bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Gains from Moving Black Walnut Provenances Northward
Authors: Bey Calvin F.
Published: April 2024

In 1967, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) seedlings from 15 to 25 provenances were planted at eight locations in the Midwest. In 1973, a similar plantation was established near Yoncalla, Oregon. Results show that, within the species' natural range, provenances can be moved as much as 200 miles northward without the likelihood of cold damage. In general, growth of trees from southern sources exceeds that of trees from northern sources.
Selection of Basal Area Factor in Point Sampling
Authors: Wensel Lee C. , Levitan Jack , Barber Klaus
Published: April 2024

The basal area factor is preferably chosen by dividing the estimated stand basal area by the desired average tree count per sampling point. Bias may be introduced, generally in the form of overestimates, if the factor is varied from point to point in order to keep the count constant.
To Burn or Not to Burn: Fire and Chaparral Management in Southern California
Authors: Leisz Douglas R. , Wilson Carl C.
Published: April 2024

Fire hazard is high in the chaparral type of southern California but the highly flammable vegetation, rugged topography, and strong, dry winds necessitate protection from wildfires by means other than, or additional to, prescribed burning to remove the fuel. Frequent burns on steep slopes can degrade the soils and flora and cause serious off-site damages.
Of Special Interest: SAF Membership Status for Technicians: A Viewpoint
Authors: Coufal James E.
Published: April 2024

Judged by criteria social scientists find common to all professions, forestry is seen as being a profession when the specific characteristics of professionalism are defined as existing on a continuum. The criterion that forestry appears to satisfy least is that of public recognition of its professionalism. Forest technicians are also seen as possessing many traits of professionalism, and the author therefore feels they should be accepted as voting members of the Society of American Foresters.
Even-Aged Development of Mixed-Species Stands
Authors: Oliver Chadwick Dearing
Published: April 2024

Forests in the eastern and northwestern United States often develop in even-aged patterns, with certain species predictably forming the upper canopy and others relegated to lower strata. The vertical sorting (or stratification) by species and broad ranges of diameters has sometimes led foresters and ecologists to assume these stands are all-aged. For this reason the stands have often been selectively logged and thereby degraded unintentionally. If manipulated as even-aged or in age classes, these mixtures can often be as economically and ecologically advantageous to manage as pure stands are.
Clearcutting Patterns Affect Nitrate and Calcium in Streams of New Hampshire
Authors: Martin C. Wayne , Pierce Robert S.
Published: April 2024

Streams draining seven forested watersheds in the White Mountains of New Hampshire had average annual nitrate and calcium ion concentrations of about 1.8±1.0 mg/l between 1971 and 1973. Nitrate concentrations in streams from nine watersheds that had been clearcut (all stems larger than 5.0 cm cut) rose to maximums of 25.1 ± 4.2 mg/l. In all streams, the maximum occurred during the second year after cutting. Calcium concentrations rose to maximums of 6.5 ± 1.5 mg/l during either the first or second year after cutting. Both nutrients generally returned to reference levels within five years after clearcutting. Streams draining seven partially clearcut watersheds exhibited a wide range of nitrate and calcium concentrations. Clearcutting less than entire watersheds and leaving buffer strips along the streams reduced the magnitude and duration of increases in concentrations. Progressive strip cutting with a buffer strip caused the lease increase.
Retention and Condition of Agricultural Conservation Program Conifer Plantings
Authors: Kurtz William B. , Alig Ralph J. , Mills Thomas J.
Published: April 2024

Of 312 conifer plantings examined 10 to 15 years after establishment under the Agricultural Conservation Program, 95 percent were being retained for timber production, at least to some degree. The plantations were in five eastern states. Eleven percent did not warrant further retention for timber growing. Forty-three percent needed silvicultural work, chiefly thinning of conifers. The other 41 percent required no immediate attention.
Influence of Habitat on Silvicultural Prescriptions in New England
Authors: Leak William B.
Published: April 2024

Silvicultural prescriptions in New England can be improved if land is classified by habitats within areas of a given rock type and climate. Habitat definition primarily in terms of glacial soil material provides insight into successional trends, species productivity, and managerial problems. On the basis of these factors, species and silvicultural treatments can be chosen logically for stands on granitic drift in the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
Logging, Infiltration Capacity, and Surface Erodibility in Western Oregon
Authors: Johnson Michael G. , Beschta Robert L.
Published: April 2024

Infiltration capacity and erodibility were measured three to six years after portions of forested watersheds in western Oregon had been logged. Overall values on the logged portions did not differ significantly from values on unlogged portions. Areas that had been heavily disturbed--skid trails, cable log paths, and places where slash had been windrowed by tractors and then burned--had reduced infiltration capacity and increased surface erodibility but also had partially recovered to prelogging conditions.
Fleischmann Grant Will Fund Resources Center -- A Million Begets a Million After a Long Struggle
Authors: Glascock Hardin R.
Published: April 2024

