bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human anti-HIV IgM detection by the OraQuick ADVANCE® Rapid HIV 1/2 Antibody Test
Authors: Guillon Geraldine , Yearwood Graham , Snipes Casey , Boschi Daniel , Reed Michael R.
Published: February 2018

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and many public health jurisdictions continue to advocate for the most sensitive rapid HIV test that is available. Currently, the recommendation is to utilize tests that can detect HIV infection biomarkers within 30 days of infection, when initial immune responses are mounted. The infected patient’s IgM response is often used to detect acute infection within a 20–25 days window after infection. This requirement applies to lab-based testing with automated analyzers and rapid, point of care (POC) testing used for screening in a non-clinical setting. A recent study has demonstrated that POC tests using a Protein A-based detection system can detect samples with predominantly HIV-1 IgM reactivity (Moshgabadi et al., 2015). The OraQuick ADVANCE® Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test (OraQuick ADVANCE®) also uses Protein A as the detection protein in the antibody-binding colloidal gold conjugate, so it is expected that the OraQuick ADVANCE® Test will also detect samples with predominantly IgM reactivity. This report definitively demonstrates that the OraQuick ADVANCE® Test can detect IgM antibodies during an acute infection window period of approximately 20–25 days after infection, and is therefore suitable for use in testing environments requiring adherence to current CDC recommendations.
Quantifying Land and People Exposed to Sea‐Level Rise with No Mitigation and 1.5°C and 2.0°C Rise in Global Temperatures to Year 2300
Authors: Brown S. , Nicholls R. J. , Goodwin P. , Haigh I. D. , Lincke D. , Vafeidis A. T. , Hinkel J.
Published: February 2018

We use multiple synthetic mitigation sea‐level scenarios, together with a non‐mitigation sea‐level scenario from the Warming Acidification and Sea‐level Projector model. We find sea‐level rise (SLR) continues to accelerate post‐2100 for all but the most aggressive mitigation scenarios indicative of 1.5°C and 2.0°C. Using the Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment modeling framework, we project land and population exposed in the 1 in 100 year coastal flood plain under SLR and population change. In 2000, the flood plain is estimated at 540 × 103 km2. By 2100, under the mitigation scenarios, it ranges between 610 × 103 and 640 × 103 km2 (580 × 103 and 700 × 103 km2 for the 5th and 95th percentiles). Thus differences between the mitigation scenarios are small in 2100. However, in 2300, flood plains are projected to increase to between 700 × 103 and 960 × 103 km2 in 2300 (610 × 103 and 1290 × 103 km2) for the mitigation scenarios, but 1630 × 103 km2 (1190 × 103 and 2220 × 103 km2) for the non‐mitigation scenario. The proportion of global population exposed to SLR in 2300 is projected to be between 1.5% and 5.4% (1.2%–7.6%) (assuming no population growth after 2100) for the aggressive mitigation and the non‐mitigation scenario, respectively. Hence over centennial timescales there are significant benefits to climate change mitigation and temperature stabilization. However, sea‐levels will continue to rise albeit at lower rates. Thus potential impacts will keep increasing necessitating adaptation to existing coastal infrastructure and the careful planning of new coastal developments.
Massive Mortality of a Planktivorous Seabird in Response to a Marine Heatwave
Authors: Jones Timothy , Parrish Julia K. , Peterson William T. , Bjorkstedt Eric P. , Bond Nicholas A. , Ballance Lisa T. , Bowes Victoria , Hipfner J. Mark , Burgess Hillary K. , Dolliver Jane E. , Lindquist Kirsten , Lindsey Jacqueline , Nevins Hannahrose M. , Robertson Roxanne R. , Roletto Jan , Wilson Laurie , Joyce Trevor , Harvey James
Published: February 2018

Climate change has exacerbated the occurrence of large‐scale sea surface temperature anomalies, or marine heatwaves (MHWs)—extreme phenomena often associated with mass mortality events of marine organisms. Using a combination of citizen science and federal data sets, we investigated the causal mechanisms of the 2014/2015 die‐off of Cassin's Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), a small zooplanktivorous seabird, during the NE Pacific MHW of 2013–2015. Carcass deposition followed an effective reduction in the energy content of mesozooplankton, coincident with the loss of cold‐water foraging habitat caused by the intrusion of the NE Pacific MHW into the nearshore environment. Models examining interannual variability in effort‐controlled carcass abundance (2001–2014) identified the biomass of lipid‐poor zooplankton as the dominant predictor of increased carcass abundance. In 2014, Cassin's Auklets dispersing from colonies in British Columbia likely congregated into a nearshore band of cooler upwelled water and ultimately died from starvation following the shift in zooplankton composition associated with onshore transport of the NE Pacific MHW. For Cassin's Auklets, already in decline due to ocean warming, large‐scale and persistent MHWs might represent a global population precipice.
Circulation of Venusian Atmosphere at 90–110 km Based on Apparent Motions of the O2 1.27 μm Nightglow From VIRTIS‐M (Venus Express) Data
Authors: Gorinov D. A. , Khatuntsev I. V. , Zasova L. V. , Turin A. V. , Piccioni G.
Published: February 2018

