bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Algorithm Advanced Control Chaos and Stabilization Measurement Error
Authors: Wanayumini  , Zarlis Muhammad , Suwilo Saib , Furqan Mhd. , Fauzi Rahmat , Syarifah Tengku
Published: September 2019

Measurement error in the data sample human voice from the data 1 to 17 obtain measurement results with the algorithm Advanced Chaos Control and Stabilization through several stages of delivery of the process control and and stabilizing the data to find the value of noise and bias in the initial process control and find the value of precision and accuracy in both the stabilization process. Stable value which must be controlled ranging 58,9922dB and 60,47059dB with a standard value of 60dB.
A Goal Programming Model for Solving Renewable Energy Planning Problem Generated from Palm Oil Waste
Authors: Amien Syamsul , Pandia Setiaty , Mawengkang Herman , Nasution Harmein
Published: September 2019

It is widely acknowledged that energy plays central role to achieving goals of modern society. Many developing countries face population growth that far exceeds planned rates of grid connection, so that many will either remain without energy, or be forced to migrate to urban areas where the infrastructure is already over burdened. However, nowadays the world is plaque with global warming problem due to the energy inefficiencies. This paper describes a plan about how to get renewable energy from the processed whole waste of oil palm. As there are three objectives should be fulfilled, we model the plan using multi-objective programs. The result shows that it is possible to get optimal energy while minimizing the waste created from oil palm.
Web-Based Geographic Information System (GIS) in Determining Shortest Path of MSME Medan City Using Bellman-Ford Algorithm
Authors: Arrumdany Ayu Cahyany , Sari Putri Perdana , Rahmadani Paet , Lubis Ahmadi Irhamsyah
Published: September 2019

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) are one of the drivers of Indonesian economy but have problems in introducing their products to the public. In addition, public ignorance of MSME and their products is another problem experienced by MSME. Therefore, a system is needed that can become a forum for MSME to introduce their businesses and display complete information about the MSME business in Medan City, such as a geographical information system that contains a mapping of the shortest MSME routes, estimated distances and travel time to these MSME. This study uses Bellman-Ford algorithm and Euclidean Distance method to map the shortest route to MSME. Based on the testing, a system is obtained that allows administrators to input MSME data and allows users to search for information about a MSME and its address along with mapping the shortest route.
Developing an Exact Method for Solving Non Linear Integer Goal Programming Problems
Authors: Sitopu Joni Wilson , Mawengkang Herman , Suwilo Saib
Published: September 2019

The nonlinear goal programming problem focused in this paper has a special structure characterized by a subset of variables restricted to assume discrete values, which are linear and separable from the continuous variables. The strategy of releasing nonbasic variables from their bounds, as used in linear goal program, combined with the reduced gradient method, has been developed. This strategy is used to force the appropriate non-integer basic variables within a priority level to move to their neighbourhood integer points.
Meta-Heuristic Development in Combinatorial Optimization
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Zarlis Muhammad , Tulus  , Mawengkang Herman
Published: September 2019

The quadratic assigment problem is a combinatorial problem of deciding the placement of facilities in specified locations in such a way as to minimize a nonconvex objective function expressed in terms of distance between location and flows between facilities. Due to the non-convexity nature of the problem, therefore to get a ‘good’ starting point is necessary in order to obtain a better optimal solution. In this paper we propose a meta heuristic strategy combined with feasible neighbourhood search to get ‘optimal’ solution. From computational experience in solving some backboard wiring problems, it turns out that the approach proposed is promising.
The Relation between Almost Noetherian Module, Almost Finitely Generated Module and T-Noetherian Module
Authors: Faisol A , Surodjo B , Wahyuni S
Published: September 2019

In this paper we study the relation between almost Noetherian modules, almost finitely generated (a.f.g.) modules, and T-Noetherian modules. We show that if R’ = {r ∈ R|rM ≠ M} and M is an almost Noetherian (a.f.g. resp.) R-module, then M is an (R’)-Noetherian module. We also obtain that for any multiplicatively closed subset T of a ring R and R’ = {r ∈ R|rM ≠ M}, if M is an almost Noetherian (a.f.g. resp.) R-module and

T
∩
R
’
≠

0

, then M is (T ∩ R’)-Noetherian. Moreover, we show that if M is an almost Noetherian (a.f.g. resp.) R-module and

T
∩
R
’
≠

0

, then M is an T-Noetherian module for every multiplicatively closed set T ⊆ R. Finally, we apply the results of this paper on the structure of Generalized Power Series Module (GPSM) M[[S]].
A New Approach in Decision of Pareto Efficient Concept in Probabilistic Vendor – Buyer Supply – Chain Problem for Imperfect Quality with Lead – Free Demand
Authors: Setiawan R
Published: September 2019

