bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors’ Identified Transition Competencies
Authors: Plotner Anthony J. , Trach John S. , Strauser David R.
Published: January 2012

Vocational rehabilitation (VR) professionals are critical partners in the transition process for students with disabilities; therefore, they are required to develop transition service delivery proficiencies. VR professional perceptions of transition competencies are seldom examined due to the perception that transition falls mainly on school-based professionals. In this study, VR professionals from three states were surveyed on their perceptions regarding transition competencies. Specifically, seven transition domain areas (i.e., Providing Career Planning and Counseling, Providing Career Preparation Experiences, Facilitating Allocation of Resources, Promoting Access and Opportunity for Student Success, Conducting Program Improvement Activities, Building and Maintaining Collaborative Partnerships, and Promoting Nonprofessional Supports and Relationships) were examined and reported across importance, preparedness, and frequency. Results showed that importance rankings were rated very high overall across all competencies (µ = 3.42). Preparedness was the next highest overall rating (µ = 2.77), and frequency in performing transition competencies was the lowest (µ = 2.55). Paired t tests also showed a significant difference between each of the pairs of ratings. In addition, the findings indicated that although all domains were identified as very important, respondents did not indicate they were as prepared or participated as frequently in these transition activities. Individual domain rankings and rationale as well as implications for practice are also discussed.
The Use of Telecommunication to Deliver Services to Rural and Urban Vocational Rehabilitation Clients
Authors: Ipsen Catherine , Rigles Bethany , Arnold Nancy , Seekins Tom
Published: January 2012

Telecommunication offers a cost-saving alternative to face-to-face vocational rehabilitation (VR) service delivery, yet little is known about the current use. This article describes findings from an exploratory survey of 1,187 counselors, representing 13 VR agencies across the United States. The online survey explored agency, counselor, and client facilitators and barriers to telecommunication use during the VR process. Staff with training in telecommunication strategies reported significantly higher rates of email telecommunication ( p < .01). Counselors with a higher rural caseload mix engaged in significantly less email telecommunication during the VR process, and rural clients as compared with urban clients were characterized as having less personal access to a computer with Internet. Although counselors use and rely on simple telecommunication methods such as phone and email to serve their clients, strategies to address barriers are needed to expand telecommunication use during the VR process.
A parallel simulator for network terminal packet buffer
Authors: Chu Yul , Park Jin Hwan , Bai Yan , Son Jae Sok , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: January 2012

In this paper we present the design and implementation of a parallel network simulator to manipulate the shared-memory packet buffer in a network interface card (NIC) for a network terminal. The proposed simulator consists of two components, input generator and buffer management simulator. The simulator flexibly accommodates either a dynamic or a static packet buffer management algorithm for a high-speed Ethernet to deliver fast and accurate clock-cycle level data analysis. In addition, it is transparent to trace and analyze the concurrent operations in the packet buffer and, thus, the simulator contributes to developing efficient buffer management algorithms.
The structure and properties of carded cotton vortex yarns
Authors: Erdumlu Nazan , Ozipek Bulent , Oxenham William
Published: January 2012

The properties and spinning limits of carded cotton vortex spun yarns were investigated through the progressive change in yarn count. The yarns were tested for structural and physical properties. Critical parameters were obtained, including the ratio of wrapper fibers to core fibers, proportion and average length of different structural classes in the yarn. The structural analysis revealed that the wrapper fibers constitute an increasing proportion of the fibers as the yarn becomes finer. Moreover, the proportion and average length of different structural classes in vortex spun yarns change with yarn count. The analysis of the data obtained from yarn testing showed that as the yarn becomes finer, the yarn becomes more uneven and the number of yarn imperfections markedly increase. On the other hand, the tensile properties of vortex spun yarns remain almost unchanged as the yarn gets finer.
The Bad, the Good, and the Ugly
Authors: Murdie Amanda
Published: January 2012

Does civil–military conflict harm military effectiveness? Most previous empirical literature on the effects of civil–military conflict has utilized dichotomous indicators of the presence or absence of overall civilian control. However, the extant theoretical literature is clear that mid-levels of civil–military conflict could be good for innovation and overall decision making. In line with these arguments, the author argues that we should not expect all civil–military conflict to harm military effectiveness and, by extension, international crisis bargaining outcome. Instead, some civil–military conflict should have a positive effect on the overall success of the military. Utilizing new events data that captures the level of civil–military conflict cross nationally from 1990 to 2004, the author examines how civil–military conflict actually has an inverse U-shaped relationship with crisis success. This project also adds to the theoretical literature by examining variations across different degrees of civil–military conflicts, drawing attention to the usefulness of mid-range civil–military “friction.”
Symptom Timeline Preceding Cochlear Implant Failure
Authors: Roby Brianne Barnett , Ferrello Melissa , Huang Tina C. , Rimell Frank L. , Levine Samuel C.
Published: January 2012

Objective

Review cochlear explants and determine the incidence of device and medical failures and develop a pattern of symptoms indicating probable implant failure.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Subjects were selected if they underwent cochlear explantation. Data were reviewed to determine initial symptom and symptom timeline preceding implant failure.

