bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
So Who’s “the We”?
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Living together is a joint activity. Joint activity involves shared intention. The basic problem in understanding shared intention is knowing what exactly it is that is shared in shared intention. Intention can be analyzed in terms of content, subject, and mode. Content-accounts of shared intention argue that sharedness is limited to content. Subject-accounts argue that shared intentions involve a shared intentional subject. Mode-accounts argue that shared intention involves a special intentional mode. Each of the three alternative accounts struggles with serious objections. The strongest objection against subject-accounts, however, relies on a misconception of the intentional subject.
The Case for Singularism
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Plural Self-Authorization
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Intentional subjectivity involves pre-reflective self-awareness, the structure of which can be spelled out in terms of self-identification, self-validation, self-commitment, and self-authorization. Singularism is the view that these features are realized only in singular self-awareness (the “I,” or ego). There is plural pre-reflective self-awareness, and thus plural intentional subjectivity. However, a plural intentional subject (“we”) is not a collective singular subject.
Politics: Achieving Autonomy
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

Understanding the social world presupposes an understanding of our own role therein. As plural intentional subjects, we are not only creatures of the social world, but also the creators thereof. We, together, create the social world by living together in the way we live together. As our way of living together, the social world is up to us. One precondition of living better together is recognizing ourselves as who we are—the plural intentional subjects of living together.
Postscript
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: June 2023

What is it that we’re doing when we’re doing philosophy together? This postscript sides with those philosophers who are critical of the idea of philosophy as the ultimate authority in conceptual matters even when it comes to the concept of philosophy itself. It is not obvious at all that philosophers should be in a better position to account for who they are than any other profession or other group, or to determine, reflectively, what it is they are doing and how. It is argued that the task of accounting for who we are, as the plural subjects we are, and what it is we’re doing (and how) is a matter of politics, in one regard, and of morality, in another regard. Each of us and all of us are involved in it, and we can’t delegate the task to just some of us: we can’t leave it to “the philosophers” (or, as philosophers, claim it just for ourselves).
Social Norms and Social Reality
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: June 2023

Normative externalism and the artisanal model for social role normativity require a more complex ontology and richer explanatory resources than is afforded by methodological individualism. Social positions, social roles, techniques, and expertise (the explanatory resources of normative externalism and the artisanal model) are not reducible to individuals or their attitudes and actions. The chapter provides an articulation of the outlines of the social ontology implicit in the artisanal model of social role normativity rather than an argument that that social ontology should be adopted. A full ontology of the artisanal model of social role normativity, which would require discussion of the ontology of social positions, the nature of artisanal powers and other important topics that lie beyond the scope of this chapter.
Habituation, Imitation, and the Critical Self
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: June 2023

Critical selves are among the phenomena to be explained in an adequate theory of social role normativity. This chapter explores the idea that the artisanal model contains significant resources for the development of critical selves through the very same processes of habituation, imitation, and guided practice that constitute skill development. Critical selves are individuals who engage rational criticism of the social roles that they are responsive to and evaluable under by virtue of the social positions they occupy. Although they are responsive to and evaluable under a norm, critical selves are also able to engage in rational criticism of them.
Core Support
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Chapter 5 examines the role of global postural control and muscle strength as key components to strong core support for dancers. Core is not just about abs! Core support is vital for dancers to maintain stability in balances, turns and to recruit muscular strength to lift and jump. The chapter explores the power of anatomical visualizations to provide global postural control and delves into anterior layers of muscle support for core strength: the rectus abdominis, internal external obliques, and transversus abdominis and their role in contributing to core support. Functional Awareness corroborates contemporary research that mental training and mental practice can develop global postural control along with traditional abdominal exercises to improve strength and stability in action
Expressivity of Arms
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Chapter 10 explores the movement of the arms as an intricate element of artistic expression in dance. The authors present the complex skeletal features, joint articulations, and many muscular features of the shoulder girdle, elbow joint, and wrist. The reader is invited to consider posture’s effect on the shoulder joint and the relationship between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The authors present the complex skeletal features, joint articulations, and muscular features of the arm structure. It is critical to differentiate the actions of the shoulder/glenohumeral joint, the actions of the scapula, and the actions of the elbow and wrist. By moving efficiently within the structures of the arm, dancers can discover full range of motion at each joint and embody the expressivity required by the aesthetic they are performing. Movement explorations in this chapter help to shed light on how dancers may inadvertently restrict the full range of possible motion through daily patterns or a misunderstanding of the function of the arms.
Breath
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Breathing is a fundamental muscular action that affects all dance expression. We breathe automatically and unconsciously while moving through daily tasks. Breath can also be accessed in intricate ways through conscious control of the inhale and exhale. Chapter 11 explores how the use of conscious breath can support artistic expressivity in dance. Breathing explorations in this chapter provide opportunities to investigate habitual patterns in breath, develop an understanding of the muscular actions that support breath, improve respiratory function, and thus improve expressivity in movement. The authors depict the location of the lungs in the thoracic cage. The knowledge of the anatomical placement of the lungs and an understanding of the movement function of breathing can help reveal unconscious or potentially ineffective breathing patterns. The Functional Awareness approach to anatomical visualizations facilitates new choices and skills to enhance the quality of phrasing and expressivity while dancing
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S.
Published: June 2023

