bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a global multidisciplinary consensus framework on haemophilia gene therapy: Report of the 2nd World Federation of Haemophilia Gene Therapy Round Table
Authors: Pierce Glenn F. , Pasi K. John , Coffin Donna , Kaczmarek Radoslaw , Lillicrap David , Mahlangu Johnny , Rottellini Dawn , Sannié Thomas , Srivastava Alok , VandenDriessche Thierry , Weill Alain ,   Members of the WFH Gene Therapy Round Table Program Organizing Committee
Published: March 2020

Introduction

With approval of gene therapy for haemophilia likely in the near future, policy frameworks are needed to guide the path forward for this disruptive and novel therapeutic advance.

Aim

The WFH has initiated a series of multi‐stakeholder Gene Therapy Round Tables (GTRT) to better understand where guidance is needed and develop initial consensus statements to inform policy.

Methods

The first day of the 2nd GTRT was devoted to didactic presentations on models of access to gene therapy, payment and health technology assessment considerations, regulatory issues and the generation of evidence on safety and durable efficacy of gene therapy products. On the second day, participants were tasked with developing and voting on consensus statements that reflected the information presented and multi‐stakeholder views expressed during discussions in the 1st and 2nd WFH GTRTs. The statements covered global access to gene therapy for all people with haemophilia (PWH), collection of long‐term safety and efficacy data, ensuring gene therapy is available for all subgroups of PWH including those who have been largely excluded from clinical trials and characterizing acceptable and ideal factor expression levels for gene therapy products.

Results

The first 3 statements achieved consensus (at least 80% agreement) by this group of experts. The statement on identifying an ideal and an acceptable factor level expression elicited a lively discussion but failed to achieve consensus by this group.

Conclusions

This issue of ideal and acceptable factor level expression and other unresolved issues will be brought to the 3rd WFH GTRT in 2020.
THE HIDDEN COST OF BARGAINING: EVIDENCE FROM A CHEATING‐PRONE MARKETPLACE
Authors: Bhattacharya Haimanti , Dugar Subhasish
Published: March 2020

It is widely believed that successful bargaining helps consumers increase their surplus. We present evidence from a field experiment showing that bargaining over price reduces buyer surplus in a marketplace where sellers cheat on the weight whose value may more than offset the price discount. Our results show that bargaining entails hidden costs since sellers cheat significantly more when buyers bargain than not and they cheat significantly more when bargaining succeeds than fails. Overall bargaining reduces buyer surplus than not bargaining. Our result is relevant for credence goods markets where bargaining over prices may induce sellers to “undertreat” more.
Using PLS path modeling for assessing a language teacher observation scale
Authors: Hatamvand Ali , Khany Reza , Samaie Mahmoud
Published: March 2020

Observation is a powerful tool for assessing teachers to ensure teachers' professional growth. Used well, it can provide a clear and accurate picture of teachers and teaching. The aim of this study is to assess the underlying structure and psychometric properties of the Language Teacher's Observation Scale (LTOS) among Iranian EFL teachers. So, a six component model of English teacher observation, encompassing preparing for the lesson, cognitive considerations, metacognitive considerations, social‐interaction considerations, classroom management, teacher behavior and personality, and teacher knowledge was developed. Data was obtained from 540 Iranian English teachers. Half the sample was used for exploratory factor analysis, with the holdout sample used for confirmatory factor analysis. EFA was conducted via SPSS and CFA was conducted via Partial least squares (PLS) estimation method.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Test to monitor the action of eculizumab treatment
Authors: Arcavi Miriam , Ceballo Fernanda , Caracciolo María Beatríz , Lazarowski Alberto
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is caused by a somatic mutation in the PIG‐A gene, which encodes for glycosylphosphatidylinositol, a phospholipid membrane that anchors proteins like CD55 and CD59. These proteins are inhibitors of the complement‐mediated lysis. PNH is diagnosed by flow cytometry, and treatment with eculizumab improves the life quality of patients with severe clinical compromise. The aim of this work was to evaluate a hemolytic test that allows monitoring the blockade of the alternative complement pathway caused by eculizumab (herein MET test).

Methods

There were analyzed a total of 163 serum samples from nine patients with PNH under treatment with eculizumab and ten healthy volunteers like controls. The patients were evaluated for 6 months. The MET test consisted in incubating red blood cells from patients (RBCPNH) with either acidified serum from healthy volunteers and from patients with PNH. The results can be (a) Positive, (b) Blockade profile, or (c) Negative.

Results

Seven patients responded favorably to the eculizumab, and the test evidenced the blockade profile. The two remaining patients were nonresponders to the treatment, with a positive MET test. In these patients, the dose was increased. One responded favorably with a blockade profile, and the other continued to be nonresponder.

Conclusions

The MET test proved to be a useful tool to monitor the blockade of complement by eculizumab.
Abnormal platelet phenotypes in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Liu Jiaxi , Niu Haiyue , Yue Lanzhu , Lv Qi , Yang Liyan , Liu Chunyan , Jiang Huijuan , Xing Limin , Shao Zonghong , Wang Huaquan
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Hemorrhage and infection are two main causes of death in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and it is becoming increasingly clear that platelet dysfunction can also affect the process of hemostasis and anti‐infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate activation function and immune‐related function of platelets in MDS.

