bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistin Modulates Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Uptake in Human Placental Explants via PCSK9
Authors: Nava-Salazar Sonia , Flores-Pliego Arturo , Pérez-Martínez Giovanni , Parra-Hernández Sandra , Vanoye-Carlo America , Ibarguengoitia-Ochoa Francisco , Perichart-Perera Otilia , Reyes-Muñoz Enrique , Solis-Paredes Juan Mario , Espino y Sosa Salvador , Estrada-Gutierrez Guadalupe
Published: April 2022

Maternal metabolic status influences pregnancy and, consequently, the perinatal outcome. Resistin is a pro-inflammatory adipokine predominantly expressed and secreted by mononuclear cells, adipose tissue, and placental trophoblastic cells during pregnancy. Recently, we reported an inverse association between maternal resistin levels and fetal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Then, in this work, we used a human placental explant model and the trophoblast cell line JEG-3 to evaluate whether resistin affects placental LDL-C uptake. Resistin exposure induced the transcription factor SREBP-2, LDLR, and PCSK9 mRNA expression, and changes at the protein level were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. However, for LDLR, the changes were not consistent between mRNA and protein levels. Using a labeled LDL-cholesterol (BODIPY FL LDL), uptake assay demonstrated that the LDL-C was significantly decreased in placental explants exposed to a high dose of resistin and a lesser extent in JEG-3 cells. In summary, resistin induces PCSK9 expression in placental explants and JEG-3 cells, which could be related to negative regulation of the LDLR by lysosomal degradation. These findings suggest that resistin may significantly regulate the LDL-C uptake and transport from the maternal circulation to the fetus, affecting its growth and lipid profile.
Importance of Tuberculosis Screening of Resident Visa Applicants in Low TB Incidence Settings: Experience from Oman
Authors: Singh Jeffrey , Al-Abri Seif , Petersen Eskild , Al Yaqoubi Fatma , Al Rahbi Khoula , Al Balushi Lamya , Al Fahdi Fatma , Al Balushi Asma , Jawad Farah Mahmmoud M. , Kurup Padmamohan J.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

For Oman, a country targeting tuberculosis (TB) elimination, TB among expatriates is a major challenge. Thus, screening for active TB using chest X-ray was made mandatory for expatriates’ residency renewals.

Objective

To estimate the incidence of bacteriologically confirmed TB and assess impact of chest X-ray based TB screening among expatriates in Muscat Governorate.

Methods

Applicants for residency and renewals were mandated for chest X-ray-based TB screening in 2018. We collected data of screened subjects with radiological suspicion of TB who were subjected to further bacteriological evaluation.

Results

Of 501,290 applicants screened during the study period, 436 (0.09%) had X-ray findings suggestive of TB. Among the 436, TB was confirmed in 53 (12.2%; 95% CI 9.2–15.6), giving an overall prevalence of 10.6 (95% CI 8–13.9) per 100,000 applicants (number needed to be screened 9458). Among renewals, the point prevalence of TB was 10.5 per 100,000 expatriates screened (95% CI 6.9–14.04 per 100,000), with a mean follow-up period of 11.8 years.

Conclusion

Our findings are consistent with the recommendation for utilization of chest X-ray as a preferred tool for active case finding in the setting of expatriate screening. Our findings are also suggestive of the need for latent TB screening and ruling out TB prior to latent TB treatment.
A Proposed Inventory to Assess Changes in Orgasm Function of Transgender Patients Following Gender Affirming Treatments: Pilot Study
Authors: Zaliznyak Michael , Lauzon Marie , Stelmar Jenna , Yuan Nance , Smith Shannon M. , Garcia Maurice M.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

While providers generally counsel patients about possible effects of gender affirming treatments, such as gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and gender affirming surgery (GAS), on sexual function – the effects of these treatments on orgasm function and quality are not well understood.

Aim

To develop a gender transition orgasm quality inventory based on orgasm function domains transgender patients communicated were important to them.

Methods

We conducted a series of interviews in which we asked transgender patients to describe which factors related to orgasm (ie, orgasm quality and orgasm-related sexual function) were most important to them. This work generated a list of 6 domains which we incorporated into a survey instrument. The 6 domains that our work generated are: (1) Lead-time to reach orgasm, (2) Duration of orgasm, (3) Body location of orgasm sensation; (4) Description of orgasm as either a single or multiple-peak event, (5) Duration of postorgasm refractory period, and (6) Overall satisfaction with orgasm quality. Using this new questionnaire, we queried potential changes in orgasm function before and after commencing GAHT (minimum 1 year) among 130 consecutive transgender women (TW) and 33 transgender men (TM) as a pilot study.