Innovation in the health sector suffers from a value-creation problem and a related but distinct cost-reduction problem. The value-creation problem arises because drugs, devices, and other interventions with low economic value can find a ready market while interventions with high economic value may not. The cost-reduction problem reflects that it is difficult for innovators and implementers to reap the benefits of innovations that lower the cost of care. These problems are caused by weak financial incentives for value creation and cost reduction, professional and social norms that slow or deter innovation, and poorly functioning healthcare markets in which dominant firms can be sluggish innovators without fear of disruption from innovative new entrants.
Shared Savings
Authors: Rebitzer James B. , Rebitzer Robert S.
Published: June 2023

Most costs in healthcare are paid by third-party payers. However, providers and patients decide about the tests, drugs, and procedures that drive costs, and they do not consider the costs their decisions impose on payers. As the chapter shows, cost reduction, therefore, hinges on a challenging principal-agent relationship. Payers are the principal in this relationship. Providers are the agents who can further the payers’ interests by devoting effort and attention to finding ways to reduce costs. Agreements that reward providers for reducing costs—shared savings contracts—align the interests of both parties. The chapter goes on to show that shared savings contracts in healthcare suffer from three limitations that reduce their prevalence and power: common agency, capturing future returns, and free riding. As a result of these limitations, financial incentives for innovations that reduce healthcare costs are weak and sometimes non-existent.
Witness to a New Era
Authors: Randolph John
Published: June 2023

The history of European military involvement in the Arab world is often told as starting with Napoleon’s 1798 invasion of Egypt. This chapter resets the start of this history decades earlier: to Russia’s bombardment of Syria and Palestine and occupation of Beirut during the Russo-Ottoman War of 1768–1774. It presents an excerpt from the firsthand account of Russian naval officer Sergei Pleshcheev, who was invited into Palestine by two rebellious local leaders—Zahir al-‘Umar of Palestine and ‘Ali Bey of Egypt—to assist them in battle against the Ottoman Empire. A war memoir-meets-ethnography, Pleshcheev’s account reveals a Russian official at home among the diverse peoples of the Levant (many of them also part of Russia’s imperial diversity), who also sets himself above them as an enlightened European, and, as a Russian, imagines himself to offer a unique variation on European civilization.
Extraterritorial Entanglements
Authors: Kane Eileen
Published: June 2023

Standard histories of how the Eastern Question erupted into the Crimean War (1853–1856) highlight the Europeans’ extension of extraterritorial protections to Christians in Palestine, which undermined Ottoman sovereignty and intensified competition among the powers. This chapter integrates Jews into that history, looking at how British and Russian officials made competing claims to protect Jewish subjects in Palestine. Correspondence between tsarist consular officials posted in Palestine traces how they responded to the surprise discovery of Russian-subject Jews who had migrated to and resettled in Ottoman Palestine. Though fewer in number compared to later Zionist-era migrants, these Jews were the largest community of tsarist subjects in Palestine at the time, and thus seen by Russian officials as strategic assets. Ironically, tsarist officials valued Jews in Palestine for the same alleged traits that made them distrust them back home: transnational networks, tribal loyalties, and spying skills.
An Egyptian Teacher Heads to St. Petersburg
Authors: Kudsieh Suha
Published: June 2023

As the Russian Empire expanded into Muslim-majority regions, it invested in area studies, creating institutes of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Tatar language starting in 1724. This chapter excerpts a travelogue by Muhammad ‘Ayyad al-Tantawi, a talented Egyptian scholar of Arabic literature who was hired in 1840 to teach at St. Petersburg’s Institute of Oriental Languages. The tsarist government could have hired an Arabic-speaking Russian subject but instead invited al-Tantawi: a scholar from al-Azhar, the center of Muslim learning in Cairo, who was respected by European Orientalists and unconnected to the anti-colonial Muslim resistance in the Caucasus. His account of the journey to his new job forms a Russian counterpart to the better-known European (mainly French) travels of his nahda (Arabic renaissance) contemporaries. Open-minded and wry, al-Tantawi, who would remain in St. Petersburg until his 1861 death, describes many aspects of mid-nineteenth-century Russian transportation, public health, and culture.
With the Tsar’s Imprimatur
Authors: Salushchev Sergey , Alshaif Gokh Amin
Published: June 2023

