bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Poverty and Politics Along the Real-Virtual Water Spectrum
Authors: Clement Floriane , Nicol Alan
Published: November 2018

Whereas international debates have increasingly acknowledged the role of gender in food and water security, they have often focussed somewhat exclusively on the role of women in agricultural production. This chapter aims at broadening our understanding of gendered inequities in food and water systems by examining how power structures produce gender-differentiated capabilities along the real-virtual water spectrum. The analysis reveals how gender, intersecting with class, ethnicity, and other social categories, shapes the capabilities to engage in, benefit from, and influence food and water systems. The findings show the relevance of using a commodity chain analysis to highlight the linkages between, for example, food standards in the Global North and gendered exploitative work conditions in the food export industry in the Global South. To conclude, this chapter calls for deliberative approaches to develop just food and water systems by considering the values, preferences, and trade-offs of diverse social groups engaged in these systems.
Testing for Assertion
Authors: Montminy Martin
Published: November 2018

How can we tell whether someone has made an assertion? In many cases, the answer is obvious. But often, it is not. In this chapter, the author argues that a theory-independent test for assertion is not possible. This means that as theoreticians, we have some freedom regarding our answer to the question. This freedom is not unlimited, though. Intuitions about clear cases should be respected, and the answer should be shown to be theoretically fruitful. The author defends the view that an assertion is the expression of belief. In the last section, this view is applied to utterances made in controversial philosophical settings.
US-Israeli Relationship
Authors: Stein Kenneth W.
Published: November 2018

The US-Israeli relationship is complicated, dynamic, multidimensional, and enduring. From initial American governmental opposition to the present, Washington has become Israel’s most trusted ally. Rooted in common bonds, entrenched military sharing, and valued strategic interests, the association has also greatly influenced the shaping and sustenance of American Jewish identity. Four factors have influenced the relationship’s evolution: (1) deep American Jewish involvement in the American electoral system; (2) American government impatience with regularly objectionable Arab state behavior toward Washington; (3) a US imperative to contain threats to the region’s politics and states, including the Cold War, Islamic radicalism, and Iranian adventurism; and (4) how Washington retained its perceived need not to alienate Arab oil-producing states. The evolving relationship is explained in three time periods: distance after World War II, the unwavering embrace of Israel’s security from the1960s onward, and deep disagreements with that sustained embrace seventy years later.
Political History of Israel
Authors: Shapira Anita
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses the internal political development of the Jewish community in Palestine and, after 1948, of the State of Israel. The rise of popular politics in the early 1930s culminated in the hegemony of the Left, which was the predominant power in Israeli politics from 1933 until 1977. The predominant leader was David Ben Gurion, who retired in 1963. The Left was mostly pragmatic, with a social democratic agenda that emphasized the role of the state in the economy and culture, promoting a narrative that glorified the predominance of the Left in nation and state building. In 1977 there was a change of direction: the right-wing opposition won the elections. The government now moved toward a free enterprise economy and a new narrative, which emphasized the question of Greater Israel as the focal point of government and state interest. The clash between Left and Right in Israel was no longer centered on questions of economy and society but rather on external policy. Growing polarization between Left and Right, Ashkenazi Jews and Mizrahim (Middle Eastern Jews), Orthodox and secular, and Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews has typified Israel politics in the last two decades.
The Developmental Psychopathology of Stress Exposure in Childhood
Authors: Doom Jenalee R. , Cicchetti Dante
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews how the field of developmental psychopathology has shaped research on risk and resilience processes in the context of childhood stress. The central tenets of developmental psychopathology, including its transdisciplinary and multilevel nature, equifinality and multifinality, developmental cascades, and the interaction of risk and protective factors across development, guide research aiming to understand individual differences in response to stressors during childhood. Various stressors that children experience, including maltreatment, poverty, institutional care, malnutrition, and environmental exposures, can lead to different effects on biology and behavior depending on the type, timing, chronicity, and severity of the stressor. Genetics, psychobiology, and neurophysiology have been incorporated into this research to enhance our understanding of individual differences in functioning following childhood stress. Future directions include more fully incorporating sex differences into studies of childhood stress and utilizing research in this area to create effective interventions for children experiencing severe stress.
Personality-Stress Vulnerability Models
Authors: Olino Thomas M. , Mennies Rebekah J. , Wojcieszak Zuzanna K.
Published: November 2018

There are multiple models through which stress influences the development and emergence of psychopathology. Likewise, there are multiple models that provide explanations of the associations between personality and psychopathology. Though there has been some integration of these models, focusing on diathesis stress and stress generation models, they have frequently been described in separate literatures. This chapter reviews these models and extends their integration. Throughout the chapter, we draw on studies of children, adolescents, and adults and find strong similarities in the results across development. Further, the literature on how these models operate similarly in and differently across sexes is reviewed. Based on the review, we provide a number of recommendations for future studies.
Neuronal mRNA Translation in Addiction
Authors: Puighermanal Emma , Valjent Emmanuel
Published: November 2018

