bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shh/BMP‐4 signaling pathway is essential for intestinal epithelial development during Xenopus larval‐to‐adult remodeling
Authors: Ishizuya‐Oka Atsuko , Hasebe Takashi , Shimizu Katsuhiko , Suzuki Kenichi , Ueda Shuichi
Published: October 2006

During amphibian larval‐to‐adult intestinal remodeling, progenitor cells of the adult epithelium actively proliferate and differentiate under the control of thyroid hormone (TH) to form the intestinal absorptive epithelium, which is analogous to the mammalian counterpart. We previously found that TH–up‐regulated expression of bone morphogenetic protein‐4 (BMP‐4) spatiotemporally correlates with adult epithelial development in the Xenopus laevis intestine. Here, we aimed to clarify the role of BMP‐4 in intestinal remodeling. Our reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that mRNA of BMPR‐IA, a type I receptor of BMP‐4, is expressed in both the developing connective tissue and progenitor cells of the adult epithelium. More importantly, using organ culture and immunohistochemical procedures, we have shown that BMP‐4 not only represses cell proliferation of the connective tissue but promotes differentiation of the intestinal absorptive epithelium. In addition, we found that the connective tissue‐specific expression of BMP‐4 mRNA is up‐regulated by sonic hedgehog (Shh), whose epithelium‐specific expression is directly induced by TH. These results strongly suggest that the Shh/BMP‐4 signaling pathway plays key roles in the amphibian intestinal remodeling through epithelial–connective tissue interactions. Developmental Dynamics 235:3240–3249, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Latrophilin‐2 is a novel component of the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition within the atrioventricular canal of the embryonic chicken heart
Authors: Doyle Sally E. , Scholz Matthew J. , Greer Kevin A. , Hubbard Antony D. , Darnell Diana K. , Antin Parker B. , Klewer Scott E. , Runyan Raymond B.
Published: October 2006

Endothelial cells in the atrioventricular canal of the heart undergo an epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) to form heart valves. We surveyed an on‐line database (http://www.geisha.arizona.edu/) for clones expressed during gastrulation to identify novel EMT components. One gene, latrophilin‐2, was identified as expressed in the heart and appeared to be functional in EMT. This molecule was chosen for further examination. In situ localization showed it to be expressed in both the myocardium and endothelium. Several antisense DNA probes and an siRNA for latrophilin‐2 produced a loss of EMT in collagen gel cultures. Latrophilin‐2 is a putative G‐protein‐coupled receptor and we previously identified a pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐protein signal transduction pathway. Microarray experiments were performed to examine whether these molecules were related. After treatment with antisense DNA against latrophilin‐2, expression of 1,385 genes and ESTs was altered. This represented approximately 12.5% of the microarray elements. In contrast, pertussis toxin altered only 103 (0.9%) elements of the array. There appears to be little overlap between the two signal transduction pathways. Latrophilin‐2 is thus a novel component of EMT and provides a new avenue for investigation of this cellular process. Developmental Dynamics 235:3213–3221, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ICOS cooperates with CD28, IL‐2, and IFN‐γ and modulates activation of human naïve CD4+ T cells
Authors: Mesturini Riccardo , Nicola Stefania , Chiocchetti Annalisa , Bernardone Ilaria Seren , Castelli Luca , Bensi Thea , Ferretti Massimo , Comi Cristoforo , Dong Chen , Rojo Josè Maria , Yagi Junji , Dianzani Umberto
Published: October 2006

Several sets of data indicate that ICOS regulates cytokine production in activated T cells, but is less effective on naïve T cells. This work evaluates ICOS function in human naïve CD4+ T cells through an assessment of the effect of soluble forms of the ICOS and CD28 physiological ligands on activation driven by anti‐CD3 mAb. ICOS strikingly potentiated secretion of IL‐2, IFN‐γ, IL‐10, and TNF‐α, but not IL‐4, promoted by optimal stimulation of CD3+CD28, and it was the key switching‐factor of activation when cells received suboptimal stimulation of CD3+CD28 or stimulation of CD3 alone in the presence of exogenous IL‐2. In these conditions, blockade of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ showed that ICOS builds up a positive feedback loop with IFN‐γ, which required IL‐2 and was inhibited by IL‐4. By contrast, in the absence of CD28 triggering or exogenous IL‐2, ICOS‐induced costimulation mainly supported expression of TGF‐β1 and FoxP3 and differentiation of regulatory T cells capable to inhibit proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells driven by allogeneic cells. These data suggest that ICOS favors differentiation of Th effector cells when cooperates with appropriate activation stimuli such as CD3+CD28 or CD3+IL‐2, whereas it supports differentiation of regulatory T cells when costimulatory signals are insufficient.
Therapeutic anti‐tumor immunity triggered by injections of immunostimulating single‐stranded RNA
Authors: Scheel Birgit , Aulwurm Steffen , Probst Jochen , Stitz Lothar , Hoerr Ingmar , Rammensee Hans‐Georg , Weller Michael , Pascolo Steve
Published: October 2006

