bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anorexia nervosa treatment: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Bulik Cynthia M. , Berkman Nancy D. , Brownley Kimberly A. , Sedway Jan A. , Lohr Kathleen N.
Published: March 2007

Objective:

The RTI International‐University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence‐based Practice Center (RTI‐UNC EPC) systematically reviewed evidence on efficacy of treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN), harms associated with treatments, factors associated with treatment efficacy, and differential outcome by sociodemographic characteristics.

Method:

We searched six major databases for studies on the treatment of AN from 1980 to September 2005, in all languages against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria focusing on eating, psychiatric or psychological, or biomarker outcomes.

Results:

Thirty‐two treatment studies involved only medications, only behavioral interventions, and medication plus behavioral interventions for adults or adolescents. The literature on medication treatments and behavioral treatments for adults with AN is sparse and inconclusive. Cognitive behavioral therapy may reduce relapse risk for adults with AN after weight restoration, although its efficacy in the underweight state remains unknown. Variants of family therapy are efficacious in adolescents, but not in adults.

Conclusion:

Evidence for AN treatment is weak; evidence for treatment‐related harms and factors associated with efficacy of treatment are weak; and evidence for differential outcome by sociodemographic factors is nonexistent. Attention to sample size and statistical power, standardization of outcome measures, retention of patients in clinical trials, and developmental differences in treatment appropriateness and outcome is required. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Bulimia nervosa treatment: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Shapiro Jennifer R. , Berkman Nancy D. , Brownley Kimberly A. , Sedway Jan A. , Lohr Kathleen N. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: March 2007

Objective:

The RTI International‐University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence‐based Practice Center systematically reviewed evidence on efficacy of treatment for bulimia nervosa (BN), harms associatedwith treatments, factors associated with treatment efficacy, and differential outcome by sociodemographic characteristics.

Method:

We searched six major databases published from 1980 to September 2005 in all languages against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria; we focused on eating, psychiatric or psychological, and biomarker outcomes.

Results:

Forty‐seven studies of medication only, behavioral interventions only, and medication plus behavioral interventions for adults or adolescents met our inclusion criteria. Fluoxetine (60 mg/day) decreases the core symptoms of binge eating and purging and associated psychological features in the short term. Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces core behavioral and psychological features in the short and long term.

Conclusion:

Evidence for medication or behavioral treatment for BN is strong, for self‐help is weak; for harms related to medication is strong but either weak or nonexistent for other interventions; and evidence for differential outcome by sociodemographic factors is nonexistent. Attention to sample size, standardization of outcome measures, attrition, and reporting of abstinence from target behaviors are required. Longer follow‐up intervals, innovative treatments, and attention to sociodemographic factors would enhance the literature. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
New Ternary Complexes of Copper(II) with 2,2′‐Bipyridine (Bpy) and Phosphocholine (PCh–) or the Quaternary 1‐(2‐Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl Derivative of 2,4‐Diaminopyrimidine (PMEDAPy–)
Authors: Fernández‐Botello Alfonso , Escuer Albert , Solans Xavier , Font‐Bardía Mercè , Holý Antonin , Sigel Helmut , Moreno Virtudes
Published: March 2007

The polynuclear CuII complexes [Cu4Cl2(bpy)4(PCh–)2](ClO4)4·H2O (1) and [Cu6(bpy)6(PMEAPy–)4](ClO4)8·2H2O (2), where bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, PCh– = phosphocholine {[2‐(phosphonooxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium} and PMEDAPy– = 1‐[2‐(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]‐2,4‐diaminopyrimidine, have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic system (P‐1 space group) and consists of tetranuclear CuII units, which are threefoldly bridged by μ3‐O,O′,O″‐phosphate groups in a square arrangement around the copper atoms. Complex 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system (P21/c space group) and consists of hexanuclear CuII units containing the same kind of μ3‐phosph(on)ate bridges like 1 and in addition μ4‐O,O′,O″,O″‐phosphonate bridges. The topology of compound 2 can be envisaged as two triangular subunits linked by means of a double Cu–O–Cu bridge provided by the μ4‐phosphonate unit. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of the two complexes in the temperature range of 2–300 K show weak antiferromagnetic couplings mediated by the phosph(on)ate bridges. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Complexation of Molybdenum(VI) with Bis(3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridinone)amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Santos M. Amélia , Gama Sofia , Pessoa João Costa , Oliveira M. Conceição , Tóth Imre , Farkas Etelka
Published: March 2007

The molybdenum(VI) binding properties of a series of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐pyridinones (3,4‐HP), namely bis(3,4‐HP)chelators, were investigated in solution and as solids; in particular, the complexation of MoVI with iminobis{acetyl[1‐(3′‐aminopropyl)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐pyridinone]}, IDAPr(3,4‐HP)2, and ethylenediamino‐N,N′‐bis(methylcarboxyl)‐N,N′‐bis{acetyl[1‐(3′‐aminopropyl)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐pyridinone]}, EDTAPr(3,4‐HP)2, as well as three model compounds: 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridinone (DFP), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), and ethylenediaminodiacetic acid (EDDA). Solution studies show that the complexation occurs at low pH values by the coordination modes of the hydroxypyridinone moiety, and with the formation of bischelated MoO22+ species. As the pH is increased, hydrolytic processes start with the formation of monochelated MoO3 complexes and is followed by the total recovery of the free ligand, at pH > 8 for most of the systems, but at pH 10 for EDTAPr(3,4‐HP)2. The obtained solid molybdenum complexes showed evidence for the presence of mononuclear species in solution, whereas the dinuclear species, (MoO2)2EDTAPr(3,4‐HP)2, were only detected for the EDTA derivative. Aqueous solution studies were performed by pH–potentiometry, spectrophotometry, 1H NMR and 17O NMR spectroscopy, and solid complex species were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and ESI‐MS.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The Iminophosphorane‐Phosphane Ph2PC6H4OC6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Catalytic Activity in Suzuki Cross‐Coupling and the Homogeneous Hydrogenation of Olefins
Authors: Venkateswaran Ramalingam , Balakrishna Maravanji S. , Mobin Shaikh M.
Published: March 2007

