bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender and Inscribed Epigram: Herennia Procula and the Thespian Eros
Authors: Gutzwiller Kathryn J
Published: January 2007

A marble statue base found at Thespiae preserves an elegiac couplet about Praxiteles' Eros signed by one Herennia Procula (BCH [1926] 404-6). This poet, who is absent from surveys of ancient women writers, is here identified as a member of a wealthy Roman family resident at Thessalonica (IG X 2.1 no. 70). The couplet, which was probably composed for a copy of the Eros statue made to replace the original removed by Nero, makes sophisticated allusion to a series of epigrams about Praxiteles' Cnidian Aphrodite, but with a key variation that points to the nature of the worship of Eros at Thespiae. Plutarch's Amatorius, set during the celebration of the Thespian Erotidia, provides important parallels to show that the Praxitelean Eros had by the early Flavian period become an object of veneration for women hoping for happy and sexually fulfilling marriages.
Gemination at the Horizons: East and West in the Mythical Geography of Archaic Greek Epic
Authors: Nakassis Dimitri
Published: January 2007

This paper examines descriptions of remote places in archaic Greek epic. I argue that Homeric cosmic geography consists of two complementary models, one in which the sun rises and sets at a single locus—the axis mundi—as in the Theogony, and another in which sunrise and sunset take place on the eastern and western horizons respectively. Conflation of these models in the Odyssey results in the gemination of peoples and places associated in myth with the sun. This not only explains some recurrent patterns in Homeric geography and their thematic importance to Odysseus' travels, but also resolves some traditional interpretive difficulties with descriptions of the edges of the earth in archaic epic.
Violent Belongings and the Question of Empire Today Presidential Address to the American Studies Association, Hartford, Connecticut, October 17, 2003
Authors: Kaplan Amy
Published: January 2007

Urging American studies as a field to address the current international crisis, Kaplan analyzes the dramatic shift in contemporary public discourse from the denial to the embrace of the notion of the American Empire. She traces two dominant narratives, one that loudly champions U.S. military supremacy and another that reluctantly accepts the "white man's burden" as the last best cure of global anarchy, both of which take American exceptionalism to new heights. Since the American Empire is "out of the closet," as its proponents claim, American studies scholars and teachers must go beyond the methodology of exposure to recast these debates about empire in transnational, historical, and comparative contexts. They should muster the authority of their discipline to challenge current efforts to redefine the multiple meanings of America both at home and abroad. She offers two key examples. One explores how the adoption of the word "homeland" imposes an illusion of national consensus and homogeneity, which underwrites resurgent nativism and anti-immigrant sentiment. She concludes with the pressing case of the prisoners held at the U.S. naval base at Guant�namo Bay Cuba, to argue that this imperial location lies at a historical crossroad, where U.S. intervention in the Caribbean meets U.S. intervention in the Middle East, and where nineteenth-century imperialism leads to the American Empire of the twenty-first.
The Metropolitan Life in Ruins: Architectural and Fictional Speculations in New York, 1909-19
Authors: Yablon Nick
Published: January 2007

Turn-of-the-century New York was the scene not only of unprecedented urban construction but also of systematic destruction, as the first generation of skyscrapers was beginning to fall victim to the capitalist dictates of profit and turnover. While Henry James's The American Scene, with its notalgia for the "Old New York," has been taken to be emblematic of the response to usch upheavals in the built landscape, this article identifies an alternative and overlooked site of critique: the post-apocalyptic fiction published in pulp magazines. By bringing these popular narratives of a post-urban future into dialogue with Progressivist economic accounts of the "logic of the wrecking ball," the article demonstrates how the trope of the skyscraper as a "future ruin" emerged as a powerful expression of the transformed nature of spatio-temporal experience during an age of speculative urban construction.
"In the Traditions of China and in the Freedom of America": The Making of San Francisco's Chinese New Year Festivals
Authors: Yeh Chiou-Ling
Published: January 2007

This article contends that Chinese American leaders, provoked by the anti-Communist hysteria of the 1950s, exoticized ethnic celebrations in 1953, believing that if they fulfilled an American orientalist imagination, they could distinguish themselves from "Red" Chinese and improve San Francisco Chinatown's business. By rooting ethnic cultural preservation in the Cold War rhetoric of "freedom" and "democracy," these leaders actively chose certain "Chinese" and "American" cultural attributes to construct a Chinese American identity that presented no threat to United States Cold War politics. In addition, the article argues that Miss Chinatown beauty queens became a means for these leaders to demonstrate Chinese American loyalty, attract mainstream consumers, and change popular perceptions from that of an inscrutable, scheming, communistic Chinese to a docile, exotic, feminized minority.
Glass Beads in Ancient India and Furnace-Wound Beads at Purdalpur: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach
Authors: Kanungo Alok Kumar
Published: January 2007

