bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REACTIONS WHEN THE HONESTY OR DISHONESTY OF THE OTHER BARGAINER IS DISCOVERED
Authors: Chertkoff Jerome M. , Sherman Steven J. , Till Amnon , Hammerle Gordon
Published: May 2006

The experiments were simulated bargaining sessions in which subjects bargained via written offers over the division of a hypothetical 90. Subjects drew a number (break-even point) which indicated the amount they had to exceed in order to make a profit. Written statements about one's
break-even point were permitted. Unbeknownst to the subjects, they actually bargained against a programmed opponent. Experiment I involved one-against-one bargaining (bilateral monopoly) with the factors varied being opponent's break-even point statement (honest, dishonest, none) and
sex of the subject. During the course of the bargaining, the subject learned the opponent's break-even point and, therefore, the opponent's honesty or dishonesty. Experiment 2 was a bilateral monopoly experiment in which the subject learned the opponent's break-even point before
the bargaining began. Subject's break-even point (10, 20, 30) and opponent's comment (honest, dishonest, none) were varied. In Experiment 3 the subject bargained simultaneously with one honest and one dishonest opponent, but was permitted to reach an agreement with only one. In the
bilateral monopoly experiments, subjects imitated the opponent's statement (honest, dishonest or none). Neither the final offer nor the frequency of agreement was affected by the opponent's honesty. In the third experiment, subjects usually made no break-even point statement to either
opponent. When an agreement was reached, it was more frequently with the honest opponent.
ASKING A CHILD FOR HELP
Authors: Druian Peter R. , Depaulo Bella M.
Published: May 2006

In an investigation of help-requesting behavior, 26 college-age subjects were given a spelling test during which approximately half could ask for help from a child, the rest from a same-aged adult. Though both helpers were presented as equally competent spellers, subjects asked for
help less frequently from the child than from the adult. This reluctance to ask a child for help appeared to be due to embarrassment at requesting help from a social inferior. Results were discussed in terms of further research on the role of embarrassment and perceived status in help-seeking
interactions.
THE EFFECT OF SITUATIONAL DEMANDS ON JUDGMENTS OF FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Pancer S. Mark
Published: May 2006

The present study was designed to determine the effects of situational constraints and personality information in inferring freedom and responsibility. Subjects received information about a target individual's personality (the target was described as either competitive or neutral),
and his competitive behavior in a situation was either facilitated, inhibited, or was neutral with respect to competition. Least freedom was attributed to an actor in the facilitative and inhibitory situations; greatest freedom in the neutral situation. Personality information did not have
significant effects on perceived freedom. In addition, the amount of responsibility attributed to the target person for his actions was significantly correlated with the freedom attributed to him. These results suggest that the degree to which situational pressures are present during the commission
of an act can affect judgments of the actor's freedom in performing the act.
GAZE AND DISTANCE AS A FUNCTION OF CHANGES IN INTERPERSONAL GAZE
Authors: Schneider Frank W. , Hansvick Christine L.
Published: May 2006

Subjects were exposed to one of two patterns of confederate gaze: either he gazed at, then away from their eyes, or he gazed away, then at their eyes. The subjects' distance was unaffected by the gaze pattern, and they visually reciprocated the confederate's gaze direction.
The results are in-terpreted as failing to support Argyle and Dean's compensation hypothesis. Also, amount of gaze decreased with time, and, relative to males, females gazed more and were more responsive to changes in the confederate's gaze direction.
CHANGING THE SELF-CONCEPTS OF SEVEN-YEAR. OLD DEPRIVED URBAN CHILDREN BY CREATIVE DRAMA OR VIDEOFEEDBACK
Authors: Noble Grant , Egan Paul , Mcdowell Sandra
Published: May 2006

Deprived urban seven-year-olds were expected to more adequately describe current self and self projected into the future both verbally and nonverbally after systematic training in creative drama (study 1) and after videofeedback of themselves in action (study 2). In each study 10 children
were randomly assigned to both experimental and control groups. Self and man drawings and verbal statements describing “I am” and “in ten years I will be” were individually collected before and after experimental manipulations or equivalent passage of time. Variance,
which was analyzed for two factors (experimental/control) and two repeated measures (before/after)∼ indicated that children with experience of creative drama significantly improved their self and man drawings and gave more verbal descriptions showing awareness of individual differences
both for current and future self. Similar analysis for the videofeedback experiment showed that children who had seen themselves in action drew themselves, but not a man, significantly more accurately; verbally were significantly more conscious of individual differences (current self), physical
characteristics (both now and persisting in the future), and able to compare future self with “generalized others”.
EFFECTS OF CONGRUENCE-INCONGRUENCE BETWEEN LOCUS OF CONTROL AND FIELD DEPENDENCE ON INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: Ehrlich Amy B. , Broughton Andrew , Vaught Glen M.
Published: May 2006

