bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiobjective Adaptive Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm for Mining Frequent Closed Itemset: A Lattice Based Approach for Time Series Data
Authors: Geraldine J. Mercy , Kirubakaran E , Devi S. Sathiya
Published: May 2017

Of late, frequent itemset mining from the data bases has emerged as a highly challenging task. And, there is a feast of various approaches launched with an eye on extracting the frequent rules from the database. In the erstwhile frequent itemset mining technique, the frequent itemset
are extracted from the time series data by means of Adaptive Fuzzy C-Means (AFCM) clustering, though it is saddled with several setbacks in the clustering procedure. This arises on account of the fact that in clustering, the number of itemset is mammoth, and hence the method consumes a lot
of time in addition to spending enhanced scanning time. Therefore, with a view tackling these adverse features, an innovative frequent itemset mining method is suggested in this document. At the outset, the time sequence database values are grouped by means of the Multiobjective AFCM method.
Subsequently, the frequent itemset are extracted from the grouped outcomes by employing the lattice based method. The novel technique is performed in the MATLAB platform and its excellence is appraised by means of rainfall database.
Pulmonary granular cell tumours: case presentations and literature review
Authors: Radić Petra , Brčić Luka
Published: May 2017

Pulmonary granular cells tumours are very rare tumours, most probably originating from Schwann cells. Although rare, clinical and biological presentation is diverse. They are most commonly endobronchial masses, usually a solitary pulmonary lesion, although in up to 20% they can occur as multiple lesions and can be mistaken for malignant process. In spite of infiltrative growth, and rare direct lymph node invasion, they have a very good prognosis if completely removed. Here we present two cases from the archives of the Institute of Pathology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, with literature review.
Personality, Emotional Qualities of Leisure, and Subjective Well-Being in the Elderly
Authors: Kahlbaugh Patricia , Huffman Loreen
Published: May 2017

In this study, we examined personality traits of older adults and their emotional experiences associated with engaging in specific leisure activities. Older individuals (17 males, 32 females), ages ranging from 65 to 97 years (mean age 74), completed measures of Big Five personality traits, positive and negative affect, subjective well-being (SWB), independent functioning, and an emotion-activity inventory. As expected, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to experience were related to positive affect, while Neuroticism was related to negative affect. Openness and Agreeableness were related to positive emotions experienced in social and cognitive domains, and Agreeableness was related to greater SWB, greater positive affect, and more positively experienced activities. Neuroticism was related to lower SWB and fewer positively experienced activities. These findings suggest that assessing the fit between personality and emotions experienced during activities should be considered when creating programs tailored to elderly individuals, with the goal of encouraging more active and rewarding lives.
Why Marx Was Right: Third World Edition
Authors: Juan David Michael M. San
Published: May 2017

Two specters are haunting the Third World—the specter of massive poverty and the specter of vast income inequality. All the forces of the unjust social (dis)order—First World capitalists and their Third World partners, reactionary landlords, media moguls, undemocratic politicians—have entered into an unholy alliance to let these specters remain unchanged. Guided by Marxism and dependency theory, this article will provide evidence on the existence of the specter of Third World poverty and income inequality, and hence prove that Karl Marx was right in calling for the transformation of the global economic system. Ideas from manifestos of social movements to literary texts, news reports and researches, United Nations (UN) Human Development Report data, and papal encyclicals will be utilized and synthesized to present out-of-the-box approaches to resolve poverty and income inequality. Taking cue from Terry Eagleton’s eloquent defense of Marxism, this article asserts that a new world order is necessary and only a Marxistic critique and action plan can genuinely save the Third World from the current global crises of poverty and income inequality.
Neuroprotection of brain-permeable iron chelator VK-28 against intracerebral hemorrhage in mice
Authors: Li Qian , Wan Jieru , Lan Xi , Han Xiaoning , Wang Zhongyu , Wang Jian
Published: May 2017

Iron overload plays a key role in the secondary brain damage that develops after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The significant increase in iron deposition is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to oxidative brain damage. In this study, we examined the protective effects of VK-28, a brain-permeable iron chelator, against hemoglobin toxicity in an ex vivo organotypic hippocampal slice culture (OHSC) model and in middle-aged mice subjected to an in vivo, collagenase-induced ICH model. We found that the effects of VK-28 were similar to those of deferoxamine (DFX), a well-studied iron chelator. Both decreased cell death and ROS production in OHSCs and in vivo, decreased iron-deposition and microglial activation around hematoma in vivo, and improved neurologic function. Moreover, compared with DFX, VK-28 polarized microglia to an M2-like phenotype, reduced brain water content, deceased white matter injury, improved neurobehavioral performance, and reduced overall death rate after ICH. The protection of VK-28 was confirmed in a blood-injection ICH model and in aged-male and young female mice. Our findings indicate that VK-28 is protective against iron toxicity after ICH and that, at the dosage tested, it has better efficacy and less toxicity than DFX does.
Correlation between hypoxic area in primary brain tumors and WHO grade: differentiation from malignancy using 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography
Authors: Kanoto Masafumi , Kirii Kazukuni , Hiraka Toshitada , Toyoguchi Yuuki , Sugai Yukio , Matsuda Kenichiro , Sakurada Kaori , Sonoda Yukihiko , Hatazawa Jun , Hosoya Takaaki
Published: May 2017

Background

18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography (FMISO-PET) has been used for identification of hypoxic areas in tumors, and since hypoxia causes hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and enhancement of tumor growth, identifying the hypoxic area in the tumor tissue is important.

