bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thematic trajectory analysis: A temporal method for analysing dynamic qualitative data
Authors: Spencer Leighann , Radcliffe Laura , Spence Rachel , King Nigel
Published: June 2021

This paper introduces a novel, temporally sensitive analytical method for qualitative researchers, which is simultaneously timely and necessary given increasing recognition of the fundamental role that time plays in organizational life and scholarship. As a result of this recognition, research designs considering temporality have substantially increased over the past decade. However, while methods for qualitative data collection using longitudinal and ‘shortitudinal’ designs, in particular qualitative diary methods, have become increasingly common, analytical methods capable of fully exploiting the temporal nature of such data have lagged behind their quantitative counter‐parts, where we see marked progression in analytical methods and procedures. In this paper, we argue that this lack of progression in approaches for analysing qualitative diary data hinders our knowledge and theoretical development when it comes to incorporating temporality, particularly in the exploration of phenomena at individual‐/micro‐levels, arguably most salient to organizational psychology researchers. We respond to these challenges by introducing a novel, step‐by‐step analytical approach that facilitates rigorous incorporation of temporality into the analysis and theorization of micro‐level, qualitative diary data, termed Thematic Trajectory Analysis (TTA).

Practitioner points

Existing qualitative analytical methods have limitations when applied to qualitative diary data and have thereby limited the questions that may be explored, and understood, through qualitative data.

Offers an alternative, step‐by‐step, analytical approach for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand within‐person changes and dynamism in organizations.

Enables the benefits of qualitative diaries to be better exploited by both researchers and practitioners and thereby lead to better understanding of how organizational processes unfold, and in turn, lead to stronger intervention mechanisms.

Demonstrates the utility of combing textual and visualized data outputs in understanding complex and dynamic phenomena in organizations.
Sleep microstructure in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder according to the underlying sleep phenotypes
Authors: Miano Silvia , Castelnovo Anna , Bruni Oliviero , Manconi Mauro
Published: June 2021

The analysis of sleep microstructure in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) revealed an under‐representation of the EEG slow component during NREM sleep. Previous studies either excluded or did not characterize objectively sleep disorders, which notoriously affect sleep architecture. The present study aimed to investigate the cyclic alternating pattern in a real clinical sample of children with ADHD, in whom sleep disorders could be considered. Twenty‐seven consecutively enrolled drug‐naïve children (mean age, 10.53 years; nine females) and 23 controls (mean age, 10.22 years; 11 females) underwent a full sleep investigation, including attended video‐polysomnography. Visual cyclic alternating pattern analysis was performed in a blinded way. Children with ADHD had one or more sleep disorders (a narcolepsy‐like phenotype was found in two cases, sleep onset insomnia in three cases, arousal disorder in one case, movement disorder phenotype in six cases and obstructive sleep apnea in 11 cases, and six children had sleep‐related epileptiform discharges). Children with ADHD and normal controls showed a similar microstructure with a cyclic alternating pattern rate of about 50%. Children with obstructive sleep apnea had a significantly higher cyclic alternating pattern rate during stage N3. Despite not reaching statistical differences, a lower cyclic alternating pattern rate and A1 index were found in children without epileptic abnormalities/obstructive sleep apnea. Our analysis might allow differentiation of the “primary form” of ADHD associated with a decrease of NREM instability from those forms associated with sleep apnea and epileptic activity.
Condensation and evaporation processes during CB chondrite formation: Insights from Ge isotopes and highly siderophile element abundances
Authors: Florin Guillaume , Luais Béatrice , Alard Olivier , Rushmer Tracy
Published: June 2021

We analyzed the highly siderophile element (HSE) contents and bulk Ge isotopic compositions of large metal grains in the CB chondrites Bencubbin (CBa), Gujba (CBa), and HaH 237 (CBb). Our results suggest that the large grains were formed by the aggregation of smaller condensed grains, and the two Benccubinite groups are distinguishable based on their bulk metal δ74/70Ge mass‐dependent isotopic values of 0.99 ± 0.30‰ (CBa) and −0.65 ± 0.10‰ (CBb). Based on our observations of these three samples, the isotopic compositions of metal in CBa chondrites are best explained by condensation at slow cooling rates in the center of an impact plume, whereas the metal in CBb chondrites formed under fast cooling rates along the plume edges. We also analyzed the Ge contents and isotopic compositions of the core, intermediate, and rim fractions of two Gujba metal grains, which were separated by sequential digestion. These results show a gradual decrease in δ74/70Ge and [Ge] from core to rim. We suggest that these δ74Ge zonations result from near‐equilibrium condensation and evaporation processes in a heterogeneous plume. We propose a model for their formation in which (1) small grains (to become grain cores) condensed at equilibrium; (2) these grains were transported to a warmer region of the plume where they reached temperatures lower than that of Fe‐Ni condensation, but high enough for the rapid evaporation of Ge; (3) Ge evaporation followed by slow cooling enriched the grains in heavy Ge isotopes and the surrounding gas in light Ge isotopes; and (4) equilibrium recondensation of metal from the gas and around the small grains formed the light Ge isotopic zonations observed in grain rims.
Sensory‐based quantification of male colour patterns in Trinidadian guppies reveals no support for parallel phenotypic evolution in multivariate trait space
Authors: Yong Lengxob , Croft Darren P. , Troscianko Jolyon , Ramnarine Indar W. , Wilson Alastair J.
Published: June 2021