Today glass beads are a major product of India from at least three different locations, using altogether different techniques. Each production process leaves behind debitage unique to its individual manufacturing process. Archaeologically, it is imperative to identify and record the production techniques of glass bead manufacture and to identify the various specific waste products rather than merely speaking of beads and production centers on the basis of statistics. There have been a number of studies on Indo-Pacific bead production, but few on other methods. An ancient and important technique of bead manufacture, used even today, is the "furnace-winding" technique. Beads produced by this technique have been found in large numbers at various archaeological sites. This paper discusses the details of beads and bead waste produced by the furnace-winding technique and the specific criteria of production. It also uses the results of a detailed ethnographic analysis at a manufacturing village, Purdalpur, to understand the production and dispersal mechanisms. An understanding of these mechanisms allows us to formulate certain criteria that can be used to draw better inferences about archaeological sites in which bead debitage has been found.
Demonology, Neurology, and Medicine in Edwardian Britain
Authors: Hayward Rhodri (Rhodri Lloyd)
Published: January 2007

The idea of a conflict between demonology and psychiatry has
been a foundational myth in the history of medicine. Nineteenth-century
alienists such as J.-M. Charcot and Henry Maudsley developed critiques
of supernatural phenomena in an attempt to pathologize religious
experience. Modern historians have reanalyzed these critiques,
representing them as strategies in medical professionalization. These
accounts all maintain an oddly bifurcated approach to the perceived
conflict, treating demonology as a passive and unchanging set of
practices, while medicine is depicted as an active and aggressive
agent. An examination of early twentieth-century demonological literature
reveals a very different story. Fundamentalists and Pentecostalists
engaged with the problems of conversion and possession, developing
sophisticated models of the normal and the pathological in spiritual
experience. Their writings drew upon medical and psychiatric sources
ranging widely from Pastorian germ theory to Jacksonian neurology. This
article explores the points of contact between the medical and
demonological communities in order to demonstrate the contested nature
of biomedical innovation.
Epidemic Encephalitis and American Neurology, 1919-1940
Authors: Kroker Kenton
Published: January 2007

Encephalitis lethargica, also known as epidemic encephalitis,
emerged as a new infectious disease near the end of the First World
War. Bacteriologic, epidemiologic, and clinical investigation produced no
clear consensus regarding the nature of the disease, even as several other
experimentally demonstrable "encephalitides" appeared on the scene. By
1940, new encephalitis lethargica cases had almost entirely disappeared,
and neurologists renamed this once-novel infection as an amorphous
syndrome of marginal interest. A variety of forces influencing the fate
of encephalitis lethargica's epidemic status can be seen at work in the
Matheson Commission, whose members hoped to use encephalitis as a model
disease that might supplant their reliance on clinical phenomenology with
a causal analysis of nervous disease grounded in the laboratory. When it
failed to live up to these expectations, the model was abandoned. Epidemic
encephalitis was soon forgotten.
"Please Include This in Your Book": Readers Respond to Our Bodies, Ourselves
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: January 2007

This paper focuses on those ordinary women who responded to editions of Our Bodies, Ourselves in the 1970s and 1980s, illustrating how readers played a crucial role in the development and articulation of health feminism. By analyzing the exchange between writers and readers of the most popular and influential women's health text of this era, it reveals the process by which feminists translated and interpreted medical information about women's bodies. The personal stories of readers challenge us to consider the role of ordinary women in shaping the development of the women's health movement.
New Perceptions: Kinugasa Teinosuke's Films and Japanese Modernism
Authors: Gardner William O
Published: January 2007

This essay offers a reading of Kinugasa Teinosuke's independent silent films as responses to the traumatic experience of twentieth-century modernity. Of particular interest are the global and local intertexts in A Page of Madness and Crossways, their connections to the literary criticism of the shinkankakuha, or New Perception school, and the centrality of sensory perception in Kinugasa's work.
"That's Jazz Made in Germany!": Hallo, Fraulein! and the Limits of Democratic Pedagogy
Authors: Fay Jennifer
Published: January 2007

Rudolf Jugert's 1949 German-jazz musical Hallo, Fr�ulein! transmutes and inverts many of the conventions of the Hollywood musical in order to comment on the cultural and racial stakes of the American occupation of Germany following World War II. Made under the supervision of the U.S. military government, the film unsettles the proposition of cultural reorientation and the definition of democratic culture in general.
An Examination of the Health Profile, Service Use and Care Needs of Older Adults in Residential Care Facilities
Authors: Aminzadeh F. , Dalziel W.B. , Molnar F. J. , Alie J.
Published: January 2007

