bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Simulation for Ventilator Management in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Byars Donald V. , Klinkhammer Martin D. , Fellin Matthew A.
Published: November 2019

Background

Emergency physicians have a residency graduation milestone to effectively manage the airway and initiate mechanical ventilation. However, many emergency medicine (EM) residents report rarely or never feeling comfortable managing mechanically ventilated patients. Our goal was to determine the effectiveness of an in situ simulation program for EM residents to successfully manage a ventilator on a high‐fidelity patient simulator.

Methods

This was a prospective observational educational study of EM residents executed in four steps. Baseline performance was assessed by observed standard clinical examination (OSCE) in a checklist manner after our routine classroom‐based annual ventilator teaching. The in situ simulation was executed in a small‐group format located in the trauma bay of the ED using only equipment available in the clinical setting. Performance at 1 week and 8 months after the educational intervention was assessed by repeat OSCE. The results were assessed using paired Student’s t‐tests.

Results

There was a statistically significant improvement in all checklist markers of successful ventilator management on repeat OSCE after the in situ simulation intervention. A final unannounced retention OSCE was administered 8 months after the intervention with no additional interval training. The improved performance persisted 8 months later.

Conclusions

This in situ simulation study demonstrated improved checklist scoring on ventilator management in simulated critically ill patients by EM residents. This improvement persisted 8 months after the educational intervention.
Phylogeographic evidence for two species of muriqui (genusBrachyteles)
Authors: Chaves Paulo B. , Magnus Tielli , Jerusalinsky Leandro , Talebi Maurício , Strier Karen B. , Breves Paula , Tabacow Fernanda , Teixeira Rodrigo H. F. , Moreira Leandro , Hack Robson O. E. , Milagres Adriana , Pissinatti Alcides , de Melo Fabiano R. , Pessutti Cecília , Mendes Sérgio L. , Margarido Tereza C. , Fagundes Valéria , Di Fiore Anthony , Bonatto Sandro L.
Published: November 2019

The taxonomy of muriquis, the largest extant primates in the New World, is controversial. While some specialists argue for a monotypic genus (Brachyteles arachnoides), others favor a two‐species classification, splitting northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) from southern muriquis (B. arachnoides). This uncertainty affects how we study the differences between these highly endangered and charismatic primates, as well as the design of more effective conservation programs. To address this issue, between 2003 and 2017 we collected over 230 muriqui fecal samples across the genus’ distribution in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, extracted DNA from these samples, and sequenced 423 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses of our sequence dataset robustly support two reciprocally monophyletic groups corresponding to northern and southern muriquis separated by an average 12.7% genetic distance. The phylogeographic break between these lineages seems to be associated with the Paraíba do Sul River and coincides with the transition between the north and south Atlantic Forest biogeographic zones. Published divergence estimates from whole mitochondrial genomes and nuclear loci date the split between northern and southern muriquis to the Early Pleistocene (ca. 2.0 mya), and our new mtDNA dataset places the coalescence time for each of these two clades near the last interglacial (ca. 120–80 kya). Our results, together with both phenotypic and ecological differences, support recognizing northern and southern muriquis as sister species that should be managed as distinct evolutionarily significant units. Given that only a few thousand muriquis remain in nature, it is imperative that conservation strategies are tailored to protect both species from extinction.
Direct and Tandem Routes for the Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Functionalized Internal Olefins
Authors: Chen Min , Chen Changle
Published: November 2019

Transition metal catalyzed ethylene copolymerization with polar monomers is a highly challenging reaction. After decades of research, the scope of suitable comonomer substrates has expanded from special to fundamental polar monomers and, recently, to 1,1‐disubstituted ethylenes. Described in this contribution is a direct and tandem strategy to realize ethylene copolymerization with various 1,2‐disubstituted ethylenes. The direct route is sensitive to sterics of both the comonomers and the catalyst. In the tandem route, ruthenium‐catalyzed ethenolysis can convert 1,2‐disubstituted ethylenes into terminal olefins, which can be subsequently copolymerized with ethylene to afford polar functionalized polyolefins. The one‐pot, two‐step tandem route is highly versatile and efficient in dealing with challenging substrates. This work is a step forward in terms of expanding the substrate scope for transition metal catalyzed ethylene copolymerization with polar‐functionalized comonomers.
Flexible Total Synthesis of 11‐Deoxylandomycins and Their Non‐Natural Analogues by Way of Asymmetric Metal Catalysis
Authors: Lee Juyeol , Kang Jihun , Lee Sukhyun , Rhee Young Ho
Published: November 2019

A de novo first collective total synthesis of 11‐deoxylandomycins is reported. A signature step is featured by the Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric addition of alcohol to ene‐alkoxyallenes that assembles oligomeric 2,3,6‐trideoxyoligosaccharides. The unique feature of the protocol is illustrated by a flexible access to various natural 11‐deoxylandomycins as well as non‐natural analogues.
Calcium Hydride Reduction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Wilson Andrew S. S. , Dinoi Chiara , Hill Michael S. , Mahon Mary F. , Maron Laurent , Richards Emma
Published: November 2019

