bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aortic Valve Disease: State of the Art
Authors: El Gamel Adam
Published: October 2020

Aortic valve replacement is the most commonly performed valve operation. It has been shown to be an effective therapy in all age groups, including the very elderly (age > 90 years). The most common etiologies for aortic stenosis are calcific degeneration, rheumatic disease, and congenital bicuspid valves. The most common causes of pure aortic regurgitation include annuloaortic ectasia and associated dilation of the aortic root, endocarditis, aortic dissection, and rheumatic disease. The indications for surgery depend on the pathophysiology and symptoms. The choice of the prosthesis can be difficult and depends on multiple clinical and lifestyle considerations. Early and late outcomes are generally quite good, even in high-risk patients.
Remote Sensing Approaches and Related Techniques to Map and Study Landslides
Authors: L. Ray Ram , Lazzari Maurizio , Olutimehin Tolulope
Published: October 2020

Landslide is one of the costliest and fatal geological hazards, threatening and influencing the socioeconomic conditions in many countries globally. Remote sensing approaches are widely used in landslide studies. Landslide threats can also be investigated through slope stability model, susceptibility mapping, hazard assessment, risk analysis, and other methods. Although it is possible to conduct landslide studies using in-situ observation, it is time-consuming, expensive, and sometimes challenging to collect data at inaccessible terrains. Remote sensing data can be used in landslide monitoring, mapping, hazard prediction and assessment, and other investigations. The primary goal of this chapter is to review the existing remote sensing approaches and techniques used to study landslides and explore the possibilities of potential remote sensing tools that can effectively be used in landslide studies in the future. This chapter also provides critical and comprehensive reviews of landslide studies focus¬ing on the role played by remote sensing data and approaches in landslide hazard assessment. Further, the reviews discuss the application of remotely sensed products for landslide detection, mapping, prediction, and evaluation around the world. This systematic review may contribute to better understanding the extensive use of remotely sensed data and spatial analysis techniques to conduct landslide studies at a range of scales.
Retinoids in Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: O.B. Facey Caroline , M. Boman Bruce
Published: October 2020

Retinoids are vitamin A metabolites best known for their role in embryonic development. Indeed, retinoid acid (RA) signaling plays a key role in regulating the development of the embryo body-plan by controlling embryonic stem cells (SCs). Retinoids function through their ability to induce cellular differentiation. Mutations in RA signaling pathway genes occur in most human cancers. The classic example is the chromosomal translocation involving RA receptor alpha in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Because all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a highly effective and often curative treatment for APL patients, determining if retinoids are efficacious for other cancer types is imperative. We review the current research on retinoids in colorectal cancer (CRC) and provide bioinformatics analyses of RA signaling. Our results show that most RA pathway genes are overexpressed and often mutated in CRC. Moreover, aberrant expression of many RA signaling proteins predicts decreased CRC patient survival. We also review aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) expression in CRC because ALDH is a key enzyme in RA signaling, which regulates colonic SCs. Further investigation of RA signaling mechanisms that regulate colon SCs and how dysregulation contributes to the SC overpopulation that drives CRC growth should provide insight into strategies for designing new SC-targeted therapies for CRC.
Development of Bismuth-Doped Fibers (BDFs) in Optical Communication Systems
Authors: M. Dakhil Alsingery Rifat , Mudhafer Ahmed
Published: October 2020

This chapter will provide background information in the development of BDFs and their applications in optical communication systems. Herein, the main focus is briefly described previous studies on BDFs that have attracted much interest over the last two decades. This necessary information and concepts are very much relevant to understanding this book, mainly due to the doping of Bi in the studied bismuth and erbium-doped silicate fibers (BEDFs). The remaining chapter is consisting of the following sections: Sec.2: General introduction about optical fibers. Sec. 3 discusses the general spectral characteristics of BDFs. Sec.4: Including the active centers (namely the bismuth (Bi) active centers (BACs)) responsible for the spectral properties in Bi-doped fibers. Sec.4 Discusses the Bismuth Doped Fiber Amplifier (BDFA).
The Potentials of Radio in Combating Misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria
Authors: Effiom Ephraim Philip
Published: October 2020

Radio remains an important mass medium in Nigeria and across Africa. Issues of power availability, internet connectivity, and media costs, make radio a highly sort after medium for public information. However, the potentials of radio in efforts to combat misinformation about COVID-19 are yet to be fully exploited in Nigeria. Extant efforts have mostly focused on live press briefings, TV programming, SMS, and social media messaging. Media sources show that the spread of misinformation about the pandemic in the country is rife. This chapter critically evaluates the state of radio in Nigeria and proposes various strategies for utilizing its resources in efforts to debunk and minimize the spread of misinformation, with wider implications for Africa.
Tram service as a factor of everyday life in the Soviet city of Magnitogorsk
Authors: Potemkina Marina , Makarova Nadezhda , Pashkovskaya Tatiana , Chernova Nina , Popov Maxim
Published: October 2020

