bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From ‘welfare’ to ‘workfare’, and back again? Social insecurity and the changing role of the state
Authors: Deeming Christopher , Johnston Ron
Published: May 2020

All of the advanced societies must provide their citizens with protection against risk in order to secure continued economic and political stability. In Britain, we have seen a major shift in attitudes towards government and its role in providing social security. Unemployed people are now seen as less ‘deserving’ of welfare, as solidarity with unemployed workers has declined in the context of relatively low levels of unemployment and a public that has become more ‘workfarist’ and less ‘welfarist’ as labour market related risks are increasingly privatized. Here we examine the transfer of political ideas influencing public opinion and policy agendas, and ‘thermostatic’ (Wlezien 1995) theories of state transformation and cross-national attitudes. For this we draw on the British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA) data over a 32 year period, and successive waves of International Social Survey Programme’s (ISSP) Role of Government (RoG) module for the comparative study of Western welfare state attitudes covering a 31 year period.
The financial system: money makes the world go around
Authors: Boden Rebecca
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that money is data reified through financial systems, which in turn constitute and reflect dominant global power structures. Financial systems have hegemonic power over the ‘real economy’, significantly affecting the everyday lives of citizens. This is less data in society but rather data as society. Financial systems comprise a myriad of interacting actors and technologies. Financialisation is enabled through escalating debt and its securitisation, by which debt is turned into a tradeable commodity. The chapter gives examples of student debt and public service provision as examples of how our social lives are now determined by the operations of data-led financial markets. The scale and complexity of financial systems’ activities makes regulatory control and democratic accountability problematic. In particular, control over or regulation of financial systems requires access to data – transparency. The chapter discusses the manipulation of Libor – an important financial data index – and the tax system to explain how data in financial systems is relatively easy to manipulate and hide. In a globalised world, the interconnectedness, speed and scale of data all conspire to make finance a ‘dark domain’.
Health divides
Authors: Anonymous
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights some of the challenges associated with the framing and measurement of unjust and preventable differences in health. Some of these are statistical challenges, such as the need for sufficiently large samples to capture the experiences of small groups of interest in the population, and the need to appreciate the strengths and limitations of different ways of measuring outcomes between groups. Other challenges relate to how the measures and language used can impact on the communities or groups of people whose health is being described, or how the framing of analyses can shape the responses proposed to address health inequalities. It presents selected statistics illustrating inequalities in physical health outcomes and risks at three broad life stages: infancy and childhood, adolescence, and middle to later life. It mainly presents socio-economic inequalities, largely due to data gaps for other important measures. The implications of these gaps, and potential ways to address them, are considered.
Measuring social wellbeing
Authors: Carr-Hill Roy
Published: May 2020

This chapter reviews and critiques the various approaches to measuring social well-being. Economists have tried to argue for a single consistent criterion (based on money) but have mostly been ignored. Instead, there have been three main approaches: first, the postulate that there is a minimum set of basic needs, which should be satisfied for everyone; second the investigation into people's quality of life, whether ‘objectively’ measured or self-reported; and third the eclectic compilation of administrative and survey data according to a list of 'concerns'. There are theoretical and practical problems with the first two approaches. For the third approach, the measurement of social well-being should reflect the variety of ways in which people order their lives. Of course, there are some overbearing constraints, such as the threat of poverty or war; but, within those constraints, there are a multitude of modes of living so that the definition and specification of the elements of well-being should accordingly vary. We introduce two distinctive characteristics: first, beyond certain minima, it is not always clear how 'more' consumption adds to welfare; second, we emphasise the monitoring collective well-being both in terms of inequality and human rights and in terms of reducing ecological damage.
Re-engineering health policy research to measure equity impacts
Authors: Doran Tim , Cookson Richard
Published: May 2020

The determinants of health inequality have become increasingly well understood, but policy makers have repeatedly failed to address the issue effectively, and many public health interventions unintentionally worsen inequalities because they disproportionately benefit those with greater resources. This is a policy failure, but it is also a scientific failure. Although policy makers often understand that their decisions have differential impacts across society, the analytical tools used to inform policy lack a substantial perspective on equity, focusing on averages rather than social distributions, leading to inequitable solutions. In an age of social division driven by rising inequality, rigorous new methods for precisely measuring the equity impacts of health and social policy interventions are required, drawing on new partnerships between researchers across disciplines. By developing these methods, and using them to assess the effectiveness of major public health and healthcare initiatives, researchers can improve understanding of the structural, behavioural and organizational barriers to delivering equitable health outcomes. Policy makers will then have the necessary information to judge who gains and who loses from their decisions.
Critical statistical literacy and interactive data visualisations
Authors: Ridgway Jim , Nicholson James , Sutherland Sinclair , Hedger Spencer
Published: May 2020

