bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eliciting Narrative Through the In-Depth Interview
Authors: Hollway Wendy , Jefferson Tony
Published: March 2007

A central feature of the fear of crime debate is the fear-risk paradox: the finding that those least at risk, namely, elderly women, are most fearful, and vice versa. This article argues that this paradox can be resolved theoretically by placing an anxious, defended subject rather than a rational, risk-avoiding one at the center of the debate, and explores some of the methodological implications of so doing, especially the importance of eliciting narratives. This methodological position, appropriately adapted for this study's rather different purposes, derives from the biographical-interpretive method first developed in Germany for the collection of life stories of Jewish survivors of the concentration camps. The authors outline the principles of this approach and the importance of eliciting concrete stories in a nondirective way in pursuit of the respondent's "gestalt," and then put this to work in attempting to operationalize their theoretical position into appropriate interview schedules. Specifically, the authors contrast the results of pilot interview schedules conducted in traditional question-and-answer format, in which "why" ques tions loom large, with those obtained by a schedule based on eliciting narratives from respondents, demonstrating both what the former misses and the latter (unconsciously) reveals. The authors also show how they use the same narrative-based principles in their follow-up interviews.
Probative, Dialectic, and Moral Reasoning in Program Evaluation
Authors: Migotsky Christopher , Stake Robert , Davis Rita , Williams Brent , DePaul Gary , Cisneros Edith J. , Johnson Edna , Feltovich Joan
Published: March 2007

Current idealized evaluation practices are often modeled on a probative, criteria and standards-based approach endorsed by Michael Scriven. The authors find this logical, rule-governed approach insufficient for most program evaluations. By focusing on more technical aspects of the evaluand and the evaluative process, important and valid evaluand characteristics and stakeholder viewpoints can be lost or marginalized. The authors believe a dialectical evaluation process will generate fuller representations of quality while also treating the evaluand as more than simply a technical object. In this article, the authors summarize the probative evaluation approach, discuss aspects of moral reasoning that may limit this standards-based model, and propose an alternative dialectical persuasion.
Prime Time Sexual Harassment
Authors: GRAUERHOLZ ELIZABETH , KING AMY
Published: March 2007

A content analysis of 48 hours of prime time television reveals that sexual harassment on television is both highly visible and invisible. Sexual harassment is rendered visible simply by its prominence in these programs. Incidences involving quid pro quo harassment and environmental harassment occur with regularity on television. Eighty-four percent of the shows studied contained at least one incident of sexual harassment; the average was 3.4. Yet these acts of sexual harassment remain largely invisible in that none of the behaviors was labeled as sexual harassment. They are presented in humorous ways, and victims are generally unharmed and very effective at ending the harassment. Although such programs may actually reflect the reality of many women's lives in terms of prevalence of sexual harassment, they perpetuate several myths about sexual harassment, such as that sexual harassment is not serious and that victims should be able to handle the situations themselves.
Victims of Dating Violence Among High School Students
Authors: O'KEEFE MAURA , TREISTER LAURA
Published: March 2007

The present study explored males' and females' experiences of violence within dating relationships and, specifically, whether there are different patterns in the predictors of victimization for males and females. The sample included a large, racially/ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample of public high school students. The study was guided by social learning theory and a feminist perspective. Numerous predictors of victimization within the three domains of contextual, situational, and sociodemographic factors were examined, with separate analyses conducted for males and females. Information regarding the context of the violence—that is, who initiated the violence, the perceived causes, and the reactions of the victims—are reported. Results revealed very different patterns of predictors for males and females, as well as gender differences in victims' reactions to the violence. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Separate and Intersecting Realities
Authors: DOBASH RUSSELL P. , DOBASH R. EMERSON , CAVANAGH KATE , LEWIS RUTH
Published: March 2007

The authors seek to contribute to a fuller understanding of men's violence against women in intimate relationships by comparing men's and women's accounts of the violence, injuries, and controlling behavior used by men against women partners. Although men and women inhabit a shared physical and social space within the home, their lived experiences and perceptions of such relationships often differ. Despite this, many studies do not consider what effect such gender differences might have on accounts of violence against women and, instead, assume that men's and women's accounts are basically unproblematic. The authors ask whether this is so. Based on findings from an in-depth interview study of 122 men who had perpetrated violence against a woman partner and 144 women who had been the victims of such violence, the results show that women and men provide significantly different accounts of men's violence, controlling behavior, and injuries. These results make problematic the assumption that men's accounts of their own violent behavior can be used uncritically and without reference to women's accounts of men's violence.
Battered Women Seeking Solutions
Authors: ANGLESS TERESA , MACONACHIE MOIRA , VAN ZYL MIKKI
Published: March 2007

