bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FGF8 is essential for formation of the ductal system in the male reproductive tract
Authors: Kitagaki Jirouta , Ueda Yutaka , Chi Xuan , Sharma Nirmala , Elder Cynthia M. , Truffer Erika , Costantini Frank , Lewandoski Mark , Perantoni Alan O.
Published: November 2011

During development of the urogenital tract, fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) is expressed in mesonephric tubules, but its role in this tissue remains undefined. An evaluation of previously generated T-Cre-mediated Fgf8-deficient mice (T-Cre; Fgf8flox/Δ2,3 mice), which lack Fgf8 expression in the mesoderm, revealed that the cranial region of the Wolffian duct degenerated prematurely and the cranial mesonephric tubules were missing. As a result, the epididymis, vas deferens and efferent ductules were largely absent in mutant mice. Rarb2-Cre was used to eliminate FGF8 from the mesonephric tubules but to allow expression in the adjacent somites. These mutants retained the cranial end of the Wolffian duct and formed the epididymis and vas deferens, but failed to elaborate the efferent ductules, indicating that Fgf8 expression by the mesonephric tubules is required specifically for the formation of the ductules. Ret knockout mice do not form the ureteric bud, a caudal outgrowth of the Wolffian duct and progenitor for the collecting duct network in the kidney, but they do develop the cranial end normally. This indicates that Fgf8, but not Ret, expression is essential to the outgrowth of the cranial mesonephric tubules from the Wolffian duct and to the development of major portions of the sex accessory tissues in the male reproductive tract. Mechanistically, FGF8 functions upstream of Lhx1 expression in forming the nephron, and analysis of Fgf8 mutants similarly shows deficient Lhx1 expression in the mesonephric tubules. These results demonstrate a multifocal requirement for FGF8 in establishing the male reproductive tract ducts and implicate Lhx1 signaling in tubule elongation.
pTransgenesis: a cross-species, modular transgenesis resource
Authors: Love Nick R. , Thuret Raphael , Chen Yaoyao , Ishibashi Shoko , Sabherwal Nitin , Paredes Roberto , Alves-Silva Juliana , Dorey Karel , Noble Anna M. , Guille Matthew J. , Sasai Yoshiki , Papalopulu Nancy , Amaya Enrique
Published: November 2011

As studies aim increasingly to understand key, evolutionarily conserved properties of biological systems, the ability to move transgenesis experiments efficiently between organisms becomes essential. DNA constructions used in transgenesis usually contain four elements, including sequences that facilitate transgene genome integration, a selectable marker and promoter elements driving a coding gene. Linking these four elements in a DNA construction, however, can be a rate-limiting step in the design and creation of transgenic organisms. In order to expedite the construction process and to facilitate cross-species collaborations, we have incorporated the four common elements of transgenesis into a modular, recombination-based cloning system called pTransgenesis. Within this framework, we created a library of useful coding sequences, such as various fluorescent protein, Gal4, Cre-recombinase and dominant-negative receptor constructs, which are designed to be coupled to modular, species-compatible selectable markers, promoters and transgenesis facilitation sequences. Using pTransgenesis in Xenopus, we demonstrate Gal4-UAS binary expression, Cre-loxP-mediated fate-mapping and the establishment of novel, tissue-specific transgenic lines. Importantly, we show that the pTransgenesis resource is also compatible with transgenesis in Drosophila, zebrafish and mammalian cell models. Thus, the pTransgenesis resource fosters a cross-model standardization of commonly used transgenesis elements, streamlines DNA construct creation and facilitates collaboration between researchers working on different model organisms.
Neural tube patterning by Ephrin, FGF and Notch signaling relays
Authors: Stolfi Alberto , Wagner Eileen , Taliaferro J. Matthew , Chou Seemay , Levine Michael
Published: November 2011

The motor ganglion (MG) controls the rhythmic swimming behavior of the Ciona intestinalis tadpole. Despite its cellular simplicity (five pairs of neurons), the MG exhibits conservation of transcription factor expression with the spinal cord of vertebrates. Evidence is presented that the developing MG is patterned by sequential Ephrin/FGF/MAPK and Delta/Notch signaling events. FGF/MAPK attenuation by a localized EphrinAb signal specifies posterior neuronal subtypes, which in turn relay a Delta2/Notch signal that specifies anterior fates. This short-range relay is distinct from the patterning of the vertebrate spinal cord, which is a result of opposing BMP and Shh morphogen gradients. Nonetheless, both mechanisms lead to localized expression of related homeodomain codes for the specification of distinct neuronal subtypes. This MG regulatory network provides a foundation for elucidating the genetic and cellular basis of a model chordate central pattern generator.
TRIM28 is required by the mouse KRAB domain protein ZFP568 to control convergent extension and morphogenesis of extra-embryonic tissues
Authors: Shibata Maho , Blauvelt Kristin E. , Liem Karel F. , García-García María J.
Published: November 2011

