bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomass gasification with preheated air: Energy and exergy analysis
Authors: Karamarkovic Rade , Karamarkovic Vladan , Jovovic Aleksandar , Marasevic Miljan , Lazarevic Andjela
Published: January 2012

Due to the irreversibilities that occur during biomass gasification,
gasifiers are usually the least efficient units in the systems for production
of heat, electricity, or other biofuels. Internal thermal energy exchange is
responsible for a part of these irreversibilities and can be reduced by the
use of preheated air as a gasifying medium. The focus of the paper is biomass
gasification in the whole range of gasification temperatures by the use of
air preheated with product gas sensible heat. The energetic and exergetic
analyses are carried with a typical ash-free biomass feed represented by
CH1.4O0.59N0.0017 at 1 and 10 bar pressure. The tool for the analyses is
already validated model extended with a heat exchanger model. For every 200 K
of air preheating, the average decrease of the amount of air required for
complete biomass gasification is 1.3% of the amount required for its
stoichiometric combustion. The air preheated to the gasification temperature
on the average increases the lower heating value of the product gas by 13.6%,
as well as energetic and exergetic efficiencies of the process. The optimal
air preheating temperature is the one that causes gasification to take place
at the point where all carbon is consumed. It exists only if the amount of
preheated air is less than the amount of air at ambient temperature required
for complete gasification at a given pressure. Exergy losses in the heat
exchanger, where the product gas preheats air could be reduced by two-stage
preheating.
Thermal impedance at the interface of contacting bodies: 1-D examples solved by semi-derivatives
Authors: Hristov Jordan
Published: January 2012

Simple 1-D semi-infinite heat conduction problems enable to demonstrate the
potential of the fractional calculus in determination of transient thermal
impedances of two bodies with different initial temperatures contacting at
the interface ( x = 0 ) at t = 0 . The approach is purely analytic and uses
only semi-derivatives (half-time) and semi-integrals in the Riemann-Liouville
sense. The example solved clearly reveals that the fractional calculus is
more effective in calculation the thermal resistances than the entire domain
solutions.
Unity of state, law and power in legal and political theory of Slobodan Jovanovic
Authors: Milosavljevic Boris
Published: January 2012

The paper considers Jovanovic?s view of the unity of state, law and power.
State emerges from the society, by collective act of creation, not by a free
individuals? contract. As the notion of law implies someone guaranteeing law
implementation, i.e. coercion, law is inseparable from the state force which
guarantees its mandatory feature. Without state, man would not be free
because he is free only if there is state to protect him from private
violence. Jovanovic emphasizes that state is force, but a well-ordained
force, the only alternative of which is a disordered, chaotic force. The
paper explains that understanding of the theory of state, law and power unity
is essential for understanding specificities of Jovanovic?s political and
legal philosophy and his criticism of the theories of natural law and social
contract.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection of the Placenta: A Study of the Early (Innate) Inflammatory Response in Two Cases
Authors: Abramowsky Carlos R. , Gutman Julie , Hilinski Joseph A.
Published: January 2012

Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) are globally prevalent in many countries, yet descriptions of placental pathology in tuberculous patients are scanty. The usual necrotizing granulomatous response associated with tuberculous infections requires an activation of the adaptive immune system. However, before this system is turned on, the 1st encounter with the tubercle bacillus is mediated by the innate immune system. This pathway utilizes innate surface receptors in neutrophils and histiocytes predominantly and does not produce a granulomatous pattern of inflammation. In this report we describe 2 cases of placental involvement with MTb in which an acute abscess-like inflammatory response with Myeloperoxidase and CD68-positive neutrophils and histiocytes causing acute villitis and intervillitis, with abundant acid-fast mycobacteria, were identified. Other cellular markers consistent with adaptive immunity were negative. These nongranulomatous lesions are seen in primary tuberculous infections occurring in a naïve woman and, obviously, a naïve fetus. These cases with early response inflammation in the placenta are frequently missed precisely because the mother is not known to be infected or has been recently diagnosed and because the symptoms in the newborn may not develop for several weeks, by which time the placenta may have been discarded. This report also shows that the differential diagnosis of acute villitis and intervillitis in the placenta should include tuberculosis aside from the more common bacterial infections such as listeriosis.
The Growing Efficacy of Telephone Political Canvassing at the 2005 and 2010 British General Elections
Authors: Pattie Charles , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2012

Partly in response to declining local party memberships, and partly as a feature of the growing modernisation and centralisation of constituency campaigns, Britain's major political parties have in recent elections turned to telephone canvassing methods to contact voters. This is despite a body of research on the efficacy of different methods of contacting citizens, which suggests that telephone contacts are much less effective in mobilising voters than face-to-face methods of canvassing. But there are grounds for believing that telephone canvassing now has a more substantial impact than previously suspected, implying that it may yet have an important role in modern campaigning. The paper therefore looks at the impact of telephone canvassing on party support during the 2005 and 2010 British general elections.
Causal Attributions of Crime and the Public's Sentencing Goals
Authors: Templeton Laura J. , Hartnagel Timothy F.
Published: January 2012