In this paper, the mathematical analysis of optimal solution or Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) of probabilistic vendor-buyer systems has been analyzed using Pareto optimal concept. It’s assumed that lead time length is limited. The quality of the product from vendor is not always 100% perfect, so imperfect quality product always exist due to specific probability rate. Pareto optimal concept has been used to find the weighted sum of the players’ objectives. Karush – Kuhn – Tucker (KKT) criteria is applied to determine the optimum value of decision variables and also minimum value of total cost as objectives function. Numerical example of appropriate simulation data is provided to compare the analytical result and to find how the effectiveness the Pareto Optimal concept to minimize the inventory cost in probabilistic assumptions rather than integrated scheme
Total Edge Irregularity Strength of Arithmetic Book Graphs
Authors: Ratnasari Lucia , Wahyuni Sri , Susanti Yeni , Junia Eksi Palupi Diah , Surodjo Budi
Published: September 2019

For any simple undirected graph G(V, E), a map f : V ⋃ E → {1, 2, …, k} such that for any different edges xy and x’y’ their weights are distinct is called an edge irregular total k-labeling. The weight of edge xy is defined as the sum of edge label of xy, vertex label of x and vertex label of y. The minimum k for which the graph G has an edge irregular total k-labeling is called the total edge irregularity strength of G and is denoted by tes(G). In this paper, we determine the exact value of the total edge irregularity strength of odd arithmetic book graph Bn
(C
3, 5, 7, …2n+1) and even arithmetic book graph Bn
(C
4, 6, 8, …, 2n+2) of n sheets. We found that the tes of odd arithmetic book graph Bn
(C
3, 5, 7, …, 2n+1) of n sheets is equal to the ceiling function of

n
2

+
n
+
3

3

and the tes of even arithmetic book graph Bn
(C
4, 6, 8, …, 2n+2) is equal to the ceiling function of

n
2

+
2
n
+
3

3

.
Spatial Lag Fixed Effect Panel Model with Weights Queen Contiguity for Economic Growth Data of ASEAN Member Countries
Authors: Wisnumurti R D , Pratiwi H , Handajani S S
Published: September 2019

The development of a country is in line with its economic growth, the greater percentage of economic growth, makes the greater development in the country, and vice versa. Economic growth is the process of changing a country’s economic condition that is sustainable towards a better state during a certain period. Currently, world economic growth is getting stronger, including the economic growth of ASEAN member countries. This paper will discuss about estimating the model of economic growth of ASEAN member countries using spatial lag fixed effect panel data with weightes queen contiguity. In this research, the author uses the spatial panel data approach. Panel data model is a regression model that uses panel data. The use of panel data aims to reduce collinierity between independent variables. Spatial effects are used to determine the magnitude of geographical factors. This research data consists of some indicators of world economy issued by the IMF in Southeast Asia region during the period of 1980 to 2017. The results of this research can be used to give consideration in determining policies to increase economic growth of ASEAN member countries.
The r-dynamic chromatic number of corona of order two of any graphs with complete graph
Authors: Dafik  , Agustin I H , Wardani D A R , Septory B J , Kristiana A I , Kurniawati E Y
Published: September 2019

The corona of two graphs G and H is a graph G ⊙ H formed from one copy of G and |V (G)| copies of H where the ith vertex of G is adjacent to every vertex in the ith copy of H. For any integer l ≤ 2, we define the graph G ⊙
l H recursively from G ⊙ H as G ⊙
l H = (G ⊙
l–1
H) ⊙ H. Graph G ⊙
l H is also named as l-corona product of G and H. The r-dynamic chromatic number is the minimum k such that graph G has an r-dynamic k-coloring, denoted by χ
r
(G). An r-dynamic coloring of a graph G is a proper k-coloring of graph G such that the neighbors of any vertex v receive at least min{r, d(v)} different colors. In this paper, we analyze the r-dynamic chromatic number of corona order two graph, denoted by G ⊙2
H; G is complete graph and H are any graph.
Optimizing Range Norm of The Image Set of Matrix over Interval Max-Plus Algebra with Prescribed Components
Authors: Siswanto  , Suparwanto A , Rudhito M A
Published: September 2019

Let ℝ be the set of all real numbers and ℝε = ℝ ⋃ {ε} whose ε = –∞. Max-plus algebra is the set ℝε that is equipped two operations maximum and addition. It can be formed matrices in the size of m × n whose elements belong to ℝε, called matrix over max-plus algebra. Optimizing range norm of the image set of matrix over max-plus algebra with prescribed components has been discussed. Interval Max-Plus Algebra is the set

I

(
ℝ
)

ε

=

{

x
=
[

x
_

,

x
¯

]
|

x
_

,

x
¯

∈
ℝ
,
ε
<

x
_

≤

x
¯

}

∪

{
ε
}

with ε = [ε, ε], is equipped with two operations maximum

(

⊕
¯

)

and addition

(

⊗
¯

)