Private, unregulated residential care facilities have become an increasingly important component of the continuum of housing and care for frail older adults in Canada. To date, this growing segment of the older population has received very little research attention. This study involved an in-depth examination of the functional/health profile, patterns of service use, and medical/care needs of a representative sample of 178 older adults in residential care facilities in the City of Ottawa. The results indicate great diversity in resident and facility profiles in this setting and confirm earlier impressions that special care units in the residential care sector have become increasingly close to being unlicensedpseudo-nursing homes. Despite the heavy burden of care, the evidence suggests that the care needs of the majority of residents are adequately met in the residential care environment. The results can inform future research, case finding, educational, and policy planning initiatives in this setting.
Barriers and Facilitators in Pain Management in Long-Term Care Institutions: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Fox Patricia , Solomon Patricia , Raina Parminder , Jadad Alejandro
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to the management of pain in long-term care institutions. Formal caregivers practising in four long-term care institutions in Hamilton, Ontario participated in eight focus groups. Participants included 6 physicians, 19 registered nurses, 8 registered practical nurses, 13 health care aides and 8 occupational therapists or physiotherapists. Three types of barriers were found: caregiver-related, patient-related and systems-related. Four themes for facilitating pain management were identified: (a) caregivers knowing the patient, (b) family support, (c) caregivers demonstrating understanding and compassion, and (d) teamwork by caregivers. Formal caregivers practising in long-term care institutions encounter a multitude of barriers that hinder the adequate assessment and treatment of pain, such as caregiver beliefs and knowledge and cognitive impairment in patients. Innovative strategies and strong political will are needed to overcome them.
Simon Biggs, Ariela Lowenstein, and Jon Hendricks (Eds.). The Need for Theory: Critical Approaches to Social Gerontology. Amityville, New York: Baywood, 2003.
Authors: McDaniel Susan A.
Published: January 2007

The Need for Theory: Critical Approaches to Social Gerontology est un titre bien choisi et un ouvrage qui arrive à point dans l'histoire de la gérontologie sociale. Pendant les 50 premières années de la gérontologie sociale, les théories ont pu sembler trop abstrait devant l'urgence de régler les problèmes. Aujourd'hui encore, les problèmes continuent d'exiger notre intervention (comme en témoigne le rôle croissant du vieillissement de la population dans l'établissement des politiques) et la nécessité de disposer d'une théorie qui interpelle et explique est plus aiguë que jamais. Cet ouvrage bien équilibré reconnaît que le pragmatisme avec lequel la gérontologie sociale règle les problèmes est son plus grand atout et son plus grand handicap. L'ouvrage explore la théorie appliquée à la gérontologie sociale de l'intérieur et de l'extérieur. De l'intérieur, il examine les questions d'identité, sociale et corporelle, et le sens, pour l'individu et la société, du vieillissement et de la vieillesse. De l'extérieur, il analyse la reconfiguration des relations et des structures sociales à travers la mondialisation, la modernité et les réformes économiques. La réponse la plus importante qu'apportent les éditeurs et les auteurs à la question posée dans le titre de l'ouvrage « A-t-on besoin de théorie? » est un « oui » catégorique et définitif.
S. Fredman and S. Spencer (Eds.). Age as an Equality Issue: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing, 2003.
Authors: Neysmith Sheila M.
Published: January 2007

Cet ouvrage aborde diverses approches juridiques et politiques reliées à la discrimination fondée sur l'âge et la législation en matière d'égalité. Ses forces résident en : 1) l'inclusion de chapitres abordant les composantes théoriques de l'égalité, 2) une discussion des distinctions existant entre législation en matière d'égalité et législation antidiscriminatoire et 3) l'importance accordée à des domaines autres que les politiques traditionnelles liées à l'emploi. L'ouvrage s'adresse essentiellement à un public anglais (surtout du Royaume-Uni) mais de nombreux éléments intéresseront les lecteurs canadiens.
S. Aurenche (Éd.). La mort devant soi. Euthanasie, des clés pour un débat. Paris: Éditions Autrement, 2003.
Authors: St-Arnaud Jocelyne
Published: January 2007

Published by é ditions Autrement under the direction of Sophie Aurenche, this book examines euthanasia as a current subject of discussion in France. The January 2000 decision rendered by the Comité consultative national d'éthique (CCNE) accepting euthanasia in extenuating circumstances, and the passing of the March 2002 law on the rights of patients, including the right to a dignified death, have reopened the debate on the subject of euthanasia. No longer discussed only in the back rooms of the hospital or among those practising within the ethical and juridical spheres, euthanasia has emerged into the public domain. Journalist Sophie Aurenche has facilitated the debate by giving voice to speakers from a number of disciplines; each brings expertise and knowledge to the discussion and each examines the following question: is euthanasia a humanist duty or an inhumane practice? In the first section of the book, the texts address the question based on the meaning of the term euthanasia and its related concepts. The second half is dedicated to testimonies and reflections on the experience and practice of euthanasia. This book is a must for those interested in the study and repercussions of euthanasia and palliative care. The studies brought together in this volume as well as the realities they describe should be consulted in any future research on possible solutions envisioned on the issue of euthanasia.
Benefits, Intentions, and the Principle of Fairness
Authors: Boran Idil
Published: January 2007

In its simplest form, the principle of fairness tells us the following. If a number of people are producing a public good that we benefit from, it is not morally acceptable to free ride on their backs, enjoying the benefits without paying the costs. We owe them our fair share of the costs of the production of that good. The principle of fairness, defended by Rawls in A Theory of Justice and widely discussed subsequently, is sometimes invoked in various areas of applied ethics, such as environmental ethics, social ethics, etc.

