bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical scheme with convergence for a generalized time‐fractional Telegraph‐type equation
Authors: Kumar Kamlesh , Pandey Rajesh K. , Sharma Shiva , Xu Yufeng
Published: January 2019

In this work, we design and analyze a numerical scheme for solving the generalized time‐fractional Telegraph‐type equation (GTFTTE) which is defined using the generalized time fractional derivative (GTFD) proposed recently by Agrawal. The GTFD involves the scale and the weight functions, and reduces to the traditional Caputo derivative for a particular choice of the weight and the scale functions. The scale and the weight functions play an important role in describing the behavior of real‐life physical systems and thus we study the solution behavior of the GTFTTE by varying the weight and the scale functions in the GTFD. We investigate the solution profile of the GTFTTE under some of these choices. We also provide the stability and the convergence analysis of the proposed numerical scheme for the GTFTTE. We consider two test examples to perform numerical simulations.
Conservative finite difference methods for fractional Schrödinger–Boussinesq equations and convergence analysis
Authors: Liao Feng , Zhang Luming , Hu Xiuling
Published: January 2019

In this paper, two conservative finite difference schemes for fractional Schrödinger–Boussinesq equations are formulated and investigated. The convergence of the nonlinear fully implicit scheme is established via discrete energy method, while the linear semi‐implicit scheme is analyzed by means of mathematical induction method. Our schemes are proved to preserve the total mass and energy in discrete level. The numerical results are given to confirm the theoretical analysis.
Hybrid annuity model: Hamming risk allocations in Indian highway public–private partnerships
Authors: Garg Swapnil , Mahapatra Diptiranjan
Published: January 2019

A new public–private partnership (PPP) model, that is, hybrid annuity model (HAM) was introduced in 2016, to revive investments in the Indian highway infrastructure and to remedy the troubled relationship between the public and private sectors. This model marked a significant policy departure in the management of long‐ and short‐term public interest, which is inherent to public utilities and service delivery.

Through a dispassionate lens, this paper critically examines the extent to which HAM has fulfilled its stated objectives. The analysis of project award data provides mixed empirical evidence of HAM's early success. As a positive policy imperative, HAM has been able to attract private participation in highway infrastructure by readjustment of risk allocations, and hence, it is a welcome step forward in improving public affairs. Worryingly though, HAM also brought about extensive de‐risking of the private sector, with evidence of rendering risk retention, that is, “skin‐in‐the‐game” by the less significant private infrastructure investors, and thereby adversely impacting development priorities. We find that HAM has taken the reengagement of private sector two steps back in management of PPP affairs.

Recognizing that a true performance assessment is unlikely at this early stage of HAM introduction, the paper adopts a more analytical stance in identifying possible pitfalls based upon the telltale signs presented by project bidding and award data. This study offers fresh insight and course correction on the role of government and other stakeholders in this newly introduced PPP template.
Buying Power
Authors: Giordano Geoff
Published: January 2019

The global push toward finalizing and implementing the next generation of connected smart machinery—the Industry 4.0 protocols—begs the question: how will these new standards influence equipment purchasing decisions for plastics manufacturers?
Nonaspirin Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Use in the Nordic Countries from a Cardiovascular Risk Perspective, 2000–2016: A Drug Utilization Study
Authors: Kristensen Kasper Bruun , Karlstad Øystein , Martikainen Jaana E. , Pottegård Anton , Wastesson Jonas W. , Zoega Helga , Schmidt Morten
Published: January 2019

Study Objective

Evidence on the cardiotoxicity of nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly diclofenac and the newer selective cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitors, has accumulated over the last decade. Our objective was to examine whether the use of NSAIDs in the Nordic countries changed with the emerging evidence, regulatory statements, and clinical guidelines advocating caution for the use of specific NSAIDs.

Design

Drug utilization study.

Data Sources

Nationwide wholesale statistics and prescription registries in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden (2000–2016).

Measurements and Main Results

Our main outcome measures were yearly total sales, expressed as number of sold defined daily doses (DDDs)/1000 inhabitants/day, and yearly prevalence of prescription use, expressed as number of prescription users per 1000 inhabitants. The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. Total sales of NSAIDs increased in all countries and were highest in Iceland, with 74.3 DDDs/1000 inhabitants/day sold in 2016, followed by Finland (73.9), Sweden (54.4), Norway (43.8), and Denmark (31.8). Diclofenac use declined after 2008 in all countries but remained the most widely prescribed NSAID in Norway, with 63 prescription users/1000 inhabitants in 2016. Diclofenac sales also remained high in Iceland (12.7 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day), Norway (8.1), and Sweden (7.8). Since its introduction in 2003, the use of etoricoxib, a newer selective COX‐2 inhibitor, increased in all countries except Denmark, with highest sales in Finland (6.7 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 2016).

Conclusion

Sales and prescription patterns of NSAIDs in the Nordic countries has changed along with the accumulating evidence for the cardiovascular risks of specific NSAIDs. However, given existing evidence on the cardiovascular risks associated with the use of diclofenac and etoricoxib, the persistent high use of diclofenac in Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, the persistent over‐the‐counter availability of diclofenac in Norway and Sweden, and the increasing use of etoricoxib in most of the Nordic countries pose a cardiovascular health concern.
Potentially Unsafe Chronic Medication Use Among Older Adult Chronic Opioid Users
Authors: Silva Almodovar Armando , Nahata Milap C.
Published: January 2019

Study Objectives

To assess chronic potentially unsafe medication use among older adults using opioids chronically versus those who did not, to assess the likelihood of chronically using medications to treat adverse effects associated with chronic opioid use, and to characterize the differences in chronic potentially unsafe medication use at three morphine equivalent dose (MED) levels/day (less than 50MED, 50‐90MED, and more than 90MED).

Design

Retrospective cross‐sectional analysis.

Data Source

Prescription claims data from a national telehealth Medication Therapy Management (MTM) provider for the year 2015.

Patients

All Medicare Part D beneficiaries (65 years and older [older adults]) from one Medicare Part D plan provider in one state who were eligible to receive MTM services.

Measurements and Main Results

Medication claims were limited to refills in a 120‐day window from one Medicare Part D provider. Chronic medication use was defined as having a total days' medication supply of 84 days or more. Odds ratios (ORs) and χ2 tests were used to compare chronic medication use among beneficiaries who were chronic opioid users versus nonopioid users. Analyses were repeated among chronic opioid users at the less than 50MED, 50–90MED, and more than 90MED levels. Unpaired t tests and Welch's analysis of variance paired with Games‐Howell post hoc tests were used for continuous variables. Older adult (mean age 76 years) chronic opioid users were more likely to use muscle relaxants chronically (OR 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.20–3.25), benzodiazepines (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.87–2.31), hypnotics (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.67–2.34), antidepressants (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.51–1.77), and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.59–1.98) versus nonopioid users. Further, chronic opioid users were 3.04 times (95% CI 2.05–4.51) more likely to use muscle relaxants and benzodiazepines concomitantly chronically and also more likely to use medications chronically to treat gastrointestinal reflux disease, constipation, estrogen loss, nausea and vomiting, and edema. Very high‐dose (more than 90MED/day) chronic opioid users were more likely than low‐dose users (less than 50MED) to use antidepressants (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.15–1.97, p=0.003).

Conclusion

Older adults with chronic opioid use were more likely to use potentially unsafe medications chronically. These data demonstrated discordance between national prescribing guidelines and real‐world practice among older adults with chronic pain in one Medicare Part D plan.
On the photo‐activation of the S0 → S1 transition in polyenes
Authors: Catalán Javier
Published: January 2019

The evidence provided in this work allows us to conclude that the electronic transition S0 → S1 either for the diphenylhexatriene molecule or for the diphenyloctatetraene molecule is dipole allowed and induced by one‐photon absorption. Consequently, the model to explain the photophysics of these polyenes does not need the existence of an underlying 21Ag excited electronic state, to the converse of what Hudson and Kohler proposed, that the transition S0 → S1 must be induced by two‐photon absorption.
Chemically reprogramming the phospho‐transfer reaction to crosslink protein kinases to their substrates
Authors: Wong Allison W. , Urisman Anatoly , Burlingame Alma L. , Shokat Kevan M.
Published: January 2019

The proteomic mapping of enzyme–substrate interactions is challenged by their transient nature. A method to capture interacting protein kinases in complexes with a single substrate of interest would provide a new tool for mapping kinase signaling networks. Here, we describe a nucleotide‐based substrate analog capable of reprogramming the wild‐type phosphoryl‐transfer reaction to produce a kinase‐acrylamide‐based thioether crosslink to mutant substrates with a cysteine nucleophile substituted at the native phosphorylation site. A previously reported ATP‐based methacrylate crosslinker (ATP‐MA) was capable of mediating kinase crosslinking to short peptides but not protein substrates. Exploration of structural variants of ATP‐MA to enable crosslinking of protein substrates to kinases led to the discovery that an ADP‐based methacrylate (ADP‐MA) crosslinker was superior to the ATP scaffold at crosslinking in vitro. The improved efficiency of ADP‐MA over ATP‐MA is due to reduced inhibition of the second step of the kinase–substrate crosslinking reaction by the product of the first step of the reaction. The new probe, ADP‐MA, demonstrated enhanced in vitro crosslinking between the Src tyrosine kinase and its substrate Cortactin in a phosphorylation site‐specific manner. The kinase–substrate crosslinking reaction can be carried out in a complex mammalian cell lysate setting, although the low abundance of endogenous kinases remains a significant challenge for efficient capture.
Graphene‐SiO2 Interaction from Composites to Doping
Authors: Armano Angelo , Buscarino Gianpiero , Cannas Marco , Gelardi Franco Mario , Giannazzo Filippo , Schiliró Emanuela , Lo Nigro Raffaella , Agnello Simonpietro
Published: January 2019

An overview of the interaction between monolayer graphene and SiO2 dielectric substrate is reported focusing on the effect this latter has on doping and strain induced by thermal treatments in controlled atmosphere. The disentanglement of strain and doping is highlighted and the comparison with another dielectric substrate of Al2O3 evidences the critical role that the substrate has in the electronic properties of graphene. The reported results pave the way for microelectronic devices based on graphene on dielectrics and for Fermi level tuning in composites of graphene and nanoparticles.
Electronic and Optical Properties of Functionalized GaN‐(101¯0) Surfaces using Hybrid‐Density Functionals
Authors: Franke Dennis , Luisa da Rosa Andreia , Lorke Michael , Frauenheim Thomas
Published: January 2019

