bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the staining potential of silver diamine fluoride: in vitro
Authors: Patel Jilen , Anthonappa Robert P. , King Nigel. M.
Published: July 2018

Background

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a cariostatic agent used to adjunctively manage dental caries in high‐risk groups. However, black staining is a frequently reported side effect following SDF application and influences the acceptability of this treatment.

Aim

To evaluate the staining potential of SDF and the influence of the potassium Iodide (KI) application on the degree of black staining over time.

Design

Extracted carious primary molars were collected and sorted into pairs matched by tooth type, size and location of the carious lesion (n = 35). Teeth were stratified to receive either 38% SDF, KI immediately after SDF application, or 12% SDF. Standardised timelapse photography and image processing software was used to evaluate staining over a period of 7 days.

Results

Following SDF application, the onset of black staining occurred within 2 min and increased in value for up to 6 h post‐application. The use of KI immediately after SDF application resulted in no noticeable staining of the carious dentine or surrounding enamel. No significant differences were evident in the staining potential between the different SDF concentrations (38% and 12%). Furthermore, root surface and cementum was found to stain darker and more readily when compared with the coronal enamel surface.

Conclusion

SDF has the ability to visibly stain dental hard tissues and its staining potential may be modified by application of KI.
Salivary pH and colonization by oral Candida in children and adolescents submitted to haemodialysis
Authors: Andrade Marcia Rejane Thomas Canabarro , Curvelo José Alexandre da Rocha , de Moraes Daniel Clemente , Portela Maristela , Ferreira‐Pereira Antonio , Soares Rosangela Maria de Araújo , Primo Laura Guimarães
Published: July 2018

Background

Fungal infections are a serious problem among haemodialysis patients.

Aim

The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency of oral Candida species among children and adolescents undergoing haemodialysis (HD), to identify the isolated species, and to study the relationship between haemodialysis duration, amounts of colony‐forming units, and salivary pH.

Design

A matched sample of 52 patients undergoing HD and 52 healthy individuals were selected. The samples were obtained from the dorsum of the tongue, and the colonies were identified through a substrate assimilation test. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from each patient for evaluation of salivary pH.

Results

The frequency of oral Candida species was 34.6% (18/52) and 46.20% (24/52) in the HD and control groups (P = 0.23), respectively. Candida parapsilosis complex was the most frequently isolated fungi species in the HD group (P = 0.03). A HD therapy duration of more than 1 year was statistically correlated with a higher number of colony‐forming units (P = 0.03) but was not statistically related to salivary pH.

Conclusions

Candida parapsilosis complex was the most frequently isolated fungal species in the young HD patients, and the duration therapy was associated with higher oral colonization.
Barriers and facilitators to participant recruitment to randomised controlled trials: A qualitative perspective
Authors: Team Victoria , Bugeja Lyndal , Weller Carolina D
Published: July 2018

Low recruitment rates for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are a common issue. Information on barriers and facilitators to recruitment for RCTs may inform researchers on how to improve the recruitment rate. The aim of this qualitative project was to identify barriers and facilitators to participant recruitment for a randomised double‐blinded placebo‐controlled trial on the clinical effectiveness of aspirin as an adjunct to compression therapy in healing chronic venous leg ulcers. We have conducted interviews with health professionals and project workers to understand their perspective on low recruitment rate, barriers to, and facilitators of recruitment. NVivo 11 software was used for data management and coding. Thematic analysis was applied as a method of data analysis. Although strict recruitment criteria were the main barrier, there were other recruitment barriers that should be considered when planning RCTs. We have further developed a framework of factors influencing the recruitment rate. The main recruitment barriers, including study‐related, participant‐related, practitioner‐related, collaboration‐related, ethics‐related, practice‐related, and health system‐related barriers, should be considered for inclusion in the “Other Information” section of Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement to improve the quality of reporting and ensure the strategic planning of future RCTs.
Neighbourhood social inclusion from the perspective of people with intellectual disabilities: Relevant themes identified with the use of photovoice
Authors: Overmars‐Marx Tessa , Thomése Fleur , Meininger Herman
Published: July 2018

Background

Earlier studies show that to gain more understanding of the concept of social inclusion, the views and experiences of people with intellectual disabilities are needed. The aim of this study was to investigate their perspective on neighbourhood social inclusion from an ecological point of view.

Method

We carried out a photovoice study with 18 people with intellectual disabilities in three neighbourhoods in the Netherlands. Participants took photographs in their neighbourhood they considered relevant, and these photographs were discussed during an interview.

Results

Six themes emerged from qualitative analysis: attractiveness of the neighbourhood, social contacts in the neighbourhood, activities in the neighbourhood, social roles in the neighbourhood, independence and public familiarity.

Conclusions

As regards neighbourhood social inclusion, participants were often focused on small and informal activities and situations. Public familiarity proved very important. Framing the concept of neighbourhood social inclusion within an ecological approach may help to better understand processes of social inclusion.
Cryptic diversity, low connectivity and suspected human‐mediated dispersal among 17 widespread Indo‐Pacific hydroid species of the south‐western Indian Ocean
Authors: Boissin Emilie , Hoareau Thierry B. , Postaire Bautisse , Gravier‐Bonnet Nicole , Bourmaud Chloé A‐F
Published: July 2018

Aim

To investigate whether the populations of 17 widespread hydroid species are connected on a demographic level (one to few generations) or are mostly connected on evolutionary timescales.

Location

Coral reefs of the South‐western Indian Ocean.

Taxon

17 widespread hydroid species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa).

Methods

Using mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear (Calmodulin) sequences, we analysed 17 co‐distributed hydroid species with contrasting life history traits (with or without a pelagic life history phase). We used DNA‐based species delimitation methods, haplotype networks, analysis of molecular variance, and Bayesian skyline plots to investigate diversification and connectivity patterns in the region.

Results

Putative cryptic species were revealed in half of the species and the 17 species resulted in 54 cryptic lineages. The high isolation of hydroid populations in the region is underlined by the rarity of shared haplotypes among localities in most of the species studied. In contrast, haplotypes shared between specimens collected in different ocean basins were found in three species and suggest recent introductions via human activities. The presence of a short pelagic dispersal phase did not seem to increase the connectivity levels of the studied populations, as no significant differences in genetic structure were detected between species with contrasting life history traits.

Main conclusions

These results highlight once again our incomplete knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna, as we might be underestimating hydroid diversity by two‐thirds, and are discussed in terms of diversification processes, dynamics of the Indo‐Pacific biodiversity and the role of its peripheral marine provinces.
Fractional 532‐nm KTP diode laser and 595‐nm pulsed dye laser in treatment of facial telangiectatic erythema
Authors: Nam Chan Hee , Kim Myung Hwa , Hong Seung Phil , Park Byung Cheol
Published: July 2018

Background

A 595‐nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) and the fractional 532‐nm potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser have also been demonstrated to be effective for facial telangiectasias.

Objective

To compare the clinical therapeutic effects of a fractional 532‐nm KTP laser with those of a 595‐nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) for treating facial erythematous skin lesions.

Methods

Twenty healthy adults with facial erythematous skin lesions were treated using a fractional 532‐nm KTP laser on one side of the face and a 595‐nm PDL on the other cheek. Three treatments were administered at 4‐week intervals. The degree of improvement in facial telangiectasias was evaluated by colorimeter analysis, a physician's assessment using clinical photographs, and the subject's self‐assessment.

Results

In the physician's assessment with clinical photography, a significant improvement was observed from baseline to posttreatment in both groups. As measured by a colorimeter, the a* value decreased from 16.23 (±2.81) to 12.22 (±2.75) in the 595‐nm PDL group and from 16.02 (±2.93) to 12.77 (±2.77) in the fractional 532‐nm KTP laser group. The a* value showed a significant reduction in both groups (P < .0001). There was no significant difference in efficacy between the two groups. In the subjective self‐assessment, scores improved by 1.68 (±0.95) in the fractional 532‐nm KTP laser group and by 1.78 (±0.92) in the 595‐nm PDL group.

Conclusion

A fractional 532‐nm KTP laser is a valid option for the treatment of facial erythematous skin lesions with telangiectasia.
Daily walking is effective for the management of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hayashi Ayako , Oguchi Hidenori , Kozawa Yumi , Ban Yukiko , Shinoda Junji , Suganuma Nobuhiko
Published: July 2018

Aim

This study evaluated the usefulness of daily walking for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) management by analyzing the relationship between daily walking and glucose tolerance in pregnant women with GDM who were in the second trimester.

Methods

This longitudinal study was conducted at TOYOTA Memorial Hospital in Toyota, Japan, from January 2015 to June 2016. Pregnant women with GDM wore accelerometers on the waist for 7–12 weeks.

Results

Seventy‐three women with GDM were included in the present study; data collected from 24 women were analyzed. The estimated number of steps walked daily showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.798, P = 0.000) with energy expenditure related to physical activity. There was a significant negative correlation (r = −0.603, P = 0.014) between the post‐ to pre‐research casual glucose level (CGL) ratio and the number of steps walked daily. No significant correlation (r = −0.004, P = 0.986) was detected between the ratio of hemoglobin A1c and the number of steps taken. When the study was completed, the 11 participants who walked ≥6000 steps/day showed significantly lower CGL (95 + 10 mg/dL [mean + SD]) than the 13 participants in the <6000 steps/day group (111 + 18 mg/dL) (P = 0.013).

Conclusion

Simple walking for light intensity physical activity is effective for controlling the CGL in pregnant women with GDM. We recommend that pregnant women with GDM should walk a minimum of 6000 steps/day.
Uterine rupture due to placenta percreta in the first trimester of a pregnancy subsequent to a transverse uterine fundal cesarean section: A case report
Authors: Ishida Hiroaki , Takashima Akiko , Nagaoka Masahiro , Takeshita Naoki , Kinoshita Toshihiko
Published: July 2018

Transverse uterine fundal cesarean section in cases of total placenta previa reduces blood loss, but its influence on subsequent pregnancies, including the uterine rupture risk, remains unclear. We report a case of uterine rupture due to placenta percreta in the first trimester in a 43‐year‐old woman who underwent transverse uterine fundal incision in a previous pregnancy (at 40 years old). The patient did not undergo assessment of the uterine scare after the previous operation. Oocyte donation and in vitro fertilization at another institution resulted in the current pregnancy. At 11 weeks 3 days, she was admitted to the emergency department because of sudden severe abdominal pain. Ultrasound showed massive accumulation of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity and the fetus was outside the uterine cavity; uterine rupture was diagnosed. During emergency laparotomy, the uterine rupture was detected at exactly the previous incision site; a total hysterectomy was performed. Pregnancy after a transverse uterine fundal cesarean section is at high risk. As uterine scar dehiscence might have caused the uterine rupture, wounds should be evaluated before allowing subsequent pregnancies.
Female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin arising from mesosalpinx: A case report and review
Authors: Liu Lenan , Fang Qin , Xing Yan
Published: July 2018

Female adnexal tumors of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) are a rare neoplasm from the mesonephric duct remnants with less than 90 cases having been reported worldwide. A 34‐year‐old nulliparous woman was referred to our clinic for a recent discovery of a pelvic mass, the diagnosis of FATWO has been confirmed based on the pathological and immunohistochemical results.
Efficacy of Cyberbullying Prevention on Somatic Symptoms—Randomized Controlled Trial Applying a Reasoned Action Approach
Authors: Zagorscak Pavle , Schultze‐Krumbholz Anja , Heinrich Manuel , Wölfer Ralf , Scheithauer Herbert
Published: July 2018

The theory of reasoned action (ToRA) has been proposed as a framework for cyberbullying prevention design, targeting attitudes and norms. In this study effects of a long (10 weekly sessions) and a short (one day, four sessions) cyberbullying prevention program based on the ToRA were compared with a control group over 9 months. Longitudinal data from 722 students (mean age = 13.36) on cyberbullying, somatic symptoms, attitudes, and norms were analyzed within a structural equation model. Participation in the long intervention group significantly reduced cyberbullying (d = −0.584) and somatic symptoms (d = −0.316). No between‐group differences emerged for attitudes and norms. Developmental trajectories and associations were found to be as suggested by ToRA in both cross‐sectional and change‐score analyses.
A comparison of RATA questions with descriptive analysis: Insights from three studies with complex/similar products
Authors: Ares Gastón , Picallo Alejandra , Coste Beatriz , Antúnez Lucía , Vidal Leticia , Giménez Ana , Jaeger Sara R.
Published: July 2018

Consumer‐based methods for sensory product characterization continue to gain popularity. Considering that past research is mostly limited to cases where samples are sensorially simple or markedly different, the aim of this study was to compare descriptive analysis (DA) by trained assessors with product characterizations from consumers using rate‐all‐that‐apply (RATA) questions using samples that can be regarded as quite similar or quite complex. The results from three studies showed that sample differentiation was higher in DA than RATA and that information about sample similarities and differences tended to be dissimilar. The exception was Study 1 where samples were least complex. The discrepancy between the two types of panels was least evident for appearance and color attributes and basic tastes (sweet, sour, and salty), and in these instances, the correlation between attribute intensities was clearly linear (R2 = 0.46). The discrepancy was highest for complex sensory terms and terms relating to specific odors/flavors. While past research suggests that it may be possible to improve the agreement between the two methods by providing consumers with short training (samples, terms, and rating scale), practitioners should consider that training of consumers may reduce the ecological validity of their responses.

Practical applications

Characterization of the properties of products is a cornerstone activity for sensory professionals, and to achieve this task, several methods are available. This study contributes insight regarding the choice of descriptive analysis (DA) with trained assessors or rate‐all‐that‐apply (RATA) questions with consumers. If the products are not sensorially complex, then product characterization by consumers provide the same insights as DA. However, this study shows that when samples are sensorially complex and/or similar, RATA is less discriminative than DA and provides information about sample similarities and differences that is not the same as that generated by DA. Practitioners are advised to select sensory description methodology based on the objectives of their research, and when an understanding of consumers' perceptions of products is desired, A consumer‐based methodology should be used.
The effect of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and phytase inclusion on pig performance, bone parameters and pork quality in finisher pigs
Authors: Duffy Sarah K. , Kelly Alan K. , Rajauria Gaurav , Clarke Louise C. , Gath Vivian , Monahan Frank J. , O'Doherty John V.
Published: July 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing both phytase and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25‐OH‐D₃) on pig performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, bone parameters and pork quality in finisher pigs. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial comprising of four dietary treatments. One hundred and twenty pigs (60 male, 60 female) were blocked according to live weight and sex and allocated to the following dietary treatments: low P (4.81 g/kg) diet (basal) (T1); low P diet + phytase (T2); low P diet + 25‐OH‐D₃ (T3) and low P diet + phytase + 25‐OH‐D₃ (T4). Pigs supplemented with phytase had a lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (2.45 kg vs. 2.59 kg; p < 0.05) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) (2.74 kg/kg vs. 2.85 kg/kg; p < 0.05) compared to pigs offered the nonphytase diets. Pigs offered phytase diets had a higher (p < 0.05) coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of ash, phosphorous (P) and calcium (Ca) compared with pigs offered the nonphytase supplemented diets. Pigs offered the 25‐OH‐D3 diets had a higher CATTD of N and ash. Pigs offered the phytase diets had increased (p < 0.05) bone DM, ash, Ca, P and density compared to the nonphytase diets. There was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between phytase and 25‐OH‐D3 on cook loss. Pigs offered 25‐OH‐D3 had increased cook loss over the basal diet; however, there was no effect on cook loss when phytase and 25‐OH‐D3 were offered in combination compared to the phytase only diet. Pigs offered 25‐OH‐D3 exhibited higher (p < 0.05) Warner Bratzler shear force values and lower (p < 0.05) pork lightness (L*) surface colorimeter values. In conclusion, there was no benefit to offering a combination of phytase and 25‐OH‐D3 on pig performance, bone parameters or pork quality.
Analysis of metabolic profiles of generalized aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Chen H. W. , Zhou W. , Liao Y. , Hu S. C. , Chen T. L. , Song Z. C.
Published: July 2018