Large amounts of data, relevant to decision making and political argument, are now available. However, these data are often accessible only to people with reasonably developed skills in data acquisition and exploration; less skilled users must depend on interpretations by others. This chapter shows how large amounts of evidence relevant to decision making can be made accessible to a broad public, via software the authors have developed and made widely available. The Constituency Explorer resulted from a collaboration between the House of Commons Library and Durham University, and was designed to support analysis and decision making in the 2015 and 2017 UK general elections. It facilitates access to 150 variables for each of the 650 parliamentary constituencies in the UK, which can be explored in an interactive way. The authors describe the design and features of the interface, and some of the ways it has been used. Finally, they outline some strategies for public engagement which include ‘gamification’ via a quiz accessible to smartphones.
Full Fact
Authors: Sippitt Amy
Published: May 2020

The UK is a fortunate country with high levels of education, well-developed public and civil society institutions, and some highly trusted media. Nevertheless, there is evidence that the public is substantially misinformed on key issues of public debate, and leading figures have pointed to consistent issues involving the inaccurate use of facts in public debate. Full Fact is the UK’s independent, nonpartisan, factchecking charity. We aim to stop the spread of specific bits of inaccurate information and to secure systemic changes that help make misinformation rarer and less harmful. In this piece we discuss the state of misinformation and disinformation in the UK, the role that we think factchecking has in tackling it, and the research we are eager to learn from to inform our work.
The active turn(s)
Authors: Hansen Magnus Paulsen
Published: May 2020

The introduction argues for the relevance of looking into the moral repertoire of ALMP reforms in public debates. The chapter argues for why the study of ideas and morality is pivotal to understand (and criticize) the political implications of ALMP reforms. Hereafter, the chapter engages critically with two sets of literatures. Firstly, scholars that have tried to theorize the varieties within the active turn, and secondly, with existing conceptualisations of the role of ideas and morality in relation to political and institutional changes. The last part of the chapter outlines a non-normative, but critical, approach (Hansen 2016) which deliberately refuses to evaluate the performance or judge the normative standards of ALMP in order to map the plurality of ideas related to ALMPs, as well as how these sediment into the everyday governing of the unemployed.
Countering dull pedagogies: the power of teachers and artists working together
Authors: Thomson Pat , Hall Christine
Published: May 2020

Neoliberal education policies, with their press for audit friendly checkpoints, produce dull pedagogies. In schools, the monotony of three-part lessons, shallow knowledges and multiple-choice testing produces underachievement and undermines the quality of teaching and learning. We describe the ways in which artists can work with teachers to resist the default practice of dullness. We focus in particular on the ontological, epistemological, ethical and redistributive underpinnings of arts-based pedagogies, arguing that it is these, rather than any particular techniques, that counter the underwhelming and inequitable effects of bland, rule-driven schooling.
Resisting the neoliberal: parent activism in New York State against the corporate reform agenda in schooling
Authors: Hursh David , McGinnis Sarah , Chen Zhe , Lingard Bob
Published: May 2020

Over the last two decades, parents and community members in New York have increasingly resisted the neoliberal corporate reform agenda in schooling, including rejecting high-stakes testing. The parent-led opt-out movement in New York State has successfully opted around 20% of eligible students out of the Common Core state standardized tests over the last three years. To understand how a parent-led grassroots movement has achieved such political success, this chapter focuses on the two most influential opt-out organizations in New York State, the New York State Allies for Public Education (NYSAPE) and Long Island Opt Out (LIOO). The chapter investigates how they used social media and horizontal grassroots organizing strategies to gain political success, along with vertical strategies pressuring the legislature and Board of Regents. Our research reveals that parents in New York are reclaiming their democratic citizenship role in influencing their children’s public schooling and rejecting the corporate reform agenda.
Rethinking adult education for active participatory citizenship and resistance in Europe
Authors: Zarifis George K.
Published: May 2020

