bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal–organic frameworks‐derived TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride
Authors: Wan Xin , Mo Guanglai , Luo Jianhong
Published: July 2022

This work will change the common understanding that C doping of MIL‐125(Ti)‐derived TiO2 is a key factor in improving its photocatalytic performance, and it can also help to understand the internal relationship between the structure and performance of photocatalytic materials deeply. It provides a simple synthesis method for the wider application of TiO2 in the field of photocatalysis. Compared with previous studies, this article uses the titanium‐based metal‐organic framework MIL‐125(Ti) to prepare the semiconductor photocatalyst M‐TiO2 by calcination in the air at a lower temperature and shorter time. After analyzing the M‐TiO2 prepared in the experiment, the results can be received that there is no obvious agglomeration and the morphology is almost unchanged, as the frame structure does not collapse at the same time. As a result, the advantages of the large specific surface area and porousness of metal–organic frameworks (MOF) as precursor derivatives are preserved. As for the changes in the micro‐morphology, pore structure, and specific surface area of M‐TiO2 compared with the precursor, they are investigated seriatim. The results show that, compared with commercial TiO2‐P25, the performance of M‐TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride is 5.7 times that of the precursor metal‐organic framework MIL‐125(Ti) and 2.2 times that of P25, and has good cycle stability.
CPFD simulation on angle of repose with hopper geometries and particle properties
Authors: Sung Woo Chang , Kim Jun Young , Chung Seok Woo , Kim Dongjae , Park Ah‐Hyung Alissa , Lee Dong Hyun
Published: July 2022

The dynamic angle of repose was simulated by computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) when particles were continuously falling. CPFD simulation variables were fitted by comparing the angle of repose with the experimental data and Ps (particle normal stress) variance. Using a fitted simulation, the effect of hopper height (Hh) and hopper inlet diameter (Din) on the angle of repose was investigated. As Hh increased, the angle of repose decreased up to the height at which the particle velocity reached terminal velocity. Also, as Din/Dhopper decreased, the descending area of the particle was increased, following an increase in the angle of repose from 11° to 53°. The design of a hopper based on the obtained results shows that the particle discharge rate of the hopper can be increased by about 2.5 times.
The prostate tissue‐based telomere biomarker as a prognostic tool for metastasis and death from prostate cancer after prostatectomy
Authors: Heaphy Christopher M , Joshu Corinne E , Barber John R , Davis Christine , Lu Jiayun , Zarinshenas Reza , Giovannucci Edward , Mucci Lorelei A , Stampfer Meir J , Han Misop , De Marzo Angelo M , Lotan Tamara L , Platz Elizabeth A , Meeker Alan K
Published: July 2022

Current biomarkers are inadequate prognostic predictors in localized prostate cancer making treatment decision‐making challenging. Previously, we observed that the combination of more variable telomere length among prostate cancer cells and shorter telomere length in prostate cancer‐associated stromal cells – the telomere biomarker – is strongly associated with progression to metastasis and prostate cancer death after prostatectomy independent of currently used pathologic indicators. Here, we optimized our method allowing for semi‐automated telomere length determination in single cells in fixed tissue, and tested the telomere biomarker in five cohort studies of men surgically treated for clinically localized disease (N = 2,255). We estimated the relative risk (RR) of progression to metastasis (N = 311) and prostate cancer death (N = 85) using models appropriate to each study's design adjusting for age, prostatectomy stage, and tumor grade, which then we meta‐analyzed using inverse variance weights. Compared with men who had less variable telomere length among prostate cancer cells and longer telomere length in prostate cancer‐associated stromal cells, men with the combination of more variable and shorter telomere length had 3.76 times the risk of prostate cancer death (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37–10.3, p = 0.01) and had 2.23 times the risk of progression to metastasis (95% CI 0.99–5.02, p = 0.05). The telomere biomarker was associated with prostate cancer death in men with intermediate risk disease (grade groups 2/3: RR = 9.18, 95% CI 1.14–74.0, p = 0.037) and with PTEN protein intact tumors (RR = 6.74, 95% CI 1.46–37.6, p = 0.015). In summary, the telomere biomarker is robust and associated with poor outcome independent of current pathologic indicators in surgically treated men.
Efficient deep learning models for brain tumor detection with segmentation and data augmentation techniques
Authors: Shoaib Mohamed R. , Elshamy Mohamed R. , Taha Taha E. , El‐Fishawy Adel S. , Abd El‐Samie Fathi E.
Published: July 2022