The tram service in Magnitogorsk is one of the main means of transportation. This study substantiated the causeand-effect relationships of the tram service development, the industrial progress and the culture level of Soviet citizens. The authors determined the choice of Magnitogorsk as a case study by the fact that it was a pilot project of a socialist city during the period of industrialization under Stalin. Due to the retrospective analysis of the transport infrastructure development the authors singled out the tram service as a significant factor in the cultural formation of an industrial society. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the authors analyzed the tram as a communicative space used by the authorities to shape the culture of citizens. By means of an abstract-logical method, based on factual historical evidence, the authors established that the authorities actively used trams to form the culture of citizens, to influence the nature of their social behavior. The authors elicited the set of propaganda, control and punitive methods. The authors provided the periodization of the evolutionary change in people's behavior under the influence of the authorities when using trams to develop a positive attitude towards the industrialization of society. The deviations in passenger behaviour demonstrate that urban everyday life in the USSR was far from the idealistic propaganda image of the socialist city. The obtained results can be useful for the municipal authorities of Magnitogorsk to reassess the importance of tram service for modern society as well as for the specialists in Soviet studies.
Reseña de: Martínez de Pisón, Eduardo (2019). Geografías y paisajes de Tintín. Viajes, lugares y dibujos
Authors: Crespo Castellanos José Manuel
Published: October 2020

Reseña de: Martínez de Pisón, Eduardo (2019). Geografías y paisajes de Tintín. Viajes, lugares y dibujos, Madrid: Fórcola Ediciones, 187 pp. ISBN: 978-84-17425-36-4.
Normas de publicación ETF VI
Authors: Revista ETF VI Revista ETF VI
Published: October 2020

Normas de publicación de ETF VI
Corpos em trânsito
Authors: Viana Anamaria Fernandes
Published: October 2020

Este relato traz uma reflexão sobre uma experiência de dança junto a um grupo de mulheres acolhidas no Setor Psicológico da Penitenciária de Mulheres da cidade de Rennes, França e algumas profissionais da saúde daquele espaço. Esta experiência foi vivenciada pela autora, que ali esteve ministrando aulas no ano de 2018. O texto é nutrido de reflexões e anotações tiradas de um caderno de bordo que a acompanhou durante este percurso. Nele encontra-se a trajetória da construção de um espaço comum, moldado por esses corpos em trânsito. O texto aponta as hesitações, descobertas, surpresas, questionamentos e adversidades dessa experiência; discute também alguns dos problemas encontrados dentro da unidade e suas respectivas tensões; e, de forma cronológica, propõe ao leitor o compartilhamento desta experiência, tendo como resultado a transformação daquelas mulheres que, aos poucos, foram se desfazendo de algumas amarras, carapaças, proteções para se entregarem ao movimento dançante. O principal objetivo é reafirmar não só a potência de práticas artísticas em contextos sociais inabituais como também a importância de sua aplicabilidade.
Socially involved agriculture in sustainable rural development
Authors: Czapiewska Gabriela
Published: October 2020

The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of socially involved agriculture (social farming). Socially involved agriculture, involving the introduction of social services to already functioning farms, has been developing since the end of the 20th century in rural areas of virtually all of Europe as a new type of innovative activity. Social farming is an idea combining the multifunctionality of farms with care and health services, as well as social entrepreneurship. The aim of the article is an attempt to outline the essence of social farming and emphasise its role in the sustainable rural development in Poland. To this regard, the study combines theoretical considerations with a description of practical solutions in the country. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, selected initiatives and forms of their support. One of these forms of support in the field of social care and integration in rural areas is a caring farm, offering services based on its resources and infrastructure, enabling, e.g. agrotherapy. Socially involved agriculture is a chance for farmers to provide new services and thus expand and diversify their activities and a multifunctional role in society. Responsible implementation of additional farm functions will contribute to the implementation of a sustainable rural development model.
Regional differentiation of commodity trade of Ukraine with Poland
Authors: Lazhnik Volodymyr , Puhach Serhii , Maister Andrii
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this article is to examine the status of the Ukrainian-Polish bilateral trade links, to identify regional characteristics and disparities in the Ukrainian commodity trade with Poland. The place of Poland in the geographical structure of commodity exports and imports with regard to Ukrainian regions has been studied. Balance and connectivity coefficients of commodity trade with Poland have been calculated for 25 regions of Ukraine. Regionally influenced differentiations between the Ukrainian and Polish regional commodity trade links have been revealed. The groups of Ukrainian regions have been determined on the basis of the level of their commodity trade balance and type of external trade links with Poland.
Re-assessment of the involvement of Snord115 in the serotonin 2C receptor pathway in a genetically relevant mouse model
Authors: Hebras Jade , Marty Virginie , Personnaz Jean , Mercier Pascale , Krogh Nicolai , Nielsen Henrik , Aguirrebengoa Marion , Seitz Hervé , Pradere Jean-Phillipe , Guiard Bruno P , Cavaille Jérôme
Published: October 2020