Purpose

To evaluate the usefulness of FMISO-PET in the grading of primary brain tumors.

Material and Methods

FMISO-PET was performed preoperatively on 41 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed brain tumor. A neuroradiologist retrospectively measured both maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and mean SUV (SUVmean) in the tumor and normal cerebellar parenchyma. Maximum tumor/normal control ratio (T/Nmax) and mean tumor/normal control ratio (T/Nmean) were calculated and analyzed.

Results

There was a positive correlation between World Health Organization (WHO) grade and both T/Nmax and T/Nmean (r = 0.731 and 0.713, respectively). When all cases were divided into benign (WHO grade II) and malignant groups (III and IV), there were significant differences between the two groups in both T/Nmax and T/Nmean ( P < 0.001). If the cutoff value was defined as T/Nmax = 1.25 and T/Nmean = 1.23, T/Nmax had a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 90.9% while T/Nmean had a sensitivity of 93.3% and a specificity of 90.9% in differentiating the benign group from the malignant group.

Conclusion

Both T/Nmax and T/Nmean in FMISO-PET have a positive correlation with primary brain tumor grading, making FMISO-PET useful in diagnosing the malignancy of primary brain tumors.
Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp
Authors: Waterloo Sophie F , Baumgartner Susanne E , Peter Jochen , Valkenburg Patti M
Published: May 2017

The main aim of this study was to examine the norms of expressing emotions on social media. Specifically, the perceived appropriateness (i.e. injunctive norms) of expressing six discrete emotions (i.e. sadness, anger, disappointment, worry, joy, and pride) was investigated across four different social media platforms. Drawing on data collected in March 2016 among 1201 young Dutch users (15–25 years), we found that positive expressions were generally perceived as more appropriate than negative expressions across all platforms. In line with the objective of the study, some platform differences were found. The expression of negative emotions was rated as most appropriate for WhatsApp, followed by Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. For positive emotion expression, perceived appropriateness was highest for WhatsApp, followed by Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. Additionally, some gender differences were found, while age showed little variations. Overall, the results contribute to a more informed understanding of emotion expression online.
Female academic leadership in the post-Soviet context
Authors: Kuzhabekova Aliya , Almukhambetova Ainur
Published: May 2017

Using a qualitative interview approach, this study analyzes the experiences of women in academic leadership positions in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. An exploration of the extent of the relevance of Western research on female academic leadership is used to explain the experiences of female leaders in Kazakhstan. The results of the study are consistent with the results of prior studies conducted in other countries and can be largely explained by existing theories. One distinctive feature of the experiences of female leaders in Kazakhstan is the superimposition of three dominant cultures – traditional, Soviet, and Westernized neo-liberal, which impose multiple conflicting expectations. Kazakhstani women are obliged to maintain multiple identities when communicating with their colleagues, superiors and extended family members. The exact outcome of the work–life balance negotiation depends, among other factors, on the type of ownership and geographic region of a university. The study also reveals that neo-institutional theory, not conventionally used in the analysis of female leadership in academia in the West, may be particularly relevant for explaining female experiences in transitional and developing contexts; specifically, in explaining the constraints imposed by informal policy networks and corruption.
Being Polish scientists and women – between glorious past and difficult present: The ‘reverse dynamic of equality construction’
Authors: Wagner Izabela , Finkielsztein Mariusz , Czarnacka Agata
Published: May 2017

This paper focuses on the dynamics that animate the situation of women inside academia and the social world of science. Based on a long-term ethnographic study we chose specific cases (scientists educated in Poland) to illustrate the complexity of the career-making process in the 21st century. In this country, in a social and professional environment that has belonged to the European Union for 12 years, we observed several particularities. In order to demonstrate the process of ‘reverse dynamic of equality construction’ we adapted a longue durée perspective. Our article shows how so-called ‘democratization’ dynamics (after the political changes of 1989) influenced the professional trajectories of women in Poland. The data suggest a progressive deterioration of the situation for Polish female scientists – a process that is ignored by the majority of Polish scholars.
Gastrointestinal microphysiological systems
Authors: Blutt Sarah E , Broughman James R , Zou Winnie , Zeng Xi-Lei , Karandikar Umesh C , In Julie , Zachos Nicholas C , Kovbasnjuk Olga , Donowitz Mark , Estes Mary K
Published: May 2017

Gastrointestinal diseases are a significant health care and economic burden. Prevention and treatment of these diseases have been limited by the available human biologic models. Microphysiological systems comprise organ-specific human cultures that recapitulate many structural, biological, and functional properties of the organ in smaller scale including aspects of flow, shear stress and chemical gradients. The development of intestinal microphysiological system platforms represents a critical component in improving our understanding, prevention, and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. This minireview discusses: shortcomings of classical cell culture models of the gastrointestinal tract; human intestinal enteroids as a new model and their advantages compared to cell lines; why intestinal microphysiological systems are needed; potential functional uses of intestinal microphysiological systems in areas of drug development and modeling acute and chronic diseases; and current challenges in the development of intestinal microphysiological systems.

