bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients With Cancer
Authors: Francis Charles W.
Published: August 2009

This is a literature review of the frequency of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with cancer and of the available evidence supporting the use of thromboprophylaxis. Patients with cancer are at particularly high risk of venous thromboembolism and account for almost 20% of patients in the population. Hospitalization is an important risk factor in patients with cancer, with rates reported between 0.6% and 7.8%. The incidence has been increasing over the past decade. Three randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses indicate that prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin, heparin, or fondaparinux significantly reduces the rate of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients who are at high risk. Patients with cancer were included in these studies, but prospective trials specifically focused on patients with cancer are not available. Evidence indicates that appropriate thromboprophylaxis is provided to a minority of hospitalized patients with cancer and that targeted educational efforts and computerized prompt systems can increase appropriate use. Guidelines developed by both oncology and thrombosis organizations support the use of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients with cancer. In conclusion, most patients hospitalized with cancer are at high risk of venous thromboembolism, and thromboprophylaxis should be provided in the absence of active bleeding or a high bleeding risk.
Structure and Use of Just-About-Right Scales
Authors: Rothman Lori , Parker Merry Jo
Published: August 2009

Just-about-right (JAR) scales are commonly used in consumer research to identify whether product attributes are perceived at levels that are too high, too low, or just about right for that product. While at first glance this type of scaling may appear simplistic, the process of developing and analyzing JAR scales is complex. In this manual, the history of JAR scale usage, the mechanics of JAR scale construction, inappropriate and appropriate uses of JAR scales, benefits and risks of use, and case studies that illustrate the many methods for data analysis of these scales are reviewed. Alternatives to JAR scales are also included. Finally, a summary and conclusions are presented. This manual covers the application, construction, analysis, and interpretation of just-about-right (JAR) scales for use in testing with consumers. Defined as bipolar labeled attributes scales, JAR scales measure levels of a product's attribute relative to a respondent's theoretical ideal level. These scales have an anchored midpoint of “just about right” or “just right” and endpoints anchored to represent intensity levels of the attribute that are higher and lower than ideal. The ideal point model [1] will serve as the conceptual base for JAR scale interpretation. This model is one of several available; however, it is not practical to cover all aspects of ideal point modeling nor to consider other conceptual frameworks, such as preference unfolding [2] in this manual.
Appendix V: Preference Mapping from JAR Data Using Tree-Based Regressions
Authors: Meullenet Jean-Francois , Xiong Rui
Published: August 2009

Penalty analysis offers a method to consider the individual effects of JAR ratings on Overall Liking (OAL), but does not provide a way to assess the impacts of simultaneous changes in JAR ratings on Overall Liking. Standard multiple regression is of limited use in this situation because of its strong assumptions of linearity. A form of non-parametric regression, which we will refer to as “tree-based” regression, removes that assumption and allows you to determine the combinations of the JAR ratings that have the strongest impact on Overall Liking. There are wide variety of “tree-based” regressions packages available, such as CART, MARS, KnowledgeSeeger, and SPSS AnswerTree, as well as free implementations such as part in R. This example will use MARS (multivariate adaptive regression splines) as its example [1]. This is commercial software, sold by Salford Systems (http://www.salfordsystems.com/) [2].
Simulated Service Tests of Plastics Parts in a Resin Laboratory
Authors: Norris D. P. , Quackenbos H. M.
Published: August 2009

Several examples are given of unusual tests on simple specimens or on fabricated products. These tests were designed to correlate with service performance. Compressive buckling when length is high in relation to cross-sectional area is analyzed in terms of a modified Euler formula. Changes in dimensions and weight for samples immersed in water can be used in designing phenolic parts for wet service. Stresses during use were measured for a seven foot plastic boat. Residual stresses were determined for a plastic filter bowl to determine whether they reduce the inherent strength of the material.
Plastic Part Properties and their Relationship to End-Use Performance
Authors: Hagan R. S. , Thomas J. R.
Published: August 2009

Use of plastic materials by the appliance industry would be severely limited without simulated service tests. This application demands that the prediction of long-term behavior of plastic materials in finished parts under end-use conditions. Our knowledge of these materials is not yet sufficient to characterize quantitatively the complex interactions of their time-dependent response to stress or strain with (1) the effect of geometry, (2) the chemical and mechanical influence of environments, and (3) the striking changes in polymer morphology produced by processing techniques. This paper discusses some of these factors and illustrates their application to simulated service testing for prediction of finished part performance.
Filament-Wound Structures
Authors: Young R. E.
Published: August 2009

The glass fiber filament-wound composite is examined for certain of its differences with respect to homogeneous materials. Tests on full-size structural members are described. Suggestions are made concerning the development of nondestructive test procedures to serve in quality control as well as in monitoring articles in service.
Causes of Polypropylene Oven Aging Variability
Authors: Forsman J. P.
Published: August 2009

