bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Next for Strategic-level Leadership Research?
Authors: Storey John
Published: February 2005

This article focuses attention on executive level leadership. It identifies the central issues involved in the study of leadership at this level. It also constructs an agenda for future research for this echelon. Despite the massive growth in activity directed towards leadership development, little of this has been directed at the top level; instead most activity has been focused on junior and middle levels of organizational leadership. A distinction is drawn between ‘leadership in organizations’ and ‘leadership of organizations’. The former can be taken to refer to team leadership and the latter to overall leadership, which includes responsibility for setting the mission and designing the architecture of the organization. This article does not deny the importance of continued research in the former area, but it does argue that more attention needs to be directed towards the study of ‘organizational leadership’ - denoting in this usage executive leadership or strategy-level leadership. The central quest thus becomes to identify the critical issues which relate specifically or especially to leadership at this level. Three key interrelated themes are identified: structural/relational issues; functional issues; and legitimacy issues.
Eating the Menu Rather than the Dinner: Tao and Leadership
Authors: Prince Lesley
Published: February 2005

Despite many thousands of theoretical and empirical studies, leadership remains a tantalizing enigma for Western thinkers and practitioners. This is perhaps the result of two interrelated presuppositions. First, our conceptions of leadership are rooted in a cultural framework, ultimately theological in origin, of hierarchy and control that emphasizes outside direction and separation. Second, Western language codes leadership as a noun and therefore as a separable object of study. Nouns are typically regarded as denoting physical objects, and therefore leadership tends on the whole to be reified and treated as if it can be dissected and examined much as one would examine any other object in the environment. In contrast the Eastern tradition of Taoism treats leadership, more specifically the use of power, as a fluid set of interrelations co-ordinated with a natural order as it is, emphasizing co-ordination, location and connection with environmental contexts, rather than modification of the environment in line with an intellectual idea of what we would prefer it to be. Whereas for the West leadership is about active and shaping control, for Taoism it is more about engagement, understanding and co-ordination. This article argues that this approach offers some timely and important insights that have been consistently overlooked or downplayed in Western theorizing.
The Multiplicity of Selves and Selves Management: A Leadership Challenge for the 21st Century
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Stephens Debra Lynn
Published: February 2005

As we move through the stages of our lives, most of us continuously add personal and professional ‘selves’ to a growing list of identities. From infancy to adolescence to adulthood, new selves with various role requirements are added, including friend, lover, co-worker, boss, spouse, and parent. While this rising number of selves impacts every aspect of our existence, few among us plan for their growth in a strategic way. An additional complication is that the mixing of personal and professional roles throughout the day, rather than assigning them to discrete blocks of time, has become increasingly acceptable. Therefore, a primary challenge for leaders is to look beyond the typical boundaries of our public lives and help sub-ordinates develop appropriate synergies among selves that lead to personal and professional success.
Platelet activation in cystic fibrosis
Authors: O'Sullivan Brian P. , Linden Matthew D. , Frelinger Andrew L. , Barnard Marc R. , Spencer-Manzon Michele , Morris James E. , Salem Raneem O. , Laposata Michael , Michelson Alan D.
Published: February 2005

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a mutation of the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). We examined platelet function in CF patients because lung inflammation is part of this disease and platelets contribute to inflammation. CF patients had increased circulating leukocyte-platelet aggregates and increased platelet responsiveness to agonists compared with healthy controls. CF plasma caused activation of normal and CF platelets; however, activation was greater in CF platelets. Furthermore, washed CF platelets also showed increased reactivity to agonists. CF platelet hyperreactivity was incompletely inhibited by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). As demonstrated by Western blotting and reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), there was neither CFTR nor CFTR-specific mRNA in normal platelets. There were abnormalities in the fatty acid composition of membrane fractions of CF platelets. In summary, CF patients have an increase in circulating activated platelets and platelet reactivity, as determined by monocyte-platelet aggregation, neutrophil-platelet aggregation, and platelet surface P-selectin. This increased platelet activation in CF is the result of both a plasma factor(s) and an intrinsic platelet mechanism via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/adenylate cyclase, but not via platelet CFTR. Our findings may account, at least in part, for the beneficial effects of ibuprofen in CF. (Blood. 2005;105:4635-4641)
Stress-induced activation of the p53 tumor suppressor in leukemia cells and normal lymphocytes requires mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species
Authors: Karawajew Leonid , Rhein Peter , Czerwony Grit , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter
Published: February 2005

The p53 system is highly stress sensitive and integrates diverse intracellular signals in a complex and poorly defined manner. We report on the high dependence of stress-induced p53 activation on mitochondrial activity. Down-regulation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTMP) by inhibitors of electron transport (rotenone, thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA)) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis (oligomycin) prevented stress-induced p53 protein accumulation and abrogated p53-dependent apoptosis in a wild-type p53 leukemia cell line MOLT-3, in primary leukemia cells and in normal T lymphocytes. Using genome-wide gene expression analysis, stress-induced up-regulation of the p53 transcriptional targets and their specific inhibition by oligomycin has been demonstrated. Oligomycin did not impair p53-independent apoptosis and caused only a slight reduction of intracellular ATP levels. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) localized to mitochondria decreased in the presence of oligomycin, and stress-induced p53 activation showed strong ROS sensitivity both in leukemic and normal cells. These observations identify mitochondrial activity, described by MTMP and ROS levels, as a critical intracellular determinant of the p53 stress sensitivity and suggest potential implications of this linkage in the mechanisms of chemoresistance of acute leukemia cells. (Blood. 2005;105:4767-4775)
Constitutive homing of mast cell progenitors to the intestine depends on autologous expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR2
Authors: Abonia J. Pablo , Austen K. Frank , Rollins Barrett J. , Joshi Sunil K. , Flavell Richard A. , Kuziel William A. , Koni Pandelakis A. , Gurish Michael F.
Published: February 2005