Lefcourt and Telegdi's concepts of congruence and incongruence between perceptual skills and expectancies were examined with respect to interpersonal behavior. Four groups of subjects were formed using a portable rod-and-frame device and Rotter's locus of control scale. As
predicted the two congruent groups used significantly less interpersonal distance with each of four different social stimuli as measured by Duke and Nowicki's comfortable interpersonal distance scale. There was no difference between congruent and incongruent groups on a self-report measure
of interpersonal needs.
SOME EFFECTS OF ASYMMETRY OF REWARDS ON PRODUCTIVITY IN SIMULATED INDUSTRIAL GROUPS
Authors: Ogunlade James O.
Published: May 2006

Homan's theory of distributive justice especially when unjustifiable inequity exists was applied to study experimentally the productivity of men in groups. The results are interpreted as supporting Homan's proposition in that productivity decreased when members suffer from
inequity but productivity increased when inquiry puts them at an advantage.
GROUP SALIENCE AND STEREOTYPING
Authors: McKillip Jack , Dimiceli Anthony J. , Luebke Jerry
Published: May 2006

Salience of sexual identity was varied in intergroup interaction for 75 female and 77 male college students. Participants rated attraction for and made attributions of sex-linked personality traits to men and women presented on slides. Under conditions of high as compared to low group
salience, own group members were rated as more attractive than other group members, men made greater use of the male competence stereotype and women made greater use of the female warmth stereotype. These findings were interpreted as consistent with a social comparison interpretation of intergroup
interaction.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO RECREATION
Authors: Groves David L. , Kahalas Harvey , Bonham T. D.
Published: May 2006

The function of attitudes and/or behavior in most empirical studies is not fully understood. This study was undertaken to isolate some variables that are important in the f3rmulation of perspective and to use these variables to form homogeneous groups so that patterns among the
variables may be used in future studies to better understand attitudes and/or behavior. The study was conducted in State College, Pennsylvania, and the subject content of the study was a public forested area known as State Game Lands 176. Both user and general populations of the State
College area were sampled to obtain a diversity of results about the functional nature of attitudes and/or behavior. Results indicated that there were differences among individuals with regard to the larger context. These results are suggestive of research to relate attitudes and/or
behavior to these functional dimensions to better understand the relationships among these variables.
SELF-PERCEPTION OF THERAPEUTIC GAIN AS A FUNCTION OF SITUATIONAL CUES
Authors: Bohart Arthur C. , Gealey Jennifer , Clark Stephen , Gifford Katherine , Hoyle Jerry , McBride Ellen
Published: May 2006

It was hypothesized that a client's sell-perception of improvement in therapy is in part a function of situational cues. Clients will see themselves as changing in ways implicitly suggested by such cues. In contrast, an “intrapsychic” view sees change as a function
of internal mechanisms. Sixtyfive undergraduate Ss self-disclosed on a problem for 10 minutes via intercom to a silent “listener” in another room. Ss were then assigned to one of four “interpersonal cue” conditions, or to a “discharge cue” condition. Discharge
Ss rated the amount of emotions expressed by two previous Ss. Inter personal Ss rated responses purportedly written by their listener to two previous Ss, on the dimensions of warmth and empathy. All Ss then rated their therapeutic gains from self-disclosure. It was hypothesized that discharge
Ss would see gain in terms of emotional clarity and relief. In contrast. Ss who perceived their listener as high in warmth and empathy would see gain in terms of self-trust and independence, as predicted by client-centered theory. Results supported the hypotheses for emotional relief and self-trust,
but not for independence.
EFFECTS OF RACE AND SEX UPON THE ATTRIBUTIONS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE
Authors: Corenblum B.
Published: May 2006

Male and female subjects rated an individual described as either male or female, white or native Indian who chose an upwardly or downwardly mobile occupation (teacher or store clerk). Previous research on sex role stereotyping suggests that males, but not necessarily females, anticipate
female underachievement and failure. This finding was supported on a number of dependent variables. For example. female characters were rated as more expressive in their behavior but less likely to succeed at their occupation than male characters, and male subjects were more surprised at the
male, but not the female, character's choice of a downwardly mobile career. The present study also found a number of changes in traditional sex roles, particularly for female subjects. These subjects were surprised at the job choice of the downwardly mobile female, and rated the character
as weak and lazy, but rated the upwardly mobile female as strong and ambitious. Contrary to attribution theory, race of the character did not interact with either sex or occupation. This finding is consistent, however, with other results which suggest that race may be less important than occupational
status or sexual gender in trait attributions to stimulus characters.
PREDICTION OF NURSING EXAMINATION SUCCESS AND ATTRITION IN A NEW ZEALAND NURSING PROGRAM
Authors: Green Dianne E.
Published: May 2006

