bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovules and Seeds of Tremandraceae
Authors: Boesewinkel F. D.
Published: December 2005

The Tremandraceae have bitegmic, anatropous and crassinucellate ovules with
dermal integuments and a very thick inner integument. A chalazal appendage is
present in Tetratheca and
Tremandra. The hairy seeds have a seed coat with a
crystalliferous endotesta and a fibrous exotegmen. The cream-coloured chalazal
appendage functions as an elaiosome and the walls of the epidermal cells are
rich in fatty substances. The seeds of Platytheca lack
the elaiosome but are covered with inflated and thinner hairs. The ovule and
seed characters of Tremandraceae suggest a relationship with the Linales
alliance.
Mating system studies in jarrah, Eucalyptus marginata (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Millar M. A. , Byrne M. , Coates D. J. , Stukely M. J. C. , McComb J. A.
Published: December 2005

Estimates of outcrossing rate were determined for four populations of
Eucalyptus marginata from the jarrah forest in
south-west Western Australia. The mean multilocus outcrossing rate
(t = 0.81) was high in all populations and was
towards the high end of the range of outcrossing rates that have been observed
in other mass-flowering eucalypt species. A significant proportion of the
inbreeding detected appeared to be due to biparental inbreeding, and the
levels of correlated paternity were unexpectedly high. Differences between
populations were generally not significant, although trees from a disturbed
site affected by disease showed lower outcrossing, higher biparental
inbreeding and higher correlated paternity, suggesting an increase in
population structure compared with trees from disease-free sites.
Studies in the pollen morphology of Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp. and its wild ally Atylosia W. & A.
Authors: Chaturvedi M. , Datta K.
Published: December 2005

Studies in the pollen morphology of 13 cultivars ofCajanus cajan, a cultivated legume of Africa and Asia,and six species of Atylosia, a wild ally ofC. cajan, were conducted with light microscope andscanning electron microscope, with a view to assess interrelationship betweenthe wild and cultivated species. There is a striking resemblance among thepollen features of Cajanus cajan and fiveAtylosia species, namelyA. albicans, A. lineata,A. platycarpa, A. scarabaeoidesand A. volubilis. Pollen grains in all these species are3-zonocolporate with thickened colpi margins, and the exine surface isreticulate with circular, slightly elongated or irregular lumina. The mergerof these Atylosia species into the genusCajanus finds support also in pollen features. However,A. marmorata (an Australian species) shows distinctlydifferent pollen features from all of the above species by having smallerpollen grains, by the absence of thickened colpi margins and by havingreticulation with elongated large brochi with narrow muri. Interestingly,A. scarabaeoides, another Australian species but alsowidely distributed in Africa and Asia, does not show pollen morphologicalaffinity with A. marmorata, and is closer toCajanus cajan.
Further new species of Parmelia (lichens) from Australia
Authors: Elix JA
Published: December 2005

Parmelia atrobarbatica, Parmelia neodelisei, Parmelia conranensis, Parmelia viridosoredians and Parmelia mongaensis are described as new from Australia.
Volatile Components From the Roots of Acacia pulchella R.br. And Their Effect on Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
Authors: Whitfield FB , Shea SR , Gillen KJ , Shaw KJ
Published: December 2005

A steam-volatile extractive of the roots of Acacia pulchella has been shown to inhibit the growth of the
pathogenic fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi. The extractive restricted mycelial growth, suppressed
sporangial production and germination and reduced zoospore germination of the fungus when grown
axenically. Examination by gas chromatography of the headspace vapours of whole roots indicated the
presence of 270 organic components. Of these, 78 components were identified and an additional 56
tentatively identified by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The major volatile
compounds identified were 2- and 3-methylbutanol, hexanol, pentanal, 2- and 3-methylbutanal, 4-
methylacetophenone and carbon disulfide. The antifungal activity of the root volatiles and the resistance of
A . Pulchella to invasion by P. cinnamomi are discussed.
Correlation of Resistance to Physical Stress With Fruit Structure in the Grape Vitis Vinifera L.
Authors: Considine JA
Published: December 2005

The internal pressure required to cause splitting has been determined for fruit of nine cultivars of Vitis
vinifeva and related to geometrical and strucrural attributes. The integrated cell-wall content of the dermal
system or skin accounted for 56% of the variance of the pressure required to cause splitting of 50% of fruit.
No other measured factor was found to be correlated statistically with resistance of grapes to splitting.
Nevertheless, it is considered that no single character determines stress resistance but that this is achieved by
a combination of geometric, structural and physiological factors.
Mangrove Litter Fall in North-Eastern Australia. II. Periodicity
Authors: Williams WT , Bunt JS , Duke NC
Published: December 2005

Fourier analysis was used to demonstrate distinctive seasonal patterns of leaf litter fall in the mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata, R. stylosa and R. lamarckii. Similar treatment of data for stipule fall was not successful, indicating that this process may be controlled by random events. The fall of leaves and reproductive parts appears to be correlated with climatic factors, notably rainfall, in a fashion that varies with species. Seasonal trends without Fourier analysis are described for Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. parviflora, Avicennia sp. and Ceriops tagal in terms of leaves and reproductive parts, and for leaves only in Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus granatum, Heritiera littoralis, Lumnitzera racemosa and L. littorea.
The chlorenchyma of some members of the Salicornieae (Chenopodiaceae).
Authors: Carolin RC , Jacobs SWL , Vesk M
Published: December 2005

