bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circuit Breaker Shock Testing ‐ Individual Component Tests and Apparatus Mounted Tests
Authors: BURDETTE ARTHUR W. , DAVES TED M. , YKEMA JOHN I.
Published: March 2009

The integrity of circuit breakers in a shock environment is essential to the survivability of naval combatant ships. A momentary disruption of power due to the opening of circuit breakers can disable essential combat systems equipment for a substantial period of time relative to the required response time of these systems. Even with the ongoing effort to provide shock hardened circuit breakers, the record indicates that shock integrity has been a continuing area of concern during ship shock trials.

An historical review is provided of the efforts which have been undertaken to improve the shock resistance characteristics of circuit breakers and of the circuit breaker mounting structures (i.e., in switchboards or panelboards).

Circuit breakers have exhibited varying shock resistance characteristics when tested individually versus when tested as an integral member of a switchboard or panelboard, therefore, a comparison is provided of the shock testing specification requirements of circuit breakers tested as components and of the assemblies into which they are commonly mounted. The differences are analyzed to postulate possible causes for the inconsistency of shock qualified circuit breakers when shock tested in their operating environment.

An analysis is provided of the similarities and differences of shock impacts on circuit breakers when tested as components and when tested in a switchgear or panelboard assembly. Two series of tests were conducted, one involving circuit breakers in a panelboard and the other involving circuit breakers in a switchboard. The analysis compares the acceleration‐time histories, velocity, displacements, and the shock spectrum derived therefrom. Of particular interest is the mounting structure of circuit breakers when shock tested as components and the interaction of the switchboard structure with the circuit breakers under shock impacts.

Recommendations are provided for improvements in specifications, for improvements in the design of the assemblies which house the circuit breakers, for improvements in circuit breakers and for more stringent requirements regarding first article testing of assemblies.
Computer Aided Design Methods for Propeller Fillet Gages
Authors: ALLEN DAVID W. , VINOSKI WALTER S. , OVERTON BERNARD A.
Published: March 2009

One of the most complicated forms encountered in engineering design is that of the marine propeller. The complexities arise from the complicated hydrodynamic surfaces of the propeller blades and the complicated manner in which the blades are oriented with and attached to the hub. Where propeller blades are attached to the hub, the blade shape is blended into the shape of the hub. The geometry of this region is particularly complicated. The shape of the blend is called a fillet, and the blending region is called the fillet region.

Sheet metal gages conforming to various blade surface contours are used in the manufacture and inspection of propellers. Five different types of gages define the shape of the propeller in different regions. Fillet gages are such gages that define the shape of propeller blades in the fillet region.

This paper describes a new computer‐aided method for designing fillet gages. Previous methods of fillet gage design required the designer to follow a complicated layout procedure of determining where a particular unfilleted blade contour intersected the hub. The design of the fillet was then done in another layout procedure. Newly developed numerical procedures incorporated in a computer program have reduced the time required to design a complete set of gages (including fillet gages) from up to several weeks to hours.
A System Engineering Approach to Surface Combatant Design Issues
Authors: RAINS DEAN A.
Published: March 2009

The design of naval surface combatants presents a challenging system engineering problem. There are many important choices to be analyzed and made. Within the limitation of the available technologies, there are many design decisions to be made even if no new technologies are selected. The purpose of this paper is to explore ship design optimization in a system engineering context. The design issues to be considered are ship speed, combined with powerplant size selection, endurance, and level of passive survivability. These issues are addressed from a design viewpoint using current technologies. It will be left to future efforts to explore the merits of new technologies. Military effectiveness and affordability analyses are used to determine the best selection of design parameters for future combatants. The analysis procedures used, together with the results, are summarized for reference and use.
New Developments in Butterfly Valves
Authors: BHASIN VINOD , NILSEN LLOYD
Published: March 2009

Butterfly valves are made with distinct features and end‐to‐end dimensions, meeting several industry standards. They can be broadly classified as: rubber‐seated and high‐performance (HPBV) butterfly valves. The rubber‐seated valves are well suited for on/off applications at lower operating pressures and are very economical, however the HPBVs offer chemical inertness and superior performance at higher pressures and temperatures. Like other types of valves, butterfly valves have certain drawbacks, and not all of them are properly designed. However, in many applications in the fleet, which have required traditional gate, globe and rubber‐seated butterfly valves in the past, HPBVs offer improved performance and substantial economies when a well‐designed HPBV with the desired features is selected and installed with due considerations.
Future Naval Contingency and Limited War Operations
Authors: Pace Dale K.
Published: March 2009

The world has changed dramatically in the past few years. In large part, many of the changes have been driven by the emphasis now given to contingency and limited war operations. Navy leadership even coined a special term for them late in the 1980s: CALOW (Contingency and Limited Objective Warfare). As a result, naval planning has also changed, and with it so have the demands upon naval engineering. This paper addresses some of the factors that are now shaping naval planning. Characteristics of contingency and limited war operations are presented. Their implications for naval planning, for naval systems, for concepts of employment, and for naval force structure are examined. It is important that both Navy leadership and the naval engineering community understand these implications fully so that they may respond to them appropriately. The specific value of this paper lies in its synthesis of information so that the naval engineering community may appreciate the full impact of future contingency and limited war operations.
Small Ships, Advanced Technology and Warfighting Performance
Authors: SKOLNICK DAVID H. , SKOLNICK ALFRED
Published: March 2009

Changing threat requirements and radical budget shifts imply that Navy operational needs will broaden and engineering solutions will face tougher constraints. Existing and emerging technology promise increased combat capability in smaller packages; space‐based assets will allow operator orchestration of widely dispersed naval units via connectivity attributes previously unavailable. Tactical data relay by downlink may permit reallocation of responsibilities among several platforms, space, air, or seaborne, so ships can be outfitted for custom‐use (sensing, unique data processing, high‐firepower) and optimized to meet specific mission needs. These evolving capabilities demand a fresh look at ship concepts and prospective force structures consistent with global and fiscal realities. Warfighting performance formerly unknown in small ship design may offer a very effective solution to the intricate, interacting issues of falling defense budgets, diverse operational requirements and complex national priorities. Multimission ships which take advantage of new or current technology to reduce ship size, manning and cost could be affordable in sufficient numbers to meet our continuing worldwide obligations, complement our larger ships' force structure, and produce a balanced fleet. These same ships could satisfy U.S. maritime needs beyond the Navy and improve export trade through foreign military sales (FMS).
The Navy's Chlorofluorocarbon/Halon Program
Authors: KRINSKY JOEL L. , NOEL WILLIAM
Published: March 2009

The Naval Sea Systems Command is executing a three‐phase program to ensure compliance with national regulations, DoD policy, and Navy instructions mandating the phase‐out of CFC and Halon use by the Navy. The Navy uses significant quantities of CFCs and Halon as solvents, refrigerants, and fire‐fighting agents both in military operations and through specifications and contracts for weapons and support equipment.

Phase one of the program plan will be to conserve chemicals through reclaiming and recycling, and by establishing and maintaining a chemical inventory of CFCs and Halons. Phase two will research, develop, and test substitute chemicals and alternative technologies for existing CFC uses. This research will be pursued through Navy and government laboratories, cooperation with chemical and equipment manufacturers, and by participation in government/industry consortiums. Finally, phase three will deploy the replacement chemicals and new technologies into the fleet, and institutionalize the conservation measures developed in phase one.

This paper discusses in detail the three phases of the Navy program, and relates the Navy effort to DoD policy, the Montreal Protocol, and Congressional legislation. Unique Navy concerns, research initiatives, and vintaging scenarios for existing equipment are presented.
A Computational Study of HY and HSLA Steel Performance in a Bulkhead Test Panel Geometry
Authors: DEGIORGI VIRGINIA , MATIC PETER
Published: March 2009

As nonlinear computational methods become integrated into the structural design and analysis process, the effects of large deformation material response on large deflection structural response can, in principle, be predicted. The accuracy of structural predictions ultimately depends on an accurate assessment of the material responses which are encountered in the structure. This is particularly true if information on locally severe plastic deformation or fracture initiation and flaw tolerance is desired.

Previously determined parameters for the elastic‐plastic response of HY‐80, HY‐100, HSLA‐80 and HSLA‐100 steels, accurate through large strains terminating at the point of fracture, were applied in finite element simulations to predict the performance of a bulkhead test panel geometry. Significant differences in panel performance under hydrostatic loading conditions were predicted for the materials considered. The plastic deflections were found to be strongly influenced by the relative local or diffuse nature of intense plastic deformation across the panel. These results suggest that the comparative nonlinearity of these materials was as important as the strength and ductility in affecting performance. Further analyses, aimed at assessing flaw tolerance, were considered by conducting small scale analyses of local details where severe deformation conditions were predicted by the larger scale panel model.
An Overview of Current and Candidate Titanium Alloy Applications on U.S. Navy Surface Ships
Authors: SCHUTZ RONALD W. , SCATURRO MILTON R.
Published: March 2009

A significant number of current and candidate Navy surface ship applications for titanium alloys are identified and reviewed in this paper. These applications represent very viable, practical engineering solutions to current limitations and problems on current ships, and improvements proposed to address modern Navy aims. These fundamental aims include improved ship performance, availability, payload, mobility, and survivability. A thorough discussion of relevant mechanical, physical, and corrosion properties of candidate titanium alloys is made along with how these properties Impact design, fabricability, and performance of specific ship structures and systems. An update of the status of these ship applications and corresponding Navy evaluation programs is also provided.
Structural Analysis Methods for Lightweight Metallic Corrugated Core Sandwich Panels Subjected to Blast Loads
Authors: WIERNICKI CHRISTOPHER J. , LIEM FRANZ , WOODS GREGORY D. , FURIO ANTHONY J.
Published: March 2009