Results

A total of 847 implants were performed from 1988 to 2008, with 128 devices explanted. Of total implants, 72% were Advanced Bionic devices, and 28% were Cochlear Nucleus devices. Overall failure rate was 128 of 847 (15%), with 51 (6%) medical failures and 77 (9%) device failures. Patients with Advanced Bionic devices underwent 102 explants (16.7% failure rate), with 35% medical failures and 65% device failures. Patients with Nucleus devices underwent 26 explants (11% failure rate), with 58% medical failures and 42% device failures. Medical failures included infected devices and wound dehiscence, with the pattern averaging 4.5 months to explantation. Hard device failures included sudden malfunction and slow decline in function, with pattern of failure over 4.2 months. Soft failures included tinnitus and discomfort, with failure over 8 months.

Conclusions

There were common patterns when evaluating both medical and device failures. By recognizing patterns of symptoms that may indicate probable implant failure, otolaryngologists can better counsel patients on what to expect with their implants when they present with certain symptoms.
Anteriorly Based Inferior Turbinate Flap for Endoscopic Skull Base Reconstruction
Authors: Gil Ziv , Margalit Nevo
Published: January 2012

Objective

In the absence of the nasal septal flap, there is limited ability to reconstruct the anterior skull base because of the paucity of alternative intranasal vascularized flaps. In this article, the authors describe the anteriorly pedicled inferior turbinate flap (AITF) as a method for endoscopic reconstruction of anterior skull base defects.

Study Design

A case series with chart review of the demographic, clinical, surgical, and early follow‐up data of patients who underwent endoscopic reconstruction of skull base defects by the AITF.

Setting

An academic cancer center.

Methods

The nature of the arterial blood supply of the inferior turbinate from the anterior ethmoidal artery was exploited to design an anteriorly pedicled flap. Flap survival, adequacy of the seal, and rate of complications were assessed.

Results

Seven patients were suitable to undergo anterior skull base reconstruction using the AITF with or without combinations with other flaps. Each had a high‐flow intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. The reconstruction achieved covering of the anterior skull base, including the frontal sinus and cribriform plate, with no postoperative CSF leaks or any other complications.

Conclusion

The AITF is well tolerated and is associated with good outcomes. Its length and angle of rotation allow reconstruction of skull base defects in the posterior frontal sinus wall and cribriform plate, especially when traditional reconstruction techniques are not possible.
Establishing a Threshold for Surgery in Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Leung Randy , Kern Robert C. , Conley David B. , Tan Bruce K. , Chandra Rakesh K.
Published: January 2012

Objective

Treatment of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS) has 2 effective modalities: medical therapy with exacerbations or surgery to reduce the frequency and severity of infections. However, it is unclear when one therapy should be recommended over the other. This study seeks to identify a threshold number of infections where the morbidity of surgery is offset by the morbidity of RARS.

Study Design

Health economic breakeven threshold analysis.

Setting

Clinical otolaryngology practice.

Subjects

None.

Methods

A model of productivity was constructed to simulate the first 1 to 3 years after surgery using literature reported rates of medical and surgical response rates, quality of life, and productivity.

Results

Based on lost productivity, the lost time for the postoperative period balances out when patients suffer from 4 episodes per year (range, 1.8‐12.8).

Conclusion

Because of possible confusion with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), the authors have adopted an approach similar to that adopted by the Rhinosinusitis Task Force (RTF). Given the average number of URTIs suffered by adults annually is 1.4 to 2.3, they suggest adding 2 to the threshold number of episodes similar to the RTF guideline for RARS. From a productivity perspective, surgical intervention may be a viable consideration if patients have suffered from 6 episodes per year. However, the effects of surgery are expected to last longer than the 19 months observed in the literature, implying that the breakeven threshold is likely lower than projected. Discussion with the patient must include a rational consideration of the burden of disease, overall patient quality of life, and risks of surgery.
Comparing Sexual Offenders at the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario) and the Florida Civil Commitment Center
Authors: Wilson Robin J. , Looman Jan , Abracen Jeffrey , Pake Donald R.
Published: January 2012

Sexual offender civil commitment (SOCC) continues to be a popular means of managing risk to the community in many U.S. jurisdictions. Most SOCC states report few releases, due in large part to the reluctance of the courts to release sexually violent persons/predators (SVPs). Contemporary risk prediction methods require suitable comparison groups, in addition to knowledge of postrelease behavior. Low SVP release rates makes production of local base rates difficult. This article compares descriptive statistics on two populations of sexual offenders: (a) participants in high-intensity treatment at the Regional Treatment Centre (RTC), a secure, prison-based treatment facility in Canada, and (b) SVP residents of the Florida Civil Commitment Center. Results show that these two samples are virtually identical. These groups are best described as “preselected for high risk/need,” according to Static-99R normative sample research. It is suggested that reoffense rates of released RTC participants may serve as a comparison group for U.S. SVPs. Given current release practices associated with U.S. SOCC, these findings are of prospective value to clinicians, researchers, policy makers, and triers of fact.
Mechanical and time-dependent behavior of wood–plastic composites subjected to tension and compression
Authors: Hamel Scott E , Hermanson John C , Cramer Steven M
Published: January 2012

