bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Update der App „CO2-Timer“ mit neuer Infektionsschutzversion/CO2 timer app updated for infection control
Authors: Neumann Hans Dieter , Thullner Ingrid , Protsch Michael , Peters Simone
Published: May 2021

Gemäß der Arbeitsstättenverordnung muss in Räumen ausreichend „gesundheitlich zuträgliche Atemluft“ vorhanden sein. Dies gilt insbesondere in Zeiten von Epidemien wie in der derzeit herrschenden SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie. Die bestehende CO2-App wurde daher überarbeitet und den neuen Infektionsschutzanforderungen angepasst. Ferner wurden Informationen zum infektionsschutzgerechten Lüften eingefügt. Darüber hinaus wurden weitere Verbesserungen vorgenommen, wie die Berechnung der Lüftungszeitpunkte bezogen auf die Sommer- und Winterzeit anstatt auf Halbjahreszeiträume, was eine gleichmäßigere Verteilung der Datenbasis auf die Zeiträume ermöglichte. Weitere Auswertungen zeigten, dass eine gute Luftqualität sich auch bei Kipplüftung mit relativ kleinen Kipplüftungsflächen realisieren lässt und dass die mit der App berechneten CO2-Konzentrationsanstiege in Räumen mit den gemessenen Werten übereinstimmen. Der CO2-Timer ist somit eine gute Alternative zu CO2-Messungen in Räumen.
Wirkungen der Abnahme der Werkleistung
Authors: Voppel Reinhard
Published: May 2021

Der Unternehmer eines Werkvertrages – etwa der Bauunternehmer oder der planende und überwachende Ingenieur oder Architekt – schuldet nicht nur die Erbringung von Leistungen, sondern auch den vertraglich vereinbarten Erfolg. Ausweis dafür, dass der Erfolg (im Wesentlichen) eingetreten ist, ist die Abnahme der Leistung.
Rasch Analysis of Creative Thinking Skill on Optical Instrument (CTSOI) 11th Grade Students Sundanese Tribe: a Case Study
Authors: Assyifaa Ghina Aghnia Nur , Nurzakiyah Eis , Hasanah Lilik , Novia Hera
Published: May 2021

This study aims to determine the creative thinking skills at optic instruments of Sundanese tribe, 11th-grade students. This research is a case study research conducted at a high school in Majalengka district, West Java. Totaling 32 students consisting of 12 male students, namely “Aa”, 20 female students, namely “Teteh”, and 18 Sundanese, the rest are immigrants. The instrument used is the Test for Creative Thinking-optical instrument (TCT-OI) which has existed validated by experts. The data found were investigated with Rasch Analysis Model (RAM). Based on the results of the analysis using the Rasch Analysis, it was found that the creative thinking ability of students stayed static low can be shown by the value of Person reliability which is 0.21 included in the weak category. There are variances in the level of creative thinking skills of students from the Sundanese and non-Sundanese tribes. As a result, it is necessary to develop creative thinking skill on the optical instrument, 11th grade students Sundanese tribe
Peculiarities of responsibility to arbitrators of international commercial arbitration
Authors:   Oksana Voloshchuk, maksym Getmantsev
Published: May 2021

The article explores the problems of arraignment of arbitrators, while analyzing both the legal framework for international commercial arbitration of foreign countries and the existing arbitration practice. In particular, it is emphasized that the arraignment of arbitrators is quite problematic, as there are significant omissions and gaps in the domestic arbitration laws of several states, which avoids the liability of unfair arbitrators. However, given that international commercial arbitration is a non-governmental institution, built on the principle of autonomy of the will of the parties, which allows the parties to influence positively the arbitration (by determining the right on the basis of which the dispute, languages and places of arbitration will be settled and the quantitative composition of arbitration, etc.), in this case, the role of ethical rules is growing significantly. Accordingly, unscrupulous arbitrators cannot further claim to be involved in arbitration proceedings, as they fall into the so-called «black list of arbitrators» and the parties refuse to provide their services.
This «public disclosure» method can be viewed to some extent as a means of preventing arbitrators. From a practical point of view, we consider it justified to include in the regulations of international commercial arbitration tribunals the provisions on the application of sanctions for violation of the parties' consideration of their obligations.
If the arbitrator makes a deliberately wrong decision, it is advisable to provide for the following sanctions: withdrawal (in particular, the grounds for dismissal should be: financial dependence, subordination and other professional relations of the arbitrator with one party; the same nationality of the arbitrator and one or both parties; or opinion; court precedents); suspension of activity, prohibition on occupation of certain positions, liability for damages, administrative and criminal liability.
Key words: arbitration, international commercial arbitration, arbitrator, responsibility of arbitrators, sanctions in international commercial arbitration.
Self-government of territorial communities and the Constitution — the search for consensus or a conceptual revolution?
Authors:   Oleksandr Batanov, Mykola Pukhtynskyi
Published: May 2021

