bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LABOR ‐ Labor mobility and social wellbeing under international capitalism
Authors: Piderit John J.
Published: July 2002

In his economic writings John Paul II asserts the importance of placing the human person at the center of deliberations concerning the economy. Neoclassical economists show that free trade enhances the efficiency of society. However, a byproduct of free trade is greater competition, as countries and firms adjust to the introduction of new products and processes of production, made possible through technological innovation. Neoclassical economists assume that workers will move to where new jobs develop. In many cases, however, this means that they impose burdens on their family and become more distant from friends. Each human person establishes bonds with other persons; through such family bonds of friendship a person becomes more human. This essay explores the tension between greater productive efficiency and a desire to maintain and enhance friendships. Never merely objective analysts, neoclassical economists have strong convictions concerning dynamic efficiency, while consumers have convictions about friendship. These two sets of convictions have to be reconciled. In order for policy makers to assess the true costs of free trade, mobility measures must be developed, and the neoclassical model must be modified to incorporate geographical stability as a significant factor for consumers.
Comparing migrant and non‐migrant tourism impacts
Authors: Gamage Ari , King Brian
Published: July 2002

This paper used input‐output analysis to compare the initial and flow‐on economic effects of tourism spending by two different types of tourists from Australia to Sri Lanka. The two groups of tourists were Sri Lankan migrants resident in Australia and Australians born either in Australia or in a country other than Sri Lanka. The paper also covered the needs and perceptions of the target audiences. The two sample surveys undertaken revealed that different expenditure priorities are evident between the two groups. Non‐expatriate tourists were found to constitute only a small proportion of total tourist numbers. This group spent more on food and beverages with relatively higher flow‐on effects. Expatriate expenditures focused on the retail and wholesale sector and on local transport with relatively lower flow‐on effects. The mean expenditure incurred by migrants was more than twice that of the non‐migrants. The results indicate that small markets like Australia merit close scrutiny by the Ceylon Tourist Board and that travel by expatriates generally merits closer examination.
Extending corporate liability in New Zealand
Authors: Gillman Max , Hogan James
Published: July 2002

New Zealand’s 1993 Companies Act defines reckless trading as when a director/manager induces a “substantial risk of serious loss to the company’s creditors”. The definition contrasts with international common and statutory law that holds managers personally liable only under circumstances of moral failing. It also allows for managers to be found liable for bad investments during the continued existence of a firm. Replacing the standard of moral failing with a standard of objective risk evaluation and allowing culpability beyond bankruptcy proceedings extends liability in a way that indirectly taxes corporations. This extension of liability stands contrary to the evolutionary development of the corporation as based on an efficient redistribution of property rights. It biases investment towards lower risk, lower yield ventures, and is expected to decrease New Zealand’s innovation‐driven economic growth
Entry modes of multinational corporations into China’s market: a socioeconomic analysis
Authors: Sun Haishun
Published: July 2002

The economic boom and liberalization make China a new focus of international investments by multinational corporations (MNCs). How to enter this huge market and what entry mode should be taken, remain inconclusive. This paper is a study of the entry modes of MNCs into China from socioeconomic perspectives. It provides a theoretical discussion and also an empirical investigation of MNCs’ entry modes in the Chinese particular institutional and business environments. It examines the impact of sociocultural differences, the technology intensity of investment projects and regional factors on MNCs’ entry mode choice.
Ancient futures: papal and Buddhist economics
Authors: Alexandrin Glen , Zech Charles E.
Published: July 2002

This study compares traditional, neoclassical economics with two religiously‐based economic paradigms. The first relies on an application of the teachings of Buddhism. The second, of more recent vintage, is based on Christian principles, and is grounded in the social justice teachings of the Catholic Church of the past 100 years. The exercise of comparing neoclassical economics with these two religiously‐based paradigms is not meant to replace the former with one of the latter, but to provide a pair of prisms through which neoclassical economics can be viewed and fine tuned.
Consumer concerns about food safety in Australia and Japan
Authors: Smith Dominic , Riethmuller Paul
Published: July 2002

Food safety, always an important issue, has recently gained a higher profile following a number of highly publicised incidents in Australia and overseas. Consumers in Australia and Japan were surveyed to obtain information on a range of issues including food safety. This paper presents the findings of this survey and shows that Japanese consumers tended to score lower on the measure of confidence in food safety, suggesting that they are less confident about the safety of the food they consume than Australian consumers. Other demographic factors that have a significant impact on consumer confidence in both countries are identified.
Ownership, responsibility and leadership – a historical perspective
Authors: Takala Tuomo
Published: July 2002