The iminophosphorane‐phosphane ligand Ph2PC6H4OC6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2 (1) has been synthesized by partial imination of bis[2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl] ether (DPEphos) with phosphoryl azide (PhO)2P(O)N3. A similar reaction in a 1:2 stoichiometry affords the bis(iminophosphorane) O{C6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2}2 (2). The chalcogen derivatives O{C6H4P(E)Ph2}2 [E = S (3) and Se (4)] and Ph2P(E)C6H4OC6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2 [E = S (5) and Se (6)] are also synthesized by treating DPEphos and 1 with elemental sulfur and selenium, respectively. The mononuclear complexestrans‐[MCl2{κ1‐P‐Ph2PC6H4OC6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2}2][M = Pt (7) Pd (8)] and trans‐[Rh(CO)Cl{κ1‐P‐Ph2PC6H4OC6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2}2] (12) are prepared by the reaction of 1 with [Pt(COD)Cl2], [Pd(COD)Cl2], and [{Rh(CO)2Cl}2], respectively. Treatment of 1 with [Pd2(dba3)] (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) affords the mononuclear complex [Pd0{κ2‐P,O‐Ph2PC6H4OC6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2}2] (9) in which ligand 1 coordinates through its P and O centers in a κ2‐P,O chelating fashion. The monocoordinated AuI complex [AuCl{κ1‐P‐Ph2PC6H4OC6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2}] (10) has been prepared by the reaction of 1 and [AuCl(SMe2)] and its structure has been confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The reaction of 1 with [{Rh(COD)Cl}2] in the presence of AgOTf affords the cationic RhI complex cis‐[Rh(COD){κ2‐P,O‐Ph2PC6H4OC6H4PPh2=NP(O)(OPh)2}][OTf] (11). The catalytic activity of the Pd0 complex 9 has been investigated in Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions. Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of olefins has also been studied using the cationic RhI complex 11.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
N–H Group Transfer and Oxidative Addition Chemistry Promoted by Isolable Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium Sandwich Complexes
Authors: Hanna Tamara E. , Lobkovsky Emil , Chirik Paul J.
Published: March 2007

Addition of propylenimine (2‐methylaziridine) to the bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium sandwich complexes, (η5‐C5Me4R)2Ti (R = iPr, SiMe3), resulted in rapid [NH] group transfer followed by C–H activation of a cyclopentadienyl methyl group to yield the corresponding cyclometalated titanocene amido compounds. Exposure of these molecules to 4 atm of H2 at 55 °C resulted in hydrogenolysis of the metal–carbon bond to form the titanium amido hydride compounds, (η5‐C5Me4R)2Ti(NH2)H. Deuteriolysis with DCl gas confirmed exclusive cyclometalation from the positions adjacent to the isopropyl and trimethylsilyl substituent. Oxidative addition of the N–H bonds of amines has also been observed. Addition of NH3 to either (η5‐C5Me4SiMe3)2Ti or (η5‐C5Me4iPr)2Ti yielded the corresponding titanocene amido hydrides along with the titanocene(III) amides, (η5‐C5Me4R)2TiNH2, arising from formal deprotonation by unreacted sandwich from the putativetitanocene ammonia complex.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The First Copper Complexes Bearing the 1,3,5‐Triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane (PTA) Ligand
Authors: Kirillov Alexander M. , Smoleński Piotr , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: March 2007

The CuI compound [Cu(PTAH)4](NO3)5 (1) {PTAH = N‐protonated form of 1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane (PTA)} was easily prepared by reacting hydrated Cu(NO3)2 and PTA in aqueous acidic solution at room temperature. Further treatment of 1 with sodium hydroxide in water led to an unprotonated PTA derivative [Cu(PTA)4](NO3) (2). Both compounds are water‐soluble and air‐stable, and were characterized by IR, 1H‐, 13C{1H}‐, 31P{1H}‐ and 63Cu NMR spectroscopy, FAB‐MS(+), elemental and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction structural analyses. They exhibit a nearly regular tetrahedral coordination environment about each copper centre filled by the phosphorus atoms of the four PTAH/PTA moieties, which show distinct and unusual geometrical arrangements if viewed along the P–Cu bonds. The 31P{1H}‐ and 63Cu NMR spectra of 2 in D2O solution show spin coupling between the 31P and 63Cu nuclei at room temperature. These compounds represent the first examples of Cu complexes bearing PTA or any derived ligand with a cagelike PTA core and expand the restricted family of aqua‐soluble copper phosphane complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Order and Disorder in Cluster Phases – The Case of La≈0.7(Al≈0.1I≈0.9)
Authors: Kienle Lorenz , Oeckler Oliver , Weber Thomas , Duppel Viola , Mattausch Hansjürgen , Simon Arndt
Published: March 2007