This study is based on in-depth interviews with 21 women who were past residents of a shelter for battered women in Cape Town, South Africa. It documents the difficulties the women experienced when separating from the batterer, going to the shelter, and starting a new life. The women identify the shelter as a catalyst in transforming their lives. Although the study was limited to a specific sample of battered women, the authors believe the findings may have wider applications. Recommendations include the provision of shelters, bridging and counseling services, as well as the social and legal recognition of battering as a crime.
Sayre and Kaufman Revisited
Authors: Haider Donald H.
Published: March 2007

In 1965, Sayre and Kaufman concluded their introduction to Governing New York City with the following question: "What other large American city is as democratically and as well-governed?" This article seeks to explain the apparent failure of the government of New York City in the post-1965 period and suggests that the pluralists' model of city government identified by Sayre and Kaufman failed due to the highly disaggregative fashion in which the primary resources of government-financial, manpower, and legal- were disposed in the post-1965 period. The article further suggests that, following the onset of the city's fiscal crisis in 1975, a transformation in the political process of the city from an extremely fragmented, pluralistic structure to a coalition of key groups united by a common aversion to bankruptcy may have begun. The author concludes with a critique of pluralism, a challenge to its critics, and questions whether a previous decade of "Who Governs Research" has much relevance to what has transpired in New York City.
Citizen Participation in Neighborhood Transformation
Authors: Van Til Jon
Published: March 2007

Citizen participation in neighborhood transformation takes many forms, and its out comes include neighborhood preservation, exclusion, displacement and / or revitalization, and fair-share housing-in both urban and suburban contexts. A social movements or resource mobilization approach to its study is recommended, one which attends to both pluralist and socialist theoretical paradigms. The article concludes with the presentation of a model of factors whose study is required for the full analysis of citizen participation in processes of neighborhood stability and change.
Minorities and Urban Crime
Authors: Watts Ann D. , Watts Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Recent studies of crime in American cities have shown a major contributing factor to be the percentage of the population that is black. This relationship is "explained" by a variety of theories focusing on individual behavior. It is argued that such conclusions cannot be drawn from the data studied. An alternative theory is offered. It states that crime, among other things, has caused considerable flight to the suburbs since World War II, but this movement has been blocked for minorities who then have become trapped in crime-prone areas, the "victims," in a manner of speaking, of urban crime.
Gentrification and Grassroots Resistance in San Francisco's Tenderloin
Authors: Robinson Tony
Published: March 2007

Since World War II, San Francisco has been transformed by the high-rise postindustrial restructuring of central cities and by corresponding gentrification pressures. In one low-income inner-city district, the Tenderloin, residents organized and fought successful battles against the gentrifying growth regime through the 1980s. Moving beyond being a reactionary antigrowth movement, Tenderloin activists have advanced a proactive, neighborhood-sensitive regime, with a social-production capacity of its own, represented by the neighborhood's nonprofit housing movement. Their example teaches about the neighborhood-responsive progressive forces that characterize San Francisco and about the potential of grassroots mobilization as a response to international economic restructuring.
Citizen Participation in Boston's Development Policy
Authors: Tulloss Janice K.
Published: March 2007

The legitimacy of citizen participation in local government affairs has come to be widely accepted, if not enthusiastically embraced, even while it is hindered by official resistance, the complexity of modem government, or both. The nature and institutionalization of citizen participation in development policy in Boston is the result of current and historical economic conditions and political mobilization. The structure of participatory mechanisms is constantly being challenged and reshaped by developers, community members, and public officials. The current controversy over one such mechanism in Boston shows the dynamic forces that are at work.
Racial Differences in Intraurban Residential Mobility
Authors: St. John Craig , Edwards Mark , Wenk Deeann
Published: March 2007

The literature shows that African-Americans live in lower-quality residential environments than their socioeconomic status would predict. Researchers suggest that African-Americans move within cities less often than whites and/or improve their residential environments less when moving. Alternatively, African-Americans might move as frequently as whites and improve their residential environments as much when they move, but they operate from an initial lower level of quality. The authors examine these possibilities in this article. Their data indicate that African-Americans have a lower rate of intraurban residential mobility and improve their residential environments less when they move.
Urban Underrepresentation in the U.S. Senate
Authors: Stephens G. Ross
Published: March 2007