A molecular calcium hydride effects the two electron reduction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, including naphthalene (E0=−3.1 V).
Control of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in a Conformation‐Switchable Helical‐Spring Polymer by Solvent and Temperature
Authors: Jin Young‐Jae , Aoki Toshiki , Kwak Giseop
Published: November 2019

A substituted poly(phenylacetylene) derivative (PPAHB) with two hydroxymethyl groups at the meta position of the side phenyl ring was examined as a conformation‐switchable helical spring polymer that responds to solvent and heat stimuli in a precisely controlled manner. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which cause the helical structure of the polymer, were broken and re‐formed by adjusting the hydrogen‐bonding strength values (pKHB) of various combinations of solvents or by varying the temperature. In this process, a reversible conformational change from cis–cisoid to cis–transoid, accompanied by a phase transition in the form of a helix‐coil transformation occurred, with the polymer exhibiting critical changes of color fading and recovery in specific environments. These results demonstrate that PPAHB can be used as either a pKHB indicator or a thermometer. The color changes of the polymer solution are described in detail based on spectroscopic analyses and thermodynamic considerations.
Magnetically separable and recyclable photocatalyst MoS2‐SrFe12O19 with p‐n heterojunction: Fabrication, characterization, and photocatalytic mechanism
Authors: Lu Yuan , Xu Longjun , Liu Chenglun
Published: November 2019

A novel magnetic photocatalyst MoS2‐SrFe12O19 was successfully synthesized via a facile and reliable hydrothermal method. Flower‐shaped nanospheres MoS2 was compactly decorated with hexagon nanoplate SrFe12O19, which formed a new p‐n heterojunction. The superiority of this heterojunction structure has validated by characterizations and spectroscopic technique. Importantly, the MoS2‐SrFe12O19 composite presents remarkable photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dyes (RhB and MB), far exceeding those for the pure MoS2 and SrFe12O19. In particular, the degradation rate of RhB reached to 96.5% after only 120 min photocatalytic reaction for the composite MoS2‐SrFe12O19 (10 wt%). Based on the experiments and mechanism research, this magnetic photocatalyst can facilitate the separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs, inhibit the recombination and prolong lifespan of charge. It is attributed to its unique composite structure and intimate interfacial contact, which can obtain a higher light utilization and electron transit path. In addition, MoS2‐SrFe12O19 can be rapidly separated (5–10 seconds) and recycled under an external magnetic field, which verifies the satisfactory magnetism and reusability of the composite (Ms = 10.1 emu g–1, Mr = 3.5 emu g–1, Hci = 1407.7 Oe). Overall, this work provides a new insight for the recyclable photocatalytic systems with multi‐functionalities.
Copper quinolate: A simple and efficient catalytic complex for coupling reactions
Authors: Wu Fengtian , Li Huiqin , Xie Jianwei
Published: November 2019

We describe an effective and novel method to prepare N‐aryl imidazoles via the copper quinolate‐catalyzed N‐arylation of aryl halides and imidazoles. A wide range of products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields under the optimal reaction conditions. Applying standard conditions, the model reaction could be performed on a gram scale. This method also presents a new avenue to the “click” reaction of terminal alkynes, benzyl bromide, and sodium azide and to the construction of C–C bonds by homocoupling of phenylboronic acid or phenylacetylene derivatives with the aid of copper quinolate.
Biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles using Allium eriophyllum Boiss extract: Chemical characterization, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing effects
Authors: Zangeneh Mohammad Mahdi , Zangeneh Akram
Published: November 2019

Recently, metal nanoparticles have been used for the treatment of several disorders, such as infectious diseases. Indeed, finding the antibiotics of nanoparticles is in researching priority of many countries. The aim of this experiment was the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Allium eriophyllum Boiss (FeNPs@AE) and evaluation of their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions. These nanoparticles were characterized by FT‐IR, UV, XRD, EDS, TEM, and FE‐SEM analysis. According to the XRD analysis, 40 nm was measured for the crystal size of nanoparticles. SEM and TEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 45 nm for the nanoparticles. FTIR findings suggested antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing iron ions to FeNPs@AE. DPPH test indicated similar antioxidant potentials for FeNPs@AE and butylated hydroxytoluene. The synthesized FeNPs@AE had great cell viability dose‐dependently and revealed this method was nontoxic. In the antimicrobial part of this study, FeNPs@AE prevented the growth of all bacteria and removed them at 2‐4 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In the case of antifungal effects of FeNPs@AE, they inhibited the growth of all fungi at 1‐2 mg/ml concentrations and destroyed them at 2‐4 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In part of cutaneous wound healing effect of FeNPs@AE, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: treatment with 0.2% FeNPs@AE ointment, treatment with 0.2% A. eriophyllum ointment, treatment with 0.2% FeCl3.6H2O ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with Eucerin basal ointment, and untreated control. These groups were treated for 10 days. Use of FeNPs@AE ointment in the treatment groups substantially raised (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and remarkably decreased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte compared to other groups. The results of FT‐IR, UV, XRD, TEM, and FE‐SEM confirm that the aqueous extract of A. eriophyllum can be used to produce iron nanoparticles with a significant amount of antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing properties without any cytotoxicity.
Process design for performance improvement in purely ecofriendly composites for structural applications
Authors: Akpan E. I. , Wetzel B. , Friedrich K.
Published: November 2019