The aim of this article is to present the great lines of managerial thoughts concerning ownership, business, social responsibility and leadership. The perspective of consideration is historical, and especially conceptual. We noticed that in the twentieth century a modern business ideology began to take form. Old suppositions according to the classical economic theory about the nature of economic activities started to give way when the modern professional manager type came into the management of the firm. At that time also there developed the idea of the firm as an institution with many targets. The position of the firm in society changed, people started to make demands for a wider social responsibility. It was desired that this responsibility would be allocated to the firm and the top management on the basis that they had the obligation to do so. In this way management as a public steward is obliged to maintain and develop social targets. Further, it was essential that firms themselves began to understand the necessity of taking responsibility. Instead of maximizing profit in the short run, this was replaced by the relevant functioning which emphasized the firm’s long‐term benefit.
The limits to economic valuation of biodiversity
Authors: Hampicke Ulrich
Published: July 2002

In practice, monetary valuation of biotic resources by the concept of total economic value (TEV) is a powerful tool for a rational treatment of this fraction of natural capital and for its conservation. Beyond methodological limits to monetarisation with regard to its marginal character there are also moral limits. Adopting the weakest and least controversial assumptions regarding both mankind’s dependence on biodiversity and environmental ethics, one is led to the conclusion that the impossibility of communicating with future generations forbids us to value biodiversity only in monetary terms. Fairness towards futurity demands that we consider conservation as a constraint on economic activity.
The Swedish agricultural landscape – economic characteristics, valuations and policy options
Authors: Drake Lars
Published: July 2002

The Swedish agricultural landscape has changed dramatically since 1945. Agricultural land has been abandoned and the general trend has been towards less scenic and biological variety. People express a relatively high willingness to pay for preservation of agricultural landscape in contingent valuation surveys and they tend to prefer high degrees of variability. Landscape is shown to be a multidimensional entity with a complex structure of economic characteristics. The complexity makes it unlikely that simple policy solutions are optimal. It is difficult to analyse policy options in this case but much speaks in favour of some differentiated area subsidy for a large fraction of the agricultural land and individual contracts for the most biologically valuable sites.
Social capital and the privatization of public goods
Authors: Champlin Dell
Published: July 2002

Discusses the privatization of public goods and services in urban areas. Examines the common assumption that shifting responsibility for providing goods and services to private individuals will increase the sense of community or “social capital” that binds residents of an urban area together. Argues that privatization of goods such as public safety, education or community recreation may result in more spatially limited social capital, where individuals are less willing to cooperate for the common good. Shrinking the spatial dimensions of “community” to include only members of the same housing development or neighborhood may impose other costs to local governments that offset the expected savings from privatization.
The role of public libraries in the expansion of literacy and lifelong learning in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijetunge Pradeepa
Published: July 2002

This paper defines literacy and lifelong learning and their significance to the development of a country. It specifies the recent education policy reforms in Sri Lanka which emphasise the expansion of literacy and lifelong learning. It then describes the role of the public libraries in this task and discusses the status of the Sri Lankan public libraries. Gives reasons for the unresponsiveness of public libraries to the changing educational requirements. Finally, the paper gives some recommendations which will help to develop the present condition of public libraries.
The future of the library: a view from Mexico
Authors: Morales Estela
Published: July 2002

An article consisting of a series of reflections concerning the new elements that constitute libraries and presenting the characteristic terminology for the future. What will change is the form of application, and importance will be placed on bringing the information and the user closer together, regardless of the location and the format. Owing to new technologies, user demands are generating specific needs. In view of this, the library of the future will seek to attain access to, and ease of operation for, digitized information for users. It is necessary to analyze the Internet and those telecommunications which have undergone a rapid development of technology, especially in the area of electronics. Finally, attention is drawn to the role of education in resolving the questions related to the changes both at local and at universal level.
The new library ‐ a hybrid organization: the Delft situation
Authors: Waaijers Leo
Published: July 2002

In the last decade technology exploded into libraries. It impacted not only library work processes but imported notions of project management and efficiency and resulted in catalogue sharing. The Internet, with Gopher and Veronica, brought co‐operation in the field of document supply and collection co‐ordination. The most consequential technology, however, is the Web. It combines instant publishing, hyperlinking, interactivity and multimediality and is so easy to apply. Numerous new actors will make their entry into the information chain which, of course, means competition. Libraries need to define their position in this Webbed world. They have to enter the marketplace at least partially, which transforms them into hybrid organizations, both vanguard and debatable.
Strategy formation by business leaders
Authors: Harris Simon , Ghauri Pervez
Published: July 2002

