bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable composites from poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) with soybean protein isolate: Preparation, characterization, and performances
Authors: Ren Mingtian , Zhang Yaqing , Yi Yazhou , Wang Huiling , Wu Qiangxian
Published: September 2024

Soy protein isolate (SPI), a widely available and inexpensive natural polymer, can be used as a filler to reduce the cost of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) materials. To improve the compatibility between SPI and PBAT, a series of polycaprolactone‐based polyurethane prepolymers (PCLPUs) with different soft segment molecular weights were synthesized and used as compatibilizers to prepare SPI/PBAT composites. At the same time, the effect of PCLPU soft segment molecular weight on the properties of SPI/PBAT composites was studied. Structural, morphological, and property analyses were carried out on the composite materials; the results showed that PCLPU was an effective compatibilizer for SPI/PBAT composite materials. The –NCO group at its end forms a urethane bond with the hydroxyl group in SPI and PBAT. At the same time, the soft segment of PCLPU is physically crosslinked with PBAT to produce a dual physical and chemical effect. The lower the soft segment molecular weight of PCLPU added, the better the performance of the SPI/PBAT composite materials. This is observed because PCLPU with a lower soft segment molecular weight contains more –NCO functional groups, which can better achieve compatibilization between SPI and PBAT through chemical crosslinking. The addition of 5% PCLPU‐500 content to the SPI/PBAT composite material increased its tensile elongation, impact strength, and tensile strength by 867%, 264%, and 150%, respectively, compared with those of the SPI/PBAT composite material without a compatibilizer, achieving toughening and strengthening with good processability and biodegradability. This work provides a simple, effective solution for preparing high‐performance, green, and low‐cost biodegradable composite materials.

Highlights

PBAT composites were prepared using soy protein isolate (SPI) as filler.

Different types of PCLPU exist as a reactive compatibilizer for PBAT and SPI.

Polycaprolactone‐based polyurethane prepolymer significantly improves the interfacial compatibility of PBAT composites.

SPI/PBAT film has good degradability and is a rich source of nitrogen.
Fabrication, evaluation, and mechanism of TPU nanocomposites containing MWCNTs–Fe2O3 hybrid conductive nanofillers for selective VOC sensing applications
Authors: Yang Shangke , Yan Lei , Lin Hailan , Li Xinkang , Bian Jun , Ni Keyang , Zhao Wei , Zhang Aiping , Chen Daiqiang
Published: September 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are highly harmful substances that can bring serious harm to the environment and human health. In this work, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) conductive nanocomposite sensors for selective gas sensing of VOCs were designed and fabricated using electrospun TPU fibers as templates and MWCNTs–Fe2O3 as conductive hybrid nanofillers through a homogeneous liquid impregnation method. The microstructure of TPU matrix fibers and the TPU nanocomposites, and their gas‐sensitive response performance to various VOCs, were investigated. The formation of MWCNTs–Fe2O3 nanofillers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscope showed that MWCNTs–Fe2O3 nanofillers were uniformly coated on the surface of TPU, forming effective and complete conductive networks. The average volume resistivity of TPU nanocomposites (containing 4.76 wt% MWCNTs–Fe2O3) was reduced from 1.5 × 1012 Ω·mm in pure TPU matrix fiber to 2.93 × 105 Ω·mm. Gas‐sensitive performance tests with 500 ppm of ether, ammonia, formaldehyde, ethanol, xylene, toluene, benzene vapor, and acetone showed that the response value of TPU/MWCNTs–Fe2O3 nanocomposites to ether was 85.7%, and the resistance ratio of desorption to the initial one was 1.01, which was almost a complete recovery. In addition, the gas response values of TPU nanoconductive composites under different humidity environments show better stability.

Highlights

Novel TPU composites contain MWCNTs–Fe2O3 conductive nanofillers were proposed.

Synthesized TPU nanocomposite fibers by electrospinning and liquid dip methods.

TPU nanocomposite sensors combine fast response, selectivity, and repeatability.

TPU nanocomposites exhibited high gas‐sensitive response selectivity to ether.
The management of Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection in children with cerebral palsy: A narrative review
Authors: Apostolou Georgia , Cooper Monica S. , Antolovich Giuliana , Vandeleur Moya , Frayman Katherine B.
Published: September 2024

Children with cerebral palsy have increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is associated with poorer outcomes, yet there are no formal guidelines to inform treatment of respiratory infection in children with cerebral palsy. This review explores the existing literature regarding management of PA‐infection in children with cerebral palsy, with the aim of synthesising clinical recommendations and identifying gaps in current understanding. Medline (Ovid), PubMed and Embase were searched using keywords. Full‐text articles involving the paediatric population and antimicrobial therapy were included. There was no limit on date of publication. Four retrospective case series were identified. Respiratory microbiology, in samples collected from a range of sites along the respiratory tract, was reported in three studies. Patients who received PA‐specific antibiotics clinically improved. Two studies suggest that the use of suppressive inhaled anti‐pseudomonal therapy may improve respiratory morbidity in the chronic setting. There is minimal evidence to guide management of PA respiratory infection in children with cerebral palsy. Children with cerebral palsy are at risk of developing bronchiectasis, so in the absence of high‐quality evidence, management should be informed by extrapolating from the non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis guidelines. Further research examining surveillance and management of PA‐infection in this population is required given that early intervention may prevent irreversible lung damage.
Head‐to‐head comparison of GA‐68 PSMA PET/CT and multiparametric MRI findings with postoperative results in preoperative locoregional staging and localization of prostate cancer
Authors: Dinckal Mustafa , Ergun Kasim Emre , Kalemci Mustafa Serdar , Guler Ezgi , Tokac Recep , Ordu Süleyman , Ogut Nahit , Ozgul Semiha , Sanli Ozgur , Sen Sait , Turna Burak
Published: September 2024

