bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dichotomicrobium
Authors: Hirsch Peter
Published: August 2015

Di.cho' to.mi.cro.bi.um. Gr. adj.dichotomusdivided, forked; Gr. adj.micrussmall; Gr. n.biuslife; M.L. neut. n.Dichotomicrobiuma forked microbe.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Dichotomicrobium

Tetrahedral to spherical cells,0.8–1.8×0.8–2.0 µm,with up to four prosthecae(hyphae)of 0.2–0.3 µm width and varying length. Cells and hyphae may be covered with short, rigid, bent pili.Hyphae and mother cells may branch(fork)dichotomously. Multiplication by terminal bud formation on hyphae or by intercalary budding. Propagation cells initially spherical or pear‐shaped, later tetrahedral and never motile. Gram negative, do not form spores.Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate(PHBA)granules may be produced,even within the hyphae. Aerobic, moderately thermophilic and halophilic, require yeast extract for growth. Carbon sources are acetate, malate, succinate, and 2‐oxoglutarate. Utilize organic nitrogen sources, such as amino acids or yeast extract; ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, molecular nitrogen, and urea do not serve as nitrogen sources.Oxidase,catalase,and peroxidase positive. Do not grow anaerobically. Occur in saline ponds and lakes with temperatures above 20°C.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 62–64.

Type species:Dichotomicrobium thermohalophilumHirsch and Hoffmann 1989b, 495 (Effective publication: Hirsch and Hoffmann 1989a, 300.)
Gemmiger
Authors: Gossling Jennifer
Published: August 2015

Gem' mi.ger
. L. n.
gemma
a bud; L. v.
gero
to bear; M.L. masc. n.
Gemmiger
bud bearer.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Gemmiger

Ovoid to hourglass‐shaped bacteria
, 0.9–2.5 × 1.0 µm, that apparently divide at a constriction, giving the
appearance of budding
. Rapidly growing organisms may form chains. Gram variable to Gram negative. Do not form spores.
Nonmotile
and with no external structures.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59.

Type species
:
Gemmiger formicilis
Gossling and Moore 1975, 206.
Methylorhabdus
Authors: Doronina Nina V. , Trotsenko Yuri A.
Published: August 2015

Me
.
thy
.
lo
.
rhab
'
dus
. Fr.
méthyle
the methyl radical; G. n.
rhabdos
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Methylorhabdus
methyl rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Methylorhabdus

Rods 0
.
4–0
.
6
×
1
.
2–2
.
5 µm
. No endospores. Gram negative. Nonmotile. Multiplication is by fission, with constriction. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Nonpigmented. Growth occurs on nutrient agar and peptone–yeast extract–glucose (PYG) agar. Optimal temperature, 28–34°C; optimal pH, 6.8–7.4. Methyl red and Voges–Proskauer negative. Catalase and urease positive. Oxidase negative. Indole is formed from
L
‐tryptophan in the mineral medium with methanol as a sole carbon and energy source and with KNO
3
as the sole nitrogen source. Ammonium ions inhibit deamination of the tryptophan. Chemoorganotrophic.
Facultatively methylotrophic
; assimilate C
1
compounds (dichloromethane, methanol, and methylamine) by the isocitrate lyase‐negative variant of the serine pathway. The major ubiquinone is Q‐10. The cellular fatty acid profile is characterized by the presence of
cis
‐vaccenic, cyclopropane, and palmitic acids (C
18:1 ω7
, C
19:0 cyclo
, and C
16:0
, respectively). The dominant phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and cardiolipin. Belongs to the
Alphaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.2 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Methylorhabdus multivorans
Doronina, Braus‐Stromeyer, Leisinger and Trotsenko 1996a, 36 (Effective publication: Doronina, Braus‐Stromeyer, Leisinger and Trotsenko 1995, 97.)
Rhodoplanes
Authors: Hiraishi Akira , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.pla' nes
. Gr. n.
rhodon
rose; Gr. n.
planos
a wanderer; M.L. masc. n.
Rhodoplanes
a red wanderer.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Hyphomicrobiaceae / Rhodoplanes

Cells are rod‐shaped
, motile by means of polar, subpolar, or lateral flagella, and
multiply by budding and asymmetric cell division
. They are
Gram‐negative and belong to the

Alphaproteobacteria

.
Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellar stacks
parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane (Fig. BXII.α.232).
Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll

a

and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series
.
Straight‐chain
,
monounsaturated C

18
:
1

is the predominant component of the cellular fatty acids and C

16
:
0

is a second major component
.
Ubiquinones and rhodoquinones with 10 isoprene units
(
Q‐10 and RQ‐10
)
are present
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.8–69.7.

Type species
:
Rhodoplanes roseus
(Janssen and Harfoot 1991) Hiraishi and Ueda 1994b, 671 (
Rhodopseudomonas rosea
Janssen and Harfoot 1991, 27.)
Methylocystis
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Me.thyl.o.cys' tis
. Fr.
methyle
the methyl radical;
cystis
bag; M.L. n.
Methylocystis
methyl bag.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Methylocystaceae / Methylocystis

Cells
are small
,
rod‐like to reniform
in shape, 0.3–0.5 × 0.5–1.5 µm, usually arranged singly.
Reproduce by binary division
. Nonmotile. Cells contain
type II intracytoplasmic membranes
, which are arranged as multiple layers along the periphery of the cell wall. May form
cylindrical spinae
. Cells may contain a
desiccation‐resistant lipoidal cyst resting stage
. Form inclusions of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate.
Aerobic
, possessing a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Obligately methanotrophic
, utilizing only methane and methanol as sole carbon and energy sources. C
2+
and other C
1
compounds are not utilized. Fixes formaldehyde for cell carbon via the serine pathway. Enzymes for the Benson‐Calvin cycle pathway are absent and the tricarboxylic acid pathway is complete.
Fixes atmospheric nitrogen
. Mesophilic, neutrophilic, and nonhalophilic ecophysiology with optimal growth at about 25–30°C and pH 7.0. Major habitats include rice paddy soils, sewage, and freshwater sediments. Primary fatty acids are C
18:1 ω8c
and C
18:1 ω7c
. Primary quinone is ubiquinone‐8 (Q‐8). Member of the family
Methylocystaceae
in the
Alphaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61–67 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Methylocystis parvus
(ex Romanovskaya, Malashenko and Bogachenko 1978) Bowman, Sly, Nichols and Hayward 1993c, 751.
Aminobacter
Authors: Urakami Teizi
Published: August 2015