The internationalization of small and medium‐sized businesses typically involves negotiation, agreement and exchange between business leaders from different national cultural values and traditions. Explores whether, and how, national values affect the strategic aims of business leaders, the content of their strategic deliberations, and the processes they follow to develop those ways of thinking into enacted strategies. The two business leaders studied were operating within the Standard Industrial Code 33.20/1, developing and combining electronic hardware and software technologies to address the needs of industrial customers world‐wide, but were from countries with different national values. The aims of the business leaders, and the processes they used to develop strategies differed, in ways which reflected their national backgrounds. The contents of the strategic issues they considered, however, were more similar, largely reflecting industry norms and demands, in these cases expressed on a global scale.
Search and performance in international exchange
Authors: Lye Ashley , Hamilton R.T.
Published: July 2002

The bulk of research in international exchange has adopted an exporter perspective. In contrast, the work reported here incorporates the importer side of the dyad. The research used an extensive multiple case study design involving 36 exporter‐importer dyads operating across four countries. The main search criteria used by importers are identified along with those areas where the perception and performance of exporters were most at variance with those being used by the importers. Field research also pointed to a marked age‐related cyclical effect in dyad performance. In addition, the best performing dyads were those in which close relationships were maintained among the people on either side, an aspect that could have been more carefully managed by some of the exporters.
Service behaviors that lead to satisfied customers
Authors: Frazer Winsted Kathryn
Published: July 2002

Examines service provider behaviors that influence customer evaluation of service encounters. Develops a list of service provider behaviors relevant to customer evaluation of a service encounter. Examines performance of these behaviors in specific restaurant and medical transactions. Then examines the relationship between performance of each behavior and encounter satisfaction. Behaviors are grouped, using factor analysis from consumer surveys, into three dimensions: concern, civility, and congeniality. Each is defined using multiple behavioral measures. Measures include concepts not widely addressed in current services literature, including conversation, respect, genuineness, attitude, and demeanor. These dimensions and constituent behaviors provide a framework for future research and service training and management.
Environmentally responsible purchase behaviour: a test of a consumer model
Authors: Follows Scott B. , Jobber David
Published: July 2002

A consumer model of environmentally responsible purchase behaviour was tested using covariance structural analysis. The model successfully predicted the purchase of environmentally responsible and non‐responsible product alternatives. A hierarchial relationship from values to product specific attitudes to purchase intention to purchase behaviour was confirmed. Individual consequences, which take the personal implications of consumption into account, were found to be just as important in predicting intention as the environmental consequences of a product. The study empirically tested a values typology as a basis to explain attitude formation.
Retailer adoption of the Internet – Implications for retail marketing
Authors: Hart Cathy , Doherty Neil , Ellis‐Chadwick Fiona
Published: July 2002

To date, most of the commentary on the impact of the Internet on retail marketing has been anecdotal, offering exaggerated speculative forecasts of its future potential. One view contends that the Internet will become a major new retail format, replacing the traditional dominance of fixed location stores. However, little academic research exists to either disprove or support the claims of Internet penetration by retailers. Seeks to redress the balance by presenting a comprehensive and rigorous review of UK retailer Internet activities. A sampling frame of 1,099 UK retail multiples was used, and each Web site individually inspected to categorise the range of marketing functions and services offered. The findings indicated that, despite the hype, the majority of retail organisations surveyed have not yet registered a Web site address. Moreover, of those retail organisations that have developed a Web site, the vast majority are using it primarily as a communication tool to promote corporate or product information to Internet users, rather than to support direct sales. In conclusion, summarises the implications of these current levels of Internet activity for the future of retail marketing.
Consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes toward domestic and foreign products
Authors: Watson John J. , Wright Katrina
Published: July 2002

Investigates the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and consumer attitudes toward foreign manufactured products in product categories in which domestic alternatives are not available. Such decision situations (i.e. product choice in categories with no domestic alternative) are common for consumers in many smaller countries throughout Europe, and thus important for marketing managers to understand. It was hypothesised that individuals with high levels of consumer ethnocentrism would have more favourable attitudes toward products from culturally similar countries in comparison to products from culturally dissimilar countries. The values classification of culture proposed by Schwartz was used to establish cultural similarity, and the attitudes of a representative sample of New Zealand consumers were assessed using a nation‐wide mail survey. Our results suggest that cultural similarity is an important consideration for highly ethnocentric consumers in the evaluation of foreign products. A number of theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Co‐operation and competition: a Darwinian synthesis of relationship marketing
Authors: Palmer Adrian
Published: July 2002

