bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Retention and the ‘Chilling Effect’ in the Context of Mass Surveillance and a Tacit Sift Towards a Hobbesian state in Western Democracies
Authors: Manokha Ivan
Published: February 2025

Chapter 27 situates data retention policies, implemented across various democratic countries for law enforcement purposes, in the context of a growing privileging of security as the primary goal of the state over different democratic rights and liberties. It argues that we are witnessing an inadvertent reconfiguration of the social contract towards a more ‘Hobbesian’ conception of the state. Its main objective is to guarantee security which, if necessary, may justify the adoption of various exceptional surveillance and enforcement measures—including those that may violate fundamental individual freedoms and rights. This process takes place without much opposition as most citizens sleepwalk into this new arrangement. The focus of the chapter is on the ‘chilling effect’ that different policies of indiscriminate and bulk data collection, of which data retention is but one instance, produce, as well as their implications for freedom of expression and for democratic politics more generally.
Not at Our Disposal
Authors: Samson Melanie
Published: February 2025

Reclaimers who salvage recyclable and reusable materials are frequently upheld as emblematic of disposable ‘surplus populations’ considered superfluous to the contemporary capitalist economy and social and political life. Through analysis of how black reclaimers in South Africa revalue commodities that others have disposed as waste, this chapter exposes the patriarchal, white supremacist colonial assumption underpinning capital accumulation (which I argue has intensified in the current period of ‘disposability capitalism’) that subjugated people, nature, and commodities can be treated as disposable, understood not as excluded and unnecessary, but as simultaneously disposable and at capitalists’ disposal (hence exploitable). The chapter argues that analysis of reclaimers’ complex labour and organizing facilitates a fundamental critique of the ideology and practice of disposability and ‘disposability capitalism’ and provides crucial insights into ways to struggle beyond them, as well as challenges in doing so.
A ‘Print Revolution’ in Business?
Authors: Talbott Siobhan
Published: February 2025

The ‘print revolution’ underpinned the emergence and growth of a variety of conduits of business information, including printed prices current, commercial newspapers, exchange rates current, and advice books, as there was an expansion in the production and circulation of printed material. However, while the volume of printed information increased, this was not always to the benefit of those involved in business. This chapter explores the ways that merchants used—or did not use—printed material, exposes the problems with it, and shows how those in business circumvented and enhanced it. The circulation of manuscript and oral information remained crucial, and the agency of individuals in creating and sharing their own news and information had significant implications for the conduct of business. The idea that printed information was increasingly ubiquitous and easily accessible was not always reflected in the experiences of early modern commercial agents.
Christian Nationalism, Nation-Building, and the Making of the Holocaust in Slovakia
Authors: Kubátová Hana
Published: February 2025

Christian Nationalism, Nation-Building, and the Making of the Holocaust in Slovakia exposes the crucial role of Christian nationalism in cultivating popular complicity and collaboration during the Holocaust. It does this by exploring how communal murder and betrayal intersected with nation-building in the newly independent Slovakia during World War II. The authority of the fascist regime centered in Bratislava hinged on appeasing not only Hitler but also civilian populations of the nation’s heterogenous eastern borderlands, especially local elites, such as priests, doctors, and teachers, as well as the rural masses. Scholarship on fascism has either focused on state actors operating from urban centers to orchestrate coercion or explored local mechanisms of violence at the grassroot level. This book, in contrast, foregrounds the center’s dynamic relationship to the periphery, showing how this relationship was forged, how it was maintained, and how, ultimately, Christian nationalism operated as the lure and political strategy that brought differently positioned actors together to broker deals over resources and power accrued through the co-enactment of genocide by a broad coalition of perpetrators on the ground. Ultimately, this little-known chapter of Holocaust history can help us better understand how collaborations between elite and popular formations of Christian nationalism can pave the way for ethnic cleansing across different territories and, one might argue, times.
The Project
Authors: Kubátová Hana
Published: February 2025

This chapter places the notion of progress at the center of analysis, illuminating its key role in the transmission of the fascist regimes’ Christian nationalist vision to everyday citizens. Collaborating with local authorities, the state developed initiatives that promised to bring civilization to the rural peripheries while still protecting the region from moral decadence that supposedly came with modernity. As central and local actors pursued a mission of developing the rural edges in alignment with the state’s professed Christian national ideology, they spearheaded a program aimed at uplifting the region, while simultaneously implementing ethnic cleansing policies. I point to the crucial, yet often forgotten, role played by Romani people in strategic developmental projects of the regime, especially the long-awaited railway line that was to, once again, connect the center with the eastern edges. The chapter also sheds light on the complex interplay between the racialized notions of work and progress and the darker undertones of genocidal practices that accompanied the region’s transformation. It was from the first cement pavements, from the newly reconstructed town squares, from the towns and villages already cleansed from Roma in the name of progress and development, that the Jews were deported to ultimate death.
Conclusion
Authors: Kubátová Hana
Published: February 2025

