bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capsaicinoids, antioxidant activity, and volatile compounds in olive oil flavored with dried chili pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Caporaso Nicola , Paduano Antonello , Nicoletti Giovanna , Sacchi Raffaele
Published: October 2013

Spices and herbs are traditionally added to olive oil in Mediterranean gastronomy to enhance its aroma and taste. This paper aims to characterize olive oil aromatized by addition of dried chili pepper (Capsicum annum) (DCP) at different concentrations (10% and 20% by weight) up to 30 days of infusion. Capsaicinoids quantification by HPLC‐DAD, volatile compounds analysis by SPME‐GC–MS and antioxidant activity by ABTS method were performed on chili pepper flavored olive oil (CPOO) in comparison to whole olive oil. At day 7 of infusion, the maximum capsaicinoids content was reached for both the concentrations used and no significant increase was observed for longer infusion times. The volatile headspace composition of CPOOs was influenced by the concentration of DCP added. The addition of DCP caused a significant increase in hexanal, related to oxidation processes. 2‐Methylbutanal, 3‐methylbutanal and 6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one were also detected in CPOO and derived from chili as degradation products of the drying process. DCP infusion significantly enriched olive oil with antioxidant compounds and also modified its volatile profile. Capsaicinoids and aroma compounds were rapidly released within the first week of chili infusion in CPOOs, thus suggesting reducing infusion time by optimizing DCP concentration in order to improve CPOO quality and shelf life.

Practical applications: The present research is relevant at industrial level for the optimization of olive oil flavoring and the aromatization process. In particular, we defined that the common infusion times of chili, used at industry production for flavoring olive oil, is longer than needed and we suggest reducing infusion time thus also avoiding problems of free acidity and PV increase. Also, we highlighted the importance of quality control for the chili pepper drying procedure and storage time before use, due to the possible formation of off‐flavors in the final product. Moreover, in the present paper a quantification method of the pungent molecules capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin directly from flavored olive oil was applied. This method could be applied instead of empirical techniques such as Scoville units, for the definition and standardization of the capsaicinoids content in flavored oils and their pungency levels.
Environmentally Benign Lewis Acid Promoted [2+3] Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrile Imines with Alkenes in Water
Authors: Dadiboyena Sureshbabu , Hamme Ashton T.
Published: October 2013

Mild and environmentally benign Lewis acid promoted 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of α‐hydrazonyl chlorides with alkenes in water are reported. In the presence of Lewis acids, these α‐hydrazonyl chlorides generate nitrile imines in situ, which then undergo reaction with a dipolarophile to furnish the corresponding cycloaddition product. In many cases, the required times for the completion of the Lewis acid promoted 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions in water were comparable to the equivalent reactions performed in an organic solvent. Analogous tetrahexylammonium chloride promoted 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions were also performed. The comparisons between the reaction times and cycloadduct yields for the aforementioned 1,3‐dipolar reactions in aqueous and organic media and the proposed role of the Lewis acid in the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction are described.
Planar Chiral Flavinium Salts: Synthesis and Evaluation of the Effect of Substituents on the Catalytic Efficiency in Enantioselective Sulfoxidation Reactions
Authors: Jurok Radek , Hodačová Jana , Eigner Václav , Dvořáková Hana , Setnička Vladimír , Cibulka Radek
Published: October 2013

A series of substituted planar chiral flavinium salts with a phenyl “cap” have been prepared as potential catalysts for enantioselective sulfoxidation reactions with hydrogen peroxide by using an approach based on the synthesis of (arylamino)uracils and their condensation with substituted nitrosobenzenes. The effect of substituents at various positions on the ability of the catalyst to promote enantioselective sulfoxidation recations was investigated. Introduction of the tyrosine group into the side‐chain of the flavinium species or substitution of the nitrogen N‐3 of the flavin unit by o‐isopropylphenyl has a remarkably positive effect on the enantioselectivity of the sulfoxidation reactions of aromatic and aliphatic substrates, respectively. On the other hand, substitution of the phenyl “cap” led to a substantial decrease in the efficiency of the catalyst. In summary, optimisation of the structures of the planar chiral flavinium catalysts led to enantioselectivities of up to 61 % ee for aromatic sulfides and of up to 65 % ee for tert‐butyl methyl sulfide.
Photoactivable Nonsymmetrical Bifunctional Linkers for Protein Immobilization on Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR Optical Devices
Authors: Hammaecher Catherine , Joris Bernard , Goormaghtigh Erik , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline
Published: October 2013

The photosensitive 4‐azido‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐1‐benzoyl core has been connected to maleimide‐, chloroacetyloxy‐, or succinimidyl carbonate motifs through various spacers to furnish a series of bifunctional linkers. One linker (7a) has been used for the construction of a biosensor for β‐lactam antibiotic detection by attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy.
Synthesis and Properties of Carbohydrate‐Based BODIPY‐Functionalised Fluorescent Macrocycles
Authors: Yu Yanhua , Bogliotti Nicolas , Tang Jie , Xie Juan
Published: October 2013

