bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methane Cycling in Paddy Field: A Global Warming Issue
Authors: Mahabubur Rahman Mohammed , Yamamoto Akinori
Published: December 2020

Paddy fields are major sources of CH4 emission and a vital source of global warming. Thus, it is important to understand the CH4 cycling in paddy field. The CH4 chemistry, mechanisms of production and emission from paddy fields are also significantly important to understand. This paper discusses about the CH4 cycling, how CH4 emission effect on the global warming, and the mechanisms of CH4 exchange between rice paddy field and atmosphere, factors effecting the CH4 production, oxidation, transportation and calculation. Also try to suggest the CH4 mitigation options of paddy fields. The mitigation of CH4 emission can be achieved by water management, selection of rice cultivar and fertilization. Controlled irrigation can also reduce CH4 production compared to flood irrigation. Cultivation of high-yielding and more heat-tolerant rice cultivars will be promising approach to reduce CH4 emissions and slow down the global warming.
Hydrogen Storage: Materials, Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Ngqalakwezi Athule , Bevon Nkazi Diakanua
Published: December 2020

The need for cleaner sources of energy has become a serious need now more than ever due to the rising effects of fossil fuels on the environment. Technological advancement in society today has necessitated the need for fast and robust materials that will match the speed at which society is moving forward. Hydrogen as an alternative source, has garnered a lot of attention due to its zero emission characteristic. In this chapter, a background on hydrogen storage and its impact on the ‘envisaged green environment’ is discussed. Graphene and borohydrides hydrogen storage materials are reviewed extensively and the kinetic models thereof. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of graphene nanocomposites is also discussed.
Effusive Monogenetic Volcanism
Authors: Murcia Hugo , Németh Károly
Published: December 2020

The study of monogenetic volcanism around Earth is rapidly growing due to the increasing recognition of monogenetic volcanic edifices in different tectonic settings. Far from the idea that this type of volcanism is both typically mafic and characteristic from intraplate environments, it occurs in a wide spectrum of composition and geological settings. This volcanism is widely known by the distinctive pyroclastic cones that represent both magmatic and phreatomagmatic explosive activity; they are known as scoria or spatter cones, tuff cones, tuff rings, maars and maar-diatremes. These cones are commonly associated with lava domes and usually accompanied by lava flows as part of their effusive eruptive phases. In spite of this, isolated effusive monogenetic emissions also appear around Earth’s surface. However, these isolated emissions are not habitually considered within the classification scheme of monogenetic volcanoes. Along with this, many of these effusive volcanoes also contrast with the belief that this volcanism is indicative of rapidly magma ascent from the asthenosphere, as many of the products are strongly evolved reflecting differentiation linked to stagnation during ascent. This has led to the understanding that the asthenosphere is not always the place that directly gives rise to the magma batches and rather, they detach from a crustal melt storage. This chapter introduces four singular effusive monogenetic volcanoes as part of the volcanic geoforms, highlights the fact that monogenetic volcanic fields can also be associated with crustal reservoirs, and outlines the processes that should occur to differentiate the magma before it is released as intermediate and acidic in composition. This chapter also provides an overview of this particular volcanism worldwide and contributes to the monogenetic comprehension for future studies.
Hydrometeorology: Review of Past, Present and Future Observation Methods
Authors: Valipour Mohammad , M. Bateni Sayed , R. Dalezios Nicolas , Almazroui Mansour , Heggy Essam , Şen Zekai , N. Angelakis Andreas
Published: December 2020

Hydrometeorology aims at measuring and understanding the physics, chemistry, energy and water fluxes of the atmosphere, and their coupling with the earth surface environmental parameters. Accurate hydrometeorological records and observations with different timelines are crucial to assess climate evolution and weather forecast. Historical records suggest that the first hydrometeorological observations date back to ca 3500 BC. Reviewing these observations in the light of our modern knowledge of the dynamic of atmospheres is critical as it can reduce the ambiguities associated to understanding major fluctuations or evolutions in the earth climate. Today, the ambiguities in hydrometeorological observations have significantly improved due to the advances in monitoring, modeling, and forecasting of processes related to the land-atmosphere coupling and forcing. Numerical models have been developed to forecast hydrometeorological phenomena in short-, medium- and long-term horizons, ranging from hourly to annual timescales. We provide herein a synthetic review of advances in hydrometeorological observations from their infancy to today. In particular, we discuss the role of hydrometeorological records, observations, and modeling in assessing the amplitude and time-scale for climate change and global warming.
Risk Assessment of Addiction and Tobacco Misuse in Community of the Rural Older Adult, Using Monte Carlo Simulation Sampling
Authors: Rezaian Elham , Karimi Masoud , Nazari Far Ebrahim , Yarelahi Mahsa , Asadollahi Abdolrahim , Razaian Atefe
Published: December 2020

Background: Illegal drug abuse is an important challenge that is not adequately addressed with respect to gerontology in rural areas. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 641 people aged 60 years or older supported by rural health centers in Southern Iran were investigated (310 and 331 men and women, respectively). To take a sample size of 326, snowball sampling was used. Then, the sample size was developed and simulated to 1.65 million rural elderly using the Monte Carlo simulation and bootstrapping technique (upon the 2016 national census), calculated in SPSS V.25. The ASSIST-WHO, 2017 instrument was used to collect the data. Results: A significant difference was found between the mean sub-variables of marital status using the MANOVA. Widowhood and divorce had more impact on the tendency to addiction compared to the other factors on marital status. Nomads and farmers were more vulnerable to be addicted than those occupied in the public sector. It was also confirmed by the Eta2 coefficient that older men feeling loneliness have a higher tendency to commit risky behaviors. Conclusions: Being a nomad or framer and widowhood and divorce increased the tendency of male elderly towards illegal drugs. Further studies are required to develop guidelines for policy-makers concerning the rural aging community.
Knowledge as a Public Good and Knowledge as a Commodity
Authors: Stehr Nico ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2020

In order to shed some light on the issue of public knowledge, particularly scientific and technological knowledge, I will first examine the thesis that incremental in the sense of ‘new’ knowledge is rarely found in the public domain. Additional knowledge mainly produced in the scientific community and by research outside of science tends to be treated as a commodity. The restriction on a wide distribution of new knowledge may be based on a number of factors. I will concentrate on contemporary legal restrictions, especially, modern patenting laws. The second part of my observations deals with some of the complexities linked to the thesis that knowledge is a public good. I conclude with remarks about the link between the ownership of knowledge and social inequality.
Moral Worth: Having It Both Ways
Authors: Isserow Jessica ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: December 2020

It is commonly recognized that one can act rightly without being praiseworthy for doing so. Those who act rightly from ignoble motives, for instance, do not strike us as fitting targets of moral praise; their actions seem to lack moral worth. Though there is broad agreement that only certain kinds of motives confer moral worth on our actions, there is disagreement as to which ones are up to the task. Many theorists confine themselves to two possibilities: praiseworthy agents are thought to be motivated by either (1) the consideration that their actions are morally right, or (2) the considerations that explain why their actions are morally right (where the ‘or’ is exclusive). Though there is an important element of truth in these proposals, each has limited explanatory purchase. In this paper, I develop a pluralist conception of moral worth that acknowledges both sorts of motives as grounds for moral praise.
A Simpler, More Compelling Money Pump with Foresight
Authors: Gustafsson Johan E. , Rabinowicz Wlodek ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: December 2020

One might think that money pumps directed at agents with cyclic preferences can be avoided by foresight. This view was challenged two decades ago by the discovery of a money pump with foresight, which works against agents who use backward induction. But backward induction implausibly assumes that the agent would act rationally and retain her trust in her future rationality even at choice nodes that could only be reached if she were to act irrationally. This worry does not apply to BI-terminating decision problems, where at each choice node backward induction prescribes a move that terminates further action. For BI-terminating decision problems, it is enough to assume that rationality and trust in rationality are retained at choice nodes reachable by rational moves. The old money pump with foresight was not BI-terminating. In this paper, we present a new money pump with foresight, one that is both BI-terminating and considerably simpler.
Improving Student Learning with Aspects of Specifications Grading
Authors: Vitale Sarah E. , Concepción David W. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2020

In her book Specifications Grading, Linda B. Nilson advocates for a grading regimen she claims will save faculty time, increase student motivation, and improve the quality and rigor of student work. If she is right, there is a strong case for many faculty to adopt some version of the system she recommends. In this paper, we argue that she is mostly right and recommend that faculty move away from traditional grading. We begin by rehearsing the central features of specifications grading and providing two examples of how to implement it in philosophy classes. In light of the examples, we argue that specifications grading fulfills two of Nilson’s central desiderata (increasing rigor and motivating students) but not the third (saving faculty time). Since specifications grading generates two benefits that when combined increase student learning, without adding or increasing burdens, we conclude that student learning increases when courses are revised to include aspects of specifications grading.
Rhaetian (Late Triassic) ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the offshore prolongation of the North Dobrogean Orogen into the Romanian Black Sea shelf
Authors: Forel Marie-Béatrice , Grădinaru Eugen
Published: December 2020

The present study evaluates the significance of Triassic ostracods from the Romanian Black Sea shelf as part of a project for the understanding of the palaeoceanographical evolution of the offshore extension of the North Dobrogean Orogen. The drill core CM31, sampled from the borehole 817 Lebăda Vest drilled on the western Romanian portion of the Black Sea shelf, contains sediments of Rhaetian, Late Triassic age. The taxonomy of ostracods obtained is discussed and adds to the scientific understanding of marine ostracods during the Rhaetian stage. We document 72 species, of which seven are new: Histriabairdia pontuseuxinusensis Forel gen. et sp. nov., Bairdiacypris argonautaii Forel sp. nov., Ceratobairdia? akhilleusi Forel sp. nov., Isobythocypris atalantella Forel sp. nov., Petasobairdia amazonella Forel sp. nov., Paracypris ovidi Forel sp. nov. and Pseudomacrocypris? kerabani Forel sp. nov. Histriabairdia Forel gen. nov. is introduced to accommodate species of the Triassic–Jurassic interval previously attributed to the modern genus Anchistrocheles. These assemblages point to an outer shelf environmental with relatively normal marine oxygenation. The oldest occurrence of Pokornyopsis, found in this material, indicates that this forerunner of modern troglobitic ostracods may not have been troglobitic in the Triassic.
Illustrating the Euler Line
Authors: Rubillo James M.
Published: December 2020

In 1765 the Swiss mathematician Leon-hard Euler proved that the centroid of a triangle trisects the line segment joining its circumcenter to its orthocenter. Thus the circumcenter, the centroid, and the ortho-center are collinear and form the Euler line of the triangle. The definition of each of these points is presented in table 1.
Counting Pizza Pieces and Other Combinatorial Problems
Authors: Maier Eugene
Published: December 2020

Combinatorics, someone has said, is that branch of mathematics in which one devises ways to count without counting. In this article, we consider the general combinatorial problem of counting the number of regions into which the interior of a circle is divided by a family of lines. A general formula is developed and its use illustrated in two situations. The first of these is the “pizza problem”: What is the maximum number of pieces into which a pizza can be divided by n cuts? The second is the “circle problem”: What is the maximum number of regions into which the interior of a circle can be divided by placing n points on the circle and connecting each pair of points? In the final section, applications of the general formula to other problems are discussed
Cryptarithms: Math Made Me Daft, Momma
Authors: Ewbank William A.
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this article is to take this usually esoteric pursuit and show that it can be enjoyable for the average student in middle school and above.
Mathematical Investigation: Description, Rationale, and Example
Authors: Kissane Barry V.
Published: December 2020

A person given a fish is fed for a day. A person taught to fish is fed for life
Applications: Using Data Analysis in Precalculus to Model Cooling
Authors: Barrett Gloria , Doyle Dot , Teague Dan
Published: December 2020

The first two recommendations of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in An Agenda for Action (1980) encourage teachers to make problem solving the focus of school mathematics and to broaden the definition of basic skills in mathematics to encompass more than computational facility. Although many teachers agree with these recommendations and are attempting to implement them, they frequently lack good resources with problem-solving activities. Now, as in 1980 when the Agenda was written, most textbooks emphasize computational skills with only a smattering of word problems. Even the application problems generally require students to do no more than translate a carefully stated word problem into an algebraic statement and then perform the algebraic manipulations necessary to obtain a solution. Rarely does a student need to select and use skills in “unexpected, unplanned settings,” “formulate key questions,” or “seek out appropriate data” as are suggested in the Agenda. Consequently, a large percentage of our students are given the impression that there is always a rule to be followed when solving a mathematics problem. In this article we shall modify a fairly traditional precalculus problem to address some of the concerns in the Agenda.
A New Look at Circles
Authors: Bennett Dan
Published: December 2020

I recently came across the Calvin and Hobbes comic strip in figure 1 that, in spite of the anti-word-problem focus of its humor, poses a very fertile problem. On the surface it seems simple, but in fact. the problem presents a good challenge for analytic geometry students studying loci. When students first try to visualize the problem, most will start by looking for solutions on line BC and will discover one or both the solutions shown in figure 2.
Archimedes and Pi
Authors: Shilgalis Thomas W.
Published: December 2020

Some of the difficulties involved in finding computer approximations to pi were discussed in the February 1987 issue of the Mathematics Teacher (Beamer 1987). With renewed interest in that famous number. I went back to an often valuable source (Dorrie 1965) to review Archimedes' development of recursion formulas based on a sequence of inscribed and circumscribed regular polygons.
Generating Magic Squares Whose Orders Are Multiples of 4
Authors: Pizarro Antonio
Published: December 2020

Magic squares are popular features in recreational magazines. Their importance as teaching devices has been emphasized over and over. Even Benjamin Franklin amused himself with magic squares, and at page 102 of volume 6 of his works (Mygatt 1847) can be seen an order-8 square in which rows and columns add up to 260. However, one diagonal sums to 292 and the other to 228. They are used not only in mathematics classes but also in computer classes, and often one sees assignments a sking students to write programs that print a 3 × 3 magic square (Presley et al. 1980, 7–8).
What Can We Do about the High D and F Rate in First-Year Algebra?
Authors: Marquis June
Published: December 2020

The high D and F rate in first-year algebra is a concern in many school systems throughout the country. First-year algebra is the first academic mathematics course and the foundation for all mathematics. Yet in many systems the D and F rate approaches 40 percent. With such a negative introductory experience, we can hardly expect students to be eager to register for further courses. At the same time we observe a national trend to increase the number of mathematics credits required for graduation. Many of the students who do continue in academic mathematics courses have already established the attitude that they will not be successful, that mathematics is not “their thing.” If indeed their grades have indicated they have not attained mastery of many algebraic concepts, their chances of success in high-level mathematics courses would seem to be minimal.
Fermat's Last Theorem: 1637—1988
Authors: Eynden Charles Vanden
Published: December 2020

Around 1637 the French jurist and amateur mathematician Pierre de Fermat wrote in the margin of his copy of Diophantus's Arithmetic that he had a “truly marvelous” proof that the equation xn + yn = zn has no solution in positive integers if n > 2. Unfortunately the margin was too narrow to contain it. In 1988 the world thought that the Japanese mathematician Yoichi Miyaoka, working at the Max Planck Institute in Bonn, West Germany, might have discovered a proof of this theorem. Such a proof would be of considerable interest because no evidence has been found that Fermat ever wrote one down, and no one has been able to find one in the 350 years since. In fact Miyaoka's announcement turned out to be premature, and a few weeks later articles reported holes in his argument that could not be repaired.
Teaching in a Computer-intensive Algebra Curriculum
Authors: Lynch Joan K. , Fischer Peter , Green Sarah F.
Published: December 2020

The report of a March 1984 NCTM conference (Corbitt 1985) argued that one of the critical problems facing mathematics education today is the need for curricula and instructional methods that reflect the influence of computing on mathematics and its teaching. The conference report suggested that emerging technology would make possible a significant shift in curricular priorities and in patterns of classroom organization. The curricular emphasis could shift from ma nipulative skills to concepts, relationships, structures, and problem solving. The instructional emphasis could shift from teacher presentations and guided practice of skills to student-directed learning that exploits technology to solve problems and explore concepts.
The Mandelbrot Set in the Classroom
Authors: Frantz Marny , Lazarnick Sylvia
Published: December 2020

Inspired by Dewdney's article “A Tour of the Mandelbrot Set aboard the Mandelbus” in Scientific American (1989), we developed materials to add to our existing complex-number units, which introduce students to the wonderful Mandelbrot set. This article describes these materials and how they have been used in second-year-algebra and precalculus classes.
Van Hiele Levels of Geometric Thought Revisited
Authors: Teppo Anne
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this article is to reexamine the van Hiele theory of levels of geometric thinking and to compare this theory with the geometry curriculum recommended by the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989). Examples of activities for students are included to illustrate the ways in which van Hiele's theory can be translated into classroom practice.
Activities: Activities to Introduce Maxima-Minima Problems
Authors: Pleacher David
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Maxima and minima problems have interested mathematicians since the early Greeks. Heron is given credit for one of the most significant discoveries of his time that when light travels from a point to a mirror and then to another point, it takes the shortest possible path. In daily life, practical problems involving maxima and minima arise frequently. Problems about the best shape, shortest distance, or maximum volume are often contemplated.
A Monte Carlo Application to Approximate Pi
Authors: Easterday Kenneth , Smith Tommy
Published: December 2020

Instruction in the concept of area begins in elementary school and continues through college calculus. Students learn to apply formulas for certain plane figures and later, integration techniques. For figures that are not “nice” shapes or for “irregular” functions, students are taught approximation techniques, which range from counting squares in middle school to trigonometric approximations in high school and various methods of calculus. The purpose of this article is to offer the use of the Monte Carlo procedure on the microcomputer as an alternative tool for approximating areas. One of the introductory applications of the technique is to find the area of a circle, which permits us to approximate pi.
Pick's Theorem Extended and Generalized
Authors: Polis Christopher
Published: December 2020

Our mathematics teacher set us an assignment to investigate Pick's theorem for a square lattice. When I finished early, he suggested that I extend the theorem to cover triangular lattices, which I was able to do without too much trouble. The next step was obvious. could I extend the theorem to cover all lattices? The hexagonal lattice proved difficult, but I worked on it that night and the next day. While I was walking home from school, I realized that if I introduced a third variable for the type of lattice, I had a formula to cover all lattices. I arrived at the formula through a process of seeing patterns and guessing and checking, and I am not, at this stage, able to give a more mathematical proof.
Counterintuitive Instances Encourage Mathematical Thinking
Authors: Gordon Marshall
Published: December 2020

Intuition, experience, and reason are the primary modalities through which human beings make sense of their environment and gain knowledge. Our intuition, which senses a situation immediately, has considerable weight, of course, with regard to what we believe (Fishbein 1979) and so deserves the attention of teachers and textbook writers involved with mathematics education. The use of intuition in instruction includes presenting mathematics examples that are counterintuitive. For not only do instances that run counter to intuition gain students' attention because of the disequilibrium experienced when what had been imagined to be true turns out not to be so, but such examples also help students challenge habits of thought and practices, thus leading to their becoming better thinkers (Marzano et al. 1988, 128). By presenting students mathematical moments that challenge common sense and common practice, the teacher gives them the opportunity to gain a greater appreciation of the need for exploration, reflection, and reasoning.
An Alternative to Traditional Student Teaching
Authors: Bush William S. , Moss Marvin T. , Seiler Michael J.
Published: December 2020

Student teaching is a critical component of preservice teacher education. During this time preservice teachers begin the transition from student to teacher. They find out if they have the desire or skills to teach. Their views and attitudes toward teaching, mathematics, and students are developed and challenged. In this setting, the subsequent success or failure as a teacher is often formed.
Implementing the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards: First-Year Algebra
Authors: Kysh Judith
Published: December 2020

Fans of Dr. Doolittle may recall his famous fictional beast, the Push-Me-Pull-You. It had heads at both ends but never knew which way to go. Many secondary school mathematics teachers feel as though they are trying to ride one of these creatures when they examine the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (1989) and then turn around to consider the institutional demands of their schools and local universities.
By Way of Introduction: We Need Good Mathematics for All Students
Authors: Nichols Beverly
Published: December 2020

“Let's Abolish General Math!” is the title of the “Soundoff” by Thomas E. Seddon in the September 1990 issue of the Mathematics Teacher. The high school teacher advocating this course of action also stated, “But let's not abandon the general-math student.”
Tips for Beginners: Improving Students' Reading with Quizzes
Authors: Rubenstein Rheta N.
Published: December 2020

If students are going to become independent learners, they need to read mathematics textbooks successfully, as well as solve problems. However, motivating students to read lessons ahead of class can be a challenge. One method that helps is giving brief, frequent, low-stress quizzes on the basic ideas in the reading. They help students focus on critical ideas and give them regular feedback on their learning. These quizzes help the teacher gauge students' grasp of introductory ideas and assess their readiness for more new material.
Mathematical Iteration through Computer Programming
Authors: Prichard Mary Kim
Published: December 2020

Mathematical iteration is a process for generating a sequence in which one or more initial terms are given and each subsequent term is determined from its predecessors in the same way. An equation that describes the relationship between a term and its predecessors is called a recurrence relation. Arithmetic and geometric sequences, common topics in high school algebra courses, are examples of iterative processes. Arithmetic sequences are generated iteratively from an initial term, a1, a common difference, d, and a recurrence relation, an+1, = an+ d. Geometric sequences are generated from an initial term, a1 a common ratio, r, and a recurrence relation, an+1 =an •r. Mathematical iteration is used in many other mathematical situations and algorithms, such as the Fibonacci sequence, the Euclidean algorithm, and Newton's method for solving equations.
Construction with Obstructions Involving Arcs
Authors: Wood Dick A.
Published: December 2020

Geometric-construction problems progress to innovative problems when key parts of the figure are made inaccessible or an obstruction is inserted. Such problems encourage creative thinking and challenge the student while improving problemsolving skills and reviewing concepts of Euclidean geometry. The student is asked to (1) show the construction, (2) describe the solution, and (3) verify the correctness of the solution. Further, the student can develop original problems, thereby opening yet another avenue of creativity.
Mathematics and the American Flag
Authors: Hellman Morton J. , Long Madeleine J.
Published: December 2020

The story of the evolution of the American flag is interesting historically, socially, and mathematically. One of the mathematical problems related to the flag is examined in this article.
Involve the Community
Authors: Barnes Sue Jackson
Published: December 2020

Many high school mathematics students unrealistically believe that if they can just finish one more general mathematics course, they will never again have to face mathematics. They realize that they must know how to write checks and are quite eager to learn about managing a checking account. Other than this banking activity, they are quite sure that only engineers and mathematics teachers use mathematics on a daily basis. When asked about such items as taxes and insurance, the stock answer is, “Oh, I'll just let my accountant take care of things like that!”
Technology Reviews, Publications and Products
Authors: Burke Maurice
Published: December 2020

Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices.
Student Mathematics Portfolio: More Than a Display Case
Authors: Crowley Mary L.
Published: December 2020

Records of students' progress should be more than a set of numerical grades or checklists—they can include brief notes or samples of students' work.
Illustrating Mathematical Connections: Two Proofs That Only Five Regular Polyhedra Exist
Authors: Glidden Peter L. , Fry Erin K.
Published: December 2020

The reforms proposed in the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards (1989) call for specific changes in the grades 9-12 mathematics curriculum, as well as for general themes that should be emphasized throughout the curriculum. In particular, the standards document calls for including topics from discrete mathematics and three-dimensional geometry, and it calls for increased emphasis on paragraph-style proofs. Overall, these and other topics should be taught with the ultimate goals of illustrating mathematical connections and constructing mathematical models to solve real-world problems.
Apply the Curriculum Standards with Project Questions
Authors: Edgerton Richard T.
Published: December 2020

A goal of the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1989) is faci litating “mathematical power” in students. The curriculum standards use problem solving, communication, reasoning, and connections as organizing principles. One way to apply these principles in the classroom is with the use of “project questions.”
Playing “Twenty Questions” with Attribute Blocks
Authors: Pagni David L.
Published: December 2020

lementary school teachers with a set of attribute TABLE 1 blocks usually have their students play a game called “twenty questions.” The object of the game is to identify a specific attribute block by asking questions about the attributes that can be answered yes or no.
Bonanza of New Treatment Regimens for Multiple Myeloma: What Is Right for My Patient?
Authors: Kumar Shaji K.
Published: December 2020

Although recent advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma have improved survival, it remains a chronic disease that requires a long-term treatment strategy. The key to achieving the best outcomes for patients is delivering the best “package” of treatment at a given stage. This means using optimal combinations that maximize benefit based on what patients have received previously and minimize treatment-related toxicity. Sequencing of regimens also plays an important role. As new agents and new classes of drugs continue to be approved for multiple myeloma, future strategies will use more individualized approaches to treatment.
Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: What Is the Threshold to Start Treatment?
Authors: Callander Natalie S.
Published: December 2020

Smoldering multiple myeloma represents approximately 10% to 15% of all myeloma cases, but more thorough evaluation may decrease that number in the future. Risk stratification is important in this patient population to avoid overtreatment or undertreatment. Patients with low-risk disease can be observed without treatment, but those at higher-risk should be enrolled on clinical trials. If a clinical trial is not an option in these patients, a time-limited intervention with lenalidomide ± dexamethasone can be considered.
Optimising the impact of Nordic climate policies
Authors:   Nordregio, Finnsson Páll Tómas
Published: December 2020

The Nordic countries’ climate policies are relatively ambitious in an international perspective, and the countries have progressively raised their climate targets in recent years. However, when designing national climate policies, it is important to assess not only their effects on territorial emissions but also the degree to which they will affect emissions in other countries. This policy brief provides recommendations on how the Nordic countries can optimise the overall impact of their climate policies.
La empresa social italiana después de la reforma del tercer sector
Authors: Fici Antonio
Published: December 2020

En Italia, en julio de 2017, se aprobó el Código del Tercer Sector (Decreto Legislativo 117/2017), una ley orgánica y sistemática sobre las entidades del tercer sector, incluida la empresa social. Se trata de una reforma legislativa “histórica” por varias razones que serán destacadas en este artículo, junto a una visión general de la nueva regulación de la empresa social.
O fim mutualístico desinteressado ou altruísta das cooperativas de solidariedade social
Authors: Meira Deolinda
Published: December 2020

Las cooperativas de solidaridad social persiguen, principal o exclusivamente, un fin mutualista desinteresado o altruista, que el legislador denomina "fines de solidaridad social". El objetivo de estas cooperativas es lograr una clara misión de asistencia en situaciones de vulnerabilidad social y económica, dando expresión a los valores de altruismo y solidaridad. Esto justifica que su régimen jurídico tenga ciertas peculiaridades, tanto en lo que se refiere a las categorías de miembros, la estructura organizativa y el régimen económico. Estas cooperativas se caracterizan por la heterogeneidad de sus miembros, lo que exige la definición de normas que permitan una gestión verdaderamente participativa y democrática, y en este sentido se requieren cambios en el régimen jurídico vigente. El régimen económico es plenamente apropiado para este fin mutualista desinteresado, lo que justifica la prohibición de lo retorno de los excedentes y hace más intenso el principio de la devolución desinteresada.
The Fatal Indolence of the "Former": The Southern Coast of Crimea During the Years of the Civil War (1917-1921) Through the Prism of the History of Daily Life
Authors: Karagodin Andrey Vasil'evich
Published: December 2020

The article's research subject is the mentality of the representatives of the privileged social strata of imperial Russia living on the southern coast of Crimea during the years of the Civil War (1917-1921). On the basis of memoirs, little-known in historiographical circulation, as well as other sources, the author attempts to reconstruct the conditions of the daily life of the representatives of this social group during the indicated period and to describe the main features of their mentality. The author proposes a model that explains the mood and behavior of these figures with the help of "The Idle Class” concept, which was introduced at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries by the American sociologist T. Weblen. The narrative of "political history" is supplemented by research in the field of "local history" and "daily history", "micronarratives" based on the historical memory of event participants, affixed in sources of personal origin and designed to reveal how people of that era experienced their daily life. This has allowed the author to supplement and clarify the scientific knowledge about historical changes and to identify whether the changes at the macro and micro levels correlate with each other. The author uses the concept of "The Idle Class" to explain the fatal carelessness shown by representatives of the privileged social group of imperial Russia on the southern coast of Crimea even when the fire of the civil war had already been raging for several years in the country and when the Bolsheviks had governed over Crimea twice, even if not for long, by conducting searches, arrests and executions of class enemies. This, in turn, demonstrates that the interpretation of the revolution and the civil war in Russia in the 1917-early 1920s should be done in the broadest sense, as not only a socio-economic conflict, but also a socio-cultural and mental one.
Sectoral Newspaper of the USSR Food Industry in 1928-1937 as a Historical Source: on the Issue of the Methodology for Analyzing Its Content
Authors: Soloshchenko Natalia
Published: December 2020

The article considers the difficulties in formulating the correct methodological approaches for studying the Soviet print mass media. The article's research subject is the source study specifics of the sectoral newspaper of the USSR food industry during the first and second Five-Year Plans, which influence the choice of methods for analyzing this source. The author proposes an approach to studying this periodical based on a combination of classical sources and computerized analysis of editorial texts in the MAXQDA 2020 program, providing a brief description of the possibilities offered by the new version of this program to scholars studying media texts. The article concludes that the study of such a multifaceted historical source as the branch newspaper Pishchevik ("For the Food Industry", "Food Industry") should be carried out using content analysis, which will systematize the dynamics of changes in the agenda of one of the largest industries of the USSR in 1928–1937. The article considers the difficulties in formulating the correct methodological approaches for studying the Soviet print mass media. The article's research subject is the source study specifics of the sectoral newspaper of the USSR food industry during the first and second Five-Year Plans, which influence the choice of methods for analyzing this source. The author proposes an approach to studying this periodical based on a combination of classical sources and a computerized analysis of editorial texts in the MAXQDA 2020 program, providing a brief description of the possibilities offered by the new version of this program to scholars studying media texts. The article concludes that the study of such a multifaceted historical source as the branch newspaper Pishchevik ("For the Food Industry", "Food Industry") should be carried out using content analysis, which will systematize the dynamics of changes in the agenda of one of the largest industries of the USSR in 1928–1937.
The Fates of Priests in Russia: THE VVEDENSKYS
Authors: Babich Irina Leonidovna
Published: December 2020

The research subject of this study is the fate of a priest in Russia: Fr. Dmitry Vvedensky, who began his ministry before the Revolution, lived through Soviet camps, was convicted three times, managed to survive the difficult conditions of camp life and continued to serve after the death of Stalin.The research object of this study is the Vvedensky dynasty of priests.The author considers D. Vvedensky's life in the context of the priestly environment in which he found himself. At the microhistory level, the author describes the fate of one of the representatives of the Russian Orthodox clergy during a civilizational breakdown. The study was prepared on the basis of two kinds of sources: firstly, archival materials from the state archives (the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Central State Historical Archive of Moscow) and private collections (the Vvedensky family archive, which was donated to the Church and History Museum of the Men's Stavropegalny Danilov Monastery of the Russian Orthodox Church ); secondly, interviews with the descendants of the Vvedensky family: the granddaughter of Fr. Dmitry - Lyubov', the grandson of Fr. Dmitry's brother - Rostislav, the niece of Fr. Dmitry's wife - I. K. Miloslavina, the granddaughter of the second priest serving in the same "Life-Giving Spring" Church with Fr. Dmitry, - E. P. Thebes.The scientific novelty of this research is its introduction into scientific circulation of new archival materials concerning the life of Russian priests, including from new archives, in particular, the Vvedensky archive stored in the Danilov Monastery.The study of priestly fates on the example of the Vvedensky family has made it possible for the author to identify the main trends in the life of the priesthood at the turn of the Russian-imperial and Soviet periods in the history of Russia.
Mothers’ Breastfeeding Practices and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Agrina Agrina , Sabrian Febriana , Hasanah Oswati , Erika Erika , Hasneli Yesi
Published: December 2020