Methods

We included 29 MDS patients and divided them into different subgroups (low‐risk group and high‐risk group; untreated group and treated group; pretransfusion group and post‐transfusion group) according to IPSS‐R score, hypomethylating agents (HMAs) therapy, and platelet transfusion history. Platelet light scatter properties, expression of CD41a, activation‐associated phenotypes (CD62p and CD63), and immune‐associated phenotypes (CD154 and TLR4) were detected by multiparameter flow cytometry.

Results

Expression of CD41a was decreased (P < .05), and no difference was found in platelet light scatter properties between MDS patients and healthy subjects (P > .05). Significantly decreased expression frequency and intensity of activation phenotype CD63 were found in patients with MDS (P < .05). Low‐risk MDS showed lower expression frequency while high‐risk MDS showed reduced mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD63. Decreased expression of CD154 and TLR4 was found in MDS patients (P < .05) which was significantly elevated after HMAs therapy (P < .05). Particularly, MFI of CD154 and TLR4 reduced in high‐risk MDS patients (P < .05).

Conclusion

Myelodysplastic syndromes patients displayed defective expression of both activation‐ and immune‐associated platelet phenotypes, with differential mechanisms between low‐risk and high‐risk groups regarding phenotype alterations. The findings confirmed impaired platelet phenotypes in MDS which may assist in the diagnosis and identification of MDS patients.
MORGAN STANLEY ROUNDTABLE ON Capital Structure and Payout Policy
Authors: Smith Clifford , Ikenberry David , Nayar Arun , Anda Jon , McVey Henry , Stewart Bennett
Published: March 2020

A group of distinguished finance academics and practitioners discuss a number of topical issues in corporate financial management: Is there such a thing as an optimal, or value‐maximizing, capital structure for a given company? What proportion of a firm's current earnings should be distributed to the firm's shareholders? And under what circumstances should such distributions take the form of stock repurchases rather than dividends?

The consensus that emerges is that a company's financing and payout policies should be designed to support its business strategy. For growth companies, the emphasis is on preserving financial flexibility to carry out the business plan, which means heavy reliance on equity financing and limited payouts. But for companies in mature industries with few major investment opportunities, more aggressive use of debt and higher payouts can add value both by reducing taxes and controlling the corporate free cash flow problem. In such cases, both leveraged financing and cash distributions through dividends and stock buybacks signal management's commitment to its shareholders that the firm's excess cash will not be wasted on projects that produce low‐return growth that comes at the expense of profitability.

As for the choice between dividends and stock repurchases, dividends provide a stronger commitment to pay out excess cash than open market repurchase programs. Stock buybacks, at least of the open market variety, preserve more flexibility for companies that want to be able to capitalize on unpredictable investment opportunities. But, as with the debt‐equity decision, there is an optimal level of financial flexibility: too little can mean lost investment opportunities, but too much can lead to overinvestment.
Benefits of a transtheoretical model‐based program on exercise adherence in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chen Hongbo , Wang Yunlin , Liu Congying , Lu Han , Liu Nan , Yu Fang , Wan Qiaoqin , Chen Jieru , Shang Shaomei
Published: March 2020

Aims

Benefits of a transtheoretical model‐based exercise program on exercise adherence (primary outcome) and secondary outcomes (self‐efficacy, decisional balance, knee osteoarthritis symptoms, and physical function) were assessed among older adults with knee osteoarthritis.

Design

A two‐arm, superiority, assessor‐blinded, cluster randomized trial with randomization at the community level.

Methods

Participants were recruited from 14 communities in Beijing between April ‐ October 2018 (N = 189). The intervention was a 24‐week transtheoretical model‐based exercise program and the control group underwent a non‐theory–based exercise program. Exercise adherence was collected every 4 weeks and secondary outcomes were measured at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. An independent t test and repeated‐measures ANOVA were the main statistical tests.

Results

Most participants were women (92.5%), married (81.4%), with high‐school education (36.0%), with both knees affected (50.3%), and did not make use of a walker (93.8%). There were no significant differences between groups in any of the outcome measures at baseline. Repeated‐measures ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference in the trend of adherence scores between the two groups from 0–24 weeks. The independent t test showed that scores in the intervention group were significantly better than in the control group at 16, 20, and 24 weeks. Improvements in the intervention group were also significantly greater in all secondary outcomes than in the control group.

Conclusion

A theory‐based exercise program could improve exercise adherence, self‐efficacy, decisional balance, knee osteoarthritis symptoms, and physical functioning in older adults with knee osteoarthritis.

Trial registration

Chinese Clinical Trials Registry number ChiCTR1800015458. Registered 31 March 2018.

