bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mekanisme dan struktur pasar perspektif syariah
Authors: MUSFIKA FIKA
Published: November 2023

Pendahuluan• Menurut ilmu ekonomi kapitalis, pasar sangat berperan dalam sistem pergerakan perekonomian dan sistem ekonomi kapitalis menghendaki pasar bebas untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ekonomi.• Menurut konsep ekonomi kapitalis, pasar yang paling baik adalah pasar bebas tanpa banyak campur tangan pemerintah.Islam dan Sistem Pasar• Berdagang adalah aktivitas yang paling umum dilakukan di pasar• Harga dan pasar persaingan sempurna pada pasar islami • Konsep islam memahami bahwa pasar dapat berperan efektif dalam kehidupan ekonomi bila prinsip persaingan bebas dapat berlaku secara efektif• Pasar tidak mengharapkan adanya intervensi dari pihak manapun• Ibnu Taimiyah membatasi keabsahan pemerintah dalam menetapkan kebijakan intervensi pada empat situasi dan kondisi berikut:1. Kebutuhan masyarakat atau hajat orang banyak akan sebuah komoditas.2. Terjadi kasus monopoli ( penimbunan ).3. Terjadi pendistribusian pada satu penjual saja. 4. Para pedagang melakukan transaksi di antara mereka sendiri dengan harga di bawah harga pasarKebebasan Ekonomi• Kebebasan Ekonomi yang berdasarkan pada ajaran Islam adalah yang meliputi pertanggungjawaban dan kebebasan. Atau kebebasan yang berkaitan erat dengan pertanggungjawaban.• Prinsip Perangggungjawaban• Setiap orang dihisab secara individu.• Tidak ada konsep dosa turunan dan mempertanggungjawabkan kesalahan orang lain.• Tidak ada perantaraan dalam hubungan langsung dengan Allah.• Setiap Individu berhak untuk berpedoman langsung dengan sumber-sumber hukum Islam ( Al-Qur’an dan Hadits )• Islam sudah sempurna dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan.Peranan Pasar• Peran Pasar dalam Distribusi Barang dan Jasa.• Peran Pasar dalam Efisiensi Produksi• Peran Pasar dalam Distribusi PendapatanPengawasan Pasar• Fungsi Al Hisbah sebagai pengawas pasar secara umum• Mengorganisir pasar agar berfungsi sebagai solusi permasalahan ekonomi.• Menjamin instrumen harga barang dan jasa.• Melakukan pengawasan poduk yang masuk ke pasar.• Mengupayakan agar infornasi dapat terdistribusi dengan baik kepada para penjual dan pembeli.• Menjamin tidak ada perilaku monopolistik pada pelaku pasar• Mengupayakan perilaku moral islami meliputi kejujuran, amanah dan toleransi
mekanisme dan struktur pasar perspektif islam
Authors: Amelia Sonia Pebrianti , Kurniawan Asep
Published: November 2023

mekanisme dan struktur pasar perspektif syariah
Workplace Emotion, Attitudes and Stress
Authors: Setiawati Sulis
Published: November 2023

catatan materi workplace emotions attitudes and stress
TUGAS 4 PERILAKU ORGANISASI
Authors: Aprilia Nita
Published: November 2023

workplace emotions, attitudes, and stress
Resume 6 Eko Syariah_Mekanisme dan Struktur Pasar Perspektif Syariah
Authors: Azizah Irma Nur
Published: November 2023

Menurut ilmu ekonomi kapitalis, pasar sangat berperan dalam sistem pergerakan perekonomian dan sistem ekonomi kapitalis menghendaki pasar bebas untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ekonomi.Menurut konsep ekonomi kapitalis, pasar yang paling baik adalah pasar bebas tanpa banyakcampur tangan pemerintah.P
Teori Perilaku Konsumen Persepektif Syariah
Authors: rahmadhani Tiara novia
Published: November 2023

Konsumsi dan KonsumenKonsumsiMengeluarkan sesuatu dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan baik jasmani maupun rohani sehinggamampu memaksimalkan fungsi kemanusiaannya sebagai hamba Allah untuk mendapatkan kebahagian dunia dan akhiratKonsumenPemakai barang-barang hasil produksi
pandangan dasar ekonomi islam
Authors: Amelia Sonia Pebrianti , Kurniawan Asep
Published: November 2023

pandangan dasar ekonomi islam
Hibah Saham Dalam Perspektif Hukum Syariah
Authors: Lubis Isroha , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: November 2023

Stock activities are currently popular and are in great demand by the Indonesian peopleespecially young people. Shares themselves are a form of financial market instrumentThe most famous thing is that it is listed in securities which is a sign of someone's ownershipor agency against a particular company. And sharia shares themselves are one formnew investment. The formulation of the problem discussed in this research is how to viewIslamic law regarding someone who gives up their shares for free without being able to take them back and how the Sharia reviews it in terms of whether the shares were given haram or not. This research was taken based on an analysis of various articles and articles of the Constitution which will be linked to hadith, sharia law and verses of the Koran, so that it can be concluded that shares can basically be donated, but in making a share grant there are several provisions that must be taken into account. so that there is no confusion between the giver of shares and the recipient of shares and the provisions regarding the transfer of share ownership by means of written transfer do not exclude the principle of handing over movable property because it is known that the transfer of share ownership will give rise to other legal consequences for the grantor of shares, in particular changes to the structure of shares.
Teori Perilaku Konsumen Perspektif Syariah
Authors: Mutmainna Noor Syawa
Published: November 2023

