bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHLOROPHYLL DERIVATIVES IN SURFACE MUDS FROM THE ENGLISH LAKES1
Authors: Gorham Eville
Published: March 2010

Chlorophyll derivatives, total carbon, and total sulfur have been estimated in surface muds from the depths of five widely differing bodies of water. All three components increase in passing from muds of large infertile lakes, with waters low in phytoplankton and poor in lime and potash, to muds of smaller and more fertile lakes, with big phytoplankton crops and more plentiful supplies of lime and potash in their waters. Certain differences in the absorption spectra of acetone extracts may be related to the balance between organic materials originating inside and outside the lakes, and to the length of time they spend in an oxidizing environment.
THE RESISTANCE OF MARINE ZOOPLANKTON OF THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH ATLANTIC TO CHANGES IN SALINITY1
Authors: Hopper Arthur F.
Published: March 2010

It is generally assumed that plankton of the open seas—regions which exhibit relatively constant high salinities—are stenohaline. This paper reports a preliminary investigation of the tolerance of Caribbean and and South Atlantic marine zooplankton to both increases and decreases in salinity. The majority of forms studied will withstand salinity changes much greater than they would be expected to encounter in their normal environment, thus suggesting that salinity may not be a limiting factor in their distribution. The forms studied are listed in the order of their ability to resist salinity change.
WATER QUALITY AND UPWELLING AT GRAYS HARBOR ENTRANCE
Authors: Pearson Erman A. , Holt George A.
Published: March 2010

The incoming ocean water entering Grays Harbor, Washington on flood tide was observed periodically to contain abnormally low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations (⩽5.0 mg/L or 3.5 ml/L) were associated generally with significantly lower than normal ocean water temperatures which presumably results from upwelling along the coast. On a given tidal cycle the oxygen deficiency from normally assumed saturation levels for ocean water is equivalent to the oxygen demand associated with the domestic sewage discharge of 20 million persons. It appears that upwelling phenomena may negate conclusions based on oxygen balances in pollutional analyses of estuaries unless the actual dissolved oxygen concentration at the ocean source is determined.
COMPARATIVE LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY A MARINE PLANKTONIC DIATOM1
Authors: Tailing J. F.
Published: March 2010

A study is described of the factors affecting measurements of phytoplankton photosynthesis by the much used field method, based upon changes of oxygen concentration in clear and darkened bottles as determined by the Winkler method. Unialgal cultures of a marine plankton diatom, Chaetoceras affinis, were used with short exposures of 1–3 hours in both laboratory and sea. Indications of a limitation of photosynthetic rate by inadequate CO2 supply were only found for culture media with pH raised by prolonged photosynthesis. Otherwise photosynthetic rates were unaltered by the bicarbonate concentration over a wide range, including that of unenriched sea‐water, or by cell sedimentation in unshaken cultures. A comparison of the Winkler and manometric methods of measuring oxygen production gave very similar results. High rates of photosynthesis were well maintained over the main period of each exposure, despite the development of oxygen supersaturation. Lower rates were however always found during an initial induction phase.

Photosynthetic characteristics deduced from exposures in laboratory and sea, carried out almost simultaneously and with the same algal material, were in general agreement. Data from the experiments as a whole indicated the development of unusually high photosynthetic capacities at light saturation, assessed per unit content of chlorophyll a. The onset of light saturation, and the development of photo‐inhibition, occurred at intensities similar to those recorded for many other plankton algae. Some ecological implications of the findings are discussed.
STUDIES OF THE NIANTIC RIVER, CONNECTICUT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BAY SCALLOP, AEQUIPECTEN IRRADIANS1
Authors: Marshall Nelson
Published: March 2010

The Niantic River is a shallow estuary with a tidal prism equal to half the mean low water volume of the basin, and with a twelve‐hour freshwater inflow of less than 3% of the tidal prism. The tidal waters mix offshore with the waters of eastern Long Island Sound, rich in plankton and nutrients. The estuary functions as an ecological concentrating system as the dense and varied populations of grazers consuming the food of these tidal waters benefit from the resources of offshore mixing in addition to the production endemic to the estuary.

The disappearance of the eelgrass, Zostera marina, with the epidemic of the early 1930's permitted better circulation near the river bottom. Apparently this was advantageous to the bay scallop, which thereafter became the predominant sessile grazer with a production calculated at 2.2g C/m2/yr. Anchorage previously offered by eelgrass for the early setting stages of scallops was subsequently available through the abundance of small branching algae.

The brief life history of a bay scallop is outlined on its shell as the surface laid down in each successive year appears rougher or more “weathered” than that formed the year before. By following this differentiation of shell surface, annual rings were determined with more certainty than in earlier studies. Though the time of year when the differentiation of shell surface commences may vary with populations and even with year classes, it is probably due to a common cause, seasonal change in growth rate being most likely. The life history interpreted from shells from Indian middens was essentially the same as observed for living scallops.

The scallops of the Niantic River spawn from mid‐June through July. The young of a given year reach maturity and are the chief brood stock of the succeeding spawning season. Mortality rates for all sizes are high during all seasons and few individuals survive to the time of second spawning.

