bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CYCLOPENTOLATE PROVOCATIVE TEST IN SUSPECTED OR UNTREATED OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: VALLE OLAVI
Published: May 2009

The mydriasis provocative test with 1 % cyclopentolate (CPT) was performed on 218 patients with suspected or untreated open‐angle glaucoma, on 431 eyes in all. Gonioscopy was performed before and during the test to ensure that tc chamber angles were open throughout. The effect of cyclopentolate on intraocular pressure (IOP) in these eyes is reported in the present paper.

The mean change in IOP (+ SD) during CPT was +2.5 + 3.1 mmHg in the glaucoma group (196 eyes), +0.4 + 2.5 mmHg in the group with suspicion of open‐angle glaucoma (235 eyes), and +1.4 + 2.9 mmHg in the total series. The difference in IOP change between the groups with glaucoma and suspected glaucoma is statistically highly significant. The incidence of positive responses (IOP rise ≥ 8 mmHg) in the glaucoma group (8.7 %>: 17 eyes) was significantly higher than in the suspicion group (1.7%: 4 eyes). Significant IOP elevations in the total series were demonstrated in 21 eyes of 18 patients (4.9%). Including the borderline cases, IOP elevations ≥ 5 mmHg were also significantly more frequent in eyes with glaucoma (24.0%>: 47 eyes) than in eyes with suspected glaucoma (11.9%: 28 eyes)

The occurrence and magnitude of positive responses were not dependent on the initial IOP level. Further analysis of the responder group and clinical studies of the mechanism of IOP elevation on the same patients are presented in parts II and III
INFLUENCE OF CATALEPTOID ANAESTHETIC AGENTS ON THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN MONKEYS (MACACA FASCICULARIS)
Authors: HAHNENBERGER RUDOLPH W.
Published: May 2009

Trained monkeys which allowed a tonometry while conscious were used to test the influence of cataleptoid anaesthetics on intraocular pressure (IOP).

The drugs were injected intramuscularly in two dosages: with the lower dose (DT) it became just possible to perform a tonometry in untrained monkeys. The second dose (Ds) induced surgical anaesthesia. The drugs used were: Phencyclidine, DT: 0.6‐0.7 mg/kg, Ds: 1.2‐1.4 mg/kg. Ketamine, DT>: 4–6 mg/kg, Ds: 25 mg/kg. CI‐744, a combination of a pure cataleptoid anaesthetic (Tiletamine) and a tranquilizer (Zolazepam), DT: 2–3 mg/kg and Ds: 7.5 mg/kg

Tonometry was performed prior to and 15 and 30 min after drug administration. Except for phencyclidine in the smaller dose, which had virtually no effect on IOP, the drugs lowered IOP about 10–30 % on an average with a large intra‐ and intcrindividual scatter
EPISCLERAL VENOUS PRESSURE AND FLOW DYNAMICS
Authors: WIDAKOWICH JOHANNES
Published: May 2009

Episcleral venous pressure was measured by means of an air jet at different levels of occlusion of the measured vessel.

This was repeated at different points in one branching venous plexus system

The results indicate that the most reliable estimate of the pressure is obtained at the pressure level at which the blood column becomes somewhat paler

Occlusion of the vessel causes a rise in venous pressure which may be considerable, especially in large veins
MAY TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS PROVOKE CONJUNCTIVITIS?
Authors: NORN M. S. , LUNDVALL F. , PÆRREGAARD P.
Published: May 2009

In the world literature we have found descriptions of five cases of Trichomonas vaginalis in the conjunctiva.

Conjunctival swabs taken from 122 patients with conjunctivitis or keratitis revealed no flagellate micro‐organisms on phase‐contrast microscopy and culture. Neither did conjunctival swabs from 272 newborn infants, in spite of the fact that 3.7 per cent of their mothers had Trichomonas in the vagina. Trichomonas vaginalis is hardly likely to be responsible for conjunctivitis.
EXAMINATION OF COLOUR VISION BY USE OF INDUCED CONTRAST COLOURS
Authors: HANSEN EGILL
Published: May 2009

The ability to induce contrast colours is evident in normal persons by the tissue paper contrast principle. However, tests of good quality are not easily available.

The design of a new series of charts follows two principles: 1) Selection of background hues in accordance with the maximally desaturated regions of the spectrum as seen by the colour defectives. 2) Exact adjustment of the neutral test field (constituted by the chart figures) in order to eliminate any false clue due to brightness contrasts. By introducing chart figures of alternative grey values appropriate tests can be attained for each type of colour vision defect

37 persons with congenital colour defects and 15 persons with acquired defects were examined. The charts, according to the criteria for selection, proved to be selective in their screening efficiency
FREEZE‐FRACTURE REPLICA OF THE RAT CORNEA
Authors: OKINAMI SATOSHI , OHKUMA MASATO , TSUKAHARA ISAMU
Published: May 2009

The line structures of the rat cornea, with special reference to their intercellular junctions, were studied using the freeze‐fracture technique. At the corneal epithelium, gap junctions could be observed between the adjacent cells. At the stroma, crater‐shaped depressions (between 300 and 500 Ä in diameter) with pipe‐like appearing structures connecting the lamellae were found. Intercellular junctions existing between the endothelial cells at the area near the anterior chamber are postulated to be the fascia (macula) occludens.
ORBITAL INVOLVEMENT BY PLASMACYTOMA
Authors: NIKOSKELAINEN EEVA , DELLAPORTA ANGELOS , RICE THOMAS , EGBERT BARBARA , LANE BARTON
Published: May 2009

