bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heights and weights of Jamaican schoolchildren of various ethnic groups
Authors: Ashcroft M. T. , Heneage P. , Lovell H. G.
Published: August 2005

In Kingston, Jamaica, it is possible to disentangle racial and environmental factors, both of which influence the size of children, because secondary school children, of similar socio‐economic status, can be grouped as being predominantly of African, European, Afro‐European or Chinese racial origin. The heights and weights of about 5,000 children, aged 11 to 17 years, were measured. The stature of Africans, Afro‐Europeans and Europeans was similar, indicating that in Jamaica the potential height of the African is at least as great as that of the European race. Chinese were consistently smaller than the others, a difference due to inherited racial factors.
Are there Hebrews left?
Authors: Bonne Batsheva
Published: August 2005

The Samaritan sect in the Middle East traces its ancestry over a period of more than 2,000 years from the Biblical Samaritans. The Samaritans are the guardians of a unique and very ancient religious literature which together with other historical accounts makes their claim of such a length of existence probable.

Comparison of blood group frequencies as well as other genetic markers (such as PTC sensitivity, color blindness and G6PD deficiency) indicate that the Samaritans are unlike any of the existing surrounding groups whom they might be expected to resemble. From comparison of anthropometric data the Samaritans appear to exhibit their own “typical” features which do not resemble those of any other Jewish or non‐Jewish community in the Middle East. These differences support the contention that the Samaritans' separation and isolation from the communities is not a recent event. The possibility that the Samaritans today can be regarded as modern representatives of the ancient Hebrews and the living offspring of a particular branch of the Israelite kingdom is discussed.
Wolff's law and the problem of muscle attachment on resorptive surfaces of bone
Authors: Hoyte D. A. N. , Enlow Donald H.
Published: August 2005

During the growth of a bone, outer (periosteal) surfaces in many areas undergo normal remodeling processes involving resorptive removal. Attachments of muscles commonly occur on such outer resorptive surfaces. The cortex in these regions grows in an inward direction by bone deposition on endosteal surfaces. In some areas of a bone, a portion of a muscle can be inserted onto a depository surface, but other parts of the same muscle may be attached onto an adjacent resorptive surface. It has been generally assumed that the pull of a muscle acts to directly stimulate deposition of new bone, and that attachments of muscle are thereby responsible for determining the gross morphology of a whole bone. In view of the foregoing considerations, a re‐evaluation and an expansion of this concept is now needed. Muscle pull, in many regions of a bone, can be associated with normal cortical recession (involving surface resorption) as well as with outward bone deposition.
Metric and taxonomic variations in the dentitions of two Asian cercopithecoid species: Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H.
Published: August 2005

The primary molars and the first permanent molars of two Asian cercopithecoid species, Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa, were statistically described. Sexual dimorphism was not found related to tooth dimensions nor was there a significant difference between the right and the left sides. Generally, the teeth of Macaca mulatta were found to be larger than those of Macaca speciosa, and that this difference was significant for most tooth measurements.

The discriminant function analysis reveals that the two species may be distinguished by tooth dimensions alone except in the dimensional range where over‐lapping is expected.
Body composition: Models and estimation equations
Authors: Brožek Josef
Published: August 2005

Several approaches have been developed to a quantitative description of the “inner man.” The present attempt at a synthesis of the basic methodological aspects begins with the anatomist's handiwork and goes on to somatometric models and to procedures based on determinations of body density and body water. The estimation equations used in the densitometric and the hydrometric analysis of body composition are derived afresh from information on an empirically defined “reference body.” The Minnesota model is based on considerations of the composition of the reference body and of the “obesity tissue,” initially defined as body mass gained during a prolonged intake of excess calories. Subsequently, information has been obtained on the composition of weight losses and of the mass differentiating “lean” and “fat” young men of the same height. Due consideration is given to the approaches based on the measurement of whole‐body radioactivity generated by the naturally occurring isotope of potassium (K40), and to the multicomponental system developed by F. D. Moore and his co‐workers in the context of surgical treatment and research. While the very nature of the field is interdisciplinary, the presentation endeavors to be intelligible to students, teachers, and investigators approaching the problem from the point of view of any scientific specialty.
The correlation of bone robusticity with the perforation of the coronoid‐olecranon septum in the humerus of man
Authors: Benfer Robert A. , McKern Thomas W.
Published: August 2005

Hrdlička ('32) theorized that the tendency towards perforation of the coronoid‐olecranon septum of the humerus was phylogenetic in origin, but its appearance also seemed to be negatively correlated with bone size. By determining the correlation between the occurrence of the perforation and certain standard anthropometric measurements, the present study provides a statistical tool to test Hrdlička's hypothesis more rigorously. The minimum middle diameter of the humerus is shown to be significantly related to the occurrence of septal perforation, in samples of archeological skeletal material. Using the minimum middle diameter of the humerus as a quantitative assessment of robusticity, more robust samples were found to have smaller mean percentages of perforation.
Distribution of blood antigens A, B, and D in the population of bogotá (analysis of 30,000 samples)
Authors: Fajardo Luis F. , Lavalle Zaray N.
Published: August 2005

As tested by anti‐A and anti‐B sera, blood drawn from 30,000 inhabitans of Bogotá, Colombia, showed the following phenotype percentages: A — 26.5, B — 8.0, AB — 1.1, and O — 64.4. The allele frequencies were: A — 0.150, B — 0.048, and O — 0.802.