Addictive drugs trigger persistent synaptic and structural changes in the neuronal reward circuits that are thought to underlie the development of drug-adaptive behavior. While transcriptional and epigenetic modifications are known to contribute to these circuit changes, accumulating evidence indicates that altered mRNA translation is also a key molecular mechanism. This chapter reviews recent studies demonstrating how addictive drugs alter protein synthesis and/or the translational machinery and how this leads to neuronal circuit remodeling and behavioral changes. Future work will determine precisely which neuronal circuits and cell types participate in these changes. The chapter summarizes current methodologies for identifying cell type-specific mRNAs whose translation is affected by drugs of abuse and gives recent examples of the mechanistic insights into addiction they provide.
Money
Authors: Paulani Leda Maria
Published: November 2018

This chapter explains Marx’s concept of money and how it is fundamentally different from other concepts of money in the social sciences. Money is a contradictory object that can be fully understood only through a dialectical approach. Failure to acknowledge the contradictory constitution of money leads to a theoretical misunderstanding of what money in capitalism is. In this regard, the Neoclassical and Keynesian approaches to money are incomplete and inadequate. But the Marxist theory of money also faces its twenty-first-century challenges, among them two in particular: the determination of the value of money and how inconvertible money can function as a measure of value. The last part of the chapter explains how inconvertible money operates in our contemporary international monetary system and how it relates to the existence of fictitious capital.
Nationalism, Class, and Revolution
Authors: Anderson Kevin B.
Published: November 2018

The myth that Marx wrote little of value on nationalism or national movements has been sustained by superficial scholarship and attempts to portray him as a class reductionist. In fact, Marx’s extensive writings on Poland and Ireland show a subtle interweaving of nationalism and class in relation to revolution. Marx’s lifelong concern with and support for Polish national emancipation is expressed as early as the Communist Manifesto of 1848 but more substantively in his speeches on Poland during that period. Here he makes clear the importance of an emancipatory nationalism that aims at social reform of land and property structures vs. a narrowly nationalist movement aimed solely at throwing off a foreign yoke. On Ireland, the class dimension of Marx’s analysis of nationalism is more pronounced, as he singles out the peasant-based and anti-landlord Fenian movement of the 1860s as a harbinger, not only of a progressive national revolution in Ireland but also of a wider working-class revolution. At the same time, he holds that anti-Irish racism on the part of the English working class is blocking the development of a class-conscious English proletariat. Other writings on the national aspirations of the Slavic peoples of Europe, save the Poles, are less original. Marx, and even more so Engels, views these small nations as the tools of Pan-Slavist policies of the Russian Empire, the most conservative power of the time. These writings exhibit a pronounced ethnocentrism and lack entirely the originality and subtlety of those on Poland and Ireland.
Labor Unions and Movements
Authors: Eidlin Barry
Published: November 2018

Labor unions occupy a paradoxical position within Marxist theory. They are an essential yet limited vehicle for shaping the working class into a collective actor, as unions’ role is to manage the employment relationship, not transform it. This chapter assesses how that paradox has shaped Marxist debates surrounding trade unions. Unlike previous socialists, Marx and Engels highlighted unions’ necessity, while noting their structural limitations. Capitalism’s resilience after their deaths, combined with working class weakness and conservatism, led some Marxists to conclude that unions were irredeemable, destined to obstruct revolutionary impulses and create a conservative “labor aristocracy.” Others resisted this conclusion, focusing on the need for mass action and organic working-class leadership to ensure unions’ vitality. As the postwar “consensus” between labor and capital pushed revolution off the table, many Marxists adapted, with some abandoning the working class as a revolutionary agent. For the minority who did not, their task was not simply to denounce the bureaucratic and conservative character of existing unions, but how to rebuild dynamic working-class organizations in a context where labor and the left were separated. This task became more challenging as the postwar expansion came to a halt in the 1970s. While neoliberal restructuring and attacks on unions led some to pronounce the “death of class,” others cautioned not to confuse class recomposition with class disappearance. The challenge was how to rebuild power as workers’ traditional organizational vehicles faltered. This problem persists today, although some signs of renewed working-class dynamism are emerging.
Marx, Technology, and the Pathological Future of Capitalism
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: November 2018

This entry begins with a summary of the almost universally accepted “standard view” of technological change in capitalism. Marx’s alternative account of the role of technology in capitalist society is then presented, followed by a survey of essential tendencies regarding technological change associated with each phase in the circuit of capital. The chapter concludes with an examination of four long-term consequences of technological change in the course of capitalism’s historical development: environmental crises, limits to wage labor as a social form, severe global inequality, and persisting overaccumulation difficulties. Together they establish that more than ever the fundamental question confronting our historical moment is the stark alternative: “Socialism or barbarism?”
Stages of Capitalism and Social Structures of Accumulation
Authors: McDonough Terrence
Published: November 2018

The Marxian theory of stages of capitalism emerged in two waves. The first wave, at the turn of the twentieth century, was rooted in the Marxist response to the recovery of capitalism from its late nineteenth-century crisis. Conversely, the second wave in the 1970s grew out of the faltering of the relatively unproblematic accumulation associated with the post–World War II capitalist order. One wave was concerned with the beginning of a period of long-run accumulation. The second wave was concerned with the advent of a downturn in capitalist accumulation and a period of crisis. These turning points marked the inauguration of a period of relatively unproblematic reproduction of capitalist social relations and, symmetrically, the beginning of a period of stagnation and crisis. This chapter examines the Marxist concept of a stage of capitalism and concludes with an application to the contemporary crisis at a global, regional and national level.
Analyzing the Middle East
Authors: Achcar Gilbert
Published: November 2018

Marx’s historical materialism is a powerful antidote to culturalist essentialism of the kind that became known as Orientalism after Edward Said. The Marxian perspective allows for a full consideration of the role of Western imperialism in hindering the development of the Middle East as well as in the deliberate preservation of archaic sociopolitical features in the region. The concept of Bonapartism that Marx developed in his writings on the French Second Empire is highly relevant to the analysis of the national-developmental experiences that emerged in the Middle East in the twentieth century. His insight on the reactionary aspiration of sections of the petite bourgeoisie confronted with capitalist transformation provides an important clue to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East. Marx’s theory of revolution as resulting from the blockage of economic development finds a most striking illustration in what is commonly designated as the Arab Spring.
American Folk Buildings, Constructions, and Landscapes
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: November 2018

The study of traditional buildings, constructions, and cultural landscapes is part of what folklorists refer to as “material culture.” In addition to recording the folklore of various structures, folklorists analyze buildings inside and outside as complex expressive texts examined for their form, construction, use, and decoration. Analysis of form has usually been a primary concern for comparative study of region, ethnicity, and space, and behavioral aspects in and around buildings have gained attention for studies of everyday life and cognition that generate the enclosures people build—including dwellings for animals, vegetation, and the deceased as part of cultural landscapes. Using different terms such as “folk housing” and “vernacular architecture” for constructed dwellings, folklorists examine buildings and constructions, and their surroundings, such as lawns, fences, and planted trees, in continuous development and change. This view is apparent in the different research goals using structural and behavioral evidence of buildings, constructions, and cultural landscapes to determine (1) regional boundaries and ideas of space, (2) community and individual affiliation with architectural styles and building techniques, and (3) identification of cognitive process and symbolism of American building forms.
Schools and Colleges in American Folklore and Folklife
Authors: Bronner Simon J.
Published: November 2018

In this chapter, schools and colleges are considered as a physical and social setting for folkloric transmission as well as a topic and theme in legend and narrative. What distinguishes schools and colleges culturally from other institutions are the prominent storied roles of student, professor, and dean that often become folktypes in both popular and esoteric narratives, rituals, speech, and customs. Folklore can appear hyperbolic and transgressive, and it is often in direct response to the perceived formal character and rigid hierarchy of the school and college. More so than other institutions in American life, schools and colleges manage play as well as work, and they are frequently identified with landscapes set apart with the classical or pastoral image of the “campus” containing buildings referred to as hallowed “halls” and special interior spaces of the “classroom” and “lecture hall.” This chapter considers the social, historical, and material contexts of schools and colleges generally that affect the transmission, generation, and practice of folklore and folklife as a critical area of cultural research, and it suggests ways to explain the educational experience as a particularly folkloric as well as formative one in American lives. In addition, it interprets the distinctive aspects of education in three age-related divisions: from kindergarten to middle school, high school, and undergraduate institutions.
In Vitro Studies of Neuromodulation and Plasticity in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Trussell Laurence O.
Published: November 2018

