bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the frame of philosophy
Authors: Zalewski Andrzej
Published: December 2021

Philosophy in this text is considered under the model of mise en abyme, which is used in particular in the art of fiction narration. A novel about the process of novel writing is an example of mise en abyme. A film about movie directing is also an example of mise en abyme. A painting showing the artist working on the work of art also has features of mise en abyme. Likewise, mise en abyme philosophy is philosophy that discusses how philosophy is created. Philosophy in such a shape is no longer understood as an endless space “inhabited” by situations, concepts, assertions, philosophical theses which are, however, perceived as if from the inside of that space; by contrast, it starts to be perceived from the outside, from the perspective of activities that form its frame, that frame it. For example, two such framing activities are considered – refining situations which is responsible for the “splendor of truth” that shines forth in them and defying the passage of time when constructing situations which is decisive for their isolation from the stream of life. Philosophy that notices its own frame is anchored in the foundations of everyday life which is something irrefutable in relation to the very inside of philosophy; as a consequence, the idea of epistemological foundationalism may be renewed and recovered for philosophy.
Framing and cognitive metaphor – do they have anything in common?
Authors: Bieniek Martyna
Published: December 2021

The main topic of this article is to show similarities between framing and cognitive metaphor. At the beginning I will show definition of cognitive metaphor and examples of using this metaphor. Then I will do the same with definition of framing, in the end I will try to show that this two things have a lot of common. Main reason of this article is to show that framing is not only present in media, but that framing is present in our language too, which can have influence on recipients, for example when we are watching news or politicians.
On the framework of legal notions in the cognitive approach. A study based on selected notions and provisions of Polish law
Authors: Falana-Jafra Anna
Published: December 2021

The theory of categorisation by prototype, corresponding to the theory of fuzzy sets, is currently very popular in the natural, human and social sciences. However, its incorporation into the field of legal sciences has not taken place so far. It seems that this reluctance is due to the philosophical remnants of methodological positivism, which promises to create legal concepts resistant to interpretation. However, these concepts are constructed in natural language, which, unlike formal languages, is not able to strictly frame all its terms. The main objective of this paper is to put forward and justify the thesis that the framework of most legal concepts is open (fuzzy) in nature. Moreover, the paper attempts to indicate the most important determinants of the formation of this framework.
The Forum of Local Initiatives of Warmia and Mazury as a space for intercultural education’s development
Authors: Lisowska Kinga
Published: December 2021

The Forum of Local Initiatives of Warmia and Mazury (FIL WM) is one of the leading projects from the range of social both integration and animation organized in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in 2010–2020 by the Association of Social Animators Forum from Warmia and Mazury. It is being realised based on the idea of social amination popularized by the Local Activity Support Center. It creates a multistranded space for animators’ and educators’ dialogue, including a place for: exchange of ideas and experiences about cultural education and its role in the development of the social potential of Warmia and Mazury; building a local cooperation network for the protection and multiplication of the cultural heritage of the region and searching for new methods and forms of work in the field of intercultural education, and also regional and artistic education. The article presents an analysis of this space along with its individual elements, and also a description of the program and organizational assumptions of the FIL WM.
Relação entre fluxos de caixa livres e níveis de governança corporativa à luz da teoria da agência
Authors: Araújo Glaysson Aguilar de , Corrêa Lara Alves , Bressan Valéria Gama Fully , Barbosa Neto João Estevão , Avelino Bruna Camargos
Published: December 2021

Esta pesquisa analisa a relação entre os Fluxos de Caixa Livres (FCLs) e os diferentes níveis de Governança Corporativa presentes no mercado acionário brasileiro. Para tanto, a amostra foi composta por 212 empresas brasileiras de capital aberto listadas na Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão [B]³, no período de 2010 a 2018. A metodologia consistiu na estimação de uma regressão para dados em painel, com a utilização do modelo para efeitos aleatórios, estimando-se por mínimos quadrados generalizados (generalized least square - GLS) e assumindo os ajustes para autocorrelação e erros padrão robustos para heterocedasticidade. Os resultados encontrados, para a amostra estudada, sugerem que os níveis de Governança Corporativa apresentam relação positiva com os FCLs. Em sinergia, quando comparadas ao nível Tradicional da [B]³, as empresas listadas nos níveis Novo Mercado e Nível 2 tendem a apresentar maiores valores de FCL. Acrescenta-se, ainda, que, quanto maior o tamanho das empresas e quanto maior o retorno sobre o patrimônio líquido, maiores tendem a ser os FCLs, assim como empresas em estágios de amadurecimento tendem a apresentar menores valores de FCLs. A relevância desta pesquisa pauta-se em analisar, em um mercado acionário sujeito a imperfeições, fatores que possam afetar decisões sobre o nível de manutenção de caixa das empresas, mais especificamente ao avaliar como os mecanismos de Governança Corporativa relacionam-se com a teoria dos FCLs, num contexto de potencial conflito de interesses.
Osmanlı Hanedan Ailesine Mensup Hanımların Vakıflarında Ramazan Ayına Yönelik Hizmetler
Authors: MAYDAER Saadet
Published: December 2021

İslam Medeniyeti tarihi boyunca bir çeşit arınma ve maneviyatı yükseltme fırsatı olarak algılanmış olan Ramazan ayına Osmanlı Devleti’nde de özel bir önem atfedilmiştir. Bu ayda ihtiyaç sahipleri diğer zamanlardan daha fazla hatırlanmış, kimsenin aç ve açıkta kalmamasına özen gösterilmiştir. Camilerde bir araya gelenlerin sayısı artmış, ehil okuyucuların Kur’ân-ı Kerim tilaveti dinlenmiş, temcid gibi bazı özel uygulama ve duaların icrası geleneğimizde yer bulmuştur. Toplumun her kesimine ve her alanına yönelik icraatları olduğu bilinen vakıfların pek çoğu dini günlere bilhassa da Ramazan ayına mahsus bazı uygulamalara sahiptiler. Bunlardan bir kısmı oruç tutan Müslümanların oruçlarını açmaları için iftariyelik hazırlanmasını sağlamaya çalışırken, bazıları ise Ramazan ayının camilerde coşkulu bir şekilde yaşanmasına katkıda bulunuyorlardı. Büyük ölçekli vakıflar tesis ederek saygın konumlarıyla toplumda öncü rolü üstlenen saraya mensup hanımlar, vakıflarıyla bu ayın maneviyatını arttırmaya ve dinî açıdan daha bereketli geçmesini sağlamaya gayret gösteriyorlardı.
TÜRKİYE’DE KAMU HARCAMALARI İLE VERGİLER ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN DOĞRUSAL OLMAYAN NİTELİĞİ
Authors: ZÜLFÜOĞLU Özkan , SÖYLEMEZ Arif Orçun
Published: December 2021

Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan pek çok ülkede kamusal ihtiyaçlara yönelik talebin yükselmesi nedeniyle kamu harcamaları artmakta, bu artışa vergi gelirlerindeki artışın yeterince karşılık verememesi nedeniyle bütçe açıkları yaşanmaktadır. Bütçe açıklarının önlenmesinde kamu harcamaları ve vergilerde ne gibi değişikliklerin yapılacağına ilişkin kararların alınması ancak bu iki maliye politikası aracı arasındaki ilişkinin en doğru şekilde ortaya konulmasıyla mümkün olabilmektedir. Literatürde kamu harcamaları ve vergiler arasındaki ilişki sıklıkla tartışılsa da ortak bir sonuca ulaşılamaması, yeni veri setleri ve yöntemler ile çalışmaların yinelenmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye özelinde kamu harcamaları ve vergiler arasındaki ilişkinin hem doğrusal hem de doğrusal olmayan yönleri araştırılmıştır. Sonuçta, kamu harcamalarından vergi gelirlerine yönelik kuvvetli ve devamlı doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan nedensellik etkileri ortaya koyulurken, vergi gelirlerinin kamu harcamaları üzerindeki etkisinin rejim bağımlı olduğu gösterilmiştir. Çalışma, özellikle vergi gelirlerinin sıra dışı oranda artış kaydettiği dönemlerde, kamu harcamaları üzerindeki kendinden uyarımlı biçimde ortaya çıkan etkisini rapor etmesi ile var olan literatüre önemli bir katkı sunmakta, maliye politikasına yönelik daha kapsamlı ve doğru çıkarımlarda bulunulmasına imkân vermektedir.
APPLICATION OF THE METHODS OF PALINSPASTIC RECONSTRUCTIONS IN MODELING THE PRE-THRUST STATE OF FOLDED-THRUST ZONES
Authors: Krasilnikov V. P. , Kozhevnikova E. E.
Published: December 2021

The paper briefly discusses some methods of palinspastic reconstructions and their application for studying of the Nizhneserginskaya thrust zone of the Urals using complex techniques that address both structural and kinematic principles of modeling. Based on the constructed model, the data reflecting the geological structure before the formation of thrust zones of the studied territory were obtained.
Huzur Derslerine İştirak Eden Safranbolulu Âlimler
Authors: Kurt Muhammet Sacit
Published: December 2021

Huzur dersleri Osmanlı padişahlarının İslam’a ve Kur’an’a yönelik tesis ettikleri hizmetlerden birisidir. Bu yazıda evvela bir girizgâh mahiyetinde huzur derslerinin tanımı, dersin yıllar içerisindeki seyri, katılımcıları, genel prensipleri ve mutat tefsir derslerinden farkı hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmiştir. Verilen bu bilgiler, son dönemde ortaya konan kimi eleştirilerle birlikte ele alınmış ve bu eleştirilerin haklılık durumları tartışılmıştır. Akabininde huzur derslerine hizmet eden beldelerden Safranbolu’nun bu müesseseye mukarrir ve muhatap olarak kaç âlim kazandırdığı tespit edilmiş, bu âlimlerin hal tercemeleri, başta günümüzün özgeçmişi mesabesinde bulunan sicill-i ahvâl dosyalarındaki bilgiler olmak üzere pek çok kaynaktan istifade etmek suretiyle oluşturulmuştur. Sicil dosyalarında âlimlere ait bit icazetname varsa icazetnamedeki ilmî silsile görsel araçlar yardımıyla gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Safranbolulu âlimlerin bir yılda tesis edilen huzur dersi meclislerine katılımları yıllar bazında ele alınmış, bir beldeden kabul edilecek âlim sayısında belli bir düzen bulunup bulunmadığı araştırılmıştır. Safranbolulu âlimler özelinde, âlimlerin huzur derslerindeki konumları yıl yıl kontrol edilmiş, mutat düzeni bozan uygulamalara ve âlimlere dikkat çekilmiş, bunların arkasında yatan sebepler hakkında çeşitli tahminlerde bulunulmuştur.
Condiciones de exposición y sensibilidad de la comunidad La Barra frente a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos
Authors: Durán-Solarte Luz-Carina , Aguilar Ángel Andrés
Published: December 2021