This article tests linkages between internal and external attributions of crime and the public's goals of sentencing (i.e., deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, and rehabilitation). Responses from 1,006 Canadians were obtained from telephone interviews. As expected, respondents who made internal attributions rated deterrence as more important and rehabilitation as less important, while respondents who made external attributions did the opposite. Also as hypothesized, null associations between retribution and external attributions as well as between incapacitation and external attributions were found. However, contrary to expectations, respondents who endorsed internal attributions also rated incapacitation and retribution as more important.
Phantasm of Freud: Nandor Fodor and the Psychoanalytic Approach to the Supernatural in Interwar Britain
Authors: Timms Joanna
Published: January 2012

The paper examines the appearance of ‘psychoanalytic psychical research’ in interwar Britain, notably in the work of Nandor Fodor, Harry Price and others, including R. W. Pickford and Sylvia Payne. The varying responses of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones to the area of research are discussed. These researches are placed in the context of the increasingly widespead use of psychoanalytic and psychological interpretations of psychical events in the period, which in turn reflects the penetration of psychoanalysis into popular culture. The saturation of psychical research activity with gender and sexuality and the general fascination with, and embarrassment about, psychical activity is explored.
Cloning and Expression Analysis of a PISTILLATA Homologous Gene from Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr)
Authors: Lv Ling-Ling , Duan Jun , Xie Jiang-Hui , Liu Yu-Ge , Wei Chang-Bin , Liu Sheng-Hui , Zhang Jian-Xia , Sun Guang-Ming
Published: January 2012

PISTILLATA (PI)-like genes are crucial regulators of flowering in angiosperms. A homologue of PI, designated as AcPI (Genbank accession number HQ717796), was isolated from pineapple cultivar Comte de Paris by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA sequence of AcPI is 907 bp in length and contains an open reading frame of 594 bp, which encodes a protein of 197 amino acids. The molecular weight was 2.29 kDa and the isoelectric point was 9.28. The alignment showed that AcPI had a high identity with CsPIC2 (78.6%), AoPI (77.4%), OrcPI (75.7%) and HPI2 (72.4%). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses in different tissues showed that the expression pattern of AcPI was different from the B-class genes in eudicots. AcPI was expressed in all the tissues investigated. The expression level was very low in fruit stems, bracts, leaves and sepals, high in petals and carpels, and moderate in apical meristems, flesh and stamens. The qRT-PCR analyses in different stages indicated that the expression of AcPI reached the highest level at 40 days after flower inducement, when the multiple fruit and floral organs were forming. It proved the important role of AcPI in floral organs and fruit development. The 35S::AcPI transgenic Arabidopsis plants flowered earlier and had more inflorescences or branches than wild type plants.
On the Several Molecules and Nanostructures of Water
Authors: Whitney Cynthia Kolb
Published: January 2012

This paper investigates the water molecule from a variety of viewpoints. Water can involve different isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen, it can form differently shaped isomer molecules, and, when frozen, it occupies space differently than most other substances do. The tool for conducting the investigation of all this is called ‘Algebraic Chemistry’. This tool is a quantitative model for predicting the energy budget for all sorts of changes between different ionization states of atoms that are involved in chemical reactions and in changes of physical state. The model is based on consistent patterns seen in empirical data about ionization potentials, together with rational scaling laws that can interpolate and extrapolate for situations where no data are available. The results of the investigation of the water molecule include comments, both positive and negative, about technologies involving heavy water, poly water, Brown’s gas, and cold fusion.
The Effect of Temozolomide/Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Microspheres on Glioma U87 Cells Behavior
Authors: Zhang Dongyong , Tian Ang , Xue Xiangxin , Wang Mei , Qiu Bo , Wu Anhua
Published: January 2012

In this study, we investigated the effects of temozolomide (TMZ)/Poly (lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA)/nano-hydroxyapatite microspheres on the behavior of U87 glioma cells. The microspheres were fabricated by the “Solid/Water/Oil” method, and they were characterized by using X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of glioma cells were evaluated by MTT, flow cytometry assay and Transwell assay. The presence of the key invasive gene, αVβ3 integrin, was detected by the RT-PCR and Western blot method. It was found that the temozolomide/PLGA/nano-hydroxyapatite microspheres have a significantly diminished initial burst of drug release, compared to the TMZ laden PLGA microspheres. Our results suggest they can significantly inhibit the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells, and induce their apoptosis. Additionally, αVβ3 integrin was also reduced by the microspheres. These data suggest that by inhibiting the biological behavior of glioma cells in vitro, the newly designed temozolomide/PLGA/nano-hydroxyapatite microspheres, as controlled drug release carriers, have promising potential in treating glioma.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a New Polymeric Conjugate and Nanocarrier with Osteotropic Properties
Authors: Pignatello Rosario , Sarpietro Maria Grazia , Castelli Francesco
Published: January 2012