This study aimed at prediction of success in a New Zealand nurse training program, employing as the two criteria for success (1) a 50% pass in nursing examinations and (2) attrition. The predictor variables included a social-economic index, age, education, and four attributes
of personality evaluated through independent ward report and self report, on a sample of 119 general and community nurses. It was found that such prediction of examination success as was afforded was on the basis of age, number of years of education, and ward report. Attrition could not be
predicted. The study indicates that a search should be made to identify behavioral variables through examining task demands of the nursing situation and selecting psychometrically robust predictors in a future analysis.
CONSTRUCT INDIVIDUALITY, COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY, AND THE FORMATION AND REMEMBERING OF INTERPERSONAL IMPRESSIONS
Authors: O'Keefe Barbara J. , Delia Jesse G. , O'Keefe Daniel J.
Published: May 2006

Subjects differing in cognitive complexity formed impressions from either (1) three positive and three negative experimenter-selected traits, (2) three traits of each evaluation generated by the subject in a preliminary session, or (3) three experimenter-selected traits of one valence
and three subject-generated traits of the opposite valence. Additionally, subjects reconstructed their impressions from memory after eight weeks. Impressions were dominated in content and evaluation by information tied to subjects' own constructs. The strength with which subjects attributed
the stimulus qualities to the other was greater for self-generated traits. While all subjects organized inconsistency in their impressions at similar levels when receiving self-generated positive information, high and low complexity subjects differed in the organization of their impressions
in the other conditions largely owing to the greater utility of negative information to high-complexity subjects.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUPPLIED AND ELICITED CONSIDERATIONS IN CAREER EVALUATION
Authors: Cochran L. R.
Published: May 2006

This paper studies the difference between deciders' uses of supplied and elicited considerations within the context of career evaluation. Twenty first-year students rated 10 elicited career alternatives on 5 supplied constructs (e.g., demanding/relaxed) and 5 personal constructs.
Next, students indicated their preferences between alternatives, when presented with 25 pairs of careers. Reaction times were recorded. The results indicated that personal constructs were more interrelated and more evaluatively compatible than supplied constructs. These structural attributes
of constructs also correlated significantly with indecisiveness or reaction time. It was concluded that deciders were more coherent in using personal rather than supplied constructs.
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS, MOODS, AND HELPING
Authors: Wispe Lauren , Kiecolt Janice , Long Robert E.
Published: May 2006

Procedures used in empathy-helping studies suggest that results may be due to demand characteristics. Two studies were run to investigate especially the mood induction process. The first reproduced the Aderman-Berkowitz (1970) main mood effects. The second showed that after seeing a
help-nonhelp incident, mood effects could be demonstrated only when Ss knew the purpose of the research, thus supporting the demand characteristics hypothesis. As predicted, awareness did not interact with Ss' helping behaviour. The most helpful Ss were those who attended to the young
woman-in-need-of-help when she was helped.
THE ROLE OF BIASED SCANNING IN COUNTERATTITUDINAL ADVOCACY
Authors: Cunningham John D. , Collins Barry E.
Published: May 2006

Two experiments tested the biased-scanning hypothesis that high financial inducement leads to greater cognitive contact with counterattitudinal arguments and thus to greater attitude change. In Experiment I, given time to listen to only half of the pro- and counterattitudinal material,
role-players attended primarily to counterattitudinal arguments. In Experiment II, given sufficient time to listen to all material, role-players sought out pro-attitudinal material first, regardless of inducement. No differences in biased scanning or attitude change were observed as a function
of financial inducement. Contrary to the “open-mindedness” formulation, results were interpreted in the framework of reactance and of self-immunization to persuasion.
THE EFFECTS OF PAIN CUES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF HIGH AND LOW AGGRESSIVE BOYS
Authors: Dubanoski Richard A. , Kong Colleen
Published: May 2006

To investigate the effects of pain cues on behavior, responses of high and low aggressive boys were followed either by pain cues or by non pain cues. Overall, pain cues facilitated the rate of responding more than non pain cues. Furthermore, high aggressive boys whose responses were
followed by pain cues made more responses than the tow aggressive boys whose responses were followed by pain cues. Finally, more responses were made by the high aggressive boys than by the low aggressive boys.
WOMEN'S FASHIONS AND WAR: A QUANTITATIVE COMMENT
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: May 2006

Previous research has suggested that the fashion changes in women's dress may be influenced by contemporary political context. This suggestion was tested for European women from 1797 to 1936. International war was found to induce women to wear the short “Empire” mode,
whereas international peace was found to encourage the long “Hour Glass” mode. By comparison, intranational war apparently nurtures the short Hour Glass mode, while intranational peace favors the long Empire mode. Contrary to the conclusions of prior research, the fashion behavior
of women does not become more unstable during political conflicts.
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF HOSTILITY AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Richmond Bert O. , Al-Rubaiy Abdul , Dalton J. Leon
Published: May 2006

There is much concern about the extent and destructiveness of hostile acts in all societies. In this study, 160 young people were asked to respond to their modes of expressing hostility. The subjects, all college students, revealed differential modes of expressing hostility. These differences
seem to be a function of racial and biological sex characteristics of respondents. The results suggest ways of understanding and dealing with the occurrence of hostile acts.
REACTIONS TO VICTIMS OF CRIME: SYMPATHY, DEFENSIVE ATTRIBUTION, AND THE JUST WORLD
Authors: Gold Alice Ross , Landerman Pamela G. , Bullock Kathryn Wold
Published: May 2006

Two studies were conducted that explored observers' perceptions of the responsibility of a victim for her involvement in a premeditated crime. Male and female college students listened to tapes of a purported victim describing a crime (either a rape or a mugging). Severity of crime
was manipulated by having some of the crimes described as unsuccessful attempts and others as successful ones. There was a general tendency toward what we have called a sympathetic reaction pattern, that is, for victims to be assigned less responsibility the more severe the crime. This effect
was strongest among those individuals who believed they had a low probability of encountering a fate similar to that of the victim. Those individuals who believed they had a high probability of encountering a fate similar to the victim's tended to make defensive attributions.
COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY AND COMPLETION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Authors: White C. J. Mower
Published: May 2006

Seventy-two Ss, of whom half were cognitively complex and half cognitively simple, made predictions about unknown relations in four-person social structures. Structures differed in the number of relations given. For those with two or three relations given, predictions of cognitively
complex and cognitively simple Ss did not differ, all Ss making balanced predictions. For those with four or five relations given, cognitively complex Ss, to a greater extent than cognitively simple Ss, made balanced predictions. Cognitively simple Ss tended to make predictions based on consideration
of fewer relations in the social structure. It is suggested that this result supports the contention that cognitively simple Ss become “overloaded” by smaller amounts of information than do cognitively complex Ss, and that such an explanation has relevance to the interpretation
of the balance principle as a conceptual rule.
ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY IN A COIN-FLIPPING TASK
Authors: Till Amnon
Published: May 2006

Female students predicted the outcome of a tossed coin (heads or tails) for each trial. After they had tossed a coin and observed the outcome for 10 trials, they made an attribution of responsibility for the number of successful predictions which they had made. The attribution of responsibility
was made on a continuum varying from complete personal attribution to complete situational attribution. Contrary to the self-enhancement hypothesis, the number of successful predictions did not affect their attribution of responsibility. Both participants and observers made similar attributions
which were mainly situational.
SOCIAL ANXIETY AND SELECTIVE MEMORY FOR AFFECTIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THE SELF
Authors: O'Banion Katy , Arkowitz Hal
Published: May 2006

High and low socially anxious women were given identical feedback about their personality traits after a brief social interaction with a male confederate. The male confederate was trained to respond positively (success) to half of the subjects in each group during the interaction and
negatively (failure) to the other half. Results of a subsequent recognition memory test for the feedback supported one of the main hypotheses and indicated that high socially anxious subjects had more accurate memory for negative information about themselves than did low socially anxious subjects.
Success and failure experiences had no effects on memory. The possible contribution of such selective memory to the mediation and maintenance of social anxiety is discussed.
EXPOSURE, RECALL, JUDGED FAVORABILITY, AND SALES: “MERE EXPOSURE” AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Authors: Stang David J.
Published: May 2006

Although attitudinal effects of exposure have been demonstrated, previous reports of weak relationships between attitudes and behavior raise questions regarding the behavioral effects of exposure. Substantial positive correlations were found between an index of exposure to each U.S.
President, probability of recalling the President in a free recall task, rated favorableness of attitude toward each, and number of Presidential decanters purchased in several grocery stores. Using multiple regression, however, only recall significantly predicted decanter sales (r = 0.81),
while only the exposure index significantly predicted favorableness ratings (r = 0.75). Theoretical implications are discussed.
CONSENSUS AND STABILITY OF PEER ACCEPTANCE-REJECTION STATUS IN EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED CHILDREN
Authors: Kaplan Henry K. , Kaufman Ira
Published: May 2006

Three questions were investigated: the stability of children's sociometric status over periods of one to 11 months in a treatment cottage, extent of consensus regarding the most liked and most disliked child, and the relationship of the general negative behavior level in the cottage and consensus. Seventeen boys in residence two or more months responded to sociometric questions monthly. Cottage behavior level was determined through daily use of a checklist. In 10 of the 11 months there was greater agreement regarding the most disliked peer. The negative cottage behavior level was found to be related to the nature of consensus. Stability in status from month to month was found to be related to children's Like or Dislike status.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEER PERCEPTION SYSTEMS IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Barratt Barnaby B.
Published: May 2006

During an individual interview, each of 64 subjects, aged 8 to 14 years, generated a peer perception grid in which 17 supplied figures were rated on 10 individually elicited bipolar concepts. Three aspects of the system are examined: the attributional characteristics of the concepts
employed, the level of differentiation between peer figures, and the organizational complexity of relations between concepts. It is found that the frequency of concepts concerned with appearance, social role and behavior decreases with maturity, whereas the use of personality concepts increases
steadily. With age, concepts become more adequately descriptive, less likely to involve a personal frame of reference, of greater “depth”, and of increasing discriminatory potential. Girls are generally precocious with respect to these transformations. These trends are paralleled
by a progressive change in figure differentiation. With the youngest subjects marked sex stereotyping is found, and a developmental shift from stereotypic to differential processes in the perception of familiar peers is indicated. Despite this onto-genetic pattern, no age or sex differences
are found in the complexity of relations between concepts, and it is suggested that this either raises doubts about the grid method of assessment or jeopardizes certain theoretical ideas about the growth of social cognition.
PERSONALITY AND DELINQUENCY: FURTHER MULTIVARIATE WORK WITH DISCRIMINANT VARIABLES IN SAMPLES OF SCOTTISH DELINQUENT AND NON-DELINQUENT BOYS
Authors: Forrest A. Russell
Published: May 2006

The first paper (Forrest, 1977) presented results of applying Professor H. J. Eysenck's theory of personality to Scottish delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents. Further validation of these discriminant items and factors is here presented using another set of constructs (Jesness
1962, 1963) which had already (Vallance and Forrest, 1971) shown usefulness when applied to a Scottish adolescent population. One hundred and thirty items from two questionnaires produced discriminant factors called (i) Anti-social Reaction; (ii) Neuroticism; (iii) Isolation from Family; (iv)
inadequacy/Immaturity; (v) Psychoticism. The behavior of these dimensions was examined using more homogeneous subgroups of delinquents and using the Cattell 16 P.F. questionnaire. It is concluded that the factor patterns identified in these two studies of children from the West of Scotland
may refer to personalities organized adaptively about “hostility” in a condition of “angry despair”.
MODELING OF AFFECTIONATE BEHAVIOR IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Pirot Michael , Schubert Josef
Published: May 2006

A female experimenter modeled affectionate physical contact in a group of preschool children who imitated the behavior. This induced a significant increase of affectionate behavior during a subsequent free-play period. By contrast, a group which had imitated “neutral” physical
contact and another that had imitated “warm” verbal contact did not show a significant increase in affectionate behavior. Aggressive behavior was virtually absent in all groups.
THE STRUCTURING OF RECREATIONAL INTERESTS
Authors: Nias David K. B.
Published: May 2006

Ratings for degree of interest in hobbies, TV programs, reading topics and sports, together with the leisure activities they encouraged in their children, were obtained from 1270 adults. Ten relatively independent factors, with a fair degree of similarity across sex, were arrived at
by principal component methods. The analysis was carried out on individual items rather than a priori scores, and the subjects were required to rate only those activities with which they were familiar. The factors were more specific than those identified previously, with normally combined
interests such as entertainment and films emerging as separate components. As a first step towards identifying the characteristics of people with different interests, the relationship of each factor to personality and demographic variables was investigated.
EFFECTS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE ON CHILDREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF INTERNAL-EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
Authors: Cunningham John D. , Gerard Harold B. , Miller Norman
Published: May 2006

Little attention has been devoted to the effects of childhood achievement experiences as they might determine generalized internal-external control orientations (I-F). It was hypothesized that chronic success or failure on intellectual tasks will lead to expectancies of internal or
external control, respectively. Nine- and ten-year-old school children were presented with a competitive dot-counting task in which success and failure were manipulated. Pre- and post-measures were taken on an itemized I-E instrument derived from three previously used scales. Post-measures
were generally unaffected by the success-failure manipulation. However, children who actually performed poorly on the task displayed a more external control orientation than did those who had performed well. Further analysis of the I-F items revealed that those who had actually performed poorly
were most likely to attribute their achievement experiences in general to luck. These findings were interpreted as providing a bridge between study of a personality trait (I-E) and the attributional analysis of achievement events.
A CAVEAT ON THE USE OF RATING SCALES TO ASSESS MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY
Authors: Vestewig Richard E. , Stericker Anne B.
Published: May 2006

Sixty occupations were rated for degree of masculinity and femininity on four different rating scales: a bipolar Femininity-Masculinity scale (Fem-Masc); a unipolar Femininity scale (Fem); a unipolar Masculinity scale (Masc); and a percent of each sex in an occupation scale (%Sex).
High correlations were found among all four rating scales for both sexes, suggesting that subjects view masculinity and femininity measured by rating scales as unidimensional. Males and females also agreed on relative rankings of the occupations on the scales. It was concluded that since personality
inventory measures of masculinity and femininity are not unidimensional, rating scale approaches to measuring masculinity and femininity may give misleading results.
RELIABILITY AND ENDORSEMENT RATES BY AN AMERICAN SAMPLE TO THE SMITH QUICK MEASURE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
Authors: Vestewig Richard E.
Published: May 2006

