bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMBINED SURFACE WATER‐GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS WITH THE AID OF THE HYBRID COMPUTER1
Authors: Morris W. James , Morgan Neil W. , Wang Bi‐Huei , Riley J. Paul
Published: June 2007

The solution with the aid of the hybrid computer of the partial and total differential equations for an integrated surface water groundwater system is described.

A versatile computing technique has been developed to make a rapid and accurate study of the groundwater response due to varying inputs (deep percolation) or outputs (evapotranspiration) from the groundwater system. Spatial variations in basic vegetation phenomena, such as pattern, and hydrological parameters, are represented by means of a grid network which also allows the input of variable boundary conditions. The model is applied to an area in Columbia, South America which is subject to high water‐table conditions. Various reclamation schemes and management practices under conditions of irrigated agriculture are assessed.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER CONSUMPTION1
Authors: Csallany Sandor C. , Neill James C.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of influence of various factors on municipal water consumption in Illinois. For the collection of basic data, questionnaires were sent to all public water works of incorporated towns. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information on factors which may have any effect on water use. The effects of the different parameters on water consumption were based on several correlation and regression combinations of predictands and predictors. It was found that in the Chicago region the percent of services and water used for commercial and industrial purposes and the age of the water works were the most important parameters influencing water consumption (gallons per capita per day) when pumpage is metered at the water works as well as at the customers. For the State, excluding the Chicago region, percent of public water use, persons per service, population and commercial and industrial water use were the most important parameters. It has been recommended that similar statistical analysis be conducted periodically to establish a trend or law of change from the influencing parameters.
SALINITY AND SEDIMENTATION STUDY–COOPER RIVER REDIVERSION, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Jacobs Marvin L.
Published: June 2007

The study was prepared in 1966 for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of the Interior, for presentation to the United States Army Corps of Engineers which had under study several routes for rediversion of the discharge from the Santee‐Cooper Hydro Electric Plant, Steam Plant and Lock. Each rediversion was designed to by‐pass the Charleston Harbor and this study and report was concerned with one of those routes–Rediversion Route “B.” The channel was to be designed for a maximum fresh‐water flow of 27,500 cfs and a mean flow of 15,500 cfs. The objectives of the study and report were to make an estimate of: (1) the geographical extent of salt marsh waters of which the salinity will be measurably reduced, and (2) the probable accumulation of fresh‐water borne sediments in those same waters. Special consultants were Dr. F. H. Kellogg, Memphis State University, and Mr. K. L. Drennan, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Mississippi.
SELECTED METHODS OF AQUIFER TEST ANALYSIS1
Authors: Schicht Richard J.
Published: June 2007

Changes in groundwater levels due to a well discharging at a constant rate are used with various formulas to determine hydraulic properties of aquifers and their confining bed and to detect the presence of aquifer boundaries. These formulas are generally solved by graphical methods.
PLANNERS AS A PUBLIC IN WATER RESOURCES PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAMS1
Authors: Tucker Richard C.
Published: June 2007

This paper suggests a number of benefits in identifying urban and regional planners as a public in public participation programs of water resources planning studies. A perspective on public participation is presented. Recent trends and developing concepts are identified: emphasis on the need to coordinate urban and regional planning activities with water resources planning, increasing system complexity, the goals and objectives orientation of planning, planning for multi‐objectives, the evaluation of a broader range of alternatives, and the consideration of water alternatives as only one set of measures to further society's aspirations. One way to assist in capitalizing on these trends is to seek out participation of those in other planning efforts who are involved in planning but on a different level. Because of their intimate knowledge of an areas history, growth and development, political climate, local perceptions of needs and desires, and major problems and issues they are able to contribute a great deal of insight in making the water resources planning effort more responsive at the local level. The paper describes one of the first major efforts at working‐level public‐planner contact which was carried out as part of the Susquehanna River Basin Study. A regional survey team comprised of an engineer and an economist from a federal agency and a state water resources planner met informally with planners, city managers, and local planning commissions to discuss issues related to water resources and the growth and development of local areas. This effort while only part of the overall public participation program yielded a number of benefits and if expanded and refined would be a very useful experience in other studies.
UNCONFINED FLOW THROUGH JOINTED ROCK1
Authors: Castillo Enrique , Karadi Gabor M. , Krizek Raymond J.
Published: June 2007

