bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reticulospinal neurons controlling forward and backward swimming in the lamprey
Authors: Zelenin P. V.
Published: January 2011

Most vertebrates are capable of two forms of locomotion, forward and backward, strongly differing in the patterns of motor coordination. Basic mechanisms generating these patterns are located in the spinal cord; they are activated and regulated by supraspinal commands. In the lamprey, these commands are transmitted by reticulospinal (RS) neurons. The aim of this study was to reveal groups of RS neurons controlling different aspects of forward (FS) and backward (BS) swimming in the lamprey. Activity of individual larger RS neurons in intact lampreys was recorded during FS and BS by chronically implanted electrodes. It was found that among the neurons activated during locomotion, 27% were active only during FS, 3% only during BS, and 70% during both FS and BS. In a portion of RS neurons, their mean firing frequency was correlated with frequency of body undulations during FS (8%), during BS (34%), or during both FS and BS (22%), suggesting their involvement in control of locomotion intensity. RS activity was phasically modulated by the locomotor rhythm during FS (20% of neurons), during BS (29%), or during both FS and BS (16%). The majority of RS neurons responding to vestibular stimulation (and presumably involved in control of body orientation) were active mainly during FS. This explains the absence of stabilization of the body orientation observed during BS. We discuss possible functions of different groups of RS neurons, i.e., activation of the spinal locomotor CPG, inversion of the direction of propagation of locomotor waves, and postural control.
Hyaluronan as an Immune Regulator in Human Diseases
Authors: Jiang Dianhua , Liang Jiurong , Noble Paul W.
Published: January 2011

Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety of immune cells at the injury site. Hyaluronan binds to a number of cell surface proteins on various cell types. Hyaluronan fragments signal through both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 as well as CD44 to stimulate inflammatory genes in inflammatory cells. Hyaluronan is also present on the cell surface of epithelial cells and provides protection against tissue damage from the environment by interacting with TLR2 and TLR4. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins regulate inflammation, tissue injury, and repair through regulating inflammatory cell recruitment, release of inflammatory cytokines, and cell migration. This review focuses on the role of hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases.
Dosage of 2,6-Bis (1.1-Dimethylethyl)-4-Methylphenol (BHT) in the Plant ExtractMesembryanthemum crystallinum
Authors: Ibtissem Bouftira , Imen Mgaidi , Souad Sfar
Published: January 2011

A naturally occurring BHT was identified in the leaves of the halophyte plantMesembryanthemum crystallinum. This phenol was extracted in this study by two methods at the different plant growth stages. One of the methods was better for BHT extraction; the concentration of this phenol is plant growth stage dependent. In this study, the floraison stage has the highest BHT concentration. The antioxidant activity of the plant extract was not related to BHT concentration. The higher antioxidant activity is obtained at seedlings stage.
A Cost-Effective 10-Bit D/A Converter for Digital-Input MOEMS Micromirror Actuation
Authors: Saponara Sergio , Baldetti Tommaso , Fanucci Luca
Published: January 2011

The design of a 10-bit resistor-string digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for MOEMS micromirror interfacing is addressed in this paper. The proposed DAC, realized in a 0.18-μm BCD technology, features a folded resistor-string stage with a switch matrix and address decoders plus an output voltage buffer stage. The proposed DAC and buffer circuitry are key elements of an innovative scanning micromirror actuator, characterized by direct digital input, full differential driving, and linear response. With respect to the the state-of-the-art resistor-string converters in similar technologies, the proposed DAC has comparable nonlinearity (INL, DNL) performances while it has the advantage of a smaller area occupation, 0.17 mm2, including output buffer, and relatively low-power consumption, 200 μW at 500 kSPS and few μW in idle mode.
Pectinolytic and Cellulolytic Enzymes EnhanceFusarium compactumVirulence on Tubercles Infection of Egyptian Broomrape
Authors: Babalola Olubukola O.
Published: January 2011

The use of enzyme could facilitate pathogen penetration into plant host. Here the combination of cellulase and pectinase was ascertained on the pathogenicity ofF. compactum(1.4×106  propagules ml−1) on broomrape tubercles.F. compactumalone infected all the inoculated tubercles but did not kill any significant number. Infested tomato roots that were inoculated with mycelia plus pectinase (20 U ml−1) had over 50% tubercles dead one week after treatment. Those inoculated with mycelia plus cellulase (20 U ml−1) had above 60% mortality. Mixtures of mycelial plus the two enzymes (10 U ml−1of each enzyme) showed synergy. The activity catalyzed by an enzyme is a measure of the amount of enzyme present. It was shown that, in a 1 mg (10 U mg−1) cellulase used, 0.055 mg pectinase (1.1 U mg−1) is present. This explains why mycelial plus cellulase mix contends with mycelial plus the two enzymes.
The T-Cell Immune Response against Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Authors: Robey Rebecca C. , Mletzko Salvinia , Gotch Frances M.
Published: January 2011