Urban scholars have paid little or no attention to ramifications of the way the U.S. Senate is structured. Because of the Connecticut Compromise, the 26 smallest states with less than 18% of the U.S. population have an institutional lock on, and a potential veto over, basic public policies and all legislation going through Congress. Because small states are generally less urban, the Senate heavily underrepresents central cities and ethnic minorities and massively overrepresents suburban and rural/small-town residents, as well as the inhabitants of Mountain, New England, and West North Central regions. Moreover, federal grants unduly support not only small, less urban states but also tax-rich states.
Trends in Racial Attitudes in Detroit, 1968-1992
Authors: Bledsoe Timothy , Combs Michael , Sigelman Lee , Welch Susan
Published: March 2007

Using survey data from the 1960s and 1990s, the authors examine trends in racial attitudes in Detroit in the post-civil rights era. They investigate the degree to which African-Americans and whites see themselves as victims of their racial circumstances and how each group has changed its perceptions of the other group. Whereas whites seem more accepting of residential integration than they were earlier, they are more likely to see themselves as victims of discrimination and less likely to see African-Americans as victims. The authors find no indication of improving racial perspectives among African-Americans but do uncover signs of heightened tensions.
Exploring the Effect of Public Housing on the Concentration of Poverty in Columbus, Ohio
Authors: Holloway Steven R. , Bryan Deborah , Chabot Robert , Rogers Donna M. , Rulli James
Published: March 2007

Using boundary-matched 1980 and 1990 census tract data for the central county of the Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area, the authors explore the effect that public housing has on changes in neighborhood poverty rates to evaluate the impact of governmental and institutional actions on recent increases in poverty concentration within urban areas. Three important findings emerge: Public housing concentrated poverty in Columbus during the 1980s, the effect of public housing on poverty concentration was greater among blacks than whites, and public housing concentrates poverty because host neighborhoods house the at-risk portion of the population and because public housing affects the surrounding housing market.
Berlusconi, the Media, and the New Right in Italy
Authors: Statham Paul
Published: March 2007

In March 1994, the Italian electorate voted to power an alliance of parties of the New Right that had never been in office before: Forza Italia, the Alleanza Nazionale, and the Lega Nord. Silvio Berlusconi, the leader of Forza Italia, became the prime minister but retained a monopoly holding of national television and media resources, and Gianfranco Fini's Alleanza Nazionale became the first political party with a fascist heritage to assume governmental office in postwar Europe. This article examines how the control and use of communications resources has contributed to making Forza Italia and the Alleanza Nazionale members of the political establishment of the Italian Second Republic.
“Turf Wars”
Authors: Dooley Patricia L. , Grosswiler Paul
Published: March 2007

Emerging media technologies have fostered new forms of political communication, from televised town halls to political cable channels, that may challenge journalists' role as the provider of political news. Applying occupational sociological theory, this article examines claims of journalists in news and commentary focusing on several new political communication forms that emerged, or were heavily discussed, during the 1992 presidential election campaigns; including electronic town meetings, electronic forums, and talk shows, and in 1993, cable television's National Empowerment Television. The analysis suggests that journalists are engaging in a technologically inspired jurisdictional struggle for control of political communication work tasks with politicians, the public, and other nonjournalists.
More than a Looking Glass
Authors: Herzog Hanna
Published: March 2007

Part of a larger study on women and local politics in Israel between 1950 and 1989, this article focuses on media strategies. It claims that reporting by Israeli media on women in local politics, even if sympathetic, is shaped by the basic exclusionary social frames that rest on the dichotomous notion of masculine/public/political versus feminine/private/apolitical. Using textual strategies, such as compartmentalization, protective chivalry, and framing women in traditional women's roles, the press reproduces a gendered world and an exclusionary perception of politics. These findings are based on a qualitative analysis of press coverage of local women in three leading national newspapers and women's magazines and on local newspaper clippings.
On-Line Polling
Authors: Rosenblatt Alan J.
Published: March 2007

The rise of the Internet has excited many politicians and political analysts about the potential for on-line polling, in particular, and electronic democracy, in general. This essay explores the obstacles that limit the selection of a representative on-line sample. It further considers the implications that solutions to these obstacles may have on the possibility of an electronic democracy. Severe limitations to on-line sampling are revealed. Fixes to these problems may undermine the democratic principles that form the foundations of our political system.
The Rise and Fall of Candidates in Canadian Election Campaigns
Authors: Mendelsohn Matthew , Nadeau Richard
Published: March 2007

Considering Prime Minister Kim Campbell of Canada as a case study, this article shows that newly selected leaders of governing parties in parliamentary systems can expect indulgent, depoliticized, less mediated press coverage following their selection as prime minister during a leadership convention. This type of coverage is shown to have a positive impact on the standing of the party. It is also demonstrated that popularity following a successful leadership convention is little guarantee of success during an eventual campaign because voters, candidates, and the press all fulfill different roles and operate within different environments during the various phases of the election cycle.
Media and Nationalism
Authors: Demertzis Nicolas , Papathanassopoulos Stylianos , Armenakis Antonis
Published: March 2007

As divisive political ideologies in the era of globalizatin, contemporary nationalisms differ considerably from the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century nationalisms. They are fueled by the worldwide antinomy between the global and the local. Because nationalism is rooted deeply in different political cultures, nationalist biases affect the way journalists and media organizations select and present news stories about national collective identities and the national “others.” However, it is legitimate to expect that supranational developments will redirect selection criteria of news coverage toward a less parochial and more responsible attitude on the part of the press.