TRIM28 is a transcriptional regulator that is essential for embryonic development and is implicated in a variety of human diseases. The roles of TRIM28 in distinct biological processes are thought to depend on its interaction with factors that determine its DNA target specificity. However, functional evidence linking TRIM28 to specific co-factors is scarce. chatwo, a hypomorphic allele of Trim28, causes embryonic lethality and defects in convergent extension and morphogenesis of extra-embryonic tissues. These phenotypes are remarkably similar to those of mutants in the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) zinc finger protein ZFP568, providing strong genetic evidence that ZFP568 and TRIM28 control morphogenesis through a common molecular mechanism. We determined that chatwo mutations decrease TRIM28 protein stability and repressive activity, disrupting both ZFP568-dependent and ZFP568-independent roles of TRIM28. These results, together with the analysis of embryos bearing a conditional inactivation of Trim28 in embryonic-derived tissues, revealed that TRIM28 is differentially required by ZFP568 and other factors during the early stages of mouse embryogenesis. In addition to uncovering novel roles of TRIM28 in convergent extension and morphogenesis of extra-embryonic tissues, our characterization of chatwo mutants demonstrates that KRAB domain proteins are essential to determine some of the biological functions of TRIM28.
A Review of Vicarious Traumatisation and Supervision Among Australian Telephone and Online Counsellors
Authors: Taylor Wendy , Furlonger Brett
Published: November 2011

Literature with a focus on telephone and online counselling is reviewed as this form of counselling is becoming increasingly popular in Australia. The relevance and drawbacks of counselling in these two digital environments are detailed. Of the drawbacks, vicarious traumatisation (VT) is given a particular focus as its effects on counsellor functioning are seen to be profound. Possible causes of VT are outlined in light of the controversy surrounding the definition of the condition. Although positive supervisory effects on vicarious traumatisation was only partially supported from general studies on counselling, highlighting the need for focused research on the value of supervision for Australian telephone and online counsellors at risk for vicarious traumatisation, overall supervision was seen to be a legitimate part of VT management for counsellors working in telephone and online environments.
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of ropinirole coadministered with fluoxetine in acute and chronic behavioral models of depression in rats
Authors: Ghorpade Sanman , Tripathi Raakhi , Sonawane Dipesh , Manjrekar Neelam
Published: November 2011

Background: Certain unknown aspects of ropinirole action, such as its antidepressant effect after chronic administration and on cotreatment with fluoxetine, remain to be evaluated, which formed the rationale for this study.

Methods: Wistar rats of either sex (weighing 150–200 g) were used. In the dose-finding study, oral dose of ropinirole (20 mg/kg) was selected. This was combined with two different doses of fluoxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg). Their antidepressant-like effects were compared in acute and chronic forced-swim test (FST). Acute FST was conducted in two sessions after administration of three doses within 24 h. Chronic FST was conducted over 14 days. Drugs were administered each day for 14 days. Effect on locomotor activity was tested in OFT.

Results: ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test was used. Dose-finding study of ropinirole showed that out of three doses, 20 mg/kg produced maximum reduction in immobility in acute FST (137±8 s). Coadministration of ropinirole with fluoxetine in acute FST further reduced immobility (107±8 s). This effect was more prominent in chronic forced-swim-stressed rats (74±2 s). Neither ropinirole nor its coadministration with fluoxetine increased locomotor activity in open-field test.

Conclusions: The potential of ropinirole to act as an antidepressant agent is proven by the reduction in immobility time in FST. Further, there is an augmentation of the effect of fluoxetine by ropinirole, suggesting synergistic interaction of dopamine and serotonin pathway in brain.
Treatment of Kimura Disease With Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Hernandez-Bautista Victor , Yamazaki-Nakashimada Marco Antonio , Vazquez-García Ruben , Stamatelos-Albarrán Daniela , Carrasco-Daza Daniel , Rodríguez-Lozano Ana Luisa
Published: November 2011

Kimura disease is an uncommon chronic inflammatory condition of unknown etiology and is characterized by painless subcutaneous nodules, usually affecting the head and neck, eosinophilia, and markedly elevated immunoglobulin E levels. Several reports have described the main modalities of treatment; both corticosteroids and surgery have provided good results, but occasionally corticosteroids cannot be tapered as the disease flares up. We report here the case of an 8-year-old boy diagnosed with Kimura disease who was successfully treated with 1 dose of intravenous immunoglobulin as a steroid-sparing agent.
Antipsychotic Medication Use Among Children and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Andrade Susan E. , Lo Joan C. , Roblin Douglas , Fouayzi Hassan , Connor Daniel F. , Penfold Robert B. , Chandra Malini , Reed George , Gurwitz Jerry H.
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To assess whether the risk of incident diabetes was increased with the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in a large diverse cohort of children.

METHODS:

A retrospective study was conducted by using the administrative databases of 3 health plans participating in the Health Maintenance Organization Research Network. Children 5 to 18 years of age who initiated SGA therapy between January 2001 and December 2008 and 2 comparison groups, namely, nonusers of psychotropic drugs and users of antidepressant medications, were identified. Diagnoses from inpatient and outpatient records, pharmacy dispensings, and outpatient laboratory results were used to identify incident cases of diabetes.