Background and Objective

The specific pathogenesis of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) has not yet been clarified, and few studies have focused on the association between GAgP and metabolomics. To elucidate the roles of metabolic profiles in the status of GAgP, this study aimed to identify the differential metabolic profiles between patients with GAgP and healthy controls using an untargeted metabolomic profiling method.

Material and Methods

Serum and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from healthy controls (n = 20) and patients with GAgP (n = 20) in this cross‐sectional study. The relative levels of biomarkers in the samples were measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Principal components analysis and orthogonal partial least‐squares discriminant analysis were used for statistical analysis. Metabolites were analysed qualitatively using the FiehnLib and NIST databases. Full‐mouth probing depth and clinical attachment loss were recorded as indexes of periodontal disease.

Results

A total of 349 metabolites were qualitatively detected in the gingival crevicular fluid samples, and 200 metabolites were detected in the serum samples. Compared with healthy controls, patients with GAgP showed significant increases in serum urea and allo‐inositol levels. In contrast, glutathione, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, adipic acid and 2‐deoxyguanosine levels were decreased in patients with GAgP. In the gingival crevicular fluid samples, noradrenaline, uridine, α‐tocopherol, dehydroascorbic acid, xanthine, galactose, glucose‐1‐phosphate and ribulose‐5‐phosphate levels were increased in patients with GAgP, while thymidine, glutathione and ribose‐5‐phosphate levels were decreased.

Conclusion

The metabolomics analysis by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry is an effective and minimally non‐invasive way to differentiate the metabolites characteristic of patients with GAgP. Both serum and gingival crevicular fluid metabolomics are significantly different between patients with GAgP and healthy controls. These metabolic profiles have great potential in detecting GAgP and helping to understand its underlying mechanisms.
The effects of Plantago major seed gum on steady and dynamic oscillatory shear rheology of sunflower oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Niknam Rasoul , Ghanbarzadeh Babak , Ayaseh Ali , Rezagholi Fatemeh
Published: July 2018

The effects of Plantago major seed (PMS) gum on the rheological properties of the sunflower oil‐based emulsions (steady shear flow and dynamic oscillatory rheology) were investigated. The results of steady shear flow experiments showed that the shear stress–shear rate, apparent viscosity–shear rate, and shear stress–time data were well fitted with Herschel–Bulkley, Carreau, and Tiu–Bogar models, respectively, and showed the highest R2 and the lower root mean square error within different models. The strain and frequency sweep data indicated that all emulsions showed weak gel‐like behavior, which showed stable interactions and entanglements in the emulsion structure. CoX–Merz rule was applied to investigate the relationship between complex viscosity (η*) and apparent viscosity (ηa). In all emulsions containing PMS gum, η* > η
a and they did not obey from this rule.

Practical applications

The rheological properties of emulsion are critical features in stabilization of emulsion based products. The PMS gum can potentially be used in producing and stabilization of emulsion based products and effects of this gum on in oil in water emulsion can be useful in development of plant originated hydrocolloids in foods.
Sofosbuvir and ledipasvir are associated with high sustained virologic response and improvement of health‐related quality of life in East Asian patients with hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , Stepanova Maria , Henry Linda , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Ahn Sang Hoon , Lim Young‐Suk , Chuang Wan‐Long , Kao Jia‐Horng , Nguyen Kinh V. , Lai Ching Lung , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen , Wei Lai
Published: July 2018

Although HCV infection is highly prevalent in East Asia, these patients have been underrepresented in HRQL studies. Here, we assess HRQL in East Asian HCV patients treated with different anti‐HCV regimens. Patients completed Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) before, during and after treatment. A total of 989 HCV patients were enrolled in two phase 3 clinical trials [China: 60.2%, South Korea: 22.4%, Taiwan: 17.4%; genotype 1: 55.3%, treatment‐naïve: 57.5%; cirrhosis: 14.0%]. Patients received pegylated interferon, sofosbuvir and ribavirin (Peg‐IFN + SOF + RBV; n = 130, genotypes 1, 6) or SOF + RBV (n = 475, all genotypes) or SOF and ledipasvir (LDV/SOF; n = 384, genotype 1). The SVR‐12 rates were 94.6%, 96.2% and 99.2%, respectively (P = 0.005). During treatment, Peg‐IFN + SOF + RBV‐treated group experienced significant declines in most HRQL scores (by the end of treatment, mean decline up to −12.0 points, all P < 0.05). Patients on SOF + RBV had milder HRQL impairment (up to −5.8 points, P < 0.05 for 5 of 8 HRQL domains). In contrast, patients receiving IFN‐ and RBV‐free regimen with LDV/SOF had their HRQL scores improve (mean up to +4.3 points, P < 0.0001 for 3 of 8 scales). In multivariate analysis, receiving Peg‐IFN + SOF + RBV was consistently independently associated with HRQL impairment during treatment (β: −10.3 to −16.4) and after achieving SVR‐12 (β: −4.4 to −9.1) (all P < 0.01). The results were reproduced in a subgroup of patients enrolled in China. We conclude that in East Asian patients with HCV, HRQL improved from baseline after treatment with LDV/SOF but not with Peg‐IFN + RBV‐containing or Peg‐IFN‐free RBV‐containing regimens. The HRQL impairment associated with the use of Peg‐IFN persists even after achieving sustained virologic clearance.
The roles of leporid species that have been translocated: a review of their ecosystem effects as native and exotic species
Authors: Barbar Facundo , Lambertucci Sergio A.
Published: July 2018

Historically, humans have translocated some species of Leporidae (order Lagomorpha) around the world as an introduced food source and as game species. This family is now cosmopolitan and occupies areas where it did not previously exist. With the exception of European rabbitsOryctolagus cuniculus, evidence of the effects of these introduced species is scattered and in many cases anecdotal, though they share many biological traits withOryctolagus cuniculus, one of the most harmful invasive species worldwide.

We review available studies on the 12 leporid species that have been introduced by humans to areas beyond their native ranges. Our aim is to describe and compare the species’ ecological roles in their native geographic ranges and in their exotic ranges. We review the species’ effects on the ecosystem at different levels of the trophic chain. We also evaluate the consequences of introductions for animal and human health, and their economic consequences, and we consider control measures.

In their native ranges, the 12 leporids are known to provide resources for other species, act as seed dispersers and ecosystem engineers, function as primary prey items for several predator species, and have many other functions. The effects of the leporids in their exotic geographic ranges are also conspicuous, and in many cases strongly negative, due to competition with native fauna and the facilitation of the presence of other invaders. Nonetheless, they constitute a food resource for native and exotic predators. As game species for humans, their hunting may indirectly impact the ecosystems by increasing the amount of lead in the environment. Moreover, they may be carriers of zoonotic diseases.

Conservation biologists should carefully consider the contrasting effects of the introduced leporids species in the ecosystem before developing any management strategy including these species.
Identification of Stipules reduced, a leaf morphology gene in pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Moreau Carol , Hofer Julie M. I. , Eléouët Morgane , Sinjushin Andrey , Ambrose Mike , Skøt Kirsten , Blackmore Tina , Swain Martin , Hegarty Matthew , Balanzà Vicente , Ferrándiz Cristina , Ellis T. H. Noel
Published: July 2018

Pea (Pisum sativum) is one of relatively few genetically amenable plant species with compound leaves. Pea leaves have a variety of specialized organs: leaflets, tendrils, pulvini and stipules, which enable the identification of mutations that transform or affect distinct parts of the leaf. Characterization of these mutations offers insights into the development and evolution of novel leaf traits. The previously characterized morphological gene Cochleata, conferring stipule identity, was known to interact with Stipules reduced (St), which conditions stipule size in pea, but the St gene remained unknown.

Here we analysed Fast Neutron irradiated pea mutants by restriction site associated DNA sequencing.

We identified St as a gene encoding a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor that is regulated by Cochleata. St regulates both cell division and cell expansion in the stipule.

Our approach shows how systematic genome‐wide screens can be used successfully for the analysis of traits in species for which whole genome sequences are not available.
Allocation of harvest between user groups in a fishery with habitat effect
Authors: Nichols Rachel , Yamazaki Satoshi , Jennings Sarah
Published: July 2018

The destructive impacts of fishing on marine habitats may be mitigated through the allocation of catch shares between different user groups. We assess the optimal allocation of harvest across multiple user groups and how fishery outcomes are affected when catch shares are allocated suboptimally. We incorporate the harvest allocation process into a bioeconomic model in which fishing‐induced habitat damage occurs and a single fish stock is targeted by two user groups characterized by fishing technologies of differing environmental impact. Results show that maximizing the overall profit of the fishery often requires the catch share of one of the groups to be set at zero. The effects on biological and economic outcomes of deviating from this allocation to ensure positive catch shares for all groups depend on the strength of habitat–fishery interactions, difference in fishing costs, and whether the suboptimal allocation is made to the high or low impact group.

Recommedations for Resource Managers

Ignoring the impacts of fishing on marine environments can undermine attempts to sustainably manage fish stocks and to generate economic benefits that fisheries are capable of.

Allocation of harvest across different fishery user groups is one means of managing habitat impacts of fishing.

Economically optimal harvest allocation often requires the exclusion of either high impact user groups in a fishery where stocks are reliant on vulnerable habitats or low impact but less efficient user groups where habitat is fast to recover from damage.

Suboptimal allocations of harvest need careful consideration as they may require trading‐off improved biological outcomes against lower fishery‐wide profit.

Suboptimal allocations made in favor of a group causing higher habitat damage may result in collapse of fish stocks in environments where stocks are reliant on vulnerable environments and the damage rate of fishing is high.
Recent advances in Barrett's esophagus
Authors: Inadomi John , Alastal Hani , Bonavina Luigi , Gross Seth , Hunt Richard H. , Mashimo Hiroshi , di Pietro Massimiliano , Rhee Horace , Shah Marmy , Tolone Salvatore , Wang David H. , Xie Shao‐Hua
Published: July 2018

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma, one of the few cancers with increasing incidence in developed countries. The pathogenesis of BE is unclear with regard to either the cellular origin of this metaplastic epithelium or the manner in which malignant transformation occurs, although recent data indicate a possible junctional origin of stem cells for BE. Treatment of BE may be achieved using endoscopic eradication therapy; however, there is a lack of discriminatory tools to identify individuals at sufficient risk for cancer development in whom intervention is warranted. Reduction in gastroesophageal reflux of gastric contents including acid is mandatory to achieve remission from BE after endoscopic ablation, and can be achieved using medical or nonmedical interventions. Research topics of greatest interest include the mechanism of BE development and transformation to cancer, risk stratification methods to identify individuals who may benefit from ablation of BE, optimization of eradication therapy, and surveillance methods to ensure that remission is maintained after eradication is achieved.
Preparing plants for improved cold tolerance by priming
Authors: Baier Margarete , Bittner Andras , Prescher Andreas , van Buer Jörn
Published: July 2018

Cold is a major stressor, which limits plant growth and development in many parts of the world, especially in the temperate climate zones. A large number of experimental studies has demonstrated that not only acclimation and entrainment but also the experience of single short stress events of various abiotic or biotic kinds (priming stress) can improve the tolerance of plants to chilling temperatures. This process, called priming, depends on a stress “memory”. It does not change cold sensitivity per se but beneficially modifies the response to cold and can last for days, months, or even longer. Elicitor factors and antagonists accumulate due to increased biosynthesis or decreased degradation either during or after the priming stimulus. Comparison of priming studies investigating improved tolerance to chilling temperatures highlighted key regulatory functions of ROS/RNS and antioxidant enzymes, plant hormones, especially jasmonates, salicylates, and abscisic acid, and signalling metabolites, such as β‐ and γ‐aminobutyric acid (BABA and GABA) and melatonin. We conclude that these elicitors and antagonists modify local and systemic cold tolerance by integration into cold‐induced signalling cascades.
Management of afebrile neonates with pustules and vesicles in a pediatric emergency department
Authors: Manice Christina S. , Planet Paul J. , Chase Herbert S. , Lauren Christine T.
Published: July 2018

Objectives

To assess the management and outcomes of vesicles and pustules in afebrile neonates presenting to the pediatric emergency department.

Methods

Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes, we identified patients 0‐60 days old presenting to our pediatric emergency department from 2008 to 2015 with a possible diagnosis of pustules or vesicles. We then used natural language processing followed by manual chart review to identify afebrile neonates with pustules or vesicles. We collected clinical data from the electronic medical record. We also assessed current practice patterns for neonatal pustules or vesicles using a survey administered to attending physicians.

Results

Of the 971 possible cases identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes for fluid‐filled lesions, only 64 patients had vesicles (n = 9) and pustules (n = 55). One‐third (22/64) of afebrile neonates with pustules and vesicles were admitted to the hospital and received empiric parenteral therapy. Admission, parenteral antibiotics, and antiviral therapy were more common in neonates presenting with vesicles than in those with pustules alone. Apart from 2 presumed blood culture contaminants, there were no positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid cultures. Two patients had positive urine cultures. Institutional survey data showed practice patterns consistent with these retrospective results.

Conclusion

Although one‐third of neonates with pustules and vesicles were admitted to the hospital and received parenteral therapy, there were no cerebrospinal fluid or blood infections or any confirmed evidence of herpes simplex virus disease. These findings suggest that afebrile, well‐appearing neonates presenting with pustules alone may not need a full serious bacterial infection examination. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and assess outcomes, especially in afebrile neonates with vesicles.
Germline BRCA1‐associated protein 1 mutation presenting as BAP1 inactivated melanocytic nevi in a child of a father with fatal paraganglioma
Authors: Watchorn Richard E. , Calonje Eduardo , Taibjee Saleem M.
Published: July 2018

BRCA1‐associated protein 1(BAP1) inactivated melanocytic nevi are pink to tan and dome‐shaped in clinical appearance, resembling dermal nevi, but with distinct histologic features of two melanocytic subpopulations: larger atypical melanocytes and nests of smaller, blander nevoid melanocytes. Pedigrees with BAP1 mutations are at greater risk of various malignancies. We report the case of a 16‐year‐old boy with multiple benign‐appearing nevi, all demonstrating loss of BAP1 on immunohistochemistry. History revealed that his father had died of paraganglioma, which is also associated with BAP1 mutations.
Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus associated with erosive monoarthritis
Authors: Bertolin‐Colilla Marta , Alcalá Rebeca , Deza Gustavo , Polino Luciano , Gallardo Fernando , Pujol Ramon M.
Published: July 2018

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus and linear psoriasis are different entities with clinical and histopathologic similarities. Isolated reports of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus with concomitant psoriasis or a positive family history of psoriasis have been described, and the possibility that inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus may be a mosaic form of cutaneous psoriasis has been postulated. We report a 17‐year‐old boy with a congenital, linear, erythematous, keratotic plaque on the dorsum of the fifth finger of the left hand with ipsilateral nail dystrophy. Histopathologic examination showed epidermal hyperplasia with alternating orthokeratosis and parakeratosis. During follow‐up, he developed erosive monoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint. This case seems to confirm the association between inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus and arthritis and supports a possible relationship between inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus and psoriasis.
Extracellular vesicles isolated from Toxoplasma gondii induce host immune response
Authors: Silva Valeria Oliveira , Maia Marta Marques , Torrecilhas Ana Claudia , Taniwaki Noemi Nosomi , Namiyama Gislene Mitsue , Oliveira Katia Cristina , Ribeiro Kleber Silva , Toledo Maytê dos Santos , Xander Patricia , Pereira‐Chioccola Vera Lucia
Published: July 2018

This study established a protocol to purify Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite microvesicles and exosomes, called as extracellular vesicles (EVs). In addition, the investigations were conducted to determine the kinetic of EV release by tachyzoites and whether EV proteins are able to modulate the host immune response. The particle size and concentration released by tachyzoites in culture medium at different incubation‐period were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Tachyzoites (1 × 106) released around 4.37 ± 0.81 × 108 EVs/mL/h, with size varying between 138.2 and 171.9 nm. EVs released into the medium were purified by gel‐exclusion chromatography and screened by ELISA, using a pool of human positive sera for toxoplasmosis. EV‐fractions contained high concentration of proteins, and EVs were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Tachyzoites released EVs into the culture medium throughout all membrane surface, and these vesicles contain small RNAs/miRNA. Pooled sera from chronically infected human or mice (infected with 2 different T. gondii strains) recognized distinct EV electrophoretic patterns in immunoblotting. T. gondii EVs significantly induced IL‐10, TNF‐α and iNOS in murine macrophages. In conclusion, this study shows that T. gondii secrete/excrete EVs (microvesicles and exosomes) contain miRNA and they were immunologically recognized by host immune response.
The influence of spaying and its timing relative to the onset of puberty on urinary and general behaviour in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Balogh Orsolya , Borruat Natalie , Andrea Meier Angela , Hartnack Sonja , Reichler Iris M.
Published: July 2018

Benefits and risks of spaying on the behaviour of female dogs are controversially discussed. Increased aggressiveness and male urinary behaviour were postulated to be the consequence of masculinization after spaying in some female dogs. To investigate if spaying or its timing relative to the onset of puberty may have a masculinization effect, urinary behaviour, that is, frequency of urination, urinary posture and ground scratching after urination were recorded in 58 female Labrador Retrievers during 15 min of a daily walk with their owners. General behaviour of the dogs during the walks was assessed using an owner questionnaire. Data were analysed for age, reproductive status, lifetime of ovary exposure and/or time interval since spaying. Urinary behaviour of intact females (n = 12) and dogs spayed before (n = 17) or after (n = 29) puberty was similar and not influenced by age, lifetime of ovary exposure and/or time interval since spaying. Owners of spayed dogs described more frequent or more intense fear reaction in their animals in response to loud noises, unfamiliar objects approaching on or near the sidewalk, or if they were approached by unknown dogs barking, growling or jumping. In conclusion, we found no evidence of a masculinization effect after spaying on urinary behaviour in female Labrador Retrievers. In contrast to popular belief, gonadectomy did not inevitably result in a behaviourally more stable dog. Extrapolation of our findings from female Labrador Retrievers to other breeds should be performed with caution, as the effect of spaying on behaviour may differ among dog breeds.
Why does a woman need to become a man in order to become a Buddha?: Past investigations, new leads
Authors: Balkwill Stephanie
Published: July 2018

This paper puts forth a new interpretation of the problem of the ineligibility of the female body for Buddhahood as it is seen in the texts of the Mahāyāna tradition of Buddhism. Recognizing that advanced female practitioners in Mahāyāna sūtras both lecture their detractors on the emptiness of physical forms while simultaneously changing their female forms to male ones, this paper provides an interpretation of the available textual material that reads the actions of such female practitioners as consonant and not contradictory. In so doing, this paper offers an innovative reading of the famous story of the Dragon King's Daughter from the Lotus Sūtra, one that sees it in conversation with a lesser known text specifically on the topic of female‐to‐male sex change on the path to Buddhahood, the Sūtra on Transforming the Female Form.

