bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intra-Jurassic Movements and the Underground Structure of the Southern Midlands
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert , Trueman Arthur E.
Published: May 2009

1. The occurrence of anticlinal folding during Jurassic times has been demonstrated by Mr. Buckman's detailed zonal work in the Vale of Moreton and in the North Cotteswolds. These anticlines are indicated on the map by marked bends in the outcrops of the Lower Jurassic formations.

2. Similar bendings of outcrops are seen at several localities in the Eastern and Southern Midlands, and the structure at one such locality—Melton Mowbray—has recently proved to be anticlinal.

3. Intra-Jurassic folding betrays itself by non-sequences and reduced thicknesses of Lower Jurassic zones along anticlinal axes. Such evidence suggests the existence of anticlinal structures in the neighbourhood of Banbury, Weedon, and perhaps also Market Harborough, in addition to the cases mentioned above.

4. Movement was probably almost continuous along some or all of these axes, at least from Rhætic to Bajocian times. Outcrops of post-Bathonian formations are not affected by the flexures, although the folding was perhaps renewed in later Jurassic or even Tertiary times.

5. Several of these lines of Jurassic folding probably follow the lines of earlier and more powerful movements. The bearing of such flexures on the structure of the Palæozoic floor is discussed.

6. Attention is called to a curious symmetry in the disposition of the Palæozoic formations on either side of a prolongation of the Pennine axis.
The Diatomaceous Earth of Lompoc, Santa Barbara Co., California
Authors: Yermoloff Nicholas , Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

LAST year Mr. J. L. Bosqui gave to the Geological Department of the British Museum part of a fossil shoal of herrings found in a marine deposit of diatoms, now being worked for commercial purposes as “celite” in Santa Barbara Co., California. The species represented has since been namedXyne grexby Professors Jordan and Gilbert, who exclude it from the genusClupeaon account of its thicker enamelled scales, enamelled opercular bones, and strong ventral scutes. The matrix, examined under the microscope, proved to consist so completely of diatoms and other siliceous organisms that it seemed desirable to submit them also to special examination. I was therefore fortunate in enlisting the services of Sir Nicholas Yermoloff, whose extended studies of such organisms make his determination and discussion of these new fossils of particular value. His notes form an interesting supplement to the following short account of the deposit, which was given by Dr. Frank M. Anderson to Professor Jordan (op. cit., p. 14):—
Some Characteristic Structural Types in Eastern Asia and their Bearing upon the Problem of Continental Movements
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

Place two or three fingers of the left hand in a fixed position and lay the right hand by the side of the tip of the fingers in such a position that the former makes an angle of some 20° to 30° with the fingers. Then turn the right hand clockwise, there will appear a series of arcuate folds around the tip of the fingers as well as some échelon folds between the left and the right hand. The greater the angle through which the right hand is twisted, the more predominant will the folds become. In this way we can produce the cranium and the limb of the system but not always the crown, which only begins to appear when the entire palm of the right hand is placed flat on the paper and twisted through a larger angle.
Further Evidence for the Contemporaneous Age of the Mourne Granite and the Rhyolites of Tardree in Northern Ireland
Authors: Rohleder Herbert P. T.
Published: May 2009

During the second half of the nineteenth century, when the district was mapped by the Geological Survey, the acid rocks (rhyolites) near Antrim town at Tardree Cottage, Scolboa, and Sandy Braes were regarded as older than both basalt sets, the lower and the upper basalts of Co. Antrim (1).
On the Occurrence of Dark Apatite in some British Rocks
Authors: Fleet W. F. , Smithson F.
Published: May 2009

In a paper (1) by one of us (W. F. F.) reference is made to the occurence in Midland sediments of apatite grains having dark purplish, often pleochroic, cores or nuclei. From an examination of the heavy minerals in Midland rocks ranging from Cambrian to Trias it is evident that these peculiar apatite grains occur at several horizons. Discoloured grains appear in the Cambrian quartzite and apatite of smoky tint in the Old Red Sandstone. In the Carboniferous rocks, dark-banded grains varying in tint from yellowish-brown to smoky-purple and occasionally pleochroic, occur with fair frequency. Similar grains are particularly noticeable in the Gornal Sandstone, which lies in the lower part of the Middle Coal Measures of South Staffordshire. An hexagonal cross section of apatite from this rock, with a dark core, was figured in the paper referred to above. Similar grains occur, though rarely, in the Enville and Bunter Sandstone, but increase in frequency in the lower Keuper Sandstone. The dark-colored “cores” may be sharp-edged or rather indefinite in contour, narrow or broad, and variable as regards depth of tint. Clear-cut bands or stripes of dark colour are exceptional.
A Supposed Implement of Quartzite from beneath the Boulder Clay of the Durham Coast
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