RESULTS:

The crude incidence rate of diabetes for the SGA-exposed cohort was 3.23 cases per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67–5.65), compared with 0.76 cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 0.49–1.12) among nonusers of psychotropic medications and 1.86 cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 1.12–2.90) among antidepressant users. The risk of incident diabetes was significantly increased among SGA users (unadjusted incidence rate ratio: 4.24 [95% CI: 1.95–8.72]) in comparison with nonusers of psychotropic medications but was not significantly increased in comparison with antidepressant medication users (unadjusted incidence rate ratio: 1.74 [95% CI: 0.77–3.78]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although we found a potentially fourfold increased rate of diabetes among children exposed to SGAs, the findings were inconsistent and depended on the comparison group and the outcome definition.
Patients With Biliary Atresia Have Elevated Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin Levels Shortly After Birth
Authors: Harpavat Sanjiv , Finegold Milton J. , Karpen Saul J.
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVES:

Healthy infants are thought to acquire biliary atresia (BA) in the first weeks of life. Because those diagnosed earlier have better outcomes, we were interested in determining the earliest time BA could be detected. We started by examining the immediate postnatal period, hypothesizing that newborns would not yet have acquired disease and still have normal direct/conjugated bilirubin (DB/CB) levels.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Newborn DB/CB levels were obtained retrospectively from birth hospitals. Subjects with BA were born between 2007 and 2010 and cared for at Texas Children's Hospital. Those with BA splenic malformation syndrome or born prematurely were excluded. Control subjects were term newborns who later never developed neonatal liver disease.

RESULTS:

Of the 61 subjects with BA, 56% had newborn DB/CB levels measured. All DB/CB levels exceeded laboratory norms and rose over time. At 24 to 48 hours of life, subjects with BA had mean DB levels significantly higher than those of controls (1.4 ± 0.43 vs. 0.19 ± 0.075 mg/dL, P < .0001), even while their mean total bilirubin (TB) levels remained below phototherapy limits. Finally, despite the elevated DB/CB levels, the majority of patients (79%) had normal DB:TB ratios ≤0.2.

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients with BA have elevated DB/CB levels shortly after birth. To detect affected infants earlier and improve outcomes, the results suggest two possibilities: (1) screen all newborns for elevated DB/CB levels, rather than just those who appear jaundiced; and then (2) follow all newborns with elevated DB/CB levels, rather than just those with DB:TB ratios >0.2.
Dual porosity water retention curves for characterizing the effect of soil tillage
Authors: Csorba Szilveszter , Farkas Csilla , Birkás Márta
Published: November 2011

Szabadföldi kísérleteink során azt vizsgáltuk, hogy a különböző talajművelési rendszerek miként hatnak a talaj fizikai tulajdonságaira, különösen a talaj vízforgalmát jelentős mértékben meghatározó víztartóképesség-függvényekre (pF-görbékre). A talaj szerkezetét pórusméret-eloszlása alapján jellemeztük a különböző művelési rendszerekben. E célból egy- és kétpórusú pF-görbéket illesztettünk a talajművelési kezelések talajrétegeinek mért víztartóképesség-értékeire. Igazoltuk, hogy a kétpórusú pF-görbe valamennyi vizsgált kezelésben kisebb hibával illeszkedik a mért értékekre, mint az egypórusú görbe. A kétpórusú pF-görbe alapján jól elkülönült a vízforgalom szempontjából meghatározó makro- és mikropórus-tartomány, amit a művelés hatásainak értékelésére használtunk fel. Tanulmányoztuk a direktvetéses (bolygatás nélküli rendszer), a szántásos, a tárcsás és az egyéb agrotechnológiai beavatkozások hatását a talaj víztartó képességére. A művelés nélküli technológia alig változó makropórus-tartományt mutatott a különböző mélységekben, míg a szántásban a művelési mélység jól nyomon követhető volt a pórustartományok változásával. Az agrotechnológiai eljárások között eltérések voltak mind a pórusméret eloszlásában, mind a talajban található nedvességformákban. Az alkalmazott összetett függvényben a pórustartományok arányát kifejező w-érték tükrözte leginkább a talajművelések egyedi hatásait. Megállapítottuk, hogy a vizsgált termőhelyi feltételek között a mélykultivátoros művelési rendszer hozta létre a legstabilabb szerkezetű, valamint a víz- és levegőforgalmi szempontból legkedvezőbb talajállapotot.
Reverend, The Bluestocking and Freemasons Behaving Badly
Authors: Copeland Mary
Published: November 2011

In Boston, 1810, the Reverend Dr. Thaddeus Harris solicited the aid of Mrs. Hannah Crocker in answering the anti-masonic sentiments of the day, especially those of women. The resulting exchange of letters was published in the local newspaper, the Columbian Centinel. The letters provide a window on anti-masonic sentiments; attitudes towards women; the question of the purpose of societies, secret or otherwise and their place in the community; and the integration of Christian morals, values and principles into the daily life of New England at that time. Harris’ choice of Crocker initially seems straightforward, based on her position as a Boston bluestocking, but her letters are ambiguous in their endorsement of freemasonry, and when read closely, bring into question Harris’ motivations for publishing the exchange of letters. One of those motivations may have been to use the public forum for a private rebuke to masons behaving badly in the public arena. In contrast, Crocker’s motivation seems straightforward: her views on the education of women and the exclusion of women from masonry are clearly stated. She discussed her own foray into an institution ‘similar’ to freemasonry. She presented herself as a highly intelligent and educated woman, with an extensive knowledge of theology, religion and history, and did so without appearing as anything other than properly womanly by the definitions of the day. We thus have another interesting possible motive for Harris’ publication of the letters: to allow Crocker this public forum for her views. Crocker emerges as a special kind of feminist: one who is not afraid to express her opinions, and is able to do so in a way appropriate to the ideas of womanhood at the time, while harsher or more confrontational statements would likely have been disregarded by the very people they were meant to reach.
Evangelical Churches and Freemasonry in Mid-Nineteenth Century Calais, Maine and St. Stephen, New Brunswick
Authors: Lane Hannah M.
Published: November 2011

The impact of the decline and resurrection of nineteenth century freemasonry on the Canadian-American borderlands has only recently attracted scholarly attention. Antimasonry’s significance within American political history is obviously less transferrable to British North America. However, the antimasonic movement reflected broader anxieties concerning social distinctions, gender, and Christianity, especially evangelicalism. This paper explores the relationship between evangelicalism and freemasonry in New Brunswick and eastern Maine, with a particular focus on coastal communities. On the one hand, early borderlands lodges reflected the increased Christianization of American masonry, and evangelicals were divided or ambivalent concerning antimasonry. Yet antimasonry was strong enough to close nearly all New Brunswick lodges for 15 years, After the 1840s, evangelical churches began their rapprochement with freemasonry. These changes reflected not only the lessening of political controversies, but the extent to which both the fraternal and the evangelical versions of masculinity had become more socially mainstream.
Fear of Parasites: Lone Star Ticks Increase Giving-up Densities in White-Tailed Deer
Authors: Allan Brian F. , Varns Theodore S. , Chase Jonathan M.
Published: November 2011

Nonconsumptive effects of predators on their prey are extensive and diverse, with significant consequences for community structure and ecosystem function. However, despite many theoretical similarities between predator-prey and host-parasite interactions, nonconsumptive effects of parasites on their hosts remain poorly understood. Further, such effects may be of consequence to human and wildlife health, when host-parasite interactions involve hematophagous arthropods that vector infectious diseases. We used giving-up density estimation techniques to measure the response of white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus)to the risk of parasitism by lone star ticks(Amblyomma americanum), an important vector of several infectious diseases in the southeastern United States. We also deployed carnivore scent stations to estimate activity levels of potential deer predators, conducted deer dung count surveys to control for effects of deer abundance, and controlled for topographic aspect, a primary determinant of vegetative biomass and community composition. We found a significant, positive correlation between giving-up densities in deer and the densities ofA. americanum, but no effect of canid predators, deer abundance, or topographic aspect. Our results are consistent with the few other empirical examples that demonstrate nonconsumptive effects of parasites on their hosts. Considering that host-parasite interactions have enormous potential to influence the prevalence of vector-borne diseases that affect human health, incorporating indirect effects of parasites on their hosts into infectious disease ecology may be necessary to effectively mitigate disease risk.
Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Mosquito Larvae Via Alterations of Community Structure
Authors: Duquesne Sabine , Liess Matthias
Published: November 2011

We describe how pesticides used for mosquito control alter communities in mosquito breeding sites, and how these alterations affect larval populations of mosquitoes. Lethal and sublethal toxic effects modify biological interactions through density- and trait-mediated changes. Density-mediated effects due to pesticide treatment can lead to indirect positive effects on the target species. For example, recolonization of pests can be amplified due to disturbances of antagonistic species. Trait-mediated effects can result in lethal effects of originally sublethal exposure when the pesticide is combined with additional stress. Such lethal effects can result from changes of behavior or sensitivity. Also the immune capacity and resistance of individuals to parasitic infection could be decreased. Furthermore, pesticide treatment can act independently of toxic effects. For example, habitat and oviposition site selection can be influenced. These examples highlight the diversity of processes to be considered when determining the overall consequences of pesticide treatment. We show that a better understanding of these processes is needed to predict effects of pesticides on population dynamics. Such knowledge would have direct benefits in designing mosquito control strategies.
Histomorphometry of 2 Immediately Loaded Mini Implants Retrieved From Human Mandible After 3 Months: A Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy Report
Authors: Di Iorio Donato , Sinjari Bruna , Cupaiolo Roberto , Caputi Sergio , Murmura Giovanna
Published: November 2011

Today, mini implants represent an additional choice for patients and surgeons. They are largely used as anchorage when a severely resorbed mandible is to be rehabilitated with an overdenture, their major advantages being flapless, painless surgery and easy placement in thin alveolar crests without any split-crest or bone-grafting procedure. Unfortunately, the literature provides little information on histomorphometric analysis of immediately loaded mini implants placed in the posterior region of the human mandible. The aim of the present in vivo research is to carry out a histologic evaluation of the bone surrounding 2 mini implants placed in human mandible and immediately loaded with an overdenture after 12 weeks. A patient who underwent extraction of 14 periodontally compromised teeth was selected for the present study. After the extractions, 2 mini implants with ball attachment were placed in sites 19 and 30. Mini implants were immediately loaded with a temporary immediate overdenture. Three months after the extractions, the mini implants were harvested and processed for light and scanning electron microscopy. The bone-to-implant contact and the percentage of bone between the threads of the screw were, respectively, 86.3% and 72.6% for the right implant and 69.8% and 71.9 % for the left implant. Newly formed bone between the implant surface and the preexisting bone was present, with poorly represented medullary spaces. Under a scanning electron microscope it was possible to appreciate the presence of well-organized, newly formed lamellar bone with osteons in the areas near the implant body. From the present in vivo report it is possible to state that immediate load applied on mini implants, placed into the posterior regions of the mandible, leads to a clinically and histologically effective osseointegration.
Fluoride-Treated Bio-Resorbable Synthetic Hydroxyapatite Promotes Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Osteoblastic MG-63 Cells
Authors: Ohno Motofumi , Kimoto Kazunari , Toyoda Toshihisa , Kawata Kazushige , Arakawa Hirohisa
Published: November 2011