SNORD115 has been proposed to promote the activity of serotonin (HTR2C) receptor via its ability to base-pair with its pre-mRNA and regulate alternative RNA splicing and/or A-to-I RNA editing. Because SNORD115 genes are deleted in most patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), diminished HTR2C receptor activity could contribute to the impaired emotional response and/or compulsive overeating characteristic of this disease. In order to test this appealing but never demonstrated hypothesis in vivo, we created a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Snord115 knockout mouse. Surprisingly, we uncovered only modest region-specific alterations in Htr2c RNA editing profiles while Htr2c alternative RNA splicing was unchanged. These subtle changes, whose functional relevance remains uncertain, were not accompanied by any discernible defects in anxio-depressive-like phenotypes. Energy balance and eating behaviour were also normal, even after exposure to high fat diet. Our study raises questions concerning the physiological role of SNORD115, notably its involvement in behavioural disturbance associated with PWS.
ESTUDO DE SELEÇÃO DA COMUNIDADE INFESTANTE POR HERBICIDAS UTILIZANDO TÉCNICAS DE ANÁLISE MULTIVARIADA
Authors: Miranda Diego Abduch , Santos Renata Thaysa Da Silva , Bacha Allan Lopes , Rodrigues Juliana De Souza , Alves Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar , Kuva Marco Antonio
Published: October 2020

Para a tomada de decisão sobre qual estratégia é melhor para manejo de plantas daninhas podem ser usadas ferramentas estatísticas, como análise multivariada, principalmente quando se dispõe de quantidade elevada de dados. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade da utilização da análise multivariada para estudos de seleção da flora de plantas daninhas em decorrência da aplicação de diferentes herbicidas. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e a área foi dividida em 32 parcelas com 3 x 5 metros de comprimento, com 8 parcelas por bloco. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: 1-glifosato; 2- 2,4D; 3- glifosato + 2,4D; 4- carfentrazone-ethyl; 5- glifosato + carfentrazone-ethyl; 6- haloxyfop-methyl; 7- cletodim; 8- glufosinato de amônio. Foram feitos os levantamentos da comunidade infestante em cada parcela antes da aplicação e aos 30 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de agrupamento e componentes principais. As espécies de plantas daninhas mais discriminantes foram Alternanthera tenella e Commelina benghalensis, seguidas das gramíneas Panicum maximum, Cenchrus echinatus e Eleusine indica. Os resultados da análise de agrupamento foram bastante similares àqueles obtidos pela análise dos componentes principais. As técnicas de estatística multivariada foram capazes de agrupar tratamentos químicos de acordo com a composição específica independentemente do índice fitossociológico considerado.
Review Article on Relation between Hinduism and Environment - A Vedic Approach
Authors: Gairola Shikha Uniyal
Published: October 2020

The present paper gives an insight of the importance of the environment in the oldest religion of the world either, Hinduism and discovers the environmental ethics which were prevailing in the olden society and how far we human are still practicing those ethics of ancient time.

Human existence and environment have been co-existed since the evolution of human on earth. Environment had provided clean air, clean water and an environment free of toxins to the human kind. All the religion in the world had given due respect to the environment since time immemorial. Environment owes the important position in all the major religion of the world namely Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity. Hinduism can better be termed as a way of life. Hinduism is considered one of the oldest and the scientific religion of the world.

In Hinduism, environment and nature are considered as the gift of God. Hindu religion believed that survival of human kind is totally dependent on healthy environment. All the forces of nature either air, water, sun, earth and fire are termed as god, and hence they are eligible to be worshipped in Hinduism. The time when the conservation and protection of the environment was not even thought of, at that time the Vedas and Puranas which are the sacred books of Hindu religion, had directed human being to worship nature and its components.

Practices in Hinduism as confirmed by the study of Vedas were environmentally friendly and if those practices are followed today it can give answers to the various environmental problems.
Trends and Decomposition of Wheat Production in Western Maharashtra
Authors: Baviskar P. P. , Dangore U. T. , Dhunde A. D. , Gaware U. P. , Kadu A. G.
Published: October 2020

The study was aimed to investigate the production performance of wheat in western Maharashtra. The data of 20 years regarding area, production and productivity of wheat was made available through the secondary source for all the districts of the western Maharashtra region. The study period of 1996-97 to 2015-16 was split into two sub periods i.e. period-I (1996-97 to 2005-2006), period-II (2006-07 to 2015-16) and overall period. The growth rates were calculated using the exponential function. The instability in area, production, and productivity was measured with a coefficient of variation (CV) and Cuddy Della Valle’s Instability index. The relative contribution of area and yield to change in output was estimated by Minhas decomposition model. The district-wise analysis was carried out which resulted that, during the period-I and period-II, almost all districts in the western Maharashtra region registered negative growth including the region as a whole. The area and productivity showed stability in wheat crop in almost all the districts of western Maharashtra region. In the western Maharashtra region, among all the parametric models fitted to the area, production and productivity of wheat crop, the maximum R2 was observed in the case of cubic model in all the districts of Western Maharashtra region with the region as a whole. The region as a whole recorded 59 per cent which marked as the highest R2 in productivity as compared to area and production. The decomposition analysis for western Maharashtra region depicted the largest area effect on wheat production. It was also observed that for both periods the area effect was more pronounced than the yield effect and interaction effect. Hence, there is need for policy maker to formulate development-oriented policies and the researchers to design an investigative research activity for promoting a sustainable wheat production system in the region for expansion of area under wheat cultivation.
Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Animals in Ghana (1962 – 2020): A Review
Authors: Reynolds Papa Kofi Amissah-
Published: October 2020

