bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of NodeMCU and PZEM Sensors in IoT-based Smart Lighting Design for Energy Conservation
Authors: Ihsan M M , Kusumah S S , Wijaya I G P O I
Published: February 2025

The research focuses on the design and implementation of smart lighting systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) in an effort to improve energy efficiency and user comfort in a variety of environments. The system integrates the NodeMCU ESP8266 as a microcontroller, the PZEM-004T sensor for measuring energy consumption, and the Blynk IoT platform for remote monitoring and control via mobile applications. The PZEM-004T sensor plays an important role in measuring electrical parameters such as current, voltage, and power in real-time, thus providing accurate information about light energy use. The test results showed an average energy consumption of 8,925 watts. This smart lighting system have proven to be effective in improving energy efficiency, contributing to reducing electricity costs, and boosting energy conservation efforts in various environments.
GCE Modified by Graphene-doped ZnO/PVA Nanocomposites for Highly Sensitive Pb Detection
Authors: Ismardi Abrar , Fathona Indra , Sugiarto Duddy , Yusril Mohamad , Ningtyas Anniza Kusuma , Hakim Muhammad Naufal Ihsanul
Published: February 2025

Heavy metals, including lead (Pb), have contaminated a number of rivers that provide drinking water to the residents of West Java. Even at low amounts, lead is a dangerous heavy metal. It is crucial to detect Pb in liquid samples for this reason. Using three electrodes—the Working Electrode (WE), the Counter Electrode (CE), and the Reference Electrode (RE)—an electrochemical approach was used to detect the presence of Pb. A modification was performed to the WE in order to improve the sensitivity, selectivity, and response time of the Pb detection. This work modified WE using ZnO/PVA nanocomposites doped with graphene. ZnO is a frequently used nanomaterial that has been shown to improve heavy metal detection sensitivity. ZnO has a band-gap energy of 3.37 eV and a high electron mobility of about 3 cm2/V.s. ZnO also has high surface area, which makes it possible for positively charged heavy metal ions to attach to active sites. ZnO nanoparticles are treated with PVA to create nanocomposites with flexible surfaces. To increase electrical conductivity in ZnO/PVA nanocomposites, graphene can be used as a doping agent. In this work, a thin film of graphene was synthesized from 0.1 grams of ZnO, 1.5 grams of PVA, and 0.324 grams of graphene. The surface and contents of the thin film are then examined using an Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and a Energy Dispersive Spectrophotometer (EDS), respectively. The thin film’s electrochemical characteristics were then investigated through the application of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV). The CV and SWV technique results clearly indicate that ZnO/PVA doped graphene will be involved in the redox reaction with Pb via 0.1 M NaOH. The peak anodic current at CV and oxidation peak at SWV increases with the concentration of Pb, according to the results of two methods for detecting Pb at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm. These results showed that thin film modified with ZnO/PVA nanocomposites doped with graphene have better Pb detection sensitivity capabilities than those without.
Optimization of Pump Power Efficiency with a Hybrid Design of Artificial Lift Systems Based on Smart Design
Authors: Novrianti  , Rafli M , Herawati I , Rita N , Adriati Y
Published: February 2025

Electrical submersible pumps are constrained by limited shaft brake horsepower for well production. To address this, this study develops a combined electrical submersible pump and gas lift system aimed at enhancing pump performance. The objectives are to reduce the number of stages, lower the energy requirements of the combined system, decrease the power consumption of the pump motors, and increase the production flow rate. Energy requirements for the pump are determined based on the generated pressure profile, and power gain is calculated from the resulting output. This research employed a simulation approach, with design and modeling carried out using software. The integration of the pump and gas lift system led to a 19.4% increase in production compared to a single pump system, a 32.45% reduction in energy consumption across five wells, and a decrease in power generation to stay within shaft brake horsepower limits
Design and Construction of an Electric Wheelchair with Analog Joystick
Authors: Silalahi D K , Baharudin M I , Auliya R N
Published: February 2025

A wheelchair is a tool that can be used as a tool for people who have limited mobility, one of which is the older people. A wheelchair is a tool that can be used as a tool for people who have limited mobility, one of which is the older people. Electric wheelchairs with joystick controllers were developed to make things easier for the older people, where electric wheelchairs that use joystick controllers are more profitable than manual wheelchairs. Electric wheelchairs with joystick controls allow seniors to easily operate the wheelchair using their hands or fingers. The use of joystick controllers on electric wheelchairs allows seniors to control the direction and speed of movement of the wheelchair with simple and intuitive movements. However, despite all the advantages of an electric wheelchair with a joystick controller, you must pay attention to the ergonomics and placement of each component used so that it remains stable for the older people. Apart from that, there is a geofencing feature used on this electric wheelchair. This feature can increase the safety of electric wheelchair users because it can provide notification to family or responsible parties so that the location of the electric wheelchair can be detected. From the field test results, it was found that the maximum speed obtained after covering a distance was 8 km/hour. Non-stop travel time using a wheelchair is 8–12 hours if used on a flat road.
Numerical Simulation of Shark Fin Vortex Generator Placement with Staggered Arrangement on The Left and Right Walls of a Passenger Bus
Authors: Putri T P , Widodo W A
Published: February 2025

In this study, the impact of using Shark Fin Vortex Generators (SFVG) on the aerodynamics of passenger buses is evaluated through numerical analysis. The analysis shows that at a speed of 120 km/h, buses equipped with SFVG record higher total force values, specifically 3624, 3564, and 3514 for variations of x/l 85, x/l 90, and x/l 95 respectively, compared to other speed and x/l variations. The drag coefficient (CD) for buses with SFVG is 0.775, 0.744, and 0.738 for x/l 85, 0.748, 0.736, and 0.728 for x/l 90, and 0.695, 0.684, and 0.676 for x/l 95. These values indicate that SFVG can slightly reduce drag by improving airflow and reducing turbulence. However, the obtained lift coefficient (CL) values show a decrease as speed and the distance of the vortex generator increase, with lower CL values at higher speeds. This study indicates that SFVG has the potential to increase speed and reduce drag but may also increase lift, affecting vehicle stability. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of SFVG on the overall energy efficiency and aerodynamic performance of buses.
The Effect of Mechanical Milling on Spark Plasma Sintering of WC-12Co Cemented Carbide
Authors: Hermanto B , Desiati R D , Mochtar M A , Suharno B , Sudiro T
Published: February 2025

The WC-Co based cemented carbide has been widely used in engineering applications because of its remarkable properties high hardness, good toughness and excellent wear resistance. In the fabrication process, the powder preparation technique plays an important role in consolidating sintered compacts. In the present study, we investigate the effect of mechanical milling on the spark plasma sintering of WC-12Co cemented carbide. Two different powders of the WC-12Co, namely unmilled and milled powders, were prepared. The powder milling was carried out using a shaker mill under wet milling for 2 hours. Hereafter, the milled powder was dried at room temperature for 24 hours. The powders were then densified using Dr. Sinter SPS 625 under vacuum conditions below 10 Pa, compaction pressure of 40 MPa, and a heating rate of 100 °C/min (0 – 600 °C) and 20 °C/min (600 – 1150 °C). The results indicate that the powder milling affects the crystallite size, sintering behavior, and hardness of WC-12Co. The crystallite size of WC-12Co powder is reduced from 68.8 nm to 32.1 nm after milling. This results in a slight decrease in sintering temperature and an increase in the density and hardness of the sintered alloy. The further comparative results are intensively discussed in this paper.
Development review of Sieverts-type equipment for studying adsorption and desorption measurements of hydrogen storage in solids
Authors: Kurniawan  , Pranoto H , Darsono N , Budiman A H , Khaerudini D S
Published: February 2025

Hydrogen is a promising medium for energy storage and a viable alternative fuel source. Despite extensive research in its production, storage, distribution, and utilization, achieving safe and efficient hydrogen storage remains a significant challenge. This review examines recent advancements in Sieverts-type apparatus used for measuring solid-state hydrogen storage, focusing on various designs and configurations to determine optimal setups for precise hydrogen adsorption and desorption measurements. The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for hydrogen storage has garnered considerable interest in recent years. Advances in solid-state hydrogen storage, particularly through the use of nanomaterials, have demonstrated potential to meet the economic and application-specific targets. This review discusses several volumetric measurement designs, highlighting an optimal configuration that includes Cooling System (A3), Cost (B1), Valve Configuration (C3), and identified difficulties (D1) in the development of devices for hydrogen adsorption and desorption. Furthermore, conducting experimental studies will be crucial in verifying the accuracy and reliability of these simulated results, ensuring that theoretical predictions are applicable to real-world scenarios.
Prototype for Detecting Rhodamine B Levels in Syrup Using Filter Paper Test Media
Authors: Rosdiana E , Kusumaningtyas V A , Purbowati E , Andini R I , Rahman F
Published: February 2025