Parallel evolution, in which independent populations evolve along similar phenotypic trajectories, offers insights into the repeatability of adaptive evolution. Here, we revisit a classic example of parallelism, that of repeated evolution of brighter males in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). In guppies, colonisation of low predation habitats is associated with emergence of ‘more colourful’ phenotypes since predator‐induced viability selection for crypsis weakens while sexual selection by female preference for conspicuousness remains strong. Our study differs from previous investigations in three respects. First, we adopted a multivariate phenotyping approach to characterise parallelism in multitrait space. Second, we used ecologically‐relevant colour traits defined by the visual systems of the two selective agents (i.e., guppy, predatory cichlid). Third, we estimated population genetic structure to test for adaptive (parallel) evolution against a model of neutral phenotypic divergence. We find strong phenotypic differentiation that is inconsistent with a neutral model but very limited support for the predicted pattern of greater conspicuousness at low predation. Effects of predation regime on each trait were in the expected direction, but weak, largely nonsignificant, and explained little among‐population variation. In multitrait space, phenotypic trajectories of lineages colonising low from high predation regimes were not parallel. Our results are consistent with reduced predation risk facilitating adaptive differentiation, potentially by female choice, but suggest that this proceeds in independent directions of multitrait space across lineages. Pool‐sequencing data also revealed SNPs showing greater differentiation than expected under neutrality, among which some are found in genes contributing to colour pattern variation, presenting opportunities for future genetic study.
Ethnonationalism and White immigration attitudes
Authors: Thompson Jack
Published: June 2021

In this article, I explore how much of White Americans' opposition to immigration—opposition that is often grounded in fears of the threat that immigration poses to the robustness of America's national identity—is shaped by ethnonationalism, a set of beliefs concerning which traits are important for being a “true” American. Drawing on data from the 2016 American National Election Studies (ANES), I examine how ethnonationalism shapes White Americans' attitudes towards immigrants. I find that ethnonationalism is positively associated with anti‐immigrant attitudes among Whites, with the effect size of my ethnonationalism measure being larger than that of any other variable in my ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model. Critically, this includes a number of variables that are already known to be strongly predictive of White attitudes towards immigration, such as Republican partisanship. Beyond anti‐immigrant attitudes, I also find that ethnonationalism also predicts support for policies that would restriction immigration.
Nurses' resilience in the face of coronavirus (COVID‐19): An international view
Authors: Jo Soojung , Kurt Sule , Bennett Jo Anne , Mayer Kala , Pituch Keenan A. , Simpson Vicki , Skibiski Jeanie , Takagi Etsuko , Karaaslan Mehtap Metin , Ozluk Bilgen , Reifsnider Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to examine factors associated with nurses' resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data were collected in the latter half of 2020 from 904 nurses across Japan, Republic of Korea, Republic of Turkey, and the United States. The questionnaire included the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale 10, plus demographics and 20 questions about practice environment, workplace safety concerning infection control, COVID‐related experience, and organizational support. Fear of becoming infected, intention to leave nursing, and having had a positive COVID‐19 test were inversely associated with resilience (p < 0.05). Regression analysis indicated that U.S. nurses had significantly greater resilience than nurses in the other countries examined (p < 0.001). Nurses reporting organization support and those who participated in policy and procedure development had higher resilience scores (p < 0.01). Organizational support, involving nurses in policy development, and country of practice were found to be important resilience factors in our research, which aligns with other findings. Further research is recommended to determine the optimal practice environment to support nurse resilience.
The effects of motivational interviewing on children's body mass index and fat distributions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kao Tsui‐Sui Annie , Ling Jiying , Hawn Rachel , Vu Christina
Published: June 2021

Currently, the effects of motivational interviewing (MI) on children's anthropometric changes remain unclear. This systematic review and meta‐analysis examined the effects of MI on children's anthropometric changes (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], and body fat percentage [BF%]). We also assessed potential moderators of MI on children's BMI changes. This systematic review searched five databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Sciences) from 2005 to 2020 to evaluate the effects of MI interventions that had a comparison group on children's anthropometric change as outcomes (BMI, WC, or BF%). Thirty‐three articles met the inclusion criteria. We performed random‐effects models and exploratory moderation analyses with mixed‐effects models. The pooled effect size of MI was −0.18 (p = 0.002) on BMI, −0.65 (p < 0.001) on WC, and −0.44 (p = 0.005) on children's BF%. The relationship between MI and BMI changes was significantly moderated by the types of intervener (Q = 9.71, p = 0.021) and the existence of supplemental intervention activities (Q = 9.21, p = 0.002). Other potential moderators included children's age, weight status, intervention setting, and targeted behaviors (eating and/or physical activity). Our findings support the effectiveness of MI interventions on improving children's anthropometric outcomes (i.e., BMI, WC, and BF%).
Measuring pain in oncology outpatients: Numeric Rating Scale versus acceptable/non acceptable pain. A prospective single center study
Authors: Willems Aniek Anna Julia Martine , Kudrashou Aliaksandr Fedorovich , Theunissen Maurice , Hoeben Ann , Van den Beuken – Van Everdingen Marieke Henrica Johanna
Published: June 2021

