bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Lithium‐Rich Cathode Materials by Magnesium Borate Surface Coating
Authors: Bai Maohui , Hu Lina , Liang Yuhao , Hong Bo , Lai Yanqing
Published: March 2021

Magnesium borate oxide (MBO) coated lithium‐rich layered Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 particles are synthesized via a wet chemical coating method. The X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer results indicate that the cathode particles are uniformly covered with a MBO layer. The results of charge/discharge tests show that the MBO‐coated electrode has enhanced electrochemical properties both in rate capability and cycling stability compared to the bare one. Specifically, 3 wt. % MBO‐coated sample has capacity retention of 98.3 %, much more than the bare one of only 79.2 % after 100 cycles at 1 C. Furthermore, the MBO‐coated electrode retains a superior high‐rate capacity of 90 mAh g−1 at 10 C. The remarkably enhanced rate capability and cycling stability of MBO‐coated electrode is ascribed to the MBO coating layer efficiently isolating the bulk Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 from direct contact with the electrolyte, and facilitating both charge transfer reaction and the kinetics of lithium ion diffusion through the surface layer.
New Family of Heptanuclear Lanthanide {Ln7} Clusters: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Studies
Authors: Shukla Pooja , Pal Tapan K. , Sahoo Subash Chandra , Du Ming‐Hao , Kong Xiang‐Jian , Das Sourav
Published: March 2021

A new family of heptanuclear lanthanide complex [Ln7(L)2(LH)4(dbm)5(OH)2(CH3OH)4]⋅xCHCl3⋅yCH3OH⋅zH2O {Ln=TbIII (1), DyIII (2) and ErIII (3) and LH3=(E)‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐6‐(((2‐hydroxyphenyl) imino) methyl)‐4‐methylphenol} [in 1, x=6, y=3, z=3; in 2, x=5, y=1, z=6; and in 3, x=4, z=2] has been prepared in presence of lanthanide chloride(III) salts and β‐diketonate co‐ligand dibenzoylmethane (dbm). Single crystal XRD reveals heptanuclear ensemble formed by collective action of two fully deprotonated [L]3− ligands, four double deprotonated [LH]2−, two μ3‐OH− ligands, five anionic [dbm]− β‐diketonate co‐ligands and two terminal methanol solvent molecules. This heptanuclear unit comprises of two [Dy4(μ2‐O)5(μ3‐OH)]+6 core sharing a common metal vertex Dy1 through which centre of inversion has passed for overall molecule. All the complexes have been magnetically characterized and dynamic AC magnetic studies reveals slow relaxation of magnetism present in dysprosium analogue (2).
Electric‐Induced Degradation of Cathode Interface Layer in PM7:IT‐4F Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Dai Tingting , Li Xiong , Zhang Yingying , Zhou Xuejiao , Zhu Yaohui , Zhou Jun , Xu Denghui , Lin Tao
Published: March 2021

Cathode buffer layer interface modification is a commonly used strategy to prepare high‐efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). Nonfullerene OSCs based on PM7:IT‐4F are prepared and modified with poly[(9,9‐bis(3′‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)propyl)‐2,7‐fluorene)‐alt‐2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)] (PFN)‐Br cathode buffer layer. The introduction of the PFN‐Br buffer layer obviously boosts the photovoltaic performance of PM7:IT‐4F‐based OSCs, however, the stability of the PFN‐Br‐modified device shows a serious degradation. By excluding the influence of heat, oxygen, moisture, and light illumination, the degradation is verified to be triggered by the electric effect. As soon as the devices undergo electrical measurement such as applying a bias voltage for the current density–voltage test, the degradation begins. The degradation mechanism of the PFN‐Br‐modified OSCs is investigated in detail with intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy/photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS/IMVS), photoinduced charge extraction linear increasing voltage (Photo‐CELIV), and impendence spectroscopy (IS) technology. The results show that the PFN‐Br cathode buffer layer is deteriorated and increases the interface resistance between active layer and cathode, which hinders charge transport and collection at the electrode, thus weakening the performance of PM7:IT‐4F‐based OSCs. The degradation of PM7:IT‐4F/PFN‐Br OSCs induced by the electric effect proposed herein provides a new inspiration for the degradation study of OSCs.
Challenges of second language teachers’ professional identity construction: Voices from Afghanistan
Authors: Nazari Mostafa , Miri Mir Abdullah , Golzar Jawad
Published: March 2021

Afghanistan has recently witnessed the redefinition of its educational policies, particularly those related to language teaching. However, little is known about Afghan second language (L2) teachers and the challenges they might face in their professional identity construction. This study investigated the challenges of professional identity construction of Afghan L2 teachers. Scenario prompts and semistructured interviews were used to explore how the teachers responded to challenging situations and narrated their professional challenges. Data analyses indicated that the teachers responded to the scenario prompts in accordance with perspectives mirroring criticality in educational functioning by promoting learners’ awareness of sociocultural anomalies, resisting institutional inequalities, and gearing instruction to learners’ needs. Additionally, analysis of the teachers’ semistructured interviews revealed sociocultural, institutional, and pedagogical challenges, particularly the dominance of institutional barriers in sanctioning the teachers’ identity construction. The authors argue that Afghan L2 teachers need more assistance from policymakers and teacher educators to facilitate their professionalism and professional practice.
Making Policies with Data: The Legacy of the PoliVisu Project
Authors: Acar Freya , Raes Lieven , Rosseau Bart , Satta Matteo
Published: March 2021