Dasar pendorong konsumsi yaitu kebutuhan dan keinginan. Kebutuhan, segala sesuatu yang harus dipenuhi agar suatu dapat berfungsi secara sempurna. Keinginan, hasrat atau harapan seseorang yang jika dipenuhi belum tentu akan meningkatkan kesempurnaan fungsi manusia ataupun suatu barang. Kepuasan, merupakan suatu akibat dari terpenuhinya suatu keinginan. Unsur penentu perilaku Konsumen yaitu perilaku manusia merupakan perbuatan-perbuatan yang dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan naluri dan kebutuhan fisiknya.
Managers as Leader
Authors: Novitasari Rani Aprillia
Published: November 2023

Siapakah Pemimpin dan Apa Itu Kepemimpinan?• Pemimpin - Seseorang yang dapat mempengaruhi orang lain dan memiliki otoritas manajerial• Kepemimpinan – Apa yang dilakukan pemimpin; proses mempengaruhi suatu kelompok untuk mencapai tujuan• Idealnya, semua manajer harus menjadi pemimpin• Meskipun suatu kelompok mungkin mempunyai pemimpin informal, mereka bukanlah pemimpin yang kita pelajari Penelitian kepemimpinan telah mencoba menjawab: Apakah pemimpin yang efektif itu?
Managing Change And Innovation
Authors: Diwakutanisa Nisrina Aufa
Published: November 2023

Tugas 3 Pengantar Manajemen Managing Change and Innovation
RESUME MANAGERS AS LEADERS
Authors: Martadiharja Nada Aulia Rahman
Published: November 2023

Berikut adalah resume yang saya buat dari materi Managers as Leader di mata kuliah Pengantar Manajemen.
Resume - The Nature of Management Control Systems
Authors: Dela Fitri Anissa
Published: November 2023

Catatan resume terkait materi Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen tema The Nature of Management Control Systems
Pilar-pilar ekonomi islam
Authors: MUSFIKA FIKA
Published: November 2023

PILAR PILAR EKONOMI ISLAM1.PARADIGMA SYARIAHa) Hukum asal perbuatan adalah terikat dengan hukum syara Prinsip ini menyatakan bahwa setiap perbuatan memiliki hukum asal yang terikat dengan hukum syara' segala tindakan dianggap haram kecuali ada dalil yang memperbolehkannya.b) Hukum asal benda adalah mubah selama tidak ada dalil yang mengharamkan Prinsip ini menyatakan bahwa segala sesuatu di dunia ini dianggap mubah (boleh) kecuali ada dalil yang mengharamkannya. benda-benda dianggap halal kecuali ada dalil yang menyatakan sebaliknya.c) Apabila ada hukum syara' diterapkan maka akan ada kemashlahatan Prinsip ini menyatakan bahwa penerapan hukum syara' akan membawa manfaat dan kemashlahatan bagi individu dan masyarakat. Hukum syara' dianggap sebagai pedoman yang sempurna untuk menjalani kehidupan2. KERANGKA SISTEMFikrah (ide) mengacu pada metode pemikiran dan pendekatan dalam memecahkan masalah kehidupan. Metode penerapan fikrah syariah berdasarkan Al-Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijma Shahabat, dan Qiyas. Setiap peraturan yang lahir dari pandangan dunia atau aqidah tertentu yang berfungsi untuk memecahkan dan mengatasi problema hidup manusia, menjelaskan bagaimana cara pemecahan, memelihara serta mengembangkannya
BAB II_Individual Behavior, Values and Personality
Authors: Juanda Nagita Anastasya
Published: November 2023

Nilai adalah Kepercayaan yang stabil dan terus menerus dievaluasi tentang apa yang penting dalam berbagai situasi.
Konsep Kepemilikan Dalam Islam
Authors: rahmadhani Tiara novia
Published: November 2023

Hakikat Kepemilikan•Pemilik hakiki kekayaan adalah Allah SWT“Dan berikanlah kepada mereka, harta Allah yang telah Dia berikan kepada kalian.”(QS. An-Nur :33)
Measuring And Controlling Assets Employed
Authors: Kurnia
Published: November 2023

Resume tentang : Measuring And Controlling Assets Employed
Effects of water scarcity awareness and climate change belief on recycled water usage willingness: Evidence from New Mexico, United States
Authors: Class VIASM-HANU  BMF
Published: November 2023

The global water crisis is being exacerbated by climate change, even in the United States. Recycled water is a feasible alternative to alleviate the water shortage, but it is constrained by humans’ perceptions. The current study examines how residents’ water scarcity awareness and climate change belief influence their willingness to use recycled water directly and indirectly. Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of 1831 residents in Albuquerque, New Mexico, an arid inland region in the US. We discovered that residents’ willingness to use direct recycled potable water is positively affected by their awareness of water scarcity, but only if they believe in the impacts of climate change on the water cycle. Meanwhile, the willingness to use indirect recycled potable water is influenced by water scarcity awareness, and the belief in climate change further enhances this effect. These findings implicate that fighting climate change denialism and informing the public of the water scarcity situation in the region can contribute to the effectiveness and sustainability of long-term water conservation and climate change alleviation efforts.
Pilar-Pilar Ekonomi Islam
Authors: Vadya Sahra
Published: November 2023