Background

Accurate staging of prostate cancer (PCa) is essential for determining the appropriate treatment and predicting outcomes. This study is comparing the effectiveness of Gallium‐68 Prostate‐Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (Ga‐68 PSMA PET/CT) and multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in preoperative locoregional staging and localizing PCa.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 78 patients who underwent both mpMRI and Ga‐68 PSMA PET/CT scans before surgery. The imaging was reviewed by radiologists and nuclear medicine specialists and compared with the final histopathology, which was reviewed by an experienced uropathologist.

Results

mpMRI demonstrated higher sensitivity in detecting extraprostatic extension (EPE) and bladder neck invasion (BNI) compared to Ga‐68 PSMA PET/CT (83% vs. 44% and 29% vs. 17%, respectively). Conversely, Ga‐68 PSMA PET/CT showed higher sensitivity in detecting seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) and lymph node metastasis (LNM) (75% vs. 55% and 50% vs. 30%, respectively). When both methods were combined, sensitivity increased in detecting both EPE and SVI. The index tumor localization in mpMRI and Ga‐68 PSMA PET/CT was found to be in complete agreement with histopathological findings at 36.4% and 41.8%, respectively. When both imaging methods were combined, the agreement with histopathology in predicting index tumor localization reached 72.1%.

Conclusion

Both mpMRI and Ga‐68 PSMA PET/CT provide valuable and complementary information for tumor localization and locoregional staging. While mpMRI showed higher sensitivity in detecting EPE, Ga‐68 PSMA PET/CT demonstrated superior performance in detecting LNM and SVI. The combined use of these imaging modalities enhance accuracy of index tumor localizations.
Infrastructuring arrival and homemaking in COVID‐19 times: Experiences of newcomer Chinese students in Dutch cities
Authors: Leung Maggi W. H. , Amer Aly , Hao Yanbo , Wang Yiwen
Published: September 2024

This paper examines the experiences of newcomer Chinese students in Dutch cities during the COVID‐19 pandemic, building on three strands of literature on (i) arrival infrastructure, (ii) homemaking and (iii) the nature of conflating digital and offline spaces. Based on qualitative research findings from two research projects, the paper illustrates resilience among the students in infrastructuring their arrival and making a new home in an unfamiliar city that was rather inaccessible due to recurrent social distancing restrictions and incidents of ‘Corona racism’. Narratives of the research participants offer insights into their arrival experiences and homemaking practices in key interlinked life spaces, namely academic, residential and socialising spaces as well as spaces of interactions with the broader (unwelcoming) society. In addition to students' agency, our findings demonstrate the importance of (transnational) communal care and the role of the digital in students' arrival experiences and homemaking practices.
High‐Efficiency Separation of Near‐Zigzag Single‐Chirality Carbon Nanotubes by Gel Chromatography
Authors: Li Linhai , Yang Dehua , Li Xiao , Wang Wenke , Wei Xiaojun , Zhou Weiya , Liu Huaping
Published: September 2024

High‐efficiency production of near‐zigzag single‐chirality single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is of great importance for their property study and applications. The key to separate near‐zigzag single‐chirality SWCNTs by gel chromatography is to selectively adsorb them in the gel medium. In this study, by using a high surfactant ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium cholate (≥4:1) to modulate the selective adsorption of distinct (n, m) SWCNTs in a gel column, a high enrichment of near‐zigzag SWCNTs adsorbed in the gel column is achieved, which usually have a low abundance in raw materials due to their low growth efficiency. Afterward, (7, 3), (8, 3), (8, 4), (9, 1), and (9, 2) single‐chirality SWCNTs are separated with small chiral angles less than 17° by following a stepwise elution for their selective desorption. This simple and efficient separation technique will promote the research and application of near‐zigzag SWCNTs.
The role of midlatitude dry air during the withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon
Authors: Deoras Akshay , Turner Andrew G. , Volonté Ambrogio , Menon Arathy
Published: September 2024

The Indian summer monsoon supplies over 75% of the country's annual precipitation, profoundly impacting over a billion people. Variability in the timing of its onset and withdrawal has a direct impact on the agricultural sector and other users of water resources. Previous studies have shown that a wedge of mid‐tropospheric dry air emanating from the midlatitudes is present over India during the pre‐monsoon, which gradually retreats toward the northwest as the onset progresses. The withdrawal of the monsoon is observed to progress in a southeast direction during September–October, but there is a lack of a conceptual model. In this study, we use observations and the ERA5 reanalysis to understand the dynamics and thermodynamics of the withdrawal. We find that the climatological mid‐level dry intrusion appears over northwest India around mid‐September. Vertical profiles associated with this dry air show how the most unfavourable environment for deep convection occurs in the northwest, where the withdrawal occurs first. As the withdrawal progresses, the wedge of dry air deepens throughout its horizontal extent and descends, as well as pushing further across the country. This stabilises the troposphere, suppressing deep convection and ultimately driving the withdrawal toward the southeast. By mid‐October, the dry air engulfs most of India, causing the monsoon to withdraw from the entire country. Thus, the strengthening of the mid‐level dry advection from the midlatitudes can explain the withdrawal of the monsoon and its direction, in a reversal of the processes at work during progression of the onset. This work establishes a new paradigm for the withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon in terms of midlatitude interactions, which could be tested for other monsoon regions.
Vitiligo: From Mechanisms of Disease to Treatable Pathways
Authors: Pathak Gaurav N. , Tan Isabella J. , Bai Ge , Dhillon Jimmy , Rao Babar K.
Published: September 2024