Thirty-three taxa belonging to the tribe Salicornieae have been examined for δ13C ratios, and the anatomy of 19 of these taxa has also been examined. The results indicate that only the Halosarcia indica group has δ13C ratios and anatomy consistent with a C, photosynthetic pathway.
A contribution on the genus Parmelia (lichens ) in southern Australia
Authors: Filson RB
Published: December 2005

The species of Parmelia found in the drier parts of the southern region of Australia are critically examined. A key to species and full descriptions of the taxa have been provided. The chemical properties of each species are detailed and the various chemical tests and reactions enumerated. Variation within species and taxonomic affinities are fully discussed. Representative specimens are cited and known distribution plotted on maps. Parrnelia bellatula Kurokawa & Filson, P. glareosa Kurokawa & Filson, P. helmsii, Kurokawa & Filson, P. nebulosa Kurokawa & Filson, P. terrestris Kurokawa & Filson and P. willisii Kurokawa & Filson have been described as new. The new combination Parmelia australasica (Galloway) Filson has been made.
Variation and Evolution in the Genus Flindersia (Rutaceae). I. Review of the Genus.
Authors: Whiffin T
Published: December 2005

As a first stage in a detailed study of variation and evolution in the genus Flindersia, a review of relationships between the species in the genus is provided. Existing morphological data are studied using numerical techniques, both phenetic and phyletic, and the results integrated into a consistent phylogeny for the genus. This is proposed as a convenient starting point for future studies, and as a context into which the results may be fitted.
Variation and Evolution in the Genus Flindersia (Rutaceae). II. Review of Methods for Geographic Variation Analysis of Volatile Oil Data
Authors: Whiffin T
Published: December 2005

The genus Flindersia is currently being studied as it provides an ideal system for the investigation of variation and evolution in a group of tropical tree species. The first stage in this investigation is to study the pattern of geographic variation present within each species in turn. The appropriate methods are considered in detail with particular reference to the sampling regime, the use of leaf volatile oils and the use of numerical analysis. Sampling is on a population basis, so the problems of sample size and density are discussed. The use of leaf volatile oils in the study of geographic variation is explained, with reference to the advantages and disadvantages, including the possible problems of ontogenetic variation, temporal (seasonal and diurnal) variation and environmentally induced variation, and to the phenomenon of chemical forms. The array of available numerical techniques is also covered, with reference to significance tests, contour mapping, differential systematics, distance matrix, clustering, ordination, partial clustering, minimum spanning tree, networks and multiple discriminant analysis. Finally, a standard procedure is drawn up for the subsequent geographic variation analysis of the various species of Flindersia.
Development of Large Plate-Like Lignotubers in Eucalyptus botryoides Sm. In Relation to Environmental Factors
Authors: Lacey CJ
Published: December 2005

Individuals of E. botryoides (nomenclature of eucalypts follows Chippendale 1976) form large
lignotubers in a coastal area of high rainfall (c. 1200 mm per year) and relatively infertile siliceous
sand. All plants in the area are regularly burnt and those of the seaward edge are exposed to saline
winds.
A multiple-stemmed (mallee) form of E. botryoides with a large (up to 6 m wide) plate-like
lignotuber occurs where the combination of environmental effects is harshest. The lignotuber develops
a plate-like form following the death of the upper surface and the consequent progression of decay
downwards, so that growth is mainly restricted to its periphery and under surface.
The lignotuber gives rise to many generations of stems, mainly from its periphery. New roots are
also formed in association with the process of lignotuber extension and hence E. botryoides mallees
are an example of vegetative reproduction in the genus Eucalyptus.
The probable sequence of events in the development of plate-like lignotubers is outlined
diagramatically. Genetical and environmental factors that are probably involved in this development
are discussed.
It has not been possible to assess satisfactorily the ages of large lignotubers by C14 dating techniques
because of sampling difficulties. All decayed wood samples attached to buried parts of such lignotubers
so far examined have been aged at less than 200 years.
Tree Rings in Tropical Callitris macleayana F. Muell.
Authors: Ash J
Published: December 2005

Growth rings were examined in trees of Callitrzs macleayana from the Atherton Tablelands in
Queensland, Australia. The climate is tropical with a distinct dry season that induces regular annual
growth rings. A correlation of 0 74 was found between annual ring widths and the duration of the
wet seasons. The potential of this species for dendrochronological study is apparent.
δ13C values of C3 and C4 species of Australian Neurachne and its allies (Poaceae)
Authors: Hattersley PW , Roksandic Z
Published: December 2005

δ13C values are presented for the 10 closely related species of the endemic Australian genera Thyridolepis, Paraneurachne and Neurachne (Poaceae). The three Thyridolepis species exhibit values typical of C3 plants, Paraneurachne muelleri of C4 plants. The genus Neurachne is variable; five species have C*3 values while N. munroi is typically C*4. These results generally confirm previous anatomical observations showing that Neurachne appears to contain both C3 and C4 species. N. minor, however, while having C3 δ13C values, has leaf anatomy which suggests it is C4. N. minor may be a C3/C4 intermediate.
Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Calcium Nutrition on Growth of Eucalypt Seedlings and on the Expression of Disease Associated With Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection
Authors: Halsall DM , Forrester RI , Moss TE
Published: December 2005

