bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic input from the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body to cochlear root neurons in rats
Authors: Gómez‐Nieto Ricardo , Rubio María E. , López Dolores E.
Published: November 2007

Brain stem pathways are essential for the modulation of the acoustic startle reflex by sounds; nevertheless, the neural circuits that convey fast auditory information to the primary acoustic startle circuit are still unclear. In the rat, cochlear root neurons (CRNs) comprise the first component of the primary acoustic startle circuit and are critical in the initiation and full expression of the acoustic startle reflex. To determine whether CRNs receive auditory descending inputs, we developed tract‐tracing studies combined with immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, morphometry, and confocal microscopy. Either FluoroGold or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injections in CRNs showed retrogradely labeled neurons in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB). We verified the projection to CRNs by injecting BDA into the VNTB. Our results showed that neurons from VNTB project bilaterally and directly to CRNs, giving off numerous endings onto cell bodies and preferentially dendrites of CRNs. Electron microscopy analysis of labeled VNTB terminals demonstrated that they made multiple symmetric synapses and contained small round vesicles. Colocalization of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and fluorescein dextran after injection in the VNTB indicated that these terminals use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter. We also revealed that the inferior colliculus, an important nucleus mediating the auditory prepulse inhibition, projects to VNTB neurons that innervate CRNs. Our data show a novel and short descending auditory pathway from the VNTB to the first nucleus of the primary acoustic startle circuit that might play an important role in the auditory prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex elicited by sounds. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:452–468, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limbic dysregulation is associated with lowered heart rate variability and increased trait anxiety in healthy adults
Authors: Mujica‐Parodi Lilianne R. , Korgaonkar Mayuresh , Ravindranath Bosky , Greenberg Tsafrir , Tomasi Dardo , Wagshul Mark , Ardekani Babak , Guilfoyle David , Khan Shilpi , Zhong Yuru , Chon Ki , Malaspina Dolores
Published: November 2007

Objectives:

We tested whether dynamic interaction between limbic regions supports a control systems model of excitatory and inhibitory components of a negative feedback loop, and whether dysregulation of those dynamics might correlate with trait differences in anxiety and their cardiac characteristics among healthy adults.

Experimental Design:

Sixty‐five subjects received fMRI scans while passively viewing angry, fearful, happy, and neutral facial stimuli. Subjects also completed a trait anxiety inventory, and were monitored using ambulatory wake ECG. The ECG data were analyzed for heart rate variability, a measure of autonomic regulation. The fMRI data were analyzed with respect to six limbic regions (bilateral amygdala, bilateral hippocampus, Brodmann Areas 9, 45) using limbic time‐series cross‐correlations, maximum BOLD amplitude, and BOLD amplitude at each point in the time‐series.

Principal Observations:

Diminished coupling between limbic time‐series in response to the neutral, fearful, and happy faces was associated with greater trait anxiety, greater sympathetic activation, and lowered heart rate variability. Individuals with greater levels of trait anxiety showed delayed activation of Brodmann Area 45 in response to the fearful and happy faces, and lowered Brodmann Area 45 activation with prolonged left amygdala activation in response to the neutral faces.

Conclusions:

The dynamics support limbic regulation as a control system, in which dysregulation, as assessed by diminished coupling between limbic time‐series, is associated with increased trait anxiety and excitatory autonomic outputs. Trait‐anxious individuals showed delayed inhibitory activation in response to overt‐affect stimuli and diminished inhibitory activation with delayed extinction of excitatory activation in response to ambiguous‐affect stimuli. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
STN‐stimulation in Parkinson's disease restores striatal inhibition of thalamocortical projection
Authors: Geday Jacob , Østergaard Karen , Johnsen Erik , Gjedde Albert
Published: November 2007

To test the hypothesis that deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) restores the inhibitory output to the striatothalamocortical loop in Parkinson's disease, we obtained functional brain images of blood flow in 10 STN‐stimulated patients with Parkinson's disease. Patients were immobile and off antiparkinsonian medication for 12 h. They were scanned with and without bilateral STN‐stimulation with a 4‐h interval between the two conditions. The order of DBS stimulation (ON or OFF) was randomized. Stimulation significantly raised regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) bilaterally in the STN and in the left nucleus lentiformis. Conversely, flow declined in the left supplementary motor area (BA 6), ventrolateral nucleus of the left thalamus, and right cerebellum. Activation of the basal ganglia and deactivation of supplementary motor area and thalamus were both correlated with the improvement of motor function. The result is consistent with the explanation that stimulation in resting patients raises output from the STN with activation of the inhibitory basal ganglia output nuclei and subsequent deactivation of the thalamic anteroventral and ventrolateral nuclei and the supplementary motor area. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between HRM avenues of political influence and perceived organizational performance
Authors: Sheehan Cathy , Cooper Brian , Holland Peter , Cieri Helen De
Published: November 2007