Hakikat Kepemilikan• Pemilik hakiki kekayaan adalah Allah SWT“Dan berikanlah kepada mereka, harta Allah yang telah Dia berikan kepada kalian.”(QS. An-Nur : 33)• Allah SWT menyerahkan kekayaan kepada manusia untuk diatur dan dimanfaatkan “Dan nafkahkanlah apa saja yang kalian telah dijadikan (oleh Allah) berkuasa terhadapnya.”(QS. Al- Hadid :7) “Ambillah dari harta-harta mereka.”(QS. Al-Baqarah :279)• Kepemilikan merupakan izin As-Syari’ (Allah SWT) untuk memanfaatkan zat tertentu
individual decision making
Authors: Setiawati Sulis
Published: November 2023

Pengambilan Keputusan Sebuah proses sadar membuat pilihan antara satu atau lebih alternatif dengan tujuan bergerak menuju beberapa keadaan yang diinginkan.
Individual Decision Making
Authors: rahmadhani Tiara novia
Published: November 2023

Pengambilan Keputusanproses yang dilakukan individu atau kelompok untuk memilih tindakan atau pilihan tertentu dari berbagai alternatif yang tersedia. Keputusan dapat berkaitan dengan berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk pekerjaan, keuangan, hubungan, kesehatan, dan banyak lagi. Proses pengambilan keputusan melibatkan beberapa tahapan, dan keputusan dapat diambil berdasarkan pertimbangan
Pandangan Dasar Ekonomi Islam
Authors: rahmadhani Tiara novia
Published: November 2023

Ekonomi Islam memandang bahwa kelangkaan (Scarcity ) bukanlah problem yang asasi dari ekonomi manusia. Problem ekonomi yaitu kelangkaan, contoh ; jumlah permintaan lebih tinggi dari pada jumlah penawaran. Islam tidak memandang kelangkaan problem asasi dari ekonomi manusia
Resume - The Nature Of Management Control Systems Management System Control
Authors: Kurnia
Published: November 2023

Resume tentang The Nature Of Management Control systems
Teori Perilaku Konsumen Persepektif Syariah
Authors: Anggita Nadia
Published: November 2023

Konsumsi Mengeluarkan sesuatu dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan baik jasmani maupun rohani sehingga mampu memaksimalkan fungsi kemanusiaannya sebagai hamba Allah untuk mendapatkan kebahagian dunia dan akhirat
INDIVIDUAL DECISION MAKING
Authors: Sobandi Rea Aprila
Published: November 2023

Pengambilan keputusan merupakan sebuah proses sadar membuat pilihan antara satu atau lebih alternatif dengan tujuan bergerak menuju beberapa keadaan yang diinginkan. Suatu pengambilan keputusan dapat dilakukan dengan proses pembuatan keputusan secara rasional.
Managers As Decision Makers
Authors: Novitasari Rani Aprillia
Published: November 2023

Pengambilan Keputusana. Keputusan- Membuat pilihan dari dua alternatif atau lebih.b. Proses Pengambilan Keputusan- Mengidentifikasi suatu masalah dan kriteria pengambilan keputusan serta pengalokasiannya bobot sesuai kriteria.- Mengembangkan, menganalisis, dan memilih alternatif yang bisa menyelesaikan masalahnya.- Menerapkan alternatif yang dipilih.- Mengevaluasi efektivitas keputusan.
pandangan dasar ekonomi islam revisi
Authors: Amelia Sonia Pebrianti , Kurniawan Asep
Published: November 2023

pandangan dasar ekonomi islam
managers as leaders
Authors: Nurlabibah Putri Salwa
Published: November 2023

1.Siapakah Pemimpin dan Apa Itu Kepemimpinan?Pemimpin adalah Seseorang yang dapat mempengaruhi orang lain dan memiliki otoritas manajerialKepemimpinan adalah Apa yang dilakukan pemimpin; proses mempengaruhi suatu kelompok untuk mencapai tujuanIdealnya, semua manajer harus menjadi pemimpin Meskipun suatu kelompok mungkin mempunyai pemimpin informal , mereka bukanlah pemimpin yang kita pelajari
The Concepts Of Economy Durung The Reign Of Khulafaur Rasyidin
Authors: ANNISA
Published: November 2023

Catatan terkait mengenai konsep-konsep perekonomian pada masa Khulafaur Rasyidin setelah wafatnya Rasulullah Saw.
Perception and Learning in Organisasi
Authors: Vadya Sahra
Published: November 2023

PERSEPSI DALAM ORGANISASI Persepsi (Perception) adalah proses pemilihan, pengorganisasian, dan penafsiran informasi dalam rangka untuk memahami dunia di sekitar kita. Perhatian selektif (Selective attention). Apa yang orang anggap sebagai realitas sebenarnya disaring melalui proses persepsi yang tidak sempurna, yang disebut perhatian selektif bahwa informasi yang diterima, disaring oleh indera yang dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik dari orang atau objek yang dirasakan, dan dari individu yang melakukan pengamatan. Model mental (Mental Models). Teori yang digunakan (theories in-use) dalam memperkirakan keadaan dunia sekitarnya, sebagai panduan persepsi dan perilaku mereka.
Gambling, cryptocurrency, and financial trading sponsorship in high-level men’s soccer leagues: An update for the 2023/2024 season
Authors: Torrance Jamie , Heath Conor , Newall Philip Warren Stirling
Published: November 2023

Gambling sponsorships are common in international soccer due to the substantial funds they provide to clubs. For example, in the 2022/23 English Premier League season, eight clubs collectively received an estimated £60 million from gambling shirt-front sponsorships.While the Premier League plans to ban gambling shirt-front sponsorships by 2026, this will not include shirt sleeves or pitch-side hoardings, which are the most frequently seen forms of in-game marketing. In contrast, Italy and Spain have fully banned gambling sponsorships and in-game marketing due to public health concerns. Relatedly, much less attention has been paid to the emergence of sponsorships associated with cryptocurrency or financial trading. These are both gambling-like products, which are engaged in disproportionately by those experiencing gambling-related harm, and which also use soccer to market themselves. Researchers have suggested that these products might look to fill the gap in high- level sports left by gambling sponsorship bans, and so have highlighted the need to monitor their use of sponsorship agreements with high-level soccer teams. We therefore provide an overview of gambling and gambling-like sponsorship of soccer teams within high-level leagues across England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Argentina. Overall, our findings indicate that gambling sponsorship remains prominent, but has reduced in comparison to previous seasons across most countries. However, we have observed betting ‘partnerships’ which circumvent gambling sponsorship prohibitions in Italy. In relation to cryptocurrency and financial trading companies, there are limited numbers of active sponsorships outside of the UK, but ‘partnerships’ between teams and these companies have become prevalent.
Autobiographical Implicit Association test (aIAT) and eye movements: fixations topography enables detection of autobiographical memories
Authors: Zangrossi Andrea
Published: November 2023

Autobiographical memory is the capacity to recollect memories of personally experienced events. The detection of such memories plays a key role in criminal trials. Among behavioral memory-detection methods, the autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT) has gained popularity for its flexibility and suitability for forensic applications. The aIAT is a reaction time-based methodology aiming to assess whether information about an event is encoded in the respondent’s mind. In this study we introduced the eye-D index, a measure based on the topography of fixations while performing the aIAT, as an additional measure to detect autobiographical memories in a covert manner. In this study, participants were involved in a mock-crime experiment in which they could act as Guilty or Innocent. One week later all participants underwent the aIAT to investigate the presence of the crime-related memory. Guilty participants showed a higher number of fixations towards the category labels in the block in which true sentences shared the same response key with crime-related sentences, as compared to the block in which true sentences were paired with sentences describing an alternative version. Innocent participants showed the opposite pattern. This unbalanced allocation of attention to the category labels was quantified by the eye-D index and was found to be highly correlated to the standard aIAT-D index. This suggests that more fixations to the category labels could indicate increased cognitive load and monitoring of response conflicts. These preliminary results highlight eye-tracking as a tool to detect autobiographical memories covertly while performing the aIAT.
Self-initiated humour protocols: An algorithmic approach for learning to laugh
Authors: Edalat Abbas
Published: November 2023

We introduce the new concept of self-initiated humour protocols as a new and algorithmic approach for learning to laugh and develop a sense of humour in the context of the self-attachment technique. This humour approach synthesises the two paradigms of spontaneous humorous laughter and intentional humourless laughter in that the protocols are both humorous and intentional. These protocols have been logically designed using five main theories of laughter. They can thus be used in the non-clinical and subclinical population to raise positive affects and well-being and to enhance resilience against stress and adversity in life. It is proposed that these protocols can be integrated to the end of any successful psychotherapy to further alleviate symptoms, create psychological strength and thus avert any relapse to mental illness.
Mengoptimalkan Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Dalam Proses Belajar
Authors: Amanah
Published: November 2023

Education is an important aspect of community development that reflects the development and progress of a nation. In today’s digital era, learning media has become an important tool in the learning process. However, the use of learning media is often not optimized properly. Therefore, this research aims to examine strategies and approaches that can be used to optimize the use of learning media in the learning process.Through an in-depth literature review, this research identifies several important factors that can help in optimizing the use of learning media. First, careful and structured planning is needed to ensure that the learning media used is in accordance with the desired learning objectives. Second, the integration of technology in learning media can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the learning process. The use of videos, simulations and interactive games can help build better understanding in students. Third, the use of inclusive and diverse learning media can enjoy students’ learning experiences. In this case, teachers need to pay attention to the diversity of students and choose learning media that suits their needs.Apart from that, this research also highlights the important role of teachers in optimizing the use of learning media. Teachers must have the knowledge and skills to be able to integrate learning media into daily learning. They also need to choose learning media that is appropriate to the content of the lessons they teach, and ensure that the media can increase student participation and engagement.In conclusion, optimizing the use of learning media in the learning process is a challenge that needs to be overcome. The right strategy and approach is needed to ensure that learning media is used effectively and efficiently. Thus, it is hoped that the results of this research can provide useful guidance for educators in improving the quality of learning through the optimal use of learning media.
Inventory Results of 101 Natural Forests in the Middle Hills of Nepal over Two Decades
Authors: Tachibana Towa
Published: November 2023

Repeated forest-resource inventories provide indispensable information to evaluate, for example, the mean growth rate of stands and changes in tree-species composition in an area.This paper presents a summary of such longitudinal forest inventory data in the Middle Hills of Nepal, where deforestation has been an issue. Our first inventory was implemented between 1997 and 1999 and measured 3839 plots of 100 square meters (m 2 ). Our second inventory was conducted between 2014 and 2016 and measured 3765 plots of 100 m 2 . We found that over these two decades, the number of trees per hectare (ha -1) significantly improved. The number of stands ha -1 with diameter at breast height (DBH) of 10 centimeters (cm) and above went from 361.2 in the first inventory to 466.2 in the second inventory. We also found that not only the number of stands but also the quality of stands significantly improved. The number of stands with DBH of 30 cm and above ha-1 increased from 72.9 to 99.6. The mean alpha diversity, the number of trees species in a plot, rose to 2.1 from 1.6 in the initial inventory. In sum,“green has made a bold comeback in the Middle Hills”. Our indices evaluating the intensities of human activities on the plots suggest that these improvements in forest-resource conditions may be due to the decreased use of forests in the Middle Hills over these two decades.
Adolescent Mental Health: An Emerging Public Health Concern
Authors: Sharma Poojan
Published: November 2023

Adolescence is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood, from ages 10 to 19. They experience rapid physical, cognitive and psychosocial growth. Adolescent covers one sixth of the global population. An estimated 1.1 million adolescents die each year. The leading causes are road traffic injuries, suicide and interpersonal violence.
Effect Of Breastfeeding Among Under 2 Years Children In Kaski District, Nepal
Authors: Paudel Srijana
Published: November 2023

Background: Breastfeeding is one of the most important determinants of child survival, birth spacing, and the prevention of childhood infections. The beneficial effects of breastfeeding depend on its initiation, duration, and the age at which the breastfed child is weaned. Breastfeeding positively influences cognitive development.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to study impacts of breastfeeding among under 2 year’s children in Kaski district. Interview schedule as a structured questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Data was entered in Epi-data and analysis was performed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Science.
Results: The result showed nearly one-third (30.9%) of the respondents had fed bottle milk to their children. Majority (85.7%) of respondents had knowledge about effect of breastfeeding. Majority (78.9%) of the children were stunted and 27.8% of children are underweight. Very few (5.3%) of children were found wasted. Sex (p 0.044), suffering from disease (p 0.046), duration of breastfeeding (p 0.001), breastfeeding interval (p 0.001), breastfeeding time in day (p 0.001) were statistically associated with effect of breastfeeding. Height and weight, age and weight was found positively correlated (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The study showed child who were breastfed frequently were normal in weight; their physical development is found good. There is positive co-relation between height and weight as well as age and weight. BCC programme should be conducted for breastfeeding mothers on time, interval, duration of breastfeeding
Quality Evaluation Of Different Commercial Shampoo Brands Made In Nepal
Authors: Baniya Deepti Piya
Published: November 2023

Background: Shampoo is one of the most popular cosmetic items for washing the hair and scalp. It is necessary to evaluate shampoo in order to understand its performance, quality, and effectiveness, as well as to ensure compliance with the standards of many journal articles.
Objective: The purpose of the research study was to evaluate the quality of four commercial and two medicinal shampoo brands made in Nepal.
Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in order to evaluate label information, microbiological quality, and physiochemical parameters such as (pH, density, viscosity, surface tension, foaming ability & stability, detergency power, wetting time etc. Furthermore, a UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to measure the percentage of assay of medicated sample.
Result: When compared to secondary data from journals, the study found that not all shampoos met specifications. It was found that only S5 of the six samples tested positive for microbial growth and exceeded the limit. Except for S5, the pH ranged between 5-7.The surface tension of all samples meets the specifications. S1-S4 had normal detergency power, however the medicated sample had low detergency power. All demonstrated good wetting time and dirt dispersion. The percentage of solid content in S1-S2 was very low. The assay percentage was within the prescribed range for medicated sample.
Conclusion: When compared to a standard journal, the study found that certain parameters were within range while some were out of range.
Perceptions And Practices Of Self-Medication Among The Residents Of Western, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Pharsuram
Published: November 2023

Background: Self-medication is defined as the “The taking of drugs, herbs or some remedies on personal initiative, or on the advice of another person without consulting a physician for the aliment of self-diagnosed physical illness”. Self-medication is practiced throughout the world, including both developing and developed countries. Self-medication includes both risks and benefits.
Objectives: To assess the perceptions and practices of self-medication among the residents of Western, Nepal.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 378 respondents aged above 18. Closed ended questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Non-probability purposive sampling method was used for the collection of data.
Results: The prevalence of self-medication practices was found to be 76.8%. Friends/Family members/Relatives 34.20%), Past-own experience (23.9%) and Pharmacist (23.5%) were the major source of information for self-medication practices. The most common type of illness for self-medication were Headache (19.7%), Cough and Cold (19.1%) and fever (18.10%). NSAIDs (32.9%), Cough Syrups (15.0%) and Antibiotics (14.8%) were the mostly used drugs in self-medication practices. The most common reasons for self-medication were previous experience (23.59%), minor illness (19.77%) and quick reliefs (19.1%). More than half of respondents (57.0%) were found to have positive perception towards the self-medication practices. This study showed education status (p=0.033) had significant association with the self-medication practices.
Conclusion: The study focused to assess the perception and practices of self-medication. The prevalence of self-medication was found to be 78.6%. More than half of the residents were found to possess positive perception towards the self-medication practices.
Knowledge Of School Health Programmes Among Teachers In Schools, Gulmi
Authors: Shrestha Rhinu
Published: November 2023

Background: School teachers should have basic knowledge regarding school health programs to provide promotive and preventive healthcare through the implementation of the program. Thus, the main objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of school health programs among school teachers in the schools of Gulmi.
Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed using a probability proportionate sampling technique and data from 73 respondents were collected using a self-developed structured questionnaire. The study was conducted between 2079/10/01 to 2079/10/30. Data management analysis and interpretation were done using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tabulated form.
Result: In total, 49.3 % of the respondents had an adequate level of knowledge. Most (86.3 %) of respondents had a clear concept of the meaning. 90.4% of respondents had adequate knowledge of school health education. 58.9 % and 54.8% of respondents had adequate knowledge of Nutrition and health services, and school health nurses respectively. Only 46.9% of respondents had adequate knowledge of School health education. The study showed an association between the level of knowledge and the level of teaching area of the teachers (P=0.039).
Conclusion: There was Less than half of the teachers had adequate knowledge on school health program. However, there are still gaps in knowledge on school health environment, Nutrition, and health services. Thus the training program should be provided by authorized level regarding this kind of components to enhance knowledge among teachers.
A Randomized Comparison of Two Doses of Tranexamic Acid in High-Risk Open-Heart Surgery
Authors: Shrestha Battu Kumar , Khadka Rima , Bhusal Surendra , Baidya Rabin , Bhandari Sandip , KC Suraj
Published: November 2023

Background and aims: Tranexamic acid is commonly used in cardiac surgery to minimize perioperative bleeding. There are wide variations in dose of this drug. This study aims to find out the minimal effective dose of tranexamic acid.
Methods: Patients were randomized into low dose group receiving 10 mg/kg and high dose group receiving 30 mg/kg bolus of tranexamic acid each followed by an infusion of 1mg/kg/hr until the end of surgery. Primary objective was to compare blood loss during the first postoperative day. Secondary objectives were to compare total blood products transfused during 24 hours post-operative period, to compare the incidence of re-explorations and to compare the adverse drug reactions between the groups.
Results: There were sixty patients in each group. There was a signifcant difference in blood loss (435.17± 299.91 ml vs 528.64 ±254.04 ml) between the low dose group and dose group (p=0.010). Transfusion of packed red blood cell, re-exploration and adverse drug reactions were higher in high dose group however these were not statistically signifcant.
Conclusion: Higher dose of tranexamic acid is not effective in reducing blood loss in open heart surgery in first postoperative day.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profiling among First-Degree Relatives of Premature Coronary Artery Disease Patients
Authors: Shah Nischal , Gajurel Ratna Mani , Poudel Chandra Mani , Ghimire Roshan , Yadav Sutap
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims: First-degree relatives of patients with premature coronary artery disease are at heightened risk of cardiovascular events due to the synergy of genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and to estimate cardiovascular risk in first-degree relatives of patients with premature CAD.
Methods: The study was conducted among first-degree relatives of patients with coronary artery disease in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu. A total of 144 first-degree relatives aged 18 years or older participated in this study. Age and gender matched subjects with no clinical evidence of CAD and no history of premature CAD in frst degree relatives were recruited as controls. The cardiovascular risk of study participants was assessed using the American Heart Association (AHA) Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Tool.
Result: The study age group was between 18 to 59 years. The mean age of the subjects was 35.54 ± 10.57 years and 63.19% of subjects were men. A statistically significant number of first-degree relatives of premature CAD were found to be hypertensive and had metabolic syndrome. CVD risk factors like physical inactivity, smoking, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were found in 46.5%, 47.22%, 13.2%, and 52.01%, of the study participants, respectively.
Conclusion: The study highlights the widespread presence of risk factors and underlying medical conditions among young study participants both with and without a family history of premature CAD. Appropriate direction based on opportunistic screening programs and risk stratifcation should be initiated which can play an important role in the primary prevention of early CAD.
Metabolic Signature and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Nepalese Patients
Authors: Verma Avatar , Bhatta Narendra , Mishra Deebya Raj , Shahi Rejina , Uprety Augraj , Aryal Prakash , Yadav Devesh Kumar , Lama Urmila
Published: November 2023

Introduction: Untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) causes sleep related symptoms and also causes increased incidence of RTA, cardiovascular diseases and all cause mortality. Currently OSA has been recognized as the consequence of number of interrelated metabolic and oxidative pathologies. As there are limited data of association of OSA with metabolic stress and its correlation with severity of OSA, study of metabolic profile of these patients in view of defining the Metabolic signature of OSA was carried out in eastern Nepal.

Objectives: To study metabolic profile of OSA and its association with clinical severity. Methods: Hospital based descriptive cross sectional study. Biochemical profile results related to metabolic –oxidative pathway of the OSA patients were obtained. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained. Quantitative data were compared using Mann–Whitney test while qualitative variables compared using Pearson χ2. Correlation was carried out using Pearson and Spearman’s test. P-value<0.05 considered significant.

Results: 33 patients of OSA were enrolled. Majority of patients had deranged metabolic and oxidative parameters despite mild OSA. Among metabolic stress parameters, most commonly deranged were decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL), increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), waist circumference (WC) and raised fasting blood sugar (FBS). Increased MAP and increased WC was significantly corelated with severity.

Conclusion: Besides symptom complex, OSA is also harbinger of metabolic stress that can lead to various cardiometabolic diseases and premature mortality thus early recognition and treatment can mitigate these consequences.
Asthma care during pregnancy in South Asia
Authors: Piryani Rano Mal , Piryani Suneel , Sijapati Milesh Jung , Karthak Ashish
Published: November 2023

Bronchial asthma is among the commonest chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases affecting women of reproductive age group. Adequate attention has not been given to the diagnosis and the management of asthma in countries of South Asia. Management of asthma in pregnant women is more or less same as that of in non-pregnant women and stepwise approach is recommended. To confirm the diagnosis of asthma during pregnancy, spirometry can be used. Patients suffering from very severe asthma or difficult-to control asthma are more prone to develop exacerbations during pregnancy needs hospitalization for care. Well-controlled asthma during pregnancy prevents complications of pregnancy and results in better pregnancy outcomes. It better to follow the guidelines for management of asthma during pregnancy. The pregnant women must be educated regarding the care of asthma during pregnancy, delivery, in postpartum period and thereafter.
Analysis of Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from Orange Peels
Authors: Budhathoki Narendra Pratapsingh , Poudel Samir
Published: November 2023

The largest fruit in Nepal is citrus, which takes up 2684 of the country's total fruit-growing land. 71.65% of the nation's citrus-growing land is devoted to the planting of citrus called mandarin oranges. Pectin is a structural hetero-polysaccharide that is integral to the motion of terrestrial flora. The fact some components are becoming resistant to specific fungal infections and illnesses has become among the biggest obstacles in treating them at the moment. This necessitated the employment of novel medications to treat infectious disorders brought on by these microbes. Additionally, they are exceedingly low in toxicity and abundant sources of active chemicals. Soxhlet can be used to easily extract the essential oil. The end result confirms that essential oils were successfully extracted as pectin solutes, which is particularly helpful for pectin extraction in industrial sectors both economically and for environmental health.
धवलागिरिको साहित्यिक इतिहाससँग जोडिएका सन्दर्भहरू
Authors: थापा Thapa दिनबहादुर Dinbahadur
Published: November 2023

नेपाली साहित्यको इतिहासमा धवलागिरि क्षेत्रको आफ्नै मौलिक पहिचान छ । धवलागिरि क्षेत्रको साहित्यसँग यहाँका प्रागैतिहासिक, ऐतिहासिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, प्राकृतिक, संस्थागत र वैयक्तिक सन्दर्भहरू जोडिएका छन्। साहित्यसँग जोडेर यिनै विभिन्न सन्दर्भहरूको खोजी गर्नु यो अध्ययनको मुख्य उद्देश्य रहेको छ । नेपाली साहित्यको इतिहासलाई प्राथमिक, माध्यमिक र आधुनिक गरी तीन चरणमा विभाजन गरिएको छ । धवलागिरि क्षेत्रको साहित्यिक इतिहासलाई पनि यिनै तीन चरणमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यो अध्ययनमा पुस्तकालयीय, जातिभाषिक र क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन विधिको अवलम्बन गरी यी विभिन्न सन्दर्भहरूको खोजी गर्ने प्रयत्न गरिएकोछ । घाटु, सोरठी, गोविचन, थानहरू, लोकसाहित्य आदि यस क्षेत्रका प्रागैतिहासिक किंवदन्ती हुन्भने कोटेराज्यहरूसँग यहाँको ऐतिहासिक सन्दर्भ जोडिएको छ । यस क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्ने जातजाति र तिनका विभिन्न गतिविधिहरू सामाजिक र सांस्कृतिक सन्दर्भहरू हुन्। यहाँको छाँगा–छहरा, हिमालहरू, वनजङ्गल, हरियाली पार्क आदि प्राकृतिक सन्दर्भहरू हुन्। विद्यालय, पुस्तकालय, क्याम्पस, सङ्घसंस्थानहरू आदि संस्थागत सन्दर्भहरूहुन्भने नेपाली साहित्यका धरोहर मानिने कवि वीरशाली पन्त, प्रेमनिधि पन्त, कालीभक्त पन्त, भूपी शेरचन, कृष्णबम मल्ल, मोहनबहादुर मल्ललगायतका व्यक्तित्वहरू पनि यसै क्षेत्रका वैयक्तिक प्रतिभा हुन्। यिनै विभिन्न सन्दर्भहरूको खोजी गर्ने प्रयास यो आलेखमा गरिएको छ ।
The Relevance of Teaching Proverbs in a Foreign Audience in the Study of the Russian Language
Authors: DIASAMIDZE Gulnara , TABATADZE Khatuna
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe authority of a popular proverb is always great. “If you have a mind, follow the mind; if it is not, follow the proverb” (Turkmen proverb).The cultural layer of the language is phraseology in a broad sense (with the inclusion of proverbs and sayings in its circle). A significant number ofproverbial and proverbial expressions refer to colloquial phraseology, for example: “Life to pass is not a field to cross” (Ogoltsev, 1984, p. 45).“A proverb is a short folk saying with an edifying content, a folk aphorism” (Ozhegov & Shvedova, 1999, p. 568). A proverb is always categorical in itsaffirmation and denial. She does not argue, she does not refute – she establishes.A person’s behavior in a certain situation is determined by his life experience. From century to century, each nation has been accumulating that lifeexperience that people consider useful to pass on to new generations. Proverbs are an integral part of everyday life. They passed from fathers tochildren in the form of an oral, well-composed short saying or in the form of an easily remembered figurative turn of speech, expression.Being a micro text, proverbs can be used as material for working in a foreign audience: they can be used to develop various skills and abilities, as wellas a means of comprehending the specifics of Russian culture, removing the language barrier, and improving intercultural communication.Keywords: Proverbs and sayings, phraseology, translation, teaching methodology
The Role of International Organizations in the Security Sector and the Era of Globalization
Authors: GALDAVA Mariam
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyze the case of international organizations and their effect on globalization, state sovereigntyand world politics as a case study. The importance of this study is to explain how International organizations work, why they playso dominant role in management and reform of the security sector, how they are strengthening the accompanying processes ofglobalization. In this article, we discuss those factors, the goals, objectives, and main details of the establishment and operation ofthe following international organizations: The United Nations, The World Bank, the Council of Europe, and the European Union. So, inthis paper, we can see how important their role is in the development of states, and in strengthening security (now in the fight againstCovid19), which is a factor to be considered in the age of globalization.Keywords: Development, era, globalization; international organizations; politics; role; security sector
Lexsiko-Cosemantic Group “Wild Animals” as One of Fragments of Language World Picture (Russian, Georgian, Kazakh Parallels)
Authors: TSERTSVADZE Mzia
Published: November 2023

