bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Au Clusters Catalyze The Disulfide Metathesis Reaction By A Reductive Addition‐Oxidative Elimination Mechanism
Authors: Lerma‐Berlanga Belén , Orlando Francesco , Merino Estíbaliz , Leyva‐Pérez Antonio
Published: August 2024

A plethora of industrial and academic organic chemical reactions are catalyzed by the well‐known oxidative addition‐reductive elimination (OARE) mechanism. However, the micro‐reversed counterpart, i. e. the reductive addition‐oxidative elimination (RAOE) mechanism, has to our knowledge not been reported yet in a catalytic manner. Here we show that a gold cluster can act as homogeneous catalyst capable of triggering a reductive addition step with disulfides, manage the incoming electrons and finally execute an oxidative elimination step, to perform the disulfide metathesis reaction. These findings suggest that not only new organic reactions but also other previously reported processes catalyzed by metal clusters may operate through the RAOE mechanism.
Seasonal drought treatments impact plant and microbial uptake of nitrogen in a mixed shrub grassland on the Colorado Plateau
Authors: Finger‐Higgens Rebecca , Hoover David L. , Knight Anna C. , Wilson Savannah L. , Bishop Tara B. B. , Reibold Robin , Reed Sasha C. , Duniway Michael C.
Published: August 2024

For many drylands, both long‐ and short‐term drought conditions can accentuate landscape heterogeneity at both temporal (e.g., role of seasonal patterns) and spatial (e.g., patchy plant cover) scales. Furthermore, short‐term drought conditions occurring over one season can exacerbate long‐term, multidecadal droughts or aridification, by limiting soil water recharge, decreasing plant growth, and altering biogeochemical cycles. Here, we examine how experimentally altered seasonal precipitation regimes in a mixed shrub grassland on the Colorado Plateau impact soil moisture, vegetation, and carbon and nitrogen cycling. The experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2019, during a regional multidecadal drought event, and consisted of three precipitation treatments, which were implemented with removable drought shelters intercepting ~66% of incoming precipitation including: control (ambient precipitation conditions, no shelter), warm season drought (sheltered April–October), and cool season drought (sheltered November–March). To track changes in vegetation, we measured biomass of the dominant shrub, Ephedra viridis, and estimated perennial plant and ground cover in the spring and the fall. Soil moisture dynamics suggested that warm season experimental drought had longer and more consistent drought legacy effects (occurring two out of the four drought cycles) than either cool season drought or ambient conditions, even during the driest years. We also found that E. viridis biomass remained consistent across treatments, while bunchgrass cover declined by 25% by 2019 across all treatments, with the earliest declines noticeable in the warm season drought plots. Extractable dissolved inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen concentrations appeared sensitive to seasonal drought conditions, with dissolved inorganic nitrogen increasing and microbial biomass nitrogen decreasing with reduced soil volumetric water content. Carbon stocks were not sensitive to drought but were greater under E. viridis patches. Additionally, we found that under E. viridis, there was a negative relationship between dissolved inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen, suggesting that drought‐induced increases in dissolved inorganic nitrogen may be due to declines in nitrogen uptake from microbes and plants alike. This work suggests that perennial grass plant–soil feedbacks are more vulnerable to both short‐term (seasonal) and long‐term (multiyear) drought events than shrubs, which can impact the future trajectory of dryland mixed shrub grassland ecosystems as drought frequency and intensity will likely continue to increase with ongoing climate change.
Disentangling eukaryotic biodiversity patterns from man‐made environments (port and marina) and nearby coral reefs in the Red Sea: A focus on the surveillance of non‐indigenous species
Authors: Aylagas Eva , Shchepanik Hailey , Pearman John K. , Parisi Bruno , Curdia Joao , Berumen Michael L. , Carvalho Susana
Published: August 2024

Man‐made environments such as ports and marinas are gateways for many marine non‐indigenous species (mNIS) transported via shipping worldwide. These habitats are often the focus of biosecurity programs for the surveillance of mNIS, but there have been few studies investigating the distribution of biofouling communities in natural habitats and nearby artificial habitats. Here, following a DNA metabarcoding approach, we tested for differences in spatio‐temporal trends of biological pioneer communities established after one‐week colonization between a port, a marina, and coral reefs using two different matrices (PVC panels and water samples) in the central Red Sea. In addition, we aimed to investigate differences in the prevalence of mNIS between man‐made and natural habitats during the summer and winter seasons, and whether the number and patterns of mNIS differed between the port (an active historic port subjected to intense shipping traffic) and the marina (a small recently developed marina utilized by small and medium research vessels). The community structure from samples collected at the two coral reefs showed greater similarity to each other compared to that obtained from the port and the marina. A total of 29 mNIS were detected across all sites, of which 16 were reported in the Red Sea for the first time, with Jeddah port hosting 28 mNIS. By applying standardized methodological approaches, this study provides comparable data regarding the monitoring of introduced and invasive species, particularly within the data‐poor Red Sea, a major shipping corridor. This study serves as the foundation for implementing a robust and rapid baseline monitoring system to assess native biodiversity and facilitate the early detection of NIS.
Achieving economy‐wide gains from residential energy efficiency improvements: The importance of timing and funding approach in driving the transition
Authors: Katris Antonios , Turner Karen
Published: August 2024