Oven-aging tests are now performed by many plastics laboratories, and several oven methods have been standardized. However, when these methods are applied to polypropylene, interlaboratory reproducibility is usually very poor. Even within one laboratory, results may vary by as much as 40 per cent. The causes of variability have not been well understood nor have the means been available to obtain satisfactory precision. There is some concern as to the significance of the test even if acceptable precision were attained. The work described in this paper was designed to answer some of these questions. These studies have shown that variability is a function of oven design and air flow, as well as the preparation method and dimensions of sample. Control of these variables can lead to greatly improved precision. Several other sources of potential variability were shown to be of little significance in the test. Molecular weight determinations showed that in oven tests at 150 C (302 F), molecular weight decreases gradually from the start, even though no visual changes can be detected during this period. The first visual change is crazing of the sample, which occurs just before a rapid decrease in molecular weight. Thus, oven-aging time records the onset of complete failure and is, therefore, a highly significant property of the material. As a result of these studies, most of the variables and their effects appear to be understood, and further round-robin tests can be planned if there is sufficient interest.
Instrumentation for Quality Assurance of Petroleum Products
Authors: Cropped W. V.
Published: August 2009

Methods employing advanced or automated instruments are being used for evaluating product quality in many laboratories and plants of the petroleum industry. More than half of the 166 ASTM tests on products have instrumental counterparts; 31 standards allow the use of such instruments. Instrumental methods have proliferated because they are economical of manpower; they are generally more precise but more restricted in scope than the conventional methods. When non-standard instrumental methods are used for approval testing of products in custody-transfer operations, the results must be validated in terms of the corresponding standard procedure. The duality so created nullifies part of the savings and creates ambiguity or controversy regarding acceptability of the data. The duality in methods can be largely resolved by standardizing the newer methods, according to their usefulness and technical merits. Examples show that most instrumental methods reflect modern technology and are well-documented, allowing their merits to be evaluated. Usefulness is the theme of other papers in this symposium. Standardization requires concurrence of consumer and general-interest members of ASTM, which benefit only indirectly and to a smaller extent than do producer members. The former groups are not disadvantaged by acceptance of instrumental methods if their freedom to use conventional ones is not impaired. The standardization of instrumental counterparts to existing standard methods is a task which is appropriate for ASTM Committee D-2 to undertake in the interests of all sectors of its membership.
An Investigation of Wire-Wool Type Turbine Thrust Bearing Failures
Authors: Evans E. M. , Fowle T. I.
Published: August 2009

A survey of experience in a large fleet of ships and a literature survey suggested that a cause of thrust pad wear in service, which could also contribute to wire-wooling when other necessary conditions were present, was low oil pressure in thrust housings. The effect of low oil pressure, which is intensified by aeration of the oil, is to allow intermittent failure of the oil film. Laboratory tests showed that such intermittent failure could initiate wire-wooling. Experience indicated a complicated interaction between steel quality and oil quality. It had been suggested that this variation might be a result of differences in carburizing susceptibility, but special tests indicated no significant effect. Failures were simulated in a full-scale turbine thrust bearing rig by partly embedding ferrous particles in the white metal. Tests indicated that particles had to be greater than 0.020 in. to initiate failure. Investigations on the rig with different oils and different steels indicated that steels with greater than 1 per cent chromium required an EP oil to prevent wire-wooling. Detailed examination of an EP oil which prevented wire-wooling of a low chrome steel when unused but allowed failure after it had been used, showed that the difference in behavior was caused by depletion of a highly polar sulfur-containing compound.
Vapor Space Corrosion Inhibition of Steam Turbine Lubricating and Cleaning Oils
Authors: Layne R. P.
Published: August 2009

A dynamic bench-scale apparatus was developed based on the applicable portions of the ASTM-ASME recommended turbine lubricating system design practices. This apparatus was shown to be capable of simulating the vapor space rusting frequently encountered in the sumps and bearing oil return lines of shipboard turbines. Operating conditions were selected to simulate those of operating turbines with respect to oil quantity, circulation rates, and temperature, and to provide a severe air and moisture environment for evaluating the effectiveness of vapor space rust inhibitors (VSI). It was shown that this apparatus can determine the relative effectiveness of vapor space rust protection offered by vapor space inhibitors in turbine lubricating and cleaning oils, and can expose possible material incompatibility problems in these oils. Three VSI turbine lubricating oils show promise for use in shipboard turbine systems.
Nondestructive Testing of Graphite at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Authors: Blanks B. L. , Edenborough N. B. , Elliott D. E. , Ford R. M.
Published: August 2009

