bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Low‐Frequency Earthquake Recurrence Patterns
Authors: Wu Chunquan , Daub Eric G.
Published: October 2017

Tectonic tremor and low‐frequency earthquakes (LFE) have been identified globally, but the physical mechanisms responsible for different types of LFE recurrence patterns are still elusive. Here we use a brittle ductile friction model to study the frictional conditions leading to different LFE recurrence patterns observed in central California. We do a comprehensive search of the friction parameters, including the brittle contact failure length and ductile damping strength to generate synthetic LFE bursts that match three different occurrence patterns of LFE bursts. We find that the output synthetic LFE burst recurrence type varies under different frictional conditions. The chaotic recurrence LFE sources require a higher brittle‐to‐ductile friction ratio, consistent with the observation that they are mainly at shallower part of the brittle‐ductile transition zone. The trimodal recurrence LFE sources require a wide distribution of asperity sizes, indicating that the segment of deep San Andreas Fault between Monarch Peak and Parkfield is likely to be more fragmented and weaker than the surrounding segments.
Ion Densities in the Nightside Ionosphere of Mars: Effects of Electron Impact Ionization
Authors: Girazian Z. , Mahaffy P. , Lillis R. J. , Benna M. , Elrod M. , Fowler C. M. , Mitchell D. L.
Published: October 2017

We use observations from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission to show how superthermal electron fluxes and crustal magnetic fields affect ion densities in the nightside ionosphere of Mars. We find that due to electron impact ionization, high electron fluxes significantly increase the CO
, O+, and O
densities below 200 km but only modestly increase the NO+ density. High electron fluxes also produce distinct peaks in the CO
, O+, and O
altitude profiles. We also find that superthermal electron fluxes are smaller near strong crustal magnetic fields. Consequently, nightside ion densities are also smaller near strong crustal fields because they decay without being replenished by electron impact ionization. Furthermore, the NO+/O
ratio is enhanced near strong crustal fields because, in the absence of electron impact ionization, O
is converted into NO+ and not replenished. Our results show that electron impact ionization is a significant source of CO
, O+, and O
in the nightside ionosphere of Mars.
Imaging Shear Strength Along Subduction Faults
Authors: Bletery Quentin , Thomas Amanda M. , Rempel Alan W. , Hardebeck Jeanne L.
Published: October 2017

Subduction faults accumulate stress during long periods of time and release this stress suddenly, during earthquakes, when it reaches a threshold. This threshold, the shear strength, controls the occurrence and magnitude of earthquakes. We consider a 3‐D model to derive an analytical expression for how the shear strength depends on the fault geometry, the convergence obliquity, frictional properties, and the stress field orientation. We then use estimates of these different parameters in Japan to infer the distribution of shear strength along a subduction fault. We show that the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake ruptured a fault portion characterized by unusually small variations in static shear strength. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that large earthquakes preferentially rupture regions with relatively homogeneous shear strength. With increasing constraints on the different parameters at play, our approach could, in the future, help identify favorable locations for large earthquakes.
Floating Algae Blooms in the East China Sea
Authors: Qi Lin , Hu Chuanmin , Wang Mengqiu , Shang Shaoling , Wilson Cara
Published: October 2017

A floating algae bloom in the East China Sea was observed in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery in May 2017. Using satellite imagery from MODIS, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite, Geostationary Ocean Color Imager, and Ocean Land Imager, and combined with numerical particle tracing experiments and laboratory experiments, we examined the history of this bloom as well as similar blooms in previous years and attempted to trace the bloom source and identify the algae type. Results suggest that one bloom origin is offshore Zhejiang coast where algae slicks have appeared in satellite imagery almost every February–March since 2012. Following the Kuroshio Current and Taiwan Warm Current, these “initial” algae slicks are first transported to the northeast to reach South Korea (Jeju Island) and Japan coastal waters (up to 135°E) by early April 2017, and then transported to the northwest to enter the Yellow Sea by the end of April. The transport pathway covers an area known to be rich in Sargassum horneri, and spectral analysis suggests that most of the algae slicks may contain large amount of S. horneri. The bloom covers a water area of ~160,000 km2 with pure algae coverage of ~530 km2, which exceeds the size of most Ulva blooms that occur every May–July in the Yellow Sea. While blooms of smaller size also occurred in previous years and especially in 2015, the 2017 bloom is hypothesized to be a result of record‐high water temperature, increased light availability, and continuous expansion of Porphyra aquaculture along the East China Sea coast.
Definition of Extreme El Niño and Its Impact on Projected Increase in Extreme El Niño Frequency
Authors: Cai Wenju , Wang Guojian , Santoso Agus , Lin Xiaopei , Wu Lixin
Published: October 2017