The paper is devoted to the investigation of Venus mesosphere circulation at 90–110 km altitudes, where tracking of the O2(a1Δg) 1.27 μm nightglow is practically the only method of studying the circulation. The images of the nightglow were obtained by VIRTIS‐M on Venus Express over the course of more than 2 years. The resulting global mean velocity vector field covers the nightside between latitudes 75°S–20°N and local time 19–5 h. The main observed mode of circulation is two opposite flows from terminators to midnight; however, the wind speed in the eastward direction from the morning side exceeds the westward (evening) by 20–30 m/s, and the streams “meet” at 22.5 ± 0.5 h. The influence of underlying topography was suggested in some cases: Above mountain regions, flows behave as if they encounter an “obstacle” and “wrap around” highlands. Instances of circular motion were discovered, encompassing areas of 1,500–4,000 km.
Increasing Mobility of High Arctic Sea Ice Increases Marine Hazards Off the East Coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Barber D. G. , Babb D. G. , Ehn J. K. , Chan W. , Matthes L. , Dalman L. A. , Campbell Y. , Harasyn M. L. , Firoozy N. , Theriault N. , Lukovich J. V. , Zagon T. , Papakyriakou T. , Capelle D. W. , Forest A. , Gariepy A.
Published: February 2018

Heavy ice conditions along Canada's east coast during spring 2017 presented hazardous conditions for the maritime industry and required the Canadian Coast Guard to pull its research icebreaker, CCGS Amundsen, off its scientific cruise to provide ice escort services and conduct search and rescue operations along Newfoundland's northeast coast. Greater ice concentrations and a thicker ice pack than are typical of this area created the anomalous ice cover. Within this paper we present in situ observations of the ice cover, confirming that pieces of multiyear sea ice from the high Arctic were present within the ice cover, and subsequently examine the transport pathway that connects the export of thick multiyear sea ice from the Lincoln Sea and Canadian Arctic Archipelago to coastal communities in Newfoundland. We conclude with a discussion on how an increasingly mobile Arctic sea ice cover may increase these ice hazards in the south.
Assessing the Time Dependence of Reconnection With Poynting's Theorem: MMS Observations
Authors: Genestreti K. J. , Cassak P. A. , Varsani A. , Burch J. L. , Nakamura R. , Wang S.
Published: February 2018

We investigate the time dependence of electromagnetic‐field‐to‐plasma energy conversion in the electron diffusion region of asymmetric magnetic reconnection. To do so, we consider the terms in Poynting's theorem. In a steady state there is a perfect balance between the divergence of the electromagnetic energy flux
and the conversion between electromagnetic field and particle energy
. This energy balance is demonstrated with a particle‐in‐cell simulation of reconnection. We also evaluate each of the terms in Poynting's theorem during an observation of a magnetopause reconnection region by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS). We take the equivalence of both sides of Poynting's theorem as an indication that the errors associated with the approximation of each term with MMS data are small. We find that, for this event, balance between
is only achieved for a small fraction of the energy conversion region at/near the X‐point. Magnetic energy was rapidly accumulating on either side of the current sheet at roughly 3 times the predicted energy conversion rate. Furthermore, we find that while
and
are observed, as is expected for reconnection, the energy accumulation is driven by the overcompensation for
by
. We note that due to the assumptions necessary to do this calculation, the accurate evaluation of
may not be possible for every MMS‐observed reconnection event; but, if possible, this is a simple approach to determine if reconnection is or is not in a steady state.
Statistical Properties of Plasmaspheric Hiss From Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Hartley D. P. , Kletzing C. A. , Santolík O. , Chen L. , Horne R. B.
Published: February 2018

Van Allen Probes observations are used to statistically investigate plasmaspheric hiss wave properties. This analysis shows that the wave normal direction of plasmaspheric hiss is predominantly field aligned at larger L shells, with a bimodal distribution, consisting of a near‐field aligned and a highly oblique component, becoming apparent at lower L shells. Investigation of this oblique population reveals that it is most prevalent at L < 3, frequencies with f/fce>0.01 (or f > 700 Hz), low geomagnetic activity levels, and between 1900 and 0900 magnetic local time. This structure is similar to that reported for oblique chorus waves in the equatorial region, perhaps suggesting a causal link between the two wave modes. Ray tracing results from HOTRAY confirm that it is feasible for these oblique chorus waves to be a source of the observed oblique plasmaspheric hiss population. The decrease in oblique plasmaspheric hiss occurrence rates during more elevated geomagnetic activity levels may be attributed to the increase in Landau resonant electrons causing oblique chorus waves to be more substantially damped outside of the plasmasphere. In turn, this restricts the amount of wave power that can access the plasmasphere and evolve into oblique plasmaspheric hiss. These results confirm that, despite the difference in location of this bimodal distribution compared to previous studies, a direct link between oblique equatorial chorus outside of the plasmasphere and oblique hiss at low L shells is plausible. As such, these results are in keeping with the existing theory of chorus as the source of plasmaspheric hiss.
Microstructural Evolution of Porosity and Stress During the Formation of Brittle Shear Fractures: A Discrete Element Model Study
Authors: LongJohn Tamunoisoala , Morgan Julia K. , Dugan Brandon
Published: February 2018