. The set of all matrices in the size of m × n whose elements belong to I(ℝ)ε, called matrix over interval max-plus algebra. Optimizing range norm of the image set of matrix over interval max-plus algebra has been discussed. In this paper, we will discuss optimizing range norm of the image set of matrix over interval max-plus algebra with prescribed components.
The role of river runoff in the Kara Sea surface layer acidification and carbonate system changes
Authors: Polukhin Alexander
Published: September 2019

This study aims to perform the results of the investigation of the Kara Sea carbonate system (CS) changes and the factors that determine it. The important feature of the Kara Sea water structure is strong stratification caused mainly by the Ob’ and Yenisey rivers discharge which is estimated as 81% of the total continental runoff to sea. Occurring climate changes, as an increase in the total volume of the Arctic Ocean water (due to melting of glaciers, sea ice decline and river runoff increase), air temperature and CO2 concentration growth should affect greatly the Kara Sea CS. However, riverine water influence seems to be the main driver of future acidification of the Kara Sea water due to permafrost thawing as it stores a great amount of buried carbon. An increase of carbon (mainly inorganic) flow to the sea will lead to carbonate equilibrium shift, oxidation of organic matter and release of CO2 that ultimately leads to a decrease in pH and therefore acidification. The area of the riverine plume depends on the amount of freshwater flowing into the sea and the conditions of the wind forcing. According to the data from Shirshov Institute cruises within the plume area aragonite saturation is below 1 that shows its state as acidified. Prevalence of pCO2 values in the freshened surface layer over the atmospheric shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide, apparently, cannot serve as the main driver for the acidification of the surface waters of the Kara Sea. At the shallow shelf to the north of the Ob′ Inlet mouth we observe acidification of the whole water column from surface to the bottom layer due to elevated riverine discharge and increase of flowing terrestrial carbon.
Mid-20th century warming hole boosts US maize yields
Authors: Partridge Trevor F , Winter Jonathan M , Liu Lin , Kendall Anthony D , Basso Bruno , Hyndman David W
Published: September 2019

The Corn Belt of the United States, one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world, experienced a globally anomalous decrease in annual temperatures and a concurrent increase in precipitation during the mid- to late-20th century. Here, we quantify the impact of this ‘warming hole’ on maize yields by developing alternative, no warming hole, climate scenarios that are used to drive both statistical and process-based crop models. We show that the warming hole increased maize yields by 5%–10% per year, with lower temperatures responsible for 62% of the simulated yield increase and greater precipitation responsible for the rest. The observed cooling and wetting associated with the warming hole produced increased yields through two complementary mechanisms: slower crop development which resulted in prolonged time to maturity, and lower drought stress. Our results underscore the relative lack of climate change impacts on central US maize production to date, and the potential compounded challenge that a collapse of the warming hole and climate change would create for farmers across the Corn Belt.
Identifying multidisciplinary research gaps across Arctic terrestrial gradients
Authors: Virkkala A-M , Abdi A M , Luoto M , Metcalfe D B
Published: September 2019

Global warming is driving environmental change in the Arctic. However, our current understanding of this change varies strongly among different environmental disciplines and is limited by the number and distribution of field sampling locations. Here, we use a quantitative framework based on multivariate statistical modeling to present the current state of sampling across environmental disciplines in the Arctic. We utilize an existing database of georeferenced Arctic field studies to investigate how sampling locations and citations of disciplines are distributed across Arctic topographical, soil and vegetation conditions, and highlight critical regions for potential new research areas in different disciplines. Continuous permafrost landscapes, and the northernmost Arctic bioclimatic zones are studied and cited the least in relation to their extent in many disciplines. We show that the clusters of sampling locations and citations are not uniform across disciplines. Sampling locations in Botany and Biogeochemistry cover environmental gradients the best, and Microbiology, Meteorology, Geosciences And Geographic Information Systems/remote Sensing/Modeling have the worst coverage. We conclude that across all disciplines, more research is needed particularly in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, northern Greenland, central and eastern Siberia, and in some disciplines, in Canadian mainland, central Alaska, western Siberia and northern Taimyr region. We provide detailed maps of potential new sampling locations for each environmental discipline that consider multiple variables simultaneously. These results will help prioritize future research efforts, thus increasing our knowledge about the Arctic environmental change.
Design and automation of a solar-powered floating-type aeration system (SPFTAS) for fish ponds
Authors: Borres E C , Sayco T B , Espino A N , Sacdalan JP C
Published: September 2019