During extreme El Niño events, the Intertropical Convergence Zone moves to the normally cold and dry east equatorial Pacific, resulting in a nonlinear rainfall increase with sea surface temperature in the region. An arbitrary threshold value of boreal winter total rainfall (e.g., 5 mm d−1) in the east equatorial Pacific was used by previous studies to capture this feature. Under greenhouse warming, the frequency of extreme El Niño events is projected to increase, so is the mean east equatorial Pacific rainfall. Is the projected frequency increase a consequence of the mean rainfall increase? We show that the projection is not significantly influenced by the increased mean rainfall. Instead, the increased frequency accounts for approximately 50% of the mean rainfall increase. Using upward atmospheric vertical velocity for defining extreme El Niño reaffirms the conclusion that the increased frequency results from increased probability of atmospheric deep convection, as the eastern equatorial Pacific warms faster than the surrounding regions.
Solar Radio Burst Statistics and Implications for Space Weather Effects
Authors: Giersch O. D. , Kennewell J. , Lynch M.
Published: October 2017

Solar radio bursts have the potential to affect space and terrestrial navigation, communication, and other technical systems that are sometimes overlooked. However, over the last decade a series of extreme L band solar radio bursts in December 2006 have renewed interest in these effects. In this paper we point out significant deficiencies in the solar radio data archives of the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) that are used by most researchers in analyzing and producing statistics on solar radio burst phenomena. In particular, we examine the records submitted by the United States Air Force (USAF) Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) and its predecessors from the period 1966 to 2010. Besides identifying substantial missing burst records we show that different observatories can have statistically different burst distributions, particularly at 245 MHz. We also point out that different solar cycles may show statistically different distributions and that it is a mistake to assume that the Sun shows similar behavior in different sunspot cycles. Large solar radio bursts are not confined to the period around sunspot maximum, and prediction of such events that utilize historical data will invariably be an underestimate due to archive data deficiencies. It is important that researchers and forecasters use historical occurrence frequency with caution in attempting to predict future cycles.
Necessary Conditions for Intraplate Seismic Zones in North America
Authors: Thomas William A. , Powell Christine A.
Published: October 2017

The cause of intraplate seismic zones persists as an important scientific and societal question. Most intraplate earthquakes are concentrated in specific seismic zones along or adjacent to large‐scale basement structures (e.g., rifts or sutures at ancient plate boundaries) within continental crust. The major intraplate seismic zones are limited to specific segments and are not distributed along the lengths of the ancient structures. We present a new hypothesis that major intraplate seismic zones are restricted to places where concentrated crustal deformation (CCD) is overprinted on large‐scale basement structures. Examples where CCD affects the stability of specific parts of large‐scale structures in response to present‐day stress conditions include the most active seismic zones in central and eastern North America: Charlevoix, Eastern Tennessee, and New Madrid. Our hypothesis has important implications for the assessment of seismic hazards.
Dimethylformamide [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated the possibility to add the indication “prerequisite for Pregnancy Risk Group C” to the classification of Pregnancy Risk Group B for dimethylformamide [
68‐12‐2
] at the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 5 ml/m
3
. The NOAECs for developmental toxicity are 32 ml/m
3
in rats and 50 ml/m
3
in rabbits. Only a LOAEL is available for mice. From this LOAEL of 182 mg/kg body weight/day, which after toxicokinetic scaling corresponds to a concentration of 67 ml/m
3
at the workplace, the Commission estimated a NAEC of 22 ml/m
3
.

After whole body exposure of volunteers to dimethylformamide, the same amount was found to be taken up from the gas phase via the lung as via the skin. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely at the concentration of 1 ml/m
3
and less. An exposure to this concentration would be the prerequisite for an assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Overtly MarkedWh‐Paths
Authors: den Dikken Marcel
Published: October 2017

Successive‐cyclic Aʹ‐movement derivations exploiting intermediate landing sites are a staple of the generative approach to Aʹ‐dependencies. A wide variety of arguments have been accumulated in the generative literature in favor of successive‐cyclic Aʹ‐movement, with finely articulatedwh‐paths. These arguments are summarized in this chapter, and subjected to careful scrutiny. It will be shown that most of the arguments that explicitly implicate SpecCP typically succeed better as arguments for terminal movement to a subordinate SpecCP or for successive‐cyclic movement via intermediate stopovers in positions other than SpecCP (in particular, positions on the edge ofvP).
Verb Particle Constructions
Authors: Haiden Martin
Published: October 2017

Verb particle constructions are collocations of a verb and another element likecall+upin “He called his friend up.” Verb particle constructions pose a series of problems for grammatical description and explanation related to their status with respect to two partly orthogonal oppositions: the syntactic distinction between heads and phrases, and the lexical‐semantic distinction between idiomatic, listed lexical items and compositional, complex objects. The grammar of verb particle constructions thus highlights some often implicit background assumptions on the lexicon and its interaction with the syntax. This chapter summarizes the most salient descriptive properties of verb particle constructions in the Modern Germanic languages, including English (with the odd reference to Hungarian), sketching how the syntactic literature has dealt with the following set of questions:

Do the termslexically listedandidiomaticimplyatomicin any syntactically meaningful sense?

Do the particle and the verb enter the syntactic derivation as a single object (which may later be separated by the rules of the grammar), or do they enter the syntax as two independent items to be reanalyzed as a complex predicate by the rules of the grammar?

If particle+verb enter the syntactic derivation as a lexical unit, then what are the conditions under which the syntax can access and manipulate sublexical units?

If particle and verb are initially independent elements reanalyzed as a complex predicate in syntax, then why is the semantics of verb particle constructions so often idiomatic?

