bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“But We Can Always Get More!” Deportability, the State and Gendered Migration in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Mahdavi Pardis
Published: January 2015

This paper focuses on the politics of states and inter-state relations, and their role in creating environments of deportability and expendability that structure trafficking-like situations for female migrant workers engaged in the sphere of intimate labor1 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). States have played a major part in structuring the politics of deportability, a very real, present force affecting experiences of forced labor in Dubai, as well as in painting their citizens as disposable. In this paper, I draw on four years of ethnographic research with female migrants and state officials from both sending countries as well as the US and UAE, to examine the individual and larger macro social factors structuring intimate labor and migrants' rights.
Household Help? Ethiopian Women Domestic Workers' Labor Migration to the Gulf Countries
Authors: Fernandez Bina
Published: January 2015

Since the late 1990s, there has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of Ethiopian women working on short-term contracts as domestic workers in Gulf countries. Drawing on primary research conducted in Ethiopia and in Kuwait, this paper analyzes the gendered production of the migration trajectory of Ethiopian women domestic workers to the Gulf countries. The paper maps the linkages between the gendered political economies and the policy choices of both sending and receiving countries to argue first, that there is evidence for the Ethiopian government's role as a ‘labor brokerage state,’ although its regulatory capacity is weak. Second, the paper argues that the assumption that the demand for migrant domestic workers is driven by national women entering the workforce is not necessarily true in the Gulf countries, where the ‘social compact’ and the kafala or sponsorship system are primary institutional drivers of the demand for migrant domestic workers. The paper concludes with reflections on the consequences of Ethiopian women's migration for social reproduction across national boundaries.
Bringing Agency Back In: Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Nurchayati
Published: January 2015

This article highlights how, in pursuing their goals, Indonesian female migrant workers exercised their agency by coping with the challenges of life and work in Saudi Arabia. Due to the lack of legal protection of their rights in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia, many such workers suffer various forms of exploitation and maltreatment by actors who took advantage of them. This study examines how three Indonesian domestic workers in Saudi Arabia adapted to an alien environment, overcame problems in the workplace, and negotiated with their employers. This study reveals that these women were not passive victims of the existing social system; they were capable of exercising their agency.
Capitalizing on Social Ties for Overseas Labor Migration: Findings from Bangladesh
Authors: Rashid Syeda Rozana
Published: January 2015

Poorer households usually maneuver various types of capital in patterned social relations and ties to get access to employment abroad. Taking rural Bangladesh as a case, the article demonstrates that local networks of informal agents and kin constitute different forms of social capital, as a way of releasing cash and enabling the migration of rural Bangladeshis who otherwise lack the resources to migrate. While relying on social capital triggers and supports poor people's lives and livelihoods by ensuring access to migration, it also reinforces and reproduces the hierarchy and obligation, precluding their choices and investment in the future. Highlighting these paradoxes, the article contributes to the critical discussion on the role of social networks and social capital for migration.
“It's All So Different Here…”: Initial Employment and Social Engagement Experiences of South Africans in New Zealand
Authors: Trlin Andrew
Published: January 2015

South African immigrants in New Zealand have been largely ignored by researchers in comparison with ‘visible’ migrants from Asia and the South Pacific. This paper examines the initial settlement experiences of a group of skilled South Africans with regard to employment and social engagement. It has two key aims: to show that despite their ‘invisibility’ South Africans were not immune to initial settlement difficulties; and to identify the cause(s) of such difficulties. The evidence indicates that cultural, social and economic differences between South Africa and New Zealand were the primary causes of the difficulties experienced. Prejudice was also a factor but was usually less overt, more complex and sometimes just a matter of suspicion.
Differentiating Sedimented from Modular Transnationalism: The View from East Asia
Authors: Aguilar Filomeno V.
Published: January 2015

The dominant literature on transnationalism regards it as an alternative way of framing immigration, but the a priori exclusion of labor migrants from the scope of migrant transnationalism is untenable. Evidence from East Asia suggests that labor migrants, who are compelled by the prevailing policy regime in the region to become sojourners, engage in what can be called modular transnationalism. Labor migrants are East Asia's prototypical transmigrants when seen in light of the rising trend of immigration via marriage migration, in which case transnationalism can be highly constrained by the state and cultural politics. The discussion draws mainly, but not exclusively, from the transnational practices of migrants from the Philippines.
‘Life on Probation’: Ambiguity in the Lives of Burmese Refugees in South Korea
Authors: Mee Kim Hyun
Published: January 2015