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the aetiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most frequently arising malignancy in individuals with untreated HIV/AIDS. There are several lines of evidence to indicate that Kaposi's sarcoma oncogenesis is associated with loss of T-cell-mediated control of KSHV-infected cells. KSHV can establish life-long asymptomatic infection in immune-competent individuals. However, when T-cell immune control declines, for example, through AIDS or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, both the prevalence of KSHV infection and the incidence of KS in KSHV carriers dramatically increase. Moreover, a dramatic and spontaneous improvement in KS is frequently seen when immunity is restored, for example, through antiretroviral therapy or the cessation of iatrogenic drugs. In this paper we describe the current state of knowledge on the T-cell immune responses against KSHV.
Cystic Dilation of the Aqueductus Sylvii in Case of Trisomy 17p11.2—pter with the Deletion of the Terminal Portion of the Chromosome 6
Authors: Horváth Emese , Sikovanyecz János , Pál Attila , Kaiser László , Bálint Bálint L. , Szilárd Póliska , Kozinszky Zoltán , Szabó János
Published: January 2011

Since the 1970s, about 30 cases of partial or complete trisomy 17p have been presented in the literature. Partial trisomies of the short arm of chromosome 17 are somewhat more common, but complete trisomy is quite rare. Most of these cases were described in infants and newborns; and to our knowledge only 3 cases of trisomy 17p have been detected intrauterine. Phenotypic features of trisomy 17p in fetuses are intrauterine growth retardation, ventriculomegaly, cleft lip and cleft palate, micrognathia, horseshoe kidneys, single umbilical artery, and congenital heart defects. The sonographic and foetopathologic findings of a pregnancy trisomy 17p11.2—pter with the deletion of the terminal portion of the chromosome 6 due to paternal balanced translocation are described in this case report.
A New Robust Training Law for Dynamic Neural Networks with External Disturbance: An LMI Approach
Authors: Ahn Choon Ki
Published: January 2011

A new robust training law, which is called an input/output‐to‐state stable training law (IOSSTL), is proposed for dynamic neural networks with external disturbance. Based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) formulation, the
IOSSTL is presented to not only guarantee exponential stability but also reduce the effect of an external disturbance. It is shown that the IOSSTL can be obtained by solving the LMI, which can be easily facilitated by using some standard numerical
packages. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed IOSSTL.
Wound Healing in Mice with High-Fat Diet- orobGene-Induced Diabetes-Obesity Syndromes: A Comparative Study
Authors: Seitz Oliver , Schürmann Christoph , Hermes Nadine , Müller Elke , Pfeilschifter Josef , Frank Stefan , Goren Itamar
Published: January 2011

In the past, the genetically diabetic-obesediabetes/diabetes(db/db) andobese/obese(ob/ob) mouse strains were used to investigate mechanisms of diabetes-impaired wound healing. Here we determined patterns of skin repair in genetically normal C57Bl/6J mice that were fed using a high fat diet (HFD) to induce a diabetes-obesity syndrome. Wound closure was markedly delayed in HFD-fed mice compared to mice which had received a standard chow diet (CD). Impaired wound tissue of HFD mice showed a marked prolongation of wound inflammation. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was delayed and associated with the disturbed formation of wound margin epithelia and an impaired angiogenesis in the reduced granulation tissue. Normal wound contraction was retarded and disordered. Wound disorders in obese C57Bl/6J mice were paralleled by a prominent degradation of the inhibitor of NFκB (IκB-α) in the absence of an Akt activation. By contrast to impaired wound conditions inob/obmice, late wounds of HFD mice did not develop a chronic inflammatory state and were epithelialized after 11 days of repair. Thus, only genetically obese and diabeticob/obmice finally developed chronic wounds and therefore represent a better suited experimental model to investigate diabetes-induced wound healing disorders.
Homogenization Topology Optimization Method Based on Continuous Field
Authors: Zhao Hongwei , Long Kai , Ma Z.-D.
Published: January 2011

In order to overcome numerical instabilities such as checkerboards, meshdependence in topology optimization of continuum structures, a new implementation combined with homogenization method without introducing any additional constraint parameter is presented. To overcome the shortcoming of continuous material distribution by the introduction of finite element approximation, moving least square or modified filter functions are adopted as interpolation function. The method can be viewed as a nature extension of node-based homogenization method and named as material point homogenization method. Continuous size field and continuous density field are constructed, and structural responses' sensitivities are derived. Several representative numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the capability and the efficiency of the proposed approach against some classes of numerical instabilities.
Central Limit Theorem for Coloured Hard Dimers
Authors: Bernabei Maria Simonetta , Thaler Horst
Published: January 2011

We study the central limit theorem for a class of coloured graphs. This means that we investigate the limit behavior of certain random variables whose values are combinatorial parameters associated to these graphs. The techniques used at arriving this result comprise combinatorics, generating functions, and conditional expectations.
Dynamic Tracking with Zero Variation and Disturbance Rejection Applied to Discrete‐Time Systems
Authors: de Aguiar Teixeira Mendes Renato , Assunção Edvaldo , Teixeira Marcelo C. M. , Andrea Cristiano Q.
Published: January 2011

