bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical model of magnetite oxidation in a rotary kiln furnace
Authors: Davis R. A.
Published: March 2009

A novel method of accounting for the oxidation of magnetite during iron ore pellet induration in a rotary kiln is presented. The technique is based on the mathematical description of a cascading bed of pellets in a rotary kiln by Saeman (1951). For the purpose of illustration, this method was incorporated into a simple one‐dimensional model of heat and mass transfer in a natural gas fired rotary kiln furnace. The model predicts a fraction of magnetite oxidation less than 5%, which is in agreement with plant observations.
Mechanism and kinetics of chlorine dioxide reaction with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions
Authors: Ni Yonghao , Wang Xiaolan
Published: March 2009

The reaction of chlorine dioxide with hydrogen peroxide was studied in a well stirred batch reactor in a pH range of 3.60 to 5.07, which is of interest for commercial chlorine dioxide bleaching of chemical pulp. The reaction rate was determined by following the consumption of chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide and the formation of chlorite. The rate equation was established. It was found that the concentration dependencies of chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxide ion were all first‐order. A reaction mechanism compatible with the rate equation was proposed. Since it was found in previous work that chlorite in chlorine dioxide solution by the addition of small amount of hydrogen peroxide potentially led to a decrease in the formation of organically bound chlorine during chlorine dioxide bleaching, two methods were suggested to implement this technique in a bleach plant.
Adaptive multirate estimation and control of nutrient levels in a fed‐batch fermentation using off‐line and on‐line measurements
Authors: Shah Sirish L. , Gray Murray R. , Gudi Ravindra D. , Yegneswaran P. K.
Published: March 2009

A multirate adaptive estimation algorithm developed earlier (Gudi et al., 1995) is extended to perform estimation of nutrient levels using frequent on‐line measurements of the carbon dioxide evolution rate (CER) and off‐line, infrequent and delayed measurements of the biomass and substrate concentrations. It has been shown that the algorithm can be designed to track changing substrate yield coefficients as well. The estimation algorithm has been verified using simulations and industrial data from a fed‐batch fermentation involving aStreptomycesspecie. It has been coupled with a nonlinear control law designed to track prespecified optimal nutrient trajectories. The resulting closed loop control scheme is evaluated using simulation runs.
Performance of an internally circulating fluidized‐bed reactor for the catalytic oxidative coupling of methane
Authors: Mleczko L. , Marschall K.‐J.
Published: March 2009

The oxidative coupling of methane to C2‐hydrocarbons (OCM) over a La2O3/CaO catalyst (27 at.%) was investigated in an internally circulating fluidized‐bed (ICFB) reactor (IDeff = 1.9 cm, Hriser = 20.5 cm). The experiments were performed in the following range of conditions: T = 800−900°C, pCH4:pO2pN2 = 57.1–64:16–22.9:20 kPa. The obtained C2 selectivities and C2 yields were compared with the corresponding data from a spouted‐fluid‐bed reactor (ID = 5 cm) and a bubbling fluidized‐bed (FIB) reactor (ID = 5 cm). The maximum C2 yield in the internally circulating fluidized‐bed (ICFB) reactor amounted to 12.2% (T = 860°C, 38.7% C2 selectivity, 31.5% methane conversion), whereas in the FIB reactor a maximum C2 yield of 13.8% (T = 840°C, 40.4% C2 selectivity, 34.2% methane conversion) was obtained. The lowest C2 yield was achieved in the spouted‐bed (SFB) reactor (Y = 11.6%, T = 840°C, 36.2% C2 selectivity, 32.0% methane conversion). The highest space‐time yield of 24.0 mol/kgcat.h was obtained in the ICFB reactor, whereas in a FIB reactor only a space‐time yield of 9.6 mol/kgcatcould be obtained. The performance of the ICFB reactor was strongly influenced by gas‐phase reactions. Furthermore, stable reactor operation was possible only over a narrow range of gas velocities.
Evolution of the microstructure and rheology of O/W emulsions during the emulsification process
Authors: Sánchez M. Carmen , Berjano Manuel , Guerrero Antonio , Brito Edmundo , Gallegos Crispulo
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the influence that the processing variables and the nature of the low‐molecular‐weight emulsifier used exert on the evolution of the droplet size distributions and linear viscoelasticity functions of concentrated oil‐in‐water emulsions during the emulsification process, and the way these variables affect the final characteristics of the emulsions. With this aim four different surfactants and two impeller geometries were used. Influences of the emulsification time, agitation speed and temperature of emulsification were studied. From the experimental results obtained, a correlation between the plateau modulus, a linear viscoelastic parameter related to the strength of the interdroplet interactions, and the volume diameter is proposed.
Augmentation, par régénération électrochimique du substrat, de la production d'une biomasse (thiobacillus ferrooxidans DSM 583) pour un procédé biologique de récupération de métaux
Authors: Magnin Jean‐Pierre , Baillet Francis , Boyer Agnès , Zlatev Roumen , Ozil Patrick , Luca Mariana , Cheruy Arlette
Published: March 2009

Un réacteur bioélectrochimique à cathode volumique de grains de carbone régénère les ions ferreux, substrat de la bactérie acidophile autotrophe Thiobacillusferrooxidans DSM 583. L'implantation d'un régulateur, non linéaire linéarisant, contrôle efficacement l'intensité délivrée au réacteur électrochimique. La concentration protéique, corrélée à la concentration en biomasse, est multipliée par un facteur 6,4 lors d'une culture de 55 h dont 20 h sous électrolyse. Les capacités de la biomasse de Thiobacillus ferrooxidans pour la tolérance aux métaux et pour la fixation des métaux dans un effluent monométallique, bimétallique ou industriel sont présentées dans le but de concevoir un procédé bioélectrochimique de récupération de métaux en solution.
High‐velocity fluidization of solid particles in a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed system
Authors: Kuramoto Koji , Tsutsumi Atsushi , Chiba Tadatoshi
Published: March 2009

Particulate and aggregative fluidizations in a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed system are characterized by chaotic time series analysis of local voidage and heat transfer fluctuations in terms of the correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy. Both correlation dimension and Komogorov entropy of the voidate fluctuation are found to decrease with decreasing bed voidage in both fluidization regimes, suggesting the suppression of chaotic motion of individual particles due to high solid concentration. The correlation dimension of the heat transfer fluctation in the aggregative fluidization regime is higher than that in the particulate fluidization regime. This reflects the complex convective motion of liquid and solid phases induced by the formation of the liquid streaks and aggregates of particles.
Global degradation kinetics of wood and agricultural residues in air
Authors: Blasi Colomba Di , Branca Carmen
Published: March 2009

Degradation in air has been carried out of some woods and agricultural residues at heating rates of 20 K/min. The thermal behaviour has also been investigated with commercial products taken as representative of the main biomass components. Weight loss curves for woods and agricultural residues can be interpreted by a three‐step reaction scheme. The first, very fast step, can be attributed to the degradation of all the main components, the very slow second stage to lignin and hemi‐cellulose degradation, while the third is the combustion of the solid residual. The amount of volatiles released in the first stage is higher for woods (75 to 77% of the total solid against 50 to 60%) of residues) and the process is displaced towards higher temperatures and thus associated with higher activation energies (values of about 75 to 100 kJ/mol for woods and 72 to 78 kJ/mol for residues). In all cases, devolatilization rates are very slow and almost constant in the second stage, with small amounts of volatiles released (6 to 9% for woods and 5 to 16% for residues) and comparable activation energies (86 to 92 kJ/mol for woods and 83 to 87 kJ/mol for residues). Combustion of chars from agricultural residues again starts at lower temperatures and is described by activation energies of 73 to 80 kJ/mol (against 71 to 90 kJ/mol for woods).
Optimal seeding in batch crystallization
Authors: Chung Serena H. , Ma David L. , Braatz Richard D.
Published: March 2009

This is the first comprehensive study on the optimization of seed distribution in a crystallization process. For a batch crystallizer, a dynamic programming formulation optimizes a property of the product crystals over the supersaturation profile and the seed characteristics, namely the mean size of the seed crystals, the seed mass, and the width of the seed distribution. Three optimization objectives are considered: (1) weight mean size, (2) coefficient of variation, and (3) the ratio of the nucleated crystal mass to seed crystal mass. Different objectives lead to substantially different optimal seed distributions. It is shown that optimizing over the seed distribution can have a larger effect on the product crystal size distribution than optimizing over the supersaturation profile.
Axial mixing and gas holdup with reciprocating doughnut plates
Authors: Rao Nadella V. Rama , Baird Malcolm H. I.
Published: March 2009

A 15 cm diameter reciprocating plate column has been operated under gas—liquid flow conditions with a stack of doughnut‐type plates having inner and outer diameters of 7.5 cm and 13.0 cm, respectively. Axial dispersion coefficients and gas holdup have been measured. It is found that this type of plate gives lower axial dispersion coefficients than a previously tested doughnut plate having an outer diameter almost the same as the column internal diameter, but the gas retention times are slightly lower.
Transient simulation of a catalytic converter for a dual fuel engine
Authors: Liu Benlin , Checkel M. David , Hayes Robert E. , Zheng Ming , Mirosh Edward
Published: March 2009

An experimental and modelling study was performed for a catalytic converter attached to a natural gas/diesel dual fuel engine. The catalytic converter was a ceramic monolith honeycomb substrate coated with a washcoat of catalyst. A multiple segmented design of converter was used. This paper describes the application of a one‐dimensional finite element model for the transient and steady state operation of this converter. The model is a single channel model. The laminar flow was approximated using a dispersed plug flow model. The chemical kinetics were simulated using LHHW type expressions. Comparison of simulated results are made with experimental results for heating and cooling cycles that resulted from speed and load changes on the engine. These comparisons showed a maximum difference between experimental and predicted emission levels of about 10%.
Multidetector Computed Tomography in Post‐traumatic Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm
Authors: Bozlar Ugur , Yurtsever Ismail , Sahin Ugurel M. , Ors Fatih , Selim Nural M. , Tasar Mustafa
Published: March 2009