Co‐operation is a defining characteristic of ongoing buyer‐seller relationships, yet selfishness lies at the heart of Darwinian models of evolution. Discussion of relationship marketing has paid insufficient attention to the analysis of reasons why individuals incur short‐term costs in order to gain an uncertain benefit from co‐operation in the future. This paper contributes to the development of theories of relationship marketing by exploring Darwinian game‐theoretic models as a basis for buyer‐seller relationships. Indiscriminate altruism by partners may at first seem to be co‐operative behaviour, but simulations have suggested that the long‐term effect may be to reduce co‐operation.
Antecedents and actions of export pricing strategy
Authors: Myers Matthew B. , Tamer Cavusgil S. , Diamantopoulos Adamantios
Published: July 2002

The export‐pricing literature is characterized by a distinct lack of sound theoretical and empirical works. Of the marketing decision variables, pricing has received the least attention in research despite the continued identification of this issue as an important problem area for firms engaged in export marketing. Businesses competing internationally must develop an effective pricing strategy, as this is a critical factor in their operation. Globalization also requires that management coordinate prices across multiple export markets. Research is thus needed on the empirical relationship between an export‐pricing strategy (EPS) and the factors that influence this strategy, as well as the relationship between EPS and the performance of the export venture. A multidimensional conceptualization of export‐pricing strategy is proposed in order to integrate the various components of an EPS and link it with its antecedents. Theoretical insights and empirical findings from the general pricing literature, as well as executive insights from qualitative interviews, are connected with the conventional export‐pricing and strategy literature into an integrated model, and specific research propositions are offered for future cross‐industry empirical studies.
International outshopping and ethnocentrism
Authors: Piron Francis
Published: July 2002

Retail leakages caused by an increasing number of outshopping to other countries has become a growing concern among retailers in border areas. This research seeks to examine the shopping behaviour and attitudes of Singaporeans in neighboring Malaysia and, specifically, the influence of demographic and retail characteristics on outshopping. The importance of various types of secondary costs of outshopping and the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on attitudes toward outshopping are also explored. Findings reveal that food, beverage and grocery products are the most commonly outshopped items. Competitive prices and ample parking space are major reasons for outshopping frequently. Frequent outshoppers perceive fewer secondary costs than infrequent outshoppers and, as a whole, they do not feel unwelcome or guilty when outshopping. In short, this research suggests that, as consumers engage in outshopping primarily for economic reasons, they do not experience a lack of national pride or low consumer ethnocentrism.
Vote, vote, vote for Philip Kotler
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: July 2002

Thirty years ago, Philip Kotler drafted the modern marketing constitution and most would agree that it has served the discipline well. A generation on from Kotler’s conceptual charter, however, our rainbow coalition is in a state of disarray. Marketing is doubted by its scholarly citizens, questioned by a standing army of consultants and challenged by increasingly anarchistic consumers who are voting with their pocketbooks. This paper employs Kotler’s political metaphor to posit that conceptual amendments are necessary and that the democratic principles of consumer sovereignty might not be the most appropriate constitutional framework for our postmodern marketing times. A dictatorship of the imagination is advocated. An ingenuity‐led insurrection is recommended. A confederacy of creativity is called for. And a retrospective secession is suggested.
Predicting a diverse future
Authors: Laing Angus , Lewis Barbara , Foxall Gordon , Hogg Gillian
Published: July 2002

Driven by technological developments, deregulation, and globalisation the service sector in post‐industrial economies is facing unprecedented change. Utilising a scenario planning framework, the paper examines the impact of such changes on a cross‐section of service categories. Acknowledging that the derivation of generic sector wide trends from the analysis of discrete service categories runs the risk of over simplification, three core trends were identified: the increasing importance of technological mediation; changing consumer and professional roles; and decreasing importance of relational factors in consumer decision making. These trends pose fundamental challenges to service providers and offer researchers a rich context in which to advance marketing theory.
Product Management for Major Accounts – An
Opportunity to Differentiate
Authors: Turner Paul
Published: July 2002

Product management is a complex process: the effective management
and development of products can be a critical factor in determining
whether a company will succeed in winning business from the major
account market. Four key areas in the process – product
definition; product development; demand forecast and resource
allocation; and cross‐over strategy – are analysed. The view is
then put forward that by involving major account users in a joint
product partnership, suppliers can achieve both product and company
differentiation.
An Inquiry into Successful Exporting
Authors: Louter Pieter J. , Ouwerkerk Cok , Bakker Ben A.
Published: July 2002