Homing of mast cell progenitors (MCps) to the mouse small intestine involves the interaction of α4β7 integrin with mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). We now demonstrate the dependence of this process on CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) using null strains and mice sublethally irradiated and bone marrow (BM) reconstituted (SIBR) with wild-type or null BM or with wild-type BM followed by administration of blocking antibody. The intestinal MCp concentration in CXCR2-/- mice was reduced by 67%, but was unaltered in CC chemokine receptor 2-/- (CCR2-/-), CCR3-/-, or CCR5-/- mice. SIBR mice given CXCR2-/- BM had an intestinal MCp concentration that was 76% less than that in BALB/c BM reconstituted mice. Antibody blockade of VCAM-1 or of CXCR2 in SIBR mice reduced intestinal MCp reconstitution, and mice lacking endothelial VCAM-1 also had a marked reduction relative to wild-type mice. Finally, the half-life of intestinal MCps in wild-type mice was less than one week on the basis of a more than 50% reduction by administration of anti-α4β7 integrin or anti-CXCR2. Thus, the establishment and maintenance of MCps in the small intestine is a dynamic process that requires expression of the α4β7 integrin and the α-chemokine receptor CXCR2.
Thrombin-catalyzed activation of factor VIII with His substituted for Arg372 at the P1 site
Authors: Nogami Keiji , Zhou Qian , Wakabayashi Hironao , Fay Philip J.
Published: February 2005

Thrombin-catalyzed proteolysis at Arg372 of factor VIII is essential for procofactor activation. However, hemophilia A patients with the missense mutation Arg372 to His possess a mild to moderate phenotype yet show no detectable cleavage at this bond. To evaluate this discrepancy, we prepared and stably expressed a recombinant, B-domainless factor VIII mutant (R372H) that possessed approximately 1% the specific activity of wild type. Cleavage at R372H by thrombin occurred with an approximately 80-fold decreased rate compared with wild type. N-terminal sequence analysis of the derived A2 subunit confirmed that cleavage occurred at the His372-Ser373 bond. Factor VIII R372H was activated slowly, attained lower activity levels, and exhibited an apparent reduced inactivation rate compared with factor VIII wild type. These observations were attributed to a reduced cleavage rate at His372. Factor Xa generation assays showed similar Michaelis-Menten constant (Km, apparent) values for thrombin-catalyzed activation for either factor VIII form, but suggested an approximately 70-fold reduced maximum velocity (Vmax) for factor VIII R372H. However, prolonged reaction with thrombin yielded similar activity and stability values for the mutant and wild-type factor VIIIa forms. These results indicate a markedly reduced rate of cleavage following substitution at the P1Arg, and this property likely reflects the severity of the hemophilia A phenotype.
Lnk inhibits erythropoiesis and Epo-dependent JAK2 activation and downstream signaling pathways
Authors: Tong Wei , Zhang Jing , Lodish Harvey F.
Published: February 2005

Erythropoietin (Epo), along with its receptor EpoR, is the principal regulator of red cell development. Upon Epo addition, the EpoR signaling through the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) activates multiple pathways including Stat5, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K)/Akt, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The adaptor protein Lnk is implicated in cytokine receptor signaling. Here, we showed that Lnk-deficient mice have elevated numbers of erythroid progenitors, and that splenic erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-e) progenitors are hypersensitive to Epo. Lnk-/- mice also exhibit superior recovery after erythropoietic stress. In addition, Lnk deficiency resulted in enhanced Epo-induced signaling pathways in splenic erythroid progenitors. Conversely, Lnk overexpression inhibits Epo-induced cell growth in 32D/EpoR cells. In primary culture of fetal liver cells, Lnk overexpression inhibits Epo-dependent erythroblast differentiation and induces apoptosis. Lnk blocks 3 major signaling pathways, Stat5, Akt, and MAPK, induced by Epo in primary erythroblasts. In addition, the Lnk Src homology 2 (SH2) domain is essential for its inhibitory function, whereas the conserved tyrosine near the C-terminus and the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Lnk are not critical. Furthermore, wild-type Lnk, but not the Lnk SH2 mutant, becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated following Epo administration and inhibits EpoR phosphorylation and JAK2 activation. Hence, Lnk, through its SH2 domain, negatively modulates EpoR signaling by attenuating JAK2 activation, and regulates Epo-mediated erythropoiesis. (Blood. 2005; 105:4604-4612)
Stress-echocardiography in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: instructions for use
Authors: Neskovic Aleksandar N , Otasevic Petar
Published: February 2005

A number of studies have suggested that stress-echocardiography may be used for prognostic stratification in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. There is no consensus on which protocol or which measurements of left ventricular contractile reserve to use. The most frequently used protocol is low-dose dobutamine stress-echocardiography, and most commonly used measures of left ventricular systolic performance are ejection fraction, wall motion score index and cardiac power output.