The conclusion brings together key arguments made throughout Christian Nationalism, Nation-Building, and the Making of the Holocaust in Slovakia while extending the book’s analysis to the present. I summarize the influence of Christian nationalism on the genesis of the Holocaust in Slovakia. I discuss the genocide as an intertwined story: intertwined in terms of people, their choices, and powers, in terms of places but also times. I also provide a postscript, underlining the lasting impact of Christian nationalism that, including in the form of popular narratives about anti-fascist resistance, Jewish rescue, and the supposed good life under the fascist regime, continues to reverberate throughout the country.
Student Mobilizations between Revolution and Repression
Authors: Ramzy Farah
Published: February 2025

This chapter challenges the dichotomy separating student-related and political mobilizations and analyses how ‘being a student’ was worked into different frames after 2011 and 2013. Utilizing the concept of ‘arenas’ of mobilization, I show the extent to which the shift in possibility and actors’ configuration completely flips the framing strategies. Whereas in 2011, removing the university-specific status from a frame was a way to bring the revolution into the university, working it into subsequent frames was a way to activate the memory of the historical movement and to bring that legacy into the present. In 2013, the portrayal of politically motivated repression as a general problem that concerns all students regardless of their affiliations was a strategy that aimed to broaden the spectrum of allies, and was part of a shift in activities and priorities that hoped to attract greater numbers of students.
Provisioning fisheries: A framework for recognizing the fuzzy boundary around commercial, subsistence, and recreational fisheries
Authors: Nguyen Vivian Mai-Anh , Fiorella Kathryn J , Castello Leandro , Badhon Mahatub Khan , Beaudoin Christine , Coffin-Schmitt Jeanne , Cooke Steven J , Fisk Aaron T , Nyboer Elizabeth , O’Keefe Daniel M , Rice Emma D , Stedman Richard , Venker Nicole , Macneil Aaron
Published: February 2025

Although sparse, increasing evidence suggests an overlooked population of fishers whose fishing motivations and outcomes overlap across commercial, subsistence and recreational fishing sectors, resulting in underrepresented groups of fishers in management and policy frameworks. These fishers participate in what we frame as “provisioning fisheries,” a concept we propose to highlight the underrepresented values from fishing and fisheries across recreational, sociocultural, psychological, economic, health, and nutritional dimensions. We argue that provisioning fisheries often support underserved groups, provisioning fishers may engage in informal markets, and, that distinction exists from sport-oriented recreational fisheries in power, risks, access barriers, fishing motivation, attitudes, and practices including rule and advisory awareness. We propose that provisioning fisheries should be consciously considered—whether as part of existing fisheries structures or even its own sector to promote more sustainable and inclusive fisheries management. Overlooking this population of fishers may risk further marginalization, conflicts, contaminant exposure, and inaccurate stock estimates. Therefore, we propose provisioning fisheries as a useful analytical category to explore the heterogeneity of fishers and their distinct needs, motivations, and behaviors. As an example of how these fisheries may function, we synthesize what we currently know about provisioning fisheries in North America with hypothesized differences between provisioning and the sport-oriented recreational fisher to encourage greater dialogue and investigation about underrecognized fisheries.
Litchi40K v1.0: a cost-effective, flexible and versatile liquid SNP chip for genetic analysis and digitalization of germplasm resources in litchi
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Pengfei , Li Fang , Xu Li , Zhao Jietang , Fu Jingxiao , Wang Jiabin , Zhang Hui , Li Songang , Hong Jiwang , Zheng Jian , Luo Xinping , Li Huanling , Wang Jiabao
Published: February 2025

Genetic breeding and molecular identification in varieties depend on high-performance genotyping tools. The high heterozygosity of the litchi genome contributes to increased resequencing costs and elevated error rates in hybridization-based genotyping methods. In this study, a liquid chip named Litchi4K v1.0 was developed with high-depth resequencing data from 875 litchi samples, and its efficacy was validated across three different populations. In the L. chinensis var. fulvosus population, three subpopulations characterized by spatial distribution, and a total of 1,110 genes were identified in the genomic regions with subpopulation differentiation. Additionally, a total of 30 significant signals associated with diverse agronomic traits were identified. The H002 haplotype of LITCHI02696, dominant in the Sub2 subgroup, significantly increased the soluble solid content in the L. chinensis var. fulvosus population. In a hybrid F1 population, a high-density genetic map was constructed and 79 dwarfing-related QTLs were identified with the liquid chip. A NAC transcription factor was identified as a candidate gene with a heterozygous frameshift variant in the male parent. To facilitate the digitization of germplasm resources, 384 SNPs were selected, and the DNA fingerprint map revealed clear genetic relationships and a total of 10 potential synonym groups or instances of bud mutations were identified in 164 main cultivated litchi varieties. This study provides cost-effective, flexible and versatile liquid chip for genetic analysis and digitalization of germplasm resources in litchi.
A2 USING BIOPSY-DERIVED ORGANOIDS AND GUT-ON-A-CHIP PLATFORM TO DEVELOP A PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT BACTERIAL INFECTION MODEL
Authors: Liang Q , Choi K , Sham H , Bressler B , vallance B
Published: February 2025

Background

The intestine is a highly complex ecosystem, consisting of diverse cell types, dynamic interactions, and mechanical forces. These elements are key to maintaining intestinal homeostasis and modulating the risk of enteric bacterial infections. Traditional in vitro models fail to recapitulate the physiological complexity of the gut, limiting our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and host responses. Patient-derived intestinal organoids offer a promising solution by replicating the cellular diversity and structure of the epithelium. However, conventional organoid cultures lack the dynamic environment present in vivo. The emergence of organ-on-a-chip technology provides an innovative approach for such modeling, by incorporating mechanical forces, such as flow and stretch, to better mimic the intestinal environment.