Can psycho‐linguistic evidence decide between the two options?

Is the NP object of a verb+particle combination a complement of the verb, of the particle, or of the particle‐verb?

What is the syntactic status of further predicative constituents, as in “John turned out intelligent”?
Complementizer Deletion
Authors: Bianchi Valentina , Frascarelli Mara
Published: October 2017

This chapter reviews the phenomenology of complementizer‐deletion and the approaches that have emerged in successive phases of the generative framework, focusing mainly on English, and distinguishing two subtypes: (i) optional C‐deletion in embedded declarative clauses, and (ii) “Doubly Filled Comp” (DFC) effects in clauses hosting awh‐phrase in CP, where the appearance or omission of the local complementizer is subject to diachronic and cross‐linguistic variation. Not included here are “Complementizer‐trace effects.”

The approaches to this phenomenology can be divided into three major phases. In the GB phase, DFC effects were analyzed by means of a surface filter, while optional C‐deletion was reduced to the Empty Category Principle: a complementizer can be optionally deleted only if it is properly governed by a verbal head. In the early 1990a, a “truncation” account emerged, based on the observation that C‐less clauses disallow Topicalization and Negative preposing in them. It was argued that C‐less clauses are bare IPs; later on, the emergence of the split CP structure allowed for a less radical truncation analysis, as well as for a reconsideration of DFC effects (ii). Starting from the late 1990s, the interface between syntax and the external systems came into focus. Investigation of C‐deletion in Italian subjunctive clauses concentrated on the syntax–semantics interface, while an analysis of optional C‐deletion (i) was proposed on the basis of the syntax–prosody interface. Prosodic evidence is here provided, based on elicited data.

Finally, a potential parallelism is discussed between optional C‐deletion (i) and the phenomenology of “embedded root phenomena.”
Switch Reference and Obviation
Authors: Camacho José
Published: October 2017

Many of the world's languages track constituents across clauses using switch‐reference morphemes. These markers convey information about whether arguments in each clause have the same referent (
same subject
) or different referents (
different subject
). Switch‐reference morphemes tend to appear attached to a verbal head, although they track arguments in two separate clauses. Additionally, switch‐reference morphemes may indicate how the temporal denotation of each clause is ordered with respect to the other. Switch reference has been analyzed in the following three ways: first, as an instance of pronominal coreference, regulated by the principles of Binding Theory; second, as relations between the situations depicted by each proposition; and, third, as a phenomenon driven by agreement relations between clauses.

Obviation morphology classifies nominal arguments in a clause depending on their ranking along scales of person, thematic role, animacy, definiteness, and topichood. For example, proximate marking can indicate a highly ranked argument in the person and the thematic role hierarchy. Obviation is frequently signaled through a complex interaction between two paradigms, the obviation paradigm proper (proximate vs. obviative) and a related voice‐marking system (direct or inverse).

Since obviation refers to topichood ranking, it also serves the purpose of tracking referents across clauses, so that proximate marking indicates topic continuity, whereas obviative morphology signals change of topic. Likewise, switch reference may track topic continuity by marking subjects as coreferential (same‐subject marking), and topic discontinuity through a different‐subject setting. However, obviation can rank arguments clause‐internally, whereas switch reference always takes place across clauses. Additionally, the case system and the number of arguments of a verb indirectly determine the type of obviation marking, whereas case and argument structure rarely affect switch‐reference systems.
Chinese
Ba
Authors: Li Yen‐Hui Audrey
Published: October 2017

The Chinese
ba
construction, referred to as the disposal, executive, pre‐transitive, or causative construction, has been a challenging topic of research due to its complex properties. The massive literature on this construction has offered important insights into its core properties; however, there are many other possibilities beyond the core, eluding a comprehensive, adequate description and analysis.

Within the limited space available, this chapter will describe in as detailed a way as possible the properties of each of the components of the
ba
construction that must be considered in any account. In addition, to provide a different perspective and a direction for a more adequate analysis, the
ba
construction in Mandarin will be compared with the corresponding
ka
sentences in Taiwanese. The two constructions are quite similar but bear important differences, offering better guidance to the establishment of their syntactic structures reflecting the core and variations. This chapter also aims to clarify the constraints on the
ba
construction, the center of controversy in the relevant literature. Some representative analyses for the constraints will be briefly reviewed, mainly those based on pragmatics, aspectual structure, and event structure. The latter two are more precisely formulated and their predictions can be tested. Unfortunately, they are both too weak and too strong empirically. In contrast, pragmatic accounts seem to capture some of the facts not accommodated by the grammatical accounts; yet they are based on vague and uncertain notions. The challenge is that there exist many minimal pairs of sentences that are structurally identical (including identical aspectual and event structure) but differ in acceptability as
ba
sentences. Accordingly, it is important to distinguish form from usage. Form can be represented precisely by syntactic structures as proposed in this chapter. Usage, however, is influenced by pragmatic factors, which cannot be accommodated by precisely defined grammatical terms.
Analytical Causatives
Authors: Guasti Maria Teresa
Published: October 2017

