bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS DES KATALYSATORS AUF DARSTELLUNG UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON ESTERN DES PENTAERYTHRITS
Authors: ITSIKSON T. M. , KAGAN L. KH. , ZHAROVA E. YA. , SUDARIKOVA T. I. , ITSIKSON L. B. , NIKONOROV E. M. , D'YAKONOVA K. D.
Published: March 2016

Als Katalysatoren der Veresterung von Pentaerythrit mit Fettsäuren wurden Tributylphosphat, Tributylphosphit, Natriumhydrogensulfat und Schwefelsäure /Aktivkohle untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: FRAGMENTIERUNGSREAKTIONEN AN CARBONYLVERBINDUNGEN MIT BETA‐STAENDIGEN ELEKTRONEGATIVEN SUBSTITUENTEN 29. MITT. 2,2,5,5‐TETRAKIS(TOSYLOXYMETHYL)‐CYCLOPENTANON UND 2,2,6,6‐TETRAKIS(TOSYLOXYMETHYL)‐CYCLOHEXANON
Authors: GERNER KLAUS , MARSCHALL HELGA , WEYERSTAHL PETER
Published: March 2016

Bei der Umsetzung des Tetratosylats (Ia) mit z.B. Na‐methoxid in Methanol erhält man neben wenig (II) ein Gemisch der Ester (IIIa)‐(Va).
ChemInform Abstract: VERY RAPID FORMYL SHIFTS IN 1‐FORMYLINDENES, STRICT STEREOSPECIFICITY AND ESCLUSIVE 1,5‐SIGMATROPY
Authors: FIELD D. J. , JONES D. W. , KNEEN G.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen des 1‐Formylindens (I) findet eine 1,5‐Formyl‐Verschiebung unter Bildung der Isoinden‐Zwischenstufe (II) statt, die durch eine 1,5‐Wasserstoff‐Verschiebung in das 2‐Formyl‐inden (III) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF A BICYCLO(4.1.0)HEPTATRIENE BY INTRAMOLECULAR ADDITION OF A CARBENE TO A CARBON‐CARBON TRIPLE BOND
Authors: MYKYTKA JOHN P. , JONES W. M.
Published: March 2016

Das aus dem Diphenylyläthylendibromid (I) über das Acetylenderivat (II) zugängliche Na‐Tosylhydrazon (III) wird der Photolyse bei ‐110°C in Dimethyläther/Butadien unterworfen; dabei entsteht das Diazoalkan (IV), das sich zu dem Pyrazol (V) und dem Carben (VI) disproportioniert.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A STABEL 1,2‐OXATHIETAN 2‐OXIDE (BETA‐SULTINE)
Authors: DURST T. , GIMBARZEVSKY B. P.
Published: March 2016

Das β‐Hydroxyalkylsulfoxid (I) reagiert bei Raumtemperatur in Methylenchlorid mit N‐Chlorsuccinimid (NCS) oder bei 470°C mit Sulfurylchlorid zu dem β‐Sultin (II), wobei die Verbindungen (III) und (IV) als Nebenprodukte erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ANWENDUNG DER DARSTELLUNGSMETHODE VON THIOPHEN‐HETEROCYCLEN MITTELS NA2S ZUR SYNTHESE VON SCHWEFEL‐ANALOGEN POLYCYCLISCHER AROMATISCHER KOHLENWASSERSTOFFE
Authors: CAGNIANT PAUL , KIRSCH GILBERT
Published: March 2016

Bei Behandlung z.B. der Naphthaline (I) mit Na,Sund dann mit den entsprechenden Acetaten (II) werden die Naphthothiophene (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: CYANOGEN‐2‐MERCAPTOBENZOIC ACID CONDENSATIONS, A ROUTE TO BIS‐1,3‐BENZOTHIAZIN‐4‐ONES
Authors: HEINDEL N. D. , SCHAEFFER L. A.
Published: March 2016

2‐Mercapto‐benzoesäuren (I) reagieren mit Dicyan (II) über die Zwischenstufen (III) zu den Dimeren (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THE 5,11‐DIOXO‐1H‐PYRROLO(2,1‐C)(1,4)BENZODIAZEPINE NUCLEUS OF ANTHRAMYCIN AND RELATED NATURAL PRODUCTS
Authors: STEVENS R. V. , CORY R. M. , ROSSEN S.
Published: March 2016

Isocyano‐essigsäuremethylester (I) und Acrylsäuremethylester (II) liefern in Gegenwart von CuO in Benzol das instabile Pyrrolin (III), das mit Isatosäureanhydrid (IV) in Pyridin zum Benzodiazepindion (V) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOSILICON CHEMISTRY PART 18, SOME REACTIONS OF 1,3‐DIMETHYL‐1,3‐DIPHENYL‐, 1,1,3,3‐TETRAPHENYL‐, AND 1,1‐DIMETHYL‐3,3‐DIPHENYL‐1,3‐DISILACYCLOBUTANE
Authors: DEVINE ANTHONY M. , GRIFFIN PETER A. , HASZELDINE ROBERT N. , NEWLAND MICHAEL J. , TIPPING ANTHONY E.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktionen der Disilacyclobutane (IIIa), (IV) [durch Kondensation der Chlorsilane (I) und (II) erhältlich] und (V) mit Nucleophilen und Elektrophilen werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS PART 65, PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF 2‐METHYLPROPEN‐1‐YLPHOSPHONIC DICHLORIDE AND 2‐METHYLPROPEN‐2‐YLPHOSPHONIC DICHLORIDE AND THE CORRESPONDING ESTERS
Authors: MAIER L.
Published: March 2016

Tert. Butanol (I) reagiert mit PCl5 (II) in Gegenwart von SO2 zu (III), das in Anwesenheit von Triäthylamin 2‐Methylpropen‐1‐yl‐ bzw. ‐2‐yl‐phosphordichlorid (IV) und (V) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: SELENIUM HETEROCYCLES PART 15, REACTION OF 2‐AMINOSELENAZOLES AND 2‐AMINO‐1,3,4‐SELENADIAZOLES WITH ACETYLENIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: SHAFIEE A. , LALEZARI I.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Reaktion der 4‐substituierten 2‐Amino‐selenazole (I) mit Propiolsäureester (II) entstehen die Pyrimidinone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE STABILITY OF THALLIUM(I) TRANSITION METAL CARBONYLS, SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF THALLOUS TETRACARBONYLCOBALTATE
Authors: PEDERSEN S. ERIK , ROBINSON WILLIAM R.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion von Tl‐tetracarbonylcobaltat und Lewis‐Basen führt bei Raumtemperatur in nicht‐koordinierenden Lösungsmitteln neben den Tl(I)‐Derivaten (Ia) überwiegend zu den Verbindungen (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: METALLCARBONYLKOMPLEXE MIT MEHRZAEHNIGEN RINGFOERMIGEN LIGANDEN 2. MITT. CHELATVERBINDUNGEN UND GEMISCHT SUBSTITUIERTE KOMPLEXE DES S‐TRITHIANS UND VERWANDTER VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: SCHENK W. A. , SCHMIDT M.
Published: March 2016