As it stands, the principle of fairness offers an account of a particular type of moral obligation that obtains if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, the good produced must be a particular type of good, the scheme in which it is produced must itself be fair, and so on. This account inspired a wave of discussions, which set the tone for the debate on the principle of fairness, about two decades ago.
Moral Value, Response-Dependence, and Rigid Designation
Authors: Thompson Brad
Published: January 2007

It is part of our notion of moral properties (certain forms of relativism to the contrary) that they are in some sense independent of our moral beliefs. A murderer cannot make his action moral simply by believing that it is so. Slavery was immoral even if a large number of people once believed that it was permissible, and it would remain so in the future even if every person came to believe that it was morally acceptable. But views that take moral properties to be objective and thoroughly mind-independent constituents of reality face familiar metaphysical and epistemological obstacles.
Lire avec facilité en langue seconde
Authors: Fraser Carol A.
Published: January 2007

Résumé: Cet article présente une recension des écrits (théorie et recherches) portant sur la facilité en lecture. Les questions étudiées regroupent : les variations de la vitesse de lecture selon le processus de lecture, le rôle et le développement de la vitesse de lecture dans les modèles de lecture actuels (tels que le modèle du traitement de l'information, de l'efficacité verbale et les modèles de traitement parallèle et distribué), ainsi que les facteurs contribuant à un traitement inefficace de l'information et à des vitesses de lecture réduites parmi les lecteurs de langue seconde (L2). L'auteur examine les implications pédagogiques s'inscrivant à l'intérieur de ce cadre théorique et décrit des activités particulièrement prometteuses pour développer la facilité de lecture chez les apprenants de L2 (activités telles que lecture répétée, lecture prosodique et lecture par syntagmes), et pour favoriser l'épanouissement de cette aptitude (à l'aide, par exemple, de la prévisualisation et du procédé d'analyse de mots). Abstract: This article reviews theory and research in the area of fluency in reading. Issues examined include variations in reading rate according to reading process; the role and development of rate in current models of reading (i.e., information processing, verbal efficiency, and PDP models); and factors contributing to inefficient processing and slower reading rates among L2 readers. In light of this theoretical framework, instructional implications are drawn and specific instructional activities that show promise to develop L2 reader fluency (i.e., repeated reading, prosodic reading, phrase group reading) and facilitate the fluent reading of L2 text (i.e., previewing, word analysis procedure) are described. The English version of this text is available at http://www.utpjournals.com/product/cmlr/611/fraser.htm.
Reconstructing Latino Identity: The Influence of Cognitive Development on the Ethnic Identity Process of Latino Students
Authors: Torres Vasti , Baxter Magolda Marcia B.
Published: January 2007

The influence of cognitive development on ethnic identity development is investigated in the context of a qualitative longitudinal study of Latina/o college students. Findings indicate that when students reconstruct social knowledge their ethnic identity is positively influenced. Strategies and mechanisms for positively influencing identity development are discussed within a holistic development framework.
The Impact of Parents' Education Level on College Students: An Analysis Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1990-92/94
Authors: Hahs-Vaughn Debbie
Published: January 2007

Little is known about first generation students whose parents did not attend college and specifically their experiences surrounding educational outcomes of college. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate differences in first generation and non-first generation students using data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS) 90/92/94. This study adds to the body of literature regarding differences in experiences of first generation and non-first generation college students. Factor loadings indicate first generation students differ from non-first generation students on the following: (a) expected highest level of education; (b) entrance exam score; (c) nonacademic experiences; and (d) aspirations for education. Path coefficients indicate College Experiences were a stronger influence on Educational Outcomes for first generation students than were Precollegiate Traits. While for non-first generation students, Precollegiate Traits were a stronger influence on what the student does in college and on what happens four years later. Areas in which institutions can assist in developing curricular and co-curricular experiences are then presented.
The Relationship Between Attachment to Parents and Psychological Separation in College Students
Authors: Schwartz Jonathan P , Buboltz Walter C
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment to parents and psychological separation in college students. Three hundred sixty-eight undergraduate students completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) and the Psychological Separation Inventory (Hoffman, 1984). Results suggest an association with the attachment variables of low trust and high positive communication and psychological separation from parents, with the exception of independence from conflict, for both men and women. For men to psychologically separate, it was also important to have low alienation from fathers. Implications of the results are discussed.
Mixing It Up: International Graduate Students' Social Interactions With American Students
Authors: Trice Andrea G
Published: January 2007

The researcher surveyed 497 graduate international students at a research university regarding their social patterns because previous research indicates that they benefit from interactions with Americans. Students who socialized with Americans the most functioned comfortably in the American culture, socialized with students from other countries, and participated in campus cultural events.
Identity Development and Self-Esteem of First-Generation American College Students: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Alessandria Kathryn P , Nelson Eileen S
Published: January 2007

Based on Chickering's model, differences in self-esteem and identity development among first-generation American (FGA) college students and non first-generation American (NFGA) students were examined. FGAs were the first generation born in the U.S. to one or both parents born and raised in another country. All participants responded to the Erwin Identity Scale and the Index of Self-Esteem. Results indicated that FGAs reported significantly higher self-esteem than the NFGAs. This research adds to the body of knowledge concerning multicultural issues of development in college students. Implications for college counselors and other student affairs professionals are addressed.
Potential Monopoly Rents from International Wildlife Tourism: An Example from Uganda's Gorilla Tourism
Authors: Andersson Petra , Crone Sara , Stage Jesper , Stage Jorn
Published: January 2007

The economic benefits many African countries derive from international
wildlife tourism are very few, especially when viewed from existing
potentials in terms of resources and uniqueness. African wildlife tourism
has natural barriers to entry and thus is basically a monopolistic market.
However, the countries have done virtually nothing to take advantage of
this situation. Rather than focusing on cost recovery or revenue
maximisation, the governments should therefore aim at maximising
profits from international tourism. Uganda is the case study of this paper
in this regard. Data collected from a travel cost survey indicates that in
1997, even under uniform pricing, Ugandan's profit from gorilla
tracking in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park alone could have
been increased by between USD 30,000 and USD 220,000 (depending
on assumptions about social costs). Besides, unlike most government
revenue sources, monopoly prices on international tourism do not
impose deadweight losses on the domestic economy.
Emily Dickinson and Schizotypy
Authors: Winhusen Steven
Published: January 2007

Emily Dickinson probably suffered from schizotypal personality disorder. Not to be confused with schizophrenia, schizotypy suggests a pattern of social withdrawal, especially face-to-face interaction, and behaviors considered eccentric to cultural norms, such as unusual dress. Schizotypy also carries implications for her work. Chief among its characteristics is an unusual use of language. Dickinson's peculiar rhetoric is consistent with patterns particular to schizotypy. While such a diagnosis does not explain her genius and only bluntly acts to reinforce modern scholarship, it does act to coalesce many disparate parts of Dickinson's life and work into a conceptual whole.
DIY Gothic: Thomas Gray and the Medieval Revival
Authors: Kalter Barrett
Published: January 2007

The eighteenth-century Medieval Revival emerged in opposition to dominant consumer culture, partly through the very economic institutions Revivalists nostalgically opposed, such as commercial publishing and mass production. This contradiction is apparent in a series of letters by Thomas Gray relating his attempts to buy Gothic-style wallpaper, a product that complicated the association of commerce with progress by setting the commodity form back into a past it was supposed to have moved beyond. Gray's correspondence expresses the beliefs about labor, authenticity, and creativity characteristic of the Medieval Revival.
"Curtesy Doth It Yow Lere": The Sociology of Transgression in the Digby Mary Magdalene
Authors: Coletti Theresa
Published: January 2007

The critique of gendered moral behavior in this Digby saint play bears witness to late medieval consciousness of attributes and responsibilities associated with particular status positions and social roles. Focusing on the scene of Mary Magdalene's seduction, this essay argues that the play employs late medieval discourses of status and courtesy, made familiar through conduct literature, to foreground the sociology of Mary Magdalene's transgression, linking her moral demise not exclusively with feminine moral culpability but also with deceptions and instabilities of the social order. The play's preoccupation with social identity attests to late medieval vernacular theater's broader engagement with the spiritual and material formation of subjectivities in premodern England.
"Nulle Terre Sans Seigneur?": Une Etude Comparative de la Presence Seigneuriale (France-Canada), XVIIe-XIXe Siecle
Authors: Grenier Benoit
Published: January 2007

Seigneuries in both France and New France were characterized by seigneurial absenteeism. This paper, by studying the seigneurs who resided on their fiefs in the Saint-Lawrence Valley from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, seeks to make a contribution to the history of the Canadian seigneurial regime. Although French historiography concerning seigneurial presence throughout the Ancien R�gime shows increased seigneurial absenteeism toward the end of the period, our work on the same question in the Saint-Lawrence Valley shows that seigneuries there became, once settlement was accomplished, more attractive places for seigneurs to live by the end of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when population and seigneurial dues increased. Nevertheless, Canadian seigneurs who lived on their seigneuries always constituted a minority: around 25 percent of all seigneurs over the three centuries of the seigneurial regime. This article also provides a general analysis of those seigneurs who took up residence among their peasants.
"She Crushed the Child's Fragile Skull": Disease, Infanticide, and Enslaved Women in Eighteenth-Century Saint-Domingue
Authors: Weaver Karol K. (Karol Kimberlee)
Published: January 2007

Au XVIIIe si�cle, les enfants nouveaux-n�s en esclavage � Saint-Domingue souffraient et mouraient d'un �tat m�dical connu sous le nom de mal de m�choire. Les historiens ont argu� du fait que les sympt�mes de mal de m�choire indiquent que les enfants supportaient ou t�tanie n�onatal ou du t�tanos. Cet essai se d�placera au-del� du diagnostic r�trospectif afin de consid�rer comment des attitudes envers les esclaves, en particulier les femmes asservies, ont inform� la th�orie m�dicale et le pratique th�rapeutique du XVIIIe si�cle. Le gendre et les st�r�otypes raciaux, aussi bien que des soucis autour de l'empoisonnement commis par des esclaves pendant l'affaire de Makandal, ont affect� des id�es au sujet de mal de m�choire. L'image de la femme asservie en tant que cr�ature malveillante, malicieuse, et d�prav�e s'est insinu�e dans la discussion m�dicale sur mal de m�choire. Ces st�r�otypes menaient � la violence contre ces femmes et leurs sages-femmes, et � des limitations plac�es sur les m�res et les sages-femmes asservies.
Neuroscience Perspectives on Disparities in School Readiness and Cognitive Achievement
Authors: Noble Kimberly G , Tottenham Nim , Casey B. J.
Published: January 2007

This article allows readers to look at racial and ethnic disparities in school readiness from a neuroscience perspective. Although researchers have traditionally measured gaps in school readiness using broad achievement tests, they can now assess readiness in terms of more specific brain-based cognitive functions. Three neurocognitive systems—cognitive control, learning and memory, and reading—are essential for success in school. Thanks to recent advances in brain imaging, it is now possible to examine these three systems, each located in specific areas of the brain, by observing them in action as children engage in particular tasks.

Socioeconomic status—already linked with how well children do on skills tests generally—is particularly closely linked with how well they perform on tasks involving these crucial neurocognitive systems. Moreover, children's life experiences can influence their neurocognitive development and lead to functional and anatomical changes in their brains. Noting that chronic stress or abuse in childhood can impair development of the brain region involved in learning and memory, the authors show how the extreme stress of being placed in an orphanage leads to abnormal brain development and decreased cognitive functioning.

More optimistically, the authors explain that children's brains remain plastic and capable of growth and development. Targeted educational interventions thus have the promise of improving both brain function and behavior. Several such interventions, for example, both raise children's scores in tests of reading and increase activity in the brain regions most closely linked with reading. The brain regions most crucial for school readiness may prove quite responsive to effective therapeutic interventions—even making it possible to tailor particular interventions for individual children. The authors look ahead to the day when effective educational interventions can begin to close racial and socioeconomic gaps in readiness and achievement.
Portrait of an Act: Aesthetics and Ethics in The Portrait of a Lady
Authors: Jottkandt Sigi
Published: January 2007

Taking issue with the dominant critical tendency to view The Portrait of a Lady through the aesthetic lens of a novel of education, the author argues that Isabel's decision to return to Osmond must be recognized for an explicitly ethical act in a Lacanian sense, whose ultimate function is to guarantee the James heroine's transcendental freedom.
Hollywoodizing Henry James: Jack Clayton's The Innocents (1961)
Authors: Raw Laurence
Published: January 2007

This article suggests that Jack Clayton's film of "The Innocents" was conceived by the director and the producing studio, Twentieth Century-Fox, not only as a star vehicle for Deborah Kerr, but as an example of a "quality" production of a literary classic, similar in content and outlook to other adaptations produced at the same time such as Jack Cardiff's "Sons and Lovers" (1960). The article also argues that Clayton transformed James's novella and Archibald's play into an analysis of female sexuality, produced at a time when texts such as Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique helped to lay the foundations for the modern feminist movement.
Francis Bacon's Forms and the Logic of Ramist Conversion
Authors: Fletcher Angus
Published: January 2007

Despite the historical importance of Francis Bacon's grand vision of science, the doctrine of Form that supports his program of works is now generally agreed to be incoherent. This paper will argue, however, that Bacon's belief in the convertibility of matter gains a previously unacknowledged coherence when approached through the treatment of axiom conversion expressed in Ramus' 1574 Dialectica . Ultimately this will lead to the conclusion that Bacon did not--like most twentieth-century philosophers--see the universe as a collection of matter understood by humans in terms of law, but as a collection of laws understood in terms of matter.
John Dewey's "Permanent Hegelian Deposit" and the Exigencies of War
Authors: Good James A. (James Allan)
Published: January 2007

From 1882 to 1903, Dewey explicitly espoused a Hegelian philosophy. Until recently, scholars agreed that he broke from Hegel no later than 1903, but never adequately accounted for what he called the "permanent deposit" that Hegel left in his mature thought. I argue that Dewey never made a clean break from Hegel. Instead, he drew on the work of the St. Louis Hegelians to fashion a non-metaphysical reading of Hegel, similar to that championed by Klaus Hartmann and other Hegel scholars since the 1970s. This reading of Hegel is remarkably consistent with Dewey's mature philosophy. Although Dewey abruptly repudiated Hegel during World War I, I contend this reflected the exigencies of war rather than philosophical concerns.
Demographics of Disenrollment from SCHIP: Evidence from NJ KidCare
Authors: Miller Jane E., Ph. D , Gaboda Dorothy , Cantor Joel C , Videon Tami M , Diaz Yamalis
Published: January 2007

The State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) provides health insurance coverage for children in low-income families. Although there is evidence of substantial disenrollment from SCHIP, few studies have examined how disenrollment varies by demographic characteristics. This study uses data from administrative records of all 41,881 children enrolled prior to April 2000 in NJ KidCare (New Jersey's SCHIP) separate state plans for families with incomes between 133% and 350% of the Federal Poverty Level. Survival methods were used to analyze disenrollment according to demographic and plan characteristics. Reasons for disenrollment were also studied. Overall, 18.9% of children disenrolled within 12 months of enrollment. Disenrollment was higher among non-Hispanic black children, children aged 1 to 5, and children without siblings in NJ KidCare than among their counterparts. Surprisingly, English speakers had the highest disenrollment rate of all language groups. Children in families with moderate income categories for whom premium contributions were required were 3 times as likely as lower-income children to disenroll, principally due to non-payment of premiums. To maximize retention in SCHIP and ensure access to care and continuity of care for low-income children, research is needed concerning why some groups disenroll more quickly.
An Exploration of Patients' Trust in Physicians in Training
Authors: Bonds Denise E , Foley Kristie Long , Dugan Elizabeth , Hall Mark A. , Extrom Pam
Published: January 2007

Several characteristics associated with patient trust are identified. To determine the level of trust patients from disadvantaged circumstances have in their primary care resident physician, and to determine patient and physician characteristics that predict trust, we administered a survey to randomly selected primary care patients of an academic medical center staffed by internal medicine residents after a visit to their primary care provider. Participants were adults. The group was racially diverse (50% non-white), English-speaking, and from lower socioeconomic groups. The 10-page survey consisted of 7 sections (Physician Trust Scale, Patient Demographics, Patient Health and Well-Being, Patient-Physician Relationship Characteristics, Global Doctor Trust Scale, and Physician Characteristics). The average trust score for primary care providers was 42.70 (standard deviation [SD] 6.20, maximum possible 50). Patient trust was associated with female gender of the participant, higher education level, male physician, and gender concordance between physician and patient, and was inversely related to patient age. Trust in the doctors and nurses at the hospital in which the clinic was located also had a positive association with trust. These patients from lower socioeconomic groups had relatively high levels of trust compared with patients from higher socioeconomic groups discussed in the literature.
Patient Health Status and Appointment Keeping in an Urban Community Health Center
Authors: Cashman Suzanne B , Savageau Judith A , Lemay Celeste A , Ferguson Warren
Published: January 2007

This study examines the relationship between patient health status and the likelihood of missing appointments in a community health center serving low-income patients. Medical records of 465 adult patients scheduled to be seen during one week in February 1999 were audited for an 18-month period. Seventy-three percent of patients failed to keep one or more appointments; 43% missed one or two; 30% missed three or more. Health status measures significantly associated with missing appointments included depression (p = 0.03), anxiety/panic disorder (p = 0.03), and using tobacco (p = <0.001). Linear regression analysis indicated that the number of appointments scheduled and of diagnosed psychological conditions, as well as patient age were significant predictors of missed appointments. Patient appointment keeping is predictable; definable, measurable characteristics of patients can contribute to setting priorities for customizing interventions.
The Changing Landscape for the Elimination of Racial/Ethnic Health Status Disparities
Authors: Walker Bailus , Mays Vickie M , Warren Rueben C
Published: January 2007

The elimination of racial/ethnic health status disparities is a compelling national health objective. It was etched in sharp relief by the 1985 report of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary's Task Force on Black and Minority Health and considerable attention has been devoted to the problem since that report. But the problem persists, disparities are not fully explained and effective policies to reduce them have been elusive, a situation presenting both opportunities and challenges. Important advances towards reducing racial/ethnic health disparities may be made by better understanding the complex bidirectional relationship between and among the multiple factors, biological and non-biological, influencing morbidity and mortality. The landscape in which these influences are felt is anything but static. In this paper selected components of the landscape that are critical to the elimination of racial/ethnic health status disparities are reviewed. These factors underscore the importance of adopting and maintaining a perspective on health disparities that encompasses a broad array of health determinants.
Sources and Barriers to Health Care Coverage for Haitian Immigrants in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Authors: Saint-Jean Gilbert , Crandall Lee A
Published: January 2007