El presente artículo analiza las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de una comunidad pesquera frente a los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos agravados por el cambio climático. Se utiliza la metodología cualitativa, con apoyo en métodos geográficos, y con base en un estudio de caso: la comunidad afrodescendiente La Barra, localizada en el litoral Pacífico colombiano, en la desembocadura del río San Juan. Al existir un acceso limitado a la comunidad por sus condiciones geográficas, además de los requisitos de bioseguridad establecidos por la pandemia de COVID-19, se realizan un análisis documental y mapas multitemporales, a partir de imágenes satelitales, para visualizar los cambios espaciales de la línea costera de La Barra durante los años 2001, 2011 y 2019. Asimismo, se realizan entrevistas a expertos académicos y pobladores de la comunidad. La vulnerabilidad es entendida desde la escuela de pensamiento de la ciencia del cambio climático y la investigación sobre adaptación. Se concluye que no solo depende de los estímulos climáticos, sino también de las condiciones racializadas y marginalizadas de poblaciones afro ubicadas en territorios rurales aislados. De tal manera, la naturaleza social y política de los fenómenos meteorológicos puede transformarlos en eventos catastróficos para poblaciones vulnerables.

 

Abstract

This article analyses the vulnerability conditions of a fishing community facing the extreme meteorological phenomena aggravated by climate change. The methodology is qualitative, supported by geographic methods, based on the case study of the “La Barra afro-descendant community”, located in the Colombian Pacific Coast, in the mouth of San Juan River. As there is limited access to the community due to its geographical conditions, besides the biosecurity requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a documentary analysis, as well as multi-temporal maps based on satellite images, show the spatial changes on the coastline of La Barra, during the years 2001, 2011 and 2019. In addition to the above, interviews with academic experts and community residents are conducted. The term “vulnerability” is understood from the school of thought of climate change science and adaptation research. It is concluded that the vulnerability not only depends on climatic stimuli but also on the racialized and marginalized conditions of Afro populations located in isolated rural territories. In that way, the social and political nature of the meteorological phenomena could transform them in catastrophic events for vulnerable populations.
Las características del espacio urbano como factores de exposición al COVID-19 en Ciudad de México
Authors: León Rojas Héctor Emanuel , Sierra Martínez Andrés Emiliano , De Aguinaga Padilla Francisco
Published: December 2021

El artículo muestra la interacción entre las desigualdades socioespaciales acumuladas históricamente y la dinámica espacial del riesgo de contagio de COVID-19 en Ciudad de México. El objetivo es analizar la relación en el espacio urbano entre la localización de algunos factores de exposición al virus, identificados en la bibliografía especializada (vinculados con el transporte, la vivienda y el empleo) y la dinámica espacial de los contagios. Con métodos de análisis espacial, se vinculan conceptos de la ecología política y la teoría de la construcción social del riesgo. Se concluye que las condiciones de habitabilidad, el tiempo de traslado en medios de transporte colectivo y los niveles de desarrollo social son factores que determinan el comportamiento espacial de los contagios. Las periferias urbanas marginadas constituyen sitios desfavorecidos, en cuanto a las condiciones de exposición.

Abstract

The article shows the interaction between historically accumulated socio-spatial inequalities and the spatial dynamic of the risk of contagion of COVID-19 in Mexico City. The objective is to analyze the urban spatial relationship between the location of exposure factors to the virus, identified through literature review (associated with transport, living and employment), and the spatial dynamic of contagion. By using spatial analysis methods and techniques, concepts from political ecology and the theory of social construction of risk are connected. It is concluded that the conditions of habitability, the commuting time in public transportation and the levels of social development are determining factors of the spatial behaviour of contagion. Due to conditions of exposure, marginalized urban peripheries become disadvantaged places.
Liberalization and Humanization of Criminal Law Policy
Authors: Kravchenko Irina
Published: December 2021

The goal of the article is to define modern trends in criminal law policy in the Russian Federation. More thorough research should be carried out in connection with lively scientific discussions on defining the essence of criminal policy and the lack of a universal understanding of the contents and key trends of developing criminal law policy. The author researched two components of criminal law policy which are currently trending in the research community — humanism and liberalization. The author’s own understanding of these characteristics is presented in the article. The author also studied the clauses of the Concept of criminal law policy of the Russian Federation from the standpoint of their correspondence to humanistic and liberal ideas and carried out an analysis of changes in Russian criminal legislation with the aim of identifying modern trends in criminal law policy. The study is carried out for the period of the latest full five years (2016–2020). It is stated that the number of laws aimed at amending the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and the number of actually introduced amendments are diverse values. Most changes are aimed at amending the Special Part of criminal law and are connected with criminalization. There is a trend for strengthening the protection of economic interests and public security, which has a rather weak correlation with the widely recognized priority for the protection of the individual, civil rights and freedoms. In general, the analyzed period is characterized by tightening of criminal law policy. The key features of criminal law amendments are their inconsistency, lack of a system or a unified direction. The author concludes that, contrary to the expectations of the public, the humanism and liberalization are manifested very moderately at the current stage of criminal policy’s development, they do not constitute its defining characteristics and challenge its progressive character. One of the promising ways of solving the identified problems is increasing and strengthening the role of criminological research in the development of criminal law policy.
Results of osteopathic treatment of infants with psychomotor developmental disorders
Authors: Veber V R , Egorova I A , Zinkevich E R , Chervotok A E
Published: December 2021

Aim. To compare the effectiveness of osteopathic treatment of infants with psychomotor development disorders with standard treatment in terms of functional status.

Methods. The study was conducted at the Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University and the Institute of Osteopathic Medicine named after V.L. Andrianov, between 2020 and 2021. The study included 49 children with delayed psychomotor development, of which: the main group consisted of 26 children receiving osteopathic treatment; the control group consisted of 23 children treated with standard therapies. Data gathered included the indicators of the functional health state, complaints of parents, assessed neurological, vegetative, and osteopathic statuses, the psychomotor development in the children according to the ZhurbaMastyukova scale, performed neurosonography. The results were processed using descriptive statistics followed by checking for the significance of the difference by using the Student's t-criterion for related samples.

Results. A comparison of the effectiveness of osteopathic and standard treatment of infants with a delay in psychomotor development by indicators of the functional status was carried out. The need for an integrated approach to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures was substantiated. The number of subjective complaints about the health of children from parents in the main group decreased, while in the control group, it remained the same. Neurological status in children of both groups improved, but the changes are more pronounced in the main group (p 0.05). The outcomes of the treatments indicate for improving psychomotor development of the children in the main group, in the control group, such an increase was only 13.0% (p 0.001).

Conclusion. The results of the study showed that osteopathic treatment of infants with psychomotor development disorders is more effective than standard complex treatment, which is reflected in the improvement of functional health indicators.
The relationship between impaired uteroplacental blood flow and blood pressure level in pregnant women with chronic and gestational hypertension
Authors: Medubayeva M D , Kerimkulova A S , Latypova N A , Veber V R , Idrisov A S , Nurpeissova R G , Mar­kabayeva M A
Published: December 2021

Aim. To assess the relationship between impaired uteroplacental blood flow and different levels of blood pressure in pregnant women with chronic and gestational hypertension at different stages of pregnancy with the determination of the optimal systolic blood pressure. Methods. We conducted a prospective cohort study between 2018 and 2019. The study enrolled pregnant women aged 18 to 45 years: 55 women with chronic and gestational hypertension each, as well as 80 healthy pregnant women as control. The groups were formed by the continuous method, in which all pregnant women with arterial hypertension were included in the study until the required number of subjects was obtained. Follow-up was conducted at different gestation periods (1416, 2022, 2830, 3436 weeks) until delivery. Independent groups were compared by using the Student's t-test, the Pearsons 2 test, the MannWhitney U test, the KruskalWallis H test. Results. Comparison of the groups revealed differences in blood pressure levels at different gestation periods. In chronic hypertension compared with gestational hypertension, there was an increase in the impairment of the uteroplacental blood flow in pregnant women, indicating an unfavorable prognosis. The study of impaired uteroplacental blood flow among pregnant women with various forms of arterial hypertension revealed an increase in pregnant women with chronic arterial hypertension compared with gestational (p=0.04), indicating an unfavorable prognosis. In chronic arterial hypertension, the impairment of uteroplacental blood flow was the least for systolic pressures up to 120 mm Hg (up to 0.9%) at 1416 and 2022 weeks of gestation, and for 130139 mm Hg (from 1.8 to 2.7%) in later pregnancy. In gestational hypertension, the least or no impairment rate of uteroplacental blood flow was determined for blood pressures up to 129 mm Hg at all stages of pregnancy compared with chronic hypertension. Conclusion. The optimal systolic blood pressure in chronic hypertension reducing the risk of impaired uteroplacental blood flow in pregnant women is 129 mm Hg before 20th week of pregnancy and 130139 mm Hg in later (2030 weeks); in gestational hypertension, blood pressure reduction to 129 mm Hg is recommended at all stage of gestation.
Next-generation pacemakers: from electrical devices to biological pacemakers
Authors: Oslopov V N , Mamedova A Kh , Nafeeva D N , Khazova E V , Oslopova Yu V
Published: December 2021

The invention of an electric pacemaker in the middle of the 20th century led to a revolution in the treatment of cardiac conduction system diseases. The improvement of pacemakers continued. In 1962, the first small series of external pacemakers for percutaneous and direct stimulation was produced in Kaunas. After a while, electric pacemakers became more reliable, smaller and lighter in weight, but the problem of foreign body associated infection and limited service life remained unresolved. Modern high-tech medicine strives to create less invasive electric pacemakers, but nevertheless, biological pacemakers can expand the therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of cardiac patients, being the most physiological for humans. The concept of an artificial biological pacemaker consists of the creation of an organic structure that generates a spontaneous rhythm from the implantation site in the myocardium. Various gene and cellular approaches were used to create biological pacemakers: a functional reorganization approach (use of adenovirus vectors for hyperexpression of genes encoding ion channels in cardiomyocytes); hybrid approach (use of fibroblasts to deliver genes of ion channels that provide heart automation); somatic reprogramming approach (overexpression of the transcription factor TBX18 using adenoviral vectors, which reprograms cardiomyocytes into induced sinoatrial node cells, creating cardiac stimulatory activity); cellular approach (transplantation of stem cells to a specific place in the heart, thereby creating biological stimulation). Modern methods of electrical cardiac stimulation and the developed concepts of the biological pacemaker clearly show the possibility of eliminating current problems associated with the use of an artificial pacemaker by replacing it with a biological one. Each of the approaches (gene, cellular, hybrid-cellular, somatic reprogramming) has its own advantages and disadvantages, which predisposes to further study and improvement in order to introduce a biological pacemaker into clinical practice.
Homeostasis and adaptation: pathophysiological aspects of somato-vegetative interaction in ontogenesis
Authors: Artemenkov A. A.
Published: December 2021

The review presents information on the somatovegetative interaction of blood circulation and respiration from the point of view of the views of Professor Yu.P. Pushkarev. Data are presented that speak of the complexity and complexity of the problem of homeostasis and adaptation, the unresolved many issues that are important for understanding the stability of the internal environment of the body and establishing the limits of the norm. It has been shown that within the neurohumoral system of the body, the interaction of various components of functional systems is constantly carried out, ensuring the conjugation of respiration and blood circulation with the formation of intersystem links. Some aspects of the formation of functions in animals and humans in postnatal ontogenesis are considered. It is emphasized that homeostasis is an internal balance of indicators in the body, but its values are constantly changing due to the center-peripheral integration of functions. It was emphasized that the process of achieving a beneficial adaptive result is characterized by the asymmetry of physiological indicators, and the intersystem interaction ensures the balancing of homeostasis constants in terms of adaptation to environmental conditions. It has been shown that over-threshold environmental influences and homeostasis parameters shift in the body, compensatory-adaptive reactions occur, aimed at maintaining a certain level of stationary state, eliminating or limiting the effect of the harmful factor and optimizing the interaction of the organism and the environment due to the formation of intersystem links. Analyzed the pathophysiological mechanisms of changes in function in certain diseases and stress effects. It is shown that the further study of the somatovegetative interaction in the context of the ideas of Yu.P. Pushkarev will allow revealing the true mechanisms of synchronization of functions in the organism of animals and humans in order to understand its existence as an independent self-regulating system.
Bactibilia-effect on postoperative course and outcome in patients with bilio-pancreatic diseases
Authors: Reddy A. Dinakar , Thota Anuroop , Harsha Vanga Devi
Published: December 2021

Background: Bactibilia is detrimental to the outcomes of biliary tract surgery. The present study was undertaken to determine the microbial flora of bile and their significance to post-operative infectious complications and morbidity.Methods: A retrospective study of patients with biliopancreatic diseases who underwent surgery from Jan 2017 to March 2020 in a tertiary care hospital were analyzed. The samples were assessed for bile microbiological flora, and a search for their possible link with post-operative infectious complications and morbidity was carried out.Results: A total of 90 bile samples were assessed. The mean age of the study group was 51.8 SD-13.6 years with male predominance. Bactibilia was found in 39 cases (43.3%), mostly in patients with malignant diseases, older than 50 years and females. Escherichia coli was the most common organism. Post-operative infectious complications were seen in twenty cases, thirteen of them in bactibilia-associated patients, showing statistical significance. Statistical significance was found between the presence of pre-operative biliary stent and bactibilia and between diabetes mellitus and bactibilia. Nine out of 24 patients with comorbidities had post-operative infectious complications. No significant relationship was found between pre-operative jaundice and comorbidities with bactibilia. Conclusions: The present study showed a statistically significant relationship between the presence of pre-operative biliary stent and bactibilia and also the incidence of post-operative infectious complications and bactibilia. Microbiological analysis of bile is a valuable tool in prognosticating the post-operative complications, thereby guiding us to provide adequate therapy and helps to establish local antibiotic guidelines.
Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen for chronic and recalcitrant intertrigo of toe webspaces
Authors: S. Sowmya C. , Sorake Nidhika V.
Published: December 2021

Background: The inflammation of the toe web spaces is known as foot intertrigo. Most commonly caused by candida. Important predisposing factors such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and immunosuppression lead to persistence and recurrence. Cryotherapy is a promising, safe, cost-effective, easily available therapeutic approach to treat recalcitrant intertrigo compared to available topical medications. Aim of the study was to observe the clinical improvement and therapeutic response of recalcitrant intertrigo and to observe treatment response based on photographs.

Methods: A total of 30 patients who were clinically diagnosed with chronic candida intertrigo (CI) who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Cryotherapy was administered with 3 cycles of freeze and thaw of 30 seconds each, every 2 weeks for a maximum of 3 treatment sessions. Follow-up of patients were done for 4 months.

