bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the performance of non‐ionic and anionic surfactants as mobile phase additives in the RPLC analysis of basic drugs
Authors: Ruiz‐Ángel María J. , García‐Álvarez‐Coque María C.
Published: February 2011

Surfactants added to the mobile phases in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) give rise to a modified stationary phase, due to the adsorption of surfactant monomers. Depending on the surfactant nature (ionic or non‐ionic), the coated stationary phase can exhibit a positive net charge, or just change its polarity remaining neutral. Also, micelles in the mobile phase introduce new sites for solute interaction. This affects the chromatographic behavior, especially in the case of basic compounds. Two surfactants of different nature, the non‐ionic Brij‐35 and the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) added to water or aqueous–organic mixtures, are here compared in the separation of basic compounds (β‐blockers and tricyclic antidepressants). The reversible/irreversible adsorption of the monomers of both surfactants on the stationary phase was examined. The changes in the nature of the chromatographic system using different columns and chromatographic conditions were followed based on the changes in retention and peak shape. The study revealed that Brij‐35 is suitable for analyzing basic compounds of intermediate polarity, using “green chemistry”, since the addition of an organic solvent is not needed and Brij‐35 is a biodegradable surfactant. In contrast, RPLC with hydro‐organic mixtures or mobile phases containing SDS required high concentrations of organic solvents.
Impact of Lipid Substitution on Assembly and Delivery of siRNA by Cationic Polymers
Authors: Aliabadi Hamidreza Montazeri , Landry Breanne , Bahadur Remant K. , Neamnark Artphop , Suwantong Orawan , Uludağ Hasan
Published: February 2011

Characterization of a polymer library engineered to enhance their ability to protect and deliver their nucleotide cargo to the cells is reported. The ζ‐potential continuously increased with higher polymer:siRNA weight ratio, and the ζ‐potential of lipid‐modified polymers:siRNA complexes were higher than PEI2 at all ratios. At polymer:siRNA ratio of 1:1, all lipid‐substituted polymers showed complete protection against degradation. Lipid‐modified polymers significantly increased the cellular uptake of siRNA complexes and down‐regulation of GAPDH and P‐gp (max. 66% and 67%, respectively). The results indicate that hydrophobic modification of low molecular PEI could render this otherwise ineffective polymer to a safe effective delivery system for intracellular siRNA delivery and protein silencing.

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The Reverse Block Copolymer Pluronic 25R2 Promotes DNA Transfection of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Guiraud Simon , Alimi‐Guez Debborah , van Wittenberghe Laetitia , Scherman Daniel , Kichler Antoine
Published: February 2011

Muscle is an important and attractive target for gene therapy. Recent findings have shown that neutral amphiphilic triblock copolymers with a PEO‐PPO‐PEO arrangement significantly increase muscle transfection as compared to naked DNA. We were interested in evaluating whether reverse Pluronics (PPO‐PEO‐PPO) also possess transfection properties. Therefore, we measured the in vitro and in vivo transfection activity of 25R2 and 25R4, two copolymers that differ by their hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance. The results show that 25R2 significantly increases the transfection level in muscle compared to naked DNA. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the reverse Pluronic 25R2 possesses interesting properties for in vivo transfection.

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The Effect of Conjugating RGD into 3D Alginate Hydrogels on Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose‐Derived Stromal Cells
Authors: Kang Sun‐Woong , Cha Byung‐Hyun , Park Honghyun , Park Kwang‐Sook , Lee Kuen Yong , Lee Soo‐Hong
Published: February 2011

The effects of RGD peptide conjugation to alginate hydrogel on the adipogenic differentiation of ASCs was investigated. After 3 d of culture, RGD‐modified alginate hydrogels significantly stimulated FAK and integrin α1 gene expressions and vinculin expression in ASCs. In addition, RGD‐modified alginate hydrogels significantly enhanced the adipogenic differentiation of human ASCs to exhibit higher expression levels of oil red O staining and adipogenic genes compared to those of the control group (unmodified gels). These results suggest potential applications of RGD‐modified alginate gels for adipose tissue regeneration.

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Polymerization Kinetics of Ethylene Oxide Methacrylates in Ionic Media
Authors: Pedrón Sara , Guzmán Julio , García Nuria
Published: February 2011

The radical polymerization of ethylene oxide (PEGylated) methacrylates in ionic media has been studied. Lithium salts interact with the monomer causing a significant increase in the propagation rate constant, kp, and also providing an ionic and highly viscous medium that sharply decreases the termination rate coefficient, kt. Both features make the polymerization reactions with lithium salts faster compared to the bulk monomer. The systems are studied by means of FT‐IR spectroscopy to identify the interactions between the monomer and the lithium salt. In addition, an extensive kinetic study by PLP‐SEC has been performed to study the influence of the lithium salt on kp and kt in the polymerization of these monomers. These results are compared to those obtained when ionic liquids are used as polymerization medium.