South Korea may have transformed itself from a refugee-producing country into a refugee-receiving country since 1992, but the application procedures on granting refugee status and the appeal process are still arbitrary and problematic for applicants. Many studies on transnational political communities have elaborated on the arduous experiences of asylum seekers in various countries, but few have explored in detail the actual situations which asylum seekers face in host countries in Asia. This article examines the struggles and survival strategies of a group of Burmese as a transnational political community in South Korea whose lives are ‘on probation’ due largely to the arbitrary categorizations of their statuses as ‘migrants' and ‘refugees.’ This paper provides a better understanding of how they devise various strategies to survive as migrant workers, and defend their political beliefs and human rights as refugees. More significantly, I argue that the acquisition of refugee status can be a process that not only requires a community to function in a transnational public sphere, but is also a perilous journey wherein migrant workers-refugees experience a ‘life on probation’ and ambiguities as they attempt to have a sustainable life.
Against the Grain: International Marriages between African Men and Japanese Women
Authors: Schans Djamila
Published: January 2015

International marriages (kokusai kekkon) in Japan have been steadily increasing with one out of eighteen matches involving a foreign spouse in 2008. Class intersects with race and gender in the discourse of international marriage in Japan. Whereas most research focuses on international marriages between rural Japanese men and Asian brides, the media's emphasis is on Japanese women who marry Western men. The main aim of this article is to expand the discussion on international marriage by looking at couples in which the male spouse is coming from a developing country. I will do this by looking at Sub-Saharan African spouses of Japanese women in Japan. By switching the perspective to men coming from developing countries marrying women in wealthier nations, new insights on the intersections of gender, class and race can be explored while conventional notions surrounding international marriage, such as hypergamy, are challenged.
From Entitlement to Experience: Access to Education for Children of Migrant Workers from Burma
Authors: Austin Mary
Published: January 2015

This article explores the impact of migrant worker registration on access to primary education for the children of Burmese migrants living in Thailand. The first section examines the basis in domestic and international law for migrant children's claim to educational entitlement and questions whether registration affects their claim. This leads to an analysis of NGO and other field-based reports of children and families' lived experience which explores how registration interacts with other intersecting forms of discrimination and disadvantage. The final section proposes a framework for evaluating the impact of Thailand's current Nationality Verification scheme from a children's rights perspective.
The Rohingya Refugee Crisis and Bangladesh-Myanmar Relations
Authors: Parnini Syeda Naushin , Othman Mohammad Redzuan , Ghazali Amer Saifude
Published: January 2015

The Rohingya refugee crisis is a contentious issue that has strained Myanmar-Bangladesh relations since the late 1970s. The Rohingya crisis emanated from the military junta's widespread violations of human rights in Myanmar against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine. Rendered stateless, the Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh and other neighboring countries to take refuge. Years of negotiation have failed to resolve the Rohingya refugee crisis. This research note proposes the need for intensive bilateral and multilateral negotiations, a prospect which is likely to be facilitated by the process of democratization in Myanmar.
Gendered Labor Supply Response to Filipino Spouses' Overseas Migration and Remittances
Authors: Cabegin Emily Christi A.
Published: January 2015

The paper examines the effect of overseas migration and remittances on the remaining spouses' labor supply behavior by employing alternative specifications of the labor supply function that are corrected for endogeneity in remittances. Using the merged 2003 Philippine labor and income survey data sets, the findings reveal that a spouse's overseas migration leads to an overall reduction in hours worked of the remaining spouse. For the stayer wives of migrant husbands, the reduced labor supply is driven significantly by the presence of school-aged children which is associated with a shift from full-time paid employment to a withdrawal from the labor force. For the husband sample, higher education is associated significantly with lower labor supply in the presence of young children but with more market time in migrant households with no young children. The findings provide some evidence that the stayer spouses in migrant households reallocate time from market work towards more time in home production rather than to increased consumption of leisure.
Leaving a Legacy: Parental Migration and School Outcomes among Young Children in the Philippines
Authors: Asis Maruja M.B. , Ruiz-Marave Cecilia
Published: January 2015

This article examines the link between parental migration and young children's education using data from the Philippine country study of the Child Health and Migrant Parents in South-East Asia (CHAMPSEA) Project. The key research question probed here is: what difference does parental migration make to the school outcomes of young children? Specifically, it looks at factors that explain children's school progression (school pacing) and academic performance (school achievement) using multiple regression analysis. These questions are explored using CHAMPSEA data gathered from a survey of children under 12 years of age and their households in Laguna and Batangas (n=487).
The Role of International Migration in Australia's Research Workforce
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: January 2015