Why are some companies successful in exporting, while others
realise only modest results? A study of 165 small and medium‐sized firms
in The Netherlands was undertaken in an attempt to explain differences
in export success between exporting companies. The results show that the
most important universal success factors are: unique products, good
communication and personal contact, focus strategy, positive attitude
and commitment towards exporting and foreign countries, market knowledge
and effective use of distribution channels. Conclusions indicate that
much more research is needed into situational determinants of export
success.
Historical, Descriptive and Strategic Perspectives on the
Construct of Product Commitment
Authors: Martin Charles L. , Goodell Phillips W.
Published: July 2002

This article traces the historical roots of an important marketing
construct: product commitment. The concept of product commitment is
viewed first as a largely behavioural phenomenon of purchase
consistency. Second, the concept is reinforced by vital cognitive and
affective preference orientations towards the product category or
specific brand. An examination of consumers′ product commitment levels
yields a number of strategic implications for marketing management
including the ability to manipulate marketing mix variables.
The Visual Components of Print Advertising: A Five‐country
Cross‐cultural Analysis
Authors: Cutler Bob D. , Javalgi Rajshekhar G. , Krishna Erramilli M.
Published: July 2002

Today, one of the most important and creative challenges in
international advertising is communicating to people of diverse cultures
and nations. The challenge arises because of increasing globalization of
economies, cultural and national differences, and advanced media
technology. A review of the literature suggests a need for comparative
analysis of advertising practices. Analyses, empirically, magazine
advertisements from the US, UK, France, India and Korea to identify
cross‐cultural similarities and differences in the visual appeal.
The Four Ps of the Marketing Concept: Prescriptive,
Polemical, Permanent and Problematical
Authors: Brownlie Douglas , Saren Michael
Published: July 2002

A day rarely passes without there being discussion of the major
changes which organizations in both the public and private sectors, are
undergoing to become more effective. The case for change is often said
to be driven by the imperatives of an increasingly demanding
marketplace; and this case is often expressed in a seductive rhetoric
which utilizes maxims and metaphors drawn from the ideological resource
of the marketing concept. The authors believe that the current penchant
for couching change initiatives in the language of marketing exposes
some of the limitations of the marketing concept. Discusses these
limitations and addresses the problems which constrain the use of the
marketing concept as an ideological resource.
Where to Now in New Product Development Research?
Authors: Craig Angie , Hart Susan
Published: July 2002

New Product Development, Research Takes the reader through the
literature on research into the dynamics of new product development,
considering and commenting on the variety of approaches reported in the
literature, describing the plethora of “critical success
factors” thrown up by the “generalist” studies in new
product development to identify the recurring themes within the
literature, and focusing on these prevalent research themes to explore
the particular research interests within each. Finally, identifies gaps
in the extant knowledge and points out areas for future research.
Postmodern Marketing?
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: July 2002

Initially dismissed as one among many intellectual fads,
postmodernism now occupies a prominent position in all manner of
academic disciplines. Although marketers have not been slow to board the
postmodern bandwagon, the majority of analyses thus far have been
preoccupied with the concept′s implications for marketing practice
rather than marketing theory. Examines the nature of postmodernism,
explores its very serious implications for marketing thought and
evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of a postmodern marketing
revolution or paradigm shift. Concludes that although postmodernism
challenges much of what marketing theorists hold dear, it offers a
number of significant conceptual compensations.
The Contemporary Use of Strategy, Strategic Planning, and
Planning Tools by Marketers: A Cross‐national Comparison
Authors: Morris Michael H. , Pitt Leyland F.
Published: July 2002

Describes how disciplinary surveys conducted in the USA and South
Africa reveal some interesting comparisons. Also how concentration
strategies can assist targeting, marketplace production and assess
market sales situations.
Political Marketing: Structure and Process
Authors: Butler Patrick , Collins Neil
Published: July 2002

Suggests that political campaigners are faced with marketing problems
and opportunities. Acknowledges the increasing professional marketing
activity in political campaigns. Examines the similarities and
differences between elections and other marketplaces. In considering
marketing in the political/electoral context, upholds the convention of
examining the distinctive marketing features of the “industry”, and
drawing out the management implications of these. Presents a model of
political marketing in terms of structural and process characteristics.
Structural characteristics include the nature of the product, the
organization and the market; outlines the marketing management
implications of these. Process characteristics are concerned with the
procedures and systems which govern marketing activity and their
implications; briefly proposes appropriate strategic responses for each.
A Preliminary Investigation into Pre‐ and Post‐Purchase Risk Perception and Reduction
Authors: Mitchell V.‐W. , Boustani Pari
Published: July 2002

