bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue in U12 Soccer-7 Players During Repeated 1-Day Tournament Games—A Pilot Study
Authors: Sanchez-Sanchez Javier , Sanchez Mario , Hernandez Daniel , Ramirez-Campillo Rodrigo , Martínez Cristian , Nakamura Fabio Y.
Published: July 2017

Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Sanchez, M, Hernandez, D, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Martínez, C, and Nakamura, FY. Fatigue in U12 Soccer-7 players during repeated 1-day tournament games—a pilot study. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 3092–3097, 2019—The aim of this study was to describe and compare the distances and displacement speeds of U12 Soccer-7 athletes during 4 tournament Soccer-7 games (TG) played in less than 24 hours (experimental condition) with those recorded during 2 league Soccer-7 games (LG) with 24 hours of rest before the match (control condition). Ten participants (age = 10.3 ± 0.5 years) were recruited for the study. Main data analyzed during games included distance completed relative to match duration (Drel), maximal velocity, and distance completed at different running speeds (including acceleration, deceleration, standing, walking, jogging, medium-intensity running, high-intensity running, and sprinting). For data collection during games, athletes wore a global positioning system unit. Different (p ≤ 0.05) mean playing time was recorded during TG and LG (15.1 and 31.8 minutes/match, respectively). Drel during the 4 TG was maintained between 85.7 ± 8.5 and 87.5 ± 8.5 m·min−1 (p > 0.05) and during the 2 LG between 84.2 ± 10.9 and 87.5 ± 9.9 m·min−1 (p > 0.05). Moreover, similar Drel was recorded during TG and LG (86.8 and 85.9 m·min−1, respectively). Compared with LG, during TG, maximal velocity was lower (23.0 and 21.3 km·h−1, respectively; p ≤ 0.05). In addition, compared with the last game of the tournament, in the preceding games, the distance covered at low speeds (3.1–8.0 km·h−1) was lower (37.7 and 32.4%, respectively; p ≤ 0.05) and at high speeds (≥18.1 km·h−1) tends to be higher (2.5 and 3.3%, respectively). Therefore, compared with the control condition, accumulated Soccer-7 games with less than 24 hours of interday rest negatively affect displacement speed distribution (but not overall relative distances) in U12 Soccer-7 athletes. These results may help to better plan training and competition schedules to youth players.
A Novel View on the Role of Intracellular Tails in Surface Delivery of the Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter KCC2
Authors: Friedel Perrine , Ludwig Anastasia , Pellegrino Christophe , Agez Morgane , Jawhari Anass , Rivera Claudio , Medina Igor
Published: July 2017

A plethora of neurological disorders are associated with alterations in the expression and localization of potassium-chloride cotransporter type 2 (KCC2), making KCC2 a critical player in neuronal function and an attractive target for therapeutic treatment. The activity of KCC2 is determined primarily by the rates of its surface insertion and internalization. Currently the domains of KCC2 dictating its trafficking and endocytosis are unknown. Here, using live-cell immunolabeling and biotinylation of KCC2 proteins expressed in murine neuroblastoma N2a cells, human embryonic kidney 293 cells, or primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, we identified a novel role for the intracellular N and C termini in differentially regulating KCC2 surface expression. We report that the N terminus is required for KCC2 insertion into the plasma membrane, whereas the C terminus is critical for the membrane stability of KCC2. Our results provide novel insights into the structure–function role of specific KCC2 domains and open perspectives in exploring structural organization of this protein.
Geografske osnove društveno-gospodarske revitalizacije Unija
Authors: Magaš Damir , Faričić Josip , Lončarić Robert
Published: July 2017

Unije Island (16.88 sq. km, 90 inhabitants in 2001), together with the adjacent islets Samunčiel, Mišnjak and Školjić, makes western part of Cres-Lošinj group of islands and due to its position, it is a bridge between that group of islands and Istria Peninsula. Within the project titled Geographical Bases for the Development of Small Croatian Islands the authors did a field research and the analysis of different spatial data sources in order to analyze basic natural-geographic features, particularly from the point of view of their importance for historical-geographic development of the island and its future socio-economic development. The authors pointed out the basic geographic structures and processes that could contribute to optimal socio-economic revitalization of the island.
Depopulacija otoka Visa
Authors: Nejašmić Ivo , Mišetić Roko
Published: July 2017

The paper discusses population dynamics of Vis Island along with geographic, demographic and social features related to this process. Data from demographic statistics and research results show that Vis Island has been affected by strong populational regression. This process originated at the beginning of the 20th century, and intensified after the Second World War. Depopulation was generated by retardation in socio-economic development, but it was directly caused by centennial emigration. At the beginning of 1960s, natural decrease occurred as another important cause of depopulation. It was the result of postponed effect of emigration, demographic losses in world wars and birth rate transition (changes in number of children per family). Long-term unfavorable demographic processes (emigration, depopulation, demographic aging, reduced birth rates) have led to weakening of (bio)reproduction and vital potential. The above-mentioned fact has also influencedthe age structure of the population. Population of Vis Island has aged and belongs to a particular demographic type named very old population. However, depopulation, that used to be the result of social phenomena, has become an important factor of social and spatial processes.
Mogućnosti navodnjavanja podzemnim vodama u Hrvatskoj
Authors: Pejdo Ana , Šiljković Željka
Published: July 2017

