bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extended Joint Criminal Enterprise in International Criminal Law
Authors: Ranieri Stephen
Published: December 2016

This article examines the doctrine of extended joint criminal enterprise (‘JCE’) as a mode of liability within international criminal law (‘ICL’). The article first provides an overview of extended JCE based on its current expression in international customary law by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the Tadić case. Consideration will then turn to the problems associated with the application of extended JCE. In particular, recent developments in the United Kingdom in the case of R v Jogee will be discussed, and the implications for the future of extended JCE in ICL as a matter of international custom. Next, the viability of the JCE doctrine will be considered for the purposes of proceedings before the International Criminal Court (‘ICC’). Ultimately, it is concluded that extended JCE has a limited jurisprudential basis before the ICC. However, it is suggested that extended JCE may live on through art 25(3)(d) of the Rome Statute.
Massively Increased Caries Susceptibility in an Irf6 Cleft Lip/Palate Model
Authors: Tamasas B. , Cox T.C.
Published: December 2016

Patients with cleft lip/palate (CLP) have been reported, in some studies, to exhibit an increased prevalence of caries, although the underlying cause for this increase is unknown. In genetically defined mouse models, studies of postnatal sequelae associated with CLP have been hampered by neonatal lethality. Using a conditional targeting approach, we ablated the major CLP gene Irf6 only in the late embryonic oral epithelium ( Irf6 cKO), bypassing the role of the gene in lip and palate morphogenesis and thus ensuring survival to adulthood. We report that Irf6 cKO mice present with 1) dysplastic salivary glands due to disruptions of epithelial junctional complexes, likely secondary to elevated activation of RHO GTPases, and 2) increased salivary cell proliferation. These changes result in significantly reduced saliva flow rate and buffering capacity and increased mucus acidity. A marked decrease in expression of CCL27, one of the major mucosal and skin cytokines, was found that correlated with increased bacterial colonization of the oral cavity with the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria. When placed on a high-sugar diet, Irf6 cKO mice show a 35-fold increase in presentation and severity of dental caries as compared with wild-type control mice. Strikingly, within the 8-wk test period, many molars extensively dissolved, and there was progressive loss of the alveolar bone, likely as a result of increased colonization of periodontal pathogens. These data provide the first mechanistic insight into the heightened caries susceptibility associated with CLP and indicate a direct role for the major CLP gene Irf6 in salivary gland development and a significant role in regulating oral immunity. Our data suggest that careful evaluation of salivary gland function and the implementation of early oral health preventive strategies are warranted to reduce the burden of dental care in this at-risk population.
Mesenchymal Cell Community Effect in Whole Tooth Bioengineering
Authors: Yang L. , Angelova Volponi A. , Pang Y. , Sharpe P.T.
Published: December 2016

In vitro expanded cell populations can contribute to bioengineered tooth formation but only as cells that respond to tooth-inductive signals. Since the success of whole tooth bioengineering is predicated on the availability of large numbers of cells, in vitro cell expansion of tooth-inducing cell populations is an essential requirement for further development of this approach. We set out to investigate if the failure of cultured mesenchyme cells to form bioengineered teeth might be rescued by the presence of uncultured cells. To test this, we deployed a cell-mixing approach to evaluate the contributions of cell populations to bioengineered tooth formation. Using genetically labeled cells, we are able to identify the formation of tooth pulp cells and odontoblasts in bioengineered teeth. We show that although cultured embryonic dental mesenchyme cells are unable to induce tooth formation, they can contribute to tooth induction and formation if combined with noncultured cells. Moreover, we show that teeth can form from cell mixtures that include embryonic cells and populations of postnatal dental pulp cells; however, these cells are unable to contribute to the formation of pulp cells or odontoblasts, and at ratios of 1:1, they inhibit tooth formation. These results indicate that although in vitro cell expansion of embryonic tooth mesenchymal cells renders them unable to induce tooth formation, they do not lose their ability to contribute to tooth formation and differentiate into odontoblasts. Postnatal pulp cells, however, lose all tooth-inducing and tooth-forming capacity following in vitro expansion, and at ratios >1:3 postnatal:embryonic cells, they inhibit the ability of embryonic dental mesenchyme cells to induce tooth formation.
The effect of plasma treatment and tightness factor on the low-stress mechanical properties of single jersey knitted wool fabrics
Authors: Najar Saeed Shaikhzadeh , Wang Xungai , Naebe Maryam
Published: December 2016