Impact

The 24‐week theory‐based exercise program could improve exercise adherence, self‐efficacy, decisional balance, symptoms of knee osteoarthritis, and physical functioning in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The theory‐based exercise program could help older adults with knee osteoarthritis to improve their symptoms and knee function.
Contrasting patterns of Campylobacter and Salmonella distribution in wild birds: a comparative analysis
Authors: Minias Piotr
Published: March 2020

Transmission of gastrointestinal bacteria, Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., from wild birds may have serious consequences for human health and poultry industry. Despite this, our knowledge on the distribution of these bacteria in wild avian populations is limited. Since both genera markedly differ in their pathogenicity in wild birds (Campylobacter is largely non‐pathogenic, while Salmonella is a major pathogen), I expected that their occurrence and modes of transmission can be associated with different ecological and life‐history traits of their avian hosts. To test this hypothesis, I retrieved nearly 700 estimates of Campylobacter and Salmonella prevalences in 200 avian species and implemented phylogenetically‐informed comparative analysis to examine variation in their prevalence. Campylobacter had wider phylogenetic distribution and higher average prevalence in birds than Salmonella. Campylobacter prevalence showed strong associations with basic life‐history components of birds (body mass, development rate and longevity), while Salmonella prevalence was primarily determined by ecological traits (sociality and urbanization). The results also provided support for biogeographical differences and contrasting temporal trends in the occurrence of these bacteria in birds. The study helps to explain the patterns of Campylobacter and Salmonella distribution in wild bird populations from a broad phylogenetic perspective and it might be helpful to establish successful policies aiming to reduce a negative impact of these bacteria on both human health and poultry industry.
Untangling the imprints of climate, geography and land use/cover on bird diversity in the South American Gran Chaco
Authors: Názaro María Gabriela , Dos Santos Daniel A. , Torres Ricardo , Baumann Matthias , Blendinger Pedro G.
Published: March 2020

Aim

To evaluate the structure of bird communities throughout the South American Gran Chaco determining the effects of climate, geography and land use/land cover in bird beta diversity, as well as to understand the beta diversity processes underlying land use changes across broad spatial ranges.

Location

South American Gran Chaco.

Taxon

Birds.

Methods

We constructed a site‐by‐species matrix with occurrence probabilities of 293 bird species across 2,669 spatial units tiling completely the study area. Based on this matrix, we calculated pairwise dissimilarities scores and performed a hierarchical cluster analysis for describing the spatial configuration of dissimilarities. The clustering result was spatially represented through an original venation map with boundaries between sites widened in the function of their distance in the dendrogram. We used the Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling approach to model beta diversity, using geographic distance, climatic and land use/land cover information as predictors. We mapped beta diversity patterns using colour theory and the HSV colour model.

Results

We identified two main clusters of sites across the Gran Chaco, which represent environmentally different sites and harbour very distinct assemblages of species. These main groups are separated by two natural delimiters: The Bermejo‐Pilcomayo interfluvium and the Lower Paraná floodplain. Overall, we observed that the percentage of cropland and climatic variables were important shapers of bird beta diversity.

Main conclusions

We provide the first area‐wide assessment of land use/land cover effects on bird beta diversity for the Gran Chaco. The distribution of croplands has a marked influence on bird beta diversity at regional scale highlighting the role of anthropic changes in reshaping bird beta diversity within the ecoregion. Taking into account the global increasing conversion of forests into croplands, a growing footprint of land use changes over geographical patterns of bird diversity in forest biomes can be anticipated.
Neotropical endemism and dispersal events between tropical and extra‐tropical regions underlay the reticulate assemblages of muscid flies
Authors: Löwenberg‐Neto Peter , de Carvalho Claudio J. B.
Published: March 2020

Aim

The housefly family Muscidae originated during the Paleocene–Eocene and is currently distributed worldwide. We investigated how muscid genera have assembled in the continents by historical dispersal events.

Location

Global (except Antarctica).

Taxon

Muscidae, Diptera, Insecta.

Methods

We compiled a dataset of 181 species, which provided geographic information for 67 genera as terminals. Phylogenetic and geographic data were fitted by five dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis models based on dispersal constraints. Based on the event inferences of the best‐fit model, we quantified the direction and frequency of dispersals through time in absolute numbers and in relation to the number of lineages.

Results

The best‐fit model was ‘unrestricted routes’, which inferred 48 events of dispersals: 66% were trans‐climatic events and 81% were transoceanic events. The direction of the dispersals was strongly asymmetric: the Neotropical (NEO) region was the primary source of lineages for all other regions and the Palearctic (PAL) was the secondary source. The relative frequency of dispersal events through time plot was marked by three phases: the early peak of the frequency (40–35 million years ago [Ma]), a valley of low frequencies (30–20 Ma), and the recent peak (15–5 Ma). Trans‐climatic dispersals from the NEO to the PAL region occurred in all phases. Lineages of the Cyrtoneurininae showed a low frequency of dispersal events and most of the terminals (11 of 15) were endemic to the NEO region.

