bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of the P2Y13 Receptor in the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells into Osteoblasts and Adipocytes
Authors: Biver Galadrielle , Wang Ning , Gartland Alison , Orriss Isabel , Arnett Timothy R. , Boeynaems Jean-Marie , Robaye Bernard
Published: April 2013

Accumulating evidence indicates that extracellular nucleotides, signaling through purinergic receptors, play a significant role in bone remodeling. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express functional P2Y receptors whose expression level is regulated during osteoblast or adipocyte differentiation. P2Y13-deficient mice were previously shown to exhibit a decreased bone turnover associated with a reduction in the number of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts on the bone surfaces. We therefore examined whether P2Y13R activation was involved in the osteogenic differentiation of MSC. Our study demonstrated that ADP stimulation of P2Y13R+/+ (but not P2Y13R-/-) adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) increased significantly the formation of alkaline phosphatase-colony-forming units (CFU-ALP) as well as the expression of osteoblastic markers (osterix, alkaline phosphatase, and collagen I) involved in the maturation of preosteoblasts into osteoblasts. The number of CFU-ALP obtained from P2Y13R-/- BMSC and the level of osteoblastic gene expression after osteogenic stimulation were strongly reduced compared to those obtained in wild-type cell cultures. In contrast, when P2Y13R-/- BMSCs were incubated in an adipogenic medium, the number of adipocytes generated and the level of adipogenic gene expression (PPARγ2 and Adipsin) were higher than those obtained in P2Y13R+/+ MSC. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase of the number of bone marrow adipocytes in tibia of P2Y13R-/- mice. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the P2Y13R plays an important role in the balance of osteoblast and adipocyte terminal differentiation of bone marrow progenitors. Therefore, the P2Y13 receptor can be considered as a new pharmacological target for the treatment of bone diseases like osteoporosis. STEM Cells 2013;31:2747–2758
Why I believe nanoparticles are crucial as a carrier for targeted drug delivery
Authors: Baker James R.
Published: April 2013

Nanoparticles are the only materials small enough to target cells in the body, and therefore are crucial to targeted drug delivery. Issues with the synthesis, consistency, and bioactivity of these molecules are still being addressed, but base on current proof of concept studies there is a reason to believe that the ‘holy grail’ of targeted drug delivery might someday be achieved using nanoparticle‐based systems. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1226

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Survival of native and autumn‐translocated elk in a recovering western Washington population
Authors: McCorquodale Scott M. , Danilson Chris D. , Davison Michael A. , Bohannon Jennifer S. , Madsen W. Chris , Cook Rachel C. , Cook John G.
Published: April 2013

We documented survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) in the Nooksack herd of Northwest Washington, USA, 2000–2008, following a temporary harvest moratorium. To increase Nooksack elk abundance, 77 adult female elk were radiocollared and translocated from the Mt. St. Helens Wildlife Area (MSHWA) during October 2003 (n = 38) and October 2005 (n = 39). We used known‐fate models to explore survival among radiocollared native adult females (n = 26), translocated adult females (n = 77), and native branch‐antlered males (n = 24) in the Nooksack herd using 16 candidate models. The best model assumed similar survival for native and translocated female elk, except for a 1‐year reduction in survival for the 2003 translocation cohort. The best model assumed that survival for branch‐antlered Nooksack males differed during the harvest moratorium (pre‐2007) and after limited permit‐controlled hunting resumed in 2007. Under the best model, we estimated that annual survival for all adult female elk was 0.93 (95% CI = 0.90–0.95), except that 2003 MSHWA‐translocated elk survival was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.51–0.82) during the first year post‐translocation. We estimated male survival was 0.92 (95% CI = 0.76–0.99) prior to 2007 and was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.50–0.82) during 2007–2008. We did not detect a difference in mean body fat between translocated elk that died during the first year after translocation and those that survived (P = 0.39), although there were proportionally more very lean elk among those that died in the first post‐translocation year. Elk that died in their first post‐translocation year had marginally higher body temperatures at handling than those that survived (105.3°F ± 0.6° [SE; 40.7° C ± 0.3°] and 104.2° ± 0.2° [40.1° C ± 0.1°], respectively; P = 0.07). Despite the lower first‐year survival of elk translocated in 2003, we concluded that the 2 translocations contributed substantively to Nooksack elk restoration. We discuss strategic aspects of autumn translocation that appeared to promote success. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Dentine method: Aging white‐tailed deer by tooth measurements
Authors: Cooper Susan M. , Sieckenius Shane S. , Silva Andrea L.
Published: April 2013

The ability to age white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is essential for population management, but field‐aging techniques based on visual assessment of tooth‐wear patterns lack accuracy. We used regression analysis to relate tooth measurements to age of 54 known‐age wild South Texas (USA) male deer captured from 2002 to 2012. Using 9 animals/age class, from 2.5 to 7.5 years old, we measured cusp height and widths of each layer of enamel or dentine within each cusp of the third premolar (P3) on both left and right sides of the lower jaws. We found a linear relationship between age and dentine width (D), particularly within the anterior buccal cusp of P3 on the right jaw (r2 = 0.727). The regression equation, Age = 1.819 + (1.755 × D) provided a predictive aging model. We validated this model with 140 jaws from different known‐age male deer within the same age range and from the same locations. Placement within the correct year class was achieved for 48% of male deer, and 90% were classified within 1 year of their actual age. This accuracy was greater than that achieved by 27 Wildlife Society members who correctly aged 28% of a subsample of the same jaws by tooth‐wear patterns. Thus, using tooth measurements to age deer provided more accurate age estimation than visual tooth‐wear methods. The dentine method is particularly useful for deer ≥3.5 years old. This technique may need to be calibrated with measurements from local known‐aged deer before being used to age animals from regions beyond South Texas. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Demonstration of ground‐penetrating radar as a useful tool for assessing pocket gopher burrows
Authors: Cortez Jorge D. , Henke Scott E. , Redeker Eric , Fulbright Tim E. , Riddle Richard , Young John
Published: April 2013