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has investigated and used radiography, ultrasonics, sonics, eddy current, radiation gaging, and beta-backscatter gaging for the inspection of graphite and its protective coatings. Some applications and limitations of these techniques are reviewed. The use of ultrasonics, sonics, eddy current, and radiation gaging to determine physical characteristics, aside from the normal flaw detection, shows promise in the inspection of graphite. Electron microscopy has proved to be a valuable tool for the evaluation of the findings of nondestructive testing.
Strength Predictions for Graphite: A Review of Prior Work at AVCO SSD
Authors: Hastings C. H.
Published: August 2009

A number of investigators in the author's laboratory have successfully studied the correlation of nondestructive measurements and destructively determined mechanical properties. General work in this area has been going on since 1958 and specifically on graphite since early 1964. Accomplishments include nondestructive testing capability for predicting density in small discrete volumes of bulk graphite to better than ±1 per cent, Young's modulus to better than ±3 per cent, and ultimate tensile strength (all at room temperature) to better than ±10 per cent. Predictions can be made in five or six different aerospace (fine-grained) grades of graphite, for both with- and against-the-grain orientation, employing a single set of calibration curves. Experiments indicate the strong possibility of extension to other fine-grained graphites, including graphite composites containing additives such as silicon and zirconium diboride.
Low Voltage Radiographic and Micoradiographic Techniques for Graphite
Authors: McClung R. W.
Published: August 2009

Low-voltage radiography was studied to provide optimum techniques for graphite thickness less than 2 in. Significant improvements were made in image quality and sensitivity by use of an intermediate atmosphere of helium, bare film, and a thin beryllium-window X-ray tube. Use of a high resolution photographic emulsion allows contact microradiography to be performed on miniature specimens with a resolution of one micron.
Stainless Steel—What It Is and What It Will Do
Authors: LaQue F. L.
Published: August 2009

Stainless steels can best be utilized in both the interior and the exterior of buildings by taking advantage of their strength, corrosion resistance, availability in a number of forms, reflectivity, ease of cleaning, and galvanic compatibility.
Stainless Steel in Structural Applications
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Kelsen G. A.
Published: August 2009

Stainless steel has been used in building construction for many years. Most applications have been for the non-structural purposes of appearance, durability, and ease of maintenance. In order to provide rational methods for the design of stainless-steel structural members, so that architectural applications could also fulfill a load-bearing function, American Iron and Steel Institute initiated a research project at Cornell University. The mechanical properties of wrought austenitic stainless steels are different from those of carbon and low-alloy steels. Cold working increases yield and ultimate strengths, decreases ductility, accentuates anisotropy, causes an increasing difference in stress-strain curves in longitudinal tension and compression, and may reduce moduli of elasticity—all to a greater degree than in structural carbon and low-alloy steels. The mechanical properties encountered in the annealed and the temper-rolled grades which are necessary for structural design are discussed. Emphasis is given to static, room-temperature response. Because most material specifications for stainless steel give only tensile properties, and do not recognize the anisotropic character of stainless steel, it is necessary to establish reliable design values for properties not normally specified. To demonstrate the significance of the mechanical properties of wrought austenitic stainless steels, an example is taken from the field of thinwalled structures. It is shown that rational structural design of cold-formed stainless-steel members is possible, provided the mechanical properties of stainless steel are known and are applied in the proper manner.
Design Guidelines for Architectural Uses of Stainless Steel
Authors: Koppes W. F.
Published: August 2009

The intelligent use of any material requires a knowledge of its properties, its capabilities, and its limitations. Many architects, unfortunately, have a rather limited knowledge concerning the proper and efficient use of the architectural metals. The inherent characteristics of stainless steel which are of chief concern are its mechanical properties, its resistance to corrosion, and its compatibility with other materials. As there are many types of stainless steel, and various tempers with corresponding degrees of formability, the proper choice of type and temper is important. Architectural components are formed by various methods, each imposing certain limitations. Since most applications use sheet or strip material, brake forming and roll forming are the most common. Assembly methods include both welding and soldering, and selection of the proper method is often critical. The designer is concerned also with appropriate finishes, protective coatings, and the flatness of large smooth areas. Available choices, problem areas, and recommended practices are discussed, with case histories illustrating how minor changes may improve design and reduce costs. A list of specific “do's and don't's” summarizes the more important design principles to be observed.
Structural Stainless Steel—Guidelines for Design
Authors: Kuentz A. C.
Published: August 2009