The structure of the new partially ordered cluster phase La0.69(1)(Al0.12(1)I0.88(1)) was determined by a combined methodical approach of electron microscopy techniques and X‐ray diffraction. The structure is derived from the Gd3CCl3‐type and ca. 50 % of the cluster positions in this structure type are occupied. The majority of the clusters are condensed via common edges, however, the degree of cluster condensation is low. The arrangement of neighboring clusters is comparable to chemically related, but strongly disordered cluster phases. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Tungsten(VI) and Molybdenum(VI) Complexes with Soft Thioether Ligand Coordination – Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Structural Studies
Authors: Davis Martin F. , Levason William , Light Mark E. , Ratnani Raju , Reid Gillian , Saraswat Keerti , Webster Michael
Published: March 2007

Reaction of WX6 (X = Cl or Br) with O(SiMe3)2 in CH2Cl2, followed by addition of MeCN and a further equivalent of O(SiMe3)2 in CH2Cl2 gives [WO2X2(MeCN)2] in situ, which subsequently react with the dithioethers MeS(CH2)2SMe, iPrS(CH2)2SiPr or 1,4‐dithiane to afford the first series of WVI thioether complexes, [WO2X2(dithioether)]. The very moisture‐sensitive yellow complexes have been characterised by microanalysis, IR, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, which indicate cis‐dioxido and trans‐dihalide arrangements in the monomers with two thioether donor atoms completing the very distorted octahedral geometry (confirmed by a crystal structure of [WO2Cl2{iPrS(CH2)2SiPr}]). The strongly polymerised WO2X2 compounds themselves are not useful synthons for the preparation of the WVI thioether complexes and substitution of the dimethoxyethane ligand in [WO2Cl2{MeO(CH2)2OMe}] by dithioethers is also incomplete. Molybdenum(VI) dioxidodichloride thioether complexes of the form [MoO2Cl2(L)] (L = iPrS(CH2)2SiPr, 1,4‐dithiane, κ2‐[15]aneS2O3, κ2‐[14]aneS4 and κ2‐[12]aneS4) ([15]aneS2O3 = 1,4‐dithia‐7,10,13‐trioxacyclopentadecane, [14]aneS4 = 1,4,8,11‐tetrathiacyclotetradecane, [12]aneS4 = 1,4,7,10‐tetrathiacyclododecane) and the unusual dinuclear [Mo2O4Cl4{o‐C6H4(CH2SMe)2}2] are obtained by direct treatment of MoO2Cl2 with the appropriate ligand. The [Mo2O4Cl4{o‐C6H4(CH2SMe)2}2] adopts an unexpected metallocyclic structure with cis‐MoCl2 units and bridging bidentate dithioether (confirmed crystallographically). The structure of a new polymorph of [WO2Cl2{MeO(CH2)2OMe}] is also described.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Small and Versatile – Formyl Anion and Dianion Equivalents
Authors: Kirschning Andreas , Kujat Christof , Luiken Silke , Schaumann Ernst
Published: March 2007

This account provides a short overview of the synthetically important class of formyl anions and the less studied formyl dianion equivalents. A brief literature survey, which particularly focusses on asymmetric homologation strategies, is complemented by a detailed description of lithiated (dimethoxymethyl)diphenylphosphane oxide, which is an ideal formyl anion equivalent in reactions with aldehydes. Under acidic conditions the intermediate ketene O,O‐acetals afford homologated carboxylic esters whereas asymmetric dihydroxylation of ketene acetals leads to collapse of the intermediate diols furnishing the corresponding α‐hydroxy carboxylic esters with high stereocontrol. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the silyl‐substituted carbanion may be looked upon as a latent dianion that can react either with two electrophiles or with bis‐electrophiles, the latter transformation yielding ring‐closure coproducts. It is advantageous if the electrophiles are epoxides or epoxides carrying a remote leaving group. The carbanion will ring‐open the epoxide and allow a C→O silyl shift, thus generating the new carbanion. This then reacts with the second electrophile, either inter‐ or intramolecularly. The versatility of these two formyl anion equivalents is demonstrated by selected examples from natural product synthesis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Palladium‐Catalyzed Formation of Cyclic Ethers – Regio‐, Stereo‐ and Enantioselectivity of the Reaction
Authors: Zawisza Anna , Fenêt Bernard , Sinou Denis
Published: March 2007

An efficient and stereoselective synthesis of 3‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐vinyltetrahydrofurans is described by the Pd0‐catalyzed cyclization of the methyl carbonates of ω,ω‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐α,β‐unsaturated alcohols. The use of chiral ligands gave the corresponding THF derivatives in low to moderate enantiomeric ratios. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Recent Advances in the Catalytic Asymmetric Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction
Authors: Palomo Claudio , Oiarbide Mikel , Laso Antonio
Published: March 2007

