bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transición a la edad adulta en jóvenes vulnerables. Efectos de una intervención sociocomunitaria en el barrio de Las Remudas, Gran Canaria, España
Authors: Ruiz Callado Rául , Martínez Cía Nieves
Published: October 2017

Este estudio analiza el caso de un barrio vulnerable donde se ha desarrollado una intervención sociocomunitaria, entre los años 2002 y 2012, para la mejora de la salud y la calidad de vida comunitaria, especialmente de su población joven.  
El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la experiencia biográfica de los jóvenes e indagar a propósito de la influencia de la intervención en sus trayectorias de vida.
Metodología: Desde una perspectiva cualitativa, a través de la observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis documental, se reflexiona sobre la eficacia social y los beneficios percibidos de la intervención en la comunidad.
Los resultados muestran un relevante y positivo impacto sobre la cohesión social y la convivencia comunitaria. En el caso de los jóvenes, se reconoce el cambio de orientación de algunas trayectorias, evitando la exclusión y con una clara mejora de su entorno relacional, de su autoestima y mostrando  el desarrollo de habilidades sociales que han favorecido su transición a la edad adulta.
Conclusión: Este artículo invita a la reflexión sobre la eficacia las intervenciones destinadas al cambio social, su sostenibilidad en el tiempo y sus limitaciones. Es una propuesta, basada en el ejemplo real, de la aplicación de políticas sociales y de salud dirigidas a la juventud en desventaja social.
Estrategias Maternas de Alimentación y Actividad Física para prevenir la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo II en Hijos Escolares
Authors: Santos Flores Jesus Melchor , Guevara Valtier Milton Carlos , Vega Grimaldo Miguel Angel , Gutiérrez Valverde Juana Mercedes , Paz Morales María De los Ángeles
Published: October 2017

Introducción: La Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 constituye un problema de salud pública importante, es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes, causa disminución de la calidad de vida, es por ello que es necesario conocer las estrategias de alimentación y actividad física para su prevención desde etapas tempranas de la vida.
Objetivo: Conocer las estrategias de alimentación y actividad física que realizan las madres para prevenir la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 en hijos escolares.
Materiales y métodos: Prueba piloto de un estudio descriptivo con un muestreo aleatorio simple en 30 madres con hijos escolares realizado en una escuela primaria ubicada en el municipio de Sabinas Hidalgo Nuevo León, México. Fue aplicado el instrumento “Escala de Estrategias Parentales de Alimentación y Actividad Física” de 26 ítems.
Resultados: Se encontró que la media más alta fue de Reforzamiento con una x ̃ de 64.00 (DE= 18.84) la cual está dirigida a elogiar a los hijos cuando realizan conductas saludables y más baja Monitoreo con 51.33 (DE= 20.80) que se define como el grado en el cual los padres supervisan las conductas saludables de sus hijos.
Conclusión: Los niños al ejercer conductas saludables, las madres elogian y tienen un mayor control sobre ellos en favor de que realicen lo mayormente deseable en su actividad física y si estos, al contrario realizan conductas no saludables respecto a su alimentación se les limita, supervisa y sancionan tales conductas.
Efeito do Reiki no bem-estar subjetivo: estudo experimental
Authors: Bessa José Henrique do Nascimento , Jomar Rafael Tavares , Da Silva Alexandre Vicente , Peres Ellen Marcia , Wolter Rafael Moura Coelho Pecly , De Oliveira Denize Cristina
Published: October 2017

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del Reiki en el bienestar subjetivo de las personas que buscan esta terapia.
Métodos: Estudio experimental llevado a cabo con 60 individuos que fueron asignados a los grupos de intervención (Reiki) y control (concentración de inducción sin manipulación de la energía). Se utilizó la Escala de Bienestar Subjetivo, que tenían las puntuaciones medias de sus tres dimensiones -satisfacción con la vida, afecto positivo y afecto negativo- comparadas entre los grupos sometiéndolas a la prueba de la t de Student con un nivel 5% de significación estadística.
Resultados: Después de un seguimiento de 21 días y sometido a tres sesiones terapéuticas, Reiki aumentó la escala de afecto positivo (p = 0,01) de los individuos sin influir, sin embargo, en las dimensiones afecto negativo y satisfacción con la vida del bienestar subjetivo.
Conclusión: El Reiki aumenta el efecto positivo de bienestar subjetivo de las personas que buscan esta terapia.
Apoyo social y engagement como antecedentes de la satisfacción laboral en personal de enfermería
Authors: Orgambídez-Ramos Alejandro , Borrego-Alés Yolanda
Published: October 2017

Objetivo: La satisfacción laboral es considerada como uno de los indicadores más importantes tanto de la calidad de los cuidados de salud como de la calidad de vida laboral de los profesionales de la salud. Entre los antecedentes de la satisfacción laboral, se destaca el apoyo social del supervisor y de los colegas y el engagement en el trabajo en el contexto de enfermería. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio es comprobar el papel predictor del apoyo social y del engagement en el trabajo sobre la satisfacción laboral en una muestra de enfermeros y enfermeras del sur de Portugal.

Métodos: Estudio transversal a través de cuestionarios. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 215 profesionales de enfermería de hospitales del sur de Portugal (55.56% de tasa de respuesta).

Resultados: La cohesión social del supervisor y de los compañeros y el engagement en el trabajo se relacionaron de forma positiva y significativa con la satisfacción laboral. Los modelos de regresión lineal múltiple y jerárquica mostraron que los dos tipos de apoyo social y el engagement fueron predicciones significativos de la satisfacción con el trabajo de los participantes.

