bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muscle stem cells in development, regeneration, and disease
Authors: Shi Xiaozhong , Garry Daniel J.
Published: July 2006

Somatic stem cell populations participate in the development and regeneration of their host tissues. Skeletal muscle is capable of complete regeneration due to stem cells that reside in skeletal muscle and nonmuscle stem cell populations. However, in severe myopathic diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, this regenerative capacity is exhausted. In the present review, studies will be examined that focus on the origin, gene expression, and coordinated regulation of stem cell populations to highlight the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle and emphasize the challenges for this field. Intense interest has focused on cell-based therapies for chronic, debilitating myopathic diseases. Future studies that enhance our understanding of stem cell biology and repair mechanisms will provide a platform for therapeutic applications directed toward these chronic, life-threatening diseases.
Budding yeast Hed1 down-regulates the mitotic recombination machinery when meiotic recombination is impaired
Authors: Tsubouchi Hideo , Roeder G. Shirleen
Published: July 2006

In budding yeast, there are two RecA homologs: Rad51 and Dmc1. While Rad51 is involved in both mitotic and meiotic recombination, Dmc1 participates specifically in meiotic recombination. Here, we describe a meiosis-specific protein (Hed1) with a novel Rad51 regulatory function. Several observations indicate that Hed1 attenuates Rad51 activity when Dmc1 is absent. First, although double-strand breaks are normally poorly repaired in the dmc1 mutant, repair becomes efficient when Hed1 is absent, and this effect depends on Rad51. Second, Rad51 and Hed1 colocalize as foci on meiotic chromosomes, and chromosomal localization of Hed1 depends on Rad51. Third, production of Hed1 in vegetative cells inhibits Rad51-dependent recombination events. Fourth, the Hed1 protein shows an interaction with Rad51 in the yeast two-hybrid protein system. We propose that Hed1 provides a mechanism to ensure the coordinated action of Rad51 and Dmc1 during meiosis, by down-regulating Rad51 activity when Dmc1 is unavailable.
Corticosteroids and the cardiovascular response to stress: a pilot study of the 35% CO2 challenge in Addison's disease
Authors: Kaye J. M. , Lightman S. L.
Published: July 2006

Objective  Glucocorticoids play an essential role in the neuroendocrine response to stress, influencing both the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympatho‐adrenomedullary (SAM) axis at several levels. In this pilot study, a clinical model of primary adrenocortical failure (Addison's disease, AD) has been used to evaluate the role of circulating glucocorticoids in both the autonomic and psychological response to stress.

Design and subjects  Five subjects with known AD underwent a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled investigation in which they received fixed glucocorticoid plus mineralocorticoid hormone replacement or placebo for 48 h prior to a 35% CO2 challenge.

Measurement  Psychological responses immediately before and after CO2 exposure were assessed by questionnaire. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate were measured automatically at 1‐min intervals for 5 min before and 5 min after the CO2 exposure.

Results  While on hormone replacement, all subjects had an identical response to CO2 to that recorded in normal volunteers (initial bradycardia, an increase in blood pressure and subjective feelings of anxiety). On no replacement, however, the bradycardia and anxiety responses were not significantly altered, but the pressor response was markedly attenuated (+15·6 ± 5 mmHg on replacement compared with +4·2 ± 3·3 mmHg off replacement; P = 0·043).

Conclusions  These data provide further evidence that the CO2‐induced bradycardia is a direct – presumably parasympathetic – response to CO2 independent of the pressor effect, and that the pressor response itself is dependent on the presence of the circulating corticosteroid.
Absence of pathogenic calcium sensing receptor mutations in sporadic idiopathic hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Sarin Ritu , Tomar Neeraj , Ray Debarti , Gupta Nandita , Sharma Yagya Dutta , Goswami Ravinder
Published: July 2006

Background  Sporadic idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (SIH) is the most common cause of hypoparathyroidism. While calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) autoantibodies are observed in 49% of cases, aetiopathogenetic mechanisms in others are under investigation. Mutations in the PTH gene including its 3′ untranslated region, autoimmune regulator gene and lead CTLA‐4 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) are not associated with the disease. There are reports of de novo activating mutations of the CaSR gene in a few patients with SIH.

Objective  To assess the frequency of CaSR mutations in patients with SIH.

Subjects and methods  DNA sequencing of all six translating exons and nine of 12 intron/exon boundaries of the CaSR gene was performed by Sangers dideoxy chain termination method using an automated sequencer in 39 patients with SIH. Spot urinary calcium/creatinine ratio in the fasting state and ultrasonography of the abdomen was performed to assess hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis. The PCR‐RFLP analysis was performed using Hin1II restriction endonuclease in 32 additional patients with SIH and 90 healthy controls to further assess the prevalence of a novel missense SNP observed in the DNA sequencing.

