bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association between burning mouth syndrome and sleep disturbance: A case–control multicentre study
Authors: Adamo D , Sardella A , Varoni E , Lajolo C , Biasotto M , Ottaviani G , Vescovi P , Simonazzi T , Pentenero M , Ardore M , Spadari F , Bombeccari G , Montebugnoli L , Gissi DB , Campisi G , Panzarella V , Carbone M , Valpreda L , Giuliani M , Aria M , Lo Muzio L , Mignogna MD
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To investigate the quality of sleep and the psychological profiles of a large cohort of Italian patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to clarify the relationships between these variables and pain.

Methods

In this case–control study, 200 patients with BMS vs an equal number of age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls, recruited in 10 universities, were enrolled. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM‐A), Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NRS) and Total Pain Rating Index (T‐PRI) were administered. Descriptive statistics, including the Mann–Whitney U test and hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis, were used.

Results

Poor sleep quality (PSQI ≥ 5) was present in 78.8% (160) patients with BMS. BMS patients had statistically higher scores in all items of the PSQI and ESS than the healthy controls (p < .001). A depressed mood and anxiety correlated positively with sleep disturbance. The Pearson correlations were 0.570 for the PSQI vs HAM‐D (p < .001) and 0.549 for the PSQI vs HAM‐A (p < .001). Pain intensity (NRS) poorly correlated to sleep quality; the Pearson correlation was 0.162 for the PSQI vs NRS (p = .021).

Conclusions

The BMS patients showed a poor sleep quality, anxiety and depression, as compared with the controls, highlighting the relationships between oral burning, sleep and mood.
Gingival cyst of the adult, lateral periodontal cyst, and botryoid odontogenic cyst: An updated systematic review
Authors: Chrcanovic BR , Gomez RS
Published: November 2017

The aim of the present review was to integrate the available data published on gingival cyst of the adult (GCA), lateral periodontal cyst (LPC), and botryoid odontogenic cyst (BOC) into a comprehensive analysis of their clinical/radiological features. An electronic search was undertaken in July/2017. Eligibility criteria included publications having enough clinical/radiological/histological information to confirm the diagnosis. A total of 146 publications (157 GCAs, 213 LPCs, 96 BOCs) were included. GCA and LPC presented highest prevalence in the sixth/fifth decades; BOC in the sixth/seventh decades. LPCs were larger lesions than GCAs and GCAs appeared at an older age than LPC. There was no statistically significant difference between them for other factors (location, symptoms, recurrence, follow‐up time). In comparison with LPC, BOC lesions were larger, appeared more often in mandible and in older subjects, had more often a multilocular appearance, and presented a higher recurrence rate. Recurrence rates: GCA (3.2%), LPC (2.4%), BOC (21.7%). No factor seems to influence the recurrence rate of GCA or LPC. Multilocular radiological appearance seems to affect the recurrence rate of BOCs. Conservative surgical approaches seem to be enough for GCA/LPC. BOC presents a more aggressive behavior than GCA/LPC. Therefore, treatment of this lesion might involve some kind of adjunctive therapy after enucleation.
Patient understanding of disease and the use and outcome of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Baskar Shankar , Jefferies John L. , Salberg Lisa , Khoury Philip R. , Spar David S. , Knilans Timothy K. , Czosek Richard J.
Published: November 2017

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are the primary therapy for sudden death prevention; however, are associated with both physical and psychological complications. We sought to determine factors associated with ICD understanding and patient satisfaction. This was a cross‐sectional study, using patient/parent answered questionnaires distributed to patients enrolled in the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Association. Patient characteristics and satisfaction data were obtained via questionnaire. Patients were compared based on age at diagnosis and presence of ICD. ICD patients with high satisfaction were compared to those with low satisfaction to determine factors associated with poor satisfaction. A total of 538 responses were obtained (53 ± 16 years); 46% were females. Seventy patients (13%) were diagnosed with HCM < 18 years of age and 356 (66%) had an ICD. Compared to those without an ICD, patients with ICDs were younger at age of diagnosis (P = 0.001) and time of study (P = 0.008). Patients with ICDs were more likely to have presented with syncope and have family history of ICD, SCD, or HCM‐related death. Nineteen patients (5%) felt that issues surrounding their ICD outweighed its benefit. Compared to patients with a favorable satisfaction, the only significant difference was the preimplant ICD discussion (P < 0.001) and history of lead replacement (P = 0.01). In conclusion, the majority of HCM patients with ICDs are satisfied with their ICD management and feel the benefits of ICDs outweigh issues associated with ICDs. Additionally, these data highlight the importance of the preimplant patient‐physician discussion around the need for ICD prior to implantation.
Palaeobiogeographical distribution of Orbiculoidea (Brachiopoda, Discinoidea) responding to global climatic and geographical changes during the Palaeozoic
Authors: Zhang Yang , Lee Sangmin , Wu Hui‐Ting , He Wei‐Hong
Published: November 2017