Since the early 1980s, the U.S. Navy, in conjunction with industry, has continued to develop and test innovative lightweight structural concepts with the purpose of seeking alternative replacements for conventional plate beam metallic structures. One commercially available concept currently under investigation is lightweight metallic corrugated core sandwich panels. This paper presents both elastic and plastic design methods for lightweight metallic corrugated core sandwich panels subjected to air blast loading. The equations presented in this paper, while not a complete solution to the complicated dynamic, elastic plastic phenomena of blast wave‐rigid body interaction, are offered as a set of relatively simple analytical expressions that can be used in preliminary design. Because of the closed form nature of the equations the designer has the capability to quickly identify the most important parameters effecting the response of lightweight metallic corrugated core sandwich panels to air blast loads.
Concept for a Force Level Combat System
Authors: YOUNG M. BRIDGET
Published: March 2009

The concept of a superset is not unknown to the Navy. The term “superset” has been applied to the combat systems onboard the Aegis cruisers (CG‐65 through CG‐73) and the Aegis destroyers (DDG‐51 through DDG‐64). David Taylor Research Center (DTRC) has developed several concepts for ship designs which can be considered supersets. The goal of this paper is to develop the concept of a combat system superset, a derivative of which would be deployed on all surface combatants. This combat system superset will contain all warfare area missions and supporting functional elements. The combat system superset should be related to future ship designs to create an integrated surface combatant. The ultimate utility of a combat system superset design would be lower life cycle costs for its derivatives. A notional combat system superset is presented along with three proposed derivatives. The paper concludes with the application of the superset for each derivative and a discussion of the resulting combat systems.
An Affordable Approach for Quality‐Assured Shipboard Maintenance Information
Authors: KNACHEL ROBERT E. , MAGROGAN WILLIAM F.
Published: March 2009

Acquisition and logistics professionals recognize the challenges in synchronizing maintenance and supply support information over the life cycle of shipboard systems and equipment. Decisions and judgments made during full‐scale development, then described in maintenance documents and allowance lists, may become outdated for any number of reasons once the ship deploys. Thus, the fleet faces the possibility of out‐of‐sync maintenance support information at virtually any time.

Initiatives during the 1980s which reconcile shipboard maintenance and support data include Integrated Logistics Overhauls (ILOs) and Ships Configuration and Logistics Support Information System (SCLSIS). These initiatives aim to ensure all shipboard equipments have current maintenance documents and up‐to‐date allowance lists, but they are expensive, time consuming, and scheduled every 4 to 5 years. Shipboard officers care about today's problem, particularly the next deployment. ILO and SCLSIS products are not always timed to the next deployment, nor is it practical or cost‐effective to do so.

Adopting the perspective of shipboard maintenance and supply officers, the authors identify three fundamental maintenance support information needs which quality assure readiness to perform a ship's mission:

Technically complete, accurate, and up‐to‐date maintenance documents for all mission critical equipments.

One‐to‐one correlation between authorized maintenance parts required and authorized allowance/ordering data for mission critical equipments.

Assurances that all allowed mission critical parts needed for shipboard maintenance are on board or will be delivered prior to deployment.

The authors maintain that the most affordable solution to shipboard maintenance support information quality assurance is to select mission critical equipments with significant CasRep or shipboard “trouble” histories and resolve any maintenance support information discrepancies prior to deployment “real‐time.” This approach supplements, but does not replace, the ILO and SCLSIS processes. This approach was designed using total quality management principles to assure mission effectiveness.
Tooling for Impeller Castings Via CAD/CAM
Authors: MEYER ERICH A.
Published: March 2009

The tooling required to make 20‐inch‐diameter impeller investment castings for shipboard centrifugal pumps is NC machined directly from a CAD/CAM computer database without the use of pattern drawings. A Computervision CADDS 4 system, in conjunction with a 3‐dimensional coordinate measuring machine, form a Computer Aided Design (CAD)/Computer Aided Inspection (CAI) System used to design, inspect, and manufacture the impellers. The impeller design data is transferred to a second CAD system used for machining the impeller master core and final production tooling. The CAD impeller models are fully surfaced 3‐dimensional representations of the designed and manufactured vane surfaces. Inspection results indicate minimal deviation between the manufactured vane surfaces and design specifications. Similar CAI system inspections of hand made wooden masters from pattern drawings have proven that 60% of the tooling for impeller and casing vanes have significant deviations from the design specifications which are then corrected before the pattern is approved. The tooling cost is competitive with conventional pattern tooling costs for this type of contract and size of impeller. The tooling lead times were about 25% longer than conventional methods of manufacture due to a learning curve effect on the part of the mold shop and the fact that the tooling was somewhat oversize for the available milling machine, necessitating frequent set up changes. Tooling delivery time can be improved as more experience is gained with this method of manufacture.
The Navy's New Standard Digital Signal Processor: The AN/UYS‐2
Authors: RICE MICHAEL L.
Published: March 2009