Two patients with orbital involvement of plasma cell myeloma are presented. The first patient presented an isolated plasmacytoma in the orbit; the second patient had generalized plasma cell myeloma. In both cases X‐rays and computed tomographic scanning gave valuable information and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis.
THE CYCLOPENTOLATE PROVOCATIVE TEST IN SUSPECTED OR UNTREATED OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: VALLE OLAVI , VANNAS ANTTI
Published: May 2009

Fluorescein angiography of the iris (IFAG) was performed on 15 patients with a positive cyclopentolate response (IOP elevation ≧ 8 mmHg) in 17 eyes to the cyclopentolate provocative test. The chamber angles were open in all the eyes. Seven of the responder eyes had capsular glaucoma undergoing treatment, six had simple glaucoma, two had pigmentary glaucoma and two suspicion of open‐angle glaucoma.

The object was to study with IFAG whether vascular changes can be established in the iris of the responder eyes such as could have a role in the elevation of IOP.

All the eyes with capsular glaucoma displayed vascular changes, vaso‐proliferation and fluorescein leakage from the iris vessels. No other vascular changes were seen in the irises of the responder eyes. IFAG revealed no differences in the iris vasculature between responder and non‐responder eyes. A vascular aetiology for the IOP elevation in responders is improbable.
TRANSITORY BLINDNESS DURING ETHANOL AND PHENETHYLBIGUANIDE INDUCED LACTIC ACIDOSIS IN A SUBJECT WITH DIABETES MELLITUS A Case Report
Authors: SØRENSEN NELLEMANN
Published: May 2009

Transitory blindness is described in a diabetic patient with typical ethanol‐ and phenethylbiguanide induced lactic acidosis. The blindness developed in the course of 8 hours, but the vision returned during treatment with iv bicarbonate, insulin and glucose.

The condition is discussed in relation to a presumed inhibition of the oxidative metabolism in the retina.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF LENS AND IRIS IN CEREBROTENDINOUS XANTHOMATOSIS
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H. , SLAGSVOLD JON E.
Published: May 2009

The lens and an iris biopsy from a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis has been examined in the electron microscope. Subepithelial electron‐lucent areas were demonstrated. The iris was normal. The lens changes were thought to be due to deposition of the specific cholesterol breakdown product inherent to this disease.
ATROPHY OF OPTIC NERVE FIBRES IN COMPRESSION OF THE CHIASM
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM MATS
Published: May 2009

Different observers' assessment of atrophy according to a semi‐quantitative method was analysed. Five observers scored the degree of atrophy on magnified black‐and‐white fundus photographs from normal controls and from patients with chiasmal lesions of different severity. Four of the five examiners achieved a reasonably uniform assessment of atrophy. The results of the test prompted some modifications in the grading system.
EFFECTS OF REPEATED SMOKING ON DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: CALISSENDORFF BERIT
Published: May 2009

The influence of cigarette smoking on adaptation of the eye to the dark has been studied in 12 subjects with the aid of an automatic adaptometer. After repeated smoking a slight but significant impairment of dark adaptation in the mesopic range was noticed.
IMMOBILIZATION OF THE EYE
Authors: ALGVERE PEEP , ROSENGREN BENGT
Published: May 2009

Experiments on eye phantoms (closed chambers filled with suspensions of lipoid particles in water) have shown that saccadic rotational movements induce liquid currents flowing back and forth through a hole in a latex membrane mounted inside the chamber. It is postulated that rapid (saccadic) eye movements generate similar motions in the liquid vitreous, capable of moving a detached retina.

Sixty‐five non‐selected eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were immobilized by traction sutures, usually for 2–3 days (range 1–5 days) prior to surgery. An almost complete “spontaneous” reattachment occurred in 45% of the cases, a partial reattachment (i. e. more than half of the detached area) was seen in 37%, but no reattachment took place in 18%. This rate of reattachment is higher than that obtained by bilateral eye patching and complete bed rest.

Rapid (saccadic) eye movements are considered to be one crucial factor counteracting retinal reattachment. Eyes, in which preoperative reattachment is achieved, can be cured by simple surgical procedures and have a favourable prognosis.
REINFORCED EPISCLERAL CERCLAGE IN RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: ALGVERE PEEP
Published: May 2009

Episcleral silicone rods are used as encircling elements in retinal detachment surgery. In order to reinforce the encircling effect and form a stable effective buckle, the episcleral silicone rod is combined with an Arruga suture or a fairly rigid teflon band. The Arruga string (a 2‐0 supramid suture) is sewn, in a longitudinal direction, into a solid silicone rod (2 mm in diameter) or into a silicone half‐cylinder (diameter 3 or 4 mm). Soft sponge‐like rods can also be reinforced with a 2 mm broad teflon band, placed on the flat surface of the half‐cylindrical silicone element. Drainage of subretinal fluid is usually performed in order to make room for the high circumferential buckle.