A grant of one million dollars from the Max C. Fleischmann Foundation makes it possible to begin construction of a Renewable Natural Resources Center to provide headquarters and services for a consortium of professional resource societies. The center will be in the metropolitan area of Washington, D.C., on a 35-acre tract where the Society of American Foresters (SAF) and American Fisheries Society are already located. Purpose is to strengthen relationships among the member societies, and enable them, singly and jointly, to improve their contributions to conservation and management of the renewable resources. The idea of the consortium developed gradually over the past dozen years, with SAF taking a leading part. It was advanced materially in the early 1970s when money received from the late Tom Gill, and matched by contributions from SAF members, enabled acquisition of the site.
Forest Management Instruction with Computer Assistance and Role Playing
Authors: Jungst Steven E. , Colletti Joe P.
Published: April 2024

An interactive computer program has been combined with an introductory laboratory problem in an effort to stimulate student interest in and awareness of benefits of computer usage in forestry problems.
Geology of the Columbia Basin
Authors: Scott W. Frank
Published: April 2024

The Columbia Basin is the northern basin of the Columbia Plateau, and is separated from the Snake River Plains by the Blue Mountains uplift. The Columbia Plateau is a geologically exciting area where gigantic geologic processes are displayed. Within the last 10 million years great basalt outpourings have covered an area of about 150,000 square miles with basalt flows up to 10,000 feet in depth. An estimated 100,000 cubic miles of molten lava has thus poured to the surface from deep in the earth beneath the Columbia Plateau. Within the last million years, multiple ice-age floods have raged across the Columbia Basin, sculpting the surface into spectacular physiographic forms which testify to the power of running water. The greatest of these was the largest flood ever documented.
Dendrology and the Profession of Forestry
Authors: Fralish James S.
Published: April 2024

Dendrology is a carry-over from the early twentieth century, when forestry was not a fully developed discipline. Today the importance of dendrology in its traditional form may be questioned, and thus it appears desirable to split dendrology into woody plant taxonomy and forest ecology. This suggestion is made in view of the substantial body of knowledge in both areas and in order to develop better ecosystem managers.
Timber Volume Stratification on Small-Scale Aerial Photos
Authors: MacLean Colin D.
Published: April 2024

Data from a timber inventory of western Oregon were analyzed to test whether interpretation of photos with a scale of 1:63.000 could be used to improve efficiency of timber volume estimates. When photo plots classified on this scale were used to stratify a field sample, the resulting double-sample design provided estimates of total cubic-foot volume with twice the efficiency of a simple field-plot survey--i.e., precision was improved without an increase in cost. Results were similar to those obtained from an earlier study testing interpretation on 1:12,000 to 1:20,000 scale photos.
Why Hawaii is Changing to the Dibble-Tube System of Forestation
Authors: Walters Gerald A.
Published: April 2024

The dibble-tube system was developed to meet the constraints of Hawaii's diverse species and planting sites, restrictive planting weather, generally inexperienced tree planters, and high costs. This system, which is based on the Hawaii dibble tube and rack, includes the nursery transport, and field phases of forestation with container-grown stock. It is more reliable and less costly than the bare-root system in Hawaii.
Managing Ecological Impacts at Wilderness Campsites: An Evaluation of Techniques
Authors: Cole David N.
Published: April 2024

Visitor dispersal and campsite closure are common managerial reactions to campsite degradation in classified wilderness and other backcountry areas. Ecological research suggests that such actions will do little to improve the condition of campsites and will usually increase the areal extent of deterioration. Concentrating use on as few campsites as possible and closure on a site-by-site basis would confine inevitable damage, leaving most of the wilderness undisturbed by recreational use.
Measuring Trees That Lean, Fork, Crook, or Sweep
Authors: Grosenbaugh L. R.
Published: April 2024

Until recently there was no fully satisfactory solution to the broad problem of measuring standing trees whose axes leaned, forked, crooked, or curved. Analysis of a spherical model has led to revision of a well-known computer program (STX) that will now process standard rangefinder-dendrometer measurements of straight leaning trees without bias, and similar measurements of forked, crooked, or curved trees with negligible bias. More field effort is required if instruments lack rangefinding capability. Azimuth of crosslevel axis and tilt of hypsometer aligned with tree axis must then be measured from each of two separate observation points to enable computation of a constant correction angle to be added algebraically to each tilted elevation angle. Corrected elevation angles together with a single range (measured parallel to the ground} will then allow unbiased computation of other elevated slant ranges, slant heights, and diameters.
Campers' Perceptions of Site Deterioration and Crowding
Authors: Knudson Douglas M. , Curry Elizabeth B.
Published: April 2024

