bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A critical biocultural approach to early growth in the United States
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2022

Objectives

A critical biocultural anthropology seeks to link perspectives from social theory and ethnography to human biology. In the United States (U.S.), multiple forms of structural inequalities affect early growth, including racism and poverty. The goal of this paper is to test the effects of social inequalities on birth weight and later height in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES), and to contextualize potential pathways of embodiment that link social structure and biology.

Methods

This study used data from 8392 children ages 0–5 years from the 2005 to 2016 NHANES. Reported birth weight and measured length/height (converted to height‐for‐age z‐scores) were used as outcome variables, while various measures of socioeconomic status and the NHANES‐defined race and ethnicity categories were operationalized as social variables. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was chosen to represent the data.

Results

The final model represented an excellent fit to the data. Higher birth weights were associated with higher height‐for‐age z‐scores. The Black racial category was associated with lower birth weight and higher height‐for‐age z‐score, while the “Other” racial category was also associated with lower birth weight. The socioeconomic status factor variable was significantly associated with birth weight and height‐for‐age z‐scores. There were also multiple indirect effects of social variables on height‐for‐age z‐scores mediated via their effects on birth weight.

Conclusions

Inequalities in race and socioeconomic status persist in birth weight and early childhood stature in the U.S. These findings can be contextualized by a critical biocultural anthropology that integrates lived experiences and pathways of embodiment.
Further delineation of SET‐related intellectual disability syndrome
Authors: Shono Kenta , Enomoto Yumi , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Kumaki Tatsuro , Masuno Mitsuo , Kurosawa Kenji
Published: February 2022

A loss‐of‐function mutation of SET causes nonsyndromic intellectual disability, often associated with mild facial dysmorphic features, including plagiocephaly, facial asymmetry, broad and high forehead, a wide mouth, and a prominent mandible. We report a male individual with a 2.0 Mb deletion within 9q34.11, involving SET and SPTAN1, but not STXBP1. Among the genes with a high probability of being loss‐of‐function intolerant in the deletion interval, only SPTAN1 and SET had haploinsufficiency score (%HI) <10, indicating a high likelihood of haploinsufficiency. Pathogenic variants in SPTAN1 are responsible for early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy by exerting a dominant‐negative effect. However, whether haploinsufficiency of SPTAN1 alone also causes the severe phenotype remained unknown. SET is a regulator of cell differentiation in early human development and a component of the inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases complex. Therefore, combining the previously reported patients, our patient delineated the phenotypic spectrum of SET‐related nonsyndromic intellectual disability with mild facial dysmorphism.
Iterative Synthesis of 2‐Deoxyoligosaccharides Enabled by Stereoselective Visible‐Light‐Promoted Glycosylation
Authors: Liu Kai‐Meng , Wang Peng‐Yu , Guo Zhen‐Yan , Xiong De‐Cai , Qin Xian‐Jin , Liu Miao , Liu Meng , Xue Wan‐Ying , Ye Xin‐Shan
Published: February 2022

The photoinitiated intramolecular hydroetherification of alkenols has been used to form C−O bonds, but the intermolecular hydroetherification of alkenes with alcohols remains an unsolved challenge. We herein report the visible‐light‐promoted 2‐deoxyglycosylation of alcohols with glycals. The glycosylation reaction was completed within 2 min in a high quantum yield (ϕ=28.6). This method was suitable for a wide array of substrates and displayed good reaction yields and excellent stereoselectivity. The value of this protocol was further demonstrated by the iterative synthesis of 2‐deoxyglycans with α‐2‐deoxyglycosidic linkages up to a 20‐mer in length and digoxin with β‐2‐deoxyglycosidic linkages. Mechanistic studies indicated that this reaction involved a glycosyl radical cation intermediate and a photoinitiated chain process.
Crystalline Neutral Diboron Analogues of Cyclopropanes
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Xin , Han Jixing , Li Qianli , Wei Rui , Ruiz David A. , Liu Liu Leo , Tung Chen‐Ho , Kong Lingbing
Published: February 2022

Although Schleyer's computations in 1979 predicted that the ground state of the parent diborirane features a planar‐tetracoordinate carbon atom (anti van't Hoff–Le Bel geometry), this work demonstrates that substitution of C coupled with N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) coordination provides access to isolable diborirane derivatives 3 and 4 with van't Hoff–Le Bel geometry. Species 3 and 4 are isoelectronic with cyclopropane and the highly strained B2C rings feature 2c–2e bent σ bonds. Consequently, the B−B and B−C bonds in 3 are cleaved in the presence of hydride, proton, and chalcogens. The former two reactions gave NHC‐coordinated fluorenyldihydridoborane 5 and dichlorofluorenylborane 6, respectively, whereas the latter transformations afforded novel thiaborirane 8 and selenaborirane 9. In addition, transfer hydrogenation of 3 with ammonia borane (H3N⋅BH3) led to the formation of (μ‐hydrido)diborane 7 via selective cleavage of the B−B bond. These reactivities show potential for their future application in organic synthesis.
Chemoselective Transamidation of Thioamides by Transition‐Metal‐Free N−C(S) Transacylation
Authors: Li Guangchen , Xing Yangyang , Zhao Hui , Zhang Jin , Hong Xin , Szostak Michal
Published: February 2022