Stabilized synthetic RNA oligonucleotides (ORN) and protected messenger RNA (mRNA) were recently discovered to possess an immunostimulatory capacity through their recognition by TLR 7 and 8. We wanted to find out whether this danger signal is capable of triggering anti‐tumor immunity when injected locally into an established tumor. Using the mouse glioma tumor cell line SMA‐560 in syngenic VM/Dk mice, we were able to show that intra‐tumor injections of protamine‐stabilized mRNA do indeed induce tumor regression and long‐term anti‐tumor immunity. Residual RNA‐injected tumors show CD8 infiltration. Distant injections of protamine‐protected mRNA and intra‐tumor injection of naked mRNA also result in anti‐tumor immunity. Although they are strong danger signals, RNA are labile molecules with a short half‐life: they do not trigger side effects such as long‐term, uncontrolled immunostimulation evidenced by splenomegaly in CpG DNA‐treated mice. In conclusion, RNA molecules are potent and safe danger signals that are relevant for active immunotherapy strategies aimed at the eradication of solid tumors.
Follicular dendritic cell (FDC)‐FcγRIIB engagement via immune complexes induces the activated FDC phenotype associated with secondary follicle development
Authors: El Shikh Mohey Eldin , El Sayed Rania , Szakal Andras K. , Tew John G.
Published: October 2006

Follicular dendritic cell (FDC)‐FcγRIIB levels are up‐regulated 1–3 days after challenge of actively immunized mice with Ag. This kinetics suggested that memory cells are not driving this response, prompting the hypothesis that immune complex (IC)‐FDC interactions lead to FDC activation. To test this, mice passively immunized with anti‐OVA Ab were OVA challenged to produce IC. After 3 days, levels of IC, FcγRIIB, ICAM‐1, and VCAM‐1 on FDC were analyzed. FDC were also stimulated with IC in vitro, and mRNA for FcγRIIB, ICAM‐1, and VCAM‐1 was quantified by quantitative RT‐PCR. IC labeling in passively immunized WT and FcγRIIB–/– mice revealed five to six FDC‐reticula per LN midsagittal section. In WT mice, these IC‐bearing FDC‐reticula corresponded with FDC‐reticula labeling for FcγRIIB, ICAM‐1, and VCAM‐1. Increases in these molecules on IC‐stimulated FDC were confirmed by flow cytometry. In marked contrast, in FcγRIIB–/– mice, no increased VCAM‐1 or ICAM‐1 was seen on IC‐bearing FDC‐reticula or on purified FDC. Addition of IC in vitro resulted in dramatic increases in mRNA for FcγRIIB, ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 in WT FDC, but not in FDC from FcγRIIB–/– mice, 2.4G2‐pretreated WT FDC, B cells, or macrophages. Thus, although FDC‐FcγRIIB was not essential for IC trapping, engagement of FDC‐FcγRIIB with IC initiated an FDC activation pathway.
Monophosphanes and Diphosphanes with the Hypersilyl Substituent
Authors: Cappello Vittorio , Baumgartner Judith , Dransfeld Alk , Hassler Karl
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of (SiMe3)3SiPH2 (1) (further on denoted as hypersilylphosphane, HypPH2) was achieved by two methods: by the reaction of (SiMe3)3Si(OSO2CF3) with PH3, and alternatively, by the reaction of NaPH2 with (SiMe3)3SiCl (hypersilylchloride). The latter reaction also afforded bis(hypersilyl)phosphane Hyp2PH (2). By the reaction of 1 and known hypersilylbis(trimethylsilyl)phosphane (3) with tBuOK, the novel hypersilylphosphanides HypPHK (4) and Hyp(SiMe3)PK (5) were prepared. Compound 1 also reacted with nBuLi to form HypPHLi (6) and HypPLi2 (7). Furthermore, 3 reacted with hexachloroethane and 1,2‐dibromotetrachloroethane to give HypPCl(SiMe3) (8) and HypPBr(SiMe3) (9) as well as HypPCl2 (10) and HypPBr2 (11). Compounds 4 and 5 reacted smoothly with 1,2‐dibromoethane to give diphosphane HypHPPHHyp (12) as a mixture of the meso‐ and rac‐d,l‐diastereomers and Hyp(SiMe3)PP(SiMe3)Hyp (13) as the d,l‐modification only. By reducing the known compound tBuHypPCl with potassium, the d,l‐modification of tBuHypPPHyptBu (14) was obtained. All compounds were characterized by 29Si‐ and 31P NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses with the exception of the phosphanides which were characterized spectroscopically only. The crystal structures of 3 and 4 and of diphosphanes 10, 11 and 13 are reported. From temperature‐dependent 31P NMR experiments, the coalescence temperature for the meso↔d,l interconversion of 12 was determined at 110 °C and gave an inversion barrier of roughly 69.4 kJ mol–1, which is corroborated by results of ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. Two diastereomeric inversion transition structures for diphosphanes R–PH–PH–R with either a syn or an anti arrangement of the P–H bond and the phosphorus lone pair of electrons could be located; bulky substituents seem to prefer the anti arrangement.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Nickel‐Organic Coordination Layers with Different Directional Cavities
Authors: Zhou Youfu , Yue Chengyang , Yuan Daqiang , Chen Lian , Chen Jiutong , Lan Anjian , Jiang Feilong , Hong Maochun
Published: October 2006

The two new metal‐organic coordination frameworks [Ni2(pydc)2(4,4′‐bpy)(H2O)4]n·0.5n(4,4′‐bpy)2H2O (1) and [Ni2(pydc)2(2,2′‐bpy)2(H2O)2]n·2nH2O (2) (H2pydc = pyridine‐3,4‐dicarboxylic acid; bpy = bipyridine) have been synthesised under hydrothermal conditions and characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The structure of 1 contains parallel rectangular channels that accommodate large 4,4′‐bpy guests while that of 2 contains vertical channels coordinated to 2,2′‐bpy ligands. Their magnetic analyses show that they exhibit different magnetic interactions. The red shifts of the peak in their emission spectra relative to those of the the free ligands could be attributable to the metal–ligand coordination. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Supramolecular Intercluster Compounds Consisting of Gold Clusters and Keggin Anions
Authors: Schulz‐Dobrick Martin , Jansen Martin
Published: October 2006

Supramolecular intercluster compounds, that is, assemblies of different, well‐defined inorganic building blocks with diameters of >1 nm, consisting of [Au9(PPh3)8]3+ clusters and Keggin anions [PW12O40]3– were synthesized as single‐crystals by a diffusion method. Depending on the solvent combination, two modifications with different core geometries of the gold cluster and different overall packing type can be obtained as a single‐phase in macroscopic amounts. This approach leads toward the study of nanostructured matter with high translational symmetry and the principles of nanoscopic self‐assembly. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Catalytic Asymmetric Hetero Diels–Alder Reactions of N‐Sulfinyl Dienophiles with Chiral Bis(oxazoline)copper(II) and ‐zinc(II) Triflates
Authors: Endeshaw Molla Mellese , Bayer Annette , Hansen Lars K. , Gautun Odd R.
Published: October 2006

Asymmetric hetero Diels–Alder (HDA) reactions of N‐sulfinyldienophiles with bis(oxazoline)copper(II) and ‐zinc(II) triflatesare described. The cycloaddition with cyclic and acyclic 1,3‐dienes has been studied. The copper catalyst was found to be more efficient. With 10 mol‐% of catalyst loading, a pronounced enhancement in turnover, diastereoselectivity (54–>90 % de), and enantioselectivity (30–98 % ee) was obtained by the addition of 100 mol‐% of TMSOTf. The role of the additive is unclear, but we hypothesize that it is involved in the breakdown of catalyst‐sulfine aggregates assists in the release of catalyst from the HDA adducts. Mechanistic studies revealed a positive nonlinear effect with the zinc catalyst, assumed to arise from the formation of less reactive heterochiral complexes. The copper catalyst showed a nearly linear relationship between the enantioselectivity of the ligand tested and the HDA product formed. The relative configurations and, in one case, the absolute configuration of the HDA products were established by X‐ray analysis. Finally, an enantioselective route to (3aR,6aS)‐3,3a,4,6a‐tetrahydrocyclopenta[d][1,3]oxazol‐2‐one, a precursor of the C‐ring in agelastatin A, applying the asymmetric HDA reaction is described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Microwave‐Mediated Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Using Chiral ‐Seleno Amides
Authors: Braga Antonio L. , Vargas Fabrício , Sehnem Jasquer A. , Wessjohann Ludger A.
Published: October 2006

A class of enantiopure β‐seleno amide palladium complexes catalyze the microwave‐accelerated enantioselective allylic alkylation ofrac‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenyl acetate with different malonates. Good yields and enantiomeric excess values of up to 94 %eewere obtained after irradiation times of 2 or 4 min. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The subiculum comes of age
Authors: de la Prida Liset Menendez , Totterdell Susan , Gigg John , Miles Richard
Published: October 2006

The subiculum has long been considered as a simple bidirectional relay region interposed between the hippocampus and the temporal cortex. Recent evidence, however, suggests that this region has specific roles in the cognitive functions and pathological deficits of the hippocampal formation. A group of 20 researchers participated in an ESF‐sponsored meeting in Oxford in September, 2005 focusing on the neurobiology of the subiculum. Each brought a distinct expertise and approach to the anatomy, physiology, psychology, and pathologies of the subiculum. Here, we review the recent findings that were presented at the meeting. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term effects of immunotoxic cholinergic lesions in the septum on acquisition of the cone‐field task and noncognitive measures in rats
Authors: van der Staay F. Josef , Bouger Pascale , Lehmann Olivia , Lazarus Christine , Cosquer Brigitte , Koenig Julie , Stump Veronika , Cassel Jean‐Christophe
Published: October 2006

In rats, nonspecific mechanical or neurotoxic lesions of the septum impair spatial memory in, e.g., Morris water‐ and radial‐maze tasks. Unfortunately, the lack of specificity of such lesions limits inferences about the role of the cholinergic hippocampal projections in spatial cognition. We therefore tested the effects of septal lesions produced by 192 IgG‐saporin in rats, which is highly selective for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, on home cage activity, noncognitive tests (modified Irwin test, open field and forced swimming tests, and various sensorimotor tasks), and the cone‐field spatial learning task. The immunotoxic lesion reduced acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the septum (−61%) and hippocampus (>−75%). Rats with lesions showed mild home‐cage hyperactivity at 4 weeks postlesion, but no noncognitive deficits at 13 weeks postsurgery. In the cone‐field task, rats with septal lesions made more working‐ and reference‐memory errors than the controls, but acquisition curves were parallel in both groups. The speed of visiting cones was faster in the rats with lesions, indicative of disturbed attention or increased motivation. These data support the growing evidence that involvement of the septohippocampal cholinergic system in spatial learning and memory may have been overestimated in studies that used lesions with poor selectivity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leukemia‐associated antigenic isoforms induce a specific immune response in children with T‐ALL
Authors: Dohnal Alexander Michael , Inthal Andrea , Felzmann Thomas , Glatt Sebastian , Sommergruber Wolfgang , Mann Georg , Gadner Helmut , Panzer‐Grümayer E. Renate
Published: October 2006

The potential immunogenicity of acute lymphoblastic leukemia of the T cell (T‐ALL), a small subgroup of childhood leukemia with increased risk for treatment failure and early relapse, was addressed by serological identification of leukemia‐derived antigens by recombinant expression cloning (SEREX). Thirteen antigens with homology to known genes that are involved in critical cellular processes were detected. Further characterization of the 4 novel isoforms revealed that 3 (HECTD1Δ, CX‐ORF‐15Δ and hCAP‐EΔ) had restricted mRNA expression in more than 70% of T‐ALLs (n = 22) and that specific antibodies against these isoforms were detected in up to 30% of patients (n = 16), with the highest frequency for HECTD1Δ. The latter protein was present at high abundance in T‐ALLs but not in normal hematopoietic tissues. Given that the leukemia‐associated antigens detected in this study have an intracellular localization, the generation of immune effector responses most likely requires antigen presentation. To test this assumption, dendritic cells were loaded with HECTD1Δ protein and used for T cell stimulation. A specific T cell response was induced in vitro in all 3 healthy donors studied, including a former T‐ALL patient. These data suggest that T‐ALL may induce a specific cellular and humoral antileukemia immune response in children, thereby supporting new approaches for immunotherapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origins and consequences of centrosome aberrations in human cancers
Authors: Nigg Erich A.
Published: October 2006

Recent years have seen a revival of interest in the possible contribution of centrosomes to the development of human cancers. The underlying hypothesis, formulated almost 100 years ago (Boveri T. The origin of malignant tumors; Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1929.), states that numerical and/or structural centrosome abnormalities will cause me missegregation. In addition, centrosome abnormalities are expected to affect cell shape, polarity, and motility. Thus, deregulation of centrosome number and function may foster both chromosomal instability and loss of tissue architecture—2 of the most common phenotypes associated with solid human tumors. In support of the role of centrosome deregulation in tumorigenesis, centrosome aberrations have been observed in early, premalignant lesions. Moreover, they are frequent in many different types of common tumors and their prominence often correlates with poor clinical outcome. This review addresses the origins of centrosome aberrations in human tumors as well as the expected impact of centrosome aberrations on cell fate and tumor development. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alexithymia and interpersonal problems
Authors: Vanheule Stijn , Desmet Mattias , Meganck Reitske , Bogaerts Stefan
Published: October 2006

This study examines whether alexithymia relates to specific interpersonal problems, based on data collected in a sample of mental health outpatients (N = 404) and a student sample (N = 157). Linear regression analysis, in which the effects of group, gender, and age were controlled, indicated that two interpersonal problems were significantly and reliably related to alexithymia: cold/distant and nonassertive social functioning. The theoretical relevance of the results for attachment and psychoanalytic theory is indicated, as well as implications of the findings for clinical practice. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 109–117, 2007.
Photocatalytic ozonation of gallic acid in water
Authors: Beltrán Fernando J , Gimeno Olga , Rivas Francisco J , Carbajo María
Published: October 2006

Aqueous solutions of gallic acid have been treated with five different oxidation‐radiation processes: visible and ultraviolet A radiation (VUVA), TiO2 adsorption, ozonation, VUVA/TiO2 photocatalysis and VUVA/O3/TiO2 photocatalytic ozonation. With the exception of VUVA radiation and TiO2 adsorption, ozone and photolytic processes allow for the total removal of gallic acid in a period between 50 and 90 min. The time taken to achieve 100% gallic acid conversion depends on the oxidation process applied, photocatalytic ozonation being the most effective technique. Throughout the process, oxalic and formic acids were identified as byproducts. Some other unidentified compounds probably related to pyruvic, malonic and maleic acids were also detected. The appearance of these compounds can be justified from direct reactions of both hydroxyl radical and ozone in water. Only photocatalytic ozonation leads to total mineralisation of the organic matter in less than 90 min. The photocatalyst used, TiO2, showed good activity and stability (no leaching was observed) after five consecutive photocatalytic ozonation runs with the same semiconductor‐catalyst mass. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Recovery of value‐added globular proteins from tannery wastewaters using PEG – salt aqueous two‐phase systems
Authors: Saravanan Settu , Rao Jonnalagadda Raghava , Murugesan Thanapalan , Nair Balachandran Unni , Ramasami Thirumalachari
Published: October 2006

Leather processing involves discharge of high‐value soluble globular proteins in the wastewater. The recovery of value‐added products from the wastewaters is gaining more importance in the context of recovery of wealth from waste. The recovery of these globular proteins from tannery wastewater was selected as a practical model system to study the implementation of polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐sulfate aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS). The partition coefficient of bovine serum albumin is comparable to that of soluble proteins from tannery wastewaters. The influence of concentration of polymer, salt, pH and temperature on the partitioning of soluble proteins from tannery wastewaters has been studied. The PEG6000 + sodium sulfate + water system provide better partitioning of these soluble proteins as compared to PEG6000 + ammonium sulfate system. The maximum protein recovery yield for PEG6000 + sodium sulfate + water system at 20 °C is 92.75%. The influence of temperature indicates the recovery of proteins from tannery wastewater to be better at lower temperature. The findings of these studies raise the potential application of ATPS processes for protein recovery from complex biological systems. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Astrocytes refill intracellular Ca2+ stores in the absence of cytoplasmic [Ca2+] elevation: A functional rather than a structural ability
Authors: Grimaldi Maurizio
Published: October 2006

Capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) is a phenomenon triggered by depletion of Ca2+ content in intracellular stores (ICS). Data about this phenomenon in astrocytes are limited. We analyzed CCE in astrocytes by means of fura‐2 based digital imaging. We found that in astrocytes CCE is not associated with an increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), although ICS are efficiently refilled. We used Mn2+, thapsigargin and prolonged ATP exposure to show that CCE is not associated with cytosolic diffusion of Ca2+ entering astrocytes. Our data suggest that the ion is being quickly sequestered in the ICS by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATP‐ase (SERCA). Several experiments were carried out with the goal of failing the efficient uptake in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In fact, inhibition of SERCA activity, increased extracellular [Ca2+]i or pharmacologic potentiation of CCE all caused [Ca2+]i elevation during CCE, suggesting that the control of this phenomenon could have physiologic and pathological relevance. The molecular components involved in CCE have been proposed to be organized in a multi‐molecular complex tethered by cytoskeleton components and arranged via a secretion coupling model. We show here that the efficient routing of Ca2+ into the ICS in astrocytes is not affected by disruption of cytoskeleton organization or Golgi's function, but it is instead linked to the high efficiency of SERCA. We conclude that depleted ICS in astrocytes are efficiently refilled by CCE activation, although Ca2+ influx is not accompanied by elevation of [Ca2+]i. This ability seems to be functional rather than structural in nature. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cumin seed meal with enzyme and polyethylene glycol as an alternative to wheat bran in broiler diets
Authors: Mansoori Behzad , Modirsanei Mehrdad , Kiaei Saied Mohammad‐Mehdi
Published: October 2006

Iran produces about 7000 metric tons of cumin seed meal (CSM) as a by‐product of cumin oil extraction factories, annually. To evaluate the nutritional significance of cumin seed meal as a broiler feedstuff, an experiment was conducted using 288 male broiler chicks (14 days old) receiving diets containing 0, 25 and 50 g kg−1 of CSM with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG) and enzyme (Grindazyme™ GP 15000) for 28 days. Total body weight (BW), body weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), weight of carcass and percentage of legs, breast and edible parts of carcass were measured. The results showed that, inclusion of CSM in broiler diets had no negative influence on parameters evaluated compared to the control diet containing wheat bran (P > 0.05). PEG and enzyme had no influence on the bird performance (P > 0.05). There was an increase in relative weight of gizzard when the amount of CSM in the diet was increased (P < 0.01). An increase in relative weight of gizzard in birds that received the CSM diet was likely to be due to the increase in fibre content of CSM diets. In respect of the low price of CSM, it could be concluded that inclusion of CSM at levels used in this experiment has no negative effect on broiler performance and reduces the overall cost of broiler production. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Does urodynamic investigation improve outcome in patients undergoing prolapse surgery?
Authors: Roovers J.P.W.R. , van Laar J.O.E.H. , Loffeld C. , Bremer G.L. , Mol B.W. , Bongers M.Y.
Published: October 2006

Aims

Without solid evidence, it has been advocated to perform urodynamic investigation in all patients scheduled for prolapse surgery. If urodynamic investigations were to be valuable in the diagnostic work‐up, patients with normal and abnormal findings would have different treatment results. Our policy to never combine prolapse surgery and stress‐incontinence surgery allowed us to study whether incontinence after surgery can be predicted from urodynamic investigation results.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed in consecutive patients undergoing vaginal prolapse surgery (anterior colporraphy and/or posterior colporraphy, and/or vaginal hysterectomy) between 2002 and 2004. All patients underwent pre‐operative urodynamic investigation, including filling cystometry, urethral pressure profile measurement, and free flow cystometry. Data were collected from the files about medical history, findings at pelvic examination, findings at urodynamic investigation and presence of stress‐ and/or urge‐incontinence after surgery.

Results

We studied 76 patients, of whom 5 (7%) patients reported stress‐incontinence and 5 (7%) patients reported urge‐incontinence after surgery. Findings at urodynamic investigation could not predict the presence of stress‐ or urge‐incontinence after surgery. Likelihood ratios (LR) of prior presence of urge and stress‐incontinence for the presence of post‐operative urge‐ and stress‐incontinence were 4.5 and 1.2, respectively. Of all findings at urodynamic investigation, only negative transmission during cough test was associated with presence of stress‐incontinence (LR = 1.5).

Conclusions

The prevalence of incontinence after prolapse surgery is low. None of the investigated parameters of the urodynamic investigation tests was associated with the presence of urinary incontinence after surgery. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:170–175, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survivable IP network design with OSPF routing
Authors: Buriol L.S. , Resende M.G.C. , Thorup M.
Published: October 2006

Internet protocol (IP) traffic follows rules established by routing protocols. Shortest path‐based protocols, such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), direct traffic based on arc weights assigned by the network operator. Each router computes shortest paths and creates destination tables used for routing flow on the shortest paths. If a router has multiple outgoing links on shortest paths to a given destination, it splits traffic evenly over these links. It is also the role of the routing protocol to specify how the network should react to changes in the network topology, such as arc or router failures. In such situations, IP traffic is rerouted through the shortest paths not traversing the affected part of the network. This article addresses the issue of assigning OSPF weights and multiplicities to each arc, aiming to design efficient OSPF‐routed networks with minimum total weighted multiplicity (multiplicity multiplied by the arc length) needed to route the required demand and handle any single arc or router failure. The multiplicities are limited to a discrete set of values, and we assume that the topology is given. We propose an evolutionary algorithm for this problem, and present results applying it to several real‐world problem instances. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 51–64 2007
Effect of drug‐test interactions on length of hospital stay
Authors: Terleira Ana , Portolés Antonio , Rojas SRN Aurora , Vargas Emilio
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of drug‐laboratory test interactions on the length of stay of hospitalised patients.

Methods

Observational study of 404 discharges from the Internal Medicine Services of a tertiary hospital. Databases with information on general data, medication and tests performed were linked with the potential interactions described in the literature. This revealed the potential interactions between drugs and laboratory tests (PIDL) in each patient. Several linear regression models, adjusted for confounders, were performed to test the effect of both the number of PIDL and their influence on tests results (false positive/negative) on the length of stay.

Results

A total of 19 741 PIDL were detected; 5954 could give rise to potential false positive (PFP) results and 8442 to potential false negative (PFN) ones. Each PFP was related to an increase of 0.051 days in stay duration (CI95% 0.001–0.102) and each PFN to 0.045 days (CI95% 0.008–0.081). Globally, 303 and 380 days of hospitalisation could be attributed to false positives and false negatives, which could account for 9.8% of the total stay of these patients.

Conclusions

These results show that the interactions between drugs and laboratory tests produce a statistically and clinically significant increase in the duration of hospital stay. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. By Mike Dunn, Lynn Jorde, Peter Little, and Shankar Subramaniam (Eds.)
Authors: Gil Concha
Published: October 2006

No abstracts.
Protein Structure Prediction: Concepts and Applications. By Anna Tramontano
Authors: Righetti Pier Giorgio
Published: October 2006

No abstracts.
Theory of chemical bonds in metalloenzymes IV: Hybrid‐DFT study of Rieske‐type [2Fe2S] clusters
Authors: Shoji Mitsuo , Koizumi Kenichi , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Yamanaka Shusuke , Okumura Mitsutaka , Yamaguchi Kizashi
Published: October 2006

The Rieske‐type [2Fe2S] cores of electron‐transfer (ET) proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain have unusual properties, such as redox potentials and spectroscopy. In this study, part IV of a series, the inherent molecular structures and characteristic electronic structures of the Rieske‐type [2Fe2S] clusters are investigated using broken‐symmetry hybrid density functional theory (BS‐HDFT). Geometry optimizations for the oxidized and reduced states were performed and their characteristic vibrational modes are assigned. Magnetic properties are investigated using model Hamiltonians to describe the electron delocalization and the unsymmetric property. The parameters of the model Hamiltonian, such as exchange coupling J, valence delocalization B, and potential energy difference Δ, are evaluated from the BS‐HDFT calculations. The valence localization and excitation energy (ΔE) of the Rieske‐type [2Fe2S] cluster are discussed. The chemical bond nature is characterized by chemical indices from natural orbital analysis. Our theoretical results are reasonably consistent with experimental results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Associated and correlated quantum fluid dynamics in laser‐induced ionization of helium
Authors: Vikas
Published: October 2006

The present work addresses the relevance of a quantum fluid perspective for a many‐electron system in explaining the photoionization of the helium atom interacting with an intense laser field. A nonperturbative approach, based on the (total)‐electron density description within the time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) formalism, is employed to study the exchange and correlation effects allied to the photoionization process. A distinctive behavior of the photoionization process, revealing a clear transition from the low‐intensity multiphoton to the high‐intensity tunneling regime, is vindicated within a single optical cycle of the laser field. In the low‐intensity multiphoton regime, recollisions are observed to be more prominent, whereas in the high‐intensity tunneling regime, the strong field ionization is found to be more pronounced besides the recollisions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry of peptide cations containing a lysine homologue: a mobile proton model for explaining the observation of b‐type product ions
Authors: Lee Sunyoung , Chung Gyusung , Kim Jaedong , Oh Han Bin
Published: October 2006

Eleven doubly protonated peptides with a residue homologous to lysine were investigated by electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry (ECD‐MS). Lysine homologues provide the unique opportunity to examine the ECD fragmentation behavior by allowing us to vary the length of the lysine side chain, with minimal structural change. The lysine homologue has a primary amine side chain with a length that successively decreases by one methylene (CH2) unit from the CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 of lysine and the accompanying decrease of its proton affinities: lysine (K), 1006.5(±7.2) kJ/mol; ornithine (K*), 1001.1(±6.6) kJ/mol; 2,4‐diaminobutanoic acid (K**), 975.8(±7.4) kJ/mol; 2,3‐diaminopropanoic acid (K***), 950.2(±7.2) kJ/mol. In general, the lysine‐homologous peptides exhibited overall ECD fragmentation patterns similar to that of the lysine‐containing peptides in terms of the locations, abundances, and ion types of products, such as yielding c+ and z+. ions as the dominant product ions. However, a close inspection of product ion mass spectra showed that ECD‐MS for the alanine‐rich peptides with an ornithinyl or 2,4‐diaminobutanoyl residue gave rise to b ions, while the lysinyl‐residue‐containing peptides did not, in most cases, produce any b ions. The peptide selectivity in the generation of b+ ions could be understood from within the framework of the mobile proton model in ECD‐MS, previously proposed by Cooper (Ref. 29). The exact mass analysis of the resultant b ions reveals that these b ions are not radical species but rather the cationic species with R‐CO+ structure (or protonated oxozalone ion), that is, b+ ions. The absence of [M+2H]+. species in the ECD mass spectra and the selective b+‐ion formation are evidence that the peptides underwent H‐atom loss upon electron capture, and then the resulting reduced species dissociated following typical MS/MS fragmentation pathways. This explanation was further supported by extensive b+ ions generated in the ECD of alanine‐based peptides with extended conformations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selectivity of electrospray response in small polymer analysis by mass spectrometry
Authors: Mohamed Salimo , Charles Laurence
Published: October 2006