Adsorption of small ligands on semiconductor surfaces is a possible route to modify these surfaces so that they can be used in biosensing and optoelectronic devices. In this work we perform density‐functional theory calculations of electronic and optical properties of small ligands on GaN‐100) surfaces. From the investigated anchor groups we show that thiol groups introduce states in the band gap of GaN surfaces, although not optically active. Our results open the possibility for further surface modification to enhance the optical properties of GaN non‐polar surfaces.
Theoretical prediction of valence and Rydberg excited states: Minnesota exchange‐correlation functionals vs symmetry adapted cluster‐configuration interaction
Authors: Alipour Mojtaba
Published: January 2019

During this contribution, we present a benchmark investigation on the applicability of several Minnesota functionals from various classes like local meta‐generalized and meta‐nonseparable gradient approximations, hybrids, and range‐separated hybrids for describing the valence and Rydberg excitation energies of some organic compounds from different categories. Furthermore, the performances of Minnesota density functionals from density functional theory are also assessed against a wave function theory based approach in the context of excite states calculations, symmetry adapted cluster‐configuration interaction (SAC‐CI) method. Pragmatically, the singles and doubles linked excitation operators are considered in the SAC‐CI wave functions. With more or less different accountabilities of the considered methods, it is shown that the M06‐2X, M05‐2X, and M11 functionals have the best performances for valence excited states. On the other hand, for Rydberg excited states although the SAC‐CI method outperforms others, the statistical analyses reveal that the efficiency of some Minnesota functionals is also respectable.
Improved prescribed performance control for nonaffine pure‐feedback systems with input saturation
Authors: Wang Yingyang , Hu Jianbo , Li Jun , Liu Bingqi
Published: January 2019

This work considers an input and output constraint control problem for pure‐feedback systems with nonaffine functions possibly being in‐differentiable. A locally semibounded and continuous condition for nonaffine functions is presented to guarantee the controllability, and the nonaffine system is transformed to an equivalent pseudoaffine one based on the mild condition. Combined with backstepping technique, a novel prescribed performance controller with new performance functions is constructed to circumvent high frequency chattering in control input. An auxiliary system with bounded compensation term is utilized in this paper, successfully avoiding the overrun of control input. The methodology achieves the desired transient and steady‐state performance and presents excellent robustness against the system uncertainty. Finally, two numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Claisen Products of 5‐Oxo‐1‐phenylpyrrolidine‐3‐carboxylic Acid as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents
Authors: Devi Poornima , Bishnoi Abha , Singh Vineeta
Published: January 2019

The present communication deals with synthesis of some new bischalcone derivatives of 5‐oxo‐1‐phenylpyrrolidine‐3‐carboxylic acid by the base‐catalyzed Claisen‐Schmidt reaction. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using the PFRAP assay systems and antimicrobial activity was studied against two gram positive [Bacillus pumilus (Bp) MTCC 1607, Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) MTCC 96], four Gram negative [Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) MTCC 424, Salmonella typhi (St) MTCC 537, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) MTCC 424, Escherichia coli (Ec) MTCC 64] bacteria and fungi [Candida albicans (Ca) MTCC 3017 and Candida tropicalis (Ct) MTCC 184] using Disc‐diffusion method. The antioxidant activity results were good and as far as antimicrobial activity was concerned some of the derivatives exhibited significant zone of inhibition on bacterial and fungal growth as compared to standard drugs.
Toward Precise Manipulation of DNA–Protein Hybrid Nanoarchitectures
Authors: Zhou Kun , Dong Jinyi , Zhou Yihao , Dong Jinchen , Wang Meng , Wang Qiangbin
Published: January 2019

Nucleic acids and proteins are the two primary building materials of living organisms. Over the past decade, artificial DNA–protein hybrid structures have been pursued for a wide range of applications. DNA nanotechnology, in particular, has dramatically expanded nanoscale molecule engineering and contributed to the spatial arrangement of protein components. Strategies for designing site‐specific coupling of DNA oligomers to proteins are needed in order to allow for precise control over stoichiometry and position. Efforts have also been focused on coassembly of protein–DNA complexes by engineering their fundamental molecular recognition interactions. This Concept focuses on the precise manipulation of DNA–protein nanoarchitectures. Particular attention is paid to site‐selectivity within DNA–protein conjugates, regulation of protein orientation using DNA scaffolds, and coassembly principles upon unique structural motifs. Current challenges and future directions are also discussed in the design and application of DNA–protein nanoarchitectures.
Light‐Driven Continuous Twist Movements of Microribbons
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Gong Yanjun , Li Bo , Ma Ren‐Min , Che Yanke , Zhao Jincai
Published: January 2019