In glasshouse trials, seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata and E. pilularis, grown in sand and supplied
with independently varied levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, were inoculated with
Phytophthora cinnamomi. The response of the seedlings was evaluated 9 weeks after inoculation.
Seedling growth (height, shoot and root dry weight) increased with increasing levels of nitrogen
and phosphorus supplied to the plant. Increased calcium levels produced an increase in shoot weight
only when phosphorus levels were high. High levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus produced a
synergistic increase in growth.
Inoculation with P. cinnamomi caused a significant reduction in growth in both species of eucalypt.
This reduction was maximal when there was a nutritional imbalance between nitrogen and phosphorus
and minimal when nitrogen and phosphorus levels were balanced and the plants were growing
vigorously. The pathogen was recovered most frequently from seedlings growing on low levels of
nitrogen and phosphorus, indicating that P. cinnarnomi is less successful in infection or survives in
the root for a shorter period when nutritional conditions favour vigorous growth.
The form in which nitrogen was supplied also affected seedling growth; maximum growth was
obtained when the nitrate to ammonium nitrogen ratio was 7 : 3. The form of nitrogen supplied did
not affect the response to inoculation with P. cinnamomi.
The study of plant phylogeny using amino acid sequences of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate carboxylase. I. Patterns of variability
Authors: Martin PG , Jennings AC
Published: December 2005

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase has been prepared from 50 species of angiosperms from 16 diverse families. In 35 preparations, well known 'bland leaf' methods were used but 15 species had 'pungent leaves' and for these a new preparative method is described. Automatic methods have been used to obtain N-terminal sequences (40 amino acids) of the small subunit (SSU) from all 50 species and the pattern of variability is discussed: 26 of 40 positions are variable to a degree similar to that found in plastocyanin and plant cytochrome c, i.e, an average of 3.7 different amino acids per variable site. These results, and the fact that sufficient protein can be obtained from 100 g of leaves, make a widespread phylogenetic survey of angiosperm SSU feasible and it is claimed that the method is at least as practicable as nucleic acid sequencing. A limited amount of sequencing has been carried out on the large subunit (LSU) but its low variability discourages a protein sequencing survey. Implications for gene structure and function are discussed and evidence is given that active LSU is derived from a precursor with 14 additional amino acids at the N-terminus. In SSU, variability of the two N- terminal amino acids suggests that they are not involved in the signals for removal of either the transit peptide or, in the RNA, of the intron, excision of one end of which depends on the codons for the invariable amino acids at positions 3 and 4. Evidence is also given that if the N-terminus of SSU is methionine, as is common, then it is modified and associated with a 'frayed' N-terminus.
Early tertiary Proteaceae: The first floral evidence for the Musgraveinae
Authors: Christophel DC
Published: December 2005

Musgraveinanthus alcoensis is described from the Eocene Alcoa Anglesea Deposit (Victoria) based on two compressed inflorescences, each of c. 30 flower pairs. Its placement in the subtribe Musgraveinae (tribe Banksieae) is based on three free hypogynous glands per flower, three persistent bracts subtending each flower pair and biporate pollen found in one remaining bud. Comparative studies of the two extant genera of the subtribe, Musgravea F. Muell. and Austrornuellera C. T. White, confirm the lak of differentiating floral features within the subtribe.
Although Proteaceae leaves and fruits are common at the locality, none belonging to Musgraveinanthus have yet been recovered. The restricted distributions of the two extant genera of the subtribe support earlier hypotheses that the deposit is similar to an extant Simple Notophyll Vine Forest and that it might represent subtropical vegetation.
The study of plant phylogeny using amino acid sequences of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase. V. Magnoliaceae, Polygonaceae and the concept of primitiveness
Authors: Martin PG , Dowd JM
Published: December 2005

N-terminal, 40 amino acid sequences of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit are given for three species of Polygonaceae, three of Magnoliaceae and for Metasequoia. Making use of three plastocyanin and one cytochrome c sequences from the literature, these families are added to a previously published phylogenetic tree. Fagaceae and Proteaceae are also added.
Uncertainties in the 14-family tree are pointed out. The root of the tree is identified using gymnosperm sequences. The concept of primitiveness as it is relevant to this research is discussed. From the phylogenetic tree there is no evidence for primitiveness of Magnoliaceae, though it is not precluded. Polygonaceae and Chenopodiaceae form a branch that diverges from the main tree near the presumptive dicotyledonous origin.
Comparative Studies in Selected Species of Eucalyptus Used in Rehabilitation of the Northern Jarrah Forest, Western Australia. I. Patterns of Xylem Pressure Potential and Diffusive Resistance of Leaves
Authors: Colquhoun IJ , Ridge RW , Bell DT , Loneragan WA , Kuo J
Published: December 2005