Video Abstract available at https://youtu.be/iK8sJNq4y5s
Is the consumption of fast foods associated with asthma or other allergic diseases?
Authors: Wang Cheng S. , Wang Ji , Zhang Xin , Zhang Li , Zhang Hong P. , Wang Lei , Wood Lisa G. , Wang Gang
Published: July 2018

The associations between the consumption of fast foods and asthma or allergic diseases have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to determine whether fast foods consumption is associated with asthma or allergic diseases. Databases were searched up to February 2018. Studies investigating the associations between fast foods consumption and asthma or allergic diseases were considered eligible. Included studies were assessed for quality using standardized critical appraisal checklists. The quality scores were 5.33 ± 1.16 in case–control studies and 5.69 ± 1.55 in cross‐sectional studies. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled. Sixteen studies (13 cross‐sectional and 3 case–control studies) were included. The consumption of fast foods was significantly related to current asthma (aOR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.17–2.13 for case–control study and aOR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.10–2.26 for cross‐sectional studies), severe asthma (aOR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.23–1.46), asthma ever (aOR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.06–1.75), current wheeze (aOR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.16–1.27), wheeze ever (aOR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.07–2.52), physician‐diagnosed allergic rhinitis (odds ratio: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.05–1.95), severe eczema (aOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.16–1.96) and severe rhino‐conjunctivitis (aOR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.18–2.00). The consumption of hamburgers was associated with current asthma (aOR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13–2.25), severe asthma (aOR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.23–1.46), asthma ever (aOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.13–1.92), severe eczema (aOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.16–1.96), severe rhino‐conjunctivitis (aOR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.18–2.00) and rhino‐conjunctivitis (aOR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.15–1.27). The consumption of fast foods, especially hamburgers, ≥3 times/week, was more likely to be associated with severe asthma and current wheeze compared with the consumption of 1–2 times/week (both P < 0.001). In conclusion, the consumption of fast foods, particularly hamburgers, correlates to asthma in a dose–response pattern, which needs to be further validated in longitudinal and interventional studies.
A Risk Assessment Approach for Evaluating the Impact of Toxic Contaminants Released Indoors by Considering Various Emergency Ventilation and Evacuation Strategies
Authors: Zeng Lingjie , Gao Jun , Wang Qiong , Chang Le
Published: July 2018

The release of toxic airborne contaminants resulting from terrorist attacks on buildings can lead to disastrous consequences. To evaluate and reduce the effects of these emergencies, various methods and models have been developed in the past few years. Such work has provided effective tools for the building management system to do risk assessment of the contaminated areas. Although risk analysis methods to describe the contaminant dispersion scenarios made significant progress, these approaches did not generally consider the releasing scenario occurring in the ventilation system and the effect of human behavior during the developing process of an emergency event. Emergency strategies chosen by the decisionmaker are not always associated with the early‐warning system, such as the sensor monitoring network and the source identification system inside the building. This study aims to provide a risk assessment model considering both the variation of contaminant concentration and occupant distribution after the release of toxic agents to obtain the exposure risk for people indoors. The contaminant dispersion is simulated using computational fluid dynamics. The evacuation process for people is modeled using Pathfinder, and the exposure risk for occupants under various emergency strategies is calculated using the efficiency factor of the contaminant source. The results of the exposure risk for 40 basic cases are discussed, and the optimal ventilation mode for these specific cases is recommended. Next, the impact of the variation of human behavior, contaminant detection time needed by sensors, and source identification time needed by inverse modeling on the exposure risk for people indoor is studied. The uncertainty and reproducibility of the numerical simulations are emphatically discussed in the Supporting Information.
Hamiltonian Structure and a Variational Principle for Grounded Abyssal Flow on a Sloping Bottom in a Mid‐Latitude β‐Plane
Authors: Swaters Gordon E.
Published: July 2018

Observations, numerical simulations, and theoretical scaling arguments suggest that in mid‐latitudes, away from the high‐latitude source regions and the equator, the meridional transport of abyssal water masses along a continental slope correspond to geostrophic flows that are gravity or density driven and topographically steered. These dynamics are examined using a nonlinear reduced‐gravity geostrophic model that describes grounded abyssal meridional flow over sloping topography that crosses the planetary vorticity gradient. It is shown that this model possesses a noncanonical Hamiltonian formulation. General nonlinear steady solutions to the model can be obtained for arbitrary bottom topography. These solutions correspond to nonparallel shear flows that flow across the planetary vorticity gradient. If the in‐flow current along the poleward boundary is strictly equatorward, then no shock can form in the solution in the mid‐latitude domain. It is also shown that the steady solutions satisfy the first‐order necessary conditions for an extremal to a suitably constrained potential energy functional. Sufficient conditions for the definiteness of the second variation of the constrained energy functional are examined. The theory is illustrated with a nonlinear steady solution corresponding to an abyssal flow with upslope and down slope groundings in the height field.