Am.i.no.bac' ter
. M.L. n.
aminum
amine; M.L. n.
bacter
rod, staff; M.L. masc. n.
Aminobacter
amine rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Phyllobacteriaceae / Aminobacter

Rods, 0.5–0.9 × 1.0–3.0 µm, with rounded ends. Occur singly (rarely in pairs). Motile by means of subpolar flagella. Nonsporeforming. Gram negative.
Reproduction occurs by budding
. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules are accumulated in the cells. Colonies are white to light yellow. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism. Cells grow abundantly in nutrient broth and PYG broth. No water‐soluble florescent pigment is produced. Methyl red and Voges–Proskauer negative. Indole and H
2
S are not produced. Gelatin and starch are not hydrolyzed.
Ammonia is produced
. Denitrification does not occur. Litmus milk is not changed. Acids are produced from sugars oxidatively but not fermentatively. Monomethylamine, trimethylamine, trimethylamine‐
N
‐oxide, and sugars are utilized as carbon sources. Methanol, methane, and hydrogen are not utilized. Growth factors are not required. Ammonia, nitrate, urea, peptone, and methylamine are utilized as nitrogen sources. Oxidase and catalase positive. Urease negative. Good growth occurs between pH 6.0 and 8.0. No growth above pH 9.0 or below pH 5.0. Good growth occurs at 30 and 37°C; no growth at 42°C. No growth in the presence of 3% NaCl. The cellular fatty acids include a large amount of straight‐chain, unsaturated C
18:1
acid. The hydroxy acids include a large amount of C
12:0 3OH
. The ubiquinone system is ubiquinone Q‐10.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62–64.

Type species
:
Aminobacter aminovorans
(den Dooren de Jong 1926) Urakami, Araki, Oyanagi, Suzuki and Komagata 1992, 90 (
Pseudomonas aminovorans
den Dooren de Jong 1926, 161.)
Defluvibacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

De.flu.vi.bac’ ter
. M.L. n.
defluvium
waste water; Gr. hyp. masc. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Defluvibacter
referring to its origin from activated sludge of a waste water treatment plant.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Phyllobacteriaceae / Defluvibacter

Gram‐negative
rods
, occurring as single cells. Motile.
Strictly aerobic
. Oxidase and catalase positive. Does not reduce nitrate. Utilizes the following carbohydrates:
D
‐glucose,
D
‐fructose,
D
‐mannose,
D
‐ribose,
D
‐xylose, and
L
‐lyxose. Some amines and amino acids used as carbon sources.
Major ubiquinone is ubiquinone 10
. Major fatty acid is C
18:1
. C
12:0 3OH
is present in small amounts. Spermidine is the major polyamine. The genus belongs in the
Alphaproteobacteria
and is most closely related to
Pseudaminobacter
,
Mesorhizobium
, and
Phyllobacterium
.

Type species
:
Defluvibacter lusatiensis
Fritsche, Auling, Andreesen and Lechner 1999b, 1325 (Effective publication: Fritsche, Auling, Andreesen and Lechner 1999a, 202)
Mesorhizobium
Authors: Chen Wen Xin , Wang En Tao , David Kuykendall L.
Published: August 2015

Me.so.rhi.zo' bi.um
. Gr. adj.
mesos
middle; M.L. neut. n.
Rhizobium
bacterial generic name; M.L. neut. n.
Mesorhizobium
the
meso
‐growing rhizobium, referring to the growth rate intermediate between those of the genera
Rhizobium
and
Bradyrhizobium
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Phyllobacteriaceae / Mesorhizobium

Rods 0.4–0.9 × 1.2–3.0 μm. Commonly pleomorphic under adverse growth condition or in the root nodules as bacteroids
. Usually contain granules of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate, which are refractile by phase‐contrast microscopy. Nonsporeforming. Gram negative.
Motile
by one polar or subpolar flagellum or by peritrichous flagella. Aerobic, possessing a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Optimal temperature 25–30°C. Optimal pH 6–8. Growth in yeast extract–mannitol agar (YMA)
1
produces colonies that are circular, convex, semitranslucent, raised, and mucilaginous, 2–4 mm diameter within 5–6 d for some species or 1 mm after a 7‐d incubation for other species.

The generation times of
Mesorhizobium
strains range from 4–15 h

. Chemoorganotrophic, utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates and salts of organic acids as carbon sources without gas production. Cellulose and starch are not utilized.
Produces an acidic reaction in YMA
. Ammonium salts, nitrates, urea, and most amino acids are utilized as nitrogen sources. Peptone is poorly utilized.
Mesorhizobium
strains are only weakly proteolytic, but can produce a slow digestion in litmus milk; some strains form a clear serum zone. Some strains require thiamin, nicotinamide, and riboflavin for growth.
The organisms are characteristically able to invade the root hairs of a wide range of temperate, subtropical, and tropical leguminous plants, inciting production of root nodules where the bacteria reduce atmospheric nitrogen into a combined form available for the host plants
. All strains exhibit host specificity.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59–64.