An architectural summary of the AN/UYS‐2 multi‐processor digital signal processor is presented along with a brief description of the major technologies that are being incorporated into it. Discussion concentrates on the AN/UYS‐2's implementation of data‐flow parallel processing to achieve exceptionally high computing throughput rates. In addition, its functional components and the implementation of its hardware functional elements into standard electronic modules are discussed. Supporting this multi‐processor architecture is a signal processing graph language methodology called Processing Graph Methodology (PGM) which is used to efficiently and cost‐effectively program the AN/UYS‐2. Finally, follow‐on candidate technologies for infusion into the AN/UYS‐2 are highlighted.
Surface Effect Ship (SES) Developments Worldwide
Authors: LAVIS DAVID R. , SPAULDING KENNETH B.
Published: March 2009

It has been more than 30 years since the introduction of the SES. There are several hundred operating SES in the world today. Most are relatively small (less than 200 tons) and have operating speeds of 25 to 40 knots. The potential for larger, faster, SES has long been recognized. Today, with the emergence of six independent European initiatives for the development of 40 to 50‐knot, 500 to 2000‐ton, SES car ferries, we are on the threshold of a new generation of SES (Figure 1) — which will be introduced solely because they are perceived, by hard‐headed investors, as competitive commercial ventures.

In this paper the history of SES development is summarized and a world‐wide census of SES craft presented. Current fast‐ferry and military initiatives are discussed. The SES concept is defined and characterized including a discussion of SES technologies. Predictions are made regarding future SES developments, followed by conclusions and recommendations.
Ready Reserve Fleet Activations: The View from the Deckplates
Authors: OTT ANDREW A.
Published: March 2009

The 2 August 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and its subsequent political developments quickly led to the recognition that a “military solution” was at least a possibility. To support the large military logistics effort that would obviously be required, a mass activation of the nation's Ready Reserve Force commenced on 9 August 1990. By early 1991, over seventy ships had been designated for activation. This enormous effort severely strained the resources of the Ready Reserve program, as well as the commercial ship repair industry in the United States. It also overloaded the already limited resource pool of available mariners to man the ships. Although several foreign charters were initially necessary to meet the demand, within a short time the availability of successfully activated U. S. reserve fleet ships grew to fill the wartime need. This article reviews the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) and the current posture of the Ready Reserve Force (RRF) activation program, provides several firsthand examples of how activations are played out on the deckplates, and presents a summary of lessons learned; all in search of improvements which might make the process even more successful when the RRF is needed again in the future.
Why Engineers Don't Understand Logistics
Authors: LIGHT STEPHEN P.
Published: March 2009

The author describes his observations during twenty‐eight years of naval ship design, acquisition and logistics support experience that engineers do not understand logistics or even consider logistics as part of their engineering responsibilities. This paper will explore the reasons why. The paper will also provide reasons why the engineer should understand logistics and why it should become a part of the engineer's responsibilities and lexicon. The paper presents the position that an engineer armed with a knowledge of logistics can do the best job in producing a good supportability design. Recommendations are provided to the naval engineering and logistics communities to increase the logistics knowledge of engineers. Also, the author advocates the development of design techniques to be used by the engineer to produce good supportability designs. The increased role of the engineer in applying supportability design techniques will be required in the future if we are to do more with the planned reductions in the acquisition workforce.
Numerical Modeling of Cavitation Bubble Behavior and Noise
Authors: OSBORNE GREGORY E. , LATORRE ROBERT
Published: March 2009

This paper summarizes a study on the numerical analysis of cavitation bubble noise and presents the results of a numerical analysis of the pressure pulse developed during a single cavitation bubble collapse and the development of a 1/3 octave noise spectral analysis. The results of a systematic numerical study of bubble growth are presented along with an example of the calculated 1/3 octave noise spectra.
Damage Control — The Last Line of Shipboard Defense
Authors: HERMAN STANLEY , LOESER CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: March 2009

This paper addresses the ship, system and equipment design features, operational doctrine and training that has been developed to provide effective shipboard damage control. Both the ship and the sailor are addressed, since both are integral and interdependent components of the damage control “system.” Also, the enhancements afforded to protection of personnel from the effects of conventional and nonconventional weapons are discussed. Finally, a brief look into the future is presented. With the shrinking defense budget and corresponding reduction in fleet size and ship manning, novel system designs and automated decision aids will be required to do the job.
An Adaptive Filter Study for Application to Ship Steering Machinery
Authors: SCHMIDT LOUIS V.
Published: March 2009