The effects of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment and the tightness factor on the low-stress mechanical properties of weft-knitted wool fabrics were evaluated using the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). The statistical analysis showed that the plasma treatment and the tightness factor had significant effects on the fabric low-stress mechanical properties ( p-value < 0.05). Plasma-treated fabrics showed significantly higher bending and shear rigidity and hysteresis, compression energy, thickness, compressibility, surface friction and lower compression resilience and geometrical roughness values compared with untreated fabrics. An increase in the fabric tightness factor significantly increased fabric thickness, bending and shear rigidity and hysteresis, and decreased tensile extensibility and geometrical roughness. The relationship between primary handle attributes evaluated by Wool HandleMeter and KES-F mechanical properties was also investigated. The results confirmed a highly linear correlation between these two sets of data, where rough/smooth and hard/soft attributes evaluated by the Wool HandleMeter had the highest correlation with bending rigidity, shear properties and bending hysteresis, as measured by the KES-F.
Effects of Human Resource Management Systems on Employee Proactivity and Group Innovation
Authors: Lee Hun Whee , Pak Jongwook , Kim Seongsu , Li Long-Zhen
Published: December 2016

Proactivity is vital to innovative changes in the workplace. However, existing research on proactivity has rarely addressed how human resources management (HRM) systems induce proactive behavior and influence group innovation. Indeed, HRM systems are considered primary tools that organizations utilize to derive specific behaviors from their employees. Thus, examining the relationship between HRM systems and proactivity and its link to subsequent outcomes is a worthwhile pursuit. To examine how HRM systems influence proactive behavior, we investigated the effects of HRM systems on three psychological states, namely, role breadth self-efficacy, felt responsibility for change, and trust in management. Furthermore, we suggested that, facilitated by members’ proactive behaviors, group creative processes can spur group innovation. We conducted two multilevel studies to test our hypotheses, and the results generally supported our theoretical arguments. Exploring the process through which HRM influences proactive behavior and subsequent innovation outcomes, this study contributes to the literatures on HRM, proactivity, and innovation by elucidating the HRM–innovation relationship and suggesting HRM systems as meaningful antecedents to proactivity.
Clinical value of classification of venous malformations with contrast-enhanced MR Angiography
Authors: Abdel Razek Ahmed Abdel Khalek , Albair Germeen Ashmalla , Samir Sieza
Published: December 2016

Aim

To classify venous malformations based on contrast-enhanced MR angiography that may serve as a basis for treatment plan.

Patients and methods

A retrospective analysis was performed in 58 patients with venous malformations who underwent contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Venous malformations were classified according to their venous drainage into: type I, isolated malformation without peripheral drainage; type II, malformation that drains into normal veins; type III, malformation that drains into dilated veins; and type IV, malformation that represents dysplastic venous ectasia. Image analysis was done by two reviewers. Intra and inter-observer agreement of both reviewers and intra-class correlation was done.

Results

The intra-observer agreement of contrast-enhanced MR angiography classification of venous malformations was excellent for the first reviewer ( k = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.724–0.951, P = 0.001) and substantial for the second reviewer ( K = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.656-0.931, P = 0.001). The inter-observer agreement of contrast-enhanced MR angiography classification of venous malformations was excellent for both reviewers at the first time ( K = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.933–1.000, P = 0.001) and second time ( k = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.678–0.942, P = 0.001). There was high intra-class correlation of both reviewers for single measure ( ICC = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.776–0.918, P = 0.001) and for average measures ( ICC = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.933–0.978, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Contrast-enhanced MR angiography classification of venous malformations may be a useful, simple and reliable tool to accurately classify venous malformation and this topographic classification helps for better management strategy.
Effect of Biological Relatedness on Perfume Selection for Others: Preliminary Evidence
Authors: Sobotková Markéta , Fialová Jitka , Roberts S. Craig , Havlíček Jan
Published: December 2016

People tend to choose perfumes to complement their body odour. As kin share some body odour qualities, their ability to select complementary perfumes for relatives might be higher compared with selection for nonrelatives. We tested this in two studies, comparing selection of a perfume for a target man by himself and by either a familiar but unrelated individual (girlfriend; Study 1) or a relative (sister; Study 2). Target men applied the two perfumes (own or other’s choice) to their axillae and then wore cotton pads for 12 hr. Collected perfume-body odour blends and perfumes alone were assessed by rater panels. In Study 1, the blends were rated as nominally more pleasant when body odours were mixed with the perfumes selected by girlfriends compared with those selected by target men themselves. In Study 2, body odours mixed with perfumes selected by sisters were rated significantly more attractive than those mixed with perfumes selected by target men. No significant differences were found for attractiveness and pleasantness ratings when perfumes were rated alone, suggesting that it was the resulting blends that were uniquely different. Our results indicate that sisters might be particularly tuned to select suitable perfumes for their siblings.
Group Analysis in the Time of Austerity: Neo-liberalism, Managerialism and Evidence-Based Research
Authors: Dalal Farhad
Published: December 2016

In the current climate of cuts and austerity, efficiencies and evidence, targets and outcomes, has group analysis anything to offer and can it survive? This article looks closely at the assumptions and claims made by these ruling utilitarian conventions. I argue that the reality is very different from the rhetoric; and that the ruling ethos is in the service of being seen to do good, rather than actually doing good. The article argues that group analysis ought not to go down the route of being ‘tested’ and manualized as is the norm in academic psychology today. And if it were, the ‘product’ would not be recognizable as group analysis.
Simulation of municipal solid waste degradation in aerobic and anaerobic bioreactor landfills
Authors: Patil Bhagwan Shamrao , C Agnes Anto , Singh Devendra Narain
Published: December 2016

Municipal solid waste generation is huge in growing cities of developing nations such as India, owing to the rapid industrial and population growth. In addition to various methods for treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste (landfills, composting, bio-methanation, incineration and pyrolysis), aerobic/anaerobic bioreactor landfills are gaining popularity for economical and effective disposal of municipal solid waste. However, efficiency of municipal solid waste bioreactor landfills primarily depends on the municipal solid waste decomposition rate, which can be accelerated through monitoring moisture content and temperature by using the frequency domain reflectometry probe and thermocouples, respectively. The present study demonstrates that these landfill physical properties of the heterogeneous municipal solid waste mass can be monitored using these instruments, which facilitates proper scheduling of the leachate recirculation for accelerating the decomposition rate of municipal solid waste.
Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management scenarios on the small island of Mauritius
Authors: Rajcoomar Avinash , Ramjeawon Toolseeram
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to use the life cycle assessment tool to assess, from an environmental point of view, the different possible municipal solid waste (MSW) management scenarios for the island of Mauritius. The scenarios include landfilling with energy recovery (S1), incineration with energy recovery (S2), composting, incineration and landfilling (S3) and finally composting, recycling, incineration and landfilling (S4). The MSW generated in 2010 was selected as the functional unit. Foreground data were collected through surveys and literature. Background data were obtained from ecoinvent data in SimaPro 8 libraries. The scenarios were compared both through the CML-IA baseline–midpoint method and the ReCiPe end-point method. From the midpoint method, the results obtained indicates that landfilling (S1) has the greatest impact in all the analyzed impact categories except ozone layer depletion and human toxicity, while incineration (S2) has the least impact on almost all the analyzed damage categories except in global warming potential and human toxicity. The collection and transportation of waste has a significant impact on the environment. From the end-point method, S4 reduces the damage impact categories on Human Health, Ecosystems and Resources due to the recycling process. S3 is not favorable due to the impact caused by the composting process. However, it is also very important to emphasize that for incineration, the best available technology with energy recovery shall be considered. It is recommended that S2 and S4 are considered for strategic planning.
Recommendations for Evaluating Practice-Related Activities of Pharmacy Faculty
Authors: Haines Stuart T. , Haines Seena L. , MacLaughlin Eric J. , Van Amburgh Jenny A.
Published: December 2016

Objective: To develop definitions of who pharmacy practice faculty and partners are, identify indicators to measure practice-related activities, and provide guidance for evaluating pharmacy practice faculty. Methods: A 4-round, online Delphi was conducted. Panelists with experience evaluating pharmacy practice faculty were invited. Consensus was achieved when there was agreement by at least 70% of panelists. Round 1: Panelists were asked to identify the essential distinguishing characteristics of pharmacy practice faculty and practice partners as well as metrics that could be used to measure practice productivity and quality. Responses were grouped into common themes. Round 2: Panelists were asked to agree, agree with changes, or disagree with themes and metrics identified. Round 3: Panelists were asked to agree, agree with changes, or disagree with definitions of pharmacy practice faculty and practice partners. Panelists were asked about procedural elements of evaluation processes that colleges/schools should adopt. Round 4: panelists were asked about areas of uncertainty that had not yet achieved consensus. Results: A total of 17 experts participated. Consensus definitions for pharmacy practice faculty and practice partners were achieved . From 291 submitted indicators, 14 productivity and 10 quality indicators reached consensus along with recommended frequencies for collection and review. Peer review was identified as an important quality indicator. Recommendations regarding who should participate in the evaluation process and how the data should be used also achieved consensus. Conclusion: Formal mechanisms for evaluating the practice-related activities of pharmacy faculty are critical to ensure this area of responsibility is fairly recognized and considered.
Ongoing Tensions between Men's Studies and Women's Studies
Authors: Kann Mark E.
Published: December 2016

This article examines three reasons for ongoing tensions between men's studies and women's studies. First, women's studies scholars claim a privileged place in gender studies. Second, both women's studies scholarship and men's studies scholarship emphasize gender differences that militate against cooperation. Third, the politics of women's studies and the politics of men's studies often clash. The article concludes by suggesting that these ongoing tensions may actually be beneficial to men's studies.
The Fear of the Feminine in the Western Psyche and the Masculine Task of Disidentification: Their Effect on the Development of Masculine Gender Role Conflict
Authors: Blazina Chris
Published: December 2016

The article discusses the notion of “fear of the feminine” in Western culture as reflected in mythological themes. The psychoanalytic process of disidentifying from the primary love object is also suggested as a possible starting place of masculine gender role conflict. At an intrapsychic level men utilize a defense mechanism coined the “feminine projection process” to disown their feminine side.
Response to Papers on Religion, Fatherhood, and Fathering
Authors: Femiano Sam
Published: December 2016

Author provides reaction to the “Fathering Symposium” papers (Palkovitz & Palm; Latshaw; and Dollahite, Marks, & Olson).
Faithful Fathering: Spiritual Narratives and Religious Meanings
Authors: Longwood Merle
Published: December 2016

Author provides reaction to the “Fathering Symposium” papers (Furrow; Palkovitz & Palm; Latshaw; and Dollahite, Marks, & Olson).
Patients’ Financially Driven Delay of GP Visits: Is It Less Likely to Occur in Stronger Primary Care Systems?
Authors: Detollenaere Jens , Van Pottelberge Amelie , Hanssens Lise , Boerma Wienke , Greß Stefan , Willems Sara
Published: December 2016

Available evidence has suggested that strong primary care (PC) systems are associated with better outcomes. This study aims to investigate whether PC strength is specifically related to the prevalence of patients’ financially driven postponement of general practitioner (GP) care. Therefore, data from a cross-sectional multicountry study in 33 countries among GPs and their patients were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression modelling. According to the results, the variation between countries in the levels of patients’ postponement of seeking GP care for financial reasons was large. More than one third of these cross-country differences could be explained by characteristics of the health care system and the GP practices. In particular, PC systems with good accessibility and those systems that offer comprehensive care were associated with lower levels of financially driven delay. Consequently, we can conclude that well-organized PC systems can compensate for the negative influence of individual characteristics (socioeconomic position) on the care-seeking behaviors of patients.
Understanding non-governmental organizations in world politics: The promise and pitfalls of the early ‘science of internationalism’
Authors: Davies Thomas Richard
Published: December 2016

The years immediately preceding the First World War witnessed the development of a significant body of literature claiming to establish a ‘science of internationalism’. This article draws attention to the importance of this literature, especially in relation to understanding the roles of non-governmental organizations in world politics. It elaborates the ways in which this literature sheds light on issues that have become central to 21st-century debates, including the characteristics, influence and legitimacy of non-governmental organizations in international relations. Among the principal authors discussed in the article are Paul Otlet, Henri La Fontaine and Alfred Fried, whose role in the development of international theory has previously received insufficient attention. The article concludes with an evaluation of potential lessons to be drawn from the experience of the early 20th-century ‘science of internationalism’.
The family’s experience and perception of phases and roles in the progression of dementia: An explorative, interview-based study
Authors: Clemmensen Trine H , Busted Laila M , Søborg Jane , Bruun Poul
Published: December 2016

This paper examines how the relatives of a person with dementia experience challenges in everyday life. A model of phases is developed on the basis of interviews with 14 relatives from eight families. Data were subjected to a thematic content analysis, which found that the progression of dementia – from the perspective of the family – had three phases. These phases involved small changes in everyday life, adaptations to everyday life, and the loss of everyday life. The analysis further identified the following two archetypes of relatives that develop throughout the progression of dementia: the protective relative and the decisive relative. The study found that the two types of relatives experience different challenges during the three phases. It is important for health professionals to be familiar with these changes, when they evaluate whether the relatives of a person with dementia require help.
An Explanation of the Distinction Between Developmental Factors and Mechanisms
Authors: Laski Elida V.
Published: December 2016

This paper provides five clear, relatable examples that can help students understand the distinction between the term “factors” and “mechanisms” in Developmental Psychology. The examples emphasize the idea that factors are related to changes in ways that moderate development, but are not causal. On the other hand, the term mechanism refers to processes that produce change. These examples can be embedded in lectures individually or shared as a whole to support student learning. A precise understanding of the distinction between factors and mechanisms can help students better understand development, parse research findings, and consider policy and practical implications.
Light as a circadian stimulus for architectural lighting
Authors: Rea MS , Figueiro MG
Published: December 2016

Consideration is being given to the adoption of a new metric characterizing light as it affects the human circadian system. Much has been learned over the past couple of decades about light as a stimulus for circadian system regulation, so it is appropriate that these discussions take place. The present paper develops an argument for adopting circadian stimulus as a metric for quantifying light in architectural spaces. The circadian stimulus metric (a) was developed from several lines of biophysical research, including those from basic retinal neurophysiology; (b) has been validated in several controlled experiments; and (c) has been used successfully in a number of real-world applications. Any discussions of new metrics should take each of these foundational points into consideration.
Is imperfection becoming easier to live with for doctors?
Authors: Førde Reidun , Aasland Olaf G
Published: December 2016

Objective

Being involved in serious patient injury is devastating for most doctors. During the last two decades, several efforts have been launched to improve Norwegian doctors’ coping with adverse events and complaints.

Methods

The method involved survey to a representative sample of 1792 Norwegian doctors in 2012. The questions on adverse events and its effects were previously asked in 2000.

Results

Response rate was 71%. More doctors reported to have been involved in episodes with serious patient harm in 2012 (35%) than in 2000 (28%), and more of the episodes were reported as required by law. Doctors below age 50 report better support from colleagues, more collegial retrospective discussion on the event and less patient/family blame. In all, 27% of the doctors had been reported to the Norwegian Board of Health Supervision; 79% of these complaints were rejected; 73% of the doctors who had received a reaction from the health authorities found the reaction reasonable, but almost one out of five practiced more testing and referrals after a complaint and 25% claimed that the complaint had made them into a more fearful doctor.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that adverse events are being met more openly in 2012 than in 2000, and that coping with imperfection and patient complaints is less devastating for new generations of doctors.
Electrospun PU/P(AMPS-GO) nanofibrous membrane with dual-mode hydrophobic–hydrophilic properties for protective clothing applications
Authors: Gorji Mohsen , Karimi Mohammad , Nasheroahkam Saman
Published: December 2016

Bi-functional nanofibrous membrane composed of polyurethane in one face and poly(2-acryloylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)-graphene oxide (PAMPS-GO) in another face has been fabricated using two opposite-nozzle electrospinning set-up. The effect of graphene oxide addition on morphology of PAMPS nanofibers and performance of membrane were investigated. Besides structure of graphene oxide layers, electrospun nanofibers were studied using TEM, X-ray, FTIR, and FE-SEM methods. To evaluate the nanofibrous membrane performance, their tensile strength, water vapor permeability, and contact angle were measured. An average diameter of 500 nm and 83 nm were obtained for PU and PAMPS nanofibers, respectively, through the optimized electrospinning process. Results show that PAMPS nanofiber diameters together with pore sizes of its mat decrease by increasing the graphene oxide content. Also, the dimensional stability of electrospun fibers against water vapor was strengthened in the presence of graphene oxide nanosheets. An improvement in tensile strength of PAMPS nanofibers was observed by the addition of graphene oxide up to 0.2 wt.%, while more addition caused a negative change. Studying water vapor permeability of PAMPS nanofibers showed that increasing the graphene oxide content, the water vapor permeability increases. However, it decreases by increasing the surface density of nanofibers. From a hydrophobic–hydrophilic perspective, an excellent dual-mode behavior on two opposite faces was observed that is already proper for water proof-breathable protective clothing and wound dressing applications.
Node importance measure in linear wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wang Ning , Fu Yingbin , Zhao Jiao , Chen Liwei
Published: December 2016

This article analyzes the node importance in linear wireless sensor networks, which can be used to identify the key states of nodes that affect the wireless sensor network performance most. First, the sensor energy can be divided into energy of sensing event, energy of transmitting packets, and energy of receiving packets. The node residual energy of after data flow transmission in linear wireless sensor networks from source nodes and relay nodes is evaluated. Second, the node state is divided into four states based on the data packets transmitting. From the view of reliability theory, a data-flow model is analyzed to calculate the state probability of source node and relay node in the time period [0, t]. Third, the node importance is analyzed, and the ranking of node importance values can be used by designers and managers to identify the most important node for improving the wireless sensor network system reliability. At last, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the proposed methods.
Development of a new sub-shift schedule and control algorithm for a hydro-mechanical transmission
Authors: Ahn Sunghyun , Choi Jingyu , Son Hanho , Kim Suchul , Lee Jinwoong , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: December 2016

In this study, a new sub-shift schedule was proposed for a hydro-mechanical transmission. To develop the sub-shift schedule, a network analysis was performed by considering the hydrostatic unit loss and mechanical component losses. In the new sub-shift schedule, the sub-shift gear can be selected with respect to the demanded wheel torque and vehicle speed, which provides improved system efficiency for the given vehicle operating condition. Since the sub-shift can only be carried out at a speed ratio where the off-going and on-coming clutch speeds are synchronized in the existing sub-shift control, a sub-shift control algorithm without the clutch speed synchronization was proposed to apply the new sub-shift schedule using the forward clutch pressure and hydrostatic unit stroke control. The performance of the sub-shift control algorithm without the clutch speed synchronization was evaluated by the simulation and experiment. It was found from the simulation and experimental results that the sub-shift can be achieved, showing an acceptable peak-to-peak torque variation in the driveshaft.
Efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment for femoropopliteal lesions of TASC II type C and D compared with TASC II type A and B in Korea
Authors: Joo Hyung Joon , Jang Duck Hyun , Yu Cheol Woong , Choi Young Jin , Park Jinsik , Lee Hyun Jong , Park Jae Hyoung , Hong Soon Jun , Lim Do Sun
Published: December 2016

Objective

To compare the long-term safety and clinical efficacy of endovascular treatment for TASC-II type C/D femoropopliteal lesion compared with TASC-II type A/B femoropopliteal lesion in Korea.

Methods

A total of 179 limbs [TASC-II A/B femoropopliteal lesion (group I, n = 105 limbs) and TASC-II C/D (group II, n = 74 limbs)] were retrospectively analyzed from patients who underwent angioplasty with or without primary stent implantation between February 2008 and November 2012 at two medical centers in South Korea. The major adverse limb event was defined as a composite of target lesion revascularization, symptom relapse with abnormal ankle brachial index, and major amputation.

Results

Immediate procedural success rates were not significantly different (96.2% vs. 95.7%, p = 0.450). Although major adverse limb event, mainly driven by symptom relapse with abnormal ankle brachial index, were significantly higher in group II ( p = 0.013), the incidence of major amputation was very low and similar in both groups.

Conclusion

Even though there were higher incidences of overall procedural complication and major adverse limb event, the technical success rate of endovascular treatment for TASC-II C/D femoropopliteal lesion was comparable to endovascular treatment for TASC-II A/B FPL without an increase in major procedural complications or serious clinical events during follow-up.
Could advanced drug delivery systems be the future in cardiovascular revascularization medicine?
Authors: Zuin Marco , Rigatelli Gianluca , Faggian Giuseppe , L’Erario Roberto , Chinaglia Mauro , Roncon Loris
Published: December 2016

Acute myocardial infarction, stroke and pulmonary embolism required a prompt revascularization to restore the normal blood flow as soon as possible. Fibrinolytic treatment has gradually become both dated and underused in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, after the wide diffusion of cathlab and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Conversely, the use of systemic thrombolysis remained a benchmark in the treatment of both ischemic stroke and massive pulmonary embolism. In daily clinical practice, the use of thrombolytic agents is often limited by absolute and/or relative contraindications and possible adverse events after the drug administration, as intracranial and/or extracranial bleeding events. To minimize these problems, during the last years, the introduction of nanotechnology in the field of cardiovascular revascularization medicine has created several fascinating results. In the present article, we describe these recent findings and their possible implications in future clinical practice.
A Poetics of American Citizenship: Blackness, Injury, and Claudia Rankine’s Citizen
Authors: Schlosser Joel Alden
Published: December 2016

Theories of citizenship have relied both explicitly and implicitly on the concept of “standing.” This article challenges “standing” as a metaphor of citizenship by contrasting it with that of “injury.” Examining Claudia Rankine’s Citizen elucidates a poetics of citizenship that both calls attention to what prevents many black citizens in the United States from standing and provides a basis for alternative practices of citizenship. Refusing a politics of ressentiment often tied to identification of social injury, Citizen prefigures a transformed citizenship of tarrying, listening, and transformative interruption of the racialized status quo.
Electrophysiological property and chemical sensitivity of primary afferent neurons that innervate rat whisker hair follicles
Authors: Ikeda Ryo , Gu Jianguo G
Published: December 2016

Whisker hair follicles are sensory organs that sense touch and perform tactile discrimination in animals, and they are sites where sensory impulses are initiated when whisker hairs touch an object. The sensory signals are then conveyed by whisker afferent fibers to the brain for sensory perception. Electrophysiological property and chemical sensitivity of whisker afferent fibers, important factors affecting whisker sensory processing, are largely not known. In the present study, we performed patch-clamp recordings from pre-identified whisker afferent neurons in whole-mount trigeminal ganglion preparations and characterized their electrophysiological property and sensitivity to ATP, serotonin and glutamate. Of 97 whisker afferent neurons examined, 67% of them are found to be large-sized (diameter ≥45 µm) cells and 33% of them are medium- to small-sized (diameter <45 µm) cells. Almost every large-sized whisker afferent neuron fires a single action potential but many (40%) small/medium-sized whisker afferent neurons fire multiple action potentials in response to prolonged stepwise depolarization. Other electrophysiological properties including resting membrane potential, action potential threshold, and membrane input resistance are also significantly different between large-sized and small/medium-sized whisker afferent neurons. Most large-sized and many small/medium-sized whisker afferent neurons are sensitive to ATP and/or serotonin, and ATP and/or serotonin could evoke strong inward currents in these cells. In contrast, few whisker afferent neurons are sensitive to glutamate. Our results raise a possibility that ATP and/or serotonin may be chemical messengers involving sensory signaling for different types of rat whisker afferent fibers.
Development of an inertial motion capture system for kinematic analysis of ski jumping
Authors: Brock Heike , Ohgi Yuji
Published: December 2016

In this research, a fully automatic inertial motion capture system for the determination and analysis of kinematic motion parameters in ski jumping was developed. Two databases were created for the implementation of the measurement system: one basic database acquired in a laboratory setting and one database acquired during a summer ski jump season on an actual ski jumping slope. First, the former database was used to set up the fundamental data processing method. Next, this method was extended to derive jump kinematics for motion analysis in the larger summer jumping data set. Data analysis showed that the determined body kinematics varied largely in heading angle due to variances in the magnetic field near the top of the ski jumping hill. Therefore, a novel method for the additional compensation of magnetic disturbances was added to the processing framework. The resulting system output data indicated that the final body orientations, joint positions and joint angles were of good and meaningful accuracy. The enhanced inertial capture system consequently constitutes a reliable and very accurate tool to evaluate ski jumps from inertial sensor data under high data comparability and repeatability within different athletes and capture sessions.
High-precision measurements of curling stone dynamics: Curl distance by digital image analysis
Authors: Hattori Kazuhiro , Tokumoto Masaru , Kashiwazaki Koshi , Maeno Norikazu
Published: December 2016

Curl distance is one of the most important factors for a curler to control carefully and seriously in a game of curling. Curl distance was measured with high-precision digital image analysis in order to obtain its precise relationship with the number of rotations. Motion of the curling stone was recorded in sequential images with two cameras located on the ceiling. Calibrations to remove lens aberration and to connect the imaging areas of the two cameras were done prior to the experiment. The initial direction of the stone in each delivery was calculated as a reference line using the positions of the stone derived from the sequential images. Then, the curl distance was measured as a distance from the stop position of the stone perpendicular to the reference line, which was corrected as to convert the translation of the stone equivalent to the distance between the hog line and the tee line, 93 ft (28.3 m). It was found that the curl distance decreases as the number of rotations increases in the range of measurements made in the experiment. The decrease rate was 0.047–0.064 m per rotation and varied slightly with ice sheet conditions.
Child Maltreatment: Optimizing Recognition and Reporting by School Nurses
Authors: Jordan Kathleen S. , MacKay Peggy , Woods Stephanie J.
Published: December 2016

School nurses perform a crucial role in the prevention, identification, intervention, and reporting of child maltreatment. The purpose of this article is to share the highlights of a research project conducted to (a) examine the effectiveness of an educational intervention program in increasing the knowledge, confidence, and self-efficacy in school nurses regarding children at risk of maltreatment; and (b) discover issues surrounding the comfort level engaging with children, communicating with teachers and other personnel, and ethical issues. The study consisted of two phases. Phase 1 was a face-to-face evidenced-based educational intervention. Focus groups implemented in Phase 2 discovered specific concerns of school nurses. Results indicate a significant increase in school nurse knowledge, confidence, and self-efficacy related to children at risk. Five themes were identified from the focus groups: the importance of interprofessional collaboration, identifiers of children at risk of maltreatment, the role of the school nurse as a mentor and leader, the importance of advancing one’s knowledge and skill set, and constraints faced by school nurses.
Early Family Relationships Predict Children’s Emotion Regulation and Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Lindblom Jallu , Punamäki Raija-Leena , Flykt Marjo , Vänskä Mervi , Nummi Tapio , Sinkkonen Jari , Tiitinen Aila , Tulppala Maija
Published: December 2016

Early family relationships have been suggested to influence the development of children’s affect regulation, involving both emotion regulation and defense mechanisms. However, we lack research on the specific family predictors for these two forms of affect regulation, which have been conceptualized to differ in their functions and accessibility to consciousness. Accordingly, we examine how the (a) quality and (b) timing of family relationships during infancy predict child’s later emotion regulation and defense mechanisms. Parents ( N = 703) reported autonomy and intimacy in marital and parenting relationships at the child’s ages of 2 and 12 months, and the child’s use of emotion regulation and immature and neurotic defenses at 7 to 8 years. As hypothesized, the results showed that functional early family relationships predicted children’s efficient emotion regulation, whereas dysfunctional relationships predicted reliance on defense mechanisms in middle childhood. Further, results showed a timing effect for neurotic defenses, partially confirming our hypothesis of early infancy being an especially important period for the development of defense mechanisms. The findings are discussed from the viewpoints of attachment and family dynamics, emotional self-awareness, and sense of security.
Childhood Drinking and Depressive Symptom Level Predict Harmful Personality Change
Authors: Riley Elizabeth N. , Smith Gregory T.
Published: December 2016

Personality traits in children predict numerous life outcomes. Although traits are generally stable, if there is personality change in youth, it could affect subsequent behavior in important ways. We found that the trait of urgency, the tendency to act impulsively when highly emotional, increases for some youth in early adolescence. This increase can be predicted from the behavior of young children: alcohol consumption and depressive symptom level in elementary school children (fifth grade) predicted increases in urgency 18 months later. Urgency, in turn, predicted increases in a wide range of maladaptive behaviors another 30 months later, at the end of the first year of high school. The mechanism by which early drinking behavior and depressive symptoms predict personality is not yet clear and merits future research; notably, the findings are consistent with mechanisms proposed by personality change theory and urgency theory.
Comparison of a Novel Weightbearing Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scanner Versus a Conventional Computed Tomography Scanner for Measuring Patellar Instability
Authors: Marzo John , Kluczynski Melissa , Notino Anthony , Bisson Leslie
Published: December 2016

Background:

Conventional computed tomography (CT) images are routinely used for diagnosing patellofemoral instability and are obtained with the patient in a supine position, nonweightbearing, with the knee in full extension, and with leg muscles relaxed. A new portable extremity cone beam CT (CBCT) scanner has been developed that may allow for more accurate diagnosis, as imaging can be performed with the patient standing, the knee flexed, and with leg muscles active.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to compare CT measurements of patellar alignment on a prototype scanner versus conventional scanner in patients with known patellar instability. The hypothesis was that the measurements obtained with the knee flexed and the patient weightbearing would be less than those obtained from the conventional CT scan.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Twenty patients with a diagnosis of lateral patellar instability were imaged on both a conventional CT scanner and on a prototype CBCT scanner. Objective measures of patellofemoral alignment (tilt angle, congruence angle, tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove [TT-TG] offset) were assessed on images obtained from the prototype and conventional CT scans by 2 independent reviewers. Paired t tests were calculated to compare the mean measurement of patellofemoral alignment obtained from the prototype versus conventional CT. Interrater reliability was assessed using a 2-way mixed-effects model intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for tilt angle, congruence angle, and TT-TG offset on the prototype and conventional CT scans.

Results:

Measurements of patellofemoral alignment were significantly less when acquired by the new prototype CBCT scanner while subjects were weightbearing on a flexed knee. On the images from the prototype CBCT scan, the tilt angle averaged 18.2° ± 11.6° compared with 28.1° ± 7.1° on the conventional CT scan ( P < .0001). The congruence angle was 3.0° ± 30.1° compared with 26.7° ± 18.1° on the conventional CT scan ( P = .0002). Finally, the TT-TG offset distance averaged 12.3 ± 6.3 mm when measured on the CBCT scan compared with 20.1 ± 4.2 mm on the conventional CT scan ( P < .0001). Good interrater reliability was found for tilt angle, congruence angle, and TT-TG offset on conventional and CBCT scans (ICC range, 0.79-0.96).

Conclusion:

In patients with patellar instability, measurements of patellofemoral alignment are reduced on images obtained from a new weightbearing extremity CBCT scanner on a flexed knee versus conventional CT in the supine position with a fully extended knee. Improvement in objective measurements of patellar alignment should lead to improved clinical and surgical care of patients with this condition.
GVHD prevents NK-cell–dependent leukemia and virus-specific innate immunity
Authors: Bunting Mark D. , Varelias Antiopi , Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes Fernando , Schuster Iona S. , Lineburg Katie E. , Kuns Rachel D. , Fleming Peter , Locke Kelly R. , Huntington Nicholas D. , Blazar Bruce R. , Lane Steven W. , Tey Siok-Keen , MacDonald Kelli P. A. , Smyth Mark J. , Degli-Esposti Mariapia A. , Hill Geoffrey R.
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Donor T cells compete for IL-15 with NK cells during GVHD, resulting in profound defects in NK-cell reconstitution. GVHD impairs NK-cell–dependent leukemia and pathogen-specific immunity.
Brain activation in frontotemporal and Alzheimer’s dementia: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Metzger Florian G. , Schopp Betti , Haeussinger Florian B. , Dehnen Katja , Synofzik Matthis , Fallgatter Andreas J. , Ehlis Ann-Christine
Published: December 2016

Background

Frontotemporal dementia is an increasingly studied disease, the underlying functional impairments on a neurobiological level of which have not been fully understood. Patients with the behavioral-subtype frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) are particularly challenging for clinical measurements such as functional imaging due to their behavioral symptoms. Here, an alternative imaging method, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), is introduced to measure task-related cortical brain activation based on blood oxygenation. The current study investigated differences in cortical activation patterns of patients with bvFTD, Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), and healthy elderly subjects measured by fNIRS.

Method

Eight probable bvFTD patients completed the semantic, phonological, and control conditions of a verbal fluency task. Eight AD patients and eight healthy controls were compared on the same task. Simultaneously, an fNIRS measurement was conducted and analyzed using a correction method based on the expected negative correlation between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin.

Results

Healthy controls show an increase in cortical activation measured in frontoparietal areas such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The activation pattern of patients with AD is similar, but weaker. In contrast, bvFTD patients show a more frontopolar pattern, with activation of Broca’s area, instead of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal gyrus. The frontoparietal compensation mechanisms, seen in the healthy elderly, were missing in bvFTD patients.

Conclusion

Different frontoparietal cortical activation patterns may indicate a correlate of diverse pathophysiological mechanisms of AD and bvFTD during verbal fluency processing. The AD pattern is weaker and more similar to the healthy pattern, whereas the bvFTD pattern is qualitatively different, namely more frontopolar and without frontoparietal compensation activation. It adheres to a change of cortical activation during the course of the disease.