Objectives

During all stages of oncologic diseases, pain is still a major problem. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) is one of the most frequently used tools for pain assessment, although interpretation is difficult. The main objective of this study is to compare two types of pain evaluation scales: NRS versus (non) acceptable pain evaluation scale. The secondary aim is to analyze a 10% sample of patients indicating non acceptable pain more in‐depth.

Methods

To assess the pain evaluation scales, a prospective observational study, with a nested retrospective in‐depth exploration, was conducted. One‐year data of patients visiting the outpatient clinic of the oncology center of a university hospital were used. Besides the pain scores of all patients, a 10% sample of patients indicating non acceptable pain was analyzed more in‐depth.

Results

During 1 year, a total of 37,580 patients registered at the outpatient clinic, of whom approximately 10% indicated non acceptable pain. The mean NRS of patients indicating non acceptable pain was 6.5 (n = 2153). For patients indicating acceptable pain, the mean NRS was 1.6 (n = 21,010). Although the presence of pain recorded in the patient record increased substantially over the year, the percentage of reported interventions only slightly increased.

Conclusion

The (non) acceptable pain evaluation seems a valuable addition to the NRS for assessing pain among patients with cancer. As interpretation of the NRS appears to be difficult, using the (non) acceptable pain evaluation is recommended. Moreover, creating awareness among specialists to discuss pain has a positive effect on the amount of pain discussed during consultation.
Root angle in maize influences nitrogen capture and is regulated by calcineurin B‐like protein (CBL)‐interacting serine/threonine‐protein kinase 15 (ZmCIPK15)
Authors: Schneider Hannah M. , Lor Vai Sa Nee , Hanlon Meredith T. , Perkins Alden , Kaeppler Shawn M. , Borkar Aditi N. , Bhosale Rahul , Zhang Xia , Rodriguez Jonas , Bucksch Alexander , Bennett Malcolm J. , Brown Kathleen M. , Lynch Jonathan P.
Published: June 2021

Crops with reduced nutrient and water requirements are urgently needed in global agriculture. Root growth angle plays an important role in nutrient and water acquisition. A maize diversity panel of 481 genotypes was screened for variation in root angle employing a high‐throughput field phenotyping platform. Genome‐wide association mapping identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with root angle, including one located in the root expressed CBL‐interacting serine/threonine‐protein kinase 15 (ZmCIPK15) gene (LOC100285495). Reverse genetic studies validated the functional importance of ZmCIPK15, causing a approximately 10° change in root angle in specific nodal positions. A steeper root growth angle improved nitrogen capture in silico and in the field. OpenSimRoot simulations predicted at 40 days of growth that this change in angle would improve nitrogen uptake by 11% and plant biomass by 4% in low nitrogen conditions. In field studies under suboptimal N availability, the cipk15 mutant with steeper growth angles had 18% greater shoot biomass and 29% greater shoot nitrogen accumulation compared to the wild type after 70 days of growth. We propose that a steeper root growth angle modulated by ZmCIPK15 will facilitate efforts to develop new crop varieties with optimal root architecture for improved performance under edaphic stress.
Ectopic expression of Torenia fournieri TCP8 and TCP13 alters the leaf and petal phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zhang Ling , Zhou Limeng , Yung Wai‐Shing , Su Wenbing , Huang Mingkun
Published: June 2021

Teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors (TFs) are essential for regulating plant developmental processes, which is still largely unknown in Torenia fournieri (T. fournieri), a widely used horticultural flower. In this study, we used a de novo transcriptome assembly method to predict the TCP transcription factors in T. fournieri. In total, 15 out of 21 predicted T. fournieri TCPs (TfTCPs) were isolated and verified with Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these 15 TfTCPs could be classified into two major classes. Most of these TfTCPs were expressed in floral buds, flowers, or leaves, suggesting an important role in developmental regulation in these tissues. Moreover, TfTCP8 and TfTCP13, the homologues of the Arabidopsis thaliana TCP5‐like transcription factor, were able to bind to the conserved Class II TCP binding motifs and are localized to the nucleus, indicating that TfTCP8 and TfTCP13 act as transcriptional regulators. In agreement with the overexpression phenotype of AtTCP5, ectopic expression of TfTCP8 and TfTCP13 resulted in narrow leaves and the small petal phenotype in Arabidopsis, suggesting that these two TfTCPs potentially regulate leaf or flower shape in T. fournieri.
Efficiency of three boar sperm enrichment techniques
Authors: Basioura Athina , Tsousis Georgios , Boscos Constantin M. , Tsakmakidis Ioannis A.
Published: June 2021