The state begins a public discussion of amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine regarding decentralization of power.
It is assumed that the system of local self-government and a new territorial organization of power will be consolidated, as well as the decentralization of power. The principles that are laid down in the text of the European Charter of Local Self-Government will also be introduced. These principles are basic for the implementation of an appropriate level of management and development of local self-government.
Inadequate reproduction of the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government leads to the dependence of the institutions of local self-government, «second-rate» territorial communities and the declarative nature of municipal authorities, the growth of its dependence and accountability to public authorities.
The existing legislative base of local self-government in Ukraine and the projects that were implemented in the field of formation and development of territorial communities are fragmented.
Relevant is a comprehensive solution to the main problem of the organization and functioning of local self-government in modern Ukraine.
Such is the creation of constitutional legal conditions for the formation of territorial communities as primary subjects of local self-government, the main carriers of its functions and powers.
Different countries apply different management systems at the local level (within the respective administrative-territorial units), the choice of which is influenced by such factors as: state regime, form of government, different approach to understanding the essence and nature of state power, and delimitation of administrative-territorial units into «natural» and «artificial», national and historical features and traditions, and the like.
Conclusion: the generally proposed position on replacing the term «territorial community» with «residents of the municipality», especially from the point of view of increasing the subjectivity of local authorities, should be considered an attempt at a conceptual upheaval of the constitutional legal understanding of the essence of local self-government in Ukraine.
Key words: self-government of territorial communities, decentralization, local self-government, the Constitution.
Confrontation of technologies of information and communication wars — the basis of national security
Authors: Sosnin Oleksandr
Published: May 2021

Scientific discussion of the problems of transformation of the legal foundations of state institutes of scientific and educational institutions under the influence of the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and innovative thinking of people is extremely relevant and complex at the same time. Various scientific knowledge has been lacking for a long time, however, today, when the development of creative, moral, innovative potential of each person and humanity as a whole has become a priority for any individual and society, has become the most important, generalizing indicator, criterion of national development. To be taken more systematically and responsibly.

Information has always and everywhere been valued as a jewel, on which huge financial resources were spent to acquire its media, have always been important. With the advent of radio and television and, ultimately, modern ICTs, it has increasingly become a product that has always been in demand and also sold well, which, unfortunately, has helped turn the miracle of human communication into a monster — a weapon against the sustainable. development of mankind, the protection of which requires deep knowledge of the human psyche, the laws of society and decision-making algorithms.

The nature and meaning of the world, covered by various technical means of communication, are increasingly of interest to society, however, the information and communication sphere, as a geocultural phenomenon and force of influence, began to form not so long ago, around the XVIII century, gradually acquiring geocultural weapons. Again, under the influence of the development of ICT, it has become a pervasive force in the twentieth century, and having acquired network methods of use — a weapon. Today it is becoming the most important factor in the transformation of the world order in the structure «matter (people) — energy (finance) — information — a resource for development». This is how the state and legal policy and the realities of the interaction of the countries of the world with each other and, accordingly, the citizens with the government are built, forcing them to look for new ways of evolution of the economy, military affairs, public power, etc. Using new ICTs, the world’s leading countries are constantly updating their scientific and educational sphere, increasing the requirements for professional training of young people in their universities, trying to form an open society with a responsible attitude to social values, more fully define the responsibilities of public authorities, and it is in this direction that the problems of the formation of modern statehood are concentrated.

Key words: information, informatization, information and communication technologies, information and communication security, information and communication activity, information space, information war, humanities, scientific and educational policy, information legislation.
Efficacy of Application of Biostimulants Based on Non-pathogenic Microorganisms when Growing Okra in Arkansas
Authors: Zamana S , Sokolov A , Fedorovskiy T , Sokolov S , Kondratyeva T
Published: May 2021

The results of the experiment on the cultivation of okra vegetable crops in a farm in Osceola, Arkansas, USA using innovative biostimulants based on non-pathogenic microorganisms are presented. It is shown that the use of biostimulants contributed to a significant improvement in the morphological characteristics of plants, such as plant height, the number of side branches, leaves, fruits. In the green fruits of okra, the content of vital elements-nitrogen, sulfur, potassium, and especially iron, zinc, copper, magnesium and phosphorus-increased compared with the control variant, while the content of nitrates was significantly reduced, which suggests that biostimulants studied based on non-pathogenic microorganisms are promising.
Current Stem Cell Research Status on Hepatic and Pulmonary Sclerosis in COVID-19
Authors: Kim J , Nam SH , Kim JH , Han J
Published: May 2021