Analytical causatives, in Romance languages, are of two types, one calledfaire‐infinitifand the otherfaire‐par. They are similar in that they comprise a finite verb, the causative verb, selecting an infinitive complement, and they share properties with monoclausal structures. They differ in their structure and in their meaning. After having surveyed the properties of causatives and having established their structure, the chapter presents two analyses of analytical causatives. According to one, causative sentences feature incorporation of the infinitive with the causative verb, giving rise to a monoclausal structure (following a long tradition in the linguistic field). The second analysis holds that there are two causative verbs, a functional and a full‐fledged lexical verb. Under the incorporation analysis, the existence of two causative constructions is explained by assuming that the causative verb is associated with two thematic grids: one grid includes a causer/agent, an event, and a benefactive role (faire‐infinitif), and the other grid only includes a causer/agent and an event role (faire‐par). The causative complement associated with the former grid is avP including the external argument (of the infinitive), which receives two thematic roles (one from the infinitive and one from the causative verb); the one associated with the latter grid is a VP, lacking the external argument. Lack of the external argument and thus formation of thefaire‐parconstruction are possible only if the process described by the infinitive affects the internal argument of the infinitive. The second analysis accounts for the existence of the two causative constructions by assuming that the lexical verb is a vdo, which selects a nominal VP complement and gives rise to thefaire‐parconstruction. Since the complement is a nominal VP, no external argument is projected, as happens with nominals, and a PP can be right‐adjoined to express the causee. The functional verb is a vcause, which takes avP complement and yields thefaire‐infinitifconstruction.
Long‐Distance Binding in Germanic Languages
Authors: Reuland Eric
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of non‐local binding patterns in the major Germanic languages, including Faroese, and a note on Frisian and Yiddish. It addresses the question of why non‐local binding in Dutch and German is much more limited than non‐local binding in the Scandinavian languages. It puts this contrast in the context of earlier discussions of parameterizing binding domains, but shows how in fact no reference to binding‐specific parameters is necessary. Building on general principles of chain formation, this contrast is derived from the way in which the relative order of verbs and complements in these languages interacts with chain formation. Finally, it addresses the question of why in Dutch, German, and Mainland Scandinavian, complementarity between pronominals and simplex anaphors is obviated in cases of non‐local binding, with a suggestion of how to accommodate the fact that Icelandic does show complementarity in the infinitival domain.
The Effect of Lifeguard Experience upon the Detection of Drowning Victims in a Realistic Dynamic Visual Search Task
Authors: Laxton Victoria , Crundall David
Published: October 2017

Lifeguard surveillance is a complex task that is crucial for swimmer safety, though few studies of applied visual search have investigated this domain. This current study compared lifeguard and non‐lifeguard search skills using dynamic, naturalistic stimuli (video clips of confederate swimmers) that varied in set size and type of drowning. Lifeguards were more accurate and responded faster to drowning targets. Differences between drowning targets were also found: Passive drownings were responded to less often, but more quickly than active drownings, highlighting that passive drownings may be less salient but are highly informative once detected. Set size effects revealed a dip in reaction speeds at an intermediate set‐size level, suggesting a possible change in visual search strategies as the array increases in size. Nonetheless, the ability of the test to discriminate between lifeguards and non‐lifeguards offers future possibilities for training and assessing lifeguard surveillance skills. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trial Characteristics as Contextual Factors When Evaluating Targeted Therapies in Patients With Psoriatic Disease: A Meta‐Epidemiologic Study
Authors: Ballegaard Christine , Jørgensen Tanja S. , Skougaard Marie , Strand Vibeke , Mease Philip J. , Kristensen Lars E. , Dreyer Lene , Gottlieb Alice , de Wit Maarten , Christensen Robin , Tarp Simon
Published: October 2017

Objective

To assess the importance of trial characteristics as contextual factors when evaluating the treatment effect of targeted therapies for patients with psoriatic disease.

Methods

We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating targeted therapies approved for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and psoriasis (8 biologics and apremilast). The effect of targeted therapies was analyzed in the 2 psoriatic conditions combined by using drug retention as a common outcome, and separately by using the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) for PsA and the Psoriasis Area Severity Index 75% improvement score (PASI75) for psoriasis. We explored potential effect modification of trial characteristics in stratified and meta‐regression analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated and compared among the trial eligibility criteria via the ratio of ORs.

Results

Forty‐eight PsA and psoriasis trials (51 comparisons; 17,737 patients) were eligible. Overall retention was OR 2.16 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.70–2.75) with higher odds for PsA trials compared with psoriasis trials (ratio of ORs 2.55 [95% CI 1.64–3.97]). The eligibility criteria “targeted therapy history,” “minimum required disease duration,” “required negative rheumatoid factor,” and “required Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis criteria” were of importance for achieving ACR20 in PsA. The eligibility criterion “minimum required disease duration” was of importance for achieving PASI75 in psoriasis. A total of 7 PsA trials had rescue before time‐point‐of‐retention reporting (adaptive trials).