Rhodamine B is a synthetic dye commonly utilized in the textile, paper, paint, cosmetics, and soap industries. However, it is sometimes found in food and beverages to enhance their visual appeal to consumers. Long-term consumption of Rhodamine B can lead to liver and kidney disorders and may even result in liver cancer. One of the challenges consumers face in monitoring Rhodamine B consumption is the lack of simple tools that enable the general public to perform such testing. A prototype has been designed to detect Rhodamine B dye levels in syrup using filter paper as the testing medium, with the output displayed in terms of Rhodamine B concentration in parts per million (ppm). The device is intended to be user-friendly for the general public. It operates by reading sensor data from the test medium after it has been dipped into the sample. The current detected by the sensor is converted into a frequency by a microcontroller, which then displays the concentration in ppm on an LCD screen according to predetermined RGB value ranges coded into the microcontroller. Testing was conducted on 25 samples with concentration variations of 0 ppm, 30 ppm, 60 ppm, 90 ppm, and 210 ppm. The results showed a decreasing range of RGB values with increasing Rhodamine B concentration, specifically 0 ppm (R=219-220, G=223-225, B=220-222); 30 ppm (R=218-219, G=207-208, B=208-209); 60 ppm (R=215-218, G=197-204, B=203-206); 90 ppm (R=212-214, G=181-182, B=193-196); and 210 ppm (R=210-211, G=162-163, B=188-191). Additionally, UV-VIS spectrometer testing indicated an increase in absorbance values with higher ppm concentrations: 0 ppm (0), 90 ppm (0.529), 240 ppm (1.088), and 360 ppm (1.574). Based on this data, the prototype for detecting Rhodamine B in syrup using filter paper as a medium has been successfully developed. This study established an optimal working distance range for the sensor, positioning the sample medium between 1.25 and 1.5 cm to achieve accurate RGB value readings. The instrument effectively detects Rhodamine B concentrations in test samples based on RGB values read by the sensor, covering a concentration range of 0 to 210 ppm. UV-Vis absorbance testing of Rhodamine B in syrup further validated and confirmed the accuracy of the developed system.
Use of Multinode Sensors in an Internet of Things (Iot) Based Temperature Monitoring System for a Ball Tea Machine
Authors: Ramadhan M R S , Akbar I N , Suyatna S F , Octaviani Y , Suhendi A , Fitriyanti N
Published: February 2025

Green Tea is a widely consumed globally and is especially popular in regions where it is cultivated. The final stage of green tea processing is drying, commonly performed with ia Ball Tea machine. The drying process typically lasts between 8 to 15 hours at an ideal temperature range of 100 to 130 degrees Celsius. It is crucial to monitor the temperature of the Ball Tea machine throughout the drying process to ensure that it remains within the optimal range. This study aims to develop an IoT-based multinode sensor temperature monitoring system capable of real-time monitoring both on-site and remotely. The system utilizes an RTD PT-100 temperature sensor, which has a measurement range from -50°C to 400°C. In addition, remote monitoring can be conducted via a website and mobile applications. The system provides temperature data in both numerical and graphical formats on these platforms and includes features such as notifications for when the temperature deviates from the optimal range. The system was tested on spray drying machine, which shares similar functionalities with a Ball Tea machine, to validate its efficacy. Performance evaluations included testing device communication as well as the performance of the website and mobile applications. The devices are interconnected through a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The Quality of Service (QoS) analysis indicated a satisfactory QoS Index of 3 under both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. User feedback on the website and mobile applications was generally positive, though performance may vary depending on the user’s device.
Dynamic response analysis of natural gas boilers under seismic loads
Authors: Chunxiang Gan , Pan Li , Jianrun Zhang , Xi Lu
Published: February 2025

This paper establishes a dynamic response analysis model of natural gas boilers composed of shell elements and beam elements. Stress, and deformation under the effects of self-weight, temperature loads, and seismic loads are used as evaluation indicators. The strength of natural gas boilers under two working conditions: hot state with low load, and full load, is analyzed. The results indicate that the boiler has high stiffness in the vertical direction, while the lower part of the rear wall is a relatively weak point in terms of stiffness. This provides a reference for further optimization of the boiler structure. Additionally, it was found that the first natural frequency of the boiler decreased by 36.7% and 38.1% compared to the static and free modes, respectively, after applying thermal loads, indicating a significant reduction in the stiffness of the boiler when heated.
Structural design and LCF lifetime prediction of simulating specimen for the tenon tooth of nickel-based single crystal turbine blade
Authors: Li M R , Wang R Q , Zhang B , Zhao Y , Hu D Y , Mao J X
Published: February 2025

In this study, the structural design, low-cycle fatigue (LCF) experiments and lifetime prediction of simulating specimens for the tenon tooth chamfer of a nicked-based single crystal turbine blade were conducted. Firstly, a crystal plasticity constitutive analysis of the turbine blade was performed to identify hotspots under in-service operating conditions. Then, ensuring consistency in geometric structure and lifetime-related parameter, a simulating specimen was designed. Comparing the finite element simulation results of the stress concentration area of the simulating specimen and the tenon tooth chamfer of the turbine blade, the error in the lifetime-related parameter was less than 4.75%, demonstrating that the designed simulating specimen achieved lifetime equivalence for the tenon tooth chamfer. Moreover, a modified method for determining critical distance that considers the influence of notch size was established based on the theory of critical distance (TCD). By combining this method with the slip-based damage model, the LCF lifetime of notched specimens and simulating specimens was accurately predicted.
Design of a Hydraulic Turbine Based in a Pressure Swirl Chamber using Ansys CFD
Authors: Calzada D , Uribe A , Ronceros J , Namay W , Zapata G , Raymundo C
Published: February 2025

