bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A parameter-free double-shear theory for lath martensite
Authors: Koumatos K. , Muehlemann A.
Published: October 2019

A double-shear theory is introduced that predicts the commonly observed {5 5 7}γhabit planes in low-carbon steels. The novelty of this theory is that the shearing systems are chosen in analogy to the original (single-shear) phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography as those that are macroscopically equivalent to twinning. Out of all the resulting double-shear theories, the ones leading to certain {h h k}γhabit planes naturally arise as those having small shape strain magnitude and satisfying a condition of maximal compatibility, thus making any parameter fitting unnecessary. An interesting finding is that the precise coordinates of the predicted {h h k}γhabit planes depend sensitively on the lattice parameters of the face-centered cubic (f.c.c.) and body-centered cubic (b.c.c.) phases. Nonetheless, for various realistic lattice parameters in low-carbon steels, the predicted habit planes are near {5 5 7}γ. The examples of Fe–0.252C and Fe–0.6C are analyzed in detail along with the resulting orientation relationships which are consistently close to the Kurdjumov–Sachs model. Furthermore, aMATLABapp `Lath Martensite' is provided which allows the application of this model to any other material undergoing an f.c.c. to b.c.c. transformation.
The natural environment as a disaster hazard
Authors: Finnigan Gerard A.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The rapid deterioration of the earth’s natural ecosystems are increasing the risk of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hydrometeorological hazards are concentrating contaminants from the damaged environment and exposing large vulnerable populations to life threating illnesses and death. This study performed a retrospective health risk assessment on two recent events where such impacts unfolded, namely, the 2015 south east Equatorial Asia smoke haze disaster and the 2016 Melbourne thunderstorm asthma epidemic. The purpose of this paper is to test if the characterisation of health risk warranted earlier and more effective risk reduction activities prior to the disasters occurring.

Design/methodology/approach

A retrospective health risk characterisation assessment was performed combing United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Health Aspect in Disaster Risk Assessment (2017) framework with a thematic and targeted word literature review to identify the level of risk knowledge prior to each event. A risk characterisation matrix was then created to characterise the health risk of each hazard event.

Findings

The 2015 south east Equatorial Asia smoke haze disaster risk assessment was characterised as “extreme” health risk and the 2016 Melbourne thunderstorm asthma epidemic was characterised as “high” health risk.

Practical implications

Reaching the goals of the Sendai Framework require strategies and plans which urgently address the catastrophic level of mortality risk posed by exposure to environmental contaminants.

Originality/value

Innovative approaches and partnerships are necessary to mitigate the risk from the deteriorating health of the environment and natural ecosystems, along with disaster response initiatives that reduce exposure of vulnerable people on a large scale.
The ambiguities of money-making
Authors: Styhre Alexander , Remneland-Wikhamn Björn
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Indie developers are part of the creative fringe of the video game industry, fashioning an identity for themselves as a community committed to the development of video games as a cultural expression and art form. In playing this role, money-making is ambiguous inasmuch as economic return is honorable if such interests remain unarticulated and execute minimal influence on the development work process, while the possibility of producing a successful commercial video game is simultaneously one of the primary motivations for new industry entrants. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reports on the empirical material drawn from a study of indie video game developers in Sweden, a leading country for video game development.

Findings

To reconcile tensions between video game development in terms of being both cultural/and artistic production and business activity, easily compromising the perceived authenticity of the subject in the eyes of audiences (e.g. hardcore gamers), indie developers distinguish between monetary motives ex ante and compensation ex post the release of the game. Indie developers thus emphasize the metonymic function of money as this not only indicates economic value and currency but also denotes a number of business practices that indie developers have otherwise avoided in their career planning as they believe these practices would restrain their creativity and skills.

Originality/value

The study contributes to the scholarship on video game development, the literature on creative industries, and the economic sociology literature examining the social meaning of money and how social norms and values are manifested in professional ideologies and practices.
Corridors or risk? Movement along, and use of, linear features varies predictably among large mammal predator and prey species
Authors: Dickie Melanie , McNay Scott R. , Sutherland Glenn D. , Cody Michael , Avgar Tal
Published: October 2019

Space‐use behaviour reflects trade‐offs in meeting ecological needs and can have consequences for individual survival and population demographics. The mechanisms underlying space use can be understood by simultaneously evaluating habitat selection and movement patterns, and fine‐resolution locational data are increasing our ability to do so.

We use high‐resolution location data and an integrated step‐selection analysis to evaluate caribou, moose, bear, and wolf habitat selection and movement behaviour in response to anthropogenic habitat modification, though caribou data were limited. Space‐use response to anthropogenic linear features (LFs) by predators and prey is hypothesized to increase predator hunting efficiency and is thus believed to be a leading factor in woodland caribou declines in western Canada.

We found that all species moved faster while on LFs. Wolves and bears were also attracted towards LFs, whereas prey species avoided them. Predators and prey responded less strongly and consistently to natural features such as streams, rivers and lakeshores. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that LFs facilitate predator movement and increase hunting efficiency, while prey perceive such features as risky.