Bone-seeking (osteotropic) drug delivery systems (ODDS) represent an interesting solution for targeting different types of drugs to the bones. In particular, anticancer and antibacterial agents could take advantage of such therapeutic strategy. We have recently developed an innovative approach to this aim: a new osteotropic biomaterial was prepared, based on the conjugation of a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) with the bisphosphonate drug alendronate (PLGA-ALE); its hemo- and cytocompatibility were verified. Starting with this copolymer, an osteotropic nanoparticle system (NP) was produced for the targeted delivery of antineoplastic drugs to osteolytic bone metastases; in particular, doxorubicin was tested as a model drug. The in vitro and in vivo results of the new ODDS are validated in this article. All the experimental data confirmed that the drug retained its activity after loading in the PLGA-ALE NP; they can be thus considered a new promising strategy for active targeting of drugs to bone tissues in different pathological situations.
Dépenses culture-médias des ménages en France au milieu des années 2000 : une transformation structurelle
Authors: Maresca Bruno , Picard Romain , Pilorin Thomas
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’analyse des dépenses que les ménages français consacrent aux biens et aux services culturels et de communication permet de prendre la mesure des évolutions au cours des années 2000. Si elles ont diminué en 2006 par rapport à 2001 et ne représentent plus que 4 % du budget disponible contre 4,5 % cinq ans plus tôt, la structure des dépenses culture-médias s’est considérablement transformée. La numérisation des biens culturels a amplifié la transition vers une industrie de services. L’analyse confirme l’influence de l’âge, du niveau d’études, de la catégorie socioprofessionnelle et de la taille de la commune de résidence dans la part des dépenses qu’un ménage français consacre aux dépenses culturelles. Une approche typologique des dépenses identifie trois univers de consommation culturelle : la culture « traditionnelle », la culture de l’écran et la culture « jeune ».
Faisabilité d'un enseignement à distance de phénomènes lexicaux et syntaxiques
Authors: Vidalenc Jean-Louis
Published: January 2012

Cet article propose quelques pistes exploratoires d'un enseignement par courrier électronique appuyé sur un site Internet permettant à des cancéreux d'avoir accès à la documentation électronique des CHU d'outre-Atlantique et de correspondre avec d'autres malades. La créativité lexicale et l'emploi à la limite de points de grammaire, explicables par la situation d'urgence des auteurs de message ne permet pas de se contenter des solutions les plus courantes en formation des adultes, mais fournit au linguiste une aire d'observation pertinente pour étudier l'évolution lexicale et grammaticale.
E-Leadership in the Digital Age
Authors: Wang Victor X. , Berger Jim
Published: January 2012

This chapter argues that E-leadership emerged out of technological development among all other major developments in society. In the virtual environment, leaders are required to lead followers by using totally different approaches. This is not to say that traditional leadership has no place in the new virtual environment characterized by the constant use of technology. Rather, traditional leadership and leadership style studied and conceptualized by researchers and scholars enhance E-leadership supported by Rogers’ facilitative leadership. Leadership theories are meant to be applied to practice. Further, leadership theories can be applied in part or in whole. They are not ideologies that must be followed to the letter.
Utilising Learning Management Systems to Involve and Engage Parents, Families and the Community in Children’s Learning
Authors: Lee Kerry , Lynch Julie
Published: January 2012

Parents, families, and the community are, and should be, an integral part of every school. Parental and community involvement has the potential to positively impact a child’s academic and social confidence, competence, and performance. There are many ways schools can support and encourage this involvement. This chapter provides examples of how schools can, and have, engaged parents, families, and the community in children’s learning via parent portals and learning management systems.
An All-Inversion-Region gm/ID Based Design Methodology for Radiofrequency Blocks in CMOS Nanometer Technologies
Authors: Fiorelli Rafaella , Peralías Eduardo , Silveira Fernando
Published: January 2012

This chapter presents a design optimization methodology for analog radiofrequency (RF) blocks based on the gm/ID technique and on the exploration of all-inversion regions (from weak inversion or sub-threshold to strong inversion or above threshold) of the MOS transistor in nanometer technologies. The use of semi-empirical models of MOS transistors and passive components, as inductors or capacitors, assures accurate designs, reducing time and efforts for transferring the initial block specifications to a compliant design. This methodology permits the generation of graphical maps to visualize the evolution of the circuit characteristics when sweeping both the inversion zone and the bias current, allowing reaching very good compromises between performance aspects of the circuit (e.g. noise and power consumption) for a set of initial specifications. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology, it is applied in the design of two basic blocks of RF transceivers: low noise amplifiers (LNAs) and voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs), implemented in two different nanometer technologies and specified to be part of a 2.4 GHz transceiver. A possible design flow of each block is provided; resulting designs are implemented and verified both with simulations and measurements.
S-? Fractional-N Phase-Locked Loop Design Using HDL and Transistor-Level Models for Wireless Communications
Authors: El Oualkadi Ahmed
Published: January 2012