Conclusión: Intervenciones basadas en la creación de redes informales y formales de apoyo, la formación de los supervisores en competencias de gestión y coaching y una mayor presencia de recursos laborales y personales permitirían aumentar los niveles de satisfacción laboral en los profesionales de enfermería.
La filosofía de los cuidados centrados en el desarrollo del recién nacido prematuro (NIDCAP): una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Harillo Acevedo Francisco David , Rico Bcerra Juan Ignacio , López Martínez Ángel
Published: October 2017

Objetivo. Conocer las intervenciones de la filosofía de los cuidados centrados en el desarrollo del recién nacido prematuro (NIDCAP) dirigidas a optimizar el macroambiente y el microambiente, junto a las actuaciones orientadas a la familia a fin de favorecer la estabilidad y la organización del desarrollo y la conducta del recién nacido prematuro; y a partir de aquí, evaluar la eficacia de su aplicación.
Metodología. Se lleva a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica (a partir de una serie de criterios de inclusión y exclusión específicos) en castellano y en inglés, durante el periodo 2010 a 2015, en las siguientes bases de datos: PUBMED, THE COCHRANE LIBRARY, SCOPUS, CUIDEN, DIALNET, LILACS, TDR y GOOGLE ACADÉMICO (se recurrió también a determinadas páginas web oficiales).
Resultados. Se han centrado en la revisión del Macroambiente (luces, ruidos), el Microambiente (postura, manipulaciones, dolor), la Familia (padres principales cuidadores, método canguro, lactancia materna), y de la Evaluación de la eficacia de la aplicación del NIDCAP.
Discusión. Se orienta, fundamentalmente, en la consideración del NIDCAP desde la perspectiva de la realidad (la prematuridad como primera causa de morbimortalidad neonatal e infantil), de la evidencia de la literatura, de la calidad/calidez de los cuidados, del coste económico, y del papel de los profesionales.
Conclusiones. No hay evidencia de que el programa NIDCAP mejore el desarrollo neurológico a largo plazo o los resultados médicos a corto plazo, por lo que no se puede recomendar la aplicación del NIDCAP en su forma actual como atención estándar en recién nacidos prematuros. Si bien, al analizar las intervenciones que forman parte de los CCD o del NIDCAP de forma aislada, la mayoría de ellas se justifican desde el sentido común, la sensibilidad en los cuidados y el respeto a la familia y al niño.
Qualidade de vida e diagnósticos de enfermagem de mulheres com AIDS
Authors: Herta Herta De Oliveira Alexandre , Gimeniz Galvão Marli Teresinha , Holanda da Cunha Gilmara
Published: October 2017

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida y los diagnósticos de enfermería de mujeres con sida.

Métodos: Estudio transversal, involucrando a 70 mujeres con sida en seguimiento ambulatorial. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizó el formulario sociodemográfico y clínico y la versión brasileña del instrumento World Health Organization Quality of Life - VIH. Los diagnósticos de enfermería se determinaron de acuerdo con la Taxonomía II de la NANDA-I. Se realizó análisis a través del software Statistical Package for Social Sciences® (SPSS) versión 18.

Resultados: La mayoría de las mujeres tenían entre 18 y 59 años (98,6%), era heterosexual (97,2%) y con carga viral indetectable (54,3%). Presentaron calidad de vida intermedia en todos los campos de la escala y se encontraron 14 diagnósticos de enfermería, destacándose el Patrón de Sexualidad Ineficaz, Miedo y la Ansiedad Relacionada con la Muerte.

Conclusión: Mujeres con sida presentaron calidad de vida intermedia, necesitando de atención de enfermería integral y holística.
Intervenciones antibullying desarrolladas por enfermeros: revisión integradora de la literatura
Authors: Silva Marta Angélica Iossi , Monteiro Estela Maria Leite Meirelles , Braga Iara Falleiros , Ferriani Maria das Graças Bomfim de Carvalho , Pereira Beatriz , Oliveira Wanderlei Abadio de
Published: October 2017

Objetivos: Identificar y describir las intervenciones antibullying realizadas por enfermeros.
Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada en seis bases de datos (CINAHL, LILACS, PsycINFO, PUBMED, SciELO y Web of Science), utilizando en las buscas descriptores relacionados al fenómeno y a la enfermería. La pregunta que orientó la investigación fue: “¿Cuáles son las intervenciones antibullying desarrolladas en escuelas con la participación de enfermeros?”. Resultados: Cinco artículos compusieron el corpus de análisis de la revisión. Los resultados indicaron una variedad de enfoques en las intervenciones realizadas (dramatización/teatro, grupo de apoyo, multidimensional y vídeos).
Conclusión: La revisión presenta conocimientos que pueden orientar prácticas y programas de intervención antibullying a ser desarrollados por enfermeros o equipos de salud en Brasil.

 
Busca ativa contribui na identificação de eventos adversos e incidentes em unidade de terapia intensiva
Authors: Santos Reginaldo Passoni dos , Luz Mayara Aparecida Passaura da , Borges Fabieli , Carvalho Ariana Rodrigues da Silva
Published: October 2017

Objetivos: Analizar los eventos adversos e incidentes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital universitario y comprobar cuál es la parte de contribuición de la búsqueda activa en la identificación de las ocurrencias.
Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, documental cuantitativo.
Resultados: Se registraron 253 eventos/incidentes, de los cuales 239 (94%) fueron registrados por búsqueda activa. Lesión por presión fue el incidente con más frecuencia (n=88; 34,78%) y afectó a más pacientes (n=54; 48,9%). Se observó que 136 (53,8%) eventos/incidentes fueron leves.
Conclusión: La búsqueda activa ha demostrado ser una estrategia de gestión que corrobora sustancialmente a la identificación de situaciones de riesgo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.
Analiza izmjena politike akciza u svjetlu trendova na tržištu derivata u BiH
Authors: Antić Dinka
Published: October 2017

Politika akciza na derivate u BiH u osnovi podrazumijeva diferenciran pristup prema vrsti derivata. U posljednjih sedam godina dodatno jeuvedeno namjensko oporezivanje dizela i benzina putarinom iz cijene derivata, što je podstaknulo nelegalno korištenje lož-ulja za pogonvozila. Nezakonita supstitucija na tržištu derivata nafte umanjila je očekivane fiskalne efekte uvođenja namjenske putarine za auto-putevei produbila distorzije na tržištu energenata. Prijedlog izmjena Zakona o akcizama u BiH predviđa linearno povećanje akciza na derivatenafte i transformaciju sadašnje nenamjenske putarine u namjensku putarinu za izgradnju puteva i auto-puteva. Rad ima za cilj da na bazianalize dosadašnjih trendova u oporezivanju derivata nafte sagleda implikacije prijedloga izmjena Zakona o akcizama na naplatu prihodaod akciza i putarine i na strukturu tržišta derivata u BiH.
Problemi u funkcionisanju interne revizije u javnim preduzećima Republike Srpske
Authors: Kulina Dragan
Published: October 2017

Rad razmatra problem koji postoji u funkcionisanju interne revizije u javnim preduzećima Republike Srpske. Ključni razlog za to jesuzakoni koji regulišu uspostavljanje i djelovanje interne revizije u javnom sektoru i javnim preduzećima u Republici Srpskoj zbog toga štoregulišu iste stvari na različit način. Uz to, neke odredbe zakona nisu usklađene sa međunarodnim standardima interne revizije i najboljimpraksama. Istraživanje obuhvata analizu Zakona o javnim preduzećima u Republici Srpskoj i Zakona o internoj reviziji javnog sektora uRepublici Srpskoj u kontekstu međunarodnih standarda i ograničenja koja proizilaze iz loših zakonakih rješenja.
Ocjena opravdanosti finansiranja projekta emisijom obveznica
Authors: Grujić Miloš
Published: October 2017

Finansiranje investicionih projekata emisijom obveznica u Republici Srpskoj dramatično dobija na značaju nastankom i razvojem tržištaentitetskih, korporativnih i municipalnih obveznica od 2007. Obveznice koje je emitovala Republika Srpska namijenjene su za potrebeizmirenja stare devizne štednje, ratne štete i za servisiranje budžeta. S ciljem da ukažemo na mogućnost finansiranja različitih projekata,u radu smo se fokusirali na municipalne i korporativne obveznice na domaćem tržištu kapitala. U radu smo pokazali postupak ocjene isplativostifinansiranja investicionog projekta koji je u potpunosti finansiran emisijom obveznica, s namjerom da stručnoj i domaćoj javnostipribližimo ideje i mogućnosti koje nudi emisija obveznica. Ocjenu investicionih projekata smo zasnovali na dinamičkim metodama netosadašnje vrijednosti i metodi interne stope prinosa.Prema načinu plaćanja kamate, na tržištu kapitala Republike Srpske postoje dva tipa obveznica: obveznice koje se amortizuju anuitetski ikuponske obveznice. U skladu s tim, razmatrali smo oba modela za ocjenu isplativosti projekta koji bi bio finansiran emisijom obveznica.
Značaj upravljanja politikom cijena u Zajedničkoj poljoprivrednoj politici Evropske unije
Authors: Poparić Stojanović Biljana
Published: October 2017

Budući da su sektor poljoprivrede i ruralni razvoj u Evropskoj uniji regulisani zajedničkom politikom, prilagođavanje ove politike je posebnoizazovno područje u procesu integracije, jer zajednička pravila moraju zadovoljiti dijametralno različite potrebe brojnih zemalja članica.Osnovna načela Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike (ZPP) su jedinstveno tržište, prednost Unije i finansijska solidarnost. Jedinstveno tržišteodnosi se na primjenu pravila o prometu robom između država članica koje se postiže opštom zabranom nameta te usklađivanjemtehničkih propisa. Jedinstveno tržište obuhvata i određivanje jedinstvenih cijena i subvencija, što znači utvrđivanje cijena (u slučaju poljoprivrednihproizvoda radi se o referentnim i interventnim cijenama), isplaćivanje pomoći i pravila konkurencije, harmonizaciju propisao zdravstvenom osiguranju i administrativnim postupcima. Prednost Unije podrazumijeva davanje prednosti poljoprivrednim proizvodimaUnije pred uvoznim proizvodima i zaštitu unutrašnjeg tržišta od poremećaja izazvanih nekontrolisanim uvozom poljoprivrednih proizvodaniskih cijena, kao i od poremećaja na svjetskom tržištu. Finansijska solidarnost podrazumijeva da troškovi koji proizlaze iz primjeneZPP-a moraju biti podijeljeni između svih zemalja članica, bez obzira na njihov nacionalni interes. Ciljevi ZPP-a su podsticaji poljoprivrednomdohotku, osiguravanje životnog standarda za poljoprivrednu populaciju, podizanje produktivnosti u poljoprivredi, stabilizacija tržišta,sigurnost snabdijevanja tržišta, te osiguranje poljoprivrednih proizvoda za potrošače po razumnim cijenama. Sastavni dio poljoprivrednepolitike svake zemlje je politika cijena poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda. S obzirom na to da cijena predstavlja osnovni faktor kojiodređuje uslove privređivanja i finansijsku poziciju privrednih poljoprivrednih subjekata u primarnoj raspodjeli, svaka zemlja nastoji dadefiniše sistem intervencija u oblasti cijena koji je u skladu sa politikom razvoja poljoprivrede.
Problematika diskontne stope: kada u obračun diskontne stope kapitala uključiti rizik zemlje?
Authors: Serdar Raković Tajana
Published: October 2017