In this article, an effort is made to examine the positions of fourteen leading Greek newspapers, taking as a point of departure an earlier study on the Macedonian question and expanding it to include the interim accord between Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It is argued that in comparison to the past, we see an important alteration of the normative framing of the articles, from an ethnocentric to a polycentric approach. However, an analysis of the results also demonstrates that this shift does not reflect a deeper and permanent change in the nationalistic attitude of the Greek newspapers on the Macedonian question.
Extension, Bending and Torsion of Anisotropic Microstretch Elastic Cylinders
Authors: Scalia A.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we consider the linear theory of anisotropic microstretch elastic solids and study the problem of extension, bending, and torsion of right cylinders with general cross-sections. The problem is solved in terms of solutions of four generalized plane strain problems.
Representing Tensor Functions with a Cholesky Transform
Authors: Freed Alan D.
Published: March 2007

The tensor representation theorem provides a powerful tool for evaluating isotropic tensor-valued tensor functions. Efficient computational techniques exist when an analysis is being done in rectangular Cartesian coordinates. Introducing a Cholesky decomposition of the metric tensor permits the tensor polynomial of the tensor representation theorem, when expressed in curvilinear coordinates, to be transformed into a pseudo-Cartesian frame where these efficient algorithms apply. It also leads to accurate descriptions for the physical components of a tensor.
Cost-Effective Approaches to Corporate Compliance for Hospice and Home Health Providers
Authors: Scarcelli Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the major issues surrounding corporate compliance as they relate to hospice and home health care providers. The article discusses the following major topics: why the entire hospice and home care industry is talking about compliance; when, how, and why compliance evolved; the future of compliance for hospice and home care providers; the benefits of a compliance program; the seven elements of an effective compliance program; the risk areas hospice and home care providers should be concerned about; what a corporate integrity agreement is; sample Office of the Inspector General investigations and convictions; what steps need to be taken to develop a compliance program; cost-effective approaches to compliance programs; and shared compliance programs.
Successful Implementation of Computerized Documentation in Home Health Care
Authors: Briggs Susan , Pate Ernest W.
Published: March 2007

To meet the challenges of a changing home care industry, the technologic implementation of a clinical information system is necessary to enable an organization to manage and use clinical data in an accurate and timely manner. Abandoning the traditional paper documentation system for an automated field system using laptop computers, an agency has the ability and opportunity to enhance staff effectiveness and productivity. The current, accurate, and complete information in the system is readily and conveniently accessible to administrators, staff, and support personnel.
Asset Management: Recognizing the Value of Hospice Staff Selection and Support
Authors: Hoffpauir Deborah C.
Published: March 2007

The approach and values of hospice dictate the selection of an individual worker based not only on the ability to perform within the structure of the interdisciplinary team but also based upon personal values that are closely aligned to the values that form the essence of hospice care. These values differentiate hospice care from other methods of caring for terminally ill patients and their family members. In recognizing the initial and ongoing investment of resources in recruiting and retaining the "right" hospice employee, the savvy hospice administrator manages what is, perhaps, his or her most costly asset with the same attention given to the more tangible assets of business.
Cardiac Technology in the Home
Authors: Frantz Ann , Lynn Cheryl
Published: March 2007

Cardiac patient-care technology in home care has added value to the nursing practice and made it more cost effective. From electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring to computerized disease management systems to hemodynamic monitoring, the field of home care has been under attack by the technology industry. Nurses need to know what technologies are available for home care utilization, and how they are used, in order to decide which devices will best meet patient care needs as well as facilitate nursing practice.
Challenges in Measuring Outcomes in Two Community-Based Nurse-Managed Wellness Clinics: The Development of a Chart Auditing Tool
Authors: Resick Lenore K.
Published: March 2007