Conclusion

From this exploratory meta‐epidemiologic study, we now have evidence from RCTs to support the notion that patients with PsA are more likely to adhere to targeted therapies compared to patients with psoriasis. Furthermore, we identified a few contextual factors of importance in regard to achieving ACR20 in PsA trials and PASI75 in psoriasis trials.
Human Periodontal Ligament‐ and Gingiva‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Nerve Regeneration When Encapsulated in Alginate/Hyaluronic Acid 3D Scaffold
Authors: Ansari Sahar , Diniz Ivana M. , Chen Chider , Sarrion Patricia , Tamayol Ali , Wu Benjamin M. , Moshaverinia Alireza
Published: October 2017

Repair or regeneration of damaged nerves is still a challenging clinical task in reconstructive surgeries and regenerative medicine. Here, it is demonstrated that periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) isolated from adult human periodontal and gingival tissues assume neuronal phenotype in vitro and in vivo via a subcutaneous transplantation model in nude mice. PDLSCs and GMSCs are encapsulated in a 3D scaffold based on alginate and hyaluronic acid hydrogels capable of sustained release of human nerve growth factor (NGF). The elasticity of the hydrogels affects the proliferation and differentiation of encapsulated MSCs within scaffolds. Moreover, it is observed that PDLSCs and GMSCs are stained positive for βIII‐tubulin, while exhibiting high levels of gene expression related to neurogenic differentiation (βIII‐tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein) via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Western blot analysis shows the importance of elasticity of the matrix and the presence of NGF in the neurogenic differentiation of encapsulated MSCs. In vivo, immunofluorescence staining for neurogenic specific protein markers confirms islands of dense positively stained structures inside transplanted hydrogels. As far as it is known, this study is the first demonstration of the application of PDLSCs and GMSCs as promising cell therapy candidates for nerve regeneration.
Size‐Dependent Piezoelectric Properties of Electrospun BaTiO3 for Enhanced Energy Harvesting
Authors: Shirazi Paymon , Ico Gerardo , Anderson Christopher S. , Ma Meghann C. , Kim Bum Sung , Nam Jin , Myung Nosang V.
Published: October 2017

In this study, electrospinning is used to fabricate a nanofibrous structured mixture of barium and titanium precursors dissolved in poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Two separate experimental designs are conducted to optimize the reduction of fiber diameter with minimum defects. The first focuses on the optimization of the solution properties and electrospinning parameters. The second is employed to optimize environmental conditions to further reduce the fiber diameter. Morphological analysis shows a minimum average fiber diameter of 77 ± 15 nm with minimal beading. The as‐spun nanofibers are subsequently calcinated to produce barium titanate nanofibers with an average diameter of 45 ± 9 nm. As expected, the average grain size increases as the heat treatment duration increases. Piezoresponse force microscopy reveals that the fiber diameter is inversely related to the d33 piezoelectric coefficient. Individual crystallites of 25 nm in size along the axis of the 48 nm fiber exhibit d33 coefficients as high as 76 pm V−1. A flexible piezoelectric device composed of nanofibers with an average diameter of 45 nm embedded within polydimethylsiloxane produces a maximum voltage and power output of 7.94 Vp–p and 1.95 µW cm−2, respectively, at a load resistance of 3.33 MΩ and a strain of 0.16%.
Spatial distribution of buffy‐tufted‐ear (Callithrix aurita) and invasive marmosets (Callithrixspp.) in a tropical rainforest reserve in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Detogne Nathalia , Ferreguetti Átilla C. , Mello José Henrique F. , Santana Marcelo C. , da Conceição Dias Aline , da Mota Natalia C. J. , Esteves da Cruz Gonçalves Andressa , de Souza Cristiane P. , Bergallo Helena G.
Published: October 2017

We investigated the spatial distribution of native and invasive marmoset species (Callithrix), as well as their hybrids, in the Serra dos Órgãos National Park (PARNASO) and surrounding area in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. To estimate occupancy and the detection probability, we surveyed 56 sites within the park and 52 sites outside its limits using vocal playbacks, as well as by interviewing local residents in the surrounding area. We estimated the occupancy and detection probability ofCallithrix auritaand the observed groups composed ofCallithrix jacchus,Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. We also recorded the presence or absence of mixed groups of native and exotic species, and their hybrids. We recorded similar occupancy rates and detection probabilities for both native and invasive species within the national park.C. auritawas found more often within the areas of the park located furthest from access roads and with the least human interference, while invasive species were more likely to be found along the edge of the park and in areas with greater human interference. In the area surrounding the park, invasive marmosets were recorded at seven sites, and a mixed group of native and invasive marmosets was observed at one site, but non‐hybridC. auritagroups were not recorded. The occupancy probability ofC. auritain the study area is relatively low, which may indicate a low population density, with groups restricted to a small region within the PARNASO in the proximity of groups of invasive marmosets.
Infanticide in chimpanzees: Taphonomic case studies from Gombe
Authors: Kirchhoff Claire A. , Wilson Michael L. , Mjungu Deus C. , Raphael Jane , Kamenya Shadrack , Collins D. Anthony
Published: October 2017

Objectives

We present a study of skeletal damage to four chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) infanticide victims from Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Skeletal analysis may provide insight into the adaptive significance of infanticide by examining whether nutritional benefits sufficiently explain infanticidal behavior. The nutritional hypothesis would be supported if bone survivorship rates and skeletal damage patterns are comparable to those of monkey prey. If not, other explanations, such as the resource competition hypothesis, should be considered.

Methods

Taphonomic assessment of two chimpanzee infants included description of breakage and surface modification, data on MNE, %MNE, and bone survivorship. Two additional infants were assessed qualitatively. The data were compared to published information on monkey prey. We also undertook a review of published infanticide cases.

Results

The cases were intercommunity infanticides (one male and three female infants) committed by males. Attackers partially consumed two of the victims. Damage to all four infants included puncture marks and compression fractures to the cranium, crenulated breaks to long bones, and incipient fractures on ribs. Compared to monkey prey, the chimpanzee infants had an abundance of vertebrae and hand/foot bones.

Conclusions

The cases described here suggest that chimpanzees may not always completely consume infanticide victims, while reports on chimpanzee predation indicated that complete consumption of monkey prey usually occurred. Infanticidal chimpanzees undoubtedly gain nutritional benefits when they consume dead infants, but this benefit may not sufficiently explain infanticide in this species. Continued study of infanticidal and hunting behavior, including skeletal analysis, is likely to be of interest.
Stable isotope analysis of a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: Reconstructing pre‐Wari and Wari era diets in the hinterland of the Wari empire, Peru
Authors: Tung Tiffiny A. , Knudson Kelly J.
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis is used to reconstruct diet among a pre‐Hispanic population from the Peruvian Andes to evaluate whether local foodways changed with Wari imperial influence in the region. This study also compares local diet to other Wari‐era sites.

Materials and methods

Samples derive from the site of Beringa in Peru and correspond primarily to pre‐Wari (200–600 CE) and Wari (600–1,000 CE). We examine stable carbon isotopes from enamel (n = 29) and bone apatite (n = 22), and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes from bone collagen (n = 29), and we present stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data on archaeological and modern fauna (n = 37) and plants (n = 19) from the region.

Results

There were no significant differences in either δ13C or δ15N from the pre‐Wari to Wari era, indicating that those measurable aspects of diet did not change with Wari influence. There were no sex‐based differences among juveniles (as inferred from δ13C from enamel carbonates) nor among adults (based on δ13C and δ15N from adult bone collagen). Comparisons to other Wari era sites show that Beringa individuals exhibited significantly lower δ13C values, suggesting that they consumed significantly less maize, a socially valued food. Further, the Froehle et al. (2012) stable isotope model suggests that the majority of the Beringa individuals consumed more C3 than C4 plants, and dietary protein was derived primarily from terrestrial animals and some marine resources.

Conclusions

The similar diets from pre‐Wari to Wari times hint at strong local dietary traditions and durable food trade networks during the period of Wari imperial influence. The presence of limited marine foods in the diet suggests a trade network with coastal groups or sojourns to the coast to gather marine resources.
Synthesis of Pyrrole‐Fused Corannulenes: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides to Corannulene
Authors: Tokimaru Yuki , Ito Shingo , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: October 2017

In the long history of corannulene chemistry, the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to corannulene is unprecedented. Reported herein is the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of a polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylide to corannulene, a reaction which occurs exclusively at the rim bond of corannulene, from the convex side in an exo fashion. The cycloadducts were successfully converted, by successive oxidative dehydrogenation, into pyrrole‐fused corannulenes, which exhibited pronounced solvatofluorochromism.
Treten in der N‐heterozyklischen Carben‐Organokatalyse wirklich Carbene auf?
Authors: Gehrke Sascha , Hollóczki Oldamur
Published: October 2017

In der Organokatalyse werden häufig Azolium‐Kationen in Anwesenheit einer Base eingesetzt, um wertvolle Syntheseschritte zu realisieren. Aufgrund der Annahme, dass durch Deprotonierung des Kations ein freies Carben entsteht, welches mit dem Substrat reagiert und somit dessen Reaktivität entscheidend beeinflusst, werden Reaktionen dieses Types als N‐heterozyklische Carben‐Katalyse bezeichnet. Wir können hier jedoch zeigen, dass ein Mechanismus, in dem das Azolium‐Kation analog der elektrophilen aromatischen Substitution direkt mit dem Substrat reagiert und somit eine freie Carbenspezies vermieden wird, energetisch deutlich günstiger ist.
Liver‐Targeted Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Synthesis
Authors: McClure Kim F. , Piotrowski David W. , Petersen Donna , Wei Liuqing , Xiao Jun , Londregan Allyn T. , Kamlet Adam S. , Dechert‐Schmitt Anne‐Marie , Raymer Brian , Ruggeri Roger B. , Canterbury Daniel , Limberakis Chris , Liras Spiros , DaSilva‐Jardine Paul , Dullea Robert G. , Loria Paula M. , Reidich Benjamin , Salatto Christopher T. , Eng Heather , Kimoto Emi , Atkinson Karen , King‐Ahmad Amanda , Scott Dennis , Beaumont Kevin , Chabot Jeffrey R. , Bolt Michael W. , Maresca Kevin , Dahl Kenneth , Arakawa Ryosuke , Takano Akihiro , Halldin Christer
Published: October 2017

