bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors of vitality of the Buryat language
Authors: Gunzhitova Garma-Khanda
Published: February 2021

The subject of the research in this article is the factors of the vitality (viability) of the language and their influence on the development of the language. The author analyzes the actual parameters of the state of the Buryat language in the context of the main factors of vitality traditionally identified by researchers: the number of ethnic groups or the total number of native speakers, their share in the total population, language environment and language contacts, linguistic parameters, state policy, national identity, attitude to language, language reproduction, availability of materials for language learning, areas of use, place of residence of an ethnic group. The influence of the factor of the state language policy on the state and development of the language is also considered. The main conclusions are that the current state of the Buryat language in the context of the main factors of vitality is characterized by contradictory indicators. On the one hand, there are certain positive developments, on the other hand, there are factors that in many ways negatively affect his condition and development. Thus, the factors of the number of Buryats, their share in the total population of Russia, the Republic of Buryatia, the sphere of use, the place of residence of Buryats are characterized by negative trends. Certain positive aspects can be identified in the context of such factors as linguistic parameters, state policy, national identity, attitude to language, language reproduction, availability of materials for language learning.
Women's lyrics in the Even poetry
Authors: Vinokurova Antonina Afanas'evna , Egorova Sargylana Ivanovna , Belolyubskaya Elena Nikolaevna
Published: February 2021

The object of this research is women’s lyrics in the Even literature. It is underlined that women's poetry, represented by the Evdokia Nikolaevna Bokova, Maria Amamich, Maria Prokopievna Fedotova-Nulgynet, Varvara Grigorievna Belolyubskaya-Arkuk, Ekaterina Nikolaevna Gerasimova-Aynady is not broadly reflected in literary studies, although the topic was discusses by the writers, literary scholars and critics, such as V. B. Okorokovs, V. Shemetov, V. Sivtsev, A. Burykin and others. The subject of this research is the works of Evdokia Bokova and Varvara Arkuk. The article explores the genre uniqueness of poems, as well as cognitive, educational and aesthetic meaning of lyrics in the works of E. Bokova and V. Arkuk. Relevance of this study is defined by the need for conducting contextual analysis of the Even women’s poetry. The scientific novelty consist in characterization of aesthetic uniqueness of women's poetry in the Even literature, and in analysis of certain aspects of the works of E. Bokova, V. Arkuk as a remarkable hue in description of the images of nature and inner emotions of the people of the North. The poems of E. Bokova and V. Arkuk are familiar to wide audience. The collections of poems that enriched the Even poetry with women’s lyricism were published in the mid-1990s in the Even language.
Verbs of movement in long-acting forms in modern German
Authors: Kabalina Olesia Igorevna
Published: February 2021

The subject of the study is the characteristics of verbs of movement in the German language. The aim of the work was to identify the features of German verbs of movement, implemented in forms expressing long-term action ("Verlaufsformen"). These forms were peculiar to colloquial speech, but now some of them are already used as a language norm. After determining the corpus of analyzed verbs, each verb of movement was analyzed according to three possible forms of long-term action recorded by the dictionary. The characteristics of the presence/absence of a direct complement, a reflexive particle in the verb were considered, the frequency of territorial use and the possibility of implementation in speech were analyzed. The research methods were the continuous sampling method, the comparative analysis method, the description method, and the statistical method. В  The scientific novelty of the study consists in a comprehensive description of the features of the functioning of movement verbs in long-acting forms in modern German. As a result, it was found that most verbs are implemented in the same long-acting form, some verbs are used in several forms, but at the same time a priority form is noted, all verbs have a similar implementation according to other signs indicated in the study. The results obtained can be used in the development of materials for theoretical courses on German grammar, theory and practice of translation, interpretation of text in German, communication with native speakers.
Philosophical problematic in the lyrics of Nadezhda Emykan
Authors: Lyubimov Nikolay Ivanovich
Published: February 2021

Within the framework of studying the typological varieties of modern Mari philosophical poetry, this article examines the lyrics of the contemporary Mari poet Nadezhda Emykan (Vasilyeva), particularly the poems from the compilation “I am the Daughter of Spring” (2016), which reflect the philosophical worldview and perception of the author, and in a certain way characterize the lyrical heroine. Research methodology contains historical-typological and structural-semantic analysis of the works, which allowed describing the structural-semantic levels of philosophical problematic, as well as revealing the authorial concept of the world and a human, and the type of lyrical heroine in the poetry of Nadezhda Emykan. The article discusses the fundamental philosophical problems of the lyrics of Nadezhda Emykan. In this aspect, the lyrics of this contemporary Mari poet is analyzed for the first time. It is proven that the philosophical problematic in Emykan’s lyric poetry is rich and diverse, demonstrating lateral thinking of the author, mental and emotional activity of the lyrical heroine. It is concluded that in analyzing various aspects of life, looking deeply into the present, the author of the book of poems “I am the Daughter of Spring” appears in two guises – as a romanticist, who refuses to accept many aspects of modern life, and as the “core” of the current “sinful” world; she understands the complexity of being, preserves her life principles, inner freedom and honesty therein.
Linguistic consciousness of the bilingual Evenks of Yakutia (on the material of adjectives denoting character traits of a human)
Authors: Zakharova Nataliya Egorovna
Published: February 2021