The two‐dimensional, steady‐state, unconfined flow of a homogeneous fluid through jointed rock is studied for both laminar and turbulent conditions by use of a method which is based on previously developed theoretical and experimental flow relationships. However, only the independent unknowns are selected in order to reduce the complexity of the problem and render it more readily tractable. The intact rock is assumed to be impermeable, and two intersecting systems of plane, parallel joints are used in the mathematical model, taking into account the surface roughness of the joints. The mathematical solution of the resulting nonlinear (due to turbulent flow in some joints) system of equations is obtained by use of a rapidly converging iterative procedure, wherein each iteration takes special advantage of the banded nature of the associated matrix. For the particular case where a free surface exists, the general flow equations are not satisfied, because some of the joints in the vicinity of the free surface do not flow full; therefore, new equations must be established to handle this condition. Once the development of the mathematical model is accomplished, several cases involving different geometric characteristics (width, orientation, and roughness of joints) are solved for a rectangular domain, and graphs are given to illustrate the influence of the various parameters on the manifested flow behavior.
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT SALT WATER INTRUSION?1
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I.
Published: June 2007

Almost thirty years after the first known publication on salt water problems published in 1855 by Braithwaite, two investigators developed an approximate theory to find the boundaries of fresh water lenses in coastal aquifers. Their theory is now known as Ghyben‐Herzberg Theory. Although their theory is based on oversimplified assumptions, it has stimulated others through various periods of time.

A review of the main investigations in this field is summarized in this paper. The discussions are subdivided into three main eras: (1) The period through which the problems were identified and field observations were explained (from 1855 until the early forties); (2) the analytic approaches during the period from 1940 to the late sixties; and (3) the refined techniques during the past three years.

A brief summary of the recharge methods is also given in addition to a more or less comprehensive list of references.
INTERSTATE AND INTERNATIONAL AQUIFERS1
Authors: Bittinger Morton W. , Jones E. Bruce
Published: June 2007

Many important groundwater aquifers cross state and national boundaries. The flow of water in these aquifers is not influenced by the boundaries but may be materially influenced by mans activities on one or both sides of a boundary. Interstate and international problems may develop because of excessive groundwater lowering on one side of a boundary affecting water users on the opposite side of the line. Similarly, intensive groundwater development along a surface stream may influence the amount of surface water that flows across a boundary. A third type of problem may develop when pumping on one side of the boundary induces poor quality water into an aquifer on the other side of the boundary. Several specific interstate and international aquifer problems are briefly described.
RURAL WATER SUPPLIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1
Authors: Donaldson David
Published: June 2007

The best available figures indicate that on a global basis only about 10 per cent of the rural populations have a safe source of water, with the Region of the Americas having the highest coverage at 19 per cent. The program of the Second U.N. Decade proposed to supply coverage to about 200 million persons at an estimated cost of 1.6 billion dollars by 1980. The elements of a rural water supply program are presented, then the difference between rural and urban supplies in such areas as community participation, financing, technical assistance, etc., are discussed. The use of revolving funds to help finance this effort, and the use of the mass approach to help the governments increase their program coverage, are also presented. This paper concludes that while much has been done in the 60's, much remains to be done, but that the basic tools for this effort are available.
ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: INDIA1
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Chennat
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT India's multidimensional water development programs have contributed significantly to the promotion of the country's economic growth. Rapid growth of irrigation has substantially increased agricultural production. Hydro power generation has doubled during the last two decades, and this has accelerated industrialization and extended rural electrification. Minor irrigation has taken on a new importance in the Fourth Five Year Plan, signifying a departure from the earlier Plans. “Green Revolution” owes a large measure of its success to the availability of assured water supplies. Water development projects have also generated tremendous employment opportunities. Despite its pronounced impact on the economy, India's water planning strategy has some glaring weaknesses: the failure to incorporate “indirect benefits” in cost‐benefit calculations; the under‐utilization of water potential; and, the progressive increase in the cost of irrigating an acre of land. The prevailing institutional structure in India constitutes a major deterrent to the diffusion of the benefits of water development. There are stubborn psychological factors which render the adoption of innovative irrigation practices difficult. There is thus an overwhelming need to revamp India's institutional framework. On balance, however, water development in India has made its impact felt on India's myriads of villages. And from the arid “dust bowls” of India new life has emerged.
FINANCING ABATEMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION: CASE STUDY APPALACHIA1
Authors: Dee Norbert , Stacey Gary , Bowman John , Qasim Syed
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A financing program for the prevention, control, and abatement of mine drainage pollution was developed using Appalachia as a case example. The financing program was selected by using three performance criteria in a screening process‐applicability of financing program to pollution problem, feasibility of program to unit costs and capturing potential benefits, and feasibility of program to economic and legal consideration. Effluent charges with some modifications are suggested as the appropriate financing mechanism.
MIXING INDUCED BY AN INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP1
Authors: Stefan H. , Hayakawa N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The efficiency of an inverted internal hydraulic jump as a mixing and dispersion mechanism in an aquatic environment was examined. The flow considered was a two‐dimensional buoyant flow from a shallow channel over a sloping bottom into a deep reservoir. It could be seen that a rapidly varied flow associated with violent turbulent mixing occurred near the point of discharge if specific discharge conditions and downstream controls were met. Downstream from the mixing zone the flow was stably stratified. The main object of the study was to find the conditions under which a turbulent mixing zone occurred and the rate of turbulent entrainment. Energy loss and length of the mixing zone were also investigated. The independent variables were the outlet densimetric Froude number, the density differential between outfall water and receiving water, the relative depths of the upper and lower layers in the stratified flow portion, the total depth, and the slope of the transition. Theoretical calculations had to be confined to a step increase in depth, but experiments in a laboratory flume showed that results obtained with slopes of 23° and 90° were quite similar. Both theory and experiments showed, for example, that dilution (entrainment rates) up to 2:1 (2 parts heated water to one part cold water) can be achieved at very little energy expense and with downstream depths approximately 8 times the outlet depth. Theoretically, any amount of dilution can be obtained, but large depths may be required. Experimental results also indicate that the length of the mixing zone was frequently ten times the value of the outlet densimetric Froude number.
QUALITY OF STORMWATER DRAINAGE FROM URBAN LAND1
Authors: Bryan Edward H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Urban storm water from a 1,067‐acre drainage basin in Durham, N.C. was characterized to determine yield of pollutants. Population density averaged 9 persons per acre (ranging from <3 to 16). Annual BOD contribution attributable to surface wash during storms was determined to be approximately equal to contribution by its secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent. Total organic matter (COD) was estimated to exceed the amount in raw sanitary sewage from a residentially developed area of the same size. Mean basin yields (Ib/acre/day) were: BOD‐0.23, COD‐2.85, Total Solids‐43.6, Volatile Total Solids‐4.8, Total Phosphate‐0.01 and Chloride‐0.20 (as NaQ). The yield of lead presumed to originate from internal combustion engines operating on and near the basin was determined to be 0.006 Ib/acre/day. The concentration of total pesticides (Dieldrin; p,p'DDE; p,p‐DDT; p,p'DDD and p,p'DDT) weighted for flow significance was estimated to be 1.2 parts per billion. The major long‐term pollutional impact on a projected downstream reservoir was considered to be the fixed solids residue and long‐term oxygen demand (COD). Intermittent release of other pollutants in slugs during runoff periods may be a significant factor in causing undesirable effects in streams draining urban areas.
ADAPTATION TO ARIDITY: WATER DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA1
Authors: Whetstone George A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The Republic of South Africa, legatee of a three‐century history of recurring drought, is firmly committed to a program of the optimum use of its water for the national benefit. Its water law encourages centralized planning in that water is held to be the property of the state and is assignable without requiring acquiescence by the basin or province of origin. Interbasin diversions from the Tugela River to the Vaal River Basin, from the Orange River to the Fish and Sundays River Basins, and from several basins to Cape Town are under construction as are facilities for water importation from Lesotho and Angola. For satisfaction of demands beyond the year 2000 the nation may depend increasingly on a shift of its power production and water‐using industry from the coal fields of the central plateau to nuclear power development with associated desalination along its coasts. Alternatively, and preferably, it may cooperate in a co‐prosperity bloc in Southern Africa aiding the economies of its neighbors by development for mutual advantage of the water and power resources of the Okavango and other northern rivers.
MODELING AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING DECISIONS IN WATER RESOURCES EXPANSION1
Authors: O'Laoghaire Dornhnall T. , Himmelblau David M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Individuals and organizations concerned with the expansion of the facilities of a river basin (such as a river basin authority) need to determine optimal strategies of operation and capital investment. They also need to examine the sensitivity of whatever planning decisions are contemplated. This paper extends the applicability of an algorithm that had been previously applied to the deterministic river‐basin expansion problem to include the feature of a sensitivity analysis. The algorithm, containing a partial enumeration search technique and a network analysis code, gave a construction sequence of reservoirs, canals, and treatment plants, and an operating policy that maximized the present value of net earnings consistent with certain underlying assumptions. A river basin was chosen that had an existing configuration of unregulated streams and rivers, reservoirs, canals and treatment plants, and sites for future additional facilities.