The Palaeozoic Era is a particularly interesting period of Earth history, as it includes the formation and northward movement of a supercontinent (Pangea), dramatic climatic changes and global biotic catastrophes. Here, we analyse the palaeobiogeographical distribution of the discinid brachiopod genus Orbiculoidea and discuss its distributional patterns in light of the environmental changes that occurred throughout the Palaeozoic and the Triassic. Our results indicate that the distribution of the genus seems to have been controlled mainly by the palaeogeographical framework and by global climate change. Importantly, its spatial pattern appears to directly respond both to the formation and northward movement of Pangea and to global temperature fluctuations during the Palaeozoic. In conjunction with these two global parameters, it is likely that the distribution of Orbiculoidea was also affected by regional factors, including the presence of oceanic upwelling as well as the development and demise of continental shelves and seaways.
Association of programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) expression with treatment outcomes in patients with BRAF mutation‐positive melanoma treated with vemurafenib or cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib
Authors: Wongchenko Matthew J. , Ribas Antoni , Dréno Brigitte , Ascierto Paolo A. , McArthur Grant A. , Gallo Jorge D. , Rooney Isabelle A. , Hsu Jessie , Koeppen Hartmut , Yan Yibing , Larkin James
Published: November 2017

The prognostic significance of programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) on treatment outcomes in patients receiving BRAF with or without MEK inhibitors is not well understood. This retrospective exploratory analysis evaluated the association of tumour PD‐L1 expression with progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) among 210 patients in the coBRIM trial treated with cobimetinib plus vemurafenib or placebo plus vemurafenib. In the vemurafenib cohort, there was a trend of increased PFS and OS in those with PD‐L1+ melanoma, with hazard ratios (HRs; PD‐L1+ vs. PD‐L1−) of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.46–1.07) and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.42–1.13) for PFS and OS, respectively. However, in patients treated with cobimetinib plus vemurafenib, a similar trend was not observed with HRs (PD‐L1+ versus PD‐L1−) of 1.04 (95% CI, 0.66–1.68) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.57–1.57) for PFS and OS, respectively. The combination cobimetinib plus vemurafenib appears to overcome the poor prognosis associated with low PD‐L1 expression.
Melanoma in patients with GATA2 deficiency
Authors: Nguyen Jannett , Alexander Tiffany , Jiang Hong , Hill Natasha , Abdullaev Zied , Pack Svetlana D. , Hsu Amy P. , Holland Steven M. , Hickstein Dennis D. , Engels Eric A. , Brownell Isaac
Published: November 2017

GATA2 deficiency is a recently described genetic disorder affecting hematopoietic stem cells and is associated with immunodeficiency, hematologic malignancy, and various cutaneous pathologies including cutaneous tumors. To explore the incidence and clinical course of melanoma in patients with germline GATA2 deficiencies, we conducted a retrospective chart review of 71 such patients and identified two with invasive melanoma. One melanoma was diagnosed early because it was associated with pruritus due to a graft‐versus‐tumor effect following bone marrow transplantation. The other one, a lentigo maligna melanoma, was locally excised but progressed to widespread metastasis and death several years later. Our observations and published studies of melanoma biology suggest an association between decreased GATA2 expression and melanoma progression. These findings suggest that GATA2 deficient patients may have an increased risk of melanoma and should be observed closely for new or changing skin lesions.
Epigenetic mechanisms of major depression: Targeting neuronal plasticity
Authors: Uchida Shusaku , Yamagata Hirotaka , Seki Tomoe , Watanabe Yoshifumi
Published: November 2017

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental illnesses as it affects more than 350 million people globally. Major depressive disorder is etiologically complex and disabling. Genetic factors play a role in the etiology of major depression. However, identical twin studies have shown high rates of discordance, indicating non‐genetic mechanisms as well. For instance, stressful life events increase the risk of depression. Environmental stressors also induce stable changes in gene expression within the brain that may lead to maladaptive neuronal plasticity in regions implicated in disease pathogenesis. Epigenetic events alter the chromatin structure and thus modulate expression of genes that play a role in neuronal plasticity, behavioral response to stress, depressive behaviors, and response to antidepressants. Here, we review new information regarding current understanding of epigenetic events that may impact depression. In particular, we discuss the roles of histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and non‐coding RNA. These novel mechanisms of action may lead to new therapeutic strategies for treating major depression.
Assessing multitemporal water‐level changes with uav‐based photogrammetry
Authors: Kohv Marko , Sepp Edgar , Vammus Lii
Published: November 2017

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and structure‐from‐motion (SfM) methodology allow very high resolution surface reconstruction. This fairly low‐cost and time‐saving method is used for northern bog hydrology characterisation. The primary interest of this study lies in seasonally changing bog pool water levels. The study site is located in a potential conflict zone where water extraction from an underground oil shale mine threatens protected wetlands. The study involves two test areas that were surveyed three times, allowing spatio‐temporal quantification of seasonal changes of the bog surface. Aerial lidar data and manual measurements were used to assess the quality of SfM surfaces and discrepancies between the different methods were analysed. Overall, there is a good fit between the methods used, validating the use of SfM methodology in a natural wetland environment. This study demonstrates that the nearby mine is influencing the seasonal water‐level fluctuations of the protected wetland.
Novel non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis model with histopathological and insulin‐resistant features
Authors: Owada Yohei , Tamura Takafumi , Tanoi Tomohito , Ozawa Yusuke , Shimizu Yoshio , Hisakura Katsuji , Matsuzaka Takashi , Shimano Hitoshi , Nakano Noriyuki , Sakashita Shingo , Matsukawa Toshiya , Isoda Hiroko , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro
Published: November 2017

Although several non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models have been reported to date, few of these models fully reflect the histopathology and pathophysiology of human NASH. The aim of this study was to establish a novel NASH model by feeding a high‐fat (HF) diet and administering both carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and the Liver X receptor agonist T0901317. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups (each n = 5): HF, HF + CCl4, HF + T0901317, and the novel NASH model (HF + CCl4 + T0901317). CCl4 (0.1 mL/kg) and T0901317 (2.5 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered four times and five times, respectively. The livers of the novel NASH model group presented a whitish colour. The serum levels of TNF‐α and IL‐6 were significantly increased in the novel NASH model group, and mice in this group exhibited histopathological features and insulin resistance reflective of NASH, i.e., macrovesicular hepatic steatosis, ballooning hepatocytes, Mallory‐Denk bodies, lobular inflammation and fibrosis. The novel NASH model group presented significantly upregulated expression levels of mRNAs related to lipogenesis, oxidative stress, fibrosis and steatosis and significantly downregulated expression levels of mRNAs related to triglyceride export. We successfully established a novel experimental NASH model that exhibits similar histopathology and pathophysiology to human NASH.
Assessing the geographic dichotomy hypothesis with cacti in South America
Authors: Arzabe A. A. , Aguirre L. F. , Baldelomar M. P. , Molina‐Montenegro M. A.
Published: November 2017

The Cactaceae is one of the most conspicuous and ecologically important plant families in the world. Its species may have specialist or generalist pollination systems that show geographic patterns, which are synthesised in the Geographic Dichotomy Hypothesis.

Here, we assess this hypothesis in five countries in both tropical and extratropical regions, evaluating the pollinator visitation rate and pollinator identity and abundance. We calculate the Shannon diversity index (H′) and evenness (J) and evaluate differences between latitude parameters with a Student t‐test.

Overall, we found more specialised pollination systems in all tropical sites; the richness, diversity and evenness of pollinators was reduced in comparison to extratropical regions, where the pollination system was generalised.

Our results support the geographic dichotomy hypothesis in the cacti of South America, suggesting that environmental factors underlying the latitudinal patterns can help to explain differences in the pollination syndrome between tropical and extratropical regions.
Molecular identification and prevalence ofAcidovorax avenaesubsp.avenaecausing red stripe of sugarcane in China
Authors: Li X.‐Y. , Sun H.‐D. , Rott P. C. , Wang J.‐D. , Huang M.‐T. , Zhang Q.‐Q. , Gao S.‐J.
Published: November 2017

Red stripe caused by the bacteriumAcidovorax avenaesubsp.avenae(Aaa) is a disease of sugarcane that is distributed worldwide. In this study, 108 sugarcane leaf samples were collected in 2013–2016 from nine sugarcane‐growing regions in China. Aaa was detected byPCRwith specific and novel primers from the 16S–23SrDNAinternal transcribed spacer region in 81 of 84 (96%) leaves with red stripe symptoms and in 20 of 24 (83%) leaves without symptoms. Furthermore, Aaa was detected in all nine sampling locations representing six sugarcane‐producing provinces in China. The 101 amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced. The size of the nucleotide sequences varied from 436 to 454 bp and the sequence identity ranged from 89.2% to 100%, suggesting a significant genetic variation among Aaa strains from China. Five major restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles were obtained byin silicoand polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of thePCRproducts digested withHindIIIandEcoRI. The causal agent of sugarcane red stripe was also successfully isolated from a diseased plant and its pathogenicity confirmed by inoculation of healthy sugarcane plantlets and reproduction of disease symptoms. The data showed that Aaa is currently widespread in China, suggesting that control methods should be implemented to limit the impact of red stripe on sugarcane production.
Genetic diversity of Phytophthora pluvialis, a pathogen of conifers, in New Zealand and the west coast of the United States of America
Authors: Brar S. , Tabima J. F. , McDougal R. L. , Dupont P.‐Y. , Feau N. , Hamelin R. C. , Panda P. , LeBoldus J. M. , Grünwald N. J. , Hansen E. M. , Bradshaw R. E. , Williams N. M.
Published: November 2017