Stress-echocardiography has been shown to predict improvement in cardiac function in patients with recently diagnosed dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as to predict which patients will benefit from the treatment with beta-blockers. Most importantly, stress-echocardiography can identify patients with worse prognosis in terms of cardiac death and need for transplantation. Additionally, contractile reserve is closely correlated with maximal oxygen consumption and can even be used for further stratification in patients with maximal oxygen consumption between 10 and 14 ml/kg/min.

Future studies are needed for head-to-head comparison of various protocols in an attempt to make standardization in the assessment of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Chromatography paper strip sampling of enteric adenoviruses type 40 and 41 positive stool specimens
Authors: Zlateva Kalina T , Maes Piet , Rahman Mustafizur , Van Ranst Marc
Published: February 2005

Background

The enteric subgroup F adenoviruses type 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) are the second most important cause of acute infantile gastroenteritis after rotaviruses. Repeated community outbreaks have been associated with antigenic changes among the Ad40 and Ad41 strains due to host immune pressure. Therefore large field epidemiological surveys and studies on the genetic variations in different isolates of Ad40 and Ad41 are important for disease control programs, the design of efficient diagnostic kits and vaccines against subgroup F adenoviruses. A novel method using sodium dodecyl sulphate SDS/EDTA-pretreated chromatography paper strips was evaluated for the collection, storage and shipping of Ad40/41 contaminated stool samples.

Results

This study shows that adenoviral DNA can be successfully detected in the filter strips by PCR after four months storage at -20°C, 4°C, room temperature (20–25°C) and 37°C. Furthermore no adenoviral infectivity was observed upon contact with the SDS/EDTA-pretreated strips.

Conclusions

Collecting, storing and transporting adenovirus type 40 and 41 positive stool samples on SDS/EDTA-pretreated chromatography filter strips is a convenient, biosafe and cost effective method for studying new genome variants and monitoring spread of enteric adenovirus strains during outbreaks.
Estrogen Target Gene Regulation and Coactivator Expression in Rat Uterus after Developmental Exposure to the Ultraviolet Filter 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor
Authors: Durrer Stefan , Maerkel Kirsten , Schlumpf Margret , Lichtensteiger Walter
Published: February 2005

Because the estrogen receptor (ER) ligand type influences transactivation, it is important to obtain information on molecular actions of nonclassical ER agonists. UV filters from cosmetics represent new classes of endocrine active chemicals, including the preferential ERβ ligands 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and 3-benzylidene camphor. We studied estrogen target gene expression in uterus of Long Evans rats after developmental exposure to 4-MBC (0.7, 7, 24, and 47 mg/kg·d) administered in feed to the parent generation before mating, during pregnancy and lactation, and to the offspring until adulthood. 4-MBC altered steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding for ERα, ERβ, progesterone receptor (PR), IGF-I, androgen receptor, determined by real-time RT-PCR in uterus of 12-wk-old offspring. Western-blot analyses of the same tissue homogenates indicated changes in ERα and PR but not ERβ proteins. To assess sensitivity to estradiol (E2), offspring were ovariectomized on d 70, injected with E2 (10 or 50 μg/kg sc) on d 84, and killed 6 h later. Acute up-regulation of PR and IGF-I and down-regulation of ERα and androgen receptor by E2 were dose-dependently reduced in 4-MBC-exposed rats. The reduced response to E2 was accompanied by reduced coactivator SRC-1 mRNA and protein levels. Our data indicate that developmental exposure to 4-MBC affects the regulation of estrogen target genes and the expression of nuclear receptor coregulators in uterus at mRNA and protein levels.
Gα12/Gα13 Subunits of Heterotrimeric G Proteins Mediate Parathyroid Hormone Activation of Phospholipase D in UMR-106 Osteoblastic Cells
Authors: Singh A. T. K. , Gilchrist A. , Voyno-Yasenetskaya T. , Radeff-Huang J. M. , Stern P. H.
Published: February 2005

PTH, a major regulator of bone remodeling and a therapeutically effective bone anabolic agent, stimulates several signaling pathways in osteoblastic cells. Our recent studies have revealed that PTH activates phospholipase D (PLD) -mediated phospholipid hydrolysis through a RhoA-dependent mechanism in osteoblastic cells, raising the question of the upstream link to the PTH receptor. In the current study, we investigated the role of heterotrimeric G proteins in mediating PTH-stimulated PLD activity in UMR-106 osteoblastic cells. Transfection with antagonist minigenes coding for small peptide antagonists to Gα12 and Gα13 subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins prevented PTH-stimulated activation of PLD, whereas an antagonist minigene to Gαs failed to produce this effect. Effects of pharmacological inhibitors (protein kinase inhibitor, Clostridium botulinum exoenzyme C3) were consistent with a role of Rho small G proteins, but not of cAMP, in the effect of PTH on PLD. Expression of constitutively active Gα12 and Gα13 activated PLD, an effect that was inhibited by dominant-negative RhoA. The results identify Gα12 and Gα13 as upstream transducers of PTH effects on PLD, mediated through RhoA in osteoblastic cells.
Choice of Lard, But Not Total Lard Calories, Damps Adrenocorticotropin Responses to Restraint
Authors: la Fleur Susanne E. , Houshyar Hani , Roy Monica , Dallman Mary F.
Published: February 2005

Although rats given the choice of eating high-density calories as concentrated sucrose solutions or lard exhibit reduced responsivity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, rats fed high-fat diets have normal or augmented responses to stressors. To resolve this apparent discrepancy, we compared in adult male rats the effects of 7-d feeding with lard + chow (choice) to feeding a 50% lard-chow mixture (no-choice) and to chow only. Rats with choice composed diets with 50–60% total calories from lard. Rats were exposed to 30 min of restraint on d 7. In the choice group, there was a robust inhibition of ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint compared with chow or no-choice groups. Total caloric intake was less with choice than no-choice. Fat depot weights and body weight gain were similar in the high-fat groups. Leptin concentrations were equal but insulin was higher in the choice group. We conclude the following: 1) choice of eating high-density calories strongly damps hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress; without choice, high-density diet is ineffective; and 2) insulin may signal metabolic well-being, and may act through hypothalamic sites to reduce caloric intake but through forebrain sites to damp stress responses.
Organic Syntheses Utilizing Titanium Carbene Complexes
Authors: Takeda Takeshi
Published: February 2005

Synthetic reactions utilizing titanium carbene complexes prepared by the desulfurizative titanation of thioacetals and related organosulfur compounds with the titanocene(II) species [Cp2Ti{P(OEt)3}2] are described. The Wittig type olefination of carbonyl compounds including carboxylic acid derivatives with the titanium carbene complexes affords a variety of olefinic compounds. The reaction is successfully applied to the intramolecular carbonyl olefination of carboxylic acid derivatives, giving various carbo- and hetero-cycles. The organotitanium species generated by the treatment of gem-dihalides and certain alkyl halides with the titanocene(II) species are also useful for the transformation of carbonyl compounds into highly substituted olefins or into olefins bearing a bulky substituent.

The alkylidenetitanocenes generated from thioacetals react with olefins in both inter- and intramolecular fashions to give olefin metathesis products. The ring-closing olefin metathesis of the carbene complexes formed from thioacetals having a terminal olefin provides a variety of unsaturated heterocyclic compounds. On the other hand, cyclopropanation proceeds when terminal olefins are treated with alkenyl- and alkynyl-carbene complexes. Cyclopropanes are also obtained by treatment of gem-dihalides having a terminal carbon–carbon double bond.

The carbene complexes are also highly reactive toward triple bonds. Their reactions with nitriles afford the acylation products after hydrolysis of intermediary titanium vinylimido complexes. The reactions of the carbene complexes with internal alkynes via the formation of titanacyclobutene intermediates afford conjugated dienes with high stereoselectivity, whereas metathesis polymerization proceeds to give trans-polyacetylene when the carbene complexes are treated with excess acetylene. The carbene complexes also react with t-alkyl halides and group 14 metal hydrides.
Langmuir Layers and Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Bis-tetrathiafulvalene Annelated Macrocycle
Authors: Nakamura Takayoshi , Tatewaki Yoko , Ohta Takanori , Wakahara Keisuke , Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Hasegawa Tatsuo , Tachibana Hiroaki , Azumi Reiko , Matsumoto Mutsuyoshi , Christensen Christian A , Becher Jan
Published: February 2005

The Langmuir layers of amphiphilic bis(tetrathiafulvalene) [bis(TTF)] annelated macrocycle (1) and those of the (1)[2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (F4-TCNQ)]2 charge-transfer (CT) complex were evaluated. The neutral molecule of 1 recognized Cs+ ion at the air–water interface forming a domain structure. Contrastingly, (1)(F4-TCNQ)2 did not recognize Cs+ ion at the air–water interface. The Langmuir layers of 1 were deposited on a mica surface, resulting in the formation of fibrils. The highly oriented structure of the fibrils at the molecular level was confirmed by a large dicroism in the IR spectra. The (1)(F4-TCNQ)2 layer deposited on the mica surface consisted of nanowires oriented in specific directions. The UV–vis–NIR spectra revealed an intramolecular dimer structure of the donor 1 cation radical in the CT complex. An extended nanowire network structure was obtained when the K+ cation was introduced into the subphase. The stacking of intramolecular TTF dimers and intermolecular F4-TCNQ dimers directed the formation of nanowires, which are oriented on mica by recognizing fully occupied hexagonal K+ sites at the surface. The nanowire orientation was readily disturbed by varying film deposition conditions such as subphase temperature, deposition speed, or surface pressure, indicating that the fluidity of Langmuir layer was important for obtaining nanowire structure.
Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, and DNA Binding Studies of trans-[Dichlorobis(2,3-dicyanodipyrido-N8,9-[3,2-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxaline)chromium(III)] Perchlorate Dihydrate
Authors: Vijayalakshmi Rajamanickam , Kanthimathi Mookandi , Parthasarathi Ramakrishnan , Nair Balachandran Unni
Published: February 2005

