bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Characterization of Anti-lymphocytic Antibodies
Authors: James Keith
Published: June 2012

During recent years the heterogeneity of equine antibodies to a variety of antigens has been convincingly demonstrated (Rockey, Klinman and Karush 1964; Raynaud, Iscaki and Mangalo 1965; Allen, Sirisina and Vaughan 1965; Klinmanet al.1966; Klinman and Karush 1967; Johnson and Allen 1968). For example, extensive studies on equine anti-hapten antibodies have shown that the IgG fraction of horse serum contains at least four different proteins, namely the IgGa, IgGb, IgGc and IOS IgG globulins in addition to the IgG(T) and IgM proteins (Rockeyet al.1964; Klinmanet al.1966). These antibodies differ widely in their ability to precipitate the protein-bound hapten and to fix complement, and their concentrations and binding affinities vary considerably during a course of immunization (Klinmanet al.1966).
Large-scale Production of Anti-lymphocytic Antibody
Authors: Long D. A. , Edwards D. C. , Phillips A. W. , Woiwod A. J.
Published: June 2012

The Wellcome Foundation is part of the M.R.C. Working Party on A.L.S. and the main role of the Foundation, as agreed with the Working Party as a whole, is to produce A.L.S. on a large scale for use in man.

In Great Britain, the use of any new therapeutic agent is controlled by authority, in this case the Dunlop Committee. Before this committee could be approached for a licence to market such a product, it would be necessary for the pharmaceutical company concerned to have established conditions for large-scale production.
XVIII.—The Spermatozoon of the Spider BeetlePtinus tectusBoieldieu as seen by Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Dlugosz Jozef , Harrold John W.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The mature Ptinid sperm examined under the light microscope is found to be specialised in that the chromatin is not contained within a sperm head but is distributed along a central axis. The migration of chromatin resembles that found in Coccids by Hughes-Schrader (1948). Surrounding the axis is a more flexible helical membrane extending the whole length of the sperm.

Under the electron microscope the membrane appears to consist of eighteen or twenty thin fibres and two thick fibres with striated sheaths. Near the posterior end of the membrane the fibres are surrounded by a ring. The structure is simpler than that of mammalian and avian sperms examined by other workers with similar techniques. Under the electron microscope, stages in the migration of chromatin in the immature sperm show a number of discrete opaque bodies which may be chromosomes. The approximate dimensions of the various structures are given.
XXII.—A Preliminary Report on the Echiuridæ and Sipunculidæ of Zanzibar*
Authors: Stephen A. C. , Robertson J. D.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

This paper is a first report on the Echiurids and Sipunculids of Zanzibar, and deals with the material collected by Dr J. D. Robertson during the years 1948–1950 on the shores of Zanzibar, supplemented with a few dredgings. These collections contained two species of Echiurids and eighteen species and varieties of Sipunculids. Of these, one Echiurid (Ochetostoma zanzibarense) and two Sipunculids (Dendrostoma robertsoniandPhascolion robertsoni) are described as new species. Six others are recorded from the area for the first time. The list of species now described from the Zanzibar area contains eight species of Echiurids and twenty-four species and varieties of Sipunculids. Rich as the area is in species, it is even more remarkable for the numbers of individuals, some species being dominant forms in the population.
XXIV.—On the Sampling Variance of Heritability Estimates derived from Variance Analyses
Authors: Osborne Robert , Paterson W. S. B.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

A method is presented by which the sampling variance of all heritability estimates derived from ratios involving variance components may be found.
XVIII.—Variation in Gryphœa incurva (Sow.) from the Lower Lias of Loch Aline, Argyll
Authors: Maclennan Rhona M. , Trueman A. E.
Published: June 2012

Various species of the lamellibranch Gryphœa have received much attention from palæontologists in the past twenty years, partly because careful collecting appears to have produced continuous series of forms (lineages) and partly owing to the problems which are raised by their progressive development from more normal oysters.
XXII.—Deficiency Effects of Ultra-violet Light inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Slizynski B. M.
Published: June 2012

Stadler and Sprague in a series of papers (1936) succeeded in demonstrating by a genetical method the effect of ultra-violet radiation in maize pollen, and found that in their experiments in the X-ray series the chromosomal changes are very common, while in the ultra-violet series they are rare.
XXIV.—The Occurrence of Endodermis in Leguminous Root Nodules and Its Effect upon Nodule Function
Authors: Frazer Helen L.
Published: June 2012

In recent years considerable progress has been made in the investigation of the biochemistry and physiology of the root nodules of leguminous plants (Wilson, 1940). It now appears desirable that the anatomical structure of the nodule should be re-examined from the standpoint of the functions which the nodule is considered to discharge. Special interest attaches to the distribution within the nodule of endodermis, cork, and any other suberized layers, since on this will depend the facility with which materials may be exchanged between the tissues of the nodule and the environment. There is some confusion in the literature as to the distribution of such suberized tissues within the nodule, but it is clear that rather curious features are presented.
XXXI.—Hair Pigmentation and the Genetics of Colour in Greyhounds
Authors: Burns Marca
Published: June 2012