In the same samples anti‐D (Rh0) was used: 94.6% of the individuals carried the D antigen. All bloods were typed with fresh commercial sera. No back‐typing was performed.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn, caused by Rh‐Hr isoimmunization, is more frequent (0.40%) in Bogotá than should be expected for a population having only (5.4%) or less “Rh negative” individuals. This paradoxical fact was observed in the analysis of 12,672 deliveries in an obstetrical hospital of Bogotá. A possible explanation could be the multiparity of Colombian women since the possibility of isoimmunization and hemolytic disease increases with each succeeding pregnancy in a given woman. Also it is well established that when Rh‐Hr incompatibility is combined with ABO incompatibility, it is less apt to produce disease than when it occurs alone. AO isoimmunization should therefore be less frequent in Bogotá than in populations that have a higher frequency of A individuals. Thus, the women of Bogotá are less “protected” from Rh‐Hr immunization by ABO incompatibility.
A field method for the cephalometric x‐ray study of skulls in early Nubian cemeteries
Authors: Harris James E. , Burnor Duane , Loutfy Samir , Ponitz Paul
Published: August 2005

The cephalometer, a clinical and research instrument employed by the orthodontic profession to record standardized x‐rays of the human skull, has been modified for research work in remote areas where the usual laboratory facilities are not available. This cephalometer was specifically designed to record cephalograms (head radiographs) on the living Nubian population and their extensive skeletal record. The cephalometer consists of a light, portable tripod stand and an aluminum beam to which is attached at one end a Wehmer cephalostat (head holder), and on the other end an isotope radiation source. Hence, the radiation source and the cephalostat were held in the standard relationship of five feet from source to the mid‐saggittal plane of the cranium. Ytterbium‐169, with a half life of 32.5 days, was used to expose the film. The isotope and the use of the new Experimental Polaroid X‐ray Film permitted the x‐ray examination of Nubian skulls with no conventional power source or darkroom facilities.
A dermatoglyphical study of metacarpo‐phalangeal creases
Authors: Okajima M.
Published: August 2005

This paper reports the configuration of metacarpo‐phalangeal creases and describes a technique to obtain adequate prints thereof. Metacarpo‐phalangeal creases may be classified into the boundary, ring and accessory crease. Generally only the middle and ring‐finger possess ring creases. The ring crease index, which depends on the position of the ring crease, is obtained on the middle finger. No significant differences are recognizable in the indices between males and females, and between right and left hands.
The skin of primates. XXXIV. The skin of the golden spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)
Authors: Perkins E. M. , Machida H.
Published: August 2005

The skin of the golden spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) has many histological and histochemical similarities to that of the woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) and howler monkey (Alouatta caraya); however, this monkey possesses certain peculiar properties such as large sebaceous glands, a combined distributional pattern of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands, and abundant alkaline phosphatase in the sebaceous glands, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. In brief, the anatomical and histochemical properties of the skin of this animal are more similar to those of the howler monkey than to the woolly monkey. In addition, the skin of these three Ceboids falls phylogenetically between that of the Cercopithecoidea and Pithecoidea.
Distribution of the group specific (Gc) serum component in the populations of the Markham Valley, New Guinea
Authors: Baumgarten A. , Giles E. , Curtain C. C.
Published: August 2005

The distribution of the Gc phenotypes was determined by immunoelectrophoresis amongst 486 inhabitants of nine villages of the Markham River Valley of New Guinea. The overall gene frequencies were Gc1, 0.538; Gc2, 0.351; GcAborigine, 0.112. GcAborigine occurred in all the villages, its frequency ranging from 0.041 to 0.187. The Gc2 gene frequency also varied widely ranging from 0.167 to 0.491. No correlation could be found between altitude and the Gc distribution and there was an overlap in the gene frequencies between the Austronesian and non‐Austronesian‐speaking villages.
Some occult lesions in captive primates
Authors: Oxnard Charles E.
Published: August 2005

Recent findings have shown that a state of hypovitaminosis B12 occurs easily in many primates in captivity on vegetarian diets. Pathological lesions of the nervous system, oral mucous membranes, blood, reproduction and growth which are extensive yet occult may result. Attention is drawn to these facts and their relevance to the experimentalist is noted.
The leaping of langurs: A problem in the study of locomotor adaptation
Authors: Ripley Suzanne
Published: August 2005

Locomotor patterns are ranges of complex skills which must be learned and practiced — which both limit and facilitate other aspects of primate life. Since locomotor skills are differentially distributed in the normal living group at any one point in time, ideally such groups can be considered as units, internally structured with respect to patterns of movement. An exhaustive study of the total locomotor pattern of a primate population would include many details of ecology, social behavior and morphology, as well as postures, gaits and locomotor abilities. This paper presents, at least roughly, certain qualitative components of such a description for several troops of gray langurs (Presbytis entellus thersites) in Ceylon.