Targeting of the human ribosome is an unprecedented therapeutic modality with a genome‐wide selectivity challenge. A liver‐targeted drug candidate is described that inhibits ribosomal synthesis of PCSK9, a lipid regulator considered undruggable by small molecules. Key to the concept was the identification of pharmacologically active zwitterions designed to be retained in the liver. Oral delivery of the poorly permeable zwitterions was achieved by prodrugs susceptible to cleavage by carboxylesterase 1. The synthesis of select tetrazole prodrugs was crucial. A cell‐free in vitro translation assay containing human cell lysate and purified target mRNA fused to a reporter was used to identify active zwitterions. In vivo PCSK9 lowering by oral dosing of the candidate prodrug and quantification of the drug fraction delivered to the liver utilizing an oral positron emission tomography 18F‐isotopologue validated our liver‐targeting approach.
Lösung des Problems mangelnder oraler Verfügbarkeit cyclischer Hexapeptide: Entwicklung eines selektiven, oral verfügbaren Liganden für das Integrin αvβ3
Authors: Weinmüller Michael , Rechenmacher Florian , Kiran Marelli Udaya , Reichart Florian , Kapp Tobias G. , Räder Andreas F. B. , Di Leva Francesco Saverio , Marinelli Luciana , Novellino Ettore , Muñoz‐Félix José M. , Hodivala‐Dilke Kairbaan , Schumacher Adi , Fanous Joseph , Gilon Chaim , Hoffman Amnon , Kessler Horst
Published: October 2017

Ein systematischer Ansatz für die Entwicklung oral verfügbarer wie auch biologisch aktiver, cyclischer, N‐methylierter Hexapeptide als hoch affine Liganden für das Integrin αvβ3 beruht auf zwei Konzepten: a) Screening systematisch entwickelter Peptidbibliotheken mit räumlicher Diversität und b) Maskierung der Peptidladung mithilfe lipophiler Schutzgruppen. Die Schlüsselschritte dieser Methode sind 1) Erstellung einer kombinatorischen Bibliothek N‐methylierter Analoga des Stammpeptids cyclo(d‐Ala‐Ala5); 2) Auswahl der cyclischen Peptide mit der höchsten intestinalen Permeabilität; 3) Design von Unterbibliotheken mit der biologisch aktiven RGD‐Sequenz in allen möglichen Positionen; 4) Auswahl der besten Liganden für RGD‐erkennende Integrinsubtypen; 5) Optimierung der Affinität und Selektivität durch zusätzliche Ala‐zu‐Xaa‐Substitutionen; 6) Schützen der geladenen funktionalen Seitengruppen nach dem Prodrug‐Konzept zur Wiederherstellung der intestinalen und oralen Permeabilität; 7) Nachweis der biologischen Aktivität in Mäusen nach oraler Gabe.
The Effect of Methylammonium Iodide on the Supersaturation and Interfacial Energy of the Crystallization of Methylammonium Lead Triiodide Single Crystals
Authors: Li Bichen , Isikgor Furkan H. , Coskun Hikmet , Ouyang Jianyong
Published: October 2017

It is very important to study the crystallization of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites because their thin films are usually prepared from solution. The investigation on the growth of perovskite films is however limited by their polycrystallinity. In this work, methylammonium lead triiodide single crystals grown from solutions with different methylammonium iodide (MAI):lead iodide (PbI2) ratios were investigated. We observed a V‐shaped dependence of the crystallization onset temperature on the MAI:PbI2 ratio. This is attributed to the MAI effects on the supersaturation of precursors and the interfacial energy of the crystal growth. At low MAI:PbI2 ratio (<1.7), more MAI leads to the supersaturation of the precursors at lower temperature. At high MAI:PbI2 ratio, the crystal growing plans change from (100)‐plane dominated to (001)‐plane dominated. The latter have higher interfacial energy than the former, leading to a higher crystallization onset temperature.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Catalytic Hydrodefluorination of Polyfluoroarenes by Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution with a Hydrosilicate
Authors: Kikushima Kotaro , Grellier Mary , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: October 2017

A transition‐metal‐free catalytic hydrodefluorination (HDF) reaction of polyfluoroarenes is described. The reaction involves direct hydride transfer from a hydrosilicate as the key intermediate, which is generated from a hydrosilane and a fluoride salt. The eliminated fluoride regenerates the hydrosilicate to complete the catalytic cycle. Dispersion‐corrected DFT calculations indicated that the HDF reaction proceeds through a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution (CSNAr) process.
Electrospun soy‐protein‐based nanofibrous membranes for effective antimicrobial air filtration
Authors: Jiang Zhicheng , Zhang Heyang , Zhu Miaomiao , Lv Dan , Yao Jianfeng , Xiong Ranhua , Huang Chaobo
Published: October 2017

Soy proteins are gaining more and more attention because of its multifunction and biodegradability. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are introduced into the nanofibers to prevent growth of microorganisms over the filter media. In the present study, the multifunctional and antimicrobial nanofibrous membranes were prepared by electrospinning the soy protein isolate (SPI)/polymide‐6 (PA6)‐silver nitrate system followed by ultraviolet reduction. The morphology of SPI/PA6 nanofibrous membranes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Antibacterial property of nanofibrous membranes were investigated against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The optimized fiber membrane exhibited over 95% filtration efficiency of PM0.3 (particulate matter size less than 0.3 μm). The successful synthesis of SPI/PA6‐AgNPs nanofibrous membranes would make it to be the potential candidate for novel antibacterial and high‐performance air filter. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45766.
High‐melt‐elasticity poly(ethylene terephthalate) produced by reactive extrusion with a multi‐functional epoxide for foaming
Authors: Yang Zhaoping , Xin Chunling , Mughal Waqas , Li Xiaogang , He Yadong
Published: October 2017

