bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of electron‐phonon coupling on transport through a quantum dot in the Kondo regime
Authors: Świrkowicz R. , Wilczyński M.
Published: July 2009

Transport through a quantum dot attached to nonmagnetic electrodes subject to spin bias and charge bias is studied theoretically within the non‐equilibrium Green function formalism and effects of local vibrational modes are analysed. A presence of phonons strongly influences the spin and charge conductance characteristics leading to an appearance of phonon satellites apart from Kondo peaks.

Superposition of the main Kondo resonances and their phonon satellites in the conductance curves corresponding to two individual spin channels can lead to a variety of peak patterns in dependence on the charge voltage applied to the system (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonons in InAs quantum dot structures
Authors: Milekhin Alexander , Toropov Alexander , Zahn Dietrich R. T.
Published: July 2009

We present a Raman study of the phonon spectra of periodical structures with (In,Ga)As QDs in (Al,Ga)As matrix as well as AlAs QDs embedded in InAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Raman scattering by optical, interface and acoustic phonons was observed in the QD structures. TO and LO phonons in the QDs are strongly affected by both strain and confinement. The Raman study reveals a two‐mode behavior of optical phonons in the whole composition range for both InGaAs QDs and the AlGaAs matrix. Raman scattering by InAs‐ and GaAs‐like LO phonons in InGaAs QDs shows a size‐selective resonant behaviour. Interface phonons were investigated in InGaAs QDs and the AlGaAs matrix. Their frequency positions were analyzed as a function of the alloy content within the dielectric continuum model. The positions of IF phonons in the QD structures observed in the experiment agree well with calculated ones assuming that the QDs have the shape of oblate ellipsoids. Multiple phonon Raman scattering involving both pure overtones of the first‐order InAs, GaAs and AlAs optical and interface phonons and combination of phonons from the materials is observed in the vicinity with E0 resonance in QDs. Possible mechanisms of these processes are discussed. Low frequency resonant Raman scattering by acoustic phonons was observed in the QD structures. The periodic oscillations seen in the Raman spectra are well described by the elastic continuum model. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron–phonon interaction in double quantum wells
Authors: Płoch D. , Sheregii E. M. , Marchewka M. , Woźny M. , Tomaka G.
Published: July 2009

The experimental results for the magneto‐transport in the InGaAs/InAlAs double quantum wells (DQW) structures of two different shapes of wells and different value of the electron density obtained in pulse magnetic fields are reported. The Magnetophonon Resonance (MPR) was observed for both types of the structures at 77‐125 K temperatures. Four kinds of LO‐phonons are taken into account to interpret the MPR oscillations in DQW and a method of the Landau Level calculation in DQW is elaborated for this aim. The particularity of MPR in DQW is the great number of Landau levels caused by SAS‐splitting of electron states and great number of the phonon assistance electron transitions between Landau levels. The significant role of carriers statistics is shown too. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Water vapour variability induced by urban/rural surface heterogeneities during convective conditions
Authors: Champollion C. , Drobinski P. , Haeffelin M. , Bock O. , Tarniewicz J. , Bouin M. N. , Vautard R.
Published: July 2009

Scientific interest in urban meteorology has increased because highly populated areas experience high vulnerability to pollution or heavy rain. However, compared to urban air quality or urban heat island (UHI) processes, the urban water vapour cycle is poorly understood because it has been investigated less due to the lack of upper‐air measurements and the high sensitivity of surface measurements to local heterogeneities. In this paper, surface measurements of wind, temperature, pressure and humidity, as well as integrated water vapour (IWV) from GPS and MODIS and numerical simulations, have been used to investigate the urban cycle of water vapour in May and June 2004 during the VAPIC field experiment in the Paris area.

The surface data show the typical characteristics of an urban area with the absence of water vapour sources and a UHI of about 6 °C at night. The urban IWV distribution differs completely, with an urban IWV excess on average between 1600 and 0600 UTC (with a maximum of about 1.5 kg m−2 at 0600 and 1700 UTC). No IWV difference between the urban and rural areas is found in the middle of the day. The numerical simulations reproduce accurately the urban IWV anomaly.

Shallow surface wind convergence associated with the UHI during nighttime provides moisture from the rural areas. Urban areas are therefore under wind convergence for most of the time. The rural water vapour sources and the depth of the convergence control the amplitude of the urban IWV excess. At about 1200 UTC, entrainment at the top of the urban boundary layer is the key process that inhibits the urban IWV excess observed at night. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The monomolecular mechanism of the gas‐phase thermal decomposition of primary N‐nitramines
Authors: Mazilov Elisey , Ogurtsova Evgeniya , Shamov Alexander , Khrapkovskii Grigorii
Published: July 2009