Brittle fracturing in rocks is a progressive process involving changes in stress, strain, and porosity. Changes in these properties occur heterogeneously within a rock and are manifest at the grain scale, which is difficult to observe directly in the laboratory or the field. This study uses the discrete element method to show that fractures correspond to zones of generally lower stresses, higher porosity, and highly localized dilation and distortional strain. Using the discrete element method, we conducted numerical biaxial experiments at different confining pressures to probe the internal conditions of a low cohesive sandy sediment numerical analog. When compression begins, the stresses within the sandy sediment are relatively homogeneous with anastomosing stress chains. At yield stress, when the confining pressure is relatively low, multiple dilational bands start to open. At peak stress, high‐magnitude stress chains localize adjacent to the developing shear band and distortion is evident. Postpeak stress, through‐going shear fractures are fully developed. High stresses are transmitted across the fracture where porosity is low through a network of particles in contact. With increasing confining pressure, distortion is favored over dilation during deformation. Also, the number of particles that define the width of a stress chain across a shear fracture, and the steepness of the fracture, increases. Our results can be applied to understanding stress conditions of field samples, and in constraining rock property changes during reservoir modeling of fractured reservoirs.
Atmosphere‐Ice‐Ocean‐Ecosystem Processes in a Thinner Arctic Sea Ice Regime: The Norwegian Young Sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) Expedition
Authors: Granskog Mats A. , Fer Ilker , Rinke Annette , Steen Harald
Published: February 2018

Arctic sea ice has been in rapid decline the last decade and the Norwegian young sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) expedition sought to investigate key processes in a thin Arctic sea ice regime, with emphasis on atmosphere‐snow‐ice‐ocean dynamics and sea ice associated ecosystem. The main findings from a half‐year long campaign are collected into this special section spanning the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, and Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences and provide a basis for a better understanding of processes in a thin sea ice regime in the high Arctic. All data from the campaign are made freely available to the research community.
From Ice Sheets to Main Streets: Intermediaries Connect Climate Scientists to Coastal Adaptation
Authors: Ultee Lizz , Arnott James C. , Bassis Jeremy , Lemos Maria Carmen
Published: February 2018

Despite the societal relevance of sea‐level research, a knowledge‐to‐action gap remains between researchers and coastal communities. In the agricultural and water‐management sectors, intermediaries such as consultants and extension agencies have a long and well‐documented history of helping to facilitate the application of scientific knowledge on the ground. However, the role of such intermediaries in adaptation to sea‐level rise, though potentially of vital importance, has been less thoroughly explored. In this commentary, we describe three styles of science intermediation that can connect researchers working on sea‐level projections with decision‐makers relying on those projections. We illustrate these styles with examples of recent and ongoing contexts for the application of sea‐level research, at different spatial scales and political levels ranging from urban development projects to international organizations. Our examples highlight opportunities and drawbacks for the researchers involved and communities adapting to rising seas.
Autoimmune postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Watari Mari , Nakane Shunya , Mukaino Akihiro , Nakajima Makoto , Mori Yukiko , Maeda Yasuhiro , Masuda Teruaki , Takamatsu Koutaro , Kouzaki Yanosuke , Higuchi Osamu , Matsuo Hidenori , Ando Yukio
Published: February 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and circulating antiganglionic acetylcholine receptor (gAChR) antibodies. We reviewed clinical assessments of Japanese patients with POTS, and determined the presence of gAChR antibodies in serum samples from those patients. Luciferase immunoprecipitation systems detected anti‐gAChRα3 and β4 antibodies in the sera from POTS (29%). Antecedent infections were frequently reported in patients in POTS patients. Moreover, autoimmune markers and comorbid autoimmune diseases were also frequent in seropositive POTS patients. Anti‐gAChR antibodies were detectable in significant number of patients with POTS, and POTS entailed the element of autoimmune basis.
Self‐Aligned and Scalable Growth of Monolayer WSe2–MoS2 Lateral Heterojunctions
Authors: Li Ming‐Yang , Pu Jiang , Huang Jing‐Kai , Miyauchi Yuhei , Matsuda Kazunari , Takenobu Taishi , Li Lain‐Jong
Published: February 2018

2D layered heterostructures have attracted intensive interests due to their unique optical, transport, and interfacial properties. The laterally stitched heterojunction based on dissimilar 2D transition metal dichalcogenides forms an intrinsic p–n junction without the necessity of applying an external voltage. However, no scalable processes are reported to construct the devices with such lateral heterostructures. Here, a scalable strategy, two‐step and location‐selective chemical vapor deposition, is reported to synthesize self‐aligned WSe2–MoS2 monolayer lateral heterojunction arrays and demonstrates their light‐emitting devices. The proposed fabrication process enables the growth of high‐quality interfaces and the first successful observation of electroluminescence at the WSe2–MoS2 lateral heterojunction. The electroluminescence study has confirmed the type‐I alignment at the interface rather than commonly believed type‐II alignment. This self‐aligned growth process paves the way for constructing various 2D lateral heterostructures in a scalable manner, practically important for integrated 2D circuit applications.
Individual Adjustment of Electrical Conductivity and Thermopower Enabled by Multiple Interfaces in Polyaniline‐Based Ternary Hybrid Nanomaterials for High Thermoelectric Performances
Authors: Wang Yao , Yu Chao , Sheng Ming , Song Silong , Deng Yuan
Published: February 2018

