bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Study of Character by the Dramatists and Novelists
Authors: Mott F. W.
Published: August 2008

Nearly twenty years have elapsed since Mr. Shand published in Mind an article entitled “Character and Emotions”; in this he formulated the hypothesis that the sentiments are complex derivatives of the primitive emotions. Thus, in the analysis of love and hatred he showed that “the same four emotional dispositions of fear, anger, joy, and sorrow, which are essential to the system of love, are present also in the system of hate.” Many eminent psychologists have adopted, or partially adopted, his views, among whom may be mentioned Professors Stout, McDougall, Westermarck, Sully, Caldecott, and Boyce Gibson. A great feature of this interesting work is its literary merit, and the infinite care and skill displayed by the author in his study of the emotions and tempers by an analysis of the characters portrayed by the great dramatists, poets, and novelists. Mr. Shand recognises the fact that the success of the dramatist and novelist depends upon the study of individual characters, and he gives numerous examples which we shall refer to later, but we will first call attention to two quotations which appear opposite the title page. “And this subject of the different characters of dispositions is one of those things wherein the common discourse of man is wiser than books, a thing which seldom happens. Wherefore, out of these materials (which are surely rich and abundant) let a full and careful treatise be constructed, so that an artificial and accurate dissection may be made of men's minds and natures, and the secret disposition of each particular man laid open, that from a knowledge of the whole the precepts concerning the cures of the mind may be more rightly formed. and not only the characters of dispositions impressed by nature should be received into this treatise, but age, country, state of health, make of body, etc. And, again, those which proceed from fortune, as in princes, nobles, common people, the rich, the poor, magistrates, the ignorant, the happy, the miserable,” etc. —Francis Bacon, De Augmentis Scientiarum, B. vii, Ch. iii.
The “Amnestic” or “Korsakow's” Syndrome, with Alcoholic Ætiology; An Analysis of Thirty Cases
Authors: Moll J. M.
Published: August 2008

Charcot was the first to notice the occurrence of amnesia in some of his patients suffering from alcohol-neuritis. Korsakow studied this peculiar kind of amnesia more elaborately. He regarded this condition as a diseasesui generis, which could arise also from other causes besides abuse of alcohol, and used the name “polyneuritic psychosis.” It was later recognised that the same mental picture could exist without accompanying neuritis. Jolly proposed the name “amnestic” or “Korsakow's” syndrome, regarding it as a modus of reaction of the nervous system to various harmful agents,viz., head-trauma, senium, infections, poisons—alcohol being the most frequent cause of this reaction. Most later writers agree with this view. I shall deal in this paper with the cases of thirty patients, who, at some time during their illness, presented this syndrome; I have not included any cases in which alcohol could not be regarded as the principal factor.
Use of Asylums as Military Hospitals
Authors: Vincent William
Published: August 2008

The South Yorkshire Asylum, Wadsley, near Sheffield, was offered to the War Office by the West Riding Asylums Board under the scheme prepared by the Board of Control.
A Case of “Status Epilepticus” and Death due to Cerebral Cysts of Cysticercus Cellulosæ (Larvæ of Tænia solium)
Authors: Peachell G. E.
Published: August 2008

As this is a fairly rare condition, the following case is considered worth publishing:

R. P—, æt. 39, married, a private in the R.F.A., was admitted to the Isle of Wight County Asylum on January 2nd, 1915, from a Red Cross Hospital in a condition of status epilepticus. The history obtained from his wife was interesting. He joined the Army when about 18, and spent six years in India. He took part in the South African War for fifteen months. He returned to England in 1903, married, and had several healthy children, and had lived at Dorchester for the last ten years. At the outbreak of war he was called up on the Reserve, and sent to France with the B.E.F., and was in the battle of the Aisne. Early in October he developed “epilepsy,” and was invalided to England. He had always been strong and healthy till then, and never had a fit previously. Under treatment he improved, and was on sick furlough, when in November he had a severe epileptic attack, and was readmitted to a military hospital. He then became sullen, drowsy, and irritable, with occasional slight fits till December 20th, when he had three severe attacks, but came round from them, and was able to write a clear letter to his wife on December 26th. On January 1st, 1915, he started having severe fits, and these continued up to his admission twenty-four hours later.
Extracts from an Address delivered April 12th, 1916, before the Zoological Department of the University of Chicago
Authors: Redfield Casper L.
Published: August 2008

The first thing I wish to call to your attention is the distinction between the foot-pound and the cubic foot. The footpound is used to measure work, and when work is stored it is called energy. The cubic foot is used to measure material substances, or the space in which bodies are contained. What I have to say relates to things measured by the footpound or corresponding unit, and not to things measured by the cubic foot.
The Compluetic Reaction (Wassermann) in Amentia: an Original Study of 100 Cases
Authors: Stephens Harold Freize
Published: August 2008

