bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF THE AGROECOLOGICAL TRANSITION IN EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE IN THE SEMIARID REGION OF CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA
Authors: ARBORNO Vilda , ZAMAR José Luis , PIETRARELLI Liliana , LEGUÍA Héctor , SANCHEZ Juan , PIGNATARO Nicolás , SPECIA Ignacio , VACARELLO Hugo , MONGUZZI Facundo
Published: April 2018

Extensive agriculture in the semi-arid region of Córdoba, Argentina, generated anintense degradation of the biophysical environment, a decrease in ecosystem selfregulationmechanisms, a considerable reduction of agrodiversity and the loss ofassociated environmental services. The physical-biological responses of differentagroecological practices were evaluated for ten years in permanent macroplotslocated in three agricultural systems in order to study the transition towards moresustainable systems, which can be extrapolated to the rural area of central Córdoba.This process generated local information compatible with the farmers’ technology.The results showed that winter cover crops allowed good weed control. Althoughthey affected the soil water content, they did not produce significant differences insummer crop yields and they increased the level of surface organic carbon, thusmitigating the edaphic densification processes caused by no till farming in themedium term. Crop rotation contributed with more organic carbon to the system.Open-pollinated maize varieties produced a good yield of grains and biomass, evenin years of marked water deficits, showing their adaptation to semi-arid conditionsand their good plasticity. Fertilization with vermicompost in reduced dosesincreased grain yields and biomass production. The integrated management ofthese practices improved the balance and biological interdependencies thatfavoured biotic regulation between phytophagous and predatory arthropodpopulations as well as the regulation of spring weed populations.
APPLICATION OF AUGMENTED DESIGNS FOR FIELD EVALUATION OF BREAD WHEAT DOUBLED HAPLOID LINES: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: DIKEOPHYLAX Demetrios , OSSOUTZOGLOU Iordanis , PANKOU Chryssanthi , MAVROMATIS Athanasios , LITHOURGIDIS Anastasios , XYNIAS Ioannis
Published: April 2018

Doubled-haploid is an effective method to produce 100% homozygous lines in asingle generation accelerating the release of new varieties and reducing thecorresponding expenses. However, the existing problem in cases where theadequate quantity of seeds is limited is the inability to evaluate new germplasm inreplicated experiments. In his attempt to confront this problem, Petersen proposedin 1985 the evaluation of new germplasm to be based on its division in blocks andselection to be performed regarding the yield of the randomly repeated control ineach block. The aim of the present study was to use the aforementioned method toevaluate preliminary 37 doubled-haploid lines (DHL). The parental varieties of theDHLs,Greek cultivars “Acheloos” and “Vergina”, were used as controls. For thepurpose of the study, 35 main spikes, one form each DHL and control, were used.The length of the spikes was measured, the number of spikelets was counted, andthe 1000 kernel weight and total yield were recorded. The data analysis revealedthat only one line exceeded the mean number of spikelets of the controls, oneexceeded the mean yield of the controls and two exceeded the mean 1000 kernelweight of the controls (one was even better than the best control). The reportedresults indicate the presence of valuable genetic variability among the DHL aftercrossing cultivars “Acheloos” x “Vergina”. Further research is needed, after DHLsmultiplication, using more plants and locations to draw more reliable conclusions.
THE COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD PRODUCTS OF MOLDOVA ON THE FOREIGN MARKETS: ASPECTS AND TENDENCIES
Authors: CIMPOIES Liliana , SARBU Olga
Published: April 2018

Competitiveness has become a key issue on international markets since it can beconsidered as the major source of export development. A country that utilizes thebest its resources within its agricultural sector may benefit from comparativeadvantage on international agricultural markets. The paper analyzes the agriculturaland food trade of Moldova from different aspects of inter and intra industry trade.The aim is to estimate the trend and extent of inter and intra-industry trade inagricultural and food products of Moldova. The time series from 2001 to 2015 areexamined. Moldova’s share on agri-food exports is still large, but various changesoccurred in the total value and the geographical structure of trade flows during theanalyzed period. The analysis of competitiveness was through estimation of intra -industrial and inter- industrial trade indices (Relative Trade Advantages (RTA),Grubel-Lloyd (GL)). The obtained results indicate which agri-food products werecompetitive, which had relative advantages and a potential to increase itscompetitiveness. The level of intra-industry trade in agricultural and food productsfor Moldova is quite high (78%). The results of the intra-industrial trade levelindicated a decrease in European Union (EU) countries and increase in relationwith Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. For most commoditygroups the GL values presented average high variability over time, fact whichreflected the structural changes in Moldavian agri-food trade.
APPLICATION OF MULTI CRITERIA DECISION TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE THE BEST CHICKPEA CULTIVARS WITH HIGH ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL
Authors: AYDEMİR Levent Yurdaer , AYDEMİR Sema , AKÇAKAYA Fatma Gizem
Published: April 2018