Thioamides represent highly valuable isosteric in the strictest sense “single‐atom substitution” analogues of amides that have found broad applications in chemistry and biology. A long‐standing challenge is the direct transamidation of thioamides, a process which would convert one thioamide bond (R−C(S)−NR1R2) into another (R−C(S)−NR3N4). Herein, we report the first general method for the direct transamidation of thioamides by highly chemoselective N−C(S) transacylation. The method relies on site‐selective N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl activation of 2° and 1° thioamides, resulting in ground‐state‐destabilization of thioamides, thus enabling to rationally manipulate nucleophilic addition to the thioamide bond. This method showcases a remarkably broad scope including late‐stage functionalization (>100 examples). We further present extensive DFT studies that provide insight into the chemoselectivity and provide guidelines for the development of transamidation methods of the thioamide bond.
Novel Nano Copper Complexes of a New Schiff Base: Green Synthesis, a New Series of Solid Cr(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Pd(II) and Cd(II) Chelates, Characterization, DFT, DNA, Antitumor and Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Hosny Shimaa , Gouda Gamal A. , Abu‐El‐Wafa Samy M.
Published: February 2022

A new series of solid Cr(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Pd(II), and Cd(II) chelates of the 1‐((E)‐(2‐mercaptophenylimino)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ol (H2L) Schiff base ligand were synthеsized and chаracterized by diffеrent аnalytical and spectroscopic tеchniques. The results revealed the geometry around central metal ion to be tetrahedral for Cr2L2, Co2L2, Cu2L2, and Cd2L2 complexes and square planar geometry around Pd2L2 complex. 3D modeling of the ligand and its metal complexes was obtained using DFT/B3LYP method with LANL2DZ basis set. Also quantum‐mechanical properties like molecular orbitals and molecular energies were calculated. The Cu nano complexes were prepared in different media Spinacia oleracea (SO), Corchorus olitorius (CO), Coriandrum sativum (CS), Eruca sativa (ES), and Anethum graveolens (AG) extract in EtOH. The particle size of the nano coordination Cu complexes depends on the high concentration of reducing agent present in the green leaf extract. The nature of the newly nano sizеd Cu complexes prepared in different media as crystalline or amorphous and particles size was determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD); scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Cu nano complexes are characterized by spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques before heating and after heating upon 200°C. The Cu nano complexes were showed an antitumor activity towards hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG‐2). The antitumor data revealed that the Cu nano complex prepared in CS/EtOH (IC50 ~ 4.9 μg ml−1) has antitumor activity nearly to the activity of cis‐platin (IC50 ~ 1.143 μg ml−1). The DNA cleavage study showed that the ability for the screened Cu nano complex prepared in CS/EtOH to cleavage DNA. Therefore, it may be used as antitumor drugs in vivo to prevent the DNA replication in the tumor cells and to suppress the cancer for further increasing. Docking studies of the ligand and its Cu(II) complex showed good binding energy score ranging from (−4.73 to −5.98 kcal mol−1).
Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a novel magnetically recyclable triazine‐based Cu–NNN–pincer complex
Authors: Ahmed Karzan Mahmood , Amani Kamal
Published: February 2022

A new heterogeneous catalytic system containing triazine‐based copper(II) tridentate–NNN–pincer complex, covalently anchored to the amine‐functionalized silica‐coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, Fe3O4@SiO2–NH–CCl–AT–Cu(II), was synthesized. Its structure was studied through the standard methods of FT‐IR, NMR, EDX, TGA, FE‐SEM, MAP images, XRD, ICP, and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm analysis and utilized for the production of propargylamines by one‐pot A3 coupling of phenylacetylene, aldehydes, and secondary amines, attaining TOF values of up to 40,000 h−1. The impact of various solvents, reaction time, temperature, catalyst amount, and recyclability of the catalyst were studied to optimize reaction conditions. The catalyst was re‐examined five times, and no noteworthy reduction in activity was observed.
Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO2 useful for polyurethanes
Authors: Cortés Natalia , Echeverri David A. , Gomez Jhonny F. , Rios Luis A.
Published: February 2022

A new bifunctional biobased molecule, the carbonated methyl ester of ricinoleic acid maleate (CME‐RAM), useful for polyurethanes, was obtained from castor oil and CO2. This molecule bears carbonate and maleate functionalities that can participate, respectively, in aza‐Michael and aminolysis reactions. Maleate moieties are strong Michael acceptors and they were introduced into the fatty molecule using mild conditions. The synthetic steps include maleinization of castor oil followed by the simultaneous esterification and transesterification at 60°C. The subsequent stages were the epoxidation with acidic resins and the carbonation with CO2. The best results for epoxidation were obtained using Amberlite IR‐120 as catalyst at 48°C (84% conversion of double bonds). The carbonation of the oxirane ring with CO2 at 130°C, 6 MPa CO2 and 6 h reaction afforded 98% conversion of epoxides. It was demonstrated that aza‐Michael reaction of maleate groups was faster than aminolysis of carbonate groups, using hexylamine as a model molecule. CME‐RAM was oligomerized with ethylenediamine and used in the formulation of a conventional rigid polyurethane. Petrochemical polyol and isocyanate can be partially replaced by this bio‐based oligomer, producing a rigid material with a high percentage of green component and good mechanical properties.
Orientational uniaxial stretching of proton conducting perfluorinated membranes
Authors: Primachenko Oleg N. , Kulvelis Yuri V. , Marinenko Elena A. , Gofman Iosif V. , Lebedev Vasily T. , Kononova Svetlana V. , Kuklin Alexander I. , Ivankov Oleksandr I. , Soloviov Dmytro V. , Chenneviere Alexis
Published: February 2022

The Aquivion®‐type perfluorinated proton conducting membranes were studied subjected to a specially developed technique of uniaxial orientational stretching. Membranes were prepared from copolymer produced by aqueous‐emulsion copolymerization and by pressing the melt copolymer precursor or by casting a solution of copolymer in sulfonyl alkaline form in dimethylformamide. The possibilities of the regulation of electrochemical and physical–chemical properties of Aquivion®‐type membranes using the method of orientational stretching are demonstrated. Proton conductivity rises in the stretching direction due to the straightening of the pathways for protons in membranes found by small‐angle neutron scattering technique.
Temporomandibular joint shape in anthropoid primates varies widely and is patterned by size and phylogeny
Authors: Terhune Claire E. , Mitchell D. Rex , Cooke Siobhán B. , Kirchhoff Claire A. , Massey Jason S.
Published: February 2022

The temporomandibular joint is the direct interface between the mandible and the cranium and is critical for transmitting joint reaction forces and determining mandibular range of motion. As a consequence, understanding variation in the morphology of this joint and how it relates to other aspects of craniofacial form is important for better understanding masticatory function. Here, we present a detailed three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis of the cranial component of this joint, the glenoid fossa, across a sample of 17 anthropoid primates, and we evaluate covariation between the glenoid and the cranium and mandible. We find high levels of intraspecific variation in glenoid shape that is likely linked to sexual dimorphism and joint remodeling, and we identify differences in mean glenoid shape across taxonomic groups and in relation to size. Analyses of covariation reveal strong relationships between glenoid shape and a variety of aspects of cranial and mandibular form. Our findings suggest that intraspecific variation in glenoid shape in primates could further be reflective of high levels of functional flexibility in the masticatory apparatus, as has also been suggested for primate jaw kinematics and muscle activation patterns. Conversely, interspecific differences likely reflect larger scale differences between species in body size and/or masticatory function. Results of the covariation analyses dovetail with those examining covariation in the cranium of canids and may be indicative of larger patterns across mammals.
Integrative data reuse at scientifically significant sites: Case studies at Yellowstone National Park and the La Brea Tar Pits
Authors: Thomer Andrea K.
Published: February 2022

Scientifically significant sites are the source of, and long‐term repository for, considerable amounts of data—particularly in the natural sciences. However, the unique data practices of the researchers and resource managers at these sites have been relatively understudied. Through case studies of two scientifically significant sites (the hot springs at Yellowstone National Park and the fossil deposits at the La Brea Tar Pits), I developed rich descriptions of site‐based research and data curation, and high‐level data models of information classes needed to support integrative data reuse. Each framework treats the geospatial site and its changing natural characteristics as a distinct class of information; more commonly considered information classes such as observational and sampling data, and project metadata, are defined in relation to the site itself. This work contributes (a) case studies of the values and data needs for researchers and resource managers at scientifically significant sites, (b) an information framework to support integrative reuse at these sites, and (c) a discussion of data practices at scientifically significant sites.
Help them pass a stormy road: A preliminary study of emotional memory management training on executive functions and difficulties in emotional regulation in adolescents
Authors: Hoseini Faride Sadat , Alimoradi Khadije , Jamshidi Fateme
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to assess the effect of an emotional memory management programme on executive functions and difficulties in emotional regulation in adolescents. A semi‐experimental (pretest–post‐test design with a control group) research design was used in this study. The population of this study consisted of all adolescent boys in Bushehr, southern Iran, who were studying during 2015. Initially, the eighth grade was randomly selected using the availability sampling method and considering the sample homogeneity principle. Two classes were then randomly allocated to experimental (n = 17) and control (n = 17) groups. Data were collected using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Stroop test, the Wisconsin card sorting test and the continuous performance test. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. The results showed that our preliminary study was influential on the different domains of difficulties in emotional regulation (impulse control difficulties, non‐acceptance of emotional responses and lack of emotional clarity), cognitive flexibility, cognitive inhibition and cognitive impulsivity. This preliminary study showed reduced difficulty in emotional regulation and improved adolescents' cognitive flexibility, inhibition and impulsivity.
Factors affecting frequency of child maltreatment in South Korea
Authors: Park Jisun , Cho Joon Tag
Published: February 2022

A substantial proportion of children suffer multiple episodes of maltreatment over a prolonged period. The cumulative risk of maltreatment is critical to understanding both the nature and effects of victimisation. However, limited studies have investigated the frequency of child maltreatment and the factors influencing its recurrence. This study explored detailed characteristics of non‐sexual child maltreatment in South Korea and determined the factors predicting multiple incidents of child maltreatment using data from investigation and trial records of child maltreatment‐related cases from 2010 to 2015. Based on 440 such cases, the authors examined the characteristics of victims and perpetrators and the features of maltreatment employing the ordered logit model analysis. Child maltreatment was more frequent among children living with the perpetrator and those living with stepparents. The higher the age of the victim, the more frequent the maltreatment. Child maltreatment was also more frequent when the offender was a female. Among the types of maltreatment, emotional abuse and neglect were the most frequent forms of child maltreatment. By identifying various factors influencing the frequency of child maltreatment, the findings can contribute towards protecting children from ongoing maltreatment.

