bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scale and Causal inference: from philosophical concepts to empirical verification in relationship between climate change and social responses.
Authors: Zhang David D.
Published: March 2024

Issues related to whether climate change have caused great calamites in human society are of fundamental importance to current climate change research. The causes and ecological consequences of climate change can, of course, be measured at different levels according to different scales because the natural sciences have long understood the verification of causality and importance of scale. Research regarding human responses to climate change in the humanities and social sciences has been less explicit, less precise, and more variable. The growing need for interdisciplinary work in the issues across the natural/social science boundary (gap), however, demands some common understandings about the causality and scaling issues on climate impact. We seek to facilitate the dialogue between natural and social scientists by reviewing some of the fundamental aspects of the philosophical concepts of causality and scale that can be employed in the climate change/human response study, especially as they relate to large scales of the human responses to ever-changing global climate in history. Here we present the common philosophical concepts of causality and scale in natural sciences and social sciences, examine how researchers in the field employ the philosophical concepts to verify the relationship between human societies and climate change using various samples with multiple scales and explore how to connect and break the links between climate change, human calamites and resilience at different levels of hierarchies. 
The legacy of Mariarosaria Manzo
Authors: Manunta Michele , Berardino Paolo , Bonano Manuela , Casu Francesco , De Luca Claudio , Lanari Riccardo , Pepe Antonio , Pepe Susi , Perna Stefano , Tizzani Pietro , Zeni Giovanni
Published: March 2024

This contribution is aimed at drawing the professional and human profile of our colleague and friend Mariarosaria, based on the memories and materials that we have collected during her 20 years’ activity at the Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) of the National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.Beside a short overview of her professional contribution at IREA-CNR, we intend to provide also our personal memories picked up from 20 years of co-workership and friendship. Anecdotes, stories and facts will be also provided, with the objective to transmit Mariarosaria’s intelligence, competence, passion, courage, poise, firmness, gentleness, determination and sweetness, all enclosed in her wonderful smile and amazing blue eyes.All this represents her legacy that we want to pass on.
Closed loop experiments in global geodynamic earth models
Authors: Bunge Hans-Peter , Stotz Ingo L. , Hayek Nicolas , vilacis berta , brown hamish , freissler roman , schuberth bernhard , carena sara , friedrich anke
Published: March 2024

Recent advances in computational capabilities make it possible to compute global geodynamic earth models at near earthlike convective vigor. This paves the way to systematically obtain a range of synthetic data from such models in an approach that is known as closed loop experiments. Here we present results from closed loop experiments in geodynamic earth models targeted at three classes of data that are sensitive to the mantle convection process, namely seismic data, global stress patterns as reflected by the world stress map, and continent scale stratigraphy processed for the distribution of conformable and unconformable successions in recently developed so called hiatus maps. Our results reveal effects from spatially variable data collection and quality (as expected), mantle flow geometries (less expected) and (still poorly known) histories of paleo mantle flow. We conclude that the derivation of process based synthetic data from geodynamic earth models provides crucial information for data interpretion, that closed loop experiments area powerful tool to link geodynamic earth models to data, and that closed loop experiments could be helpful to guide future data collection efforts.
CoastPredict: the GlobalCoast framework for accelerated coordination of an integrated global system for coastal ocean observing and prediction
Authors: Coppini Giovanni , Kourafalou Villy , Tintoré Joaquín , Heslop Emma , Hopkins Jo , Charcos Llorens Miguel , O’Donovan Mairéad , Pinardi Nadia
Published: March 2024

The CoastPredict Programme, an endorsed Programme of the Ocean Decade, has established a central framework for coordination and practical implementation called ‘GlobalCoast’. GlobalCoast will coordinate implementation and integration of the science and technology advances from CoastPredict’s six Focus Areas at Pilot Sites in a range of contrasting Regions of the Global Coastal Ocean, using and developing best practice principles in observing, data management, modelling and co-design. The Programme Focus Areas projects address priorities related to coastal resilience including: Integrated observing and modelling for short term coastal forecasting and early warnings; Future Coastal Ocean climates: Earth System observing and modelling; Solutions for integrated coastal management; Coastal information integrated in an open and free international exchange infrastructure; Equitable coastal ocean capacity.GlobalCoast will overcome a number of existing barriers including: the lack of an international network for Global Coastal Ocean innovation and solutions for integrated observing and prediction, and associated fragmentation of knowledge; the particular challenge regarding open and free data access in the Global South; the lack of end-user (coastal managers / communities) involvement and the long timeframe currently required to demonstrate solutions.  Through GlobalCoast, CoastPredict will demonstrate (at Pilot Sites) an integrated observing and predicting system for the global coastal ocean and create globally replicable solutions, standards, and applications that enhance coastal resilience. A global digital cloud-based infrastructure will be key to acceleration - the cloud-based computing platform will enable accelerated data collection and open and free data sharing, and advancement of modelling and analysis tools, aligned with best practices.
Energetic particles observed by Solar Orbiter associated with a sharp shock wave passage from the solar backside event of March 13-14, 2023
Authors: Dudnik Oleksiy , Yakovlev Oleksandr , Mason Glenn , Ho George , Kouloumvakos Athanasios , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert , Rodriguez-Pacheco Javier , Espinosa Lara Francisco , Gómez Herrero Raul , Dudnik Bogdan , Képa Anna
Published: March 2024

