bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Not-So-Special Relationship America and Britain
Authors: Campanella Edoardo , Dassù Marta
Published: February 2020

The Brexiteers presented a revived partnership with the United States as the cornerstone of Britain’s new Anglosphere-centered diplomacy. Without the United States, any Anglosphere project would lose meaning, and the future of Britain outside the European Union would be grim. But this chapter argues that the focus on the “special relationship” was based on a delusional national myth. Historically, the specialness, which discounted an enormous gap in terms of power and influence between the two countries, has been more keenly felt in London than in Washington. Since 1945, America’s absolute strength and Britain’s relative weakness has always determined a highly unbalanced relationship. In the eyes of Dean Acheson—Secretary of State in the Truman Administration—British rhetoric surrounding the “special” connection between the two countries reflected nothing more than the UK’s unwillingness to accept its post-imperial status: that of a simple transatlantic intermediary and Anglo-Saxon balancer in European affairs. It has been observed that, from 1945 onwards, the “special relationship” rapidly assumed the character of a “special dependancy”, with Britain being very much the junior partner. Currently, the difference in terms of power and influence between the two countries is as great as in the past—if not even greater, given Britain’s diminished influence in European affairs. On top of that, bridging the policy inconsistencies between “America First” (based on unilateralism and protectionism) and “Global Britain” (based on multilateralism and free markets) might represent an insurmountable obstacle.
The Context
Authors: Walker Iain
Published: February 2020

This chapter begins with an overview of the Comoros, briefly discussing their culture, providing an overview of the historical background to the islands’ development as well as surveying the origins of the population, their culture and their relationships with the outside world. It then moves on to provide some background for the rest of the book, surveying the physical and environmental context in more detail, including the geology, climate, flora and fauna. It covers the volcanic landscapes, the marine life including the coelacanth, and the environmental problems that the islands face. It discusses resources and the potential for economic activities based on local physical and environmental assets. It ends with an economic and political portrait of the archipelago as it stands at the beginning of the 21st century.
Can Modi and the BJP Achieve and Sustain Hegemony?
Authors: Manor James
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyses Modi’s quest and strategy for hegemony in the Indian political landscape. Firstly, it highlights the gulf between the promises and performance of the Modi Government taking into account the state of the economy, primarily high unemployment, poverty and the agrarian crisis exacerbated by decisions like demonetization. It also explores the projection of Modi’s personality, tough stance on corruption and inadequate action on Hindu vigilante groups as the tenets of his rise to power. However, a patchy economic record coupled with the aspirational and sophisticated voter leaves Modi with the option to achieve hegemony by polarizing the electorate. If history is any indication, polarization is an unsuitable tactic.
Rohith Vemula’s Revolutionary Suicide
Authors: JanMohamed Abdul R.
Published: February 2020

Abdul R. JanMohamed approaches the 2016 suicide of Dalit scholar and leader Rohit Vemula in India through a viewpoint informed by the phenomenology of the ‘touch,’ as elaborated by Edmund Husserl, Jacques Derrida and by JanMohamed’s own work on the political economy of death in the formation of slavery. JanMohamed analyzes Vemula’s suicide note in the context of untouchability as akin to slavery, noting Vemula’s targeting by Hindutva affiliates and university and government leaders. The article discusses the crucial role of touching in a mythical scene of ‘anthropogenesis’, of the birth of the human as a self-conscious species, and argues that Vemula’s suicide constitutes a liberating embrace of his own political ontology, transforming his ‘social death’ into a ‘symbolic death’ that resonated throughout society, in effect endowing him with a form of immortality.
Epilogue
Authors: Hanley Ryan Patrick
Published: February 2020

The book concludes with a brief epilogue that restates its central claims and calls particular emphasis to the unifying distinction between true and false that both animates and connects so many of Fénelon’s treatments of discrete topics—and also constitutes one of the key reasons why his political philosophy remains relevant to us today.
Multicultural Radicalisms
Authors: Abbas Tahir
Published: February 2020

Islamism is a much used concept, yet it involves a variety of perspectives on political Islam, some of which are positively orientated towards citizenship. However, for the most part, Islamism implies regressive practices. This chapter identifies a range of theoretically and conceptually derived notions of Islamism that exist in the Muslim world but also among Muslim minorities in diasporic settings. It explores how it is conceivable to move from one form to another depending on context and opportunity, analyzing the risks for the emergence of different types of Islamism’s, in particular how the global affects the local in the conceptualization and realization of various forms, from anti-Islamism to cultural Islamism to radical Islamism to violent Islamism. Directly linked to these realities is the economic and political context, developing societies in particular, and the issues of poverty and disadvantage that affect Muslim minorities.
Far-Right Versus Islamist Extremism
Authors: Abbas Tahir
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores how the debate on multiculturalism has securitized the issue of integration, problematizing the ‘Muslimness’ of Muslims in questions of political violence and extremism. This dynamic combines a set of cultural, political, theological and sociological debates around identity and belonging. It also connects with issues of immigration, integration, intelligence, counterterrorism, policymaking and securitization, and in the process, further ‘othering’ an already beleaguered body of people. Given the current reductions to public spending in most Global North economies, the ongoing impact of the war on terror, and limited community, cultural and intellectual development, the challenges facing Muslim minorities are likely to endure for the near future. While the Middle East is currently facing its own internal trials and tribulations, and the wider Muslim world often lags behind the West when it comes to technological advances, divisions are likely to increase and tensions grow as the global continues to intersect with the local in shaping and playing out identity politics.
Dag Hammarskjöld, The Cold War, Development and Africa
Authors: Melber Henning
Published: February 2020

This chapter opens with an overview of how the Cold War entered Africa and its impact on the UN Member States as well as the colonized countries seeking self-determination. It introduces the UN developmental agencies and Hammarskjöld’s approach and understanding of development, not least with regard to the role of ECOSOC. It also shows his ability to recognize the relevance of the Bandung Conference and the desire for Independence in the colonized world. It then shows how this played out in the interaction with regards to the demands for decolonization in Africa and how Hammarskjöld supported the struggles for independence and the role of the UN in strengthening governance and development in the newly independent countries.
The Limits of Office
Authors: Melber Henning
Published: February 2020

This final chapter returns to the balancing act in assessing the difference an individual in charge of a global governance body can make and where his or her limitations are depending on the institutional context and constraints. It argues that values matter and that choices are not pre-determined by origin, despite the impact of social influences in a person’s upbringing. It acknowledges that, despite being from different parts of the world, leading international civil servants share some (middle) class-based commonalities and thereby (re)produce a certain understanding, but refutes the suggestion that this translates into support of white supremacy and Western dominance. It ends with some of the assessments offered as a tribute to Dag Hammarskjöld and the role he played in the decolonization of Africa despite having been faced with institutional limitations.
The Collapse Of The Emirate And The Early Regrouping, 2002–4
Authors: Giustozzi Antonio
Published: February 2020

The Taliban were genuinely crushed in 2001 and for several months they were scattered and helpless. Gradually they started regrouping, but funding and logistics were limited and so were their capabilities.
The Crisis Of The Quetta Shura 2009–13
Authors: Giustozzi Antonio
Published: February 2020

The US surge in southern Afghanistan in 2009-11 put the Quetta Shura under heavy stress, at a time when the Shuras of Miran Shah and Peshawar were trying to expand at its expense. The Quetta Shura started to appear as ineffective, and donors started redirecting their finances at the two other shuras. A period of decline had begun.
“The New Home of Men”
Authors: Phillips Victoria
Published: February 2020

While Eisenhower had called Japan the “mega-domino” in his domino theory, Graham’s tour locations also addressed concerns about the Bandung Conference in Indonesia that brought together nonaligned nations in Asia and the Middle East, and rejected Israel. As US government officials watched the planning of the Bandung Conference in 1954, Graham was being considered as an export to the region. Graham would land in Korea, as well as the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaya, Burma, India, Ceylon, Pakistan, and Iran. In addition, under private funding Graham could continue to Israel, which was not allowed to join the conference, and was very much on the geopolitical radar. While in Asia, Graham used her “orientalist” techniques to promote the idea of “cultural convergences” for diplomatic purposes. She brought religion and Americana to promote the American message to newly decolonizing nations. In Israel, the tour concluded with her announcement that “faith means repetition, repetition and again repetition, crushing obstacles; it means also faith in having a vision and will.” In many nations, Graham’s modernism again displaced the interwar German “free dance” that had been used in leftist practices, and local folk traditions modernized American folk. Artistic modernism supported ideas of modernization and the fruits of democracy; all cities closed with Appalachian Spring.
Finance Ascends
Authors: Lin Ken-Hou , Neely Megan Tobias
Published: February 2020

This chapter considers how the financial sector has evolved through tremendous changes since the 1980s. It argues that the expanding profits and ballooning compensation in finance are not driven by this sector’s contribution to the economy, but by the concentration of market power, political entanglement, and the private intermediation of public policies. It also shows that most of the income absorbed by finance has been captured by a limited set of elite workers, particularly white men. Their women and minority colleagues, on the other hand, have gained relatively less. Even within the ranks of finance, the industry’s success has led to wider class, gender, and racial divides.
The Train at Beltana
Authors: Khatun Samia
Published: February 2020

In Chapter 4 I follow the trail that the very first South Asian camel drivers traced inland to Beltana—a hilly region in Kuyani lands where the first Australian camel depot was established. From the 1860s, Beltana emerged as a transportation hub atop an existing, cosmopolitan center of Aboriginal trade. Telling the history of the settlers and the Aboriginal groups who gathered in Beltana in the evening in 1885 when the very first steam train was due, I piece together the contours of the contested epistemic terrain onto which South Asians led the earliest camels. Contrasting the logic that belied English accounts of the train, with accounts of Beltana in Wangkangurru and Kuyani – two of the many Aboriginal languages spoken in the region – this chapter challenges the imperial myth of emptiness that shaped how settlers saw the lands they invaded.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Plunkett David
Published: February 2020

In this Introduction, we aim to introduce the reader to the basic topic of this book. As part of this, we explain why we are using two different expressions (‘conceptual engineering’ and ‘conceptual ethics’) to describe the topics in the book. We then turn to some of the central foundational issues that arise for conceptual engineering and conceptual ethics, and finally we outline various views one might have about their role in philosophy and inquiry more generally.
Variance Theses in Ontology and Metaethics
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: February 2020

The chapter illustrates conceptual engineering by bringing up a number of issues in metaontology and metaethics. A prominent debate in metaontology relates to whether some existence concept is metaphysically privileged. On the one hand, ontological realists say yes, and, on the other hand, friends of quantifier variance say no. The chapter brings up the corresponding question in metaethics by asking, is some rightness concept normatively privileged? It investigates this question, and compares the metaethics case and the metaontology case. One aim is to arrive at conclusions regarding possible limits to the project of conceptual engineering.
Athens and Sparta of the New World
Authors: Peralta Dan-el Padilla
Published: February 2020

This chapter reconstructs the reception and appropriation of ancient Greece and Rome in the Dominican Republic, tracing the long arc of classical reception from the foundation of the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo to the politics of the twenty-first-century nation-state. Two interlocking appropriations of classical Greece are documented and scrutinized: the glorification of colonial Santo Domingo by postcolonial Dominican elites as the “Athens of the New World,” and the celebration of the modern nation-state as the “Sparta of the New World” during the dictatorship of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo (1930–61). Both modes of scripting hispanophone Hispaniola as classically Greek turn out upon closer examination to derive their impetus from a racialized—and racist—cultural and nationalistic program whose imprint on Dominican debates about statehood and race remains visible to this day.
Evolutionary Medicine, Pregnancy, and the Mismatch Pathways to Increased Disease Risk
Authors: Gluckman Peter D. , Low Felicia M. , Hanson Mark A.
Published: February 2020

Evolutionary medicine aims to understand the ultimate rather than proximate causation of health and disease. Multiple evolutionary pathways can lead to an increased risk of disease. Two evolutionary pathways are discussed in depth, firstly, to illustrate the value of an evolutionary perspective in understanding the physiology of pregnancy and fetal and infant development, and secondly, to provide an explanation for the role of fetal and infant life in influencing later-life outcomes, in particular the risks of developing non-communicable disease. The first pathway is evolutionary mismatch, which arises when an evolutionarily novel environment is encountered at any stage of the life course. The second pathway is developmental mismatch, which results from a discordance between a developmentally induced phenotype early in life, and the later-life environment. Environmental challenges during development that threaten survival may induce immediate adaptive responses and/or predictive adaptive responses (PARs) that confer a longer term fitness advantage.
Darwin’s Impact on the Medical Sciences
Authors: Zampieri Fabio
Published: February 2020

In early nineteenth century medicine, the concepts of organic evolution and natural selection emerged in different contexts, partly anticipating Darwinian revolution. In particular, the anatomical concept of disease favored the perception that men and animals were very similar from a morphological, physiological and pathological point of view, and that this could indicate a certain degree of kinship between them. The debate around human races and human pathological heredity saw first formulations of the principle of natural selection, even if without a full appraisal of its evolutionary implications. Charles Darwin took many inspirations from these medical theories. The impact of the theory of evolution formulated by him in 1859 was only apparently slight in medicine. It is even possible to support that evolutionary concepts contributed in a significant way to the most important medical issues, debates and new discipline in the period between 1880 and 1940.
Ecological Rationality and Evolutionary Medicine:
Authors: Mousavi Shabnam , Schulkin Jay
Published: February 2020

A notion of rationality represents a structure that can be used to explain, evaluate, and recommend a certain course of action. Full rationality, independent of context, builds such a structure based on the rules of logic and statistical inference. Ecological rationality, on the other hand, focuses on the interaction between the human mind and the task environment. This chapter argues that ecological rationality can provide an operational framework for evolutionary medicine based on compatible foundational concepts. Risk literacy and numeracy methods developed on the basis of an adaptive toolbox approach constitute effective education tools. An evolutionary approach to medical education facilitates the integration of these accessible and well-retained educational tools for physicians and their patients, and can enrich public health policymaking.
Summary of Part III
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