Descriptions are given of the features of the home range commonly used by the gray langur, the kinds of postures and locomotor skills used there, as well as the sorts of social activities that occur in these places and postures. The importance of play in the acquisition of skill and confidence in movement is stressed. Material on toque macaques (Macaca sinica) and purple‐faced langurs (P. vetulus philbricki) is added when informative contrasts occur among the three varieties of primates using the same trees.

Descriptions of this kind can form the basis for an assessment of the evolutionary importance of behaviors and related morphological features, particularly in the interpretation of the locomotor behavior and ecology of fossil specimens. Certain problems, which arise when a classification of locomotor types in primates is made without the benefit of such descriptions, are discussed.
Finger dermatoglyphics of the Tibetans
Authors: Tiwari S. C. , Chattopadhyay P. K.
Published: August 2005

Finger prints of 156 Tibetan males and 150 females have been analyzed. Whorls are more abundant in Tibetan males (60.24%) than in females (48.67%). The index of pattern intensity shows a higher value in males (15.95) than the females (14.65).

The bimanual differences (both in males and females) are not statistically significant for the occurrence of pattern on the digits of the right and left hands. However, the difference between the sexes for the occurrence of patterns on the finger balls, are statistically significant.

Ridge counting was done for each finger. On all fingers, Tibetan males have higher ridge‐counts than females. The possible tendency for the right hands to possess higher ridge‐counts cannot be demonstrated statistically.

Tibetans show greater affinity with the Southern Mongoloids in the frequency distributions of pattern types on the finger balls. However, a more detailed dermatoglyphic study of all the Mongoloid populations in South East Asia, Central Asia and Far East would yield information of great value in disclosing the palmar pattern distributions among the Mongoloids.
Frequencies of protan and deutan alleles in some Israeli communities and a note on the selection‐relaxation hypothesis
Authors: Adam A. , Doron D. , Modan R.
Published: August 2005

Anomaloscopic diagnoses of red‐green vision defects are reported and compared to the Ishihara tests for six Israeli populations. The highest frequencies of defects, about 10%, were found in an Arab sample and among Ashkenazi Jews; the lowest — about 4% — among Yemenite Jews.

Heterogeneity was also found regarding the relative frequencies of the different alleles; these differences are due primarily to alleles causing milder defects (particularly deuteranomaly) while frequencies of anopias are rather similar. It seems that the same phenomenon prevails for other population differences as well.

These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that present‐day high rates of colorblindness in some populations may be explained by the relaxation of selection pressure against colorblindness.
Chromosome variability in the Lemuridae
Authors: Egozcue J.
Published: August 2005

Chromosome studies have been conducted in Lemur catta, L. macaco, L. mongoz, L. fulvus fulvus, and a hybrid L. fulvus fulvus x L. fulvus albifrons. Comparative analysis shows that inter‐ and intraspecific chromosome variability is a common finding in Lemurs. The Lemuridae are divided into three groups according to the characteristics of their chromosome complement. A reclassification of L. catta with the Hapalemurs is suggested, based on chromosomal and nonchromosomal data.
The skin of primates. XXXVII. The skin of the pig‐tail macaque (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Perkins E. , Arao T. , Dolnick E. H.
Published: August 2005

The skin of the pig‐tail macaque is basically similar to that of the rhesus monkey and the stump‐tail macaque. The epidermis is thin and contains occasional basal melanocytes. The dermis, rich in elastic fibers, is practically free of pigment‐containing cells. The upper dermis is highly vascular in the perianal region and sex skin. Cholinesterase‐reactive nerve endings are plentiful beneath the friction surfaces of the pes and manus, mucous membranes, and junction of the hairy gluteus and glabrous ischial callosity. Hederiform‐like endings are present in the eyelid, pinna, and frontal scalp. Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands occur throughout the hairy skin in a 2–3: 1 ratio. Both types are invested by nerves reactive for acetyl‐ and butyrylcholinesterase.
Convergent evolution in the tribes of Bastar
Authors: Sharma J. C.
Published: August 2005

An investigation of the ABO blood groups, the sickle cell trait, and the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide among four endogamous tribal groups of Bastar in Central India is reported. These tribles, the Raj Gonds, the Murias, the Bhatras and the Halbas are shown to resemble one another in the genetic traits investigated to a remarkable degree, despite genetic and social isolation from each other. It is suggested that similarities between the tribes is due to their having shared a common geographical environment for hundreds of generations.
Finger and palmar dermatoglyphics in seminole Indians of Florida
Authors: Rife David C.
Published: August 2005

Hand prints of 146 Florida Seminoles were obtained at the Brighton, Big Cypress and Dania reservations and at the Indian Agency in Dania. Comparisons with other tribes of North American Indians (Comanche, Arapahoe, Navaho, Hopi and Pueblo) reveal similarities with respect to fingerprint indices, frequencies of patterns in all palmar areas, and transverseness of palmar ridges.

Comparisons of Seminoles and other North American tribes with the Mayans of southern Mexico and Guatamala show striking differences in pattern frequencies in the thenar/first interdigital area of the palm. Among North American Indians, the frequency varies from 18.49% among Seminoles to 28.5% among Navahoes, whereas all Mayan tribes which have been studied range between 40 and 50%. Pattern frequencies are higher in the thenar/first interdigital area than in the hypothenar area among all Amerindians who have been tested. This trend is the reverse of that found in other racial groups.

North, Central and South American Indians are similar with respect to relatively high finger pattern indices, low frequencies of patterns in the hypothenar area, low frequencies of accessory triradii in the interdigital areas and moderately transverse palmar ridges.
Further evidence for continuing bone expansion
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Wagner Betty , Rohmann Christabel G. , Ascoli Werner
Published: August 2005

Additional and extended data on 2726 subjects from Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama provide confirming evidence for continuing bone expansion of the second metacarpal at midshaft. As shown in 4924 subjects from eight populations, subperiosteal apposition is more rapid in the female than in the male, and accounts for a net increase of 10% in cross‐sectional area from age 25 to age 85. Unlike endosteal resorption, which is precipitous in onset, adult subperiosteal gain is continuous from the third through the ninth decades.
A microscopic study of the marmoset claw and nail
Authors: Thorndike Elizabeth E.
Published: August 2005

W. E. Le Gros Clark concluded in his study of the problem of the primate claw that the essential difference between claw and nail is the presence of a terminal matrix associated with a deep layer in the claw, whereas neither terminal matrix nor deep layer exists in the nail. He demonstrated that the marmoset claw (which tips every digit except the hallux) has a thin deep layer and a recognizable terminal matrix. The present paper reports and discusses evidence that the marmoset nail also has a deep layer and terminal matrix. Although the importance of these structures in the claw is not disputed, it appears that these can no longer be considered absolute differences between claw and nail. On the basis of this evidence, it cannot be claimed that the presence of the deep layer and terminal matrix determines the distinctive shape of the claw as opposed to the nail.
The size and morphology of the Nasioi dentition
Authors: Bailit H. L. , Dewitt S. J. , Leigh R. A.
Published: August 2005

Dental impressions were obtained on 240 Nasioi, a Melanesian population living on the island of Bougainville. Odontometric data are presented for both the permanent and deciduous teeth, and the former teeth are also examined morphologically. The results show that the Nasioi have large permanent teeth like other Australoid populations whereas the deciduous teeth are only of moderate size. The coefficients of variation are large in the permanent teeth compared to other populations but the sexual dimorphism in tooth size and variability is not remarkable.

Morphologically, the permanent teeth of the Nasioi are characterized by a

cusp number pattern, a high frequency of the Dryopithecus + pattern on the first mandibular molar, few individuals with a Cusp of Carabelli, and a moderate expression of shovelled‐shaped anterior teeth.
Nasal shape, prognathism and adaptation in man
Authors: Glanville Edward V.
Published: August 2005

The association between nasal shape, prognathism and the shape of the maxillary dental arch has been examined within samples of Negro and European skulls. Prognathism tends to be accompanied by an increasingly broad and short nose. Particularly high correlations exist between nasal height and the length of the cranial base and between nasal breadth and the distance which separates the upper canine teeth. Regression analysis has yielded quantitative estimates of the effect on a given dimension of variation in one or more of the others.

It seems probable that both nasal shape and the maxillary dental arch‐prognathism complex may be subject to direct selection by environmental stress. The morphological association between these complexes suggests that a part of the interpopulation variation in prognathism may be a secondary effect of selection acting on the nose. Similarly, selection acting on the dental arch or maxilla could produce secondary changes in the nasal index (i.e. a non‐adaptive component of nasal variation).
A commentary on the growth of the human brain and skull
Authors: Baer Melvyn J. , Harris James E.
Published: August 2005

This paper tests the suggestion put forth by Tanner ('55) and Eichorn and Bayley ('62) to the effect that the brain participates in the parapubertal spurt of growth which characterizes many of the dimensions of the human body. To this end, longitudinal data consisting of oriented head roentgenograms of 11 boys were examined. Two measurements were taken directly from each lateral head film: (1) skull length, measured from glabella to opisthocranion, and (2) endocranial length, the maximum length of the endocranial contour in the mid‐sagittal plane.