The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), a division of the cochlear nuclear complex, has been the subject of intense interest for its role in auditory processing and hearing disorders. The tonotopic layout of DCN principal cells and the refinement of processing of auditory signals by interneurons are together thought to permit encoding of sound source elevation. However, the many cell types and complex connectivity of the DCN suggest more diverse functions than localization. A prominent non-auditory input to the DCN has been proposed to assist in such functions as orienting to sounds of interest, detecting moving sounds, or cancelling self-generated sounds. Synaptic plasticity in the DCN may be essential for dynamic tuning of non-auditory input. Indeed, long-term changes in synaptic or membrane properties could underlie tinnitus, which is associated with hyperactivity in the DCN in some animal models. Finally, the DCN is invested with wide-ranging neuromodulatory mechanisms, suggesting that changes in the behavioral state of animals associated with such neuromodulatory systems might alter sensory processing at the earliest stages of the auditory pathway. This review will focus on studies that have utilized the in vitro brain slice approach to identify basic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation in the DCN.
The Diversity of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Finnerup Nanna Brix , Attal Nadine
Published: November 2018

This article presents an update of the current classification, diagnosis, assessment, mechanisms, and treatment of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain, which is defined as pain associated with a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system, may be caused by a variety of conditions, such as diabetic neuropathy, herpes zoster, surgical trauma, spinal cord injury, and stroke. The diagnostic criteria for neuropathic pain are a history of a nervous system disease or lesion and pain distribution and sensory signs in a neuroanatomically plausible distribution. The treatment of neuropathic pain is often multidisciplinary and involves specific drugs. Recent progress in the diagnosis, assessment, and understanding of its mechanisms offers the perspective of a more rational therapeutic management, which should result in better therapeutic outcome.
Cancer and Pain
Authors: Hansen Rie Bager , Falk Sarah
Published: November 2018

Pain is a common and feared complication for many cancer patients. Cancer pain covers numerous pain syndromes; since the treatment is complex, it is essential to assess each individual patient with cancer pain thoroughly. Cancer pain includes not only elements of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but also, importantly, cancer-specific elements. Starting with the clinical aspects of cancer pain and the current knowledge from in vivo models, this article provides an overview of the neurobiology known to drive cancer-induced bone pain as it evolves through the complex interplay between primary afferents, tumor cells, and bone cells. There continue to be many uncertainties and unknown mechanisms involved in cancer pain, and an effort to discover novel therapeutic targets should be emphasized as cancer pain poses an increasing clinical and socioeconomic burden.
Energy Politics and Gender
Authors: Standal Karina , Winther Tanja , Danielsen Katrine
Published: November 2018

Policy makers and scholars often assume gender to be irrelevant in energy politics. However, an increasing body of scholarship and development policies has focused on how gender discrimination has negative effects on women’s access to energy resources and equal contributions to decision-making processes that influence energy issues. This article evaluates four overarching and salient policy and research discourses that frame women’s and men’s positions in benefiting from and participating in decision-making about energy. First, energy has mainly been perceived as gender neutral, ignoring gendered outcomes of energy policies. Second, women have been presented as victims of energy poverty in the global South to instigate donors and action. Third, women’s empowerment in the global South has been presented as instrumental to increasing productivity and economic growth through access to modern sources and uses of energy. These discourses have produced narratives that provide limited imaginaries of women’s agency and relevance to the politics of energy in their lives. The fourth and less familiar discourse has presented women as rights holders of basic services, including access to modern and sustainable energy. This last discourse has provided a tool for examining the deeper unequal structures, as well as holding stakeholders in supply accountable for reproducing gender equality, needed to understand and produce relevant and socially just knowledge.
The Egyptian Empire in the Bible
Authors: Premnath D. N.
Published: November 2018

This essay is in three parts. Part I explores the references to Egypt in the Hebrew Bible as an ideological construct. A significant number of references to Egypt, particularly in the Pentateuch, can be seen as a way to characterize “the Other” which in turn serves to define Israel over against “the Other.” Part II focuses on specific references to Egyptian activities in the Hebrew Bible and Part III highlights Egyptian influences on Israel with particular reference to political administration, economic exchange, religious ideas, literary aspects and iconography.
Richard Whately
Authors: Zuijdwegt Geertjan
Published: November 2018

Richard Whately (1787-1863) is an intriguing figure in John Henry Newman’s development. Through his mentoring and academic support, he taught the gifted young Newman to think for himself. But intellectual independence came at a price. After a close relationship in the mid-1820s, Newman began to steer a course of his own. In the tumultuous early 1830s, their friendship foundered, as they clashed over key theological issues: the authority of the church, the doctrine of the Trinity, the nature of revelation, and the reasonableness of religious belief. Newman had come to think that Whately's theology endangered orthodox Christianity. This conviction shaped his later opposition to other Oriel Noetics, who thought like Whately. Despite their conflicts, Newman drew on Whately's work in logic and rhetoric to formulate his own theory of the relation between faith and reason.
Revelation
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a philosophical and theological analysis of Newman’s understanding of divine revelation. It looks schematically at the work of Locke on revelation while clarifying how Newman provides an alternative to Locke’s proposal. Part of the genius of Newman was to argue for a revised account of reason and thereby create space for the ongoing viability of robust forms of Christian faith and practice. His revised account of reason also created space for a fresh rendering of the nature and significance of divine revelation. The chapter also explores the place of the Church, tradition, papal infallibility, assent, and reason in the articulation and reception of divine revelation, the relationship between Scripture and revelation, and the place of revelation in the academic discipline of theology.
The Apologia
Authors: Klaver Jan Marten Ivo
Published: November 2018