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) is an innovative and non‐invasive method that uses radar to penetrate the ground and develop three‐dimensional digital images of the top several meters of the earth. Ground‐penetrating radar has been used extensively in the fields of engineering, military science, forensic science, archaeology, and environmental remediation, but has received little attention by wildlife professionals. We demonstrated a possible application of GPR for wildlife studies for mapping burrow systems using maritime pocket gophers (Geomys personatus maritimus), a subspecies of concern as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Ground‐penetrating radar surveys were conducted at Naval Air Station—Corpus Christi on five 15‐m × 15‐m areas with >200 above‐ground gopher mounds/ha during July 2007. Survey areas were scanned with a Geophysical Survey Systems Inc. SIR‐3000, GPR digital control unit and a 900‐MHz ground‐coupled antenna. Within the 5 areas, we located 8 gophers and mapped 267 m of tunnels that had an average depth of 0.6 m. We were able to differentiate deteriorating or abandoned tunnels from active tunnels, detect an underground pipeline, and distinguish changes in soil texture using GPR. Ground‐penetrating radar is a non‐destructive and non‐invasive method to gain knowledge of fossorial animal movements and potential destabilization of soil integrity. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
A methodology for long‐term population monitoring of the endangered key largo cotton mouse
Authors: Greene Daniel U. , Castleberry Steven B. , Mengak Michael T.
Published: April 2013

The Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola) was federally listed as Endangered in 1984 due to habitat loss and subsequent population decline, but because of infrequent monitoring, the extent of decline and long‐term population trends are unknown. We modeled population abundance under a variety of trapping scenarios to develop a monitoring protocol that would provide accurate population estimates and could be conducted more frequently under current personnel and budget constraints. We captured cotton mice on 33 trapping grids in Key Largo, Florida, USA, during 3 trapping sessions (1 Mar–11 May, 4 Jul–7 Sep, and 29 Oct–31 Dec) in 2007. We compared demographic parameter estimates from subsets of trapping grids with estimates from all grids to identify a subset of grids that would produce population estimates within 10% and remain within the 95% confidence intervals of estimates using all grids when both methods were extrapolated to total available habitat. There were insufficient captures in session 1 to produce a reliable population estimate. We found that 13 and 12 trapping grids, respectively, produced abundance estimates meeting our criteria in sessions 2 and 3. We conclude that the subset of 12 grids trapped during November and December will allow a 64% reduction in number of trapping grids necessary to provide a reliable population estimate. Employed annually, our recommended trapping protocol provides state and federal agencies an efficient method for monitoring trends in the Key Largo cotton mouse population. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Toward a non‐invasive inuit polar bear survey: Genetic data from polar bear hair snags
Authors: De Groot Peter Van Coeverden , Wong Pamela B. Y. , Harris Christopher , Dyck Markus G. , Kamookak Louie , Pagès Marie , Michaux Johan , Boag Peter T.
Published: April 2013

We explore the feasibility of collecting microsatellite genotypes of non‐invasively collected hair from free‐ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in M'Clintock Channel, Nunavut, Canada. We estimate the minimum number of individuals in a region of the M'Clintock Channel population and evaluate potential sampling biases associated with corral sampling stations. We optimized 6 variable microsatellite loci for genotyping hair‐snag DNA with low genotyping error (mean allelic dropout and false allele error rates <5%). In May of 4 sequential years (2006–2009), we collected 595 hair‐snag samples from 145 baited corral sampling stations, from which 319 hair snags were used to detect 59–82 individuals using 4–6 microsatellite loci; we also genetically sexed these individuals. Although genetic sex estimates of matching genotypes are generally in agreement, the estimated sex ratio differs from that previously reported from aerial mark–recapture, which suggests a potential male bias in our sampling stations. These noninvasive methods of identifying individual and sex of bears hold promise for frequent and inexpensive estimates of polar bear population activity informed by Inuit hunters. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Antioxidative and Functional Properties of Pumpkin Oil Cake Globulin Hydrolysates
Authors: Popović Ljiljana , Peričin Draginja , Vaštag Žužana , Popović Senka , Krimer Vera , Torbica Aleksandra
Published: April 2013

