bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigration, Crime, and the Economic Origins of Political Nativism in the Antebellum West
Authors: Ritter Luke
Published: January 2020

Scholars have described political nativism during the antebellum era of US history as the product of cultural paranoia, social anxiety, and political expediency. Much less examined are the ways in which economic motives contributed to political nativism. During the late 1840s and early 1850s, Americans in urban areas resented higher expenditures on poorhouses, prisons, mental asylums, police, and other institutions that expanded to serve immigrants. The outbreak of political nativism in the border city of St. Louis provides a representative example of the relationship between immigrants’ conditions, the bloody election-day riots of the mid-1850s, and the dramatic rise of the National American Party. Cultural issues and the potential increase in immigrant voting power intensified economic-related resentment among the native-born population and resulted in the large-scale outbreak of political nativism in 1854.
The History of Missed Opportunities
Authors: Galperin William
Published: January 2020

Galperin mines Romanticism as a kind of second-sight or retrospective turn that allows for possibility to emerge in the interstices of past, present, and future. In this way, Romanticism uniquely serves “as text and context as opposed to a discourse readily contextualized, where the ‘world’ onto which literature opens is so embedded, so barely understood, that it is enough just to mark it.”
The Tone of Praise
Authors: de Bolla Peter
Published: January 2020

De Bolla turns our attention to the different voices of Romanticism, with special reference to one of Romantic studies’ strongest adjacent thinkers, Stanley Cavell. De Bolla’s linking of Cavell and Wordsworth stages a reflection on the elemental problems of scepticism, and how a change in orientation to the acceptance—or refusal—of the world marks an important poetic and philosophical program of refashioning oneself for such a receptivity.
Endymion
Authors: Jarvis Simon
Published: January 2020

Jarvis explores, or more precisely, “tumbles into” the “deep thicket of new verse rhythms, textures, sentences, techniques” of a “masterpiece” of “simultaneous archaism and innovation.” As a “slap in the face” of contemporary “public taste,” Keats announces with Endymion a “poetics [that] remains to be written.” Indeed, the craft of the poem might be a measure of its contemporaneity in that it opens onto possibilities of the “now” that are not reducible to its historical values.
Empedocles, Empyrically Speaking—: Friedrich Hölderlin’s Tragic öde
Authors: Mendicino Kristina
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the poetological prose texts and drafts that make up Friedrich Hölderlin’s unfinished tragedy, Empedocles. In line with Empedocles’ plunge into Aetna, these texts reflect attempts to translate, not a language, but a fire, which elemental force turns out to be both the precondition for speech and its preclusion. For Hölderlin, the tragic logos is the prophetic analogos that follows upon (ana) a moment of burning—be it the fire-sacrifices that a Greek mantic translates, the fires of Aetna, or the fiery “dissolution” of an entire fatherland. At the extreme, however, the language of Aetna’s flames is unspeakable. For beneath Aetna lies Zeus’ last Titanic rival, the fire-breathing Typhon, who has a hundred heads and at least as many tongues, as Hölderlin knew from Hesiod and Pindar. The pure possibility of tragic language is not an ideal totality, but a titanic one, in which all languages speak at once. And although Hölderlin would never complete his drama, its very inachievement demonstrates the perils of an experience of foreignness in language, where the limits and origins of speech are not only thought and spoken—but also silenced, dissolved, and disrupted, in their constitutive plurality.
A Model of Causal Relationships Affecting the Effectiveness of Primary Schools under Khon Kaen Primary Education Service Area
Authors: Sangsurin Kantawan , Chusorn Dr.Prayuth , Agsonsua Dr.Pha
Published: January 2020

The objectives of this research were 1) to examine the causal relationship model of factors affecting the effectiveness of primary schools which was developed through empirical data, 2) to study the factors that have direct, indirect and overall influence on the effectiveness of primary schools in Khon Kaen. The samples were 640 school administrators including teachers in Khon Kaen primary schools. The data were analyzed by program computer using the method of structural equation modeling (SEM). The research results indicated that the causal relationship model factors affecting the effectiveness of Khon Kaen primary schools consist of 5 latent variables or factors namely: 1) school vision, 2) academic leadership, 3) promotion of school climate and environment, 4) quality teaching, and 5) learned behavior of students. As for causal relationship model of factors affecting the effectiveness of the above-stated schools, it is found that the construct validity is in congruence with the empirical data. The indices of congruence are Chi-Square at 94.793, df = 87, P-value=0.2662, TLI= 0.998, CFI=0.999, SRMR=0.031, RMSEA=0.013, with statistical significance at .01. The factors that directly and positively affect were of statistical significance at .01, are 1) shared vision, 2) academic leadership, 3) teaching quality, respectively, The most indirect influential factors affecting the school effectiveness are 1) shared vision, having indirect influence in positive manner to climate and environment of the schools, affecting in positive manner to teachers’ teaching quality, and 3) academic leadership having indirect influence in positive manner on school climate and environment that affect students’ learning, respectively.
Horizontal timber diaphragms for wind and earthquake resistance
Authors: Smith P. C. , Dowrick D. J. , Dean J. A.
Published: January 2020