The present paper is the first step in an attempt to combine study of the genetics of coat colour in dogs with histological examination of the hairs and pigmentation, so that a picture may eventually be formed of the genetic relations of the various phenotypes, and of the processes by which the various colours are produced. Work along similar lines has been carried out by other workers on various mammals,e.g.on the mouse (Dry, 1926, 1928; Dunn, 1936; Einsele, 1937), guinea-pig (Wright and Hunt, 1918; Russel, 1939; Heidenthal, 1940), and in cattle (Bogart and Ibsen, 1938).
I.—On Isoetes australis S. Williams, a New Species from Western Australia. Part I. General Morphology
Authors: Williams Samuel
Published: June 2012

Material of a very small and distinctive species of Isoetes was sent by Miss Alison Baird in 1934 to Professor J. Walton, who kindly handed it over to me for examination. This species, hitherto undescribed, is here named Isoetes australis. The material, which consisted of plants of all ages from two-leaved sporelings up to adult plants, had been collected in 1930 from rock pools in granite outcrops at Bruce Rock, 150 miles inland from Perth, Western Australia.

The following description is mainly based on Miss Baird's material, but I later received air-dried plants of the same species which had been grown by Professor T. G. B. Osborn in the Laboratory at Sydney. These plants had originally been collected by E. T. Bailey from the Bruce Rock locality in 1934. They proved to be viable and commenced growth within a few days when placed in water, and I was able to keep one of them alive for a period of two years, though only in a depauperate condition. Professor Osborn also sent me herbarium specimens, collected in the same locality by Bailey, and some of these plants, which had been completely dry for six months or longer, proved viable, though I was unable to grow them on for more than a few months.
VIII.—Action of Sex Hormones on the Adrenal Cortex of the Golden Hamster
Authors: Peczenik O.
Published: June 2012

According to Grollman (1936), there is no evidence for an intimate relation between the gonads and the adrenal proper, i.e. the cortex apart from the “fœtal zone” (Grollman, 1942). Recent papers, however (Bourne and Zuckerman, 1940 a, 1940 b; Schilling and Laqueur, 1941; Selye and Albert, 1942; Selye, Rowley, and Hall, 1943; Sarason, 1943, and others), confirm the opposite view (Kolmer, 1912; Korenchevsky, Dennison, and Simpson, 1935). The results, especially those concerning the action of gonadal substances on the adrenal cortex, vary as between different authors and according to the species of experimental animal used. Grollman (1936), for example, states that the cortex is not influenced by œstrogen. Allen and Bern (1942), however, and Golla and Reiss (1942) report a change in the cortex associated with an increase of adrenal weight. The former authors found an increase in lipoid-containing vacuoles in guinea-pigs treated with stilbœstrol; the latter, on the other hand, observed a lipoid decrease in rats treated with œstrone. Comparison of these results with others which they obtained with hypophysectomized rats even led Golla and Reiss to postulate the existence of two corticotrophic principles in the hypophysis: one controlling the distribution of lipoid in the cortex and the other the adrenal weight.
XI.—Some Recent Advances in the Study of the Brain as the Implement of Mind
Authors: Berry Richard J. A.
Published: June 2012

Some years ago the British Association for the Advancement of Science standardised the methods for the determination of the measurements of length, breadth, and height of the living head or dead skull, but said nothing about the brain. But to-day we know that these same methods can also be used for the measurement of the post-mortem brain. The advantages of having one common series of measurements for the living head, dried skull, and post-mortem brain, and one standard mode of comparing the results are so obvious as to need no further justification.
X.—Frictional Fusion Along a Himalayan Thrust
Authors: Scott J. S. , Drever H. I.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

At a height of 4400 metres in the Nepal Himalaya, a vitreous and vesicular rock was discovered by J. S. Scott in 1949. It is located along a line of intense brecciation in a region of high-grade granitic gneisses.

This paper is based on a laboratory examination of a specimen of this rock and a few other specimens from the same locality. As some of these specimens have no exact counterpart hitherto described, a new but self-explanatory nomenclature has been employed in their description. The new rock-types—breccia with a cryptomylonite matrix, cryptomylonite and hyalomylonite—seem to represent, in this order, progressive stages in the degree of vitrifaction.

Biotite, alkali feldspars and quartz participated in the vitrifaction, which was due to high temperatures and heat developed by friction between these minerals in a triturated rock medium of low thermal conductivity.

An important function is attributed to the biotite which, in the more vitreous parts of the rocks, tends to disappear entirely. It is suggested that selective melting of this biotite has yielded to the liquid ferrous iron, and fluxing by this component is believed to be a critical factor although water must also be considered. Chemical analysis revealed no significant quantity of water in the glass-rich rock, but the development of vesicles and bubbles implies that there was more water in solution prior to its ebullition as a vapour phase.