Residential energy efficiency improvements are generally considered integral to achieving climate change targets. Alongside the primary benefits of reducing energy use and consumer bills, there is increasing policy interest in the potential for energy efficiency programmes to deliver economy‐wide gains, measured by gross domestic product, employment, household real incomes and spending power etc. Our previous research shows that such sustained gains are likely over time. Here, we consider how transitory outcomes are likely to be heavily influenced by the timing of actions and who pays, how and when. Insight in this regard is crucial for policy makers considering the mix and timing of measures to reach net zero outcomes that are economically as well as technically feasible. We consider alternative funding, distributions and timeframes for residential retrofitting costs and projects using a UK economy‐wide scenario simulation model. The key insight is that while government support for the provision of low‐cost finance options is strategically important in alleviating budget constraints and mitigating potential short‐term negative impacts on household spending, producer responses to the wind down of retrofitting spending can disrupt the adjustment of the economy. Here we identify pros and cons of different trajectories of action towards high‐level energy efficiency policy targets.
Long‐term gender disparities in new‐onset heart failure after acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Merella Pierluigi , Talanas Giuseppe , İsgender Mehriban , Micheluzzi Valentina , Atzori Enrico , Bilotta Ferruccio , Wanha Wojciech , Bandino Stefano , Grzelakowska Klaudyna , Petretto Gerardo , Kubica Jacek , Wojakowski Wojciech , Casu Gavino , Navarese Eliano P.
Published: August 2024

Aims

A paucity of studies addressed sex‐related differences in clinical outcomes in the long term following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In these patients, it remains uncertain whether heart failure (HF) might exert a differential impact on the prognosis in the long term.

Methods

We queried a large‐scale database of ACS patients undergoing PCI. The primary endpoint was new‐onset HF. Secondary endpoints included mortality, myocardial infarction, re‐PCI and ischaemic stroke. Propensity score matching was generated to balance group characteristics. A total of 3334 patients after propensity score matching were analysed. Follow‐up was assessed at the 5 year term.

Results

At 5 year follow‐up, HF risk increased significantly in males versus females {17.9% vs. 14.8%, hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.22 [1.03–1.44], P = 0.02}. At 5 year follow‐up, mortality was significantly higher in the male cohort as compared with the female cohort [HR (95% CI) = 1.23 (1.02–1.47), P = 0.02]. On landmark analysis, differences in mortality emerged after the first year and were maintained thereafter. Ischaemic outcomes were comparable between cohorts.

Conclusions

Following ACS, males experienced a greater long‐term risk of developing new‐onset HF as compared with females. This difference remained consistent across all prespecified subgroups. Mortality was significantly higher in males. No differences were observed in ischaemic outcomes. New‐onset HF emerges as a primary contributor to long‐term gender disparities after ACS and a strong predictor of mortality in men with HF.
A local and hierarchical Koopman spectral analysis of fluid dynamics
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wei Mingjun
Published: August 2024

A local and hierarchical Koopman spectral analysis is proposed to extend Koopman spectral analysis typically used in a linear system or an ergodic process to its application in general nonlinear dynamics. The continuous and analytic Koopman eigenfunctions and eigenvalues, derived from operator perturbation theory, are capable of dealing with a nonlinear transition process with mathematical rigorousness. A proliferation rule is identified to derive high‐order eigenvalues and eigenfunctions from lower‐order ones, thus various spectral patterns may be generated through recursive proliferations. The locally linear map around each state constructs base local Koopman eigenvalues and eigenfunctions from an algebraic eigenvalue problem, and high‐order ones are generated via the proliferation rule to express the systematic nonlinearity. The aforementioned hierarchy simplifies the Koopman spectral analysis and is verified by studying the development of Kármán vortex streets. The triangular chain and the lattice distribution of Koopman eigenvalues confirm the critical role of the proliferation rule and the hierarchy structure of Koopman eigenvalues. The local spectral analysis on the transition process shows that the periodic flow forms as the growth rates of the critical Koopman modes reduce to zero, and meanwhile, the Koopman modes at the same frequency superpose on each other to form the well‐known Fourier or Floquet modes, where the latter are the enhanced nonlinear motions due to the alignment of Koopman eigenvalues with the critical ones.
Unveiling Mispricing Risks: Nonlarge Homogeneous Portfolio Factor Copula Models for Enhanced Valuation of Subordinated Loan Securitization
Authors: Kim Sung Ik
Published: August 2024

This paper presents an innovative factor copula model for collateralized loan obligation (CLO) tranche valuation, incorporating non‐Gaussian distributions and dynamic correlations without relying on the large homogeneous portfolio (LHP) assumption. Through numerical analyses and comparisons with LHP models, I find that non‐LHP models produce higher tranche spreads, especially for lower‐rated tranches. Sensitivity analysis reveals varying sensitivities to changes in the number of collaterals, risk‐free rate, average collateral ratings, recovery rates, and time to maturity. The non‐LHP one‐factor copula models, including stochastic correlation and random factor loading models, outperform LHP models in root mean squared errors when calibrated to market data. The results underscore the importance of considering model limitations in CLO tranche pricing and highlight potential mispricing of spread risk in higher‐rated tranches using LHP models. The proposed models contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of CLO tranche pricing by accounting for various factors and assumptions influencing fair premiums.
Meeting the Growing Energy Needs of Artificial Intelligence, Vertical Farms, and Cooling
Authors: Vangala Shreyas , Liebovitz Leah , Witt Morgan
Published: August 2024

The convergence of economic development, urbanization, technological innovation, and environmental challenges necessitates novel approaches to meeting and managing energy demands. Three emerging trends present unique challenges that make striking the appropriate balance to meet societal needs particularly challenging for our energy systems.
FERC's Troubling Transmission Order No. 1920
Authors: Makholm Jeff D.
Published: August 2024

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)'s Order No. 1920, issued May 13, 2024, is FERC's latest attempt to craft a nationwide policy to regulate market entry and pricing for the electricity transmission network.1 Approved by a one‐vote margin (2:1) in a short‐staffed Commission, the Order numbers 1,300 pages. In the accompanying dissent and concurring opinion, the three participating Commissioners are unusually critical of each other, in places verging on insulting, with accusations of faulty reasoning, unspoken agendas, basic lapses in logic, and blatant inconsistency with the limits on federal regulatory authority. The 2:1 split continues the evident partisanship apparent in FERC's 2023 orders on natural gas pipeline issues that I wrote about earlier this year.2
The effectiveness of neck stretching exercises in alleviating neck pain and self‐reported disability after thyroidectomy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Albazee Ebraheem , Alsubaie Hemail M. , Hintze Justin M. , O'Riordan Isobel , Timon Conrad , Kinsella John , Lennon Paul , Fitzgerald Conall W. R.
Published: August 2024

Thyroidectomy can lead to significant challenges such as neck pain, disability, and limited range of motion. Therefore, our objective is to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials to investigate the clinical effectiveness of neck stretching exercises in alleviating neck pain and self‐reported disability immediately after thyroidectomy. We systematically searched PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception until July 28th, 2023. We assessed the selected trials for the risk of bias using both the RoB‐2 and ROBINS‐I tools. Our specific outcomes were the severity of neck pain and self‐reported disability after thyroidectomy. The results were synthesized using risk ratio (RR) and standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in a random‐effects model using Stata software. Nine clinical trials, comprising five randomized and four non‐randomized trials, were included, with a total of 1026 patients. Neck stretching exercises were significantly associated with improved mean pain scores both after 1 week (n = 625 patients, SMD = −2.43, 95% CI [−4.65, −0.22], p = 0.03, I2 = 98%) and 1 month (n = 545 patients, SMD = −4.11, 95% CI [−8.12, −0.11], p = 0.04, I2 = 99%). Similarly, neck stretching exercises were significantly associated with improved mean self‐reported disability scores both after 1 week (n = 298 patients, SMD = −0.70, 95% CI [−1.36, −0.04], p = 0.04, I2 = 87%) and 1 month (n = 298 patients, SMD = −0.42, 95% CI [−0.65, −0.19], p = 0.0004, I2 = 0%). The pooled analysis showed heterogeneity (chi‐square p < 0.01, I2 > 80%), except for the mean self‐reported neck disability score after 1 month, which showed homogeneity (chi‐square p > 0.01, I2 = 0%). This systematic review and meta‐analysis, involving 1026 patients, revealed the potential benefits of neck stretching exercises in alleviating neck pain and self‐reported disability after thyroidectomy. However, further research is required to address methodological limitations, evaluate long‐term outcomes, investigate potential moderators (i.e., the duration or intensity of the exercise program), and explore patients' analgesic consumption.
Breaking the Degeneracy of Sense Codons – How Far Can We Go?
Authors: Jones Clark A. , Hartman Matthew C. T.
Published: August 2024

Genetic code expansion aims to incorporate non‐canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into biological systems, enhancing protein functionality or enabling the in vitro selection of peptides from diverse mRNA displayed libraries. Typically, genetic code expansion has involved reassignment of stop codons to ncAAs through orthogonal translation systems. This review instead focuses on efforts to expand the genetic code by breaking the redundancy of sense codons in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, orthogonal aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase (AARS)/tRNA/AA systems are able to compete with endogenous machinery, enabling partial to full codon reassignment. Recent approaches, like genome recoding, offer potential solutions to reduce competition. In vitro studies utilize cell extract‐based or reconstituted translation systems, allowing precise control of codon usage via gene design and tRNA addition, making breaking of sense degeneracy easier. In these systems several unsplit codon boxes have been successfully reassigned multiple to ncAAs. These efforts showcase both the successes and challenges in achieving orthogonality and selective codon decoding and point towards a future where the 64 codons can encode more than 30 monomers, enabling new advances in synthetic biology and drug discovery.
Extracellular vesicles miR‐31‐5p promotes pancreatic cancer chemoresistance via regulating LATS2‐Hippo pathway and promoting SPARC secretion from pancreatic stellate cells
Authors: Qin Cheng , Zhao Bangbo , Wang Yuanyang , Li Zeru , Li Tianyu , Zhao Yutong , Wang Weibin , Zhao Yupei
Published: August 2024