The thermoplastics within wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are known to experience significant time-dependent deformation or creep. In some formulations, creep deformation can be twice as much as the initial quasi-static strain in as little as 4 days. While extensive work has been done on the creep behavior of pure polymers, little information is available on the mechanical effects of mixing polymers with large amounts of wood-based or other bio-based fillers. As producers seek to develop structural WPC products that may be subjected to sustained loads, it is imperative that this creep behavior be understood. We characterized the quasi-static and time-dependent deformations of seven WPC formulations (primarily polypropylene, and polyethylene) in tension and compression. The quasi-static, mode-dependent response of the material to a linearly increasing strain was found to be well described by an exponential function coupled with a linear term. For most formulations, significant differences between the tension and the compression behaviors were not exhibited below 50% of the tensile capacity. The long-term creep response of the material was found to conform well to a time-dependent power-law (Findley, Shapery, etc.) at various stress levels for both loading modes.
Unaccompanied asylum-seeking children: Whose perspective?
Authors: Wernesjö Ulrika
Published: January 2012

Recent years have seen increasing attention being paid to unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. This article provides an overview of research in the field and its implications for an understanding of these children as a particularly vulnerable category. The existing research focuses primarily on investigating the children’s emotional well-being from psychiatric and medical perspectives. Moreover, in these studies such emotional problems tend to be linked to previous and current traumatic experiences, in particular separation from their parents. By contrast, this article suggests that a critical need exists for research on unaccompanied children’s life situations based upon exploration of their own perspectives.
The Power of Limits and the Pleasure of Games
Authors: Thibeault Matthew D.
Published: January 2012

This column presents an improvisation game designed to be played by any two musicians from beginner through professional skill level. The author argues that two aspects are critical for success: one, an understanding of the creative power of limits; and, two, the importance of framing the activity as a game. The game, based on the limit of the major scale, is explained, and variations are provided to promote further exploration and development. The column also discusses the importance of improvisation in a social context, as well as the role of the teacher as careful listener.
Development of an embedded wireless sensing system for the monitoring of concrete
Authors: Quinn William , Kelly Ger , Barrett John
Published: January 2012

The application of the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method to monitor the condition of structures is an actively researched area. This article extends the method to allow it to be incorporated into a wireless sensing device, which is embedded into freshly poured concrete to monitor initial curing and subsequent structural health. The results show that the hydrating concrete has an effect on the sensing system and that it is sensitive enough to monitor the strength development of concrete. Initial results also show that the embedded EMI method is sensitive to the removal of formwork. The response of the system to compressive testing is also investigated, and the initial results show a good correlation with previously published reports on compressive testing of concrete. Finally, the ability of the system to be incorporated into a previously developed wireless-sensing platform is investigated. The AD5933 impedance chip offers this possibility, and its response is investigated and compared with the response of the HP4192A. The results show that it is feasible to design a completely wireless-sensing device for the monitoring of the strength gain of concrete and its deterioration.
PA position full penetration high power laser beam welding of up to 30 mm thick AlMg3 plates using electromagnetic weld pool support
Authors: Avilov V V , Gumenyuk A , Lammers M , Rethmeier M
Published: January 2012

Full penetration 15 kW Yb fibre laser butt welding of thick AlMg3 (AW 5754) plates was performed in PA position. A contactless inductive electromagnetic weld pool support system was used to prevent gravity dropout of the melt. The welding speed needed to achieve 20 mm penetration was ∼0·5 m min−1. An ac power supply of ∼244 W at 460 Hz was necessary to completely suppress gravity dropout of the melt and eliminate sagging of the weld pool root side surface. The oscillating magnetic field can suppress the Marangoni convection in the lower part of the weld pool. The system was also successfully used in the full penetration welding of 30 mm thick AlMg3 plates.
HIV-1 matrix protein p17 binds to the IL-8 receptor CXCR1 and shows IL-8–like chemokine activity on monocytes through Rho/ROCK activation
Authors: Giagulli Cinzia , Magiera Anna K. , Bugatti Antonella , Caccuri Francesca , Marsico Stefania , Rusnati Marco , Vermi William , Fiorentini Simona , Caruso Arnaldo
Published: January 2012

Exogenous HIV-1 matrix protein p17 was found to deregulate biologic activities of many different immune cells that are directly or indirectly involved in AIDS pathogenesis after binding to unknown cellular receptor(s). In particular, p17 was found to induce a functional program in monocytes related to activation and inflammation. In the present study, we demonstrate that CXCR1 is the receptor molecule responsible for p17 chemokine–like activity on monocytes. After CXCR1 binding, p17 was capable of triggering rapid adhesion and chemotaxis of monocytes through a pathway that involved Rho/ROCK. Moreover, CXCR1-silenced primary monocytes lost responsiveness to p17 chemoattraction, whereas CXCR1-transfected Jurkat cells acquired responsiveness. Surface plasmon resonance studies confirmed the capacity of p17 to bind CXCR1 and showed that the p17/CXCR1 interaction occurred with a low affinity compared with that measured for IL-8, the physiologic CXCR1 ligand. In all of its activities, p17 mimicked IL-8, the natural high-affinity ligand of CXCR1. Recent studies have highlighted the role of IL-8 and CXCR1 in HIV-1 replication and AIDS pathogenesis. Our findings herein call for an exploration of the therapeutic potential of blocking the p17/IL-8/CXCR1 axis in HIV-1 infection.
Development and characterization of BAC-end sequence derived SSRs, and their incorporation into a new higher density genetic map for cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Wang Hui , Penmetsa R Varma , Yuan Mei , Gong Limin , Zhao Yongli , Guo Baozhu , Farmer Andrew D , Rosen Benjamin D , Gao Jinliang , Isobe Sachiko , Bertioli David J , Varshney Rajeev K , Cook Douglas R , He Guohao
Published: January 2012

Background

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) is an important crop worldwide, valued for its edible oil and digestible protein. It has a very narrow genetic base that may well derive from a relatively recent single polyploidization event. Accordingly molecular markers have low levels of polymorphism and the number of polymorphic molecular markers available for cultivated peanut is still limiting.

Results

Here, we report a large set of BAC-end sequences (BES), use them for developing SSR (BES-SSR) markers, and apply them in genetic linkage mapping. The majority of BESs had no detectable homology to known genes (49.5%) followed by sequences with similarity to known genes (44.3%), and miscellaneous sequences (6.2%) such as transposable element, retroelement, and organelle sequences. A total of 1,424 SSRs were identified from 36,435 BESs. Among these identified SSRs, dinucleotide (47.4%) and trinucleotide (37.1%) SSRs were predominant. The new set of 1,152 SSRs as well as about 4,000 published or unpublished SSRs were screened against two parents of a mapping population, generating 385 polymorphic loci. A genetic linkage map was constructed, consisting of 318 loci onto 21 linkage groups and covering a total of 1,674.4 cM, with an average distance of 5.3 cM between adjacent loci. Two markers related to resistance gene homologs (RGH) were mapped to two different groups, thus anchoring 1 RGH-BAC contig and 1 singleton.

Conclusions

The SSRs mined from BESs will be of use in further molecular analysis of the peanut genome, providing a novel set of markers, genetically anchoring BAC clones, and incorporating gene sequences into a linkage map. This will aid in the identification of markers linked to genes of interest and map-based cloning.
Drug resistance mutations and heteroresistance detected using the GenoType MTBDRplusassay and their implication for treatment outcomes in patients from Mumbai, India
Authors: Tolani Monica Prem , D'souza Desiree Therese Blossom , Mistry Nerges Furdoon
Published: January 2012

Background

Only 5% of the estimated global multidrug resistant TB (MDRTB) load is currently detected. Endemic Mumbai with increasing MDR would benefit from the introduction of molecular methods to detect resistance.

Methods

The GenoType MTBDRplus assay was used to determine mutations associated with isoniazid and rifampicin resistance and their correlation with treatment outcomes. It was performed on a convenience sample comprising 88 onset and 67 fifth month isolates for which phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) was determined by the Buddemeyer technique for an earlier study. Simultaneous presence of wild type and mutant bands was referred to as "mixed patterns" (heteroresistance).

Results

Phenotypically 41 isolates were sensitive; 11 isoniazid, 2 rifampicin, 2 pyrazinamide and 5 ethambutol monoresistant; 16 polyresistant and 78 MDR. The agreement between both methods was excellent (kappa = 0.72-0.92). Of 22 rifampicin resistant onset isolates, the predominant rpoB mutations were the singular lack of WT8 (n = 8) and mixed D516V patterns (n = 9). Of the 64 rifampicin resistant fifth month isolates, the most frequent mutations were in WT8 (n = 31) with a further 9 showing the S531L mutation. Mixed patterns were seen in 22 (34%) isolates, most frequently for the D516V mutation (n = 21). Of the 22 onset and 35 fifth month katG mutants, 13 and 12 respectively showed the S315T1 mutation with loss of the WT. Mixed patterns involving both S315T1 and S315T2 were seen in 9 and 23 isolates respectively. Seventeen of 23 and 23/35 inhA mutant onset and fifth month isolates showed mixed A16G profiles. Additionally, 10 fifth month isolates lacked WT2. Five onset and 6 fifth month isolates had both katG and inhA mutations. An association was noted between only katG but not only inhA resistance and poor outcome (p = 0.037); and additional resistance to ethambutol (p = 0.0033). More fifth month than onset isolates had mixed profiles for at least 1 gene (p = 0.000001).