When resorbable hydroxyapatite (HA) granules, which are used as a bone supplement material, were treated in neutral 4% sodium fluoride (NaF) solution, formation of a reactant resembling calcium fluoride was observed on the surface of the granules. Immediate and slow release of fluoride from fluoridated HA (HA+F) granules was observed after immersion in culture fluid, and the concentration increased over time to 1.25 ± 0.05 ppm F at 0.5 hours, 1.57 ± 0.12 ppm F at 24 hours, and 1.73 ± 0.15 ppm F at 48 hours. On invasion assay, migration of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells exposed to the released fluoride was confirmed in comparison to the cells incubated with a nonfluoridated control sample (P < .01). In addition, fluoride added to the medium increased MG-63 cell proliferation in a manner dependent on fluoride concentrations up to 2.0 ppm (P < .05). At 5.0 ppm, however, fluoride significantly inhibited cell proliferation (P < .005). Activity of the osteogenic differentiation marker, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), also increased with fluoride after exposure for 1 week, increasing significantly at 1.0 ppm (P < .05). The promotion of MG-63 cell migration and proliferation, as well as increased ALP activity, suggested that fluoride released from the surface of resorbable HA granules, which were fluoridated by prior treatment with neutral 4% NaF solution, can provide a superb method to supply fluoride and promote osteogenic cell differentiation.
Feeding Preference for and Impact on an Invasive Weed (Crepis tectorum) by a Native, Generalist Insect Herbivore, Melanoplus borealis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Fielding Dennis J , Conn Jeffery S
Published: November 2011

Crepis tectorum L., narrow leaf hawksbeard, first was collected in Alaska in 1974 and by 2004 was a common weed in agricultural fields. Introduction and establishment of a new plant species in a region represents a potential new resource for herbivores, as well as a new competitor for plant species already present. Objectives of this study were to determine the preference for C. tectorum, relative to other common plant species, by Melanoplus borealis (Fieber), a generalist herbivore grasshopper common in Alaska, and to determine the potential impact of grasshoppers on this weed. In choice tests, M. borealis preferred C. tectorum over two native forbs, and a grass species, but dandelion, Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers, was preferred over C. tectorum. In field cages, in each of 3 yr, grasshoppers reduced biomass of mature plants, flowers, and seedlings of C. tectorum, but not other forbs. We conclude that this weed is a readily accepted new food resource for generalist-feeding grasshoppers, and although grasshoppers could potentially limit seed production of C. tectorum, generally grasshopper densities are not high enough to have significant impact on the weed populations.
New Fossil Heloridae and Mesoserphidae Wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea) from the Middle Jurassic of China
Authors: Shih Chungkun , Feng Hua , Ren Dong
Published: November 2011

One new genus with a new species assigned to the subfamily Mesohelorinae in the Heloridae, Archaeohelorus hoi, gen. et sp. nov., and two new genera with four new species assigned to the subfamily Mesoserphinae in the Mesoserphidae—Sinoserphus wui gen. et sp. nov.; Sinoserphus shihae, sp. nov.; Sinoserphus lillianae, sp. nov.; and Yanliaoserphus jurassicus, gen. et sp. nov.—are described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. Here, we document the earliest fossil records hitherto of helorid and mesoserphid wasps, extending their existence to the Middle Jurassic. It is proposed that Heloridae and Mesoserphidae might have originated from northeastern China. Morphological changes of their antennae, wing venation, and metasoma based on current knowledge are discussed.
Phototherapy and the benefits of LEDs
Authors: Lim Sungkyoo
Published: November 2011

Abstract— Light sources with wavelengths from near‐UV to near‐IR can cure skin diseases, relieve pain in the body, reduce wrinkles on the skin, treat acne on the face, grow hairs on head, and heal various kinds of other diseases. This is called phototherapy. Near‐UV, visible, and near‐IR LEDs now enable phototherapy viable for personal use because of the possibility of controlling the intensity of LED light with specific wavelengths. The medical applications of LEDs for phototherapy are reviewed.
Remedial Treatment Cures Induced Fracture/Formation Damages to Rejuvenate Frac’d Well
Authors: Siddiqui Fareed I. , Salam Abdul , Mansur Sheharyar , Noor Sameer Mustafa
Published: November 2011

A fracturing campaign was carried out in Adhi Gas Condensate Field to improve deliverability from selected low productivity wells, some suspected to be suffering from condensate banking. Tobra interval of Adhi12(T/K), the deepest well in the pop up structure, was hydraulically fractured successfully by placing 133,000 lbs of proppant into the formation. Well flow back was conducted yielding disappointing results contrary to the offset well experiences in the field. Despite extensive and continuous nitrogen lifting, the well produced at minimal liquid rates (50bbl/Day) with very high BS&W (80 - 90%). Polymer (Kill/Frac Fluids) induced fracture/formation damage, calcium carbonate pills (LCM) and deposition of organic scales inducing damage and a possible water block were suspected as likely factors restricting the well potential.