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the ubiquitous, Apicomplexan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. This disease remains a significant aetiologic factor in pregnant women and HIV patients. In Sub-Saharan African countries like Ghana, the low antiviral therapy coverage exacerbates the risk of HIV-related mortality resulting from concurrent infections like toxoplasmosis. This paper reviews published data on toxoplasmosis in both humans and animals in Ghana. Serological surveys in humans indicate high prevalence of toxoplasmosis (up to 92.5%) in a cross-section of Ghanaians, including pregnant women and their neonates, blood donors, as well as HIV and eye patients. Limited data from epidemiological surveys also show Toxoplasma infections in four food animals, with the prevalence ranging from 7.5% to as high as 64%. Molecular analyses in animals have also revealed three novel genotypes, TgCkGh1, TgCkGh2 and TgCtGh1. There are, however, no reports in other food animals like dogs, cattle and grass cutters in Ghana. The role of environmental matrices in the epidemiology of the disease also needs to be investigated. There is paucity of data in the Northern part of Ghana, with most reports concentrated on Southern Ghana, thus necessitating nationwide surveys under a ‘One-Health’ concept to inform management of the disease. Policies which mandate screening of expectant mothers and blood donors are recommended to limit disease transmission in Ghana.
Hole‐Trapping‐Induced Stabilization of Ni4 + in SrNiO3/LaFeO3 Superlattices
Authors: Wang Le , Yang Zhenzhong , Bowden Mark E. , Freeland John W. , Sushko Peter V. , Spurgeon Steven R. , Matthews Bethany , Samarakoon Widitha S. , Zhou Hua , Feng Zhenxing , Engelhard Mark H. , Du Yingge , Chambers Scott A.
Published: October 2020

Creating new functionality in materials containing transition metals is predicated on the ability to control the associated charge states. For a given transition metal, there is an upper limit on valence that is not exceeded under normal conditions. Here, it is demonstrated that this limit of 3+ for Ni and Fe can be exceeded via synthesis of (SrNiO3)m/(LaFeO3)n superlattices by tuning n and m. The Goldschmidt tolerance constraints are lifted, and SrNi4+O3 with holes on adjacent O anions is stabilized as a perovskite at the single‐unit‐cell level (m = 1). Holding m = 1, spectroscopy reveals that the n = 1 superlattice contains Ni3+ and Fe4+, whereas Ni4+ and Fe3+ are observed in the n = 5 superlattice. It is revealed that the B‐site cation valences can be tuned by controlling the magnitude of the FeO6 octahedral rotations, which, in turn, determine the energy balance between Ni3+/Fe4+ and Ni4+/Fe3+, thus controlling emergent electrical properties such as the band alignment and resulting hole confinement. This approach can be extended to other systems for synthesizing novel, metastable layered structures with new functionalities.
One‐Shot Radical Cross Coupling Between Benzyl Alcohols and Alkenyl Halides Using Ni/Ti/Mn System
Authors: Suga Takuya , Takahashi Yuuki , Ukaji Yutaka
Published: October 2020

A “one‐shot” cross coupling between benzyl alcohols and alkenyl halides has been established. A combination of low‐valent Ti‐mediated C−OH homolysis and the prominent chemistry of Ni‐based radical catalysis afforded the desired cross‐coupled product with good efficiency. The reaction proceeded regardless of the electronic property of benzyl alcohols, and Ar−B bond remained intact throughout the reaction. Alkenyl bromides with various substitution patterns were applicable to this reaction. Attempts for utilizing sterically demanding tri‐substituted alkenes indicated that the steric hinderance mainly inhibited the radical‐trapping by Ni species. This reaction can be a simple and efficient strategy for synthesizing densely substituted allylbenzene derivatives.

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Unveiling Single Atom Nucleation for Isolating Ultrafine fcc Ru Nanoclusters with Outstanding Dehydrogenation Activity
Authors: Wang Ye , Li Jia‐Luo , Shi Wen‐Xiong , Zhang Zhi‐Ming , Guo Song , Si Rui , Liu Meng , Zhou Hong‐Cai , Yao Shuang , An Chang‐Hua , Lu Tong‐Bu
Published: October 2020

Ultrafine face‐centered cubic (fcc) ruthenium nanoclusters (NCs) are of great interest due to their super high catalytic activity. However, it is extremely difficult to prepare ≈1 nm fcc ruthenium NCs with high energy atoms due to their easy aggregation. Herein, the nucleation process of ruthenium centers by confined pyrolysis of a multivariate metal–organic framework to isolate ultrafine fcc NCs (from single atom to 1.33 nm) via in situ formed stabilizers is unveiled. Systematic investigations demonstrate that preferential nucleation of Ru single atoms to fcc clusters in the initial nucleation represents a key step and makes it possible to separate ultrafine fcc Ru NCs with in situ formed N‐doped porous carbon. A record high turnover frequency of 1300.53 min−1 for methanolysis of ammonia borane is achieved by 1.33 nm NCs. This work suggests a new strategy to prepare ultrafine metal NCs by instantly capturing structure‐specific crystal nuclei with in situ formed stabilizers.
Jarzynski on work and free energy relations: The case of variable volume
Authors: Ciccotti Giovanni , Rondoni Lamberto
Published: October 2020