The objective of the study was to investigate the efficiency of three enrichment methods to separate boar spermatozoa. Twenty‐four ejaculates from 12 boars (2 ejaculates/boar) were extended (30 × 106 spermatozoa/mL) in commercial Beltsville Thawing Solution. Each semen sample was processed with glass wool column (GW) and glass beads (GB) filtration and with the single‐layer centrifugation (SLC) technique. Semen samples before (control; C) and after treatment were evaluated for sperm CASA motility/kinetics and concentration, viability, morphology and chromatin integrity. Data were analysed with mixed models. The concentration of total and motile spermatozoa was significantly decreased after treatment in groups GW and SLC, but not in group GB. Group GW showed increased values of WOB compared with both groups C and GB. Group GB showed greater values of rapid movement spermatozoa and lower values of slow movement spermatozoa compared with group C. In group SLC, higher values of VSL, LIN and STR were observed compared with group C. In conclusion, all techniques under examination enhanced various CASA variables. Based on our results, the GB method is a promising alternative separation technique for boar sperm and deserves further research regarding swine in vitro fertilization.
Effects of range of motion on resistance training adaptations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pallarés Jesús G. , Hernández‐Belmonte Alejandro , Martínez‐Cava Alejandro , Vetrovsky Tomas , Steffl Michal , Courel‐Ibáñez Javier
Published: June 2021

Background

Nowadays, there is a lack of consensus and high controversy about the most effective range of motion (ROM) to minimize the risk of injury and maximize the resistance training adaptations.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the scientific evidence examining the effects of full and partial ROM resistance training interventions on neuromuscular, functional, and structural adaptations.

Methods

The original protocol (CRD42020160976) was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database. Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant articles from the earliest record up to and including March 2021. The RoB 2 and GRADE tools were used to judge the level of bias and quality of evidence. Meta‐analyses were performed using robust variance estimation with small‐sample corrections.

Results

Sixteen studies were finally included in the systematic review and meta‐analyses. Full ROM training produced significantly greater adaptations than partial ROM on muscle strength (ES = 0.56,p = 0.004) and lower‐limb hypertrophy (ES = 0.88,p = 0.027). Furthermore, although not statistically significant, changes in functional performance were maximized by the full ROM training (ES = 0.44,p = 0.186). Finally, no significant superiority of either ROM was found to produce changes in muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length (ES = 0.28,p = 0.226).

Conclusion

Full ROM resistance training is more effective than partial ROM to maximize muscle strength and lower‐limb muscle hypertrophy. Likewise, functional performance appears to be favored by the use of full ROM exercises. On the contrary, there are no large differences between the full and partial ROM interventions to generate changes in muscle architecture.
A classroom‐ready activity on educational disparities in the United States
Authors: Wilson Melody , Ross Andrew , Casey Stephanie
Published: June 2021

We present a classroom‐ready activity for high school or college students involving an investigation of a rich, multivariate data set concerning educational and demographic characteristics of K‐12 schools at the state level in the United States. The data set includes educational characteristics such as per‐pupil revenue and graduation rate along with demographic characteristics such as poverty rate and economic segregation. Analysis of the data set sparks conversations regarding educational disparities for students in the United States and could prompt curiosity about educational disparities in other locations as well.
Some teaching resources using R with illustrative examples exploring COVID‐19 data
Authors: Berg Arthur , Hawila Nour
Published: June 2021

This article is presented in two parts: in the first part we discuss the use of R and R‐related tools when implementing a data science curriculum in the classroom and direct readers to helpful R resources in education, and in the second part, we demonstrate the use of R in exploring COVID‐19 data. In particular, we explore ethnic/racial distributions and COVID‐19 death rates. Supplementary R markdown files are also included allowing all graphics to be easily reproduced. It is advised that this article be discussed with sensitivity and mindfulness to potentially vulnerable students, especially as there may be students who have lost relatives due to the COVID‐19 virus.
What to consider when we consider data
Authors: Rubin Andee
Published: June 2021

The data sets used in statistics education have changed over time, from mathematically “well‐behaved” ones that facilitated computation, to more context‐rich sources and now, with the increasing influence of data science practices, to “found” data, often from open data sites. As data sources change, it is important for educators to take a fresh look at the ways we engage students in thinking about the processes that generated the data they encounter. The use of already collected data requires particular attention because many of the decisions that went into the processes of obtaining the data are hidden. Students need to learn to ask “Who, When, How, Where, and Why?” data were collected and to wonder if the data really measure what needs to be measured. Our advocacy in this paper is to deepen the educational treatment of data production to better reflect the current and future practice of statistics and data science.
Why Keep Silent Online? Voices from Stay-at-home Postgraduate Students
Authors: Zhou Xiaofeng
Published: June 2021