Experience has shown that this modified encircling procedure is very useful in complicated cases of retinal detachment.
ON THE MOLECULAR COMPOSITION AND PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION MATERIAL
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

The protein tracer peroxidase has been found to be excluded from pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) material. But after the treatment of the PE material with cetylpyridinium‐chloride, peroxidase was found to penetrate into the material. This observation seems to support the concept that the PE material is a gel of proteoglycans, from which peroxidase is excluded by an excluded volume effect.

Microperoxidase was found to penetrate into the superficial parts of the (untreated) PE material, and to be regularly distributed according to two different patterns: 1) along the PE fibrils, and 2) along lines in the interfibrillar matrix; lines which can not be seen without the presence of microperoxidase. At both locations the microperoxidase reaction product was found at regular intervals, with spacings of about 53 nm. The interpretation is that both the fibrils and the interfibrillar matrix are composed of the same kind of long extended linear proteoglycan complexes, but with a different arrangement and density.
A METHOD OF ISOLATING AND COLLECTING PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION MATERIAL FROM EXTRACTED CATARACTOUS LENSES
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

It has been observed that the pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) material on the surface of extracted lenses was not dissolved by a papain solution, while the underlying lens capsule was digested. This forms the basis of a method for isolating and collecting PE material. The anterior lens surface was swept with a cilium after the lens had been suspended in a 5 % papain solution for ½‐1 hour. The PE material was loosened in flakes which adhered to the tip of the cilium and could be collected as a lump. By light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy no contaminants could be seen, and no damage to the PE material was disclosed.
PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF THE TISSUES IN THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD REGION IN THE RABBIT AND THE MONKEY
Authors: FLAGE TOR
Published: May 2009

The distribution of the protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase, has been studied in the optic nerve head region in rabbits and monkeys by light and electron microscopy. Following intravenous injection of the tracer, the eyes were enucleated after varying time intervals. Leaking out of the choroidal capillaries in the peripapillary choroid, peroxidase rapidly spread to the adjacent sclera and to the intraneural connective tissue, that is lamina cribrosa and the connective tissue surrounding the intraneural vessels. The tracer then diffused from both the perineural and intraneural connective tissue into the adjacent optic nerve tissue. This diffusion could take place because the intercellular spaces in the astrocytic cell layer interposed between the connective and neural tissues were freely permeable to the tracer. The present investigation confirms the presence of a defect in the blood optic nerve barrier in the optic nerve head. The clinical importance of this defect in the permeability barrier is not known. It may represent a predilection point for pathological events, e. g. in retrobulbar neuritis.
BULLOUS KERATOPATHY (FUCHS‘ ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY) TREATED SYSTEMICALLY WITH 4‐TRANS‐AMINO‐CYCLOHEXANO‐CARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

Twenty patients with bullous keratopathy (Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy) were treated systemically with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. The effect was evaluated by slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, measurement of central corneal thickness and determination of visual acuity. The patients subjective complaints were also registered. The duration of the treatment varied from 3 to 16 months. In most cases the treatment was given over several periods with intervening free intervals.

In all cases the central corneal thickness decreased and slit‐lamp biomicroscopy revealed an improvement. The visual acuity improved and all patients became free of pain.

A possible mechanism involving the complement system is discussed and preliminary studies on the composition of the aqueous humour in cases of bullous keratopathy are mentioned.
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE ORBITS
Authors: NIKOSKELAINEN E. , ENZMANN D. R. , SOGG R. L. , ROSENTHAL A. R.
Published: May 2009

The value of orbital CCT scans was studied by grouping the CCT scans of 196 patients into clinical diagnostic categories. In 83% of patients with suspected Graves' ophthalmopathy, CCT confirmed the diagnosis. The CCT scan differentiated patients with Graves' disease from those with orbital pseudotumour or malignancies. The CCT scan was positive in 92% of patients with proven orbital malignancies. In 73% of patients with proptosis of unknown aetiology, and in 56% of patients with ocular motility problems, the CCT scan led to the diagnosis. The CCT scan ruled out orbital mass lesions in cases of optic neuritis, optic atrophy or vascular malformations. The greatest value of the CCT scan was in the localization and determination of the size and shape of various orbital lesions and in the accurate follow‐up of those lesions utilizing serial scans.
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN CAPSULAR GLAUCOMA
Authors: VANNAS ANTTI , SETÄLÄ KIRSI , RUUSUVAARA PEKKA
Published: May 2009

The clinical specular microscope has made it possible to study corneal endothelial cells in vivo. In this study we report for the first time cell densities of unilateral glaucoma patients compared to the normotensive control eyes of the same patient.