This paper discusses the principles of horizontal timber diaphragm behaviour under in-plane loading, gives guidance on analysis, design and details, and reviews relevant research. Plywood, particle board and solid timber boarding are all relevant sheathing materials for wind and earthquake resistance, provided that appropriate stiffness is provided and the design provisions ensure that brittle failure modes are suppressed.
Non-linear dynamic analysis and design concepts for RC beams under impulsive loads
Authors: Miyamoto Ayaho , King Michael E. , Fujii Manabu
Published: January 2020

The behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under impulsive loading  was studied in both the elastic and elasto-plastic regions by use of the finite element analysis. The calculations were then compared with experimental results for verification. Various impact force-time characteristics, beam geometries, material strengths and steel fibre contents were altered to study the effects on items such as behaviour in the critical region, energy absorption at failure and local deformation. These factors were then used to draft out a guideline on design concepts necessary for RC beams under impulsive loads.
High voltage circuit breaker supported on a base isolating tripod for earthquake protection
Authors: Safi B. F. , Pham L. T. , Busby M. J.
Published: January 2020

The 1987 Bay of Plenty earthquake caused the total destruction of a 220 kV circuit breaker. Failures occurred in the porcelain columns supporting the Interrupter Heads.

There are many other circuit breakers of the same type in the national grid. To protect these circuit breakers from earthquake damage, a proposal is made to replace the existing support stand with a base isolating tripod.

On the tripod, Helical Springs and oil filled dampers are used to control the earthquake induced motion of the circuit breaker. By controlling this motion the forces on the porcelain support column are reduced to a safe level.

The design is modelled using a multi degree of freedom system subjected to Response Spectrum and Time History analyses. The model produces results which are consistent with tests, and confirms the design parameters selected by a single degree of freedom approximation.

The result is an economical tripod stand design which is expected to protect the circuit breaker from earthquake ground accelerations up to twice the level of the 1940 El Centro earthquake. This level of earthquake is considerably stronger than the 1987 Bay of Plenty earthquake.
Loss estimation for insurance purposes
Authors: Steinbrugge K. V.
Published: January 2020

Presented at the Conference on  information needs of the Earthquake Insurance Industry held in Christchurch, November 1989
Techniques and parameters for earthquake risk assessment
Authors: Algermissen S. T.
Published: January 2020

The principal elements of seismic risk assessment are outlined. An approach to seismic risk assessment is developed that provides quite satisfactory risk assessments on a scale of a single structure to regional assessments of risk. An example of a contemporary risk assessment is discussed and the development of a data base for routine risk assessments is advocated.
Earthquake and business interruption
Authors: Jacob P.
Published: January 2020

Presented at the Conference on  information needs of the Earthquake Insurance Industry held in Christchurch, November 1989
Intensity of shaking generated by large shallow New Zealand earthquakes
Authors: Andrews A. L. , Butcher G. W.
Published: January 2020

There is reason to be cautious about predicting intense shaking zones for large shallow New Zealand earthquakes.
Reconnaissance report on the Weber earthquake - 13 May 1990
Authors: Johnstone P. G. , Potangaroa R. , Moss P. J.
Published: January 2020

On 13 May 1990, an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 occurred near Dannevirke and caused damage both there and in the surrounding area.

This report presents the observations of a two person reconnaissance team from the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering together with details provided by the Engineering Seismology Section of the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (formerly part of the DSIR).
Peak ground accelerations recorded in the 1968 Inangahua earthquake and some attenuation implications
Authors: Dowrick David J. , Sritharan S.
Published: January 2020

The Ms 7.4 1968 Inangahua earthquake was the largest New Zealand earthquake to have occurred from 1934 to 1992. The valuable strong motion data obtained on scratchplate acceleroscopes has not previously been adequately described. Filling that information gap, this paper lists the re-evaluated peak ground accelerations and examines their attenuation properties. It is shown that the accelerations from this event are much stronger over a wide range of source distances than those obtained using attenuation models for the western USA. Similar results have been found for a number of more recent New Zealand events in another study.
Vertical lateral load resisting elements for low to medium rise buildings
Authors: Charleson A. W.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes the development of a computer program for architects to provide guidance on wind and earthquake vertical lateral load resisting structure. The program, akin to an expert system, is suitable for designing low to medium-rise buildings in New Zealand at a preliminary design stage. Examples of design guides, providing more general lateral load resisting structural information for commonly used structural systems and materials, appropriate to a preliminary design stage, are also presented. Application of the program to the seismic design of a four storey reinforced concrete building is discussed.
World seismic safety initiative an IAEE undertaking
Authors: Shah Haresh C. , Katayama Tsuneo
Published: January 2020