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune-mediated disease characterised by the loss of pigmentary melanocytes in the epidermis. Vitiligo is associated with loss of functional epithelium and significant reductions in quality of life with limited long-term treatment options, highlighting a continued unmet clinical need. A comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology and newly investigated treatment pathways may guide multimodal treatment strategies and identify future drug targets. The pathology of vitiligo is multifactorial; however, environmental insults in genetically susceptible populations may lead to disease development. Autoreactive CD8+ T-cells that target melanocytes and release inflammatory mediators, including interferon-γ and interleukins 2, 6, 15, 17 and 33 among others, have been identified in vitiligo pathogenesis. Treatment modalities for vitiligo revolve around six broad disease concepts, including procedural modalities (tissue and cellular grafting), phototherapy, stem cells, anti-inflammatories, genetic polymorphisms and antioxidants/vitamins/herbals. Genetic polymorphisms, such as catalase gene variations and toll-like receptor polymorphisms, along with stem cell targets such as melanocytes derived from stem cells, have been implicated in vitiligo onset and possible treatment. Novel JAK-STAT inhibitors have been recently investigated for vitiligo, whereas topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors continue to be used. Vitamin D, vitamin E, zinc, copper, piperine, pseudo catalase and other vitamins/herbals may improve vitiligo outcomes primarily through antioxidant supplementation pathways. Future studies should investigate alternative drug pathways and targets implicated in vitiligo in large patient cohorts, as well as treatments that target suspected causative immune cells, including memory T-cells, which may provide long-lasting disease-free remission.
Navigating Challenges and Promises for Next‐Generation CsPbIBr2 Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review
Authors: Aamir Muhammad , Hossain Mohammad Ismail , Akhtaruzzaman Md. , Rafij Junayed Hossain , Uddin Jamal , Akhtar Javeed , Amin Nowshad , EL Ganaoui Mohammad , Nunzi Jean‐Michel , Taima Tetsuya , Shahiduzzaman Md.
Published: September 2024

Given the increasing demand for electricity due to modernization and population growth, there is an urgent need to develop renewable energy conversion technologies such as photovoltaics. Among these technologies, CsPbIBr2, an all‐inorganic lead halide‐based perovskite, has shown promise due to its thermal stability, phase stability, and ease of fabrication. However, challenges remain, particularly in addressing device hysteresis and stability. Novel materials and optimized device designs could help overcome these challenges. This comprehensive review discusses strategies such as interface engineering, film quality improvement, compositional engineering, defect passivation, band alignments, and metal ion doping to enhance the performance of CsPbIBr2‐based perovskite films and, in turn, their potential for photovoltaic applications.
An Efficient Multi‐Component Double Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation of Isatin: Access to Unsymmetrical and Symmetrical 3, 3‐Diaryl oxindoles
Authors: Karu Sudheer Kumar , Pilli Navyasree , Malapaka Chandrasekharam
Published: September 2024

Acetic acid‐mediated three‐component double Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction for the synthesis of α, α‐diaryl oxindole derivatives is demonstrated. The reaction is successful with various isatin, indole, and N, N‐disubstituted aniline derivatives. The efficiency of the reaction is further enhanced by a four‐component reaction of isatin, electrophiles and acetic anhydride for the synthesis of N‐acylated 3,3‐diaryl oxindole derivatives facilitated by dual activation of C3 and N1 acetylation in a single‐step. Various unsymmetrical and symmetrical 3,3‐diaryl oxindoles were prepared in single‐step MCR reaction under easy to operate reaction conditions.
An “All‐in‐One” Strategy to Reconstruct Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritic Microenvironment Using γ‐Fe2O3@TA@ALN Nanoparticles
Authors: Cen Xiao , Deng Junjie , Pan Xuefeng , Wei Rufang , Huang Zhimao , Tang Rong , Lu Shengkai , Wang Rong , Zhao Zhihe , Huang Xinqi
Published: September 2024

Current clinical strategies for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) primarily target cartilage biology, overlooking the synergetic effect of various cells and inorganic components in shaping the arthritic microenvironment, thereby impeding the effectiveness of existing therapeutic options for TMJOA. Here, γ‐Fe2O3@TA@ALN magnetic nanoparticles (γ‐Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs) composed of γ‐Fe2O3, tannic acid (TA), and alendronate sodium (ALN) are engineered to reconstruct the osteoarthritic microenvironment and mitigate TMJOA progression. γ‐Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs can promote chondrocytes’ proliferation, facilitate chondrogenesis and anisotropic organization, enhance lubrication and reduce cartilage wear, and encourage cell movement. Magnetic‐responsive γ‐Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs also exhibit pH sensitivity, which undergoes decomposition within acidic environment to release ALN on demand. Under a 0.2 T static magnetic field, γ‐Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs accelerate the synthesis of cartilage‐specific proteins, and suppress catabolic‐related genes expression and reactive oxygen species generation, affording additional protection to TMJ cartilage. In TMJOA mouse models, articular injection of γ‐Fe2O3@TA@ALN MNPs effectively alleviates cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss in short and long terms, offering promising avenues for the development of therapeutic interventions for TMJOA.
Recent Advances in Engineering of 2D Layered Metal Chalcogenides for Resistive‐Type Gas Sensor
Authors: Wu Ruozhen , Hao Juanyuan , Wang You
Published: September 2024