Recent studies on roll stabilization of ships using a digitally controlled rudder provided an introduction to the wide discrepancy possible in the nonlinear behavior of ship steering machinery. The full potential for use of rudder roll stabilization was not achievable during actual sea trials under these circumstances. An adaptive filter system using a reference model was developed and configured for application to digitally controlled ship steering machinery. Guidelines for establishing the desired performance are described and results of the numerical investigations are presented in this paper. Currently, verification by dockside testing remains to be done.
Fracture Mechanics of Ship Structures
Authors: SIELSKI ROBERT A.
Published: March 2009

Using international cooperative exchange programs, the Department of Defense is currently working with U.S. steel makers to improve the technology base so that they can produce new highly weldable, low alloy, high strength alloys. The development program for these alloys should insure adequate strength and toughness, but not impose excessive requirements. That program justifies the need for a greater understanding of the use of fracture mechanics for the selection of structural materials.

There have been several recent independent extensive studies of the application of fracture mechanics to ship structures sponsored by the Ship Structure Committee, the Naval Research Laboratory, David Taylor Research Center, and the Admiralty Research Establishment. The recommendations of these experts range from continued use of existing material parameters, use of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and the use of ductile fracture mechanics for determining the requirements for hull material. This paper reviews the results of these studies and recommends an approach to the development of rational criteria. The Navy is starting an extensive research and development program to verify the chosen methodology, including the testing of large scale sections that will replicate ship hulls.

The result of this application of theory and verification through testing will be a new basis for the determination of the toughness requirements for ship structures, avoiding excessive requirements as we seek to use the latest materials that will be available during this decade and in the twenty‐first century.
The Navy's Shipboard Waste Management Research & Development Program
Authors: SMOOKLER ARTHUR , ALIG CRAIG
Published: March 2009

Increasing federal regulatory restrictions on overboard waste discharge in national and international waters require that the Navy develop shipboard equipment and procedures to process and store a wide range of wastes onboard surface ships or, where permitted, to discharge certain wastes in environmentally acceptable forms. Navy policy and guidance recognizes the fleet's environmental responsibilities, and major research, development, test, and evaluation efforts are being conducted to develop and evaluate suitable shipboard waste processing systems for oily wastes, non‐oily wastewater, hazardous wastes/materials, and solid wastes. Environmental protection systems for back‐fit and forward‐fit are being developed. A wide range of shipboard requirements must be accommodated, including space, size/weight, safety/health, and reliability. Current priorities focus on plastics and other solid wastes, oily wastes, ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons and blackwater. Significant progress is being made, and the Navy is confident that ship designs for the 21st century will be environmentally sound.
Innovations in Training Simulation
Authors: SOTTILARE ROBERT A. , LONG RODNEY A.
Published: March 2009

With the Navy leaning towards a smaller but better trained force, using simulators in training becomes a cost effective way of keeping our military edge. Several innovations are being utilized in today's simulators. Hardware and software designs now include distributed computer architectures, real‐time, multi‐tasking operating systems, flexible generic consoles, commercial off‐the‐shelf equipment, standard real‐time ocean acoustic models, and standard acoustic data bases. This paper describes these technologies and their innovative application in the Navy's newest Anti‐Submarine Warfare Team Trainer, Device 14A12.

Device 14A12 simulates sonar, fire control, electronic warfare, bridge, ownship aircraft and Naval Tactical Data Systems (NTDS) for 16 surface ownship classes. Device 14A12 also simulates multiple air, surface and subsurface threat, neutral and friendly platforms as well as missiles and torpedoes. The innovative modeling of these systems along with Device 14A12's enormous flexibility will allow the Navy to provide effective tactical training for the surface fleet now and in the future.
Total Integrated Fleet Maintenance and Support Database
Authors: FAHRENKRUG THOMAS P.
Published: March 2009

As the Navy enters into an era of tighter budgets and increasing intervals between ship overhauls and equipment restoration, the work load on the intermediate maintenance activity (IMA) will increase. More repairs and component overhauls will require each repair activity to be managed in a manner that will produce maximum efficiency and quality repairs. This paper will describe fleet maintenance as it is managed today and how, through the utilization of existing or developmental processes and data files, a master database will evolve to serve all participants from the production workers through senior managers. It will describe the interface of the type commander (TyCom), immediate superior in command (ISIC), IMA, and the ship using the tools of the master database to plan and conduct quality repairs efficiently. It also will describe an interface between the TyCom, NavSea, and the shipyard to effectively plan and schedule depot and intermediate level availabilities to meet current budget and operational constraints.

The author thanks the staff of the commander, Submarine Forces, U.S. Atlantic and more specifically Cdr. R. Erman, force maintenance officer and LCdr. M. McCammon, force quality assurance officer for their insight on TyCom initiatives. Additionally, I want to acknowledge the professionalism and assistance of my associates R.B. Holmes, H.H. Woodruff, J.L. Lantz, H.E. Reynolds, R.E. Dunphy, T.A. Ruark, and J. Holt in the development of this paper.
A Knowledge‐Base System for the Threat Evaluation and Weapon Assignment Process
Authors: CARLING ROBERT L.
Published: March 2009

The threat evaluation and weapon assignment process is an important air defence function of the command and control system of a frigate or destroyer. It ranks the radar air tracks coming from the ship's automatic detection and tracking unit according to specific criteria. These criteria include the position of the closest point of approach (CPA) with respect to the ship, the time for the target to reach the CPA, and other ship and target characteristics. As soon as the target tracks have been ranked, the ship must assign its hardkill and/or softkill weapons to these targets so that they will be destroyed or decoyed from the ship. The important problems arising from the weapon assignment process are the order and choice of hardkill/softkill weapons to be assigned against a specific attack of anti‐ship missiles.

A knowledge‐base approach to the threat evaluation and weapon assignment process for a single warship attacked by anti‐ship missiles has been explored using SMALLTALK 80/HUMBLE. This paper describes the design of the knowledge‐base system, the design of the testing environment for it, the evaluation of the performance of the knowledge‐base system in the environment and it finally presents the results that were obtained.
Zonal Electrical Distribution Systems: An Affordable Architecture for the Future
Authors: PETRY CHESTER R. , RUMBURG JAY W.
Published: March 2009

The electrical system of today's U. S. Navy ships was designed for reliability of power to vital loads. The existing radial electrical system architecture has evolved from World War II to an increasingly complex and expensive system as vital loads have grown and become more power quality sensitive for each new class of ships.

The maze of normal and alternate cables on modern navy ships is almost impossible to protect and keep functioning during and after a casualty. The Navy is now demanding that future ships be more affordable while maintaining existing performance capabilities. New studies have shown that zonal electrical distribution system architecture provides a construction cost savings while inherently providing more operational flexibility.

This paper will discuss cost and weight comparisons of existing conventional electrical distribution systems to proposed zonal distribution systems on DDG‐51 and LSD‐41 class ships. It will examine the weight impacts and affordability of installing the zonal distribution system on these ships. Further, it will discuss various zonal distribution system architectures, commonality of components with surface ship electrical distribution systems, and propose developments which will enhance future navy and maritime ship construction.
Naval Surface Combatant Ship Designer's Aid
Authors: ANDERT ED P.
Published: March 2009

The naval surface combatant ship design process can be greatly enhanced by a computerized, knowledge‐based designer's aid. Naval surface ship design is a technological challenge to maximize ordnance on target which requires the use of rapidly advancing techniques and systems for surveillance, detection, communication, information processing, ordnance delivery, and propulsion, among others. This paper discusses the first step in the development of a computerized, knowledge‐based (expert system) tool to assist ship designers in selecting requirements and incorporating the most appropriate combat systems and certain hull, machinery and electrical system (HM&E) equipment. This Naval Surface Combatant Ship Designer's Aid (NAVSURF) system allows the designer to select the type of ship to be developed and required ship characteristics such as speed. It then suggests a set of requirements for the ship along with a set of combat and HM&E equipment based on the selected requirements. The NAVSURF system is an interactive environment that suggests requirements and equipment while allowing the user to select alternatives, ask for reports of selected items, upgrade the databases of available requirements, and upgrade the knowledge‐base that makes suggestions.
Shipboard Damaged Stability Assessment: The Flooding Casualty Control Software
Authors: ZAHN PETER B. , ROSBOROUGH JOHN , CARLSTROM RICHARD
Published: March 2009

The Flooding Casualty Control Software (FCCS) was developed under the auspices of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) and is currently being deployed on a variety of ships in the fleets of both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard. The primary objective of FCCS is to enable damage control personnel to identify critical stability conditions, especially when related to the loss of reserve buoyancy due to battle damage and the destabilizing effects of large quantities of firefighting water, in a timely manner.

FCCS was initially deployed in 1990. It utilizes the standard algorithms of the Ship Hull Characteristics Program (SHCP). The user interface was designed to allow quick familiarity for shipboard users, primarily the damage control assistant (DCA) and his staff. Intact stability evaluations include the effects of topside icing, high winds, personnel crowding, heavy lifts over the side, high speed turns, and towing. FCCS also supports ballasting analysis for amphibious ships as well as providing bottom reaction and beached stability data for grounding incidents. By providing a tool for the “fuel king” and DCA to generate the required daily updates on the current ship load and liquids status, FCCS is assured of an accurate baseline in the event of damage. The design allows the evaluation of the ultimate ship stability status for a damage event using simple compartmentation and flooding status inputs. Evaluation of the adequacy of resulting stability, as well as identification of such critical stability parameters as off center loading, margin line immersion, and negative GM, are accomplished by the program. Guidance is provided for the user to initiate appropriate flooding related damage control activities.