Impact statement

The development of a gastrointestinal MPS has the potential to facilitate the understanding of GI physiology. An ultimate goal is the integration of the intestinal MPS with other organ MPS. The development and characterization of nontransformed human intestinal cultures for use in MPS have progressed significantly since the inception of the MPS program in 2012, and these cultures are a key component of advancing MPS. Continued efforts are needed to optimize MPS to comprehensively and accurately recapitulate the complexity of the intestinal epithelium within intestinal tissue. These systems will need to include peristalsis, flow, and oxygen gradients, with incorporation of vascular, immune, and nerve cells. Regional cellular organization of crypt and villus areas will also be necessary to better model complete intestinal structure.
Mobilizing social media users to become advertisers: Corporate hashtag campaigns as a public health concern
Authors: Laestadius Linnea I , Wahl Megan M
Published: May 2017

Objective

With the growing popularity of social media, corporate marketers are increasingly launching hashtag campaigns to encourage consumers to create branded user-generated content on their behalves. If successful, these campaigns may expand the reach of harmful marketing messages and capitalize on peer-effects among adolescents. To shed light on these novel corporate campaigns, we performed a case study of the user-generated Instagram content created in response to a hashtag campaign promoting the quick-service restaurant Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC).

Methods

We performed a content analysis of one week’s worth of user-generated Instagram posts created with the hashtag #HowDoYouKFC between 24 April 2015–1 May 2015. Posts were coded to discern: (a) relevance to KFC as a brand and/or food; (b) themes in the post, (c) the content of images/videos, and (d) overall sentiment toward KFC. Posts that were deleted or made private during the study period were removed. Descriptive statistics were calculated to discern trends in post content.

Results

Instagram users created 196 posts with #HowDoYouKFC during the study period. After removing irrelevant and deleted/private posts, analysis of the 128 remaining user-generated posts revealed that 45% of posts were explicitly positive toward KFC and 39% lacked a specific stance or emotion related to KFC. Of the posts, 55% depicted KFC chicken and 65% included depictions of the brand hashtag on food packaging.

Conclusions

Findings indicate that corporations are successfully converting individual social media users into positive advertisers for harmful products. Novel efforts are needed to counter corporate user-generated content campaigns.
Board Certified Behavior Analysts and Related Ethical and Professional Practice Considerations for Rural Schools
Authors: Menendez Anthony L. , Mayton Michael R. , Yurick Amanda L.
Published: May 2017

When rural school districts employ Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs) to assist in meeting the needs of students with disabilities, it is important that they be aware of the ethical and professional guidelines to which BCBAs are required to adhere. This article describes the role of these guidelines within the practice of BCBAs and presents several fictitious scenarios depicting ethical dilemmas faced by BCBAs working in school settings. The authors present specific guidelines from the Behavior Analyst Certification Board’s Professional and Ethical Compliance Code related to each scenario and provide a response to each scenario that identifies some of the key ethical and professional considerations.
Safety and tolerability of adjunctive rosiglitazone treatment for children with uncomplicated malaria
Authors: Varo Rosauro , Crowley Valerie M. , Sitoe Antonio , Madrid Lola , Serghides Lena , Bila Rubao , Mucavele Helio , Mayor Alfredo , Bassat Quique , Kain Kevin C.
Published: May 2017

Background

Despite the widespread use and availability of rapidly acting anti-malarials, the fatality rate of severe malaria in sub-Saharan Africa remains high. Adjunctive therapies that target the host response to malaria infection may further decrease mortality over that of anti-malarial agents alone. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists (e.g. rosiglitazone) have been shown to act on several pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of severe malaria and may improve clinical outcome as an adjunctive intervention.

Methods

In this study, the safety and tolerability of adjunctive rosiglitazone in paediatric uncomplicated malaria infection was evaluated in Mozambique, as a prelude to its evaluation in a randomized controlled trial in paediatric severe malaria. The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IIa trial of rosiglitazone (0.045 mg/kg/dose) twice daily for 4 days versus placebo as adjunctive treatment in addition to Mozambican standard of care (artemisinin combination therapy Coartem®) in children with uncomplicated malaria. The primary outcomes were tolerability and safety, including clinical, haematological, biochemical, and electrocardiographic evaluations.

Results

Thirty children were enrolled: 20 were assigned to rosiglitazone and 10 to placebo. Rosiglitazone treatment did not induce hypoglycaemia nor significantly alter clinical, biochemical, haematological, or electrocardiographic parameters.