There appears to have been a remarkable variation in temperatures within extremely short distances, and there is some evidence that the specific melting points of the alkali feldspars may, in a few exceptional instances, have been attained.
XXII.—Silurian Greywackes in Peeblesshire
Authors: Walton Ewart Kendall
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Sedimentary structures in the greywackes of Peeblesshire, including graded bedding, cross-lamination and load-cast structures, are described and their origin discussed.

Petrographically the greywackes are poorly sorted sediments composed of a variety of minerals and rock fragments. The minerals include quartz, felspar, augite and horn-blende, mica and chlorite, while the dominant rock fragments are andesites, spilites, quartz-keratophyres and granites.

Three groups of greywackes are recognized according to their mineralogy. The first, the Pyroxenous group, contains augite and hornblende. Rocks of the second group, the Intermediate group, are without these minerals, while the third group consists of rocks rich in garnet—the Garnetiferous group. These mineralogical differences are reflected in differences in the chemical analyses of the three groups. From consideration of the chemical and modal analyses it is suggested that differences in source rocks have influenced the composition of the greywackes more than variations in the intensity of alteration due to weathering and transport.

It is concluded that the greywackes have been formed from the rapid erosion of a land mass largely covered by Ordovician volcanic rocks, but also with developments of lowgrade regionally metamorphosed rocks and others resembling Torridonian arkoses. Sedimentation features are due to accumulation controlled largely by the action of turbidity currents.
III.—A Double Centenary—Two Notable Naturalists, Robert Jameson and Edward Forbes
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: June 2012

Seldom, if ever, in the long histories of the Scottish Universities can there have chanced a centenary such as we now commemorate. In the same year, 1854, there died in Edinburgh two celebrated occupants of the Regius Chair of Natural History in the University, one full of years, with solid achievement and half a century of academic service behind him, the other in the first year of his Professorship, in the full tide of life, whose great accomplishment held promise of greater still; the one the master, the other his brilliant pupil and successor—Robert Jameson and Edward Forbes. Each of these men, in his own way, added enormously to the factual stock of knowledge, but the greater contribution was that each, by precept and example, helped to modify and mould the outlook of naturalists throughout the civilized world.
IV.—The Morphology and Relationships of a Complete Therocephalian Skeleton from the Cistecephalus Zone of South Africa
Authors: Attridge John
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

A description is given of a new genus of mammal-like reptile,Mirotenthes, of which a remarkably complete and well-preserved skeleton was collected in 1936 by Professor Camp of the University of California, from the late Permian deposits of the South African Karroo.

Unlike the majority of Permian mammal-like reptiles,Mirotentheswas an agile form of small dimensions. Many of the skeletal characters exhibit a significant approach towards the mammalian threshold. The limb structure is very advanced and the digital formula is mammalian. The differentiation of ribs to form a definite rib-cage of mammalian type is particularly noteworthy and may indicate the presence in this genus of a mammalian respiratory mechanism.

The systematic study of this complete skeleton does much to bridge the gap between the primitive basal groups of mammal-like reptiles and the advanced Triassic groups from which the mammals derive. It has been known for many years that small, fast-moving carnivorous forms were present in the late Permian fauna, but the evidence has been fragmentary. The complete skeleton described in this paper throws new light on these hitherto poorly known genera.
‘This age is the age of associations’: committees, petitions, and the roots of interwar Middle Eastern internationalism
Authors: Arsan Andrew
Published: June 2012

This article examines three diasporic campaigns orchestrated by Middle Eastern political entrepreneurs in Paris, New York, and Cairo, in the years bookending the First World War. Mobilizing across borders, their organizers were exemplary denizens of the transnational public sphere created by Ottoman migrants from the 1880s onwards. Exponents of globalism, they regarded the body politic as a diasporic construct unconstrained by territory. Furthermore, they saw the associations that they founded both as instruments of civility capable of reforming society and as practical political vehicles, mouthpieces for the claims that they communicated to the ‘community of nations’ through petitions and telegrams. Such strategies of appeal suggest that many of the features of ‘interwar’ Middle Eastern internationalism emerged not in response to the post-war settlement but in the last decades of Ottoman rule. This article therefore contributes to our understanding of the histories of globalism, the practices and perceptions of public life, and the engagement of non-Western people with international society.
Product Information, Hedonic Evaluation, and Purchase Decision: an Experimental Study of Orange Juice
Authors: Combris Pierre , Lange Christine , Issanchou Sylvie
Published: June 2012

Two randomly sampled groups of subjects were endowed with real budgets and placed in 5 different budget/price situations. In each situation they had to evaluate 6 orange juices and complete a demand table. At the end of the experiment, one demand table was randomly selected and participants had to buy the corresponding products. In one group, participants choose after looking at the packaging in the other they could also taste the products. Results show that participants who chose without tasting, made quicker decisions, selected a larger number of variants and were more influenced by prices than those who could taste the products. Although choices appeared very heterogeneous, most participants exhibit coherent behaviors. (JEL classification: C91, D12)
Protection Against Wine Price Risks: A Real Option Approach
Authors: Viviani Jean-Laurent
Published: June 2012

