bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What makes Dutch youth comply with preventive COVID‐19 measures? An explorative study
Authors: Koning Naomi , Hagedoorn Nikki , Stams Geert‐Jan J. M. , Assink Mark , van Dam Levi
Published: July 2021

The measures to contain the spread of COVID‐19 are challenging for youth, especially the social isolation measures. These measures are antagonistic to healthy youth development, which requires sufficient social contact with peers and adults. This explorative study examined what factors are associated with adherence to COVID‐19 measures in a sample of Dutch youth (N = 263; 79.8% female) with ages ranging between 16 and 24 years (M = 21.1 years; SD = 2.44 years), who completed an online questionnaire about their compliance to measures, resilience, coping strategies, mental health, and availability of a natural mentor. Results showed that youth with fewer depressive symptoms adhered better to measures of social distance. Youth who were less suspicious, more resilient, and those with an active coping strategy or a natural mentor more often complied with COVID‐19 measures. These results can be used to help youth comply with the COVID‐19 measures.
Teachers' perspectives on the implementation of teenage mothers' school re‐entry policy in Eswatini Kingdom: Implication for educational evaluators
Authors: Thwala S'lungile K. , Okeke Chinedu I. O. , Matse Zanele , Ugwuanyi Christian S.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

In the global context, there have been high records of teenage girls drop out in schools than teenage boys. This ugly occurrence is attributed to teenage pregnancy and little or no concerns have been given to the school re‐entry policy for such category of students especially in the Eswatini Kingdom, Swaziland. Thus, this study explored the perceptions of teachers regarding the implementation of the teenage mothers' school re‐entry policy in the Manzini region of Eswatini.

Method

A qualitative research approach was adopted for the study using a sample of 15 participants. Data collection instrument a semistructured interview guide. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed.

Results

The findings indicated a lack of awareness and understanding of both the policy and its guidelines among participants. The results further showed that the implementation of the re‐entry policy is crucial if a teenage pregnant girl child's education is to be realized in Eswatini.

Conclusion

Without proper implementation of such a policy, the affected girls could end up, uneducated and poor. Thus, educational evaluators should come up with appropriate policy documents for girl child.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of Seckel syndrome with bi‐allelic variant in TRAIP via exome sequencing
Authors: Conrad Daragh , Stanley Christy , Denney Jeffrey , Quinn Kristen
Published: July 2021

We present two consecutive pregnancies with shared ultrasound findings—sloping forehead, micrognathia, ambiguous genitalia, brachycephaly, short extremities, single umbilical artery, choroid plexus cysts, and clenched hands. Subsequent whole exome sequencing identified TRAIP gene variants implicating diagnosis of Seckel syndrome 9 (SCKL9). Prenatal testing in subsequent pregnancy identified one variant. Our case highlights the utility of whole exome sequencing when prenatal ultrasound findings lend suspicion. Molecular confirmation allows for testing strategies in, or prior to, subsequent pregnancies. The finding of a rare, novel missense variant in TRAIP gene further implicates this mutation as having deleterious clinical manifestations.
Transient hypercalcemia in a patient with SAPHO syndrome
Authors: Yoshida Tadashi , Oya Mototsugu
Published: July 2021

We here report a case of SAPHO (synovitis‐acne‐pustulosis‐hyperostosis‐osteitis) syndrome with hypercalcemia. The patient was diagnosed with SAPHO syndrome at the age of 54, because he exhibited osteitis and hyperostosis around the sternoclavicular joints and the temporomandibular joints bilaterally and had past medical history of palmoplantar pustulosis. At the age of 67, he exhibited appetite loss and nausea. Corrected serum calcium was 13.0 mg/dl. Adequate hydration was recommended, and his calcium levels returned to the normal range without any medical treatment. Although speculative, his hypercalcemia was considered to be caused by an increased bone activity in SAPHO syndrome. This is the first report describing transient hypercalcemia in a patient with SAPHO syndrome.
Efficient domino strategy for synthesis of 3‐substituted 1,5‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridin‐4‐one derivatives
Authors: Chen Huaqian , Lu Tao , Qiao Minglong , Hu Jiawen , Li Chunmei , Qi Chenze , Zhang Furen
Published: July 2021

A series of 1,5‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridin‐4‐one derivatives with 3‐(4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐pyran‐3‐yl) groups were synthesized via a one‐pot three‐component reaction of 4‐aminopyridin‐2(1H)‐ones, 2,2‐dihydroxy‐1‐arylethan‐1‐ones, and 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones in water. This strategy not only provides a valuable tool in the design and synthesis of new hydrogenated pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridines but also has the advantages of inexpensive starting materials, atom and step economy, environmental friendliness, good to excellent yields, and operational simplicity. A total of 14 examples were examined to show a broad substrate scope and high yields.
Are interest rate caps a relevant tool to cool down overheating microfinance markets?
Authors: Caballero‐Montes Tristan , Godfroid Cécile , Labie Marc
Published: July 2021

Interest rate caps may generate adverse effects for microfinance institutions and their clients. Interest rate caps imposed in competitive and highly saturated markets may favor the commercial mindset of microfinance institutions to the detriment of social outreach. In Cambodia, the recent interest rate cap has likely not contributed to protecting the poor, slowing down the market, or reducing the risk of over‐indebtedness. Policymakers and regulators should consider market conditions, especially the degree of competition when making regulatory decisions that may substantially affect the microfinance industry.
Business cycle prediction: Application of Markov chain to online crowdlending
Authors: Krishnan Sudeep , Ashta Arvind , Babu David
Published: July 2021