Results  Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the presence of a wild type CaSR gene in all subjects, except in one patient who showed a missense mutation (Val621Met) due to substitution of base G→A in the heterozygous state at position 79877 in exon 7 (codon 621) coding for the first transmembrane loop of the CaSR. The V621M polymorphism was confirmed by PCR‐RFLP and was due to a maternal allele. However, the mother and brother of this patient with the same SNP were asymptomatic and had normal serum chemistry indicating the functionally inert nature of the polymorphism. None of the additional 32 patients with SIH and 90 controls showed V621M SNP. The urinary calcium/creatinine ratio and ultrasonography were normal in all patients with SIH.

Conclusion  De novo activating mutation of the CaSR gene typical of familial hypoparathyroidism is not common among patients with SIH in India.
Microplate motions in the hotspot reference frame
Authors: Cuffaro Marco , Jurdy Donna M.
Published: July 2006

We have computed motions of the major plates (seven large plates and seven medium‐sized plates) and 38 microplates relative to the hotspot reference frame, and present velocities of these 52 plates. Moreover, using updated plate boundaries for the present, we have computed new geometrical factors for plates and microplates, useful for kinematic calculations and to obtain the net‐rotation of the lithosphere and plate velocities in the mean‐lithosphere reference frame. Instead of a continuum or gradational distribution of the plates by size, the plates clearly partition into three groups each having their own characteristics. For the seven large plates, rotation poles generally lie in high latitudes; the seven medium‐sized plates have rotation poles in a restricted equatorial area; the 38 small plates show the greatest scatter. Moreover subsets of the 52 plates reveal differing fractal behaviour: the large, middle and small groupings each have a characteristic fractal dimension, suggestive of microplate clustering. The highest angular velocities occur for some of the smallest plates, with the location of their rotation poles closeby.

Terra Nova, 18, 276–281, 2006
Development of microsatellite markers in rose
Authors: KIMURA T. , NISHITANI C. , IKETANI H. , BAN Y. , YAMAMOTO T.
Published: July 2006

Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed in rose (Rosa hybrida L.) from an enriched genomic library. Ten out of 13 microsatellites showed amplification and produced four to 12 polymorphic alleles per locus, with an average of 8.4 in Rosa multiflora. The average values of observed and expected heterozygosities among the 10 loci were 0.62 and 0.82, respectively. Thirteen microsatellites produced three to 22 genotypes with an average value of 11.4 in modern garden roses. The average value of the power of discrimination among the microsatellites was 0.79, ranging from 0.29 to 0.95.
Pure Neoclassical Exploitation and the Level of Wages
Authors: Daniel Coldwell
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The neoclassical theory of labor exploitation is extended by identifying a pure exploitation which occurs when the wage rate is less than both labor's marginal factor cost (=marginal revenue product) and its average revenue product. Pure exploitation is attributable to a labor market phenomenon alone and is unambiguously unfair from a Pigouvian perspective. It is argued that, contrary to a common belief, pure exploitation does not imply low wages. For example, pure exploitation and high wages are to be expected at least transitorily in the case of the economically profitable innovative firm.
Henry George and George Bernard Shaw: Comparison and Contrast
Authors: Schwartzman Jack
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George, the American economist and social philosopher, and George Bernard Shaw, the British playwright and social reformer, were two famous personalities of the last quarter of the 19th century, each a prophet in his own way. The two men probably never met, though Shaw credited George's oratory as well as his classic. Progress and Poverty, with awakening his interest in economic issues, and to his last days acknowledged his debt to George. Both were deeply committed to ending poverty. But there the similarity ended—George was devoted to ethical democracy, Shaw to socialist dictatorship. George saw cooperative individualism as the goal of social reconstruction; Shaw dreamed of a Superman, and fancied himself a supporter of the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin, and of Soviet Russian‘communism.’Shaw saw the purpose of life as “being used for a (mighty) purpose;” George saw it as blazing a trail for‘progressive humanity,’cooperating with the Creator in creating a moral world.
A Syllogism for the Small Farm
Authors: Firey Walter
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Access to the land for low‐income households has long been considered a contributing factor to political stability. The reasoning behind this hypothesis can be given the form of a deductive argument whose premises assert implications that link greater real income with greater well‐being for the poor; greater well‐being with greater political acquiescence of the poor; greater real income of the poor with a greater downward redistribution of wealth; and greater political acquiescence with greater governability of the poor. The kinds of productive activities which will satisfy these implications are those involved in subsistence farming. From the premises the conclusion follows that greater governability of the poor is a consequence of the greater downward redistribution of wealth that accompanies subsistence farming.
On Schumpeter, Services and Economic Change
Authors: McKee David L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Joseph A. Schumpeter, the Austrian‐American economist, worried about “Can capitalism survive” a generation ago, and so far it has. But his work poses these questions: How do growth and change take place in a free enterprise economy? Can his model for expansion through innovation and creative destruction through the competitive process be a basis for understanding present day industrial economies? He emphasized that capitalism was an evolutionary system and that the very need for newness or rejuventation should insure continual change in it. With respect to declining industries and firms the task of economics was to turn what might have been a rout into orderly retreat. And so he gave a limited blessing to certain monopoly practices deriving from a broader strategy, risk avoidance. Schumpeter's entrepreneurs have disappeared but innovative ability still is exercised, largely through issue‐specific consulting services in the burgeoning service sector, services that foster stability as well as change
The Altrurian Economics of William Dean Howells
Authors: Park James W. , Park Martha M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In two of his novels, A TRAVELER FROM ALTRURIA and THROUGH THE EYE OF THE NEEDLE, William Dean Howells describes the ideal commonwealth of Australia where the production and distribution of goods and services do not occur in self‐regulating markets such as those found in Western‐world economies. Thus, traditional economic theories are limited in analyses of the Australian economy, and critics are hampered in their efforts to understand Howelis'Utopia. This study synthesizes Howells'criticisms of the harshness of 19th‐century American capitalism as presented in the two novels and then analyzes the economic structure of Australia by using Karl Polanyi's framework for studying non‐market societies. This framework includes the concepts of reciprocity, redistribution, and administered trade.
Modernization in Mainland China: A Comment
Authors: Shillto Kelly M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The conclusion of Professor Chen that foreign; capital inflows affect modernization in China is challenged on the basis of data and methodology. Professor Chen rejected the argument.
Henry George and Europe
Authors: Silagi Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Adolf Damaschke, a Berlin schoolteacher, played a‘fateful’ role in developing a large land reform constituency in Wilhelmian Germany. By chance he heard a lecture by Michael Flürscheim, Henry George's follower. And by accident he was won to the movement. He built the Union of German Land Reformers into an active organization of 100,000 dedicated members from all classes. For tactical reasons what Damaschke pushed was his version of the‘Single Tax Limited,’ though he never lost sight of George's philosophy of freedom. There was a “German Fatherland” emphasis in his advocacy. Yet he despaired of building a mass constituency for that philosophy.
The Single Tax in Montreal and Toronto, 1880 to 1920: Successes, Failures and the Transformation of an Idea
Authors: Levine Gregory J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Interest in the Single Tax, an important response to the dilemmas of industrial capitalism, arose in Canada in the late nineteenth century as it had in other lands. Embracing an historical materialism tempered by an appreciation of cultural forces such as religion and ethnicity, the debates over this important tax proposal are charted and explained. While seeing tax policy and tax debates as reflective of social power, the transformation of the Single Tax project is traced from a form of social critique to an attempt to alter the municipal tax base. Awareness of the different class forces involved in the debate and of the different cultures of these two great metropoles into which it was introduced is maintained.
The Resale Price Maintenance Struggle: A Comment
Authors: Boyd David W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The analysis of Professor A. J. Greco on recent legislative proposals to make resale price maintenance more difficult for manufacturers to practice is updated legislatively and judicially. Because of subsequent research findings, it is argued that this and other legislation aimed at outlawing resale price maintenance is not economically justified. Rather, a more efficient approach is to extend the current rule of reason standard applied to vertical nonprice restraints to resale price maintenance and other vertical price restraints.
The Domestication of the Rubber Tree
Authors: Schultes Richard Evans
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The origins of the plantations producing 98% of the world's natural rubber is traced to the domestication of a single Amazonian species, Hevea brasilensis, and the importance of rubber following vulcanization. The unfortunate sociological and often inhuman treatment of Amazonian tappers are discussed. The consequences of new technology to use the lumber of old trees and of increased uses of rubber are noted.
The Incidence of Economic Stress in Affluent Areas
Authors: Gaines Leonard , Kamer Pearl M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Several governmental programs attempt to relieve economic stress for given segments of the population. Their success is often contingent upon how accurately economic distress in given areas can be identified and measured. The indicator most commonly used is the poverty rate or a related measure, such as the proportion of persons with incomes below 150% of the designated poverty threshold. However, these poverty thresholds are determined nationally and thus fail to take account of local income levels or variations in living costs. Nationally determined poverty thresholds obscure the existence of economic distress in affluent areas. This paper explores an alternate methodology that relates household income at the census tract level to county median household income in order to identify areas of significant poverty. The findings are then compared with official poverty statistics. The analysis is performed for Nassauand Suffolk Counties, two affluent suburban counties located on Long Island, adjacent to New York City. The data used came from the 1990 decennial census.
Centrally Planned Economies
Authors: Dinoto Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Historical comparisons between the USSR and US economies most often focus on the stark contrasts between market and centrally controlled systems. However, expediency in response to dynamic pressures caused the adoption of central planning in both countries. Additionally, the USSR's lackluster economic performance when wedded to Marxism caused institutional arrangements to move toward markets. After summarizing USSR's central planning experiences before 1965, its similarity to the US's wartime planning is discussed. These comparisons provide insights into the problems of moving between market and planned economies
Trade Affected Workers in the Service Sector
Authors: Armah Bartholomew
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Using input output data for 1987 and 1990, this study identified those groups of service sector workers most vulnerable to trade‐related employment displacements. Relative to other industry groups, workers (both black and white) in service industries which experienced an increase in (positive) net trade‐related employment, were more likely to be male, elderly (over 65 years of age), less educated (high school graduates) and unskilled (laborers). In contrast, service industries which suffered a decline in (positive) net trade‐related employment between 1987 and 1990, were relatively more skill‐intensive (as measured by the share of college educated workers, scientists, engineers and managers in the labor force), and more likely to employ women, married couples and individuals in the 25 to 35 age bracket. Union members on the other hand, were overrepresented in service industries which suffered net trade–related employment losses in 1987 and 1990. The latter industries, however, experienced an improvement over the period.
Salary Discrimination by Black Males?
Authors: Riggs Gayle D. , Dwyer Lynn
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Utilizing the human capital framework, the authors apply OLS methods to cross‐sectional salary data for 1989‐90 for a Southern, historically black, public university (SHBU) to determine whether salary discrimination against other race‐sex groups exists when black males hold the top economic power Results indicate that it does.
An Address by a Georgist Sympathizer: Practical Issues in Georgist Thought
Authors: Johnson Michael S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

The justice and soundness of the taxation of land rent is acknowledged but problems in assessing imply a need to introduce better methods. This is particularly true when attempting to introduce the more saleable idea of two‐rate tax systems because the allocation of total value of real estate parcels between land and buildings is even more arbitrarily done than determining the total assessment. The ideas fit best at the local level and there is little chance of replacing income or sales taxes. A 100% tax would be impossible since it would lead to an avalanche of tax appeals and the abandonment of some land since a high percentage of assessments are in error. The idea of a single tax does not fit modern times when revenue needs determine taxes, rather than the amount of revenue collected determining proper or necessary government expenditure levels. One tax source may be unpopular and regarded as a dangerous concept. Land is probably less important and less relatively valuable than it used to be because of technological change. Some advances in social legislation may mitigate the need for the drastic reform, George who was a moralist deeply concerned about poverty, felt reform was needed in his day. He was right about the impacts of various taxes on economic activity and income distribution.
Can Labor‐capital Models Predict the Responses of Agrarian Societies to Development?Part I: Problems With Development Economics
Authors: Smiley David H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Development efforts and economics have relied upon two‐factor, capital and labor neoclassical economic models. Failures have occurred when they were applied to agrarian societies where the ownership of land rent dictates particular institutional forms that engender resistance to development. It is argued that there is a need for a new three‐factor development theory which explicity models land and its rent. Ideas of Smith, Ricardo, George and Samuelson are assembled as a basis for a computer simulation model that explores landed institutions and the land value flows resulting from different development strategies. Part II, a subsequent article in this Journal, sets forth the models.
Veblen's Theory of Institutional Change: An Explanation of the Deregulation of Japanese Financial Markets
Authors: Raines Patrick , Leathers Charles G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract In his 1915 essay “The Opportunity of Japan,”Thorstein Veblen theorized that traditionai Japanese institutions would undergo evolutionary change as Japan exploited borrowed industrial technology and became integrated into the global business enterprise system. This article explains the recent liberalization of Japanese financial markets which followed Japan's rise to economic prominence within the context of Veblen's theory of institutional development of the enterprise system. The Japanese process of financial deregulation is reviewed, Veblen's predictions Japan are presented and an explanation provided for the liberalization of Japanese financial markets.
Market Structure and Racial and Gender Discrimination:
Authors: Peoples James , Robinson Rhoda
Published: July 2006

Abstract.

The Annual Equal Employment Opportunity Reports and Current Population Survey files are used to examine employment and earnings by race and gender in the telecommunications industry following changes in the industry's affirmative action guidelines and following the divestiture of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. Nonblack minority men were the only underrepresented group to experience marked employment gains as managers and professional. The relative employment probability of other underrepresented workers remained similar to the levels experienced during the implementation of affirmative action guidelines. Earnings differentials did decline for minority men and white women in the telecommunications industry. However, this finding is only unique to black men as the earnings pattern for white women and nonblack minority men mirror that found for these groups nationally.
The Jerome Levy Economic Institute Conference:
Authors: Gwartney J. Ted , Tideman Nicolaus
Published: July 2006

Abstract.

The Jerome Levy Economic Institute at Bard College presented a program arranged by Professor Kris Feder on “Land Wealth and Poverty,” on November 2‐4,1995, Two of the talks presented are here reproduced with more to follow in subsequent issues of this Journal. J. Ted Gwartney, former senior appraisal officer of the Bank of America presented the view that a 4% tax on the value of land, as broadly defined, could provide revenue adequate for the removal of all other taxes. Professor Nicolaus Tideman argued the case of morality of taxation at the local level.
Part‐Time Employment of Married Women in the U.S.A
Authors: Lester Bijou Yang
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The rapid growth since 1970, and especially in the 1980s, of part‐time and temporary employment was attributed to the transition of the economy from manufacturing to service production and to labor demand side factors. Since part‐timers are predominantly women and the majority of the female labor force are married women, the association between the female labor force participation rate and the part‐time employment of married women across the 48 continental states of America in 1980 are explored. The empirical study supports the positive association between the two variables, but fails to support the role of the service sector in explaining part‐time employment of married women across the states of America.
Keynes On Markets
Authors: Mini Peter V.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The heart of modern economics is the study of “the market,” eventually ensuing in the General Equilibrium model. J. M. Keynes ignored, this line of inquiry but from 1907, when he was at the India Office, to the 1940s, when he made proposals for the post‐war reconstruction of the financial system, he often addressed himself to the functioning of markets. He is critical of many markets for promoting instability, and especially for embodying low values (greed, fears). It is suggested that Keynes’ views on markets were shaped by his personal experiences as an investor; by his realistic, non‐theoretical approach; by his anti‐Benthamite values and by his sensitivity to the unemployment and “chaos” they often caused.
The Trend of Aggregate Concentration in the United States Problems of Scope and Measurement
Authors: O'Neill Patrick B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Data on aggregate concentration in the United States economy for the years 1978 to 1987 are analyzed. Economy‐wide aggregate concentration decreased during this time period. Aggregate concentration increased in the retail trade, electric and gas utilities, and transportation sectors but decreased in the manufacturing and life insurance sectors. Issues surrounding the appropriate measurement of aggregate concentration are discussed.
The Death of Henry George: Scholar or Statesman?
Authors: Schwartzman Jack
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George was determined to complete his book on political economy (subsequently published as The Science of Political Economy) but in March 1897 his health began to deteriorate. Ignoring doctors’warnings George continued to work on his project and in June of 1897, George, as if not having enough to do, accepted the nomination to run for Mayor of Greater New York. At the night of his acceptance of the nomination George was already thin of body; and his face was ashen. Five days before the election, on October 28, 1897, George succumbed to the inevitable and was buried on November 1, 1897. His passing provoked a hundred thousand citizens to pass before his bier, and in so doing the crowd vindicated George s lifelong idea of the brotherhood of man.
The Business Cycle
Authors: Foldvary Fred E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Conventional macroeconomics lacks a warranted explanation of the major business cycle, while the Austrian and geo‐economic Georgist) schools have incomplete theories. A geo‐Austrian synthesis, in contrast, provides a potent theory consistent with historical cycles and with explanations about the root causes. The geo‐economic and Austrian schools have had little interaction in the past, despite many similarities (Yeager, 1954 and 1984). Though the theories of the schools are largely complementary, each providing content the other lacks, so far a synthesis has not been forthcoming; although some geo‐economists have incorporated elements of Austrian capital theory (e.g., Gaffney, 1994).
Tolstoy's Georgist spiritual Political Economy (1897–1910): Anarchism and Land Reform
Authors: Wenzer KennethC.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Following Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy's spiritual crisis in the late 1870s many had come to regard him as a “crackpot anarchist” espousing odd ideas such as vegetarianism, nonresistance, and a doctrine of love. The death of his friend Henry George in 1897 spurred him on to renewed endeavors. Tolstoy became the world's most noteworthy exponent of the American's ideology, which integrated his previously diffuse commitments. Armed with his universal moral and religious beliefs harmoniously and gently forged with Georgist philosophy, he became the conscience of the world. It was a monumental effort to ground justice in a rational economics and spread enlightenment for the benefit of suffering people.1
Labor Force and Welfare Program Participation: The Effects of Welfare
Authors: Gensler Howard J. , Walls W. David
Published: July 2006

Abstract This research examines the quantitative impacts of welfare program characteristics and individual characteristics on both the labor force and welfare participation decisions of low‐income females with children. The participation decisions are estimated jointly as a bivariate probit model using data derived from the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey for the years 1979 to 1990, inclusive. These data allow the estimation of the precise behavioral impacts of welfare. The main empirical findings are that effective welfare guarantee levels and the effective welfare tax rate on unearned income both significantly affect the probability of labor force and welfare program participation, but that such impacts are very small in magnitude. Implications for policy are discussed.
Technology Choice:
Authors: Goldberg Kalman , Highfill Jannett , McAsey Michael
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Suppose, unlike the endogenous growth literature, that technological innovation may actually create structural problems. If capital and labor inputs of specific skill levels are complementary, and new technology changes the skill mix needs, then this mismatch may create underemployment or unemployment. High‐tech investment maximizes output but at the expense of unemployment of unskilled workers; lower‐tech investment results in smaller unskilled labor unemployment, but a smaller increase in output (or underemployment of skilled labor). A policy solution for this tradeoff is to allocate investment between physical capital and human capital in the right proportions to ensure both maximum output and full employment.
Decentralizing Tragic Choices: Pooling Health Risks with Health Unions
Authors: K.Fung K.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Pooling health risks through insurance has led to cost explosion because centralized third‐party payers cannot deny even cost ineffective treatment for life‐and‐death cases without arousing a sense of tragedy and inviting legal challenges. If the same total health budget is distributed equally on a per capita basis, funding decisions for treatment can then be voted on in a decentralized manner. Because unfunded treatment would be a result of majority choice and not bureaucratic decision, both a sense of tragedy and legal challenges can be avoided. Health unions that serve as fund‐raising agencies and consumer advocates can coordinate such voting.
U.S. Competitive Position and Capital Investment Flows in the Economic Citizen Market:
Authors: Jolly Curtis M. , Knapp Mary , Kusumastanto Tridoyo
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Many countries hail economic citizenship as the new mechanism for encouraging capital mobility and economic development. Economic citizenship is the process of granting citizenship or residency to foreign individuals who have investment capital that will create jobs for citizens in the immigrant receiving country. Many developing and developed countries, including the Commonwealth of Dominica and Belize, Canada, Australia, and the United States, have embraced this concept with hopes of massive capital inflows to their countries. While this investment measure has been successful in a few countries, the U.S. has only been able to attract less than 10% annually of the targeted number of investors through this strategy. The U.S. has been further from its targeted annual allocation of visas than Dominica and Canada. The Economic Citizenship Program has less potential of affecting a small nation's levels of investment than a large one's. A number of socio‐political and economic reasons, including program cost and social adjustment, cause a slow influx of new immigrants and investments to the U.S.
Real Balances, the Price Level and the Unit of Account
Authors: Boianovsky Mauro
Published: July 2006

Abstract It is argued that Patinkin's introduction in his 1956 book of the stability analysis of the price level resulted in great measure from his reading of Wicksell's 1898 Interest and Prices. Both Patinkin and Wicksell based their treatments of the stability of the price level on what Patinkin used to call the “real balance effect.” That effect, however, does not operate under Wicksell's assumption of a competitive “pure credit economy”, where all transactions are carried out by bookkeeping transfers, and the unit of account is the same unit in which the accounts of banks are kept. In that case, Patinkin showed in the second (1965) edition of his book that the real balance effect–and, by that, the stability of the price level–would still be a feature of the system if profit maximizer banks held reserves, created by the central bank to settle temporary imbalances at the clearinghouse. According to Wicksell, on the other hand, a pure credit economy should consist of a central bank that attracts and remunerates deposits at the same interest rate charged for its loans, plus profit maximizer financial intermediaries that lend money for risky projects. The basic rate of interest set by the central bank decides, accordingly, the price level in such an economy. Wicksell's and Patinkin's approaches differ from the view put forward in the 1980s by the so‐called “new monetary economics” that the key to price level stabilization is the separation of the function of money as the unit of account from its function as the medium of exchange in pure accounting systems of exchange.
Determinants of Teenage Birth Rates as an Unpooled Sample
Authors: Tomal Annette
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Illinois teenage birth rates are estimated both as a pooled sample and also as an unpooled sample (under eighteen years old and eighteen to nineteen years old). The younger teens’are statistically significantly affected by the number of two‐parent families in the county. The older teens’birth rates have statistically significant coefficients for three additional predictors–county education and income levels and the percent of children living in poverty. Variables that do not have a statistically significant relationship with either group's birth rates are population density and the unemployment rate. The proportion of white population was a statistically significant determinant for the younger teens’birth rate.
Exonerating Wicksell:
Authors: Humphrey Thomas M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

James Ahiakpor correctly identifies classical writers as the true originators of the cumulative process analysis usually attributed to Knut Wicksell. Ahiakpor fails, however, to dislodge Wicksell from his place in the pantheon of monetary theorists. Wicksell contributed at least five innovations that advanced the cumulative process model far beyond its classical prototype.
Transaction Costs and the Structure of the Market: A Case Study
Authors: Wang Ninc
Published: July 2006