Conclusion

The Muscidae family originated in the Neotropical region and more recent dispersal events to the Palearctic region established the scenario for lineages to diversify and spread worldwide. Trans‐climatic dispersals were more frequent than cis‐events and tropical niche conservatism was not the underlying mechanism for the whole clade. We showed that dispersal events between biogeographic regions of the same and different climatic zones were required to achieve the current distribution of extant genera of muscids across the globe.
Knockdown GTSE1 enhances radiosensitivity in non–small‐cell lung cancer through DNA damage repair pathway
Authors: Lei Xiao , Du Lehui , Zhang Pei , Ma Na , Liang Yanjie , Han Yanan , Qu Baolin
Published: March 2020

Radiotherapy is an important strategy for NSCLC. However, although a variety of comprehensive radiotherapy‐based treatments have dominated the treatment of NSCLC, it cannot be avoided to overcome the growing radioresistance during radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the radiosensitizing effects of NSCLC via knockdown GTSE1 expression and its mechanism. Experiments were performed by using multiple NSCLC cells such as A549, H460 and H1299. Firstly, we found GTSE1 conferred to radioresistance via clonogenic assay and apoptosis assay. Then, we detected the level of DNA damage through comet assay and γH2AX foci, which we could clearly observe knockdown GTSE1 enhance DNA damage after IR. Furthermore, through using laser assay and detecting DNA damage repair early protein expression, we found radiation could induce GTSE1 recruited to DSB site and initiate DNA damage response. Our finding demonstrated that knockdown GTSE1 enhances radiosensitivity in NSCLC through DNA damage repair pathway. This novel observation may have therapeutic implications to improve therapeutic efficacy of radiation.
Progression of health‐related quality of life of patients waiting for total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Ho Ki Wai , Pong Gerald , Poon Wai Chin , Chung Kwong Yin , Kwok Yan‐Yan , Chiu Kwok Hing
Published: March 2020

Background

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains the surgical gold standard treatment for patients suffering from end‐stage osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. However, due to the high demand and scarce medical resources, the waiting time for surgery is astoundingly lengthy. Controversies are shown in numerous studies, on whether physical functionality and mental status decline or remain stable over the waiting period. This study aims to evaluate the progression in patients suffering from end‐stage OA while on the waiting list for TKA.

Methods

One hundred and twenty‐seven patients suffering from end‐stage OA who were on the TKA waiting list were prospectively recruited from our orthopaedics specialist clinic. They were assessed once a year for 2 years or until surgery. The Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), SF‐36 self‐rated questionnaire and 15D health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire were used as outcome measurements for functionality and disability assessment.

Results

Patients on the waiting list for TKA showed a progressive increase in pain and disability level within the first year (P = .035). Those patients waiting for more than 2 years showed worsening HRQoL (P < .05) as time progressed. However, no significant difference was observed between the first and second years.

Conclusions

A decline in functionality and increase in disability were shown in follow‐up assessments conducted every year. However, a plateau effect is observed with end‐stage disease. This emphasizes that more active conservative management programmes should be introduced and implemented while patients are enlisted on the TKA waiting list. Moreover, timely surgical intervention can improve patients' overall function.

Trial registration

This study involved human participants and reports health‐related outcomes concerning the HRQoL in patients with end‐stage OA of the knee. Thus, it was registered, retrospectively, as a clinical trial under the U.S. National Library of Medicine ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) on March 4, 2018.
Endocrine disruption of gene expression and microRNA profiles in hippocampus and hypothalamus of California mice: Association of gene expression changes with behavioural outcomes
Authors: Butler Mary C. , Long Camryn N. , Kinkade Jessica A. , Green Madison T. , Martin Rachel E. , Marshall Brittney L. , Willemse Tess E. , Schenk A. Katrin , Mao Jiude , Rosenfeld Cheryl S.
Published: March 2020

The hypothalamus and hippocampus are sensitive to early exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Two EDCs that have raised particular concerns are bisphenol A (BPA), a widely prevalent chemical in many common household items, and genistein (GEN), a phyto‐oestrogen present in soy and other plants. We hypothesised that early exposure to BPA or GEN may lead to permanent effects on gene expression profiles for both coding RNAs (mRNAs) and microRNAs (miRs), which can affect the translation of mRNAs. Such EDC‐induced biomolecular changes may affect behavioural and metabolic patterns. California mice (Peromyscus californicus) male and female offspring were developmentally exposed via the maternal diet to BPA (5 mg kg‐1 feed weight low dose [LD] and 50 mg kg‐1 feed weight upper dose [UD]), GEN (250 mg kg‐1 feed weight) or a phyto‐oestrogen‐free diet (AIN) control. Behavioural and metabolic tests were performed at 180 days of age. A quantitative polymerase chain reacttion analysis was performed for candidate mRNAs and miRs in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. LD BPA and GEN exposed California mice offspring showed socio‐communication impairments. Hypothalamic Avp, Esr1, Kiss1 and Lepr were increased in LD BPA offspring. miR‐153 was elevated but miR‐181a was reduced in LD BPA offspring. miR‐9 and miR‐153 were increased in the hippocampi of LD BPA offspring, whereas GEN decreased hippocampal miR‐7a and miR‐153 expression. Correlation analyses revealed neural expression of miR‐153 and miR‐181a was associated with socio‐communication deficits in LD BPA individuals. The findings reveal a cause for concern such that developmental exposure of BPA or GEN in California mice (and potentially by translation in humans) can lead to long standing neurobehavioural consequences.
Ice therapy: cool, current and complicated
Authors: Wright B. , Kronen P. W. , Lascelles D. , Monteiro B. , Murrell J. C. , Robertson S. , Steagall P. V. M. , Yamashita K.
Published: March 2020