Key Practitioner Messages

Practitioners need to understand where and how child maltreatment is occurring, so that they may introduce effective interventions.

The frequency of child maltreatment rose significantly when the victims lived with a stepparent and when the case involved emotional abuse and neglect.

It is imperative to prevent damage to children from ongoing emotional abuse and neglect, especially since it is mostly overlooked compared to physical abuse.
Isolated bilateral clavicular fracture: A case report
Authors: Mishra Aman , Acharya Kshitiz , Timilsina Aakarshan , Thapa Sital , Timilsina Krishna , Bhandari Prawesh Singh , Uprety Suresh
Published: February 2022

Bilateral clavicle fractures are uncommon and are mostly associated with polytrauma. The presence of concurrent serious injuries diverts the doctor's attention and causes the clavicular injury to be overlooked. Our report presents a 39‐year‐old male patient with bilateral clavicle fracture whom we managed surgically by open reduction and internal fixation.
Cost‐effectiveness of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine plus nab‐paclitaxel in borderline resectable/locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients
Authors: Ingram Myles A. , Lauren Brianna N. , Pumpalova Yoanna , Park Jiheum , Lim Francesca , Bates Susan E. , Kastrinos Fay , Manji Gulam A. , Kong Chung Yin , Hur Chin
Published: February 2022

Background

The 2020 National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX or neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus nab‐paclitaxel (G‐nP) for borderline resectable/locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (BR/LA PDAC).

Aim

The purpose of our study was to compare treatment outcomes, toxicity profiles, costs, and quality‐of‐life measures between these two treatments to further inform clinical decision‐making.

Methods and Results

We developed a decision‐analytic mathematical model to compare the total cost and health outcomes of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX against G‐nP over 12 years. The model inputs were estimated using clinical trial data and published literature. The primary endpoint was incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) with a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100 000 per quality‐adjusted‐life‐year (QALY). Secondary endpoints included overall (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS), total cost of care, QALYs, PDAC resection rate, and monthly treatment‐related adverse events (TRAE) costs (USD). FOLFIRINOX was the cost‐effective strategy, with an ICER of $60856.47 per QALY when compared to G‐nP. G‐nP had an ICER of $44639.71 per QALY when compared to natural history. For clinical outcomes, more patients underwent an “R0” resection with FOLFIRINOX compared to G‐nP (84.9 vs. 81.0%), but FOLFIRINOX had higher TRAE costs than G‐nP ($10905.19 vs. $4894.11). A one‐way sensitivity analysis found that the ICER of FOLFIRINOX exceeded the threshold when TRAE costs were higher or PDAC recurrence rates were lower.

Conclusion

Our modeling analysis suggests that FOLFIRNOX is the cost‐effective treatment compared to G‐nP for BR/LA PDAC despite having a higher cost of total care due to TRAE costs. Trial data with sufficient follow‐up are needed to confirm our findings.
In‐Situ Growth of Mn3O4 Nanoparticles on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Dots‐Derived Carbon Skeleton as Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Song Tian‐Bing , Huang Zun‐Hui , Niu Xiao‐Qing , Zhang Xi‐Rong , Wei Ji‐Shi , Xiong Huan‐Ming
Published: February 2022

Mn3O4 is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) which is a new type of low cost, eco‐friendly, high security energy storage system, while those previously reported electrochemical capacities of Mn3O4 are far from its theoretical value. In this work, Mn3O4 nanoparticles and nitrogen‐doped carbon dots (NCDs) are synthesized together through an in‐situ hydrothermal route, and then calcined to be a nanocomposite in which Mn3O4 nanoparticles are anchored on a nitrogen‐doped carbon skeleton (designated as Mn3O4/NCDs). Although the carbon content is only 3.9 wt.% in the Mn3O4/NCDs, the NCDs‐derived carbon skeleton provides an electrically conductive network and a stable structure. Such a special nanocomposite has a large specific surface area, plenty of active sites, excellent hydrophilicity and good electronic conductivity. Owing to these structural merits, the Mn3O4/NCDs electrode exhibits a preeminent specific capacity of 443.6 mAh g−1 and 123.3 mAh g−1 at current densities of 0.1 and 1.5 A g−1 in ZIBs, respectively, which are far beyond the bare Mn3O4 nanoparticles synthesized under the similar condition. The electrochemical measurement results prove that carbon dots, as a new type of carbon nanomaterials, have strong ability to modify and improve the performance of existing electrode materials, which may push these electrode materials forward to practical applications.
Boost converter load estimation by a sliding mode approach
Authors: Corradini Maria Letizia , Ippoliti Gianluca , Orlando Giuseppe
Published: February 2022

The control system for a boost converter with load uncertainties has been considered. A discontinuous boost converter model is considered taking into account also the inductor parasitic resistance and the diode threshold voltage. Exploiting the dynamics, internal and external, of the converter, a sliding mode regulator of the voltage has been designed by a change of coordinates. The load has been estimated by a sliding mode observer. The proposed solution has been numerically tested using a powerful software simulation platform.
Criteria for follow‐up of thyroid nodules diagnosed as follicular neoplasm without molecular testing – The experience of a high‐volume thyroid centre in Japan
Authors: Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Suzuki Ayana , Kawakami Makoto , Kudo Takumi , Miyauchi Akira
Published: February 2022

Background

Clinical management of follicular neoplasms (FNs) using molecular testing of thyroid‐aspirated materials is not routinely performed in Japan. This article aims to identify low‐risk FN nodules that can be followed up without molecular testing.