Results

Within groups by gender, TW and TM cohorts reported similar responses to our inventory before starting GAHT. After commencing GAHT, TW reported notable changes in orgasm function: increase in lead-time necessary to reach orgasm, orgasm duration, and overall orgasm satisfaction; and decrease in post-orgasm refractory period. Similarly, TM reported an increase in duration of orgasm and increased overall satisfaction with orgasm quality; and a decrease in post-orgasm refractory period. Over half of the TW reported experiencing orgasms in new/additional body locations. Additionally, prior to commencing GAHT, the majority of TM and TW patients reported their orgasms as a short, single-peak event but following GAHT these same patients reported longer and protracted multiple-peak orgasms.

Conclusion

We have developed a novel questionnaire with the purpose of assessing patient self-reported changes in orgasm function following gender affirming treatments. Findings from our pilot study shows that GAHT has the potential to positively improve sexual function and orgasm quality for transgender patients undergoing gender transition. We encourage future studies to utilize our novel questionnaire to assess potential changes in orgasm function related to various gender affirming procedures.
Biodiesel feedstock and crude oil price relationships – The effects of policy and shale oil expansion
Authors: Schaefer K. Aleks , Myers Robert J. , Johnson Stanley R. , Helmar Michael D. , Radich Tony
Published: April 2022

We disentangle the effects of biodiesel incentives and shale oil expansion on the long-run equilibrium price relationships among biodiesel feedstocks and crude oil in the United States (US) and European Union (EU). We find that the 2005 Energy Policy Act in the US substantially increased the responsiveness of soy oil, canola oil, and corn oil prices to crude oil price movements. However, in recent years, expansion in the global supply of crude oil from shale oil extraction has offset the effects of US biodiesel incentives and blending mandates. In the EU, the Indirect Land Use Change Directive of 2015 substantially reduced the responsiveness of biodiesel feedstock prices to crude oil price movements.
Peasants as “Cosmopolitan Insurgents”
Authors: Ferrando Tomaso , Mpofu Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

The lives of peasants are strongly interconnected with their territories, economies, and local institutions. At the same time, they have been historically defined by international processes and decisions that are taken elsewhere and affect their autonomy and identity. This is clearly the case when smallholders (that is, farmers who work small plots of land, mostly less than two hectares) are part of transnational food chains, but it is also true when their market is the local community: even when peasants do not grow global food commodities, they can be affected by the dynamics and continuous expansion of the transnational food system. Given the local impacts of international processes and regulatory frameworks, peasant organizations have increasingly organized translocally to participate in the international policy spaces, and try to subvert the legal structures that are shaping their lives and territories. This essay discusses those attempts by peasants to organize beyond their local realities to increase their political power and promote their vision of international economic law as a central piece in their long term strategy for recognition, food sovereignty, and consolidation of territorial and agroecological food systems. The essay provides a diagnosis of farmers’ silencing and exclusion by international economic law, presents the movement La Vía Campesina as a platform for translocal solidarity and multi-scalar engagement, and elaborates on peasants’ “cosmopolitan insurgence” and their promotion of food sovereignty as an alternative project for international economic law.
Reliabilism Defended
Authors: Tolly Jeffrey
Published: April 2022

Reliabilism about knowledge states that a belief-forming process generates knowledge only if its likelihood of generating true belief exceeds 50 percent. Despite the prominence of reliabilism today, there are very few if any explicit arguments for reliabilism in the literature. In this essay, I address this lacuna by formulating a new independent argument for reliabilism. As I explain, reliabilism can be derived from certain key knowledge-closure principles. Furthermore, I show how this argument can withstand John Turri’s two recent objections to reliabilism: the argument from explanatory inference and the argument from achievements.
Abstracting and formalising the design co-evolution model
Authors: Gero John S. , Kannengiesser Udo , Crilly Nathan
Published: April 2022

Co-evolution accounts have generally been used to describe how problems and solutions both change during the design process. More generally, problems and solutions can be considered as analytic categories, where change is seen to occur within categories or across categories. There are more categories of interest than just problems and solutions, for example, the participants in a design process (such as members of a design team or different design teams) and categories defined by design ontologies (such as function-behaviour-structure or concept-knowledge). In this paper, we consider the co-evolution of different analytic categories (not just problems and solutions), by focussing on how changes to a category originate either from inside or outside that category. We then illustrate this approach by applying it to data from a single design session using three different systems of categorisation (problems and solutions, different designers and function, behaviour and structure). This allows us to represent the reciprocal influence of change within and between these different categories, while using a common notation and common approach to graphing quantitative data. Our approach demonstrates how research traditions that are currently distinct from each other (such as co-evolution, collaboration and function-behaviour-structure) can be connected by a single analytic approach.
The Case of Claud Cardew's Violin: Race, Anxiety, and the British Empire Mail
Authors: Rozett Tamar I.
Published: April 2022

