bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advertising and the medical profession: An exploratory study
Authors: Boshoff C. , Du Plessis P. J.
Published: August 2012

Practitioners in the legal, accounting, architectural, and medical professions are showing an increasing interest in marketing - particularly in advertising. Some professions such as accounting have already reached finality on whether advertising should be permitted. The medical profession has not given this matter any serious thought and this exploratory study aims to provide some early guidelines by analysing the perceptions of medical practitioners and in particular, the possible implications of lifting advertising restrictions. The empirical results indicate that physicians realise that patients often do not have adequate information at their disposal before choosing the practitioner of their choice. They do not seem to believe, however, that advertising is a means of overcoming this problem. Specifically, older and more experienced physicians feel that advertising will benefit neither the profession nor the public. It is surmised that the status quo will be maintained for the short and medium term. Opsomming Lede van die regs-, rekenkundige-, argiteks- en mediese professies toon toenemend belangstelling in bemarkingspraktyke - veral ten opsigte van reklame. Sommige professies soos die rekenkundiges, het reeds die vraagstuk van beperkings op reklame bevredigend aangespreek. Die mediese beroep het die aangeleentheid nog nie ondersoek nie en die verkennende studie is 'n poging om tentatiewe riglyne in die verband vas te lê. Die primere doelwit was om te bepaal wat mediese praktisyns se persepsies ten opsigte van die moontlike gevolge van reklame deur die mediese beroep is. Die empiriese resultate dui daarop dat medici besef dat pasiente dikwels nie oor voldoende inligting beskik om 'n optimale keuse van 'n geneesheer te maak nie. Tog word daar nie geglo dat reklame die probleem sal kan opios nie. Ouer en meer ervare geneeshere is veral gekant teen die opheffing van die beperking op reklamepraktyke. Daar kan dus verwag word dat die beperkings nie gou opgehef sal word nie.
Measuring identified criteria of consumer awareness for various demographic categories amongst two independent samples
Authors: Rousseau D. , Venter D.
Published: August 2012

This article describes the measurement and comparison of different levels of consumer awareness observed in an empirical investigation involving two independent samples of consumers. A questionnaire developed and validated in a pilot study was administered to a national and regional based sample involving 558 and 300 respondents respectively Different levels of consumer awareness emerged for the two sample populations. Respondents from the national sample scored higher on bargain hunting and price consciousness while those from the regional sample scored higher on general consumer knowledge, product knowledge and information search. These differences in consumer awareness could be caused by consumer education. Opsomming Hierdie artikel beskryf die meting en vergelyking van verskillende vlakke van verbruikersbewustheid soos waargeneem in 'n empiriese ondersoek waarby twee onafhanklike steekproewe betrokke was. 'n Vraelys ontwikkel en getoets in 'n loodstudie is geadministreer op 'n nasionale en streeksteekproef basis waarby 558 en 300 respondente onderskeidelik betrokke was. Verskillende vlakke van verbruikersbewustheid het na vore getree in die twee steekproewe. Respondente uit die nasionale steekproef behaal hoër tellings op winskopiejagting en prysbewustheid terwyl respondente uit die streeksteekproef hoër tellings behaal op algemene verbruikerskennis, produkkennis en inligtinginwinning. Hierdie verskille in verbruikersbewustheid kan veroorsaak word deur verbruikersopvoeding.
Towards the standardization of an instrument for the evaluation of training
Authors: Blignaut C. J. H.
Published: August 2012

A review of the literature indicates that most evaluations of the effectiveness of training are performed at the reaction level of Kirkpatrick's model. Although the model is generally accepted, evaluation at the reaction level of the model is not. The present study is aimed at resolving this paradox. In particular it is argued that the incongruous results originate from inadequate instruments. The instrument developed in this study, is based on the principles of perception and learning and was found to be psychometrically sound for application in research and practical settings. Opsomming 'n Oorsig van die literatuur toon dat die evaluering van opleiding meestal op die reaksievlak van Kirkpatrick se model gedoen word. Alhoewel die model oor die algemeen aanvaar word, is dit nie die geval met evaluasies op die reaksievlak van die model nie. Die studie is daarop gerig om die paradoks uit te skakel. In besonder is daar geredeneer dat genoemde onversoenbaarheid aan ontoereikende meetinstrumente toegeskryf kan word. Die instrument wat in die studie ontwikkel is, is op die beginsels van waarneming en leer gebaseer en blyk psigometries aanneemlik te wees vir gebruik in navorsings- en praktiese omstandighede.
Toetskonstruksie Teorie en Praktyk
Authors: Schoeman W. J.
Published: August 2012

Die boek Toetskonstruksie Teorie en Praktyk is die resultaat van 'n leeftyd se intense belangstelling en wye ervaring van Prof J M Schepers, professor in psigometrika aan die Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit.
Individual and situational influences on participative decision making
Authors: Wheeler J. J.
Published: August 2012