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Poly(hydrosilane)s as Sources of Silyl Radicals and Their Use as Polymerization‐Initiating Structures
Authors: Lalevée Jacques , Shankar Ravi , Tehfe Mohamad Ali , Sahoo Usharani , Fouassier Jean Pierre
Published: February 2011

Poly(hydrosilane)s, [R(H)Si]n [R = Ph, Si(CH2)3SiMe2Th, cy‐Hex], are investigated as sources of silyl radicals. The Si–H bonds in these oligomers exhibit good to excellent hydrogen donating properties which ensure the formation of reactive silyl radicals. For free radical photopolymerization, the polymerization initiating properties of these structures are checked. These polymers are found to be advantageous to overcome the classical oxygen inhibition of the FRP process. Their ability in FRPCP is also evaluated for an epoxy monomer. The mechanisms are investigated through ESR and laser flash photolysis experiments.

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Crystalline Monolayer Ordering at Substrate/Polymer Interfaces in Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Ultrathin Films
Authors: Li Destri Giovanni , Keller Thomas F. , Catellani Marinella , Punzo Francesco , Jandt Klaus D. , Marletta Giovanni
Published: February 2011

The nanocrystalline structure of thermally annealed P3HT ultrathin films was studied as a function of the substrate properties using AFM, GIXRD, and static contact angle measurements which showed that an edge‐on structure is formed on both types of substrate. Substrate‐induced ordering is observed at the interface with air only when the film matches the average lamellae thickness, ≈30 nm in the present case, while, when the film thickness is higher than a single lamella size, i.e., ≈60 nm the substrate nature does not affect the lamellar ordering at the film/air interface. In other words, the substrate properties seem able to induce the ordering of the only first crystalline layer. These results are discussed in terms of simple relationships between interface free energy and chain mobility.

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Role of Interface Rheology in Altering the Onset of Co‐Continuity in Nanoparticle‐Filled Polymer Blends
Authors: Filippone Giovanni , Romeo Giovanni , Acierno Domenico
Published: February 2011

Developing co‐continuity in a polymer blend determines a multiphase system with enhanced properties which originate from the synergism of its constituents. Filling a blend with nanoparticles is a promising route to guide its morphology and eventually affect the co‐continuity transition. We add different kinds of nanoparticles to an HDPE/PEO blend to study how they affect the morphology of the blend as function of their surface properties and form factor. We find that PEO drop size is drastically reduced by particles adsorbed at the HDPE/PEO interface. However, we show that a drastic shifting of the co‐continuity threshold may only be achieved when particles affect the rheology of the interface.

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Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Thermoplastic Bloodmeal
Authors: Verbeek Casparus J. R. , van den Berg Lisa E.
Published: February 2011

Bloodmeal mixtures containing SS, water, SDS and urea were extruded and injection‐molded. Increased chain mobility with sufficient plasticization during processing increased the amount of available amino acids for strong water/protein interactions. Materials containing low water and increased SS had reduced tensile strength and elongation, compared to higher water at the same SS content. Materials containing three parts SS per hundred parts bloodmeal (pphbm), 60 pphbm water and 20 pphbm urea, were the only ductile materials after conditioning. Changing any one of these factors to a lower level will result in a brittle material. This mixture in combination with 3 pphbm SDS resulted in optimal mechanical properties (tensile strength of 9.6 MPa and Young's modulus of 534.9 MPa).

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Partial volume correction of multiple inversion time arterial spin labeling MRI data
Authors: Chappell M. A. , Groves A. R. , MacIntosh B. J. , Donahue M. J. , Jezzard P. , Woolrich M. W.
Published: February 2011

The accuracy of cerebral blood flow (CBF) estimates from arterial spin labeling (ASL) is affected by the presence of both gray matter (GM) and white matter within any voxel. Recently a partial volume (PV) correction method for ASL has been demonstrated (Asllani et al. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:1362–1371), where PV estimates were used with a local linear regression to separate the GM and white matter ASL signal. Here a new PV correction method for multi‐inversion time ASL is proposed that exploits PV estimates within a spatially regularized kinetic curve model analysis. The proposed method exploits both PV estimates and the different kinetics of the ASL signal arising from GM and white matter. The new correction method is shown, on both simulated and real data, to provide correction of GM CBF comparable to a linear regression approach, whilst preserving greater spatial detail in the CBF image. On real data corrected GM CBF values were found to be largely independent of GM PV, implying that the correction had been successful. Increases of mean GM CBF after correction of 69–80% were observed. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiofrequency heating in porcine models with a “large” 32 cm internal diameter, 7 T (296 MHz) head coil
Authors: Shrivastava Devashish , Hanson Timothy , Kulesa Jeramy , Tian Jinfeng , Adriany Gregor , Vaughan J. Thomas
Published: February 2011

