bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in Electric Brain Responses to Melodies and Chords
Authors: Koelsch Stefan , Jentschke Sebastian
Published: August 2009

The music we usually listen to in everyday life consists of either single melodies or harmonized melodies (i.e., of melodies “accompanied” by chords). However, differences in the neural mechanisms underlying melodic and harmonic processing have remained largely unknown. Using EEG, this study compared effects of music-syntactic processing between chords and melodies. In melody blocks, sequences consisted of five tones, the final tone being either regular or irregular (p = .5). Analogously, in chord blocks, sequences consisted of five chords, the final chord function being either regular or irregular. Melodies were derived from the top voice of chord sequences, allowing a proper comparison between melodic and harmonic processing. Music-syntactic incongruities elicited an early anterior negativity with a latency of approximately 125 msec in both the melody and the chord conditions. This effect was followed in the chord condition, but not in the melody condition, by an additional negative effect that was maximal at approximately 180 msec. Both effects were maximal at frontal electrodes, but the later effect was more broadly distributed over the scalp than the earlier effect. These findings indicate that melodic information (which is also contained in the top voice of chords) is processed earlier and with partly different neural mechanisms than harmonic information of chords.
Conceptual Priming and Familiarity: Different Expressions of Memory during Recognition Testing with Distinct Neurophysiological Correlates
Authors: Voss Joel L. , Lucas Heather D. , Paller Ken A.
Published: August 2009

Familiarity and recollection are qualitatively different explicit-memory phenomena evident during recognition testing. Investigations of the neurocognitive substrates of familiarity and recollection, however, have typically disregarded implicit-memory processes likely to be engaged during recognition tests. We reasoned that differential neural responses to old and new items in a recognition test may reflect either explicit or implicit memory. Putative neural correlates of familiarity in prior experiments, for example, may actually reflect contamination by implicit memory. In two experiments, we used obscure words that subjects could not formally define to tease apart electrophysiological correlates of familiarity and one form of implicit memory, conceptual priming. In Experiment 1, conceptual priming was observed for words only if they elicited meaningful associations. In Experiment 2, two distinct neural signals were observed in conjunction with familiarity-based recognition: late posterior potentials for words that both did and did not elicit meaningful associations and FN400 potentials only for the former. Given that symbolic meaning is a prerequisite for conceptual priming, the combined results specifically link late posterior potentials and FN400 potentials with familiarity and conceptual priming, respectively. These findings contradict previous interpretations of FN400 potentials as generic signals of familiarity and show that repeated stimuli in recognition tests can engender facilitated processing of conceptual information in addition to retrieval processing that leads to the awareness of memory retrieval. The different characteristics of the electrical markers of these two types of process further underscore the biological validity of the distinction between implicit memory and explicit memory.
ITS-RFLP analysis, an efficient tool for differentiation of Bursaphelenchus species
Authors: Burgermeister Wolfgang , Braasch Helen , Metge Kai , Gu Jianfeng , Schröder Thomas , Woldt Elvira
Published: August 2009

Restriction analysis of amplified ribosomal ITS sequences has provided
species-specific fragment patterns for nematodes of several genera,
including Bursaphelenchus. We used restriction enzymes RsaI, HaeIII, MspI,
HinfI and AluI to produce ITS-RFLP reference profiles of 44 Bursaphelenchus
species, including two intraspecific types in each of B. mucronatus and B.
leoni. In addition, reference profiles of Aphelenchoides stammeri and
Ruehmaphelenchus asiaticus were produced. Reference profiles of six species
are shown here for the first time. Identical ITS-RFLP patterns were usually
obtained from different isolates and from individual specimens of the same
species. However, in the case of B. 'corneolus', B. lini, B. singaporensis
and B. sexdentati, additional bands in the patterns of certain isolates or
individual nematodes were observed which may be explained by ITS sequence
microheterogeneity, i.e., the presence of ITS sequence variants within the
number of rDNA tandem repeats. Since these 'extra' bands appeared only with
one out of the five restriction enzymes employed, they did not seriously
impair identification of species based on the overall reference patterns.
ITS-RFLP analysis has proved valuable for differentiation of the pathogenic
pine wood nematode, B. xylophilus, from related species. In many recent
descriptions of new Bursaphelenchus species, ITS-RFLP profiles have been
used as additional species identification criteria. Comparison of profiles
from isolates of many different origins has provided new information on
intraspecific types or genetically distinct provenances of several
Bursaphelenchus species.
Antioxidant enzymes in (a)virulent populations of root-knot nematodes
Authors: Molinari Sergio
Published: August 2009