Initially fitted on USS Oliver Hazard Perry Class frigates, FCCS databases have been for the USCG Hamilton class high endurance cutters, USS Arleigh Burke class Aegis destroyers, and a variety of other U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard ship classes. The program accommodates such special features as well decks, compensating fuel systems, and a variety of evaluation criteria. FCCS is currently configured for use as a non‐integrated backfit to existing ships. Development efforts are underway in parallel to provide FCCS as a module for the Integrated Survivability Management System (ISMS).
High Energy Density Lithium Rechargeable Batteries for Underwater Vehicle Propulsion
Authors: SMITH PATRICIA H. , CHUA DAVID L. , FLEISCHMANN CHARLES W. , JAMES STANLEY D.
Published: March 2009

The rechargeable lithium/cobalt oxide electrochemistry is examined for its use in powering underwater vehicles. It has been successfully developed in 30 amp hour capacity cells. A comparative study with the silver oxide/zinc technology, most frequently used for this application, revealed lithium's superior performance. Lithium/cobalt oxide gave more charge‐discharge cycles with 40–50% higher energy density. Lithium's advantage was especially marked at ‐2°C, where it cycled four times longer than silver cells. Projections indicate that, at the 600 amp hour cell size, the battery will have an energy density of 120 watt hours per pound resulting in a more durable and cost effective power source for naval vehicles than currently possible.
Statistical Process Control for Software in the Maintenance Phase
Authors: LUKE STEPHEN R. , JACOBS DERYA ALASYA , REED BILLIE M.
Published: March 2009

As technology advances and our dependency on software increases, the requirement to develop the correct means to improve quality in both the development phase and the maintenance phase of software life cycle support becomes increasingly significant. The focus of this paper is on the dilemma facing software engineering in maintaining quality within the constraints of the maintenance phase. The paper further proposes that the software maintenance process can also be analyzed and improved using statistical process control (SPC) techniques.

The methods discussed in this paper have been proposed for use in the Software Maintenance project at NUWC Detachment Norfolk. Upon successful testing at NUWC Detachment Norfolk, they will be forwarded to the AN/SQQ‐89(V) (interagency) Software Quality Evaluation Committee for use by other agencies which are developing and maintaining AN/SQQ‐89(V) software.
A Capable, Affordable 21st‐century Destroyer
Authors: LEVEDAHL WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2009

A simple tumblehome hull of 4500LT lightship displacement carries 1200LT of military payload 6000NMi at 20kts with inherently‐low acoustic, infrared, and radar signatures, and with superior seakeeping, without seawater ballast. Its two intercooled, recuperated turbines replace the seven simple‐cycle engines of a comparably‐armed conventional destroyer and consume 59% less fuel; both ships share a 30kt sustained speed at 80% power. Use of stern flaps permits carrying more fuel; range is doubled to 12,000 NMi.

Two removable, prealigned and pretested steerable propulsor modules are attached to the stern after construction and are pierside replaceable without drydocking; each includes a steerable pod aligned to the water inflow. Contrarotating tractor propellers are driven by a pretested integrated capsule which comprises seals, thrust bearings, contrarotating ring‐ring bicoupled epicyclic gears, and an alternating‐current electric motor. A streamlined strut connects each pod rigidly to a vertical steerable barrel which contains the individually‐replaceable propulsor auxiliaries. Two power modules are removable and are mounted in the helicopter hangar. Each module comprises a 26,400 HP intercooled regenerated gas turbine, a 3 Mw ship‐service generator, and a propulsion generator with a second high‐voltage winding for electrothermal guns.
Sea Power, Peacekeeping, Defense Conversion and Budgets…Can They Be Balanced?
Authors: SKOLNICK ALFRED
Published: March 2009

The Persian Gulf War underscored the logic of joint military operations, shared assets and compatible equipments. In that vein, the time is ripe for our individual military services to assess common national needs and tailor their classical strengths to meet modern world realities without compromising those strengths. Within the Navy, in particular, this is an unequalled opportunity to begin constructing fleet units and future weaponry that meet a broad range of uncertainties; this requires a tilt toward ship designs and weapon developments that offer high investment payoff, adaptivity in use and untapped growth potential. Also, selected naval centers of excellence ashore with industrial knowledge and hands‐on experience can lend themselves to true “dual‐usage” and civil‐military integration by combining their Navy contributions with civilian‐training offerings in vocational techniques. This combined approach will let us maintain vital parts of our defense technology industrial base while tapping the skills of seasoned master mechanics and engineers and transferring their knowledge to a new generation facing radically different national needs. This path allows practical satisfaction of our most immediate challenge—meeting both civilian and military demands upon our country—while directly improving the product coming out of our secondary school systems through occupational skill training. The call here is to use experienced professionals with track records of accomplishment to actually produce results rather than simply talk about them; to err on the side of performance and accomplishment is in the tradition of an achievement‐oriented America.
Quality Management and Master Ordnance Repair
Authors: STIMSON WILLIAM A. , MARTINEZ ERNEST
Published: March 2009

Because of the redefinition of national defense needs and the reduction of defense budgets, the management of complex combatant repair is more imperative than ever. To this end, the U.S. Navy is calling for Total Quality Leadership (TQL) strategies from its agencies and contractors. These strategies are derived from well known initiatives of quality management, such as those of Deming. They define the basis of any quality program.