The relative influence of individual characteristics and situational elements on the willingness of managers to follow a participative decision making style had been studied within the framework of the organizational decision making model of Vroom and Yetton. The results indicated that in general the influence of the situational elements were stronger than the influence of the individual characteristics but the opposite was true when the analysis was done separately for the different task dimensions. The results also indicated that certain per-sonality factors were related with the willingness of managers to follow a participative decision making style. Opsomming Die relatiewe invloed van individuele verskille en situasie elemente op die gewilligheid van bestuurders om 'n deelnemende besluitneming styl te volg is bestudeer vanuit die raamwerk van die organisatoriese besluitnemingsmodel van Vroom en Yetton. Die resultate het aangedui dat die invloed van die situasie-elemente in die algemeen sterker was as die invloed van die individuele kenmerke, maar dat die omgekeerde waar was toe die analise afsonderlik vir verskillende taakdimensies gedoen is. Die resultate het ook aangedui dat bepaalde persoonlikheidsfaktore verband hou met die gewilligheid van bestuurders om 'n deelnemende besluitnemingstyl te volg.
Industrial psychology and industrial relations a South African perspective
Authors: Tustin C. M. , Flowers J.
Published: August 2012

Given the potential value of industrial psychology's contribution to the inter-disciplinary field of industrial relations, and given its rather indifferent past record in this respect, the purpose of this study is to clarify the role of industrial psychology in industrial relations. The opinions of registered industrial psychologists in South Africa were surveyed about those issues in which industrial psychology does have a role to play. Respondents confirmed an ongoing mutual indifference between the two fields but nevertheless supported the idea that industrial psychology has an important role to play in many industrial relations issues.Opsomming Gegewe die potensiele waarde van die bedryfsielkunde se bydrae tot die interdissiplinere studieveld van die arbeidsverhoudinge, en ook bedryfsielkunde se ietwat afsydige rekord hieromtrent in die verlede, is dit die doel van hierdie studie om die rol van die bedryfsielkunde in arbeidsverhoudinge toe te lig. Die menings van geregistreerde bedryfsielkundiges in Suid-Afrika met betrekking tot daardie areas waar die bedryfsielkunde wel 'n rol te speel het, is ingewin. Respondente het bevestig dat die onderling afsydige verhouding tussen die twee dissiplines voortgesit word, maar het nietemin die gedagte ondersteun dat die bedryfsielkunde 'n belangrike rol in bate areas van die arbeidsverhoudinge te speel het.
Die betroubaarheid van saamgestelde tellings
Authors: Schepers J. M.
Published: August 2012

The reliability of composite scores. A formula for estimating the reliability of composite scores is developed on the basis of the formal definition of reliability. This formula is less restricting than Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Spearman and Brown's prophecy formula. It is similar to Mosier's Formula 18, but uses less information. The application of the formula is illustrated with real data. Opsomming 'n Formule om die betroubaarheid van saamgestelde tellings te beraam, is aan die hand van die formele definisie van betroubaarheid ontwikkel. Hierdie formule is minder beperkend as Cronbach se alfa-koeffisient en Spearman en Brown se vooruitskattingsformule. Dit stem ooreen met Mosier se Formule 18, dog gebruik minder inligting. Die toepassing van die formule word aan die hand van werklike toetsdata geillustreer.
Measuring consumer awareness in a developing country
Authors: Rousseau G. G. , Venter D. J. L.
Published: August 2012

This article describes the measurement and comparison of different levels of consumer awareness observed in an empirical investigation in Bophuthatswana. The findings confirm the existence of five factors of consumer awareness viz. bargain hunting, general consumer knowledge, product knowledge, information search and price consciousness. Different levels of consumer awareness emerged from the sample. These differences can be attributed to demographic variables of which education and location seem to be the most important. Opsomming Hierdie artikel beskryf die meting en vergelyking van verskillende vlakke van verbruikersbewustheid soos waar-geneem in 'n empiriese ondersoek in Bophuthatswana. Die bevindinge bevestig die bestaan van vyf faktore van verbruikersbewustheid nl. winskopie-jagter, algemene verbruikerskennis, produkkennis, inligtinginwinning en prysbewustheid. Verskillende vlakke van verbruikersbewustheid kom na vore uit die steekproef. Hierdie verskille kan toegeskryf word aan demografiese veranderlikes waarvan opvoeding en gebied skyn die mees belangrike te wees.
Stres, soos ervaar deur die hoëvlak swart werknemer in Suid-Afrika
Authors: Van Zyl E. S.
Published: August 2012

Stress, as experienced by high level black workers in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to identify the way in which high-level black workers experience stress. From literature surveys it appears that the experience of stress can be emotional in nature. This impression was confirmed by a workshop in which a group of blacks participated. At the workshop, the meaning attached to stress emotions was also expressed in a concrete, specific way. In the light of the above, a number of recommendations are made. Opsomming Die doel van die studie is om die wyse van ervaring van stres by die hoëvlak swart werknemer te identifiseer. Uit enkele literatuurstudies het geblyk dat die ervaring van stres emosioneel van aard kan wees. Hierdie tendens is deur middel van 'n praktiese werkswinkel waaraan 'n groep swartes deelgeneem het, bevestig. Verder het geblyk dat die betekenis gekoppel aan stresemosies konkreet, spesifiek gestel word. In die lig hiervan word enkele aanbevelings gemaak.
Die graad van werkbetrokkenheid: 'n Bipolere kontinuum?
Authors: Roodt G. , Bester C. L. , Boshoff A. B.
Published: August 2012

