bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcome of Primary Tumor in Patients With Synchronous Stage IV Colorectal Cancer Receiving Combination Chemotherapy Without Surgery As Initial Treatment
Authors: Poultsides George A. , Servais Elliot L. , Saltz Leonard B. , Patil Sujata , Kemeny Nancy E. , Guillem Jose G. , Weiser Martin , Temple Larissa K.F. , Wong W. Douglas , Paty Phillip B.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of interventions necessary to palliate the intact primary tumor in patients who present with synchronous, stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) and who receive up-front modern combination chemotherapy without prophylactic surgery.

Patients and Methods

By using a prospective institutional database, we identified 233 consecutive patients from 2000 through 2006 with synchronous metastatic CRC and an unresected primary tumor who received oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based, triple-drug chemotherapy (infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin; bolus fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan; or fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan) with or without bevacizumab as their initial treatment. The incidence of subsequent use of surgery, radiotherapy, and/or endoluminal stenting to manage primary tumor complications was recorded.

Results

Of 233 patients, 217 (93%) never required surgical palliation of their primary tumor. Sixteen patients (7%) required emergent surgery for primary tumor obstruction or perforation, 10 patients (4%) required nonoperative intervention (ie, stent or radiotherapy), and 213 (89%) never required any direct symptomatic management for their intact primary tumor. Of those 213 patients, 47 patients (20%) ultimately underwent elective colon resection at the time of metastasectomy, and eight patients (3%) underwent this resection during laparotomy for hepatic artery infusion pump placement. Use of bevacizumab, location of the primary tumor in the rectum, and metastatic disease burden were not associated with increased intervention rate.

Conclusion

Most patients with synchronous, stage IV CRC who receive up-front modern combination chemotherapy never require palliative surgery for their intact primary tumor. These data support the use of chemotherapy, without routine prophylactic resection, as the appropriate standard practice for patients with neither obstructed nor hemorrhaging primary colorectal tumors in the setting of metastatic disease.
The Censor's Verdict
Authors: Malita Liviu , Sellar Tom
Published: June 2009

Tom Sellar interviews Romanian theater scholar Liviu Malita, who has recently unearthed records of theater censorship during Ceau escu's communist regime. Malita discusses his research at the Archive of the General Directorate for Press and Printing (DGPT) and the relationships between dissident playwrights, apologists, and censors throughout the 1980s. He also considers the work of Romanian dramatists who continue to examine the psychological consequences of self-censorship and reform after the 1989 revolution.
Silviu Purcărete's World
Authors: Tompa Andrea
Published: June 2009

Critic Andrea Tompa discusses the work of Romanian director Silviu Purc rete in the context of contemporary Romanian theater. She gives particular attention to his productions Pantagruel's Cousin and Faust, and examines Purc rete's approach and influence with regard to his contemporaries in Romania and in Europe.
Evaluation of the Randox colorimetric serum copper and zinc assays against atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Beckett Jeffrey M , Hartley Thomas F , Ball Madeleine J
Published: June 2009

Background

Analysis of copper and zinc in serum is commonly performed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS); however, these methods are often not readily available in smaller laboratories. Randox colorimetric assays for copper and zinc in serum were evaluated on the Thermo Electron Data Pro analyser against flame AAS methods.

Methods

Copper and zinc were measured in 48 serum samples using the Randox colorimetric copper (CU2340) and zinc (ZN2341) assays on the Data Pro analyser and the results compared with those from a Varian Spectra 880 atomic absorption spectrometer. A smaller set of samples ( n = 15) were also analysed colorimetrically for zinc on the Roche Cobas Mira.

Results

Linear regression analyses of Bland and Altman plots from the Data Pro – AAS comparison gave the following results for copper: correlation r = 0.6669 ( P < 0.01), slope = −0.2499 ( P < 0.01), intercept = 3.219 ( P < 0.01). For zinc, results were as follows: correlation r = 0.1976, slope = 0.1807, intercept = −1.922. For the smaller set of samples, the Cobas Mira – AAS comparison for zinc gave correlation r = 0.4379, slope = 0.5294, intercept = −4.074. The results indicated significant systematic and fixed bias between the colorimetric copper and the AAS method.

Conclusion

Performances in comparison to AAS methods indicated the colorimetric methods, as used, are unsuitable for the accurate determination of copper and zinc in human serum.
Price-Dependent Profit Sharing as a Channel Coordination Device
Authors: Foros Øystein , Hagen Kåre P. , Kind Hans Jarle
Published: June 2009

We show how an upstream firm, by using a price-dependent profit-sharing rule, can prevent destructive competition between downstream firms that produce relatively close substitutes. With this rule, the upstream firm induces the retailers to behave as if demand has become less price elastic. As a result, competing downstream firms will maximize aggregate total channel profit. When downstream firms are better informed about demand conditions than the upstream firm, the same outcome cannot be achieved by vertical restraints such as resale price maintenance. Price-dependent profit sharing may also ensure that the downstream firms undertake efficient market expanding investments. The model is consistent with observations from the market for content commodities distributed by mobile networks.
Interviewing suspects: Practice, science, and future directions
Authors: Kassin Saul M. , Appleby Sara C. , Perillo Jennifer Torkildson
Published: June 2009

Crime suspects in the USA are typically questioned in a two‐step process aimed, first, at behavioural lie detection during a pre‐interrogation interview, followed by the elicitation of a confession during the interrogation itself (in Great Britain, the practice of investigative interviewing does not make this sharp distinction). Research conducted on the first step shows that police investigators often target innocent people for interrogation because of erroneous but confident judgments of deception. Research on the second step shows that innocent people are sometimes induced to confess to crimes they did not commit as a function of certain dispositional vulnerabilities or the use of overly persuasive interrogation tactics. Citing recent studies, this paper proposes that laboratory paradigms be used to help build more diagnostic models of interrogation. Substantively, we suggest that the British PEACE approach to investigative interviewing may provide a potentially effective alternative to the classic American interrogation. As a matter of policy, we suggest that the videotaping of entire interrogations from a balanced camera perspective is necessary to improve the fact finding accuracy of judges and juries who must evaluate confession evidence in court.
Zu möglichem Tatauierbesteck und Treibstacheln (Stimuli) in frühbronzezeitlichen Prunkgräbern aus Alaca Höyük, Türkei
Authors: Zimmermann Thomas
Published: June 2009

Der folgende Artikel behandelt eine Gruppe von Tüllengeräten aus den Gräbern von Alaca Höyük, die von den Ausgräbern u.a. als „Speerspitzen“ bzw. „Spitze eines Fahnenmastes oder Baldachins“ angesprochen wurden, womöglich jedoch als Tatauierwerkzeug oder Treibstachel Verwendung fanden. Die Praxis der Körperbemalung oder Tatauierung in rituellem oder medizinischem Kontext ist in Mitteleuropa seit dem Neolithikum nachgewiesen und darf dank einschlägiger Figurinenfunde auch für das frühbronzezeitliche Anatolien vermutet werden. Einige dieser Spitzen weisen jedoch hölzerne Schäftungsspuren bzw. in einem Fall eine kurze Stockschäftung auf, sodass deren Nutzung als Treibstachel, beispielsweise bei rituellen Prozessionen, möglich erscheint.
Archäologie im Altarm. Die Renaturierung des Körnebaches bei Kamen (Kr. Unna, Westfalen) – Archäologische Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse als Argumente für eine praktische Umsetzung der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie
Authors: Baales Michael , Cichy Eva , Lobensteiner Cristina Farnié , Lehnemann Esther , Schumacher-Matthäus Gisela
Published: June 2009

Der maschinelle Eingriff in unberührte Altgewässerablagerungen im Rahmen der Umsetzung der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie bedingt in jedem Fall eine Begleitung durch die Archäologische Denkmalpflege. Dies gilt nicht nur im Bereich bekannter Fundstellen an diesen Gewässern, wo vorausgehende Sondageschnitte sinnvoll sind, sondern für das jeweilige Gesamtprojekt der Renaturierung. Wie die Fundsituationen aus dem Körnebach bei Kamen-Südkamen, Kr. Unna, zeigen, sind auch ohne angrenzende Siedlungsstellen interessante Neufunde und aussagekräftige Befunde zu erwarten. Im vorliegenden Beispiel konnten primär Funde von der Bronzezeit bis in das Mittelalter hinein geborgen werden. Siedlungsstellen aus diesen Epochen sind aus dem direkten Umfeld der jeweiligen Fundpunkte unbekannt. Die Kontrolle der Gewässerbauarbeiten ist personalintensiv und kann durch die Archäologische Denkmalpflege kaum kontinuierlich gewährleistet werden. Daher ist eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeiter/innen, die diese Aufgabe in ihrer Freizeit übernehmen, meist der einzige gangbare Weg.
A New Approach to Sustainable Canal Sediment Management in Scotland
Authors: Lassière Olivia L. , Smith Nick A. , Johnstone Julia B. G. , Hamilton Alasdair R.
Published: June 2009

British Waterways is a public corporation which owns and manages 3220 km of canals and navigable rivers in Britain. Maintaining a safe navigation channel requires the regular removal of large quantities of accumulated sediment (150,000 tons per annum)Please note tons in this paper refers to metric tones, i.e., 1000 kg. which is often contaminated with a “cocktail” of organic and inorganic materials derived from both current and former industrial and agricultural activities. Over the past 15 years, British Waterways has developed and refined a sediment sampling and analysis protocol which takes account of the behavior of contaminated compounds in aqueous environments. This protocol has been developed in consultation with waste and soil chemistry experts and the statutory regulators to accommodate the changing legislative requirements over this period. The protocol facilitates the assessment of hazardous status and selection of appropriate uses for the sediment post removal. A menu of sediment reuse, including soil improvement and creation on agricultural land and recreational areas, production of soil alternatives, landfill capping material, and use as an engineering material is under development to reduce the dependency on landfill. Some of these options may require the sediment to undergo some form of treatment. Until recently, treatment options in the United Kingdom were limited. Now with the requirement for waste to be pretreated before being landfilled, treatment sites and mobile treatment plants are more common. Parallel to this process, British Waterways keeps a watching brief on proposed changes to relevant waste management legislation across the UK and lobbies, where appropriate, for changes which promote sustainable management of canal sediments. Review of, and involvement in, longer term catchment management policies and legislative controls through, inter alia, the European Water Framework Directive, aim to reduce the sediment management burden in the long term. A review of the European Waste Framework Directive is ongoing, which may bring legislative changes related to disposal and reuse of sediments, or both. A series of case studies in the Lowlands and Highlands of Scotland is presented to illustrate the practicalities of this process.
Measuring ligand-dependent and ligand-independent interactions between nuclear receptors and associated proteins using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET2)
Authors: Koterba Kristen L. , Rowan Brian G.
Published: June 2009

Bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET2) is a recently developed technology for the measurement of protein-protein interactions in a live, cell-based system. BRET2 is characterized by the efficient transfer of excited energy between a bioluminescent donor molecule (Renilla luciferase) and a fluorescent acceptor molecule (a mutant of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP2)). The BRET2 assay offers advantages over fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) because it does not require an external light source thereby eliminating problems of photobleaching and autoflourescence. The absence of contamination by light results in low background that permits detection of very small changes in the BRET2 signal. BRET2 is dependent on the orientation and distance between two fusion proteins and therefore requires extensive preliminary standardization experiments to conclude a positive BRET2 signal independent of variations in protein titrations and arrangement in tertiary structures. Estrogen receptor (ER) signaling is modulated by steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1). To establish BRET2 in a ligand inducible system we used SRC-1 as the donor moiety and ER as the acceptor moiety. Expression and functionality of the fusion proteins were assessed by transient transfection in HEK-293 cells followed by Western blot analysis and measurement of ER-dependent reporter gene activity. These preliminary determinations are required prior to measuring nuclear receptor protein-protein interactions by BRET2. This article describes in detail the BRET2 methodology for measuring interaction between full-length ER and coregulator proteins in real-time, in an in vivo environment.
The nuclear receptor transcriptional coregulator RIP140
Authors: Augereau Patrick , Badia Eric , Carascossa Sophie , Castet Audrey , Fritsch Samuel , Harmand Pierre-Olivier , Jalaguier Stéphan , Cavaillès Vincent
Published: June 2009

The nuclear receptor superfamily comprises ligand-regulated transcription factors that control various developmental and physiological pathways. These receptors share a common modular structure and regulate gene expression through the recruitment of a large set of coregulatory proteins. These transcription cofactors regulate, either positively or negatively, chromatin structure and transcription initiation. One of the first proteins to be identified as a hormone-recruited cofactor was RIP140. Despite its recruitment by agonist-liganded receptors, RIP140 exhibits a strong transcriptional repressive activity which involves several inhibitory domains and different effectors. Interestingly, the RIP140 gene, located on chromosome 21 in humans, is finely regulated at the transcriptional level by various nuclear receptors. In addition, the protein undergoes several post-translational modifications which control its repressive activity. Finally, experiments performed in mice devoid of the RIP140 gene indicate that this transcriptional cofactor is essential for female fertility and energy homeostasis. RIP140 therefore appears to be an important modulator of nuclear receptor activity which could play major roles in physiological processes and hormone-dependent diseases.
Natural Disordered Sequences in the Amino Terminal Domain of Nuclear Receptors: Lessons from the Androgen and Glucocorticoid Receptors
Authors: McEwan Iain J. , Lavery Derek , Fischer Katharina , Watt Kate
Published: June 2009

Steroid hormones are a diverse class of structurally related molecules, derived from cholesterol, that include androgens, estrogens, progesterone and corticosteroids. They represent an important group of physiologically active signalling molecules that bind intracellular receptor proteins and regulate genes involved in developmental, reproductive and metabolic processes. The receptor proteins share structurally and functionally related ligand binding and DNA-binding domains, but possess distinct N-terminal domains (NTD) of unique length and amino acids sequence. The NTD contains sequences important for gene regulation, exhibit structure plasticity and are likely to contribute to the specificity of the steroid hormone/receptor response.
Nuclear receptor coactivator/coregulator NCoA6(NRC) is a pleiotropic coregulator involved in transcription, cell survival, growth and development
Authors: Mahajan Muktar A. , Samuels Herbert H.
Published: June 2009