The selectivity of electrospray was explored for a small poly(ethylene)glycol by comparing the oligomer response obtained from direct polymer introduction in flow injection analysis with the signal recorded in high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). When the oligomer mixture was ionized, a suppression effect was measured for all but the more hydrophobic congeners for which the response was enhanced. This result would reflect the influence of electrospray droplet chemical composition on the equilibrium partitioning coefficient in Enke's model. On average, the electrospray selectivity observed for the studied poly(ethylene)glycol did not affect the molecular weight distribution parameters as response for the most concentrated oligomers was suppressed to the same extent while over‐expressed largest congeners had a low contribution to the total polymer sample. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The weight of the shortest path tree
Authors: van der Hofstad Remco , Hooghiemstra Gerard , Van Mieghem Piet
Published: October 2006

The minimal weight of the shortest path tree in a complete graph with independent and exponential (mean 1) random link weights is shown to converge to a Gaussian distribution. We prove a conditional central limit theorem and show that the condition holds with probability converging to 1. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XXIV, ISO 24237:2005—surface chemical analysis—X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—repeatability and constancy of intensity scale
Authors: Seah M. P.
Published: October 2006

This International Standard specifies a method for evaluating the repeatability and constancy of the intensity scale of X‐ray photoelectron spectrometers, for general analytical purposes, using non‐monochromated Al or Mg X‐rays or monochromated Al X‐rays. It is only applicable to instruments that incorporate an ion gun for sputter cleaning. It is not intended to be a calibration of the intensity/energy response function (Seah MP. J. Electron Spectrosc. 1995; 71: 191; http://www.npl.co.uk/nanoanalysis/a1calib.html [2006]). That calibration may be made by the instrument manufacturer or other organization. The present method provides data to evaluate and confirm the accuracy with which the intensity/energy response function remains constant with instrument usage. Guidance is given to some of the instrument settings that may affect this constancy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular‐Dynamic Studies of Carbon–Water–Carbon Composite Nanotubes
Authors: Zou Jian , Ji Baohua , Feng Xi‐Qiao , Gao Huajian
Published: October 2006

We recently reported the discovery via molecular‐dynamic simulations that single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with different diameters, lengths, and chiralities can coaxially self‐assemble into multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in water via the spontaneous insertion of smaller tubes into larger ones.[1] Here, we extend that study to investigate the various water structures formed between two selected SWCNTs after such coaxial assembly. Depending on the tube geometry, typical water structures, besides the bulk phase, include a one‐dimensional (1D) ordered water chain inside the smaller tube, a uniform or nonuniform water shell between the two tubes, and a “boundary layer” of water near the exterior wall of the larger tube. It was found that a concentric water shell consisting of up to three layers of water molecules can form between the two SWCNTs, which leads to a class of carbon–water–carbon composite nanotubes. Analysis of the potential energy of the SWCNT–water system indicated that the composite nanotubes are stabilized by both the tube–tube and tube–water van  der Waals interactions. Geometrically confined between the two SWCNTs, water mono‐ and bilayers are found to be stable, highly condensed, and ordered, although the average number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule is reduced. In contrast, a water trilayer between the two CNTs can be easily disrupted by thermal fluctuations.
Dip‐Pen Nanolithography on (Bio)Reactive Monolayer and Block‐Copolymer Platforms: Deposition of Lines of Single Macromolecules
Authors: Salazar Ramon B. , Shovsky Alexander , Schönherr Holger , Vancso G. Julius
Published: October 2006

The application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip‐mediated molecular transfer (dip‐pen nanolithography or DPN) to fabricate nanopatterned (bio)reactive platforms based on dendrimers on reactive self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) and polymer thin films is discussed. The transfer of high‐molar‐mass polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers (generation 5) and the rapid in situ covalent attachment of the deposited adsorbates onto reactive N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) terminated SAMs on gold and NHS‐activated polystyrene‐block‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PS690‐b‐PtBA1210) block copolymer thin films were investigated as strategies to suppress line broadening by surface diffusion in DPN. By exploiting carefully controlled environmental conditions (such as temperature and relative humidity), scan rates, and in particular the covalent attachment of the dendrimers to the reactive films, the observed line broadening and hence the lateral diffusion of dendrimers was substantially less pronounced compared to that observed with DPN of thiols on gold. By this method, high‐definition patterns of dendrimers were conveniently fabricated down to 30‐nm length scales. The presence of primary amino groups in the deposited dendrimers ultimately offers the possibility to anchor biochemically relevant molecules, such as proteins and polypeptides, to these nanostructured platforms for a wide range of possible applications in the life sciences and in particular for the investigation of controlled cell‐surface interactions.
Formation of the Salt‐like Complexes [Co{S2CC(PPh3)2}3][Co(CO)4]3 and [(CO)4Mn{S2CC(PPh3)2}][Mn(CO)5] from the Reaction of the Related Carbonyl Compounds with S2CC(PPh3)2
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Neumüller Bernhard , Hehl Judith
Published: October 2006