2D nanomaterials have triggered widespread attention in sensing applications. Especially for 2D layered metal chalcogenides (LMCs), the unique semiconducting properties and high surface area endow them with great potential for gas sensors. The assembly of 2D LMCs with guest species is an effective functionalization method to produce the synergistic effects of hybridization for greatly enhancing the gas‐sensing properties. This review starts with the synthetic techniques, sensing properties, and principles, and then comprehensively compiles the advanced achievements of the pristine 2D LMCs gas sensors. Key advances in the development of the functionalization of 2D LMCs for enhancing gas‐sensing properties are categorized according to the spatial architectures. It is systematically discussed in three aspects: surface, lattice, and interlayer, to comprehend the benefits of the functionalized 2D LMCs from surface chemical effect, electronic properties, and structure features. The challenges and outlooks for developing high‐performance 2D LMCs‐based gas sensors are also proposed.
Designed Polar Cosolvent‐Prepared Zinc Oxide Film for Efficient and Stable Inverted Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Shufang , Chen Weikun , Shi Changzhou , Gong Yuxia , Yang Ke , Jiang Lihui , Lu Xinhui , Xie Haipeng , Yuan Jun , Zou Yingping
Published: September 2024

Here, a simple method of applying dimethylformamide (DMF) as cosolvent in the sol‐gel technology is used to improve the quality of ZnO bulk films. First‐principles calculations show that with the addition of polar solvent DMF, the adsorption energy (Eads) between the solvent and Zn(OH)₂ increases from −1.42 to −1.74 eV, which can stabilize the existence of Zn(OH)₂, thereby promoting the ZnO synthesis. Besides, the elimination of amine residues in the DMF‐ZnO film significantly suppress the photocatalytic activity induced by amine‐induced coordination or redox reactions. Inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) based on PM6:Y6 and PM6:BTP‐eC9 achieves impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 17.58 and 18.14%, respectively. Furthermore, benefiting from the reduced defects of bulk ZnO, pseudo‐bilayer bulk heterojunction (PBHJ) devices based on the optimized ZnO film exhibited superior stability, the PM6:Y6 devices based on DMF‐ZnO ETLs can maintain 90.28% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of thermal aging at 85 °C, and 80.98% of their initial PCE after 168 h of UV aging. This simple solvent optimization strategy can significantly improve the charge transport of ZnO bulk films, making it a reliable strategy for the preparation of electron transport layers in OSCs.
Nanoarchitectonics of Biofunctionalized Hydrogen‐Terminated 2D‐Germanane Heterostructures as Highly Sensitive Biorecognition Transducers: The Case Study of Cocaine Drug
Authors: Lei Yiming , Campos‐Lendínez Ángel , Sala Xavier , García‐Antón Jordi , Muñoz Jose
Published: September 2024

Hydrogen‐terminated 2D‐germanane (2D‐GeH), as one inorganic 2D material akin to graphene, is attracting widespread interest owing to its predicted (opto)electronic properties. Nonetheless, the chemical reactivity of 2D‐GeH requires further exploration to expand its real implementation. Herein, a simple and straightforward bottom‐up biofunctionalization approach is reported aiming at providing the bases toward the robust design of 2D‐GeH‐based biorecognition systems with electrical readout. For this goal, 2D‐GeH has been firstly functionalized with gold nanoparticles (Au‐NPs) via an organometallic approach, followed by the covalent immobilization of a thiolated single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer via AuS bond interactions. After an accurate material characterization, the resulting ssDNA/Au@GeH heterostructure is drop‐casted on a fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode for impedimetrically monitoring cocaine as a model drug. Interestingly, the aptamer–cocaine interactions hinder the interfacial electron‐transfer process of the benchmark [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox marker with increasing concentration of the cocaine target, leading to a detection limit as low as 4.9 ± 0.1 aM, the lowest one reported in literature by far. Overall, the ssDNA/Au@GeH electrochemical biosensor exhibits outstanding selectivity, specificity, and reproducibility, demonstrating the potential use of 2D‐GeH as an emerging highly sensitive transducer for biosensing applications. The reported method is general and might be simply customized by tailoring the biorecognition component.
Impact of Sharia‐Based Screening on Equity Risk: International Evidence
Authors: Kafou Ali
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates the impact of mainstream Sharia‐based screening methodologies on equity risk. The study is based on the daily returns of 23 pairs of stock indices belonging to different index providers, namely Dow Jones, FTSE, and S&P. For risk measurement, the study uses five Value at Risk (VaR) methods. Moreover, the conditional VaR (CVaR) is used to analyze the tail behavior of return distributions. The results show that Sharia‐based screening is a source of significant differences in risk. There is strong evidence that Islamic stock indices (ISIs) tend to be less risky than their conventional peers. Also, the screening process allows for keeping extreme negative returns at a lower level relative to unscreened indices. The analysis during the Dotcom and Subprime crises shows that, globally, the results are time‐invariant. In sum, Islamic screening is tantamount to prudential rules that lead to low‐risk portfolios; it is, in its essence, a risk‐reduction strategy. Findings suggest that Sharia‐compliant stocks would be of great attractiveness to risk‐averse investors. They will find their claim in this asset class, as its riskiness is relatively low. For banks, a lower VaR of Islamic investing implies fewer capital requirements for market risk when holding portfolios that include Sharia‐compliant stocks. Fewer capital requirements will enhance the banks' ability to invest and make profits, which will, in turn, result in reducing the cost of capital.
A digital forensic analysis of an electrocardiogram medical device: A first look
Authors: Grispos George , Tursi Frank , Mahoney William
Published: September 2024

