bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Pathway Model of Retirement
Authors: Loh Vanessa
Published: December 2015

The traditional retirement model, based largely on earlier cohorts of male older workers, presents a relatively straightforward pathway from full‐time career work to retirement as a discrete event marking the complete withdrawal from the paid workforce either due to ill‐health or access to alternative sources of financial support. However, the increasingly diverse personal, work, and life histories of today's older workers have introduced significant variation at each phase of the retirement process, from planning and decision making to transitions and adjustment. In fact, some individuals may never retire from paid work, whereas others may retire one or more times to take up other work while transitioning into full retirement. Modern retirement models must consider the individual and interactive impacts of individual, family, organizational, social, and economic factors that contribute to multiple pathways to retirement.
Goal Adjustment Theory
Authors: Mens Maria G. , Scheier Michael F. , Wrosch Carsten
Published: December 2015

Goal adjustment theory identifies two processes that enable a person to adapt to the experience of unattainable goals: goal disengagement and goal reengagement. In this entry, the components of disengagement and reengagement are identified, and the importance of these components to subjective well‐being and health are described. In addition, an individual difference measure of goal adjustment capacity is discussed. Also considered are ways in which goal disengagement and goal reengagement capacities might combine, and how different combinations may be more or less adaptive at different points in the lifespan. Directions for future research are suggested.
Genetic Studies of Genius and the Life Cycle Follow‐Ups
Authors: Duggan Katherine A. , Friedman Howard S.
Published: December 2015

The Genetic Studies of Genius study, begun by Lewis Terman in 1921, is the longest running continuous psychological investigation. Recruitment through 1928 yielded a final sample of 1,528 Californian children of high intelligence. The participants have been studied and surveyed about their personalities, education, careers, successes, marriages, families, and well‐being every 5–10 years throughout life. The results reveal that, even within an intelligent sample, psychological and social characteristics interact with the environment to set individuals on lifelong pathways toward health and thriving, or toward illness and stagnation throughout the lifespan.
Successful Aging
Authors: Brown Carroll A.
Published: December 2015

The term
successful aging
has been used in the field of gerontology to indicate the components and circumstances fundamental to healthy aging. While there is no consensus among researchers on the definition or determinants of successful aging, the term generally implies a positive state of aging or that a person is aging well, and is often synonymous with such expressions as
vital aging
,
productive aging
,
healthy aging
,
active aging
,
optimal aging
, and
positive aging
. The successful aging concept has been used in the gerontology literature as both an outcome and a process, generating considerable amounts of research on its meanings, determinants, and models.
Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Elias Merrill F. , Dore Gregory A.
Published: December 2015

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of diseases characterized by dysfunction of the circulatory system. Their prevalence rises with age, making them a major concern in older adults. Examples of CVD are coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, heart arrhythmias, and adverse events such as silent stroke, acute stoke, myocardial infarction (heart attack), heart failure, vascular cognitive impairment, and vascular dementia. Together, these diseases and other CVDs comprise the major risk for death in much of the developed world. Major risk factors for CVD include hypertension, elevated cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, smoking, and high alcohol consumption. In addition to being risk factors for mortality, CVD and related risk factors have been related to dementia and lowered cognitive functioning. Prevention and treatment of risk factors for CVD are of key importance in preventing or delaying CVDs and events that reduce quality of life and shorten the lifespan.
Kidney
Authors: Gillespie Avrum , Lee Iris
Published: December 2015

This entry provides a basic overview of kidney (renal) anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology with a special emphasis on the aging kidney and kidney diseases that are more commonly encountered in the elderly. By understanding basic mechanisms of the kidney and consequences of kidney disease, the reader will also gain an insight into how kidney disease and function affect the elderly. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), including end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), has been estimated have a prevalence of 44% in individuals aged 65 and older and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This entry will describe the stages and consequences of CKD including ESRD, as well as its treatments.
Resilience
Authors: Kessler Eva‐Marie , Bowen Catherine E.
Published: December 2015

Resilience
refers to the maintenance and/or reestablishment of a certain normative or predisruption level of psychosocial functioning in the face of stress, threat, or loss. Resilience in adulthood and old age has been studied with regards to specific age‐related experiences (e.g., trajectories of well‐being during the course of widowhood, retirement, or major health events) and with regards to the aging process in general (i.e.,
successful aging
). Resilience is determined by a
constellation
of factors including an individual's biological resources, psychological resources, and sociocultural resources, on the one hand, and the specific demands of the stressor, on the other hand.
Nursing Homes
Authors: Bern‐Klug Mercedes , Manthai Tobokane
Published: December 2015

Nursing homes represent one option for providing care to persons with advanced chronic illness and long‐term care needs as well as to persons with subacute or rehabilitative needs. Most US nursing homes are for profit and the vast majority of their payment comes from the government. In the United States, most nursing home residents are older adults; 40% of residents have reached age 85 while persons under the age of 65 comprise 12% of residents. Nursing homes continue to be challenged by high staff turnover rates, although person‐centered care and the culture change movement may help to retain staff as well as improve the quality of life of residents. Despite the fact that the definition for nursing homes varies from country to country, there is consensus that the global demand for long‐term care will increase over the 2020s and 2030s. More trained professionals are needed in the United States and elsewhere.
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Diversity
Authors: Crowther Martha , Hyams Adriana
Published: December 2015

The number of older racial and ethnic minority individuals in the United States is increasing and will continue to grow well into the 21st century. Given this demographic shift, it is imperative that the understanding of the experiences and needs of racial and ethnic minority older adults be considered within the context of culture. Older adults' cultural perspective—which may include socioeconomic status, particular views about physical and mental illness, the role of family, and spiritual or religious beliefs—may influence their perceptions of and reactions to the use of support services, the caregiving–care recipient roles, and other aspects of the aging experience. Consideration of the cultural context can assist healthcare professionals in understanding diverse health behavior patterns as well as health and service needs in order to provide culturally competent care.
Phobias
Authors: Grenier Sébastien
Published: December 2015

The termphobiasderives from the name of Phobos, a Greek god who according to legend scared his enemies with his awesome face. It was not until the late 1940s that phobias became a distinct psychiatric diagnosis. In psychiatric manuals, phobias are usually divided into three categories: specific (simple) phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. This entry describes how phobias affect older people in everyday functioning. The following questions will be especially addressed: How many older people really suffer from phobias? Which factors increase the risk of suffering from late‐life phobias? Are phobias associated with other medical conditions? How can phobias be effectively treated in older adults? Finally, further research avenues will be proposed.
Intraindividual Variability
Authors: Koffer Rachel , Ram Nilam
Published: December 2015

Intraindividual variability (IIV) manifests in the fluctuations, inconsistency, and “noise” that occur on micro‐timescales—intensive longitudinal data collected across seconds, hours, days, and so on. Mathematical and statistical summaries of IIV provide for measurement and modeling of a rich array of dynamic characteristics and processes. In this entry, examples from the cognitive and emotion domains are used to illustrate how researchers have examined age‐related differences in IIV in a wide variety of biopsychosocial domains. Typically, quantifications of IIV are interpreted as indicators of a person's characteristics or capacities. However, IIV may actually be interpreted in three ways: as an indicator of the individual, the context, or the person–context system. These interpretations are implicitly embedded in the various taxonomies of IIV, but context‐based interpretations of IIV are fairly uncommon. Further consideration of when and to what extent IIV is actually an indicator of the context is encouraged.
Personality Correlates of Spirituality
Authors: Wink Paul
Published: December 2015

The understanding of the personality correlates of spirituality is complicated by the ambiguity associated with the term. Although most Americans usespiritualityto denote a personal relationship with one's god that is embedded within traditional, institutionalized religious beliefs and practices, a growing number of individuals self‐identify as spiritual but not religious to denote their nonaffiliation with any religious denomination and/or to signify their belief in a personal or an impersonal transcendent being. The former type of spirituality is associated with the personality characteristics of agreeableness and conscientiousness, and values centered on security, conformity, and tradition. In contrast, spirituality that is decoupled from church religion tends to be associated with openness to experience and cognitive complexity. Although relatively robust and stable across various religious traditions, the associations between personality, religiousness, and spirituality are influenced by economic development and modernization and are suggestive of an interaction between individual beliefs and practices and cultural and sociohistorical milieu.
Training and Development
Authors: Hedge Jerry W.
Published: December 2015

Persons aged 55 and older are becoming a significant proportion of the population worldwide—and a growing part of the labor pool. The pace of change—technological, societal, economic, and in the workplace—has implications for training and development research and application. A continuous learning philosophy on the part of individuals and organizations is increasingly emphasized as a means to maintain and improve skills. This frame of reference is important to a discussion of the education and training activities of older individuals, as an increasing number of career and retirement pathways and trajectories can be supported by training and development applications.
Work Ability
Authors: Ilmarinen Juhani , von Bonsdorff Mikaela
Published: December 2015

Work ability, defined as the balance between human resources and the demands of work, is an evidence‐based concept. The Work Ability Index (WAI) was developed to measure work ability and serve as a tool for investigating how long individuals are actually able to work. The WAI has been found to be a valid indicator of sickness absence from work, work disability, and early retirement from the labor market. Maintenance and promotion of work ability requires close cooperation between employers and employees and includes taking into consideration work demands, the work environment and its organization, leadership, and employees' health, functioning, and competencies. Evidence is emerging on the long‐term association between work‐related determinants, work ability, and old‐age health and functioning. This evidence suggests that investments should be made to promote work ability.
Personality Assessment
Authors: Balsis Steve
Published: December 2015

Personality assessment researchers are making great strides by studying midlife and later life samples. They are addressing challenging questions such as: Is personality best characterized categorically or dimensionally? How should one identify the dividing line between “normal” and “abnormal” personality? How does the context of later life give rise to item bias and assessor bias? What is the most reliable and valid way to measure personality in later life? This entry considers these questions and provides the reader with current information about the state of the field regarding each answer.
Living‐Apart‐Together (
LAT
) Relationships
Authors: Benson Jacquelyn J.
Published: December 2015

As a result of increased life expectancy, high divorce rates, and declining marriage and remarriage rates, older adults have experienced remarkable changes in norms surrounding patterns of partnering and family formation. The family lives of older adults now demonstrate greater heterogeneity and complexity than did those of earlier cohorts. New ways of “doing family” have become more prevalent, particularly in terms of how romantic partnerships are enacted and maintained. Although cohabitation is on the rise, another form of partnering is gaining visibility in Western societies—living apart together (LAT). These relationships are often defined as committed, monogamous intimate partnerships between unmarried individuals who live in separate homes but identify themselves as a couple. This entry provides an overview of LAT relationships in older adulthood including prevalence rates, explanations as to why older adults choose to LAT, and the benefits and disadvantages of LAT in later life.
Coping With Cognitive Changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Murphy Kelly J.
Published: December 2015

Effective methods for coping with cognitive changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may prevent or delay progression to dementia, a condition for which MCI represents a significant risk. Greater‐than‐age‐expected cognitive decline differentiates MCI from normal aging and the absence of marked functional decline in carrying out daily responsibilities distinguishes MCI from dementia. Heart‐healthy lifestyle practices focused on preventing or optimizing management of medical conditions associated with dementia risk, engagement in mentally stimulating activities, and memory training interventions have all been associated with cognitive benefits in MCI. Multicomponent behavioral interventions may be particularly advantageous due to the complexity of disease processes potentially underpinning the condition. Research demonstrating negative impacts of MCI on close family indicates family interventions are also important to managing cognitive change due to MCI.
Abuse and Neglect of Family Members
Authors: Teaster Pamela B. , Lipke Ciana
Published: December 2015

The phenomenon of elder abuse has existed throughout history but continues as a largely hidden and little‐understood problem that occurs in both community and facility settings. Elder abuse has been recognized as a failure of the family structure, an inadequacy of caregiving institutions, and a medical problem, social work concern, public health dilemma, criminal justice conundrum, and public policy issue. More older women than older men experience abuse and neglect, which is most often perpetrated by family members with whom the elder has a trust relationship. Elder abuse and neglect of family members can have a profound impact on the overall health and quality of life of its victims.
Quality of Care in Nursing Homes
Authors: Smith Kelly M. , Hyer Kathryn
Published: December 2015

While great strides have been made toward improvement, the quality of care delivered in US nursing homes remains a concern among policy makers and stakeholders. An overview of the major regulatory reforms, beginning with the 1987 Omnibus Reconciliation Act and progressing through the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, is provided, including research findings on their efficacy.
Memory
Authors: Eustache Francis , Desgranges Béatrice
Published: December 2015

This entry describes age‐related changes to memory and their neural substrates. Normal aging is mainly characterized by the impairment of strategic processes, in both encoding and retrieval. Brain imaging studies have shown that the frontal cortex undergoes the greatest deterioration, both structurally and functionally, while the anterior hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex are the least affected. This pattern supports the developmental theory whereby the first regions to emerge phylogenetically and ontogenetically are the most resistant to age effects, and the last ones the most vulnerable. Further, it appears to mark the parting of the ways between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by early and prominent deterioration of the hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex. In addition, cognitive–metabolic correlations and activation studies have shown that episodic memory impairment in normal aging mainly results from prefrontal deterioration, whereas in Alzheimer's disease the hippocampus and posterior cingulate gyrus are heavily implicated.
Employment Law
Authors: Gutman Arthur
Published: December 2015

This entry introduces the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), enacted in 1967. Several issues related to the scope of ADEA are discussed. These include the definition of the protected class and specific scenarios where ADEA applies, such as individual terminations, reductions in force, facial discrimination in employment benefits, and the related practice in offering early retirement packages.
Associative Deficit Hypothesis
Authors: Naveh‐Benjamin Moshe
Published: December 2015

One suggested reason for age‐related declines in episodic memory is older adults' compromised ability to bind together and associate the different components of an episode during encoding and to access these bound elements during retrieval. A large body of empirical evidence supports such an associative deficit hypothesis, demonstrating that older adults show significantly poorer memory for different types of associations even though memory for the components involved in these associations shows little age‐related decline. The associative deficit is mediated by a decline in automatic binding processes, and even more so in strategic‐effortful ones both at encoding and at retrieval, and these seem to be related to declines in the integrity of the prefrontal and medial temporal brain regions. The associative deficit has been shown to be ameliorated by integrating associations into previous knowledge, and also by inducing strategies that help to combine the different components into cohesive units.
Differential Aging of Cognition
Authors: de Ribaupierre Anik , Borella Erika
Published: December 2015

In contrast with the view that cognitive aging consists of a uniform decline, similar across individuals and across tasks, the concept of differential aging implies large inter‐ and intraindividual variability. This entry shows that different cognitive domains and tasks present different aging patterns; this is well known in the case of fluid and crystallized abilities, but patterns vary across tasks within the same domain too. Likewise, there are extremely large interindividual differences, as demonstrated not only by longitudinal studies but also by studies centering on individual trajectories. It is suggested that studies on differential aging should systematically incorporate the analysis of intraindividual variability (both inconsistency and dispersion).
Physician‐Assisted Suicide/Euthanasia
Authors: Canetto Silvia Sara
Published: December 2015

Physician‐assisted suiciderefers to the deliberate provision, on the part of a physician, of means and/or information to enable a person's suicide.Euthanasiainvolves someone directly implementing the means (e.g., administering a lethal dose of medication) to end a person's life with the presumed intention to end suffering. Both are forms of hastened death. In the United States, physician‐assisted suicide first became legal in Oregon in 1997, with a few more states legalizing it since. Active euthanasia remains illegal in the United States. There is debate on whether the legalization of hastened death expands or threatens the rights of individuals who fit the typical hastened‐death criteria (i.e., depending on the jurisdiction, individuals who have a terminal illness or individuals who report unbearable physical or psychological suffering)—especially if these individuals belong to a socially vulnerable group, as is the case for older adults.
Measurement Burst Design
Authors: Stawski Robert S. , MacDonald Stuart W. S. , Sliwinski Martin J.
Published: December 2015

The measurement burst design is a design that incorporates
bursts
of intensive repeated assessment within a relatively short period of time (e.g., days, weeks) that are repeated longitudinally, over more widely spaced temporal intervals (e.g., annually). This design lends itself to the study of short‐term variability, long‐term change, and individual differences therein. Further, the measurement burst design facilitates the study of dynamic processes that transpire over different temporal scales and how these processes influence one another. This entry describes the measurement burst design, giving examples of its application in adult development and aging research and of the virtues and challenges involved with its implementation.
Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control
Authors: Truong Linda , Yang Lixia
Published: December 2015

The dual mechanisms of control framework distinguishes between two cognitive control modes that differ in terms of temporal dynamics: proactive and reactive control. Proactive control relies on the continuous maintenance of task goals in working memory and helps to prevent or minimize the impact of interference, prior to its onset, while reactive control reactivates task goals only upon the onset of a critical event, such as the occurrence of interference. According to this framework, aging is associated with a tendency to shift from a predominant proactive control mode to a less resource‐consuming reactive control mode. This shift is hypothesized to arise from age‐related changes in prefrontal cortex functioning.
Follicular lymphoma: 2015 update on diagnosis and management
Authors: Freedman Arnold
Published: December 2015

Disease overview: Follicular lymphoma is generally an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by diffuse lymphoadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, splenomegaly, and less commonly other extranodal sites of involvement. In general, cytopenias can occur but constitutional symptoms of fever, night sweats, and weight loss are uncommon.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on histology of preferably a biopsy of a lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining is positive in virtually all cases for cell surface CD19, CD20, CD10, and monoclonal immunoglobulin, as well as cytoplasmic expression of bcl‐2 protein. The overwhelming majority of cases have the characteristic t(14;18) translocation involving the IgH/bcl‐2 genes.

Risk stratification: The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index prognostic model for FL uses five independent predictors of inferior survival: age >60 years, hemoglobin <12 g/dL, serum LDH > normal, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, number of involved nodal areas > 4. The presence of 0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 adverse factors defines low, intermediate, and high‐risk disease. With the use of more modern therapies, outcomes have improved.

Risk‐adapted therapy: Observation continues to be adequate for asymptomatic patients with low bulk disease and no cytopenias, with no survival advantage for early treatment with either chemotherapy or rituximab alone. For patients needing therapy, most patients are treated with chemotherapy plus rituximab, which has improved response rates, duration of response and overall survival. Randomized studies have shown additional benefit for maintenance rituximab both following chemotherapy‐rituximab and single agent rituximab. Experimental therapies as well as stem cell transplantation (SCT) are considered for recurrent disease. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1172–1178, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secondhand smoke is associated with more frequent hospitalizations in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Sadreameli S. Christy , Eakin Michelle N. , Robinson Kayin T. , Alade Rachel O. , Strouse John J.
Published: December 2015

Tobacco smoke exposure has been associated with more frequent hospitalizations in children with sickle cell disease (SCD), but previous studies have not quantified the exposure by objective methods. We enrolled 50 children and young adults with SCD in a retrospective and prospective cohort study and quantified tobacco smoke exposure by objective (salivary cotinine) and survey measures. We used a multivariable negative binomial regression model to evaluate the association between salivary cotinine and hospital admissions. Forty‐five percent (22/49) of participants had significant elevation of salivary cotinine (≥ 0.5 ng/ml). The incidence risk ratio (IRR) for hospital admission for those with elevated cotinine was 3.7 (95% CI 1.8–8). Those exposed to secondhand smoke but not primary smokers (cotinine between 0.5 and 10 ng/ml) had a similarly increased risk of hospitalization [IRR 4.3 (95% CI 1.8‐10)]. We show that an objective measure of tobacco smoke exposure, salivary cotinine, is strongly associated with the rate of hospital admissions in children and young adults with SCD. This association underscores the importance of screening for tobacco smoke exposure in people with SCD. Further investigation is warranted to determine the mechanisms of and to evaluate interventions to decrease tobacco smoke exposure. Am. J. Hematol. 91:313–317, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)—Then and now
Authors: Rai Kanti R. , Jain Preetesh
Published: December 2015

The field of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has witnessed considerable change since the time clinical staging was introduced in clinical practice in 1975. Over the years, the prognostication in CLL has expanded with the addition in late 90s of mutational status of variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV), and chromosomal analyses using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). More recently, stereotypy of BCR (B cell receptor) and whole exome sequencing (WES) based discovery of specific mutations such as NOTCH1, TP53, SF3B1, XPO‐1, BIRC3, ATM, and RPS15 further refined the current prognostication system in CLL. In therapy, the field of CLL has seen major changes from oral chlorambucil and steroids prior to 1980s, to chemo‐immunotherapy (CIT) with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, rituximab (FCR) to the orally administered targeted therapeutic agents inhibiting kinases in the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway such as Ibrutinib (BTK inhibitor) and Idelalisib (p110 PI3Kδ inhibitor) and novel anti‐CD20 mAb's (monoclonal antibodies) such as obinutuzumab. This progress is continuing and other targeted therapeutics such as Bcl2 antagonists (Venetoclax or ABT‐199) and finally chimeric antigen receptor against T cells (CART) are in the process of being developed. This review is an attempt to summarize the major benchmarks in the prognostication and in the therapy of CLL. The topic allocated to us by Dr Ayalew Tefferi and Dr Carlo Brugnara is very appropriate to reminisce what our understanding of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was in 1976 and how rapidly have the advances occurring in this field affected the patients with CLL. Am. J. Hematol. 91:330–340, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optically Active Cyclic Compounds Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane with Naphthalene Units
Authors: Gon Masayuki , Kozuka Hiroto , Morisaki Yasuhiro , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: December 2015

Two optically active cyclic compounds based on a planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane core and containing either benzene or naphthalene moieties at the four corners of the structures were synthesized. Their optical and chiroptical properties were investigated by UV/vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL), circular dichroism, and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy, as well as by density functional theory calculations. The circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) performance of the naphthalene‐containing cyclic compound was high with a large molar extinction coefficient, good photoluminescence efficiency, and a good CPL dissymmetry factor.
Cavity‐photon contribution to the effective interaction of electrons in parallel quantum dots
Authors: Gudmundsson Vidar , Sitek Anna , Abdullah Nzar Rauf , Tang Chi‐Shung , Manolescu Andrei
Published: December 2015

A single cavity photon mode is expected to modify the Coulomb interaction of an electron system in the cavity. Here we investigate this phenomena in a parallel double quantum dot system. We explore properties of the closed system and the system after it has been opened up for electron transport. We show how results for both cases support the idea that the effective electron‐electron interaction becomes more repulsive in the presence of a cavity photon field. This can be understood in terms of the cavity photons dressing the polarization terms in the effective mutual electron interaction leading to nontrivial delocalization or polarization of the charge in the double parallel dot potential. In addition, we find that the effective repulsion of the electrons can be reduced by quadrupolar collective oscillations excited by an external classical dipole electric field.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Nitrogen‐Containing Arenes with Alkynes: An Atom‐Economical Route to Heterocyclic Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Prakash Sekar , Muralirajan Krishnamoorthy , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: December 2015

Four cobalt‐catalyzed oxidative annulation reactions of nitrogen‐containing arenes with alkynes proceeds by C−H activation, thus leading to biologically useful quaternary ammonium salts, including pyridoisoquinolinium, cinnolinium, isoquinolinium, and quinolizinium salts, in high yields. The results are comparable to those reactions catalyzed by rhodium and ruthenium complexes. The transformation of the salts into various N‐heterocycles has also been demonstrated.
Production of bacterial nanocellulose from wine industry residues: Importance of fermentation time on pellicle characteristics
Authors: Cerrutti Patricia , Roldán Pamela , García Ricardo Martínez , Galvagno Miguel A. , Vázquez Analía , Foresti María L.
Published: December 2015

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) was produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus under static conditions using grape pomace extract (the most abundant residue of the wine industry) as a carbon source and corn steep liquor (a byproduct of corn wet‐milling) as the main nitrogen source. Carbon and nitrogen source concentrations, as well as inocula size, fermentation time, and temperature, were all considered in order to maximize BNC production by the use of statistically designed experiments and the response surface methodology. At optimum production conditions, the effect of fermentation time on morphology, solids content, chemical structure, crystallinity, thermal decomposition pattern, and storage modulus of dried BNC pellicles was analyzed. The results evidenced that dried BNC pellicles that were incubated for longer times showed higher thermal stability, higher crystallinity, and higher storage modulus, resulting from a denser nanoribbons network. All of these characteristics will certainly play a role in the performance of BNC in practical applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43109.
Synthesis and characterization of well‐defined random and block copolymers of ε‐caprolactone with l‐lactide as an additive for toughening polylactide: Influence of the molecular architecture
Authors: Deokar Megha D. , Idage Susheela B. , Idage Bhaskar B. , Sivaram Swaminathan
Published: December 2015

Well‐defined multiarmed star random and block copolymers of ε‐caprolactone with l‐lactide with controlled molecular weights, low polydispersities, and precise numbers of arms were synthesized by the ring‐opening polymerization of respective cyclic ester monomers. The polymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR to determine their chemical composition, molecular structure, degree of randomness, and proof of block copolymer formation. Gel permeation chromatography was used to establish the degree of branching. Star‐branched random copolymers exhibited lower glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) compared to a linear random copolymer. When the star random copolymers were melt‐blended with poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLA), we observed that the elongation of the blend increased with the number of arms of the copolymer. Six‐armed block copolymers, which exhibited higher Tg's, caused the maximum improvement in elongation. In all cases, improvements in the elongation were achieved with no loss of stiffness in the PLA blends. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43267.
Model Based Robust Control Law for Linear Event‐Triggered System
Authors: Tripathy Niladri Sekhar , Kar Indra N. , Paul Kolin
Published: December 2015

This paper proposes a framework to design an event‐triggered based robust control law for linear uncertain system. The robust control law is realized through both static and dynamic event‐triggering approach to reduce the computation and communication usages. Proposed control strategies ensure stability in the presence of bounded matched and mismatched system uncertainties. Derivation of event‐triggering rule with a non‐zero positive inter‐event time and corresponding stability criteria for uncertain event‐triggered system are the key contributions of this paper. The efficacy of proposed algorithm is carried out through a comparative study of simulation results.
Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in childhood: ADanish national birth cohort study
Authors: Liew Zeyan , Ritz Beate , Virk Jasveer , Olsen Jørn
Published: December 2015

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is the most commonly used pain and fever medication during pregnancy. Previously, a positive ecological correlation between acetaminophen use and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been reported but evidence from larger studies based on prospective data is lacking. We followed 64,322 children and mothers enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC; 1996–2002) for average 12.7 years to investigate whether acetaminophen use in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of ASD in the offspring. Information on acetaminophen use was collected prospectively from three computer‐assisted telephone interviews. We used records from the Danish hospital and psychiatric registries to identify diagnoses of ASD. At the end of follow up, 1,027 (1.6%) children were diagnosed with ASD, 345 (0.5%) with infantile autism. We found that 31% of ASD (26% of infantile autism) have also been diagnosed with hyperkinetic disorders. More than 50% women reported ever using acetaminophen in pregnancy. We used Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confident interval (CI). Prenatal use of acetaminophen was associated with an increased risk of ASD accompanied by hyperkinetic symptoms (HR = 1.51 95% CI 1.19–1.92), but not with other ASD cases (HR = 1.06 95% CI 0.92–1.24). Longer duration of use (i.e., use for >20 weeks in gestation) increased the risk of ASD or infantile autism with hyperkinetic symptoms almost twofold. Maternal use of acetaminophen in pregnancy was associated with ASD with hyperkinetic symptoms only, suggesting acetaminophen exposure early in fetal life may specifically impact this hyperactive behavioral phenotype.Autism Res2016, 9: 951–958. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Untersuchungen zur Sonneneinstrahlung und natürlichen Lüftung an einem typischen historischen Wohnhaus in der Altstadt von Dschiddah
Authors: Jäger‐Klein Caroline , Styhler‐Aydın Gudrun , Radinger Gregor , Stumpf Wolfgang
Published: December 2015

Die traditionelle Wohnhausarchitektur der Hafenstadt Dschiddah an der Westküste Saudi Arabiens weist einzigartige bauklimatische Eigenschaften auf, die bisher noch nicht auf wissenschaftlich fortschrittlichem Niveau dokumentiert wurden. Eine interdisziplinäre Studie von Architekturgeschichte‐ und Bauforschungsexperten hat sich daher damit beschäftigt, regionaltypische historische Wohnhausformen und ihre Wechselwirkungen mit klimatischen Standortverhältnissen darzustellen. Die typischen drei‐ bis sechsgeschossigen Gebäude wurden aus dem lokal vorhandenen Korallenstein errichtet. Neben der Verwendung dieses Baustoffes sind die Geometrien der Baukörper sowie die Stadtbild prägenden und in den Straßenraum ragenden Fenstererker eine Reaktion auf das besonders feuchte und heiße Klima von Dschiddah. Um die bauphysikalische Intelligenz dieser Architektur zu erforschen, wurden die solaren Licht‐ und Strahlungseinträge sowie die vorherrschenden Luftbewegungsverhältnisse mit Tageslichtanalysen und Luftströmungssimulationen am Beispiel des historischen Stadthauses der Familie Nawar aufgezeigt.

Investigations on daylight input and natural ventilation of a typical building in the historic centre of Jeddah. The traditional domestic architecture of the port town Jeddah, located on the Saudi Arabien west coast, is characterized by unique construction features that have not yet been documented on a current scientific level. An interdisciplinary study of experts in architectural history and building research has illustrated interactions between regional historic building forms and climatic site conditions. The typical three to six‐story buildings are made of local coral stone. Apart from this material and certain building geometries, wooden bay‐windows response to the particularly humid and hot climate of Jeddah. To explore the physical construction intelligence of this architecture, the solar light and radiation entries and the prevailing air movement conditions are demonstrated by daylight‐analyses and airflow simulations applied on the example of a historic townhouse, the residence of the Nawar family.
Why magnetic and electromagnetic effects in biology are irreproducible and contradictory?
Authors: Buchachenko Anatoly
Published: December 2015

The main source of magnetic and electromagnetic effects in biological systems is now generally accepted and demonstrated in this paper to be radical pair mechanism which implies pairwise generation of radicals in biochemical reactions. This mechanism was convincingly established for enzymatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and desoxynucleic acid (DNA) synthesis by using catalyzing metal ions with magnetic nuclei (25Mg, 43Ca, 67Zn) and supported by magnetic field effects on these reactions. The mechanism, is shown to function in medicine as a medical remedy or technology (trans‐cranial magnetic stimulation, nuclear magnetic control of the ATP synthesis in heart muscle, the killing of cancer cells by suppression of DNA synthesis). However, the majority of magnetic effects in biology remain to be irreproducible, contradictory, and enigmatic. Three sources of such a state are shown in this paper to be: the presence of paramagnetic metal ions as a component of enzymatic site or as an impurity in an uncontrollable amount; the property of the radical pair mechanism to function at a rather high concentration of catalyzing metal ions, when at least two ions enter into the catalytic site; and the kinetic restrictions, which imply compatibility of chemical and spin dynamics in radical pair. It is important to keep in mind these factors to properly understand and predict magnetic effects in magneto‐biology and biology itself and deliberately use them in medicine. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:1–13, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does exposure to environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields cause cognitive and behavioral effects in 10‐year‐old boys?
Authors: Calvente Irene , Pérez‐Lobato Rocío , Núñez María‐Isabel , Ramos Rosa , Guxens Mònica , Villalba Juan , Olea Nicolás , Fernández Mariana F.
Published: December 2015

The relationship between exposure to electromagnetic fields from non‐ionizing radiation and adverse human health effects remains controversial. We aimed to explore the association of environmental radiofrequency‐electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMFs) exposure with neurobehavioral function of children. A subsample of 123 boys belonging to the Environment and Childhood cohort from Granada (Spain), recruited at birth from 2000 through 2002, were evaluated at the age of 9–11 years. Spot electric field measurements within the 100 kHz to 6 GHz frequency range, expressed as both root mean‐square (SRMS) and maximum power density (SMAX) magnitudes, were performed in the immediate surrounds of childreńs dwellings. Neurocognitive and behavioral functions were assessed with a comprehensive battery of tests. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used, adjusting for potential confounders. All measurements were lower than reference guideline limits, with median SRMS and SMAX values of 285.94 and 2759.68 μW/m2, respectively. Most of the cognitive and behavioral parameters did not show any effect, but children living in higher RF exposure areas (above median SRMS levels) had lower scores for verbal expression/comprehension and higher scores for internalizing and total problems, and obsessive‐compulsive and post‐traumatic stress disorders, in comparison to those living in areas with lower exposure. These associations were stronger when SMAX values were considered. Although some of our results may suggest that low‐level environmental RF‐EMF exposure has a negative impact on cognitive and/or behavior development in children; given limitations in the study design and that the majority of neurobehavioral functioning tasks were not affected, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:25–36, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mild phenotype in an adult male with X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy – case report
Authors: Horn Morten A. , Mikaelsen Karin B. M. , Ferdinandusse Sacha , Jørum Ellen , Mellgren Svein I. , Retterstøl Lars , Wanders Ronald J. A. , Tallaksen Chantal M. E.
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical Message

X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy may present with a deceptively mild phenotype, even in adult males. Tight collaboration between clinicians, geneticists, biochemists, and other specialists is increasingly required for clarification of diagnosis in cases with atypical presentation.
Prefolded Synthetic G‐Quartets Display Enhanced Bioinspired Properties
Authors: Flack Theodore , Constantin Thibaut , Penasse Sylvain , Dejeu Jérôme , Gennaro Béatrice , Jourdan Muriel , Laguerre Aurélien , Pirrotta Marc , Monchaud David , Spinelli Nicolas , Defrancq Eric
Published: December 2015

A water‐soluble template‐assembled synthetic G‐quartet (TASQ) based on the use of a macrocyclodecapeptide scaffold was designed to display stable intramolecular folds alone in solution. The preformation of the guanine quartet, demonstrated by NMR and CD investigations, results in enhanced peroxidase‐type biocatalytic activities and improved quadruplex‐interacting properties. Comparison of its DNAzyme‐boosting properties with the ones of previously published TASQ revealed that, nowadays, it is the best DNAzyme‐boosting agent.
Chelation‐Assisted Nickel‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation via Double C−H Activation/Alkyne Insertion Reaction
Authors: Misal Castro Luis C. , Obata Atsushi , Aihara Yoshinori , Chatani Naoto
Published: December 2015

A nickel/NHC system for regioselective oxidative annulation by double C−H bond activation and concomitant alkyne insertion is described. The catalytic reaction requires a bidentate directing group, such as an 8‐aminoquinoline, embedded in the substrate. Various 5,6,7,8‐tetrasubstituted‐N‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)‐1‐naphthamides can be prepared as well as phenanthrene and benzo[h]quinoline amide derivatives. Diarylalkynes, dialkylalkynes, and arylalkylalkynes can be used in the system. A Ni0/NiII catalytic cycle is proposed as the main catalytic cycle. The alkyne plays a double role as a two‐component coupling partner and as a hydrogen acceptor.
Enantioselective Access to Spirocyclic Sultams by Chiral Cpx–Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Annulations
Authors: Pham Manh V. , Cramer Nicolai
Published: December 2015

Chiral spirocyclic sultams are a valuable compound class in organic and medicinal chemistry. A rapid entry to this structural motif involves a [3+2] annulation of an N‐sulfonyl ketimine and an alkyne. Although the directing‐group properties of the imino group for C−H activation have been exploited, the developments of related asymmetric variants have remained very challenging. The use of rhodium(III) complexes equipped with a suitable atropchiral cyclopentadienyl ligand, in conjunction with a carboxylic acid additive, enables an enantioselective and high yielding access to such spirocyclic sultams.
ChemInform Abstract: Bandgap Tunability in Sb‐Alloyed BiVO4 Quaternary Oxides as Visible Light Absorbers for Solar Fuel Applications.
Authors: Buonsanti Raffaella , et al.
Published: December 2015

Sb‐alloyed BiVO4 (with Bi and Sb ranging from 0 to ≈50%) films are prepared in a two‐step synthesis comprising first the preparation of Bi1‐xSbx nanocrystals (x = 0—1) via injecting a 1 M LiEt3BH solution in THF into a 4:1:25 molar mixture of Bi[N(Tms)2]3, Sb(NMe2)3, and Li[N(Tms)2] in toluene under N2 (70 °C, ≈15 sec; quenching to 25 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Pt—B System Revisited: Pt2B, a New Structure Type of Binary Borides. Ternary WAl12‐Type Derivative Borides.
Authors: Sologub Oksana , Salamakha Leonid , Rogl Peter , Stoeger Berthold , Bauer Ernst , Bernardi Johannes , Giester Gerald , Waas Monika , Svagera Robert
Published: December 2015

The Pt‐rich parts of Pt—B and Pt—Cu—B systems are investigated by powder and single crystal XRD, differential scanning calorimetry, and SEM.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultra‐Rapid Microwave Synthesis of Li3‐x‐yMxN (M: Co, Ni and Cu) Nitridometallates.
Authors: Tapia‐Ruiz Nuria , Laveda Josefa Vidal , Smith Ronald I. , Corr Serena A. , Gregory Duncan H.
Published: December 2015

Single phase Li3‐x‐yMxN (x = 0.05—0.27; M: Co, Ni, Cu) with potential use as negative electrodes in Li—ion batteries are prepared via solid state reactions of Li3N and transition metal powders (N2‐filled silica tube in single mode cavity microwave reactor, 300 W, <10 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes as 1,2‐Dipoles in GaCl3‐Mediated [4 + 2]‐Annulation with Alkenes: Easy Access to the Tetralin Skeleton.
Authors: Novikov Roman A. , Tarasova Anna V. , Korolev Victor A. , Shulishov Evgeny V. , Timofeev Vladimir P. , Tomilov Yury V.
Published: December 2015

In this new process donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes act as sources of formal 1,2‐ and 1,4‐dipoles to afford polysubstituted tetralins in a regio‐ and diastereoselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: PyFluor: A Low‐Cost, Stable, and Selective Deoxyfluorination Reagent.
Authors: Nielsen Matthew K. , Ugaz Christian R. , Li Wenping , Doyle Abigail G.
Published: December 2015

2‐Pyridinesulfonyl fluoride (PyFluor) is described as an inexpensive, thermally stable reagent for the conversion of range of primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding fluorides.