The problem of signal tracking in discrete linear time invariant systems, in the presence of a disturbance signal in the plant, is solved using a new zero‐variation methodology. A discrete‐time dynamic output feedback controller is designed in order to minimize theℋ∞norm between the exogen input and the output signal of the system, such that the effect of the disturbance is attenuated. Then, the zeros modification is used to minimize theℋ∞norm from the reference input signal to the error signal. The error is taken as the difference between the reference and the output signal. The proposed design is formulated in linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) framework, such that the optimal solution of the stated problem is obtained. The method can be applied to plants with delay. The control of a delayed system illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Synthesis of One Dimensional Gold Nanostructures
Authors: Li Hongchen , Kan Caixia , Yi Zhaoguang , Ding Xiaolong , Cao Yanli , Zhu Jiejun
Published: January 2011

Gold nanostructures with shapes of rod, dumbbells, and dog bone have been fabricated by an improved seed‐mediated method. It is found that the pH change (the addition of HNO3 or HCl) and the presence of Ag+ ions have a great influence on the growth process and aspect ratios of these Au nanocrystals. UV‐Vis‐NIR absorption spectra for the Au colloidal show that the transverse plasmon absorption band locates at ~520 nm, while the longitudinal plasmon absorption band shifts in a wide spectra region of 750–1100 nm. The obtained Au nanostructures have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffractometer. Based on the characterizations and FDTD simulations, most of the obtained Au nanorods are single crystals, possessing an octagonal cross‐section bounded by {110} and {100} faces. One model for the anisotropic growth has been proposed. It is found that slow kinetics favor the formation of single‐crystalline Au nanorods.
Moving Heat Source Reconstruction from the Cauchy Boundary Data
Authors: Roberty Nilson C. , Rainha Marcelo L. S.
Published: January 2011

We consider the problem of reconstruction of an unknown characteristic transient thermal source inside a domain. By introducing the definition of an extended dirichlet‐to‐Neumann map in the time‐space cylinder and the adoption of the anisotropic Sobolev‐Hilbert spaces, we can treat the problem with methods similar to those used in the analysis of the stationary source reconstruction problem. Further, the finite differenceθscheme applied to the transient heat conduction equation leads to a model based on a sequence of modified Helmholtz equation solutions. For each modified Helmholtz equation the characteristic star‐shape source function may be reconstructed uniquely from the Cauchy boundary data. Using representation formula, we establish reciprocity functional mapping functions that are solutions of the modified Helmholtz equation to their integral in the unknown characteristic support.
The Fruit FlyDrosophila melanogasteras a Model System to Study Cholesterol Metabolism and Homeostasis
Authors: Niwa Ryusuke , Niwa Yuko S.
Published: January 2011

Cholesterol has long been recognized for its versatile roles in influencing the biophysical properties of cell membranes and for serving as a precursor of steroid hormones. While many aspects of cholesterol biosynthesis are well understood, little is currently known about the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis. Recently, genetic approaches in the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster, have been successfully used for the analysis of molecular mechanisms that regulate cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis. This paper summarizes the recent studies on genes that regulate cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis, includingneverland,Niemann Pick type C(NPC) diseasegenes, andDHR96.
Hybrid Algorithm for Finding Common Elements of the Set of Generalized Equilibrium Problems and the Set of Fixed Point Problems of Strictly Pseudocontractive Mapping
Authors: Kangtunyakarn Atid
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this paper is to prove the strong convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of fixed point problems of strictly pseudocontractive mapping in Hilbert spaces and two sets of generalized equilibrium problems by using the hybrid method.
Impact of Integrated Amrita Meditation Technique on Adrenaline and Cortisol Levels in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Vandana Balakrishnan , Vaidyanathan Kannan , Saraswathy Lakshmiy Ammal , Sundaram Karimassery Ramaiyer , Kumar Harish
Published: January 2011

The objective was to find out the effect of Integrated Amrita Meditation Technique (IAM) on the stress hormones: adrenaline and cortisol. One hundred and fifty healthy subjects were randomized into three groups. Blood was collected at 0 hour, 48 hours, 2 months, and 8 months after the first visit. Adrenaline was analyzed by ELISA and cortisol by Chemiluminescent method. In the IAM, PMR and control groups 44, 44, and 36 came, respectively, for the baseline visit. Within group, cortisol and adrenaline levels reduced in the IAM 48 hours onwards and the fall sustained until 8 months (P < .05). ANCOVA (Repeated measures) on adrenaline taking the four levels of observation showed a highly significant (P = .001) drop in the IAM group. The mean cortisol values between groups were not statistically significant (P = .138). IAM Technique was effective in reducing adrenaline and cortisol levels within group comparisons.
Quantitative CT: Associations between Emphysema, Airway Wall Thickness and Body Composition in COPD
Authors: Rutten Erica P. A. , Grydeland Thomas B. , Pillai Sreekumar G. , Wagers Scott , Dirksen Asger , Coxson Harvey O. , Gulsvik Amund , Wouters Emiel F. M. , Bakke Per S.
Published: January 2011