Since the inception of the first nurse-managed wellness clinic (NMWC) in 1994 by the school of nursing faculty, the NMWCs have served the older residents of 2 high-rise apartment buildings. In addition, students have experienced the challenges of application of theory to practice. One such challenge is measuring outcomes. This paper describes both the process and outcome of developing a chart audit tool that was adapted from the Omaha System and Focus Charting®. The author hopes that a dialogue of common concerns and challenges will be initiated and creative solutions will be generated.
Telehealth: The Promise and the Need to Overcome the Knowledge Deficit Barrier
Authors: Molinari Deana L. , Berry Judi
Published: March 2007

A rural county survey of rural health care providers indicates overall lack of knowledge about telemedicine and telehealth. Participants indicate they believe telehealth will improve quality of care but do not understand what it is. Providers defined telehealth as one function provided by one telecommunications medium. Most health providers did not equate the Internet with telehealth and could not envision its use in their work environments. Provider lack of understanding reinforces barriers to the universal application of telehealth in rural areas.
Responding to Variation in Performance Related to Wound Infection: Home Health Case Study
Authors: Arnold Carol M.
Published: March 2007

One of the most common maladies seen by the home care nurse is a wound: surgical wound, stasis ulcer, or pressure sore. The objective of direct care is infection prevention and wound healing. In the presence of infection, wounds take longer to heal. This organization organized a team to consider the causes for their higher wound infection rate. They took the time to identify the variables leading to wound infections and were able to support a common "gut feeling" with actual research. As a result of this organization's process improvement, organizations throughout the country are able to benchmark and develop patient-specific care processes to prevent wound infections.
Classical Sociology and the Restoration of Nature
Authors: Gross Matthias
Published: March 2007

From a social science perspective, one of the central points of ecological restoration is that it implies not only acknowledgement of society’s invention of nature, but also of nature’s answers to human actions. In this article, the author argues that the reflections of the early-20th century sociologists Georg Simmel and Émile Durkheim on the place of human beings in nature could serve as a model for integrating restored and invented nature into sociological analysis, while at the same time allowing other species and nonhuman nature a measure of independence as subjects or actors in a network of relationships that includes humans. Simmel’s concept of society as a web of reciprocal interaction and reciprocal effect (Wechselwirkung), in particular, is of importance for descriptions of a community that includes nonhuman as well as human elements.
The Dialectic of Organic/Inorganic Relations
Authors: Foster John Bellamy , Burkett Paul
Published: March 2007

Ecological thinkers have suggested that in applying an “organic/inorganic” distinction to humanity-nature, Marx embraced a dualistic and antagonistic conception of the human-nature relationship. The authors confront this view by considering how Marx’s various applications of the concepts organic and inorganic were shaped not only by standard scientific usage but also by Marx’s engagement with Hegel’s natural philosophy and the historical struggle between materialism and teleology. They find that Marx’s usage was based on an explicit disavowal of all mechanistic and dualistic views of the human-nature relationship. In Marx’s mature works, all fixed oppositions between organic and inorganic gave way to a fully dialectical understanding of ecological processes. Marx’s growing concern with the “metabolic rift” between humanity and nature generated by capitalist production led him to link the question of communism with that of ecological sustainability. Their analysis thus sheds light on the opposition between idealist and materialist visions of ecology.
Mental models of high reliability systems
Authors: Weick Karl E.
Published: March 2007

Reliable performance in complex systems is determined in part by the ade quacy with which mental models of the system capture accurately the dimen sions of system coupling and system complexity. Failure to register coupling and complexity leads the observer to intervene into an imagined technology that does not exist and to convert opportunities for error into actual errors. To decrease the frequency with which this conversion occurs, people can make their models more complex or the systems they monitor less complex. Neither type of change is as daunting as it may appear, and this is illustrated by an analysis of the mental model and system design associated with the invasion of Grenada.
Deviant workplaces and dumb managements? Understanding and preventing accidents in the chemical industry
Authors: Tombs Steve
Published: March 2007

This paper uses UK Health and Safety Investigation reports to examine the immediate causes of, and the circumstances surrounding, six accidents associ ated with the British chemical industry. On the basis of such concrete analyses of relatively minor incidents it is hoped to begin to contribute to an under standing of the extent to which, and the ways in which, accidents and disasters might be prevented in that industry. A number of causal factors are isolated, as ideological representations of the accident-worker relationship are rejected. Policy recommendations are then made which relate to both the internal orga nization and the external regulation of companies involved in the use, produc tion and storage of hazardous substances.
Technology, environment and social risk: a systems perspective
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: March 2007

Luhmann, N., 1990. Technology, environment and social risk: a systems perspective. Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4: 223-231.