The corneal endothelium of 27 unilateral capsular glaucoma patients was photographed with a clinical specular microscope. The endothelial cell density was lower in the affected eye than in the normotensive fellow eye in 15 cases. In 10 patients the cell density was the same in both eyes. In two cases the glaucoma eye had a higher density than the fellow eye. Comparison of the above groups showed a statistical difference in the number of glaucoma eyes with a lower cell density (15 lower against 2 higher). The endothelial cell density could not be correlated with the duration of treatment or severity of the glaucoma.
CHANGES IN ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SHEEP PIGMENT EPITHELIUM AND RETINA INDUCED BY SODIUM IODATE1
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , KNAVE BENGT , PERSSON HANS E.
Published: May 2009

The normal ultrastructure of the sheep pigment epithelial cells is described as a basis for the interpretation of toxic (sodium iodate) effects on these cells dealt with in two following papers. The morphological features of the different cell membranes and cell organelles, particularly the phagosomes and the lipid droplets, are discussed in relation to renewal of the photoreceptor outer segment, pigment epithelial and retinal metabolism, barrier mechanisms and electrical properties.
A SIMPLE APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLED RATE CORNEAL FREEZING
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

The construction and operation of an apparatus for controlled rate corneal freezing is described. The cooling is obtained by close thermal contact between a vial holding the cornea and a metal core. A predetermined cooling rate is achieved by partial immersion of the core in a fixed amount of liquid nitrogen. In a preliminary series ≥ 95% endothelial survival was obtained.
CLUSTER HEADACHE SYNDROME AND MIGRAINE
Authors: HØRVEN I. , SJAASTAD O.
Published: May 2009

Patients suffering from migraine, cluster headache and atypical cluster headache, including patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, were studied with respect to corneal temperature, intraocular pressure and corneal indentation pulse amplitude changes during pain attacks. Significant rises in these three parameters were demonstrated during attacks of cluster headache and atypical cluster headache, indicating that intraocular vasodilatation with increased ocular blood flow occurs during attacks. No definite changes were found in migraine. The results strongly suggest that significant pathophysiological differences exist between migraine and cluster headache. The point is stressed that these disorders probably represent separate pathogenetic entities and should be classified as such, and not be grouped together within an ill‐defined group of “vascular headache”.
330 TRABECULECTOMIES — A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY THROUGH ½‐3 YEARS
Authors: JERNDAL T. , LUNDSTRÖM M.
Published: May 2009

In 1967 a new microsurgical procedure for glaucoma known as trabeculectomy was introduced. This method is reported to have few early complications and a good pressure‐reducing effect. Our material presents the results of 330 consecutive trabeculectomies with a follow‐up period of ½‐3 years. The following items are discussed: IOP, visual acuity, visual fields, surgical complications, and need of re‐operation and medical postoperative therapy. We conclude that trabeculectomy is a safe and efficient antiglaucoma operation, recommended as an attractive alternative to heavy medication.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERIMETRIC ECCENTRICITY AND RETINAL LOCUS IN A HUMAN EYE
Authors: FRISÉN L. , SCHÖLDSTRÖM G.
Published: May 2009

A blind but grossly normal eye was removed because of severe pain. With the patient's consent, photo‐coagulation markers were placed along the horizontal meridian of the retina prior to surgery. The angular coordinates in visual space of the markers were determined by an ophthalmoscopic procedure. The loci of the markers were also determined in a flat preparation following enucleation. The relationship between retinal arc and perimetric eccentricity was found to be approximately linear up to at least 50 degrees. Our findings validate earlier theoretical calculations within this range.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS IN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: OTTERSEN OLE PETTER , VEGGE TORGEIR
Published: May 2009

The intercellular junctions of the corneal endothelium has been studied in rabbit, monkey and human eyes. A union of apposing outer leaflets (tight junction) is usually found near the apical end of the intercellular clefts. However, evidence from lanthanum tracer studies indicates that the tight junctions do not seal the intercellular clefts completely. In addition to tight junctions, the presence of gap junctions or nexuses is demonstrated in all three species studied.
CONTRACTILE AND HISTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE INFERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE IN THE RAT AND IN THE CAT
Authors: HANSON JERKER , LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

Mechanical and histochemical properties of inferior oblique muscles (IO) were compared in adult albino rat and pigmented cat. The twitch contraction times and the fusion frequencies were about the same in both species indicating similar contractile properties of the fast contracting fibers. Rat IO seemed to contain fewer slowly contracting fibers than cat IO; half‐decay time of the twitch was shorter in rat than in cat muscles and fusion started at higher stimulus frequencies. Fatigue resistance was lower in rat than in cat. Post‐tetanic potentiation occurred in the cat but not in the rat IO.

Almost all fibers of rat IO were rich in myofibrillar ATPase. In cat IO most fibers showed high myofibrillar ATPase activity, but some fibers in the global layer had moderate to small amounts of this enzyme. This correlates well with the physiological differencies between cat and rat IO.
PILOCARPINE‐INDUCED SUBSENSITIVITY TO CARBACHOL AND PILOCARPINE OF CILIARY MUSCLE IN VERVET AND CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS
Authors: BÄRÄNY ERNST H.
Published: May 2009

Vervet monkeys were given unilateral treatment for two weeks with one 2% pilocarpine eye drop three times daily between 8 a. m. and 6 p. m. (night interval 14 h) and were then subjected to anterior chamber perfusion. 20 μg pilocarpine intracamerally caused similar and substantial increases in outflow facility in both eyes. Cynomolgus monkeys were unilaterally treated with continuous release of 33 μg/h of pilocarpine for 5–6 days. The facility response to 1 mg/kg pilocarpine iv was small or absent on the treated side.