Using nonempirical methods and DFT‐methods the geometrical parameters formation enthalpies of molecules and radicals, energies dissociation of NNO2 bonds of primary and secondary N‐nitramines have been investigated. The basic tendencies in the changes of the geometrical and electronic structures, formation enthalpies, and dissociation energies have been analyzed in basic homologous series of nitramines. Various alternative mechanisms of the gas‐phase monomolecular thermal decomposition have been studied by of the example of N‐methylnitramine. The process of the aci‐form formation and its further multistage destruction is the most advantageous way of decomposition of the primary N‐nitramines. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Broken symmetry density functional study of a mixed‐valence unsymmetrical dinuclear iron complex
Authors: Ferreira Dalva E. C. , De Almeida Wagner B. , Neves Ademir , Rocha Willian R.
Published: July 2009

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations with different exchange‐correlation functionals were performed for a mixed valence Fe(II)/Fe(III) binuclear complex with μ‐methoxo and two μ‐carboxylate bridging ligands, (1) with geometry optimizations being performed for all possible spin multiplicities (MS = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10). Within the exchange‐correlation functionals studied, only the hybrid GGA functionals B3P and B3LYP and also the pure GGA functional RPBE, predicts the geometry with high spin (S = 9/2) to be more stable than the geometry with low spin state (S = 1/2) by 20 kcal/mol, in agreement with the experimental findings. These functionals also predict the same stability order for the different spin states, being MS = 10>8>6>2>4. The meta‐GGA functionals TPSS and TPSSh and also the pure GGA functionals BLYP and BP86 predict different stability orders. The computed average EPR g‐tensor, gav, of 2.03, at the B3LYP level, is in good agreement with the experimental findings. Heisenberg exchange coupling constants, J, were calculated within the broken‐symmetry formalism, at the B3LYP level, showing that the two iron centers are antiferromagnetic coupling, with a very weak coupling constant of about −7 cm−1, in good agreement with the experimental value. Additionally, the effect of using different multiplicities of the reference geometries on the computed J value is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Microscopic self‐organization and self‐referential systems: A progress report
Authors: Brändas Erkki J.
Published: July 2009

It is contended that (the classical canonical form of) Jordan blocks, play a role analogous to those of paradoxes and self‐referential contradictions in philosophy and mathematical logic. As examples we will briefly discuss the occurrence of such triangular units in appropriately generalized quantum theory of microscopic as well as open dissipative systems with structures appearing on both the fundamental as well as in higher order levels of organization. The mathematical structure centers on specific transformations within coherent‐dissipative ensembles that exhibit certain factorization properties allowing prime number algorithms, cf. the Gödel encoding system used to derive the celebrated incompleteness theorem. This prompts the suggestion that an additional meta‐code, cf. the genetic code, might be a‐scripted for the mapping between the genotype and phenotype spaces. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Flow and water temperature simulation for habitat restoration in the Shasta River, California
Authors: Null Sarah E. , Deas Michael L. , Lund Jay R.
Published: July 2009

Low instream flows and high water temperatures are two factors limiting survival of native salmon in California's Shasta River. This study examines the potential to improve fish habitat conditions by better managing water quantity and quality using flow and water temperature simulation to evaluate potential restoration alternatives. This analysis provides a reasonable estimate of current and potential flows and temperatures for a representative dry year (2001) in the Shasta River, California. Results suggest restoring and protecting cool spring‐fed sources provides the most benefit for native salmon species from a broad range of restoration alternatives. Implementing a combination of restoration alternatives further improves instream habitat. Results also indicate that substituting higher quality water can sometimes benefit native species without increasing environmental water allocations. This study shows the importance of focusing on the limitations of specific river systems, rather than systematically increasing instream flow as a one size fits all restoration approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Matrix Metalloproteinase Secretion by Cardiac Fibroblasts and Reduce Cardiac Ventricular Fibrosis After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mias Céline , Lairez Olivier , Trouche Elodie , Roncalli Jérome , Calise Denis , Seguelas Marie-Hélène , Ordener Catherine , Piercecchi-Marti Marie-Dominique , Auge Nathalie , Salvayre Anne Negre , Bourin Philippe , Parini Angelo , Cussac Daniel
Published: July 2009

Recent studies showed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation significantly decreased cardiac fibrosis; however, the mechanisms involved in these effects are still poorly understood. In this work, we investigated whether the antifibrotic properties of MSCs involve the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and matrix metalloproteinase endogenous inhibitor (TIMP) production by cardiac fibroblasts. In vitro experiments showed that conditioned medium from MSCs decreased viability, α-smooth muscle actin expression, and collagen secretion of cardiac fibroblasts. These effects were concomitant with the stimulation of MMP-2/MMP-9 activities and membrane type 1 MMP expression. Experiments performed with fibroblasts from MMP2-knockout mice demonstrated that MMP-2 plays a preponderant role in preventing collagen accumulation upon incubation with conditioned medium from MSCs. We found that MSC-conditioned medium also decreased the expression of TIMP2 in cardiac fibroblasts. In vivo studies showed that intracardiac injection of MSCs in a rat model of postischemic heart failure induced a significant decrease in ventricular fibrosis. This effect was associated with the improvement of morphological and functional cardiac parameters. In conclusion, we showed that MSCs modulate the phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts and their ability to degrade extracellular matrix. These properties of MSCs open new perspectives for understanding the mechanisms of action of MSCs and anticipate their potential therapeutic or side effects.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
On the number and nature of faults found by random testing
Authors: Ciupa I. , Pretschner A. , Oriol M. , Leitner A. , Meyer B.
Published: July 2009