Since the beginning of 2006, the federation of wine producers (Inter-Rhône) offers its members (wine producers of the Rhône Valley) protection against wine price risks giving them the option to sell a portion of their production at €80 per hl, regardless of the prevailing market price. This risk management tool has the general features of an American put option with a strike price of 80 €/hl. Two mechanisms are used to reduce the hedging cost: the introduction of a barrier “up and out”, and the option to force producers to implement a non-optimal exercise strategy. We present two pricing models of this option (with and without barrier) followed by an application using the Inter-Rhône wine price data base. The cost of the first protection mechanism (without barrier) is about €10 per hi (i.e., 13.3 % of the current price) but only about €8 for the second (with barrier) representing 10.7 % of the current price. Beyond its traditional role of protection against price fluctuation, the option may also have a positive impact on price levels by stopping panic movements and strengthening the negotiating power of producers. (JEL Classification: Q14, G32)
Assessing the Reliability of Blind Wine Tasting: Differentiating Levels of Clinical and Statistical Meaningfulness
Authors: Cicchetti Domenic V.
Published: June 2012

The author distinguishes between the clinical and statistical meaning of varying levels of intertaster reliability for the 11 judges who evaluated 10 Chardonnays (6 American and 4 French) in the heralded 1976 Paris wine competition. Four wines showed levels of weighted kappa values (<0.40), that are considered poor by established biostatistical criteria. These ranged between 0.10, for the French Beaune Clos des Mouches 1973 Chardonnay to 0.33 for the U.S. Veedercrest 1972 Chardonnay. However, when levels of statistical significance of the weighted kappa (Kw) values were obtained, only the Clos des Mouches failed to reach statistical significance at the .05 level. The other three wines-the U.S. Chateau Montelena, 1973, with a Kwof 0.20; the U.S. 1973 David Bruce regular, with a weighted kappa value of .27 and the U.S. Veedercrest, with one of .33-reached statistical significance at p values of <.05, <.001, and <.0001, respectively. These findings are not weighted kappa specific, and reveal that when sample sizes are large enough, even the most trivial of results will be statistically significant, while often devoid of practical or clinical meaning-fulness. A level of Kwthat is clinically meaningful will most likely be statistically significant. But high levels of statistical significance are no guarantee of clinical significance. Methods for resolving this “big N phenomenon” are presented and discussed. (JEL Classification: C12, C49)
Do More Expensive Wines Taste Better? Evidence from a Large Sample of Blind Tastings
Authors: Goldstein Robin , Almenberg Johan , Dreber Anna , Emerson John W. , Herschkowitsch Alexis , Katz Jacob
Published: June 2012

Individuals who are unaware of the price do not derive more enjoyment from more expensive wine. In a sample of more than 6,000 blind tastings, we find that the correlation between price and overall rating is small and negative, suggesting that individuals on average enjoy more expensive wines slightly less. For individuals with wine training, however, we find indications of a non-negative relationship between price and enjoyment. Our results are robust to the inclusion of individual fixed effects, and are not driven by outliers: when omitting the top and bottom deciles of the price distribution, our qualitative results are strengthened, and the statistical significance is improved further. These findings suggest that non-expert wine consumers should not anticipate greater enjoyment of the intrinsic qualities of a wine simply because it is expensive or is appreciated by experts. (JEL Classification: L15, L66, M30, Q13)
Willingness to Pay for Sensory Properties in Washington State Red Wines
Authors: Yang Nan , McCluskey Jill J. , Ross Carolyn
Published: June 2012

In this article, we evaluate how sensory qualities of wine, such as astringency, bitterness, aroma, and flavor, affect consumers' willingness to pay for wine. In order to accomplish this objective, we utilize data collected from untrained consumers, a trained panel, and laboratory measurements of tannin intensity. From this data, a consumer-preference model, a consumer-intensity model, a trained-panel model, and an instrumental-measurement model are estimated and compared. Overall, the consumer-preference model is the most accurate in predicting consumers' willingness to pay. As expected, the closer a wine is to a consumer's ideal, the more they are willing to pay. Astringency has a mostly positive effect, and bitterness has a negative effect. Comparing the accuracy of the other models, the instrumental-measurement model is the next best, followed by trained-panel model, and the consumer-intensity model. This suggests that the instrumental measurements can be used as an effective alternative to trained panels. This is important because trained panels may be less practical to use on an ongoing basis. (JEL Classification: Q13, M31)
Estimating the Supply Elasticity of California Wine Grapes Using Regional Systems of Equations
Authors: Volpe Richard , Green Richard , Heien Dale , Howitt Richard
Published: June 2012

This article is the first of its kind to estimate econometrically the supply elasticity of California wine grapes. Wine grapes constitute the single largest crop in the state of California in terms of total receipts. Allowing for the dynamic adjustments of quasi-fixed inputs, we estimate simultaneous systems of equations for California's four major wine grape growing regions and eight of the most widely grown varieties. We find that California wine grape production is, on the whole, inelastic with respect to prices received. The variety showing the most price responsiveness is Chardonnay. There appears to be no significant difference in price responsiveness between the coastal and inland growing regions, or between red and white grape varieties. (JEL Classification: Qll, Q13, R14)
The Value of Terroir: Hedonic Estimation of Vineyard Sale Prices
Authors: Cross Robin , Plantinga Andrew J. , Stavins Robert N.
Published: June 2012