U skladu sa globalizacijom svjetske ekonomije i ekonomskim rastom, razvijaju se i tržišta kapitala zemalja u razvoju, a najveća preokupacijau procjeni preduzeća sa ovih tržišta zasniva se upravo na procjeni rizika zemlje koji često zna prevazići rizik samog preduzeća. Naime,nestabilne lokalne valute, netransparentnost i nedostatak ključnih informacija potrebnih za procjenu, loše korporativno upravljanje i rizikzemlje na nerazvijenim/neaktivnim tržištima kapitala povlače znatne nedoumice u procjeni. Odgovor na pitanje da li je potrebno uključitirizik zemlje u obračun ključnih parametara, u ovom slučaju diskontne stope, zavisi od karakteristika samog preduzeća. Prva grupapreduzeća u ovom smislu su preduzeća koja posluju isključivo na domaćem tržištu kada se ne podrazumijeva rizik zemlje. Druga krajnostkada neće biti premije za rizik zemlje je u slučaju mogućnosti potpune diversifikacije rizika zemlje (što je u praksi malo vjerovatno). U svimdrugim slučajevima, u procjeni preduzeća koja se na skali nalaze između ova dva ekstrema, potrebno je uključiti rizik zemlje u obračundiskontne stope. Cilj istraživanja jeste objasniti način utvrđivanja rizika zemlje, njegov uticaj na diskontnu stopu, te značaj rizika zemlje zarealnu i relevantnu procjenu vrijednosti preduzeća posmatrano sa međunarodnog aspekta.
Vrednovanje obveznica i ulaganje u njih korištenjem efektivnog prinosa do dospijeća
Authors: Radivojac Goran , Grujić Miloš
Published: October 2017

Pravilno vrednovanje obveznica je važno kako za emitente obveznica tako i za investitore u ove hartije od vrijednosti. Cilj ovog rada je daprikažemo karakteristike i vrste obveznica, terminologiju povezanu sa njima te proces vrednovanja različitih tipova obveznica na tržištuRepublike Srpske.Obveznice koje je emitovala Republika Srpska su za potrebe izmirenja stare devizne štednje, ratne štete i za servisiranje budžeta. Premanačinu plaćanja kamate, na tržištu kapitala Republike Srpske postoje dva tipa obveznica: obveznice koje se amortizuju anuitetski i kuponskeobveznice. U skladu sa tim, razradili smo model koji najjednostavnije iskazuje efektivni prinos do dopijeća na godišnjem nivou. Naosnovu tog modela olakšali smo vrednovanje obveznica investitorima, ali i emitentima, analizirajući trajanje (duraciju) obveznica.
Influence of exercise duration on cardiorespiratory responses, energy cost and tissue oxygenation within a 6 hour treadmill run
Authors: Kerhervé Hugo A. , McLean Scott , Birkenhead Karen , Parr David , Solomon Colin
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The physiological mechanisms for alterations in oxygen utilization ($\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) and the energy cost of running (Cr) during prolonged running are not completely understood, and could be linked with alterations in muscle and cerebral tissue oxygenation.

Methods

Eight trained ultramarathon runners (three women; mean ± SD; age 37 ± 7 yr; maximum $\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 60 ± 15 mL min−1 kg−1) completed a 6 hr treadmill run (6TR), which consisted of four modules, including periods of moderate (3 min at 10 km h−1, 10-CR) and heavy exercise intensities (6 min at 70% of maximum $\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, HILL), separated by three, 100 min periods of self-paced running (SP). We measured $\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, minute ventilation (${\dot {\mathrm{V }}}_{\mathrm{E}}$), ventilatory efficiency (${\dot {\mathrm{V }}}_{\mathrm{E}}:\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$), respiratory exchange ratio (RER),Cr, muscle and cerebral tissue saturation index (TSI) during the modules, and heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE) during the modules and SP.

Results

Participants ran 58.3 ± 10.5 km during 6TR. Speed decreased and HR and RPE increased during SP. Across the modules, HR and $\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ increased (10-CR), and RER decreased (10-CR and HILL). There were no significant changes in ${\dot {\mathrm{V }}}_{\mathrm{E}}$, ${\dot {\mathrm{V }}}_{\mathrm{E}}:\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$,Cr, TSI and RPE across the modules.

Conclusions

In the context of positive pacing (decreasing speed), increased cardiac drift and perceived exertion over the 6TR, we observed increased RER and increased HR at moderate and heavy exercise intensity, increased $\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ at moderate intensity, and no effect of exercise duration on ventilatory efficiency, energy cost of running and tissue oxygenation.
Clinical outcomes of residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with endoscopic nasopharyngectomy plus chemoradiotherapy or with chemoradiotherapy alone: a retrospective study
Authors: Weng Jingjin , Wei Jiazhang , Si Jinyuan , Qin Yangda , Li Min , Liu Fei , Si Yongfeng , Su Jiping
Published: October 2017

Background

Local residual and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) generally shows treatment failure after standard radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. Whether endoscopic nasopharyngectomy might provide an additional therapeutic advantage remains controversial. Therefore, we retrospectively compared the clinical prognoses of patients with residual or recurrent NPC treated with endoscopic nasopharyngectomy combined with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with those of patients treated with CRT alone.

Methods and Materials

A total of sixty-two patients with local residual or recurrent NPC were studied retrospectively: 36 patients received endoscopic nasopharyngectomy combined with CRT, whereas 26 patients who refused the surgery or had surgical contraindications received CRT alone. Serum Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels were measured pre- and post-treatment. The differences in prognosis between the two treatment regimens and the pre- and post-treatment changes in EBV-DNA levels were analyzed.

Results

The median follow-up time was 31 months, with a 3-year overall survival (OS) of 51.40% and a 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) of 46.86%. The surgery + CRT group had a better OS than the CRT alone group did (χ2 = 4.054, P = 0.044). The pretreatment EBV-DNA levels showed a positive correlation with the clinical staging of recurrent NPC (χ2 = 11.674, P = 0.009). Patients with negative pretreatment serum EBV-DNA levels showed a superior OS to those of patients who tested positive for EBV-DNA (>0 copy/mL) (χ2 = 9.833, P = 0.002). The post-treatment EBV-DNA levels, compared with the pretreatment levels, decreased significantly in the surgery + CRT group (Z =  − 3.484, P = 0.000). In contrast, the EBV-DNA levels after CRT alone did not decrease significantly (Z =  − 1.956, P = 0.051). Multivariate analysis indicated that local staging, pretreatment EBV-DNA load, and the treatment method were independent risk factors for OS. Subgroup analysis indicated that the patients who tested negative for EBV-DNA before the treatment and those who received surgery + CRT showed a better OS than those who received CRT alone.

Conclusions

The pretreatment serum EBV-DNA level was associated with disease prognosis. The combination therapy preceded by surgery can effectively decrease the copy number of EBV-DNA. Patients with local intermediate- and late-stage NPC, especially those negative for EBV-DNA, may consider opting for surgery followed by post-operative adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Comment on “A Simple Model for Regolith Formation by Chemical Weathering” by Braun et al.: Contradictory Concentrations and a Tale of Two Velocities
Authors: Harman Ciaran J. , Cosans Cassandra L. , Putnam Shane M.
Published: October 2017

An intriguing model has been presented predicting that the rate of deepening of the critical zone is proportional to lateral hydraulic gradients in a hillslope's perched aquifer. Unfortunately, the model is based on assumptions that lead to a contradiction and the prediction that discharge concentrations are supersaturated with respect to weathering products. Consequently, the remainder of the paper's deductions from the model cannot be regarded as valid. A corrected version of the model implies that deepening of the critical zone is proportional to local recharge, and not to lateral water table gradients.
Future Changes to El Niño–Southern Oscillation Temperature and Precipitation Teleconnections
Authors: Perry Sarah J. , McGregor Shayne , Gupta Alex Sen , England Matthew H.
Published: October 2017

Potential changes to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) resulting from climate change may have far reaching impacts through atmospheric teleconnections. Here ENSO temperature and precipitation teleconnections between the historical and high‐emission future simulations are compared in 40 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Focusing on the global land area only, we show that there are robust increases in the spatial extent of ENSO teleconnections during austral summer in 2040–2089 of ~19% for temperature and ~12% for precipitation in the multimodel mean (MMM), relative to the 1950–1999 period. The MMM further shows that the expansion of ENSO teleconnection extent is at least partly related to a strengthening of ENSO teleconnections over continental regions; however, a consistent strengthening is not found across the individual models. This suggests that while more land may be affected by ENSO, the existing teleconnections may not be simply strengthened.
Florida Current Salinity and Salinity Transport: Mean and Decadal Changes
Authors: Szuts Zoltan B. , Meinen Christopher S.
Published: October 2017

The Florida Current (FC) contributes to Atlantic circulation by carrying the western boundary flow of the subtropical gyre and the upper branch of meridional overturning circulation. Repeated FC hydrographic (velocity, salinity, and temperature) sections during 1982–1987 and 2001–2015 characterize its water mass structure and associated transport variability. On average, FC volume transport comes from subtropical North Atlantic water (NAW, 44%), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW, 14%), surface water (SW, 27%), and an indistinct source (Rem 15%), while salinity transport relative to the average salinity along 26°N comes from NAW (55%), AAIW (0.2%), SW (30%), and Rem (15%). From 1982–1987 to 2001–2015, NAW, AAIW, and Rem salinified by 0.03–0.16 g kg−1 and increased the salinity anomaly transport by 3%. These patterns imply that advective salt transport by the FC (1) is sensitive to subtropical North Atlantic variability and (2) is partially decoupled from the volumetric pathway of the upper overturning branch.
Global Floods and Water Availability Driven by Atmospheric Rivers
Authors: Paltan Homero , Waliser Duane , Lim Wee Ho , Guan Bin , Yamazaki Dai , Pant Raghav , Dadson Simon
Published: October 2017

While emerging regional evidence shows that atmospheric rivers (ARs) can exert strong impacts on local water availability and flooding, their role in shaping global hydrological extremes has not yet been investigated. Here we quantify the relative contribution of ARs variability to both flood hazard and water availability. We find that globally, precipitation from ARs contributes 22% of total global runoff, with a number of regions reaching 50% or more. In areas where their influence is strongest, ARs may increase the occurrence of floods by 80%, while absence of ARs may increase the occurrence of hydrological droughts events by up to 90%. We also find that ~300 million people are exposed to additional floods and droughts due the occurrence of ARs. ARs provide a source of hydroclimatic variability whose beneficial or damaging effects depend on the capacity of water resources managers to predict and adapt to them.
Rapid Pitch Angle Evolution of Suprathermal Electrons Behind Dipolarization Fronts
Authors: Liu C. M. , Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Xu Y. , Yu Y. Q. , Kronberg E. A. , Daly P. W.
Published: October 2017