Aims

To establish a bacterial infection model using patient-derived intestinal organoids cultured in a gut-on-a-chip system to address the challenges of simulating the complex enteric pathogen-host interactions.

Methods

An enteric Salmonella infection model was developed using the Emulate Colon Intestine-Chip. This system consists of two parallel channels seeded with patient-derived ascending colonic organoids in the upper channel and Human Intestinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HIMEC) in the lower. Cellular differentiation, barrier integrity, mucus and cytokine release, and pathogen invasion was assessed.

Results

Biopsy-derived colonic organoids rapidly differentiated into a multi-cell type system when co-cultured with HIMEC on the Emulate Chip, showing tight junction formation and a stable epithelial barrier. Following Salmonella infection, a significant decrease in intestinal permeability was observed in infected organoids compared to uninfected controls, indicating a breach in epithelial integrity. This disruption was accompanied by release of inflammatory cytokines, including CCL2 and IL-8, demonstrating a robust innate immune response. Notably, goblet cell release of mucus into the supernatant were observed post-infection, suggesting a rapid secretion of mucus as a defense mechanism against infection. Microscopy confirmed extensive Salmonella invasion into the epithelial layer, demonstrating the organ-on-a-chip system’s ability to replicate key aspects of enteric infection as observed seen in vivo.

Conclusions

The Salmonella infection model established using the gut-on-a-chip platform effectively recapitulates key features of enteric infection within a physiologically relevant microenvironment. This model demonstrates the loss of epithelial integrity, the activation of robust inflammatory responses, and rapid mucus secretion, offering a powerful tool for studying host-pathogen interactions in the human gut and potentially informing therapeutic development for enteric diseases.

Funding Agencies

Weston Family Foundation
A4 SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII CNCM I-745 ENHANCES DUODENAL MICROBIOTA-MEDIATED TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM IMPROVING GLUTEN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Kan K , Constante M , Rahmani S , Caminero A , Roux X , Galipeau H , Verdu E
Published: February 2025

Background

Impaired microbial indole production and decreased activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway has been reported in active coeliac disease (CeD). However, whether and how this can be targeted by specific microbial therapies is unknown.

Aims

We tested whether Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (Sbou) influences indole production and AhR activation through stimulation of microbial enzymatic activity.

Methods

Transgenic NOD/DQ8 mice were immunized with partially digested gliadin and cholera toxin weekly for 3 weeks followed by gluten challenges (10 mg; alternate days/3 weeks). Non-sensitized mice were used as controls. Mice were treated daily with 3 g/kg of Sbou or water during the study. Additional immunized mice treated or not with Sbou, received daily gavage with AhR antagonist CH-223191 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle. Small intestinal pathology was analysed by villus to crypt (V/C) ratios and CD3+ intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) counts. Expression levels of the AhR-activated gene Cyp1a1 were determined by RT-qPCR. Small intestinal microbiota of NOD/DQ8 mice and CeD patients were cultured in BHI media supplemented with 10 g/L Gelatin or Casein as additional protein sources with and without 1x106Sbou CFUs. Free tryptophan and AhR activation were assayed using a commercial kit and a transfected reporter cell line, respectively. Resulting microbiota was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt-predicted functions.

Results

Sbou increased Cyp1a1 levels, mucosal tryptophan and AhR activation in gluten immunized mice. This was paralleled by improved V/C ratios and lower IELs vs no probiotic, which was inhibited by AhR antagonist. In immunized mice treated with Sbou microbiota analysis revealed higher expression of genes involved in protein digestion and lower tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, a tryptophan degrader. Mouse duodenal microbiota cultures treated with Sbou had higher proteolytic activity but lower tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, paralleled by higher tryptophan vs cultures with no probiotic. In duodenal microbiota cultures from CeD patients Sbou increased tryptophan vs no probiotic.

Conclusions

S. boulardii CNCM I-745 reduced gluten immunopathology in immunized NOD/DQ8 mice through activation of the AhR pathway. In vitro experiments suggest Sbou synergises with the microbiota to increase free tryptophan from protein sources and inhibit tryptophan degradation, leading to higher indole production and AhR activation. The results identify a specific mechanistic pathway by S. boulardii CNCM I-745 in celiac disease and should encourage clinical testing in this population.

Funding Agencies

CIHRBiocodex, France
A9 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES TO OPTIMIZE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED OPTICAL POLYP DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Oleksiw M , Djinbachian R , von Renteln D
Published: February 2025

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled the development of computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems which offer real-time endoscopic pathology prediction of colorectal polyps. However, the clinical benefit of CADx assisted optical diagnosis remains questionable due to lack of diagnostic ability improvement compared to non CADx assisted optical diagnosis.