Based on the preliminary results of the European research project EduMAP the chapter discusses the widely recognised yet weakened position of active participatory citizenship and its role in the current debate on the responsibility of adult education as a medium for empowerment and emancipation from prioritised neo-liberal values. The initial focus is on the various problems faced by adult education in Europe. Adult education as a means to achieve active participatory citizenship is then discussed suggesting that it is important to examine the educational implications of relevant theories and practices on citizenship. The paper concludes by suggesting that the current discussion on the challenges European societies face today, must acknowledge the need for adult education to be reformulated in ways that are enriched by diversity and the wide range of learning contexts and communicative practices that pose new challenges.
Leaving no one behind: bringing equity and inclusion back into education
Authors: Vargas-Tamez Carlos
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that equity and inclusion may be understood in different ways according to certain, dissimilar, philosophical traditions. This is exemplified by neoliberal interpretations of equity in education that have gained currency after the turn of the century and which construe equity as the achievement of quality an excellence in learning outcomes. The chapter contends that this take on equity is limited and may lead to the reproduction of disadvantage and marginalization. It is thus proposed that equity and inclusion be conceptualized under a notion of social justice so as to deconstruct inequality and subvert dominant utilitarian discourses. Finally, the chapter asserts that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the education goal (SDG 4-Education 2030) represent an invaluable opportunity to counter neoliberalism in education and to ideate different resistance practices.
Life without state‑supported housing
Authors: Bogue Kelly
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 looks back on the history and development of council housing and the reasons why the state intervened in the housing market. Looking at key moments in its development, it highlights the historical tensions and divisions that inadequate housing gave rise to. It also draws attention to the development of the welfare state and the housing benefit scheme in order to provide background context to the changes that are unfolding in present day Britain relating to housing insecurity. This chapter explores the relationship between politics and the housing system, highlighting how different political parties and political ideologies impacted on the UKs public housing sector. It charts the rise of neoliberalisation in the UK, engaging with theories of neoliberalism and Loic Wacquant’s work on processes of advanced urban marginality. This chapter ends with outlining the case study fieldwork site and the methods employed in this study.
Social housing insecurity as policy and ideology
Authors: Bogue Kelly
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the effects of deepening housing insecurity and the relationship between structure and agency as those who could not keep up with rent payments attempted to downsize within a declining social housing sector. Building on the work of Wacquant and employing Foucauldian conceptualisations, this chapter adopts a more theoretical analytic framework to question how and in what ways the retrenchment of welfare abets the ‘reengineering of the state’. The Bedroom Tax policy provides a lens through which to view this process. This chapter examines how increased housing vulnerability impacts on participants, acting to responsibilise them and make them accountable for their own housing provision.
Community and belonging
Authors: Bogue Kelly
Published: May 2020

This chapter raises questions about the concept of ‘community’ and place attachment in the midst of neoliberal restructuring and ideas around the ‘big society’ by reflecting on the experiences of participants who feel threatened with displacement. It explores how a perception of forced displacement creates a feeling that community is being deliberately undermined by outside forces. Tenants who must re-join social housing waiting lists in order to downsize face the reality of the current crisis in social housing. At the local level, the re-allocation of homes is highly visible leading to resentment and tension about who belongs and who has the right to belong. When home and community are threatened nativism will manifest and claims to entitlements staked. This chapter follows chapter 5 in highlighting the ruptures in and between the working class over access to housing.
The Responsibility to Provide in Southeast Asia
Authors: Tan See Seng
Published: May 2020