Type species
:
Mesorhizobium loti
(Jarvis, Pankhurst, and Patel 1982) Jarvis, van Berkum, Chen, Nour, Fernandez, Cleyet‐Marel and Gillis 1997, 898 (
Rhizobium loti
Jarvis, Pankhurst, and Patel 1982, 378.)
Phyllobacterium
Authors: Mergaert Joris , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

Phyl.lo.bac.te' ri.um
. Gr. n.
phyllos
leaf; Gr. dim. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Phyllobacterium
leaf bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Phyllobacteriaceae / Phyllobacterium

Cells cultured
in vitro
are
rod‐shaped, ovoid, or reniform
. Clumping and/or
star formation
occurs when cells are grown in carrot juice medium.
Gram negative. Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Cultures are
motile
by means of polar, subpolar, or lateral flagella. Optimal temperature for growth, 28–34°C. After 1–2 days of incubation on nutrient agar,
Phyllobacterium
colonies are whitish‐gray, punctiform or circular, with a colony diameter of <1 mm, and regularly edged. Most cultures are mucoid and confluent. After 4 d, colonies reach a maximum diameter of 4 mm.
Oxidase and catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic
, using a variety of sugars or salts of organic acids as carbon sources. Do not hydrolyze starch, pectin or cellulose.
Occur in leaf nodules and the rhizosphere of higher plants
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60.3–61.3 (De Smedt and De Ley, 1977).

Type species
:
Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum
(ex Knösel 1962) Knösel 1984b, 356 (Effective publication: Knösel 1984a, 254) (
Phyllobacterium rubiacearum
Knösel 1984a, 254.)
Agrobacterium
Authors: Young John M. , Kerr Allen , Sawada Hiroyuki
Published: August 2015

A.gro.bac.te' ri.um
. Gr. n.
agros
a field; Gr. dim. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Agrobacterium
a small field rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Rhizobiaceae / Agrobacterium

Rods 0.6–1.0 × 1.5–3.0 μm
, occurring singly or in pairs. Nonsporeforming. Gram negative.
Motile by 1–4 peritrichous flagella. Aerobic
, possessing a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Some strains are capable of anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrate. Most strains are able to grow under reduced oxygen tensions in plant tissues. Optimal temperature for growth: 25–28°C. Colonies are usually convex, circular, smooth, nonpigmented to light beige.
Growth on carbohydrate‐containing media is usually accompanied by copious extracellular polysaccharide slime
. Catalase positive.
Usually oxidase positive
and urease positive. Indole is not produced. Chemoorganotrophs, utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates, salts of organic acids, and amino acids as carbon sources, but not cellulose, starch, agar, or chitin.
Produce an acid reaction in mineral salts media containing mannitol and other carbohydrates
. Ammonium salts and nitrates can serve as nitrogen sources for strains of some species; others require amino acids and additional growth factors. 3‐ketoglycosides are produced by the majority of strains belonging to
A
.
tumefaciens
.
Strains of some species in this genus invade the crown, roots, and stems of a great variety of dicotyledonous and some gymnospermous plants via wounds, causing transformation of the plant cells into autonomously proliferating tumor cells
. Oncogenicity is correlated with the presence of a large tumor‐inducing plasmid. Habitat: soil. Oncogenic strains occur mainly in soils previously contaminated with diseased plant material. Some non‐oncogenic
Agrobacterium
strains have been isolated from human clinical specimens.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 57–63.

Type species
:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
(Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942, 359
AL
(
Bacterium tumefaciens
Smith and Townsend 1907, 672;
Agrobacterium radiobacter
(Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942, 359;
Agrobacterium radiobacter
biovar radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Keane, Kerr and New 1970, 594;
Agrobacterium radiobacter
biovar tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Keane, Kerr and New 1970, 594;
Agrobacterium radiobacter
pathovar
tumefaciens
(Smith and Townsend 1907) Young, Dye, Bradbury, Panagopoulos and Robbs 1978, 156.)
Sinorhizobium
Authors: Kuykendall L. David , Hashem Fawzy M. , Wang En Tao
Published: August 2015

Si
.
no
.
rhi
.
zo
'
bi
.
um
. L. n.
sinae
China; Gr. n.
rhiza
a root; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. neut. n.
Sinorhizobium
which lives in a root in China;
Rhizobium
isolated in China.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Rhizobiaceae / Sinorhizobium

Rods 0
.
5–1
.
0
×
1
.
2–3
.
0 µm
. Commonly pleomorphic under adverse growth conditions. Usually contain granules of polyhydroxybutyrate, which are refractile by phase‐contrast microscopy. Nonsporeforming. Gram negative.
Motile
by one polar or subpolar flagellum or one to six peritrichous flagella. Fimbriae have been described on a few strains.
Aerobic
,
possessing a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
. Optimal growth temperature, 25–30°C, but can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. Most strains can grow at 35°C; some strains can grow at 10°C, and others (
S
.
saheli
and
S
.
terangae
) can grow at temperatures up to 42–44°C (de Lajudie et al., 1994). Tolerate 1.0% NaCl, and some strains grow well on Yeast Mannitol (YM) medium containing 4.5% NaCl. Optimal pH for growth is near neutral (6–8), but some strains can grow at pH 5.0, and others tolerate pH 10.5. Colonies are circular, convex, usually opaque, sometimes translucent, raised, and mucilaginous.
Colonies are usually 2–4 mm in diameter within 3–5 days of growth on yeast mannitol‐mineral salts agar
and pronounced turbidity develops after 2–3 days in aerated or agitated broth. Generation times are 3–6 h. Chemoorganotrophic,
utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates and salts of organic acids as carbon sources
, producing acid without gas formation. Cellulose and starch are not utilized. Produce an acidic reaction in mineral‐salts medium containing mannitol. Growth on carbohydrate media is often accompanied by
copious extracellular polysaccharide slime production
. Ammonium salts, nitrate, nitrite, and most amino acids can serve as nitrogen sources.
All strains require pantothenate and nicotinic acid
. Peptone is poorly utilized. Casein and agar are not hydrolyzed.
Oxidase positive
. Catalase positive. 3‐Ketolactose not produced from lactose.
The organisms are characteristically able to invade the root hairs of temperatezone and tropical‐zone leguminous plants
(
family Leguminoseae
)
and incite production of root nodules wherein the bacteria occur as intracellular nitrogen‐fixing microsymbionts
. Strains exhibit varying degrees of host specificity, determined by the type of Nod Factors produced. In root nodules the bacteria occur as endophytes exhibiting pleomorphic forms, termed “bacteroids”, which reduce or fix gaseous atmospheric nitrogen into a combined form utilizable by the host plant.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 57–66.