Land use which reduces tree canopy density and the impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi are believed
to be altering the hydrological balance of parts of the northern jarrah forest, Western Australia. In
the drier eastern zones of the forest, replacement plant communities must maintain the soil-salt-water
balance to prevent significant increases in salinization of streams in water supply catchments. Daily
and seasonal patterns of the diffusive resistance of leaves and xylem pressure potential were determined
for the major natural dominant of the region, Eucalyptus marginata, and five other species of
Eucalyptus used in rehabilitation.
Three types of daily and seasonal patterns were observed. E. marginata and E. calophylla exhibited
little stomatal control of water loss, and leaf resistances remained low throughout the study period
(type 1). E. maculata, E. resinifera and E. saligna exhibited marked stomatal regulation during summer
days when xylem pressure potentials fell below -2.O MPa (type 2). E. wandoo (type 3) also controlled
water loss but developed xylem pressure potentials far lower than all other species tested (<-3.0 MPa).
Although none of the species tested replicated the summer stomatal resistance and xylem pressure
potential patterns of E. marginata, it is suggested that total annual water use should be examined
before selecting the most appropriate species to rehabilitate disturbed sites in the eastern zones of
the northern jarrah forest region.
Occurrence of the Suberized Lamella in Leaves of Grasses of Different Photosynthetic Type. II. In Herbarium Material
Authors: Hattersley PW , Perry S
Published: December 2005

Dead air-dried leaves have been conventionally prepared for transmission electron microscopy to
ascertain if the occurrence of a suberized lamella in cell walls can be detected. Our species sample
includes representatives of all known photosynthetic types within the Poaceae (viz. C3, C4 NAD-malic
enzyme type, C4 NADP-malic enzyme type and PEP carboxykinase type). Each photosynthetic type
exhibits a characteristic pattern of suberized lamella occurrence in mestome sheath and/or
'photosynthetic carbon reduction' (PCR or 'Kranz') cell walls, consistent with that in fixed living
material. Plasmodesmatal structure, and even on occasion chloroplast structure, is remarkably well
preserved. Leaves from herbarium specimens, therefore, could be used to assign C4 species to their
C4 acid decarboxylation type. This has potential application in large-scale systematic surveys for which
living material may be difficult to obtain.
Seasonal Changes in the Water Relations of Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell. And E. microcarpa (Maiden) Maiden in the Field
Authors: Myers BA , Neales TF
Published: December 2005

Field observations of some parameters of the water relations of the two eucalypt species E. behriana
and E. microcarpa in dry sclerophyll, mallee and woodland vegetation were made at three sites from
1980 to 1983.
The mean ( n = 519) water potential measured at dawn (Ψdawn) was -3.07± 0.01 MPa and fluctuated
seasonally with rainfall intensity over the range -2.0 ± 0, 1 to -4.4 ± 0.1 MPa ( n = 30). Both species
behaved similarly and some osmotic adjustment took place.
Mean leaf conductance (gs) varied between 0.151 ± 0.006 and 0.003 ± 0.001 mol m-2 s-1 . Maximum
daily values of gs were linearly related to Ψdawn as it fluctuated seasonally. The slope of this linear
regression was not significantly different from that relating these values of gs and Ψ, when both were
measured concurrently. There were thus no indications of a distinction between the responses of gs
to long- and short-term fluctuations of Ψ or of a threshold-type response of gs to Ψ.
Field measurements indicated that gs was decreased at high values of vapour pressure difference
(Δe). In laboratory studies with seedlings of the two species gs decreased from 0.5 to 0.1 mol m-2
s-I as Δe increased from 0.5 to 3.0 kPa.
Leaf and canopy conductance were the predominant plant determinants of transpiration rate (Er)
in this type of vegetation which has the capacity to restrict Et via the effect of water potential (Ψ)
on gs and also by the response of gs to Δe. Some of the water relations parameters of E. behriana
indicated that this species was better able to withstand drought than was E microcarpa.
Growth Rings and Longevity of Agathis vitiensis (Seemann) Benth. & Hook. F. ex Drake in Fiji
Authors: Ash J
Published: December 2005

The anatomy of growth rings in Agathis vitiensls (Araucariaceae; Gymnospermae) in Fiji is described,
and also the eccentricities in ring formation produced by variations in cambial activity. Latewood
is formed during the dry season, and earlywood coincides with leaf and shoot growth
during the hotter wet season.
Radiocarbon dating of five trees indicates an approximately annual ring frequency. A relationship between trunk diameter and age is defined, with 95% confidence limits: age (years) ͭ6 25 + 3.7 (diam. of trunk, cm), ± 32%. The size-class frequency distribution of trunk diameters is consistent with a constant mortality amongst canopy trees. A cyclone caused seed cones
to disintegrate, dispersing the seeds and establishing a transient seedling population.
Senecio L. (Asteraceae) in Australia: Reproductive biology of a genus found primarily in unstable environments
Authors: Lawrence M.E.
Published: December 2005

The reproductive biology of 28 native and four exotic species of Senecio is described in terms of their breeding system, longevity, habitat stability, seed size and number, dispersal potential and seedling establishment. Nineteen species (15 perennial, 2 annual, 2 ephemeral) are self-incompatible, 13 are self-compatible (4 perennial, 7 annual, 2 ephemeral) and nearly all occur in unstable environments. The success of the perennial species in unstable environments perhaps reflects the fact that they all reach sexual maturity within 1 year of germination and, provided populations of self-incompatible species are large enough, they can set seed in the first year.
Recruitment and Mortality in Populations of Banksia grandis Willd. In Western Australian Forest
Authors: Abbott I
Published: December 2005