In the summer of 1894, Claud Cardew, then at British Central Africa, asked his brother in England to send him a violin. In tracing the violin's trajectory from metropole to colony, this article combines two inquiries. It probes, firstly, the emotional vocabulary surrounding Claud's request, and secondly, the technology underpinning the British Empire mail. Closely reading the Cardew family letters alongside postal documents, the author argues that for Claud, the violin's delayed arrival triggered a tangled nexus of anxieties, stemming from both the colonial racial hierarchy and the changing expectations surrounding modern technology. Much like the cultural connotations carried by the violin itself, efficient mail delivery denoted racial superiority. Furthermore, the empire mail gained significance in the minds of British users for its racially loaded function as potentially mitigating colonizers’ anxiety in the face of outnumbering locals. Yet the violin's failure to arrive when expected led to mounting anxiety, as claims for colonizers’ dominance cracked in the face of unstable postal communications. The story of Claud Cardew's violin thus offers a framework that may be used to unravel similar emotional entanglements surrounding Western technologies set to work within empire.
On the synchronisation of three-dimensional shock layer and laminar separation bubble instabilities in hypersonic flow over a double wedge
Authors: Sawant Saurabh S. , Theofilis V. , Levin D.A.
Published: April 2022

Linear three-dimensional instability is studied in the shock layer and the laminar separation bubble (LSB) induced by shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions in a Mach 7 flow of nitrogen over a double wedge with a$30^{\circ }\text {--}55^{\circ }$cross-sectional profile. At a free-stream unit Reynolds number$Re=5.2\times 10^{4}\,{\rm m}^{-1}$this flow exhibits rarefaction effects and has shock thicknesses comparable to the thickness of the boundary layer at separation. Flow features have been fully resolved using a high-fidelity massively parallel implementation of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method that captures the flow evolution from the inception of three-dimensionality, through linear growth of instabilities, to the early stages of nonlinear saturation. It is shown that the LSB sustains self-excited, small-amplitude perturbations that originate past the primary separation line and lead to spanwise-periodic wall striations inside the bubble and downstream of the primary reattachment line, as known from earlier experiments, simulations and instability analyses. A spanwise-periodic instability, synchronised with that in the separation zone, is identified herein for the first time, which exists in the internal structure of the separation and detached shock layers, and manifests itself as spanwise-periodic cats-eyes patterns in the global mode amplitude functions. The growth rate and the spanwise-periodicity length of linear disturbances in the shock layers and the LSB are found to be identical. Linear amplification of the most unstable three-dimensional flow perturbations leads to synchronised low-frequency unsteadiness of the triple point, with a Strouhal number of$St\approx 0.028$.
Transition to turbulence in hypersonic flow over a compression ramp due to intrinsic instability
Authors: Cao Shibin , Hao Jiaao , Klioutchnikov Igor , Wen Chih-Yung , Olivier Herbert , Heufer Karl Alexander
Published: April 2022

In this work, a transition process in a hypersonic flow over a cold-wall compression ramp is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) and global stability analysis (GSA). The free-stream Mach number and the Reynolds number based on the flat-plate length are 7.7 and

$8.6 \times 10^5$

, respectively. The shock-induced pressure rise causes the boundary layer to separate on the flat plate, forming a separation bubble around the corner. Without introducing any external disturbances, the DNS captures the transition to turbulence downstream of flow reattachment. The DNS results agree well with the experimental data as well as theoretical predictions. To uncover the intrinsic instability in the flow system, GSA is employed to investigate the three-dimensionality of the two-dimensional base flow. Several stationary and oscillatory unstable modes are revealed, which result in spanwise periodicity inside and downstream of the separation bubble. The GSA and DNS results indicate that the intrinsic instability of the flow system triggers the formation of streamwise counter-rotating vortices and boundary-layer streaks near reattachment. The downstream transition to turbulence starts from the breakdown of the streamwise vortices and streaks. Moreover, the second harmonic of the most unstable global mode and a broadband low-frequency unsteadiness occur in the saturated flow, which has a significant influence on the transition process. In summary, the present study demonstrates a transition process in a hypersonic compression-ramp flow as a result of the intrinsic instability of the flow system.
A free flexible flap in channel flow
Authors: Xu Chang , Liu Xuechao , Liu Kui , Xiong Yongfeng , Huang Haibo
Published: April 2022

Fine fibre immersed in different flows is ubiquitous. For a fibre in shear flows, most motion modes appear in the flow-gradient plane. Here the two-dimensional behaviours of an individual flexible flap in channel flows are studied. The nonlinear coupling of the fluid inertia (

$\textit {Re}$

), flexibility of the flap (

$K$

) and channel width (

$W$

) is discovered. Inside a wide channel (e.g.