The degree of work involvement: a bipolar continuum? In a motivational approach towards the degree of work involvement work alienation and work involvement were conceptualized as extreme poles of a continuum. Some theorists even suggested that the continuum should be extended towards extreme work involvement. This study empirically investigated the possibility to conceptualize the degree of work involvement as a bipolar continuum. Results of this study show that low work involvement is an indicator of work alienation and that high work involvement is an indicator of workaholism and type A behaviour. Further proof of a bipolar continuum resulted from a confirmatory factor analysis on the work involvement questionnaire, because some items loaded negatively and others positively on the same factor. Opsomming In 'n motiveringsbenadering tot die graad van werkbetrokkenheid is werkvervreemding en -betrokkenheid as uiterste pole van 'n kontinuum gekonsepsualiseer. Sommige teoretici het selfs gesuggereer dat die kontinuum in die rigting van ekstreme werkbetrokkenheid uitgebrei moet word. Hierdie studie het die moontlikheid om die graad van werkbetrokkenheid as 'n bipolere kontinuum te konsepsualiseer, empirics ondersoek. Resultate van hierdie studie dui daarop dat lae werkbetrokkenheid 'n aanduider van werkvervreemding is en dat hoe werkbetrokkenheid 'n aanduider van werkbeheptheid en tipe A-gedrag is. Verdere stawing vir 'n bipolere kontinuum word deur 'n bevestigende faktorontleding op die werkbetrokkenheidvraelys verskaf, omdat sommige items negatief en ander positief op dieselfde faktor laai.
The dimensions of employee commitment: a South African confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Kamfer L. , Venter D. J. L. , Boshoff A. B.
Published: August 2012

Instruments measuring overall/ moral/ calculative, and alienative commitment as well as seven other related dimensions were applied to 188 employees of a pharmaceutical company. Through principal factor analysis three factors, viz. an overall positive perception of the organisation, and two commitment factors, namely an affective commitment factor and a calculative commitment factor, explaining 73 of the total variance were extracted. By means of a confirmatory factor analysis the solution was compared with one, two, and four-factor models. A conceptualisation of commitment in terms of two factors, affective and calculative, was supported. Opsomming Skale vir die meting van algemene, morele, berekende en vervreemde verbondenheid is op 188 werknemers van 'n farmaseutiese maatskappy toegepas tesame met sewe ander skale wat verwante organisatoriese dimensies gemeet het. Deur middel van hooffaktorontleding is drie faktore/ te wete 'n oorkoepelende positiewe persepsie van die organisasie en twee verbondenheidsfaktore, een affektief en die ander berekend/ onttrek/ wat saam 73 van die totale variansie verklaar het. Deur middel van bevestigende faktorontleding is bogenoemde opiossing met een-/twee- en vierfaktormodelle vergelyk. 'n Konseptualisering van verbondenheid in terme van twee faktore, affektief en berekend/ is gesteun.
Research technology as a barrier to research
Authors: Scheepers J. M. , Blignaut C. H.
Published: August 2012

There appears to be considerable concern regarding the progress which masters and doctoral students make in their studies and the underlying causes are thought to relate to the absence of a suitable research climate on campuses. The aim of this study was to identify factors which relate to the research output of tutors. With this in mind a questionnaire was developed and handed to 120 tutors in the human sciences for completion. The means and variances of the variables in the questionnaire were computed/ the variables were intercorrelated and subjected to a principal factor analysis. Four factors were extracted and identified as: knowledge of research technology research output/ knowledge of research methodology and ability to conduct research, and teaching experience in research methodology Two regression analyses were done. The first against a "soft" criterion (perceived ability to conduct empirical research) and the second against a "hard" criterion (the real research output of tutors). Multiple correlation coefficients of 0,7257 and 0/5824 respectively, were obtained. Opsomming Die vordering van magister en doktorale studente skyn aansienlike kommer te wek, en die oorsake daarvan word in die afwesigheid van 'n gepaste navorsingsklimaat op kampusse, gesoek. Die doel van hierdie studie was om faktore te identifiseer wat verband hou met die navorsingsuitset van dosente. Met die oog hierop is 'n vraelys opgestel en aan 120 dosente in die geesteswetenskappe vir voltooiing oorhandig. Die gemiddeldes en variansies van die veranderlikes is bereken, die veranderlikes is gemterkorreleer en aan 'n hooffaktorontleding onderwerp. Vier faktore is onttrek en geidentifiseer as: kennis van navorsingstegnologie, navorsingsuitset, kennis van navor-singsmetodologie en die vermoe om navorsing te doen, en onderrigervaring m navorsingsmetodologie. Twee prcgressie-ontledings is gedoen. Die eerste teen 'n "sagte" kriterium (persepsie van dosente van hul vermoe om empiriese navorsing te doen) en die tweede teen 'n "harde" kriterium (die werklike navorsingsuitset van dosente). Meervoudige korrelasies van 0,7257 en 0,5824, onderskeidelik, is verkry.
Die persoonlikheidseienskappe en bestuurspotensiaal van bestuursgemotiveerde persone
Authors: Engelbrecht A. S.
Published: August 2012