Carbohydrate‐based 23‐ to 28‐membered BODIPY‐containing macrocycles have been efficiently synthesised from alkyne‐functionalised BODIPY acid, C‐glucosyl azido amine, and amino acids by employing CuAAC for the macrocyclisation step. BF(OMe) and B(OMe)2 derivatives have also been obtained by treating macrocycle 1 with BCl3 in CH2Cl2 followed by treatment with MeOH. These compounds exhibited similar excellent photophysical properties to those of BODIPY. Investigation of potential receptor properties of the 23‐ and 27‐membered macrocycles 1 and 2 showed that these compounds are sensitive to both anions (F– and CN–) and cations (Cu2+ and Fe3+) in MeCN.
Synthesis and Properties of Azulene‐Substituted Donor–Acceptor Chromophores Connected by Arylamine Cores
Authors: Shoji Taku , Shimomura Erika , Maruyama Mitsuhisa , Maruyama Akifumi , Ito Shunji , Okujima Tetsuo , Toyota Kozo , Morita Noboru
Published: October 2013

1‐Ethynylazulenes connected by several arylamine cores reacted with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) in a formal [2+2] cycloaddition–cycloreversion reaction to afford the corresponding tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ) chromophores, respectively, in excellent yields. The intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) characters between the donor (azulene and arylamine cores) and acceptor (TCBD and DCNQ units) moieties were investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The redox behavior of the new TCBD and DCNQ derivatives was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which revealed their multistep electrochemical reduction properties. Moreover, significant color changes were observed by visible spectroscopy under the electrochemical reduction conditions.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Oxa‐Bowls by Nucleophilic Addition to Oxonium Ions: Observation of Nucleophile‐Dependent Hydride Migration
Authors: Gharpure Santosh J. , Porwal Suheel K.
Published: October 2013

A simple and reliable platform was developed for the synthesis of symmetrical oxa‐bowls through the Lewis acid mediated etherification of dimethyl acetals. An intramolecular hydride transfer was observed with the use of electron‐rich aryl nucleophiles, which also gave access to unsymmetrical oxa‐bowls.
A General Approach to 1‐Hydroxymethylquinolizidine and 8‐Hydroxymethylindolizidine Stereoisomers: Synthesis of (+)‐Epitashiromine and Formal Syntheses of (+)‐Epilupinine and (+)‐Tashiromine
Authors: Thorat Rakesh G. , Pansare Sunil V.
Published: October 2013

A general strategy for the synthesis of structurally and stereochemically related indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids was developed. The methodology involves regio‐ and stereoselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of simple nitrones with ephedrine‐derived alkylidenemorpholinones. The intermediate isoxazolidines can be converted into either the indolizidine or the quinolizidine motif depending on the nitrone and the substituent on the dipolarophile. The approach was applied to the synthesis of (+)‐epitashiromine and to the formal syntheses of (+)‐epilupinine and (+)‐tashiromine.
Metal‐Free Desulfonylation Reaction Through Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Yang Deng‐Tao , Meng Qing‐Yuan , Zhong Jian‐Ji , Xiang Ming , Liu Qiang , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: October 2013

The desulfonylation of β‐arylketosulfones has been achieved in good to excellent yields by using 3‐W blue LEDs light, 1 mol‐% organic dye eosin Y bis(tetrabutylammonium salt) as photocatalyst, and diisopropylethylamine as reducing agent. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that oxidative quenching of the excited eosin Y by β‐arylketosulfones plays a crucial role in the present photoredox catalytic cycle.
Synthesis of Hydroxylated Analogues of α‐Galactosyl Ceramide (KRN7000) with Varying Stereochemistry
Authors: Sawant Ratnnadeep C. , Hung Jung‐Tung , Chuang Huei‐Lin , Lin Huan‐Shuan , Chen Wan‐Shin , Yu Alice L. , Luo Shun‐Yuan
Published: October 2013

The synthesis of analogues of α‐galactosyl ceramide (KRN7000) with an additional hydroxy group in the phytosphingosine chains and with varying stereochemistry is described. Careful selection of glucose, galactose, mannose, and talose hexopyranoses allowed us to control the stereochemistry of some of the hydroxy groups in the sphingosine chain to give some interesting hydroxylated KRN7000 analogues.
Organocatalysis for the Acid‐Free O‐Arylidenation of Carbohydrates
Authors: Geng Yiqun , Faidallah Hassan M. , Albar Hassan A. , Mhkalid Ibrahim A. , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: October 2013

Methyl glycopyranosides of glucose, galactose, and mannose, their 2,3‐di‐O‐benzyl‐protected derivatives, as well as the unprotected sugars react with p‐methoxybenzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (3) and with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (7) as reagents in the presence of thiourea 1 or squaramide 2 as the organocatalyst to afford regioselectively 4,6‐O‐arylidenated derivatives 5 and 8. With an excess amount of 3 or 7, diarylidenated derivatives are also obtained. In situ formation of acetals of type 3 and 7 from corresponding aldehydes 10 and 13 in the presence of an orthoester and organocatalyst 1 or 2 can be used to generate 5 and 8 directly from the aldehydes. Some substrates also lead to mixed orthoesters with this procedure. The reaction courses are discussed.
Near‐Infrared Photochromic Diarylethenes Based on the Changes in the π‐Conjugated System and the Electronic Properties of the Heteroaryl Moieties
Authors: Cheng Hong‐Bo , Tan Xin , Pang Mei‐Li
Published: October 2013