This chapter presents a systematic design of a S-? fractional-N Phase-Locked Loop based on hardware description language behavioral modeling. The proposed design consists of describing the mixed behavior of this PLL architecture starting from the specifications of each building block. The description language models of critical PLL blocks have been described in VHDL-AMS, which is an IEEE standard, to predict the different specifications of the PLL. The effect of different noise sources has been efficiently introduced to study the overall system performances. The obtained results are compared with transistor-level simulations to validate the effectiveness of the proposed models in the frequency range around 2.45 GHz for wireless applications.
Importance of Interface Design in e-Learning Tools
Authors: Sedig Kamran
Published: January 2012

This chapter discusses a number of issues pertaining to interface design in e-Learning Tools (ELTs)—where ELTs refer to computer-based software that mediates and supports learners’ engagement with educational information. The design of the interfaces of ELTs involves two main components: representation and interaction. This chapter discusses eight issues that need to be considered when designing and evaluating ELTs: 4 regarding representation design and 4 regarding learner-information interaction design. The issues of representation design are: (1) selecting, (2) coupling, (3) encoding, and (4) scaffolding. The issues of interaction design are: (1) focus, (2) flow, (3) multiplicity, and (4) compositeness and externalization. Each of these is discussed and one study involving a tool is presented for each issue to highlight the importance of paying attention to that issue when designing and evaluating the interface of ELTs.
Evaluating Knowledge Sharing Factors based on Web-Based Learning
Authors: Huang Hsiu-Mei , Liaw Shu-Sheng , Uden Lorna
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this evaluation is not only to help instructors to know if online learners are experiencing difficulties, but also to assist with individual needs. Results prove that learners’ self-efficacy and learner autonomy were two predictors that affected learners in constructing knowledge by using WBL. Moreover, WBL was an important factor affecting learners’ knowledge sharing.
Interactive Learning in Virtual Communities
Authors: Bodea Constanta-Nicoleta , Bodea Vasile , Rosca Ion Gh. , Mogos Radu
Published: January 2012

The aim of this chapter is to explore the behavior of the students enrolled in an online two-year master degree program in project management. One hundred twenty-nine enrolled students and more than 195 distinct characteristics/variables per student were analyzed. Due to the large number of variables, an exploratory data analysis through data mining was chosen, and a model-based discovery approach was designed and executed in Weka environment. Association rules, clustering, and classification were applied in order to identify behavior patterns and to discover the factors explaining the students’ behavior in virtual communities. Three actual behavior patterns were discovered for the first and second academic year. The students associated with the first behavior pattern tend especially to visit the administrative area of the e-learning platform, not being interested in communicating with colleagues and teachers. The students associated with the second pattern have a high interest for the administrative issues, but the teaching topics are not neglected either. The students tend to interact with their colleagues to a large degree, making proposals for new topics. Students presenting the last behavioral pattern are clearly focused on the academic activities and have a low interest for the administrative issues. Differences between the behavior in the first and second year are not relevant. The attribute with the biggest influence on the actual behavior in the first year is the volume of communication with the teacher, while for the second year it is the volume of materials for reading. The results of the data analysis are very encouraging and suggest several future developments.
Digital Audio for Asynchronous Interactive Learning at an English University
Authors: Hawkridge David , Armellini Alejandro , Nie Ming , Rodríguez Brenda Cecilia Padilla , Witthaus Gabi
Published: January 2012

The authors recommend, based on their research and experience, further use of ADA with podcasts and voice boards for interactive learning. They discuss future research, such as: Can ADA’s impact on students’ performance be measured? How much extra time do students commit to using ADA? What does ADA cost? How does audio feedback spark student-tutor dialogues and what effects do these dialogues have? Can other disciplines benefit from using ADA and if so how? Are there advantages in using other voice tools such as voice e-mail and audio blogs to promote interactive learning? Further research is needed, although ADA interactive learning already offers much to learners at a distance and on-campus.
Planning for Implementing Assistive Technology
Authors: Kolb Sharon M. , Griffith Amy C. Stevens
Published: January 2012

Assistive Technology (AT) is an instructional tool that may benefit many students. Practitioners, especially classroom teachers, are aware of the benefits of AT but many have limited experience and knowledge resulting in poor assessment, planning, and implementing of assistive technology to positively impact student learning. The content in this chapter provides readers with the following information: (a) assistive technology defined and discussed through the lens of historical legislation, (b) assistive technology devices, (c) augmentative and alternative communication, (d) assistive technology assessment, (e) person centered planning as a framework for AT utilization, and concludes with (f) instructional programming based on AT assessment results.
Traditional Data Oriented versus Process Oriented Reengineering of Legacy Systems
Authors: Valverde Raul , Talla Malleswara
Published: January 2012