Cucurbitin extracted from pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) oil cake was enzymatically hydrolysed with three different enzymes viz. alcalase, flavourzyme and pepsin. Antioxidative and functional properties of cucurbitin hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) were investigated. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates was strongly dependent on the enzyme used. The hydrolysates obtained by alcalase and pepsin showed antioxidative potential whereas flavourzyme hydrolysates did not demonstrate these activities. Reducing power and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity of cucurbitin hydrolysate were positively related to DH. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the hydrolysate obtained by alcalase at DH 25.6 % [reducing power of 0.25 ± 0.01 A700 nm and ABTS scavenging activity of 3.34 ± 0.02 mmol/L Trolox equivalent antioxidant coefficients (TEAC)]. Hydrolysis by all enzymes increased the protein solubility within the studied pH range. The best emulsion activity and stability index (EAI = 143.28 ± 3.05 m2/g and ESI = 87.5 ± 1.96 min) have hydrolysates produced by flavourzyme (DH 9.2 %) whereas alcalase produced hydrolysates with the best foaming capacity (FC = 242 ± 3.21). The results demonstrate that hydrolysates produced in the present study have good functional properties as well as antioxidant activity indicating their possible use in different food systems.
SLIDE REDUCTION, SUCCESSIVE MINIMA AND SEVERAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: LI JIANWEI , WEI WEI
Published: April 2013

Gama and Nguyen [‘Finding short lattice vectors within Mordell’s inequality’, in: Proceedings of the 40th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, New York, 2008, 257–278] have presented slide reduction which is currently the best SVP approximation algorithm in theory. In this paper, we prove the upper and lower bounds for the ratios $\Vert { \mathbf{b} }_{i}^{\ast } \Vert / {\lambda }_{i} (\mathbf{L} )$ and $\Vert {\mathbf{b} }_{i} \Vert / {\lambda }_{i} (\mathbf{L} )$, where ${\mathbf{b} }_{1} , \ldots , {\mathbf{b} }_{n} $ is a slide reduced basis and ${\lambda }_{1} (\mathbf{L} ), \ldots , {\lambda }_{n} (\mathbf{L} )$ denote the successive minima of the lattice $\mathbf{L} $. We define generalised slide reduction and use slide reduction to approximate $i$-SIVP, SMP and CVP. We also present a critical slide reduced basis for blocksize 2.
Silurian reefs off Saaremaa and their extension towards Gotland, central Baltic Sea
Authors: TUULING IGOR , FLODÉN TOM
Published: April 2013

The Silurian reefs off Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea were studied by means of high-resolution seismic reflection profiling. The abundance and diversity of the reefs increases off Saaremaa concomitantly with the deepening of the Baltic Silurian Basin towards Gotland. The peak of the reefs around Saaremaa occurred during the Middle Wenlock. The reef facies retreated further off Saaremaa during the Late Wenlock, became episodically restored around the island during the early Ludlow and finally ceased during the late Ludlow. A similar SW–NE–SW migration of reefs reflects an alternating transgressive–regressive pattern in the nearshore shallow shelf environment, where already minor sea-level fluctuations strongly influenced the conditions for reef growth. During the early Wenlock, a bathymetric break with a large barrier-reef-like structure divided the shallow shelf offshore Saaremaa facially into back-reef and southerly sloping fore-reef areas. The width of this SW-migrating barrier (c.8 km) and the extent of reef bodies within it (c.4 km) are the largest known in the Baltic region. During the Silurian, the reefs between Saaremaa and Gotland were flourishing to a much larger extent than is visible today. The primary Silurian reef pattern was increasingly destroyed towards Gotland by later erosion. This has resulted in a large area void of Wenlock reefs off northern Gotland. Off southern Gotland, the narrow conical low-energy deeper-water reefs prevail, as the wave-agitated shallow-water facies with larger and lenticular Wenlock and Ludlow reefs are largely eroded around the Gotland Deep.
World War I and Internal Repression: The Case of Major General Nikolaus Cena
Authors: Marin Irina
Published: April 2013

On 24 August 1914, Lieutenant General Artur von Bolfras warned his peer Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf that the draconian measures directed against domestic suspects were causing a lot of trouble and amounted to throwing the baby out with the bath water by fostering internal animosity. “We should not,” Bolfras insisted, “unnecessarily antagonize the population who have so far shown themselves to be loyal and ready for sacrifice beyond all expectations.” He urged in particular that Conrad should use his influence to put a stop to the excesses of the military command in Temesvár in southern Hungary, where, starting in late July 1914, hundreds of arrests were made following the partial mobilization against Serbia, thus putting into practice Conrad's professed military rationale: “better lock up one hundred people than one too few.” The initial spate of arrests and internments that accompanied the mobilization for war continued well into the autumn of 1914, snowballing into virulent state-driven repression, targeting mostly, but not only, Serbs, a situation which Josef Redlich referred to in his journal as a “race war” and a “systematic policy of extermination.” To Bolfras's letter of notification, Conrad replied that orders had been wired to Temesvár to the effect that abuses should be avoided and the military should work harmoniously with the civilian authorities, but he also signified that “we here can't do anything about individual abuses.”
Croatia's Politics of the Past during the Tuđman Era (1990–1999)—Old Wine in New Bottles?
Authors: Radonic Ljiljana
Published: April 2013

The Croatian break with the Yugoslav narrative was—besides parting from the official slogan “brotherhood and unity”—first of all a break with its anti-Fascist legacy and narrative about World War II. This article asserts that while the contents of the “politics of the past” changed completely after Croatia's independence in 1990, the manner in which a dominant historical narrative was asserted during the era of President Franjo Tuđman remained the same, thanks to the Manichean worldview on which it rested, a deficient democracy, and government oppression of the free media.
Favorinus'Corinthian Orationin its Corinthian context
Authors: König Jason
Published: April 2013