Haitian immigrants represent one of the largest foreign-born groups in Florida. Limited information is available on the health care issues that they face. This study's objective was to identify and evaluate the sources of and barriers to health care coverage for the Haitian immigrant community of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Information was collected on demographic characteristic and health needs and access from a probability sample of county residents of Haitian origin. Chi-square and logistic regression methods were used for data analysis. Only half of the participants had any type of health coverage, including 28% with private insurance and 15% with publicly financed coverage. Education, family income, U.S. citizenship status, length of U.S. residence, and English proficiency were associated with health coverage in bivariate analysis. Gender, citizenship, family income, and length of residence were also associated with coverage in adjusted analysis. These findings suggest that this community confronts serious access challenges that may negatively affect the health outcomes of Haitians in the U.S.
Differential Effects of Messages for Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening
Authors: Jibaja-Weiss Maria L , Volk Robert J , Smith Quentin W , Holcomb J. David , Kingery Paul M. (Paul Martin)
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to compare responses to two interventions (personalized-form [PF] letter messages versus personalized-tailored [PT] letter messages) using medical record data for promoting appointment scheduling and screening for breast and cervical cancer among urban low-income women from three ethnic groups: African-American, Mexican-American, and non-Hispanic white women. The 1,574 women participating in the randomized controlled trial were assigned to one of three groups: (1) PF letter, (2) PT letter, (3) control (no letter). Logistic regression analyses show that (1) personalized-tailored letters containing individualized references to recipients' cancer risk factors failed to increase rates of recommended cancer screening behaviors, especially among non-Hispanic white women; and that (2) in contrast, a personalized-form letter with general breast and cervical cancer screening messages increased cancer screening rates in this population, especially among non-Hispanic white and Mexican-American women.
Characteristics of Six-Month Tobacco Use Outcomes of Black Patients Seeking Smoking Cessation Intervention
Authors: Fernander Anita F , Patten Christi A , Schroeder Darrell R , Stevens Susanna R , Croghan Ivana T , Offord Kenneth P , Hurt Richard D
Published: January 2007

Although Blacks experience disproportionately greater morbidity and mortality attributable to smoking than other racially-classified social groups, few studies have examined the impact of clinical interventions for nicotine dependence within this population. The main objective of this study was to examine 6-month outcomes among 146 self-identified adult Black patients who received an individually-tailored nicotine dependence intervention in an academic medical setting. Measures included a baseline demographic questionnaire and telephone follow-up to obtain self-reported 6-month tobacco use status. Univariate analysis was performed to assess the association of baseline patient characteristics with tobacco abstinence at 6 months following the clinic intervention. Of the 146 patients, 83% were seen in an outpatient clinic setting, while 17% were seen as inpatients in the hospital. At baseline, 53% reported smoking an average of 20 or more cigarettes per day, 32% were highly nicotine dependent, and 53% were in the preparation or action stage of change. Six months following the intervention, the 7-day point-prevalence tobacco abstinence rate was 43/146 (29%; 95% C.I. 22% to 37%). An individualized nicotine dependence intervention conducted in an academic medical setting yielded encouraging abstinence rates for Black smokers.
Cardiac Risk Factors, Medicine Usage, and Hospital Course in Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Fridman Vladimir , Vandalovsky Ella , Bergmann Steven R
Published: January 2007

Immigrants from the former Soviet Union have a higher prevalence of cardiac risk factors and more problems obtaining health care in the United States than American-born Caucasians. This study compared differences between patients of these two populations admitted for diagnosis of chest pain or shortness of breath. Immigrants from the former Soviet Union (who had been in the U.S. for an average of 20 years) had more cardiac risk factors than American-born Caucasians including more hypertension (81% vs. 50%, p=.002), positive family history (53% vs. 30%, p=.030), more previous heart attacks (45% vs. 20%, p=.012), more prior cardiac catheterizations (51% vs. 18%, p<.001) and coronary revascularization procedures (51% vs. 27%, p=.022), and higher systolic blood pressure (138�13 vs. 129�23 mmHg, p=.019) upon presentation to the hospital. Fifty-five percent of immigrant patients used foreign medications. Thus, there are major differences between immigrants from the former Soviet Union who are admitted to the cardiac units of an urban New York hospital and American-born Caucasians. Knowledge of these differences is important for caregivers.
The Association between Self-Reported Discrimination, Physical Health and Blood Pressure: Findings from African Americans, Black Immigrants, and Latino Immigrants in New Hampshire
Authors: Ryan Andrew M , Gee Gilbert C , Laflamme David F
Published: January 2007

The relationship between perceived racial discrimination and both blood pressure and perceived physical health has been documented among African Americans. However, this association has not been well-studied for Black or Latino immigrants. We used multiple regression analysis with a cross-sectional sample of 666 African Americans, Black immigrants, and Latino immigrants from the New Hampshire Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health 2010 Initiative to assess the relationship between discrimination and measures of physical health and blood pressure. The study found evidence of a significant U-shaped relationship between discrimination and systolic blood pressure for all three cohorts. Evidence was also found supporting a negative linear relationship between discrimination and physical health. In addition, the association between discrimination and physical health was attenuated for Latinos compared with the other groups. Future research should evaluate how factors associated with acculturation or cumulative exposure to discriminatory stressors may affect the protective resources of immigrants.