bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Examination of the Influence of National Culture on Cross-National Product Diffusion
Authors: Dwyer Sean , Mesak Hani , Hsu Maxwell
Published: May 2005

This study examines the direct influence of national culture on the cross-national diffusion of innovations. Focusing on seven technological innovations across 13 European countries, the authors use Hofstede's multidimensional approach to culture to investigate this relationship. They find support linking four cultural dimensions—individualism, masculinity, power distance, and long-term orientation—to cross-national product diffusion. The findings suggest that national culture explains a relatively sizable amount of variation in cross-national diffusion rates. The authors discuss theoretical and practical implications of these results, including prescriptive guidance with respect to product launch strategy and tactics.
Guanxi, Trust, and Long-Term Orientation in Chinese Business Markets
Authors: Lee Don Y. , Dawes Philip L.
Published: May 2005

This research focuses on buying firms’ trust in a supplier's salesperson and posits that this type of trust is determined by characteristics of the salesperson, the interpersonal relationships between a salesperson and the buying firm's boundary personnel, and characteristics of personal interactions between these two parties. More important, the authors discuss the concept of interpersonal relationships in the context of Chinese culture and model it as a three-dimensional latent construct, which, in some literature, is called guanxi. A key aspect of this research is that the authors investigate the impact of each dimension of guanxi on salesperson trust separately. Moreover, the authors consider the buying firm's trust in the supplying firm and its long-term orientation toward the supplier the consequences of salesperson trust. To test the model, the authors use data collected from 128 buying organizations in Hong Kong. The sampled firms are from both the government and private sectors.
Export Market Expansion Strategies of Direct-Selling Small and Medium-Sized Firms: Implications for Export Sales Management Activities
Authors: Katsikea Evangelia S. , Theodosiou Marios , Morgan Robert E. , Papavassiliou Nikolaos
Published: May 2005

The authors use punctuated equilibrium theory as a framework to help explain potential differences in the export sales management arrangements between firms that adopt an export market expansion strategy of either market concentration or market spreading. On the basis of a thorough review of the extant literature, the authors identify certain export sales managers’ characteristics and behavior, export sales behavioral control, and satisfaction with export sales territory design as potential discriminators between these two groups of direct exporting firms. Consistent with the hypotheses, in general, the authors find that the tenets of punctuated equilibrium theory hold for the sample of small and medium-sized U.K. exporters. In addition, the results indicate that export market expansion strategy has important implications for a firm's export sales management arrangements. The authors discuss the findings and outline implications for business practitioners and further research.
Executive Insights: Global Account Management Capability: Insights from Leading Suppliers
Authors: Shi Linda H. , Zou Shaoming , White J. Chris , McNally Regina C. , Cavusgil S. Tamer
Published: May 2005

Global account management (GAM) has become a strategic focus among most multinational companies, but there is little empirical research on what type of organizational capability fosters GAM programs. In this article, the authors synthesize selected literature on the topic, examine relevant fieldwork and case studies, and discuss findings from in-depth field interviews with leading global suppliers that have active GAM programs in place. This research clarifies constructs, develops research propositions, and provides an integrated framework that includes GAM processes and performance consequences.
Modulation of Presynaptic Ca2+Entry by AMPA Receptors at Individual GABAergic Synapses in the Cerebellum
Authors: Rusakov Dmitri A. , Saitow Fumihito , Lehre Knut P. , Konishi Shiro
Published: May 2005

Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) receive GABAergic input that undergoes powerful retrograde modulation by presynaptic cannabinoid and glutamate receptors. Here we examine a distinct modulatory mechanism at these synapses, which does not require postsynaptic depolarization and acts via presynaptic AMPA receptors. We find that this mechanism operates mainly in the somatic vicinity of PCs in which large boutons of basket cell axons form synapses on the PC soma. We use fast confocal microscopy and detailed kinetic modeling to estimate that, in these boutons, an action potential opens 100-200 Ca2+channels, eliciting a brief 3-5 μmtransient, followed by a longer-term, 15-30 nmrise of free Ca2+(above the resting level of ∼100 nm). Brief activation of local AMPA receptors suppresses Ca2+entry (probably by silencing 20-40 P/Q-type channels) in a subgroup of terminals that tend to show a higher dynamic range of Ca2+signaling. The results provide the first quantitative description of presynaptic Ca2+kinetics and its modulation by AMPA receptor activation (most likely via a glutamate spillover-mediated mechanism) at identified GABAergic synapses.
Variation of Input-Output Properties along the Somatodendritic Axis of Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Oviedo Hysell , Reyes Alex D.
Published: May 2005

The firing evoked by injection of simulated barrages of EPSCs into the proximal dendrite of layer 5 pyramidal neurons is greater than when comparable inputs are injected into the soma. This boosting is mediated by dendritic Na+conductances. However, the presence of other active conductances in the dendrites, some of which are nonuniformly distributed, suggests that the degree of boosting may differ along the somatodendritic axis. Here, we injected EPSC barrages at the soma and at the proximal, middle, and distal segments of the apical dendrite and measured boosting of subthreshold and suprathreshold responses. We found that although boosting was maintained throughout the apical dendrite, the degree of boosting changed nonmonotonically with distance from the soma. Boosting dipped in the middle dendritic segments as a result of the deactivation of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current,Ih, but increased in the distal dendrites as a result of the activation of Ca2+conductances. In the distal dendrites, EPSC barrages evoked repetitive bursts of action potentials, and the bursting pattern changed systematically with the magnitude of the input barrages. The quantitative changes in boosting along the somatodendritic axis suggest that inputs from different classes of presynaptic cells are weighted differently, depending on the location of the synaptic contacts. Moreover, the tight coupling between burst characteristics and stimulus parameters indicate that the distal dendrites can support a coding scheme that is different from that at sites closer to the soma, consistent with the notion of a separate dendritic integration site.
Large-Field Visual Motion Directly Induces an Involuntary Rapid Manual Following Response
Authors: Saijo Naoki , Murakami Ikuya , Nishida Shin'ya , Gomi Hiroaki
Published: May 2005

Recent neuroscience studies have been concerned with how aimed movements are generated on the basis of target localization. However, visual information from the surroundings as well as from the target can influence arm motor control, in a manner similar to known effects in postural and ocular motor control. Here, we show an ultra-fast manual motor response directly induced by a large-field visual motion. This rapid response aided reaction when the subject moved his hand in the direction of visual motion, suggesting assistive visually evoked manual control during postural movement. The latency of muscle activity generating this response was as short as that of the ocular following responses to the visual motion. Abrupt visual motion entrained arm movement without affecting perceptual target localization, and the degrees of motion coherence and speed of the visual stimulus modulated this arm response. This visuomotor behavior was still observed when the visual motion was confined to the “follow-through” phase of a hitting movement, in which no target existed. An analysis of the arm movements suggests that the hitting follow through made by the subject is not a part of a reaching movement. Moreover, the arm response was systematically modulated by hand bias forces, suggesting that it results from a reflexive control mechanism. We therefore propose that its mechanism is radically distinct from motor control for aimed movements to a target. Rather, in an analogy with reflexive eye movement stabilizing a retinal image, we consider that this mechanism regulates arm movements in parallel with voluntary motor control.
Regulation of α-Synuclein Expression in Limbic and Motor Brain Regions of Morphine-Treated Mice
Authors: Ziolkowska Barbara , Gieryk Agnieszka , Bilecki Wiktor , Wawrzczak-Bargiela Agnieszka , Wedzony Krzysztof , Chocyk Agnieszka , Danielson Patria E. , Thomas Elizabeth A. , Hilbush Brian S. , Sutcliffe J. Gregor , Przewlocki Ryszard
Published: May 2005

Chronic exposure to opiates produces dependence and addiction, which may result from neuroadaptations in the dopaminergic reward pathway and its target brain regions. The neuronal protein α-synuclein has been implicated in neuronal plasticity and proposed to serve as a negative regulator of dopamine neurotransmission. Thus, α-synuclein could mediate some effects of opiates in the brain. The present study investigated the influence of acute and chronic morphine administration on α-synuclein mRNA and protein expression in the brains of mice. Downregulation of α-synuclein mRNA was observed in the basolateral amygdala, dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area of mice withdrawn from chronic morphine treatment. The changes were the most pronounced after longer periods of withdrawal (48 h). In contrast, levels of α-synuclein protein, as assessed by Western blotting, were significantly increased in the amygdala and striatum/accumbens (but not in the mesencephalon) of morphine-withdrawn mice. In both brain regions, levels of α-synuclein were elevated for as long as 2 weeks after treatment cessation. Because α-synuclein is a presynaptic protein, the detected opposite changes in its mRNA and protein levels are likely to take place in different populations of projection neurons whose somata are in different brain areas. Axonal localization of α-synuclein was confirmed by immunofluorescent labeling. An attempt to identify postsynaptic neurons innervated by α-synuclein-containing axon terminals revealed their selective apposition to calbindin D28K-negative projection neurons in the basolateral amygdala. The observed changes in α-synuclein levels are discussed in connection with their putative role in mediating suppression of dopaminergic neurotransmission during opiate withdrawal.
Regulation of Activin mRNA and Smad2 Phosphorylation by Antidepressant Treatment in the Rat Brain: Effects in Behavioral Models
Authors: Dow Antonia L. , Russell David S. , Duman Ronald S.
Published: May 2005

Activin is a member of the transforming growth factor-β family that is involved in cell differentiation, hormone secretion, and regulation of neuron survival. The cellular responses to activin are mediated by phosphorylation of a downstream target, Smad2. The current study examines the influence of chronic electroconvulsive seizures (ECSs), as well as chemical antidepressants, on the expression of activin βA and the phosphorylation of Smad2 in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. Chronic ECSs (10 d) resulted in a significant increase in activin βA mRNA expression and Smad2 phosphorylation in both the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Chronic fluoxetine did not influence activin βA expression, but fluoxetine as well as desipramine did increase Smad2 phosphorylation in the frontal cortex. The functional significance of increased activin was further tested by examining the effects of activin infusions into the hippocampus on a behavioral model of depression, the forced swim test (FST). A single bilateral infusion of activin A or activin B into the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus produced an antidepressant-like effect in the FST that was comparable in magnitude with fluoxetine. In contrast, infusion of the activin antagonist inhibin A did not influence behavior but blocked the effect of activin A. The results suggest that regulation of activin and Smad signaling may contribute to the actions of antidepressant treatment and may represent novel targets for antidepressant drug development.
Simulation of structural phase transitions by metadynamics
Authors: Martoňák Roman , Laio Alessandro , Bernasconi Marco , Ceriani Chiara , Raiteri Paolo , Zipoli Federico , Parrinello Michele
Published: May 2005

We describe here in detail the recently introduced methodology for simulation of structural transitions in crystals. The applications of the new scheme are illus trated on various kinds of crystals and the advantages with respect to previous schemes are emphasized. The relevance of the new method for the problem of crystal structure prediction is also discussed.
Crystallography of selected high pressure elemental solids
Authors: Tse John S.
Published: May 2005

Recent advancements in instrumentations using high brilliance X-ray from 3rdgeneration synchrotrons have greatly improved the quality of powder diffraction data obtained from a diamond anvil cell. In conjunction with new and better structural refinement techniques, as a result many new structures of solids at high pressures have been discovered and characterized. These structures are often novel and sometimes not seen in any solids under ambient conditions. These observations challenge the conventional concept of chemical bonding for solids and provide a fertile ground for the investigation of new physical phenomena in materials under high pressure. In this article, high pressure structures and transformations of selected elemental solids is illustrated and discussed. The purpose is to develop a conceptual model for the description of the structures and the understanding of the nature of chemical bonding.
Program LMTART for electronic structure calculations
Authors: Savrasov Sergej Y.
Published: May 2005

A computer program LMTART for electronic structure calculations using full potential linear muffin-tin orbital method is described.
First-principles codes for computational crystallography in the Quantum-ESPRESSO package
Authors: Scandolo Sandro , Giannozzi Paolo , Cavazzoni Carlo , de Gironcoli Stefano , Pasquarello Alfredo , Baroni Stefano
Published: May 2005

The Quantum-ESPRESSO package is a multi-purpose and multi-platform software for ab-initio calculations of condensed matter (periodic and disordered) systems. Codes in the package are based on density functional theory and on a plane wave/pseudopotential description of the electronic ground state and are ideally suited for structural optimizations (both at zero and at finite temperature), linear response calculations (phonons, elastic constants, dielectric and Raman tensors, etc.) and high-temperature molecular dynamics. Examples of applications of the codes included in the package are briefly discussed.
Marine Growth and Morphometrics for Three Populations of Atlantic Salmon from Eastern Maine, USA
Authors: Sheehan Timothy F. , Kocik John F. , Cadrin Steven X. , Legault Christopher M. , Atkinson Ernest , Bengtson David
Published: May 2005

Significant differences in growth and prespawning body morphology were detected among three stocks of Atlantic salmon reared in a common marine environment. Smolts originating from river‐specific broodstock of the Machias, East Machias, and Dennys populations were reared at two marine net‐pen facilities for 25 months. Significant differences in stock‐specific growth were observed among two stocks at both sites, suggesting a genetic basis for the observed phenotypic variation. There was a significant stock effect to the total measured phenotypic variation based on collected truss network analyses. Linear discriminant function analysis of a truss network of morphometric distances allowed for 73% accuracy of stock classification. A thin‐plate spline procedure characterized the Machias body form as having a shortened narrow caudal peduncle region, a compressed body with an elongated trunk, and a deeper head region relative to the other two stocks. Phenotypic variation may be associated with hydrological characteristics of the Machias watershed.
Digital Volume Tomography in the Diagnosis of Periodontal Defects: An In Vitro Study on Native Pig and Human Mandibles
Authors: Mengel Reiner , Candir Muhsin , Shiratori Kiyoshi , Flores‐de‐Jacoby Lavin
Published: May 2005

Background: The aim of this study of native pig and human mandibles was to investigate the accuracy and quality of the representation of periodontal defects by intraoral radiography (IR), panoramic radiography (PR), computed tomography (CT), and digital volume tomography (DVT) in comparison with histologic specimens.

Methods: Following the standardized preparation of periodontal defects (14 dehiscences, fenestrations, 2‐ to 3‐walled intrabony defects, respectively; Class I, II, and III furcation involvement) in six pig and seven human mandibles, IR, PR, CT, and DVT were performed. The histologic specimens were produced by cutting blocks with the individual defects out of the mandibles, embedding them in acrylic, and producing sagittal and axial microsections. The intrabony defects were measured using appropriate software on the digitized IR and PR images programs. The histologic sections were measured by reflecting stereomicroscopy. The statistical comparison between the measurements of the radiographic images and those of the histologic specimens was performed with Pearson's correlation coefficient. The quality of the radiographic images was determined through the subjective perception and detectability of the intrabony defects by five independent observers.

Results: All intrabony defects could be measured in three planes in the CT and DVT scans. Comparison with the histologic specimens yielded a mean deviation of 0.16 ± 0.10 mm for the CT scans and 0.19 ± 0.11 mm for the DVT scans. On the IR and PR images, the defects could be detected only in the mesio‐distal and craniocaudal planes. In comparison with the histologic specimens, the IR images revealed a mean deviation of 0.33 ± 0.18 mm and the PR images a mean deviation of 1.07 ± 0.62 mm. The quality rating of the radiographic images was highest for the DVT scans.