This is the fourth Capsule review article provided by the WSAVA Global Pain Council and which discusses the use of ice or cold therapy as a non‐pharmacologic modality for pain control in small animal practice. The physiological effects of cold therapy on tissues, receptors and ion channels are discussed; as well as indications, recommendations for, and limitations of use.
Spectral sleep electroencephalographic correlates of sleep efficiency, and discrepancies between actigraphy and self‐reported measures, in older men
Authors: Smagula Stephen F. , Sofer Tamar , Guo Na , Prerau Michael , Purcell Shaun , Mariani Sara , Yaffe Kristine , Redline Susan , Stone Katie L.
Published: March 2020

Discrepancies between actigraphic and self‐reported sleep measures are common. Studies of people with insomnia, in whom both sleep disturbances and discrepancy are common, suggest disturbances and discrepancy reflect differences in the sleeping brain's activity measurable using spectral electroencephalogram (EEG). Disentangling effects of discrepancy and disturbance on sleep EEG could help target research on the consequences and treatments of different sleep phenotypes. We therefore categorized participants in a cohort study including 2,850 men (average age = 76 years, standard deviation = 5.5) into four groups using median splits on actigraphic and self‐reported sleep efficiency (SE). We compared spectral power between these groups in 1‐Hz bins up to 24 Hz. Compared with the concordant‐high SE group: (a) the group with high actigraphic and low self‐reported SE had higher spectral power from 11–15 Hz across the night; (b) both groups with low actigraphic SE had higher power across the 15–24 Hz range, predominantly in early cycles, and greater slow frequency power in later cycles. These findings suggest that perceived wakefulness undetected by actigraphy may result from or drive activity corresponding to spindles. We also found, consistent with hyperarousal models, that low SE detectable via actigraphy was related to higher frequency power in the beta range; actigraph‐measured inefficiency was also associated with later slow oscillations, potentially representing attempts to dissipate homeostatic drive elevated from earlier hyperarousal. These distinct spectral EEG markers (of low SE measured with actigraphy vs. low perceived SE that is not captured by actigraphy) may have different causes or consequences.
Human capital acquisition as a competitive response to the promotion distortion
Authors: Zax Ori
Published: March 2020

Waldman shows that under the assumption that prospective employers observe whether a worker was promoted, but cannot observe his ability, the promotion policy is inefficient. In the current paper, we show that human capital acquisition made after the players (both worker and employer) observe the worker's ability reduces this inefficiency, even though such an investment is not optimal in some setups.
Geographic variation in the genetic basis of resistance to leaf rust between locally adapted ecotypes of the biofuel crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
Authors: VanWallendael Acer , Bonnette Jason , Juenger Thomas E. , Fritschi Felix B. , Fay Philip A. , Mitchell Robert B. , Lloyd‐Reilley John , Rouquette Francis M. , Bergstrom Gary C. , Lowry David B.
Published: March 2020

Local adaptation is an important process in plant evolution, which can be impacted by differential pathogen pressures along environmental gradients. However, the degree to which pathogen resistance loci vary in effect across space and time is incompletely described.

To understand how the genetic architecture of resistance varies across time and geographic space, we quantified rust (Puccinia spp.) severity in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) plantings at eight locations across the central USA for 3 yr and conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for rust progression.

We mapped several variable QTLs, but two large‐effect QTLs which we have named Prr1 and Prr2 were consistently associated with rust severity in multiple sites and years, particularly in northern sites. By contrast, there were numerous small‐effect QTLs at southern sites, indicating a genotype‐by‐environment interaction in rust resistance loci. Interestingly, Prr1 and Prr2 had a strong epistatic interaction, which also varied in the strength and direction of effect across space.

Our results suggest that abiotic factors covarying with latitude interact with the genetic loci underlying plant resistance to control rust infection severity. Furthermore, our results indicate that segregating genetic variation in epistatically interacting loci may play a key role in determining response to infection across geographic space.
Ants as diaspore removers of non‐myrmecochorous plants: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Anjos Diego V. , Leal Laura C. , Jordano Pedro , Del‐Claro Kleber
Published: March 2020