This study examined breastfeeding practices and self-efficacy among mothers residing in rural areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted for 104 mothers via purposeful sampling in a Posyandu (maternal and child health service) in Kampar district, one of the rural areas in Riau, Indonesia. The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Short Form (BSES-SF) was used in the questionnaires to collect data. Chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis. Majority of the respondents (71.2%) were 20–35 years old; 69.3% of the respondents’ level of education were low (such as junior and senior high school levels). Approximately 91.3% of them were housewives. Exclusive breastfeeding prevalence was only 30.8%, with insufficient milk being the most common reason cited by the mothers as failure to breastfeed exclusively. Porridge and mineral water were the most commonly supplied food given to babies under 6 months among 31.7% and 36.5% mothers, respectively. The respondents faced some breast problems, where 72.1% mothers did not have good breastfeeding skills. Approximately 59.6% mothers had higher breastfeeding self-efficacy than the mean score for BSES-SF, which was 58.58 (11.58 standard deviation [SD]). Mothers’ age was significantly correlated with the BSES among mothers (p < 0.01). Increasing young mother’s breastfeeding self-efficacy during the antenatal care period is important to lower these young mothers’ perception of having insufficient milk. Abstrak Praktik Menyusui dan Efikasi Diri Ibu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan tentang praktik pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) dan efikasi diri ibu menyusui di daerah pedesaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional pada 104 ibu yang berkunjung ke Posyandu sebagai tempat pos kesehatan untuk ibu dan anak yang diambil menggunakan teknik purposive samping. Alat penggumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner breastfeeding self-efficacy Scale Short Form (BSES -SF) yang telah valid dan realiabel pada penelitian sebelumnya. Analisis chi square digunakan pada analisa bivariate. Mayoritas usia responden adalah berada pada rentang 20-35 tahun (71,2%) dengan pendidikan yang terbanyak adalah sekolah menengah pertama dan atas (69,3%). Hampir seluruh responden tidak memiliki pekerjaan diluar rumah (91,3%). Hanya 30,8% ibu memberikan ASI saja dengan alasan utama ASI yang tidak cukup sebagai alasan utama. Sebagai alternatif maka ibu memberikan bubur dan air putih sebagai makanan utama kepada bayi sebelum berusia 6 bulan. Kebanyakan ibu mengalami masalah dalam menyusui dan hanya 27,9% ibu memiliki kemampuan yang tepat dalam menyusui.  59,6% efikasi diri ibu menyusui di atas mean efikasi diri responden (58,58, SD 11,58). Usia ibu signifikan berhubungan dengan efikasi diri ibu menyusui (p< 0,01). Perlu ditingkatkan efikasi diri pada ibu muda selama masa kehamilan agar persepsi ibu tentang kecukupan ASI menjadi lebih baik. Kata Kunci: efikasi diri, ibu, praktik nenyusui
Factors Related with Nurse Compliance in the Implementation of Patient Safety Indicators at Hospital
Authors: Alhidayah Taufik , Susilaningsih Fransisca Sri , Somantri Irman
Published: December 2020

Patient safety is one of the five crucial hospital safety issues. This study aimed to determine factors related with nurses’ compliance in the implementation of indicators of patient safety goals (IPSG 1, IPSG 2, IPSG 5, and IPSG 6). This study was a descriptive correlative with a cross-sectional approach. Samples were recruited using a purposive sampling technique (n = 102). Data were analyzed using chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. The results of this study indicate that the leadership style of the head nurse, rewards, attitudes, and motivation had a significant relationship with the level of adherence in the implementation of IPSG 1 and IPSG 2. The level of nurses’ compliance in the implementation of IPSG 5 was only influenced by the leadership style of the room head and the nurses’ positive attitude. None of the factors had significant relationships with the level of nurses’ compliance in the implementation of IPSG 6. The consultative leadership style of the room head can change the level of nurses’ compliance in the implementation of IPSG 1 by 5.6 times, with 5.06 times toward IPSG 2 and 4.71 times toward IPSG 5. This research recommends the need for consultative leadership style from the room head to carry out the roles and functions as a supervisor to improve associate nurses’ compliance in the implementation of IPSG 1, IPSG 2, IPSG 5, and IPSG 6. Abstrak Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Tingkat Kepatuhan Perawat dalam Implementasi Indikator Sasaran Keselamatan Pasien di Rumah Sakit. Keselamatan pasien adalah salah satu dari lima isu penting keselamatan di rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor yang terkait dengan kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan indikator sasaran keselamatan pasien (IPSG 1, IPSG 2, IPSG 5, dan IPSG 6). Desain penelitian menggunakan deskriptif korelatif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling (n= 102). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji Chi-square dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruangan, penghargaan, sikap, dan motivasi memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan tingkat kepatuhan dalam penerapan IPSG 1 dan IPSG 2. Tingkat kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan IPSG 5 hanya dipengaruhi oleh gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruangan dan sikap positif perawat. Tidak ada faktor yang memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan tingkat kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan IPSG 6. Gaya kepemimpinan konsultatif kepala ruangan dapat mengubah tingkat kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan IPSG 1 sebesar 5,6 kali, dengan 5,06 kali terhadap IPSG 2 dan 4,71 kali terhadap IPSG 5. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya gaya kepemimpinan konsultatif dari kepala ruangan untuk melaksanakan peran dan fungsi sebagai pengawas untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan IPSG 1, IPSG 2, IPSG 5, dan IPSG 6. Kata Kunci: indikator sasaran keselamatan pasien, kepatuhan, perawat
What are the Essential Characteristics for Curriculum Design to Engage Asian Students in Developing Their Self-Confidence?
Authors: Chan Cecilia K. Y. , Luo Jiahui , Lee Katherine K. W. , Wong Hannah Y. H. , Liu Emma K. Y.
Published: December 2020

Scholars are calling increasingly for educational reform to embed meaningful out-of-class events in the current curriculum, in order to enhance students’ generic competency development. Towards this goal, featuring self-confidence as an important generic competency, this mixed-method
study explores key characteristics of extracurricular activities that lead to enhancement of students’ self-confidence. Based on an extracurricular program designed for developing students’ generic competencies, including self-confidence, questionnaire data was collected from 423
secondary school students in Hong Kong alongside 133 reflective journals. Four important activity characteristics—i.e. authenticity, being challenging, expressivity and reflectivity—have been identified to inform future activity and curricular design.