Assays of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), have been carried out on extracts of females and second-stage juveniles (J2) of a pair of Meloidogyne incognita isolates, one virulent and one avirulent, selected on tomato, and an avirulent field population of M. incognita. Catalase and SOD activity were found to be higher in extracts of the virulent isolate SM1 when compared with the avirulent counterparts. Peroxidase activity, assayed with o-dianisidine as the substrate, was enhanced in SM1 J2 compared with the avirulent avr1 J2. Catalase isozymes were separated by isoelectrofocusing into a very acidic and a basic isoform; this latter isoform was found to be responsible for the enhancement of catalase activity in virulent populations. SOD isozyme electrophoresis patterns (IEP) of root-knot nematodes, obtained by native PAGE, showed the presence of slow- and fast-migrating bands. SOD IEP of virulent females contained a slow-migrating band with a relative mobility (Rm) on the gels slightly higher (0.52) than the corresponding band from avirulent populations (0.50). This change was confirmed with native PAGE gels loaded with extracts from J2. To check how widespread this change is in field populations of RKN, a survey of SOD IEP from 12 RKN field (a)virulent populations was carried out. The specificity of the 0.52 Rm band for virulent populations was confirmed. Separation by native PAGE of peroxidases, stained either by o-dianisidine or diamino-benzidine, showed two isoforms with no apparent differences between the populations tested.
Steinernema australe n. sp. (Panagrolaimomorpha: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Isla Magdalena, Chile
Authors: Edgington Steve , Buddie Alan G. , Tymo Lukasz , Hunt David J. , Nguyen Khuong B. , France Andrés I. , Merino Loreto M. , Moore Dave
Published: August 2009

A new species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema australe n. sp., was
isolated from a soil sample taken close to the beach on Isla Magdalena, an
island in the Pacific Ocean, 2 km from mainland Chile. Morphologically the
new species belongs to the glaseri-group and is characterised by
morphometrics of the infective juvenile which has a very long body of 1316
(1162-1484) μm, excretory pore located far posterior to the anterior
extremity (110 (95-125) μm), exceptionally long tail of 103 (92-114) μm, H%
= 51 (42-61), E% = 107 (94-122) and a ratio = 35 (31-38). The first
generation male has 72 (55-78) μm long spicules, a 45 (36-51) μm long
gubernaculum and SW% = 172 (118-196). The first generation female can be
recognised by well developed double epiptygmata, the lack of a prominent
postanal swelling, a mucron on the tail tip and (in 60% of individuals) one
to two subsidiary mucrons. Sequences of the ITS and D2D3 regions of the
ribosomal DNA confirm that S. australe n. sp. is a valid species.
Acrostichus rhynchophori n. sp. (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae): a phoretic associate of Rhynchophorus cruentatus Fabricius and R. palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Americas
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Zeng Yongsan , Ye Weimin , Center Barbara J.
Published: August 2009

Acrostichus dauer larvae (JIII) were recovered during dissections of the
palmetto weevil, Rhynchophorus cruentatus, from southern Florida, and the
palm weevil, R. palmarum, from Colombia, Costa Rica and Trinidad. Based upon
morphological and molecular studies, the four isolates are conspecific and
are described herein as A. rhynchophori n. sp. Acrostichus rhynchophori n.
sp. is characterised by narrow, flap-like dorsal tooth, female gonads not
reflexed to the level of the vulva, male spicule and gubernaculum
morphology, i.e., spicule with small and indistinct manubrium embedded in
lamina/calomus complex, strong expansion just posterior to manubrium and
smoothly curved and smoothly tapered lamina/calomus complex, and
gubernaculum with claw-like anterior end in lateral view and three distal
branches in ventral view. The new species is distinguished from A. superbus
by morphology of the spicule and gubernaculum. Type specimens of four other
Acrostichus species, originally described from bark beetles from North
America, i.e., A. concolor, A. gubernatus, A. ponderosus and A. taedus, were
re-examined and photo-documented.
Human rights, politics and intercountry adoption
Authors: Roby Jini L. , Ife Jim
Published: August 2009

English

Intercountry adoption, once viewed as a means of international charity, has recently been challenged by political and economic forces, leading to vio lation of human rights. The authors compare the experiences of two sending countries – Romania and the Marshall Islands – and suggest the utilization of a bottom-up human rights approach.

French

L’adoption internationale, autrefois vue comme un moyen d’oeuvre de bienfaisance internationale, a récemment été mise en cause par des forces politiques et économiques, comme concourant à la violation de droits de l’homme. Les auteurs comparent les expériences de deux pays d’origine – la Roumanie et les Iles Marshall – et suggèrent l’utilisation d’une approche intégrée des droits de l’homme, de la base au sommet.

Spanish

La adopción entre países, una vez que se ha visto como significado de caridad internacional, ha sido un reto reciente para las fuerzas políticas y económicas, principalmente en lo que se refiere a la violación de los derechos humanos. Los autores comparan las experiencias de dos países emisores – Rumanía y las Islas Marshall – y sugieren la utilización de un acercamiento al fondo de los derechos humanos.
Elastic Foundation Analysis of Tilted Sandwich Debond (TSD) Specimen
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Carlsson Leif A.
Published: August 2009