Using Markov chains can improve the forecasting of the state of the total loan amount for the next month (growth, stagnation, or decline), compared to traditional forecasting techniques, if each of the previous month's basic information is available. Traditional statistical techniques have high forecasting errors and low accuracy for predicting the loan amounts and are no better than the naïve method of “no change” if data cannot be rapidly actualized. With recent data available, some traditional statistical techniques work better than the naïve method, but Holt double exponential smoothing has a higher mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). For predicting “states,” some traditional statistical methods improve with the degree of actualization (naïve, simple exponential smoothing), Holt and ARIMA decrease in performance, and TBATS remains the same. Since Markovian chains are better than all traditional time series forecasting techniques, it raises the benchmark for evaluating value added by artificial intelligence techniques for forecasting.
How far can we go? Determining the optimal loan size in progressive lending
Authors: Dhib Nahla , Ashta Arvind
Published: July 2021

For microfinance institutions (MFIs) with double bottom line objectives and trade‐offs, the optimal loan size can be determined by using a combination of Markovian Chains with transition probabilities and expected cash flows. Progressive lending may be safe over a range of loan sizes, beyond which a rational borrower would indulge in a strategic default. This range of safe loan sizes may depend on borrower characteristics (risk‐taking, self‐confidence, productivity, interest rates, subsistence needs) and the Microfinance Institution's strategy (financial inclusion objective, progressive lending). MFIs can improve the objective functions by better communication and encouragement of borrowers to increase their confidence in each stage and reassuring them that entrepreneurial failure will not mean being denied a second chance.
False positive FDG uptake in melanoma patients treated with talimogene laherparepvec (T‐VEC)
Authors: Mulder Evalyn E. A. P. , Stahlie Emma H. A. , Verver Daniëlle , Lemstra Clara , Been Lukas B. , Mooyaart Antien L. , Brabander Tessa , Vegt Erik , Verburg Frederik A. , van der Veldt Astrid A. M. , Verhoef Cornelis , van Akkooi Alexander C. J. , Grünhagen Dirk J.
Published: July 2021

Talimogene laherparepvec (T‐VEC) is a genetically modified herpes simplex virus‐1‐based oncolytic immunotherapy and has been approved for the local treatment of unresectable (stage IIIB/C and IVM1a) cutaneous melanoma. During T‐VEC treatment, tumor response is often evaluated using [18F]2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐
d‐glucose(FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). In a Dutch cohort (n = 173), almost one‐third of patients developed new‐onset FDG uptake in uninjected locoregional lymph nodes during T‐VEC. In 36 out of 53 (68%) patients with new nodal FDG uptake, nuclear medicine physicians classified this FDG uptake as “suspected metastases” without clinical or pathological confirmation in the majority of patients. These false positive results indicate that new‐onset FDG uptake in locoregional lymph nodes during T‐VEC treatment does not necessarily reflect progressive disease, but may be associated with immune infiltration. In current clinical practice, physicians should be aware of the high false positive rate of FDG uptake during treatment with T‐VEC in patients with melanoma. Therefore, pathological examination of lymph node lesions with new FDG uptake is recommended to differentiate between progressive disease and immune infiltration after treatment with T‐VEC.
Novel MLL/KMT2A‐MON2 fusion in a child with therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia after treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Gong Yanlei , Wang Man , Shen Hongjie , Chen Yan , Cen Jiannong , Yin Xiaolin , Yao Li
Published: July 2021

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is characterized by the reciprocal t (15;17) (q24; q21) translocation, resulting in PML–RARA gene fusion. Therapy‐related AML (t‐AML) is a serious complication after cytotoxic and/or radiation therapy in many malignant diseases. In this report, MLL/KMT2A‐MON2, with balanced chromosomal translocation t (11;12) (q23; q14), was identified as a novel fusion in a child transformed to t‐AML after successful treatment of APL. This study emphasized that clinical monitoring with an integrated laboratory approach is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of t‐AML.
Calibration of RS41 humidity sensors by using an upper‐air simulator
Authors: Lee Sang‐Wook , Kim Sunghun , Choi Byung Il , Woo Sang‐Bong , Lee Sungjun , Kwon Suyong , Kim Yong‐Gyoo
Published: July 2021

The upper‐air simulator (UAS) was developed at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science to test commercial radiosonde sensors under representative conditions. In this framework, humidity generation is performed through a two‐temperature mode in which the temperatures of the saturator and the test chamber are controlled independently. The operation range of the UAS in terms of the temperature, dew/frost‐point temperature, and relative humidity (RH) is −70 to +20°C, −80 to +20°C, and 5%–100%, respectively. The total combined uncertainty of the UAS humidity generation is within 1.1 %RH at a coverage factor k = 2. As a proof of concept, the calibration of Vaisala RS41 humidity sensors is demonstrated. The maximum difference between the humidity measured using the RS41 sensors and UAS reference humidity is approximately 3 %RH at −67°C, which gradually decreases to approximately 1 %RH as the temperature is raised to 21°C. The repeatability of a single RS41 unit and reproducibility of three different units are 0.5 and 0.9 %RH, respectively, in terms of the standard deviation. The uncertainty of an RS41 humidity sensor is 0.9–1.4 %RH (k = 2) at −67°C. Realizing the calibration of commercial radiosondes by using the UAS can enhance the traceability to the International System of Units and emphasize the role of metrology for meteorology and climate research.
Optimization and design of bending‐insensitive paper‐based LC wireless passive sensors
Authors: Qin Guoxuan , Yang Lin , Fan Zhihong , Dong Helei , Yu Shihui
Published: July 2021