Since 2019, Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has changed the concept of systemic sclerosis caused by viral infectious diseases. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative organism of COVID-19, has infected more than 1.36 billion people in 188 countries, and nearly 2.29 million have died. Although we have rapidly developed vaccines against COVID-19, the struggle to treat COVID-19 patients who exhibit complicated multiple organ sclerosis has continued ever since. Studies have reported that preexisting liver disease in 3-8% of patients increases metabolic dysfunction and mortality by 4-6-fold in association with the severity of COVID-19. Moreover, both confirmed and cured COVID-19 patients have been reported to develop pulmonary fibrosis, which is often related to poor prognosis of the complications. Therefore, in the present study, we summarize the possible mechanisms underlying the development of hepatic and pulmonary fibrosis caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on recently published data. Furthermore, since stem cell-based treatments have been developed as a novel approach to treat COVID-19 patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SS), we discuss the implementation of stem cell-based treatments as a powerful regenerative tool owing to their notable immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic effects.
Determination of Serum IL-8, CD4+ and CD8+ in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Alhassan HM , Yeldu MH , Kabir M , Abubakar M , Isiyaku A , Kalgo MU , Marafa AH , Hamisu A
Published: May 2021

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is associated with a decline of immunity and progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This current study was aimed at evaluating the serum level of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells counts among newly diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive adults in Sokoto-Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 60 adults were enrolled into the study, comprising of 30 newly diagnosed HIV seropositive subjects and 30 age-and sex-matched apparently healthy controls. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were enumerated using flow cytometry. Serum IL-8 was analyzed using ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical package. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical comparisons. Results: The mean of CD4+ (632.63 ± 34.83 cells/μl), CD8+ (579.98 ± 30.74 cells/μl) and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (1.10 ± 0.03 cells/μl) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in controls compared to newly diagnosed HIV patients (160.60 ± 29.47 cells/μl, 521.10 ± 46.34cells/μl and 0.32 ± 0.52 respectively. The mean of IL-8 (6.56 ± 0.09 pg/ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in controls compared to newly diagnosed patient IL-8 (6.60 ± 0.07 pg/ml). There were insignificant negative correlation between IL-8 and CD4+ (r = -0.064, p > 0.05) as well as CD8+ (r = -0.074, p > 0.05) in controls. And conversely, an insignificant positive correlation occurred between IL-8 and CD4+ (r = 0.025, p > 0.05) as well as CD8+ (r = 0.016, p > 0.05) in newly diagnosed HIV patients. Moreover, it has also shown a statistically insignificant positive correlation between IL-8 and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (r = 0.039, p > 0.05) in controls compared to newly diagnosed HIV patients where it shows a statistically insignificant negative correlation between the IL-8 and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (r = -0.076, p > 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that, both CD4+, CD4+/ CD8+ ratio in newly diagnosed HIV patients are significantly decrease compared to controls (p < 0.05), while serum IL-8 was significantly increased, the serum levels of IL-8 did not correlate with CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ T-cells population, as well as CD4+/CD8+ ratio.
Le secret médical
Authors: Erard Frédéric
Published: May 2021

Medical secrecy is going through a troubled period today. The multiplication of health care providers, technological progress and the pressure of financial policies tend to put pressure on this institution and to redefine its contours. In Swiss law, medical secrecy is now governed by an abundance of legal provisions whose implementation has become complex and unpredictable. After a first part dealing with the historical origins of medical secrecy, its main current factors of influence and its ethical justifications, the book systematically analyzes the multiple duties of confidentiality that may apply to caregivers, their respective limits and their articulation. The study concludes with an analysis of several scenarios for the future of medical confidentiality.
The Influence of the Estate System and Power Relations in the Late Feudal Parliament Seating Plan
Authors: Dobszay Tamás
Published: May 2021

“We shape our buildings and then they shape us,” Winston Churchill said when the question of rebuilding Westminster and modifying the interior of the House of Commons came up and he expressed his support for preserving the former system. Thus, according to the prime minister, a seating plan both expresses and determines the character and operation of parliamentarism. In light of this interconnection, in this essay I examine the formal characteristics of the late feudal Diet in Hungary between 1790 and 1848, as well as the power relations of the estates and strivings as they found expression within this system.
Representatives in a Changing World : Characteristics of Urban Advocacy at the Turn of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: H. Németh István
Published: May 2021

The Kingdom of Hungary had a strong system of estates within the Habsburg Monarchy, and this exerted a significant influence on the positions of free royal cities. The free royal cities enjoyed a large degree of internal autonomy until roughly the end of the seventeenth century, with little oversight or interference by the larger state. Since 1526, the cities had been members of the estates which had taken part in the Diets (the parliaments which could be regarded as the early modern form of the Hungarian), though they had played a minor role in comparison to the counties. In the last third of the seventeenth century, the system of estates underwent significant changes. The royal state came to exert more control, and in the free royal cities, the central administration began to play a stronger role as a force for oversight. The interests of the state administration now played an important role in the selection of the city’s leaders. The delegates who represented the cities in the Diets were also chosen according to these considerations. The local bodies of state administration were given major say in the selection of the representatives. As a consequence of this, delegates began to be chosen who were from different social backgrounds, including people who had different places within the system of the estates. While earlier, the individuals who had been sent to take part in the Diets had been members of the Lutheran bourgeois elite, from roughly the late seventeenth century onwards, members of the nobility living in the cities began to play an increasingly influential role. Many of the delegates from the city of Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) who will be discussed in the analysis below came from families of non-noble origins which, however, had been granted nobility as a reward for the services they had performed in the chamber administration. The career paths for members of these families led either to administrative bodies in the city or back into state administration.
Distant Cousin Lewis Grassic Gibbon: A Scots Quair (Sunset Song, Cloud Howe and Grey Granite) and Scottish Scene
Authors: Malcolm William K.
Published: May 2021

A quarter of this monograph is devoted to Gibbon’s masterpiece, the trilogy A Scots Quair, approached as a strategically integrated volume. This chapter places the book within its contemporary context, using original research to focus authoritatively on the aims and ideals that shaped its social, political, cultural and philosophical achievement. Sunset Song garners greatest attention for its bespoke narrative techniques and for the eclectic deployment of literary influences from Scotland and elsewhere. The nostalgic power and moral impact of this first novel as a compelling bildungsroman and an elegy for the crofting society destroyed by the war feeds into the more overtly political character of the remaining parts of the trilogy. The revolutionary political perspective at the heart of the work is convincingly based on the author’s ready identification with the subaltern classes, marking it as the highest form of littérature engagée. The Gibbon contributions to Scottish Scene are considered in relation to the central achievement of the trilogy, with the Scottish stories replicating the author’s signature style and, in ‘Forsaken’, successfully carrying it to a more sophisticated level of stylistic experimentation. The polemical essays are welcomed for shedding light on the author’s ideas and beliefs, about literature, politics, history and religion.
Song: Denise Riley’s Lyric and Rock Echoes
Authors: Skoulding Zoë
Published: May 2021

Denise Riley's poetry and prose is pivotal in framing voice as social, resonant and material, rather than as an emanation from the private depths of an individual interior being. Examination of a range of her work published over the last two decades shows how the inner speech of thought may be conceived as a replaying of language encountered in the externally sounded world, from fragments of lyric to verbal abuse. Her sustained engagement with lyric and song, whether in poems that quote song lyrics, or in her recent work that argues with and comments on its own use of traditional lyric forms, links the sounding of poetry with musical listening to articulate a position in which emotions are mobilized rather than ‘expressed’. Through the materialist imagination of her poems, continuities are created between the voicing of the poem, the voices of the dead, and the sounding of the non-human world.
Southern Protestant Voices during the Irish War of Independence and Civil War: Reports from Church of Ireland Synods
Authors: Walker Brian M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter records the experiences of southern members of the Church of Ireland, the largest protestant denomination, during the period of the Irish revolution, 1919–23. The main source is one that has been rarely used in the past. It involves the speeches of Church of Ireland bishops at annual local and national diocesan synods during these tumultuous years. As both leaders and observers of their dioceses, the bishops' comments reflected many of the concerns and anxieties of their community. They recorded the violence which forced many members of the church to leave Ireland at this time. They also spoke of efforts to maintain good relations between denominations.
Introduction
Authors: Godwin John
Published: May 2021

A brief description of satire as a genre and its history in Latin before Juvenal: then an account of what little we know about the poet himself and the problems of using text and history to assist each other in interpretation of the poetry. The style of Juvenal’s poetry is then discussed with examples from the text in this volume, followed by a discussion of the degree to which the text might be in any sense serious rather than simply a bravura performance of a satirical persona. A short guide to Juvenal’s use of the hexameter metre is followed by a history of the textual transmission and a full bibliography of all titles cited in the course of the book.
‘New Plays resemble Bubbles, we must own’
Authors: Leemans Inger
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses how finance and the theatre became interwoven in the early eighteenth century, with the theatre functioning as a platform for the production and dissemination of financial knowledge. The eighteenth-century theatre in Amsterdam and London served as a source of news, and political and social commentary. The Bubble plays of 1720, and especially Langendijk’s comedies, helped to conceptualize stock trading by analyzing and illustrating its specific dynamics. This essay also addresses differences between the nations that participated in the Bubble and argues that, while in the Netherlands the public generally approved of stock trade, few stepped forward in England to defend openly the new securities market or those responsible for financial governance. Likewise, French plays of the period tended to focus criticism on John Law’s new system of paper currency, rather than attempting to explain it as did their Dutch counterparts. This essay discusses such cultural distinctions in detail, with Langendijk’s plays as central source texts, arguing that, notwithstanding the views of economic and financial historians, who see the long-term economic impact of the Dutch Bubble of 1720 as minimal, the cultural impact of the Bubble left a lasting mark in the Netherlands.
Transnational Networks in 1720 and the German Quincampoix
Authors: Rosenhaft Eve
Published: May 2021