The PoliVisu project has the goal to investigate the potential of data use and visualisation in urban policy making. The project has explored how data supported policy making is adopted by public administrations and what we can learn from their experience. This is done by enrolling pilot cases with different and specific policy problems. From the experience of the PoliVisu pilots the influence and added value of data in the policy making process is assessed. Considering the recent “shake” in data production and use, PoliVisu has adopted four driving questions, as follow: what are the new roles data can play in the policy making process?, What is the added value of data for policy making? How can innovative visualisations contribute to improve the use of data in policy making processes? To what extent can an increased adoption of data affect the policy making process? How is the data shake affecting the involvement of non-institutional actors in the policy making process? This paper explores these questions, by presenting the experiences and the lessons learnt, also focussing on specific pilots’ initiatives and results.
Structural and Magnetic Characterizations of Ruddlesden–Popper Family (Ca2-xNdxMnO4) Compound Synthesized by Ceramic Route
Authors: Issaoui H. , Issaoui F. , Dhahri E. , Hlil E. K.
Published: March 2021

In this work, we were interested in the Ca2−xNdxMnO4 compounds when (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.4). These oxides are synthesized through the solid-state method. In this study, we investigated the evolution of the structure, the magnetic properties and the Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio with the Nd content. The morphological study shows a decrease in the size of the grain in relation to x. The X-ray diffraction reveals a transition from the tetragonal phase to the orthorhombic phase when x = 0.4. Magnetic measurements have been taken for all the compounds in the temperature range between 2 and 300 K. The temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility shows the presence of three transitions TN, TC and TCO. A dramatic difference in magnetic susceptibility between ZFC and FC was observed below the Neel temperatures for Ca2-xNdxMnO4, which shows the onset of a ferromagnetic moment below these temperatures. This moment is caused by the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction.
A comprehensive review on the carcinogenic potential of bisphenol A: clues and evidence
Authors: Khan Nadeem Ghani , Correia Jacinta , Adiga Divya , Rai Padmalatha Satwadi , Dsouza Herman Sunil , Chakrabarty Sanjiban , Kabekkodu Shama Prasada
Published: March 2021

Bisphenol A [BPA; (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2] is a synthetic chemical used as a precursor material for the manufacturing of plastics and resins. It gained attention due to its high chances of human exposure and predisposing individuals at extremely low doses to diseases, including cancer. It enters the human body via oral, inhaled, and dermal routes as leach-out products. BPA may be anticipated as a probable human carcinogen. Studies using in vitro cell lines, rodent models, and epidemiological analysis have convincingly shown the increasing susceptibility to cancer at doses below the oral reference dose set by the Environmental Protection Agency for BPA. Furthermore, BPA exerts its toxicological effects at the genetic and epigenetic levels, influencing various cell signaling pathways. The present review summarizes the available data on BPA and its potential impact on cancer and its clinical outcome.
The role of diet in the pathophysiology and management of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: El-Salhy Magdy , Patcharatrakul Tanisa , Gonlachanvit Sutep
Published: March 2021

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorder that reportedly affects 5% to 20% of the world population. The etiology of IBS is not completely understood, but diet appears to play an important role in its pathophysiology. Asian diets differ considerably from those in Western countries, which might explain differences in the prevalence, sex, and clinical presentation seen between patients with IBS in Asian and Western countries. Dietary regimes such as a low-fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet and the modified National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) diet improve both symptoms and the quality of life in a considerable proportion of IBS patients. It has been speculated that diet is a prebiotic for the intestinal microbiota and favors the growth of certain bacteria. These bacteria ferment the dietary components, and the products of fermentation act upon intestinal stem cells to influence their differentiation into enteroendocrine cells. The resulting low density of enteroendocrine cells accompanied by low levels of certain hormones gives rise to intestinal dysmotility, visceral hypersensitivity, and abnormal secretion. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that changing to a low-FODMAP diet restores the density of GI cells to the levels in healthy subjects. These changes in gut endocrine cells caused by low-FODMAP diet are also accompanied by improvements in symptoms and the quality of life.
Removal of two cytostatic drugs: bleomycin and vincristine by white-rot fungi – a sorption study
Authors: Jureczko Marcelina , Przystaś Wioletta
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Cytostatic drugs cannot be easily removed by conventional sewage treatment plants, resulting in their ultimate release into aquatic systems where they become a threat. Thus, new technologies which can be used to eliminate these drugs more effectively before they enter the environment are increasingly important. Fungal treatment of wastewaters is a promising and environmentally friendly technology for pharmaceutical remediation. The aim of this work is to examine the biosorption of two cytostatics, bleomycin and vincristine, in the aqueous solution by fungal biomass.

Methods

Five white-rot fungi were used in this study: Fomes fomentarius (CB13), Hypholoma fasciculare (CB15), Phyllotopsis nidulans (CB14), Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH), and Trametes versicolor (CB8). Tests were conducted on different types of biomass (alive and dead – autoclaved) and in various physico-chemical conditions: varied drug concentrations (5, 10 and 15 mg/L), temperatures (from 15.4 to 29.6 °C), and pH (from 3.2 to 8.8).