Abstract Drawing upon the development of fish markets in a Chinese fishery community, this paper investigates the impact of transaction costs on the institutional structure of exchange. Fish markets in this region are connected and organized into a hierarchical network. This structure of fish markets dramatically reduces the cost for geographically distanced fishermen and consumers to execute trades. However, the provision of the market itself requires entrepreneurial el forts. In this study, the market is conceptualized as a continuum of middlemen, whose entrepreneurial efforts of buying and selling make the market work. When the middleman makes profits, the market is at work. Otherwise, the market fails to emerge. Comparing the different ways of organizing fish transportation at two distinct villages, this paper shows that the choice of the market or the firm to organize fish transportation is determined by the cost of putting the market to work.
Serum melatonin circadian profiles in women suffering from cervical cancer
Authors: Karasek Michal , Kowalski Andrzej J. , Suzin Jacek , Zylinska Krystyna , Swietoslawski Jacek
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Although there is an increasing evidence that the pineal gland may play a role in human malignancy, the studies on melatonin concentrations in different types of malignant tumors brought about controversial results. However, changes in melatonin concentrations have been observed in some types of human malignant tumors. Therefore, we decided to study the circadian melatonin rhythm in patients suffering from cervical cancer in different stages of progression and to compare them with those in subjects free from neoplastic disease. A total of 45 women were analyzed in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 31 patients [mean age 52.1 ± 1.8 yr (mean ± S.E.M.), range 32–77 yr] with cervical cancer in various stages of the disease. The second group consisted of 14 healthy volunteers [mean age 53.5 ± 2.0 yr (mean ± S.E.M.), range 42–63] who served as the control group. Blood samples were collected at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 22:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, 06:00, and 08:00 hours. Melatonin concentration was measured by immunoenzymatic method. There were significant differences in circadian melatonin profiles as well as in the area under curve among the two studied groups. Melatonin concentrations were significantly lower in cancer patients in comparison with healthy individuals. Taking into consideration stage of the cervical cancer significantly lower melatonin secretion has been found in all subgroups of patients in comparison with that of tumor‐free control group. Additionally, nocturnal melatonin concentrations as well as area under curve were significantly lower in advanced stage of cancer (stages 3 and 4) in comparison with patients with preinvasive cancer (stage 0) at 24:00, 02:00, and 04:00 hours and patients with stage 1 disease at 02:00 and 04:00 hours. The results of the present study indicate that the presence of cervical cancer influences melatonin levels in women. Moreover, stage dependence in reduction of melatonin concentrations has been found.
The Shores of Hybridity: Shakespeare and the Mediterranean
Authors: Cantor Paul A.
Published: July 2006

Some critics in recent years have tried to shift the focus of Shakespeare’s universe to the Atlantic and make Shakespeare scholarship a branch of New World studies. But Shakespeare’s plays remain centered on the Mediterranean – roughly twenty of his thirty‐seven plays have Mediterranean settings. This Mediterranean focus does not, however, mean that Shakespeare’s vision is Eurocentric. In the Renaissance, the Mediterranean was a multicultural world, and recent studies have stressed in particular the important role the Ottoman Empire played in economic, political, and cultural developments in the sixteenth century. In such plays asThe Merchant of VeniceandOthelloShakespeare looks at the complex interplay of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Venice and other Mediterranean settings. For Shakespeare, the Mediterranean has a historical as well as a geographic dimension. Almost half of his Mediterranean plays are set in antiquity and reflect his awareness of the classical heritage of the Renaissance.
Intracellular Signaling by the Unfolded Protein Response
Authors: Bernales Sebastián , Papa Feroz R. , Walter Peter
Published: July 2006

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an intracellular signaling pathway that is activated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR activation triggers an extensive transcriptional response, which adjusts the ER protein folding capacity according to need. As such, the UPR constitutes a paradigm of an intracellular control mechanism that adjusts organelle abundance in response to environmental or developmental clues. The pathway involves activation of ER unfolded protein sensors that operate in parallel circuitries to transmit information across the ER membrane, activating a set of downstream transcription factors by mechanisms that are unusual yet rudimentarily conserved in all eukaryotes. Recent results shed light on the mechanisms by which unfolded proteins are sensed in the ER and by which the unfolded protein signals are relayed and integrated to reestablish homeostasis in the cell's protein folding capacity or—if this cannot be achieved—commit cells to apoptosis.
Cationic long-chain ceramide LCL-30 induces cell death by mitochondrial targeting in SW403 cells
Authors: Dindo Daniel , Dahm Felix , Szulc Zdzislaw , Bielawska Alicja , Obeid Lina M. , Hannun Yusuf A. , Graf Rolf , Clavien Pierre-Alain
Published: July 2006