Type species
:
Sinorhizobium fredii
(Scholla and Elkan 1984) Chen, Yan and Li 1988b, 396 (
Rhizobium fredii
Scholla and Elkan 1984, 484.)
Hirschia
Authors: Schlesner Heinz
Published: August 2015

Hirsch' i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Hirschia
honoring Peter Hirsch, a German microbiologist, who is an expert on budding and hyphal bacteria.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Hirschia

Rod‐shaped or oval cells, 0.5–1.0 × 0.5–6.0 µm with one or two polar hyphae (prosthecae) with a diameter of 0.2 µm. Buds are formed at the tips of the hyphae. Daughter cells are motile by a single polar flagellum.
Gram negative
.
Aerobic
and
chemoorganotrophic
.
PHB is not stored
. Utilize various sugars and organic acids.

C
1
‐compounds are not used as a carbon source

. Ammonia and amino acids are nitrogen sources for growth. The ubiquinone system is a
Q‐10
system. Hydroxy fatty acids are of the
3‐OH
type.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45–47 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Hirschia baltica
Schlesner, Bartels, Sittig, Dorsch and Stackebrandt 1990, 449.
Octadecabacter
Authors: Gosink John J.
Published: August 2015

Oc.ta.dec' a.bac.ter
. Gr. pref.
okto
eight; Gr. pref.
deca
ten; Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a rod; M.L. masc. n.
Octadecabacter
an 18‐carbon fatty acid–containing rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Octadecabacter

Straight or pleomorphic rods 0
.
6–0
.
8
×
1
.
6–4
.
8
μ
m
.
Nonmotile
.
All known strains produce gas vesicles
. Gram negative. Aerobic or microaerophilic, possessing a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Do not reduce NO
3
−
to NO
2
−
. Do not grow anaerobically. Do not produce bacteriochlorophyll
a
. Form white, circular, convex, entire colonies on SWCm agar.
1
Growth occurs at pH 6.5–8.5 and at temperatures as low as 4°C in media having 17–70‰ salinity (4.8% NaCl).
Catalase positive
.
Oxidase negative
. Growth occurs on few (if any) organic compounds as sole carbon sources at 0.2% concentration. Growth occurs sparingly on selected carbon sources, including
L
‐glutamate, glycerol, and mixed amino acids in dilute yeast extract.
Octadecenoic acid
(
C

18
:
1

)
is the major fatty acid
. Member of the class
Alphaproteobacteria
. Isolated from polar marine sea ice.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 56–57 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Octadecabacter arcticus
Gosink, Herwig and Staley 1998, 327 (Effective publication: Gosink, Herwig and Staley 1997, 363.)
Rhodobaca
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.bac' ca
. Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; L. fem. n.
baca
berry; M.L. fem. n.
Rhodobaca
red (rose) berry.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Rhodobaca

Cells are ovoid or rod shaped
, are motile by polar flagella, and divide by binary fission.
Gram negative
;

belong to the
Alphaproteobacteria

. Phototrophically grown cells
form vesicular internal photosynthetic membranes
. The color of phototrophic cultures is yellow to yellow‐brown, while aerobic cultures are pink to red.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids of the spheroidene series

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 58.8.

Type species
:
Rhodobaca bogoriensis
Milford, Achenbach, Jung and Madigan 2001, 793 (Effective publication: Milford, Achenbach, Jung and Madigan 2000, 25.)
Rhodobacter
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.bac' ter. Gr. n.rhodonthe rose; M.L. masc. n.bacterequivalent of Gr. neut. n.bakteriona rod; M.L. masc. n.Rhodobacterred rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Rhodobacter

Cells are ovoid or rod‐shaped, motile by polar flagella or non‐motile, divide by binary fission or budding, may produce capsules and slime, and may form chains of cells.Gram negative;belong to theAlphaproteobacteria. Phototrophically grown cellsform vesicular or lamellar internal photosynthetic membranes. The color of phototrophic cultures is yellow‐green to yellow‐brown, while aerobic cultures are pink to red.Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophylla(esterified with phytol)and carotenoids of the spheroidene series.Ubiquinone 10 is the major quinone.Major fatty acids are C18and C16saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with C18:1as predominant component.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 64.4–73.2.

Type species:Rhodobacter capsulatus(Molisch 1907) Imhoff, Trüper and Pfennig 1984, 342 (Rhodonostoc capsulatumMolisch 1907, 23;Rhodopseudomonas capsulata(Molisch 1907) van Niel 1944, 92.)
Roseinatronobacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Ro.se.i.nat.ro.no.bac' ter. M.L. adj.roseuspink; M.L. n.natronsoda; M.L. masc. n.bacterrod; M.L. n.Roseinatronobacterpink rod from soda lake.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Roseinatronobacter

Gram‐negative,strictly aerobic,heterotrophic,nonmotile,lemonshaped rods(0.5–0.8 × 0.8–2.2 µm); cells single or in chains.pH optimal 10. [Na+] optimal 0.4–0.6 M.Produce bacteriochlorophylla.Oxidize thiosulfate to sulfate.Do not grow autotrophically.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 61.5 (Tm).

Type species:Roseinatronobacter thiooxidansSorokin, Tourova, Kuznetsov, Bryantseva and Gorlenko 2000b, 1415 (Effective publication: Sorokin, Tourova, Kuznetsov, Bryantseva and Gorlenko 2000a, 82.)
Roseobacter
Authors: Shiba Tsuneo , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Ro.se.o.bac' ter
. M.L. adj.
roseus
rose‐colored, pink; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bacterion
a rod; M.L. masc. n.
Roseobacter
pink rod‐shaped bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Roseobacter

Cells are ovoid or rod shaped
,
motile by subpolar flagella
, divide by binary fission. They are
Gram negative
and are members of the

Alphaproteobacteria

. Colonies are circular, smooth, slightly convex, and pink‐to‐red in color. Absorption spectra of cell suspensions have major maxima in the near infrared region at 805–807 nm and a smaller one at 868–873 nm (Figure 1).
Bacteriochlorophyll
(
BChl
)

a

is present. The major carotenoid is spheroidenone. Phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol are present. The main cellular fatty acid is C
18:1
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 56–60.