The chapter presents data oriented and process oriented models of legacy systems. It discusses the details of systems development and evolution models mainly aiming at an ongoing reengineering of legacy systems. It proposes few strategies for reengineering of both data oriented model and process oriented models. The legacy systems often miss automatic interfaces to external systems, so the chapter presents a strategy focusing on automatic update of data of the system. Likewise, the chapter also presents a strategy for process reengineering in order to integrate external systems. Finally, a legacy system is envisioned as a comprehensive mix of both data and process oriented, while proposing a gradual ongoing reengineering of both data structures and process methods.
Reengineering for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems Implementation
Authors: Annamalai C. , Ramayah T.
Published: January 2012

Reengineering is a concept that is applicable to all industries, particularly information and communication technology (ICT) projects regardless of organizational type, size, culture, or location. The enterprise resource planning (ERP) system frequently requires organizations to change their existing business processes to harmonize them its functional activities. 72% of the ERP implementation failures reported worldwide (Eric, 2010) because of the various critical success factors (CSFs). A Critical Success Factor (CSF) is defined as a factor needed to implement ERP system successfully. Assessing the importance of CSFs of Enterprise Resource Planning systems has always remained an important concern for academicians and researchers. This study explores and assesses the CSFs affecting the ERP implementation success. Long term Top management Support (LTS), Perceived ERP benefits (PEB), ERP in-house Training (EIT), Project Tracking (PTG), Visible Project Phases (VPP), Project Phase Update (PPU), Interdepartmental Cooperation (IDP), Strategic IT planning (STP), ERP vendor Support (EVS), and Data Analysis and Conversion (DAC) were found dominant critical factors for the success of the ERP implementation in the manufacturing sector. This study investigates how many CSFs are strongly correlated with each other for the success of ERP projects in the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, this study also tests empirically using the Statistical Package for Social Science Analysis of Moment on Structures (SPSS AMOS 18.0) to justify the level of CSFs among the local and joint-venture companies using a t-test analysis.
Models for Interpretive Information Systems Research, Part 1
Authors: De Villiers M. R. (Ruth)
Published: January 2012

Interpretive research designs are increasingly being applied in Information Systems (IS). This chapter is a meta-research study that briefly explains the concepts of positivism, interpretivism, and qualitative and quantitative research, before overviewing the advent of interpretive IS research. The chapter then presents two interpretive models that can serve as research designs for postgraduate studies and ad-hoc research. Action research, which originated in the social sciences, involves longitudinal studies, in which the researcher participatively investigates products or interventions that address real-world problems over several cycles, in a reflective and responsive way. Grounded theory can serve as a research method, as well as a full research design, since it can be integrated into other models as an analysis approach. Grounded theory is applied to generate themes, patterns, and theories from continuous collection, coding, and analysis of contextual data. The patterns and grounded theories emerge inductively, and are expanded and refined as further data is gathered.
Not Every Cloud Brings Rain
Authors: Kierkegaard Sylvia
Published: January 2012

The promise of a utility-based IT service delivery model is well understood and highly desirable. Moving towards cloud-based computing is emerging and gaining acceptance as a solution to the tasks related to the processing of information. Cloud computing promises a single portal view to better manage email, archiving, and records retention. However while cloud computing certainly brings efficiencies, it is still immature and carries serious risks to business information. The questions around risk and compliance are still largely unknown and need to be ironed out. Cloud computing opens numerous legal, privacy, and security implications, such as copyright, data loss, destruction of data, identity theft, third-party contractual limitations, e-discovery, risk/insurance allocation, and jurisdictional issues. This chapter will provide an overview and discuss the associated legal risks inherent in cloud computing, in particular the international data transfer between the EU and non- EU states.
Implementing Computer Gaming Technology in Architectural Design Curricula
Authors: Lowe Russell
Published: January 2012

The case for utilizing computer game modding in an architectural design curriculum is a strong one. The rich intertwining of real-time spatial, material lighting and physical simulations reinforce spatial visualization, navigation, and mental rotation. In the past two decades many researchers have implemented games engines in architectural curricula, but in every case, the courses have been in upper years of their students’ degrees, with small, elective classes rather than core courses. That this is in contrast to the wider computer game modding community, suggesting that the difficulties previous researchers have had may actually be mitigated by implementing the technology, along with aspects of computer game modding culture, in large first year classes. Case studies of student work collapse Stockburger’s distinction between the game designer and the game player to further his extension of Lefebvre’s and Soja’s thinking about space as it relates to computer gaming. The chapter concludes by reconsidering the term ‘player’ as a ‘game designer in testing mode’.
A Methodology for Interactive Architecture
Authors: Calderón Carlos
Published: January 2012

