bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the influence of vegetation structure and phenological variability on pollen‐vegetation relationships using a 15‐year Neotropical pollen rain record
Authors: Haselhorst Derek S. , Moreno J. Enrique , Punyasena Surangi W.
Published: April 2020

Questions

Pollen collected from aerial pollen traps are used to interpret compositional changes in the fossil pollen record. Relationships between pollen abundances and vegetation are commonly measured using the ratio between the abundance of a pollen type and its corresponding basal area in a plant community (R‐rel). Pollen–vegetation relationships have been extensively studied in temperate and boreal latitudes using surface sediment, moss polster and pollen trap samples, representing long‐term accumulations of pollen. In contrast, pollen–vegetation relationships are not well‐resolved in diverse tropical habitats because of a lack of modern long‐term pollen and vegetation datasets. In the present study, we address two primary questions: 1. How variable are tropical pollen–vegetation relationships measured using R‐rel over time? 2. To what extent are differences in pollen abundances among traps related to variability in basal area in the surrounding community?

Location

Barro Colorado Island, Panama.

Methods

Variability in an annually sampled, 15‐year pollen rain was compared with annual basal area data collected over the same timeframe using R‐rel.

Results

R‐rel values were highly variable on a year‐to‐year basis and more consistent over time‐averaged sampling windows ≥3 years. A strong positive relationship between pollen abundances and local basal area surrounding pollen traps was determined in eight taxa.

Conclusions

The pollen–vegetation relationships provide a summary of the pollen representation of Neotropical taxa common in paleoecological samples over an extended sampling duration that approaches the timespan represented in lake sediment samples (~20 years). The results highlight taxa in which differences in pollen abundances among traps were strongly correlated with changes in surrounding basal area.
The Politics of Punishment and Protection: A Comparative Historical Analysis of American Immigration Control, 1990–2017
Authors: Jiang Jize
Published: April 2020

This article examines the construction of immigration control in two US states with contrasting approaches to immigration: the rise of crimmigration and governing through crime in Arizona, and the development of immigrant protection and governing through support in Illinois. Analysis of state‐level immigration control practices reveals that three interrelated processes play a critical role in formulating these divergent approaches to managing immigrants: the state's cultural orientation, structural relations, and institutional dynamics. These factors interact with each other in complex, multidirectional ways that condition and shape the respective states’ political choices and administrative decisions. I highlight the significance of coalitions of local organizations who work in collaboration with state actors and mobilize state institutions in order to shape state legal regimes of immigration control. In illuminating the variegated trajectories of the construction of immigration control fields, and their use (or nonuse) of penal power as a response, this article provides a more nuanced understanding of the hybrid, dynamic, and contingent nature of immigration control in contemporary America.
When and how are lies told? And the role of culture and intentions in intelligence‐gathering interviews
Authors: Deeb Haneen , Vrij Aldert , Leal Sharon , Verigin Brianna L. , Kleinman Steven M.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Lie‐tellers tend to tell embedded lies within interviews. In the context of intelligence‐gathering interviews, human sources may disclose information about multiple events, some of which may be false. In two studies, we examined when lie‐tellers from low‐ and high‐context cultures start reporting false events in interviews and to what extent they provide a similar amount of detail for the false and truthful events. Study 1 focused on lie‐tellers' intentions, and Study 2 focused on their actual responses.

Methods

Participants were asked to think of one false event and three truthful events. Study 1 (N = 100) was an online study in which participants responded to a questionnaire about where they would position the false event when interviewed and they rated the amount of detail they would provide for the events. Study 2 (N = 126) was an experimental study that involved interviewing participants about the events.

Results

Although there was no clear preference for lie position, participants seemed to report the false event at the end rather than at the beginning of the interview. Also, participants provided a similar amount of detail across events. Results on intentions (Study 1) partially overlapped with results on actual responses (Study 2). No differences emerged between low‐ and high‐context cultures.

Conclusions

This research is a first step towards understanding verbal cues that assist investigative practitioners in saving their cognitive and time resources when detecting deception regardless of interviewees' cultural background. More research on similar cues is encouraged.
Increasing liver fat is associated with progression of cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Brunner Katherine T. , Pedley Alison , Massaro Joseph M. , Hoffmann Udo , Benjamin Emelia J. , Long Michelle T.
Published: April 2020

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in cross‐sectional analyses. However, less is known about how changes in liver fat associate with the progression of cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

A substudy (n = 808) drawn from the Framingham Heart Study underwent serial computed tomography scans 6 years apart. We performed multivariable‐adjusted regression to determine the association between changes in liver fat and progression of cardiovascular risk factors.

Results

Each standard deviation increase in liver fat was associated with adverse progression of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high‐density lipoprotein and log triglycerides. After adjusting for baseline cardiovascular risk, baseline body mass index (BMI), and change in BMI, increasing liver fat was significantly associated with adverse changes in fasting glucose and triglycerides.