Results

The results showed that among alive biomass, T. versicolor (CB8) had the greatest sorption ability for bleomycin and P. nidulans (CB14) worked best for vincristine. The tested sorption process could be described by a pseudo-second order kinetics model. Sorption equilibrium studies demonstrated that for bleomycin Redlich-Peterson, while for vincristine Langmuir model fitted best. The thermodynamic studies showed that the sorption process was endothermic chemisorption for bleomycin, and exothermic physisorption for vincristine. For both drugs the sorption ability increased with an increase of the pH value.

Conclusion

The biosorption on fungal biomass is a favorable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment processes for anticancer drug removal.
Characterizing network dynamics of online hate communities around the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Uyheng Joshua , Carley Kathleen M.
Published: March 2021

Hate speech has long posed a serious problem for the integrity of digital platforms. Although significant progress has been made in identifying hate speech in its various forms, prevailing computational approaches have tended to consider it in isolation from the community-based contexts in which it spreads. In this paper, we propose a dynamic network framework to characterize hate communities, focusing on Twitter conversations related to COVID-19 in the United States and the Philippines. While average hate scores remain fairly consistent over time, hate communities grow increasingly organized in March, then slowly disperse in the succeeding months. This pattern is robust to fluctuations in the number of network clusters and average cluster size. Infodemiological analysis demonstrates that in both countries, the spread of hate speech around COVID-19 features similar reproduction rates as other COVID-19 information on Twitter, with spikes in hate speech generation at time points with highest community-level organization of hate speech. Identity analysis further reveals that hate in the US initially targets political figures, then grows predominantly racially charged; in the Philippines, targets of hate consistently remain political over time. Finally, we demonstrate that higher levels of community hate are consistently associated with smaller, more isolated, and highly hierarchical network clusters across both contexts. This suggests potentially shared structural conditions for the effective spread of hate speech in online communities even when functionally targeting distinct identity groups. Our findings bear theoretical and methodological implications for the scientific study of hate speech and understanding the pandemic’s broader societal impacts both online and offline.
Generic non-singular Poisson suspension is of type III1
Authors: DANILENKO ALEXANDRE I. , KOSLOFF ZEMER , ROY EMMANUEL
Published: March 2021

It is shown that for a dense$G_\delta $-subset of the subgroup of non-singular transformations (of a standard infinite$\sigma $-finite measure space) whose Poisson suspensions are non-singular, the corresponding Poisson suspensions are ergodic and of Krieger’s type III1.
Using10Be dating to determine when the Cordilleran Ice Sheet stopped flowing over the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Dulfer Helen E. , Margold Martin , Engel Zbynĕk , Braucher Régis , Team Aster
Published: March 2021

During the last glacial maximum the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets coalesced east of the Rocky Mountains and geomorphological evidence indicates ice flowed over the main ridge of the Rocky Mountains between ~54–56°N. However, this ice flow has thus far remained unconstrained in time. Here we use in situ produced cosmogenic10Be dating to determine when Cordilleran ice stopped flowing over the mountain range. We dated eight samples from two sites: one on the western side (Mount Morfee) and one on the eastern side (Mount Spieker) of the Rocky Mountains. At Mount Spieker, one sample is rejected as an outlier and the remaining three give an apparent weighted mean exposure age of 15.6 ± 0.6 ka. The four samples at Mount Morfee are well clustered in time and give an apparent weighted mean exposure age of 12.2 ± 0.4 ka. These ages indicate that Mount Spieker became ice free before the Bølling warming and that the western front of the Rocky Mountains (Mount Morfee) remained in contact with the Cordilleran Ice Sheet until the Younger Dryas.
Suppressing Black Votes: A Historical Case Study of Voting Restrictions in Louisiana
Authors: KEELE LUKE , CUBBISON WILLIAM , WHITE ISMAIL
Published: March 2021

Southern states have used a variety of methods to disenfranchise African American voters. Empirical data on the effectiveness of these measures is rare. We present a unique data source from Louisiana that allows us to empirically document voter registration rates from the end of Reconstruction to the present. Using basic time series data, we document how voter registration rates changed over time in response to state restrictions. We then conduct a second analysis, which focuses on Louisiana’s use of the Understanding Clause to reduce voter registration among Blacks. We show that in parishes that used the Understanding Clause, Black registration rates dropped by nearly 30 percentage points, with little effect on white registration. The findings of this paper have important implications for understanding the potential for discrimination in the enforcement of modern, ostensibly nonracial, voter eligibility requirements, such as voter ID laws, which grant substantial discretion to local officials in determining voter eligibility.
Incumbents Beware: The Impact of Offshoring on Elections
Authors: Rickard Stephanie J.
Published: March 2021

How does globalization affect politics? One of the most controversial aspects of globalization is offshoring, when manufacturing operations and business functions move abroad. Although voters generally dislike offshoring, it remains unclear how moving jobs abroad impacts democratic elections. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, the author finds that incumbent government parties lose more votes in municipalities where a local plant moved production abroad between elections than in municipalities that did not experience such an event. The result holds across various time periods, different incumbent parties and diverse types of elections. In both national and regional elections, voters punish incumbent government parties when a local firm moves production abroad. Incumbent parties' vote shares fall as the number of jobs lost due to offshoring increases. In multiparty governments, voters disproportionately punish the largest coalition party for offshoring. The results of an original survey administered in Spain verify the importance of offshoring for voters' retrospective evaluations of incumbents.
The Sacrifice God Desired: Psalm 40.6–8 in Hebrews 10
Authors: Ribbens Benjamin J.
Published: March 2021