Academics, scientists and researchers have long been highly mobile, operating within international labor markets. Moreover, given their importance as crucial players influencing national economic development and prosperity there has been unprecedented competition among countries seeking to attract members of this highly-skilled group. It is demonstrated here that Australia has been important as both a destination and origin of scientists, researchers and academics. Australia is one of the few countries with migration data which allow the full complexity of both in- and out-movement in this sector to be analyzed. Survey data and in-depth interviews are used to explore the drivers of their mobility using case studies of Australian researchers abroad and Chinese and Indian researchers in Australia. It is shown that both return migration and third country migration are important among researchers. These skilled migrants often maintain intensive linkages with their homeland origins and there is substantial potential for contributing to their home countries' development whether they decide to return or not.
Unsettling the Yin-Yang Harmony: An Analysis of Gender Inequalities in Academic Mobility among Chinese Scholars
Authors: Leung Maggi W.H.
Published: January 2015

This paper highlights the gendered nature of international academic mobility. Drawing on a qualitative research on Chinese scholars who have professional mobility experiences overseas, specifically in Germany, the paper demonstrates how the practice, meanings and perceptions of academic mobility are highly gendered. Research findings highlight how gender, intersecting with other axes of differences, shapes the power geometries of the transnationalized academic field, and in turn, facilitates and inhibits academic mobility differently among women and men. By bringing forth the gender inequalities in academic mobility, this paper contributes in opening up spaces to challenge and eliminate structural and normalized gender bias in the field.
Why are Migrants' Not Participating in Welfare Programs? Evidence from Shanghai, China
Authors: Huang Yeqing , Cheng Zhiming
Published: January 2015

In recent years, Chinese cities have attempted to extend urban welfare provisions to migrants, but migrants' participation in such programs is relatively low. This paper examines migrant welfare participation in Shanghai and its association with personal characteristics, institutional factors, the labor market, attitudes about welfare programs and settlement intention. Except for hukou status, knowledge about policies and settlement intention, all the other factors help explain migrant nonparticipation in welfare programs. Comparing welfare participation among three subroups of migrants — the included, partially included and the transition group — explains the selection mechanisms for integrating migrants in welfare programs. Shanghai appears to be more welcoming of migrants who are female, with higher education, have better employment and greater trust in government impartiality.
Migration and Development: A Critical Relationship
Authors: Appleyard R. T.
Published: January 2015

Wide income differentials, the threat of increased illegal immigration from developing countries, and sub-replacement fertility in the developed countries are some reasons for the recent reassessment of the relationship between migration and development. New theoretical models have emerged to identify migration's role in transitional sequences of economic and political evolution. The task of government is to integrate migration into its program for socio-economic development. The model presented in this article proposes different roles for permanent immigrants, contract workers, professional transients, illegal migrants and others according to the stages of modernization of the sending and receiving countries. The model was found consistent with the experiences of Mauritius, Seychelles, Singapore and, to a lesser extent, Malaysia.
Migration of Highly Educated Asians and Global Dynamics
Authors: Ong Paul M. , Lucie Cheng , Evans Leslie
Published: January 2015

The migration of Asians trained in technical fields is the most important component of the total global migration of scientific, technical and professional workers from developing to developed countries (primarily Australia, Canada and the United States). Though this phenomenon shares common characteristics with the larger international migration of all labor, it is unique in that migration from Asia to the industrialized countries favors the highly educated, and the debate over brain drain remains complex and inconclusive. The far-reaching effects of the movement of Asian high level manpower (HLM) are discussed in light of: 1) the global articulation of higher education; 2) the link to unequal development on a global scale; and 3) the contribution to economic development of the reverse flow of HLM to less developed countries.
High-Level Manpower Movement and Japan's Foreign Aid
Authors: Furuya Kenichi
Published: January 2015

High-level manpower migration associated with Japan's foreign aid program as well as private overseas investments confirms Japan's steady progress towards internationalization. Although the human resources component of Japan's international aid is disproportionately small because of its shorter history in development aid and scarcity of experts, Japan's ODA relative to GNP is high. Japan's technical assistance programs to Asian countries are summarized. Movements of high-level manpower accompanying direct foreign investments by private enterprise are also reviewed. Proposals for increased human resources development include education and training of foreigners in Japan as well as the training of Japanese aid experts and the development of networks for information exchange.
Clandestine Labor Migration to Taiwan
Authors: Tsay Ching-Lung
Published: January 2015