The abolition of the slave trade was one justification Russia used for its nineteenth-century colonial conquest of the Caucasus, but this chapter shows that enslaved people continued to be bought and sold in the Caucasus under Russian rule, sometimes with the official support of tsarist officials. The chapter presents a document discovered in the archives of Russia’s viceroyalty in the Caucasus. Written in Arabic (the lingua franca of Muslims in the Caucasus) but notarized by a tsarist official in Russian, this document records the sale of a Circassian child slave girl named Bikka in 1864, three years after Russia abolished serfdom in the empire. One of the economic networks that connected the Caucasus to Ottoman and Persian markets, the slave trade persisted under Russian rule, this chapter suggests, because tsarist rule of the region required flexibility, including allowing some local institutions and traditions to continue in spite of imperial law.
Saluting Russia’s Islamic Modernists in the Cairo and Beirut Arabic Press (1899)
Authors: Sadeh Roy Bar
Published: June 2023

Islamic modernism refers to a group of overlapping movements that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century and argued that Islam champions the values of modernity. A global phenomenon, Islamic modernism’s intellectual work also took place in Egypt, where a key publication of these movements was published: the Arabic-language magazine al-Manar (The Lighthouse; 1898–1935), founded by Syrian-born Ottoman subject and Islamic thinker Muhammad Rashid Rida. This chapter focuses on an 1899 article Rida published about Muslim life in Russia’s Volga-Ural region. Rida was interested in Russia’s Muslims for their long, dynamic history of adaptation and survival under tsarist rule, and he believed that Muslims elsewhere in the world could learn from their experiences. This chapter reveals Russia’s Muslims as a key readership of the influential al-Manar, as well as participants in Arabic-language intellectual exchanges that made up Islamic modernist movements.
From Syrian Communist to Soviet Orientalist
Authors: Kirasirova Masha , Kirasirova Masha , Morsi Eman
Published: June 2023

This chapter deepens our understanding of the experts who made up the field of Soviet Near Eastern Studies by exploring the biography and self-presentation of the Syrian communist Taha Sawwaf. The son of an Arab Syrian man and an enslaved black woman, Sawwaf was brought to Moscow by the Comintern in the 1930s to study at KUTV. After graduation he stayed on as a Soviet expert on the “East,” translating Soviet writings into Arabic and supporting the USSR’s strategic goals in Arab societies. The chapter offers glimpses into his career trajectory through three documents: the “file self” he curated to appeal to his Soviet interlocutors, which includes an Arabic autobiographical text and a Russian intake interview; and a transcript of his Arabic-language Moscow radio broadcast about the work of the Iraqi poet Ma’ruf al Rusafi shortly after Stalin’s death, which reveals the flexible uses of an Arab “expert” persona in the USSR.
Statistics on Arab Students in the USSR (1959–1991)
Authors: Katsakioris Constantin
Published: June 2023

This chapter presents six tables of statistics on Arab students pursuing higher education in the Soviet Union sorted by sending country, year, type of scholarship, and other metrics. The data were collated from official lists in several Soviet archives. During the Cold War, Moscow viewed international education as an important instrument of global influence. The number of men and women from Arab countries studying at Soviet institutes and universities grew each year starting in 1962, totaling more than 47,000 graduates by 1991. Syria was the biggest Arab sending country, followed by Yemen, Lebanon, and Jordan. Most scholarships came from the Soviet state; others from political, social, and cultural organizations. Navigating between home countries that wanted technical specialists and a host country interested in showcasing its successes and teaching Marxist-Leninist philosophy, Arab students largely pursued their own educational and personal goals: education, travel, professional opportunities, and new acquaintances.
Should Dormitory Bathrooms Have Doors?
Authors: Litvin Margaret
Published: June 2023