Conclusions

In a longitudinal cohort, increasing liver fat over 6 years was associated with progression of cardiovascular risk factors, even after accounting for BMI changes.
Virtual workshops to preserve interprofessional collaboration when physical distancing
Authors: Kent Fiona , George Johnson , Lindley Jennifer , Brock Tina
Published: April 2020

With this issue we begin print publishing the responses received in our call for Medical Education Adaptations: Lessons learned from educators' experiences rapidly transforming practice on account of COVID‐19 related disruption.
Wss1 homolog from Candida albicans and its role in DNA–protein crosslink tolerance
Authors: Homchan Aimorn , Sukted Juthamas , Mongkolsuk Skorn , Jeruzalmi David , Matangkasombut Oranart , Pakotiprapha Danaya
Published: April 2020

Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast that can cause life‐threatening systemic infection in immunocompromised individuals. During infections, C. albicans has to cope with genotoxic stresses generated by the host immune system. DNA–protein crosslink (DPC), the covalent linkage of proteins with DNA, is one type of DNA damages that can be caused by the host immune response. DPCs are bulky lesions that interfere with the progression of replication and transcription machineries, and hence threaten genomic integrity. Accordingly, either a DPC tolerance mechanism or a DPC repair pathway is essential for C. albicans to maintain genomic stability and survive in the host. Here, we identified Wss1 (weak suppressor of Smt3) in C. albicans (CaWss1) using bioinformatics, genetic complementation, and biochemical studies. We showed that CaWss1 promotes cell survival under genotoxic stress conditions that generate DPCs and that the catalytic metalloprotease domain of CaWss1 is essential for its cellular function. Interactions of CaWss1 with Cdc48 and small ubiquitin‐like modifier, although not strictly required, contribute to the function of CaWss1 in the suppression of the growth defects under DPC‐inducing conditions. This report is the first investigation of the role of CaWss1 in DPC tolerance in C. albicans.
Relapse of neuromyelitis optica with occipital neuralgia and elevated CSF neopterin
Authors: Miyaue Noriyuki , Yabe Hayato , Yamanishi Yuki , Tada Satoshi , Ando Rina , Nagai Masahiro
Published: April 2020

A 64‐year‐old woman with anti‐aquaporin‐4 antibody‐positive neuromyelitis optica presented with pain and dysesthesia in the left occipital region. Cervical magnetic resonance imaging showed a new high‐intensity area on the left side of the spine (C1‐C2 level), close to a pre‐existing lesion. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed elevated neopterin (53.1 nmol/L) without pleocytosis. The neopterin level normalized 2 weeks (22.0 nmol/L) and 2 months (18.9 nmol/L) after intensified steroid therapy. Occipital neuralgia should be considered a common clinical feature of neuromyelitis optica, and cerebrospinal fluid neopterin may be a useful, sensitive biomarker for central nervous system inflammation in these patients.
Utility of Schwann/2E and Sox10 in distinguishing CD57‐negative olfactory groove schwannoma from olfactory ensheathing cell tumor: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Masuda Hiroyuki , Nemoto Masaaki , Okonogi Shinichi , Node Yasuhiro , Ando Syunpei , Kondo Kosuke , Harada Naoyuki , Sugo Nobuo
Published: April 2020

We herein report a patient who was diagnosed as having olfactory groove schwannoma (OGS) which was negative for CD57 (Leu7) but positive for Schwann/2E and Sox10. A 13‐year‐old female with a chief complaint of headache was referred to our department due to a tumor lesion in the anterior skull base identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At the first visit, she did not exhibit altered consciousness, motor palsy, anosmia, seizures, or café au lait spots. On contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT), a heterogeneously enhanced tumor, 50 × 45 × 50 mm in size, was observed at the anterior skull base. The left cribriform plate was thinner on bone window CT. The tumor exhibited strong, heterogeneous gadolinium enhancement on MRI as well. Slight tumor staining was observed by angiography of the left internal carotid artery but not the left external carotid artery. The patient was preoperatively diagnosed as having meningioma and underwent gross tumor resection via the basal interhemispheric approach. The tumor was strongly positive for S‐100 protein and negative for epithelial membrane antigen and CD57 by immunostaining. The tumor was positive for both Schwann/2E and Sox10, which aided in the differential diagnosis between OGSs and olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) tumors, and the definitive diagnosis was OGS. The assessment of immunoreactivities for Schwann/2E and Sox10 might be necessary to differentiate CD57‐negative Schwannomas from OEC tumors.
Oak genomics is proving its worth
Authors: Plomion Christophe , Martin Francis
Published: April 2020

This article is an Editorial highlighting: Moseler et al., 226: 967–977; Cannon & Petit, 226: 978–983; Kremer & Hipp, 226: 987–1011; Leroy et al., 226: 1012–1017, 1171–1182, 1183–1197; Nagamitsu et al., 226: 1018–1028; Bartholomé et al., 226: 1088–1103; Crowl et al., 226: 1158–1170; Hipp et al., 226: 1198–1212.
Smell and taste in titanium and nickel allergic sensitization in orthodontic patients
Authors: Zigante Martina , Peternel Sandra , Muhvic Urek Miranda , Rincic Mlinaric Marijana , Pop Acev Darko , Spalj Stjepan
Published: April 2020

Objective

To assess the prevalence of allergic sensitization to titanium and nickel in orthodontic patients and to evaluate alterations of smell and taste.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 250 subjects were invited to participate, 245 accepted. The age range was 11‐45 years, 68% were females and 52% adolescents. An epicutaneous patch test was performed. Of the positive subjects in the patch test, 26 participated in the taste and smell testing and were matched by age and sex with 26 negative subjects.