At some time in the second quarter of the second century AD, the controversial sophist–philosopher Favorinus seems to have delivered a speech in Corinth, complaining about the removal of a statue which had previously been erected there in his honour. In doing so he was addressing the inhabitants of a city which occupied an unusual – in many ways unique – position between Greek and Roman identity: Corinth had been sacked by Roman forces in 146 BC, and then refounded as a Roman colony more than one hundred years later, and even in the second century AD it was still sometimes represented as a Roman intrusion within the Greek world, even though it had been strongly influenced by the Greek populations surrounding it in the intervening years. My aim in this article is to examine Favorinus'Corinthian Orationin the light of the cultural ambiguities of its setting. Despite increasing interest in Favorinus in recent years, and despite an increasing volume of archaeological evidence for Corinthian life in the second century, there have been very few detailed readings of the speech's complexities, and even fewer which have recognized the way in which it is crucially anchored within its Corinthian context.
Two shorter notes, poetological and philological, on the newmismatics:
Authors: Henderson John
Published: April 2013

To coin a phrase, lots of Virgil line our pockets and purses. Real money may be a matter of digits on a credit card over the internet, but cultural identity is still summed up for a vocal minority of English in terms of heavy metal. The pound, that vestige of the ￡ibra (Schillings und Denarii). Here is a post-modern coin's paean to its own nature: round each rim runs the ￡egend:

DECVS*ET*TVTAMEN

So ￡ong as the ￡ettering is ￡egible, the pound is ￡egal currency. And so it proclaims: this inscription tells us its function, ‘ornament’ + ‘defence’, as Dryden would put it. This 3-D epigraphy is worth its weight in cash – it is the pound's ‘grace plus protection’. In fact, it works towards hendiadys (my favourite rhetorical figure, for some reason: ‘twofathepriceofone’; any ‘one-in-two’ cleft), since the single band running ceaselessly and unbroken 360° around the rim is at once the glory of the unit of exchange and the safeguard it is banking on. Credit where credit is due, these are the two sides of the coin's identity. Its realm must still be the Rome from Rome of pre-Commonwealth Britannia, for brass is brass, and never lies – in Anglo-￡atin.
Undeciphered tablets and undeciphered territories. A comparison of Late Minoan 1B archives
Authors: Kyriakidis Evangelos
Published: April 2013

Recent discussions on the politics of Minoan Crete concentrate on the relations between the ‘first-order centres’, ‘central places’ or ‘palaces’ and their function within the wider social landscape. The arguments have been based on the proliferation of signet rings and their iconography (Schoep (1999) 213–21), on pottery evidence, i.e. storage capacity (Christakis (1999)) and petrological composition (Day and Wilson (1994); (1998); (2002); Knappett (1999); Knappett and Schoep (2000)), as well as on other iconographical and administrative evidence (Palmer (1995); Knappett and Schoep (2000)). The evidence regarding administration is perhaps the most reliable, since it is within administrations that the relations between centres are crystalised.

Ruth Palmer (1995) and Ilse Schoep (1999) have made important contributions in this area. The former presented much of the evidence on the variation between the various sites, whereas the latter elaborated on that information and argued that the various administrations on Crete are independent of one another and therefore also independent of the Knossian hegemony.
The Western Phoenicians: Colonisation and Assimilation
Authors: Whittaker C. R.
Published: April 2013

It has long been canonical to deny the Phoenicians a place in the ranks of the true colonisers of the Western Mediterranean. ‘The expansion of the Phoenicians’, says Moscati, ‘and later of the Carthaginians was predominantly commercial with no intent of conquest, requiring no stable settlements or mass emigration of the population.’ And although Moscati goes on to qualify this statement by admitting that, of course, some stable settlements did ensue, they were, he says, ‘in no way dependent on the phenomenon of expansion’. Thus by this thesis the Phoenicians may set up ‘comptoirs’, ‘relais’, ‘escales maritimes’, ‘établissements’, ‘Erkundungsfahrten’, ‘Factorei’, ‘teste di ponti’ and ‘emporia’, but never anything which might qualify as a colony in Maunier's terms, as emigration plus government.
Casts and cast-offs: the origins of the Museum of Classical Archaeology
Authors: Beard Mary
Published: April 2013

‘It's my PARTY…;’

The Cambridge Museum of Classical and General Archaeology opened on 6 May 1884 with – what else? – a PARTY. Distinguished guests turned out, the University meeting the Aristocracy, Arts and Politics: H.R.H. Prince Albert Victor of Wales (the Queen's son, then an undergraduate), Sir Frederick Leighton (President of the Royal Academy), the painters Lawrence Alma-Tadema and Edward Poynter, the American Ambassador, Sir Frederick Burton (Director of the National Gallery), George Scharf (Director of the National Portrait Gallery), and other assorted dignitaries rubbing shoulders and sharing the fun with Richard Jebb (Regius Professor of Greek), E. B. (Primitive Culture) Tylor, S. H. Butcher (of Butcher and Lang's Odyssey), as well as (in the usual formula) ‘the Heads of Colleges, Doctors and Professors, the officers of the University’ … and their ‘ladies’. ‘Luncheon’ was taken in the hall of Gonville and Caius College at one o'clock. A great feast, no doubt, but a bit of a sprint. By two o'clock the assembled company had already finished the pudding and was proceeding to the lecture room of the new museum in Little St Mary's Lane.
Adam's womb (Augustine,Confessions13.28) and the salty sea
Authors: Clark E. G.
Published: April 2013

a quo [sc. Deo] si non esset lapsus Adam, non diffunderetur ex utero eius salsugo maris, genus humanum profunde curiosum et procellose tumidum et instabiliter fluidum