Phytophthora pluvialis is the causal agent of red needle cast on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. It was first isolated in 2008 but had previously been recovered from tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) and Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in Oregon, USA in 2002. Phytophthora pluvialis was subsequently described as a new species in 2013 and classified as a clade III Phytophthora species. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the genetic diversity, population structure and origin of this pathogen. A total of 360 P. pluvialis isolates were collected from the USA and New Zealand. The genome sequences of two P. pluvialis isolates were used to identify 27 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that were then used to genotype the two populations. The genotypic data showed that the USA population of P. pluvialis had twice the genetic diversity and a greater number of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) compared to the New Zealand population, with 126 and 24 MLGs, respectively. The majority of the subpopulations within the USA and New Zealand showed linkage disequilibrium. All subpopulations had a negative fixation index, indicating that clonal reproduction is prevalent in both countries. A minimum spanning network (MSN) showed two unique clusters of isolates in the New Zealand population, suggesting two potential introductions of P. pluvialis into New Zealand from the USA. There was no significant structure within the New Zealand or USA populations. This study provides novel insight into the genetic structure of P. pluvialis in New Zealand and the USA.
Considering ploidy when producing and using mixed‐source native plant materials for restoration
Authors: Kramer Andrea T. , Wood Troy E. , Frischie Stephanie , Havens Kayri
Published: November 2017

There is a clear need to maximize the genetic diversity of plant material used in restorations to ensure restored populations are equipped to handle current and future conditions. This increasingly translates to focused efforts to intentionally increase the genetic diversity of seed sources in production and/or restoration settings. For example, multiple populations may be brought together to create plant materials with more genetic diversity than is present in any single population. Recent literature showing minimal risk of outbreeding depression and extensive benefits of genetic rescue has helped justify this approach, with the exception of mixing populations with fixed chromosomal differences. In these cases, extensive loss of fertility may occur after mixing. Some types of incompatible chromosomal differences are difficult to detect and therefore have unknown occurrence and distribution within and among species. However, the most extreme form of chromosomal differences—intraspecific ploidy variation (IPV)—is relatively easy to quantify with current technology and known to be fairly common in angiosperms. To encourage more systematic consideration of IPV in native plant restoration, we used available data on IPV to estimate its incidence in 115 species widely used for restoration in the United States. Over one‐third have IPV. Additional focused research is needed to understand the consequences of IPV for restoration, particularly given the current trend toward mixing natural collections for materials development and use. We provide recommendations to explicitly incorporate the reality of IPV into the production and use of genetically diverse plant materials for restoration.
The distribution of the DRB4*01:03:01:02N null allele in HLA‐DRB1~DQB1 haplotypes in the Croatian population
Authors: Grubic Z. , Maskalan M. , Radmanic L. , Stingl Jankovic K. , Burek Kamenaric M. , Zunec R.
Published: November 2017

The aim of the present study was to investigate frequency and haplotype distribution of DRB4 alleles in the Croatian population. The investigated sample consisted of 288 cadaveric donor samples positive for one of the DR53 alleles. HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 typing was performed using the polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific primers (PCR‐SSP) low resolution method, while HLA‐DRB4 and selected HLA class II specificities typing was performed using PCR‐SSP at the allelic level. Three different DRB4 alleles were observed among DRB1*04 samples; DRB4*01:02 (2.38%), DRB4*01:03 (91.27%), and DRB4*01:03:01:02N (6.35%). The DRB4*01:03:01:02N allele was predominantly observed among DRB1*04:02‐positive samples, while DRB4*01:02 and DRB4*01:03 alleles did not associate preferably with any of the DRB1*04 subtypes. Among DRB1*04~DRB4~DQB1 haplotypes, the predominant DQB1 allele was DQB1*03:02 (69.94%). Seven different DRB4 alleles were found among DRB1*07:01‐positive samples. The analysis of DRB1*07~DRB4~DQB1 haplotypes showed that DRB4*01:03 was found in the majority of HLA‐DRB1*07:01~DQB1*02:02 (49.09%) haplotypes while DRB1*07:01~DQB1*03:03 haplotypes carried the DRB4*01:03:01:02N allele almost exclusively (98.21%). Among six DRB1*09:01‐positive samples, HLA‐DRB1*09:01~DRB4*01:03~DQB1*03:03 was the only detected haplotype. The extended haplotype analysis showed a high frequency of HLA‐B*15(B62)~C*03(Cw9)~DRB1*04:02~DRB4*01:03:01:02N~DQB1*03:02 and HLA‐B*57~C*06~DRB1*07:01~DRB4*01:03:01:02N~DQB1*03:03 haplotypes. In conclusion, the data presented in this study should prompt other population studies focused on DRB3/4/5 genes and be used as a basis for future investigations of the clinical relevance of these genes in transplantation setting.
Symbolic Boundary Making in Super‐Diverse Deprived Neighbourhoods
Authors: Albeda Ympkje , Tersteeg Anouk , Oosterlynck Stijn , Verschraegen Gert
Published: November 2017

Neighbourhood‐based research on the rise of super‐diverse cities has mostly focused on the implications of living in super‐diverse neighbourhoods for individual relations, and paid little attention to processes of group formation. This paper focuses on how residents of super‐diverse neighbourhoods identify social groups. Drawing on the concept of symbolic boundary making, it provides insights into how residents draw, enact and experience boundaries. Using the results of in‐depth interviews with residents in Antwerp and Rotterdam, we show that super‐diversity complexifies but does not counteract group formation. Residents draw multiple, interrelated symbolic boundaries along ethnic, class and religious lines and lines based on length of residence, which are sometimes used interchangeably. We also show that group boundaries are dynamic and constantly (re‐)created. Finally, we show that discursive boundaries do not necessarily lead to less social contact across these boundaries, thus illustrating that symbolic boundaries do not always result in segregated social patterns.
An unexpected but underestimated case of disseminated toxoplasmosis
Authors: Chan Tiffany , Shannon Patrick T. , Detsky Michael E.
Published: November 2017