Quality methodologies have proven highly effective in the manufacturing sector, but many remain unproven or tentative in service and repair industries. The authors believe that TQL methods can be effective in the repair industry also, but must be developed or adapted to suit the unique characteristics of that industry: high skill, non‐rote crafts, with continual customer interface at all levels of operation.

In establishing a direction for TQL development, the authors have chosen two elements. The first is the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Improvement Program, which provides guidelines for direction. The second is the Master Ordnance Repair (MOR) Program, which provides the management vehicle. From its beginning in 1983, MOR has been a program of management. The task is explicit in its charter, NAVSEAINST 8000.2, which requires that a MOR contractor manage combat system work and testing.

Quality management methods are applied to the MOR program to achieve MOR objectives using Baldrige measurements. Methods are presented which deploy the quality function across the organization. Techniques are provided to improve the company's ability to control its processes and the robustness of its product. These include methods of process analysis that determine added value, ownership, and internal customer. Stress is placed on in‐process verification rather than on end‐of‐process inspection.

The recommendations of this paper require no extraordinary skills or costs, but do require a formal and systematic approach to quality issues. The authors believe that with TQL methods in place, continuous improvement will follow.
Electrical Load Analysis Trends: Sea Trial Data from Two CG‐47 Class Ships
Authors: Lowell David R. , Rains Dean A.
Published: March 2009

Electrical load analysis for U.S. Navy ships is based on a method referred to as DDS 310–1, a static analysis for sizing generators. The DDS analysis is made at 10 and 90°F. Sea trial data for two CG‐47 class ships were analyzed and correlated with ambient temperature in the range of 77 to 96°F to give the correlation (with t in degrees F): P = 2575 + 8.74(t–90) ± 116 Kw.

These data give insight into the effect of ambient temperature at conditions above or below the DDS 310–1 condition of 90°F. The variation of the data about the line is an indication of the variability that can be expected. The sea trial data show that DDS 310–1 gave a conservative but reasonable estimate of the power actually required.
Combat System Engineering for the DDG—51 Class and Future Surface Combatants
Authors: HOLDEN RICHARD A.
Published: March 2009

Constraints imposed on future surface combatant acquisition will demand both design‐to‐capability and design‐to‐cost. The future Navy must be affordable and, to go in harm's way, must be combat capable. The quality of future ships depends on establishing an acquisition process that ensures capability independent of the rate of ship construction or the missions of the fleet.

This paper explores surface combatant acquisition strategy and the engineering process that supports it. Events that shaped the combat system portion of the DDG‐51 shipbuilding program are reviewed as a basis to propose a modification to the process of future acquisitions. A historical perspective is established by outlining the shipbuilding program as it evolved from about 1978 to 1989. Factors that shaped the eventual upgrade program are presented in terms of the acquisition strategy and system engineering, which led to definition of the combat system configurations.

Conclusions based on the information presented suggest that a more efficient system engineering process is needed to execute future preplanned upgrades and to support long‐term plans. This process is described in terms of a single research and development funding line for configuration definition, design, and development. This approach differs from the traditional ship design, acquisition, and construction process in terms of continuity of system development and emphasis on interdependencies of the combat system and ship.
Achievements with Advanced Craft
Authors: Blount Donald L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Progress in the performance of advanced craft and the merits of various hull forms differ with respect to the technological maturity of each concept. Full‐scale, calm water trial data of speed and power for known displacement transport efficiency is used to compare the optimum performance of several hull forms such as planing, round bilge, stepped, catamaran and SES. Transport efficiency comparisons for a wide range of dimensionless speeds have been updated for trial results through the beginning of 1993. Trends that demonstrate increased transport efficiency are discussed when sufficient information is available to define resistance to weight ratios and overall propulsive efficiencies. Finally, data for useful load fraction, defined as the combination of payload and fuel weight relative to design full load displacement are presented for hard chine and SES craft.
Navy Night Vision/Electro‐Optics on the Threshold
Authors: Markley Ted B.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Navy Night Vision/Electro‐Optics (NVEO) could be on the threshold of major changes. Recent events and the changing world order are causing most defense organizations to speculate about the future. Navy NVEO is not immune to this type of reflection. Conjecture of this nature in NVEO is rooted in the available technology and the evolving Navy mission.