This paper begins with a puzzle, a passage ofConfessions13 which has left commentators baffled. How can Adam have a uterus? Gibb and Montgomery, in 1927, gave the problem a name; O'Donnell, in 1992, opted for citing their comment with a quiet gloss of his own

uteroG–M (understatement): ‘A remarkable example of catachresis. It is to be explained, no doubt, by the fact that “Adam” is used generically rather than personally.
Theophrastus'Charactersand the historian
Authors: Fox R. J. Lane
Published: April 2013

In a programmatic article, published nearly twenty years ago, Peter Laslett characterized historians who try to write social history from literature as people who look at the world through the wrong end of a telescope. His particular examples of their inverted gaze were not always well chosen: warfare in Homer, the young age at betrothal of Shakespeare's Juliet, the extra-marital affairs in Restoration Comedy. The main point, however, still challenges ancient historians. ‘The great defect of the evidence’, as A. H. M. Jones forewarned readers of his social history, ‘is the total absence of statistics’: at best, we have isolated numbers which do not survive in significant sequences. Yet since 1951, ancient historians have continued to look down their telescopes and find social history in a widening range of texts. In the past decade, Roman historians have re-read prose fictions for this purpose, while on the Greek side, more recent attention has gone to poetry, especially tragedy and Homeric epic.
First words: a valedictory lecture
Authors: Burnyeat M. F.
Published: April 2013

Mr Vice-Chancellor,

May I thank you for coming to preside at this occasion, and thank everyone else for coming to be presided over – most especially my colleagues in the Faculty of Classics. You were not all here when I joined the Faculty eighteen years ago, but you have all helped to sustain the atmosphere of cooperation, good will, and intellectual adventure, which has made this Faculty such a wonderful place to work and teach in. There is much that I shall miss when I go. But that is not what I want to talk about now. To borrow the words of our Chairman, Ian DuQuesnay, I should like this occasion to be a party rather than a wake.

What I want to say is this. It is too late now – twelve years too late – to apologize for not having given an Inaugural Lecture. There was no particular moment when I decided not to, just many many moments when other work seemed both more urgent and, to be honest, more interesting. The trouble with Inaugural Lectures is that you are expected to define your subject and say how it ought to be done. You begin by paying respectful tribute to your predecessor – in my case G. E. L. Owen, so the tribute would have been sincere and a pleasure to compose. But then comes the hard part, in which you set out ‘the aims and objectives’ (as the managerial language of our present rulers would have us call them) of your discipline. In other words, I would have had to tell myself and my colleagues where ancient philosophy in Cambridge ought to go and how it ought to get there.
Law and commercial life of Rome
Authors: Johnston David
Published: April 2013

Nearly thirty years ago, John Crook's well-known bookLaw and life of Romeprovided what remains the most sustained and wide-ranging survey of the place of Roman law in Roman society. Chapter 7, ‘Commerce’, begins with the observation that in Roman times trade and business were relatively insignificant compared with land. No doubt few would disagree. But in recent years historians have done much to illuminate such questions of economic history as patterns of trade and consumption. Certain other matters, however, remain comparatively obscure. The non-legal sources are sufficiently unhelpful that it becomes important to have regard to the messages contained in the legal sources; and in them there is sufficient material to allow us to consider how the law shaped or was shaped by commercial life. The particular questions on which this paper touches are the type of labour – free or slave, dependent or independent – which was employed in commerce; and the manner in which commercial businesses were organized during the principate.
The sufficiency of virtue for happiness: not so easily overturned?
Authors: Sharples R.W.
Published: April 2013

The sufficiency of virtue for happiness is a central Stoic doctrine. Indeed it can be argued that it is one of the doctrines thatdefinethe Stoic position; and it was the subject of extensive controversy in antiquity, coming under attack both from Academics and from Peripatetics. And Peripatetics had a particular interest in the topic, for Aristotle had already discussed it inNicomachean Ethics1.8–10, in a way which, to say the least, left room for a range of divergent interpretations.

The objections that were raised against the Stoic position in antiquity differ in their degree of persuasiveness. Some indeed point to fundamental differences of opinion of the sort that are not easily, if at all, reconcilable by argument. But others simply misinterpret or misrepresent the Stoic position. It is with some of the latter that the present paper will chiefly be concerned. Its aims are therefore limited even though the issue is important.
Plutarch, Mor., 520F
Authors: Robertson D. S.
Published: April 2013

Professor Robertson rejected recent proposals to substitute the name of some other animals (e.g. cats) for eagles in Plutarch, Mor. 520F (ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ ἀετοὶ καὶ οἱ λέοντες ἐν τῷ περιιπατεῖν συστρέϕουσιν εἴσω τοὺς ὄνυχας) by reference to Aristotle's statement (H.A. 563 a 17, echoed by Pliny, N.H. x, 3 (4) and Horapollo II, 99) that eagles' claws are distorted during incubation. He suggested that either οἱ ἀετοὶ καὶ is a reader's interpolation based on Aristotle, or <ἐν τῷ ἐπῳάЗειν καὶ> has been lost between οἱ λέοντες and περιπατεῖν.
The Cretan ‘Song of Teacher John’: a note
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: April 2013

The Cretan song of ‘Teacher John’ narrates in an epic manner the tragic history of the revolt against the Turks in Sphakia led by Dhaskaloyannis. The poem was composed by an illiterate cheese-maker, named Barba Pantzelios, and written down in 1786, only sixteen years after the outbreak of the rebellion. In dialect the poem is an interesting link between medieval poems such as the epic of Erotokritos and modern Cretan ballads, but regarded as an epic it is something far more interesting. It is not so much a link with Homer as a reminiscence of the epic lays behind Homer, the lays sung not by Demodocus and other royal protégés, but by village bards celebrating the exploits of local heroes.

The metre is the ‘political’ metre regularly employed in medieval and modern ballads. The language is good Cretan dialect with only a smattering of Turkish words, and only rarely a word to indicate that the author was a West Cretan. Pantzelios is no Homer but can hold his own with the best of the balladists, and it is astonishing how Homeric traits of which he could never have read reappear in his poem.
Emendations of Cicero, ‘Ad Quintum Fratrem’ and ‘Ad Brutum’
Authors: Bailey D. R. Shackleton
Published: April 2013

I cite throughout the readings of Mr W. S. Watt's edition of 1958, the best and most recent text of these letters.
Some Habits of Thucydides when introducing Persons
Authors: Griffith G.T.
Published: April 2013

Altogether in his History Thucydides finds occasion to mention about 530 persons, of whom 496 are men, twenty-two are heroes, seven are gods and six are women. Most of these people are never introduced or described in any way, so that the mere presence of an introductory phrase or description in itself may be thought to have some significance. Especially, Thucydides is notoriously reticent about the private and personal affairs of his public characters; so that any exceptions to that rule ought to be interesting. Especially interesting, as I see it, is anything that he may see fit to tell us, that he evidently judges to be something we need to know about a man before he makes his first appearance, or before he begins the particular course of action that is just about to be described. That is the point of using the phrase ‘when introducing persons’ in the title of this paper.
Some Passages from Virgil and Horace
Authors: Ker A.
Published: April 2013

A. 1, 573–4. urbem quam statuo vestra est; subducite navis;

Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur.

Servius says agetur means regetur, a purely ad hoc translation, as Conington observed, and one which is not supported by the remarks of A. J. Bell on the passage (A.J.P. (1919), pp. 198—200). But Conington's own translation is quite as ad hoc. He says that agere is a ‘variety’ for ducere ‘regard’. But it does not follow diat because άγω can mean ‘regard’, ago can do so too. Conington's parallel, 10, 108, Tros Rutulusne fuat, nullo discrimine habebo, is not helpful, as habeo is frequently so used. But there is no example, as far as I know, of ago in this sense.
On the Sources and Chronology of Antiochus I's Battle against the Galatians
Authors: Bar-Kochva B.
Published: April 2013

The Galatian invasion of Asia Minor, which shook the foundations of the ancient Ionian civilization, finds echoes in a considerable number of epigraphical documents, all of which have been analysed several times over in the course of the complicated discussions of the chronology of the First Syrian War. In this paper I shall concentrate on the sources which have been related to Antiochus I's decisive battle against the Galatians, weigh their relevance to that battle and their authenticity, and attempt to date the events reflected in them.

The battle was probably commemorated in a comprehensive epic by Simonides of Magnesia. The Suda s.v. Σιμωνίδης reports: Σιμωνίδης Μάγνης Σιπύλου, ἐποποιός. γέγονεν ἐπὶ Ἀντιόχου τοῦ Μεγάλου κληθέντος, καὶ γέγραφε τἁς Ἀντιόχου τοῦ Μεγάλου πράξεις καὶ τὴν πρὸς Γαλάτας μάχην, ὅτε μετὰ τῶν ἐλεφάντων τὴν ἵππον αὐτῶν ἔφθειρεν. The difficulty of calling Antiochus τοῦ Μεγάλου has led some to suggest that the Suda is referring to Antiochus III, but the reference to the victory of the elephants over the Galatian cavalry, known from Lucian to have decided the battle of Antiochus I against the Galatians, excludes any alternative. Lucian, however rhetorical and inaccurate, can be trusted when he attributes the victory to the elephants (see below). The conjecture that the latter reference was a gloss, inserted by the compiler or someone acquainted with Lucian, might have been given credit had we information about any campaign conducted against the Galatians by Antiochus III. But for the period of Antiochus III, which is covered in the most comprehensive way, we have no record, not even the slightest indication, of a military operation against the Galatians, and if there had been some confrontation which escaped notice, it could only have been on a small scale, and would not have been commemorated as the most prominent achievement of this king, as the phrasing of the Suda seems to suggest.
Aristotelian Mistakes
Authors: Schofield M.
Published: April 2013

In his book Roman Law: Linguistic, Social and Philosophical Aspects (Edinburgh, 1969), Professor Daube proposes a heterodox interpretation of Aristotle's distinction in EN v 8 between two sorts of ἁμαρτήματα: ἁτυχήματα, mishaps, and ἁμαρτήματα proper, mistakes. Mr Crook, in his review of the book (CR n.s. xx (1970), 363), has already taken issue with the main point of this interpretation. In what follows I hope to clinch the verdict for orthodoxy, while ceding to Daube a point of broader significance.