$W=4$

), as

$K$

decreases, the flap adopts rigid motion, springy motion, snake turn and complex mode in sequence. It is found that the fluid inertia tends to straighten the flap. Moreover,

$\textit {Re}$

significantly affects the lateral equilibrium location

$y_{eq}$

, therefore affecting the local shear rate and the tumbling period

$T$

. For a rigid flap in a wide channel, when

$\textit {Re}$

exceeds a threshold, the flap stays inclined instead of tumbling. As

$\textit {Re}$

further increases, the flap adopts swinging mode. In addition, there is a scaling law between

$T$

and

$\textit {Re}$

. For the effect of

$K$

, through the analysis of the torque generated by surrounding fluid, we found that a smaller

$K$

slows down the tumbling of the flap even if

$y_{eq}$

is comparable. As

$W$

decreases, the wall confinement effect makes the flap easier to deform and closer to the centreline. The tumbling period would increase and the swinging mode would be more common. When

$W$

further decreases, the flaps are constrained to stay inclined, parabolic-like or one-end bending configurations moving along with the flow. Our study may shed some light on the behaviours of a free fibre in flows.
Analysis of interscale energy transfer in a boundary layer undergoing bypass transition
Authors: Yao H. , Mollicone J.-P. , Papadakis G.
Published: April 2022

The Kármán–Howarth–Monin–Hill equation is employed to study the production and interscale energy transfer in a boundary layer undergoing bypass transition due to free-stream turbulence. The energy flux between different length scales is calculated at several streamwise locations covering the laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes. Maps of scale energy production and flux vectors are visualised on two-dimensional planes and three-dimensional hyper-planes that comprise both physical and separation spaces. In the transitional region, the maps show strong inverse cascade in the streamwise direction near the wall. The energy flux vectors emanate from a region of strong production and transfer energy to larger streamwise scales. To provide deeper insight into the origin of the inverse cascade process, we decompose the energy flux vector into components arising from nonlinear interactions between velocity fluctuations, mean flow inhomogeneity, pressure and viscous effects. The inverse cascade is mainly due to the nonlinear interaction component, and in the earliest stages of transition this component competes with that due to mean flow inhomogeneity. By superposing the instantaneous velocity fields and the energy flux vectors, we relate the inverse cascade process to the growth of turbulent spots. Once the transition process is complete, the maps become very similar to those observed in other fully developed turbulent flows, such as channel flow. Finally we characterise the nonlinear interaction term using probability density functions (PDFs) evaluated at different wall-normal heights. The PDFs are asymmetric and wide-skirted as in homogeneous isotropic turbulence, but are skewed towards positive values reflecting the inverse cascade.
Volcanic Ash Tempered Pottery Production in the Late to Terminal Classic Belize Valley, Belize
Authors: Jordan Jillian M. , Davenport James A. , Goodwin Whitney A. , MacDonald Brandi L. , Ebert Claire E. , Hoggarth Julie A. , Awe Jaime J.
Published: April 2022

Production and consumption of pottery tempered with fresh volcanic ash peaked in the Late to Terminal Classic periods in the Maya lowlands. Differences in the type of volcanic inclusion and vessel form indicate that the pottery was produced in multiple locations by different groups of potters. In this article, we characterize pottery from household contexts at Baking Pot, Belize, using thin-section petrography and neutron activation analysis (NAA) to document mineralogical and chemical variability and determine provenance. The pottery was produced by adding fresh volcanic ash to a micritic clay. The petrographic and chemical data indicate that this paste recipe was produced locally in the Belize Valley. Variation in the paste recipes used is likely due to both production differences and postdepositional alteration. We argue that it is critical to use both petrography and NAA to understand pottery production and provenance in the Maya region.
Mining the Land While Sustaining Iiyiyiuituwin: Exercising Indigenous Sovereignty through Collaboration in Eeyou Istchee
Authors: Vanthuyne Karine , Gauthier Mathieu
Published: April 2022

In Canada, the relationship between Indigenous Nations and mining corporations is characterized by asymmetrical power dynamics. To address this situation, several Indigenous Nations who see mining as an opportunity to realize their financial autonomy have developed mechanisms to enhance their capacity to regulate how their traditional territories are exploited. Drawing on collaborative research conducted with the Cree of Eeyou Istchee, we show how these initiatives can allow Indigenous peoples to reconcile mining with ways of life seemingly at odds with extractive development. From local perspectives, the Eeyouch have managed to persuade the developers of the mine operating on their territory to meaningfully engage with Iiyiyiuituwin—the “Eeyou way of life,” fundamentally anchored in respect for and reciprocity with the land. While numerous Indigenous Nations exercise their sovereignty by opposing extractive development, others realize it through building relationship with corporations in ways that sustain their enduring political philosophy.
The effect of viscosity and resistivity on Rayleigh–Taylor instability induced mixing in magnetized high-energy-density plasmas
Authors: Bera Ratan Kumar , Song Yang , Srinivasan Bhuvana
Published: April 2022