John Henry Newman’s autobiographical Apologia pro vita sua is generally seen as the book that rehabilitated his public reputation for integrity. This chapter retraces Newman’s handling of Kingsley’s initial accusation, and delineates the subsequent genesis of the book. The chapter looks in detail at how his contemporaries reacted in the press to its contents, and argues that modern critics have been blinded by Newman’s eloquence. The nineteenth-century reception of Apologia shows that, although early critics generally approved of Newman’s sincerity, they still remained highly critical of his theological ideas. The chapter also examines the limits and conditions of autobiographical writing in general and how Newman used the genre as a strategy to vindicate his name. Lastly, it addresses the way recent scholarship has changed the modern perception of the Apologia.
Ireland
Authors: Barr Colin
Published: November 2018

John Henry Newman’s career in Ireland is overshadowed by the later publication of The Idea of a University (1873), one of the most enduringly influential works on the philosophy of higher education. Yet it is impossible to fully understand that book—or Newman’s career as an educator—without a close examination of his experience as rector of the Catholic University of Ireland between 1851 and 1858. In its service Newman wrote the lectures and occasional pieces that became the Idea, but also confronted the challenges of establishing and running a new university while navigating the unfamiliar political, ecclesiastical, and social terrain of Ireland. His administration and philosophy were both informed by his experience of Oxford, and Newman at times struggled to adapt to Irish realities. He found elements of the Irish Catholic hierarchy to be obstructive, and he failed to maintain a working relationship with his patron, Archbishop Paul Cullen of Dublin. Despite its initial promise and substantial financial resources, the Catholic University of Ireland quickly struggled and ultimately failed, an outcome Newman blamed on others. In reality the University’s fate was influenced by a number of causes, including Irish obstructionism, Newman’s own personality, and the refusal of the British government to grant it a charter to award degrees.
The Church Fathers
Authors: King Benjamin J.
Published: November 2018

The bishops, theologians, and monastics of the early centuries of Christianity were often the guides for Newman’s thoughts, writings, and actions in his own day. Newman was one of the first in the Western Church to retrieve Athanasius’s doctrine of deification, so his pre-eminence in the nineteenth-century revival of patristic scholarship is deserved. But this chapter also demonstrates his lack of scholarly distance or historical consciousness. It covers the ground from Newman’s earliest encounter with the Alexandrian Fathers Clement, Origen, and Athanasius, to his engagement with the Latin Fathers Augustine and Pope Leo I, to later doubts about the theology of Clement and Origen, and finally to aligning the theology of the Alexandrians with the Latin Fathers.
The Online Self
Authors: Attrill-Smith Alison
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers how people create their online selves. It outlines how an online “self” could be an extension or replication of the offline self, but equally how an individual may create different versions of self online. It considers the online world as a heterogeneous environment that requires the involuntary creation of an online self in order to achieve functional goals online (e.g. online banking) while enabling flexible, voluntary self-creation that allows people to explore and manipulate their online self based on behavioral goals. In doing so, it explores how people make use of available technology, images, video, and text to create cues that are used offline to perceive and interpret others’ behavior to allow online interactions that mimic offline interpersonal relationships. The chapter presents a number of theories that have been pivotal in shaping understanding the online self, as well as the main personal features of online self-creation. The last section of this chapter considers why online self-creation may not always be functional or healthy.
Resilience in Development
Authors: Cutuli J. J. , Herbers Janette E. , Masten Ann S. , Reed Marie-Gabrielle J.
Published: November 2018

Resilience is the capacity for positive adaptation in significant adversity. This chapter covers the central concepts of resilience research in developmental science, and describes the fundamental models and strategies guiding this research. We summarize findings in terms of protective and promotive factors associated with resilience. These factors—such as self-regulation skills, good parenting, community resources, and effective schools—suggest that resilience arises from ordinary protective processes that protect human development under diverse conditions. The greatest threats posed to children may be adversities that damage these human protective systems. Implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed, highlighting three strategies for fostering resilience: reducing risk, building strengths or assets, and mobilizing adaptive systems that protect and restore positive human development. The concluding section outlines future directions of resilience research, including the integration of research and prevention efforts across disciplines and across level of analysis.
Catholic Teaching on Politics and the State
Authors: Pecknold Chad C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores Catholic teaching on life in the political realm. It explores first how the contours of debate were set in the early Church. Augustine’s notion of the two cities’ provided a basic foundation for later Latin Catholic thought, presenting the city of God on pilgrimage towards the heavenly city—and yet united already to it as Christ’s body. The city of man is founded on humanity’s turn away from right desire for God, and it is from within the city of God that we learn to view the relative integrity and value of all other human social order. The middle sections of the chapter explore the development of this vision in the medieval period. Later sections examine transformations across the Reformation period, ending with a treatment of these questions at Vatican II and in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
Literacy
Authors: Devecka Martin
Published: November 2018