Stainless steel, although it has been in existence for 40 years, only recently has found an important place in structural applications. This tardiness in gaining structural acceptance is a result of two factors: (1) Traditionally, stainless steel has been considered an architectural metal used only for adornment or for its corrosion resistance. (2) The architect has not been aware of the high strengths available in stainless steel. This paper relates the outstanding properties of stainless steel to structural applications, illustrates what has been done in this field, and demonstrates how the architect and engineer can use stainless steel economically to create fresh new designs. Design features of many successful structural stainless steel applications, which have been engineered to be competitive with other materials, are studied. These applications are then related to architectural concepts. Light-gage design philosophy is discussed, and the types of sections required to produce economical structures are reviewed. These include the familiar “hat,” corrugated, and tubular sections and some of the structural elements and systems developed by aerospace engineers, such as the truss-core sandwich and the corrugated cylinder with ring stiffeners. The basic mechanical properties of stainless steel are examined. Methods for calculating column and bending strength, using established procedures, are reviewed.
The Alumiline Stainless-Steel Entrance System
Authors: Bienenfeld N.
Published: August 2009

A lock seamed tubular stainless-steel system of 1.75-in. by 4-in. framing and narrow stile doors was developed to meet accepted strength and design standards of commercial, industrial, and institutional architectural applications, and to produce the new system at much lower costs. Whereas all previous designs required supporting substructures of wood, carbon steel, or aluminum, and involved long hours of manual shop labor, the new Alumiline System was designed to be self-supporting and capable of being fabricated relatively quickly. The main tubular framing sections were designed to meet basic deflection standards of the Architectural Industry and were tested over an 11-ft span. The tubes performed very close to theoretical calculations. Cost comparisons were made between older methods of stainless-steel fabrication and the new Alumiline techniques. The new fabricating procedures reduced labor costs by 80 to 90 percent and permitted selling prices of assembled units to be reduced to less than half of previous levels.
Art on Stainless Steel
Authors: Mullen Buell
Published: August 2009

This paper covers the origin and development of art on stainless steel, briefly dwelling on techniques. With the advent of epoxy resin, both clear and colored, third-dimensional treatment for murals became possible, adding to the artistic potential of stainless steel as a great art medium, or texture.
Stainless Steel as a Material for Art Forms
Authors: Hall A. M.
Published: August 2009

Attention is called to the increasing use of stainless steel in the world of the arts. This material has found employment in sculpture, mosaic murals, bas reliefs, plaques, mobiles, stabiles, painted murals, and collages. The most frequently used grades of stainless are AISI Types 302, 304, and 304L, and the mill forms generally employed include: sheet, strip, and plate; wire, rod, and bar shapes; expanded, patterned, and corrugated sheet; pipe and tubing; and castings of various kinds. Important among those features of stainless steel that make it attractive as a material for art forms are its color, luster, reflectivity, corrosion resistance, strength, toughness, hardness, and its resistance to denting, wear, and fatigue. The methods by which art forms are produced from stainless steel include hot forming, cold bending, brake forming, roll forming, spinning, shearing, punching, and drilling. Joining is accomplished by bolting or welding. The work usually is finished by grinding and polishing mechanically. It is clear that stainless steel has become well established as a material for contemporary art forms to the benefit of the artist, the stainless-steel producer, and the general public. Far greater artistic usage of stainless steel is to be expected in the future.
Fatigue Life of Weathered Stainless Steel Wire Reported
Authors: Rigo J. H.
Published: August 2009

A technical paper, entitled “Fatigue Life of Stainless Steel Wires after Atmospheric Exposure for Seven Years,” by J. H. Rigo, was also presented on the progress made in a current study of Subcommittee IV on Methods of Corrosion Testing. This study represents an initial effort to correlate the fatigue life of 0.104-in.-diameter stainless-steel wire with atmospheric exposure at five geographical locations. Seven of the fifteen years of the planned exposure period have elapsed with some interesting and thought-provoking results. No final conclusions have been drawn on the engineering significance of the changes in fatigue life observed to date. Conclusions are purposely postponed until more complete fatigue-life data are available and a better understanding of the significance of the changes in fatigue life can be acquired on samples weathered for 15 years. The author reported a statistically significant loss in fatigue life at the one test-stress level used to date for the three grades of stainless steel tested, AISI Types 430, 302, and 316. No probable cause of the observed losses in fatigue life at the selected stress level has been established. The steels have not aged, and the general appearance of the wire after exposure is a poor criterion of fatigue life. Because of its technical detail and potential appeal only to those engineers and scientists who are interested in fatigue, the complete technical paper is not reproduced here.
Quantitative and Systematic Attack on Fatigue
Authors: Haire Emory T.
Published: August 2009

There is a great need for quantitative criteria and systematic procedures to cope with flight-structures fatigue. Although fatigue is universally recognized as a serious problem, efforts to combat it are largely haphazard. Furthermore, the effectiveness of many of these efforts is severely limited because they deal only in qualitative terms. This paper defines the various phenomena in quantitative terms and outlines a system of procedures designed to insure uniformly adequate fatigue strengths and to maintain crack-free service structures.
Development of Fatigue Loading Spectra for Testing Aircraft Components and Structures
Authors: McCulloch A. J.
Published: August 2009