The tilted sandwich debond (TSD) specimen for characterizing debonding of a sandwich structure is analyzed using elastic foundation theory. The face sheet is considered as a cantilever beam in the debonded region of the specimen and as a beam of finite length supported by an elastic foundation in the bonded region. An analytical model for the beam deflection is developed that may be utilized for design of the specimen, fracture analysis, and data reduction of face/core debond toughness. A parametric investigation was conducted to examine how material and geometrical parameters of the constituents of the sandwich and test configuration influence the compliance of the TSD specimen. Testing was performed on a sandwich consisting of glass/vinylester face sheets over a H200 PVC foam core. The compliance predictions for this and a previously examined sandwich agreed favorably with experimental data over a large range of crack lengths and tilt angles. The debond toughness reduced from experimentally calibrated compliance and from the foundation model was consistent.
Mold Filling Simulation of Sandwich Composite Structures Manufactured by Liquid Molding: A Parametric Study
Authors: Nedanov Pavel , Advani Suresh G.
Published: August 2009

The mold filling stage in the manufacturing of sandwich composite structures with fiber reinforced foam core was studied with numerical simulations. Three different geometries of sandwich core reinforcement were considered in the form of fiber layers forming angles of 450 or 900 with the facings or in the form of equally spaced separate strands (webs). The influence of variable core and face reinforcement permeability and location of the injecting edge on the flow front progression and filling time was explored. The results suggest that permeability of the core has a significant influence on filling pattern and mold filling time. Experimental and predicted flow front developments and flow rates for a radial injection case under constant pressure were compared.
Modelling of Crushing Due to Impact in Honeycomb Sandwiches
Authors: Horrigan D. P. W. , Aitken R. R. , Moltschaniwskyj G.
Published: August 2009

Because of high stiffness and strength to weight ratios, composite sandwiches are being used increasingly, especially in aerospace applications. The main drawback of sandwich components is their relatively low resistance to impact damage and the extent to which their strength is reduced under compressive loading after impact. As part of a wider study aimed at increasing the impact resistance of sandwich panels, a continuum damage model is proposed. The model developed describes the compressive behaviour of honeycombs made from materials that are prone to elastic buckling. The material behaviour in compression is described by a combination of three distinct constitutive models, namely elastic, elastic continuum damage and an inelastic strain accumulation model. This has been interfaced with a commercial finite element package to model soft body impacts onto a minimum gauge honeycomb core sandwich. Results from analysis are compared to experimental data and the correlation is found to be very good.
Elliptical and Circular Cylindrical Sandwich Shells with Different Facings
Authors: Birman Victor , Simitses George J.
Published: August 2009

The Sanders-type theory of elliptical sandwich shells with different facings is formulated. The governing equations account for transverse shear strains and for rotations about the normal to the middle surface of the shell. The constitutive equations correspond to a sandwich shell where each facing is formed of an even number of regular symmetrically laminated layers. Accordingly, the matrix of extensional, coupling and bending stiffnesses is fully populated, except for the elements A16 and A26 that are equal to zero. In addition, a geometrically nonlinear formulation is presented for an elliptical facing resting on an elastic foundation, based on the Sanders nonlinear shell theory. In this formulation, the rotations about the normal to the middle surface as well as transverse shear strains are disregarded. Both the governing equations for the sandwich shell and the nonlinear solution for a facing are reduced to the corresponding results for a circular cylindrical shell if the radius of curvature of the shell is constant.

Numerical examples are presented for the problem of buckling of a long cylindrical shell subjected to a lateral pressure. This solution, developed by using the energy method, illustrates the penalty involved in using different facings, which may nevertheless be necessary to improve the design by reinforcing the facing exposed to low-velocity impact and other loads.
Numerical Analysis of a Novel Thermoplastic Sandwich Core Material
Authors: Tuan Christopher Y. , Sierakowski Robert L.
Published: August 2009

A numerical investigation of the behavior of a novel thermoplastic honeycomb core material was conducted. This sandwich core material, known as Norcore, consists of interconnected cells in a unique configuration of truncated pyramid with sloping cell walls. A finite element model of the unit cell structure was constructed using shell elements. Mechanical properties of polycarbonate core specimens of 25.4 mm and 50.8 mm thickness without facings reported by the manufacturer were used for comparisons with finite element analysis.
Failure Modes and Load Transfer in Sandwich T-Joints
Authors: Turaga U. V. R. S. , Sun C. T.
Published: August 2009

Various T-joints of composite sandwich panels were investigated. The corresponding modes of failure at the joint were identified. The key modes of failure include debonding between the two sandwich components to be joined, debonding between the attachment and the sandwich panel, and cracking in the core of the sandwich. A new type of T-joint incorporating an aluminum U-channel in the web sandwich was found to provide much improvement over the conventional circular fillet T-joint. Two types of bolted joints were also studied to investigate the effectiveness of using bolts for suppressing debonding at the joint. It was shown that using bolts in a circular fillet joint could cause early failure in the core and would not help much to increase the ultimate joint strength. The experimental failure modes of the tested joints were explained with the help of FE analysis.
Buckling and Nonlinear Response of Sandwich Curved Panels to Combined Mechanical Loads-Implications of Face-Sheet Elastic Tailoring
Authors: Librescu Liviu , Hause Terry , Johnson Theodore F.
Published: August 2009

Results concerning the linear and nonlinear static response of curved sandwich panels to combined mechanical loads are addressed, and in this context, the implications of elastically tailored face-sheets upon the enhancement of their load carrying capacity are emphasized.