The objective of the present study was to determine the association between CT phenotypes—emphysema by low attenuation area and bronchitis by airway wall thickness—and body composition parameters in a large cohort of subjects with and without COPD. In 452 COPD subjects and 459 subjects without COPD, CT scans were performed to determine emphysema (%LAA), airway wall thickness (AWT-Pi10), and lung mass. Muscle wasting based on FFMI was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. In both the men and women with COPD, FFMI was negatively associated with %LAA. FMI was positively associated with AWT-Pi10 in both subjects with and without COPD. Among the subjects with muscle wasting, the percentage emphysema was high, but the predictive value was moderate. In conclusion, the present study strengthens the hypothesis that the subgroup of COPD cases with muscle wasting have emphysema. Airway wall thickness is positively associated with fat mass index in both subjects with and without COPD.
Impacted Chicken Bone in the Laryngopharynx: A Case Report
Authors: Mesallam Tamer A.
Published: January 2011

Objective. To describe a rare case of an impacted large foreign body (chicken bone) in the laryngopharynx.Case Report. A 28-years-old man presented with pain in the neck of 5 days duration. The patient gave a history of severe choking sensation while eating chicken. Laryngoscopic examination revealed a linear whitish large chicken bone impacted in the left pyriform fossa. The bone was removed under local anesthesia with the guidance of telescopic laryngeal examination.Conclusion. This paper describes impaction of a large chicken bone in the hypopharynx in an adult male patient and its removal with guided telescopic laryngeal examination.
Second Generation Antipsychotics Improve Sexual Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed , Hayhurst Karen P. , Drake Richard J. , Lewis Shôn W.
Published: January 2011

The impact of antipsychotic drug treatment on sexual function was investigated during a randomised trial comparing first generation antipsychotics (FGAs) to (nonclozapine) second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Sexual function and quality of life were (rater-blind) assessed in 42 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia (aged 18–65) using the self-report version of the Derogatis Interview for Sexual Function (DISF-SR) and the Heinrichs Quality of Life Scale (QLS), prior to, and 12 weeks following, a change in medication from an FGA drug to either an FGA or SGA drug. SGAs significantly improved sexual function compared to FGAs. Change in sexual function was associated with change in quality of life. Where impaired sexual functioning is a distressing adverse effect of treatment with an FGA agent, consideration should be given to switching to an SGA.
Graphs Based on BCK/BCI‐Algebras
Authors: Jun Young Bae , Lee Kyoung Ja
Published: January 2011

The associated graphs of BCK/BCI‐algebras will be studied. To do so, the
notions of (l‐prime) quasi‐ideals and zero divisors are first introduced and
related properties are investigated. The concept of associative graph of a
BCK/BCI‐algebra is introduced, and several examples are displayed.
Nonresonant Cross-Section, Fano-Shape Parameter and Correlation Coefficient for the Photoionization of 2s2p (1P∘) in Heliumlike
Authors: Niane Aliou , Boye Faye Ndeye Arame , Ndao Ababacar Sadikh , Konte Almamy
Published: January 2011

The nonresonant cross-section, Fano-shape parameter q and coefficient parameter
ρ2 have been calculated for the photoionization of helium and heliumlike under the n=2 threshold of the residual ions. Dipole matrix elements which correspond to the transitions from 1s2(S1e) to (0,1)22+ P1∘ state and from (0,1)22+ state to continuum state 1sεp (P1∘) were determined by choosing, for the ground state, the six-parameter Hylleraas wave function including electron correlation effects and a completely screened Coulomb wave function for the continuum. Energies and widths have been determined in the diagonalization method. The results are compared with available results obtained by other theoretical approaches.
A Novel Paclitaxel Microemulsion Containing a Reduced Amount of Cremophor EL: Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Wang Ying , Wu Ke-Chun , Zhao Bing-Xiang , Zhao Xin , Wang Xin , Chen Su , Nie Shu-Fang , Pan Wei-San , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Qiang
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to prepare a novel paclitaxel (PTX) microemulsion containing a reduced amount of Cremophor EL (CrEL) which had similar pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy as the commercially available PTX injection, but a significantly reduced allergic effect due to the CrEL. The pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, in vivo antitumor activity and safety of PTX microemulsion was evaluated. The results of pharmacokinetic and distribution properties of PTX in the microemulsion were similar to those of the PTX injection. The antitumor efficacy of the PTX microemulsion in OVCRA‐3 and A 549 tumor‐bearing animals was similar to that of PTX injection. The PTX microemulsion did not cause haemolysis, erythrocyte agglutination or simulative reaction. The incidence and degree of allergic reactions exhibited by the PTX microemulsion group, with or without premedication, were significantly lower than those in the PTX injection group (P < .01). In conclusion, the PTX microemulsion had similar pharmacokinetics and anti‐tumor efficacy to the PTX injection, but a significantly reduced allergic effect due to CrEL, indicating that the PTX microemulsion overcomes the disadvantages of the conventional PTX injection and is one way of avoiding the limitations of current injection product while providing suitable therapeutic efficacy.
Inflammatory Process Modulation by HomeopathicArnica montana6CH: The Role of Individual Variation
Authors: Kawakami Ana Paula , Sato Cesar , Cardoso Thayna Neves , Bonamin Leoni Villano
Published: January 2011

The effects ofArnica montana6cH on the individual modulation of acute inflammation kinetics in rats were evaluated. Adult male Wistar rats were inoculated with 1% carrageenan into the footpad and treated withArnica montana6cH, dexamethasone (4.0 mg/kg; positive control) or 5% hydroalcoholic solution (negative control),per os, each 15 minutes, between 30 and 180 minutes after the irritant inoculation. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry procedures were done in order to get a panel of inflammatory positive cells for CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD45RA (B lymphocytes), CD18 (beta 2 integrin), CD163 (ED2 protein), CD54 (ICAM‐1), and MAC 387 (monocytes and macrophages). The statistical treatment of data included aposterioriclassification of animals from each group (N= 20) in two subgroups presenting spontaneousprecociousorlateoedema. Animals that presented precocious oedema were less responsible toArnica montana6cH in relation to hemodynamic changes. Instead, rats that exhibitedlateoedema presented less intense oedema (P= .01), lower percentage of mast cell degranulation (P= .0001), and increase in lymphatic vessels diameter (P= .05). The data suggest an individually qualitative adjustment of inflammatory vascular events byArnica montana6cH.
Thyrotoxic Dysphagia in an 82-Year-Old Male
Authors: Parperis Konstantinos , Dadu Ramona , Hoq Sheikh , Argento Vivian
Published: January 2011

Dysphagia is a common problem in elderly patients and a rare manifestation of Graves' disease. We report a case of an 82-year-old male who presented with a 4-week history of dysphagia and weight loss. Workup for his dysphagia with upper endoscopy, MRI brain, electromyography, acetyl-cholinesterase receptor antibodies, and voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies were negative. Modified Barium swallow test showed oropharyngeal dysphagia. Thyroid function tests that revealed hyperthyroidism and antibodies to TSH-receptor were positive. Based on the above findings, we considered Graves' disease as the most likely diagnosis. Patient was treated with methimazole and beta-blockers and subsequently his dysphagia resolved. This paper highlights the importance to clinicians of considering thyrotoxicosis as possible diagnosis in an elderly patient presenting with unexplained dysphagia.
Convergence Analysis for a System of Generalized Equilibrium Problems and a Countable Family of Strict Pseudocontractions
Authors: Cholamjiak Prasit , Suantai Suthep
Published: January 2011

We introduce a new iterative algorithm for a system of generalized equilibrium problems and a countable family of strict pseudocontractions in Hilbert spaces. We then prove that the sequence generated by the proposed algorithm converges strongly to a common element in the solutions set of a system of generalized equilibrium problems and the common fixed points set of an infinitely countable family of strict pseudocontractions.
New Strategies in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer: Many Combinations of Targeted Drugs Available
Authors: Abramson Vandana , Arteaga Carlos L.
Published: January 2011

The anti-HER2 drugs trastuzumab and lapatinib are increasingly changing the natural history of early and metastatic HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Many other agents targeted against the HER2 signaling network are in clinical development, and these are or will soon be combined with the currently approved anti-HER2 therapies. We review herein recent data in support of the early use of combinations of agents targeted to the HER2 network as the most rational approach against this subtype of breast cancer. We propose that the optimal combination or combinations of anti-HER2 agents delivered early in the natural history of HER2+ breast cancer should close to eliminate acquired drug resistance, shorten the duration of therapy, and potentially dispense with the need of concurrent chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 17(5); 952–8. ©2011 AACR.
Association of IFN-γ Signal Transduction Defects with Impaired HLA Class I Antigen Processing in Melanoma Cell Lines
Authors: Respa Annedore , Bukur Juergen , Ferrone Soldano , Pawelec Graham , Zhao Yingdong , Wang Ena , Marincola Francesco M. , Seliger Barbara
Published: January 2011

Purpose: Abnormalities in the constitutive and IFN-γ–inducible HLA class I surface antigen expression of tumor cells is often associated with an impaired expression of components of the antigen processing machinery (APM). Hence, we analyzed whether there exists a link between the IFN-γ signaling pathway, constitutive HLA class I APM component expression, and IFN-γ resistance.

Experimental Design: The basal and IFN-γ–inducible expression profiles of HLA class I APM and IFN-γ signal transduction cascade components were assessed in melanoma cells by real-time PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis and/or flow cytometry, the integrity of the Janus activated kinase (JAK) 2 locus by comparative genomic hybridization. JAK2 was transiently overexpressed in JAK2− cells. The effect of IFN-γ on the cell growth was assessed by XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-S-sulfophenynl)-H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt] assay.

Results: The analysis of 8 melanoma cell lines linked the IFN-γ unresponsiveness of Colo 857 cells determined by lack of inducibility of HLA class I surface expression on IFN-γ treatment to a deletion of JAK2 on chromosome 9, whereas other IFN-γ signaling pathway components were not affected. In addition, the constitutive HLA class I APM component expression levels were significantly reduced in JAK2− cells. Furthermore, JAK2-deficient cells were also resistant to the antiproliferative effect of IFN-γ. Transfection of wild-type JAK2 into JAK2− Colo 857 not only increased the basal APM expression but also restored their IFN-γ sensitivity.