Catalyst‐controlled enantioselective nitroaldol (or Henry) reactions are presented. These reactions represent powerful C–C bond‐forming tools and the resulting nitro alcohol (nitroaldol) products can be transformed into a number of nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐containing derivatives (nitroalkenes, amino alcohols, amino acids etc.). In addition to substrate‐controlled nitroaldol reactions (not covered), catalytic systems that provide good stereoselectivity have been developed in recent years. Through the use of preformed silyl nitronates as activated substrates, catalytic systems involving metallic Lewis acids or tetraalkylammonium salts have been deployed in fluoride‐mediated nitroaldol reactions. In a further advance, catalytic systems capable of promoting direct nitroaldol reactions between unmodified nitroalkanes and aldehydes (ketones) with high yields and stereoselectivities have been developed. To this end, ambifunctional systems based on La, Zn, Cu, Co and Mg metal species are described, together with some organocatalysts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Intramolecular Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions to Give Substituted Indoles – A Formal Synthesis of Deethylibophyllidine
Authors: Coldham Iain , Dobson Benjamin C. , Fletcher Stephen R. , Franklin Andrew I.
Published: March 2007

A four‐step route to the tetracyclic ring system found in a number of indole alkaloids is described using stereoselective dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides. The ylides were derived from N‐protected 2‐butenylindole‐3‐carbaldehydes, which were prepared in three steps from 2‐methylindole. Condensation of these aldehydes with a variety of alkylamino esters or amino acids or with N‐methylhydroxylamine gave the required azomethine ylides or nitrone that undergo intramolecular cycloaddition onto the pendant, unactivated alkene. The cycloaddition sets up two new rings and up to three new stereocentres stereoselectively. After cycloaddition with N‐allylglycine, N‐deallylation provided the N‐unsubstituted product and this constitutes a formal synthesis of the alkaloid deethylibophyllidine. The cycloaddition chemistry was also shown to be amenable as a route to the alkaloid ibophyllidine or epiibophyllidine, although the use of 2‐(allylamino)butyric acid to prepare the azomethine ylide can favour competing iminium ion isomerisation and hydrolysis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Rapid bonding of Pyrex glass microchips
Authors: Akiyama Yoshitake , Morishima Keisuke , Kogi Atsuna , Kikutani Yoshikuni , Tokeshi Manabu , Kitamori Takehiko
Published: March 2007

A newly developed vacuum hot press system has been specially designed for the thermal bonding of glass substrates in the fabrication process of Pyrex glass microchemical chips. This system includes a vacuum chamber equipped with a high‐pressure piston cylinder and carbon plate heaters. A temperature of up to 900°C and a force of as much as 9800 N could be applied to the substrates in a vacuum atmosphere. The Pyrex substrates bonded with this system under different temperatures, pressures, and heating times were evaluated by tensile strength tests, by measurements of thickness, and by observations of the cross‐sectional shapes of the microchannels. The optimal bonding conditions of the Pyrex glass substrates were 570°C for 10 min under 4.7 N/mm2 of applied pressure. Whereas more than 16 h is required for thermal bonding with a conventional furnace, the new system could complete the whole bonding processes within just 79 min, including heating and cooling periods. Such improvements should considerably enhance the production rate of Pyrex glass microchemical chips. Whereas flat and dust‐free surfaces are required for conventional thermal bonding, especially without long and repeated heating periods, our hot press system could press a fine dust into glass substrates so that even the areas around the dust were bonded. Using this capability, we were able to successfully integrate Pt/Ti thin film electrodes into a Pyrex glass microchip.
Air quality monitoring using heterogeneous networks
Authors: Fassò Alessandro , Cameletti Michela , Nicolis Orietta
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we consider some approaches to spatio‐temporal modeling of environmental data obtained from an heterogeneous network.

Besides discussing modeling details for spatio‐temporal dynamics and calibration of different instruments, we consider crossvalidation issues and extensions to the monitoring network assessment based on sensitivity analysis.

We then consider a case study based on the heterogeneous network related to fine particulate matter (PM10) coming from the Po Valley, North Italy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generation of stochastic load functions to simulate wind loading on structures
Authors: Wyatt T. A. , May H. I.
Published: March 2007

The simplest form of input required for step‐by‐step simulation of response of a structure to a gusty wind is a stochastic process having Gaussian distribution and a specified power spectrum. Methods for generating such a process are described in detail, and the extension outlined for generating a number of partially correlated input processes having specified power spectra and cross‐spectra.
Behaviour of subaqueous tunnels during earthquakes
Authors: Okamoto Shunzo , Tamura Choshiro
Published: March 2007

Three‐dimensional models of a subaqueous tunnel were built on a shaking table and vibrated for the purpose of investigating the dynamic behaviour of the tunnel. The material of the soft surface layer was gelatin gel and that of the tunnel was silicon rubber.

In addition, earthquake observations at the site of the real subaqueous tunnel have been carried out using accelerometers and strain gauges set on the walls of the tunnel. At the site, micro‐tremors were also measured.

In these studies, it was noted that non‐uniform displacements of the ground along the tunnel axis were caused by variations of the dynamic behaviour of the ground, and that the tunnel deforms correspondingly to the varying deformations of the ground.

From these experimental results, a mathematical model of the subaqueous tunnel was formulated for anti‐seismic design studies.
Scattering of plane sh waves by a semi‐cylindrical canyon
Authors: Trifunac M. D.
Published: March 2007

The two‐dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane SH waves by a semi‐cylindrical canyon is analysed for a general angle of wave incidence. The closed‐form solution of the problem shows that the surface topography can have prominent effects on incident waves only when the wavelengths of incident motion are short compared to the radius of a canyon. The surface amplification of displacement amplitudes around and in the canyon changes rapidly from one point to another, but the amplification is always less than 2. The over‐all trends of amplification pattern are determined by two principal parameters: (1) γ, the angle of incidence of plane SH waves, and (2) η, the ratio of radius of the canyon to one‐half wave length of incident waves. The higher η leads to greater complexity of the pattern of surface displacement amplitudes characterized by more abrupt changes of amplification from one point to another, while γ mainly determines the over‐all trends of displacement amplitudes. For grazing and nearly grazing incidences, for example, a strong shadow zone is developed behind the canyon.