Derivations of the Jarzynski equality (JE) appear to be quite general, and applicable to any particle system, whether deterministic or stochastic, under equally general perturbations of an initial equilibrium state at given temperature T. At the same time, the definitions of the quantities appearing in the JE, in particular the work, have been questioned. Answers have been given, but a deeper understanding of the range of phenomena to which the JE applies is necessary, both conceptually and in order to interpret the experiments in which it is used. In fact, domains in which the JE is not applicable have been identified. To clarify the issue, we scrutinize the applicability of the JE to a Hamiltonian particle system in a variable volume. We find that, in this case, the standard interpretation of the terms appearing in the JE is not adequate.
3D Touch Surface for Interactive Pseudo‐Holographic Displays
Authors: Christou Adamos , Gao Yongheng , Navaraj William T. , Nassar Habib , Dahiya Ravinder
Published: October 2020

Herein, the design and implementation of a transparent 3D touch‐enabled surface for richer user interaction with midair 3D virtual objects in a touch‐interactive pseudo‐holographic display are presented. Frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR)‐based touch sensing is used in combination with a four‐sided pyramidal pseudo‐holographic projection. The developed system allows gesture‐based control and smooth touch interaction through facile and inexpensive hardware and open‐source software tools. A software application is also developed as the interface between the touch/gesture‐sensing system and the optical display. By bringing the virtual and real world closer through touch‐based interaction, the presented system will enrich user experience and enable advances in areas such as education, entertainment, gaming, retail, and museums where holograms are currently used.
Signaling in Systems Chemistry: Programing Gold Nanoparticles Formation and Assembly Using a Dynamic Bistable Network
Authors: Maity Indrajit , Dev Dharm , Basu Kingshuk , Wagner Nathaniel , Ashkenasy Gonen
Published: October 2020

Living cells exploit bistable and oscillatory behaviors as memory mechanisms, facilitating the integration of transient stimuli into sustained molecular responses that control downstream functions. Synthetic bistable networks have also been studied as memory entities, but have rarely been utilized to control orthogonal functions in coupled dynamic systems. We herein present a new cascade pathway, for which we have exploited a well‐characterized switchable peptide‐based replicating network, operating far from equilibrium, that yields two alternative steady‐state outputs, which in turn serve as the input signals for consecutive processes that regulate various features of Au nanoparticle shape and assembly. This study further sheds light on how bridging together the fields of systems chemistry and nanotechnology may open up new opportunities for the dynamically controlled design of functional materials.
Solvation Effects on the Structure and Stability of Alkali Metal Carbenoids
Authors: Dilchert Katharina , Schmidt Michelle , Großjohann Angela , Feichtner Kai‐Stephan , Mulvey Robert E. , Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: October 2020

s‐Block metal carbenoids are carbene synthons and applied in a myriad of organic transformations. They exhibit a strong structure–activity relationship, but this is only poorly understood due to the challenging high reactivity and sensitivity of these reagents. Here, we report on systematic VT and DOSY NMR studies, XRD analyses as well as DFT calculations on a sulfoximinoyl‐substituted model system to explain the pronounced solvent dependency of the carbenoid stability. While the sodium and potassium chloride carbenoids showed high stabilities independent of the solvent, the lithium carbenoid was stable at room temperature in THF but decomposed at −10 °C in toluene. These divergent stabilities could be explained by the different structures formed in solution. In contrast to simple organolithium reagents, the monomeric THF‐solvate was found to be more stable than the dimer in toluene, since the latter more readily forms direct Li/Cl interactions which facilitate decomposition via α‐elimination.
Electrochemical Oxidative Carbon‐Atom Difunctionalization: Towards Multisubstituted Imino Sulfide Ethers
Authors: Guan Zhipeng , Zhu Shuxiang , Wang Siyuan , Wang Huamin , Wang Siyuan , Zhong Xingxing , Bu Faxiang , Cong Hengjiang , Lei Aiwen
Published: October 2020

Ethers (C−O/S) are ubiquitously found in a wide array of functional molecules and natural products. Nonetheless, the synthesis of imino sulfide ethers, containing an N(sp2)=C(sp2)−O/S fragment, still remains a challenge because of its sensitivity to acid. Developed here in is an unprecedented electrochemical oxidative carbon‐atom difunctionalization of isocyanides, providing a series of novel multisubstituted imino sulfide ethers. Under metal‐free and external oxidant‐free conditions, isocyanides react smoothly with simple and readily available mercaptans and alcohols. Importantly, the procedure exhibited high stereoselectivities, excellent functional‐group tolerance, and good efficiency on large‐scale synthesis, as well as further derivatization of the products.
Activity and Stability Boosting of an Oxygen‐Vacancy‐Rich BiVO4 Photoanode by NiFe‐MOFs Thin Layer for Water Oxidation
Authors: Pan Jin‐Bo , Wang Bing‐Hao , Wang Jin‐Bo , Ding Hong‐Zhi , Zhou Wei , Liu Xuan , Zhang Jin‐Rong , Shen Sheng , Guo Jun‐Kang , Chen Lang , Au Chak‐Tong , Jiang Li‐Long , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: October 2020