Results

The prevalence of hypersensitivity to titanium and/or nickel in orthodontic patients was 15.5%. Taste and smell were more impaired in sensitized subjects (P ≤ .025), taste was more affected than smell and the tastes most affected were sour and bitter tastes, while the sweet taste was least impaired.

Conclusion

The allergic sensitization to titanium is more uncommon than to nickel, with altered smell and taste related to those hypersensitivities.
Do Different Tibial Osteotomy Techniques Affect Sagittal Alignment in Children with Blount Disease?
Authors: Musikachart Piyanuch , Eamsobhana Perajit
Published: April 2020

Objective

To determine the radiographic outcomes following dome or wedge‐shaped proximal tibial osteotomy in the management of infantile Blount disease with a particular interest in sagittal alignment of the knee joint.

Method

Medical records of patients with Langenskiöld stage 2 Blount disease (aged ≤5 years) who underwent surgical correction between January 2005 and November 2019 were retrospectively identified. Patients with metabolic bone disease, bone tumors, prior traumatic fractures, congenital anomalies, inadequate plain films, and incomplete medical documents were excluded. Patient characteristics (e.g. age, gender, and body mass index [BMI]) and surgical characteristics (e.g. side, type of surgery, and follow‐up times) were recorded. Antero–posterior (AP) and lateral knee radiographs were analyzed. Data were categorized by surgical technique as dome‐shaped proximal tibial osteotomy or wedge‐shaped proximal tibial osteotomy. The femorotibial angle (FTA) was used to evaluate the correction angle in varus deformities. Sagittal alignment of the lower limbs using the posterior tibial slope (PTS) angle was measured postoperatively at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, and at the final follow‐up visit.

Results

The present study included 72 surgeries of 46 patients who had undergone proximal tibial osteotomy. Twenty‐nine (63%) were male. The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 34.50 months (range, 26–47). The mean weight was 23.11 ± 4.98 kg (mean ± SD); the mean height was 95.33 ± 6.36 cm, and the mean BMI was 25.32 ± 4.36 kg/m2. The mean duration of follow up was 4.77 ± 2.78 years. Sixty‐four patients (88.90%) received dome‐shaped proximal osteotomy of the tibia, while 8 (11.10%) received wedge‐shaped proximal osteotomy of the tibia. The average FTA of the total correction measured was 29.32° ± 7.98°. The demographic data of the two groups were not significantly different for gender, age, BMI, side follow‐up times, and the total correction of varus deformities. In the dome‐shaped osteotomy group, the mean correction of the FTA was 29.59° ± 7.45°. The mean degree of the PTS angle was 6.50° at 3 months, 6.38° at 6 months, 5.32° at 12 months, 5.17° at 24 months, and 5.53° at the final follow‐up visit. In the wedge‐shaped proximal tibial osteotomy group, the mean correction of the FTA was 27.25° ± 11.77°. The PTS was 6.00° at 3 months, 7.50° at 6 months, 7.00° at 12 months, 5.40° at 24 months, and 5.57° at the final follow‐up visit. No significant difference was observed in the radiological outcome between surgical techniques.

Conclusion

Dome and wedge‐shaped proximal tibial osteotomies did not demonstrate significant differences in the PTS angle in children with Blount disease.
Novel use of Autoinflammatory Diseases Activity Index (AIDAI) captures skin and extracutaneous features to help manage pediatric DITRA: A case report and a proposal for a modified disease activity index in autoinflammatory keratinization disorders
Authors: Stephenson Chloe , Prajapati Vimal H. , Hunter Charlene , Miettunen Paivi
Published: April 2020

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a severe form of psoriasis, which is rare in pediatric and adult patients. It is characterized by sterile pustular lesions that appear on erythematous skin, associated with systemic features. A recent identification of mutations in the IL36RN gene in some GPP patients has led to a diagnosis of new autoinflammatory disease, interleukin‐36‐receptor antagonist deficiency (DITRA). DITRA represents an emerging group of autoinflammatory diseases with hyperkeratotic skin involvement, called autoinflammatory keratinization diseases (AIKD). DITRA diagnosis and management are challenging as neither DITRA‐specific clinical assessment tools nor treatment trials exist. Autoinflammatory Diseases Activity Index (AIDAI) is a validated tool originally developed to evaluate disease activity and treatment response in other inherited autoinflammatory diseases with systemic and skin involvement. We report the first use of AIDAI in a pediatric DITRA patient with the following goals: (a) to describe the contribution of AIDAI to our patient's management; (b) to identify potential limitations of AIDAI in DITRA; (c) to review literature for current psoriasis assessment tools; and (d) to propose a preliminary DITRA/AIKD disease activity index (DITRA/AIDAI) to be validated in future studies.
Can Public Leadership Increase Public Service Motivation and Job Performance?
Authors: Schwarz Gary , Eva Nathan , Newman Alexander
Published: April 2020

To advance understanding of leadership in the public sector, this article examines the link between accountability, rule‐following, political loyalty, and network governance approaches to leadership and employees' public service motivation (PSM) and individual job performance. Using a sample of 300 civil servants and their 64 managers in China, the study finds that accountability, rule‐following, political loyalty, and network governance leadership are all significantly positively related to employees' PSM levels and job performance. The results of multilevel modeling show that network governance leadership has the strongest positive relationship with both PSM and job performance, suggesting that managers should encourage public employees to initiate and maintain contacts outside their organizations to access relevant information, technical expertise, and resources that may be not be available internally.
Climate change adaptation in aquaculture
Authors: Galappaththi Eranga K. , Ichien Stephanie T. , Hyman Amanda A. , Aubrac Charlotte J. , Ford James D.
Published: April 2020

This study conducts the first systematic literature review of climate change adaptation in aquaculture. We address three specific questions: (i) What is aquaculture adapting to? (ii) How is aquaculture adapting? and (iii) What research gaps need to be addressed? We identify, characterise and examine case studies published between 1990 and 2018 that lie at the intersection of the domains of climate change, adaptation and aquaculture. The main areas of documented climate change impacts relate to extreme events and the general impacts of climate change on the aquaculture sector. Three categories of adaptation to climate change are identified: coping mechanisms at the local level (e.g. water quality management techniques), multilevel adaptive strategies (e.g. changing culture practices) and management approaches (e.g. adaptation planning, community‐based adaptation). We identify four potential areas for future research: research on inland aquaculture adaptation; studies at the household level; whether different groups of aquaculture farmers (e.g. indigenous people) face and adapt differently to climate change; and the use of GIS and remote sensing as cost‐effective tools for developing adaptation strategies and responses. The study brings essential practical and theoretical insights to the aquaculture industry as well as to climate change adaptation research across the globe.
Optimal, Two-Stage, Adaptive Enrichment Designs for Randomized Trials, using Sparse Linear Programming
Authors: Rosenblum Michael , Fang Ethan X. , Liu Han
Published: April 2020

Adaptive enrichment designs involve preplanned rules for modifying enrolment criteria based on accruing data in a randomized trial. We focus on designs where the overall population is partitioned into two predefined subpopulations, e.g. based on a biomarker or risk score measured at baseline. The goal is to learn which populations benefit from an experimental treatment. Two critical components of adaptive enrichment designs are the decision rule for modifying enrolment, and the multiple-testing procedure. We provide a general method for simultaneously optimizing these components for two-stage, adaptive enrichment designs. We minimize the expected sample size under constraints on power and the familywise type I error rate. It is computationally infeasible to solve this optimization problem directly because of its non-convexity. The key to our approach is a novel, discrete representation of this optimization problem as a sparse linear program, which is large but computationally feasible to solve by using modern optimization techniques. We provide an R package that implements our method and is compatible with linear program solvers in several software languages. Our approach produces new, approximately optimal trial designs.
Infant’s gaze in a teasing task with an experimenter or parent: A naturalistic approach
Authors: Girbau Dolors , Skoler Tricia
Published: April 2020

We assessed infant’s gaze in a teasing task in New York City public spaces. The task was administered to two different groups of 5‐ to 13‐month‐old infants. We used a between participants design across two studies. In Study 1 an experimenter administered the task to these infants (n = 79), whereas a parent did so in Study 2 (n = 79). The adult engaged the infant with a toy and then pulled it away to one side by counting to 7. A second trial to the other side was repeated. Infants passed the teasing task if they looked to the adult’s face within the first 5 seconds after removing the toy in at least one trial. In Study 1, we found that infants looked to the experimenter’s face after teasing by 7 months of age. In Study 2, infants did not show any significant gazes to the parent’s face after teasing at any age. Most trained parents successfully administered the teasing task to their infant. A teasing game played by an adult stranger (e.g., experimenter) may be optimal to elicit infant’s gaze in a naturalistic setting. Implications for developing cost‐effective social‐cognitive milestone measures in non‐laboratory settings are discussed.
Tourists’ reviews of weather in five Indian Ocean islands
Authors: Fitchett Jennifer M. , Fortune Su‐Marie , Hoogendoorn Gijsbert
Published: April 2020

Favourable climate forms a key resource in attracting tourists to tropical coastal destinations. Warm temperatures and clear skies are ideal conditions for tourists to spend long days on the beach and engage in outdoor activities. By contrast, rain, strong winds, high humidity and cloud cover serve as a deterrent. These factors influence tourists’ choice of destination, timing and duration of stay, and enjoyment of their vacation, and are therefore imperative to the economic sustainability of a destination. This study explores tourists’ self‐reported sensitivity to and satisfaction of weather and climatic conditions during visits to five tropical Indian Ocean Islands through the analysis of 13 618 TripAdvisor reviews. An average of 12 per cent of reviews mentioned climatic factors, indicating a relatively high sensitivity to climate, with a highest proportion of 15.7 per cent of reviews for Maldives. Rain was mentioned most frequently (21 per cent of climate mentions), followed by sunshine and hot conditions. The majority of the reviews were authored in August and May, and more than 40 per cent were written in a neutral tone, with similar but lower proportions of overtly negative and positive reviews. Thematic analysis of reviews highlight the importance of preparedness amongst tourists, emphasizing the need for accurate information communicated.
Rapid Anneal-Free Welding of Cu Nanowires Network by Ultraviolet Light Irradiation for Transparent Electrodes in Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Wang Jun , Zhao Yang , Chen Han , Tang Yan , Liu Guozhen , Liang Renli , Dai Jiangnan , Chen Changqing , Kang Junyong , Cai Duanjun
Published: April 2020

We demonstrate a novel ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation strategy to rapidly weld Cu nanowires (NWs) network and remove the organic residues for transparent electrodes. Shortly irradiated by UV light source, the Cu NWs could achieve junction welding in the absence of any thermal annealing process. This Cu NWs network shows high optoelectronic performance (39 Ω/sq at 90% transmittance at 550 nm) and outstanding flexibility under bending and twisting. Completely transparent light-emitting diode (LED) chips array was fabricated and has been lighted with bright top-surface emission. This method could provide a fast and convenient way to fabricate Cu NWs transparent electrodes onto various optoelectronic products.
Characterization of impact pile driving signals during installation of offshore wind turbine foundations
Authors: Amaral Jennifer L. , Miller James H. , Potty Gopu R. , Vigness-Raposa Kathleen J. , Frankel Adam S. , Lin Ying-Tsong , Newhall Arthur E. , Wilkes Daniel R. , Gavrilov Alexander N.
Published: April 2020

Impact pile driving creates intense, impulsive sound that radiates into the surrounding environment. Piles driven vertically into the seabed generate an azimuthally symmetric underwater sound field whereas piles driven on an angle will generate an azimuthally dependent sound field. Measurements were made during pile driving of raked piles to secure jacket foundation structures to the seabed in waters off the northeastern coast of the U.S. at ranges between 500 m and 15 km. These measurements were analyzed to investigate variations in rise time, decay time, pulse duration, kurtosis, and sound received levels as a function of range and azimuth. Variations in the radiated sound field along opposing azimuths resulted in differences in measured sound exposure levels of up to 10 dB and greater due to the pile rake as the sound propagated in range. The raked pile configuration was modeled using an equivalent axisymmetric FEM model to describe the azimuthally dependent measured sound fields. Comparable sound level differences in the model results confirmed that the azimuthal discrepancy observed in the measured data was due to the inclination of the pile being driven relative to the receiver.
Acoustic radiation force due to incident plane-progressive waves on coated spheres
Authors: Leão-Neto José P. , Lopes José H. , Silva Glauber T.
Published: April 2020

The acoustic radiation force exerted by a traveling plane wave on a coated sphere was theoretically investigated. After carefully re-calculating the scattering coefficients of a model presented by Mitri [Eur. Phys. J. B 43, 379–386 (2005)], a missing term is found that is related to absorption in the particle shell. By amending the theory, it is shown that nonphysical consequences predicted earlier disappear. The homogeneous sphere results in the long-wavelength limit are also correctly recovered.
Artificial neural network classification of surface reflectors and volume scatterers using sequential echoes acquired with a biomimetic audible sonar
Authors: Kuc Roman
Published: April 2020

This paper investigates classifying two target groups, surface reflectors (SR) and volume scatterers (VS), using echo envelope features. SR targets have convex surface patches that exhibit echo persistence over aspect angle, while VS targets are composed of random range-distributed and oriented reflectors producing echoes that become uncorrelated with small changes in aspect angle. The SR target group contains single-post (P1) and multiple-post (PM) types and the VS group contains Ficus benjamina (F) and Schefflera arboricola (S) foliage types with leaf areas that differ by a factor of 4. A biomimetic sonar emitting audible clicks acquired sequences of up to three binaural echoes from target views separated by 18°. Two artificial neural networks performing linear and nonlinear classification first differentiated SR/VS target groups and then P1/PM and F/S types. Classification performance improved with echo number, from a single monaural echo to three pairs of binaural echoes, demonstrating the benefit of sequential echoes. Linear and nonlinear classification of SR/VS targets achieved a minimum generalization error probability PEG = 0.003. Nonlinear P1/PM classification achieved PEG = 0.009 that was four times smaller than linear classification. Nonlinear F/S classification achieved PEG = 0.220, indicating that envelope features by themselves are inadequate to accurately differentiate foliage targets.
Estimation of seabed properties and range from vector acoustic observations of underwater ship noise
Authors: Dahl Peter H. , Dall'Osto David R.
Published: April 2020

The Intensity Vector Autonomous Recorder (IVAR) simultaneously measures acoustic particle velocity and pressure. IVAR was deployed during the 2017 Seabed Characterization Experiment (SBCEX) with the primary objective to study sound propagation in fine-grained, muddy sediments. In this study a Bayesian inversion framework is applied to ship underwater noise recorded by IVAR. The data are relative phase of pressure and vertical particle velocity, a quantity that is independent of the ship noise source spectrum. Inversion estimates for the sediment layer and underlying basement properties are in agreement with other reports from SBCEX.
Ship source level estimation and uncertainty quantification in shallow water via Bayesian marginalization
Authors: Tollefsen Dag , Dosso Stan E.
Published: April 2020