While many of the individual cumulative curves depicting growth in skull length exhibit a parapubertal acceleration, all of the curves for endocranial length comprise segments of a parabolic arc representing a single decelerating phase of growth. Mean incremental curves, mathematically fitted, further emphasize the differences in velocity and pattern of size attainment for the two dimensions tested. The data here presented, then, fail to implicate the brain in the general spurt of growth evident for the external dimensions of the head at adolescence.

It is suggested that two discrete systems are evident in the growth of the skull: a rapidly growing neural system essentially completed by adolescence, and a facial system of slower growth and longer duration. The conventional measurement of skull length cuts across both systems, appraising neural growth and the cerebral skeletal envelope prior to adolescence, and then superimposing the facial component, the forward projection of the frontal sinus, during adolescence and post‐adolescence.
The founder effect and deleterious genes
Authors: Livingstone Frank B.
Published: August 2005

During the rapid growth of a population from a few founders, a single deleterious gene in a founder can attain an appreciable frequency in later generations. A computer simulation, which has the population double itself in early generations, indicates a lethal could attain a frequency of 0.1. Since deleterious recessive genes are eliminated from large populations at a very slow rate, variations in their frequencies in present major human populations may be due to the founder effect during earlier rapid expansion.
On the computation of Mahalanobis' generalized distance (D2)
Authors: Rightmire G. P.
Published: August 2005

It is suggested that, while use of many statistical techniques is facilitated by electronic aids, a computer is not always a necessity. A simple guide to the calculation of Mahalanobis' D2statistic, intended for those with limited mathematical background and no access to computing equipment, is presented in hopes that such a procedure will permit application of this statistic, by anthropologists, with a minimum of effort.
Non‐metric skeletal age changes in the Darajani baboon
Authors: Bramblett Claud A.
Published: August 2005

Dental attrition, cranial suture closure, and epiphyseal union are compared as indicators of relative age in baboons, Papio cynocephalus (Linnaeus, 1776). Tooth destruction from wear is extreme. Such destruction is certainly a factor of vital importance to feral baboons and may limit life span. As cusps wear away, they form selenes of dentine and enamel which are effective grinding surfaces. In conditions of extreme wear, functional fourth molars may be quite beneficial. Vault sutures of females remain active longer than those of males. In contrast, most other cranial sutures and sites of epiphyseal activity mature earlier in the female than in males. Attrition scores in this sample are as useful as assessments of closure or epiphyseal union to determine the relative position of an individual in an age sequence. The most reliable estimates rely on all three sources.
Inbreeding, biological and mental variations in France
Authors: Schreider Eugène
Published: August 2005

Coefficients of inbreeding, known for most French départements, correlate not only with body‐height, as previously shown, but also with other anthropometrical, physiological, biochemical and mental characteristics. It does not appear that these correlations were primarily determined by differences in socio‐economic or cultural levels.
The skin of primates. XXIV. The skin of Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii)
Authors: Perkins Edwin M.
Published: August 2005

The close resemblance between the skin of Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii) and that of the genus Saguinus (Hoffmannsegg) suggests that C. goeldii be placed in the family Callithricidae (Thomas, '03) as originally proposed by Pocock in 1920 and not in the family Cebidae (Swainson, 1835). Recent karyological evidence supports this point of view. The skin is characterized by (1) a melanin‐laden epidermis and aggregates of melanocytes in the upper dermis; (2) nonglandular skin in the gular region distinguished by a sparsely haired, pebbly, granular surface; (3) cholinesterase‐positive Meissner corpuscles and papillary nerve end‐organs; (4) groups of 3 to 5 hair follicles in linear perfect sets; (5) sinus hairs on the ventral ulnar wrist; (6) manubrial, sternal, genitopubic, and circumanal sebaceous‐apocrine glandular concentrations rich in phosphorylase and alkaline phosphatase; (7) eccrine glands, restricted to volar friction surfaces, whose clear and dark secretory cells contain phosphorylase but no glycogen; and (8) eccrine glomeruli surrounded by many acetyl‐ but few butyrylcholinesterase‐reactive nerves.
A classification of the primates
Authors: Van Valen Leigh
Published: August 2005

A reclassification of the Primates, at the family level, is given, with remarks on points of difference from other recent classifications.
A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis
Authors: Phenice T. W.
Published: August 2005

Preliminary investigation has indicated that the use of the ventral arc, subpubic concavity, and medial aspect of the ischio‐pubic ramus as sexing criteria allows one to sex the os pubis with an accuracy in excess of 95%. The method described here is simple and objective enough to allow the beginning researcher to sex hip bones accurately while requiring the presence of only a small fragment of the bone.
A new data acquisition method for measuring dentitions and tests for accuracy
Authors: Savara B. S. , Sanin Carlos
Published: August 2005

A data acquisition method for recording the relative position of the landmarks in dental casts, photographs or xerox prints, has been devised. Essentially it consists of a modified comparator and a decimal converter connected to an IBM key punch. This method of recording the landmarks independently, permits any measurement such as size of the teeth, arch width and length, perimeter, spacing and crowding, changes of displaced and rotated teeth to be derived by programming the computer. Measurement errors were studied for accuracy of equipment, reorientation of dental casts, validity of measurements between different instruments and reproducibility of landmark location.
Studies on several genetic hematological traits of the Mexican population. XVI. Hemoglobin, s and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the east coast
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Córdova María S. , Zárate Q. B. P. Graciela
Published: August 2005

The distribution of abnormal hemoglobins, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, blood group antigens A, B, M, N, C, c, D, E, e, V, Duffy and Diego, serum haptoglobins, transferrins and pseudocholinesterase types, were investigated in five villages of the East Coast of Mexico, where vivax malaria was endemic until recently. Hemoglobin S and G‐6‐PD deficiency were present in variable degrees in all five locations. All patients with the enzyme deficiency had the A band by electrophoresis, which coupled with the presence of hemoglobin C and haptoglobin 2‐1 M in a few individuals strongly suggested Negro admixture. The high frequency of antigen V and the relatively low frequency of Fy (a +) were congruent with the above hypothesis and the conclusion was drawn that the presence of hemoglobin S and G‐6‐PD deficiency in this area is due to Negro admixture. Unusually high frequencies of the Diego antigen were observed in three of the five villages studied.
The skin of primates. XLI. The skin of the silver marmoset—Callithrix (= Mico) Argentata
Authors: Perkins Edwin M.
Published: August 2005

The skin of the silver marmoset, Callithrix (= Mico) argentata Linnaeus, has many outstanding characteristics. The unusually thin epidermis and dermis are generally devoid of melanotic melanocytes. The surface of the interramal gular region is peppered with small, elevated papillae; that of the corpus penis is characterized by keratinized, proximally directed hollow spines in whose cavities are organized nerve end‐organs and capillary loops. Cholinesterase‐reactive papillary nerve end‐organs and Meissner corpuscles populate all volar friction surfaces. A highly vascular dermis and subcutaneous fat pad partially contribute to the characteristic rubicund color of the face, external ears, and anogenital region. Many body surface hairs are accompanied by the classic Haarscheibe of Pinkus. Sinus hairs are plentiful; a circumscribed vibrissa‐bearing eminence is located on the ventral ulnar aspect of each wrist. Alkaline phosphatase‐positive, stellate‐shaped cells are found on the outer root sheath and epithelial sac of active and quiescent hairs in all cephalic regions; such cells are not argyrophilic, aurophilic, or osmiophilic. Hairs grow in linear perfect sets of 3 to 5 follicles; they do not grow singly on the cheek. Large sebaceous glands contain alkaline phosphatase in their peripheral acini; extensive fields of gigantic multilobular sebaceous glands contribute to the distinct, opaque‐white color of the scrotal skin. Numbers of apocrine sweat glands are diminished in cephalic regions but one gland occurs with each hair follicle in the axilla, scrotum, suprapubic region, and ulnar eminence. Relatively avascular eccrine sweat glands are confined to the volar friction surfaces. Their secretory coils contain sporadically distributed glycogen and phosphorylase and surrounding nerves are much more reactive for acetyl‐ than butyrylcholinesterase.
The effects of pathology on skeletal populations
Authors: Stewart T. D.
Published: August 2005

The effects of pathology on skeletal populations are indirect as well as direct. A review of the histories of four collections in the National Museum shows that the indirect effects come about largely because collectors sometimes select the skeletons to be saved. If selection is on the basis of state of preservation, it can be against pathological specimens since lesions sometimes weaken the bones and hasten their deterioration. If selection is on the basis of interest in pathology, it can exaggerate the representation of diseased specimens in the collections.

As civilization advanced and man learned how better to cope with diseases, life expectancy increased and with it the evidence in the bones of the scars of living. The effects of pathology on skeletal populations are thus proportional to the mean ages of the latter.

Aside from gross osseous lesions, the direct effects of pathology on skeletal populations are difficult to demonstrate. In so far as changes in size are concerned the effects thus far detected seem to be more proportional than linear. As regards pathological states with hereditary bases, they will affect populations to the extent that involved family lines are represented.
Rates of Change in width and length‐width ratios of the diaphyses of the hand
Authors: Roche A. F. , Hermann R. F.
Published: August 2005

The minimum width and the length of each diaphysis of the hand were measured on serial radiographs of 20 boys and 20 girls. These radiographs were taken close to each birthday at ages from 3 to 13 years inclusive. The corresponding length‐width ratios were calculated from these parameters. The b values (indicating rates of change) were calculated for width and length‐width ratio in each diaphysis in each child. Communality indices (mean r between b values) were calculated for individual diaphyses. These communality indices reflect the associations between each diaphysis and all the other diaphyses of the hand in their rates of change in width and length‐width ratio. The sex differences were not statistically significant for mean b values but they were significant for the communality indices for width (boys higher) and length‐width ratio (girls higher). Statistically significant neighborhood effects were present in communality indices for widths within rays for the girls and for ratios within rays for both sexes. There were statistically significant marginal effects in communality indices for widths in the girls within rows and for length‐width ratios in the boys within rays.
On deflecting wrinkles and the Dryopithecus pattern in human mandibular molars
Authors: Morris Donald H.
Published: August 2005