Are the sovereign states of Southeast Asia responsible actors that care and provide for their own as well as their neighbours? Do they act hospitably towards each other? This book examines an embryonic ‘ethos’ of intraregional responsibility among Southeast Asian countries. Unevenly distributed and more apparent in some states than others, the ethic has been expressed as acts of hospitality shown to victims of earthquakes, typhoons and other natural disasters, and increasingly in conflict situations. This sovereign responsibility to provide, or the ‘R2Provide’ as this book calls it, has manifested as forms of assistance – mediated through ASEAN but also bilaterally – given to neighbours coping with economic difficulties, problems of militancy and terrorism and the like. But unlike the global norm of the responsibility to protect (R2P), the R2Provide is noninterventionist in practice. More indirectly, it has also materialised as a mutual reliance by regional states on pacific and increasingly rules-based approaches to manage and, where feasible, resolve their disputes with one another. The contention is not that Southeast Asians have never, whether by commission or omission, behaved irresponsibly or unethically – the region’s belated and deficient response to the Rohingya refugee crisis is but one of many tragic examples – but that they are misrepresented as void of responsible conduct. By way of Emmanuel Levinas’ concept of ‘responsibility for the other’, the book provides an ethical-theoretical explanation for the R2Provide and sovereign responsibility in Southeast Asia.
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and Responses from Southeast Asia
Authors: Tan See Seng
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines extant understandings of sovereignty as responsibility, beginning with the idea of sovereign responsibility as conceptualised by Francis Deng and his collaborators, who contend that sovereignty can no longer be seen as a protection against interference, but as a charge of responsibility where the state is accountable to both domestic and external constituencies. The understanding is foundational to the thinking behind the 2001 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) report, which introduced the responsibility to protect (R2P) with the aim to popularise the concept of humanitarian intervention and democracy-restoring intervention. Since its endorsement by the United Nations, the R2P has evolved through efforts by the UN and others to enhance, operationalise as well as to implement it in actual crisis situations – with varying degrees of success and in some instances not without controversy. The chapter discusses the relevance of the sovereignty as responsibility idea to Southeast Asia. It also examines the existing academic and policy debate over the R2P and its relevance to international security and sovereign responsibility, as well as its ambivalent reception in Southeast Asia.
Towards a ‘Responsibility to Provide’ (R2Provide) in Southeast Asia
Authors: Tan See Seng
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the responsibility to provide (R2Provide) and furnishes a sense of the diplomatic, normative and political conditions from which the notion emerged. The policy and academic debate sparked by Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008 and the post-crisis reconstruction effort helped shape the terms and references of the evolving sense of collective responsibility among Southeast Asian countries. What emerged was not surprising given the region’s enduring deference to the non-interference norm. Contrary to the R2P’s assumption that prospective targets of intervention bear the onus to justify to their prospective interveners why they do not deserve to be intervened against, the R2Provide places the onus instead on prospective recipients of assistance to invite or request their prospective helpers to exercise their responsibility to provide. That said, guided by Levinas’ ethics, the book goes on to contend that both recipient and provider equally share the obligation and responsibility to furnish succour, safety and security to affected populations: the recipient through her grant of consent and invitation, on one hand, the provider through her contributions of aid, assistance and the like on the other.
Communitarianism, Liberalism and the Limits of Responsibility in Southeast Asia
Authors: Tan See Seng
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the pros and cons of adopting liberal or communitarian bases for the sovereign responsibility and the R2Provide in the Southeast Asian context. Italso discusses the philosophical and theoretical difficulties associated with both those approaches that render them inappropriate as grounds for a meaningful and relevant sovereign responsibility in Southeast Asia. Why soespecially since Southeast Asia reflects both liberal and communitarian attributes? On the one hand, although the region has experienced a level of democratisation, the persistence and prevalence of unresolved tensions and disputes over sovereignty among the region’s states have both underscored the continued relevance of the noninterference norm in their diplomacy and hindered their full acceptance of the liberally-based R2P. On the other hand, although various scholars have offered a communitarian apologia of illiberal societies and politics in Southeast Asia in the form of Asian values, any notion of communitarian sovereign responsibility is likely to be highly circumscribed by its inherent affinity to nationalism and realpolitik. Ultimately, the predisposition of both communitarianism and liberalism to the logics of autonomy and totalitarianism render them flawed choices as ethical paradigms on which to base sovereign responsibility.
Migration and Climate Change: The Construction of a Nexus
Authors: Nash Sarah Louise
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter discusses the relationship between migration and climate change. The idea that people are being forced to move because of climate change, and that in the future even more people will be forced to do so, has captured imaginations globally. The majority of these representations of lives touched by climate change are expressions of outrage that the actions of a few will affect the lives of so many, that climate change will have consequences so grave that people will be forced to leave their homes. These contributions to the discourse, infused with sentiments of climate justice and undertones of a fear of people on the move, are the facets of the discourse most often visible to wider society. They have also led to impassioned calls for action to be taken at the global level, where these vibrant, raw and often emotional pleas are transformed into the dry, bureaucratic, technocratic world of international policy making. Set against this background, the aim of this book is to examine the distinct policy debate surrounding the climate change and human mobility nexus, in particular the construction of these two related concepts as a distinct phenomenon that requires policy responses.
Interrogating a Notable Silence: Human Rights and the Migration and Climate Change Nexus
Authors: Nash Sarah Louise
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at a silence that is surprising because it is well established in elite policy making of the United Nations and the international community broadly, backed up with legal documents, norms and accepted parlance, but which prior to and indeed during the Paris Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) remained on the margins of the policy-making discourse: human rights. Climate change and human rights are not unusual bedfellows, with academics drawing on the utility of human rights as an analytical approach to the societal effects of climate change, and the link also featuring frequently and prominently within UN fora. Against this background, it is notable that human rights does not have a more prominent position in the policy-making discourse on migration and climate change. For this analysis, it is important to stress that human rights is a relative silence in the policy-making discourse on the migration and climate change nexus. It is described as such because human rights do actually feature in the discourse and have been very much present in broader debates surrounding the nexus.
Rewriting the Meaning of Silence: Latin American Migrant Workers from Kanagawa City Union
Authors: Shindo Reiko
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses how migrant workers of Kanagawa City Union (KCU), who are largely from Latin American countries, participated in the annual negotiation meeting with government representatives and the union's well-known activity called ‘Day Long Action’. Japanese is predominantly used in these events, with little effort to translate for non-Japanese-speaking participants. While the previous chapter looks at an instance where migrant protesters challenge the gap between their visibility and audibility, this chapter shows that they strategically use such a gap for their own benefit. For some migrants, being unable to understand Japanese is not a hindrance but a convenient pretext to follow what they are ordered to do. In this regard, silence gives them an opportunity to perform their loyalty to the trade unions they belong to. Demonstration of such loyalty is a key strategy for KCU migrant members because it is Japanese unionists who ultimately handle migrants' labour disputes.
The Hidden Space of Mediation: Migrant Volunteers, Immigration Lawyers, and Interpreters
Authors: Shindo Reiko
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes instances where the voice of migrant protesters is made simultaneously both audible and inaudible through people who act as their agents. In particular, it looks at three different groups who assume such roles: migrant volunteers at the China Japan Volunteer Organization (CJVO), immigration lawyers, and interpreters. With their professional expertise on legal matters, familiarity with Japanese culture and language as well as those of migrant workers, these agents play an important role in migrant activism. They facilitate negotiations between migrant workers and their employers, represent them at court, and help migrant workers to communicate with their Japanese counterparts. Crucially, they act not only as the spokespersons of migrant protesters, but also as mediators. They interfere with the interaction between migrants and their employers, quietly and sometimes without the knowledge of migrants, to achieve what they see as the best course of action for the migrant protesters. In this way, they play an indispensable role in creating the ‘voice’ of migrants. While migrant protesters become visible and audible thanks to those who assume the role of their spokespersons, they do so, however, at the cost of losing control of their own voices.
Untranslatable Community: Toward a Gothic Way of Speaking
Authors: Shindo Reiko
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how the various ways of dealing with the mismatch between visibility and audibility help one to imagine a social space centred on the failure of communication, or untranslatability. To do so, it considers the writings of Jean-Luc Nancy, Bonnie Honig, and Slavoj Žižek. Nancy theorises community in relation to failed communication, whereas Honig and Žižek focus on uncertainty as a key affective device to discuss the link between community and unintelligibility. Built on their works, the chapter develops an understanding of belonging centred on a gothic mode of relationality where people relate to one another based on ‘not knowing’ others let alone themselves. Unlike a traditional form of belonging to a community where people search commonality through intelligible communication between the self and the other, the gothic mode of belonging is realised in people's own inability to translate their voice, in the failure to achieve intelligibility.
Introduction: Getting In and Getting On in the UK’s Youth Labour Market
Authors: Leonard Pauline , Wilde Rachel J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter outlines the key aims of the book: first, to explore what it is like for young people to undergo employability training as a pathway into work in the UK; second, to investigate the strategies and motivations of local policymakers and training providers, whose mission it is to achieve employability skills development indifferent regions of the UK; and third, through the lens of a Post-Foucauldian governmentality approach, to contribute theoretically to understanding of both policy and practice of youth employability training in the UK context. Each of these aims is introduced and the structure of the book’s chapters is presented.
Internships in London
Authors: Leonard Pauline , Wilde Rachel J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the growing use of internships as a route into certain careers and professions. Internships, particularly unpaid, burgeoned during the years of the recession, becoming a widespread strategy deployed both by organisations to enhance their workforces and young people keen to enhance their CVs with work experience at a time when paid jobs were in short supply. Drawing on case study research conducted in one of the ‘Big Four’ accountancy practices, as well as with young people on less prestigious internships, the chapter argues that internships are a highly exclusive entry route scheme, powerfully structured by social class. They vary considerably in terms of quality, and it is, in the main, those young people with family resources who are able to access and benefit from the most supportive and best rewarded internships in terms of pay, good quality training and employment outcomes.
Introduction
Authors: Hall Ian
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the extraordinary and unanticipated activism displayed by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi after coming to power in May 2014. It observes his extensive travels, his personalisation of Indian diplomacy, and his effort to reset relations with key states, including the United States and China. It lays out the argument of the book, which is that this activism was part of a broader attempt to reinvent Indian foreign policy by supplying it with alternative, Hindu nationalist, foundations. It explores, by way of background, the foreign policymaking process in India and outlines how it changed under Modi. It describes both the argument and the organisation of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Diprose Kristina , Valentine Gill , Vanderbeck Robert M. , Liu Chen , Mcquaid Katie
Published: May 2020

Taking ‘Youth Strike 4 Climate’ as a starting point, this chapter outlines how climate change is commonly framed as an issue of intergenerational injustice, and how this intersects with arguments for sustainable development. It introduces the INTERSECTION project, its empirical focus on the human sense of climate and social change in Jinja, Nanjing and Sheffield, the rationale for focussing on these cities and world regions, and the fieldwork undertaken to inform this book. It also critically reflects on methodological issues in cross-cultural and cross-national research, and how the research team addressed issues of cross-cultural comparability in the design, collection and analysis of data.
Introduction
Authors: Bobić Marinko
Published: May 2020

Looking at examples of interstate asymmetric conflict, this chapter argues that regimes of minor powers fighting major powers might seem suicidal. This book was not the first piece of research to have been puzzled by such behaviour. However, in this introduction, the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies are highlighted. The aim of this book is to attempt to address some of these weaknesses by asking a similar question on more recent cases, namely, why or under what conditions have minor powers attempted to resist or challenge others they know to be significantly more powerful than they by force of arms in the post-Cold War period? That said, this chapter argues that problem-driven pragmatism allows us to take insights from multiple theories. Finally, this chapter discusses the data, findings, relevance, scope and the main audience that might be interested in reading this book. At the end of the chapter, the organisation of the book is provided.
Moldova: Military Confrontation with Russian Forces
Authors: Bobić Marinko
Published: May 2020

Chapter five focuses on the asymmetric conflict between Moldova and the Russian forces which supported separatists in Transnistria. The purpose was to uncover why Mircea Snegur’s Moldovan regime seemed unyielding to Russian demands, which resulted in armed conflict. The underlying argument is primarily based on the necessary condition, namely that Chisinau had a domestic crisis that needed immediate attention. Moldova was trying to claim its sovereignty, where an important step entailed establishing a common identity and territorial control. While Snegur’s presidency was stable and popular, it was dependent on nationalists’ support. Such dependency required policies that marginalised minorities and fuelled conflict with Russia, which wanted to retain Moldova within its sphere of influence. However, having perceived numerous crises unfolding in the late Soviet Union and emerging Russia, Snegur made a calculatable gamble that Russia would not be able to commit to a conflict. In other words, Snegur perceived a window of opportunity. The gamble failed, however. Nonetheless, with a counter-factual assessment, these findings are further strengthened.
Serbia: Military Confrontation with NATO
Authors: Bobić Marinko
Published: May 2020

Chapter six covers the military confrontation launched by the NATO alliance against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia) in 1999. It explains why and under what conditions Slobodan Milošević’s regime rejected a peaceful settlement to the Kosovo conflict. It does so by highlighting how antagonisms in Kosovo presented a unique domestic crisis, giving Milošević an opportunity to seize power and ride on the popular sentiment, but also limited Milošević’s ability to compromise with Kosovo Albanians. To retain regime stability and popularity, Milošević resisted compromising on Kosovo. In addition, he was given foreign support by Russia, which opposed NATO intervention at a diplomatic level. Once the conditions change, a counter-factual analysis shows that so does their causal power, further strengthening the findings.
Beginnings and Biography
Authors: Brannen Julia
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a brief biography of the author, offering a glimpse of the author's beginnings in the field of social research. This story is not intended to be a tale of individual endeavour but an examination of the times, concerns, and conditions in which the work of one sociologist develops and how a career reliant on research that is externally funded is forged. The research that the author discusses concerns the family and working lives of mothers and fathers, and also the lives of children, both across the life course and over historical time. The book has two main themes that will be interwoven throughout the text. A central theme is how social research matters in relation to historical context. A second theme focuses on the practice of social research; research is a craft that is learned with and from others as well as through reading methodological texts and training. Although the expertise of the researcher is crucial to all phases of the research process, much of the success of funded research is dependent on collaboration and the creation of conditions that are conducive to team-based research.
In Conclusion
Authors: Brannen Julia
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter explores how the specific and broader research context influences which conceptual and methodological developments come to the fore at particular times and become ‘acceptable’, and how they shape the creation of knowledge and understanding. It also looks at future directions for social research. A key concern at the time of this book's writing concerns belonging, as more people are forced to migrate and Britain moves towards exiting the EU. Within this theme, there remain important issues to be addressed, in particular that concern migrants with families in the UK who are left in legal limbo and without recourse to public funds because of harsh immigration and welfare policies. These groups have not received the attention they urgently deserve because of the segmentation of researchers into the separate fields of migration and social policy research. Another issue that requires the attention of those in family studies and with an interest in action research concerns the linkage between families and civil society and civic engagement. Housing, including public housing and especially that for young people, is another topic that is ripe for more research.
Walk-off controlled self-starting frequency combs in χ(2) optical microresonators
Authors: Smirnov S. , Sturman B. , Podivilov E. , Breunig I.
Published: May 2020

Investigations of frequency combs in χ(3) optical microresonators are burgeoning nowadays. Changeover to χ(2) resonators promises further advances and brings new challenges. Here, the comb generation entails not only coupled first and second harmonics (FHs and SHs) and two dispersion coefficients but also a substantial difference in the group velocities – the temporal walk-off. We predict walk-off controlled highly stable comb generation, which is drastically different from that known in the χ(3) case. This includes the general notion of antiperiodic states; formation of localized coherent antiperiodic steady states (solitons), where the FH and SH envelopes move with a common velocity without shape changes; characterization of a new vast family of antiperiodic solitons; and the dependence of comb spectra on the pump power and the group velocity difference.
Topological light fields for highly non-linear charge quantum dynamics and high harmonic generation
Authors: Wätzel Jonas , Berakdar Jamal
Published: May 2020

We study theoretically the electron quantum dynamics in atoms driven by intense IR laser pulses that are phase and/or polarization structured. The extremely non-linear electron dynamics causes high harmonic emission, which we calculate, analyze, and characterize. Results are presented for three different types of structured lasers: radially polarized and azimuthally polarized beams and optical skyrmions. We identify a topological index that is inherent to the driving pulse topology and is taken over by the high harmonics. All harmonics are found to have the same topological index. For vector IR pulses as driving fields, the far-field emitted beam tightens with a higher topological order and remains unchanged when the atom is driven by an optical skyrmion.
Notes from Notes on Blindness: The challenges of the in-house1 film production model in independent cinema
Authors: Petkovic Dusan
Published: May 2020

This article, derived from a larger ethnographic research created around the production of the award-winning independent film Notes on Blindness (2016) and conducted by a researcher active as a film professional, explores the deeper consequences of choosing to pursue a production ‘in-house’. Through participant observation, Actor-Network Theory and negotiation between film practice and research, the researcher finds independent filmmakers caught between the opposing trends of high-end industry and the digital economies. The organization forms observed in this article stand opposite to the prevalent globalized creative labour trends motivated by the internet and new technologies, and can best be described as a revival of Richard Sennett’s craft workshop in the digital era. These are ultra-dense creative spaces where craftspersons nurture their creative impulses and shield them from the negative aspects of the technological and economic upheaval. In the hope that the findings will inform future filmmakers in the role of this specific type of organization in delivering the intended output, this article offers insights beyond the industry self-avowal and sales pitch.
Cícero e o itinerário simbólico do regresso do exílio
Authors: Dos Santos Gilson Charles
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo pretende apresentar a justificativa de Cícero para seu exílio voluntário, bem como traçar os argumentos que o orador empregou em sua defesa após o retorno. Com isso, nossa intenção é demonstrar como o orador aproveita retoricamente muitas de suas concepções políticas e filosóficas, que incluem o conceito de cidadania, de comunidade e de república.
O exílio português no Marrocos independente: dinâmicas e protagonistas
Authors: Martins Susana
Published: May 2020

O artigo apresenta uma panorâmica do exílio português em Marrocos após a independência deste país, articulando-a com as dinâmicas da oposição portuguesa no interior e noutros círculos da diáspora oposicionista e com o desenvolvimento da situação política do próprio território. Centrando a análise na evolução da composição do núcleo e das iniciativas por si promovidas, bem como das suas conexões com a emigração económica lusa aí radicada, observa também as relações estabelecidas com outras comunidades militantes a atuar em Marrocos. Pretende ainda examinar a forma como a missão diplomática portuguesa intentou controlar tais atividades. Enfim, propõe uma avaliação global da ação do núcleo democrata português nesse período.
A deserção à guerra colonial: história, memória e política
Authors: Cardina Miguel
Published: May 2020

O artigo analisa a deserção e os gestos de desobediência à guerra colonial feitos no âmbito das Forças Armadas Portuguesas entre 1961 e 1974. Pretende-se efetuar um mapeamento sobre a produção historiográfica, testemunhal e audiovisual produzida até ao momento sobre o tema, mostrando de que forma ela foi modelando a memória da deserção e a sua integração mais vasta no quadro da memorialização da guerra. Examina-se, de seguida, o discurso testemunhal produzido antes e depois do 25 de abril sobre o tema, pondo em evidência os seus contextos de produção, a sua função e as suas particularidades. Neste quadro, argumenta-se que a memória da deserção fornece um padrão mnemónico alternativo, com base na denúncia da violência e da injustiça da guerra.
Empirical considerations regarding consumers' perception on an emer0ging market
Authors: Dabija Dan Cristian , Alt Monika A. , Abrudan Ioana N.
Published: May 2020

Both on their home markets, as well as on the emerging ones - the case of Cluj-Napoca, Romania - European retailers face a new situation, by excellence a challenging one. On the one side, the competitive market has been in a continuous and constant expansion for several years and on the other side consumers become more and more sophisticated and choosy. Based on the accumulated experience they not only change their demands towards retailers, but also their perception of them. The present paper pursues a clear delineation through an empirical research of the elements or the facets of the marketing mix in a retail context. As it is already known, retailers use a specific mix in order to better position themselves on the market. As we shall prove, consumers are also able to ultimately perceive the factors by means of which retailers try to influence them, respectively to act over them.
Termékpálya-fázisok a juhászatban
Authors: Cehla Béla
Published: May 2020

It is not enough to evaluate only natural data in order to carry out an analysis of agricul-tural sectors. If one wants to put together a realistic analysis, the phases of the sector's supply chain should also be considered. The hierarchical relations of each phase point to structural problems and even strengths of the given sector. The production/processing potential of each layer can reveal the short-comings and strengths of production and processing. The quantity of goods in trade, their composition and the balance of goods produced by producers shows the tendencies which all participants of the supply chain have to adapt to. In my current paper, I examined all phases of the sheep supply chain in order to pin-point the problems whose solution is essential for the existence of the Hungarian sheep farming.
A magyar adórendszer egyszerűsítésének okai és lehetséges hatásai
Authors: Gáspár Andrea
Published: May 2020

There are nearly 50 different tax categories in an effect currently in Hungary. These request a different acknowledgement, in payment deadline doing the dirty of the taxpayers. Hungary occupies the 111. place in a hierarchy classifying the simplicity of the taxation according to the study of tax payment with 2009 titles prepared by IFC between the exam-ined 181 countries. I examined it in my analysis in our taxation ensued changes. The changes complicated our fiscal system in some cases. But there is a tax category like that pi. personal income tax, where 4,6, there were 2 tax brackets in validity then. It continued with "Eva", "Ekho" introduction then simplification, which all of them are until the today's day continuously on an agenda, yes. International - European Union ensued in his member states mainly - examining tendencies it adapting opportunity and I deducted my inferences analyzing its possible effects onto the Hungarian tax brackets and tax categories.
Kihívások és reformok a közszektorban
Authors: Mika János , Turcsányi Katalin
Published: May 2020

Services form and content of Financial base function of the welfare state was increasing on the development countries still economic crises of '70s was queried on the twentieth century by increasing change of economy of 60's. Confiedence of political institution systems significantly decrease on the part of the development countries at same time. At 80's reforms and development programs were entered on the public sector. Priority of private sector are advertised by programs on the first wave of reform programs and these programs was mainly typical, which has target. The target is a privatisation of the public sector. Further on these programs are complemented with outsourcing of public sector and more complex proposal of realignment of public sector. Programs got similar lines and technology (leadership, reorganization steps) and on the other trend of reform. Mainly question of reforms and equilibrum between public and private sector are reviewed by this study
A gazdasági fejlettség tényezőinek regionális különbségei az Európai Unióban
Authors: Szabó Pál
Published: May 2020

This paper focuses on the structure of economic development (in connection with la-bour productivity and employment) of the EU regions. The classical disintegration of the statistical data of development is: GDP/population=GDP/employment*employment/population. We compare the régional (NUTS 2) disparities of these factors in the EU based on the given statistical data (source: Eurostat) and we analyse the relationship between them. We pay special attention to the situation of the Hungárián regions.
Az információs társadalom finn modellje
Authors: Móricz Ádám
Published: May 2020

A new estate of post-industrial societies is being continuously formed in many parts of the world, where creating, conveying, storing and processing information are the basis of almost all social and business interactions. However, a so-called information society could prove to be very different in distinguished countries due to a special social structure, customs, traditions, market conditions and identities of people. Beside Silicon Valley and Singapore, Finland may be handled as a model state of information society as its achieve-ment of combining the new, information-based economy with the previously formed welfare state. In this paper I examine the system of the Finnish information society focusing on its structure and main components (i. e. the state, the adapting society and the information sector), which is followed by a summary of general spatial processes, challenges and regional policy answers as an impact of information society.