It is very challenging to construct photochromic materials with absorption and reactivity in the near‐infrared (NIR) spectral region. Herein, four unsymmetrical diarylethene derivatives 1o–4o, which contain both indole and thiophene moieties, have been successfully synthesized, and their photochromic behaviors have been shifted to the NIR region. These newly developed NIR photochromic materials are highly sensitive and responsive to photostimuli both in solution and in poly(methyl methacrylate) films. It has been shown that 1o–4o exhibit remarkable UV/Vis and fluorescence spectral changes, allowing them to behave as reversible optical molecular switches in the NIR region.
Spectral, Conformational and Photochemical Analyses of Photochromic Dithienylethene: cis‐1,2‐Dicyano‐1,2‐bis(2,4,5‐trimethyl‐3‐thienyl)ethene Revisited
Authors: Erko Firealem G. , Berthet Jérôme , Patra Abhijit , Guillot Régis , Nakatani Keitaro , Métivier Rémi , Delbaere Stéphanie
Published: October 2013

The conformational equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters of cis‐1,2‐dicyano‐1,2‐bis(2,4,5‐trimethyl‐3‐thienyl)ethene (1a) and its trans derivative 1c are presented. Irradiation of both compounds was carried out by using 365 nm light, which affects the cis/trans isomerisation process, whereas irradiation with 405 nm light preferentially promotes the formation of the cyclised product. Prolonged irradiation of 1a at 365 nm leads to the formation of a new derivative showing photochromic properties. Evidence for the formation of the novel derivative is presented, and details of its photochromic properties were investigated; a tentative mechanism has also been proposed.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Transformation of Aryl Bromides into Aromatic Esters and Amides via Aryl Trichloromethyl Ketones
Authors: Dohi Souya , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: October 2013

A variety of aryl bromides have been treated with Mg and then chloral, followed by tBuOCl and subsequently alcohols or amines to produce the corresponding aromatic esters or amides in good yields via the formation of aryl trichloromethyl ketones as intermediates. These reactions are examples of a transition‐metal‐free one‐pot preparation of aromatic esters and amides from aryl bromides.
A Biomimetic Approach to the Synthesis of the Core Structure of the Marine Sponge Terpene Halichonadin G
Authors: Saito Kenta , Nishimori Ayumu , Mimura Rika , Nakano Keiji , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Masuda Toshiya , Ichikawa Yoshiyasu
Published: October 2013

A pathway for the biosynthesis of halichonadin G involving the unique action of ugiase and isocyanide oxidase is proposed. This hypothesis was tested in a biomimetic approach to the synthesis of the core structural unit of this marine sponge terpene, which relies on a key Ugi coupling reaction and an isocyanide‐to‐isocyanate oxidative transformation. The results of this effort demonstrate that the biomimetic strategy can be employed to construct the core structure of halichonadin G in an efficient manner.
Highly Diastereoselective Esterification of Ketenes Generated In Situ from Acyl Chlorides with (R)‐Pantolactone Derivatives
Authors: Yamagami Takafumi , Hatsuda Masanori , Utsugi Masayuki , Kobayashi Ryo , Moritani Yasunori
Published: October 2013

Our mechanistic investigations have revealed that Et3N is a key requirement for the highly diastereoselective formation of esters from the corresponding acyl chlorides with (R)‐pantolactone via ketene‐derived complexes. Furthermore, we have discovered that (R)‐N‐benzyl‐pantolactam is a more effective chiral alcohol than (R)‐pantolactone for the esterification of in situ generated ketenes.
Organophosphorus Chemistry without PCl3: A Bridge from Hypophosphorous Acid to H‐Phosphonate Diesters
Authors: Fisher Henry C. , Prost Lucie , Montchamp Jean‐Luc
Published: October 2013

A process for the conversion of hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2, HPA) and alcohols into various H‐phosphonate diesters [(RO)2P(O)H] is described. The new reaction provides a missing bridge between HPA and important H‐phosphonates, completely avoiding the use of PCl3. Nickel chloride or nickel on silica catalyze the oxidative phosphorylation of alkyl phosphinates with various alcohols or water. The reaction is atom economic and avoids the formation of waste products. The previous need for both chlorine and base is completely avoided.
Leader performance and prototypicality: Their inter‐relationship and impact on leaders' identity entrepreneurship
Authors: Steffens Niklas K. , Haslam S. Alexander , Ryan Michelle K. , Kessler Thomas
Published: October 2013

Research has demonstrated that leader performance and leader prototypicality are both predictors of leader endorsement. While performance and prototypicality have generally been considered to be independent, this paper suggests that performance and prototypicality are interdependent and have a bi‐directional impact both on each other and on leaders' capacity to engage in identity entrepreneurship (i.e., to define shared group norms and ideals). Two experimental studies indicate that followers infer leaders' prototypicality from their performance and that a leader's prototypicality determines perceptions of performance (indicating reversed causality). Moreover, there is evidence that both performance and prototypicality enhance leaders' capacity to act as identity entrepreneurs. These findings extend our understanding of the mutually dependent causal relationship between followers' perceptions that a leader is ‘one of us’ and that he or she is ‘doing it well’. They also provide the first experimental evidence that these factors are joint determinants of leaders' identity entrepreneurship. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When actions speak volumes: The role of inferences about moral character in outrage over racial bigotry
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Zhu Luke [Lei] , Diermeier Daniel
Published: October 2013