The qualitative analysis of the topographic effects on the Pacoima Dam accelerogram,1 based on the semi‐cylindrical canyon, suggests that this strong‐motion record was not seriously affected by surface topography of the recording site.
Stability and accuracy analysis of direct integration methods
Authors: Bathe K. J. , Wilson E. L.
Published: March 2007

A systematic procedure is presented for the stability and accuracy analysis of direct integration methods in structural dynamics. Amplitude decay and period elongation are used as the basic parameters in order to compare various integration methods. The specific methods studied are the Newmark generalized acceleration scheme, the Houbolt method and the Wilson θ‐method. The advantages of each of these methods are discussed. In addition, it is shown how the direct integration of the equations of motion is related to the mode superposition analysis.
Hydrodynamic pressures and response of gravity dams to vertical earthquake component
Authors: Chakrabarti P. , Chopra Anil K.
Published: March 2007

Hydrodynamic pressures and structural response of concrete gravity dams, including dam‐reservoir interaction, due to the vertical component of earthquake ground motions are investigated. The response of the dam is approximated by the deformations in the fundamental mode of vibration, and the effects of deformability of bed rock on hydrodynamic pressures are recognized in the analysis. Expressions for the complex frequency response functions for the dam displacement, dam acceleration and lateral hydrodynamic force are derived. These results along with the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm are utilized to compute the time‐history of responses of dams of 100, 300 and 600 ft height, with full reservoir, for different values of elastic modulus of mass concrete: 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 million psi, to the vertical component of El Centro, 1940, and Taft, 1952, ground motions. It is concluded that the hydrodynamic forces caused by vertical ground motion are affected substantially by damreservoir interaction and depend strongly on the modulus of elasticity of the dam. The dam response to the vertical component of ground motion is compared with that due to the horizontal component. It is concluded that because the vertical component of ground motion causes significant hydrodynamic forces in the horizontal direction on a vertical upstream face, responses to the vertical component of ground motion are of special importance in analysis of concrete gravity dams subjected to earthquakes.
Earthquake resistance of buildings with a ‘soft’ first storey
Authors: Chopra A. K. , Clough D. P. , Clough R. W.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic, bi‐linear response behaviour of a series of eight storey shear buildings subjected to simulated earthquake excitation is studied. The specific objective of the investigation is to determine under what conditions a yielding first storey can adequately protect the upper storeys from significant yielding. Two classes of buildings are considered: stiff (0.5 sec period) and flexible (2.0 sec period), and the basic parameters considered in the yielding first storey are the yield force level and the bi‐linear stiffness. The results demonstrate that a very low yield force level and an essentially perfectly plastic yielding mechanism are required in the first storey to provide effective protection to the superstructure. Moreover, the required displacement capacity of such an effective first storey mechanism is found to be very large.
The vibration frequencies of an elastically supported cantilever column with variable cross‐section and distributed axial load
Authors: Glück J.
Published: March 2007

The solution for transverse vibration frequencies of an elastically supported cantilevered column with continuously varying cross‐section under distributed axial load is developed. Boundary conditions are formulated for fixed and elastic support. Values of the fundamental frequency are tabulated for various cross‐sections and axial load distributions due to self‐weight as functions of the ratios between the rigidities and also the axial loads at the fixed and free ends, the ratio between the actual and critical buckling axial load, the degree of polynomial approximation and the rotational stiffness of the elastic support.
Free vibrations of coupled shear walls
Authors: Mukherjee P. R. , Coull A.
Published: March 2007

The continuous connection method of analysis is extended to deal with the free vibrations of a coupled shear wall structure. The natural modes and frequencies are determined from the Galerkin technique, and the dynamic response following an imposed lateral displacement is evaluated. A comparison is made between theoretical predictions of natural frequencies and the results from tests on model structures.
On the choice of the acceptable seismic risk
Authors: Grandori G. , Benedetti D.
Published: March 2007

The proper choice of the acceptable seismic risk requires an accurate cost‐benefit analysis. As is well known these analyses present considerable difficulties if one wishes to face the problem in a general way from the technical point of view. Besides, there are no generally accepted criteria for formulating a quantitative evaluation of the intangibles, among which the most important is the risk to human life. However, it appears indispensable that research should be started in the field which leads to some numerical results

In this paper a simplified analytical model is proposed and the problem of intangibles is discussed. The basic idea is that the comparison with other risks is the most realistic instrument for the choice of an acceptable level of the specific considered risk. The conclusion reached is that a fundamental index for comparison and decision is the incremental cost of investment necessary to save, on average, one human life a year. An evaluation of such an index, valid as a first approximation, is given for this simplified model.
Torsional and coupled vibrations of embedded footings
Authors: Novak M. , Sachs K.
Published: March 2007