This chapter presents an excerpt from An Upper Egyptian among the Russians, a 1999 memoir by Egyptian refrigeration engineer Zakaria Turki. Born in 1940, Turki studied in the Soviet Union from 1966 to 1972, completing a one-year preparatory Russian-language course in Kiev and a bachelor’s in refrigeration engineering at the Technical Institute for Fish Industry and Economics in Astrakhan. His earthy memoir reveals the daily lifeworld of study abroad in the USSR, describing encounters in shared dormitory kitchens, bathrooms, and bedrooms that blur the line between interpersonal and international relations. As Turki interacts with Russians, other Soviets, and fellow internationals, his dormitory experience illustrates the USSR’s tiered cultural policy toward its concentrically arranged “Easts”: the “domestic abroad” (the non-Russian USSR), the Eastern bloc, and the Afro-Asian world.
Aleksandr Yakovlev’s Notes from His Conversation with the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the Soviet Union (November 26, 1990)
Authors: Kramer Mark , Kirasirova Masha , Kramer Mark
Published: June 2023

This chapter presents the notes of a high-ranking Soviet official, reformer Aleksandr Yakovlev, from his conversation with Kuwaiti Ambassador to the USSR Abdulmohsin Y. al-Duaij in late November 1990. Mindful of the wide-ranging program of domestic liberalization and “new thinking” in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Kuwaiti ambassador—whose country had been occupied by Iraqi military forces in August 1990—attempts to persuade the Soviet Union to give up its traditional support for the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. Going further, the Kuwaiti diplomat urges the USSR to pivot away from the Palestine Liberation Organization and turn instead to alliances with Gulf Arab states and even Israel. In return, he promises up to 6 billion dollars’ worth of “practical support for Perestroika” from the Gulf Cooperation Council.
The Scribes of Sleep
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

Dream journals are a surprisingly powerful resource for psychological and spiritual discovery. Contemporary dream science has shown that as much as we can learn from single dreams, far more information can be derived from analyzing a series of dreams over time. Various people through history have intuitively understood this point, and they carefully recorded their dreams for years and even decades, drawing profound guidance from the patterns they discovered. This is the first book to gather historical and cross-cultural evidence showing the value of dream journals as a potent means of healing, religious experience, and metaphysical insight. Seven remarkable people who kept dream journals are profiled—Aelius Aristides of second-century Rome, Myōe Shonin of twelfth-century Japan, Lucrecia de León of sixteenth-century Spain, Emanuel Swedenborg of seventeenth-century Sweden, Benjamin Banneker of eighteenth-century America, Anna Kingsford of nineteenth-century Britain, and Wolfgang Pauli of twentieth-century Austria. Because dreams are so complex and multifaceted—especially when viewed in a series—an interdisciplinary approach is required to shed light on their meanings. In this work, three broad methods are applied to the seven journals: data science, depth psychology, and religious studies. As the findings of these different methods are woven together and mutually illuminated, it becomes clear that the practice of keeping a dream journal stimulates several specific qualities of religiosity, prompting the dreamers to move in more individualist, mystical, and pluralistic directions—toward becoming a free spirit.
Introduction
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

This introduction explains the historical and scientific basis for studying dreams in series over time. The discussion considers why people have kept dream journals through history, what they have discovered in the patterns of their dreams, and what we today can learn from their experiences and apply to our own dreams. The author describes his initial foray into keeping a dream journal while camping on a wilderness beach on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Seven historical figures are introduced, along with brief explanations of their dream journals. The three methods of exploring the dreams are introduced: digital analysis, depth psychology, and religious studies. The key thesis of the book is presented: keeping a dream journal has the effect of stimulating the religious qualities of individualism, mysticism, and pluralism, summarized in the term “free spirits.”
Anna Kingsford
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

This chapter introduces the sixth dream journalist, Anna Kingsford. Born in 1846 to a prosperous family during the peak of the British Empire, Kingsford displayed early talents in literature and naturalistic inquiry. Despite high barriers to women attending medical school, she became a professional doctor and turned her passionate energies toward advocating for the countercultural causes of women’s rights, vegetarianism, and protecting animals against cruelty. She also pursued interests in theosophy that led her and her collaborator, Edward Maitland, to meet with many religious and spiritual authorities from around the world. Kingsford kept a dream journal from the age of twenty until her death at forty-one.
Baseline Patterns in Dream Content
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the dream journals of the seven main figures using a word-search method based on the resources of the Sleep and Dream Database (SDDb). The SDDb provides a template of forty categories of content, grouped into eight classes: Perception, Emotion, Characters, Movement, Social Interactions, Cognition, Culture, and Elements. The dreams of the seven dream journalists are analyzed in terms of this template of categories and classes of content, with their word-usage patterns presented as statistical frequencies. To provide a means of comparing and evaluating these frequencies, the SDDb also includes a set of “baselines” that constitute a large and representative set of ordinary dreams. The frequencies of word usage in the baselines can be very helpful in determining whether an individual’s dream patterns are relatively high, low, or normal compared with ordinary dreams.
Individualism
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