A new dichlorochromium(III) complex with the 2,3-dicyanodipyridoquinoxaline ligand has been synthesized and characterized by UV–visible, mass spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The DNA binding properties of this CrIII complex to CT DNA were demonstrated by absorption titration, melting temperature and viscosity measurements. Hypochromism in the absorption spectra, an increase in the denaturation temperature and changes in the viscosity in the presence of the complex indicate that the complex binds to DNA through the intercalative mode. Based on the data obtained from molecular-mechanics calculations, an intercalative mode of binding to d(GC)12 through a minor groove is favored. The title complex promotes the cleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA in the presence of peroxide, and a slight retardation in the mobility of plasmid DNA.
Microwave Assisted Direct Ortho-Acylation of Phenol and Naphthol Derivatives by BF3·(C2H5)2O
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Moradi Leila
Published: February 2005

The solventless acylation of phenol and naphthol derivatives with various organic acids and BF3·(C2H5)2O, under microwave conditions, was studied. High yields of the o-acylated products were achieved in a very short time.
Crystalline Photochromism of 2-Propynylallene Derivatives
Authors: Tanaka Koichi , Tomomori Akihiro , Scott Janet L
Published: February 2005

Some 2-propynylallene derivatives exhibited color change from pale-yellow to green upon photoirradiation with visible light in the solid state. The green color disappeared either by heating or dissolving into solvents. The photochromism of 2-propynylallene derivatives depends largely on the substituents on the aromatic rings. Crystallographic analysis indicates that the overlap of the π systems of the fluorene moiety in the photochromic crystals allow photoinduced charge-transfer interactions in the solid-state.
Wet THF as a Suitable Solvent for a Mild and Convenient Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds with NaBH4
Authors: Zeynizadeh Behzad , Behyar Tarifeh
Published: February 2005

NaBH4 in wet THF can readily reduce varieties of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, conjugated enones, acyloins, and α-diketones to their corresponding alcohols in good to excellent yields. Reduction reactions were performed at room temperature or under reflux condition. In addition, the chemoselective reduction of aldehydes over ketones was accomplished successfully with this reducing system.
Synthesis of Near-Infrared Fluorescent 2,3-Dicyano-6H-1,4-diazepines
Authors: Horiguchi Emi , Funabiki Kazumasa , Matsui Masaki
Published: February 2005

A series of novel 5-(2-arylethenyl)-, 5-(4-arylbutadienyl)-, 5-(6-arylhexatrienyl)-, and 5-(8-octatetraenyl)-, 5-aryl-7-(2-arylethenyl)-, and 5,7-bis(2-arylethenyl)-2,3-dicyano-6H-1,4-diazepines were synthesized by the reactions of 2,3-dicyano-5-methyl-6H-1,4-diazepines with aromatic aldehydes. These compounds showed intramolecular charge-transfer chromophoric systems from the arylethenyl to the 2,3-dicyano-6H-diazepine moieties. The shifts in UV–vis absorption bands were estimated by calculating the HOMO and LUMO energy levels. 2-(9-Julolidyl)ethenyl derivative showed the most intense fluorescence. The 6-(9-julolidyl)-1,3,5-hexatrienyl and 8-(9-julolidyl)-1,3,5,7-octatetraenyl derivatives exhibited the fluorescence maxima (Fmax) at 780 and 842 nm, respectively.
Palladium-Catalyzed Carboacylation of Alkenes by Using Acylchromates as Acyl Donors
Authors: Yamane Motoki , Kubota Yuko , Narasaka Koichi
Published: February 2005

Palladium-catalyzed arylacylation of alkenes proceeds by employing acylchromates as acyl donors. When active alkenes such as norbornene and methoxyallene are treated with an aryl iodide, an acylchromate, and a catalytic amount of Pd(OAc)2/2P(o-Tol)3, arylacylation of these alkenes proceeds at room temperature. From aryl iodides having an intramolecular alkene moiety, cyclization–acylation products are obtained via intramolecular arylpalladation followed by acylation with acylchromates.
Centrifuge Modeling of Diffusion through Rock Mass
Authors: Gurumoorthy C , Singh DN
Published: February 2005

A geotechnical centrifuge has been employed to model diffusion of contaminants through fractured and intact rock mass. This paper deals with the details of the test setups used for this purpose. The obtained results have been compared with those obtained from the conventional diffusion tests and the validity of the modeling of models has been demonstrated. The study demonstrates the usefulness of the geotechnical centrifuge for modeling the diffusion of contaminants through rock mass in a short time.
Shear Stress/Shear Strain Relation of Wood Obtained by Asymmetric Four-Point Bending Test of Side-Tapered Specimen
Authors: Yoshihara H , Suzuki A
Published: February 2005

For determining the shear stress/shear strain relation, we conducted asymmetric four-point bending tests using a side-tapered specimen. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) was used for the testing material. Rectangular beams with various depths were prepared and symmetric tapers were cut on both side surfaces of the beam so that the failure by shearing preceded that by bending. Asymmetric four-point bending tests were performed under a constant span length condition, and the shear stress/shear strain relations were obtained. In addition to the asymmetric bending tests, Iosipescu shear tests were conducted and the results were compared. The shear stress/shear strain relation could be obtained by the asymmetric four-point bending tests more easily and effectively than by the Iosipescu shear tests when the specimen had a proper configuration. Hence, we concluded that the asymmetric four-point bending test of a side-tapered specimen is promising for determining the shear stress/shear strain relation of wood.
Evaluation of Welds Exhibiting Large Scatter in Charpy Toughness Using the Reference Temperature
Authors: Graham SM
Published: February 2005