The paper pleads for conceptual changes in the ways we describe modem society. We may use the same words, but should replace the antonyms or re define their contexts. Technology can be conceived of as being not primarily a proven relation of cause and effect, but rather as a simplification within a causal context, a simplification that has its own consequences. Risk is not simply the lack of safety, but rather the possible damage that may result from one's own decisions. The antonym of risk, then, would be danger as possible damage stemming from external sources. Steering (or public policy) can be conceived as generating differences in order to minimize other differences, rather than controlling the state of the system.
A Typology of Resilience: Rethinking Institutions for Sustainable Development
Authors: Handmer John W. , Dovers Stephen R.
Published: March 2007

Under the general rubric of sustainability, societies are now struggling with the reconciliation of the demands of human systems and the health and continuation of the biosphere that supports them. Fundamental to coping with this challenge is the creation of decision-making and management approaches that possess an ability to operate in the face of pervasive risk and uncertainty In searching for clues to ways in which to meet the challenge, it would make sense to look to areas of human experience where change and the interaction of human and natural systems have been addressed before. We examine the intellectual areas of ecology and risk, and find that the attribute of resilience is a strong theme. A three-class typology of resilience (resistance to change; change at the margins; openness and adaptation), is developed to structure the discussion and clarify the issues. We argue that, whereas the nature of the problems facing humanity demands entertaining responses across this spectrum, current institutions and policy processes appear to be locked into "type 2"—change at the margins.
Methylphenidate effects on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Self-report of symptoms, side-effects, and self-esteem
Authors: DuPaul G.J. , Anastopoulos A.D. , Kwasnik D. , Barkley R.A. , McMurray M.B. , DuPaul George J.
Published: March 2007

Examined the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on the self-report ratings of 24 children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children provided ratings of ADHD symptoms, side-effects, and self-esteem in a double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of three MPH doses (.16 mg/kg, .29 mg/kg, .42 mg/kg). Mothers and teachers completed ratings of ADHD symptoms and side-effects. Children reported significant improvements in ADHD symptoms with medication in an analogous fashion to parent and teacher ratings. Regardless of dose, children reported some side-effects to be more severe than did parents or teachers. Children reported marginally significant increases in side-effect severity with MPH vs. placebo whereas teachers reported significant reductions in the severity of side-effects with treatment. The low dose led to significant improvements in children's behavioral self-concept compared to placebo, although most children showed no overall change in self-concept. These results highlight the importance of children's perceptions of MPH treatment for research and clinical purposes.
Psychological functioning of women identified in adulthood with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Rucklidge J.J. , Kaplan B.J.
Published: March 2007

There are many adults being identified with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who were not diagnosed as children. The current study investigated psychological functioning in women identified in adulthood as having ADHD. Participants were 102 women, aged 26 to 59, fulfilling (N = 51) and not fulfilling (N = 51) the criteria for ADHD. Home interviews were conducted, consisting of both structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Results revealed that the women with ADHD reported more depressive symptoms, were more anxious and more stressed, had more external loci of control, had lower self-esteem, and engaged more in emotion-oriented and less in task-oriented coping strategies. This study emphasized the need to focus more research on females with ADHD and highlighted possible effects of a late diagnosis.
Development of a continuous performance test for preschool children
Authors: Kerns K.A. , Rondeau L.A.
Published: March 2007

The current study demonstrated a new CPT, the Children's Continuous Performance Test (C-CPT), created specifically for use with children in the preschool age range. This task, using both auditory and visual stimuli, was modified from those used with older children and adults, and the task length was reduced. One hundred and eighty-seven control children and 18 children clinically referred for attention problems, between the ages of 3 and 6 years, participated in the study. Results suggest that the C-CPT is developmentally appropriate for this age group, since children as young as 3 years old were able to perform task demands and complete all three subtests. Results also indicated a clear developmental trend, showing improved performance with increasing age. Findings obtained from clinically-referred children further substantiate the C-CPT's potential use as a diagnostic tool. Clinical children had extreme difficulty remaining "on task" during test trials, even though they demonstrated understanding on practice trials. They also made far more commission errors and extra hits, suggestive of impulsive responding, than did control children. The C-CPT appears to be a potentially sensitive tool in the evaluation of attention in preschool children.
The Engineer’s Dilemma— the Educator’s Opportunity
Authors: Matteson James H.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a perceived flaw in the educational model currently followed by universities that provide public works infrastructure education. The products of those schools come into the professional world poorly prepared for the challenges they will meet. The lack of a broader education hampers the typical graduate’s opportunities to advance into the ranks of management in the public sector. Many organizations fill that gap by mentoring and supporting additional education for promising staff. The author suggests a program both to identify those who have the capability to excel in management early in their education and to direct them into a course of study that would provide them with the education and skills now lacking. Such a program would produce graduates equipped to become the “new age public works managers” of the future.
Rethinking Statewide Infrastructure Policies
Authors: Dowall David E.
Published: March 2007