Aims

This study aimed to assess diagnostic performance of a novel implementation framework in which optical diagnosis replaces pathology only if CADx and endoscopist agree on polyp diagnosis. We aimed to compare this proposed framework to non CADx assisted optical diagnosis.

Methods

We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort undergoing optical polyp diagnosis at our center. Polyps measuring ≤5mm (diminutive) with available non CADx assisted and CADx assisted optical polyp diagnosis documentation were included in our analysis. In CADx assisted cases, first the CADx diagnostic output was documented, followed by the endoscopist’s final diagnosis after having seen the CADx diagnostic information. Only cases where the endoscopist agreed with the CADx output were retained for CADx assisted optical diagnosis. Primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy for cases in which the endoscopist agreed with the CADx diagnostic output versus non CADx assisted OD, using pathology as a reference standard. Secondary outcomes included surveillance interval agreement, prevalence of high-confidence diagnoses, and rectosigmoid negative predictive value (NPV).

Results

A total of 817 polyps were included in our analysis. Endoscopists agreed with the CADx diagnostic output in 74.3% of cases. Using CADx-assisted optical diagnosis based on CADx and endoscopist diagnostic agreement, 326/439 diminutive polyps could undergo optical polyp diagnosis in the CADx assisted arm and 378/378 in the non CADx assisted OD arm. Using diagnostic agreement between endoscopist and CADx as a framework for CADx assisted optical diagnosis demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy, 82.8% (95% CI, 78.7-86.9), compared to accuracy of non CADx assisted optical diagnosis, 76.7% (95% CI, 71.3-80.0) (p=0.0256).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that using cases with diagnostic agreement between endoscopist and CADx increases diagnostic accuracy for CADx-assisted OD implementation. Using this framework, CADx assisted OD outperforms non CADx assisted optical diagnosis.

Funding Agencies

None
A12 ASPIRIN USE IN PREGNANT PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A SINGLE CENTRE RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Jogendran R , Hothi H , Nabavian H , Eisen S , Srikanth V , O’Connor K , Tandon P , Huang V
Published: February 2025

Background

Low-dose aspirin (LDA) prophylaxis is recommended for pregnant patients who are at high risk of developing preeclampsia. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a risk factor for preeclampsia, however, our understanding of LDA use on disease activity in pregnant patients with IBD remains limited.

Aims

To evaluate the effect of LDA prophylaxis on clinical outcomes and disease activity in pregnant patients with IBD.

Methods

Pregnant patients with IBD followed at Mount Sinai Hospital from January 2017 to December 2022 were identified. We analyzed baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients with and without LDA use. Clinical outcomes included the start date and dose of LDA, obstetric outcomes, and disease activity during pregnancy or 6 months postpartum defined as partial Mayo score ≥ 2 for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) ≥ 5 for Crohn’s disease (CD). IBD-related hospitalization, elevated fecal calprotectin ≥ 250 μg/g, or active endoscopic disease were also utilized as markers of disease activity. Bivariate assessments were performed using Chi-Squared tests for categorical predictors. Univariate logistic regression was performed and reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

287 pregnant patients with IBD were included with a median age at conception of 33 years. Forty-three patients (15.0%) were taking LDA during pregnancy, while 244 (85.0%) were not. LDA use was increased in those of older maternal age (34.5 vs. 33 median years, p = 0.047), IBDU (p = 0.016), pre-existing chronic hypertension (7.0% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.016), and prior history of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (13.9% vs 1.6%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference with respect to biologic use, disease activity at conception, and parity. Preeclampsia rates were similar between groups (9.3% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.599), although individuals on LDA had higher rates of gestational hypertension (7.0% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.005). There were no differences in IBD flare, elevated fecal calprotectin, and IBD-related hospitalization during pregnancy or postpartum based on LDA use (P > 0.05). In univariable logistic regression, active disease at conception (OR 5.66, 95% CI 1.96-16.3, p = 0.001) was associated with an increased risk of flare while the use of biologics was correlated with a decreased risk of flare (OR 0.384, 95% CI 0.238-0.619, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Low dose aspirin use for prophylaxis of preeclampsia in pregnant patients with IBD did not increase the risk of disease activity. Further studies are required in this patient population to assess the effects of LDA on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Funding Agencies

None
A13 MECHANISM OF INTESTINAL ORGANOID TRANSPLANTATION IN ENHANCING EPITHELIAL REGENERATION DURING EXPERIMENTAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
Authors: Li B , Zito A , Xiong Y , Liang H , Zhu H , Pierro A
Published: February 2025

NOT PUBLISHED AT AUTHOR’S REQUEST

Please acknowledge all funding agencies listed below

Funding Agencies: CIHR
A18 EXPLORING TRAINED IMMUNITY IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS DURING TYPE 2 IMMUNE RESPONSES
Authors: Levy Z L , Needs A , Richer M , Oudhoff M
Published: February 2025

Background

Helminth infections are a serious health threat that remain understudied for how frequently they occur globally. Although antihelminth drugs exist today, reinfection and drug resistance emphasize the need to understand how our body handles subsequent helminth infections, especially in the gastrointestinal system. Normally, type 2 immunity facilitates expulsion of worms from the gastrointestinal tract by relying upon a type 2 immune cell–epithelial response circuit via interleukins (IL)-25 and IL-13 signaling to upregulate helminth-sensing tuft and mucus-producing goblet cells. Recent advances in trained immunity, an evolving field in immunology where it is believed that a previous stimulus can cause changes to the epigenome, demonstrate that stimulating epithelial cells can result into better preparedness for subsequent stimuli via epigenetic changes.