Soon after the performance of the stage version of Quincampoix in Amsterdam, a German translation appeared. The text is substantially the same, though ‘localised’ with German place names and relocated to the city of Hamburg. The German text is one of a number of satirical and other texts about the Bubbles, which circulated in the German lands and which bespeak the interest and involvement of Germans in the global financial excitement of the years around 1720. The specific occasion of the German Quincampoix is very likely the project for a joint-stock insurance company that led to a mini-bubble in Hamburg in the summer of 1720. This chapter explores the text itself, identifying specifically German aspects of it and their referents. It considers how and by whom the anonymous translation may have been produced, and who its readers may have been, setting it in the context of what we know of the publishing history of other German Bubble texts, the specific resonances of the global crisis in the city of Hamburg and the evidence for flows and exchanges of financial information and debate between Germany’s principal outward-facing port and the seats of Bubble activity in London, Paris and Amsterdam.
Orange on the Inside
Authors: Waters Sarah
Published: May 2021

Chapter four examines the suicide crisis at France Télécom, situating this in the shift to a new finance-driven management model, following the company’s privatisation, whereby the search for shareholder value became the overarching strategic goal of the company. I draw on scholarship on financialisation and in particular, the rise of shareholder value, examining its impact on the changing status and conditions of labour. Suicides were not an aberration in an otherwise smooth-functioning system, but the consequence of systemic processes that sought to remove labour from the workplace as an obstacle to extraneous financial goals. The chapter examines the structural transformations of the company which transformed the perceived value of the individual worker and considers the new expulsionary management tactics that characterised the Next restructuring plan. The chapter draws on testimonial material, including suicide letters and witness statements drawn from a legal case taken by a work inspector against the company in 2010 which culminated in the recent criminal trial against the company’s former bosses. An analysis of this testimonial material allows us to reconstruct the causal connections that link structural transformations in the company to the acute suffering that triggered an act of self-killing.
Excerpts from Abdelkébir Khatibi and Jacques Hassoun, Le Même Livre (Paris: Editions de l’Eclat, 1985)
Authors: Harrison Olivia C.
Published: May 2021

In 1985, the Moroccan writer Abdelkébir Khatibi and the Egyptian Jewish psychoanalyst Jacques Hassoun published an epistolary book, Le même livre (‘The same book’), excerpts of which are translated here for the first time. Playing on the Arabic notion ahl al-kitab, the people of the Book common to Jews, Christians and Muslims, Le même livre centres round the twin figures of the Semite – the Jew and the Arab – as they have been articulated in theological, political and poetic discourses in order to question, and move beyond, the opposition naturalised in the expression ‘Judeo-Arab conflict’. Previewing the dialogue Khatibi would have with another Francophone Jewish exile, Jacques Derrida, in the 1990s, Le même livre is a deconstruction of identity, be it religious, ethnic, cultural or linguistic. Against sameness, Khatibi and Hassoun offer an ‘exercise in alterity’ written in the pages of The Same Book.
Introduction
Authors: Brozgal Lia
Published: May 2021

The introduction provides critical information on the history and stakes of the October 17 massacre, situating it within the context of the Algerian War for Independence and the French imperial project more generally. It is invested in tracing the evolution of the massacre’s representation in political, popular, and scholarly discourse, and in exploring the ways in which the massacre has been rendered both visible and invisible. Comparisons with Vichy (briefly) and with another episode of state violence (the 1962 police murder of protesters at the Charonne subway station) help to contextualize October 17’s ambivalent status in the French national narrative. Arguing that October 17 should be read as a signal event whose putative invisibility has been both metaphorical and a result of historical conjuncture, the introduction also lays out the book’s critical commitments, surveys the landscape of existing scholarship, and establishes the concept of the anarchive.
Archive Stories
Authors: Brozgal Lia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 brings together several strands of analysis which, together, produce an argument about both official archives and the representation of archives or archival material in works of fiction. Beginning with a narrative about the Parisian police archives on October 17, this chapter charts the archives’ slow road to declassification and the various obstacles that have led to the persistent belief that the machinations of the French state make it impossible to ever fully know their contents. The second section operates in two modes: ethnographically, detailing the author’s own experience of consulting the freshly declassified police archives, and hermeneutically, that is, in the manner of literary critic, offering typological assessments and interpretations of the archival material itself. The final sections of this chapter connect the archive to the anarchive, demonstrating that the latter stages its own archive stories—narratives about the provenance of the archive, its history, and its effect on its user—by foregrounding the subjective experience of characters (researchers, detective, scholars, reporters) who work in, against, or in the absence of archives.
Epilogue
Authors: Marín Yarí Pérez
Published: May 2021