Despite many advances in the development of artificial systems with helical twist motions or deformations, obtaining materials that can undergo continuous twist movements upon an energy input remains a great challenge. In this work, a continuous twist movement of microribbons driven by scanning laser irradiation, a process that a twist generates initially at one end of the microribbon and is continuously transmitted to the other end and then kept twisting, is reported. Key factors to the achievement of this movement are the fabrication of elastic microribbons that possess relatively low elastic modulus and diagonal photoinduced π‐stacking distortion relative to the microribbon long axis. Furthermore, the scanning laser irradiation is required to drive the π‐stacking distortion with the spatiotemporal coordination for the continuous twist movement of microribbons. These findings may be extended to the achievement of other sophisticated continuous movements of microscale systems.
A Strategy toward New Low‐Dimensional Hybrid Halide Perovskites with Anionic Spacers
Authors: Zhao Yizhou , Zhang Siyu , Lu Yue , Lan Shangui , Zhu Cheng , Xiao Jiawen , Zai Huachao , Sui Manling , Li Dehui , Zhou Huanping , Li Yujing , Chen Qi
Published: January 2019

The low‐dimensional halide perovskites have received enormous attention due to their unique photovoltaic and optoelectronic performances. Periodic spacers are used to inhibit the growth of 3D perovskite and fabricate a 2D counterpart with layered structure, mostly based on organic/inorganic cations. Herein, by introducing organic anions (e.g., pentanedioic acid (PDA) and hexanedioic acid (HDA) simultaneously), leaf‐shaped (Cs3Pb2Br5)2(PDA–HDA) microplates with low‐dimensional structure are synthesized. They also exhibit significant photoluminescence (PL) centered at 540 nm with a narrow emission peak. The synthesis of single crystals of Pb(PDA) and Pb(HDA) allows to further clarify the crystal structure of (Cs3Pb2Br5)2(PDA–HDA) perovskite and its structural evolution mechanism. Moreover, the cooperative introduction of dicarboxylic acid pairs with appropriate lengths is thermodynamically favored for the low‐dimensional perovskite crystallization. The temperature‐dependent PL indicates a V‐shaped Stokes shift with elevated temperature that could be associated with the localization of excitons in the inorganic layers between organic dicarboxylic acid molecules. This work demonstrates low‐dimensional halide perovskite with anionic spacers, which also opens up a new approach to the growth of low‐dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite crystals.
Vertical Habitat Use by Adult Walleyes Conflicts with Expectations from Fishery‐Independent Surveys
Authors: Gorman A. M. , Kraus R. T. , Gutowsky L. F. G. , Vandergoot C. S. , Zhao Y. , Knight C. T. , Faust M. D. , Hayden T. A. , Krueger C. C.
Published: January 2019

Stock assessments of Walleyes Sander vitreus in Lake Erie rely on a combination of suspended and bottom overnight gill‐net surveys to provide population and demographic information. However, the assumption that Walleyes undertake diel vertical migrations and become available to the suspended gill nets at night has never been validated. To understand how vertical habitat use affects the availability of Walleyes to fishery‐independent surveys, we compared individual behaviors observed by means of acoustic depth telemetry tags (20 individuals; 2013–2016) with catches in paired suspended and bottom gill‐net sets (273 paired sets; 2013–2016) used by management agencies. In contrast to our expectations and observations in other lakes, the mean depths for Walleyes most often occurred in the lower one‐half to one‐third of the water column, and at lake depths <25 m the fish tended to be close to the bottom. The relationship between fish and lake depth was dependent on year and season. At lake depths >15 m, Walleyes were found at shallower depths during stratified periods (i.e., summer) than during unstratified periods (autumn). They were also found at shallower depths in 2015 and 2016 than in 2013 and 2014. In paired autumn gill‐net surveys, (1) the overall proportion of Walleye catch was nearly equal in suspended and bottom gill nets and (2) the proportion of the catch in suspended gill nets declined with fish length. The pattern of decline was dependent on how deep the suspended net was fished and the year in which the data were collected. These results provide evidence that the suspended gill‐net surveys currently being used to assess Walleye demographics in Lake Erie are biased toward the capture small Walleyes, while bottom nets are biased toward the capture of large ones. Future telemetry investigations will be needed to understand whether these biases reflect differences in the depth of habitat between small and large Walleyes.
Progress and prospects in low‐dimensional multiferroic materials
Authors: Hu Ting , Kan Erjun
Published: January 2019

Functional materials with ferroelectricity or multiferroicity based on two‐dimensional (2D) materials have been a fast developing field which attracts intensive investigations due to their potential applications and underlying new science. In this study, we review recent progress in theoretical simulation and experimental observation of low‐dimensional multiferroic materials, including exploring 2D van der Waals ferroelectrics, designing ferroelectrics or multiferroics by various manipulations such as chemical functionalization or external strain. The reported new physical mechanisms are also provided to explain the low‐dimensional multiferroics. We also discuss several exciting possibilities for design of devices based on these materials in novel applications.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Southeast Asia and International Trade: Continuity and Change in Historical Perspective
Authors: Shimada Ryuto
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a general overview of the relations between international trade and the economy of Southeast Asia from a long-term perspective. After the short description about the relationships between natural endowments and international trade of Southeast Asia before the European arrival, this chapter is devoted to an analysis of international trade of Southeast Asia since the sixteenth century by focusing on the economic influences of international trade on the Southeast Asian economy and society. Southeast Asia has been in touch with a wide range of overseas markets in Asia and Europe. Large demands for Southeast Asian products have stimulated the economic development of the region. The economy was largely developed for the mass production of primary products. Development of the delta areas, introduction of the plantation system, and the acceptance of Chinese immigrants are good examples of the region’s capacity to respond to changes, before the production of manufactured goods became more important in the late twentieth century.
Boosting perturbative QCD stability in quarkonium production
Authors: Shao Hua-Sheng
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to introduce a general way to stabilize the perturbative QCD computations of heavy quarkonium production in the boosted or high-momentum transferring region with tree-level generators only. Such an approach is possible by properly taking into account the power-enhanced perturbative contributions in a soft and collinear safe manner without requiring any complete higher-order computations. The complicated NLO results for inclusive quarkonium hadroproduction can be well reproduced within our approach based on a tree-level generator HELAC-Onia. We have applied it to estimate the last missing leading-twist contribution from the spin-triplet color-singlet S-wave production at