Can campers' opinions and observations about a site serve as a workable monitor for carrying capacity? Interviews with 405 campers in two Indiana state parks indicated that few were sensitive to either resource deterioration or crowding. This result suggests that managers cannot rely on camper opinions as indicators for monitoring environmental impacts. Campers expressed support for site alterations and closures to remedy deterioration problems.
Decision-making Framework for Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners: An Application in the Missouri Ozarks
Authors: Kurtz William B. , Lewis Bernard J.
Published: April 2024

By means of a psychological testing technique (Q-sort), owners were classified into types on the basis of their motivations and objectives in holding land. On-the-ground management by the several types was found to correspond, in amount and kind, approximately to the interest in timber production. The analytical approach used here seems useful in many situations where information or assistance programs are being designed to fit landowners' specific interests.
Communications to Disperse Wilderness Campers
Authors: Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Berrier Deborah L.
Published: April 2024

In the Shining Rock Wilderness, North Carolina, distributing a brochure from leaflet boxes located at major trailheads and distributing it through personal contact inside the wilderness were effective in moving campers from a congested area to lightly used sites. Overall, the two communication channels differed little in their effectiveness, but variability of visitor response was much greater with the brochure and personal-contact method.
Field Stereo Viewers for Aerial Photography
Authors: Klein William H. , Lory Frederick
Published: April 2024

Portable stereo field viewers using color transparencies for three aerial film formats--70 mm, 9 by 9 inch, and panoramic (5 by 50 inch)--were developed for surveys using multistage techniques to appraise bark beetle damage. The three instruments are light in weight, compact, illuminated by indirect or reflected sunlight, and constructed of readily available materials. They can be built by anyone with good mechanical ability and the proper tools.
Slash Treatment After Clearcutting Lodgepole Pine Affects Nutrients in Soil Water
Authors: Hart George E. , DeByle Norbert V. , Hennes Robert W.
Published: April 2024

Soil solutions from old-growth lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stands in western Wyoming differed from solutions beneath adjacent clearcuts where four residue disposal methods were applied. Soil solutions from clearcuts were more concentrated in sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and nitrate. All elements, especially, nitrates, were most concentrated under burned windrows of debris. Phenol concentrations under a mulch of wood chips were high during the first posttreatment year, and sometimes exceeded 1 milligram per liter. Dilution of potassium, nitrate, and phenol concentrations would be expected as water moves from the soil to streamflow.
Biomass Production in Florida
Authors: Smith Wayne H. , Dowd Marybruce L.
Published: April 2024

Florida posseses climatic, land, and water resources favorable for abundant biomass production. Therefore, a statewide program has been initiated to determine adapted species for the available array of production sites. Plant resources under investigation include woody, aquatic, grasses, hydrocarbon, and root crop species. The goal is to produce a continuous stream of biomass for the various biofuel conversion options. Preliminary yields from energy cropping experiments, range from about 10 to nearly 90 metric tons per hectare per year, depending on the crop and the production system employed.
Riding into a Different Sunset: The Sagebrush Rebellion
Authors: Fairfax Sally K.
Published: April 2024

Livestock industry problems and land-transfer proposals have dominated media discussion of the Sagebrush Rebellion and tempt students and practitioners of resource management to respond to the present conflict as they have in similar previous situations. This would be an error, because although the format and vocabulary of the Sagebrush Rebellion are familiar, the stakes include the full spectrum of western resources. Moreover, the debate is occurring at a time when the traditional foundations of conservation and management -- the Progressive Era heritage of reliance on technically directed, rational, centralized planning and administration -- are seriously eroded.
Comparing Estimated Wilderness Costs among National Forests
Authors: Campbell Gene E. , Countryman David W.
Published: April 2024

Wilderness costs can be extremely variable among national forests. For example, the Willamette (in Oregon) has 471,245 fewer acres suitable for wilderness and a maximum marginal cost per acre of wilderness 820 times greater than on the Beaverhead (in Montana). Marginal cost curves developed from linear programming models can depict relative wilderness costs among forests and thus assist society in comparing economic trade-offs, making wilderness selections cost-effective, and isolating those forests where wilderness decisions have greatest impact.
Place of Small-Format Aerial Photography in Resource Surveys
Authors: Meyer Merle P.
Published: April 2024

With continuing escalation of field verification costs in renewable resource surveys, users of conventional aerial survey techniques are experiencing difficulties in maintaining cost-effectiveness within existing budget constraints. Judicious use of small-format (35-mm or 70-mm) aerial photography can often reduce time and costs of field verification without sacrificing quantity or quality in the data gathered. Examples of its use either as a supplement to conventional large-format photography or as the primary data base source are presented.
Free-Use Fuelwood in New Mexico: Inventory Exhaustion and Energy Equations
Authors: Gray James R. , Fowler John M. , Bray Mary A.
Published: April 2024

Free-use fuelwood supplies in two national forests in New Mexico will be exhausted within the decade if current trends continue. Alternative scenarios of energy prices, use rates, and supplies were used to determine the time span of inventory exhaustion on each of five national forests in the state. The energy obtained from free-use fuelwood harvesting was then compared to the energy expended in gathering the fuelwood. From an energy perspective only, free-use wood yields little energy return over costs when wood is burned in fireplaces. Heat-efficient stoves yielded nearly four times the net energy of fireplaces for the state as a whole.
Regeneration Delay: Economic Cost and Harvest Loss
Authors: Brodie J. Douglas , Tedder Philip L.
Published: April 2024

Failure to regenerate stands immediately after harvest results in losses of value and volume yield. The amount of loss differs when the effect of delay is assessed for an individual stand or forestwide. For the forest, the loss will depend on methods of determining the allowable cut and on inventory age-class distributions. A regeneration delay that results from transitory physical or budgeting constraints will have a different effect than delays programmed into all future rotations. Losses that appear massive when assessed at the stand level may have little effect on the allowable cut, while failure to rapidly regenerate stands that are economically marginal may greatly affect allowable cut on some forests.
World Forestry: The World's Forests Tomorrow: Will We Be Ready?
Authors: Peterson R. Max
Published: April 2024

With demands on forests rapidly increasing, research is vital to help forest managers improve productivity, understand human as well as biological effects of forest development, and anticipate future demands on the resource. Research programs must be backed by good dissemination systems, and international cooperation is essential.
Proposed Metric Units in Forestry
Authors: Ffolliott Peter F. , Robinson David W. , Space James C.
Published: April 2024

In 1980, the Metric Committee of the Society of American Foresters became the Forestry Sector Committee of the American National Metric Council, with responsibility for planning conversion to metric measure in U.S. forestry. The committee hopes to complete a draft plan in 1982, and seeks suggestions from all interested persons or agencies.
Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Approach to Resource Planning
Authors: Buist Leon J. , Hoots Thomas A.
Published: April 2024

Recreation opportunity planning incorporates the concept of a Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) into a planning system that combines relationships between natural resource settings, recreational activities, and the resulting recreationist experiences into six ROS classes of land and water areas. The ROS provides a framework for planning and managing recreation for experience objectives, aids in clarifying agency and private sector roles, and is a means of informing the recreating public what to expect from given resource settings. Both the USDA Forest Service and the USDI Bureau of Land Management have adopted recreation opportunity planning as part of their integrated land and resource management planning process.
Volume versus Value Maximization Illustrated for Douglas-fir with Thinning
Authors: Riitters Kurt , Brodie J. Douglas , Kao Chiang
Published: April 2024

Economic and physical criteria for selecting even-aged rotation length are reviewed with examples of their optimizations. To demonstrate the trade-off between physical volume, economic return, and stand diameter, examples of thinning regimes for maximizing volume, forest rent, and soil expectation are compared with an example of maximizing volume without thinning. The soil expectation criterion consistently accounts for the market premium and logging and other silvicultural costs.
Fuelbed Changes with Aging of Slash from Ponderosa Pine Thinnings
Authors: Carlton Donald W. , Pickford Stewart G.
Published: April 2024

Fuel loading stratified by standard fuel size classes and fuelbed depth data from 11 precommercially thinned stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) indicated that changes in slash fuelbeds varying in age from 0 to 17 years can be described mathematically as a function of slash age and basal area of trees removed. Least-squares equation of the form In(fuelbed characteristic) = a + b·In(basal area removed) + c·(age) gave R² values from 0.74 to 0.96, and all equations were significant at the 99-percent level. Prescribed burning produced changes in loading and bed depth that were the equivalent of 2 to 20 or more years of natural aging. These results should be of use to land managers, but since they are from one drainage of the eastern side of the Cascade Range in Washington they may need adjusting before being applied to other areas.
Fuel Management's Potential for Reducing Frequency of Large Fires in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Wood Donald B.
Published: April 2024

The probability of a fire becoming large is strongly influenced by the fuel in which it originates--the most important fuel properties are those which influence rate of spread. In the Northern Region of the National Forest System, regionwide hazard reduction could reasonably be expected to halve both the number of, and area burned by, fires exceeding 300 acres. For specific sites, the potential value of hazard-reduction treatment depends on the spread rate characteristics of the current fuel and the ignition frequency. From four to several hundred acres must be protected to save a single acre from burning.
Recreation Regulations--When Are They Needed?
Authors: Lucas Robert C.
Published: April 2024

Regulation of outdoor recreation needs to be minimized. Managers should establish regulations only when they are the best way to achieve important objectives. Decisions can be arrived at through a that focuses on problem identification, consideration of non-regulatory alternative approaches, and estimation of costs and benefits of potential management actions. The analysis should weed out avoidable regulations, and ensure that those adopted are effective and justified.
Opportunities to Increase National Forest Softwood Harvest
Authors: Bell Enoch F. , Randall Robert M.
Published: April 2024

A review of national forest inventory, growth, access, markets, budgets, and policies indicates limited opportunities to increase timber harvest. While an increase in harvest may enhance economic and social values, it would produce certain detrimental effects on the environment.
Who Says you Can't Cut a Tree on Sites Growing 19 Cubic Feet?
Authors: Irland Lloyd C.
Published: April 2024