Inferences about moral character may often drive outrage over symbolic acts of racial bigotry. Study 1 demonstrates a theoretically predicted dissociation between moral evaluations of an act and the person who carries out the act. Although Americans regarded the private use of a racial slur as a less blameworthy act than physical assault, use of a slur was perceived as a clearer indicator of poor moral character. Study 2 highlights the dynamic interplay between moral judgments of acts and persons, demonstrating that first making person judgments can bias subsequent act judgments. Privately defacing a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr. led to greater moral condemnation of the agent than of the act itself only when the behavior was evaluated first. When Americans first made character judgments, symbolically defacing a picture of the civil rights leader was significantly more likely to be perceived as an immoral act. These studies support a person‐centered account of outrage over bigotry and demonstrate that moral evaluations of acts and persons converge and diverge under theoretically meaningful circumstances. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social interaction and psychological pathways to political engagement and extremism
Authors: Thomas Emma F. , McGarty Craig , Louis Winnifred
Published: October 2013

Although psychology has recently witnessed a burgeoning interest in the predictors of social and political action generally, little research has considered the psychological mechanisms by which people come to choose extreme or radical forms of action. How and why do groups come to favor radical or extreme solutions (radicalization) over conventional political pathways (politicization)? Theory in both political science and psychology suggests that social interaction plays an important role, but this has never been demonstrated experimentally. Results (N = 114) show that social interaction can lead to both politicized and radicalized solutions but that radicalization rests on the perception that extreme action is legitimate. The findings provide the first experimental analog of the group‐based dynamics that underpin political engagement and political extremism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Platinum Nanoflowers Decorated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes‐Graphene Hybrid Electrode
Authors: Badhulika Sushmee , Paul Rajat Kanti , Rajesh  , Terse Trupti , Mulchandani Ashok
Published: October 2013

Here we report a platinum (Pt) nanoflowers decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)‐graphene hybrid electrode based nonenzymatic sensor for the detection of glucose. MWNTs/graphene hybrid is synthesized by a one step chemical vapor deposition process via an in situ vaporliquidsolid and surface‐catalyzed mechanisms. Electrodeposition of Pt with optimized parameters at room temperature resulted in high density flower like nanostructures of Pt uniformly distributed over the hybrid electrode. Direct oxidation of glucose takes place due to the electrocatalytic property of the Pt nanoflowers resulting in the amperometric detection of glucose in the physiological range at neutral pH. The developed sensor responded linearly to glucose over the range of 1–7 mM (R2=0.978) with a high sensitivity of 11.06 µA mM−1 cm−2.
Electrochemical Study of the Interaction of the Alkylating Agent Busulfan with Double Strand DNA
Authors: Radi Abd‐Elgawad , Nassef Hossam M. , Eissa Alsayed
Published: October 2013

Damage of salmon sperm double strand ss dsDNA in solution or immobilized on screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) induced by incubation of DNA with the antineoplastic alkylating agent busulfan (BUS) at various conditions was detected for the first time by simple electrochemical methods. Chemical changes in DNA bases can be detected through the altered electroactivity of the DNA. Electrochemical voltammetric sensing of damage caused by BUS to dsDNA in solution was monitored by the appearance of peaks diagnostic of the oxidation of guanine and adenine. Moreover, crystal violet, which interacts with the DNA immobilized on SPCEs, was used as an effective electroactive indicator, in combination with cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques to monitor the cross‐links or damage to DNA. The interaction between BUS and DNA were determined by the changes in the voltammetric peak of crystal violet. The effects of various conditions upon the crystal violet signal were investigated.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid Using Gold Nanoparticles‐Decorated MoS2 Nanosheets Modified Electrode
Authors: Su Shao , Sun Haofan , Xu Fei , Yuwen Lihui , Wang Lianhui
Published: October 2013

Herein, a novel nanocomposite has been synthesized by molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via a microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method, which possesses the specific features of both MoS2 and AuNPs. The AuNPs@MoS2 nanocomposite modified electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity toward dopamine (DA). Its oxidation peak current shows a linear dependence over the DA concentration in the range from 0.1 to 200 µM, with a detection limit of 80 nM (S/N=3). More importantly, the AuNPs@MoS2‐based sensor can detect DA in the presence of a large excess of ascorbic acid. The AuNPs@MoS2‐based sensor shows good sensitivity, reproducibility and selectivity, suggesting that the AuNPs@MoS2 nanocomposite is a promising candidate in electrochemical sensing and other electrocatalytic applications.
Pencil‐Drawn Dual Electrode Detectors to Discriminate Between Analytes Comigrating on Paper‐Based Fluidic Devices but Undergoing Electrochemical Processes with Different Reversibility
Authors: Dossi Nicolò , Toniolo Rosanna , Piccin Evandro , Susmel Sabina , Pizzariello Andrea , Bontempelli Gino
Published: October 2013