This section reflects on the cross-fertilisation between science, medicine, literature and art in the consolidation of New World identity and discourse, beyond the sixteenth century. It invites readers to consider towering figures in the cultural history of colonial Latin America, such as writer Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, polymath Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz and painter Miguel Cabrera, discussing some of their connections to earlier texts on anatomy and physiology. The epilogue makes a case for redefining the medical texts studied in Marvels of Medicine as early matrixes of colonial rhetoric, scientific and literary objects that charted a course for future colonial subjects’ sense of identity in relation to the larger context of global knowledge production.
First Reactions: The Review Debate and the Initial Response to The New Poetry
Authors: Wootten William
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the debate between A. Alvarez and Donald Davie published in the April/May 1962 issue of poetry magazine The Review. The debate aired some of the more significant thoughts and positions that Davie and Alvarez would develop in opposition to one another over the coming years, albeit in ways that are yet to be fully formed. At the same time, Alvarez and Davie agreed far more than one might expect. The debate also cast Alvarez as the practical man who would go beyond the fiddle of poetry, and Davie as the craftsman and aesthete. Yet it is Alvarez who asks far more of poetry. The remainder of the chapter describes how the debate between Davie and Alvarez differs from a more frequently iterated debate between the Movement and its opposition as well as the the high-profile discussions spawned by the debate.
Three Themes in Sefer Ḥasidim
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how R. Yehudah he-Ḥasid's sense of right and justice, what he termed din shamayim (heavenly law), had little in common with halakhic norms; it resembled instead the 'natural law' of the Stoics, a sense of justice imprinted in all men's minds that guided them to a common perception of the right and the equitable. The meaning often given to din shamayim, the centrality attributed to it in the German Pietists' thought, and the image of the-Ḥasid as torn (consciously or not) between two competing sources of authority reveal more about the outlook of modern Jewish historiography than about the thinking of those medieval German Jews who so aspired to the epithet 'Ḥasidim'. The chapter then questions whether the celebrated remarks of Sefer Ḥasidim about talmud Torah and talmidei ḥakhamim constituted a theoretical evaluation of these institutions and thus expressed a basic axiological critique, or whether these words arose from a distinct historical context and possessed a specific address. It is the tosafist movement that forms the backdrop to Ḥasidei Ashkenaz. Much of Sefer Ḥasidim, both good and bad, is a product of and a response to the disruptive effects of the new dialectic.
On Dating Sefer Ḥasidim
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines when Sefer Ḥasidim was written. German Pietism was not a mass but an elite movement, a group of spiritual virtuosi, small in numbers but still enough to constitute a movement. If Sefer Ḥasidim is the labor of writers that stretches on to the mid-fourteenth century, we are talking of a movement that lasted four or five generations, or, at the very least, that reflects ideas that gestated for decades and then developed into a movement of âmes d'élite. If, however, Sefer Ḥasidim is the product of the early thirteenth century, it would then appear to be a movement coeval with the lives of the two famous figures associated with it, for there is no mention of its existence at any later date. If so, the movement of Ḥasidei Ashkenaz — in contradistinction to some of the ideas it bequeathed to Ashkenazic Jewry — was a short-lived affair, lasting no more than a generation or two.
The Midrash, Sefer Ḥasidim, and the Changing Face of God
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates how the Pietists detached themselves from the religious mood and imaginative world of the Midrash and the significance of this change. To be sure, there is a wholly different facet to Sefer Ḥasidim, one described by Yitzhak Baer sixty-five years ago in his famous essay on German Pietism — one of 'gentility and personal sensitivity', of introspection and religious inwardness. Baer also pointed to its source. It sprung from the religious atmosphere of the twelfth-century, that is to say, from the spirituality implicit in the changed face of God, in the new sense of His humanity and of His intimacy with man. Thus, much of the ethics and spirituality of the German Pietists arose and drew sustenance from the conceptions of God that obtained in their own times, while their theosophy and notions of His workings in history were rooted in the outlook of an earlier era and rested on a wholly different view of God.
Topics in the Ḥokhmat ha-Nefesh
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Ibn 'Ezra's Ḥokhmat ha-Nefesh. Conflicting reports are to be found in the Ḥokhmat ha-Nefesh as to the origin of the soul. At times it is described as originating from the holy spirit via a process of inbreathing. On other occasions it is said to have been lit from the flames of the Kavod or of the heavenly throne. Other passages speak vaguely of its having been created from the place of the heavenly spirit. Whether any of these processes, or all of them, are genuine acts of creation or only emanations cannot be determined from the text. A prominent place in the Ḥokhmat ha-Nefesh is occupied by demuyot, mirror-images of man fashioned at the beginning of Creation and which stand in endless array before the Kavod, drawing their sustenance from the absorption of the heavenly light that streams forth from the Kavod, and in turn transferring this vitality to their earthly counterparts. The demut is a counter-shape and plays no role in the religious experience of Ḥasidei Ashkenaz.
The Riddle of Me’iri’s Recent Popularity
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the recent popularity of R. Menaḥem ha Me'iri of Perpignan. It is commonly thought that the works of R. Menaḥem ha Me'iri were first published in the twentieth century. This is correct if one is referring to the series of Me'iri publications that Avraham Sofer produced from the huge, six-volume manuscript in the Parma Palatina Library, and which contains the Bet ha-Beḥirah on most of the tractates of the Talmud. However, a glance at any bibliography will immediately reveal that the Bet ha-Beḥirah on many tractates was already published in the eighteenth century. Some parts of it were printed in the eighteenth century, a few more in the nineteenth; but they were swiftly forgotten. In fact, the revival of his work did not begin in the 1930s: initially Sofer's publications had little impact. Only in the latter half of the twentieth century did they become popular, and various scholars moved quickly to put out the Bet ha-Beḥirah on other tractates of the Talmud and to publish new editions of the works that Sofer had already published, and these editions have been repeatedly reprinted. Why the centuries-long indifference and why the revival of the past sixty years? The chapter answers these questions.
Angle of Deflection
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2021