This study presents the simulation of internal flow of a hydraulic turbine using CFD based on pressure-swirl atomizer technology, typically used in combustion chambers of rocket engines. The proposed model is equipped with a swirl chamber with stabilizer included, dual manifold system and a rotor, each of these elements will be simulated to validate its functionality, prior to implementation and subsequent experimental testing. The results show that it is possible to produce the spray output jet even if there are interferences within the swirl chamber such as the rotor itself and the stabilizer. In addition, due to the tangential speeds produced within the atomizer may be viable to place a rotor to produce mechanical power. This study serves as a starting point to carry out future experimental tests to validate the generated power and efficiency of the proposed system. The results presented in the document were validated using mathematical equations and numerical simulations using the Ansys Fluent software.
Neutron spectrometry with DIAMON detector for characterisation of a newly built neutron calibration facility at SCK CEN
Authors: Pinasti Sita Gandes , Hoey Olivier Van , Mihailescu Liviu-Cristian , Vanhavere Filip , Pauly Nicolas
Published: February 2025

Personal neutron dosimeters often experience significant
overestimation or underestimation when used in neutron fields that
differ from those in which they were calibrated. This discrepancy
highlights the highly field-dependent nature of these dosimeters and
the necessity for precise neutron field characterisation to ensure
accurate calibration and reliable dosimetry. In this study, we
conducted a comprehensive neutron field characterisation at the
newly constructed neutron room of the Secondary Standard Dosimetry
Laboratory (SSDL) of SCK CEN, Belgium, using 252Cf and
241Am-Be sources. The DIAMON neutron spectrometer and Bonner
Sphere Spectrometer (BSS) were employed, alongside Monte Carlo
simulations. The primary objectives were to evaluate the performance
of the DIAMON spectrometer against the BSS, which serve as the gold
standard, and to validate the simulation model of the neutron
room. The shadow cone method was utilised to separate direct and
scattered neutron components. Monte Carlo simulations using the
PHITS code, which mimicked the actual neutron room geometry,
materials, and sources, were conducted to develop the neutron room
model which is validated by the measurements. Analysis of neutron
ambient dose equivalent rates from both sources, in terms of direct
neutron under controlled scatter conditions (in this case, below 3
m), revealed that DIAMON measurements agreed with LNK reference
values within a 16% margin. The deviations of BSS measurements and
PHITS simulations from the LNK reference values were kept within
19% and 10%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the
reliability of the DIAMON spectrometer and the robustness of the
PHITS simulation model.
Participatory Mapping of Mangrove Ecosystem in Tengin Baru Village, Indonesia Capital City
Authors: Annisa Choiriatun Nur , Kusuma Fitria Dewi , Hapsari Marya Tiara , Diana Rita , Sofyan Fenny Putri Mariani
Published: February 2025

Tengin Baru is located in the development area of Indonesia Capital City (Ibu Kota Nusantara, IKN). The village covers a small part of the mangrove ecosystem in the region which currently utilised for other uses by the people. In order to implement a sustainable approach of the mangrove management, the involvement of the locals in mapping the land use of the village could produce a more aligned mapping with the latest social conditions and helps identify field issues. The mapping could also be used as the basis for the village development planning considering its strategic and important situation in the IKN area. The objectives of the study were to identify the mangrove cover and other land use in Tengin Baru Village and its issues. The results showed that most of the land is forest and mangrove covered around 134.17 hectares (2.2% of the village area) at the southern part of the village. The mangrove was dense and in good condition with one of the species (Nypa fruticans) harvested for making roofs. The issues regarding the village land use included the development of Sepaku Semoi Dam to supply water to IKN and the masterplan of the village as the centre for tourism and economic growth of the region. The village planned to protect mangrove and build fishing ponds for mangrove tourism attraction.
Insectivorous birds in the Sungai Wain Protection Forest of East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Sarwani Ahmad , Rustam  , Boer Chandradewana , Sutedjo  , Rahman Yusril Bagus Taufiku , Agusdin  , Suba Rachmat Budiwijaya
Published: February 2025

Birds are one of the objects of biodiversity conservation because they function to maintain the stability of the ecosystem, one of which is insectivorous birds. Research on this group of birds was conducted in the Sungai Wain Protection Forest (SWPF). The data collection was conducted by point observation on two ecotourism trails in SWPF, starting from the entrance of the trail and every 100 m to ± 1 km. Observations at each point were carried out from 11 pm to 9 am GMT and repeated for 6 days. We also observed the perch height and the height of the pole or tree where the object was perched. The presence frequency ranged from 8.33-75.00%, Dicrurus paradiseus is the highest (frequent), followed by Rhipidura javanica (58.33%), Stachyris erythroptera (50.00%), Hirundo rustica (50.00%), H. tahitica (50.00%), Mixornis gularis (41.67%), and Meiglyptes tukki (41.67%). About 61.76% of the insectivorous birds were categorized as rare, including Pityriasis gymnocephala which is endemic to Borneo. The observed occupancy proportion ranged from 5-30%, R. javanica is the highest (30%), followed by D. paradiseus (25%), S. erythroptera and M. gularis (20.00%). The diversity index (H’) was 3.085 (categorized as high). Insectivorous bird perch height is positively correlated with the height of the habitus utilized, reflecting the consistency of stratum utilization by insectivorous bird species in SWPF. Although the main function of SWPF is related to hidrological regulation, by maintaining forest cover, the function of preserving biodiversity will also have a real impact.
Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solution Implementation for Flood Disaster Mitigation in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Shindi Mohammad Firzat , Wijaya Nurrohman , Ikhsan Muhamad
Published: February 2025