By way of a summary of Part III, this chapter shows how the competitive routinization of the four types of associations brings about what we regard as the structure of language on the cognitive level. In the course of this, the important and pervasive role of paradigmatic associations and their routinization is discussed and three principles related to paradigmatic associations are postulated: the paradigmatic strengthening principle, the paradigmatic extension principle, and the paradigmatic support principle. In line with the feedback-loop idea which lies behind the EC-Model, it is argued that this structure is derived from cognitive principles of associative learning, processing, and representation, but can only serve as a means of communication if it is conventionalized in a speech community, which in turn influences what can become entrenched in the minds of individual speakers.
Summary of the EC-Model
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides a brief summary of all components of the model: usage, conventionalization (usualization, diffusion), entrenchment (routinization), and the forces affecting these three components. It begins by listing the different types of motor, sensory, cognitive, and interpersonal activities involved in usage. Next, it shows how the six dimensions of conformity on the collective level of conventions are related to the four types of association of the cognitive level. Also listed are the three feedback-loop processes—usualization, diffusion, and routinization—and their main effects on conventionalization and entrenchment. The summary ends with a survey of forces acting upon usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment.
Conclusion
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter concludes the book. The distinguishing features of the EC-Model are highlighted, especially those that set it apart from the functionalist usage-based mainstream. An outlook on future work identifies weaknesses of the model that must be redressed in the future and sketches some avenues for future research, e.g. by means of computer simulations. The final section returns to the questions what and where the linguistic system can be found and defines the linguistic system as a multidimensional dynamic contingency space populated by multidimensionally competing co-semiotic potentialities afforded by the interaction of speakers’ usage activities and social and cognitive processes under the influence of a wide range of forces.
Parallel Realms
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

Electrons, their “brothers” neutrinos, and the quarks we are made of are a family. For each of these particles there exists two “copies” in Nature, two extra families. The first novel character in this clan, the “muon” (a cousin of the electron) had “not been ordered” by anyone. Nor had the first extra “strange” quark been ordered. Subsequently, the plot became much more interesting. The “November Revolution” subchapter recounts the theoretical prediction and discovery of the “charmed” quark. The third family was also “needed” (within what was to become the Standard Model of particle physics).
Back to the Twins
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

A very detailed discussion on the Twin Paradox and its resolution(s). How science may be difficult for the (pioneering) scientists. Muons as the optimal clocks. Is the relativistic time dilation due to relative velocities or to accelerations? Lord Halsbury’s triplets. The paradox is not a paradox, but its enunciation contains a MacGuffin. Einstein’s theoretical consistency test. Some other experiments corroborating that relative velocity is “it,” not acceleration. The algebra behind the relativity of time requires a bit of algebra.
Some Instruments of Micro-Physics
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

The destructive limits of microscopes. Ernest Lawrence’s first “cyclotron.” Linear and circular accelerators and colliders, their advantages and disadvatages, and how they work. Accelerating radio-frequency cavities, bending dipoles, and focusing quadrupole magnets. The accelerator comprex at CERN. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Where is the Cosmic Antimatter?
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

Matter and antimatter are basically almost identical (but for their opposite charges). How come there is practically no antimatter in the Universe? If matter and antimatter were once equally abundant, how come they did not annihilate each other? How come we are here? The baryon (proton plus neutron) to photon ratio. Ribbons in the sky? Almost complete annihilation.
Problems with the “Old” Big Bang Theory⋆⋆
Authors: De Rújula Alvaro
Published: February 2020

The problems of “criticality” and causality: Why is the Universe so flat and incomprehensibly homogeneous or uniform? The analogy of the surface of an inflating balloon. Fixed angular distances and varying physical distances. Possible but unpalatable initial conditions. The fate of open or close universes. The visible Universe, for us or for a diStant E.T. In passing, the “anthropic principle.”
Financial Markets
Authors: Zhang Yi-Cheng
Published: February 2020

Chapter 5 extends consumer market theory to finance, to examine the similarities and particularities of both types of market. The common feature is still the role of information, and financial markets are also about how to determine a financial products’ quality. We propose the market symbiosis hypothesis that portrays the role of financial markets in the general economy. We argue that although financial transactions do not create value per se, all players in the financial markets have a value-creation role in selecting outside investment opportunities. A well-functioning financial market can enable more quality investments to be funded and can stimulate their creation.
Paradigm Shift
Authors: Zhang Yi-Cheng
Published: February 2020