The increased frequency and severity of cybersecurity incidents impacting healthcare organizations has prompted the publication of suggested best practices for these organizations, when attempting to respond to incidents in their respective settings. While these best practices provide a wealth of information on how to respond to a cybersecurity incident impacting medical devices, minimal information is provided related to the forensics investigation of the devices themselves. A growing appetite for digital evidence from medical devices, coupled with limited practical guidance from industry best practices prompts an investigation into identifying tools and techniques to assist digital forensic investigators with device disassembly, data acquisition, and preservation of evidence in medical devices. This paper presents the results of a detailed exploratory case study involving the digital forensic investigation of a General Electric MAC 800 electrocardiogram medical device. The contributions of this research are threefold. First, it provides an empirical demonstration of practical techniques for acquiring and examining residual data from the electrocardiogram medical device. Second, the research documents the artifacts that can be recovered from the medical device, which could be used as potential evidence. Third, it provides the foundation for future investigations regarding the tools and processes suitable for examining additional medical devices.

This article is categorized under:

Digital and Multimedia Science > Cybercrime Investigation

Digital and Multimedia Science > IoT Forensics
Gestational Surrogacy as a New Right: A Narrative Approach
Authors: Vergara Oscar
Published: September 2024

As Jhering pinpoints, the birth of a new right is always painful and as with human birth, it involves a certain amount of violence. It is fair to say that the birth of the recognition of the right to gestational surrogacy is not without its complications. Although the practice has been technically possible since the late seventies, only a minority of States have granted legal recognition. It has been argued that gestational surrogacy constitutes a prior right which States must institutionalize. We will challenge this idea and then we will approach the issue from the perspective of narrative bioethics. It is this perspective, conceived in a certain way, which can not only shed more light but also push the boundaries to a greater extent than two of the most relevant methodologies in biomedical ethics, principlism and casuistry.
Einleitung
Authors: Seim Jonathan
Published: September 2024

Im ersten
Kapitel wird zunächst zur Forschungsfrage, wer an
Bürg:innenbeteiligungsverfahren beteiligt werden sollte, hingeführt und
deren Relevanz begründet. Daraufhin wird der Aufbau der Arbeit knapp
erläutert. Zuletzt werden der Arbeit zwei Vorbemerkungen vorangestellt. Zum
einen zur Konzeption politischer Legitimität, welche der Arbeit zu Grunde
liegt. Zum anderen zum Umgang der Arbeit mit empirischen Prämissen.
Der Kontext von Bürger:innenbeteiligungsverfahren
Authors: Seim Jonathan
Published: September 2024

Kapitel 5 wirft die Frage auf, was Bürger:innenbeteiligungsverfahren als ein Kontext für Inklusionsfragen ausmacht. Erstens wird die These begründet, dass die Verbesserung demokratischer Responsivität das primäre Ziel von Bürger:innenbeteiligungsverfahren darstellt. Zweitens wird herausgearbeitet, inwiefern die Ergebnisse formal unverbindlicher Bürger:innenbeteiligungsverfahren legitimationstheoretisch (un)verbindlich sind.
Die Beteiligung sekundärer Gruppen
Authors: Seim Jonathan
Published: September 2024

Die Forschungsfrage, wer an Bürger:innenbeteiligungsverfahren, beteiligt werden sollte, wird in den Kapiteln 6 und 7 beantwortet. Die Antwort besteht aus zwei Teilen und Kapitel 7 widmet sich der Inklusion der sekundären Gruppe. Zunächst wird gezeigt, dass die Beteiligung sekundärer Gruppen zulässig sein kann, wenn sie nicht das Ziel der Verfahren, demokratische Responsivität zu verbessern, unterminiert. Die Beteiligung von Expert:innen und Betroffenen, die nicht Teil des Demos sind, ist sogar wünschenswert, weil sie zur Informiertheit der Beteiligungsergebnisse beiträgt. Dies kann wiederum informierte Entscheidungen von Repräsentant:innen begünstigen und problematische Auswirkungen auf politische Selbstwirksamkeit und politisches Vertrauen mindern.
Dimers for type D relativistic Toda model
Authors: Lee Kimyeong , Lee Norton
Published: September 2024

Abstract

We construct dimer graphs for type D relativistic Toda models by introducing impurities into the Y2N,0 square dimer graphs. By properly placing the impurities and changing the canonical variables assigned to the 1-loops on the dimer graph, we perform a “folding” of the graphs, which yields the type D relativistic Toda lattice Hamiltonian and monodromy matrix.
Maximal $$L_p$$-regularity for x-dependent fractional heat equations with Dirichlet conditions
Authors: Abels Helmut , Grubb Gerd
Published: September 2024