Diaspore (e.g. seeds, fruits) dispersal is pivotal for plant communities and often involves several steps and different dispersing agents. Most studies focusing on diaspore dispersal by animals have highlighted the role of vertebrates, neglecting the role of ants in the diaspore dispersal of non‐myrmecochorous plants. Diaspore dispersal by ants is especially relevant in the current scenario of declining of vertebrate populations and, consequently, collapse of the dispersal system of large‐seeded plants. Although ants can never compensate for the dispersal service provided by vertebrates, they can mitigate the impact of vertebrate decline via removal of diaspores deposited on the ground. We have used a meta‐analytical approach to investigate the contribution of ants in the removal of non‐myrmecochorous diaspores (through vertebrate exclusion experiments). We considered the number of diaspore removal as effect size and factors such as plant growth forms, diaspore and ant size, habitat type as moderators. In addition, we investigated the role of such factors on the diaspore removal distance by ants. Ants played complementary role to non‐myrmecochorous diaspore removal services provided by vertebrates (mean Hedges’ g of −0.30). The ant diaspore removal was 69% higher for diaspores from shrubs than that of tree diaspores and removal of small‐sized diaspores were 69% and 70% higher in comparison to medium‐ and large‐sized diaspores, respectively. Regarding the diaspore removal distance by ants, those of tree species were removed 32% farther than those of shrub species, and diaspores were removed three‐ times farther in the savanna than in rainforest ecosystems. Our results highlight the shrubs and small‐sized diaspores. Regarding the diaspore removal distance, the ants can be crucial for the dispersal of tree diaspores and in the savanna ecosystems. Finally, considering the biodiversity crisis, the ants may play an even more important role than appreciated in diaspores dispersal.
Support for the climatic variability hypothesis depends on the type of thermal plasticity: lessons from predation rates
Authors: Wang Ying‐Jie , Stoks Robby , Sentis Arnaud , Tüzün Nedim
Published: March 2020

Plastic and evolutionary changes in traits related to biotic interactions are crucial for the local persistence of populations under global warming. Yet, how acute and developmental thermal plasticity evolve and shape predation rates has been poorly studied, especially in the context of latitude‐driven thermal evolution. A powerful predictive framework is given by the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) stating that thermal plasticity and acclimation capacity evolve to be higher in high‐latitude populations because these are exposed to higher thermal seasonal variability. We tested the CVH for predation rates and evaluated if the support for the CVH depended on the type of plasticity and acclimation metric. We examined effects of developmental temperature (20 and 24°C) and acute changes in mean and extreme temperatures (20, 24 and 32°C) on the predation rates of high‐ and low‐latitude populations of a predatory aquatic insect, the damselfly Ischnura elegans. We documented opposing and interactive effects between developmental and acute temperatures, which urges caution when using thermal performance curves to forecast the impact of global warming on biotic interactions. Predation rates were higher in low‐latitude than high‐latitude predators, especially at the warmer developmental and test temperatures, suggesting thermal adaptation to the higher low‐latitude temperatures. The latitudinal patterns in acute and developmental plasticities differed, providing mixed support for the CVH. Moreover, there was no latitudinal pattern in post‐acclimation thermal sensitivity, indicative of perfect thermal compensation in predators from both latitudes. Strikingly, the acclimation capacity leading to perfect thermal compensation was ~6 times higher in high‐latitude than in low‐latitude predators. Our study provides new insights into the climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) by documenting that its support is critically dependent on the type of plasticity and acclimation metric used.
Myopia management in the Netherlands
Authors: CW Klaver Caroline , Polling Jan Roelof ,   Erasmus Myopia Research Group
Published: March 2020

Purpose

A trend that myopia is becoming gradually more common is shown in studies worldwide. Highest frequencies have been found in East Asian urban populations (96.5%) but also a study in Europe shows that nearly half of the 25‐29 year olds has myopia. With the increase in prevalence, high myopia, i.e. a spherical equivalent of ‐6 or more and an axial length of 26 mm or more is also on the rise. High myopia particularly carries a significant risk of ocular pathology related to the long axial length. This highlights the need for myopia management in children with progressive myopia, in particular progression to high myopia.

Recent findings

During the last decade, many intervention studies for myopia progression have emerged. Although lifestyle adjustments are effective, pharmacological and optical interventions have shown the highest efficacy on reduction of eye growth. High concentration atropine (0.5%‐1.0%) shows the most reduction in axial length progression, but has drawbacks of light sensitivity and loss of accommodation. Nevertheless, when these side effects are mitigated by multifocal photochromatic glasses, the long‐term adherence to high dose atropine is high. Lower concentrations of atropine are less effective, but have less side effects. Studies on optical interventions have reported reduction of progression for Ortho‐K and multifocal contact lenses, but are in need for replication in larger studies with longer duration.

The field of myopia management is rapidly evolving, and a position on the best approach for daily clinics is desirable. Over the last 10 years, our team of clinical researchers has developed a strategy which involves decision‐making based on age, axial length, position on the axial length growth chart, progression rate, risk of high myopia, risk profile based on lifestyle and familial risk, side effects, and individual preference. This personalised approach ensures the most optimal long‐term myopia control, and helps fight against visual impairment and blindness in the next generations of elderly.
Optimal Level of Femoral Neck for Predicting Postoperative Stem Anteversion in Total Hip Arthroplasty for Crowe Type I Dysplastic Hip
Authors: Yu Degang , Zhai Zanjing , Zhang Jingwei , Zhu Zhenan , Li Huiwu , Yan Mengning , Mao Yuanqing
Published: March 2020

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the optimal level of femoral neck for measuring femoral anteversion to predict postoperative stem anteversion in Crowe type I developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed 108 Crowe type I hips that underwent THA between January 2016 and December 2017, including 70 women and 19 men with a mean age of 63.08 ± 9.13 (range, 41–83) years. The single‐wedge stem was used in 37 hips, the double‐wedge stem was used in 71 hips. Computed tomography scans were performed pre‐ and post‐operation. Femoral anteversion at six levels of the proximal femur were measured via preoperative two‐dimensional computed tomography. Femoral anteversion at the level of the femoral neck osteotomy plane and postoperative stem anteversion were measured via three‐dimensional reconstructed models.

Results

The mean follow‐up period was 18.5 months (range, 12–27). The mean preoperative Harris Hip Score was 51.5 ± 8.7 and improved to 90.4 ± 7.8 (P < 0.001) by the last follow‐up. There were no intraoperative fractures, and no infections occurred during the follow‐up period. Two patients developed deep venous thrombosis. There was no sign of prosthetic loosening in all hips. No significant correlations were found between the height of the femoral neck osteotomy plane and postoperative stem anteversion (r = −0.119, P = 0.220). Femoral anteversion decreased gradually from 64.00° ± 10.51° at the center of lesser trochanter to 15.21° ± 13.31° at the head–neck junction, which was changed from more to less than stem anteversion (24.37° ± 13.86°). The femoral anteversion at femoral head–neck junction (15.21° ± 13.31°) was significantly less than postoperative stem anteversion (P = 0.000), with a difference of −9.16° ± 9.27°. The femoral anteversion at the level of the osteotomy plane (28.48° ± 15.34°) was significantly more than the postoperative stem anteversion (P = 0.000), with a difference of 4.11° ± 9.56°. Among all six levels and the level of osteotomy, femoral anteversion at the 10‐mm level above the proximal base of lesser trochanter (22.65 ± 12.92) displayed the smallest difference (−1.72° ± 8.90°) and a good correlation (r = 0.764) with postoperative stem anteversion for all 108 hips, with a moderate correlation of 0.465 for single‐wedge stem hips and an excellent correlation of 0.821 for double‐wedge stem hips.

Conclusion

For Crowe type I hips, femoral anteversion would be different if it was measured via different levels of the femoral neck. The 10‐mm level above the proximal base of the lesser trochanter could be an optimum choice for measuring femoral anteversion to predict postoperative stem anteversion.
Does organizational performance affect employee turnover? A re‐examination of the turnover–performance relationship
Authors: Wang Weijie , Sun Rusi
Published: March 2020

A common problem with using organizational performance as the dependent variable is the ignoring of feedback effect. The current conceptualization of the turnover–performance relationship is mostly unidirectional, focusing on how turnover affects organizational performance. Only a few scholars have investigated the possible reverse relationship between turnover and performance. Aiming to further the research on the feedback effect of organizational performance, this study employed cross‐lagged structural equation models that are especially suitable for modelling the possible reverse relationships between variables. Data were collected from public elementary and middle schools in New York City over a three‐year period. The results consistently show that organizational performance was negatively related to subsequent employee turnover. This research contributes to the development of a more valid and comprehensive understanding of the relationship between employee turnover and organizational performance.
Recurrent sterile abscesses in a case of X‐linked neutropenia
Authors: Biggs Catherine M. , Modi Bhavi , Steinraths Michelle , Del Bel Kate , Pourshahnazari Persia , Griffiths Cameron , Forrest David M. , Prendiville Julie , Dutz Jan P. , Turvey Stuart E. , Cameron Scott B.
Published: March 2020

Cutaneous manifestations are common in monogenic immune disorders, including both infectious and non‐infectious etiologies. We report follow‐up of a case initially published in Pediatric Dermatology in 2001 of a 13‐year‐old boy with a history of inflammatory skin lesions and neutropenia who developed neutrophilic dermatoses precipitated by G‐CSF. Whole exome sequencing performed at 36 years of age revealed a gain‐of‐function mutation in the WAS gene, leading to a diagnosis of X‐linked neutropenia. This case report provides closure on a decades‐long diagnostic odyssey and underscores the importance of genetic sequencing in patients who present with unusual dermatologic findings.
Colorimetric analysis of images in the follow‐up of infantile hemangiomas
Authors: Abagge Kerstin Taniguchi , Sandri Camila de Oliveira , Sakai Luan Seiji Minuk , Mussato Lucas Pereira , Petterle Ricardo Rasmussen , Oliveira de Carvalho Vânia Oliveira
Published: March 2020

Background/Objectives

Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are common vascular tumors that appear early in life, have a rapid proliferative phase and slowly involute. There are no standardized ways to evaluate the regression of these lesions. We propose a colorimetric analysis of photographs to allow a more precise determination of IH treatment response and involution.

Methods

Patients 1‐10 months of age with superficial or mixed IH were included. The lesions were managed with 0.5% topical timolol ophthalmic solution. Patients were followed for 16 weeks with 6 evaluations each. Photographic images were taken with a red and green circle placed beside each hemangioma. The photographs were treated as to equalize the size, color, and brightness among them based on the colors of the two circles. A grading scale was established based on the color of the patient skin (0) and the color of the hemangioma at the beginning of treatment (100) by pixel analysis using Adobe Photoshop® software.

Results

A total of 17 patients 1 to 10 months of age were included, of whom 16 were girls (94%). Fourteen lesions were superficial, and 3 were mixed IH. The median time prior to initiation of treatment was 105 days (44‐232). All lesions showed some degree of clearing. The mean of lightening of color intensity observed was of 45% (17%‐74%) over the period of follow‐up.

Conclusions

The colorimetric analysis of the digital images allowed an accurate and objective evaluation of IH clearing.
Trauma, substance use, and mental health symptoms in transitional age youth experiencing homelessness
Authors: Dawson‐Rose Carol , Shehadeh Deena , Hao Jennifer , Barnard Jasmine , Khoddam‐Khorasani Ladan (Ladi) , Leonard Adam , Clark Kristen , Kersey Eva , Mousseau Haley , Frank Julie , Miller Aaron , Carrico Adam , Schustack Amy , Cuca Yvette P.
Published: March 2020

Objective

This descriptive study examined the prevalence and correlates of trauma, substance use, and mental health symptoms in homeless transitional age youth (TAY) in San Francisco.

Design & Sample

One hundred homeless TAY were recruited from a community‐based organization to complete a survey on trauma, mental health symptoms, and substance use.

Measurements

We used these measures: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)‐Modified Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) for frequency and risk level of substance use; the 10‐item Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) for prevalence of trauma; the Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM‐5 for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for depression symptoms; and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7‐item for anxiety symptoms.

Results

Almost all (n = 98) participants experienced at least one ACE during childhood, and 77% experienced four or more. Most participants (80%) reached the diagnostic threshold for PTSD, 74% for depression, and 51% for moderate anxiety. Symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were all significantly correlated with use of opioids and stimulants.

Conclusion

Trauma, and co‐occurring substance use and mental health problems are prevalent among homeless TAY. Individual‐ and community‐level interventions are needed to address and improve the health of this population.
S100A12 promotes inflammation and apoptosis in ischemia/reperfusion injury via ERK signaling in vitro study using PC12 cells
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Shen Rui , Shu Zhongwen , Zhang Quanbin , Chen Zuoquan
Published: March 2020

S100A12 is a member of S100 calcium‐binding proteins with effect to promote inflammation in brain damage and stroke. However, the role of S100A12 in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) remains to be clarified. This study aimed to explore the effect of S100A12 on I/R and discover the possible mechanism. Oxygen‐glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) was used to induce I/R injury model in vitro. Knockdown or overexpression of S100A12 was utilized to explore the role of S100A12 in I/R‐induced inflammation and apoptosis. Results indicated that S100A12 expression was dramatically upregulated after OGD/R. Knockdown of S100A12 inhibited, while overexpression of S100A12 enhanced, the activation of ERK1/2 protein. OGD/R also triggered the occurrence of inflammation and oxidative stress, while these effects were blunted by S100A12 silencing and aggravated by S100A12 overexpression, and the presence of MAP kinase signaling system (ERK) inhibitor MK‐8353 counteracted the effect of S100A12 overexpression. Besides, S100A12 silencing abolished, while its overexpression restored, the OGD/R‐induced increased apoptosis rate and pro‐apoptotic proteins expression. Similarly, ERK inhibitor MK‐8353 reversed the effects of S100A12 overexpression. In conclusion, S100A12 promoted OGD/R‐induced inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis via activation of ERK signaling in vitro.
Features of metabolic regulation revealed by transcriptomic adaptions driven by long‐term elevated pCO2 in Chaetoceros muelleri
Authors: Liang Chengwei , Zhang Yufei , Wang Lu , Shi Lei , Xu Dong , Zhang Xiaowen , Ye Naihao
Published: March 2020

Ocean acidification caused by the rise of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) is expected to influence many marine species, especially phytoplankton. Diatoms, a key group of phytoplankton, play vital roles in global carbon fixation and natural food webs. Currently, little is known about their adaptive responses to long‐term acidification. In this study, physiological and transcriptomic approaches were combined to explore the mechanisms by which Chaetoceros muelleri can endure long‐term acidification. Physiological changes were significantly affected by long‐term elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) levels. Drastic changes in lipid content and composition were observed under both short‐ and long‐term high‐pCO2 stresses. Changes in the transcriptome revealed that a wide range of cellular and metabolic processes were differentially affected. A global upregulation of genes involved in the Calvin cycle, glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis and nitrogen metabolism occurred under long‐term acidification. Thus, C. muelleri may have evolved new features to adapt to the elevated pCO2 level. Calvin cycle and nitrogen metabolic mechanisms may play roles in new molecular strategies to survive increasingly acidified waters in the future.