Groundwater is an important but under-utilized water resource in Croatia. If compared to other European countries Croatia is one of the richest regarding groundwater and total renewable reserves. In spite of that, water management systems have been built only on approximately 0.5 per cent of the total arable land. As Croatia has been affected by more frequent and longer droughts in the last decade, the scarcity of irrigated areas has become one of the vital issues in Croatian agriculture. On the other hand predominance of inefficientirrigationtechniques, lack or no maintenance of irrigation systems coupled with the absence of adequate government involvement can result in groundwater pollution.
Komparativna analiza prostorne organizacije Katoličke Crkve na hrvatskoj obali Jadrana. Promjene nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata te perspektive buduće reorganizacije
Authors: Kajinić Josip
Published: July 2017

U radu se iznose činjenice o promjenama u ustroju Katoličke Crkve na prostoru hrvatske obale Jadrana nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata. Iznesena je šira analiza okolnosti koje su dovele do osnivanja Riječke biskupije, a zatim nadbiskupije i metropolije, crkvenoga ujedinjenja hrvatskih prostora Istre, ukidanja Zadarske metropolije, uzdignuća Splitsko-makarske biskupije u rang nadbiskupije te osnivanja Splitske metropolije. Pritom se problematiziraju načela po kojima se izvodio preustroj Crkve u prostornome smislu te je iznesen novi kut gledišta na ova pitanja, ponajprije u hrvatskim razmjerima. U drugom dijelu rada daje se komparativna analiza trenutačne upravne organizacije Katoličke Crkve na hrvatskoj obali Jadrana s usporedivim primjerima u drugim zemljama. Primjerice, usporedbom sličnosti i razlika u prostornoj organizaciji Katoličke Crkve u zemljama koje su po mnogobrojnim čimbenicima za to kompatibilne. Pritom imajući u vidu povijesni kontekst razvitka događaj i njihovih uzroka. S tim ciljem izdvojeni su primjeri organizacije crkvene uprave u Francuskoj i Italiji. Na osnovi ovih primjera te dokumenata crkvenih arhiva i službenih isprava Katoličke Crkve u radu se daje konačna prosudba mogućnosti promjena odnosno reorganizacije crkvene uprave na hrvatskoj obali Jadrana.
Rađanja izvan braka u Hrvatskoj
Authors: Mrđen Snježana
Published: July 2017

U ovome radu iznesena je analiza evolucije izvanbračnih rađanja u Hrvatskoj i nekim europskim zemljama od 1950. do 1994. godine. Kako bi objasnio promjenu i razinu rađanja izvan braka u Hrvatskoj, autor stavlja u korelaciju nupcijalitet, fertilitet i udajnu dob žene. Također se analizira i promjena izvanbračnih rađanja po općinama i županijama Hrvatske, pri čemu su istaknute razlikama koje postoje među stanovništvom hrvatske i ne-hrvatske narodnosti u Republici.
Povijesni razvoj i političko-geografska obilježja granice i pograničja Republike Hrvatske s Republikom Slovenijom na Žumberku i Kupsko-čabranskoj dolini
Authors: Bognar Helena Ilona , Bognar Andrija
Published: July 2017

Although natural basis cannot be a decisive criterion in defining borders, historical and politico-geographic development of the researched area reveals that natural bounds have been considerably used in the boundary demarcation between the Republic of Croatia and Republic of Slovenia. This can be also concluded for the analyzed sectors which are tied with the Žumberak Mountain and the Kupa and Čabranka River valleys. Besides natural favours (the boundary line runs over the top ridges of the mountain massif of Žumberak/Gorjanci, as well as along the river flows), one must point out the fact that it is adapted to spatial organization of the borderland. Therefore, the boundary line is subsequent and co-operative here. Evolutionally, the border and borderland developed from terra nullius, frontier, and, finally, since the 16th century, have become a boundary line on the rivers Kupa and Čabranka, and since 1816, on Žumberak. Consequently, in spite of disputes in particular historical periods about the researched area's state and property appurtenance, the border has a centuries-old continuity. This can explain that nowadays the quoted sectors are least disputable in the boundary demarcation of the two sovereignties.
Održivost i njezine sastavnice kao nova paradigma u teoriji i praksi hrvatskog planiranja
Authors: Cavrić Branko
Published: July 2017