A series of representative synthetic flow sequences, future demand profiles, interest rates and reservoir costs that served as inputs to or parameters in the system were each perturbed by various factors (for a total of 24 cases). The sensitivity studies showed that the immediate planning decision of what facility to construct next was insensitive to variations in future demands and costs and independent of later decisions. Thus, decision‐making was adaptive in the sense that by always making the optimal proximate decision, the management of the river basin is optimized.
ON THE CENTRALIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES1
Authors: Adams B. J. , Dajani J. S. , Gemmell R. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Two factors affecting the centralization of wastewater treatment facilities were investigated; the cost of collection and treatment systems and the performance of treatment plants. Based on computer‐generated minimum cost designs, wastewater collection networks were found to be characterized by diseconomies of scale of magnitude similar to the reported economies of scale for wastewater treatment works. The combined costs of collection and treatment are U‐shaped functions from which the least cost size of collection and treatment systems were found for particular values of population density. Examination of the day‐to‐day performance of five metropoitan‐area waste‐water treatment plants revealed that, for time series shorter than one month, the day‐to‐day variation in effluent quality was random, although the variation in quantity discharged was distinctly non‐random. The performances of all five plants on any given day showed little correlation. This suggests that the decentralization of treatment facilities can produce benefits both through the reduction in quantities of waste discharged at a given point and through in‐stream averaging of the varying performances of several treatment plants. Since the cost function of collection and treatment combined is generally flat in the region of the minimum‐cost size, little penalty is invoked to gain the potential benefits of treatment plant decentralization.
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL PATH METHOD TO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Mussivand T. V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The task of resource management, in this case water resources, is rapidly becoming more complex, particularly because decision making is often contingent upon various prior activities and sets of data. Comprehensive planning is required in order to prevent misallocation of resources or mismanagement in resource development. Such planning involves five general phases which are applicable to any problem faced by society: (1) problem identification; (2) formulation of alternatives; (3) evaluation of alternatives; (4) implementation; (5) review. There have been many attempts to simplify the planning process and effectively carry out these five phases. The experience of the Alberta Water Resources Division has been that the Critical Path Method is one of the most useful tools available today for planning. It involves two basic steps: (1) preparation of a network diagram which (a) identifies all the activities necessary for the completion of a project, (b) correctly sequences these activities, (c) allocates resources; and (2) mathematical computations for scheduling the activities. In other words, this approach breaks a task down into smaller units or activities for easier organization, scheduling, and performance for eventual completion of the project. This paper will illustrate the effectiveness of the Critical Path Method by discussing its application to actual water resources projects.
USE OF X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE TO DETERMINE TRACE METALS IN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Blasius M. B. , Kerkhoff S. J. , Wright R. S. , Cothern C. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The X‐ray fluorescence method was used to analyze trace metals collected in particulate form on filter papers and from the ionic state by ion exchange filter papers. The samples were prepared by allowing water to pass through these filter papers. The procedures necessary for using the X‐ray fluorescence method are described. A number of samples were taken from the Great Miami River in Dayton, Ohio over one year showing the presence of the following metals, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Cd. Elements in the periodic table between Ti and Cs were detectable to a sensitivity limit of the order of 30 ppb for metals in the particulate form and 0.4 ppm for metals in the ionic form.
COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS FOR WATER POLLUTION TAXATION USING MULTILEVEL APPROACH1
Authors: Haimes Y. Y. , Foley J. , Yu W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A regional authority is postulated as the pollution abatement agency. The authority's task is to minimize the total cost of waste treatment to the region. Data from the Miami River in Ohio are used to model a twenty‐seven reach river with fifteen BOD dischargers. The description of the system model is given in terms of linear inequality constraints and a quadratic objective function. The multilevel approach with a two level optimization hierarchy in then applied. The river system model is decomposed into twenty‐seven subsystems (reaches). At the first level (local level), each subsystem is “independently” optimized. At the second level (regional level) the subsystems' solutions are coordinated to yield an overall optimum to the whole region. Two types of second level coordination schemes are presented for the decentralized decision making process. The first assumes a knowledge of the local treatment cost functions by the regional authority; the other assumes no such knowledge. A discussion of the multilevel optimization approach and the coordination algorithms for both schemes is presented. In addition, the physical interpretation of effluent charges imposed by the regional authority on each user (polluter) is given. This paper presents computational results to complement the theoretical discussions on the multilevel approach [Haimes, 1971a].
ROLE OF BASEFLOW IN RAINFALL‐RUNOFF RELATIONS1
Authors: Singh Krishan P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The role of initial baseflow, or the baseflow at the beginning of storm precipitation, in modifying mathematical rainfall‐runoff relations is analyzed by using data from 95 storms over a drainage basin in Illinois. A regression model is set up with total runoff, surface runoff, baseflow runoff, and peak flow as dependent variables, and storm precipitation, initial baseflow, effective and total storm durations, and highest and lowest temperatures during the storm as independent variables. Stepwise regression analyses show that storm precipitation and initial baseflow are the most important variables for making dependent variable estimates. The standard error estimates using only storm precipitation and initial baseflow as predictors show a seasonal trend with a peak in July, August, or September. An understanding of the role of baseflow as an indicator of average soil moisture condition over the basin can be of great help in short‐term reservoir regulation and flood warning.
INVESTIGATIONS ON NUTRIENT FACTORS LIMITING PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY IN TWO CENTRAL VIRGINIA PONDS1
Authors: Samsel G. L. , Reed J. R. , Winfrey H. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Laboratory and field studies were initiated to evaluate at regular intervals by 14C and chlorophyll enrichment bioassay some of the nutrients, particularly ammonia, that might limit phytoplankton photosynthesis in two central Virginia ponds. Preliminary comparisons of the phytoplankton, their production, and the chemical characteristics of the water were determined. Ammonia, phosphate, nitrate, iron, carbon dioxide, silica and chloride differed most markedly among the various nutrients analyzed. Investigations were continued to compare the validity of using field and laboratory ecosystem work to predict changes in trophic levels resulting from nutrient enrichment, i.e., eutrophication. Laboratory experiments using aquatic microecosystems and field experiments employing in situ plastic cylinders and battery jars support the view that ammonia is a key factor regulating “trophic” features in these two ponds.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL IN LAND1
Authors: Pavoni Joseph L. , Hagerty D. Joseph , Lee Robert E.
Published: June 2007

Since the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962 there has been a rapidly growing public concern over widespread contamination of the environment with hazardous wastes. In recent years scientific findings on the ecological effects of various hazardous substances have posed several important questions. What exactly are hazardous wastes? Can these substances be disposed of in a technically feasible, economical, and safe way with assurance that they have been permanently eliminated from the ecosystem? What compositional alterations or movements of the hazardous wastes occur in water, soil, or air systems? What effect will these wastes have on the water, soil, or air systems? What effect will these wastes have on the water, soil, or air properties?

Consequently, a University of Louisville study has developed a relevant definition of hazardous wastes for the Environmental Engineering profession together with priority of concern rating systems to delineate the degree of environmental impact imposed on a total ecosystem by a hazardous waste and the feasibility of disposing of hazardous substances at specific landfill sites. It is felt that refinements of the priority of concern rating systems offered here may provide a sound basis from which procedural decisions may be structured to establish future national hazardous waste disposal sites.
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF THE GREAT LAKES‐ST. LAWRENCE BASIN1
Authors: Day J. C.
Published: June 2007

Neither Canada nor the United States attach much importance to the International Joint Commission (IJC) judging by the size of staffs and annual budgets. The Commission has been restricted to a relatively minor number of functions in the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence. It has investigated: the degree and causes of water and air quality deterioration; the effects of hydroelectric and navigation projects on water levels; the impacts of water‐level fluctuations; and the feasibility of a deep waterway from the St. Lawrence to the Hudson River. Projects approved by the Commission have produced less than might be expected through no fault of the Commission. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission has promoted little international management. Budgetary limitations restrict its lamprey control program; institutional limitations restrict its ability to deal effectively with fishery problems. Commission responsibilities are limited to coordination and advisory functions. Since Canada and the United States have not chosen to refer most aspects of river basin management to international bodies, an institutional void exists in the Great Lakes Basin to consider these questions on a continuous basis. There is a need for expanded international cooperation.
GROUNDWATER ZONING IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Zaporozec Alexander
Published: June 2007

In today's society the planned management of groundwater resources has played an increasingly greater role. One means of insuring the protection of groundwater quantity and quality is a regional zoning of groundwater resources. Regional zoning means to classify a given region with regard to hydrogeological characteristics and to evaluate and determine the possible use of each zone. The necessary assumption is the appropriate knowledge of geological structure (compiled in a geological map) and of hydrogeological conditions (compiled in a hydrogeological map). The basis for subdivision is a hydrogeological unit distinguished and delineated on the basis of lithological, stratigraphical, structural, and hydrogeological characteristics. It should have its own distinct hydrological system. The hydrogeological region is the basic unit. Regions may be grouped into larger units: hydrogeological provinces and realms. The subdivision of regions into hydrogeological zones, or subzones when applicable, forms the basis for a groundwater development plan.
THE CHANGING DECISION RULES IN THE POLITICS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Ingram Helen
Published: June 2007

A set of decision rules have governed the traditional politics of water development. This paper identifies these rules, describes their operation, and explains the logic behind their adoption. Personal interviews with a large number of decision makers are cited to substantiate and illustrate particular rules. There are five decision rules: local support, agreement, mutual accommodation, mutual noninterference, and fairness and equity. These guidelines are intended to insure support, lessen conflict, and protect the reputation of water development as a worthwhile federal investment. Since there are current indications that the traditional decision rules are no longer followed, the paper aims to identify why and how the rules are changing.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS AND WATER PROJECT EVALUATION1
Authors: Wiebe J. E.
Published: June 2007

Large‐scale water projects have long been undertaken for the benefit of people. Information appears to be needed as to who benefits as a result of these projects.