We examine the value of terroir, which refers to the special characteristics of a place that impart unique qualities to the wine produced. We do this by conducting a hedonic analysis of vineyard sales in the Willamette Valley of Oregon to ascertain whether site attributes, such as slope, aspect, elevation, and soil types, or designated appellations are more important determinants of price. We find that prices are strongly determined by sub-AVA appellation designations, but not by specific site attributes. These results indicate that the concept of terroir matters economically, although the reality of terroir – as proxied for by locational attributes – is not significant. (JEL Classification: C2, Q11)
Alcohol Consumption and Liver Cirrhosis Mortality: New Evidence from a Panel Data Analysis for Sixteen European Countries
Authors: Bentzen Jan , Smith Valdemar
Published: June 2012

Empirical evidence gives support to a close association between liver cirrhosis mortality and the intake of alcohol. The present analysis draws on a panel data set for sixteen European countries from 1970–2006 where both alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis seem best described as trend-stationary variables. Consequently, a flexible non-linear functional form with country fixed effects including linear trends is applied in the analysis. It is argued that fewer restrictions on the relationship between liver cirrhosis mortality and alcohol consumption are appropriate for empirical modeling. The conclusion is that the total level of alcohol consumption as well as the specific beverages – beer, wine and spirits – contribute to liver cirrhosis mortality, but the present study also reveals that addressing the question of panel unit roots directly and in this case subsequently applying a trend-stationary modeling methodology reduces the estimates of the impacts from alcohol consumption to liver cirrhosis. Finally, more restrictive alcohol policies seem to have influenced the country-specific development in cirrhosis mortality positively. (JEL Classification: 110)
An Examination of Judge Reliability at a major U.S. Wine Competition
Authors: Hodgson Robert T.
Published: June 2012

Wine judge performance at a major wine competition has been analyzed from 2005 to 2008 using replicate samples. Each panel of four expert judges received a flight of 30 wines imbedded with triplicate samples poured from the same bottle. Between 65 and 70 judges were tested each year. About 10 percent of the judges were able to replicate their score within a single medal group. Another 10 percent, on occasion, scored the same wine Bronze to Gold. Judges tend to be more consistent in what they don't like than what they do. An analysis of variance covering every panel over the study period indicates only about half of the panels presented awards based solely on wine quality. (JEL Classification: Q13, Q19)
Hedging Adverse Bioclimatic Conditions Employing a Short Condor Position
Authors: Cyr Don , Kusy Martin , Shaw Anthony B.
Published: June 2012

Weather derivatives are a relatively new form of financial security, providing firms with the ability to hedge the impact of weather related risks to their activities. Participants in the energy industry have employed standardized temperature contracts trading on organized exchanges since 1999, and the availability and use of non-standardized contracts designed for specialized weather related risks is growing dramatically. The primary goal of this paper is to consider the potential design and use of a weather contract to hedge the risks faced in viticulture as measured by bioclimatic indices. Specifically we examine the Winkler and Huglin bioclimatic indices over a 43 year period for the Niagara region of Ontario, Canada's largest wine producing region, and identify a mixed jump diffusion stochastic process for cumulative growing season index values. We then employ Monte Carlo simulation to derive a range of benchmark prices for a “short condor” contract employing the Huglin index as the underlying variable. The results show that valuable hedging opportunities can be provided by such contracts. (JEL Classification: G13, G32, Q14, Q51, Q54)
Estimating the Demand for Wine Using Instrumental Variable Techniques
Authors: Cuellar Steven S. , Huffman Ryan
Published: June 2012

The demand for wine is generally estimated on an aggregate level as a single commodity. However, as recent history shows us, the demand for wine not only varies considerably by varietal, but also by price point within each varietal. As a result, although estimates of the demand for wine may be beneficial to the wine industry as a whole, they provide little benefit to individual wine producers. Using scan data of purchases from US retail chain stores, this paper uses store keeping unit (sku) level data to overcome the limitations of prior research on the demand for wine by providing estimates for the demand for wine by varietal and price point. We also provide estimates of own price effects, income effects by color, varietal and price segment. Problems of endogeneity inherent in demand estimation are corrected by utilizing a novel instrumental variable technique using grape prices as the instrument. (JEL Classification: C23, D12)
The U.S. Beer Industry: Concentration, Fragmentation, and a Nexus with Wine
Authors: Elzinga Kenneth G.
Published: June 2012