We report a 20‐year‐old male with rare asymptomatic aneurysm of the left ventricle that was concluded to be a pseudoaneurysm given its calcified walls and the history of severe blunt chest trauma 8 years ago. Multidetector computed tomography (CT) angiography of the coronary vessels helped exclude vascular insult and suggest traumatic intramyocardial dissection as underlying etiopathogenesis, besides providing a good view of aneurysm and cardiac morphology in relation to coronary vessels. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Access to Enantiopure 2,5‐Diaryltetrahydrofurans – Application to the Synthesis of (–)‐Virgatusin and (+)‐Urinaligran
Authors: Martinet Sophie , Méou Alain , Brun Pierre
Published: March 2009

The diastereoselective MnIII‐promoted radical addition of β‐oxoesters 1 onto N‐cinnamoyloxazolidinones 2 afforded 2,3‐dihydrofurans 3. After catalytic hydrogenation of the C=C bond, followed by reductive removal of the chiral auxiliary, the resulting enantiopure tetrahydrofurans 5 were transformed in two steps into naturally occurring (–)‐virgatusin and (+)‐urinaligran and two other, nonnatural, tetrasubstituted THF lignans. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
β2 Adrenergic receptor activation induces microglial NADPH oxidase activation and dopaminergic neurotoxicity through an ERK‐dependent/protein kinase A‐independent pathway
Authors: Qian Li , Hu Xiaoming , Zhang Dan , Snyder Amanda , Wu Hung‐Ming , Li Yachen , Wilson Belinda , Lu Ru‐Band , Hong Jau‐Shyong , Flood Patrick M.
Published: March 2009

Activation of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) on immune cells has been reported to possess anti‐inflammatory properties, however, the pro‐inflammatory properties of β2AR activation remain unclear. In this study, using rat primary mesencephalic neuron‐glia cultures, we report that salmeterol, a long‐acting β2AR agonist, selectively induces dopaminergic (DA) neurotoxicity through its ability to activate microglia. Salmeterol selectively increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (PHOX), the major superoxide‐producing enzyme in microglia. A key role of PHOX in mediating salmeterol‐induced neurotoxicity was demonstrated by the inhibition of DA neurotoxicity in cultures pretreated with diphenylene‐iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of PHOX activity. Mechanistic studies revealed the activation of microglia by salmeterol results in the selective phosphorylation of ERK, a signaling pathway required for the translocation of the PHOX cytosolic subunit p47phoxto the cell membrane. Furthermore, we found ERK inhibition, but not protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition, significantly abolished salmeterol‐induced superoxide production, p47phoxtranslocation, and its ability to mediate neurotoxicity. Together, these findings indicate that β2AR activation induces microglial PHOX activation and DA neurotoxicity through an ERK‐dependent/PKA‐independent pathway. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of p53 in phthalate effects on mouse and rat osteoblasts
Authors: Sabbieti M.G. , Agas D. , Santoni G. , Materazzi S. , Menghi G. , Marchetti L.
Published: March 2009

The role of two estrogen‐mimicking compounds in regulating osteoblast activities were examined. Previously, our attention was focused on benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP) since previous works showed that they enter the cytoplasm, bioaccumulate, modify actin cytoarchitecture and exert mitogenic effects involving microfilament disruption, and nuclear actin and lamin A regulation in Py1a rat osteoblasts. In this study we showed that BBP and DBP cause DNA base lesions both in MT3T3‐E1 osteoblasts and in mouse primary calvarial osteoblasts (COBs). In addition, treatment with the above effectors caused an increase of p53 and phospho‐p53 (ser‐15 and ser‐20) as well as an increase of apoptotic proteins with consequent decrease of cell viability. Moreover, treatment with phthalates did not modified p53 and phospho‐p53 expression in Py1a rat osteoblasts. It is of relevance that in p53 knockdown mouse osteoblasts a proliferative effect of phthalates, similar to that observed in rat Py1a osteoblasts, was found. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that phthalates induce osteoblast apoptosis, which is, at least in part, mediated by p53 activation, suggesting that the proliferative effects could be due to p53 missing activation or p53 mutation. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 316–327, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Faserlaser – Das energieeffiziente Werkzeug
Authors: Grupp Michael , Westphäling Tim
Published: March 2009

Der Faserlaser hat sich in den unterschiedlichsten Bereichen der Materialbearbeitung etabliert. Seine Vorzüge wie exzellente Strahlqualität, Robustheit und Skalierbarkeit führten zu Anwendungen, bei denen der Faserlaser konventionelle Lasertechnik verdrängt hat oder überhaupt erst ermöglicht hat.

Mit einem Steckdosenwirkungsgrad von bis zu 30 % erweist sich der Faserlaser als ein energieeffizientes Werkzeug, das den Aufwand und die Kosten für Stromversorgung sowie Kühlung minimiert.

Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Faserlaser‐Technologie und gibt einen Überblick über Anwendungen vom Mikro‐ bis in den Makrobereich, von gepulsten Faserlasern bis CW‐Faserlaser im Singlemode‐ und Multimode‐Bereich.
Quantitative thin layer chromatographic analysis of the saponins in tea seed meal
Authors: Chaicharoenpong Chanya , Petsom Amorn
Published: March 2009

Introduction

The defatted seed meal of Camellia oleifera Abel., which contains saponins, is used extensively in aquaculture to eliminate unwanted fish and harmful insects during the cultivation of prawns, and as a molluscicide to control Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck. For the quality control of such tea seed meal products, a method for the determination of saponin content is required.

Objective

To develop a simple, sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of saponins in tea seed meal using high‐performance thin layer chromatography and densitometry.

Methodology

Powdered tea seed meal samples were extracted with methanol, filtered, evaporated to dryness and the residue taken up in methanol. Samples, together with methanolic solutions of saponin standard, were analysed by HPTLC on silica gel layers eluted with ethyl acetate:methanol:water (6:3:1.5, v/v/v) and detected at 214 nm. The amounts of saponins were determined from the respective calibration curves obtained by plotting the concentrations of saponin standard against peak area.

Results

Tea saponin peaks were detected at about Rf 0.40. Good linearity was observed in the range of 0.9–22.2 µg/spot with a correlation coefficient of 0.9978. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.87 and 2.90 µg/spot, respectively. The content of tea saponins in 10 tested samples was found to be between 13.1 and 21.1% w/w.

Conclusion

The assay proved to be a specific, sensitive and inexpensive method for the quality control of saponins in tea seed meal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining dispositional and situational effects on outgroup attitudes
Authors: Meeus Joke , Duriez Bart , Vanbeselaere Norbert , Phalet Karen , Kuppens Peter
Published: March 2009

Two research lines have dominated the quest for the antecedents of outgroup attitudes. Whereas the first has viewed outgroup attitudes as a result of individual differences, the second stressed the importance of the intergroup situation. In order to investigate the interplay of individual differences and situational characteristics, key predictors of the individual differences perspective (i.e. right‐wing authoritarianism or RWA, and social dominance orientation or SDO) and the intergroup relations perspective (i.e. ingroup identification and ingroup threat) were simultaneously tested. Two studies revealed additive but no interaction effects of RWA and SDO, ingroup identification and threat. Additionally, Study 1 showed that threat effects remain limited to the outgroup that is portrayed as threatening and do not generalize to other outgroups. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicast capacity and delay trade‐offs inad hocnetworks with random iid mobility model
Authors: Li Shu , Hong Yongfa , Jiang Changjun , Wang Cheng
Published: March 2009

In this paper, multicast capacity and delay trade‐offs of mobilead hocnetworks are considered under random independently and identically distributed (iid) mobility model. Compared with unicast, multicast can reduce the overall network load by a factor$\Theta \left( {\sqrt k } \right)$with high probability (whp) in static randomad hocnetworks, wherekis the number of destination nodes in a multicast session. So we firstly discuss whether the law still holds in mobile randomad hocnetworks, and in this case what delay should be tolerated. Through the relation between average retransmissions and multicast capacity, we prove that$\Theta \left( {{{\rm 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm 1} {\sqrt k }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt k }}} \right)$order of multicast capacity is not achievable whp, and delay for$\Theta \left( {{{\rm 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm 1} {\sqrt k }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt k }}} \right)$multicast capacity is$\Omega \left( {K{n}^K } \right)$, where$n$is the number ofad hocnodes in the whole networks, and$K = \left\lceil {{{\sqrt {k} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\sqrt {\rm k} } {\rm c}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {c}}} \right\rceil$andcis a positive constant. Then achievable throughput whp is considered. The nearest neighbor transmission strategy is introduced by Grossglauser and Tse to achieve$\Theta \left( {\rm 1} \right)$throughput which is so far the highest achievable unicast capacity. So the multicast capacity of mobilead hocnetworks under this strategy is studied. The analysis shows that under any multicast routing scheme based on the nearest neighbor transmission strategy, the upper bound on multicast capacity is$\Theta \left( {{{\rm 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm 1} k}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} k}} \right)$whp. Then we propose a multicast routing and scheduling scheme by which mobilead hocnetworks can achieve$\Theta \left( {{{\rm 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm 1} k}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} k}} \right)$throughput whp, and must tolerate$\Theta \left( {{kn}} \right)$total network delay. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and risk factors for a high level of postnatal depression symptomatology in Italian women: A sample drawn from ante-natal classes
Authors: Grussu Pietro , Quatraro Rosa Maria
Published: March 2009

Background

Depression after childbirth is a major problem affecting 10–22% of all mothers. In Italy, postnatal depression has not yet been systematically studied.

Methods

In this retrospective study we have sought to identify risk factors, assessed during pregnancy, and their importance for postnatal depression symptoms in a sample of 297 Italian women attending ante-natal classes organised by the local Consultorio Familiare Unit of the National Health Service, Italy. The Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory – revised form (PDPI-Revised), was used to identify risk factors, 8–9 month of pregnancy. A double-test strategy using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12), was administered to screen women with a higher occurrence of symptoms of postnatal depression six–eight weeks after delivery. Women with high EPDS (<8) and high GHQ12 (<3) scores were compared with those who had scored below the EPDS and/or GHQ12 threshold scores.

Results

We found that 13% of the women studied showed high postnatal depressive symptomatology, which is very similar to rates of prevalence of postnatal depression in the first year after the birth of the child reported in other Western World studies. Feeling anxious during pregnancy is a strong predictor of high symptoms of depression at 6–8 weeks after delivery. However, University education and friends' support appear to be important protective factors.

Conclusion

These findings could be useful both for Italian health professionals and for researchers interested in the transcultural aspects of postnatal depression.
Management of the N0 neck in moderately advanced squamous carcinoma of the larynx
Authors: Dias Fernando L. , Lima Roberto A. , Manfro Gabriel , Barbosa Mauro M. , Salviano Scheilla , Rocha Ricardo M. , Marques Amanda S. , Cernea Cláudio R. , Kligerman Jacob
Published: March 2009

Objective

To assess the oncological efficacy of selective neck dissection (SND) in patients with T3‐4 N0 laryngeal squamous carcinoma.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 327 patients underwent 654 neck dissections; each side of the neck was individually evaluated.

Results

Three percent of patients who had SND developed regional recurrence (RR) in comparison with 11.7 percent of patients who underwent modified radical neck dissection (MRND) (P = 0.005). Only 3 (0.9%) patients developed RR outside the field of SND. The presence of extracapsular extension (P = 0.002) in node‐positive (pN+) group and of microvascular invasion (P = 0.007), together with the type of neck dissection (ND) (P = 0.0003) in node‐negative (pN0) group had statistical impact on RR. The development of RR significantly affected disease‐specific survival (P = 0.0001). Equivalent rates of RR were found in pN+ (2.6%) or pN0 (3.2%) patients treated with SND (P = 0.98) as well as in pN+ patients who underwent SND (2.6%) or MRND (4.7%) (P = 0.85).

Conclusion

This study confirmed the adequacy of SND as a satisfactory staging and therapeutic procedure, and suggests its use in the treatment of limited node‐positive (N+) neck.
The Meso-Cenozoic tectonics and petroleum potential of West Siberia
Authors: Kontorovich V.A.
Published: March 2009

The relationship between the petroleum potential of the West Siberian province and the Mesozoic to Cenozoic tectonic processes is analyzed. The studies were based on structural and isopach maps of seismogeologic megacomplexes compiled from generalized geological and geophysical data on the province at the Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics as well as on the results of interpretation of regional seismic CDP (common depth point) profiles. The main stages of formation of structures of different ranks and faults have been established. It is shown that the petroleum potential of the province was determined mainly by its structure and tectonic processes at the Cenozoic stage of evolution. At that time, the Koltogory–Urengoi megatrench formed, which became the main zone of hydrocarbon generation, as well as large positive structures—petroleum accumulation zones. Also, disjunctions originated, which served as channels for hydrocarbon migration from the oil source rocks of the Bazhenovo Formation to the main Neocomian and Aptian–Albian–Cenomanian petroleum reservoirs of the province.
The Amount of Free Lime and the Composition of the Soluble Phosphates in Basic Slag
Authors: Morison C. G. T.
Published: March 2009

Basic Slag owes its value as a source of phosphoric acid to the fact that it is essentially basic in its character, and can be used on land where an acid manure of the character of superphosphate is not to be recommended.

As no figures were available on the subject it seemed interesting to determine how much of the lime which it contains existed in the free uncombined condition. It has been stated that in some cases this is as much as 20%.

With a view to this determination four samples of freshly ground slag were obtained direct from the makers through the kindness of the Lawes Chemical Manure Company.
Distribution of the Nitrogen of Wheat between the Flour, Bran and Shorts
Authors: Greaves J. E. , Stewart Robert
Published: March 2009

The per cent. of nitrogen in a wheat is no direct index of the amount which its flour will contain. The per cent. of a wheat's protein recovered in the flour varied from 56·84 per cent, to 65·56, while the per cent. of protein occurring in the bran varied between 25 per cent. and 32·77 per cent., and that occurring in the shorts from 8·90 to 10·82 per cent. As an average of these determinations, the protein of the wheat was divided between the flour, bran and shorts in the proportion of 61·87 per cent., 27·98 per cent., and 9·92 per cent. respectively.
The Enumeration and Measurement of Fat Globules in Milk
Authors: Cooper W. F , Nuttall W. H , Freka G. A
Published: March 2009

In investigating the influence of various factors on the character of milk, it is now recognised that it is insufficient (at least for many purposes) to make comparisons of the percentage of fat, but some regard must be paid to the distribution of the fat in the globules.
Cause and Prevention of Rancidity in Palm Nut Kernel Cake
Authors: Calder R. B.
Published: March 2009

One of the most common complaints of users of palm nut kernel cake is that it is liable to become rancid on keeping. Rancidity developing in an oil-seed residue like palm nut kernel cake is likely to be due to splitting of the fats of the cake by a fat-splitting ferment or enzyme— a lipase—formed under certain conditions. The resting seeds do not contain lipase, but they are likely to contain a zymogen from which under suitable conditions lipase is formed.
Notes on the nature of the phosphates contained in mineral phosphates
Authors: Robertson G. S.
Published: March 2009

The present work has been undertaken with the object of ascertaining the actual compounds of phosphoric acid and lime present in rock phosphates, a better knowledge of these compounds being of some agricultural importance.
Skin Temperature and Fattening Capacity in Oxen
Authors: Wood T. B. , Hill A. V.
Published: March 2009

In the preceding paper, attention is drawn to the fact that wide differences occur between individual animals in their capacity for converting food into fat. It is shown, for instance, that an individual ox on a fattening diet may increase in live weight as much as 3 lb. a day or as little as 1 lb. a day. The former would give out 17,000 Cals., and the latter 22,000 Cals. per day, a difference in heat evolution of about 25 per cent.
Studies on the palæozoic soils of North Wales
Authors: Robinson Gilbert Wooding
Published: March 2009

The soils of North Wales have been studied by the writer during the past four and a half years in field and laboratory. A number of types have been recognised and studied. Further work is necessary to elucidate the properties of the types already identified and to establish fresh types. The purpose of the present paper is to give an account of the soils most typical of the area, namely the soils derived from material of the Pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian formations in the counties of Anglesey, Carnarvon and Denbigh. In this group are included soils derived from the weathering of local glacial drift, and the associated sandy, alluvial and peaty soils. The soils formed of newer materials, including later Palæozoic soils and Glacial drift of external origin may form the subject of a separate paper.
On the measurement of hydrogen-ion concentrations in soil by means of the quinhydrone electrode
Authors: Biilmann Einar
Published: March 2009

The measurement of the hydrogen-ion concentration of soils often presents great difficulties. When ordinary hydrogen electrodes are used, constant potentials are, in many cases, only obtained after hydrogen has been passed for several hours, while in many instances hydrogen electrodes cannot be used at all. The other important method of determining “pH,” the colorimetric method, can only be used in testing clear and almost colourless soil extracts, but not in testing soil mixtures.
The physical significance of the shrinkage coefficient of clays and soils
Authors: Hardy F.
Published: March 2009

1. The investigation described is a continuation of the researches of certain workers in the British West Indies on the significance of the shrinkage coefficient of clays and soils. A brief outline of these researches and their results is given.

2. Tempany's hypothesis, which explains shrinkage as due to contraction consequent on loss of water by evaporation from the saturated gel-skeleton that ramifies throughout a mass of soil at its point of maximum plasticity, is criticised on the grounds that it does not completely fit the facts. In particular, it fails to account for the abnormally low shrinkage coefficients exhibited by lateritic soils, notably the red upland soil of Barbados. Mason explained this abnormality by assuming that kneading does not entirely destroy aggregation of soil particles, which is especially well marked in the Barbados red soil. The writer demonstrated, however, that soils of similar colloid content, and belonging to one and the same geological type, but exhibiting different degrees of aggregation, possess similar shrinkage coefficients. A different hypothesis to explain soil shrinkage was therefore sought.

3. The hypothesis finally accepted is based on the belief that colloidal gels possess a reticulate structure. At the point of saturation, a hydrogel probably contains water in two phases. The first of these is adsorbed in the walls of the gel; it has been shown by Wilsdon, in the case of soil colloids, to represent the moisture content at the hygroscopic coefficient stage. The second phase fills the vesicles of the gel, and is a crystalline phase.
The hydrogen-ion concentration of heavy alkaline soils
Authors: Joseph A. F. , Martin F. J.
Published: March 2009

(1) The colorimetric method is unsuited to the examination of heavy, alkaline soils owing to the turbidity of the suspension.

(2) Where the nature of the suspension permits of colorimetric determinations being made, they agree with those obtained electrometrically: with the latter method practically identical results are obtained using soil-water mixtures or moderately clear extracts.

(3) No disturbing effect is likely to be introduced by amounts of nitrate up to 500 parts per million of soil.

(4) Owing to the effect on the pH of a soil suspension caused by varying the proportion of water and time of extraction, these conditions should be fixed for routine work. We have found 1 hour's extraction with 5 parts of water satisfactory.

(5) On account of the amphoteric or buffer nature of clay, soil shifts the reaction of acids and alkalis in the direction of neutrality.

(6) The effect of sodium salts on a soil is to displace aluminium and so reduce alkalinity: the residual soil after leaching is found to be more alkaline.

(7) The effect of drying alkaline soil is to cause the pH of the extract to be lower than that obtained from the undried soil. If however the time of extraction is prolonged, the differences disappear almost entirely.
The efficiency of ammonium sulphate as a fertiliser
Authors: Prescott James Arthur
Published: March 2009

Field experiments with maize at the Bahtim Experimental Station and laboratory tests indicate that the lower efficiency of ammonium sulphate as compared with nitrate of soda is due principally under these special conditions to the liberation of ammonia from the fertiliser in contact with an alkaline soil. The rate of this liberation is a function of the aeration and of the soil reaction.
Wheat offals: their grading, composition and digestibility
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest
Published: March 2009

In 1913 the National Association of Millers was invited by the Board of Agriculture to formulate a definition of the term “Millers' Offals.” After some discussion the Association forwarded the following resolution: “That millers' offals, or wheaten offals sold as such, are the products of wheat and of the vegetable substances extracted from the wheats of commerce in the process of cleaning; but the proportion of such extraneous matter shall not exceed the percentage found in the wheats imported into the United Kingdom.”
The Mendelian inheritance of susceptibility and resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia glumarum, Erikss. et Henn.) in wheat
Authors: Armstrong S. F.
Published: March 2009

The present paper may, at first sight, appear to contain much that is irrelevant to the subject as indicated in the title. But, whilst the primary object throughout was to trace the inheritance of susceptibility and resistance to rust attack, experience shows that a study of the environmental conditions is also essential for a correct understanding of this problem.
Further studies on the soils of North Wales
Authors: Robinson Gilbert Wooding , Hill Charles Frederick
Published: March 2009

In a former paper, one of us has discussed the Palaeozoic soils of North Wales. In that paper, the Carboniferous soils were omitted as being rather apart from the other Palæozoic soils, which formed a convenient group for study by themselves. In the present paper, the authors discuss Carboniferous soils and the soils derived from the Northern Drift, together with the associated deposits of more recent origin.
The nutrition of the bacon pig. XII. The value of dried grass meal for growing and fattening pigs
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E.
Published: March 2009

It has been shown in a previous communication that the meal-replacement value of young grass in actual pig-feeding practice is considerably poorer than would be anticipated from a consideration of its content of ‘total digestible nutrients’ as determined by means of pig digestion trials. This is because the figure for ‘total digestible nutrients’ takes no account of the energy expended by the pig in consuming and masticating its food. Although this wastage of energy does not represent a serious loss in relation to the rate of live-weight increase in the case of ordinary pig meals fed in the form of a thick slop, it becomes of considerable significance when grass forms a major component of the diet, on account of the bulkiness of the grass and its unfavourable physical texture from the standpoint of consumption by pigs.
Influence of mines upon land and livestock in Cardiganshire
Authors: Griffith J. J.
Published: March 2009

During the years 1908–1913 inquiries with reference to the infertility of soils were frequently received from farmers in various parts of Cardiganshire. Upon examination it was found that the primary cause of infertility in most of the cases was the presence in the soil of appreciable quantities of lead. At first it was thought that only a few isolated spots were thus affected. Further investigation, however, revealed the fact that a relatively large area of what should be naturally the best land of North Cardiganshire was suffering from the same cause, and that a considerable number of farmers were of opinion that both their soils and their live stock suffered from “lead poisoning.” Consequently, it was thought advisable to make a survey of the affected land and to investigate possible remedial measures.
Experimental methods with cotton VI. The determination of staple-length in single plant selections and variety trials
Authors: Fielding W. L.
Published: March 2009

1. A study of different methods of staple-length measurement of material from a cotton variety trial, of the comparative accuracy of three persons' measurements and of the number of seeds which it is necessary to measure in order to achieve various degrees of accuracy in the determination of differences in variety trial and single plant material is described.

2. If, in making single plant selections, the breeder is satisfied with a level of significance ofP=0·1 when using a sample of only five seeds per plant, he would be justified in discarding material falling one and a half millimetres below the standard of staple-length at which he was aiming.
A Study of the fasting metabolism of various breeds of hog. I. Introductory: age, weight and length data, etc
Authors: Deighton Thomas
Published: March 2009

The following paper is the first of a projected series on the results of work which has been in progress in the Animal Calorimetry Department of this Institute during the past five years. Subsequent papers will deal with body temperature variations, effects of environmental temperature, metabolism, energy expenditure, etc.
The influence of fallowing on the yield of Wheat or barley on very exhausted Land
Authors: Mann Harold H.
Published: March 2009

The influence of two years of bare fallow on the fertility of light land exhausted by continuous cropping with wheat or barley for fifty years has been very great, the immediate result being an increase in the crop of wheat by 50% and of barley by 140% over the average yield of the unmanured plots for the ten years before the fallow was taken. A repetition of the fallow after a further period of five years of continuous cropping without manure gave a very similar result.

Whatever had been the treatment of the land during the fifty years before the fallowing, the yield produced as a result of the bare fallow fell off very rapidly in the succeeding years, when no further manuring was given. In fact, after the first two or, at most, three years the crop, of grain went much lower than it had been before any fallowing had taken place. This falling off in yield was almost equally felt on plots which had been treated with artificial manures during the preceding fifty years as on those which had been unmanured throughout.
Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. VII. The calcium requirement of the laying bird
Authors: Common R. H.
Published: March 2009

1. Evidence is presented in support of the view that theaveragedaily retention of calcium from the food by the laying fowl is of the order of 50% of the intake for average daily intakes of about 1–3·5 g. calcium.

2. It is suggested that the optimal calcium requirement of the laying fowl for sustained heavy production lies in the region of 4 g. calcium daily, and that of the standards proposed by Mitchell & McClure (1937) that based on a 50% utilization is more nearly in accord with the results of metabolism experiments.
A note on differential responses in blocks
Authors: Kempthorne O.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this note is to present the results of the analysis of a series of experiments for the existence of interactions between treatments tested and blocks. It is implicit in all modern designs which involve confounding and/or fractional replication that such interactions are negligible compared with the effects and interactions which the experiments are designed to estimate. The matter has been discussed from the theoretical point of view in a recent paper on confounding and fractional replication (Kempthorne, 1947). This note will consist of a short statement of the problem and the results of an examination of a series of experiments on sugar beet which provide information on the point in question.
A Uniformity Trial with Irrigated Broadcast Rice
Authors: Lord L.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a uniformity trial with irrigated broadcast rice and shows the large inter- and intra-field variation which exists.

The standard deviations decrease with the increased size of plots and vary from 20–1 per cent, with 1/436 acre plots to 7–8 per cent, with 1/22 acre plots.

The decrease of the standard deviation is small with plots larger than 1/87 acre. This size of plot is considered to be the most practicable for field trials.

The influence of proximity to bunds, irrigation channels and drains on increasing yields is discussed and methods of reducing errors due to this cause are suggested.

It is shown that the use of a Latin square extending over more than one field has not produced a more accurate experiment than the use of randomised blocks. The latter method would therefore appear to be the more suitable for manurial and other trials, under the particular conditions of rice growing.
The variations in milk yields caused by season of the year, service, age, and dry period, and their elimination: Part IV. Dry period, and standardisation of yields
Authors: Sanders H. G.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a statistical analysis of the records collected by the Norfolk Milk Recording Society (3918 lactations), comparing the results with those obtained from the records of the Penrith M.R.S. (already published).

As in the case of Penrith, autumn calvers were found to average more milk in a lactation than spring calvers, but the best months of calving were two months later—i.e. October to February instead of August to December; this is because in the case of Norfolk, yields are maintained well throughout the winter, whereas they fall off very rapidly in the Penrith district from February to April, and if this bad period comes early in the lactation a low yield results. The yield falls off, in both districts, very rapidly during summer (after the flush of grass in spring) and particularly during the two periods June-July and September-October; the average rates at which the yield declines during different calendar months, appears to provide the explanation of the variation in yield according to the month of calving. Seasonal variations appear to be nutritional, rather than meteorological, in nature, and it seems probable that with more knowledge of feeding and management they should be largely eliminated; the greatest scope for improvement lies in summer, when it is suggested arrangements should be made for a supply of catch-crops for feeding green, and this supplementing of the grass should begin much earlier in the year—i.e. beginning of June in normal seasons—than is generally believed.
Studies in crop variation: V. The relation between yield and soil nutrients
Authors: Balmukand BH
Published: March 2009

The study of the relation of plant-growth to environmental factors has led to much research directed to the elaboration of General Formulae expressing the quantitative response of the experimental plant or crop to the quantity of the nutrients with which it is supplied. For variations of a single nutrient only many different mathematical expressions will serve to describe the facts to the accuracy with which these are usually ascertained by experiment; the practical value of such formulae is, however, much impaired if the parameters or constants which they involve change their value from experiment to experiment. If, on the contrary, we can obtain formulae of a general character which represents satisfactorily not only the response to variation of a single factor, but the response to simultaneous variation of two or more different factors, then we have reason to believe that the parameters of such formulae will not depend upon the casual or non-essential conditions of the experiment, but will be capable of direct interpretation as physical quantities. We have shown that the Resistance Formula does fit the data of several two-factor experiments and the agreement of the three values of an determined from the three potato crops as well as the agreement of the difference in the values of k on a dunged and undunged plot with the potash expected to be available from the ten tons of dung shows that this expectation is so far justified. The parameters of the Resistance Formula are capable of a direct and definite physical interpretation; for each nutrient there are two constants; one represents the importance of the nutrient considered to the crop concerned, and may be expected to vary from crop to crop and from variety to variety, and so to afford a direct comparison between varieties of their manurial needs, while the second represents the amount of nutrient available in the unmanured soil.
The determination of moisture in wheat and flour: A study of “moisture testing” in water ovens and electric ovens
Authors: Fisher E. A. , Jones C. R.
Published: March 2009

The nature of the problem of moisture determinations on materials such as flour and wheat is discussed shortly. It is not possible to obtain by over drying true values for moisture contents. What is sought is a convenient and reliable procedure giving strictly reproducible figures possessing full comparative value. This was the object of the work described, the main lines of which should be applicable to agricultural products of many kinds.

The electrically heated air oven is the most convenient and suitable instrument for routine purposes, and comparative results show that it allows of far more reliable work than the water oven.

Determinations of apparent moisture content have been made on a sample of wheat flour in electric ovens at temperatures ranging from 90° to 140° C. and for periods of heating ranging from 1 to 14 hours, the technique and number of determinations (about 400 altogether) being such that the results were suitable for statistical examination. The probable errors of single determinations were calculated for several sets of results and did not exceed 0·05 per cent. The results given show that at several temperatures, variation in time of heating over a considerable range does not affect the values obtained. In the light of these results it was possible to assess the reliability, as well as the convenience, of various possible procedures.