Results: Among 30 patients treated, 21 patients showed excellent clinical response, 6 patients showed good response. Only 2 patients showed poor response. Minimal side effects were observed, of which transient pain at the cryotherapy site is the most common. Diabetes was the most common comorbidity with poor response to treatment and recurrence.

Conclusions: Cryotherapy can be used as a safe modality of treatment for recalcitrant CI cases unresponsive to topical therapy by providing faster therapeutic response and improving the quality of life in these patients. 
Marco legal de los derechos de las personas con discapacidad: América Latina y el Caribe
Authors: Bregaglio Lazarte Renata
Published: December 2021

El documento presenta un análisis sobre el marco legal y la regulación de los derechos de las personas con discapacidad en términos de salud, educación, trabajo, autonomía personal y financiera, participación política, y cultura y deporte en América Latina y el Caribe.
Overview of modern hardware and software for near surface electromagnetic sounding in the frequency domain
Authors: Balkov E. V. , Fadeev D. I.
Published: December 2021

For the study of the first ten meters of the ground, instruments operating in the frequency domain are most widely used. The compactness, speed of operation, ease of operation of such equipment, as well as the quality of the information obtained, determine its applicability for solving a wide range of issues: from searching for local objects to identifying structural features of the upper part of the section. The article provides an overview of current hardware and software developments for near surface electromagnetic soundings in the frequency domain. A description of all types of non-contact equipment from major world manufacturers is given. The features of both the hardware itself and the approaches to their implementation are described. Methods of primary processing and data inversion are considered. Conclusions are drawn about the need to find new ways to eliminate of equipment deficiencies.
The Effect of Implementing Health Promotion Hospitals' Plan on the Awareness of Cardiac Patients Admitted to Selected Educational Hospitals in Yazd
Authors: Askari Rooholah , Montazeralfaraj Raziyeh , Jambarsang Sara , Mirhosini Reyhaneh Sadat
Published: December 2021

Background: Health promotion includes the concepts of health education, disease prevention and rehabilitation services. Accordingly, the implementation of standards and indicators of health promotion in hospitals is necessary to ensure the quality of the services provided. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of implementing a health promotion hospital plan on the awareness of hospitalized cardiac patients in selected educational hospitals in Yazd.
Methods: This was an interventional study, which was performed on 62 cardiac patients referred to 2 selected educational hospitals of Yazd University of Medical Sciences. 31 patients from Afshar Hospital (the case group), and 31 patients from Shahid Sadoughi Hospital (the control group) were selected by purposive sampling method. In the case group, in addition to the routine trainings, the subjects received face to face and group educational interventions based on the Health Belief Model and the Guidelines to the American Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Association for 3 months, and were finally given an educational package. The samples in the control group also underwent routine training. Data analysis was performed using a questionnaire based on Health Belief Model, before the educational intervention and 3 months after, using SPSS 23 software, Chi-square and independent t-tests.
Results: Awareness scores in the case and control groups before the intervention were 7.90 ± 4.01 and 10.67 ± 5.31, and after the intervention were 21 ± 1.61 and 11.54 ± 5.31 respectively, and a significant difference was seen in the scores of the post-intervention group (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The implementation of the health promotion hospital plan can be effective in increasing the awareness and improving the performance of cardiac patients. Therefore, it is recommended for hospitals to move towards health promotion.
Un nuevo caso de limitación y excepción a los derechos de autor para el software académico
Authors: Vargas Patiño Marlon , Gómez Méndez Santiago Andrés , Echavarría Arcila María Alejandra
Published: December 2021

En julio de 2018 el Congreso de la República de Colombia emitió la Ley 1915, que tuvo por principal objetivo implementar una “serie de compromisos de carácter comercial adquiridos en el marco de los acuerdos suscritos con los Estados Unidos de América y la Unión Europea”1. Llama la atención en la Ley la consagración, en el artículo 16 referido a limitaciones y excepciones, en el que se establece el uso y reproducción de obras, que por su redacción no se excedan las tipologías tradicionales del concepto mismo de “obra”, haciendo alusión únicamente a una libre reproducción por medios reprográficos de la obra y reproducción temporal en el entorno digital. Con base en lo anterior se ha buscado, a lo largo de este artículo, responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿En qué medida es extensible el régimen de limitaciones y excepciones con propósitos de enseñanza a los programas de computación en Colombia? Esta revisión se ha hecho a través de una metodología eminentemente cualitativa, documental, derivada del paradigma de investigación positivista.
Excepciones al derecho de autor relacionadas con los derechos humanos y la discapacidad en Colombia
Authors: Bernal Montenegro Diana Carolina
Published: December 2021

Los conceptos de discapacidad, igualdad, no discriminación y accesibilidad de la Convención de los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad reconocen como situación fáctica de discriminación y desigualdad la hambruna de libros en las personas con discapacidad visual. El derecho de autor flexibiliza el alcance de su protección y contribuye con la disminución de barreras para acceder a las obras a través de las “excepciones” consagradas en el Tratado de Marrakech de 2013. El presente trabajo parte de una escasa literatura sobre la relación entre derechos humanos, discapacidad y los derechos de autor en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, reconoce su importancia y desarrolla el objetivo de identificar y analizar los fundamentos jurídicos de las excepciones al derecho de autor en Colombia en favor de personas con discapacidad visual, y el derecho de acceso a las obras literarias y artísticas para estas personas. La metodología de investigación, de enfoque cualitativo, se denomina black letter, y se lleva a cabo mediante el estudio de fuentes jurídicas y doctrinales. El resultado de la investigación refleja la perspectiva normativa internacional expuesta en el fundamento en el marco normativo colombiano actual.
Zło konieczne, substytut, szansa – wykorzystanie komunikatora Skype w badaniach jakościowych
Authors: Ślęzak Izabela
Published: December 2021

Celem artykułu jest omówienie techniki wywiadów swobodnych online w szczególnej formie wywiadów prowadzonych za pośrednictwem komunikatora Skype. Choć są one coraz częściej wykorzystywane w badaniach jakościowych, budzą u badaczy mieszane reakcje – od postrzegania ich jako szansy, (nie)pełnowartościowego zamiennika wywiadu twarzą w twarz, po wręcz zagrożenie dla jakości badań. Na podstawie literatury przedmiotu w artykule omówione zostaną cechy wywiadu za pośrednictwem Skype’a, jego zalety i ograniczenia tak z perspektywy badacza, jak i uczestników badania. Przedstawione zostaną także wyniki porównań wywiadów online z tradycyjnymi, których dokonali badacze wykorzystujący w swoich projektach obie te techniki. W bardziej szczegółowy sposób omówiona zostanie kwestia relacji badacza z rozmówcą oraz dylematy etyczne związane z realizowaniem wywiadów zapośredniczonych przez Skype’a. Wskazane zostaną także warunki, kiedy tego rodzaju wywiad może być szczególnie przydatny.
Democracy in crisis
Authors: Hamilton Lawrence
Published: December 2021

In this article I submit that the pandemic politics of the Covid-19 crisis have unmasked the inadequacies of existing representative democracies. Mixing the experiences and responses of various democracies and thinkers to this crisis, particularly from India and South Africa, I argue that a minimally functioning democracy must do two things at least: ensure the health and well- being of citizens and the equal means competitively to select prudent, empathetic and courageous leaders. For this, I suggest, we need a politics that allows us to express and assess our needs, and determine who is best placed to represent us in responding to these needs, all in non-dominating conditions. To this end, the article also proposes and defends four institutional reforms that would enable a dynamic, anti-oligarchic form of democracy to consistently empower the least powerful and keep elites properly in check.
Taking ideology seriously in the time of plague: insights versus distractions
Authors: Soborski Rafal
Published: December 2021

This article argues that insights from ideology theory shed valuable light on the political aspects of COVID-19 and help understand and categorise policy responses to it. Much of the debate on the politics of COVID-19 has been dominated by questions concerning populism, but this article contends that this is not a fruitful direction for understanding current developments. The argument advanced here is that populism is a hollow and incoherent ideological category and so does not provide a suitable departure point to explore the ideological dimension of the pandemic. On the other hand, a critical engagement with the dominant ideology of neoliberalism goes a long way to explain different kinds of political fallout from COVID-19. While neoliberalism is unfit for the challenge posed by the virus, identifying the ideological underpinnings of the neoliberal approach may help to grasp its implications and formulate urgently needed alternatives.
Acercamiento al cálculo de índice de salud de transformadores de fuerza en Cuba
Authors: Montané-García Jorge Juan , Hernández-Areu Orestes Nicolás , Del-Castillo-Serpa Alfredo Manuel
Published: December 2021

Los transformadores de fuerza (TF) son parte principal de los costos de un sistema electroenergético (SE), por lo que debe controlarse su estado, envejecimiento y vida remanente, para valorar su condición actual y futura, algo importante para tomar decisiones de operación, mantenimiento o inversiones, favoreciendo el uso óptimo de las finanzas y asegurando la confiabilidad y calidad. Un fallo de aislamiento de un TF implica daños sensibles, genera altos costos de reparación y pérdidas financieras. Al sistema de aislamiento papel-aceite del TF es imposible realizarle mantenimientos, por lo que debe evaluarse su condición, para prevenir posibles defectos de los TF, minimizando el riesgo de fallas y salidas de servicio. No es factible, desde el punto de vista económico, someter TF envejecidos a inspecciones y ensayos rigurosos. En este caso, una estrategia promisoria para elevar el tiempo de vida remanente de estos equipos lo constituye el establecimiento de prioridades de monitoreo y el desarrollo de un plan detallado de mantenimiento. He aquí el por qué juegan un papel primordial los sistemas de monitoreo y diagnóstico del aislamiento. El Índice de Salud (IS) se utiliza para cuantificar el estado global de los TF, tomando en consideración una multitud de factores. En el trabajo se realiza un acercamiento al cálculo del IS de TF en las condiciones de una central termoeléctrica (CTE) de Cuba, donde, debido a las condiciones económicas imperantes, no es posible realizar la medición de todos los factores de diagnóstico utilizados en otros países con este fin.
Detección de Descargas Parciales en una Instalación Eléctrica Subterránea por Medio de Procesamiento Digital de Imágenes Térmicas
Authors: González-Parada Adrián , Jaramillo-Vacío Rubén , Bosch-Tous Ricard , Casals-Torrens Pau
Published: December 2021