Over the next 10 years, California faces a daunting infrastructure challenge. According to the California State Treasurer’s Office, the state needs to invest $82 billion to repair and maintain current structures and build new ones. Projected state and local revenue sources will meet only about 50% of this need. Unfortunately, California’s infrastructure planning and financing process seems to be broken as well. According to the Legislative Analyst’s Office, the state government (a) lacks a stable funding source for infrastructure investment programs, (b) reviews these programs on an ad hoc basis, and (c) does not have an administrative or legislative evaluation of infrastructure investment requirements. This commentary argues that many states, including California, need to rethink their approach toward infrastructure planning and finance.
When is a Solution Politically Feasible?
Authors: Cobb Roger W. , Coughlin Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

More and more people are using planes, trains, and automobiles. Traffic congestion plagues both highways and airports, making travel between cities more problematic with the passage of time. Gridlock and winglock are becoming part of American life. High-tech solutions to congestion exist. One is the maglev train, which can reach speeds of up to 300 mph (486 kph). This article examines 2 periods in the last 30 years in which maglev was considered as a possible solution to transportation congestion. However, in both instances, the coupling was not made between problem and solution. It is argued that although technicalfeasibility and economics are crucial, a successful solution requires three political elements: affordability, acceptability, and accessibility. The failure of maglev is explained in terms of the requisite components of a successful solution.
A Practical Solution to the Environmental Crisis
Authors: Kalinowski Franklin A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores two divergent meanings for the term practical solutions and uses this idea as a toolfor investigating some of the options that have been putforth for addressing environmental concerns. The range of environmental policy options stretches from those solutions whose appeal rests on the perception that they can be put into practice to those whose primary attraction is their claim that they will accomplish the task prescribedfor them. The article looks atfive of the many options that have been suggestedfor responding to environmental degradation. They can be grouped within three broad categories: (a) cornucopian free-market growth, (b) environmental economics and sustainable development, and (c) reform environmentalism and authoritarian command-and-control regulation. The dilemma in environmental politics is that solutions that are practical in the sense offeasibility may not be practical in the sense of workability.
Public Works Delivery Systems in North America
Authors: Greenough Geoff , Eggum Thomas , Ford Ulysses G. , Grigg Neil S. , Sizer Ed
Published: March 2007

One of the 1998 International PublicWorks Congress and Exposition’s workshops focused on the methods of delivery currently used to provide public works services in North America. This article examines three public works delivery systems: traditional model, privatization in general, and managed competition. The three perspectives are intended to provide insight into actual methods, advantages and disadvantages, and trends of each approach based on experience rather than theory.
A Graphical Approach to Analyzing Relationships between Offenders and Victims Using
Authors: ALLEN TERRY , BUCKNER GLEN
Published: March 2007

Statistical graphics are powerful tools for analyzing data. They are designed to display data in ways that communicate hidden information. They expose relationships that otherwise might not be recognized. Unfortunately, graphical displays of data are rarely published in social science journals. Without pictures of the data, readers lose the insights that graphical displays provide. The purposes of this article are twofold: (a) to use statistical graphics to analyze relationships between homicide offenders and victims in the United States using Supplementary Homicide Report data on race, age, and weapon used; and (b) to encourage a more visual approach to research by demonstrating the advantages of using graphical methods for data analysis.
Feminist Perspectives on Serial Murder
Authors: CLUFF JULIE , HUNTER ALLISON , HINCH RONALD
Published: March 2007

This article offers a critical analysis of feminist perspectives on serial murder. It argues that feminist scholarship has been preoccupied with a particular type of serial murder and has, therefore, missed an opportunity to expand both its own and other analyses of serial murder. The article explores areas in which feminist scholarship can inform other analyses and suggests ways in which a feminist theory of serial murder can be improved by incorporating concerns expressed in mainstream criminological analysis.
Strangers in the Night
Authors: NELSEN CANDICE , HUFF-CORZINE LIN
Published: March 2007

This study employs multinomial logistic regression to examine the circumstances surrounding elderly homicide victimization from an integrated lifestyle-routine activities approach. It is hypothesized that although the elderly's overall risk of victimization is relatively low due to the private nature of their lifestyle and routine activity patterns, their risk of theft-related homicide victimization may be relatively high because they are more likely than younger persons to lack capable guardianship and to be perceived as suitable targets. Analyses of Chicago homicide data (1975-1981) largely support the authors' hypotheses by indicating that the risk of theft-related homicide victimization increases with advanced age and is more likely among socially distant victims and offenders.
New York City Offender Ages
Authors: MONKKONEN ERIC H.
Published: March 2007