Aims

It is unknown currently whether trained immunity takes place in intestinal epithelial stem cells or how trained immunity affects intestinal stem cell differentiation during a type 2 immune response. This project aims to define whether the intestinal epithelium responds differently to a primary challenge compared to a secondary challenge during a type 2 response. In addition, we hope to identify how such memory would be orchestrated.

Methods

We stimulated intestinal organoids with IL-13 to simulate a type 2 response. Organoids exposed to IL-13 display similar properties to that of the epithelium in vivo upon a helminth infection; i.e. tuft and goblet cell hyperplasia. Upon media replacement, organoids return to homeostasis rapidly, upon which we could re-expose them. Thus, organoids were exposed to IL-13 either once or twice and changes were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescent confocal microscopy, western blot, and bulk RNA sequencing. In the future, we will strengthen this approach by performing in vivo experiments.

Results

We found that a secondary challenge led to an increased goblet cell response when compared to a primary one. We found that both the number of goblet cells (by flow cytometry), but more importantly, levels of goblet-specific antimicrobial protein RELM-β were strongly increased (western blot and confocal imaging). We are currently assessing the tuft cell responses to determine if it is an overall increased response to IL-13, or whether there is a preferential response (towards goblet cells instead of tuft cells).

Conclusions

Our preliminary data as well as our current experiments strongly suggest that epithelium responds differently to a secondary Type 2 immune challenge compared to a primary one. Ultimately, gaining an understanding of the mechanisms that mediate intestinal epithelial-intrinsic memory can help develop new strategies for treatment of gastrointestinal infections to help reduce the burden faced by those who encounter helminth infections around the world.

Funding Agencies

CIHR
A32 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE USE IN DIAGNOSIS & MONITORING OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A SCOPING REVIEW
Authors: Malik G , Chavannes M , Byrne M F , Dolinger M , Sagami S , Novak K
Published: February 2025

Background

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a family of immune-mediated conditions, which are increasing in incidence and prevalence worldwide. Assessment of IBD is done through endoscopy, video capsule endoscopy (VCE), histology, and various imaging modalities including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Considering the increasing complexities in the assessment of IBD, artificial intelligence (AI) is an important adjunct with potential to enhance diagnosis, drug response and prediction of disease course

Aims

We conducted a scoping review to assess AI in diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostication of patients with IBD, to aid in identification of gaps in knowledge to guide future research endeavors.

Methods

The scoping review protocol was adapted from the recommendations laid out by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis - Scoping Review Extension (PRISMA-ScR). Electronic databases used in the literature search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Engineering Village. Two reviewers independently screened the abstracts and titles first before performing full text review. A third review resolved any conflict where needed. All study types were included, and data extraction utilized Covidence. Studies were categorized based on the assessment modality, then themes including, diagnosis, grading activity, prognosis, and monitoring.

Results

A total of 140 studies were included in the final scoping review. The largest number of studies involved endoscopy at 72 (51%) citations, followed by VCE, histology, MRI, CT, and US at 30 (21%), 18 (13%), 13 (9%), 6 (4%), and 1 (0.7%) citation(s), respectively. When looking at themes, most endoscopy studies examined disease activity (65%) while diagnosis was the most common theme in VCE, MRI and CT (77%, 69% and 83%, respectively). Histologic studies focused on prognosis (89%) and the single US study evaluated both diagnosis and prognosis concomitantly. Amongst all the investigative modalities examined, monitoring of IBD was the least studied theme. Peak performance of AI models for grading disease activity during endoscopy was 98.7% compared to human clinicians with less variability observed.

Conclusions

With IBD diagnosis and assessment becoming increasingly complex, AI may be a useful adjunctive tool across multiple modalities. Evaluation of use of AI in US is lacking, despite gaining interest in non-invasive assessment of IBD. Further studies are needed incorporating AI use in US while also investigating its role in monitoring IBD disease activity. We hope this scoping review will serve as a future direction for subsequent research in this area.

Funding Agencies:
A38 OVER-THE-SCOPE AND THROUGH-THE-SCOPE SUTURING OUTCOMES FOR ENDOSCOPIC LEAK AND FISTULA MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Flegg D , Thilakanathan C , Kim H , Motomura D , Gan S , Lam E , Trasolini R , Shahidi N
Published: February 2025

Background

Leaks and fistulae are well-recognized sequelae arising from gastrointestinal surgeries, inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy, and traumatic injury; reflecting significant morbidity, mortality and resource utilization. Endoscopic management has gained traction as a minimally invasive alternative to surgery including both over-the-scope suturing (OTSS) and through-the-scope suturing (TTSS).