All the experiments for this investigation were carried out by me in the Bacteriological Laboratories at Guy's Hospital, and my thanks are due to Dr. Eyre, the Director, for having placed every facility at my disposal, and to Dr. Ryffel, the Chemical Pathologist, for his advice and assistance. I am also indebted to my Board of Management and to my Medical Superintendent, Dr. Caldecott, for their courteous permission to undertake this investigation in the case of patients resident under their care at the Royal Earlswood Institution, at Redhill, in Surrey.
Remarks upon the Vegetative Nervous System and the Internal Secretions
Authors: Farnell Frederic J.
Published: August 2008

It will not be my desire to enter upon a full discussion of internal secretions; still it will be touched upon sufficiently in an attempt to link some disorders of nervous origin with a condition clearly defined by Eppinger and Hess as vagotonia.
Renfrew District Asylum as a War Hospital for Mental Invalids: Some Contrasts in Administration. With an Analysis of Cases admitted during the First Year
Authors: Hotchkis R. D.
Published: August 2008

I purpose giving first of all a short description of the steps taken in connection with the conversion of this institution into a war hospital, and of the necessary additions to the staff. No structural alterations were required to the buildings, as they were to be used only for mental cases, and the changes therefore required were very slight in comparison to what, for example, took place at Bangour or at other asylums. Most of you will have read the minute and vivid description by the President of our Association, Lieut.-Col. Thomson, when the Norfolk County Asylum was converted into a war hospital for the sick and wounded, but the radical changes described there in the buildings and amongst the staff were quite unnecessary at Dykebar, as it was taken over as a going concern. Consequently we were able to admit soldier patients almost at once when the others had been removed. It happened by good luck that the new nurses' home had just been completed, otherwise it would have been impossible to have accommodated all the female staff. With the exception of four orderlies who are billeted with the married orderlies, and tradesmen, all the others are housed in the institution. The daily routine in the institution is much the same as you are all accustomed to, except that there is here a certain liveliness, as the majority of the patients are young, strong, active men, and a march out here is quite a different thing to the slow and decrepit walking parties formerly in vogue, and in the farm and garden there is displayed energy never seen before. Work, and especially outside work, is encouraged, but of course there is always a certain proportion who cannot be persuaded to do anything.
Premonitory Ailments indicative of Incipient Pulmonary Tuberculosis [Propathies révélatrices de tuberculose pulmonaire]. (Le Progrès Médical, May 5th, 1917.) Raymond, Dr. Paul.
Authors: Drapes T.
Published: August 2008

Although not of direct psychiatrical interest, having regard to the fact that phthisis is of such common occurrence in asylums, and also to the importance of early diagnosis upon which a favourable result so often depends, this paper is of considerable interest from a clinical point of view, and not without practical value.
On the Possibility of a Biological Conception of so-called Functional Nervous Disorders
Authors: Monrad-Krohn G. H.
Published: August 2008

Surveying the enormous material of observations of psycho-neurosis during and following the war, it looks at the first glance as if the old distinction between organic and functional nervous disorders has been more firmly established than ever. To most writers this distinction seems to be a fundamental one, and the majority of those nerve specialists, whom the war has developed in such abundant numbers, seem content to regard the distinction (which before the war was being regarded with increasing suspicion) as a permanent one—the primary distinction in the classification of all nervous disorders. It has even been suggested that the two groups should be studied and treated by two different classes of specialists—to my mind an arrangement that would represent a most effectual barrier to any further development of psycho-neurology.
The Out-patient Treatment of Early Mental Disorder. The Neurological Clinic, and some of its Functions
Authors: Bruce A. Ninian
Published: August 2008

Among the many important advances which have taken place within recent years in the science of medicine, none have surpassed in value or in extent those affecting the nervous system. One of the principal points which these have established, no matter from what direction the subject has been approached, is the recognition of the essential unity of the sciences of neurology and psychiatry. In the domain of psychological medicine, the researches of Freud and Jung on psychopathology and their theories of the subconscious and its manifestations have provided a common meeting-ground; the investigations of Campbell on the cell lamination of the cerebral cortex, and later of Shaw Bolton, have aimed at the elaboration of a scheme of cerebral function based on clinico-histo-pathological proof; the studies of Elliot Smith on the comparative anatomy of the brain and the development of the cerebral cortex peculiar to the mammalia have demonstrated some of the factors which have contributed to the attainment of man's distinctive mental aptitudes, and eventually made possible the emergence of the human intellectual abilities culminating in the development of speech, and the attainment of intellectual pre-eminence within the human family; equally important is the recognition of the integrative action of the nervous system by Sherrington, and his views on the importance of the simple muscle-nerve preparation in explaining the processes involved in cerebral association and the significance of excitation, inhibition and the latent period; and still more recently we have the investigations and publications of Schafer on the influence of the endocrine glands on the nervous system, and of Mott on the relationship of the reproductive and endocrine glands to mental disease, and the light which this has shown on the ætiology of dementia præcox.
The Psychology of Exploration. (Psyche, July, 1921.) Priestly, R. E.
Authors: Gifford John
Published: August 2008