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous intracellular parasite that can cause disseminated infection following reactivation in immunocompromised hosts. We describe a 58‐year‐old man who died of refractory shock because of disseminated toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis was only made postmortem on autopsy. We discuss the importance of considering toxoplasmosis on the differential diagnosis in high‐risk patients, and review the role of screening and chemoprophylaxis in preventing infection.
Alternative polyadenylation is involved in auxin‐based plant growth and development
Authors: Hong Liwei , Ye Congting , Lin Juncheng , Fu Haihui , Wu Xiaohui , Li Qingshun Q.
Published: November 2017

Auxin is widely involved in plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanism on how auxin carries out this work is unclear. In particular, the effect of auxin on pre‐mRNA post‐transcriptional regulation is mostly unknown. By using a poly(A) tag (PAT) sequencing approach, mRNA alternative polyadenylation (APA) profiles after auxin treatment were revealed. We showed that hundreds of poly(A) site clusters (PACs) are affected by auxin at the transcriptome level, where auxin reduces PAC distribution in 5′‐untranslated region (UTR), but increases in the 3′UTR. APA site usage frequencies of 42 genes were switched by auxin, suggesting that auxin affects the choice of poly(A) sites. Furthermore, poly(A) signal selection was altered after auxin treatment. For example, a mutant of poly(A) signal binding protein CPSF30 showed altered sensitivity to auxin treatment, indicating interactions between auxin and the poly(A) signal recognition machinery. We also found that auxin activity on lateral root development is likely mediated by altered expression of ARF7, ARF19 and IAA14 through poly(A) site switches. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms of auxin responses relative to its interactions with mRNA polyadenylation.
Retrospective analysis of factors affecting clinical outcome following CHOP‐based chemotherapy in dogs with primary nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Childress M. O. , Ramos‐Vara J. A. , Ruple A.
Published: November 2017

Numerous factors are known to affect the prognosis of dogs with chemotherapy‐treated lymphomas. However, prognostic factors for dogs with specific subtypes of lymphoma are less clearly defined. The objective of this study was to identify prognostic factors for dogs receiving CHOP‐based chemotherapy for primary nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Medical records of dogs treated for DLBCL at the Purdue Veterinary Teaching Hospital (PUVTH) from 2006 to 2016 were reviewed. Factors potentially related to prognosis were analysed using multivariable statistical methods. Ninety‐eight dogs were included in the study. Best overall response to chemotherapy was complete remission in 80 dogs (81.6%) and partial remission in 18 dogs (18.4%). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) for the entire population was 252 days (range 19‐1068). Factors significantly associated with achieving partial (rather than complete) remission following CHOP included presence of thrombocytopenia at diagnosis (OR 6.88; 95% CI 1.98‐23.93; P = .002), baseline serum globulin concentration (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.03‐6.75; P = .044), and age at diagnosis (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.08‐1.71; P = .009). Factors significantly associated with PFS in the lowest quartile (≤93 days) included presence of thrombocytopenia at diagnosis (OR 8.72; 95% CI 1.54‐49.33; P = .014), age at diagnosis (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.12‐1.94; P = .005), and baseline neutrophil count (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02‐1.37; P = .025). Presence of thrombocytopenia, greater age, higher neutrophil count, and higher serum globulin concentration all may be associated with a particularly poor outcome in dogs receiving CHOP‐based chemotherapy for DLBCL.
World languages, world Englishes and local identities
Authors: YOUNG RICHARD F.
Published: November 2017

Identity is a concept that has been defined in many ways and scholars have built theories of identity to explain persons’ and people's sense of the term. In this article, I compare and contrast theories developed in applied linguistics, social psychology, anthropology and communication sciences and conclude that each is grounded on the particularity of a social context. To expand the particular contexts studied by identity theorists, I consider the varied responses of individuals and groups to the influence of a hegemonic language. Although contact by speakers of a local language with a hegemonic language is sometimes seen as endangering the local language and threatening speakers’ identities, I reject that as a pessimistic oversimplification. The studies I review of persons in contact with hegemonic languages provide new insights into how personal identities are contested and creatively constructed.
Oxidative stress does not influence local sweat rate during high‐intensity exercise
Authors: Meade Robert D. , Fujii Naoto , Poirier Martin P. , Boulay Pierre , Sigal Ronald J. , Kenny Glen P.
Published: November 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

We evaluated whether oxidative stress attenuates the contribution of nitric oxide to sweating during high‐intensity exercise.

What is the main finding and its importance?

In contrast to our previous report of an oxidative stress‐mediated reduction in nitric oxide‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation in this cohort during intense exercise, we demonstrated no influence of local ascorbate administration on the sweating response during moderate‐ (∼51% peak oxygen uptake) or high‐intensity exercise (∼72% peak oxygen uptake). These new findings provide important mechanistic insight into how exercise‐induced oxidative stress impacts sudomotor activity.