Acceleration of charged particles in solar flares, during reconnection of magnetic field lines in coronal loops, and by shock waves in the solar corona and interplanetary space are some of the substantial physical processes being studied by the Solar Orbiter mission. Cross-analysis of the light curves of the non-thermal parts of X-ray flares energy spectra registered by the Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX), and high-energy charged particle spectrograms recorded by the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) suite assist us in furthering our understanding of these events.The anomalies and events in interplanetary space such as shocks, CIRs, ICMEs, solar and interplanetary radio bursts, SEPs being investigated in situ regime are typically associated with solar X-ray flares and/or SDO/AIA measurements of the solar atmosphere in multiple wavelengths when sources are on the visible side of the solar disk. In cases where the powerful flare occurs on the Sun's backside, the massive CME can reach the volumes in the interplanetary space right at the opposite side of the CME’s seed and manifests in different forms of irregularities in the solar wind parameters and magnetic field components as well in enhanced energetic particle fluxes. Such types of occasions are of particular interest due to their near-global impact on the inner heliosphere.In this study, we conduct a cross-analysis of the data derived from the Solar Wind Analyzer Proton-Alpha Sensor (SWA-PAS), Magnetometer (MAG), and EPD suite onboard the Solar Orbiter for the period of 13-14 March 2023, when a high-speed CME launched from near 180° from Earth accelerated an enormous quantity of high energy charged particles, from electrons to iron ions. At the time SolO was located 26°East of the Earth-Sun line at a distance of about 0.6 au. Even so, the CME quickly reached the spacecraft and manifested as a very sharp and strong shock at the front of which particles were accelerated additionally. In the analysis, we involve the data from the Suprathermal Ion Spectrograph (SIS), the SupraThermal Electrons and Protons (STEP), and the Electron Proton Telescope (EPT) of the EPD suite.This work is supported by the “Long-term program of support of the Ukrainian research teams at the Polish Academy of Sciences carried out in collaboration with the U.S. National Academy of Sciences with the financial support of external partners”.
Overview of the gridded daily and monthly precipitation data sets provided by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC)
Authors: Schirmeister Zora Leoni , Ziese Markus , Rustemeier Elke , Finger Peter , Heller Astrid , Schulze Raphaele , Zepperitz Magdalena , Fränkling Siegfried , Heller Bruno , Breidenbach Jan Nicolas
Published: March 2024

Since its founding in 1989, the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) has been producing global precipitation analyses based on land surface in-situ measurements. This year the GPCC marks its 35th anniversary. During these years the precipitation database has been continuously expanded and includes a high station density and large temporal coverage. Due to the semi-automatic quality control routinely performed on the incoming station data, the GPCC database has a very high quality. Today, the GPCC holds data from more than 126,000 stations, about three quarters of them having long time series.The core of the analyses is formed by data from the global meteorological and hydrological services, which provided their records to the GPCC, as well as national meteorological and hydrological services from all over the world. In addition, the GPCC receives SYNOP and CLIMAT reports via the WMO-GTS. These form a supplement for the high quality precipitation analyses and the basis for the near real-time evaluations.Quality control activities include cross-referencing stations from different sources, flagging of data errors, and correcting temporally or spatially offset data. This data then forms the basis for the following interpolation and product generation.In near real time, the 'First Guess Monthly', 'First Guess Daily', 'Monitoring Product', ‘Provisional Daily Precipitation Analysis’ and the 'GPCC Drought Index' are generated. These are based on WMO-GTS data and monthly data generated by the CPC (NOAA).With a 2-3 year update cycle, the high quality data products are generated with intensive quality control and built on the entire GPCC data base. These non-real time products consist of the 'Full Data Monthly', 'Full Data Daily', 'Climatology', and 'HOMPRA-Europe' and are now available in the 2022 version.All gridded datasets presented in this paper are freely available in netcdf format on the GPCC website https://gpcc.dwd.de and referenced by a digital object identifier (DOI). The site also provides an overview of all datasets, as well as a detailed description and further references for each dataset.
Intercomparison of soil organic carbon stocks measured from conventional and in situ sampling techniques at different spatial scales
Authors: O'Neill Macdara , Alves Marcos , Manderson Andrew , Macdonald Roberta , Georgiadis Petros
Published: March 2024

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key property of soil quality in arable soils and can play a central role in the voluntary carbon credit market by improving soil health, future food security and mitigating against climate change. The adoption of regenerative agricultural practices are considered one solution to achieve increases in SOC sequestration rates. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of SOC mean the changes in SOC attributed to management practices are often difficult to detect across different spatial scales and over short temporal periods. Thus, rapid, cost-effective methods for quantifying carbon are sought by key stakeholders in both academia and industry for accurate accounting of SOC stocks. A field trial experiment was conducted in 2023 on five arable fields in Denmark to compare SOC stocks measured between: (i) the conventional sampling method and (ii) a portable, handheld visible near infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The conventional sampling method used a hydraulic corer to extract soil in each field (n=9) split into three depth increments (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm). The samples were analysed for %SOC by the dumas dry combustion method whilst bulk density was measured volumetrically from the intact core upon extraction. For the spectroscopy method, soil was first extracted using a handheld auger (0-30 cm) which was subsequently homogenised and soil properties (%SOC, %Clay content and bulk density) were measured in situ by the scanner. The SOC concentration of these in situ soil samples were also measured by dry combustion analysis. We found differences in cumulative SOC stocks between the conventional and NIR methods attributed to variation in how SOC concentration was measured (directly vs. dry combustion) and less so to variation in bulk density. Clay contents were also similar between the conventional sampled soils and NIR soils, whilst the SOC concentrations measured by dry combustion were similar for both conventional and NIR soils. Overall, the results highlight that portable vis-NIR spectroscopy could be a scalable solution for monitoring SOC stocks in arable soils.
Lab-based assessment of engineered CO­2 mineralization in mafic rock reservoirs
Authors: Watt Ian , Butler Ian , Fusseis Florian , Molnar Ian , Gilgannon James , Haszeldine Stuart , Gilfillan Stuart
Published: March 2024

Understanding how in-situ mineralization of CO2 affects the porosity and permeability of the host rock is critical to assessing the viability of basalt reservoirs as carbon dioxide repositories. Precipitating carbonate minerals have the potential to fill primary porespace and decrease permeability, reducing injectivity and overall reservoir capacity. Laboratory experiments that induce carbon mineralization in basalt under controlled conditions can inform how fluid transport properties evolve in geological storage reservoirs.Here, we present time-resolved 3D datasets acquired using a novel x-ray transparent cell that allows carbon mineralization in basalt to be documented on the grain scale through time using x-ray microtomographic imaging (µCT). Our 4DµCT data aim to document the formation of carbonate mineral species, via ion exchange between dissolved inorganic carbon and the divalent cations of primary minerals in the basalt sample. We use the 4DµCT dataset to track sample deformation, changes in porosity, and to model the permeability evolution on the grain scale. Our 4DµCT data (Figure, below), and other post-reaction analyses, document the in-situ formation of carbonate mineral species.Our experiments utilise cylindrical cores of basalt with a diameter of 10 mm and a central 2 mm bore and react these with water-dissolved CO2. The second phase of the experiments is a switch of injection fluid to an aqueous solution of NaHCO3 equilibrated with CO2 During the ongoing experiment, the sample has been repeatedly sealed to maintain fluid pressure, disconnected from benchtop apparatus, and imaged using a µCT scanner. Exceptionally long operando experiments such as ours can be of particular use in assessing reservoir potential of prospective carbon mineral storage sites by recreating subsurface conditions unique to each location. The apparatus can investigate the evolution of physical rock properties over time periods relevant to field operations (months/years).
DeformAMS: A simple toolbox for modelling magnetic fabric evolution during rock deformation 
Authors: Chadima Martin , Hrouda Frantisek
Published: March 2024

The magnetic fabric, studied mainly by means of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), has become one of the well-established, fast, and reliable rock fabric proxies applied in many branches of Earth sciences. The magnetic fabric of rocks reflects the crystallographic or shape preferred orientation of all rock-constituent mineral grains; each mineral grain contributes to the overall fabric according to its single-grain anisotropic properties and its orientation.Because magnetic fabric is very sensitive to strain, a simple tool box is presented to model its evolution as a results of rock deformation. The toolbox works with a set of uniformly distributed model particles deformed following the so-called line/plane model which assumes that the particles behave as if they formed lines or planes in the deforming rock matrix; their shapes do not change in response to the imposed deformation but their orientation does. The pre-deformational and deformational magnetic fabrics are considered, both having originated through combined pure shear and simple shear acting in the pre-defined directions.The resultant magnetic fabric tensor is calculated by integrating the combined contribution of the entire set of modelled particles. The results are presented in terms of the principal AMS directions, degree of anisotropy, and shape of anisotropy ellipsoid. The presented toolbox is an integral part of Anisoft6 software which enables the instant visualization of how magnetic fabric gradually changes as a function of progressive deformation.The research was in partially conducted within the research plan RVO 67985831 of the Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences.
Storm impact and recovery on pebble beaches
Authors: Mendoza E. Tonatiuh , Soloy Antoine , Turki Imen , Ojeda Elena , Salameh Edward , Lecoq Nicolas , Deloffre Julien
Published: March 2024