A unique account of the character reactions observed and experienced during Antarctic exploration. The writer deals with the reactions of (1) the party as a whole, and (2) of sections isolated on special duties, or by misfortune. The life shows well-defined phases. The journey south and the approach to the initial goal is a time of high resolve, anticipation, and exhilaration. Quickly there follow periods of intense labour in which physique is searched to the outmost, but these are followed by times of untrammelled relaxation; these contrasts persist throughout, and produce the fascination so characteristic of polar journeys.
The War-anxiety Neurotic of the Present Day: A Clinical Sketch
Authors: Somerville H.
Published: August 2008

There lie before me notes of some two hundred odd cases of the so-called war neuroses, the majority of which come under the heading of anxiety neurosis. Roughly about 80 per cent, are cases of anxiety neurosis, 6 to 8 per cent, anxiety hysterias, about the same number conversion hysterias, the remainder being psychoses. It is with the first I propose to deal almost exclusively.
A Study of the Endocrine-autonomic Disorders of Dementia Præcox
Authors: Dawson W. S.
Published: August 2008

In spite of the great amount of attention that has been devoted to that protean condition termed “dementia præcox,” it is not yet possible to say that any sort of agreement has been attained regarding its aetiology, pathology, or even its distinctiveness as a clinical entity. Opinion has wavered between the two extremes of the psychogenic and the physiogenic views, and extravagant speculation has risen from a limited foundation of fact. It is interesting to note Freud's (1) remarks in his recently published Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis, in which he says—“The edifice of psycho-analytic doctrine which we have erected is in reality but a superstructure which will have to be set on its organic foundation at some time or other.” A pronouncement of such a kind and from such a source gives one furiously to think, and invites a thorough scrutiny of our present position with regard to the problem of dementia praecox. The biological conception of mental disorders is capable of wide application, and has the additional advantage of linking psychiatry with other better established sciences. Already the study of reaction types has proved most helpful in explaining much that was hitherto obscure. Also, in the field of pathology, although it is too soon to judge of the exact significance of Sir F. Mott's (2) work on the changes found in the gonads of cases of dementia praecox and other psychoses, it is nevertheless quite clear that the conception of an inborn germinal defect has opened a new vista for research. Endocrinology, that somewhat precocious offspring of medicine, has not been neglected by psychiatrists. Langdon Brown (3) made a most helpful simile when he compared the vital process to a projectile travelling with a constantly diminishing velocity, but supplied with certain regulators capable of exerting a considerable measure of control upon this velocity. These regulators are the endocrine glands and the autonomic nervous system. He supposes that a deficient equipment of endocrines, especially the gonads, may explain the infantile outlook of the dementia praecox patient, as well as such abnormalities in bodily structure as the atavistic, monkey-like hands. He quotes Stragnell as saying, “No endocrine inferiority can be present without a psychological change, a retreat or a compensation.” It will be remembered that Adler considered that the symptoms of dementia praecox were largely the results of a sort of consciousness of organ inferiority, and that they are really methods or attempts at compensation, though ineffective, vain and misdirected. Centuries ago Lucretius (4) pointed out that the “mind is begotten with the body, grows up together with it, and becomes old along with it.” “The psyche,” says Kempf (5), “is not something which has been added in the course of evolution, its history is that of the history of the body.”
Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858
Authors: Sutherland Alex. John
Published: August 2008

Insanity is a disease at once so interesting, and so important, that it is not surprising that the subject should have been chosen by some who have preceded me in delivering the Croonian Lectures. In 1832, Dr. Seymour lectured upon the Medical Treatment of Insanity; in 1848, Dr. Conolly referred in his Lectures, more particularly to the Moral Causes and the Moral Treatment of the Disease; and in 1853, you, Mr. President, delivered your valuable Lectures on Medical Testimony and Evidence in Cases of Lunacy.
Contributions to Logical Psychology
Authors: Davies W. G.
Published: August 2008

Prefatory Remarks. It is necessary to preface the part which here commences, by stating that we must suppose that the reader has acquired an ordinary knowledge of the technicalities of logic, and has some acquaintance with the speculations of modern logical writers, especially with those of the late Sir W. Hamilton, and those of Mr. J. S. Mill. To be obliged to explain all the terms which we shall have occasion to use, would be inconvenient and irksome, and not at all in consonance with the brevity which it is necessary to observe in this place, and especially with that distinctness which is so needful to the successful exposition of what we have here undertaken. And why should we exercise our ingenuity in varying descriptions of mental processes already expressed with such abundant variety in the works of able logicians? Since then we do not seek to afford a systematic account, but merely to record the leading results which we have yet obtained from examining the landmarks on ground not recently explored by the investigators of logic, much minuteness will not be demanded from us. And we desire to state that all that is peculiar in these contributions arises from adopting this separate course.
Laycock and Winslow on the Brain: A Review
Authors: Bushnan J. Stevenson
Published: August 2008