Since 1960, perceived risk has been of interest to marketing academics. Their interest in the consumer decision‐making process considerably predates this, but interest in how risk varies during the process has not been so prevalent and many studies have assumed that perceived risk remains constant throughout the buying process. Tests this assumption in a study of 180 breakfast cereal shoppers, half of whom were interviewed prior to purchase and half immediately after. The results showed that risk perceptions and risk‐reducing strategy usefulness did vary between the two states. The differences were not large, but were sufficient to allow rejection of the proposed null hypothesis and to cast doubt on the assumptions made in many studies.
The Consumer Rules?
Authors: Knights David , Sturdy Andrew , Morgan Glenn
Published: July 2002

Marketing has traditionally deployed the rhetoric of consumer sovereignty and the efficiency of market relations to legitimize its role as an academic discipline and as a management practice. Draws on theoretical reflections and empirical field work in financial services to question elements of this rhetoric. It is only in recent years that, as a result of dramatic changes in the regulation and structuring of the industry, financial services has begun to subscribe to marketing as a basis for distribution and sales. Even then there is some question as to how prevalent the use of marketing concepts is in financial services. In deconstructing the rhetoric of marketing, also provides a fresh and sceptical view about its potential to deliver the benefits it claims, except perhaps in a limited sphere of the financial services. Many of the limitations of marketing, it is argued, revolve around the problematic nature of its assumptions about the consumer and the contradictory tension between claims to satisfy consumer needs while ensuring high levels of profitability.
Reflections on Jazz and Teaching: Benny and Gene, Woody and We
Authors: Holbrook Morris B. , Day Ellen
Published: July 2002

Based on an analogy with a recently revived film of The Benny Goodman
Story, draws some marketing‐related parallels between jazz musicianship
and teaching. Specifically, as in the case of artists, professors may
often pursue a product‐oriented strategy stubbornly dedicated to
honouring their own convictions at the expense of a customer‐oriented
quest for greater potential popularity. Illustrates through an interview
with Woody Herman that, as with jazz musicians, so with teachers: one
hopes that integrity will win true listeners.
The elderly consumer and non‐food purchase behaviour
Authors: Burt Steve , Gabbott Mark
Published: July 2002

Demographic change is leading to an ageing of the population in the
UK, but there is still a considerable debate as to whether the elderly
should be treated as a distinct market segment. Previous work on the
shopping preferences and activities of the elderly, undertaken mainly in
the USA, has identified a number of issues relating to patronage
behaviour and attitudes to store attributes. Seeks to examine some of
these issues in a British context. Interviews were conducted with 838
shoppers over the age of 55 in three different shopping locations,
investigating store choice and attitudes. An item of clothing was chosen
to provide the shopping context. Results suggest that gender appears to
be a more important attribute than age in determining a number of
shopping traits, in particular, actual shop choice and the expressed
motives for shop choice. Some general preference is evident among the
elderly group for locally operated rather than nationally operated store
options.
The determinants of entrepreneurial activity
Authors: Morris Michael H. , Lewis Pamela S.
Published: July 2002

Examines the interface of entrepreneurship and marketing. Defines entrepreneurship as a variable phenomenon that can be applied at the societal, organizational and individual levels. Marketing is conceptualized as a fundamentally entrepreneurial activity. Argues that entrepreneurship is an environmentally‐driven phenomenon and that the environmental determinants of entrepreneurship can be categorized into three groups: infrastructure; turbulence and personal life experiences. Draws out the implications of these determinants, and the corresponding level of entrepreneurship that they produce, for the nature and role of marketing at the macro and micro levels.
The need for moral champions in global marketing
Authors: Amine Lyn S.
Published: July 2002

In order to portray the ethical and social responsibility implications of marketing potentially harmful products to vulnerable consumers in less developed countries, newly emerging democracies, and in newly industrializing countries, presents a descriptive model depicting relationships between the individual manager, the global company, the home market environment, the host market environment, the global business environment, and the target customer abroad. The model shows how these different influences may act on a manager to shape the ethical character of decisions affecting overseas consumers. Lays a conceptual basis for the argument presented in part two, supporting the need for moral champions. Recognizes and refutes counter‐arguments, assesses managerial implications and, in conclusion, outlines an agenda for future research.
Personal construct psychology and personal selling performance
Authors: Plank Richard E. , Greene Joel N.
Published: July 2002

Proposes an alternative approach to understanding personal selling performance based on personal construct psychology, a cognitively based personality paradigm, originally formulated in clinical psychology by George Kelly. Explains how personal construct psychology theory (PCT), which reflects a constructivist epistemology, provides a conceptual framework for understanding and predicting sales performance. Demonstrates how PCT can be integrated with existing theoretical models of sales performance by suggesting a series of research propositions which can be tested using a number of different research methodologies. Considers research and practical implications.
Political marketing and party development in Britain
Authors: Wring Dominic
Published: July 2002

Argues that by utilizing a standard evolutionary model of marketing it is possible to map out three key stages in the development of electioneering, each of which is directly comparable with the production, sales and marketing orientations in commerce. In politics the respective phases can be labelled the propaganda, media and marketing approaches to the electorate. Using this framework the differences between the three campaign orientations become self‐evident. Interestingly, it also becomes possible to trace the similarities in approach, specifically the important, if previously largely unrecognized, role that basic marketing concepts have played in British elections since the beginning of the century. Contrary to popular perception, professional advertising and image consciousness are not legacies of the 1980s but date back to the decade following the introduction of near universal suffrage in 1918. The realization of popular television and consumer marketing in the 1950s exacerbated the need for more coherent party image management. Finally in the late 1970s and 1980s both main contenders for government underwent strategic changes akin to embracing a marketing orientation.
Tactical publicity or strategic relationship management? An exploratory investigation of the role of public relations in the UK retail sector
Authors: Moss Danny , Warnaby Gary , Thame Louise
Published: July 2002

Examines the role of public relations within the UK retail sector and seeks to determine whether retailers use public relations strategically ‐ as a means of managing their relationships with key stakeholder publics ‐ or simply as a tactical publicity function. Identifies, in an exploratory study conducted in four major UK retail organizations indicative of the different types of retail institutions within the UK, the main characteristics of the public relations functions and compares these with those associated with each of the four models of public relations identified by Grunig and Hunt (1984). Looks at the relationship between the marketing and public relations functions, analysing whether public relations operates as an independent function free of control from marketing or whether it operates simply as a sub‐function of marketing. Considers to what extent public relations can be said to play a strategically important role within the UK retail sector. Highlights the considerable diversity in the way in which public relations is practised within the retail organizations studied, and suggests the need for more extensive research to identify the reasons for this diversity in the way the public relations function operates within the UK retail sector.
Market orientation in the top 200 British charity organizations and its impact on their performance
Authors: Balabanis George , Stables Ruth E. , Phillips Hugh C.
Published: July 2002

Examines the degree to which leading UK charities have adopted the marketing concept in the last five years and how this has affected their performance. Based on Kohli and Jaworski’s (1990) work, an adaptation of the MARKOR scale was used to measure charities’ orientation towards their markets for funds and volunteers (donors). A mail questionnaire was sent to the top 200 UK charity organizations and a response rate of 29 per cent was achieved. Although charities’ orientation towards their donor market is still relatively low, it has significantly increased in the last five years. No differences in the levels of donor market orientation among different type of charities were observed. Donor market orientation was negatively related to the organizational size and the number of departments. A lag effect between donor market orientation and performance was detected. Discusses limitations and recommendations for future research.
The principal’s and agents’ contribution to customer loyalty within an integrated service distribution channel
Authors: Wallin Andreassen Tor , Lanseng Even
Published: July 2002

A large number of service corporations are configured with headquarters that determine the major principles of operation (services, pricing, marketing and advertising) and regional salesforces that are responsible for acquiring new customers and catering to the needs of existing customers. This separation of work within the corporation opens up a principal‐agency approach to the service production and delivery. Develops a conceptual model to examine the individual and joint work done by headquarters and regional salesforces in creating customer loyalty. Uses an external dyadic channel perspective ‐ i.e. channel and customer. A relationship between the channel and the customer is hypothesized to be one where customers perceive the regional salesforces to be their focal point to the company. Proposes and empirically tests a conceptual model based on data from 1,400 individual customers of a Norwegian life insurance company. Analyses data using structural equation modelling. Estimates headquarters’ and regional salesforces’ contribution to customer satisfaction and loyalty on the attribute level, based on path coefficients. Concludes by claiming that headquarters’ contribution to customer loyalty is more significant than that of the regional salesforces. These findings challenge headquarters’ assumptions about improving customer relations through regional salesforces. From a managerial perspective, information regarding channel members’ individual and joint contribution to customer loyalty is vital with regard to resource allocation to improve customer satisfaction and thus customer loyalty.
Questioning eschatological questions about marketing Apocalypse conditional
Authors: Fisk George
Published: July 2002