The U.S. Beer industry has undergone two periods of major structural change in the post-World War II period. The first period, 1950–1980, was one of consolidation in which concentration increased dramatically. Since this period, combinations among leading brewers took place that would not have passed antitrust scrutiny earlier. The second period, from 1980 on, is one of fragmentation, marked by the entry of many craft brewers and increased product heterogeneity. The fragmentation has brought about consumption complementarities between wine and beer that never existed before. The wine and beer industry both face distributional inefficiencies sustained by state regulatory provisions that were a consequence of ending prohibition in the United States. Each of these topics is explored in this paper. (JEL Classification: L66, M37)
Improvements in spectral wave modeling in tidal inlet seas
Authors: van der Westhuysen A. J. , van Dongeren A. R. , Groeneweg J. , van Vledder G. Ph. , Peters H. , Gautier C. , van Nieuwkoop J. C. C.
Published: June 2012

The performance of the spectral wind wave model SWAN in tidal inlet seas was assessed on the basis of extensive wave measurements conducted in the Amelander Zeegat tidal inlet and the Dutch Eastern Wadden Sea, as well as relevant data from other inlets, lakes, estuaries and beaches. We found that the 2006 default SWAN model (version 40.51), the starting point of the investigation, performed reasonably well for measured storm conditions, but three aspects required further attention. First, over the near‐horizontal tidal flats, the computed ratio of integral wave height over water depth showed an apparent upper limit using the default depth‐limited wave breaking formulation and breaker parameter, resulting in an underprediction of wave heights. This problem has been largely solved using a new breaker formulation. The second aspect concerns wave‐current interaction, specifically the wave age effect on waves generated in ambient current, and a proposed enhanced dissipation in negative current gradients. Third, the variance density of lower‐frequency wind waves from the North Sea penetrating through the inlets into the Wadden Sea was underpredicted. This was improved by reducing the bottom friction dissipation relative to that of the default model. After a combined calibration, these improvements have resulted in a relative bias reduction in Hm0 from −3% to −1%, in Tm−1,0 from −7% to −3%, and in Tm01 from −6% to −2%, and consistent reductions in scatter, compared to the 2006 default model.
Water for cities: The impact of climate change and demographic growth in the tropical Andes
Authors: Buytaert W. , De Bièvre B.
Published: June 2012

Globally, water resources for cities are under increasing stress. Two main stressors are climate change and population growth, but evaluating their relative impact is difficult, especially because of the complex topology of water supply. This is especially true in the tropical Andes, which is a region with strong climatic gradients and topographical limits to water resources. This paper presents an evaluation of both stressors on water resources in a geospatial framework to identify gradients in water availability that may lead to conflicts over water use. We focus on four major cities in, or receiving water from, the tropical Andes. A multimodel data set of 19 climate models is used as input for a regional water balance model. Per capita water availability is evaluated along topographic gradients for the present and for future scenarios of population growth and climate change. In all cases, the median projection of climate change suggests a relatively limited impact on water availability, but uncertainties are large. Despite these uncertainties, we find that the expected demographic changes are very likely to outpace the impact of climate change on water availability and should therefore be the priority for local policy making. However, distinctive geospatial patterns characterize the supply systems of the studied cities, highlighting the need to analyze the topology of water supply within an ecosystem services context. Our approach is flexible enough to be extended to other regions, stressors and water resources topologies.
Interactions between humans and their landscapes: A focus on the Channel Islands, California
Authors: Rick Torben C. , Sillett T. Scott , Anderson R. Scott
Published: June 2012

Understanding Human Drivers of Ecological and Evolutionary Patternson the California Islands; Santa Barbara, California, 6–7 March 2012
Conference to focus on solutions to the jobs crisis in STEM fields
Authors: Asher Pranoti
Published: June 2012

The inaugural “U.S. News STEM Solutions 2012: A Leadership Summit,” which will take place 27–29 June in Dallas, Tex., will bring together hundreds of leaders in business, education, and government to develop solutions to the jobs crisis in the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. With unemployment rates high at the same time that many STEM jobs are going unfilled, the conference will focus on what is working now and what is needed to develop successful local, state, and national action plans to accelerate the development of the STEM workforce in the United States. A broad array of STEM workforce issues will be examined, including how to engage young students and how technology can better align educators with job creators and the skill sets that are required. Summit organizers hope that a key result of the conference will be a national consensus on best practices and the steps needed—in both the short and long term—to ensure a competitive workforce. Another summit objective is to find effective ways to increase public awareness of STEM and its connection to jobs.
Connolly and Hirschmann receive 2011 N. L. Bowen Awards: Citation for James A. Connolly
Authors: Manning Craig E.
Published: June 2012

James A. Connolly and Marc M. Hirschmann received the 2011 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
Connolly and Hirschmann receive 2011 N. L. Bowen Awards: Citation for Marc M. Hirschmann
Authors: Kelemen Peter B.
Published: June 2012

James A. Connolly and Marc M. Hirschmann received the 2011 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
A potential vorticity perspective on the motion of a mid‐latitude winter storm
Authors: Rivière G. , Arbogast P. , Lapeyre G. , Maynard K.
Published: June 2012