The analysis is based on a geometrically nonlinear theory of shallow sandwich shells restricted to the case of small strains and moderately small rotations.

In addition to the implications of ply-angle, ply-sequence and ply-thickness of composite face-sheets, those related with the panel curvature and aspect ratio on their buckling and nonlinear static response are analyzed, and pertinent conclusions are outlined.
A 3D Zig-Zag Sublaminate Model for Analysis of Thermal Stresses in Laminated Composite and Sandwich Plates
Authors: Pantano Antonio , Averill Ronald C.
Published: August 2009

A laminated plate theory and 3D finite element model based on first-order zig-zag sublaminate approximations are presented for thermal stress analysis of composite laminates and sandwich plates. The finite element is developed with the topology of an eight-noded brick, allowing the thickness of the plate to be discretized into several elements, or sublaminates, where each sublaminate can contain more than one physical layer. The temperature field is first computed by a thermal model, where the through-thickness distribution of temperature is assumed to vary linearly within each ply, and continuity of transverse flux at ply interfaces is enforced analytically. Similarly, the in-plane displacement fields in each sublaminate are assumed to be piecewise linear functions and vary in a zig-zag fashion through the thickness of the sublaminate. The zig-zag functions are evaluated by enforcing the continuity of transverse shear stresses at layer interfaces. The formulation also enforces continuity of the transverse normal stresses, a key to accurate 3D predictions of the thermal stresses. The novel features of the formulation allow accurate and efficient prediction of the distribution of temperatures, displacements and stresses in laminated plates and sandwich plates wherein the plies have dissimilar thermal and/or structural properties.
Effect of Material Anisotropy on the Sound and Vibration Transmission Loss of Sandwich Aircraft Structures
Authors: Thamburaj Priya , Sun J. Q.
Published: August 2009

This paper presents a preliminary study of sound transmission loss of sandwich aircraft structures for global transportation applications. A review of the literature on the related research is given. Some research issues are identified that are important to reducing interior noise of aircraft. Results of vibration and sound transmission loss are presented for a sandwich beam with anisotropy skin and core materials. The study has found a significant increase of the transmission loss for the sandwich beam with anisotropy materials as compared with isotropic ones. This work may ultimately lead to a new way of designing sandwich structures with high vibration and noise isolation performance.
Insert Integration in Thermoplastic-Based Foam Core Sandwich Components
Authors: Mcgarva Lance D. , Åström B. Tomas
Published: August 2009

A method of integrating a recycled thermoplastic full-core insert into a compression molded thermoplastic sandwich component is studied and found to produce structurally very capable inserts. Pre-consolidated glass/polyamide 12 (PA12) faces. polymethacrylimide rigid foam core and recycled glass/PA12 inserts are used in the present study. The influence of insert temperature and insertion force on the transverse tensile strength of the insert/sandwich component is investigated and characterized using a pull-out test. Higher strength specimens failed by core shear at some distance from the insert. This behavior results from the non-linear geometrical and material behavior of the specimens observed during pull-out testing. Fracture resistance around the insert is likely increased o ing to core densification which also contributes to this behavior.
Buckling of a Thin Face Layer on Winkler Foundation with Debonds
Authors: Niu K. , Talreja R.
Published: August 2009

The buckling behavior of a face layer debonded locally from the core of a sandwich panel is analyzed by considering a Euler beam on Winkler foundation with debonds subjected to in-plane compression. Exact closed form solutions of the buckling load and mode shape are obtained, and corresponding numerical results are given to illustrate the solution. Results indicate that the wrinkling wavelength of the perfectly bonded face layer can be used as an appropriate characteristic length for normalizing the debond length of a relatively long face layer. The effects of length and location of debonds and the end constraints of the face layer on the load carrying capacity are discussed. Interactive effects due to two debonds and the overlapping of debond faces are also studied. A master curve based on a classical solution is developed by employing the new normalization of the debond length. A modification to the usual Winkler foundation constants is made for an isotropic core, and it agrees very well with published results of a finite element analysis.
Elastic Deflection of Thin-Walled Sandwich Panel
Authors: Lok T. S. , Cheng Q. H.
Published: August 2009

Derived expressions of equivalent elastic constants of a truss-core sandwich panel are presented in this paper. The truss-core sandwich panel is similar to conventional sandwich systems, but the panel eliminates most of the attendant problems associated with the fabrication process of conventional sandwich systems. The 3-D trusscore sandwich panel is transformed into an orthotropic thick plate continuum for which 2- D closed-form and 2-D finite element solutions are obtained. Comparison of closed-form solution and finite element results showed good agreement. Using closed-form solution, deflection coefficients are computed and presented in the form of data tables to aid rapid assessment of maximum elastic deflection of truss-core panels; linear interpolation allows the response to be determined, and from which effective preliminary design may proceed without hindrance.
Panniculitis Ossificans of the Lower Leg
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Koch André , Schönlebe Jaqueline , Witzigmann Helmut , Kittner Thomas
Published: August 2009