The Roman world was characterized by a diversity of literacies. These were stratified by class and partitioned by language. In this chapter, I give a conspectus of the many social functions that these various literacies exercised in everyday life, as well as a sense of the technical and educational apparatus through which individuals acquired and exercised literacy. I discuss the important and ambiguous role of the scribe as professionally literate in a society where literacy did not always confer status. Finally, I argue that these various literacies form a system that helps justify our speaking of the literatures of the Roman World as one entity.
Social Networks, Problem-Solving, Managers: Police Officers in Australia and the USA
Authors: Farr-Wharton Ben , Farr-Wharton Geremy , Brunetto Yvonne , Farr-Wharton Rod , Xerri Matt , Shriberg Art
Published: November 2018

This article compares the role of management on the effectiveness of social networks for police officers and implications for engagement using survey data from 575 police officers in the USA and 193 police officers in Australia. Analysis included capturing frequencies, correlations, ANOVAs, structural equation modelling (SEM) for quantitative data, and thematic analysis of the qualitative data. The findings show that 5% of police officer in the USA sample and 12% of police officer in Australian sample had no support for problem-solving; police officers in the USA had bigger social networks; the reasons given for not identifying their line manager as part of their social support included ‘the unapproachability of managers’ and ‘poor managers/bullying’ and SEM showed a significant relationship between perceived organizational support (from management), social networks, and employee engagement. The findings have implications for internal security (employee well-being and productivity) and external security (public safety).
Enhancement of strange baryons in high-multiplicity proton–proton and proton–nucleus collisions
Authors: Kanakubo Yuuka , Okai Michito , Tachibana Yasuki , Hirano Tetsufumi
Published: November 2018

We investigate the enhancement of yields of strange and multi-strange baryons in proton–proton (p+p), proton–lead (p+Pb), and lead–lead (Pb+Pb) collisions at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies from a dynamical core–corona initialization model. We first generate partons just after the collisions by using event generators. These partons dynamically generate the quark gluon plasma (QGP) fluids through the source terms in the hydrodynamic equations. According to the core–corona picture, this process tends to happen where the density of generated partons is high and their transverse momentum is low. Some partons do not fully participate in this process when they are in dilute regions or their transverse momentum is high, and subsequently fragment into hadrons through string fragmentation. In this framework, the final hadrons come from either chemically equilibrated fluids as in the conventional hydrodynamic models or string fragmentation. We calculate the ratio of strange baryons to charged pions as a function of multiplicity and find that it monotonically increases up to $dN_{\mathrm{ch}}/d\eta \sim 100$ and then saturates above. This suggests that the QGP fluids are partly created and that their fraction increases with multiplicity in p+p and p+Pb collisions at LHC energies.
Is active sacroiliitis on MRI associated with radiographic damage in axial spondyloarthritis? Real-life data from the ASAS and DESIR cohorts
Authors: Sepriano Alexandre , Ramiro Sofia , Landewé Robert , Dougados Maxime , van der Heijde Désirée , Rudwaleit Martin
Published: November 2018

Objective

To assess any association between bone marrow oedema on MRI of the sacroiliac joints (MRI-SIJ) according to local readings in daily practice and the development of structural damage on radiographs of the SIJ (X-SIJ) in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

Methods

Patients with axSpA from the Assessment of the SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) and DEvenir des Spondylarthopathies Indifférenciées Récentes (DESIR) multicentre cohorts were included. MRI-SIJ and X-SIJ were obtained at baseline, and X-SIJ at follow-up after a mean 4.6 years (ASAS) and 5.1 years (DESIR). All images were scored by local readers. Structural damage in the X-SIJ was defined according to the modified New York criteria. The percentage of structural net progression (number of ‘progressors’ minus the number of ‘regressors’ divided by the total number of patients) was assessed and the effect of bone marrow oedema on MRI-SIJ on X-SIJ damage evaluated by multivariable logistic regression.