This paper examines seed release and seed dispersal; recruitment in relation to fire and logging; mortality
of seedlings in relation to their age; and the dynamics of one population from November 1979 to March
1983.
Dehiscence of follicles is caused by wetting and drying of the infructescence, so that most seeds fall
to the ground during autumn in the Mediterranean climate of south-western Australia. Seeds are wind-
dispersed, settling downward from the parent tree: 90% of seed falls within the first year.
There is large variation in annual recruitment of seedlings, reflecting large annual differences in the
number of infructescences produced. Fires of various intensities or logging do not enhance recruitment.
Seedling mortality is greatest during the first summer after germination; this may be related to the
rudimentary development of the lignotuber.
A population of 1890 individually marked plants was studied for 3.5 years. Over twice as many
deaths took place in summer and autumn as in winter and spring, and 90% of deaths were of plants
less than 20 cm tall. At the conclusion of the study, total population size, through recruitment of three
cohorts of seedlings, had increased by 7%. This indicates how important control of reproduction would
be in achieving long-term reduction in the abundance of B. grandis, which harbours the pathogenic
fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi.
Variability in the Resistance of Banksia L.f. Species to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
Authors: Mccredie TA , Dixon KW , Sivasithamparam K
Published: December 2005

Resistance of Banksia species to Phytophthora cinnamomi was determined under plantation conditions
for 39 Western Australian and 10 eastern Australian Banksia spp. Plants were inoculated twice using
millet seed inoculum, at the start of the study and 95 days later. To test for intraspecific variants or
escape from disease, surviving individuals were stem-inoculated with P. cinnamomi. Infection in plant
tissues was confirmed by reisolation with selective media.
Horticulturally exploited species including B. hookerana, B. coccinea, B. prionotes, B. occidentalis,
B. baxteri, B. sceptrum, B. speciosa, B. grandis, B. menziesii and B. victoriae were found to be suscep-
tible to P. cinnamomi. Eight eastern Australian species showed resistance (95% survival). Seven West-
ern Australian species including all prostrate species tested were found to have low susceptibility. There
was a poor correlation between levels of susceptibility and taxonomic series in the genus, particularly
in eastern and western component species of the pan-Australian series Orthostylis and Spicigerae.
Banksia spp. from uniform or summer maximum rainfall regions were resistant or of low susceptibility
while those from dominantly winter rainfall areas, especially with free draining soils, were highly sus-
ceptible.
Stem inoculation confirmed that one plant each of B. coccinea and B. hookerana was resistant among
the P. cinnamomi-susceptible, horticulturally exploited species. Thus stem inoculation proved a useful
diagnostic tool, and girdling rather than longitudinal fungus growth through stem tissue is more
appropriate as a measure of species' resistance.
Frost as a Factor Influencing the Growth and Distribution of Subalpine Eucalypts
Authors: Davidson NJ , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

An examination was made of the effect of natural frosts on pole stands of eucalypts growing within and
surrounding a shallow depression at Snug Plains (alt. approx. 600 m) in south-eastern Tasmania.
Marked differences in microclimate occurred between the slopes surrounding the depression and the base
of the depression. The most severe frosts were experienced by the site at the base of the depression,
and during a cold spell in June 1983 a record minimum temperature of - 22°C was recorded just above
the radiating surface at this site. Pronounced vertical stratification of the air occurred (up to 9°C per m)
and a difference in minimum temperature of 7.3°C was recorded over a distance of 200 m between a
ridge-top site and the site at the base of the depression. Cooling rates of up to 6.5°C per h were recorded
during these severe frosts.
The effect of frost in determining the distribution of six local species of Eucalyptus was examined
by comparing the damage caused to mixed pole stands of five of the six species by the cold spell in June
1983. The order of frost sensitivity for fully hardened pole stands from the most resistant to the most
susceptible was E. gunnii > E. coccifera > E. johnstonii > E. delegatensis > E. pulchella. The natural
distribution of these species was closely related to the minimum temperature recorded at the various
sites. Intense frosts during June 1983 caused marked changes in the dominance of mixed stands even
though relatively few individuals were completely killed. These results suggest that rare, exceptionally
severe frosts may play an important role in determining the distribution of subalpine eucalypts.
Canopy Dynamics of Eucalyptus maculata Hook .IV. Contrasting Responses to Two Severe Droughts
Authors: Pook EW
Published: December 2005

Contrasting responses of a Eucalyptus maculata forest at Kioloa on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, to two serious droughts of similar duration and overall rainfall deficiency in 1980 and 1982 are described. Annual rainfall in 1982 was the lowest and that in 1980 the second lowest in a century. Pronounced shrinkage of tree boles in winter, wilting of foliage and massive leaf-shedding in the forest when soil moisture was exhausted during spring 1980 were not repeated in 1982-83, although measured soil water deficits reached extreme values on three occasions. Annual rainfall in 1982 was of more favourable distribution in relation to the occurrences of critical soil moisture deficits than in 1980. This, together with relatively low evaporative demand, enabled eucalypts to maintain an adequate internal water status, and explains the small response of forest canopies to one of the worst droughts ever in terms of rainfall deficiency.
Leaf Venation in Eucalyptus and Other Genera of Myrtaceae: Implications for Systems of Classification of Venation
Authors: Carr DJ , Carr SGM , Lenz JR
Published: December 2005