Understanding the behavioural mechanisms underlying space‐use patterns is important in understanding how future land‐use may impact predator–prey interactions. Explicitly linking behaviour to fitness and demography will be important to fully understand the implications of management strategies.
Responses of daphnids and other zooplankton populations to massive fish kill in Lake Suwa
Authors: Oh Hye‐Ji , Oda Yusuke , Ha Jin‐Yong , Nagata Takamaru , Hanazato Takayuki , Miyabara Yuichi , Sakamoto Masaki , Chang Kwang‐Hyeon
Published: October 2019

In 2016, a massive fish kill of the planktivorous pond smelt Hypomesus nipponensis occurred in Lake Suwa, Japan. Pond smelt, which is important fish species from commercial and cultural perspectives, influences the zooplankton community in the lake. Following the massive fish kill, Daphnia galeata appeared and their population density increased to previously unseen levels by summer 2017. To help recover the fish population, larval pond smelt were released into the lake. Consequently, D. galeata has rarely appeared in Lake Suwa since summer 2017, except for a low‐density population observed in May–June 2018. These phenomena indicated that fish predation is a possible primary factor for suppressing daphnid populations in shallow eutrophic lake. Zooplankton populations showed species‐specific responses to the alterations in predation pressure. When the D. galeata population peaked after the fish kill event, rotifers, which are small‐sized competitors of daphnids, and calanoids tended to decrease in density. Rotifers then increased with the decrease in the daphnid populations due to the recovery of fish. Alternatively, cyclopoids, which demonstrated a similar population density following the fish kill event, tended to decrease when the fish population recovered. The population densities of Leptodora cf. kindtii/richardi and Bosmina spp. did not significantly differ between before the massive kill event and after pond smelt recovery. It is believed that the changes in zooplankton population densities observed in the present study may provide insights for further monitoring of aquatic food webs in eutrophic water systems, including Lake Suwa, where re‐oligotrophication is occurring and biological interactions are changing.
Conversion of NaHCO3 to Na2CO3 with a growth of Arthrospira platensis cells in 660 m2 raceway ponds with a CO2 bicarbonation absorber
Authors: Guo Wangbiao , Cheng Jun , Ali Kubar Ameer , Kumar Santosh , Guo Caifeng
Published: October 2019

The weight ratio of Na2CO3/NaHCO3 was investigated in order to improve microalgal productivity in large‐scale industrial operations by converting NaHCO3 to Na2CO3 with a growth of Arthrospira platensis cells in 660 m2 raceway ponds. Two microalgal cultivation systems with a NaHCO3 by‐product (SPBP) and a CO2 bicarbonation absorber (CBAP) were firstly thoroughly introduced. There was a 13.3% decrease in the initial weight ratio of Na2CO3/NaHCO3 resulting in a 25.3% increase in the biomass growth rate with CBAP, compared to that of SPBP. Increased sunlight intensity, solution temperature and pH all resulted in both a higher absorbance and release, thereby increasing the weight ratio of Na2CO3/NaHCO3 during the growth of A. platensis. The biomass growth rate was peaked at 39.9 g m−2 day−1 when the weight ratio of Na2CO3/NaHCO3 was 3.7. Correspondingly, the cell pigments (chlorophyll a and carotenoid) and trichome size (helix pitch and trichome length) reached to a maximum state of 8.47 mg l−1, 762 μg l−1, 57 and 613 μm under the CBAP system.
Unveiling introgression in bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) populations through mitogenome‐based markers
Authors: Cejas D. , López‐López A. , Muñoz I. , Ornosa C. , De la Rúa P.
Published: October 2019

The bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, is an important pollinator commercially used on a global scale. The exported subspecies B. t. terrestris has colonised diverse environments, in some cases displacing wild pollinators to the verge of local extinction. In this sense, the native Iberian subspecies B. t. lusitanicus may be threatened by the subspecies B. t. terrestris, naturally distributed from the Pyrenees to Central Europe but also observed in southern Spain due to escapes from commercial nests. Mitochondrial genomes have a low recombination rate and a small effective population size owing to their maternal inheritance, thus providing an accurate approach to study hybridisation events between populations. Therefore, we present the sequences of the mitogenomes of both subspecies as a molecular framework to select suitable markers to detect possible introgression events between them. We used metagenomics to obtain approximately 17 kbp of the mitogenome from both subspecies. Their mitogenomes differed in 358 bp (excluding the AT‐rich region). Four mitogenomic fragments were selected to be tested as subspecific diagnostic markers. A RFLP detected in the gene nad2 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) has proven to be an efficient, quick and cost‐effective tool to assess the dispersion of the non‐endemic subspecies into Iberian native populations. Subspecific haplotypes were observed in both morphological subspecies, suggesting introgression events in the northern natural contact area and in the new human‐mediated contact area in the south of the Iberian Peninsula.
Embryo collection from pigs post‐pseudopregnancy induced by estradiol dipropionate
Authors: Hirayama Yuri , Yoshioka Koji , Noguchi Michiko , Misumi Koji
Published: October 2019