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignant diseases. Gemcitabine‐based chemotherapy is still one of the first‐line systemic treatments, but chemoresistance occurs in the majority of patients. Recently, accumulated evidence has demonstrated the role of the tumour microenvironment in promoting chemoresistance. In the tumour microenvironment, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are among the main cellular components, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are common mediators of cell‒cell communication. In this study, we showed that SP1‐transcribed miR‐31‐5p not only targeted LATS2 in pancreatic cancer cells but also regulated the Hippo pathway in PSCs through EV transfer. Consequently, PSCs synthesized and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteins (SPARC), which was preferentially expressed in stromal cells, stimulating Extracellular Signal regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, pancreatic cancer cell survival and chemoresistance were improved due to both the intrinsic Hippo pathway regulated by miR‐31‐5p and external SPARC‐induced ERK signalling. In mouse models, miR‐31‐5p overexpression in pancreatic cancer cells promoted the chemoresistance of coinjected xenografts. In a tissue microarray, pancreatic cancer patients with higher miR‐31‐5p expression had shorter overall survival. Therefore, miR‐31‐5p regulates the Hippo pathway in multiple cell types within the tumour microenvironment via EVs, ultimately contributing to the chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer cells.
Proper edge colorings of planar graphs with rainbow C4 ${C}_{4}$‐s
Authors: Gyárfás András , Martin Ryan R. , Ruszinkó Miklós , Sárközy Gábor N.
Published: August 2024

We call a proper edge coloring of a graph a B‐coloring if every 4‐cycle of is colored with four different colors. Let denote the smallest number of colors needed for a B‐coloring of . Motivated by earlier papers on B‐colorings, here we consider for planar and outerplanar graphs in terms of the maximum degree . We prove that for planar graphs, for bipartite planar graphs, and for outerplanar graphs with . We conjecture that, for sufficiently large, for planar , and for outerplanar .
Effect of Ethanol on Brain Electrical Tissue Conductivity in Social Drinkers
Authors: Cao Jun , Ball Iain K. , Summerell Elizabeth , Humburg Peter , Denson Tom , Rae Caroline D.
Published: August 2024

Background

How the biophysics of electrical conductivity measures relate to brain activity is poorly understood. The sedative, ethanol, reduces metabolic activity but its impact on brain electrical conductivity is unknown.

Purpose

To investigate whether ethanol reduces brain electrical tissue conductivity.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Fifty‐two healthy volunteers (aged 18–37 years, 22 females, 30 males).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T, T1‐weighted, multi‐shot, turbo‐field echo (TFE); 3D balanced fast‐field echo (bFFE).

Assessment

Brain gray and white matter tissue conductivity measured with phase‐based magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) compared before and 20 minutes after ethanol consumption (0.7 g/kg body weight). Differential conductivity whole brain maps were generated for three subgroups: those with strong ( > 0.1 S/m; N = 33), weak (0.02 S/m ≤  ≤ 0.1 S/m; N = 9) conductivity decrease, and no significant response ( < 0.02 S/m, N = 10). Maps were compared in the strong response group where breath alcohol rose between scans, vs. those where it fell.

Statistical Tests

Average breath alcohol levels were compared to the differential conductivity maps using linear regression. T‐maps were generated (threshold P < 0.05 and P < 0.001; minimum cluster 48 mm3). Differential conductivity maps were compared with ANOVA.

Results

Whole‐group analysis showed decreased conductivity that did not survive statistical thresholding. Strong responders (N = 33) showed a consistent pattern of significantly decreased conductivity ( > 0.1 S/m) in frontal/occipital and cerebellar white matter. The weak response group (N = 9) showed a similar pattern of conductivity decrease (0.02 S/m ≤  ≤ 0.1 S/m). There was no significant relationship with breath alcohol levels, alcohol use, age, ethnicity, or sex. The strong responders' regional response was different between ascending (N = 12) or descending (N = 20) alcohol during the scan.

Data Conclusion

Ethanol reduces brain tissue conductivity in a participant‐dependent and spatially dependent fashion.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Anti‐Spike IgG antibodies as correlates of protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the pre‐Omicron and Omicron era
Authors: Seekircher Lisa , Astl Manfred , Tschiderer Lena , Wachter Gregor A. , Penz Julia , Pfeifer Bernhard , Huber Andreas , Afonso Pedro M. , Gaber Manfred , Schennach Harald , Siller Anita , Willeit Peter
Published: August 2024

Anti‐Spike IgG antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2, which are elicited by vaccination and infection, are correlates of protection against infection with pre‐Omicron variants. Whether this association can be generalized to infections with Omicron variants is unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with 8457 blood donors in Tyrol, Austria, analyzing 15,340 anti‐Spike IgG antibody measurements from March 2021 to December 2022 assessed by Abbott SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG II chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Using a Bayesian joint model, we estimated antibody trajectories and adjusted hazard ratios for incident SARS‐CoV‐2 infection ascertained by self‐report or seroconversion of anti‐Nucleocapsid antibodies. At the time of their earliest available anti‐Spike IgG antibody measurement (median November 23, 2021), participants had a median age of 46.0 years (IQR 32.8–55.2), with 45.3% being female, 41.3% having a prior SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and 75.5% having received at least one dose of a COVID‐19 vaccine. Among 6159 participants with endpoint data, 3700 incident SARS‐CoV‐2 infections with predominantly Omicron sublineages were recorded over a median of 8.8 months (IQR 5.7–12.4). The age‐ and sex‐adjusted hazard ratio for SARS‐CoV‐2 associated with having twice the anti‐Spike IgG antibody titer was 0.875 (95% credible interval 0.868–0.881) overall, 0.842 (0.827–0.856) during 2021, and 0.884 (0.877–0.891) during 2022 (all p < 0.001). The associations were similar in females and males (Pinteraction = 0.673) and across age (Pinteraction = 0.590). Higher anti‐Spike IgG antibody titers were associated with reduced risk of incident SARS‐CoV‐2 infection across the entire observation period. While the magnitude of association was slightly weakened in the Omicron era, anti‐Spike IgG antibody continues to be a suitable correlate of protection against newer SARS‐CoV‐2 variants.
ZFYVE19 gene mutation: A novel variant of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
Authors: Ben Sabbahia Dalal , Atrasssi Meriem , Bennani Nissrine , Benmoussa Abdelhakim , Abkari Abdelhak
Published: August 2024

A recent nonsyndromic phenotype, newly linked to mutations in the ZFYVE19 gene, is characterized by the appearance of cholestasis accompanied by an increase in serum gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) from infancy or early childhood. Affected individuals generally present with hepatosplenomegaly and may develop portal hypertension. The disease is thought to be the result of cholangiocyte‐specific ciliary dysfunction, indicating a ciliopathy that appears to be limited to the liver. Here, we describe the case of an infant born to first‐degree consanguineous parents, in whom neonatal cholestasis accompanied by elevated GGT led to the discovery of a ZFYVE19 deficiency. The diagnosis was established following an in‐depth analysis of the complete exome sequencing.
Unlocking the potential of rice bran oil body as fat replacement in cookies: single and double crosslinked binary emulsion‐filled gels based on lutein‐loaded rice bran oil body emulsion
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Chen Wei , Lv Wenwen , Alouk Ikram , Yuan Yingmao , Wang Yanbo , Xu Duoxia
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Rice bran oil body is rich in nutritional value, which is a byproduct of rice processing. The aim of this study is to develop a novel emulsion‐filled gel with lutein‐loaded rice bran oil body and investigate its functionality as a fat replacer in cookies. The effects of incorporating structured oil body in the form of emulsion‐filled gel instead of butter in cookies with a ratio of 0, 10, 20 and 50 wt% formulation were determined by measuring appearance, texture, thermodynamic properties, moisture distribution and microstructure.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated the relationship between geometry, moisture and structure. The 20 wt% emulsion‐filled gel substitution ratio yielded mobility and distribution abilities of melted fat and sugar in the cookies that were closest to those of butter. The addition of emulsion‐filled gel increased the L* value and decreased the a* value, while the b* value of the cookie increased due to the advanced delivery of lutein by oil body. By controlling the addition ratio, the texture of the cookies can be adjusted. Starch granules were separated due to colloidal particles, reducing saturated fat content and decreasing cookie gelatinization enthalpy. The fat coating on starch particles enhanced the binding capacity of free water, improving air entrapment and forming a constrained gluten network structure.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide a theoretical basis for rice bran oil body as a novel substitute for butter in the development of healthy, high‐quality cookies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ten‐year minimal follow‐up of lateral opening wedge distal femoral osteotomy for lateral femorotibial osteoarthritis: Good survivorship and high patient satisfaction
Authors: Cance Nicolas , Batailler Cécile , Lording Timothy , Schmidt Axel , Lustig Sébastien , Servien Elvire
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aimed (1) to determine complications and survival rates of lateral opening wedge distal femoral osteotomy (LOW‐DFO) in the long term, (2) to assess their clinical outcomes in the long term and (3) to identify risk factors of failure.

Methods

Between 1991 and 2011, 62 LOW‐DFOs were performed in the same department. Inclusion criteria were all isolated LOW‐DFO performed for isolated lateral tibiofemoral osteoarthritis and valgus malalignment, with a minimum 10‐year follow‐up. Thirty‐eight patients were included, with a mean age of 48 ± 9 years. All patients had clinical and radiological assessments. The survival curves were calculated based on the following endpoints: unicompartmental or total knee arthroplasty.

Results

The mean follow‐up was 15.2 ± 4.4 [10–29] years. The mean preoperative mechanical FemoroTibial Axis (mFTA) was 188.8° ± 3.2° [184°–197°], primarily due to femur deformity (mean lateral distal femoral axis [LDFA] 83.2° ± 2.8°). Bone union was achieved in 89.5% of patients (n = 34) at a mean delay of 6.5 ± 6.7 months. The complication rate was 26% (five stiffness, one nonunion, three secondary displacements and one deep vein thrombosis). Nine revision surgeries (24%) were recorded. Survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 92.1% and 78.9%, respectively. The mean delay between DFO and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was 11.6 ± 5.7 [1–27] years. Nineteen patients (50%) were free of TKA at the last follow‐up. KSS scores were improved significantly. Return to sports was obtained in 92% of cases (n = 35), with a mean delay of 11 ± 8 months. Seventy‐four per cent of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the surgery. Eighty‐four per cent would be willing to undergo the surgery again. Older age (p = 0.032) was a significant risk factor for TKA conversion.

Conclusion

LOW‐DFO is an efficient procedure to manage lateral knee osteoarthritis in young patients with valgus deformity, with a good survival rate at 10 years and high patient satisfaction.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Medial orientation of the trochlear groove is a strong indicator of high‐grade trochlear dysplasia
Authors: Mazy David , Angelelli Lucia , Cance Nicolas , Giovannetti de Sanctis Edoardo , Dejour David H.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The objective is to evaluate the orientation of the trochlear groove in patients with objective patellar instability (OPI) compared to a control group. The hypothesis is that the trochlear groove angle (TGA) is correlated with the severity of the trochlear dysplasia.

Methods

From 2019 to 2023, magnetic resonance imaging of 82 knees with OPI were compared with 82 control knees. TGA quantified the angle between the femoral anatomical axis and the trochlear groove. The intraclass correlation coefficient for TGA was evaluated. Central spur in the sagittal plane (CSSP) and cranial trochlear orientation (CTO) angle were also measured. TGA, CSSP and CTO were compared between the two groups. A TGA subgroup analysis separating the OPI group into low‐grade (CSSP < 5 mm or negative CTO) and high‐grade dysplasia (CSSP ≥ 5 mm or positive CTO) was also performed.

Results

A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between the TGA of the OPI group (mean [SD], 11.3 [3.7]°) and the control group (4.2 [2.5]°). TGA for patients with high‐grade dysplasia (11.9 [3.8]°) was significantly higher than patients with low‐grade dysplasia (9.6 [3.9]°).

Conclusion

Patients with OPI have a TGA of 11°, compared to the control group, which exhibits a TGA of 4°. The femoral mechanical axis can be considered an appropriate threshold for separating these two groups. Furthermore, TGA is correlated with the severity of dysplasia.

Study design

Case–control study.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Changes in ecosystem services supply–demand and key drivers in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2000 to 2020
Authors: Wen Yuling , Li Manchun , Chen Zhenjie , Li Wei
Published: August 2024

Human activities and regional land development have considerably contributed to the degradation of ecosystems and the growing contradiction between the supply and demand of ecosystem services (ESs) in Jiangsu Province, China. However, few studies have applied a comprehensive approach to elucidate the patterns and evolutionary characteristics of ESs over long periods. This study investigated the spatial–temporal evolution of the supply, demand, and supply–demand relationships of six individual ESs and comprehensive ESs in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2020. It revealed the key drivers of the changes in comprehensive ecosystem services supply–demand relationship (CESSD) using a geo‐detector model and a geographically and temporally weighted regression model to address the shortcomings of previous studies. The results showed that at the provincial level, the CESSD presented a surplus while the supply–demand state tended to be imbalanced. At the 1‐km2 grid scale, the spatial heterogeneity of CESSD was obvious, with surplus supply–demand zones primarily distributed in the Taihu Lake watershed, hilly areas, riverside zones, the watershed from Hongze Lake to Gaoyou Lake, and the eastern coastal zone, while deficit supply–demand zones were mainly clustered in areas with concentrated and contiguous construction land. From 2000 to 2020, the area of deficit in CESSD increased from 626 to 3257 km2 and the degree of deficit gradually deepened, with socioeconomic factors having the greatest influence on changes in CESSD. Our findings reveal the balance/imbalance between human society and natural ecology in Jiangsu Province and highlight the need for effective management of regional ecosystems.
Research on arc evolution law of arc extin‐ction device under high‐speed large current
Authors: Jia M. C. , Huang T. , Song K. X. , Guo X. H. , Feng J. , Wang X. , Song H. T.
Published: August 2024

The lifespan of the guide rail is a bottleneck restricting the operational life of electromagnetic railguns. A well‐designed arc extinguishing device can reduce the arcing erosion caused by residual currents within the guide rail. The CuW alloy is widely used in the high‐pressure arc extinction field due to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength, and hardness. Based on the theory of equilibrium state arc plasma, a finite element model of the air arc‐CuW electrode coupling in the arc extinction device was established to study millisecond‐level arc initiation, evolution, extinguishing characteristics, and distribution patterns under extreme and harsh operational conditions with a current input of 110 kA. The highest temperature in the arc column region was found to exceed 50,000 K. The study elucidated the influence of arc extinction device parameters on arc evolution, breakdown time, and breakdown voltage. Consequently, it established that the R70 spherical electrode exhibits optimal arc extinguishing characteristics. The aim of this research is to provide theoretical support for optimizing the arc suppression device. Additionally, experiments on high‐speed and high‐current arc extinction device discharges were conducted to validate the finite element analysis results regarding arc diffusion patterns and electrode erosion.
Board attributes and tax avoidance: The moderating role of institutional ownership
Authors: Ali Rizwan , Ahmed Mansoor , Amin Ali , Rehman Ramiz ur
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the influence of corporate board attributes, such as board size, board independence, board meeting frequency, female representation on board, and audit committee size, on tax avoidance. Moreover, the study also explores the moderating role of institutional ownership on these relationships. We use sample of non‐financial firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange over the period 2013–2020. Using the framework of agency theory, we report that board size, board independence, board meetings, gender diversity, and audit committees are associated with lower tax avoidance, and the presence of institutional ownership further strengthens these relationship. To test the hypotheses, ordinary least squares regression analysis is applied and robustness is ensured through by employing Generalized method of moments estimation. Overall, our study offers novel insights into the positive implication of board attributes on tax avoidance, particularly within the framework of institutional ownership settings.
Approach to gait disorders and orthotic management in adult onset neuromuscular diseases
Authors: Chiou‐Tan Faye Y. , Bloodworth Donna
Published: August 2024

In order to understand abnormal gait, this article will first review normal gait, discuss how neuromuscular diseases disturb gait patterns and review orthotic interventions. In normal gait, concentric contractions accelerate and eccentric contractions decelerate the limb. Neuromuscular gait disorders can be grouped into (1) proximal weakness, (2) distal weakness, (3) nonlength‐dependent or generalized weakness, (4) asymmetric weakness, and (5) sensory disorders. Identification of gait disturbance type in neuromuscular diseases leads to the appropriate orthotic prescription since orthotic strategies are grouped into (1) proximal weakness, (2) distal weakness, and (3) sensory disturbances. Orthotics is not indicated in all types of gait disturbance. Weakness in proximal hip musculature can be managed with gait aids such as walkers. In contrast, distal muscle weakness can be managed with orthotics. Preservation of gait assists in maintenance of daily function and integration in society.
The effect of surveillance fishing on migration distance of Atlantic Salmon during the spawning period
Authors: Munkeby Johan O. , Davidsen Jan G. , Havn Torgeir B. , Ulvan Eva M. , Næsje Tor F. , Karlsen Dag H. , Solem Øyvind , Lennox Robert J.
Published: August 2024

Objective

Surveillance fishing surveys can be performed to estimate the proportion of farmed salmon represented in the spawning stock of native Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar populations. These surveys take place after the recreational fishing period and therefore closer to the spawning period than the open recreational fishing season. Although catch-and-release angling has been demonstrated to affect salmon migration during the summer months, surveillance fishing that is conducted close to the spawning time could have more severe effects.

Methods

To test this, the migration distance of Atlantic Salmon (n = 74) caught in the Orkla River, Norway, was tracked by use of radiotelemetry. One group was tagged during the regular fishing season in the summer (control group), whereas another group was tagged in autumn during surveillance fishing (surveillance group).

Result

Sixty-one salmon remained for analysis after we excluded fish that were recaptured, died, or migrated to other rivers. Relocation of the salmon during autumn (October 11–31) was used to compare movements and test for differences in migration using negative binomial regression because distances were nonnegative integers. During the tracking period, the surveillance group moved 12 ± 14 km (mean ± standard deviation) and the control group moved 13 ± 15 km; both groups moved 1 ± 2 km/day on average. There was no evidence that surveillance fishing impacted movement of the salmon compared to controls. However, one salmon died after tagging and three were not released due to injuries; total mortality of 9% during surveillance fishing could be unsustainable for smaller populations. Consequently, factors such as surveillance sample size, the status of the salmon population, and the population size should be assessed for each river individually when deciding the necessity of and approach to surveillance fishing.

Conclusion

The results support existing recommendations to use careful handling and to end surveillance at least 2 weeks prior to the expected onset of spawning, thus providing a sufficiently long period for recovery after surveillance fishing.
A robust cut‐cell finite element method for Poisson's equation in three dimensions
Authors: Li Donghao , Papadopoulos Panayiotis
Published: August 2024

This article documents a cut‐cell finite element method for solving Poisson's equation in smooth three‐dimensional domains using a uniform, Cartesian axis‐aligned grid. Neumann boundary conditions are imposed weakly by way of a Delaunay triangulation, while Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed strongly using a projection method. A set of numerical simulations demonstrates the proposed method is robust and preserves the asymptotic rate of convergence expected of corresponding body‐fitted methods.
Introduction to Special Issue ‘Rethinking Decolonisation in Papua New Guinea’
Authors: Golub Alex , Handman Courtney
Published: August 2024

This article is an introduction to a special issue entitled ‘Rethinking Decolonisation in Papua New Guinea’. This introduction suggests that we view ‘decolonisation’ or ‘independence’ not only as a historical period, but as an event that has been imagined by many people both during and after it occurred. Drawing on the work of Adom Getachew, we argue that it is fruitful to examine decolonisation in this extended sense. Doing so, this article argues, allows us to see that decolonisation often involves more than just the two actors of the ‘coloniser’ and the ‘colonised’. It also helps us better understand forms of political innovation in which the goal is not the creation of a nation‐state. By broadening our awareness of a range of decolonising processes, we can expand our understanding of this important political process.
Farmer‐led badger vaccination in Cornwall: Epidemiological patterns and social perspectives
Authors: Woodroffe Rosie , Astley Kelly , Barnecut Rose , Brotherton Peter N. M. , Donnelly Christl A. , Grub Henry M. J. , Ham Cally , Howe Caroline , Jones Chris , Marriott Cheryl , Miles Verity , Rowcliffe Marcus , Shelley Tom , Truscott Keith
Published: August 2024

In the United Kingdom, the management of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) challenges the coexistence of people and wildlife. Control of this cattle disease is hindered by transmission of its causative agent, Mycobacterium bovis, between cattle and badgers Meles meles.