In this chapter, the view that Interactive Architecture1 (IA) practice ought to produce (digital) interactive interventions designed to affect people’s actions and behaviours is firstly introduced. After presenting the challenges arising when integrating these two different conceptions of the word: Atoms and bits, reviewing the interpretations of IA and the lessons learnt from design methods theory in architecture, a novel way of approaching the intersection between architectural design, methodology, and emerging interactive technologies is proposed. This chapter attempts to make strong connections between design philosophy and project work, in aid of reinforcing the intellectual side of IA projects. Very often these types of projects are the result of technological pursuits rather than intellectual ones. Furthermore, this study demonstrates some strategies for ensuring the collaboration of design with related scientific and intellectual domains: architecture, computer science, and behavioural and social studies.
Architectural Design Education and Parametric Modeling
Authors: Lecourtois Caroline , Guéna François
Published: January 2012

This chapter presents an original teaching method carried out at the School of Architecture of Paris La-Villette (ARIAM-LAREA) whose aim is to prepare future architects for parametric design. Unlike most of the parametric design studio, the authors of this chapter do not want to teach a specific design method. They believe that the students have to find out their own method from the knowledge of architectural usages of parametric design. Theoretical courses linked to a studio will better train them in the usage of parametric tools. During theoretical courses focused on parametric design activity, the authors ask the students to analyze computer activities of architects in order to identify their design methods. The students are trained under a method to analyze design activities based on “Applied Architecturology.” During the studio, they ask the students to reuse the identified methods. The students apply the methods in their own project and adapt them in order to build their own parametric design method. The works produced by the students in the courses and in the studio bring up new questions for the ARIAM-LAREA research laboratory and constitute bases for the development of new software tools for parametric architectural design.
Computational Methods and Technologies
Authors: Gu Ning , Ostwald Michael J.
Published: January 2012

Computational Design Methods and Technologies: Applications in CAD, CAM and CAE Education surveys five major categories of contemporary computational technologies and explores their applications in, and interactions with, design and design education. The five categories of technologies are: Generative and parametric design systems; BIM; collaborative virtual environments; virtual and augmented reality systems; and interactive and intelligent environments. This final chapter reflects on the impact of these computational design methods and technologies, using Ostwald’s System-enabler Model as an underlying conceptual structure. The chapter explores changing relations between the representational, proportional, indexical, and operational systems in the design process, as well as emerging opportunities and challenges that arise from these methods and technologies. The impact of these new technologies and approaches is also discussed in the context of design education. The chapter draws together this significant body of work in order to provide a point of reference for the interpretation and critique of the new design knowledge and phenomenon encompassed in the five categories.
Determining the Clinical Utility of the Short Child Occupational Profile (SCOPE)
Authors: Bowyer Patricia , Lee Jenica , Kramer Jessica , Taylor Renee R , Kielhofner Gary
Published: January 2012

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to propose a process for the study of clinical utility and to illustrate its implementation in the development of an assessment.

Method:

A mixed methods approach was used to understand the clinical utility of an assessment in development. An exploratory qualitative/quantitative (QUAL?QUANT) approach was used to identify perspectives of the clinical utility of the assessment. The design placed equal status on the two methods used: focus groups and surveys.

Results:

The proposed process for the study of clinical utility resulted in targeted revisions based upon data obtained from 21 practitioners in three focus groups during a systemised examination of clinical utility.

Conclusion:

A mixed methods process can be used to ensure the clinical utility of assessments during the development process.
Determination of the biogenic secondary organic aerosol fraction in the boreal forest by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Finessi E. , Decesari S. , Paglione M. , Giulianelli L. , Carbone C. , Gilardoni S. , Fuzzi S. , Saarikoski S. , Raatikainen T. , Hillamo R. , Allan J. , Mentel Th. F. , Tiitta P. , Laaksonen A. , Petäjä T. , Kulmala M. , Worsnop D. R. , Facchini M. C.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The study investigates the sources of fine organic aerosol (OA) in the boreal forest, based on measurements including both filter sampling (PM1) and online methods and carried out during a one-month campaign held in Hyytiälä, Finland, in spring 2007. Two aerosol mass spectrometers (Q-AMS, ToF-AMS) were employed to measure on-line concentrations of major non-refractory aerosol species, while the water extracts of the filter samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for organic functional group characterization of the polar organic fraction of the aerosol. AMS and NMR spectra were processed separately by non-negative factorization algorithms, in order to apportion the main components underlying the submicrometer organic aerosol composition and depict them in terms of both mass fragmentation patterns and functional group compositions. The NMR results supported the AMS speciation of oxidized organic aerosol (OOA) into two main fractions, which could be generally labelled as more and less oxidized organics. The more oxidized component was characterized by a mass spectrum dominated by the m/z 44 peak, and in parallel by a NMR spectrum showing aromatic and aliphatic backbones highly substituted with oxygenated functional groups (carbonyls/carboxyls and hydroxyls). Such component, contributing on average 50% of the OA mass throughout the observing period, was associated with pollution outbreaks from the Central Europe. The less oxidized component was enhanced in concomitance with air masses originating from the North-to-West sector, in agreement with previous investigations conducted at this site. NMR factor analysis was able to separate two distinct components under the less oxidized fraction of OA. One of these NMR-factors was associated with the formation of terrestrial biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA), based on the comparison with spectral profiles obtained from laboratory experiments of terpenes photo-oxidation. The second NMR factor associated with western air masses was linked to biogenic marine sources, and was enriched in low-molecular weight aliphatic amines. Such findings provide evidence of at least two independent sources originating biogenic organic aerosols in Hyytiälä by oxidation and condensation mechanisms: reactive terpenes emitted by the boreal forest and compounds of marine origin, with the latter relatively more important when predominantly polar air masses reach the site. This study is an example of how spectroscopic techniques, such as proton NMR, can add functional group specificity for certain chemical features (like aromatics) of OA with respect to AMS. They can therefore be profitably exploited to complement aerosol mass spectrometric measurements in organic source apportionment studies.
Distributions and regional budgets of aerosols and their precursors simulated with the EMAC chemistry-climate model
Authors: Pozzer A. , de Meij A. , Pringle K. J. , Tost H. , Doering U. M. , van Aardenne J. , Lelieveld J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The new global anthropogenic emission inventory (EDGAR-CIRCE) of gas and aerosol pollutants has been incorporated in the chemistry general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry). A relatively high horizontal resolution simulation is performed for the years 2005–2008 to evaluate the capability of the model and the emissions to reproduce observed aerosol concentrations and aerosol optical depth (AOD) values. Model output is compared with observations from different measurement networks (CASTNET, EMEP and EANET) and AODs from remote sensing instruments (MODIS and MISR). A good spatial agreement of the distribution of sulfate and ammonium aerosol is found when compared to observations, while calculated nitrate aerosol concentrations show some discrepancies. The simulated temporal development of the inorganic aerosols is in line with measurements of sulfate and nitrate aerosol, while for ammonium aerosol some deviations from observations occur over the USA, due to the wrong temporal distribution of ammonia gas emissions. The calculated AODs agree well with the satellite observations in most regions, while negative biases are found for the equatorial area and in the dust outflow regions (i.e. Central Atlantic and Northern Indian Ocean), due to an underestimation of biomass burning and aeolian dust emissions, respectively. Aerosols and precursors budgets for five different regions (North America, Europe, East Asia, Central Africa and South America) are calculated. Over East-Asia most of the emitted aerosols (precursors) are also deposited within the region, while in North America and Europe transport plays a larger role. Further, it is shown that a simulation with monthly varying anthropogenic emissions typically improves the temporal correlation by 5–10% compared to one with constant annual emissions.
Strong sensitivity of aerosol concentrations to convective wet scavenging parameterizations in a global model
Authors: Croft B. , Pierce J. R. , Martin R. V. , Hoose C. , Lohmann U.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. This study examines the influences of assumptions in convective wet scavenging parameterizations on global climate model simulations of aerosol concentrations and wet deposition. To facilitate this study, an explicit representation of the uptake of aerosol mass and number into convective cloud droplets and ice crystals by the processes of activation, collisions, freezing and evaporation is introduced into the ECHAM5-HAM model. This development replaces the prescribed aerosol cloud-droplet-borne/ice-crystal-borne fractions of the standard model. Relative to the standard model, the more consistent treatment between convective aerosol-cloud microphysical processes yields a reduction of aerosol wet removal in mixed liquid and ice phase convective clouds by at least a factor of two, and the global, annual mean aerosol burdens are increased by at least 20%. Two limiting cases regarding the wet scavenging of entrained aerosols are considered. In the first case, aerosols entering convective clouds at their bases are the only aerosols that are scavenged into cloud droplets, and are susceptible to removal by convective precipitation formation. In the second case, aerosols that are entrained into the cloud above the cloud base layer can activate, can collide with existing cloud droplets and ice crystals, and can subsequently be removed by precipitation formation. The limiting case that allows aerosols entrained above cloud base to become cloud-droplet-borne and ice-crystal-borne reduces the annual and global mean aerosol burdens by 30% relative to the other limiting case, and yields the closest agreement with global aerosol optical depth retrievals, and black carbon vertical profiles from aircraft campaigns (changes of about one order of magntiude in the upper troposphere). Predicted convective cloud droplet number concentrations are doubled in the tropical middle troposphere when aerosols entrained above cloud base are allowed to activate. These results show that aerosol concentrations and wet deposition predicted in a global model are strongly sensitive to the assumptions made regarding the wet scavenging of aerosols in convective clouds.