The introduction of oxygen vacancies (Ov) has been regarded as an effective method to enhance the catalytic performance of photoanodes in oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, their stability under highly oxidizing environment is questionable but was rarely studied. Herein, NiFe‐metal–organic framework (NiFe‐MOFs) was conformally coated on oxygen‐vacancy‐rich BiVO4 (Ov‐BiVO4) as the protective layer and cocatalyst, forming a core–shell structure with caffeic acid as bridging agent. The as‐synthesized Ov‐BiVO4@NiFe‐MOFs exhibits enhanced stability and a remarkable photocurrent density of 5.3±0.15 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE). The reduced coordination number of Ni(Fe)‐O and elevated valence state of Ni(Fe) in NiFe‐MOFs layer greatly bolster OER, and the shifting of oxygen evolution sites from Ov‐BiVO4 to NiFe‐MOFs promotes Ov stabilization. Ovs can be effectively preserved by the coating of a thin NiFe‐MOFs layer, leading to a photoanode of enhanced photocurrent and stability.
High‐damping polyurethane/hollow glass microspheres sound insulation materials: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Zhang Zhijia , Jiang Hao , Li Rui , Gao Shan , Wang Qiang , Wang Guojun , Ouyang Xiao , Wei Hao
Published: October 2020

The high‐damping property of polyurethane elastomers and the low density of the hollow glass microspheres (HGM) were used to prepare the sound insulation materials in the present work. The transmission loss (TL) was measured to evaluate the HGM content on the sound insulation properties. The experimental results showed that the addition of HGM improved the hardness and compression modulus of the HGM‐filled polyurethane composites, and the loss factor (tan δ) of polyurethane composites were greater than 0.9. The average transmission loss (ATL, from 63 to 6300 Hz) reached 37.32 dB when the content of HGM was 10 wt%. The ATL of the HGM‐filled polyurethane composites with 15 wt% HGM in the damping control region and the mass control region were 31.94 and 46.78 dB, respectively. The synergistic effect of the microphase separation, the interfacial effect and the rigidity of polyurethane composites resulted in the improvement on sound insulation property. The polyurethane composite has a great potential application for the field of sound insulation materials.
Cure simulations of thick adhesive bondlines for wind energy applications
Authors: Cassano Alessandro G. , Dev Siddharth , Maiaru Marianna , Hansen Christopher J. , Stapleton Scott E.
Published: October 2020

Curing of adhesive bondlines is a critical and time‐consuming operation in wind turbine blade manufacturing. Significant variation in adhesive thickness can lead to important differences in thermal histories trough the adhesive bonds due to the exothermic nature of the cure process. Reducing bondline cure cycle time and avoiding adhesive overheating are two competing factors in the design of cure temperature cycles. Predictive models on the impact of adhesive thickness variability in bondline cure temperature cycle is currently limited. Adhesive curing and temperature evolution can be simulated by finite element (FE) models coupling the heat transfer problem with the cure kinetics of the adhesive. The cure kinetics of the adhesive system was characterized by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry experiments and implemented in the FE software Abaqus/CAE by user subroutines. Predictions from the FE model were validated experimentally against temperature readings from the curing of 10, 20, and 30 mm thick adhesive bondlines. To highlight the role that predictive models potentially have in the optimization of bondline cure cycles a 2D cross section model representing the trailing edge of a wind turbine blade was used as case study. It was demonstrated that computational models enable customizing cure profiles for nonuniform adhesive thicknesses, ensuring fully cured bondlines with acceptable mechanical properties.
Mapping the biological activities of filamentous oxygenic photogranules
Authors: Ouazaite Hicham , Milferstedt Kim , Hamelin Jérôme , Desmond‐Le Quéméner Elie
Published: October 2020

Oxygenic photogranules have been suggested as alternatives to activated sludge in wastewater treatment. Challenging for modeling photogranule‐based processes is the heterogeneity of photogranule morphologies, resulting in different activities by photogranule type. The measurement of microscale‐activities of filamentous photogranules is particularly difficult because of their labile interfaces. We present here an experimental and modeling approach to quantify phototrophic O2 production, heterotrophic O2 consumption, and O2 diffusion in filamentous photogranules. We used planar optodes for the acquisition of spatio‐temporal oxygen distributions combined with two‐dimensional mathematical modeling. Light penetration into the photogranule was the factor controlling photogranule activities. The spatial distribution of heterotrophs and phototrophs had less impact. The photosynthetic response of filaments to light was detectable within seconds, emphasizing the need to analyze dynamics of light exposure of individual photogranules in photobioreactors. Studying other recurring photogranule morphologies will eventually enable the description of photogranule‐based processes as the interplay of interacting photogranule populations.
Deep learning analysis of the primary tumour and the prediction of lymph node metastases in gastric cancer
Authors: Jin C , Jiang Y , Yu H , Wang W , Li B , Chen C , Yuan Q , Hu Y , Xu Y , Zhou Z , Li G , Li R
Published: October 2020

Background

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) in gastric cancer is a prognostic factor and has implications for the extent of lymph node dissection. The lymphatic drainage of the stomach involves multiple nodal stations with different risks of metastases. The aim of this study was to develop a deep learning system for predicting LNMs in multiple nodal stations based on preoperative CT images in patients with gastric cancer.