Temperatures were measured in vivo in four pigs (mean animal weight = 110.75 kg and standard deviation = 6.13 kg) due to a continuous wave radiofrequency (RF) power irradiation with a 31.75 cm internal diameter and a 15.24 cm long, 7 T (296 MHz), eight channel, transverse electromagnetic head coil. The temperatures were measured in the subcutaneous layer of the scalp, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm deep in the brain, and rectum using fluoroptic temperature probes. The RF power was delivered to the pig's head for ∼3 h (mean deposition time = 3.14 h and standard deviation = 0.06 h) at the whole head average specific absorption rate of ∼3 W kg−1 (mean average specific absorption rate = 3.08 W kg−1 and standard deviation = 0.09 W kg−1). Next, simple bioheat transfer models were used to simulate the RF power induced temperature changes. Results show that the RF power produced uniform temperature changes in the pigs' heads (mean temperature change = 1.68°C and standard deviation = 0.13°C) with no plateau achieved during the heating. No thermoregulatory alterations were detected due to the heating because the temperature responses of the pre‐RF and post‐RF epochs were not statistically significantly different. Simple, validated bioheat models may provide accurate temperature changes. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Head motion detection using FID navigators
Authors: Kober Tobias , Marques José P. , Gruetter Rolf , Krueger Gunnar
Published: February 2011

This work explores a concept for motion detection in brain MR examinations using high channel‐count RF coil arrays. It applies ultrashort (<100 μsec) free induction decay signals, making use of the knowledge that motion induces variations in these signals when compared to a reference free induction decay signal. As a proof‐of‐concept, the method was implemented in a standard structural MRI sequence. The stability of the free induction decay‐signal was verified in phantom experiments. Human experiments demonstrated that the observed variations in the navigator data provide a sensitive measure for detection of relevant and common subject motion patterns. The proposed methodology provides a means to monitor subject motion throughout a MRI scan while causing little or no impact on the sequence timing and image contrast. It could hence complement available motion detection and correction methods, thus further reducing motion sensitivity in MR applications. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vessel imaging with viable tumor analysis for quantification of tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Ungersma Sharon E. , Pacheco Glenn , Ho Calvin , Yee Sharon Fong , Ross Jed , van Bruggen Nicholas , Peale Franklin V. , Ross Sarajane , Carano Richard A. D.
Published: February 2011

An “uncorrected” version of the following article was published in the June 2010 issue of MRM. The corrected version of the article is provided here. The publisher regrets the error.

Imaging of tumor microvasculature has become an important tool for studying angiogenesis and monitoring antiangiogenic therapies. Ultrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide contrast agents for indirect imaging of vasculature offer a method for quantitative measurements of vascular biomarkers such as vessel size index, blood volume, and vessel density (Q). Here, this technique is validated with direct comparisons to ex vivo micro‐computed tomography angiography and histologic vessel measurements, showing significant correlations between in vivo vascular MRI measurements and ex vivo structural vessel measurements. The sensitivity of the MRI vascular parameters is also demonstrated, in combination with a multispectral analysis technique for segmenting tumor tissue to restrict the analysis to viable tumor tissue and exclude regions of necrosis. It is shown that this viable tumor segmentation increases sensitivity for detection of significant effects on blood volume and Q by two antiangiogenic therapeutics [anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) and anti‐neuropilin‐1] on an HM7 colorectal tumor model. Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor reduced blood volume by 36 ± 3% (p < 0.0001) and Q by 52 ± 3% (p < 0.0001) at 48 h post‐treatment; the effects of anti‐neuropilin‐1 were roughly half as strong with a reduction in blood volume of 18 ± 6% (p < 0.05) and a reduction in Q of 33± 5% (p < 0.05) at 48 h post‐treatment. Magn Reson Med 63:1637–1647, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sudden loading perturbation to determine the reflex response of different back muscles: A reliability study
Authors: Santos Brenda R , Larivière Christian , Delisle Alain , McFadden David , Plamondon André , Imbeau Daniel
Published: February 2011

In this study we estimate the reliability of reflex response variables to identify the main sources of variability and to estimate appropriate measurement strategies to obtain more reliable measures. Back muscle surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded in healthy males during anteriorly‐directed sudden loading perturbations applied to the trunk. Measures of EMG reflex latency and amplitude were obtained. The generalizability theory was used as a framework to estimate the magnitude of the different variance components and the reliability of the measures corresponding to various simulations of different measurement strategies. Reliability of the different variables was poor to moderate (intraclass correlation coefficient range 0–0.62). Averaging scores across homologous muscles and several trials were strategies to achieve more acceptable reliability. The reflex response of back muscles is inherently variable, and a large measurement effort is necessary to obtain reliable and, consequently, valid and responsive estimations of this neuromuscular function. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Proximal axonal changes after peripheral nerve injury in man
Authors: Gunasekera Sudath M. , Wijeskara Ravindra L. , Sesath Hewa G.R.
Published: February 2011