Effort to incorporate sustainability aspects into the spatial planning agenda requires new relationships between conventional and new players in today's post-socialist world. Some stakeholders engaged in development, management and governance are sometimes tailoring the destiny of regional and urban systems in Croatia without sustainability concerns. Their activities show the lack of awareness and negative attitude towards sustainable planning practices where the major goal is to improve the quality of life of current and future generations. Without sound ideas about carrying capacities and sustainability, some of these actors have ignored the planning knowledge and expertise (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007). Planners advise upon them with their professional skill and knowledge but the driving force is still political power. These proponents have managed to safeguard their own spatial and land interests on the expense of the public and ordinary citizens, by maintaining the system of "copy-paste" planning blue prints, suitable for supporting emerging urban sprawl and uncontrolled construction activities. Unfortunately, due to the long-term social ignorance and strong alliance of developer's lobbies, architects and constructors, various international planning ideas with "sustainability in mind" have not affected Croatian planning theory and practice, yet. Some of them are petrified, misinterpreted or simply abolished owing to obstinate legislation, the non-existence of formal planning education, and the privileged position of only one brand of chartered planners (e.g. architects) . Alternative development solutions, such as public participation, behavioral, organizational and technological advances, diversity of implementing instruments in the planner's "toolkit", and the planner's numerous tasks in guiding sustainable change, are still to be recognized in this EU accession country.Notwithstanding, this paper aims to summaries sustainability and its derivates as the new paradigms, in which the guiding leitmotif of the new global agenda for planning is spelled out by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001b) as follows: "The new planning is less coded and technical, more innovative and entrepreneurial. It is more participatory and concerned with projects rather than whole spatial systems. Planning expertise is increasingly sought not only by the state, but also by the corporate sector and civil society. What is controversial is not planning per se, but its goal: whether it should be directed chiefly at efficiency, reinforcing the current distribution of wealth and power, or whether it should play a distributive role to help create minimum standards of urban liveability" (Hague, 2001).
Geografski aspekti ekološkog uzgoja ljekovitog bilja u Hrvatskoj
Authors: Šiljković Željka , Rimanić Ana
Published: July 2017

There are about 160 to 170 autochthonous medicinal and aromatic plants that are either collected or produced in Croatia. In all parts of Croatia natural geographic conditions, namely climatic, pedological and hydrogeographical conditions are suitable for organic production of medicinal plants. In this work the authors give the most relevant information on chamomile (Matricaria chamomile) and lavender (Lavandula anustifolia) production. These two plants had the biggest share in medicinal plants production before war in the 1990s. Until then Croatia was one of the leading producers of chamomile and lavender in the world. The article deals with the current situation of collecting and producing medicinal plants in Croatia and the opportunities that economic activity can offer. The main goal is to determine natural geographic conditions which influence organic medicinal plants production that contribute to the revitalization of rural areas and slow down deagrarization and deruralization if systematically applied.
Prirodno-geografske značajke prostora Boke kotorske kao osnova razvoja
Authors: Magaš Damir
Published: July 2017

The paper contains essential interaction determinants of the spatial position and natural geographical bases of the Boka Kotorska area in the function of its development. Covering an area of about 800 km2 and with more than 60.000 inhabitants it form a specific littoral area in the contact zone Montenegro-Croatia. Special consideration is given to the characteristics of the geological origin and structure of this area, to geomorphological features, climatovegetational characteristics and influence of soils. Rich water appearances were essential for the preservation and continuity of life and economic development. The author points out the importance of physicogeographical components in historiogeographical and recent development and also the necessity of valuing them in the modern socioeconomic development conditions.
Temeljna morfogenetska obilježja špilja u dolini Grabovac (Slunj, Hrvatska)
Authors: Bočić Neven
Published: July 2017

The explored area is about 4 km east of Slunj town at the region known as Kordun Karst. This location stipulated the specific condition for the formation of the speleological objects in the south area of Grabovac Valley. The Grabovac Stream flows from the north to the south through the Grabovac Valley connected to the canyon of the river Korana. Partially the Grabovac Stream flows underground. In this area in the period of years 2000 and 2001 a member of Speleological society Karlovac (Karlovac, Croatia) explored three caves. The biggest is Ponor pod Kremenom Cave with total length of the channels of 1019 m. The underground part of the Grabovac Stream flows through its channels. In the south of the dry part of the valley there are two caves: Gornja Barićeva (260 m long) and Donja Barićeva (26 m long). Morphological characteristics indicate the dynamics of the formation of the cave system under the influence of the allogenic water. They are the result of the corrosion and erosion caused by the water of the underground part of Grabovac Stream during several phases. These tree caves are parts of one system in sense of speleogenesis. Six basic phases of the formation of the speleological objects can be established. The aim of this paper is to give the basic theses about the morphogenesis of these caves, particularly in relation to their geomorphological position.
Otok Pag na starim kartografskim prikazima
Authors: Faričić Josip
Published: July 2017

Spatial-functional duality and physic-geographical diversity of Pag Island are the result of interaction between the key physical factors (karst relief and bora) and socio-economic development in two different administrative frames: Pag and Rab communities. The geographical position of the island on the boundary of Kvarner and Dalmatia determined the main trend of the historic-geographical development. Critical analyses of old cartographic representations enable the reconstruction of the dominant spatial processes, which influenced the landscape modelling. Additionally, on the basis of the geographical data represented on the ancient maps and charts, it is possible to re-enact the socio-economic relationships between Pag island and adjacent regions: Ravni Kotari, Velebit mountain area and Kvarner and other Zadar islands.
Gênero: dimensão contemplada no Bolsa Família? / Gender: contemplated dimension in the Bolsa Família?
Authors: De Souza Luana Passos
Published: July 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é suscitar a discussão da proteção social no âmbito da garantia de renda mínima condicionada, vocalizando o papel desempenhado pelo Programa Bolsa Família nas assimetrias de gênero e promoção da cidadania. Por meio de estatísticas descritivas, comparativas do grupo de beneficiários com não beneficiários pobres, investigou-se a dimensão de gênero com base na PNAD 2006. Concluiu-se que o programa, ao incentivar o uso dos serviços de saúde e educação, tem potencial de promoção de cidadania, mas o programa reforça estereótipos que associam a mulher à provisão de cuidados e bem-estar na família.
O Princípio Responsabilidade como Avaliação das Políticas em Ciência e Tecnologia / The Principle Responsibility as Evaluation of Policies in Science and Technology
Authors: Miranda Angela Luzia , Sulino Maria Renata De Castro
Published: July 2017

O ideal da ciência, protagonizado pela modernidade e ratificado pelo Positivismo, cujo conhecimento deva ser construído sob a égide da neutralidade e da objetividade do método científico e cujo significado de tecnologia deva restringir-se ao meramente instrumental, levou-nos à crença de que tanto a ciência quanto a técnica devem se distanciar do âmbito valorativo da ética e da dimensão social. Assim, as decisões, no que tange às políticas em ciência e tecnologia, também passaram a adquirir tal pretensão, menosprezando a cultura local. Essa problemática, mais que científica ou política, é também ética. Este trabalho analisa, portanto, a avaliação das políticas em ciência e tecnologia, com base na ética da responsabilidade de Hans Jonas, utilizando como caráter ilustrativo a fruticultura irrigada na região de Ipanguaçu/RN. De caráter exploratório e qualitativo, este estudo se utiliza da pesquisa bibliográfica (Jonas, Shiva, Herrera, Albano, etc.) e de campo para a coleta de dados.
Family planning and reproductive health supply stockouts: problems and remedies for faith-based health facilities in Africa
Authors: Metzger Amy M. , Bormet Mona
Published: July 2017

Background and aims: Faith-based organizations (FBOs) provide a substantial portion of the health care services in many African countries. FBO facilities do consider family planning and reproduc­tive health services as essential to reducing maternal and child mortality, and to the growth of healthy families. Many health facilities, however, struggle to maintain adequate stocks of repro­ductive health (RH) supplies because of the various RH supply chains and funding sources, which often operate separately from other medicines and supplies. The purpose of this study is to iden­tify the types of supply chain systems used by African faith-based health facilities to acquire repro­ductive health products (clotrimazole, combined oral contraceptive pills, contraceptive implants, CycleBeads®, emergency contraception, Erythromycin, female condoms, injectable contracep­tives, intra-uterine contraceptive devices, magnesium sulfate, male condoms, Methyldopa, Miso­prostol, Nifedpine, Oxytocin, and Progestin-only pills), to describe their problems and challenges, and to identify possible corrective actions.
Methods: Through email surveys, phone interviews, and on-site visits, we studied the supply chains of 46 faith-based health facilities in 13 African countries. Sixteen RH commodities, including contraceptives, were selected as indicators.
Results: Of the 46 facilities surveyed, 55 percent faced stockouts of one or more products in the three months prior to the survey. Stockouts were less common for contraceptives than for other RH products. Significant strengths of the FBO supply chain included creativity in finding other sources of commodities in the face of stockouts, staff designated to monitor quality of the commodities, high capacity for storage, low incidence of expired products, few instances of poor quality, and strong financial sustainability mechanisms, often including patient fees. Weaknesses included unreliable commodity sources and power supplies, long distances to depots, and prob­lems maintaining the cold chain.
Conclusions: By studying the supply chains of faith-based health facilities, Christian Connections for International Health (CCIH) and its members have created new awareness among FBOs and international agencies of the importance and challenges of these systems and have suggested actions toward improvement. The Alliance of Christian Faith-Based Organizations for Family Plan­ning (ACFBOFP) formed in Cameroon to strengthen commodity security may be a good model for other FBOs to consider. Cost recovery models with stronger quantification and forecasting systems, including trained staff, can help meet the FP and RH needs of families and can help assure the long-term sustainability of FBO health systems. This study can serve as a frame of reference as we move forward, anticipating an acceleration in interest to strengthen FBO supply chains to reach as many communities as possible with available, quality supplies and services.
Communities of faith and the global family planning movement: friends or foes?
Authors: Oas Rebecca
Published: July 2017

Within the Christian community, diverse views exist on the theological and moral dimensions of family planning, and specifically of contraception. Discussion of these issues frequently focuses on the family planning as a collection of methods and commodities used to space or limit pregnancies. Often missing from the discussion is the notion of family planning as a social and political movement, and the degree to which this movement’s philosophy and goals are compatible with Christian theology. Nevertheless, faith-based aid organizations, including those with no objection to contraceptive use, must seriously grapple with the moral and practical implications of partnering with the institutions of the global family planning movement.
Produksi Oligomer Kitosan secara Enzimatis dan Uji Bioaktivitasnya terhadap Kapang Hasil Isolasi dari Produk Perikanan
Authors: Chasanah Ekowati , Riviyanti Trie Anis , Noriko Nita
Published: July 2017