How to monitor the freshness of packaged food, the safety of sealed medicine, or the other substances in sealed space wirelessly and environment‐friendly has become an urgent problem in recent years. After summarizing the theory of the LC sensor, a design of a paper‐based resonator (30 mm × 30 mm × 0.15 mm) consisting of a finger capacitor is proposed in this paper. The sensor is embedded inside the package by adhering it to the package's inner wall. Its response is remotely detected through a readout coil. This paper establishes a circuit simulation model and an electromagnetic simulation model to verify the feasibility of the design. Compared with the real object and the theoretical simulation model, the difference between the results only within 1 MHz, which verifies the correctness of the theory. Additionally, the measured results indicate that the resonant frequency of the resonator shifted from 102.441 MHz to 88.195 MHz, after dropping water on the sensor. Besides, the simple fabrication technology and inexpensive sensor material ensure a low cost, thus making this technology economically viable.
A posteriori error analysis of a quadratic finite volume method for nonlinear elliptic problems
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Xiaoping
Published: July 2021

In this article, we construct and analyze a residual‐based a posteriori error estimator for a quadratic finite volume method (FVM) for solving nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. We shall prove that the a posteriori error estimator yields the global upper and local lower bounds for the norm error of the FVM. So that the a posteriori error estimator is equivalent to the true error in a certain sense. Numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the theoretical results.
Mycorrhizal science outreach: Scope of action and available resources in the face of global change
Authors: Silva‐Flores Patricia , Argüelles‐Moyao Andrés , Aguilar‐Paredes Ana , Calaça Francisco Junior Simões , Duchicela Jessica , Fernández Natalia , Furtado Ariadne N. M. , Guerra‐Sierra Beatriz , Lovera Milagros , Marín César , Neves Maria Alice , Pezzani Fabiana , Rinaldi Andrea C. , Rojas Krystel , Vasco‐Palacios Aida Marcela
Published: July 2021

Societal Impact Statement

Mycorrhizal associations are acknowledged as key components of global ecosystem functioning. This is especially relevant in the context of global change, since they contribute to the amelioration of adverse soil conditions and play crucial roles in agriculture. Generally speaking, the lay public is uninformed on the importance of mycorrhizal fungi and symbiosis to our planet. Therefore, mycorrhizal scientific outreach activities are of paramount importance in order to bridge the aforementioned gap. We think that informing people about the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi and symbiosis in the face of global change, will raise general awareness of relevant research and aid conservation efforts.

Science outreach has become a particularly important duty in shortening the knowledge gap between scientists and the public, in order to strengthen societal decision‐making power in the global change crisis. Mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizal symbioses are key components of terrestrial ecosystems that contribute significantly to endure and reduce certain negative global change effects. Their importance has been gaining recognition in academic circles, but not among the general public. The aim of this article is to encourage as many mycorrhizal fungi researchers around the world as possible to build, through science outreach, a bridge between their scientific work and public interest. To this end, we conducted a review and discussed the relationship between global change and the mycorrhizal symbiosis. We highlight potential audiences, tools, resources, activities, outreach models, pros and cons, as well as the quantification potential for the outreach activities success. We extend an invitation to all mycorrhizologists around the world to contribute with mycorrhizal outreach material. Contributions will become available on the South American Mycorrhizal Research Network website for individuals or organizations interested in starting or innovating in mycorrhizal science outreach activities. Finally, the hashtag #mycorrhizalscienceoutreach is proposed to be used whenever a mycorrhizal fungi‐related science outreach activity is shared in social media.
First‐Principles Study of Elastic Properties of Rare‐Earth Oxyorthosilicates R2SiO5
Authors: Nazipov Dmitriy V.
Published: July 2021

First‐principles calculations of the crystal structure and elastic properties of a range of oxyorthosilicates R2SiO5 (R denotes rare‐earth ion) are performed in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) with hybrid functionals. The elastic moduli, sound velocities, Debye temperature, and minimum thermal conductivity coefficient are calculated for Lu2SiO5 in good agreement with the experiment, and a prediction of these parameters for a range of R2SiO5 is made. It is shown that La2SiO5 and Pr2SiO5 have the minimum thermal conductivity from a range of oxyorthosilicates.
High‐Temperature Annealing and Patterned AlN/Sapphire Interfaces
Authors: Hagedorn Sylvia , Mogilatenko Anna , Walde Sebastian , Pacak Daniel , Weinrich Jonas , Hartmann Carsten , Weyers Markus
Published: July 2021