The development of frequency-of-occurrence distributions or spectra of loadings for an aircraft structure requires the use of all available information on the aircraft's service and on the loadings peculiar to this service. Interest in these loadings is not new, but there is a growing appreciation of the need for detailed information on the load and stress histories that they produce. The need for such information has led to the collection of quantities of service loading data covering a wide range of operational conditions. However, use of the data has generally been restricted to assessments of the adequacy of design load levels and to analytical evaluations of the effects of service loadings on the life of the structure. The direct use of the data in test evaluations of structures is a fairly recent and rather controversial development. The need for this development will be brought out in a brief review of fatigue testing. This review will be followed by a brief discussion of the operational conditions to be considered in the construction of loading spectra. Selection of the most appropriate operational conditions is the first and a very important step in any fatigue evaluation. Inadequate selections can have a major effect on the interpretation of fatigue test results. The generally available data on particular classes of service loadings will then be described in some detail. This description will attempt, by supplying background data, to throw some light on the bases for generalized representations of service loading histories and so provide an indication of their utility. Finally, the use of defined operational conditions and of standardized loading spectra in the construction of test spectra to represent particular aircraft utilizations will be described and illustrated.
Development Fatigue Testing of a Large Helicopter Rotor Blade
Authors: Lischer Alan A.
Published: August 2009

The laboratory development fatigue test program for a large pressure-jet rotor is described. In this program the objective was to establish a reliable unlimited-life blade for a 2-g level of load. The program includes testing in the design stage of components simulating suspected critical design details, and improving details where performance does not come up to expectations, with changes made to inexpensive small-element specimens in which relative improvements can be evaluated. Results of a program for improving bolted connections are presented. Final tests should be on a full-scale rotor, in which all loads significant to the fatigue strength are applied.
Production Methods of Cold Working Joints Subjected to Fretting for Improvement of Fatigue Strength
Authors: Waters K. T.
Published: August 2009

Minimum-weight, high-strength joints are essential in helicopters designed for long service and low maintenance. In practically all joints subjected to cyclic loading varying degrees of fretting occur. Cold working usually results in substantial increases in the fatigue strength of joints. The magnitude of fatigue-strength increase ranged from 15 to 300 per cent for applications discussed in this paper. The greatest improvements were found for aluminum joints processed by cold rolling. It is concluded that each of the three different cold-working methods that were tested is applicable to particular types of joints, and no one method can be used universally. However, shot peening is the process that is generally to be preferred from the standpoint of cost, reproducibility, availability of equipment, and availability of a large amount of test data to assist the designer. Cold rolling has the advantage of providing maximum depth of cold work for cases where severe fretting is a problem. Roll peening results in close-tolerance holes with excellent surface finish, but it produces only a thin compressive layer and, therefore, should be used in cases of light or moderate fretting. Roll peening and cold rolling are practical production processes, but both have the disadvantage of requiring extensive testing and development prior to use in production.
Production of X-rays in X-ray Emission Spectrography
Authors: Zemany P. D.
Published: August 2009

The X-ray emission spectrograph and the X-ray emission electron microprobe are two instruments that derive analytical results by interpretation of the characteristic X-ray spectra emitted from specimens examined by them. Various applications of each of these instruments and differences between them, derived chiefly from the different methods of exciting the characteristic X-ray spectra, are described. The phenomena involved in producing the continuous and characteristic spectra by electron bombardment and the characteristic and scattered X-rays emitted from a specimen when irradiated by an X-ray beam are described, as well as the characteristics of these primary and secondary X-rays. Some details of the requirements and ratings of electron guns for the microprobe and X-ray tubes for the spectrograph are mentioned.
X-ray Optics in Electron Microanalysis
Authors: Ogilvie Robert E.
Published: August 2009

The electron microanalyzer produces the ideal source for X-ray focusing spectrometry. The cross divergence present in X-ray fluorescence units is absent, and the divergence in the plane of the spectrometer can be used to great advantage. Features of Johansson and Johann optics are discussed in detail as well as spectrometer designs capable of fulfilling these two conditions. The monochromators have been treated from both ideally imperfect and ideally perfect crystal theory. Various types of crystals have also been considered as to their perfection, dispersion, and intensity.
X-ray Detectors
Authors: Kiley W. R. , Dunne J. A.
Published: August 2009