Having always been much interested in any evidence that might throw light on the relationship of early man to the glacial drifts, I have for twenty-five years or more watched the various beds of gravel that occur above, among, and below the Boulder Clays in the north-eastern counties for anything resembling a Palaeolithic implement. I had no approach to success, however, till about a year ago, when in a bed of water-deposited gravel at a place called Limekiln Gill on the Durham coast, between the entrance of Hesleden Dene and Blackhall Rocks, some 4 miles northwest of Hartlepool, I found in the gravel cliff about 4 feet above the level of the beach a piece of yellow quartzite, which seemed to be artificially chipped. A short while ago I sent the specimen to Mr. Reginald A. Smith, B.A., F.S.A., of the British Museum, for his opinion, and somewhat to my surprise received the following reply: “I have little doubt about your implement, and Mr. Reid Moir, who saw it yesterday, agrees that it is definitely human. It is, indeed, interesting to find such a thing in situ, and one might expect to find it in some margin between the two principal boulder clays (Interglacial of East Anglia).” Such being the opinion of these experts, the specimen becomes one of very considerable significance, since the bed in which it was found underlies the main Cheviot and Northern drift or Purple clay, which at this spot is at least 70 feet thick and consists very largely of typical boulder clay.
On the Tectonics of the Southern Midlands
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

In any purely stratigraphical treatment of a tectonic problem one of the greatest of the initial difficulties is always that of deciding where to begin, and in the present case this difficulty is unusually acute, since the primary object of the investigation is an endeavour to trace back phenomena occurring in later ages to causes of long antecedent origin. In more precise language, the object aimed at is to show that certain structural features of the Mesozoic rocks of the southern Midlands of England can be attributed to the recurrence of activity along old-established fold-lines of very early date.
Studies in Avonian Brachiopoda: I. The Genera Brachythyris and Martinia
Authors: Neville George T.
Published: May 2009

In 1844 M'Coy subdivided the genus Spirifer Sowerby into five groups, two of which, Brachythyris and Martinia, were characterized by “the presence of a hinge-line shorter than the width of the shell”. Brachythyris included forms “in which … the longitudinally-ribbed surface of Spirifera is united with the short hinge line of Martinia”. The latter included “the smooth spirifers”. M'Coy's subdivisions, however, have not been much used. More recently Mr. S. S. Buckman2 has shown that the smooth forms grouped by M'Coy and others in Martinia are the catagenetic members of several spiriferid stocks. Buckman considered that Martinia and Brachythyris were distinct from the other spirifers in their shape and in their lack of dental plates.
The Structure and Development of Holocystis Ed. and Haime
Authors: Ryder T. A.
Published: May 2009

The internal structures and development of the genus Holocystis Ed. and Haime, of which only one species, the type, has been recorded, have not previously been described. It is the purpose of this paper to repair the omission. This Aporose genus is interesting in that it exhibits certain characters normally well developed amongst Rugosa and in possessing four principal septa arranged in a cruciform manner within the calice, instead of having its septa merely arranged on the hexameral plan characteristic of normal Aporosa. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Stanley Smith for the loan of certain specimens, and for much helpful criticism and advice, and to Professor S. H. Reynolds for access to, and use of, material in the geological collections of the University of Bristol.
Some Problems of Physical Geology and the Earth's Thermal History
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper I stated that the hypothesis of a continuously cooling earth had “consistently failed to lead to any adequate explanations of fissure eruptions and other volcanic and tension phenomena, mountain-building processes and their distribution in time and space, and the alternation of marine transgressions and recessions”. It seems to be desirable that I should further justify this sweeping integration of objections, for Dr. Harold Jeffreys, who has actively explored the consequences of this theory during recent years, takes exception to my discouraging view of the position, and claims that the alleged failures include the principal successes of the theory. The evidence on which my summary indictment was based will be reviewed in this paper; and attention will be directed to certain other phenomena—such as the growth of geosynclines—of which the significance has not yet been generally realized. As a preliminary it will be convenient to discuss the gradually converging evidence bearing on the thickness and substructure of the continents.
The Igneous and Associated Ordovician Rocks of Baxter's Bank, Radnorshire
Authors: Roberts R. O.
Published: May 2009

The area described in this paper is about 5 miles east of Rhayader and 4 miles north of Llandrindod Wells. The igneous rocks come to the surface in two localities, namely Baxter's Bank and Caerfagu Mill. The former is approximately half a mile north of the main road from Rhayader to Pen-y-Bont, whilst the latter is situated immediately to the south of the main road and about three-quarters of a mile south-east of the village of Nantmel.
Recent Work on the Phacopidae
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of the paper by the present author in 1905 on the Classification of the Phacopidae, a considerable advance has been made in our knowledge of this family as a result of further and better material being obtained, and of new discoveries in different parts of the world. Many new genera and subgenera have been instituted, and modifications or limitations of some of the old terms have been introduced by various authors. The work of Wedekind, Clarke, Rud. and E. Richter, and Kozlowski has specially dealt with questions of classification, but there is still a considerable amount of diversity in the usage and application of the generic and subgeneric names.
On the Present Climatic Equivalence of British Raised Beach Mollusca
Authors: Baden-Powell D.
Published: May 2009

The object of this preliminary note is to inquire how far the marine mollusca can be used in correlating the Quaternary marine deposits in Britain.
The Heavy Minerals of the Plutonic Rocks of the Channel Islands: 2. Guernsey, Sark, and Alderney
Authors: Groves A. W.
Published: May 2009

Summary of Results

The method attempted of correlation of plutonic masses by their accessory minerals is successful, and particularly so with the acid rocks. The results effected in the Channel Islands are as follows:—

1. Confirmation of the existence of granites of two ages in Jersey, and correlation of the Fort Regent and Gorey masses for the first time.

2. Correlation of the Cobo Granite of Guernsey with the “Older” Granite of Jersey (Gorey and Fort Regent).

3. Conclusive evidence to show that the Cobo Granite is the last stage of the Differentiation Series of North Guernsey, previously thought improbable.

4. The probable occurrence of both “Newer” and “Older” Granites in Alderney, making a Pre-Cambrian age for the “Newer” Granite highly probable.

5. The dissimilarity of the heavy residue of the “Newer” Granite to that of the Dartmoor Granite.

6. The similarity of the residue of the “Older” Granite with that of the Granite Gneiss of the Lizard and their suggested correlation.

7. The individuality of the gneisses of South Guernsey.

8. The occurrence in hybrid rocks of the mineral suites (particularly the zircons) of both rocks involved, consequently we have here a new method of demonstrating the hybrid nature of a rock.

Many rocks previously termed diorites in Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney are shown petrographically not to be true diorites, some being gabbros, others hybrids.

The occurrence of acid-soused basic rocks in Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney is pointed out, and their petrography described.

The occurrence of amphibolites in Roselle Bay, Alderney, is made known for the first time, and their petrography described.

In the course of the whole work sixty-three rock specimens have been crushed and passed through bromoform according to the method of procedure previously outlined, making an aggregate of about 15 lb. of rock crushed. From this crushed rock nearly four hundred slides of grains have been prepared, and of these about 90 per cent are nonmagnetic. In addition eighteen thin sections have been prepared.

I wish to thank Mr. A. E. Mourant, B.A., for some of the specimens of gneisses from southern Guernsey, and also Dr. G. H. Plymen for the specimens from Alderney. The rest of the material. was collected by myself.
The Chief Heavy Detrital Minerals in the Rocks of the English Midlands
Authors: Fleet W. F.
Published: May 2009

The chief features exhibited by the heavy mineral residues from the various formations will now be summarized, but it is difficult to show, by tabulating or otherwise, the differences or resemblances between residues, although such may be quite obvious to the investigator. This is because the differences consist of a sum total of variations in size, shape, colour, and frequency of the mineralscontained in the residues under examination, and it is scarcely possible to indicate such differences in writing, without frequent repetition of words, there by involving a loss in clarity of expression, or if tables be employed, without losing sight of other connected data.
A Conglomerate in the Nummulitic Formation of Gebel Moqattam, near Cairo
Authors: Cuvillier J.
Published: May 2009

IN 1924 I drew attention to the presence of a coarse-grained conglomerate at the base of the Gebel Moqattam, near Kait Bey. This paper contains a detailed description of the occurrence, of which at the same time I shall endeavour to determine the strati-graphical significance.
The Use of Graphs in Palaeontology
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

To illustrate the value of graphic methods when changes in a number of distinct structural elements are studied, examples may be taken from the Carboniferous corals. These are well suited to the purpose, because thin slices yield so much information and are easily measured. In Fig. 4 a diagrammatic section is shown of one of the most highly organized corals, which exhibits the following important structural units: epitheca, tabulæ, septa, dissepiments, tabellæ, lamellæ, columella.
Silica Percentages of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Eyles V. A. , Simpson J. B.
Published: May 2009

Figs. I–VII give a graphic representation of the average silica percentage of a number of igneous rock types, so arranged as to show the relation between silica-percentage and rock nomenclature. All the analyses used were obtained from the 1917 edition of H. S. Washington's Chemical Analyses of Igneous Rocks”. This book contains some 8,000 rock analyses from many parts of the world. They are divided into two classes, superior and inferior. Only those of the former category (some 6,000 in all) have been utilized.
The Primary Zones of Cornish Lodes
Authors: Davison E. H.
Published: May 2009

During the last two and a half years I have been engaged in the study of the Cornish Veinstones in the field and in the laboratory by microscopic and other methods, and have come to the following conclusions:—
Platinum-bearing Rocks in the Lizard District
Authors: McPherson G. , Lamb T.
Published: May 2009

Some remarks made at a meeting of the Cornish Institute of Engineers by Dr. R. H. Rastall directed attention to the possibility of platinum being found in the Lizard. In a paper upon “Ore Deposits of Igneous Origin”, Dr. Rastall pointed out that in the Lizard the local characteristics were favourable to the presence of platinum, although no definite information of its occurrence had been reported. Much interest was aroused locally by these remarks, and the writers resolved to investigate the alluvials derived from the altered ultrabasic igneous rocks of the Lizard Group.
The Zone of Anthracomya tenuis in the Somerset Coalfield
Authors: Dix E. , Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