The subject of this research is the content of images of linguistic consciousness of the Evenks who do not have a command of the native language. The goal consists in determination of the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness of the Evenks of Yakutia who do not have a command of the native language. Methodological framework of this research is comprised of the relevant works in the area of language contacts of modern linguists, as well as the works dedicated to the Evenki-Yakut and Yakut-Russian interaction. Works by the scholars of the Moscow Psycholinguistic School became fundamental in describing the worldview of the Evenks.  The conducted sociopsycholinguistic comparative research of the ethnocultural specificity of adjectives denoting character traits of a human in the Evenki language allows determining the general and the particular, indicating the differences between the cultures and their ethnic specificity. The reconstructed via associative experiment model of lexicon represents the system of intersecting associative fields. The associative ties between the units of human lexicon are based on the main types of linguistic relations (paradigmatic, syntagmatic, derivational), as well as o extra-linguistic experience of a person, are the basis of associative relations between the units of the human lexicon. For example, associative fields is the method of externalization of consciousness, which helps in the analysis of linguistic consciousness, processes of production and perception of speech. The content of associative fields in different languages points at either similarity or discrepancy of the worldviews of different cultures. The acquired results of may be valuable for further comparative and area studies of languages of the peoples of the North that are under risk of extinction, as well as in studying linguistic consciousness, cross-cultural communication, linguoculturological research, theory of translation, and in special courses on problems of linguistics.
Technological innovations in teaching foreign languages – from connectivism to hyperconnectivity
Authors: Melezhik Karina Alekseevna , Petrenko Aleksandr Dem'yanovich , Khrabskova Danuta Mikhailovna
Published: February 2021

The subject of this research is the influencing factors of information and communication technologies upon the theory and practice of teaching English language in the institutional and noninstitutional environments. The object of this research is the analysis of structure and content of Android and iPhone applications. Special attention is given to the development of mobile services as a prevalent model of using information and communication technologies, which open the possibility for individualized range of hyperconnectivity regulated by resource of a personal phone. The authors examine distance learning, which allows implementing innovations and creativity, employs new technologies, performs social task on expansion of technologically uniform educational space. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) of e-learning pedagogy requires the results of pedagogical practice in both, institutional and noninstitutional programs and courses; 2) the modern online learning of English language features new methods of implementation of hyperconnectivity in the Internet on the basis of technological and pedagogical innovations, active interactions and common culture. The scientific novelty consists in the statement that the use of distance learning is especially relevant on the current stage of modernization of education system, as it incorporates innovation technologies of teacher-student interaction. The current situation is characterized by the long-term trends associated with globalization socioeconomic relations, as well as by COVID-19 pandemic that requires taking immediate and radical measures in order to ensure protection of educational community from possible disastrous consequences in record time. The primary task of the authors consists in the analysis of relevant aspects of using information and communication technologies of teaching foreign languages, namely mobile applications, as well as in substantiation of the thesis on transition from collective connectivism towards individual hyperconnectivity in the educational process.
The concept of “success” in modern Russian and English languages
Authors: Zinina Yulia Mikhailovna , Revyuk Sergei
Published: February 2021