This article is based on a report from the International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) on the establishment of a World Seismic Safety Initiative as part of the International Decade for Natural Hazard Reduction set up by the United Nations. After describing the organisation of the WSSI, the report goes on to outline some of the projects currently under way and describes two in greater detail. These are the Workshops held earlier this year in Bangkok and Okinawa. Future plans are also outlined.
Damage and intensities in the magnitude 7.8 1929 Murchison, New Zealand, earthquake
Authors: Dowrick David J.
Published: January 2020

This paper is the result of a study of the Ms= 7.8 Murchison earthquake which occurred in the South Island of New Zealand, on 16(UT) June 1929, a few years prior to the introduction of the first earthquake loadings code in New Zealand. It gives the first description of the damage to buildings in this event in modern earthquake engineering terms, and presents the first Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity map for the event determined from the original felt information. Some definitions of "well-built" pre-code buildings are proposed: these should help in dealing with safety and conservation issues raised when considering the future of such "earthquake risk" buildings. No evidence was found for MM10 intensities, although ground shaking of this strength probably occurred in the unpopulated mountainous countryside close to the fault rupture. Recommendations for improving the criteria for determining MM intensity are made in respect of (1) pre-code buildings and (2) seismically-induced landslides.
Damage ratios for houses and microzoning effects in Napier in the magnitude 7.8 Hawke's Bay, New Zealand earthquake of 1931
Authors: Dowrick D. J. , Rhoades D. A. , Babor J. , Beetham R. D.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes the analysis of a large data base of actual costs of damage to houses in Napier in the magnitude Ms = 7.8 Hawke's Bay earthquake of 1931. This event occurred prior to the introduction of any earthquake design regulations in New Zealand. The town of Napier was sited over the source of this large shallow event, and therefore it may be presumed that it was subjected to about the strongest shaking likely to occur in an earthquake. Mean values and statistical distributions of damage ratios have been estimated for houses built on rock, on firm beach deposits, and on soft recent alluvium. This is the first time world-wide that a fully representative quantification of damage has been made for a zone of such strong earthquake shaking, for any class of construction, with or without quantification of microzoning effects. This study examines the damage to housing due to ground shaking and ground damage, and excludes the effects of earthquake-induced fires.
A look into Eurocode 8
Authors: Pinto P. E.
Published: January 2020

The European Union, enlarged to include the EFTA countries for a total of eighteen european states, is concluding the first phase of preparation of a homogeneous set of Standards for structural design, called the Eurocodes. It is intended that these Standards will ultimately acquire a supranational level and will supersede national codes. Eurocode 8, dealing with seismic design, has just recently reached the status of a Pre-Standard, which allows it to be adopted in any of the above states. By providing an outline of the content of Eurocode 8, it is hoped to raise the interest of the international community towards it, both with a view to the benefits that can be expected from their interaction and, in the longer run, to a more far reaching harmonization of technical codes.
Earthquake design and performance of steel structures
Authors: Krawinkler H.
Published: January 2020

The 1994 Northridge earthquake has shown that steel structures may experience local failure modes that have not been observed in earlier earthquakes. The attention of the public and the engineering community has been drawn particularly to frequently observed fractures at welded beam-to-column connections. The local failures have raised design and research issues that have become the focus of extensive professional and research efforts directed towards improvement of the performance of steel structures in future earthquakes.
Earthquake insurance loss assessments for regions of Australia
Authors: Shephard R. B. , Smith E. G. C. , Spurr D. D.
Published: January 2020

Following the Newcastle earthquake of December 1989, a consortium of Australian insurance companies commissioned Works Consultancy Services Ltd, New Zealand to undertake earthquake probable maximum loss assessments for the main city centres of Australia. Studies have been completed for the regions around Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth and Brisbane. Customised insurance loss assessment models were developed for each study region, with each including specific analytical models for geography, seismicity, ground conditions, patterns of building construction, and insurance company exposures. The analysis model includes earthquake insurance loss versus shaking intensity relationships derived from Australian and international data, and takes specific building vulnerabilities into account. Loss assessments target the Probable Maximum Loss in relation to return period.
Prediction of insurance loss from earthquakes
Authors: Walker G. R.
Published: January 2020

This paper outlines the nature of catastrophe insurance and how developments in information technology are providing tools which overcome many of the problems associated historically with estimating the risk of insurance loss from major natural hazards. A brief description of earthquake loss prediction models is presented, some of their current shortcomings highlighted, and the major priorities for research discussed.
Seismic response of bridge knee joints having columns with interlocking spirals
Authors: Ingham J. M. , Priestley M. J. N. , Seible F.
Published: January 2020