The hypothesis was tested that regional income and employment benefits would be closely related to areas where water projects were located. The analytical procedure centered on cluster analysis used to delineate counties in the Tennessee River Watershed on the basis of changes in selected variables over different periods.

The hypothesis was rejected. It was concluded that benefits of water projects were not necessarily confined to isolated areas near projects but were regional.
STATE LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE TO THE CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT1
Authors: Marando Vincent L. , Thomas Robert D.
Published: June 2007

This research deals with the manner in which the Arizona Legislature dealt with the issue of the Central Arizona Project. Due to the massive costs and impact, the Central Arizona Project was handled by the Legislature in a nonroutinized manner. There was no Legislative precedent for dealing with such a major public work project. Given the Legislature's annual program concerns and priorities, it is neither structurally nor psychologically geared to respond to the Central Arizona Project in terms of placing it within an agenda of priorities even for discussion.
FACTORS AFFECTING FLOODS FROM WATERSHEDS IN HUMID REGIONS OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO1
Authors: Bar‐Kochba Yoseph , Simon Andrew L.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the results of a study of hydrologic factors affecting floods from humid region in northeastern Ohio. Statistical multiple correlation analysis was used to relate floods to hydrologic and basin characteristics. Results of the study emphasize that the characteristics of floods from small and large watersheds are so significantly different that the two problems cannot be combined into one solution. The studies show that the most important hydrologic characteristics in large watersheds were: drainage area size and main channel slope. For small watersheds the most important hydrologic characteristics were: drainage area size, rainfall intensity and soil index. For watershed effect by reservoir storage it was found that: (1) small drainage areas are relatively more affected by storage than large drainage areas; (2) storage of less than 25 acre feet per square mile will not have significant effect on the mean annual flood (for drainage area above 70 square miles).
WATER POLLUTION AS AFFECTED BY STREET SALTING1
Authors: Hawkins Richard H. , Judd John H.
Published: June 2007

The use of salt to melt ice and snow on streets and roads has become prevalent throughout the Northeast. Several states apply as much as 20 tons per lane‐mile.

Salt runoff may be sorted in various locations within the hydrologic system. Eventually the salt reaches streams and lakes. In Meadowbrook, it was observed that the chloride content reached a high of 11,000 ppm in December 1969. The runoff from the watershed was emitted in several surges. Chloride concentrations declined with the onset of summer, but still remained high, suggesting that some of the salt applied during the past winter appeared in the summer stream flow.

Salt runoff entering a small lake, flowed directly to the lake bottom. The buildup of high density saline water in the lower portion of the lake prevented complete mixing in the spring. Incomplete mixing led to anoxic conditions in the lower lake strata. The population of bent hic fauna of the lake was changed by the flow of salt water into the lake. From a total of 10 species of dipteran larva and oligochaetes, only 4 species of the latter remained.
GROUNDSURFACE WATER INTERACTION IN THE LONG ISLAND AQUIFER SYSTEM1
Authors: Collins Michael A.
Published: June 2007

Steady state experimental studies with a viscous analog of the aquifer system in central Long Island, New York, have shown there to be significant interaction between surface accretion, stream base flow, well recharge, and the degree of salt water intrusion. Reductions in accretion are found to cause a proportionately larger decrease in stream base flow. The degree of intrusion is found to be related to the distribution of accretion and well recharge between stream base flow and submarine flow to the sea. This interaction poses a conflict between development of the groundwater resource and maintenance of the surface water resource. Well recharge apparently offers a potential solution to the conflict.
SOIL‐MOISTURE EFFECTS OF CONVERSION OF SAGEBRUSH COVER TO BUNCHGRASS COVER1
Authors: Shown L. M. , Lusby G. C. , Branson F. A.
Published: June 2007