We aimed to define whether embryo collection carried out after pseudopregnancy was of similar outcome and quality as after artificial abortion. To induce pseudopregnancy, 30 gilts or sows were given 20 mg intramuscular estradiol dipropionate (EDP) 10–11 days after the onset of estrus. Ten additional pigs were inseminated artificially at natural estrus as a control group. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) was administered twice with a 24 hr interval beginning 15, 20, or 25 days after EDP‐treatment (n = 10 per group) or between 23 and 39 days after artificial insemination in control pigs. Following this, all pigs were given 1,000 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin and 500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and then inseminated. Embryos were recovered 6 or 7 days after hCG treatment and outcome was recorded. There was no significant difference in the number of normal embryos collected from the pigs with PGF2α initiated at different time points or from the control group. Embryonic developmental stages 7 days after hCG treatment also did not differ among groups. These results indicate that the use of EDP to induce pseudopregnancy, followed by PGF2α administration to synchronize estrus for subsequent embryo harvest, is a suitable alternative to the artificial abortion method.
Children’s Appraisals of Gender Nonconformity: Developmental Pattern and Intervention
Authors: Kwan Karen Man Wa , Shi Sylvia Yun , Nabbijohn A. Natisha , MacMullin Laura N. , VanderLaan Doug P. , Wong Wang Ivy
Published: October 2019

Gender‐nonconforming (GN) children are often perceived less positively, which may harm their well‐being. We examined the development of such perceptions and an intervention to modify them. Chinese children’s appraisals were assessed using multiple measures (verbal responses, sharing, and rank order task) after viewing vignettes of gender‐conforming (GC) and GN hypothetical peers. In Study 1, children (N = 210; 4‐, 5‐, 8‐, and 9‐year‐olds) were less positive toward GN than GC peers, especially if they were older or if the peers were boys. In Study 2 (N = 211, 8‐ and 9‐year‐olds), showing children exemplars of GN peers who displayed positive and GC characteristics subsequently reduced bias against gender nonconformity. These findings inform strategies aimed at reducing bias against gender nonconformity.
Platelet‐rich fibrin to preserve alveolar bone sockets following tooth extraction: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Areewong Kanokporn , Chantaramungkorn Montri , Khongkhunthian Pathawee
Published: October 2019

Background

Platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) can be used in the alveolar socket preservation (ARP). However, the hard tissue‐regeneration property of PRF in alveolar socket preservation is still unclear.

Purpose

To compare the new bone formation ratio between using PRF as a socket preservation material and normal wound healing, by means of histomorphometric analysis.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐three healthy volunteers were recruited and randomized into PRF and control group. Minimally traumatic extractions were performed. Eighteen patients were treated with ARP using PRF, while the rest were left to heal naturally. Bone specimens were harvested using trephine bur 2 months after the extraction process. Histomorphometric analysis of new bone formation area compared with total socket area was performed using the software Fiji Is Just Image J (version 2, GNU General Public License).

Results

Thirty‐three volunteers were participated. Twenty‐eight bone specimens were collected. The new bone formation ratio was higher in PRF group than in control group (31.33 ± 18% and 26.33 ± 19.63%, respectively). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the ratio between the PRF and control groups (P = .431).

Conclusions

It may be concluded that the use of PRF in ARP does not statistically significant enhance new bone formation after tooth extraction compared to normal wound healing (P > .05).
“WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE WAY I TALK?” THE EFFECT OF SOUND MOTION PICTURES ON ACTOR CAREERS
Authors: Hanssen F. Andrew
Published: October 2019

The development of sound motion pictures in the late 1920s provides one of history's most evocative examples of the effect of technological innovation on employment. I begin by exploring the transition to sound, which lasted several years. I then analyze transition's effect on actor employment, and find it to be associated with a substantial increase in career terminations, not only among major stars (which film scholars emphasize), but also among more minor actors. Furthermore, I find that sound raised hazard rates generally. Finally, I calculate that the number of actors employed in movies increased substantially in the sound era.
Stable isotopes infer the value of Australia’s coastal vegetated ecosystems from fisheries
Authors: Jänes Holger , Macreadie Peter I. , Nicholson Emily , Ierodiaconou Daniel , Reeves Simon , Taylor Matthew D. , Carnell Paul E.
Published: October 2019

Wild capture fisheries provide substantial input to the global economy through employment and revenue. The coastal zone is especially productive, accounting for just 7% of the total area of the ocean, but supporting an estimated 50% of the world's fisheries. Vegetated coastal ecosystems—seagrass meadows, tidal marshes and mangrove forests—are widely cited as providing nutritional input that underpin coastal fisheries production; however, quantitative evidence of this relationship is scarce. Using Australia as a case study, we synthesized fisheries stable isotope data to estimate nutritional input derived from coastal vegetated ecosystems and combined these “proportional contribution” estimates with total annual catch data from commercial fisheries to determine species‐specific dollar values for coastal vegetated ecosystems. Based on the data from 96 commercially important fish species across Australian states (total landings 14 × 106 tonnes pa), we provide a conservative estimate that Australia's coastal vegetated ecosystems contribute at least 78 million AUD per year to the fisheries economy. Two thirds of this contribution came from tidal marshes and seagrasses that were both equally valued at 31.5 million AUD per year (39.4%) followed by mangroves at 14.9 million AUD per year (18.6%). The highest dollar values of coastal ecosystems originated from eastern king prawn (Melicertus plebejus) and giant mud crab (Scylla serrata). This study demonstrates the substantial economic value supported by Australia's coastal vegetated ecosystems through commercial fisheries harvest. These estimates create further impetus to conserve and restore coastal wetlands and maintain their support of coastal fisheries into the future.
Irreversible versus repairable membrane poration: differences in permeabilization elicited by Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase Toxin and its hemolysin domain in macrophages
Authors: Etxaniz Asier , González‐Bullón David , Martín César , Alonso Maria Teresa , Ostolaza Helena
Published: October 2019

Rapid plasma membrane repair in response to pore‐forming toxins is crucial for cell survival, but the molecular mechanisms employed by eukaryotic nucleated cells to maintain membrane integrity and the specificities of such pathways remain poorly understood. Here, we have explored the permeabilization elicited by the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, a 200‐kDa protein toxin with α‐helical pore‐forming domain that forms pores of tunable size, and evaluated the response of target macrophages to such toxin poration. We show here that the response and the fate of target macrophages depend on toxin pore width. We find that the toxin′s hemolysin moiety induces a transient membrane permeabilization by forming wide enough pores allowing Ca2+ influx into the target cell cytosol. This activates a Ca2+‐dependent cellular response involving exocytosis and endocytosis steps eliminating toxin pores and restoring membrane integrity. In contrast, the full‐length native toxin, at low concentrations, forms very small pores that cause insidious perturbation of cell ion homeostasis that escapes control by the macrophage membrane repair response, eventually leading to cell death. Our data reveal that permeability to Ca2+ and ATP are key elements in the membrane repair pathway for eliminating α‐helical pores of bacterial origin.
Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of DFN‐15 (Celecoxib Oral Solution, 25 mg/mL) in the Acute Treatment of Episodic Migraine: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Munjal Sagar , Brand‐Schieber Elimor , Tepper Stewart J. , Dodick David W.
Published: October 2019

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of 120 mg DFN‐15 vs placebo for the acute treatment of migraine.

Background

Certain nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are guideline‐recommended therapies for the acute treatment of migraine, but patients who use them may have issues with gastrointestinal tolerability. Celecoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase‐2, produces analgesia similar to nonselective NSAIDs. DFN‐15 is an oral, ready‐made liquid solution of celecoxib being investigated for the acute treatment of migraine.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, efficacy, tolerability, and safety study in adults with migraine was conducted. Subjects treated a single migraine attack with 120 mg DFN‐15 or placebo as soon as possible after the onset of pain of moderate to severe intensity. The 2 independent coprimary efficacy endpoints were the proportion of subjects with freedom from pain and the absence of the most bothersome symptom (MBS) at 2 hours postdose. A second double‐blind treatment period followed the first, but did not contribute to the primary outcomes and will be reported elsewhere.

Results

There were 622 subjects randomized (1:1) to double‐blind treatment with either 120 mg DFN‐15 or placebo, and 567 (91.2%) treated a migraine with study drug (n = 285 DFN‐15; n = 282 placebo). Groups were balanced in demographic characteristics; the mean age was 40, and most subjects were female (87% [494/567]). At 2 hours postdose, DFN‐15 was significantly superior to placebo for pain freedom (35.6% [98/275] vs 21.7% [57/263],P < .001), with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.00 (1.36, 2.94) and for freedom from the MBS (57.8% [134/232] vs 44.8% [104/232],P = .007), with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.68 (1.17, 2.43). A total of 13.3% (38/285) of DFN‐15‐treated subjects and 8.9% (25/282) of placebo‐treated subjects reported a treatment‐emergent adverse event (TEAE). Study drug‐related TEAEs were reported by 9.1% (26/285) of DFN‐15 subjects and 6.0% (17/282) of placebo subjects, the most common of which were dysgeusia (4.2% [12/285] vs 1.4% [4/282]) and nausea (3.2% [9/285] vs 1.8% [5/282]). No subjects treated with DFN‐15 reported TEAEs that were severe or led to withdrawal, and no serious TEAEs or deaths were reported in the study.

Conclusions

DFN‐15 was significantly more effective than placebo for the acute treatment of migraine, with a generally favorable tolerability and safety profile.
Expanding the clinicopathologic and molecular spectrum of BCOR‐associated sarcomas in adults
Authors: Yoshida Akihiko , Arai Yasuhito , Hama Natsuko , Chikuta Hiroshi , Bando Yoshimi , Nakano Seiichi , Kobayashi Eisuke , Shibahara Junji , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Komiyama Motokiyo , Watanabe Shun‐ichi , Tamura Kenji , Kawai Akira , Shibata Tatsuhiro
Published: October 2019

Aims

BCOR gene alteration is a genetic signature of rare subsets of sarcomas. Most BCOR‐associated sarcomas thus far reported are in the pediatric population, except for uterine sarcomas. We studied seven cases of BCOR‐associated non‐uterine sarcomas in adult patients.