A comprehensive laboratory investigation was conducted in which four large-scale structural concrete bridge knee joint units were tested. These units represented an as-built joint, and a repair, a retrofit, and a redesign of the as-built joint, and incorporated differing detailing including haunching, prestressing, and variations in the quantity of specially-placed joint reinforcement. Extensive experimental data led to an improved understanding of the force transfer mechanisms developed within joints of this type. A discussion of test unit response and a review of the most relevant data measured from each test are presented.
Attenuation of peak ground accelerations in New Zealand earthquakes
Authors: Zhao J. X. , Dowrick D. J. , McVerry G. H.
Published: January 2020

The main result of this study is the development of attenuation expressions for peak ground accelerations (PGAs) in New Zealand earthquakes, in terms of magnitude Mw and shortest distance from the source. Other factors which are modelled are depth, focal mechanism, ground class and tectonic type of earthquake i.e. crustal, interface or dipping slab. As well as being implied in the source distance, the substantial effect of depth is modelled well with a separate linear depth term. For crustal events, focal mechanisms which are predominantly reverse are found to cause PGAs that are 28 percent stronger on average than for other mechanisms. PGAs at soil sites (ie those having soil deposits >3 m thick) are found to be 53 percent stronger on average than at other (ie rock) sites, but the difference between PGAs on rock and soil sites in large amplitude shaking remains uncertain, ie near the source o f events of Mw ≥ 7. Earthquakes occurring on the interface between the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates give rise to smaller PGAs than do crustal or slab events of the same magnitude, depth and distance. Comparisons are made between our New Zealand model and some for Europe, Japan and the Western USA.
A decade of progress since the Edgecumbe earthquake
Authors: Jury R. D.
Published: January 2020

Notwithstanding the mixed fortunes of the construction industry over the last decade, there has been progress in the development of improvements in methods of providing seismic resistance in buildings.

The last 10 years has seen developments in the assessment of existing buildings, confirmation of the seismic performance of structural precast concrete, development of new analysis techniques and the greater use of base isolation in specialised situations.
A static force-based procedure for the seismic assessment of existing reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
Authors: Park R.
Published: January 2020

A force-based seismic assessment procedure for existing reinforced concrete moment resisting frames is discussed. The assessment procedure is based on determining the probable strength and ductility of the critical mechanism of post-elastic deformation of the frame. Account is taken of the likely seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete beams, columns and beam-column joints with substandard reinforcement details typical of structures designed before the 1970s, as determined by the results of experimental testing and analytical studies. The assessment aims at determining the available lateral load strength and structural (displacement) ductility factor of the frames so that the designer can determine the likely seismic performance of the structure by referring to acceleration response spectra for design earthquake forces for various levels of structural ductility factor.
Energy dissipation and liquefaction at Port Island, Kobe
Authors: Davis R. O. , Berrill J. B.
Published: January 2020

The Port Island, Kobe downhole records from the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake are analysed to obtain approximate histories of shear stress, shear strain and dissipated energy at a range of depths. Our calculation method relies on measured accelerations in the horizontal plane to produce horizontal components of shear stress and strain using instantaneous modal superposition. A simple dissipated energy-dynamic pore pressure relationship is used to model the development of pore pressure leading to liquefaction. The results show a rapidly developing zone of liquefaction which initiates at a depth of roughly 15 metres in the Port Island reclaimed soils.
The estimation of structural modal parameters from the responses of the Gisborne Post Office building in recent earthquakes
Authors: Zhao J. X.
Published: January 2020

Two complete sets of records obtained from a strong-motion accclerograph array in the Gisborne Post Office building during earthquakes of 1982 and 1993 were analyzed by using systems identification techniques to estimate the modal parameters. Nonlinear responses of the soil-structure system in both horizontal and vertical directions were indicated by significant decreases in the estimated first mode frequencies for moderate to strong ground motion in 1993 compared to those for the small amplitude ground motion in 1982. The analysis of second floor and remote site records from a 1985 earthquake indicated that nonlinear responses also occurred then. Soil-structure interaction was found to be significant for both vertical and horizontal responses. Using a numerical model of the foundation-soil system, the foundation rocking frequency and first fixed-base modal frequency were estimated. It was found that frequencies of the building's first fixed-base mode, foundation translation and rocking all were reduced in the 1993 earthquake compared with those of the 1982 earthquake, indicating that nonlinear responses occurred in both the building and the soil in the 1993 earthquake. Possible evidence for a cutoff frequency at the soil site was also identified. Because of soil-structure interaction, the fixed-base horizontal response in the N44E direction was reduced by possibly 40-50% in the 1982 earthquake, and about 30% in the 1993 event, compared with the recorded first modal response of the soil-structure system.
Seismic load tests on two concrete interior beam-column joints reinforced by plain round bars designed to pre-1970s codes
Authors: Liu Aizhen , Park R.
Published: January 2020

