bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jean Toomer, Technology, and Race
Authors: WHALAN MARK
Published: February 2003

The close relationship between machine technology and the literature of American modernism has long been acknowledged. Indeed, it is hard to imagine Fitzgerald's work without its hyper-materialised cars (and metaphysically potent car crashes), or Dos Passos's USA without the representational possibilities of the camera eye. Other writers in the 1920s had equally famous fascinations with what cultural producers and critics often abstracted into the concept of “the machine”; William Carlos Williams described poetry as being “machines made of words,” and Hart Crane used one of the triumphs of American engineering, the Brooklyn Bridge, as the organising metaphor and structuring principle of his poem The Bridge, identifying his theme as “the conquest of space and knowledge.”1 Of course, writers' fascination with how machinery or technological innovation was effecting social change had not begun with modernism. Yet often goaded by the speed of innovation in the visual arts, some American modernist writers responded to what Cecelia Tichi has called a “gears-and-girders” world by rethinking their relation to time, space, communication and economy with an unprecedented radicalism. And in the 1920s – a decade which saw more cars in Manhattan than in the whole of Britain, Lindbergh's pioneering flight across the Atlantic, and the USA move decisively ahead of Europe in industrial productivity – this rethinking had a particularly pressing urgency. Jean Toomer was one of the writers who participated in this exercise, engaging with European art movements such as Dadaism and Futurism and their proposals for new relations between machine design and literary aesthetics.
“I have not had One Fact Disproven”: Elizabeth Dilling's Crusade Against Communism in the 1930s
Authors: ERICKSON CHRISTINE K.
Published: February 2003

Who, then, is Mrs. Dilling? Upon what strange meat has she been fed that she hath grown so great: And what inspired her, she who might have taken up knitting or petunia-growing, to adopt as her hobby the deliberate and sometimes hasty criticism of men and women she has never even seen.1

To see the lady in action, screaming and leaping and ripping along at breakneck speed, is to see certain symptoms of simple hysteria on the loose.2

May God strengthen and uphold you, [Mrs. Dilling] … May your wonderful work grow and help save our Republic, … a time is coming when you will be blessed … You deserve a place in history comparable to Washington and Lincoln.3

Hysterical and demented, saintly and just, these were just some of the characterizations of the most prominent female activist on the right during the Great Depression. Elizabeth Dilling embraced them all. For Dilling and her supporters, service in the cause of Christianity and Americanism demanded vigilance and determination, as well as a tough skin.

Dilling's story is a fascinating one and deserves telling, if only because of the passion she provoked in her audiences. Yet her story has larger historical significance. Dilling created her own unique style of politics – distinctly gendered and explicitly personal, a feminine counterpunch to her male colleagues on the far-right who were relatively more aloof from their constituents. For Dilling, involvement in the politics of anti-communism was not only a personal source of strength and satisfaction but also a ticket to what she hoped would be a long and respectable career as an authority on subversive movements.
Violence and Ethnicity on a Qing Colonial Frontier: Customary and Statutory Law in the Eighteenth-Century Miao Pale
Authors: Sutton Donald S.
Published: February 2003

No less than in modern times, law under imperial systems can do many things. Its enactment can be a focus for bureaucratic debate and struggle. Its implementation may provoke bitter resistance or creative adaptations. It can be ignored or it can spur unpredictable social change. In eighteenth-century southwestern China, law did all this: issues of law are paramount in the burst of Qing (1644–1911) expansion and Han Chinese colonization which brought many local non-Han societies directly under imperial governance for the first time. This paper examines both its development and its effects in the remote region of the Eastern Miao (Hmong) (see map), a group based on settled agriculture in the Hunan/Guizhou provincial border zone west of the Yuan river. It begins with administrative incorporation (which occurred in two stages in 1703–4 and 1727–32) and ends on the eve of the Miao uprising and its suppression in the 1790s.
Officers, Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet
Authors: Carrington Michael
Published: February 2003

During the early years of British conquest in India [and elsewhere] indiscriminate and frenzied looting often followed military action. Certainly, the acquisition of plunder had always been used as an incentive for the troops, though its distribution was often disproportionate and the source of much discontent. Officially appointed prize agents ought to have lessened any animosity, though like the Admiralty Prize Courts which were a ‘public scandal’, the military agents were mostly thought to be ‘sharks’ and men often went collecting for themselves rather than for the ‘official’ pot. By the latter half of the nineteenth century, collection of plunder had also become the ‘collecting’ of curios and artefacts for both personal and institutional reasons. This material had become increasingly important in the process of ‘othering’ Oriental and African societies and was exemplified in the professionalism of exploration and the growth of ethnographic departments in museums, the new ‘temples of Empire’. The gathering of information may have reached new heights but the British attempt at a monopoly on knowledge was not particularly ordered or controlled and events within the Empire offered the world's press numerous opportunities for criticism. Nearer home, reports of looting often became ammunition in the hands of liberal critics of Empire who had their cause strengthened after the disastrous events of the South African War with its burning, looting and removal of non-combatants to concentration camps. So looting may have become morally questionable, but it was institutionalized and symptomatic of the British imperial state's desire for artefacts with which to provide information about ‘exotic’ societies. There was literally a ‘scramble’ for information out of which, it was hoped, an ordered and systematic scheme of knowledge would realize the dream of an ‘imperial archive’ in which fantasy became reality and ultimate knowledge became ultimate power.
‘Cocked Hats and Swords and Small, Little Garrisons’: Britain, Canada and the Fall of Hong Kong, 1941
Authors: Fedorowich Kent
Published: February 2003