Bell and Randall (J. For. 80:152-156, 160) give little reason for thinking that planning under the Resources Planning Act defines the place of individual national forests in the country's timber supply situation. The timber strategy seems to be defined in terms of constraints, and at least in the Northeast these constraints serve to limit the area that could be allocated to wilderness.
A Foregone Conclusion About Timber Increases
Authors: Newport Carl A.
Published: April 2024

Increased timber output from the National Forest System is unlikely as long as goals under the Resources Planning Act are formulated by individual forests. Unless national objectives are established first, an individual forest is likely to plan only such timber production as it can easily achieve while fulfilling nontimber objectives.
Hazards of Root Disease in Pacific Northwest Recreation Sites
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Goheen Donald J.
Published: April 2024

Trees with root diseases. especially not caused by Phellinus weirii, are subject to windthrow, and thus seriously threaten public safety in developed recreation sites in Pacific Northwest forests. Pathologists or specially trained foresters should inspect an area for root disease hazards before construction begins. When trees with diseased roots are found on sites that are already in operation, managers must reduce present and future hazards while maintaining the area's beauty.
Inventory Costs on Small Forests
Authors: Mawson Joseph C. , Mack Robert J.
Published: April 2024

For $1-$4 per acre, the manager of a small forest can apply standard field techniques and computer systems to derive adequate information for decisions on intensive silviculture.
World Forestry: Seventeenth World Congress of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. , Berntsen Carl M.
Published: April 2024

The XVII IUFRO World Congress was held in Japan on September 6-17, 1981. The first such congress to be convened in Asia, it was attended by forest scientists from 70 countries. Technical sessions at the International Congress Hall in Kyoto covered all aspects of forest research. Excursions, each with a technical theme, followed the meetings in Kyoto.
Forestland Market Values
Authors: de Steiguer J. E.
Published: April 2024

Data from are U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economics Research Service indicated that forestland values in Appalachia, the Southeast, and the Delta States increased at rates well above the rate of inflation between 1971 and 1979. Forestland prices for 1979 were highest in the Southeast and lowest in the Lake States. Compared to alternative land uses, forestry was found to be very low valued. The per-acre selling price of forestland declined as size of the transaction increased, but began to stabilize for tracts of 200 acres or more in area.
Diameter Growth Estimation on Small Forests
Authors: Mawson Joseph C.
Published: April 2024

Diameter growth = aeb/dbh is suggested for stand table projection in small forests. The formula is easy to apply and adequately represents diameter growth in stands containing many species.
Linear Programming in the Classroom: A Simplified Approach
Authors: Burroughs James N. , Kurtz William B.
Published: April 2024

A catalogued computer procedure, FORESTI, enables students to use linear programming in examining a realistic, complex management problem in the classroom. When coupled with field experience, it has proven useful in providing instruction in linear programming, and is well received by students.
Determining Local Employment, Distribution, and Tax Revenue Effects of Changes in Forest and Range Policies
Authors: Snider Gary B. , Ayer Harry W.
Published: April 2024

A method to estimate the direct and indirect changes in local area employment, income distribution, and tax revenues is given and its usefulness for evaluating various Forest Service policies illustrated. Policies studied are those which decrease allowable timber cut by 10 percent, decrease animal units on the forest by 20 percent, and increase forest-related tourism by 10 percent in two trade areas of Arizona. The policies have a combined effect which only marginally changes employment in each area. Timber and range policies are regressive with respect to income distribution, and the tourism policy is progressive. The individual and combined effects of the assumed policies on tax revenues are small. Policy effects vary among areas of differing economic structures.
Fuelwood Utilization in Kansas Cities
Authors: Warner Thomas D. , Shelley Jill A.
Published: April 2024

During the winter of 1979-80, households in the five largest cities of Kansas burned an amount of fuelwood equal to 2.7 percent of the state's net annual growth. A survey of 2,374 households revealed that nearly 31 percent burned wood and used an average of 1.34 cords per year per household. Most of the wood was used for both heating and recreation. Wood burning, the amount of wood used, and the amount paid correlated positively with income and education. Residents of the sampled cities spent an equivalent of $6 million for fuelwood during the season.
Health Of Forest Service Economics Research
Authors: Whaley Ross S. , Bell Enoch F.
Published: April 2024

A review of USDA Forest Service research in economics has revealed a lack of focus and creativity as well as funds. The program needs more emphasis on important issues, a creative environment, increased funding, and well-trained scientists to become more relevant and productive.
Economic Returns To Graduate Education In Forestry
Authors: Laarman Jan G. , De Steiguer J. E.
Published: April 2024