Conclusions

Adjunctive rosiglitazone was safe and well-tolerated in children with uncomplicated malaria, permitting the extension of its evaluation as adjunctive therapy for severe malaria.

The trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02694874
Current insights in noise-induced hearing loss: A literature review of the underlying mechanism, pathophysiology, asymmetry, and management options
Authors: Le Trung N. , Straatman Louise V. , Lea Jane , Westerberg Brian
Published: May 2017

Background

Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common forms of sensorineural hearing loss, is a major health problem, is largely preventable and is probably more widespread than revealed by conventional pure tone threshold testing. Noise-induced damage to the cochlea is traditionally considered to be associated with symmetrical mild to moderate hearing loss with associated tinnitus; however, there is a significant number of patients with asymmetrical thresholds and, depending on the exposure, severe to profound hearing loss as well.

Main body

Recent epidemiology and animal studies have provided further insight into the pathophysiology, clinical findings, social and economic impacts of noise-induced hearing loss. Furthermore, it is recently shown that acoustic trauma is associated with vestibular dysfunction, with associated dizziness that is not always measurable with current techniques. Deliberation of the prevalence, treatment and prevention of noise-induced hearing loss is important and timely. Currently, prevention and protection are the first lines of defence, although promising protective effects are emerging from multiple different pharmaceutical agents, such as steroids, antioxidants and neurotrophins.

Conclusion

This review provides a comprehensive update on the pathophysiology, investigations, prevalence of asymmetry, associated symptoms, and current strategies on the prevention and treatment of noise-induced hearing loss.
Envy's pathology: Historical contexts
Authors: Minou Lina
Published: May 2017

This article is concerned with the physicality of envy primarily in early –modern, but also in eighteenth-century health contexts. The discussion brings together descriptions of the effects of envy on the body of the envier, mainly from works of physiology and health preservation, but also from literary and spiritual writings. These depictions of envy are studied beyond their symbolism and with a view to establish whether they are meaningful according to the medical theories of the time in which they occur. The discussion begins by acknowledging the status of envy as a ‘disease’ and looks to the specific ways in which the discourse of envy conveys this sense. I find that in the early modern discourse envy is always pathological, that is, it is experienced as disease and signifies disease in general and several diseases in particular. Moreover, envy is uniquely placed to convey pathology on account of its being connected to inherently pathogenic elements of the humoural theory. Specifically, envy is physiologically connected to melancholy, and the way it is presented comes close to attributes assigned to black bile. In addition, envy realizes pathology, the occurrence of disease in the body, by impairing the vital process of digestion and thus depriving the person from proper nourishment and sustenance. The analysis further considers how this impairment of the body fits with the physiological manifestation of envy as ‘corrosion’ and ‘consumption’. Finding commonalities with other maladies mediated by these physiological signs the article concludes by considering the function of pathology in the conception of early modern envy.
ПРОГРАММНО-ЦЕЛЕВОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ МУНИЦИПАЛИТЕТА
Authors: Yankovskaya Veronica Vladimirovna
Published: May 2017

Сегодня осуществляется попытка выявить слабые стороны Программы социально-экономического развития (СЭР), с последующей оптимизацией и разработкой стратегии, рассматривается социально-экономическое развитие города Дубна, посредством качественной модификации системы показателей, используемых для оценки приоритетности целей программы СЭР. Качественный анализ Программы социально-экономического развития наукограда Дубна на 2011–2015 гг. позволил оценить её возможности и перспективы. В ходе анализа деятельности муниципалитета исследовались и теоретические аспекты планирования как функции органов местного самоуправления. Анализ контрольных значений основных показателей социально-экономического развития г. Дубны за 2012 и 2014 гг., дал в конечном итоге наглядную картину качественной модификации системы показателей для оценки приоритетности целей программы СЭР данного муниципалитета.Целью статьи является выявление слабых сторон Программы СЭР, с последующей оптимизацией и разработкой стратегии. На примере социально-экономическое развития подмосковного города Дубна.Исследования проводились на основе фактических материалов о социально-экономическом развитии г. Дубны, в частности целевых программ, прогнозов, стратегии развития, отчетов Главы города о деятельности органов местного самоуправления.
КОРПОРАТИВНАЯ ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА
Authors: Kukushkin Sergey Nikolaevich , Yankovskaya Veronica Vladimirovna
Published: May 2017

В статье рассматривается предприятие с точки зрения системного анализа во взаимодействии с окружающей средой. Исследуется корпоративная инновационная система как составная часть организационной системы компании, формируемая осознанно, волевым решением менеджмента для эффективной реализации целей и задач фирмы. Отдельно рассматривается вопрос финансирования инновационной деятельности.Цель: разработка принципиальной модели корпоративной инновационной системы.
КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА
Authors: Osipov A. L. , Trushina V. P. , Chentaeva E. A.
Published: May 2017

Рассматриваются основные статистические методы, которые используются при проведении генетического анализа признаков человека. Исследованы методы сегрегационного анализа, анализа сцепления и аллельных ассоциаций. Разработано программное обеспечение для реализации этих методов.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИОННЫХ ПРЕДЕЛОВ НА ОСНОВЕ НЕЙРОННЫХ СЕТЕЙ.
Authors: Osipov A. L. , Trushina V. P. , Pavlik I. O.
Published: May 2017