The estuaries in which the bay scallop occurs have the following hydrographic features: the ratio of tidal volume to river flow is high, thus the salinity remains high; the basin is relatively shallow, with a resulting high ratio of tidal volume to the volume at low water; the circulation is such as to retain the planktonic scallop larvae in sufficient numbers for reseeding and to provide an adequate supply of planktonic food, perhaps in part supplied by offshore waters.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF TURBIDITY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA INLETS1
Authors: Pickard G. L. , Giovando L. F.
Published: March 2010

Measurements have been made by a light scattering method of the optical turbidity of the waters in some typical British Columbia inlets with depths to 700 m. (The optical turbidity here used is the extinction coefficient or fractional reduction in light intensity per meter length due to scattering.) The major contribution to the turbidity in the large inlets is the minerogenic material brought in by rivers. Therefore those inlets with rivers originating in glaciers exhibit the highest turbidity values and there is a marked seasonal variation. In the surface layers, values recorded for turbidity range from 0.2 m−1 in winter to 35m−1 in summer with a marked decrease from head to mouth of the inlet. The main body of water in an inlet is usually fairly uniform in turbidity at 0.1 to 2m−1. (For comparison, double distilled water has a turbidity of 0.024m−1 for light of wavelength 5460 a in air.) Particle sizes average about 20µ diameter in summer and 8µ in winter, with little material less than 2µ in diameter. An increase in turbidity near the bottom is common and may be due to tidal currents but evidence suggests that turbidity currents originating at the inlet head may be common and contribute to the bottom water turbidity.
A QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR THE COLLECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF STREAM PERIPHYTON1
Authors: Grzenda Alfred R. , Brehmer Morris L.
Published: March 2010

Two methods for the collection and estimation of stream periphyton production are presented.

The periphyton was collected on 1.4 dm2 plexiglass plates attached to a horizontal crossbar. The crossbar was supported by a vertical post driven into the stream bottom or supported by a concrete block. The plates were removed from the stream and the established population estimated by determining the absorbency of the ethanol‐soluble phytopigments and by gravimetric procedures.

A reliable estimate of the population can be made from the phytopigment absorbency values if the latter are corrected for deviations from the absorbency:concentration relationship and if the substrata are removed from the stream before the growth is too profuse. Confidence limits are given for the phytopigment density:weight of organic material relationship.
THE ACCUMULATION OF NITROSYL RUTHENIUM BY FINE PARTICLES AND MARINE ORGANISMS
Authors: Jones Raymond F.
Published: March 2010

The accumulation of nitrosyl ruthenium106 by fine particles, algae and animals from sea water is described. The presence of ferric hydroxide on the sand and silt particles enhances Ru106 accumulation. Uptake of Ru106 by marine algae is a surface phenomenon associated with the extra‐cellular polysaccharide material. Fish accumulate the nuclide principally in the gut, gills and skin. In the case of mussels, the shell accounts for the major fraction of accumulated radioactivity. Nitrosyl Ru106 species present in the radioactive effluent normally discharged to sea from Windscale Works are compared to nitrosyl Ru106 of non‐factory origin by paper chromatography. The addition of nitrosyl ruthenium trinitrate to sea water results in the formation of nitrosyl ruthenium chloride which is adsorbed to a greater extent than the Ru species present in the factory effluents.
SALT REQUIREMENTS OF MARINE PHYCOMYCETES1
Authors: Vishniac Helen S.
Published: March 2010

All 49 isolates of nonfilamentous phycomycetes of marine origin were found to require NaCl for optimum growth. Thraustochytrium globosum gave parallel responses, which were not qualitatively affected by temperature, to salinity and to NaCl concentration. The NaCl optimum was unchanged after 5 serial cultures, using large inocula, in low (1%) and high (4%) NaCl.
RECENT AND POSTGLACIAL PRODUCTION RATES OF A MARL LAKE1
Authors: Wetzel Robert G.
Published: March 2010

Pigment degradation products were analyzed spectrophotometrically in postglacial, 14C‐dated sediments from the central depression and a marl lakemount of Pretty Lake in northeastern Indiana. Fluctuations in pigment products were examined in relation to the development of the productivity of the lake and to environmental parameters that might effect differential rates of preservation and deposition. Agreement was good between quantities of pigment degradation products and organic matter and other paleolimnological indices of productivity. There was a major peak of pigment products per gram of organic matter following the Boreal period, subsequent regression of productivity with several lesser peaks, especially during the millennium 6,500–5,500 B.P., and a slow increase in recent times. Contemporary rates of primary production were extrapolated to the inception of the lake. A general inverse relationship was evident between chlorophyll degradation products per unit organic content and carbonate levels. Changing levels of carbonate are discussed in relation to contemporary nutritional interactions and photosynthetic regulation.

Rates of sedimentation at the central depression of the lake differed markedly from those of the littoral lakemount. While the rates in the central depression accelerated, those of the marl lakemount fluctuated sigmoidally, greatly accelerated during the interval 9,000– 7,000 B.P. The lakemount ceased accretion abruptly 1 m from the lake surface at 2,740 B.P. The probable ontogeny of marl lakemounts is discussed.
FORAMINIFERAL POPULATIONS AND MARINE MARSH PROCESSES1
Authors: Phleger Fred B.
Published: March 2010

Low marsh and high marsh foraminiferal populations are related to mean tide levels in some places. This information can be used to estimate tidal regime, current velocities, and water exchange in a coastal lagoon containing marshes if area and bathymetry of the lagoon are known. The least diverse faunas have agglutinated tests and occur in high runoff areas in tropical, temperate, and subarctic areas studied. The most diverse faunas contain abundant calcareous lagoon and open‐ocean species and result from invasion of undiluted marine water in an area of low runoff. High runoff causes displacement of marsh species into adjacent environments.