Nitric oxide (NO)‐dependent sweating is diminished during high‐ but not moderate‐intensity exercise. We evaluated whether this impairment stems from increased oxidative stress during high‐intensity exercise. On two separate days, 11 young (24 ± 4 years) men cycled in the heat (35°C) at a moderate [500 W; 52 ± 6% peak oxygen uptake ()] or high (700 W; 71 ± 5% ) rate of metabolic heat production. Each session included two 30 min exercise bouts separated by a 20 min recovery period. Local sweat rate was monitored at four forearm skin sites continuously perfused via intradermal microdialysis with the following: (i) lactated Ringer solution (Control); (ii) 10 mm ascorbate (Ascorbate; non‐selective antioxidant); (iii) 10 mm NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME; NO synthase inhibitor); or (iv) 10 mm ascorbate plus 10 mm l‐NAME (Ascorbate + l‐NAME). During moderate exercise, sweat rate was attenuated at the l‐NAME and Ascorbate + l‐NAME sites (both ∼1.0 mg min−1 cm−2; all P < 0.05) but not at the Ascorbate site (∼1.1 mg min−1 cm−2; both P ≥ 0.28) in comparison to the Control site (∼1.1 mg min−1 cm−2). However, no differences were observed between treatment sites (∼1.4 mg min−1 cm−2; P = 0.75) during high‐intensity exercise. We conclude that diminished NO‐dependent sweating during intense exercise occurs independent of oxidative stress.
A Novel Macroscale Acoustic Device for Blood Filtration
Authors: Dutra Brian , Carmen Mora Maria , Gerhardson Tyler I. , Sporbert Brianna , Dufresne Alexandre , Bittner Katharine R. , Lovewell Carolanne , Rust Michael J. , Tirabassi Michael V. , Masi Louis , Lipkens Bart , Kennedy Daniel R.
Published: November 2017

Retransfusion of a patient's own shed blood during cardiac surgery is attractive since it reduces the need for allogeneic transfusion, minimizes cost, and decreases transfusion related morbidity. Evidence suggests that lipid micro-emboli associated with the retransfusion of the shed blood are the predominant causes of the neurocognitive disorders. We have developed a novel acoustophoretic filtration system that can remove lipids from blood at clinically relevant flow rates. Unlike other acoustophoretic separation systems, this ultrasound technology works at the macroscale, and is therefore able to process larger flow rates than typical micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) scale acoustophoretic separation devices. In this work, we have first demonstrated the systematic design of the acoustic device and its optimization, followed by examining the feasibility of the device to filter lipids from the system. Then, we demonstrate the effects of the acoustic waves on the shed blood; examining hemolysis using both haptoglobin formation and lactate dehydrogenase release, as well as the potential of platelet aggregation or inflammatory cascade activation. Finally, in a porcine surgical model, we determined the potential viability of acoustic trapping as a blood filtration technology, as the animal responded to redelivered blood by increasing both systemic and mean arterial blood pressure.
Optimizing Cutting Planes for Advanced Joining and Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Massoni Brandon , Campbell Matthew I.
Published: November 2017

While additive manufacturing allows more complex shapes than conventional manufacturing processes, there is a clear benefit in leveraging both new and old processes in the definition of metal parts. For example, one could create complex part shapes where the main “body” is defined by extrusion and machining, while small protruding features are defined by additive manufacturing. This paper looks at how optimization and geometric reasoning can be combined to identify cutting planes within complex three-dimensional (3D) shapes. These cutting planes are used to divide realistic mechanical parts into subparts that can be joined together through additive manufacturing or linear friction welding (LFW). The optimization method presents possible manufacturing alternatives to an engineering designer where optimality is defined as a minimization of cost. The paper presents and compares several cutting planes identification methods and describes how the optimization finds the optimal results for several example parts.
Clustering dynamics of microbubbles exposed to low-pressure 1-MHz ultrasound
Authors: Lazarus Carole , Pouliopoulos Antonios N. , Tinguely Marc , Garbin Valeria , Choi James J.
Published: November 2017