The chances of improving the properties of biocomposites lie in the efficient combination of processing and compositional parameters. Achieving required properties for a specified application will involve a systematic process design. In this study, we focus on achieving improvement in properties of the bio‐acrylic resin/wood fiber composites via a rational design of process and parameters. We aim to identify processing parameters where the wood fibers participate in the chemical reaction giving rise to a robust composite structure and consequently improved properties. First, processing variables were streamlined to arrive at an efficient, easy, and less expensive processing route. Thereafter, fiber treatment, length, aspect ratio, and weight fraction were correlated to optimize the structural properties. Composites were prepared with varying fiber weight fraction (35–60 wt %) and fiber aspect ratio (2–13.7) using raw wood fibers (RWFs) and raw cellulose fibers (RCFs) from commercial sources. Generally, it was noted that with appropriate choice of treatment and size of fillers, the curing reaction can be enhanced leading to improvement in properties. Results show that flexural strength increases with decrease in fiber aspect ratio for both treated and untreated fibers. Maximum tensile strength (96 MPa) was obtained with 45 wt % filler content and filler aspect ratio of 13.7 for untreated fibers. When compared at the same weight fraction and average fiber length, RCF composites possess about 40% improvement in flexural strength over that of RWFs. The best compromise between processing and properties of the finished ecocomposite varies with fiber aspect ratio, treatment, and weight fraction of the fillers. The study provides an insight for the development of high‐performance green composites for extended applications such as underbody panels, wheel wells, and underhood components. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 48719.
Time series analysis of normal mode energetics for Rossby wave breaking and saturation using a simple barotropic model
Authors: Matsunobu Takumi , Tanaka Hiroshi L.
Published: November 2019

In this study, Rossby wave breaking and saturation are examined for an idealized situation using a simple barotropic spectral model. In the model, a Rossby wave is amplified by parameterized baroclinic instability. The increase of the wave energy stops at the level where the high and low potential vorticities (PVs) indicate overturning, which is equivalent to the fact that the meridional PV gradient becomes negative somewhere in the domain. In this study, it is shown theoretically that the criterion may be represented by the point when the wave energy exceeds a quarter of the originally proposed saturation level specified by E = (ps/g)c2 in the spectral domain, by assuming a sinusoidal curve for the wave. Rossby wave saturation under the new definition proposed in this study could be followed by wave breaking, which occurs when the energy level of the background noise becomes comparable to that of harmonic waves of the amplified unstable wave. It is found that the criterion of PV overturning is equivalent to the energy level of wave saturation, and wave breaking is a distinct phenomenon from wave saturation.
SMART‐DECK: Vom Konzept zum Demonstrator
Authors: Büttner Till
Published: November 2019

Ein wesentlicher Faktor, der die Dauerhaftigkeit von Infrastrukturbauwerken negativ beeinflusst, ist das Eindringen von tausalzbelastetem Wasser in den Konstruktionsbeton infolge von Undichtigkeiten in der Abdichtungsebene. Innerhalb des Verbundforschungsvorhabens SMART‐DECK, das als Beitrag der Initiative „HighTechMatBau“ vom BMBF gefördert wurde, wurde ein multifunktionales System zur Instandsetzung und zum Schutz von Infrastrukturbauwerken erarbeitet. SMART‐DECK wurde von sieben Partnern, die die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette von SMART‐DECK abbilden, erarbeitet. Mitwirkend war auch die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt), die SMART‐DECK aus Nutzersicht im Hinblick auf seine Funktionalität und Praxistauglichkeit beurteilte. Das System bietet drei Funktionalitäten. Es können ein vollflächiges Echtzeit‐Feuchtemonitoring, ein abschnittsweise steuerbarer präventiver kathodischer Korrosionsschutz (pKKS) und eine Erhöhung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit bei Bestandsbrücken realisiert werden. Mit dem Monitoring können Schäden in der Abdichtungsebene frühzeitig erkannt und, in Kombination mit dem pKKS, Verkehrsbehinderungen infolge von Instandsetzungsarbeiten vermieden werden, da die Instandsetzung in verkehrsgünstigere Perioden verschoben werden kann. Alle drei Funktionalitäten werden mittels Textilbeton realisiert. Der Aufsatz stellt das System und die innerhalb des Verbundforschungsvorhabens realisierten zwei Demonstratoren zur Demonstration der Leistungsfähigkeit des Systems vor.
Techno‐economic analysis of hemicellulose extraction from different types of lignocellulosic feedstocks and strategies for cost optimization
Authors: Geng Wenhui , Venditti Richard A. , Pawlak Joel J. , De Assis Tiago , Gonzalez Ronalds W. , Phillips Richard B. , Chang Hou‐min
Published: November 2019

Hemicellulose is a polymer found abundantly in lignocellulosic feedstocks, with many potential market applications. However, there has yet to be a large‐scale commercial process to isolate hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. A techno‐economic assessment for hemicellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse, switchgrass, and poplar was made. Two isolation processes after alkaline extraction were considered: (1) producing total hemicellulose and (2) producing hemicellulose A (water‐insoluble fraction) only. In a greenfield scenario, a byproduct of the process is sugar, whereas in a co‐location scenario the biomass after hemicellulose extraction is returned to the pulp mill for its fiber value. Operating costs, capital investment, minimum hemicellulose selling price (MHSP), the effect of input material and product prices along with several other process parameters on the MHSP were determined for each scenario. Co‐location scenarios had a dramatically lower capital cost and MHSP relative to greenfield scenarios. This was due to co‐location scenarios utilizing existing biomass processing and utilities equipment and not requiring a sugar‐production process. Among the three biomasses, hemicellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse had the lowest MHSP for all scenarios, mainly due to a higher hemicellulose extraction yield. Extraction of hemicellulose A from sugarcane bagasse in a co‐location scenario had a low capital cost of 56 million USD and had a reasonable MHSP of 274 USD/t (metric ton). This research indicates that there is reasonable economic potential for hemicellulose extraction from lignocellulosic biomass for applications to replace starch or as a starting material for the production of xylo‐oligomeric prebiotics. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Stimulation with Magnetic Fields on Chondrocytes
Authors: Escobar Juan Felipe , Vaca‐González Juan Jairo , Guevara Johana Maria , Vega Jose Félix , Hata Yoshie Adriana , Garzón‐Alvarado Diego Alexander
Published: November 2019

Magnetic fields (MFs) have been used as an external stimulus to increase cell proliferation in chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis of articular cartilage. However, previously published studies have not shown that MFs are homogeneous through cell culture systems. In addition, variables such as stimulation times and MF intensities have not been standardized to obtain the best cellular proliferative rate or an increase in molecular synthesis of ECM. In this work, a stimulation device, which produces homogeneous MFs to stimulate cell culture surfaces was designed and manufactured using a computational model. Furthermore, an in vitro culture of primary rat chondrocytes was established and stimulated with two MF schemes to measure both proliferation and ECM synthesis. The best proliferation rate was obtained with an MF of 2 mT applied for 3 h, every 6 h for 8 days. In addition, the increase in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans was statistically significant when cells were stimulated with an MF of 2 mT applied for 5 h, every 6 h for 8 days. These findings suggest that a stimulation with MFs is a promising tool that could be used to improve in vitro treatments such as autologous chondrocyte implantation, either to increase cell proliferation or stimulate molecular synthesis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:41–51 © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society
Role of human papillomavirus in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A meta‐analysis of cohort study
Authors: Wang Huanhuan , Wei Jinlong , Wang Bin , Meng Lingbin , Xin Ying , Dong Lihua , Jiang Xin
Published: November 2019

Objective

To evaluate the association of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection with prognosis, specifically overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS), in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients.

Method

A systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. LSCC was confirmed on the basis of histopathology, whereas HPV status was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction.

Results

A total of 6539 articles were initially searched from 8 databases, of which 11 studies were eligible for our review. A total of 1442 LSCC cases were included in this analysis. Eight studies examined 3‐year OS for LSCC. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) from the 8 studies was 0.29 (95% CI: 0.25‐0.33). There was a statistically significant difference in 3‐year OS between the HPV‐negative and ‐positive groups, with the latter having a better survival. There was no statistically significant differences in 5‐ and 10‐year OS. Five studies examined 3‐ and 5‐year DFS for LSCC, whereas only 3 studies examined 10‐year DFS. There was no statistically significant difference in 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year DFS between the HPV groups.

Conclusion

This study evaluated the survival impact of HPV infection in LSCC patients. The OS of the HPV‐positive group was better than that of the HPV‐negative group in terms of short‐term survival. Compared with the HPV‐negative group, the HPV‐positive group had a better trend of DFS, suggesting that a larger sample size and further exploration of the pathology and local control of HPV‐positive tumors are needed.
LncRNA LOXL1‐AS1/miR‐28‐5p/SEMA7A axis facilitates pancreatic cancer progression
Authors: Liu Yongcun , Guo Cheng , Li Feng , Wu Liping
Published: November 2019