The paucity of animal remains in the Coal-measures of Somerset has been recognized for many years. More recently Dr. H. Bolton has described fossils from various horizons in the coalfield, but his records relate chiefly to insects and marine fossils, while non-marine Lamellibranchs appear to be unusually rare at most horizons. A number of species of non-marine Lamellibranchs have been recorded by various authors, but in view of the wide interpretation formerly given to the various species, many of these records cannot be used for zonal purposes.
The Relation of the Edale Shales to the Carboniferous Limestone in North Derbyshire
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

The following paper deals with the results obtained from investigations made during recent years in North Derbyshire with a view towards elucidating the relation of the so-called “Yoredale“ or “Pendleside ” Series to the Carboniferous Limestone.
The Northern Range of Trinidad
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

The northern mountain range of schistose rocks of the Island of Trinidad reaches an altitude of 3,012 feet in Mount Tucutche and consists of a wild and tumbled mass of ridges with deep intervening valleys clothed from top to bottom with tropical vegetation, the abode of a practically undisturbed fauna and flora. Westwards the range is continued in the rugged and precipitous islands of Monos, Huevos, and Chacacare between which are the Bocas through which ships pass in entering the Gulf of Paria from the north. The entrance to the Gulf is famous for its scenic beauty. North-eastwards the schist-range reappears in the island of Tobago, but no limestones are reported to occur among the rocks there. Westwards the high range of schistose mountains continues along the northern coast of a great part of Venezuela,4 and over 800 miles further west at Santa Marta in the Kepublic of Colombia I have seen a series of schists very similar in lithology to those that form the northern range of Trinidad.
On the Investigation of the Mechanical Constitution of Loose Arenaceous Sediments by the method of Elutriation, with special reference to the Thanet Beds of the Southern Side of the London Basin
Authors: Baker Herbert Arthur
Published: May 2009

IN giving graphical expression to the data obtained by mechanical analyses of sediments, the use of curves was found to be very satisfactory. After some consideration the method finally adopted was to mark off along a horizontal abscissa a scale of percentage-weights, from 0 to 100, and upwards, along a vertical ordinate, a scale of grade-size limits from 0 to ·2 mm. and beyond. In cases where the range of the diameters of the grains in a sample is very great it would be necessary to employ a method of reducing the representative lengths, and this has sometimes been done by marking off lengths proportional to the logarithms of the diameters; but in the case of the arenaceous sediments dealt with by the writer, the necessity for this did not arise, and in the curves illustrating this paper, the ordinate lengths shown are directly proportional to the diameters represented. The length along an abscissa, intercepted between the first ordinate and the curve, represents the total percentage weight of the sample which, up to the limit of size specified, has been washed off, and the remaining length signifies the percentage-weight yet remaining to be dealt with. A tendency towards verticality on the part of the curve denotes relative absence or paucity of material of the sizes specified, and, correspondingly, a tendency towards horizontality signifies a preponderance of material of the size specified. Hence, a fine-grained sediment will give a curve occupying the lower part of the diagram, and with increasing coarseness of sediment the curve climbs successively higher and higher. (See Figs. 2, 3, and 6.)
North American Species of the Brachiopod Etheridgina
Authors: Greger D. K.
Published: May 2009

THE series of minute, adherent species of Brachiopoda brought together in the following discussion are usually assigned by American palæontologists to the genus Strophalosia, but recent writers have come to recognize the fact that, in America at least, the genus Strophalosia is a polyphyletic group. Dr. Stuart Weller, in his monograph on the Mississippian Brachiopoda (1914), all but recognizes the generic value of these minute shells when he points out the lack of harmony in the series of forms which he places in the genus Strophalosia.
The Red Rocks between the Carboniferous and Trias, and the Spirorbis Limestones of the Keele Beds, in the Birmingham District
Authors: Boulton W. S.
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in 1924 the writer described a breccia passed through in a boring at Nechells, Birmingham, which there about 350 feet thick, overlain unconformably by the Keuper. Sandstone, and lying unconformably on the Calcareous Conglomerate Group ( = the Corley Beds), which is included in the Carboniferous by the Geological Survey.
The Petrography of the Triassic Sandstone of North-East Ireland
Authors: Reynolds Doris L.
Published: May 2009

Between the years 1869–83 the Triassic sandstone of North-East Ireland was examined and mapped by the Geological Survey under the direction of Hull. The rocks were correlated with those of similar age in Lancashire and Cheshire, the lithological characters described and the exposures noted. Later the Belfast district was resurveyed under the direction of Lamplugh, who suggested, in the Memoir published in 1904, that the Triassic sandstone should be correlated with the St. Bees sandstone rather than with that of Lancashire and Cheshire. Attention was also drawn to the probable incorrect mapping of the Trias near Belfast.
On the Unconformity at the Base of the Ashgillian in the Bala District
Authors: Bacroft B. B.
Published: May 2009

The possibility of an unconformity at the base of the Ashgillian in North Wales seems to have suggested itself to several of those who have worked in that region. A definite verdict, however, has never been recorded, and the prevailing, if not general, view is that the Caradocian and Ashgillian are everywhere conformable.
On some New Species from the Lower Carboniferous of Ballycastle, Co. Antrim
Authors: Smyth Louis B.
Published: May 2009

In the course of collecting in the Ballycastle coalfield, the species described in this note were obtained. Details of the associated fauna will be found in the forthcoming memoir of the Geological Survey of Ireland relating to the district. It is only necessary to, mention here that the beds from which the present material comes are, in the memoir, referred to a D2 horizon.
On Lower Lias Ammonites from Skye
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

The writer has thought it desirable, in the following observations, to embody the results of his examination, last September, of the Arnioceras-bearing beds of Ardnish, near Broadford in Skye. The strata yielded a number of Ammonites of the Upper Coroniceras, gmuentdensis, and Ætomoceras subzones, and belong chiefly to the “Shaly Beds” of division iv of the Broadford Beds of the Survey Memoir on “The Geology of Glenelg, Lochalsh, and the South-East Part of Skye” (1910). They are therein referred, as by Professor Judd in his well-known paper on “The Secondary Rocks of Scotland”, to the bucklandi and semicostatus zones. Judd, the founder of the zone of A. semicostatus, certainly, however, misidentified some of his Ammonites, besides confusing his Lincolnshire A. geometricus with Young and Bird's A. semicostatus of a much higher horizon. Similarly, the Rev. J. E. Cross, in his paper on the “Geology of North-West Lincolnshire” (Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxi, 1875), recorded A. semicostatus from both the lower Gryphcæa incurva beds and the higher Scunthorpe Ironstone, which presents close analogy with the gmuendensis-Ætomoceras-Agassiceras beds of the Harzburg Ironstone. In reality this Ammonite (Arnioceras semicostatum) occurs in a much higher zone than either of these Lincolnshire beds.
The Barrettia Beds of Jamaica
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

Barrettia, the most abnormal of the Rudistæ, and among the strangest of all the mollusca, was first found in Jamaica by Lucas Barrett, F.G.S., in the year 1861. The specimens were ably described by S. P. Woodward, F.G.S., in 1862. The original specimens, now in the British Museum of Natural History, consist of polished transverse and longitudinal sections of the upper part of the shell, the latter showing the junction of the upper and lower valves, and a cross section of the young shell near the apex of the lower valve. They were called Barrettia monilifera in honour of the discoverer. The locality where they were found was on the banks of the Back River, a tributary of the Rio Grande, about 15 miles from the coast in Portland Parish in the north-east of the island. The rock is described as a hard, grey limestone which occurs in bands of a few inches to a yard in thickness, subordinate to many hundreds of feet of shale which graduate up into other grey shales of the Eocene, followed by white limestones of Miocene age.
On Dinocochlea ingens, n.gen.et sp., a gigantic Gastropod from the Wealden Beds near Hastings
Authors: Woodward B. B.
Published: May 2009

During the construction by the Hastings Corporation of a new arterial road to th.e north of St. Leonards, near Silver Hill, not far from the Old Eoar Waterfall, and close to the quarry dubbed by Mantell the “Iguanodon Necropolis”, the cutting passed through some sandy beds of the Wadhurst Clay Series. In these there was one particular stratum that had been a pale blue concretionary calciferous sandstone, but which had been altered for the most part by the percolation of water into a rusty-brown ferruginous sandrock.1 Numerous large, typical concretions occurred in it, but besides these Mr. H. L. Tucker, who was then acting as engineer to the contractors for the work, noticed the presence of certain huge spiral bodies that seemed to differ from the ordinary concretions. These bodies generally lay in cavities, or “moulds” in the surrounding sandstone, but unfortunately no part of these moulds was preserved.
On a Freshwater Shale with Viviparus and Associated Beds from the Base of the Carboniferous Rocks in Ribblesdale, Yorkshire
Authors: Garwood E. J.
Published: May 2009

The specimens here described were obtained by the writer from a pocket in the surface of the Silurian Slates about 200 yards to the north of Gillet Brae, exposed during the preliminary excavation for Mr. Delany's quarry (the Horton Lime Works) in 1889. The quarry is situated on the right bank of the Ribble, opposite Horton village. The site of the exposure is now buried under tip heaps and there is little chance of further sections being exposed.
A Model of Peloneustes philarchus
Authors: Hutchinson H. Neville
Published: May 2009