This article discusses the meaning of the important to any culture concept of “success”. Etymology of the lexeme “success” in Russian and English languages and its lexical meaning according to most reputable Russian and English explanatory dictionaries are analyzed. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors outline the common meanings, such as achievement and implementation of the set goal, ability to achieve successful results, certain career achievements. The article provides the results of survey carried out by private Strayer University, USA, according to which success is the realization of personal potential, good relationships, happiness, aspirations and achievement of the set goals. In order to compare the attitude towards success in the Russian Federation and the United States, polling was conducted in the universities of Moscow Region (Academy of Social Management, Moscow Region State University), which revealed that 15% of respondents believe that success is good relationships and happiness. Despite the detected differences, the authors conclude that the concept of “success” has a broader meaning than just financial wealth, luck and power, and thus, support the researchers from Strayer University in amending the dictionary entry on the concept of “success” not only in English, but in Russian language as well.
Evaluation of Knowledge, Psychological, Social and Economic Aspects of Covid-19 Pandemic among Dental Professionals- A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Ramesh Maya , Krishnan Ramesh , Jaganathan Sabarinathan
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Medical as well as dental professionals are always at an increased risk of contracting infections in pandemics. The novel Coronavirus (nCoV), the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic is more contagious than other known members of Coronaviridae family. Aim: This research aims to evaluate the knowledge, psychological, social, and economic aspects of COVID-19 pandemic among dental professionals using a closed-ended questionnaire study. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study with close ended questionnaire was planned. The questionnaire form was prepared in the Google platform after receiving ethical clearance, with 39 questions under the headings of General Information, Knowledge, Psychological aspects, and Social and Economic aspects. The questionnaire link was circulated among dental professionals known to the research team through Email, WhatsApp, and Messenger. A total of 504 dental professionals participated in this study in five days. Knowledge score was calculated, and psychological stress was calculated using Likert scale. Economic aspect was measured using yes/no answers. Data were entered in an excel sheet and the data obtained were statistically analysed using the SPSS software, version 11.5. Chi-square test was done to evaluate whether there is an association between knowledge score and demographic factors and p-value was obtained. Results: There was almost equal gender distribution of respondents in the study. p-value obtained from chi-square test results correlating knowledge score with various demographic factors was not significant. A 59.9% of study participants were poorly informed on methods used to diagnose COVID-19 infection. A 44.4% of the respondents were psychologically stressed about infecting their family members and 72.22% were economically affected because of their profession. A 98.61% of the participants reported that they will wash their hands frequently, avoid crowded places and cancel travel plans in the near future. Conclusion: The present study evaluated the knowledge, psychological, social and economic aspects of COVID-19 pandemic among dental professionals. We identified that there is an urgent need to intensify the knowledge on COVID-19 and also to give psychological, social and economic support to dental professionals
Spectroscopic and Theoretical Explorations on 6-Hydromethyl-4-Methoxy-4- Methoxytetrahydro-Pyran-2, 3, 5-Triol-A Biomolecule
Authors: Priya M. Krishna , Krithika S. , Shirmila D. Angeline , Sathya S. , Usha G.
Published: February 2021

The chemical compound 6-hydromethyl-4-methoxy-4- methoxytetrahydro-pyran-2, 3, 5-triol (C7H14O6), was derived from the ethanol extract of Senna auriculata flower via GC-MS. FT-IR and NMR characterization of the compound support covalent bonding information and degree of degeneracy, respectively. 3D molecular structure was optimized to enhance the accuracy of computations. MEP, NBO, HOMO-LUMO, and Mulliken charge distribution studies provide details like reactive sites, electron density dislocation, and molecular interactions, charge transfer within the molecule and frontier orbital energies, electron density on the individual atom, and these were computed using hybrid B3-LYP quantum level with 6-311++G(d, p) basis set. Thermodynamic properties such as heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy, and their relation with temperature changes for the title molecule were also analyzed using THERMO.PL software. Non-linear optical properties namely polarizability, first-order hyperpolarizability, and electronic dipole moment have also been computed at B3-LYP level with 6-311++G (d, p) basis set. Docking simulation was initiated on the title molecule using Autodock 4.2 software and found to be an excellent inhibitor of ALR2, an enzyme.
Evaluation of Antibacterial, Anti-Oxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Organic Extracts of Mahogany Seeds
Authors: Assaduzzaman . , Amin Md. Ziaul , Rahman Mohammad Habibur , Uddin Md. Rasel , Shohanuzzaman Md. , Mandal Pritylata , Karmoker Bristy Amy , Dipu Md. Raihan , Nejum Md. Rashed
Published: February 2021

The perception of normal medicine is changing, and the use of traditional or herbal medicine increasing worldwide due to our harmonious nature of the biological system. Many parts of the plants possess an impressive array of medicinal benefits, mahogany seed is one of them. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activity of organic extracts of mahogany seeds. For determination of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity disk diffusion and brine shrimp lethality bioassay were used. DPPH free radical test were performed for evaluation of antioxidant activity. Ethanol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts were examined with the total number of 10 bacterial strain. Here, ethanol extract showed higher antimicrobial activity than n-hexane and aqueous extract for both gram positive and negative bacteria. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay LC50 values were 82 μg/ml, 95 μg/ml and 93 μg/ml for ethanol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts respectively. The scavenging DPPH free radicals were found to be concentration dependent. The LC50 value was measured at 140µg/ml, 160µg/ml and 180µg/ml for ethanol, n-hexane and aqueous extract. The results of this study indicated that the mahogany seeds can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and Cytotoxic compounds which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stresses and cell culture assay.
Evaluation of Essential Oils against Early Blight (Alternaria solani) of Tomato
Authors: Ragupathi K. P. , Renganayaki P. R. , Sundareswaran S. , Kumar S. Mohan , Kamalakannan A.
Published: February 2021

The fungicidal effect of some essential oils viz., Neem, Eucalyptus, Pongamia, Lemongrass, Thyme and Clove were evaluated against Alternaria solani causing early blight of tomato resulting in severe yield loss. All essential oil treatments showed the significantly varied antifungal activity against the pathogen. Among the in-vitro screened essential oils percent growth inhibition of pathogen was higher in Thyme oil (80%) and it was followed by Clove oil and Eucalyptus oil. Plant biometric observations viz., seed germination (84%) and seedling vigor (1747) was maximum with lower percent disease index (13%) was recorded in Thyme oil treated seeds and seedlings of tomato cultivar PKM 1.
A Tale of Two Nations: An Examination of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in England and Ireland in the Second Half of the 19th Century against the Background of the Low Standing of TVET in Contemporary Education Systems
Authors: Hyland Terry
Published: February 2021

A number of recent studies have pointed to the historically low standing of vocational education against liberal/academic studies in schools and colleges, a status which shows little sign of improvement. Various perspectives on the causes of this state of affairs have been advanced over the years, and philosophical, historical, economic and political factors have been examined in depth.  Adopting a predominantly historical/philosophical perspective, this article attempts to throw light on current debates by examining the development of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in England in the second half of the 19th century, and comparing this with educational developments in this field in Ireland which was then a colony of the British Empire and, after 1801, part of the United Kingdom.  It is intended that, through the analysis of contrasting cultures and politico-economic systems, the origins of the differential status of vocational and academic pursuits can be highlighted with a view to suggesting ways of enhancing the standing of vocationalism. There has never been a more urgent time for this form of historical and philosophical policy review since the subordinate status of vocational studies stands in the way of much-needed curriculum and pedagogical reform in educational systems around the world.  In conclusion, a number of suggestions are made in relation to the need for a more holistic conception of TVET which pays due attention to the practical and psychomotor aspects of the field emphasised in current approaches to the revival of craft and manual skills and strategies. Future research in the field would do well to take into account emerging studies on craft and manual learning, in addition to attending to the 19th century origins of vocational courses and strategies.
Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamonum tamala, Cinnamonum cassia Plant Extract
Authors: Kushwaha Ramesh Kumar , Deepa Holavanahalli Nagaraju , Karkera Pooja , Jayashree Sadasivam
Published: February 2021

Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), Cinnamonum tamala (Bay leaf), Cinnamonum cassia (Cinnamon bark) are well known plants in India. All three plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites that find use as antimicrobial agent, in pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, food and agriculture industry. In regards of antimicrobial activity, green silver nanoparticles were synthesised by using these plants aqueous extract (25%w/v). For silver nanoparticle synthesis different concentration of plant extract were mixed with AgNO3 solution and exposed to sunlight and estimated by the UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Powdered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were dissolved in autoclaved distilled water at different concentration (20mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 5mg/ml, and 2.5mg/ml) and performed antimicrobial activity through agar well diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles of all three plants were showed antimicrobial activity against human bacterial pathogen Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The inhibition zone increased with increasing concentration of all three plants (S. aromaticum, C. tamala and C. cassia) AgNPs, so maximum inhibition zone was observed at 20mg/ml for both pathogens. At higher concentration, the inhibition zone of E. coli were 2.25 ±0.05, 1.7 ±0.1 and 1.85 ±0.05 cm in presence of S. aromaticum, C. tamala and C. cassia AgNPs respectively. Although, The presence of phytochemical terpenoids, tannin and glycosides are was confirmed by the chemical reagent test. In modern era, the nanoparticle based medicine is explored in pharmaceutical and medical science. Therefore this green synthesis of silver nanoparticle can be explored in pharmaceutical science.
Symptomatic Responses to Low‐Level Occupational and Environmental Exposures
Authors: Linde Brian , Redlich Carrie A.
Published: February 2021

There are individuals who experience symptoms in response to exposures at levels below those generally considered toxic. Symptoms are real and can range from mild to disabling. Several diagnostic terms have been used to describe this condition, including chemical intolerance, multiple chemical sensitivity, and idiopathic environmental intolerance. Common triggering exposures include gasoline fumes, construction, cleaning, and perfumed products, adhesives, and new carpeting. The pathogenesis of these symptomatic responses to low‐level exposures remains poorly defined but is likely multifactorial, involving neurosensory, olfactory, behavioral, and psychological pathways. Workers with symptomatic responses to low‐level exposures in the workplace should undergo medical evaluation to clarify the diagnosis and identify modifiable triggering exposures. Treatment includes acknowledging the patient's condition and its impact on work and other activities, reduction of triggering exposures, work accommodations as feasible, and management of symptoms.
Noise and Hearing Conservation
Authors: Byrne David C. , Michael Kevin L.
Published: February 2021

Industrial noise and its effect of occupational hearing loss are considered as common problems across nearly all industries and have a significant impact on safety and work performance. Occupational hearing loss is nearly always preventable; its prevention benefits the employer as well as the individual employees.
Physiological Effects of Altered Barometric Pressure
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A.
Published: February 2021

High and low‐pressure environments have continued to play important roles in our technological society for many reasons. The earliest engineering applications of high pressure, to maintain dry working conditions in caissons and tunnels, are still in use today, and still extract a toll in decompression sickness and aseptic bone necrosis from workers who undergo daily decompression after long shifts under compressed air. As exploitation of undersea resources has expanded, such as subsea oil, so has the need for greater working depth and time, which has increased the vulnerability of the diver to injury. On the other hand, the changes in barometric pressure with high‐altitude are associated with a unique set of other physiological and medical issues. This chapter addresses the physiology of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues, acute and chronic health effects of diving, fitness to dive, physiology and medicine at high altitude, and the therapies for maladies of altered barometric pressure.
Air Pollution
Authors: Reinhart Paul G. , White Lori , Kim Jee Young , Stanek Lindsay Wichers , Ross Mary , Buckley Barbara , Murray James A.
Published: February 2021

This chapter summarizes the nature, history, health effects, regulations, trends, and control of environmental air pollution. Air pollution is a combination of both anthropogenic and natural origins. During the height of the industrial revolution, the health effects of air pollution in cities became apparent. The first federal legislation involving air pollution was the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, which provided funds for federal research on air pollution. It was followed by the Clean Air Act of 1963, which established a program within the US Public Health Service for research on air pollution monitoring and control techniques. Later, the Air Quality Act of 1967 expanded the federal government's role involving air pollution by enacting enforcement procedures concerning interstate transport of pollutants. The Clean Air Act of 1970 brought about a number of significant changes and has had two amendments. The trends in the level and the health effects of various chemical pollutants have been presented.
Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Barnes Lisa Simkins , Durant Meredith G.
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides an overview of hazardous waste management. It is essential that the practicing professional always consult the latest regulations before developing or updating a hazardous waste management program. Management of hazardous waste in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations is essential not only for limitation of regulatory and tort liability but also for the protection of human health and the environment. The basic background information and regulatory and legal requirements for the industrial hygienist or environmental professional involved in one or more facets of hazardous waste management are also provided.
Health and Safety Factors in Designing an Industrial Hygiene Laboratory
Authors: Lieckfield Robert G.
Published: February 2021

The chapter discusses design considerations and the health and safety factors for designing and operating the industrial hygiene laboratory, it is intended to help management plan new laboratory construction or remodel existing laboratory spaces.
Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts
Authors: Fishwick David , Barber Chris M.
Published: February 2021

Workers are still dying from the respiratory diseases caused by exposures to mineral dusts such as asbestos, coal mine dust, and silica. This chapter provides background information regarding the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, its defense mechanisms, assessment and response of the lungs to injury, and specifics of the lung diseases caused by exposures to some of the mineral dusts.
Chemical Protective Clothing
Authors: Forsberg Krister , Zeigler James P.
Published: February 2021

Hazardous chemicals can contact the skin and reach internal organs through the bloodstream. These chemicals may cause skin irritation, burns or sensitization or damage internal organs. Chemical protective clothing is intended to prevent skin contact with potentially hazardous chemicals, thus lowering the risk of injury or illness. The present study focuses the importance of determining the risks and the resistance of protective clothing material for each chemical of interest. Besides this, important considerations for the selection, standards, and usage of chemical protective clothing have also been addressed.
Nonionizing Radiation: Lasers
Authors: Sliney, David H.
Published: February 2021

Lasers have been used in industry, science, and medicine. Lasers emit radiant energy which is accessible and may pose potential hazards to the eye and skin. The laser classification system groups them into hazard classes according to their output power or energy and their ability to cause harm. This chapter discusses the special properties of lasers, hazard evaluation measurements, their control, and delivery systems, and the special protective measures and the current safety standards and guidelines required for their safe use.
Hand‐Arm Vibration
Authors: Nelson Christopher M.
Published: February 2021

Human exposure to
hand‐arm vibration
arises from occupational use of vibrating hand‐held, hand‐guided, or hand‐fed machines. Exposure is associated with the development of sensorineural, vascular, and musculoskeletal disorders, collectively known as the hand‐arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). The standardized methods, and their limitations, for measurement and evaluation of worker vibration exposure and the vibration emission of machinery are discussed. Disabling cases of HAVS are preventable if employers apply good practice to minimize risk and provide health surveillance for workers at risk; this chapter discusses risk assessment for HAVS and the control of that risk, giving examples of good practice. Exposure limits and action levels laid down in national legislation or guidance, in the European Union, Japan, and the United States, are discussed and compared.
Advancing the Well‐Being of Workers: An Introduction to
Total Worker Health
®
Approaches
Authors: Chosewood L. Casey , Tamers Sara L.
Published: February 2021

Total Worker Health

®

(TWH) is defined as policies, programs, and practices that integrate protection from work‐related safety and health hazards with promotion of injury and illness prevention efforts to advance worker well‐being. The TWH approach is a holistic one that advocates for the integration of all organizational efforts that contribute to worker safety, health, and well‐being, by targeting the conditions of work. Scientific evidence supports that workplace risk factors contribute to safety and health issues previously considered unrelated to work. Employers influence their workers' safety, health, and well‐being and can significantly impact both on‐the‐job risks and off‐the‐job experiences. TWH efforts offer promising practices and evidence to help employers create and maintain a safer, healthier, and more productive workforce and industrial hygienists can be a part of these efforts. This chapter provides insights into TWH approaches, details issues relevant to advancing worker well‐being, and offers guidance to industrial hygiene professionals seeking to implement a TWH program or expand an existing workplace health promotion program.
The impact of inducing troubleshooting strategies via visual aids on performance in a computerized digital network task
Authors: Bordewieck Martin , Elson Malte
Published: February 2021