$$ \mathcal{O}\left({\alpha}_s^5\right) $$

O

α
s
5

, which is a NNLO term in the α

s
expansion for the quarkonium P

T
spectrum. We conclude that the missing NNLO contribution will not change the order of the magnitude of the short-distance coefficient. Such an approach is also quite appealing as it foresees broad applications in quarkonium-associated production processes, which are mostly absent of complete higher-order computations and fragmentation functions.
Relational victimization and peer affiliate prosocial behaviors in African American adolescents: Moderating effects of gender and antisocial behavior
Authors: Rusby Julie C. , Mason Michael , Gau Jeff M. , Westling Erika , Light John M. , Mennis Jeremy , Zaharakis Nikola M. , Flay Brian R.
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Experiencing relational victimization (e.g., peer exclusion, untrue rumors) during adolescence can have negative social–emotional consequences, including increased antisocial behavior and substance use. The negative impact of relational victimization may be lessened by spending time with supportive, prosocial peers.

Methods

This study examined the concurrent and predictive associations between relational victimization and peer affiliates' prosocial behaviors in 244 predominately African American adolescents (ages 13–14) living in U.S. urban neighborhoods. Questionnaires were collected every six months for two years. Overt victimization was controlled for in the analysis and the moderation of gender and antisocial behaviors were tested.

Results

Peer affiliates' prosocial behavior was stable across the two years. Relational victimization was not associated with peers' prosocial behavior at baseline or across time. Gender did not moderate the association between relational victimization and peers' prosocial behavior. Moderating effects were found for antisocial behavior; relational victimization was positively associated with peer affiliates' prosocial behavior but only for adolescents who were low on antisocial behavior at baseline.

Conclusions

For African American youth, efforts to reduce relational aggression and increase peer support in prosocial activities prior to adolescence may be useful for preventing social–emotional problems.
Cultural Entrepreneurship
Authors: Lounsbury Michael , Glynn Mary Ann
Published: January 2019

This Element provides an overview of cultural entrepreneurship scholarship and seeks to lay the foundation for a broader and more integrative research agenda at the interface of organization theory and entrepreneurship. Its scholarly agenda includes a range of phenomena from the legitimation of new ventures, to the construction of novel or alternative organizational or collective identities, and, at even more macro levels, to the emergence of new entrepreneurial possibilities and market categories. Michael Lounsbury and Mary Ann Glynn develop novel theoretical arguments and discuss the implications for mainstream entrepreneurship research, focusing on the study of entrepreneurial processes and possibilities.
Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions in Global Benefit-Cost Analysis
Authors: Robinson Lisa A. , Hammitt James K. , O’Keeffe Lucy
Published: January 2019

The estimates used to value mortality risk reductions are a major determinant of the benefits of many public health and environmental policies. These estimates (typically expressed as the value per statistical life, VSL) describe the willingness of those affected by a policy to exchange their own income for the risk reductions they experience. While these values are relatively well studied in high-income countries, less is known about the values held by lower-income populations. We identify 26 studies conducted in the 172 countries considered low- or middle-income in any of the past 20 years; several have significant limitations. Thus there are few or no direct estimates of VSL for most such countries. Instead, analysts typically extrapolate values from wealthier countries, adjusting only for income differences. This extrapolation requires selecting a base value and an income elasticity that summarizes the rate at which VSL changes with income. Because any such approach depends on assumptions of uncertain validity, we recommend that analysts conduct a standardized sensitivity analysis to assess the extent to which their conclusions change depending on these estimates. In the longer term, more research on the value of mortality risk reductions in low- and middle-income countries is essential.
On a property of the nodal set of least energy sign-changing solutions for quasilinear elliptic equations
Authors: Bobkov Vladimir , Kolonitskii Sergey
Published: January 2019

In this note, we prove the Payne-type conjecture about the behaviour of the nodal set of least energy sign-changing solutions for the equation $-\Delta _p u = f(u)$ in bounded Steiner symmetric domains $ \Omega \subset {{\open R}^N} $ under the zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. The nonlinearity f is assumed to be either superlinear or resonant. In the latter case, least energy sign-changing solutions are second eigenfunctions of the zero Dirichlet p-Laplacian in Ω. We show that the nodal set of any least energy sign-changing solution intersects the boundary of Ω. The proof is based on a moving polarization argument.
Understanding 50 Years of Israeli Occupation of Palestinian Land
Authors: Farsakh Leila
Published: January 2019