Plate XIV shows two photographs of a model I have recently made in order to show the outward aspect of Peloneustes philarchus, a pliosaur from the Oxford Clay. It is based on the complete mounted skeleton now in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, a part of the well-known Leeds collection. This skeleton has a length of 10 ft. 6 in., and my model is 23 in. long, so the scale is roughly about 1:5. No other museum possesses a mounted skeleton of this genus, the nearest thing to which is the Trinacromerum, described as a Cretaceous plesiosaur by Dr. S. W. Williston in his work on Water Reptiles of the Past and Present, Chicago, 1915, where a restoration is shown on p. 89, fig. 42. The specimen is in the Museum of the University of Kansas. This same Leeds collection has given us two fine mounted skeletons of the genus Cryptoclidus, of the family Elasmosauridæ, and now we have also this fine mounted skeleton of Peloneustes, which belongs to the Pliosauridae. Hence it is now possible for geologists to see at a glance the chief characteristics of these two families, and my hope is that this model may be of some use to students of Palæontology. In making the model I have had the advantage of much valuable assistance from my friend, Mr. E. Godwin, an accomplished sculptor, without whose assistance I doubt if it could ever have been completed; for when I attempted to model the head I found a task that was beyond my power to accomplish properly, not having had any training in the art of sculpture.
III.—Glacier Motion
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

Sir Henry Howorth in his Ice or Water deals in considerable detail with the various theories of glacier motion which have been propounded. His works are veritable mines of information concerning the subject of ice and water, and he is everywhere anxious to give all workers credit for the work they have done, to state their theories correctly, and if he should differ from their conclusions to do so in a kindly spirit. Among other theories of glacier motion he refers to the one for which I am responsible. Referring to this theory he says—

“In the Philosophical Magazine for 1888 Mr. Deeley propounded what he claimed to be a new theory of glacier motion. In this paper he very rightly says ‘that every change of outline suffered by a glacier, if we disregard melting and the small internal changes of bulk produced by pressure, etc., is due to the shear of ice plane over ice plane’. He further says of glacier motion: ‘We have, therefore, two kinds of motion—one a bodily slide in a downward direction, and another due to the differential motion of the ice not in contact with the ground.’ In order to explain the latter he postulates that constant liquefaction and resolidification is taking place within a glacier by the sun’s heat penetrating it and melting certain portions, and inasmuch as a glacier has a tendency to sink in consequence of its gravity, the liquefying of certain portions of its interior will take away the support of the rest and let it sink down.
IV.—Note on a Landslip in the Isle of Wight
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: May 2009

The accompanying sketch is from a photograph taken in April, 1906, of a series of landslips just east of Chilton Chine, near Brixton, on the south coast of the Isle of Wight. The cliff, which

is composed of Brick-earth on gravel and this overlying Weald Clay, had fallen away in a series of blocks of triangular section, which were alternately base and apex uppermost; the apices in places were quite acute, and one could stride from base to base over the sharply denned apex of a clay triangle. The bases of these triangles were the grassed surface, and the apices of toughened and slickensided Brick-earth which stood up, perhaps, 4 feet beyond the grass; where the apex would naturally have been higher it was usually broken away and crumbled down. There were spaces between the blocks large enough for a horse to fall down and as much as 15 feet deep, at which depth the talus blocked the view. These spaces were overhung by the triangle that stood on its apex, so that the surface contour of my section is correct. At the time the photograph was taken the landslide was quite new, that is, small pieces of clay were falling from the overhanging faces and the fractures of grass and clay looked perfectly fresh. Possibly it had only occurred a few hours previously.
V.—On the Teeth and Buccal Structures in the genus Conulus, Leske
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

The question as to the existence and characters of the jaws in Conulus albogalerus, Leske, has long been a subject of controversy. On prima facie evidence it seemed probable, so long as the genus was retained among the Holectypoida (the Galeritidæ of older authors), that jaws existed. Conulus appears as a successor to Discoidea among the Cretaceous Echinoids, and, with a few exceptions, all echinologists admitted that the latter genus was armed with a lantern and teeth. The truth of this assumption was proved by Lovén (Lovén, 1892, p. 53), and the details of the jaw structure were elaborated recently by myself in this Magazine (pp. 148–52, PL VI, 1909). That Conulus should be classed among the Holectypoida seems to be an established proposition, and it appeared in the early part of the Cretaceous period, together with Pyrina, probably as an offshoot from the Holectypus line of descent.
VI.—Fossil Myriopods from the Middle Coal-measures of Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale, Lancashire
Authors: Baldwin Walter
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for December, 1907, a brief account was given by Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., of the work of a small committee of Littleborough and Rochdale geologists, who have for several years been engaged in an examination of the Arthropod Beds at Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale. At Sparth Bottoms several beds of greyish-blue shale, containing clay-ironstone nodules, crop out; the nodules have yielded to the hammer a surprisingly large number of new forms of Arthropoda, some of which have already been figured and described, and others still require further investigation. The beds exposed in the quarry are estimated by the author as 135 to 180 feet above the Royley Mine Coal Seam.
II.—Note on the Limestone Fragments in the Agglomerate of the “Rock and Spindle” Volcanic Vent, St. Andrews, Fife
Authors: Balsillie David
Published: May 2009