Aims

We aimed to systematically evaluate available evidence for OTSS and TTSS outcomes for leak and fistula management.

Methods

From inception to July 1st, 2024, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant citations. Full-text citations were included if they evaluated both technical success (endoscopic closure of leak or fistula) and clinical success (technical success with avoidance of further intervention) for leak or fistulae management with OTSS or TTSS. In this preliminary analysis, outcomes were reported as ranges.

Results

A total of 11 studies including 185 defects were included for analysis. For fistulae, technical success for OTSS and TTSS ranged from 83-100% and 82-100%, respectively. Clinical success for OTSS and TTSS ranged from 0-80% and 55-100% respectively. For leaks, technical success for OTSS and TTSS ranged from 90-100% and 0-57%, respectively. Clinical success for OTSS and TTTS ranged from 25-100% and 29%, respectively.

Conclusions

OTSS and TTSS are new interventions for leak and fistulae management with varying performance outcomes. Further research is required to delineate optimal candidates for OTSS/TTSS closure and treatment algorithms after technical/clinical failure.

Funding Agencies

None
A57 SUBOPTIMAL FIBRE CONSUMPTION AND ALTERED FIBRE METABOLISM IN CELIAC DISEASE THROUGHOUT THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Wulczynski M , Constante M , Blom J , Rueda G H , Rossi L , El-Chaar N , Surette M G , Superdock D , Lawrence D , pinto-sanchez M , Armstrong D , Galipeau H , Verdu E
Published: February 2025

Background

Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell mediated enteropathy driven by gluten in people with risk genes HLA-DQ2 or DQ8. Many patients experience symptoms such as constipation and/or persistent mucosal inflammation despite adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) and are advised to increase dietary fibre. Preliminary results from gluten-immunized NOD-DQ8 mice revealed that supplemented inulin could improve mucosal healing. However, whether fibre is tolerated and metabolized in CeD is unknown.

Aims

To investigate whether (1) fibre consumption in untreated and treated CeD compared to healthy volunteers (HV); (2) characterize microbial carbolytic capacity in the duodenum and feces.

Methods

We conducted an analysis of CeD patients (newly diagnosed and GFD-treated) and HV attending our specialized McMaster adult CeD clinic. To investigate fibre consumption, participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire (Victoria DQES v2), and the chloroplast trnL-P6 plastid marker was used to analyze the presence and diversity of plant DNA in feces at the time of sample collection (FoodSeq). To characterize fibre metabolism, fecal SCFA were measured using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry, and microbiota composition from duodenal aspirates was investigated by 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing of the V3V4 region. In silico predictions of metabolic functions and relative abundances of key enzymes were completed with PICRUSt2.

Results

Most participants consumed fibre below the minimum recommendation (66% < 25g/day, Health Canada), despite diverse dietary plant consumption. Fibre did not correlate with self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms. Fecal SCFAs were lower in new CeD compared to HV, while GFD was partially rescued (CeD: 2799±927 vs HV: 5199±1616 μg/g, p<0.001; GFD: 4058±1283). Duodenal microbiota composition differed between all groups (Aitchinson Distance β-diversity, p<0.05). Abundance of enzymes related to fibre degradation (α-amylase K07405, fructan β-fructosidase K03332) were decreased in both CeD and GFD groups compared to HV (p<0.001), as was the abundance of several members of the Prevotellaceae family that had the greatest predicted contribution to this function (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Newly diagnosed CeD patients have inadequate fibre consumption and lower microbial capacity to metabolize fibre in the lower and upper GI tract. Despite patients on GFD having the lowest fibre intake, microbial carbolytic activity was improved. Taken together with unpublished findings of inulin accelerating mucosal healing in mouse models of gluten sensitivity, the data should encourage clinical studies to define the effects of fibre supplementation on symptom management and mucosal healing in CeD during GFD.

Funding Agencies

CIHRCeliac Canada
A65 HOSPITALIZATION RATES OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT.
Authors: Wilson L M , King J A , Buie E , Coward S , Shaheen A , Kaplan G G
Published: February 2025

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) places a significant burden on healthcare resources, requiring medical and surgical management in hospital. The COVID-19 pandemic further strained healthcare systems, but the impact of the global pandemic on IBD hospitalization rates remain unclear.

Aims

To examine hospitalization rates for IBD prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2019) and during the pandemic (2020-2022) in Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries.

Methods

A population-based study was conducted using data from the 34 OECD member countries. Country-level data on annual IBD-related hospital discharge counts and rates (per 100,000 persons) were obtained. Mean hospitalization rates were calculated before (2017 to 2019) and during the pandemic (2020 to 2022). Incident rate ratios (IRR) comparing pandemic to pre-pandemic rates were calculated using Poisson regression, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Countries without complete data during this the study period were excluded.

Results

Overall, 22 countries were included, with 20 showing a statistically significant decrease in hospitalization rates during the pandemic. These decreases in hospitalization rates during the pandemic ranged from Lithuania’s IRR of 0.57 (95%CI: 0.53, 0.62) to Spain’s IRR of 0.94 (95%CI: 0.92, 0.95). Of the remaining two countries, Korea had an increase in hospitalization rates (IRR: 1.02; 95%CI: 1.00, 1.04; p=0.015), while Costa Rica showed no significant difference (IRR:0.93; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.04).

