bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Degradation of Lignin over Sulfonyl-Chloride-Modified Lignin-Based Porous Carbon-Supported Metal Phthalocyanine: Effect of Catalyst Concentrations
Authors: Du Fangli , Xian Xuequan , Tang Peiduo , Li Yanming
Published: January 2024

A sulfonyl-chloride-modified lignin-based porous carbon-supported metal phthalocyanine catalyst was prepared and used to replace the traditional Fenton’s reagent for lignin degradation. The catalyst underwent a detailed characterization analysis in terms of functional group distributions, surface area, morphological structure, via FT-IR, XPS, BET, and SEM. The catalyst possessed a specific surface area of 638.98 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.291 cm3/g. The prepared catalyst was studied for its ability of oxidative degradation of lignin under different reaction conditions. By optimizing the reaction conditions, a maximum liquid product yield of 38.94% was obtained at 135 °C with 3.5 wt% of catalyst and 15 × 10−2 mol/L H2O2; at the same time, a maximum phenols selectivity of 32.58% was achieved. The compositions and properties of liquid products obtained from lignin degradation using different catalyst concentrations were studied comparatively via GC-MS, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and EA. Furthermore, the structure changes of solid residues are also discussed.
Highly Porous Carbon Flakes Derived from Cellulose and Nickel Phosphide Heterostructure towards Efficient Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Mijowska Ewa , Pietrusewicz Karolina , Maślana Klaudia
Published: January 2024

This study delves into the pressing challenges of climate change and the escalating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by exploring hydrogen technology as a sustainable alternative. In particular, there is focus on nickel phosphide-based electrocatalysts, known for their promising performance in hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and oxygen evolution reactions (OERs). Therefore, here we have designed a facile strategy to deliver highly porous carbon flakes derived from cellulose fibers via carbonization at 850 °C, yielding highly porous structures and outstanding specific surface area (SSAcel_carb_850_act = 3164 m2/g) after activation. As-fabricated carbon was utilized as a support for Ni12P5 with an optimized mass ratio. Electrochemical testing revealed that the composite of Ni12P5 and carbon flakes with a ratio of 100:1, respectively, exhibited the most favorable kinetics for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Importantly, the durability tests of this sample demonstrated the most stable behavior and lowest potential change under high current density among the studied samples, making it a promising candidate in practical applications. Moreover, the analysis of electrocatalysts after an OER does not show any changes, indicating that the sample does not undergo undesired intermediate reactions and that unwanted products are not released, explaining its stable behavior. This provides a straightforward approach for creating a cellulose-derived composite with enhanced electroactivity and durability.
Simultaneous Intake of Chlorella and Ascidian Ethanolamine Plasmalogen Accelerates Activation of BDNF–TrkB–CREB Signaling in Rats
Authors: Takekoshi Hideo , Fujishima Masaki , Miyazawa Taiki , Higuchi Ohki , Fujikawa Takahiko , Miyazawa Teruo
Published: January 2024

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. BDNF is a neurotrophin that binds to tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), a specific receptor on target cell surfaces; it acts on neuronal formation, development, growth, and repair via transcription factors, such as cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and it is involved in learning and memory. BDNF expression is decreased in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Exercise and the intake of several different foods or ingredients can increase BDNF expression, as confirmed with lutein, xanthophylls (polar carotenoids), and ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn), which are present at high levels in the brain. This study examined the effects of combining lutein and PlsEtn using lutein-rich Chlorella and ascidian extracts containing high levels of PlsEtn bearing docosahexaenoic acid, which is abundant in the human brain, on the activation of the BDNF–TrkB–CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. Although activation of the BDNF–TrkB–CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus was not observed in Chlorella or ascidian PlsEtn monotherapy, activation was observed with combination therapy at an equal dose. The results of this study suggest that the combination of Chlorella and ascidian PlsEtn may have a preventive effect against dementia, including AD.
Biochemical, Biophysical, and Structural Analysis of an Unusual DyP from the Extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans
Authors: Frade Kelly , Silveira Célia M. , Salgueiro Bruno A. , Mendes Sónia , Martins Lígia O. , Frazão Carlos , Todorovic Smilja , Moe Elin
Published: January 2024

Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) are heme proteins with distinct structural properties and substrate specificities compared to classical peroxidases. Here, we demonstrate that DyP from the extremely radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is, like some other homologues, inactive at physiological pH. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy confirms that the heme is in a six-coordinated-low-spin (6cLS) state at pH 7.5 and is thus unable to bind hydrogen peroxide. At pH 4.0, the RR spectra of the enzyme reveal the co-existence of high-spin and low-spin heme states, which corroborates catalytic activity towards H2O2 detected at lower pH. A sequence alignment with other DyPs reveals that DrDyP possesses a Methionine residue in position five in the highly conserved GXXDG motif. To analyze whether the presence of the Methionine is responsible for the lack of activity at high pH, this residue is substituted with a Glycine. UV-vis and RR spectroscopies reveal that the resulting DrDyPM190G is also in a 6cLS spin state at pH 7.5, and thus the Methionine does not affect the activity of the protein. The crystal structures of DrDyP and DrDyPM190G, determined to 2.20 and 1.53 Å resolution, respectively, nevertheless reveal interesting insights. The high-resolution structure of DrDyPM190G, obtained at pH 8.5, shows that one hydroxyl group and one water molecule are within hydrogen bonding distance to the heme and the catalytic Asparagine and Arginine. This strong ligand most likely prevents the binding of the H2O2 substrate, reinforcing questions about physiological substrates of this and other DyPs, and about the possible events that can trigger the removal of the hydroxyl group conferring catalytic activity to DrDyP.
Uncovering the Anti-Angiogenic Mechanisms of Centella asiatica via Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation
Authors: Zhao Bingtian , Li Yuanyuan , Wang Binya , Liu Jing , Yang Yang , Quan Qianghua , An Quan , Liang Rong , Liu Chunhuan , Yang Cheng
Published: January 2024

Background: Centella asiatica (CA) has been used to address cancer for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Previous studies demonstrated its anti-angiogenesis efficacy, but the underlying mechanism of its action remains to be further clarified. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of CA and its triterpenes in anti-angiogenesis for cancer therapeutics through network pharmacology and experimental validation. Methods: Cytoscape was used to construct a network of compound–disease targets and protein–protein interactions (PPIs) from which core targets were identified. GO and KEGG analyses were performed using Metascape, and the AutoDock-Vina program was used to realize molecular docking for further verification. Then, VEGF165 was employed to establish an induced angiogenesis model. The anti-angiogenic effects of CA were evaluated through assays measuring cell proliferation, migration, and tubular structure formation. Results: Twenty-five active ingredients in CA had potential targets for anti-angiogenesis including madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, asiatic acid, and asiaticoside B. In total, 138 potential targets for CA were identified, with 19 core targets, including STAT3, SRC, MAPK1, and AKT1. A KEGG analysis showed that CA is implicated in cancer-related pathways, specifically PD-1 and AGE-RAGE. Molecular docking verified that the active components of CA have good binding energy with the first four important targets of angiogenesis. In experimental validation, the extracts and triterpenes of CA improved VEGF165-induced angiogenesis by reducing the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Conclusions: Our results initially demonstrate the effective components and great anti-angiogenic activity of CA. Evidence of the satisfactory anti-angiogenic action of the extracts and triterpenes from CA was verified, suggesting CA’s significant potential as a prospective agent for the therapy of cancer.
Application of the Bland–Altman and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Approaches to Study Isotope Effects in Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Human Plasma, Serum and Urine Samples
Authors: Tsikas Dimitrios
Published: January 2024

The Bland–Altman approach is one of the most widely used mathematical approaches for method comparison and analytical agreement. This work describes, for the first time, the application of Bland–Altman to study 14N/15N and 1H/2H (D) chromatographic isotope effects of endogenous analytes of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in human plasma, serum and urine samples in GC-MS. The investigated analytes included arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, dimethylamine, nitrite, nitrate and creatinine. There was a close correlation between the percentage difference of the retention times of the isotopologs of the Bland–Altman approach and the area under the curve (AUC) values of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) approach (r = 0.8619, p = 0.0047). The results of the study suggest that the chromatographic isotope effects in GC-MS result from differences in the interaction strengths of H/D isotopes in the derivatives with the hydrophobic stationary phase of the GC column. D atoms attenuate the interaction of the skeleton of the molecules with the lipophilic GC stationary phase. Differences in isotope effects in plasma or serum and urine in GC-MS are suggested to be due to a kind of matrix effect, and this remains to be investigated in forthcoming studies using Bland–Altman and ROC approaches.
Cd2+-Selective Fluorescence Enhancement of Bisquinoline Derivatives with 2-Aminoethanol Skeleton
Authors: Mikata Yuji , Tsuruta Aya , Koike Hinata , Shoji Sunao , Konno Hideo
Published: January 2024

The development of fluorescent Cd2+ sensors requires strict selectivity over Zn2+ because of the high availability of Zn2+ in the natural environment. In this paper, bisquinoline-based fluorescent sensors with a 2-aminoethanol backbone were investigated. The weak coordination ability of quinoline compared to well-studied pyridine is suitable for Cd2+ selectivity rather than Zn2+. In the presence of 3 equiv. of metal ions, TriMeO-N,O-BQMAE (N,O-bis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-2-methylaminoethanol (3)), as well as its N,N-isomer TriMeO-N,N-BQMAE (N,N-bis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-2-methoxyethylamine (6)), exhibits Cd2+-selective fluorescence enhancement over Zn2+ in DMF-HEPES buffer (1:1, 50 mM HEPES, 0.1 M KCl, pH = 7.5) (IZn/ICd = 26–34%), which has similar selectivity in comparison to the corresponding ethylenediamine derivative TriMeOBQDMEN (N,N’-bis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-N,N’-dimethylethylenediamine) under the same experimental condition (IZn/ICd = 24%). The fluorescence mechanisms of N,O- and N,N-isomers of BQMAE are quite different, judging from the fluorescence lifetimes of their metal complexes. The Cd2+ complex with TriMeO-N,O-BQMAE (3) exhibits a long fluorescence lifetime similar to that of TriMeOBQDMEN via intramolecular excimer emission, whereas the Cd2+ complex with TriMeO-N,N-BQMAE (6) exhibits a short lifetime from monomer emission.
Multitasking Pharmacophores Support Cabotegravir-Based Long-Acting HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
Authors: Wan Zheng , Shi Man , Gong Yanqing , Lucci Massimo , Li Jinjin , Zhou Jiahai , Yang Xiao-Liang , Lelli Moreno , He Xiao , Mao Jiafei
Published: January 2024

Cabotegravir is an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) for HIV treatment and prevention. Cabotegravir-based long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) presents an emerging paradigm for infectious disease control. In this scheme, a combination of a high efficacy and low solubility of anti-infection drugs permits the establishment of a pharmaceutical firewall in HIV-vulnerable groups over a long period. Although the structure-activity-relationship (SAR) of cabotegravir as an INSTI is known, the structural determinants of its low solubility have not been identified. In this work, we have integrated multiple experimental and computational methods, namely X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy, solution NMR spectroscopy, automated fragmentation (AF)-QM/MM and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, to address this question. The molecular organization of cabotegravir in crystal lattice has been determined. The combination of very-fast magic-angle-sample-spinning (VF MAS) SSNMR and solution NMR, as supported by AF-QM/MM and DFT calculations, permits the identification of structural factors that contribute to the low aqueous solubility of cabotegravir. Our study reveals the multitasking nature of pharmacophores in cabotegravir, which controls the drug solubility and, meanwhile, the biological activity. By unraveling these function-defining molecular features, our work could inspire further development of long-acting HIV PrEP drugs.
Preparation of Fe@Fe3O4/ZnFe2O4 Powders and Their Consolidation via Hybrid Cold-Sintering/Spark Plasma-Sintering
Authors: Mesaros Amalia , Neamțu Bogdan Viorel , Marinca Traian Florin , Popa Florin , Cupa Gabriela , Vasile Otilia Ruxandra , Chicinaș Ionel
Published: January 2024

Our study is focused on optimizing the synthesis conditions for the in situ oxidation of Fe particles to produce Fe@Fe3O4 core–shell powder and preparation via co-precipitation of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles to produce Fe@Fe3O4/ZnFe2O4 soft magnetic composites (SMC) through a hybrid cold-sintering/spark plasma-sintering technique. XRD and FTIR measurements confirmed the formation of a nanocrystalline oxide layer on the surface of Fe powder and the nanosized nature of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. SEM-EDX investigations revealed that the oxidic phase of our composite was distributed on the surface of the Fe particles, forming a quasi-continuous matrix. The DC magnetic characteristics of the composite compact revealed a saturation induction of 0.8 T, coercivity of 590 A/m, and maximum relative permeability of 156. AC magnetic characterization indicated that for frequencies higher than 1 kHz and induction of 0.1 T, interparticle eddy current losses dominated due to ineffective electrical insulation between neighboring particles in the composite compact. Nevertheless, the magnetic characteristics obtained in both DC and AC magnetization regimes were comparable to those reported for cold-sintered Fe-based SMCs.
Advanced Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Biomarker Detection: Progress and Future Challenges in Cardiovascular Disease Diagnostics
Authors: Lee Yen-Yi , Sriram Balasubramanian , Wang Sea-Fue , Kogularasu Sakthivel , Chang-Chien Guo-Ping
Published: January 2024

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a significant challenge in global health, demanding advancements in diagnostic modalities. This review delineates the progressive and restrictive facets of nanomaterial-based biosensors in the context of detecting N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), an indispensable biomarker for CVD prognosis. It scrutinizes the escalation in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity attributable to the incorporation of novel nanomaterials such as graphene derivatives, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles, and how these enhancements contribute to reducing detection thresholds and augmenting diagnostic fidelity in heart failure (HF). Despite these technological strides, the review articulates pivotal challenges impeding the clinical translation of these biosensors, including the attainment of clinical-grade sensitivity, the substantial costs associated with synthesizing and functionalizing nanomaterials, and their pragmatic deployment across varied healthcare settings. The necessity for intensified research into the synthesis and functionalization of nanomaterials, strategies to economize production, and amelioration of biosensor durability and ease of use is accentuated. Regulatory hurdles in clinical integration are also contemplated. In summation, the review accentuates the transformative potential of nanomaterial-based biosensors in HF diagnostics and emphasizes critical avenues of research requisite to surmount current impediments and harness the full spectrum of these avant-garde diagnostic instruments.
Computational Nanotoxicology Models for Environmental Risk Assessment of Engineered Nanomaterials
Authors: Tang Weihao , Zhang Xuejiao , Hong Huixiao , Chen Jingwen , Zhao Qing , Wu Fengchang
Published: January 2024

Although engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have tremendous potential to generate technological benefits in numerous sectors, uncertainty on the risks of ENMs for human health and the environment may impede the advancement of novel materials. Traditionally, the risks of ENMs can be evaluated by experimental methods such as environmental field monitoring and animal-based toxicity testing. However, it is time-consuming, expensive, and impractical to evaluate the risk of the increasingly large number of ENMs with the experimental methods. On the contrary, with the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning, in silico methods have recently received more attention in the risk assessment of ENMs. This review discusses the key progress of computational nanotoxicology models for assessing the risks of ENMs, including material flow analysis models, multimedia environmental models, physiologically based toxicokinetics models, quantitative nanostructure–activity relationships, and meta-analysis. Several challenges are identified and a perspective is provided regarding how the challenges can be addressed.
Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of Nanoscale Magnetic Topological Insulators: Cr-Doped (Bi0.4Sb0.6)2Te3
Authors: Gultom Pangihutan , Hsu Chia-Chieh , Lee Min Kai , Su Shu Hsuan , Huang Jung-Chung-Andrew
Published: January 2024

The exploration initiated by the discovery of the topological insulator (BixSb1−x)2Te3 has extended to unlock the potential of quantum anomalous Hall effects (QAHEs), marking a revolutionary era for topological quantum devices, low-power electronics, and spintronic applications. In this study, we present the epitaxial growth of Cr-doped (Bi0.4Sb0.6)2Te3 (Cr:BST) thin films via molecular beam epitaxy, incorporating various Cr doping concentrations with varying Cr/Sb ratios (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1). High-quality crystalline of the Cr:BST thin films deposited on a c-plane sapphire substrate has been rigorously confirmed through reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses. The existence of a Cr dopant has been identified with a reduction in the lattice parameter of BST from 30.53 ± 0.05 to 30.06 ± 0.04 Å confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and the valence state of Cr verified by X-ray photoemission (XPS) at binding energies of ~573.1 and ~583.5 eV. Additionally, the influence of Cr doping on lattice vibration was qualitatively examined by Raman spectroscopy, revealing a blue shift in peaks with increased Cr concentration. Surface characteristics, crucial for the functionality of topological insulators, were explored via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), illustrating a sevenfold reduction in surface roughness as the Cr concentration increased from 0 to 0.1. The ferromagnetic properties of Cr:BST were examined by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with a magnetic field applied in out-of-plane and in-plane directions. The Cr:BST samples exhibited a Curie temperature (Tc) above 50 K, accompanied by increased magnetization and coercivity with increasing Cr doping levels. The introduction of the Cr dopant induces a transition from n-type ((Bi0.4Sb0.6)2Te3) to p-type (Cr:(Bi0.4Sb0.6)2Te3) carriers, demonstrating a remarkable suppression of carrier density up to one order of magnitude, concurrently enhancing carrier mobility up to a factor of 5. This pivotal outcome is poised to significantly influence the development of QAHE studies and spintronic applications.
Selenium Nanoparticles in Protecting the Brain from Stroke: Possible Signaling and Metabolic Mechanisms
Authors: Turovsky Egor A. , Baryshev Alexey S. , Plotnikov Egor Y.
Published: January 2024

Strokes rank as the second most common cause of mortality and disability in the human population across the world. Currently, available methods of treating or preventing strokes have significant limitations, primarily the need to use high doses of drugs due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier. In the last decade, increasing attention has been paid to the capabilities of nanotechnology. However, the vast majority of research in this area is focused on the mechanisms of anticancer and antiviral effects of nanoparticles. In our opinion, not enough attention is paid to the neuroprotective mechanisms of nanomaterials. In this review, we attempted to summarize the key molecular mechanisms of brain cell damage during ischemia. We discussed the current literature regarding the use of various nanomaterials for the treatment of strokes. In this review, we examined the features of all known nanomaterials, the possibility of which are currently being studied for the treatment of strokes. In this regard, the positive and negative properties of nanomaterials for the treatment of strokes have been identified. Particular attention in the review was paid to nanoselenium since selenium is a vital microelement and is part of very important and little-studied proteins, e.g., selenoproteins and selenium-containing proteins. An analysis of modern studies of the cytoprotective effects of nanoselenium made it possible to establish the mechanisms of acute and chronic protective effects of selenium nanoparticles. In this review, we aimed to combine all the available information regarding the neuroprotective properties and mechanisms of action of nanoparticles in neurodegenerative processes, especially in cerebral ischemia.
Effects of Heat-Killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MCC1849 on Immune Parameters in Healthy Adults—A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study
Authors: Kato Kumiko , Arai Satoshi , Sato Soichiro , Iwabuchi Noriyuki , Takara Tsuyoshi , Tanaka Miyuki
Published: January 2024

Previous clinical studies have shown that heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MCC1849 suppresses subjective symptoms among healthy adults. However, the mechanism underlying this beneficial effect remains unclear. This clinical study aimed to investigate the effects of MCC1849 on immune functions in humans. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, 100 healthy adults were randomly divided into MCC1849 or placebo groups. Participants ingested test powder with 5 × 1010 MCC1849 cells or placebo powder for 4 weeks. Immune functions were evaluated using expression levels of CD86 and HLA-DR on dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, and natural killer cells. The expression levels of interferon (IFN)-α, -β, and -γ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with Cpg2216 in vitro were quantified. Efficacy analysis was performed on participants in the per-protocol set (placebo group; n = 47, MCC1849 group; n = 49). The expression level of CD86 on pDCs and the gene expression levels of IFN-α, -β, and -γ upon TLR9 agonist stimulation were significantly higher in the MCC1849 group at 4 weeks. No side effects were observed. This is the first report to show the positive effects of MCC1849 on human immune cells. These findings reveal one possible mechanism of how MCC1849 suppresses subjective symptoms.
Network Pharmacology and Molecular Modeling Techniques in Unraveling the Underlying Mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium aganist Type 2 Diabetic Osteoporosis
Authors: Li Jiangtao , Wang Ying , Ullah Amin , Zhang Ruiyang , Sun Yuge , Li Jinjie , Kou Guangning
Published: January 2024

Type 2 diabetic osteoporosis (T2DOP) is a common complication in diabetic patients that seriously affects their health and quality of life. The pathogenesis of T2DOP is complex, and there are no targeted governance means in modern medicine. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has a long history and has been used in the treatment of osteoporosis diseases. However, the molecular mechanism for the CRP treatment of T2DOP is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of CRP for the treatment of T2DOP by using network pharmacology and molecular modeling techniques. By retrieving multiple databases, we obtained 5 bioactive compounds and 63 common targets of bioactive compounds with T2DOP, and identified AKT 1, TP 53, JUN, BCL 2, MAPK 1, NFKB 1, and ESR 1 as the core targets of their PPI network. Enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were mainly enriched in the estrogen signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetics, which were mainly related to oxidative stress and hormonal regulation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations have shown the excellent binding effect of the bioactive compounds of CRP and the core targets. These findings reveal that CRP may ameliorate T2DOP through multiple multicomponent and multitarget pathways.
Regional Variability in the Prevalence of Food Insecurity and Diet Quality among United States Children
Authors: Dave Jayna M. , Chen Tzuan A. , Castro Alexandra N. , White Mamie , Onugha Elizabeth A. , Zimmerman Sloane , Thompson Debbe
Published: January 2024

Understanding the association between food security status (FSS) and diet quality in children is crucial. This study investigated regional variability in FSS, participation in the federal nutrition assistance program (FNAP), and diet quality among US children. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2013 to 2016 were analyzed. The association between FSS, FNAP participation, and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index—HEI-2015) was assessed using multiple linear/logistic regression models. The sample included 6403 children (mean age: 7.5 years; 51% male; 33% Hispanic). Within the sample, 13% reported child food insecurity, and 30% reported household food insecurity. Additionally, 90% participated in the FNAP, and 88% were enrolled in school lunch programs. Children in urban areas were significantly more likely to report household food insecurity than those in rural areas (29.15% vs. 19.10%). The overall HEI-2015 score was 48.2. The associations between child/household FSS and FNAP participation as well as between child/household FSS and diet quality did not differ by urban/rural residence status, irrespective of the children’s age groups. There is a need for improvement in children’s diet quality, regardless of age or urban/rural residence. The findings suggest that improving children’s diets requires broader action as well as the prioritizing of children in urban areas experiencing food insecurity in future dietary interventions.
Validation of Indirect Calorimetry in Children Undergoing Single-Limb Non-Invasive Ventilation: A Proof of Concept, Cross-Over Study
Authors: D’Oria Veronica , Spolidoro Giulia Carla Immacolata , Agostoni Carlo Virginio , Montani Cinzia , Ughi Ludovica , Villa Cristina , Marchesi Tiziana , Babini Giovanni , Scalia Catenacci Stefano , Donà Giada , Guerrini Marta , Chidini Giovanna , Calderini Edoardo , Langer Thomas
Published: January 2024

Background. The accurate assessment of resting energy expenditure (REE) is essential for personalized nutrition, particularly in critically ill children. Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the gold standard for measuring REE. This methodology is based on the measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2). These parameters are integrated into the Weir equation to calculate REE. Additionally, IC facilitates the determination of the respiratory quotient (RQ), offering valuable insights into a patient’s carbohydrate and lipid consumption. IC validation is limited to spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients, but it is not validated in patients undergoing non-invasive ventilation (NIV). This study investigates the application of IC during NIV-CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) and NIV-PS (pressure support). Methods. This study was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, between 2019 and 2021. Children < 6 years weaning from NIV were enrolled. IC was performed during spontaneous breathing (SB), NIV-CPAP, and NIV-PS in each patient. A Bland–Altman analysis was employed to compare REE, VO2, VCO2, and RQ measured by IC. Results. Fourteen patients (median age 7 (4; 18) months, median weight 7.7 (5.5; 9.7) kg) were enrolled. The REE, VO2, VCO2, and RQ did not differ significantly between the groups. The Limits of Agreement (LoA) and bias of REE indicated good agreement between SB and NIV-CPAP (LoA +28.2, −19.4 kcal/kg/day; bias +4.4 kcal/kg/day), and between SB and NIV-PS (LoA −22.2, +23.1 kcal/kg/day; bias 0.4 kcal/kg/day). Conclusions. These preliminary findings support the accuracy of IC in children undergoing NIV. Further validation in a larger cohort is warranted.
An Overview of Different Vitamin D Compounds in the Setting of Adiposity
Authors: Spyksma Eva E. , Alexandridou Anastasia , Mai Knut , Volmer Dietrich A. , Stokes Caroline S.
Published: January 2024