In this study, technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS) analysis, which is multi criteria decision making method, was firstlyapplied to rank the most suitable cultivars among 12 registered chickpeas for highantioxidant potentials. Registered chickpea cultivars were grown in trial fields ofstate research institute in 2015, Adana, Turkey. The cultivars were analyzed for thecriteria such as their water-soluble protein content (WSPC), total phenolic content(TPC), free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) and iron chelating activity (ICA)which were related to their antioxidant potentials. However, depending on eachcriterion, the ranking of the cultivars was completely different so that TOPSISanalysis was applied to the obtained data in six steps. Firstly, the decision matrixwas constructed and then each criterion was weighted as respectively 0.40, 0.30,0.20, 0.10 for FRSA, TPC, ICA, and WSPC by the researchers. After the weightednormalized decision matrix was constructed, the positive ideal and negative idealsolutions were determined. Then the separation measures for each alternative werecalculated (Si* and Si- for the separation from positive and negative idealalternative, respectively). Finally, the relative closeness to ideal solution wascalculated (Ci*). The cultivar Seçkin with the highest Ci* value (0.776) was thefirst rank and followed by Aydın, Azkan, and Çakır. This study showed theusefulness of TOPSIS analysis in the multi criteria decision making process whenthe presence of different parameters related to same property of sample set such asantioxidant potential of chickpea cultivars.
RAPD ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF AEGILOPS SP. FROM SOUTH ADRIATIC
Authors: DIMITRIJEVIĆ Miodrag , PETROVIĆ Sofija , BANJAC Borislav , BARAĆ Goran
Published: April 2018

New challenges that food production is facing, requires novel approach inagricultural strategy. The scissors of growing demand for food and the limits of theEarth's resources are forcing plant breeders to run for the new borders, utilizing allthe available genetic variation in order to create fruitful and economically soundcultivars. Aegilops sp. (Poaceae) is a potential source of genetic variation for wheatimprovement. RAPD marker analysis was used in order to distinguish and evaluatedifferent genotypes of Aegilops sp. population samples from the collectiongathered during few years’ expeditions in South Adriatic, along the coastal, littoraland the inland parts of Montenegro. Ten randomly amplified polymorphic DNAmarkers (RAPDs) were tested: OPA-05, OPA-08, OPB-06, OPA-02, OPA-07,OPA-25, OPB-07, OPB-18, OPC-06, OPC-10 to examine genetic structuring on 18samples of 6 populations of different Aegilops sp. According to global AMOVA,75% of total gene diversity was attributable mostly to diversity within population(ΦPT =0.205 p=0.001), indicating that the groups of studied goat grass populationswere seemingly to differing genetically. In contrast, 25% of the variation camefrom variation among populations. According to PCoA, the distribution of 18 goatgrass accessions by Principal Coordinate Analysis shows 3 distinct groups. PCoaxis 1, PCo axis 2, and PCo axis 3 account for 20.8%, 18.2% and 14.1% of thevariation, respectively. The results showed that RAPD markers could be aconvenient tool for investigating genetic variation and for detecting geneticstructuring of populations. Genetic variability formed under natural selection wasentrenched.
WHAT ORCHARDISTS EXPECT FROM FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS ON INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF IRAN
Authors: FOROUZANI Masoumeh , FAZELI Saeid , YAZDANPANAH Masoud , ABDESHAHI Abbass
Published: April 2018

Since 2002, the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programthrough farmers’ field schools (FFS) approach has gained some priority on theagenda of Iran’s extension services. Different nature of agricultural activities andthe specific context of farming in each area of the country have raised somequestions regarding the suitability of these training programs to meet the needs ofparticipants. In line with this, a need assessment survey in the summer of 2015wasconducted to extract the educational needs of orchardists living in west part of Iran.The study population consisted of all the grape and pomegranate growers thatparticipated in the IPM/FFS programs (N= 420). A sample of 201 individuals wasselected through a simple random sampling manner. To collect data, aquestionnaire based on Borich model was administered. Results indicated that themost important need was “to be skillful in tree pruning” and the least importantwas “to train participants based on lecturing and formal classes”, scoring 4.30 and3.24 out of 5, respectively. Moreover, “the ability to recognize the best time tospray pest-herbicides”, “practical identifying of the symptoms of plant diseases anddirect observations”, “pre-assessment of participants’ information before launchingthe programs” and “acquisition of the know-how knowledge to use bio-fertilizersand manures” were the first four priorities of respondents’ needs among a total of49. The study concluded with the idea that most of orchardists were aware of theneed to conserve the environment and produce safe crops but IPM/FFS trainingprograms could not provide them with adequate skills to perform the sound methodand practice in their professional activities.
An alternative protocol to estimate sample size at different spatial scales in studies of ecological communitie
Authors: Guerra Edlin , Simoes Nuno , Cruz-Motta Juan J , Mascaró Maite
Published: April 2018

Deciding sample-size is a key step in any study based on statistical inference. Recently, a pioneer methodology applicable in the multivariate context was proposed by Anderson & Santana-Garcon (2015, DOI: 10.1111/ele.12385). This method is based on estimating the dissimilarity-based multivariate standard error (MultSE) of different sample efforts by double resampling the original data. However, this method has two limitations: (1) it is not possible to observe the behavior of MultSE beyond the original effort; and (2) the estimates are no longer independent when the same sampling units are used. We put forward an alternative method that overcomes both. The procedure consists in simulate a data matrix that contains the ecological properties of the community. Then, sampling is repeatedly executed, so that the following is achieved: (1) estimation of independent MultSE for greater efforts than the original; and (2) estimation of sample-size at different scales. These advantages were evaluated using four study cases.
Large-scale replication study reveals a limit on probabilistic prediction in language comprehension
Authors: Nieuwland Mante S , Politzer-Ahles Stephen , Heyselaar Evelien , Segaert Katrien , Darley Emily , Kazanina Nina , Von Grebmer Zu Wolfsthurn Sarah , Bartolozzi Federica , Kogan Vita , Ito Aine , Mézière Diane , Barr Dale J , Rousselet Guillaume A , Ferguson Heather J , Busch-Moreno Simon , Fu Xiao , Tuomainen Jyrki , Kulakova Eugenia , Husband E Matthew , Donaldson David I , Kohút Zdenko , Rueschemeyer Shirley-Ann , Huettig Falk
Published: April 2018