Scholars often argue that Hebrews uses Psalm 40 in Heb 10.5–10 to emphasise obedience, either stressing Christ's lived obedience on earth or suggesting that obedience replaces sacrifice. However, Hebrews does not use Psalm 40 to highlight obedience but to identify another sacrificial offering. Christ's offering is the cultic offering that pleases God and achieves God's salvific will. While God did not take pleasure in Levitical sacrifices, he did command them and promise that they would achieve certain effects. The first covenant sacrifices achieved atonement and forgiveness because they were shadows that anticipated and participated in Christ's offering.
Sex differences in requirements for micronutrients across the lifecourse
Authors: Prentice Ann
Published: March 2021

For many people, micronutrient requirement means the amount needed in the diet to ensure adequacy. Dietary reference values (DRV) provide guidance on the daily intake of vitamins and minerals required to ensure the needs of the majority in the population are covered. These are developed on estimates of the quantity of each micronutrient required by the average person, the bioavailability of the micronutrient from a typical diet and the interindividual variability in these amounts. Sex differences are inherent in the requirements for many micronutrients because they are influenced by body size or macronutrient intake. These are reflected in different DRV for males and females for some micronutrients, but not all, either when data from males and females are combined or when there is no evidence of sex differences. Pregnancy and lactation represent times when micronutrient requirements for females may differ from males, and separate DRV are provided. For some micronutrients, no additional requirement is indicated during pregnancy and lactation because of physiological adaptations. To date, little account has been taken of more subtle sex differences in growth and maturation rates, health vulnerabilities andin uteroand other programming effects. Over the years, the MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Group has contributed data on micronutrient requirements across the lifecourse, particularly for calcium and vitamin D, and shown that supplementation can have unexpected sex-specific consequences that require further investigation. The present paper outlines the current issues and the need for future research on sex differences in micronutrient requirements.
Approaches to setting dietary reference values for micronutrients, and translation into recommendations
Authors: Powers Hilary J.
Published: March 2021

Dietary reference values (DRV) are estimates of the daily amounts of nutrients or food energy that meet the needs of healthy people. In the UK, three terms are used to express these estimates, assuming a normal distribution of requirements in a population. These are the estimated average requirement, the lower reference nutrient intake and the reference nutrient intake. DRV are for use in a variety of settings, including the assessment of adequacy and safety of nutrient or energy intake in a population group, in the design of meal provision in care settings, in food labelling and in considering food fortification strategies. DRV, and other expressions of nutrient requirements, assume a relationship between the intake of a nutrient and some criterion of adequacy, the outcome. Estimates of requirements are based on a diverse range of measures of adequacy, according to available evidence. The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) is the body responsible for reviewing and setting DRV for the UK population. The work of SACN is guided by a framework of evidence that relates food and nutrients to health. There have been calls for the harmonisation of approaches used in the setting of nutrient requirements, globally, and an increased transparency in the decision-making process. Some progress has been made in this regard, but there is a great deal of work to be done.
Ciclopirox and bortezomib synergistically inhibits glioblastoma multiforme growth via simultaneously enhancing JNK/p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling
Authors: Su Zhipeng , Han Shengnan , Jin Qiumei , Zhou Ningning , Lu Junwan , Shangguan Fugen , Yu Shiyi , Liu Yongzhang , Wang Lu , Lu Jianglong , Li Qun , Cai Lin , Wang Chengde , Tian Xiaohe , Chen Lingyan , Zheng Weiming , Lu Bin
Published: March 2021

Ciclopirox (CPX) is an antifungal drug that has recently been reported to act as a potential anticancer drug. However, the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of CPX on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remain unknown. Bortezomib (BTZ) is the first proteasome inhibitor-based anticancer drug approved to treat multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, as BTZ exhibits toxic effects on diverse tumor cells. Herein, we show that CPX displays strong anti-tumorigenic activity on GBM. Mechanistically, CPX inhibits GBM cellular migration and invasion by reducing N-Cadherin, MMP9 and Snail expression. Further analysis revealed that CPX suppresses the expression of several key subunits of mitochondrial enzyme complex, thus leading to the disruption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in GBM cells. In combination with BTZ, CPX promotes apoptosis in GBM cells through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Moreover, CPX and BTZ synergistically activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and induces cellular senescence. Our findings suggest that a combination of CPX and BTZ may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance the anticancer activity of CPX against GBM.
A molecular architectural design that promises potent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens
Authors: Yuan Bing , Liu Jiaojiao , Deng Zhixiong , Wei Lin , Li Wenwen , Dou Yujiang , Chen Zhonglan , Zhang Che , Xia Yu , Wang Jing , Zhang Mengling , Yang Kai , Ma Yuqiang , Kang Zhenhui
Published: March 2021

Addressing the devastating threat of drug-resistant pathogens requires the discovery of new antibiotics with advanced action mechanisms and/or novel strategies for drug design. Herein, from a biophysical perspective, we design a class of synthetic antibacterial complexes with specialized architectures based on melittin (Mel), a natural antimicrobial peptide, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a clinically available agent, as building blocks that show potent and architecture-modulated antibacterial activity. Among the complexes, the flexibly linear complex consisting of one Mel terminally connected with a long-chained PEG (e.g., PEG12k–1*Mel) shows the most pronounced improvement in performance compared with pristine Mel, with up to 500% improvement in antimicrobial efficiency, excellent in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens (over a range of minimal inhibitory concentrations of 2–32 µg mL−1), a 68% decrease in in vitro cytotoxicity, and a 57% decrease in in vivo acute toxicity. A lipid-specific mode of action in membrane recognition and an accelerated “channel” effect in perforating the bacterial membrane of the complex are described. Our results introduce a new way to design highly efficient and low-toxicity antimicrobial drugs based on architectural modulations with clinically available agents.
Correlation holes and slow dynamics induced by fractional statistics in gapped quantum spin liquids
Authors: Hart Oliver , Wan Yuan , Castelnovo Claudio
Published: March 2021

Realistic model Hamiltonians for quantum spin liquids frequently exhibit a large separation of energy scales between their elementary excitations. At intermediate, experimentally relevant temperatures, some excitations are sparse and hop coherently, whereas others are thermally incoherent and dense. Here, we study the interplay of two such species of quasiparticle, dubbed spinons and visons, which are subject to nontrivial mutual statistics – one of the hallmarks of quantum spin liquid behaviour. Our results for $${{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$

Z

2

quantum spin liquids show an intriguing feedback mechanism, akin to the Nagaoka effect, whereby spinons become localised on temperature-dependent patches of expelled visons. This phenomenon has important consequences for the thermodynamic and transport properties of the system, as well as for its response to quenches in temperature. We argue that these effects can be measured in experiments and may provide viable avenues for obtaining signatures of quantum spin liquid behaviour.
Exploring the roles of roughness, friction and adhesion in discontinuous shear thickening by means of thermo-responsive particles
Authors: Hsu Chiao-Peng , Mandal Joydeb , Ramakrishna Shivaprakash N. , Spencer Nicholas D. , Isa Lucio
Published: March 2021

Dense suspensions of colloidal or granular particles can display pronounced non-Newtonian behaviour, such as discontinuous shear thickening and shear jamming. The essential contribution of particle surface roughness and adhesive forces confirms that stress-activated frictional contacts can play a key role in these phenomena. Here, by employing a system of microparticles coated by responsive polymers, we report experimental evidence that the relative contributions of friction, adhesion, and surface roughness can be tuned in situ as a function of temperature. Modifying temperature during shear therefore allows contact conditions to be regulated, and discontinuous shear thickening to be switched on and off on demand. The macroscopic rheological response follows the dictates of independent single-particle characterization of adhesive and tribological properties, obtained by colloidal-probe atomic force microscopy. Our findings identify additional routes for the design of smart non-Newtonian fluids and open a way to more directly connect experiments to computational models of sheared suspensions.
Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies
Authors: Eriksson Kimmo , Strimling Pontus , Gelfand Michele , Wu Junhui , Abernathy Jered , Akotia Charity S. , Aldashev Alisher , Andersson Per A. , Andrighetto Giulia , Anum Adote , Arikan Gizem , Aycan Zeynep , Bagherian Fatemeh , Barrera Davide , Basnight-Brown Dana , Batkeyev Birzhan , Belaus Anabel , Berezina Elizaveta , Björnstjerna Marie , Blumen Sheyla , Boski Paweł , Bou Zeineddine Fouad , Bovina Inna , Huyen Bui Thi Thu , Cardenas Juan-Camilo , Čekrlija Đorđe , Choi Hoon-Seok , Contreras-Ibáñez Carlos C. , Costa-Lopes Rui , de Barra Mícheál , de Zoysa Piyanjali , Dorrough Angela , Dvoryanchikov Nikolay , Eller Anja , Engelmann Jan B. , Euh Hyun , Fang Xia , Fiedler Susann , Foster-Gimbel Olivia A. , Fülöp Márta , Gardarsdottir Ragna B. , Gill C. M. Hew D. , Glöckner Andreas , Graf Sylvie , Grigoryan Ani , Gritskov Vladimir , Growiec Katarzyna , Halama Peter , Hartanto Andree , Hopthrow Tim , Hřebíčková Martina , Iliško Dzintra , Imada Hirotaka , Kapoor Hansika , Kawakami Kerry , Khachatryan Narine , Kharchenko Natalia , Khoury Ninetta , Kiyonari Toko , Kohút Michal , Linh Lê Thuỳ , Leslie Lisa M. , Li Yang , Li Norman P. , Li Zhuo , Liik Kadi , Maitner Angela T. , Manhique Bernardo , Manley Harry , Medhioub Imed , Mentser Sari , Mohammed Linda , Nejat Pegah , Nipassa Orlando , Nussinson Ravit , Onyedire Nneoma G. , Onyishi Ike E. , Özden Seniha , Panagiotopoulou Penny , Perez-Floriano Lorena R. , Persson Minna S. , Pheko Mpho , Pirttilä-Backman Anna-Maija , Pogosyan Marianna , Raver Jana , Reyna Cecilia , Rodrigues Ricardo Borges , Romanò Sara , Romero Pedro P. , Sakki Inari , San Martin Alvaro , Sherbaji Sara , Shimizu Hiroshi , Simpson Brent , Szabo Erna , Takemura Kosuke , Tieffi Hassan , Mendes Teixeira Maria Luisa , Thanomkul Napoj , Tiliouine Habib , Travaglino Giovanni A. , Tsirbas Yannis , Wan Richard , Widodo Sita , Zein Rizqy , Zhang Qing-peng , Zirganou-Kazolea Lina , Van Lange Paul A. M.
Published: March 2021