Recent developed conducting polymer based hybrid thermoelectric (TE) materials provide a promising alternative route for energy conversion on a large scale. However, high thermopower largely relies on high content of low‐abundance elements, such as tellurium, which impedes the mass production of these materials. To optimize the compositions of the hybrids and further improve the TE properties, interfacial engineering is therefore employed to modulate the carrier transport properties in rationally designed multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)‐Te nanorod/polyaniline (PANI) ternary hybrid nanomaterials considering the similar π–π conjugated interactions among these constituents. The effects of MWCNTs and Te nanorods, especially the multiple interfaces formed between the constituents, on the TE performances and carrier transport behavior are studied in depth. Due to simultaneous increase in both electrical conductivity and thermopower, an optimal power factor of 54.4 µW m−1 K−2 is obtained in 52%Te‐16% MWCNT/PANI film, which is almost twice the value of binary Te/PANI film at the same Te content and comparable to that of 60% Te/PANI film. Moreover, the ternary hybrid film shows good mechanical stability. This study demonstrates an effective strategy to improve TE performances of conducting polymer based hybrids and has great potential for cost‐effective flexible energy conversion devices.
Suppressing the Self‐Discharge of Supercapacitors by Modifying Separators with an Ionic Polyelectrolyte
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Zhou Qinqin , Yao Bowen , Ma Hongyun , Zhang Miao , Li Chun , Shi Gaoquan
Published: February 2018

The application of supercapacitors for energy storage is severely limited by their self‐discharging behavior. Herein, a convenient technique is reported to effectively suppress the self‐discharge of typical activated carbon‐based supercapacitors by modifying their porous cellulose separators with a cationic polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine. Experimental and theoretical studies indicate that polyelectrolyte modification slows the ion diffusion driven by concentration gradient, while does not sacrifice the electrochemical performances of the supercapacitors.
All‐Glass 3D Optofluidic Microchip with Built‐in Tunable Microlens Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser‐Assisted Etching
Authors: Hu Yanlei , Rao Shenglong , Wu Sizhu , Wei Pengfei , Qiu Weixin , Wu Dong , Xu Bing , Ni Jincheng , Yang Liang , Li Jiawen , Chu Jiaru , Sugioka Koji
Published: February 2018

Development of tunable microlenses by taking advantage of the physical adaptability of fluids is one of the challenges of optofluidic techniques, since it offers many applications in biochips, consumer electronics, and medical engineering. Current optofluidic tuning methods using electrowetting or pneumatic pressure typically suffer from high complexity involving external electromechanical actuating devices and limited tuning performance. In this paper, a novel and simple tuning method is proposed that changes the liquid refractive index in an optofluidic channel while leaving the shape of the microlens unchanged. To create an optofluidic microlens with high robustness and optical performance, built‐in microlenses are fabricated inside 3D glass microfluidic channels by optimized single‐operation wet etching assisted by a femtosecond laser. Tuning of focusing properties is demonstrated by filling the channel with media having different indices. Continuous tuning over a wide range (more than threefold tunability for both focal length and focal spot size) is also achieved by pumping sucrose solutions with different concentrations into the microchip channels. Reversible tuning is experimentally verified, indicating intriguing properties of the all‐glass optofluidic microchip. Both the proposed tuning method and the all‐glass architecture with built‐in microlens offer great potential toward numerous applications, including microfluidic adaptive imaging and biomedical sensing.
Measuring the effect of agricultural cooperatives on household income: Case study of a rice‐producing cooperative in China
Authors: Hoken Hisatoshi , Su Qun
Published: February 2018

Agricultural cooperatives in China, known as “Farmers’ Professional Cooperatives” (FPCs), are becoming popular and have been intensely promoted by the Chinese government to improve the economic welfare of small farmers. However, few studies on FPCs have measured the benefits to gain farmers who participate in FPCs after controlling for observable attributes of farmers. This paper investigates the treatment effect of participation in a rice‐producing cooperative in suburban China using the propensity score matching (PSM) method. Estimated results show that a significant difference is observed between participants and nonparticipants of the cooperative in terms of net income from rice production. In addition, there is significant heterogeneity of the treatment effects between large and small farmers. Therefore, we can conclude that the participation in agricultural cooperatives is more beneficial to relatively small farmers who are subject to suffer from higher transaction costs. [EconLit citations: Q12, Q13, O13]
Duration of propagule pressure affects non‐native plant species abundances
Authors: De Jong Gabriel L. , Fowler Norma L.
Published: February 2018

Premise of the Study

Invasions by non‐native species are known to be related to present propagule pressure (e.g., the number of non‐native seeds arriving in a site each year). However, previous studies have mostly ignored the potential effects of the length of time that a site has experienced propagule pressure. This study is novel in studying past as well as present propagule pressure and in demonstrating the importance of past propagule pressure.

Methods

We tested the importance of past and present propagule pressure in three plant communities in central Texas to quantify relationships between variables representing past and present propagule pressure, other environmental variables, and the abundance of non‐native and native woody plant species.

Key Results

Duration of propagule pressure predicted non‐native species richness. Sites had greater non‐native species richness if they were nearer to development (houses, roads) and if nearby development was older. While mesic woodlands had the most native species, streamside woodlands had the most non‐native species.

Conclusions

First, future studies of non‐native invasions would benefit from including past as well as present propagule pressure. If past propagule pressure is not considered, its effects may be wrongly ascribed to present propagule pressure. Second, the non‐native species in this study are widely used in landscaping, and development age reflects the years that landscaping has been present nearby. As xeriscaping becomes more common, streamside woodlands may someday not have the highest non‐native species richness: the new drought‐tolerant landscaping plants may be better invaders of drier sites than their predecessors.
Intramolekulare Aza‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen von ortho‐Chinon‐ methidiminen – ein schneller, katalytischer und enantioselektiver Aufbau benzanellierter Chinolizidine
Authors: Kretzschmar Martin , Hofmann Fabian , Moock Daniel , Schneider Christoph
Published: February 2018

Aza‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen (ADARs) sind leistungsfähige Prozesse zum schnellen und stereoselektiven Aufbau von Stickstoffheterocyclen. Intramolekulare Varianten bieten darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit, bi‐ und polycyclische Ringsysteme in einem Schritt mit hoher Stereoselektivität zu generieren. In dem hier entwickelten Brønsted‐Säure‐katalysierten Verfahren können nun erstmals ortho‐Chinonmethidimine, die über den Iminsubstituenten an ein Dienophil gebunden sind, in einer enantioselektiven ADAR mit inversem Elektronenbedarf zu komplexen Chinolizidin‐ und Oxazinochinolin‐Ringsystemen umgesetzt werden. Die Reaktionen laufen unter milden Bedingungen in sehr guten Ausbeuten und mit guten bis sehr guten Diastereo‐ und Enantioselektivitäten ab. Das Verfahren kann darüber hinaus zu einem Domino‐Prozess erweitert werden, der Substratsynthese, ortho‐Chinonmethid‐Bildung und ADAR effizient vereinigt.
A Porous Network of Bismuth Used as the Anode Material for High‐Energy‐Density Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lei Kaixiang , Wang Chenchen , Liu Luojia , Luo Yuwen , Mu Chaonan , Li Fujun , Chen Jun
Published: February 2018

Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are plagued by a lack of materials for reversible accommodation of the large‐sized K+ ion. Herein we present, the Bi anode in combination with the dimethoxyethane‐(DME) based electrolyte to deliver a remarkable capacity of ca. 400 mAh g−1 and long cycle stability with three distinct two‐phase reactions of Bi↔ KBi2↔K3Bi2↔K3Bi. These are ascribed to the gradually developed three‐dimensional (3D) porous networks of Bi, which realizes fast kinetics and tolerance of its volume change during potassiation and depotassiation. The porosity is linked to the unprecedented movement of the surface Bi atoms interacting with DME molecules, as suggested by DFT calculations. A full KIB of Bi//DME‐based electrolyte//Prussian blue of K0.72Fe[Fe(CN)6] is demonstrated to present large energy density of 108.1 Wh kg−1 with average discharge voltage of 2.8 V and capacity retention of 86.5 % after 350 cycles.
Soft Phonon Modes Leading to Ultralow Thermal Conductivity and High Thermoelectric Performance in AgCuTe
Authors: Roychowdhury Subhajit , Jana Manoj K. , Pan Jaysree , Guin Satya N. , Sanyal Dirtha , Waghmare Umesh V. , Biswas Kanishka
Published: February 2018

Crystalline solids with intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity (κL) are crucial to realizing high‐performance thermoelectric (TE) materials. Herein, we show an ultralow κL of 0.35 Wm−1 K−1 in AgCuTe, which has a remarkable TE figure‐of‐merit, zT of 1.6 at 670 K when alloyed with 10 mol % Se. First‐principles DFT calculation reveals several soft phonon modes in its room‐temperature hexagonal phase, which are also evident from low‐temperature heat‐capacity measurement. These phonon modes, dominated by Ag vibrations, soften further with temperature giving a dynamic cation disorder and driving the superionic transition. Intrinsic factors cause an ultralow κL in the room‐temperature hexagonal phase, while the dynamic disorder of Ag/Cu cations leads to reduced phonon frequencies and mean free paths in the high‐temperature rocksalt phase. Despite the cation disorder at elevated temperatures, the crystalline conduits of the rigid anion sublattice give a high power factor.
Intramolecular Aza‐Diels–Alder Reactions of ortho‐Quinone Methide Imines: Rapid, Catalytic, and Enantioselective Assembly of Benzannulated Quinolizidines
Authors: Kretzschmar Martin , Hofmann Fabian , Moock Daniel , Schneider Christoph
Published: February 2018

Aza‐Diels–Alder reactions (ADARs) are powerful processes that furnish N‐heterocycles in a straightforward fashion. Intramolecular variants offer the additional possibility of generating bi‐ and polycyclic systems with high stereoselectivity. We report herein a novel Brønsted acid catalyzed process in which ortho‐quinone methide imines tethered to the dienophile via the N substituent react in an intramolecular ADAR to form complex quinolizidines and oxazinoquinolines in a one‐step process. The reactions proceed under very mild conditions, with very good yields and good to very good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Furthermore, the process was extended to a domino reaction that efficiently combines substrate synthesis, ortho‐quinone methide imine formation, and ADAR.
Ultrasonic assisted deep eutectic solvent liquid–liquid microextraction using azadipyrromethene dye as complexing agent for assessment of chromium species in environmental samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Panhwar Abdul Haleem , Tuzen Mustafa , Deligonul Nihal , Kazi Tasneem Gul
Published: February 2018

A novel type of solvent named deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been considered as a green ionic liquid analogue. A novel method was developed for enrichment and speciation of chromium ion from water and food samples based on deep eutectic solvent and ultrasonic extraction. The procedure for this method was comprised of Cr(III) complex formation with a hydrophobic complexing agent (Z)‐N‐(3,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐3,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐imine (azadipyrromethene dye). Metal complex was entrapped in a deep eutectic solvent as an extracting solvent. While Cr(III) recovery was quantitative, the recovery of Cr(VI) was found 5%. After reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), the method was applied for determination of total chromium(III) ion. The amount of Cr(VI) was calculated as subtracting of Cr(III) from total chromium ion. Various analytical parameters were optimized. The certified reference materials were analyzed and standard addition method also carried out to real samples to check the accuracy of the developed method. Preconcentration factor was found to be 50. The limit of detection of chromium(III) was found to be 4.3 ng l‐1. The precision of developed method as the relative standard deviation (RSD) was found as 3.5 %. The developed method was applied successfully for the speciation of chromium ions in water and food samples.
Egg Yolk as Means for Providing Essential and Beneficial Fatty Acids
Authors: Shinn Sara E. , Proctor Andrew , Baum Jamie I.
Published: February 2018

The new American Dietary Guidelines now recommend optimizing the types of fat consumed instead of reducing or eliminating fat from the diet. Chicken eggs are a means to deliver essential and beneficial human dietary fatty acids (FA), and can be staple component of healthy eating behavior. Additionally, polyunsaturated fatty acids can be increased in the avian egg yolk by simply incorporating selected lipid sources into the avian diet. Poultry feed rich in omega‐3 FA (omega‐3) has allowed commercialization of enriched eggs containing up to 600 mg of omega‐3. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has also been used in the research setting to enrich eggs to provide a portion of the 3–4 g CLA day−1 needed to promote weight loss to combat obesity. However, Americans consume only 50% of the omega‐3 recommended adequate intake, and average CLA consumption is under 600 mg day−1. While a variety of foods are naturally rich in omega‐3, conventional sources of CLA are limited to bovine milk and meat, which do not provide enough CLA to produce clinical effects in a balanced diet. Since eggs and egg‐based products are common in the Western diet, eggs enriched with both omega‐3 and CLA using dietary additions to poultry feed may promote consumption of the recommended levels of these FA. This article reviews the design of poultry eggs with enhanced lipid profiles through dietary intervention, and discusses the future direction of enriched egg research.
Herbarium data: Global biodiversity and societal botanical needs for novel research
Authors: James Shelley A. , Soltis Pamela S. , Belbin Lee , Chapman Arthur D. , Nelson Gil , Paul Deborah L. , Collins Matthew
Published: February 2018

Building on centuries of research based on herbarium specimens gathered through time and around the globe, a new era of discovery, synthesis, and prediction using digitized collections data has begun. This paper provides an overview of how aggregated, open access botanical and associated biological, environmental, and ecological data sets, from genes to the ecosystem, can be used to document the impacts of global change on communities, organisms, and society; predict future impacts; and help to drive the remediation of change. Advocacy for botanical collections and their expansion is needed, including ongoing digitization and online publishing. The addition of non‐traditional digitized data fields, user annotation capability, and born‐digital field data collection enables the rapid access of rich, digitally available data sets for research, education, informed decision‐making, and other scholarly and creative activities. Researchers are receiving enormous benefits from data aggregators including the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Integrated Digitized Biocollections (iDigBio), the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), and the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL), but effective collaboration around data infrastructures is needed when working with large and disparate data sets. Tools for data discovery, visualization, analysis, and skills training are increasingly important for inspiring novel research that improves the intrinsic value of physical and digital botanical collections.
One‐pot Annulation for Biaryl‐fused Monocarba‐closo‐dodecaborate through Aromatic B−H Bond Disconnection
Authors: Akimoto Gaku , Otsuka Mai , Miyamoto Kazunori , Muranaka Atsuya , Hashizume Daisuke , Takita Ryo , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: February 2018

We have developed a one‐pot annulation reaction of monocarba‐closo‐dodecaborate with cyclic diaryliodonium salts to afford biaryl‐fused derivatives. Aryl functionalities are introduced at both the 1‐carbon and unreactive ortho‐boron vertices of the “σ‐aromatic” carborane cage without the need for pre‐functionalization. DFT calculations revealed that the palladium‐catalyzed C−B bond‐formation step in this process proceeds through a concerted metalation–deprotonation (CMD)‐type pathway for the B−H bond disconnection on the aromatic cage, though such bonds are generally regarded as hydridic.
Sustainability Strategies at the Water–Energy Nexus: Renewable Energy and Decentralized Infrastructure
Authors: Lee Juneseok , Younos Tamim
Published: February 2018

With a global focus on incorporating renewable energies into existing water infrastructure, the water industry has established important strategies to conserve water and energy for future sustainability.
Frischbetonverbundtechnologie
Authors: Freimann Thomas , Heinlein Ulli
Published: February 2018

Frischbetonverbundsysteme (FBVS) können planmäßig als zusätzliche Abdichtung in Verbindung mit WU‐Bauwerken zum Einsatz kommen. Sie werden wasserseitig vor dem Betoneinbau verlegt und gehen einen reißfesten Verbund mit dem Beton ein. Durch den zweiteiligen Aufbau aus dehnfähiger Dichtungsschicht und Verbundschicht sollen sowohl Risse in der Betonkonstruktion überbrückt, als auch Hinterläufigkeiten zwischen der Membran und dem Bauwerk verhindert werden. Dieser Beitrag soll die Technologie und Wirkungsweise von FBV‐Systemen beleuchten und das Anwendungspotenzial diskutieren. Weiterhin werden eigene praxisnahe Untersuchungen vorgestellt und Hinweise zur Ausführung gegeben.
Enhancing the Catalytic Performance of a CYP116B Monooxygenase by Transdomain Combination Mutagenesis
Authors: Li Ren‐Jie , Xu Jian‐He , Chen Qi , Zhao Jing , Li Ai‐Tao , Yu Hui‐Lei
Published: February 2018