A large body of research shows an association between higher body weight and low vitamin D status, as assessed using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Vitamin D can be metabolised in adipose tissue and has been reported to influence gene expression and modulate inflammation and adipose tissue metabolism in vitro. However, the exact metabolism of vitamin D in adipose tissue is currently unknown. White adipose tissue expresses the vitamin D receptor and hydroxylase enzymes, substantially involved in vitamin D metabolism and efficacy. The distribution and concentrations of the generated vitamin D compounds in adipose tissue, however, are largely unknown. Closing this knowledge gap could help to understand whether the different vitamin D compounds have specific health effects in the setting of adiposity. This review summarises the current evidence for a role of vitamin D in adipose tissue and discusses options to accurately measure vitamin D compounds in adipose tissue using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS).
Non-Pharmacological Management of Urge Urinary Incontinence in Women between 40 and 65 Years Old: A Systematic Review
Authors: Trapani Sara , Villa Giulia , Poliani Andrea , Gnecchi Silvia , Rosa Debora , Manara Duilio F.
Published: January 2024

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) has been identified as a World Health Organization health priority. In particular, urge UI (UUI) refers to urine leakage associated with a sudden and compelling desire to void urine. It affects quality of life more than other kinds of UI, but it is not always treated adequately. For these reasons, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of conservative treatment practices to counteract UUI in women aged 40–65 years old. Methods: This systematic review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. According to the protocol registered in PROSPERO, a systematic search was carried out in the CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science databases up to October 2022, to find primary studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: Fourteen studies were included. The scientific literature reported different strategies dealing with the problem of UUI, some purely physical, others physical and psycho-educational and others exclusively psychological. Conclusion: Conservative treatments are useful to aid the reduction in UUI episodes in middle-aged women. However, none of them can be considered more effective than others due to the impossibility of conducting meta-analytical analyses. Further studies comparing the effectiveness of conservative treatments for UUI are needed.
Fabrication of Nanocrystals for Enhanced Distribution of a Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitor (Orlistat) as a Promising Method to Relieve Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma-Induced Hepatic Damage in Mice
Authors: Alamoudi Jawaher Abdullah , El-Masry Thanaa A. , Nasr Mohamed , Ibrahim Ismail T. , Ibrahim Hanaa A. , Saad Hebatallah M. , El-Nagar Maysa M. F. , Alshawwa Samar Zuhair , Alrashidi Amal , El Zahaby Enas I.
Published: January 2024

Background: Orlistat (ORL) is an effective irreversible inhibitor of the lipase enzyme, and it possesses anticancer effects and limited aqueous solubility. This study was designed to improve the aqueous solubility, oral absorption, and tissue distribution of ORL via the formulation of nanocrystals (NCs). Methods: ORL-NC was prepared using the liquid antisolvent precipitation method (bottom-up technology), and it demonstrated significantly improved solubility compared with that of the blank crystals (ORL-BCs) and untreated ORL powder. The biodistribution and relative bioavailability of ORL-NC were investigated via the radiolabeling technique using Technetium-99m (99mTc). Female Swiss albino mice were used to examine the antitumor activity of ORL-NC against solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC)-induced hepatic damage in mice. Results: The prepared NCs improved ORL’s solubility, bioavailability, and tissue distribution, with evidence of 258.70% relative bioavailability. In the in vivo study, the ORL-NC treatment caused a reduction in all tested liver functions (total and direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP) and improved modifications in liver sections that were marked using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining (Ki-67 and ER-α) compared with untreated SEC mice. Conclusions: The developed ORL-NC could be considered a promising formulation approach to enhance the oral absorption tissue distribution of ORL and suppress the liver damage caused by SEC.
Research Progress of Polysaccharide-Gold Nanocomplexes in Drug Delivery
Authors: Song Ming , Aipire Adila , Dilxat Elzira , Li Jianmin , Xia Guoyu , Jiang Ziwen , Fan Zhongxiong , Li Jinyao
Published: January 2024

Clinical drug administration aims to deliver drugs efficiently and safely to target tissues, organs, and cells, with the objective of enabling their therapeutic effects. Currently, the main approach to enhance a drug’s effectiveness is ensuring its efficient delivery to the intended site. Due to the fact that there are still various drawbacks of traditional drug delivery methods, such as high toxicity and side effects, insufficient drug specificity, poor targeting, and poor pharmacokinetic performance, nanocarriers have emerged as a promising alternative. Nanocarriers possess significant advantages in drug delivery due to their size tunability and surface modifiability. Moreover, nano-drug delivery systems have demonstrated strong potential in terms of prolonging drug circulation time, improving bioavailability, increasing drug retention at the tumor site, decreasing drug resistance, as well as reducing the undesirable side effects of anticancer drugs. Numerous studies have focused on utilizing polysaccharides as nanodelivery carriers, developing delivery systems based on polysaccharides, or exploiting polysaccharides as tumor-targeting ligands to enhance the precision of nanoparticle delivery. These types of investigations have become commonplace in the academic literature. This review aims to elucidate the preparation methods and principles of polysaccharide gold nanocarriers. It also provides an overview of the factors that affect the loading of polysaccharide gold nanocarriers with different kinds of drugs. Additionally, it outlines the strategies employed by polysaccharide gold nanocarriers to improve the delivery efficiency of various drugs. The objective is to provide a reference for further development of research on polysaccharide gold nanodelivery systems.
An Overview of the Structure–Activity Relationship in Novel Antimicrobial Thiazoles Clubbed with Various Heterocycles (2017–2023)
Authors: Ungureanu Daniel , Tiperciuc Brîndușa , Nastasă Cristina , Ionuț Ioana , Marc Gabriel , Oniga Ilioara , Oniga Ovidiu
Published: January 2024