Auf dem im Formelschema beschriebenen Weg werden die Chelatkomplexe (III), (VI), (VIII) und (X) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MAGNETIC EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN TRANSITION METAL DIMERS PART 6, THE TETRACYANONICKELATE(II) ION AS A BRIDGING GROUP
Authors: MANN KENT R. , DUGGAN D. MICHAEL , HENDRICKSON DAVID N.
Published: March 2016

Ni‐sulfat reagiert mit dem Tetramin in einer Wasser‐Äthanol‐Mischung in Gegenwart von NaCN zu dem Komplex (I), der als Hexafluorophosphat, Jodid oder Perchlorat gefällt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRACARBONYL(PHOSPHINE)RUTHENIUM COMPLEXES, SYNTHESIS AND KINETICS OF CARBONYL SUBSTITUTION
Authors: JOHNSON BRIAN F. G. , LEWIS JACK , TWIGG MARTYN V.
Published: March 2016

Die Photolyse von Ru3(CO)12 unter Argon in Gegenwart eines Phosphinüberschusses lieferte eine Mischung der Komplexe (I) und (II).
ChemInform Abstract: NITROGEN TO OXYGEN ISOMERIZATION OF THE PENTAAMMINERUTHENIUM(III) GLYCINE ION
Authors: DIAMOND STEVEN E. , TAUBE HENRY
Published: March 2016

Durch Reduktion ivon Aquopentaammin‐Ru?llHrifluormethylsulfonat mit Zn‐amalgam unter Argon in Gegenwart von Na‐glycinat wird der Komplex (I) erhalten, A dessen IR‐ und elektronenspektroskopische Charakterisierung ein N‐gebundenes Glycin zeigt.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBONYL‐RUTHENIUM‐KOMPLEXE VON PENTAFULVENEN
Authors: BEHRENS U. , WEISS E.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Fulvenen (I) entstehen mit dem Rutheniumcarbonyl (II) die Komplexe (III), (IV) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CARBOCAMPHENILONE (V) AND ITS 6,7‐DEHYDRO DERIVATIVE (VI)
Authors: NOYORI R. , SOUCHI T. , HAYAKAWA Y.
Published: March 2016

1,1,3‐Tribrom‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanon (I) reagiert mit Cyclopentadien (II) in Gegenwart von Eisenpentacarbonyl und nachfolgender Kupplung mit Zn‐Cu in hohen Anteilen zum Keton (III), das katalytisch zu (IV) hydriert und dann mit Selendioxid zu einem Diketon (V) bzw. (VI) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROIDE AUS HYODESOXYCHOLSAEURE 5. MITT. 16BETA‐BROMMETHYL‐16ALPHA,17ALPHA‐OXIDOSTEROIDE
Authors: EBERHARDT U.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Reaktion der 16‐Methyl‐17α‐hydro‐Verbindungen, z.B. (I) und (III), mit N‐Bromsuccinimid oder mit Brom/Natriumacetat in wäßrigem Methanol entstehen die 16β‐Brommethyl‐16α,17α‐oxidosteroide (II) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: FIRST SYNTHESES OF DISACCHARIDES BY USE OF CYCLOADDITION IN A KEY STEP
Authors: DAVID S. , LUBINEAU A. , VATELE J.‐M.
Published: March 2016

Die durch eine Cycloadditionsreaktion gewonnene Tridesoxy‐glycerohexenopyranosyl‐glucofuranose (I) wird mit Benzonitril und Wasserstoffperoxid epoxidiert und das Epoxid (II) durch aufeinanderfolgende Behandlung mit Selenophenol und Wasserstoffperoxid in den Allylalkohol (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: BUBBLE FORMATION IN GLASS BY REACTION WITH SILICON AND SILICON‐GERMANIUM ALLOYS
Authors: EAGAN ROBERT J. , JONES GARY J.
Published: March 2016

Die Ursache der Blasenbildung an einer Glas/Si‐ oder Glas/SiGe‐Grenzfläche, die sich bei Verschmelzen der Gläser mit Si‐ oder SiGe‐Plättchen bilden, wird ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROSODISULFONATES AND HYDROXYLAMINE‐N,N‐DISULFONATES PART 4, CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF SODIUM NITROSYL‐N,N‐DISULFONATE TRIHYDRATE
Authors: RUTHERFORD J. S. , ROBERTSON B. E.
Published: March 2016

Na3[ON(SO3)2] ‐ 3 H2O kristallisiert rhombisch in der Raumgruppe Cmc21 mit a = 14,234, b = 11,052, c = 5,8607 Å.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH IN BORON‐DOPED SIC
Authors: TRANTINA G. G. , JOHNSON C. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Abnahme der Festigkeit, die aus einem subkritischen Rißwachstum resultieren kann, wird in B‐dotierten heißgepreßten und gesinterten SiC‐Proben getestet.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTION VON GERMANIUM MIT GASFOERMIGEM BROM
Authors: REPINSKII S. M. , BAKLANOV M. R.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Untersuchung der Reaktion von Ge mit Br, im Argonstrom wird festgestellt, daß die Diffusionsbeschränkung des Prozesses unterhalb 350°C bei Strömungsgesehwindigkeiten der Gasmischung von l0 Cm/Saufhört.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CARBONYL GROUP AND A SULPHUR ATOM PART 6, SOME 3‐THIACYCLOALKANONES
Authors: BUZZI BERNADETTE T. , OLIVATO PAULO R. , RITTNER ROBERTO , TRUFEN CONSTANTINO , VIERTLER HANS , WLADISLAW BLANKA
Published: March 2016

Die IR‐ und UV‐spektroskopisch beobachteten Wechselwirkungen in den 5‐7‐gliedrigen Titelverbindungen entsprechen weniger transannularen als vielmehr den bei offenkettigen Ketosulfiden auftretenden Wechselwirkungen.
ChemInform Abstract: AN ABNORMAL ACID‐BASE REACTION, DISPLACEMENT OF A STRONG ACID (OR BASE) BY A WEAK ACID (OR BASE)
Authors: PALIT S. R. , CHAUDHURI A.
Published: March 2016