Peripheral nerve injury leads to changes in the proximal axon. Traumatic nerve injuries in humans were investigated to characterize such electrophysiological changes. Mixed nerve conduction studies (MNCS) and motor conduction studies (MCS) were performed proximal to the injury. Control values were obtained from the uninjured limb. Median (n = 24) and ulnar (n = 35) nerve injuries were studied. The injured nerves had significant mixed nerve action potential (MNAP) amplitude reductions (median: P < 0.0001; ulnar: P < 0.0001). The majority of the MNAP amplitude reductions were severe and early. There was slowing in the mixed nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) (median: P = 0.09; ulnar: P = 0.04) and motor conduction velocity (MCV) (median: P = 0.046; ulnar: P = 0.005). Axonal loss appears to play a significant role in producing the MNCS changes observed, and its early occurrence is noteworthy. Proximal MCV reduction could be secondary to the effects of injury as well as collateral sprouting of uninjured axons. Proximal axonal changes may have an impact on recovery. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Short‐term unilateral resistance training affects the agonist–antagonist but not the force–agonist activation relationship
Authors: Tillin Neale A. , Pain Matthew T.G. , Folland Jonathan P.
Published: February 2011

In this study we investigated the contribution of neural adaptations to strength changes after 4 weeks of unilateral isometric resistance training. Maximal and submaximal isometric knee extension contractions were assessed before and after training. Surface electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the agonist and antagonist muscles and normalized to evoked maximal M‐wave and maximal knee flexor EMG, respectively. The interpolated twitch technique (ITT) was also used to determine activation at maximum voluntary force (MVF). MVF increased in the trained (+20%) and untrained (+8%) legs. Agonist EMG at MVF increased in the trained leg (+26%), although activation determined via the ITT was unchanged. In both legs the position of the force–agonist EMG relationship was unchanged, but antagonist coactivation was lower for all levels of agonist activation. Strength gains in the trained leg were due to enhanced agonist activation, whereas decreased coactivation may have affected strength changes in both legs. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Alcohol‐related peripheral neuropathy: Nutritional, toxic, or both?
Authors: Mellion Michelle , Gilchrist James M. , De La Monte Suzanne
Published: February 2011

Alcohol‐related peripheral neuropathy (ALN) is a potentially debilitating complication of alcoholism that results in sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction. Unfortunately, ALN is rarely discussed as a specific disease entity in textbooks because it is widely assumed to primarily reflect consequences of nutritional deficiency. This hypothesis is largely based on observations first made over eight decades ago when it was demonstrated that thiamine deficiency (beriberi) neuropathy was clinically similar to ALN. In recent studies, failure of thiamine treatment to reverse ALN, together with new information demonstrating clinical and electrophysiological distinctions between ALN and nutritional deficiency neuropathies, suggests that alcohol itself may significantly predispose and enhance development of neuropathy in the appropriate clinical setting. We reviewed the evidence on both sides and conclude that ALN should be regarded as a toxic rather than nutritional neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 43: 309–316, 2011
The RNID's customer care initiative
Authors: Holweger Karl
Published: February 2011

The Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) like many charities is increasingly providing services under contract to both the public and commercial sector, which is why it has been pioneering a major customer care programme in the charity sector. It is the UK's largest not‐for‐profit service‐providing organisation for deaf and hard of hearing people. Its mission is to earn recognition from deaf people as the key organisation promoting their access to society. Its recently introduced Customer Care Initiative is one of the main cornerstones in its plan to turn this mission into reality.
Market segmentation ‐ are UK charities making the most of the potential?
Authors: Sargeant Adrian
Published: February 2011

This paper discusses the findings of research carried out into the application of market segmentation in the charity sector. Four hundred and ten of the top performing charities (as ranked by income from voluntary donations) were surveyed to determine what techniques of segmentation they apply to their database. They were also asked to indicate how this information is used to inform and determine appropriate fundraising strategies. The findings show that with the exception of a few large organisations, the concept of market segmentation is as yet not utilised to its full potential in the development of successful fundraising strategy.
Company giving to schools: Business or charity?
Authors: Rosenberg Harris
Published: February 2011

Almost weekly, national newspapers report the launch of governmental initiatives and funding programmes to improve educational standards and the environment in which these are to be actioned. Local newspapers also recognise the news‐worthiness of the school community. The MP's visit, the Gladiator opening a school fete, the environmental programme are all avidly reported. With the millions of pounds being poured into education and the insatiable appetite of the media to report what is happening at schools, it is hardly surprising that business has recognised the commercial potential of dealing with the school community, be this as a direct supplier or as an organisation that may receive publicity through association. This article will examine the business‐school relationship and the motives that underlie this relationship. Much of the below article is developed from material taken from the author's recent book, ‘A Handbook of School Fundraising’1.
The fundraising database audit
Authors: Rodd John , Stroud Lawrence
Published: February 2011

The concept of the database audit is relatively new, both in commercial and in nonprofit marketing. This paper sets out the case, benefits, pitfalls and techniques that are part of database auditing.