Conformance tests carried out on 7018 M weld wire revealed that some lots exhibited excessive scatter in Charpy toughness. A test program was conducted to determine if the fracture behavior of the welds was significantly influenced by the occasional low Charpy values. Charpy and tensile data were collected on welds made from lots of 7018 M wire that failed conformance testing. Fracture toughness tests were also conducted to characterize the fracture performance in the transition temperature region. A baseline for acceptable fracture behavior was established based on fracture toughness and Charpy data from 70-series weld wires that are typically used in the same, or similar, applications. The reference temperature of the 7018 M weld was determined to be -72.1°C (-97.7°F), which was well below the baseline of -45°C (-49°F). Therefore, the 7018 M weld was shown to have equal or better fracture toughness than the baseline at any temperature. Consequently, the large scatter in Charpy toughness was not indicative of poor fracture performance.
Application of the ASTM Loop Abrasion Test to Cylindrical Specimens
Authors: Qu J , Truhan JJ , Blau PJ
Published: February 2005

The loop abrasion test (based on ASTM G 174-03) was modified to accommodate cylindrical specimens in place of the usual flat specimens. Hardened AISI 52100 steel, a galling-resistant stainless steel (Nitronic 50), transformation-toughened zirconia ceramic, and an advanced composite containing Ni3Al and TiC (cermet) were used to validate the new testing geometry. The weight change and the scar width were measured, and the calculated wear volumes for each metric were compared with very good correlation. Each test was interrupted periodically in order to determine the effect of sliding distance on the wear rate. In general, a higher wear rate was observed during wear-in followed by a nearly constant steady-state wear rate. The initial high wear rate was contributed primarily by the fresh abrasive and secondarily by the high contact stress. The loop abrasion test has good repeatability and sensitivity for ranking materials. The abrasion resistance of both the cermet and the zirconia was much higher than that of Nitronic 50 and hardened 52100 steel. Even though the hardness of the cermet is lower than zirconia, it had the highest abrasion resistance in this study. Comparative tests on cylindrical and traditional flat specimens (per ASTM G 174-03) showed similar wear behavior with slightly higher wear rate for the cylindrical specimens due to higher contact stress.
Knowledge Base System for Human Resource Evaluation in a University Environment
Authors: Uzoka FME , Akinyokun OC
Published: February 2005

The statutory objectives of a university include teaching, research, and community development. The major assets employed in the attainment of these objectives include man, money, materials, and time. Man, who serves as the major driver of the other assets, has three components, namely academic staff, administrative staff, and technical staff. An essential management function is the evaluation of the academic staff of the university in order to determine their contributions to the aims and objectives of the university. In this study, a knowledge base system has been developed for the evaluation of the performance of human resources in a university environment, with emphasis on the academic staff component. The system, christened HURES, is developed in a Microsoft Access and Visual Basic 6.0 environment. A case study of the academic staff of a university community is carried out in order to demonstrate the practicality of the system.
Crystal structure and Raman spectral studies of BaSO4—PbSO4 solid solution
Authors: Lee Jiann-Shing , Wang Hsiu-Ru , Iizuka Yoshiyuki , Yu Shu-Cheng
Published: February 2005

Natural hokutolite, (Ba,Pb)SO4, is a radioactive sulfate mineral occurring in hot-spring deposit. Unlike the limited PbSO4 content observed in natural specimens, the present study reveals that (Ba,Pb)SO4 crystals can be grown with compositions covering the whole solid solution series of PbSO4 and BaSO4. X-ray measurements show that the unit cell parameters gradually increase with increasing BaSO4 content. The nonlinear behavior of the unit cell dimensions with composition shows that a positive deviation from linear variation exists in the b-axis direction and negative deviations for a- and c-axes. It is evident that the variations in the M-O bond lengths result in the significantly negative deviations of all unit cell parameters from Vegard’s rule around 70 mol% BaSO4. Hence, the abnormally negative deviations of all unit cell parameters from Vegard’s rule are primarily attributed to the discontinuities in the mean M-O bond lengths. In addition, the existence of structure gap in natural hokutolite samples reported may be ascribed to the same reason.

Raman bands in these synthetic crystals show monotonous changes in ν
1 frequency from anglesite to barite. It is inferred that the slight decrease in ν
1 frequency for crystals with BaSO4 content being smaller than 20 mol% may be attributed to the net effect of the S—O force constants, intertetrahedral O—O force constants, and distortions of SO4 tetrahedra. The present results also indicate that the positional disordering along the solid solution series is responsible for the Raman line broadening, showing the local maximum in the line width plot occurs at about 50 mol% substitution. This work also demonstrates that variations of Raman shift of ν
1 band as well as its line width are essentially related to the random Pb—Ba substitution in our synthetic crystals.
Lone electron pair stereoactivity, cation arrangements and distortion of heteropolyhedral sheets in the structures of Tl2[(UO2)(AO4)2] (A = Cr, Mo)
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V. , Locock Andrew J. , Burns Peter C.
Published: February 2005