The authors present a rare case of panniculitis ossificans (PO) in a 30-year-old woman. Differential diagnoses and treatment are discussed. PO is an important differential diagnosis to sarcomas.
Hemipelvectomy and Reconstruction in a Patient With Advanced Marjolin’s Ulcer: A Case Report
Authors: Carlesimo Bruno , Monarca Cristiano , Rizzo Maria Ida , Tariciotti Francesca , Staccioli Sabina
Published: August 2009

Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lower limb may exhibit locally advanced or metastatic disease. Surgical resection to control the primary tumor is often extensive.The case of a 51-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma on Marjolin’s ulcer affected, rapidly growing, and involving soft and bone tissues is described. Treatment required performing a hemipelvectomy. Immediate reconstruction was chosen as surgical procedure planning the harvest of 4 superficial muscles and 1 deep muscle of the abdomen to protect the pelvic content and to eliminate the dead spaces.The chosen technique minimized postoperative complications, and at 7 years follow-up, the patient is disease free.
“THE Period After 1989”
Authors: Havel Václav , Michnik Adam
Published: August 2009

This guest column amounts to a conversation between two of the crucial figures in the world of Soviet bloc dissidents about developments in their part of the world since the overthrow of communism there in 1989. They agree that a “creeping coup d'état” is underway, in which not only the government administrations of their countries have changed, but also their systems of governance—for the worse. “It is not,” they agree, “what the democratic opposition spent twenty-five years fighting for.” Their apprehension is that, under new forms, the old authoritarian impulses are returning to East-Central Europe as well as Russia.
Nineteen Eighty-Four (AND -Five)
Authors: O'Neill Aidan
Published: August 2009

Aidan O'Neill remembers Britain as a fundamentally riven society twenty-five years ago under the premiership of Margaret Thatcher; a country divided by she who sought to rule it with certainty, but without compassion. The memories of Britain as a bitter and broken polity split asunder by a year-long strike of its coal miners were stirred again by a recent visit to the United States to attend a conference on Catholic Social Teaching where the growing social and legal acceptance of homosexuality and the continued toleration of lawful abortion were both angrily denounced by two speakers who revealed a fundamental disjunction between their vision and hope for a properly Christian America, and their experience of an America which they characterized as misgoverned by a conspiracy of liberal judges and complaisant politicians. A subsequent roundtable discussion on the prospects for a written constitution for the State of Israel also revealed a picture of a profoundly divided society with utterly irreconcilable political visions competing for its future. In the face of such radical diversity in political vision the author suggests that the better way forward is to focus not on ends but on means, and always to honor the constitutional and legal processes which result in, albeit imperfect, decision making. Although a very thin form of consensus, it is suggested that such an approach is the sine qua non for any polity aspiring to the condition and ideal of democracy to be able to function, and, ultimately, to achieve some kind of justice.
1968
Authors: Marcus Greil
Published: August 2009

The author, who lived in Berkeley, California during the disruptions of 1968, remembers the year as one of bad faith, though also of a sense of making history. He recalls the events of that year (and of 1964) in Berkeley, where he still lives, then moves out into related events in the rest of the world, but also into more lastingly important events in popular culture, especially popular music. He concludes by memorializing what now appears to him the most important event of all, certain records broken that year in sports.
1509
Authors: Richmond Colin
Published: August 2009

To commemorate the five hundreth anniversary of the accession of Henry VIII to the English throne, this guest column reviews the inventories made, upon his death, of the king's possessions at Hampton Court, the Tower, and other locations. Focusing on extensive equipment for royal-games playing, especially for “tennys,” this paper is essentially a list of possessions that evidence the blend of frivolity and cruelty characteristic of Henry's self-indulgent reign.
Introduction: The Promise of Apathy
Authors: Perl Jeffrey M. , Price A. W. , McDowell John , Taylor Matthew A. , Thompson Caleb , Mao Douglas
Published: August 2009

This essay is the journal editor's introduction to part 3 of an ongoing symposium on quietism. With reference to writings of James Joyce, Francis Picabia, J. M. Coetzee, Charles Taylor, Alasdair MacIntyre, Elaine Pagels, and Karen King—and with extended reference to Jonathan Lear's study of “cultural devastation,” Radical Hope—Jeffrey Perl explores the possibility that the fear of anomie (“anomiphobia”) is misplaced. He argues that, in comparison with the violence and narrowness of any given social order, anomie may well be preferable, and, in any case, may be no more than another name for quietism.
The “PHANTASMODESTY” Of Henry Adams
Authors: Taylor Matthew A.
Published: August 2009