Conclusions: Overall, the CT and DVT scans displayed only a slight deviation in the extent of the periodontal defects in comparison with the histologic specimens. Both radiographic imaging techniques permitted imaging of anatomic osseous structures in three planes, true to scale, and without overlay or distortion. The DVT scans showed the best imaging quality. J Periodontol 2005;76:665‐673.
The Trans‐Chromosomic Mouse‐Derived Human Monoclonal Antibody Promotes Phagocytosis of Porphyromonas gingivalis by Neutrophils
Authors: Takauchi Ayano , Kobayashi Tetsuo , Tahara Tomoyuki , Nakazawa Kumiko , Hayakawa Mitsuo , Shibata Yasuko , Ishida Isao , Abiko Yoshimitsu , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: May 2005

Background: As a safe immunotherapeutic approach, human monoclonal antibody (hMAb) may be effective in clearing periodontopathic bacteria. The trans‐chromosomic (TC) technology has recently been applied to construction of the TC mouse, which enables us to incorporate entire human chromosome fragments containing immunoglobulin (Ig) gene cluster. The aim of this study is to establish TC mouse‐derived hMAb, and to test the in vitro opsonophagocytic activity.

Methods: Human Ig‐producing TC mouse was immunized by recombinant 40‐kDa outer membrane protein (r40‐kDa OMP) of Porphyromonas gingivalis 381, and the spleen cells were fused with the mouse myeloma cell line. The specificity of antir40‐ kDa OMP hMAb was evaluated with the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance assays. Flow cytometric analyses were performed to assess the opsonophagocytic activity.

Results: We successfully constructed 99 IgG isotype clones (IgG1: 84; IgG2: 11; IgG4: four clones), which were specifically reactive with r40‐kDa OMP. The anti‐r40‐kDa OMP IgG1 hMAbs promoted phagocytosis of P. gingivalis by neutrophils. Futhermore, an increased opsonophagocytic activitity of anti‐r40‐kDa OMP IgG1 hMAbs was observed not only in P. gingivalis 381, but also in the W50, W83, and Su63 strains.

Conclusion: Our results document the TC mouse‐derived hMAb to promote neutrophil phagocytosis of P. gingivalis, suggesting an immunotherapeutic option for clearance of P. gingivalis. J Periodontol 2005;76:680‐685.
Er:YAG Laser in Defocused Mode for Scaling of Periodontally Involved Root Surfaces: An In Vitro Pilot Study
Authors: Crespi Roberto , Romanos George E. , Barone Antonio , Sculean Anton , Covani Ugo
Published: May 2005

Background: The Er:YAG laser may be used on periodontally involved teeth in combination with conventional periodontal therapy in order to improve the efficacy of root instrumentation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of hand instrumentation on root surfaces of periodontally involved teeth with Er:YAG laser application.

Methods: Thirty freshly extracted, non‐carious, single‐rooted, periodontally diseased human teeth from adult humans with advanced periodontal disease were used in this study. The teeth were divided into three groups of 10 specimens each. Group A was treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) with curets only (control). In group B, the root surfaces were scaled with curets and then lased with an Er:YAG laser (wavelength 2.94 µm). A handpiece with a water spray was used in non‐contact mode (defocused) at a distance of 1 cm from root surface. Laser parameters were set at energy of 100 to 200 mJ/pulse, with 10 Hz of frequency. In group C, the root surfaces were lased only with power settings 250 to 300 mJ/pulse and 10 Hz frequency. An epon‐araldite plastic embedding technique was used for light microscopic investigation.

Results: Histologic findings showed significant differences between the test and control sites. In control sites, after hand instrumentation, the surface was smooth, without a cementum layer, and the dentin layer presented opened tubules. Defects on the dentin layer were also present along root surfaces. In the test sites (B, C) root surfaces revealed no thermal damage; no cracking or tissue carbonization were observed. The superficial layers of lased surfaces appeared smooth and melted without alterations.

Conclusion: Based on these findings, it appears that it may be feasible to use the Er:YAG laser for root instrumentation without prior root planing if the proper parameters are followed. J Periodontol 2005;76:686‐690.
Effect of Cyclosporin A on Apoptosis and Expression of p53 and bcl‐2 Proteins in the Gingiva of Renal Transplant Patients
Authors: Bulut Şule , Özdemir B. Handan , Alaaddinoĝlu Emine Elif , Oduncuoĝlu Füsun Bahar , Bulut Ömer Engin , Demirhan Beyhan
Published: May 2005

Background: Gingival overgrowth (GO) is a common side effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy, but the exact mechanism for this is unknown. Apoptosis plays an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and mediators of this process may be involved in the pathogenesis of drug‐induced GO. This study compared p53 expression, bcl‐2 expression, and apoptosis in gingival samples from CsA‐treated renal transplant recipients to findings in controls with gingivitis.

Methods: Twenty‐two kidney recipients with CsA‐induced GO and 15 systemically healthy subjects with gingivitis were included in the study. The 15 systemically and periodontally healthy volunteer control group were immunohistochemically analyzed for grades of p53 and bcl‐2 expression, and were processed using terminal TdT‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) technique to identify and grade levels of apoptosis.

Results: There were no differences between the CsA group and the control group with respect to grades of p53 and bcl‐2 expression (P >0.05 for both). However, the CsA group showed a lower apoptosis grade than the control group (P <0.05). None of the clinical parameters was significantly correlated with any of the immunohistochemical findings for p53 or bcl‐2 (P >0.05 for all). Similarly, grade of apoptosis was not correlated with any of the clinical parameters (P >0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between serum CsA level and level of bcl‐2 expression, but serum CsA was not significantly correlated with level of apoptosis or level of p53 expression.

Conclusion: The results indicate that the pathogenesis of CsA‐induced GO might involve inhibition of apoptosis, and overexpression of bcl‐2 in the setting of high serum CsA. J Periodontol 2005;76:691‐695.
Identification of Periodontal Pathogens in Atherosclerotic Vessels
Authors: Fiehn Nils‐Erik , Larsen Tove , Christiansen Natalia , Holmstrup Palle , Schroeder Torben V.
Published: May 2005

Background: Epidemiological studies have shown that periodontitis may be associated with presence of atherosclerosis. DNA from periodontal pathogens has been detected in atherosclerotic lesions, but viable oral bacteria have not yet been isolated from atherosclerotic plaques. The purpose of the present study was to determine if viable oral bacteria could be isolated from atherosclerotic lesions and if DNA from periodontal pathogens could be detected by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.

Methods: Seventy‐nine specimens of atherosclerotic plaque removed from carotid or femoral arteries during surgery were immediately transferred to reduced transport fluid and brought to the laboratory. The calcified tissue was meticulously cut into fine pieces and used for cultivation of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, P. nigrescens, Campylobacter rectus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythensis, and oral streptococci. The material from 24 of the specimens was homogenized, DNA was extracted, and PCR amplification of 16S rDNA with universal and specific primers was carried out. Finally, the PCR products were sequenced.

Results: None of the samples yielded growth of the oral bacteria under investigation. In all the 24 specimens bacterial DNA was detected and likewise DNA of P. intermedia was found in the samples. P. nigrescens and P. gingivalis were found sporadically.

Conclusions: Viable oral bacteria could not be isolated from the atheromas, but the data confirm that DNA of periodontal pathogens can be detected in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the finding that DNA from P. intermedia constantly occured in the examined samples was new. Further studies may focus on the simultaneous occurrence of identical clones of this species in subgingival plaque and atherosclerotic plaques. J Periodontol 2005;76:731‐736.
Adjunctive Antimicrobial Therapy of Periodontitis: Long‐Term Effects on Disease Progression and Oral Colonization
Authors: Ehmke Benjamin , Moter Annette , Beikler Thomas , Milian Edwin , Flemmig Thomas F.
Published: May 2005

Background: This study assessed the long‐term effects of adjunctive antimicrobial therapy on periodontal disease progression and oral colonization.

Methods: Patients with previously untreated chronic periodontitis and subgingival Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and/or Porphyromonas gingivalis were randomly assigned to subgingival scaling without (control group) or with systemic amoxicillin plus metronidazole and CHX irrigation (test group). Relative attachment levels were determined and subgingival and mucosal plaque samples were taken at baseline, at 10 days (plaque only) and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months following initial therapy. During maintenance therapy, patients received supragingival debridement only.

Results: After 24 months, the 18 test group patients showed at sites with initial probing depths (PD) ≥7 mm a significantly (P <0.05) higher frequency of 2 mm or more attachment gain (37.3% ± 4.6%) and lower frequency of attachment loss (7.2% ± 3.1%) compared to the 17 controls (8.2% ± 3.9% and 19.1% ± 13.1%, respectively). Compared to controls, the intraoral prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (up to 18 months) and P. gingivalis (up to 3 months) decreased and that of Eikenella corrodens (at 10 days) increased in test patients (P <0.05). In both treatment groups, the detection frequency of Tannerella forsythensis decreased transiently, while an overall increase was recorded for Treponema ssp.

Conclusions: Over the 24‐month period, a single course of the administered adjunctive antimicrobial therapy led to a relative risk reduction of 62% for attachment loss at deep sites. However, with the exception of A. actinomycetemcomitans, it failed to induce long‐term changes in the prevalence profiles of oral colonization. J Periodontol 2005;76:749‐759.
Analysis of Interleukin‐Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts: Modulation of Chemokine Responses by Female Hormones
Authors: Lapp Carol A. , Lapp David F.
Published: May 2005

Background: The female sex hormones are known to affect the response of numerous tissues to an immune challenge. Because such hormones normally fluctuate during puberty, pregnancy, and the menstrual cycle, more information about the hormonal modulation of such responses in the oral cavity is needed. Gingival fibroblasts (GF), major components of the oral tissues, are potentially sources for inflammatory mediators.

Methods: Macroarrays specific for cytokines and related proteins were used to examine the regulation of gene expression in GF under serum‐free, resting conditions, after immune challenge with interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and in the presence of IL‐1β plus a progestin, ±17β‐estradiol. Additional studies used enzymelinked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to test for secreted chemokines after the same treatments.

Results: Of the 392 genes on the macroarray, 66 were up‐ or downregulated at least 2‐fold relative to the unstimulated control in an average of six different sub‐lines. Chemokines represented the largest group (18%) of these regulated genes. Numerous genes whose expression was upregulated by IL‐1β were modulated downward by IL‐1β plus progestin, ±17β‐estradiol. Measurements of the secretion of IL‐8, a CXC chemokine, and MCP‐1, a CC chemokine, confirmed the inhibitory effect of a progestin on these genes.

Conclusions: Gingival fibroblasts are active participants in the immune response in the oral cavity, and may potentially produce many chemokine signals after exposure to IL‐1β. GF can attract neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and fibroblasts to the area of injury, and aid in the wound repair process. The concentration of female sex hormones, especially progestin, may significantly affect these signaling systems. J Periodontol 2005;76:803‐812.
Periodontal Status in Two Siblings With Severe Congenital Neutropenia: Diagnosis and Mutational Analysis of the Cases
Authors: Hakki Sema S. , Aprikyan Andrew A.G. , Yildirim Sibel , Aydinbelge Mustafa , Gokalp Alparslan , Ucar Canan , Guran Sefik , Koseoglu Vedat , Ataoglu Tamer , Somerman Martha J.
Published: May 2005

Background: Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), also known as Kostmann syndrome, was originally reported as an autosomal recessive disease of neutrophil production. The disease is characterized by a maturation arrest of neutrophil precursors at the promyelocytic stage of differentiation and by extremely low levels of mature neutrophils in peripheral blood.

Methods: A 6‐year‐old male presented with a complaint of gingival swelling and bleeding, and swelling at the left side of his face. Upon clinical examination, severe inflammation of all gingival tissues was apparent, and a periapical abscess with mobility was noted on the left mandibular second molar. Medical and dental histories revealed numerous recurrent bacterial infections associated with oral and non‐oral tissues. His medical history with recurrent infections led us to evaluate his 3‐year‐old sister to determine the status of her oral health. Inflammation of her oral tissues and recurrent bacterial infections were apparent. Their consanguineous parents were in good health. To assist in identifying possible systemic diseases underlying the inflammatory situation in the siblings, consultations were requested from the Pediatric Hematology Department at Selcuk University and Pediatric Oncology Department at Gulhane Military Medical Academy.

Results: Based on absolute neutrophil count (≤200/mm3) and bone marrow aspiration findings consistent with early maturation arrest in myelopoiesis, the cases were diagnosed as SCN. No chromosomal abnormality was detected upon cytogenetic examination. Sequencing analysis also revealed no mutation in the neutrophil elastase or growth factor independent‐1 (GFI‐1) genes in these patients. Severe periodontal disease, attachment loss, and mobility for over 50% of the deciduous teeth were noted. Within 6 months, the male sibling lost all of his deciduous teeth due to periapical and periodontal infections. His sister presented with tooth mobility for all mandibular incisors. Monthly visits, including scaling, polishing, and 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate irrigation were performed to support their oral hygiene and to avoid recurrent oral infections. We have been able to stabilize these patients' periodontal conditions during a 2‐year follow‐up period.

Conclusion: This case report emphasizes the role of periodontists and pediatric dentists in the diagnosis of diseases linked with neutrophil and other systemic disorders and highlights the need to optimize the health of oral tissues with regular appointments. J Periodontol 2005;76:837‐844.
Age progression along the Society hotspot chain (French Polynesia) based on new unspiked K-Ar ages
Authors: Guillou Hervé , Maury René C. , Blais Sylvain , Cotten Joseph , Legendre Christelle , Guille Gérard , Caroff Martial
Published: May 2005

New K-Ar dates of volcanic rocks from five of the nine islands of the Society Archipelago (Moorea, Huahine, Raiatea, Bora Bora and Maupiti), confirm a Pacific plate velocity of around 11 cm/a during the last 4.3 m.y. These new data allow us to analyse the age-distance relationship along the chain and to evaluate possible temporal variations in the activity of the Society hotspot. A clear increase of ages is observed along the linear chain away from the present Society hotspot location. The time-space relationship between Taiarapu, Tahiti-Nui and Moorea can be explained by a simple hotspot model. Nevertheless, the simple fixed hotspot model assuming constant Pacific plate velocity may need adjustments to fully explain the age progression along the Archipelago. The slight departures from a linear age distribution can be explained by changes in Pacific plate motion which occurred at 5 and 3 Ma. In addition, the contemporaneous magmatic activities in the pairs Bora-Bora/Tahaa, Raiatea/Huahine, Maiao/Moorea require additional lithospheric control on magma transport. Combined with the hotspot activity, lithospheric loading may have produced extension and triggered volcanism along already existing fractures linking paired islands.

The most likely model for the Society chain, proposed by McNutt [1998], involves a plume originating from a wide deep thermally anomalous zone (the Pacific Superswell) as a rising diapir (hotspot of secondary type according to the classification of Courtillot et al. [2003]). It melted during ascent and ponded beneath the Pacific plate to form short linear island chains showing rather good age vs. distance correlations.
The Hospital coal basin (Massif Central, France): relay on the left-lateral strike-slip Argentat fault in relation to the Variscan postorogenic extension
Authors: Bellot Jean-Philippe , Roig Jean-Yves , Genna Antonin
Published: May 2005

Structural and microstructural analyses of the Argentat fault, combined with sedimentological and structural analyses of the associated Hospital basin allow us to discuss the tectonic control of coal basins by crustal-scale faults during the late Palaeozoic evolution of the Variscan lithosphere in the French Massif Central. The brittle Argentat fault zone consists of first- and second-order strike-slip faults, with dominant NNW-sinistral faults, NNE-dextral or sinistral faults and secondary ENE-dextral faults. Several experimental and theoretical models explain the observed fault patterns, like en echelon faults, A-type secondary faults, conjugate faults and Riedel shears. Strike-slip faulting is responsible for folding of the metamorphic formations characterized by N-S to NE-SW-trending axis. The regional-scale geometry of brittle faults and associated folds corresponds to a positive flower structure centered on the brittle Argentat fault, combined to a negative flower structure centered on the coal basin. Using tectonic inversion software, we show that these structures result from a left-lateral movement of the brittle Argentat fault in relation to a tectonic regime intermediate between extension and strike-slip, with a horizontal NE-SW to NNE-SSW-trending maximum stretching axis. Detailed map and cross-sections, and sedimentological interpretations of the late Stephanian Hospital basin show the occurrence of intra-basin syn-sedimentary strike-slip faults and progressive overlaying, indicating that sedimentation occurs during left-lateral strike-slip faulting and folding of basement along the Argentat fault. These data are consistent with a model of N-S to NE-SW-trending postorogenic extension proposed to account for the late Carboniferous evolution of the Variscan lithosphere. They also point out the complexity and the variety of structures developed along a regional brittle strike-slip fault zone and the necessity to take into account all the structures and the resulting geometry of the basement in order to better constrain the tectonic setting of intra-continental deposits.
Diachronism in the sedimentary cover around the Troodos ophiolitic massif (Cyprus)
Authors: Peybernès Bernard , Fondecave-Wallez Marie-José , Cugny Pierre
Published: May 2005

The detailed micropaleontologic study of the sedimentary series overlying the youngest ophiolitic basalts of the Troodos massif (Cyprus), confirms the late Campanian age of the top of the oldest terrigenous cover (Kannaviou Formation) topping these ophiolites themselves assigned to Cenomanian-Turonian. It also demonstrates for the first time the strong diachronism of the Lefkara Formation chalky limestones, unconformably overlying either the Kannaviou Fm. sandstones and clays, or the oceanic basalts. This diachronism over short distances and the on-lap of the Lefkara Fm. are revealed by varying stratigraphic gaps within the Paleocene-Miocene interval and are indicated by new age datings of the transgressive basal part of the Lefkara Fm. along six principal sections: late Thanetian (Zone P5) at the Pano Lefkara typelocality; early Ypresian (Sub-zone P6a) at Agia Anna; earliest Bartonian (Zone P13) at Kannaviou and Analiontas; early-middle Lutetian (Zones P10 to P11) at Kofinou; Langhian (Zone N8) at Choulou. Maastrichtian deposits are missing and Maastrichtian Globotruncanidae/Heterohelicidae only observed as individual reworked specimens within well-dated Tertiary levels. Finally, we discuss the influence of the Tertiary extensional brittle tectonics on this diachronism, the on-lap processes and the differential subsidences occurring after the late Cretaceous/? early-middle Paleocene folding (Laramian compression).
A record of the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary climatic variation on the southern margin of the Tethys : clay minerals and palynofacies of the early Cretaceous Jebel Meloussi section (Central Tunisia, Sidi Kralif Formation)
Authors: Schnyder Johann , Gorin Georges , Soussi Mohamed , Baudin François , Deconinck Jean-François
Published: May 2005

In order to precise the paleogeographic extension of the climatic variation known at the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, the sedimentary organic matter (palynofacies and Rock-Eval) and the clay minerals content of Berriasian sediments of the Sidi Kralif Formation are studied on the Jebel Meloussi section, central Tunisia. Standard sedimentological and palynofacies analysis allow to reconstruct the bathymetric curve and the sequence stratigraphic scheme. Using existing biostratigraphy based on calpionellids and ammonite zonation, the sequence stratigraphic interpretation can be correlated with the established eustatic chart. Clay mineral assemblages are characterized by a shift in the kaolinite content, recorded at the end of the calpionellid zone B, at the early/middle Berriasian boundary, at a time of high long-term sea-level (MFS Be2, second order eustatic peak). A contemporary change in the clay mineral assemblages, interpreted as a climatic change, is known from the boreal area, and from the northern margin of the Tethys Sea. That change is also documented southerly in southern Morocco (Agadir area), on the Atlantic domain. A late Tithonian to early Berriasian dry and cooler phase is replaced by a middle to late Berriasian more humid phase, indicated by a general increase in kaolinite in the clay mineral assemblages. The trend from a dry climatic phase to a more humid one, recorded on the boreal domain and along the northern margin of the Tethys is also recorded in lower paleolatitudes of Tunisia, on the southern margin of the Tethys, in better dated outcrops than the ones of Morocco. The results obtained in Tunisia show that the beginning of the climatic change was precisely synchronous on both margins, and occurred within the same long-term high sea-level context.
Quantitative analysis of the bioassociations and characterization of the system tracts and paleogeographic zones in the Cenomanian and Turonian series of the Aurès Mountains and eastern Tell (Algeria)
Authors: Herkat Missoum
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study of Aurès and Bibans (Tell) Cenomanian and Turonian series is the application of a sedimentological analysis in order to reconstruct the relationships between biocenoses, environments, systems tracts and depositional sequences. A quantitative approach has been developed including the study of variations of organism’s abundance in the sequences and in the palaeogeographic zones and the multivariate data analysis applied to the characterisation of biocenoses. These methods provide, compared to the results obtained by the more classical facies study, new informations about the evolution of the various organisms in the system tracts and their relations with the different palaeogeographic zones.
The increasing multiplicity of the species concepts
Authors: Génermont Jean
Published: May 2005