The motion of mid‐latitude surface cyclones relative to the jet streams is of particular interest because of the commonly observed strong and rapid deepening they undergo when they cross the upper‐level jet axis. The purpose of the present study is to validate a recent theory that may explain this motion which is a generalization of the so‐called beta drift in the mid‐latitude baroclinic context. According to this theory, the key parameter controlling the movement of a surface cyclone across the mean tropospheric jet is the vertically averaged potential vorticity (PV) gradient associated with the jet. To test this theoretical result, numerical sensitivity experiments are performed using the Météo‐France global operational forecast model ARPEGE‐IFS for the particular case of the storm Xynthia (26–28 February 2010). The control forecast, starting from the operational analysis almost 2 days before the storm hit France, represents the trajectory of the storm quite well, together with the deepening during the crossing of the upper‐level jet axis. A PV‐inversion tool is used to modify the vertically averaged PV gradient of the initial state. As expected from the theory, when the PV gradient is intensified, there is a quicker displacement of the surface cyclone toward the jet axis and the jet‐crossing phase occurs earlier than in the control forecast. The opposite occurs for a reduced PV gradient. The interpretation is that an enhanced PV gradient reinforces the dipolar PV anomaly located at upper levels which, in turn, advects the surface cyclone faster towards the jet axis.
The forcing mechanism leading to the Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea
Authors: Wu Chau‐Ron , Hsin Yi‐Chia
Published: June 2012

We use a high‐resolution numerical model to examine the forcing mechanism responsible for Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea (SCS). The collective wisdom is that variations in Kuroshio intrusion are closely related to the wind, inside or outside the SCS. A series of experiments was performed to identify the wind‐related forcing regulating the intrusion. The experiments demonstrated that the importance of wind inside the SCS is greater than that outside the SCS. Furthermore, the northwestward Ekman drift due to northeasterly wind in winter intensifies the upstream Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait, enhancing the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS. In particular, the wind stress curl (WSC) off southwest Taiwan is chiefly responsible for the Kuroshio intrusion. Both the WSC and intrusion show both seasonal and intraseasonal variation. As the negative WSC off southwest Taiwan becomes stronger, it contributes to anticyclonic circulation. The enhanced anticyclonic circulation helps the development of the Kuroshio intrusion. The consistency between WSC variability and the intrusion suggests that the WSC off southwest Taiwan is essential to the Kuroshio intrusion variability.
Seasonal variation of N2O emissions in France inferred from atmospheric N2O and 222Rn measurements
Authors: Lopez M. , Schmidt M. , Yver C. , Messager C. , Worthy D. , Kazan V. , Ramonet M. , Bousquet P. , Ciais P.
Published: June 2012

Nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations and 222Rn activities are measured semi‐continuously at three stations in France: Gif‐sur‐Yvette (a semi‐urban station near Paris), Trainou tower (a rural station) and Puy‐de‐Dôme (a mountain site). From 2002 to 2011, we have found a mean rate of N2O increase of 0.7 pbb a−1. The analysis of the mean diurnal N2O and 222Rn cycles shows maximum variabilities at the semi‐urban site of Gif‐sur‐Yvette (0.96 ppb for N2O and 2 Bq m−3 for 222Rn) compared to the rural site of Trainou tower (0.32 ppb for N2O and 1.3 Bq m−3 for 222Rn). The use of 222Rn as a tracer for vertical mixing and atmospheric transport, combined with the semi‐continuous N2O measurements, allows estimation of N2O emissions by applying the Radon‐Tracer‐Method. Mean N2O emissions values between 0.34 ± 0.12 and 0.51 ± 0.18 g(N2O) m−2 a−1 and 0.52 ± 0.18 g(N2O) m−2 a−1were estimated in the catchment area of Gif‐sur‐Yvette and Trainou, respectively. The mean annual N2O fluxes at Gif‐sur‐Yvette station correlate well with annual precipitation. A 25% increase in precipitation corresponds to a 32% increase in N2O flux. The N2O fluxes calculated with the Radon‐Tracer‐Method show a seasonal cycle, which indicates a strong contribution from the agricultural source, with the application of fertilizers in the early spring inducing a strong increase in N2O emissions. Finally, the results of the Radon‐Tracer‐Method agree well with the national and global emission inventories, accounting for the uncertainties of both methods.
It's Funny Because It's True (Because It Evokes Our Evolved Psychology)
Authors: Kuhle Barry X.
Published: June 2012

Evolutionary psychology (EP) and comedian Chris Rock have both grown increasingly prominent over the past quarter-century. EP has blossomed because of its unique ability to explore humans' universal nature. Rock's stand-up routines have vaulted him into the pantheon of comedic talents because, intentionally or not, his comedy is based on a sophisticated appreciation and invocation of humans' evolved psychology. Conventional wisdom and recent EP research suggest that “something is funny because it's true.” This perspective on humor rings especially true in Rock's routines. Much of Rock's riffs on sex and marriage ring true and hence funny with his audiences because he deftly evokes their awareness of evolved sex differences in human mating strategies. Popular culture such as Rock's comedy can provide a window into human nature. I illustrate the intersection of EP and popular culture by unpacking the evolutionary theory and empirical evidence underlying 22 verbatim bits on human mating from Rock's five HBO comedy specials. Incorporating Rock's outrageously funny, theoretically sound, and empirically supported perspectives on sex and marriage into discussions of the primary literature is a sure-fire way to grab young people's attention and make memorable the myriad ways that sex differences stem from asymmetrical obligatory parental investment.
The Antihero in Popular Culture: Life History Theory and the Dark Triad Personality Traits
Authors: Jonason Peter K. , Webster Gregory D. , Schmitt David P. , Li Norman P. , Crysel Laura
Published: June 2012