Chapter 10 discusses a new paradigm. Mainstream economy is based on the optimal allocation paradigm, by which, typically any problem is reduced to an optimization goal with given constraints. We summarize the new market theory by noting that in many contexts, allocation is a process. Any movement towards a planned goal would redefine the constraints; therefore, we cannot reduce most economic problems to static optimization exercises. Instead, we must consider a dynamic process in which both allocation and creation of resources are presented as two inseparable pillars. The new paradigm focuses on dynamics and endless evolution, taking into consideration both stabilizing and destabilizing forces.
Faking Wisdom
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2020

In the Sophist, Plato makes the Eleatic Visitor define sophistic as an expertise (τέχνη‎), in stark contrast to the account of sophistic in the Gorgias. This paper focuses on the almost entirely overlooked problem of what it could mean for sophistic to be an expertise. Sophistic, in the Sophist, is the ability to appear wise (without being so). This paper argues that sophistic counts as an expertise because the sophist can explain the causes of sophistic success and failure in terms of a true but incomplete account of wisdom as irrefutability. The account of wisdom as irrefutability is true, but it turns out that irrefutability, too, can be real or merely apparent. The full account of wisdom must include an account of true, by contrast with merely apparent, refutation. The knowledge of true refutation turns out to be identical with the knowledge of forms and their exclusion relations. Recent arguments of Lesley Brown’s that sophistic is not, by Plato’s own criteria, an expertise, are rebutted. The paper’s positive account of sophistic as an expertise relies on the distinction between likenesses (proportion-preserving copies) or appearances (proportion-distorting copies). This distinction, which has no parallel in earlier dialogues, makes it possible to see how there can be an expertise of producing merely apparent Fs without knowledge of what is really F.
Introduction
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

This chapter introduces the concept of financial derivatives and discusses the way in which they can be used to hedge market risk.
Portfolio Dynamics
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

We introduce the concept of a financial market and define the concept of a self-financing portfolio. The dynamics of a self-financing portfolio is then derived, both in discrete and continuous time. The theory includes dividend-paying assets and the concept of a cumulative dividend process is introduced and discussed.
Currency Derivatives
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we develop a theory for derivatives based on the exchange rate between two (or more) currencies. This is initially done using classical delta hedging methods, but the main part of the theory is developed using martingale methods. We discuss the foreign and the domestic martingale measures and the relations between these measures, and in particular we show that the likelihood ratio between the measures equals the ratio between the foreign and the domestic stochastic discount factors. Option pricing formulas are also derived, and we discuss the Siegel paradox.
Libor Market Models
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

This chapter presents the LIBOR market models. These models, which produce lognormal interest rates, are widely used in the industry, can be calibrated to the market cap curve and used to price and hedge exotic interest rate derivatives. They involve a highly nontrivial use of the change of numeraire technique discussed in Chapter 15.
Potentials and Positive Interest
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we describe two approaches to interest rate theory which are built on probabilistic potential theory. This approach leads to positive interest rates and there is a nice connection to the stochastic discount factor. We present two alternatives: the Flesaker–Hughston approach, and the Rogers approach.
The Cox–Ingersoll–Ross Interest Rate Model
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

In this chapter we study a special case of the factor model presented in Chapter 36. Assuming log utility and a square root model for the production process we derive the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross short rate model.
Continuous Random Numbers
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

The theory of probability developed in Chapter 3 for discrete random variables is extended to probability distributions, in order to treat the continuous momentum variables. The Dirac delta function is introduced as a convenient tool to transform continuous random variables, in analogy with the use of the Kronecker delta for discrete random variables. The properties of the Dirac delta function that are needed in statistical mechanics are presented and explained. The addition of two continuous random numbers is given as a simple example. An application of Bayesian probability is given to illustrate its significance. However, the components of the momenta of the particles in an ideal gas are continuous variables.
Perturbations of Thermodynamic State Functions
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

Because small changes in thermodynamic quantities will play a central role in much of the development of thermodynamics, the key concepts are introduced in this short chapter. The First Law (conservation of energy) can be expressed simply in terms of infinitesimal quantities: a small change in the energy of a system is equal to the heat added plus the work done on the system. The theories of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics deal with the same physical phenomena. Exact and inexact differentials are defined, along with the important concept of an integrating factor that relates them. The useful equation relating small changes in heat to corresponding changes in entropy is derived.
Refining the Definition of Entropy
Authors: Swendsen Robert H.
Published: February 2020

If a macroscopic system as ever been in thermal contact with another macroscopic system, the width of the energy distribution is not zero. This is in contrast to the approximation made in Chapter 7 that the energy dependence of the entropy is given by a delta function. The width is very narrow (proportional to the inverse square root of the number of particles), but this leads to small errors in the predictions of the entropy. Massieu functions are used to derive the canonical entropy because they allow the extension to non-monotonic densities of states, which will be needed in later chapters. The grand canonical entropy is defined similarly. The canonical entropy and the grand canonical entropy of the classical ideal gas are calculated as examples.
The Hebrew Bible
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 2 presents an account of the nature of the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible. This includes a brief analysis of its historical context, tradition, and authorship. It treats a few episodes from the beginning of Genesis, specifically, the Creation, the Fall, the Tower of Babel, and the Flood. Comparisons are made with similar stories in The Epic of Gilgamesh. An interpretation is given of the Hebrew anthropology as it appears in the account of the creation of humans and original sin. It is argued that this is the story of how humans first separated themselves from nature and became self-conscious. The second half of the chapter gives a reading of The Book of Job. This story raises similar questions to those found in Gilgamesh about the issue of divine justice. An account is given of the different layers of the text and the different views of its authors. Both works represent a human protest against the divine and the nature of the universe, where humans suffer and die.
Virgil’s Aeneid
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 9 begins by introducing Virgil as an epic poet in the tradition of Homer. An account is given of Virgil’s goal to provide Rome with a great national epic during the time of Augustus Caesar. In order to legitimate Rome’s claim to power, Virgil traces the history of Rome back to the hero Aeneas from the Trojan War. An account is given of Virgil’s treatment of the fall of Troy and Aeneas’ love affair with Queen Dido. Aeneas’ character as a hero differs from that of the Homeric heroes in the sense that he is inwardly divided between his personal inclination and his greater sense of duty for the future of Rome. This picture of an inward division recognizes a subjective element, which was not clearly present among the Homeric heroes. An account is also given of Virgil’s portrayal of divine justice and the Underworld. This is contrasted to the account given by Homer in Book XI of the Odyssey. Virgil’s account reveals a greater sensitivity towards the individual and one’s specific actions and responsibility.
Dante’s Inferno
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 13 presents Dante and his Divine Comedy by giving the historical background for his life. Dante is understood as following in the epic tradition of Homer and Virgil, from whom he draws extensively. Most importantly he uses Virgil as a kind of guide and mentor. A comparison is made between Dante’s account of hell and the different accounts of the Underworld in the pagan authors Homer and Dante. It is argued that Dante’s picture presents a more developed sense of subjectivity and individuality, which can be seen most readily in his elaborate system of punishments in the Inferno. This raises anew the question of divine justice which has been discussed in different contexts in the previous chapters. For Dante, the basic principle of divine punishment is referred to as “contrapasso,” which means something like “to suffer the opposite.” The idea implies that the punishment is conceived as the opposite or mirror image of the crime itself. It is thus intended as a natural inversion of the sin. Finally, an account is also given of the changed role of the hero Odysseus, who was hailed as great hero in the Homeric poems, but who here is reviled as a hardened sinner.
The French Revolution Controversy
Authors: Marks Susan
Published: February 2020

The rights of man ‘arrived’ in England, in the sense of beginning to circulate in public discourse and becoming a topic on which people staked out positions, during the final decade of the eighteenth century. The context was debate over the significance of the French Revolution for England (the ‘Revolution controversy’). This chapter initiates discussion of the contested meaning of the rights of man in that debate, examining contributions by Richard Price, Edmund Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft and Thomas Paine. A vision of the rights of man emerges as the rights of the living to control the political community of which those latter are a part.
Back Then It Was Called Hillbilly Music (1946–1957)
Authors: Lornell Kip
Published: February 2020

Bluegrass began to emerge as a subset of hillbilly music shortly after the close of World War II. However, both the terms “country” music and “bluegrass” were not commonly used until the late 1950s. Throughout the 1950s WARL radio highlighted this music, mostly notably lead by DJ Don Owens. Mandolinist Buzz Busby was perhaps the most influential pioneering bluegrass music in the area and participated in the first local television show (1954) featuring this music. By the late 1940s DC Records became the first local label to record hillbilly music talent around Washington, DC, and the Happy Melody Boys were the first hillbilly/bluegrass band to appear on national television (1955). The chapter closes with the formation of the Country Gentlemen, arguably the most important local bluegrass band.
Country Gentlemen and the Folk Music Revival (1957–1966)
Authors: Lornell Kip
Published: February 2020

The Country Gentlemen (perhaps the most nationally acclaimed of the bluegrass genre’s second-generation bands) are at the core of this chapter. During this period record labels across the United States took a greater interest in local bands and more of them appeared on 45 rpm discs and, secondarily, albums. The most important local label, Rebel Records, started the same year (1960) that weekend bluegrass festivals debuted in nearby Berryville, Virginia. An increasing number of local venues were booking live local and regional bluegrass bands as well as national acts. Spurred by the folk music revival, among other factors like increased radio airplay, the general interest in bluegrass was clearly on the rise.
Recording Roman
Authors: Seeman Sonia Tamar
Published: February 2020

Following the success of nightclub Roman recordings, the burgeoning 45 rpm industry sought to expand into regional markets by recording Roman wedding musicians and their new Roman oyun havası-s. Biographies of Mu[h]acir İbra[h]im, Kemanî Cemal Çınarlı, Deli Selim Kızılcıklar, Kemanî [H]acı Üründülcü, and Kadir Ürün[dülcü] illustrate the de-centering of Istanbul as a musical center and the increased importance of new musical ideas and styles from Edirne. Through oral history interviews and musical analysis, I trace the emergence of particularly “Roman”-marked rhythms, dance tunes with words, and instrumentation from local celebrations into the studios. By tracing this history, I excavate the metaphoric process by which musicians layered new elements into established genres, generating sonically mimetic expressions that reflected and projected new senses of belonging. Recordings also introduced new power dynamics into social relations between musicians and their audiences, while also increasing public forums for the creation, negotiation, and maintenance of cultural projections of Roman identities. The unexpected popularity of the dance song “Mastika Mastika” led to the increasing demand for—and production of—Roman dance songs.
Conclusions and Openings
Authors: Seeman Sonia Tamar
Published: February 2020

A musical collage based on Roman song lyrics provides the framework to explore the relationship between Turkish Roman musical practices, social representation and political agency. This chapter recaps the author’s argument regarding the symbolic power of iconicity, metaphoricity, and mimesis for providing alternative possibilities, and thus empower marginalized communities. Musical innovations at the time of publication demonstrate that musicians continue to forge responsive expressions of Roman belonging through metaphoric layering that retain older elements discussed in this book with new technologies and styles. Ethnomusicological and historiographic analyses of Turkish Roman expressions reveal that forms and practices of social identities are as much relational as they are grounded in each community’s unique matrices of collective experiences. In the current era of rising nationalist politics in which Romani groups are increasingly targeted, this chapter ends with a meditation on the promises and limits of cultural expression to challenge social and political inequities.
Internationalizing Colonial War: on the Unintended Consequences of the Interventions of the International Committee of the Red Cross in South-East Asia, 1945–1949*
Authors: van Dijk Boyd
Published: February 2020

What is the relationship between decolonization and international law? Most historians agree that empires framed their colonial wars as emergencies in order to escape international scrutiny. After 1945, however, those same imperial powers invited the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to intervene in their wars of decolonization while resisting an official state of war. This article seeks to solve this puzzle by drawing attention to the ICRC’s critical part in reshaping the international legal system regarding colonial war in the critical years before the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) and the Bandung Conference (1955). In this formative period, the organization, together with anti-colonial activists, played a transformative role in contesting accepted ideas of global governance and international law while providing a new stage for anti-colonial resistance, with far-reaching consequences, not just for the ICRC’s own institutional future, but also for the legitimization of (post-)colonial sovereignty in the twentieth century.
Sources and Resources John Bradmore and the Case of the Bitten Man: A Tantalising Link Between Three Medieval Surgical Manuscripts
Authors: Lang S. J.
Published: February 2020

This article examines three English surgical treatises compiled between the late fourteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries. The earliest, a Middle English treatise dated 1392, appears to have been compiled by a surgeon practising in London (MS Wellcome 564). Near contemporary with this is a Latin treatise, Philomena, compiled by London surgeon John Bradmore in the first decade of the fifteenth century (BL MS Sloane 2272). The latest of the three, dated 1446, represents a translation/adaptation of Bradmore’s Philomena into Middle English (BL MS Harley 1736). All three treatises contain anecdotes of surgical cases, and just one of these anecdotes is common to all three manuscripts. Close analysis of this story is used to explore aspects of the practice and regulation of surgery in late medieval London, and also to examine the relationship of the three treatises and the implications this has for the sharing of texts and information among surgeons.
Effect of oral meloxicam administration on growth performance and behavior of pre-weaning age calves following band castration
Authors: Daniel Jay A , Crane Alison , Krawczel Peter D , Coetzee Johann F , Whitlock Brian K
Published: February 2020