Intuition suggests that random testing should exhibit a considerable difference in the number of faults detected by two different runs of equal duration. As a consequence, random testing would be rather unpredictable. This article first evaluates the variance over time of the number of faults detected by randomly testing object‐oriented software that is equipped with contracts. It presents the results of an empirical study based on 1215 h of randomly testing 27 Eiffel classes, each with 30 seeds of the random number generator. The analysis of over 6 million failures triggered during the experiments shows that therelative numberof faults detected by random testing over time is predictable, but that different runs of the random test case generator detectdifferent faults. The experiment also suggests that the random testing quickly finds faults: the first failure is likely to be triggered within 30 s. The second part of this article evaluates thenatureof the faults found by random testing. To this end, it first explains a fault classification scheme, which is also used to compare the faults found through random testing with those found through manual testing and with those found in field use of the software and recorded in user incident reports. The results of the comparisons show that each technique is good at uncovering different kinds of faults. None of the techniques subsumes any of the others; each brings distinct contributions. This supports a more general conclusion on comparisons between testing strategies: thenumberof detected faults is too coarse a criterion for such comparisons—thenatureof faults must also be considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amphetamine and environmentally induced hyperthermia differentially alter the expression of genes regulating vascular tone and angiogenesis in the meninges and associated vasculature
Authors: Thomas Monzy , George Nysia I. , Patterson Tucker A. , Bowyer John F.
Published: July 2009

An amphetamine (AMPH) regimen that does not produce a prominent blood–brain barrier breakdown was shown to significantly alter the expression of genes regulating vascular tone, immune function, and angiogenesis in vasculature associated with arachnoid and pia membranes of the forebrain. Adult‐male Sprague–Dawley rats were given either saline injections during environmentally‐induced hyperthermia (EIH) or four doses of AMPH with 2 h between each dose (5, 7.5, 10, and 10 mg/kgd‐AMPH, s.c.) that produced hyperthermia. Rats were sacrificed either 3 h or 1 day after dosing, and total RNA and protein was isolated from the meninges, arachnoid and pia membranes, and associated vasculature (MAV) that surround the forebrain. Vip, eNos, Drd1a, and Edn1 (genes regulating vascular tone) were increased by either EIH or AMPH to varying degrees in MAV, indicating that EIH and AMPH produce differential responses to enhance vasodilatation. AMPH, and EIH to a lesser extent, elicited a significant inflammatory response at 3 h as indicated by an increased MAV expression of cytokines Il1b, Il6, Ccl‐2, Cxcl1, and Cxcl2. Also, genes related to heat shock/stress and disruption of vascular homeostasis such as Icam1 and Hsp72 were also observed. The increased expression of Ctgf and Timp1 and the decreased expression of Akt1, Anpep, and Mmp2 and Tek (genes involved in stimulating angiogenesis) from AMPH exposure suggest that angiogenesis was arrested or disrupted in MAV to a greater extent by AMPH compared to EIH. Alterations in vascular‐related gene expression in the parietal cortex and striatum after AMPH were less in magnitude than in MAV, indicating less of a disruption of vascular homeostasis in these two regions. Changes in the levels of insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins Igfbp1, 2, and 5 in MAV, compared to those in striatum and parietal cortex, imply an interaction between these regions to regulate the levels of insulin‐like growth factor after AMPH damage. Thus, the vasculature and meninges surrounding the surface of the forebrain may be an important region in which AMPHs can disrupt vascular homeostasis. Synapse 63:881–894, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cervical ectropion. Part 2: assessment of symptomatic women
Authors: Matiluko Adebimpe F.
Published: July 2009

In part 1 of this article, the author explained the physiology, associated features and treatment of cervical ectropion. Here, she outlines the results of a survey undertaken to develop a local protocol to manage women presenting with symptomatic cervical ectropion. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Transition Metal Tetrathiosquarates: One‐Dimensional Linking in the Iron(II) Salt FeC4S4·6 H2O
Authors: Beck Johannes , Glaum Robert , Kögerler Paul , Speldrich Manfred , Ben‐Amer Younis
Published: July 2009