A simple method is described to discriminate between analytes comigrating under on‐plate separation conditions, whose electrochemical behavior displays different reversible characters. It is based on the use of dual electrode detectors pencil‐drawn at the end of paper‐based fluidic channels defined by hydrophobic barriers. Simultaneous detection of comigrating species is achieved by applying to the upstream pencil‐drawn working electrode a potential for the oxidation (or reduction) of both analytes, while to the downstream pencil‐drawn working electrode a potential is imposed for the reverse process involving the product of the sole analyte undergoing a reversible enough electrochemical process. The performance of these inexpensive devices was preliminarily optimized by adopting hexacyanoferrate(II) as prototype species undergoing a reversible anodic process at carbon electrodes. They were then used as dual electrode detectors for thin‐layer chromatographic runs conducted on paper‐based microfluidic devices. Two types of synthetic solutions, one containing different contents of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) and the other of paracetamol (PA) and AA, were chosen as model samples. This choice was prompted us by the fact that in both cases these analytes comigrated under the adopted experimental conditions and required similar enough oxidation potentials. Nevertheless, DA and PA underwent reversible enough anodic processes while an irreversible electrochemical reaction is involved in the AA oxidation. Satisfactory results were found for both couples of target analytes, whose simultaneous detection was achieved within 230 s and was characterized by good enough repeatability and sensitivity. In particular, this approach appears to be well suited for the rapid and inexpensive assembling of electrochemical detectors for flow analysis systems.
Proteomic and redox‐proteomic study on the role of glutathione reductase in human lung cancer cells
Authors: Fan Chiao‐Yuan , Chou Hsiu‐Chuan , Lo Yi‐Wen , Wen Yueh‐Feng , Tsai Yi‐Chih , Huang Haimei , Chan Hong‐Lin
Published: October 2013

Glutathione reductase (GR), a cytosolic protein, plays a vital role in maintaining a correct redox status in cells. However, comprehensive investigations of GR‐modulated cellular responses, including protein level alteration and redox regulation, have yet to be performed. In this study, we cultured a human lung adenocarcinoma line transfected with empty pLKO.1 vector as a control, CL1‐0shControl, and its GR‐knockdown derivative, CL1‐0shΔGR, to evaluate differential protein level alteration and redox regulation of these two cell lines. We identified 34 spots that exhibited marked changes in intensities, and 13 proteins showing significant changes in thiol reactivity, in response to GR depletion. Several proteins involved in redox regulation, calcium signaling, cytoskeleton regulation, and protein folding showed significant changes in expression, whereas proteins involved in redox regulation, protein folding, and glycolysis displayed changes in thiol reactivity. Interestingly, GR knockdown induces peroxiredoxin‐1 overexpression in the air‐exposed tissue and high oxygen consuming tissue such as cornea and liver, but not in the low oxygen consuming tissues such as breast and uterine. In summary, we used a comprehensive lung adenocarcinoma based proteomic approach for identifying GR‐modulated protein expression alteration and redox modification. Based on our research, this is the first comprehensive proteomic and redox‐proteomic analysis used to investigate the role of GR in a mammalian cell model.
Gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis with channel current detection in relatively long capillaries
Authors: Ross David , Munson Matthew S.
Published: October 2013

A variant of gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis with channel current detection is described, which uses relatively long channels (1.5 cm) for separation and detection. The signal for each analyte is determined to have the shape of a parabola ending with a break in slope. The capabilities of the new method are demonstrated for separation and quantitation of ATP and ADP, a measurement relevant for high‐throughput screening assays. The results indicate that the new method is capable of reproducibly measuring the ratio of ADP concentration to ATP plus ADP concentration with an analysis time of less than 2 min and with a 1 SD uncertainty of 0.018 (over a range of 0–1).
Comparison of mobile‐phase systems commonly applied in liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry of nucleic acids
Authors: Erb Robert , Oberacher Herbert
Published: October 2013

LC‐MS represents an important technology for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of nucleic acids. For MS, ESI in negative ion mode is used. The chromatographic method of choice is ion‐pair (IP) RP chromatography. Chromatographic separations are usually accomplished by gradients of an organic modifier in aqueous solutions of IP reagents. Commonly applied IP reagents are 2.3 mM triethylamine/400 mM 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (TEA/HFIP, pH 7.0) and 10–25 mM cyclohexyldimethylammonium acetate (CycHDMAA, pH 8.4). Direct comparison of mass spectrometric performance of the two solvent systems revealed that the TEA/HFIP system offers better detection sensitivity than the CycHDMAA system. This is mainly attributable to the depletion of HFIP during droplet formation and solvent evaporation. Removal of the anionic counterion facilitates oligonucleotide ionization, and the oligonucleotides are desorbed as highly charged ions into the gas phase. TEA/HFIP‐based mobile phases are recommended for developing quantitative assays targeting defined oligonucleotides. The CycHDMAA system allows the formation of cyclohexyldimethylammonium adducts. These adducts are cleaved in the gas phase, and this decomposition gives rise to charge state reduction. Ammonium adduct formation is of particular importance in preventing adducting with metal ions. Thus, adducts with metal ions are efficiently suppressed with CycHDMAA. For the TEA/HFIP system, however, such adducting represents a severe problem particularly if large oligonucleotides are analyzed. Thus, CycHDMAA‐based mobile phases are recommended for qualitative assays such as LC‐MS‐based genotyping.
Recent advances in CE‐mediated microanalysis for enzyme study
Authors: Wang Xu , Li Kefeng , Adams Erwin , Schepdael Ann Van
Published: October 2013