This is the first of three chapters that look at the religious and spiritual qualities of the seven dream journalists. Here the quality of religious individualism is considered as a defining characteristic of the dream journalists. In contrast to religious communalism, which emphasizes group togetherness and shared beliefs, each of the dream journalists displayed a strong reluctance to abide by the systematic beliefs or practices of an established faith tradition, preferring instead to develop their own distinctive approaches to the divine. In this way, they illustrate the classic definition of religion in William James’s The Varieties of Religious Experience. They also illustrate the more recent categorization of religion as having a typically extrinsic, intrinsic, or quest orientation.
Conclusion
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

The conclusion summarizes the findings from digital analysis, depth psychology, and religious studies as applied to the seven dream journalists. Several limitations of the book’s analysis are noted here, including the key point that not everyone who keeps a dream journal necessarily experiences any spiritual stimulation. But the evidence presented here shows that for many people, keeping a dream journal does become a source of religious insight and creative engagement with the world. In their unusual combination of the religious attributes of individualism, mysticism, and pluralism, the seven dream journalists and those like them can be characterized as “free spirits,” following a lifelong path of religious adventure that unfolds in and is illuminated by their dreams.
From the Confessional to the Ground
Authors: De Amrita
Published: June 2023

Attending to three non-mainstream separate but conflated accounts in the Indian #MeToo continuum of confessional hashtag activism, this chapter renders visible contested strands in the recent wave of consciousness-raising articulations by focusing on individualistic representative visibility and its many exclusions. The first incident (2017), infamously recorded as “the list” in academia, deals with anonymous curation of famous male professors in liberal spaces, who were charged with varying forms of sexual abuse; the second incident (2019) deals with a viral video of a middle-aged woman from Delhi after she was filmed slut-shaming two women; the third incident (2020) focuses on the recent controversy surrounding the “bois locker room” leaked Instagram chat, which culminated in the tragic suicide of one of the accused minor boys, even as social media hashtags continued to trend. The focus of this chapter, especially in the selection of these three cases, is threefold: a meditation on the classed nature of these protests (even though they are not high-profile cases) combined with their material ramifications outside the digital space; the consequences of hashtag activism in the larger feminist movement at a time when one hashtag conflates different levels of power narratives in the single master narrative of harasser versus victim; and a reflection on the question of desire and the liberal conservatism of hashtag feminism. Finally, this chapter makes a case for reparative feminism rather than practicing a paranoid imperative to build sustained community engagement.
Hashtag Activism and #MeToo in South Africa
Authors: Mitchell Lize-Mari
Published: June 2023

In South Africa, #MeToo has influenced social justice activism by demonstrating the potential of social media to mobilize and affect change. However, it did not manage to mobilize womxn to the same extent as in the rest of the world. In South Africa, any gender-based violence (GBV) campaign must consider the legacy of Apartheid/colonialism and womxn’s intersectional oppression and identities. This chapter explores intersectional feminism within the South African context by examining the historical, cultural, socioeconomic, and deeply violent elements of oppression that these womxn face. This exploration is then used to illustrate that the #MeToo movement, as an American, Westernized campaign, could not adequately speak to these intersections, and this was the reason for the lack of mobilization under #MeToo. The discussion further includes an examination and comparison of two South African hashtag campaigns that followed a more decolonial, intersectional approach, namely, #EndRapeCulture and #AmINext. The former will illustrate the limited reach of social media campaigns pre-#MeToo, while the latter, #AmINext, built on and eventually surpassed the reach of #MeToo. These three campaigns are compared to each other, and the author explores the similarities, differences, and the eventual influence that #MeToo had on South African womxn.
“You Are Not Alone”
Authors: Cariello Antonella
Published: June 2023

This chapter analyzes the connections among the #MeToo movement and the Tunisian #EnaZeda and Moroccan #Masaktach movements to understand the ways in which the #MeToo experience has inspired and influenced the growth of the Northern African movements. By first analyzing the legal context and then documenting how the #Masaktach and #EnaZeda movements have started in each country, this chapter points out the similarities but also the potential of each movement to evolve and change according to the context. The unifying forces are the women’s need to claim agency and their right to safe spaces. This analysis examines how the #MeToo movement lent itself to differing regional and national contexts; these varied expressions and shapes are unified by the common need of finding a supporting community and a space for victim/survivors of violence to be heard and find justice.
Our Least Important Asset
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: June 2023