Two new Tl uranyl compounds, Tl2(UO2)(MoO4)2 and Tl2(UO2)(CrO4)2, have been prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction and hydrothermal synthesis, respectively. The structure of Tl2(UO2)(MoO4)2 (orthorhombic, Pca21, a = 10.977(3), b = 14.004(3), c = 14.041(3) Å, V = 2158.5(8) Å3, Z = 8) has been solved by direct methods and refined to R
1 = 0.051 on the basis of 5229 unique observed reflections (|F
o| ≥ 4σ
F). The structure of Tl2(UO2)(CrO4)2 (orthorhombic, Pca21, a = 10.7034(5), b = 13.4252(6), c = 13.9364(6) Å, V = 2002.6(2) Å3, Z = 8) has been solved by direct methods and refined to R
1 = 0.035 on the basis of 6330 unique observed reflections (|F
o| ≥ 4σ
F). The compounds are isostructural and are based upon [(UO2)(AO4)2] sheets (A = Cr, Mo) of UrO5 pentagonal bipyramids (Ur = UO2
2+, uranyl ion) that share equatorial corners with AO4 tetrahedra. The sheets are parallel to (001) and are linked by Tl+ cations located in the interlayer. Stereoactive lone electron pairs on the Tl+ cations form lone pair-containing cavities that form channels parallel to the a axis and are located at the level of y ∼ 0.5. The repulsion of the Tl+ cations across the cavities leads to the distortion of the cation arrangements and, as a consequence, distortion of the flexible [(UO2)(AO4)2] uranyl molybdate/chromate sheets.
Molecular structure of two C-aryl-iminocyclitols studied by X-ray andab initiocalculations
Authors: Zukerman-Schpector Julio , Caracelli Ignez , Vega-Teijido Maurício , Garcia Ariel L. L. , Costenaro Edson R. , Correia Carlos Roque D.
Published: February 2005

(1), C18H26N2O7,Mr= 382.41,P212121,a= 9.7215(9),b= 10.687(1),c= 18.399(2) Å,V= 1911.6(3) Å3,Z= 4,R1= 0.0395. (2), C12H18ClNO4,Mr= 275.72,P21,a= 10.431(1),b= 6.9223(8),c= 18.043(2) Å,β= 102.085(7)°,V= 1273.9(2) Å3,Z= 4,R1= 0.0578. The five membered ring is in a twist conformation in (1) and in the two independent molecules of (2) in an envelope conformation. In both compounds the hydroxyl moieties are involved in hydrogen bonds. The compounds were studied by HF/6-31G** computations.
A comparative study of the anisotropy of lattice strain induced in the crystals of L-serine by cooling down to 100 K or by increasing pressure up to 4.4 GPa
Authors: Boldyreva Elena V. , Kolesnik Evgenia N. , Drebushchak Tatyana N. , Ahsbahs Hans , Beukes Jon Ares , Weber Hans-Peter
Published: February 2005

The anisotropy of lattice strain in the crystals of L-serine (P212121, at ambient conditions a = 5.615(1) Å, b = 8.589(2) Å, c = 9.346(2) Å) on cooling down to 100 K and with increasing hydrostatic pressure up to 4.4 GPa was compared with each other and also with the results previously obtained for the polymorphs of glycine. On cooling, the structure expanded slightly along the crystallographic a-direction, compression along the crystallographic b- and c-directions (normal to the chains of the serine zwitter-ions) was very similar. With increasing pressure, the same structure compressed in all the crystallographic directions, linear strain along c-axis was the largest, linear strain along a-axis — the smallest, linear compression along the b-axis with increasing pressure was slightly larger than that along the a-axis. The different anisotropy of lattice strain of the same structure on cooling and under pressure could be correlated with different response of intermolecular hydrogen bonds to these two scalar actions.
Synthesis, IR spectrum, thermal behaviour and crystal structure of a novel one-dimensional cyano-bridged zinc(II)/nickel(II) complex
Authors: Karadag Ahmet , Pasaoglu Hümeyra , Kastas Gökhan , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: February 2005

The cyano-bridged heteronuclear coordination polymer of zinc(II)/nickel(II) has been prepared by N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylendiamine (hydet-en), alternatively named 2-(2-aminoethylamino)-ethanol and characterised by IR and thermal analysis. In the bimetallic complex, the decomposition of hydet-en ligands is seen to be endothermic whereas that of the cyano ligands is found to be exothermic. The crystal structure of the complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of the zinc(II)-nickel(II) complex consists of a one-dimensional polymeric chain –Zn(hydet-en)2–NC–Ni(CN)2–CN–Zn(hydet-en)2– in which the zinc(II) and nickel(II) atoms are linked to each other by the cyano groups. The shift and splitting of the cyano stretching vibration is also evidence for the formation of cyano bridges. The nickel atom has a square-planar arrangement with four cyanide-carbon atoms where two cyano groups are in terminal position and two further ones in a bridging position. The Zinc atom has a distorted octahedral arrangement with two cyano and two hydet-en ligands. Both cyano and hydet-en ligands act as N-donor ligands and ethanol groups of the hydet-en ligand are not involved in the coordination. The NH, NH2 and OH groups of the hydet-en ligand are involved in intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Update on Chemotherapeutic Agents Utilized for Perioperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Authors: Sugarbaker Paul H. , Mora Jorge Torres , Carmignani Pablo , Stuart O. Anthony , Yoo Dal
Published: February 2005

