conclusion is made that modernity and postmodernity, civilization and culture, Intercivilizational era (A. V. Pavlov) are the forms of dynamics of permanent modernity, the attempts to capture Time (phenomenal, mental, cultural, conveyed from one subject to another in horizontality and verticality of time (physical phenomenon). Art is a symptom that speaks of the state of Time and assists the cognition of truth of the singular and plural, flowing into the politics – the procedure of mass affiliation to the truth of emancipation of human beings, the key processes of which are the fight for equality and freedom.