La instalación de cables de potencia se deben de considerar una serie de factores para asegurar un buen desempeño en su operación y así mejorar notablemente la confiabilidad del sistema donde se encuentra. Durante la instalación se ven involucrados el empleo de accesorios específicos para su conexión a sistemas aéreos o para conexión de equipos, tales accesorios son conocidos como terminales y  empalmes. De acuerdo a las estadísticas estos accesorios presentan el 95% de las fallas debido a problemas durante su instalación o vida útil, por lo que es necesario llevar a cabo estudios o monitoreos programados de la operación de las instalaciones eléctricas con el fin de reducir riesgos y prevenir fallas en la instalación. En el presente trabajo se presenta un método de detección incipiente de falla, el cual se basa en el análisis de imágenes termográficas de los accesorios (empalmes y terminales) de media tensión en operación. El objetivo es identificar la zona de una terminal en la que exista una falla incipiente por descargas parciales, las cuales no se pueden observar con una imagen termográfica simple, sino que se requiere realizar un análisis y proceso digital de la imagen termográfica a fin de identificar plenamente el punto de falla en donde con el procesamiento digital de imágenes es posible extraer información que a simple vista no se percibe en una imagen obtenida con una cámara termográfica. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en laboratorio de fallas previamente establecidas en un modelo de instalación eléctrica subterránea.
Monitoreo en línea de transformadores de potencia. Una revisión crítica de sensores de temperatura, humedad del aceite y gases disueltos
Authors: Salamanca Santiago , Céspedes Alexander , Aponte Guillermo
Published: December 2021

Los transformadores de potencia son uno de los activos más importantes que conforman las redes eléctricas. Cuando uno de estos activos presenta una falla repentina que involucra la suspensión del suministro de electricidad a los centros de consumo, puede conllevar consecuencias críticas para el sistema de potencia. La mayoría de este tipo de fallas en el transformador, están relacionadas con altos niveles de temperatura, humedad o deterioro de su sistema de aislamiento.

Debido a lo anterior, durante las últimas décadas los sistemas de monitoreo en línea para transformadores de potencia han venido adquiriendo una mayor relevancia e integración a las redes y subestaciones eléctricas. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión crítica de tres de los sensores en línea más importantes para la operación y funcionamiento del transformador, como lo son: temperatura, humedad del aceite y gases disueltos.

Inicialmente, se realiza una introducción referente a la importancia del transformador de potencia y el concepto de monitoreo en línea. Luego, se presenta una breve descripción con los principales hitos históricos de dichos sensores al igual que algunos de sus aspectos técnicos generales. Además, se proponen algunos criterios de comparación y selección citando ejemplos y casos estadísticos de interés. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones del estudio.
Modelagem computacional da resposta transitória de sistemas de aterramento por meio de circuitos equivalentes
Authors: Francisco Andrade Arthur , Guedes da Costa Edson , Rossany Soares de Lira George , Ribeiro Gonçalves Marconni Freitas Barroso
Published: December 2021

De modo a viabilizar a modelagem de sistemas de aterramento em estudos sistêmicos e de cálculo de transitórios e aumentar a exatidão e confiabilidade dos modelos utilizados, circuitos equivalentes devem ser estudados de modo a possibilitar a representação de efeitos dinâmicos, de dependência com a frequência dos parâmetros de solo e de ionização do solo. Neste sentido, este artigo apresenta uma metodologia que une simulação eletromagnética com o método dos elementos finitos (MEF) a uma etapa de otimização no domínio do tempo, a qual possibilita a obtenção de circuitos equivalentes de sistemas de aterramento ainda na etapa de projeto. A metodologia foi avaliada mediante dois casos de estudo. Inicialmente, três diferentes topologias de circuito tiveram seus parâmetros ajustados a partir de simulações da resposta de um sistema de aterramento composto por uma haste para diferentes níveis de resistividade do solo. A metodologia proposta se mostrou flexível e adequada à representação de sistemas de aterramento instalados em solos com uma ampla faixa de valores de resistividade do solo, com níveis de erro menores que 2%. Em seguida, demonstrou-se a aplicabilidade da metodologia para modelar uma resposta não-linear associada à ionização do solo. Os resultados evidenciam que a inserção de modelos de circuito aprimorados possibilita uma maior confiabilidade no planejamento de sistemas elétricos de potência.
Limestone quarries and cave protection
Authors: Leél-Őssy Szabolcs
Published: December 2021

It happened in Hungary several times that a limestone quarry opened the entrance of a new, unknown cave during its activity such as the case was in the Villány Mountains, in Budapest, and in Kesel?, Naszály or Esztramos Hills. It is right that the natural caves are protected, but what is the solution in such cases? Closing the mine? Absolving the cave from protection? It is a difficult question. The real way: we must weigh. Which is more expensive? How valuable and unique is the cave? How big is the economic loss if we close the mine? And how serious is the harm if it is allowed to annihilate the value of nature, which is impossible to reproduce? Examples follow from Hungary.