The techniques currently utilized in the detection of electromagnetic radiation are reviewed. These include gas ionization, photoconversion in single crystal and organic scintillators, electron emission by photocathodes, and charge carrier generation in semiconductor junctions. The underlying physical principles as well as some of the practical problems which characterize the several commonly employed techniques are discussed. The main emphasis of the paper is directed toward the detection of radiation in the X-ray region (100 to 0.1 A).
X-ray Spectrographic Analysis of Liquids and Solutions
Authors: Gunn E. L.
Published: August 2009

The unique features of X-ray spectrographic analysis of solutions with specific advantages and limitations which they impose are enumerated. Pretreatment of samples, types of media or substrates in which the element is sought, and cells for containing the sample are briefly considered. Several methods of standardizing by using different types of intensity reference are illustrated. Matrix effects are discussed and methods to cope with them are presented. Typical applications involving both aqueous and nonaqueous substrates are cited from the literature to illustrate the progress made in recent years using the liquid sample approach.
Electron Probe Analysis of Minerals
Authors: Adler Isidore
Published: August 2009

The electron probe microanalyzer has experienced a tremendous growth as an analytical tool and is one of the most powerful tools for in situ analysis. It has been used with great success in mineralogy and makes possible analytical studies not heretofore possible. A number of factors such as specimen preparation, appropriate standards, correction procedures, grain size, and interaction of the specimen with the electron beam must be considered to obtain optimum results.
Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis of Medical and Biological Specimens
Authors: Tousimis A. J.
Published: August 2009

The need for local microchemical analysis at the micron level and a summarized review of the literature on the electron probe application in biology and medicine are presented. The author's procedures for preparation of biological specimens, electron probe effects on the specimen, and results from microanalysis studies on the following topics are given: (1) calcified corpuscles used as standard test specimens, (2) normal growth of the mammalian long bone, (3) hardening of blood vessels, (4) degeneration of cancer cells, and (5) Wilson's disease. Qualitative data are presented in all cases, and quantitative data for calcium and phosphorus in both normal and pathologic calcification processes. Light microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray contact microradiography, and X-ray diffraction were carried out simultaneously. Some of these results are correlated with those obtained by the electron probe microanalysis method.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Electroformed Copper
Authors: Safranek W. H.
Published: August 2009

Temperature, current density, and other process variables influence the properties and the structures of electroformed copper. The effects of only a few addition agents have been evaluated. Data on the effects of impurities are lacking. Structures of typical electroformed copper are correlated in this discussion with the available data on properties.
Practical Methods in the Use of Masters, Mandrels, and Matrices
Authors: Bottomley Frank R.
Published: August 2009

Electroforming is a process which, by definition, produces parts and is not to be confused with electroplating which provides only a final finish on otherwise produced parts. The implication can immediately be drawn that the electroformer must have far broader knowledge than an electroplater. The supervising electroformer should not only be an expert in the field of electrochemistry, but should also be proficient in mechanical engineering, metallurgy, art, and a host of other fields that could include microwave engineering, since electroforming is being called upon more and more to produce the increasingly accurate and complex waveguides required in radar and microwave communications equipment. This broad scope of proficiency is necessary because an electroform can only be as good as the mandrel, master, or matrix from which it is formed. The electroformer must be prepared properly to design and produce masters that will best serve each particular requirement. The electroformer could be of far greater usefulness to industry if product designers better understood the present state of the electroforming art. New possibilities are constantly being discovered through more intelligent and versatile use of materials and methods for masters, mandrels, and matrices. There follows a discussion of the three basic types of masters, the advantages and disadvantages of each, the variations of each type, and the problems which remain to be solved.
Electroforming Plastic Molds for the Automotive Industry
Authors: Ritzenthaler Phil J.
Published: August 2009

The operation of a job electroforming shop that specializes in molds for making vinyl rotational or slush cast items for automotive trim is described. This activity has increased to considerable proportions in the past five years because the automotive industry has accepted the many advantages of vinyl plastics for trim. Electroformed molds for the production of vinyl plastisol articles are not new, having been used for a number of years in the production of dolls and toys, both of which are large and high-production businesses. The Sun Rubber Co. in Barberton, Ohio, a large maker of vinyl toys, is believed to be the first to propose a vinylskinned arm rest with good leather grain for the 1955 Ford. For various reasons, the Sun Co. did not push the project, but the idea was launched and others continued the work. Today nearly all automobiles have vinyl plastisol skins filled with urethane foam for arm rests and other items. Figures 1 and 2 show some typical auto items. Although electroformed metal molds are most generally used, other molds are suitable, including: 1. Cast aluminum molds—the cheapest and fastest to make, as they can be cast from low-cost patterns, and the molds themselves are not expensive. They have been used to some extent for vinyl trim. Disdavantages noted are porosity, resulting in poor surface finish or blow holes, and imperfect detail reproduction, limiting its use for leather grain items. There are also some size problems due to shrinkage. These molds do not have as high heat transfer as copper-nickel-plated molds, so production cycles are longer. Finally, the surface is softer and will not wear as long as electroformed nickel. 2. Shaw precision process cast molds —have distinctly better detail and surface finish, but still cannot copy leather grain as perfectly as the electroforming method. 3. Metal sprayed molds—have fairly good surface detail and are cheaply and quickly made. Their disadvantages are considerable: porosity, resulting in blistering; poor wear (usually sprayed tin and alloys); and low strength.
Electroforming Hardware for Aerospace Vehicles
Authors: Ladd J. C. , Allie D. L.
Published: August 2009