Aeration helps improve water quality and make it favorable to fish. SPFTAS was designed based on the environment and characteristics of freshwater ponds. SPFTAS consist of floating platform, power source, sensors, signaling and aeration system. It functions to disperse and increase dissolved oxygen (DO). It possessed capability to monitor real time condition of water, store data and send it through short messaging service (SMS). The SPFTAS oxygen transfer rate was 0.07 kg of oxygen using four diffusers and the standard aeration efficiency of 0.2710 kg oxygen/hp-hr. The standard oxygen transfer efficiency was 0.36 at 18 kg of oxygen transferred. SPFTAS increased DO level to 1.32 ppm and rated highly effective during the test. DO levels using 1, 2, 3 and 4 diffusers at different depths, distances and time results were significantly different. The DO level using different diffusers at time intervals was highest at 7.16 ppm in three hours operation. The total cost of automated SPFTAS was ₱ 170, 385.75. The cost analysis of using the machine indicated a breakeven point of 1, 440 hours per year. The annual operation expected save ₱ 32, 737.39 and expected recover the investment in 5.33 years. Finally, machine was found beneficial to increase DO concentration in fishponds.
Effect of moisture to shear strength trend of Khao Dok Mali 105 stems
Authors: Khaeso Kantapong , Laloon Kittipong
Published: September 2019

In the current rice harvesting, there is a growing popularity of combine harvesters. However, the study of the mechanical and physical properties of Thai rice stems is still limited. This research aims to study the trend of shear strength in various moisture including 50.3, 49.0, 46.6, 24.5, and 20.0 % w.b. of 3 Internodes stem of Khao Dok Mali 105. The shear strength was measured by the Lloyd LR50K Plus Materials Testing Machine. Data analysis software with NEXYGENPlus. With 1 kN of the load cell that combined with the designed shear test equipment. 30 rice stems sample tests per 1 moisture were used which divided into 3 internodes including N1 (upper internode), N2 (middle internode), and N3 (lower internode). The result shows that the shear strength was in the range 5.60-12.02, 5.93-12.96, and 6.07-14.22 MPa which is represented for N1, N2, and N3 respectively. In summary, the shear strength tended to decrease depending on the moisture of rice stems which affected to elasticity of fibers in rice stems. Therefore, this study suggested that the moisture of stems is directly affecting the shear strength.
The effect of blade type and speed to the bananas plant chopping machine
Authors: Thangdee D , Thangdee S
Published: September 2019

This research was aimed to find the best of blade and speed condition for the bananas plant chopping machine. The study consisted of three levels of blade types: straight edge blade, forward curved edge blade, and backward curved edge blade, with three levels of revolution speed of 100, 500, and 1000 rpm. The working capacity and specific power consumption were used as indicators. The results revealed that the 4 blades of straight edge blade and 4 blades forward curved edge blade with 1000 rpm gave the highest working capacity while power consumption remained insignificant.
Performance evaluation of a small backyard hydroponics greenhouse using automatic evaporative cooling system
Authors: Chamroon C , Aungkurabrut R
Published: September 2019

This work studied the automatic greenhouse evaporative cooling system in hydroponics for household. The objectives of this study were to design the automatic feeding nutrient solution system and determine the performance of automated greenhouse evaporative cooling system for a small backyard. The microcontroller (Arduino Uno R3) was used in both systems and the dimensions were the same design as a 1 m of width, 2 m of length and 1.75 m of height especially for household. In the study, the conventional cultivation hydroponics had been constructed in parallel to be a reference of a study. The results show that the automatic feeding nutrient solution system (AFNSS) can precisely control the flow rate at 6±2% LPM. In addition, the automated greenhouse evaporative cooling system (AGECS) also effectively maintains the planting conditions for hydroponics and the control performance index (J) is 0.14 when setting temperature at 29.0±1°C. Finally, the lettuce production in AGECS gives the statistical significance at 0.05 and payback period of this system is 3.3 years. For this design, the automatic system is simple to control and reliable, more productive, and not dependent on seasons, as well as renewable electricity sources, then, it is practical for home vegetable gardeners.
Precision test for the spectral characteristic of FT-NIR for the measurement of water content of wheat straw
Authors: Fonseca F G , Funke A , Saechua W , Sirisomboon P
Published: September 2019

Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy is widely employed as a rapid technique for the evaluation of properties of biomass materials. Precision and accuracy of the instruments is an important aspect in order to minimize error in the determination of results. The objective of this publication is to determine scanning repeatability and reproducibility of the NIR spectrometer for wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.), using either a fixed scan or a rotating scan. The former presented marginally better repeatability but worse reproducibility. Samples in equilibrium with the local atmosphere versus samples of controlled and different moisture contents were also compared, and the latter performed better on the precision test but both fixed and rotating scans. As the ultimate objective of this test is the use of this method to determine variations between different moisture content, and as the rotating scan presents better reproducibility, this method was selected as the reference method for further NIR analyses focused on the variation of moisture content.
Some physicochemical properties of tapioca starch during infrared heat treatment
Authors: Uraives P , Choomjaihan P
Published: September 2019