We prove optimal regularity results in

$$L_p$$

L
p

-based function spaces in space and time for a large class of linear parabolic equations with a nonlocal elliptic operator in bounded domains with limited smoothness. Here the nonlocal operator is given by a strongly elliptic and even pseudodifferential operator P of order 2a (

$$0<a<1$$

0
<
a
<
1

) with nonsmooth x-dependent coefficients. This includes the prominent case of the fractional Laplacian

$$(-\Delta )^a$$

(
-
Δ
)

a

, as well as elliptic operators

$$(-\nabla \cdot A(x)\nabla +b(x))^a$$

(
-
∇
·
A

(
x
)

∇
+
b

(
x
)

)

a

. The proofs are based on general results on maximal

$$L_p$$

L
p

-regularity and its relation to

$$\mathcal {R}$$

R

-boundedness of the resolvent of the associated (elliptic) operator. Finally, we apply these results to show existence of strong solutions locally in time for a class of nonlinear nonlocal parabolic equations, which include a fractional nonlinear diffusion equation and a fractional porous medium equation after a transformation. The nonlinear results are new in the case of domains with boundary; the linear results are so when P is x-dependent nonsymmetric.
Development and characterization of formulations based on combinatorial potential of antivirals against genital herpes
Authors: Gaikwad Mahesh , George Amal , Sivadas Aparna , Karunakaran Kavitha , N Sudheesh , Byradeddy Siddappa N. , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay , Mudgal Piya Paul , Kulkarni Madhur
Published: September 2024

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) treatment faces challenges due to antiviral resistance and systemic side effects of oral therapies. Local delivery of antiviral agents, such as tenofovir (TDF) and zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD), may offer improved efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity. This study’s objective is to develop and evaluate local unit dose formulations of TDF and ZAD combination for local treatment of HSV-2 infection and exploring their individual and combinatory effects in vitro. The study involved the development of immediate-release film and pessary formulations containing TDF and ZAD. These formulations were characterized for physicochemical properties and in vitro drug release profiles. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity assays were conducted to evaluate the individual and combinatory effects of TDF and ZAD. Film formulations released over 90% of the drugs within 1 h, and pessary formulations within 90 min, ensuring effective local drug delivery. ZAD showed moderate antiviral activity while TDF exhibited significant antiviral activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The combination of TDF and ZAD demonstrated synergistic effects in co-infection treatments, reducing the concentration required for 50% inhibition of HSV-2. Developed film and pessary formulations offer consistent and predictable local drug delivery, enhancing antiviral efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects. The combination of TDF and ZAD showed potential synergy against HSV-2, particularly in co-infection treatments. Further preclinical studies on pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy are necessary to advance these formulations toward clinical application.
Computer modeling and validation testing for glenoid component rotation and optimal glenoid screw angles for reverse shoulder arthroplasty in an Asian population
Authors: Cheng Shun Sing Martin , Yung Colin Shing-Yat , Wong Samuel De Hoi , Yip Christopher Chun Hei , Khoo Issac Jun Ren , Wong Tsoi Wan Karen , Fang Christian
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Good initial fixation of glenoid component for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) relies on component placement and screw purchase in the scapula bone. This is especially difficult in an Asian population with small glenoid geometry. Optimal glenoid component roll angle and screw angulation to achieve the longest screws for best fixation has not been defined in the current literature.

Methods

Computer 3D modelling of 133 scapulas with RTSA performed were analyzed to determine patient specific optimal glenoid roll angle (GRA) for the longest bi-cortical screws attainable. The cranial-caudal angle (CCA), anterior-posterior angle (APA) and lengths for the superior and inferior screws were measured. Validation testing using calculated average (CA) angles and rounded average (RA) angles to the nearest 5 degree were recomputed for each case to determine the bi-cortical screw lengths achievable. The CA and RA screw lengths were compared against patient specific modelling using paired-sample t-tests.

Results

Average GRA was − 1.6°, almost perpendicular to the long axis of the glenoid and achieves an average bi-cortical screw length of 51.3 mm and 45.5 mm for the superior and inferior screws respectively. The CCA and APA were 9.1° cranial and 6.5° posterior for the superior screw and screw angulation of 11.2° caudal and 0.7° anterior for the inferior screw. Validation testing shows statistically shorter screw lengths in the CA and RA models compared to patient specific modelling (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Validation testing with average angles for GRA, CCA and APA demonstrates strong patient heterogeneity and anatomical variation. Despite this, screw lengths attainable in the RA group were > 38 mm with good safety profile. Surgeons may consider the additional use of navigation-assisted, or 3D printed patient specific instrumentation to optimize baseplate and screw configuration for RTSA.
Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: findings from the prospective Porto-RA cohort
Authors: Alexandre André , Sá-Couto David , Brandão Mariana , Cabral Sofia , Fonseca Tomás , Costa Rita Quelhas , Marinho António , Vasconcelos Carlos , Ferreira Betânia , Ferreira João Pedro , Rodrigues Patrícia
Published: September 2024

Aim

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of cardiac dysfunction and heart failure (HF) due to a pro-inflammatory state. Detecting cardiac dysfunction in RA is challenging as these patients often present preserved ejection fraction (EF) but may have subclinical ventricular dysfunction. Echocardiographic strain analysis is a promising tool for early detection of subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). This study assesses the prognostic role of strain analysis in RA.