Iridectomized cynomolgus monkeys responded with 12.6±5.2 (SD) diopters accommodation to 1.5 mg/kg pilocarpine im, with very similar responses in the two eyes. During continuous release of 30 μg/h pilocarpine, accommodation of the treated eye dropped gradually and after 4–8 days treatment the accommodative response was markedly reduced to pilocarpine 1.5 mg/kg im or 100 μg topically. The degree of subsensitivity was much less when tested with either systemic or topical carbachol. This was also the case in a few vervet experiments. Recovery of full pilocarpine sensitivity took several weeks in the cynomolgus monkey.

As an explanation for the excessive subsensitivity and large interindividual differences found with pilocarpine, an individually variable, non‐muscarinic relaxant action counteracting the muscarinic excitatory action is suggested. Clinical implications of this hypothesis are discussed.
SENILE CATARACT
Authors: BRAENDSTRUP P.
Published: May 2009

Since the late 1940's the annual number of cataract extractions performed at the Eye Department of the Municipal Hospital of Copenhagen has quintupled. This increase has been followed by a tendency towards stabilisation. An increase of the potential cataract clientele by about 60 per cent and an extended indication for operation are considered obvious causes of this rise, to which must be added an increase‐inducing factor due to the popularisation of a visual rehabilitating operation in a community with a relative preponderance of old inhabitants.

An attempt at a statistical calculation of the percentage of the population subjected to cataract extraction in a defined area, related to age, is presented. This calculation may be of some guidance in the planning of ophthalmosurgical facilities.
FORMATION OF AFTER‐CATARACT BY REGENERATION OF HUMAN AND RABBIT LENS EPITHELIUM IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: FAGERHOLM PER P. , PHILIPSON BO T.
Published: May 2009

Regeneration of lens epithelium on the lens capsule was studied in tissue culture. The entire capsule with attached epithelium was taken from rabbit lenses and from human lenses with cataract.

Generally, the epithelium grew in a monolayer but multilayered masses of cells were also seen. Most lens fibers degenerated during the first days and formed spherical membrane enclosed vesicles containing cytoplasm but no nuclei. The lens fiber remnants, together with regenerating epithelium, created structures that were similar in many ways to the clinical appearance of after‐cataract.
RETINAL DETACHMENT IN APHAKIA
Authors: STENKULA STAFFAN , TÖRNQUIST RAGNAR
Published: May 2009

In a prospective study five hundred consecutive cases of cataract operations were followed during ten years. Nine cases of retinal detachment were observed.

In a retrospective study 77 cases with aphakic retinal detachment were studied according to type of cataract operation, interval between this operation and the onset of retinal detachment, refraction, area of detachment and results of treatment.

About fifty percent of the cases of retinal detachment are observed during the first year after the cataract operation. At the first examination the detached area is usually larger in aphakic eyes than in phakic eyes. The anatomical and functional cure after detachment operation is probably less in aphakic than phakic eyes.
SOCIAL AND MEDICAL ASPECTS OF UNILATERAL TRAUMATIC APHAKIA
Authors: HAGHFELT TOVE , GOLDSCHMIDT E.
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐one males between 16 and 50 years of age were admitted during a five year period and treated for a corneal perforation and traumatic cataract. One did not attend the follow‐up examination. Five patients were not offered contact lens owing either to their occupation or to bad visual acuity. Twelve patients were offered contact lens, but only four patients made permanent use of them and have good binocular function. Three patients were given an intraocular lens, two of these with good results.

Many of the patients had considerable problems at work, and there appears to be a certain amount of relationship between the length of the sick leave and their later employment. Half of the patients had to change their occupation either totally or partly.

Social security and social problems are discussed.
RESULTS FROM LENS IMPLANTATION
Authors: BAGGESEN LAUST H. , LAND ANNA MARIE , NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

A retrospective evaluation of the results obtained with primary implantation of an iris clip lens, performed in four Danish eye departments, is given. Altogether 203 implants were carried out. The mean age of the patients at the time of operation was 77 years. Seventeen patients had bilateral implantation. Besides the cataract, the age of the patients was main indication for implantation. Contributing indications were monolateral cataract, macular degeneration, and general somatic or psychic incapacity. The incidence of more serious complications was (more than one complication in some eyes): corneal dystrophy 13/203, deposits on the clip lens or in the pupil 18/203, secondary glaucoma 2/203, macular oedema 2/203, late recurrent hyphaema 2/203 and dislocation of the clip lens 6/203. Seven clip lenses were removed. A corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or above was found in 56% of the cases postoperatively. In spite of the complications it is considered justifiable to continue with clip lens implantation in elderly patients, to solve the optical problems following aphakia.
HAEMORRHAGIC MACULOPATHY IN YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: FLAGE TOR , SAND ANTON BRATBERG , SYRDALEN PER
Published: May 2009

The results from a retrospective clinical study of a group of patients with a specific macular disease are presented. The group includes young adults, otherwise healthy, with no hereditary diseases. The macular disease is as a rule monolateral. The lesion consists of a small central nodule surrounded by subretinal haemorrhages, retinal oedema and degenerative changes in the adjacent pigment epithelium. Fluorescein angiography demonstrates subretinal neovascularization in the central part of the lesion. The disease is selflimiting and the lesion develops into a fibrotic scar. In some cases, small, atrophic spots are seen scattered in the eyeground. There is no vitreous reaction and no signs of anterior uveitis. The clinical picture is identical with the macular lesion reported in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY IN MACULAR DISEASE
Authors: SJÖSTRAND JOHAN , FRISÉN LARS
Published: May 2009