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.
Mitochondrial arginase-2 is essential for IL-10 metabolic reprogramming of inflammatory macrophages
Authors: Dowling Jennifer K. , Afzal Remsha , Gearing Linden J. , Cervantes-Silva Mariana P. , Annett Stephanie , Davis Gavin M. , De Santi Chiara , Assmann Nadine , Dettmer Katja , Gough Daniel J. , Bantug Glenn R. , Hamid Fidinny I. , Nally Frances K. , Duffy Conor P. , Gorman Aoife L. , Liddicoat Alex M. , Lavelle Ed C. , Hess Christoph , Oefner Peter J. , Finlay David K. , Davey Gavin P. , Robson Tracy , Curtis Annie M. , Hertzog Paul J. , Williams Bryan R. G. , McCoy Claire E.
Published: March 2021

Mitochondria are important regulators of macrophage polarisation. Here, we show that arginase-2 (Arg2) is a microRNA-155 (miR-155) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) regulated protein localized at the mitochondria in inflammatory macrophages, and is critical for IL-10-induced modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative respiration. Mechanistically, the catalytic activity and presence of Arg2 at the mitochondria is crucial for oxidative phosphorylation. We further show that Arg2 mediates this process by increasing the activity of complex II (succinate dehydrogenase). Moreover, Arg2 is essential for IL-10-mediated downregulation of the inflammatory mediators succinate, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and IL-1β in vitro. Accordingly, HIF-1α and IL-1β are highly expressed in an LPS-induced in vivo model of acute inflammation using Arg2−/− mice. These findings shed light on a new arm of IL-10-mediated metabolic regulation, working to resolve the inflammatory status of the cell.
Mutant Huntingtin stalls ribosomes and represses protein synthesis in a cellular model of Huntington disease
Authors: Eshraghi Mehdi , Karunadharma Pabalu P. , Blin Juliana , Shahani Neelam , Ricci Emiliano P. , Michel Audrey , Urban Nicolai T. , Galli Nicole , Sharma Manish , Ramírez-Jarquín Uri Nimrod , Florescu Katie , Hernandez Jennifer , Subramaniam Srinivasa
Published: March 2021

The polyglutamine expansion of huntingtin (mHTT) causes Huntington disease (HD) and neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that mHtt promotes ribosome stalling and suppresses protein synthesis in mouse HD striatal neuronal cells. Depletion of mHtt enhances protein synthesis and increases the speed of ribosomal translocation, while mHtt directly inhibits protein synthesis in vitro. Fmrp, a known regulator of ribosome stalling, is upregulated in HD, but its depletion has no discernible effect on protein synthesis or ribosome stalling in HD cells. We found interactions of ribosomal proteins and translating ribosomes with mHtt. High-resolution global ribosome footprint profiling (Ribo-Seq) and mRNA-Seq indicates a widespread shift in ribosome occupancy toward the 5′ and 3′ end and unique single-codon pauses on selected mRNA targets in HD cells, compared to controls. Thus, mHtt impedes ribosomal translocation during translation elongation, a mechanistic defect that can be exploited for HD therapeutics.
Atomic-layer Rashba-type superconductor protected by dynamic spin-momentum locking
Authors: Yoshizawa Shunsuke , Kobayashi Takahiro , Nakata Yoshitaka , Yaji Koichiro , Yokota Kenta , Komori Fumio , Shin Shik , Sakamoto Kazuyuki , Uchihashi Takashi
Published: March 2021

Spin-momentum locking is essential to the spin-split Fermi surfaces of inversion-symmetry broken materials, which are caused by either Rashba-type or Zeeman-type spin-orbit coupling (SOC). While the effect of Zeeman-type SOC on superconductivity has experimentally been shown recently, that of Rashba-type SOC remains elusive. Here we report on convincing evidence for the critical role of the spin-momentum locking on crystalline atomic-layer superconductors on surfaces, for which the presence of the Rashba-type SOC is demonstrated. In-situ electron transport measurements reveal that in-plane upper critical magnetic field is anomalously enhanced, reaching approximately three times the Pauli limit at T = 0. Our quantitative analysis clarifies that dynamic spin-momentum locking, a mechanism where spin is forced to flip at every elastic electron scattering, suppresses the Cooper pair-breaking parameter by orders of magnitude and thereby protects superconductivity. The present result provides a new insight into how superconductivity can survive the detrimental effects of strong magnetic fields and exchange interactions.
Productive Ecosystems and the arrow of development
Authors: O’Clery Neave , Yıldırım Muhammed Ali , Hausmann Ricardo
Published: March 2021