Methods and results

Prospective study of 277 RA patients without known heart disease and preserved EF, categorized by left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS): normal GLS (≤ − 18%) vs. subclinical LVSD (> − 18%). Primary outcome was a composite of myocardial infarction, HF hospitalization, stroke, or cardiovascular death (MACE). Mean age was 57 years, 79% female. Although mean GLS was within normal (− 20 ± 3%), subclinical LVSD was observed in 24% of patients (n = 67) and was positively correlated with older age (OR 1.54 per 10 years; p < 0.001) and comorbid conditions, such as dyslipidemia (OR 2.27; p = 0.004), obesity (OR 2.29; p = 0.015), and chronic kidney disease (OR 8.39; p = 0.012). Subclinical LVSD was independently associated with a 3.9-fold higher risk of MACE (p = 0.003) and a 3.4-fold higher risk of HF hospitalization/cardiovascular death (p = 0.041). A GLS threshold of > − 18.5% provided optimal sensitivity (78%) and specificity (74%) in identifying patients at elevated MACE risk (AUC = 0.78; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Subclinical LVSD, identified by reduced GLS, was strongly associated with adverse cardiovascular events in RA. Whether these findings have therapeutic implications is worth exploring in clinical trials.

Graphical abstract
Unlocking the potential: unveiling tyrphostins with Michael-reactive cyanoacrylate motif as promising inhibitors of human 5-lipoxygenase
Authors: Molitor Maximilian , Menge Amelie , Mandel Sebastian , George Sven , Müller Susanne , Knapp Stefan , Hofmann Bettina , Steinhilber Dieter , Häfner Ann-Kathrin
Published: September 2024

Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, mediators of the innate immune system that also play an important role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this study, we present compounds, containing a Michael-reactive cyanoacrylate moiety as potent inhibitors of 5-LO. Representatives of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor family called tyrphostins, structurally related to known 5-LO inhibitors, were screened for their 5-LO inhibitory properties using recombinant human 5-LO, intact human PMNL (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), and PMNL homogenates. Their mode of action was characterized by the addition of glutathione, using a fourfold cysteine 5-LO mutant and mass spectrometry analysis. SAR studies revealed several members of the tyrphostin family containing a Michael-reactive cyanoacrylate to efficiently inhibit 5-LO. We identified degrasyn (IC50 0.11 µM), tyrphostin A9 (IC50 0.8 µM), AG879 (IC50 78 nM), and AG556 (IC50 64 nM) as potent 5-LO inhibitors. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that degrasyn and AG556 covalently bound to up to four cysteines, including C416 and/or C418 which surround the substrate entry site. Furthermore, the 5-LO inhibitory effect of degrasyn was remarkably impaired by the addition of glutathione or by the mutation of cysteines to serines at the surface of 5-LO. We successfully identified several tyrphostins as potent inhibitors of human 5-LO. Degrasyn and AG556 were able to covalently bind to 5-LO via their cyanoacrylate moiety. This provides a promising mechanism for targeting 5-LO by Michael acceptors, leading to new therapeutic opportunities in the field of inflammation and cancer.
Neurological sequelae after childhood bacterial meningitis
Authors: Lempinen Laura , Saat Riste , Niemelä Sakke , Laulajainen-Hongisto Anu , Aarnisalo Antti A. , Nieminen Tea , Jero Jussi
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study is to evaluate childhood bacterial meningitis (BM): incidence, clinical presentation, causative pathogens, diagnostics, and outcome (neurological sequelae, hearing loss, and death). A retrospective review of all children aged ≤ 16 years and 1 month diagnosed with BM at a tertiary children’s centre in the period 2010–2020. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to assess outcome, with a GOS score of 1–4 considered to be an unfavourable outcome. Logistic regression univariate analysis was used to determine predefined risk factors for death, unfavourable outcome, and long-term neurological sequelae. Seventy-four patients (44 males) with a median age of 8.0 months (range 1 day to 16 years and 1 month) and 77 BM episodes were included in the study. The average incidence rate of BM was 2.2/100,000/year, the majority (91%) being community-acquired BM. Streptococcus pneumonia and Neisseria meningitidis were the most common pathogens 12/77 (16%) each. Neurological sequelae at discharge were present in 24 (34%) patients, unfavourable outcome in 19 (25%), and hearing loss (deafness) in two (3%) survivors of BM. Seven (9%) patients died. Long-term neurological sequelae were observed in 19/60 (32%), aphasia/dysphasia being the most common in 10 (17%) BM children. No independent risk factors were identified for long-term neurological sequelae in univariate analysis.

Conclusion: The risk for a fatal course of BM is still remarkable. Neurological sequelae persisted in a substantial proportion of BM survivors in long-term follow-up, aphasia/dysphasia being the most common. Hearing loss (deafness) occurred in 3%. However, no specific risk factors predicting the long-term sequelae were found.

What is Known:• Streptococcus pneumonia and Neisseria meningitidis were the most common pathogens causing bacterial meningitis.• Risk for fatal course of bacterial meningitis (BM) remains remarkable despite advances in modern medicine.

What is New:• In long-term follow-up, 1/3 of BM children suffered from neurological sequelae in the 2010s, aphasia and dysphasia being the most common sequelae.• Hearing loss was diagnosed in only two (3%) children, whom of both were deaf.
Rare homozygous cilia gene variants identified in consanguineous congenital heart disease patients
Authors: Baird Daniel A. , Mubeen Hira , Doganli Canan , Miltenburg Jasmijn B. , Thomsen Oskar Kaaber , Ali Zafar , Naveed Tahir , Rehman Asif ur , Baig Shahid Mahmood , Christensen Søren Tvorup , Farooq Muhammad , Larsen Lars Allan
Published: September 2024

Congenital heart defects (CHD) appear in almost one percent of live births. Asian countries have the highest birth prevalence of CHD in the world. Recessive genotypes may represent a CHD risk factor in Asian populations with a high degree of consanguineous marriages. Genetic analysis of consanguineous families may represent a relatively unexplored source for investigating CHD etiology. To obtain insight into the contribution of recessive genotypes in CHD we analysed a cohort of forty-nine Pakistani CHD probands, originating from consanguineous unions. The majority (82%) of patient’s malformations were septal defects. We identified protein altering, rare homozygous variants (RHVs) in the patient’s coding genome by whole exome sequencing. The patients had a median of seven damaging RHVs each, and our analysis revealed a total of 758 RHVs in 693 different genes. By prioritizing these genes based on variant severity, loss-of-function intolerance and specific expression in the developing heart, we identified a set of 23 candidate disease genes. These candidate genes were significantly enriched for genes known to cause heart defects in recessive mouse models (P < 2.4e−06). In addition, we found a significant enrichment of cilia genes in both the initial set of 693 genes (P < 5.4e−04) and the 23 candidate disease genes (P < 5.2e−04). Functional investigation of ADCY6 in cell- and zebrafish-models verified its role in heart development. Our results confirm a significant role for cilia genes in recessive forms of CHD and suggest important functions of cilia genes in cardiac septation.
Effect of preoperative liraglutide 3.0 mg on incidence of intraoperative adhesions in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
Authors: Martines G. , Giove C. , Carlucci B. , Dezi A. , Ranieri C. , Rotelli M. T. , De Fazio M. , Tomasicchio G.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Liraglutide has shown promising results in the field of bariatric surgery, preparing patients for surgery. However, chronic therapy is often correlated with gastrointestinal disorders, such as subclinical pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of intraoperative adhesions and post-operative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) with or without prior therapy with liraglutide.

Methods

Clinical records of patients affected by obesity who underwent LSG between March 2017 and October 2022 were retrospectively reviewed using a prospectively maintained database. Patients were separated into two groups: those managed with preoperative liraglutide for 24 weeks prior to LSG, and those without prior medical therapy. Demographic data, operative time, intraoperative adhesions, and postoperative complications were reported and compared between two groups.

Results

Ninety-three patients underwent LSG without prior medical therapy, while 87 were treated with liraglutide before surgery. There were no significant differences in terms of gender, age, and comorbidities. After treatment with liraglutide, weight (117 vs 109 kg) and BMI (45 vs 42.2 kg/m2) were statistically lower than the group with no prior treatment to surgery. Thirty-two (37%) patients of the group treated with liraglutide had intraoperative adhesion vs nine (10%) patients of the control group (p < 0.005). There were no differences recorded between the two groups concerning post-operative complications.

Conclusion

Liraglutide has introduced a new way to treat obesity, improving weight loss and comorbidities. Gastrointestinal disorders, such as subclinical pancreatitis, associated with GLP-1 analogue could explain the elevated incidence of intraoperative adhesions during bariatric surgery.
Optimisation and monotonicity of the second Robin eigenvalue on a planar exterior domain
Authors: Krejčiřík David , Lotoreichik Vladimir
Published: September 2024

We consider the Laplace operator in the exterior of a compact set in the plane, subject to Robin boundary conditions. If the boundary coupling is sufficiently negative, there are at least two discrete eigenvalues below the essential spectrum. We state a general conjecture that the second eigenvalue is maximised by the exterior of a disk under isochoric or isoperimetric constraints. We prove an isoelastic version of the conjecture for the exterior of convex domains. Finally, we establish a monotonicity result for the second eigenvalue under the condition that the compact set is strictly star-shaped and centrally symmetric.
Quantitative isoperimetric inequalities for classical capillarity problems
Authors: Pascale Giulio , Pozzetta Marco
Published: September 2024

We consider capillarity functionals which measure the perimeter of sets contained in a Euclidean half-space assigning a constant weight $$\lambda \in (-1,1)$$

λ
∈
(
-
1
,
1
)

to the portion of the boundary that touches the boundary of the half-space. Depending on $$\lambda $$
λ
, sets that minimize this capillarity perimeter among those with fixed volume are known to be suitable truncated balls lying on the boundary of the half-space. We first give a new proof based on an ABP-type technique of the sharp isoperimetric inequality for this class of capillarity problems. Next we prove two quantitative versions of the inequality: a first sharp inequality estimates the Fraenkel asymmetry of a competitor with respect to the optimal bubbles in terms of the energy deficit; a second inequality estimates a notion of asymmetry for the part of the boundary of a competitor that touches the boundary of the half-space in terms of the energy deficit. After a symmetrization procedure, the quantitative inequalities follow from a novel combination of a quantitative ABP method with a selection-type argument.