Type species
:
Roseobacter litoralis
Shiba 1991b, 331 (Effective publication: Shiba 1991a, 144.)
Roseovarius
Authors: Labrenz Matthias , Hirsch Peter
Published: August 2015

Ro' se.o.va' ri.us
. L. adj.
roseus
rosy; L. adj.
varius
diverse, varied; M.L. masc. n.
Roseovarius
a variably rosy bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Roseovarius

Rods
,
one or both cell poles pointed
,
multiplying by monopolar growth
, i.e., by a budding process. Gram negative. Daughter cells may be motile. No resting stages are known.
Aerobic
, with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism.
Intracellular granules of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate
(
PHB
)
are present
.

Bacteriochlorophyll
a

(

bchl
a

)
may be produced
. Cells have an absolute requirement for Na
+
. Temperature range for growth <3–43.5°C, salinity range for growth <10 to >150‰ of artificial seawater (ASW), NaCl tolerance range <1.0 to 10.0% and pH range for growth 5.3 to >9.
Catalase and oxidase weakly positive
. Do not grow photoautotrophically with H
2
/CO
2
(80:20) or photoorganotrophically with acetate or glutamate. Occur in marine habitats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62–64.

Type species
:
Roseovarius tolerans
Labrenz, Collins, Lawson, Tindall, Schumann and Hirsch 1999, 145.
Ruegeria
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Rue.ger' ia
. M.L. ‐
ia
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Ruegeria
honoring Rueger, a German microbiologist, for his contribution to the taxonomy of marine species of
Agrobacterium
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Ruegeria

Gram‐negative,
ovoid to rod‐shaped cells
, 0.6–1.6 × 1.0–4.0 µm. Motile by polar flagella, or nonmotile. Do not form spores.
Aerobic
. Oxidase and catalase positive. No photosynthetic growth. Bacteriochlorophyll
a
is absent.
Major quinone is ubiquinone 10
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 55–59.

Type species
:
Ruegeria atlantica
(Rüger and Höfle 1992) Uchino, Hirata, Yokota and Sugiyama 1999, 1 (Effective publication: Uchino, Hirata, Yokota and Sugiyama 1998, 208) (
Agrobacterium atlanticum
Rüger and Höfle 1992, 141.)
Acidocella
Authors: Hiraishi Akira
Published: August 2015

A.ci.do.cel' la
. M.L. n.
acidum
an acid; L. n.
cella
a cell; M.L. n.
Acidocella
acid (‐requiring) cell.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Acidocella

Straight or slightly curved rods and coccobacilli
with rounded or tapered ends, 0.5–0.8 × 1.0–2.0 µm. Motile by means of polar or lateral flagella; some strains are nonmotile. Nonsporeforming and nonencapsulated. Gram negative.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Cell suspensions and colonies are white, cream, or light brown. Photosynthetic pigments and carotenoids are absent. Mesophilic.
Obligately acidophilic
,
growing in the pH range of 3
.
0–6
.
0
; some strains grow at pH 2.5. No growth occurs at pH ≥6.1.
Chemoorganotrophs
, growing with simple organic compounds as carbon and energy sources.
Growth occurs in the presence of either 0
.
25 mM acetate
,
2 mM lactate
,
or 4 mM succinate
. Catalase positive.
Oxidase negative or weakly positive
.
A straight‐chain monounsaturated C

18
:
1

acid is the major component of cellular fatty acids.
Ubiquinones with ten isoprene
(
Q‐10
)
units are present
.

16S rRNA structures and signatures conform to species of the
Alphaproteobacteria

. Inhabit strongly acidic mineral environments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 58–65.

Type species
:
Acidocella facilis
(Wichlacz, Unz, and Langworthy 1986) Kishimoto, Kosako, Wakao, Tano, and Hiraishi 1996, 362 (Effective publication: Kishimoto, Kosako, Wakao, Tano, and Hiraishi 1995b, 90) (
Acidiphilium facilis
Wichlacz, Unz, and Langworthy 1986, 200.)
Gluconobacter
Authors: Sievers Martin , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

Glu.co.no.bac' ter
. M.L. n.
acidum, gluconicum
gluconic acid; M.L. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Gluconacetobacter
gluconate rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Gluconobacter

Ellipsoidal to rod‐shaped cells
, 0.5–1.0 × 2.6–4.2 µm, occurring singly and/or in pairs, rarely in chains. The formation of enlarged, irregular cells may occur. Endospores are not formed.
Motile or nonmotile
;
if motile
,
the cells have 3–8 polar flagella
. Gram negative. Obligately aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Metabolism is never fermentative. Optimal temperature for growth is 25–30°C. Optimal pH for growth is 5.0–6.0; most strains will grow at pH 3.5. Catalase positive, oxidase negative. Negative for nitrate reduction, gelatin liquefaction, indole production, and H
2
S formation.
Oxidize ethanol to acetic acid
.

Do not oxidize acetate or lactate to CO
2
and H
2
O

.
Gluconobacter
strains generally produce acid during growth on fructose, glucose, xylose, and maltose and tolerate up to 10% glucose.
Ketogenesis occurs from polyalcohols
(for example, dihydroxyacetone from glycerol).

All strains produce 2‐ketogluconic acid from
D
‐glucose

, and the majority of strains also form 5‐ketogluconic acid. Formation of water‐soluble brown pigment is correlated with the production of 2,5‐diketogluconic acid and γ‐pyrones from
D
‐glucose. Most strains form acid from ethanol,
D
‐mannitol,
D
‐fructose,
D
‐glucose,
D
‐maltose, glycerol, and
D
‐xylose. Few strains produce acid from lactose. The best carbon sources for growth are
D
‐mannitol and
D
‐glucose.
Possesses ubiquinone of the Q‐10 type as major quinone
. The predominant fatty acid in
Gluconobacter
is the C
18:1 ω7
straight‐chain unsaturated acid.
Isolated from sugar‐rich environments such as fruits and flowers
,
honey bees
,
grapes and wine
,
palm sap
,
cocoa wine
,
cider
,
beer
,
and soft drinks
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52–64.