The betain‐like compound S2CC(PPh3)2 (1), which is obtained from CS2 and the double ylide C(PPh3)2, reacts with [Co2(CO)8] and [Mn2(CO)10] in THF to afford the salt‐like complexes [Co{S2CC(PPh3)2}3][Co(CO)4]3 (2) and [(CO)4Mn{S2CC(PPh3)2}][Mn(CO)5] (3), respectively, in good yields. At both d6 cations 1 acts as a chelating ligand. Disproportionation reactions from formal Co0 into CoIII and Co−I and from Mn0 into MnI and Mn−I occurred with the removal of four or one carbonyl groups, respectively. The crystal structures of 2·5.5THF and 3·2THF are reported, which show a shortening of the C–C bond in the ligand upon complex formation. The compounds are further characterized by 31P NMR and IR spectroscopy.
Rb6LiPr11Cl16[SeO3]12: Ein chloridisch derivatisiertes Rubidium‐Lithium‐Praseodym(III)‐Oxoselenat(IV)
Authors: Lipp Christian , Schleid Thomas
Published: October 2006

Rb6LiPr11Cl16[SeO3]12: A Chloride‐Derivatized Rubidium Lithium Praseodymium(III) Oxoselenate(IV)

Transparent green square platelets with often truncated edges and corners of Rb6LiPr11Cl16[SeO3]12 were obtained by the reaction of elemental praseodymium, praseodymium(III,IV) oxide and selenium dioxide with an eutectic LiCl–RbCl flux at 500 °C in evacuated silica ampoules. A single crystal of the moisture and air insensitive compound was characterized by X‐ray diffraction single‐crystal structure analysis. Rb6LiPr11Cl16[SeO3]12 crystallizes tetragonally in the space group I4/mcm (no. 140; a = 1590.58(6) pm, c = 2478.97(9) pm, c/a = 1.559; Z = 4). The crystal structure is characterized by two types of layers parallel to the (001) plane following the sequence 121′2′1. Cl− anions form cubes around the Rb+ cations (Rb1 and Rb2; CN = 8; d(Rb+−Cl−) = 331 – 366 pm) within the first layer. One quarter of the possible places for Rb+ cations within this CsCl‐type kind of arrangement is not occupied, however the Cl− anions of these vacancies are connected to Pr3+ cations (Pr4) above and below instead, forming square antiprisms of [(Pr4)O4Cl4]9− units (d(Pr4−O) = 247–249 pm; d(Pr4−Cl) = 284–297 pm) that work as links between layer 1 and 2. Central cations of the second layer consist of Li+ and Pr3+. While the Li+ cations are surrounded by eight O2− anions (d(Li−O5) = 251 pm) in the shape of cubes again, the Pr3+ cations are likewisely coordinated by eight O2− anions as square antiprisms (for Pr1, d(Pr1−O2) = 242 pm) and by ten O2− anions (for Pr2 and Pr3), respectively. The latter form tetracapped trigonal antiprisms (Pr2, d(Pr2−O) = 251–253 pm and 4 × 262 pm) or bicapped distorted cubes (Pr3, d(Pr3−O) = 245–259 pm and 2 × 279 pm). The non‐binding electron pairs (“lone pairs”) at the two crystallographically different Ψ1‐tetrahedral [SeO3]2− anions (d(Se4+−O2−) = 169–173 pm) are directing towards the empty cavities between the layer‐connecting [(Pr4)O4Cl4]9− units.
Nanometer Channels and Cages within the Extended Basic Mercurous Cations [(Hg2)3(OH)2]4+ and [(Hg2)2O]2+
Authors: Meyer Gerd , Nolte Matthias , Berners Rebecca
Published: October 2006

The two‐ and three‐dimensional mercurous cations [(Hg2)3(OH)2]4+ and [(Hg2)2O]2+ crystallize with channels and cages of roughly 1 nm diameter from aqueous solutions dependent upon the acidity of the solution. Crystal structures were determined, for example, for [Zn(H2O)6][(Hg2)3(OH)2](NO3)6 (trigonal, space group P321, a = 1183.5(2) pm, c = 534.8(1) pm, Z = 1, R1 = 0.0351 for I0 > 2σ(I0)) and for [(Hg2)2O][Pb(NO3)3]2 (cubic, space group ${\rm Fd}{\bar 3}\rm m$, a = 1543.1(2) pm, Z = 8, R1 = 0.0534 I0 > 2σ(I0)).
Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2
Authors: Shihada Abdel‐Fattah , Weller Frank
Published: October 2006

[(n‐Bu)2Sn(O2PPh2)2] (1), and [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] (2) have been synthesized by the reactions of R2SnCl2 (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO2PPh2 in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph2SnCl2 with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2 (3) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$, the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)2 linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.
Oxorhenium(V) Complexes with 1,3,4‐Triphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ylidene
Authors: Braband Henrik , Blatt Oliver , Abram Ulrich
Published: October 2006

Reactions of the oxorhenium(V) complexes [ReOX3(PPh3)2] (X = Cl, Br) with the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3,4‐triphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ylidene (LPh) under mild conditions and in the presence of MeOH or water give [ReOX2(Y)(PPh3)(LPh)] complexes (X = Cl, Br; Y = OMe, OH). Attempted reactions of the carbene precursor 5‐methoxy‐1,3,4‐triphenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (1) with [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] or [NBu4][ReOCl4] in boiling xylene resulted in protonation of the intermediately formed carbene and decomposition products such as [HLPh][ReOCl4(OPPh3)], [HLPh][ReOCl4(OH2)] or [HLPh][ReO4] were isolated.

The neutral [ReOX2(Y)(PPh3)(HLPh)] complexes are purple, airstable solids. The bulky NHC ligands coordinate monodentate and in cis‐position to PPh3. The relatively long Re–C bond lengths of approximate 2.1Å indicate metal‐carbon single bonds.