Conclusions: Impaired JAK2 expression in melanoma cells leads to reduced basal expression of MHC class I APM components and impairs their IFN-γ inducibility, suggesting that malfunctional IFN-γ signaling might cause HLA class I abnormalities. Clin Cancer Res; 17(9); 2668–78. ©2011 AACR.
IL-6–174 G/C and ApoE Gene Polymorphisms in Alzheimer’s and Vascular Dementia Patients Attending the Cognitive Disorder Clinic of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Authors: Mansoori Nasim , Tripathi Manjari , Alam Rizwan , Luthra Kalpana , Ramakrishnan Lakshmy , Parveen Shama , Mukhopadhyay Asok K.
Published: January 2011

Background: Remarkable improvement in the life expectancy of the Indian population is expected to commensurate with the increase in number of dementia cases. Among various types of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are common and widely studied. We evaluated the role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)–174 G/C gene polymorphism along with serum IL-6 levels in AD and VaD patients. Methods: The polymorphisms in ApoE and IL-6–174 G/C genes were assessed using RFLP. Serum IL-6 level was measured by ELISA. Results: The allele Ε4 of the ApoE gene was found to be associated with AD and VaD patients (p < 0.05). No association of IL-6–174 G/C polymorphism was observed in AD patients, while the IL-6–174 C allele increased the odds of having VaD twofold. Regression analysis to assess possible interaction between ApoE and the IL-6–174 G/C genes revealed that presence of both the Ε4 and C alleles increased the odds of having AD 13.75-fold and VaD 14.7-fold. Serum IL-6 levels did not correlate with either presence or severity of disease among AD or VaD patients. Conclusion: The ApoE Ε4 allele is an important genetic marker for AD and VaD. Presence of both ApoE Ε4 and IL-6 C genes increases the OR of having AD and VaD markedly.
Engineered Vascular Tissue Fabricated from Aggregated Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Gwyther Tracy A. , Hu Jason Z. , Christakis Alexander G. , Skorinko Jeremy K. , Shaw Sharon M. , Billiar Kristen L. , Rolle Marsha W.
Published: January 2011

The goal of this study was to develop a system to rapidly generate engineered tissue constructs from aggregated cells and cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) to enable evaluation of cell-derived tissue structure and function. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells seeded into annular agarose wells (2, 4 or 6 mm inside diameter) aggregated and formed thick tissue rings within 2 weeks of static culture (0.76 mm at 8 days; 0.94 mm at 14 days). Overall, cells appeared healthy and surrounded by ECM comprised of glycosoaminoglycans and collagen, although signs of necrosis were observed near the centers of the thickest rings. Tissue ring strength and stiffness values were superior to those reported for engineered tissue constructs cultured for comparable times. The strength (100–500 kPa) and modulus (0.5–2 MPa) of tissue rings increased with ring size and decreased with culture duration. Finally, tissue rings cultured for 7 days on silicone mandrels fused to form tubular constructs. Ring margins were visible after 7 days, but tubes were cohesive and mechanically stable, and histological examination confirmed fusion between ring subunits. This unique system provides a versatile new tool for optimization and functional assessment of cell-derived tissue, and a new approach to creating tissue-engineered vascular grafts.
Differences between Cerebrovascular Reactivity to L-Arginine in the Anterior and Posterior Cerebral Circulation
Authors: Perko Denis , Pretnar-Oblak Janja , Šabovič Mišo , Žvan Bojana , Zaletel Marjan
Published: January 2011

Background: Cerebral endothelial function might be different in distinct cerebrovascular territory, thereby making these areas more susceptible to ischemia and stroke. Higher incidence and prevalence of stroke in males suggest that gender could have a strong influence on this difference. In order to evaluate cerebral endothelial function, we compared cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to L-arginine in the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation in healthy young males and females. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects, 15 females (32.1 ± 7.1 years) and 15 males (32.2 ± 6.3 years), were included. The mean arterial velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) was measured by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after intravenous infusion of L-arginine, and CVR to L-arginine was then calculated. Results: CVR to L-arginine was significantly higher in PCA than in MCA in all subjects (19.2 ± 8.2 vs. 13.6 ± 7.1%, p ≤ 0.01). In addition, CVR to L-arginine was significantly more pronounced in females compared to males in PCA (22.7 ± 8.3 vs. 15.8 ± 6.7%, p ≤ 0.01) and MCA (16.8 ± 6.4 vs. 10.4 ± 6.4%, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Lower CVR to L-arginine and therefore lower cerebral endothelial function in the anterior cerebral circulation and in males might be related to the higher incidence of ischemia and stroke in the anterior cerebral circulation, particularly in males.
New Mutation in Erythroid-Specific Delta-Aminolevulinate Synthase as the Cause of X-Linked Sideroblastic Anemia Responsive to Pyridoxine
Authors: Kucerova Jana , Horvathova Monika , Mojzikova Renata , Belohlavkova Petra , Cermak Jaroslav , Divoky Vladimir
Published: January 2011

Background/Aims: Congenital sideroblastic anemias (SA) are characterized by the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow. The most common form is X-linked SA, which results from mutations in erythroid-specific δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2), the first enzyme in heme biosynthesis. In addition, autosomal recessive mutations in the erythroid-specific mitochondrial transporter SLC25A38 and glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5) have recently been identified in SA patients with isolated erythroid phenotype. Materials and Methods: We studied 5 young males with congenital SA from the Czech Republic. Mutation analysis was performed on the complete coding regions of 3 candidate genes (ALAS2, SLC25A38 and GLRX5), and the enzyme activity of ALAS2 was measured by a continuous spectrophotometric assay. Results: We found the previously published R452H and R452C ALAS2 mutations in 3 patients. A novel K156E substitution in ALAS2 was discovered in 1 pyridoxine-responsive patient. The functional study showed that this substitution severely decreases ALAS2 enzyme activity. In 1 pyridoxine-refractory patient, no mutations were detected in ALAS2, SLC25A38 or GLRX5. Conclusion: Our report extends the list of known ALAS2 mutations, with the addition of a novel K156E substitution that is responsive to pyridoxine treatment and contributes to the general knowledge of congenital SA cases characterized worldwide.
Methods and Design of the Baseline Survey of the Neurological Disorders in Salamanca (NEDISA) Cohort: A Population-Based Study in Central-Western Spain
Authors: Cacho Jesús , Benito-León Julián , Louis Elan D. ,   on behalf of the NEDISA Study Group
Published: January 2011

Background: To describe the design of the baseline assessment of an epidemiological study of elderly persons living in Salamanca, central-western Spain: the Neurological Diseases in Salamanca (NEDISA) study. We assessed the epidemiology of stroke, cognitive disorders, essential tremor (ET), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome. Methods: In phase 1 (February 1 to May 31, 2007), 4 neurologists and 2 trained general physicians examined and performed phlebotomy on all participants. In phase 2 (June 1, 2007, to June 1, 2008), the participants were reexamined and had a complete neuropsychological assessment. Neuroimaging was performed in participants with cognitive disorders, ET and PD. Results: The registered study population consisted of 1,077 individuals, but 45 people were ineligible (address change, refusals or death), leaving a final sample of 1,032 (95.8%). The main demographic data on the 1,032 participants (408 men, 624 women) are provided. Conclusions: Most of the registered study population was enrolled, and this may have been due to the close relationship between NEDISA researchers and the general physicians in the area of study. The NEDISA study will likely improve our knowledge of prevalence rates of the neurological diseases chosen for study as well as the set of risk factors that predispose individuals in Spain to these disorders.
Aortic Arch Calcification and Vascular Disease: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study
Authors: Xu Lin , Jiang Chao Qiang , Lam Tai Hing , Thomas G. Neil , Zhang Wei Sen , Cheng Kar Keung
Published: January 2011

Objective: To examine the association between aortic arch calcification (AAC) and vascular disease in an older Chinese sample. Methods: For this study, 30,203 Chinese aged 50–85 years were recruited with baseline information on socioeconomic position, lifestyle and vascular risk factors. The presence and severity of AAC were diagnosed independently from chest X-ray by two radiologists. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of AAC was significantly higher in women than men [34.6% (95% CI 33.9–35.3) vs. 27.9% (95% CI 26.8–28.8), p < 0.001]. Severity of AAC was significantly associated with physician-diagnosed ischemic heart disease (adjusted OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.35–1.79) and combined vascular disease (OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.30–1.69) after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Increasing severity of AAC was associated with increased risk for ischemic heart disease and vascular disease (p for trend = 0.02 to <0.001). No association between AAC and stroke was found. Conclusions: AAC was strongly and independently associated with vascular disease, suggesting that assessment of AAC from chest X-ray, which is noninvasive and relatively inexpensive, can provide useful information for risk stratification of vascular disease, and should be routinely incorporated in chest X-ray examination.
Estradiol Increases the Expression of TNF-α and TNF Receptor 1 in Lactotropes
Authors: Zaldivar Verónica , Magri María Laura , Zárate Sandra , Jaita Gabriela , Eijo Guadalupe , Radl Daniela , Ferraris Jimena , Pisera Daniel , Seilicovich Adriana
Published: January 2011

Background: Estrogens are recognized modulators of pituitary cell renewal, sensitizing cells to mitogenic and apoptotic signals. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in tissue homeostasis modulating cell proliferation, differentiation and death. We previously demonstrated that TNF-α-induced apoptosis of anterior pituitary cells from female rats is estrogen-dependent and predominant in cells from rats at proestrus when estradiol levels are the highest. Aims: Considering that one of the mechanisms involved in the apoptotic action of estrogens can result from increased expression of cytokines and/or their receptors, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of estrogens on the expression of TNF-α and its receptor, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), in anterior pituitary cells. Methods/Results: TNFR1 expression, determined by Western blot, was higher in anterior pituitary glands from rats at proestrus than at diestrus. Incubation of anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized rats with 17β-estradiol enhanced TNFR1 protein expression. As determined by double immunocytochemistry, the expression of TNF-α and TNFR1 was detected in prolactin-, GH-, LH- and ACTH-bearing cells. 17β-estradiol increased the percentage of TNF-α and TNFR1-immunoreactive lactotropes but did not modify the number of GH-bearing cells expressing TNF-α or TNFR1. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that estradiol increases the expression of TNF-α and TNFR1 in anterior pituitary cells, especially in lactotropes. The sensitizing action of estrogens to proapoptotic stimuli at proestrus in the anterior pituitary gland may involve changes in the expression of the TNF-α/TNFR1 system.
Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Violent Victimization
Authors: Lauritsen Janet L. , Carbone-Lopez Kristin
Published: January 2011