Troubleshooting is a particular problem‐solving process comprising error detection, fault diagnosis, and system restoration. Since automation of systems has become increasingly complex and ubiquitous, troubleshooting skills are crucial to maintain safety and security in a variety of contexts. The planned study aims at examining troubleshooting strategies and how to induce them by means of simple visual aids and concise instructions. To this end, a computerized task consisting of network troubleshooting problems will be employed in an experimental study with repeated measures. Indicators of strategy use and performance will be tested for their relation to availability and differential use of visual aids, to cognitive styles that affect how individuals deal with challenges or system information, and to cognitive processes that are involved in metacognition and executive function. The planned research is expected to help gain insights into the cognitive determinants of troubleshooting, reverse engineering, and their links to computational thinking.
Variation of Homogenization Pores during Homogenization for Nickel‐Based Single‐Crystal Superalloys
Authors: Zhang Yanbin , Huang Taiwen , Zhou Zhiming , Li Mingao , Tan Li , Gan Bin , Jie Ziqi , Qin Ling , Zhang Jun , Liu Lin
Published: February 2021

The porosity deteriorates the mechanical properties of nickel‐based superalloys, especially the fatigue properties. Herein, the kinetics model of homogenization porosity growth is optimized. The corresponding diffusion processes during solution heat treatment are simulated by the DICTRA software and verified by experiments. The results show that the homogenization porosity increases first and then decreases during the solution heat treatment, due to the imbalanced diffusion flux between dendritic core (DC) and interdendritic areas (IAs). The diffusion flux first flows toward DC and then toward IAs after fully homogenization of the fast diffusion elements. Moreover, the influence of directional solidification parameters on the homogenization porosity process is investigated. With the increase in the withdraw rate, the dendritic structure is refined, and the S‐porosity decreases. Meanwhile, the dendritic arm spacing decreases; thus, homogenization accelerated increases. In this case, after the solution heat treatment, the homogenization porosity decreases. The results provide two bases to propose a new method to control the homogenization porosity.
Dynamically Driven Emergence in a Nanomagnetic System
Authors: Dawidek Richard W. , Hayward Thomas J. , Vidamour Ian T. , Broomhall Thomas J. , Venkat Guru , Mamoori Mohanad Al , Mullen Aidan , Kyle Stephan J. , Fry Paul W. , Steinke Nina‐Juliane , Cooper Joshaniel F. K. , Maccherozzi Francesco , Dhesi Sarnjeet S. , Aballe Lucia , Foerster Michael , Prat Jordi , Vasilaki Eleni , Ellis Matthew O. A. , Allwood Dan A.
Published: February 2021

Emergent behaviors occur when simple interactions between a system's constituent elements produce properties that the individual elements do not exhibit in isolation. This article reports tunable emergent behaviors observed in domain wall (DW) populations of arrays of interconnected magnetic ring‐shaped nanowires under an applied rotating magnetic field. DWs interact stochastically at ring junctions to create mechanisms of DW population loss and gain. These combine to give a dynamic, field‐dependent equilibrium DW population that is a robust and emergent property of the array, despite highly varied local magnetic configurations. The magnetic ring arrays’ properties (e.g., non‐linear behavior, “fading memory” to changes in field, fabrication repeatability, and scalability) suggest they are an interesting candidate system for realizing reservoir computing (RC), a form of neuromorphic computing, in hardware. By way of example, simulations of ring arrays performing RC approaches 100% success in classifying spoken digits for single speakers.
Processable High Electron Mobility π‐Copolymers via Mesoscale Backbone Conformational Ordering
Authors: Eckstein Brian J. , Melkonyan Ferdinand S. , Wang Gang , Wang Binghao , Manley Eric F. , Fabiano Simone , Harbuzaru Alexandra , Ponce Ortiz Rocio , Chen Lin X. , Facchetti Antonio , Marks Tobin J.
Published: February 2021

The synthesis and experimental/theoretical characterization of a new series of electron‐transporting copolymers based on the naphthalene bis(4,8‐diamino‐1,5‐dicarboxyl)amide (NBA) building block are reported. Comonomers are designed to test the emergent effects of manipulating backbone torsional characteristics, and density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveals the key role of backbone conformation in optimizing electronic delocalization and transport. The NBA copolymer conformational and electronic properties are characterized using a broad array of molecular/macromolecular, thermal, optical, electrochemical, and charge transport techniques. All NBA copolymers exhibit strongly aggregated morphologies with significant nanoscale order. Copolymer charge transport properties are investigated in thin‐film transistors and exhibit excellent electron mobilities ranging from 0.4 to 4.5 cm2 V−1 s−1. Importantly, the electron transport efficiency correlates with the film mesoscale order, which emerges from comonomer‐dependent backbone planarity and extension. These results illuminate the key NBA building block structure–morphology–bulk property design relationships essential for processable, electronics‐applicable high‐performance polymeric semiconductors.
Dendrite‐Free and Long‐Cycling Sodium Metal Batteries Enabled by Sodium‐Ether Cointercalated Graphite Anode
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Hao Feng , Cao Yongjie , Xie Yihua , Yuan Shouyi , Dong Xiaoli , Xia Yongyao
Published: February 2021