The principles of database auditing are explained, with measurement, comparison, retrospection, trends, top‐down, KPIs, diagnostics and other key concepts explored. A typical audit sequence is shown. The benefits of auditing are described, and several supporting tables and chart examples from real charity audits given, including lifetime value, growth and attrition of a database and active/inactive supporter cohorts. The challenges and difficulties experienced in auditing are described, and software tools illustrated. Common pitfalls are described and the future of database audits is predicted.
A cross‐cultural analysis of the demographics of membership in nonprofit organisations
Authors: Talaga James , Wong John
Published: February 2011

This paper is concerned with the identification of demographic characteristics of members of nonprofit organisations across a large number of countries. It is found that there are significant differences in the demographic characteristics within countries for different types of non‐profit organisations and across countries for the same nonprofit type organisation. Understanding these patterns can lead to increased efficiencies in communication by nonprofit organisations within and across national boundaries.
Direct marketing managers in UK charitable organisations
Authors: Bennett Roger , Gabriel Helen
Published: February 2011

Although the charity sector is one of the United Kingdom's biggest users of direct marketing, little is known about the characteristics of the people who manage direct marketing within charities. This paper presents the results of a survey of 115 direct marketing managers in the UK's largest fundraising charitable organisations; focusing on their experience, motivation, training and educational backgrounds. The degrees to which respondents' employing organisations placed a high value on the marketing function and the extents to which various categories of direct marketing manager possessed wide‐ranging general managerial competencies were also examined. There was little evidence of the ‘hybridisation’ of direct marketing specialists. Rather, individuals exhibiting hybrid manager attributes were sometimes put in charge of direct marketing.
Building relations between educational establishments and local business
Authors: Poppitt David G.
Published: February 2011

Schools, colleges and universities are rapidly realising that, by building better relations with local business, they are in a particularly advantageous position when competing with other charitable bodies. By the very nature of their existence, they possess facilities that can be utilised as bargaining tools in the constant competitive search for sponsorship deals.

This paper describes the experience of one independent school which has been successful in obtaining funding from local businesses both from philanthropic and sponsorship sources. It suggests that educational establishments have a distinct advantage over other charitable organisations in their negotiating ability as they have at their ‘fingertips’ the sort of facility that businesses require for both their recreational and their academic needs.
Putting a small database to work: Focusing smarter for higher returns
Authors: Kay‐Williams Susan
Published: February 2011

There is a widespread assumption that a good database is a large one. This paper contends that this is not necessarily so and that a small database can be known more intimately and thus developed more specifically and more profitably. Of course, many of the ideas discussed here may also be applied to larger databases.

This paper is based on elements of two presentations made by the author at the IIR conference on long‐term and profitable fundraising strategies, and the Century Communications conference on ‘The Marketer's Guide to Effective Database Marketing’.
The setting up, development and running of a foundation: Implications for a nonprofit organisation
Authors: Haines Verity
Published: February 2011

This paper describes the formation and development of a foundation for the National Film and Television School (NFTS). A fundraising strategy was devised to provide capital and an endowment fund. Trustees were appointed from key positions in the film and television world, and the paper outlines the achievements so far of the NFTS Foundation.
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable, amorphous, soft IPNs with shape‐memory effect
Authors: Feng Yakai , Zhao Haiyang , Jiao Licai , Lu Jian , Wang Heyun , Guo Jintang
Published: February 2011

Star‐shaped oligo[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐ε‐caprolactone]s (PCLA) with various number average molecular weights were synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization of D,L‐lactide (DLLA) and ε‐caprolactone (CL) with organic Sn as catalyst and pentaerythritol as an initiator. The elastic amorphous interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyesterurethane/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) were synthesized in situ by UV‐photopolymerization of PEGDMA and thermal polymerization of PCLA with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). IPNs are transparent soft materials and the gel content of the IPNs is exceeding 87%. They are rubbery when PEGDMA content is above 10% at room temperature. IPNs show good shape‐memory properties. IPNs recover quickly its permanent form in 10 sec when the environment temperature is above its glass transition temperature (Tg). IPNs have only one single Tg between the Tg of PEGDMA and polyesterurethane. The strain recovery rate (Rr) and the strain fixity rate (Rf) are above 90%. No characteristic peaks of PEG crystallites in X‐ray diffraction pattern (XRD) demonstrate that they are amorphous polymer networks. The wettability, degradation rate, mechanical properties, and Tg of the IPNs could be conveniently adjusted by changing PEGDMA content in IPNs. The soft IPNs are promising suitable as potential soft substrates with tailored mechanical properties for potential clinical or medical use. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel class of organosoluble poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing methyl substituent and cardo xanthene moiety
Authors: Sheng Shou‐Ri , Zhang Wei , Huang Shui‐Ping , Wang Bo , Song Cai‐Sheng
Published: February 2011

9,9‐Bis(3‐methyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)xanthene (BMHPX) was synthesized in 72% yield by a HCl/ZnCl2‐catalyzed condensation reaction of xanthenone with excess o‐cresol. Based on this new bisphenol monomer, a series of poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PAEN) and PAEN copolymers containing methyl substituent and cardo xanthene moiety were prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2,6‐difluorobenzonitrile (DFBN) with BMHPX and with varying mole proportions of BMHPX to hydroquinone (HQ) (100/0–40/60) using N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. These polymers had inherent viscosities between 0.54 and 0.72 dl/g, and their weight‐average molecular weights and number‐average molecular weights were in the range of 32,600–36,400 and 17,300–18,300, respectively. All PAENs were amorphous and were soluble in dipolar aprotic solvents such as NMP and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and even in THF and chloroform at room temperature. The resulting polymers showed glass transition temperatures (Tg's) between 213–226°C, and the Tg values of the copolymers were found to increase with increase of the BMHPX units content in the polymer. Thermogravimetric studies showed that all the polymers were stable up to 404°C, with 10% weight loss temperatures ranging from 444 to 455°C, and char yields of 52–58% at 700°C in nitrogen. All new PAENs could be cast into transparent, strong, and flexible films with tensile strengths of 102–120 MPa, elongations at break of 14–18%, and tensile moduli of 3.3–3.7 GPa. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐sensitive chitosan membranes as a substrate for cell adhesion and cell sheet detachment
Authors: Nie Pingping , He Xiaoling , Chen Li
Published: February 2011

A series of temperature‐sensitive poly(CSA‐co‐NIPAAm) membranes that were suitable for cell culture and confluent cell sheets detachment were prepared. The membranes with thermo‐responsive surface properties were synthesized by the copolymerization of acrylic acid‐derivatized chitosan (CSA) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) in aqueous solution. Characterization of the membranes were carried out by means of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and water contact‐angle (WCA) measurements. The adhesion and detachment of mouse fibroblast (L929) cells on these membranes have been investigated. The study showed that poly(CSA‐co‐NIPAAm) membranes could not only enhance fibroblasts attachment but also harvest confluent cell sheets by simply lowering the temperature. Furthermore, the detached cells retained high viability and could proliferate again after transferred to a new culture surface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electric Double‐Layer Capacitance of Inverse Opal Carbon Prepared Through Carbonization of Poly(Furfuryl Alcohol) in Contact with Polymer Gel Electrolyte Containing Ionic Liquid
Authors: Isshiki Yusuke , Nakamura Megumi , Tabata Seiichiro , Dokko Kaoru , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: February 2011

Three‐dimensionally periodic porous carbon membranes are prepared through the carbonization of poly(furfuryl alcohol) in the void spaces of opal materials consisting of monodispersed silica particles. Inverse opal carbon (IOC) membranes are obtained by the removal of silica templates. The obtained IOCs have three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous structures and large specific surface areas due to the mesopores that are formed during the carbonization of the polymer precursor. IOC with three‐dimensionally ordered 50‐nm pores exhibits a large gravimetric capacitance of 120 F g−1, as determined by using an ionic liquid electrolyte, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)amide ([C2mim][NTf2]); this capacitance is higher than that of conventional activated carbon. Furthermore, the combination of IOC and an ion gel electrolyte, consisting of network poly(methyl methacrylate) and [C2mim][NTf2], is demonstrated to be effective for achieving a solid‐state, nonvolatile, and high‐capacity electric double‐layer capacitor. Moreover, because of the high ionic conductivity of the ion gel and the continuous ion‐conduction path through the IOC membrane, the IOCs exhibit a large specific capacitance of 100 F g−1 and a good rate capability, even at room temperature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous study of cure kinetics and rheology of montmorillonite/vinyl ester resin nanocomposites
Authors: Akhlaghi Shahin , Kalaee Mohammadreza , Jowdar Effat , Nouri Ali , Mazinani Saeedeh , Afshari Mehdi , Famili Mohamadhosein Navid , Amini Navid , Behrouz Toktam
Published: February 2011

In this work, the effect of quaternary ammonium salt containing nanoclay content (1–5 wt%) on phase morphology, rheology, cure kinetics, and mechanical properties of the vinyl ester resin (VER)‐based nanocomposites was studied. The morphological characterization including d‐spacing measurement, microscopy observation and phase‐height image processing were performed on the prepared nanocomposites using small angel X‐ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). According to the results obtained from these techniques, it was concluded that an intercalated morphology existed for all the nanocomposites. The kinetic analyses of the isothermal curing followed by storage modulus obtained from the rheometry experiments are shown to be an affective rheological characteristic to investigate the cure behavior of VER/clay nanocomposites. In addition, the most important finding regarding the effect of nanoclay on the cross‐linking behavior of VER systems lays on the chemisorption and physisorption of the reacting monomers and initiator molecules on the nanoclay platelets surface which is found to be responsible for the retardation of the cure reaction caused by organoclay. Eventually, the mechanical characterizations were performed through the tensile, flexural and impact analysis tests. In this case, a considerable improvement of the bulk mechanical responses such as tensile and flexural strengths and also the corresponding moduli were observed for the nanocomposites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional non‐close‐packed arrays of nanoparticles via core‐shell nanospheres and reactive ion etching
Authors: Sparnacci Katia , Antonioli Diego , Deregibus Simone , Panzarasa Guido , Laus Michele , De Leo Natascia , Boarino Luca , Kapeliouchko Valerj , Poggio Tiziana
Published: February 2011