This study examines the impact of individual storm events, the recovery, and the effect of successive events on pebble beaches. As a first step, storm events in the Normandy region (France) were identified and classified according to their energy content using a 42-year wave height time series. Of the total number of identified storms, 187 were classified as Weak. 74 storms fell under the Moderate category, 25 storms were classified as Significant, 9 storms were labeled as Severe, and 2 storms were characterized as Extreme. A close examination of storm characteristics was done for the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 winter seasons, where two Severe storms took place in each season. During these periods, the response of the beach was characterized through i) an evaluation of the intertidal beach volume using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) generated through a video camera platform, and ii) an examination of shoreline change using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The analysis revealed distinctive differences between the two winter seasons. The 2018-2019 contained half the storm energy content compared to the 2019-2020 season. During the first winter season, the Severe storm took place by the end of the winter period and encountered an eroded beach. Subsequently, there was a slight volume increase during the summer season which did not fully recover the pre-winter beach volume. As the 2019-2020 winter season commenced, there was further erosion, notably following the impact of the Severe storm (Ciara), which stood out as the most energetic storm during the study period. This event caused the beach to reach its minimum volume in the study, the posterior series of moderate and weak storms arriving at the beach assisted to the partial recovery of the beach volume. By July 2020, the beach volume had reached the pre-winter 2018-2019 values. The assessment of shoreline change using satellite images was used to complement the partial beach coverage of the cameras. Although, this approach was limited by the resolution of satellite images, evidence of shoreline retreat and beach rotation developments were associated to certain storm events, assisting in the evaluation of the beach response to storms.
Fucosidase as a feed additive to influence methane emission from pig slurry
Authors: Heidarzadeh Vazifehkhoran Ali , Hansen Michael Jørgen
Published: March 2024

This study was carried out to investigate the impact of fucosidase as a feed additive on mitigation of methane emission from fresh pig slurry in reactors mimicking housing and storage conditions. The study contained three treatment groups where fucosidase was added to the pig diets, 1) for two weeks after weaning, 2) for seven weeks after weaning, and 3) from weaning until slaughter. The treatments were compared to a control group without fucosidase. Fresh urine and feces were collected from three pigs in each treatment group at a bodyweight of ca. 30, 70, and 100 kg. Fresh feces and urine were added every second day to the housing reactors and after four weeks the slurry was moved to the storage reactors and kept at 15°C for twelve weeks. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) was used to measure methane concentration in the headspace air of the reactors. The results showed that there was no clear effect of the treatments at 30 and 70 kg. However, at 100 kg there was a significantly lower emission from the treated groups compared to the control. In the storage reactors there was no significant effect of the treatments. In conclusion, fucosidase as a feed additive can influence the methane emission from slurry under in-vitro conditions, but more research is needed to investigate the effect of dosage and if the same results can be obtained under real housing conditions.
Windstorm and Flood correlation in UK 
Authors: Venardos Artemis , Scudeler Carlotta
Published: March 2024

Insurers use catastrophe models to assess the risk related to catastrophic events such as floods and windstorms and, in turn, to inform their pricing, manage their risk accumulation, and allocate their capital for regulatory purposes. One of the major challenges when it comes to catastrophe modelling is to ensure that any likelihood of adverse scenarios correlating across different perils is appropriately captured. When this correlation of risk is underestimated, it can lead to weaker financial protection. Insurers’ European catastrophe models generally assume windstorms and inland floods to be independent perils, while recent storm case studies such as Storm Kyrill in 2007 and Storm Desmond in 2015 have suggested that these two hazards occur simultaneously in the same weather systems, increasing joined risk.  The purpose of this study is to quantify the correlation in the UK, by analysing historical wind speed and precipitation extremes. It employed an event-based approach that utilises the Copernicus C3S Footprint dataset, as well as E-OBS daily gridded precipitation data, to investigate whether the windstorms between 1979 to 2021 correlate with precipitation extremes. The Storm Severity Index (SSI), accompanied by a newly developed Precipitation Severity Index (PSI), were used to assess the severity of each windstorm, and inform the subsequent correlation analysis. Among the major findings, it is shown that 1) wind and precipitation extremes exhibit a probability of simultaneous occurrence; 2) the highest SSI (category 1 and 2) windstorms are the most correlated to precipitation extremes; 3) rainfall events with the highest PSI most likely follow a clustering series of storms, leading to prolonged and heavy rainfall (e.g. storm Ciara, 2020 and storm Desmond, 2015); and 4) the SSI severity category of each storm might play a role in whether wind and precipitation extremes occur in the same location or not. The key takeaway of this study suggests the importance of incorporating the correlation between these two hazards (wind and precipitation that leads to floods) into insurers' catastrophe models. Further analysis will look at river flow data and wind and flood losses.  
On the role of SST and Upper Ocean Thermal Structure on Rapid Intensification and Maximum Intensity in Tropical Cyclones. 
Authors: Wellmeyer Evan , Ferretti Rossella
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the Rapid Intensification (RI) and Maximum Intensity (MI) of Hurricanes Wilma and Rita (2005), focusing on the impact of Sea Surface Temperature (SST), SST anomalies (SSTA), Ocean Heat Content (OHC) and the Ocean Mixed Layer Depth (OMLD). Utilizing numerical model simulations, the research aims to quantify the ocean's impact on tropical cyclone intensity, particularly under different OHC scenarios. Numerical simulations are performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a simplified 1D Ocean Model. Simulations performed include a control with initialization consistent with observations, removing the SSTA, modulating the OMLD (doubling and halving), and modulating SST initialization fields at –3, –2, –1, +1, +2, +3 Celsius. Simulations successfully reproduce the RI phase and intensity trajectory of Hurricane Wilma and Rita, with the SSTA significantly impacting both intensity and track. Preliminary results (under ideal atmospheric conditions) indicate the SSTA produces an average 27% lower Central Sea Level Pressure (CSLP), a 30% difference in minimum CSLP, and a mean difference in maximum wind speed of approximately 6%. Additionally, SSTA enhances the deepening rate during the RI phase by about 47%, increases the total surface heat flux by approximately 19%, and produces a 10% increase in accumulated grid scale precipitation.  
Classification of different physical scatterers in weather radar data using machine learning techniques
Authors: Agrawal Alakh , Pahuja Swasti , Neelatt Anjita , Indu JDr
Published: March 2024