Precipitation, soil moisture, runoff, and vegetation were measured on two, 5‐ to 10‐acre, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) watersheds and two, equally small, beardless bluebunch wheatgrass (Agrophron inerme) watersheds that were converted from big sagebrush in 1967. The watersheds are located near Wolcott, Colorado, at an elevation of 7,200 feet, and are mantled with 2 to 3 feet of silty clay soils. Annual precipitation was about 13.5 inches; about 9 inches occurred as rain or snow from April through October and about 4.5 inches accumulated as a snowpack from November through March. Evapotranspiration was about 2 inches greater in 1968 and 1 inch greater in 1969 from the sagebrush watersheds than from the grass watersheds. With a mature stand of grass in 1970 and 1971 the differences in evapotranspiration were within the range of differences measured during the 3‐year calibration period when all four watersheds were sagebrush. Water use was similar in the top 1 foot of soil but slightly more water was used by the grass in the 1‐ to 2‐foot zone and more water being used by the sagebrush below 2 feet. Soil‐water potential data indicated that only the big sagebrush used a small amount of water from the fractured shale at depths below 40 inches. Sagebrush used more water in August and September than the grass.
IMPROVED RIVER BASIN UTILIZATION THROUGH SYSTEMS ANALYSIS1
Authors: Foster E T. , Chen T. C. , Newton J. P. , Isu E. O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Theoretical and practical results are summarized for a study to determine optimal water resource allocation in a proposed water conservancy district. The area of this district, which covers several river basins, contains a large number of existing and proposed facilities such as reservoirs and diversions. The operation of all of these facilities was to be determined along with the sizing of the proposed facilities in order to optimize given objective functions. Related efforts in optimal river basin utilization were surveyed, and linear programming was selected as an expedient optimization technique. The problem is formulated by identifying time stages which together constitute a repetitive cycle such as a year. With these stages, it is possible to associate operational and capacity variables with network components, which are branches and nodes. Objective functions are assembled for the component variables. Constraint equations are written in terms of the variables to reflect network nodal continuity, capacity restrictions, and adjudications such as water rights. A numerical example is considered in which the existing and proposed facilities are aggregated to produce a small, tractable number of facilities. This paper examines the example results and suggests future improvements for models of this type.
NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUNDWATER BENEATH A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT1
Authors: Lorimor J. C. , Mielke L. N. , Elliott L. F. , Ellis J. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A study of nitrate concentration in the groundwater beneath a beef cattle feedlot near Central City, Nebraska was started in 1968. An intensive 3‐day pumping study was conducted at the feedlot at the start of 1970 irrigation system. Little nitrate concentration was found in the ground‐water coming from beneath the feedlot. Pumping caused a slight increase in nitrate concentration over the average concentration for the previous 2 years.
METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AUGUST 27‐28, 1971, NEW JERSEY FLOOD1
Authors: Dunlap Donald V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. This paper describes the meteorological patterns that produced the combination of heavy rains in August 1971 that resulted in record floods in New Jersey. Daily and hourly precipitation data and selected recurrence frequencies of rainfall amounts are tabulated. History of previous heavy rainfalls in New Jersey indicates that occurrences of very heavy rains are frequently associated with tropical disturbances. Flood damages, fatalities, warnings issued and areas of record river stages are summarized.
WEATHER MODIFICATION: AN ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE FOR AUGMENTING WATER SUPPLIES1
Authors: Rudel R. K. , Stockwell H. J. , Walsh R. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Experimental results of cloud seeding in Southwestern Colorado suggest that runoff can be increased by 25 percent over a 3,300 mile area. There is a need to estimate the economic consequences in the Colorado River Basin. The evidence presented suggests that weather modification is an economically feasible means to provide additional water for the basin. Compared with other proposed means of augmenting water supplies, weather modifications appear to be one of the least cost alternatives. A very low proportion of weather modification costs are fixed; thus the program is easily reversible. Also, a relatively small increase in daily precipitation covers the direct costs of operation. Benefits of water produced by weather modification included power production and irrigation of forage crops. In the long run, if additional water is used for higher valued fruit and vegetable production, or for domestic and industrial purposes, its value would rise sharply. Preliminary investigation of extra‐market costs and benefits suggests that while they have little effect on the benefit‐cost ratio, they may be very important to individuals and groups affected. The distribution of costs and benefits is important as the benefits accrue to downstream users and some of the costs are incurred by Coloradoans. There is a need for further research on the long‐run economic effects of weather modification programs, particularly with respect to extra‐market factors.
FINANCING PRIVATE WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: ANALYSIS OF A STATE LOAN PROGRAM1
Authors: Dobbs T. L. , Olson C. E. , Wedemeyer W. G. , Pfeiffer G. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A State loan program was analyzed for its effects on groundwater development in Wyoming. The analysis focused on the effects of low‐interest State financing on the economic feasibility of investments in center‐pivot sprinkler irrigation systems. The feasibility analysis indicated that investments in sprinkler systems for production of cash crops are highly profitable, and would frequently be carried out whether or not the State loan program were available. Investments in sprinklers for production of forage crops are perhaps frequently made attractive by the loan program. Thus, while the program appears to have accelerated the pace of private water resource development in Wyoming, it has also subsidized some investments that would have been carried out regardless of the program's existence. Further analysis indicated that sprinkler investments carried out with State financing contribute substantially to firm growth when cast crops are grown, but have less marked, and sometimes negative, effects on growth when forage crops are produced. Some positive effects of the loan program on southeast Wyoming's regional economy were noted, though a complete empirical analysis of regional impacts was beyond the scope of the study.
AN ON‐SITE HYDROLOGIC DATA RECORDING SYSTEM1
Authors: Chadwick Duane G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A system is described which has the capability to operate unattended for long periods of time, reliably sensing and digitizing data at predetermined intervals for data transmission or storage as the case requires. Little power is needed for system operation in the standby mode. Batteries supply what energy is required for operation, so it can be used in places located remotely from a 60 Hz power source. A description is given of methods used to sense and digitize data taken from a precipitation gage, temperature probe, wind direction, indicator, wind mile sensor, and water level sensor. The system is periodically actuated by an extremely accurate solid‐state crystal clock. The record is made on an 8‐channel battery operated paper‐tape punch.
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN A GREAT PLAINS STREAM RECEIVING FEEDLOT RUNOFF1
Authors: Prophet Carl W. , Edwards N. Leon
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The effect of feedlot runoff on the environmental quality of the Cottonwood River in east central Kansas was evaluated by analysis of community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates using the species diversity index, (d). The benthic fauna along the study reach was dominated by mayflies, caddisflies, midges, riffle beetles, and the pelecypod, Sphaerium. Sixty‐five taxa were identified during the study; the benthic fauna was most abundant during the 1968–69 segment of the study. However, the mean 3 per station indicated the river was subject to moderate environmental stress, and 3's of those stations immediately downstream from feedlots were significantly lower than the 3 at the control station. There was a significant increase in d's during the 1970–71 segment of the study, following the closing of two feedlots. The results indicate periodic feedlot runoff had a continuing adverse affect on the environmental quality of the river, but recovery was rapid as the organic load on the river was reduced.
ALTERNATIVE FUTURES USING THE WOLLMAN‐BONEM MODELS1
Authors: McFarland James W. , Hyatt M. Leon
Published: June 2007