Conclusions

IBD-related hospital discharge rates significantly decreased in most OECD countries during the pandemic. Future studies should explore whether the increased strain on healthcare systems during the pandemic shifted the management of IBD from hospitals to community-based care.

Table 1. IBD hospitalization discharge rates in OECD countries prior to (2017-2019) and during (2020-2022) the COVID-19 pandemic per 100,000 person-years.

Funding Agencies

None
A67 CASE REPORT: A RARE CASE OF MALAKOPLAKIA
Authors: Bray S D , Myette J , Stueck A , Petropolis H
Published: February 2025

Background

Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition first described in the literature in 19021. It is thought to be a result of impaired macrophages ability to completely digest and kill bacteria, resulting in phagocytosed bacteria accumulating in macrophages calcifying overtime. Malakoplakia can affect all organs of the body and is four-times more likely to affect females2. It most commonly occurs within the genitourinary tract with the gastrointestinal tract being the second most common site.

Aims

The literature regarding malakoplakia of the rectum is limited and rare3.

Methods

This 39-year-old immunosuppressed male with a history of three renal transplants receiving tacrolimus and chronic prednisone found to have rectal malakoplakia. He was referred to gastroenterology for symptoms of constipation and iron deficiency anemia. A colonoscopy was completed which demonstrated 4-rectal polyps, each at an estimated size of 5 mm which were removed by cold snare.

Results

The rectal polyps were sent for histological analysis and demonstrated expansion of cells into the lamina propria. Cells were mostly epithelioid histiocytes with some admixed neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, but infiltration did not destroy the mucosal architecture or crypts. Some of the histiocytes contain pale, round intracytoplasmic structures with concentric layering, consistent with Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. CD68 confirmed infiltrating cells were macrophages, confirming a diagnosis of rectal malakoplakia (Figure 1).

Conclusions

He was seen in follow-up in Gastroenterology clinic and his symptoms of constipation, did not appear to be contributory towards this incidental finding of malakoplakia. Furthermore, infectious disease was involved in this patient’s care for consideration of antimicrobial therapy, but a decision was made to treat conservatively and monitor for any new gastrointestinal symptoms. This patient is followed by gastroenterology and booked for repeat colonoscopy in 6-months for follow-up to determine if these lesions can be eradicated through polypectomy.

1. Liu, Xiangyu, et al. “Rectal malakoplakia mimicking advanced rectal cancer: A case report.” Heliyon 9.10 (2023).

2. Wang, Zhenting, and Jiannan Ren. “Clinical analysis of renal failure caused by malakoplakia: a case report and literature review.” Frontiers in Medicine 9 (2022): 770731.

3. Achufusi, T. G., Jessamy, K., Chebaya, P., & Rawlins, S. (2020). Rectal malakoplakia. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), 33(3), 389–390.

Funding Agencies:
A72 INFLUENCE OF THE MICROBIOME ON DENDRITIC CELL FUNCTION
Authors: Miller W L , Kazanova A , Brouillard-Galipeau M , Gavino C , Gruenheid S
Published: February 2025

Background

The intestinal microbiome educates the immune system, in part through signaling in antigen- presenting cells including dendritic cells (DCs). Germ-free mice exhibit DC deficiency, migration impairment, and priming dysfunction, implying a relationship between microbiota and DC function. Naturally acquired, endemic Helicobacter species (H. spp.) such as H. hepaticus are common in many mouse colonies, whereas some facilities are Helicobacter-free.

Aims

Although they do not cause overt disease in most immune-competent mouse strains, we hypothesized that H. spp. could be a source of low-level inflammation, resulting in immune reprogramming and leading to phenotypic differences between H. spp.-positive and H. spp.- negative mice.

Methods

We generated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from H. spp.-positive mice and from genetically identical mice rendered H. spp.-free through mouse rederivation. BMDCs were stimulated for 6 hours (or not) with ultra-pure lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We measured expression of molecules MHC-I and MHC II (Signal 1 of antigen presentation) and CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 (Signal 2), the “activating” epigenetic mark of trimethylation at lysine 3 of histone 4 (H3K4me3) and metabolic changes via flow cytometry. Multiplex ELISA was used to measure secreted cytokines (Signal 3) and in vitro methods were used to assay BMDC antigen presentation. Bulk RNA sequencing of BMDCs was performed to further understand microbiome-linked changes in BMDC phenotype.

Results

Surface expression of molecules related to Signal 1 and Signal 2 of antigen presentation were increased both at steady state and after LPS stimulation in BMDCs derived from H. spp.-positive in comparison with H. spp.-free mice and this correlated with the abundance of H3K4me3. The presence or absence of H. spp. also altered metabolic phenotype of BMDCs upon LPS stimulation.

Conclusions

The presence of Helicobacter in the gut microbiome influences BMDC phenotype and may alter BMDC function. We anticipate epigenetic changes involved in BMDC phenotypic and functional changes, which will require in-depth epigenetic profiling. Future directions also include fecal microbiota transplant experiments and Helicobacter infection models followed by BMDC characterization using our established pipeline.