An approximate analytical solution is presented for torsional vibrations of footings partially embedded into a semi‐infinite medium or a stratum. Simple formulas derived for pure torsional motion make it possible to apply a correction for the effect of embedment to the known solutions of surface footings. The solution completes an approach to the analysis of all modes of footing vibrations, including the coupled modes. The approach to coupled modes is illustrated by the solution of coupled response involving horizontal translation, rocking and torsion. Formulas are presented for stiffness and damping coefficients that can be used in the analysis of embedded footings or structures supported by such footings

Field experiments were conducted with concrete footings featuring circular, square and rectangular bases and variable embedment depths. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions of pure torsional vibrations.
Analysis of strong earthquake ground motion for prediction of response spectra
Authors: Trifunac Mihailo D.
Published: March 2007

Prediction of response spectra for earthquake engineering purposes is considered from a new point of view based on the dislocation theory of earthquakes. It is shown that the traditional scaling of response spectra by the predicted peak acceleration should be limited to the high‐frequency end of the spectrum, and that the peak acceleration in the near field is not strongly correlated with earthquake magnitude. The amplitude of the long‐period end of response spectrum at source to station distances greater than about 10 source dimensions should be scaled with seismic moment, while for distances less than about one source dimension this amplitude should be proportional to the permanent ground displacement. To reconcile the existing extensive data on seismicity of active regions based on magnitude scale, it is shown that magnitude can be used to determine approximately the seismic moment.
Accelerograph calibration and accelerogram correction
Authors: Skinner R. I. , Stephenson W. R.
Published: March 2007

When measured earthquake accelerations are used as a basis for structural design, then acceleration errors of a few per cent are usually acceptable. However a number of tasks in structural design, and in earthquake engineering research, require measured accelerations with errors limited to a few parts per thousand. Such tasks include those which call for the calculation of angular accelerations, the comparison of acceleration spectra or the calculation of relative displacement

Accurate accelerations may be obtained from existing accelerographs by applying the results of an accurate static calibration to an accelerogram, and then applying corrections for the effects of accelerometer resonance. This paper concentrates attention on the correction of static errors, including sensing direction errors and cross‐axis interaction errors. For completeness there is a brief discussion of dynamic errors, which depend on accelerometer periods and dampings. It is concluded that earthquake accelerations may be obtained with errors of not much more than 0·001 g, the resolution of a typical accelerograph, at least for periods greater than 0·2 sec. When the accelerations have shorter periods, larger errors may arise due to the limited accuracy of the corrections for dynamic errors

The static calibration of accelerographs, and the corresponding record correction procedures, are illustrated by application to the M.O.2 accelerograph.
Structural response to random acoustic excitation
Authors: Bhat B. Rama , Rao B. V. A. , Wagner Hans
Published: March 2007

The design of aerospace structures necessitates the study of their behaviour in intense acoustic environments. This is more so in recent times due to an increase in power of the vehicles. The present paper deals with an investigation of the response of structures such as flat, stiffened plates to such environments. A peaked type of power spectral density of excitation is assumed, which is more realistic and representative of actual random acoustic excitations than the conventionally assumed white noise type excitations, either ideal or band‐limited. The space correlation of the excitation field is assumed to be unity over the plate surface. Generalized harmonic analysis is used to obtain responses such as auto‐correlation functions and mean square values of both accelerations and stresses. To obtain the response quantities of stiffened plates the approximate method of analysis suggested by Lin12 is used.
Approximate analysis of natural vibrations of coupled shear walls
Authors: Coull A. , Mukherjee P. R.
Published: March 2007

The continuous connection technique is used to analyse the free vibrations of a system of coupled shear walls. The dynamic equation is expressed in integro‐differential form, and the natural modes and frequencies are determined by the Galerkin method. Theoretical results are compared with published experimental data.
Minimal structural response under random excitation using the vibration absorber
Authors: Wirsching Paul H. , Campbell Gary W.
Published: March 2007

The equations of motion are derived for the first mode response of a linear multistorey structure having a linear vibration absorber attached to the roof. Furthermore, the variance of the first mode response to a gaussian white noise lateral base acceleration (as a model of earthquake excitation) is determined. Smallest possible values of the variance of the response along with corresponding absorber parameters are established using an optimization program. It is demonstrated that the absorber is quite effective in reducing first mode response for 5‐ and 10‐storey structures even with relatively small values of the absorber mass. Moreover, minimal responses for the randomly excited single‐degree‐of‐freedom system have been determined, and a design example is presented. The absorber system has potential application not only in earthquake engineering but also in aerospace and terrestrial vehicle design.
Developmental toxic effects ofN‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone administered orally to rats
Authors: Saillenfait A. M. , Gallissot F. , Sabaté J. P.
Published: March 2007

The developmental toxicity ofN‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NEP) was studied in Sprague‐Dawley rats after oral administration. Pregnant rats were given NEP at doses of 0 (distilled water), 50, 250, 500 and 750 mg kg−1day−1, by gavage (5 ml kg−1), on gestational days (GD) 6–20. Maternal toxicity, as evidenced by reduction in body weight gain and food consumption, was observed in all NEP groups at the beginning of treatment (GD 6–9). The incidence of resorptions was significantly increased at 500 mg kg−1day−1, and reached 83% at 750 mg kg−1day−1. There was a dose‐related decrease in fetal weight, which was significantly lower than control at 250 mg kg−1day−1and higher doses. The incidence of malformed fetuses per litter and the number of litters with malformed fetuses were significantly increased at 500 and 750 mg kg−1day−1. Malformations mainly consisted of edema, anal atresia with absent tail, cardiovascular defects and fused cervical arches. Ossification of skull bones and sternebrae was significantly reduced at 500 and 750 mg kg−1day−1. The incidence of supernumerary ribs was significantly elevated at 250 mg kg−1day−1and higher doses. In conclusion, NEP administered by gavage is embryotoxic and teratogenic at maternal toxic doses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the in vitro effect of zearalenone and α‐zearalenol on boar sperm–zona pellucida interaction by hemizona assay application
Authors: Tsakmakidis I. A. , Lymberopoulos A. G. , Vainas E. , Boscos C. M. , Kyriakis S. C. , Alexopoulos C.
Published: March 2007