This paper presents the investigative work, planning and implementation of a remedial treatment that helped successfully revive production from Adhi-12(T/K) Tobra, a well which failed to deliver the anticipated post frac potential.

Aromatic Solvents, used in combination with concentrated organic acid and mutual solvents served to create a strong hydrophilic environment in the, now stimulated, critical matrix. Post remedial treatment production from the well resulted in up to 350 BBL/Day of fluids producing at ~60% BS&W. Nature and volume of the high percentage water however proves to be a concern. No Hydrocarbon-Water Contact at the two reservoir levels has yet been encountered in the field.
Effective and Eco-Efficient Pipe Inspection in Heavy Mud Environment Using Induced Electro-Magnetic Measurement (EMDS)
Authors: Ahmed Riaz-ud-Din , Rana Mohammad Arif , Pamungkas Andri , Sajjad Irfan
Published: November 2011

Well AA was spud on December 2008 and drilled to 16,432 ft (side track-2) in the Eocene formation. In 6" hole, 5" liner was set from 15,498 ft – 16,426 ft. During circulation prior to cementing job, the circulation ceased due to plugging and the circulation had to be aborted. In order to find out the reason for plugging cement evaluation log was carried out, which showed strong barite settling behind bottom section of 5" liner.

After extending 7" liner to surface, 92 ft (selective) of Sakesar / Nammal & Patala formations were perforated. While homogenizing mud, gas cut was observed, subsequently mud weight was increase to 17.1 ppg. 7" permanent packer with 2-7/8" tail (207’ long) was set at 15,424 ft. Well was completed with 3 ½" tubing along with gauge adaptor and PTSV.

15K Flow head was installed on April 2010. Coiled tubing was run and 17.1 ppg mud in tubing was displaced with 12 ppg to 7,500 ft, observed no flow. Lowered CT down to 10,000 ft and hole volume was displaced with 9 ppg gel when the well started to flow strong gas. The onsite compositional analysis showed 7% H2S. In order to meet the critical differential on 7" casing below the packer, the choke was reduced to 6/64" (WHP 5000-5150 Psi). CT was pulled out of hole. The well was S/I and the WHSIP increased to 10,162 psi. In view of high shut in pressure and the presence of high H2S concentration it was deemed prudent to discontinue the test. Therefore the well was shut-in from down hole PTSV.

The tubing string above the PTSV was displaced with 18.2 ppg mud using CT. The tubing along with DGA was pulled out (Max BHP 13,102 Psi and Max BHT 308 °F at 15324 ft). After milling permanent packer, homogenized 18.2 ppg mud against perforations. 5" bridge plug was set at 15,632 ft, capped with cement plug (top of cement at 15136 ft). RIH 3 ½" open ended tubing to 13,158 ft. N/D BOP and N/Up X-Mas tree. Well temporarily suspended and rig released on May 2010.

On March 2011 the company decided to bring work over rig to re-complete the well with a new completion string. The integrity of the liner and casing was in question. Some pressure build up was also monitored in annulus between casings. Pipe inspection was needed to evaluate integrity of the liner and casing. The need to monitor the condition of second pipe behind first pipe filled with heavy mud weight (17.2 ppg), eliminated the option of using standard acoustic pipe inspection tool.
Foam Sticks Application to Increase Production and Encapsulated Inhibitors to Mitigate Corrosion & Scale Formation
Authors: Watson Duncan. K. , Khan Muzaffar a. , Qureshi M. Anas
Published: November 2011

The prime objective of presenting this paper is to disseminate experience so as to optimize treatments to increase hydrocarbon production and to protect downhole assets from producing oil and gas wells. The authors want to share their pertinent experience for application to increase production, reduce corrosion and scale formation down hole with effectiveness and pecuniary advantages to the Operators.

"Knowing Your Wells". This is an important criterion. With the correct knowledge, targeting the correct type of wells and when to charge the well with foam sticks can increase production by as much as 25-30%. Secondly, the encapsulated inhibitors application are an inexpensive choice for bottom hole treatment applications against scale and corrosion. The application of Gas and Foam sticks and encapsulated inhibitors are a low cost method compared with Oil field standard techniques. The well selection criteria depend on well completions, bottom-hole configuration, well integrity, flowing parameters and fluid constituents.