Methods and results

The patients were four men and three women ranging from 26 to 71 years in age. Three tumors, two of which primarily affected the kidney, showed BCOR‐CCNB3. One tumor with a ZC3H7B‐BCOR occurred in the chest wall, and a tumor with a novel CIITA‐BCOR was found in the sinonasal tract. Two tumors in the lung and breast harbored exon 15 internal tandem duplications of BCOR, a highly unexpected observation in this age group. All seven sarcomas consisted of dense proliferations of uniform round to spindle cells with fine chromatin within vascular stroma. BCOR‐CCNB3 sarcomas showed swirling fascicular growth. The tumor with the ZC3H7B‐BCOR fusion showed a multinodular growth of spindle cells, and the tumors with the CIITA‐BCOR fusion showed palisading of oval cells. Both tumors with BCOR internal tandem duplication demonstrated nested to palisading growth of round cells within sclerotic non‐myxoid stroma. All seven sarcomas diffusely expressed BCOR and SATB2 immunohistochemically, with all three BCOR‐CCNB3 sarcomas being immunopositive for CCNB3. BCOR alterations were confirmed by RNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Conclusions

This study expands the clinicopathologic and molecular spectrum of BCOR‐associated sarcomas, and emphasizes the importance of being aware of this entity in the differential diagnosis of adult non‐uterine sarcomas.
Effects of extraction methods on structural characteristics and bile acid‐binding capacities of Moringa oleifera leaf polysaccharide fractions
Authors: Yang Yanqing , Zhao Mouming , Lin Lianzhu
Published: October 2019

There is an urgent need for safe and effective bile acid sequestrants from edible plants to treat hyperlipidaemia. Moringa oleifera leaf has been reported to be a source of hypolipidaemic agents. However, limited information is available on the bile acid‐binding capacity of M. oleifera leaf polysaccharide fraction (MOLPF). To illustrate structure‐bile acid‐binding capacity relationship of MOLPFs obtained by eight common extraction methods and provide an extraction technique for MOLPF with strong bile acid‐binding capacity, structure characteristics and bile acid‐binding capacities of MOLPFs were investigated. The results indicated that extraction method greatly affected morphology, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage and molecular weight distribution of MOLPF. MOLPFs with lower contents of galactose and more branched components exhibited lower binding rates. MOLPFs prepared by cellulase and ultrasonic‐assisted cellulase extraction methods possessing the highest contents of galactose and relatively high proportions of linear macromolecules exhibited the strongest binding capacities, showing potential hypolipidaemic effects.
Novel summary metrics for insular biotic assemblages based on taxonomy and phylogeny: Biogeographical, palaeogeographical and possible conservational applications
Authors: Ali Jason R. , Vences Miguel
Published: October 2019

Using the land‐bound vertebrates on the marine islands as model organisms, two metrics are presented that permit quantitative and succinct synopses of the ‘evolutionary maturity’ of the hosted faunal assemblages. In turn, these reflect the geo‐physical settings and geological developments of the substrates. The assemblage lineage‐taxonomy spectrum (ALTS) is based on the constituent lineages’ taxonomic distinctiveness and diversity. Individual lineages within assemblages can in most cases be assigned to one of six categories, LT1‒LT6: LT1 is a non‐endemic taxon, whereas LT6 comprises multiple endemic genera from a family that arose elsewhere. If required, the scheme can be expanded: LT9 is an endemic order. The data can then be combined to provide an assemblage spectrum, for example, 00:08:38:30:08:15[13]. Here, the first six values denote the number of lineages assigned to each category expressed as percentages of the overall total, with the sum of the processed lineages listed as the seventh (in brackets and bold). The ALTS metric highlights efficiently the key features of a marine island's biological assemblage. Notably, the contrast between spectra for suites on geologically and geo‐physically varied island types can be striking, for instance the squamate suite on the young, proximate orogenic margin island of Taiwan is coded 78:16:05:00:00:00[37] whereas the one on the distantly located, Late Eocene composite terrane island of New Caledonia is 00:11:00:11:33:44[9]. To overcome the subjectivity that is inherent in assigning supraspecific ranks, an alternative assemblage lineage‐age spectrum (ALAS) is also introduced that makes use of the binary logarithm values of the colonization times of the island lineages (0–2, 2–4, … , 32–64, >64 Ma). It is represented using a seven‐plus‐two‐number code, for instance Madagascar's squamates are 00:06:00:00:19:62:12[19(16)]; most colonizations took place in the Palaeogene (66–23 Ma); there are 19 lineages, but only 16 are presently age‐dated. In addition to marine‐island biogeography studies, the ALTS–ALAS spectrum approach is potentially useful for encapsulating biotas in other sorts of insular setting (e.g. lakes, mountain tops), and for evaluating palaeogeographical models. Furthermore, it may help emphasize the conservation value of an island's faunal assemblage.
SVT discrimination algorithms significantly reduce the rate of inappropriate therapy in the setting of modern‐day delayed high‐rate detection programming
Authors: Cheng Alan , Auricchio Angelo , Schloss Edward J. , Kurita Takashi , Sterns Laurence D. , Gerritse Bart , Brown Mark L. , Fagan Dedra H. , Lexcen Daniel R. , Ellenbogen Kenneth A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Contemporary implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) programming involving delayed high‐rate detection and use of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) discriminators has significantly reduced the rate of inappropriate shocks. The extent to which SVT algorithms alone reduce inappropriate therapies is poorly understood.