Two identical reinforced concrete interior beam-column joint assemblies were tested under simulated seismic loading as part of an investigation of the behaviour of existing reinforced concrete structures designed to pre-1970s codes when subjected to severe earthquake forces. The test units were full-scale in size, and were replicas of part of the moment resisting frame of an existing building in Christchurch that was constructed in the 1950s. The longitudinal and transverse reinforcement were from plain round bars, the beams and columns had low quantities of transverse reinforcement and the joints had no shear reinforcement at all, as was typical of pre-1970s construction in New Zealand. One unit was tested with zero axial column load, and the other unit with a constant axial column load of 0.12 f’c Ag, where f’c = concrete cylinder compressive strength and Ag = the gross column section area. The units displayed very low structural stiffness, flexural strength less than conventionally calculated, and significant degradation of stiffness and strength during testing. The low structural stiffness and flexural strength could be attributed to the slip of the plain round longitudinal bars through the joint. However, the utilisation of plain round bars although leading to bond slip was found to improve the joint shear strength and to result in reduced shear distortion of the joint. Buckling of longitudinal column bars was found to initiate failure, due to inadequate ties.
Mental results and dynamic parameters for the Penguin Vibration Damper (PVD) for wind and earthquake loading
Authors: Monti M. D. , Zhao J. X. , Gannon C. R. , Robinson W. H.
Published: January 2020

Penguin Engineering Ltd has developed a compact, efficient, hysteretic damping device, the Penguin Vibration Damper (PVD). Experimental test results show that the PVD can provide a significant amount of damping at displacements as small as 50 micro-metres. The hysteresis behaviour of the PVD can be described well either by a model having a linear spring in parallel with a viscous dashpot, or by a bi-linear model, with the parameters of both models being displacement-amplitude dependent. For large displacements, the bi-linear model gives an accurate representation of the PVD's hysteresis loops, and the parameters for the bi-linear model can be taken as constants. Non-linear models, such as the hyperbolic, Ramberg-Osgood and multi-surface plasticity models, can also be used and have an advantage of displacement-amplitude-independent parameters. However, it can be shown that nonlinear models do not correctly predict the amount of damping that a PVD provides at large displacement even though the equivalent spring coefficient can be well approximated. When the PVDs are expected to undergo large displacements, it is possibly best to use a simple bi-linear model in dynamic nonlinear structural analyses, because the bi-linear model with suitably selected parameters can produce the correct amount of damping derived from the experimental data. The changes of the PVD's dynamic behaviour are small after a fatigue test of 144 000 cycles with a displacement amplitude of 2 mm. An analysis of a 6-storey reinforced concrete moment resisting frame is used to demonstrate the effect of the damper. Equivalent first modal damping ratios are estimated for various levels of earthquake excitations. The example shows that the dampers can provide a large amount of damping to the structure and enhance the structural capacity, for resisting earthquakes, by 50-100%.
Post-earthquake response
Authors: Brunsdon D. R. , Shephard R. B.
Published: January 2020

The December 1996 issues paper by the Society's Working Party on Integrated Planning for Earthquake Preparedness [1] was widely circulated and received positive feedback from various sectors. As one of a number of follow up activities, the Ministry of Civil Defence asked the Society to investigate and report on the issues associated with establishing a register of engineering resources for post-earthquake response.

The investigation involved looking at aspects such as maintenance of the register, training of those involved and mobilisation and co-ordination mechanisms. This process was enhanced with positive input from other interested parties including the Earthquake Commission, the Insurance Council and the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand.

The project report as presented to the Ministry of Civil Defence in June 1998 is incorporated in full in this paper.
Ductility demand for uni-directional and reversing plastic hinges in ductile moment resisting frames
Authors: Fenwick Richard , Dely Raad , Davidson Barry
Published: January 2020

In a major earthquake the beams in moment resisting frames may develop either reversing or unidirectional plastic hinges. The form of plastic hinge depends upon the ratio of the moments induced by the gravity loading to those induced by the seismic actions. Where this ratio is low the plastic hinges form at the ends of the beams and the sign of the inelastic rotation changes with the direction of sway. These are reversing plastic hinges, and the magnitude of the rotation that they sustained is closely related to the inter-storey displacement. However, when the moment ratio exceeds a certain critical value, unidirectional plastic hinges may form. In this case negative moment plastic hinges develop at the column faces and the positive moment plastic hinges form in the beam spans. As the earthquake progresses the positive and negative inelastic rotations accumulate in their respective zones so that peak values are always sustained at the end of the earthquake. With this type of plastic hinge no simple relationship exists between inter-storey drift and inelastic rotation.