Dr. Laycock's volumes present a formidable aspect. The correlations of consciousness and organisation is a sufficiently puzzling title. Open either volume where we will, we meet in the head lines such expressions as “mental dynamics,” “cerebral differentiation,” “teleotic homologies,” “correlations of the will,” “unifying functions of the brain,” and other hard words enough to make the hair on the head of him who is to read by compulsion, stand on end. Nevertheless the book is a readable book. Dr. Laycock, beyond doubt, has a metaphysical turn. He deals with the most abstruse topics with the easy air of a man whose life and conversation have been spent in speculation. We say this without prematurely pledging ourselves to the belief that he is even only for the most part sound in his opinions; for such is the nature of metaphysics, that a man may be a prodigious genius in that line, and yet it may be the fortune of the age in which he lives, never to discover that his works rest on some wholly baseless principle.
The Scientific Place and Principles of Medical Psychology
Authors: Bushnan J. Stevenson
Published: August 2008

Upon a recent occasion we took some pains to review the various significations in which the word “psychology” has been of late employed. We found that among some writers the use of this word had absolutely run wild. We pointed out that the word had not been very long established in the language of science, and that its significance, even at present, admitted of some latitude. We expressed our opinion that the most warrantable use of the word is to signify the phenomenology of the human mind, including—1, the phenomena of knowledge; 2, the phenomena of feeling; and 3, the phenomena of effort; but that it seemed still possible to give an extension to its meaning, so that it should include the psychology of man in the sense just indicated, or anthropo-psychology, and the psychology of the dumb creation, or eneo-psychology. If such an arrangement as this were adopted, it would nearly correspond with that which may be termed metaphysical psychology. The epithet metaphysical, as here applied to psychology, is not to be regarded as tautological or superfluous, because it is designed to denote that old form of the science of the pneumatology of the human mind which rests exclusively upon what is taught by consciousness; while physiological psychology includes all that can be determined upon probable evidence of the phenomonology of the functions of consciousness in the animal kingdom at large.
Some Results of Night Nursing; being a Record of the Wet and Dirty Cases in the Sussex Lunatic Asylum, Hayward's Heath, during the first six months of 1861
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart
Published: August 2008

It has been suggested to me by a professional friend, in whose judgment I place much confidence, that I shall aid in demonstrating the value of night nursing in the moral treatment of the insane, and perhaps remove prejudices which yet exist against its use, by laying before the members of this Association a record of my experience of the system at the Sussex Asylum during the first half of this year.
The Rôle of Infection in the Treatment of General Paralysis
Authors: McAlister W. M.
Published: August 2008

Ever since Wagner von Jauregg directed attention to the results of the treatment of general paralysis by various infective agencies, this matter has been the subject of active investigation in several centres. From a perusal of the literature it seems clear that the best results have been obtained from infection with benign tertian malaria. Moreover, this mode of treatment appears preferable to many others suggested, in view of the fact that it involves a minimum of risk in its application. Once a suitable malarial patient has been found, it is easy to inoculate many more from him, and the type of malaria which results can be controlled with great facility by means of quinine. An experiment of this sort has been in progress in the Royal Hospital at Morningside under the direction of Prof. George M. Robertson since March, 1922, and the results which have so far accrued are shown in the accompanying table. The method of inoculating the general paralytic and the details of the subsequent treatment need not be recapitulated here, as they are fully dealt with in the issue of the British Medical Journal dated October 20, 1923.
Clinical Notes and Cases
Authors: McWilliam Wm.
Published: August 2008

The relative rarity of cases of folie à deux provides the reason for the publication of these notes, together with a comparative simplicity of the mental mechanisms on the side of the passive agent.
Twenty-eight Years' Lunacy Experience in Egypt (1895–1923)
Authors: Warnock John
Published: August 2008

This completes a résumé of the chief changes made in twenty-eight years. It was an unsuccessful attempt to manage a high admission-rate, no longer considerably helped by a high death-rate, in establishments not sufficient to deal with even a quarter of the admissions. Persistent overcrowding only palliated the excessive discharge of patients, and produced great difficulties in administration. The occupation of the dining rooms and corridors by beds prevented ordinary convenience. A high accident-rate and a low recovery-rate were inevitable results of the overcrowding. We were often forced to admit over a thousand cases a year, and to discharge as many, less the number of deaths. Meanwhile these discharged cases committed crimes, and we were continually incurring criticism for our actions. Whenever an extension of accommodation was granted, it was so small, and it took so long to provide, that on its completion it was swamped at once, and the overcrowding was but little relieved. Besides managing the Hospital, one had to besiege the authorities for funds for buildings, in season and out of season, and to take every opportunity to interest them in the work, and educate them as toits importance. The lack of beds for the insane in Egypt remains grave, while in England there are 8,663 vacancies (vide Blue Book for 1922). In twenty-eight years the number of beds for the insane in Egypt has risen from 300 to 1,841. Thus there are now 14 beds to every 100,000 of population. Compare 250 in England, and 3 in India to every 100,000. It is still seldom possible in Egypt to treat curable cases until their recovery; thus 527 uncured cases were discharged in 1922, and still only the dangerous and unmanageable can claim hospital treatment.
A Summary Note on the Use of Collosol Bromine in the Treatment of Insane Epileptics
Authors: Cobb Geoffrey F.
Published: August 2008

A preliminary note on the use of collosol bromine in the treatment of the insane epileptic was published in the Journal of Mental Science, July, 1923.
Further Reflections on the Rôle of Auto-infection in the ætiology of Acute and Chronic Mental Disorders
Authors: Watson D. Chalmers
Published: August 2008

It is some eight or ten weeks ago since I had the privilege of enjoying the hospitality of your genial secretary, and in an unguarded moment, doubtless stimulated by my host's genial company, I half committed myself to giving a further communication on this subject, and he committed me for the other half. The truth is I have no paper to read. I have very little further to add to what I have said before, and I have certainly nothing further of note worth publishing. At the same time I very gladly welcome the opportunity of reviewing the position, so far as it appears to me in the light of the further available records on the subject in the last two years.
Mental Symptoms following Evacuation of Cerebral Blood-Cyst
Authors: Calwell W.
Published: August 2008

A. B—, æt. 42, governess, of a neurotic family. Had been in France and England with an American family, and consulted several doctors for some vague illness, sciatica, etc.
The Investigation of a Series of Cases of Early Mental Disorder by the Lævulose Test for Liver Glycogenic Efficiency
Authors: Mann S. A.
Published: August 2008

In the preceding communication the results are given of the investigation of a series of cases of early mental disorder for defects in carbohydratemetabolismby the study of blood-sugarcurves, following glucose ingestion. The investigation revealed the occurrence of an abnormally sustained hyperglyc@mia in a large proportion of these cases; the results are interpreted as a defect of the carbohydrate storage mechanism. As the liver is largely concerned with glycogenesis, it appeared that the hevulose test applied to these cases might afford some explanation of the abnormal findings.
The Iodine Content of Thyroid Gland
Authors: Pickworth F. A.
Published: August 2008

At the Annual Meeting of this Association held at Belfast last July, Sir Frederick Mott gave you an address on the thyroid gland and promised a further contribution with regard to the iodine content. This paper is an attempt to correlate the iodine content with histological structure and with the mental and bodily condition of the patient. I must apologize for the work being far from complete, as most of the time since then has been taken up with the examination of the published methods for the estimation of iodine in the gland, and owing to certain objections to these methods it has been necessary to invent a process without these objections, and which, at the same time, is carried out with a minimum expenditure of time and material.
A Case of Unilateral Hydrocephalus
Authors: Noronha Frank
Published: August 2008

A case of hydrocephalus, in many respects similar to the one described by Dr. Fred Wilson in the Journal of Mental Science for April, 1925, was also observed in the Asylum at Bangalore in December, 1924.
Some Aspects of Sociology and their Psychiatrical Application
Authors: Suttie Ian D.
Published: August 2008

The parallel between the phantasies and delusions of the individual and the myths and religious beliefs of the race is very close and extensive. In both cases we can trace the same “scotomata” to reality, the same logical inconsistency, and the same attempts to compensate for these defects (which of course are not acknowledged as such) by rationalization, by mystical interpretations, by appeals to blind faith, and by the denial of the capacity of human understanding to criticize or even to comprehend these “mysteries.”
Acquired Immunity to Malarial Inoculation
Authors: Nicole J. Ernest , Steel John P.
Published: August 2008

In connection with the malarial treatment of general paralysis of the insanein thishospital, we have endeavouredto producea secondseriesof malarialrigorsin such casesas had not shown sufficient mental or physical benefit after a first infection terminated six or more months ago.
A Note on the Wassermann Reaction in the Blood-Serum of Male Admissions to Hanwell Mental Hospital
Authors: Lilly G. A. , Hopkins E. L.
Published: August 2008

In a series of 412 cases admitted between December 20, 1923, and December 29, 1925, the blood-serum was tested, and of these, 105, or 25.48%, were found to be positive. This shows the distinctly high incidence of syphilis of I in every 4 admissions.
Ultra-violet Radiation in Mental Hospital Practice: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Drury K. K.
Published: August 2008

The subject of artificial heliotherapy is at present attracting much attention in both scientific and lay worlds. The Board of Control report for 1925 states that there were only five installations in mental hospitals at that time, but doubtless there are more now. I venture therefore to place before you some notes on ultra-violet therapy in the hope that they may be of interest to those thinking of taking up this line of work; and that by their criticisms and observations I may learn from those who have already done so.
Some Observations on the Study of the Blood-pressure in the Insane
Authors: Parkin G. G.
Published: August 2008

This paper is based upon observations taken on patients at rarkside Mental Hospital, Macclesfield.