The year 2017 was important for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, commemorating both the centennial of the Balfour Declaration and the fiftieth anniversary of the 1967 war. That war, which resulted in Israel's defeat of three Arab armies and its occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights, transformed the politics of the Middle East. According to UN Security Council Resolution 242, issued in November 1967, the occupation was illegal: Israel would have to withdraw from the territories it occupied if it were to achieve peace with its neighbors. In international law, military occupations are temporary by definition. Israel, however, only returned the Sinai to Egypt in 1982. (One year prior, it unilaterally annexed the Golan Heights from Syria.) Despite a twenty-five-year-long political process initiated in 1993, Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza has continued unabated.
Becoming a Refugee: Reflections on Self-Understandings of Displacement from the Syrian Case
Authors: Pearlman Wendy
Published: January 2019

International law, government policy, and a range of academic disciplines all demonstrate different approaches to the task of defining who is a refugee. Yet how do refugees define themselves? When, how, and why do they come to identify with this term, or not? This essay offers reflections on these questions based on interviews with hundreds of displaced Syrians in the Middle East and Europe from 2012 to 2018. Syrian experiences illustrate how individuals’ self-understandings as refugees evolve over time as a contingent process not necessarily coterminous with actual physical displacement. I trace how these self-understandings are generated as shifts in three indicative relationships: displaced persons’ relationships to their expectations of return to their homeland; their relationships to their pre-flight lives; and their relationships to the word “refugee” itself. This focus on the bottom-up, organic development of a new subjectivity suggests how one's self-definition as a refugee might be less a quality or state that exists synonymously with forced migration than it is an identity that comes into existence gradually over time. That is, it is the product of a process of “becoming” more than “being.”
Residential transience among US adolescents: association with depression and mental health treatment
Authors: Glasheen C. , Forman-Hoffman V. , Hedden S. , Ridenour T. , Wang J. , Porter J.
Published: January 2019

Aims

Residential instability, including transience (i.e. unusually frequent mobility), is associated with higher risk for emotional and behavioural problems in children and young adults. However, most studies have not compared the effect of recentv.more distal moves on mental health or on mental health treatment. This study examined associations between recent (past year) and distal (past 2–4 years) residential transience and past year major depressive episode (MDE) and mental health treatment in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents aged 12–17.

Methods

Data are from the 2010–2014 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (n= ~107 300 adolescents).T-tests were used to examine the prevalence of MDE by number of moves in the past 5 years among a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Additionally, multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the adjusted association between recent (⩾2 moves in the past year) and distal (⩾4 moves in the past 5 years, but no recent transience) and (1) past year MDE and (2) past year mental health treatment among adolescents with MDE.

Results

MDE prevalence increased linearly with number of moves in the past 5 years (p< 0.001). The adjusted odds of MDE were greater among youths with distal transience (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.44) and among those with proximal transience (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.17–1.46), compared with those without transience in the past 5 years. The MDE prevalence did not differ between those with distal and proximal transience (p= 0.163). In youths with past year MDE, the prevalence of past year mental health treatment was greater among those with proximal transience compared with those without transience (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.15–1.70), but there was no significant difference in treatment among those with distalv.no transience.

Conclusions

Distal and recent transience are associated with past year MDE among adolescents. Adolescents with MDE who had recent transience were more likely to receive past year mental health treatment compared with those without transience. However, those with only distal transience were not more likely to receive treatment. Parents, school officials and health care providers should be aware that residential mobility in the past 5 years may indicate increased odds of depression among adolescents even among adolescents whose housing stability has improved in the past year.
Effect of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability on the Global Monsoon
Authors: Monerie Paul‐Arthur , Robson Jon , Dong Buwen , Hodson Dan L. R. , Klingaman Nicholas P.
Published: January 2019

We assess the effect of the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) on the global monsoon using idealized simulations. Warm AMV phases are associated with a significant strengthening of monsoon precipitation over Northern Africa and India, and anomalously weak monsoon precipitation over South America. Changes in monsoon precipitation are mediated by a change in atmospheric dynamics, primarily associated with a shift in the circulation related to both an enhanced interhemispheric thermal contrast and the remote impact of AMV on the Pacific Ocean, through changes in the Walker circulation. In contrast, the thermodynamic changes are less important. Further experiments show that the impact of AMV is largely due to the tropical component of the sea surface temperature anomalies. However, the extratropical Atlantic also plays a role, especially for northern Africa. Finally, we show that the effect of AMV on monsoons is not linearly related to the magnitude of warming.
Deposition and Dispersion of Radio‐Cesium Released Due to the Fukushima Nuclear Accident: Sensitivity to Meteorological Models and Physical Modules
Authors: Kajino Mizuo , Sekiyama Tsuyoshi Thomas , Igarashi Yasuhito , Katata Genki , Sawada Morihiro , Adachi Kouji , Zaizen Yuji , Tsuruta Haruo , Nakajima Teruyuki
Published: January 2019