Ultrasound-driven microbubbles have been used in therapeutic applications to deliver drugs across capillaries and into cells or to dissolve blood clots. Yet the performance and safety of these applications have been difficult to control. Microbubbles exposed to ultrasound not only volumetrically oscillate, but also move due to acoustic radiation, or Bjerknes, forces. The purpose of this work was to understand the extent to which microbubbles moved and clustered due to secondary Bjerknes forces. A microbubble population was exposed to a 1-MHz ultrasound pulse with a peak-rarefactional pressure of 50–100 kPa and a pulse length of 20 ms. Microbubbles exposed to low-pressure therapeutic ultrasound were observed to cluster at clustering rates of 0.01–0.02 microbubbles per duration (in ms) per initial average inter-bubble distance (in μm), resulting in 1 to 3 clustered microbubbles per initial average inter-bubble distance (in μm). Higher pressures caused faster clustering rates and a larger number of clustered microbubbles. Experimental data revealed clustering time scales, cluster localizations, and cluster sizes that were in reasonable agreement with simulations using a time-averaged model at low pressures. This study demonstrates that clustering of microbubbles occurs within a few milliseconds and is likely to influence the distribution of stimuli produced in therapeutic applications.
Evaluation of an experimental electrohydraulic discharge device for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Pressure field of sparker array
Authors: Li Guangyan , Connors Bret A. , Schaefer Ray B. , Gallagher John J. , Evan Andrew P.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, an extracorporeal shock wave source composed of small ellipsoidal sparker units is described. The sparker units were arranged in an array designed to produce a coherent shock wave of sufficient strength to fracture kidney stones. The objective of this paper was to measure the acoustical output of this array of 18 individual sparker units and compare this array to commercial lithotripters. Representative waveforms acquired with a fiber-optic probe hydrophone at the geometric focus of the sparker array indicated that the sparker array produces a shock wave (P+ ∼40–47 MPa, P− ∼2.5–5.0 MPa) similar to shock waves produced by a Dornier HM-3 or Dornier Compact S. The sparker array's pressure field map also appeared similar to the measurements from a HM-3 and Compact S. Compared to the HM-3, the electrohydraulic technology of the sparker array produced a more consistent SW pulse (shot-to-shot positive pressure value standard deviation of ±4.7 MPa vs ±3.3 MPa).
Level-weighted averaging in elevation to synchronous amplitude-modulated sounds
Authors: Van Bentum Guus C. , Van Opstal A. John , Van Aartrijk Chaline M. M. , Van Wanrooij Marc M.
Published: November 2017

To program a goal-directed response in the presence of multiple sounds, the audiomotor system should separate the sound sources. The authors examined whether the brain can segregate synchronous broadband sounds in the midsagittal plane, using amplitude modulations as an acoustic discrimination cue. To succeed in this task, the brain has to use pinna-induced spectral-shape cues and temporal envelope information. The authors tested spatial segregation performance in the midsagittal plane in two paradigms in which human listeners were required to localize, or distinguish, a target amplitude-modulated broadband sound when a non-modulated broadband distractor was played simultaneously at another location. The level difference between the amplitude-modulated and distractor stimuli was systematically varied, as well as the modulation frequency of the target sound. The authors found that participants were unable to segregate, or localize, the synchronous sounds. Instead, they invariably responded toward a level-weighted average of both sound locations, irrespective of the modulation frequency. An increased variance in the response distributions for double sounds of equal level was also observed, which cannot be accounted for by a segregation model, or by a probabilistic averaging model.
KKL-35 Exhibits Potent Antibiotic Activity against Legionella Species Independently of
trans
-Translation Inhibition
Authors: Brunel Romain , Descours Ghislaine , Durieux Isabelle , Doublet Patricia , Jarraud Sophie , Charpentier Xavier
Published: November 2017

trans
-Translation is a ribosome-rescue system that is ubiquitous in bacteria. Small molecules defining a new family of oxadiazole compounds that inhibit
trans
-translation have been found to have broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. We sought to determine the activity of KKL-35, a potent member of the oxadiazole family, against the human pathogen
Legionella pneumophila
and other related species that can also cause Legionnaires' disease (LD). Consistent with the essential nature of
trans
-translation in
L. pneumophila
, KKL-35 inhibited the growth of all tested strains at submicromolar concentrations. KKL-35 was also active against other LD-causing
Legionella
species. KKL-35 remained equally active against
L. pneumophila
mutants that have evolved resistance to macrolides. KKL-35 inhibited the multiplication of
L. pneumophila
in human macrophages at several stages of infection. No resistant mutants could be obtained, even during extended and chronic exposure. Surprisingly, KKL-35 was not synergistic with other ribosome-targeting antibiotics and did not induce the filamentation phenotype observed in cells defective for
trans
-translation. Importantly, KKL-35 remained active against
L. pneumophila
mutants expressing an alternate ribosome-rescue system and lacking transfer-messenger RNA, the essential component of
trans
-translation. These results indicate that the antibiotic activity of KKL-35 is not related to the specific inhibition of
trans
-translation and its mode of action remains to be identified. In conclusion, KKL-35 is an effective antibacterial agent against the intracellular pathogen
L. pneumophila
with no detectable resistance development. However, further studies are needed to better understand its mechanism of action and to assess further the potential of oxadiazoles in treatment.
High-Dose Daptomycin Is Effective as an Antibiotic Lock Therapy in a Rabbit Model of Staphylococcus epidermidis Catheter-Related Infection
Authors: Basas Jana , Palau Marta , Ratia Carlos , del Pozo José L. , Martín-Gómez María Teresa , Gomis Xavier , Torrents Eduard , Almirante Benito , Gavaldà Joan
Published: November 2017