The present study classifies echoes from meteorological and biological targets using dual-polarization Doppler weather radar data from the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD).  Preliminary results are presented using six key variables namely, Base reflectivity, Base velocity, Spectrum width, Differential reflectivity, Correlation Coefficient, and Differential Phase. A threshold-based filtering methodology was implemented for biological scatterers and heavy precipitation events. To automate the classification, machine learning algorithms were implemented. Multiple machine learning algorithms were implemented and fine-tuned for the highest classification accuracy. Through the integration of machine learning techniques with dual-polarization Doppler weather radar data, this research endeavors to contribute to the development of robust models capable of distinguishing multiple types of physical scatterers from each other.
Combined impact and interior evolution models in three dimensions indicate a southern impact origin of the Martian Dichotomy
Authors: Cheng Kar Wai , Ballantyne Harry , Golabek Gregor , Jutzi Martin , Rozel Antoine , Tackley Paul
Published: March 2024

The origin of the martian crustal dichotomy is a long-standing mystery since its discovery in the Mariner 9 era. Among various proposed hypotheses, a single giant impact origin (i.e. the Borealis impact) is the most well known, and the most studied. However, studies that include realistic impact models often adapt a simplified geological and geophysical model for predicting the final crustal distribution, while long-term mantle convection studies have mostly employed an over-simplified parametrization of the impact. Here we use a coupled SPH-thermochemical approach to first simulate an impact event, and then use the result of this realistic model as the initial condition for the long-term mantle convection model. We demonstrate that a giant impact collision results in a mantle-deep magma pond, which upon crystallisation leads to a thicker crust production on the impacted hemisphere. In other words, an impact-origin of Mars's southern highlands requires the giant impact to occur in the southern hemisphere. We find that both the impact scenario and the mantle properties affect the geometry of the impact-induced crust ("highlands'') and the subsequent state of the interior, and that the formation of "highlands'' extends beyond the initial magma pond.  We show that a near head-on (15o from the normal) impact event with impactor radius of 750 km, together with a mantle viscosity of 1020 Pa s, can best reproduce the southern highlands of Mars with a geometry similar to that of present-day observations.
Effect of irrigation on tree vitality in a temperate forest in Germany
Authors: Köhler Michael , Bilyera Nataliya , Gerdes Heiko , Meesenburg Henning
Published: March 2024