Aristotle characterizes ἁμάρτημα as a sort of injury committed ‘in a transaction’ (as we might say, by one private person against another), involving ignorance on the agent's part about some particular circumstance of his action (1135 b 11–16). He calls this class of injury ἁμάρτημα because he holds that inasmuch as the agent did not know what he was doing, to that extent he did not mean to do what he did (cf. 1135 a 23–32).
Notes on the Iphigenia in Tauris of Euripides
Authors: Diggle James
Published: April 2013

In 162 read for . The sphere of reference of the verb is confined to water: 54 (Musgrave, L) (a reference to the ritual : see Denniston on El. 791), El. 157 (cf. ‘having washed’, Hom. Od. 4.750, 759, 17.48, 58).
Music and mathematics: Theophrastus against the number-theorists
Authors: Barker Andrew
Published: April 2013

A long and important fragment of the Περὶ μοψσικῆς of Theophrastus is preserved in Porphyry's commentary on Ptolemy's Harmonics. Both Porphyry and Ptolemy were reedited earlier in this century by Düring, in works which have rightly been taken to supersede the texts of Wallis: and so far as the Theophrastus passage is concerned, we should expect to be able to abandon in Düring's favour the text published by Wimmer, who in effect reprints Wallis, though adopting a few variant readings and emendations from Schneider. But it seems to me that Düring's text is not in all respects an improvement, and that the comments made on it in a subsequent publication by Alexanderson have muddied the waters still further. It is not only a matter of the text: Alexanderson prints also a (partial) translation and an interpretative commentary, and both are open to serious objections. I intend in this paper to deal only with a portion of the fragment, but it is that portion whose argument is the most intricate, and one which ought to shed a good deal of light on central controversies among the musical theoreticians who follow Aristotle. I am not in a position to dispute any of Düring's findings in the manuscripts, but where emendation has in any event proved necessary or where the manuscripts differ among themselves, I hope to show through a study of the content of the argument that the case in favour of Düring is not always closed.
Oedipus and Jonah
Authors: Hester D.A.
Published: April 2013

Attempts to interpret theOedipus Tyrannosof Sophocles have been so numerous that anyone who seeks to add to their number is almost compelled to start by apologising for being so presumptuous as to think that he could offer anything new. I would incline to classify these attempts under four ‘main’ and three ‘ancillary’ headings. The ‘main’ interpretations are those which seek to interpret the play as a drama, and vary according to the view they take of the guilt of Oedipus. There are those who assert (with or without qualification) that Oedipus is to be viewed as guilty; those who see him as a victim of a malignant fate (and hence innocent); those who are content to assert his innocence without stressing the element of fatality; and those who leave the question of guilt or innocence aside. The ‘ancillary’ interpretations are those which seek to find in the play a non-dramatic relevance, i.e. a political relevance, a religious relevance, or a psychological relevance.
Catullus 11.11–12
Authors: Wilkinson L.P.
Published: April 2013

…. siue trans altas gradietur AlpesCaesaris uisens monimenta magniGallicum Rhenum horribilesque ultimosque Britannos.

So the MSS (except that for ultimosque O has the uox nihili ‘uitimosque’ and that a corrector of R and some inferior MSS omit the first -que); but in modern times only the Budé text of G.Lafaye has printed horribilesque unemended and unathetised, and that without a note despite Bentley's observation (on Hor. C. 3.14.11) that there is no instance of a short final vowel in hiatus where there is no break in the sense. The MSS reading does not scan.

Statius in his editio prior of 1566 saved the metre by introducing a postponed et – horribilesque et ultimosque, taking the first -que to mean ‘both’. Scaliger preferred to substitute the postponed et for the first -que, and was followed by Voss and Bentley (on Hor. C. 1.35.29). There is no need to detail here the numerous other suggestions that have been made: I agree with Fordyce that none of them is entirely satisfactory. Some of them substitute a noun for the first -que, and one of these, Haupt's horribile aequor (Opuscula I. 98-105), has now won general favour, having been adopted by Postgate, Merrill, Kroll and Mynors. Kroll admits that horribiles would be a suitable enough epithet for the Britons cf. Caes. B.G. 5.14.2; and for the epithet standing alone, Hor. C. 1.29.4); but the reason given by Haupt for introducing an alien noun is that horribiles detracts from the force of ultimos (Fordyce speaks vaguely of ‘the awkwardly paired epithets’).
The beliefs of a Pyrrhonist
Authors: Barnes Jonathan
Published: April 2013

A Pyrrhonist's researches do not end in discovery; nor yet do they conclude that discovery is impossible. For they do not terminate at all: the researches continue (PH 1.1, 4), and the researcher finds himself in a condition of ἐποχή (PH 1.7). Έποχή is defined as ‘a standstill of the intellect, as a result of which we neither deny nor affirm anything’ (PH 1.10). The Sceptical investigator neither asserts nor denies, neither believes nor disbelieves.