This chapter reflects on the principle of 'angle of deflection' or 'measurable deflection'. This principle has been utilized superbly by Mark Cohen in his path-breaking work on Jewish economic activity in the Islamic world. But the principle of angle of deflection still has its critics. Some have seen in it a reflection of legal formalism. Whether law develops from within, as a consequence of an internal dynamic, or whether its motor force is social pressures and the personal predilections and ideologies of judges is an ancient jurisprudential question. The principle of angle of deflection is, however, not a jurisprudential but an evidentiary one. Both formalists and realists agree that the dominant motor force in a system does not operate to the exclusion of all else. The rule of the angle of deflection provides the historian with a criterion by which to assess whether or not a specific jurist in a specific case was influenced by outside considerations.
Cavaliers, Roundheads, and Musical Identity Politics, 1640–49
Authors: Mann Joseph Arthur
Published: May 2021

As the English people strode closer to armed conflict in the 1630s and early 1640s, the political disagreements between Charles I and his Parliament acquired a religious dimension. Not all Royalists were Anglicans, and not all Parliamentarians were Puritans, but it is undeniable that each group developed a unique political identity that included manner of dress and religious belief. As these identities solidified, each group used both their own identity and the opposing group’s identity to their advantage to inspire new supporters to join, strengthen in-group support, and inspire hatred against the opposition. Chapter one tells the story of how sacred and secular music was pressed into service by both sides of the English Civil War to serve a variety of propaganda purposes. Sacred music became a convenient political symbol for the religious differences between Anglicans/Royalists and Parliamentarians/Puritans that was easy to understand and thereby accessible to the largest possible audience of potential supporters. Likewise, secular music helped to ensure that the English populace was immersed in the political struggle even in their moments of leisure, and thereby at once more likely to maintain their fervent devotion to their side and their fervent hatred of the enemy.
Orthodoxy and Cultural Identity through Music in the English Interregnum
Authors: Mann Joseph Arthur
Published: May 2021

After the Parliamentarian faction defeated, captured, and executed Charles I in the last years of the 1640s, their quest for political power shifted to establishing and maintaining a new cultural orthodoxy based in Calvinist morality and to solidifying their new-found political power. At the same time, the recently defeated and oppressed Royalist faction sought to maintain their own culture in the face of this new Calvinist orthodoxy. Chapter two examines and exposes how both of these groups made use of musical propaganda to support these conflicting agendas. Parliamentarians hired propagandists or otherwise sanctioned and promoted publications that endorsed psalm-singing (an integral part of the new orthodoxy) and defended it from the even more radical religious beliefs of the Quakers, who were even against psalm-singing in worship services. Royalists, on the other hand, kept the court culture of wine, pastoral imagery, and (now covert) support for the monarchy alive while also reliving their glorious antebellum period through the publication of old antebellum songs and masque libretti and the publication of new songs that comment on the current state of their community, urging perseverance and unity in the face of oppression.
Introduction to the Original Text
Authors: Marcus Jane
Published: May 2021

Jane Marcus outlines her methodology and focus on Nancy Cunard as a poet, contextualizing Cunard’s involvement in the poetry scene with canonical figures of modernism, such as T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Stephen Spender, and pointing to the ways in which she rejected the dominant aesthetic of her age. She also explores Cunard’s concern with whiteness through the influence of father figures, George Moore and Norman Douglas, from her childhood and young adulthood. Cunard’s engagement with Black culture, the compilation of the Negro Anthology, and her journalism devoted to anti-fascism and leftist political activism as a reporter during the Spanish Civil War and for the African American Associated Press are also considered here.
Race on the Wire
Authors: Marcus Jane
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses Nancy Cunard’s extensive journalism for the Associated Negro Press, and her transparency in claiming that she made “no attempt at all at objective reporting” as she argued against fascism and racism. With the help of gay, white artist and photographer John Banting, Cunard continued to stand up to the barrage of hostility directed at her for her on-going reporting on behalf of black and brown races, Arabs, and Africans. The chapter gives an account of her professional relationship with Charles A. Burnett, director of the Chicago-based Associated Negro Press and her interviews giving voice to black soldiers, war nurses, refugees, and prisoners.
The Lady Composer Takes Her First Steps
Authors: Brister Wanda , Rosenblatt Jay
Published: May 2021