Brain tumor is an acute cancerous disease that results from abnormal and uncontrollable cell division. Brain tumors are classified via biopsy, which is not normally done before the brain ultimate surgery. Recent advances and improvements in deep learning (DL) models helped the health industry in getting accurate diseases diagnosis. This article concentrates on the classification of magnetic resonance (MR) images. The objective is to differentiate between glioma tumors, meningioma tumors, pituitary tumors, and normal cases. Four deep convolutional neural networks are considered and compared in this article. These networks are inceptionresnetv2, inceptionv3, transfer learning, and BRAIN‐TUMOR‐net. A transfer‐learning strategy is considered to enhance the performance of pre‐trained models and save the time of training. The used dataset is the brain tumor magnetic resonance imaging dataset. It contains four classes including 826 MR images for glioma tumor, 822 MR images for meningioma tumor, 827 MR images for pituitary tumor, and 835 MR images for normal cases. Due to the limited number of images, we use the augmentation strategy to enlarge the size of the dataset. 75% of the data are considered for training and the other 25% are considered for testing. Segmentation of the classified results is performed. Simulation results prove that the DL model from scratch obtains the highest performance with the augmented data. In addition, a new practical implementation is presented for the proposed models.
Low‐Temperature Light‐off MnOx−Na2WO4‐Based Catalysts: A Step Forward to OCM Process Industrialization**
Authors: Zhao Guofeng , Ni Jiayong , Si Jiaqi , Sun Weidong , Lu Yong
Published: July 2022

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) catalyzed by MnOx−Na2WO4‐based catalysts has great industrial potential to convert CH4 directly to C2–3 products, but the high light‐off temperature is a big challenge to OCM commercialization. The reaction mechanism studies disclosed that O2/CH4‐activation relevant “Mn2+↔Mn3+” redox cycle is tightly linked with the catalyst light‐off. One concept is thus put forward that the OCM light‐off temperature could be lowered once a “Mn2+↔Mn3+” redox cycle was established to be triggered at low temperature over MnOx−Na2WO4‐based catalysts. The relevant studies in recent years are reviewed, showing that the establishment of low‐temperature light‐off “Mn2+↔Mn3+” redox cycle over the MnOx−Na2WO4‐based catalysts indeed works effectively toward a low‐temperature light‐off OCM process. Moreover, three perspectives for the OCM industrialization are discussed based on this concept, including monolithic catalyst, fluidized‐bed method and chemical‐looping process.
Controlled preparation of CaO adsorbents by microsyringe titration technology for CO2 capture
Authors: Wu Jialin , Liu Xuan , Zhang Rumeng , Wu Zhaojun , Zhang Jianbin
Published: July 2022

CaCO3 precursors were prepared by a simple titration method by dropping CaCl2 solution into a CO2 storage material (CO2SM) solution using a syringe pump; afterward, the precursors were roasted at 900°C to form CaO adsorbents for CO2 adsorption at 750°C for 2 h. Subsequently, the CO2SM dosage, CaCl2 concentration, drip speed, temperature, and stirring speed were systemically optimized by designing single‐factor experiments. Further, a three‐factor and three‐level response surface experiment was designed to investigate the interactions among the factors according to their effects on CO2 adsorption. After optimizing the preparation conditions, the CO2 adsorption capacity reached 739.6 mg/g. Fifteen adsorption cycles were conducted on the adsorbent under the optimal preparation conditions, and the adsorption performance was reduced by 52.8%. Finally, the formation mechanism of CaCO3 and the CO2 adsorption processes of CaO were discussed using a Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HR‐TEM). © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An international report on bacterial communities in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Nomburg Jason , Bullman Susan , Nasrollahzadeh Dariush , Collisson Eric A. , Abedi‐Ardekani Behnoush , Akoko Larry O. , Atkins Joshua R. , Buckle Geoffrey C. , Gopal Satish , Hu Nan , Kaimila Bongani , Khoshnia Masoud , Malekzadeh Reza , Menya Diana , Mmbaga Blandina T. , Moody Sarah , Mulima Gift , Mushi Beatrice P. , Mwaiselage Julius , Mwanga Ally , Newton Yulia , Ng Dianna L. , Radenbaugh Amie , Rwakatema Deogratias S. , Selekwa Msiba , Schüz Joachim , Taylor Philip R. , Vaske Charles , Goldstein Alisa , Stratton Michael R. , McCormack Valerie , Brennan Paul , DeCaprio James A. , Meyerson Matthew , Mmbaga Elia J. , Van Loon Katherine
Published: July 2022

The incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is disproportionately high in the eastern corridor of Africa and parts of Asia. Emerging research has identified a potential association between poor oral health and ESCC. One possible link between poor oral health and ESCC involves the alteration of the microbiome. We performed an integrated analysis of four independent sequencing efforts of ESCC tumors from patients from high‐ and low‐incidence regions of the world. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of ESCC tumors from 61 patients in Tanzania, we identified a community of bacteria, including members of the genera Fusobacterium, Selenomonas, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Porphyromonas, Veillonella and Campylobacter, present at high abundance in ESCC tumors. We then characterized the microbiome of 238 ESCC tumor specimens collected in two additional independent sequencing efforts consisting of patients from other high‐ESCC incidence regions (Tanzania, Malawi, Kenya, Iran, China). This analysis revealed similar ESCC‐associated bacterial communities in these cancers. Because these genera are traditionally considered members of the oral microbiota, we next explored whether there was a relationship between the synchronous saliva and tumor microbiomes of ESCC patients in Tanzania. Comparative analyses revealed that paired saliva and tumor microbiomes were significantly similar with a specific enrichment of Fusobacterium and Prevotella in the tumor microbiome. Together, these data indicate that cancer‐associated oral bacteria are associated with ESCC tumors at the time of diagnosis and support a model in which oral bacteria are present in high abundance in both saliva and tumors of some ESCC patients.
Multi‐center evaluation of the highly sensitive Abbott ARCHITECT and Alinity thyroglobulin chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay
Authors: Evans Carol , Lotz Johannes , Bhandari Maria , Hellier Rowan T. , Wang Xiao Yan , Lott Rosemarie , Lackner Karl J. , Müller Robert , Kulasingam Vathany
Published: July 2022

Background

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is an essential part for the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) after thyroidectomy. Highly sensitive Tg assays are now established in clinical practice as they facilitate follow‐up of DTC patients. In this study, we evaluated the recently launched highly sensitive Abbott Tg assay for Alinity and ARCHITECT.

Methods

In this three‐center study, Tg values of 447 routine patient samples, characterized for the presence of anti‐Tg, were measured with the ARCHITECT Tg assay and compared with the Roche Elecsys TgII assay. In addition, a subset of 154 samples was compared also with the Beckman Tg Access assay and another subset (n = 122) with Abbott Tg on the Alinity i analyzer.

Results

LoQ was verified to be less than or equal to 0.1 ng/ml confirming that the Tg assay on ARCHITECT and Alinity is highly sensitive. Correlation of ARCHITECT, Alinity, and Roche was excellent with a slope between 0.9 and 1.1 and a correlation coefficient >0.98. Correlation to Beckmann Tg was also very good, but the differences in absolute values were significant (slope: 1.477).

Conclusions

The Abbott Thyroglobulin assay, which is standardized to CRM‐457, demonstrated a high correlation to the Roche and Beckman Tg assays, though good agreement of absolute values was only observed between Abbott and Roche. Strength of correlation and slope were not affected by the presence of anti‐Tg indicating that all assays included in the study have a similar susceptibility to anti‐Tg.
Cumulative risk of developing a new symptom in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and its impact on prognosis
Authors: Kimura Naruhiro , Setsu Toru , Arao Yoshihisa , Sakai Norihiro , Watanabe Yusuke , Abe Hiroyuki , Kamimura Hiroteru , Sakamaki Akira , Yokoo Takeshi , Kamimura Kenya , Tsuchiya Atsunori , Osaki Akihiko , Igarashi Kentarou , Waguri Nobuo , Yanagi Masahiko , Takahashi Toru , Sugitani Soichi , Kobayashi Yuka , Takamura Masaaki , Yoshikawa Akira , Ishikawa Toru , Yoshida Toshiaki , Watanabe Toshiaki , Bannai Hitoshi , Kubota Tomoyuki , Funakoshi Kazuhiro , Wakabayashi Hiroto , Kurita So , Ogata Norio , Watanabe Masashi , Mita Yuhsaku , Mori Shigeki , Sugiyama Motoya , Miyajima Toru , Takahashi Sumio , Sato Shuichi , Ishizuka Kisei , Ohta Hironobu , Aoyagi Yutaka , Terai Shuji
Published: July 2022

Background and Aim

Symptoms of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) frequently impair one's quality of life (QOL). Nonetheless, with improved treatment, the prognosis of PBC also improves. QOL plays an important role in patients with PBC. In this study, we aimed to reevaluate the transition of new symptom development in PBC and its predictive factors.

Methods

This retrospective multicenter study enrolled 382 patients with PBC for symptom analysis. The impact of a newly developed symptom on PBC prognosis was investigated by Kaplan–Meier analysis with propensity score matching and logistic progression analysis.

Results

The cumulative risk of developing a new symptom after 10 and 20 years of follow‐up was 7.6 and 28.2%, and specifically that of pruritus, which was the most common symptom, was 6.7 and 23.3%, respectively. In Cox hazard risk analysis, serum Alb level (hazard ratio [HR], 1.097; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.033–1.165; P = 0.002), the serum D‐Bil level (HR, 6.262; 95% CI, 2.522–15.553, P < 0.001), and Paris II criteria (HR, 0.435; 95% CI, 0.183–1.036; P = 0.037) were significant independent predictors of a new symptom. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the overall survival and liver‐related death were not significant between patients with and without a new symptom.

Conclusion

The cumulative risk of new symptom development is roughly 30% 20 years after diagnosis and could be predicted by factors including serum albumin levels, serum D‐Bil level, and Paris II criteria.
What is the effect of a low literacy talking book on patient knowledge, anxiety and communication before radiation therapy starts? A pilot study
Authors: Smith‐Lickess Sian K , Stefanic Natalie , Shaw Joanne , Shepherd Heather , Naehrig Diana , Turner Robin M , Cabrera‐Aguas Maria , Meiser Bettina , Halkett Georgia KB , Jackson Michael , Saade George , Bucci Joseph , Milross Christopher , Dhillon Haryana M
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Radiation therapy is a common cancer treatment, requiring timely information to help patients prepare for treatment. We pilot tested a low literacy, psycho‐educational talking book (written booklet, with accompanying audio recording) to examine (i) the effect of the tool on knowledge, anxiety and communication; (ii) acceptability, and (iii) how it was used in appointments.

Methods

A pre‐post design was employed. Patients scheduled to receive radiation therapy for any cancer were recruited from two hospitals in Sydney, Australia. Participants were sent the talking book before treatment planning and completed baseline and follow‐up surveys, before and after the intervention.

Results

Forty participants were recruited, and 39 completed all study assessments. Overall, knowledge increased after receiving the talking book by 3.8 points from 13.9 to 17.7/20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7, 4.8, P < 0.001). Anxiety and concerns were significantly lower after receiving the talking book (P = 0.015 and P = 0.004, respectively). Nearly half of participants (s = 17, 48%) reported using the book during appointments. Most reported finding it easier to communicate (n = 31, 89%) and to ask more questions (n = 21, 62%).

Conclusion

The talking book shows promise in improving knowledge, reducing anxiety and enhancing communication. Strategies to support the implementation of the talking book are required. Further studies to translate the book into different languages are also planned.
Patient reported outcomes: Financial toxicity is a barrier to clinical trials and personalized therapy in cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Keilson Jessica M. , Lindsey Stacie , Bachini Melinda , Medin Caroline R. , Berk Alexandra , Cornew Sophia , Maithel Shishir K.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Numerous experimental and targeted therapies are under investigation for patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Objective health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) data for patients receiving these therapies are limited.

Methods

Patients engaged in the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation completed two validated HRQoL surveys: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)‐Hepatobiliary and COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST).

Results

Two hundred eight patients were included. Seventy‐five percent had intrahepatic CCA and 57% underwent resection, of which 48% had disease recurrence. Twenty‐two percent enrolled in a clinical trial and 80% underwent molecular profiling, of which 29% received targeted therapy. While patients enrolled in a clinical trial or received targeted therapy reported similar HRQoL compared to those who did not, they reported higher financial toxicity (p = 0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion

Enrollment in a clinical trial or receipt of targeted therapy do not affect a patient's physical, emotional, social, or functional well‐being. However, patients report higher financial burden. These therapies are mainly offered in the advanced setting after significant financial strain has been endured and are often only available at large academic centers, creating a physical barrier to access. These findings underscore the need to increase availability and eliminate physical and financial barriers that threaten access and utilization of personalized and progressive therapies.
Product design, social exclusion, and product preference: The mediating role of psychological ownership and the moderating role of product type
Authors: Liu Fu , Wei Haiying , Chen Siyun , Chen Haipeng (Allan)
Published: July 2022

This paper examines the effect of social exclusion and product design philosophy on consumers' design preference, its underlying mechanism, and boundary condition. We propose that rejected (vs. ignored) consumers should prefer a professional‐ (vs. user‐) designed product through increased psychological ownership. Additionally, product complexity should moderate this effect, such that rejected (vs. ignored) consumers should prefer professional‐designed products for low complexity products; for high‐complexity products, we predict a preference for professional‐designed products, regardless of consumers' state of social exclusion. Across four studies (including one using an incentive‐compatible design), we empirically test these hypotheses using different operationalizations of social exclusion. Our research contributes to the literature on product design philosophy, social exclusion, and psychological ownership. The findings offer novel insights regarding ways for marketers to develop marketing strategies to effectively choose and advertise firms' design philosophy.
Current landscape of gene‐editing technology in biomedicine: Applications, advantages, challenges, and perspectives
Authors: Zhou Weilin , Yang Jinrong , Zhang Yalan , Hu Xiaoyi , Wang Wei
Published: July 2022

The expanding genome editing toolbox has revolutionized life science research ranging from the bench to the bedside. These “molecular scissors” have offered us unprecedented abilities to manipulate nucleic acid sequences precisely in living cells from diverse species. Continued advances in genome editing exponentially broaden our knowledge of human genetics, epigenetics, molecular biology, and pathology. Currently, gene editing‐mediated therapies have led to impressive responses in patients with hematological diseases, including sickle cell disease and thalassemia. With the discovery of more efficient, precise and sophisticated gene‐editing tools, more therapeutic gene‐editing approaches will enter the clinic to treat various diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency sydrome (AIDS), hematologic malignancies, and even severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. These initial successes have spurred the further innovation and development of gene‐editing technology. In this review, we will introduce the architecture and mechanism of the current gene‐editing tools, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated nuclease‐based tools and other protein‐based DNA targeting systems, and we summarize the meaningful applications of diverse technologies in preclinical studies, focusing on the establishment of disease models and diagnostic techniques. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of clinical information using gene‐editing therapeutics for treating various human diseases and emphasize the opportunities and challenges.
Flow through fibula and fasciocutaneous free flaps in oromandibular reconstruction
Authors: Gur Ersin , Tiftikcioglu Yigit Ozer , Ozturk Kerem
Published: July 2022

Introduction

The osteocutaneous fibula is a workhorse flap for oromandibular reconstruction. Skin paddles not only perform soft tissue reconstruction but also serve as a monitor for the fibula. In cases where the skin paddle cannot be harvested as desired due to variations, two challenges arise, such as fibula follow‐up and the need for a second free flap so recipient. Moreover, there may not be enough recipient vessels for the double flaps in the neck. This report aimed to address the difficulties mentioned above with the use of flow‐through free flaps in composite oromandibular reconstructions.

Patients and Methods

Between 2019 and 2021, five (three Female, two Male) patients underwent flow‐through technique as free fibula and fasciocutaneous flaps due to variations in fibular skin paddle or insufficiency of recipient vessels in the neck. Ages of patients were between 45 and 75 years. Four patients underwent surgery for tumor and one patient for the result of radionecrosis. ALT, chimeric ALT, and RFFF were selected as second free flaps.

Results

The size of the fasciocutaneous flaps ranged from 6 × 4 cm to 14 × 11 cm. Mandibular defects ranged from 6 to 16 cm. 1 venous occlusion occurred post‐op 1st day and was salvaged. One hematoma and one wound dehiscence occurred postoperatively and were salvaged successfully. One Partial tongue necrosis occurred due to previous radiotherapy and additional tumor surgery. No additional complication occurred. All flaps survived. Follow‐up period was between 3 months and 2 years. Patient who had tongue necrosis experienced swallowing and speech difficulty and Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube was placed post‐operative 2 months. Functional finale outcomes were successful for other patients.

Conclusion

Flow‐through technique provides fibula monitoring with avoiding to find second recipient. Customizing free flaps under more favorable conditions as on the operation table before fixation of the bone can be a useful approach.
Structural Habitat in Lakes and Reservoirs: Physical and Biological Considerations for Implementation
Authors: Sass Greg G. , Shaw Stephanie L. , Fenstermacher Carly C. , Porreca Anthony P. , Parkos Joseph J.
Published: July 2022

In response to declines in coarse woody habitat (CWH) and fish productivity in natural lakes and reservoirs, agencies and stakeholders have used woody and artificial habitat enhancements to slow or reverse the effects of habitat loss from aging or shoreline development. Given that natural lakes and reservoirs differ in physical and biological conditions that could influence habitat enhancement outcomes, a framework is needed to guide management expectations for CWH replacement under different ecosystem contexts. We review ecosystem contexts that influence the effects of structural habitat enhancements in natural lakes and reservoirs, use preliminary results from case studies in a natural lake in Wisconsin and two reservoirs in Illinois to illustrate the importance of these contexts, and provide management recommendations for habitat deployments that consider physical and biological ecosystem characteristics. Because of their influence on trophic transfer efficiency, trophic status and turbidity are important contexts for habitat enhancements in natural lakes and reservoirs. Habitat enhancements to large reservoirs must also contend with high nutrient loading, water level fluctuations, and longitudinal gradients in physical and biological conditions. Preliminary results from the Wisconsin experiment illustrated the importance of the recipient fish community, with rates of response to the structural enhancement varying among fish species. The Illinois case studies demonstrated how the magnitude of change (i.e., effect size) after habitat enhancement can differ (1) between CWH additions to an oligotrophic natural lake and a eutrophic, turbid reservoir and (2) by longitudinal position of artificial habitat within a large reservoir. The functions or ecosystem services of CWH targeted for rehabilitation provide guidance as to which ecosystem features will shape the strength, direction, and duration of response. Future whole-ecosystem manipulations are needed across a wider range of environmental contexts and fish productivity responses, and the strength of productivity increases should be compared to increased harvest efficiency.
A phosphaphenanthrene‐based derivative for simultaneously improving flame retardant and smoke suppression of epoxy resin composites
Authors: Wang Yadong , Yuan Jun , Wang Hao , Ma Li , Lin Xuebao , Deng Hua , Zhu Zongmin
Published: July 2022

Epoxy resin (EP) have the disadvantage of high flammability and large amount of smoke, which greatly restricts its wide application in basic material. In order to obtain EP with excellent smoke inhibition and flame retardance, the flame retardant called as PBO, which with both condensed phase and gas phase flame‐retardant effects, was synthesized by the reaction among p‐phenylenediamine, DOPO, and indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde. From combustion results, EP containing PBO obtained V‐0 grade with a significantly improvement from 22.5% to 30.2% in limiting oxygen index. In comparison with EP, total smoke production, total heat release and the peak of heat release of EP/PBO‐1.0 were declined by 32%, 41.5%, and 37.4%, respectively. Besides,Tgof EP composites also had a certain degree of improvement, which due to the increase of rigidity and crosslinking density of EP caused by the addition of PBO. Meanwhile, the analysis of chars and pyrolysis products of PBO presented that the improvement was assigned to two phase synergy through barrier effect of chars in condensed phase and interrupt chain reaction in gaseous phase.
Zinc‐trimesic acid metal–organic framework incorporated sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone) based polymer composite membranes for fuel cell
Authors: Kulasekaran Poonkuzhali , Maria Mahimai Berlina , Sivasubramanian Gandhimathi , Pushparaj Hemalatha , Deivanayagam Paradesi
Published: July 2022

Polymer composite membrane composed of zinc‐trimesic acid based metal–organic framework (ZT‐MOF) and sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone) (SPEES) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell has been fabricated by solution casting technique. Poly(ether ether sulfone) was sulfonated using concentrated sulfuric acid as a sulfonating agent and the degree of sulfonation was calculated as 36%. The structural analysis of composite membranes was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. Essential properties like, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, water uptake ability, swelling ratio, thermal stability, contact angle, and oxidative stability of the membranes were studied in detail. The composite membrane loaded with 5% of zinc‐trimesic acid metal–organic framework exhibited the water uptake capacity of 37.18%, whereas the pure membrane was restricted to 27.01%. The ion exchange capacity of the prepared electrolyte membranes possess in the range between 1.53 and 2.80 mEq g−1. The SP/ZT‐MOF‐3 membrane produced the maximum proton conductivity of 0.041 S cm−1, whereas the control sample revealed the ionic conductivity of 0.0125 S cm−1. The composite membrane displayed adequate thermal stability when compared with virgin SPEES polymer. Overall, the experimental data of SP/ZT‐MOF membrane demonstrated that the materials are suitable candidates for fuel cell applications.
Protrusion‐Rich Cu@NiRu Core@shell Nanotubes for Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Liu Xuan , Zhang Siyang , Liang Jiashun , Li Shenzhou , Shi Hao , Liu Jinjia , Wang Tanyuan , Han Jiantao , Li Qing
Published: July 2022

The development of highly efficient and durable water electrolysis catalysts plays an important role in the large‐scale applications of hydrogen energy. In this work, protrusion‐rich Cu@NiRu core@shell nanotubes are prepared by a facile wet chemistry method and used for catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an alkaline environment. The protrusion‐like RuNi alloy shells with accessible channels and abundant defects possess a large surface area and can optimize the surface electronic structure through the electron transfer from Ni to Ru. Moreover, the unique 1D hollow structure can effectively stabilize RuNi alloy shell through preventing the aggregation of nanoparticles. The synthesized catalyst can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 m KOH with an overpotential of only 22 mV and show excellent stability after 5000 cycles, which is superior to most reported Ru‐based catalysts. Density functional theory calculations illustrate that the weakened hydrogen adsorption on Ru sites induced by the alloying with Ni and active electron transfer between Ru and Ni/Cu are the keys to the much improved HER activity.
Relationship between Austenite‐Stabilizing Elements and Austenite Fraction in Near‐Rapidly Solidified Fe–Mn–Al–C Lightweight Steel
Authors: Zhou Junye , Zhang Jianlei , Liu Mingxiang , Ma Zhuangzhuang , Yang Yang , Xu Zhishuai , Song Changjiang
Published: July 2022

A peritectic reaction (liquid + δ‐ferrite → γ‐austenite) and eutectoid reaction (γ‐austenite → α‐ferrite + κ carbide) occur in the Fe–Mn–Al–C lightweight steel. Experimental results show that the main constituent phase of the near‐rapidly solidified Fe–Mn–Al–C lightweight steel is γ‐austenite and/or δ‐ferrite in this study, and the eutectoid reaction is restrained by the rapid cooling rate. With the increase of C content, the γ‐austenite fraction of near‐rapidly solidified medium‐Mn and high‐Mn Fe–Mn–Al–C lightweight steels increase significantly. However, in the early study, the increased Mn content had little effect on the γ‐austenite fraction of the near‐rapidly solidified Fe–(8/12/16)Mn–9Al–0.8C steel strips. This study attempts to reveal the reasons for the different effects of Mn and C on Fe–Mn–Al–C lightweight steel strip under near‐rapid solidification. It is found that the γ‐austenite fraction of the near‐rapidly solidified Fe–Mn–Al–C steel strip is closely related to the γ‐austenite fraction at the end of equilibrium solidification. This suggests that the main constituent phase of lightweight steel strip depends on its liquid–solid phase transformation under near‐rapid solidification and is seldom affected by solid phase transformation.
The Nature of Scientific Explanation: Examining the perceptions of the nature, quality, and “goodness” of explanation among college students, science teachers, and scientists
Authors: Alameh Sahar , Abd‐El‐Khalick Fouad , Brown David
Published: July 2022

Issues regarding scientific explanation have been of interest to philosophers from Pre‐Socratic times. The notion of scientific explanation is of interest not only to philosophers, but also to science educators as is clearly evident in the emphasis given to K‐12 students' construction of explanations in current national science education reform efforts. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of research on conceptualizing explanation in science education. Using a philosophically guided framework—the Nature of Scientific Explanation (NOSE) framework—the study aims to elucidate and compare college freshmen science students', secondary science teachers', and practicing scientists' scientific explanations and their views of scientific explanations. In particular, this study aims to: (1) analyze students', teachers', and scientists' scientific explanations; (2) explore the nuances about how freshman students, science teachers, and practicing scientists construct explanations; and (3) elucidate the criteria that participants use in analyzing scientific explanations. In two separate interviews, participants first constructed explanations of everyday scientific phenomena and then provided feedback on the explanations constructed by other participants. Major findings showed that, when analyzed using NOSE framework, participant scientists did significantly “better” than teachers and students. Our analysis revealed that scientists, teachers, and students share a lot of similarities in how they construct their explanations in science. However, they differ in some key dimensions. The present study highlighted the need articulated by many researchers in science education to understand additional aspects specific to scientific explanation. The present findings provide an initial analytical framework for examining students' and science teachers' scientific explanations.
Engaging Teachers in Genre‐Based Pedagogy for Writing Arguments: A Case Study of Shifts in Practice and Understanding
Authors: Hamman‐Ortiz Laura , Santiago Schwarz Vanessa , Hamm‐Rodríguez Molly , Gort Mileidis
Published: July 2022

This article reports on findings from the first year of a professional learning partnership aimed at supporting elementary teachers in improving their writing instruction for emergent bilingual students. Specifically, we present a case study of one fourth grade teacher's writing instruction, exploring how an introduction to a functional approach to teaching argument writing contributed to shifts in practice and in her understanding of effective writing instruction for emergent bilingual students. The research team engaged in two cycles of data collection across 5 months, conducted before and after an introductory seven‐hour professional development workshop on systemic functional linguistics (SFL) genre pedagogy, in order to document changes in how the focal teacher was enacting and conceptualizing writing instruction for emergent bilinguals. Findings revealed three central shifts in the teacher's writing instruction: (1) from surface‐level genre engagement to exploring functional relationships between genre stages, (2) from assessment‐oriented writing instruction to learning activities grounded in authentic purpose and audience, and (3) from general language supports to targeted, contextualized writing scaffolds. This study builds upon existing scholarship by illustrating the potential of (even limited exposure to) SFL genre pedagogy to shift teachers' writing instruction toward social semiotic perspectives of language and literacy. We also extend existing research by interrogating the institutional and ideological challenges teachers encounter when taking up SFL genre pedagogy and by offering some initial insights into the potential for engaging in SFL genre pedagogy in bilingual learning spaces.
Evapotranspiration covers at uranium mill tailings sites
Authors: Caldwell Todd G. , Tabatabai Sarah , Huntington Jena M. , Davies Gwendolyn E. , Fuhrmann Mark
Published: July 2022

Waste isolation is a key strategy for mitigating risk from municipal solid waste (MSW) and hazardous waste streams. Conventional covers at MSW facilities are designed for a 30‐yr post‐closure period where compacted soils and geosynthetics are used to minimize percolation into buried waste. Recently, evapotranspiration (ET) covers have shown beneficial use for MSW management. Evapotranspiration covers encourage infiltration, storage, and transpiration of precipitation to minimize percolation. Such covers may also have beneficial use for long‐term waste issues, such as at Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) sites. These sites were covered by a clay radon barrier to create tortuous flow paths that allow radioactive decay and attenuation of short‐lived, radon‐222 gas. For long‐term waste isolation, an ET‐radon cover may provide greater resilience by exploiting natural processes instead of resisting them. This update presents a review of the current state‐of‐the‐science regarding ET covers and considerations for long‐term applications.
Poverty and Energy Demand
Authors: Butler Catherine
Published: July 2022

The starting point for this book is to explicate key conceptual interventions within the large body of existing work on energy poverty. This chapter discusses the trajectories of this research tradition from analyses focused more narrowly on notions of fuel poverty to those foregrounding issues of energy vulnerability, and through to concepts of precarity and capabilities. It examines the frontiers of analysis engaging with work that has sought to move beyond preoccupations with heat and the spatial domain of the home and advance more complex understandings of the issues. The chapter concludes setting out the key tenets of the literature and discussing how conceptualisations can be further advanced in analysis of energy poverty.
Energy Poverty, Practice, and Inequality
Authors: Butler Catherine
Published: July 2022

This chapter builds from the previous one to develop a focused analysis that explores the value of key ideas from practice theory-based energy research for analyses of energy poverty. The chapter uses examples from in-depth qualitative research to give attention to the constitution of need in terms of implications for energy deprivation, as well as examining the ways that power relations shape processes of recruitment and defection from practices. In this, it offers distinctive research trajectories for energy poverty research by extending beyond concern with people’s abilities to meet needs or achieve capabilities. And it offers a basis for response to critiques of practice-informed analyses of energy demand that highlight the limited attention given to inequalities within such work.
A Kantian Argument Against Eating Animals
Authors: Müller Nico Dario
Published: July 2022

This chapter uses Kantianism for Animals creatively to develop an argument against eating dead animals. Received vegetarian arguments focus on the relation between meat eating and harm to animals, running into difficulties like the ‘causal impotence problem’, which the chapter discusses. Kantianism for Animals enables the argument that, because animals are moral patients, we have a duty toselfto treat their dead bodies as morally important objects. This duty derives from the obligatory end of our own moral perfection. As the chapter explains, this argument prohibits commodification and treating deceased others as foodstuffs, but not necessarily all forms of eating others. For instance, cannibalism as part of a grieving practice is not prohibited by the argument.
Needs of forensic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia in five European countries
Authors: Oberndorfer R. , Alexandrowicz R. W. , Unger A. , Koch M. , Markiewicz I. , Gosek P. , Heitzman J. , Iozzino L. , Ferrari C. , Salize H.-J. , Picchioni M. , Fangerau H. , Stompe T. , Wancata J. , de Girolamo G.
Published: July 2022

Aims

The purpose was to compare the frequency of needs of patients with schizophrenia in forensic services across five European countries as assessed by both the patients and their care staff.

Methods

Patients with schizophrenia and a history of significant interpersonal violence were recruited from forensic psychiatric services in Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland and England. Participants’ needs were assessed using the Camberwell Assessment of Needs—Forensic Version (CANFOR). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify predictors of numbers of needs.