In the agglomerate of the volcanic necks of Eastern Fifeshire are incorporated, as has long been known, numerous fragments of sedimentary rock. These, it is generally believed, represent the broken-up remains of the strata which at some former time occupied their sites. Many of them have obviously been subjected to excessively high temperatures, others show no sign whatever of igneous action. Thus, occasionally we find quartzites and lydian stone representing what once must have been sandstones amd clay shale; or, again, the constituent layers of a sandy or carbonaceous shale may be seen to be still adherent and so little altered as to display on a freshly exposed surface admirably preserved plant-remains. Lime-stone blocks also occur sometimes converted into marble, frequently unchanged; in the latter case, exhibiting on their weathered exteriors the remains of those organisms which give at once the clue to the conditions accompanying the deposition of their parent stratum. It is with special reference to these limestone fragments that this note has been written and particularly to those occurring in one vent—the well-known “Rock and Spindle”—a mile and a half to the east of St. Andrews.
III. Description of a New Species of Actibocrinus from the Mountain-limestone of Lancashire
Authors: Rose John
Published: May 2009

Amongst a number of Crinoidal remains collected from the Mountain-limestone near Clitheroe, in Lancashire, I found one which differs from any I have before seen, and which is belived to be new. This is as yet unique, and is now in the British Museum.
II.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos: Continued from page 16
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

3. Third Period of Volcanic Activity in the Lipari Islands.

Although, as we have already seen, the older volcanic formations of the Liparis present us with features of no little interest, yet it is on account of the cones and lava-streams, composed of rocks of singular beauty and almost unique character,—which are the product of the latest developments of igneous action in these islands, that the attention of geologists is most frequently directed to them.
I.—The Development of River Meanders
Authors: Davis W. M.
Published: May 2009

The paper by Dr. Callaway, “On a Cause of River Curves,” in the Geological Magazine for October, 1902, suggests comment for two reasons: first, because the cause that he brings forward seems of doubtful application; second, because the habitual entrance of branch streams at a certain part of the curves of main streams is satisfactorily explained by controls which seem to be of surer and more powerful application than the control which he advocates.

In ascribing to a tributary the power to make a main stream bend in a definite manner towards the tributary, and thus determine the habitual entrance of tributaries on the convex side of the main stream's curves, Dr. Callaway argues that the detritus brought by the tributary will be deposited on the further side of the main stream and somewhat below the tributary's mouth. Various examples known to me of the deposits formed by side streams in the channels of main streams do not bear out this conclusion: the detritus is not deposited on the further side of the main stream, but as a delta at the mouth of the tributary or a little below it; and the main stream does not bend toward, but away from the tributary. The Rhine, the Colorado, and many other rivers that might be instanced, show abundant examples of this kind. Moreover, the assumption of an initially straight main river, as stated by Dr. Callaway, involves an extreme improbability. Rivers cannot be habitually straight in their initial stage, and the bends with which they begin are as a rule spontaneously exaggerated in their later development.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

It falls to the lot of only a very few able men to take up some neglected branch of science, and by their genius, their energetic work, the discoveries they make, assisted by their personal charm and bonhomie, to be able to attract general attention to their researches, and so attain a great public success, filling with interest and enthusiasm the intelligent, and attracting even the veriest tyro within the circle of their investigation. Such has been the outcome of the life-work of our friend and associate of many years, Professor John Milne, whose untiring energy in the study of Seismology has obtained for it now a foremost place in the physical sciences as having most important bearings on the economy of the globe and the very existence of our race.
VIII.—Recent Breccias in Bolivia
Authors: Evans John William
Published: May 2009

In February of last year Professor Bonney read an instructive paper before the Geological Society, in which he enumerated and briefly described a number of the principal breccias found in the geological series. He also gave a short description of some of the best known recent breccias—the stone rivers of the Falkland Islands and the angular detritus that fringes the foot of the hillsides in Persia, Central Asia, and Northern Hindustan. In conclusion, he expressed his opinion that most of the ancient breccias referred to in his paper indicated “a climate, arid, liable to extremes of temperature, with cold winters. The precipitation probably was connected with this season, and took the form of snow.” He thought, however, that in some cases “hot summers and occasional torrential rainfalls” might produce the same effects.

I have recently had an opportunity of examining an extensive breccia at the foot of the Andes and margin of the Amazonian plain, which is still in process of formation under somewhat different conditions.

In north-eastern Bolivia the Andes consist of numerous parallel ranges trending north-west and south-east. At the point where the river Beni enters the great forest plain the outer or north-eastern chain is that to which I have referred as the Bala-Susi mountains. The highest summits rise to about 5,000 feet above the sea, but some of the saddles do not exceed 2,000 or 2,500 feet in altitude.

