bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of aging on the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine in rabbits
Authors: Ho Shung‐Tai , Wang Jhi‐Joung , Hu Oliver Yoa‐Pu , Hu Teh‐Min
Published: October 2006

For the purpose of selecting an animal model for the study of the aging effect on the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine, the pharmacokinetic properties in young and in aged rabbits were reported. Thirty‐one healthy New Zealand white rabbits ranging in ages (mean) from three months to 43 months (six three months old, group I; nine eight months old, group II; nine 18 months old, group III; and seven 43 months old, group IV) were included in the study. After intravenous bolus injection of nalbuphine (10 mg kg−1) to each rabbit, plasma samples were collected and analysed for nalbuphine by a high‐performance liquid chromatography method. The plasma concentration—time data regarding nalbuphine were successfully fitted to a linear two‐compartment open model. The elimination half‐life of nalbuphine in rabbits increased significantly with age. Consequently, clearance decreased significantly with age. The parameter AUC0‐∞, which is derived from dose/clearance, increased significantly with age. The effect of aging on the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine in rabbits is quite similar to that in humans. From the present study, it is concluded that rabbits may be suitable for the study of aging effects on the pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine.
The effect of three H2 receptor antagonists on the disposition of cyclosporin a in the in situ perfused rat liver model
Authors: Hughes C. M. , Swanton J. G. , Collier P. S.
Published: October 2006

The in situ, perfused rat liver model was used to investigate the effect of three H2 receptor antagonists on the disposition of cyclosporin A (CyA) and the major human metabolite, AM1. Perfusion experiments, using standard techniques, were carried out on four groups (one control and three H2‐receptor antagonist‐treated groups) of male Sprague‐Dawley rats (300–350 g). All animals received CyA, 2.5 mg; the three treated groups received cimetidine (8 mg), ranitidine (3 mg), or famotidine (0.4 mg). Perfusated and bile samples were collected and assayed for CyA, AM1, and the H2 receptor antagonists by HPLC. Results indicated that CyA perfusate concentrations in the controls and cimetidine and ranitidine‐treated groups were not significantly different, although levels in the famotidine group were significantly higher at all times (p<0.05), except 30 min, compared to the controls. However, examination of the AM1 perfusate and bile data and the apparent metabolic clearance data indicated that CyA metabolism was still occurring, despite the presence of the H2 receptor antagonist. It is suggested that the absence of a interaction may be attributed to a lack of specificity of the H2 receptor antagonists for CYP3A, the isoenzyme responsible for CyA metabolism.
Eschatologische Wissenschaft und wissenschaftliche Eschatologik
Authors: Sternberger Dolf
Published: October 2006

Eschatological science and scientific eschatology. ‐ The science which this speech is dealing with is almost extinct. Far apart from modern intellectual life it is surviving only in certain adventist sects, in religious subculture as it were, and thus, under the ban of both modern science and official churches as well. Through all of the Christian middle‐ages, however, eschatological science stood in full bloom and high esteem. The case of Joachim de Fiore, the Calabrian abbot (ca. 1135‐1202), is taken as a paradigm ‐ although he was concerned not so much with the apocalyptic Last Events than with a “trinitarian” construction of history and with the advent of the aeon of the Holy Ghost. Eschatological science proper is based on canonic and other authentic prophecies but it is not prophecy itself. It aims at revealing the revelation once more, taking biblical texts as secrets which are still to be decoded. ‐ The paper goes on describing some more characteristics of eschatological science: The tendency of stating definite periods within the history of salvation which is understood to form a coherent body and a definable mass of years; furthermore, the scholarly art of more or less precisely determining the time‐table of apocalyptic events which requires, of course, a good deal of numerical and chronological experimentation. In addition, the eschatological scientist has always been eager to read the ominous “signs of the time” out of or into current history of his own days, and this capacity particularly makes for his public prestige and influence.

While eschatological science has always started from undoubted prophetic and apocalytic premises the other phenomenon which the present speaker terms “scientific eschatology” is, quite reversely, parading as an authentic independent science in the modern meaning of the word not realizing their own hidden eschatological schemes. This is briefly illustrated by the “Communist manifest” and Lenin's statements on the “world revolution”.
Der Höhepunkt der Iatromathematik
Authors: Müller‐Jahncke Wolf‐Dieter
Published: October 2006

The science of “Iatromathematic” and “Iatroastrology” evolved during Antiquity and not unknown in the Middle Ages reached its prime in the 15th century. Their theories fortified by the re‐discovery of Newplatonism and Hermetism were also applied by physicians at the sick‐bed. Due to the outbreak of the syphilis in 1496 a violent discussion arose among physicians, whether or not this new epidemic was caused by the prevailing constellation. Contradictory statements about the epidemic's first appearance caused competend opponents to take action. But they failed to succeed since the idea about the constellation's influence on the sublunar ruled within widest circles of physicians up to the 17th century.
Der Ausklang der wissenschaftlichen Iatromagie
Authors: Rothschuh Karl E.
Published: October 2006

Iatromagic is the use of magic in medical thought and in treatment. It is rooted in the theory of life based on magic and between approx. 1500 and approx. 1680 it presented a widespread, well‐found, i.e. ‘scientific’, concept of medicine. Its origin lay in the supposition that there exist hermetical forces ‐ sympathies and antipathies ‐ relating human beings to the spheres of nature. This idea, elaborated in Neoplatonism to Scientia Magica, lead to the Praxis Magica in medicine, i.e. to medical application of inclinations and disinclinations, correspondances, similarities between plants, animals and human beings on the sick‐bed, for example in the form of signature doctrine. Medicinal magic did not treat according to visible, cause‐and‐effect relationships, but according to inner relating forces as recommended the writings of Agrippa von Nettesheim, Oswald Croll, Wolfgang Hildebrand and many others. In this talk two writings in particular, one of Kenelm Digby, the other of Sylvester Rattray (1658) will be more closely looked at as to their evidence of iatromagical connections. Digby is concerned with a corpuscular interpretation of the hermetically effective weapon salve. Rattray attempts another explanation for magical cures, which propagates [fermentation] as the basic principle of treatment. According to him there are two kinds of fermentation, one causing, the other curing sickness. Neither of the two authors doubts the reality of magical connections, but both seek new explanations deviating from the neoplatonic system. In the final third of the 17th century there is an increase of voices raised in criticism. With reference to this two writings published in 1673/74 are analysed. The authors are Thomas Bartholinus († 1680), an excellent anatomist and polyhistorian in Copenhagen, and Hermann Grube († 1698), a doctor in Hadersleben, Schleswig. Thomas Bartholinus defended magical practices, for example those using the transplantatio morborum, the amulet and the signature doctrine. Grube is much more critical and sceptical; he doubts all aspects of magical healing, for example the weapon salve, transference of disease, amulets, the choice of treatment according to similarity. Grube also makes his own experiments on the effectiveness of magical healing. He cannot confirm it. The credibility of Iatromagic decreased in the final third of the 17th century, the search for new interpretations shows that the neoplatonic system of thought has lost its validity. Iatromagic becomes pure practice, at the end of the 17th century it loses the character of being a scientific concept and in the 18th and 19th centuries it sinks to the level of household‐ and folk‐medicine. Around 1680 it met its end as a science.
Der Herausbildungsprozeß moderner wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen und ihre stadiale Entwicklung in der Geschichte
Authors: Guntau Martin
Published: October 2006

Research on the emergence of scientific disciplines has become a current topic of scientific historical work in recent years. Scientific disciplines are structures of cognitive social character whose geneses represent cornerstones in the history of scientific knowledge. As to the initial history of a science, such stages may be distinguished as its prehistory, emergence and consolidation. This development is dertermined above all by qualitative changes of the knowledge about a particular subject‐matter (1) against the background of concrete material and ideational needs of society (2), and the foundation of specific institutions forming the basis of existance of a scientific discipline (3). Geology is taken as an example to illustrate the emergence of a natural science at the turn from the 18th to the 19th century.
Ein gravierender Fehler in der Übersetzung und Interpretation der Akten des Galileischen Inquisitionsprozesses
Authors: Kurig Thomas
Published: October 2006

Erroneous translation of a crucial document from the Inquisition file on the trial of Galileo Galilei: In 1616 Galileo was forbidden to propagate the doctrine that the earth revolves around the sun. This injunction, by order of the pope, was only to be implemented if Galileo actually refused when asked to abandon his stance. Galileo was asked and did refuse. This fact has remained hitherto unknown because of an error in translation. The words in question are “successive, ac incontinenti”, which must be rendered as “then (following the order of the pope) because Galileo did not agree”. The document makes sense if translated in this manner.
Der Ort des rhetorischen Wissens Kunst und Natur bei Isokrates
Authors: Cahn Michael
Published: October 2006

This paper poses the question of the place of rhetoric as a discipline. It addresses the topical demand that nature, art, and exercise have to be combined by way of an analysis of Isocrates' Against the Sophists. Its thesis is that the call for a “combination” of art and nature solves the disciplinary problems of rhetoric, even though such a synthesis is in fact inconceivable. Rhetoric is not a science, and does not have access to a methodical correlation of rhetorical strategies and their effects upon the audience. Isocrates' criticism of those rhetoricians who assume that their art could be taught in much the same way as the art of writing is of paramount importance here. The case of Isocrates is instructive because it shows how rhetorical success depends on re‐designing the institutional structure of rhetoric and on the capacity to cope with its lack of methodical knowledge. As a result of its para‐scientific nature, rhetoric refers to various models and metaphors to present itself as a discipline. Of these the orator perfectus, the orator imperfectus, and the sophist model of the art of writing as criticized by Isocrates are discussed. This paper attempts a rhetorical reading of the discourse of rhetoric by exploring the implications of these metaphors. At the same time it argues for a history of science which does not shrink away from an analysis of such para‐sciences as rhetoric. It is precisely the lacking scientificity of rhetoric as a discipline which warrants increased attention from the point of view of the history of science.
Der quantitative Beitrag der nach 1933 emigrierten Naturwissenschaftler zur deutschsprachigen physikalischen Forschung
Authors: Fischer Klaus
Published: October 2006

By scientiometrically analyzing the physics‐literature produced between 1925 and 1933 it is shown that the purely quantitative contribution of physicists subsequently emigrating from Germany to the literature produced by the physics community in this country was much lower than hitherto estimated. The actual figure is not in the range of 30%, as is generally assumed, but much nearer to 11%. Control analysis of three leading German physics journals and of memberships in the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft confirms this result. Further investigation of university calendars shows that transferring these results to purely academic physics would amount to committing a “universalistic fallacy”. In academic physics emigré‐physicists held a total of 15,5% of all teaching postitions.

Differentiating the physics literature into various specialties allows further insights into the cognitive and social structure of the German physics community before 1933. Works of emigré‐physicists are not randomly distributed over specialities; instead, the distribution reveals a nearly perfect correlation with what could be called “the specialty's paradigmatic age”. The spectrum begins with quantum theory, where future emigrants produced more than 25% of the literature, and fades away with acoustics, where their contribution amounts to less than 4%. The commonly accepted explanation of this phenomenon, which is based on the assumption that time of institutionalization of a specialty, “prestige” of that specialty, and entrance barriers for Jewish scientists are correlated, is falsified by two cases of non‐ or zero‐correlation: by the very old specialties and by the technical disciplines. A new explanans is proposed which is based on the hypothesis of cognitive and social marginality being correlated and on a certain amount of cognitive marginality enhancing the disposition to innovative behavior and creativity.
Die Mathematisierung der Naturwissenschaften vor dem Hinter‐grund der Bildungsvorstellungen des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Schneider Ivo H.
Published: October 2006

Both, astronomy in the first half of the 19th century and physics in the second half of the 19th century functioned as models and paradigms for the other sciences. The paradigmatic character of a theoretical, mathematical astronomy was due mainly to its capability to predict future events. According to the influence of the Romantische Naturphilosophie the mathematization of physics in Germany took place belatedly compared to France. A modified Newtonian research program with its mathematical implications was adopted by German physicists only after the establishment of the principle of energy conservation. German physicists of the late 19th century claimed over and above the results of physicists the successes of German technology for physics and interpreted these achievements as “cultural” achievements.

They combined this claim with a request for a better representation of physics in the curricula of secondary schools so as to be comparable to that of mathematics. The resistance of the most prestigious secondary schools, the Humanistische Gymnasien, against this request meant that the concept of Bildung as propagated by physicists was not accepted generally in Germany.
Deutsch‐schwedische Wissenschaftsbeziehungen an der Universität Greifswald zwischen 1770 und 1850 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Chemie und Pharmazie
Authors: Friedrich Christoph
Published: October 2006

The aim of the article is to trace the German‐Swedish relations at the University Greifswald in the 18th and 19th centuries. Ch. E. Weigel translated many books and papers of famous Swedish chemists. During the periode from 1775–1815 many Swedish students staid in Greifswald. An other professor of chemistry in Greifswald, F. L. Hünefeld, was as a student by J. J. Berzelius. This paper analyzes the letters of these two scientists.
Carl Wilhelm Noses Handexemplar seines Versuchs einiger Beyträge zur Chemie
Authors: Quarg Gunter
Published: October 2006

In 1778, Lorenz von Crell (1744–1816), professor for chemistry and medicine at the Helmstedt University, founded his Chemisches Journal, the first successful periodical, concerning a distinctive part of the sciences. One of his former students, C. W. Nose (1753–1835), was among the contributors to the inaugurative volume, but he published his article separately, because the edition of the journal was delayed. The authors private copy of this “first article of the first chemical journal” is preserved in the rare book collection of the Chemical Library of the University of Cologne. It is described here, regarding it as an important document of the history of chemical journalism and science.
Die Technisierung der Strahlenforschung und Hochenergiephysik als Durchsetzungsstrategie
Authors: Osietzki Maria
Published: October 2006

The technical standard in physics is demostrated as dependent on the different social and mental states of national communities. Their interests are incoporated in their research as well as in their technical equipment. In the case of high energy physics the construction of huge accelerators should maintain the level of financial, organizational and technical standards experienced during the war; but in the meantime the image of high energy physics should represent international cooperation, pure research without the stigma of destruction.
Theoretische und praktische Jurisprudenz. Die Verwissenschaftlichung der Rechtsgelehrsamkeit um 1800
Authors: Schröder Jan
Published: October 2006

Two developments have been of crucial significance to create the today's relation of theoretical (scientific) jurisprudence and the practical pursuit of law:1. The process of forming a jurisprudence basing on scientific methods around 1800. This process is particularly based on the following epistemological changes:(a) The late 18th century gave birth to the idea of a system of science as an unchangeable context of science in abstracto. Therefore the practical application of parts of this system appeared no longer as an independent science. (b) Besides the late 18th century gave birth to the distinction between scientific ability (reason/“Verstand”) and practical ability (judgement/“Urteilskraft”). (c) Finally the late 18th century established criteria of a scientific method — necessity, reasoning, systematics —, which the practical application could not satisfy. Jurisprudence (now: legal science/“Rechtswissenschaft”) absorbed these epistemological changes in the late 18th century and regarded itself as a science. Therefore the legal science dismissed the “applied jurisprudence” that is to say the practical pursuit of law (that had been recognized as a part of legal scholarship in former times). 2. The change in the relation of academic and practical education of lawyers around and after 1800: The practical education was dislodged from the universities and found its place in the practical judicial training after the first state examination (“Referendarzeit”). This “two‐step‐education” was established first in Prussia and since 1879 everywhere in Germany.
Aus Österreich emigrierte Sozialwissenschaftler. Überblick und Stand der Forschung
Authors: Fleck Christian
Published: October 2006

The article presents an general view over the enforced migration of Austrian social scientists after 1933. The author argues that the Austrian case is a specific one: first in consequence of the two successive dictatorships, second because of the devastating consequences of the emigration movement for the Austrian scientific community and culture. Only a few of the refugees returned to Austria after 1945. Further could be demonstrated that the Austrian refugees were quickly promoted in the scientific world of their exile countries, by way of comparison — especially in the United States.
Die erste Entlassungswelle von Hochschullehrern deutscher Hochschulen aufgrund des Gesetzes zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums vom 7.4.1933
Authors: Gerstengarbe Sybille
Published: October 2006

On 7 April 1933 the statute „Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums”︁ authorized German universities to dismiss staff because of race and/or politics. At the end of 1934 the Ministry of Science, Arts and National Education demanded lists of university teachers, who had to leave the universities as a consequence of the above law. The present lists fully compile the universities in Germany in 1934.
Geschichtswissenschaft ‐ Wissenschaftsgeschichte: Koexistenz oder Konvergenz?
Authors: Trischler Helmuth
Published: October 2006

Until recently, in Germany general history lived with the history of science in a peaceful coexistence which was the result of their mutual ignorance. The debates on the integration of social and cultural theories and methods into both disciplines have offered opportunities for a new convergence of general history and history of science. The basic assumption of social constructionism that science does not produce knowledge independant from time and space, has offered new possibilities to link history of science with the discourse of general history. This article will argue that the biographical method, the theory of national innovation systems, institutional history and cultural history are among the most promising approaches to ensure that scholarly coexistence will be replaced by convergence.
Thomas Kuhn und die Wissenschaftsgeschichte
Authors: Hoyningen‐Huene Paul
Published: October 2006

The article discusses Thomas S. Kuhn's impact on the history of science, especially in the United States of America. First, the state of the history of science in the fifties is sketched. Second, Kuhn's particular contribution to the emerging new historiography of science is presented. Third, Kuhn's role in the m‐stitutionalization of the history of science in the USA is considered. Finally, some remarks are made on the relation between Kuhn's historiographic work and his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Types of mean residence times
Authors: Wagner John G.
Published: October 2006

Mean residence times (MRTs) have been classified into two main groups, namely system moment MRT [MRT(S,MO] and system matrix MRT [MRT(S,MA]. There are also MRTs of individual compartments [MRT(i)] such as central or plasma compartment, [MRT(P)], and tissue compartments and the MRT of an absorption site, [MRT(A)]. Much of the literature on MRTs does not clearly indicate which MRT is being discussed. MRT(S,MO) has been termed non‐compartmental, but is really based on a structured model. There are really no model‐independent MRTs or steady‐state volumes of distribution. For the classical two‐compartment open model with central compartment input, sampling and elimination MRT(S,MO) = MRT(S,MA) for a given set of microscopic rate constants. When elimination occurs from any but the central compartment then MRT(S,MO) is not equal to MRT(S,MA). For 'first‐pass' drugs it is necessary to have a model where elimination occurs from a compartment different from the central and sampling compartment. Many of the methods of estimating MRTs which have been reported in the literature to date are reviewed and some generalizations are drawn. Some uses of MRTs are indicated. These uses involve both amounts of drug in the body as well as concentrations. The relationship between MRT(S,MO) and MRT(S,MA) for the Rowland two‐compartment open model with peripheral compartment elimination is: MRT(S,MA)‐MRT(S,MO) = l/(k20 + k21). Thus the system matrix MRT is always larger than the system moment MRT for this linear model, which is most useful for ‘first‐pass’ drugs. A general equation for MRT(S,MA) of all three two‐compartment open models with input into either of the compartments is (λ;1 + λ;2_kio)/λ;1λ;2 where i is the compartment (i= 1 or 2) into which input occurs.
Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine and stable isotope labelled analogues: A study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Burm A. G. L. , Van Kleef J. W. , Spierdijk J. , De Boer A. G. , Vermeulen N. P. E. , De Leede L. G. J. , Breimer D. D.
Published: October 2006

The pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine and tri‐deuteromethyl‐labelled lidocaine and bupivacaine were investigated in healthy volunteers. The deuterium‐labelled and the unlabelled form of the drug to be investigated were simultaneously infused in 10 min. Plasma concentrations were determined using a combination of capillary gas chromatography and mass fragmentography. Bi‐exponential functions were fitted to the plasma concentration‐time data. The mean distribution and elimination half‐lives were 8.4±5.9 min and 96±26 min for lidocaine, 9.2±7·0 min and 98±27 min for deuterium‐labelled lidocaine, 15.3±9·9 min and 111±32 min for bupivacaine, and 15.2 ± 10.9 min and 109±31 min for deuterium‐labelled bupivacaine, respectively. The mean volumes of the central compartment and mean steady state volumes of distribution were: lidocaine 37±151 and 97±201, deuterium‐labelled lidocaine 39±161 and 98±181, bupivacaine 27±111 and 66±231 and deuterium‐labelled bupivacaine 28±121, and 65±221, respectively. The respective mean plasma clearances were 0.88±0181 min−1, 0.87±0.181 min−1, 0.61±0.151 min−1, and 0.62±0.171 min−1. The results of the study indicate that substitution of a deuterated methyl group does not alter the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine in healthy subjects.
Relative bioavailability of carbocysteine from three dosage forms investigated in healthy volunteers
Authors: Bron J.
Published: October 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of a new tablet formulation of carbocysteine relative against two other oral carbocysteine containing dosage forms, viz. a syrup and capsules. Plasma levels and urine concentrations of carbocysteine were monitored, following oral administration of all three dosage forms to healthy human volunteers, by direct derivatization of carbocysteine using dabsylchloride and subsequent high performance liquid chromatography.

There was no difference in bioavailability of carbocysteine from these dosage forms as expressed by the respective areas under the plasma concentration‐time curves and total amounts of unchanged carbocysteine excreted in urine.
A general model of metabolite kinetics following intravenous and oral administration of the parent drug
Authors: Weiss Michael
Published: October 2006

A model of metabolite pharmacokinetics is developed in terms of residence time distributions and derived non‐compartmental measures. It provides quantitative insight into factors determining the concentration‐time curve of metabolite following intravenous and oral administration of the precursor drug. The AUCs and higher curve moments (mean residence times and relative dispersions) are calculated/ predicted and their dependence on mean absorption time, fraction of first‐pass metabolism and intrinsic disposition residence times of the parent drug and metabolite, respectively, is discussed. An AUC‐based method for the determination of the first‐pass effect is proposed which is not influenced by drug absorption. The approach is valid for linear pharmacokinetic systems exhibiting hepatic and renal elimination of the precursor drug; it is not restricted to specific compartmental models. Limitations of previous concepts of metabolite kinetics are defined. Criteria are presented for the appearance of concave metabolite curves in a semi‐logarithmic scale.
Effect of poisoning by soman (pinacolyl methylphosphono‐fluoridate) on the serum half‐life of the cholinesterase reactivator hi‐6 in mice
Authors: Clement J. G. , Simons K. J. , Briggs C. J.
Published: October 2006

The effect of fasting, atropine, and poisoning by an organophosphae anticholinesterase soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) on the pharmacokinetics of the acetylcholinesterase oxime reactivator HI‐6 (CAS Reg. No. 34433‐31‐3; l‐(((4‐(aminocarbonyl) pyridinio)methoxy)methyl)‐2‐(hydroxyimino)methyl) pyridinium di‐chloride) was investigated. Pharmacokinetic parameters (elimination half‐life, volume of distribution, clearance rate) were determined for the following groups: (1) a 20 and 50 mg kg−1 dose of HI‐6; (2) a 50 mg kg−1 dose of HI‐6 after fasting for 18 h (water ad lib); (3) a 50mg kg−1 dose of HI‐6 at 0, 4, and 24h after atropine (17.4mg kg−1, i.p.) and soman (287μg kg−1, s.c); and (4) a 50mg kg−1 dose of HI‐6 at 0 and 4h after soman (100 μg kg−1, s.c). Fasting increased significantly (p<0.05) the elimination of half‐life (t½) and tended to increase the volume of distribution (Vd) and decrease the clearance rate (CL). Following soman (287 μg kg−1) poisoning the UA of HI‐6 increased from 8‐6 min to 21‐6 min and the Vd increased to 0.731 kg−1. At the lower soman dose (100 μg kg−1) no significant effect on HI‐6 pharmacokinetics was found. Atropine (17.4μg kg−1: i.p.) pretreatment increased the t½ and CL while having no effect on the Vd. By 24 h the pharmacokinetic parametes of HI‐6 in the various treatment groups were not significantly different from the control group. The changes in the pharmacokinetics of HI‐6 following soman and atropine are probably the result of haemodynamic changes.
Pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone after intravenous, peroral and rectal administration to human subjects
Authors: Parab P. V. , Ritschel W. A. , Coyle D. E. , Gregg R. V. , Denson D. D.
Published: October 2006

The pharmacokinetic properties of hydromorphone in healthy young male subjects were studied after i. v., peroral, and rectal administration. After i.v. administration the following pharmacokinetic parameters were found: elimination half‐life 2.36 ± 0.5 h, hepatic extraction ratio 0.51, apparent volume of distribution 2.9 ± 1.3 L kg−1 and volume of central compartment 0.23 ± 0.2 L kg−1. The absolute bioavailability after peroral administration was 50.7 ± 29.8 per cent, and that after rectal administration was 33 ± 22 per cent.
Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of terodiline, including a stable isotope technique for improvement of statistical evaluations
Authors: Hallén Bengt , Guilbaud Olivier , Strömberg Signhild , Lindeke Björn
Published: October 2006

A bioequivalence study with terodiline (Mictrol®) was performed in 8 healthy volunteers given a 25 mg oral dose of either of two solid dosage forms together with a water solution of the deuterated drug. The solid dosage forms were found to be bioequivalent. Moreover, their pharmacokinetic profiles were the same as for the water solution. The basic pharmacokinetic parameters (means ± SE) of terodiline were calculated to: biological half‐life in serum 60 ± 4 h, maximum serum concentration 79 ± 4 μg 1−1 and the corresponding time 4 ± 1 h, oral serum clearance 75 ± 7 ml min−1, urinary excretion 15.3 ± 1.5 per cent of dose, and renal serum clearance 10.9 ± 2.2 ml min−1.

The within‐subject variability (serum‐derived parameters) was about 8 per cent (CV per cent) and the between‐subject variation 2–4 times higher. A single parameter estimate in subjects of a comparative population can be expected to show a 3‐fold variation (95 per cent confidence).

The deuterated drug could be used as a covariate to increase the power/precision in the statistical evaluation of the bioequivalence. In that way the 95 per cent confidence interval for the difference between the formulations, as well as the difference that could be detected with 80 per cent power, was reduced 2‐ to 5‐fold. The covariate method was thus in this respect extremely efficient. In bioequivalence studies with drugs where a large number of subjects would be needed using conventional statistical analyses, this method also offers a possibility to considerably reduce the size of the panel, while retaining sufficient power and precision in the estimates.
Bioavailability in human volunteers of three intramuscular formulations of cefonicid: A long‐acting cephalosporin
Authors: Brumfitt W. , Hamilton‐Miller J. M. T. , Grady Deirdre , James I. , Price Colette
Published: October 2006

Three different intramuscular formulations of cefonicid (a new long acting cephalosporin) have been tested for bioavailability in 12 healthy volunteers, using a triple crossover design. No significant differences were detectable between the bioequivalence of the three formulations in terms of area‐under‐curve and 24‐h urinary excretion. However, one of the formulations (A) was absorbed significantly more rapidly from the site of injection, causing higher serum levels for up to 1.5 h after administration. A significantly greater urinary excretion was also found up to 8 h after admininstration of formulation A. All three formulations were well tolerated, and no side‐effects or significant changes in laboratory tests were observed.
Effect of acute water deprivation on renal function in rats
Authors: Prasad P. , Niazi S. , Jung D.
Published: October 2006

The effect of acute water deprivation for 96 h on renal function was studied in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were estimated using inulin and p‐amino hippuric acid (PAH), respectively, as model compounds. Acute water deprivation caused a significant decrease (44 per cent) in the GFR without altering the ERPF. These results indicate that a proper dosage adjustment may have to be made in the dehydration condition, especially for drugs whose disposition is dependent on GFR.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ergoloid mesylates
Authors: Schran H. F. , McDonald S. , Lehr R.
Published: October 2006

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ergoloid mesylates following single administrations of various dose levels (3–9 mg), dosage forms (oral swallow and sublingual tablets, solution) and under different dosing conditions (fasted, with meal) were studied in young healthy volunteers. Male and female subjects showed a similar rate and extent of bioavailable ergoloid after drug treatment. The absorption of ergoloid using either the tablet dosage forms or the drug administered as a solution was rapid, with peak levels of about 60–80 pg ml−1 mg−1 dose achieved after 0.6 to 1.3 h. The elimination half‐life for ergoloid in plasma was 2–5 h. Administration of drug with food had no effect on the extent of absorption (AUC) but lowered the absorption rate. This resulted in a reduction of (by 25 per cent) and delay in (by 1 h) achieving peak levels (Cmax). Increasing the ergoloid dose caused a proportional increase in the AUC, but a smaller than proportional increase for Cmax. The tablet formulations provided similar AUCs as the solution; the objective of the sublingual tablet formulation to provide improved bioavailability over the swallow tablet via circumvention of first‐pass metabolism was therefore not realized. Transient decreases in blood pressure after ergoloid treatment paralleled the plasma level profiles. Higher ergoloid levels were paired with the larger pressure decreases.
Bioavailability of 125I bromelain after oral administration to rats
Authors: White Richard R. , Crawley Francis E. H. , Vellini Massimiliano , Rovati Luigi A.
Published: October 2006

Bromelain is a sulphydral protease, derived from the stem and fruit of pineapples. Semi‐purified preparations of bromelain are used in the treatment of inflammation and oedema. There is however no unequivocal proof of the absorption of the enzyme after oral administration. In this study, 125I‐bromelain was administered orally to rats and blood sampled at various times. The total radioactivity, the TCA precipitable 125I‐compounds and the molecular weight profile of 125I‐proteins in the plasma were determined. A maximum level, equivalent to 270 ng ml−1 bromelain was found at 1 h after administration. Approximately 40 per cent of the 125I in plasma could be precipitated by 10 per cent trichloroacetic acid. Electrophoretic analysis showed one major peak of radioactivity in the plasma samples, with a molecular weight of 26‐32000 daltons. This is identical to the main molecular weight fraction in the Bromelain mixture and corresponds to the molecular weight of the purified enzyme. In the 1 h plasma sample this peak contained 0.003 per cent of the administered dose per millilitre.
Placebo‐controlled comparative study of the anxiolytic activity and of the pharmacokinetics of oral and sublingual lorazepam in generalized anxiety
Authors: Spénard J. , Caillé G. , VÉZina M. , Larivière L. , Trudel F. , Ouellette J. , De Montigny C.
Published: October 2006

In a randomized crossover study, twelve patients presenting a generalized anxiety disorder received either a 1 mg oral tablet or a 1 mg sublingual tablet of lorazepam three times daily for 7 days. After a 7‐day washout period, each patient received a 7‐day treatment with the other tablet form. Treatments were administered in a double‐blind manner using placebos of both the oral and sublingual tablets. Psychiatric evaluations were carried out before and following each of the three periods. Blood samples were drawn at intervals for 48 h following the last dose of each treatment. The plasma concentrations of lorazepam were measured by gas chromatography using an electron‐capture detector. Both the oral and sublingual lorazepam produced a significant anxiolytic effect; there was no statistically significant difference between the therapeutic effectiveness of the two forms of lorazepam. The main pharmacokinetic parameters for the oral and sublingual tablets were, respectively: elimination half‐life 15.6h and 11.7h; maximal concentration 40.8ngml−1 and 42.2ngml−1; time to reach maximal concentration l.2h and 1.4h; corrected area under the curve 310.6ng hml−1 and 313.6ng hml−1. There was no statistically significant difference between the oral and sublingual tablets for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured.
The potential role of lysosomes in tissue distribution of weak bases
Authors: Macintyre Anna C. , Cutler David J.
Published: October 2006

The potential importance of lysosomes as a site of accumulation of weak bases in tissues is discussed. A simple mathematical treatment predicts the quantitative significance of lysosomal trapping for monoacidic and diacidic weak bases.

The features which are characteristics of lysosomal trapping are discussed, particularly in comparison with active transport and intracellular binding mechanisms. These features include: linear accumulation at low concentrations; nonlinearity at higher concentrations; dependence on structural integrity of tissue; energy dependence and competition with other weak bases.

Subcellular distribution studies have previously shown that weak bases accumulate extensively in membranes; however, the dependence of accumulation on the structural integrity of tissue suggests that this is not the only significant mechanism of accumulation.

The results of a range of studies of tissue distribution of weak bases are discussed to illustrate that these findings are consistent with accumulation in lung and liver being attributable to a combination of lysosomal trapping and accumulation in membranes whereas, in muscle, accumulation in membranes is the predominant mechanism of accumulation. The possible pharmacokinetic significance of lysosomal trapping of weak bases is also discussed.
One‐to‐one: Tutorial instruction in freshman composition
Authors: Garrison Roger H.
Published: October 2006

A detailed description of and rationale for an effective tutorial method of teaching within a standard scheduling framework.
Gaining access to the world of work in Latin America
Authors: Labelle Thomas J.
Published: October 2006

Bringing education and work sectors in Latin America together has required centralized coordination of industry with government.
World adaptation of the community college concept
Authors: Kintzer Frederick C.
Published: October 2006

Nations throughout the world are responding to growing demands for postsecondary education by developing new short‐cycle institutions related in various ways to the community college concept.
Evaluation of full‐time faculty
Authors: Poole Lawrence H. , Dellow Donald A.
Published: October 2006

With more demand for accountability, a workable system to evaluate full‐time faculty has become a major need for many institutions.
Establishing Successful Faculty Evaluation and Development Programs
Authors: Arreola Raoul A.
Published: October 2006

Identifying and coping with the basic elements of faculty resistance and administrator apathy are at the heart of the problem in establishing any faculty evaluation or faculty development program.
Humanizing the humanities
Authors: Peters Dennis
Published: October 2006

Humanists who want to work more closely with those in other disciplines must consider another point of view. We humanists have moved too slowly to enlarge our definition of a truly educated person.
Initiating the College‐Community Collaborative Process
Authors: Willett Lynn H.
Published: October 2006

When collaborative efforts take a positive orientation toward the future from their inception, they have greater chances of success.
State power in a new era: Threats to local authority
Authors: Tillery Dale , Wattenbarger Jams L.
Published: October 2006

The growth of state power and authority has had a profound impact on governance. Developments in governance in the past decade in two bellwether states are examined, and implications of the growth in state power are discussed.
Collective bargaining: The conflict model as norm?
Authors: Ernst Richard J.
Published: October 2006

How colleges cope with collective bargaining makes the difference in how successfully it is used.
Governing the multiunit district: A decade of change
Authors: Wygal Benjamin R.
Published: October 2006

The future will bring many challenges for multiunit community college governance. The most successful responses to governance needs will be those characterized by dynamic response to the changing environment and by an attitude and process for ongoing renewal of the governance system.
Toward a new paradigm: Governance in a broader framework
Authors: Deegan William L.
Published: October 2006

Effective governance and decision making will be crucial as community colleges confront the issues of the decade ahead. A new framework for governance is proposed to help place decision making in a broader and more integrated context.
Sources and information: Community college governance
Authors: Palmer Jim
Published: October 2006

This chapter lists material abstracted from recent additions to the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) system to provide further information on community college governance.
Cost accounting for decision makers
Authors: Kaneklides Ann L.
Published: October 2006

When community college administrators know how to use cost information and analysis properly, the value of such information to the decision‐making process is greatly enhanced. Accurate accounting information provides an effective management tool but cannot act as a substitute for good management.
Trustees as advocates in state legislatures
Authors: Grady Dan
Published: October 2006

State legislation has grown increasingly important in two‐year college governance. Trustees must take a leading role in organizing the college's lobbying effort.
Characteristics of female trustees
Authors: Korhammer Sheila M.
Published: October 2006

Women have found places on boards of directors of many types of organizations. This chapter reviews their status on community college governing boards.
The search for mission and integrity: A retrospective view
Authors: Wagoner Jennings L.
Published: October 2006

The community college, “untrammeled by tradition,” must face its past as it confronts its present condition and pursues its search for mission and integrity in the future.
Educational technology in multicampus community colleges: A decade of change
Authors: Terwilliger Gloria
Published: October 2006

A recent survey demonstrates that the new and old can coexist successfully within the framework of educational technology as coordinated by the systems and structure of the learning resource center.
Instructional technology mix: Some considerations
Authors: Voegel George H.
Published: October 2006

We must engage in widespread and intensive discussions of the appropriate technological and human mix if we are effectively to serve the needs of community college students.
Assessment and placement of developmental and high‐risk students
Authors: Bray Dorothy
Published: October 2006

Assessment and placement systems go beyond testing; they are directly related to student success and satisfaction.
General education in the occupational curriculum: Why? to what extent? with what results?
Authors: Campbell Dale F. , Wood Mary T.
Published: October 2006

This chapter contains major questions on structuring curricula as well as program sources, and suggests actions.
Accommodating testing to disabled students
Authors: Casey Emmett
Published: October 2006

Accommodating testing situations to disabled students presents special challenges for the administration and interpretation of test results. This chapter provides some background information on the testing of disabled students and presents results from a recent survey of efforts in California to deal with this issue.
Is there life after college? A customized assessment and planning model
Authors: Obler Susan S. , Ramer Maureen H.
Published: October 2006

Assessment systems need to be designed for new student populations–‐the “new” majority who no longer fit the traditional profile. In contrast to programs for full‐time students who are recent high school graduates, the model proposed here features a customized planning information sequence tailored to the diversity of toduy's students.
Marching to the market: A new tune for training organizations
Authors: Wilms Wellford W.
Published: October 2006

Community colleges and Proprietary institutions must stay closely attuned to their markets.
The other transfer degree
Authors: Prager Carolyn , Carroll
Published: October 2006

Transfer options for occupational‐technical students have not kept pace with the reality that their transfer rates approximate those of liberal arts and science students in community college programs.
Merging multiple systems: Process and problems
Authors: Kirkbride Eunice B.
Published: October 2006

When a multicampus college writes articulation agreements with multiple public school system, a particularly challenging enterprise is undertaken.
The federal imprint
Authors: Bell Terrel H.
Published: October 2006

The federal government's role in shaping the curriculum is more influential than is generally recognized.
Business and education: Partners in curriculum development
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: October 2006

Business/education partnerships offer a promising way for partners to meet their common goals and challenges.
Computerized tracking system for under prepared students
Authors: Smittle Pat , Lavallee Michael R. , Carman William E.
Published: October 2006

Collaboration between the data processing center and the developmental studies program at one community college resulted in efficient monitoring of the progress of underprepared students.
Student development from theory to practice
Authors: Dassance Charles R. , Harr Gary
Published: October 2006

Student affairs practitioners in two‐year colleges should continue their efforts to implement student development theory, by suflplementing process models with effective strategies and tactics.
Future direction for student services: A view from the top
Authors: McCabe Robert H.
Published: October 2006

A new emphasis on enrollment management will help renew student services in the decade ahead.
The community college foundation tody. B. Reasons for Success
Authors: Ryan G. Jeremiah
Published: October 2006

Community colleges have successfully used professional advancement officers to attract significant corporate dollars.
Instructional use of computers in the junior college
Authors: Wells Gordon L.
Published: October 2006

The administration and faculty of two‐year colleges must recognize the important contribution that the computer can make now—and in the future—to the education of our students.
Doubts about the future of the private liberal arts junior college
Authors: Woodroof Robert H.
Published: October 2006

After strengths and weaknesses are tallied and economic and demographic trends factored in, is there a future for the eighty‐nine remaining private liberal arts junior colleges in the United States?