Results

In this sample, (n = 221) the most commonly reported need according to patients (71.0%) and staff (82.8%) was the management of psychotic symptoms. A need for information was mentioned by about 45% of staff and patients. Staff members reported a significantly higher number of total needs than patients (mean 6.9 vs. 6.2). In contrast, staff members reported a significantly lower number of unmet needs than patients (mean 2.0 vs. 2.5). Numbers of total needs and met needs differed between countries. Unmet needs as reported by patients showed positive associations with the absence of comorbid personality disorder, with higher positive symptom scores and lifetime suicide or self-harm history. Significant predictors of unmet needs according to staff were absence of comorbid personality disorder and higher positive as well as negative symptom scores according to PANSS.

Conclusions

Staff rated a significantly higher number of total needs than patients, while patients rated more unmet needs. This indicates that patients’ self-assessments of needs yield important information for providing sufficient help and support.
Modeling the Scale‐up of Surgical Services for Children with Surgically Treatable Congenital Conditions in Somaliland
Authors: Vigliotti Vivian S. , Concepcion Tessa , Mohamed Mubarak , Dahir Shugri , Ismail Edna Adan , Poenaru Dan , Rice Henry E. , Smith Emily R.
Published: July 2022

Background

Congenital conditions comprise a significant portion of the global burden of surgical conditions in children. In Somaliland, over 250,000 children do not receive required surgical care annually, although the estimated costs and benefits of scale‐up of children's surgical services to address this disease burden is not known.

Methods

We developed a Markov model using a decision tree template to project the costs and benefits of scale‐up of surgical care for children across Somaliland. We used a proxy set of congenital anomalies across Somaliland to estimate scale‐up costs using three different scale‐up rates. The cost‐effectiveness ratio and net societal monetary benefit were estimated using these models, supported by disability weights in existing literature.

Results

Overall, we found that scale‐up of surgical services at an aggressive rate (22.5%) over a 10‐year time horizon is cost effective. Although the scale‐up of surgical care for most conditions in the proxy set was cost effective, scale‐up of hydrocephalus and spina bifida are not as cost effective as other conditions.

Conclusions

Our analysis concludes that it is cost effective to scale‐up surgical services for congenital anomalies for children in Somaliland.
Comparative Safety of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux‐en‐Y: A Propensity Score Analysis
Authors: Alalwan Abdullah A. , Friedman Jeffrey , Park Haesuk , Segal Richard , Brumback Babette , Hartzema Abraham
Published: July 2022

Background

Use of bariatric surgery has increased dramatically in the USA. However, there are growing concerns regarding the safety outcomes of different bariatric procedures. We aim to compare the safety of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB), which includes hospital readmissions, emergency room (ER) visits, gastrointestinal bleeding, and revisional surgery.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted for adults (≥ 18 years) who received SG and RYGB in the USA. We used Truven MarketScan Commercial and Medicare supplemental claims databases from January 1, 2005, to October 1, 2015. To adjust for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, we used stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity score. Cox proportional hazard models was used to compare safety outcomes between SG and RYGB after bariatric surgery.

Results

A total of 194,248 patients met inclusion criteria; 79,813 patients (41%) received SG and 114,435 patients (59%) received RYGB. The use of SG was associated with a significantly lower 30‐day hospital readmission rate [adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) 0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.74–0.81] and ER visits [aHR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.80–0.83], and decreased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding [aHR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78–0.98] compared to RYGB. However, SG was associated with an increased risk of revisional surgery, compared to RYGB [aHR,1.21; 95% CI, 1.08–1.35].

Conclusions

Among patients receiving bariatric surgery in a real‐world setting, SG was associated with lower complication rate but a higher risk of revisional surgery compared to RYGB. Further longitudinal studies are needed to assess long‐term findings.
The good, the bad, and the red: implicit color-valence associations across cultures
Authors: Kawai Claudia , Zhang Yang , Lukács Gáspár , Chu Wenyi , Zheng Chaoyi , Gao Cijun , Gozli Davood , Wang Yonghui , Ansorge Ulrich
Published: July 2022

Cultural differences—as well as similarities—have been found in explicit color-emotion associations between Chinese and Western populations. However, implicit associations in a cross-cultural context remain an understudied topic, despite their sensitivity to more implicit knowledge. Moreover, they can be used to study color systems—that is, emotional associations with one color in the context of an opposed one. Therefore, we tested the influence of two different color oppositions on affective stimulus categorization: red versus green and red versus white, in two experiments. In Experiment 1, stimuli comprised positive and negative words, and participants from the West (Austria/Germany), and the East (Mainland China, Macau) were tested in their native languages. The Western group showed a significantly stronger color-valence interaction effect than the Mainland Chinese (but not the Macanese) group for red-green but not for red–white opposition. To explore color-valence interaction effects independently of word stimulus differences between participant groups, we used affective silhouettes instead of words in Experiment 2. Again, the Western group showed a significantly stronger color-valence interaction than the Chinese group in red-green opposition, while effects in red–white opposition did not differ between cultural groups. Our findings complement those from explicit association research in an unexpected manner, where explicit measures showed similarities between cultures (associations for red and green), our results revealed differences and where explicit measures showed differences (associations with white), our results showed similarities, underlining the value of applying comprehensive measures in cross-cultural research on cross-modal associations.