Climate change exacerbates the risk of urban disasters globally, particularly in cities of the Global South like Jakarta, Indonesia, undergoing rapid urbanization. Among Jakarta’s significant challenges are recurrent floods stemming from climate change and swift land use development. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) coupled with hybrid infrastructure approaches emerge as imperative, adaptive measures for the city. This study employs a mixed-method research framework, combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Qualitative techniques are utilized to delineate parameters for assessing the efficacy of NbS implementation and formulating flood disaster management strategies. Conversely, quantitative methods are applied to gauge the effectiveness of Jakarta’s existing and planned flood disaster management initiatives. The assessment of NbS implementation effectiveness in Jakarta revolves around three primary parameters: evaluation of green, grey, hybrid infrastructure, and policy/social dimensions. According to analysis outcomes, grey-based solutions are prioritized by the Jakarta local government for flood disaster mitigation. Flood disaster mitigation strategies in Jakarta encompass various approaches, including fortifying green and hybrid infrastructure, bolstering social and institutional dimensions, enhancing institutional capacity, and conducting periodic assessments. These endeavours aim to enhance urban sustainability and mitigate flood disasters in Jakarta effectively.
Realizing ecological justice in Urban Development Laws: Indonesian experiences and challenges to protect biodiversity in its new capital city
Authors: Safitri Myrna A. , Adiwijaya Achmad Jaka Santos
Published: February 2025

The new capital city of Indonesia, Nusantara, is being developed with the goal of creating a liveable city that is in harmony with nature. Nusantara is planned as a sustainable forest city, with 65% of the area designated as a protected zone. The forest city development strategy includes measures to control deforestation, promote reforestation, protect biodiversity, involve local and indigenous communities, and impose a moratorium on mining and plantation licenses. One of the main challenges in implementing these strategies is the condition of the forest ecosystems in the last decades, which have been damaged due to resource extraction and conversion of primary forests for various land uses. This has led to a threat to biodiversity and the habitat of endemic flora and fauna. Efforts are being made to establish a robust regulatory framework to achieve ecological justice goals by protecting biodiversity and local wisdom. This paper will present data, information, and analysis on existing land use, biodiversity potential, regulations, and policy rules aimed at protecting biodiversity and local wisdom. The special authority of Nusantara provides an opportunity to achieve ecological justice in development, but there are still challenges that need to be addressed, such as resolving socio-ecological problems due to past policy issues.
Antioxidant Activity of Mahang Leaves from Post-Coal Mining Revegetated Areas in East Kalimantan
Authors: Fikriah I , Masruhim M A , Marliana E , Panggabean A S , Ismail S , Kusuma I W , Paramita S
Published: February 2025

Coal is of great importance to Indonesia’s foreign exchange and the income sharing of East Kalimantan. However, its environmental effects, such as soil acidification, are causing problems. Reclamation measures entail using pioneer plants like Mahang trees or Macaranga tanarius, renowned for their therapeutic benefits in restoring vegetation. Nevertheless, the pharmacological characteristics of these plants are contingent upon soil factors. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant properties of Mahang leaves extracts obtained from a forest that has undergone post-coal mining, in addition to analyzing the soil characteristics. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging test. Post-coal mining soil contained elevated levels of heavy metal concentrations. However, the DPPH radical scavenging test of Mahang leaves extract indicated significant antioxidant activity. Overall, non-toxic soils in forests that have undergone post-coal mining indicate an abundance of soil nutrients available for the growth of medicinal plants such as Mahang. The revegetation demonstrates the effectiveness of the land recovery process, which has resulted in thriving vegetation after ten years of revegetation.
The Role of Monitoring Carbon Storage and Sequestration in Advancing the Vision of Forest City: Lesson Learned from Urban Forest Assessment in Bandung, West Java
Authors: Akbar Indria Zhafirah , Afrianti Chairunnisa , Kaswanto Regan , Wiyoga Harityas , Mosyaftiani Amarizni
Published: February 2025

The conceptualization of Nusantara Capital City or Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) as a forest city represents a visionary approach towards sustainable urban development, wherein the city is designed to protect and preserve the ecological functions of the tropical ecosystem as an inspiration of living in harmony with nature. Mandated by Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2022 on National Capital, the development of IKN must adhere to several guiding principles that are meant to support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and leveraging green spaces or forests in carbon absorption of the city. Within this context, urban forests serve as highly efficient carbon sinks that need to be managed properly based on scientific approaches. The experience of assessing urban forests using i-Tree Eco in Bandung City, West Java, can serve as a pilot-model and provide valuable insights into assessing carbon storage and sequestration, also greenspace monitoring for the IKN. This process demonstrates the ecological values of the vegetation in urban forests, with case study in Babakan Siliwangi Urban Forest. This case study plays a crucial role in mitigating carbon emissions, serving as an integral facet of urban landscapes that helps offset the carbon footprint associated with urban activities. Understanding the values of urban forests through tree monitoring is essential to provide valid data for urban forest management to make an informed decision towards achieving the IKN’s sustainability vision. In conclusion, the i-Tree Eco assessment could support city managers and policy makers in developing science-based strategies to achieve net zero emissions and envision a forest city.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Corporate Investments in Tropical Forest Restoration
Authors: Andaru F Mario
Published: February 2025

This study conducts a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of corporate investments in tropical forest restoration. As environmental and sustainability concerns rise, corporations increasingly recognize the importance of contributing to tropical forest restoration as part of their corporate social responsibility and sustainability strategies. However, decisions to invest in tropical forest restoration often involve complex economic considerations. Therefore, using a CBA approach, this research aims to evaluate whether the economic benefits of such investments outweigh the associated costs. The study identifies the benefits of investing in tropical forest restoration, including carbon sequestration, biodiversity protection, and enhanced well-being of local communities, alongside measuring implementation costs such as planting, maintenance, and administrative expenses. Through empirical data and relevant economic analysis tools, we calculate the net benefits of these investments. The findings provide insights into the economic effects of corporate investments in tropical forest restoration. By demonstrating that the economic benefits can outweigh implementation costs, this study offers a strong rationale for corporations to consider tropical forest restoration as an integral part of their business and sustainability strategies. Additionally, it identifies key factors influencing the economic returns of such investments, aiding corporations in optimizing the positive impacts of their initiatives.
1,000 HP Rig for Indonesia Geothermal Drilling
Authors: Hartono Yudi , Chandra Roni , Sae Simangunsong Sahat , Monikha Wulandari Abilati , Tiffany Mandagi Charlotte , Bhawika Putra Redha , Wisnuwardhana Reksalegora Sentanu , Ashadi  , Arianto Subur
Published: February 2025

Rig rental and service cost accounts for 40-45% of the drilling cost – the largest drilling cost component. Choosing the right rig size will potentially reduce well costs – enhancing a geothermal project’s overall economic value. Despite rig manufacturers providing maximum rated drilling depth capabilities, drilling team often opt for larger than necessary rig sizes based on past experiences. Statistical data for geothermal drilling in Indonesia with depths between 1,200-3,280 mMD indicates common usage of 1,500-2,000 HP rigs, which was found to be excessive. The study in this paper shows that a 1,000 HP rig is sufficient to drill a geothermal well in Indonesia down to 3,300 mMD. This will potentially enable significant drilling cost savings of around USD 25,000/day.
Optimization of Organic Biopolymer as Green Inhibitor for Silica Treatment in Geothermal Field
Authors: Putera Utama Andhika , Widiantara IGN. , Haris Abdul , Setiawan Fernando , Arbimsah RM.
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the challenges posed by silica scale, a solid deposit that forms in geothermal water due to temperature, pressure, or pH changes. The silica scale formation can lead to pipe blockages, reduced flow rates, and increased operational costs. The research focuses on biopolymer’s potential as a solution to prevent silica scale in geothermal energy systems. Biopolymers, which are natural polymers derived from sources like plants, animals, or microorganisms, present several advantages over synthetic polymers. These include biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability, making them eco-friendly and cost-effective inhibitors for silica scale prevention. The current investigation entailed a meticulous evaluation of supplementary inhibitor compounds sourced from bio-oil and phytochemicals. This assessment was conducted within a controlled laboratory setting, utilizing a pressure reactor and a brine sample. These new formulation organic inhibitors demonstrated considerable potential in mitigating scale deposition. It also alters the morphology and size of silica particles, reducing their ability to precipitate and form scale. Lastly, the paper outlines various methods to assess the effectiveness of a silica antiscalant agent, taking into account the type of agent, system conditions, and the desired outcome. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the use of biopolymers as a potential solution for silica scale prevention in geothermal energy systems.
Advances in biofabrication and simulation strategies for gut-on-a-chip
Authors: Wang Ke , Wang Yushen , Han Junlei , Liang Zhixiang , Zhang Wenhong , Li Xinyu , Chen Jun , Wang Li
Published: February 2025

Biomimetic gut models show promise for enhancing our understanding of intestinal disorder pathogenesis and accelerating therapeutic strategy development. Current in vitro models predominantly comprise traditional static cell culture and animal models. Static cell culture lacks the precise control of the complex microenvironment governing human intestinal function. Animal models provide greater microenvironment complexity but fail to accurately replicate human physiological conditions due to interspecies differences. As the available models do not accurately reflect the microphysiological environment and functions of the human intestine, their applications are limited. An optimal approach to intestinal modelling is yet to be developed, but the field will probably benefit from advances in biofabrication techniques. This review highlights biofabrication strategies for constructing biomimetic intestinal models and research approaches for simulating key intestinal physiological features. We also discuss potential biomedical applications of these models and provide an outlook on multi-scale intestinal modeling.
Experimental study on the surface morphology of single-point diamond turning of tungsten alloy
Authors: Chen Zhuang , Hu Gaofeng , Lv Yingxin , Wei Hong , Huang Jiashuai , Chen Guangjun
Published: February 2025

Tungsten alloys have been widely used in aerospace, military, and other fields because of their excellent properties, such as high strength, high hardness, high melting point, and other properties. However, tungsten alloy is a typical difficult-to-machine material. Especially in the process of single point diamond turning (SPDT) machining, the influence of its process parameters on the machined surface morphology of the workpiece is still to be studied deeply. Therefore, this paper uses a one-factor approach to single-point diamond turning (SPDT) experiments on W93NiFe alloy. This study investigated the effect of different cutting parameters on the surface morphology of W93NiFe alloy. The experimental results indicated that the values of arithmetic mean deviation and surface steepness gradually increased with the increase of the feed rate; The surface defects have increased significantly; As the cutting speed increased, the values of arithmetic mean deviation and surface steepness decreased gradually; The surface defects are significantly reduced. The value of the surface support index increased gradually. In addition, as the depth of cutting increased, the values of arithmetic mean deviation and surface steepness gradually increased; The result is a gradual deterioration of the surface topography; The surface support index value decreased gradually.
Introduction
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: February 2025

This introductory chapter presents the research framework of the book. It defines the core phenomena we are concerned with here—violent protesting. It then turns to explore insights from existing philosophical debates, including literature on civil and uncivil disobedience, Africana political philosophy, and philosophical explorations of terrorism and other forms of violent political resistance. I demonstrate that none of these accounts provides a systematic normative examination of violent protests. I then present the framework I will use to assess the permissibility of violent protesting—the conditions of necessity, proportionality, and effectiveness. Finally, I provide an overview of the core arguments of the book and the chapter plan.
Justifying Protective Harm
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: February 2025

This chapter presents the theoretical framework used in the book to assess the permissibility of violent protests. It identifies the nature of the harms that participants inflict in violent protest—what the author calls “protective harm” and “symbolic harm” and it distinguishes them from the more familiar concept of “defensive harm.” The chapter then turns to discuss the three core criteria for the permissibility of protective harm: that the resort to violence is necessary, that it is proportionate, and that it is sufficiently effective. Using Seth Lazar’s deontological decision theory, the chapter explores how the three criteria are to be applied to the case of violent protests.
Harm to Fellow Citizens
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: February 2025

This chapter continues the assessment of the moral seriousness of protective harm, focusing on damage to the property and financial interests of private individuals. It examines various potential sources to citizens’ liability to such harm and identifies three sources that ground a duty to incur protective harm on many ordinary citizens. The first concerns citizens’ participation in the state. The second argument concerns citizens’ political associative obligations to promote justice in their state. The third concerns citizens’ duties of assistance, which can translate into the duty to incur protective harm.
Assessing Violent Protests
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: February 2025

This chapter sums up the discussion of previous chapters and identifies the circumstances under which the resort to some violence in protests is permissible. It examines the moral seriousness of the various harms that violent protestors are likely to inflict, taking into account the liabilities and duties of their targets. The author considers whether protestors have a duty to collectivize in order to reduce the level of harm they inflict and whether the prospects of a brutal police response should be taken into account in the consideration of the overall harm of the protest. Next, the chapter considers the weight of the potential benefits of the protests to the protestors and the wider community. Here, the author considers the epistemic challenges faced when we attempt to weigh against each other very different types of benefits and harms. A specific concern here is that prevalent epistemic biases might lead more privileged agents to underappreciate the moral seriousness of harms and benefits that are targeting oppressed agents. This challenge calls for a careful assessment informed by views of agents with the relevant expertise.
Responding to Violent Protestors
Authors: Pasternak Avia
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines some of the implications of the analysis and of the claim that violent protests can be morally permissible for the criminal justice system. It first examines whether there should be a legal defense of permissible violent protesting and concludes that while, as a matter of principle, permissible violent protesting should not be punished, it is extremely unlikely that existing political and legal systems would accept this conclusion. More realistic implications that are explored in the chapter are, first, the permissibility of evasion of punishment by protestors; second, the duty for judges to set more lenient sentencing on protestors who acted permissibly; and third, the resort to restorative justice as a more appropriate setting for holding violent protestors legally liable.
Gesture and cognition
Authors: Gawne Lauren
Published: February 2025