This review gives an overview of the recent developments and applications in the use of CE‐mediated microanalysis for enzyme studies. The period covers mid‐2011 until mid‐2013. Both off‐line and in‐line enzyme assays with their applications using CE are described in this article. For the in‐capillary enzyme reaction, the techniques using electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) as well as immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) are discussed. The applications include the evaluation of enzyme activity, enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibition, screening of enzyme inhibitors, and the study of enzyme‐mediated drug metabolism.
Monitoring of threo‐methylphenidate enantiomers in oral fluid by capillary electrophoresis with head‐column field‐amplified sample injection
Authors: Theurillat Regula , Thormann Wolfgang
Published: October 2013

Threo‐methylphenidate is a chiral psychostimulant drug widely prescribed to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. An enantioselective CE‐based assay with head‐column field‐amplified sample stacking for analysis of threo‐methylphenidate enantiomers in liquid/liquid extracts of oral fluid is described. Analytes are electrokinetically injected across a short water plug placed at the capillary inlet and become stacked at the interface between plug and buffer. Enantiomeric separation occurs within a few minutes in a pH 3.0 phosphate/triethanolamine buffer containing 20 mg/mL (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐CD as chiral selector. The assay with six point multilevel internal calibration provides a linear response for each enantiomer in the 10–200 ng/mL concentration range, is simple, inexpensive, and reproducible, and has an LOQ of 5 ng/mL. It was applied to oral fluid patient samples that were collected up to 12 h after intake of an immediate release tablet and two different extended release formulations with racemic methylphenidate. Drug profiles could thereby be assessed in a stereoselective way. Almost no levorotary threo‐methylphenidate enantiomer was detected after intake of the two extended release formulations, whereas this enantiomer was detected during the first 2.5 h after intake of the immediate release preparation. The noninvasive collection of oral fluid is an attractive alternative to plasma for the monitoring of methylphenidate exposure in the pediatric community.
Using induced electroosmotic micromixer to enhance the reproducibility of chemiluminescence intensity
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Ping , Yeh Chun‐Yi , Hung Pei‐Chin , Wang Shau‐Chun
Published: October 2013

In this study, induced electroosmotic vortex flows were generated using an AC electric field by one pair of external electrodes to rapidly mix luminescence reagents in a 30 μL micromixer and enhance the reproducibility of chemiluminescence (CL) assays. A solution containing the catalyst reagent ferricyanide ions (4 μL) was pipetted into a reservoir containing luminol to produce CL in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. When the added ferricyanide aliquot contacted the reservoir solution, the CL began flashing, but rapidly diminished as the ferricyanide was consumed. In such a short illumination period, the solutes could not mix homogeneously. Therefore, the reproducibility of CL intensities collected using a CCD and multiple aliquot additions was determined to be inadequate. By contrast, when the solutes were efficiently mixed after adding a ferricyanide aliquot to a micromixer, the intensity reproducibility was significantly improved. When the CL temporal profile was analyzed using a PMT, a consistent improvement in reproducibility was observed between the CL intensity and estimated CL reaction rate. Replicating the proposed device would create a multiple well plate that contains a micromixer in each reservoir; this system is compatible with conventional CL instrumentation and requires no CL enhancer to slow a reaction.
Rescue of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotype in a mouse model by intravenous AAV9‐ADAR2 delivery to motor neurons
Authors: Yamashita Takenari , Chai Hui Lin , Teramoto Sayaka , Tsuji Shoji , Shimazaki Kuniko , Muramatsu Shin‐ichi , Kwak Shin
Published: October 2013

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult‐onset motor neuron disease, and the lack of effective therapy results in inevitable death within a few years of onset. Failure of GluA2 RNA editing resulting from downregulation of the RNA‐editing enzyme adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2) occurs in the majority of ALS cases and causes the death of motor neurons via a Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptor‐mediated mechanism. Here, we explored the possibility of gene therapy for ALS by upregulating ADAR2 in mouse motor neurons using an adeno‐associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector that provides gene delivery to a wide array of central neurons after peripheral administration. A single intravenous injection of AAV9‐ADAR2 in conditional ADAR2 knockout mice (AR2), which comprise a mechanistic mouse model of sporadic ALS, caused expression of exogenous ADAR2 in the central neurons and effectively prevented progressive motor dysfunction. Notably, AAV9‐ADAR2 rescued the motor neurons of AR2 mice from death by normalizing TDP‐43 expression. This AAV9‐mediated ADAR2 gene delivery may therefore enable the development of a gene therapy for ALS.
Dionysus: a stochastic fire growth scenario generator
Authors: Han Lengyi , John Braun W.
Published: October 2013