Pancreatic cancer (PC), one of the most aggressive and lethal human malignancies, is associated with a deplorable prognosis despite progressive therapeutic strategies. Emerging evidence manifests that miR‐28‐5p is involved in several cancers, and its descending expression is associated with poor prognosis. Nevertheless, the function of miR‐28‐5p in PC remains unclear. Thus, the underlying regulatory mechanism of miR‐28‐5p in PC is urgent to be clarified. In the present study, we first recognized miR‐28‐5p was downregulated in PC, and miR‐28‐5p overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and migration in PC. Then miR‐28‐5p was verified to act as a molecular sponge of LOXL1‐AS1. Therefore, the function of LOXL1‐AS1 was further explored in PC, presenting that LOXL1‐AS1 suppression inhibited cell proliferation and migration. What is more, SEMA7A was found to be a target gene for miR‐28‐5p and was upregulated in PC. In addition, LOXL1‐AS1 could positively regulate SEMA7A expression while miR‐28‐5p could negatively regulate SEMA7A expression. According to rescue experiments, SEMA7A overexpression partially neutralized LOXL1‐AS1 silence‐mediated inhibitory function on progression in PC. Taken together, all the data demonstrated that LOXL1‐AS1/miR‐28‐5p/SEMA7A axis facilitated pancreatic cancer progression, which may be regarded as an innovative therapeutic target for PC treatment.

Significance of the study

Our findings constitute the first report to delineate that lncRNA LOXL1‐AS1/miR‐28‐5p/SEMA7A axis facilitates PC progression. According to our experimental results, we found the expression of miR‐28‐5p was downregulated in PC cells and miR‐28‐5p overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and migration in PC. LOXL1‐AS1 could sponge miR‐28‐5p and then upregulate the expression of SEMA7A. Thus, LOXL1‐AS1/miR‐28‐5p/SEMA7A axis facilitated PC progression. This initially proposed point might provide a novel molecular target for PC treatment.
Organic acids as antibrowning agents in parboiling: Effects on the technological properties and cooking quality
Authors: Goebel Jorge Tiago Schwanz , Ziegler Valmor , Ferreira Cristiano Dietrich , Paraginski Ricardo Tadeu , Elias Moacir Cardoso
Published: November 2019

Background and Objectives

The conventional rice parboiling process improves the physical quality of the grains; however, the browning is a factor that reduces the acceptance of the product. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the addition of tartaric, citric, and lactic acids in soaking at concentrations of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%, followed by autoclaving at 110°C.

Findings

At all concentrations used, there was an increase in the head rice yield (HRY) and gelatinization degree, regardless of the acid type. Tartaric and lactic acid treatment led to minimal changes in color, while parboiled rice subjected to citric acid treatment exhibited lighter coloring. At the highest concentration of the acids, a reduction in cooking time was observed. The addition of organic acids in parboiling promotes whiter grains when compared to conventional grains, and at high concentrations reduces cooking time.

Conclusions

The addition of lactic, citric, and tartaric acids to the soaking water of the parboiling process led to an increase in the HRY and gelatinization degree of parboiled rice, with the majority of the rice grains exhibiting 75%–100% gelatinized/vitreous area.

Significance and novelty

These results are important because they provide an alternative for quality improvement of parboiled rice. Among the studied acids, citric acid yielded the best technological properties and cooking quality of parboiled rice, implying greater economic gain for rice industries and good consumer.
Do Carbon Nano‐onions Behave as Nanoscopic Faraday Cages? A Comparison of the Reactivity of C60, C240, C60@C240, Li+@C60, Li+@C240, and Li+@C60@C240
Authors: Luque‐Urrutia Jesús Antonio , Poater Albert , Solà Miquel
Published: November 2019

From the analysis of the polarizability of carbon nano‐onions (CNOs), it was concluded that CNOs behave as near perfect nanoscopic Faraday cages. If CNOs behave as ideal Faraday cages, the reactivity of the C240 cage should be the same in Li+@C240 and Li+@C60@C240. In this work, the Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene to the free C240 cage and the C60@C240 CNO together with their Li+‐doped counterparts were analyzed using DFT. It was found that in all cases the preferred cycloaddition is on bond [6,6] of type B of C240. Encapsulation of Li+ results in lower enthalpy barriers due to the decrease of the energy of the LUMO orbital of the C240 cage. When the Li+ is placed inside the CNO C60@C240, the decrease in enthalpy barrier is similar to that of Li+@C240. However, the location of Li+ in Li+@C240 (off‐centered) and Li+@C60@C240 (centered) is quite different. When Li+ was placed in the center of the C240 cage in Li+@C240, the barriers increased significantly. Taking into account this effect, the barriers in Li+@C240 and Li+@C60@C240 differ by about 4 kcal mol−1. This result can be attributed to the shielding effect of C60 in Li+@C60@C240. As a result, we conclude that this CNO does not act as a perfect Faraday cage.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of Heterobiaryls through 1,2‐Migration of Boronate Complex
Authors: Paul Swagata , Das Kanak Kanti , Manna Samir , Panda Santanu
Published: November 2019

The synthesis of a diverse range of heterobiaryls has been achieved by a transition‐metal‐free sp2–sp2 cross‐coupling strategy using lithiated heterocycle, aryl or heteroaryl boronic ester and an electrophilic halogen source. The construction of heterobiaryls was carried out through electrophilic activation of the aryl–heteroaryl boronate complex, which triggered 1,2‐migration from boron to the carbon atom. Subsequent oxidation of the intermediate boronic ester afforded heterobiaryls in good yield. A comprehensive 11B NMR study has been conducted to support the mechanism. The cross coupling between two nucleophilic cross coupling partners without transition metals reveals a reliable manifold to procure heterobiaryls in good yields. Various heterocycles like furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, and indole are well tolerated. Finally, we have successfully demonstrated the gram scale synthesis of the intermediates for an anticancer drug and OLED material using our methodology.
Digital innovations, impacts on marketing, value chain and business models: An introduction
Authors: Sahut Jean‐Michel , Dana Léo‐Paul , Laroche Michel
Published: November 2019

Digital innovations are changing business models and industries and, in today's world, effective mastery of digital innovations can be greatly advantageous, yet digital innovation literature suffers from major lacunae. We contribute to this literature by providing definitions and analysing specificities of this emerging research stream. We then discuss the impact of digital innovation on marketing, value chain, and business models, focusing on tensions and marketing challenges, the value chain, and the evolutions of business models. We conclude with suggestions for further research.
Rigid‐bar loading on pregnant uterus and development of pregnant abdominal response corridor based on finite element biomechanical model
Authors: Irannejad Parizi Mostafa , Ahmadian Mohammad Taghi , Mohammadi Hadi
Published: November 2019

During pregnancy, traumas can threaten maternal and fetal health. Various trauma effects on a pregnant uterus are little investigated. In the present study, a finite element model of a uterus along with a fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and two most effective ligament sets is developed. This model allows numerical evaluation of various loading on a pregnant uterus. The model geometry is developed based on CT‐scan data and validated using anthropometric data. Applying Ogden hyper‐elastic theory, material properties of uterine wall and placenta are developed. After simulating the “rigid‐bar” abdominal loading, the impact force and abdominal penetration are investigated. Findings are compared with the experimental abdominal response corridor, previously developed for a nonpregnant abdomen. “Response corridor” denotes a bounded envelope in response space, within which the system responses usually lie. Results show that at low abdominal penetrations (less than 45 mm), the pregnant abdomen response is highly compatible with the nonpregnant case. While, at large penetrations, the pregnant abdomen demonstrates stiffer behavior. The reason must be the existence of a fetus in the model. This reveals that the existing response corridors would not be reliable to be extended for a pregnant abdomen. Hence, response corridor development for a pregnant abdomen is a crucial task. In this study, a new fixed‐back rigid‐bar loading response corridor is proposed for a pregnant abdomen using the load‐penetration behavior of the developed model. This model and response corridor can help to study the pregnant uterus response to environmental loading and investigate the injury risk to the uterus and fetus.
Semi‐distributed resource management for underlay D2D communication with user's cooperation
Authors: Gour Radhika , Tyagi Anshul
Published: November 2019

Device‐to‐device (D2D) communication is a viable solution proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to handle the enormous number of devices and expected data explosion in 5G. It is competent in enhancing the system performances such as increased data rate, reduced delay, and less power consumption while maintaining a low load on the base station (BS). In this paper, channel assignment and power control scheme is proposed for underlay D2D system where one cellular channel is allowed to be shared among multiple D2D pairs. This will lead to enhanced spectral efficiency on the cost of additional interferences introduced among the D2D and cellular users (CUs). Our aim is to maximize the D2D throughput without degrading the performance of existing CU that is sharing the channel with D2D. This is achieved by maintaining a threshold signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) for each CU. A centralized channel assignment algorithm based on the well‐known two‐sided preference Gale‐Shapley algorithm is proposed, named as RAbaGS‐HR. Further, suboptimal distributed power control (DPC) algorithms are proposed for both uplink and downlink D2D. The novelty of the work lies in the facts that a channel is shared among multiple D2D users and the optimal power is calculated for all the users sharing the same channel under the full consideration of all kinds of interferences unlike most of the existing work that either assumed the fixed CU power or ignored the interferences among the D2D users. Numerical results show the efficacy of the proposed algorithms in terms of significant gain in throughput with a very low computational cost. In addition to this, the energy efficiency (EE) is also analyzed for different D2D user density, with respect to average circuit power consumption and D2D maximum transmit power.
Phosphotungstic acid‐enhanced microCT: Optimized protocols for embryonic and early postnatal mice
Authors: Lesciotto Kate M. , Motch Perrine Susan M. , Kawasaki Mizuho , Stecko Timothy , Ryan Timothy M. , Kawasaki Kazuhiko , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: November 2019

Background

Given the need for descriptive and increasingly mechanistic morphological analyses, contrast‐enhanced microcomputed tomography (microCT) represents perhaps the best method for visualizing 3D biological soft tissues in situ. Although staining protocols using phosphotungstic acid (PTA) have been published with beautiful visualizations of soft tissue structures, these protocols are often aimed at highly specific research questions and are applicable to a limited set of model organisms, specimen ages, or tissue types. We provide detailed protocols for micro‐level visualization of soft tissue structures in mice at several embryonic and early postnatal ages using PTA‐enhanced microCT.