The mycotoxin zearalenone (zen) impairs fertility in farm animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of zearalenone and its major metabolite (α‐zearalenol) on boar semen binding capacity, under in vitro conditions. Extended boar semen was exposed to three different concentrations of zen and α‐zen (40, 60 and 80 µg ml−1 of semen) for 1 h. Afterwards, the semen was washed and incubated with homologous oocyte hemizona for 4 h. A significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the number of tightly attached spermatozoa on the hemizona was obtained at concentrations of 60 µg ml−1 and 80 µg ml−1 of zen and α‐zen. In conclusion, zen and α‐zen affected the sperm–zona interaction by reducing the ability of boar spermatozoa to bind to the zona pellucida. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivation of organophosphate‐inhibited human AChE by combinations of obidoxime and HI 6 in vitro
Authors: Worek F. , Aurbek N. , Thiermann H.
Published: March 2007

Highly toxic organophosphorus‐type (OP) chemical warfare agents (nerve agents) and OP pesticides may be used by terrorists and during military conflicts emphasizing the necessity for the development of effective medical countermeasures. The standard treatment with atropine and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators (oximes) is considered to be ineffective with certain nerve agents due to low oxime efficacy. Despite research over decades none of the oximes has turned out to be a broad spectrum reactivator to cover the whole range of potential threat agents. The prospective oxime HI 6 is a weak reactivator of tabun‐ and pesticide‐inhibited AChE, while the established oxime obidoxime mainly lacks efficacy with cyclosarin‐inhibited enzyme. In order to investigate the feasibility of combining obidoxime and HI 6, human AChE inhibited by sarin, cyclosarin, VX, tabun and paraoxon was reactivated by these oximes either alone or in combination. Two major findings of this study were that a combination of HI 6 and obidoxime did not impair reactivation, compared with HI 6 or obidoxime alone, but broadened the spectrum compared with the individual oximes. By using different oxime concentrations a combination of oxime doses may be suggested which could be an alternative to individual obidoxime or HI 6 autoinjectors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral nerve regeneration through the space formed by a chitosan gel sponge
Authors: Ishikawa N. , Suzuki Y. , Ohta M. , Cho H. , Suzuki S. , Dezawa M. , Ide C.
Published: March 2007

The clinical treatment of traumatized peripheral nerves often requires grafting of autologous cutaneous nerves. However, there are drawbacks in sacrificing healthy nerves and tissue scarring. In this study, an artificial material, freeze‐dried chitosan gel sponge, was examined as a scaffold for nerve regeneration in rats. An 8‐mm gap was made by removing a segment of the sciatic nerve, and the distal and proximal stumps were sandwiched by chitosan gel sponge. Rats were killed at 4, 7, 14, and 28 days, and 2 and 4 months after the operation and histological and morphometric evaluations were performed. Regenerating axons were observed at 4 days after the operation. Regenerating nerves extended the distal stump at 14 days after surgery. By electron microscopy, numerous macrophages appeared to phagocyte chitosan, and made a dense cell layer on the chitosan. Regenerating axons did not touch the chitosan, and extended through the space surrounded by macrophage‐stacked chitosan. Regenerating nerves were well‐myelinated 2 months after surgery. Regenerating nerves were on average 2.45 and 2.75 μm in diameter at 2 and 4 months, respectively, after surgery. These results indicate that the chitosan gel sponge sandwich might be suitable as a graft for peripheral nerve regeneration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Biological stability of polyurethane modified with covalent attachment of di‐tert‐butyl‐phenol
Authors: Stachelek Stanley J. , Alferiev Ivan , Fulmer James , Ischiropoulos Harry , Levy Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane cardiovascular implants are subject to oxidation initiated surface degradation, which is mediated by monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM); this often leads to surface cracking and device failure. The present studies examined the hypothesis that covalently attaching antioxidant, di‐tert‐butylphenol (DBP), to the urethane nitrogens of a polyether polyurethane (PU) via bromo‐alkylation reactions could prevent this problem. PU was configured with two dosages of DBP, 0.14 mM DBP/g PU of DBP (PU‐DBP) and a more highly modified (HM) 0.40 mM DBP/g PU (PU‐DBP‐HM). THP‐1 cells, a human MDM cell line, stimulated with phorbol ester and seeded on PU, PU‐DBP, and PU‐DBP‐HM films were assessed for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via a fluorescent based dihydrorhodamine‐123 assay. Results from these studies showed a significant dose‐dependent reduction of ROS levels for THP‐1 cells seeded on PU‐DBP versus unmodified PU. PU, PU‐DBP, or PU‐DBP‐HM films were implanted into subdermal pouches of Sprague–Dawley rats. Films were explanted after 10 weeks and assessed for oxidative degradation via light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Light microscopy showed extensive surface cracking, which was confirmed via SEM, on unmodified PU surfaces that was absent in both PU‐DBP and PU‐DBP‐HM explanted films. FTIR analysis showed reduction in oxidation‐induced ether crosslinking that was directly related to DBP dosages. It is concluded that modifying PU with the covalent attachment of an antioxidant confers biodegradation resistance in vivo in a dose dependent manner; this effect is likely due to quenching of the ROS generated by the adherent macrophages. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Hypoxia regulates PGE2 release and EP1 receptor expression in osteoblastic cells
Authors: Lee Christina M. , Genetos Damian C. , You Zongbing , Yellowley Clare E.
Published: March 2007