A multi‐functional epoxide oligomer, Joncryl ADR‐4368 (ADR), is used as a modifier to prepare foamable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by reactive extrusion and compared with common tetra‐functional modifier pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA) as a reference. Torque evolution reveals that ADR has a faster reaction with PET than PMDA. The reactions generate long‐chain branches and gel structures, which are confirmed by rheological methods. Shear rheological studies show that PET modified with both ADR and PMDA display higher complex viscosity and lower loss tangent than unmodified sample. In particular, at a given viscosity level, ADR leads to a lower loss tangent than PMDA. Moreover, compared to PMDA, the addition of ADR results in a higher die pressure during extrusion and a more pronounced strain hardening during uniaxial elongation. These results indicate that ADR‐modified PET is less viscous but more elastic than PMDA‐modified PET. Owing to the higher elastic properties, ADR‐modified PET presents better foaming performance in batch foaming process with CO2 as a blowing agent. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45805.
Facile preparation of a silica‐sphere–poly(catechol hexamethylenediamine) composite for the competitive removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and copper(II) ions
Authors: Wei Gang , Dong Kaijie , Liu Qinze , Gao Tingting , Yao Jinshui
Published: October 2017

A silica‐sphere–poly(catechol hexamethylenediamine) (PCHA–SiO2) composite was prepared via the one‐step facile polymerization of catechol and hexamethylenediamine; this method uses a silica sphere as a hard template. The chemical structures and morphologies of this composite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption experiments indicated that the PCHA–SiO2 composite served as a very attractive adsorbent for Pb(II)‐, Cu(II)‐, and Cd(II)‐ion removal at lower concentrations and had very good selective adsorption abilities for Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in a solution contaminated with these three ions at higher concentrations. These interesting results may have been due to the reversible H+ adsorption–desorption properties of the characteristic phenol amine structure of the PCHA–SiO2 composite. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45839.
Enhancing water flux through semipermeable polybenzimidazole membranes by adding surfactant‐treated CNTs
Authors: Zhang Shaoling , Davaajargal Tuguldur , Aiba Motohiro , Akasaka Shuichi , Ashizawa Minoru , Tsuruoka Shuji , Fugetsu Bunshi , Matsumoto Hidetoshi
Published: October 2017

In this study, surfactant‐treated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated into polybenzimidazole (PBI) matrix to prepare the PBI/CNT composite membranes with CNT content in the range of 0 to 15 wt %. The composite membranes were fabricated by spin‐coating. The membrane morphology, mechanical property, and water and salt transport properties were investigated to characterize the additive effect of CNTs. The tensile strength of all the PBI/CNT composite membranes was lower than that of pristine PBI membrane, indicating the weak interaction between CNT and PBI. In addition, water flux increased without reducing the salt rejection when CNTs were homogeneously dispersed in the PBI matrix at a less than 7.5 wt % content. On the other hand, at 10 wt % and higher CNT content, submicro‐scaled cellular structure was formed, and both the water flux and salt rejection decreased. The well‐dispersed CNTs in the PBI matrix via weak interaction preferentially improve the water permeability by 1.7 times without depressing the salt rejection. The incorporation of well‐dispersed CNTs in polymer matrix provides a promising and facile option for improvement in the water transport properties through the polymeric semipermeable membranes with intrinsically low water permeability such as PBI. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45875.
Solid terpolymer electrolyte based on poly(vinyl butyral‐co‐vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl acetate) incorporated with lithium salt and tetraglyme for EDLCs
Authors: Bidin Mohd Zikrilhakim , Hon Ming Ng , Omar Fatin Saiha , Ramesh K. , Ramesh S.
Published: October 2017

Solid terpolymer electrolytes (STEs) consist of different ratios of poly(vinyl butyral‐co‐vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl acetate) (PVBVA) and bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide lithium salt (LiTFSi) were prepared and the ionic conductivity of the prepared STEs was evaluated. The optimized STE (denoted as STE 20) was further doped with various amount of tetraglyme (10, 20, and 30 wt % and denoted as G10, G20, and G30, respectively). G20 enhanced the ionic conductivity from 6.22 (for STE 20) to 21.9 µS cm−1. This enhancement is due to the presence of abundant oxygen‐containing functional group in tetraglyme that provides more charge carrier mobility in the polymer matrix. The structure and complexation of the materials are authenticated via X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The performance of electric double layer capacitors based on activated carbon (AC) fabricated with STE 20 (AC/STE 20/AC) and G20 (AC/G 20/AC) were studied via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. AC/G 20/AC achieved the maximum specific capacitance of 10.20 F/g [which is higher than AC/STE 20/AC (9.30 F/g)] with 75% of specific capacitance retention after 1500 cycles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45902.