Psychophysical measurements of contrast thresholds for sinusoidal gratings of variable frequency were made in normal controls and in patients with macular disease. Normal controls showed a U‐shaped contrast sensitivity function comparable with previous reports. Patients with relatively well conserved visual acuity showed a marked impairment in contrast sensitivity for targets of high and intermediate spatial frequencies, while patients with more advanced disease showed a pronounced impairment across a larger spectrum of frequencies. Our findings provide insight into the visual difficulties of daily life of patients with macular disease. The determination of contrast sensitivity seems to be an important and very sensitive tool for the detection of early disturbances.
CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY AND PRESENILE DISCIFORM EXUDATIVE MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: FAURSCHOU SVEND , ROSENBERG THOMAS , NIELSEN NORMAN
Published: May 2009

The clinical syndromes central serous retinopathy (RCS) and presenile exudative disciform macular degeneration (PEDMD) are well known, but the causes of the pathophysiological and pathoanatomical changes in the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and pigment epithelium as predisposing factors are unknown. Apparently these two degenerative macular conditions are different. However, they possibly represent two manifestations of the same nosological entity, which is initially dominated by a subretinal exudation in the macular region.

It is therefore also reasonable to consider that RCS can be part of, or an initial stage of PEDMD. In the present study these possibilities have been demonstrated by a follow‐up examination, using among other things fluorescein angiography of a selective material of 20 patients with RCS. In addition, it is shown that RCS can be a more serious condition with regard to the central vision than is generally accepted.
DISCIFORM DETACHMENT OF THE MACULA
Authors: SAARI MATTI
Published: May 2009

The clinical findings in six patients with juvenile haemorrhagic macular choroidopathy are described. There was no evidence of infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. The history, clinical features and course of the disease suggested that at least in some cases intravascular coagulation in the central choriocapillaris may form the choroidopathy inducing the disciform detachment of the macula. Oral corticosteroids could not prevent progression of the lesion which had a poor visual outcome. In one patient, good therapeutic response was achieved with acetylsalicylic acid, which may be useful together with lasercoagulation in the early treatment of this syndrome.
METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TEAR FLOW DETERMINATION BY MEANS OF A RADIOACTIVE TRACER
Authors: SØRENSEN T. , JENSEN F. TAAGEHØJ
Published: May 2009

Theoretical considerations on a simplified biological system representing the tear pathways lead to the assumption of an exponential pattern of elimination of tracer substances from the conjunctival sac. The tracer used in the present study was technetium, Tc99m, as sodium pertechnetate. The detection system consisted of a gamma camera coupled to a digital system, a minicomputer and a magnetic tape unit.

After instillation of 10 μl normal saline solution containing Tc99m the decay of activity was followed by means of an activity‐time function curve to which exponential curves were approximated by the computer. As a parameter for tear flow the fractional turnover rate was calculated from 7 to 15 min after instillation. An initial faster elimination was found in the first 7 min following instillation. Corrections for background radiation, evaporation of water and transconjunctival transport of Tc99m were estimated.
NORMAL VALUES IN CLINICAL ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY:
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

Two EOG parameters ‐ The Arden ratio (A) and an expression devised by Gliem (G) ‐ from a sample of normal human subjects are studied. Their relations to the EOG potential and time parameters and to sex, age, pupillary diameter, degree of iris pigmentation, refractive error and axial length, ocular protrusion and interpupillary distance were assessed. Right eye and left eye distributions were congruent, although individual differences were sometimes appreciable, especially in the case of G. The two ratios were positively correlated and both showed a negative correlation to the interval between the dark trough and the light peak. Correlations to the EOG potential parameters, especially the light induced potential rise of the dark adapted eye, were also established.

In the case of A, a higher level was disclosed in the male half of the sample. A negative age correlation, predominant in the female part of the sample, characterized both ratios. The two ratios were positively correlated to the pupil diameter, negatively correlated to the degree of refractive error, and positively correlated to the degree of ocular protrusion. The consequences for the clinical EOG test are discussed, and it is concluded that the present EOG procedure is a qualitative rather than a quantitative test.
CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN HUMAN AND RABBIT EYES WITH A SIMPLE APPLANATING SUCTION CUP
Authors: NISSEN OLE I.
Published: May 2009

A suction cup has been devised to fit the periphery of the cornea and applanate its central part. A slow, continuous saline infusion entering through a central opening forms a disc of fluid between applanating and applanated surface in which the pressure (Pcup) is followed by a conventional transducer. The saline leaves the periphery of the cup via a hanging tube creating a suction pressure of approximately 15 mmHg, which keeps the cup on the cornea. In human cadaver eyes the relation between intraocular pressure (Po) and Pcup was Po = 0.80 x Pcup − 2.3 (rnmHg), r = 0.9986. In enucleated rabbit eyes: Po = 0.94 x Pcup − 0.1 (mmHg), r = 0.9996. Thus, with appropriate calibration of the recorder, the cup functions both accurately and linearly. The relationships were virtually uninfluenced by large changes in both the rate of suction and the inflow rate of saline. When measuring on eyes of patients, the cup was atraumatic and gave an excellent dynamic response.
THE APPEARANCE OF THE OUTFLOW APPARATUS OF THE EYE AFTER STAINING WITH RUTHENIUM RED
Authors: GRIERSON IAN , LEE WILLIAM R. , ABRAHAM SHAHIDA
Published: May 2009