The addition of a solution of tetrathiosquarate using K2C4S4·H2O to an aqueous solution of FeII chloride yields mainly an insoluble, brown‐black, amorphous material, but from the filtrate the FeII salt FeC4S4·6H2O can be isolated as dark red crystals in low overall yield. The crystal structure determination shows the presence of (C4S4)2– ions, which act each as bidentate chelating ligands towards two Fe2+ ions forming linear one‐dimensional chains [Fe(H2O)2(C4S4)]n with two aqua ligands coordinated in trans positions of the octahedral FeS4(OH2)2 coordination polyhedron. Additional water molecules link the chains through O–H···O bridges to a three dimensional network. The (C4S4)2– ions are planar but show substantial distortion from ideal D4h symmetry caused by the chelating coordination. The infrared and Raman spectra show bands typical for the molecular building units. The single‐crystal Vis/NIR absorption spectrum of FeC4S4·6H2O reveals a weak absorption around \tilde{\nu} = 6100 cm–1, which is assigned to the transition 5T2g → 5Eg. Above 14000 cm–1 the spectrum is completely dark, in agreement with the deep red color of the compound. The magnetic properties of FeC4S4·6H2O show the expected single‐ion effects for high‐spin FeII ions in a tetragonally distorted coordination environment and antiferromagnetic coupling within the coordination polymer. The quantitative analysis results of the susceptibility data concur with the ligand field parameters estimated from the optical spectrtum.
The UV‐Light Initiated Reaction of Organosilanes with Tungsten Hexacarbonyl: Formation of an Organosilylene Complex and Organosilylium Salts
Authors: Dannappel Kai , Nienhaus Roland , Schürmann Markus , Costisella Burkard , Jurkschat Klaus
Published: July 2009

UV‐irradiation of the diorganosilane [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2]SiH2Ph in the presence of W(CO)6 provided a mixture consisting of the diorganosilylene tungsten pentacarbonyl complex [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2](Ph)SiW(CO)5 (2), the organosilylium salt [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2Si(H)Ph]+[{(CO)5W}2H]– (3), and an unidentified species. UV‐irradiation of the triorganosilane [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2]SiHPh2 in presence of W(CO)6 provided the organosilylium salt [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2SiPh2]+[{(CO)5W}2H]– (6) whereas, under the same conditions, no reaction was observed between the tetraorganosilane [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2]SiPh3 and W(CO)6. The reaction of compound 2 with Ph3C+PF6– gave the fluorine‐substituted silylene complex [4‐tBu‐2,6‐{P(O)(OiPr)2}2C6H2](F)SiW(CO)5 (4) whereas the reactions of 3 with Ph4PBr and 5 with water gave the benzoxasilaphospholes 3a, 3b, and 7, respectively. The compounds 2 and 6 were isolated and characterized by 1H, 13C, 29Si, 31P NMR, and IR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and in case of 2 also by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The compounds 3, 3a, 3b, 4, and 7 were not isolated but identified unambiguously by NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Structural and Thermal Behaviour of the Pyrrolidinium Based Ionic Liquid Crystals [C10mpyr]Br and [C12mpyr]Br
Authors: Getsis Anna , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: July 2009

The ionic liquid crystals N‐decyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bromide, [C10mpyr]Br, and N‐dodecyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bromide, [C12mpyr]Br have been synthesized. X‐ray diffraction single crystal structure analyses {[C10mpyr]Br: monoclinic, P21/n, no. 14, Z = 12, Pearson code mP588, a = 19.446(2) Å, b = 7.0659(5) Å, c = 36.844(4) Å, β = 90.63(1)°, 4317 unique reflections with Io > 2σ (Io), R1 = 0.0372, wR2 = 0.0822, GooF = 0.897, T = 298(2)K; [C12mpyr]Br: monoclinic, P21/n, no. 14, Z = 12, Pearson code mP660, a = 20.457(8) Å, b = 7.0796(16) Å, c = 39.335(14) Å, β = 96.96(3)°, 4158 unique reflections with Io > 2σ (Io), R1 = 0.0431, wR2 = 0.0753, GooF = 0.823, T = 298(2)K)} reveals a layer structure for both compounds. Sheets composed of hydrophilic structure regions built by positively charged pyrrolidinium head groups and bromide anions alternate with hydrophobic areas formed by interdigitated long alkyl chains belonging to pyrrolidinium cations with opposite orientation. Thermal analyses together with polarizing optical microscopy show that both compounds are thermotropic liquid crystals adopting smectic mesophases. For [C10mpyr]Br the solidification temperature is dramatically depressed and the liquid crystalline state is preserved metastably at room temperature and well below (~ –80 °C). In contrast [C12mpyr]Br solidifies around room temperature (~ 23 °C).
The helminth community of the wood mouseApodemus sylvaticusin a Mediterranean ecosystem in regeneration ten years after a wildfire
Authors: Fuentes M.V. , Sainz-Elipe S. , Sáez-Durán S. , Galán-Puchades M.T.
Published: July 2009

This study was carried out 10 years after a wildfire in the Spanish Serra Calderona Natural Park, following a previous analysis comprising the first 5 years after the fire. Its primary aim was to elucidate the impact of this perturbation on the population biology of the wood mouseApodemus sylvaticus, and the repercussions on its helminth community in this regenerating Mediterranean ecosystem. Second, confirmation of the ability of the parasites to tolerate environmental stressors and the effects on their transmission strategies was sought. Five hundred and sixty-four individuals ofA. sylvaticuswere studied in a 9-year period, from the second to the tenth post-fire year: 408 mice from the burned area and 156 from the control – non-burned – area. The helminth community for both areas and the effect of intrinsic (host age and sex) and extrinsic (site, period and year of capture) factors on helminth prevalence, abundance and diversity, and species richness were analysed. Our findings show that, after an environmental disaster, the behaviour of helminth species might be related to their pre-catastrophe presence, their biological cycles, the host's immunological condition, the change of host dynamics, the direct effects of the perturbation, and the processes related to the re-establishment of the ecological balance of a devastated ecosystem.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: its uses in otolaryngology
Authors: Doshi J , Jindal M , Chavda S , Irving R , De R
Published: July 2009