Kitosan dalam bentuk potongan yang disebut oligomer kitosan, bersifat larut air sehingga memudahkan aplikasinya, dan meminimalkan gangguan sensoris akibat sifat kitosan yang hanya larut dalam asam lemah seperti asam asetat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memproduksi oligomer kitosan dengan katalisator enzim kitosanase yang diperoleh dari isolate bakteri Stenotrophomonas malthopilia KPU 2123 dan menguji bioaktivitas oligomer yang dihasilkannya terhadap kapang Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Nigrospora oryzaeB12, dan Aspergillus fumigatusC13 yang diisolasi dari produk perikanan. Produksi oligomer dilakukan dengan menggunakan enzim kitosanase sebesar 8 U/g kitosan dan direaksikan selama 1, 2, 3, dan 4 jam pada suhu ruang. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap viskositas, rendemen, dan jenis oligomer kitosan yang terbentuk. Identifikasi oligomer dilakukan dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). Pengujian bioaktivitas oligomer kitosan dilakukan terhadap 4 kapang konsentrasi 50, 100, dan 200 ppm, dengan kontrol tanpa penambahan oligomer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa enzim kitosanase kasar dari Stenotrophomonas malthopilia KPU 2123 dapat digunakan untuk menghidrolisis kitosan menjadi oligomer kitosan, yang ditandai oleh menurunnya viskositas yang sangat signifikan pada larutan kitosan. Dengan menggunakan enzim kitosanase kasar 8 U/g kitosan, kitosan oligomer dapat diproduksi dengan waktu reaksi 2 jam, penghentian reaksi enzimatis dapat dilakukan dengan pendidihan selama 15 menit atau dengan penambahan NaOH sampai netral. Jenis oligomer yang terbentuk adalah dimer (2 unit) hingga heksamer (6 unit). Uji bioaktivitas antikapang menunjukkan bahwa setiap perlakuan memberikan perbedaan yang nyata pada penghambatan pertumbuhan kapang apabila dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Namun tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata dalam penghambatan pertumbuhan kapang yang diuji jika digunakan oligomer kitos an s ebesar 50 dan 100 ppm. Penghambatan yang terbaik adalah jika digunakan oligomer dengan konsentrasi 200 ppm.
Karakterisasi dan Aplikasi Enzim Transglutaminase dari Streptoverticillium ladakanum pada Daging Lumat IKan Mata Goyang
Authors: Fawzya Yusro Nuri , Zilda Dewi Seswita , Poernomo Achmad , Kristiana Indra , Nursyam Happy
Published: July 2017

Telah dilakukan karakterisasi enzim transglutaminase mikroba (MTGase) yang diproduksi dari Streptoverticillium ladakanumdengan menggunakan media yang mengandung limbah cair tahu dan hidrolisat tepung tapioka. Enzim MTGase yang dikarakteris as i merupakan enzim kasar yang telah dipekatkan menggunakan ultrafiltrasi dan dikeringbekukan. Enzim ini kemudian diaplikasikan pada daging lumat ikan mata goyang (Priacanthus macracanthus) lalu diamati sifat fisik (tekstur) produk restrukturisasi yang dihasilkan. Sebagai pembanding,  dilakukan aplikasi TGase komersial (KTGase) pada daging lumat yang sama. Penambahan TGase dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu:  (1) bersama-sama dengan garam NaCl 1%, (2) bersama-sama dengan garam NaCl 1% dan sodium kaseinat 1%. Sebagai control adalah daging lumat ditambah garam N aCl 1% (tanpa penambahan enzim TGase). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MTGase dari S. ladakanumbekerja optimum pada pH 8 dan suhu 55°C. Aktivitas enzim ini relatif tidak terpengaruh oleh adanya ion logam Ca2+,Mg2+, Na+, dan K+maupun inhibitor seperti ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA), dan phenylmethyl-sulfonylfluoride(PMSF). Enzim MTGase tanpa penambahan sodium kaseinat menunjukkan kemampuan membentuk gel yang tidak berbeda dengan TGase komersial, menghasilkan kekuatan gel 16848 g mm dan nilai kekenyalan 0,97. Enzim ini juga terbukti dapat meningkatkan kekuatan gel, kekenyalan, dan kepadatan produk restrukturisasi daging lumat ikan yang hanya ditambah garam NaCl saja atau yang ditambah garam NaCl dan sodium kaseinat.
What Anchors the Tu Do?
Authors: Byrne Denis
Published: July 2017

A 1970s Vietnamese refugee boat, the Tu Do, exhibited at a maritime museum in Sydney, commemorates Australia’s decision to open its borders to those fleeing the aftermath of the Vietnam War. What concerns me is the absence in the museum’s interpretive material of any reference to the contemporary interdiction at sea of asylum seekers attempting to reach Australia. This means the Tu Do is discursively quarantined from its companion objects, those hundreds of refugee boats turned back from Australia’s border in recent years. In asking ‘What anchors the Tu Do?’, in asking what prevents it drifting on a current of similitude to those other boats, I bring into question the whole field of migration heritage as it is practiced in Australia and beyond. Immured as this field is in methodological nationalism, it seems not to be far-fetched to suggest that heritage practice be considered alongside other practices of border maintenance.
The Federal Reserve's Portfolio and its Effect on Interest Rates
Authors: Huther Jeffrey , Ihrig Jane , Klee Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