Several series of time history analyses have been made to assess the relative magnitudes of inelastic rotation that are imposed on the two forms of plastic hinge. It is found that with design level earthquakes typically the unidirectional plastic hinge is required to sustain 21/ 2 to 4 times the rotation imposed on reversing plastic hinges, with the curvature ductilities ranging up to 140. These values are appreciably in excess of the values measured in tests using standard details. This indicates that in structures where unidirectional plastic hinges may form, the design displacement ductility and or the allowable inter-storey drift should be reduced below the maximum values currently permitted in the New Zealand codes. The problems associated with the formation of unidirectional plastic hinges can be avoided by adding positive moment flexural reinforcement in the mid regions of the beams. By this means the potential positive moment plastic hinges can be restricted to the beam ends.
Report of the New Zealand reconnaissance team to the area of the 17 July 1998 tsunami at Sissano Lagoon, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Goldsmith Peter , Barnett Alastair , Goff James , McSaveney Mauri , Elliot Scott , Nongkas Michael
Published: January 2020

A Mw 7.1 earthquake off the north coast of New Guinea, generated a locally very destructive tsunami at 08:49 17th July 1998 UTC (6:49 PM local time). More than 2189 people died, and no structures were left standing along 19 km of coast. A reconnaissance team from the N.Z. Society for Earthquake Engineering visited the area a month after the event. Over three days, they examined effects of the tsunami on structures and landforms, measured profiles and sampled deposits. A fast moving wall of sand-laden water left fishing nets and other detritus in trees up to 17.5 m above sea level. Concrete was stripped to the reinforcing, and some trees were ripped out and carried more than a kilometre. The team saw evidence of new subsidence of -300-400 mm on the landward side of the spit fronting Sissano Lagoon. The site is in an active sedimentary basin, the Aitape Trough with 4,500-m thickness of Neogene sediments, between the Bewani fault zone and the Wewak Trench. The area may have subsided 3 times this century. In situ stumps of drowned trees in the lagoon record one of the earlier events. The low-angle Harvard University CMT solution (Mw 7.1, depth -6.0 km, -10° landward dip on fault with northward displacement) is consistent with the tectonic setting and pattern of aftershocks. Elastic modelling of the energy release with -2 m horizontal displacement over 600 km2, suggests -400 mm subsidence (landward) and -600 mm uplift (seaward in >3 km water depth). The team suggests that convergent flow of the displaced water into the area of subsidence focused wave energy on the coast and generated the locally very high wave. The spit fronting Sissano Lagoon is unsafe for habitation. There is potential for coseismic coastal subsidence to focus tsunami in other areas with similar tectonic settings. This potential suggests that both eastern and western New Zealand coasts have a serious hazard from local tsunami that is presently underestimated for the western coastline because of the lack of historical occurrences.
Attenuation of Modified Mercalli intensity in New Zealand earthquakes
Authors: Dowrick D. J. , Rhoades D. A.
Published: January 2020

The main result of this study is the development of attenuation expressions for Modified Mercalli intensity isoseismals in New Zealand earthquakes, in terms of magnitude Mw and source distance. Attenuation of isoseismal intensities has been modelled in a new 2-dimensional manner, i.e. in terms of three distance measures, i.e. radius a along the strike of the fault rupture, radius b normal to strike, and the mean radius c. Other factors which are included in the modelling are depth, focal mechanism, tectonic type (i.e. crustal, interface or dipping slab), and regional variations. As well as being implied in the source distance, the moderate effect of depth (to increase intensities) is modelled well with a separate linear depth term. Shallow (hc ≤ 60 km) Reverse mechanism events were found to give stronger intensities than Strike-Slip events which in tum were stronger than Normal mechanism events, the difference near source between Reverse and Normal events of Mw 7+ events being about 0.4 intensity units. Attenuation for the Central Volcanic Region and Deep events differs markedly from the Main Seismic Region. No magnitude saturation effects were found. Comparisons are made with some earlier New Zealand intensity models, and local and international peak ground acceleration attenuation models.
Modelling and earthquake response of Gisborne Post Office site, New Zealand
Authors: Zhao J. X. , Davenport P. N. , McVerry G.H.
Published: January 2020