Do people routinely pre-activate the meaning and even the phonological form of upcoming words? The most acclaimed evidence for phonological prediction comes from a 2005 Nature Neuroscience publication by DeLong, Urbach and Kutas, who observed a graded modulation of electrical brain potentials (N400) to nouns and preceding articles by the probability that people use a word to continue the sentence fragment (‘cloze’). In our direct replication study spanning 9 laboratories (N=334), pre-registered replication-analyses and exploratory Bayes factor analyses successfully replicated the noun-results but, crucially, not the article-results. Pre-registered single-trial analyses also yielded a statistically significant effect for the nouns but not the articles. Exploratory Bayesian single-trial analyses showed that the article-effect may be non-zero but is likely far smaller than originally reported and too small to observe without very large sample sizes. Our results do not support the view that readers routinely pre-activate the phonological form of predictable words.
Trochę niezbyt udany debiut czyli słów kilka o eufemizmach w języku prasy i polityki na przykładzie języka francuskiego i polskiego
Authors: Izert Małgorzata
Published: April 2018

W artykule tym analizowane jest znaczenie kontekstowe czterech przysłówków trochę, nieco, mało, niezbyt oraz ich francuskich odpowiedników un peu, un (tout) petit peu, peu, pas trop we współczesnym języku prasy i polityki. Według podstawowych definicji słownikowych służą one do wyrażania słabego natężenia cechy. Dziennikarze nie chcąc kogoś urazić,a politycy chcąc lepiej wypaść, mówiąc o sobie samych, używają tych przysłówków, aby w sposóbeufemistyczny powiedzieć o negatywnej cesze (trochę, nieco /unpeu) albo aby prawie zanegować istnienie cechy pozytywnej (mało, niezbyt /peu, pas trop). Często jednak mówiąc mniej, dziennikarze czy politycy dają odczuć, że powiedzieli więcej. Litota, którąmożna dokładnie odczytać tylko w kontekście użycia, jest zawoalowanym sposobem skrytykowania kogoś lub czegoś, wytknięcia poważnego niedociągnięcia. Używa się jej dla wyrażenia silnego stopnia natężenia lub nawet nadmiaru negatywnej cechy.
Evidências da precoce desindustrialização no Brasil
Authors: Martins Guilherme Nunes , Lima João Policarpo Rodrigues
Published: April 2018

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar evidências da ocorrência de uma precoce desindustrialização na economia brasileira. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e uma análise empírica da evolução histórica dos indicadores usuais do processo. Em seguida foram avaliados também empiricamente mais dois índices não usuais para se constatar a interferência desse fenômeno no crescimento do país e na qualidade de vida das pessoas: (i) o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita; e (ii) o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). Os resultados mostram que de fato existem evidências de uma precoce desindustrialização no Brasil, pois há uma tendência de crescimento emperrado na renda per capita, com a diminuição da participação industrial, assim como no IDH do Brasil.
The Global Statistical Response of the Outer Radiation Belt During Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Murphy K. R. , Watt C. E. J. , Mann I. R. , Jonathan Rae I. , Sibeck D. G. , Boyd A. J. , Forsyth C. F. , Turner D. L. , Claudepierre S. G. , Baker D. N. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J.
Published: April 2018

Using the total radiation belt electron content calculated from Van Allen Probe phase space density, the time‐dependent and global response of the outer radiation belt during storms is statistically studied. Using phase space density reduces the impacts of adiabatic changes in the main phase, allowing a separation of adiabatic and nonadiabatic effects and revealing a clear modality and repeatable sequence of events in storm time radiation belt electron dynamics. This sequence exhibits an important first adiabatic invariant (μ)‐dependent behavior in the seed (150 MeV/G), relativistic (1,000 MeV/G), and ultrarelativistic (4,000 MeV/G) populations. The outer radiation belt statistically shows an initial phase dominated by loss followed by a second phase of rapid acceleration, while the seed population shows little loss and immediate enhancement. The time sequence of the transition to the acceleration is also strongly μ dependent and occurs at low μ first, appearing to be repeatable from storm to storm.
Production of Sulfates Onboard an Aircraft: Implications for the Cost and Feasibility of Stratospheric Solar Geoengineering
Authors: Smith Jordan P. , Dykema John A. , Keith David W.
Published: April 2018

Injection of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere, a form of solar geoengineering, has been proposed as a means to reduce some climatic changes by decreasing net anthropogenic radiative forcing. The cost and technical feasibility of forming aerosols with the appropriate size distribution are uncertain. We examine the possibility of producing the relevant sulfur species, SO2 or SO3, by in situ conversion from elemental sulfur onboard an aircraft. We provide a first‐order engineering analysis of an open cycle chemical plant for in situ sulfur to sulfate conversion using a Brayton cycle combustor and a catalytic converter. We find that such a plant could have sufficiently low mass that the overall requirement for mass transport to the lower stratosphere may be reduced by roughly a factor of 2. All else equal, this suggests that—for a given radiative forcing—the cost of delivering sulfate aerosols may be nearly halved. Beyond reducing cost, the use of elemental sulfur reduces operational health and safety risks and should therefore reduce environmental side effects associated with delivery. Reduction in cost is not necessarily beneficial as it reduces practical barriers to deployment, increasing the urgency of questions concerning the efficacy, risks, and governance of solar geoengineering.
Self‐Healing Biomaterials: From Molecular Concepts to Clinical Applications
Authors: Diba Mani , Spaans Sergio , Ning Ke , Ippel Bastiaan D. , Yang Fang , Loomans Bas , Dankers Patricia Y. W. , Leeuwenburgh Sander C. G.
Published: April 2018

Biomaterials are being applied in increasingly complex areas such as tissue engineering, bioprinting, and regenerative medicine. For these applications, challenging—or even contradictory—combinations of biomaterial properties are often required which cannot be met by conventional biomaterials. During the past decade, several new concepts have been developed to render biomaterials self‐healing, thereby offering new opportunities to improve the functionality of traditional biomaterials in terms of their mechanical, handling, and biological properties. Consequently, various types of self‐healing polymeric, ceramic, or composite biomaterials have been developed. Nevertheless, despite the rapid emergence of the field of self‐healing biomaterials, this field of research has not been reviewed during the recent years. Therefore, this article provides a critical overview of recent progress in the field of self‐healing biomaterials research by discussing both extrinsic and intrinsic self‐healing systems. While the extrinsic self‐healing section focuses on self‐healing dental materials and orthopedic bone cements that rely on release of healing liquids from embedded microcapsules, the section on intrinsic self‐healing materials mainly discusses concepts for self‐healing of polymeric biomaterials that are either hydrated (hydrogels) or nonhydrated (e.g., films and coatings). Finally, benefits of the self‐healing feature for biomaterials are discussed, and directions for future research and developments are outlined.
Free‐Standing Bialkali Photocathodes Using Atomically Thin Substrates
Authors: Yamaguchi Hisato , Liu Fangze , DeFazio Jeffrey , Gaowei Mengjia , Narvaez Villarrubia Claudia W. , Xie Junqi , Sinsheimer John , Strom Derek , Pavlenko Vitaly , Jensen Kevin L. , Smedley John , Mohite Aditya D. , Moody Nathan A.
Published: April 2018

This study reports successful deposition of high quantum efficiency (QE) bialkali antimonide K2CsSb photocathodes on graphene films. The results pave the way for an ultimate goal of encapsulating technologically relevant photocathodes for accelerator technology with an atomically thin protecting layer to enhance lifetime while minimizing QE losses. A QE of 17% at ≈3.1 eV (405 nm) is the highest value reported so far on graphene substrates and is comparable to that obtained on stainless steel and nickel reference substrates. The spectral responses of the photocathodes on graphene exhibit signature features of K2CsSb including the characteristic absorption at ≈2.5 eV. Materials characterization based on X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction reveals that the composition and crystal quality of these photocathodes deposited on graphene is comparable to those deposited on a reference substrate. Quantitative agreement between optical calculations and QE measurements for the K2CsSb on free suspended graphene and a graphene‐coated metal substrate further confirms the high‐quality interface between the photocathodes and graphene. Finally, a correlation between the QE and graphene quality as characterized by Raman spectroscopy suggests that a lower density of atomistic defects in the graphene films leads to higher QE of the deposited K2CsSb photocathodes.
Regarding Neapolitan Pizza “Pizza Napoletana”
Authors: Morris Craig F. , Ibba Maria Itria
Published: April 2018

Interest in regional cuisine is growing. One example is the Neapolitan pizza from central Italy, for which the European Union has granted official recognition. Here, we introduce and provide a brief discussion of the preparation and flour requirements of “Pizza Napoletana.”
Research on Risk and Early Warning System of Inter‐Basin Multi‐Reservoir Water Transfer‐Supply Operation with Consideration of Uncertain Factors
Authors: Wan Fang , Yuan Wenlin , Li Qingyun , Lü Subing
Published: April 2018

According to traditional risk assessment methods it is impossible to have a quantitative analysis of the nonlinear relationship between uncertain factors of inter‐basin reservoir regulation. So, fuzzy mathematics and a mixed Copula function are used in this paper to determine existing water supply indexes. The joint probability distribution of runoff forecasting and water demand is simulated and it also makes a quantitative analysis of future flows. The information entropy principle is applied to determine early risk warning index and signals, and emergency water shortage measures are established for an inter‐basin water transfer‐supply operation. Then the early warning decision system of reservoir optimization water supply dispatching is built up. A practical example computation shows that the information of water supply and water shortage can be described effectively with such an early risk warning system regarding donor and recipient reservoirs. The early risk warning method is applied for the first time, which simultaneously takes into account water inflow, water utilization and water shortage regarding donor and recipient reservoirs. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of weighted Hardy operators in Hölder spaces
Authors: Burtseva Evgeniya , Persson Lars‐Erik , Samko Natasha
Published: April 2018

We study one‐ and multi‐dimensional weighted Hardy operators on functions with Hölder‐type behavior. As a main result, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions on the power weight under which both the left and right hand sided Hardy operators map, roughly speaking, functions with the Hölder behavior only at the singular point to functions differentiable for and bounded after multiplication by a power weight. As a consequence, this implies necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness in Hölder spaces due to the corresponding imbeddings. In the multi‐dimensional case we provide, in fact, stronger Hardy inequalities via spherical means. We also separately consider the case of functions with Hölder‐type behavior at infinity (Hölder spaces on the compactified ).
Analysis of Leakage Current Mechanism for Ni/Au Schottky Contact on InAlGaN/GaN HEMT
Authors: Lumbantoruan Franky , Wu Chia‐Hsun , Zheng Xia‐Xi , Singh Sankalp K. , Dee Chang‐Fu , Majlis Burhanuddin Y. , Chang Edward‐Yi
Published: April 2018

The gate leakage mechanism for InAlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is systematically studied using temperature‐dependent gate current–voltage characteristics. The electric field across the barrier layer is calculated through the extracted polarization charge and dielectric constant of the InAlGaN/GaN HEMT. The gate current of the InAlGaN/GaN HEMT is analyzed by fitting the experimental data using Themionic Emission (TE), Poole–Frenkel (PF), and Fowler–Nordheim (FN) tunneling. The results show that 1) reverse leakage current in the thin InAlGaN barrier layer is dominated by FN tunneling due to triangular barrier formation; 2) for thicker barrier layer, the reverse leakage current at low electric field (<2.23 MV cm−1) is dominated by PF emission; 3) at high electric field near the threshold voltage the FN tunneling dominates. Extraction of effective barrier height by fitting the experimental data with models leads to the suggestion for the improvement of the device leakage current.
The effect of heat release on the entrainment in a turbulent mixing layer
Authors: Jahanbakhshi Reza , Madnia Cyrus K.
Published: April 2018

Direct numerical simulations of a temporally evolving compressible reacting mixing layer have been performed to study the entrainment of the irrotational flow into the turbulent region across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI). In order to study the effects of heat release and interaction of the flame with the TNTI on turbulence several cases with different heat release levels,$Q$, and stoichiometric mixture fractions are chosen for the simulations with the highest opted value for$Q$corresponding to hydrogen combustion in air. The combustion is mimicked by a one-step irreversible global reaction, and infinitely fast chemistry approximation is used to compute the species mass fractions. Entrainment is studied via two mechanisms: nibbling, considered as the vorticity transport across the TNTI, and engulfment, the drawing of the pockets of the outside irrotational fluid into the turbulent region. As the level of heat release increases, the total entrained mass flow rate into the mixing layer decreases. In a reacting mixing layer by increasing the heat release rate, the mass flow rate due to nibbling is shown to decrease mostly due to a reduction of the local entrainment velocity, while the surface area of the TNTI does not change significantly. It is also observed that nibbling is a viscous dominated mechanism in non-reacting flows, whereas it is mostly carried out by inviscid terms in reacting flows with high level of heat release. The contribution of the engulfment to entrainment is small for the non-reacting mixing layers, while mass flow rate due to engulfment can constitute close to 40 % of the total entrainment in reacting cases. This increase is primarily related to a decrease of entrained mass flow rate due to nibbling, while the entrained mass flow rate due to engulfment does not change significantly in reacting cases. It is shown that the total entrained mass flow rate in reacting and non-reacting compressible mixing layers can be estimated from an expression containing the convective Mach number and the density change due to heat release.
Outer scales and parameters of adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Maciel Yvan , Wei Tie , Gungor Ayse G. , Simens Mark P.
Published: April 2018

A clear and consistent framework for the analysis of the outer region of adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers is established in this paper based on basic principles and theory, and the help of six adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer databases and a zero-pressure-gradient one. Outer velocity and length scales for the mean velocity defect and the Reynolds stresses are discussed first. The conditions of validity of four velocity scales are determined in terms of the shape factor, since one scale is restricted to small velocity-defect boundary layers (the friction velocity $u_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$), one to large-defect ones (the pressure-gradient velocity $U_{po}$), while the two others are proper scales for all velocity-defect conditions (the Zagarola–Smits velocity $U_{zs}$ and the mixing-layer-type velocity $U_{m}$). The turbulent boundary layer equations are then used to bring out, in a consistent manner and without assuming any self-similar behaviour, a set of non-dimensional parameters characterizing the outer region of turbulent boundary layers with arbitrary pressure gradients. In terms of a generic outer length scale $L_{o}$ and velocity scale $U_{o}$, these non-dimensional parameters are the pressure-gradient parameter $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{o}=L_{o}/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}U_{o}^{2})\,\text{d}p_{e}/\text{d}x$, the Reynolds number $Re_{o}=U_{o}L_{o}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}(U_{o}/U_{e})$ and the inertial parameter $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{o}=U_{e}V_{e}/U_{o}^{2}$, where $U_{e}$ and $V_{e}$ are respectively the streamwise and wall-normal components of mean velocity at the boundary layer edge. These parameters have a clear physical meaning: they are ratios of the order of magnitude of forces, with the Reynolds shear stress gradient (apparent turbulent force) as the reference force – inertial to apparent turbulent forces for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{o}$, pressure to apparent turbulent forces for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{o}$ and apparent turbulent to viscous forces for $Re_{o}$. We discuss at length their significance and determine under what conditions they retain their meaning depending on the outer velocity scale that is considered. The seven boundary layer databases are analysed and compared using the established framework. An astonishing and impressive result is obtained: by choosing $U_{o}=U_{zs}$, the streamwise evolution of the three ratios of forces in the outer region can be accurately followed with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{zs}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{zs}$ and $Re_{zs}$ in all these flows – not just the order of magnitude of these ratios. This cannot be achieved with $u_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ and $U_{po}$, and only imperfectly with $U_{m}$. Consequently, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{zs}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{zs}$ and $Re_{zs}$ can be used to follow – in a global sense – the streamwise evolution of the streamwise mean momentum balance in the outer region.
Exploring children's understanding of law in their everyday lives
Authors: Watkins Dawn , Law Effie Lai-Chong , Barwick Joanna , Kirk Elee
Published: April 2018

This paper sets out the findings of an exploratory study that, drawing on the so-called ‘new sociology of childhood’, has theorised the child as a competent social actor and conjectured that, on this basis, whilst they might lack formal legal capacity, children may nevertheless possess legal capability. Taking a child-first (as opposed to a law-first) approach, the study has sought to assess children's legal understanding using digital gaming as a research tool. We have identified as an area of particular strength children's attitudes to gender equality, and we have determined that many children demonstrate competency to deal with consumer-related issues appropriately. However, at the other extreme, we have established that children demonstrate considerable uncertainty concerning the levels of force that adult authority figures are permitted to exercise over them. We have found in the course of this study that children are competent and willing to express their views on matters that concern them. However, they do not expect to be invited to do this in their day-to-day lives. Related to this we have found a vast lack of awareness among children concerning the rights afforded to them under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Getting by with a little help from our friends
Authors: Lambert Enoch , Dennett Daniel C.
Published: April 2018

We offer two kinds of constructive criticism in the spirit of support for Doris's socially scaffolded pluralism regarding agency. First: The skeptical force of potential “goofy influences” is not as straightforward as Doris argues. Second: Doris's positive theory must address more goofy influences due to social processes that appear to fall under his criteria for agency-promoting practices. Finally, we highlight “arms race” phenomena in Doris's social dynamics that invite closer attention in further development of his theory.
Agency is realized by subpersonal mechanisms too
Authors: Levy Neil
Published: April 2018

John Doris argues that, when behaviors are caused by processes that we would not endorse, our agency is defeated. I argue that this test for defeaters is inappropriate. What matters is not what we would but what we should endorse. The subpersonal mechanisms he identifies as defeaters enable us to track and respond to reasons. They realize agency, rather than defeating it.
Agency enhancement and social psychology
Authors: Taylor Matthew
Published: April 2018

This commentary has two aims. First, I raise a practical challenge for accounts of responsible agency: Provide empirically informed strategies for enhancing responsible agency so that actors can become more resistant to the influence of defeaters. Second, I offer an initial sketch of a solution to this practical challenge. My solution is supported by empirical evidence suggesting that responsible agency can be enhanced via self-regulatory strategies (expertise and implementation intentions).
Responsibility: Cognitive fragments and collaborative coherence?
Authors: Uleman James S. , Granot Yael , Shimizu Yuki
Published: April 2018

We describe additional research that expands upon many of Doris's points, focusing on collaboration (Ch. 5), selves, and identity (Ch. 8). We also suggest some elaboration of his treatment of dual process theories (Ch. 3). Finally, we ask whether collaborationist accounts confer logical consistency.
“Defeaters” don't matter
Authors: Ward Zina B. , Machery Edouard
Published: April 2018

We argue that the exercise of agency is compatible with the presence of what Doris calls “defeaters.” In order to undermine reflectivist theories of agency and support his valuational alternative, Doris must not simply show that defeaters exist but rather establish that some agentive behaviors do express a person's values without involving reflection.
The practice of everyday life provides supporters and inviters of morally responsible agency
Authors: Zinken Jörg , Reddy Vasudevi
Published: April 2018

Drawing on research from conversation analysis and developmental psychology, we point to the existence of “supporters” of morally responsible agency in everyday interaction: causes of our behavior that we are often unaware of, but that would make good-enough reasons for our actions, were we made aware of them.
Negotiating responsibility
Authors: Sommers Tamler
Published: April 2018

I argue that John Doris should apply his dialogic or collaborationist approach to agency more fully to questions of moral responsibility. To do so, he must discard his form of pluralism that aims to accommodate a variety of theoretical approaches to responsibility in favor of a pluralism that rejects theorizing about responsibility altogether.
Higher agrobiodiversity is associated with improved dietary diversity, but not child anthropometric status, of Mayan Achí people of Guatemala
Authors: Luna-González Diana V , Sørensen Marten
Published: April 2018

Objective

Child undernutrition remains one of the greatest challenges for public health nutrition in rural areas in developing countries. Interventions aiming to increase and conserve agrobiodiversity seem to be promising alternatives to improve child nutrition. However, the existing literature on these interventions is not conclusive about their effectiveness in combating child undernutrition. We tested the hypothesis that ‘higher agrobiodiversity is associated with greater dietary diversity and better anthropometric status’ in rural Guatemala.

Design/Setting/Subjects

In the summer of 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study with a sample of 154 children (6–60 months). We conducted dietary recalls and structured interviews, measured children’s weight and height, and visited food production systems (Milpas, home gardens, coffee plantations). Crop species richness, nutritional functional diversity, dietary diversity scores and anthropometric status were calculated.

Results

Higher food self-sufficiency, nutritional functional diversity and dietary diversity scores were positively correlated with higher crop and animal species richness. Contrarily, remoteness to the local market was negatively correlated with dietary diversity scores. However, higher dietary diversity scores were not correlated with better child anthropometric status. Better child anthropometric status was positively correlated with improved sanitary conditions and maternal education; and negatively correlated with large household size and frequent child morbidity.