Applying infrared radiation heat treatment is an alternative production process of modified starch. The infrared radiation heat treatment for modifying tapioca starch was set at 170, 190 and 210°C. The properties of starch including swelling power, total color difference and blue value were determined every 2 h until 20 h of heating. The results showed that increasing the heating temperature and time decreased the blue value of starch-iodine complex. Meanwhile, the swelling power and total color difference increased with the heating temperature and time.
Reducing of weight variation in soaking step of shrimp processing: effects of iced storage time and soaking equipment
Authors: Pinyosak N , Asavasanti S , Tangduangdee C
Published: September 2019

The aim of shrimp soaking is to improve functional properties and yield of a shrimp product. The weight variation in the soaking step in actual production is larger than that in the laboratory due to many uncontrollable factors that have not been identified. The objective of this work, therefore, was to investigate the causes that provoke the difference in yield calculation between the laboratory and the real production conditions to improve the soaking process of shrimp within the regulated time. First, the effect of storage time in ice (0 and 24 h) on soaking yield variation was studied. Then, the effect of soaking equipment, i.e. flat bottom tank with rod impeller and cone bottom tank with paddle blade impeller, on weight variation was determined. The result revealed that the iced storage time and the design of soaking equipment had no significant effect on the variations of yield and weight (p ≥ 0.05). Nevertheless, water holding capacities after soaking and cooking were significantly influenced by the iced storage period (p < 0.05). The result revealed that the 24-h iced storage significantly reduced the yields of soaking, cooking, and freezing.
Prediction of elemental components of ground bamboo using micro-NIR spectrometer
Authors: Posom J , Saechua W
Published: September 2019

The combustion performance depended on heating value of as-received bamboo which involved elemental components (C, H, N, O, S). The experiment using Micro-NIR spectrometer to investigate of 80 ground bamboo samples and partial least squares regression (PLSR) with cross validation technique was used to develop the model. The reference method was performed on the elemental analyser. It was showed that only C (carbon) was efficiently possible to determine with R2 approximately of 0.6, RMSECV 0.612%, SECV 0.616% and Bias 0.001%. Important peaks in regression coefficient plot at wavelengths 1174 nm and 1927 nm corresponded to C-H overtone and C=O str. 2nd overtone for lignin. At wavelength 1395 nm and 1728 nm were related to 2C-H str.+C-H def. and C-H str. overtone for hemi-cellulose. At wavelength 1580 nm, 1632 nm, 1779 nm, 1824 nm, and 2023 nm conformed respectively to O-H str.1st overtone, C-H str.1st overtone, C-H str. overtone, O-H str.+2C-O str. and 2O-H def.+C-O def. for cellulose.
Feasibility on using NIR spectroscopy for the measurement of the textural parameters in mango
Authors: Sharma S , Sirisoomboon P
Published: September 2019

Texture analysis of different type of mango has been done using several destructive and nondestructive techniques. Puncture test was used for measuring different textural parameters such as initial firmness, average firmness, toughness, rupture force, rupture distance, penetration force in pulp, penetration energy in pulp of mango C.V Namdokmai Sithong. Fourier transform NIR spectroscopy has been used in order to correlate the textural parameters with NIR spectra using partial least square (PLS) regression. Correlation coefficient (r) was obtained for parameters such as average firmness, rupture force of peel, penetration force in pulp, penetration energy in pulp are 0.70, 0.75, 0.71, 0.71 with RMSEP of 0.561 N/mm, 2.37 N, 0.497 N, 1.980 Nmm.
Contradictions of low-emission nZEB buildings
Authors: Severnyák K
Published: September 2019

Based on the EPBD 2010 directive and the mandated method of cost-optimum calculation the forthcoming national regulations require “nearly zero energy buildings” which have high energy performance, significant share of renewables in covering the low energy need and harmonizing the requirement system and the cost-optimum all over in Europe. Known intention of the EU Member States as well as some research reports create the impression that predominant use of biomass in the forthcoming years will be the right way to fulfil the above requirements of nearly zero energy buildings. Taking advantage of regulations in many Member States, the amount of yearly primary energy demand is favourably influenced by the low primary energy conversion factor determined by the very states; besides the delivered energy does not decrease. The CO2 neutrality of biomass is not real. It is true that the emission of gas firing far exceeds that of wood firing, but emissions from the production of natural gas might be lower than that of the production of certain wood products. Overall, the lifecycle-based emission of biomass firing for the most converted fuels is already significant. In the case of wood combustion, the local pollutant emissions, which occur in cities, are significant, while the CO2 constraint take place in the forests.
Analysis and Cross-Comparison of Business Models for nearly Zero-Energy Buildings in Europe
Authors: Köhler B , Quast A , Andaloro A , Dinkel A , Knotzer A
Published: September 2019

Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEBs) will be the standard for new constructions in Europe from 2019 (public buildings) and 2021 (private buildings). Even though several technologies for realizing nZEBs are already available, their market penetration in Europe is still low. This can be ascribed to both high initial investment for nZEBs and limited adequate business models for several stakeholders along the buildings’ lifecycle. The aim of this paper is to present and analyse examples of existing business models for nZEBs in different European countries. A broad overview of these business models, accompanied by evidence of their key factors and strengths is essential for developing new business models that ensure a cost-optimal nZEB implementation and adequate profitability for all stakeholders involved. Therefore, at first business models of different European markets and nZEB lifecycle phases are searched for and described in a profile-like manner. Secondly, the key factors and strengths of each business model are pointed out. In the end, a cross-comparison of the business models is done according to some key parameters, such as involved stakeholders and covered life cycle phases. This knowledge serves as a basis for the development of innovative nZEB business models. The work presented in this paper is developed in the frame of EU funded project CRAVEzero – Cost Reduction and market Acceleration for Viable nearly zero-Energy buildings which is co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union.
Mobile Tiny Houses – Sustainable and Affordable?
Authors: Leindecker H C , Kugfarth D R
Published: September 2019

The topic of “affordable accommodations” has affected the construction industry and the politics for many years, not least due to sharply rising real estate prices. Building plots in good locations are just as prohibitively expensive for young people as larger apartments in urban areas, especially in big cities. This raises the question: How much does a person need to live? Energy efficiency, sustainability and regionality are as equally important as coziness, which decisively defines the quality of life of the residents. As part of the “klimaaktiv” regional partnership, the Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences has carried out several research projects concerning the topic of small sustainable homes. In cooperation with an Upper Austrian prefabricated house company, a building technology concept for an innovative modular construction system was devised. The aim here was the development of an innovative, high-quality and inexpensive modular system that does not exclude increased ecological standards. As part of an interdisciplinary project, a group of students developed an energy self-sufficient cabin for almost every kind of application. Based on extensive research on existing building systems, a variety of topics were examined. The focus here was on mobility, modular assembly, ecological materials, self-sufficiency, energy efficiency and the water cycle. In the end, a single-family house, which considers most of the aforementioned aspects, was built.
Improving Construction Efficiency with Digital Fabrication. An Environmental Insight
Authors: Kuzmenko K , Féraille A , Baverel O
Published: September 2019

This paper presents a case study of environmental evaluation of innovative shell-nexorade hybrid timber construction system designed within fabrication-aware technic and fabricated using robotic construction technology. The life cycle assessment of construction phase of the system has been performed; a sensitivity study of the robotic system’s outlay has been effectuated. The results show that the contribution of robotic construction system to the overall result is fairly significant and, in some figures, can even exceed the material’s one.
Using a budget approach for decision-support in the design process
Authors: Hollberg A , Lützkendorf T , Habert G
Published: September 2019

The use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) during the design phase can help to improve the environmental performance of buildings. However, designers and clients find it difficult to set environmental performance targets and interpret the results obtained through LCA in order to improve the building design. Therefore, performance levels or benchmarks are needed that provide design guidance towards reducing the environmental impacts of buildings in the life cycle. This paper uses a dual benchmark approach. The main concept consists in combining building-related top-down targets with building component-related bottom-up benchmarks. The overall top-down targets per capita and year are derived from the capacity of the global eco system. The bottom-up benchmarks for building elements are calculated following a best-in-class (top 5%) approach. A workflow of applying these benchmarks is proposed. It provides guidance on how to optimize the environmental performance of a building and its components efficiently by differentiating between material and design-related options. The approach is exemplified by means of a case study of a multi-family house.
Carbon Heroes Benchmark Program – whole building embodied carbon profiling
Authors: Pasanen P , Castro R
Published: September 2019

Reducing the embodied carbon of the building stock requires a better understanding of the life cycle impacts of the materials used in those buildings. However, the characteristics of the building stock vary significantly by geography and building type. The “Carbon heroes benchmark program” is a cooperative initiative for carbon profiling by building type across different countries. The program’s aim is to create uniform, full life-cycle of materials benchmarks for common building types. The benchmark program is on track to achieve 1000 fully completed and verified buildings by end of 2019, and contains data breakdowns for over 100 different material types and essential structural parts of a building. All data used in the program is rigorously anonymized and statistically small sets of data are also not used to protect data anonymity. The program implements the EN 15978/ISO 21930 standards as the basis of measurement, and includes life-cycle stages A1-A3, A4, B4-B5, and C1-C4. This presentation will share the preliminary findings of this project. 659 verified buildings (February 2019 cutoff), with substantial datasets for many European countries for some of the most common building types. The benchmark is generated using One Click LCA.
A stakeholder- and function-based planning method for space-efficient buildings
Authors: Von Both P
Published: September 2019