Farblose Farbstoffbasen (I), z.B. die Carbinolbasen von Astrazonrosa, Methylviolett oder Astrazonviolett, reagieren mit den polymeren sulfonsauren Natriumsalzen (II) in Benzol unter Bildung der farbigen Farbstoffsalze (III) und Natriumhydroxid (Verdrängung einer starken Base durch eine schwache Base).
ChemInform Abstract: THE ACETOLYSIS OF SOME OMEGA‐CYCLOOCTATETRAENYLALKYL P‐NITROBENZENESULPHONATES
Authors: GREAM GEORGE E. , MULAR MICHAEL
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Bromid (I), n‐Butyl‐Li und Äthylenoxid (II) entsteht der Alkohol (IIIa) (Ausbeute 70%), der mit p‐Nitro‐benzolsulfonylChlorid den Ester (IIIb) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCH INITIIERTE TELOMERISATION VON AETHYLEN MIT FORMAMID
Authors: RATH H. P. , SAUS A. , DEDERICHS B.
Published: March 2016

Äthylen und Formamid reagieren unter dem Einfluß von UV‐Licht in Gegenwart von Aceton und unter erhöhtem Druck zu ungeradzahligen n‐Alkansäureamiden mit Kettenlängen von C3‐C19.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMIE AROMATISCHER NITROVERBINDUNGEN 11. MITT. VERGILBUNG VON KRISTALLINEM KETON‐MOSCHUS, XYLOL‐MOSCHUS UND TIBETEN‐MOSCHUS
Authors: DOEPP DIETRICH , SAILER KARL‐HEINZ
Published: March 2016

Bei der Belichtung pulverisierter Kristalle der Titelverbindungen (I) entstehen über die Indoleninoxide (II) als Hauptprodukte die schwach gelb gefärbten Hydroxyindolinone (III) im Gemisch mit den Indolen (IV) und den Oxadiazolodiindolen (V); aus (Ia) bzw. (Ib) bilden sich zusätzlich die Benzoxazine (VIa) bzw. (VIb) und die Dioxadiazinodiindole (VIIa) bzw. (VIIb)′, während aus (Ic) als Nebenprodukte die Heterocyclen (VIII) und (IX) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: RADICAL‐ANION INTERMEDIATES PART 7, REACTIONS OF THE 1,2,3,4‐TETRAPHENYLCYCLOPENTA‐1,3‐DIENE RADICAL ANION
Authors: TABNER BRIAN J. , WALKER TIMOTHY
Published: March 2016

Das ESR‐Spektrum des aus 1,2,3,4‐Tetraphenylcyclopentadien‐(1,3) durch Alkalimetall‐Reaktion bei 203°K in THF dargestellten Titel‐Radikalanions, das sich bei höherer Temperatur zum entsprechenden Anion zersetzt, wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS VIA HYDROSILYLATION PART 1, HYDROSILYLATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS CATALYZED BY TRIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)CHLORORHODIUM
Authors: OJIMA I. , NIHONYANAGI M. , KOGURE T. , KUMAGAI M. , HORIUCI S. , NAKATSUGAWA K. , NAGAI Y.
Published: March 2016

Die Rhodium‐Verbindung (I) ermöglicht die milde Hydrosilylierung der gesättigten Ketone (IIIa) und Aldehyde (IIIb), so daß in vielen Fällen schon nach 5 Minuten bei Zimmertemperatur Ausbeuten von 94 ‐ 98% an (V) erzielt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRACHLOROBENZENETHIOLS
Authors: GORALSKI CHRISTIAN T. , BURK GEORGE A.
Published: March 2016

Beim Umsetzen der Chlorphenole (I) mit dem Thiocarbamoylchlorid (II) entstehen die Thiocarbamate (III), die beim Erhitzen mit methanolischer Kalilauge unter Stickstoff nach einer thermischen Umlagerung die Chlorbenzolthiole (IV) l geben.
ChemInform Abstract: ON REACTIONS OF 6‐METHOXY‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRO‐BETA‐CARBOLINONES‐(1) AND THEIR DICHLOROPHOSPHORYLS WITH ACETIC ANHYDRIDE, SYNTHESIS OF 5‐ACETYL DERIVATIVES OF THE BETA‐CARBOLINE SERIES
Authors: YAKHONTOV L. N. , URITSKAYA M. YA. , ANISIMOVA O. S. , FILIPENKO T. YA. , TURCHIN K. F. , PERESLENI E. M. , SHEINKER YU. N.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung der verschiedenen β‐Carboline (I), (IV) und (VI) mit Phosphoroxychlorid liefert Dichlorphosphorylderivate (II), (V) und (VII), in denen der Dichlorphosphorylrest über Sauerstoff an die Stellung l des β‐Carbolins gebunden ist.
ChemInform Abstract: ACETYLIERUNG VON 1,1‐DIMETHYL‐1‐SILA‐CYCLOPENT‐3‐ENEN, DARSTELLUNG UNGESAETTIGTER BETA‐SILYLIERTER KETONE
Authors: GRIGNON‐DUBOIS M. , DUNOGUES J. , CALAS R.
Published: March 2016

Bei Temperaturen von ‐30 bis ‐1 2°C reagieren die komplexen Acetylverbindungen (II) und (VI) mit den Silacyclopentenen (I), wobei je nach Umlagerungsmöglichkeit die Disiloxane (III)‐(V) bzw. die ungesättigten Fluorsilane (VII) und (VIII) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2,4,4,6‐PENTACHLOR‐2,4‐DIPHOSPHA‐1,3,5‐SYMM.‐TRIAZIN
Authors: FLUCK E. , SCHMID E. , HAUBOLD W.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Synthese des Diphosphatriazins (III) ist das Reaktionsmedium von entscheidendem Einfluß auf die Ausbeute.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROGEN‐1 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE EVIDENCE FOR EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN THE ANTIMONY(III)‐CYSTEINE SYSTEM AND SYNTHESIS OF ANTIMONY(III) COMPOUNDS OF 3,3‐DIMETHYLCYSTEINE, TOLUENE‐3,4‐DITHIOLATE, DICYANOETHYLENE‐1,2‐DITHIOLATE, AND 2,3‐BIS(THIOSEMICARBAZONO)BUTANE
Authors: WANDIGA SHEM O.
Published: March 2016