We explore the historical composition of the Federal Reserve's Treasury portfolio and its effect on Treasury yields. Using data from 1985 to 2016, we show that the divergence of the composition of the Federal Reserve's portfolio from overall Treasury securities outstanding is associated with a statistically significant effect on interest rates. In aggregate, when the Federal Reserve's portfolio has shorter maturity than overall Treasury debt outstanding, measures of the term premium are higher at all horizons; likewise, when the Federal Reserve's portfolio has longer maturity, term premiums are lower. In addition, at the individual security level, differences in Federal Reserve holdings from overall Treasury debt outstanding are correlated with measures of pricing errors and liquidity premiums. We discuss the mechanism for this effect, which could include elements of preferred-habitat theory as well as the fiscal theory of the price level.
Ubuntu and the law in South Africa
Authors: Makgoro Y
Published: July 2017

The new constitutional dispensation, like the idea of freedom in South Africa, is also not free of scepticism. Many a time when crime and criminal activity are rife, sceptics would lament the absence of ubuntu in society and attribute this absence to what they view as the permissiveness which is said to have been brought about by the Constitution with its entrenched Bill of Rights. 

Firstly, I would like to take this opportunity and (attempt to) demonstrate the irony that the absence of the values of ubuntu in society that people often lament about and attribute to the existence of the Constitution with its demands for respect for human rights when crime becomes rife, are the very same values that the Constitution in general and the Bill of Rights in particular aim to inculcate in our society. 

Secondly, against the background of the call for an African renaissance that has now become topical globally, I would like to demonstrate the potential that traditional African values of ubuntu have for influencing the development of a new South African law and jurisprudence. 

The concept ubuntu, like many African concepts, is not easily definable. In an attempt to define it, the concept has generally been described as a world-view of African societies and a determining factor in the formation of perceptions which influence social conduct. It has also been described as a philosophy of life. 

Much as South Africa is a multicultural society, indigenous law has not featured in the mainstream of South African jurisprudence. Without a doubt, some aspects or values of ubuntu are universally inherent to South Africa’s multi cultures. 

The values of ubuntu are therefore an integral part of that value system which had been established by the Interim Constitution. 

The founding values of the democracy established by this new Constitution arguably coincide with some key values of ubuntu(ism). 

Ubuntu(-ism), which is central to age-old African custom and tradition however, abounds with values and ideas which have the potential of shaping not only current indigenous law institutions, but South African jurisprudence as a whole. 

Ubuntu can therefore become central to a new South African jurisprudence and to the revival of sustainable African values as part of the broader process of the African renaissance.
Konstitusionele voorskrifte rakende regspersone
Authors: Pienaar Gerrit
Published: July 2017

The interim Constitution of 1993 and the final Constitution of 1996 contain specific provisions applicable to juristic persons. Juristic persons are also entitled to the fundamental rights contained in the Bill of Rights to the extent that these rights are applicable to them. It must be kept in mind that juristic persons have peculiar characteristics and that the fundamental rights of juristic persons differ from those of natural persons. 

Juristic persons are also under the obligation to respect the fundamental rights of natural persons and other juristic persons to the extent provided for in the Bill of Rights. In the case of juristic persons acting as organs of state the vertical application of the Bill of Rights safeguards the fundamental rights of persons against state action or interference. The circumstances where juristic persons act as organs of state are discussed with reference to case law. Difference of opinion exists regarding the horizontal application of the Bill of Rights, that is the application of the Bill of Rights to private law relationships. In terms of the interim Constitution the Bill of Rights was applied horizontally in an indirect manner. Section 35(3) provided that the common and customary law must be developed by both the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court to promote the values underlying an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom, without completely abolishing the common and customary law. 

The final Constitution provides in section 8(2) that natural and juristic persons in private law relationships are also bound by the Bill of Rights if, and to the extent that, such rights are applicable, taking into account the nature of the rights and the nature of any duty imposed by such right. The direct horizontal application of the Bill of Rights is, however, limited by section 36. The extent of the rights of juristic persons and limitations on them in private law relationships are investigated, taking into account the right of freedom of association in terms of section 18. The various

principles to be taken into consideration in the case of clubs, religious organisations, educational institutions, political organisations and trading and professional institutions are discussed.
Muslim personal law and the meaning of "law" in the South African and Indian constitutions
Authors: Rautenbach Christa
Published: July 2017

The Muslim population of South Africa follows a practice which may be referred to as

Muslim personal law. Although section 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 recognises religious freedom and makes provision for the future recognition of other personal law systems, Muslim personal law is, at this stage, not formally recognised in terms of South African law. Since Muslim personal law receives no constitutional recognition the question may be asked whether the 1996 Constitution, and in particular the Bill of Rights as contained in chapter 2 of the 1996 Constitution, is applicable to "non-recognised" Muslim personal law. The answer to this question depends to a large extent on the meaning of "law" as contained in the 1996 Constitution.

When the viewpoint of academic writers and the courts are evaluated it seems as if the meaning of law in South Africa is restricted to the common law, customary law and legislation. If such a viewpoint is to be followed, Muslim personal law is excluded from the scrutiny of the Bill of Rights. It is, however, inconceivable that there might be certain areas of "law" that are not subject to the scrutiny of the Bill of Rights. In this note it will be argued that Muslim personal law should be regarded as law in terms of the 1996 Constitution, or in the alternative, that Muslim personal law (or at least Muslim marriages) should be recognised in terms of section 15 of the 1996 Constitution.