Space efficiency has proved to be one of the basic parameters for achieving a high level of sustainability of buildings. By optimizing the required space to fulfil functional requirements, high potential savings can be achieved in terms of space, material and energy consumption. This presupposes, however, that – following the principles of an integrated design process - the use-related functional requirements of buildings have been determined in the early planning phases and that architects take these functional requirements into account accordingly - also with regard to possible organizational, logistic and process-related options. So, interdependencies and (temporal) overlays can be reflected and the topological structure can be transferred into space-efficient spatial structures. But adequate tools and methods are currently missing that support this process of user-based functional demand planning in the sense of an integrated participatory process. This contribution introduces a methodology for early planning phases, which is based on a stakeholder analysis and helps to specify process-related user functions as well as qualified functional correlations. The functional relationships can be described, for example, spatiotemporally or in relation to the flow of materials and can be mapped in an adjacency matrix. The planner is thus actively encouraged to think about area- and space-related optimization potentials and can transfer the topological structure of functions into an space-efficient floor plan concept. Also a prototypical implementation of this method will be presented as a web-based tool that supports a participatory user and stakeholder-related planning process.
IEA EBC Annex 72 - Assessing life cycle related environmental impacts caused by buildings – targets and tasks
Authors: Frischknecht R , Birgisdottir H , Chae C-U , Lützkendorf T , Passer A
Published: September 2019

Investment decisions for buildings made today largely determine their environmental impacts over many future decades due to their long lifetimes. Such decisions involve a trade-off between additional investments today and potential savings during use and at end of life - in terms of economic costs, primary energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is suited to identify measures and action to increase the resource efficiency and the environmental performance of buildings and construction. This paper gives an overview of an ongoing international research project within the IEA EBC with the overall aim to harmonise LCA approaches on buildings and foster life cycle thinking in the real estate and construction sectors. The objectives of the project are i) to establish a common methodology guideline to assess the life cycle based environmental impacts caused by buildings, ii) to establish methods for the development of specific environmental benchmarks for different types of buildings, iii) to derive regionally differentiated guidelines and tools for the use of LCA in building design and tools such as BIM, and iv) to improve data availability by developing national or regional databases with regionally differentiated LCA data tailored to the construction sector. To ensure practical solutions a number of case studies will be used to test and illustrate the consensus approaches and research issues.
Application of RecyclingGraphs for the Optimisation of the Recyclability in Building Information Modelling
Authors: Schwede D
Published: September 2019

This publication discusses the application of RecyclingGraphs and ConnectionMatrixes in Building Information Modelling (BIM) for the assessment of the ability of structures to be decomposed and their components to be recycled. The assessment of recyclability of designed building parts is a data-rich task which requires expert knowledge and detailed analysis on a small scale, if complete recycling of the material content is desired. Today often only the main content of buildings, such as concrete and steel structures, are recaptured, while components of smaller quantities are lost or in the worst case, if they cannot be separated, lead to deterioration of the main material flows. BIM models will be connected to relevant databases and used in future to support the optimization of building parts for complete recycling through assisted design or even in automated analysis runs and workflows. Structural compositions are described by RecyclingGraphs and ConnectionMatrixes, which’s components represent on the one hand material elements and on the other hand the connections between them. Materials are classified in terms of various characteristics, such as their recyclability, their ability to be incinerated and the harmfulness of their deposition. The connections are evaluated regarding their ability to be disassembled and the compatibility of the materials connected. The structures are translated into ConnectionMatrixes and the aspects of the evaluation are assessed individually and in combination. The translation of BIM models of four wall structures into RecyclingGraphs and ConnectionMatrix representations is analysed and potentials of such representations in new BIM-based workflows are discussed.
The Reporting of End of Life and Module D Data and Scenarios in EPD for Building level Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Anderson J , Rønning A , Moncaster A
Published: September 2019

This paper identifies the need for Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) to provide End of Life (EoL) and Module D data for products for use in building level Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Although the provision of data for EN 15804 Modules A4-D is not currently mandatory for EPD, many currently report some or all of these. This paper provides an overview of the existing reporting of the end of life (Modules C1-4) and Module D and the types of scenarios used in European EPD. Using examples from existing EPD for two product groups, this paper examines the variation in approaches to scenarios for Module C and D. It explores the difficulties brought by this variation and discusses benefits from using default national scenarios at end of life, but additionally considers the advantages of providing alternative EoL scenarios for products to promote the circular economy.
Life Cycle Assessment applied to construction and demolition waste treatment: proposal of a Brazilian scenario
Authors: Hackenhaar I C , Waskow R P , Tubino R , Passuello A
Published: September 2019