Large standing stocks of foraminifera in most marshes indicate abundant food and high organic production. Fast deposition of detrital sediment is reflected in high ratios of living specimens to empty tests. Some strongly hypersaline marshes support large populations of calcareous species. Calcareous tests may not be preserved in ancient sediments because of low pH below the surface in most marsh sediments.
EFFECTS OF ALEWIFE PREDATION ON ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS IN LAKE MICHIGAN1
Authors: Wells LaRue
Published: March 2010

The zooplankton populations in southeastern Lake Michigan underwent striking, size‐related changes between 1954 and 1966. Forms that declined sharply were the largest cladocerans (Leptodora kindtii, Daphnia galeata, and D. retrocurva), the largest calanoid copepods (Limnocalanus macrurus, Epischura lacustris, and Diaptomus sicilis), and the largest cyclopoid copepod (Mesocyclops edax). Two of these, D. galeata and M. edax (both abundant in 1954), became extremely rare. Certain medium‐sized or small species increased in numbers: Daphnia longiremis, Holopedium gibberum, Polyphemus pediculus, Bosmina longirostris, Bosmina coregoni, Ceriodaphnia sp., Cyclops bicuspidatus, Cyclops vernalis, and Diaptomus ashlandi.

Evidence is strong that the changes were due to selective predation by alewives. The alewife was uncommon in southeastern Lake Michigan in 1954 but had increased to enormous proportions by 1966; there was a massive dieoff in spring 1967, and abundance remained relatively low in 1968. The composition of zooplankton populations in 1968 generally had shifted back toward that of 1954, although D. galeata and M. edax remained rare.

The average size, and size at onset of maturity, of D. retrocurva decreased noticeably between 1954 and 1966 but increased between 1966 and 1968.
ON THE ENTHALPY OF SEAWATER1
Authors: Connors Donald N.
Published: March 2010

An empirical equation for the enthalpy of seawater was determined as a function of temperature (0 to 30C) and concentration (0.01 to 0.04 g of sea salt/g seawater):
urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19701540587:lno19701540587_math-0001
The equation was derived from available heat capacity data and the second order concentration terms were determined from heat‐of‐mixing experiments.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF TEMPERATURE, DRIFT, AND HEAT EXCHANGE IN SURFACE WATERS OFF THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA1
Authors: Wooster Warren S. , Sievers Hellmuth A.
Published: March 2010

Available climatological data are used to describe seasonal variations of surface temperature, heat exchange, surface drift, and surface winds along the west coast of South America. Although there are well‐marked seasonal and latitudinal changes in the heat flux through the sea surface, the heat flux south of 2° S is always positive so that advective processes must play an important role in controlling surface temperature. Some general features of the coastal upwelling regime can be seen in an analysis of heat and water balances, but the fields of current velocity and wind stress are too poorly known for unequivocal quantitative results to be obtained.
TIDES AND BOTTOM CURRENTS OFF THE COAST OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Fliegel Myron , Nowrooxi Ali A.
Published: March 2010

Tidal heights and current speed and direction 1 m above the sea floor, at a depth of 3,903 m, were measured for 43 days off the coast of northern California. From spectral analysis, the amplitudes and phases of 5 tidal components were estimated for tidal heights and eastern and northern components of velocity. For the M2 component, the tidal height was found to be 48.1 cm; the east velocity 1.67 cm/sec, the north velocity 0.94 cm/sec; and the respective phases 277.4, 246.3, and 65.5 degrees. The observed currents were smaller than those predicted from the frictionless equations of motion. Frictional equations of motion were solved for v, the kinematic coefficient of viscosity, by equating observed and theoretical velocities for several models of rotating basins. v ranged between 0.78 and 5.24 cm2/sec for the M2 component for the various models. None of the simple frictional models used was adequate to explain completely all of the data. The dissipation of energy for the M2 component was calculated from v and ranged over an order of magnitude (from 2.05 to 17.06 × 10−2 ergs/cm2 sec) for the several models used.
THE EFFECT OF VARYING AND CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE SIZE OF A MARINE COPEPOD1
Authors: LOCK ANTHONY R. , MCLAREN IAN A.
Published: March 2010

Stage three copepodites of Pseudocalanus minutus were reared to maturity in the laboratory in an excess of food at about 5, 8, and 12C. Mean length of adult females was inversely related to temperature, but that of adult males was unaffected. Mean length of females reared in a light‐temperature regime of alternately 12 hr at 8C in weak light and 12 hr at 12C in darkness did not differ significantly from estimated mean length at a constant, intermediate temperature of 10C. These experiments suggest that vertical migration in thermally stratified waters will not enhance length of this species.
A FREE VEHICLE BOTTOM‐WATER SAMPLER1
Authors: SHOLKOVITZ EDWARD R.
Published: March 2010

A free vehicle which samples water at 20‐cm intervals for the first 2 m above the ocean sediment is described. The free vehicle approach enables closely spaced water sampling just above the ocean sediment interface for studying chemical gradients.
A SIMPLE TOOL FOR COLLECTING BURROWING ANIMALS IN SUBMERGED AREAS
Authors: JACOBSEN VØGG H.
Published: March 2010