Martin's modification of a Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer was used. The systolic pressure (S.P.) was taken at the point on the scale when the first audible click was heard through the stethoscope on decompression following obliteration of the left brachial artery, and the diastolic pressure (D.P.) at the point when the loud thuds suddenly became dull (the end of the third and beginning of the fourth phase).
Psychiatry and Science
Authors: Van Ness Dearborn George
Published: August 2008

Primitive brains and intelligences, whether in earliest man, utter savages, young children or the feeble-minded, find it difficult or impossible to handle abstractions fast and rationally; on the other hand, interest and skill in cerebrizing the abstract, pro tanto is an index of high intelligence. On this “perfectly good” psychological basis psychiatrists as a class are persons intelligent above the average, and properly may be so considered. Thus it may be assumed that if they do not continuously bring into use every available aid and contribution to their science (and probably most of them do not), it must be mostly due to lack of opportunity and of habituated interest. And that, of course, is the still obvious fact.
Bacterial Change in Mental Disorder: The Bacterial Digestion of Tyrosine
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Journ. Ment. Sci.,April, 1928, p. 269) the writer has pointed out that a culture tube of tyrosine bouillon, if inoculated from the fæces of a healthy person, incubated for forty-eight hours and distilled, will be found to contain not more than 0.008% of phenol, or at most 0.015%. If, on the other hand, similar cultures are made from mental patients they will contain 0.02 to 0.03% of phenol in one half of the persons examined. In all these cases the phenol is formed by the action of bacteria on the tyrosine in an alkaline medium. The most important phenol-producing bacterium in the insane isB. Morgani,which can be demonstrated in 25% of acute cases, whileB. phenologenes,Berthelot, is found in a smaller number. The paper referred to dealt with the toxic effects ofB. Morganiand the results of vaccination with this organism. In the present paper another aspect of the matter will be considered, namely, the production of tyramine from tyrosine by intestinal bacteria, and whether poisoning by this substance may be a cause of mental disturbance.
Investigation of the Acid-Base Balance in Mental Cases, with Special Reference to Epilepsy
Authors: Shera Geoffrey
Published: August 2008

In the search for somatic disturbance in connection with the insane, either as a cause or as an effect of mental disorder, the acid-base balance has afforded a field of exploration from time to time. Epilepsy, in particular, has provided material for research on these lines. Bigwood (1) (1924) suggested that the epileptic seizure was preceded by an alkalosis, leading to a lowered blood-calcium content, which, in turn, induced the fit. Marrack and Thacker (2 and 3) (1926) disproved this theory, but found that a high blood-ammonia content obtained at times in epilepsy (4), but was not related to the fit. It was actually a starvation phenomenon. There has been biochemical work on other lines in epilepsy in regard to nitrogen retention (5) on the sugar content, but all with negative results.
An investigation into the Significance of Perseveration
Authors: Jones Ll. Wynn
Published: August 2008

In 1894 the term “perseveration” was first used in psychiatry by Neisser to indicate abnormally persistent repetition of an activity after the activity should have been completed, such as is shown in the frequent speaking or writing of a word or words in unsuitable places. Thus originally the term was descriptive of a particular and circumscribed symptom to be recognized in the clinic. In 1900 the term was used in psychology by Müller to indicate the tendency which every idea has, after having once occurred, to remount spontaneously into consciousness.
Some Remarks on the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Atkin Isaac
Published: August 2008

The fact that seizures indistinguishable from those of “idiopathic” epilepsy occur in a considerable number of nervous and other physical disorders has compelled us to regard this discharge of psycho-physical energy as a symptom only, and the treatment should therefore vary from case to case in accordance with the particular pathological causation. The majority of cases that one has to treat in a mental hospital are of the idiopathic type, and the treatment is often unfortunately of a uniform empirical nature. Within recent years, however, there has been a tendency to develop some definite conception of the perverted physiology of the disease and to exhibit treatment accordingly.
The Relation of Focal Infection to Mental Disease
Authors: Kopeloff Nicholas , Kirby George H.
Published: August 2008

The recent contributions of Hunter (1) and Moynihan (2) are significant of the importance of focal infection or “sepsis” in mental disease. Cotton's (3) view that toxæmia resulting from focal infection is the specific cause of the “functional” psychoses is well known on both sides of the Atlantic. Further, his therapeutic claims for surgical detoxication are only too familiar.
On Corper's New Culture Method for the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Allan S. M.
Published: August 2008

The recent articles by Corper on a new method for the cultivation of the tubercle bacillus have stimulated interest in what has always been a difficult and tedious performance. Since cultural methods hitherto have not been much more delicate in the detection of tuberculosis than the microscopic examination of smear preparations of sputum and tissues, the latter has remained the popular choice, especially in ordinary hospitals. The guinea-pig inoculation method is unhandy and too expensive, and in any case detection of the bacilli in the inoculated animal has to be done by a microscopic smear preparation. The examination of smears of sputum and tissues seldom gives positive results in those cases where doubt exists. A negative result from a microscopic examination of a smear cannot be relied upon.
On Sex Variations in Excitation Process Composition
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