NCoA6 (also referred to as NRC, ASC-2, TRBP, PRIP and RAP250) was originally isolated as a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor interacting protein. However, NCoA6 is a multifunctional coregulator or coactivator necessary for transcriptional activation of a wide spectrum of target genes. The NCoA6 gene is amplified and overexpressed in breast, colon and lung cancers. NCoA6 is a 250 kDa protein which harbors a potent N-terminal activation domain, AD1; and a second, centrally-located activation domain, AD2, which is necessary for nuclear receptor signaling. The intrinsic activation potential of NCoA6 is regulated by its C-terminal STL regulatory domain. Near AD2 is an LxxLL-1 motif which interacts with a wide spectrum of ligand-bound NRs with high-affinity. A second LxxLL motif (LxxLL-2) located towards the C-terminal region is more restricted in its NR specificity. The potential role of NCoA6 as a co-integrator is suggested by its ability to enhance transcriptional activation of a wide variety of transcription factors and from its in vivo association with a number of known cofactors including CBP/p300. NCoA6 has been shown to associate with at least three distinct coactivator complexes containing Set methyltransferases as core polypeptides. The composition of these complexes suggests that NCoA6 may play a fundamental role in transcriptional activation by modulating chromatin structure through histone methylation. Knockout studies in mice suggest that NCoA6 is an essential coactivator. NCoA6-/- embryos die between 8.5–12.5 dpc from general growth retardation coupled with developmental defects in the heart, liver, brain and placenta. NCoA6-/- MEFs grow at a reduced rate compared to WT MEFs and spontaneously undergo apoptosis, indicating the importance of NCoA6 as a prosurvival and anti-apoptotic gene. Studies with NCoA6+/- and conditional knockout mice suggest that NCoA6 is a pleiotropic coregulator involved in growth, development, wound healing and maintenance of energy homeostasis.
The BRG1 transcriptional coregulator
Authors: Trotter Kevin W. , Archer Trevor K.
Published: June 2009

The packaging of genomic DNA into chromatin, often viewed as an impediment to the transcription process, plays a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression. Chromatin remodeling proteins have been shown to alter local chromatin structure and facilitate recruitment of essential factors required for transcription. Brahma-related gene-1 (BRG1), the central catalytic subunit of numerous chromatin-modifying enzymatic complexes, uses the energy derived from ATP-hydrolysis to disrupt the chromatin architecture of target promoters. In this review, we examine BRG1 as a major coregulator of transcription. BRG1 has been implicated in the activation and repression of gene expression through the modulation of chromatin in various tissues and physiological conditions. Outstanding examples are studies demonstrating that BRG1 is a necessary component for nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional activation. The remodeling protein is also associated with transcriptional corepressor complexes which recruit remodeling activity to target promoters for gene silencing. Taken together, BRG1 appears to be a critical modulator of transcriptional regulation in cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, replication, DNA repair and recombination.
Diverse roles of androgen receptor (AR) domains in AR-mediated signaling
Authors: Claessens Frank , Denayer Sarah , Van Tilborgh Nora , Kerkhofs Stefanie , Helsen Christine , Haelens Annemie
Published: June 2009

Androgens control male sexual development and maintenance of the adult male phenotype. They have very divergent effects on their target organs like the reproductive organs, muscle, bone, brain and skin. This is explained in part by the fact that different cell types respond differently to androgen stimulus, even when all these responses are mediated by the same intracellular androgen receptor. To understand these tissue- and cell-specific readouts of androgens, we have to learn the many different steps in the transcription activation mechanisms of the androgen receptor (NR3C4). Like all nuclear receptors, the steroid receptors have a central DNA-binding domain connected to a ligand-binding domain by a hinge region. In addition, all steroid receptors have a relatively large amino-terminal domain. Despite the overall structural homology with other nuclear receptors, the androgen receptor has several specific characteristics which will be discussed here. This receptor can bind two types of androgen response elements (AREs): one type being similar to the classical GRE/PRE-type elements, the other type being the more divergent and more selective AREs. The hormone-binding domain has low intrinsic transactivation properties, a feature that correlates with the low affinity of this domain for the canonical LxxLL-bearing coactivators. For the androgen receptor, transcriptional activation involves the alternative recruitment of coactivators to different regions in the amino-terminal domain, as well as the hinge region. Finally, a very strong ligand-induced interaction between the amino-terminal domain and the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor seems to be involved in many aspects of its function as a transcription factor. This review describes the current knowledge on the structure-function relationships within the domains of the androgen receptor and tries to integrate the involvement of different domains, subdomains and motifs in the functioning of this receptor as a transcription factor with tissue- and cell-specific readouts.
Atrophin Proteins: An Overview of a New Class of Nuclear Receptor Corepressors
Authors: Wang Lei , Tsai Chih-Cheng
Published: June 2009

The normal development and physiological functions of multicellular organisms are regulated by complex gene transcriptional networks that include myriad transcription factors, their associating coregulators, and multiple chromatin-modifying factors. Aberrant gene transcriptional regulation resulting from mutations among these elements often leads to developmental defects and diseases. This review article concentrates on the Atrophin family proteins, including vertebrate Atrophin-1 (ATN1), vertebrate arginine-glutamic acid dipeptide repeats protein (RERE), and Drosophila Atrophin (Atro), which we recently identified as nuclear receptor corepressors. Disruption of Atrophin-mediated pathways causes multiple developmental defects in mouse, zebrafish, and Drosophila, while an aberrant form of ATN1 and altered expression levels of RERE are associated with neurodegenerative disease and cancer in humans, respectively. We here provide an overview of current knowledge about these Atrophin proteins. We hope that this information on Atrophin proteins may help stimulate fresh ideas about how this newly identified class of nuclear receptor corepressors aids specific nuclear receptors and other transcriptional factors in regulating gene transcription, manifesting physiological effects, and causing diseases.
The Semilunar Coronally Repositioned Flap Combined With a Frenectomy to Obtain Root Coverage Over the Maxillary Central Incisors
Authors: Sorrentino Jesse M. , Tarnow Dennis P.
Published: June 2009

Background: This case report describes a method for coronally repositioning gingiva for root coverage over the maxillary central incisors while simultaneously performing a frenectomy.

Methods: The patient was a healthy 43‐year‐old Brazilian female. Her chief complaint pertained to the unesthetic appearance of the gingival recession involving both maxillary central incisors. Intraoral examination revealed a thick biotype with an adequate band of keratinized gingiva, Miller Class I mucogingival defects, and a broad frenum extending beyond the mucogingival junction. The surgical technique used to treat the areas of recession involved making semilunar incisions over the maxillary central incisors that blended into a frenectomy.

Results: Complete root coverage was achieved over the maxillary central incisors that initially presented with 2 mm of recession on the facial surface. The residual frenum no longer attached at a point coronal to the mucogingival margin. Small white scars were detectable at the mucogingival junctions above both incisors but were not an esthetic concern because of the patient's moderate smile line.

Conclusions: This case report shows the possibility of applying a combined semilunar coronally repositioned flap with a frenectomy in a case in which maxillary central incisors were impinged upon by a broad aberrant frenum, probed ≤3 mm, and presented with Miller Class I mucogingival defects. Further controlled investigations are needed to define the efficacy of this surgical technique.
Influence of Residual Bone on Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2–Induced Periodontal Regeneration in Experimental Periodontitis in Dogs
Authors: Saito Akira , Saito Emiko , Handa Ryohei , Honma Yoshiyuki , Kawanami Masamitsu
Published: June 2009

Background: Previous studies reported that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2 induced periodontal regeneration in animals. However, the effects of local host factors on bone formation when using recombinant human (rh)BMP‐2 are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate local conditions in recipient sites that affected periodontal regeneration following BMP implantation in experimentally induced horizontal defects in dogs.

Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced in the maxillary and mandibular premolars of six male beagles. The recipient sites were divided into four quadrants (maxillary buccal, maxillary palatal, mandibular buccal, and mandibular lingual sites). A polymer‐coated gelatin sponge (PGS; 3 × 3 × 2 mm) was impregnated with 7.2 μl rhBMP‐2 solution. The recipient sites in each quadrant were treated with physiologic saline/PGS and rhBMP‐2/PGS (rhBMP‐2 at 7.2 μg/7.2 μl). The dogs were sacrificed 12 weeks post‐surgery, and healing was evaluated histologically.

Results: Bone formation and connective tissue attachment were observed following rhBMP‐2/PGS implantation. In the four recipient sites of the BMP‐treated group, significant positive correlations were found between the width of residual bone and the height and area of regenerated bone (r = 0.791; r = 0.828; P <0.0001). The height of regenerated bone was also significantly correlated to the area (r = 0.891; P <0.0001).

Conclusions: The width of residual bone was one of the clinical host factors that affected bone regeneration following BMP implantation. However, it did not affect connective tissue attachment, cementum regeneration, and downgrowth of junctional epithelium.
Immediate Restoration of Small‐Diameter Implants in Cases of Partial Posterior Edentulism: A 4‐Year Case Series
Authors: Degidi Marco , Nardi Diego , Piattelli Adriano
Published: June 2009

Background: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the use of immediate restorations supported by 3.0‐mm‐diameter implants as a suitable technique for the rehabilitation of partial posterior edentulism.

Methods: Forty consecutive patients, 18 males and 22 females with a mean age of 54.7 ± 17.2 years, with partial edentulism in the posterior region were treated with 93 immediately restored 3.0‐mm‐diameter implants. Forty‐eight and 45 implants were placed in the maxilla and mandible, respectively. All implants were placed in healed sites and splinted by the temporary restoration, which was placed to avoid occlusal contact. The final restoration was delivered ∼6 months after implant insertion. Mean marginal bone loss was assessed using standard periapical radiographs immediately after surgery and at 6‐, 12‐, 24‐, 36‐, and 48‐month follow‐up examinations.

Results: All implants had osseointegrated and were clinically stable at the 6‐month follow‐up. The accumulated mean marginal bone loss was 1.16 ± 0.90 mm (N = 89) at the 48‐month follow‐up. No implant fractures occurred.

Conclusion: The use of immediately loaded small‐diameter implants supporting fixed partial restorations is a predictable procedure for the rehabilitation of partial posterior edentulism.
Glimm-Effros for coanalytic equivalence relations
Authors: Hjorth Greg
Published: June 2009

Assuming every real has a sharp, we prove that for any equivalence relation either Borel reduces E0 or in a manner allows the assignment of bounded subsets of ω1 as complete invariants.
Equivalence structures and isomorphisms in the difference hierarchy
Authors: Cenzer Douglas , Laforte Geoffrey , Remmel Jeffrey
Published: June 2009

We examine the effective categoricity of equivalence structures via Ershov's difference hierarchy. We explore various kinds of categoricity available by distinguishing three different notions of isomorphism available in this hierarchy. We prove several results relating our notions of categoricity to computable equivalence relations: for example, we show that, for such relations, computable categoricity is equivalent to our notion of weak ω-c.e. categoricity, and that -categoricity is equivalent to our notion of graph-ω-c.e. categoricity.
Ramsey's theorem and cone avoidance
Authors: Dzhafarov Damir D. , Jockusch Carl G.
Published: June 2009

It was shown by Cholak, Jockusch, and Slaman that every computable 2-coloring of pairs admits an infinite low2 homogeneous set H. We answer a question of the same authors by showing that H may be chosen to satisfy in addition C ≰rH, where C is a given noncomputable set. This is shown by analyzing a new and simplified proof of Seetapun's cone avoidance theorem for Ramsey's theorem. We then extend the result to show that every computable 2-coloring of pairs admits a pair of low2 infinite homogeneous sets whose degrees form a minimal pair.
Returning to semi-bounded sets
Authors: Peterzil Ya'Acov
Published: June 2009

An o-minimal expansion of an ordered group is called semi-bounded if there is no definable bijection between a bounded and an unbounded interval in it (equivalently, it is an expansion of the group by bounded predicates and group automorphisms). It is shown that every such structure has an elementary extensionNsuch that eitherNis a reduct of an ordered vector space, or there is an o-minimal structure, with the same universe but of different language fromN, with (i) Every definable set inNis definable in, and (ii)has an elementary substructure in which every bounded interval admits a definable real closed field.

As a result certain questions about definably compact groups can be reduced to either ordered vector spaces or expansions of real closed fields. Using the known results in these two settings, the number of torsion points in definably compact abelian groups in expansions of ordered groups is given. Pillay's Conjecture for such groups follows.
A decomposition of the Rogers semilattice of a family of d.c.e. sets
Authors: Badaev Serikzhan A. , Lempp Steffen
Published: June 2009

Khutoretskii's Theorem states that the Rogers semilattice of any family of c.e. sets has either at most one or infinitely many elements. A lemma in the inductive step of the proof shows that no Rogers semilattice can be partitioned into a principal ideal and a principal filter. We show that such a partitioning is possible for some family of d.c.e. sets. In fact, we construct a family of c.e. sets which, when viewed as a family of d.c.e. sets, has (up to equivalence) exactly two computable Friedberg numberings μ and ν, and μ reduces to any computable numbering not equivalent to ν. The question of whether the full statement of Khutoretskii's Theorem fails for families of d.c.e. sets remains open.
Henselianity and the Denef-Pas language
Authors: Yin Yimu
Published: June 2009

We prove that if an equicharacteristic valued field has a ℤ-group as its value group and admits quantifier elimination in the main sort of the prototypical Denef-Pas style language then it is henselian. In fact the proof of this suggests that a reasonable class of Denef-Pas style languages is natural with respect to henselianity.
Lowness for Kurtz randomness
Authors: Greenberg Noam , Miller Joseph S.
Published: June 2009

We prove that degrees that are low for Kurtz randomness cannot be diagonally non-recursive. Together with the work of Stephan and Yu [16], this proves that they coincide with the hyperimmune-free non-DNR degrees, which are also exactly the degrees that are low for weak 1-genericity.

We also consider Low(ℳ, Kurtz), the class of degrees a such that every element of ℳ is a-Kurtz random. These are characterised when ℳ is the class of Martin-Löf random, computably random, or Schnorr random reals. We show that Low(ML, Kurtz) coincides with the non-DNR degrees, while both Low(CR, Kurtz) and Low(Schnorr, Kurtz) are exactly the non-high, non-DNR degrees.
Automorphisms of the truth-table degrees are fixed on a cone
Authors: Anderson Bernard A.
Published: June 2009

Let Dtt denote the set of truth-table degrees. A bijection π: Dtt → Dtt is an automorphism if for all truth-table degrees x and y we have x ≤tty ⇔ π(x) ≤ttπ(y). We say an automorphism π is fixed on a cone if there is a degree b such that for all x ≥ttb we have π(x) = x. We first prove that for every 2-generic real X we have X′ ≰ttX ⊕ 0′. We next prove that for every real X ≥tt 0′ there is a real Y such that Y ⊕ 0′ ≡ttY′ ≡ttX. Finally, we use this to demonstrate that every automorphism of the truth-table degrees is fixed on a cone.
Stability and posets
Authors: Jockusch Carl G. , Kastermans Bart , Lempp Steffen , Lerman Manuel , Solomon Reed
Published: June 2009

Hirschfeldt and Shore have introduced a notion of stability for infinite posets. We define an arguably more natural notion called weak stability, and we study the existence of infinite computable or low chains or antichains, and of infinite chains and antichains, in infinite computable stable and weakly stable posets. For example, we extend a result of Hirschfeldt and Shore to show that every infinite computable weakly stable poset contains either an infinite low chain or an infinite computable antichain. Our hardest result is that there is an infinite computable weakly stable poset with no infinite chains or antichains. On the other hand, it is easily seen that every infinite computable stable poset contains an infinite computable chain or an infinite antichain. In Reverse Mathematics, we show that SCAC, the principle that every infinite stable poset contains an infinite chain or antichain, is equivalent over RCA0 to WSAC, the corresponding principle for weakly stable posets.
Gregory trees, the continuum, and Martin's axiom
Authors: Kunen Kenneth , Raghavan Dilip
Published: June 2009

We continue the investigation of Gregory trees and the Cantor Tree Property carried out by Hart and Kunen. We produce models of MA with the Continuum arbitrarily large in which there are Gregory trees, and in which there are no Gregory trees.
Poor Glycemic Control Is an Independent Risk Factor for Low HDL Cholesterol in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Gatti Alessandra , Maranghi Marianna , Bacci Simonetta , Carallo Claudio , Gnasso Agostino , Mandosi Elisabetta , Fallarino Mara , Morano Susanna , Trischitta Vincenzo , Filetti Sebastiano
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the association observed between poor glycemic control and low HDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes is dependent on obesity and/or hypertriglyceridemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,819 patients with type 2 diabetes and triglycerides <400 mg/dl enrolled at three diabetes centers in Italy. The risk for low HDL cholesterol was analyzed as a function of A1C levels. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated after adjustment for confounding factors.

RESULTS

A 1% increase in A1C significantly increased the risk for low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.17 [95% CI 1.1–1.2], P = 0.00072); no changes were observed when age, sex, smoking, and lipid-lowering therapy were included in the model (1.17 [1.1–1.2], P = 0.00044). The association remained strong after adjustments for obesity and hypertriglyceridemia in multivariate analysis (1.12 [1.05–1.18], P = 0.00017).

CONCLUSIONS

Poor glycemic control appears to be an independent risk factor for low HDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes.
Differences in Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden and Morphology Between Type 1 and 2 Diabetes as Assessed by Multislice Computed Tomography
Authors: Djaberi Roxana , Schuijf Joanne D. , Boersma Eric , Kroft Lucia J.M. , Pereira Alberto M. , Romijn Johannes A. , Scholte Arthur J. , Jukema J. Wouter , Bax Jeroen J.
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

It is unclear whether the coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden is similar in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. By using multislice computed tomography (MSCT), the presence, degree, and morphology of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes were compared.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Prospectively, coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring and MSCT coronary angiography were performed in 135 asymptomatic patients (65 patients with type 1 diabetes and 70 patients with type 2 diabetes). The presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis as well as plaque phenotype were assessed and compared between groups.

RESULTS

No difference was observed in average CAC score (217 ± 530 vs. 174 ± 361) or in the prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis (65% vs. 71%) in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, the prevalence of obstructive atherosclerosis was higher in patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 24; 34%) compared with that in patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 11; 17%) (P = 0.02). In addition, a higher mean number of atherosclerotic and obstructive plaques was observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, the percentage of noncalcified plaques was higher in patients with type 2 (66%) versus type 1 diabetes (27%) (P < 0.001), resulting in a higher plaque burden for each CAC score compared with that in type 1 diabetic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Although CAC scores and the prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis were similar between patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, CAD was more extensive in the latter. Also, a relatively higher proportion of noncalcified plaques was observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. These observations may be valuable in the development of targeted management strategies adapted to diabetes type.
Primary mycotic abscess of the brain caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Authors: Santosh Vani , Khanna Neelam , Shankar Susarla Krishna , Pal Lily , Das Sarala , Chandramukhi Akepatti , Kolluri Venkata Rama Shastry
Published: June 2009

✓ A case of cerebral abscess caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi is reported in a nonimmunocompromised, 15-year-old boy. In the absence of a primary cutaneous lesion, this fungus was considered to be a primary neuropathogen. The fungus was cultured and characterized from the abscess material obtained at surgery. Prompt therapy using amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine helped in the successful recovery of this patient.
Combined sagittal and lateral sinus dural fistulae occlusion
Authors: Mullan Sean , Johnson Douglas L.
Published: June 2009

✓ The clinical course of three patients who had combined sagittal and lateral sinus dural fistulae is described. One patient, with impending blindness and a short life span, underwent right lateral sinus thrombosis in one stage. The second patient underwent sagittal and right lateral sinus thrombosis in four stages, and her remaining lateral sinus spontaneously occluded. A small untreated fistula persists in the right lower sigmoid. The third patient underwent sagittal sinus, left lateral sinus, and left parietal sinus thrombosis in six stages. A small untreated far-anterior fistula persists. All “satellite” fistulae have spontaneously disappeared. The small asymptomatic untreated residual fistulae have no demonstrable retrograde venous drainage and, therefore, require no treatment at this time.
Basic mechanism of in vitro pulsed-dye laser-induced vasodilation
Authors: Kaoutzanis Marios C. , Peterson John W. , Anderson R. Rox , McAuliffe Daniel J. , Sibilia Robert F. , Zervas Nicholas T.
Published: June 2009

✓ Vasodilation of rabbit carotid arteries induced by a pulsed-eye laser was studied in vitro to clarify the underlying mechanism. Artery segments were double cannulated in a pressure-perfusion apparatus which, under physiological conditions, allows for differential application of various solutions, pharmacological agents, and pulsed-dye laser light. Vaso-constriction was activated using both pharmacological and nonpharmacological agonists.

Laser energy at a wavelength of either 480 or 575 nm was applied intraluminally in 1-µsec pulses, which caused dilation of the arteries if hemoglobin was present in the lumen at sufficient concentration. Induced vasodilation did not specifically require the presence of hemoglobin; the same phenomenon could be repeated using an inert dye such as Evans blue as an optical absorber of laser energy. The optical density of the absorber, the number of applied laser pulses, and total amount of applied energy directly influenced the vasodilatory response. Laser-induced vasodilation was possible in both normal vessels and vessels denuded of endothelium. Pulsed-dye laser-induced vasodilation is therefore not a phenomenon mediated through chemical processes, but is rather a purely physical process initiated by the optical absorption of laser energy by the intraluminal medium, which probably induces cavitation bubble formation and collapse, resulting in the vasodilatory response of the vessel.
Peritoneal cerebrospinal fluid shunt insertion: a technique for protection of the abdominal catheter
Authors: Piatt Joseph H.
Published: June 2009

✓ A minor modification of the technique of peritoneal cerebrospinal fluid shunt insertion allows more anatomical closure of the abdominal wound and may protect the shunt from contamination by superficial abdominal wound infection.
Paradoxical elevation of Ki-67 labeling with protein kinase inhibition in malignant gliomas
Authors: Couldwell William T. , Weiss Martin H. , Law Ronald E. , Hinton David R.
Published: June 2009

✓ The monoclonal antibody Ki-67 recognizes a nuclear antigen expressed in the G1, S, G2, and M phase of the cell cycle and has been used extensively as an indicator of cellular proliferation in malignant gliomas, both in the laboratory and clinically. Recently, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors have been demonstrated to inhibit malignant glioma growth both in in vitro and in vivo. This study was undertaken to determine whether Ki-67 could function as an indicator of cellular proliferation rate after PKC inhibition in gliomas and to explore cell cycle specificity of such inhibition. Both established and low-passage malignant glioma cell lines have previously been shown to be sensitive to growth inhibition by the PKC inhibitors staurosporine and tamoxifen in vitro (IC50 in the nanomolar and micromolar ranges, respectively), as measured by cell numbers, [3H]thymidine uptake, and flow-cytometric DNA analysis. However, in the same cells that are inhibited by staurosporine and tamoxifen on these assays, and on the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in the present study, the Ki-67 labeling index paradoxically increased in a dose-related manner with the same treatments, as measured by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by flow cytometry. For example, in established line U-87, a 20.5% decrease in thymidine uptake and a 28.5% decrease in absorbance on the MTT assay produced by tamoxifen at 1 µM was associated with an increase in Ki-67 labeling from 42% to 62%; staurosporine, which produces a 78.8% decrease in thymidine uptake in cell line A-172 at 10 nM, produced an increase in Ki-67 labeling from 19% to 32%. In this regard, Ki-67 labeling of glioblastoma tissue from a patient treated with high-dose tamoxifen yielded results within the range of 10% to 15% (consistent with values seen in untreated glioblastoma), despite tumor regression with treatment. The authors' interpretation of these results is that these PKC inhibitors are halting the cell cycle in the G1 phase or the G1—S transition (beyond G0 but before S-phase), resulting in a paradoxical increase in labeling while arresting growth. Two important implications from these observations are that Ki-67 is not a reliable indicator of cellular proliferation after treatment with PKC inhibitors and that these inhibitors used at the doses given above halt cell growth in a phase-specific manner.
Human monoclonal antibody BT32/A6 and a cell cycle—independent glioma-associated surface antigen
Authors: Dan Michael D. , Earley Elizabeth M. , Griffin Mark C. , Maiti Pradip K. , Prashar Ashok K. , Yuan Xin Y. , Friesen Albert D. , Kaplan Howard A.
Published: June 2009

✓ The purpose of this study was to ascertain how various growth parameters may influence the labeling of SK-MG-1, a human glioma cell line, by BT32/A6, a human immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody (MAb). By growing SKMG-1 cells at different culture split ratios, significant trends in cell growth rate, culture viability, and cell cycle state were produced. Labeling of SK-MG-1 cells by BT32/A6, however, was shown to be unaffected by culture split ratio (p > 0.05) and is therefore independent of cell growth rate, culture viability, and cell cycle state. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, BT32/A6 was shown to label a cell surface antigen on viable, clonogenic cells of SK-MG-1. Approximately 100% of SK-MG-1 cells were shown by flow cytometry to express the BT32/A6 antigen. The recognition of a glioma-associated, cell cycle-independent surface antigen by MAb BT32/A6 makes it a promising candidate for further studies aimed at elucidating its usefulness as an adjunct in the treatment of human malignant gliomas.