This paper applies a non-linear Bayesian marginalization approach to ship spectral source level estimation in shallow water with unknown seabed properties and uncertain source depth. The algorithm integrates the posterior probability density over seabed models sampled via trans-dimensional Bayesian matched-field inversion and over depths/ranges of multiple point sources (representing different noise-generating components of a large ship) via Metropolis-Hastings sampling. Source levels and uncertainty are derived from marginal distributions for source strength. The approach is applied to radiated noise due to a container ship recorded on a bottom-moored horizontal array in shallow water. The average uncertainty is 3.8 dB/Hz for tonal frequencies.
Association of Built Environments With Frequency of Going Outdoors Among Older Community-Dwelling Adults in Japan
Authors: Kato Gohei , Arai Tomoyuki , Morita Yasuhiro , Fujita Hiroaki
Published: April 2020

Built environmental factors are important for encouraging outdoor activity among community-dwelling older adults. A total of 214 participants aged 59–94 years were recruited from local cities in Japan. A mixed-effects multivariate linear regression model was conducted for the analysis. Parks that are easy to get to and car availability were positively associated with the number of days per week with any outdoor exposure. Further, the ability to conduct activities of daily living had a significant effect on the use of safe parks and walking areas and the number of days per week with outdoor time. The findings suggest that subjectively assessed neighborhood-built environments, such as readily available safe parks, walking areas, and car availability, are important for encouraging outdoor activity among older community-dwelling adults in Japan. For those with a limited ability to conduct daily activities, the safeness of parks and walking areas are most important.
Factors Associated With High School Physical Education Teachers’ Adoption of a Supplemental Online Instructional System (iPE)
Authors: Killian Chad M. , Woods Amelia Mays , Graber Kim C. , Templin Thomas J.
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with high school physical education (PE) teachers’ adoption of a supplemental online instructional system. Method: Semistructured, open-ended phone interviews with 28 high school PE teachers were used as the primary data collection method. All teachers were using or had used a supplemental online instructional system at the time of the study. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) guided the directed content analysis. Results: Four main categories were generated, including perceived programmatic, instructional, and inclusivity improvements; minimal personal and student usage effort; school and curriculum provider support facilitated use; and administrators’ dictated long-term use. Discussion/Conclusion: The results aligned well with the UTAUT and served to situate the theory within the secondary PE context. The participants’ perceptions and experiences were also contradictory to much of the current research on teachers’ technology adoption in PE and K–12 education, more generally.
My Ambitionz az a Qualitative Ridah1: A 2PAC Analysis of the Black Male Baller in Amerikkka2
Authors: Harrison C. Keith , Fuller Rhema , Griffin Whitney , Bukstein Scott , McArdle Danielle , Barnhart Steven
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this paper is to contextualize and analyze the lyrics of Tupac Shakur by using the research methodological approach of concatenation to merge hip-hop and sport so that the qualitative data from these songs might serve as a cultural map to constructs of identity, race, social class, and black masculinity in the context of sport and the black male athlete experience in America. Applying critical race theory and White’s framework of black masculinity and the politics of racial performance, a connection is made with themes of the artists’ (rapper) social commentary and the athlete (baller). The themes from Tupac Shakur’s lyrics are follows: (a) Trapped, (b) Against the World, (c) The Streetz R Death,and (d) Ambitionz. Synergy with the rapper and baller are articulated, as well as implications for scholars and practitioners that work with high school, collegiate, and professional black male athletes, along with other men of color.
Functional diversity of marine megafauna in the Anthropocene
Authors: Pimiento C. , Leprieur F. , Silvestro D. , Lefcheck J. S. , Albouy C. , Rasher D. B. , Davis M. , Svenning J.-C. , Griffin J. N.
Published: April 2020

Threatened marine megafauna have larger-than-expected contributions to functional diversity; a new index identifies key species.
Disordered hyperuniformity in two-dimensional amorphous silica
Authors: Zheng Yu , Liu Lei , Nan Hanqing , Shen Zhen-Xiong , Zhang Ge , Chen Duyu , He Lixin , Xu Wenxiang , Chen Mohan , Jiao Yang , Zhuang Houlong
Published: April 2020

Two-dimensional amorphous silica exhibits a novel state of matter, disordered hyperuniformity, and enhanced electronic transport.
Are Antimicrobial Interventions Associated with Heat-Resistant Escherichia coli on Meat?
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Tran Frances , Stanford Kim , Yang Xianqin
Published: April 2020

The implementation of multiple hurdles in the beef production chain has resulted in substantial improvement in the microbial safety of beef in Canada. In this study, we characterized a large number of
Escherichia coli
isolates (
n
 = 1,450) from various sources/stages of beef processing to determine whether the commonly used antimicrobial interventions would give rise to heat-resistant
E. coli
on meat, which in turn may require alternatives to the current control of pathogens and/or modifications to the current cooking recommendations for meat. The findings show that the degree and rate of heat resistance in
E. coli
did not increase along the production chain or with time. This furthers our understanding of man-made ecological niches that are required for the development of heat resistance in
E. coli
.
Synrift basin inversion: Significant role of synchronous strike-slip motion in a rift basin
Authors: Huang Lei , Liu Chi-yang , Zhao Jun-feng , Zhang Dong-dong
Published: April 2020

In rift basins with superposed strike-slip deformation, the structural style of wrench elements and the roles they play in synrift architecture and evolution are important, poorly understood issues for basin analysis and hydrocarbon exploration. The NE-SW–striking Tan-Lu fault zone, located in eastern China, runs through the Liaodong Bay subbasin within the Cenozoic Bohai Bay Basin and experienced dextral strike-slip motion during the later synrift stage of the basin (ca. 40 Ma to 23 Ma). Investigations of the Liaodong Bay subbasin indicate that rift-fault reactivation and wrench-fault development during strike-slip reactivation were strongly controlled by the distribution and geometry of preexisting rift faults, and local synrift basin inversion, induced by strike-slip reactivation of a preexisting graben during a later synrift stage, was a significant manifestation of synchronous strike-slip motion modifying synrift architecture and evolution. Moreover, synrift basin inversion within the Liaodong Bay subbasin manifested in two ways. First, stronger inversion occurred along the restraining bends of preexisting extensional faults. This induced uplift of the footwalls of graben-controlling faults, leading to deformation characterized by abundant shortcut thrusts and folds. The Liaodong uplift formed via this mechanism, triggered by strike-slip movement along the Tan-Lu fault zone at ca. 40 Ma. Second, weaker inversion induced by newly formed, subvertical, strike-slip faults occurred near the central part of the graben, with the characteristics of positive flower structures. Although inversion was limited to a very local area along a narrow fault zone, it substantially modified the basin’s physiography. In this rift system, coincident with local inversion-induced uplift, large-scale, rift-related subsidence occurred beyond the inversion belt within the flanking graben, leading to complexity and variety in intrabasinal structural deformation and filling, and exerting a complex influence on hydrocarbon prospects. This model of synrift basin inversion has profound implications for the interpretation of inversion structures and basin dynamics in any rift basin with superposed strike-slip deformation.
Strain and retrogression partitioning explain long-term stability of crustal roots in stable continents
Authors: Cenki-Tok B. , Rey P.F. , Arcay D.
Published: April 2020

Away from tectonically active regions, the continental crust has an average thickness of 40 ± 1 km. Yet, it shows a remarkable variability from 25 to 65 km, comparable to that of the most tectonically active regions. Here, we consider the problem of the formation and preservation of anomalous deep crustal roots in stable intracontinental regions. Using two-dimensional thermomechanical experiments, we show that the interplay between partial melting, the formation of garnet-pyroxene-bearing rocks, and their strain rate–dependent retrogression result in the preservation of thick and strong crustal roots. We argue that it is the partitioning into narrow regions of strain, retrogression, and weakening coupled into a positive feedback loop that explains why strong high-grade crustal roots remain largely immune to gravitational stresses and are able to persist over hundreds of millions of years.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the rectum in a patient with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Hardy Adam Joseph , Stoica Ionica , Kearney David Edward , O'Riordain Diarmuid S
Published: April 2020

A 62-year-old man presented to our institute with diarrhoea and dysuria on a background of subtotal colectomy and end ileostomy and biological therapy for Crohn’s disease. He was diagnosed with urinary tract infection and acute kidney injury (AKI). Renal ultrasound suggested left hydronephrosis, with renal protocol computed tomography (CT) showing a large pelvic mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis demonstrated a rectal tumour invading the bladder and compressing both ureters. He underwent cystoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy and positron emission tomography–CT and was diagnosed with stage IV non-Hodgkin’s diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. He was treated primarily with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunomycin, oncovin and prednisolone chemotherapy regimen. He had ongoing urosepsis before admission for pelvic exenteration. He underwent cystoprostatectomy, excision of rectal stump and formation of ileal conduit. Histology showed no signs of residual malignancy. One year later, the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with aspiration pneumonia, urosepsis and AKI. Despite maximal therapy, he developed multiorgan failure and passed away.
Endoscopy-assisted removal of angle foreign body presenting as persistent localised corneal oedema
Authors: Nukala Naveen , Pappuru Rajeev Reddy , Dave Vivek Pravin
Published: April 2020

A 20-year-old man presented to us with injury to the left eye by a glass bulb 3 weeks ago. The acute injury resolved with a peculiar residual localised corneal oedema in the inferior one-third of the cornea . This localised oedema in absence of any evidence of a localised visible injury to the cornea indicated towards a possible retained foreign body. The foreign body visibility was equivocal on gonioscopy. Subsequently via a limbal incision, an endoscope was introduced into the anterior chamber. The endoscopic view revealed the glass foreign body lodged into the inferior angle of the eye which was removed with the help of an intraocular forceps. Over the next week, the corneal oedema resolved completely.
Offspring outcomes when a parent experiences one or more major psychiatric disorder(s): a clinical review
Authors: Argent Sarah Elizabeth , Kalebic Natasha , Rice Frances , Taylor Pamela
Published: April 2020