Illegal migration to Taiwan is a recent phenomenon but with a rapid rate of increase. Most illegal foreign workers enter on visitor's visas and overstay. This paper's detailed analysis of official data reveals that Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand are the major sources, providing a stock of mostly male workers numbering around 40,000. Sociodemographic and attitudinal changes among Taiwanese workers coupled with labor shortages in low-skilled jobs are pressuring the Taiwanese government to formulate plans for a systematic importation of foreign labor.
Reluctant Entrepreneurs: Professionally Qualified Asian Migrants in Small Business
Authors: Ip David F.
Published: January 2015

The abandonment of the White Australia Policy after World War II and the implementation of a points system in Australia's immigration program have led to a dramatic increase in the number of highly educated Asian migrants in the country. A study of 144 entrepreneurs of small business in the Indian and Chinese communities in Brisbane and Sydney found that, faced with institutionalized blockages, few of these highly educated migrants could practice what they were originally trained for. The majority of them, with their class resources, determination and optimism, became reluctant entrepreneurs.
Labor Rights in Selected Asian Countries
Authors: Noriel Carmelo C.
Published: January 2015

This article highlights the ILO concerns regarding the protection and promotion of the rights of migrant workers and the legal protection that they enjoy in selected Asian countries, particularly in the fields of working conditions and industrial relations. National situations and the latest trends and developments concerning labor rights are described for the ASEAN and South Asian countries including the Asian NICs. ILO's guiding principle is that migrant workers in foreign lands ought to be entitled to the protection and benefits of national laws and that national laws, in turn, should be adequate to protect and promote the basic rights and welfare of all workers whether national or foreign. In particular, the article cites the limitations of national laws and their implementation as well as the latest progress made to reform or improve local legislation.
The Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers: Unfinished Business
Authors: Nanda Ved P.
Published: January 2015

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families reflects a compromise between guaranteeing migrants international human rights and acknowledging state sovereignty. Notwithstanding a laudable attempt to provide in the Convention a comprehensive international regime for the protection of the migrant workers, the Convention is not an unmixed blessing. To illustrate, while the Convention creates new rights, it also limits some rights migrant workers already had under existing international human rights instruments. Also, the Convention's terminology and language suffer from ambiguities and are likely to cause uncertainty due to varying interpretations.
Remittances, Trade and the Philippine Economy
Authors: Alburo Florian A.
Published: January 2015

The relationships between trade, remittances from overseas workers and the domestic economy are examined for their implications for labor and trade policy. Import substitution and protectionism as well as weaknesses in the domestic economy continue to push Filipino workers overseas and encourage dependency on remittances. The limited use of remittances for real productive investments at the household level is associated with length of migration, reliance on overseas workers as a source of foreign exchange, and a failure to correct the structural imbalances of the economy. Unlike other Asian countries such as South Korea and Thailand, the Philippines is far from the turning points in trade and labor migration that allow net labor import. Implications of a coordinated trade and labor policy are discussed.
Implications of AFTA on Philippine Labor Export
Authors: Villegas Bernardo M.
Published: January 2015

After summarizing the major features of the ASEAN labor market and patterns of labor migration in Asia, the article describes the origins and current status of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and its main mechanism, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme. Projections are offered on the effects on regional trade after AFTA. Though the volume of intra-regional trade may be less significant than in the cases of Europe or North America, AFTA is likely to have a significant effect on promoting a regional division of labor. Although AFTA is limited to the manufacturing sector, in the future the Philippines may find a niche in services requiring “knowledge workers” such as accountants and computer analysts.
Impacts of Emigration on Mountain Watersheds: The Upper Pokhara Valley, Nepal
Authors: Thapa Gopal B.
Published: January 2015

Confronted with adverse physical conditions, marginal landholdings and scarce non-farming employment opportunities, farmers in the Upper Pokhara Valley had opted for temporary emigration as an alternative strategy for fulfilling their subsistence requirements. This had caused somewhat malign effects on watersheds due to dwindling farm management practices and increasing dependency on common resources. Required is a new approach to watershed management especially in areas adversely affected by out-migration of labor force.
Trade and Turning Points in Labor Migration
Authors: Alburo Florian A.
Published: January 2015

This article examines the relationship between trade and migration for the Philippines, South Korea and Thailand using three methods: (1) a comparison of graphic representations of trade and migration flows; (2) postulation and testing of a statistical relationship; and (3) a comparison of revealed comparative advantage for goods with that for services. In addition, trade and migration flows are presented for other Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The results reveal a correlation between turning points in trade and migration that supports the existing view that these flows are substitutes.
Japanese Direct Investment and its Impact on Migration in the ASEAN 4
Authors: Ito Shoichi , Iguchi Yasushi
Published: January 2015