Type species
:
Gluconobacter oxydans
(Henneberg 1897) De Ley 1961, 304 emend. Mason and Claus 1989, 181.
Paracraurococcus
Authors: Rathgeber Christopher , Yurkov Vladimir V.
Published: August 2015

Pa.ra.cra.u.ro.coc' cus
. Gr. prep.
para
like, along side of; Gr. adj.
crauros
fragile; Gr. n.
coccus
berry; M.L. masc. n.
Paracraurococcus
coccus like
Craurococcus
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Paracraurococcus

Gram‐negative
,
nonmotile cocci
,
0
.
8–1
.
5
μ
m in diameter
.
Cell division occurs by binary fission
. Cells grow heterotrophically under aerobic conditions giving rise to red colonies on solid media.
Obligately aerobic
,
containing bacteriochlorophyll
(
bchl
)

a
organized into reaction center and light‐harvesting complexes

,
as well as carotenoid pigments
.
No growth occurs anaerobically under illuminated conditions
. Facultatively photoheterotrophic. The habitat is soil.

Type species
:
Paracraurococcus ruber
Saitoh, Suzuki and Nishimura 1998, 1046.
Roseococcus
Authors: Yurkov Vladimir V.
Published: August 2015

Ro' se.o.coc' cus
. M.L. adj.
roseus
rose, pink; Gr. n.
coccus
sphere or spheroidal shape; M.L. masc. n.
Roseococcus
pink spherical bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Roseococcus

Cells are Gram negative
,
coccoidal
,
pink
and motile by means of polar flagella. Divide by binary fission.

Bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoid pigments

are present.
Obligately aerobic
,
chemoorganotrophic
(respiratory metabolism) and
facultatively photoheterotrophic
.
No growth occurs under anaerobic conditions in the light
. May use thiosulfate as an additional energy source. Methanol is not utilized. NaCl not required for growth.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 70.4.

Type species
:
Roseococcus thiosulfatophilus
Yurkov, Stackebrandt, Holmes, Fuerst, Hugenholtz, Golecki, Gad' on, Gorlenko, Kompantseva and Drews 1994c, 432.
Roseomonas
Authors: Weyant Robbin S. , Whitney Anne M.
Published: August 2015

Ro.se.o.mo' nas. M.L. adj.roseusrosy, rose‐colored, or pink; Gr. n.monasa unit; M.L. n.Roseomonasa pink‐pigmented bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Roseomonas

Plump cocci, coccobacilli, or short rods. Arranged singly and less frequently in pairs or short chains. Gram negative.Aerobic. Growth occurs on trypticase soy agar with and without 5% sheep blood, heart infusion agar with and without 5% rabbit blood, chocolate agar, and buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar. Most strains grow on MacConkey agar. Growth occurs at 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and for most strains, 42°C. Optimal growth temperature is 35°C. No growth in media containing greater than 6% NaCl. Pinpoint colonies appear after 48–72 h incubation on BCYE agar. Colonies are raised, entire, glistening, and often mucoid.Pale pink growth pigment is produced.Catalase and urease positive. Oxidase variable. Motility variable. Indole is not produced. Associated with human infections, usually as a secondary or opportunistic pathogen. Interrelatedness of species by DNA–DNA hybridization is 7–53%.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 65–71.

Type species:Roseomonas gilardiiRihs, Brenner, Weaver, Steigerwalt, Hollis, and Yu 1998, 627 (Effective publication: Rihs, Brenner, Weaver, Steigerwalt, Hollis, and Yu 1993, 3282.)
Azospirillum
Authors: Baldani José Ivo , Krieg Noel R. , Baldani Vera Lúcia Divan , Hartmann Anton , Döbereiner Johanna
Published: August 2015

A.zo.spi.ril'lum. Fr. n.azotenitrogen; Gr. n.spiraa spiral; M.L. dim. neut. n.spirilluma small spiral;Azospirilluma small nitrogen spiral.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Azospirillum

Plump,slightly‐curved and straight rods,0.6–1.7×2.1–3.8 µm, often with pointed ends. Intracellular granules of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate are present. Enlarged, pleomorphic forms may occur in old, alkaline cultures, under conditions of excess oxygen or other stress. Gram negative to Gram variable.Motile in liquid media by a single polar flagellum; on solid media at 30°C, numerous lateral flagella of shorter wavelength may also be formed.Nitrogen fixers,exhibiting N2‐dependent growth under microaerobic conditions. Grow well under an air atmosphere in the presence of a source of fixed nitrogen such as an ammonium or glutamate salts. Cells previously grown in presence of an inorganic nitrogen source may fix nitrogen in air provided that all added nitrogen is exhausted and nitrogenase is derepressed. Possess mainly a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen and, with some strains, nitrate or nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor. Fermentative metabolism may also occur.Under severe oxygen limitation,some strains may dissimilate nitrate to nitrite or to nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas. Optimal temperature for growth varies from 33 to 41°C and pH from 5.5 to 7.5. Some strains may grow and form light or dark pink colonies, often wrinkled and non‐slimy, on potato agar. Oxidase positive. Chemoorganotrophic; some strains are facultative hydrogen autotrophs.Grow well on salts of organic acids such as malate,succinate,lactate or pyruvate.d‐fructose and certain carbohydrates may also serve as carbon sources. Some species require biotin. Growth in presence of 3% NaCl has been observed for some species.Occur free‐living in the soil or associated with the roots,stems,leaves,and seedsmainly of cereals and forage grasses, although they have also been isolated from coconut plants, vegetables, fruits, legume, and tuber plants. May also be found in freshwater lakes. Root nodules are not induced.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 64–71.

Type species:Azospirillum lipoferum(Beijerinck 1925) Tarrand, Krieg and Döbereiner 1979, 79 (Effective publication: Tarrand, Krieg and Döbereiner 1978, 978) (Spirillum lipoferumBeijerinck 1925, 353.)
Roseospira
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Gorlenko Vladimir M.
Published: August 2015

Ro' se.o.spi' ra
. L. adj.
roseus
rosy; Gr. n.
spira
the spiral; M.L. fem. n.
Roseospira
the rosy spiral.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Roseospira

Cells are vibrioid to spiral shaped
, motile by means of polar flagella and multiply by binary fission.
Gram negative
,
belonging to the

Alphaproteobacteria

. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as vesicles. Photosynthetic pigments are
bacteriochlorophyll

a

and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.6.

Type species
:
Roseospira mediosalina
(Kompantseva and Gorlenko 1984) Imhoff, Petri and Süling 1998, 798 (“
Rhodospirillum mediosalinum
” Kompantseva and Gorlenko 1984, 780.)
Roseospirillum
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Ro.se.o.spi.ril' lum
. L. adj.
roseus
rosy; M.L. neut. n.
spirillum
the spiral, a bacterial genus; M.L. neut. n.
Roseospirillum
the rosy spiral.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Roseospirillum

Cells are vibrioid to spiral shaped
, motile by means of polar flagella and multiply by binary fission.
Gram negative and belong to the

Alphaproteobacteria

. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellar stacks. Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 71.2.

Type species
:
Roseospirillum parvum
Glaeser and Overmann 2001, 793 (Effective publication: Glaeser and Overmann 1999, 414.)
Anaplasma
Authors: Stephen Dumler J. , Rikihisa Yasuko , Dasch Gregory A.
Published: August 2015

A.na.plas' ma. Gr. pref.anwithout; Gr. n.plasmaanything formed or molded; M.L. neut. n.Anaplasmaa thing without form.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Anaplasmataceae / Anaplasma

Small,often pleomorphic,coccoid to ellipsoidal cells 0.3–0.4μm in diameter found in cytoplasmic vacuoles in mammalian host cells,often in inclusion bodies(morulae)in mature or immature hematopoietic cells,in peripheral blood, or in tissues, usually organs containing mononuclear phagocytes (spleen, liver, bone marrow) of mammalian hosts. Morulae are suspended in a non‐fibrillar matrix. Two morphologic forms: larger reticulate cells and smaller “dense core” forms. In blood smears stained by Romanowsky methods, the organisms appear as dense, homogeneous, bluish‐purple, round inclusions 0.3–2.5 µm in diameter. Gram negative. Nonmotile. No spores or resistant stages.Ticks are the only known biological vectors; mechanical vectors include biting flies or other fomites. The organisms can be propagated in tick spp. Some anaplasmas can be propagated in tick cell lines or mammalian cells of hematopoietic origin.Cause disease in canids,humans,and ruminants. Variably pathogenic in cattle, goats, sheep, deer, horses, and rodents. Placed in theAlphaproteobacteriaby16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis;organisms possess not less than 96%16S rRNA gene similarity. Where studied, these bacteria possess major surface protein genes with a high degree of sequence similarity nontandemly dispersed throughout the chromosome.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 43 and 56.

Type species:Anaplasma marginaleTheiler 1910, 7.
Wolbachia
Authors: Scola Bernard La , Bandi Claudio , Raoult Didier
Published: August 2015

Wol.ba' chia
. M.L. fem. n.
Wolbachia
named after S. Burt Wolbach, who described the rickettsial agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and, in collaboration with Marshall Hertig, studied the rickettsia‐like microorganisms of insects.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Anaplasmataceae / Wolbachia

Pleomorphic bacteria that appear as small rods
(
0
.
5–1
.
3 µm in length
)
and coccoid forms
(
0
.
25–1 µm
);
large forms
(
1–1
.
8 µm in diameter
)
may be observed
.
Grow in vacuoles of host cells
. Do not grow outside of cells.
Associated with arthropods and filarial nematodes
. Responsible for reproductive alterations in arthropods. With few exceptions, not pathogenic for the host.
Strains associated with nematodes responsible for indirect pathogenesis in humans
.

Susceptibility to doxycycline and rifampin demonstrated
in vitro
and
in vivo

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: not determined.

Type species
:
Wolbachia pipientis
Hertig 1936, 472.
Incertae Sedis II Caedibacter
Authors: Görtz Hans‐Dieter , Schmidt Helmut J.
Published: August 2015

Cae' di.bac.ter
. L. n.
caedes
act of killing; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
the masculine equivalent of the Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
a rod; masc. n.
caedibacter
the bacterium which kills.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Holosporaceae / incertae Sedis II. Caedibacter

Straight rods or coccobacilli 0.4–1.0 × 1.0–4.0 µm. Gram negative, nonflagellated, nonmotile. Intracellular (endosymbiotic) bacteria in
Paramecium
. Culture free of
Paramecium
impossible or exceedingly difficult. The ability to produce refractile inclusion (R) bodies was seen as a unique feature of the genus. R bodies are proteinaceous ribbons, approximately 10 µm long, coiled inside the bacterial cell (Figures 1, 2, and 3). The hollow cylindrical structure formed may be 0.4–0.8 µm long and about 0.4 µm in diameter. R bodies unroll when ingested into a phagosome and under certain
in vitro
conditions (for details see Preer et al., 1974; Quackenbush, 1988; Pond et al., 1989). R bodies are associated with spherical phage‐like structures or covalently closed circular DNA plasmids. All species are toxic to certain sensitive strains of paramecia; bacteria confer killer‐trait or mate killer‐trait upon their host cells. An exception is “
C
.
macronucleorum
” from
Paramecium duboscqui
, where no toxic effects were observed. Cells containing R bodies are usually larger than cells that do not contain R bodies, and contain many spherical phage‐like structures of covalently closed, circular, DNA plasmids. Recently, a symbiotic bacterium from
Acanthamoeba
was included in the genus
Caedibacter
because of its sequence similarity to
Caedibacter caryophilus
(Horn et al., 1999). This new
Caedibacter
species,
Candidatus
Caedibacter acanthamoebae, does not establish R bodies. Also interesting is the relatively close relationship of
Caedibacter
to the genus
Holospora
and to the “NHP bacterium”, etiologic agent of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in shrimp (Loy et al., 1996; Horn et al., 1999).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 34–44.