Изучаются модели прогнозирования концентрационных пределов с использованием нейросетевых технологий. Разработано программное обеспечение для реализации этих моделей. Показана эффективность работы системы на экспериментальном материале.
ПРИНЯТИЕ РЕШЕНИЯ О ФОРМЕ ДИФРАКЦИОННЫХ СТРУКТУР В ЗАДАЧЕ РАССЕЯНИЯ РАДИОВОЛН.
Authors: Preobrazhensky A. P. , Choporov O. N.
Published: May 2017

В работе рассматривается задача рассеяния электромагнитных волн на различных дифракционных структурах. Решение задачи рассеяния осуществляется на основе метода интегральных уравнений. По диаграммам обратного рассеяния при разных частотах падающей волны принимается решение о форме исследуемого объекта.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РАССЕЯНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫХ ВОЛН НА УГЛОВЫХ СТРУКТУРАХ.
Authors: Preobrazhensky P. A. , Choporov O. N.
Published: May 2017

В работе рассматриваются особенности рассеяния электромагнитных волн на угловых дифракционных структурах. Решение задачи проводится на основе метода интегральных уравнений. Проведен сравнительный анализ характеристик рассеяния структур с различной формой.
ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ КОНТРОЛЯ КАЧЕСТВА ЗНАНИЙ
Authors: Babeshko Vladimir Nikolaevich
Published: May 2017

Совершенствование образовательной системы связывают с необходимостью управления качеством образовательных услуг. Контроль качества знаний является важной частью ученого процесса. Проникновение компьютеров во все области деятельности меняет подходы и технологии, которые ранее в них применялись.
ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ КОНФИГУРАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОДИНАМИЧЕСКОГО ОБЪЕКТА С ТРЕБУЕМЫМИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМИ РАССЕЯНИЯ.
Authors: Preobrazhensky A. P. , Choporov O. N.
Published: May 2017

В работе рассматривается задача оптимизация характеристик рассеяния электромагнитных волн на периодической электродинамической структуре. Решение задачи рассеяния осуществляется на основе метода интегральных уравнений, оптимизация характеристик проводится на основе генетического алгоритма. Даны рекомендации по параметрам периодической структуры при заданных углах наблюдения.
The impact of Maize (Zea mays L.) and it uses for human development: A review
Authors: Adiaha Monday Sunday
Published: May 2017

Corn possesses significances nutrients, minerals and vitamins, which provides nutrition in animal diet as well as man. Its health benefits have been countless since the prehistoric era. Maize has been revealed to have the potential to sustained human health-related cases, raise standard of living of farmers, served as a soil fertility indicator crop, generate income and increase food-crop production for the increasing human population. Industrial utilization of maize has been shown to include: wet milling, production of bio-fuel, ethanol and other sub-byproducts.
Disparate use of exclusionary discipline: Evidence on inequities in school discipline from a U.S. state
Authors: Anderson Kaitlin P. , Ritter Gary W.
Published: May 2017

There is much discussion in the United States about exclusionary discipline (suspensions and expulsions) in schools. According to a 2014 report from the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights, Black students represent 15% of students, but 44% of students suspended more than once and 36% of expelled students. This analysis uses seven years of individual infraction-level data from public schools in Arkansas. We find that marginalized students are more likely to receive exclusionary discipline, even after controlling for the nature and number of disciplinary referrals, but that most of the differences occur across rather than within schools. Across the state, black students are about 2.4 times as likely to receive exclusionary discipline (conditional on reported infractions and other student characteristics) whereas within school, this same conditional disparity is not statistically significant. Within schools, the disproportionalities in exclusionary discipline are driven primarily by non-race factors such as free- and reduced-price lunch (FRL) eligibility and special education status. We find, not surprisingly, that schools with larger proportions of non-White students tend to give out longer punishments, regardless of school income levels, measured by FRL rates. Combined, these results appear to indicate multiple tiers of disadvantage: race drives most of the disparities across schools, whereas within schools, FRL or special education status may matter more.
Were the student’s actions a manifestation of the student’s disability? The need for policy change and guidance
Authors: Lewis Maria M.
Published: May 2017