The Dark Triad of personality is composed of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Despite the common belief that these traits are undesirable, the media is awash with characters that embody the Dark Triad. Characters like Gregory House, M.D., Batman (a.k.a. the Dark Knight), and James Bond all embody these traits and are some of the most popular media franchises today. As entertaining as these characters are, they provide us with a window into the dark side of human nature. Instead of treating the dark side of human nature as inherently maladaptive, we provide an alternative view that, despite their costs, traits like these can confer reproductive and survival benefits for the individual. In so doing, we review the research on the Dark Triad traits and provide a theoretical account for how these traits can confer some positive benefits. To facilitate comprehension, we provide examples taken from the media to show how evolutionary psychology and popular culture intersect.
Wired to Connect: Evolutionary Psychology and Social Networks
Authors: Crosier Benjamin S. , Webster Gregory D. , Dillon Haley M.
Published: June 2012

Social networks dominate modern life. Social networks have always existed and have been around in nonelectronic forms throughout the entirety of our species' history. It is only recently that the Internet has provided a venue for their electronic explosion. From a nonexistent phenomenon to an incessantly repeated buzzword that permeates the media and is the topic of a major Hollywood film, electronic social networks experience such success because human social behavior has been naturally selected to interface in such a way. Genes and culture relentlessly encourage sociality, and network structure is the grand output of countless interactions in which we engage, from winks to weddings. With the advent of technology that promotes these connections, our innate propensity to connect at a large scale is changing the way we live. From mundane communication to meeting the love of one's life to inciting political revolutions, network ties are the conduits by which information and resources are spread. Understanding the patterns and more importantly the “whys” of human connectedness can greatly impact quality of life for the better. The present article reviews the extant literature of social networks and social network analysis proper, the evolutionary foundation of social networks, the proposed psychological antecedents of network composition, the transition from traditional to online networks and how the two modes differ, the impact of social networks on popular culture, and the future of social networks.
Using Fyke-Net Capture Data to Assess Daily Trends in Abundance of Spawning Rio Grande Silvery Minnow
Authors: Gonzales Eric J. , Haggerty Grace M. , Lundahl Anders
Published: June 2012

Assessments of the assumptions underlying catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data are necessary to determine whether catch data provide a reliable relative abundance metric. Rio Grande silvery minnow Hybognathus amarus were collected with fyke nets from seasonally flooded habitats of the Rio Grande in New Mexico to determine habitat use by the species during spring runoff in May and June of 2008 and 2009. The CPUE was calculated as fish/h to assess relative abundance among sites and sampling dates due to differences between the durations of the samples in 2008 and 2009. The assumption that the number of fish captured with fyke nets is proportional to effort was assessed by using a multiple-regression model. Catch per unit effort was also compared over the course of a day to determine whether diel differences in catch rate exist. Catch of Rio Grande silvery minnow increased with fyke-net soak time during 2008 and 2009; however, the proportion of the variability explained by the model was greater for 2009 than for 2008. The CPUE did not differ among 24-h collections at high density (mean = 8.24 fish/h) or low density (mean = 0.12 fish/h) sites. These results indicate that fyke-net catches of Rio Grande silvery minnow are proportional to soak time, and calculation of CPUE as fish/h may be used to compare the relative abundance of the species among and between fyke-net samples collected from seasonally flooded habitats.

Received June 20, 2011; accepted February 1, 2012
The IFT-A complex regulates Shh signaling through cilia structure and membrane protein trafficking
Authors: Liem Karel F. , Ashe Alyson , He Mu , Satir Peter , Moran Jennifer , Beier David , Wicking Carol , Anderson Kathryn V.
Published: June 2012

Two intraflagellar transport (IFT) complexes, IFT-A and IFT-B, build and maintain primary cilia and are required for activity of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. A weak allele of the IFT-A gene, Ift144, caused subtle defects in cilia structure and ectopic activation of the Shh pathway. In contrast, strong loss of IFT-A, caused by either absence of Ift144 or mutations in two IFT-A genes, blocked normal ciliogenesis and decreased Shh signaling. In strong IFT-A mutants, the Shh pathway proteins Gli2, Sufu, and Kif7 localized correctly to cilia tips, suggesting that these pathway components were trafficked by IFT-B. In contrast, the membrane proteins Arl13b, ACIII, and Smo failed to localize to primary cilia in the absence of IFT-A. We propose that the increased Shh activity seen in partial loss-of-function IFT-A mutants may be a result of decreased ciliary ACIII and that the loss of Shh activity in the absence of IFT-A is a result of severe disruptions of cilia structure and membrane protein trafficking.