Results

In total, 125 (ASAS-cohort) and 415 (DESIR-cohort) patients had baseline MRI-SIJ and complete X-SIJ data available. According to local readings, progression and ‘improvement’ in X-SIJ was seen in both the ASAS- and DESIR-cohort, yielding a net progression that was higher in the former than in the latter (19.2% and 6.3%). In multivariable analysis, baseline bone marrow oedema on MRI-SIJ was strongly associated with X-SIJ structural progression in both ASAS (odds ratio = 3.2 [95% CI: 1.3; 7.9]), and DESIR (odds ratio = 7.6 [95% CI: 4.3; 13.2]).

Conclusion

Inflammation on MRI-SIJ is associated with future radiographic progression according to local readings despite an expected increased imprecision invoked by local readings.
INFLUENCE OF NEW MASS ENERGY-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS FROM ICRU REPORT NO. 90 ON AIR KERMA TO DOSE EQUIVALENT CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS
Authors: Bairlein Katharina , Hupe Oliver
Published: November 2018

In Report No. 90 of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), new mass energy-absorption coefficients are listed which are based on renormalized Scofield photoeffect cross-sections. The mass energy-absorption coefficients are the basis for the conversion coefficients from air kerma to the operational quantities listed in ISO 4037-3. Although ICRU does not give a recommendation if these new mass energy-absorption coefficients should be applied instead of the values used so far, an examination of the possible consequences for radiation protection quantities is necessary. We calculated the conversion coefficients for the X-ray qualities specified in ISO 4037-1 with the new mass energy-absorption coefficients and with the mass energy-absorption coefficients used so far to determine the deviations. Our calculations show that the change of the conversion coefficients due to the new values from ICRU Report No. 90 is negligible.
An Appreciative Inquiry Into Nurse Educators’ Exam Practices
Authors: O’Rae Amanda , Hnatyshyn Tammy , Beck Amy J. , Mannion Cynthia , Patel Shruti
Published: November 2018

Multiple-choice examinations (MCEs) are commonly used to evaluate nursing students. Nurse educators require support to develop questions and engage in postexam analysis to ensure reliable assessment of student learning. We surveyed nurse educators and conducted focus groups to investigate current writing practices associated with MCEs. Using appreciative inquiry, participants proposed ideals to strengthen MCE practice: guidelines and expectations for faculty, faculty-developed test banks, team development, and an assessment blueprint at the curriculum level. Faculty supports are necessary to strengthen current MCE practices and best utilize the skills of educators.
Successfully Incorporating Interprofessional Education in a Nonacademic Health Sciences Center
Authors: O’Keefe Louise C. , Lioce Lori , Benton Anna , Morgan Tracie , Adams Marsha H.
Published: November 2018

Enhanced patient outcomes have led the health sciences to seek ways in which to incorporate interprofessional education in their curricula. This article presents a unique and innovative strategy for interprofessional education among nursing, medicine, and pharmacy in a nonacademic health science center setting. Nurse practitioner students from the University of Alabama in Huntsville College of Nursing, medical interns from the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, and pharmacy students from Auburn University School of Pharmacy and their respective faculty participated in collaboratively designed simulations and skills experiences.
Using a Low-Fidelity Simulation to Enhance Cultural Awareness and Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Students
Authors: Glenn Adriana D. , Claman Faith
Published: November 2018

Undergraduate didactic nursing leadership courses lack experiential opportunities to address working with culturally diverse populations. The authors used Bafa Bafa©, a cross-cultural low-fidelity simulation, to further develop critical thinking and emotional intelligence skills in prelicensure nursing students. This article describes the authors’ experiences of integrating this innovative teaching strategy in the classroom to increase cultural awareness. The students’ discovery of unexpected feelings, thoughts, and perceptions has the potential to extend beyond the simulated experience when coupled with faculty reinforcement of engaging in self-reflective practice as a professional nurse.
High-Fidelity Simulation in an Undergraduate Ambulatory Care Nursing Course
Authors: Coburn Caroline V. , Gilland Deena , Stahl Katherine
Published: November 2018

For a new ambulatory care nursing course in an undergraduate baccalaureate program, a standardized patient simulation was created to support the clinical component of the course. The goals were for students to enhance their critical thinking skills, apply the nursing process to an ambulatory setting, apply learned skills to the non-acute care setting, and increase their confidence. The simulation format included three stations: skills refresher, telehealth, and clinic. Volunteers from faculty, clinical preceptors, and nursing management acted as clients for the mock clinical settings. Feedback was positive and supported this simulation as an educational option.
A Comparison of the Mortality Risk Associated With Ventilator-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Nonventilator ICU-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia*
Authors: Ibn Saied Wafa , Mourvillier Bruno , Cohen Yves , Ruckly Stephane , Reignier Jean , Marcotte Guillaume , Siami Shidasp , Bouadma Lila , Darmon Michael , de Montmollin Etienne , Argaud Laurent , Kallel Hatem , Garrouste-Orgeas Maité , Soufir Lilia , Schwebel Carole , Souweine Bertrand , Glodgran-Toledano Dany , Papazian Laurent , Timsit Jean-François
Published: November 2018

Objectives:

To investigate the respective impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia on the 30-day mortality of ICU patients.