Over recent years, there has been an increase in otolaryngology publications concerning diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The aims of this review paper are to summarise the basic principles of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and to provide an overview of current otolaryngological applications and areas of research. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a radiological technique which has shown promising results in various areas of otolaryngology. However, studies of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging are difficult to compare, as different imaging parameters and techniques have been used. The role of this imaging modality within otolaryngology is yet to be fully elucidated. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging may prove to be a useful adjunct in both the pre- and post-operative care of otolaryngology patients.
Estimation of vocal tract steadiness in speakers of Mandarin-accented English
Authors: Chen Yang
Published: July 2009

Vocal tract steadiness reflected by measurement of fluctuation of the second formant frequency is reported for vowel production of Mandarin-accented English (MAE). Fluctuations of the second formant frequency for the 11 English vowels (/i ɪ e ɛ æ ʌ u ʊ o ɔ ɑ/) were examined in the syllable-level productions of 40 Mandarin speakers compared to 40 American English (AE) speakers. Results of the comparative analysis indicate that the pattern of vocal tract steadiness of MAE speakers is generally different in comparison to AE speakers. The discrepancy of vocal tract steadiness between MAE and AE speakers are interpreted as the probable outcome of brain reorganization in adult L2 learning. In addition, discussions of likely gender dimorphism in brain reorganization in L2 learning are provided in view of the opposite patterns of vocal tract steadiness demonstrated by MAE females and males, in comparison to their AE counterparts.
Mavea
Authors: Guerin Valerie , Aoyama Katsura
Published: July 2009

Mavea is spoken on the eponymous island, Mavea, a satellite island off the east coast of Espiritu Santo Island, northern Vanuatu. The language is highly endangered. There are about 34 fluent speakers on Mavea Island (aged 30 and older), out of a total island population of around 210. There are at least another 30 Mavea speakers who have left the island permanently. These speakers now live throughout Vanuatu, mainly on Espiritu Santo Island (in the villages of Deproma and Matevulu), Aore Island, and in Port Vila, the capital city of Vanuatu. All Mavea speakers are bilingual in Bislama, one of the official languages of Vanuatu.
Moratin's Creation of the Comic Role for the Older Actress
Authors: Dowling John
Published: July 2009

It is commonplace to observe that there are no mothers in the casts of Spanish Golden Age comedias. There are rare exceptions, but in such cases the mother is young. For example, in Tirso de Molina's La prudencia en la mujer (Prudence in Woman), the queen Dona María de Molina is the mother of a small child. As a general rule, the female characters of the Spanish comedia are young damas, or ladies. They are looked after by fathers and brothers, by male servants, or by young female servants, but not by a mother, an aunt, or even an older servant.
Frederick Brown and Montreal's Doomed Theatre Royal, 1825–26
Authors: Bains Yashdip Singh
Published: July 2009

The health and vigour of a theatre in a provincial town in North America in the nineteenth century may in part be judged from the dimensions and technical facilities of its building, the number of competent performers, and the support of its patrons. Late in 1825, Montreal acquired a well-equipped theatre with a professional company in residence, and one would have assumed that the publicity and excitement surrounding the new enterprise would ensure its success during its first year of operation. The Theatre Royal, however, did not draw full houses even though its management had spared no expense “in obtaining the first performers or in getting up the most attractive pieces.” The small size of the city's population, the linguistic division of the province into English and French sections, the opposition of the Roman Catholic Church to the theatre, the shareholders' preference for a legitimate theatre in English over the more popular combination of circus and light drama, and the political strife engendered by the bitter English-French conflict in Quebec in the 1820s can be cited here as some of the factors that doomed the theatre in Montreal. Some of these — the small size of the town, for instance — made theatre building an unprofitable business in many provincial centres in North America; the elements of language, politics, and religion, however, were peculiar to Quebec. The prospects of theatre managers in Montreal at this time were governed by highly complex forces that did not influence the work of others trying to start provincial theatres elsewhere in Canada and the United States. Focusing on the demographic, linguistic, and religious features of Quebec in 1825–26, this study examines the difficulties of operating an English-language theatre in a country without a common culture and also stresses economic mismanagement as a factor in the failure of the Theatre Royal.
Fielding, his Publishers, and John Rich in 1730
Authors: Burling William J.
Published: July 2009

Henry Fielding'sRape Upon Rape, only a modest success when first staged at the Haymarket in summer of 1730, was produced at Lincoln's Inn Fields in December of the same year under the revised title ofThe Coffee-House Politician. Several scholars have noted this revival in passing, but they have ignored or misunderstood the significance of this little episode in Fielding's dramatic career. Two questions are worth attention. What does the complicated bibliographical history of his plays suggest about Fielding's relationship with his publishers at this early date? And why did Fielding take this play to John Rich, a champion of the pantomime Fielding had himself ridiculed inThe Author's Farce(March, 1730)? Investigating these issues casts some interesting light on the exigencies of the first phase of Fielding's theatrical career.
A Question of Authorship: Mercy Otis Warren and The Blockheads
Authors: Douglas Krystan V.
Published: July 2009