Under federal special education law, before a school district may discipline a student with a disability for greater than 10 days, it must first determine whether the student’s actions were a manifestation of his or her disability (IDEA, 2004). This requirement, referred to as manifestation determination review (MDR), aims to ensure that students with disabilities do not experience a significant disciplinary change in placement for actions that are caused by their disabilities. This article will discuss the evolution of the legal standard and the policy implications of a study that examined 80 MDR decisions in one large urban school district.
An analysis of the effect of anger control program prepared by using traditional game an heroes of imagination on primary school grade 4 students
Geleneksel oyun ve hayal kahramanlarından yararlanılarak hazırlanan öfke denetimi programının ilkokul 4. sınıf öğrencileri üzerindeki etkililiğinin incelenmesi
Authors: Özbay Günnur , Yalçın İlhan
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the anger control program, which is based on the use of traditional games and heroes of imagination to reduce the aggressive behavior of primary school students. This experimental study consisted of control group, pretest and posttest. In this research, Multi-dimensional School Anger Inventory was applied. Students with high anger level and with low anger control ability were included in the study group. 34 students, including 17 experimental and 17 control groups, formed the study group. The sessions lasted 8 weeks. No study was applied to the control group. Analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney-U and Wilcoxon Marked Ranks Test from the non-parametric tests obtained when the data were not normally distributed. Findings from the study showed that experimental group who had trained for anger control has significantly increased anger control scores compared to the control groups. Findings obtained from the research have indicated that anger control program prepared by using traditional games and heroes of imagination has an effect on the ability of students to use anger control and positive coping methods. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı ilkokula devam eden öğrencilerin saldırgan davranışlarını azaltmaya yönelik geleneksel oyun ve hayal kahramanlarından yararlanarak hazırlanan öfke denetim programının etkililiğini araştırmaktır. Kontrol gruplu ön test, son test modeline dayalı deneysel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmada Çok Boyutlu Okul Öfke Envanteri uygulanmış, öfke düzeyi yüksek, öfke denetimi becerileri düşük öğrenciler arasından 17 kişilik deney ve kontrol grubu olmak üzere 34 öğrenci çalışma grubunu oluşturmuştur. Oturumlar 8 hafta sürmüştür. Kontrol grubu ile herhangi bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler normal dağılım göstermediğinden elde edilen veriler parametrik olmayan testlerden Mann Whitney-U ve Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar Testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular öfke denetimi eğitimi alan deney grubunun eğitim sonrasında öfke denetim puanlarını kontrol gruplarına göre önemli düzeyde artırdığını ortaya koymuştur.  Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, geleneksel oyun ve hayal kahramanlarından yararlanılarak hazırlanan öfke denetimi programının öğrencilerin öfke denetimi ve olumlu başa çıkma yöntemlerini kullanma becerileri üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.
Adsorption of Congo Red Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Montmorillonite as a Low-cost Adsorbent
Authors: Omidi Khaniabadi Yusef , Basiri Hassan , Nourmoradi Heshmatollah , Mohammadi Mohammad Javad , Yari Ahmad Reza , Sadeghi Shahram , Amrane Abdeltif
Published: May 2017

In this study, the sorption of Congo red (CR), as a toxic dye, from aqueous media was investigated using montmorillonite (MMT) as a low-cost adsorbent. The influence of several factors such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, dye content, and ionic strength was investigated on the dye removal. MMT was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Different kinetic and isotherm models including pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic and Langmuir and Freundlich were applied to analyze experimental data, respectively. The results showed that the data were well fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. The optimum conditions for the sorption of CR were achieved over 40 min and at pH=2. According to the results of the present study, MMT can be used as a low-cost, eco-friendly and effective option for the adsorption of CR from aqueous solutions.
The Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX): A test-bed for developing urban greenhouse gas emission measurements
Authors: Davis Kenneth J. , Deng Aijun , Lauvaux Thomas , Miles Natasha L. , Richardson Scott J. , Sarmiento Daniel P. , Gurney Kevin R. , Hardesty R. Michael , Bonin Timothy A. , Brewer W. Alan , Lamb Brian K. , Shepson Paul B. , Harvey Rebecca M. , Cambaliza Maria O. , Sweeney Colm , Turnbull Jocelyn C. , Whetstone James , Karion Anna
Published: May 2017

The objective of the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) is to develop, evaluate and improve methods for measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cities. INFLUX’s scientific objectives are to quantify CO2 and CH4 emission rates at 1 km2 resolution with a 10% or better accuracy and precision, to determine whole-city emissions with similar skill, and to achieve high (weekly or finer) temporal resolution at both spatial resolutions. The experiment employs atmospheric GHG measurements from both towers and aircraft, atmospheric transport observations and models, and activity-based inventory products to quantify urban GHG emissions. Multiple, independent methods for estimating urban emissions are a central facet of our experimental design. INFLUX was initiated in 2010 and measurements and analyses are ongoing. To date we have quantified urban atmospheric GHG enhancements using aircraft and towers with measurements collected over multiple years, and have estimated whole-city CO2 and CH4 emissions using aircraft and tower GHG measurements, and inventory methods. Significant differences exist across methods; these differences have not yet been resolved; research to reduce uncertainties and reconcile these differences is underway. Sectorally- and spatially-resolved flux estimates, and detection of changes of fluxes over time, are also active research topics. Major challenges include developing methods for distinguishing anthropogenic from biogenic CO2 fluxes, improving our ability to interpret atmospheric GHG measurements close to urban GHG sources and across a broader range of atmospheric stability conditions, and quantifying uncertainties in inventory data products. INFLUX data and tools are intended to serve as an open resource and test bed for future investigations. Well-documented, public archival of data and methods is under development in support of this objective.
Very low doses of heavy oxygen ion radiation induce premature ovarian failure
Authors: Mishra Birendra , Ripperdan Ryan , Ortiz Laura , Luderer Ulrike
Published: May 2017