One of the biggest puzzles of the modern economy is why jobs have gotten worse in recent decades even as profits and share prices have steadily risen. The practices for managing employees—from hiring to training to employee involvement—have also declined in sophistication. Evidence that better management of employees improves business outcomes has been ignored. The best explanation for this development begins with financial accounting, which sets out the rules that measure success for investors. As their influence has grown, the quirkiness of those rules with respect to human capital—for example, employees cannot be assets, and training them cannot be an investment—has distorted the way we manage employees in ways that make it inefficient for businesses as well as worse for employees. This development has been aided by a steady shift over the last generation in business leaders’ views back to thinking about employee management through a 1930s’ scientific management lens, and now data science principles in which the goal is to see employees primarily as a cost to minimize rather than a resource that should be maximized. Employment costs that financial accounting measures, mainly wages and salaries, are driven down at the expense of pushing up all other costs, such as turnover, lower productivity, and the use of nonemployee workers.
The Rise of a New Industry and the Liquid Workforce
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: June 2023

This chapter describes the $500 billion industry of human capital vendors that arose largely in response to companies’ interest in improving their apparent value in financial accounting by cutting their employment costs as a result of shifting work to these vendors’ employees. This approach is different from outsourcing in that vendors are not necessarily taking over tasks; they are just providing the labor for the client company to perform them. The belief among many business leaders—which these vendors promote—is that businesses can also optimize and minimize the total need for workers by leasing a just-in-time workforce, which businesses can dial up and cut back whenever the need arises. The evidence suggests that the complicated set of contracts and hierarchies of subcontractors in this approach cannot be more efficient than using regular employees, even if does improve appearances in financial accounting.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: June 2023

Looking back on the chapters that outline the contemporary experience of managing people, it is difficult not to be struck as to how much less sophisticated it is now. Many of the practices from the era of the Great Corporations may well simply be incompatible with the business world, where planning is not really possible, but the current practices seem best explained by pulling back support and funding for them and leaving it to line managers—nonexperts—and now vendors to lay them out. The fact that many of the current practices seem so clearly to be pennywise and pound foolish brings us back to the original theme: financial accounting in the current context and a different, older set of ideas about management have come to the fore. The limitations of financial accounting could be improved relatively quickly. Changes in ideas take much longer.
The Language of Democracy
Authors: Posada-Carbó Eduardo
Published: June 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of change over time in how people in this region talked about democracy, in what contexts and for what purposes, prefacing this with an overview of previous work in the field. Four phases of use are explored: the colonial era, when the word was mainly in academic use, though it achieved a little more currency when used to support or oppose the French Revolution; the era of revolutions and for some former colonies independence, when the word was used to characterize values and institutional arrangements but continued to carry problematic connotations of mob rule; the 1830s and early 1840s, when the word acquired partisan connotations in an era of party conflict but also began to frame more reflective analyses of the new political and social world that was emerging; and the late 1840s and 1850s, when it showed signs of becoming a more consensual term but also continued to be used for partisan purposes, including in connection with attempts to mobilize sections of the people behind reform programs.
Foundations and Fissures in British and French Caribbean Political Culture
Authors: Peters Dexnell
Published: June 2023

This chapter argues that slavery in the Greater Caribbean region played a crucial part in shaping the region’s institutions and political culture; it then explores that impact, before and more briefly after abolition, in the British and French Caribbean. Both British and French institutions and practices are described. Slavery is shown to have been associated with formal and informal limits on the political rights not just of slaves but also of free people of color and free blacks. There were nonetheless some opportunities that people of color and black people, free and enslaved, could exploit, notably petitioning and associating, even when other openings were restricted. They exploited these opportunities increasingly vigorously even before emancipation; new political avenues opened that were subsequently sometimes re-narrowed. Some talk about democracy, inflected by American, French, and British usages, can be found in the early black newspaper press.
From Caste to Race
Authors: Appelbaum Nancy P.
Published: June 2023

This chapter draws on recent historiography to argue that the mobilization of a diverse population in the Age of Revolution and subsequent civil wars transformed Spanish America. Broad multiracial military and political alliances facilitated independence and the formation of new republics. These alliances led to egalitarian and inclusive constitutions, which put an end to the legally codified—though unstable and contested—caste distinctions that had structured colonial society. Nonetheless, racial tensions, discrimination, and hierarchies characterized the early nineteenth-century republics, which experimented with new forms of exclusion as well as inclusion. “Caste” gave way to new discourses of “type” and “race.” The chapter concludes with discussion of challenges posed and faced by indigenous citizens and those of African descent, with examples drawn mainly from the cases of Colombia (then known as New Granada) and Guatemala.
“Reality as We Have Felt It to Be”
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: June 2023