Two types of venation in leaves of eucalypts and other members of Myrtaceae are described and their ontogeny investigated in species of Eucalyptus. Primary seedling leaves of eucalypts have brochidodromous venation. A paramarginal vein is formed from the extensions of primary lateral veins and completed by the strengthening of commissural minor veins. Adult Eucalyptus leaves have intramarginal veins that are formed independently of the primary laterals which join them after their formation. The apparently brochidodromous venation of leaves of some species arises as a result of differential growth following the inception of intramarginal veins. Leaves with intramarginal veins are ontogenetically acrodromous. These conclusions are discussed in relation to the system of classification of venation put forward by L. J. Hickey. In particular, problems of ordination, affecting the terminology of veins, and of homology arising from the application of the rules of that system to the Myrtaceae, are dealt with.
Taxonomic Implications of Intraspecific Variation Amongst Isolates of the Aphid-Pathogenic Fungi Zoophthora radicans Brefeld and Z. phalloides Batko (Zygomycetes, Entomophthoraceae)
Authors: Glare TR , Milner RJ , Chilvers GA , Mahon RJ , Brown WV
Published: December 2005

Numbers of isolates, provisionally identified by classical morphological criteria as Zoophthora radicans
or Z. phalloides, were compared over a range of morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes
to .assess intraspecific and interspecific variation. Taxonometric analysis of results from 17 of the fungal
isolates confirmed that these two species are distinct. The traditional criterion for separating these
species, the morphology of the primary conidia, is shown to be satisfactory. In addition, biochemical
tests proved useful. Fatty acid composition was suitable for making between-species distinctions and
isoenzyme analysis showed up small variations within species. The Z. phalloides isolates could be
further divided into two groups on the basis of their geographical origins, Europe or North America.
The European strain of Z. phalloides best fitted the original species description. It is judged that the
North American strain, although distinct, is not sufficiently different to justify the erection of a new
species.
Morphological Differences in Lignotubers of Eucalyptus intermedia R.T. Bak. And E. signata F. Muell. Associated With Different Stages of Podzol Development on Coastal Dunes, Cooloola, Queensland
Authors: Walker J , Thompson CH , Lacey CJ
Published: December 2005

The sandmass at Cooloola comprises a series of overlapping aeolian dune systems that extend in age
from the present back more than 100 000 years. Podzols are the dominant soils, forming a sequence from
rudimentary through to giant forms, according to age. The lignotuber morphology of Eucalyptus signata
and E. intermedia was examined within each dune system across the chronosequence, at sites in which
most factors affecting plant growth (available soil water status, drainage, light, temperature, fire regimes,
exposure to wind and/or salt spray) other than a declining soil nutrient supply were similar.
Three lignotuber morphologies were identified: (1) a single-stemmed (SS) form; (2) a multi-stemmed
(MS) form with stems originating from a lignotuber only slightly larger than a main stem; and (3) a
multi-stemmed plate-like form (MSP) with individual stems separated and growing from a plate-like
lignotuber.
Multi-stemmed forms of the two eucalypts occur along the coastal margin and on the most nutrient-
poor dunes; at all other sites single-stemmed forms are dominant. The most nutrient-poor site had only
MS and MSP forms, whilst in sheltered areas the coastal margin had SS individuals.
We conclude that in the Cooloola sandmass the development of multi-stemmed forms in both
E. signata and E. intermedia may be induced by a variety of factors, including very low nutrient status,
but the multi-stemmed plate-like form of E. intermedia is most likely a response to an exceptionally low
nutrient supply.
Rhizosphere Microorganisms From the Jarrah Forest of Western Australia and Their Effects on Vegetative Growth and Sporulation in Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
Authors: Murray DIL
Published: December 2005

Soil dilution plate techniques were used to compare the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the rhizospheres of Acacia pulchella, Banksia grandis and Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah). The most
frequently isolated microorganisms and those detected in significantly different numbers in the
rhizospheres of the three species were tested for their effects on sporangium production, zoospore
discharge, zoospore germination and mycelial growth of the jarrah dieback pathogen Phytophthora
cinnamomi.
The total population of fungi in rhizosphere soil from B. grandis was much greater than that found
in the rhizospheres of the other two species while the convesse was true for bacteria and actinomycetes,
of which the largest populations were associated with A. pulchella. Penicillium spinulosum outnum-
bered the combined population of other fungi in the Banksia rhizosphere but formed a much smaller
proportion of the jarrah and Acacia rhizosphere microfloras, particularly the latter. P. spinulosum had
no effect on mycelial growth or zoospore discharge in P. cinnamomi; it had some ability to stimulete
sporangium production and, although it partly suppressed spore germination, the inhibitory effect was
less pronounced than that noted for most other microorganisms. In contrast, microorganisms which
strongly inhibited mycelial growth, zoospore discharge and germination represented a greater proportion
of the Acacia rhizosphere microflora compared with the other microfloras, especially that of B. grandis.
While some actinornycetes and fungi produced antibiotics that inhibited vegetative growth of
P. cinnamomi in dual cultures, mycelial inhibition was often attributable to nutrient depletion of agar
media by the test microorganisms. Similarly, nutrient deprivation resulting from microbial competition
for substrates was also considered to be the stimulus for sporangium production in liquid media.
The results are discussed in relation to previously reported suppression of P. cinnamomi in forest
soils beneath stands of A. pulchella and the associated implications of this for biological control of
jarrah dieback.
Leaf Axil Anatomy of the Araucariaceae
Authors: Burrows GE
Published: December 2005