Over the past decades, extensive groundwater extraction has disturbed the water balance in the Hessian Ried region of Germany, resulting in a deepening of the groundwater table. Consequently, the forests in this area, which were initially reliant on groundwater, are now solely dependent on precipitation. The increasing frequency of summer droughts further jeopardizes the vitality of these forests. To address these issues, above-ground irrigation as an alternative to restoring the groundwater table could be pivotal. Implementing irrigation strategies may allow to revitalize trees and/or reduce mortality rates.To assess the impact of irrigation on tree vitality, an experiment is conducted since 2021 in the municipal forest of Gernsheim, located in the Hessian Ried region, Germany, a region, where large forest areas are suffering from groundwater abstraction. The experiment involved designated control and irrigation plots, each in threefold replication covering 2500 m2 per plot. Perforated pipes were installed at the irrigation plots on the ground, delivering water based on real-time field measurements of soil water content, matric potential, and precipitation regime. The irrigation plots received 186 mm, 505 mm, and 332 mm of additional water in 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively.Phenological observations indicated that irrigation prevented premature senescence of the foliage compared to control plots following a drought in 2022. Even in the following year, non-irrigated plots showed 10% less canopy cover. Additionally, leaf area index was significantly higher in 2022 and 2023 at the irrigated compared to the control plots, despite starting lower there in 2021. The negative impact of drought on tree growth was also significantly reduced by irrigation: the diameter increment of trees at irrigated plots during the drought year 2022 was similar to previous moist years for oak trees, while the increment was even higher for hornbeam trees. Tree mortality rates remained consistent at 3-5% in 2022 regardless of irrigation. However, tree mortality decreased to 0% in 2023 under the irrigation scheme, while it remained high at 10% in the control plots.To conclude, forest irrigation effectively reduced premature senescence of tree foliage during the severe drought of 2022, and thus prolonged the growing period. Irrigation significantly contributed to preserving tree vitality and reducing tree mortality in the subsequent year. Given that trees might endure the adverse effects of drought for several years, long-term studies are necessary to determine to what extent forest condition can be revitalized over time with irrigation.
The seismic cycle of the Hatay Triple Junction from GNSS analysis: interseismic, coseismic and postseismic deformations
Authors: Özkan Ali , Tiryakioğlu İbrahim , Solak Halil İbrahim , Uslular Göksu , Rousset Baptiste , Masson Frédéric , Yavaşoğlu H. Hakan
Published: March 2024

The East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) is a major tectonic feature in Anatolia, moving westward relative to the Eurasian plate, primarily due to the compressional behavior of the African, Sinai, and Arabian plates. The EAFZ has been historically significant as the epicenter of several major seismic events, including the recent devastating earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş on February 06, 2023. In this study, we provide a comprehensive tectonic analysis of the EAFZ, focusing specifically on the Hatay Triple Junction (HTJ), where the EAFZ meets with the continuation of the Dead Sea Fault Zone and the Cyprus Arc. Through the synthesis of pre-seismic evaluations and co-seismic data derived from our comprehensive geodetic network, we aim to extend the understanding of the seismic cycle and fault behavior in this tectonically complex region.In the pre-seismic phase, we employed a dense GNSS network, including the Turkish National Fundamental GPS Network (TUTGA) and various campaign sites, to analyze the strain accumulation and fault kinematics at the HTJ. Analyses revealed that the EAFZ and Karataş-Osmaniye fault exhibit complete locking at depths of 15 km and 7 km, respectively, while the Karasu Fault (KF) demonstrates locking up to a depth of 7 km. Our kinematic models indicated significant slip rates, suggesting a high potential for large earthquakes. Remarkably, during the revision of our manuscript in “Tectonophysics”, two major earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) occurred near the KF and EAFZ in Pazarcık and Elbistan, Kahramanmaraş, respectively. These earthquakes, happening in close succession, dramatically corroborated our predictions for seismic activity near the HTJ. In the co-seismic phase, following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, we utilized a high-resolution GNSS network with 73 permanent and 40 campaign stations to assess surface displacements and fault slip distributions. Significant displacements were recorded, with the largest being 466 cm, and substantial fault ruptures were observed along the EAFZ and Çardak fault segment, including the left-lateral slips of 494 cm and 391 cm in the first and second earthquakes, respectively.  Our ongoing projects will integrate pre-earthquakes geodetic data with new GNSS measurements to analyze the postseismic deformation following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, including afterslip and its relation with aftershocks, as well as stress perturbations on the neighboring faults. This integrated approach is expected to further refine our ability to understand the behavior of the fault in the post-seismic phase and delineate the complete seismic cycle along the EAFZ.    
Interpretation of a second-order discontinuity at 1°N latitude of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Francicleide Sousa da Silva Raissa , Vital Helenice , Farias do Nascimento Aderson
Published: March 2024

Understanding the depths of the marine substrate is of vital importance for an increasing variety of fundamental purposes that contribute to the comprehension of our planet's functioning. The primary objective of this research was to map the seafloor through multibeam bathymetry, at Latitude 1º N of the mid-Atlantic ridge, NW of the Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo. Data were collected aboard the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Research Ship (NpqHOc) Vital de Oliveira, within the scope of the QWHALES, SeabedMap and PQ MapMar projects. An EM-122 multibeam echosounder was used, in the 12 kHz frequency range, with an opening of 60º and at a speed of 7 knots. Raw data processing was performed with Caris HIPS & SIPS version 11.4.24 software. Until this study, the selected area had not been mapped, meaning that mapping a previously unexplored region of the ocean floor represents a crucial advancement, highlighting the importance of understanding the complexity of the marine environment. The obtained results allowed the generation of a bathymetric surface map at a pixel resolution of 50 meters. With the bathymetric map, it was possible to identify the morphology of slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges. Through elevation profile, an axial valley delimited by edge faults to the axial valley was interpreted. Along the valley, there is a discontinuity with an offset of approximately 17 km from the axis in the mapped area. This metric, associated with the morphology of the expansion axis that develops a narrow and deep axial valley, allowed the classification of non-transforming displacement or second-order displacement. Finally, it was also possible to identify that this discontinuity is located between the South American and African tectonic plates. 
FracAbility: A python toolbox for survival analysis in fractured rock systems
Authors: Benedetti Gabriele , Casiraghi Stefano , Bistacchi Andrea , Bertacchi Daniela
Published: March 2024