The pitch angle distribution (PAD) of suprathermal electrons can have both spatial and temporal evolution in the magnetotail and theoretically can be an indication of electron energization/cooling processes there. So far, the spatial evolution of PAD has been well studied, leaving the temporal evolution as an open question. To reveal the temporal evolution of electron PAD, spacecraft should monitor the same flux tube for a relatively long period, which is not easy in the dynamic magnetotail. In this study, we present such an observation by Cluster spacecraft in the magnetotail behind a dipolarization front (DF). We find that the PAD of suprathermal electrons can evolve from pancake type to butterfly type during <4 s and then to cigar type during <8 s. During this process, the flow velocity is nearly zero and the plasma entropy is constant, meaning that the evolution is temporal. We interpret such temporal evolution using the betatron cooling process, which is driven by quasi‐adiabatic expansion of flux tubes, and the magnetic mirror effect, which possibly exists behind the DF as well.
Time‐Dependent Freshwater Input From Ice Shelves: Impacts on Antarctic Sea Ice and the Southern Ocean in an Earth System Model
Authors: Pauling Andrew G. , Smith Inga J. , Langhorne Patricia J. , Bitz Cecilia M.
Published: October 2017

Earth System Models do not reproduce the observed increase in Antarctic sea ice extent which may be due to the unrealistic representation of ice shelves. Here we investigate the response of sea ice to increasing freshwater input from ice shelves using the Community Earth System Model with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 [CESM1(CAM5)]. We have conducted model experiments adding fresh water as if from ice shelf melt with a linear increase in the rate of input over the period 1980–2013. Including the effect of heat loss from the ocean to melt ice shelves resulted in significantly more positive trends in sea ice area. We found that an increase in the rate of change of freshwater input of ∼45 Gt yr−2 was sufficient to offset the negative trend in sea ice area in CESM1(CAM5), although the freshwater input by the end of the experiment was larger than observed at that time.
Dam Construction in Lancang‐Mekong River Basin Could Mitigate Future Flood Risk From Warming‐Induced Intensified Rainfall
Authors: Wang Wei , Lu Hui , Ruby Leung L. , Li Hong‐Yi , Zhao Jianshi , Tian Fuqiang , Yang Kun , Sothea Khem
Published: October 2017

Water resources management, in particular flood control, in the Lancang‐Mekong River Basin (LMRB) faces two key challenges in the 21st century: climate change and dam construction. A large‐scale distributed Geomorphology‐Based Hydrological Model coupled with a simple reservoir regulation model (GBHM‐LMK‐SOP) is used to investigate the relative effects of climate change and dam construction on the flood characteristics in the LMRB. Results suggest an increase in both flood magnitude and frequency under climate change, which is more severe in the upstream basin and increases over time. However, stream regulation by dam reduces flood risk consistently throughout this century, with more obvious effects in the upstream basin where larger reservoirs will be located. The flood mitigation effect of dam regulation dominates over the flood intensification effect of climate change before 2060, but the latter emerges more prominently after 2060 and dominates the flood risk especially in the lower basin.
Highly Variable Latest Pleistocene‐Holocene Incremental Slip Rates on the Awatere Fault at Saxton River, South Island, New Zealand, Revealed by Lidar Mapping and Luminescence Dating
Authors: Zinke Robert , Dolan James F. , Rhodes Edward J. , Van Dissen Russ , McGuire Christopher P.
Published: October 2017

Geomorphic mapping using high‐resolution lidar imagery and luminescence dating reveal highly variable incremental Holocene‐latest Pleistocene slip rates at the well‐known Saxton River site along the Awatere fault, a dextral strike‐slip fault in the Marlborough Fault System, South Island, New Zealand. Using lidar and field observations, we measured seven fault offsets recorded by fluvial terraces and bedrock markers. Improved dating of the offsets is provided by post‐IR‐IRSL225 luminescence ages. Incremental slip rates varied from <2 mm/yr to >15 mm/yr over intervals of thousands of years and tens of meters of slip, demonstrating order‐of‐magnitude temporal variations in rate at a single site. These observations have basic implications for earthquake fault behavior, lithospheric mechanics, discrepancies between geodetic and geologic slip rates, and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment.
Drivers of Continued Surface Warming After Cessation of Carbon Emissions
Authors: Williams Richard G. , Roussenov Vassil , Frölicher Thomas L. , Goodwin Philip
Published: October 2017

The climate response after cessation of carbon emissions is examined here, exploiting a single equation connecting surface warming to cumulative carbon emissions. The multicentennial response to an idealized pulse of carbon is considered by diagnosing a 1,000 year integration of an Earth system model (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ESM2M) and an ensemble of efficient Earth system model simulations. After emissions cease, surface temperature evolves according to (i) how much of the emitted carbon remains in the atmosphere and (ii) how much of the additional radiative forcing warms the surface rather than the ocean interior. The peak in surface temperature is delayed in time after carbon emissions cease through the decline in ocean heat uptake, which in turn increases the proportion of radiative forcing warming the surface. Eventually, after many centuries, surface temperature declines as the radiative forcing decreases through the excess atmospheric CO2 being taken up by the ocean and land.
Evidence for the Interior Evolution of Ceres from Geologic Analysis of Fractures
Authors: Scully J. E. C. , Buczkowski D. L. , Schmedemann N. , Raymond C. A. , Castillo‐Rogez J. C. , King S. D. , Bland M. T. , Ermakov A. I. , O'Brien D. P. , Marchi S. , Longobardo A. , Russell C. T. , Fu R. R. , Neveu M.
Published: October 2017