Changes in regional O2 tension that occur during fracture and skeletal unloading may stimulate local bone cell activity and ultimately regulate bone maintenance and repair. The mechanisms by which bone cells sense and respond to changes in O2 tension are unclear. In this study we investigated the effects of low O2 on activation of the hypoxia response element (HRE), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, PGE2 receptor (EP) expression and proliferation in MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cells. Cells were cultured for up to 72 h in 2% O2 (considered hypoxic), 5% O2 (in the range of normal O2 tension in vivo) or 21% O2 (commonly used for cell culture). Cells cultured in 2% O2 showed activation of the HRE, increased PGE2 release, increased EP1 expression, and reduced cell proliferation compared to cells grown at 21% O2. Similarly, cells cultured in 5% O2 showed increased expression of EP1 and a trend toward a decrease in proliferation, but no activation of the HRE or increase in PGE2 levels. Expression of EP2, EP3 and EP4 were not affected by O2 tension. The differences in EP receptor profile observed in cells grown at 5% compared to 21% O2 suggest that bone cell phenotype may be altered under routine cell culture conditions. Furthermore, our data suggest that hypoxia‐dependent PGE2 production and EP1 expression in bone cells may play a role in bone remodeling and repair in regions of compromised or damaged bone, where O2 tension is low. J. Cell. Physiol. 212: 182–188, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MR findings in diffuse renal parenchymal disease
Authors: Kettritz Ute , Semelka Richard C. , Brown Elizabeth D. , Sharp Tonya J. , Lawing William L. , Colindres Romulo E.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluates the MR appearance of the kidney in diffuse renal parenchymal diseases, using precontrast, and immediate and delayed postgadolinium chelate (Gd), spoiled gradient echo (SGE), and pre‐ and post‐Gd, T1‐weighted, fat‐suppressed spin‐echo MR images to determine if characteristic findings exist for various types of renal disease. One hundred twenty one patients with renal disease underwent MRI. Underlying diagnoses included: (a) glomerular disease (GD), (b) tubulointerstitial disease (TID), (c) microvascular disease (MVD), (d) ischemic nephropathy (INP), (e) obstructive nephropathy (ON), (f) infectious renal disease (IRD), (g) sickle cell disease (SCD), (h) renal cortical necrosis (CN), and (i) renal insufficiency of unknown etiology (UE). MR examinations of 22 patients with normal kidneys (NK) were evaluated as a control group. The presence of corticomedullary differentiation (CMD) demonstrated strong inverse correlation with serum creatinine concentration (SCr) (r=− .568, P <.001). Mean thickness of the renal cortex was 8.4 and 7.8 mm in patients with NK and Gd, respectively. The mean cortical thickness in patients with MVD, TID/Chemo, INP, and ON was 5.2, 5.6, 5.5, and 4.3 mm, respectively, significantly thinner than the renal cortex in the NK and GD groups (P <.01). Irregularity of the renal cortex was more frequent in MVD (60.9%), IRD (62.5%), ON (55.6%), and TID/other (53.8%) than in GD (3.8%) and NK (0%) (P < .01). Diffuse high SI of the entire medulla on delayed postcontrast images was observed in 25(20.7%) of the patients with renal disease and none of the NK group. Although no pathognomonic features were found, certain findings were observed that may correlate with the etiology of the kidney disease and, therefore, assist in the differential diagnosis of renal parenchymal disease.
Use of proton MR spectroscopy and MR imaging to assess obesity
Authors: Barac‐Nieto Mario , Gupta Raj K.
Published: March 2007

We used 1H MR spectroscopy and MR imaging at 9.4‐T to quantify and localize fat and water in the abdominal regions of 12 lean, normal, and obese mice. The D2O dilution method which measures also the equilibrium plasma D2O concentration by 2H MR spectroscopy was used to quantify body water and fat. In obese mice, the intensity of the fat 1H resonance was about 120% that of the water 1H resonance, about threefold higher than its value (about 45%) in normal mice. In lean mice, the fat/water intensity ratio was about 1:4, about half that in normal mice. Total body water was similar in obese and normal mice (19.9 ± 1.5 and 18.7 ± 1.3 mL) despite their very different body weights (50.1 ± 3.1 g and 30.2 ± 3.1 g, respectively), but slightly lower in lean mice (14.8 ± 1.2 mL water; 22.1 g ± 2.0g weight). Selective methylene‐proton images showed marked accumulation of fat in the abdomen and the retroperitoneal and subcutaneous spaces of obese mice. Selective water‐proton images allowed clear resolution of the renal cortex, medulla, papilla, and urinary pelvis. The readily measurable resonance intensity ratio of abdominal fat to water is a sensitive index by which to characterize obesity.