Conclusions

The use of the assay to rapidly diagnose MDR could guide simultaneous first- and second-line DST, and reduce the delay in administering appropriate regimens. Furthermore, detection of heteroresistance could prevent inaccurate "cured" treatment outcomes documented through smear microscopy and permit more sensitive detection of neonascent resistance.
Intravenous Vitamin C administration reduces fatigue in office workers: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Suh Sang-Yeon , Bae Woo Kyung , Ahn Hong-Yup , Choi Sung-Eun , Jung Gyou-Chul , Yeom Chang Hwan
Published: January 2012

Background

Studies of the efficacy of vitamin C treatment for fatigue have yielded inconsistent results. One of the reasons for this inconsistency could be the difference in delivery routes. Therefore, we planned a clinical trial with intravenous vitamin C administration.

Methods

We evaluated the effect of intravenous vitamin C on fatigue in office workers. A group of 141 healthy volunteers, aged 20 to 49 years participated in this randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. The trial group received 10 grams of vitamin C with normal saline intravenously, while the placebo group received normal saline only. Since vitamin C is a well-known antioxidant, oxidative stress was measured. Fatigue score, oxidative stress, and plasma vitamin C levels were measured before intervention, and again two hours and one day after intervention. Adverse events were monitored.

Results

The fatigue scores measured at two hours after intervention and one day after intervention were significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.004); fatigue scores decreased in the vitamin C group after two hours and remained lower for one day. Trial also led to higher plasma vitamin C levels and lower oxidative stress compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). When data analysis was refined by dividing each group into high-baseline and low-baseline subgroups, it was observed that fatigue was reduced in the lower baseline vitamin C level group after two hours and after one day (p = 0.004). The same did not hold for the higher baseline group (p = 0.206).

Conclusion

Thus, intravenous vitamin C reduced fatigue at two hours, and the effect persisted for one day. There were no significant differences in adverse events between two groups. High dose intravenous vitamin C proved to be safe and effective against fatigue in this study.

Trial Registration

The clinical trial registration of this trial is http://ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00633581.
Advancing primary care to promote equitable health: implications for China
Authors: Hung Li-Mei , Rane Sarika , Tsai Jenna , Shi Leiyu
Published: January 2012

China is a country with vast regional differences and uneven economic development, which have led to widening gaps between the rich and poor in terms of access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. China's healthcare reform efforts must be tailored to the needs and resources of each region and community. Building and strengthening primary care within the Chinese health care system is one way to effectively address health challenges. This paper begins by outlining the concept of primary care, including key definitions and measurements. Next, results from a number of studies will demonstrate that primary care characteristics are associated with savings in medical costs, improvements in health outcomes and reductions in health disparities. This paper concludes with recommendations for China on successfully incorporating a primary care model into its national health policy, including bolstering the primary care workforce, addressing medical financing structures, recognizing the importance of evidence-based medicine, and looking to case studies from countries that have successfully implemented health reform.
Synthesis of lipophilic tyrosyl esters derivatives and assessment of their antimicrobial and antileishmania activities
Authors: Aissa Imen , Sghair Rabiaa Manel , Bouaziz Mohamed , Laouini Dhafer , Sayadi Sami , Gargouri Youssef
Published: January 2012

Background

Preparation of tyrosyl lipophilic derivatives was carried out as a response to the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries' increasing demand for new lipophilic antioxidants.

Results

A large series of tyrosyl esters (TyC

2
to TyC

18:1
) with increasing lipophilicity was synthesized in a good yield using lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435). Spectroscopic analyses of purified esters showed that the tyrosol was esterified on the primary hydroxyl group. Synthetized compounds were evaluated for either their antimicrobial activity, by both diffusion well and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) methods, or their antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum parasite species.

Among all the tested compounds, our results showed that only TyC

8
, TyC

10
and TyC

12
exhibited antibacterial and antileishmanial activities. When MIC and IC50 values were plotted against the acyl chain length of each tyrosyl derivative, TyC

10
showed a parabolic shape with a minimum value. This nonlinear dependency with the increase of the chain length indicates that biological activities are probably associated to the surfactant effectiveness of lipophilic derivatives.

Conclusion

These results open up potential applications to use medium tyrosyl derivatives surfactants, antioxidants, antimicrobial and antileishmanial compounds in cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries.
Effects of long-term exposure of gelatinated and non-gelatinated cadmium telluride quantum dots on differentiated PC12 cells
Authors: Prasad Babu R , Mullins Gillian , Nikolskaya Natalia , Connolly David , Smith Terry J , Gérard Valérie A , Byrne Stephen J , Davies Gemma-Louise , Gun'ko Yurii K , Rochev Yury
Published: January 2012

Background

The inherent toxicity of unmodified Quantum Dots (QDs) is a major hindrance to their use in biological applications. To make them more potent as neuroprosthetic and neurotherapeutic agents, thioglycolic acid (TGA) capped CdTe QDs, were coated with a gelatine layer and investigated in this study with differentiated pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells. The QD - cell interactions were investigated after incubation periods of up to 17 days by MTT and APOTOX-Glo Triplex assays along with using confocal microscopy.

Results

Long term exposure (up to 17 days) to gelatinated TGA-capped CdTe QDs of PC12 cells in the course of differentiation and after neurites were grown resulted in dramatically reduced cytotoxicity compared to non-gelatinated TGA-capped CdTe QDs.

Conclusion

The toxicity mechanism of QDs was identified as caspase-mediated apoptosis as a result of cadmium leaking from the core of QDs. It was therefore concluded that the gelatine capping on the surface of QDs acts as a barrier towards the leaking of toxic ions from the core QDs in the long term (up to 17 days).
Synthesis and magnetic properties of Zr doped ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Jing , Gao Daqiang , Yang Guijin , Zhang Jinlin , Shi Zhenhua , Zhang Zhaohui , Zhu Zhonghua , Xue Desheng
Published: January 2012

Zr doped ZnO nanoparticles are prepared by the sol-gel method with post-annealing. X-ray diffraction results show that all samples are the typical hexagonal wurtzite structure without any other new phase, as well as the Zr atoms have successfully entered into the ZnO lattices instead of forming other lattices. Magnetic measurements indicate that all the doping samples show room temperature ferromagnetism and the pure ZnO is paramagneism. The results of Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that there are a lot of oxygen vacancies in the samples by doping element of Zr. It is considered that the observed ferromagnetism is related to the doping induced oxygen vacancies.
Protection of primary users in dynamically varying radio environment: practical solutions and challenges
Authors: Kryszkiewicz Pawel , Bogucka Hanna , Wyglinski Alexander M
Published: January 2012

One of the primary objectives of deploying cognitive radio (CR) within a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) network is to ensure that the legacy rights of incumbent licensed (primary) transmissions are protected with respect to interference mitigation when unlicensed (secondary) communications are simultaneously operating within the same spectral vicinity. In this article, we present non-contiguous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NC-OFDM) as a promising and practical approach for achieving spectrally agile wireless data transmission that is suitable for secondary users (SUs) to access fragmented spectral opportunities more efficiently. Furthermore, a review of the current state-of-the-art is conducted with respect to methods specifically designed to protect the transmissions of the primary users (PUs) from possible interference caused by nearby SU transceivers employing NC-OFDM. These methods focus on the suppression of out-of-band (OOB) emissions resulting from the use of NC-OFDM transmission. To achieve the required OOB suppression, we present two practical approaches that can be employed in NC-OFDM, namely, the insertion of cancellation carriers and windowing. In addition to the theoretical development and proposed improvements of these approaches the computer simulation results of their performance are presented. Several real-world scenarios regarding the coexistence of both PU and SU signals are also studied using actual wireless experiments based on software-defined radio. These simulation and experimental results indicate that OOB suppression can be achieved under real-world conditions, making NC-OFDM transmission a viable option for CR usage in DSA networks.
Activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin induces functional Kinin B1 receptor in rat spinal cord microglia
Authors: Talbot Sébastien , Dias Jenny Pena , Lahjouji Karim , Bogo Maurício Reis , Campos Maria Martha , Gaudreau Pierrette , Couture Réjean
Published: January 2012

Background

The kinin B1 receptor (B1R) is upregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxydative stress, which are enhanced by transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) activation. To examine the link between TRPV1 and B1R in inflammatory pain, this study aimed to determine the ability of TRPV1 to regulate microglial B1R expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn, and the underlying mechanism.

Methods

B1R expression (mRNA, protein and binding sites) was measured in cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord in response to TRPV1 activation by systemic capsaicin (1-50 mg/kg, s.c) in rats pre-treated with TRPV1 antagonists (capsazepine or SB-366791), the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), or vehicle. B1R function was assessed using a tail-flick test after intrathecal (i.t.) injection of a selective B1R agonist (des-Arg9-BK), and its microglial localization was investigated by confocal microscopy with the selective fluorescent B1R agonist, [Nα-bodipy]-des-Arg9-BK. The effect of i.t. capsaicin (1 μg/site) was also investigated.

Results

Capsaicin (10 to 50 mg/kg, s.c.) enhanced time-dependently (0-24h) B1R mRNA levels in the lumbar spinal cord; this effect was prevented by capsazepine (10 mg/kg, i.p.; 10 μg/site, i.t.) and SB-366791 (1 mg/kg, i.p.; 30 μg/site, i.t.). Increases of B1R mRNA were correlated with IL-1β mRNA levels, and they were significantly less in cervical and thoracic spinal cord. Intrathecal capsaicin (1 μg/site) also enhanced B1R mRNA in lumbar spinal cord. NAC (1 g/kg/d × 7 days) prevented B1R up-regulation, superoxide anion production and NF-kB activation induced by capsaicin (15 mg/kg). Des-Arg9-BK (9.6 nmol/site, i.t.) decreased by 25-30% the nociceptive threshold at 1 min post-injection in capsaicin-treated rats (10-50 mg/kg) while it was without effect in control rats. Des-Arg9-BK-induced thermal hyperalgesia was blocked by capsazepine, SB-366791 and by antagonists/inhibitors of B1R (SSR240612, 10 mg/kg, p.o.), glutamate NMDA receptor (DL-AP5, 10 μg/site, i.t.), substance P NK-1 receptor (RP-67580, 10 μg/site, i.t.) and nitric oxide synthase (L-NNA, 10 μg/site, i.t.). The B1R fluorescent agonist was co-localized with an immunomarker of microglia (Iba-1) in spinal cord dorsal horn of capsaicin-treated rats.