A master's degree or Ph.D. is an investment adding to human capital. In forestry, rates of return on this human capital range from -2.5 to +6.9 percent on a master's degree, and from +3.5 to +6.6 percent on a Ph.D. These are real rates above monetary inflation but before income taxes. Rates of return fall as the time required to complete a graduate degree is extended, and as age of graduate student increases. Several qualifications accompany the economic analysis.
World Forestry: Cooperation with Poland on Research In Remote Sensing
Authors: Lund H. Gyde , Allison Ray P. , Honing Frederick W.
Published: April 2024

Poland is evaluating various forms of remote sensing to monitor insect infestation and air pollution damage and to classify and map land-use patterns. A cooperative proposal, previously under development with the United States, may intensify current remote sensing research and may be expanded to include scientific exchange in sampling strategies and computer analysis techniques.
World Forestry: Forests and Forestry in Israel
Authors: Gottfried Gerald J.
Published: April 2024

The forests of Israel were degraded and destroyed between biblical times and the early 20th century. Forestry efforts began just prior to World War I and accelerated with Israel's independence in 1948. The concentration has been on afforestation of barren land with pines and eucalypts and on protection of the natural oak scrub. By 1980, forests covered 100,907 ha, about 5 percent of the country's land area, and 60 percent were plantations. The most important current activities are continued afforestation and the management and protection of existing stands. Wood production has increased, but Israel must still import most of the wood products it needs. Ways are being sought to increase productivity. Recreation is a very important and increasing demand. Land-use planning is coordinated by a committee of users. There are conflicts between forestry and grazing, water production, and recreation-preservation interests. Research is attempting to provide information for resolving these questions, and to provide a sound ecological and technical foundation for forestry in Israel.
Forestry School Enrollment and Degrees Granted, 1971-1981
Authors: Christensen Ronald R.
Published: April 2024

Forestry school enrollments in all degree programs peaked in 1975. By 1981 they were at their lowest point in the ten-year period 1971-1981 and 20 percent below the 1975 levels. Women enrollees increased from 6 to 26 percent of all students. Minority student enrollments remained at less than 2 percent. Some 2,500 fewer undergraduates were studying forestry as a major in 1981 than in 1977. Total degrees granted in all programs peaked at 5,899 in 1980, five years after peak enrollment. Women graduates increased tenfold during the period while minority degree recipients continued at less than 2 percent. Bachelor's degrees in forestry as a major in 1981 totaled 2,091 but were down 23 percent from 1980.
Hybrid Poplar Sprout Clumps: Thinning Does Not Improve Development
Authors: Davidson Walter H.
Published: April 2024

One growing season after the harvest of a 16-year-old hybrid poplar (Populus sp.) plantation, sprouts from 100 clumps were thinned to retain the dominant sprout; 100 clumps were left for comparison. After three growing seasons, thinned and unthinned clumps did not differ in total number of sprouts per clump or in diameter of dominant sprouts. Dominant sprouts were significantly taller in the unthinned clumps. Thinning hybrid poplar sprout clumps after a harvest is not recommended.
New Site Productivity Estimates for Red Pine in the Lake States
Authors: Lundgren Allen L.
Published: April 2024

Current site productivity estimates for red pine (Pinus resinosa) in the Lake States are based on old normal yield tables for unmanaged (unthinned) stands. New growth models, based on permanent remeasured plots, indicate that expected yields of merchantable cubic-foot volume from unthinned stands are 18 percent higher, and from thinned stands 32 percent higher than current estimates on average sites. On better sites the differences are greater. Proposed new productivity curves are strongly supported by red pine yields reported in the literature.
Future Timberland Area: A Crucial but Illusive Variable in Timber Economy Models
Authors: Wall Brian R.
Published: April 2024

Data on the acreage of timberland that will be available for harvest in the future are crucial to the development of accurate national and regional timber supply and demand models. Improved supply projections are needed for new timber economy models, but biologically realistic supply models require detailed data about the future timberland area base for large regions. No comprehensive research is being done to meet the requirements of the new models. A planned, complex approach should be developed whereby information on land influences, behavior of landowners, and economics can be obtained.
Diverse Owners of Nonindustrial Private Timberland in Western Oregon
Authors: Gedney Donald R.
Published: April 2024

Three classes of nonindustrial private owners-farmers, individuals other than farmers, and corporations-were selected prior to a USDA Forest Service inventory of western Oregon. Statistical tests following the inventory showed that owners of each class differed in condition of their land for timber production and in harvesting practices. Corporations had a high proportion of manageable forests and a high rate of clearcutting; farmers also had a high rate of clearcutting but a low proportion of manageable forests. Individuals had a low rate of clearcutting and ranked between corporations and farmers in proportion of manageable forests. Projections of timber supply will be improved if these owner classes are projected separately.
Workshops in Public Involvement: Do They Help Find Common Ground?
Authors: Twight Ben W. , Carroll Matthew S.
Published: April 2024

A case study of public involvement in a controversial land-use plan indicated that participants who attended one or more Forest Service workshops failed to see themselves in any greater agreement with the agency than did participants who merely wrote letters or attended public meetings. Among each participant group (workshop attenders and non-attenders, perceived differences between the public and the agency were about twice as great as actual differences. This ratio of real to imagined differences is consistent with findings of two earlier studies where workshops were not part of the involvement technique. The failure to achieve more consensus suggests that the agency was seen as an adversary rather than as a mediator in the workshop process.
Law Enforcement Sources for Wildlands
Authors: Christensen James A.
Published: April 2024

Wildland managers, in addition to protecting the lands they manage from fire, insects, and diseases, must now protect them from people. Theft of forest products and vandalism have become significant problems. Land managers have three options when selecting a source of law enforcement: relying on existing law enforcement agencies, contracting for enforcement services, or hiring personnel.
Browse Preferences of Jackrabbits and Cottontails for Species Used in Shelterbelt Plantings
Authors: Swihart Robert K. , Yahner Richard H.
Published: April 2024

Preference ratings were computed for genera and families of trees and shrubs commonly planted in shelter-belts and windbreaks and subjected to winter browsing by white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii) and eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus). These animals used evergreens less than deciduous species. In general, they preferred the Rosaceae, Ulmaceae, Oleaceae, and Caprifoliaceae families. Guides for selecting planting stock should include a measure of a species' susceptibility to browsing, at least in localities where rabbits or hares are numerous.
Users Need Performance Information to Evaluate Models
Authors: Brand Gary J. , Holdaway Margaret R.
Published: April 2024

The important criteria for evaluating a forest growth model depend on the model's use. Consequently the potential user rather than the developer should determine acceptability, particularly when the model can serve multiple purposes. To help the user, the developer should present quantitative information about the model's performance under a variety of forest conditions.
Aspen Regeneration after Commercial Clearcutting in Southwestern Colorado
Authors: Crouch Glenn L.
Published: April 2024

Commercial clearcutting of mature quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) on blocks ranging from 3 to 17 acres resulted in 30,000 sprouts per acre and 90-percent stocking of half-milacre plots after one growing season. Six years later, sprouts averaged 7,000 per acre, stocking was 76 percent, and mean height of the tallest stem 8.1 feet. Although these numbers were adequate for restocking, the poor condition of most sprouts, resulting from cattle trampling and snow breakage, strongly threatens the successful replacement of sawlog-quality growing stock.
Control of Timber Theft
Authors: Malm Richard L. , McCollum Matthew G.
Published: April 2024

As timber values rise, forest products firms need to develop and maintain controls over thefts of one kind or another. An effective program requires that a company analyze its particular situation, establish priorities in timber control objectives, and institute and maintain procedures for forestalling and detecting irregularities.
Managing Grizzly Bear Habitat in the Northern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Zager Peter E. , Jonkel Charles J.
Published: April 2024

Resource management within occupied grizzly bear range in the northern Rocky Mountains appears to be possible without significant loss of bear habitat. Some tentative management guidelines are suggested.
Forest Management and Ruffed Grouse Populations in a Minnesota Coniferous Forest
Authors: Gullion G. W. , Alm A. A.
Published: April 2024

Fluctuations of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus (L)) populations resulted from forest management and changes in stand composition on two study areas, each about 259 hectares in size. An important factor influencing ruffed grouse populations is the presence or absence of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.; P. grandidentata Michx.) in forest stands. Dense young aspen sapling and pole stands provide cover where grouse are relatively secure from predation, while the presence of mature aspen provides high-value winter food. Management that favors conifers reduces ruffed grouse habitat.
Barriers to Coordinating Federal and State Resource Assessments in California
Authors: Parry B. Thomas
Published: April 2024

A growing number of California's forest resource management problems have inseparable public and private components. Future sources of timber, cost-effective recreation supply, and cumulative impacts of public and private timber harvesting are three prime examples. Ideally, coordinating federal and state planning would be aimed at solving such problems. In practice, current efforts of the USDA Forest Service under the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act, as amended by the National Forest Management Act, and California's activities under its Forest Resources Assessment and Policy Act are falling far short. Coordinating federal and state resource planning will first require coordinating federal and state resource assessments. Currently, resource assessment is undertaken independently by each agency. Although coordinated assessment is an important first step, significant barriers stand in the way, including data gaps, institutional limitations, political obstacles, budget restrictions, and assessment timing.
Predicting Product Yields from Thinnings in Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Baumgras John E.
Published: April 2024

Equations have been developed for estimating the volume per acre of sawlogs, sawbolts, and pulpwood of fuelwood that can be harvested by thinning hardwood stands of poletimber or small sawtimber size. These equations were derived from actual roundwood yields obtained by thinning 17 stands of Appalachian hardwoods in Virginia and West Virginia, and measuring the product volume of each cut tree 5.0 inches in d.b.h. and larger. If the amount of basal area to be removed per 2-inch d.b.h. class is known, the equations facilitate estimates of alternative yields from thinnings and help identify opportunities for multiproduct harvesting.
Applying Trade-Off Analysis To National Forest Planning
Authors: Connaughton Kent P. , Fight Roger D.
Published: April 2024