Methods

Preoperative CT images from patients who underwent gastrectomy with lymph node dissection at two medical centres were analysed retrospectively. Using a discovery patient cohort, a system of deep convolutional neural networks was developed to predict pathologically confirmed LNMs at 11 regional nodal stations. To gain understanding about the networks' prediction ability, gradient-weighted class activation mapping for visualization was assessed. The performance was tested in an external cohort of patients by analysis of area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC), sensitivity and specificity.

Results

The discovery and external cohorts included 1172 and 527 patients respectively. The deep learning system demonstrated excellent prediction accuracy in the external validation cohort, with a median AUC of 0·876 (range 0·856–0·893), sensitivity of 0·743 (0·551–0·859) and specificity of 0·936 (0·672–0·966) for 11 nodal stations. The imaging models substantially outperformed clinicopathological variables for predicting LNMs (median AUC 0·652, range 0·571–0·763). By visualizing nearly 19 000 subnetworks, imaging features related to intratumoral heterogeneity and the invasive front were found to be most useful for predicting LNMs.

Conclusion

A deep learning system for the prediction of LNMs was developed based on preoperative CT images of gastric cancer. The models require further validation but may be used to inform prognosis and guide individualized surgical treatment.
How language affects consumers' processing of numerical cues
Authors: Gunasti Kunter , Kara Selcan , Ross William T. , Duclos Rod
Published: October 2020

We show that linguistic numeral structures affect consumers' comparative evaluations of numbers, prices, and alphanumeric brand names. For example, 80 (eighty) in English is perceived as 4 × 20 (quatre‐vingts or four twenties) in French and as 8 × 10 (ba‐shi or eight tens) in Chinese. Thus, the difference between 80 and 20 is expressed with different degrees of numerosity, the number of units into which a stimulus is divided: (a) 2 × 10 versus 8 × 10 in Chinese, (b) 20 versus 4 × 20 in French, or (c) simply 20 versus 80 in English. In four studies involving a total of 732 bilinguals who speak two of these three languages, we examine how different linguistic properties can lead to differences in comparison of numerical values and inferences made about product attributes. We demonstrate the mediating role of numerosity induced by certain linguistic structures while ruling out alternative explanations for this phenomenon such as cultural differences, processing fluency, and numeracy. Our research contributes to literatures on number cognition, numerosity, branding, and linguistics while providing insights for international marketers by encouraging practitioners to use different numbers in their marketing, branding, and pricing efforts in ways that best fit the linguistic structure of the country in which they sell a product.
Regioselectivity of Cobalamin‐Dependent Methyltransferase Can Be Tuned by Reaction Conditions and Substrate
Authors: Pompei Simona , Grimm Christopher , Farnberger Judith E. , Schober Lukas , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: October 2020

Regioselective reactions represent a significant challenge for organic chemistry. Here the regioselective methylation of a single hydroxy group of 4‐substituted catechols was investigated employing the cobalamin‐dependent methyltransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense. Catechols substituted in position four were methylated either in meta‐ or para‐position to the substituent depending whether the substituent was polar or apolar. While the biocatalytic cobalamin dependent methylation was meta‐selective with 4‐substituted catechols bearing hydrophilic groups, it was para‐selective for hydrophobic substituents. Furthermore, the presence of water miscible co‐solvents had a clear improving influence, whereby THF turned out to enable the formation of a single regioisomer in selected cases. Finally, it was found that also the pH led to an enhancement of regioselectivity for the cases investigated.
Olefin Ring‐closing Metathesis under Spatial Confinement: Morphology−Transport Relationships
Authors: Tallarek Ulrich , Hochstrasser Janika , Ziegler Felix , Huang Xiaohui , Kübel Christian , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: October 2020

Spatial confinement effects on hindered transport in mesoporous silica particles are quantified using reconstructions of their morphology obtained by electron tomography as geometrical models in direct diffusion simulations for passive, finite‐size tracers. We monitor accessible porosity and effective diffusion coefficients resulting from steric and hydrodynamic interactions between tracers and pore space confinement as a function of λ=dtracer/dmeso, the ratio of tracer to mean mesopore size. For λ=0, pointlike tracers reproduce the true diffusive tortuosities. For λ>0, derived hindrance factors quantify the extent to which diffusion through the materials is hindered compared with free diffusion in the bulk liquid. Morphology‐transport relationships are then discussed with respect to the immobilization, formation, and transport of key molecular species in the ring‐closing metathesis of an α,ω‐diene to macro(mono)cyclization product and oligomer, with a 2nd‐generation Hoveyda‐Grubbs type catalyst immobilized inside the mesopores of the particles.
Surface Patterning of Biomolecules Using Click Chemistry and Light‐Activated Electrochemistry to Locally Generate Cu(I)
Authors: Gautam Shreedhar , Lian Jiaxin , R. Gonçales Vinicius , Vogel Yan B. , Ciampi Simone , Tilley Richard D. , Gooding J. Justin
Published: October 2020