Type species
:
Caedibacter taeniospiralis
(ex Preer, Preer and Jurand 1974) Preer and Preer 1982, 140 (
Caedobacter taeniospiralis
[sic] Preer, Preer and Jurand 1974, 157.)
Incertae Sedis III. Lyticum
Authors: Görtz Hans‐Dieter , Schmidt Helmut J.
Published: August 2015

Ly' ti.cum
. L. adj.
lyticus
dissolving; M.L. neut. n.
Lyticum
dissolver.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Holosporaceae / incertae Sedis III. Lyticum

Large rods 0.6–0.8 µm in diameter, straight, curved, or spiral. Length of single forms 3.0–5.0 µm. Numerous
peritrichous flagella
. Although cultivation independently from
Paramecium
has been reported, it has not been confirmed. Produce labile
toxins which kill
sensitive strains of paramecia
very quickly by lysis
. Gram negative. Nonmotile or almost so, in spite of numerous, well‐developed flagella (Figure 1). Occurs in
Paramecium biaurelia
,
P
.
tetraurelia
, and
P
.
octaurelia
(Figure 2).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 27–49.

Type species
:
Lyticum flagellatum
(ex Preer, Preer and Jurand 1974) Preer and Preer 1982, 140.
Erythromicrobium
Authors: Yurkov Vladimir V.
Published: August 2015

E.ry' thro.mi.cro' bi.um. Gr. adj.erythrusred; Gr. adj.microssmall; Gr. n.bioslife; M.L. n.Erythromicrobiumred microbe.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Sphingomonadaceae / Erythromicrobium

Pleomorphic bacteria,Gram negative, and usually motile by means of flagella. Divide by binary or ternary fission.Real branching may occur. Colonies are red‐orange. Cellscontain bacteriochlorophyllaand carotenoids.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 62.5–68.5.

Type species:Erythromicrobium ramosumYurkov, Stackebrandt, Holmes, Fuerst, Hugenholtz, Golecki, Gad' on, Gorlenko, Kompantseva and Drews 1994c, 432.
Zymomonas
Authors: Sprenger Georg A. , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

Zy.mo' mo.nas or Zy.mo.mo' nas
. Gr. n.
zyme
leaven, ferment; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Zymomonas
fermenting monad.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Sphingomonadaceae / Zymomonas

Rod‐shaped cells with rounded ends
, occasionally ellipsoidal, usually in pairs, 2–6 × 1.0–1.4 µm. Gram negative.
Usually non‐motile
;
if motile
,
they possess one to four polar flagella
. Motility may be lost spontaneously.
Facultatively anaerobic
;
some strains are obligately anaerobic
. Optimum temperature 25–30°C. Colonies on the standard medium
1
are glistening, regularly edged, white to cream colored, 1–2 mm in diameter after 2 d at 30°C. Oxidase negative. Chemoorganotrophic, growing on and
fermenting 1 mol of glucose or fructose to almost 2 mol of ethanol
,

2 mol of CO
2

,
and some organic acids such as lactic acid
. Some strains may also utilize sucrose, but other carbon sources are not used. Gluconate can be degraded but does not serve as sole carbon or energy source (Strohdeicher et al., 1 988). Sorbitol and gluconolactone are formed when grown on sucrose or mixtures of glucose and fructose by a so far unique enzyme, glucose‐fructose oxidoreductase.
Membranes contain pentacyclic triterpenoids of the hopane series
(Sahm et al., 1 993). Gelatinase negative. Nitrates are not reduced and indole is not produced.

Zymomonas
tolerates 5

%
ethanol and is acid tolerant
,
growing at pH 3
.
5–7
.
5
. Good growth is obtained only when a mixture of amino acids is present in the medium, but no one amino acid is essential. All strains require biotin and pantothenate.

Zymomonas
occurs as a spoiler in beers

,
ciders
,
and perries
;
as fermenting agents in
Agave
sap, palm sap, and sugarcane juice; and on honeybees and in ripening honey.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 47.5–49.5.

Type species
:
Zymomonas mobilis
(Lindner 1 928a) Kluyver and van Niel 1 936, 399 (
Thermobacterium mobile
Lindner 1 928b, 253;
Zymomonas anaerobia
Kluyver 1 957, 199.)
Pigmentiphaga
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: August 2015

Pig.men.ti.pha.ga
. L. n.
pigmentum
dye; Gr. n.
phagos
eater; M.L. fem. adj.
Pigmentiphaga
eating dyes.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Pigmentiphaga

Cells are Gram‐negative, motile, rod‐shaped, nonsporeforming bacteria 1.3–4 × 0.7–1.2 µm. The colonies are opaque, circular, convex with an entire margin. Growth occurs at 30°, 37°, and 42°C, no growth is found at 4°C.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 68.5 ± 0.3.

Type species
:
Pigmentiphaga kullae
Blümel, Mark, Busse, Kämpfer and Stolz 2001b, 1870.
Paucimonas
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Pau.ci.mo' nas.
L. adj.
paucus
little, few; Gr. fem. n.
monas
unit, cell; M.L. n.
Paucimonas
bacterium with restricted (few) metabolic capacities.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Burkholderiaceae / Paucimonas

Gram‐negative
,
strictly respiratory chemoorganotroph
. Catalase positive; oxidase positive.
Preferred substrates are organic acids
; does not utilize alcohols or polyalcohols, amino acids or polypeptides, sugars or polysaccharides.
Accumulates poly
‐β‐
hydroxy‐butyrate
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59 ± 2.

Type species
:
Paucimonas lemoignei
(Delafield, Doudoroff, Palleroni, Lusty and Contopoulos 1965) Jendrossek 2001, 906 (
Pseudomonas lemoignei
Delafield, Doudoroff, Palleroni, Lusty and Contopoulos 1965, 1460.)