The objective of this study was to determine if oral meloxicam (M; a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) administered at castration to pre-weaning age calves affected average daily gain (ADG) or behavior. Prior to castration (d −14), Angus bulls were weighed and randomly assigned to be band castrated (BAN; n = 8; age = 90.2 ± 6.5 d; BW = 146.3 ± 11.4 kg; scrotal circumference = 16.0 ± 0.5 cm) or castrated with M (BAN + M; n = 9; age = 102.1 ± 6.2 d; BW = 146.0 ± 7.7 kg; scrotal circumference = 16.1 ± 0.3 cm). Six bulls selected to remain bulls based on pedigree and phenotype were maintained in the same pasture (BULL; age = 104.2 ± 6.1 d; BW = 172.1 ± 8.7 kg; scrotal circumference = 17.5 ± 0.4 cm). On d 0, BAN and BAN + M had a rubber band applied tightly around the scrotum, and BAN + M also received oral M (2 mg/kg BW). On d 1, 14, and 28, animals were weighed and a blood sample was collected to determine circulating concentrations of haptoglobin and fibrinogen. Data loggers were affixed to the legs of calves immediately prior to castration (d 0) to record behaviors [mean lying time (h/d), mean lying bouts (n/d), and steps (n/d)] at 1-min intervals and removed on d 28. Behavior and plasma data were tested for effect of treatment, day, and treatment × day interaction, and ADG data were tested for effect of treatment, period (d −14 to 1, d 1 to 14, and d 14 to 28), and treatment × period interaction using JMP procedures for repeated measures (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). BULL in period d 0 to 14 had greater ADG than all other treatment period combinations, and BULL had greater ADG than BAN or BAN + M overall (P < 0.05). There was no effect of M treatment on circulating concentrations of fibrinogen or haptoglobin (P > 0.05). On d 7 and 15, BAN took more steps than BAN + M (P < 0.05). BAN + M had more lying bouts than BAN on d 13 and 14 (P < 0.05). Overall, M administration had no effect on ADG post-castration and only had minor impacts on behavior in calves band castrated pre-weaning.
A new transmission route for the propagation of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus
Authors: Danchin Antoine , Wai Ng Patrick Tuen , Turinici Gabriel
Published: February 2020

Background

A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread from the capital of the Hubei province in China to the rest of the country, then to most of the world. To anticipate future trends in the development of the epidemic, we explore here, based on public records of infected persons how variation in the virus tropism could end up in different patterns, warranting specific way to handle the epidemic.

Methods

We use a compartmental model to describe the evolution of an individual through several possible states: susceptible, infected, alternative infection, detected and removed. We fit the parameters of the model to the existing data taking into account significant quarantine changes where necessary.

Results

The model indicates that Wuhan quarantine measures were effective but that alternative virus forms and a second propagation route are compatible with available data. For Singapore and Shenzhen region the secondary route does not seem to be active yet and the epidemic size limited.

Conclusions

The alternative infection tropism (the gut tropism) and a secondary propagation route are validated hypotheses using a model fitted by the available data. Corresponding prevention measures that take into account both routes should be implemented to the benefit of epidemic control.
Utilize State Transition Matrix Model to Predict the Novel Corona Virus Infection Peak and Patient Distribution
Authors: Wu Ke , Zheng Junhua , Chen Jian
Published: February 2020

Background

Since December 2019, a pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has broken out in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The continuous rising of infected cases has imposed overwhelming pressure on public health decision and medical resource allocation in China. We managed to forecast the infection peak time in Hubei province and the severe and critical case distribution.

Methods

We used data resource according to cases reported by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Jan 25, 2019, to Feb 28, 2020) as the training set to deduce the arrival of the peak infection time and the number of severe and critical cases in Wuhan on subsequent days. Medical observation, discharge, infected, non-Severe, infected and severe, cure and death data were collected and analyzed. Using this state transition matrix model, we will be able predict when the inflection peak time (the maximum open infection cases) in Hubei Province will occur. Also, we can use this model to predict the patient distribution (severe, non-severe) to better allocate medical resource. Under relative pessimistic scenario, the inflection peak time is April 6-April 14. The numbers of critically ill and critically ill patients will lie between 8300-9800 and 2200-2700, respectively.

Results

In very optimistic scenarios (daily NCC decay rate of −10%), the peak time of open inflection cases will arrive around February 23-February 26. At the same time, there will be a peak in the numbers of severely ill and critically ill patients, between 6800-7200 and 1800-2000, respectively. In a relative optimistic scenario (daily NCC decay rate of −5%), the inflection case peak time will arrive around February 28-March 2. The numbers of critically ill and critically ill patients will lie between 7100-7800 and 1900-2200, respectively. In a relatively pessimistic scenario (daily NCC decay rate of −1%), the inflection peak time does not arrive around the end of March. Estimated time is April 6-April 14. The numbers of critically ill and critically ill patients will lie between 8300-9800 and 2200-2700, respectively. We are using the diagnosis rate, mortality rate, cure rate as the 2/8 data. There should be room for improvement, if these metrics continue to improve. In that case, the peak time will arrive earlier than our estimation. Also, the severe and critical case ratios are likely to decline as the virus becomes less toxic and medical conditions improve. If that happens, the peak numbers will be lower than predicted above.

Conclusion

We can infer that we are still not close to the end of this outbreak and the number of critically ill patients is still climbing. Assisting critical care resources in Hubei province requires the government to consider further tilt, and it is vital to make reasonable management of doctors and medical assistance systems to curb the transmission trend.