Just days before the outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939, the Foreign Office in London received a letter from Ian Morrison, late Honorary Attaché to the British embassy in Tokyo, who was returning to the United Kingdom via south China. For the past month, Morrison had been enjoying the allure of Hong Kong. Astounded by the bustle and ‘ever-fresh beauty’ of this prosperous corner of empire, one of the first impressions upon his arrival in the colony was its remarkable isolation.
From Indochine to Indochic: The Lang Bian/Dalat Palace Hotel and French Colonial Leisure, Power and Culture
Authors: Jennings Eric T.
Published: February 2003

Looking at an early picture of the French colonial hill station of Dalat circa 1925, one is struck by the centrality of an edifice around which the entire European resort seems to have been conceived. Completed in 1922, this monumental hotel, known at the time as the Lang Bian Palace (since rebaptized the Dalat Palace Hotel), was designed as a site of colonial leisure and power at the centre of Indochina's premier site of French villeggiatura, ‘discovered’ by Dr Alexandre Yersin in 1893, and earmarked for development into a hill station by the Governor General of Indochina, Paul Doumer in 1897–8. According to the geographer Robert Reed, the Lang Bian Palace ‘function[ed] almost immediately as the nerve center of proper Western colonial society in the highlands.’
Tales of Treachery: Rumour as the Source of Claims that Tipu Sultan was Betrayed
Authors: Brittlebank Kate
Published: February 2003

One of the more famous episodes in the narrative of British colonial expansion in India, and one that has been extensively mythologized, is the death in 1799 of Tipu Sultan and the fall of his capital, Srirangapattana. British troops, supported by their Indian allies—in particular, the forces of Hyderabad—stormed the island fortress on 4 May, bringing to an end the Mysore kingdom's role as the last significant indigenous power in the south. The old Hindu Wodeyar dynasty was reinstated and the kingdom itself was reduced to a landlocked state, with much of its territory redistributed among the victors. It is not the purpose of this article to attempt an analysis of why Tipu was defeated. Rather its aim is to underline the importance of returning to sources and re-examining evidence, even, or perhaps especially, if beliefs about a certain event have been held for so long. This is particularly true in the case of such an evocative and contentious figure as Tipu Sultan, whose life and legacy have been appropriated by interests in polemical debates over at least the last 150 years. As the following discussion will show, if one is to achieve a better understanding of an event such as the fall of Srirangapattana and its aftermath, a return to the sources is imperative.
Processes of Secularization in Contemporary India: Guru Faith in the Mata Amritanandamayi Mission
Authors: Warrier Maya
Published: February 2003

The perceived resurgence of Hindu nationalist sentiments in India, particularly since the 1990s, occupies centre-stage in much of the current academic writing on contemporary Hinduism. This preoccupation with politicized Hinduism has meant that other developments in contemporary Hindu society, which run contrary to the dominant trend, have tended to go relatively unnoticed in recent academic literature. One such development has to do with religious belief and practice within some of the more popular modern guru organizations in India, many of which own and manage vast institutional and financial empires, command an international presence, and, within India, attract followers largely from educated, urban, ‘middle class’ sections of the country's population. Commentators in the past have tended to see the popularity of these guru organizations merely as a sign of intensified religiosity among urban middle class Indians. A closer look at these organizations and the place which many of them occupy in the lives of their followers, however, indicates that this apparently intensified religiosity also carries within it seeds of something quite different—trends towards the secularization of civil society.
Genetic characterization of six species of diplozoids (Monogenea; Diplozoidae)
Authors: MATEJUSOVÁ I. , KOUBKOVÁ B. , D'AMELIO S. , CUNNINGHAM C. O.
Published: February 2003

The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA gene array of 6 species of diplozoids; Eudiplozoon nipponicum, Paradiplozoon bliccae, P. homoion, P. megan, P. pavlovskii and P. sapae, was amplified by PCR and sequenced. These sequences clearly demonstrate discrimination at the species level and confirm the validity of species determined by morphological identification. No intraspecific variation was found in the ITS2 sequences. There were no differences in the ITS2 sequences of P. homoion from populations parasitizing different host species. The length of the PCR product allowed discrimination of E. nipponicum from the Paradiplozoon species. Digestion of the amplified ITS2 fragment with enzymes AluI, HaeIII and HinfI provided useful genetic markers for species identification. The genetic relationships between diplozoids again demonstrated that E. nipponicum was the most genetically distinct species, whereas P. bliccae and P. sapae were the species most closely related. This represents the first molecular taxonomic study of these interesting parasites and demonstrates the utility of these methods for addressing questions of systematics.
Development of the vitellaria of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica in the rat host
Authors: ROBINSON M. W. , COLHOUN L. M. , FAIRWEATHER I. , BRENNAN G. P. , WAITE J. H.
Published: February 2003

The development of the vitellaria of Fasciola hepatica within the liver of its rat host was studied by means of whole-mount stained preparations and transmission electron microscopy, together with light and electron immunocytochemistry using an antibody to vitelline protein B, an eggshell precursor protein synthesized by F. hepatica. No vitelline cells could be identified in flukes recovered from the liver parenchyma, by any of the methods used. In contrast, follicles were present in flukes at the earliest time of recovery from the bile duct, namely, 5 weeks 3 days post-infection. The vitellaria in these flukes formed a row of small follicles on either side of the body. Development of the follicles was rapid: by 6 weeks 3 days, the vitellaria resembled those in the adult fluke and eggs were present in the uterus. Immunolabelling was confined to the shell protein globules in the vitelline cells, confirming the packaging of the eggshell protein within the shell globule clusters.
Microfloral diversity of cultured and wild strains of Psoroptes ovis infesting sheep
Authors: HOGG J. C. , LEHANE M. J.
Published: February 2003

PCR amplification of 16S rDNA was used to determine the diversity of bacteria associated with 3 strains of sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis. Eight species of bacteria were identified by phylogenetic analysis of the PCR product sequences. Seven of these species are previously unreported in association with sheep scab mites. Five species were matched to Serratia marcesens, Proponibacteium acnes, Phyllobacterium rubiacearum, Pantoea agglomerans, Curacaobacter baltica, whereas the remaining 3 sequences matched unclassified sequences belonging to the gamma proteobacteria, pseudomonads and streptococci. Bacterial diversity of the in vivo cultured strain was very low and did not match the diversity of the 2 wild collected isolates. The diversity of the bacteria in relation to the disease of sheep scab and the possible importance of these bacteria in the diet of the mites are discussed.
Feeding aggregation of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Ixodidae): benefits and costs in the contest with host responses
Authors: WANG H. , HAILS R. S. , CUI W. W. , NUTTALL P. A.
Published: February 2003

Gregariousness can be advantageous in interspecific competition while intraspecific competition may favour solitude. We examined feeding behaviour of the ixodid tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, in the context of interspecific (tick–host) and intraspecific (tick–tick) competition. Such competition is mediated through host rejection responses to tick infestation to which ticks respond by secreting immunodulatory saliva. We observed that group feeding adults increased their blood-feeding rate, reducing the time to mating and repletion, compared with individual feeding of paired adults. The benefits of feeding aggregation indicate direct reciprocity between ticks, most likely resulting from the shared activities of their bioactive saliva. However, fast-feeding ticks appeared to impair blood-feeding success of slow-feeding females during group feeding. This may be explained by the faster feeders exacerbating host responses on detachment that are then directed against the slower feeders. As female fecundity is generally proportional to the size of the bloodmeal, there will be a selection pressure to feed gregariously. Greater understanding of the benefits and costs of feeding aggregation may help to improve tick control strategies.
The detection of geographical substructuring of Trypanosoma brucei populations by the analysis of minisatellite polymorphisms
Authors: MacLEOD A. , TURNER C. M. R. , TAIT A.
Published: February 2003

Analysis of natural populations of Trypanosoma brucei has shown that there is linkage disequilibrium between alleles at pairs of loci in isolates taken from the field. This disequilibrium can occur as a result of a low frequency of genetic exchange, the masking of frequent genetic exchange by the rapid expansion of a few genotypes or by the treatment of 2 (or more) genetically isolated populations as a single population. We have analysed stocks from 2 geographically separate locations using 3 minisatellite markers to determine the frequencies of the alleles in each area and the frequency and nature of the multilocus genotypes. The results show that many alleles and multilocus genotypes are unique to each geographical location, supporting the conclusion that these populations are genetically isolated with limited or no gene flow between them. This geographical substructuring needs to be taken into account in considering the origins of the linkage disequilibrium in a number of populations.
Host manipulation by Ligula intestinalis: accident or adaptation?
Authors: BROWN S. P. , LOOT G. , GRENFELL B. T. , GUÉGAN J. F.
Published: February 2003

Numerous studies have demonstrated that parasites with complex life-cycles can cause phenotypic modifications in their hosts that lead to an increased rate of transmission, and suggest that these modifications are the result of parasitic adaptations to manipulate the host. Little attention is paid, however, to separating the possibility of adaptive host manipulation from incidental (if fortuitous) side-effects of infection. In this study we combine statistical and analytical tools to interpret the impact of the macroparasite Ligula intestinalis L. (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) on the behaviour of its intermediate fish host (the roach, Rutilus rutilus L.), using field data on a natural system. Two distinct sets of generalized linear models agree that both the presence and the intensity of infection contribute to a modified behavioural response in the host. This was illustrated by a preference for the lake-edge in infected fish during autumn. Furthermore, the effect of parasites upon their host is heterogeneous with respect to parasite size, with larger parasite individuals having a disproportionate impact. A series of game-theoretic models of adaptive host manipulation illustrate a potential rationale for a size-dependent manipulation strategy in parasites. These findings illustrate the potential complexity and functionality of the impact of L. intestinalis upon its fish host, which together reduce the parsimony of the alternative ‘incidental effect’ hypothesis.
Structure of three high voltage-activated calcium channel α1 subunits from Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: KOHN A. B. , LEA J. M. , ROBERTS-MISTERLY J. M. , ANDERSON P. A. V. , GREENBERG R. M.
Published: February 2003

Voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels contribute to impulse propagation in excitable cells and also regulate intracellular levels of Ca2+. High voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ channels are heteromultimeric membrane proteins. The pore-forming, voltage-sensing subunit is the α1 subunit. We have cloned 3 HVA Ca2+ channel α1 subunit cDNAs from Schistosoma mansoni. One of these sequences most closely resembles the L-type class of HVA α1 subunits. The other two sequences are most closely related to non L-type α1 subunits. These schistosome α1 subunits have many of the features common to HVA Ca2+ channels, but also have distinct structural motifs. Analysis of the structural and functional properties of schistosome Ca2+ channel subunits may provide information about these critical components of excitable cells.
Effects of heavy metal pollution on swimming and longevity in cercariae of Cryptocotyle lingua (Digenea: Heterophyidae)
Authors: CROSS M. A. , IRWIN S. W. B. , FITZPATRICK S. M.
Published: February 2003

Effects of heavy metal pollution on the cercariae of the marine trematode Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) were studied by measuring horizontal swimming rate (HSR) and longevity. These factors are important for transmission to the next host, a fish. Cercariae released by Littorina littorea (L.) collected from polluted and unpolluted sites were compared. Both HSR and longevity were significantly reduced in cercariae from the polluted environment. Cercarial quality was therefore reduced, directly or indirectly, by development within a metal-accumulating host. Cercariae released by hosts from a clean environment were subjected to nominal concentrations of 2 and 3 mg/l copper, 1 and 2 mg/l zinc, 2 and 5 mg/l iron and 2 and 4 mg/l manganese in artificial seawater. In all cases the HSRs and longevity were reduced. The effect was more pronounced in the higher concentrations. The significant HSR tests indicate that the absorption and effect of metals occurred within 1 min. The cercarial tegument, specialized for absorption in endoparasitic environments, is possibly responsible. Cercariae may therefore be excellent indicator organisms for pollution. The pollution-induced reductions in cercarial quality seem capable of producing transmission failure. Heavy metal pollution could therefore alter parasite populations and communities.
Phylogenetic relationships of Trypanosoma chelodina and Trypanosoma binneyi from Australian tortoises and platypuses inferred from small subunit rRNA analyses
Authors: JAKES K. A. , O'DONOGHUE P. J. , ADLARD R. D.
Published: February 2003

Trypanosome infections are often difficult to detect by conventional microscopy and their pleomorphy often confounds differential diagnosis. Molecular techniques are now being used to diagnose infections and to determine phylogenetic relationships between species. Complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences were determined for isolates of Trypanosoma chelodina from the Brisbane River tortoise (Emydura signata), the saw-shelled tortoise (Elseya latisternum), and the eastern snake-necked tortoise (Chelodina longicollis) from southeast Queensland, Australia. Partial sequence data were also obtained for T. binneyi from a platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) from Tasmania. Phylogenetic relationships between T. chelodina, T. binneyi and other species were examined by maximum parsimony and likelihood methods. The Australian tortoise and platypus trypanosomes did not exhibit any close phylogenetic relationships with those of mammals, reptiles or amphibians, but were closely related to each other, and to fish trypanosomes. This contra-indicates their co-evolution with their vertebrate hosts but does not exclude co-evolution with different groups of invertebrate vectors, notably insects and leeches.
Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea) primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis
Authors: JACKSON J. A. , TINSLEY R. C.
Published: February 2003

The reproductive kinetics of Protopolystoma xenopodis primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis were monitored in a 3-year study. Thirty-five naïve, lab-raised, full-sib X. laevis from 1 spawning were each exposed to 30 P. xenopodis eggs. The course of infections at 20 °C was monitored by screening isolated hosts for parasite egg production. Ninety-four percent of toads supported the development of gravid parasites. Infections became patent 9–19 weeks p.i., lasted 3–30 months and produced estimated totals of 1–7152 eggs/host. Variation in primary infection characters was discontinuous: a subgrouping of hosts (16%) was characterized by extended infection duration and low reproductive rate. In order to test the effect of long-term infection history on a subsequent challenge, each host was re-exposed to P. xenopodis infective stages (30 eggs/host) 6 months after the loss of its original infection. Establishment of patent infection was significantly lower (15%), and pre-patent period (12–28 weeks) longer, than in primary infections of the same hosts, and than in concurrently exposed naïve controls (contemporary full-sibs of the primary/secondary infection group, maintained in parallel; n = 28). There was no relationship between primary infection characteristics and secondary infection outcome. Overall reproductive output per initial infective stage for the primary exposure exceeded that for the secondary exposure by a ratio of 15[ratio ]1. Results suggest that primary infection with P. xenopodis can elicit strong, long-term protective immunity against re-infection in X. laevis.
Pains and Places
Authors: Hyman John
Published: February 2003

I argue that itches, tickles, aches and pains—sensations of all sorts—are generally in the places where we say they are. So, for example, if I say that I have an itch in the big toe on my left foot, then, by and large, that is the very place where the itch is. James denied this in the 1890s; Russell and Broad denied it in the 1920s; Wittgenstein and Ryle denied it in the 1940s; Lewis and Armstrong denied it in the 1960s; and since then various kinds of materialists have denied it. But if itches etc. are states of the sensitive parts of bodies, then it is true.
Learning About Right and Wrong: Ethics and Language
Authors: Hanfling Oswald
Published: February 2003

The difference between right and wrong is not something that is taught; it is, necessarily, picked up by a child in the course of learning its native language, and parents have no choice about this. In learning the meaning of ‘steal’, for example, the child learns that such actions are wrong. It also develops, through a kind of conditioning, the appropriate feelings and attitudes. The very concept of a reason has a moral content; so that, in acquiring this concept, the child learns what counts as a good reason; and this includes altruistic and other moral reasons, no less than reasons of self-interest.
The Mandevillean Conceit and the Profit-motive
Authors: Lynch Tony , Walsh Adrian
Published: February 2003

Invisible Hand accounts of the operations of the competitive market are often thought to have two implications for morality as it confronts economic life. First, explanantions of agents economic activities eschew constitutive appeal to moral notions; and second, such moralism is pernicious insofar as it tends to undermine the operations of a socially valuable social process. This is the Mandevillean Conceit. The Conceit rests on an avarice-only reading of the profit-motive that is mistaken. The avarice-only reading is not the only way of characterising the profit-motive, and there are some positive grounds for thinking the benefits of profit pursuit are better attributed to the “lucrephile”, and not the avarice-only “lucrepath”.
The Possibility of Amoralism: A Defence Against Internalism
Authors: Sadler Brook J.
Published: February 2003

A defence of the possibility of amoralism is important to discussions about the foundations of ethics and the justification of morality. I argue against Michael Smith's attempt to show, through a defence of internalism, that amoralism is incoherent. I argue first, that a de dicto reading of the externalist's explanation of changes in motivation which are pursuant upon changes in judgement is not objectionable or implausible as Smith contends; and second, that internalism cannot account for the effort of the will required to make such changes in motivation. I also argue that the internalism/externalism debate can be diffused by considering the epistemic difficulties associated with identifying motivating states and by rejecting the notion that motivation can be understood in terms of psychlogical states.
An Argument against Marriage
Authors: Moller Dan
Published: February 2003

This paper considers an obvious argument against marriage; (a) most of us view the prospect of being married in the absence of mutual love with great antipathy; (b) the mutual love between us and our spouse existing at the inception of our marriage may very well fail to persist; and hence (c) when we marry we are putting ourselves in the position of quite possibly ending up in a loveless marriage of the sort we acknowledge to be undesirable, and this is a mistake. I consider various ways of attacking this argument, and try to show that it may be worth taking more seriously than most people seem inclined.
Literature and the Narrative Self
Authors: Vice Samantha
Published: February 2003

Claims that the self and experience in general are narrative
in structure are increasingly common, but it is not always clear what such claims come down to.
In this paper, I argue that if the view is to be distinctive, the element of narrativity must be
taken as literally as possible. If we do so, and explore the consequences of thinking about our
selves and our lives in this manner, we shall see that the narrative view fundamentally
confusues art and life. We learn from art itself that our selves and lives transcend narratives
and that thinking in a narrative manner ignores the rich complexity of individual persons.
Good For and Good About
Authors: Teichman Jenny
Published: February 2003

Ethical relativists and subjectivists hold that fact must be distinguished from
value, ‘is’ from ‘ought’ and reason from emotion. Their distinctions have
been called into question, notably by Philippa Foot (Natural Goodness 2001), also by
Alasdair Macintyre (Dependent Rational Animals 1999).

Reason in the form of the
life sciences—ethology, biology—indicates that what is good or bad for an individual
animal and its species are matters of objective fact. There is nothing relativistic about the idea
that fresh meat is good for wolves and it is a fact, a paradigm fact, that polluted water is bad
for dolphins. Moreover what is good for an animal is often something that is
good about it. Sharp ears and great speed are good for deer and are also what makes a
deer a good specimen of its kind.

These general remarks apply to the human animal as well
as to ‘ordinary’ animals. The good and bad discussed by moral philosophers cannot be
radically different from the good and bad known through reason. But if it were it would normally
be a remarkably indigent field of study.
Economic changes, household strategies, and social relations of contemporary Nunavik Inuit
Authors: Chabot Marcelle
Published: February 2003

This article examines current economic practices of the Inuit of Nunavik and the consequences of these practices on social relations. In western societies, recourse to market and increasingly frequent use of money have been identified as major factors related to a decline in household production. These practices are also associated with a reduction of interpersonal dependency and with the emergence of instrumental rationality. In Nunavik, like in many Arctic regions, money and commodities represent an increasing portion of the economic resources of Inuit households. Household production also contributes substantially to their resources. An examination of the Inuit household budget shows a diversity of lifestyles supported by various economic activities and strategies that aim at satisfying material needs of family members. These strategies demonstrate that Inuit are economically rational and make use of monetary calculation. This rationality does not influence all economic behaviours, which are also motivated by traditional values and customary obligations. However, the emergence of diversity in lifestyles indicates the existence of a greater margin of self-determination for individuals.
Clairvoyants and mediums search for Franklin
Authors: Ross W. Gillies
Published: February 2003

The search for Sir John Franklin (1847–59) coincided with a growing interest in mesmerism and modern spiritualism in Britain. Several clairvoyants, claiming to ‘see’ Franklin's ships and crews in the Arctic, made statements about the status and location of the overdue expedition, and at least three mediums described communications with Franklin’s spirit. Although the Admiralty provided assistance to Dr Haddock, the mesmerist of Emma, the Bolton clairvoyant, they did not take any action on the basis of her statements, probably because the various accounts were contradictory and could not be verified, and because the Admiralty Lords were sceptical of paranormal phenomena. Lady Franklin, on the other hand, visited clairvoyants and altered the plans for her search expeditions under Forsyth and Kennedy on the basis of a revelation. Recently, an American medium has described more than two dozen conversations with the spirits of Sir John and Lady Franklin.
Scientific collaboration in Antarctica (1901–04): a challenge in times of political rivalry
Authors: Lüdecke Cornelia
Published: February 2003

When geographers recommended the exploration of the Antarctic regions at the close of the nineteenth century, Germany and Britain were eager to do their best. The promoters of Antarctic research, such as Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) in Hamburg and Clements Markham (1830–1916) in London, could finally raise enough money to build national flagships for science. Despite unfavourable political circumstances, due to political rivalry between Germany and Great Britain, the leaders of the expeditions — Erich von Drygalski (1865–1949) and Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912) — agreed to a scientific collaboration with regard to meteorological and magnetic measurements in Antarctica during 1901–1903, which later was extended until 1904. This paper reveals that favourable circumstances such as the International Geographical Congresses in London (1895) and Berlin (1899) played a major role in increasing scientific interest in and public support of Antarctic research, ultimately leading to international collaboration.
Views of traditional ecological knowledge in co-management bodies in Nunavik, Quebec
Authors: Peters Evelyn J.
Published: February 2003

Although there is increasing recognition that traditional ecological knowledge can make important contributions to environmental and resource-management issues, there are also indications that its use in co-management committees has not been straightforward. Three main sets of challenges have been documented — differences in knowledge systems between western scientific and traditional ecological knowledge, the relatively powerful position of western science and scientists in comparison to traditional ecological knowledge and its users, and challenges in documenting and presenting traditional ecological knowledge. This paper reports the results of a study that surveyed members of co-management committees established in Nunavik, northern Quebec, pursuant to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement to explore their perspectives on these issues. Three elements emerged from this study. They are the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of the views that committee members held about traditional ecological knowledge, the active role of the Inuit in attempting to shape how traditional ecological knowledge is used in decision-making, and the need for documentation of, and research funding for, the collection of traditional ecological knowledge.
Children of the ‘Golden Age’ Gordon de Quetteville Robin
Authors: Drewry David J.
Published: February 2003

This is the third in a series of biographies entitled ‘Children of the Golden Age,’ the purpose of which is to describe the background and contributions of significant living figures in polar research who began their scientific careers following World War II. Born on 17 January 1921 in Melbourne, Gordon de Quetteville Robin was educated at Wesley College and the University of Melbourne, graduating in physics with an MSc in 1942. Following submarine training in Scotland, he served in HMS Stygian in the Pacific. Soon after commencing as a research student in nuclear physics at Birmingham University, he joined the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and was the first base commander at Signy Station in the South Orkney Islands (1947–48). In 1949–52 he was third-in-command on the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition responsible for the successful oversnow seismic ice thickness campaign. In 1958, following a brief sojourn in Canberra, he was appointed the first full-time director of the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge. During the next 24 years he developed SPRI into a world-class research institute. In the austral summer 1959–60 he undertook research operating from RRS John Biscoe in the Weddell Sea into the penetration of ocean waves into pack ice. During the early 1960s he stimulated development of radio echo sounding (RES) with Dr Stan Evans, which remains the standard technique for ice-thickness measurement. He undertook experimental fieldwork in Northwest Greenland in 1964 and airborne sounding in Canada in 1966. He was responsible for organising international collaborative programmes of airborne RES in Antarctica with American air support, leading fieldwork in 1967–68, 1969–70, and 1974–75. He was elected secretary of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research in 1958, serving for 12 years, and was president between 1970 and 1974. In 1975 he developed with Dr Terence Armstrong a postgraduate course in Polar Studies at SPRI. He retired as director in 1982 and continues his interests in glaciology as a senior research associate at SPRI.
Understanding protein folding with energy landscape theory Part II: Quantitative aspects
Authors: Plotkin Steven S. , Onuchic José N.
Published: February 2003

1. Introduction 206

2. Quantifying the notions behind the energy landscape 206

2.1 Basic concepts of the Random Energy Model (REM) 206

2.2 Replica-symmetric partition functions and densities of states 209

2.3 The RHP phase diagram and avoided phase transitions 210

2.4 Basic concepts of the entropy of topologically constrained polymers 212

3. Beyond the Random Energy Model 219

3.1 The GREM and the glass transition in a finite RHP 222

4. Basics of configurational diffusion for RHPs and proteins 227

4.1 Kinetics on a correlated energy landscape 231

5. Thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding 234

5.1 A protein Hamiltonian with cooperative interactions 234

5.2 Variance of native contact energies 235

5.3 Thermodynamics of protein folding 236

5.4 Free-energy surfaces and dynamics for a Hamiltonian with pair-wise interactions 240

5.5 The effects of cooperativity on folding 242

5.6 Transition-state drift 242

5.7 Phase diagram for a model protein 245

5.8 A non-Arrhenius folding-rate curve for proteins 246

6. Non-Markovian configurational diffusion and reaction coordinates in protein folding 247

6.1 An illustrative example 250

6.2 Non-Markovian rate theory and reaction surfaces 251

6.3 Application of non-Markovian rate theory to simulation data 257

7. Structural and energetic heterogeneity in the folding mechanism 259

7.1 The general strategy 261

7.2 An illustrative example 263

7.3 Free-energy functional 264

7.4 Dependence of the barrier height on mean loop length (contact order) and structural variance 268

7.5 Illustrations using lattice model proteins and functional theory 269

7.6 Connections of functional theory with experiments 271

8. Conclusions and future prospects 273

9. Acknowledgments 274

10. Appendices

A. Table of common symbols 275

B. GREM construction for the glass transition 276

C. Effect of a Q-dependent diffusion coefficient 279

D. A frequency-dependent Einstein relation 279

11. References 281

We have seen in Part I of this review that the energy landscape theory of protein folding is
a statistical description of a protein's complex potential energy surface, where individual
folding events are sampled from an ensemble of possible routes on the landscape. We found
that the most likely global structure for the landscape of a protein can be described as that
of a partially random heteropolymer with a rugged, yet funneled landscape towards the native
structure. Here we develop some quantitative aspects of folding using tools from the
statistical mechanics of disordered systems, polymers, and phase transitions in finite-sized
systems. Throughout the text we will refer to concepts and equations developed in Part I of
the review, and the reader is advised to at least survey its contents before proceeding here.
Sections, figures or equations from Part I are often prefixed with I- [e.g. Section I-1.1, Fig. I-1,
Eq. (I-1.1)].
Mechanisms of metalloenzymes studied by quantum chemical methods
Authors: Siegbahn Per E. M.
Published: February 2003

1. Introduction 92

2. Methods and models 93

2.1 Density Functional Theory 93

2.2 Chemical models 98

3. Examples of mechanisms studied 104

3.1 Photosystem II 105

3.2 Cytochrome c oxidase 108

3.3 Manganese catalase 112

3.4 Ribonucleotide reductase 114

3.5 Methane mono-oxygenase 119

3.6 Methyl coenzyme M reductase 122

3.7 Intra- and extradiol dioxygenases 124

3.8 Tyrosinase and catechol oxidase 126

3.9 Amino-acid hydroxylases 130

3.10 Isopenicillin N synthase 132

3.11 Cytochrome c peroxidase 134

3.12 Copper-dependent amine oxidase 136

3.13 Galactose oxidase 138

4. Summary and conclusions 138

5. Acknowledgements 140

6. References 140

The study of metalloenzymes using quantum chemical methods of high accuracy is a relatively new field. During the past five years a quite good understanding has been reached concerning the methods and models to be used for these systems. For systems containing transition metals hybrid density functional methods have proven both accurate and computationally efficient. A background on these methods and the accuracy achieved in benchmark tests are given first in this review. The rest of the review describes examples of studies on different metalloenzymes. Most of these examples describe mechanisms where dioxygen is either formed, as in photosystem II, or cleaved as in many other enzymes life cytochrome c oxidase, ribonucleotide reductase, methane mono-oxygenase and tyrosinase. In the descriptions below high emphasis is put on the actual determination of the transition states, which are the key points determining the mechanisms.
Photosystem II: the engine of life
Authors: Barber James
Published: February 2003

1. Introduction 71

2. Electron transfer in PS II 72

3. (Mn)4cluster and mechanism of water oxidation 73

4. Organization and structure of the protein subunits 75

5. Organization of chlorophylls and redox active cofactors 81

6. Implications arising from the structural models 82

7. Perspectives 84

8. Acknowledgements 86

9. Addendum 86

10. References 87

Photosystem II (PS II) is a multisubunit membrane protein complex, which uses light energy to oxidize water and reduce plastoquinone. High-resolution electron cryomicroscopy and X-ray crystallography are revealing the structure of this important molecular machine. Both approaches have contributed to our understanding of the organization of the transmembrane helices of higher plant and cyanobacterial PS II and both indicate that PS II normally functions as a dimer. However the high-resolution electron density maps derived from X-ray crystallography currently at 3·7/3·8 Å, have allowed assignments to be made to the redox active cofactors involved in the light-driven water–plastoquinone oxidoreductase activity and to the chlorophyll molecules that absorb and transfer energy to the reaction centre. In particular the X-ray work has identified density that can accommodate the four manganese atoms which catalyse the water-oxidation process. The Mn cluster is located at the lumenal surface of the D1 protein and approximately 7 Å from the redox active tyrosine residue (YZ) which acts an electron/proton transfer link to the primary oxidant P680.+. The lower resolution electron microscopy studies, however, are providing structural models of larger PS II supercomplexes that are ideal frameworks in which to incorporate the X-ray derived structures.
Governance and Social Policy
Authors: DALY MARY
Published: February 2003

Governance is now quite widely used as a frame of analysis, although not in social policy. This article elaborates some of the different roots and usages of governance and interrogates the utility of the concept for the discipline and study of social policy. Having traced the concept's diverse origins and contemporary usages, the article goes on to develop from them a framework for the analysis of developments in public policy in the UK under New Labour. This is then applied to consider in turn the nature of the public sphere, policy-making, policy implementation and societal incorporation. This leads to a discussion of the various strengths and weaknesses of governance. The former include its direct interest in policy-making, its focus on power and the state and the fact that it can connect different levels of action and analysis. On the negative side, though, one must question to what extent a governance perspective finds social policy interesting in its own right and whether its over-riding focus on state and government leads it to residualise both social policy and society.
Redesigning the Welfare Contract in Theory and Practice: Just What Is Going on in the USA?
Authors: WADDAN ALEX
Published: February 2003

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 was a landmark in American social policy. There were a number of objectives, but the primary purpose was to end the Aid to Families with Dependent Children programme which was a cash benefit paid to poor, very largely single-parent, families. The underlying theme was that AFDC had constituted a ‘something for nothing’ programme which had violated the primacy of work. The Act acknowledged that government had an initial duty to aid those falling on hard times, but also stated that there comes a time when government's obligation diminishes. This legislation has generated much interest in the UK, but there is a danger of important elements of the American story being overlooked. In order to understand, therefore, just what is going on this paper looks at the US welfare-to-work experiment on its own terms. The article looks at the movement behind reform and at why, despite evidence of increased hardship for some, five years on from passage the conventional wisdom is that PRWORA has been a success.
Persistent Income Poverty and Deprivation in the European Union: An Analysis of the First Three Waves of the European Community Household Panel
Authors: WHELAN CHRISTOPHER T. , LAYTE RICHARD , MAÎTRE BERTRAND
Published: February 2003

Poverty research has increasingly focused on persistent income poverty, both as a crucial social indicator and as a target for policy intervention. Such an approach can lead to an identification of a sub-set of poor individuals facing particularly adverse circumstances and/or distinctive problems in escaping from poverty. Here we seek to establish whether, in comparison with cross-sectional measures, persistent poverty measures also provide a better measure of exclusion from a minimally acceptable way of life and relate with other important variables in a logical fashion. Our analysis draws upon the first three waves of the ECHP and shows that a persistent poverty measure does constitute a significant improvement over its cross-sectional counterpart in the explanation of levels of deprivation. Persistent poverty is related to life-style deprivation in a manner that comes close to being uniform across countries. The measure of persistence also conforms to our expectations of how a poverty measure should behave in that, unlike relative income poverty lines, defining the threshold level more stringently enables us to identify progressively groups of increasingly deprived respondents. Overall the persistent poverty measure constitutes a significant advance on cross-sectional income measures. However, there is clearly a great deal relating to the process of accumulation and of erosion of resources, which is not fully captured in the persistent poverty measure. In the absence of such information, there is a great deal to be said for making use of both types of indictors in formulating and evaluating policies while we continue to improve our understanding of longer-term processes.