A simple tool (the “lug‐up”), used by fishermen along the northern coast of Øresund for centuries, is described. It can be used in water up to about 1 m deep to recover animals without injury.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES AND PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY IN LAKE KINNERET1,2
Authors: Berman T.
Published: March 2010

Alkaline phosphatase activities were determined in water samples taken from three depths at a central point in Lake Kinneret (Lake Tiberias). Seasonal fluctuations were shown, and also indications of induction‐repression or activation and inhibition mechanisms, or both, with respect to total phosphorus, and, during stratification, the existence of a metalimnetic layer of intense activity. Phosphatase activities with “natural” substrates and estimates of phosphorus availabilities were derived by measuring release of soluble inorganic orthophosphate from samples saturated with chloroform. Phosphorus, which appeared to be adequate during the main bloom season, may have become limiting from the end of summer until overturn. In epilimnetic waters 30–66% of total phosphorus was hydrolyzed with a turnover time of 3–6 days.
STUDIES ON PIGMENTED MICROORGANISMS FROM APHOTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTS1
Authors: Fournier Robert O.
Published: March 2010

An attempt has been made using electron microscopy to identify those organisms which make up an abundant and ubiquitous flora in the aphotic region of the North Atlantic Ocean. Only low resolution micrographs were obtained, but these showed that in the 375–450‐m depth range sampled there were three distinct groups of microorganisms. The first group was composed of cells of extremely low level of organization, not more complex than that found in procaryotes. The second group, present in lower concentrations, was clearly eucaryotic and possessed chloroplasts. The final group comprises a melange of cells observed too infrequently to warrant individual consideration. It is suggested that all three groups, which are essentially indistinguishable in the light microscope, correspond to the organisms referred to as olive‐green cells by Hentschel from the 1925–1927 Meteor expedition.
THE MORPHOMETRY OF SHIELD LAKES IN SASKATCHEWAN1
Authors: Koshinsky Gordon D.
Published: March 2010

Morphometric data are presented for 68 lakes on the Precambrian Shield in Saskatchewan. The lakes have a wide range of surface dimensions but share a common history and a distinctive geologic environment. Basin form, insulosity, and lake configuration are examined in relation to lake areas and are found to be dependent. The nature of this dependency is linked to characteristics of lake origin and geology peculiar to the shield region.
SOME ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF VERTICAL MIGRATION IN MARINE ZOOPLANKTON1
Authors: Miller Charles B.
Published: March 2010

The spatial distribution of plankton is highly aggregated, so one might expect that a vertically migrating animal enters a biotic environment that is markedly different each evening and that the changes in environment between daylight periods spent at depth are equally great. To measure the extent of these changes, as typified by the species composition of the zooplankton, a model zooplankter was followed in the area southeast of Guadalupe Island, Baja California, for 52 hr. Net tows for zooplankton were taken nearby every 2 hr. A 48‐hr series of plankton samples at a single geographic position was taken afterward for comparison of the rates of change of species composition as observed by drogue‐guided and ordinary station sampling. There were 250 species and other categories in the 23 nighttime samples from 10 m and 280 in the 20 daytime samples from 100 m. Contrary to the radical change expected, there was a slow, steady change in composition from the beginning to the end of the combined drogue and single position series. Some evidence was found of a limit to this change, implying a limit to the uncertainty a migrating animal experiences in the species composition of the two surrounding communities in which it lives. Several peculiar features of the change of species composition with time are discussed.
THE POSSIBLE TRANSPORT OF TRACE METALS VIA MOULTED COPEPOD EXOSKELETONS1
Authors: Martin John H.
Published: March 2010

Concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn in 10 surface‐zooplankton samples were compared with the values determined for 12 samples collected at 100 or more meters. Average values for Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn were higher in the deep samples. It was postulated that more of these elements had become adsorbed to copepod exoskeletons at greater depths because food‐dependent moulting rates were lower; thus more time was available for elemental adsorption to take place. If this hypothesis is correct, moulted copepod exoskeletons may be important in biogeochemical cycles. Copepods are the most abundant multicellular animals in the world, and there are 11 cast exoskeletons for every adult; these slow‐sinking exuvia may well be capable of taking up elements by adsorption‐exchange long after leaving the living animals. Thus, a large total surface‐area is provided on which important chemical reactions may take place.
LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON LAKE KARIBA DURING 1967 WITH EMPHASIS ON SOME SPECIAL FEATURES1
Authors: Begg G. W.
Published: March 2010

Results of limnological recordings made during 1967 on Lake Kariba are described. Kariba is monomictic, mesotrophic, and has five defined basins, each of which exhibits its own individuality. The two upstream basins are riverine; they are flushed out in May by the Zambezi River floods and thereby assume turnover characteristics earlier than the other three basins, which are truly lacustrine with temperature‐induced turnover.

Great amplitude of variation in water chemistry exists relating to the basin locality, biotope (river, estuary, cleared area, open water), time of year (turnover winter/summer), and depth. Generally, values of dissolved oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity, and pH fall from surface to bottom. When H2S is present, alkalinity and conductivity values increase. A chemocline follows the profile of the thermocline. Occasionally density currents occur at depth, particularly after the first seasonal floods. Transparency decreases toward the head of the lake and in all areas decreases after turnover.

The source of H2S is the Salvinia‐infested rivers. Dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion is depleted 4 to 5 months after turnover. The hydrobiological effects of Salvinia are discussed, and the influence of the bottom topography is described.
THE MILLER METHOD FOR OXYGEN DETERMINATION APPLIED TO SALINE LAKES
Authors: WALKER K. F. , WILLIAMS W. D. , HAMMER U. T.
Published: March 2010

Winkler’s method for oxygen analysis is ineffective in saline waters with sufficient carbonate to cause effervescence after acidification. Miller’s method does not involve acid and, although less precise, is effective in well‐oxygenated waters; it is limited by calcium/magnesium interference where EDTA hardness is > ca. 200 meq Ca2+/liter.
NOTES ON QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF PLANKTONIC ROTIFERS1
Authors: LIKENS GENE E. , GILBERT JOHN J.
Published: March 2010

Water samples from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, were concentrated with a transparent filtering funnel fitted with different‐sized mesh screening. The commonly used No. 20 (75‐µ mesh) plankton netting gave significantly low numbers of individuals and biased egg ratios for natural populations of planktonic rotifers in the lake.
A NEW BACTERIOLOGICAL SAMPLING BOTTLE
Authors: SCHEGG ERNST
Published: March 2010

A bottle is described that facilitates sampling of anoxic microorganisms and immediate transfer of the sample for subsequent processing.
METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CORAL TISSUE BIOMASS AND COMPOSITION1
Authors: JOHANNES R. E. , WIEBE WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2010

Fine jets of water can be used to remove coral tissue quantitatively from skeleton in a form suitable for a variety of chemical analyses, including that of total organic carbon.
EFFICIENCY OF THE REVERSE‐FLOW FILTER TECHNIQUE FOR CONCENTRATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER1
Authors: HOLM‐HANSEN O. , PACKARD T. T. , POMEROY L. R.
Published: March 2010

The efficiency of the technique for concentrating particulate material from natural water samples by a hydrostatically driven upward flow of water through a membrane filter has been examined by quantitative determination of various chemical constituents before and after concentration. There was no evidence of killing or inactivation of live cells during concentration. This method of concentrating particulate matter for studies on cellular activities seems to be satisfactory if corrections are made for losses of cells adhering to the filter.
METHOD FOR MEASURING UPPER‐LEVEL WINDS AT SEA FROM SMALL SHIPS1
Authors: QUINN WILLIAM H. , PANSHIN DANIEL A. , BURT WAYNE V.
Published: March 2010

A simple, economical, and adequately reliable method for measuring upper‐level winds from small ships in the open ocean is described. It can be effectively used for measurements up to an altitude of about 2,400–3,700 m or to the limit of a lower cloud ceiling.
THE CONCENTRATION OF RADIUM, THORIUM, AND URANIUM BY TROPICAL MARINE ALGAE1
Authors: Edgington David N. , Gordon Solon A. , Thommes Michael M. , Almodovar Luis R.
Published: March 2010

Twenty species of marine algae were collected between 1961 and 1968 from coastal waters of Puerto Rico and analyzed chemically for total organic material, protein nitrogen, and calcium, and radiochemically for the naturally occurring alpha particle emitters 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U. Study of these data suggests that the concentration of radium, thorium, and uranium by tropical marine algae is controlled by two mechanisms: 1) ion‐exchange or coprecipitation of the ion with the calcium carbonate matrix, and 2) complex formation with either the protein nitrogen or some other component of the organic fraction. Radium (and possibly thorium) apparently is concentrated by both mechanisms, the dominant one depending on the phylum. For the Rhodophyta and the highly calcified Chlorophyta it is the former and for the Phaeophyta the latter. Uranium is concentrated by the first mechanism.
A PERMANENT RECORD OF PLANKTON SAMPLES USING HOLOGRAPHY1
Authors: BEERS JOHN R. , KNOX CAMERON , STRICKLAND JOHN D. H.
Published: March 2010

Holograms provide a convenient means for keeping a permanent record of microplankton samples which can then be re‐examined as desired. While resolution is not as good as with conventional optical systems, it is generally possible to identify organisms having one dimension in excess of about 30 µ.
A HYPOTHESIS CONCERNING SILICA AND THE FRESHWATER PLANKTONIC DIATOMS1
Authors: Kilham Peter
Published: March 2010

The literature was examined to relate ambient silica concentrations to numerical dominance of specific freshwater planktonic diatoms. Mean silica concentrations (mg/liter) during dominance are: Stephanodiscus astraea, 0.6; Tabellaria flocculosa asterionelloides, 0.9; Asterionella formosa, 1.7; Melosira granulata, 13.4. The concentration at time of dominance and patterns of diatom periodicity observed in many eutrophic lakes led to the hypothesis that declining ambient silica concentrations may influence the sequence of seasonal succession. When silica becomes depleted diatoms become scarce. It is suggested that some measure of “silica demand” could be used as an index of increasing eutrophication.
NUTRIENT‐DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC BETWEEN CAPE LOOKOUT AND BERMUDA1
Authors: Stánsson Unnsteinn , Atkinson Larry P.
Published: March 2010

A study of the nutrient‐density relationships of Sargasso Sea water reveals a close correlation; Gulf Stream waters are anomalously higher and more variable in nutrients for a given density. Nutrient anomalies can be used in the same way as oxygen anomalies to map the distribution of Caribbean water in sections across the Gulf Stream. They show that contributions of Caribbean water to the Gulf Stream vary greatly from time to time. Oxidative ratios of ΔO : ΔN : ΔP = (−233) : 16.3 : 1.0 were derived from the correlation between oxygen anomalies and nutrients anomalies of Gulf Stream water in the sigma‐t range 25.0–26.8.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE RESPIRATORY ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MARINE PLANKTON1
Authors: Packard T. T. , Healy M. L. , Richards F. A.
Published: March 2010

The activity of the respiratory electron transport system in plankton is measured by tetrazolium reduction and used to estimate oxygen utilization rates in the waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Vertical profiles of the electron transport system from the ocean surface to 5,000 m suggest a rapid decrease in the oxygen utilization rate from 300 µl O2 liter−1 yr−1 (0.8 µl O2 liter−1 day−1) in the cuphotic zone to 3 µl O2 lite −1 yr−1 at 500 m and a more gradual decrease to 0.5 µl O2 liter−1 yr−1 at 5,000 m.
AN ENERGY BUDGET FOR A DEPOSIT‐FEEDING AMPHIPOD1
Authors: HARGRAVE BARRY T.
Published: March 2010

An energy budget, with the parameters determined independently, was constructed for Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) feeding on surface sediment from Marion Lake. At 15C, adult amphipods ingested 0.0525 cal as sediment and microflora per hour. Egested sediment represented a loss of 0.043 cal/hr. Of the calories assimilated, 49% were respired, 36% were lost as soluble excretory products, and 15% were accumulated as growth, egg production, and moults. The assimilation efficiency (15%) is comparable to that calculated for Hyalelta from a previous study. Production respiration and production : assimilation ratios were 0.31 and 0.15.
RESPIRATORY RATE AND DEPTH OF OCCURRENCE OF MIDWATER ANIMALS1
Authors: CHILDRESS JAMES J.
Published: March 2010

Studies on 12 species of pelagic crustaceans and fishes show that deeper‐living species have lower rates of oxygen consumption than do shallower‐living species under comparable conditions. Thus, zooplankton may make a rather small contribution to the total oxygen consumption at greater depths in the oceans.
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE IN ANOXIC WATERS1
Authors: BREWER P. G. , SPENCER D. W.
Published: March 2010

In the reducing environment of anoxic basins manganese (III) or (IV) is reduced to soluble Mn (II); the deep waters of the Black Sea contain up to 500 µg Mn (II)/ liter, about 100 times the oceanic average. When this manganese was measured with formaldoxime, color development was erratic if the reagents were added separately. Rapid and reproducible color development was achieved by using a mixed ammonia/formal‐doxime reagent added singly to the sample. Precipitation was avoided by maintaining the pH in the range 8.8–8.9. No interferences from sulfide or dissolved salts were observed. A small correction was made for interference due to iron. Dissolved manganese values in the Black Sea ranged from a midwater maximum of ca. 460 µg Mn/liter to ca. 250 µg/ liter in deep water.
SEDIMENT PROFILE CAMERA FOR IN SITU STUDY OF ORGANISM‐SEDIMENT RELATIONS1
Authors: RHOADS DONALD C. , CANDE STEVEN
Published: March 2010

An instrument is described that will take high resolution photographs of silt‐clay bottom types in profile. The bottom (10–20 cm) is penetrated by a slowly descending (⩽7 cm/sec) wedge‐shaped Plexiglas chamber, and the sediment profile that is cut is photographed. Such photographs reveal in situ details of bottom topography, sediment texture, depth of bioturbation, biogenic structures, and living positions of mud‐dwelling benthos.

The instrument can be modified to take closeup vertical photographs of the bottom and to obtain undisturbed core samples.
A DEVICE FOR DETERMINING VELOCITY OF FLOW NEAR THE SUBSTRATE
Authors: BRUNDRITT J. K.
Published: March 2010

The design, construction, operation, and performance of a device for measuring flow in a 2‐mm layer of water are described. Within the flowmeter, a ball in a variable‐aperture microflowtube inserted between two openings of a differential‐pressure sensing head indicates flow velocities of 2–30 cm/sec in freshwater and 5–35 cm/sec in seawater.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THE CARBON CONTENT OF SESTON AND PERIPHYTON
Authors: ARMSTRONG RICHARD , GOLDMAN CHARLES R. , FUJITA DENNIS K.
Published: March 2010

Microgram amounts of organic carbon in seston and periphyton samples were measured with an infrared analyzer after combustion with an induction furnace. Replicate standards gave the same results to within 3%. Replicate seston samples prepared by filtering 135 ml of Castle Lake water or 500 ml of Lake Tahoe water usually agreed within 10%; replicated periphyton samples agreed within 20%.
PALEOLIMNOLOGY OF LAKE TEXCOCO, MEXICO. EVIDENCE FROM DIATOMS1
Authors: Bradbury John P.
Published: March 2010

A 46‐in core from the lacsutrine sediments beneath Mexico City was analyzed to establish a stratigraphic sequence of diatom assemblages for use in interpreting the climatic and limnologic history of ancient Lake Texcoco.

Diatoms were found in nearly every 20‐cm sample interval, and several major zones were established. Planktonic and benthonic‐epiphytic assemblages alternate throughout the core, both of fresh‐ and brackish‐water types. The alternations reflect the fact that the coring site is marginal to the main basin of the lake, and limnologic conditions change as water levels rise and fall.