Simulation of solar-cycle response in tropical total column ozone using SORCE irradiance
Authors: Li K.-F. , Jiang X. , Liang M.-C. , Yung Y. L.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Total column ozone (XO3) abundance in Earth's atmosphere is intimately related to atmospheric chemistry and dynamics. Understanding the solar-cycle modulations of XO3 helps distinguish anthropogenic perturbations from natural variability during the ozone recovery. Here, the solar-cycle signal of tropical XO3 in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) model has been examined using solar spectral irradiance (SSI) estimated from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) solar model and that from recent satellite measurements observed by the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE). Four experiments have been conducted with NRL/SORCE SSI and climatological/realistic sea surface temperatures and ice, and all other variability is fixed. In the tropical region 24° S–24° N, using the SORCE SSI as a model input leads to a solar-cycle response of ~5.4 DU/100F10.7, which is ~2 times of that obtained using NRL SSI. The results are slightly different in the presence of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) when realistic SST/ice is used, but these differences are within the regression uncertainty of ~0.6 DU/100F10.7. The solar-cycle responses simulated using SORCE SSI agree with those obtained from the merged TOMS/SBUV satellite observations. Using NRL SSI as a model input results in solar-cycle responses that are closer to the ground-based observations, although the accuracy of the latter is limited by the number of stations in the tropics. In all model experiments, the tropical distribution of the solar-cycle response is constant to within ~0.5 DU/100F10.7, which is of the same order as the regression uncertainty. The spatial structures of the regression uncertainty are shown to be correlated with ENSO in the Pacific region. The solar-cycle response obtained using SORCE SSI implies a maximum change in lower stratospheric temperature of ~0.8 K. This may lead to significant impacts on the model solar-cycle responses in atmospheric circulation, precipitation and other hydrological variables that are important for the climate change.
Chapter G2 Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change
Authors: Houghton R. A. , van der Werf G. R. , DeFries R. S. , Hansen M. C. , House J. I. , Le Quéré C. , Pongratz J. , Ramankutty N.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The net flux of carbon from land use and land-cover change (LULCC) is significant in the global carbon budget but uncertain, not only because of uncertainties in rates of deforestation and forestation, but also because of uncertainties in the carbon density of the lands actually undergoing change. Furthermore, there are differences in approaches used to determine the flux that introduce variability into estimates in ways that are difficult to evaluate, and there are forms of management not considered in many of the analyses. Thirteen recent estimates of net carbon emissions from LULCC are summarized here. All analyses consider changes in the area of agricultural lands (croplands and pastures). Some consider, also, forest management (wood harvest, shifting cultivation). None of them includes the emissions from the degradation of tropical peatlands. The net flux of carbon from LULCC is not the same as "emissions from deforestation", although the terms are used interchangeably in the literature. Means and standard deviations for annual emissions are 1.14 ± 0.23 and 1.13 ± 0.23 Pg C yr−1 (1 Pg = 1015 g carbon) for the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. Four studies also consider the period 2000–2009, and the mean and standard deviations for these four are 1.14 ± 0.39, 1.17 ± 0.32, and 1.10 ± 0.11 Pg C yr−1 for the three decades. For the period 1990–2009 the mean global emissions from LULCC are 1.14 ± 0.18 Pg C yr−1. The errors are smaller than previously estimated, as they do not represent the range of error around each result, but rather the standard deviation across the mean of the 13 estimates. Errors that result from data uncertainty and an incomplete understanding of all the processes affecting the net flux of carbon from LULCC have not been systematically evaluated but are likely to be on the order of ±0.5 Pg C yr−1.
Change in dust variability in the Atlantic sector of Antarctica at the end of the last deglaciation
Authors: Wegner A. , Gabrielli P. , Wilhelms-Dick D. , Ruth U. , Kriews M. , De Deckker P. , Barbante C. , Cozzi G. , Delmonte B. , Fischer H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We present a Rare Earth Elements (REE) record determined on the EPICA ice core drilled at Dronning Maud Land (EDML) in the Atlantic sector of the East Antarctic Plateau. The record covers the transition from the last glacial stage (LGS) to the early Holocene (26 600–7500 yr BP) at decadal to centennial resolution. Additionally, samples from potential source areas (PSAs) for Antarctic dust were analyzed for their REE characteristics. The dust provenance is discussed by comparing the REE fingerprints in the ice core and the PSA samples. We find a shift in variability in REE composition at ~15 000 yr BP in the ice core samples. Before 15 000 yr BP, the dust composition is very uniform and its provenance was most certainly dominated by a South American source. After 15 000 yr BP, multiple sources such as Australia and New Zealand become relatively more important, although South America remains the major dust source. A similar change in the dust characteristics was observed in the EPICA Dome C ice core at around ~15 000 yr BP, accompanied by a shift in the REE composition, thus suggesting a change of atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere.