bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Triboelectric‐Nanogenerator‐Based Gas–Solid Two‐Phase Flow Sensor for Pneumatic Conveying System Detecting
Authors: Wang Yan , Liu Dehua , Hu Zhiyuan , Chen Tianyu , Zhang Ziyi , Wang Hao , Du Taili , Zhang Steven L. , Zhao Zhiqiang , Zhou Tongming , Xu Minyi
Published: March 2021

The particle concentration and the mass flow rate are the most important parameters describing the gas–solid two‐phase flow. Herein, a novel method based on triboelectric nanogenerator is proposed for measuring a particle concentration and the mass flow rate in a gas–solid two‐phase pipe flow. The as‐fabricated gas–solid two‐phase flow triboelectric nanogenerator (GS‐TENG) consists of one acrylic base plate, one copper electrode, and one stripe of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. Different materials can be detected by the GS‐TENG, including organic material, such as flour, and inorganic materials, such as copper and soil. PTFE surface morphology is modified to improve the output performance of the GS‐TENG in the experiments in order to detect the output electrical signal more efficiently. The peak output current generated by the gas–solid two‐phase flow in the GS‐TENG shows a mostly linear relationship with the concentration and mass flow rate. In addition, the transferred charge in the process of the flow also shows a highly linear relationship with the concentration and the mass flow rate, which is consistent with the theoretical derivation for the single electrode TENG. The experimental results demonstrate that the measurement error of the GS‐TENG is less than 2%.
Orbital‐Angular‐Momentum‐Encrypted Holography Based on Coding Information Metasurface
Authors: Xiao Qiang , Ma Qian , Yan Tao , Wu Liang Wei , Liu Che , Wang Zheng Xing , Wan Xiang , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun
Published: March 2021

Metasurface holography has shown great potentials to reconstruct the full‐wave information of electromagnetic (EM) waves, bringing benefits of high spatial resolution and good precision of reconstructed images. To obtain higher security of the metasurface holography, orbital‐angular‐momentum (OAM) of EM waves is taken into consideration as new freedom of the metasurface holography. The use two coding information metasurfaces is proposed to achieve the OAM‐encrypted holography. One metasurface is used to generate different OAM beams with l = ±1 helical mode indices, which functions as the OAM feed; while the other is used to integrate different OAM helical‐phase wavefronts into the holograms of the transmitted images, forming the OAM‐encrypted holography. The predesigned images are accurately decoded only when the OAM‐encrypted metasurface is illuminated by the incident OAM beams with the inverse helical mode indices (l = ∓1) under the incidence of defined polarization states. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical design and numerical simulations, verifying the feasibility and security of the OAM‐encrypted holography. The proposed method will be a good candidate to enhance the secure communication systems and imaging systems.
Maximizing Absorption in Photon‐Trapping Ultrafast Silicon Photodetectors
Authors: Bartolo-Perez Cesar , Qarony Wayesh , Ghandiparsi Soroush , Mayet Ahmed S. , Ahamed Ahasan , Cansizoglu Hilal , Gao Yang , Ponizovskaya Devine Ekaterina , Yamada Toshishige , Elrefaie Aly F. , Wang Shih-Yuan , Islam M. Saif
Published: March 2021

Silicon photodetectors (PDs) operating at near‐IR wavelengths with high speed and high sensitivity are becoming critical for emerging applications, such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems, quantum communications, and medical imaging. However, such PDs present a bandwidth‐absorption trade‐off at those wavelengths that have limited their implementation. Photon‐trapping (PT) structures address this trade‐off by enhancing the light–matter interactions, but maximizing their performance remains a challenge due to a multitude of factors influencing their design and fabrication. Herein, strategies to improve the PT effect while enhancing the speed of operation are investigated. By optimizing the design of PT structures and experimentally integrating them in high‐speed PDs, a simultaneous broadband absorption efficiency enhancement up to 1000% and a capacitance reduction of more than 50% are achieved. Empirical equations correlate the quantum efficiency of PDs with the physical properties of the PT structures, material characteristics, and limitations of the fabrication technologies. The results that are obtained open routes toward designing cost‐effective complementary metal–oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐integrated receivers.
One‐pot Synthesis of Isoquinoline‐Fused Isoquinolines via Intramolecular Hydroamination/Aza‐Claisen Type Rearrangement Cascade
Authors: Chiu Wei‐Jung , Chen Jin‐Yu , Liu Shih‐I , Barve Indrajeet J. , Huang Wan‐Wen , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: March 2021

A one‐pot, two‐step synthesis of isoquinoline‐fused isoquinolines from α‐amino acid esters and 2‐alkynyl benzaldehydes are reported. The strategy comprises an unconventional Pictet‐Spengler reaction between α‐amino acid esters and 2‐alkynyl benzaldehydes to give isoquinoline intermediates. Subsequent gold‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination furnishes isoquinoline‐fused isoquinolines. The scope of this strategy is further extended to prepare multisubstituted isoquinoline‐fused isoquinolines via subjecting the N‐allylated isoquinoline intermediates to gold‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination followed by aza‐Claisen type rearrangement.

magnified image
Vinylogous Aza‐Michael Addition of Urea Derivatives with p‐Quinone Methides Followed by Oxidative Dearomative Cyclization: Approach to Spiroimidazolidinone Derivatives
Authors: Kaur Navpreet , Singh Priyanka , Banerjee Prabal
Published: March 2021

Herein, we report an efficient protocol for the synthesis of spiro‐imidazolidinone‐cyclohexadienones from p‐quinone methides (p‐QMs) and dialkyloxy ureas under mild conditions. The strategy follows a two‐step process involving an initial vinylogous conjugate addition of urea derivatives to p‐QMs, followed by oxidative dearomative cyclization of open‐chain product to the projected spiro‐imidazolidinones. This protocol exhibits good functional group tolerance and provides a straightforward method to access spiro‐imidazolidinone‐cyclohexadienones. In follow‐up chemistry, we have shown the debenzylation of spiroimidazolidinones to give N‐hydroxycyclic ureas.

magnified image
Ethylene Carbonate‐Free Propylene Carbonate‐Based Electrolytes with Excellent Electrochemical Compatibility for Li‐Ion Batteries through Engineering Electrolyte Solvation Structure
Authors: Liu Xingwei , Shen Xiaohui , Li Hui , Li Peng , Luo Laibing , Fan Haiman , Feng Xiangming , Chen Weihua , Ai Xinping , Yang Hanxi , Cao Yuliang
Published: March 2021

Propylene carbonate (PC) ‐based electrolytes have many desirable advantageous properties compared to the currently used ethylene carbonate (EC) ‐based electrolytes for lithium ion batteries, however, their poor compatibility with the graphite anode hinders its applications. Here, a facile and effective strategy to make electrochemically compatible PC‐based electrolytes by use of a weakly coordinating diethyl carbonate co‐solvent to induce PF6− anions into the solvation shell of Li+ to form an anion‐induced ion–solvent‐coordinated (AI‐ISC) structure is reported. Such an AI‐ISC structure can lead to an increase of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of the electrolyte, therefore considerably improving the reduction tolerance of the PC solvent. Furthermore, by using the film‐forming additive (fluoroethylene carbonate, FEC), an electrochemically stable, EC‐free PC‐based electrolyte, which enables reversible Li+ intercalation on the graphite electrode is obtained. The graphite/LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 pouch cells using this PC‐based electrolyte exhibit very similar room‐temperature electrochemical performance to those using conventional EC‐based electrolytes and excellent low‐temperature performance. This work provides a new approach to make EC‐free electrolytes with a similar AI‐ISC structure but without the need for a high concentration of Li salt of highly concentrated electrolytes, which may bring new insights in the development of advanced electrolyte systems for wide battery applications.
A Periplasmic Photosensitized Biohybrid System for Solar Hydrogen Production
Authors: Luo Bifu , Wang Yan‐Zhai , Li Di , Shen Hongqiang , Xu Li‐Xia , Fang Zhen , Xia Zhenglong , Ren Jianlin , Shi Weidong , Yong Yang‐Chun
Published: March 2021

Whole‐cell inorganic‐biohybrid systems, integrating inorganic photosensitizers with intact living cells, have shown great potential for solar hydrogen production. However, the typical whole cell biohybrid system often suffers from the sluggish kinetics of electron transfer in the transmembrane diffusion process, which severely restrict their photocatalytic activity. Here, a unique periplasmic photosensitized biohybrid system is constructed by translocating CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) into the Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 (SW) cells that express periplasmic hydrogenases. The photoexcitation and electron transfer processes of QDs photosensitizers occur simultaneously in the periplasm of SW cells, which reduces the distance for electron transport and avoids the extra energy loss involved in the transmembrane process. As expected, the photocatalytic H2 generation of the fabricated biohybrid system is 8.6 times higher than that of bare QDs under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the good viability and stability of this biohybrid system endow it with an excellent sustained hydrogen production within 45 h, representing the most stable biohybrid among the reported whole‐cell biohybrid H2 production systems. This work provides a novel insight into the construction of a robust whole‐cell biohybrid system for solar hydrogen production.
Bis‐(Dibenzothiophene) Embedded Hexaphyrins: Synthesis, Structure and Properties
Authors: Sinha Avisikta , Kumar Ankit , Ravikanth Mangalampalli
Published: March 2021

We report our successful synthesis of two stable bis‐(dibenzothiophene) embedded hexaphyrins by condensing one equivalent of dibenzothiophene based tripyrrane with one equivalent of aryl aldehydes such as pentafluorobenzaldehyde and p‐nitrobenzaldehyde under acid catalysed conditions. The blue coloured dibenzothiophene (DBT) embedded hexaphyrins were characterised by various spectroscopic techniques. The X‐ray structure obtained for one of the DBT embedded hexaphyrins showed the unusual unique chair like conformation of the macrocycle which is similar to cyclohexane ring. The X‐ray crystallographic analysis was further supported by DFT studies. The NMR, absorption and DFT studies indicated the non‐aromatic nature of the macrocycles. TD‐DFT calculations successfully reproduced experimentally observed absorption spectra of bis‐(dibenzothiophene) embedded hexaphyrins.
Controlled Delivery of MicroRNAs into Primary Cells Using Nanostraw Technology
Authors: Pop Mara A. , Almquist Benjamin D.
Published: March 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play key roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. Being involved in regulating virtually all cellular processes, from proliferation and differentiation to migration and apoptosis, they have emerged as important epigenetic players. While most interest has gone into which miRNAs are involved in specific cellular processes or pathologies, the dosage‐dependent effects of miRNAs remain vastly unexplored. Different doses of miRNAs can cause selective downregulation of target genes, in turn determining what signaling pathways and cellular responses are triggered. To explore this behavior, the effects of incremental miRNA dosage need to be studied; however, current delivery methods for miRNAs are unable to control how much miRNA enters a cell. Herein, an approach is presented based on a nanostraw–electroporation delivery platform that decouples the delivery from biological mechanisms (e.g., endocytosis) to enable precise control over the amount of miRNA delivered, along with demonstrating ratiometric intracellular delivery into primary dermal fibroblasts for miR‐181a and miR‐27a. In addition, it is shown that the nanostraw delivery platform allows efficient delivery of miRNAs into primary keratinocytes, opening new opportunities for successful miRNA delivery into this hard‐to‐transfect cell type.
Clinical Issues—April 2021
Authors: Burlingame Byron
Published: March 2021

THIS MONTH

Scrubbed team members leaving the OR while x‐rays are taken

Key words: radiation source exposure, x‐ray, distance and shielding, radiation protection devices, inverse square law.

Cleaning radiation protection garments and devices

Key words: radiation protection, cleaning reusable garments, eyewear, lead aprons, shielding devices.

Implementing radiation precautions for pregnant health care workers

Key words: scatter radiation, shielding, dosimeter, pregnant health care worker, protective garment.

Protecting patients from radiation exposure

Key words: scatter radiation, radiation protection devices, radiation shielding, radiation protection drapes, patient exposure.

Wearing x‐ray aprons that fit correctly

Key words: body size, radiation protection garment sizing, x‐ray, lead aprons, anthropomorphic phantom.
High loading boron nitride chemically bonded with silicone rubber to enhance thermal neutron shielding and flexibility of polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Li Jia‐Le , Zhang Quan‐Ping , Liu Xue , Chen Rui‐Chao , Xu Wei‐Di , Sun Nan , Li Yin‐Tao , Yang Wen‐Bin , Xu Dui‐Gong , Zhou Yuan‐Lin
Published: March 2021

Flexible materials with excellent radiation shielding and flexibility are essential to the personal protective equipments (PPEs) for protecting workers from nuclear radiations. However, it is an enormous challenge to obtain the desired materials since high loading filler in polymer nanocomposites usually promotes radiation shielding while restrains its flexibility. Here, a facile “thiol‐ene click” means is applied to chemically bond high loading boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles with silicone rubber (SR) in SR/BN nanocomposites for thermal neutron shielding. Uniform dispersion of BN nanoparticles and good compatibility of interfaces in the nanocomposites with high loading filler lead to increased flexibility instead of decrease. In particular, the nanocomposite with 40 wt% BN displays 911% of elongation at break that is about 50% enhancement to that of neat SR. Furthermore, higher loading BN in the nanocomposites means better thermal neutron shielding. Namely, enhanced thermal neutron shielding and flexibility is achieved at SR/BN nanocomposite with 40 wt% BN. The present work provides a facile strategy towards superior integrated performance of flexible materials for radiation shielding, such as wearable devices.
Limnological perspectives on conservation of floodplain lakes in the Amazon basin
Authors: Melack John M. , Kasper Daniele , Amaral João H.F. , Barbosa Pedro M. , Forsberg Bruce R.
Published: March 2021

Limnological aspects of Amazon floodplain lakes are examined in the context of aquatic conservation.

A prerequisite to detecting and evaluating changes that could threaten the ecological health and organisms in floodplain lakes is understanding variation under present conditions. Based on one of the few studies with regular measurements over 2 years, chlorophyll, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, transparency, and total suspended solids in Lake Janauacá indicate that the lake is naturally quite variable with a mesotrophic to eutrophic status.

Direct threats to ecological health of floodplain lakes include mining operations that can increase turbidity and trace metals and reduce nutritional quality of sediments. Mercury contamination and methylation leads to bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms.

Deforestation in uplands increases nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to floodplain lakes and can alter trophic status. Deforestation in floodable forests alters the habitat and food of the fish that inhabit these forests.

Cumulative limnological responses as catchments are altered by urban, agricultural, and industrial developments, and as inundation is altered by changes in climate and construction of dams, have major implications for the ecology of floodplain lakes.

To improve understanding and management of threats to the conservation of aquatic Amazon biota and ecosystems requires considerably expanded and coordinated research and community‐based management that includes the spectrum of floodplain lakes throughout the basin.
Successful use of Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots for the recombinant production of Cecropin A peptide
Authors: Hashemi Samaneh , Niazi Ali , Baghizadeh Amin , Taghizadeh Mohammad Sadegh
Published: March 2021

Cecropin A, as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), is possible to use in medical and agricultural fields as a new and safe biocontrol agent. Therefore, it is highly necessary to find a cost‐effective and scalable approach to generate a large scale of it. In this research, the Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834 was used to transfer the Cecropin A gene to the Nicotiana tabacum. After confirmation of transgenic hairy roots, the antibacterial activity of purified Cecropin A peptide was measured using the agar gel diffusion method. Successful transforming of Cecropin A was confirmed at the RNA and protein levels in hairy root cells using RT‐PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The highest Cecropin A amount was detected in line 4 of the transgenic lines using ELISA in comparison with the nontransgenic line. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of Cecropin A extracted from line 4 showed the highest inhibition activity against Aspergillus niger. Besides, this activity was stable against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans pathogens after 7 days. The recombinant production of Cecropin A AMP had a yield of 63.81 μg/g of fresh weight. According to a significant yield, this system can be used to produce the Cecropin A peptide for pharmacological and food science applications.
Changes in the essential oil content and composition of Salvia limbata C.A. Mey at different growth stages and altitudes
Authors: Saffariha Maryam , Azarnivand Hossein , Zare Chahouki Mohammad Ali , Tavili Ali , Nejad Ebrahimi Samad , Jahani Reza , Potter Daniel
Published: March 2021

Salvia limbata is of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry owing to its various biological effects. Therefore, it is important to investigate the main factors that affect its essential oil composition. Although some investigations have been performed with regard to the phytochemistry of S. limbata, this study investigates, for the first time, the effect of growth stage and altitude on the content and chemical composition of essential oil extracted from S. limbata. For this purpose, the essential oil was extracted from 45 air‐dried samples by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC–MS and GC–flame methods. The highest content of essential oil was obtained from aerial parts in the vegetative stage at an altitude of 1500 m (0.86% v/w). Our findings show that the vegetative stage at 1500 m is the optimal harvest time to extract the highest content of oil while the highest content of monoterpenes (including α‐pinene and β‐pinene) could be obtained in the same phenological stage at 2000 m. By contrast, the content of sesquiterpenes increased to the highest values in the ripening stage at 1500 and 2500 m. The results of this study help to find the optimal conditions to obtain the highest content of S. limbata essential oil, but additional studies are warranted.
Raoultellaterrigena: Current state of knowledge, after two recently identified clinical cases in Eastern Europe
Authors: Lekhniuk Nadiia , Fesenko Ulbolgan , Pidhirnyi Yaroslav , Sękowska Alicja , Korniychuk Olena , Konechnyi Yulian
Published: March 2021

Raoultella terrigena is a rarely found opportunistic pathogen that can cause healthcare‐associated infections with high mortality. It is important to differentiate it from Klebsiella species.
Polythiolactone‐Decorated Silica Particles: A Versatile Approach for Surface Functionalization, Catalysis and Encapsulation
Authors: Kurka Dustin Werner , Niehues Maximilian , Kudruk Sergej , Gerke Volker , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: March 2021

The surface chemistry of colloidal silica has tremendous effects on its properties and applications. Commonly the design of silica particles is based on their de novo synthesis followed by surface functionalization leading to tailormade properties for a specific purpose. Here, the design of robust “precursor” polymer‐decorated silica nano‐ and microparticles is demonstrated, which allows for easy post‐modification by polymer embedded thiolactone chemistry. To obtain this organic‐inorganic hybrid material, silica particles (SiO2P) were functionalized via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) with poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA)‐poly(thiolactone acrylamide (PThlAm) co‐polymer brushes. Exploiting the versatility of thiolactone post‐modification, a system was developed that could be used in three exemplary applications: 1) the straightforward molecular post‐functionalization to tune the surface polarity, and therefore the dispersibility in various solvents; 2) the immobilization of metal nanoparticles into the polymer brushes via the in situ formation of free thiols that preserved catalytic activity in a model reaction; 3) the formation of redox‐responsive, permeable polymer capsules by crosslinking the thiolactone moieties with cystamine dihydrochloride (CDH) followed by dissolution of the silica core.
Ultimate Corrosion to Pt‐Cu Electrocatalysts for Enhancing Methanol Oxidation Activity and Stability in Acidic Media
Authors: Wang Yong , Yu Hao‐Zheng , Ying Jie , Tian Ge , Liu Yu , Geng Wei , Hu Jie , Lu Yi , Chang Gang‐Gang , Ozoemena Kenneth I. , Janiak Christoph , Yang Xiao‐Yu
Published: March 2021

Alloying platinum (Pt) with transition metals (M), as an established class of electrocatalysts, reduces the use of Pt and improves the electrocatalytic performance. However, the stability of transition metals in nanostructured platinum alloys is a fundamental and practical problem in electrocatalysis, due to leaching of transition metals under acidic operating condition. Here, a corrosion method has been developed for a Pt−Cu electrocatalyst with high activity (6.6 times that of commercial Pt/C) and excellent stability for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) under acidic operating conditions. The mechanism of formation has been studied, and possible mesostructured re‐formation and atomic re‐organization have been proposed. This work offers an effective strategy for the facile synthesis of a highly acid‐stable PtM alloying and opens a door to high‐performance design for electrocatalysts.
Identification of Phase Inversion on Sieve Trays
Authors: Schulz Jonas , Aziz Philipp , Bart Hans‐Jörg
Published: March 2021

The fundamental differences in hydrodynamics of the froth and spray regime account for the ongoing interest in search for the point of phase inversion. This short communication presents a new approach for identification of phase inversion on sieve trays in terms of an image‐based measurement technique. Image analysis of entrained droplets reveals a distinct increase in Sauter mean diameter and droplet frequency during phase inversion. Further measurement methods like pressure drop, gravimetric analysis of entrained liquid, froth height assessment and photographic observation of the flow regime serve as a reference value and complement the discussion. A flow map based on the experimental data comprises each regime and shows a good agreement with phase inversion correlations from literature.
Relationships between highly recurrent tumor suppressor alterations in 489 leiomyosarcomas
Authors: Schaefer Inga‐Marie , Lundberg Meijun Z. , Demicco Elizabeth G. , Przybyl Joanna , Matusiak Magdalena , Chibon Frédéric , Ingram Davis R. , Hornick Jason L. , Wang Wei‐Lien , Bauer Sebastian , Baker Laurence H. , Lazar Alexander J. , van de Rijn Matt , Mariño‐Enríquez Adrian , Fletcher Jonathan A.
Published: March 2021

Background

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is the most common soft tissue and uterine sarcoma, but no standard therapy is available for recurrent or metastatic LMS. TP53, p16/RB1, and PI3K/mTOR pathway dysregulations are recurrent events, and some LMS express estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR). To characterize relationships between these pathway perturbations, the authors evaluated protein expression in soft tissue and uterine nonprimary leiomyosarcoma (np‐LMS), including local recurrences and distant metastases.

Methods

TP53, RB1, p16, and PTEN expression aberrations were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissue microarrays (TMAs) from 227 np‐LMS and a comparison group of 262 primary leiomyosarcomas (p‐LMS). Thirty‐five of the np‐LMS had a matched p‐LMS specimen in the TMAs. Correlative studies included differentiation scoring, ER and PR IHC, and CDKN2A/p16 fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Results

Dysregulation of TP53, p16/RB1, and PTEN was demonstrated in 90%, 95%, and 41% of np‐LMS, respectively. PTEN inactivation was more common in soft tissue np‐LMS than uterine np‐LMS (55% vs 31%; P = .0005). Moderate‐strong ER expression was more common in uterine np‐LMS than soft tissue np‐LMS (50% vs 7%; P < .0001). Co‐inactivation of TP53 and RB1 was found in 81% of np‐LMS and was common in both soft tissue and uterine np‐LMS (90% and 74%, respectively). RB1, p16, and PTEN aberrations were nearly always conserved in p‐LMS and np‐LMS from the same patients.

Conclusions

These studies show that nearly all np‐LMS have TP53 and/or RB1 aberrations. Therefore, therapies targeting cell cycle and DNA damage checkpoint vulnerabilities should be prioritized for evaluations in LMS.
Analysis of the risk of malignancy associated with the basaloid and oncocytic subtypes of the salivary gland neoplasm of unknown malignant potential (SUMP) category in the Milan system
Authors: Manucha Varsha , Gonzalez Maria F. , Akhtar Israh
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

The salivary gland neoplasm of unknown malignant potential (SUMP) category reflects the cytomorphologic overlap and complexity of reporting salivary gland cytology in the Milan system. It includes neoplasms for which a diagnosis of a specific entity cannot be made and, more importantly, for which a carcinoma cannot be entirely excluded. For risk stratification, the subcategorization of SUMP based on the predominant cell type is recommended. This study was aimed at evaluating the risk of neoplasm (RON) and the risk of malignancy (ROM) of the basaloid and oncocytic subtypes of the SUMP category.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 482 salivary gland fine‐needle aspirations from 2012 to 2019 resulted in 48 SUMP cases. The cytology of these cases was reviewed and reclassified as the basaloid or oncocytic subtype. Surgical follow‐up was available for 36 cases. The RON and ROM for each subtype were calculated.

RESULTS

The RON and ROM were 100% and 23%, respectively, for monomorphic basaloid tumors and 88% and 58.8%, respectively, for monomorphic oncocytic tumors. The ROM for basaloid tumors was 8.3% without matrix/with minimal matrix and 60% with an nonfibrillary matrix. The ROM for oncocytic tumors was 50% without a cystic background and 60% with a cystic or mucinous background. The difference was not statistically significant for either of the subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS

Even though statistically not significant in our study, the differential ROMs within the oncocytic and basaloid subgroups help in the risk stratification of SUMP cases. Further subcategorization based on the stroma and background helps in limiting the differential diagnosis but does not necessarily add to the value of the risk stratification.
Review on Bismuth‐Based Photocatalyst for CO2 Conversion
Authors: Liu Xianlong , Xiao Jie , Ma Shuang , Shi Chengxiang , Pan Lun , Zou Ji‐Jun
Published: March 2021

Over the past few decades, rising global concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced from excessive consumption of fossil fuels have become the main cause of the greenhouse effect around the world. Converting CO2 into solar fuel through photocatalysis is an effective solution to mitigate the greenhouse effect and energy crisis simultaneously. Increasingly attention has been paid on bismuth‐based photocatalytic CO2 reduction owing to the unique electronic structure of bismuth‐based photocatalysts. In recent years, researchers have made many breakthroughs in the bismuth‐based photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. In this review, we summarize the structure of common bismuth‐based photocatalysts and focus on the recent progress of rational approach for optimizing catalysts loading, including morphology design, component regulation, facet engineering, doping, and defects engineering on the single bismuth‐based photocatalytic system, cocatalyst loading, heterojunction construction, localized surface plasmon resonance, and polarization. Finally, perspectives and opportunities are presented for future trends of CO2 photocatalytic conversion.
Color constancy computation for dyed fabrics via improved marine predators algorithm optimized random vector functional‐link network
Authors: Liu Xiangqi , Yang Donghe
Published: March 2021

Aiming at the color characteristics of dyed fabrics that are easily affected by changes in light, which affects the correctness of the color difference classification of dyed fabrics, this article proposes the color constancy calculation of dyed fabrics based on improved marine predators algorithm optimized random vector functional‐link. First, in order to obtain the excellent initial population of the marine predators algorithm, this article uses two update strategies of the sine and cosine algorithm to screen the randomly initialized population of the marine predators algorithm. Then, the MPA algorithm that initializes the population using the sine and cosine algorithm optimizes the input weights and hidden layer bias parameters of random vector functional‐link, thereby improving the prediction accuracy of random vector functional‐link. Finally, using the image features extracted by the Gray‐Edge framework, the sine and cosine algorithm‐marine predators algorithm‐random vector functional‐link model proposed in this article is used to calculate the color constancy of dyed fabrics, to eliminate the influence of illumination changes on the color difference classification of dyed fabrics. Compared with the other eight algorithms, the dyed fabric image restored by the sine and cosine ‐marine predators ‐random vector functional‐link algorithm proposed in this article is closest to the image under standard illumination, that is, the color constancy evaluation effect of the dyed fabric is the best.
Visual effect and color matching of dynamic image webpage design
Authors: Kuo Lungwen , Chang Tsuiyueh , Lai Chih‐Chun
Published: March 2021

Browsing webpages on display devices such as computer monitors and smart phone screens has become commonplace. Color is the major visual mode to express the quality and sentiment of a webpage, and the most suitable webpage colors for viewing can be explored through the experimental analysis of different psychological perception of these colors. This study was divided into four experiments. Experiment 1 involved color emotion adjectives: participants selected the most suitable emotion adjectives for webpages. Experiment 2 concerned the color emotion characteristics of webpage color matching with a black background—participants selected the most popular color for a dynamic webpage with a black background. Experiment 3 focused on the visual fitness of the color scheme in webpages with a white background: participants selected the most popular color for a dynamic webpage with a white background. Experiment 4 concerned the optimal visual effect design of webpage composition; the researchers selected five geometric composition images to conduct a dynamic image webpage experiment to determine the influence of shapes on users' psychological response to webpages and identify the most popular dynamic image composition style. Semantic differential analysis was adopted to conduct psychological tests and investigate the psychological response of the respondents to different webpage colors and compositions. The results indicated that the most popular colors for webpages with a black background and white background were dodger blue (#1e90ff) and cyan (#00ffff), respectively, whereas the most suitable dynamic image composition was an elliptical design.
Hemodialysis Clearance of Enarodustat (JTZ‐951), an Oral Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent, in Patients with End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Pai Sudhakar M. , Yamada Hiroyuki
Published: March 2021

The dialysis clearance of enarodustat (JTZ‐951) was determined in patients (N = 6) with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Enarodustat (5 mg PO) was administered before (day 1) and after hemodialysis (day 8) with pharmacokinetic assessments on the 2 occasions. Dialysis clearance was based on plasma and dialysate enarodustat concentrations. Fraction of administered dose recovered in dialysate, total predialyzer and postdialyzer plasma enarodustat concentrations, and total and unbound venous plasma concentrations were determined. Hemodialysis did not significantly affect overall total concentrations with similar mean area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to infinity (coefficient of variation) of 3350 (26.4%) and 3640 (20.9%) ng · h/mL on days 1 and 8, respectively, and mean terminal half‐life was 9.35 (11.9%) and 9.96 (18.7%) hours on the 2 occasions. Mean maximum concentration was somewhat lower on day 1 compared to day 8 (404 vs 559 ng/mL); the difference did not significantly affect total exposure (area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to infinity). Plasma protein binding was high (>99%) with similar binding on the 2 occasions, and total pre‐ and postdialyzer enarodustat concentrations were similar. Plasma unbound enarodustat concentrations decreased during dialysis, with a postdialysis rebound presumably due to re‐equilibration with peripheral tissues. Mean unbound area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to infinity was marginally lower (∼22%) on day 1 compared to day 8. Dialysis clearance (0.415 L/h) was insignificant relative to dialyzer plasma flow (∼20 L/h), and the fraction of administered dose recovered in dialysate was small (6.74% of dose) with low intersubject variability (coefficient of variation, 14.7%). Thus, enarodustat can be administered regardless of dialysis schedule, and dose supplementation is not required in patients with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis.
Mining the web to discover acronym‐definitions based on sequence labeling and iterative query expansion model
Authors: R Menaha , VE Jayanthi
Published: March 2021

Finding definitions associated with an acronym is a constructive task to many applications like web search, information retrieval, natural language processing, ontology mapping, and question answering. A large‐scale manually built acronym‐definition repositories are available online but updating is a difficult task. To address this problem, previous research works used either heuristics or a machine learning approach to automate the detection of acronym‐definition pairs. This article presents a heuristics approach based on a rule‐based sequence‐labeling model, for finding the list of definitions associated with an acronym from the Web. The organic search result of the web page includes website title, URL, Meta description, and site links. In the proposed work, web pages of the search engine are used as corpus and sequence‐labeling task is done through character and word level mapping schemes. In these schemes, the desirable properties of the definition are expressed by using rules. Each identified definition is validated through a collocation measure. Besides, the obtained results are assessed against a manually built acronym/definitions repository: Acronym Finder. The proposed model certainly improves the coverage of manual repositories maintaining high precision and recall.
Conversion between the Modified Mini‐Mental State Examination (3MSE) and the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Authors: Ip Edward H. , Pierce June , Chen Shyh‐Huei , Lovato James , Hughes Timothy M. , Hayden Kathleen M. , Hugenschmidt Christina E. , Craft Suzanne , Kitzman Dalane , Rapp Steve
Published: March 2021

Background

The Modified Mini‐Mental State Examination (3MSE) and the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) are two commonly used instruments for assessing cognitive function. Although conversion between 3MSE and MMSE is useful in applications such as integrative data analysis, there are limited published reports on the topic. Our objective is to provide a dual tool: (1) an item‐level conversion tool to score responses for deriving both 3MSE and MMSE measures, and (2) cross‐walk tables to facilitate quick conversion between 3MSE and MMSE.

Methods

An SAS program tool allows scoring of 3MSE item‐level responses into MMSE score. Using integrated data sets (n = 8346), actual 3MSE and MMSE scores obtained from the same individuals were linked to form cross‐walk tables.

Results

An SAS conversion program was made available. Cross‐walk tables were derived. Validation sample shows bias is –0.11 (standard deviation = 1.02) in 3MSE→MMSE; the converse had substantially large bias.

Discussion

The 3MSE→MMSE conversion table can be used in clinical practice and legacy system data.
Female‐biased sex allocation and lack of inbreeding avoidance in Cubitermes termites
Authors: Sinotte Veronica M. , Conlon Benjamin H. , Seibel Elena , Schwitalla Jan W. , de Beer Z. Wilhelm , Poulsen Michael , Bos Nick
Published: March 2021

Sexually reproducing organisms face a strong selective pressure to find a mate and ensure reproduction. An important criterion during mate‐selection is to avoid closely related individuals and subsequent potential fitness costs of resulting inbred offspring. Inbreeding avoidance can be active through kin recognition during mate choice, or passive through differential male and female‐biased sex ratios, which effectively prevents sib‐mating. In addition, sex allocation, or the resources allotted to male and female offspring, can impact mating and reproductive success. Here, we investigate mate choice, sex ratios, and sex allocation in dispersing reproductives (alates) from colonies of the termite Cubitermes tenuiceps. Termites have a short time to select a mate for life, which should intensify any fitness consequences of inbreeding. However, alates did not actively avoid inbreeding through mate choice via kin recognition based on genetic or environmental cues. Furthermore, the majority of colonies exhibited a female‐biased sex ratio, and none exhibited a male‐bias, indicating that differential bias does not reduce inbreeding. Sex allocation was generally female‐biased, as females also were heavier, but the potential fitness effect of this costly strategy remains unclear. The bacterium Wolbachia, known in other insects to parasitically distort sex allocation toward females, was present within all alates. While Wolbachia is commonly associated with termites, parasitism has yet to be demonstrated, warranting further study of the nature of the symbiosis. Both the apparent lack of inbreeding avoidance and potential maladaptive sex allocation implies possible negative effects on mating and fitness.
Immune function differences between two color morphs of the red palm weevilRhynchophorus ferrugineus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at different life stages
Authors: Wang Guihua , Zhou Yuxuan , Tang Baozhen , Ali Habib , Hou Youming
Published: March 2021

Several studies demonstrated that in insects cuticle melanism is interrelated with pathogen resistance, as melanin‐based coloration and innate immunity possess similar physiological pathways. For some insects, higher pathogen resistance was observed in darker individuals than in individuals with lighter cuticular coloration. Here, we investigated the difference in immune response between two color morphs (black and red) and between the life stages (pupa and adult) of the red palm weevilRhynchophorus ferrugineus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Here in this study, cuticle thickness, microbial test (antimicrobial activity, phenoloxidase activity, and hemocyte density), and immune‐related gene expression were evaluated at different stages of RPW. Study results revealed that cuticle thickness of black phenotype was thicker than red phenotype at old‐pupa stage, while no significant difference found at adult stage. These results may relate to the development processes of epidermis in different stages of RPW. The results of antimicrobial activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and hemocyte density analyses showed that adults with a red phenotype had stronger pathogen resistance than those with a black phenotype. In addition to antimicrobial activity and PO activity, we tested relative gene expression in the fat body of old pupae. The results of hemolymph antimicrobial analysis showed that old pupae with a red phenotype were significantly different from those with a black phenotype at 12 hr afterStaphylococcus aureusinjection, suggesting that red phenotype pupae were more sensitive toS. aureus. Examination of gene expression in the fat body also revealed that the red phenotype had a higher immune response than the black phenotype. Our results were inconsistent with the previous conclusion that dark insects had increased immune function, suggesting that the relationship between cuticle pigmentation and immune function in insects was not a direct link. Additional possible factors that are associated with the immune response, such as life‐history, developmental, physiological factors also need to be considered.
Effects of dominance and female presence on secondary sexual characteristics in male tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella)
Authors: Paukner Annika , Slonecker Emily M. , Wooddell Lauren J.
Published: March 2021