States that knowledge drawn from relevant dimensions of reality answers questions about the ultimate end of the world. Marketing technologies are appropriate means for achieving four states that reduce probabilities of an apocalyptic doomsday: population stabilization, health maintenance, conflict resolution and ecosystem renewal. Marketing knowledge can answer eschatological questions by organizing information feedback of market response, co‐operative efforts in trading networks, executing mutually beneficial market exchanges and social learning that diffuses new products and ideas. By imposing penalties and rewards that can direct all market participants towards a sustainable society, marketing technologies have the potential to encourage sustainable development rather than apocalypse.
New service development: a review of the literature and annotated bibliography
Authors: Johne Axel , Storey Chris
Published: July 2002

Provides a review and ready reference to recent writings on new service development (NSD), especially for the financial services sector. Discusses the types of new service development, the purposes served by them and the processes. Refers to the key activities of NSD and measures its success. An annotated bibliography supplies a very useful guide to the new service development literature.
Conjoint experiments for direct mail response optimization
Authors: Vriens Marco , van der Scheer Hiek R. , Hoekstra Janny C. , Roelf Bult Jan
Published: July 2002

Given the growing number of firms that use direct mail, it is important to develop methods to improve response rates. Better selection methods are useful for this improvement; determining the important characteristics of the mailing and constructing an optimal design is another way to improve the response. In this paper we focus on the latter. A framework is presented to obtain the optimal direct mail design. We propose and compare two ways of data collection, one in an experimental setting and one in a field‐experimental setting. Both approaches are illustrated with an empirical application for a charity institution, referring to the development of an optimal design of an envelope and a letter.
Expertise effects on prechoice decision processes and final outcomes
Authors: Kuusela Hannu , Spence Mark T. , Kanto Antti J.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of expertise on prechoice decision processes and final outcomes. By decomposing verbal protocols collected from 90 individuals who made one complex, mortgage loan decision, we could compare the frequency and type of elementary information processes evoked. We found that experts, relative to less knowledgeable decision makers, made a greater number of problem framing statements; made more references to why an option was being retained for further consideration; and used more compensatory decision rules. In addition, we found that misunderstanding externally provided information mediates the expertise‐choice relationship. Novices were significantly more likely to misunderstand information than were more knowledgeable decision makers. As a result, there was greater variance in novices’ final choices than was the case with experts’. The deleterious effect of mis‐understandings is disconcerting because consumers frequently miscomprehend print communications.
Do service and merchandiseexporters behave andperform differently?
Authors: Chadee Doren D. , Mattsson Jan
Published: July 2002

Research on export behaviour and the determinants of export performance of manufacturing firms abounds in the literature. By contrast relatively little research has been undertaken that focuses on service exporters despite the growing importance of service exports in most advanced industrialised countries. This paper compares the export behaviour and performance of service firms to those of manufacturing firms. The study is based on a survey of 155 small and medium size exporters from New Zealand. The results suggest that service exporters are distinctively unique in many respects and exhibit export behaviours that are different from exporters of merchandise. Generally, service firms have greater flexibility to adapt their products to the specific requirements of their customers, use direct export channels more often and are also more proactive than merchandise firms in the establishment of future export strategies. Overall, the size and commitment of service exporters have the greatest influence on their performance.
A typology of consumption based on ethnic origin and media usage
Authors: Hui Michael K. , Laroche Michel , Kim Chankon
Published: July 2002

Examines consumption as a function of two ethnicity indicators. Ethnic origin, a reflective indicator, is not subject to the volition of a person and is hardly changed by continuous contact with the mainstream group. On the other hand, media usage is partly determined by the extent and duration of one’s contacts with the mainstream group, and is therefore considered as a formative indicator. Using a sample of French‐ and English‐Canadians drawn from the Toronto area, this study provides preliminary evidence showing that ethnic origin, media usage, and other ethnicity indicators vary in terms of the extent to which they are amenable to acculturative pressure. A new typology of consumption is also introduced based on the distinction between ethnic origin as a reflective indicator and media usage as a formative indicator.
Pros and cons of online learning – a faculty perspective
Authors: Taylor Robert W.
Published: July 2002

Poses some fundamental questions which need to be answered before course developers and facilitators can transform hands‐on, classroom experiences to a totally computer‐based learning environment, as happens when adopting the Internet as a teaching medium. Recognizes that instructors face steep learning curves with the advent of Internet‐based education and emphasizes that the online environment must be created in such a way that learning can and will take place. Examines many pros and cons of online learning. Concludes that faculty life will become more complicated until members become proficient in online learning but ultimately believes that effective learning experiences will be the result.