What is ultimately vindicated in Proust’s novel is “reality as we have felt it to be”; that is, our world of experience as it has registered in our affective impressions. Accepting the truthfulness of these impressions means making an unqualified affirmation of everything that has happened. Such an affirmation cannot be based on objective warrant, but only on falling in love with an ambiguous and imperfect world, in which each of us faces the task of becoming ourselves. The magically enchanted world that Marcel has experienced at the times when he’s been in love, and the intolerably painful world that includes the deaths of beloved others, end up being vindicated as revelatory of the only kind of truth Proust’s narrator has ever known.
Phoenician Trade Associations
Authors: Demetriou Denise
Published: June 2023

Through an examination of a series of inscriptions and material remains, this chapter reveals that Phoenician immigrants in fourth-century bce Athens and second-century bce Delos established trade associations as an adaptive strategy. Such professional associations were structured around their members’ state of origin and developed as quasi-state, semiautonomous associations. By organizing into collectives, groups of immigrants were able to pool their resources and lobby their host states for awards or petition them for special grants. Such grants bypassed restrictions normally placed on immigrants, such as the right to own land, allowing immigrants to establish sanctuaries dedicated to deities of their homeland and thereby to maintain the religious and cultural ties to their home state. Trade associations both influenced their host state’s policies and facilitated the integration of immigrants as essential members of their host societies, helping them maintain a sense of their civic identity and retain their cultural traditions. As the chapter shows, over time, these Phoenician innovations of the fourth century bce changed the fortunes of their members and transformed their host states, which incorporated these foreign associations in their political apparatus.
Managing Migration
Authors: Demetriou Denise
Published: June 2023

Through an analysis of both bilingual and exclusively Greek inscriptions commissioned by state actors in Athens and on the islands of Delos and Kos, this chapter explores attempts by Phoenician city-states to manage as well as facilitate the migration of their mobile populations. Such inscriptions indicate that widespread mobility and migration in the region during the fourth to the second centuries bce led states to take steps to clarify the legal standing of their citizens who traveled or lived abroad through a range of diplomatic acts and dedications in religious sanctuaries. As the chapter shows, authorities of Phoenician city-states attempted to regulate mobility and migration by negotiating privileges for their citizens who lived abroad and enabling them to maintain their cultural traditions and their citizenship in their home state. At least one of their motivations seems to have been to ensure that citizens paid taxes directly to their home states. The ties between immigrants and their home states were also bolstered by immigrants living in Greek communities, whose own benefactions and contributions to Phoenician trade organizations helped sustain those long-distance relationships and boost the image of their city-states of origin.
Honors, Privileges, and Greek Migration Regimes
Authors: Demetriou Denise
Published: June 2023

Chapter 4 focuses on the common Greek institution of award giving and explores its implications not only as a diplomatic tool that encouraged foreigners to engage in acts that benefited the host state but also as an essential part of Greek states’ migration and membership regimes. By granting honors to foreign individuals, Greek states simultaneously delimited the rights of immigrants and enabled a prolonged and even permanent stay by foreign-born visitors, including the Phoenicians. Those honors included monetized gifts of gold wreaths, honorific grants of proxenia and euergesia, and a wide assortment of legal awards, such as the right to own property, tax exemptions, personal and property inviolability and security during travel, the right to serve in the military with citizens, the grant of resident alien status, and the rare grant of citizenship. Through an examination of decrees honoring Phoenicians from Athens, Delos, Delphi, and Oropos, among other Greek states, the chapter shows that even as these awards encouraged mobility and migration they also defined the rights of privileged immigrants. Each time a state granted a combination of monetized, legal, or honorific awards to a foreign individual, it created a distinct social status for that foreign resident to inhabit, which could shift along a spectrum of participatory membership in a political community, making these notions more fluid.
Development
Authors: Miller Charles B.
Published: June 2023

After one or more days of growth and differentiation copepod embryos reach the nauplius larval stage, typical of crustaceans, and then hatch. Hatching, the anatomy of nauplii, the usually strict sequence of six naupliar and six copepodite stages are presented. Anatomical complexity advances with each molt, allowing ecologists to follow generational development in field situations. Most free-living copepods exhibit accelerating growth rates stage-by-stage, implying a premium on getting large fast. Data are presented demonstrating that. A bio of ocean ecologist Catherine Johnson considers her work on the cycling of molting hormones during late copepodite stages. Aspects of molting covered include production of larger new exoskeletons, setal eruption, opal tooth formation and actual shedding of old skins.
Egg Diapause
Authors: Miller Charles B.
Published: June 2023