Es werden Austauschreaktionen in den Systemen Sb(III)‐Cystein und Sb(III)‐3,3‐ Dimethylcystein untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NEW ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL PESTICIDES PART 2
Authors: BAIJAL G. , DEY A. N.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der o‐, p‐ und m‐Kresylalkyläther (II) mit Quecksilberacetat bzw. Zinn(II)‐chlorid werden in 30‐50%iger Ausbeute die Organoquecksilberverbindungen (I) bzw. Organozinnverbindungen (III) erhalten, die ′z.T.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF THE TRIMETHYLCHLOROALUMOXANE‐DIETHYL ETHER COMPLEX
Authors: BOLESLAWSKI M. , PASYNKIEWICZ S. , JAWORSKI K. , SADOWNIK A.
Published: March 2016

Die Behandlung der Reaktionsmischung von (I) und (II) mit Diäthyläther (III) liefert einen Komplex, der unmittelbar nach der Isolierung als Monomeres (IV) vorliegt, sich aber bei Zimmertemperatur teilweise zu (V) assoziiert.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSFERREAKTIONEN MIT DEM SYSTEM TL(OAC)3/(CH3)3SIN3 2. MITT.
Authors: MAXA ERWIN , ZBIRAL ERICH , SCHULZ GERHARD , HASLINGER ERNST
Published: March 2016

Die Olefine (I) liefern mit aus Tl(III)‐acetat und Trimethylsilylazid erhaltenen Tlazidacetat (II) die Tl‐haltigen Additionsverbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF LANTHANONS PART 42, PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ISONICOTINE AND PICOLINE HYDRAZIDES COMPLEXES OF LANTHANONS
Authors: DUTT N. K. , SEN GUPTA A. K.
Published: March 2016

Die 4:1‐molare Umsetzung der aus ihren Äthylestern und Hydrazinhydrat dargestellten Titelhydrazide mit entsprechenden Lanthanoid(III)‐nitraten und ‐perchloraten in Äthanol führt zu den Produkten (I)‐(IV), deren Zusammensetzung und Koordinationszahl und ‐art anhand elektronen‐ und IR‐spektroskopischer sowie Leitfähigkeitsdaten diskutiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPOUNDS OF ARYLARSONIC ACIDS WITH SOME LANTHANONS
Authors: MANHAS BALDEV SINGH , BHATIA VINOD KUMAR
Published: March 2016

Die Arylarsonato‐lanthanidUII)‐Komplexe (I) werden durch 1:2‐molare Reaktion entsprechender Lanthanid(III)‐acetate und Arylarsonsäure in siedendem absolutem Äthanol dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MIXED LIGAND DERIVATIVES OF 1 TO 1 TH(IV)‐DTPA CHELATE WITH SOME HYDROXY ACIDS(II)
Authors: PACHAURI O. P. , TANDON J. P.
Published: March 2016

Potentiometrische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß das einwertige Diäthylentriaminpentaacetato‐Th(IV)‐Komplexanion mit Salicylsäure, 5‐Sulfosalicylsäure und 8‐Hydroxychinolin‐5‐sulfonsäure l : 1:1‐Gemischt‐Ligand‐Komplexe bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: INCORPORATION OF SULFIDE AND SELENIDE IONS INTO DITHIOL‐MOLYBDENUM COMPLEXES
Authors: SUGIURA YUKIO , KUNISHIMA MOTOKO , KIKUCHI TAKANOBU , TANAKA HISASHI
Published: March 2016

Die Mo‐Komplexe von Dithiolen wie 1,2‐Äthandithiol, 1,4‐Butandithio1, 1,6‐Hexandithiol, Dimercaptobernsteinsäure und Dithiothreitol werden elektronenspektroskopisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF TRIMETHYLGALLIUM WITH TRICARBONYL‐ETA(5)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLHYDRIDOTUNGSTEN AND WITH DICARBONYL‐ETA(5)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLHYDRIDO(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)TUNGSTEN, CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF MU(3)‐GALLIOTRIS(TRICARBONYL‐ETA(5)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLTUNGSTEN)
Authors: CONWAY ANTHONY J. , HITCHCOCK PETER B. , SMITH J. DAVID
Published: March 2016

Trimethyl‐Ga (I) reagiert mit den W‐hydriden (II) unter Bildung der Dimethylgallio‐ W‐Komplexe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE STEREOCHEMIE CHIRALER HETERO‐VERBRUECKTER FERROCEN‐DERIVATE
Authors: DODEY P. , GAUTHERON B.
Published: March 2016

Die Geometrie von in der Trimethylenbrücke mit zwei asymmetrischen Zentren ausgestatteten Ferrocenophanen (III)‐(VII) wurde untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: (DIHYDROPYRIDINE)IRON TRICARBONYL COMPLEXES
Authors: ALPER H.
Published: March 2016

Die Carbalkoxydihydropyridine (I) und (IV) reagieren mit dem Eisencarbonyl (II) in Benzol bei Raumtemperatur zu den Eisenkomplexen (III), aus denen durch vorsichtige Oxidation mit Trimethylamin‐N‐oxid die 1,2‐Dihydropyridine (I) wieder zurückerhalten werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: FRIEDEL‐CRAFTS ACETYLATION PRODUCTS OF (ETA‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL)(ETA‐(3)‐1,2‐DICARBAUNDECABORANE(11))COBALT AND THEIR MOLECULAR STRUCTURES
Authors: TOTANI TETSUSHI , NAKAI HIROSHI , SHIRO MOTOO , NAKAGAWA TOSHIO
Published: March 2016

Die Titelreaktion von (I) mit über 2 Mol Acetylchlorid‐AlCl3 in CS2 liefert eine Mischung der festen Produkte (II) und (III), , die säulenchromatographisch getrennt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE KINETIK DER SAUERSTOFFADSORPTION AUS WAESSRIGEN PERCHLORATLOESUNGEN AN SILBER
Authors: GRUBITSCH H. , ZLATANOVIC V.
Published: March 2016

Bei kathodischem Stripping des aus Perchloratlösungen an Ag adsorbierten O2 wird die Gültigkeit der Geschwindigkeitsbeziehung von Elovich festgestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: POLAROGRAPHIC REDUCTION OF 3,5‐DIMETHYL‐1‐THIOCARBAMOYL‐4‐PHENYLAZO PYRAZOLE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: MALIK WAHID U. , MAHESH V. K. , GOYAL R. N.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung sowie die Pyrazole (I) geben einzelne gut definierte, irreversible, diffusionskontrollierte kathodische Wellen.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL HYDROXYLATION OF NEGATIVELY SUBSTITUTED AROMATICS
Authors: WEINBERG N. L. , WU C. N.
Published: March 2016