Results

Our protocols produce microCT scans that enable visualization and quantitative analyses of whole organisms, individual tissues, and organ systems while preserving 3D morphology and relationships with surrounding structures, with minimal soft tissue shrinkage. Of particular note, both internal and external features of the murine heart, lungs, and liver, as well as embryonic cartilage, are captured at high resolution.

Conclusion

These protocols have broad applicability to mouse models for a variety of diseases and conditions. Minor experimentation in the staining duration can expand this protocol to additional age groups, permitting ontogenetic studies of internal organs and soft tissue structures within their 3D in situ position.
Evaluation of Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Structure from Motion photogrammetry techniques for quantifying soil surface roughness parameters over agricultural soils
Authors: Martinez‐Agirre Alex , Álvarez‐Mozos Jesús , Milenković Milutin , Pfeifer Norbert , Giménez Rafael , Valle José Manuel , Rodríguez Álvaro
Published: November 2019

The surface roughness of agricultural soils is mainly related to the type of tillage performed, typically consisting of oriented and random components. Traditionally, soil surface roughness (SSR) characterization has been difficult due to its high spatial variability and the sensitivity of roughness parameters to the characteristics of the instruments, including its measurement scale. Recent advances in surveying have greatly improved the spatial resolution, extent, and availability of surface elevation datasets. However, it is still unknown how new roughness measurements relates with the conventional roughness measurements such as 2D profiles acquired by laser profilometers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry techniques for quantifying SSR over different agricultural soils. With this aim, an experiment was carried out in three plots (5 × 5 m) representing different roughness conditions, where TLS and SfM photogrammetry measurements were co‐registered with 2D profiles obtained using a laser profilometer. Differences between new and conventional roughness measurement techniques were evaluated visually and quantitatively using regression analysis and comparing the values of six different roughness parameters. TLS and SfM photogrammetry measurements were further compared by evaluating multi‐directional roughness parameters and analyzing corresponding Digital Elevation Models. The results obtained demonstrate the ability of both TLS and SfM photogrammetry techniques to measure 3D SSR over agricultural soils. However, profiles obtained with both techniques (especially SfM photogrammetry) showed a loss of high‐frequency elevation information that affected the values of some parameters (e.g. initial slope of the autocorrelation function, peak frequency and tortuosity). Nevertheless, both TLS and SfM photogrammetry provide a massive amount of 3D information that enables a detailed analysis of surface roughness, which is relevant for multiple applications, such as those focused in hydrological and soil erosion processes and microwave scattering. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstruction of Grenfell Tower fire. Part 1: Lessons from observations and determination of work hypotheses
Authors: Guillaume Eric , Dréan Virginie , Girardin Bertrand , Benameur Faiz , Fateh Talal
Published: November 2019

The Grenfell Tower fire occurred on 14 June 2017, killing 72 people. The pattern and speed of vertical and horizontal fire spread characterize this catastrophic event. Plentiful video and photographic data of the fire spread available has been carefully verified and concatenated into a database. The verified data have been superimposed on a projection of the Grenfell Tower in order to track the development of the fire. The surface that is unburnt, burning, or extinguished, as well as the presence of internal fire at any given location, is thus recorded for the duration of the fire. An analysis of the results showed that the initial vertical propagation can be divided into three phases. After the façade ignited at the fourth floor, vertical propagation over time is linear, with a vertical fire spread rate of around 3.5 m/min until the fire reached the sixth floor. Then fire propagation decelerated. Finally, fire spread accelerated with a power four dependence. The maximum vertical fire spread rate was around 8 m/min as the fire reached the crown at the top of the building. Horizontal spread proved to be greatest at the level of the crown (0.293 ± 0.005 m/min). There is a linear relationship between speed of horizontal fire spread and height. These correlations and observations yield important conclusions, and eight different hypotheses capable of explaining the global behaviour of the fire are suggested.
Treatments and modification to improve the reaction to fire of wood and wood based products—An overview
Authors: Popescu Carmen‐Mihaela , Pfriem Alexander
Published: November 2019

Wood and wood‐based products are widely used for structural building elements, but due to their composition, they are susceptible of combusting if exposed to fire. Fire safety is an important issue of building safety, especially when the building's fire load contents enhance the risks of fire spread. Therefore, the involved materials are very important to address the fire safety requirements. When existing timber structures are involved, the most usual way to improve its reaction to fire is to treat wood with fire retardant materials.