Online classroom silence is an overlooked site of research irrespective of the growing popularity of online teaching in today’s education. Against this background, this study showcases why a group of postgraduate students keep silent in their online classes through classroom observation, stimulated recall interviews and in-depth interviews. Reasons found are classified into three categories: the peculiarity of online class, the uniqueness of postgraduate academic lesson, and other general reasons resembling the ones in the traditional classroom. In addition, these factors are found to be interconnected and sometimes exerting both positive and negative effects; unexpectedly, the factor of ‘losing face’, contrary to previous studies, is trivial in contributing to postgraduate students’ online-classroom silence.
Approaches to Indigenous health within interprofessional education: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Mathur Salina , Aydin Cara , Langlois Sylvia , Sangrar Ruheena
Published: June 2021

Objective:

This scoping review will explore the depth, breadth, and nature of existing literature on educational approaches to Indigenous health within interprofessional education learning activities, and provide a summary of available literature, identify gaps in the research, and recommend areas for further exploration.

Introduction:

Interprofessional education learning activities comprise sessions where health care learners work collaboratively to address and improve the health outcomes of a given population, such as health needs among Indigenous communities. A preliminary search for existing reviews was conducted across several databases. Published literature on Indigenous health within interprofessional education learning activities exists; however, there is no comprehensive review on this topic.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider literature on existing educational approaches to Indigenous health within interprofessional education learning activities, in particular the approaches used to teach cultural awareness, sensitivity, competency, safety, and/or humility. It will consider all forms of English-language evidence, including quantitative studies, qualitative studies, mixed-method studies, and gray literature. Participants include health care and social care professionals, educators, and students within interprofessional education learning activities.

Methods:

The JBI scoping review methodology will be used to guide our research. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, ProQuest ASSIA, Indigenous Studies Portal, and ERIC. We will also hand search reference lists and explore gray literature. Two reviewers will screen the search results and extract included studies using data extraction forms. The data will be presented in summary tables and a narrative summary.
Stress-Concentration Phenomena in Fatigue of Metals
Authors: Peterson R. E.
Published: June 2021

This paper consists of two parts: (I) General Considerations, which is a brief review of available data on the effect of holes, fillets, grooves, etc., on endurance strength; and (II) Some Observations Concerning Fatigue Fractures, wherein notes on crack propagation as related to stress-concentration phenomena are presented.
Bayesian Inference Calibration of Building Energy Models for Arid Weather
Authors: Hou Danlin , Hassan Ibrahim Galal , Wang Liangzhu (Leon)
Published: June 2021

The building sector accounts for nearly 40% of global energy consumption and plays a critical role in societal energy security and sustainability. A building energy model (BEM) simulates complex building physics and provides insights into various energy-saving measures’ performance. The analysis based on BEMs has become an essential approach to slowing down increasing building energy consumption. The reliability and accuracy of BEMs have a high impact on decision-making. However, how to calibrate a building energy model has remained a challenge. In this study, Bayesian inference was applied to the calibration of an office building model under the arid weather conditions of Doha, Qatar. The coefficient of variation with a root-mean-square error of calibration and validation are 1.1% and 1.5%, respectively, which is highly satisfied with the monthly calibration tolerance of 15% required by ASHRAE Guideline 14. Additionally, the calibrated parameter results are with probabilities and degrees of confidence, so they are more reasonable and comprehensive than traditional deterministic calibration methods. This study conducted a sensitivity analysis to select the model’s dominant parameters under hot/arid weather conditions. This study will be among the first studies of stochastic calibration based on Bayesian inference for building energy performances in arid weather.
Motivational Strategies Used by Exercise Professionals: A Latent Profile Analysis
Authors: Sánchez-Oliva David , Palmeira Antonio L. , Carraça Eliana V. , Teixeira Pedro J. , Markland David , Silva Marlene N.
Published: June 2021

Background: Using self-determination theory as a framework, the aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) identify different profiles of motivational strategies used by exercise professionals and (2) examine associations of these motivational profiles with work-related variables: measures, perceived job pressures, need satisfaction/frustration, and perceived exercisers’ motivation. Methods: Participants were 366 exercise professionals (193 males; experience = 7.7 [5.8] y) currently working in health and fitness settings. Results: Latent profile analysis identified a 3-profile model: (1) most need-supportive and least controlling (NS+; n = 225), (2) less need-supportive and slightly controlling (NS−; n = 42), and (3) most controlling and slightly need-supportive (mixed; n = 99). Professionals working less than 20 hours per week, more experienced, and female were more likely to integrate NS+, which was also associated with higher levels of work-related need satisfaction and clients’ perceived self-determination, and lower levels of job pressures and need-frustration. Conversely, NS− displayed the most maladaptive pattern of associations. Conclusions: The present findings highlight the importance of analyzing the correlates of different professional profiles, namely to help health and fitness organizations to provide high-quality motivational practices within an appropriate environment both for professionals and clients.
The Effects of a Science-Based Community Intervention on Health Outcomes in Minority Children: The Translational Health in Nutrition and Kinesiology Program
Authors: Perry Arlette C. , Flanagan Emily W. , Velasquez Carolina , Bolon Kara D. , Zito Gina C. , Ahn Soyeon
Published: June 2021