Copepod species in the family Diaptomidae, also some Centropagidae and Pontellidae, produce two kinds of eggs, depending upon conditions: subitaneous eggs hatching after immediate development and resting eggs hatching only after conditions change to again favor full development. For Diaptomus species living in and “disappearing” from lakes, this was discovered by 1902. Shifts between subitaneous and resting eggs were only shown to explain summer vs. winter species-identity changes of coastal Acartia in the early 1970s. Credit goes to Edward Zillioux, subject of a brief bio. A parallel and independent discovery of resting eggs in Asian copepods was extended in detail by Shinichi Uye, whose career is traced. Details for cycling of Acartia species in an Oregon estuary were added by J. Kenneth Johnson, subject of a bio. Temperatures dropping below 15°C in autumn shift Acartia californiensis from subtaneous to resting eggs, with a period in the cold needed to prepare those for development. Ken documented the cycling of copepodite age-structure resulting from bursts of nauplii when resting eggs hatch in the field. Shifting to resting eggs in spring by Acartia hudsonica on the U.S. East Coast, to avoid warm season temperatures, was shown by Barbara Sullivan (Chapter 2) and Liana McManus.
Teaching Medicine
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

Time constraints, complex patients, and the involvement of multiple disciplines in the care of patients have necessitated changes in how medical education is delivered on the wards of teaching hospitals. Unlike prior research into medical training, this project focused on the context in which learning happens, and the authors designated the team as the focus of their research. The authors spent time with 18 outstanding attendings and their teams in order to provide a detailed, multi-perspective description of the specific strategies, methods, and even language that the attendings use to teach their learners not only about medicine but also about how to care for patients.
Unique Individuals, Shared Qualities
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

Most of the attendings in this study are hospitalists, specializing in the care of patients within the acute care hospital. Hospital Medicine is history’s fastest growing medical specialty. The hospitalist movement is a key element in the transformation of American hospitals and the teaching that takes place within them, aiding in the effort to shorten patients’ stays, improve health and safety outcomes, and reduce costs. Although each attending had their own individual style of doctoring and teaching, reflective of the variety of personalities observed among the 18 attendings, the authors were able to identify the qualities and attributes they all shared. One of the most important attributes that all of the attendings shared was the conviction that they never stop learning.
Underrepresented Voices
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

Many female and underrepresented minority teaching attendings often face harassment, discrimination, and unconscious bias from both patients and other care team members. To prepare this chapter, the authors interviewed and observed female attendings to learn ways that they navigate gender-based challenges in the hospital. Numerous methods are shared, including consistently wearing a white coat to visually cue others that they are the attendings as well as verbally stating the roles of individuals on the team, and more. Racial minority-based challenges, while unique, share similarities to the challenges faced by female attendings, and navigation strategies are shared in this chapter.
Bedside and Beyond
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

The attendings made bedside teaching (or the teaching that occurs just outside of a patient’s room) a mainstay of their approach. They felt that the best way to learn was from the patients themselves. They combined their physical examination and questioning of the patient with the presentation of relevant teaching points. Attendings taught that information learned from a current patient should be applied to the next patient. In this way, what is taught builds on itself, creating a solid foundation of knowledge. Attendings would not only teach to the team but would be alert to any need to provide individual instruction. They recognized that team members have different learning capacities and sought to prevent knowledge gaps from developing in every level of learner.
The Sacred Act of Healing
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

Attendings treated their patients with respect, empathy, and understanding. Even though their encounters may be brief, attendings spent time getting to know their patients and building rapport. Developing these relationships helped the team plan for the patient’s care both within and outside the hospital. Attendings spent time explaining, without the use of medical jargon, to patients what they were thinking and how they were approaching the patient’s treatment. To the extent they could, they sat down or kneeled when speaking to patients. In order to stave off hospital readmission, attendings not only focused their treatment on what brought the patient into the hospital in the first place, but they also looked for other potential issues that might affect the patient’s health and well-being and that could be addressed while the patient was hospitalized.
Caring During Crisis
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

Attendings remain leaders and role models for their team, even in times of crisis or distress. The COVID-19 pandemic placed a unique strain on both healthcare workers and patients as the unknown unraveled. Observations of and actions taken by the authors’ own healthcare system revealed tactics used by attendings to navigate and teach during crisis, including attendings taking on roles outside of their normal responsibilities (to further assist their team), connecting on a personal level with their learners, and identifying as an equal member of the team rather than enforcing strict hierarchy. These principles, though observed during COVID-19 and discussed within that context, are applicable to many types of crises.