Well defined, persistent meristems, which possess neither a bud-like organisation nor vascular connections with the central vascular cylinder, were found in the apparently blank leaf axils of six species of Agathis and 13 species of Araucaria. In other conifers, leaf axils of similar external appearance are usually reported to lack, or gradually lose, any specialised bud-forming tissues. Meristems were found in all axils investigated and in this respect the Araucariaceae approach the typical angiospermous condition of a bud in each leaf axil. Evidence is presented that the type of axillary meristem ontogeny previously described for A. cunninghamii may be widespread in the family.
Duplication Cycles in a Non-Septate Fungus, Allomyces macrogynus
Authors: Youatt J
Published: December 2005

Spores released from 2-3-day-old cultures at 20°C were induced to germinate by addition of casein
hydrolysate, and spores which attached early to glass were selected to obtain synchronous germination.
In the first two duplication cycles organisms could only differentiate zoosporangia immediately after
mitosis. In later cycles spores were not produced by organisms transferred during mitosis. The alternating
growth at the apex and base during the first two cycles was assigned to the G1 (preparation for
DNA replication) and G2 (preparation for mitosis) phases of the cycle respectively.
Dna-Synthesis Studied in Later Growth Cycles and in Zoosporangium Development of Allomyces macrogynus
Authors: Youatt J
Published: December 2005

Synchrony of duplication cycles in Allomyces macrogynus was maintained through five cycles to the end
of vegetative growth. In a culture in which hyphal emergence was inhibited the fourth cycle was abnormal.
No DNA synthesis occurred before septation when zoosporangia developed in culture medium.
When organisms were induced to make sporangia by transfer to water there was a small apparent
increase in DNA prior to but not after septation. The unavoidable extraction of wall glycopeptide poses
some problems in nucleic acid assays. Partial inhibition by 10�M benomyl allowed continued growth
with large rhizoids at every apex. Partial inhibition by mitomycin allowed continued growth without
any further morphological differentiation.
Mycorrhizal Associations and Seedling Development in Australian Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)
Authors: Warcup JH
Published: December 2005

The mycorrhizal associations of Australian Lobelioideae (Lobelia, Pratia and Isotoma) were found to
be complex. Perennial species of these genera were solely VA mycorrhizal, whereas annual species were
both VA and ectomycorrhizal. Lobelia gibbosa, L. simplicicaulis and L. rhomblfolia had unusual inter-
cellular mycorrhizas formed with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes.
While all annual Australian Lobelioideae formed associations with both VA and ectomycorrhizal
fungi, five species of Lobelia from South Africa or North America were solely VA mycorrhizal, whether
annual or perennial.
Seed of the Australian Lobelioideae examined required a ripening period of several months or longer
before germination. Seed of L. gibbosa, L. simplicicaulis and L. rhombifolia on germination produced
only a short radicle that did not develop further unless invaded by a mycorrhizal fungus. Seed of
L. gibbosa and L. simplicicaulis placed beside growing mycorrhizas of certain ascomycetes with young
plants of Melaleuca uncinata germinated, and the seedlings became mycorrhizal, grew, and flowered.
The subterranean stage dependent on mycorrhizal association with a companion plant lasted 3-4
months.
Germinated seed of L. gibbosa on simple agar media failed to become mycorrhizal with appropriate
ascomycetes or to develop further. In asymbiotic culture on media incorporating sucrose seedling
growth was slight but, in the presence of sucrose and kinetin or N-benzylaminopurine, L. gibbosa
developed shoots and often formed small plants that flowered. Root development, however, was scanty
or absent even in the presence of the growth substances α-naphthaleneacetic acid or
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Young plants of L. gibbosa from the field transplanted to U.C. mix or sterilised forest soil failed
to produce new roots. The plants grew slowly but remained small and produced few flowers, suggesting
that mycorrhizal companion plants may also contribute to their growth besides being necessary in
seedling development.
The Loss of Va Mycorrhizal Infectivity During Bauxite Mining May Limit the Growth of Acacia pulchella R.Br.
Authors: Jasper DA , Abbott LK , Robson AD
Published: December 2005

We used plant bioassays to monitor the decline in infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in topsoil during
bauxite mining. In a second experiment, we investigated the seasonal changes in the infectivity of VA
mycorrhizal fungi in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) forest soil. Finally, we tested the
hypothesis that Acacia pulchella growing in soil disturbed during bauxite mining would respond to
phosphorus and to inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi.
During bauxite mining in the Western Australian jarrah forest, the infectivity of propagules of VA
mycorrhizal fungi in topsoil was destroyed, even when the soil was stripped and respread promptly
without stockpiling. Most infectivity was lost within 3 weeks of clearing the vegetation, before the soil
was disturbed. The rapid loss of infectivity may be associated with the absence of spores in the soil.
In a revegetated, respread soil, the infectivity of VA rnycorrhizal fungi was substantially greater than
that of freshly disturbed soil, but less than levels recorded in similar undisturbed forest soil. There were
no clear seasonal changes in VA mycorrhizal infectivity, indicating that the loss of infectivity during
mining was not a seasonal response.
Dry matter production by Acacia pulchella, in a glasshouse experiment, was at least doubled if soil
from experiment 1 was inoculated with effective VA mycorrhizal fungi.
Microgeographical Patterns of Allozyme Variation in Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq Within and Between the Murrumbidgee and Coastal Drainage Systems
Authors: Moore NJ , Moran GF
Published: December 2005