Negativ substituierte Aromaten (I) und (III) werden durch eine Elektrolyse in Trifluoressigsäure unter Zusatz ihres Natriumsalzes und ihres Anhydrids in die entsprechenden Phenol‐ester (IIa) und (IVa) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: DIEN‐SYNTHESEN MIT PYRONEN‐(2) UND PYRIDONEN‐(2) 19. MITT. ENDO‐EXO‐STEREOSELEKTIVITAET VON DIEN‐SYNTHESEN MIT MONOMETHYLPYRONEN‐(2)
Authors: SHUSHERINA N. P. , KHAKIMI MOKHAMED GAUS , DEEVA V. S. , BETANELI L. V.
Published: March 2016

Additionen von Maleinanhydrid bzw. N‐Phenyl‐maleinimid (II) an 6‐Methyl‐pyron‐(2) (I) in Benzol bei 80°C (a) bzw. 45‐50°C (b) liefern ausschließlich die exo‐Addukte (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITIONS OF THIOLS TO ACETYLENIC SULFONES
Authors: SELLING H. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Sulfone (Ia) reagieren mit Methylmercaptan oder ‐mercaptid (II) zu den Verbindungen (IIIa), (IVa) und (Va) (in wechselnder Verteilung), während die Sulfone (Ib) mit (II) die Verbindungen (Vb) und (VIb) geben.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL‐HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDE REDUCTION PART 4, BIRCH‐LIKE REDUCTION OF 2,6‐ AND 2,7‐DIMETHOXYNAPHTHALENES
Authors: KOTLAREK W.
Published: March 2016

Die Birch‐Reduktion von 2,6‐Dimethoxy‐naphthalin (I) gibt die beiden Reduktionsprodukte (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ALDEHYDES AND NITRILES IN THE 5‐OXYINDOLE SERIES
Authors: GRINEV A. N. , SHVEDOV V. I. , CHIZHOV A. K. , VLASOVA T. F.
Published: March 2016

Die Formylierung der Acetoxyindole (I) nach Vilsmeier liefert die Aldehyde (III), deren Acetylrest durch alkalische Hydrolyse entfernt wird und die dann in die Oxime (V) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTION VON PHENYLIMINOAETHOXALYLISOTHIOCYANAT MIT ARYLAMINEN
Authors: LOZINSKII M. O. , SHIVANYUK A. F. , BODNAR V. N. , PEL'KIS P. S.
Published: March 2016

Das aus Phenyliminoäthoxalylchlorid unter der Einwirkung von KSCN in Aceton bei O‐5°C entstehende Isothiocyanat (I) läßt sich mit geeigneten Anilinen, ebenfalls in Aceton, bei 20‐25°C zu den Thioharnstoffen (II) umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: UMESTERUNG VON PHOSPHORIGSAEURE‐(BETA‐CHLORAETHYL)‐ESTERN
Authors: OVCHINNIKOVA N. K. , VERZILINA M. K. , NIFANT'EV E. E.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umesterungen des Tris‐[chloräthyl]‐phosphits (I) in einem Überschuß der Alkanole (II) bei 60‐90°C und 20 Torr (zur Entfernung des entstehenden Äthylenchlorhydrins) lassen sich die Trialkylphosphite (III), analog durch Umesterungen mit entsprechenden Glykolen die cyclischen Phosphite (IV) (Ausbeute 20‐80%) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION OF ACYL‐ AND SULPHONATO‐PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES FROM BIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)PLATINUM ETHYLENE
Authors: DENT S. P. , EABORN C. , PIDCOCK A.
Published: March 2016

Der trans‐Platin‐Äthylen‐Komplex (I) reagiert mit den Carbonsäurechloriden (II) und den Sulfonsäurechloriden (IV) in guten Ausbeuten zu den trans‐konfigurierten Komplex‐Verbindungen (III) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: OXYMERCURATION‐DEMERCURATION OF (‐)‐GAMMA‐CADINENE, PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF ANTIPODAL SESQUITERPENES (+)‐ALPHA‐CADINOL, CADINAN‐4ALPHA,10BETA‐DIOL, (+)‐T‐CADINOL, AND EPIKHUSINOL
Authors: AGRAWAL R. C. , TRIVEDI G. K. , BHATTACHARYYA S. C.
Published: March 2016

(‐)‐7‐Cadinen (I) [nach bekannter Methode zugänglich aus Khusinol (IVa)] liefert durch Oxymercurierung und nachfolgende Reduktion ein Gemisch des (+)‐Cadinadiols (III) mit den Cadinolen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: THE GENTAMICIN ANTIBIOTICS PART 8, STRUCTURE OF GENTAMICIN A2
Authors: NAGABHUSHAN T. L. , DANIELS P. J. L. , JARET R. S. , MORTON J. B.
Published: March 2016

Die Struktur von Gentamicin A2 (I) wird bestimmt.
Butterfly oviposition preference is not related to larval performance on a polyploid herb
Authors: König Malin A. E. , Wiklund Christer , Ehrlén Johan
Published: March 2016

The preference–performance hypothesis predicts that female insects maximize their fitness by utilizing host plants which are associated with high larval performance. Still, studies with several insect species have failed to find a positive correlation between oviposition preference and larval performance. In the present study, we experimentally investigated the relationship between oviposition preferences and larval performance in the butterfly Anthocharis cardamines. Preferences were assessed using both cage experiments and field data on the proportion of host plant individuals utilized in natural populations. Larval performance was experimentally investigated using larvae descending from 419 oviposition events by 21 females on plants from 51 populations of two ploidy types of the perennial herb Cardamine pratensis. Neither ploidy type nor population identity influenced egg survival or larval development, but increased plant inflorescence size resulted in a larger final larval size. There was no correlation between female oviposition preference and egg survival or larval development under controlled conditions. Moreover, variation in larval performance among populations under controlled conditions was not correlated with the proportion of host plants utilized in the field. Lastly, first instar larvae added to plants rejected for oviposition by butterfly females during the preference experiment performed equally well as larvae growing on plants chosen for oviposition. The lack of a correlation between larval performance and oviposition preference for A. cardamines under both experimental and natural settings suggests that female host choice does not maximize the fitness of the individual offspring.
Monte Carlo simulation for stochastic calculus of far‐field radiation from open‐ended waveguide arrays
Authors: Fakharian Mohammad M. , Rezaei Pejman , Shahzadi Ali
Published: March 2016

In this paper, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation has been applied for the analysis and stochastic calculus of far‐field radiation from the small, large, and infinite open‐ended waveguide arrays. Elements of the arrays are excited by the fundamental TE10 mode and with equal amplitude and linear phase. The simulated results from MC are compared closely with the finite element method (FEM). Numerical analysis based on FEM is performed using Ansoft High Frequency Structural Simulator to calculate the far‐field radiation characteristics of the arrays. The accuracy and the effectiveness of the aforesaid method, which is based on Monte Carlo integration technique, are also demonstrated in uniformly and nonuniformly spaced waveguide arrays for pattern synthesis or achieving side lobe level reduction. The arrays with arbitrary shapes are simply evaluated by MC method in equal spacing array. It is found that by applying MC simulation, the open‐ended waveguide arrays have the ability to produce the desired radiation pattern and could satisfy requirements for many applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of caries diagnostic modalities: A clinical study in 40 subjects
Authors: Mansour Stephanie , Ajdaharian Janet , Nabelsi Tasneem , Chan Gregory , Wilder‐Smith Petra
Published: March 2016

Background and Objectives

Few studies have been published that evaluate the usefulness of different caries‐ diagnostic modalities in general dental practice. The goal of this study was to compare the results of screening for coronal dental caries in a general dental practice using clinical observations, radiographs, laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent™) (LF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Diagnostic agreement between OCT and LF versus standard clinical techniques for detecting caries was determined in 40 subjects.

Study Designs/Materials and Methods

Forty patients with >1 coronal carious lesion as determined by prescreening using clinical examination and radiographs were enrolled in this study. Subjects with gross caries were excluded. Subsequently each patient underwent a full detailed dental examination by an experienced clinician, using visual examination and radiographs according to standard clinical practice. The coronal surfaces of a total of 932 teeth were examined and charted. Teeth were then photographed, rediagnosed using the LF system, and imaged using OCT. Two blinded pre‐standardized examiners reviewed radiographic and OCT images and assigned caries status.

Results

Based on manufacturer's cutoff values, sensitivity and specificity for coronal caries using LF technique (i) on unaltered tooth surfaces were 73.7% and 94.1%, respectively and (ii) in previously restored or sealed teeth, they were 19.2% and 95.8%, respectively. LF technique was unable to assess tissue health underneath sealants and restorations. Clinician agreement (kappa [k]) regarding caries diagnosis using OCT imaging was overall 0.834 (SE = 0.034). Sensitivity and specificity for caries using OCT technique (i) on unaltered tooth surfaces approximated 74.1% and 95.7%, respectively and, (ii) in previously restored or sealed teeth, they approximated 76.0% and 95.6%, respectively. Although OCT was able to detect lesions beneath many resin restorations and sealants, results varied considerably between materials. OCT imaging was unable to detect caries when caries was >2 mm below the tooth surface.

Conclusion

These findings support the usefulness of LF for primary caries detection, and the clinical utility of OCT for early caries detection and monitoring under dental resin restorations and sealants. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:924–928, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PEER AND TEACHER PREFERENCE, STUDENT–TEACHER RELATIONSHIPS, STUDENT ETHNICITY, AND PEER VICTIMIZATION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Authors: Wang Feihong , Leary Kevin A. , Taylor Lorraine C. , Derosier Melissa E.
Published: March 2016

This research was supported, in part, by a grant from the National Institute for Mental Health (5R44MH07071‐03) awarded to Dr. Melissa E. DeRosier. Additional support comes from an Institute of Education Sciences post‐doctoral fellowship training award to the University of Florida (R324B1200002). The research was conducted at 3‐C Institute. The authors thank the staff and students of the Wake County Public School System in North Carolina for their cooperation and support in the implementation of this research project. In addition, the authors thank Drs. Janey McMillen, Natalie O'Brian, and Melanie Wilson for their invaluable efforts as project coordinators, as well as the many interns of the 3‐C Institute for their assistance in successfully completing this research project.
Composite adaptive dynamic surface control using online recorded data
Authors: Pan Yongping , Sun Tairen , Yu Haoyong
Published: March 2016

This paper presents an online recorded data‐based design of composite adaptive dynamic surface control for a class of uncertain parameter strict‐feedback nonlinear systems, where both tracking errors and prediction errors are applied to update parametric estimates. Differing from the traditional composite adaptation that utilizes identification models and linear filters to generate filtered modeling errors as prediction errors, the proposed composite adaptation integrates closed‐loop tracking error equations in a moving time window to generate modified modeling errors as prediction errors. The time‐interval integral operation takes full advantage of online recorded data to improve parameter convergence such that the application of both identification models and linear filters is not necessary. Semiglobal practical asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is rigorously established by the time‐scales separation and Lyapunov synthesis. The major contribution of this study is that composite adaptation based on online recorded data is achieved at the presence of mismatched uncertainties. Simulation results have been provided to verify the effectiveness and superiority of this approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Person-Based Social Problem Solving Among 10-, 14- and 16-Year-Olds
Authors: Kasik László
Published: March 2016

This cross-sectional research focused on social problem solving (SPS) as a field within social behaviour among Hungarian 10-, 14-, and 16-year-olds (N = 459) in connection with people who considerably affect one's SPS (mothers, fathers, teachers, peers). We used the Social Problem Solving Inventory — Revised (SPSI–R; D'Zurilla, Nezu, & Maydeu-Olivares, 2002; factors: PPO = Positive Problem Orientation; NPO = Negative Problem Orientation; RPS = Rational Problem Solving; I = Impulsivity; A = Avoidance) as a measurement. The content of the original questionnaire has not been changed; the only applied modification concerns the instruction of being person-based when filling in the questionnaire. Based on the results, mothers’ and children's opinion were quite similar in all age groups. Fathers believed that RPS and PPO are more typical, contrary to their children's standpoint (only among 16-year-olds). The teachers saw fewer differences between pupils in terms of their SPS as they spent more years together. In light of the collected data, person-based SPS differs mainly in terms of NPO and A.
Rare high-impact disease variants: properties and identifications
Authors: PARK LEEYOUNG , KIM JU HAN
Published: March 2016