Written exclusively in the third-person by a narrator who repeatedly refers to “Henry Adams” as “passive,” “submissive,” and “a helpless victim” in relation to the “forces” in the world that form him, The Education of Henry Adams attenuates both author and subject by valuing environment over eponym. The critical literature on the text has focused primarily on the formal or psychological bases of such practice in order to argue that Adams is behind, and thus exempt from, the book's paradoxical self-effacements. But for Adams the rationale for the impersonal, evacuated form of The Education is more ontological than personal, the necessary consequence of his quietistic belief in a materialist determinism so absolute as to reduce persons and history alike to “sum[s].... of the forces” of “nature.” This belief, one shared by many of his contemporaries and most fully evolved in Adams's “dynamic theory of history,” entails, in the context of The Education, making the distinction between auto-biography and autobiography, between a text generated by an “automaton” and one written by a person. Routed through a discussion of de Man's and Kierkegaard's conceptions of irony, this essay explores the relevance of such a distinction to both the humanism of Adams's age and the posthumanism of our own.
Quietism from the Side of Happiness
Authors: Thompson Caleb
Published: August 2009

Tolstoy writes in a letter to his friend A. A. Fet that what he has written in War and Peace, “especially in the epilogue,” is also said by Schopenhauer in The World as Will and Representation. Tolstoy adds, however, that Schopenhauer approaches “it from the other side.” Schopenhauer does indeed say much the same thing as Tolstoy says in his epilogue and elsewhere about history and the will. Each of these authors argues that history is not progressing and that it is not governed by the actions of individual political or military leaders alone, but by the infinitely many actions of the multitude of people. What underlies this critique of history in each case is a quietist outlook on life, a perspective from which one must abandon the assertion of the will and accept life as it is given. Tolstoy's quietism, however, is a happy quietism; he wants his reader to joyfully embrace life for all that it has to offer. Schopenhauer's is an unhappy quietism; he wants his reader to accept life in the face of all that it is not. Thus, Tolstoy and Schopenhauer approach quietism, and consequently their critiques of history and the will, from different “sides.” These sides—to borrow Wittgenstein's way of speaking—are the sides of the happy and the unhappy. To approach quietism from one side rather than another is no small matter. In Tolstoy's case in particular, it made all the difference in the world.
COMING TO TERMS WITH THE IN-BETWEEN
Authors: Juhasz Alexandra , Ma Ming-Yuen S.
Published: August 2009

Six graduate students working within media studies reflect upon their experiences and studies evidencing a shared attention to the “in-betweens” of identity formation, graduate school, disciplines, and professional practices. All seek and speak with a queer voice to address how power plays out in graduate school, often in the minute exercises of discipline and learning understood through sexual metaphors. The authors also exhibit a noteworthy interest and investment in popular culture that leads each to consider the larger implications of their intellectual work.
IMAGINED, DESIRED
Authors: Herbst Lorraine E.
Published: August 2009

In this review I introduce readers to three exemplary ethnographies. All three contribute not only to anthropological and queer studies literatures but also to discourses and critiques of globalization, transnationalism, and neoliberalism. Further, these works destabilize notions of what constitutes ethnography in the general field of queer studies and demonstrate that queer anthropology is imperative to consider in present and future developments in queer theory, methods, and analyses. These texts argue that it is time to move beyond the search for that which is “queer” as emerging from “tradition.” They demonstrate that social constructions of queer subjectivities are ever-changing and emerging in contemporary historical contexts, often in relation to the nation-state and against hegemonic Euro-American notions of what is considered “queer.”
A Study on the Coprecipitation of Arsenite and Arsenate into Calcite Coupled with the Determination of Oxidation States of Arsenic Both in Calcite and Water
Authors: Yokoyama Yuka , Mitsunobu Satoshi , Tanaka Kazuya , Itai Takaaki , Takahashi Yoshio
Published: August 2009

It was found that the amount of arsenite incorporated into calcite is much less than that of arsenate. The result suggests that the sequestration of arsenic by coprecipitation with calcite cannot be an important chemical process under reducing conditions such as in groundwater where arsenite is the dominant arsenic species.
Monitoring of Sulfur Sites Doped in/on Titanium Oxide to Enable Photocatalysis under Visible Light Using S K-edge XANES
Authors: Izumi Yasuo , Shibata Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2009

The electronic state and site structure of doped S to enable photocatalysis of TiO2 under visible light were investigated using S K-edge XANES compared to theoretically generated spectra. S sites substituting on the O atoms of TiO2 were predominant and essential in photocatalysis based on S K absorption edge peak energy and post-edge pattern. Minor cationic/elemental S sites were detected as peaks due to the transition to vacant level of S3p, but most were lost during photocatalysis.
Influence of production progress on the heavy metal content in flax fibers
Authors: Szynkowska Małgorzata , Rybicki Edward , Leśniewska Ewa , Pawlaczyk Aleksandra , Paryjczak Tadeusz , Matyjas-Zgondek Edyta
Published: August 2009

The aim of this work was to determine the content of selected heavy metals in flax materials depending on the stage of fiber manufacturing. Non-treated natural fiber composition was compared with that of fibers processed. Changes in the composition of yarn before and after the following scutching, hackling, washing, and bleaching were also investigated. Analysis of heavy metals was performed applying inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Flax material was mineralized in closed Teflon vials with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid which were then placed in a microwave oven system. Analytical quality of the obtained results was checked by the determination of elements in the Certificate Reference Materials of IAEA-V-10. The acquired results proved that the content of metals in flax clearly varies depending on the treatment process applied (bleaching, washing, coloration). Significant differences were also connected with the dye used.
Gas chromatographic retention times prediction for components of petroleum condensate fraction
Authors: Moustafa Nagy
Published: August 2009