Electroforming is a process used to manufacture an article by electroplating. However, this process includes more than just a simple electroplating method. It is best described by such descriptive titles as “heavy buildup by plating,” “born-to-shape fabrication,” or “electrofabrication.” In addition to its use in making molds for plastic parts, electroforming is used in the manufacture of wave guides and electronic components. Electroformed parts sail aloft in the Titan missile and such fighter planes as the F-105 Thunderchief and the F-106 Dart. It is a specialized field which is coming of age. There are a number of metals which can be effectively electroformed. Most common of these are copper, nickel, and iron. Others, such as chromium, silver, lead, gold, and alloys of cobalt-nickel and cobalt-tungsten have been used, though less extensively. When the decision was made to enter this metal forming field, manufacturing research and developmental work at General Dynamics/Fort Worth was aimed at various electroforming applications in aircraft and aerospace vehicles. In chosen areas, where time and tried methods of manufacturing were proving to be somewhat costly and often unsuccessful, electroforming was investigated as an alternate method. However, this paper is confined to the description of manufacturing research and developmental ef forts in fabricating sandwich panels, nozzles, pressure vessels, and tools using copper, nickel, and cobalt-tungsten.
Electroforming for Aviation and Aerospace Applications at Bart Manufacturing Corp.
Authors: Carr Dodd S. , Buschow Adolph G.
Published: August 2009

One of the factors which limited the useful life of helicopter rotor blades was the erosive effect of air-borne dirt during takeoff and landing as well as the impact of rain droplets while in flight. In order to counteract these erosive effects, electroformed nickel protective strips were developed to protect the de-icing heater elements along the leading edge of the rotor blades. The electroformed nickel protective strips were hard (450 to 650 Vickers hardness number, 1-kg load), ductile (180-deg bend around a 1-in. rod), fatigue-resistant (compressively stressed when plated at current densities from 10 to 200 amp per sq ft), impact-resistant (could be deformed without cracking), and tapered in thickness to conform to the contour of the rotor blade.
Electroforming of Venturi-Type Nozzles for Wind Tunnels and Other Applications
Authors: Silverstone Paul C.
Published: August 2009

The electroforming of venturi nozzles is described to demonstrate that the electroforming process may be used as a method of specialized and close-tolerance electrochemical fabrication. The principle of the venturi (see Fig. 1) is a basic physical fact: when fluids are forced through a restricted orifice the velocity of the fluid flow is correspondingly increased, thereby also causing a proportional pressure drop. In the present Space Age, the importance of the venturi is manifold. Practical examples include such highly significant devices as thrust chambers, attitude control rocket engines and nozzles, and wind tunnel nozzle liners. Specifically in the wind tunnel area are included axisymmetric hypersonic, hyperthermal, and hypervelocity impulse nozzles. As the speed of aircraft increased, aerodynamic design requirements prompted vast improvements in the wind tunnel. From the first relatively crude subsonic wind tunnel design, demands necessitated constant improvement of performance, control, and speed. This prompted the development of the stationary rectangular throat tunnel, and then the flex-type throat tunnel. Continued advances in aircraft and missile performance demanded improved wind tunnel design from subsonic to trisonic to supersonic and finally to the hypersonic speed test tunnels. Necessarily, wind tunnel design concepts changed from the flex-type or rectangular to the axisymmetric or round type, and as the Mach number requirements increased, the internal fluid contour dimensional tolerances became more and more exacting.
Field Testing Experience With Freight Car Journal Lubricators
Authors: Pinney M. A.
Published: August 2009

Difficulties experienced with overheated bearings (hot boxes) on railroad freight cars are discussed. Research to develop corrective action was undertaken from which the freight car journal lubricator evolved. Service tests of several of the early designs of these lubricators were run to develop the effect of oil level on their performance. These were followed by service tests on 23 different makes of lubricators to develop their relative ability to operate extended mileage between oil additions and to develop their relative oil consumption rates. Data are presented showing the results of these tests. During one series of tests the temperature of the journal box surface was recorded when various journal bearing temperatures existed at various ambient temperatures. Wayside hot-box detectors scan the journal box surface temperature to give a warning of hot boxes. Data are presented showing the relationship between journal box surface temperature, bearing temperature, and ambient temperature.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen W. C.
Published: August 2009

