The fate of female donor blastodermal cells in male chimeric chickens
Authors: Shaw Deborah L. , Carsience R. Stuart , Etches Robert J. , Gibbins Ann M. Verrinder 
Published: December 2009

In previous experiments in our laboratories, chickens that are chimeric in their gamete, melanocyte, and blood cell populations have been produced by injection of dispersed stage X blastodermal donor cells into the subgerminal cavity of stage X recipient embryos. In some experiments, donor cells were transfected with reporter gene constructs prior to injection as a preliminary step in the production of transgenic birds. Chimerism was assessed by test mating, observation of plumage, and DNA fingerprinting. Methods were sought that would provide a relatively rapid analysis of the spatial distribution of descendants of donor cells in chimeras to assess the efficacy of various methods of chimera construction. To date, the sex of donor and recipient embryos was not known and, therefore, numerous mixed sex chimeras must have been constructed by chance, since donor cells were usually collected from several embryos rather than from individual embryos. The presence of female-derived cells was determined by in situ hybridization using a W-chromosome-specific DNA probe, using smears of washed erythrocytes from 16 phenotypically male chimeric chickens ranging in age from 4 days to 42 months posthatching. The proportion of female cells detected in the erythrocyte samples was zero (eight samples) or very low (0.020–0.083%), although 1% of the erythrocytes from a phenotypically male chick that was killed 4 days after hatch were female-derived. The low proportions of female-derived cells were surprising, considering that most of these chimeras had been produced by the injection of cells pooled from several donor embryos and most recipients had been exposed to γ irradiation prior to injection, thus dramatically enhancing the level of incorporation of donor cells into the resulting chimeras. By contrast, 0–100% of the erythrocytes were female-derived in blood samples taken at 10 days of incubation from the chorioallantois of seven phenotypically normal male embryos that resulted from the injection of blastodermal cells pooled from five embryos into irradiated recipient embryos. Approximately 70% of the erythrocytes in a blood sample from a phenotypically normal female chimeric embryo were female-derived, and 100% of the erythrocytes examined from an intersex embryo bearing a right testis and a left ovary were female-derived. These results indicate that female-derived cells can contribute to the formation of erythropoietic tissue during the early development of what will become a phenotypically male chimeric embryo. It would appear, therefore, that female-derived cells are blocked in development or destroyed, or certain male–female combinations of cells may be lethal prior to hatching. In future, chimeras will be produced from individual donors, or pools will be made of either male or female donor cells identified by in situ hybridization of smears of dispersed blastodermal cells using the W-chromosome-specific probe.Key words: chimera, chicken, W chromosome, in situ hybridization, transgenic.