Although the manufacturing sector's share of employment is still small in ASEAN-4 countries, the development of manufacturing, especially labor-intensive industries, will be indispensable for absorbing part of the increase in labor force. In these countries, Japanese direct investment (JDI) has been more highly concentrated in the manufacturing sector than JDI in other regions. The Japanese “New Asian Industrial Development (AID) Plan” is a comprehensive economic cooperation package, which supports the introduction of JDI and the promotion of exports in ASEAN-4 countries. JDI and AID may, in turn, help alleviate the domestic labor market situation and reduce the incentive for workers of ASEAN-4 countries to migrate to work overseas.
Asian Immigrant Settlement and Adjustment in Australia
Authors: Khoo Siew-Ean , Pookong Kee , Dang Trevor , Shu Jing
Published: January 2015

Asians have been the fastest growing overseas-born population inAustralia, more than doubling from 1981 to 1991. Based on the 1991 Census, this article broadly examines economic and social characteristics of the Asian-born population in Australia. Economic factors such as labor force participation, unemployment, occupation, income and housing reveal a great diversity in the settlement experience of the Asian-born, attributable to the diversity of backgrounds. The speed and success of adjustment by refugees and migrants from business, skill and family migrant streams are assisted by such social factors as English language proficiency.
Brain Drain or Links to the World: Views on Emigrants from Singapore
Authors: Teng Yap Mui
Published: January 2015

The changes in Singapore's recent policies toward emigration correspond with the growing importance given to Singaporean overseas business ventures. Moving from viewing emigration as brain drain and the decision to migrate as an act of disloyalty to the nation, recent statements by government officials have begun to identify the overseas community as a valuable link to the world economy. “Globalization” and more recently “regionalization” are the popular terms which indicate Singapore's current economic strategy of shifting from a focus on high technology, high value added industries to a program of building an external economy through overseas expansion and the promotion of offshore activities. The Singapore example suggests that, in an increasingly borderless world, the relationship between emigration, citizenship and national loyalty will require reconsideration.
The Impact of Asian - Aboriginal Australian Contacts in Northern Australia
Authors: Choo Christine
Published: January 2015

The long history of Asian contact with Australian Aborigines began with the early links with seafarers, Makassan trepang gatherers and even Chinese contact, which occurred in northern Australia. Later contact through the pearling industry in the Northern Territory and Kimberley, Western Australia, involved Filipinos (Manilamen), Malays, Indonesians, Chinese and Japanese. Europeans on the coastal areas of northern Australia depended on the work of indentured Asians and local Aborigines for the development and success of these industries. The birth of the Australian Federation also marked the beginning of the “White Australia Policy” designed to keep non-Europeans from settling in Australia. The presence of Asians in the north had a significant impact on state legislation controlling Aborigines in Western Australia in the first half of the 20th century, with implications to the present. Oral and archival evidence bears testimony to the brutality with which this legislation was pursued and its impact on the lives of Aboriginal people.
The Impact of Remittances on Rural Development in Tongan Villages
Authors: Faeamani Sione ‘U.
Published: January 2015

The extent and use of remittances in four quite different Tongan villages is examined. In three of the villages, they constituted more than 50 percent of all income; in the other, wage employment was important. Remittances play a crucial role in raising consumption and welfare levels. Remittances are primarily sent for religious donations, food purchases and housing amenities, including investment in housing, but a proportion is also invested in the small business sector. Church expenditure also supports village development and remittances directly support village projects.
Family Reunification: Policies and Issues
Authors: Battistella Graziano
Published: January 2015

International standards provide for protection of the family as the fundamental unit of society. However, a consequent right to family reunification for migrants is not sanctioned and continues to be resisted. This article reviews the formulation of the possibility for family reunification as provided for in international and regional standards and by migration policies. It argues that family separation, if inherent in some forms of migration, should not be institutionalized by migration policies and that state sovereignty is limited when dealing with human rights. More specifically it argues that labor migration, as currently developing in Asia, will require appropriate family reunification policies, because it will evolve into some form of settlement.
International Labor Migration and the Family: Some Observations from Indonesia
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: January 2015