Methods and Results

PainFree SST enrolled 2770 patients with a single‐ or dual‐chamber ICD or cardiac resynchronization defibrillator. Patients were followed for 22 ± 9 months with SVT discriminators on in 96% of patients. Sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias and SVT episodes were adjudicated by an independent physician committee. For this analysis, all episodes were subjected to postprocessing computer simulation with SVT discriminators off with and without delayed high‐rate detection criteria (ventricular fibrillation zone only, 30/40 at 320 ms). There were 3282 adjudicated SVT episodes of which 115 resulted in an ICD shock and 113 received only ATP (2‐year inappropriate shock and therapy rates of 3.1% and 4.1%). Therapy was appropriately withheld for the remaining 3054 SVT episodes. With both SVT discriminators and delayed high‐rate detection simulated off, the 2‐year inappropriate therapy rate would have been 22.9% (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.20‐7.49). With SVT discriminators simulated off and delayed high‐rate detection simulated on in all patients, the 2‐year rate would have been 6.4% (HR = 1.63; CI: 1.44‐1.85).

Conclusions

The use of SVT discriminators has a significant role in reducing the rate of inappropriate ICD therapy even in the setting of delayed high‐rate detection settings. Deactivating SVT discriminators would have resulted in an overall increase in the inappropriate ICD therapy rate by 63% and 524% with and without delayed high‐rate detection programming, respectively.
Ultrahigh‐density mapping supplemented with global chamber activation identifies noncavotricuspid‐dependent intra‐atrial re‐entry conduction isthmuses in adult congenital heart disease
Authors: Moore Jeremy P. , Buch Eric , Gallotti Roberto G. , Shannon Kevin M.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To evaluate the role of ultrahigh‐density mapping for conduction isthmus (CI) characterization in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD).

Background

Catheter ablation remains suboptimal for ACHD with atypical intra‐atrial reentrant tachycardias (IART) that can be challenging to define using existing mapping technology.

Methods

An ultrahigh‐density mapping system was selectively employed over a 1‐year period for procedures involving noncavotricuspid isthmus‐dependent‐IART. A global activation histogram (GAH) was assessed for the ability to predict ablation targets. Procedural characteristics were compared to a group of matched controls.

Results

Twenty patients (mean age 43 ± 15, 70% male) underwent 20 procedures targeting 34 tachycardias during the study period. Diagnoses included single ventricle (8), tetralogy of Fallot (2), left heart obstruction (3), Ebstein's anomaly (2) atrial septal defect (2), Mustard operation (2), and Rasteilli operation (1). Prior catheter ablation/Maze operation had been performed in 12 (60%). The median time per map was 21 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 16‐32), representing 14 834 points per map (IQR 9499‐43 191; P < .001 vs controls). Review of GAH maps showed lower trough values were associated with more favorable IART CI characteristics (P ≤ =.001 for all). Acute success was achieved in 19/20 (95%) procedures, with tachycardia termination during the first lesion in eight cases (P = .02 vs controls). There was one recurrence during 0.6 years follow‐up.

Conclusions

Ultrahigh‐density mapping supplemented with the GAH tool was effective for CI identification in a cohort of complex ACHD patients. Catheter ablation was more efficient compared to controls, suggesting precise CI characterization using this technology.
Domperidone treatment attenuates stress‐induced suppression of reproduction in viviparous mosquitofish Gambusia affinis
Authors: Bhat Shilpa K. , Ganesh C. B.
Published: October 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stress on reproduction and the possible involvement of dopaminergic systems in the reproductive stress response in the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. Exposure of fish to aquaculture stressors (four 10 min episodes of stress, each corresponding to a different stressor such as handling, chasing, frequent netting and low water levels), for a period of 30 days caused reduction in the mean numbers of stage I–IV follicles associated with lower number of pregnant females and embryos in most of the developmental stages compared with experimental controls. Besides, increase in the intensity of labelling and the per cent area of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; a rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines)‐ immunoreactive (ir) neurons was observed in the preoptic area (POA) and the nucleus preopticus (NPO) regions of the brain concomitant with reduction in the labelling of gonadotropin releasing hormone–immunoreactive (GnRH‐ir) fibres in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) of the pituitary gland in stressed fish compared with experimental controls. Treatment of domperidone (DOM) caused an increase in the number of stage II and V follicles and promoted pregnancy rate concomitant with an increase in the number of embryos at various developmental stages compared with those of experimental controls. Similar treatment to stressed fish caused an increase in the number of stages I–V follicles compared with those in stress alone group. The GnRH fibres showed increased immunolabelling in stress + DOM treated fish compared with stress alone fish. On the other hand, TH‐immunoreactivity in the POA and the NPO regions was reduced in stress + DOM treated fish compared with stress‐alone group. These results suggest that stress inhibits follicular development and subsequent hatching success through the suppression of GnRH and that the inhibition appears to be mediated through dopamine, for the first time in a viviparous fish.
Does Physician Retirement Affect Patients? A Systematic Review
Authors: Lam Kenneth , Arnold Cameron G. , Savage Rachel D. , Stall Nathan M. , Zhu Lynn , Wu Wei , Piggott Katrina , Bronskill Susan E. , Rochon Paula A.
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES

Older patients that have aged with their doctors will likely experience their physician retiring. It is unclear if this interruption in continuity of care leaves patients at risk for adverse events or whether a new physician improves care. We sought to identify and synthesize findings from all articles examining the association between physician retirement and patient outcomes.