Although many genome-wide association studies have been performed, the identification of disease polymorphisms remains important. It is now suspected that many rare disease variants induce the association signal of common variants in linkage disequilibrium (LD). Based on recent development of genetic models, the current study provides explanations of the existence of rare variants with high impacts and common variants with low impacts. Disease variants are neither necessary nor sufficient due to gene–gene or gene–environment interactions. A new method was developed based on theoretical aspects to identify both rare and common disease variants by their genotypes. Common disease variants were identified with relatively small odds ratios and relatively small sample sizes, except for specific situations in which the disease variants were in strong LD with a variant with a higher frequency. Rare disease variants with small impacts were difficult to identify without increasing sample sizes; however, the method was reasonably accurate for rare disease variants with high impacts. For rare variants, dominant variants generally showed better Type II error rates than recessive variants; however, the trend was reversed for common variants. Type II error rates increased in gene regions containing more than two disease variants because the more common variant, rather than both disease variants, was usually identified. The proposed method would be useful for identifying common disease variants with small impacts and rare disease variants with large impacts when disease variants have the same effects on disease presentation.
Somatic, positive and negative domains of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies
Authors: Demirkan A. , Lahti J. , Direk N. , Viktorin A. , Lunetta K. L. , Terracciano A. , Nalls M. A. , Tanaka T. , Hek K. , Fornage M. , Wellmann J. , Cornelis M. C. , Ollila H. M. , Yu L. , Smith J. A. , Pilling L. C. , Isaacs A. , Palotie A. , Zhuang W. V. , Zonderman A. , Faul J. D. , Sutin A. , Meirelles O. , Mulas A. , Hofman A. , Uitterlinden A. , Rivadeneira F. , Perola M. , Zhao W. , Salomaa V. , Yaffe K. , Luik A. I. ,   NABEC,   UKBEC, Liu Y. , Ding J. , Lichtenstein P. , Landén M. , Widen E. , Weir D. R. , Llewellyn D. J. , Murray A. , Kardia S. L. R. , Eriksson J. G. , Koenen K. , Magnusson P. K. E. , Ferrucci L. , Mosley T. H. , Cucca F. , Oostra B. A. , Bennett D. A. , Paunio T. , Berger K. , Harris T. B. , Pedersen N. L. , Murabito J. M. , Tiemeier H. , van Duijn C. M. , Räikkönen K.
Published: March 2016

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is moderately heritable, however genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for MDD, as well as for related continuous outcomes, have not shown consistent results. Attempts to elucidate the genetic basis of MDD may be hindered by heterogeneity in diagnosis. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale provides a widely used tool for measuring depressive symptoms clustered in four different domains which can be combined together into a total score but also can be analysed as separate symptom domains.

Method

We performed a meta-analysis of GWAS of the CES-D symptom clusters. We recruited 12 cohorts with the 20- or 10-item CES-D scale (32 528 persons).

Results

One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs713224, located near the brain-expressed melatonin receptor (MTNR1A) gene, was associated with the somatic complaints domain of depression symptoms, with borderline genome-wide significance (pdiscovery = 3.82 × 10−8). The SNP was analysed in an additional five cohorts comprising the replication sample (6813 persons). However, the association was not consistent among the replication sample (pdiscovery+replication = 1.10 × 10−6) with evidence of heterogeneity.

Conclusions

Despite the effort to harmonize the phenotypes across cohorts and participants, our study is still underpowered to detect consistent association for depression, even by means of symptom classification. On the contrary, the SNP-based heritability and co-heritability estimation results suggest that a very minor part of the variation could be captured by GWAS, explaining the reason of sparse findings.
Playing out loud: Videogame references as resources in friend interaction for managing frames, epistemics, and group identity
Authors: Sierra Sylvia
Published: March 2016

This study examines how friends in their mid-twenties appropriate texts from videogames they have played to serve particular functions in their everyday face-to-face conversations. Speakers use references to the videogames Papers, Please and The Oregon Trail to shift the epistemic territories of conversations when they encounter interactional dilemmas. These epistemic shifts simultaneously rekey formerly problematic talk (on topics like rent, money, and injuries) to lighter, humorous talk, reframing these issues as being part of a lived videogame experience. Overlapping game frames are laminated upon real-life frames, and are strengthened by embedded frames containing constructed dialogue. This study contributes to understanding how epistemic shifts relying on intertextual ties can shift frames during interactional dilemmas in everyday conversation, which is ultimately conducive to group identity construction. (Intertextuality, framing, epistemics, identity, interactional sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, humor, videogames)*
On the Occurrence of Acanthodes in Palæozoic Rocks
Authors: Mitchell Hugh
Published: March 2016

Whatever theory we may conceive or adopt respecting the origin of species, it is undeniable but that Acanthodes—a genus of fossil fishes—has maintained a noble struggle for life. Known to occur first of all in the Lower Devonian or Old Eed Sandstone, it has been found also in the Middle Division of that great system, and again in the coal-measures, and finally disappears in the Lower Permian—the Roth-todt-liegende or Lower Dyas of German authors.

In the accompanying table we have endeavoured to put into accessible and readable shape the particulars of its occurrence, so far as known to us, among the rocks.

We first detected the occurrence of Acanthodes in the Lower Devonian or Old Red Sandstoue at Farnell, in the county of Forfar, Scotland, in the summer of the year 1857. From investigations since made, it now appears that an abundant flush of Acanthodian life ushered in the morning of the vast period embraced by the Old Red Sandstone. Along with the genus Acanthodes there occur also several other genera of the Acanthodian family, such as Climatius, Parescus, and some unnamed. The genera Climatius and Parescus were first founded upon and described by Agassiz, in his great work, from spines, but since the perfect forms have turned up in our northern rocks, it has been found necessary to remove them from among the Cestraciont Placoids into the Acanthodian family of the Ganoids, that is to say, provided we adhere to the classification of Agassiz.
Cuttings From a Note-Book on Chalk Gasteropods
Authors: Seeley Harry
Published: March 2016

Two years ago, collecting matter for future use, in travelling over the Chalk-lands, I made, in the museums visited, such brief memoranda of striking fossils as might save the trouble of comparison with other specimens. The notes were never intended for publication in their present form, but as any more extended work on the subject is at present impossible, such of them as I have permission to print may be found useful to others engaged on similar work.

This series is part of the magnificent collection in the Brighton Museum; to the Committee of which I am indebted for the opportunity of making use of them.