Economic growth is associated with the diversification of economic activities, which can be observed via the evolution of product export baskets. Exporting a new product is dependent on having, and acquiring, a specific set of capabilities, making the diversification process path-dependent. Taking an agnostic view on the identity of the capabilities, here we derive a probabilistic model for the directed dynamical process of capability accumulation and product diversification of countries. Using international trade data, we identify the set of pre-existing products, the product Ecosystem, that enables a product to be exported competitively. We construct a directed network of products, the Eco Space, where the edge weight corresponds to capability overlap. We uncover a modular structure, and show that low- and middle-income countries move from product communities dominated by small Ecosystem products to advanced (large Ecosystem) product clusters over time. Finally, we show that our network model is predictive of product appearances.
KRAS drives immune evasion in a genetic model of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Ischenko Irene , D’Amico Stephen , Rao Manisha , Li Jinyu , Hayman Michael J. , Powers Scott , Petrenko Oleksi , Reich Nancy C.
Published: March 2021

Immune evasion is a hallmark of KRAS-driven cancers, but the underlying causes remain unresolved. Here, we use a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to inactivate KRAS by CRISPR-mediated genome editing. We demonstrate that at an advanced tumor stage, dependence on KRAS for tumor growth is reduced and is manifested in the suppression of antitumor immunity. KRAS-deficient cells retain the ability to form tumors in immunodeficient mice. However, they fail to evade the host immune system in syngeneic wild-type mice, triggering strong antitumor response. We uncover changes both in tumor cells and host immune cells attributable to oncogenic KRAS expression. We identify BRAF and MYC as key mediators of KRAS-driven tumor immune suppression and show that loss of BRAF effectively blocks tumor growth in mice. Applying our results to human PDAC we show that lowering KRAS activity is likewise associated with a more vigorous immune environment.
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells promote granzyme B-dependent adverse post-ischemic cardiac remodeling
Authors: Santos-Zas Icia , Lemarié Jeremie , Zlatanova Ivana , Cachanado Marine , Seghezzi Jean-Christophe , Benamer Hakim , Goube Pascal , Vandestienne Marie , Cohen Raphael , Ezzo Maya , Duval Vincent , Zhang Yujiao , Su Jin-Bo , Bizé Alain , Sambin Lucien , Bonnin Philippe , Branchereau Maxime , Heymes Christophe , Tanchot Corinne , Vilar José , Delacroix Clement , Hulot Jean-Sebastien , Cochain Clement , Bruneval Patrick , Danchin Nicolas , Tedgui Alain , Mallat Ziad , Simon Tabassome , Ghaleh Bijan , Silvestre Jean-Sébastien , Ait-Oufella Hafid
Published: March 2021

Acute myocardial infarction is a common condition responsible for heart failure and sudden death. Here, we show that following acute myocardial infarction in mice, CD8+T lymphocytes are recruited and activated in the ischemic heart tissue and release Granzyme B, leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis, adverse ventricular remodeling and deterioration of myocardial function. Depletion of CD8+T lymphocytes decreases apoptosis within the ischemic myocardium, hampers inflammatory response, limits myocardial injury and improves heart function. These effects are recapitulated in mice withGranzyme B-deficient CD8+T cells. The protective effect of CD8 depletion on heart function is confirmed by using a model of ischemia/reperfusion in pigs. Finally, we reveal that elevated circulating levels of GRANZYME B in patients with acute myocardial infarction predict increased risk of death at 1-year follow-up. Our work unravels a deleterious role of CD8+T lymphocytes following acute ischemia, and suggests potential therapeutic strategies targeting pathogenic CD8+T lymphocytes in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.
Large optical nonlinearity enhancement under electronic strong coupling
Authors: Wang Kuidong , Seidel Marcus , Nagarajan Kalaivanan , Chervy Thibault , Genet Cyriaque , Ebbesen Thomas
Published: March 2021

Nonlinear optical responses provide a powerful way to understand the microscopic interactions between laser fields and matter. They are critical for plenty of applications, such as in lasers, integrated photonic circuits, biosensing and medical tools. However, most materials exhibit weak optical nonlinearities or long response times when they interact with intense optical fields. Here, we strongly couple the exciton of cyanine dye J-aggregates to an optical mode of a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity, and achieve an enhancement of the complex nonlinear refractive index by two orders of magnitude compared with that of the uncoupled condition. Moreover, the coupled system shows an ultrafast response of ~120 fs that we extract from optical cross-correlation measurements. The ultrafast and large enhancement of the optical nonlinar coefficients in this work paves the way for exploring strong coupling effects on various third-order nonlinear optical phenomena and for technological applications.
An incandescent metasurface for quasimonochromatic polarized mid-wave infrared emission modulated beyond 10 MHz
Authors: Wojszvzyk Léo , Nguyen Anne , Coutrot Anne-Lise , Zhang Cheng , Vest Benjamin , Greffet Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2021

Incandescent sources such as hot membranes and globars are widely used for mid-infrared spectroscopic applications. The emission properties of these sources can be tailored by means of resonant metasurfaces: control of the spectrum, polarization, and directivity have been reported. For detection or communication applications, fast temperature modulation is desirable but is still a challenge due to thermal inertia. Reducing thermal inertia can be achieved using nanoscale structures at the expense of a low absorption and emission cross-section. Here, we introduce a metasurface that combines nanoscale heaters to ensure fast thermal response and nanophotonic resonances to provide large monochromatic and polarized emissivity. The metasurface is based on platinum and silicon nitride and can sustain high temperatures. We report a peak emissivity of 0.8 and an operation up to 20 MHz, six orders of magnitude faster than commercially available hot membranes.
Mean sea surface temperature changes influence ENSO-related precipitation changes in the mid-latitudes
Authors: Yang Young-Min , Park Jae-Heung , An Soon-Il , Wang Bin , Luo Xiao
Published: March 2021