A non-linear soil model was established for estimating the earthquake response of the Gisbome Post Office site based on the results of geotechnical site investigation and laboratory testing on soil samples. The site was found to be very soft and susceptible to seismic amplification. The non-linear model was able to portray the response spectra of recorded motions reasonably well using modified records from a rock site with a thin layer of stiff soil. Sensitivity analysis showed that the ground surface spectra were not very sensitive to variation of the soil parameters over a plausible range. A suite of rock site records obtained from moderate and large magnitude earthquakes was used as the excitation for the non-linear model and the spectral ratios were expressed as functions of the spectral values of the bedrock excitation at the same period. The scatter of the spectral ratios was reasonably small and the cause of the scatter was found to be the different frequency content of bedrock excitations. For a very large bedrock motion, soil non-linearity caused deamplification with respect to the rock site spectra for periods up to the elastic period of the fundamental mode of the site, while spectral ratios changed little with the spectral values of bedrock excitations for periods much longer than the site period, indicating that soil non-linearity has little effect at long periods. These ratios were used to calculate a site-specific smoothed spectrum based on a probabilistic rock site spectrum for a given probability of exceedance. The smoothed spectrum is suitable for engineering design applications. Finally, a comparison was made of the results from an equivalent linear method employed in the SHAKE program and the non-linear analysis. For this very soft soil site, the difference in response spectra at short and intermediate periods by the two methods was found to be significant for moderate and large bedrock shaking.
Azimuthal and regional variations of coda waves in New Zealand
Authors: Kozuch Michael J. , Chadwick Mark
Published: January 2020

We present the results of using seismic waveform data to show that the elliptical nature of isoseismal distributions in New Zealand is related to regional structural trends. The data also suggest that there are regional and azimuthal variations in the attenuation of coda waves, which may need to be considered in ground motion attenuation relations.

We stacked over 20,000 waveforms from the New Zealand seismographic network. The data were filtered, normalized and stacked. Noisy or clipped records were down-weighted or removed. We also treated dense networks as a single station and generated a single stack for these networks. Stacks of shallow earthquake sources are presented by region and azimuth.

Variations in coda length throughout New Zealand suggest regions of high scattering. Strong azimuthal dependence in the coda is observed for non-volcanic zone stations. NE-SW waveform stacks, which follow the strike of the subduction zone, contain significantly longer codas than those with NW-SE raypaths. Long coda trains are also observed in the volcanic and geothermal zones yet there is little or no apparent azimuthal variation. These coda are particularly strong throughout the records which explains the difficulty analysts have had in picking S waves.
A progress report on  the Earthquake Hazard Centre
Authors: Charleson Andrew
Published: January 2020

This report outlines the current progress of the Earthquake Hazard Centre, a seismic hazard reduction resource centre for developing Commonwealth countries which was established some two and a half years ago. The Centre aims to encourage developing countries to adopt basic building seismic design and construction practices that are taken for granted in more developed countries. After backgrounding the context in which the Centre was initiated, the report describes the Centre's networks and its primary publication, the quarterly newsletter. A financial report is included, and finally, possibilities for future development are suggested.
The "Eje Cafetero" earthquake, Colombia of January 25, 1999
Authors: Restrepo J. I. , Cowan H. A.
Published: January 2020

A moderate shallow earthquake struck the west central region of Colombia on 25 January 1999. The earthquake caused damage of approximately NZ $3.7 billion (US $1.9 billion). 1,230 deaths. About 200,000 people were made homeless.

The level of damage and losses can be attributed to the shallow focus of the earthquake and its proximity to the major towns, together with topographical effects and soft soil conditions, which amplified the ground motions in some areas. The lack of a well-co-ordinated, national emergency response strategy, and the severe impact of the event on the organisations and key individuals responsible for managing the emergency response in the affected area, impaired the emergency response in the aftermath.

This paper summarises the main findings of a reconnaissance team to the region organised by the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
United States building code approach to variations in regional seismicity
Authors: Kircher Charles A.
Published: January 2020

The United States contains regions of greatly varying seismicity ranging from a relatively narrow strip of very high seismicity along coastal California in the West to broad areas of low or moderate seismicity typical of the Central and Eastern United States. The United States currently has three major regional model building codes. While all three codes have traditionally used the concept of seismic zones to identify and distinguish between regions of different seismicity, they have not had a consistent basis for their seismic criteria. Beginning in the year 2000, the three model building codes will merge and become the new International Building Code (IBC) applicable to the whole United States. New seismic design criteria have been developed for the 2000 IBC that now define ground shaking for building design by spectral acceleration contours. This paper describes the background and basis for the new seismic design criteria of the 2000 IBC, and how these criteria address the large variation in seismic hazard across the United States.
Non-engineered construction in developing countries
Authors: ARYA Anand S.
Published: January 2020

The paper first discusses some issues in regard to earthquake risk reduction of Non-engineered buildings, such as: Earthquake risk in developing countries and its management, the IDNDR - Yokoyama message emphasising on pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness, earthquake damage reduction initiatives taken such as preparation of building codes and guidelines and disaster mitigation for sustainable development. Then, the major causes of severe damage observed in non-engineered buildings in the past earthquakes are presently briefly and critical elements to be incorporated in new constructions are highlighted. Methodology for seismic retrofitting of stone houses developed, implemented and verified by the author in the field is introduced. Next, costs and benefits of earthquake prevention measures are indicated. Finally a practically feasible and economically viable scheme of earthquake resistant new building construction and seismic-retrofitting of existing unsafe buildings is outlined.
Advances in seismic risk management in developing countries
Authors: Mattingly Shirley
Published: January 2020

Earthquakes threaten local, national, and regional stability and impede momentum toward sustainability. In the developing world's rapidly growing cities, factors that increase vulnerability are frequently present: burgeoning populations, uncontrolled development spreading into marginal and hazardous areas, and faulty construction practices. Poverty, social and economic marginalization, and inadequate access to education and employment limit the choices of increasing numbers of urban residents. Local and national governments are faced with everyday disasters in the forms of pollution of the air and water, inadequate sanitation, and health care crises, which demand more immediate attention than the more remote possibility of a devastating earthquake striking their city. Seismic risk can expand unchecked in the absence of adequate awareness, commitment, and capacity to address it.

Focused efforts initiated during the latter half of the 1990s, the decade designated the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), are generating a shift from reliance on response and relief to proactive risk management and mitigation programs in some of the cities most at risk from earthquakes. Scientists, engineers, public officials, journalists, community leaders, and the public have been drawn into a team effort. Various international organizations have partnered with these local coalitions in efforts to foster a more comprehensive, holistic approach to risk management and to protect urban residents, infrastructure, and the environment from earthquakes' effects.
Geotechnical factors in seismic design of foundations state-of-the-art report
Authors: Romo Miguel P. , Mendoza Manuel J. , Garcia Silvia R.
Published: January 2020

This paper revises the factors that influence the behavior of foundations in seismic environments. It discusses aspects related with seismic load definition, dynamic soil properties, field and laboratory testing equipment, geoseismic instrumentation of prototypes, foundation seismic stability, use of artificial intelligence, among others. It also points out areas where more research is needed to better our knowledge on the physics of the problem and to improve experimental and numerical techniques, with the purpose of making more reliable and less costly foundation systems.
Seismic behaviour and design of reinforced concrete interior beam-column joints
Authors: Lin Cheng-Ming , Restrepo Jose I.
Published: January 2020

This paper is aimed at improving the current understanding of the mechanisms of shear transfer in interior beam-column joints of reinforced concrete frames. Simple variable-angle truss models are used to illustrate the joint shear transfer mechanisms. The model is used in the paper to evaluate the relative importance of those variables that are deemed to affect the shear strength of joints in the current New Zealand Concrete Structures Standard, (SNZ, 1995). The analyses suggest that some of the variables currently being considered might not be as important as thought and that the current design recommendations can be simplified and, in general, be eased. The authors propose a simple three-component equation for use in design. The design equation is based on the results of a parametric analysis and was calibrated against a database of tests obtained from the literature.
On the lateral force distribution among structural walls in multistorey buildings
Authors: Rutenberg Avigdor , Leibovich Edward
Published: January 2020

The seismic behaviour of regular multistorey structures supported laterally by a number of reinforced concrete cantilever walls with markedly different lengths is addressed. It is shown that the shear force distribution among the walls is strongly affected by the different yield displacement levels of the walls. The share of the shear force carried by the shorter walls is shown to be larger than their share in the bending moment. The dynamic amplification of the shear forces due to multi-mode effects and the implications for capacity design are noted. Numerical examples illustrate the problem.
Historical incidence of Modified Mercalli intensity in New Zealand and comparisons with hazard models
Authors: Dowrick D. J. , Cousins W. J.
Published: January 2020

The historical incidence of Modified Mercalli intensity produced by earthquakes of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.25 and depth ≤ 100 km has been determined for 47 locations in New Zealand for the period 1840-1997 inclusive. Maps for the return periods of intensities MM4 - MM7 were prepared. The effects of the highly attenuating Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) were shown to be important for hazard both in the zone and in areas to the north-west of it. The rate of occurrence of the higher intensities was found to be about 2.5 times greater in the first century of the study period than in the last 50 years. The historical seismic hazard rates for intensities MM5 and MM6 averaged across the country were found to be approximately half those of the now obsolete Smith & Berryman seismic hazard model, and 70% of those of the more recent Stirling et al model.
Post-earthquake repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column connections
Authors: Tsonos Alexander G. , Papanikolaou Konstantinos V.
Published: January 2020

In this study the effectiveness of all the repair and strengthening techniques proposed by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Manual and by Eurocode 8: part 1-4 for reinforced concrete beam-column joints damaged by strong earthquakes is investigated experimentally and analytically. Five one-half-scale exterior beam-column joint specimens were submitted to reverse cyclic pseudo-static displacements. Three of these specimens were then repaired by the epoxy pressure injection technique or by the removal and replacement technique. The other two specimens were strengthened by partial three-sided jacketing. All the repaired and strengthened specimens were then subjected to the same displacement history as that imposed on the original specimens. It can be concluded that all the repair and strengthening techniques proved to be satisfactory.