The personality traits and managerial potential of managerial motivated persons: In the ligth of criticisms of the psychometric suitability of existing measures of managerial motivation a new scale, the Managerial Motivation Questionnaire (MMQ), was developed. This was done on the basis of a comprehensive study of the literature on managerial motivation and the role-motivation theory of Miner. The MMQ demonstrated adequate internal consistency. The aim of this study is to clarify the construct validity of the MMQ. Significant and positive correlations were found between managerial motivation, overall managerial potential, and nine managerial dimensions. The construct validity of the MMQ was further supported by correlations between sixteen personality traits and managerial motivation. Opsomming In die lig van kritiek teen die psigometriese geskiktheid van bestaande meetinstrumente van bestuursmotivering is 'n nuwe skaal, die Bestuursmotiveringsvraelys (BMV)/ ontwikkel. Dit is gedoen op grond van die konseptuele omiyning van bestuursmotivering en die rolmotiveringsteorie van Miner. Die BMV vertoon toereikende interne konsekwentheid. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die konstrukgeldigheid van die BMV verder op te klaar. Beduidend positiewe korrelasies is tussen bestuursmotivering/ globale bestuurspotensiaal en nege bestuursdimensies gevind. Hierbenewens het die korrelasies tussen sestien persoonlikheidseienskappe en bestuursmotivering verdere ondersteunende bewyse gelewer van die konstrukgeldigheid van die BMV.
Environmental influences on industrial relations
Authors: Ferndale L. J. , Raubenheimer I. VAN W
Published: August 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of the influence of the external environment on industrial relations. It was found that economical, political and social environments are inextricably linked and that they may influence industrial relations regatively. It was concluded that companies should take cognisance of the impact of the external environment when formulating their industrial relations strategies. Opsomming Die doel van hierdie studie was om die omvang van die invloed van die eksterne omgewing op arbeidsverhoudinge te ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat die ekonomiese, politieke en maatskaplike omgewings onlosmaaklik gekoppel is en grootliks 'n negatiewe invloed op arbeidsverhoudinge kan uitoefen. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat ondernemings hulself van die invloed van die eksterne omgewing meet vergewds by die formulering van hul arbeidsverhoudinge strategiee.
The quest for academic excellence: aspects relating to the assessment of the performance of University teaching staff
Authors: Mauer K. F. , Watkins M. L.
Published: August 2012

In an attempt to assess the views of academics about issues relating to performance appraisal/ and to test the views expressed by several authors, a questionnaire consisting of 23 items was developed and distributed to a random sample of senior lecturers, associate professors and professors from all South African universities. The research participants were requested to evaluate the importance of each of the items, as well as the extent to which these activities in fact existed in their departments. The resulting data were subjected to a principal factor analysis and an oblique rotation procedure, and five readily interpretable dimensions were identified for both sets of ratings. In the main, these dealt with Feedback and advice, Regular and formal appraisals, staff development, the Role of external examiners, and Consumer evaluation. While no differences were found between faculties, different degrees of experience, different qualification levels, and ranks, it was apparent that there were sizable differences between the importance that academics ascribe to the different aspects of appraisal and development and current practices in their departments. The findings have important implications for the management of academics. Opsomming In 'n poging om akademici se beskouings van aspekte rakende hulle eie prestasies, en outeurs se menings oor die onderwerp te ondersoek, is 'n vraelys met 23 items saamgestel. Die vraelys is onder 'n ewekansige steekproef van senior lektore/ mede-professore en professore versprei. Die navorsingsdeelnemers is versoek om die items te beoordeel aan die hand van die belangrikheid van die aktiwiteite wat deur die items verteenwoordig word, en die mate waarin die onderhawige aktiwiteite in hulle tuisdepartemente toegepas word. Die twee datastelle is aan 'n hooffaktorontleding en skuinsrotasie onderwerp en vyf komponente is gei'dentifiseer/ naamlik Terugvoer en advies, Gereelde en formele evaluerings, Personeelontwikkeling, dieRol van eksterne eksaminatore en Verbruikersevaluering. Geen verskille is ten opsigte van fakulteit/ rang/ oopvoedkundige kwalifikasies of doseerervaring gevind nie. Dit was egter duidelik dat daar 'n betekenisvolle verskil tussen akademici se beskouings van die belangrikheid van aspekte van evaluering en bestaande praktyke binne hulle onderskeie departemente bestaan. Die bevindings het belangrike implikasies vir die wyse waarop akademici bestuur word.
The meaning of working in black and white managerial samples with specific reference to sense of entitlement
Authors: Watkins M. L.
Published: August 2012

Wealth distribution and wealth creation are probably the most important challenges to be faced by South African government. At the organisational level, it will be required of each employee to accept responsibility for contributing to organisational success. The formation of multi-cultural work teams gives relevance to the study of meaning of work and specifically, to the sense of entitlement as a manifestation of a need for equity. In this study it was found that black managers experience a stronger sense of entitlement than their white colleagues/ which is ascribed to deprivation in the past. Although affirmative action could be implemented as a compensatory measure, the caveats involved make it imperative to consider other alternatives. Hence, it is proposed that management systems should be redesigned to promote egalitarianism in the workplace. Opsomming Die verdeling en skepping van welvaart is waarskynlik die belangrikste uitdagings wat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering die hoof moet bied. Op ondernemingsvlak sal daar dus van eike werknemer verwag word om verantwoordelikheid vir 'n betekenisvolle bydrae tot organisasie-sukses te aanvaar. Die vorming van multi-kulturele groepe skep relevansie vir die bestudering van die betekenis van werk, en spesifiek die sin vir geregtigdheid,1 as 'n manifestasie van 'n behoefte aan billikheid. In hierdie studie is daar gevind dat swart bestuurders 'n sterker sin vir geregtigdheid as hulle wit kollegas ervaar. Dit word aan deprivasie in die verlede toegeskryf. Ofskoon regstellende aksie as 'n kompenserende maatreel geimplementeer sou kon word, skep die leemtes hieraan verbonde 'n behoefte aan oorweging van alternatiewe moontlikhede. Daar word derhalwe aanbeveel dat bestuurstelsels herontwerp word om gelykheid in die werkpiek te bevorder.
The interrelationship between the work experience of distance education students, job satisfaction, andacademic achievement
Authors: Welman J. C. , Basson P. A.
Published: August 2012