Alpha status may lead to physiological changes that enhance secondary sexual characteristics, which may serve as competitive signals to conspecific males, sexual signals to females, or possibly a combination of both. Here, we report measurements of secondary sexual characteristics in captive dominant and subordinate male tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) with varying access to females. An adult male (who had previously been subordinate while housed with other males) was paired with an adult female. This male–female pair was introduced into a room that housed three other male–male pairs with stable hierarchy arrangements. We analyzed weight, body measurements, facial photographs, and hair cortisol before, during, and after introducing a female into the room. While there were no differences in weight or measurements between alphas and subordinates without physical access to the female prior to or during the female's presence, we found that direct access to the female resulted in dramatic changes in facial appearance, body size, and testicular volume in the male who was paired with her. Overall, we found little evidence to suggest that alpha males advertise their status within all‐male groups via sexual secondary characteristics. However, direct physical access to females appears to trigger the development of such characteristics in alpha males. It remains of continued interest to identify the endocrine mechanisms responsible for the development, and possible loss, of secondary sexual characteristics.
Age‐specific habitat preference, carrying capacity, and landscape structure determine the response of population spatial variability to fishing‐driven age truncation
Authors: Tao Hsiao‐Hang , Dur Gaël , Ke Po‐Ju , Souissi Sami , Hsieh Chih‐hao
Published: March 2021

Understanding the mechanisms underlying spatial variability of exploited fish is critical for the sustainable management of fish stocks. Empirical studies suggest that size‐selective fishing can elevate fish population spatial variability (i.e., more heterogeneous distribution) through age truncation, making the population less resilient to changing environment. However, species differ in how their spatial variability responds to age truncation and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

We hypothesize that age‐specific habitat preference, together with environmental carrying capacity and landscape structure, determines the response of population spatial variability to fishing‐induced age truncation. To test these hypotheses, we design an individual‐based model of an age‐structured fish population on a two‐dimensional landscape under size‐selective fishing. Individual fish reproduces and survives, and moves between habitats according to age‐specific habitat preference and density‐dependent habitat selection.

Population spatial variability elevates with increasing age truncation, and the response is stronger for populations with stronger age‐specific habitat preference. On a gradient landscape, reducing carrying capacity elevates the relative importance of density dependence in habitat selection, which weakens the response of spatial variability to age truncation for populations with strong age‐specific habitat preference. On a fragmented landscape, both populations with strong and weak age‐specific habitat preferences are restricted at local optimal habitats, and reducing carrying capacity weakens the responses of spatial variability to age truncation for both populations.

Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that to track and predict the changes in population spatial variability under exploitation, it is essential to consider the interactive effects of age‐specific habitat preference, carrying capacity, and landscape structure. To improve spatial management in fisheries, it is crucial to enhance empirical and theoretical developments in the methodology to quantify age‐specific habitat preference of marine fish, and to understand how climatic change influences carrying capacity and landscape continuity.
Increased B‐cell activity with consumption of activated monocytes in severe COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Kos Igor , Balensiefer Benedikt , Lesan Vadim , Kaddu‐Mulindwa Dominic , Thurner Lorenz , Christofyllakis Konstantin , Bittenbring Joerg Thomas , Ahlgrimm Manfred , Seiffert Martina , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Bewarder Yvonne , Neumann Frank , Rixecker Torben , Smola Sigrun , Link Andreas , Krawczyk Marcin , Lammert Frank , Lepper Philipp M. , Bals Robert , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Bewarder Moritz
Published: March 2021

The pathogenesis of autoimmune complications triggered by SARS‐CoV2 has not been completely elucidated. Here, we performed an analysis of the cellular immune status, cell ratios, and monocyte populations of patients with COVID‐19 treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) (cohort 1, N = 23) and normal care unit (NCU) (cohort 2, n = 10) compared with control groups: patients treated in ICU for noninfectious reasons (cohort 3, n = 30) and patients treated in NCU for infections other than COVID‐19 (cohort 4, n = 21). Patients in cohort 1 presented significant differences in comparison with the other cohorts, including reduced frequencies of lymphocytes, reduced CD8+T‐cell count, reduced percentage of activated and intermediate monocytes and an increased B/T8 cell ratio. Over time, patients in cohort 1 who died presented with lower counts of B, T, CD4+T, CD8+T‐lymphocytes, NK cells, and activated monocytes. The B/T8 ratio was significantly lower in the group of survivors. In cohort 1, significantly higher levels of IgG1 and IgG3 were found, whereas cohort 3 presented higher levels of IgG3 compared to controls. Among many immune changes, an elevated B/T8‐cell ratio and a reduced rate of activated monocytes were mainly observed in patients with severe COVID‐19. Both parameters were associated with death in cohort 1.