The idea of this paper is to give an overall overview, on the existing fire‐retardant and intumescent coating materials, modification, and treatments that can be applied to wood and wood‐based products in order to improve their reaction to fire.
Effects of hurricanes, mudslides, flooding, and riverine erosion on the erasure of archaeological sites in tropical, highland Honduras
Authors: Johnson Erlend M. , Baarli B. Gudveig , Johnson Markes E. , Gomez Zuñiga Pastor R.
Published: November 2019

Site destruction and obfuscation are significant processes that hinder archaeological interpretations. This article focuses on a few natural taphonomic agencies impinging on archaeological site preservation in highland Central American settings. Precipitation and drainage are especially crucial in these riverine environments. Access to water for consumption and agriculture were vital factors in the determination of settlement patterns. Over time, a mixture of both gradual and catastrophic processes ranging from moderate rainstorms to hurricanes are known to trigger flooding, riverine erosion, and landslides with the potential to destroy or obscure vulnerable valley sites. Examples are given of Classic Period (A.D. 200–900) archaeological sites from the Cucuyagua and Sensenti valleys in western Honduras affected by catastrophic weather events during occupation and after site abandonment. Mudslides and landslides, in particular, are highlighted as significant destructive processes that remain under‐discussed in regional literature. Furthermore, we highlight the possible causal role of hurricanes in provoking both landslides and flooding. Finally, we consider the impact of these events in our particular study area.
Critical evaluation of copy number variant calling methods using DNA methylation
Authors: Kilaru Varun , Knight Anna K. , Katrinli Seyma , Cobb Dawayland , Lori Adriana , Gillespie Charles F. , Maihofer Adam X. , Nievergelt Caroline M. , Dunlop Anne L. , Conneely Karen N. , Smith Alicia K.
Published: November 2019

Recent technological and methodological developments have enabled the use of array‐based DNA methylation data to call copy number variants (CNVs). ChAMP, Conumee, and cnAnalysis450k are popular methods currently used to call CNVs using methylation data. However, so far, no studies have analyzed the reliability of these methods using real samples. Data from a cohort of individuals with genotype and DNA methylation data generated using the HumanMethylation450 and MethylationEPIC BeadChips were used to assess the consistency between the CNV calls generated by methylation and genotype data. We also took advantage of repeated measures of methylation data collected from the same individuals to compare the reliability of CNVs called by ChAMP, Conumee, and cnAnalysis450k for both the methylation arrays. ChAMP identified more CNVs than Conumee and cnAnalysis450k for both the arrays and, as a consequence, had a higher overlap (~62%) with the calls from the genotype data. However, all methods had relatively low reliability. For the MethylationEPIC array, Conumee had the highest reliability (57.6%), whereas for the HumanMethylation450 array, cnAnalysis450k had the highest reliability (43.0%). Overall, the MethylationEPIC array provided significant gains in reliability for CNV calling over the HumanMethylation450 array but not for overlap with CNVs called using genotype data.
Tectonic history of the Kolyvan–Tomsk folded zone (KTFZ), Russia: Insight from zircon U/Pb geochronology and Nd isotopes
Authors: Zhimulev Fedor I. , Gillespie Jack , Glorie Stijn , Jepson Gilby , Vetrov Evgeny V. , De Grave Johan
Published: November 2019

The Kolyvan–Tomsk folded zone (KTFZ) represents part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The KTFZ is mainly composed of detrital Late Palaeozoic sedimentary deposits, with minor intrusions. Detrital zircon geochronology on the Upper Devonian to Lower Permian sedimentary sequences of the KTFZ and the associated Gorlovo foreland basin yields four age peaks, reflecting the magmatic events in the source terranes. These events consist of (a) a minor Neoproterozoic peak (0.9–0.7 Ga), (b) a significant Early Palaeozoic peak (550–460 Ma), with a maximum at 500 Ma, and two well‐defined Late Palaeozoic peaks during (c) the Middle–Late Devonian (385–360 Ma) and (d) the Carboniferous–Early Permian (360–280 Ma), with a maximum at 320 Ma. Older zircons (>1 Ga) are quite rare in the sampled sedimentary sequences. Slightly negative εNd values and associated relatively young Nd model ages were obtained (εNd(T) = −0.78, T (DM) ~1.1 Ga for Upper Devonian sandstones, εNd(T) = −1.1, T (DM) ~1.1 Ga for Lower Permian sandstones), suggesting only minor contribution of ancient continental crust to the main sedimentary units of the KTFZ. All intrusive and volcaniclastic rocks on the contrary are characterized by high positive εNd(T) values in the range of 3.78–6.86 and a Late Precambrian model age (T (DM) = 581–916 Ma), which corroborates its juvenile nature and an important depleted mantle component in their source. The oldest unit of the KTFZ, the Bugotak volcanic complex formed at the Givetian–Early Frasnian transition, at about 380 Ma. Upper Devonian detrital deposits of the KTFZ were formed in the Early Palaeozoic accretion belt of the Siberian continent and specifically in a passive continental margin environment. Deposits of the Gorlovo foreland basin, adjoining the KTFZ, were accumulated as a result of erosion of the Carboniferous–Early Permian volcanic rocks, which are now buried under the Meso–Cenozoic sedimentary cover of the West Siberian Basin. The magmatic events, recorded in the KTFZ zircon data, correspond to the most significant magmatic stages that affected the western part of the CAOB as a whole.