The outflow apparatus from adult baboon and rabbit eyes was stained with the inorganic dye ruthenium red. The ruthenium reaction product coated the surface of the trabecular meshwork cells and the canalicular endothelial cells. Deposits also impregnated the various connective tissue elements within the trabeculae and the extracellular spaces of the endothelial meshwork. A fine fibrillar network could also be identified with ruthenium red and this was present in the trabecular cores and the extracellular spaces of the endothelial meshwork. It was considered that the fibrillar network may represent a matrix of glycosaminoglycans and glyco‐proteins. The significance of these materials in relation to aqueous outflow was discussed.—
THE ACCURACY OF CLINICAL APPLANATION TONOMETRY
Authors: THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

The differences between two careful applanation tonometries performed by one and by two observers, respectively, were compared. Two measurements by one observer differed by 2 mmHg or more in 8% of the pairs of measurements and by 3 mmHg or more in 2% of the pairs. One tonometry each by two observers differed by 2 mmHg or more in 40% of the pairs of measurement and by 3 mmHg or more in 17% of the pairs. There was no dependence on the intraocular pressure. Possible reasons for the increase in variance are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF 1.5% TIMOLOL MALEATE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: RITCH ROBERT , HARGETT NEWELL A. , PODOS STEVEN M.
Published: May 2009

A controlled trial was instituted to compare the effect on intraocular pressure of topical administration of timolol maleate with epinephrine hydrochloride. A bottling error by the manufacturer resulted in the placebo bottles containing 1.5% timolol maleate. This drug given twice a day for two weeks significantly reduced intraocular pressure and produced no side effects.
PROGRESS IN CATARACT SURGERY USING MICROSURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Authors: CORYDON LEIF , MACKENSEN GÜNTER
Published: May 2009

A microsurgical technique for cataract extraction is presented. The operations were performed with a corneal incision and a continuous nylon 10‐0 suture. This technique is evaluated by the study of 1289 cases, consecutively operated on. The complication rate was very low. Haemorrhage in the anterior chamber was found in 1%. Delayed reformation of the anterior chamber occurred in only two cases. No cases of iris prolapse occurred. The intraocular pressure was not interfered with by the operation. Wound rupture following removal of the suture three months post‐operatively occurred in 1%. The advantages of the corneal incision and continuous nylon suture are discussed (less irritation, good and secure wound closure).
ACCURACY OF EVOKED POTENTIAL REFRACTOMETRY USING BAR GRATINGS
Authors: RENTSCHLER INGO , SPINELLI DONATELLA
Published: May 2009

We recorded cortical potentials evoked by phase‐alternating square‐wave gratings. Significant effects of varying the refractive power of the eye are obtained only at 5 cycles/degree (cy/deg) and above. The extrapolation to zero amplitude of the evoked response as a function of spatial frequency predicts the psychophysical visual acuity even for the myopic eye. As the sensitivity of meridional refraction using sufficiently fine bar gratings is better than 0.5 D it provides a suitable means for the measurement of astigmatism.
TISSUE CULTURE OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL CELLS
Authors: HAYASHI MICHIKO , ASAYAMA KUNIO , UENO SATOKI
Published: May 2009

Pure culture of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of the chick embryo was carried out and the morphological characteristics of each developmental stage were observed under light microscope and transmission and scanning electron microscopes.

Immature cells had a few, short processes on the apical surface and a few melanin granules in the cytoplasm. However, mature cells had two types of processes on the apical surface, one being narrow and the other wide. Many melanin granules were diffusely dispersed in the cytoplasm and the cells were joined by a junctional complex near the apical portion. Beneath the cultured cells, basement membrane and collagen fibrils were evident and were apparently produced by the cultured RPE cells.

The structure of the cultured cells in the well‐differentiated stage appeared to be the same as that of living cells.
A NOTE ON THE PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION FIBRILS
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

Both transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrate that typical fibrils are the dominant feature of the pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) material. The purpose of this work has been to examine whether the TEM and the SEM fibrils are identical, and to determine to which extent the morphology of the PE material is changed during the preparation for SEM, especially by the drying procedure. Specimens from lenses with PE, which had beforehand been prepared for and examined by SEM, were embedded, sectioned and examined by TEM. The results indicate that, as far as it can be seen by this method, the changes induced in the PE material by the drying procedure are not substantial. The TEM and the SEM fibrils are identical.
A DOUBLE‐BLIND STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF TRANEXAMIC ACID ON THE CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS AFTER CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD , CORYDON LEIF , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

A double‐blind study of the influence of systemic tranexamic acid on the central corneal thickness after cataract extraction was performed in 17 pairs of patients. Apart from the cataract, no were present.

A sequential statistics was used to show that the increase in central corneal thickness after operation was significantly less in the tranexamic acid treated group than in the placebo group. There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between the tranexamic acid and the placebo treated group.

The possible influence of tranexamic acid on the thickness controlling mechanism of the cornea is discussed, and studies concerning the fibrinolytic system, the complement system and the aqueous humour amino acid treated patients are mentioned.
OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: LINNÉR ERIK
Published: May 2009

The intraocular pressure before and three h after oral administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor was measured in one normotensive, one hypertensive as well as two glaucoma groups. The ratio between the outflow pressure after and before this treatment was estimated. The percentage outflow pressure was found to be about 50% in the normotensive group and in the two glaucoma groups, but in the hypertensive group 68%. This carbonic anhydrase inhibitor test (CAI‐test) seems to give additional information which can improve the possibility of differentiating between high normative pressure and early glaucoma prior to glaucomatous lesions.
A STUDY ON THE POSTULATED TRANSOPTIC REGULATION OF THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND , GROFOVA IRENA
Published: May 2009

The possibility that fibers regulating the intraocular pressure originate in the hypothalamus and course in the optic nerve, has been investigated in albino rabbits with different techniques. By means of horseradish perixodase tracing‐technique, oculohypothalamic but no hypothalamo‐ocular connections were observed. The water‐loading effect on the intraocular pressure was studied after unilateral optic nerve transection. The transection was performed in three experimental groups in the following way: Intracranial transection of one optic nerve, retrobulbar transection of one optic nerve and sham operation on the other side, retrobulbar transection of one optic nerve without sham operation on the other side. In contrast to previous reports, we found no significant side difference in intraocular pressure after water‐loading in any of these groups.
ACTIN FILAMENTS IN TRABECULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN EYES OF THE VERVET MONKEY
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

An electron microscopic study was performed on the trabecular meshwork of two monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). Specimens from one animal revealed numerous cytoplasmic filaments of 45–65 Å thickness in endothelial cells both on the trabeculae and in the wall of Schlemm's canal after conventional glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation. Using a histochemical technique it was shown in specimens from the other animal that these filaments consist of actin material. This evidence of intracellular actin filaments in the trabecular endothelium indicates that these cells have contractile properties, and the possible significance of this finding for the regulation of outflow facility of aqueous humour is suggested.
PITUITARY ADENOMA AND VISUAL FUNCTION
Authors: KLAUBER A. , RASMUSSEN P. , LINDHOLM J.
Published: May 2009

The series studied included 51 patients subjected to operation for pituitary adenoma. The visual status was analysed both pre‐ and postoperatively. The pre‐ and postoperative parameters were compared with clinical information, ophthalmological and neuroradiological findings with a view to an evaluation of their prognostic value.

In 36 patients with chromophobe adenoma, visual field defects were present in 92% before the operation; visual function improved in 62% and returned to normal in 24%. Among 15 patients with eosinophil or mixed adenoma, only two (13%) had visual field defects pre‐operatively.

In those patients where operation was followed by a distinct visual improvement, the pre‐operative ophthalmological findings were as follows: visual acuity greater than 6/24, normal optic discs, visual field defects up to two quadrants, and pneumoencephalographic findings suggestive of only a small suprasellar tumour.
DISCIFORM DETACHMENT OF THE MACULA
Authors: SAARI MATTI
Published: May 2009

The association of inflammatory diseases with disciform macular detachment is described in three patients. The first patient with seropositive syphilis developed juxtapapillary choroiditis, disciform detachment of the left macula progressing to a wide‐spread area with atrophy of the chorio‐capillaris and pigment epithelium, corpuscular aggregations of retinal pigment, and white fibrous tissue between the choroid and retina. The second patient with fever, anorexia, fatigue, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and pulmonary changes developed choroiditis with disciform detachment of the left macula, one month later choroiditis with disciform detachment of the pigment epithelium in the right fundus, and two months later serofibrinous pleurisy which improved with tuberculostatic therapy suggesting tuberculous aetiology The third patient, with puerperal sepsis in her past medical history, had peripapillary atrophic scars in both eyes with choroidal neovascularization and disciform detachment of the macula in the left eye.
MONITORING CORNEAL WOUND STRENGTH NON‐INVASIVELY
Authors: MILLER DAVID , BELL DAVID M.
Published: May 2009

Intensity of light scattered from 24 healing rabbit corneal incisions progressively increased during six weeks following the operation. After the first week, the mean value for scattered light intensity from the wounds was highly correlated with wound tensile strength measured in another group of rabbits. The correlation coefficient was 0.95 at the 0.05 confidence level. It is hoped that a simple and reliable method of measuring scattered light intensity may provide a non‐invasive tool for assessing the strength of a corneal wound in the future.
SPHEROID DEGENERATION OF CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

The incidence of spheroid degeneration has been studied in a series of 659 Eskimos from Arctic South‐West Greenland and one of 810 Caucasians in Copenhagen with its temperate climate. The over‐all prevalence was highest among the Eskimos (12.3 per cent against 4.1 per cent among the Copenhageners, P < 0.001).

The prevalence was found to be independent of sex, but to rise with increasing age (however, with a fall again after the age of 70 years in Copenhagen).

The spheroid deposits were present on the conjunctiva in 74 per cent, on the cornea in 18 per cent, and at both sites in 8 per cent. 71 per cent of the subjects displayed autofluorescent globular deposits. These constituted 10 per cent of the total number of globules. The number of globules per subject averaged 30. Spheroid degeneration was rarely found temporally in Eskimos.

Spheroid degenerative processes are most frequently seen in Pingueculae, but are not considered bear any relation to pterygium.