Stable and dendrite‐free Na metal plating–stripping is achieved on the graphite electrode. The sodium‐ether cointercalated graphite exhibits ultrahigh Na deposition efficiency of 99.86% over 900 cycles at a current density of 2 mA cm−2. The discharge process involves the [Na‐ether]+ cointercalation and Na deposition. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the cointercalated graphite is critical for uniform Na deposition and stable Coulombic efficiency, which is ascribed to both the robust binding sites to Na by the diglyme molecules and a low lattice mismatch for Na growth on the cointercalated graphite. Also, a full cell consisting of Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) cathode and 0.5 mAh cm−2 Na predeposited graphite anode shows excellent cycling stability. The full cell delivers a capacity of 95 mAh g−1 based on the weight of cathode materials, with a high capacity retention of 91% over 300 cycles.
Kinetically Controlled, Scalable Synthesis of γ‐FeOOH Nanosheet Arrays on Nickel Foam toward Efficient Oxygen Evolution: The Key Role of In‐Situ‐Generated γ‐NiOOH
Authors: Wang Ke , Du Hongfang , He Song , Liu Lei , Yang Kai , Sun Jinmeng , Liu Yuhang , Du Zhuzhu , Xie Linghai , Ai Wei , Huang Wei
Published: February 2021

Layered γ‐type iron oxyhydroxide (γ‐FeOOH) is a promising material for various applications; however, its sheet‐shaped structure often suffers from instability that results in aggregation and leads to inferior performance. Herein, a kinetically controlled hydrolysis strategy is proposed for the scalable synthesis of γ‐FeOOH nanosheets arrays (NAs) with enhanced structural stability on diverse substrates at ambient conditions. The underlying mechanisms for the growth of γ‐FeOOH NAs associated with their structural evolution are systematically elucidated by alkalinity‐controlled synthesis and time‐dependent experiments. As a proof‐of‐concept application, γ‐FeOOH NAs are developed as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), where the sample grown on nickel foam (NF) exhibits superior performance of high catalytic current density, small Tafel slope, and exceptional durability, which is among the top level of FeOOH‐based electrocatalysts. Density functional theory calculations suggest that γ‐NiOOH in situ generated from the electrooxidation of NF would induce charge accumulation on the Fe sites of γ‐FeOOH NAs, leading to enhanced OER intermediates adsorption for water splitting. This work affords a new technique to rationally design and synthesize γ‐FeOOH NAs for various applications.
Functionalized Fiber Reinforced Composites via Thermally Drawn Multifunctional Fiber Sensors
Authors: Caglar Baris , Esposito William , Nguyen‐Dang Tung , Laperrousaz Stella , Michaud Véronique , Sorin Fabien
Published: February 2021

Monitoring fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) during their production and operation is becoming crucial to track the performance of the final parts and optimize the overall life cycle. The challenges associated with integrating multifunctional sensors with the required aspect ratio, manufacturing scalability, robustness, and performance within FRPC parts remain, however, unresolved. Here, a novel class of electronic polymer fiber sensors that can be seamlessly integrated within FRPC, and can sense and decouple cure time, temperature, and strain during and postprocessing is reported. It is shown that the particular fiber geometry induces a minimal impact on the final FRPC microstructure. Integrating both capacitive‐ and resistive‐based sensors within the electronic fibers, the monitoring of the resin flow and its curing during the production of FRPC parts is demonstrated. Finally, the embedded fiber sensors are used to measure and decouple thermal and mechanical loads imposed on the parts during their use, paving the way toward a new platform for smart and connected fiber reinforced polymer composites.
Pneumatic Enabled Vertical Interconnect Access of Liquid Alloy Circuits toward Highly Integrated Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Jiang Qin , Zhang Shuo , Jiang Jiajun , Fei Wenjie , Wu Zhigang
Published: February 2021