To assess the uncertainty of meteorological simulations in the transport and deposition of radio‐Cs release associated with the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident in Japan, a multiple meteorological model and module ensemble analysis with a single chemical transport model (CTM) was conducted. Although several multimodel ensemble studies have previously been performed, the current type (i.e., one CTM with several meteorological fields) was applied for the first time and represents a useful way to evaluate the uncertainty of each component of CTM. The current analysis concluded that the underestimation of the deposition efficiency of CTM was the reason for the underestimation of simulated radio‐Cs deposition, whereas the simulated dispersion and precipitation and estimated source term were all reasonable: all of the simulations underestimated the deposition amount, whereas some underestimated but others overestimated the simulated precipitation and radio‐Cs concentrations. The CTM simulation performed using the meteorological ensemble mean field was successful in reducing variance, and they gave reasonable results. The simulated deposition using the meteorological ensemble was better than others because the ensemble mean enlarged the light precipitation areas and because the land contamination was mainly caused by light precipitation. The current ensemble study indicated that in‐cloud scavenging was the most dominant mechanism of radio‐Cs deposition, followed by dry deposition and fog deposition over the entire land area. In some deposition regions, fog deposition was dominant, exceeding 80%, depending on the simulations. The simulated concentrations and depositions varied by more than twofold, depending on the selection of the meteorological field.
Surface Evaporative Capacitance: How Soil Type and Rainfall Characteristics Affect Global‐Scale Surface Evaporation
Authors: Or D. , Lehmann P.
Published: January 2019

The separation of evapotranspiration (ET) into its surface evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) components remains a challenge despite its importance for linking water and carbon cycles, for water management, and for attribution of hydrologic isotope fractionation. Regional and global estimates of surface evaporation often rely on estimates of ET (e.g., Penman‐Monteith) where E is deduced as a residual or as a fraction of potential evaporation. We propose a novel and direct method for estimating E from soil properties considering regional rainfall characteristics and accounting for internal drainage dynamics. A soil‐dependent evaporative characteristic length defines an active surface evaporative capacitor depth below which soil water is sheltered from capillary pull to the evaporating surface. A site‐specific evaporative capacitor is periodically recharged by rainfall and discharges at rates determined by interplay between internal drainage and surface evaporation. The surface evaporative capacitor concept was tested using field measurements and subsequently applied to generate a global map of climatic surface evaporation. Latitudinal comparisons with estimates from other global models (e.g., Penman‐Monteith method modified by Leuning et al., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006562 [PML]; Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS]; and Global Land‐surface Evaporation: the Amsterdam Methodology [GLEAM]) show good agreement but also point to potential shortcomings of present estimates of surface evaporation. Interestingly, the ratio of surface evaporation (E) to potential evapotranspiration (ET0) is relatively constant across climates, biomes, and soil types with E/ET0 < 0.15 for 60% of all terrestrial surfaces, in agreement with recent studies.
Humanized anti-CD123 antibody facilitates NK cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of Hodgkin lymphoma targets via ARF6/PLD-1
Authors: Ernst Daniel , Williams Brent A. , Wang Xing-Hua , Yoon Nara , Kim Kyung-Phil , Chiu Jodi , Luo Zhi Juan , Hermans Karin G. , Krueger Joerg , Keating Armand
Published: January 2019

CD123 (IL-3Rα) is frequently expressed by malignant Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cells. Naked monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against HL lack clinical benefit, partially due to absence of natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor microenvironment. Here we show that the combination of a fully humanized anti-CD123 mAb (CSL362) and high-affinity Fcγ-receptor NK-92 cells (haNK) effectively target and kill HL cells in vitro. First, we confirmed high expression of CD123 in 2 of the 3 HL cell lines (KM-H2 and L-428), and its absence in NK cells. Cytotoxicity of haNK cells against CD123-positive HL cells was significantly higher in the presence of CSL362. This was also shown with IL-15-activated primary NK cells, although haNK cells showed a 10.87-fold lower estimated half-maximal stimulatory effective concentration (EC50). CSL362 facilitated a significant increase in the expression of CD107a, intracellular IFN-γ and TNF-α and enhanced expression ofc-JUN,PLD-1, andARF6by NK cells. Inhibition of the ARF6–PLD-1 axis (NAV2729), but not of the MAPK pathway (U0126), completely abrogated CSL362-facilitated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in haNK and activated primary NK cells. Our results support CD123 as an immunotherapeutic target for HL and the combination of NK cells and CSL362 as a treatment strategy for HL.
Vertical Gate-All-Around Nanowire GaSb-InAs Core-Shell n-Type Tunnel FETs
Authors: Vasen T. , Ramvall P. , Afzalian A. , Doornbos G. , Holland M. , Thelander C. , Dick K. A. , Wernersson L. - E. , Passlack M.
Published: January 2019

Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors (TFET) are one of the most promising candidates for future low-power CMOS applications including mobile and Internet of Things (IoT) products. A vertical gate-all-around (VGAA) architecture with a core shell (C-S) structure is the leading contender to meet CMOS footprint requirements while simultaneously delivering high current drive for high performance specifications and subthreshold swing below the Boltzmann limit for low power operation. In this work, VGAA nanowire GaSb/InAs C-S TFETs are demonstrated experimentally for the first time with key device properties of subthreshold swing S = 40 mV/dec (Vd = 10 mV) and current drive up to 40 μA/wire (Vd = 0.3 V, diameter d = 50 nm) while dimensions including core diameter d, shell thickness and gate length are scaled towards CMOS requirements. The experimental data in conjunction with TCAD modeling reveal interface trap density requirements to reach industry standard off-current specifications.
Metal–organic framework-based fluorescent sensing of tetracycline-type antibiotics applicable to environmental and food analysis
Authors: Liu Qiao , Ning Di , Li Wen-Juan , Du Xiao-Meng , Wang Qian , Li Yue , Ruan Wen-Juan
Published: January 2019

With the use of a masking agent, a luminescent MOF realized the selective fluorescent sensing of tetracyclines over many other kinds of antibiotics.
A bimetallic Co/Mn metal–organic-framework with a synergistic catalytic effect as peroxidase for the colorimetric detection of H2O2
Authors: Qi Xiaoheng , Tian Huiming , Dang Xueming , Fan Yaofang , Zhang Yaobin , Zhao Huimin
Published: January 2019

Co/Mn-MOFs-1-1-150, a two-dimensional sheet-like bimetallic Co/Mn-based MOF with peroxidase-like activity, efficiently accelerates the oxidation of TMB in the presence H2O2.
A rapid point-of-care optical ion sensing platform based on target-induced dye release from smart hydrogels
Authors: Du Xinfeng , Huang Manling , Wang Renjie , Zhai Jingying , Xie Xiaojiang
Published: January 2019

We report here a rapid and versatile metal ion analytical platform based on the dye release from hydrogels entrapping ion-selective microdroplets.
Hematite mesocrystals templated by hydrolyzed and aminolyzed glycidyl methacrylate, and their application in photocatalytic Fenton reaction
Authors: Deng Yuanming , Liao Qianlong , Zou Xi , Luo Junxuan , Tang Jiaoning
Published: January 2019

Aminolyzed and hydrolyzed glycidyl methacrylate were applied for hydrothermal preparation of bipyramids and plate-like hematite mesocrystals with (116) and (001) exposed faces, respectively.
When hydrogen bonding overcomes Coulomb repulsion: from kinetic to thermodynamic stability of cationic dimers
Authors: Niemann T. , Stange P. , Strate A. , Ludwig R.
Published: January 2019

“Coulomb explosion” prevented! Quantum chemical calculations of dimers of like-charged molecular ions show that Coulomb repulsion can be overcome by hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces. Quantum-type short-range attraction wins over classical long-range electrostatic repulsion providing the first thermodynamically stable cationic dimer.
Lattice strain causes non-radiative losses in halide perovskites
Authors: Jones Timothy W. , Osherov Anna , Alsari Mejd , Sponseller Melany , Duck Benjamin C. , Jung Young-Kwang , Settens Charles , Niroui Farnaz , Brenes Roberto , Stan Camelia V. , Li Yao , Abdi-Jalebi Mojtaba , Tamura Nobumichi , Macdonald J. Emyr , Burghammer Manfred , Friend Richard H. , Bulović Vladimir , Walsh Aron , Wilson Gregory J. , Lilliu Samuele , Stranks Samuel D.
Published: January 2019

Halide perovskites are found to exhibit strain patterns over large areas, which influences the lifetimes of charge carriers.
Metal-free synthesis of triarylated (Z)-nitrones via H2O-mediated 1,3-dipolar transfer under aerobic conditions
Authors: Chen Ke , Hao Wen-Juan , Tu Shu-Jiang , Jiang Bo
Published: January 2019

A new and environmentally benign protocol aimed at the generation of triarylated (Z)-nitrones in generally good yield has been developed via metal- and catalyst-free H2O-mediated 1,3-dipolar transfer reaction of para-quinone methides (p-QMs) with diarylated nitrones under aerobic conditions.
Rapid synthesis of Ni(OH)2/graphene nanosheets and NiO@Ni(OH)2/graphene nanosheets for supercapacitor applications
Authors: Qi Yunhui , Liu Yunfei , Zhu Rui , Wang Qiuliang , Luo Yali , Zhu Chengfei , Lyu Yinong
Published: January 2019

β-Ni(OH)2 or NiO@Ni(OH)2 grew on commercial graphene nanosheets with high specific capacitance and excellent rate capability.
A piezo-phototronic enhanced serrate-structured ZnO-based heterojunction photodetector for optical communication
Authors: Xiong Da , Deng Weili , Tian Guo , Gao Yuyu , Chu Xiang , Yan Cheng , Jin Long , Su Yuhan , Yan Wei , Yang Weiqing
Published: January 2019

The serrate-structured heterojunction interface can enhance the performance of a ZnO-based photodetector, which facilitated the application of optical communication.
Enhancement in the photovoltaic performance of planar perovskite solar cells by perovskite cluster engineering using an interfacial energy modifier
Authors: Li Bichen , Chen Zhihui , Yao Hongyan , Guan Xin , Yu Zhimeng , Halis Isikgor Furkan , Coskun Hikmet , Xu Qing-Hua , Ouyang Jianyong
Published: January 2019

Perovskite solar cells with an efficiency of 19.50% are fabricated by increasing the cluster/solution interfacial energy.