Mercy Otis Warren, wife of General James Warren and sister of James Otis, was one of the most vocal supporters of the patriot cause during the American Revolution. Called “a definite stimulator of the Revolutionary leaders” (Christ 7), she wrote extensively: poems, sketches, letters, and plays, and was praised by John Adams as a “political pen which has no equal that I know of in this country” (Quinn 34). Of her plays, The Adulateur (1773), The Defeat (1773), The Group (1775), The Blockheads (1776), and The Motley Assembly (1779), she claimed only one, The Group, and that long after publication; all of her work was published anonymously. This anonymity poses no real problem for authorship for most of the plays, for there is reasonably strong documentary or internal evidence indicating that she wrote The Adulateur, The Defeat, and The Motley Assembly, as well as The Group, and there is general agreement that she wrote these plays.
The Identity of Adah Isaacs Menken: A Theatrical Mystery Solved
Authors: Cofran John
Published: July 2009

On the night of 7 June 1861, at a playhouse in Albany, New York, actress Adah Isaacs Menken, on horseback, wearing nothing but a fleshcolored bodystocking, galloped up a stage mountain into theatrical history. The combination of danger and nudity shocked and excited her Victorian audience. In an age when women swathed themselves in yards of crinoline, her performance proved scandalous; critics agreed that, though she wore “pink fleshings,” she so explicitly revealed the female form that she might as well have been naked. One reviewer warned that “no pure youth could witness her performance and come away untainted. Naturally, such cautions increased curiosity; soon Menken became the most notorious, highest paid actress of her day. She toured with her show Mazeppa through the northeast, the American west, and the capitals of Europe before succumbing to cancer a short seven years later in Paris.
The Americanization of Beatrice: Nineteenth-Century Style
Authors: Carroll Kathleen L.
Published: July 2009

To nineteenth-century theatre managers, who believed in the play as a commercial venture rather than an aesthetic one, portrayal of the modern American woman presented a dilemma. Sophisticated theatregoers, familiar with the rhetoric of the women's suffrage movement, looked to female role models for direction on how to maintain a delicate balance between independence and subservience: to project strength of convictions without loss of femininity (traditionally measured by male desirability), and to remain dependent on the economic necessity of marriage (Ziff, 278–80). Speculative theatre managers found Shakespeare's comedies especially adaptable to modern audience's tastes because the plays lacked stage directions, required no royalty payments, were exempt from copyright laws, and centered on ambiguous female characters. American audiences, believing they were becoming cultured, supported Shakespearean revivals, and strongly applauded those plays Americanized by theatre managers. Two late nineteenth-century productions of Much Ado About Nothing, one in 1882 by Henry Irving, the other in 1896 by Augustin Daly, clearly demonstrate how each speculative manager, acting in the name of art, refashioned Shakespeare's text and interpreted Beatrice around his own ideal of femininity, an ideal each believed American audiences would endorse.
Representing the Nation: Restoration Comedies on the Early Twentieth-Century London Stage
Authors: Kaplan Deborah
Published: July 2009

The first third of the twentieth century was the most important period in the performance history of Restoration comedies—with the exception of the years 1660–1710, when they were originally written and performed. Sixteen of the plays were presented in early twentieth-century London, six in at least two different productions. Post-Carolean works by William Congreve, George Farquhar, and John Vanbrugh held the stage through the war years, but, beginning in 1920, earlier comedies by John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Villiers entered the repertoire of performed plays. This represents a limited selection of Restoration playwrights and plays, to be sure, but this relatively small cluster of productions takes on large significance when we situate it in the context of the comedies' entire performance careers.
Pointing to the Future
Authors: Brown Lorraine A.
Published: July 2009

As many historians of American theater and culture know, the Fenwick Library of George Mason University (GMU) became the home in 1974 to a major collection of Federal Theatre Project (FTP) materials. As many researchers also know, some FTP material was removed from GMU to the Library of Congress in the fall of 1994. In this essay, I will bring Theatre Survey's readers up to date on the status of the FTP collection, which, because of its continuing development over two decades, houses not only a considerable body of FTP material but also early records of the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA). ANTA in its earliest days was a worthy successor to the FTP in the drive to have a national theater in the United States. Since 1980, all of these holdings have been an integral part of the Center for Government, Society and the Arts (CGSA) at GMU. CGSA has been the site of many activities exploring the relationship between our government and the arts, ranging from conferences on theater and cultural studies to our own theatrical productions of FTP materials, some of which I will outline here.
Putting on the Girls: Cross-Dressing as a Performative Strategy in the Twelfth-Century Latin ComedyAlda
Authors: Cain James
Published: July 2009