Background: This study evaluated the effects of a novel nutrition and movement science after-school program integrating laboratory experiences for minority children. Laboratory experiences demonstrated how the body moves, functions, and performs in response to exercise and healthy nutrition. Methods: A total of 76 children from 4 after-school programs that were primarily Latino and black were randomly assigned to either an experimental translational health in nutrition and kinesiology (THINK; n = 46) or standard curriculum that served as the control group (CON; n = 30). An analysis of covariance controlling for baseline values was used to compare differences between THINK and CON after the 4-month intervention. Results: Following the program, THINK participants evidenced lower triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (P < .01 and <.05, respectively). THINK students showed greater improvements in aerobic fitness, grip strength, and agility than CON (P < .01, <.01, and <.05, respectively). Participants in THINK also demonstrated higher scores on their nutrition habits/behaviors questionnaire (P < .01), nutrition science (P < .05), and exercise fitness tests (P < .001) than CON. Conclusion: An innovative curriculum featuring nutrition and kinesiology education interfaced with hands-on laboratory experiences and physical activities can improve physical outcomes and health-related behaviors in after-school programs serving minority children.
Tackling light trapping in organic light-emitting diodes by complete elimination of waveguide modes
Authors: Jeong Changyeong , Park Yong-Bum , Guo L. Jay
Published: June 2021

Efficiency improvement of organic light-emitting diodes was achieve by complete elimination of waveguide modes.
Advertisers could come for your dreams, researchers warn
Authors: Moutinho Sofia
Published: June 2021

Inserting ads into dreams may one day be feasible.
A change in the air
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: June 2021

Atmospheric science is overwhelmingly white. These Black scientists ignited a change.
Discovery of a Cooper-pair density wave state in a transition-metal dichalcogenide
Authors: Liu Xiaolong , Chong Yi Xue , Sharma Rahul , Davis J. C. Séamus
Published: June 2021

Imaging an exotic state

Among the most intriguing of the many phases of cuprate superconductors is the so-called pair density wave (PDW) state. PDW is characterized by a spatially modulated density of Cooper pairs and can be detected with a scanning tunneling microscope equipped with a superconducting tip. Liu
et al.
used Josephson tunneling microscopy, modified for the task, to detect PDW in niobium diselenide, a superconductor with a layered hexagonal structure. The PDW state is expected to appear in other transition metal dichalcogenides as well.

Science
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Ubiquitination of G3BP1 mediates stress granule disassembly in a context-specific manner
Authors: Gwon Youngdae , Maxwell Brian A. , Kolaitis Regina-Maria , Zhang Peipei , Kim Hong Joo , Taylor J. Paul
Published: June 2021

Tailoring stress responses

When faced with environmental stress, cells respond by shutting down cellular processes such as translation and nucleocytoplasmic transport. At the same time, cells preserve cytoplasmic messenger RNAs in structures known as stress granules, and many cellular proteins are modified by the covalent addition of ubiquitin, which has long been presumed to reflect degradation of stress-damaged proteins (see the Perspective by Dormann). Maxwell
et al.
show that cells generate distinct patterns of ubiquitination in response to different stressors. Rather than reflecting the degradation of stress-damaged proteins, this ubiquitination primes cells to dismantle stress granules and reinitiate normal cellular activities once the stress is removed. Gwon
et al.
show that persistent stress granules are degraded by autophagy, whereas short-lived granules undergo a process of disassembly that is autophagy independent. The mechanism of this disassembly depends on the initiating stress.

Science
, abc3593 and abf6548, this issue p.
eabc3593
and p.
eabf6548
; see also abj2400, p.
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Cultivating discerning citizens
Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It
Gale M. Sinatra and Barbara K. Hofer
Oxford University Press, 2021. 208 pp.
Authors: Casner Stephen M.
Published: June 2021

A pair of psychologists confront the obstacles that threaten to undermine scientific literacy
Envisioning the emotive mind
Projections: A Story of Human Emotions
Karl Deisseroth
Random House, 2021. 256 pp.
Authors: Casper Stephen T.
Published: June 2021

A neuroscientist recounts a career spent searching for insight into our psychic struggles
A New Mass Burial of Cave Bears (Carnivora, Ursidae, Ursus kanivetz, Vereshchagin, 1973) from the Middle Urals
Authors: Kosintsev P. A. , Gimranov D. O. , Lavrov I. A. , Kisagulov A. V.
Published: June 2021

Remains of a cave bear were studied from a new locality in the Prokoshev Cave in the Middle Urals (58°13´ N, 58°12´ E). Bones from all regions of the skeleton are present, bones are intact and without traces of human or animal activity. They all belong to the cave bear (Ursus kanivetz Vereshchagin, 1973). An AMS radiocarbon date of 53 375 ± 765 BP, IGANAMS–8632, was obtained from an adult mandible. The bones belonged to at least 18 individuals, including 4 individuals aged about one year, 1 aged about two years, 1 aged about three years, and 12 individuals over four years of age. Three skulls belonged to males and seven skulls belonged to females. The analysis has shown that the taphonomic type of this locality is a “mass burial.” This is the first “mass burial” of the cave bear in the Urals, found in situ, untouched by humans.
Morphological Variability of Nitraria Species in Central and Southern Kazakhstan
Authors: Banaev E. V. , Tomoshevich M. A. , Ak-Lama T. A.
Published: June 2021

The variability of metric traits has been studied in 20 Kazakhstan populations of three Nitraria species (N. schoberi L., N. sibirica Pall., and N. komarovii Iljin & Lava ex Bobrov). According to the results, N. sibirica differs from N. schoberi and N. komarovii in small leaves, fruits, and seeds, as well as in the structural features of inflorescences and flowers. N. sibirica is characterized by a greater number of flowers per inflorescence (25–66 on average) than N. schoberi and N. komarovii (14–28 on average). Additionally, N. sibirica differs from N. schoberi by narrower (1.3×) petals and smaller anthers (1.46× in length and 1.2× in width) and pistils (1.25× in length and 1.44× in width). N. komarovii differs from N. schoberi by narrower leaves (1.7×). N. komarovii is characterized by relatively large (especially in width) size of anthers that, together with smaller petals, makes it possible to distinguish this species during flowering. Flowers of N. komarovii are bright yellow, while those in N. schoberi and N. sibirica are white and light purple, respectively. N. komarovii fruits are orange, pale red, or bright red. Fruits of N. schoberi and N. sibirica are dark burgundy and black, respectively. At the intraspecific level, most of the studied metric traits (except for the habitus of N. sibirica plants) are stable and do not depend on the 16 climatic parameters of plant habitats. At the same time, a number of morphological features have been revealed in N. sibirica plants from the Ili Depression. In these populations, N. sibirica plants form shrubs up to 1.8 m in height with a large (up to 90) number of flowers per inflorescence, large petals (3.5 mm in length and 2.2 mm in width on average), small (~0.6 mm) anthers, small (5–5.5 mm in length) fruits, and small (~4 mm in length) narrow ovate stones. These features indicate the ecological–geographical differentiation of N. sibirica under the extra-arid conditions of the stony desert of the depression and evidence a separate taxonomic rank of these populations.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome: considerations for the cardiologist
Authors: Bondue Antoine , Carpentier Caroline , Roufosse Florence
Published: June 2021

Eosinophil-mediated endomyocardial damage is a well-known complication in patients with hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES). Although management and survival have improved significantly, some patients continue to develop severe cardiomyopathy as a direct consequence of uncontrolled hypereosinophilia. Cardiologists play a key role in early detection and treatment. At the early generally asymptomatic stage, related to subendocardial eosinophilic infiltrates, elevation of the biomarker of cardiac damage (serum troponin) and cardiac MRI are the best tools for diagnosis. As disease progresses, patients typically develop intracardiac mural thrombi and may experience variable degrees of heart failure due to valve damage and/or subendocardial fibrosis, all of which are more readily detectable with traditional echocardiographic investigation. New imaging modalities such as strain imaging and specific sequences in MRI offer the perspective of detecting subtle perturbations and distinguishing inflammatory versus fibrotic stages. Endomyocardial biopsy may help in difficult settings, namely, when blood eosinophilia is not prominent, but may be non-contributive due to sampling issues or eosinophil degranulation or replacement by fibrosis, and must always be performed after careful consideration of the risk:benefit ratio. Although treatment of the HES itself should be managed by clinicians with expertise in this rare disorder with the aim of lowering eosinophil counts to prevent and treat eosinophil-mediated organ damage and dysfunction, cardiologists play a key role in managing the associated cardiopathy. There are no consensual disease-specific guidelines for treating eosinophil-mediated thrombotic complications and cardiopathy, which should be managed according to classical international recommendations.
Development and validation of a predictive algorithm for risk of dementia in the community setting
Authors: Fisher Stacey , Manuel Douglas G , Hsu Amy T , Bennett Carol , Tuna Meltem , Bader Eddeen Anan , Sequeira Yulric , Jessri Mahsa , Taljaard Monica , Anderson Geoffrey M , Tanuseputro Peter
Published: June 2021

Background

Most dementia algorithms are unsuitable for population-level assessment and planning as they are designed for use in the clinical setting. A predictive risk algorithm to estimate 5-year dementia risk in the community setting was developed.

Methods

The Dementia Population Risk Tool (DemPoRT) was derived using Ontario respondents to the Canadian Community Health Survey (survey years 2001 to 2012). Five-year incidence of physician-diagnosed dementia was ascertained by individual linkage to administrative healthcare databases and using a validated case ascertainment definition with follow-up to March 2017. Sex-specific proportional hazards regression models considering competing risk of death were developed using self-reported risk factors including information on socio-demographic characteristics, general and chronic health conditions, health behaviours and physical function.

