bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The National Living Donor Assistance Center perspective on barriers to the use of federal travel grants for living donors
Authors: Mathur Amit K. , Hong Barry , Ojo Akinolu , Merion Robert M.
Published: May 2017

Recent research has identified important barriers that potential living organ donors face in utilizing travel reimbursement funds from the National Living Donor Assistance Center (NLDAC). In this article, we provide clarification and comment on these potential barriers from the NLDAC program perspective. The goal of financial neutrality for living donors requires further action. We discuss recent developments and further steps that may help achieve this goal and ultimately affect the shortage of donor organs.
Psychological well‐being and independent living of young adults with childhood‐onset craniopharyngioma
Authors: Memmesheimer Rodica Mia , Lange Karin , Dölle Michael , Heger Sabine , Mueller Iris
Published: May 2017

Aim

To assess the psychological well‐being and social integration of adults with craniopharyngioma diagnosed in childhood.

Method

A cross‐sectional study of a nationwide cohort of young adults with craniopharyngioma in Germany was performed. A structured questionnaire covered the sociodemographic, clinical data, and subjective effects of the condition on social integration. Psychological well‐being was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results were compared to young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Results

The study included 59 participants (29 females, 30 males; mean age 25y 2mo [SD 5y 10mo]), mean age at first surgery 10y 2mo [SD 3y 7mo]. Compared to the T1DM group, significantly more young people with craniopharyngioma aged 25 to 35 years lived at their parents’ homes (craniopharyngioma 43.34%; T1DM 13.7%; χ2=4.14, p=0.049), and fewer lived in a relationship (craniopharyngioma 8.69%; T1DM 54.7%; χ2=15.74, p<0.001). The HADS revealed a score for depression above the cut‐off in 20.69 per cent of young adults with craniopharyngioma and in 6 per cent of young adults with T1DM (χ2=13.42, p<0.001).

Interpretation

Young adults with craniopharyngioma reported subjective disadvantages in professional and social integration. Further, they presented with reduced well‐being and increased depression rates. Better psychosocial support and self‐management education might reduce the long‐term burden of the disease.
A systematic review of scales to measure dystonia and choreoathetosis in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy
Authors: Stewart Kirsty , Harvey Adrienne , Johnston Leanne M
Published: May 2017

Aim

To identify and systematically review the psychometric properties and clinical utility of dystonia and choreoathetosis scales reported for children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

Six electronic databases were searched for dystonia and choreoathetosis scales with original psychometric data for children with CP aged 0 to 18 years.

Results

Thirty‐four papers met the inclusion criteria, which contained six scales purported to measure dystonia and/or choreoathetosis in children with CP: the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale; Barry–Albright Dystonia Scale; Unified Dystonia Rating Scale; Movement Disorder‐Childhood Rating Scale; Movement Disorder‐Childhood Rating Scale 0–3 Years; and the Dyskinesia Impairment Scale.

Interpretation

Each scale provides useful information about dyskinesia, with most focusing on dystonia. The Barry–Albright Dystonia Scale, which was designed for CP, is the most commonly reported scale and least complex to use clinically. The Dyskinesia Impairment Scale is the only tool to consider both dystonia and choreoathetosis in CP. All tools are designed to classify movement disorders at the level of body functions and structures, rather than activity limitations or participation restrictions, although many provide some insight into the impact of dystonia on activities. Further studies are required to fully examine the validity, reliability, responsiveness, and clinical utility of each scale specifically for children with CP.
Understanding cerebral palsy: the power of population‐based surveillance
Authors: Van Naarden Braun Kim
Published: May 2017

This commentary is on the original article by Delobel‐Ayoub et al. on pages 738–742 of this issue.
High‐resolution mapping of soil phosphorus concentration in agricultural landscapes with readily available or detailed survey data
Authors: Matos‐Moreira M. , Lemercier B. , Dupas R. , Michot D. , Viaud V. , Akkal‐Corfini N. , Louis B. , Gascuel‐Odoux C.
Published: May 2017

High‐resolution mapping of soil phosphorus (P) concentration is necessary to identify critical source areas reliably where a large risk of transport coincides with a large potential source of P in agricultural landscapes. However, dense soil P data are not usually available to produce such maps and to obtain them is expensive. In this study, we modelled and mapped soil extractable P (ExtP) and total P (TP) concentrations in an intensively farmed 12‐km2 catchment in Brittany (NW France) with two different datasets to test the suitability of readily available regional or national databases for high‐resolution mapping. We used a machine learning tool (Cubist) to develop rule‐based predictive models from a calibration dataset. Covariates included pedological, geological, agricultural, terrain and geophysical‐related attributes obtained specifically in the study area (SURVEY) or derived from readily available regional or national databases (DATABASE). Even though better predictions were obtained with the SURVEY data (RMSE = 0.018 g kg−1 for ExtP and RMSE = 0.219 g kg−1 for TP), the DATABASE data produced acceptable predictions (RMSE = 0.024 g kg−1 for ExtP and RMSE = 0.253 g kg−1 for TP). The machine learning tool helped to identify key covariates that would improve the prediction of soil P when detailed data are not available. Readily available data about crop rotations could increase the accuracy of existing ExtP maps. These maps, combined with additional soil analysis for extractable Al, would improve the mapping of TP and the identification of areas with a large potential source of P.

Highlights

Modelling and mapping of soil phosphorus with the machine learning algorithm Cubist.

Comparison of regional or national databases and detailed survey data for prediction.

Models with regional and national data performed well, but some areas with large concentrations of P were not identified.

Information about crop rotation and soil extractable Al improved model performance.
Child‐ and parent‐reported quality of life trajectories in children with epilepsy: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ferro Mark A. , Avery Lisa , Fayed Nora , Streiner David L. , Cunningham Charles E. , Boyle Michael H. , Lach Lucyna , Glidden Gina , Rosenbaum Peter L. , Ronen Gabriel M. ,   the QUALITÉ group
Published: May 2017

Objective

To describe the developmental trajectories of quality of life (QoL) in a large cohort of children with epilepsy, and to assess the relative contribution of clinical, psychosocial, and sociodemographic variables on QoL trajectories.

Methods

Five assessments during a 28‐month prospective cohort study were used to model trajectories of QoL. Participants were recruited with their parents from six Canadian tertiary centers. A convenience sample of 506 children aged 8–14 years with epilepsy and without intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder were enrolled. A total of 894 children were eligible and 330 refused participation. Participating children were, on average, 11.4 years of age, and 49% were female. Nearly one third (32%) had partial seizures. At baseline, 479 and 503 child‐ and parent‐reported questionnaires were completed. In total, 354 children (74%) and 366 parents (73%) completed the 28‐month follow‐up. QoL was measured using the child‐ and parent‐reported version of the Childhood Epilepsy QoL scale (CHEQOL‐25).

Results

Child‐reported QoL was fitted best by a six‐class model and parent‐reported QoL by a five‐class model. In both models, trajectories remained either stable or improved over 28 months. Of these children, 62% rated their QoL as high or moderately high, defined as at least one standard deviation above the average CHEQOL‐25 score. Greater family, classmate, and peer social support, fewer symptoms of child and parent depression, and higher receptive vocabulary were identified as the most robust predictors of better QoL (all p < 0.001).

Significance

Most children with epilepsy and their parents reported relatively good QoL in this first joint self‐ and proxy‐reported trajectory study. Findings confirm the heterogeneous QoL outcomes for children with epilepsy and the primary importance of psychosocial factors rather than seizure and AED‐specific factors in influencing QoL. These predictors that are potentially amenable to change should now be the focus of specific intervention studies.
Podocyte‐specific soluble epoxide hydrolase deficiency in mice attenuates acute kidney injury
Authors: Bettaieb Ahmed , Koike Shinichiro , Chahed Samah , Zhao Yi , Bachaalany Santana , Hashoush Nader , Graham James , Fatima Huma , Havel Peter J. , Gruzdev Artiom , Zeldin Darryl C. , Hammock Bruce D. , Haj Fawaz G.
Published: May 2017

Podocytes play an important role in maintaining glomerular function, and podocyte injury is a significant component in the pathogenesis of proteinuria. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a cytosolic enzyme whose genetic deficiency and pharmacological inhibition have beneficial effects on renal function, but its role in podocytes remains unexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of sEH in podocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced kidney injury. We report increased sEH transcript and protein expression in murine podocytes upon LPS challenge. To determine the function of sEH in podocytes in vivo we generated podocyte‐specific sEH‐deficient (pod‐sEHKO) mice. Following LPS challenge, podocyte sEH‐deficient mice exhibited lower kidney injury, proteinuria, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations than controls suggestive of preserved renal function. Also, renal mRNA and serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNFα were significantly lower in LPS‐treated pod‐sEHKO than control mice. Moreover, podocyte sEH deficiency was associated with decreased LPS‐induced NF‐κB and MAPK activation and attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, the protective effects of podocyte sEH deficiency in vivo were recapitulated in E11 murine podocytes treated with a selective sEH pharmacological inhibitor. Altogether, these findings identify sEH in podocytes as a contributor to signaling events in acute renal injury and suggest that sEH inhibition may be of therapeutic value in proteinuria.

Enzymes

Soluble epoxide hydrolase: EC 3.3.2.10.
α‐Syntrophin stabilizes catalase to reduce endogenous reactive oxygen species levels during myoblast differentiation
Authors: Moon Jae Yun , Choi Su Jin , Heo Cheol Ho , Kim Hwan Myung , Kim Hye Sun
Published: May 2017

α‐Syntrophin is a component of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex that interacts with various intracellular signaling proteins in muscle cells. The α‐syntrophin knock‐down C2 cell line (SNKD), established by infecting lentivirus particles with α‐syntrophin shRNA, is characterized by a defect in terminal differentiation and increase in cell death. Since myoblast differentiation is accompanied by intensive mitochondrial biogenesis, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also increased during myogenesis. Two‐photon microscopy imaging showed that excessive intracellular ROS accumulated during the differentiation of SNKD cells as compared with control cells. The formation of 4‐hydroxynonenal adduct, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation during oxidative stress, significantly increased in differentiated SNKD myotubes and was dramatically reduced by epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, a well‐known ROS scavenger. Among antioxidant enzymes, catalase was significantly decreased during differentiation of SNKD cells without changes at the mRNA level. Of interest was the finding that the degradation of catalase was rescued by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, in the SNKD cells. This study demonstrates a novel function of α‐syntrophin. This protein plays an important role in the regulation of oxidative stress from endogenously generated ROS during myoblast differentiation by modulating the protein stability of catalase.
Distribution of circular single‐stranded DNA viruses associated with benthic amphipods of genus Diporeia in the Laurentian Great Lakes
Authors: Bistolas Kalia S. I. , Jackson Elliot W. , Watkins James M. , Rudstam Lars G. , Hewson Ian
Published: May 2017

Benthic amphipods of genus Diporeia are key indicators of ecosystem health and were the most abundant invertebrate in the four deep Laurentian Great Lakes until the mid‐1990s. The mechanism(s) responsible for declines in Diporeia abundance in Lakes Huron, Michigan and Ontario remain contentious. A previous study identified a circular replication initiator protein‐encoding single‐stranded (CRESS) DNA virus, LM29173, associated with Diporeia populations.

This study surveys the distribution of CRESS‐DNA viral genotypes in amphipods from several populations and investigates the relationship between viral presence and nutritional quality of the amphipod. We show that CRESS‐DNA virus‐like sequences are common in Diporeia nanobiomes, and are detectable as free particles in virioplankton.

Among three identified CRESS‐DNA viral genotypes (LM29173, LM122 and LH481), LM29173 is a recurrent and prevalent constituent of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron Diporeia‐associated viral consortia, with genotype load averaging 726–3,643 copies mg−1 of tissue. LM29173 abundance coincides with amphipod haplotype demographics, and was more prevalent among Diporeia from the southern clade (Lakes Michigan, Huron, New York Finger Lakes) than northern clade (Lake Superior), irrespective of the state of population decline.

We expected that the association of CRESS‐DNA viruses would impart costs to amphipod physiology. However, viral load of LM29173 did not correlate with amphipod nutritional quality (lipid content, C:N stoichiometry).
What are White People to Do? Listening, Challenging Ignorance, Generous Encounters and the ‘Not Yet’ as Diversity Research Praxis
Authors: Swan Elaine
Published: May 2017

Responding to the call to theorize praxis in relation to philosophy and white diversity research, I draw on philosophers of race, and in particular collective white ignorance, and generous encounters to argue for listening as a form of progressive white praxis. While praxis has been theorized in feminist theory in relation to knowledge, standpoint and bodies, literature neglects how whiteness structures the production of knowledge and praxis. I argue that an understanding of white praxis should entail an examination of white epistemology, white ignorance and encounters with the stranger. At the same time, heeding critical race theorists’ cautions about critical whiteness studies and white feminism, I propose ways in which listening could begin to work as a form of white praxis responding to racism in research on diversity and organizations.
Neuropeptides and Neurotransmitters That Modulate Thalamo‐Cortical Pathways Relevant to Migraine Headache
Authors: Noseda Rodrigo , Borsook David , Burstein Rami
Published: May 2017

Dynamic thalamic regulation of sensory signals allows the cortex to adjust better to rapidly changing behavioral, physiological, and environmental demands. To fulfill this role, thalamic neurons must themselves be subjected to constantly changing modulatory inputs that originate in multiple neurochemical pathways involved in autonomic, affective, and cognitive functions. This review defines a chemical framework for thinking about the complexity of factors that modulate the response properties of relay trigeminovascular thalamic neurons. Following the presentation of scientific evidence for monosynaptic connections between thalamic trigeminovascular neurons and axons containing glutamate, GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, orexin, and melanin‐concentrating hormone, this review synthesizes a large body of data to propose that the transmission of headache‐related nociceptive signals from the thalamus to the cortex is modulated by potentially opposing forces and that the so‐called ‘decision’ of which system (neuropeptide/neurotransmitter) will dominate the firing of a trigeminovascular thalamic neuron at any given time is determined by the constantly changing physiological (sleep, wakefulness, food intake, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure), behavioral (addiction, isolation), cognitive (attention, learning, memory use), and affective (stress, anxiety, depression, anger) adjustment needed to keep homeostasis.
A clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological study of Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra (DPN) – An Indian perspective
Authors: Bhat Ramesh M. , Patrao Ninon , Monteiro Rochelle , Sukumar D.
Published: May 2017

Background

Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) is a benign cutaneous condition which commonly occurs in dark‐skinned people, especially Asians and African Americans. Owing to its benign nature and rarity, very few studies have been conducted to date, and dermoscopic studies are practically nonexistent.

Objectives

To study the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) and to correlate the clinical findings with dermoscopic and histopathological findings in DPN.

Methods

A total of 100 patients attending the Dermatology outpatient department at Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India, with clinically diagnosed dermatosis papulosa nigra were included in the study. Histopathology and dermoscopic evaluation of the lesions were done, and the characteristics seen were noted.

Results

Earlier onset of lesions was noted in our study, i.e. onset in the 4th decade as compared to the 6th decade in most other studies. A female preponderance, positive family history, history of sun exposure, and involvement of the head and neck were other significant associations. Histopathology revealed an acanthotic variant in all the lesions that were biopsied. The predominant dermoscopic finding was fissures and ridges of the cerebriform pattern followed by comedo‐like openings.

Conclusion

Dermatosis papulosa nigra is a benign unaesthetic condition seen in Fitzpatrick skin types IV‐VI. The diagnosis is mainly clinical; however, in a few cases histopathology and dermoscopy aid in differentiating it from other benign and malignant tumors. Dermoscopy, in particular, being a noninvasive investigative moiety is a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool.
Chemotherapy‐related cardiotoxicity: are Australian practitioners missing the point?
Authors: Conyers Rachel , Costello Ben , La Gerche Andre , Tripaydonis Anne , Burns Charlotte , Ludlow Louise , Lange Peter , Ekert Paul , Mechinaud Francoise , Cheung Michael , Martin Michelle , Elliot David
Published: May 2017

Background

It has long been established that cardiotoxicity occurs as a result of exposure to certain chemotherapeutics, particularly anthracyclines. Historically, clinicians equate cardiotoxicity with a poor prognosis, in a small percentage of patients and deem long‐term surveillance as optional. Emerging evidence suggests that anthracycline cardiotoxicity (ACT) is a life‐long risk with an incidence approaching 20%.

Aims

To elucidate the incidence of anthracycline cardiotoxicity within a current paediatric oncology survivor cohort.

Methods

Participants were identified through the Haematology‐Oncology database at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Patients were identified from a retrospective audit of outpatient attendances between January 2008 and December 2015. Patients with a cancer diagnosis exposed to anthracyclines were eligible for the study. Patient demographics and echocardiogram findings were recorded with patients subcategorised according to degree of ACT. More significant ACT defined as fractional shortening (FS) <24% and less significant if FS 24–28% or a decline in baseline ejection fraction of >10%.

Results

Two hundred and eighty‐six of a total 481 identified patients were eligible for study inclusion. Twenty patients displayed significant ACT with FS <24%. Ten patients had a FS 24–28% and 25 patients with a decline in ejection fraction from baseline of >10%. Overall, 6.6% demonstrated significant cardiac complications, whilst 19.6 % demonstrated some degree of ACT and decline in myocardial function. When stratified for cumulative anthracycline dose, the incidence of severe cardiac dysfunction was 5.1% (<250 mg/m2) and 25% (>250 mg/m2)

Conclusion

This study demonstrates, in keeping with modern literature, the higher incidence of anthracycline associated cardiac toxicity and a need for better surveillance and follow up.
Hospital occupancy and discharge strategies: a simulation‐based study
Authors: Qin Shaowen , Thompson Campbell , Bogomolov Tim , Ward Dale , Hakendorf Paul
Published: May 2017

Background

Increasing demand for hospital services has resulted in more arrivals to emergency department (ED), increased admissions, and, quite often, access block and ED congestion, along with patients’ dissatisfaction. Cost constraints limit an increase in the number of hospital beds, so alternative solutions need to be explored.

Aims

To propose and test different discharge strategies, which, potentially, could reduce occupancy rates in the hospital, thereby improving patient flow and minimising frequency and duration of congestion episodes.

Methods

We used a simulation approach using HESMAD (Hospital Event Simulation Model: Arrivals to Discharge) – a sophisticated simulation model capturing patient flow through a large Australian hospital from arrival at ED to discharge. A set of simulation experiments with a range of proposed discharge strategies was carried out. The results were tabulated, analysed and compared using common hospital occupancy indicators.

Results

Simulation results demonstrated that it is possible to reduce significantly the number of days when a hospital runs above its base bed capacity. In our case study, this reduction was from 281.5 to 22.8 days in the best scenario, and reductions within the above range under other scenarios considered.

Conclusion

Some relatively simple strategies, such as 24‐h discharge or discharge/relocation of long‐staying patients, can significantly reduce overcrowding and improve hospital occupancy rates. Shortening administrative and/or some treatment processes have a smaller effect, although the latter could be easier to implement.
The origin of anomalous water diffusion in silica glasses at low temperatures
Authors: Tomozawa Minoru , Davis Kenneth M. , Seaman Jared H. , Aaldenberg Emily M.
Published: May 2017

Anomalous water diffusion into SiO2 glass was observed in a low temperature range, below ~850°C, under a constant water vapor pressure of 355 Torr (47.3 kPa). Both the effective water diffusion coefficient and water solubility exhibited an anomalous time dependence. For example, water solubility in the low temperature range increased initially, achieving much higher values than expected based on extrapolation from higher temperature data, and then decreased with time toward an equilibrium value. This phenomenon was reported earlier, but a complete explanation was not possible; a new model is presented based upon glass surface compressive stress generation and subsequent surface stress relaxation. Water diffusion can promote stress generation and stress relaxation, both of which affect the reaction between diffused molecular water and the glass structure. By considering these stress effects, the anomalous water diffusion behavior in silica glass is explained. Furthermore, the same model can account for the reversal of external tensile and compressive stress effects on water solubility and diffusivity in silica glass observed after a few hours of heat treatment at 650°C in 355 Torr water vapor pressure.
Structure and properties of hydrogrossular mineral series
Authors: Adhikari Puja , Dharmawardhana Chamila C. , Ching Wai‐Yim
Published: May 2017

The hydrogrossular (HG) mineral series (Ca3Al2(SiO4)3−x(OH)4x; 0≤x≤3) are water‐bearing minerals found in the upper part of the Earth's mantle and as well as on its surface. They are vital to the planet's hydrosphere under different hydrothermal conditions. The composition and structure of this mineral series are important in geoscience and share many commonalities with cement and clay materials. Other than the end‐members of the series grossular (x=0) and katoite (x=3) which have a cubic garnet structure, the structures of the intermediate‐members are totally unknown. We used large‐scale ab initio modeling to investigate the structures and properties for HG series for x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3. Results indicate that for x>0 and x<3, the structures are tetragonal or nearly tetragonal, which partially justify that this garnet family is known to be cubic or pseudocubic. We also show that there are structural changes related to the disorder introduced with the composition mixing of SiO4 tetrahedra and AlO6 octahedra in the series. Based on the models constructed, the mechanical and interband optical properties of the HG series are calculated. For grossular and katoite, results are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The calculated electronic structure, total bond order explains the atomistic origin of the change in the compressibility of the series. Careful analysis of patterns of these results indicates that the series can be roughly divided into three regions: region I (x=0‐0.75), region II (x=0.75‐2.25), and region III (x=2.25‐3) with high, intermediate, and low Si/H ratio respectively. We also point out the inappropriateness of using the ill‐defined concept of treating O4H4 as a compressible structural unit in interpreting the structure and properties of HG series. Furthermore, the phonon spectra of grossular and katoite are calculated.
Longstanding persistent accelerated idioatrial rhythm: Benign sinus node‐like rhythm or insidious rhythm?
Authors: Liu Hailei , Zhu Chao , Yang Bing , Ju Weizhu , Chen Hongwu , Zhang Fengxiang , Gu Kai , Li Mingfang , Kojodjojo Pipin , Chen Minglong
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Detailed description of longstanding persistent accelerated idioatrial rhythm (AIAR) is lacking. This observational study investigated the clinical manifestations, electrophysiological characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this unusual arrhythmia.

Methods and results

Fifteen patients (11 males; average age 25.9 ± 15.7 years) suspected with longstanding persistent AIAR were enrolled in our study. All patients had electrocardiogram (ECG), 24‐hour Holter monitoring, isoproterenol provocation test, echocardiogram, and exercise treadmill test. Electrophysiological study (EPS) and catheter ablation were performed if necessary. The above noninvasive tests would be repeated during follow‐up. Among the patients, 10 were asymptomatic; 5 had concomitant paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Two asymptomatic patients had impaired left ventricular function. AIAR was observed throughout 24‐hour Holter monitoring, showing chronotropic profile similar to sinus rhythm (SR). Such AIAR exhibited competitive property with SR when provoked by isoproterenol or during treadmill test. Twelve patients had EPS and 8 of them had successful ablation to eliminate AIAR. During a medium follow‐up of 3.7 years, all patients were in well clinical course and preserved left ventricular dysfunction, and 3 patients spontaneously reverted to SR at 10‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

Longstanding persistent AIAR is an unusual entity of atrial arrhythmias and in most situations a benign rhythm requiring no treatment. The clinical course will be worsened when AIAR develops rapid focal firing, is associated with focal atrial tachycardias or results in tachycardia‐mediated cardiomyopathy, but can be resolved via catheter ablation.
Dietary sodium, dietary potassium, and systolic blood pressure in US adolescents
Authors: Chmielewski Jennifer , Carmody J. Bryan
Published: May 2017

Both high sodium and low potassium diets are associated with hypertension, but whether these risk factors are distinct or overlapping has not been thoroughly investigated. The authors evaluated the relationship between dietary sodium, potassium, and high systolic blood pressure among 4716 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2012. There was no association with blood pressure across most values of sodium or potassium intake. However, participants who reported sodium intake ≥7500 mg/d, potassium <700 mg/d, or sodium‐potassium ratio ≥2.5 had increased odds for high systolic blood pressure (≥95th percentile for age, sex, and height). Although the high sodium and low potassium groups did not overlap, 49.2% of these adolescents also had a sodium‐potassium ratio ≥2.5. In young adolescents, both excessive sodium and limited potassium are associated with high systolic blood pressure, but the balance between sodium and potassium intake may be more useful in explaining blood pressure in this population.
Multimorbidity in bullous pemphigoid: a case–control analysis of bullous pemphigoid patients with age‐ and gender‐matched controls
Authors: Sim B. , Fook‐Chong S. , Phoon Y.W. , Koh H.Y. , Thirumoorthy T. , Pang S.M. , Lee H.Y.
Published: May 2017

Background

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease in the elderly and is associated with increased mortality. The extent of multimorbidity in patients with BP and its impact on survival are unclear.

Objectives

To describe the extent and spectrum of multimorbidity in patients with BP and to ascertain its impact on survival.

Methodology

This was a case–control study conducted in the setting of an academic medical centre. Cases defined as newly diagnosed BP patients referred to the inpatient dermatology service between 2005 and 2014. For every case, three age‐ and gender‐matched controls were randomly selected. Retrospective review of medical records was performed. Univariate and multivariate comparisons of cases and controls were performed using conditional logistic regression.

Results

A total of 105 cases and 315 controls were included in this study. Eighty‐eight cases (84%) were multimorbid (≥2 chronic diseases) as compared to 205 controls (65%) (P < 0.001), while the mean number of comorbid conditions was 3.2 ± 1.6 in cases compared to 2.4 ± 1.6 in controls (P < 0.001). 43% of cases had ≥4 comorbidities compared to 27% in controls (P = 0.003). On multivariate analysis (adjusting for age, gender and comorbidities), neurological disease (OR 10.93; CI: 5.74, 20.79) and hypertension (OR 2.38; CI: 1.18, 4.77) were positively associated with BP. Charlson comorbidity index was 6.0 ± 2.5 in cases compared to 5.0 ± 2.1 in controls (P = 0.002), and the 1‐year mortality of cases and controls was 32.4% and 17.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

Our study has shown that a significant proportion of patients with BP are multimorbid and individually have a higher number of comorbidities compared to matched controls. Disease burden and multimorbidity may well impact the prognosis of patients with BP.
Physical Abuse of Elderly Adults: Victim Characteristics and Determinants of Revictimization
Authors: Friedman Lee S. , Avila Susan , Rizvi Tazeen , Partida Renee , Friedman Daniel
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To describe victim characteristics and determinants of recurrent physical abuse of elderly.

Design

Multicenter retrospective analysis of multiple data systems to study victims of elder mistreatment in the greater Chicago metropolitan area.

Setting

Five teaching hospitals with Level 1 trauma centers.

Participants

Individuals aged 60 and older treated for physical and sexual abuse between 2000 and 2011.

Measurements

History of revictimization was based on hospital admission histories, Adult Protective Services records, and self‐report. Death records were also linked to participant files.

Results

Fifty‐eight individuals (52.3%) out of 111 cases suffering physical abuse had documented histories of revictimization. Based on multivariable models, individuals who were female, widowed, diagnosed with dementia, and returning to the home where the perpetrator lived or visited were substantially more likely to be revictimized. Revictimized individuals were more likely to be assaulted through unarmed force by a proximal relative, in particular a husband, boyfriend, child, or child‐in‐law. Based on hospital records, only 57% of community‐dwelling cases had their abuse reported to Adult Protective Services or the police, and only 26.6% had Adult Protective Services investigations on record.

Conclusion

Better screening that connects victims of abuse with community services, police action, and alternative residential options is important in reducing the risk of revictimization and connecting individuals with resources that can improve their safety at home, regardless of whether it is in the community or a residential facility.
An Innovative Framework to Improve Teratogenic Medication Risk Counseling
Authors: Shroff Swati , McNeil Melissa , Borrero Sonya
Published: May 2017

Health care providers in the Veterans Affairs system are caring for a growing number of women of childbearing age. Prior research shows that a significant number of women veterans are prescribed category D or X teratogenic medications. However, the majority do not receive teratogenic risk or contraceptive counseling. In order to improve teratogenic medication prescribing practices at the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, we developed a framework called TARCC to guide primary care providers through appropriate teratogenic risk counseling. The components of TARCC are teratogen (Are you prescribing a potential teratogen?), alternative (Did you consider a nonteratogenic alternative?), risks (Did you discuss the risks of the medication?), contraception (Did you discuss contraception?), and chart (Did you chart your discussion?). We incorporated TARCC into an electronic health record reminder. Additional probes, educational tools, and options to place consults and orders are included within the reminder. The Teratogen Pharmacy E‐consult prompts a pharmacist to electronically review a patient's medications and provide recommendations regarding potential alternatives and discussions of risks and benefits. This article describes the development and implementation of the TARCC framework in a clinical reminder.
Phylogenetic and functional structure of lichen communities under contrasting environmental conditions
Authors: Prieto Maria , Martínez Isabel , Aragón Gregorio , Verdú Miguel
Published: May 2017

Question

In order to identify the factors and assembly rules which potentially shape natural lichen communities we asked whether these communities are phylogenetically and functionally structured along an environmental gradient in beech forests in the Iberian Peninsula.

Location

A climatic gradient in the Iberian Peninsula.

Methods

We used species inventories, trait data and a molecular dated phylogeny to calculate phylogenetic and functional community metrics. We examined the phylogenetic and functional diversity of epiphytic lichen assemblages in nine beech forests along an environmental gradient.

Results

We found a significant pattern in the average phylogenetic and functional diversity across sites. Species at northern sites were less closely related than expected by chance (phylogenetic and functional overdispersion), suggesting that these communities could be structured by species interactions limiting the similarity among them (e.g. by competition and facilitation). In contrast, species occurring in the southern distributional limit of the host tree were phylogenetically and functionally clustered, implying that these communities could be primarily structured by environmental filtering, driven by the reduction of summer rainfall. Lower precipitation areas favoured fruticulose and squamulose species and a larger proportion of species with green algal photobionts and asexual reproduction.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that environmental filtering and species interactions regulate lichen communities differently under contrasting environmental conditions in beech forests in the Iberian Peninsula. These processes are reflected by the presence of key lichen traits that are phylogenetically conserved and can provide advantages for competition or adaptation to the environment.
Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba
Authors: Domínguez Jorge I. , Galvis Ángela Fonseca , Superti Chiara
Published: May 2017

Electoral opposition to long-established authoritarian regimes may be loyal or rejectionist. Loyal oppositionists vote to send a selective signal to rulers; rejectionist oppositionists vote blank or void the ballot in full disapproval. In Cuba, the number of candidates equals the number of seats, yet voters may vote blank, void, or selectively (choosing some but not all candidates on the ballot), although the Communist Party has campaigned for all candidates. This article uses a unique dataset for Cuba's 2013 National Assembly elections to study aggregate opposition outcomes. It shows the emergence of a loyal opposition, which sometimes votes for and sometimes against Communist Party candidates. The rejectionist opposition, stable over time, never votes for Communist Party candidates; it is found where the Communist Party behaves monopolistically. This combined opposition has better national-level political information; it comes from more educated or larger urban areas or areas closer to Havana.
Effects of Institutional Reforms on Women's Representation in Colombia, 1960–2014
Authors: Buitrago Mónica Pachón , Aroca María Paula
Published: May 2017

Starting in the 1990s, reforms aimed at addressing the underrepresentation of women have been implemented in Colombia. However, research on the consequences of these reforms has been inconclusive. This article analyzes the influence of institutional variables on the proportion of nominated and elected women in Colombia between 1962 and 2014, at both the national and local levels of government, in three different institutional environments. Results confirm the influence of institutional change, indicating that decentralizing reforms and the introduction of the gender quota have had a positive impact on the proportion of women's candidacies and elections, but that the adoption of the open list negatively affected the percentage of elected women.
Gambling disorder: an integrative review of animal and human studies
Authors: Nautiyal Katherine M. , Okuda Mayumi , Hen Rene , Blanco Carlos
Published: May 2017

Gambling disorder (GD), previously called pathological gambling and classified as an impulse control disorder in DSM‐III and DSM‐IV, has recently been reclassified as an addictive disorder in the DSM‐5. It is widely recognized as an important public health problem associated with substantial personal and social costs, high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, poor physical health, and elevated suicide rates. A number of risk factors have been identified, including some genetic polymorphisms. Animal models have been developed in order to study the underlying neural basis of GD. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the risk factors, disease course, and pathophysiology. A focus on a phenotype‐based dissection of the disorder is included in which known neural correlates from animal and human studies are reviewed. Finally, current treatment approaches are discussed, as well as future directions for GD research.
Pragmatic encroachment in epistemology
Authors: Kim Brian
Published: May 2017

Epistemology orthodoxy is a purist one in the sense that it separates out the epistemic from the practical. What counts as evidence is independent of what we care about. Which beliefs count as justified and which count as knowledge are independent of our practical concerns. In recent years, many epistemologists have abandoned such purist views and embraced varying degrees of pragmatic encroachment on the epistemic. I survey a variety of these views and explore the main arguments that proponents of pragmatic encroachment have offered in addition to the main criticisms of the pragmatic approach.
Kinds of norms
Authors: O'Neill Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

This article provides an overview of recent, empirically supported categorization schemes that have been proposed to distinguish different kinds of norms. Amongst these are the moral–conventional distinction and divisions within moral norms such as those proposed by moral foundations theory. I identify several dimensions along which norms have been and could usefully be categorized. I discuss some of the most prominent norm categorization proposals and the aims of these existing categorization schemes. I propose that we take a pluralistic approach toward categorizing norms: Depending on our goals, it may be useful to focus on different features of norms, and as a result, it will be useful to categorize norms in multiple ways.
Advertising exposure and use of e‐cigarettes among female current and former tobacco users of childbearing age
Authors: Ashford Kristin , Rayens Emily , Wiggins Amanda T. , Rayens Mary Kay , Fallin Amanda , Sayre Molly Malany
Published: May 2017

Objective

The study examined the relationship between exposure to e‐cigarette advertising and e‐cigarette use by pregnancy status, including use of flavored e‐cigarette products, among women of childbearing age.