DESIGN

Systematic review. We searched English‐language articles cataloged in Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and PsycINFO, from database inception to May 4, 2018.

PARTICIPANTS

Any patient whose physician (generalist or specialist) retired.

INTERVENTION

Physician retirement, defined as voluntary practice closure, death, or departure.

MEASUREMENTS

Articles were categorized as anecdotes, qualitative studies, or quantitative studies. Each patient outcome was indexed under one of 11 themes (eg, adverse event, difficulty accessing care) and classified as favorable, neutral, or unfavorable. Patient outcomes included but were not limited to clinical (eg, death), resource utilization (eg, hospitalization), treatment plan adherence (eg, access to medications), and patient satisfaction (eg, expressed frustration). Two reviewers independently assessed study quality.

RESULTS

Of 2099 articles screened, 17 met inclusion criteria: 12 anecdotes, 2 qualitative studies, and 3 quantitative studies. Most patient outcomes described were unfavorable. These included feelings of loss, difficulties with transition to a new provider, adverse clinical outcomes, and increased use of high‐cost services. The quality of qualitative studies was high, but that of quantitative studies was poor or moderate.

CONCLUSION

Current evidence from qualitative studies suggests physician retirement affects patients unfavorably and that patients are vulnerable during this transition of care. High‐quality quantitative research is lacking to identify whether this disproportionately affects older adults and whether physician retirement has significant consequences for the broader healthcare system. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:641–649, 2020
Bilateral uterine artery coagulation in laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign disease in uteri more than 1000 g
Authors: Sezgin Burak , Camuzcuoğlu Aysun , Küçük Mert , Camuzcuoğlu Hakan
Published: October 2019

Aim

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of bipolar uterine artery coagulation in laparoscopic hysterectomy for uteri larger than 1000 g.

Methods

Data from 674 patients who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy were retrospectively analyzed. Among those, 75 patients with uteri weighing more than 1000 g were included. The clinical and surgical outcomes of patients with large uteri were compared according to bipolar uterine artery coagulation performance status.

Results

The mean difference in intraoperative blood loss between the groups of patients with uterine artery occlusion and without uterine artery occlusion was statistically significant (89.26 ± 65.52 vs 227.94 ± 124.65 mL; P < 0.001). The hemoglobin decrease was also significantly lower in the patients with uterine artery occlusion (0.46 ± 0.23 vs 1.21 ± 0.79 g/dL; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

When performing laparoscopic hysterectomy of uteri weighing over 1000 g, the occlusion of the bilateral uterine arteries at the point of exit from the internal iliac arteries using bipolar coagulation at the beginning of the operation reduces intraoperative hemorrhage and hemoglobin decrease.
Choosing the agent's group identity in a trust game with delegated decision making
Authors: Zimper Alexander , Nicholls Nicky
Published: October 2019

Members of a given social group often favor members of their own group identity over people with different group identities. We construct a trust game in which the principal delegates the decision about an investment into a receiver to an agent who either favors the principal's or the receiver's group identity. When choosing the agent's group identity the principal faces a trade‐off between a loyal agent and an agent who might increase the receiver's willingness to cooperate. We solve for the principal's decision in a subgame‐perfect nash equilibrium for the two scenarios of a risk‐neutral and risk‐averse agent, respectively.
“Sublingual Lipoma: A report of a challenging diagnosis”
Authors: Ahmad P. , Asif J. A. , Tang L.
Published: October 2019

Patients presenting with swelling arising from the floor of the mouth (FOM) should be examined prudently, with the aid of appropriate diagnostic modalities such as ultrasonography, ultrasound guided aspirational biopsy, CT with contrast or MRI. Clinicians should include even the rare occurrences, like lipomas, especially while categorising intra‐oral lesions because this can impede appropriate surgical planning, which can consequently cause recurrence or even malignant transformation of the lesion. This case report presents a painless sublingual lipoma situated on the left side of the FOM. The size gradually increased and eventually interfered with the movement of tongue and swallowing that was initially attributed as either sublingual cyst (dermoid/epidermoid) or ranula. Although lipomas are considered to originate at any site in the body, their incidence in the oral cavity is rare (1%–4%). In the present case, a sublingual lipoma presented as a painless and slow‐growing swelling located on the left side of FOM associated with restricted tongue movement. Complete resection of the lesion was performed with the preservation of Wharton’s duct, lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve. Post‐operative recovery was uneventful and subsequent follow‐up was satisfactory showing no sign of wound dehiscence or infection. The salivary flow was normal in both Wharton’s ducts.
Adolescent cognition and procedural justice: Broadening the impact of research findings on policy and practice
Authors: Granot Yael , Tyler Tom R.
Published: October 2019