In 1980, Henri Tintant advocated the usefulness of the biological species concept in paleontology. At this time, this concept was still accepted by many neontologists, but it was already rather severely criticized by some others. In fact, a lot of new concepts appeared in the course of the following two decades. While a few ones are mere adjustments of the biological concept, for instance taking in account ecological criteria, in such a way that it could be applied to clonal organisms, some others, which were developed in connexion with the cladistic theory of taxonomy, are truly new from a conceptual point of view. The diagnosable version of the phylogenetic species concept is somewhat reminiscent of Simpson’s evolutionary species concept, since it accepts phyletic speciation as well as survival of the stem species after a cladogenetic event. One of its more criticizable features, from a cladistic point of view, is that the species are not necessarilly monophyletic. On another hand, according to the monophyly version of the phylogenetic species concept, species are recognized rather subjectively as monophyletic taxa revealed by some previous cladistic analysis dealing with operational taxonomic units.

A consensus on the definition of species cannot be expected, since all concepts related to the biological one are founded on population grouping on the basis of potentially identical evolutionary fates, while those which are related to cladistic taxonomy are exclusively concerned with historical features.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in Finnish cereals: a database survey
Authors: LOPONEN J.
Published: May 2005

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) regulates blood pressure (BP) by hydrolytic actions. ACEinhibitors are widely used in the pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Certain food-derived peptides can also inhibit the activity of ACE. This study shows the occurrences of known ACE-inhibitory peptides in cereal storage protein structures. A literature search yielded thirty-nine candidate peptides. Of these, twenty-two peptides were found to occur in the cereal storage proteins. For instance, of the tripeptides (isoleucine-proline-proline or valine-proline-proline) that lower BP in fermented milk products either one appears in cereal prolamins. In addition, oat globulins possess seven of the candidate peptides in their structures, whereas tripeptides leucine-glutamine-proline (LQP) and valine-serine-proline (VSP) occur repeatedly in C-hordeins and ù-secalins (LQP), and D-hordeins (VSP). Cereal storage proteins, thus, appeared as potential sources of ACE-inhibitory peptides. Novel cereal products with BP-lowering effects may be developed by liberation of the target peptides.;
Mechanical properties of oats and oat products
Authors: GATES F. K. , DOBRASZCZYK B.
Published: May 2005

The aim of this review is to illustrate how physical properties are important to food processing and quality. Three food products, flakes, porridge and bread, in addition to oat groats are used to show the influence of water and heat-treatments on the mechanical properties. The hydrothermal history of ingredients is shown to affect product quality. Water acts as a plasticiser and solvent in these foods, whilst heat modifies the conformation and interactions of macromolecular components. Structure as well as chemical composition is shown to govern texture.;
Contents of trichothecenes in oats during official variety, organic cultivation and nitrogen fertilization trials in Finland
Authors: HIETANIEMI V. , KONTTURI M. , RÄMÖ S.
Published: May 2005

Natural toxins, such as mycotoxins, have emerged as a significant factor affecting the safety image of cereal grains as a raw material for the food and feed industry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contents of trichothecenes in representative samples of oats during official variety, nitrogen fertilization and organic farming trials in Finland, 19971999. Further objectives were to promote industry and commerce by selection of high-quality oat varieties for various applications. The official variety trials conducted at 810 locations were managed following standard protocol. There were 2 types of agronomy trial, the first included comparison of oat cultivars grown in conventional and organic farming systems at 6 locations, and the second used 5 nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1) at 2 locations. Regardless of wet cold summer occurring in Finland during 1998, the concentrations of Fusarium toxins were lowest during this 3 year monitoring period. More mycotoxins were produced during the warm, dry summers of 1997 and 1999 than in 1998. In all, 55% of the oat samples in the official variety trials contained deoxynivalenol (DON) within the range of 50 896 µ g kg-1. The differences in DON concentrations between organic and conventional cultivation were small. The results showed also that the use of various nitrogen fertilization levels only slightly affected the trichothecene concentrations. The contents of trichothecenes in Finnish grains appeared to be similar to or lower than those reported earlier in the Northern Hemisphere.;