This article offers a linguocultural analysis of figurative meanings of words being denominations of wild animals in Russian, Georgian and Kazakhlanguages. In the article reveals cultural similarities and differences in the figurative use of the same zoonym in the analyzed languages.The undertaken analysis makes a certain contribution to the reconstruction of the whole linguistic picture of the world, and also allows us to identifysome features of the national perception of the world.Keywords: linguistic picture of the world, linguoculturological analysis, comparison, connotation, wild animals, figurative meaning
Authentic Teaching Strategy and Learning Outcomes of Undergraduate Adult Education Students in a Public University in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: ADENIYI Adekunle Adisa
Published: November 2023

Poor teaching strategies has been linked to poor learning outcomes of undergraduate adult education programs and poor-quality graduates forthe Nigerian society. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between authentic teaching strategy and learning outcomes of undergraduateadult education students in a public university in Nigeria. Using descriptive survey design, one hundred and twenty participants were selectedusing purposive and simple random sampling methods. A modified ‘‘Authentic Teaching and Learning Outcomes of Adult Education Questionnaire’’(ATLOAEQ) with Cronbach Alpha test of internal consistency of 0.86 was administered for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptivestatistics including frequency counts, percentages and inferential statistics i.e., multiple correlation matrix at 0.05 level of significance. Correlationanalysis showed that authentic teaching strategy has significant positive relationship with subject/content knowledge (r.872), knowledge of real-lifesituation (r.998), participatory group strategy (r. 988), communication skills for real world audience (r.975). Based on this, all the three null hypothesestested at 0.05 level of significant were rejected. It is recommended that the Nigeria government and international donor agencies should direct morefunds towards the improvement in university undergraduate adult education teaching, learning outcomes and service delivery for better curriculumimplementation.Keywords: Authentic, Teaching, Learning, Outcomes, Adult Education
Essential Points of the Taliban Peace Agreement with the United States and Its Consequence for Iran (2020-2021)
Authors: BAKHTADZE Irina , USTIASHVILI Samin
Published: November 2023

On March 10, 2020, within an agreement between the USA and Taliban, a timetable to withdraw all foreign troops from Afghanistan, a practicalmechanism to prevent the use of Afghan territory against the security of the United States and its allies, efforts to achieve a comprehensive andlasting ceasefire in the inter-Afghan talks was announced. One of the critical points of the U.S. peace agreement with the Taliban is that it could havesignificant political economic security consequences for Iran; such as the limitation of the possibility of Iranian companies operating in Afghanistan, theduality of the positive security outcome due to the withdrawal of U.S. troops and the negative consequence of the increased instability in Afghanistan,the limitation of Iran’s security and economic presence due to the increased presence of Russia and China in Afghanistan, and could pave the wayfor the expansion of the influence of regional actors in conflict with Iran’s interests in Afghanistan. Strategies include in the peace Agreements were:• Developing multilateral mechanisms for cooperation with Russia and China,• expanding direct economic and security interaction with the Taliban, and• establishing a joint economic commission consisting of economic representatives of the Taliban and the Afghan government to strengtheneconomic security and take advantage of the economic and political consequences of the peace agreement.This article examines the peace agreement signed between the United States and the Taliban, Iran’s position against the Taliban, and the economicconsequences for Iran now that the Taliban took power. Iran is deeply concerned about the Taliban’s implications for its internal security, economicinterests, and regional position. Although Iran is pleased that American troops are no longer in Afghanistan and considers this a great victory, it hasbeen more cautious with its neighbor than ever before.To attain the goals of this qualitative research, a descriptive-analytical method is used. The advantages presented by this method include: enablingthe collection of a significant amount of data from different sources presented by different countries, China, Russia, USA, Iran, and Afghanistan, whichmakes the present research more reliable. The view is critical regarding existing circumstances on the impact of U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistanon Ian political and economic situation. This article examines the possible consequences of this agreement by pointing out the possible geopoliticalchanges in the region.Keywords: Doha Peace Agreement, US, Afghanistan, Taliban, Foreign policy, Iran’s economy, Russia, China, Muslim Brotherhood