Methods

The relationship between preoperative findings, factors influencing surgical decision, and the risk of malignancy (ROM) was examined in 356 thyroid nodules with cytological diagnosis of FN at Kuma Hospital from January to December 2020.

Results

ROMs of FN with cytology results favouring malignancy (41.2%) were significantly higher than those favouring benign (7.7%) or borderline (8.2%) (p < .001). Moreover, ROMs of FN with ultrasonography results of high suspicion (54.5%) were significantly higher than those with low (4.5%) or intermediate suspicion (0%) (p < .0001). There was a large difference in overall ROM in tumours bordering 30 mm in size (<30 mm; 3.6%, ≥30 mm; 20.0%). ROMs of FNs with a tumour volume doubling rate (TVDR) of 1.0/year or more (28.6%) were higher than those of FNs with a lower TVDR (9.9%) (p < .05). The ROMs of FNs with or without one or more of the following four findings suggestive of malignancy: cytological findings favouring malignancy, ultrasonography findings of high suspicion, tumour size ≥30 mm, and TV‐DR ≥1.0/year, were 14.6% and 1.0%, respectively.

Conclusion

FNs with no cytological findings favouring malignancy, no ultrasonography findings of high suspicion, tumour size <30 mm and TV‐DR <1.0/year, are considered low risk and can be followed up without the need for molecular testing.
From Biomass to the KarrikinsviaSelective Catalytic Oxidation of Hemicellulose‐Derived Butyl Xylosides and Glucosides
Authors: Xiao Ganyuan , Su Gerard , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Westwood Nicholas
Published: February 2022

Members of the karrikin family of bioactive small molecules are known to promote germination of a range of plants following large scale fires. As a result, they are relevant and interesting compounds. This report describes their synthesis from a biomass‐derived product stream. During work to fractionate biomass with the goal of obtaining high quality lignins, an interesting co‐product stream derived from the hemicellulose in the biomass, was obtained. Whilst many applications of this co‐product stream can be proposed, in this case the major monosaccharides have been converted to relevant karrikins in short reaction sequences. Key results include a highly selective catalytic oxidation reaction, conversion of the resulting ketone to a butenolide by two alternative approaches, a selective acetal reductive opening reaction, X‐ray crystallographic analysis of two compounds and detailed comparison of the final products with previous literature reports. Only through successful use of all the components generated during biomass refining, can economic sustainability be potentially achieved.
Covariation in width and depth in bedrock rivers
Authors: Wright Morgan , Venditti Jeremy G. , Li Tingan , Hurson Max , Chartrand Shawn , Rennie Colin , Church Michael
Published: February 2022

The width and depth of rivers are generally inversely related. For a given discharge, wider rivers tend to be shallower than narrower rivers, which are correspondingly deeper. This is particularly true in bedrock and mixed bedrock–alluvial channels, where deep pools occur downstream of lateral constrictions, downstream of which the channel becomes wider and shallower. However, covariation of width and depth in bedrock and mixed bedrock–alluvial rivers has never been explored due to the lack of field measurements. Here we present a 375 km survey of width and depth measurements in the Fraser Canyon, British Columbia, which alternates irregularly among alluvial (no bedrock exposed on either bank), bedrock‐constrained (bedrock exposed on one bank), and bedrock‐bound (bedrock exposed on both banks) sections. We find that bedrock‐bound reaches have the deepest and narrowest sections, followed by bedrock‐constrained reaches and alluvial reaches, which feature the shallowest and widest sections of channel. There is an inverse relation between width and depth for all the channels, with alluvial channels having the highest correlation between these two variables, and thus the greatest covariance. We further explore the relation between width and depth and the downstream hydraulic geometry of 42 individual bedrock‐bound canyons. There is an inverse relation between canyon width and depth, with substantial variation within individual canyons. The downstream hydraulic geometry for these bedrock‐bound canyons does not follow that typical of alluvial channels; depth is the only variable that adjusts substantially as a response to increasing discharge and upstream basin area.
Provisional consensus on the nomenclature and operational definition of dementia at a young age, a Delphi study
Authors: van de Veen Dennis , Bakker Christian , Peetoom Kirsten , Pijnenburg Yolande , Papma Janne ,   the PRECODE study group, de Vugt Marjolein , Koopmans Raymond
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Dementia at a young age differs from late onset dementia in pathology and care needs. This requires further research to improve the understanding of this group, support and service provision. Aim of current study is to reach consensus on the terminology and operational definition (i.e., age‐related criteria and possible causes) of dementia at a young age, to aid further research.

Methods

A classical Delphi technique was used to transform opinions into group consensus by using an online survey. In three rounds statements regarding (1) terminology, (2) age‐related criteria, and (3) aetiologies that can be considered as causes of dementia at a young age were sent to international experts in the field to give their opinions and additional comments on the statements.

Results

Forty‐four experts responded and full consensus was reached on 22 out of 35 statements. Young‐onset dementia emerged as the term of preference. Provisional consensus was found for the use of age 65 at symptom onset as preferred cut‐off age. Consensus was reached on the inclusion of 15 out of 22 aetiologies and categories of aetiologies as potential cause for dementia at a young age.

Conclusions

A clear term and operational definition have been reached. Although beneficial for conducting future research to gain more insight in pathology and care needs of young people living with dementia, still consensus about some details is lacking. To reach consensus about these details and implications for use in research and clinical practice, the organisation of an in person consensus meeting is advised.
The impact of National Centralised Drug Procurement policy on the use of policy‐related original and generic drugs in China
Authors: Yang Ying , Hu Runhu , Geng Xin , Mao Lining , Wen Xiaotong , Wang Zhaolun , Hao Siyu , Cui Dan , Mao Zongfu
Published: February 2022

Aims

To evaluate the effects of the first round of National Centralised Drug Procurement pilot (so‐called ‘4+7’ policy) on the use of policy‐related original and generic drugs.

Methods

This study used drug purchasing order data from the Centralised Drug Procurement Survey in Shenzhen 2019, covering 24 months from January 2018 to December 2019. ‘4+7’ policy‐related drugs were selected as study samples, including 25 drugs in the ‘4+7’ procurement list and 69 alternative drugs that have an alternative relationship with ‘4+7’ List drugs in clinical use. ‘4+7’ List drugs were then divided into bid‐winning and bid‐non‐winning products according to the bidding results. Included drugs were sorted into original and generic drugs. Purchase volume, expenditures, and daily costs were selected as outcome variables, and were measured using Defined Daily Doses (DDDs), Chinese Yuan (CNY), and Defined Daily Drug cost (DDDc). A single‐group Interrupted Time Series analysis was adopted to quantify policy effect.

Results

After policy intervention, the overall policy‐related original drugs significantly decreased by 0.39 CNY (95% CI: −0.62 to −0.17, p < 0.01) in DDDc, 5949.36 thousand DDDs (95% CI: −8276.67 to −3622.05, p < 0.001) in volume, and 31,575.08 thousand CNY (95% CI: −41,812.68 to −21,337.49, p < 0.001) in expenditures. The volume proportion of generic drugs increased from 78.6% to 91.0%, and the expenditure proportion of increased from 30.9% to 49.8%.

Conclusion

‘4+7’ policy promoted the substitution use of domestic generics against original branded drugs and played positive effects on drug price cut and medication burden reduction. The proportion of original branded drugs and generics that passed generic consistency evaluation significantly increased after policy intervention, indicating the improvement of the overall quality level of drug use in China.
Exploring barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence among pregnant women: A scoping literature review
Authors: Kalungwe Mwamba , Mbalinda Scovia Nalugo , Karonga Thamary , Simwanza Niza Rean , Mumba Mtambo Catherine M. , Nyashanu Mathew
Published: February 2022

Background

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is one of the most effective ways of preventing HIV‐related maternal mortality. However, the rates of retention in care and long‐term adherence remain extremely low.

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence among pregnant women.

Search strategy

The search for articles was conducted using EBSCO Host, PubMed, Google scholar, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL).

Selection criteria

The studies included were conducted between 2000 and 2020 and covered barriers to antiretroviral therapy.

Data collection and analysis

Data was collected from 8 selected articles and analyzed using Arksey and O’Malley five stages framework.

Main results

Barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence included side effects of the therapy and financial constraints limiting access to food, transport, and medication. Other barriers included cultural and religious factors, lack of spouse support, stigma, and discrimination.

Conclusion

There is need to support pregnant women undergoing antiretroviral therapy to mitigate barriers associated with the uptake of the therapy.
Splenic artery aneurysm in obstetrical patients: A series of four cases with different clinical presentation and outcome
Authors: Ornaghi Sara , Crippa Isabella , Di Nicola Sara , Giardini Valentina , La Milia Laura , Locatelli Luca , Corso Rocco , Roncaglia Nadia , Vergani Patrizia
Published: February 2022

Objective

To describe four consecutive cases of splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) with different clinical patterns of presentation among obstetrical patients.

Methods

A series of four cases of SAA diagnosed in pregnant or postpartum women at our University center between January 1998 and December 2020. Clinical and radiologic data were retrospectively obtained by reviewing paper and electronic medical records after acquiring patient’s consent.

Results

One case was completely asymptomatic and incidentally identified at the beginning of pregnancy, thus allowing for multidisciplinary treatment. The other three cases were unknown: two manifested with maternal collapse due to aneurysm rupture in the third trimester of gestation, whereas one presented with acute abdominal pain during the postpartum period and was successfully managed before rupture occurred.