Due to the historical resemblance between South Africa and India the meaning of

"law" as contained in the 1996 Constitution will be compared with the meaning of "law" as contained in the Constitution of India. Although the Constitution of India indirectly gives recognition to various personal laws in India, these personal laws are not subject to the provisions of the Constitution of India. Therefore, it would be argued that one should approach the Constitution of India with caution when its provisions are compared to those of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa.
Die aard van wetgewende diskresies by die Suid-Afrikaanse uitvoerende gesag
Authors: Van Rensburg L J
Published: July 2017

This article focuses on the nature of legislative discretions in the hands of the executive authority of the state.Relevant concepts are analysed, followed by an exposition of the position regarding delegation of legislative authority to the executive under the previous constitutional dispensation when the country had a sovereign Parliament. This is followed by a discussion of the legal position in Germany, which shows similarities to the situation in South Africa. It appears that differences in approach to the problem exist worldwide, but one similarity is to be found in all, namely that a complete parliamentary abdication of legislative authority is always disallowed. What follows from this is that South African law seems to follow the German example regarding the delegation of legislative powers. It seems that the South African Constitutional Court considers the delegation of essential legislative authority as undesirable. Limits have to be placed on the extent of Parliament's competencies pertaining to legislative delegation. Furthermore the manner and form requirements in the Constitution must be met when legislation is adopted. This however does not occur in all instances of legislative delegation to the executive authority. When legislative delegation takes place, it is consistently done by granting the executive the authority to adopt subordinate legislation, which in any event has the same legal effect as legislation of Parliament itself.Next the Transitional Constitution of 1993 is considered against the background of relevant case law. It appears that the legal position was not changed by the promulgation of the ("final") Constitution of 1996. Empowering legislation that delegates any legislative authority must lay down guidelines providing direction regarding the exercise of the delegated authority. Delegated legislation may of course not contain substantive norms.Like the German Bundesverfassungsgericht, the South African Constitutional Court seems to require empowering legislation to lay down the content, extent and purpose of the empowering provisions before it will enjoy legal effect. This content, extent and purpose will not primarily be evident from the delegated legislation, but must be contained in the empowering legislation itself. If this is not the case, the delegation of authority will have exceeded constitutional limits. Therefore, a wide delegation of legislative authority without limitations regarding its exercise, at least as far as content, extent and purpose are concerned, will without doubt be unconstitutional.
The significance of constitutional values
Authors: Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: July 2017

This article addresses the question of the meaning and legal significance of constitutional values in contemporary times.  The article attends also to related questions namely, what constitute “constitutional values” and what are the limitations of the meaning afforded to this notion.  Attention is paid in the particular, to freedom, equality and democracy as value-neutral criteria of fairness and government neutrality with reference to the South African and German contexts as well as to value-neutrality as a culturally conditioned value.  The author concludes with a cosmopolitan view of freedom and the right to peace with reference to the constitutional texts of Japan and the United States.
Interpretation of the Constitutional provisions relating to international law
Authors: Olivier Michele
Published: July 2017

The 1993 Constitution,1 for the first time in South African history accorded constitutional recognition to international law, thereby bringing an end to the debate on the status of international law in South African domestic law. This step was a symbolic break from the apartheid legal system, which was closely associated with the violation of international law and indicated to the international community that South Africa was willing to abide by internationally accepted rules. More important, however, for South African lawyers are the fundamental changes the constitutional regulation of international law introduced into South African law.

 

The 1993 Constitution dealt with the conclusion of international agreements (sections 82(1)(i) and 231(2)), the status of international law in South African law (section 231(3) and (4)) and the role of international law in interpreting the chapter on fundamental rights (section 35(1)). These provisions were substantially taken over by the 1996 Constitution. The provisions relating to the entry into international agreements and the status thereof in terms of South African law are once again dealt with under section 231. The provisions on customary international law are dealt with separately under section 232. Section 233 deals with the role of international law in the interpretation of legislation, whilst section 39, the equivalent of section 35 of the 1993 Constitution, provides for international law in interpreting the Bill of Rights.
Some thoughts on socio-economic rights
Authors: Devenish GE
Published: July 2017

One of the manifest differences between the Bill of Rights in the interim and the 1996 Constitutions is the more comprehensive treatment of social and economic rights in the latter.1  In addition to the social and economic rights of children contained in section 28(1)(c), education in section 29 and detained persons' rights in section 35(2)(e), Chapter 2 of the 1996 Constitution encapsulates "an entirely new set of rights not foreshadowed in the interim Constitution".2  These relate essentially to housing rights, set out in section 26, and rights protecting health care services, food, water and social security contained in section 27. Certain other provisions also contain socio-economic rights.  So, for example, section 25(5) redistribution of land, section 28, children's rights, section 29, education, section 35(2)(c), the right to a legal practitioner, section 35(2)(e), detainees rights to adequate accommodation, nutrition, reading material and medical treatment.
Administrative Bias in South Africa
Authors: Nwauche E S
Published: July 2017