El Niño profoundly impacts precipitation in high-population regions. This demands an advanced understanding of the changes in El Niño-induced precipitation under the future global warming scenario. However, thus far, consensus is lacking regarding future changes in mid-latitude precipitation influenced by El Niño. Here, by analyzing the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulations, we show that future precipitation changes are tightly linked to the response of each type of El Niño to the tropical Pacific mean sea surface temperature (SST) change. A La Niña-like mean SST change intensifies basin-wide El Niño events causing approximately 20% more precipitation over East Asia and North America via enhancing moisture transport. Meanwhile, an El Niño-like mean SST change generates more frequent eastern Pacific El Niño events, enhancing precipitation in North American. Our findings highlight the importance of the mean SST projection in selectively influencing the types of El Niño and their remote impact on precipitation.
Identifying transposable element expression dynamics and heterogeneity during development at the single-cell level with a processing pipeline scTE
Authors: He Jiangping , Babarinde Isaac A. , Sun Li , Xu Shuyang , Chen Ruhai , Shi Junjie , Wei Yuanjie , Li Yuhao , Ma Gang , Zhuang Qiang , Hutchins Andrew P. , Chen Jiekai
Published: March 2021

Transposable elements (TEs) make up a majority of a typical eukaryote’s genome, and contribute to cell heterogeneity in unclear ways. Single-cell sequencing technologies are powerful tools to explore cells, however analysis is typically gene-centric and TE expression has not been addressed. Here, we develop a single-cell TE processing pipeline, scTE, and report the expression of TEs in single cells in a range of biological contexts. Specific TE types are expressed in subpopulations of embryonic stem cells and are dynamically regulated during pluripotency reprogramming, differentiation, and embryogenesis. Unexpectedly, TEs are expressed in somatic cells, including human disease-specific TEs that are undetectable in bulk analyses. Finally, we apply scTE to single-cell ATAC-seq data, and demonstrate that scTE can discriminate cell type using chromatin accessibly of TEs alone. Overall, our results classify the dynamic patterns of TEs in single cells and their contributions to cell heterogeneity.
Author Correction: Near-surface softening and healing in eastern Honshu associated with the 2011 magnitude-9 Tohoku-Oki earthquake
Authors: Wang Su-Yang , Zhuang Hai-Yang , Zhang Hao , He Hong-Jun , Jiang Wei-Ping , Yao Er-Lei , Ruan Bin , Wu Yong-Xin , Miao Yu
Published: March 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22026-1
Proteomics of REPLICANT perfusate detects changes in the metastatic lymph node microenvironment
Authors: Stevenson Julia , Barrow-McGee Rachel , Yu Lu , Paul Angela , Mansfield David , Owen Julie , Woodman Natalie , Natrajan Rachael , Haider Syed , Gillett Cheryl , Tutt Andrew , Pinder Sarah E. , Choudary Jyoti , Naidoo Kalnisha
Published: March 2021

In breast cancer (BC), detecting low volumes of axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis pre-operatively is difficult and novel biomarkers are needed. We recently showed that patient-derived ALNs can be sustained ex-vivo using normothermic perfusion. We now compare reactive (tumour-free;n = 5) and macrometastatic (containing tumour deposits >2 mm;n = 4) ALNs by combining whole section multiplex immunofluorescence with TMT-labelled LC-MS/MS of the circulating perfusate. Macrometastases contained significantly fewer B cells and T cells (CD4+/CD8+/regulatory) than reactive nodes (p = 0.02). Similarly, pathway analysis of the perfusate proteome (119/1453 proteins significantly differentially expressed) showed that immune function was diminished in macrometastases in favour of ‘extracellular matrix degradation’; only ‘neutrophil degranulation’ was preserved. Qualitative comparison of the perfusate proteome to that of node-positive pancreatic and prostatic adenocarcinoma also highlighted ‘neutrophil degranulation’ as a contributing factor to nodal metastasis. Thus, metastasis-induced changes in the REPLICANT perfusate proteome are detectable, and could facilitate biomarker discovery.
Dynamic control of the dopamine transporter in neurotransmission and homeostasis
Authors: Bu Mengfei , Farrer Matthew J. , Khoshbouei Habibeh
Published: March 2021

The dopamine transporter (DAT) transports extracellular dopamine into the intracellular space contributing to the regulation of dopamine neurotransmission. A reduction of DAT density is implicated in Parkinson’s disease (PD) by neuroimaging; dopamine turnover is dopamine turnover is elevated in early symptomatic PD and in presymptomatic individuals with monogenic mutations causal for parkinsonism. As an integral plasma membrane protein, DAT surface expression is dynamically regulated through endocytic trafficking, enabling flexible control of dopamine signaling in time and space, which in turn critically modulates movement, motivation and learning behavior. Yet the cellular machinery and functional implications of DAT trafficking remain enigmatic. In this review we summarize mechanisms governing DAT trafficking under normal physiological conditions and discuss how PD-linked mutations may disturb DAT homeostasis. We highlight the complexity of DAT trafficking and reveal DAT dysregulation as a common theme in genetic models of parkinsonism.