Oil and Gas wells can be internally protected and therefore sustaining production with less intervention, resulting in considerable reduction in maintenance costs using these methods. Also both these techniques can be used in conjunction with other procedures, for example, after coil tubing jobs, immediately charge the well with the appropriate encapsulated inhibitor. In the case of Foam sticks as pressures drop and flow decreases, using the foam stick technique can keep the well flowing at the higher production rates. Both these techniques are not a solution to every problem well but when used in the correct manner on suitable wells with the correct treatment, increase in production is achieved with a considerable reduction in CapEx & OpEx.
Resource recovery from source separated domestic waste(water) streams; full scale results
Authors: Zeeman Grietje , Kujawa-Roeleveld Katarzyna
Published: November 2011

A major fraction of nutrients emitted from households are originally present in only 1% of total wastewater volume. New sanitation concepts enable the recovery and reuse of these nutrients from feces and urine. Two possible sanitation concepts are presented, with varying degree of source separation leading to various recovery products. Separate vacuum collection and transport followed by anaerobic treatment of concentrated black water (BW) demonstrated on a scale of 32 houses preserve 7.6 g/N/p/d and 0.63 gP/p/d amounting to respectively 69 and 48% of the theoretically produced N and P in the household, and 95% of the retained P was shown to be recoverable via struvite precipitation. Reuse of the anaerobic sludge in agriculture can substantially increase the P recovery. Energy recovery in the form of biogas from anaerobic digestion of concentrated BW, fits well in new concepts of sustainable, zero energy buildings. Nutrient recovery from separately collected urine lowers the percentage of nutrient recovery in comparison with BW but can, on the other hand, often be implemented in existing sanitation concepts. Theoretically 11gN/p/d and 1.0 g P/p/d are produced with urine, of which 38–63 and 34–61% were recovered in practice on a scale of 8–160 inhabitants in Sweden. New sanitation concepts with resource recovery and reuse are being demonstrated worldwide and more and more experience is being gained.
Floating treatment wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment
Authors: Faulwetter J. L. , Burr M. D. , Cunningham A. B. , Stewart F. M. , Camper A. K. , Stein O. R.
Published: November 2011

Floating islands are a form of treatment wetland characterized by a mat of synthetic matrix at the water surface into which macrophytes can be planted and through which water passes. We evaluated two matrix materials for treating domestic wastewater, recycled plastic and recycled carpet fibers, for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removal. These materials were compared to pea gravel or open water (control). Experiments were conducted in laboratory scale columns fed with synthetic wastewater containing COD, organic and inorganic nitrogen, and mineral salts. Columns were unplanted, naturally inoculated, and operated in batch mode with continuous recirculation and aeration. COD was efficiently removed in all systems examined (>90% removal). Ammonia was efficiently removed by nitrification. Removal of total dissolved N was ∼50% by day 28, by which time most remaining nitrogen was present as NO3-N. Complete removal of NO3-N by denitrification was accomplished by dosing columns with molasses. Microbial communities of interest were visualized with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) by targeting specific functional genes. Shifts in the denitrifying community were observed post-molasses addition, when nitrate levels decreased. The conditioning time for reliable nitrification was determined to be approximately three months. These results suggest that floating treatment wetlands are a viable alternative for domestic wastewater treatment.
Evaluation of sludge properties in a pilot-scale UASB reactor for sewage treatment in a temperate region
Authors: Syutsubo K. , Yoochatchaval W. , Tsushima I. , Araki N. , Kubota K. , Onodera T. , Takahashi M. , Yamaguchi T. , Yoneyama Y.
Published: November 2011

In this study, continuous operation of a pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for sewage treatment was conducted for 630 days to investigate the physical and microbial characteristics of the retained sludge. The UASB reactor with a working volume of 20.2 m3 was operated at ambient temperature (16–29 °C) and seeded with digested sludge. After 180 days of operation, when the sewage temperature had dropped to 20 °C or lower, the removal efficiency of both total suspended solids (TSS) and total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) deteriorated due to washout of retained sludge. At low temperature, the cellulose concentration of the UASB sludge increased owing to the rate limitation of the hydrolytic reaction of suspended solids in the sewage. However, after an improvement in sludge retention (settleability and concentration) in the UASB reactor, the process performance stabilized and gave sufficient results (68% of TSS removal, 75% of total BOD removal) at an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9.7 h. The methanogenic activity of the retained sludge significantly increased after day 246 due to the accumulation of Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium following the improvement in sludge retention in the UASB reactor. Acid-forming bacteria from phylum Bacteroidetes were detected at high frequency; thus, these bacteria may have an important role in suspended solids degradation.
A Multicenter Study of Bipolar Disorder among Emergency Department Patients in Latin-American Countries
Authors: Castilla-Puentes Ruby , Secin Ricardo , Grau Arturo , Galeno Roxanna , de Mello Marcelo Feijo , Castilla-Puentes Sandra , Castilla-Puentes Wilma , Sanchez-Russi Carlos A.
Published: November 2011

Objective:

This multicenter study estimated the prevalence of bipolar disorder (BPD) among emergency department (ED) patients in Latin America.

Methods:

To identify patients with BPD, a combination of DSM IV-criteria interview and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) was used. Data from 1,505 patients from hospitals in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico was analyzed.

Results:

The prevalence of BPD in this sample was 5.2% (95% CI=4.5% to 6.9%). The mean age was 37 years (response rate of 83.0%). Compared to non-BPD patients, BPD patients were more likely to report asthma (16.7% vs. 9%), thyroid problems (12.8% vs. 5.8%), seizures (23.1% vs. 3.0%), obesity (39.7% vs. 26.9%), alcohol abuse (30.8% vs. 10.0%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (50.0% vs. 12.0%), depression (81.6% vs. 45.7%), obsessive compulsive disorder (20.1% vs. 3.0%), panic disorders (23.1% vs. 12.3%), phobic disorders (11.2% vs. 3.1%), and any anxiety disorder (82.1 % vs. 41.8%; all p ⩽ 0.05). Suicidal plans and attempts were also significant higher in the bipolar group (11.5% vs. 2.8% and 10.3% vs. 1.8% respectively). Multivariate analysis identified ADHD, depression, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorder, and last month suicide plans and attempts to be independently associated with BPD.

Conclusion:

Our study supports that BPD is prevalent in ED in Latin-American countries and that comorbidity is the rule, not the exception. Patients presenting at ED with irritability, anxiety, pressure speech, euphoria, with suicidal tendencies, involved in risky behaviors, alcohol abuse, dependence or those with history of mental health hospitalization in the past 12 months must be assessed for comorbid BPD.
Identification and Treatment of Depression in Minority Populations
Authors: Dejesus Stania A. , Diaz Vanessa A. , Gonsalves Wanda C. , Carek Peter J.
Published: November 2011

Depression is a common condition, representing close to 6% of visits to primary care providers. Although minorities are more likely to have chronic depression, they are more likely to be incorrectly diagnosed and less likely to receive treatment when compared to the mainstream population. Screening and appropriate treatment within primary care is recommended in clinical practices that have systems in place to assure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up. This recommendation is especially relevant for treatment of minority populations, as they are more likely to seek care for mental health problems from primary care providers rather than specialists. A number of self-report screening tools that simplify screening are available. Treatment modalities that are supported by evidence are psychotherapy, prescription medications, and electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have become the cornerstone of therapy for depression since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of fluoxetine in 1987. No substantial differences in efficacy of SSRIs have been found, although data suggest differences with respect to onset of action and adverse effects that may be relevant in the choice of one medicine over another. Common side effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors include nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, somnolence and dizziness, akathisia, and sexual dysfunction. While most of these symptoms tend to subside within several weeks of use, sexual dysfunction appears to be a long-term side effect that typically reverses within a few days after discontinuation of the causative medication. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), bupropion, mirtazapine, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are other commonly used medications. Complementary and alternative treatments, such as St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum), exercise, acupuncture, music therapy, and relaxation, have limited data supporting their efficacy.
Editor's Note
Authors: Young Dennis R.
Published: November 2011

This note provides an overview of Volume 2, Issue 2 of Nonprofit Policy Forum.
Inhibiting effect of acetonitrile on oxygen reduction on polycrystalline pt electrode in sodium chloride solution
Authors: Smiljanic Milutin , Srejic Irina , Marinovic Vedrana , Rakocevic Zlatko , Strbac Svetlana
Published: November 2011

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied on the polycrystalline Pt
electrode in 0.1 M NaCl electrolyte containing various amounts of
acetonitrile (AcN). The state of the electrode surface was characterized by
the cyclic voltammetry in oxygen free electrolytes, while ORR studies were
performed on the polycrystalline Pt rotating disc electrode by the linear
sweep voltammetry in oxygen saturated electrolytes. The acetonitrile is
chemisorbed on Pt over a wide potential range, inhibiting both hydrogen
adsorption and oxide formation. The extent of AcN chemisorption depends on
its concentration in the solution. Initial potential of oxygen reduction is
shifted negatively, while the ORR current is increasingly reduced with the
increase of AcN concentration. Complete inhibition of ORR in the potential
range of AcN and Cl-anion coadsorption is achieved for (0.1 M NaCl + 1 M AcN)
solution.
Recent advances on the measurement and calculation of the elastic moduli of cortical and trabecular bone: A review
Authors: Novitskaya Ekaterina , Chen Po-Yu , Hamed Elham , Jun Li , Lubarda Vlado , Jasiuk Iwona , Mckittrick Joanna
Published: November 2011

In this review, recent advances on the measurement and modeling of elastic
properties of cortical and trabecular bone are presented. Bone is a
multifunctional material which among its other functions serves as a support
for other tissues in the body. As a structural material it is stiff, strong,
tough, lightweight and is adaptable. Its excellent mechanical properties are
due to its complex, composite and hierarchical structure. In this paper, we
outline the experimental approaches that have been used to characterize
bone?s structure, composition and elastic properties at several different
length scales. Then, we discuss different modeling approaches that have been
employed to compute bone?s elastic moduli. We conclude by discussing the
challenges and open issues in this area. Analysis of bone is of importance in
orthopedics. Also, gained knowledge on bone can be used by engineers to
design new bioinspired composite materials for a wide range of engineering
applications.
A New Diketopiperazine, Cyclo-(4-S-hydroxy-R-proline-R-isoleucine), from an Australian Specimen of the Sponge Stelletta sp.
Authors: Ovenden Simon P. B. , Nielson Jonathan L. , Liptrot Catherine H. , Willis Richard H. , Tapiolas Dianne M. , Wright Anthony D. , Motti Cherie A.
Published: November 2011

While investigating the cytotoxic activity of the methanol extract of an Australian marine sponge Stelletta sp. (Demospongiae), a new diketopiperazine, cyclo-(4-S-hydroxy-R-proline-R-isoleucine) (1), was isolated together with the known bengamides; A (2), F (3), N (4), Y (5), and bengazoles; Z (6), C4 (7) and C6 (8). The isolation and structure elucidation of the diketopiperazine (1), together with the activity of 1–8 against a panel of human and mammalian cell lines are discussed.