Long-term catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) involving coagulase-negative staphylococci are associated with poor patient outcomes, increased hospitalization, and high treatment costs. The use of vancomycin lock therapy has been an important step forward in treatment of these biofilms, although failures occur in 20% of patients. In this study, we report that a high dose of daptomycin lock therapy may offer a therapeutic advantage for these CRBSIs in just 24 h of treatment.
Combination Antibiotic Exposure Selectively Alters the Development of Vancomycin Intermediate Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Zheng Xuting , Berti Andrew D. , McCrone Sue , Roch Melanie , Rosato Adriana E. , Rose Warren E. , Chen Baiyi
Published: November 2017

Invasive methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) treated with vancomycin (VAN) is associated with reduced VAN susceptibility and treatment failure. VAN combination therapy is one strategy to improve response, but comprehensive assessments of combinations to prevent resistance are limited. This study identifies optimal combinations to prevent the emergence of VAN-intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
(VISA). Two standard MRSA and two heterogeneous VISA (hVISA) strains were exposed for 28 days
in vitro
to VAN alone, VAN with cefazolin (CFZ), fosfomycin, gentamicin, meropenem, rifampin, piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In addition to VAN susceptibility testing, cell wall thickness (CWT), carotenoid content, and membrane fluidity were determined for Mu3. VAN plus any β-lactam limited the VAN MIC increase to 1 to 4 mg/liter throughout the 28-day exposure, with CFZ and TZP being the most effective agents (VAN MIC = 1 to 2 mg/liter). Similar MIC trends occurred with the lipo-/glycopeptide agents daptomycin and telavancin, where β-lactam combinations with VAN prevented MIC increases to these agents as well. Combinations with non-β-lactams were ineffective in preventing VAN MIC increases with VAN MICs of 4 to 16 mg/liter emerging during weeks 2 to 4 of treatment. VAN plus β-lactam decreased CWT significantly, whereas VAN plus other antibiotics significantly increased the CWT. No correlation was observed between carotenoid content or membrane fluidity and antibiotic exposure. Only the combination exposures of VAN plus β-lactam suppress the development of VISA. Rational selection of VAN plus β-lactam should be further explored as a long-term combination treatment of MRSA infections due to their ability to suppress VAN resistance.
Whole-Genome Characterization of Bacillus cereus Associated with Specific Disease Manifestations
Authors: Chang T. , Rosch J. W. , Gu Z. , Hakim H. , Hewitt C. , Gaur A. , Wu G. , Hayden R. T.
Published: November 2017

Bacillus cereus
remains an important cause of infections, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. While typically associated with enteric infections, disease manifestations can be quite diverse and include skin infections, bacteremia, pneumonia, and meningitis. Whether there are any genetic correlates of bacterial strains with particular clinical manifestations remains unknown. To address this gap in understanding, we undertook whole-genome analysis of
B. cereus
strains isolated from patients with a range of disease manifestations, including noninvasive colonizing disease, superficial skin infections, and invasive bacteremia. Interestingly, strains involved in skin infection tended to form a distinct genetic cluster compared to isolates associated with invasive disease. Other disease manifestations, despite not being exclusively clustered, nonetheless had unique genetic features. The unique features associated with the specific types of infections ranged from traditional virulence determinants to metabolic pathways and gene regulators. These data represent the largest genetic analysis to date of pathogenic
B. cereus
isolates with associated clinical parameters.
Do emotions related to alcohol consumption differ by alcohol type? An international cross-sectional survey of emotions associated with alcohol consumption and influence on drink choice in different settings
Authors: Ashton Kathryn , Bellis Mark A , Davies Alisha R , Hughes Karen , Winstock Adam
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To examine the emotions associated with drinking different types of alcohol, explore whether these emotions differ by sociodemographics and alcohol dependency and whether the emotions associated with different drink types influence people’s choice of drinks in different settings.

Design

International cross-sectional opportunistic survey (Global Drug Survey) using an online anonymous questionnaire in 11 languages promoted through newspapers, magazines and social media from November 2015 to January 2016.

Study population

Individuals aged 18–34 years who reported consumption of beer, spirits, red and white wine in the previous 12 months and were resident in countries with more than 200 respondents (n=21 countries; 29 836 respondents).

Main outcome measures

Positive and negative emotions associated with consumption of different alcoholic beverages (energised, relaxed, sexy, confident, tired, aggressive, ill, restless and tearful) over the past 12 months in different settings.

Results

Alcoholic beverages vary in the types of emotions individuals report they elicit, with spirits more frequently eliciting emotional changes of all types. Overall 29.8% of respondents reported feeling aggressive when drinking spirits, compared with only 7.1% when drinking red wine (p<0.001). Women more frequently reported feeling all emotions when drinking alcohol, apart from feelings of aggression. Respondents’ level of alcohol dependency was strongly associated with feeling all emotions, with the likelihood of aggression being significantly higher in possible dependent versus low risk drinkers (adjusted OR 6.4; 95% CI 5.79 to 7.09; p<0.001). The odds of feeling the majority of positive and negative emotions also remained highest among dependent drinkers irrespective of setting.

Conclusion

Understanding emotions associated with alcohol consumption is imperative to addressing alcohol misuse, providing insight into what emotions influence drink choice between different groups in the population. The differences identified between sociodemographic groups and influences on drink choice within different settings will aid future public health practice to further comprehend individuals’ drinking patterns and influence behaviour change.