This work numerically investigates the role of viscosity and resistivity in Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in magnetized high-energy-density (HED) plasmas for a high Atwood number and high plasma beta regimes surveying across plasma beta and magnetic Prandtl numbers. The numerical simulations are performed using the visco-resistive magnetohydrodynamic equations. Results presented here show that the inclusion of self-consistent viscosity and resistivity in the system drastically changes the growth of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) as well as modifies its internal structure at smaller scales. It is seen here that the viscosity has a stabilizing effect on the RTI. Moreover, the viscosity inhibits the development of small-scale structures and also modifies the morphology of the tip of the RTI spikes. On the other hand, the resistivity reduces the magnetic field stabilization, supporting the development of small-scale structures. The morphology of the RTI spikes is seen to be unaffected by the presence of resistivity in the system. An additional novelty of this work is in the disparate viscosity and resistivity profiles that may exist in HED plasmas and their impact on RTI growth, morphology and the resulting turbulence spectra. Furthermore, this work shows that the dynamics of the magnetic field is independent of viscosity and likewise the resistivity does not affect the dissipation of enstrophy and kinetic energy. In addition, power law scalings of enstrophy, kinetic energy and magnetic field energy are provided in both the injection range and inertial sub-range, which could be useful for understanding RTI induced turbulent mixing in HED laboratory and astrophysical plasmas and could aid in the interpretation of observations of RTI-induced turbulence spectra.
New epibiotic association in the deep-sea: the amphipod Caprella ungulina and the Patagonian lobsterette Thymops birsteini in the South-western Atlantic
Authors: Rumbold Carlos E. , Chiesa Ignacio L. , Farías Nahuel E.
Published: April 2022

The present study reports for the first time the association between the decapod Thymops birsteini (Nephropidae) and the amphipod Caprella ungulina (Caprellidae). A benthic biodiversity survey was carried out to explore the Mar del Plata Submarine Canyon, off the Argentine coast, in the South-western Atlantic Ocean. A total of 205 caprellids (181 juveniles, 4 males and 20 not-classified individuals) were found attached to 7 specimens of T. birsteini caught between 1087–2212 m depth. The epibiotic parameters showed that the prevalence of C. ungulina on T. birsteini was 50%; the mean abundance was 14.64 and the intensity value was 29.29. In addition, specimens of C. ungulina were recorded mainly on mouthparts of T. birsteini (31.22%), followed by chelipeds (18.05%), cephalothorax (4.88%) and pereiopods (0.98%). Our finding of C. ungulina provides the deepest record until now; additionally, this epibiont is reported in a new host belonging to an infraorder and a family of crustacean that had not previously been found as basibionts. The potential mechanisms implied in the wide distribution of C. ungulina are discussed.
Fifteen years of delegated protected area management in West and Central Africa: five recommendations to guide maturity
Authors: Scholte Paul
Published: April 2022

Delegated protected area management (transferring management responsibilities from a public to a private partner) has been promoted to give impetus to ailing protected areas in West and Central Africa. Since their inception in 2005, the number of partnerships has increased to 20 protected areas covering c. 250,000 km2, an area similar to that of the UK. A review of the lessons learnt from these first 15 years shows that delegated management has improved day-to-day management of these protected areas. There remain, however, challenges with funding and with the capacity of national managerial staff, and also concerns regarding human rights. Based on an analysis of these challenges, I develop five recommendations to guide more mature delegated management: governments should (1) ensure an enabling legal–procedural environment; and (2) prepare delegated management contracts systematically; (3) private partners should render themselves dispensable through capacity building of national managerial staff and by initiating sustainable financing mechanisms; (4) governments and private partners alike should respect human rights and build coalitions with communities; (5) governments, private partners and funders should strive to delegate non-core management tasks, such as tourist guiding and reception, community development and research, to specialized locally-based individuals and organizations. Although these recommendations have a specific West–Central African perspective, they have relevance for the increasing number of delegated management initiatives elsewhere in Africa and beyond.
Do we need an account of prayer to address the problem for praying without ceasing?
Authors: Hatcher Michael
Published: April 2022

1 Th. 5:17 tells us to pray without ceasing. Many have worried that praying without ceasing seems impossible. Most address the problem by giving an account of the true nature of prayer. Unexplored are strategies for dealing with the problem that areneutralon the nature of prayer, strategies consistent, for example, with the view that only petition is prayer. In this article, after clarifying the nature of the problem for praying without ceasing, I identify and explore the prospects of five different strategies that are neutral in this sense. I also raise problems for each strategy.
Change in African Vegetation
Authors: Keay R.W.J.
Published: April 2022

A common element in all African studies is the background of the African environment. My first real sight of Africa, thirty years ago, was in the long train journey from Lagos to Zaria. As a botanist, I was fascinated then by the changing patterns of vegetation — different kinds of forest and savanna, a rich diversity of plant species. I suppose all members of our Association have seen something of Africa's vegetation and, especially on long journeys, may have thought it monotonous and dull. However, as with all forms of scholarly inquiry, what at first sight seems uniform becomes, on close inspection, a puzzling jumble, and only after a fair amount of study do meaningful patterns and causal relationships emerge. My interest was aroused by that very obvious part of the African environment and over the years I found that my vegetational studies were often relevant to researchers in quite different disciplines.
White Fathers materials in the London area
Authors: Henige David P.
Published: April 2022