Using the example of epitaxial lateral overgrowth of AlN on trench‐patterned AlN/sapphire templates, the impact of introducing a high‐temperature annealing step into the process chain is investigated. Covering the open surfaces of sapphire trench sidewalls with a thin layer of AlN is found to be necessary to preserve the trench shape during annealing. Both the influence of annealing temperature and annealing duration are investigated. To avoid the deformation of the AlN/sapphire interface during annealing, the annealing duration or annealing temperature must be low enough. Annealing for 1 h at 1730 °C is found to allow for the lowest threading dislocation density of 3.5 × 108 cm−2 in the subsequently grown AlN, while maintaining an uncracked smooth surface over the entire 2 in. wafer. Transmission electron microscopy study confirms the defect reduction by high‐temperature annealing and reveals an additional strain relaxation mechanism by accumulation of horizontal dislocation lines at the interface between annealed and nonannealed AlN. By applying a second annealing step, the dislocation density can be further reduced to 2.5 × 108 cm−2.
Investigation of antibacterial activity of polyvinyl alcohol packaging films composed of silver oxide nanoparticles, graphene oxide and tragacanth gum using Box–Behnken design
Authors: Pourmoslemi Shabnam , Shokouhi Saeid , Mahjub Reza
Published: July 2021

The present study aimed to develop an antibacterial packaging system based on biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. Box–Behnken design was used to investigate silver oxide nanoparticles, graphene oxide and tragacanth gum as film additives to obtain maximum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The experimental design showed the inhibitory effect of graphene oxide and tragacanth gum on the antibacterial activity of PVA films containing Ag2O nanoparticles. The optimum film containing 5% Ag2O nanoparticles (% of PVA weight) was prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyser (TG‐DTA). Results of this study showed the formation of PVA film with 0.04‐mm thickness, with a higher density of Ag2O nanoparticles (25‐ to 75‐nm size) around the upper surface. Compared with blank PVA film, the optimum film showed higher tensile strength and thermal stability. It was also more efficient in water vapour and oxygen barrier properties, along with preserving raw beef samples by inhibiting the growth of beef natural bacteria for at least 7 days, when stored in the refrigerator.
Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals for homogeneous time delay systems of neutral type
Authors: Alexandrova Irina V. , Zhabko Alexey P.
Published: July 2021

In this article, we present a general construction of Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals for a class of neutral‐type time delay systems with a linear difference part and homogeneous right‐hand sides of degree strictly greater than one. Under an assumption that the corresponding difference matrix equation as well as a system with zero delays are asymptotically stable, the functionals allow proving delay‐independent asymptotic stability. They are based on the Lyapunov functions of the corresponding delay free systems and constitute a generalization of constructions presented recently for homogeneous systems of retarded type. The functionals are applied to the robustness analysis with respect to uncertainties at the right‐hand sides and at the difference term as well.
Effects of land use, tillage management, and crop diversification on soil physical quality in Cerrado agricultural systems
Authors: Sattolo Thales Meinl Schmiedt , Pereira Lívia Macarini , Otto Rafael , Francisco Eros , Duarte Aildson Pereira , Kappes Claudinei , Prochnow Luís Ignácio , Cherubin Maurício Roberto
Published: July 2021

Sustainable agricultural intensificationhas been considered one of the solutions for increasing food production and mitigating climate changes. Nevertheless, soil physical degradation induced by intense mechanization may threaten those benefits in large‐scale agricultural regions such as the Brazilian Cerrado. Thus, our study aimed to assess the effects of land use, tillage management, and crop diversification on soil physical quality of two long‐term experiments in Cerrado through on‐farm visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS) and soil physical parameters. Soil sampling was performed in 0‐to‐10‐ and 10‐to‐20‐cm layers of four agricultural systems: soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]–fallow under conventional tillage (SF); soybean–fallow under no‐till (SN); soybean–maize (Zea maysL.) succession under no‐till (SM); and crop rotation under no‐till including soybean, maize, grasses, and legumes (CR). An additional area of native Cerrado vegetation (NV) was included as reference. Land transition from Cerrado to agricultural systems declined the soil physical quality, detected by VESS assessment and physical parameters in both layers. Tillage management did not alter soil physical parameters, which was likely associated with the medium time adoption in the experiments (9 yr) and high resilience capacity of clayey Oxisols. Unexpectedly, SM and CR negatively affected the porosity‐ and water‐associated soil parameters in the 10‐to‐20‐cm layer compared with SN. It suggests that the soil physical damage induced by higher frequency of machinery operations required to manage a more diverse crop sequence may prevail over the benefits provided by crop diversification. Finally, this study highlights that intensified agricultural systems need to be coupled with strategies to reduce and/or control intensive machinery traffic.
Improved interfacial shear strength of CF/PA6 and CF/epoxy composites by grafting graphene oxide onto carbon fiber surface with hyperbranched polyglycerol
Authors: Zhu Yingdan , Ma Yunyun , Yan Chun , Xu Haibing , Liu Dong , Chen Gang , Shi Pengcheng , Hu Junfeng , Gao Cong
Published: July 2021