Physiologists, when experimenting with the frog, customarily make selection of one sex. This, being done to ensure constancy of experimental conditions, presumes the possible existence of a sexual modification of results—a presumption I find justified, for, having over many years simply selected the frog of largest size, which one day was male and another female, I can record the following variations of results according to sex.
Some Experiments with Suggestion and Association Tests in the Feeble-Minded
Authors: Good T. Saxty
Published: August 2008

When I was asked to either open a discussion or read a paper, I felt a great difficulty in choosing a subject, and I think my choice has been influenced considerably by the interest shown by the public in mental defect. Probably all of us are conversant with some of the various methods that are in use for testing the intelligence. These appear to resolve themselves into either valuing or “marking” by plus or minus or using numbers. It has always appeared to me that in marking by plus or minus signs it is very difficult to form an opinion as to whether it should be + ! or + ?, whereas it is easier to use figures. For instance, you say to a child, “What is the difference between an orange and a banana?” and you desire two comparisons to be given. If you give one mark for a definite comparison and no marks for an indefinite comparison it appears fairly simple, whereas if you are marking by the plus signs and one comparison is correct and the other wrong, it appears to me to be difficult to tell which of the plus signs one should use in marking the whole result. I therefore use the point scale test of Yerkes and Bridges. This method, with some slight modifications of my own, I and my colleagues have used in all the cases. I do not believe that a child cannot be tested until it has reached the age of five years. In this I have some support from recent American workers, and a method of testing the young child may yet be devised. Therefore in marking I do not, as Yerkes and Bridges do, start from five years of age, but as though the child could think from birth. The two tests which I hope to discuss at this meeting are those of association and suggestion. These two units appear to offer some interesting theories which might be worthy of further investigation. In a sense these two tests are dependent on each other psychologically and throw some light on the elucidation of some of our problems, and may perhaps enable us to form deductions of some diagnostic and prognostic value.
Problems of Pyretotherapy in Paralytic Dementia
Authors: Eddison H. Wilfred
Published: August 2008

Pyretotherapy, or the artificial induction of pyrexia as a means of treatment of the psychoses, has engaged the attention of psychiatrists for many years. The means employed to this end have been numerous, and they may be divided into two classes:

1. Chemical: Hypodermic injections of sodium nucleinate; or of protein in the form of peptone, blood, milk, tuberculin or emulsions of dead bacilli.

2. Infective: The introduction of living organisms, especially Plasmodium vivax malariæ and Spirochete recurrentis duuoni.
Intensive Antisyphilitic Treatment Following Induced Malaria in Nineteen Cases of General Paralysis
Authors: Ramsay J. C.
Published: August 2008

For the past three years at Claybury every case of general paralysis treated by malaria has received a course of injections of arsenic (sulfarsenol) concurrently with the routine course of quinine. During twelve months of this period the majority of cases were given, in addition, (a) a course of iodide and mercury by mouth, and (b) a course of intravenous injections of tryparsamide.
The Reactive Manic Episode: Its Implications and Scope
Authors: Harrowes W. McC.
Published: August 2008

Bleuler, in his Text-book of Psychiatry, says that “Reactive mania is unknown.” This statement occurs in the section devoted to the consideration of the reactive states; temporary psychoses, that is to say, where the ætiology is so clear and in such temporal contiguity to the onset of the symptoms that the illness can be definitely laid at the door of some recent alterationin the patient's total life situation.
Focal Sepsis in Mental Disorder: the “Pathogen-Selective” Method of Diagnosis
Authors: Pool Arthur
Published: August 2008

The rôle of focal sepsis as a causative factor in mental disease has received increasing attention during the past few years since Cotton published his results in this field of inquiry (Journal of Mental Science, October, 1923). In England, prominent workers in this branch of medicine, while unable to report the striking therapeutic results of Cotton, have confirmed his main contention that many acute and subacute psychoses seem to be intimately related to some focus of sepsis. Thus confirmation of this main thesis has come from Graves (Journ. Ment. Sci., October, 1923 and 1925), Chalmers Watson (ibid., October, 1923), Hunter and Moynihan (Brit. Med. Journ., November 5, 1927). On the other hand, equally prominent psychiatrists have called in question the results claimed, and the alleged “proven relationship” of sepsis and mental disorder, chief among whom are Henderson and Menzies (Brit. Med. Journ., November 5, 1927, p. 818).
The Utility of the Psychiatric Out-Patient Clinic
Authors: Skottowe Ian
Published: August 2008