Item endorsement rates and reliability of the Smith (1973) Quick Measure of Achievement Motivation were studied in a sample of American college students. Of the 10 items, 7 were found to have high endorsement rates. Extreme scale scores were found in only 6% of the sample, with
94% scoring between 4 and 8. Reliability was lower than that reported by Smith, due mainly to a high negative interim-item correlation with one item. It was concluded that the scale may have too little variance to discriminate American college students on achievement motivation, and
that for American students one item may be inappropriately keyed.
PERSONALITY TYPOLOGIES AND MODES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Authors: DiRenzo Gordon J.
Published: May 2006

Theoretical questions on the functional relationship between personality and social systems are extended to a consideration of social change. The analysis is made in terms of the interaction of personality structure and varying modes of social reform. Data are taken from a study of
Italian student movements of social protest and social action. The Rokeach Dogmatism Scale was utilized as a measure of personality structure. This report focuses on three hypotheses regarding differentials in change-orientation, change-participation, and the utilization and/or the advocation
of specific methods and mechanisms of social protest and social reform. Results suggest that social change may be functionally dependent not only more generally upon individuals who are psychologically change-oriented, but also more specifically upon change-agents whose personality structure
is congruent with the particular modes that characterize given processes of social change.
MASLOW'S IMPLIED MATRIX: A CLARIFICATION OF THE NEED HIERARCHY THEORY
Authors: Marsh Edward R.
Published: May 2006

Maslow's need hierarchy theory is restated by means of a matrix arrangement of the constructs within the theory. After consideration of the consequences of this restatement, same significant research is discussed and directions for future research suggested.
THE EFFECT OF OBJECTIVE SELF AWARENESS ON COMPLIANCE IN A REACTANCE SITUATION
Authors: Swart Christopher , Ickes William , Morgenthaler Eric S.
Published: May 2006

Objective self awareness was varied to determine its effect on compliance and reactance. The experimental procedure was similar to that used in an early study of reactance (Brehm and Sensenig, 1966). The principal. result was that objective self awareness increased compliance, a result
that is consistent with those of a number of other studies (e.g., Wicklund and Duval, 1971, Exp. II; Duval, 1976). In addition, males and females were found to differ in response to a threat to their freedom. Males tended to show traditional patterns of reactance and compliance, whereas females
were more compliant under a high threat to freedom and displayed reactance-like behavior under a low degree of threat.
A TEST OF TWO THEORIES IN THE INITIAL PROCESS STAGE OF COALITION FORMATION
Authors: Flaherty John F. , Arenson Sidney J.
Published: May 2006

Males and females participated in a coalition formation procedure by interacting with a computer program that simulated a pachisi game situation. All players occupied position A in the triad, where A > B > C and A < (B + C). The female partner preference data supported
a weighted probability model of coalition formation over a bargaining theory. The male partner preference data did not support either theory. Females tended to prefer player B and present a lower initial bargaining demand than males. Three of the six factors of the Shure and Meeker personality
and attitude schedule which were related to players' initial bargaining demands were authoritarian nationalism, suspiciousness, and risk avoidance. Males and females differed significantly on these same three Shure and Meeker factors.
CONSERVATISM AND THE PERCEPTION OF SELF AND OTHERS
Authors: Innes J. M.
Published: May 2006

A study of the extent to which people are likely to attribute traits to other people rather more than to themselves produced support for the Jones and Nisbett (1972) hypothesis. The level of trait attribution in the present study was, however, higher than that obtained in previous studies.
Subjects low in conservatism assigned more traits than did those high in conservatism, but there was no interaction between conservatism and attribution of traits to self versus others. No support was found for the hypothesis that high conservatives make more extreme judgments than low conservatives.
THE EFFECTS OF A CROSS-CULTURAL SIMULATION GAME ON PARTICIPANTS' PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Petersen Chris , Glover John A. , Romero Dan , Romero Patricia
Published: May 2006

A review of the literature in simulations and games revealed a lack of research in the area of the effects of simulations on personal characteristics of participants. Seventy-six undergraduates participated in the BaFa BaFa cross-cultural simulation. Intolerance for Ambiguity and Dogmatism
were used as the dependent variables with pre and post measures run as repeated measures in the data analysis. Levels of creative ability, grade point average and sex were used as independent variables. A three-way analysis of variance over the shift in dogmatism scores yielded a significant
effect for creative ability across time (pre-post). Likewise, a three-way analysis of variance over the shift in tolerance for ambiguity scores revealed significant interaction of creative ability × sex across time (prepost).
EMERGENT LEADERSHIP PROCESSES AS A FUNCTION OF TASK STRUCTURE AND MACHIAVELLIANISM
Authors: Gleason James M. , Seaman F. James , Hollander Edwin P.
Published: May 2006

Four-man groups participated in a model-building task. They were instructed to discuss and then perform the task as a group. Half the groups were given explicit procedural instructions (High Structure), and the other half were not (Low Structure). Of the four males in each group, one
had scored High, one Low, and two Medium on the Machiavellianism Scale. Medium Machs were rated as leaders significantly more than High or Low Machs, especially in the Low Structure condition. Low Structure increased emergent leadership across Machiavellianism level, while High Structure increased
group members' satisfaction.
DEPENDENCY SIMILARITY, ATTRACTION AND PERCEIVED HELPFULNESS
Authors: Pandey Janak
Published: May 2006

Subjects were asked to evaluate either a similar personality (n = 36) or a dissimilar personality (n = 36) other on measures of interpersonal attraction and characteristics of an altruistic person. Specifically, Ss were found to rate similar others more positively than dissimilar others
and, additionally, to perceive similar others as more helpful and sympathetic than dissimilar others. These results are discussed in terms of the Byrne-Clore reinforcement-affect model and Lott-Lott's secondary reinforcement model 01 interpersonal attraction.
I LIKED YOU BUT I CAN'T LIVE WITH YOU: A STUDY OF LAPSED FRIENDSHIPS
Authors: Duck Steve , Allison Davina
Published: May 2006

A study of lapsed and successful relationships is reported in which the following hypotheses were tested and confirmed. First, that friends who had chosen, after 12 months' acquaintance in communal quarters, to live with one another in more personal accommodation would be found
to be more similar in personal constructs than they were to those they chose not to live with (p < 0.05). Second, that, of these relationships, the ones that were continuing after 8 months would be different in respect of the type of similarity that they manifested from the type observable
in those of the relationships that lapsed (p < 0.001). The results are considered in terms of a stage theory of acquaintance development.
POSSESSION IN HUMANS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF ITS MEANING AND MOTIVATION
Authors: Furby Lita
Published: May 2006

This study examined the nature of possession and ownership in a developmental and cross-cultural context. It was an exploratory study attempting to map out the various dimensions of the meaning of possession, and the motivation for possessive behaviour. An open-ended interview was administered
to (a) 150 American subjects, 30 at each of five age levels (kindergarten, second, fifth, and eleventh grades, and 40- to 50-year-old adults), and (b) 120 Israeli subjects, 60 from the kibbutz and 60 from the city (in each case, 30 of kindergarten age and 30 of fifth-grade age). A content
analysis was performed on the interview responses. The resulting dimensions of the meaning of possession and of the motivation for possession are presented, and the relative saliencies of these dimensions for the different age and cultural groups are discussed. Of particular importance to
all ages and cultural groups were the two dimensions of (a) effectance and control of possessions, and (b) positive affect for possessions. A large number of other dimensions were also obtained, often differing in their relative importance at different ages. It is hoped that the results will
lay the foundations for subsequent empirical work on this topic.
ACQUISITION OF IMITATIVE AGGRESSION IN CHILDREN AS A FUNCTION OF THE AMOUNT OF REINFORCEMENT GIVEN THE MODEL
Authors: Puleo Joseph S.
Published: May 2006

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of model reinforcement on imitative aggression in children. The subjects - 20 boys and 20 girls from a kindergarten class - were randomly assigned to one of jour (three experimental and one control) groups. In the experimental groups,
the subjects were shown a movie in which a male model received different amounts of social praise for playing in an aggressive manner. In the control group, the subjects were not given any exposure to the movie, and thus the model. The subjects from each of these groups were then given access
to a free-play situation. In accordance with social learning theory, the results showed that the number of imitative aggressive responses increased as a function of the amount of praise given the model. The data also showed that boys exhibited more imitative aggressive behaviors than girls.
POSITIONAL POWER AND INTERPERSONAL EVALUATION IN BARGAINING NETWORKS
Authors: Stolte John F.
Published: May 2006

Many social exchange approaches to interpersonal stratification parallel closely the “functionalist” theory of stratification at the macro-societal level. Such approaches have been criticized by conflict theorists for overemphasizing value consensus, freedom of choice, and
social integration. A social exchange approach to bargaining networks is discussed which does not neglect the conflictful aspects of micro-stratification. This formulation asserts that power is a direct function of the centrality of the position occupied by a person in an exchange network.
The formation of pre-normative status hierarchies in bargaining networks is explained. An experiment is reported which uses an interpersonal bargaining task and a manipulation of the centrality of the exchange network position occupied by subjects. The following hypotheses linking positional
power in bargaining networks to evaluations of self and others were supported: persons located in central exchange network positions will evaluate themselves as feeling (a) more pleasant and (b) more exhilarated than persons located in peripheral positions; and central persons will impute
(a) lower status and (b) higher positive evaluations (“pleasantness”) to peripheral positions than the latter” will impute to central persons.
GIRLS' IDENTITY FORMATION AS RELATED TO PERCEPTION OF PARENTS
Authors: Lifshitz Michaela
Published: May 2006

Fifty Israeli female college students participated in a study aimed at assessing women's personal aspirations about self-identity as compared with their perception of mother and father. Results lead to the construction of a model of identity development, along Piaget's formulations,
in which the mother is perceived as mainly responsible for the concrete stage of her children's development by fulfilling, within the family circle, nurturant and affective functions, while the father symbolizes a further step of development by combining also intellectual-abstract qualities
and effective interactions outside the home. Each stage of development is successively built on top of the other, incorporating in its system the earlier stage. The subjects, especially first and only daughters, expressed a wish pattern of self-characteristics very similar to that perceived
in their fathers. This could indicate their striving to combine both feminine and masculine characteristics.
SOME EFFECTS OF NURTURANCE MODELING ON AFFECTIONATE BEHAVIOR IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Pirot Michael , Acker Loren E.
Published: May 2006

Some determinants of affectionate behavior in young children were explored in two experiments. Experiment I demonstrated that children who imitated a male model who was nurturant toward a toy teddy bear were nurturant in kind in a subsequent free-play testing period. Experiment 2 replicated
the above finding and demonstrated that mere participation without imitation of nurturance and imitation of neutral physical contact was not effective in inducing affectionate behavior.
On the Use of Single Sentence Descriptions Of Behavior in Attribution Research
Authors: Kassin Saul , Lowe Charles
Published: May 2006

Previous studies employing attribution questionnaires have neglected important stimulus characteristics of single sentence descriptions of behavior. The present study investigated the effects of the consensus (high vs. low) and sentence structure (active vs. passive) of single sentence
descriptions of different behaviors on causal attributions. As expected, high consensus produced less person attribution than did low consensus, and passive items produced more stimulus attribution than did active items. Implications for the epistemological status of previous questionnaire
research on attributions and, in particular, previous results bearing on consensus and salience were discussed.
Cognitive Complexity and Ego Identity Formation: a Synthesis of Cognitive and Ego Psychology
Authors: Cote James E. , Reker Gary T.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the relationship between the concepts of cognitive complexity and ego identity formation. Male university students were interviewed and divided into three ego identity statuses: diffusions, moratoriums (both in crisis) and achievements (resolution). The hypothesis
that the cognitive structure of in crisis statuses would be characterized by higher levels of differentiation and articulation compared with the resolution status received partial support. Identity diffusions possesses more functionally independent constructs; identity moratoriums have constructs
high in discrimination power. In addition, in crisis individuals tend to have a generalized cognitive strategy for construing liked and disliked interpersonal figures, while resolution subjects are more adept at employing a vigilance strategy whereby it is more adaptive to construe disliked
others more complexly. The findings support the notion that a synthesis of aspects of cognitive and ego psychology is not only feasible but highly desirable.
A Factor Analytic Study of Social Competence in Women
Authors: Steffen John J , Pritchard Deborah , Langmeyeri Daniel
Published: May 2006

In an attempt to uncover the dimensions of heterosocial competence in college women, two independent samples of subjects (n1 = 149, n2 = 120) were given 14 questionnaires designed to measure selected aspects of social competence. Scores on these instruments were
factor analyzed using both maximum likelihood and Kaiser's Little filly solutions. Loadings obtained from both samples suggested three major dimensions: heterosexual anxiety, social self-esteem, and dating activity. Oblique rotation indicated that the factors were highly interrelated.
Cultural Impact on Human Figure Drawings
Authors: de la Veracruz Marcelo , Helwig Loren , Richmond Bert O
Published: May 2006

There has been considerable research to indicate that human figure drawings may be used to predict children's academic and intellectual potential. This instrument was administered to 205 Black children in the Virgin Islands, 266 Black children in Georgia, and 217 White children in Mexico
equally distributed among males and females and in grades 2, 4, and 6. Based on selected scoring criteria, both cultural and sex differences occurred. Black children in different cultures differ from each other on this instrument.
Reluctance to Transmit Bad News When the Recipient is Unknown: Experiments in Five Nations
Authors: O'Neal Edgar , Levine Douglas , Frank James
Published: May 2006

Postcards containing a message either high or low in importance, and either favorable or unfavorable for the recipient, were individually "lost" in the public transportation systems of Paris, Madrid, London, Geneva, and Frankfurt am Main. More postcards were returned when the message
was favorable than when it was unfavorable, but only in the high importance conditions. This pattern of results occurred in each location except Madrid. The findings are discussed in terms of Rosen and Tesser's (1970) reluctance to bear bad news (MUM) effect.
Irish Students' Stereotypes About Some National and Subnational Groups Within Ireland and Great Britain
Authors: McTiernan Timothy , Knox Robert
Published: May 2006

A sample of Irish undergraduates was asked to characterize the English, Irish, Welsh, Scots, Northern Irish Catholics, Northern Irish Protestants, Southern Irish Catholics, and Southern Irish Protestants using both a check list and a free response format. Analyses of the social and
personal stereotypes indicated that the English were described in different and significantly less favorable terms than the Irish. The enmities and strife in Northern Ireland were reflected in the stereotypes about the subnational Irish groups. While Catholics and Protestants, on both sides
of the political border, were seen to be different from each other, these differences were overshadowed by the distinctions between the Northern and Southern groups. Both of the Northern irish targets were characterized in much less favorable and much less differentiated terms than their Southern
counterparts. The implications of these findings were discussed.