The Prometheus Fire Growth Model is a deterministic wildfire simulator. Given weather, topographical and fuel information, the simulated fire front is plotted at equally spaced times. Unpredictability of fire behavior makes deterministic predictions inaccurate. By statistically modeling the data to which the model equations are fit, it is possible to obtain a distribution of fire front predictions. If the weather forecast is reliable, repeated stochastic simulation is not required, so probability contours require no more computing time than what is required for a single deterministic contour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of advanced oxidation processes and biological treatment for the removal of benzidine‐derived dyes
Authors: Castro E. , Avellaneda A. , Marco P.
Published: October 2013

Dyes are widely used in the textiles industry in order to color their products. Textile industry consumes large volume of water and produce large amount of wastewater during all phases of textile production and finishing. The release of colored wastewater from these industries may present an ecotoxic hazard. Color removal and toxicity reduction, especially from textile effluents, have colossal challenge in recent decades, and up to now there is no single and cost‐effectively attractive treatment that can effectively decolorize and the dye effluent treatment. The objective of this review article is to propose a textile wastewater treatment technique from the environmental friendly. An attempt is made to define and evaluate the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) as efficient techniques for the treatment of industrial dyes and many other pollutants in textile industry wastewater. However, in general AOPs are not cheap techniques. By means of oxidation process, most pollutants will be converted into molecules, which, in general are better biodegradable. The feasibility of combining different AOPs and biotechnology techniques is considered and evaluated according to their decontamination efficiency of benzidine‐derived azo direct dyes used in the cotton textile industry. Ozonation in combination with aerobic biological treatment results as the more feasible system for color removal, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and toxicity reduction. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 873–885, 2014
A probabilistic framework for correlated seismic downtime and repair cost estimation of geo‐structures
Authors: Shafieezadeh Abdollah , DesRoches Reginald , Rix Glenn J. , Werner Stuart D.
Published: October 2013

An important component of probabilistic risk assessment methods is the development of models to quantify the direct consequences of damage to geo‐structural components for a given intensity of the hazard. This paper presents a general probabilistic framework for correlated repair cost and downtime estimation of geo‐structures exposed to seismic hazards. The framework uses as input the results of nonlinear time‐history analysis of geo‐structures for the set of earthquake records that are representative of the seismic hazard models for the region of interest. The repair cost and downtime are estimated for individual earthquakes probabilistically considering the uncertainties associated with damage states. In addition, the formulation of the repair cost and downtime accounts for the reduction in the repair requirements as the number of damaged components in the given damage state increases. An analytical linear and two bilinear regression models are proposed for conditional correlated seismic repair cost and downtime estimation of geo‐structures given the intensity measure. The proposed framework is demonstrated by developing seismic repair models of a typical pile‐supported wharf structure on the west coast of the United States. The presented framework is general and can be applied to other types of geo‐structures and hazards and can include other decision variables such as loss of life as well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing the effect of moving resonance on seismic response of structures using wavelet transforms
Authors: Naga P. , Eatherton M. R.
Published: October 2013

There is a complex interaction between the seismic response (i.e., peak displacements) of a nonlinear structure and the characteristics of a ground motion. One ground motion characteristic that contributes to record‐to‐record variability is spectral nonstationarity, or the variation of signal's frequency content with time. When the predominant natural periods of a nonlinear structure elongate in such a way as to match with the predominant frequency content in the ground motion, a phenomenon called moving resonance occurs. The effect of moving resonance on the response of nonlinear structures is investigated. Continuous complex wavelet transforms are used to examine the spectral nonstationarity of ground motion acceleration histories and associated structural displacement histories to identify the occurrences of moving resonance. A three‐dimensional displacement response spectrum is used to determine which combinations of initial period and strength create the largest displacements and thus are candidate configurations for experiencing moving resonance. A method is then proposed for quantifying the effect of moving resonance on structural response. The method utilizes discrete wavelet transforms to decompose a ground motion into component signals with limited frequency band and examines the structural response due to each individual component. A discussion is provided as to how these tools can be used to identify ground motion characteristics that may be conducive to moving resonance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hysteretic models for sliding bearings with varying frictional force
Authors: Ray Tathagata , Sarlis Apostolos A. , Reinhorn Andrei M. , Constantinou Michael C.
Published: October 2013

The friction pendulum system is a sliding seismic isolator with self‐centering capabilities. Under severe earthquakes, the movement may be excessive enough to cause the pendulum to hit the side rim of the isolator, which is provided to restrain the sliding. The biaxial behavior of a single friction pendulum, in which the slider contacts the restrainer, is developed using a smooth hysteretic model with nonlinear kinematic hardening. This model is extended to simulate the biaxial response of double and triple friction pendulums with multiple sliding surfaces. The model of a triple friction pendulum is based on the interaction between four sliding interfaces, which in turn is dependent upon the force and displacement conditions prevailing at these interfaces. Each of these surfaces are modeled as nonlinear biaxial springs suitable for a single friction pendulum, using the yield surface, based on the principles of the classical theory of plasticity, and amended for varying frictional yield force, due to variation in vertical load and/or velocity‐dependent friction coefficient. The participation of the nonlinear springs is governed by stick‐slip conditions, dictated by equilibrium and kinematics. The model can simulate the overall force‐deformation behavior, track the displacements in individual sliding surfaces, and account for the ultimate condition when the sliders are in contact with their restrainers. The results of this model are verified by comparison to theoretical calculations and to experiments. The model has been implemented in programs IDARC2D and 3D‐BASIS, and the analytical results are compared with shake table experimental results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Importance of seismic design accidental torsion requirements for building collapse capacity
Authors: DeBock D. Jared , Liel Abbie B. , Haselton Curt B. , Hooper John D. , Henige Richard A.
Published: October 2013