Astronauts are exposed to charged particles during space travel, and charged particles are also used for cancer radiotherapy. Premature ovarian failure is a well-known side effect of conventional, low linear energy transfer (LET) cancer radiotherapy, but little is known about the effects of high LET charged particles on the ovary. We hypothesized that lower LET (16.5 keV/µm) oxygen particles would be less damaging to the ovary than we previously found for iron (LET = 179 keV/µm). Adult female mice were irradiated with 0, 5, 30 or 50 cGy oxygen ions or 50 cGy oxygen plus dietary supplementation with the antioxidant alpha lipoic acid (ALA). Six-hour after irradiation, percentages of ovarian follicles immunopositive for γH2AX, a marker of DNA double strand breaks, 4-HNE, a marker of oxidative lipid damage and BBC3 (PUMA), a proapoptotic BCL-2 family protein, were dose dependently increased in irradiated mice compared to controls. One week after irradiation, numbers of primordial, primary and secondary follicles per ovary were dose dependently decreased, with complete absence of follicles in the 50 cGy groups. The ED50 for primordial follicle destruction was 4.6 cGy for oxygen compared to 27.5 cGy for iron in our previous study. Serum FSH and LH concentrations were significantly elevated in 50 cGy groups at 8 week. Supplementation with ALA mitigated the early effects, but not the ultimate depletion of ovarian follicles. In conclusion, oxygen charged particles are even more potent inducers of ovarian follicle depletion than charged iron particles, raising concern for premature ovarian failure in astronauts exposed to both particles during space travel.
Preventive Strategies in Medicine: Cancer Screening
Authors: Finley Brian
Published: May 2017

The early detection of cancer by screening has been shown to decrease both cancer incidence and cancer mortality and is an important part of primary care practice. There are several important issues to consider when screening for cancer. Are the treatments for cancer acceptable, feasible and effective and for patients in this age group? How often does screening lead to further evaluation, such as breast biopsy after mammography, which may prove unnecessary yet result in morbidity? Finally, does screening improve the quality of life and functional status of older adults? Cancer screening is an evolving technology, and therefore the role that psychologists will play can change with advances in biomedicine. One vital future direction is that the use of risk-strati?ed screening; potentially reducing harms by targeting screening to groups that stand to achieve more. Screening for certain types of cancer can decrease disease-related mortality. When making any decision about cancer screening, physicians must weigh the risks and benefits for each patient. These risks and benefits include factors such as co-morbid diseases and associated life expectancy, the feasibility of surgical intervention, the acceptability of cancer treatments, and, most important for the elderly, the effects of screening and the resulting diagnostic evaluations and therapies on the quality of life
Quantification of angiogenic characteristics of Naproxen sodium through chorioallantoic membrane assay
Authors: Zahid Hafiz Muhammad Shoaib , Khan Tanveer Ahmed , Ijaz-ul-Haq Muhammad , Riaz Humayun , Raza Syed Atif , Khan Zia Mohy-ud-din
Published: May 2017

Introduction: The aim of the current study was to determine the angiogenic/anti-angiogenic effect of Naproxen Sodium and to determine the effective dose of NapS for angiogenesis.

Method: Fertilized eggs (5days old) of chicken were acquired from a local hatchery. They were incubated at 37oC with humidity of 55-60%. Then, on the 5th day of incubation, a window about 2cm in diameter was created by removing the shell and then the inner shell membrane. It was done under aseptic environment. There were 5 groups designed. Group A was kept as control and was given 0.2ml PBS, group B, C, D, and E were given 0.1ml of 0.086g/100μl, 0.042g/100μl, 0.021g/100μl and 0.011g/100μl of Naproxen Sodium (NapS) respectively. On the sixth day, prepared concentrations of NapS were administered and eggs were again sealed with paraffin film under aseptic conditions. These were placed back in the incubator for next 24 hours. After 24 hours, eggs were taken out from the incubator and images of all groups were made using a DSL camera. The development of blood vessels and other features were observed using Adobe Photoshop version 7.0, then these images were transferred to scan probing image processing (SPIP) software 6.6.2. The diameters of different blood vessels were measured by using expert design software. The parameters include: the diameter and branching system of blood vessels measured as per mm, and categories of blood vessels; i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels. Data were analyzed on SPSS statistical software version 22.0 using ANOVA. Dunnett’s test was applied considering P < 0.05 as significant.