This article addresses two dimensions of the complex interrelationship between the family and international labor migration in Indonesia: the role of the family in influencing labor movements out of Indonesia; and the consequences of this movement on family well-being, structure and functioning. Research on this topic in Indonesia is highly limited due mainly to the recency of large scale international labor migration, inadequate data collection systems, a high incidence of undocumented migration and failure of available research to be sensitive to family related issues. Against a rapidly changing economic and social situation, two major overlapping systems of migration have developed. The official system is focused strongly on the Middle East (although other Asian destinations are increasing in significance) and is dominated by female migrants. The undocumented system is much larger in volume, is focused upon Malaysia, involves more males than females and is becoming permanent in some cases. The role, status and experiences of women migrants in relation to their families (decision making, networks, remittances) are discussed with recommendations for other areas needing further research attention.
Labor Markets of Japanese-Descended Workers and Foreign Trainees in Japan
Authors: Okunishi Yoshio , Sano Tetsu
Published: January 2015

In the early 1990s, the inflow of two types of legal foreign workers, descendants of Japanese emigrants and foreign trainees, increased substantially, although the increase in the number of illegal workers was even greater. Exploitation of those in the first category has occurred partly because of inadequate information and illegal brokers but the structural cause is wage inequality between sending and receiving countries. Foreign trainees are often seen as disguised cheap labor which constitutes on important element in the survival strategies of Japanese corporations in the global economy. An improved job placement system, more vigorous methods to combat illegal recruitment, and policies to enhance the economic development of trainee-sending countries are recommended.
Foreign Migrant Workers in Japan: Trends and Policies
Authors: Mori Hiromasa
Published: January 2015

This research note presents data on trends in foreign workers in Japan, and reviews recent policy changes relating to these workers. Trends from 1973–1993 are reviewed and data for recent years include disaggregation by country of origin, residence within Japan, status of residence, illegal workers, and gender.
Labor Contractors: A Conceptual Overview
Authors: Martin Philip
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of labor brokering or contracting that helps to explain why employers turn to foreign workers to fill certain vacant jobs, and how the presence of foreign workers brought to a country by labor contractors can affect the size and duration of migration flows. The major conclusion is that East Asian policies that aim to avoid the settlement of unskilled foreign workers also make labor brokering a prominent feature of labor migration and migrant labor markets in the region.
East Meets North: The Finnish-Vietnamese Community
Authors: Valtonen Kathleen
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the integration process of the Vietnamese community in Finland by studying their societal participation in the sociocultural, economic and civil/political spheres. The extended family structure continues to have relevance in resettlement as a matrix that underlies role relationships. The ties of responsibility and obligation in the original family have not diminished with separation, but lead to the establishment of a double social citizenship as individuals and families continue their responsibilities both in the country of resettlement and that of origin. The empowerment of women in public roles has been one remarkable result of the universal language and labor market orientation programs.
Concepts of Citizenship and Identity among Recent Asian Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Ip David , Inglis Christine , Wu Chung Tong
Published: January 2015

Theories of citizenship and, in particular, its exclusionary features in a period of globalization have particular significance for an avowedly immigrant society such as Australia with a policy commitment to multiculturalism. The nature of Australian national identity and citizenship reemerged on the political agenda in conjunction with the 1988 Bicentennial celebrations of European settlement. Debate continues as moves towards becoming a republic with an Australian head of state replacing the British monarch strengthen. As elsewhere, government is focusing attention on the need for citizenship and civics education. An important constituency in this process are the immigrants, especially those from Asia whose ancestors were the target of nationalistic exclusion critical to the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia. This article examines the views on citizenship and identity of a national sample of recent Asian immigrants to Australia. We argue that for considerable numbers an instrumental conception of citizenship underlies their approach to acquiring Australian citizenship. This ‘instrumental citizenship’ is located within their migratory experience and the political traditions of their homelands as well as within their Australian settlement experiences. For many, legal citizenship has not led to a sense of full incorporation into Australian society as indicted by their continuing perception of themselves as ‘migrants’. Reasons for this are complex and involve an interplay of personal factors as well as attitudes and experiences in Australian society whose significance varies from group to group. Such a disjuncture between legal citizenship and personal identity has implications for both governmental policies and theorization about the nature of citizenship.
Family and Internal Migration in Taiwan
Authors: Mullan Brendan P. , Li Chun-Hao , Gallin Rita S. , Gallin Bernard
Published: January 2015

In this paper we examine internal migration in Taiwan in the 1960s when rural economic conditions were volatile, the shift from agriculture to non-farm employment was gaining momentum, and the government's policy of industrialization through export was adopted. Migration is seen as one component of households' survival/adaptation strategy and accessibility to land, participation in local wage labor markets, and access to migrants' social networks are the mechanisms through which households determine and deploy their migration strategies. Our empirical analyzes are consistent with our a priori theoretical expectations that household access to land, participation in the local wage labor force, and access to migrants' social networks directly influenced how families in Taiwan deployed migration as a household survival strategy.
The Impact of the Asian Crisis on Migrant Workers: Bangladesh Perspectives
Authors: Ahmed Shamsun Naher
Published: January 2015

This paper addresses the impact of the recent Asian financial crisis on migration in Bangladesh. The crisis has stemmed the outflow of migrant workers to the affected countries but also diversified the flows as well as sparked rising return migration. Remittances and foreign exchange reserves are likely to be adversely affected. Irregular migration towards more diversified but less remunerative pockets has increased. What is more disconcerting is the increasing trend in the ranks of the already sizable unemployed. The government should gear up retraining, rehabilitation and reintegration measures. Insurance schemes and other safety nets may be introduced to meet unforeseen crisis. Migration is a humanitarian issue. It has to be addressed through a sensible legal regime where interests of both the sending and receiving countries could be accommodated.
Mariano Ponce: Emissary to Japan
Authors: Camagay Ma. Luisa T.
Published: January 2015

A former propagandista based in Spain, Mariano Ponce moved to Hong Kong and was later sent to Japan to work for the revolutionary government. His background in the Propaganda Movement served him well for the work that he was tasked to do in Japan. Ponce met other prominent Asians in Japan, among them, Sun Yat-sen, who were also engaged in nationalistic struggles. Ponce's mission in Japan, his attempts to carry them out, the views of Japanese officials and media about the struggle for Philippine independence, and some details on Ponce's personal life are discussed in the article.
Exile as Protest: Artemio Ricarte
Authors: Jose Ricardo T.
Published: January 2015

This article provides an analysis of the factors behind the various exile experiences of General Artemio Ricarte, who in his lifetime fought against the Spanish and American colonizers. It was during the American rule that he chose a life of exile rather than to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. His place in Philippine history, however, has been clouded by his association with the Japanese Occupation forces during World War II. Ricarte's role and place in the fight for Philippine independence, the influence of his exile on resistance movements, his motivations for supporting the Japanese, the impact of his return to the Philippines, and his realization of the destructive impact of Japanese occupation on the Filipino people are detailed in the article.
Pensionados and Workers: The Filipinos in the United States, 1903–1956
Authors: Teodoro Noel V.
Published: January 2015

Between 1903 and 1956, there were two groups of Filipino “migrants” to the United States: the government scholars known as pensionados and workers. Distinct also were their experiences as migrants as well as the role that they played in the Philippines (in the case of the pensionados) and the United States (in the case of the workers). The article raises the question of rootednes to or estrangement from Filipino culture in assessing the influence of these migrants on their country of origin.
Governments in Exile
Authors: Jose Ricardo T.
Published: January 2015

World War II gave rise to two episodes of government-in-exile: the Commonwealth government headed by Quezon, and the government headed by Laurel in the last days of the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines. In both instances, the decision for the government to go into exile was made by outside forces, the United States in the case of Quezon, and Japan in the case of Laurel. The conditions that led to the formation of the government-in-exile, the functions that they served while in exile, and the views of the Filipino people towards them are discussed in the article.
The Exiles in China
Authors: Militante Clarissa V.
Published: January 2015

This article discusses the events that led to the accidental exile of three student leaders in China in the 1970s, their extended stay in China until 1985–1986, and their decision to remain there. The experiences and lessons that they learned from living in a socialist society, deciding between returning to the Philippines or staying in China, and the views of the exiles and other activists on the contributions of the different actors to the political struggle in the Philippines are detailed in the article.
Migration Processes and Policies: Some Asian Perspectives
Authors: Saith Ashwani
Published: January 2015

This article argues that perspectives of migration as a matter of individual choice or structural coercion are limited in explaining Asian experiences in internal and international migration. Migration experiences in Asia range from early coerced and state-mediated migrations to migrations that are mostly demand-determined. A few exceptional cases, such as that of Malaysia, Indonesia's transmigration programs, and enforced migration on account of infrastructural projects, are noted. Also highlighted is migration in China before and after 1978. The Chinese path is distinct in that before market reforms, there was little rural to urban migration despite a high rate of industrialization. After 1978, rural to urban migration and urbanization increased, but was still lower compared to the rest of Asia. Whether China will go the same way as other Asian countries and how the state will respond to the challenges of increasing migration remain to be seen.
Management of Migrant Labor in Overseas Chinese Enterprises in South China
Authors: Huang Cen
Published: January 2015

The migration of labor into overseas Chinese enterprises in South China has been a significant phenomenon in internal migration in China since the early 1980s. This phenomenon has not only changed the structure of traditional Chinese labor markets but has also reduced urban-rural differences in the country. This massive migration, participated mostly by young women of peasant background, has also contributed to the rise of a new migrant working class in China. This article explores the management of migrant labor in overseas Chinese enterprises. Specific issues examined are characteristics of migrant workers and employer-managers, management practices and the impact of management and worker's education in the workplace.
Market Reforms and Internal Labor Migration in Vietnam
Authors: Anh Dang Nguyen
Published: January 2015

This article considers the nature and patterns of labor migration in Vietnam since the introduction of market reforms or Doi Moi in 1986. Using data from the 1989 census, the article examines provincial or area characteristics and human capital resources in determining migration. Migration was found to play a role in providing human resources to labor-scarce areas and it has also become a means for people to improve their life chances. Among others, the findings indicate the selective impacts of market reforms on the migration propensities of men and women. Possible explanations for the findings and their policy implications of the results are discussed.
Economic Interactions of Migrants and Their Households of Origin: Are Women More Reliable Supporters?
Authors: Osaki Keiko
Published: January 2015

One of the salient features of internal migration in Thailand is the increasing participation of women in population mobility. Drawn by growing economic opportunities in urban areas, more and more women are participating in migration streams. This paper examines, from a gender perspective, the interactions between migrants and their households of origin, in terms of the transfer of money and goods. The analysis of the National Migration Survey data suggests that, as the theory of New Economics of Labour Migration posits, migration might have functioned as a survival strategy of many Thai households. The flows of money and goods into migrant-sending households are large and essential supplements for the livelihood of the households. Presumably conditioned by traditional gender roles in Thai culture, female migrants showed deeper commitment than male migrants in providing economic supports for their households left behind.
Establishing the upper performance limit of destination elevator group control using idealised optimal benchmarks
Authors: Al-Sharif Lutfi , Hamdan Jamal , Hussein Mohamed , Jaber Zaid , Malak Mohammad , Riyal Anas , AlShawabkeh Mohammad , Tuffaha Daoud
Published: January 2015

The concept of an idealised optimal benchmark (IOB) is used in many engineering disciplines. An example of an IOB from the area of thermodynamics is the formula for evaluating the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine. This paper explores the concept of an IOB in the area of elevator traffic analysis. It shows that the classical method of elevator traffic design by calculating the value of the round trip time is an example of an IOB; it also lists the assumptions that lie behind the formulae to illustrate this. It then extends the concept of an IOB to calculating the maximum performance of an elevator system when destination group control is applied under incoming traffic conditions. Formulae are derived for finding the minimum values of the expected number of stops ( S) and the highest reversal floor ( H) under destination group control during incoming traffic conditions. The assumption is that the L elevators in the group are sequenced (or rotated) to the L virtual sectors in the building, in order to equalise the handling capacities of the L sectors in the group. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the calculation of the maximum possible handling capacity and comparing it to the handling capacity that is achieved under conventional incoming traffic group control. Three numerical algorithms are also used to find the practical minimum values of H and S, the results of which are compared to the IOB using the equations derived above.

Practical application: The concept and the accompanying formulae presented in this paper allow the elevator traffic designer to assess the improvement in the handling capacity of the elevator traffic system when he/she changes the group controller from a conventional group controller to a destination group controller. This improvement could be as much as 200%.
The Great Recession’s Impact on Credible Commitment
Authors: Overton Michael , Bland Robert L.
Published: January 2015

This study explores the Great Recession’s effect on the commitment by the city of Dallas, Texas, to its private partners in seventeen tax increment financing (TIF) districts. What effect did the recession have on private investment in public–private partnerships? Did the recession cause a loss of credibility in the city’s commitment, resulting in lower levels of private investment? Was there a lasting structural change in the determinants of private participation stemming from the recession? Results from a random effects Tobit model show that the city’s proposed budget for each TIF district was a significant determinant of the level of private investment. However, during the recession, the actual amount of investment by the city was essential to reassuring private investors of the city’s commitment.
The Jobs Are Back, but Where? Implications for How Best to Pay for Local Government Services
Authors: Swindell David , Gerretsen Stephanie , Rosentraub Mark S.
Published: January 2015

Decentralization and economic restructuring challenged local governments before the recession. Warned that property tax receipts would also recede as real estate markets collapsed and unemployment levels soared, many wondered if new levels of fiscal stress would result. With declining state aid, central cities were advised to prepare for cutbacks. Our research illustrates jobs are where they were before the financial crisis. Fears that central cities were about to experience regional job shifts with adverse effects on property taxes can subside. There is however other alarming issues that need attention, given reduced intergovernmental transfers.