From the foundation of the order in Algiers in 1868 the White Fathers (more properly Missionaries of Our Lady of Africa) focussed their efforts on Africa. Although the first missions were established in the Kabyle Mountains and the Sahara the professed long-term commitment was to the proselytization of black Africa. In 1878 the first White Fathers arrived in the Uganda region and in the course of the next fifty years the order established dioceses and Vicariates Apostolic throughout the continent but the greatest denisty of their stations always remained central Africa.
I: The Acquisition of Library Materials on Nigeria by the Library of the Royal Commonwealth Society
Authors: Hammerton Elizabeth , Simpson Donald
Published: April 2022

The Library of the Royal Commonwealth Society, founded in 1868, has built up a very substantial collection on Nigeria over the years, and therefore had a good basis on which to undertake responsibility for that country, under the SCOLMA scheme, in 1964. A progress report was made in April 1969 and published in Conference on the Acquisition of Material from Africa, I.D.C. 1969, pp.88-90, also R.C.S. Library Notes, new series No.152, August 1969. Many of the problems described therein still apply, but the following summary outlines the position at the close of 1975.

Though the main purpose of the scheme is to acquire material published in the country concerned, the Library endeavours to obtain significant material published outside Nigeria, and this is relatively easy.
African Studies Association of the United Kingdom Symposium, September 1977 - Presidential Address: Two Novels of Africa
Authors: Spence J. E.
Published: April 2022

It may seem presumptuous for a political scientist to stray beyond his field into the realm of imaginative literature. It seems appropriate, however, at a Symposium on African art, literature and music, to reflect - however naively - on the contribution, if any, that the novelist can make to the social scientist's grasp of his subject. After all, this Association was established in part to foster inter-disciplinary understanding of Africa's past and present (and, some would claim, its future), and as a professional body it is perhaps unique in embracing a membership drawn not simply from the arts and social sciences, but also those with interests in the applied sciences and agriculture.
The Africa Bibliographic Centre in Dar es Salaam: Its Origins and Immediate Plans
Authors: Darch Colin
Published: April 2022

The Africa Bibliographic Centre Secretariat, or ABCS, is based in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. (it has no connection with the African Bibliographic Centre in Washington D.C., which is run by Daniel Matthews primarily as an information centre for American users.) The function of the ABCS is, for the time being, limited to propagandising the “ABC concept” through the medium of the ABC Newsletter, which is currently distributed gratis to a wide range of institutions and individuals within Africa and to a much smaller number outside. Although some previous news items in the professional literature have discussed the ABC's function and role, the following statement may be taken as reflecting the current situation.
Institute of Contemporary History, University of the Orange Free State, South africa
Authors: Geyser O.
Published: April 2022

Our rapidly changing world and the unique place South Africa, with her heterogeneous population, occupies among the nations make it necessary for South Africans to account for their place and role in the world situation. One event follows another so rapidly that the average individual simply cannot keep abreast of the times. It follows that there is a need for a responsible interpretation of events, preferably in such a manner as to fill the needs of both the academic who wishes to study the situation and the man in the street. Not only must facts be supplied in a scientific manner, but they should also be interpreted in their historical sense.

South Africans have lagged behind in their efforts to enter the field of contemporary historiography. Neither the lack of distance between events and the writer describing them, which could obscure his perspective and judgement, nor the lack of historical sources ought to be allowed to hamper exponents of contemporary historiography in South Africa.
African Studies in Canada
Authors: Taylor D. R. F.
Published: April 2022

The formalisation of African Studies in Canada began in December 1962 when a Committee on African Studies in Canada was formed. The Committee was established with the encouragement of the Social Science Research Council and the Overseas Institute of Canada. At the initial meeting the Committee stated its purposes to be: the promotion of African studies in Canada, the creation of a national organisation for scholars interested in Africa in Canadian universities, the representation of Canada at the International Congress of Africanists and the publication of a newsletter. The first president was Professor Ronald Cohen of McGill University.

The first newsletter was published in November 1963 as The Bulletin of African Studies in Canada. Three volumes, each of two issues, were published, the last in May of 1966.
The Documentation of Colonial Rule in Africa
Authors: Hanam Harry
Published: April 2022

The aim of this paper is to show how the development of colonial rule in Africa was reflected in the production of published documents by the colonial power. Its scope is restricted to British colonies in Africa - in the time available it really wouldn't be, possible to deal additionally with French, German, Spanish and Portuguese Africa, particularly as I know remarkably little about the publications produced in non-Anglophone African territories. I propose to run through the main categories of publications issued in British African colonies, with specimen copies mostly from Sierra Leone, whose colonial status was established early in the nineteenth century. I shall also have something to say about British official publications dealing with African territories.
Boys Adventure Stories Set in the Third World
Authors: Goddard S.
Published: April 2022

It is becoming realised increasingly that the study and collection of historical children's books is an important facet of bibliographical studies (Library Trends, Spring 1979, was devoted entirely to this area of interest). The Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) has recently set up a small special collection of boys adventure stories set in areas in which the School has special interest and published between the middle of the last century and the outbreak of the Second World War.