Dring’s musical education took place at the Royal College of Music, beginning in the Junior Department at the same time as her formal education in Roman Catholic grade schools. Her mentors included Percy Buck and Angela Bull, who together directed the Department. Dring also benefited from the encouragement of the directors of the RCM, Hugh Allen and George Dyson. Principal teachers included Betty Barne and Freda Dinn for violin, Jewel Evans and Lilian Gaskell for piano, and Stanley Wolff and Leslie Fly for composition. Important first performances of her music took place on the BBC radio broadcast of the “Children’s Hour” and at a concert at Lambeth County Hall. As an actor, Dring’s participation in the yearly Christmas play is documented, and as an example of her musical style, her Fantasy Sonata (In one movement) is examined in detail. The effect of the beginning of World War II is considered from Dring’s point of view, specifically in the way it affected a teenage girl at the Royal College of Music.
The Lady Composer in Her Own Words
Authors: Brister Wanda , Rosenblatt Jay
Published: May 2021

The most important primary source for the earlier part of Dring’s life is her notebooks, which she used as diaries. Within these fourteen books, she committed her thoughts on music, art, and contemporary films and plays. Other aspects of her life include her appearance and well-being, her horrific experiences at the dentist, the details of her struggles at La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls School, and her close friendship with Pamela Larkin. These diaries also record her impressions of current events, including the burning of the Crystal Palace, the abdication of King Edward VIII and the succession of his brother, George VI, and the sinking of the Arandora Star. Finally, Dring describes in vivid detail life in London during the “The Blitz,” and the chapter concludes with the death of her brother, a casualty of the war.
The Lady Composer Learns Her Craft
Authors: Brister Wanda , Rosenblatt Jay
Published: May 2021

The period of Dring’s life as a full-time student at the Royal College of Music overlapped with the concluding years of World War II. The director of the RCM, George Dyson, decided to keep the school open, and Dring’s diaries provide a picture of her life during the first years of the war. Principal teachers included W.H. Reed in violin, Lilian Gaskell in piano, Topliss Green in voice, and Margaret Rubel in “dramatic.” Dring continued to be active as a performer, earning her ARCM certificate in piano, and she performed in many plays and scenes as part of the dramatic class. She also had the opportunity to produce, direct, and write the music for The Emperor and the Nightingale, the annual Christmas play for the Junior Department. Her most important instructor was Herbert Howells in composition, with whom she studied for her entire four years as a full-time student, and she also took occasional lessons with Ralph Vaughan Williams. Her musical style is discussed through an examination of “Under the Greenwood Tree,” the first of her Three Shakespeare Songs, written and first performed during these years.
Les versvs avrei chez Virgile, des Bucoliques à l’ Énéide
Authors: Foucher Antoine
Published: May 2021

En nous appuyant sur une définition stricte du uersus aureus , nous analyserons dans cet article les structures verbales, phoniques et métriques de ce type de vers dans les trois œuvres majeures de Virgile pour y montrer l’influence de Catulle, mais aussi les évolutions en fonction des genres pratiqués par Virgile. Nous nous intéresserons aussi aux emplois du uersus aureus dans les œuvres de Virgile : s’il est vrai qu’il apparaît souvent devant ponctuation forte, plus largement, il contribue à la colométrie virgilienne en s’associant à des structures syntaxiques déterminées, tout comme il est indubitablement associé à des structures ou à des thèmes particuliers, tels que la description.
The Boatman’s Call
Authors: Vallet Arnaud
Published: May 2021

Ouvert en juillet 2010, L’hôpital de jour L’Adamant est le fruit de la fusion de deux secteurs psychiatriques parisiens de l’hyper centre de la capitale en un pôle, soit l’actuel arrondissement Paris Centre. Il s’enracine dans les réunions régulières d’un quarteron de soignants et patients autour de la table des architectes du cabinet Seine Design. Avec une file active de 130 patients et flanqué d’un club thérapeutique d’une centaine de membres, ses primo accueils hebdomadaires et son équipage éclaté sur de nombreuses missions et lieux de la cité, il est aussi le lieu où se fabriquent une myriade d’ambiances sur un fond de quotidienneté, ce socle indispensable à la réalisation de chacun & qui fait tant défaut dans les maladies psychiques.