Important amounts of construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are currently generated in several countries. Considering the correct management of this kind of residue, and the search for its noblest use, several studies have focused on the environmental potential impacts from CDW management. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is often used to investigate the potential environmental impacts over the life cycle of a product, thus becoming an important tool to support decision-making. CDW recycling process produces coarse, fine and mix aggregate as outputs, characterizing a multifunctional process. But, how CDW’s LCA should be run, considering a circular and more sustainable built environment? Thus, the objective of this work is to explore the basic premises in proposing a product system for the CDW recycling process in Brazil. For this, data available in the literature on the recycling process in Brazil and in other countries support the definition of the product system. The complexity of this management option is explored, considering how the use of the recycled materials interfere in the scope, objective, unit function and other modelling choices, as well as reliability of CDW studies. Finally, the datasets provided by Ecoinvent are examined in order to promote debate on data adaptation, followed by remarks on the most appropriate choices on allocation in the CDW LCA. The cut-off system modelling associated with the new perspective on the avoided burden approach is concluded by the authors to be the most suitable for this waste recycling multifunctional processes. Understanding system models is key. When no inventory adaptation is intended, available inventory datasets are more advisable to be used when performing end of life scenarios only, once burdens differ according to countries management scenarios, as well as life cycle inventory approaches.
Consequential life cycle assessment of Brazilian cement industry technology projections for 2050
Authors: Gomes V , Cunha M P , Saade M R M , Guimarães G D , Zucarato L , Ribeiro C H , Gomes da Silva M
Published: September 2019

In the upcoming decades, cement production growth is expected to exceed the increase in availability of clinker substitutes. Increased clinker replacement rates in cement and use of alternatives fuels were pointed out as the main alternatives for reducing emissions of the national cement industry, whilst increasing cement production in 2050. Consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) offers a framework to capture environmental consequences from demand alterations. Modelling the cement production and markets involved is however challenging, given conceptual (only unconstrained markets are considered) and practical modelling limitations (e.g. model granularity compatible with CLCA interests). This paper refers to an ongoing work and adopts a two-stage approach to discuss the effects of the change on the average cement production process in Brazil. We first performed a CLCA without formal affected market identification to estimate the potential environmental impacts of the technology change proposed in the Brazilian Cement Technology Roadmap. Secondly, we used a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of the Brazilian economy to (more) realistically foresee short-term effects induced by such change. The CGE model comprises 102 economic activities, including cement production and its production chain. Our results indicate that (i) increasing the proportion of calcined clay and limestone filler as clinker partial substitutes and (ii) excluding charcoal from the fuel mix composition at the kiln would impact all economic sectors. Our preliminary findings suggest that the increased efficiency in cement production would create some rebound effect that would not invalidate the emission benefits from displacing energy and virgin materials. Additional impact categories and consequences in other economic sectors should be further investigated.
Hydrological and thermal response of green roofs in different climatic conditions
Authors: Arkar C , Domjan S , Majkovič D , Šumi J , Medved S
Published: September 2019

The paper presents a study on the thermal and hydrological response of lightweight extensive green roofs with lightweight mineral wool growing media in different European climate conditions. The green roof heat and mass transfer model was developed and experimentally validated. It was then integrated into a developed software tool for the whole year analysis of the green roof thermal and hydrological performance. The results of performed numerical analysis showed that heat losses in heating season and heat gains in summer months of the green roof is smaller compared to the reference non-vegetated roof in all considered climate conditions and depends on thickness of lightweight mineral wool growing media and especially on the green roof’s irrigation scenario. The results of numerical analyses also demonstrated that the water retention of green roofs can be considerably improved if irrigation scenario considers the weather forecast. The weather forecast based green roofs´ irrigation also improves retention at stormwater events.
On net zero GHG emission targets for climate protection in cities: More questions than answers?
Authors: Lützkendorf T , Balouktsi M
Published: September 2019

Two separate, but interacting, global agendas are now leading to new, additional requirements for the future development of cities: The UN Agenda 2030, putting cities at the heart of sustainable urban development with its Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, and the Paris Agreement COP21 adopting the 1.5 °C target as a basis for global emissions reductions. Regulators and researchers have widely recognized the necessity to put cities, as an important object of assessment, and city authorities, as an important actor group, at the core of climate mitigation efforts. For cities themselves this topic becomes a factor of competition among peers. In their pursuit of a low carbon future, however, they are confronted with a number of theoretical and practical questions regarding target setting and subsequent planning for mitigation. As a contribution to the current discussion, the paper initially clarifies on which principles the allocation and accounting of city-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are typically based. A good understanding of the GHG sources and reduction potentials is essential for defining feasible targets and designing efficacious reduction strategies. Built on this, the paper then presents how climate targets are defined at city level and analyses the methodological considerations that arise in the case of target-setting approaches involving bringing the emissions balance to zero. Although first definitions of “net zero emission” concepts on an urban scale can be found in literature, their precise meaning and applicability still remain vague, with unclear system boundaries, calculation and assessment rules. This paper provides a definition framework for clarifying such concepts.