This article reviews the interpretation of section 6(2)(a)ii of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act which makes an administrator “biased or reasonably suspected of bias” a ground of judicial review. In this regard, the paper reviews the determination of administrative bias in South Africa especially highlighting the concept of institutional bias. The paper notes that inspite of the formulation of the bias ground of review the test for administrative bias is the reasonable apprehension test laid down in the case of President of South Africa v South African Rugby Football Union(2) which on close examination is not the same thing. Accordingly the paper urges an alternative interpretation that is based on the reasonable suspicion test enunciated in BTR Industries South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Metal and Allied Workers Union and R v Roberts. Within this context, the paper constructs a model for interpreting the bias ground of review that combines the reasonable suspicion test as interpreted in BTR Industries and R v Roberts, the possibility of the waiver of administrative bias, the curative mechanism of administrative appeal as well as some level of judicial review exemplified by the jurisprudence of article 6(1) of the European Convention of Human Rights, especially in the light of the contemplation of the South African Magistrate Court as a jurisdictional route of judicial review.
The Difference of the Complex Formation of the Samarium (3+) Ion with the L-malic Acid as Compared to the Neodymium (3+) Ion
Authors: Buzko Vladimir Yu. , Sukhno Igor V. , Gavriluyk Margarita B. , Panyushkin Victor T.
Published: July 2017

The complex formation of the neodymium Nd3+ ion and the samarium Sm3+ ion with L-malic acid (H3Mal) in the aqueous solutions was studied by pH-metric titration in pH region 2.80 to 10.00 and constant ionic strength 0.1 M KCl at 25°C. The ratios of the concentrations of the rare-earth elements (Ln) and the L-malic acid were 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2. The number of experimental points of each curve of pH-metric titration was 160-190 at 5-6 independent titrations. Inasmuch as the literature data give mainly the dissociation constants for the racemic DL-malic acid, acid-base equilibria of L-malic acid at ionic strength of 0.1 M KCl were also previously studied in pH 3.1-11.0 range. The number of experimental points for the each titration curve of L-malic acid was 70-100 at 8 independent titrations. The dissociation constants of Lmalic acid were calculated. The compositions and the stability constants of the rare-earth element complexes with L-malic acid were calculated by SuperQuad program for complex equilibria. It was shown, that in addition to 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with differently deprotonated L-malic acid, the hydroxocomplexes and protonated complexes of the rare-earth elements are also formed. The difference of the complex formation of the Sm3+ ion with Lmalic acid as compared to the Nd3+ ion was discussed.
Acidic and Catalytic Properties of Mo-Containing Zeolite Catalysts for Non-Oxidative Methane Conversion
Authors: Vosmerikov A.V. , Echevsky G.V. , Korobitsyna L.L. , Arbuzova N.V. , Velichkina L.M. , Zhuravkov S.P. , Barbashin Ya.Ye. , Kodenev Ye.G.
Published: July 2017

The conversion of methane into benzene, toluene and naphthalene at the reaction temperature of 750 °C and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 500-1500 h-1 over zeolites modified via impregnation with ammonium heptamolybdate and mechanical mixing with Mo oxide and nanopowder is studied under non-oxidative conditions. It has been established that the highest methane conversion per one run and maximal yield of aromatic hydrocarbons are reached for the sample containing 4.0 mass.% the Mo nanopowder. The stability of Mo-containing zeolite catalysts in the process of methane dehydroaromatization at different GHSV has been studied and a characteristic presence of the induction period caused by the formation of active Mo forms both on the external surface and into the zeolite channels has been established. Both the duration of induction period and stable catalyst operation are decreasing with increasing of GHSV. It was demonstrated that acidic properties of a Mo-containing zeolite catalyst depend on the Mo concentration and method of its introduction.
The Effect of Using H4P2O7 as Phosphorus Source for Synthesizing Vanadyl Pyrophosphate Catalysts
Authors: Taufiq-Yap Y.H. , Raslan A. , Irmawati R.
Published: July 2017

Vanadyl pyrophosphate (VO)2P2O7 catalysts synthesized via VOPO4·2H2O were investigated by using BET surface area measurement, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Temperature-Programmed Techniques (TPD and TPRS). H3PO4 and H4P2O7 were used as the phosphorus source. Only pyrophosphate phase was observed for both final catalysts after 75 hours of calcination in a reaction flow of n-butane/air mixture (0.75% n-butane/air). However, catalyst derived from H4P2O7 based preparation (denoted VPDpyro) exhibit better crystallinity and slightly higher BET surface area compared to the H3PO4 based preparation (denoted VPDortho). The nature of the oxidants for both catalysts was investigated by O2-TPD. For VPDpyro, TPD showed an oxygen peak maximum at 986 K and a shoulder at 1003 K, whereas for VPDortho, the oxygen was desorbed as two peaks maxima at 966 and 994 K. The total amount of oxygen desorbed thermally from VPDpyro (3.60×1020 atom×g-1) is higher than that obtained for VPDortho (3.07×1020 atom×g-1). VPDpyro displayed a slightly improved activity and selectivity for n-butane oxidation. A proper amount of V5+ species may have an effect on the enhancement of the catalytic activity.
Star, Celebrity, Vip – Zum Einfluss des Englischen auf das Wortfeld der Bezeichnungen für bekannte Personen im Deutschen
Authors: Kałasznik Marcelina
Published: July 2017

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