A freshwater planktonic assemblage dominated by Stephanodiscus niagarae in deeper parts of the core indicates that a large, cool, and possibly deep lake existed about 100,000 years ago, either because of pluvial or because of tectonic factors. This is replaced (depth 35 to 30 m) by a freshwater benthonic‐epiphytic assemblage characterized by Denticula elegans and other marsh diatoms. The marshes were probably maintained by springs from the shore when the lake was reduced to saline pools in the center of the basin.

As water levels rose again (core depths 30 to 5 m), brackish water flooded the marshes, and brackish benthonic diatoms (such as Anomoeoneis costata, Campylodiscus clypeus, and Nitzschia frustulum) replaced the earlier floras. These were periodically replaced by brackish planktonic diatoms (as Cyclotella striata and Cyclotella quillensis) when the lake was deeper, but the earlier freshwater planktonic flora never recurred. The same brackish planktonic and benthonic diatoms that prevailed for several tens of thousands of years are found today confined to the brackish pools of Lake Texcoco that are remnants of the former larger lake. The long interval of fluctuating brackish floras probably represents Wisconsin time.

The last 10,000 years of the lake’s history is marked by a return of the marsh flora, suggesting a climate drier than that of Wisconsin time. A marked climatic change, however, is not necessary to explain this last change in the diatom flora, and it seems likely that the pluvial climate inferred for the southwestern United States had less effect at the latitude of Mexico City (19° 30′) than farther north.
CHARA GLOBULARIS THUILLIER (= C. VRAGILIS DESVAUX): BREEDING PATTERNS WITHIN A COSMOPOLITAN COMPLEX
Authors: Proctor Vernon W.
Published: March 2010

A complex of freshwater plants known collectively as Chara globularis exists through most temperate to subarctic regions of the world. This study focuses on the extent of reproductive isolation existing between various populations that differ with respect to geographical separation and external morphological features. Widespread isolation was encountered ranging from progeny of reduced vigor, through nongerminative oospores, to the complete absence of gametic exchange. There is no evidence to support the view that charophytes are ever truly cosmopolitan in the sense that local populations throughout the world are even potentially interfertile. Most “species” or even microspecies appear to consist of complexes of partially to completely genetically isolated local populations.
CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS OF LAKE WASHINGTON, 1958–1970
Authors: Shapiro Joseph , Edmondson W. T. , Allison David E.
Published: March 2010

Comparisons are made among three cores taken in deep water in different parts of Lake Washington in 1958 and 1959 and two cores taken at one of the same locations in 1968 and 1970. During the interval between the two sets of cores, all the sewage effluent that had been causing eutrophication of the lake was diverted, and the lake began to regress to a relatively unproductive condition.

All the cores show higher concentrations of organic matter, phosphorus, and nitrogen (expressed as a fraction of dry weight) in the top few centimeters than deeper, but in general, the higher surface values of the earlier material have decreased somewhat now that they lie below the surface in the recent cores. Nevertheless, it appears that the high phosphorus content of the sediment laid down in the years of maximum enrichment will continue to be indicated by a clear maximum, which was at a depth of 4.0 cm in 1970. Nitrogen, although enriched in present surface sediments, does not show a corresponding older maximum.

In parts of the lake, erratic, very high concentrations of phosphorus are associated with several types of particles containing much iron. Fractionation of sedimentary phosphorus by a biochemical procedure showed that a large part (70–80%) of the phosphorus content of the mud is acid‐soluble, but that the fraction releasable by reduction decreases with depth.

These conditions may be related to events in the hypolimnion; during each summer, a dense population of an undescribed iron‐depositing microorganism has been observed to form.
COLD WATER LAYER IN THE SOUTHERN RED SEA
Authors: Jones Everett N. , Browning David G.
Published: March 2010

Temperature profiles in the southern Red Sea basin during late October 1969 demonstrated the existence of a strong inversion at about 100 m from the surface. The lowest water temperature recorded with 500‐m bathythermographic casts was 19.1C at a depth of 85 m. The cold water was traced north to 18° 10′ N. Causes for the presence of the cold water layer appear to be associated with the transition period between summer and winter monsoon seasons.
CYCLIC CHANGES IN INTERSTITIAL WATER CONTENT, ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE, AND TEMPERATURE IN A MARINE BEACH1
Authors: Pollock Leland W. , Hummon William D.
Published: March 2010

Seasonal, tidal, and spring‐vs.‐neap changes in water content, atmospheric exposure, and temperature were studied within the interstices of a porous, semiprotected beach. Semidiurnal tides were nearly equal in amplitude and reached 120 cm from spring low to high. Overall mean grain size was 660 µm and mean sorting, 500 µm, with finer, better sorted, and more layered sand in the upper beach. Pore space averaged 36.5%.

Water content at low tide reached minima of 10% pore‐space saturation in shallow sands of the upper beach; most sand above the minimum water table lost >50% of its water. The upper beach drained more completely at neap than at spring tides. Draining occurred more slowly than filling, and deeper sediments drained more slowly than shallow ones, resulting in a progressive landward delay of up to 4 hr in the water table’s “low tide.” Little seasonal variation was noted.