Ceramides are sphingolipid second messengers that are involved in the mediation of cell death. There is accumulating evidence that mitochondria play a central role in ceramide-derived toxicity. We designed a novel cationic long-chain ceramide [ω-pyridinium bromide d-erythro-C16-ceramide (LCL-30)] targeting negatively charged mitochondria. Our results show that LCL-30 is highly cytotoxic to SW403 cells (and other cancer cell lines) and preferentially accumulates in mitochondria, resulting in a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Ultrastructural analyses support the concept of mitochondrial selectivity. Interestingly, levels of endogenous mitochondrial C16-ceramide decreased by more than half, whereas levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate increased dramatically and selectively in mitochondria after administration of LCL-30, suggesting the presence of a mitochondrial sphingosine kinase. Of note, intracellular long-chain ceramide levels and sphingosine-1-phosphate remained unaffected in the cytosolic and extramitochondrial (nuclei/cellular membranes) cellular fractions. Furthermore, a synergistic effect of cotreatment of LCL-30 and doxorubicin was observed, which was not related to alterations in endogenous ceramide levels. Cationic long-chain pyridinium ceramides might be promising new drugs for cancer therapy through their mitochondrial preference. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1520–9]
The Social Contract and Beyond in Broadcast Media Policy
Authors: Flew Terry
Published: July 2006

This article undertakes an institutionalist analysis of broadcast media policy, analyzing sources of both stability and change over time. It draws attention to the distinctive features of broadcast licenses as a form of soft property and the significance of policy settlements as ways in which regulators in different countries have managed the relationship between private ownership and public interest. It traces the development of broadcast media policy in Australia from the 1950s to the present in this light, arguing that continuities in policy over time that have favored incumbent commercial interests have been the prevailing pattern of policy outcomes. The article concludes by raising issues about whether a social democratic approach to media policy should support the introduction of greater market competition in a multiplatform environment rather than seek to maintain the existing broadcasting order and draws on so-called new public interest literature to make this argument.
The PDZ-GEF Dizzy regulates cell shape of migrating macrophages via Rap1 and integrins in theDrosophilaembryo
Authors: Huelsmann Sven , Hepper Christina , Marchese Daniele , Knöll Christian , Reuter Rolf
Published: July 2006

In Drosophila embryos, macrophages originate from the cephalic mesoderm and perform a complex migration throughout the entire embryo. The molecular mechanisms regulating this cell migration remain largely unknown. We identified the Drosophila PDZ G-nucleotide exchange factor (PDZ-GEF)Dizzy as a component essential for normal macrophage migration. In mutants lacking Dizzy, macrophages have smaller cellular protrusions, and their migration is slowed down significantly. This phenotype appears to be cell-autonomous, as it is also observed in embryos with a dsRNA-induced reduction of dizzy function in macrophages. In a complementary fashion, macrophages overexpressing Dizzy are vastly extended and form very long protrusions. These cell shape changes depend on the function of the small GTPase Rap1: in rap1 mutants, Dizzy is unable to induce the large protrusions. Furthermore, forced expression of a dominant-active form of Rap1,but not of the wild-type form, induces similar cell shape changes as Dizzy does overexpression. These findings suggest that Dizzy acts through Rap1. We propose that integrin-dependent adhesion is a Rap1-mediated target of Dizzy activity: in integrin mutants, neither Dizzy nor Rap1 can induce cell shape changes in macrophages. These data provide the first link between a PDZ-GEF,the corresponding small GTPase and integrin-dependent cell adhesion during cell migration in embryonic development.
Regulation of ectodermal Wnt6 expression by the neural tube is transduced by dermomyotomal Wnt11: a mechanism of dermomyotomal lip sustainment
Authors: Geetha-Loganathan Poongodi , Nimmagadda Suresh , Huang Ruijin , Christ Bodo , Scaal Martin
Published: July 2006

Ectodermal Wnt6 plays an important role during development of the somites and the lateral plate mesoderm. In the course of development, Wnt6expression shows a dynamic pattern. At the level of the segmental plate and the epithelial somites, Wnt6 is expressed in the entire ectoderm overlying the neural tube, the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate mesoderm. With somite maturation, expression becomes restricted to the lateral ectoderm covering the ventrolateral lip of the dermomyotome and the lateral plate mesoderm. To study the regulation of Wnt6 expression, we have interfered with neighboring signaling pathways. We show that Wnt1 and Wnt3a signaling from the neural tube inhibit Wnt6 expression in the medial surface ectoderm via dermomyotomal Wnt11. We demonstrate that Wnt11 is an epithelialization factor acting on the medial dermomyotome, and present a model suggesting Wnt11 and Wnt6 as factors maintaining the epithelial nature of the dorsomedial and ventrolateral lips of the dermomyotome, respectively,during dermomyotomal growth.