The interfacial properties between carbon fiber (CF) and polymer matrix are critical to the performance of CF reinforced composites. Herein, we reported a new method of tailoring the interfacial properties by grafting graphene oxide (GO) onto the CF surface with hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), which could improve the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and heat resistance of CF/PA6 and CF/epoxy (EP) composites. A large number of hydroxyl groups were introduced onto CF surface by using HPG as a new coupling agent, which improved the grafting amount of GO, the polarity, wettability and surface energy of CF. The IFSS of composites at different temperature was investigated by microbond test. The results showed that after introducing GO into the interface, the IFSS of CF reinforced PA6 and epoxy composites increased by 44% and more than 30%, respectively. Moreover, the IFSS of GO modified CF/EP1 composites at 85°C was only 9.1% lower than that at 25°C. In addition, the IFSS of the CF/PA6 and CF/EP2 composites could be kept stable when the ambient temperature was lower than the melting point or glass transition temperature of the resin matrix. Finally, the interfacial enhancement mechanism was further analyzed in details.
Transition Metal Catalyzed Free‐Amine (−NH2) Directed C−H Bond Activation and Functionalization for Biaryl Frameworks
Authors: Ghosh Prasanjit , Chowdhury Deepan , Dana Suman , Baidya Mahiuddin
Published: July 2021

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct transformation of inert C−H bond has revolutionized the arsenal of main‐stream organic synthesis, providing a new upfront to forge structurally enriched and biologically relevant scaffolds in a step‐ and atom‐economical way. Past decades have accounted for the major developments in this realm, proclaiming excellent site‐selectivity by exploiting a variety of coordinating directing groups (DGs). Consideration of versatile, abundant, sp3‐hybridized free‐amine (−NH2) functionality for the same purpose has always been a formidable task owing to its innate reactivity. In recent years, free‐amine functionality has emerged as a potent DG for a wide range of C−C and C‐heteroatom bonds formations and annulation cascades. In this review article, we have discussed the advancements of free‐amine directed C−H activation/functionalization reactions towards biaryl frameworks made within a decade (2012 to 2021).
A Single Substrate 38 GHz Dual Antenna Array with Compact Feed Network
Authors: Tahseen Hafiz Usman , Zheng Zhaowen , Yang Lixia
Published: July 2021

In the recent technological development of 5G communication systems either cellular or other broadcast applications, a lot of research is being done on millimeter‐wave antenna arrays. High frequency antennas in millimeter‐wave range are used to achieve high speed communications with the data rate in Gb/s. This article presents two high gain 5G antenna arrays on a single substrate with no side lobes and a compact series feed line technique for smartphones and other broadcast applications. The profile antenna has two 1 × 16 arrays on a single substrate in the broadside direction at opposite edges. Each array exhibits 17.3 dB and 16.4 dB simulated and measured gain with 65.7° HPBW at 38 GHz and impedance bandwidth 31.30 GHz to 39 GHz. Simulated and measured results are compared to check the feasibility of the proposed dual antenna array for 5G communication systems. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Ultrastructural identification of developing proximal tubules based on three‐dimensional reconstruction
Authors: Cong Jing , Chang Shi‐Jie , Thomsen Jesper Skovhus , Andreasen Arne , Chen Xue , Xing Jia , Zhang Jie , Gu Ling , Zhai Xiao‐Yue
Published: July 2021

Background

The cellular mechanisms involved in the development of proximal tubules are not only associated with morphogenesis in fetal life, but also with restoration of damaged tubules in adulthood. Knowledge about morphological features of cell differentiation and proliferation along the developing tubule is insufficient, which hinders identification of the cellular origin.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate ultrastructures of the proximal tubule at different stages of nephrogenesis.

Methods

Electron microscopy was used and guided by computer‐assisted tubular tracing to identify the cellular structures.

Results

Renal vesicles and S‐shaped bodies revealed more proliferative features, such as densely‐packed fusiform‐shaped cells with numerous protein‐producing organelles than membrane specializations typical for mature tubules. At the capillary‐loop stage the proximal tubules demonstrated all characteristics of the mature tubules, but not as developed, including shorter but densely packed microvilli, fewer lateral processes with cell‐cell contacts, lower basal membrane infoldings, and lower mitochondrial volume density. However, they exhibited an elaborated endocytic system above the nucleus, indicating a membrane transport is being established. Abundant free‐ and endoplasmic reticulum‐adhered ribosomes and Golgi complexes reflected active protein synthesis for cell growth and proliferation. Interestingly, electron dense cells were occasionally intermixed with electron lucent cells characterized by various organelles in less cytosol and a larger nucleus with abundant euchromatin, which is a feature of active proliferation.

Conclusions

These ultrastructures indicate that the morphogenesis of the developing proximal tubule corresponds to the gradually established physiological activities. The two different cellular electron densities may suggest distinctive differentiation of the cells along the tubule.
Induction of immunocontraceptive effects in both male and female mice immunized with GnRH vaccine
Authors: Ahn Hee‐Seop , Park Byung‐Joo , Go Hyeon‐Jeong , Lyoo Eu‐Lim , Kim Dong‐Hwi , Lee Joong‐Bok , Park Seung‐Yong , Song Chang‐Seon , Lee Sang‐Won , Choi Yang‐Kyu , Jung Hyun‐Ju , Kim Hyoung‐Moon , Choi In‐Soo
Published: July 2021

Background

Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a pivotal role in regulating the reproductive endocrine system.

Objective

An immunocontraception vaccine aimed at inhibiting the functions of GnRH is tested as a potential tool for controlling animal populations.

Methods

We developed a recombinant immunocontraceptive vaccine composed of GnRH‐I and GnRH‐II (GnRH I+II), which was conjugated with Salmonella typhimurium flagellin. Forty‐eight BALB/c mice aged 4 weeks were divided into four groups (each group had n = 12): non‐vaccinated male (NVM), non‐vaccinated female (NVF), vaccinated male (VM), and vaccinated female (VF). Mice in the vaccinated groups were vaccinated twice by intramuscular injection at 0 and 2 weeks with 300 μg of the recombinant GnRH protein complex per mouse. Mice in the non‐vaccinated groups were injected with saline and served as the unimmunized controls. Twenty‐four pairs of male and female mice were mated for 10–12 weeks after initial immunization in four groups: 6 NVF × 6 NVM, 6 VF × 6 NVM, 6 NVF × 6 VM, and 6 VF × 6 VM. Results: An increase (p < 0.001) in antibody titers in VM and VF mice was observed. The testosterone levels and the number of spermatocytes were lower (p < 0.001) in VM mice than those in the control mice. The progesterone levels and the number of corpora lutea were lower (p < 0.001) than those in the control mice. Mating results in both VM and VF mice confirmed a 60% reduction in pregnancy rates and offspring numbers.

Conclusions

The recombinant GnRH vaccine can be used for birth control in both male and female animals.
The use of ultrasonographic measurement of the heart size and fetal heart rate variation for gestational age determination in local Bulgarian goats
Authors: Karadaev Manol , Fasulkov Ivan , Vasilev Nasko , Atanasova Stefka
Published: July 2021

Background

Determination of gestational age in goats was performed using ultrasound measurements of different fetal biometric parameters. There are no data showing quadratic and exponential dependence between fetal heart parameters and gestational age.

Objectives

The objective of the present study was to test the significance of the defined indicators (fetal heart rate, longitudinal and transverse fetal heart axes) for determining gestational age in local Bulgarian goats.

Methods

A total of 24 pregnant local Bulgarian goats, aged between 2 and 5 years, body weight 42–50 kg were included in the study. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed weekly on gestational days 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49. After gestational day 49 until parturition, scans were performed biweekly. The data from the measurements were subjected to linear (y = a + bx), quadratic (y = aх2 + bх + c) and exponential (y = axn) correlation. Results: Average fetal heart rate values decreased with pregnancy progression. The coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error of estimate (SEE) of the heart rate indicator were 0.72, 0.75, 0.58 and 15.1, 14.4, 19.2 days, respectively, for the three correlations. Longitudinal diameter (long axis) had the following values for R2 = 0.94, 0.96, 0.96 and for SEE = 7.0, 5.5, 5.5 days, for the linear, quadratic and exponential correlations, respectively, while the values of the fetal heart transverse diameter (short axis) were higher than those of the external one (R2 = 0.95, 0.97, 0.97). Simultaneously, SEE is lower (SEE = 6.1, 4.9, 5.0 days) compared to
that found for the long heart fetal axis.

Conclusions

For precise estimation of gestational age, use of longitudinal (long) and transverse (short) axes is recommended. Fetal heart rate is not an exact indicator but can be used as a reference for gestational age along with changes in the heart size
and echogenicity.
Local BCJ numerators for ten-dimensional SYM at one loop
Authors: Bridges Elliot , Mafra Carlos R.
Published: July 2021

Abstract

We obtain local numerators satisfying the BCJ color-kinematics duality at one loop for super-Yang-Mills theory in ten dimensions. This is done explicitly for six points via the field-theory limit of the genus-one open superstring correlators for different color orderings, in an analogous manner to an earlier derivation of local BCJ-satisfying numerators at tree level from disk correlators. These results solve an outstanding puzzle from a previous analysis where the six-point numerators did not satisfy the color-kinematics duality.
Anal canal to pubis angle: a novel clinical ultrasound technique for the assessment of the anorectal region
Authors: Asfour Victoria , Gibbs Kayleigh , Wertheim David , Digesu Giuseppe Alessandro , Fernando Ruwan , Khullar Vik
Published: July 2021

Introduction and hypothesis

Posterior compartment prolapse is associated with severe morbidity including faecal incontinence and defaecation dysfunction. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel ultrasound marker (anal canal to pubis angle) for the assessment of the anal axis in the context of posterior compartment prolapse in women and in controls (healthy, nulliparous, non-pregnant volunteers).

Methods

Anal canal to pubis (AC/Pubis) angle is measured with 2D transperineal ultrasound in precisely the midsagittal plane. The image was inverted and zoomed out and the angle opened to 107° (maximum). The image includes the pubis, urethra and anal canal. The angle measurement starts from the anal canal, pivots on the anorectal junction and ends at the shadow of the pubis. Inter- and intra-observer agreement in AC/Pubis angle measurement was assessed and the angles measured in the two groups compared.

Results

Forty women with posterior prolapse and 17 controls were included. Close agreement was observed in inter- and intra-observer AC/Pubis angle measurements assessed with Bland-Altman analysis. AC/Pubis angle is significantly wider in prolapse patients compared to controls (t-test, p < 0.001), with mean AC/Pubis angle in prolapse patients 122.9° (SD 15.6°) and controls 98.2° (SD 15.9°).

Conclusion

The AC/Pubis angle is a novel validated 2D ultrasound technique for the assessment of the anorectal axis that potentially can be performed using equipment that is widely available in routine clinical practice. The AC/Pubis angle is significantly wider in prolapse patients compared to controls.
Myopietherapie und Prophylaxe mit „Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments“-Brillengläsern
Authors: Kaymak Hakan , Graff Birte , Neller Kai , Langenbucher Achim , Seitz Berthold , Schwahn Hartmut
Published: July 2021

Ein übermäßiges Längenwachstum des Auges bei Kindern und Jugendlichen führt zu progredienter Myopie, die im Erwachsenenalter schwerwiegende Augenerkrankungen zur Folge haben kann. Es wurden bereits verschiedene Strategien zur Hemmung der Myopieprogression entwickelt. Das vorgestellte neuartige Einstärkenbrillenglas mit „Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS)“-Technologie erweitert das Portfolio der Myopietherapien um eine leicht anzuwendende nichtinvasive Option. Erste Studien dazu liefern vielversprechende Ergebnisse bei sehr geringem Nebenwirkungsprofil.
Vergleichende Analyse der Refraktions- und Topographieveränderungen nach Augenmuskeloperationen
Authors: Mehlan J. , Thormählen H. , Casagrande M. K. , Lachmann E. S. , Druchkiv V. , Bittersohl D. , Spitzer M. , Schüttauf F.
Published: July 2021

Hintergrund

Über die Frage, ob nach Augenmuskeloperationen Refraktions- oder Topographieveränderungen zu erwarten sind, besteht weitestgehend Unklarheit.

Material und Methoden

In der vorliegenden Studie wurden prä- sowie postoperativ von 229 Augen objektive Refraktion, Pentacam (Fa. Oculus, Menlo Park, CA, USA) und Visus erhoben und analysiert. Die Untersuchung erfolgte präoperativ, am ersten postoperativen Tag sowie nach 3 Monaten.

Ergebnisse

Nach Operationen an einem sowie 2 geraden Augenmuskeln bestehen signifikante Veränderungen des Astigmatismus (p < 0,001), jedoch normalisiert sich dieser nach 3 Monaten wieder auf das präoperative Niveau. Ebenso war dieser Verlauf nach kombinierten Operationen von geraden und schrägen Augenmuskeln zu belegen.

Schlussfolgerung

Es lässt sich daher postulieren, dass eine umfangreiche Aufklärung von Patienten hinsichtlich passagerer Veränderungen des Zylinders insbesondere bei Beteiligung gerader Augenmuskeln unabdingbar ist und postoperativ eine ergänzende Refraktions- und Topographiekontrolle bei mangelnder Visusrehabilitation sinnvoll sein kann.
Does perceptual grouping improve visuospatial working memory? Optimized processing or encoding bias
Authors: Prieto Antonio , Peinado Vanesa , Mayas Julia
Published: July 2021

Visual working memory has been defined as a system of limited capacity that enables the maintenance and manipulation of visual information. However, some perceptual features like Gestalt grouping could improve visual working memory effectiveness. In two different experiments, we aimed to explore how the presence of elements grouped by color similarity affects the change detection performance of both, grouped and non-grouped items. We combined a change detection task with a retrocue paradigm in which a six item array had to be remembered. An always valid, variable-delay retrocue appeared in some trials during the retention interval, either after 100 ms (iconic-trace period) or 1400 ms (working memory period), signaling the location of the probe. The results indicated that similarity grouping biased the information entered into the visual working memory, improving change detection accuracy only for previously grouped probes, but hindering change detection for non-grouped probes in certain conditions (Exp. 1). However, this bottom-up automatic encoding bias was overridden when participants were explicitly instructed to ignore grouped items as they were irrelevant for the task (Exp. 2).
Clinical predictors of shunt response in the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Thavarajasingam Santhosh G. , El-Khatib Mahmoud , Rea Mark , Russo Salvatore , Lemcke Johannes , Al-Nusair Lana , Vajkoczy Peter
Published: July 2021

Background

Positive shunt response (SR) remains the gold standard for diagnosing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). However, multiple pathologies mimic iNPH symptoms, making it difficult to select patients who will respond to shunt surgery. Although presenting features, extended lumbar drainage (ELD), infusion test (IT), intracranial pressure monitoring (ICPM), and tap test (TT) have been used to predict SR, uncertainty remains over which diagnostic test to choose.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify clinical predictors of shunt responsiveness, evaluate their diagnostic effectiveness, and recommend the most effective diagnostic tests.

Methods

Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and JSTOR were searched for original studies investigating clinical predictors of SR in iNPH patients. Included studies were assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool, and eligible studies were evaluated using univariate and bivariate meta-analyses.

Results

Thirty-five studies were included. Nine studies discussed the diagnostic use of presenting clinical features, 8 studies ELD, 8 studies IT, 11 studies ICPM, and 6 studies TT. A meta-analysis of 21 eligible studies was conducted for TT, ELD, IT, and ICPM. ICPM yielded the highest diagnostic effectiveness, with diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) = 50.9 and area under curve (AUC) = 0.836. ELD yielded DOR = 27.70 and AUC = 0.753, IT had DOR = 5.70 and AUC = 0.729, and TT scored DOR = 3.86 and AUC = 0.711.

Conclusion

Intraparenchymal ICPM is statistically the most effective diagnostic test, followed by ELD, IT, and lastly TT. Due to the higher accessibility of TT and IT, they are recommended to be used first line, using a timed-up-and-go improvement ≥ 5.6 s or a Rout cut-off range between 13 and 16 mmHg, respectively. Patients who test negative should ideally be followed up with ICPM, using mean ICP wave amplitude $$\ge$$
≥
4 mmHg, or 1- to 4-day ELD with an MMSE cut-off improvement $$\ge$$
≥
3. Future research must use standardized methodologies for each diagnostic test and uniform criteria for SR to allow better comparison.
Co-design of avatars to embody auditory hallucinations of patients with schizophrenia
Authors: García Arturo S. , Fernández-Sotos Patricia , Vicente-Querol Miguel A. , Sánchez-Reolid Roberto , Rodriguez-Jimenez Roberto , Fernández-Caballero Antonio
Published: July 2021

Auditory hallucinations are common and distressing symptoms of the schizophrenia disease. It is commonly treated with pharmacological approaches but, unfortunately, such an approach is not effective in all patients. In the cases in which the use of antipsychotic drugs is not possible or not recommended, psychotherapeutic interventions are used to help patients gain power and control against hearing voices. Recently, virtual reality technologies have been incorporated to this type of therapies. A virtual representation of their voice (avatar) is created in a controlled computer-based environment, and the patient is encouraged to confront it. Unfortunately, the software tools used in these therapies are not described in depth and, even more important, to the best of our knowledge, their usability, utility and intention to use by therapists, and patients have not been evaluated enough. The involvement of end users in the software development is beneficial in obtaining useful and usable tools. Hence, the two contributions of this paper are (1) the description of an avatar creation system and the main technical details of the configuration of auditory hallucination avatars, and (2) its evaluation from both the therapists’ and the patients’ viewpoints. The evaluation does not only focus on usability, but also assesses the acceptance of the technology as an important indicator of the future use of a new technological tool. Moreover, the most important results, the lessons learned and the main limitations of our study are discussed.
Production losses due to mortality associated with modifiable health risk factors in Poland
Authors: Łyszczarz Błażej , Sowa Karolina
Published: July 2021

Background

Epidemiological burden of modifiable mortality risk factors is recognized in literature; however, less is known on the economic losses due to a range of such risks.

Aim

To estimate production losses (indirect cost) of mortality associated with risk factors as classified in Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study in Poland in years 2000, 2010, and 2017.

Methods

We relied on the human capital method and societal perspective and used sex-, age-, region-, and risk-specific data on mortality due to modifiable risk factors and a set of socio-economic measures.

Results

The production losses due to mortality attributable to all investigated risk factors accounted for 19.6–21.0 billion PLN (Polish zloty; 2017 exchange rate: 1€ = 4.26 PLN) and 1.44–2.45% of gross domestic product, depending on year. Behavioural factors were the most important contributor to overall burden (16.7–18.2 billion PLN), followed by metabolic factors (6.8–7.6 billion PLN) and environmental and occupational factors (3.0–3.5 billion PLN). Of disaggregated risks, alcohol and tobacco, high systolic blood pressure, and dietary risks proved to lead to the highest losses. Cost per death was greatest for child and maternal malnutrition, followed by intimate partner violence and childhood sexual abuse and bullying. Moreover, a notable regional variation of indirect cost was identified with losses ranging from 1.21 to 1.81% of regional gross domestic product in 2017.

Conclusion

Our findings provide economically hierarchised list of modifiable risk factors and they contribute to inform policy-makers in prioritizing programmes to improve health.
The multiform sonographic spectrum of arterial duct in right aortic arch
Authors: Chiappa Enrico , Ridolfi Cecilia , Cordisco Adalgisa
Published: July 2021

To study the different characteristics of arterial duct (AD) in a series of prenatally detected right aortic arch (RAA). Out of 832 congenital heart diseases (CHD) referred to a tertiary center, 98 cases had RAA. Based on anatomical landmarks we identified 7 types of AD: type 1 left-sided, transverse; type 2 left-sided, vertical; type 3 from the underside of aortic arch (AA), vertical; type 4 right-sided, mirror-image “V”, transverse; type 5 right-sided, “H” shaped, transverse; type 6 bilateral; type 7 absent or unidentifiable. For each type of AD the incidence of associated major CHD was calculated and chi-square test was applied to verify the null hypothesis with significance level of p < 0.05. Type 1 occurred in 43% of cases including 4 with CHD and no cases with pulmonary outflow obstruction (POO). Symptoms of vascular ring were present in 41% of survivors. Type 2, 3 and 7 AD were associated with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) or equivalents. No type 5 AD with CHD had POO and 3 isolated cases had asymptomatic hypoplasia of left pulmonary artery (LPA). Two type 6 AD had disconnection of LPA. Type 1 occurred more often as an isolated finding (p < 0.001), whereas types 2 (p = 0.0026), 3 (p = 0.0045), 4 (p = 0.0325) and 7 (p = 0.0001) were frequently associated with major CHD. In RAA, type 1 (U-shaped) is usually an isolated finding (p < 0.001) which includes all symptomatic vascular rings. POO is always present when the AD is vertical or absent but not when it lies on a transverse plane. Bilateral AD is rare and brings the risk of functionary loss of left lung if not identified.