Conclusion

This study highlights a new mechanism for B1R induction via TRPV1 activation and establishes a link between these two pro-nociceptive receptors in inflammatory pain.
IGFBP-4 tumor and serum levels are increased across all stages of epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Mosig Rebecca A , Lobl Mollie , Senturk Emir , Shah Hardik , Cohen Samantha , Chudin Eugene , Fruscio Robert , Marchini Sergio , D'Incalci Maurizio , Sachidanandam Ravi , Dottino Peter , Martignetti John A
Published: January 2012

Background

We sought to identify candidate serum biomarkers for the detection and surveillance of EOC. Based on RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of patient-derived tumors, highly expressed secreted proteins were identified using a bioinformatic approach.

Methods

RNA-Seq was used to quantify papillary serous ovarian cancer transcriptomes. Paired end sequencing of 22 flash frozen tumors was performed. Sequence alignments were processed with the program ELAND, expression levels with ERANGE and then bioinformatically screened for secreted protein signatures. Serum samples from women with benign and malignant pelvic masses and serial samples from women during chemotherapy regimens were measured for IGFBP-4 by ELISA. Student's t Test, ANOVA, and ROC curves were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-4) was consistently present in the top 7.5% of all expressed genes in all tumor samples. We then screened serum samples to determine if increased tumor expression correlated with serum expression. In an initial discovery set of 21 samples, IGFBP-4 levels were found to be elevated in patients, including those with early stage disease and normal CA125 levels. In a larger and independent validation set (82 controls, 78 cases), IGFBP-4 levels were significantly increased (p < 5 × 10-5). IGFBP-4 levels were ~3× greater in women with malignant pelvic masses compared to women with benign masses. ROC sensitivity was 73% at 93% specificity (AUC 0.816). In women receiving chemotherapy, average IGFBP-4 levels were below the ROC-determined threshold and lower in NED patients compared to AWD patients.

Conclusions

This study, the first to our knowledge to use RNA-Seq for biomarker discovery, identified IGFBP-4 as overexpressed in ovarian cancer patients. Beyond this, these studies identified two additional intriguing findings. First, IGFBP-4 can be elevated in early stage disease without elevated CA125. Second, IGFBP-4 levels are significantly elevated with malignant versus benign disease. These findings provide the rationale for future validation studies.
Ten-week lifestyle changing program reduces several indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight adults
Authors: Mecca Marita S , Moreto Fernando , Burini Franz HP , Dalanesi Reinaldo C , McLellan Kátia CP , Burini Roberto C
Published: January 2012

We aim to investigate the effectiveness of a 10-week lifestyle intervention focusing on physical activity and high fiber intake for reducing indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight-obese individuals. A prospective study of 50 overweight (OW) adults (22 in the general educational group - G1; 28 in the high fiber nutrition group - G2) was performed. Both groups were offered dietary counseling and supervised exercise. Clinical, anthropometric, dietary and plasma biochemical tests were performed at baseline - time 0 (T0) and after 10 weeks - time 1 (T1). Both groups improved their dietary quality, but only G2 presented higher intake of fruit and vegetables (servings/day), higher plasma β-carotene levels and a 24% reduction of MetS incidence. Additionally G2 showed greater reductions in body fat (4%), and waist circumference (7%), obesity class III (2%) and obesity class II (14%) rate. Lifestyle intervention, including a high dietary fiber intake, improved healthy eating index and decreased body fat composition and plasma lipid concentrations leading to MetS incidence reduction.
SWI/SNF-mediated chromatin remodeling induces Z-DNA formation on a nucleosome
Authors: Mulholland Niveen , Xu Yan , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Zhao Keji
Published: January 2012

Background

Z-DNA is a higher-energy, left-handed form of the double helix. A primary function of Z-DNA formation is to facilitate transcriptional initiation and activation. Sequences favoring Z-DNA formation are frequently located in promoter regions and Z-DNA is stabilized by torsional strain resulting from negative supercoiling, such as that generated by an actively transcribing polymerase or by a nucleosome remodeling event. We previously have shown that activation of the CSF1 gene by a chromatin remodeling event in the promoter results in Z-DNA formation at TG repeats within the promoter.

Results

We show that remodeling of a mononucleosome by the human SWI/SNF complex results in Z-DNA formation when the DNA within the mononucleosome contains Z-DNA favoring sequence. Nuclease accessibility patterns of nucleosome core particle consisting of Z-DNA are quite different from counterpart nucleosomes containing classic B-DNA. Z-nucleosomes represent a novel mononucleosome structure.

Conclusions

We present evidence that Z-DNA can form on nucleosomes though previous observations indicate the occlusion of nucleosome formation from Z-DNA.
Serum COMP-C3b complexes in rheumatic diseases and relation to anti-TNF-α treatment
Authors: Happonen Kaisa E , Saxne Tore , Geborek Pierre , Andersson Maria , Bengtsson Anders A , Hesselstrand Roger , Heinegård Dick , Blom Anna M
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is found at elevated concentrations in sera of patients with joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). We recently showed that COMP activates complement via the alternative pathway and that COMP-C3b complexes are present in sera of RA patients, but not in healthy controls. We now set out to elaborate on the information provided by this marker in a variety of diseases and larger patient cohorts.