Design:

Longitudinal prospective studies.

Setting:

French ICUs.

Patients:

Patients at risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia.

Interventions:

The first three episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia or ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia were handled as time-dependent covariates in Cox models. We adjusted using the case-mix, illness severity, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II score at admission, and procedures and therapeutics used during the first 48 hours before the risk period. Baseline characteristics of patients with regard to the adequacy of antibiotic treatment were analyzed, as well as the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score variation in the 2 days before the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia or ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. Mortality was also analyzed for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species(ESKAPE) and P. aeruginosa pathogens.

Measurements and Main Results:

Of 14,212 patients who were admitted to the ICUs and who stayed for more than 48 hours, 7,735 were at risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and 9,747 were at risk of ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia occurred in 1,161 at-risk patients (15%) and 176 at-risk patients (2%), respectively. When adjusted on prognostic variables, ventilator-associated pneumonia (hazard ratio, 1.38 (1.24–1.52); p < 0.0001) and even more ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia (hazard ratio, 1.82 [1.35–2.45]; p < 0.0001) were associated with increased 30-day mortality. The early antibiotic therapy adequacy was not associated with an improved prognosis, particularly for ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia. The impact was similar for ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia mortality due to P. aeruginosa and the ESKAPE group.

Conclusions:

In a large cohort of patients, we found that both ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia were associated with an 82% and a 38% increase in the risk of 30-day mortality, respectively. This study emphasized the importance of preventing ICU–hospital-acquired pneumonia in nonventilated patients.
Evaluation of a Hexavalent-Pentavalent-Hexavalent Infant Primary Vaccination Series Followed by a Pentavalent Booster Vaccine in Healthy Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Martinón-Torres Federico , Diez-Domingo Javier , Feroldi Emmanuel , Jordanov Emilia , B’Chir Siham , Da Costa Xavier
Published: November 2018

Background:

This study assessed a pediatric mixed hexavalent diphtheria (D)-tetanus (T)-acellular pertussis (aP)-inactivated poliovirus (IPV)-hepatitis B (HB)-Haemophilus influenzae b [polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP-T)]-pentavalent (DTaP-IPV//PRP-T)-hexavalent primary series schedule followed by a pentavalent booster.

Methods:

Healthy infants (N = 265) who had received a prior HB vaccination received a fully liquid, hexavalent vaccine (DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T) at 2 and 6 months of age and a reconstituted pentavalent vaccine (DTaP-IPV//PRP-T) at 4 months of age. Coadministered vaccines were pneumococcal vaccine at 2 and 4 months (and optionally at 6 months of age), rotavirus vaccine at 2, 4, 6 months and meningococcal serogroup C vaccine at 2 months. At 18 months, participants received DTaP-IPV//PRP-T and pneumococcal vaccine boosters. Immunogenicity was assessed using validated assays and safety by parental reports.

Results:

For the hexavalent and pentavalent vaccines, the primary series and booster immune responses in terms of seroprotection and vaccine response rates were high for all antigens (generally > 99% and > 95% for the primary series and booster, respectively) and prebooster antibody persistence was good for all antigens (in particular, 92.4% of participants had prebooster anti-HB antibody ≥ 10 mIU/mL). The incidence of solicited reactions was lower after the booster vaccination (56.9%–73.1%) than the primary series (76.6%–97.4%); there were few vaccine-related unsolicited adverse events (1.9% and 1.5% for the primary series and booster, respectively), none led to participant discontinuation and none was serious.

Conclusions:

This study provides data that allow recommending authorities to consider the use of a sequential hexavalent-pentavalent-hexavalent primary vaccination series followed by a pentavalent booster in coadministration with other common childhood vaccines.
Dipylidium caninum Infection in Children: Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Challenges
Authors: Portokalidou Sotiria , Gkentzi Despoina , Stamouli Vasiliki , Varvarigou Anastasia , Marangos Markos , Spiliopoulou Iris , Dimitriou Gabriel
Published: November 2018

Dipilidium caninum infection is a relatively uncommon parasitic infection in children. We present 10 cases treated in our tertiary care hospital during the last 2 years. This parasitosis has a relatively benign course but should be considered in children with gastrointestinal symptoms and eosinophilia. Treatment can be challenging, especially in infancy. Preventative measures are necessary to avoid the spread of the disease.