When analysing fractured rock outcrops, the fracture network's topology and length statistics are of fundamental importance. Past literature focused on adopting a non-parametric approach for the unbiased estimation of fracture length data mean, and with some additional steps, the variance of a population. However, technology improved, and necessities shifted. Now it is possible to quickly obtain dense length datasets with thousands of measurements and the emergence of stochastic DFNs increased the demand for parametric solutions to correctly fit several types of distributions. These conditions highlighted an absence of works on these topics. Of particular interest is the right censoring bias effect of the interpretational boundary on the fracture length statistics. We tackle this problem by applying survival analysis techniques, a branch of statistics that includes methods for modelling time to event data and correctly estimating the model’s parameters with data affected by censoring. Synthetic testing has been carried out, showing a reliable estimate of the distribution parameters with up to 80% of the total measurements being censored. Moreover, it is shown that the correction is independent from the orientation of the fracture set or boundary geometry. We propose FracAbility, a new open-source Python package capable to both analyse the topology of fracture networks and, by using the latest SciPy version, correctly fit different parametrical distributions on length data with right censored measurements. The library and the proposed approach have been applied to real world data, successfully correcting length distributions affected by censoring.
Earliest eruption of the Deccan Large Igneous Province: a potential trigger of the Late Maastrichtian abrupt warming event 
Authors: McKeegan Rilla , Adatte Thierry , Schoene Blair , Eddy Michael P , Galvez Matthieu , Khadri Syed FR , Omodeo Sale Silvia
Published: March 2024

The Chicxulub impact in Mexico and Deccan volcanism in India are both linked to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction but the relative timing of the impact, volcanic eruptions, and environmental changes remain controversial, precluding a full assessment of their respective roles. The bulk (80%) of Deccan Trap eruptions occurred over a relatively short time interval in magnetic polarity C29r. U-Pb zircon geochronology reveals the onset of this main eruption phase 350 ky before the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) mass extinction.U-Pb zircon geochronology from Malwa Plateau basalts on the northern margin of the Deccan LIP are temporally correlative with the first pulse of Deccan volcanism, which is coeval with a ∼200 kyr Late Maastrichtian warming event preserved globally in contemporaneous stratigraphic sections. This 2.5–8°C warming has been inferred by several studies on the basis of δ18O in benthic foraminifera, pedogenic carbonate and bivalve shells, as well as changes in leaf morphology. The onset of this excursion is temporally correlative to the initial decline in oceanic 187Os/188Os toward more radiogenic values and increasing Hg contents.This first pulse of Deccan magmatism erupted through organic-rich sedimentary Permian rocks of the Narmada-Tapi rift basin. Direct CO2 emissions from basalt are unlikely to cause this magnitude of warming, except at extreme eruption rates, which is difficult to reconcile with the likely longer duration and lower eruption rates inferred from this first eruptive pulse. Thermal contact metamorphism of these sediments could have been a source of sufficient CO2 to drive the Late Maastrichtian warming event. The aim of this study is to understand the fate of C, Hg and S during the contact metamorphism associated with the first Deccan pulse and to evaluate the importance of this process in the global C, Hg and S cycles.Our data are based on measurements of contact aureoles around several dikes and sills intruding in Permian organic-rich coal located in the Narmada-Tapi rift basin. We focused on TOC, Hg and S contents. While the sediments further away from the intrusions show high levels of TOC (>20%) and significant contents in Hg and S, the samples located in the aureoles (around 5 m thick) show a nearly total loss of the same elements. Our initial results demonstrate that the global C, S and Hg cycles can be substantially perturbed after LIP-scale sill and dyke emplacement in organic-rich sedimentary rocks. Deccan volcanism likely contributed to climate instability in the late Cretaceous and may have exacerbated the environmental effects of the Chicxulub impact.
Heterogeneous Dissolved Organic Phosphorus Composition and Bioavailability in Marine Systems
Authors: Dyhrman Sonya , Ruttenberg Kathleen , Hull Danielle , Leon Soon Sherril
Published: March 2024

The critical role of Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (DOP) in supporting primary production has spurred efforts to characterize DOP composition so that insight may be gained into its bioavailability and cycling in aquatic systems. The degree to which DOP is bioavailable to primary producers will determine, in part, the extent of carbon uptake and sequestration.  Ascertaining DOP composition has proven to be an analytically challenging endeavor.  As a consequence, the DOP pool remains poorly characterized, and our predictive power relative to DOP-bioavailability, and coupled carbon cycling, remains limited. Analytical impediments to characterizing DOP composition in natural waters include its low concentration, requiring pre-concentration before compositional features can be probed via spectroscopy, and the fact that organic phosphorus compounds are not easily amenable to standard organic geochemical approaches, such as chromatographic or mass spectrophotometric methods, particularly in salt water. While 31-Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy has provided intriguing information on the distribution of the 2 major DOP compound types (phosphoesters, phosphonates), the crucial question of DOP bioavailability cannot be addressed by this method. We present novel DOP molecular weight distribution and bioavailability data, generated using a coupled sequential ultrafiltration-bioavailability approach from a marine water column depth profile and locations across a gradient in phosphate concentration in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.  There is substantial compositional variability in the marine DOP pool, both in the pattern of DOP molecular weight distribution at different sites, as well as the distribution of bioavailable mono- and diesters of phosphate across molecular weight fractions.  In some cases, a substantial fraction of DOP in different molecular weight size classes is non-reactive to the two enzymes used to assay potential bioavailability, raising the interesting possibility of non-bioavailable DOP. The significance of recognizing that the oceanic DOP pool is compositionally heterogeneous, and variably bioavailable, lies in that fact that such information is a prerequisite to building ecosystem models that capture the influence of P biogeochemistry on primary production and carbon cycling in aquatic systems.
Blue Transitions in the Black Sea: Multi-ActorForums to Advance a Sustainable Blue Economy
Authors: Papadaki Lydia , Akinsete Ebun , Koundouri Phoebe
Published: March 2024

The Blue Economy, encompassing all economic activities associated with littoral regions,oceans, and waters, is crucial for the sustainable development of areas worldwide. Situated atthe nexus of Asia and Europe, the Black Sea possesses tremendous potential for the expansionof a thriving Blue Economy. Conversely, this potential is accompanied by a distinct array ofobstacles that necessitate resolution in order to guarantee the enduring expansion of maritimesectors in the area. An EU-funded project, DOORS Black Sea 1 , that develops optimal andaccessible Black Sea research support, aims to tackle these issues. DOORS facilitatescollaboration among industry, academia, and local communities in an effort to revitalize theBlack Sea and foster "blue economy" opportunities through the implementation of a system ofsystems (SoS) that addresses the effects of climate change and human activities on the marineecosystem. Success, value, and impact of DOORS are contingent on stakeholder participation.Collaboration with researchers advances science and technology, imbuing project work withgreater significance. Multi-Actor Forums (MAFs) facilitate the collaboration of diversenational stakeholders from Georgia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey in order to assistscientists in the prioritization of Black Sea issues, with an emphasis on innovations to addressgaps and blue economy policies. This method also contributes to the co-design of the region'sSystem of Systems, which provides the necessary insights for researchers to addressenvironmental challenges and advance the blue economy. This research examines thepotential implications of the findings on the sustainable growth of the Blue Economy andpolicy-related matters in the area.1 https://www.doorsblacksea.eu
Preliminary InSAR Results of t he 2024 Noto Japan Earthquake
Authors: Ng Sin-Mei
Published: March 2024

At 07:10:39 (GMT ) on 1st January 2024, a devastating earthquake struck the west coast of Honshu, Japan. According to the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) Project, the magnitude and depth of the earthquake are respectively 7.5 Mw and 12 km; and the epicentre is located at Noto, Ishikawa Prefecture, Honshu (latitude: 37.490°N, longitude: 137.170°E). Two weeks after the earthquake (up to 15th January), the death toll had risen to 221. Besides heavy casualties, post-seismic ground deformation caused by the earthquake is intensively reported. In order to study the ground deformation caused by this large and shallow earthquake, the satellite geodetic technique, namely the synthetic aperture radar interferometry or interferometricsynthetic aperture radar, InSAR, will be adopted in this study. Moreover, Sentinel 1 Level 1 SLC product from the Copernicus Program will be utilized. An InSAR processing system based on the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), or GMTSAR, for short, is used for data processing. Preliminary pre-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic results derived from GMTSAR will be shown together with the outcomes from the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) if applicable.
The effect of man-made structures on sedimentary blue carbon dynamics 
Authors: Woodward-Rowe Hugo , Dal Molin Frank , Gregson Ben , Mason Claire , Parker Ruth , Hicks Natalie
Published: March 2024

Continental shelf sediments contain significant carbon stocks while being increasingly subject to anthropogenic pressures such as trawling, oil and gas extraction and more recently the introduction of offshore wind farms. Despite extensive research on the effect of man-made structures on the marine environment, there remains a research gap regarding their effect on shelf sediment carbon storage through their installation, operation and following decommissioning. This is the first study to explicitly study sediment carbon dynamics surrounding man-made structures. This talk presents carbon data from two decommissioned oil and gas platforms (Northwest Hutton and Miller) in the North Sea, from sediment cores taken at increasing distances away from the decommissioned sites. Understanding the carbon dynamics includes presenting the carbon stocks, sediment composition, and carbon accumulations rates using radiochemistry techniques. This research is important for determining the role of MMS on carbon dynamics, and has implications for decommissioning practice across the North Sea.