Design

A cross‐sectional, correlational design was used.

Subjects

Female current or former tobacco users in Central and Eastern Kentucky, 18–45 years old (N = 194, 52% pregnant).

Measures

Demographics, pregnancy status, cigarette and e‐cigarette use, and exposure to e‐cigarette advertising.

Results

Younger age, white non‐Hispanic race, and greater exposure to e‐cigarette advertising were associated with a higher likelihood of ever using e‐cigarettes (p < .05 for each variable). Pregnancy was not associated with ever use (p = .11). Younger age was associated with use of flavored e‐cigarettes (p = .0027). Among e‐cigarette users, those who used flavored products were more likely to have seen advertisements or information about e‐cigarettes on social media, compared to those who used unflavored e‐cigarettes only (p = .016).

Conclusion

There is a link between advertising exposure and ever use of e‐cigarettes. Pregnancy status is not significantly associated with ever use. Use of flavored e‐cigarettes is associated with younger age. E‐cigarette users with greater exposure to advertising on social media were more likely to use flavored products.
Ultrasound‐Guided Cannulation of the Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Access
Authors: Ward Frank , Faratro Rose , McQuillan Rory F.
Published: May 2017

Successful cannulation of the arteriovenous access for patients with end‐stage kidney failure to allow catheter‐free hemodialysis is associated with superior patient outcomes. With an increasing rate of arteriovenous access creation, coupled with increasing dialysis patient age, the “difficult‐to‐cannulate” access is becoming more commonplace. Ultrasound‐guided cannulation aims to improve first‐time successful cannulations and minimize cannulation‐associated complications such as infiltration and hematoma formation, minimizing delays in access use and reducing catheter dependency. Ultrasound‐guided cannulation has the potential to not only improve patient experience but also reduce morbidity associated with complications, dialysis catheter dependency, and subsequent healthcare costs. A smooth and complication‐free dialysis initiation is also important for the longevity of technique survival and self‐cannulation in home hemodialysis patients. Appropriate training of the ultrasound operator is required to ensure competent image acquisition with simultaneous needling. There are various approaches and considerations in choosing how to apply the ultrasound probe and needle the access, which are often governed by personal choice, training, and institutional patterns of practice more than a robust evidence base. Future research should focus on providing more clarity on the optimal method of utilizing ultrasound guidance in arteriovenous access cannulation, the precise indications for its use and, lastly, the benefits it confers compared to traditional blind cannulation.
The complex diagenetic history of discontinuities in shallow‐marine carbonate rocks: New insights from high‐resolution ion microprobe investigation of δ18O and δ13C of early cements
Authors: Andrieu Simon , Brigaud Benjamin , Barbarand Jocelyn , Lasseur Eric
Published: May 2017

Sedimentary gaps are a major obstacle in the reconstruction of a carbonate platform's history. In order to improve the understanding of the early diagenesis and the succession of events occurring during the formation of discontinuity surfaces in limestones, secondary ion mass spectrometry was used for the first time to measure the δ18O and δ13C signatures of 11 early cement and fabric stages in several discontinuity surfaces from the Jurassic carbonate platform of the Paris Basin, France. Pendant cements show a high variability in δ18O, which was impossible to detect by the less precise microdrilling method. The morphology of a given cement can be produced in various environments, and dogtooth cements especially can precipitate in marine phreatic and meteoric phreatic to vadose environments. Marine dogtooth cements and micritic microbially induced fabrics precipitated directly as low‐magnesium calcite in marine waters, as attested to by the preservation of their initial δ18O and δ13C signals. Five discontinuity types are recognized based on high‐resolution geochemical analyses, and their palaeoenvironmental history can be reconstructed. Two exposure surfaces with non‐ferroan pendant or meniscus cements formed in the oxidizing vadose zone. A hardground displays marine fibrous cements and non‐ferroan dogtooth cements that formed in a subtidal environment in oxidizing water. Two composite surfaces have undergone both marine and subaerial lithification. Composite surface 1 displays non‐luminescent ferroan dogtooth cements that precipitated in reduced conditions in seawater, followed by brown‐luminescent dogtooth cements characteristic of a meteoric phreatic environment. Composite surface 2 exhibits microbially induced fabrics that formed in marine water with abundant organic matter. The latter discontinuity, initially formed in a subtidal environment, was subsequently exposed to meteoric conditions, as evidenced by ferroan geopetal cements. A high‐resolution ion microprobe study is essential to precisely document the successive diagenetic environments that have affected carbonate rocks and discontinuities with a polygenic and intricate history.