Results

Among 75 460 respondents included in the combined derivation and validation cohorts, there were 8448 cases of incident dementia in 348 677 person-years of follow-up (5-year cumulative incidence, men: 0.044, 95% CI: 0.042 to 0.047; women: 0.057, 95% CI: 0.055 to 0.060). The final full models each include 90 df (65 main effects and 25 interactions) and 28 predictors (8 continuous). The DemPoRT algorithm is discriminating (C-statistic in validation data: men 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81 to 0.85); women 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81 to 0.85)) and well-calibrated in a wide range of subgroups including behavioural risk exposure categories, socio-demographic groups and by diabetes and hypertension status.

Conclusions

This algorithm will support the development and evaluation of population-level dementia prevention strategies, support decision-making for population health and can be used by individuals or their clinicians for individual risk assessment.
Combination of radiation therapy, bempegaldesleukin, and checkpoint blockade eradicates advanced solid tumors and metastases in mice
Authors: Pieper Alexander A , Rakhmilevich Alexander L , Spiegelman Daniel V , Patel Ravi B , Birstler Jen , Jin Won Jong , Carlson Peter M , Charych Deborah H , Hank Jacquelyn A , Erbe Amy K , Overwijk Willem W , Morris Zachary S , Sondel Paul M
Published: June 2021

Background

Current clinical trials are using radiation therapy (RT) to enhance an antitumor response elicited by high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 therapy or immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Bempegaldesleukin (BEMPEG) is an investigational CD122-preferential IL-2 pathway agonist with prolonged in vivo half-life and preferential intratumoral expansion of T effector cells over T regulatory cells. BEMPEG has shown encouraging safety and efficacy in clinical trials when used in combination with PD-1 checkpoint blockade. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect of local RT combined with BEMPEG in multiple immunologically ‘cold’ tumor models. Additionally, we asked if ICB could further enhance the local and distant antitumor effect of RT+BEMPEG in the setting of advanced solid tumors or metastatic disease.

Methods

Mice bearing flank tumors (B78 melanoma, 4T1 breast cancer, or MOC2 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) were treated with combinations of RT and immunotherapy (including BEMPEG, high-dose IL-2, anti(α)-CTLA-4, and α-PD-L1). Mice bearing B78 flank tumors were injected intravenously with B16 melanoma cells to mimic metastatic disease and were subsequently treated with RT and/or immunotherapy. Tumor growth and survival were monitored. Peripheral T cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were assessed via flow cytometry.

Results

A cooperative antitumor effect was observed in all models when RT was combined with BEMPEG, and RT increased IL-2 receptor expression on peripheral T cells. This cooperative interaction was associated with increased IL-2 receptor expression on peripheral T cells following RT. In the B78 melanoma model, RT+BEMPEG resulted in complete tumor regression in the majority of mice with a single ~400 mm3tumor. This antitumor response was T-cell dependent and supported by long-lasting immune memory. Adding ICB to RT+BEMPEG strengthened the antitumor response and cured the majority of mice with a single ~1000 mm3B78 tumor. In models with disseminated metastasis (B78 primary with B16 metastasis, 4T1, and MOC2), the triple combination of RT, BEMPEG, and ICB significantly improved primary tumor response and survival.

Conclusion

The combination of local RT, BEMPEG, and ICB cured mice with advanced, immunologically cold tumors and distant metastasis in a T cell-dependent manner, suggesting this triple combination warrants clinical testing.
An adapted Weibull function for agricultural applications
Authors: Reynolds W. Daniel , Drury Craig F. , Phillips Lori A. , Yang Xueming , Agomoh Ikechukwu V.
Published: June 2021

The Weibull function is applied extensively in the life sciences and engineering but underused in agriculture. The function was consequently adapted to include parameters and metrics that increase its utility for characterizing agricultural processes. The parameters included initial and final dependent variables (Y0 and YF, respectively), initial independent variable (x0), a scale constant (k), and a shape constant (c). The primary metrics included mode, integral average, domain, skewness, and kurtosis. Nested within the Weibull function are the Mitscherlich and Rayleigh functions where c is fixed at 1 and 2, respectively. At least one of the three models provided an excellent fit to six example agricultural datasets, as evidenced by large adjusted coefficient of determination (RA2 ≥ 0.9266), small normalized mean bias error (MBEN ≤ 1.49%), and small normalized standard error of regression (SERN ≤ 8.08%). The Mitscherlich function provided the most probable (PX) representation of corn (Zea mays L.) yield (PM = 87.2%); Rayleigh was most probable for soil organic carbon depth profile (PR = 96.4%); and Weibull was most probable for corn seedling emergence (PW = 100%), nitrous oxide emissions (PW = 100%), nitrogen mineralization (PW = 58.4%), and soil water desorption (PW = 100%). The Weibull fit to the desorption data was also equivalent to those of the well-established van Genuchten and Groenevelt–Grant desorption models. It was concluded that the adapted Weibull function has good potential for widespread and informative application to agricultural data and processes.