Here we report a light‐assisted variant of click chemistry suitable for chemical patterning of semiconducting surfaces. Using a visible light beam to illuminate desired locations of an electrode surface, localized electrogeneration of the Cu(I) click catalyst was achieved. It was demonstrated that surface click reactions were correlated with a user‐defined 2D light pattern projected on a silicon photoelectrode. This new process is mask‐free and parallel, i. e., separate discrete regions of a semiconducting surface can be simultaneously reacted with a range of functional molecules. The covalent patterning of azido‐poly (ethylene glycol) molecules (PEG) over alkyne‐functionalized electrodes was employed as a proof‐of‐principle. By modulating the exposed chemical group of the clicked azido‐PEGs, the adhesion of antibodies and cells was further possible with spatial control. The use of structured light, instead of physical masks, drastically reduces patterning time to a couple of hours.
Stabilization of Black Phosphorus by Sonication‐Assisted Simultaneous Exfoliation and Functionalization
Authors: van Druenen Maart , Collins Timothy , Davitt Fionán , Doherty Jessica , Collins Gillian , Sofer Zdeněk , Holmes Justin D.
Published: October 2020

Black phosphorus (BP) has extraordinary properties, but its ambient instability remains a critical challenge. Functionalization has been employed to overcome the sensitivity of BP to ambient conditions while preserving its properties. Herein, a simultaneous exfoliation–functionalization process is reported that functionalizes BP flakes during exfoliation and thus provides increased protection, which can be attributed to minimal exposure of the flakes to ambient oxygen and water. A tetrabutylammonium salt was employed for intercalation of BP, resulting in the formation of flakes with large lateral dimensions. The addition of an aryl iodide or an aryl iodonium salt to the exfoliation solvent creates a scalable strategy for the production of functionalized few‐layer BP flakes. The ambient stability of functionalized BP was prolonged to a period of one week, as revealed by STEM, AFM, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Insights on the Pseudo‐Enantiomeric Properties of Bifunctional Cinchona Alkaloid Squaramide‐Derived Organocatalyst
Authors: Ričko Sebastijan , Izzo Joseph A. , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: October 2020

The use of pseudo enantiomers is a well‐known method of achieving products of complementary stereochemistry. Only rarely can different enantiomers of a product be accessed without modulation of the catalyst. Recently, a system was reported wherein two different enantiomers of spirocycles were obtained by a cascade reaction of unsaturated pyrrolin‐4‐ones with mercaptoacetaldehyde catalyzed by a single optimized cinchona alkaloid squaramide‐derived organocatalyst. It was originally proposed that the E/Z geometry of the unsaturated pyrrolin‐4‐one dictated the stereochemistry of the spirocycle product, but this was not investigated further. In the present work, we have investigated the nature of a pseudo‐enantiomeric organocatalyst conformation applying density functional theory calculations for investigating the transition states for the reaction. Furthermore, the influence of the double‐bond geometry of the pyrrolin‐4‐one has been studied beyond what is possible to test experimentally. The results provide a greater understanding for this class of reactions that may be applicable in future methodology development.
Visible Light Promoted, Catalyst‐Free Radical Carbohydroxylation and Carboetherification under Mild Biomimetic Conditions
Authors: Altmann Lisa‐Marie , Zantop Viviane , Wenisch Pia , Diesendorf Nina , Heinrich Markus R.
Published: October 2020

Metal and catalyst‐free carbohydroxylations and carboetherifications at room temperature have been achieved by a combination of beneficial factors including high aryl diazonium concentration and visible light irradiation. The acceleration of the reaction by visible light irradiation is particularly remarkable against the background that neither the aryldiazonium salt nor the alkene show absorptions in the respective range of wavelength. These observations point to weak charge transfer interactions between diazonium salt and alkene, which are nevertheless able to considerably influence the reaction course. As highly promising perspective, many more aryldiazonium‐based radical arylations might benefit from simple light irradiation without requiring a photocatalyst or particular additive.
Who really knows the performance status: The physician or the patient?
Authors: Higgins Michelle I. , Master Viraj A.
Published: October 2020

The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status is a crucial metric for evaluating patients with cancer because it informs the prognosis and treatment decisions. Discrepancies in patient and physician assessments of performance status are often due to psychosocial factors, which must be better characterized and ameliorated in the future.
Blockchain and cryptocurrencies: A classification and comparison of architecture drivers
Authors: Garriga Martin , Dalla Palma Stefano , Arias Maxmiliano , De Renzis Alan , Pareschi Remo , Andrew Tamburri Damian
Published: October 2020

Blockchain is a decentralized transaction and data management solution, the technological leap behind the success of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. As the variety of existing blockchains and distributed ledgers continues to increase, adopters should focus on selecting the solution that best fits their needs and the requirements of their decentralized applications, rather than developing yet another blockchain from scratch. In this article we present a conceptual framework to aid software architects, developers, and decision makers to adopt the right blockchain technology. The framework exposes the interrelation between technological decisions and architectural features, capturing the knowledge from existing academic literature, industrial products, technical forums/blogs, and experts' feedback. We empirically show the applicability of our framework by dissecting the platforms behind Bitcoin and other top 10 cryptocurrencies, aided by a focus group with researchers and industry practitioners. Then, we leverage the framework together with key notions of the architectural tradeoff analysis method to analyze four real‐world blockchain case studies from industry and academia. Results shown that applying our framework leads to a deeper understanding of the architectural tradeoffs, allowing to assess technologies more objectively and select the one that best fit developers' needs, ultimately cutting costs, reducing time‐to‐market and accelerating return on investment.