Conclusion

Although extremely rare, SAA rupture in obstetrical patients can be associated with dramatic consequences. Early suspicion and prompt intervention are essential to avoid fatal outcomes, so promotion of knowledge of all the potential clinical patterns of presentation of SAA rupture among obstetrical patients is mandatory.
Future of urban landscapes: A Florida perspective
Authors: Dukes Michael D.
Published: February 2022

As urbanization in the world increases, irrigated landscapes have become common in the developing world, particularly the temperate and warm regions. Although these landscapes provide esthetic value, they can also consume resources such as potable water. In the United States, this consumption of water for a discretionary use has come into focus as water supplies continue to become limited. This reality will affect landscapes and the use of turfgrass in the future. There are several strategies that are likely to be used in future landscapes, such as smaller irrigated areas, less irrigated turfgrass, mandates on water‐efficient irrigation technology, irrigation water budgets, new drought‐resistant breeds, increased use of organic soil amendments, rainwater harvesting, and alternative water sources.
Infrared spectrometric biomarkers for ulcerative colitis screening using human serum samples
Authors: Ghimire Hemendra , Viennois Emilie , Hu Xinjie , Qin Gengsheng , Merlin Didier , Perera A. G. Unil
Published: February 2022

This study uses infrared spectrometry coupled with data analysis techniques to understand colitis‐induced alterations in the molecular components of serum samples. Using samples from 18 ulcerative colitis patients and 28 healthy volunteers, we assessed features such as absorbance values at wavenumbers of 1033 and 1076 cm−1, and the ratios at 1121 versus 1020 cm−1 and 1629 versus 1737 cm−1. Through the deconvolution of the amide I band, protein secondary structure analysis was performed. Colitis‐induced alterations are reflected as fluctuations in the vibrational modes, and are used to identify associated spectral signatures. The results of the study show statistically significant differences in five identifying spectral signatures. Among them, the sensitivity and specificity of the spectral signature, I1121/I1020, were 100% and 86%, respectively. These findings resemble our earlier proof‐of‐concept investigations in mouse models and provide preliminary evidence that this could be a reliable diagnostic test for human patients.
Determination of optimal concentration of vitamin E in polyethylene liners for producing minimal biological response to prosthetic wear debris
Authors: Matsumae Gen , Kida Hiroaki , Takahashi Daisuke , Shimizu Tomohiro , Ebata Taku , Yokota Shunichi , Alhasan Hend , Aly Mahmoud Khamis , Yutani Tomoyo , Uetsuki Keita , Terkawi Mohamad Alaa , Iwasaki Norimasa
Published: February 2022

The introduction of vitamin E‐blended ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (VE‐UHMWPE) for use in prosthetic components of hip implants has resulted in the production of implants that have excellent mechanical properties and substantially less adverse cellular responses. Given the importance of a biological response to wear in the survival of a prosthesis, we generated wear debris from UHMWPE that had been prepared with different concentrations of vitamin E of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1% and evaluated their biological reaction in vitro and in vivo. All types of VE‐UHMWPE debris promoted a significantly lower expression of Tnf‐α in murine peritoneal macrophages than that induced by conventional UHMWPE debris. However, levels of Tnf‐α were not significantly different among the macrophages that were stimulated with VE‐UHMWPE wear at the concentrations tested. The ability of wear debris to induce inflammatory osteolysis was assessed in a mouse calvarial osteolysis model. The expressions of Tnf‐α, Il‐6, and Rankl in granulomatous tissue formed around the wear debris were significantly reduced in mice that had been implanted with 0.3%VE‐UHMWPE debris as compared to the corresponding values for mice that had been implanted with UHMWPE debris. Consistent with this finding, 0.3%VE‐UHMWPE debris showed the lowest osteolytic activity, as evidenced by the reduced bone resorption area, the degree of infiltration of inflammatory cells and the TRAP staining area. Our results suggested that a 0.3% vitamin E concentration is the most appropriate concentration for use in prosthetic components with a reduced adverse cellular response for prolonging the life‐span of the implant.
Effect of Oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Exclusively Breastfed Newborns: Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Lin Chao-Hsu , Lin Chien-Yu , Sung Yi-Hsiang , Li Sung-Tse , Cheng Bi-Wen , Weng Shun-Long , Chang Shing-Jyh , Lee Hung-Chang , Lee Yann-Jinn , Ting Wei-Hsin , Chang Hung-Yang , Wu Yi-Lei , Lin Chih-Sheng
Published: February 2022

Exclusively breastfed infants are at a high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Few studies have evaluated the effects of vitamin D supplementation. Hence, we conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of oral vitamin D3 400 IU/d supplementation in exclusively breastfed newborns. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in pregnant women and their newborns were evaluated. Breastfed newborns were randomized to one of two regimens at age 10 days. One group received vitamin D3 supplementation at a dose of 400 IU/d (vD-400 group), whereas the placebo group received a liquid product without vitamin D3. Outcomes were assessed at 4 months of age. A total of 92 pregnant women and their infants were enrolled, and the data of 72 infants (37 in the vD-400 group and 35 in the placebo group) who completed the study at 4 months of age were assessed. The results showed severe vitamin D deficiency in 15.2% of mothers before delivery, while 54.3% had vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, 15.2% of newborns presented with severe vitamin D deficiency at birth, while 52.2% had vitamin D deficiency. Maternal vitamin D levels were significantly correlated with infant vitamin D levels at birth (r = 0.816, p < 0.001). At 4 months of age, weight, head circumference, serum 25(OH)D, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone levels significantly differed between the vD-400 and placebo groups. However, the body length and bone mineral density of the two groups did not differ significantly. Regardless of vitamin D supplementation, participants with severe vitamin D deficiency had significantly higher intact parathyroid hormone levels and lower bone mineral content. In conclusion, among exclusively breastfed infants, oral supplementation with vitamin D3 at a dose of 400 IU/d from age 10 days increased 25(OH)D concentrations at 4 months of age, but it did not affect bone mineralization. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Analytical and clinical evaluation of DiaSorin Liaison® Calprotectin fecal assay adapted for serum samples
Authors: Macias‐Muñoz Laura , Frade‐Sosa Beatriz , Iniciarte‐Mundo Jose , Hidalgo Susana , Morla Rosa Maria , Gallegos Yadira , Sanmarti Raimon , Auge Josep Maria
Published: February 2022