The lower slopes are clothed with trees, and from their foot, at an altitude of 650 to 1,500 feet, commences a gentle incline.
VI.—Two New Species of Cirripedia from the Tithonian of Stramberg, Moravia
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Dr. M. Remeš, of Olmütz, Bavaria, recently submitted to Dr. F. A. Bather for determination, a small suite of fossils collected by him from the Tithonian of Stramberg, Moravia. Among them were two Cirripede valves which Dr. Bather kindly handed to me for identification. These two carinal valves cannot be referred to any of the described species, and, since they differ much from each other in size and ornament, I have felt myself compelled to describe them as separate species. The specimens remain in the collection of Dr. M. Remeš, but reproductions are preserved in the Geological Department of the British Museum.
III.—What is Laterite?
Authors: Fermor L. Leigh
Published: May 2009

Few natural mineral products have aroused more general interest or been more provocative of discussion amongst geologists than that superficial rock-formation so typical of the tropics known as laterite. This material excites interest not only because of its chemical composition, but also on account of its wide distribution. It has been recorded, for instance, from tropical South America (e.g. the Guianas and Brazil), Central Africa (e.g. Guinea and East Africa), the Seychelles, India, the Malay Peninsula, the East Indies, and Western Australia. Many papers have been published dealing with its distribution, composition, and also its origin, to explain which many hypotheses have been invented.
I.—Note in Explanation of Plate VII., to Illustrate the Theory of Subsidence and Elevation of Land, and the Permanence of Oceans
Authors: Garnder J. S.
Published: May 2009

Fig. 1 is intended to represent a section across an ocean basin. It is supposed that the combined weight of water (1) and sediment (2), acting upon an elastic layer of rock (3), compresses the fluid layer which underlies it (4), and forces it to escape laterally, and either to accumulate and partially solidify, thus raising the crust above; or, where the tension is extreme, and the resistance inadequate, to form fissures or vents. The continuously sustained pressure towards the centre of the basin constantly converts fresh solid into fluid, which escapes again and again, perhaps at intervals of centuries, causing fresh upheavals or eruptions, perpetually deepening the ocean basin.
VI.—Notes on the Vertebrata of the Pre-Glacial Forest Bed Series of the East of England
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

The following list includes all the species belonging to these two groups which have hitherto been recorded from the “Forest Bed Series.”
IV.—The Glaciation of the Shetland Isles
Authors: Peach B. N. , Horne John
Published: May 2009

In the May Number of the GeologicalMagazine, Mr. Milne Home expresses anew his doubts about our conclusions on the glaciation of Shetland, laying special emphasis on the discordance between the statements of Mr. C. W. Peach and ourselves. He also cites Dr. Hibbert and Mr. Russell as to the position of certain boulders which, he considers, are at variance with our conclusions. In his recent criticisms, Mr. Milne Home still displays a curious misapprehension of many of the facts bearing on this question; besides he has committed a serious error in making allowance for the magnetic variation, on the strength of which he tries to establish a discordance between the trend of the ice-markings as given by Mr. C. W. Peach and ourselves, in Unst and the Outskerries of Whalsay.
IV.—Note on the ‘Lower Tremadoc’ Rocks of St. David's, Pembrokeshire
Authors: Pringle John
Published: May 2009

In the year 1866 Hicks and Salter recorded the occurrence of certain rocks in the neighbourhood of St. David's which they regarded as Tremadoc deposits. The beds appeared to them to rest conformably on the Lingula Flags, but when the rocks were compared with those of the Tremadoc area striking lithological differences were noticed. Accompanying the report was a list of fossils collected from the beds, and the fauna was so wholly unlike that of the North Wales deposits that the authors were led to conclude that the dissimilarity was due to the conditions under which the strata were deposited.
IV.—On the Carboniferous Basement Beds at Ingleton
Authors: Johns Cosmo
Published: May 2009

During the Spring meeting of the Yorkshire Geological Society at Pateley Bridge it was suggested that, as a first step towards the zonal classification of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Yorkshire, it would be desirable to determine the horizon of the basement beds at Ingleton as compared with the Avon sequence. As the Yorkshire Naturalists Union had arranged a meeting at Ingleton for May 12–14th, the geological route was arranged so as to include as many exposures of the basement beds as possible. The result of the observations made then and during subsequent visits is the subject of this communication.
III.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A Few Gasteropoda were recorded by Messrs. Marr and Roberts from the Trinucleus seticornis Beds, principally from the Redhill stage, but Mr. Tumbull has been fortunate in obtaining a comparatively large number of species. The specimens are not usually well preserved, and the specific or even generic determination of all is not possible with the present material. Some interesting new forms, however, can be detected, and the following list can now be given: —
VI.—Some Further Considerations of the Genesis of the Gold Deposits of Barkerville, B.C., and the Vicinity
Authors: Atkin Austin J. R.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of my paper “The Genesis of the Gold Deposits of Barkerville,” the frequency with which it has been suggested to me that the gold in the placers spoken of might have been precipitated in sitû has led me to place before you the reasons for ascribing to it the origin therein stated.
III.—Remarkable Examples of Atmospheric Erosion of Rocks in Corsica
Authors: Tuckett F. F.
Published: May 2009

In the course of repeated visits to Corsica I have been much struck by the extraordinary erosion, not only of cliffs, but even more so of detached masses or boulders, from near sea-level to heights of 5,000 to 6,000 feet; and, having taken some photographs last January of specimens of the kind last referred to, I sent them to my friend Professor Bonney, who informed me that he had never met with any instances of erosion of such a peculiar and unusual character, and asked whether I could furnish him with a fragment of the rock.