Funding Agencies

None
A81 GASTROINTESTINAL ADVERSE EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) AGONISTS IN OVERWEIGHT PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Verma Y , Gimpaya N , Tran W , Sondawle R , Sinanian G , Tham D , Grover S
Published: February 2025

Background

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists are widely prescribed for managing type 2 diabetes and have recently gained attention for their potential in promoting weight loss in obese patients. The off-label use of certain GLP-1 agonists for weight loss has been steadily increasing, raising concerns about their safety in non-diabetic patients. Although the gastrointestinal (GI) side effects of GLP-1 agonists are well-documented in diabetic populations, their impact on overweight or obese individuals has not been systematically analyzed.

Aims

To systematically review and analyze the incidence, severity, and types of GI adverse events (AEs) associated with the use of GLP-1 agonists in overweight or obese patients (BMI: >25 kg/m2)

Methods

We conducted a systematic search across five databases, including PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. Studies were restricted to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving GLP-1 agonists whose primary indication was obesity and whose primary outcome was weight loss. Studies that did not report adverse events were excluded. Adverse events were extracted using their preferred terms from the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). A meta-analysis was performed to pool the relative risk (RR) of GI AEs using the random effects model. A meta-regression was also performed.

Results

A total of 42 studies (n = 23318 patients) met the inclusion criteria. GLP-1 agonists showed an increased risk of nausea (RR 2.77; 95% CI 2.50–3.10; p < 0.001), diarrhea (RR 2.01; 95% CI 1.78–2.01; p < 0.001), and constipation (RR 2.13; 95% CI 1.90–2.38; p = 0.05) when compared to placebo. The incidence of nausea was higher in those with lower average BMI (coefficient: 3.88; p = 0.005). Additionally, we found no difference between GLP-1 agonists and placebo in the risk of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and biliary dyskinesia (RR 1.62; 95% CI 1.22–2.17; p = 0.99).

Conclusions

Our study found that obese patients are at an increased risk of experiencing nausea, diarrhea and constipation when using GLP-1 agonists compared to placebo. Gallbladder disorders showed no difference in risk. For obese patients, lower average BMI may increase the likelihood of experiencing nausea.

FIgure 1. Forest plot indicating relative risk for nausea in obese patients treated with GLP-1 agonists. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

Funding Agencies

None
A82 DIETARY PROTEIN COMPOSITION ALTERS INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION AND MTOR ACTIVATION
Authors: Rondeau L E , Muppidi P , Da Luz B , Kan K , Dang R , Wang X , Caminero A
Published: February 2025

Background

Environmental factors, notably changes in diet and microbiota composition, have been identified as key contributors to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The prevalence of IBD is on the rise, particularly in industrialized nations with populations consuming western-style diets rich in fat and protein. While total and animal protein intake have been associated with IBD, their specific impact on intestinal inflammation remains poorly understood. Branch-chain amino acids found in different protein source possess bioactive properties and can interact with the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a cellular growth regulator that controls autophagy and inflammation. Given the observed mTOR hyperactivation in IBD patients, coupled with its correlation with exacerbated colitis severity in murine models, a comprehensive exploration into the relationship between dietary protein intake, mTOR activation, autophagy, and intestinal inflammation is warranted.

Aims

To study the influence of high protein and animal protein diets on mTOR activation, autophagy, and intestinal inflammation in mouse models of colitis.

Methods

Specific pathogen free C57BL/6 mice were fed a high protein diet (HPD; 40% casein), animal meat protein diet (APD; 14% mixed protein), or control diet (CD; 14% casein), for three weeks prior to tissue collection (N=6 per diet) or experimental colitis induction (N=8 per diet). Experimental colitis was induced using dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water (DSS; 2.5% w/v) or colonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS; 2%). DSS was provided ad libitum for five days, followed by two days of water recovery before tissue collection. Rapamycin (10 mg/kg/day) was provided intraperitoneally to a subset of mice as an mTOR inhibitor. mTOR activation and autophagy markers were assessed by western blot (WB) of mTOR substrates and autophagy proteins in colon tissue extracts pre- and post-colitis. Apoptotic cells in colon cross sections were quantified by TUNEL. Susceptibility to colitis was assessed by histologic analysis of distal colon sections, weight loss, and clinical scores. Inflammatory gene transcripts were quantified in colon tissue by Nanostring.

Results

DSS and TNBS exposure in mice fed the HPD and APD led to greater weight loss, tissue damage, inflammatory gene signaling, diarrhea, and stool blood. HPD and APD increased mTOR activation (phosphorylation of mTOR and S6 ribosomal kinase) compared to CD. Autophagy proteins were downregulated, and apoptotic cells were increased in intestinal tissue of HPD- and APD-fed mice, before colitis. Inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin restored autophagy and reduced colitis severity.

Conclusions

Protein quantity, source, and BCAA content optimization is crucial for determining inflammation, mTOR activation, and autophagy in mouse models of colitis.

Funding Agencies

CAG, CCC, CIHR