bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent advancements in LC‐MS based analysis of biotoxins: Present and future challenges
Authors: Panda Debabrata , Dash Bisnu P. , Manickam Sivakumar , Boczkaj Grzegorz
Published: February 2021

There has been a rising concern regarding the harmful impact of biotoxins, source of origin, and the determination of the specific type of toxin. With numerous reports on their extensive spread, biotoxins pose a critical challenge to figure out their parent groups, metabolites, and concentration. In that aspect, liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) based analysis paves the way for its accurate identification and quantification. The biotoxins are ideally categorized as phytotoxins, mycotoxins, shellfish‐toxins, ciguatoxins, cyanotoxins, and bacterial toxins such as tetrodotoxins. Considering the diverse nature of biotoxins, both low‐resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been implemented for their detection. The sample preparation strategy for complex matrix usually includes “QuEChERS” extraction or solid‐phase extraction coupled with homogenization and centrifugation. For targeted analysis of biotoxins, the LRMS consisting of a tandem mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode has been widely implemented. With the help of the reference standard, most of the toxins were accurately quantified. At the same time, the suspect screening and nontarget screening approach are facilitated by the HRMS platforms during the absence of reference standards. Significant progress has also been made in sampling device employment, utilizing novel sample preparation strategies, synthesizing toxin standards, employing hybrid MS platforms, and the associated data interpretation. This critical review attempts to elucidate the progress in LC‐MS based analysis in the determination of biotoxins while pointing out major challenges and suggestions for future development.
Challenges in Implementing Exclusive Human Milk Diet to Extremely Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants in a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bushati Charity , Chan Belinda , Harmeson Owen Alisha , Woodbury Anne , Yang Michelle , Fung Camille , Lechtenberg Ellen , Rigby Marilyn , Baserga Mariana
Published: February 2021

Problem: Extremely low‐birth‐weight (ELBW) infants require fortification of human milk (HM) to prevent growth failure. Bovine milk–based fortifiers (BOV‐f) may be associated with feeding intolerance and necrotizing enterocolitis. Evidence suggests that an exclusive HM diet (EHMD) using HM‐based fortifier (HM‐f) may improve these outcomes. Intervention: EHMD was introduced as a quality improvement project to improve feeding tolerance in ELBW infants. Method: Implementation included establishing EHMD feeding protocol and growth monitoring. We compared infants receiving HM with BOV‐f (n = 49) with infants receiving an EHMD (n = 15). The primary outcome was a reduction of no oral intake days due to feeding intolerance. Results: The EHMD cohort had a more advanced GA (28 vs 26 weeks; P = .03), more males (66.7% vs 42.9%; P = .02), and higher incidence of SGA (40.0% vs 18.4%; P = .16) compared with the HM‐f group. The EHMD cohort had fewer days with no oral intake (2 vs 5; P < .005), which is insignificant when adjusted for small for gestational age (SGA) (P = .26). The EHMD cohort vs. the HM‐f cohort had a significant decrease in weight and length z‐scores from birth to discharge (−1.09 vs −0.26 [P = .002]; −1.76 vs −0.83 [P = .02]). Inadequate weight gain persisted after adjustment for SGA. Interventions were performed to increase caloric intake and institute milk preparation changes. Conclusion: EHMD improved feeding tolerance in our ELBW infants. Observed growth failure might be skewed by SGA prevalence. We highlight that implementation of EHMD requires close growth assessment, especially for SGA infants.
Primiparous women's knowledge and satisfaction based on their attendance at childbirth preparation classes
Authors: Hassanzadeh Robab , Abbas‐Alizadeh Fatemeh , Meedya Shahla , Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi Sakineh , Mirghafourvand Mojgan
Published: February 2021

Aim

To compare primiparous women's childbirth knowledge and their satisfaction with the childbirth preparation classes between regular and irregular attenders.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Method

This study was conducted on 136 primiparous pregnant women attending health centres in Tabriz, Iran. Women's knowledge on childbirth and their satisfaction with childbirth preparation classes were measured by using reliable tools via interviews. An independent t test was applied to compare women's knowledge and satisfaction scores between regular and irregular attenders.

Results

The mean score of knowledge was significantly higher among women who were regular attenders compared to irregular attenders (p < .001). Although there were no significant differences in total satisfaction score between the women (p = .342), women with regular attendance reported that childbirth preparation classes reduced their anxiety about labour.

Conclusions

Regular attendance at childbirth preparation classes is associated with higher women's knowledge and lower feelings of anxiety regarding labour and birth.
To zoom or not to zoom: The impact of rural broadband on online learning
Authors: Boerngen Maria A. , Rickard Justin W.
Published: February 2021

In the midst of the 2020 global health crisis, universities have been forced to alter teaching modalities. Much of this alteration involves increased use of the internet as a teaching tool in a variety of capacities. The evolving higher education landscape has resulted in many university faculty members reevaluating basic teaching concepts such as content delivery formats. These include delivering content either synchronously or asynchronously. Although existing literature examines the effectiveness of both synchronous and asynchronous delivery, very little exists pertaining to the role of internet access in higher education, even as rural America falls behind in broadband access. This accessibility increases in importance as more courses are taught online, with the digital divide introducing barriers for many rural students. As faculty work to maintain their own personal teaching styles while being cognizant of student needs, it is important to evaluate content delivery as a function of rural broadband availability.
Resting Energy Expenditure: From Cellular to Whole‐Body Level, a Mechanistic Historical Perspective
Authors: Heymsfield Steven B. , Smith Brooke , Dahle Jared , Kennedy Samantha , Fearnbach Nicole , Thomas Diana M. , Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Müller Manfred J.
Published: February 2021

The basis of heat generated by the human body has been a source of speculation and research for more than 2,000 years. Basal heat production, now usually referred to as resting energy expenditure (REE), is currently recognized as deriving from biochemical reactions at subcellular and cellular levels that are expressed in the energy expended by the body’s 78 organs and tissues. These organs and tissues, and the 11 systems to which they belong, influence body size and shape. Connecting these subcellular‐/cellular‐level reactions to organs and tissues, and then on to body size and shape, provides a comprehensive understanding of individual differences in REE, a contemporary topic of interest in obesity research and clinical practice. This review critically examines these linkages, their association with widely used statistical and physiological REE prediction formulas, and often‐unappreciated aspects of measuring basal heat production in humans.

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Sex Differences in Insulin Sensitivity are Related to Muscle Tissue Acylcarnitine But Not Subcellular Lipid Distribution
Authors: Broussard Josiane L. , Perreault Leigh , Macias Emily , Newsom Sean A. , Harrison Kathleen , Bui Hai Hoang , Milligan Paul , Roth Kenneth D. , Nemkov Travis , D’Alessandro Angelo , Brozinick Joseph T. , Bergman Bryan C.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Sex differences in insulin sensitivity are present throughout the life‐span, with men having a higher prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes compared with women. Differences in lean mass, fat mass, and fat distribution—particularly ectopic fat—have all been postulated to contribute to the sexual dimorphism in diabetes risk. Emerging data suggest ectopic lipid composition and subcellular localization are most relevant; however, it is not known whether they explain sex differences in obesity‐induced insulin resistance.

Methods

To address this gap, this study evaluated insulin sensitivity and subcellular localization of intramuscular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and sphingolipids as well as muscle acylcarnitines and serum lipidomics in people with obesity.

Results

Insulin sensitivity was significantly lower in men (P < 0.05); however, no sex differences were found in localization of intramuscular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, or sphingolipids in skeletal muscle. In contrast, men had higher total muscle acylcarnitine (P < 0.05) and long‐chain muscle acylcarnitine (P < 0.05), which were related to lower insulin sensitivity (r = −0.42, P < 0.05). Men also displayed higher serum ceramide (P = 0.05) and lysophosphatidylcholine (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

These data reveal novel sex‐specific associations between lipid species involved in the coupling of mitochondrial fatty acid transport, β‐oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux that may provide therapeutic targets to improve insulin sensitivity.
Family resilience and childhood obesity among children exposed to adverse childhood experiences in a national survey
Authors: Heerman William J. , Samuels Lauren R. , González Peña Tavia , van Wyk Chelsea , Mayberry Lindsay S. , Lounds Taylor Julie , Martin Nina C.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to poor overall health among children with obesity. This study evaluated how one potential protective factor—family resilience—affects the association between ACEs and childhood obesity.

Methods

This analysis was a secondary analysis of the 2016–2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), a repeated cross‐sectional survey based on parent report. Nine ACEs were queried. Family resilience was assessed with four items (potential range 0–12). The primary outcome was child weight status. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used, adjusting for potential confounders and the interaction between ACEs and family resilience.

Results

For 49,365 children ages 10–17, the median number of ACEs was 1 (IQR 0, 2), the median family resilience score was 10 (IQR 8,12), 15.3% of children had overweight, and 15.4% of children had obesity. Among the 51.3% of children who experienced one or more ACEs, higher family resilience scores attenuated the odds of being in a higher weight category. This pattern was not observed in children with zero ACEs.

Conclusions

In the 2016–2018 NSCH, children ages 10–17 who were exposed to ACEs had higher rates of overweight and obesity, the odds of which may be reduced when children also have higher family resilience.
Dynamics of poverty and its determinants in rural India: Evidence from longitudinal farm households
Authors: Zeeshan  , Mohapatra Geetilaxmi , Giri Arun Kumar
Published: February 2021

This study examined the determinants of unidimensional and multidimensional poverty among the farm households of rural India, using the data of India Human Development Surveys conducted in 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. We found a significant reduction in poverty among these households over this period. However, this reduction was not uniform across different sub‐groups of the farm households. Our findings confirm that the important factors of poverty dynamics in India are educational attainment, number of household members, and caste. We observed that caste and household size considerably impacted the unidimensional poverty significantly, but not the multidimensional poverty, which was affected more by the education level of the heads of household. The study concludes that unidimensional poverty significantly matters for multidimensional poverty and vice versa in terms of determining poverty dynamics. Hence, target‐based interventions in education, nutrition, and better access to water and sanitation, particularly to lower social groups (schedule classes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes) help in reducing multidimensional poverty in rural India.
Response criteria for intraocular retinoblastoma: RB‐RECIST
Authors: Berry Jesse L. , Munier Francis L. , Gallie Brenda L. , Polski Ashley , Shah Sona , Shields Carol L. , Gombos Dan S. , Ruchalski Kathleen , Stathopoulos Christina , Shah Rachana , Jubran Rima , Kim Jonathan W. , Mruthyunjaya Prithvi , Marr Brian P. , Wilson Matthew W. , Brennan Rachel C. , Chantada Guillermo L. , Chintagumpala Murali M. , Murphree A. Linn
Published: February 2021

Standardized guidelines for assessing tumor response to therapy are essential for designing and conducting clinical trials. The Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) provide radiological standards for assessment of solid tumors. However, no such guidelines exist for the evaluation of intraocular cancer, and ocular oncology clinical trials have largely relied on indirect measures of therapeutic response—such as progression‐free survival—to evaluate the efficacy of treatment agents. Herein, we propose specific criteria for evaluating treatment response of retinoblastoma, the most common pediatric intraocular cancer, and emphasize a multimodal imaging approach for comprehensive assessment of retinoblastoma tumors in clinical trials.
Aerosol transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by children and adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Moschovis Peter P. , Yonker Lael M. , Shah Jhill , Singh Dilpreet , Demokritou Philip , Kinane T. Bernard
Published: February 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can be transmitted via respiratory droplets, aerosols, and to a lesser extent, fomites. Defining the factors driving infectivity and transmission is critical for infection control and containment of this pandemic. We outline the major methods of transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2, focusing on aerosol transmission. We review principles of aerosol science and discuss their implications for mitigating the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 among children and adults.
Evaluating the role of insecticidal seed treatment and refuge for managing soybean aphid virulence
Authors: Esquivel Carlos J , Canas Luis A , Tilmon Kelley , Michel Andy P
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Managing insect virulence can extend the durability of host‐plant resistant crops. Genetically modified resistant crops continue to be successful because of insect‐resistant management strategies that delay resistance such as multiple toxins and a susceptible refuge. These strategies may also be useful for host‐plant resistant crops, but more research is needed on their applicability. We investigated the interaction between a susceptible refuge and an insecticidal seed treatment to manage virulence in the soybean aphid. We tested four scenarios of an insecticidal seed treatment (plus an untreated control) in a microcosm containing 25% aphid‐susceptible (refuge) and 75% aphid‐resistant soybeans. Independent cohorts of plants were infested every week with avirulent and virulent aphids at equal frequencies. We used a molecular marker to estimate the change in virulence frequency across different plant maturities (from 7 to 42 days after planting).

RESULTS

The presence of an insecticidal seed treatment on either the susceptible or resistant soybean decreased the overall population size of the soybean aphid. However, the insecticidal seed treatment impacted both virulent and avirulent aphids similarly, and only altered frequencies in favor of virulence when the sole susceptible plant (i.e., refuge) was treated.

CONCLUSION

Under our experimental conditions, the frequency of avirulent aphids persisted with the use of a refuge. Although an insecticidal seed treatment decreased the overall aphid population size, it did not appear to benefit virulence management.

© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Spaces of well‐being and regional settlement: International migrants and the rural idyll
Authors: Klocker Natascha , Hodge Paul , Dun Olivia , Crosbie Eliza , Dufty‐Jones Rae , McMichael Celia , Block Karen , Piper Margaret , Musoni Emmanuel , Ford Lynda , Jordan Carly , Radford David
Published: February 2021

Regionalisation is a hallmark of Australia's approach to international migration, reflecting governments' growing concern with where new arrivals live. Residence in regional Australia is encouraged (mandated, for some visas) in response to urban population pressures alongside rural population and economic decline. Parallel to regionally focused visa schemes exists a pattern of voluntary urban‐to‐rural migration among some international migrants. Such secondary mobility counters the policy logic that international migrants only live outside cities when required to do so. This paper explores 18 African migrants' motivations for ‘urban flight’: Australian cities have failed to sustain their well‐being and they consider rural life a remedy. Their preference for rural locations is not purely instrumental, it is shaped by deep‐seated affective connections. Given the challenges of regional population retention, settlement policies should be recalibrated to support the aspirations of international migrants who feel an affinity for rural places, rather than compelling the rural settlement of others who do not.
Spatially Resolved Optical Characterization of Functional Materials Using Coherence Scanning Interferometry
Authors: Montgomery Paul Christopher , Claveau Rémy , Marbach Sébastien , Flury Manuel
Published: February 2021

Herein, some of the work in adapting white light interference microscopy to perform local spectroscopy for measuring the optical properties of microscopic structures is reviewed. Theoretical and experimental results are shown in which Fourier transform processing of the polychromatic fringe signal combined with careful calibration of the optical system is used to make measurements of local reflectance spectra. This approach captures the spectral information within the entire field of view in a single scan, allowing rapid spectral mapping of spatially extended surfaces. Results are shown of local reflectance spectra measured on different materials and buried under transparent layers with a lateral spot size of between 0.5 μm and several micrometer over a field of view up to 650 × 650 μm. The technique is extended to the measurement of local refractive index and thickness of transparent layers as well as to the size determination of small spherical beads buried in transparent and scattering layers with a priori information. The significance of the work is the potential for local materials characterization in complex, hybrid, and functional materials and even disease detection through the study of living cells.
Vanishing‐Harmonicity and Phase‐Change Materials
Authors: Gaspard Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2021

Phase‐change material (PCMs) store data using the contrast (electrical or optical) between two phases: a conductive crystalline phase and a weakly conductive amorphous phase. Most PCMs have a distorted octahedral structure. The contrast comes mainly from the electronic structure. In PCMs, a spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism, the Peierls distortion, transforms the metallic crystalline structure into a lower‐density semiconducting structure. In a simple tight‐binding model of the covalent bond, the parameters that control this distortion, characterized by a parameterη, are analyzed. The effective interatomic potentialE(η) is developed in a Landau‐type series inη:E(η) = E0 + E2η2 + E4η4. The PCMs with the largest contrast are those for which the effective potentialE(η) of the crystalline phase has a disappearing harmonic contribution () and a vanishing electronic gap. This is called as an “incipient Peierls distortion.” It coincides with the so‐called “incipient metal”. The hardness of the repulsive potential and the number of electrons per atom play an important role. The vibrational properties and the anomalous Grüneisen parameter, specific to PCMs, are also studied.
Plant flavone Chrysin as an emerging histone deacetylase inhibitor for prosperous epigenetic‐based anticancer therapy
Authors: Ganai Shabir Ahmad , Sheikh Farooq Ahmad , Baba Zahoor Ahmad
Published: February 2021

Aberrations in epigenetic mechanisms provide a fertile platform for tumour initiation and progression. Thus, agents capable of modulating the epigenetic environment of neoplasms will be a valuable addition to the anticancer therapeutics. Flavones are emerging as befitting anticancer agents due to their inherent antioxidant activity and the ability to restrain epi‐targets namely histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs have broader implications in pathogenesis of various cancers. Chrysin, a flavone possessing the ability to inhibit HDACs could prove as a potential anticancer drug. Thus, in this article we focussed on Chrysin and its distinct antineoplastic effect against bellicose malignancies including lung, colorectal, cervical, gastric, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer. The underlying signalling cascades triggered by Chrysin for inducing cytotoxic effect in these cancer models are discussed. Importantly, approaches towards combinatorial treatments by Chrysin and commercial anticancer agents are taken into account. The downstream molecular mechanism aroused by combined therapy for abrogating onerous cancer chemoresistance is delineated as well. Moreover, the nano‐combinatorial approach involving co‐encapsulation of Chrysin with other herbal and non‐herbal agents for clinical excellence is elucidated.
A systematic review of possible interactions for herbal medicines and dietary supplements used concomitantly with disease‐modifying or symptom‐alleviating multiple sclerosis drugs
Authors: Petersen Malene J. , Bergien Sofie O. , Staerk Dan
Published: February 2021

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system, with no curative medicine available. The use of herbal drugs and dietary supplements is increasing among people with MS (PwMS), raising a need for knowledge about potential interactions between conventional MS medicine and herbal drugs/dietary supplements. This systematic review provides information about the safety of simultaneous use of conventional MS‐drugs and herbal drugs frequently used by PwMS. The study included 14 selected disease‐modifying treatments and drugs frequently used for symptom‐alleviation. A total of 129 published papers found via PubMed and Web of Science were reviewed according to defined inclusion‐ and exclusion criteria. Findings suggested that daily recommended doses of Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba should not be exceeded, and herbal preparations differing from standardized products should be avoided, especially when combined with anticoagulants or substrates of certain cytochrome P450 isoforms. Further studies are required regarding ginseng's ability to increase aspirin bioavailability. Combinations between chronic cannabis use and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs should be carefully monitored, whereas no significant evidence for drug‐interactions between conventional MS‐drugs and ginger, cranberry, vitamin D, fatty acids, turmeric, probiotics or glucosamine was found.
Isobavachalcone inhibits acute myeloid leukemia: Potential role for ROS‐dependent mitochondrial apoptosis and differentiation
Authors: He Hui , Wang Chengqiang , Liu Gen , Ma Haoyue , Jiang Mingdong , Li Pan , Lu Qianwei , Li Li , Qi Hongyi
Published: February 2021

Isobavachalcone (IBC) has been shown to induce apoptosis and differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Herein, IBC exhibited significant inhibition on the cell viability, proliferation, and the colony formation ability of AML cells. Moreover, IBC induced mitochondrial apoptosis evidenced by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased Bax level, decreased Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL, and Mcl‐1 levels, elevated cytochrome c level in the cytosol and increased cleavage of caspase‐9, caspase‐3, and PARP. Furthermore, IBC obviously promoted the differentiation of AML cells, accompanied by the increase of the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK and the C/EBPα expression as well as the C/EBPβ LAP/LIP isoform ratio, which was significantly reversed by U0126, a specific inhibitor of MEK. Notably, IBC enhanced the intracellular ROS level. More importantly, IBC‐induced apoptosis and differentiation of HL‐60 cells were significantly mitigated by NAC. In addition, IBC also exhibited an obvious anti‐AML effect in NOD/SCID mice with the engraftment of HL‐60 cells. Together, our study suggests that the ROS‐medicated signaling pathway is highly involved in IBC‐induced apoptosis and differentiation of AML cells.
Morus nigra L. extract prolongs survival of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hooshmand Sara , Mahdinezhad Mohammad Reza , Taraz Jamshidi Shirin , Soukhtanloo Mohammad , Mirzavi Farshad , Iranshahi Mehrdad , Hasanpour Maedeh , Ghorbani Ahmad
Published: February 2021

Morus nigra is a rich source of anthocyanins, phytochemicals that have anticancer effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of M. nigra extract (MNE) on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned into four groups (n = 10): control, DEN, and DEN +100 or 400 mg/kg of MNE. After 4 months, the DEN group showed a significant mortality rate, hepatic lipid peroxidation, dysplastic nodules in the cirrhotic liver, and an increase of blood bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Also, the body weight gain, blood albumin and glucose, liver antioxidant capacity (thiol groups), and some hematological parameters (RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelet) were significantly decreased in the DEN group. MNE significantly increased survival, reduced the size of HCC nodules, improved liver oxidant/antioxidant status, and prevented the above‐mentioned changes in the blood (except ALP, glucose, and platelet). Quantitative real‐time PCR showed that MNE decreased the expression of Wnt4 and β‐catenin, while had no significant effect on PI3K, Akt, and PTEN expression. The MNE did not exhibit antiproliferative activity against HepG2 liver cancer cells. In conclusion, MNE exhibits a hepatoprotective effect through inhibiting oxidative stress and Wnt4/β‐catenin pathway and therefore prolongs the survival of rats with HCC.
Development of an inverse low‐temperature plasma ionization source for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Brecht Dominik , Uteschil Florian , Schmitz Oliver J.
Published: February 2021

Rationale

An argon inverse low‐temperature plasma (iLTP) ionization source for liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The iLTP is constructed from simple chromatographic supply materials and is implemented into an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source replacing the APCI discharge needle electrode. The newly developed ion source was coupled to an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system.

Methods

The argon iLTP was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. The soft ionization of selected standards was also demonstrated by direct infusion experiments. In addition to the use of argon as the discharge gas, helium, synthetic air, and oxygen were used, which were tested for their performance using testosterone and vitamin D3.

Results

Spectroscopic measurements of the argon plasma were conducted, demonstrating the main emission band of argon metastables with corresponding energies of 11.53 eV and 11.72 eV. Infusion experiments indicate a gentle ionization by iLTP, e.g. caffeine, testosterone, reserpine, vitamin D3, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3, which resulted in the corresponding protonated molecules. The splitless coupling with UHPLC (possible flow rates >1000 μL min−1) shows promising results in interday repeatability (n = 10) for the substances with a relative standard deviation of less than 5% and limits of detection for caffeine, testosterone, reserpine, vitamin D3, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 of 10 ng L−1, 50 ng L−1, 500 ng L−1, 5 μg L−1, and 5 μg L−1, respectively.

Conclusions

The argon iLTP ion source presented in this work shows promising approaches in the field of ionization of small organic molecules. The mechanism related to the discharge gas argon has not been elucidated so far and further investigations are needed. The iLTP ion source shows a very good performance with UHPLC coupling, even at increased flow rates. It could be shown that an argon iLTP can compete with the helium dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) preferred in the literature, making it a more economical choice.
5.1: Invited Paper: Digital Optics Education, Research & Development, Technology Infrastructure
Authors: Tsai Chun-Wei , Shieh Chen-Yu , Lin T. I. , Tai Ken
Published: February 2021

Digital Optics based on digital electro optics platform is the main concept of Jasper Display Corp. (JDC) to develop various applications. These applications are based on our X on CMOS technologies, for example, Liquid Crystal on CMOS is called LCoS. JDC support LCoS Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) for education kit (EDK), amplitude modulation kit (ARK) and phase modulation kit (SRK) for research. All are plug‐play. SLM in Optics is similar to FPGA in electronics. JDC's digital modulation software is the solution for pixel micro LED platform. Software is the Key to maximize the value for pixel micro LED platform.
5.4: An active approach of TFT matrix controlling for liquid crystal cladding based beam steering device
Authors: Liu Hongjun , Lou Fei , Qiu Chengfeng
Published: February 2021

Currently, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system has been widely used in various applications. However, the commercialized solution can hardly meet the rising demands, especially in autonomous driving vehicles. To further improve the laser scanning rate, life‐time and possibly lowering the cost, the main technology trend is through replacing the mechanical rotational parts with solid structures. Among those new emerging technology approaches, liquid‐crystal‐based beam steering device is one of the promising routes. In this work, for the first time in reports, the physics of such liquid‐crystal‐based devices are thoroughly explained through numerical simulation and modeling. In addition, a new device architecture with thin film transistors (TFTs) matrix and its driving methods are also introduced. With the improved driving electrodes (using TFTs panel), a wide beam steering angle (±42°) can be achieved. Meanwhile, the device remains as a reprogrammable piece even after fabrication, leaving enough room for further upgrades in terms of driving algorithm.
7.1: Invited Paper: Force Touch and Machine Learning Based Smart Sensing Techniques for Interactive Displays
Authors: Gao Shuo , Dai Yanning , Chen Junliang , Huang Anbiao , Liu Yong
Published: February 2021

Force touch function in interactive displays gains increasing interests due to its ability in detecting 3D information from customers, giving rise to plenty of novel and advanced services for users and therefore increasing the efficiency of human‐machine interactivity. In this article, piezoelectric based force touch architecture and machine learning algorithms are smoothly combined for implementation of user‐centered force level recognition and user identity authentication.
7.3: Invited Paper: Integration of large‐area optical imagers for biometric recognition and touch in displays
Authors: Akkerman Hylke , Peeters Bart , van Breemen Albert , Shanmugam Santhosh , Lopez Leslye Ugalde , Tordera Daniel , van de Ketterij Richard , Delvitto Ezequiel , Malinowski PaweƗ , Ke Tung-Huei , De Roose Florian , Hagelsieb Luis Moreno , Katsouras Ilias , Kronemeijer Auke Jisk , Meulenkamp Eric , Gelinck Gerwin
Published: February 2021

In recent years there is an increasing interest to integrate optical sensing in mobile displays, for instance, for biometric fingerprint scanning functionality. There are several routes to incorporate optical fingerprint functionality within the full display area, each with their own benefits and challenges. Here we investigate the different integration routes using large‐area, ultrathin imagers based on organic photodiodes.
7.5: The Application of Metal Mesh Manhattan Patterns in Flexible Touch Panel
Authors: Wang Shuang , Ma Conghua , Yao Qijun , Wang Lihua
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we introduced the challenges of touch‐sensor design for foldable modules with reduced thickness. Advantages of metal‐mesh touch sensor with Manhattan pattern is demonstrated for foldable application by comparing with traditional ITO touch sensor. Test results of a foldable OLED module with touch sensor of optimized pattern are presented. Comparable performance as rigid modules have been achieved.
10.1: Invited Paper: Importance of Interface Control in Solution Processed Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Da Hwan , Kim Jaeseung , Kim Hyunjung , Suh Min Chul
Published: February 2021

It is very difficult to realize highly efficient and stable solution processed organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to an interface mixing behavior during continuous wet processes. To eliminate this problem, we need to form a cross‐linkable hole transport layer (x‐HTL) before depositing an emitting layer (EML). However, we cannot clearly solve interface mixing problem although we use such x‐HTL during process. Especially, we found that the crosslinking of HTL causes serious reduction of hole mobility, which results in shift of exciton formation zone toward HTL / EML interface. Thus, we need to focus on EML composition because the interface mixing could be accelerated if the thermal stability of materials in EML is very poor. In other words, small molecules in EML often diffuse into the preceding HTL although it's crosslinked. Besides, we also found that the thermal stability of host materials in EML is very important for this interface mixing behavior.
10.3: Numerical Simulation of Ball‐Drop on a Flexible AMOLED Panel
Authors: Fan Haiyan , Jia Yongzhen , Xia Mingyong , Li Haoqun , Zhang Zhuo
Published: February 2021

Numerical simulation of ball‐drop is applied to provide solutions for improving the impact resistance of flexible AMOLED panel. The convergence of computation is promoted through ALE mesh adaptive technology and appropriate hourglass control approach. After numerical simulation, it is concluded that foam placed between cover window and polarizer, with modulus ranging from 4.6MPa to 46MPa is the ideal choice to achieve excellent impact resistance.
12.2: Narrow Angle Scattering Measurement of PDLC/PNLC Smart Window
Authors: Tang Shu Tuen , Chiu Hon Wah , Tseng Man Chun , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: February 2021

PDLC based smart window is currently the choice of switchable privacy window widely used in hotels and conference rooms. The ability of image hiding behind the window is now represented by the percentage haziness according to ASTM D1003 (or equivalent GB2410‐2008). The ASTM D1003 is originally designed for measuring wide angle light scattering with haze value less than 30%. This is not quite suitable for high haze level PDLC measurement. In this article, we introduce a narrow angle scattering (NAS) method that can better correlate the image hiding level and the measurement readings. An image hiding factor (IHF) is also introduced by making use of the narrow angle scattering measurement results.
15.1: Invited Paper: Understanding and controlling electronic defects in amorphous oxide semiconductor
Authors: Ide Keisuke , Hosono Hideo , Kamiya Toshio
Published: February 2021

Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) have been widely applied for state‐of‐the‐art flat‐panel display as a thin‐film transistor (TFT) since 2012. Besides, AOSs have been studied not only for TFT but also for other electronic devices such as sensor, diode, transport layer, memory, and so on. To realize those next‐generation electronics using AOS material, it is important to understand the defect state in AOS material. Here we review research about defects in AOS up to now including O‐related, hydrogen‐related, and structure‐related defects, which are important to understand the AOS feature. At the conference, we will also mention the exploration of new functional AOS materials based on defect engineering.
17.5: Luminance Instability of OLED panels at Various Situations
Authors: Liu Luning , Zheng Zengqiang , Zhang Shengsen , Geng Hai , Feng Xiaofan
Published: February 2021

To decrease tack time during Demura process, images are captured directly after turning on panels or changing patterns and then used to generate compensation data which determines the Demura results. However, the panel's luminance stability in those situations have not been paid enough attention. Seven panels from five different OLED panel producers were tested at various situations which are from turning off to turning on the panel, changing patterns from different gray levels of the same color or from the same gray level but with different colors. Even after the panels were turned on for a while, their luminance is still instable, therefore luminance's stability was also tested. We found that when turning on panels or changing patterns from different colors, the luminance will go up or down 1–5% of the mean of the relatively stable luminance and need 4–30 seconds to get stable. However, when changing patterns among different gray levels but with the same color, there almost no luminance's sudden change at high gray level (above 160) while the luminance goes up or down 0–3% and need half time to get stable at low gray level (32). The results provide a choice to avoid the sudden change of panels' luminance when changing patterns during Demura process while not increasing the tack time so much and also a possible reason that why the Demura results are not good enough. We also found that the luminance instability could be 0–4% at high gray level (RGB192) and 0.3–4.9% at low gray level (RGB32) which should be paid enough attention since the compensation data based on only one image could not be accurate enough if the panels' luminance is not stable.
18.2: Invited Paper: Single‐emitter 638nm laser diode with 4W continuous wave power
Authors: Xie Yehua , Qiu Yuzhen , Ho James , Wang Weimin , Kuang Langxing , Liu Wenbin , Hu Martin
Published: February 2021

High‐power red laser diodes are essential light sources for display applications. In this paper, we report the design, fabrication and characterization of single‐emitter 638nm laser diode with 4 W continuous wave power. The saturation and COD power of this 110um stripe width LD exceeds 4.0 W and 6.3 W at heatsink temperature of 20°C, respectively. At the operation power of 1 W, the Wall‐Plug efficiency can reach 38.3% and 41.8% for the continuous and pulsed wave with duty of 33.3%. The characteristics temperature T0 and T1 for this device is 62 K and 114K.
21.1: Invited Paper: System‐Level Co‐simulation Combined with Full‐wave 3D Model and Circuit Elements for Electrostatic Discharge in Display Devices
Authors: Yang Lanlan , Yang Chang , Wang Xiangji , Tu Yan
Published: February 2021

Co‐simulation combined with Full‐wave 3D and circuit elements is used to investigate ESD effects on signal transferring of a simplified smart phone device. A square wave with amplitude of 1.8V is applied to an address line transferring from CPU to DDR cache. Both the signal frequency and the position at the address line are simulated on signal transferring. The simulation results indicate that ESD event actually influences the signal transferring which may lead to error data transferring.
21.2: 3D Laser AI‐vision in Smart Welding System
Authors: Zhiling Ma , Min Chen , Rongsheng Chen
Published: February 2021

In terms of modern industrial welding, the teaching programming mode currently is still the major method applied with the welding robots, whereas as a matter of fact the operation of this method is comparatively time‐consuming, easily affected by human uncertainty and thus, requires experienced workers. In an effort to develop the autonomous and adaptive abilities of the welding robots, enhancing their flexibility as well as accomplishing more efficient industrial welding, this paper proposes an intelligent robot welding system based on laser vision and machine learning, applying a self‐designed laser scanning sensor. The crucial procedures of system calibration are illustrated step by step, involving camera calibration, laser plane calibration, hand‐eye calibration and etc. AI tracing method is implemented via computer vision and machine learning to substitute for teaching programming method to actively lead the laser scanning sensor of the welding robots to trace a welding seam for gathering the spatial coordinates of seam points. The method is tested on the complex intersection welding joint, demonstrating its reliability and superiority. Commonly, during the industrial welding process, some environmental factors, e.g. overheating, can cause some deformation of the welding seam. In order to ensure that welding torch is controlled to still follow and perform welding on the correct trajectory, smart welding seam tracking is proposed to tackle this welding issue. In addition, seam pattern mismatching detector based on Learnable Template is proposed to be used with Kernelized Correlation Filter (KCF) for accurately tracking the positive seam pattern as well as detecting the signal of mismatching to make KCF stop tracking the negative seam pattern. The corresponding experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness, dependability and efficiency of the intelligent robot welding system.
23.3: Charge Injection Control of Cadmium‐Free Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Baek Hyun , Acharya Krishna P. , Titov Alex , Zhang Xiaoyu , Holloway Paul
Published: February 2021

Within recent years, cadmium‐free quantum dots have been gaining attention in order to produce large‐scale environmentfriendly displays. Here, we present high performance, electroluminescent Cd‐free quantum dot light‐emitting diode designs that enhance stability, and efficiencies between 1.6–3.5 times through novel charge carrier transport layers compared to references.
24.3: Understanding and Achieving Reproducibility for the Evaluation of Display Sparkle Contrast
Authors: Rotscholl Ingo , Rasmussen Jens , Rickers Christoph , Brinkmann Julia , Liu Bob , Krüger Udo
Published: February 2021

The reproducible quantification of anti‐glare layer based display sparkle with Imaging Luminance Measurement Devices (ILMD) is essential for testing and conformity assessment of many displays aiming at outdoor applications. This study systematically researches relevant setup and system influences of a Fourier space‐based sparkle evaluation. These include 13 different antiglare layers, two displays with different PPI, and several different system setups featuring 12 different camera/lens combinations and more than 10000 individual luminance images. Based on the resulting sensitivities, the measurement procedure is optimized with respect to the achieved reproducibility. The resulting procedure serves as basis to define a new automotive specification for reproducible sparkle measurements and may do so for other applications, that need to quantify sparkle in a reproducible way.
28.3: Direct‐type quantum dot backlight scheme design
Authors: Xu Huaishu , Ji Honglei , Deng Tianying
Published: February 2021

The paper mainly describes the common problems of direct‐type quantum dot backlights, such as color deviation, LED mura, etc. In order to solve the application problems of quantum dot backlight, this paper describes a new type of quantum dot direct‐type solution design scheme. A special optical film can solve the common problems caused by the direct‐type quantum dot backlight at present, and improve the picture quality of the quantum dot display. This technology outlook of quantum dot products is described. Through the improvement of quantum dot materials technology, the design scheme of quantum dot backlight can be simplified, and a variety of quantum dot backlight display technologies can be realized.
32.2: Controllable Viewing Angle Luminance for Super‐Fine‐TFT LCDs
Authors: Xin Longcai , Li Haiquan , Zhou Jun , Wang Jiandong , Tian Fan , Li Xiongping
Published: February 2021

In this letter, A continuously controllable viewing angle liquid crystal display, integrated with two LC cells(display cell and controlling cell), has been demonstrated to display information selectively at one side. The proposed device achieves asymmetric NVA(narrow viewing angle) luminance in private (only right side is visible,) mode, and symmetric WVA(wide viewing angle) luminance in common(left and right) mode by using novel LC and designing inside the viewing angle controlling cell. In NVA mode, Luminance at left side will be eliminated mostly while luminance at the other side remains. This technology meet the requirements of automotive premium CID(Center Information Display) or PID(Passenger Information Display) perfectly well, since it can provide good visual performance for the passenger, while preventing the driver to see any contents on the screen.
32.3: Integrated Gate Driver Working at Low Temperature for Vehicle Displays
Authors: Yang Jiwen , Liao Congwei , An Junjun , Peng Zhichao , Liang Jian , Zhang Shengdong
Published: February 2021

A hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) gate driver circuit for vehicle displays is proposed. The new gate driver circuit features a separated bootstrapping structure to enhance the driving ability for low operating temperature. Electrical characteristics of the standard a‐Si:H TFTs are measured and modeled with ‐40 °C, 25 °C and 80 °C SPICE simulations of a 6 stages gate driver circuit show that, with the operation temperature of ‐40 °C, the high level of gate driver circuit (i.e. VGH) maintains above 17 V, while VGH is decreased to 0 V for the conventional schematic.
32.4: Investigation of Compensation Value of Black Matrix for Reducing Light Leakage on Curved Display
Authors: Xie Lu , Wang Jiandong , Yang William , Li Nirvana
Published: February 2021

Recently, due to the advantages in the aspects of larger viewing angle, lower space cost and better visual match with the vehicle interiors, curved display has gained its large popularity in automotive display, whereas Black Matrix(BM) which is used to light shading will shift when flat panel is bonded with the curved cover lens, which will cause light leakage and other optical issues. In the case that little is known about how to determinate the exact compensation value of BM without measuring. In this paper, we propose a method to identify the optimum compensation value of BM in condition of different curvature radius and thickness of panel which can avoid overcompensating or insufficient compensating by using finite element analysis.
33.2: Invited Paper: FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A TIME‐VARYING LIGHTING REGIME
Authors: Hu Qiuhong , Ye Hong , Mou Tongsheng
Published: February 2021

A time‐varying lighting regime was formulated based on the action spectrum of the circadian and photopic lights. Using LED panels, the regime was implemented, tested and evaluated in classroom environment. The circadian to photopic ratio C/P was identified as one of the key parameters along with standard photometric and spectrometric quantities. The circadian rhythm of the human body as decomposed into time intervals of the day. By the continuous monitoring of the light output from the LED panels, we obtained instantaneous values and variation in the parameters, such as luminous flux, correlated color temperatures, color rendering indices, luminous efficiency and CS value. Based on these measurement data, we derived the variation of color temperature versus that of black body radiation and that of the color coordinates of the sun light. we also calculated the circadian stimulus curve and found it consistent with the one suggested by Mark Rea et al.