We sought evidence on quantifiable offspring outcomes, including problems, needs and strengths, associated with their experience of major parental psychiatric disorder(s), focusing on schizophrenia, affective illnesses and personality disorder(s). We were motivated by the absence of any systematic exploration of the needs of offspring of parents in secure hospitals. Seven electronic databases were searched to identify systematic reviews of studies quantifying offspring outcomes when a parent, or parent surrogate, has major psychiatric disorder(s). Our search (updated in February 2018) identified seven high-quality reviews, which incorporated 291 unique papers, published in 1974–2017. The weight of evidence is of increased risk of poor offspring outcomes, including psychiatric disorder and/or behavioural, emotional, cognitive or social difficulties. No review explored child strengths. Potential moderators and mediators examined included aspects of parental disorder (eg, severity), parent and child gender and age, parenting behaviours, and family functioning. This clinical review is the first review of systematic reviews to focus on quantifiable offspring problems, needs or strengths when a parent has major psychiatric disorder(s). It narratively synthesises findings, emphasising the increased risk of offspring problems, while highlighting limits to what is known, especially the extent to which any increased risk of childhood problems endures and the extent to which aspects of parental disorder moderate offspring outcomes. The absence of the reviews’ consideration of child strengths and protective factors limits opportunity to enhance offspring resilience.
Association of masseter area and radiodensity with three-month survival after proximal anterior circulation occlusion
Authors: Lindström Iisa , Protto Sara , Khan Niina , Hernesniemi Jussi , Sillanpää Niko , Oksala Niku
Published: April 2020

Background

Masseter area (MA), a surrogate for sarcopenia, appears to be useful when estimating postoperative survival, but there is lack of consensus regarding the potential predictive value of sarcopenia in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. We hypothesized that MA and density (MD) evaluated from pre-interventional CT angiography scans predict postinterventional survival in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT).

Materials and methods

312 patients treated with MT for acute occlusions of the internal carotid artery (ICA) or the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (M1-MCA) between 2013 and 2018. Median follow-up was 27.4 months (range 0–70.4). Binary logistic (alive at 3 months, OR <1) and Cox regression analyses were used to study the effect of MA and MD averages (MAavg and MDavg) on survival.

Results

In Kaplan–Meier analysis, there was a significant inverse relationship with both MDavg and MAavg and mortality (MDavg P<0.001, MAavg P=0.002). Long-term mortality was 19.6% (n=61) and 3-month mortality 12.2% (n=38). In multivariable logistic regression analysis at 3 months, per 1-SD increase MDavg (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.92, P=0.018:) and MAavg (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.91, P=0.019) were the independent predictors associated with lower mortality. In Cox regression analysis, MDavg and MAavg were not associated with long-term survival.

Conclusions

In acute ischemic stroke patients, MDavg and MAavg are independent predictors of 3-month survival after MT of the ICA or M1-MCA. A 1-SD increase in MDavg and MAavg was associated with a 39%–43% decrease in the probability of death during the first 3 months after MT.
Canine collars: an investigation of collar type and the forces applied to a simulated neck model
Authors: Carter Anne , McNally Donal , Roshier Amanda
Published: April 2020

Background

Dog collars have the potential to cause harm when the dog pulls on the lead. This study aimed to determine the effects of collar type and force applied using the lead on the pressure on a simulated neck model.

Methods

Seven collars and a slip lead were tested on a canine neck model. This consisted of a plastic cylinder ‘neck’, with a pressure sensor beneath the collar. A range of forces were applied to the lead representing different interactions: firm pull (40 N), strong pull (70 N) and jerk (mean force 141 N). Contact area of the collar and pressure on the neck were recorded.

Results

Collars exerted a pressure of between 83 kPa and 832 kPa on the model neck. There was a significant effect of collar type (F(7)=25.69, P<0.001) and force applied (F(2)=42.60, P<0.001) on the pressure exerted on the neck. Collar type (χ(7)=64.94, P<0.001), but not force applied (χ(2)=3.20, P=0.202), affected the contact area that the pressure was exerted over.

Conclusion

Variation in the pressures exerted on the neck may have implications on comfort and the potential to cause injury. No single collar tested provided a pressure considered low enough to mitigate the risk of injury when pulling on the lead.
Marine soil behaviour classification using piezocone penetration test (CPTu) and borehole records
Authors: Yin K.S. , Zhang L.M. , Wang H.J. , Zou H.F. , Li J.H.
Published: April 2020

Several piezocone penetration test (CPTu)-based soil behaviour classification systems (SBCs) have been developed for standard sites, where clays, silt, and sand dominate. However, problems can occur when applying the SBCs to offshore sites, where the marine soils may be decomposed from rocks or mixed with artificial fills. This study evaluates the accuracy of six CPTu-based SBCs for marine soils at a site offshore Hong Kong based on 16 CPTu soundings with 25 367 data points by comparing them with composition-based SBCs from borehole records in the vicinity of each sounding. The soil types are determined from six common CPTu-based SBCs. The interpretation of CPTu data is first performed to generate soil type variables comparable to borehole data, followed by a cross-validation study. The soil classification performance of each SBC is quantified by the weighted kappa coefficient and the Kendall correlation coefficient between the soil types generated by the CPTu-based and composition-based SBCs. The classification accuracy for each soil type is also evaluated via the root mean squared error and the mean absolute error. The classified soil types from the CPTu data are associated with a median degree of consistency, indicating the need for combining CPTu-based and composition-based SBCs for marine soil classification.