The utility of the traditional Dryopithecus pattern observations on mandibular molars in hominid dental analysis has been challenged recently from several points of view. Both fossil and contemporary evidence suggest the independence of cusp number and groove pattern on mandibular molars and the quality of dentitions which are normally available for study make it difficult to determine both aspects of pattern (cusp number, groove pattern) equally. Now this paper shows that one of the polymorphisms on the occlusal surface of mandibular molars, the “deflecting wrinkle,” may be responsible for the spurious appearance of a Y molar pattern. It presence serves to insure a “2–3 contact” and hence the identification of the Y molar pattern. While seldom reported in traditional dental data, the wrinkle varies in frequency from 7% in South African white first permanent molars to 78.5% in Bushmen. Elsewhere, Hanihara has proposed that it be considered part of the “Mongoloid dental complex”.
Fast hemoglobin variant in Minahassan people of Sulawesi, Chinese and Thais: α2β256 Gly→Asp
Authors: Blackwell R. Quentin , Liu Chen‐Sheng , Lie‐Injo Luan Eng , Pribadi Wita
Published: August 2005

Hemoglobin J Manado was found in 1957 in the father and two children of a Minahassan family originating from Manado, Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Present studies demonstrate that the structural anomaly in J Manado is located in the βT5 section of the hemoglobin molecule; the glycyl group normally found at the β‐56 position, or the βD7 position of the D‐helix, is replaced by an aspartyl group.

Previous work had established that the same structural change occurs in Hemoglobin J Meinung, seen in Chinese residents of Taiwan, as well as in Hemoglobin J Korat or J Bangkok found in Thai subjects.

The origins and ethnic background of the Minahassan people are obscure; their relatively large stature, light complexion, and language serve to set them from all other groups in Indonesia as well as Southeast Asia. They have no apparent ethnic connection either with Chinese or Thais, however, because of the relative geographical proximities of the three groups it appears likely that the occurrence of the same hemoglobin variant within all three can be explained by gene flow rather than by separate mutations.
Extremity heat loss in water in humans and macaques
Authors: Newman Russell W.
Published: August 2005

Human hands and feet lose about the same amount of heat per unit time in cold water. This is somewhat strange since they are grossly different in size (volume). When corrected for size, the human hand loses far more heat per unit volume than the foot. This study attempted to see if macaques showed comparable hand‐foot differences by repeating the human test situation as closely as possible on 20 macaques. The monkeys lose less total heat in cold water because their hands and feet are so much smaller, but on a volume basis they exceeded human heat losses. Even more important, the macaque hand and foot show very similar heat losses when the size difference is removed. The human hand and the macaque hand and foot are reasonably close in heat loss per unit volume; the human foot appears unique. Another sample of human subjects in which both extremity volumes and surface areas were measured showed closer heat loss correspondence between hands and feet on the basis of surface area, but the human foot still was lower. Pedal heat loss in man is apparently conditioned by a combination of the foot's special morphology and vascularity.
The morphological basis of the underbite trait in langurs (P. melalophus and T. cristatus) with an analysis of adaptive and evolutionary implications
Authors: Zingeser Maurice R.
Published: August 2005

Underbites or mandibular incisor protrusions are widely prevalent among Coloboid monkeys. The morphological basis of the trait is explored in two langur species differing with respect to its incidence. P. melalophus, characterized by a high occurrence of underbites, has mandibular incisors which are significantly wider than those of T. cristatus, the more “normative” occlusal group. No other statistically significant incisor metric differences are noted. Comparisons of convexgent traits in the Colobinae, Alouattinae, and Ruminantia support the contention that underbites are a herbivorous adaptation. The zoogeographic distribution of the trait in langurs is discussed in the context of evolutionary dynamics.
Responses of native and migrant desert residents to arid heat
Authors: Hanna Joel M.
Published: August 2005

Four groups of Sonoran Desert residents were compared in three studies of heat tolerance. In the first two studies the task involved walking in arid heat at a moderate rate (5 km/hour) for two hours per day over a period of seven consecutive days. The first study compared seven Yaqui Indians with ten Mestizos, all lifelong residents of the same neighborhood in Hermosillo, Sonora. The groups showed no significant differences in physiological responses. The second study compared five Papago Indian students with five White students from Tucson, Arizona. The Papago showed significantly lower sweat rates and significantly lower rectal temperatures. None of the groups showed sequential changes which could be called acclimatization. The lower sweat rate of the Papago is partially the result of their smaller size, but their lower rectal temperatures may represent a more effective heat dissipating mechanism.