While gender is a well-known correlate of victimization risk, there has been a tendency to study women’s experiences of violence separately from those of men. As a result, relatively little attention has been paid to the question of whether gender moderates well-known risk factors for violent victimization. In this article, the authors use data from the Area-Identified National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to examine whether the relationships between individual, family, and neighborhood factors and victimization risk are similar in strength and direction for males and females. The findings show that most risk factors for violent victimization are similar across gender and crime type. In a few important instances, however, risk factors such as neighborhood disadvantage were found to vary some across gender. The implications of these findings for the assumptions about gender differences underlying various theoretical perspectives are discussed.
The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on endosulfan toxicity in rabbits
Authors: Ozdem Sebahat , Nacitarhan Cahit , Gulay Mehmet S , Hatipoglu Fatma S , Ozdem Sadi S
Published: January 2011

We investigated the endosulfan-induced alterations and the effect of vitamin C supplementation on endosulfan-induced alterations in serum biochemical markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in rabbits. Basal, 4th and 6th week serum levels of total oxidant status (TOS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total protein sulfhydryl (T-SH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were measured in rabbits administered endosulfan (1 mg/kg) alone or in combination with vitamin C (20 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Control rabbits received either vehicles or vitamin C. Serum TOS, TBARS and AOPP levels at 4th and 6th week were significantly higher whereas T-SH levels were significantly lower than basal values in endosulfan-administered rabbits. GST increased significantly at 4th week but decreased below basal value at 6th week. Similarly, TAC decreased significantly at 6th week. Vitamin C supplementation increased TAC at 4th and 6th weeks in controls and increased T-SH and GST and decreased TOS, TBARS and AOPP at 4th week in endosulfan-administered rabbits. TAC increased significantly at 6th week by vitamin C supplementation in endosulfan-administered rabbits. There were significant increments in TBARS and decrements in TAC and GST levels at 6th week compared to 4th week in endosulfan-administered rabbits. Present findings indicated to an increased and progressively uncompensated oxidant stress in endosulfan-administered rabbits that was substantially ameliorated by vitamin C supplementation through an improvement in antioxidant capacity. It was suggested that vitamin C supplementation might be helpful in preventing the detrimental effects of increased oxidative stress caused by endosulfan exposure.
Feasibility and Safety of Adhesiolysis Using Transgastric NOTES Approach: A Pilot Survival Study in a Porcine Model
Authors: Dubcenco Elena , Grantcharov Teodor , Streutker Catherine J. , Depeng Jiang  , Baxter Nancy N. , Baker Jeffrey P.
Published: January 2011

Objectives: Although adhesions can be removed by adhesiolysis using laparotomy or laparoscopy, they typically recur sometimes with equal severity. It is suggested that minimizing the invasiveness of the operative technique by using natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) may reduce adhesion re-formation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of adhesiolysis by using a novel transgastric NOTES approach and collect pilot data on adhesion recurrence after transgastric NOTES adhesiolysis. Methods: One nonsurvival and 5 survival female pigs were used in this experimental survival study. Interventions included ( a) induction of adhesions by laparotomy, ( b) 2 weeks survival, ( c) transgastric NOTES adhesiolysis with endoscopic evaluation and scoring of adhesions before and immediately after adhesiolysis, ( d) 2 weeks survival, and ( e) necropsy with endoscopic and necroscopic evaluation and scoring of recurrent adhesions. Main outcome measures were ( a) survival and complication rates and ( b) assessment of adhesion formation and re-formation using the Hopkins Adhesion Formation Score. Results: No mortality and no complications were observed. A total of 11 adhesions formed before the adhesiolysis in 5 survival study animals. All were successfully divided. The frequency of adhesions and median adhesion formation score decreased significantly immediately after adhesiolysis compared with that prior to the procedure (frequency, 11 vs 0, P = .011; the median score = 2.0 [range 1-3] vs 0.0 [range 0-0], P = .004). The treatment gains maintained at 2 weeks after the adhesiolysis. Limitations: The limitations of this study were the low number of study animals and short-term follow-up data. Conclusions: Adhesiolysis using NOTES transgastric approach is feasible, safe, and effective with minimal adhesion re-formation.
Body Composition of Young Athletes
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Geithner Christina A.
Published: January 2011

Absolute and relative components of body mass are a primary focus in studies of body composition. Components change with growth and maturation, requiring care in selecting methods of assessment in children and adolescents. Although sex differences are apparent in fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and relative fatness (% Fat) during childhood, they are more clearly defined during adolescence and adulthood. Body composition is one of many determinants of sport performance, but % Fat tends to be the primary focus of discussion in young athletes. The influence of training for sport on bone mineral has received more attention in recent years because of methodological advances in assessment and concern for potential negative effects of altered menstrual function on bone. Relative fatness of young athletes in several sports is summarized, and issues related to sport training and body composition in young athletes are considered. Suggestions for dealing with body composition in young athletes are provided.