In terms of the cooperative education strategy of technikons, students are expected to do subject-relevant work in the industry/commerce to gain practical experience. The degree of subject-relevant work performed by 166 distance education students, and how this is related to their academic performance, was investigated. It was found that in contrast to older Afrikaans- and English-speaking male students, it was mainly students who speak a black language who do not gain subject-relevant work experience, have minimal job satisfaction and do not earn high marks in the third-year subject (Organizational Behaviour). It is suggested that the State integrate the issues of work provision, education and training for the success of cooperative education in South Africa. Opsomming  Volgens die kooperatiewe onderwysstrategie van technikons word daar van studente verwag om vakrelevante werk in die bedryf/handel te doen om praktykervaring op te doen. Die graad van vakrelevante werk wat 166 afstandsonderrigstudente doen en die verband daarvan met hul akademiese prestasie is ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat in teenstelling met ouer, manlike, Afrikaans- en Engelssprekende studente/ dit veral swarttaalsprekende studente is wat nie vakrelevante werkservaring opdoen nie, 'n lae graad van werkstevredenheid beleef/ en nie hoe punte in die derdejaarvak (Organisasiegedrag) verdien nie. Daar word voorgestel dat die Staat die kwessies van werkverskaffing, onderwys en opieiding integreer ten einde kooperatiewe onderwys in Suid-Afrika te laat slaag.
Measuring consumer awareness in Zimbabwe
Authors: Rousseau G. G. , Venter D. J. L.
Published: August 2012

es the measurement and comparison of different levels of consumer awareness observed in an empirical investigation in Zimbabwe. The findings confirm the existence of five factors of consumer awareness viz, bargain hunting, general consumer knowledge, product knowledge, information search and price consciousness. Different levels of consumer awareness emerged from the sample. These differences can be attributed to demographic variables such as education, age, income and area. The results of the study further suggest that the item scale developed for measuring consumer awareness in South Africa is applicable in Zimbabwe. Opsomming Hierdie artikel beskryf die meting en vergelyking van verskillende vlakke van verbruikersbewustheid soos waar- geneem in 'n empiriese ondersoek in Zimbabwe. Die bevindinge bevestig die bestaan van vyf faktore van ver- bruikersbewustheid nl. winskopie-jagter, algemene verbruikerskennis, produkkennis, inligtinginwinning en prysbewustheid. Verskillende vlakke van verbruikersbewustheid tree na vore uit die steekproef. Hierdie verskille kan toegeskryf word aan demografiese veranderlikes soos opvoeding, ouderdom, inkome en gebied. Bevindinge van die studie dui verder daarop dat die itemskaal ontwikkel vir die meting van verbruikersbewustheid in Suid-Afrika toegepas kan word in Zimbabwe.
Role stress and job satisfaction: their supervisory antecedents and their influence on organizational commitment
Authors: Boshoff C. , Mels G.
Published: August 2012

Despite the more extensive use of other resources such as modern technology, the optimal utilization of human resources will remain a daunting challenge to all managers during the 1990's and beyond. The absence of em- ployees from work, both temporarily and permanently, however, renders the realization of this objective near impossible. Ensuring that employees want to be and are at work, and stay there, thus become important secondary objectives. Both absenteeism and turnover have been shown to undermine optimal employee performance. Some argue that the willingness to be at work will depend on the degree to which employees identify with the organization's goals, objectives, and values (commitment to the organization). This study investigated this contention, and whether the behaviour and actions of supervisors can influence the organizational commitment of employees. A structural equation modelling approach was used to assess whether job stress and job satisfaction serve as intervening variables in the supervision-organizational commitment relationship. The empirical results revealed that intrinsic job satisfaction exerts a significant positive influence on organizational commitment, and role conflict, a negative influence. A management style which can be described as participative is likely to limit the harmful influence of role conflict while enhancing feelings of intrinsic job satisfaction among employees. Opsomming Nieteenstaande die toenemende gebruik van tegnologie in ondernemings, is die optimale benutting van menslike hulpbronne steeds onmisbaar en van deurslaggewende belang. Die doeltreffende gebruik van menslike hulpbronne kan egter belemmer word deur 'n hoe arbeidsomset en afwesigheidsyfer. Daar word aanvaar dat die bereidwilligheid om by die werk te wees in 'n groot mate beinvloed word deur die mate waartoe werknemers hulleself vereenselwig met die onderneming se waardestelsels en doelstellings. Hierdie verskynsel staan bekend as organisatoriese toewyding (organizational commitment). Die studie stel empirics ondersoek in na die verband tussen organisatoriese toewyding en arbeidsomset en afwesigheid. 'n Poging is ook aangewend om te bepaal tot watter mate bestuursoptrede organisatoriese toewyding kan be-invloed. Stmkturele modeUering (structural equation modelling) is gebruik om vas te stel of rolstres en werkstevredenheid tussenveranderlikes (intervening variables) is in die verwantskap tussen bestuursoptrede en organisatoriese toewyding. Die empiriese resultate dui daarop dat intrinsieke werkstevredenheid 'n sterk positiewe invloed op organisatoriese toewyding uitoefen, terwyl rolkonflik 'n negatiewe invloed het. 'n Bestuurstyl wat werknemers deelname gee in besluitneming in die organisasie, kan rolkonflik onder werknemers verminder, terwyl dit terselfdertyd werkstevredenheid verhoog.
The identification and perceived importance of dimensions of managerial success for different levels of management
Authors: Loubser M. P. , De Jager L. C.
Published: August 2012

Dimensions or factors related to managerial success were identified from the literature and a list of 78 generic dimensions compiled. These dimensions were rated in terms of their relative importance for every level of management by 241 managers on junior, middle and senior levels. A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed on the data and nine factors or clusters of dimensions were extracted. The resulting factor scores were then subjected to a multiple analysis of variance. Results indicate that the importance of these factors differ significantly across the three levels of management. The implications of the findings are discussed in both theoretical and practical terms. Opsomming Dimensies of faktore wat met bestuursukses verband hou is uit die literatuur gei'dentifiseer en 'n lys van 78 generiese dimensies is saamgestel. Hierdie dimensies se relatiewe belangrikheid vir eike bestuursvlak is deur 241 bestuurders op junior, middel en senior vlak beoordeel. 'n Hoofkomponent faktorontleding met varimax rotasie is op die data uitgevoer en nege faktore of groepe dimensies is onttrek. Die resulterende faktortellings is daarna aan 'n meervoudige analise van variansie onderwerp. Resultate dui daarop dat die belangrikheid van hierdie faktore beduidend verskil oor die verskillende bestuursvlakke. Die implikasies van die bevindinge word in beide teoretiese en praktiese terme bespreek.
Onderskeiding tussen beroepsrealistiese en -onrealistiese adolessente met behulp van die waardeskaal
Authors: Zeier R. E. , Brand H. J.
Published: August 2012

Differentiation between vocational realistic and unrealistic adolescents by means of a value scale. The usefulness of the Value Scale for distinguishing between adolescents with realistic or unrealistic approaches towards vocational choice was studied. A group of std. 10 pupils from a specific secondary school in the Cape Peninsula participated in the study. An evaluation with regard to the degree of realism of vocational decisions was made by three counselling psychologists. Classification of subjects was based on the agreement between their vocational choice, interest profiles, academic performance, intelligence test scores and course prerequisites. A number of variables were identified by discriminant analysis which distinguished significantly between realistic and unrealistic approaches. Value-preferences for realistic adolescents were more homogeneous and were globally interpreted as an intrinsic value pattern while subjects with unrealistic approaches showed a more differentiated pattern. Opsomming Die bruikbaarheid van die Waardeskaal vir die onderskeiding tussen beroepsrealistiese en beroepsonrealistiese adolessente is ondersoek deur 'n groep st. 10-leerlinge uit 'n spesifieke hoerskool in die Kaapse Skiereiland by die ondersoek te betrek. 'n Evaluering met betrekking tot realisme van verklaarde loopbaankeuse is deur drie voorligtingsielkundiges gemaak op grond van ooreenstemming tussen verklaarde beroepskeuse, belangstellings, akademiese prestasie, verstandstoetstellings en kursusvoorvereistes. Beduidende verskille met betrekking tot werkwaardes is tussen die groepe met behulp van diskriminant-analise gei'dentifiseer. Die waardevoorkeure van die beroepsrealistiese groep was meer homogeen van aard en kon globaal as intrinsieke waardevoorkeure beskryf word, terwyl die beroepsonrealistiese groep meer gedifferensieerde waardevoorkeurpatrone geopenbaar het.
Management by objectives in relation to optimal experience in the workplace
Authors: Loubris S. , Crous F. , Scheepers J. M.
Published: August 2012

In order to discover whether Management by Objectives could be used to create optimal experience in the workplace, two tests were constructed. These were a measure of Management by Objectives (42 items) and a measure of Optimal Experience (24 items). First and second-order factor analyses were performed on both inventories to identify the true factors. Item analyses were performed to verify the reliability of both instruments. Pearson Productmoment correlations were computed to assess the relationship between the constructs. The implications are discussed. Opsomming Ten einde te bepaal of Doelwitbestuur gebruik kan word om optimale ervaring in die hand te werk is twee toetse gekonstrueer, naamlik 'n meetinstrument van Doelwitbestuur (42 items) en 'n meetinstrument van Optimale Ervaring (24 items). Eerste en tweedeorde-faktorontledings is uitgevoer op altwee meetinstrumente om die ware faktore uit te haal. 'n Itemontleding is uitgevoer om die betroubaarheid van albei instrumente te bepaal. Pearson Produk-moment korrelasies is bereken om die verwantskap tussen die twee konstrukte te bepaal. Die implikasies van die bevindinge is bespreek.
Die beroepsoriëntasies van mediese dokters
Authors: Koortzen P.
Published: August 2012