The third study compared naturally acclimatized Yaquis and Mestizos in hot, humid conditions established by other investigators. These well acclimatized subjects responded in a manner intermediate between the unacclimatized and artificially acclimatized Caucasians reported in the literature. Thus desert acclimatization does not confer maximal acclimatization to humid heat.
A comparison of laboratory and field studies of cold response
Authors: Hanna Joel M.
Published: August 2005

The recent application of physiological techniques to anthropological studies of cold stress in different human groups has produced evidence of considerable variation in response to cold. The usual anthropological procedure has been to compare the adult males of two different ethnic groups under standardized laboratory conditions, and then to generalize the conclusions in an evolutionary or ecological context. Several assumptions behind this procedure are examined.

Four studies of response to cold in the same Quechua Indian group of Southern Peru are discussed. Two of the studies deal with variation in response to cold in a standardized laboratory situation. The other two describe responses as detected under actual cold conditions experienced by the subjects as they go about their daily routines. The results of the laboratory and field studies are compared. It is suggested that adult males studied in the laboratory may represent only a minor part of the variation which exists in the group and that their responses may not be indicative of those of the entire population. It is also proposed that the validity of laboratory studies for an evolutionary interpretation may be limited by the laboratory approximation of the actual cold stress experienced by the group.
Cardiorespiratory characteristics and adaptation to high altitudes
Authors: Mazess Richard B.
Published: August 2005

The lowered partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude is one of the severest and most pervasive environmental stresses affecting human populations. Virtually all organ systems and physiological functions are affected by hypoxia, and only elaborate modern technology can temporarily ameliorate the hypoxic stress of altitude exposure. The biological and behavioral responses of newcomers, sojourners, and native residents at higher elevations could provide a paradigm of the study of man's adaptation to the physical environment.

Cardiorespiratory characteristics are closely related to altitude exposure, and certain alterations in these characteristics constitute the principal adaptive responses of the organism to hypoxia. However, not all altitude‐related characteristics are beneficial to the organism; some peculiar characteristics occurring at high altitude may be without benefits, or may even be pathological and maladaptive. The roles of age, sex, race, physical condition, nutrition, and intensity and frequency of exposure during growth and development of altitude‐related characteristics are not entirely understood. Moreover the influence of even large circulatory and respiratory alterations, on tissue oxygen tension may be small, and their adaptive significance difficult to evaluate. An equivalent level of functional adaptation might be achieved through differing combinations of structural, functional, and behavioral characteristics. It is concluded that more rigorous evaluations of adaptation to the environment are needed.
Adaptation to infectious disease. Australia antigen and hepatitis
Authors: Blumberg Baruch S.
Published: August 2005

Infectious diseases have probably acted as selective forces to generate polymorphisms in human populations. An example is given of a study related to this concept. There is evidence that “Australia antigen” is a hepatitis virus or closely associated with it. In some tropical populations there appears to be an inherited susceptibility to chronic infection with “Au(1) virus” controlled by a simple genetic mechanism. There are strikingly different frequencies of Australia antigen in different populations and these may have been determined by differences in the selective pressures in different environments.
Correlations of midshaft breadths and compact bone thickness among bones of the upper and lower extremities of children aged 6 to 16 years
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Malina Robert M.
Published: August 2005

Correlations between endosteal, periosteal and compact bone breadths of the humerus, tibia, second metacarpal and second metatarsal were determined in a sample of 394 normal, white children from greater Philadelphia. Although most correlations tended to be significant, the magnitude of all were low, except just at the time of the onset of the adolescent spurt. In normal, disease‐free children, measurements of a single bone cannot be confidently used as an indicator of compact bone mass anywhere else in the skeleton. There is some indication that the humerus provides the best single bone to use in cases where such a procedure is necessary.
The founder effect in a human isolate: Evolutionary implications
Authors: Martin Alice O.
Published: August 2005

An investigation of the founder effect has been made on the H‐leut, a religious isolate. Ninety‐one founders, representing a maximum of 150 independent genomes, have been shown to account for the total gene pool of the 9,536 people in two of the three major subpopulations within the isolate, the S‐leut and the L‐leut. Each of these two leut is subdivided into four clans which in turn are subdivided into colonies. Malécot's coefficient of kinship has been calculated between each of the 91 founders and the contemporary parents, and used to describe the relative genetic contributions of the founders to the gene pool of each subpopulation. Analysis of this distribution suggests that a considerable amount of genetic diversity may be attributable to the founder effect. Part of this diversity may be accounted for by variation in the birth dates of the founders. The size of the subset of the 91 founders related to each subpopulation decreases with decreasing subpopulation level. A correlation has been found between two measures of relationship between pairs of clans: (1) Kurczynski's modification of Mahalanobis's distance measure based on gene frequency differences; and (2) a comparison of the relative contributions of founders to the gene pools of the clans.