The natural history of CDKL5 deficiency disorder into adulthood
Authors: Aledo-Serrano Angel , Lewis-Smith David , Leonard Helen , Bayat Allan , Junaid Mohamed , Hagebeuk Eveline , Fenger Christina D , Laze Juliana , Rossi Alessandra , Trivisano Marina , Gonzalez-Giraldez Beatriz , Lama Julio , Krey Ilona , Platzer Konrad , Brischoux-Boucher Elise , Sarret Catherine , Lomax Lysa Boissé , Zanus Caterina , Musante Luciana , Costa Paola , Moloney Patrick , Delanty Norman , Russo Angelo , Schönewolf-Greulich Bitten , Bisgaard Anne-Marie , Berger Colette , Freri Elena , Takahashi Satoru , Zacher Pia , Jung Julien , Demarest Scott , Marsh Eric , Percy Alan , Neul Jeff , Olson Heather , Swanson Lindsay , Meletti Stefano , Cioclu Maria Cristina , Ali Quratulain Z. , Suller Ana , Beltran-Corbellini Alvaro , Gil-Nagel Antonio , Zhang Xiaoming , Previtali Roberto , Højte Anne F , Specchio Nicola , Downs Jenny , Lesca Gaetan , Rubboli Guido , Andrade Danielle , Gardella Elena , Pestana Elia , Devinsky Orrin , Benke Timothy , Helbig Ingo , Thomas Rhys , Møller Rikke S. 
Published: January 2025

Knowledge of the natural history ofCDKL5deficiency disorder (CDD) is limited to the results of cross-sectional analysis of largely pediatric cohorts. Assessment of outcomes in adulthood is critical for clinical decision-making and future precision medicine approaches but is challenging because of the diagnostic gap and duration of follow-up that would be required for prospective studies. We aimed to delineate the natural history retrospectively from adulthood.

We analyzed clinical data about an international cohort of 67 adults with CDD. We analyzed demographic, phenotypic, CDKL5 Developmental Score (CDS), and treatment data, and tested associations with genetic factors, sex, and a positive or negative history of neonatal seizures, as an early predictor of prognosis.

All but one of 67 adults (55 females, median age of 24 years at last follow-up) had epilepsy, typically beginning with epileptic spasms or tonic seizures before 4 months of age. Focal-onset and non-motor seizures emerged later. Fewer than a third had been documented as having bilateral tonic-clonic seizures or status epilepticus. Seizures often improved with age, but 73% had never experienced more than 6 months of seizure-freedom. Clobazam, sodium valproate, and lamotrigine were the most frequently prescribed antiseizure medications, but no specific treatment demonstrated superiority. Common comorbidities included movement disorders, visual impairment, sleep disorders, constipation, and scoliosis.

All participants had intellectual disability, 75% had not acquired speech and 45% had regressed developmentally. 16% never achieved any CDS skill, but most attained at least three, and 28% attained six or all seven. By adulthood, half of those who had achieved any CDS skill retained all their CDS skills. The skills most frequently lost were independent walking and standing.

Those with a history of neonatal seizures tended to attain fewer CDS skills and were more likely to have abnormal muscle tone in adulthood, atrioventricular conduction delay, and potential complications of their illness and treatment.

Individuals carrying missense variants attained more CDS skills than those with other variants and were more likely to lose skills in adulthood and develop anxiety, possibly reflecting the limited neurodevelopment of those with non-missense variants, who manifested a more multisystemic disorder.

In summary, retrospective data from adulthood elucidates the evolution of symptoms, variation in developmental outcomes, and the treatment landscape in CDKL5 deficiency disorder. Presence a non-missense variants or a history of neonatal seizures indicates a more complex disorder and lower developmental trajectory. Our findings will inform management decisions, prognostication, and the design of clinical trials in CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder.