bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engaging Community Leaders in Sharing Local Knowledge for Emergency Preparedness to Leverage Communication and Trusted Assets for Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Piltch-Loeb Rachael , Bernard Dottie , Quiñones Vallejo Beatriz , Harriman Nigel , Savoia Elena
Published: May 2021

Objective:

Public health and emergency management agencies play a critical role in addressing the needs of vulnerable populations in preparation for and in response to emergencies. Identifying and leveraging community assets is a way to address such needs. This study focuses on the development of a process and tools to engage community leaders in sharing their knowledge about their community characteristics and assets useful for emergency planning.

Methods:

We conducted interviews with community leaders across five study sites with the goal of understanding what type of local knowledge community leaders are able to share in regard to emergency preparedness. Based on the interview results we developed and tested a mobile application as a mobile friendly directory of community assets.

Results:

We identified two main types of local knowledge about community assets for emergency preparedness: communication-based and trust-based local knowledge. We created an application to facilitate the sharing of such knowledge. Community leaders were able to share local knowledge across four areas: communication-based assets, trust-based assets, spatial-based assets and personal-preparedness assets.

Conclusion:

Community leaders’ engagement in preparedness efforts is important to identify community assets that can be leveraged to address the needs of the most vulnerable segments of a community.
Does blood on “dirty” instruments interfere with the effectiveness of sterilization technologies?
Authors: Rutala William A. , Gergen Maria F. , Weber David J.
Published: May 2021

We evaluated the robustness of sterilization technologies when spores and bacteria were placed on “dirty” instruments and overlaid with blood. The results illustrate that steam sterilization is the most effective sterilization technology with the largest margin of safety, followed by ethylene oxide and hydrogen peroxide gas plasma.
Inactivation of Candida auris and Candida albicans by ultraviolet-C
Authors: Rutala William A. , Kanamori Hajime , Gergen Maria F. , Sickbert-Bennett Emily E. , Weber David J.
Published: May 2021

We evaluated the ability of an ultraviolet-C (UV-C) room decontamination device to kill Candida auris and C. albicans. With an organic challenge (fetal calf serum), the UV-C device demonstrated the following log10 reductions for C. auris of 4.57 and for C. albicans of 5.26 with direct line of sight, and log10 reductions for C. auris of 2.41 and for C. ablicans of 3.96 with indirect line of sight.
EMBEDDED AND AUTONOMOUS MARKETS IN NORTH KOREA'S FISHING INDUSTRY: RESOURCE SCARCITY, MONITORING COSTS, AND EVOLVING INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Ward Peter , Lankov Andrei , Kim Jiyoung
Published: May 2021

North Korea today is a most unusual post-socialist state. Market actors and market prices are integral to economic life, but private property remains illegal, and private enterprise outside the household is de jure non-existent. In such an institutional context, some market processes are more autonomous in relation to the state, while others are more embedded within state structures. In this article, we offer a theoretical account of the shape that North Korea's market economy has taken, developed from a set of fishing industry case studies. We note four broad categories of enterprises: closely embedded, loosely embedded, semi-autonomous, and autonomous. By relative autonomy/embeddedness we mean control over fixed assets, cash flow, and operational decisions such as wage and price setting. We postulate three major determinants of embeddedness/autonomy: (1) relative strategic resource scarcity between state and market actors, (2) monitoring costs, and (3) institutional evolution that reflects these realities, though to varying extents.
THE HISTORY OF BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES RECONSIDERED: AN ANCIENT FRAGMENT RELATED TO PS.-PHILOXENUS (P.VARS. 6) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: May 2021

This article identifies a papyrus in Warsaw, P.Vars. 6, as a fragment of the large Latin–Greek glossary known as Ps.-Philoxenus. That glossary, published in volume II of G. Goetz's Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum on the basis of a ninth-century manuscript, is by far the most important of the bilingual glossaries surviving from antiquity, being derived from lost works of Roman scholarship and preserving valuable information about rare and archaic Latin words. It has long been considered a product of the sixth century a.d., but the papyrus dates to c.200, and internal evidence indicates that the glossary itself must be substantially older than that copy. The Ps.-Philoxenus glossary is therefore not a creation of Late Antiquity but of the Early Empire or perhaps even the Republic. Large bilingual glossaries in alphabetical order must have existed far earlier than has hitherto been believed.
Stopping the Violence but Blocking the Peace: Dilemmas of Foreign-Imposed Nation Building After Ethnic War
Authors: Russell Kevin , Sambanis Nicholas
Published: May 2021

Can third parties build nations after ethno-sectarian war? We provide a positive theory of peace building that highlights trade-offs that are inherent in any foreign intervention, narrowing the conditions for success even when interventions are well resourced and even-handed. A “sectarian” dilemma arises because peace must rely on local leaders, but leaders who earned their reputations through ethno-sectarian conflict have no incentive to stop playing the ethnic card and will not provide public goods. Intervention can shift those incentives if it stops ethnic violence and rebuilds state institutions. But an “institutional” dilemma arises if intervention crowds out local leaders, limiting state legitimacy and constraining the pace with which state building unfolds. The window for a lengthier, slower pace of foreign-led state building will close due to its own success as the population switches from ethnic to national identification, creating a “sovereignty” dilemma that pushes third parties out. If intervention ends before institutions can deepen leader incentives for a unifying nationalism, violence will likely recur. We provide an “intervention diagnostic” that reflects these three dilemmas, which are a function of the type of intervention, local political development, and the identity of the intervener. In deciding whether to intervene, the limits of building self-enforcing peace should be weighed against the likelihood and costs of ongoing violence.
The effects of compound treatment of Aspergillus oryzae and fibrolytic enzyme on in vitro degradation, gas production and fermentative profile of maize silage and sugarcane silage
Authors: Souza J. M. , Souza J. C. S. M. , Sousa D. O. , Del Valle T. A. , Ghizzi L. G. , Alcântara A. H. D. , Mesquita L. G. , Sousa R. L. M. , Bueno I. C. S. , Balieiro J. C. C.
Published: May 2021

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a live culture of Aspergillus oryzae (A; CCT4359) and fibrolytic enzyme (E; Fibrozyme Alltech Inc.) on fibre digestibility by a gas production bioassay and in vitro degradation of maize silage and sugarcane silage. A completely randomized design trial was performed to evaluate: A doses (0, 20, 60 and 100 mg/l), E doses (0, 160, 320 and 480 mg/l) and roughage source (R; maize and sugarcane silage) in a 4 × 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. The inclusion of increasing doses of A and E increased dry matter and neutral detergent fibre in vitro digestibility linearly, but for E this effect occurred only in maize silage. There was a linear increase in the potential for gas production at the highest dose of A only in sugarcane silage, with no effect on lag time (L). Increasing doses of E increased the volume of gases produced linearly, and a trend of linear reduction of L, regardless of the roughage. There was a linear reduction in ammonia-nitrogen concentration in response to increasing doses of A and E, and an increase in acetic acid concentration at the highest dose of A, regardless of roughage. The additives had no synergistic effect on gas production and digestibility, but were efficient in altering the fermentative pattern, demonstrating the potential to increase fibre degradation.
Welfare Regime Variation in the Impact of the Great Recession on Deprivation Levels: A Dynamic Perspective on Polarisation vs Convergence for Social Risk Groups, 2005–2014
Authors: WATSON DOROTHY , GROTTI RAFFAELE , WHELAN CHRISTOPHER T. , MAÎTRE BERTRAND
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates changes over the period 2005 to 2014 in material deprivation dynamics of social risk groups in 11 European countries covering a range of welfare regimes. The period covered experienced dramatic economic change, encompassing periods of boom, the Great Recession and early recovery. Social risk groups are defined as groups which differ in the challenges that they face in converting resources into desired outcomes. The comparative element of the paper allows us to assess whether certain welfare regimes were better at protecting more vulnerable groups. Results, based on the longitudinal component of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and on analysis of deprivation dynamics between pairs of years, showed large inequality between groups in the risk of persistent deprivation – with lone parents and people with disability most at risk in all countries. Variation across welfare regimes was restricted to the contrast between the liberal and the remaining regimes. Countries belonging to the former regime (UK and Ireland) were distinctive in showing the largest social risk gap in persistent deprivation and were the only ones which experienced substantial polarisation between groups with the Great Recession.
Tropical fruit production depends on wild insect communities: bees and lychees in Thailand
Authors: Sinhaseni Khwankhao , Catterall Carla P.
Published: May 2021

The importance of wild insects as pollinators of tropical tree crops has rarely been tested. Across 18 small-scale lychee orchards in northern Thailand, we evaluated the roles of different wild insects as pollinators and predators of pests in fruit production. Quantitative assessments showed that bees (Family Apidae) were strongly dominant (83%) among insect flower visitors, comprising four species in tribes Apini and four in Meliponini. Experimental manipulations of inflorescences showed that fruit production in these orchards was: (1) dependent on flower visits by wild insects because enclosure of inflorescences in mesh bags decreased fruit set (to one-fifth) and (2) not greatly limited by pollinator deficiencies, because hand pollination of unbagged flowers did not enhance fruit set. Pollination success, as indicated by the proportion of unmanipulated flowers setting fruit, correlated positively across orchards with the abundance of large-bodied Apidae (>7 mm; most wereApisspecies) and of Apini, and negatively with abundance of small-bodied Apidae and of all Meliponini, despite the latter being the commonest flower visitors. We conclude that larger-bodied bees are most likely to travel sufficiently far to import genetically diverse pollen, in this landscape-scale mosaic where non-orchard habitats (both agriculture and treed patches) were sufficient to sustain wild pollinators.
Transcatheter pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty of severe valvar pulmonary stenosis and atrial septal defect in patient with severe cyanosis and very low ventricle ejection fractions: a bailout procedure
Authors: Siagian Sisca N. , Haas Nikolaus A. , Prakoso Radityo
Published: May 2021

Most cases of severe or critical pulmonary stenosis are detected early and interventional management is routine within the first days of life. We present a case of a thirteen-year-old boy diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis and atrial septal defect with low ventricle ejection fraction. The patient underwent staged pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty and interventional atrial septal defect closure with good results.
Advantages of a mini right axillary thoracotomy for congenital heart defect repair in children
Authors: Dodge-Khatami Jannika , Dodge-Khatami Ali
Published: May 2021

Objectives:

The mini right axillary thoracotomy is an alternative surgical approach to repair certain congenital heart defects. Quality-of-life metrics and clinical outcomes in children undergoing either the right axillary approach or median sternotomy were compared.

Methods:

Patients undergoing either approach for the same defects between 2018 and 2020 were included. Demographic details, operative data, and outcomes were compared between both groups. An abbreviated quality of life questionnaire based on the Infant/Toddler/Child Health Questionnaires focused on the patient’s global health, physical activity, and pain/discomfort was administered to all parents/guardians within two post-operative years.

Results:

Eighty-seven infants and children underwent surgical repair (right axillary thoracotomy, n = 54; sternotomy, n = 33) during the study period. There were no mortalities in either group. The right axillary thoracotomy group experienced significantly decreased red blood cell transfusion, intubation, intensive care, and hospital durations, and earlier chest tube removal. Up to 1 month, parents’ perception of their child’s degree and frequency of post-operative pain was significantly less after the right axillary thoracotomy approach. No difference was found in the patient’s global health or physical activity limitations beyond a month between the two groups.

Conclusions:

With the mini right axillary approach, surrogates of faster clinical recovery and hospital discharge were noted, with a significantly less perceived degree and frequency of post-operative pain initially, but without the quality of life differences at last follow-up. While providing obvious cosmetic advantages, the minimally invasive right axillary thoracotomy approach for the surgical repair of certain congenital heart lesions is a safe alternative to median sternotomy.
‘A Blessed and Glorious Work of God, … Attended with Some Irregularity’: Managing Methodist Revivals, c.1740–1800
Authors: Norris Clive Murray
Published: May 2021

The Connexion established by John Wesley (1703–91) experienced many outbreaks of local revival in the late eighteenth century. These were examples of the tension between reason and emotion, spontaneity and regularity, which characterized the movement. This article discusses how, amidst concerns from within Methodism and beyond, the leadership sought to manage but not suppress what was perceived to be this work of the Holy Spirit. Its challenge to the connexional polity was especially acute in the 1790s, during the Great Yorkshire Revival. In 1800, a Methodist-inspired publication sought to present good practice on validating and encouraging local revivals while maximizing their effectiveness and minimizing any disruption to the connexional order or wider civil society. However, despite fears that institutional concerns were dampening the Spirit's work, around 1800 Wesley's successors acted to reassert the control of the Preachers’ Conference over Methodist practice and premises, and a cautious rationalism came to the fore.
Continuing Revelation and Institutionalization: Joseph Smith, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Charismatic Leadership in Antebellum America
Authors: Jetter Claudia
Published: May 2021

Nineteenth-century North American religious history is filled with divinely inspired people who received and recorded new revelations. This article presents Joseph Smith Jr and Ralph Waldo Emerson as charismatic prophets who promoted the idea of continuing revelation. Drawing on Max Weber's concept of charismatic authority, it will contrast their forms of new sacred writing with one another to show how both had experienced encounters with the divine. The second part will then explore how different conceptualizations of revelation led to opposing concepts of religious authority, with consequences for the possibility of institution-building processes. While Smith would reify revelation in hierarchy, Emerson eventually promoted extreme spiritual individualization by rejecting the idea of an exclusive institution as the centre of revelatory authority.
Visions and Realities in Hong Kong Anglican Mission Schools, 1849–1941
Authors: Yung Tim
Published: May 2021

This article explores the tension between missionary hopes for mass conversion through Christian education and the reality of operating mission schools in one colonial context: Hong Kong. Riding on the wave of British imperial expansion, George Smith, the first bishop of the diocese of Victoria, had a vision for mission schooling in colonial Hong Kong. In 1851, Smith established St Paul's College as an Anglo-Chinese missionary institution to educate, equip and send out Chinese young people who would subsequently participate in mission work before evangelizing the whole of China. However, Smith's vision failed to take institutional form as the college encountered operational difficulties and graduates opted for more lucrative employment instead of church work. Moreover, the colonial government moved from a laissez-faire to a more hands-on approach in supervising schools. The bishops of Victoria were compelled to reshape their schools towards more sustainable institutional forms while making compromises regarding their vision for Christian education.
Led by the Spirit and the Church: Finland's Licensed Lutheran Lay Preachers,c.1870–1923
Authors: Sopanen Matleena
Published: May 2021

This article examines the interplay between religious agency and institutional control. The Church Law of 1869 gave members of the Lutheran Church of Finland the right to apply to chapters for permission to preach. Men who passed the examinations became licensed lay preachers, who could take part in teaching Christianity and give sermons in church buildings. Applicants had varying backgrounds, skills and motivations. In order to avoid any disruption in church life, they had to be screened carefully and kept under clerical supervision. However, licensed lay preachers could also be of great help to the church. In a rapidly changing modern society with a growing population and a recurring lack of pastors, the church could not afford to disregard lay aid. The article shows how the Lutheran Church both encouraged and constrained the agency of the licensed lay preachers.
The Early Years of the Christian Endeavour Movement: Innovation and Consolidation at a Local Level, 1881–1914
Authors: Ottewill Roger
Published: May 2021

From its American roots in the early 1880s, within twenty years the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavour (YPSCE) had become a worldwide phenomenon. This article focuses on how the YPSCE developed at a local level, specifically within the English county of Hampshire. Here, as elsewhere, it touched a ‘spiritual nerve’. With its motto, ‘For Christ and the Church’, it quickly became established in the various denominations that constituted evangelical Nonconformity. Consideration is given to the spiritual, social and service attributes of the YPSCE, which inspired young people to become involved, together with the attendant institutional imperatives in the form of committees, combinations and conventions. Attention is also drawn to the challenges the YPSCE faced in seeking to consolidate its position as a central feature of church life. In so doing, the article contributes to the historiography of Christian youth movements in general, and of the YPSCE, which has attracted relatively little attention from historians, in particular.
Inspiration and Institution in 1960s Anglican Radicalism: The Cases of Nick Stacey and John Robinson
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: May 2021

This article explores how Nick Stacey and John Robinson, two central figures in Anglican radicalism, navigated the tensions between their institutional embeddedness and their radical theological inspiration during the ‘religious crisis’ of the 1960s. These tensions operated on the level of strategy, as radicals calculated the opportunities and costs of leaving Anglican institutions, but also on the level of emotion, as radicals weighed institutional loyalties that went deep inside themselves. In the mid-1960s, Anglican radicals attempted to resolve these tensions by campaigning to transform the Church of England. By the early 1970s, however, the failure of these attempts had led to the movement's disintegration, leaving individuals to address the emotional tensions between inspiration and institution in their own particular ways. Thus Anglican radicals failed to evade the central paradox of their movement, namely that their brief moment of prominence in the early 1960s owed much to the prestige of the institution they were critiquing so influentially.
Two Aspects of Early Christian Faith
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: May 2021

‘Faith’ is one of Christianity's most significant, distinctive and complex concepts and practices, but Christian understandings of faith in the patristic period have received surprisingly little attention. This article explores two aspects of what Augustine terms fides qua, ‘the faith by which believers believe’. From the early second century, belief in the truth of doctrine becomes increasingly significant to Christians; by the fourth, affirming that certain doctrines are true has become central to becoming Christian and to remaining within the church. During the same period, we find a steady growth in poetic and imagistic descriptions of interior faith. This article explores how and why these developments occurred, arguing that they are mutually implicated and that this period sees the beginning of their long co-existence.
A Clash Between Paideia and Pneuma? Ecstatic Women Prophets and Theological Education in the Second-century Church
Authors: Lössl Josef
Published: May 2021

The second half of the second century saw the development of a more hierarchical institutionalized church and of a theology of the Holy Spirit (Pneuma) reflecting this development. A driver of this development was a higher educational level among church leaders and Christians participating in theological discourse. In fact, ‘higher education’ (paideia) became a guiding value of Christian living, including for the study and interpretation of Scripture and for theology and church leadership. Yet the same period also saw a new wave of ‘inspired’, ‘pneumatic prophecy’, later known as ‘Montanism’, which was perceived as a threat in an increasingly institutionalized church and attacked and suppressed. This article sees a paradox here, and asks how Pneuma could be promoted as a source of Christian leadership under the banner of paideia, when the Spirit (Pneuma) at work in the ‘New Prophecy’ was perceived as such a threat. One area of investigation which may provide answers to this question is the controversial role women played both as educated participants in theological discourse and leading figures in the Montanist movement.
From Consumption to Production: The Extroversion of Indonesian Islamic Education
Authors: Allès Delphine , tho Seeth Amanda
Published: May 2021

Conventionally perceived as a geographical and civilisational periphery of the Muslim world, Indonesia has recently pursued an Islam-based diplomatic narrative that aims to promote itself as a model democratic Muslim-majority country, upholding religious pluralism and tolerance. This paper analyses the educational dimension of this Islamic soft power policy, which has been overlooked by the academic literature. It argues that the extroversion of Indonesian Islamic education—defined as the switch from an inward-looking perspective to a strategy of exporting this sector beyond Indonesia's borders, while upholding the narrative of its national distinctiveness—aims at fostering the authoritativeness of Indonesian Islam, enhancing the nation's standing within the Muslim world and, more broadly, bolstering the image of Indonesian Islam as inherently moderate and pluralist, which serves both domestic and foreign policy purposes. At the same time, extroversion seeks to legitimise local Islamic practices that have become increasingly challenged by external and, in particular, Wahhabi influences. By mapping out historical trajectories and current developments of the Indonesian Islamic educational sphere, we argue that future research on Indonesia's position within and relationship to the Muslim world—and particularly the country's Islamic soft power strategy—must consider Islamic educational institutes and their intellectualmilieuxas distinct actors in global religious and political competition.
CME/Antworten: Riesenzellarteriitis
Authors: Reiner Katrin , Fehr Thomas , Wick Jürg
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Riesenzellarteriitis (RZA) ist die häufigste Vaskulitis bei Patienten über 50 Jahre. Betroffen sind die mittelgrossen und grossen Arterien. Unterschieden werden die kraniale und die extrakraniale Form. Dementsprechend können die Symptome von Kopfschmerzen, Sehstörungen und Kieferclaudicatio bis hin zu Allgemeinsymptomen wie Abgeschlagenheit, polymyalgischen Beschwerden und Fieber reichen. Kritisch ist vor allem die Beteiligung der Augenarterien mit drohendem irreversiblem Visusverlust, weshalb eine rasche Diagnostik und Therapieeinleitung wichtig sind. Es gibt zwar Empfehlungen, aber keine einheitlichen Richtlinien, wie eine RZA diagnostiziert werden soll. Glukokortikoide sind seit 60 Jahren und auch weiterhin die Therapie der Wahl, jedoch sind Nebenwirkungen häufig. Inzwischen konnte belegt werden, dass Tocilizumab eine effiziente Behandlung mit besserer Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit darstellt.
Two Types of Rossby Wave Breaking Events and Their Influences on East Asian Winter Temperature
Authors: Song Lei , Wu Renguang
Published: May 2021

Manifested as irreversible overturning of potential temperature contours on the tropopause, the Rossby wave breaking (RWB) can impact mid‐latitude weather and climate. Little attention has been paid to the influence of the Rossby wave breaking around East Asia on the East Asian winter climate. The present study reveals that anticyclonic wave breaking (AWB) and cyclonic wave breaking (CWB) events over Siberia and the North Pacific can impact East Asian winter temperature through different dynamical processes. The AWB events are characterized as northeastward intrusion of low‐potential vorticity (PV) air from the subtropics and southwestward extension of high‐PV air from the high latitudes over the western Siberia. The positive Arctic Oscillation (AO) during the AWB is accompanied by a wave train over Eurasia, contributing to the enhancement of the Siberian high, which causes cold anomalies over East Asia. The CWB events are manifested as northwestward intrusion of low‐PV air from the middle latitudes and southeastward extension of high‐PV air from the high latitudes over the western North Pacific. The CWB events are associated with the westward retrogression of the blocking over the North Pacific, leading to intensification of the Siberian high. Furthermore, the CWB forces cyclonic anomalies over East Asia, leading to the deepening of the East Asian trough and cold anomalies there. In addition, the CWB events over the western North Pacific can impact the climate over North America via the Rossby wave train emanating from the CWB region.
Fast and Accurate Solution for the Surface Fields Scattering of a Dipole Antenna Placed on Planar Multi‐Layered Earth
Authors: Shoeib H. Sh.
Published: May 2021

Fast and accurate solution has been derived to the electromagnetic (EM) scattering problem from a dipole antenna placed on a planar multi‐layered earth. The derivation consists of three steps. First, reducing the field integrals to combinations of recognized Sommerfeld integrals (SIs) and expressed it as an infinite series. Next, in the complex ‐ plane, we replaced the reflection coefficient by using an exponential function which tends to the summation of algebraic series. Finally, by using the Shoeib technique, which divided the integrand into two factors and helped to calculate the stationary phase point, closed‐form expressions for the far‐field had been derived speedy and appropriately. This method allows to reduce the integral representations for the field components generated by the dipole source to a well‐known standard integral, whose assessment is easy. Numerical simulations are executed to show the validity of the advanced method, which can be valid irrespective of the operating frequency, over the preceding solutions, in addition to its benefits in saving time over others techniques. The results obtained are compared with those mentioned elsewhere.
Hydrogeological Uncertainty Estimation With the Analytic Element Method
Authors: Ramgraber Maximilian , Schirmer Mario
Published: May 2021

Uncertainty estimation plays an important part in practical hydrogeology. With most of the subsurface unobservable, attempts at system characterization will invariably be incomplete. Uncertainty estimation, then, must quantify the influence of unknown parameters, forcings, and structural deficiencies. In this endeavor, numerical modeling frameworks can resolve a high degree of subsurface complexity and its associated uncertainty. Where boundary uncertainty is concerned, however, numerical frameworks can be restrictive. The interdependence of grid discretization and its enclosing boundaries render exploration of uncertainties in their extent or nature challenging. The analytic element method (AEM) may be an interesting complement, as it is computationally efficient, economic with its parameter count, and does not require enclosure through finite boundaries. These properties make AEM well suited for uncertainty estimation, particularly in data‐scarce settings or exploratory studies. In this study, we explore the use of AEM for flow field uncertainty estimation, with a particular focus on boundary uncertainty. To induce diverse, uncertain regional flow more easily, we propose a new element based on a Möbius transformation. We include this element in a simple Python‐based AEM toolbox and benchmark it against MODFLOW. Coupling AEM with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo routine using adaptive proposals, we explore its use in a synthetic case study. We find that AEM permits efficient uncertainty estimation for groundwater flow fields, which may form a basis for stochastic Lagrangian transport modeling or can support advanced model design by informing the placement of numerical model boundaries.
Revisiting AMOC Transport Estimates From Observations and Models
Authors: Danabasoglu Gokhan , Castruccio Frederic S. , Small R. Justin , Tomas Robert , Frajka‐Williams Eleanor , Lankhorst Matthias
Published: May 2021

Reference level assumptions used to calculate the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation transports at the RAPID and Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) observing arrays are revisited in an eddying ocean model. Observational transport calculation methods are complemented by several alternative approaches. At RAPID, the model transports from the observational method and the model truth (based on the actual model velocities) agree well in their mean and variability. There are substantial differences among the transport estimates obtained with various methods at the MOVE site. These differences result from relatively large and time‐varying reference velocities at depth in the model, not supporting a level‐of‐no‐motion. The methods that account for these reference velocities properly at MOVE produce transports that are in good agreement with the model truth. In contrast with the observational estimates, the model transport trends at MOVE and RAPID largely agree with each other on pentadal to multi‐decadal time scales.
Geomagnetic Field Paleointensity Spanning the Past 11 Myr From Marine Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Li Yuanjie , Liu Jiabo , Liu Qingsong
Published: May 2021

Global variations in geomagnetic intensity can provide dating markers for sedimentary records, which is particularly helpful in precisely reconstructing climate changes. However, there are few continuous relative paleointensity (RPI) records derived from sediments spanning the past 11 Myr, and those that exist generally bear a high degree of uncertainty. Therefore, independent evidence from other continuous paleointensity records is needed to verify the existing information. Here, we analyzed magnetic anomaly profiles from the East Pacific Rise and the Southeast Indian Ridge and discovered correlative tiny wiggles in the stacked profiles from three different areas. A comparison with a previous magnetic study on the South Atlantic Ridge and the synthetic profile from RPI records generated for the past ∼8 Myr confirmed that the small wavelength anomalies result from global geomagnetic intensity fluctuations. The newly calibrated timescales from selected marine magnetic anomalies could provide a potential dating reference for sedimentary strata.
Improved Simulation of Midlatitude Climate in a New Channel Model Compared to Contemporary Global Climate Models
Authors: Ray Pallav , Zhou Xin , Tan Haochen , Dudhia Jimy , Moncrieff Mitchell W.
Published: May 2021

A midlatitude channel model (MCM), zonally global but meridionally bounded, is constructed for the Northern Hemisphere (0°–360°, 26°N–60°N), based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The MCM simulates the midlatitude at a higher resolution than typically possible in a global climate model (GCM). On the other hand, compared to four lateral boundaries in a standard regional or limited‐area model, MCM is bounded on two meridional sides only allowing the simulated atmosphere to develop more freely. Based on a 4‐year simulation at ∼0.33° horizontal grid‐spacing, the MCM realistically captures the annual mean and seasonal cycle of the midlatitude atmosphere and the meridional heat transport by the stationary and transient eddies that dominate the winter weather. Moreover, a comparison of MCM with the ensemble mean of 20 contemporary atmospheric GCMs reveals that the MCM performs better than the GCM ensemble mean. Possible applications of this new modeling configuration are discussed.
Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes Can Be Detected With Radio Measurements of Energetic In‐Cloud Pulses During Thunderstorms
Authors: Lyu Fanchao , Cummer Steven A. , Briggs Michael , Smith David M. , Mailyan Bagrat , Lesage Stephen
Published: May 2021

Many of the details of how terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) are produced, including their association with upward‐propagating in‐cloud lightning leader channels, remain poorly understood. Measurements of the low‐frequency radio emissions associated with TGF production continue to provide unique views and key insights into the electrodynamics of this process. Here we report further details on the connection between energetic in‐cloud pulses (EIPs) and TGFs. With coordinated measurements from both ground‐based radio sensors and space‐based gamma‐ray detectors on the Fermi and Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager spacecraft, we find that all ten +EIPs that occurred within the searched space‐and‐time window are associated with simultaneous TGFs, including two new TGFs that were not previously identified by the gamma‐ray measurements alone. The results in this study not only solidify the tight connection between +EIPs and TGFs, but also demonstrate the practicability of detecting a subpopulation of TGFs with ground‐based radio sensors alone.
Models of Resonant Wave‐Particle Interactions
Authors: Albert J. M. , Artemyev A. V. , Li W. , Gan L. , Ma Q.
Published: May 2021

Radiation belt electrons are strongly affected by resonant interactions with cyclotron‐resonant waves. For broad band, small amplitude waves the interactions are well described by quasi‐linear diffusion in pitch angle and energy, but coherent, large amplitude waves such as strong whistler mode chorus call for a different treatment. The standard nonlinear framework reduces the problem to that of a classical pendulum. This picture has generally been confirmed by many numerical simulations, but recent studies have uncovered additional, complex behavior, not captured by the pendulum model, for particles with low pitch angle. We show that avoiding a commonly made approximation leads to a more general but still tractable “second fundamental model” Hamiltonian, which involves not one but two regions of phase trapping. We analyze its phase portraits in detail, and perform representative test particle simulations with slowly changing parameters. We find that the trajectories encompass traditional phase bunching and phase trapping as well as additional behavior best understood using the new model.
Synergistic cycles of protease activity and inflammation via PPARγ degradation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Kwak Nakwon , Lee Kyoung-Hee , Woo Jisu , Kim Jiyeon , Lee Chang-Hoon , Yoo Chul-Gyu
Published: May 2021

Inflammation, oxidative stress, and protease–antiprotease imbalance have been suggested to be a pathogenic triad in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it is not clear how proteases interact with components of inflammatory pathways. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of neutrophil elastase (NE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) production and determine the molecular mechanism in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). Immortalized bronchial epithelial cells and primary HBECs were used to investigate the impact of NE on LPS-induced IL-8 production. The molecular mechanism by which NE modulated LPS-induced IL-8 production was confirmed in elastase-treated C57BL/6 mice and primary HBECs obtained from COPD patients and healthy controls. The results showed that NE treatment synergistically augmented LPS-induced IL-8 production in both immortalized bronchial epithelial cells and primary HBECs. NE partially degraded peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is known to regulate IL-8 production in the nucleus. Treatment with a PPARγ agonist and overexpression of PPARγ reversed the NE-induced synergistic increase in LPS-induced IL-8 production. Moreover, PPARγ levels were lower in lung homogenates and lung epithelial cells from elastase-treated mice than in those from saline-treated mice. In accordance with the findings in mice, PPARγ levels were lower in primary HBECs from COPD patients than in those from healthy never-smokers or healthy smokers. In conclusion, a vicious cycle of mutual augmentation of protease activity and inflammation resulting from PPARγ degradation plays a role in the pathogenesis of COPD.
The costs of over-control in anorexia nervosa: evidence from fMRI and ecological momentary assessment
Authors: Pauligk Sophie , Seidel Maria , Fürtjes Sophia , King Joseph A. , Geisler Daniel , Hellerhoff Inger , Roessner Veit , Schmidt Ulrike , Goschke Thomas , Walter Henrik , Strobel Alexander , Ehrlich Stefan
Published: May 2021

A growing body of evidence suggests that a high level of self-control may, despite its positive effects, influence cognitive processing in an unfavorable manner. However, the affective costs of self-control have only rarely been investigated. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder that is often characterized by excessive self-control. Here, we used fMRI to explore whether over-control in AN may have negative affective consequences. 36 predominantly adolescent female AN patients and 36 age-matched healthy controls (HC) viewed negative and neutral pictures during two separate fMRI sessions before and after 10 min of rest. We tested whether abnormally elevated neural activity during the initial presentation in a brain region broadly implicated in top-down control, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), could predict subsequent activation in limbic areas relevant to bottom-up affective processing. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we also tested for associations between the aforementioned neuroimaging markers and negative affective states in the two weeks following the experiment. fMRI data revealed that higher initial activation of the dlPFC in AN predicted increased amygdala reactivity during the second fMRI session, which in turn was related to increased self-reported tension during two weeks following the scan. These data suggest that over-control in AN patients may come at a cost including negative affective states on a short (minutes) as well as a longer time scale (days). This mechanism may significantly contribute to the persistence of AN.
Characteristics of mental health implications and plasma metabolomics in patients recently recovered from COVID-19
Authors: Yang Lian , Zhou Mei , Li Lingli , Luo Ping , Fan Wenliang , Xu Juanjuan , Chen Qing , Pan Feng , Lei Ping , Zheng Chuansheng , Jin Yang
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to explore the associations between cerebral white matter (WM) alterations, mental health status, and metabolism in recovered COVID-19 patients. We included 28 recovered COVID-19 patients and 27 healthy controls between April 2020 and June 2020. Demographic data, the mental health scores, diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) data, and plasma metabolomics were collected and compared between the two groups. Tract-based spatial statistics and graph theory approaches were used for DTI data analysis. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of the plasma was performed. Correlation analyses were performed between these characteristics. Recovered COVID-19 patients showed decreased fractional anisotropy, increased mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity values in widespread brain regions, and significantly lower global efficiency, longer shortest path length, and less nodal local efficiency in superior occipital gyrus (all, P < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). Our results also demonstrated significantly different plasma metabolic profiling in recovered COVID-19 patients even at 3 months after their hospital discharge, which was mainly related to purine pathways, amino acids, lipids, and amine metabolism. Certain regions with cerebral WM alterations in the recovered patients showed significant correlations with different metabolites and the mental health scores. We observed multiple alterations in both WM integrity and plasma metabolomics that may explain the deteriorated mental health of recovered COVID-19 patients. These findings may provide potential biomarkers for the mental health evaluation for the recovered COVID-19 patients and potential targets for novel therapeutics.
YTHDC1-mediated augmentation of miR-30d in repressing pancreatic tumorigenesis via attenuation of RUNX1-induced transcriptional activation of Warburg effect
Authors: Hou Yichao , Zhang Qingwei , Pang Wenjing , Hou Lidan , Liang Yu , Han Xu , Luo Xiaoyu , Wang Ping , Zhang Xintian , Li Lei , Meng Xiangjun
Published: May 2021

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal human cancers. It thrives in a malnourished environment; however, little is known about the mechanisms by which PDAC cells actively promote aerobic glycolysis to maintain their metabolic needs. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. The expression pattern of miR-30d in normal and PDAC tissues was studied by in situ hybridization. The role of miR-30d/RUNX1 in vitro and in vivo was evaluated by CCK8 assay and clonogenic formation as well as transwell experiment, subcutaneous xenograft model and liver metastasis model, respectively. Glucose uptake, ATP and lactate production were tested to study the regulatory effect of miR-30d/RUNX1 on aerobic glycolysis in PDAC cells. Quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, Chip assay, promoter luciferase activity, RIP, MeRIP, and RNA stability assay were used to explore the molecular mechanism of YTHDC1/miR-30d/RUNX1 in PDAC. Here, we discover that miR-30d expression was remarkably decreased in PDAC tissues and associated with good prognosis, contributed to the suppression of tumor growth and metastasis, and attenuation of Warburg effect. Mechanistically, the m6A reader YTHDC1 facilitated the biogenesis of mature miR-30d via m6A-mediated regulation of mRNA stability. Then, miR-30d inhibited aerobic glycolysis through regulating SLC2A1 and HK1 expression by directly targeting the transcription factor RUNX1, which bound to the promoters of the SLC2A1 and HK1 genes. Moreover, miR-30d was clinically inversely correlated with RUNX1, SLC2A1 and HK1, which function as adverse prognosis factors for overall survival in PDAC tissues. Overall, we demonstrated that miR-30d is a functional and clinical tumor-suppressive gene in PDAC. Our findings further uncover that miR-30d is a novel target for YTHDC1 through m6A modification, and miR-30d represses pancreatic tumorigenesis via suppressing aerobic glycolysis.
Wnt/ß-catenin-mediated p53 suppression is indispensable for osteogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor cells
Authors: Zhou Xin , Beilter Allyson , Xu Zhaohui , Gao Ruli , Xiong Shunbin , Paulucci-Holthauzen Adriana , Lozano Guillermina , de Crombrugghe Benoit , Gorlick Richard
Published: May 2021

The developmental origins of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) and molecular machineries regulating their fate and differentiation are far from defined owing to their complexity. Osteoblasts and adipocytes are descended from common MPCs. Their fates are collectively determined by an orchestra of pathways in response to physiological and external cues. The canonical Wnt pathway signals MPCs to commit to osteogenic differentiation at the expense of adipogenic fate. In contrast to ß-catenin, p53’s anti-osteogenic function is much less understood. Both activities are thought to be achieved through targetingRunx2and/or Osterix (Osx, Sp7) transcription. Precisely, how Osx activity is dictated by ß-catenin or p53 is not clarified and represents a knowledge gap that, until now, has largely been taken for granted. Using conditional lineage-tracing mice, we demonstrated that chondrocytes gave rise to a sizable fraction of MPCs, which served as progenitors of chondrocyte-derived osteoblasts (Chon-ob). Wnt/ß-catenin activity was only required at the stage of chondrocyte-derived mesenchymal progenitor (C-MPC) to Chon-ob differentiation. ß-catenin–C-MPCs lost osteogenic ability and favored adipogenesis. Mechanistically, we discovered that p53 activity was elevated in ß-catenin–MPCs including ß-catenin–C-MPCs and deleting p53 from the ß-catenin–MPCs fully restored osteogenesis. While high levels of p53 were present in the nuclei of ß-catenin–MPCs, Osx was confined to the cytoplasm, implying a mechanism that did not involve direct p53-Osx interaction. Furthermore, we found that p53’s anti-osteogenic activity was dependent on its DNA-binding ability. Our findings identify chondrocytes as an additional source for MPCs and indicate that Wnt/ß-catenin discretely regulates chondrocyte to C-MPC and the subsequent C-MPC to osteoblast developments. Most of all we unveil a previously unrecognized functional link between ß-catenin and p53, placing p53’s negative role in the context of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling-induced MPC osteogenic differentiation.