Beach temperatures were basically those of the sea surface, modified by duration of exposure. Temperatures of sea and water table followed a gradual cycle of seasonal change, averaging IC/week. Daily temperature variations exceeding 5C were confined to the upper 10 cm of sand in mid‐ and upper beach areas. Neap tides exposed the upper beach for long periods and produced thermal extremes.

Salvat’s concept of environmental zones along fine‐sand beaches was modified and applied to both superficial and depth vectors at this coarse‐sand beach.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY THE SEABED IV. SHIPBOARD AND LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS1
Authors: Pamatmat Mario M.
Published: March 2010

A shipboard method for measuring the oxygen uptake of undisturbed cores of sediment with their original overlying water and intact mud‐water interface gave the same results as in situ measurements at 22‐m depth. Hydrostatic pressures up to 18 atm have no effect on total oxygen uptake of cores from 180‐m depth. Partitioning experiments with intact cores show that oxygen uptake by inorganic chemical oxidation is often greater than respiratory consumption; in these experiments the rate of chemical oxidation decreases with decreasing oxygen tension, while the rate of respiration is relatively constant down to a critical oxygen concentration of about 1 ml/liter.

Sweeping away the surface layer and exposing subsurface sediment, either in situ or aboard ship, leads to increased rates of oxygen uptake. Where chemical oxidation predominates, the rate of uptake is a function not only of oxygen concentration but also of stirring of the water overlying the sediment. Undisturbed cores where respiration predominates show a constant rate of uptake for many hours, even after cessation of stirring for 1 hr.

Presumptive evidence is presented that active denitrification could be taking place as deep as 20–21 cm in the sediment of the continental shelf off Peru. The unknown relationship between chemical oxidation and anaerobic metabolism clouds understanding of the biological meaning of total oxygen uptake by the sediment, but this is still the best measure of the integrated biological activity in the seabed.
Note Concerning Physalia Behavior at Sea1
Authors: Woodcock Alfred H.
Published: March 2010

Observations of Physalia from an open boat at sea show that pneumatophore dipping frequency increases with wind speed, and experiments suggest that muscular contractions due to osmotic pressure differences may cause the dipping.
The Free Amino Acids in the Sediments of Toronto Harbor1
Authors: Brinkhurst R. O. , Chua K. E. , Batoosingh E.
Published: March 2010

Seventeen amino acids were extracted from Toronto Harbor sediments, in concentrations that varied throughout the study period. Their relative abundance was the same at two locations, although the concentrations were significantly higher near the mouth of the polluted Don River than near the islands.
A Quantitative Method of Sampling Periphyton from Rough Substrates
Authors: Ertl Milan
Published: March 2010

A sampling device and procedure are described suitable for quantitative collection of both the sessile and mobile components of the periphyton community from substrates with rough and uneven surfaces.
An Automated System for Multiple Recording of Diurnal pH1
Authors: Wolf E.G. , Cushing C. E. , Rabe F.W.
Published: March 2010

An inexpensive system continuously measures and records pH at 4 locations along a stream. An example of the computer output for productivity and respiration for 1 day is presented.
A Portable Flow‐Cell Membrane Salinometer1
Authors: Roger T. , Wilson S.
Published: March 2010

The design and construction of a portable flow‐cell membrane salinometer suitable for field and laboratory use are described. The overall system accuracy is 1% of the salinity value, over the range 1–40‰. The instrument is battery‐powered and capable of continuously recording temporal and spatial salinity variations.
Rearing Fairy Shrimp in the Laboratory1
Authors: Kaczynski V. W.
Published: March 2010

A complex food (dilute duff infusion, yeast, and two species of algae) was found to be highly satisfactory in rearing the anostracan Eubranchipus bundyi. Yeast alone could be used to culture this species but monoxenic algal cultures were inadequate diets. The complex diet was easily quantified for routine rearing and experiments and was measured in terms of particulate carbon.
CONTINUOUS CULTURES OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN DILUTE, TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT1
Authors: Dunstan William M. , Menzel David W.
Published: March 2010

Seawater diluted with secondary‐treated sewage effluent provides excellent enrichment for the maintenance of mixed natural populations of marine phytoplankton in continuous culture. Treated effluent, sampled over 1 year, was consistent in the ratios of plant nutrients and similar in its properties of plant growth stimulation and level of toxicity. The heterogeneous continuous culture system produced large quantities of plant carbon with the concomitant removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage effluent. The plant species that grew in the continuous cultures were common to the typical coastal phytoplankton and the selection and elimination of species was gradual considering the chemical complexity of the sewage effluent enrichment.
EFFECT OF WIDE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION ON THE BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE OF BEAD GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Mosser Jerry L. , Brock Thomas D.
Published: March 2010

Optimal temperatures for photosynthesis and growth were determined for thermal blue‐green algae inhabiting the drainway of a small geyser in Yellowstone National Park. The sparse algal mat was exposed to high temperatures only during the brief, highly periodic eruptions of the geyser. Optimal temperatures for the algae were higher than the mean environmental temperatures; as a consequence the algae experienced temperatures optimal for photosynthesis and growth only during a small fraction of the time. A heat‐treatment experiment indicated that the algae of this mat were resistant to the high temperatures that occurred during eruption, whereas organisms having the same optimal temperatures but inhabiting a thermally constant environment were more heat sensitive. The thermally fluctuating environment appears to limit the extent of algal growth.