Έποχή is characteristically produced by argument - indeed, one of the most refreshing features of the Pyrrhonist tracts of Sextus Empiricus is that they are stuffed full of argumentation. When a philosopher offers us an argument, he normally implies that, if we accept the premisses, we ought to accept the conclusion. It is thus natural to suppose that a Pyrrhonist's arguments similarly imply an intellectual ought: ‘Consider these premisses’, the Sceptic urges, ‘and you will see that you should suspend judgement’. A few Pyrrhonian passages do indeed contain such an intellectual ought; but those passages are, I think, misleading. Sextus usually says, not ‘you should suspend judgement’, but ‘you will (or: must) suspend judgement’.
The Phoenician cities: a case-study of Hellenisation
Authors: Millar Fergus
Published: April 2013

When Alexander was civilising Asia, Homer was commonly read, and the children of the Persians, of the Susianians and of the Gedrosians learned to chant the tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides. And although Socrates, when tried on a charge of introducing foreign deities, lost his cause to the informers who infested Athens, yet through Alexander Bactria and the Caucasus learned to revere the gods of the Greeks. Plato wrote a work on the one ideal constitution, but because of its forbidding character he could not persuade anyone to adopt it; but Alexander established more than seventy cities among savage tribes and sowed all Asia with Grecian magistracies, and thus overcame its uncivilised and brutish manner of living.

These familiar words of Plutarch (Mor.328 D-E, Loeb) begin to seem not quite as foolish as they did, in the light of modern discoveries in Ai Khanum and Kandahar. They may thus serve to raise some larger questions. Firstly, it is curious how Plutarch concentrates on remote central Asian areas which were no longer Hellenised in any obvious sense in his own day. Secondly he emphasises, as we would expect, the creation of new cities with Greek constitutions. Here we might well turn to a neglected passage of his older contemporary, Josephus, concluding his account of the tower of Babel (Ant.1. 121).
Plato and Aristotle on the denial of tragedy
Authors: Halliwell Stephen
Published: April 2013

When Plato's and Aristotle's views on poetry are juxtaposed, it is usually for the purpose of contrast. Nowhere does the contrast seem to be so sharp as in the case of tragedy, by which both philosophers, agreeing in this at least, rightly meant Homer'sIliadas well as the plays of the Attic genre specifically given the name. While Plato made tragedy the target of his most fervent attacks on poetry, Aristotle devoted the major part of thePoeticsto a reconsideration of the genre, in a sympathetic attempt, it is normally agreed, to defend it against Plato's strictures, and to restore to it some degree of valuable independence. The apparently fundamental opposition between the philosophers’ responses to tragedy can be regarded as expressive of divergent presuppositions about the status of poetry as a whole in relation to other components of culture: on the one side, the presupposition of Platonic moralism, by which poetry is subjected to judgement in terms of values, both cognitive and moral, which lie outside itself; and, on the other, of Aristotelian formalism, according to which autonomy can be established for poetry by turning the criteria of poetic excellence into standards internal and intrinsic to poetry's own forms. As Aristotle himself puts the point, in one of thePoetics’ more suggestive pronouncements, ‘correctness in poetry is not the same as correctness in politics or in any other art.’ Here, as often, an implicit response to Plato can be detected.
Catullus 61.109–13 (again)
Authors: Harrison S. J.
Published: April 2013

quae tuo ueniunt ero,quanta gaudia, quae uaga 110nocte, quae medio diegaudeat! sed abit dies:prodeas noua nupta.

In these lines, addressed by the poet to the wedding-couch of Junia and Manlius, a difficulty presents itself: uaga nocte does not cohere with medio die, since the epithets characterizing this polar pair of nouns belong to different categories. This was pointed out by R. G. M. Nisbet (PCPS n.s. 24 (1978)99) who saw medio die as the culprit on three grounds: (i) the incoherence of the pair of epithets, (ii) the inappropriateness of a reference to ‘sex in the afternoon’ in an epithalamium and (iii) the pointless repetition of dies in 112 after die in 111. As a solution he suggested emerito for medio, ‘when the day has done its service’, repeating the essential sense of uaga nocte (another reference to night rather than a change to day) but with a contrasting nuance of epithet: uaga would suggest the vagabond flightiness of night, emerito the solid service of the sun during the day. In a reply to Nisbet (PCPS 25 (1979) 69-70), Roland Mayer answered (i) by asserting the principle of an ‘illogical doublet’ (the incoherence between epithets is real but acceptable), regarded (ii) as mistaken and did not deal with (iii). More, I think, remains to be said, and elements of both these views may contribute to a different solution.
Horace on good manners
Authors: Mayer Roland
Published: April 2013

This essay aims to discover and to illustrate one of the leading themes of Horace's first book of Epistles. This theme, good manners, despite its importance, is nonetheless neglected, or at any rate huddled up within the general praise of Horace's tact. Tact there certainly is, and we shall watch it in operation. But the poet would be setting aside that uerecundia which his patron praised (Epist. 1.7.37) if he were merely blowing his own trumpet. The display of tact and good manners perhaps serves other ends, and the suggestion of reasons for this choice of theme will form the substance of my remarks.

Some preparation of the ground is necessary. This essay completes an argument begun in an article entitled ‘Horace's Epistles I and philosophy’ which will appear in the American Journal of Philology for 1985. In order that this essay may be fairly complete in itself it will be useful to set out very briefly the considerations which induced me to look more closely at good manners. To do this most compendiously, I shall offer some quotations from E. C. Wickham's English commentary on the first epistle and explain why they appear unsatisfactory. Wickham is not chosen as a whipping-boy for any other reason than that he neatly expresses a common view; in all respects he is a serious and helpful student of the poems.