Ceres is the largest asteroid belt object, and the Dawn spacecraft observed Ceres since 2015. Dawn observed two morphologically distinct linear features on Ceres's surface: secondary crater chains and pit chains. Pit chains provide unique insights into Ceres's interior evolution. We interpret pit chains called the Samhain Catenae as the surface expression of subsurface fractures. Using the pit chains' spacings, we estimate that the localized thickness of Ceres's fractured, outer layer is approximately ≥58 km, at least ~14 km greater than the global average. We hypothesize that extensional stresses, induced by a region of upwelling material arising from convection/diapirism, formed the Samhain Catenae. We derive characteristics for this upwelling material, which can be used as constraints in future interior modeling studies. For example, its predicted location coincides with Hanami Planum, a high‐elevation region with a negative residual gravity anomaly, which may be surficial evidence for this proposed region of upwelling material.
Large‐Scale Seasonal Changes in Glacier Thickness Across High Mountain Asia
Authors: Wang Qiuyu , Yi Shuang , Chang Le , Sun Wenke
Published: October 2017

Recently, increased efforts have been made to estimate the mass budgets of glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA). However, seasonal changes in glaciers are poorly understood, despite the fact that seasonal meltwater released from glaciers is a crucial local water resource in HMA. Utilizing satellite altimetry and gravimetry data, we constructed annual changes in glacier elevation and identified two general patterns of the seasonality of glacier elevation changes. Glaciers in the periphery of HMA (except for those in the eastern Himalayas) thicken from approximately December to April–June, thus exhibiting winter and spring accumulation. Glaciers in the inner Tibetan Plateau, especially those in Western Kunlun and Tanggula, accumulate from approximately March to approximately August, thus exhibiting spring and summer accumulation. The amounts of seasonal glacier ablation were obtained using a new approach of direct observations of glacier changes, rather than inferring changes using a climate model.
The Attenuation of Swell Waves by Rain
Authors: Cavaleri Luigi , Bertotti Luciana
Published: October 2017

Within the progressive improvement in wave modeling we focus on the attenuation of swell waves by rain. Till now ignored, the process is shown to be relevant, especially for the correct estimate of swell. Following the practical impossibility of devoted field experiments, we exploit the global model results over a period of more than four years to extract the tiny signal associated to the attenuation by rain. A direct comparison of the ratio model by altimeter significant wave heights versus the encountered rain amount hints to a marked related dependence. A proper quantification of the related physical effect requires a multiple step procedure that we describe in detail. We check the reliability of the results, and we provide the related source function ready for implementation in operational wave models.
Getting It Right Matters: Temperature Goal Interpretations in Geoscience Research
Authors: Rogelj Joeri , Schleussner Carl‐Friedrich , Hare William
Published: October 2017

The adoption of the 1.5°C long‐term warming limit in the Paris Agreement made 1.5°C a “hot topic” in the scientific community, with researchers eager to address this issue. Long‐term warming limits have a decade‐long history in international policy. To effectively inform the climate policy debate, geoscience research hence needs a core understanding of their legal and policy context. Here we describe this context in detail and illustrate its importance by showing the impact it can have on global carbon budget estimates. We show that definitional clarity is essential on this important matter.
Evidence of the Lower Thermospheric Winter‐to‐Summer Circulation From SABER CO2 Observations
Authors: Qian Liying , Burns Alan , Yue Jia
Published: October 2017

Numerical studies have shown that there is a lower thermospheric winter‐to‐summer circulation that is driven by wave dissipation and that it plays a significant role in trace gas distributions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, and in the composition of the thermosphere. However, the characteristics of this circulation are poorly known. Direct observations of it are difficult, but it leaves clear signatures in tracer distributions. The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) onboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite has obtained CO2 concentration from 2002 to present. This data set, combined with simulations by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, provides an unprecedented opportunity to infer the morphology of this circulation in both the summer and winter hemispheres. Our study show that there exists a maximum vertical gradient of CO2 at summer high latitudes, driven by the convergence of the upwelling of the mesospheric circulation and the downwelling of the lower thermospheric circulation; in the winter hemisphere, the maximum vertical gradient of CO2 is located at a higher altitude, driven by the convergence of the upwelling of the lower thermospheric circulation and the downwelling of the solar‐driven thermospheric circulation; the bottom of the lower thermospheric circulation is located between ~ 95 km and 100 km, and it has a vertical extent of ~10 km. Analysis of the SABER CO2 and temperature at summer high latitudes showed that the bottom of this circulation is consistently higher than the mesopause height by ~10 km.
A Shallow Seismic Velocity Model for the Groningen Area in the Netherlands
Authors: Hofman L. J. , Ruigrok E. , Dost B. , Paulssen H.
Published: October 2017

The province of Groningen in the Netherlands holds one of the world's largest natural gas fields, and it has been an important source of energy for Western Europe for many decades. The seismicity in recent years called for a better understanding of the local subsurface, and therefore a dense network of 70 boreholes was installed in early 2015. Each borehole is equipped with four geophones and a surface accelerometer. In this study, data from this network are used to determine the shallow velocity structure that is important for the quantification of the seismic hazard and accurate source localizations. Compressional and shear wave velocity profiles with uncertainties are derived for each of the 200 m deep boreholes using passive seismic interferometry applied to local event data. The resulting seismic velocity distributions are presented as contour maps for 50 m depth intervals. The maps show strong lateral variations, where areas of low VP/VS ratio correspond to regions of sedimentary infill. The shear wave velocities were derived using the transverse component seismograms. Because the sensor orientations of the borehole geophones were unknown, they had to be determined first. This was done using a novel method based on cross correlations between the geophones and their colocated surface accelerometer. In addition, by extensive cross‐correlation analysis over the network, several installation inconsistencies were identified and resolved.
Unusual Strong Ground Motion Across Japan From the 680 km Deep 30 May 2015 Ogasawara Islands Earthquake
Authors: Furumura Takashi , Kennett Brian L. N.
Published: October 2017

The Mw 7.9 earthquake beneath the Ogasawara Islands on 2015 May 30 at 680 km depth (about 100 km deeper than other seismicity in the vicinity) produced significant shaking over a broad area of Japan in the epicentral distance range 1,000–2,000 km. Usually, deep earthquakes in the subducting Pacific slab develop a band of large ground motion along the east coast of northern Japan, due to efficient guiding of high‐frequency (>1 Hz) waves in the subducting slab. However, for this very deep earthquake, the large ground acceleration arises from relatively low‐frequency (<1 Hz) S wave pulses with a long tail of long‐period (<0.1 Hz) signals. The arrival of the slab‐guided high‐frequency signal was very late, and weak, compared with normal Pacific slab events. Numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation reveals that the observed low‐frequency pulses are the direct S wave from the very deep source followed by a large SV‐to‐P conversion at the free surface with near‐critical S wave incidence. These phases produce a long‐period shear‐coupled PL (S‐PL) wave by constructive interference between wide‐angle P and S reflections in the crust and incoming S wave to the crust. The S‐PL wave travels several hundred kilometers at regional distances with reinforcement from continuing S wave input from the very deep source. Such an unusual observation of strong low‐frequency ground motion was due to its very great source depth, outside the main slab, so the high‐frequency Pacific‐slab guided wave was weak.
Nonmonotonicity of the Frictional Bimaterial Effect
Authors: Aldam Michael , Xu Shiqing , Brener Efim A. , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Bouchbinder Eran
Published: October 2017

Sliding along frictional interfaces separating dissimilar elastic materials is qualitatively different from sliding along interfaces separating identical materials due to the existence of an elastodynamic coupling between interfacial slip and normal stress perturbations in the former case. This bimaterial coupling has important implications for the dynamics of frictional interfaces, including their stability and rupture propagation along them. We show that while this bimaterial coupling is a monotonically increasing function of the bimaterial contrast, when it is coupled to interfacial shear stress perturbations through a friction law, various physical quantities exhibit a nonmonotonic dependence on the bimaterial contrast. In particular, we show that for a regularized Coulomb friction, the maximal growth rate of unstable interfacial perturbations of homogeneous sliding is a nonmonotonic function of the bimaterial contrast and provides analytic insight into the origin of this nonmonotonicity. We further show that for velocity‐strengthening rate‐and‐state friction, the maximal growth rate of unstable interfacial perturbations of homogeneous sliding is also a nonmonotonic function of the bimaterial contrast. Results from simulations of dynamic rupture along a bimaterial interface with slip‐weakening friction provide evidence that the theoretically predicted nonmonotonicity persists in nonsteady, transient frictional dynamics.
Constraining the Date of the Martian Dynamo Shutdown by Means of Crater Magnetization Signatures
Authors: Vervelidou Foteini , Lesur Vincent , Grott Matthias , Morschhauser Achim , Lillis Robert J.
Published: October 2017

Mars is believed to have possessed a dynamo that ceased operating approximately 4 Ga ago, although the exact time is still under debate. The scope of this study is to constrain the possible timing of its cessation by studying the magnetization signatures of craters. The study uses the latest available model of the lithospheric magnetic field of Mars, which is based on Mars Global Surveyor data. We tackle the problem of nonuniqueness that characterizes the inversion of magnetic field data for the magnetization by inferring only the visible part of the magnetization, that is, the part of the magnetization that gives rise to the observed magnetic field. Further on, we demonstrate that a zero visible magnetization is a valid proxy for the entire magnetization being zero under the assumption of a magnetization distribution of induced geometry. This assumption holds for craters whose thermoremanent magnetization has not been significantly altered since its acquisition. Our results show that the dynamo shut off after the impacts that created the Acidalia and SE Elysium basins and before the crust within the Utopia basin cooled below its magnetic blocking temperature. Accounting for the age uncertainties in the dating of these craters, we estimate that the dynamo shut off at an N(300) crater retention age of 2.5–3.2 or an absolute model age of 4.12–4.14 Ga. Moreover, the Martian dynamo may have been weaker in its early stage, which if true implies that the driving mechanism of the Martian dynamo was not the same throughout its history.
Numerical Analysis of the Potential Formulation of the Volume Integral Equation for Electromagnetic Scattering
Authors: Markkanen Johannes
Published: October 2017

We present a discretization of the potential volume integral equation for electromagnetic scattering by dielectric objects. The equations are written for the vector and scalar potentials combined with the Lorenz gauge condition. The advantage of the potential formulation over the more conventional formulations, that is, the field, flux, or current formulations, is that the potentials are continuous across material interfaces enabling the use of fully continuous basis functions. The discretization with the fully continuous basis functions leads to a better conditioned system matrix compared to those of the other formulations discretized with the fully or partially discontinuous functions. Thus, it speeds up the iterative solution. The method is accelerated with the precorrected fast Fourier transform algorithm.