A trade-off analysis is required for national forest planning. Trade-offs between outputs can be computed with the same linear programming model of the forest used to prepare land-management alternatives. By systematically varying the objective for one of the outputs of an alternative, the resulting trade-off with the output measured by the objective function of the linear program is determined. Trade-offs cannot be reliably computed from the differences between land-management alternatives. Trade-offs may be overstated when inputs such as land are manipulated instead of outputs. A similar overstatement of trade-offs may occur when a sufficiently wide range of management regimes is not provided to the model. Since a trade-off analysis is only as good as the fundamental production relationships on which it is based, misleading trade-offs can result for alternatives producing a mix of outputs outside the range of historical experience and supporting data.
Estimating Volumes of Upland Hardwoods with the Behre Hyperboloid
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Charlton Philip M.
Published: April 2024

Coefficients have been derived to facilitate use of Behre's hyperbola for estimating volumes of upland hardwoods. The system shows promise for volume-table development and modeling purposes.
Log Merchandising in Aspen
Authors: Sibal Pedro V. , Bowyer James L. , Bradley Dennis P.
Published: April 2024

In the Northwest and South it is common practice to buck logs into various products at some central point in the woods or at a permanent installation; sorting criteria are designed to maximize economic return. Material from a given harvest may yield peeler bolts, sawlogs, pulpwood, pallet bolts, and firewood sticks. Though widespread and apparently profitable elsewhere, the practice, known as log merchandising, is seldom employed in northern forests. In a study of aspen in northern Minnesota, 20 percent or more of woodsrun stem volume was of sawlog quality. Such information was combined with technical and economic data to make a discounted cash flow analysis of three mobile and four fixed-site merchandiser systems. Though requiring an investment of $3.3 million (1981 dollars) a double-line linear system designed for use in a concentration yard appeared to be the most economically attractive under a variety of assumptions about raw material quality and economic factors. With mobile chipping units, prelogging to glean sawlog material appeared feasible if the proportion of sawlog volume exceeded 20 percent. Sorting logs at the landing immediately prior to chipping was found to be less profitable than chipping alone.
Optimum Dot-Grid Density for Area Estimation with Aerial Photographs
Authors: Gering Lawrence R. , Bailey Robert L.
Published: April 2024

Dot-count sampling to estimate area from 1:12,000 scale aerial photographs was tested with grid densities of 4, 16, and 49 dots per square inch. All three densities gave unbiased estimates. Variances may be validly estimated by assuming random sampling and the binomial model when dot density is greater than 27--the optimum density for per-dot reduction in variance. The coefficient of variation can be predicted from dot density of the grid and estimated proportion of dots in the cover type of interest.
Modeling Behavior of Prescribed Fires in Yosemite National Park
Authors: Van Wagtendonk Jan W. , Botti Stephen J.
Published: April 2024

The National Fire Danger Rating System and the Fire Behavior Prediction System were tested on prescribed fires burning underneath canopies in six fuel types in Yosemite National Park, California. The mean error for rate of spread was +0.03 foot per minute for the NFDRS and -0.15 foot for the FBPS. For flame length the mean error was -0.38 foot for both systems. Regressions provided factors for correcting predicted values. Burning prescriptions based on the models have been adjusted for the variation in their predictive capability.
Price Reporting of Forest Products to Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Rosen Barry N.
Published: April 2024

Of late, price reporting has been proposed to make more information available to the nonindustrial private forest landowners. Proponents say reporting stimulates owners' participation in the timber economy by increasing their awareness of potential returns and their negotiating confidence. A 1980 nationwide survey found only 14 states with regular price reporting services. In order to expand price reporting, problems of periodicity, sponsorship, data sources, and distribution must be dealt with.
Size of Forest Holding and Investment Behavior of Nonindustrial Private Owners
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Wisdom Harold W. , Moak James E.
Published: April 2024

Size of forest holding is known to be positively related to timber production on nonindustrial private forests. Explanations for this relationship have centered on economies of tract size, diminishing marginal utility, and the landowner's alternative rate of return. The basis of the third concept is that owners of the large forest holdings tend to have better financial positions than owners of small holdings, and thus have more incentive to manage intensively. Correlation analysis of Mississippi data confirms the positive relationships between size of forest holding, a landowner's financial position, and management intensity.
Forestry Curricula by Region and Subject Matter
Authors: O'Laughlin Jay
Published: April 2024

The general forestry or forest management curriculum of each of the 42 SAF-accredited institutions that offered a four-year baccalaureate degree in forestry in 1983 was dissected into categories of required coursework. Averages were compiled for four geographic regions. Forestry education as reflected by these averages is remarkably consistent among regions.