The purpose of this symposium was to acquaint engineers and scientists interested in hydraulic cements and concrete with analytical procedures used in learning more about: the nature of cement minerals, the nature of hydrated-cement paste, and the causes when hydrated-cement paste fails to perform satisfactorily. The recent trend in cement and concrete technology has been to modify portland cement and concrete by using materials that, when interground in very small amounts with the cement clinker, assist in the grinding operation, improve the storability of the cement, or improve some of the properties of the concrete; and when added in very small quantities to the concrete during mixing improve some of its properties. For the most part these additions and admixtures are organic materials, and a considerable amount of research has been directed toward the development of analytical techniques for identifying these materials in cement and concrete, and for determining the amounts present. These papers show the diverse nature of the problems of determining compositions of the minerals formed during the manufacture of cement, the nature of reactions of the cement minerals with water and with each other during the setting and hardening of the cement paste, and the type and amounts of additions and admixtures that should be used in the manufacture of the cement and in the preparation of the concrete. If this volume serves to inform the engineer about the analytical procedures available to him in determining the causes of unsatisfactory performance of a cement or concrete in the field, and if it stimulates other investigators to do research in this field, it will have served its aims.
Methods Used in Petrographic Studies of Concrete
Authors: Erlin Bernard
Published: August 2009

Techniques for analyzing components of hardened concrete and studying its physical characteristics are reviewed. The methods include: light microscopy, wet chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, absorption spectroscopy (ultraviolet, visible and infrared), electron microscopy, and crack analysis. The scope and problems of each method are discussed. Five examples of routine analyses using these methods individually and together are presented.
Use of Infrared Spectrophotometry for the Detection and Identification of Organic Additions in Cement and Admixtures in Hardened Concrete
Authors: Hime W. G. , Mivelaz W. F. , Connolly J. D.
Published: August 2009

Procedures of solvent extraction and infrared analysis for identification of organic additions in cement and admixtures in hardened concrete were developed. Three extraction procedures—chloroform, acid-chloroform, and sodium-carbonate anion-exchange are detailed in the appendixes. Using these procedures a number of organic compounds have been identified. The sodium-carbonate anion-exchange procedure is almost entirely restricted to lignosulfonates. Once a compound is identified, quantitative analysis by other methods can be performed, if it can be extracted completely and is the only one present.
Substitution of Alkali Oxides in Tricalcium Aluminate
Authors: Day Delbert E.
Published: August 2009

The solubility limits for sodium and potassium oxides dissolved in tricalcium aluminate were determined. From X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption measurements, the limits were 2.25 and 4.59 per cent for sodium oxide and potassium oxide respectively. At sodium oxide contents greater than 2.25 per cent, each of the three major X-ray diffraction peaks of tricalcium aluminate split into two peaks. Splitting of the three major X-ray diffraction peaks was not observed when potassium oxide was substituted into tricalcium aluminate.
Application of Spectrophotometric and EDTA Methods for Rapid Analysis of Cement and Raw Materials
Authors: Jugovic Z. T.
Published: August 2009

Procedures for rapid analysis of cement and cement raw materials were developed as modifications of existing methods. Silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and sulfur trioxide (SO3) were determined spectrophotometrically, and calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) by titration with ethylenedi-aminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). All oxides except SO3 were determined using aliquots of a solution prepared by fusing the specimen with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a gold crucible. A separate specimen is required for SO3 analysis. The total time required for analysis of the five major oxides is between 1 and 1 1/4 hr per specimen. Six specimens can be analyzed simultaneously in 3 to 3 1/2 hr. In an additional 10 to 15 min each, SO3, TiO2, and P2O5 can be determined. Test results show the accuracies of the new methods are equal to, or better than those of the standard wet methods.
A Test Rig for Studying Impingement and Cavitation Damage
Authors: Ripken J. F.
Published: August 2009

A new type of test facility for simulating impingement and cavitation damage is described. The facility consists of a rotor with a material specimen attached at the periphery in such a manner that there is repeated impact with a column of liquid drops during high-speed rotation of the specimen in vacuum. Impact speeds up to 1250 ft/sec were employed. Preliminary tests indicate that erosive weight loss from the specimen is similar in character to that produced by other cavitation damage facilities. In some instances, weight loss appeared to be directly associated with the fatigue failure properties of the material. A refined ability to control impact conditions permits detailed study of the failure mechanics. While primarily intended to simulate a postulated cavitation damage mechanism, it may prove useful in simulating other impact damage applications.