Research on adolescent social cognition has had an enormous impact on how the justice system conceptualizes adolescent legal responsibility and deals with adolescents who commit crimes. Such research also has broader implications for adolescent legal socialization, which have been largely underdeveloped. A renewed effort to connect psychological research with legal policy must expand beyond these beginnings to focus on all adolescents and their engagement in broader social institutions. Specifically, a consideration of the unique capacities for growth and development during the adolescent years should be leveraged toward fostering positive outcomes like community identity, academic and social achievement, and the development of an orientation toward law based upon legitimacy and trust. Studies suggest that a key component of positive socialization is dealing with authorities one experiences as procedurally just. Researchers focused on issues of juvenile justice should also expand their focus to consider how the social climate in institutions such as schools can be designed to take advantage of the unique capacities adolescents have for exploring identity and connecting with peers in developing their orientation to the law and legal authorities.
Intestinal M cells: Tireless samplers of enteric microbiota
Authors: Kanaya Takashi , Williams Ifor R. , Ohno Hiroshi
Published: October 2019

Mucosal immune responses in the inductive lymphoid tissues of the intestine begin with uptake of particulate antigens, including components of the gut microbiota by specialized antigen sampling M cells. M cells represent a distinct lineage of enterocytes that arise from crypt stem cells in response to the cytokine receptor of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL). Full differentiation of M cells requires the transcription factor Spi‐B to yield mature M cells that express multiple receptors for bacteria including glycoprotein 2. M cell differentiation can be recapitulated in vitro using three‐dimensional enteroid cultures of primary intestinal stem cells supplemented with RANKL. This article summarizes the current knowledge about the genesis of intestinal M cells and highlights some of the remaining unanswered questions about this enigmatic cell type.
Retrospective comparison of first‐line adjuvant anthracycline vs metronomic‐based chemotherapy protocols in the treatment of stage I and II canine splenic haemangiosarcoma
Authors: Treggiari Elisabetta , Borrego Juan F. , Gramer Irina , Valenti Paola , Harper Aaron , Finotello Riccardo , Toni Cristina , Laomedonte Priscilla , Romanelli Giorgio
Published: October 2019

Splenectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used to treat canine splenic haemangiosarcoma (HSA), although it is unclear if different treatment protocols may have a similar efficacy. The objective of this retrospective study was to assess outcome in dogs with stage I and II splenic HSA treated with either first‐line adjuvant anthracycline (AC) or metronomic (MC)‐based chemotherapy protocols, by comparing median time to progression (TTP) and median survival time (MST). Medical records of nine institutions were searched for dogs diagnosed with stage I and II splenic HSA that underwent adjuvant treatment with AC‐ or MC‐based protocols following splenectomy. Patients treated with MC following AC were included in an additional group (AMC). Ninety‐three dogs were included: 50 in the AC group, 23 in the AMC group and 20 in the MC group. The overall MST was 200 days (range 47‐3352) and the overall median TTP was 185 days (range 37‐1236). The median TTP of stage I dogs was significantly longer compared to stage II dogs (338 vs 151 days, respectively, P = .028). When adjusting for treatment type, the MST was 154 days for the AC group (range 47‐3352 days), 338 days for the AMC group (range 79‐1623 days) and 225 days for the MC group (range 57‐911 days). The difference in MST and median TTP was not found to be statistically significant between treatment groups. This study suggests that adjuvant MC in canine splenic HSA may result in a similar outcome when compared to other treatment protocols. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
The Effectiveness of Parenting Interventions on Psychosocial Adjustment in Parents of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Zhao Xiaolei , Ai Zhongping , Chen Yanhua , Wang Jiaxiang , Zou Shufang , Zheng Silin
Published: October 2019

Aims

Parenting interventions in this review refer to supportive parenting training provided for parents or primary caregivers of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The review aimed to synthesize evidence about parenting interventions in parents or caregivers of children and adolescents with T1DM, and to evaluate the effect of interventions in reducing parents’ or caregivers’ psychological distress, helping them share diabetes management responsibility, seek social support, and improve their quality of life.

Methods

We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science from January 1978 to October 2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing an intervention group of parenting programs with a control group of usual care were included. The primary outcomes were stress, family responsibility and conflict, and social support. Secondary outcomes included other psychological index and quality of life. Pooled effect sizes of weighted mean difference (WMD) were calculated.

Results

A total of 17 RCTs with 962 participants met the inclusion criteria. Findings of the meta‐analysis showed parenting interventions could significantly reduce parents’ depression (WMD = −5.78, 95% CI: −6.23 to −5.33, I2 = 0%) and distress (WMD = −5.28, 95% CI: −10.31 to −.25, I2 = 0%), and help them ask for positive social support (WMD = .83, 95% CI: .03 to 1.64, I2 = 0%). No beneficial changes of other outcomes were found.

Linking Evidence to Action

Parents of children and adolescents with T1DM need support from the multidisciplinary team in health care, especially in mental health, family management of childhood diabetes, and social support. Parenting interventions may help parents reduce psychological distress and depression and assist them to ask for social support. Future research should include well‐designed RCTs with large samples, appropriate measures with clear definitions, objective assessment, and separation of effects on mothers and fathers.