It is usual to open a paper with a historical survey of the subject under review. In a sense that is an academic approach. This paper, however, deals with the purely utilitarian aspect of psychiatric out-patient clinics; and a historical survey would only be in place if it were to give us practical suggestions, likely to prove of value in present circumstances. Up to the present time most of the literature of this subject has been in the shape of formal annual reports. A notable exception to this general statement was the paper on “The Oxford Clinic,” communicated by Dr. Good at the Annual Meeting of this Association in 1921. That paper was not only an account of the general method of working a clinic, but was a concise description of how psychiatric out-patients should be handled. It was followed in 1922 by a paper by Dr. Ninian Bruce, dealing more particularly with Ministry of Pensions Clinics, and expressing the view that the methods employed there could be satisfactorily adapted for civilian patients. It is interesting to note that Dr. Ninian Bruce used the future tense in describing the utility of these clinics, and that practically all of his forecasts either have come, or are coming, true. The methods described by these writers have been widely used in many clinics in the ten years which have since passed; various practical points have cropped up; legislation has been changed; and a review of the utility of the psychiatric out-patient clinic in the light of these things is the aim of the present paper.
On Writer's Cramp and Other Occupation Neuroses
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

In a previous communication the subject of training was considered, and the deduction made that a trained act differed from an untrained act in respect of the composition of the excitation processes mediating the act (1). That is to say, though the formula H + L = T can be applied to both the trained and the untrained act, the trained act contains more L and less H than the untrained act. In other words, training adds L and diminishes H (1).
The Correlation of Cause of Death with Type of Insanity
Authors: Chevens L. C. F.
Published: August 2008

In the following investigation an attempt is made to regard the subjects of mental disorder from a synthetic rather than from an analytic standpoint, in other words to envisage the patient as an entity, a complete individual who reacts as a whole to his environment, rather than to look on him as a mere collection of systems, and, in doing so, to pay no heed to his total response. Our present knowledge of mental disease results from skilled work in histological, physiological, biochemical and psychological spheres, and there is thus, of necessity, a tendency among individual workers in the various fields to concentrate their attention almost exclusively on their particular line of work, and so to lose sight of the patient as an individual.
Terminal Uræmia: With Notes on the Prevalence of Renal Disease Amongst the Insane
Authors: Shera A. Geoffrey
Published: August 2008

The high incidence of chronic interstitial nephritis at post-mortem examinations at the East Sussex County Mental Hospital prompted an investigation into the urea content of the cerebro-spinal fluid. In the years 1926-29, some 68% of all deaths have had post-mortem examinations performed, totalling over 200 autopsies, and a series of 60 successive results are tabulated below (Table I), giving the following details:

(1)

The sex of the patient.

(2)

The age.

(3)

The interval between death and the estimation of the urea content of the cerebro-spinal fluid.

(4)

The result of the estimation.

(5)

The mental diagnosis.

(6)

Macroscopic evidence of gross renal disease (+ or −).

(7)

Other gross macroscopical abnormalities.
On Janet
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

Janet, like Freud, met the problem of explaining why certain people have not conscious memory of past, for them, tremendous experiences, and yet those experiences exert a marked influence on conduct. To account for these facts he assumed the existence of a force inherent in consciousness, enabling this to hold to itself memories of events. A loss of conscious memory of some past tremendous event would thus be due to consciousness being too weak to hold that event to itself—an hypothesis which also explains why great joy can be as disturbing as great sorrow.
Studies in Experimental Psychiatry: I.—A Case of General Inertia
Authors: Stephenson W.
Published: August 2008

The present paper is a forerunner of what is hoped may be many devoted to psychiatrical material by experimental psychologists of the Spearman School of Factors.
Some Aspects of the Leucocyte Associated with Mental Disorder
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H.
Published: August 2008

Studies on the leucocytes in various forms of mental disorder have appeared at various times in the literature, and will continue to do so, as long as newer methods of staining, etc., are introduced.
Experimental Error in Enumeration of Leucocytes and Its Application to the Hæmoclastic Crisis
Authors: Yates Irene , Batt John C.
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to show that certain errors are inevitable when white blood-cells are enumerated, and to demonstrate that results from such enumerations must be interpreted with mathematical considerations. In the past the mathematical applications have, to a large extent, been ignored, and only the actual experimental figures considered. Here an endeavour is made to correlate the two, and to refer to various fallacies that may be present when conclusions from such results are under consideration.
Studies in Experimental Psychiatry: II.—Some Contact of p-Factor with Psychiatry
Authors: Stephenson W.
Published: August 2008

In the tenth Maudsley Lecture a plan was put forward by Prof. Spearman for conducting a large-scale research in psychiatry. The proposal was that many mental hospitals might co-operate in a joint experiment. Psychiatrists would give their psychiatrical and physiological accounts of selected patients; and psychologists would apply specially prepared clinical mental tests to these same patients. The mass material from many hospitals was to be collocated in order to see, as Prof. Spearman says, “what goes with what, and what follows what.”
George M. Robertson, LL.D., M.D., F.R.C.P.E., Hon.F.R.C.S.E.
Authors: Macpherson John
Published: August 2008

Prof. Robertson died, after a somewhat prolonged illness, at his residence, Tipperlinn House, Morningside, Edinburgh, on March 28 of this year. As a boy he had contracted rheumatic fever, which left behind it a valvular lesion of the heart, and his last illness appears to have been complicated by this cardiac condition.