Alternative futures are defined to be mutually consistent alternative combinations of assumed sets of future conditions. Alternative futures are employed in conjunction with the Wollman‐Bonem model to project future water use. The model solutions under different alternative futures provide an indication of the direction and relative magnitude of changes in water use, both in quantity and quality, that may result from changes in policy‐influenced variables, technology, and other data. The Wollman‐Bonem model is employed in this paper as a tool to illustrate the alternative futures concept. The model can best be cast as an economic model. The model solutions are not given as a set of formal projections, but as various possible water‐use‐over‐time curves. This should aid in disspelling the erroneous idea that it is possible to make distant projections of water use as a single curve. Multiple curves suggest that water use is really a function of many variables.
THE OPTIMAL TIME TO START THE OPERATION OF A DESALTING PLANT IN ISRAEL1
Authors: Fishelson Gideon
Published: June 2007

The study contains the methodology of finding the optimal time to start the operation of a desalting plant or any other non conventional source of water for agricultural use in Israel. The essence of the methodology is the moving equilibrium price and quantity of agricultural products. The market of agricultural products is represented by a single demand curve and a supply curve which is derived from the agricultural sector production function. Both the demand for and the supply of agricultural products functions are shifting over time. The marginal value product of water is the critical value that determines the optimal time of a desalting plant. The study is static in the sense that dynamic aspects per se are not dealt with‐e.g. learning by doing of building and operating desalting plants. The empirical results although used for illustrative purposes can be used as reference points for other detailed and more ‘exact’ studies on water desalination.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: THE CASE FOR RIVER BASIN AUTHORITIES1
Authors: Morgan Arthur J. , Thomas J. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: There is a lamentable absence of comprehensive planning in the current cursade to improve water quality. A serious shortcoming is the lack of evaluation of the effects of waste water treatment upon environmental quality. At some point in time the public may ask what they have obtained for their money. The nature of pollution in a river basin demands a coordinated attack against it. Engineering and economic criteria suggest that a properly empowered river basin authority would be the logical organization to plan and operate a water quality management system. Several forms of such authorities have operated effectively and efficiently for many years in the United States and other industrialized countries. Examples of successful river basin authorities and their advantages and methods of operation are discussed.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN A RESERVOIR WITH LARGE DISCHARGE‐TO‐VOLUME RATIO1
Authors: Park Gordon G. , Schmidt Philip S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A numerical model study of thermal stratification in a high discharge‐to‐volume reservoir is described. Predicted temperature profiles are compared with field data for two different years. The model accurately predicts the date of fall turnover, and predicts degree of stratification and depth of the thermocline within about 20% for both years simulated. A parametric study of stratification mechanics for a high flow reservoir indicated that diffusion was the predominant heat transport mechanism in the hypolimnion, while surface effects dominated the epilimnion. Flow effects for the particular case studied, in which all inflows and outflows occur in the epilimnion, did not significantly affect stratification behavior.