Occupational orientation of medical doctors. This study describes the career orientations of medical doctors obtained from a comparative study done between self and organisationally employed medical doctors. The group indicated service dedication, life style and autonomy as their primary career orientations, while they did not indicate a need to manage or take responsibility for others. The phenomenon of self versus organisational employment can therefore not sufficiently be explained from a career orientation perspective. Opsomming Hierdie ondersoek beskryf die beroepsorientasies van mediese dokters na aanleiding van 'n vergelykende studie tussen selfgeemplojeerde en organisasie indiensgeneemde mediese dokters. Die groep as geheel het dienslewering, lewenstyl en outonomie as primere beroepsorientasies aangedui, terwyl hul behoefte om te bestuur en ver-antwoordelikheid vir ander te neem laag was. Die verskynsel van selfemplojering versus organisasie indiensneming kan egter nie voldoende vanuit 'n teoretiese beroepsorientasie perspektief verklaar word nie.
The applicability of fair selection models in the South African context
Authors: Huysamen G. K.
Published: August 2012

This article reviews several models that are aimed at achieving fair selection in situations in which underrepresented groups tend to obtain lower scores on selection tests. Whereas predictive bias is a statistical concept that refers to systematic errors in the prediction of individuals' criterion scores, selection fairness pertains to the extent to which selection results meet certain socio-political demands. The regression and equal-risk models adjust for differences in the criterion-on-test regression lines of different groups. The constant ratio, conditional probability and equal probability models manipulate the test cutoff scores of different groups so that certain ratios formed between different selection outcomes (correct acceptances, correct rejections, incorrect acceptances, incorrect rejections) are the same for such groups. The decision-theoretic approach requires that utilities be attached to these different outcomes for different groups. These procedures are not only eminently suited to accommodate calls for affirmative action, but they also serve the cause of transparency. Opsomming Hierdie artikel verskaf 'n oorsig van verskeie modelle om billike keuring te verkry in situasies waar onderverteen-woordigende groepe geneig is om swakker op keuringstoetse te vaar. Terwyl voorspellingsydigheid 'n statistiese begrip is wat betrekking het op stelselmatige foute in die voorspelling van individue se kriteriumtellings, het keuringsbillikheid te make met die mate waarin keuringsresultate aan sekere sosiaal-politieke vereistes voldoen. Die regressieen gelyke-risiko-modelle maak aanpassings vir verskille in die kriterium-op-toetsregressielyne van verskillende groepe. Die konstante-verhoudings, voorwaardelike-waarskynlikheids- en gelyke-waarskynlikheidsmodelle manipuleer die toetsafkappunte van verskillende groepe sodat sekere verhoudings wat tussen keuringsresultate (korrekte aanvaardings, verkeerde aanvaardings, korrekte verwerpings, verkeerde verwerpings) gevorm word, vir verskillende groepe dieselfde is. Die besluitnemingsbenadering vereis dat nutwaardes geheg word aan die verskillende gebeurlikhede by verskillende groepe. Nie alleen is hierdie prosedures by uitnemendheid geskik om oproepe tot regstellende aksie te akkommodeer nie, maar hulle voldoen ook aan die eis van deursigtigheid.
Fasiliteerderopleiding
Authors: Cilliers F.
Published: August 2012

Facilitator training. Since the last visit to South Africa by Carl Rogers and Ruth Sanford in 1986, many businesses in the country showed enthusiasm to train person-centered facilitators as change agents for the post-apartheid South Africa. Unfortunately, this training never really got momentum because of (amongst other reasons) the misconception about the nature of the process and skills of facilitation. This research can be seen as a continuation of Rogers and Sanford's work in an effort to explain facilitation to management, train facilitators working in cross-cultural communication situations in South African organisations and evaluate this training. Facilitation is conceptualised from the person-centered approach and operationalised by making use of different training models from the human potential movement. A facilitation training model and an experiential learning workshop were constructed. Fifty personnel and training officers attended the workshop. The evaluation battery included the Carkhuff scales, the Personal Orientation Inventory and the Selfactualising characteristics question- naire. The difference between a pre and post measurement indicates a statistical significant development in the interpersonal skills of facilitation namely respect, empathy, realness and concreteness; as well as the intrapersonal characteristics of awareness, emotional maturity and internal locus of control. Suggestions towards accelerated training of facilitators in South Africa are recommended. Opsomming Sedert die laaste besoek van Carl Rogers en Ruth Sanford aan Suid-Afrika in 1986, het verskeie organisasies in die land met entoesiasme begin om fasiliteerders op te lei as veranderingsagente vir die post-apartheid Suid- Afrika. Ongelukkig het hierdie opieiding nooit werklik momentum bereik nie as gevolg van (onder andere) die misverstand oor die aard van die proses en vaardighede van fasilitering. Hierdie navorsing kan beskou word as 'n voortsetting van Rogers en Sanford se werk in 'n poging om fasilitering aan bestuur te verduidelik, om fasiliteerders op te lei in die veld van kruiskulturele kommunikasie binne Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies en om hierdie opieiding te evalueer. Fasilitering word vanuit die persoonsgesentreerde benadering gekonseptualiseer, en geoperasionaliseer deur gebruik te maak van verskillende opieidingsmodelle uit die menslikepotensiaal-beweging. 'n Fasiliteringsopleidingsmodel en 'n ervaringsleerwerkswinkel is saamgestel. Vyftig personeel- en opieidingsbeamptes het die werkswinkel bygewoon. Die evalueringsbattery het bestaan uit die Carkhuffskale, die Persoonlikeorientasievraelys en die Selfaktualiseringskenmerkevraelys. Die verskil tussen 'n pre- en post-meting dui op 'n statisties beduidende ontwikkeling van die interpersoonlike vaardighede van fasilitering naamlik respek, empatie, egtheid en konkreetheid; asook ten opsigte van die intrapersoonlike kenmerke van bewustheid, emosionele volwassenheid en interne lokus van kontrole. Versnelde opieiding van fasiliteerders in Suid-Afrika word aanbeveel.
Towards establishing biographical and business background profiles of entrepreneurs from two ethnic and gender groups
Authors: Schutte J. L. , Boshoff A. B. , Bennett H. F.
Published: August 2012