In the autumn of 1159, scarcely five years after the twenty-one-year-old Henry Plantagenet ascended to the English throne, John of Salisbury was already describing what he clearly regarded as a moment of historical transition. Midway through thePolicraticus, the treatise on statecraft he was compiling for his friend and colleague Thomas Becket, then Chancellor of England, John remarked how the entire political character of the nation had been changing in recent years, the result of a new infusion of educated clerics into the workings of government.
Henslowe's Relocation to the North: Playhouse Management in Renaissance London
Authors: Landro Vincent
Published: July 2009

If the London theatre of the Renaissance was one of the earliest examples of theatre as a commercial entertainment, then its playhouses were its largest physical investment and central visual focus. The Theatre, Curtain, Rose, Fortune, Globe, Swan, Hope and Cockpit were not only architectural inventions designed to replace previous itinerant playing practices with performances in fixed spaces where the acting companies could control admissions. They were also major financial investments by playhouse owners. The increase in the building of playhouses between 1576 and 1616 reflect a growing industry creating custom-built places of production that became regular fixtures in the urban geography of Renaissance London. The unprecedented rate of playgoing also increased interest in the possibility of profits by investors, shareholders, and those who operated the playhouses. In short, the London theatre was organized to make money, and London's playhouses were profit centers for the production and consumption of an aesthetic product. Within such a commercial climate, the decisions of playhouse owners concerning building, rebuilding, or abandonment of each facility were critical choices based on profits rather than aesthetics. The location of a playhouse was as important as what went on inside it. Decisions regarding playhouse location, then, can be examined as successful or unsuccessful pragmatic responses to competitive pressures, changing audience response, and expectation of profits in a speculative new industry within a fast-growing city.
The Voice Teacher as Shakespearean Collaborator: Margaret Carrington and John Barrymore
Authors: Morrison Michael A.
Published: July 2009

In the annals of staged Shakespeare, John Barrymore, Arthur Hopkins, and Robert Edmond Jones have been much honored for their landmark productions of Richard III and Hamlet, first seen in New York during the 1919– 20 and 1922–23 seasons. Another collaborator in these revivals, however, has received little scholarly attention: Margaret Carrington, a Canadian-born voice teacher who contributed significantly to the success of these productions by “remaking” Barrymore's voice. Although reviews of Barrymore's performances in the years preceding his Shakespearean debut often mentioned his “monotonous” vocal quality, the result of his studies with Carrington was a vocal instrument of extraordinary range and flexibility. As Heywood Broun remarked in 1923: “Someone ought to write a tale about Barrymore called ‘The Story of a Voice.’ It is one of the most amazing adventures in our theatre. Here was a particularly pinched utterance distinctly marred by slipshod diction. Today it is among the finest voices in the American theatre.”
Forthcoming: The Roger L. Stevens Collection at the Library of Congress
Authors: Martin Brian
Published: July 2009

Roger Stevens has always been a visionary. His career began in real estate, where he gained national recognition for buying the Empire State Building for $51.5 million—at the time the highest price ever paid for one building—and selling it three years later for a ten-million dollar profit. As he expanded into theatre, he quickly became one of the nation's foremost producers on Broadway, producing more than 200 shows over the last half century, including West Side Story, A Man for All Seasons, Bus Stop, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Deathtrap, and Mary, Mary. He “discovered” playwrights such as Tom Stoppard, Peter Shaffer, and Terence Rattigan for New York audiences, and he has worked closely with others, already established, such as Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, Harold Pinter, Jean Giraudoux, and T.S. Eliot Three United States presidents have depended on Stevens for their arts and humanities policy, and the American theatrical community has benefitted from his intuitive vision.
The Black Medeas of Weimar and Nazi Berlin: Jahnn-Straub and Straub-Grillparzer
Authors: Gadberry Glen W.
Published: July 2009

While earlier dramatists treated Medea as a dramatic character, it was Euripides who gave her enduring theatrical prominence. Beyond crafting a timely attack upon a treacherous Corinth to appeal to Athens at the start of the Peloponnesian War, Euripides developed Medea to question the social role of women within a proudly patriarchal society. And he may have been the first to make Medea a non-Greek, a Colchian, a “barbarian”—a term that had become more derisive in the fifth century. In the Golden Age, a female foreigner was marginalized by gender and by heritage/race/ethnicity; a justified or sympathetic Medea challenged Athenian prejudices about both. Yet this Medea is problematic: a seriously aggrieved wife is driven to horrible acts against Greeks—Jason, his sons, the king of Corinth, and as a complicating fillip of multi-gender vengeance, the female rival. Our sympathies are subverted: a wronged Medea could also be a bloody figure of feminine and alien power, fatal to men and women, public and domestic order.
Elsie De Wolfe Circa 1901: The Dynamics of Prescriptive Feminine Performance in American Theatre and Society
Authors: Marra Kim
Published: July 2009

Despite the many admirable qualities of Mr. Clyde Fitch's play, The Way of the World at the Victoria Theatre is not so much a dramatic entertainment as a social function. Any well-ordered comment upon it must take cognizance of the audience as well as of the mummers who perform on the far side of the footlights. They are as much a part of it as the stage setting, and the result of their presence is that the five-act drama and its four intermissions and final curtain form a continuous performance the like of which New York has never seen before.
Communism with a Theatrical Face: STS and the Polish October of 1956
Authors: Cioffi Kathleen
Published: July 2009