The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase discovered in Labrenzia aggregata (P450LaMO) is a self‐sufficient redox system with versatile oxygenation functions. However, its catalytic performance is severely hindered by a low reaction rate, poor electron coupling efficiency (CE) and fragile thermostability. Herein, a simple transdomain combination mutation strategy was proposed for engineering this multi‐domain P450 enzyme with redox partners fused to the heme domain. After focused mutagenesis on the heme domain, a triple mutant H3 (N119C/V264A/V437G) was hit, that improved the turnover frequency (TOF) and CE of P450LaMO by about 7.8‐fold and 3.0‐fold, respectively. A redox domain‐based mutant with higher cytochrome c reduction activity, MR1 (M612L/K774Y), mediated more efficient electron transfer, elevated the TOF by 4.9‐fold, and the coupling efficiency by 4.2‐fold. The beneficial effect was further enhanced by combining the mutation sites from different domains, resulting in a combinatorial mutant (N119C/V264A/V437G/M612L/N694D) with a 9.1‐fold increase in coupling efficiency, 10‐fold in TOF, as well as +3.8 °C in thermostability (T5010). Meanwhile, for series of tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives, this combinator showed higher hydroxylation activity. This work suggested that employing this combinatorial strategy targeting on both the redox and heme domains is efficient to improve holoenzyme activity, CE and stability of a CYP116B subfamily member from the low starting point.
Sodium‐Alginate‐Based Binders for Lithium‐Rich Cathode Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries to Suppress Voltage and Capacity Fading
Authors: Zhang Shao‐Jian , Deng Ya‐Ping , Wu Qi‐Hui , Zhou Yao , Li Jun‐Tao , Wu Zhan‐Yu , Yin Zu‐Wei , Lu Yan‐Qiu , Shen Chong‐Heng , Huang Ling , Sun Shi‐Gang
Published: February 2018

A series of sodium alginate (SA)‐based binders are prepared for Li‐rich and Mn‐based oxides (LRMO) to address capacity loss and voltage fading issue. Our results demonstrate that the Ba2+ and Al3+ cations crosslinked SA binders can significantly enhance the electrochemical performance. A small voltage fading of 0.326 V and a capacity retention of 82.5 % are displayed with Ba2+‐doped SA binder; and a voltage decay of 0.208 V and a capacity retention of 99.9 % are measured on the Al3+‐doped one. FESEM and TEM observations prove that the doped SA based binders can form a coating layer on the surface of the primary particles, which functions as an effective screen to prevent the active materials from being etched by the electrolyte and hence stabilizes the layered crystal structure of the LRMO. XPS depth profiles of the cycled LRMO with SA‐based binders further confirm that the Mn element dissolution, an issue which causes severe capacity loss and irreversible structural transformation, can be effectively alleviated by Ba2+‐ and Al3+‐doped SA binders. On this basis, the usage of SA‐based binders are a promising approach to suppress the voltage and capacity fading of LRMO.
Iron‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Lator Alexis , Gaillard Sylvain , Poater Albert , Renaud Jean‐Luc
Published: February 2018

An iron‐catalyzed chemo‐ and diastereoselective reduction of α,β‐unsaturated ketones into the corresponding saturated ketones in mild reaction conditions is reported herein. DFT calculations and experimental work underline that transfer hydride reduction is a more facile process than hydrogenation, unveiling the fundamental role of the base.
Why prescribe exercise as therapy in type 2 diabetes? We have a pill for that!
Authors: Ried‐Larsen Mathias , MacDonald Christopher S. , Johansen Mette Y. , Hansen Katrine B. , Christensen Robin , Almdal Thomas P. , Pedersen Bente K. , Karstoft Kristian
Published: February 2018

The majority of T2D cases are preventable through a healthy lifestyle, leaving little room for questions that lifestyle should be the first line of defence in the fight against the development of T2D. However, when it comes to the clinical care of T2D, the potential efficacy of lifestyle is much less clear‐cut, both in terms of impacting the pathological metabolic biomarkers of the disease, and long‐term complications. A healthy diet, high leisure‐time physical activity, and exercise are considered to be cornerstones albeit adjunct to drug therapy in the management of T2D. The prescription and effective implementation of structured exercise and other lifestyle interventions in the treatment of T2D have not been routinely used. In this article, we critically appraise and debate our reflections as to why exercise and physical activity may not have reached the status of a viable and effective treatment in the clinical care of T2D to the same extent as pharmaceutical drugs. We argue that the reason why exercise therapy is not utilized to a satisfactory degree is multifaceted and primarily relates to a “vicious cycle” with lack of proven efficacy on T2D complications and a lack of proven effectiveness on risk factors in the primary care of T2D. Furthermore, there is a lack of experimental research establishing the optimal dose of exercise. This precludes widespread and sustained implementation of physical activity and exercise in the clinical treatment of T2D will not succeed.
Invasive predator tips the balance of symmetrical competition between native coral‐reef fishes
Authors: Kindinger Tye L.
Published: February 2018

The importance of competition and predation in structuring ecological communities is typically examined separately such that interactions between these processes are seldom understood. By causing large reductions in native prey, invasive predators may modify native species interactions. I conducted a manipulative field experiment in The Bahamas to investigate the possibility that the invasive Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) alters competition between planktivorous fairy and blackcap basslets (Gramma loretoandGramma melacara, respectively). Competition between these coral‐reef fishes is known to have symmetrical effects on the juveniles of both species, whereby the feeding positions under reef ledges and growth rates of these individuals are hindered. Following baseline censuses of local populations of competing basslets, I simultaneously manipulated the abundance of lionfish on entire reefs, and the abundance of basslets in local populations under isolated ledges within each reef, resulting in three treatments: unmanipulated control populations of both basslets, reduced abundance of fairy basslet, and reduced abundance of blackcap basslet. For eight weeks, I measured the change in biomass and feeding position of 2–5 cm size classes of each basslet species and calculated the growth rates of ~2 cm individuals using a standard mark‐and‐recapture method. Experimental populations were filmed at dusk using automated video cameras to quantify the behavior of lionfish overlapping with basslets. Video playback revealed lionfish hunted across all ledge positions, regardless of which basslet species were present, yet lionfish differentially reduced the biomass of only juvenile (2 cm) fairy basslet. Predation reduced the effects of interspecific competition on juvenile blackcap basslet as evidenced by corresponding shifts in feeding position toward coveted front edges of ledges and increases in growth rates that were comparable to the response of these fish in populations where competition was experimentally reduced. Thus, an invasive marine predator altered the outcome of interspecific competition via differential predation, which tipped the balance of competition between native prey species from symmetrical to asymmetrical effects on juveniles. This study reveals a newly demonstrated context in which predation can indirectly facilitate prey, further broadening our understanding of the interactive effects of predation and competition in the context of invasive species.
Effects of the Facet Orientation of γ‐Al2O3 Support on the Direct Synthesis of H2O2 Catalyzed by Pd Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Yuming , Wang Hao , Li Ping , Geng He , Xu Jing , Han Yifan
Published: February 2018

Two kinds of γ‐Al2O3 materials, with different facet proportions, were carefully prepared by using a template‐free solvothermal method. They were used to support Pd catalysts, with varying Pd particle sizes in the range of 0.6–2.6 nm, for the direct synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2. The evaluation of the catalytic activity and selectivity has demonstrated significant support effects and Pd particle‐size effects. The (110) facets predominate the surface of clustered γ‐Al2O3 (γ‐Al2O3‐C), while extra (111) facets appear on the surface of nanoplated γ‐Al2O3 (γ‐Al2O3‐P), occupying around 30 % of the area, in addition to (110) facets. More Pd (100) domains, besides Pd (111), have been disclosed to constitute the surface of small Pd particles deposited on γ‐Al2O3‐P, rather than on γ‐Al2O3‐C, which has been ascribed to the stabilization of high‐energy Pd (100) by dense –OH groups on (111) surfaces of γ‐Al2O3‐P. Meanwhile, less PdO species has been found to be present on the Pd/γ‐Al2O3‐P catalyst, in comparison with that on the Pd/γ‐Al2O3‐C catalyst having parallel Pd particle sizes, suggesting the Pd (100) domains are more resistant than Pd (111) to oxidization. A conceptual illustration has been proposed to explain the effects of the facet orientation of the γ‐Al2O3 support on both the topography of the Pd nanoparticles and the subsequent oxidative species, which are decisive factors for the catalytic activity and selectivity during H2O2 direct synthesis.
Elaboration of Table Olives: Assessment of New Olive Genotypes
Authors: Rallo Pilar , Morales‐Sillero Ana , Brenes Manuel , del Rocio Jiménez María , Sánchez Antonio H. , Suarez Maria Paz , Casanova Laura , Romero Concepción
Published: February 2018

Thirty‐three new genotypes coming from a table olive cross‐breeding program are evaluated to assess their adaptability to standard processes, namely Spanish‐style and black ripe olives. Different physical and chemical parameters are evaluated in fresh fruits, processed olives, and brines. Most of these traits exhibit large variability among all genotypes and within each cross. Seven new genotypes, 05–138, 05–166, 05–217, 05–322, 05–499, 04–1390, and 04–1396, are selected based on fruit weight, pulp‐to‐pit ratio, olive oil content, and bruising parameters. In particular, two genotypes (04–1355 and 05–271) did not develop fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. Some genotypes had firmness problems in the final product, especially the 02–1000, and in both elaboration processes this cultivar was excessively soft. Other genotypes developed an unacceptable color when they were processed as Spanish‐style olives. Nevertheless, all new genotypes could be elaborated as both Spanish‐style and black ripe olives by adapting specific criteria in the processes for each genotype. Correlations between traits measured in fresh fruit and those measured in processed olives are explored.

Practical Applications: Currently, the consumption of table olives is increasing and the table olive industry has a greater problem with the raw material that reaches its cooperatives. The relevance of this work is that almost all genotypes tested have produced a final product of high quality. In addition, they have agronomic advantages over traditional cultivars. It opens up the possibility to employ theses new cultivars to obtain table olives, both Spanish‐style and black ripe olives, with less post‐harvest, and processing problems.

New olive genotypes are processed as both Spanish‐style and black ripe olives. An edible final product is obtained.