Background

Calprotectin is a calcium‐binding protein that can be measured in serum, plasma, and feces. Increased serum and plasma calprotectin concentrations have been found in chronic inflammatory rheumatic disorders. An analytical and clinical evaluation of the DiaSorin Liaison® fecal Calprotectin assay using LIAISON® XL was performed.

Methods

The protocol included an analytical and clinical evaluation in which imprecision, the linearity of dilution, differences between serum and plasma samples and method comparison with CalproLab™ ELISA kit were assessed. Serum calprotectin concentrations in active (n = 26) and remission (n = 23) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were compared.

Results

The intra‐day and inter‐day analytical imprecision CVs ranged from 2.9% to 4.0% and 2.7% to 10.4%, respectively. Correlation between measured and expected values was high (R > 0.99), indicating good linearity. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test showed that serum and plasma matched samples presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) being the highest concentrations of calprotectin observed in serum samples. Deming regression equation was as follows: Diasorin calprotectin (μg/ml) = −0.32 (95% CI: −0.65 ‐ −0.05) +1.58 (95% CI: 1.42–1.79).* Calprolab calprotectin (μg/ml). Significantly higher serum calprotectin levels were found in RA patients with active disease when compared to patients with low disease activity or in clinical remission (mean ± SD) [(3.35 μg/ml ± 1.55) vs. (1.63 μg/ml ± 0.52), p < 0.001] and these levels correlated well with all disease activity indices.

Conclusions

The DiaSorin Liaison® fecal Calprotectin assay adapted for serum samples showed adequate technical performances and the clinical performances were similar to other assays.
Detection of partial and/or complete Y chromosome microdeletions of azoospermia factor a (AZFa) sub‐region in infertile Iraqi patients with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia
Authors: S. Al‐Ouqaili Mushtak T. , Al‐Ani Sahar K. , Alaany Rehab , Al‐Qaisi Mohammed N.
Published: February 2022

Background

This study aimed to analyze the incidence of azoospermia factor a (AZFa) microdeletions in the Y chromosome and their association with male infertility in a population with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia from Iraq.

Methods

A total of 75 infertile Iraqi males and 25 healthy controls were included in this study. The semen analysis was performed to determine the azoospermia, severe oligozoospermia, or normal cases. The AZFa microdeletions were investigated using the real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time PCR). Then, AZFa sub‐region deletions were investigated by a conventional PCR.

Results

In total, 40 men with azoospermia and 35 men with severe oligozoospermia were selected. Out of 75 infertile males, 46 (61.3%) individuals had AZFa microdeletions, of whom 32 (69.6%) had partial deletion, while 14 (30.4%) males had complete deletion using real‐time PCR. The frequency of microdeletions was significantly different between the infertile and control group (p‐value < 0.00001). The proportion of AZFa microdeletions appeared higher in azoospermia men (72.5%, n = 29/40) than severe oligozoospermia men (48.6%, n = 17/35), but based on the conventional PCR results, only one azoospermia patient (2.2%) was shown to have complete AZFa deletion, while the other 45 patients (97.8%) had partial AZFa deletions.

Conclusion

In this study, the partial AZFa microdeletions were more numerous than complete AZFa deletion. According to our results, the AZFa microdeletions might be associated with male infertility and spermatogenic failure. It is recommended to investigate the AZFa sub‐region microdeletions in patients that shown AZFa microdeletions in primary screening.
Behavioral health service use post‐jail release and reduced risk of return to jail
Authors: Smith Joseph L. , Khatri Utsha G. , Olubiyi Oluwatoyin , Hadley Trevor , Lim Suet , Mandell David , Kang‐Yi Christina
Published: February 2022

This study examined whether behavioral health service use post‐jail release was associated with reduced risk of jail reincarceration. The study sample included 20,615 individuals who had behavioral health diagnoses and were released from the Philadelphia County jail. Using administrative records of the county jail and state‐, county‐, and Medicaid‐funded behavioral health service use from 2010 to 2018, we conducted Cox proportional hazard analyses to estimate the association between behavioral health service use post‐jail release and the risk of return to jail within 3 years. Nearly 50% of the sample returned to jail within 3 years. Individuals who used behavioral health services were 26%–38% less likely to return to jail within 3 years than were individuals who did not. The study results suggest that connecting individuals with behavioral health services upon release from jail can reduce the risk of repeated jail incarceration.