A new and simple quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) was tested as a predictive model for adjusted retention times in complex petroleum condensate fractions. This relationship adopted the form of a non-linear collective retention-variables model. The adjusted retention times were correlated with the components molecular descriptors, e.g. total path counts and boiling temperatures, by multi-linear regression analysis. The obtained two QSRR models show an acceptable predictive accuracy with R 2 of 0.9949 and 0.9856, respectively. Stability and validity of the models were tested by comparing the calculated and the experimental retention indices.
Aqueous foam stabilized by polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether
Authors: Li Xi-An , Peng Jian-Bing , Yan Yong-Li
Published: August 2009

Foaming properties of aqueous solutions of the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12EOn) were studied at 298 K. Four different EO chain lengths, namely C12EO3, C12EO5, C12EO7, and C12EO9, were considered. The foams obtained from C12EO3 or C12EO5 were extraordinary stable retaining a constant volume for more than 20 h. The presence of lamellar liquid crystalline phases was mainly responsible for the super-stable aqueous foams.
Characterization of mechanochemically synthesized lead selenide
Authors: Achimovičová Marcela , Daneu Nina , Rečnik Aleksander , Ďurišin Juraj , Peter Baláž , Fabián Martin , Kováč Jaroslav , Šatka Alexander
Published: August 2009

Mechanochemical synthesis of lead selenide PbSe nanocrystals was performed by high-energy milling of lead and selenium powders in a planetary ball mill. The structure properties of synthesized lead selenide were characterized by XRD analysis that confirmed crystalline nature of PbSe nanocrystals. Calculated average size of PbSe crystallites was 37 nm. The methods of particle size distribution analysis, specific surface area measurement, SEM and TEM were used for the characterization of surface and morphology of PbSe nanocrystals. SEM analysis revealed agglomerates of PbSe particles. However, HRTEM analysis confirmed perfect stoichiometric PbSe cubes with NaCl structure as well. UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry was used to confirm the blue shift of the small particles occurring in the powder product obtained by the mechanochemical synthesis.
Corrosion resistance of zinc electrodeposited from acidic and alkaline electrolytes using pulse current
Authors: Zemanová Matilda
Published: August 2009

Corrosion resistance of zinc coatings was investigated in an accelerated corrosion test in a condensation chamber. Zinc was electrodeposited from alkaline and acidic electrolytes using direct current (DC) or pulse current (PC). The zinc coating was subsequently protected against corrosion with a chrome (III) layer. Morphology and structure of the coatings was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) before and after the corrosion test. Corrosion resistance of alkaline zinc coatings electrodeposited with DC and PC under test conditions was found to be comparable. The corrosion resistance of zinc coatings deposited from acidic electrolytes by PC was lower in comparison with corrosion resistance of zinc coatings deposited using DC.
Reactivation of a palladium catalyst during glucose oxidation by molecular oxygen
Authors: Gogová Zuzana , Hanika Jiří
Published: August 2009

Kinetic data of glucose oxidation in aqueous solution catalyzed by heterogeneous palladium catalyst are presented under conditions of the catalyst reversible deactivation by oxygen. Measurements were run in a semi-continuous stirred tank reactor at 30°C and atmospheric pressure in kinetic regime. Effect of the reaction mixture composition on the reaction rate is presented. The catalyst activation/reactivation technique is discussed and optimized. Relation between optimal activation time and glucose concentration was defined.
Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in research of traditional Chinese medicine
Authors: Ye Jiesheng
Published: August 2009

It is well known that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a more and more important role in modern pharmaceutical industry. It has been used in the therapy of many diseases for several thousand years because of its high pharmacological activity, low toxicity and rare side effects. In TCM, as an important group of secondary metabolites, essential oils have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the most commonly used technique for the analysis of liposoluble constituents, especially volatile/semi-volatile compounds, and their metabolites in biological fluids due to its high resolution, selectivity and sensitivity. This review briefly describes the applications of GC-MS for the isolation and characterization of volatile compounds from TCM. In addition, GC-MS methods adopted in the metabolic profiling of volatile compounds in biological matrices are also described.
Investigation of DNA cleavage activities of new oxime-type ligand complexes and molecular modeling of complex-DNA interactions
Authors: Colak Ahmet , Cekirge Ender , Karaböcek Serdar , Küçükdumlu Aslıgül , Ertunga Nagihan , Col Melek , Abbasoğlu Rza
Published: August 2009