Conical, twice as high as wide. Many-whorled; whorls flat and narrow, being fou r times as wide as high. Each whorl is ornamented on the upper and lower sutural margins by a very numerous row of closely-placed tubercles. The anterior row has the tubercles elongated longitudinally; those of the posterior row are more bead-like. Connecting these rows are half as many again narrow, sharp, upright ribs. The tubercles and ribs become not only actually, but relatively much more numerous as the shell enlarges; they are crossed horizontally by a number of (about ten) fine spiral striae.
On Chelonian Scutes from the Stonesfield Slate
Authors: Blake C. Carter
Published: March 2016

In the British Museum there are several specimens of “papilionaceous” flattened bodies exhibiting six or more concentric lines radiating from two nuclei on either side of an elevated medial line. The stone in which they are embedded is unquestionably the Stonesfield slate; it contains the characteristic Trigonia angulata, Rhynchonella, Ostrea, and Modiola Sowerbyana, D'Orb. (= plicata, Sowerby). The enigmatical bodies to which I now allude are stained of a deep redferruginous colour, the matrix retaining the grey tint and crystalline texture of the Stonesfield slate. On comparison between these remains and those of the specimens of Geomyda spinosa, from Singapore, in the British Museum, presented by Sir A. Smith, a comparison which was suggested to me by Mr. Davies, whose accurate discrimination first threw light upon the nature of the present evidence, I have been led to consider that the specimens in the Fossil Gallery represent the second, third, and fourth median scutes of a tortoise allied to the recent African species. The fossils and their corresponding impressions from the Stonesfield slate afford, according to my interpretation, evidence of the texture of the horny scutes which were developed outside the bony carapace of the old Oolitic tortoise. A particular interest is attached to these specimens, as they were considered by the late Edward Forbes as Trigonellites, or opercula of Ammonites.
On the Metamorphosis of Rocks in the Cape Town District, South Africa
Authors: Rubidge R. N.
Published: March 2016

I gave, in a paper in the February number of the ‘Geologist,’ a general view of the facts in the geology of this country which have led me to believe that the metamorphosis of rocks is due to a slow and gradual change in their constituents ; of which change water is one of the chief agents, and the internal heat of the earth not a necessary adjunct.

I now propose to describe more particularly those relations of the quartzite with the palæozoic rocks, a careful examination of which has rendered necessary an entire reconstruction of the geological map of the country. That map, published in the Transactions of the Geological Society, was the work of an able man, and the evidence on which the Devonian (Upper Silurian, Bain) was separated from the Clay-slate formation was (so far as I have been able to verify it), I believe, such, that he would not have been justified in coming to another conclusion by any generally admitted principle of the science; for this reason, I invite the criticism of European geologists on my facts and inferences, and their aid in solving many difficulties which still remain unexplained.

I stated in my former Paper that the plains and lower hills and valleys of the coast region, extending from Cape Town to the mouth of the Fish River, were formed of blue slaty and sandy rocks. These were all referred to one formation by Lichtenstein.
Sketch of the Geology of the Torbane Mineral Field
Authors: Taylor Andrew
Published: March 2016

The various corps of an army drawn up in line of battle are distinguished not only by their various uniforms, but also by the distinct position assigned them in the field. This greatly helps the general to the immediate disposition of sharpshooters, infantry, or artillery, as the fate of battle may require. Most of the minerals which are the basis of our commercial and mining greatness are obtained from the Carboniferous system. The industrialist obtains them from various parts of this formation. When a new substance has presented itself, having characters very different from the ordinary rank and file of coals, clay-bands, or fire-clays, its stratigraphical position will help us to determine if it is entitled to a distinct character. If its place be distinct from those of the ordinary coals, if likewise there are indications of a different physical mode of formation, then its claim to be a new mineral will be greatly strengthened.

The lower carboniferous rocks of Scotland consist of shales and sandstones more than a thousand feet thick, termed by Mr. Maclaren the calciferous sandstone series. A freshwater limestone, equivalent to that worked at Burdie House, near Edinburgh, is the predominant member of this group. This limestone runs in an elliptical area round that city for nearly twenty-four miles, extending through Fife, Midlothian, and Linlithgowshires. Part of this series extends to the south-east of the town of Bathgate, round which is the Torbane Hill mineral basin.
A Christmas Lecture on “Coal”
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: March 2016

Not a great many years ago the “bigwigs” in England were assembled in conclave, and the élite of science was called before them. There were a great many lumps of a blackish-brown substance on the table, and a great deal of smelling, and burning, and poking of the same black lumps by the same “bigwigs” and learned men. It was the great “Torbane Hill Coal” case.

“The point was in question, as all the world knows, To what the said substances ought to belong.”

Was it pure carbon? Was it carbonaceous shale? Was it shale without much carbon? Was it carbon without much shale? Was it bituminous shale? Was it coal-shale? Was it cannel? Was it coal?

We are afraid to say how many guineas were spent, or how many microscopes were busy in London and Edinburgh. But after all the question was simply this, “What is coal?” We are not going to try to give a definition; but if we can show our young readers (and there are, we hope, a good many of them) a few of the facts connected with the structure, contents, mode of formation, &c., of a coal-field, perhaps we may be able to answer the formidable query, “What is coal?” without calling in the aid of counsel, and our fee is—one shilling. As this is a Christmas lecture for our young friends, we hope our senior readers will not take it amiss if elementary phrases are introduced, and a few woodcuts given to illustrate what they know very well. And perhaps we may be allowed to speak in the first person singular; it is more conversational.
Researches on Pseudomorphs
Authors: Delesse M.
Published: March 2016

When a mineral presents itself under a form which does not belong to it, there is then what I shall call pseudomorphism.

The substance from which the mineral borrows its form may be of any kind—inorganic or even organic. It is called original or pseudomorphosed, while the mineral which replaces it is called pseudomorphic.

Pseudomorphism by alteration is that in which the pseudomorphic mineral still contains the elements of the original substance. Pseudomorphism by displacement is that in which this is not the case. In order to understand the difference which exists between these two kinds of pseudomorphisms, it suffices to mention as examples ironpyrites, which changes into limonite, still preserving its crystalline form; or fluor, which after being completely destroyed, is replaced by quartz. The name of paramorphism has been given to the kind of pseudomorphism which is produced without modification of chemical composition. Arragonite changed into calcite, and pyrite changed into marcasite are examples.

At first sight it seems that these metamorphoses of minerals must be very exceptional, but observation teaches us, on the contrary, that they are met with in a number of localities; they are, moreover, extremely varied. In fact, they include all the alterations to which minerals are subject in their structure and in their chemical composition. They include also, as a particular case, the decomposition of minerals; and kaolin, for example, results from a true pseudomorphism of felspar.