Methods

COMP-C3b levels in sera were measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) capturing COMP and detecting C3b. Serum COMP was measured by using ELISA.

Results

COMP-C3b levels were significantly elevated in patients with RA as well as in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), compared with healthy controls. SLE patients with arthritis had significantly higher COMP-C3b levels than did those without. COMP-C3b was furthermore elevated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), reactive arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and OA. COMP-C3b did not correlate with COMP in any of the patient groups. COMP-C3b correlated with disease activity in RA, but not in other diseases. COMP-C3b levels in RA patients decreased on treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors, whereas the levels increased in patients with AS or PsA. The changes of COMP-C3b did not parallel the changes of C-reactive protein (CRP).

Conclusions

COMP-C3b levels are elevated in several rheumatologic diseases and correlate with inflammatory measures in RA. COMP-C3b levels in RA decrease during TNF-α inhibition differently from those of CRP, suggesting that formation of COMP-C3b relates to disease features not reflected by general inflammation measures.
Microenvironmental regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells
Authors: Moon Tae Chul , Yoshimura Tsuyoshi , Parsons Thomas , Befus A Dean
Published: January 2012

In addition to its well-known role in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, NO modulates immune responses in a concentration- and location-specific manner. For MC, it is well accepted that exogenous NO regulates their function. However, there are inconsistencies in the literature of whether MC express NOS and make NO. MC progenitors mature in peripheral tissues, but the factors that influence MC maturation and their specific phenotype, such as whether they express NOS, are not well understood. To study microenvironmental conditions that could be “permissive” for NOS expression, we cultured BMMC in various conditions—BMMCIL-3, BMMCSCF/IL-3, or BMMCSCF/IL-4—for >3 weeks and examined NOS expression. We detected Nos2 mRNA in BMMCSCF/IL-4 but not BMMCIL-3 or BMMCSCF/IL-3. After stimulation with IFN-γ and/or LPS, NOS2 expression and NO production were detected in BMMCSCF/IL-4 but rarely detected in BMMC cultured with other conditions. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that NOS2 expression induced by IFN-γ colocalized in CD117+ BMMC. NO production, after activation with IFN-γ and LPS in BMMCSCF/IL-4, was abrogated by pretreatment with the NOS2-specific inhibitor. In addition to NOS2 expression, BMMCSCF/IL-4 were distinguished from BMMCIL-3 in heparin and MMCP expression. Thus, MC progenitors that develop in SCF + IL-4 can be induced to express NOS2 after receiving appropriate signals, such as IFN-γ, and subsequently produce NO. Microenvironmental conditions during their development can influence whether MC are capable of NOS expression and of NO production.
A telemedicine network to support paediatric care in small hospitals in rural Tanzania
Authors: Krüger Carsten , Niemi Mauri
Published: January 2012

We reviewed our experience with the Tanzanian Telemedicine Network in supporting paediatric care at 40 small, rural hospitals in the country. The network began operating in 2008. Store and forward telemedicine was provided via the open source software iPath. The 33 volunteer consultants were based in several countries, although most of them had practical experience in Tanzania. During the first three years of network operation there were 533 referrals. There were 159 paediatric cases (median age five years). Three paediatric specialists provided most consultations (64%), but other specialists provided recommendations when required. The response time was usually less than two days (median 6 h; inter-quartile range 2–24 h). A precise recommendation was not always provided, but since all consultants had an intimate knowledge of the state of health services in Tanzania, their advice was usually well adapted to the local circumstances of the hospitals. Referral to a higher level of care was recommended in 26 cases (16%). A simple web-based telemedicine system combined with email alerts is feasible in remote locations in Tanzania, even where fast Internet connections are not available.
Chromosomal Composition of Micronuclei in Human Leukocytes Exposed to Mitomycin C
Authors: Hovhannisyan Galina , Aroutiounian Rouben , Liehr Thomas
Published: January 2012

Micronuclei (MN) can be induced by different mutagenic substances. Even though this has been known for decades, it is still not clear which genetic content, especially which chromosomes, these MN are constituted of and if there are any influences on this content by the MN-inducing substance. Also, the interphase position, size, and gene density of a chromosome could influence its involvement in MN formation. To study some of these questions, fluorescence in situ hybridization using centromeric and whole-chromosome painting probes for chromosomes 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, and X was applied in mitomycin C (MMC)–induced MN in human leukocytes. The obtained results showed that material from all studied chromosomes was present in MN. Also, there was no correlation between interphase position, size, and gene density of the studied chromosomes and their migration in MN. Interestingly, material derived from chromosomes 9 and 16 was overrepresented in MMC-induced MN. Finally, further studies using substances other than MMC are necessary to clarify if the MN-inducing mutagen has an influence on the chromosomal content of the MN.