Nucleolytic activities of some new oxime-type ligand complexes were investigated by neutral agarose gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the cleavage products in agarose gel indicated that all complexes used converted supercoiled pUC18 plasmid DNA to its nicked or linear form. It was found that nucleolytic activities of the complexes depend on the complex concentration, reaction time and the presence of a cooxidant (magnesium monoperoxyphthalate, MMPP) in the reaction mixture. However, the complexes cleaved pUC18 plasmid DNA at all investigated pH values. Nucleolytic activities of complexes were investigated for different complex concentrations (0.1–100 μmol L−1), pH values (6.0–10.0) and reaction times (0–60 min). Molecular modeling studies performed by the Hyperchem Software together with DNA-binding studies showed that planar sites of the complexes intercalated into double stranded DNA. It can be concluded that all oxime-type ligand complexes used can be evaluated as nuclease mimics.
Hydroxyapatite modified with silica used for sorption of copper(II)
Authors: Bogya Erzsébet-Sára , Barabás Réka , Csavdári Alexandra , Dejeu Valentina , Bâldea Ioan
Published: August 2009

This paper aims to increase the sorption capacity of hydroxyapatite and to find the best apatite-based material for metal ions sorption. The sorption process of copper ions from water solutions by HAP and structurally modified HAP was carried out in this work. Structural modifications of HAP were realized in the preparation phase by an addition of sodium silica into the reaction medium. The prepared materials were characterized by physical-chemical methods: IR, electron-microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The composites characterized were tested in kinetic studies regarding ion exchange and adsorption of Cu2+. It was revealed that the silica content, particle size and initial copper ion concentration influence the process rate.
Comparative DFT study on the α-glycosidic bond in reactive species of galactosyl diphosphates
Authors: Kóňa Juraj , Tvaroška Igor
Published: August 2009

Correct prediction of the structure and energetics along the reaction pathway of the formation or dissociation of the glycosidic bond in sugar phosphates is crucial for the understanding of catalytic mechanism and for the determination of transition state structures of sugar-phosphate processing enzymes. The performance of seven density functional theory (DFT) methods (BLYP, B3LYP, MPW1PW91, MPW1K, MPWB1K, M05 and M05-2X) and two wave function methods (HF and MP2) was tested using four structural models with the activated sugar-phosphate α-glycosidic linkage. The models were chosen based on the crystal structure of the retaining glycosyltransferase LgtC complex with methyl α-d-galactopyranose diphosphate and its 2-fluoro derivative. Results of the MP2 method were used as a benchmark for the other methods. Two structural trends were observed in the calculations: predicted length of the activated C1-O1 glycosidic bond of 1.49–1.63 Å was significantly larger than values of a standard C1-O1 glycosidic bond in crystal structures of carbohydrates (1.39–1.48 Å), and the calculated value depended on the DFT method used. The MPW1K, M05 and M05-2X functionals provided results in closest agreement with those from the MP2 method, the difference being less than 0.02 Å in the calculated glycosidic bond lengths. On the contrary, the BLYP and B3LYP functionals failed to predict sugar diphosphate in the (-sc) conformation as a stable structure. Instead, the only stationary points localized along the C1-O1 dissociation coordinate were oxocarbenium ions at the distance of approximately 2.8 Å. The M05-2X, MPW1K and MPWB1K functionals gave the most reasonable prediction of the thermochemical kinetic parameters, where the formation of the oxocarbenium ion has a slightly endothermic character (0.4–1.7 kJ mol−1) with an activation barrier of 7.9–9.2 kJ mol−1.
Clean fuel-oriented investigation of thiophene oxidation by hydrogen peroxide using polyoxometalate as catalyst
Authors: Zhang Gao , Wang Rui , Yu Feng , Zhao Hai
Published: August 2009

After catalyst screening for oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil within several polyoxometalates, H3PW6Mo6O40 was confirmed for the first time to be an effective and recoverable catalyst for the oxidative removal of thiophene, being also effective for the desulfurization of real diesel and gasoline.
Conservation of Red Sandle Wood (Pterocarpus santalinus): need greater cooperation
Authors: Editor The
Published: August 2009

doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2149Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1-2
Non-timber forest products from community forestry practices, problems and prospects for livelihood strategy in Jumla
Authors: Paudel Mohan
Published: August 2009

Jumla is highly rich in its vast and valuable Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) including different kinds of valuable medicinal and aromatic plants. However, in recent years, a significant decrease in availability of commercially traded NTFP species has been experienced. Nevertheless, some important initiatives have also been started to manage NTFPs in a sustainable basis. Community Forestry (CF) is one of these. This study aims to suggest practical and sustainable NTFPs management approach in Jumla analyzing existing roles in livelihood strategy. Study covers CFUGs in Eastern part of the district comprising about 70% CF area and contributes more than 60% of exported NTFPs. PRA and RRA tools were used for data collection in the field. NTFPs were found an integral part of the livelihood strategy in the district. More than 90% food deficit people (57%) were having income from NTFPs as a second source of food arrangement to sustain their livelihood. The average annual income from NTFPs per HH was 18,565. No significant correlation was observed between different social groups and income from NTFPs. But, male were found mostly involved in NTFPs collection comparing female. Beside some promising efforts towards control harvesting of NTFPs, no significant impact of CF was observed. Awareness level of the users and governance aspect of CFUGs were found very poor. There was huge gap between management objectives and management prescriptions of most of the community forests. Key words: NTFPs, Livelihood, management, CFUGs   doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2155 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 45-54