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem for global public health. One of the strategies to combat this issue is the synthesis of novel antimicrobials through rational drug design based on extensive structure–activity relationship studies. The thiazole nucleus is a prominent feature in the structure of many authorized antimicrobials, being clubbed with different heterocycles. The purpose of this review is to study the structure–activity relationship in antimicrobial thiazoles clubbed with various heterocycles, as reported in the literature between 2017 and 2023, in order to offer an overview of the last years in terms of antimicrobial research and provide a helpful instrument for future research in the field.
Pharmacokinetic Interpretation of Applying Local Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Deep Surgical Site Infection in the Spine
Authors: Madadi Ahmad Khalid , Sohn Moon-Jun
Published: January 2024

Surgical site infections (SSIs) after spinal surgery present significant challenges, including poor antibiotic penetration and biofilm formation on implants, leading to frequent treatment failures. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is widely used for localized drug delivery in bone infections, yet quantifying individual drug release kinetics is often impractical. This retrospective study analyzed 23 cases of deep SSIs (DSSIs) following spinal surgery treated with antibiotic-loaded PMMA. A mathematical model estimated personalized drug release kinetics from PMMA, considering disease types, pathogens, and various antibiotics. The study found that vancomycin (VAN), ceftriaxone (CRO), and ceftazidime (CAZ) reached peak concentrations of 15.43%, 15.42%, and 15.41%, respectively, within the first two days, which was followed by a lag phase (4.91–4.92%) on days 2–3. On days 5–7, concentrations stabilized, with CRO at 3.22% and CAZ/VAN between 3.63% and 3.65%, averaging 75.4 µg/cm2. Key factors influencing release kinetics include solubility, diffusivity, porosity, tortuosity, and bead diameter. Notably, a patient with a low glomerular filtration rate (ASA IV) was successfully treated with a shortened 9-day intravenous VAN regimen, avoiding systemic complications. This study affirms the effectiveness of local drug delivery systems (DDS) in treating DSSIs and underscores the value of mathematical modeling in determining drug release kinetics. Further research is essential to optimize release rates and durations and to mitigate risks of burst release and tissue toxicity.
Atomistic Modeling of Spinel Oxide Particle Shapes and Reshaping under OER Conditions
Authors: Avcı Öyküm N. , Sementa Luca , Fortunelli Alessandro
Published: January 2024

The surface configurations of the low-index facets of a set of spinel oxides are investigated using DFT+U calculations to derive surface energies and predict equilibrium nanoparticle shapes via the Wulff construction. Two very different conditions are investigated, corresponding to application either in heterogeneous catalysis or in electrocatalysis. First, the bare stoichiometric surfaces of NiFe2O4, CoFe2O4, NiCo2O4, and ZnCo2O4 spinels are studied to model their use as high-temperature oxidation catalysts. Second, focusing attention on the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and on the CoFe2O4 inverse spinel as the most promising OER catalyst, we generate surface configurations by adsorbing OER intermediates and, in an innovative study, we recalculate surface energies taking into account adsorption and environmental conditions, i.e., applied electrode potential and O2 pressure. We predict that under OER operating conditions, (111) facets are dominant in CoFe2O4 nanoparticle shapes, in fair agreement with microscopy measurements. Importantly, in the OER case, we predict a strong dependence of nanoparticle shape upon O2 pressure. Increasing O2 pressure increases the size of the higher-index (111) and (110) facets at the expense of the (001) more catalytically active facet, whereas the opposite occurs at low O2 pressure. These predictions should be experimentally verifiable and help define the optimal OER operative conditions.
Effect of Crown Layers on Reproductive Effort and Success in Andromonoecious Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hook (Sapindaceae) in a Temperate Forest of Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: Pradhan Priya , Sukumaran Arun , Khanduri Vinod Prasad , Singh Bhupendra , Rawat Deepa , Riyal Manoj Kumar , Kumar Munesh , Pinto Marina M. S. Cabral
Published: January 2024

The andromonoecy is an unusual sex expression in trees in which an individual plant bears both functionally staminate and hermaphrodite flowers on the inflorescences. This study aims to investigate the effect of crown layers on the floral biology and reproductive effort of Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hook. The results revealed that the peak period of anthesis was between 06:00 and 08:00 h of the day. Male flower production was predominantly higher as compared to the perfect flowers on the inflorescences. There was no significant variation between total pollen production in staminate and perfect flowers. Features like protogyny and inter-level asynchrony promote xenogamy; however, intra-level asynchrony results in geitonogamy. Controlled pollination treatments revealed the existence of self-incompatibility in flowers. Pollination syndromes in flowers support ambophily. A trend of consistent improvement in reproductive success from lower canopy layers to upper crown layers in the analyzed trees was recorded. The crown layers have a significant impact on flower production, fruit, and seed set. An increase in male flower production due to the increment in the crown is a mechanism of reproductive assurance as a pollen donor and pollinator recipient and also due to the differential cost of expenditure of reproduction in crown layers. Andromonoecy in A. indica promotes self-incompatibility, and there was a tapering trend of reproductive success in the crown layers.
The Plant Volatile-Sensing Mechanism of Insects and Its Utilization
Authors: Qian Qi , Cui Jiarong , Miao Yuanyuan , Xu Xiaofang , Gao Huiying , Xu Hongxing , Lu Zhongxian , Zhu Pingyang
Published: January 2024

Plants and insects are engaged in a tight relationship, with phytophagous insects often utilizing volatile organic substances released by host plants to find food and egg-laying sites. Using plant volatiles as attractants for integrated pest management is vital due to its high efficacy and low environmental toxicity. Using naturally occurring plant volatiles combined with insect olfactory mechanisms to select volatile molecules for screening has proved an effective method for developing plant volatile-based attractant technologies. However, the widespread adoption of this technique is still limited by the lack of a complete understanding of molecular insect olfactory pathways. This paper first describes the nature of plant volatiles and the mechanisms of plant volatile perception by insects. Then, the attraction mechanism of plant volatiles to insects is introduced with the example of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Next, the progress of the development and utilization of plant volatiles to manage pests is presented. Finally, the functions played by the olfactory system of insects in recognizing plant volatiles and the application prospects of utilizing volatiles for green pest control are discussed. Understanding the sensing mechanism of insects to plant volatiles and its utilization will be critical for pest management in agriculture.
Salt Stress Induces Contrasting Physiological and Biochemical Effects on Four Elite Date Palm Cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from Southeast Morocco
Authors: Benaceur Ibtissame , Meziani Reda , El Fadile Jamal , Hoinkis Jan , Canas Kurz Edgardo , Hellriegel Ulrich , Jaiti Fatima
Published: January 2024

Understanding the response of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars to salt stress is essential for the sustainable management of phoeniculture in Tafilalet, Morocco. It offers a promising avenue for addressing the challenges presented by the increasing salinity of irrigation waters, especially because farmers in these regions often lack the necessary knowledge and resources to make informed decisions regarding cultivar selection. This study addresses this issue by investigating the performance of the most relied on cultivars by farmers in Tafilalet, namely Mejhoul, Boufeggous, Nejda, and Bouskri. These cultivars were exposed to a sodium chloride treatment of 154 mM, and their performances were evaluated over a three-month period. We examined the growth rate, photosynthesis-related parameters, pigments, water status in plants, and biochemical compounds associated with oxidative stress, osmotic stress, and ionic stress. Principle component analysis (PCA) effectively categorized the cultivars into two distinct groups: salt-sensitive (Mejhoul and Nejda) and salt-tolerant (Boufeggous and Bouskri). These findings provide valuable insights for farmers, highlighting the advantages of cultivating Boufeggous and Bouskri cultivars due to their superior adaptation to salt conditions. These cultivars exhibited moderate decrease in shoot growth (25%), enhanced catalase activity, a smaller increase in anthocyanin content, and greater enhancement in organic osmolytes compared with salt-sensitive cultivars like Mejhoul (experiencing an 87% reduction in shoot elongation) and Nejda (exhibiting the highest reduction in leaf area). Furthermore, the Na+/K+ ratio was positively influenced by salt stress, with Mejhoul and Nejda recording the highest values, suggesting its potential as an indicator of salt stress sensitivity in date palms.
Glycine-Rich RNA-Binding Protein AtGRP7 Functions in Nickel and Lead Tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kim Yeon-Ok , Safdar Mahpara , Kang Hunseung , Kim Jangho
Published: January 2024

Plant glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GRPs) play crucial roles in the response to environmental stresses. However, the functions of AtGRP7 in plants under heavy metal stress remain unclear. In the present study, in Arabidopsis, the transcript level of AtGRP7 was markedly increased by Ni but was decreased by Pb. AtGRP7-overexpressing plants improved Ni tolerance, whereas the knockout mutant (grp7) was more susceptible than the wild type to Ni. In addition, grp7 showed greatly enhanced Pb tolerance, whereas overexpression lines showed high Pb sensitivity. Ni accumulation was reduced in overexpression lines but increased in grp7, whereas Pb accumulation in grp7 was lower than that in overexpression lines. Ni induced glutathione synthase genes GS1 and GS2 in overexpression lines, whereas Pb increased metallothionein genes MT4a and MT4b and phytochelatin synthase genes PCS1 and PCS2 in grp7. Furthermore, Ni increased CuSOD1 and GR1 in grp7, whereas Pb significantly induced FeSOD1 and FeSOD2 in overexpression lines. The mRNA stability of GS2 and PCS1 was directly regulated by AtGRP7 under Ni and Pb, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that AtGRP7 plays a crucial role in Ni and Pb tolerance by reducing Ni and Pb accumulation and the direct or indirect post-transcriptional regulation of genes related to heavy metal chelators and antioxidant enzymes.