Result: Application of Naproxen sodium on chorioallantoic membrane of day six of incubation showed angiogenic effects in high concentration and anti-angiogenic effect in low concentration. Outcomes indicated significant changes in CAM’s design, thinning of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels, reduction in surface roughness parameters, and decrease in Abbott curve. Conclusion: The substantial quantities of Naproxen sodium use locally may exhibit anti-angiogenic activity in the same manner those seen in vitro and explain its clinical efficacy.
Human-induced vibration of steel–concrete composite floors
Authors: Chen Shiming , Zhang Rui , Zhang Jie
Published: May 2017

Long-span composite floors have many desirable properties and have been increasingly employed in building construction. However, these long-span structures are prone to excessive and complex vibration under human rhythmic activities such as walking, running, jumping and aerobics, which may result in people's discomfort and complaints. A finite-element numerical study was conducted to investigate the vibration behaviour of profiled steel-deck composite floors under human walking and rhythmic activities. The results indicate that human-induced vibration of composite floors is influenced by several factors, namely the load model, the floor's natural frequency, effective weight and damping ratio. In a multi-unit floor system, higher modes may be excited and these vibration components should be considered. In addition, the vibration responses of both the active unit and adjacent passive units should be taken into consideration under human walking or rhythmic activities. In multi-floor buildings, the vibration of adjacent passive floors under rhythmic activities should be considered. The comfort index can be used to evaluate human perception to the vibration of composite floors. One important step in this procedure is to determine the peak accelerations of composite floors, which can be achieved based on the developed finite-element models.
Constitutional Basis for the Enforcement of ''Executive'' Policies that give effect to Socio-Economic Rights in South Africa
Authors: Fuo Oliver Njuh
Published: May 2017

Although "executive" policies remain an important governance tool, there appears to be confusion on the status and possible basis for their judicial enforcement in South Africa. The aim of this article is to critically reflect on the status and possible constitutional basis for the enforceability of "executive" policies that give effect to socio-economic rights in South Africa. Based on the jurisprudence of courts and some examples of "executive" policies, this article demonstrates that the constitutional basis for the enforceability of "executive" policies could be located inter alia in the positive duties imposed on government by sections 24(b), 25(5), 26(2) and 27(2) of the Constitution to "take reasonable legislative and other measures" within the context of available resources to give effect to relevant rights. This article argues that these duties amount to a constitutional delegation of authority to the legislative and executive branches of government to concretise socio-economic rights. In addition, this article demonstrates that where "executive" policies give effect to socio-economic rights pursuant to powers delegated by enabling provisions in original legislation that covers the field of socio-economic rights, such policies may be perceived to have the force of law, thereby providing a legal basis for their judicial enforcement.
Using a Locum Tenens in a Private Practice
Authors: Slabbert Magda , Pienaar Hendrik
Published: May 2017

Many medical practitioners in private practice use a locum tenens when they themselves are not available to practice. The locums are often appointed without consideration of the legal consequences or requirements. Legislation distinguishes between an employee and an independent contractor. If the locum is appointed as an employee the doctrine of vicarious liability comes into play which is not the case with an independent contractor. Contracts currently available to appoint a locum give the contracting parties a choice between being appointed as an employee or an independent contractor; this should be changed in that all locums should be appointed as independent contractors especially if the working of the Consumer Protection Act is also taken into consideration. Furthermore, according to the rules of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) the onus to ensure that the locum tenens is registered and fit to practice, rests with the principal
"Pay Now, Argue Later" Rule – Before and After the Tax Administration Act
Authors: Keulder Carika
Published: May 2017

The South African Revenue Service (SARS) is entrusted with the duty of collecting tax on behalf of the South African government. In order to ensure effective and prompt collection of taxes, the payment of tax is not suspended pending an objection or an appeal, unless directed otherwise. This is also known as the "pay now, argue later" rule, and, for value-added tax purposes, is provided for in terms of section 36 of the Value-Added Tax Act 89 of 1991. The "pay now, argue later" rule in terms of section 36 of the Value-Added Tax Act prima facie infringes on a taxpayer's right of access to the courts as envisaged in section 34 of the Constitution. This is due to the fact that a taxpayer is obliged to pay tax before being afforded the opportunity to challenge the assessment in a court. In Metcash Trading Ltd v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service, the Constitutional Court held the "pay now, argue later" rule in terms of section 36 to be constitutional. Olivier, however, does not agree with the court on several matters. Amongst the problems she indicates are that the taxpayer does not have access to the courts at the time the rule is invoked, and that the court did not consider the fact that there might be less invasive means available which would ensure that SARS's duty is balanced with the taxpayer's right of access to the courts. Guidelines were also issued which provide legal certainty regarding the factors SARS may consider in determining whether the payment of tax should be suspended or not. These guidelines also evoked some points of criticism. Since 1 October 2012, the "pay now, argue later" rule has been applied in terms of section 164 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011. The question arises whether this provision addresses the problems identified in respect of section 36 of the Value-Added Tax Act and the guidelines. In comparing these sections, only slight differences emerged. The most significant difference is that section 164(6) of the Tax Administration Act stipulates that the enforcement of tax be suspended for a period when SARS is considering a request for suspension. Section 164(6) does not provide a solution to the problems identified regarding section 36 of the Value-Added Tax Act. It is even possible that this section could give rise to further problems. Therefore, the legislature has failed to address the imbalance between the duties of SARS and the right of a taxpayer to access the courts.