This chapter looks at both neurological and cognitive research to explore where gesture resides in the physical brain and how it contributes to the processes of the mind. In relation to neurological research, gesture is part of the sensorimotor system. Gesture is also closely linked with language in the brain, activating many of the same regions, including Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. Gesture use varies with neurotype and is shown to suffer similar impairment to language for people with acquired brain injuries. Cognitive models allow us to consider the evidence from language and gesture production to build an understanding of the sequence of steps required to move from the abstract processes of thought to the concrete production of speech and gesture. This chapter summarizes key models of language and gesture production, models for understanding the relationship between gesture, movement, and thought, and models of gesture perception and processing.
Conclusion
Authors: Gawne Lauren
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides a brief conclusion to the book. In drawing together the threads from across the chapters, we can see how there are still many big, open questions in the field of Gesture Studies. Expanding the range of languages and contexts in which gesture is studied will help answer these questions. The interdisciplinary nature of Gesture Studies means that the field is well-placed to grow in exciting new directions as new scholars contribute new ideas. I hope that you will be able to use the insights from the work of Gesture Studies scholars, and now see the richness of multimodal human communication.
Primary Aldosteronism in a Hispanic Cohort: Responses to Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism and Remission in a Case
Authors: Tapia-Castillo Alejandra , Vecchiola Andrea , Quiñones Paola , Baudrand René , Uslar Thomas , Delgado José , Carvajal Cristian A , Fardella Carlos E
Published: February 2025

Background

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the main cause of secondary arterial hypertension. In this study, we present the medical treatment of Hispanic patients with PA followed for up to 5 years, highlighting the complete cure with pharmacological treatment in one of our patients.

Methods

We studied 32 PA patients, followed every 6 months after starting MRA. A clinical response was the normalization of blood pressure (BP) in the absence of other antihypertensive drugs. The biochemical response was considered with normalization of potassium and renin. Responses to treatment were compared using the defined daily dose (DDD). The effect of MRA was evaluated in vitro. The HAC15 cells were cultured and stimulated with aldosterone and spironolactone for 24-72h, and the apoptotic cell death was measured.

Results

At 12 months posttreatment with MRA, 68% of the patients had a total clinical response, and 67% had a total biochemical response. Response to MRA treatment reduced DDD by an average of 74%. Additionally, we observed one PA patients treated with spironolactone after three years, he presented a pharmacological cure with normalization of aldosterone and renin without treatment with spironolactone. The in vitro study shows that spironolactone increased early apoptosis in a 60% and late apoptosis in a 50%.

Conclusion

These results suggest the importance of timely diagnosis of PA and specific treatment with MRA, especially in patients with a poor response to treatment. Moreover, remission of PA may occur in some patients after spironolactone treatment due to its suggestive role as an apoptotic agent.
Approvers, disapprovers and strugglers: A q-methodology study of rectal cancer magnetic resonance imaging proforma use
Authors: Alderson Sarah , Muthoo Chand , Rossington Hannah , Quirke Phil , Tolan Damian ,   YCR BCIP Study Group
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Rectal cancer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rcMRI) allows accurate staging and informs treatment decisions in rectal cancer. There is variability in reporting completeness, however template proforma reports can significantly increase the inclusion of key tumour descriptors. We aimed to identify socially shared viewpoints of radiologists relating to barriers to implementing proforma reporting. Measuring the subjectivity of opinions relative to other radiologists will allow identification of common patterns preventing implementation.

Methods

Specialist gastrointestinal radiologists from 16 hospital trusts were invited to a q-methodology study. Participants ranked 56 statements on barriers to using proforma reports (the q-set) in a normal distribution (q-grid). Factor analyses were undertaken to identify independent accounts, and additional survey data were used to support interpretation.

Results

Twenty-seven radiologists participated; 11 (41%) had more than 10 years reporting rcMRIs. Three distinct accounts of radiologist attitudes to proforma-use were identified: Approvers, Disprovers and Struggling champions. The highest ranked barriers related to proforma format, individual radiologists’ preferences and beliefs about efficacy and factors relating to wider multidisciplinary teams and health system-level implementation.

Conclusions

Radiologists that disapprove of proformas are unlikely to use them unless external influences are applied, such as a requirement by treating clinicians. Increased internal and organisational support would also increase use. Targeted implementation strategies focusing on these barriers has the potential to increase uptake of similar interventions.

Advances in knowledge

Specialist Radiologists require a multi-level adaptive implementation strategy, tailored to proforma characteristics as well as individual and organisational barriers to increase proforma reporting for rectal cancer MRI to support accurate treatment decision making.