bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contamination and screening level toxicity of sediments from remediated and unremediated wetlands near Sydney, Australia
Authors: Ying Guang-Guo , Rawson Christopher A. , Kookana Rai S. , Peng Ping-An , Warne Michael S.J. , Tremblay Louis A. , Laginestra Edwina , Chapman John C. , Lim Richard P.
Published: July 2009

The present study assessed contamination and toxicity of sediments from seven remediated and remnant wetland sites within Sydney Olympic Park, Australia, and four unremediated sites adjacent to its boundary using chemical analysis and a luminescent bacterial biosensor assay (Escherichia coli). Concentrations of metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, and As) and persistent organic chemicals (DDT and its metabolites, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; polychlorinated biphenyls; and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans) in sediments and their pore-water samples were determined. Zinc concentrations were the highest of the metals in the sediments (84–618 mg/kg), and at eight sites, metal concentrations in sediments exceeded the Australian ecological trigger values for Pb, Zn, and Ni. Concentrations of organic contaminants in the sediments exceeded the trigger values at all 11 sites for DDTs, at 6 sites for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 5 sites for polychlorinated biphenyls. Sediment samples from the four unremediated sites outside the Sydney Olympic Park had dioxin concentrations greater than 200 pg (toxic equivalency per gram). The same four sites were identified as contaminated in pore-water toxicity tests with the luminescent biosensor, generally consistent with the bioavailable fractions of the contaminants (pore-water and Tenax® extraction data), as well as dioxin levels, in the sediments. Preliminary toxicity identification and evaluation tests of the pore water from the four sites outside the park demonstrated that organic contaminants were the main cause of toxicity to E. coli, with no evidence that metals contributed to the toxicity of the pore water.
Development and validation of a simplified model for the anaerobic degradation of phenol
Authors: Donoso-Bravo A. , Rosenkranz F. , Ruiz-Filippi G. , Chamy R.
Published: July 2009

The anaerobic treatment of phenolic wastewater has demonstrated to be a suitable biological system, for that reason, a large number of systems have been implemented in a lab/pilot scale, several industrial plants have also been developed. Despite of this, there is a lack of modeling applications within these systems. In order to enhance the anaerobic treatment of this kind of water, a simplified model of 2 populations and 3 reactions was developed and implemented. The parameter calibration and the model validation were carried out with experimental data obtained from an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor treating phenolic wastewater through two different operational strategies: sequential batches with a co-substrate and sequential fed-batches without a co-substrate. The model predicted the reactors performance accurately for the different experimental conditions tested. Therefore, the theoretical basis of the model is, in general terms, valid, and its utilization to predict the reactors performance or in control purposes is feasible.
Influence of temperature on the hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis in mesophilic anaerobic digestion: parameter identification and modeling application
Authors: Donoso-Bravo A. , Retamal C. , Carballa M. , Ruiz-Filippi G. , Chamy R.
Published: July 2009

The effect of temperature on the kinetic parameters involved in the main reactions of the anaerobic digestion process was studied. Batch tests with starch, glucose and acetic acid as substrates for hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis, respectively, were performed in a temperature range between 15 and 45°C. First order kinetics was assumed to determine the hydrolysis rate constant, while Monod and Haldane kinetics were considered for acidogenesis and methanogenesis, respectively. The results obtained showed that the anaerobic process is strongly influenced by temperature, with acidogenesis exerting the highest effect. The Cardinal Temperature Model 1 with an inflection point (CTM1) fitted properly the experimental data in the whole temperature range, except for the maximum degradation rate of acidogenesis. A simple case-study assessing the effect of temperature on an anaerobic CSTR performance indicated that with relatively simple substrates, like starch, the limiting reaction would change depending on temperature. However, when more complex substrates are used (e.g. sewage sludge), the hydrolysis might become more quickly into the limiting step.
Vasohibin-1, a Negative Feedback Regulator of Angiogenesis, Ameliorates Renal Alterations in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Nasu Tatsuyo , Maeshima Yohei , Kinomura Masaru , Hirokoshi-Kawahara Kumiko , Tanabe Katsuyuki , Sugiyama Hitoshi , Sonoda Hikaru , Sato Yasufumi , Makino Hirofumi
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

The involvement of proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor as well as the therapeutic efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors in early diabetic nephropathy has been reported. Vasohibin-1 (VASH-1) is a unique endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor that is induced in endothelial cells by proangiogenic factors. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of VASH-1 in an early diabetic nephropathy model.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Streptozotocin- induced type 1 diabetic mice received intravenous injections of adenoviral vectors encoding VASH-1 (AdhVASH-1) or β-gal (AdLacZ) every other week and were killed after 28 days.

RESULTS

Treatment with AdhVASH-1 resulted in sustained increase in the protein levels of VASH-1 in the liver and sera, in the absence of any inflammatory alterations. AdhVASH-1 treatment significantly suppressed renal hypertrophy, glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular hyperfiltration, albuminuria, increase of the CD31+ glomerular endothelial area, F4/80+ monocyte/macrophage infiltration, the accumulation of type IV collagen, and mesangial matrix compared with AdLacZ-treated diabetic mice. Increase in the renal levels of transforming growth factor-β1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and receptor for advanced glycation end products in diabetic animals was significantly suppressed by AdhVASH-1 (real-time PCR and immunoblot). VASH-1 significantly suppressed the increase of transforming growth factor-β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and receptor for advanced glycation end products, induced by high ambient glucose in cultured mouse mesangial cells. Increased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 was suppressed in AdVASH-1–treated diabetic animals and in cultured glomerular endothelial cells. Endogenous mouse VASH-1 was localized to the mesangial and endothelial area in glomeruli of diabetic mice.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest the potential therapeutic efficacy of VASH-1 in treating early diabetic nephropathy potentially mediated via glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells.
Renal Effects of Aliskiren Compared With and in Combination With Irbesartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, and Albuminuria
Authors: Persson Frederik , Rossing Peter , Reinhard Henrik , Juhl Tina , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Schalkwijk Casper , Danser A.H. Jan , Boomsma Frans , Frandsen Erik , Parving Hans-Henrik
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

We investigated whether the antiproteinuric effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren is comparable to that of irbesartan and the effect of the combination.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. After a 1-month washout period, 26 patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria (>100 mg/day) were randomly assigned to four 2-month treatment periods in random order with placebo, 300 mg aliskiren once daily, 300 mg irbesartan once daily, or the combination using identical doses. Patients received furosemide in a stable dose throughout the study. The primary end point was a change in albuminuria. Secondary measures included change in 24-h blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

RESULTS

Placebo geometric mean albuminuria was 258 mg/day (range 84–2,361), mean ± SD 24-h blood pressure was 140/73 ± 15/8 mmHg, and GFR was 89 ± 27 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Aliskiren treatment reduced albuminuria by 48% (95% CI 27–62) compared with placebo (P < 0.001), not significantly different from the 58% (42–79) reduction with irbesartan treatment (P < 0.001 vs. placebo). Combination treatment reduced albuminuria by 71% (59–79), more than either monotherapy (P < 0.001 and P = 0.028). Fractional clearances of albumin were significantly reduced (46, 56, and 67% reduction vs. placebo). Twenty-four-hour blood pressure was reduced 3/4 mmHg by aliskiren (NS/P = 0.009), 12/5 mmHg by irbesartan (P < 0.001/P = 0.002), and 10/6 mmHg by the combination (P = 0.001/P < 0.001). GFR was significantly reduced 4.6 (95% CI 0.3–8.8) ml/min per 1.73 m2 by aliskiren, 8.0 (3.6–12.3) ml/min per 1.73 m2 by irbesartan, and 11.7 (7.4–15.9) ml/min per 1.73 m2 by the combination.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of aliskiren and irbesartan is more antiproteinuric in type 2 diabetic patients with albuminuria than monotherapy.
Cystatin C, Albuminuria, and Mortality Among Older Adults With Diabetes
Authors: de Boer Ian H. , Katz Ronit , Cao Jie J. , Fried Linda F. , Kestenbaum Bryan , Mukamal Ken , Rifkin Dena E. , Sarnak Mark J. , Shlipak Michael G. , Siscovick David S.
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

Albuminuria and impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are each associated with poor health outcomes among individuals with diabetes. Joint associations of albuminuria and impaired GFR with mortality have not been comprehensively evaluated in this population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This is a cohort study among Cardiovascular Health Study participants with diabetes, mean age 78 years. GFR was estimated using serum cystatin C and serum creatinine. Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was measured in single-voided urine samples.

RESULTS

Of 691 participants, 378 died over 10 years of follow-up. Cystatin C–estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, creatinine-based estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and urine ACR ≥30 mg/g were each associated with increased mortality risk with hazard ratios of 1.73 (95% CI 1.37–2.18), 1.54 (1.21–1.97), and 1.73 (1.39–2.17), respectively, adjusting for age, sex, race, diabetes duration, hypoglycemic medications, hypertension, BMI, smoking, cholesterol, lipid-lowering medications, prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), and prevalent heart failure. Cystatin C–estimated GFR and urine ACR were additive in terms of mortality risk. Cystatin C–estimated GFR predicted mortality more strongly than creatinine-based estimated GFR.

CONCLUSIONS

Albuminuria and impaired GFR were independent, additive risk factors for mortality among older adults with diabetes. These findings support current recommendations to regularly assess both albuminuria and GFR in the clinical care of patients with diabetes; a focus on interventions to prevent or treat CVD in the presence of albuminuria, impaired GFR, or both; and further consideration of cystatin C use in clinical care.
Wound Chronicity, Inpatient Care, and Chronic Kidney Disease Predispose to MRSA Infection in Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Yates Christopher , May Kerry , Hale Thomas , Allard Bernard , Rowlings Naomi , Freeman Amy , Harrison Jessica , McCann Jane , Wraight Paul
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine the microbiological profile of diabetes-related foot infections (DRFIs) and the impact of wound duration, inpatient treatment, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Postdebridement microbiological samples were collected from individuals presenting with DRFIs from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2007.

RESULTS

A total of 653 specimens were collected from 379 individuals with 36% identifying only one isolate. Of the total isolates, 77% were gram-positive bacteria (staphylococci 43%, streptococci 13%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from 23%; risk factors for MRSA included prolonged wound duration (odds ratio 2.31), inpatient management (2.19), and CKD (OR 1.49). Gram-negative infections were more prevalent with inpatient management (P = 0.002) and prolonged wound duration (P < 0.001). Pseudomonal isolates were more common in chronic wounds (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

DRFIs are predominantly due to gram-positive aerobes but are usually polymicrobial and increase in complexity with inpatient care and ulcer duration. In the presence of prolonged duration, inpatient management, or CKD, empiric MRSA antibiotic cover should be considered.
Large-Fiber Dysfunction in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Is Predicted by Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Elliott Jackie , Tesfaye Solomon , Chaturvedi Nish , Gandhi Rajiv A. , Stevens Lynda K. , Emery Celia , Fuller John H. ,   on behalf of the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

Diabetic large–nerve fiber dysfunction, as measured by vibration perception threshold (VPT), predicts foot ulceration, amputation, and mortality. Thus, determination of modifiable risk factors is of great clinical importance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We assessed 1,407 patients with type 1 diabetes and a normal VPT participating in the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study, at baseline mean ± SD age of 32.7 ± 10.2 years with diabetes duration of 14.7 ± 9.3 years and follow-up of 7.3 ± 0.6 years. VPT was measured using biothesiometry on the right big toe and medial malleolus. An abnormal result was defined as >2 SD from the predicted mean for the patient s age.

RESULTS

An abnormal VPT was associated with an increased incidence of gangrene, amputation, foot ulceration, leg bypass or angioplasty, and mortality (P ≤ 0.02). The incidence of abnormal VPT was 24% over the 7.3-year follow-up. Duration of diabetes and A1C significantly influenced the incidence of abnormal VPT (P < 0.0001). After correction for these, established risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including male sex (P = 0.0004), hypertension (P < 0.0001), total cholesterol (P = 0.002), LDL cholesterol (P = 0.01), smoking (P < 0.0001), weight (P < 0.0001), and diabetes complications (retinopathy [P = 0.0001], nephropathy [P = 0.01], and autonomic neuropathy [P = 0.001]), were all found to be significant risk factors. A previous history of CVD doubled the incidence of abnormal VPT.

CONCLUSIONS

This prospective study indicates that cardiovascular risk factors predict development of large-fiber dysfunction, which may account for the high mortality rate in patients with an abnormal VPT, and emphasizes the importance of early determination of VPT to detect subclinical neuropathy and to address cardiovascular risk factors.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from the Roots of Erigeron acris L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.
Authors: Nazaruk Jolanta , Kalemba Danuta
Published: July 2009

The chemical compositions of essential oils from the roots of Erigeron acris and Erigeron annuus were studied. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation in 1.0% and 0.05% yield, respectively, and analyzed by GC, GC-MS. Fifty four and forty seven constituents were identified. Predominant constituents of both oils were poly-acetylene esters: (Z,Z)-matricaria ester (49.4% and 45.9%, respectively) and (Z)-lachnophyllum ester (37.2% and 27.5%, respectively), that were accompanied by their stereoisomers as well as appropriate lactones. Polyacetylenic compounds amounted to 92.1% of E. acris oil and 85.8% of E. annuus oil. Both oils contained the same monoterpene hydrocarbons, amounting to 4.2% and 5.8%, respectively, and traces of almost the same monoterpene oxygenated compounds. The dominant sesquiterpenes in E. acris were elemenes and tricyclic sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, while in E. annuus β-sesquiphellandrene and β-bisabolene dominated. After flash chromatography of essential oil from E. acris, fractions contained acetylene esters and acetylene lactones were obtained. The configuration about double bonds for these compounds has been elucidated on the basis of 1H- and 13C-NMR analysis.
Identification and Quantification of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids in Burr Parsley (Caucalis platycarpos L.), Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Plazonić Ana , Bucar Franz , Maleš Željan , Mornar Ana , Nigović Biljana , Kujundžić Nikola
Published: July 2009

A sensitive method coupling high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detector (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) was optimized for the separation and identification of phenolic acids, flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones in the extract of burr parsley (Caucalis platycarpos L.). Fragmentation behavior of flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids were investigated using ion trap mass spectrometry in negative electrospray ionization. The MS, MSn and UV data together with HPLC retention time (TR) of phenolic acids and flavonoids allowed structural characterization of these compounds. Caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) isomers, p-coumaroyl-quinic acids (p-CoQA), feruloylquinic acids (FQA), dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQA), luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, apigenin-7-O-rutinoside as well as isolated chrysoeriol-7-O-rutinoside have been identified as constituents of C. platycarpos for the first time. An accurate, precise and sensitive LC-DAD method for quantification of four phenolic acids (3-O-caffeoylquinic, caffeic, p-coumaric, o-coumaric acid), four flavonoid glycosides (luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), and three flavonoid aglycones (luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol) in C. platycarpos extract was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision and accuracy. 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid was the predominant phenolic acid and luteolin-7-O-glucoside was the predominant flavonoid glycoside.
A microsatellite study to disentangle the ambiguity of linguistic, geographic, ethnic and genetic influences on tribes of India to get a better clarity of the antiquity and peopling of South Asia
Authors: Krithika S. , Maji Suvendu , Vasulu T.S.
Published: July 2009

An understanding of the genetic affinity and the past history of the tribal populations of India requires the untangling of the confounding influences of language, ethnicity, and geography on the extant diverse tribes. The present study examines the genetic relationship of linguistically (Dravidian, Austro‐Asiatic, and Tibeto‐Burman) and ethnically (Australian and East Asian) diverse tribal populations (46) inhabiting different regions of the Indian subcontinent. For the purpose, we have utilized the published data on allele frequency of 15 autosomal STR loci of our study on six Adi sub‐tribes of Arunachal Pradesh and compared the same with the reported allele frequency data, for nine common autosomal STR loci, of 40 other tribes. Phylogenetic and principal component analyses exhibit geography based clustering of Tibeto‐Burman speakers and separation of the Mundari and Mon‐Khmer speaking Austro‐Asiatic populations. The combined analyses of all 46 populations show clustering of the groups belonging to same ethnicity and inhabiting contiguous geographic regions, irrespective of their different languages. These results help us to reconstruct and understand three plausible scenarios of the antiquity of Indian tribal populations: the Dravidian and Austro‐Asiatic (Mundari) tribes were possibly derived from common early settlers; the Tibeto‐Burman tribes possibly belonged to a different ancestry and the Mon‐Khmer speaking Austro‐Asiatic populations share a common ancestry with some of the Tibeto‐Burman speakers. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylate amic acid) and its application as negative‐tone photosensitive polyimides
Authors: Ho Chang‐Hong , Chang Sheng , Lee Yu‐Der
Published: July 2009

The dianhydride monomer 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and two diamine monomers, 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐biphenyldiol (HAB) and 2,4‐diaminophenol dihydrochloride (DAP), were used to synthesize a series of poly(hydroxyl amic acid). Further functionalization by grafting acrylate groups yields the corresponding poly(acrylate amic acid) that underwent a crosslinking reaction on exposure to UV‐light and was used as a negative‐tone photosensitive polyimide (PSPI). The analysis of chemical composition and molecular weight of these poly(amic acid)s determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography revealed that the molecular weight of the poly(hydroxyl amic acid) increased with the molar content of HAB in the feedstock, because HAB exhibited higher polymerization reactivity than DAP. Moreover, the degree of grafting acrylate groups onto poly(hydroxyl amic acid) was determined by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The photoresist was formulated by adding 2‐benzyl‐2‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐1‐(4‐morpholinophenyl) butanone (IRG369) and isopropylthioxanthone as a photoinitiator, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate as a crosslinker, and tribromomethyl phenyl sulfone as a photosensitizer. The PSPI precursor exhibited a photosensitivity of 200 mJ/cm2 and a contrast of 1.78. A pattern with a resolution of 10 μm was observed in an optical micrograph after thermal imidization at 300°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Lanthanide(II) amide complexes: Efficient initiators for the living polymerization of methyl methacrylate
Authors: Zhou Liying , Yao Yingming , Shen Qi
Published: July 2009

Lanthanide(II) complexes supported by amido ligands, [(C6H5)(Me3Si)N]2Ln(DME)2 [Ln = Sm (1) or Yb (2); DME = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane] and [(C6H3iPr2‐2,6)(Me3Si)N]2Ln(THF)2 [Ln = Sm (3) or Yb (4); THF = tetrahydrofuran], were found to initiate the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) as efficient single‐component initiators (in toluene for 3 and 4 and in toluene with a small amount of THF for 1 and 2) to produce syndiotactic polymers. The catalytic behavior was highly dependent on both the amido ligand and the polymerization temperature. Initiators 3 and 4 initiated MMA polymerization over a wide range of temperatures (20°C to −40°C), whereas the polymerization with 1 and 2 proceeded smoothly only at low temperatures (≤0°C). The kinetic behavior and some features of the polymerizations of MMA initiated by 3 and 4 were studied at −40°C. The polymerization rate was first‐order with the monomer concentration. The molar masses of the polymers increased linearly with the increase in the polymer yields, whereas the molar mass distributions remained narrow and unchanged throughout the polymerization; this indicated that these systems had living character. A polymerization mechanism initiated by bimetallic bisenolate formed in situ was proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Curing kinetics of medium reactive unsaturated polyester resin used for liquid composite molding process
Authors: Raja Pandiyan K. Raghu , Chakraborty Saikat , Kundu Gautam , Neogi Swati
Published: July 2009

The cure kinetics of medium reactivity unsaturated polyester resin formulated for Liquid Composite Molding process simulation was studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) under isothermal conditions over a specific range of temperature. For isothermal curing reactions performed at 100, 110, and 120°C, several influencing factors were evaluated using the heat evolution behavior of curing process. We propose two‐ and three‐parameter kinetic models to describe the cure kinetics of thermoset resins. Comparisons of the model solutions with our experimental data showed that the three‐parameter model was the lowest parameter model capable of capturing both the degree of cure and the curing rate qualitatively and quantitatively. The model parameters were evaluated by a non‐linear multiple regression method and the temperature dependence of the kinetic rate constants thus obtained has been determined by fitting to the Arrhenius equation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Polymer chain extension in semibatch emulsion polymerization with RAFT‐based transfer agent: The influence of reaction conditions on polymerization rate and product properties
Authors: Altarawneh Ibrahem S. , Gomes Vincent G. , Srour Mourtada H.
Published: July 2009

A mathematical model was developed for batch and semiemulsion polymerizations of styrene in the presence of a xanthate‐based RAFT agent. Zero–one kinetics was employed along with population balance equations to predict monomer conversion, molecular weight (MWD), and particle size (PSD) distributions in the presence of xanthate‐based RAFT agents. The effects of the transfer agent (AR), surfactant, initiator, and temperature were investigated. Monomer conversion, MWD, and PSD were found to be strongly affected by monomer feed rate. The polymerization rate (Rp), number average molecular weight (Mn) and particle size (r) decreased with increasing AR. With increases in surfactant and initiator concentrations Rp increased, whereas with increase in temperature Mn decreased, Rp increased and r increased. In semibatch mode, Mn and r increased with increase in monomer flow rate. By feeding the RAFT agent along with the monomer (FM/FAR = NMo/NARo = 100), Mn attained a constant value proportional to monomer/RAFT molar ratio. The observed retardation in polymerization and growth rates is due to the exit and re‐entry of small radicals. Thus, chain extension was successfully achieved in semibatch mode. The simulations compared well with our experimental data, and the model was able to accurately predict monomer conversion, Mn, MWD, and PSD of polymer products. Our simulations and experimental results show that monomer feed rate is suitable for controlling the PSD, and the initial concentration and the feed rate of AR for controlling the MWD and PSD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
pH‐responsive poly(2‐ethylacrylic acid‐co‐alkyl methacrylate) copolymers as biomembrane switches
Authors: Jiang Guohua
Published: July 2009

The intracellular delivery of active biomacromolecules from endosomes into the cytoplasm generally requires a membrane‐disrupting agent. Since endosomes have a slightly acidic pH, anionic carboxylated polymers could be potentially useful for this purpose because they can destabilize membrane bilayers by pH‐triggered conformational change. In this study, different pH‐sensitive 2‐ethylacrylic acid and alkyl methacrylate [butyl methacrylate and hexyl methacrylate] copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization with high yields. pH‐dependent membrane disruptive activity was investigated with respect to their physicochemical and membrane lytic properties as a function of pH, concentration, and molecular weight. Hemolysis assays demonstrated that the presence of the hydrophobic monomer and sufficient protonation of the carboxylic acid groups were important parameters for efficient membrane destabilization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
An investigation of the flocculation characteristics of polyacrylamide‐grafted chitosan
Authors: Ali S. K. Akbar , Singh Ram Prakash
Published: July 2009

To investigate the flocculation characteristics of polyacrylamide (PAM)‐grafted chitosan, a series of PAM‐grafted chitosan copolymer (Chito‐g‐PAM1 to Chito‐g‐PAM4) have been synthesized by ceric ammonium nitrate‐induced solution polymerization technique in nitrogen atmosphere. The flocculation characteristics of the polymer samples (PAM, grafted and ungrafted chitosan) were studied by settling test and jar test methods in the colloidal suspensions of kaolin, iron ore, silica, and bentonite powder. It was found that the settling performance of Chito‐g‐PAM3 is best among the polymer samples. The jar test results indicate that the ungrafted chitosan has better water clarifying performance than both the PAM and grafted chitosan. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Epoxy‐boehmite nanocomposites as new insulating materials
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Deorsola Fabio , Fabiani Davide , Montanari Giancarlo , Rizza Giancarlo
Published: July 2009

The results of a comparative analysis performed on specimens of nanostructured epoxy resins obtained by different boehmite filler concentrations are reported in this paper. The specimens were prepared by dispersion of boehmite nanoparticles into a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin cross linked under UV. Photopolymerization process was followed by RT‐FTIR and the properties of uv‐cured films investigated. Dielectric properties, in particular space charge accumulation, are measured as a function of nanofiller content. Results indicate that space charge build up and charge mobility are affected largely by filler content. Concentrations of nanofiller of 5–7 wt % show significant decrease of the space charge with respect to the base‐epoxy resin and an increased mobility of negative carriers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of acrylamide‐based aluminum flocculant for turbidity reduction in wastewater
Authors: Noppakundilograt Supaporn , Nanakorn Praon , Sonjaipanich Kittichai , Seetapan Nispa , Kiatkamjornwong Suda
Published: July 2009

Polymeric flocculants of aluminum hydroxide‐poly[acrylamide‐co‐(acrylic acid)], AHAMAA, were prepared by solution polymerization using aluminum hydroxide as a coagulant in the presence of acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) as a comonomer pair with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent. The crosslinking was initiated by ammonium persulfate with N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine as an initiator. The water absorbency of crosslinked poly[AM‐co‐AA] was always higher than that of AHAMAA and was found to be correlated to the storage modulus of the polymers, which was higher for AHAMAA than that of crosslinked poly[AM‐co‐AA]. The residual aluminum concentration of AHAMAA (0.09–0.2 mg L−1) indicated the stability of the polymer flocculant which was in good agreement with the observed tan δ and the higher G′′ and G′ values. Both the crosslinked poly[AM‐co‐AA] and AHAMAA satisfactorily reduced the turbidity of kaolin suspensions, but the latter gave a better reduction performance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
PA6/clay nanocomposites by continuous sonication process
Authors: Swain Sarat K. , Isayev Avraam I.
Published: July 2009

Polyamide 6 (PA6)/clay nanocomposites were prepared using a single screw extruder with an ultrasonic die attachment. The die pressure and ultrasonic power consumption were measured at various clay concentrations. The structure and morphology of nanocomposites studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the clay (Cloisite® 30B) was exfoliated within PA6 matrix at all clay concentrations, while clays (Cloisite® 15A and 93A) only intercalated. The complex viscosities of the nanocomposites were increased with clay loading and after ultrasonic treatment at lower amplitudes. The Young's modulus, stress and elongation at break, toughness and yield stress and strain of ultrasonically treated nanocomposites were significantly affected by the level of intensity of ultrasound. In addition to XRD, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 15N NMR techniques were used to investigate the structural changes in PA6/clay nanocomposites. The results indicated that the intercalated organoclay nanocomposites can induce generation of the γ‐form crystal of PA6 and substantially affect the arrangement of molecules in the α‐form crystal. It was found that the addition of clay in the PA6 matrix leads to a decrease of crystallinity. However, ultrasonic treatment of nanocomposites increased crystallinity. A substantial reduction in oxygen permeability was observed by increasing concentration of clay. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical properties of fiber‐reinforced natural rubbers using surface‐modified PET fibers under EB irradiation
Authors: Kondo Y. , Miyazaki K. , Takayanagi K. , Sakurai K.
Published: July 2009

Aiming to develop a high performance fiber‐reinforced natural rubber (NR), a special technique using electron beam (EB) irradiation‐induced graft‐polymerization was applied to high‐strength polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers. Although PET is chemically robust, allyl methacrylate (AMA) could be graft‐polymerized onto the PET fiber surface with this special technique. The composite of NR and grafted‐PET fibers indicated a linear increase in the initial modulus with the fiber content. At the fiber content of 10%, the initial modulus was improved about five times with respect to that of the pure NR, whereas the breaking strength increased by ca. 35% and the breaking strain decreased by ca. 45%. The fiber‐reinforced rubber with a good performance was obtained in the system of NR and grafted‐PET fibers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Engaging with plastination and the Body Worlds phenomenon: A cultural and intellectual challenge for anatomists
Authors: Jones D. Gareth , Whitaker Maja I.
Published: July 2009

Body Worlds, the international plastination phenomenon, has proved immensely popular with audiences worldwide. Never before has the human body been exposed to public gaze in such an accessible and intriguing manner. Dissected body parts feature alongside whole‐body plastinates with their life‐like poses ranging from those with Renaissance motifs to others with highly contemporary themes. However, the exhibitions and their creator, Gunther von Hagens, have astounded many, including anatomists, some of whom find the unconventional display of human bodies unethical and offensive. The voyeuristic nature of Body Worlds and the uneasy balance between entertainment and education have proved problematic for anatomists. Von Hagens himself is a polarizing figure, pursuing his dream of “democratizing anatomy” with little regard for the conventions of academia. While valid ethical objections can be raised against some aspects of the exhibitions, we argue that wholesale rejection of them is unwarranted. In arriving at this conclusion we assess the ethical and educational issues involved. We divide the whole‐body plastinates into four categories, ranging from those illustrating structural and functional relationships to those with artistic and humanistic aspirations rather than anatomical ones. We conclude that anatomists need to face up to the opportunities and challenges posed by the Body Worlds phenomenon, utilizing what is being presented to the general public and adapting this in teaching and research. Clin. Anat. 22:770–776, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UF6 and UF4 in Liquid Ammonia: [UF7(NH3)]3− and [UF4(NH3)4]
Authors: Kraus Florian , Baer Sebastian A.
Published: July 2009

From the reaction of uranium hexafluoride UF6 with dry liquid ammonia, the [UF7(NH3)]3− anion and the [UF4(NH3)4] molecule were isolated and identified for the first time. They are found in signal‐green crystals of trisammonium monoammine heptafluorouranate(IV) ammonia (1:1; [NH4]3[UF7(NH3)]⋅NH3) and emerald‐green crystals of tetraammine tetrafluorouranium(IV) ammonia (1:1; [UF4(NH3)4]⋅NH3). [NH4]3[UF7(NH3)]⋅NH3 features discrete [UF7(NH3)]3− anions with a coordination geometry similar to a bicapped trigonal prism, hitherto unknown for UIV compounds. The emerald‐green [UF4(NH3)4]⋅NH3 contains discrete tetraammine tetrafluorouranium(IV) [UF4(NH3)4] molecules. [UF4(NH3)4]⋅NH3 is not stable at room temperature and forms pastel‐green [UF4(NH3)4] as a powder that is surprisingly stable up to 147 °C. The compounds are the first structurally characterized ammonia complexes of uranium fluorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Chemoselective Synthesis of Some Novel Substituted 2‐Arylbenzimidazoles Using Amino Acid‐Based Prolinium Nitrate Ionic Liquid as Catalyst.
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Aryan Reza , Ghaieni Hamid Reza , Amani Ali Mohammad
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Stereoselective asymmetric synthesis of (+)‐sedamine and (+)‐allosedamine
Authors: Lebrun Stéphane , Couture Axel , Deniau Eric , Grandclaudon Pierre
Published: July 2009

A convenient method for the generation of (+)‐sedamine and (+)‐allosedamine in high optical purity has been elaborated. The key steps are the highly stereoselective 1,2‐nucleophilic addition to SAMP hydrazones allowing the installation of the stereogenic center at C2 and ring closing metathesis. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An In‐Depth Characterization of Urban Aerosols Using Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Analysis
Authors: Khwaja Haider A. , Parekh Pravin P. , Khan Adil R. , Hershey Daniel L. , Naqvi Ronaq R. , Malik Abdul , Khan Khalid
Published: July 2009

The physical and chemical characterization of aerosols from three large cities, Karachi and Islamabad, Pakistan, and New York City (NYC), USA, was investigated. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) was used to determine particle morphology and elemental composition of the samples. A Bruker Spirit system in combination with a Sahara detector provided both computer controlled Automated Chemical Classification (ACC) and digital mapping features for analysis purposes. The use of these two features to characterize the elemental composition, particle size, and to determine specific classes or source types is described in this paper. Filters were analyzed for the following elements; Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, and U. The EDS work was qualitative not quantitative. Seven source types (mobile, cement, soil, steel mill, fossil fuel, sea salt and biological) contributed to particulate matter in the ambient air of both cities in Pakistan, whereas there were eight source types (diesel, road dust, automobile, iron, residual fuel oil, sea salt, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate) for NYC. For all three urban centers, vehicular traffic emissions were the main contributor to particle number. Diesel emissions from trucks and buses were relatively more prominent in NYC aerosols, while gasoline emission from automotive exhaust was dominant in the two cities of Pakistan. The cement/limestone component from local cement industries was very evident in both particle surface characteristics and number for both Karachi and Islamabad, but not in NYC air. Sea salt aerosols were seen in the two coastal cities, Karachi and NYC. It was also witnessed in Islamabad aerosols and was attributable to the mining of rock salt at the world's richest salt mine, Khewra, situated upwind from the city.
How our worldviews shape our practice
Authors: Goldberg Rachel M.
Published: July 2009

This article reviews research on the effect of a conflict resolution practitioner's worldview on practice. The results revealed patterns connecting worldview frames with differing uses of power. Forty‐three environmental and intercultural practitioners were interviewed, and narrative and metaphor analysis was used to reveal key worldview orientations in their practice stories. The results are correlated in continuums and “profiles” of the worldview orientation. The findings strengthen previous work questioning the effects of the traditional neutrality stance, deepen fieldwide arguments for the embedded nature of worldview and culture, and describe new methods that reveal some of the dynamics between worldview and practice.
Graphical explanation of the damping torque analysis method and its applications in multi‐machine power systems
Authors: Du W. , Wang H. F. , Ju P. , Dunn R.
Published: July 2009

Damping torque analysis (DTA) is a well‐developed technique for understanding and studying power system oscillations. It is established on the basis of physical explanation of damping torque contribution of power system control to the rotor motion of generator. Hence when it is applied in a multi‐machine power system, the DTA becomes complicated due to the involvement of large number of generators. In this paper, a graphical explanation of the DTA method is presented by using the small‐signal equal‐area criterion of power system stability analysis. The graphical explanation presented turns out to be completely independent of the physical concept of damping torque, indicating the significant potential to develop the graphical explanation into a general and simple approach for understanding and studying multi‐machine power system oscillations. In the paper, an example of a multi‐machine power system installed with a STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) is given to demonstrate how the potential of applying graphical explanation can be explored. Based on the conclusion drawn from the graphical explanation, it is shown why the STATCOM voltage control contributes little damping to power system oscillations and a simple method of designing a STATCOM stabilizer is proposed. Confirmation from simulation results of an example four‐machine power system is presented in the paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving fMRI sensitivity by normalization of basal physiologic state
Authors: Lu Hanzhang , Yezhuvath Uma S. , Xiao Guanghua
Published: July 2009

The power of fMRI in assessing neural activities is hampered by inter‐subject variations in basal physiologic parameters, which may not be related to neural activation but has a modulatory effect on fMRI signals. Therefore, normalization of fMRI signals with these parameters is useful in reducing variations and improving sensitivity of this important technique. Recently, we have shown that basal venous oxygenation is a significant modulator of fMRI signals and individuals with higher venous oxygenation tend to have lower fMRI signals. In this study, we aim to test the utility of venous oxygenation normalization in distinguishing subject groups. A “model” condition was used in which two visual stimuli with different flashing frequencies were used to stimulate two subject groups, respectively, thereby simulating the situation of control and patient groups. It was found that visual‐evoked BOLD signal is significantly correlated with baseline venous T2 (P = 0.0003) and inclusion of physiologic modulator in the regression analysis can substantially reduce P values of group‐level statistical tests. When applied to voxel‐wise analysis, the normalization process can allow the detection of more significant voxels. The utility of other basal parameters, including blood pressure, heart rate, arterial oxygenation, and end‐tidal CO2, in BOLD normalization was also assessed and it was found that the improvement was less significant. Time‐to‐peak of the BOLD responses was also studied and it was found that subjects with higher basal venous oxygenation tend to slower BOLD responses. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD4 T cells promote tissue inflammation via CD40 signaling without de novo activation in a murine model of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury #
Authors: Shen Xiuda , Wang Yue , Gao Feng , Ren Feng , Busuttil Ronald W. , Kupiec-Weglinski Jerzy W. , Zhai Yuan
Published: July 2009

Although the role of CD4 T cells in tissue inflammation and organ injury resulting from ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) has been well documented, it remains unclear how CD4 T cells are activated and function in the absence of a specific antigen (Ag). We used a murine liver warm IRI model to determine first whether de novo Ag-specific CD4 T cell activation was required and then what its functional mechanism was. The critical role of CD4 T cells in liver immune activation against ischemia and reperfusion (IR) was confirmed in CD4 knockout mice and CD4 depleted wild-type mice. Interestingly, the inhibition of CD4 T cell activation without target cell depletion failed to protect livers against IRI, and this suggested that T cells function in liver IRI without Ag-specific de novo activation. To dissect the T cell functional mechanism, we found that CD154 blockade, but not interferon γ (IFN-γ) neutralization, inhibited local immune activation and protected livers from IRI. Furthermore, agonist anti-CD40 antibodies restored liver IRI in otherwise protected CD4-deficient hosts. Finally, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of liver CD4 T cells revealed the selective infiltration of effector cells, which constitutively expressed a higher level of CD154 in comparison with their peripheral counterparts. IR triggered a significant liver increase in CD40 expression but not CD154 expression, and macrophages responded to toll-like receptor 4 and type I IFN stimulation to up-regulate CD40 expression. Conclusion: These novel findings provide evidence that CD4 T cells function in liver IRI via CD154 without de novo Ag-specific activation, and innate immunity–induced CD40 up-regulation may trigger the engagement of CD154-CD40 to facilitate tissue inflammation and injury. (Hepatology 2009.)
Differential effects of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 mutations on canalicular localization of ATP8B1 #
Authors: Folmer Dineke E. , van der Mark Vincent A. , Ho-Mok Kam S. , Oude Elferink Ronald P.J. , Paulusma Coen C.
Published: July 2009

Mutations in ATP8B1 cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1) and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (BRIC1), forming a spectrum of cholestatic disease. Whereas PFIC1 is a progressive, endstage liver disease, BRIC1 patients suffer from episodic periods of cholestasis that resolve spontaneously. At present it is not clear how the type and location of the mutations relate to the clinical manifestations of PFIC1 and BRIC1. ATP8B1 localizes to the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes where it mediates the inward translocation of phosphatidylserine. ATP8B1 interacts with CDC50A, which is required for endoplasmic reticulum exit and plasma membrane localization. In this study we analyzed a panel of missense mutations causing PFIC1 (G308V, D554N, G1040R) or BRIC1 (D70N, I661T). In addition, we included two mutations that have been associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) (D70N, R867C). We examined the effect of these mutations on protein stability and interaction with CDC50A in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and studied the subcellular localization in WIF-B9 cells. Protein stability was reduced for three out of six mutations studied. Two out of three PFIC1 mutant proteins did not interact with CDC50A, whereas BRIC1/ICP mutants displayed reduced interaction. Importantly, none of the PFIC1 mutants were detectable in the canalicular membrane of WIF-B9 cells, whereas all BRIC1/ICP mutants displayed the same cellular staining pattern as wild-type ATP8B1. Our data indicate that PFIC1 mutations lead to the complete absence of canalicular expression, whereas in BRIC1/ICP residual protein is expressed in the canalicular membrane. Conclusion: These data provide an explanation for the difference in severity between the phenotypes of PFIC1 and BRIC1. (Hepatology 2009.)