The literature on the biographical backgrounds of entrepreneurs seems to contain many contradictory findings. This situation can partly be due to the assumption that samples of entrepreneurs were homogeneous rather than heterogeneous. It appears as if female entrepreneurs have been less well researched than their male counterparts. Differences in the biographical backgrounds and business situation of, respectively, the white and the black entrepreneurs in South Africa have been assumed but little empirical evidence exists in this respect. Black en-trepreneurs, and female entrepreneurs are in most developed societies' minority groups and have not specifically been studied in depth - hence the present study. The biographical and business backgrounds of 569 South African entrepreneurs (106 Black and 463 White; 136 female and 433 male) were studied. One-way Analyses of Variance and Chi-squared followed by Discriminant analyses were carried out to determine whether, respectively, black and white entrepreneurs and male and female entrepreneurs differed in terms of the variables studied. Significant differences between the total group of male and female subjects were found on only five variables. White and black entrepreneurs differed statistically significantly on 16 of the 30 variables studied. Opsomming Die literatuur oor die biografiese agtergronde van entrepreneurs skyn baie teenstrydige bevindinge te bevat. Hierdie kan moontlik deels toegeskryf word aan die aanname dat steekproewe van entrepreneurs eerder homogeen eerder as heterogeen is. Dit skyn asof minder navorsing oor vroulike as oor manlike entrepreneurs gedoen is. Ten spyte van aannames in die verband, bestaan min empiriese gegewens oor die biografiese agtergronde en sake-situasie van respektiewelik wit en swart Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs. Swart en vroulike entrepreneurs is in meeste gemeenskappe minderheidsgroepe en is nog nie in diepte bestudeer nie, daarom die huidige studie. Die biografiese en sake-agtergronde van 569 Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs (106 swart en 463 wit; 136 vroulik en 433 manlik) is bestudeer. Een-rigting Analise van Variansie en Chi-kwadraat gevolg deur Diskriminant Analise is uitgevoer ten einde te bepaal of respektiewelik swart en wit en manlike van vroulike entrepreneurs in terme van die veranderlikes wat bestudeer is, verskil. Betekenisvolle verskille tussen die totale groep van manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs is slegs in terme van vyf veranderlikes gevind. Swart en wit entrepreneurs het statistics beduidend op 16 van die 30 veranderlikes in die studie ingesluit, verskil.
Die faktorstruktuur van die 19 veld-belangstellings-vraelys en Holland se struktuur van belangstellings
Authors: De Bruin G. P. , Du Toit K.
Published: August 2012

The 19 Field Interest Inventory (19FII) has been used for the assessment of the interests of white South Africans for more than twenty years. This inventory gives a detailed but uneconomical description of a person's interests in terms of 19 fields. A further shortcoming is that the inventory is not based on any specific theory. Holland offers a theoretically sound and more economical description of interests in terms of six fields. A factor analysis of the 19 fields of the 19FII was undertaken to determine to what extent the factors would correspond with Holland's fields. Three Holland fields received strong support, whilst the remaining three received tentative support. The discrepancies may be ascribed to the restricted nature of the sample, namely prospective white male university students. Opsomming Die 19 Veld-belangstellingsvraelys (19VBV) word al vir langer as twintig jaar gebruik vir die taksering van blanke Suid-Afrikaners se beroepsbelangstellings. Hierdie vraelys bied 'n gedetailleerde, maar onekonomiese beskrywing van 'n persoon se belangstellings in terme van 19 velde. Hierdie vraelys is ook nie op enige onderliggende teoretiese rasionaal gebaseer nie. Hierteenoor bied Holland 'n teoreties verantwoorde en meer ekonomiese beskrywing van belangstellings in terme van ses velde. 'n Faktorontleding is op 'n datastel wat aan die hand van die 19VBV verkry is uitgevoer om te sien tot watter mate die faktore sal ooreenstem met Holland se velde. Sterk bevestiging vir drie van Holland se velde is gevind/ terwyl die ander drie velde tentatiewe ondersteuning verkry het. Die afwykings kan moontlik aan die geselekteerde aard van die steekproef, naamlik voornemende blanke manlike universiteitstudente, toegeskryf word.