Within the Murrumbidgee drainage system, 100 seedlings from each of 14 populations of Casuarina
cunninghamiana were assayed for their allozyme genotypes at 14 loci. The levels of genetic variation
were fairly similar in all populations. There was no geographic clustering of populations based on
genetic distance measures. Only 3.8% of the total genetic diversity could be apportioned among populations
within the drainage system. In six additional populations, branchlets from 50 trees per population
were assayed for their allozyme genotypes at 27 loci. Three populations were from the Murrumbidgee
drainage system and each of the others from a different coastal drainage. The mean expected
heterozygosities for coastal and inland zones were 0.139 and 0.093 respectively. Of the total genetic
diversity 10.7% could be apportioned among the four drainages. The results of this study suggest that
for in situ conservtion of C. cunninghamiana within a region, more emphasis should be placed on
conserving one large population from each major drainage system rather than a number of populations
within one or two drainage systems.
Species Richness of Overstorey Strata in Australian Plant Communities ̵2 the Influence of Overstorey Growth Rates
Authors: Specht RL , Specht A
Published: December 2005

The species richness (number of tree and tall shrub species per hectare) of overstorey strata is examined
in tropical, subtropical and temperate climax plant communities of Australia. Species richness (N) is
shown to increase as the evaporative coefficient (k) of the sampling site increases from semiarid climates
(k = 0.035-0.045) to perhumid climates (k = 0.075-0.100):
Tropical: log N = 17.38k + 0.40.
Subtropical: log N = 25.40k - 0.60.
Temperate: log N = 8.90k + 0.09.
Species richness of overstorey strata is highest in the tropics (N = 138 when k = 0. 100), followed by
the subtropics (N = 73 when k = 0. 100), with only a small number of overstorey species being associ-
ated with temperate communities (N = 8-10 when k = 0.100).
Species richness of the overstorey is positively related to the annual shoot growth (vertical com-
ponent) of the foliage canopy as it regenerates after disturbance. The tendency to dominance of only
a few overstorey species in temperate communities may be enhanced by rapid stem growth (current
annual growth increment) of the plant community due to lower cellular metabolism and respiration in
stems and roots in cooler climates compared with those in the tropics.
Trees and tall shrubs appear to be excluded as overstorey components when the respiratory coefficient
(c) approaches 0.030 and the mean annual temperatures (of snow-free localities) are less than 13°C.
Modern Pollen Rain From Forest Communities on the Robertson Plateau, New-South-Wales
Authors: Kodela PG
Published: December 2005

The modern pollen spectra for Eucalyptus forest and rainforest communities were investigated from 19
sites in the Robertson area on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. Cluster and discriminant
analyses were applied to analyse pollen distribution from within and from outside warm temperate
rainforest stands and tall open eucalypt forest stands. Pollen abundance is compared with a number
of plant abundance estimates of taxa within forests to study pollen representation at the forest scale.
Pollen of Doryphora, Polyosma, Pittosporum, Hymenanthera, Tasmannia, Asclepiadaceae and
most rainforest taxa investigated are poorly represented, while sclerophyll and open-ground taxa, particularly
Eucalyptus, are better represented. The pollen of many native taxa do not appear to be well
dispersed, and local pollen is commonly outweighed by pollen from regional sources. Pollen representation
varied between taxa and sites, with factors such as vegetation structure, plant distribution, topography
and disturbance influencing pollen representation.
The Survival of Juvenile Plants of the Resprouting Shrub Angophora hispida (Myrtaceae) After a Simulated Low Intensity Fire
Authors: Auld TD
Published: December 2005

Nine-year-old juvenile plants of Angophora hispida (Smith) Blaxell, established in heathland after fire,
were subjected to three treatments: stem clipped at base; stem clipped at base combined with burning
at low intensity; or no treatment (control). In all, 93% of control plants survived over the 20-month
sampling period; 80% of clipped plants and 37% of clipped and burnt plants resprouted. Under the
latter treatment, size and depth of burial of the developing lignotuber interacted to influence the degree
of plant survival. Only plants with lignotubers greater than 5000 mm³ in volume showed no mortality
while, on average, plants at or above ground level showed greater mortality than those below ground.
Flower and Seed Phenology of Some Plants in the Subtropical Heathlands of Cooloola National-Park, Queensland, Australia
Authors: McFarland DC
Published: December 2005

The timing and intensity of flowering and seeding of most subtropical heathland plants were examined
in five sites that had been unburnt for different lengths of time. For the heathlands in general, most
flowering occurs in spring. For those species examined, seed intensity is also greatest in spring. The
numbers of species flowering and seeding, and the intensity of these activities, increase to a peak between
4 and 8 years after a fire. There appears to be a decline in reproductive effort in heathlands unburnt
for more than 10 years but the data are limited. The percentage of the total heathland flowering and
seeding intensity in the dry microhabitat peaks between late autumn and spring. In the wet microhabitat
the percentage is greatest between summer and mid autumn. Flower and subsequent seed intensity varies
within and between heathland microhabitats on both within-year (seasonal) and between-year (years
since last fire) time scales.