Communism was not always hated and feared by everyone in Eastern Europe. At a certain moment in recent post-war history, a group of influential intellectuals in Poland—now a place where even ex-communist politicians are careful to swear their allegiance to free markets—wanted to reform but still keep a Communist system. That moment was the Polish October, named for the month in 1956 when Wladyslaw Gomulka, a man who believed in a “Polish road to socialism,” took power as First Secretary of the Communist Party. Just as the Czechs in 1968 believed in “socialism with a human face,” the Poles in 1956 believed that Communism could be, in the jargon of their day, “revised” to better fit people's needs. The Polish October was the result of a complex network of events beginning with Stalin's death in 1953, coming to a climax with workers' strikes in June, 1956 in Poznan, and ending in Khrushchev's acquiescence to Gomulka's election in October, 1956. During this period, one of the important contributors to the intellectual ferment that led to the October, the theatre group Studencki Theatr Satyryków or STS, established a cultural niche for alternative theatre that mocked the Communist system and led to one of the most political, vital alternative theatre movements in the world.
“Cruelty … and Sweaty Intimacy”: The Reception of the Spanish Premiere of A Streetcar Named Desire
Authors: Kolin Philip C.
Published: July 2009

The circumstances surrounding the national premieres of Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire reflect not only the play's vibrant theatre life but also the particular culture that responded to it, validating past or anticipating future critical interpretations. Within two years of the Broadway (and world) premiere of Streetcar in December 1947, the play had been staged in Austria, Belgium, Holland, France (adapted by Jean Cocteau), Italy (with sets by Franco Zeffirelli), England (directed by Sir Laurence Olivier), Switzerland (with a translation by poet Berthold Viertel), and Sweden (directed by Ingmar Bergman). In March of 1950, Streetcar premiered in U.S.-occupied Germany, at Pfozheim. The premiere of the play in some of the former Communist Bloc countries followed in the 1950s or early 1960s. Streetcar opened on the same day—December 21, 1957—at Torun and Wroclaw (Breslau in pre-War Germany), Poland, and in Warsaw the subsequent April of 1958. The Czechoslovakian premiere of Streetcar was in November 1960 in Moravia and its Hungarian debut occurred shortly after.
Jewish Anxiety in “Days of Judgement:” Community Conflict, Antisemitism, and theGod of VengeanceObscenity Case
Authors: Erdman Harley
Published: July 2009

On February 19, 1923, a production of Sholem Asch'sGod of Vengeance (Got fun Nekome) opened at New York's Apollo Theatre on 219 West 42ndStreet. The moment was auspicious for Jewish theatre in America. One of the more frequently produced and most critically acclaimed plays in the Yiddish canon,God of Vengeancehad been performed internationally since its debut in 1907, not only in Yiddish, but in German, Italian, and Russian as well. However, it had never before been seen in English in New York at a major uptown venue like the Apollo. Coming off a two month run at two smaller downtown venues, where it had played to increasingly large and enthusiastic crowds, the English-language production seemed poised to “cross over” from the downtown margins to the Broadway mainstream, something which had never before occurred with any play from the Yiddish repertory. Moreover, the production represented the English-language stage debut of the celebrated Yiddish actor Rudolf Schildkraut in the commanding role of Yekel Tchaftchovitch. In other words, the event implicitly posed the question of whether there was a place for a “great” Yiddish play (albeit, in translation) starring a “great” Yiddish actor (admittedly, working in his third language) within the geographic and symbolic boundaries of Broadway.
Library Internet Resources: Conducting Performing Arts Research Online
Authors: Brady Susan
Published: July 2009

Over the past decade academic and research libraries throughout the world have taken advantage of the enormous developments in communication technology to improve services to their users. Through the Internet and the World Wide Web researchers now have convenient electronic access to library catalogs, indexes, subject bibliographies, descriptions of manuscript and archival collections, and other resources. This brief overview illustrates how libraries are facilitating performing arts research in new ways.
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Unfemininely Masculine”: Discourse, True/False Womanhood, and the American Career of Fanny Kemble
Authors: Mullenix Elizabeth Reitz
Published: July 2009

The English actress Fanny Kemble, whose 1832–1834 tour left her unrivaled among female performers in this country and who has been touted by historians as a sterling example of antebellum womanhood, emerges as a far more equivocal figure than previous histories suggest. Indeed, for someone who disdained the spurious histrionics of public life, she routinely exposed her own paradoxical nature: she hated the stage, yet recovered her family's fortunes through a luminous albeit brief acting career; she yearned for the simple pleasures of domesticity, yet castigated American women as “drudges” in her published controversial journal of 1835; she made a fortune performing Juliet and yet was described as “unfemininely masculine” by Herman Melville who, in a letter to a friend in 1849, went on to exclaim, “had she not, on impeccable authority, borne children, I should be curious to learn the result of a surgical examination of her person in private.” Kemble was a woman whose identity was in constant flux throughout the 1830s and 40s, which makes her American career an excellent site for materialist investigations of gender.