Nanosized PTFE/polystyrene core‐shell particles were prepared by seed emulsion polymerization technique starting from PTFE seeds of 20 nm. At the end of the reaction, no residual PTFE nor secondary nucleation was observed and by appropriately choosing the ratio between the monomer and the PTFE seed it was possible to obtain particles, with predetermined size in the range 60–100 nm, featuring an extremely narrow size distribution. These particles were successfully employed as building blocks for the preparation of large scale nanosized monolayers through the floating technique. Reactive ion etching was further applied to modulate the size characteristics of the resulting 2D ordered nanostructure. Although for relatively short RIE times a peculiar continuous morphology was observed in which the particles are interconnected through thin arms, on further increasing the RIE time a well‐organized 2D arrangement of particles with size of about 30 nm was obtained. Considering the shell as an expendable ordering and spacing tool, the use of core‐shell nanospheres allows a wide variety of controlled morphologies to be designed and prepared thus opening new perspectives for nanostructure fabrication processes through nanosphere lithography (NSL). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ‘Short Five’ (S5): Measuring Personality Traits Using Comprehensive Single Items
Authors: Konstabel Kenn , Lönnqvist Jan–Erik , Walkowitz Gari , Konstabel Kätlin , Verkasalo Markku
Published: February 2011

A new approach to the construction of short questionnaires is introduced: ‘comprehensive single items’ (CSI) are developed with the intention to match expert descriptions of a construct as closely as possible. Based on this idea, a 60–item questionnaire, the ‘Short Five’ (S5) is constructed for measuring 30 facets of the Five–Factor Model. Studies in Estonian, Finnish, English, and German showed that the S5 domain scales had correlations over 0.8 with their counterparts in longer questionnaires, and that the factor structure was similar to that of the normative US NEO–PI–R sample. The S5 can be recommended for large–scale studies where participants’ time is limited. The CSI approach can be successfully used in short scale development, in addition to more traditional methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperbolic temperament and borderline personality disorder
Authors: Hopwood Christopher J. , Thomas Katherine M. , Zanarini Mary C.
Published: February 2011

Zanarini and Frankenburg described the ‘essential nature’ of borderline psychopathology as involving intense and chronic inner pain deriving from a hyperbolic temperament that is mediated through interpersonal behaviours. These interpersonal behaviours can either provoke kindling events that promote the expression of borderline pathology or buffer against borderline symptoms. This study was designed to test this general hypothesis and to articulate both the temperamental and the mediating constructs implicated in this theory more specifically. A questionnaire containing the elements of this theory was administered to non‐clinical (n = 545), clinical (n = 316) and treatment (n = 50) samples. Covariance analyses supported a hyperbolic temperament factor and four mediating factors labelled as passive, agentic, validation seeking and detached. Overall, validity correlations conformed to predictions in showing a strong association between hyperbolic temperament and borderline and other forms of personality pathology and in demonstrating varying relations between the mediating factors and adaptivity, including psychiatric improvements in a treatment trial. The place of this theoretical model of borderline pathology beside other theories that tend to emphasize personality traits or interpersonal patterns are discussed, and clinical implications of the model are highlighted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Approach to Create Silver Containing Antibacterial Coatings by Use of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition (APCVD) and Combustion Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD) in an Economic Way
Authors: Zimmermann Roberto , Pfuch Andreas , Horn Kerstin , Weisser Jürgen , Heft Andreas , Röder Michael , Linke Ralf , Schnabelrauch Matthias , Schimanski Arnd
Published: February 2011

The aim of this study was to test the possibilities of using APCVD and CCVD to create effective antibacterial coatings and to determine their antibacterial activity. SiOx‐layers were created by use of a hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursor in combination with silver nitrate solution and silver nanoparticles as additives. A strong antibacterial effect of the APCVD and CCVD coated samples on an Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain could be shown. Layers obtained by CCVD showed a longer‐lasting antibacterial activity. The results were verified using a commercially available microbial cell viability assay basing on the measurement of bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or by counting of colony forming units (CFU) on agar plates.

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Single‐Step Plasma Process Producing Anti‐Reflective and Photovoltaic Behavior on Crystalline Silicon
Authors: Di Mundo Rosa , Ambrico Marianna , Ambrico Paolo Francesco , d'Agostino Riccardo , Italiano Francesca , Palumbo Fabio
Published: February 2011

Reactive ion etching (RIE) plasma processes fed with CF4 have been investigated as single‐step maskless method for nanotexturing the surface of crystalline silicon. Variation of surface topography under different plasma conditions has been evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and correlated with total, diffuse, and specular reflectance. Chemical features have been evaluated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and current–voltage characteristics have been measured under dark and illuminated conditions. Results indicate that a widely tunable nanoscale texture can be generated onto silicon surface leading to a reduced total reflectance. A significant uptake of carbon and fluorine is detected onto treated silicon with fluorine mainly in ionic form. Further, the plasma modification is per se capable, without further doping procedures, to generate a photovoltaic behavior onto treated silicon, with higher short circuit current in less reflective samples.

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Development of a brain metastatic canine prostate cancer cell line
Authors: Thudi Nanda K. , Shu Sherry T. , Martin Chelsea K. , Lanigan Lisa G. , Nadella Murali V.P. , Van Bokhoven Adrie , Werbeck Jillian L. , Simmons Jessica K. , Murahari Sridhar , Kisseberth William C. , Breen Matthew , Williams Christina , Chen Ching‐Shih , McCauley Laurie K. , Keller Evan T. , Rosol Thomas J.
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer in men has a high mortality and morbidity due to metastatic disease. The pathobiology of prostate cancer metastasis is not well understood and cell lines and animal models that recapitulate the complex nature of the disease are needed. Therefore, the goal of the study was to establish and characterize a new prostate cancer line derived from a dog with spontaneous prostate cancer.

METHODS

A new cell line (Leo) was derived from a dog with spontaneous prostate cancer. Immunohistochemistry and PCR were used to characterize the primary prostate cancer and xenografts in nude mice. Subcutaneous tumor growth and metastases in nude mice were evaluated by bioluminescent imaging, radiography and histopathology. In vitro chemosensitivity of Leo cells to therapeutic agents was measured.

RESULTS

Leo cells expressed the secretory epithelial cytokeratins (CK)8, 18, and ductal cell marker, CK7. The cell line grew in vitro (over 75 passages) and was tumorigenic in the subcutis of nude mice. Following intracardiac injection, Leo cells metastasized to the brain, spinal cord, bone, and adrenal gland. The incidence of metastases was greatest to the central nervous system (80%) with a lower incidence to bone (20%) and the adrenal glands (16%). In vitro chemosensitivity assays demonstrated that Leo cells were sensitive to Velcade and an HDAC‐42 inhibitor with IC50 concentrations of 1.9 nm and 0.95 µm, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The new prostate cancer cell line (Leo) will be a valuable model to investigate the mechanisms of the brain and bone metastases. Prostate 71:1251–1263, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The anti‐interleukin‐6 antibody siltuximab down‐regulates genes implicated in tumorigenesis in prostate cancer patients from a phase I study
Authors: Karkera Jayaprakash , Steiner Hannes , Li Weimin , Skradski Viktor , Moser Patrizia L. , Riethdorf Sabine , Reddy Manjula , Puchalski Thomas , Safer Karim , Prabhakar Uma , Pantel Klaus , Qi Ming , Culig Zoran
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is associated with prostate cancer morbidity. In several experimental models, IL‐6 has been reported to have anti‐apoptotic and pro‐angiogenic effects. Siltuximab (CNTO 328) is a monoclonal anti‐IL‐6 antibody which has been successfully applied in several models representing prostate cancer. This study was designed to assess preliminary safety of siltuximab in patients with early prostate cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty patients scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy received either no drug or siltuximab (6 mg/kg, five patients per group with administration once, two times, and three times prior to surgery). Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses. Expression of elements of IL‐6 signaling pathways was analyzed in tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry. Gene analysis in tumor specimens was performed with the DASL array.

RESULTS

No adverse events related to siltuximab were observed. Patients treated with siltuximab presented with higher levels of proliferation and apoptosis markers. Following a single dose, serum concentrations of siltuximab declined in a biexponential manner. This study revealed a decrease in phosphorylation of Stat3 and p44/p42 mitogen‐activated protein kinases. In addition, gene expression analyses indicate down‐regulation of genes immediately downstream of the IL‐6 signaling pathway and key enzymes of the androgen signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary safety of siltuximab is favorable. Future studies in which siltuximab could be combined with androgen‐deprivation therapy and experimental therapies in advanced prostate cancer are justified. Prostate 71:1455–1465, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Importance of strain for green emitters based on (In, Ga)N films of non‐polar orientation
Authors: Ghosh Sandip , Grahn Holger T.
Published: February 2011

Wurtzite InxGa1–xN films, with alloy compositions suitable for obtaining green‐light emitting diodes (LED) and lasers in the wavelength range between 520 and 550 nm, experience compressive anisotropic in‐plane strain when grown on non‐polar ($1{\bar {1}}00$) oriented M‐plane or ($11{\bar {2}}0$) oriented A‐plane GaN substrates. The results of calculations of the electronic band structure presented here demonstrate that this strain mixes the valence bands and modifies the emission polarization properties in such a way that lasing characteristics will benefit from it. The advantage improves with partial anisotropic strain relaxation. However, both lasing characteristics and light extraction out of a LED will deteriorate when such a film becomes fully relaxed.
In Vitro Antiinflammatory Activity of a New Sesquiterpene Lactone Isolated from Siegesbeckia glabrescens
Authors: Li Hua , Kim Jae Yeon , Hyeon Jinseong , Lee Hwa Jin , Ryu Jae‐Ha
Published: February 2011

A new sesquiterpene lactone was isolated from Siegesbeckia glabrescens as an inhibitor of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in the LPS‐activated RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. It dose‐dependently decreased the protein and mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2. Reporter gene assay revealed that the compound attenuated the LPS‐induced DNA transcriptional activity of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB). In addition, it inhibited the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF‐κB by blocking the inhibitory kappa B‐α degradation. This compound from Siegesbeckia glabrescens might be beneficial for the treatment of inflammation‐related diseases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.