A new strategy currently under evaluation in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastrointestinal and gynecologic cancers is perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Although results to date show benefit to carefully selected groups of patients, continued local-regional failure is seen in many treated patients. Continued clinical and laboratory research efforts to improve local-regional effects are desired. The chemotherapeutic agents that have been used in the past or are currently being tested were reviewed. Their pharmacologic properties and clinical features were collected from the medical literature and are reviewed in the text. An organized presentation of available data concerning the drugs available for perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal surface malignancy was made. From this review, new possibilities for improved doses, schedules, and drug combinations for perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy may become important in future clinical studies. Continued optimal utilization of intraperitoneal chemotherapy treatments in the operating room with hyperthermia or normothermic treatment in the early postoperative period is desirable. Innovative treatment strategies can improve the outcome of patients with peritoneal surface malignancy.
Phase II Study of 5-fluorouracil, Doxorubicin, and Mitomycin C for Metastatic Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gibson Michael K. , Holcroft Christina A. , Kvols Larry K. , Haller Daniel
Published: February 2005

Background. Small bowel adenocarcinoma is a rare gastrointestinal malignancy that is treated primarily with surgery. Even with optimal resection, however, survival is poor and recurrences are common. Response rates to palliative combination chemotherapy are low, and the median duration of survival for metastatic disease is less than 1 year. This study aimed to document the response rate and survival time for patients with advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma who were not surgically curable and were treated with a regimen of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), mitomycin C (Mutamycin®; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton, NJ), and doxorubicin (Adriamycin®; Bedford Laboratories; Bedford, OH), the FAM regimen.

Methods. This multi-institutional study was performed by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Between November, 1983 and December, 1985, 39 patients with advanced or recurrent disease were enrolled. Chemotherapy was given as follows: 5-FU, 600 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 29 and 36; mitomycin C, 10 mg/m2 on day 1; and doxorubicin, 30 mg/m2 on days 1 and 29. Eligibility criteria included an ECOG performance status score of 0–2, measurable disease, and adequate baseline organ function. Prior chemotherapy was allowed. Response was measured by examination and imaging techniques. Survival time and time to progression were evaluated by the method of Kaplan and Meier, and these outcomes were stratified by clinical and laboratory covariates.

Results. Of the 39 evaluated patients, 38 were eligible and 36 were evaluable for response. Grade 3–5 toxicities were experienced by a total of 26 patients (20 grade 3, 5 grade 4, 1 grade 5). The most common adverse events were neutropenia and vomiting. Responses were seen in a total of seven patients (2 complete responses, 5 partial responses), for a response rate of 18.4% (95% confidence interval of 7.8%–34.4%). The median survival time was 8 months.

Conclusions. The FAM regimen was active and tolerable for patients with advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma; however, the results were no better than those seen with other chemotherapy combinations.
Orthogonal Multipolar Interactions in Structural Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Paulini Ralph , Müller Klaus , Diederich François
Published: February 2005

The past few decades of molecular recognition studies have greatly enhanced our knowledge on apolar, ion–dipole, and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. However, much less attention has been given to the role that multipolar interactions, in particular those with orthogonal dipolar alignment, play in organizing a crystal lattice or stabilizing complexes involving biological receptors. By using results from database mining, this review attempts to give an overview of types and structural features of these previously rather overlooked interactions. A number of illustrative examples of these interactions found in X‐ray crystal structures of small molecules and protein–ligand complexes demonstrate their propensity and thus potential importance for both, chemical and biological molecular recognition processes.
Rill characteristics and sediment transport as a function of slope length during a storm event on loess soil
Authors: Rejman Jerzy , Brodowski Ryszard
Published: February 2005

On the basis of detailed rill surveys carried out on bare plots of different lengths at slopes of 12 per cent, basic rill parameters were derived. Rill width and maximum depth increased with plot length, whereas rill amount and cross‐sectional area, expressed per unit length, remained similar. On smaller plots, all rills were connected in a continuous transport system reaching the plot outlet, whilst on larger plots (10 and 20 m long) part of the rills ended with a deposition areas inside the plots. Amounts of erosion, calculated from rill volume and soil bulk density, were compared with soil loss measured at the plot outlets. On plots 10 and 20 m long, erosion estimated from volume of all rills was larger than measured soil loss. The latter was larger than erosion estimated from volume of contributing rills. To identify contributing soil loss area on these plots, two methods were applied: (i) ratio of total soil loss to maximum soil loss per unit area, and (ii) partition of plot area according to the ratio of contributing to total rill volume. Both methods resulted in similar areas of 21·8–23·5 m2 for the plot 10 m long and 31·2 m2 for the plot 20 m long. Identification of contributing areas enabled rill (5·9 kg m−2) and interrill (2·6 kg m−2) erosion rate to be calculated, the latter being very close to the value predicted from the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Although rill and interrill rates seemed to be similar on all plots, their ratio increased slightly with plot length. Application of this ratio to compute slope length factor of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation resulted in similar values to those predicted with the model. The achieved balance of soil loss suggested that all the sediment measured at the plot outlet originated from contributing rills and associated contributing rill areas. The results confirmed the utility of different plot lengths as a research tool for analysing the dynamic response of soil to rainfall–runoff. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.