This research note contrasts 19th- and 20th-century New York City age- and gender-specific offender rates. Earlier work has established that there is a peakedness in age-specific offending between 20 and 30, whereas more recent data show a much younger high offending rate. In sharp contrast, the 19th-century New York data show a relatively flat distribution from the early 20s onward. This suggests that the current age rates are a new phenomenon and that young offenders are a separate, nontraditional group, overlaid onto the more traditional age groups.
Optimizing Intergovernmental Grants With Three Levels of Government
Authors: Harford Jon
Published: March 2007

A three-level governmental world (federal, state, and local) where the local government engages in a positive externality-producing activity is examined. At each level, each (identical) governmental unit is presumed to maximize the benefits minus costs internal to its jurisdiction. The relationship between federal and state rates of subsidy (their respective decision variables) is developed and the equilibrium rate of subsidies found. The analysis is extended to the situation where a significant portion of the taxes which finance the subsidy comes from each particular subgovernment and to a situation where tax exporting exists. Last, alternative assumptions and optimizing rules are suggested.
Drugs and Pareto: a Methodological Abuse
Authors: Culyer A.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper points out an elementary logical error in a recent criticism by J. Patrick Gunning of an article by the present author. It also argues that Gunning has confused the two criteria for improvements in social welfare that are associated with Pareto's name.
The Cyclical Response of U.S. Income Inequality: some new Empirical Results
Authors: Kienzle Edward C.
Published: March 2007

This article tests the hypothesis that inequality in the personal distribution of income as measured by the Gini coefficient is related to cyclical economic activity and a secular time trend for the 1947-1973 period in the United States. New empirical results are obtained by utilizing time-series regression analysis on disaggregated population subgroups for male individuals classified by race, age, and occupation. The empirical results indicate that statistically significant links between income inequality and macroeconomic activity do exist in the U.S. economy, and particularly strong support is found for apositive influence of unemployment on inequality in the distribution of income.
Alternate Stationary Source Air Pollution Control Policies: a Welfare Analysis
Authors: Lareau Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The welfare cost of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from electric power plants is computed for four policies: an emissions tax, fuel quality standards, required abatement capital use, and an abatement subsidy. The model, developed using the Harberger tax incidence methodology, includes a demand function, a production function with capital, clean fuel and dirty fuel inputs, and an emissions function with dirty fuel and abatement arguments. For the tax policy, factor demands derived from a profit function close the model, while for regulatory cases, constraints are used. The relative changes in the endogenous variables are determined as a function of the percentage emissions reduction, from which an income equivalent of the welfare change is measured using estimates of system elasticities. The welfare cost differences between the efficient and regulatory policies are high, so that greater reliance on decen tralized programs is recommended.
Capital Allocation and the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
Authors: Hendershott Patric H. , Shilling James D.
Published: March 2007

The obvious economic, although not political, solution to the overinvestment in owner-occupied housing in the 1970s would be to tax owner-occupied hous ing more heavily, thereby raising its user cost relative to that of industrial capital.
Municipal Bond Ratings: New Results, New Directions
Authors: Farnham Paul G. , Cluff George S.
Published: March 2007

Using multiple discriminant analysis, this article examines the factors that affect municipal bond ratings through the use of a data set that includes more municipalities and municipal characteristics than the data sets used in previous studies. This data set permits a more detailed examination of the role of city size and location in the bond rating process. The study concludes with some observations on the directions for further research.
The Redistributive Impact of Cash Transfers
Authors: Plotnick Robert
Published: March 2007

The redistributive effects of public transfers have usually been measured by comparing incomes before and after transfer benefits are counted, but ignoring labor supply reductions induced by such benefits. This study uses a simulation approach to estimate for nonaged families the decline in work hours and earnings in 1967 and 1974 due to major U.S. cash transfers. The net redistributive effect of these programs is also measured.
Income Averaging Benefits From Income Growth: the Gradual Elimination of an Inequity
Authors: Morris Michael H. , McDonald Bill
Published: March 2007

Previous research of the income averaging provision has suggested that individ-uals outside the targeted population are eligible for averaging and that the provision has introduced new sources of inequity. This study investigates the tax savings to the unintended population over the last several years and finds that the inequity has effectively been eliminated. The results demonstrate that recent changes to the tax rate structure have reduced the tax savings to those eligible to income average. In addition, income averaging eligibility through income growth is much more difficult to achieve under a recent change in the averaging provisions.