Badger culling has formed an element of bTB control policy for decades, but current government policy envisions expanding badger vaccination. Farming leaders are sceptical, citing concerns that badger vaccination would be impractical and potentially ineffective.

We report on a 4‐year badger vaccination initiative in an 11 km2 area which, atypically, was initiated by local farmers, delivered by scientists and conservationists, and co‐funded by all three. Participating landholders cited controversies around culling and a desire to support neighbours as their primary reasons for adopting vaccination.

The number of badgers vaccinated per km2 (5.6 km−2 in 2019) exceeded the number culled on nearby land (2.9 km−2 in 2019), and the estimated proportion vaccinated (74%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 40%–137%) exceeded the 30% threshold predicted by models to be necessary to control M. bovis. Farmers were content with how vaccination was delivered, and felt that it built trust with wildlife professionals.

The percentage of badgers testing positive for M. bovis declined from 16.0% (95% CI 4.5%–36.1%) at the start of vaccination to 0% (95% CI 0%–9.7%) in the final year. With neither replication nor unvaccinated controls, this small‐scale case study does not demonstrate a causal link between badger vaccination and bTB epidemiology, but it does suggest that larger‐scale evaluation of badger vaccination would be warranted.

Farmers reported that their enthusiasm for badger vaccination had increased after participating for 4 years. They considered vaccination to have been effective, and good value for money, and wished to continue with it.

Synthesis and applications: Although small‐scale, this case study suggests that badger vaccination can be a technically effective and socially acceptable component of bTB control. A wider rollout of badger vaccination is more likely if it is led by the farming community, rather than by conservationists or government, and is combined with scientific monitoring.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Compression and interlaminar shear behavior of steered laminates manufactured by automated fiber placement
Authors: Zheng Chenggan , Tang Zhengqiang , Li Yan , Zhang Shuai , Chen Chao , Cheng Liang
Published: August 2024

Variable stiffness (VS) composite structures can significantly reduce weight by adjusting fiber orientation. However, in current designs, the directional properties of composites cannot be fully utilized due to the lack of comprehensive mechanical characterization of VS laminates. This paper aims to investigate the compressive and out‐of‐plane bending behavior of steered laminates. Firstly, the critical steering radius theory was studied and derived. Secondly, five steered laminates with different radii and one “baseline” laminate were designed, manufactured, and tested to examine the effects of fiber steering on compressive and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). The results indicate that, compared to the “baseline” laminate, the steered laminates exhibit a decreasing trend in both compressive strength and ILSS, with the maximum reductions being 32.1% in compressive strength and 9% in shear strength. Meanwhile, the microstructure was observed to gain an in‐depth understanding of the changes in the mechanical properties of the steered laminates. This study comprehensively evaluates the mechanical performance of steered laminates and provides appropriate steering limits for the design and manufacture of VS structures.

Highlights

The critical steering radius theory was studied and derived.

Five steered laminates with different radii and one “baseline” laminate were designed, manufactured, and tested to examine the effects of fiber steering on compressive and ILSS.

The microstructure was observed to gain an in‐depth understanding of the changes in the mechanical properties of the steered laminates.
Innovative polymer‐based composite materials in additive manufacturing: A review of methods, materials, and applications
Authors: Wang Yuanrui , Ding Yuchen , Yu Kai , Dong Guoying
Published: August 2024

This review paper delves into the manufacturing methods, material properties, and applications of polymer‐based composites in the field of advanced manufacturing, offering a detailed explanation of their production through various additive manufacturing (AM) techniques and their diverse applications across multiple industries. Polymer‐based composite materials have emerged as crucial elements in AM due to their enhanced properties and design versatility, enabling the creation of components with unprecedented performance characteristics. The paper comprehensively covers the major AM methods employed for composite materials, including fused filament fabrication, Digital Light Processing/Stereolithography, Direct Ink Writing, and Selective Laser Sintering. Each of these methods is explored in terms of its mechanism, suitability for different composite materials, and the resulting material properties. The review also provides an insightful analysis of how these AM techniques are revolutionizing industries such as soft robotics, mechanical, electrical, and biomedical fields. The paper concludes by discussing the current challenges in this domain and projecting future trends in the development and application of composite materials in advanced manufacturing. This review aims to offer a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners in the field, highlighting the transformative impact of polymer‐based composites in AM and their growing significance across various sectors.

Highlights

Comprehensive review and classification of novelties in printing method for polymer based composite material manufacturing.

Introduces innovative techniques to create and enhance material properties of composites.

Explores interdisciplinary applications in biomedical, electronics, and sensors, demonstrating material versatility.

Provides a systematic correlation between manufacturing method, material properties, and applications of novel polymer‐based composites.