Multilayer circuits, particularly in stretchable electronics, are always considered as an effective way to integrate diverse components and modules for advanced/powerful functions required in the potential applications or complex scenarios. As a desirable soft conductor, liquid alloy circuits exhibit super compliance and stretchability. However, the lacking of reliable ways to fabricate multilayer circuits like other stretchable electronics, the advantage of liquid alloy stretchable electronics is far away well exploited, especially from the perspectives of application developments. Here, based on the unique features of rapid oxidation and fluidity from liquid alloy, a facile method is presented to achieve multilayer circuits connection with vertical interconnect accesses enabled by pneumatic blowing and surface topography tuning. This approach provides a new way to achieve high integration of liquid alloy based stretchable electronics, for example, a double‐layer soft LED array, a conformal six‐layer wireless charging, and a wireless communicated wearable device for temperature and humidity real‐time monitoring. Furthermore, compatible with conventional industry process, it may open a new window for making advanced or powerful liquid alloy stretchable electronics for various applications in complex scenarios.
Solution‐Processable Multifused Thiophene Small Molecules and Conjugated Polymer Semiconducting Blend for Organic Field Effect Transistor Application
Authors: Afraj Shakil N. , He Guan‐Yu , Lin Chih‐Yu , Velusamy Arulmozhi , Huang Chu‐Yun , Lin Po‐Shen , Vegiraju Sureshraju , Huang Ping‐Yu , Ni Jen‐Shyang , Yau Shueh‐Lin , Tung Shih‐Huang , Minari Takeo , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Chen Ming‐Chou
Published: February 2021

Three new solution‐processable organic semiconductors (1–3) are synthesized and characterized for p‐type organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The backbone of these small molecules is modified by expanding the central core conjugation from thienothiophene (TT) to dithienothiophene (DTT) and tetrathienoacene (TTA), which are end‐capped with soluble β‐substituted alkyl chains dithienothiophenes (DTTR) to generate DTTR‐TT (1), DTTR‐DTT (2), and DTTR‐TTA (3). The highest mobility of 0.016 cm2 V−1 s−1 is achieved using solution‐sheared DTTR‐TTA film due to the extended conjugated TTA core, which enhances the intermolecular interaction and generates an efficient percolation for the OFET channel. Solution blending of crystalline DTTR‐TT small molecules with oriented‐packing polymer dithienothiophene‐thioalkylbithiophene (PDTT‐SBT) polymer leads to significantly enhanced mobilities from 0.0009 up to 0.22 cm2 V−1 s−1, occurring at an optimized 30% DTTR‐TT composition in the blend. Hole mobility of 30% DTTR‐TT blend is 0.22 cm2 V−1 s−1 which is higher than pristine small molecule DTTR‐TT (0.0009 cm2 V−1 s−1) and polymer PDTT‐SBT (0.067 cm2 V−1 s−1), respectively. An efficient strategy to enhance the mobility of small molecule DTTR‐TT by blending with easily synthesizable PDTT‐SBT polymer is reported.
A Programmable and Automated Platform for Integrated Synthesis and Evaluation of Water Electrolysis Catalysts
Authors: Yu Changcheng , Xiong Qi , Yang Kai , Chen Haibiao , Pan Feng
Published: February 2021

A programmable and fully automated platform is created to take over tedious manual operations in a typical catalyst development process. Synthesis and evaluation of the catalyst are coupled as an operation unit to enable continuous and unattended execution of combinatorial experiments. This platform is demonstrated in the identification of high‐performance bifunctional catalysts for water splitting from a trimetallic NiFeCo hydroxide system. The platform collects data for evaluating the performance of 66 different catalysts in oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions within a timeframe of four days. Timely feedback from the close‐coupled evaluation enables a guided focused‐area scanning of the parameter matrix, achieving both full coverage and a fine‐tuned hit with a relatively smaller number of experiments. The optimal compositions of the catalysts identified by the platform are well consistent with previous reports. Therefore, the platform is capable of generating useful data for catalyst screening, allowing a researcher to focus more on creative tasks.
Asymmetric PEDOT:PSS Trilayers as Actuating and Sensing Linear Artificial Muscles
Authors: Rohtlaid Kätlin , Nguyen Giao T. M. , Ebrahimi‐Takalloo Saeedeh , Nguyen Tan Ngoc , Madden John D. W. , Vidal Frédéric , Plesse Cédric
Published: February 2021

Soft ionic actuators and sensors have been intensively studied over the last 20 years. The bending trilayer configuration has been considered a standard architecture, allowing the development of new materials and their optimization. However, bending deformation remains low in force output and presents limited integration capabilities in fast emerging fields like humanoid robotics and actuating textiles. A generalizable architecture of asymmetric supercapacitor‐like trilayers is presented to develop open‐air linear artificial muscles that actuate and sense. First, tuning of electromechanical properties of asymmetric electrodes is performed separately by combining poly(3,4‐ethyl‐enedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) with a polyethylene oxide network and 1‐ethyl‐3methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide as additives. By varying their content, electronic conductivity can be tuned between 20 and 457 S cm−1, Young's modulus from 1.5 to 0.27 GPa, and volumetric charge density increased by 36%. Asymmetric trilayers are then fabricated using a simple layer stacking process by selecting the optimal combination of materials according to an electromechanical model. Linear strain of 0.5% is obtained in 30 s under ±2 V with 70% of the deformation within 5 s and blocking stress as high as 0.3 MPa. When mechanically stimulated, these asymmetric trilayers demonstrate linear sensing as well, with a sensitivity of 0.38 mV %−1.