These were the books that were introducing Africa and Asia to the school boys who were to become the colonial administrators and business men responsible for overseeing our dual mandate.
East African Materials in the University of Sussex Library
Authors: Peasgood A. N.
Published: April 2022

East African materials have been collected at the University of Sussex Library with responsibilities in mind both to our own staff and students, particularly those in the School of African and Asian Studies, and to the SCOLMA area specialisation scheme. The basic collection was established by M. H. Rogers before he moved to the library of the Institute of Development Studies, and this has proved a reasonable base from which to develop. We purchase as much current material as funds allow, selecting from LC accessions lists, and maintaining subscriptions to locally published serials. Attempts have been made to use deposit accounts to cover standing orders with local publishers both government and trade; results have been fairly satisfactory in the former case, less so in the latter.
The Somali Language Program: Italian Technical Co-Operation in Somalia
Authors: Maffi Luisa
Published: April 2022

In 1977 a group of Italian linguists set up a research program on the Somali language, in the context of the technical co-operation between Italy and Somalia. The program was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of External Affairs and the Somali Ministry of Higher Education. The scientific bodies involved were the University of Rome and the National Research Council (CNR) on the Italian side, and the Somali National University and the Academy of Sciences, Arts and Literature on the Somali side. The program was divided into two separate but obviously related projects: 1) the elaboration of a comprehensive reference grammar of Somali, at the phonological, morphological and syntactic levels; 2) the compilation of a bilingual (Somali-Italian) dictionary and of various glossaries of specific terminologies.
The Zanzibar Achives Project and its Implications for the Preservation of Records in East and Central Africa
Authors: Thurston Anne
Published: April 2022

In an earlier issue of this journal (ARD 36,1984) I described the archival training workshops held in Zanzibar in the summer of 1984. The workshops were not intended to overcome fully the problems of the Zanzibar Archives but to set in motion work which could be evaluated and more fully developed the following year. The second programme, described below, was held in July and August 1985.

A brief review of the background to the workshops may be helpful. Zanzibar possesses the only extensive 19th century English language archive in East and Central Africa, a British representative having been posted there earlier than anywhere else in the region.
African Economies and Book Requirements
Authors: Made S.M.
Published: April 2022

While there are common issues relating to publishing in all countries, there are a variety of special problems that affect Third World nations — among them African nations — in ways which differ from industrialised nations. Questions such as copyright, book distribution, and production problems are international in relevance but have a special meaning in the context of the Third World.

Publishing is one part of a range of book-related activities. While the problems of book publishers constitute the main focus of our discussion, a range of related issues from the role of authors to the impact of colonial-inherited systems of education — all these will from time to time enter into our discussion. As Albach and Rathgeber say, this is because publishing is a system of knowledge dissemination that is increasingly interdependent on other elements of the communications process.
The Economic Literature for Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, 1974-1980: An Analysis
Authors: Finucane Brendan , Rupley Lawrence , Killick Tony
Published: April 2022

This article arises out of our experience in the compilation of a bibliography on the East African economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda. Approximately one-quarter of the items were gathered between 1976 and 1979 by Killick, and the compilation of the remainder was organized by Finucane and Rupley in 1980 and 1981. The classification system was largely designed by Killick. Nearly all the work was carried out at the University of Nairobi. The bibliography is to be published by G.K. Hall, Boston, as Tony Killick, Lawrence Rupley, Brendan Finucane, The Economies of East Africa: 1974-1980. This present compilation serves to update Tony Killick's The Economies of East Africa( Boston: G.K. Hall, 1976), which covered the 1963-1974 time period. For the most part, this volume takes up where the earlier one ended, although items missed in the earlier one are included herein.
Search for Documents Concerning Socialist Thought and Policy in Tropical Africa: Progress Report
Authors: John Magnus
Published: April 2022

The idea to undertake this project began when Zed Press commissioned Ben Turok as editor for a collection of documents on the above subject as part of a series called ‘The African Liberation Reader’. The scope of the collection of documents was to be determined by its editor, Ben Turok, who had been briefed to collect documents for publication in two volumes.

Such a task required collaborative effort, both in terms of identifying sources/institutions to write to at home and abroad as well as ascertaining if any relevant material already existed locally. In effect, a strategy had to be worked out in order to undertake the project with some measure of success, especially since any cost involved in collecting the documents would not be met by the publisher.
German records in Tanzania
Authors: Karugila J.M.
Published: April 2022

German East Africa the largest of the former German colonies had a rather interesting history of care, control and preservation of public records. The aim of this paper is firstly to trace in brief the history of German colonisation in East Africa, as a background to a better understanding of the registry practices and records keeping procedures of the government of German East Africa. Secondly, the paper is intended to relate what has happened to the records of the German era after the colony became a mandate under the British Administration and after the attainment of independence.

Germany's efforts to found colonies in East Africa can be traced as far back as 1884. In September of that year, Dr. Carl Peters, one of the founders of the German Colonization Society (Gesellschaft fuer deutsche Kolonisation) and his friends, set out on a voyage to East Africa to look for colonies.
Special Libraries in Ghana: An Evaluation and Comparison of the Services Provided by Two Special Libraries in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Edwards Mary C.
Published: April 2022

In Ghana, a close analysis of special library activities reveals the fact that the general pace of development lags far behind modern trends and techniques; this is surprising because library development in the country started with the development of special libraries.

A possible reason for this slow rate of development has been given by Villars, who suggests that special libraries in Ghana have grown in isolation of each other, and in consequence, definite patterns of development have been difficult to establish.

By 1970, about forty special libraries had been set up in the country. More than half of this number (twenty-three) were established between 1961-1970. After Independence in 1957, many organizations were established, such as the Volta River Authority, Bank of Ghana, National Investment Bank, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, etc. All these organizations were set up with a motivation towards development and thus desired or needed library facilities.
People, Places and African Studies
Authors: Larby Patricia M.
Published: April 2022

This article is based on a talk given to the SCOLMA annual general meeting in 1993 and is, very largely, a personal backward look at my involvement with people, places and African studies since the late 1950s.

When I first went to Africa in the fifties long distance travel was not the commonplace it is now. Uganda, where I took up my first overseas appointment as Librarian to the Department of Agriculture, was then a twenty-four hour flight away with stops at Rome, Benghazi and Khartoum. It is difficult to recapture first impressions on setting foot on African soil but there is a confused memory of heat, blazing sun (at 8 am), and the brilliant colours of the trees, flowers and the dresses of the Baganda women as well as mild cultural shock at finding that all the men wore shorts: I was not prepared for all those hairy knees.
Southern African sources in the Oriental & India Office Collections (OIOC) of the British Library
Authors: Geber Jill
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on the range of sources to be found in the British Library's Oriental and India Office Collections for the study of southern Africa. For the purposes of this article ‘southern Africa’ is taken to include South Africa (comprising the former colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal); Namibia (formerly South West Africa); Lesotho (formerly Basutoland), Botswana (formerly Bechuanaland) and Swaziland; Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia), Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) and Malawi (formerly Nyasaland); Angola and Mozambique.

At a first glance, the name Oriental and India Office Collections does not immediately suggest rich pickings for researchers as far as sources on southern Africa are concerned. Yet this lesser known corner of the British Library provides a rich mine of diverse information from Britain's earliest interests in the region from the 1600s until the present.
South African bibliography in the mid-1990s: an overview
Authors: Musiker Reuben
Published: April 2022

The documentation of South African bibliography has for many years been regarded as very substantial, and by far the best on the African continent.

South Africa has a long-standing tradition of excellent bibliographies, which date back to the middle of the nineteenth century.

In more recent years, the country's bibliographical equipment has been increasingly strengthened to the extent that it now holds its own with the best anywhere, and not just on the continent of Africa.

As Chairman of the SAILIS Award for Bibliography for the past decade, since its inception in the mid-1980s, I have always been fully aware of, and greatly impressed by, the bibliographic work of high standing which continues to appear and to fill the remaining gaps in the nation's bibliographical record.
Africa in the UDC
Authors: McIlwaine I.C.
Published: April 2022

Four different items, all of which have direct concern for Africa, have been published between 1991 and 1993 under the auspices of the UDC Consortium, the body now responsible for the maintenance of the UDC. Two were published by the British Standards Institution: a new edition of BS 1000M, the Medium edition of the scheme in English (subsequently referred to as EME), and Auxiliary table Ie: Part 3: Common auxiliaries of place (5/9) of the English Full Edition (subsequently referred to as EFE) which includes the full areas table for Africa. The French Medium edition (referred to as FME) was published in 1991-93, the second volume of which includes class 9 where the Geography and History of Africa are placed.
African Studies in Schools and the Community : A Personal View
Authors: Davidson Basil
Published: April 2022

My own experience in this country, as a writing historian drawn occasionally into teaching or at any rate lecturing, is that African studies have so far failed to make any significant mark, or indeed any mark at all, on the general run of teaching and of syllabus in post-primary schools (and, of course, clearly none at all in primary schools). There are some exceptions in so-called multi-ethnic schools in London (and occasionally in other large cities) where a devoted though very small band of teachers - initially led by the late and much lamented Ken Forge - did succeed in the early 1970s in introducing and persevering with what were generally known as “Black Studies”; however, such exceptions were few indeed.

I am not sure how far such “courses” still exist, but the general position has certainly improved in ofle important respect, though again of very limited range.