Conclusions

Agricultural diversification could diversify diets, increase nutrient availability and improve child anthropometry. However, these interventions need to be accompanied by sanitation improvements, family planning, nutritional education and women’s empowerment to strengthen their positive effect on diet and nutrition.
3D nanofabrication inside rapid prototyped microfluidic channels showcased by wet-spinning of single micrometre fibres
Authors: Lölsberg Jonas , Linkhorst John , Cinar Arne , Jans Alexander , Kuehne Alexander J. C. , Wessling Matthias
Published: April 2018

In-chip fabricationviatwo-photon polymerization of embedded pressure resistant and fluid tight systems.
Sulfonate, sulfide and thiolate ligands into an ultrasmall nanocluster: [Ag40.13Cu13.87S19(tBuS)20(tBuSO3)12]
Authors: Yang Sha , Chai Jinsong , Chong Hanbao , Song Yongbo , Yu Haizhu , Zhu Manzhou
Published: April 2018

A novel Ag–Cu bimetallic nanocluster, Ag40.13Cu13.87S19(tBuS)20(tBuSO3)12, has been synthesized by precise control.
Pb⋯X (X = N, S, I) tetrel bonding interactions in Pb(ii) complexes: X-ray characterization, Hirshfeld surfaces and DFT calculations
Authors: Mahmoudi Ghodrat , Seth Saikat Kumar , Bauzá Antonio , Zubkov Fedor I. , Gurbanov Atash V. , White Jonathan , Stilinović Vladimir , Doert Thomas , Frontera Antonio
Published: April 2018

We report the synthesis and X-ray characterization of four new Pb(ii) complexes of nicotinoylhydrazone and picolinoylhydrazone-based ligands and three different anionic co-ligands (acetate, thiocyanate and iodide) exhibiting relevant tetrel bonding interactions.
Rationalisation of the optical signatures of nor-dihydroxanthene-hemicyanine fused near-infrared fluorophores by first-principle tools
Authors: Azarias Cloé , Ponce-Vargas Miguel , Navizet Isabelle , Fleurat-Lessard Paul , Romieu Anthony , Le Guennic Boris , Richard Jean-Alexandre , Jacquemin Denis
Published: April 2018

The perfect pair towards more effective nor-DXH-hemicyanine fused NIR fluoroohores.
Metal alloy solid-state nanopores for single nanoparticle detection
Authors: Coglitore Diego , Merenda Andrea , Giamblanco Nicoletta , Dumée Ludovic F. , Janot Jean-Marc , Balme Sébastien
Published: April 2018

We design metal alloy nanopore to detect nanoparticle and propose an original model to estimate the relative current blockade.
Observation of current rectification by a new asymmetric iron(iii) surfactant in a eutectic GaIn|LB monolayer|Au sandwich
Authors: Johnson Marcus S. , Horton Chad L. , Gonawala Sunalee , Verani Cláudio N. , Metzger Robert M.
Published: April 2018

This surfactant, as a Langmuir–Blodgett monolayer on Au, has electrical rectification ratios from 25 to 300 at 1 Volt (the coordinating Ns are the electron donors, Fe(iii) is the electron acceptor). The red arrow shows the direction of preferred electron current.
Evolutionary niching in the GAtor genetic algorithm for molecular crystal structure prediction
Authors: Curtis Farren , Rose Timothy , Marom Noa
Published: April 2018

The effects of evolutionary niching are investigated for the crystal structure prediction of 1,3-dibromo-2-chloro-5-fluorobenzene.
Microalgae lipids as a feedstock for the production of benzene
Authors: Pingen Dennis , Zimmerer Julia , Klinkenberg Nele , Mecking Stefan
Published: April 2018

A two-step one-pot synthesis of benzene from the five-fold unsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a component of microalgae oils, is presented. Simultaneously to the dehydrogenation, hydrogenation of the by-products to the desirable sebacic acid and octanoic acid is performed.
A highly sensitive eco-scale method for mercury determination in water and food using photochemical vapor generation and miniaturized instrumentation for capacitively coupled plasma microtorch optical emission spectrometry
Authors: Covaci Eniko , Senila Marin , Tanaselia Claudiu , Angyus Simion Bogdan , Ponta Michaela , Darvasi Eugen , Frentiu Maria , Frentiu Tiberiu
Published: April 2018

A sensitive method with a green profile for Hg determination in food and water was developed.
A dendritic TiO2–Co(ii) nanocomposite based on the melamine catalyzed one-pot aerobic photocatalytic synthesis of benzimidazoles
Authors: Eskandari Ameneh , Jafarpour Maasoumeh , Rezaeifard Abdolreza , Salimi Mehri
Published: April 2018

The nanocrystalline TiO2 surface modified with cobalt melamine dendrimer amine complex under ultrasonic agitation produced a novel low band-gap photocatalyst (Co(ii)–TD@TiO2). This catalyst system involves photooxidation of alcohols to aldehydes followed by cyclocondensation with 1,2-phenylenediamine to afford benzimidazoles in one-pot operation with good to excellent yield.
Zn–Cu bimetallic catalysts supported on pure silica MCM-41 for acetylene hydration reaction
Authors: Wang Qinqin , Zhu Mingyuan , Xu Caixia , Zhang Haiyang , Wang Xugen , Dai Bin , Zhang Jinli
Published: April 2018

The addition of copper improved the activity and stability of Zn–Cu/MCM bimetallic catalysts and interacted synergistically with Zn species and prevented Zn species loss during the reaction.
Force and humidity dual sensors fabricated by laser writing on polyimide/paper bilayer structure for pulse and respiration monitoring
Authors: Luo Jiangjiang , Yao Yanbo , Duan Xiaoshuang , Liu Tao
Published: April 2018

Paper-based sensing technology was combined with direct laser writing for designing and fabricating low-cost wearable multifunctional sensors.
Thioether- and sulfone-functionalized dibenzopentalenes as n-channel semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Hermann Mathias , Wu Ruihan , Grenz David C. , Kratzert Daniel , Li Hanying , Esser Birgit
Published: April 2018

Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes, functionalized with thioether or sulfone groups, show high electron mobilities in n-channel OFETs using well-aligned crystals.
Changes in scoring of Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) forms and the impact on competence assessment
Authors: Siau Keith , Dunckley Paul , Valori Roland , Feeney Mark , Hawkes Neil , Anderson John , Beales Ian , Wells Christopher , Thomas-Gibson Siwan , Johnson Gavin ,   on behalf of the Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (JAG)
Published: April 2018

Background Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) is an established competence assessment tool in endoscopy. In July 2016, the DOPS scoring format changed from a performance-based scale to a supervision-based scale. We aimed to evaluate the impact of changes to the DOPS scale format on the distribution of scores in novice trainees and on competence assessment.

Methods We performed a prospective, multicenter (n = 276), observational study of formative DOPS assessments in endoscopy trainees with ≤ 100 lifetime procedures. DOPS were submitted in the 6-months before July 2016 (old scale) and after (new scale) for gastroscopy (n = 2998), sigmoidoscopy (n = 1310), colonoscopy (n = 3280), and polypectomy (n = 631). Scores for old and new DOPS were aligned to a 4-point scale and compared.

Results 8219 DOPS (43 % new and 57 % old) submitted for 1300 trainees were analyzed. Compared with old DOPS, the use of the new DOPS was associated with greater utilization of the lowest score (2.4 % vs. 0.9 %; P < 0.001), broader range of scores, and a reduction in competent scores (60.8 % vs. 86.9 %; P < 0.001). The reduction in competent scores was evident on subgroup analysis across all procedure types (P < 0.001) and for each quartile of endoscopy experience. The new DOPS was superior in characterizing the endoscopy learning curve by demonstrating progression of competent scores across quartiles of procedural experience.

Conclusions Endoscopy assessors applied a greater range of scores using the new DOPS scale based on degree of supervision in two cohorts of trainees matched for experience. Our study provides construct validity evidence in support of the new scale format.
Die Häufigkeit von Depressionsdiagnosen nach Versichertengruppen im Zeitverlauf – eine Routinedatenanalyse der Jahre 2006–2015
Authors: Stahmeyer Jona , Kuhlmann Kristina , Eberhard Sveja
Published: April 2018

Depressionen gehören zu den häufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen und gehen mit erheblichen Einschränkungen der Funktionsfähigkeit sowie der Lebensqualität einher. Während sich in Surveydaten des Robert Koch-Instituts keine Steigerungen der Depressionsprävalenzen im Zeitverlauf zeigen, belegen Daten der Sozialversicherungsträger eine wachsende gesellschaftliche Bedeutung. Als einer der Gründe für die Zunahme von Depressionsdiagnosen werden vielfach die sich verändernden Arbeitsbedingungen angeführt. Ziel der vorliegenden Analyse war die Betrachtung der Häufigkeit von Depressionsdiagnosen (administrative 12-Monats-Prävalenz) für verschiedene Versichertengruppen sowie die Betrachtung der Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf, insbesondere für erwerbstätige und nicht erwerbstätige Versichertengruppen. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurde eine Querschnittsbetrachtung der administrativen Depressionsprävalenz (F32 & F33 Diagnosen) für die Jahre 2006–2015 stratifiziert nach Geschlecht durchgeführt. Die Versicherten wurden entsprechend der Versichertenart in 7 Gruppen eingeteilt: (1.) Arbeitnehmer, (2.) Selbstständige, (3.) Familienversicherte Partner, (4.) Rentenbezieher, (5.) ALG I und (6.) ALG II Bezieher sowie (7.) Versicherte in Ausbildung/Studium. Im 10-Jahres-Zeitraum zeigt sich ein Anstieg der administrativen Prävalenz von 12,0% im Jahr 2006 (Frauen: 16,3%; Männer: 6,8%) auf 16,3% im Jahr 2015 (Frauen: 21,3%; Männer: 10,9%). Im Jahr 2015 wurden die höchsten Prävalenzraten bei ALG I und II Empfängern sowie Rentenbeziehern beobachtet. Die geringsten administrativen Prävalenzen wurden bei Versicherten in Ausbildung/Studium sowie bei Selbstständigen beobachtet. Arbeitnehmer wiesen deutlich geringere administrative Prävalenzen auf als ALG I oder II Bezieher. In allen Versichertengruppen wurden erhebliche Anstiege der administrativen Prävalenz beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die wachsende gesellschaftliche Bedeutung psychischer Erkrankungen. Eine stärkere Steigerung der Diagnosehäufigkeit bei Erwerbstätigen im Vergleich zu anderen Versichertengruppen wurde allerdings nicht beobachtet. Langfristiges gesundheitspolitisches Ziel sollte eine weitere Verbesserung der Versorgungssituation psychisch Kranker sein.