Seismic ground motions induce torsional responses in buildings that can be difficult to predict. To compensate for this, most modern building codes require the consideration of accidental torsion when computing design earthquake forces. This study evaluates the influence of ASCE/SEI 7 accidental torsion seismic design requirements on the performance of 230 archetypical buildings that are designed with and without accidental torsion design provisions, taking building collapse capacity as the performance metric. The test case archetypes include a broad range of heights, gravity load levels, and plan configurations. Results show that the ASCE/SEI 7 accidental torsion provisions lead to significant changes in collapse capacity for buildings that are very torsionally flexible or asymmetric. However, only inconsequential changes in collapse capacity are observed in the buildings that are both torsionally stiff and regular in plan. Therefore, the study concludes that accidental torsion provisions are not necessary for seismic design of buildings without excessive torsional flexibility or asymmetry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Potential of Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Eating Disorders: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Bartholdy Savani , Musiat Peter , Campbell Iain C. , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: October 2013

Neurofeedback is defined as the training of voluntary regulation of localised neural activity using real‐time feedback through a brain‐computer interface. It has shown initial success as a potential clinical treatment tool in proof of concept studies, but has yet to be evaluated with respect to eating disorders. This paper (i) provides a brief overview of the current status of eating disorder treatments; (ii) describes the studies to date that use neurofeedback involving electroencephalography, real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging or near‐infrared spectroscopy; and (iii) considers the potential of these technologies as treatments for eating disorders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Primary Amenorrhea in Anorexia Nervosa: Impact on Characteristic Masculine and Feminine Traits
Authors: Baker Jessica H. , Sisk Cheryl L. , Thornton Laura M. , Brandt Harry , Crawford Steven , Fichter Manfred M. , Halmi Katherine A. , Johnson Craig , Jones Ian , Kaplan Allan S. , Mitchell James E. , Strober Michael , Treasure Janet , Woodside D. Blake , Berrettini Wade H. , Kaye Walter H. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Klump Kelly L.
Published: October 2013

Animal studies indicate that gonadal hormones at puberty have an effect on the development of masculine and feminine traits. However, it is unknown whether similar processes occur in humans. We examined whether women with anorexia nervosa (AN), who often experience primary amenorrhea, exhibit attenuated feminization in their psychological characteristics in adulthood due to the decrease/absence of gonadal hormones at puberty. Women with AN were compared on a number of psychological characteristics using general linear models on the basis of the presence/absence of primary amenorrhea. Although women with primary amenorrhea exhibited lower anxiety scores than those without primary amenorrhea, in general, results did not provide evidence of attenuated feminization in women with AN with primary amenorrhea. Future research should utilize novel techniques and direct hormone measurement to explore the effects of pubertal gonadal hormones on masculine and feminine traits. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Invasive crayfish as drivers of fine sediment dynamics in rivers: field and laboratory evidence
Authors: Harvey Gemma L , Henshaw Alexander James , Moorhouse Tom P , Clifford Nicholas J , Holah Helen , Grey Jonathan , Macdonald David W
Published: October 2013

Despite increasing recognition of the potential of aquatic biota to act as ‘geomorphic agents’, key knowledge gaps exist in relation to biotic drivers of fine sediment dynamics at microscales and particularly the role of invasive species. This study explores the impacts of invasive signal crayfish on suspended sediment dynamics at the patch scale through laboratory and field study. Three hypotheses are presented and tested: (1) that signal crayfish generate pulses of fine sediment mobilisation through burrowing and movement that are detectable in the flow field; (2) that such pulses may be more frequent during nocturnal periods when signal crayfish are known to be most active; and (3) that cumulatively the pulses would be sufficient to drive an overall increase in turbidity. Laboratory mesocosm experiments were used to explore crayfish impacts on suspended sediment concentrations for two treatments: clay banks and clay bed substrate. For the field study, high frequency near‐bed and mid‐flow turbidity time series from a lowland river with known high densities of signal crayfish were examined. Laboratory data demonstrate the direct influence of signal crayfish on mobilisation of pulses of fine sediment through burrowing into banks and fine bed material, with evidence of enhanced activity levels around the mid‐point of the nocturnal period. Similar patterns of pulsed fine sediment mobilisation identified under field conditions follow a clear nocturnal trend and appear capable of driving an increase in ambient turbidity levels. The findings indicate that signal crayfish have the potential to influence suspended sediment yields, with implications for morphological change, physical habitat quality and the transfer of nutrients and contaminants. This is particularly important given the spread of signal crayfish across Europe and their presence in extremely high densities in many catchments. Further process‐based studies are required to develop a full understanding of impacts across a range of river styles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.