This article explores the relationship between the human resource management function's access to avenues of political influence and perceived organizational performance. We examine responses from 441 Australian senior HRM managers who participated in an online survey of a national HRM professional association. Drawing from political influence theory, we develop a model and related hypotheses to investigate the impact of opportunities for the HRM function to manage and control the shared meaning of HRM on perceived organizational performance. Although there was no evidence of a moderating effect of avenues of HRM political influence, CEO support and organizational support for HRM predicted perceived organizational performance. HRM representation on the board of directors appears to serve a symbolic function only. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in response to the identified importance of CEO and organizational support. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of androgen in determining differentiation and regulation of androgen receptor expression in the human prostatic epithelium transient amplifying population
Authors: Heer R. , Robson C.N. , Shenton B.K. , Leung H.Y.
Published: November 2007

The original article to which this erratum refers was published in J Cell Phys (2007) 212:572–578. J. Cell. Physiol. 215: 283–284, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression and protein localization of calmodulin‐dependent phosphodiesterase during ontogenesis of chick retina
Authors: Deplano Stefania , Giorgi Mauro , Maccarone Rita , Santone Rocco , Nuccetelli Valeria , Basso Manuela , Bisti Silvia
Published: November 2007

Calmodulin‐dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE1) is a key enzyme in cyclic nucleotides metabolism. We studied its gene expression and protein localization during retinal development in chick embryos. Western blot and densitometric analysis demonstrated that the expression of the three isoforms changed during development. PDE1A was highly expressed at the early stages and decreased as development proceeded. PDE1B expression remained relatively low and constant over time. PDE1C showed a prominent increase (13‐fold) between embryonic day (E) 7 and E13, followed by a moderate increase between E13 and postnatal day (P) 1. The presence of the enzyme in the different retinal locations was strongly modulated by development. PDE1A immunostaining was first detected at the ganglion cell level (E7), then in the outer retina (E15–E21). At P5, the immunostaining was confined in the optic fiber layer. Isoform C immunolocalization followed the same inner–outer pattern as isoform A. At 5 days posthatching (P5), the immunoreactivity was restricted, as well as for the isoform A, in the optic fiber layer. The isoform B immunolabelling was low and evenly distributed across the retina at all stages. The different developmental profiles of PDE1A, PDE1B, and PDE1C induced a temporal modulation in cyclic nucleotides concentration, suggesting specific roles of this enzyme in the morphofunctional development of retinal circuitry. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoinitiators with double and triple bonds
Authors: Seidl Bernhard , Kalinyaprak‐Icten Kadiriye , Fuß Norbert , Hoefer Michael , Liska Robert
Published: November 2007

In continuation of our research on new chromophores for photoinitiators (PIs) we investigated a series of double and triple bond containing PIs based on benzophenone (BP), thioxanthone, benzil (BZ), benzildimethylketal (BDK), and hydroxyalkylphenone. UV‐Vis spectroscopy revealed an absorption shifted up to 50 nm to the visible range of the spectrum. With steady state photolysis experiments, the rates of decomposition (Rd) were determined. Compared to the commercially available reference PIs the Rd of the new PIs were nearly identical. By quenching reactions with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO), α‐cleavage was identified for Type I initiators. Generally, all new compounds are suitable as PI especially for longer wavelengths. Nevertheless it has to be noted that the PI concentration has to be selected carefully to achieve optimum reactivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 289–301, 2008
Synthesis of densely grafted comblike copolymers
Authors: Fu Zhifeng , Tao Wuping , Shi Yan
Published: November 2007

Densely grafted copolymers were synthesized using the “grafting from” approach via the combination of reversible addition‐fragment chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). First, a novel functional monomer, 2,3‐di(2‐bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl acrylate (DBPPA), with two initiating groups for ATRP was synthesized. It was then polymerized via RAFT polymerization to give macroinitiators for ATRP with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. Last, ATRP of styrene was carried out using poly(DBPPA)s as macroinitiators to prepare comblike poly(DBPPA)‐graft‐polystyrenes carrying double branches in each repeating unit of backbone via “grafting from” approach. Furthermore, poly(DBPPA)‐graft‐[polystyrene‐block‐poly(t‐BA)]s and their hydrolyzed products poly(DBPPA)‐graft‐[polystyrene‐block‐poly(acrylic acid)]s were also successfully prepared. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 362–372, 2008
Estrogen modulation of ovariectomy‐induced hyperalgesia in adult mice
Authors: Sanoja Raul , Cervero Fernando
Published: November 2007

Some chronic pain conditions are more prevalent in women. However, the evidence from both human and animal studies as to whether estrogen is pro‐ or anti‐nociceptive is inconsistent. We have used a model of functional abdominal pain in mice to examine the role of estrogen in the modulation of a hyperalgesic state induced by ovariectomy. C57/BL6 female mice were either ovariectomized (OVX), received the same surgery without removing the ovaries or were tested without any surgical procedure. Mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by von Frey filaments and thermal pain was measured using a hot‐plate at 50°C. OVX mice, but not sham‐operated, developed mechanical hyperalgesia localized to the abdominal region, the hindlimbs and the proximal tail, 4–5 weeks after OVX as well as a reduction in response latency to the hot plate. OVX animals were implanted with 17β‐estradiol pellets or with similar pellets with no hormone five weeks after OVX, when the hyperalgesic state was fully developed, and the estrogen reversed both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Vaginal smears were taken to record the phase of the cycle at the time of the test from all animals and no significant differences were detected in mechanical hyperalgesia or in thermal pain threshold between normal animals in different phases of their estrous cycle. These results show that OVX induces a hyperalgesic state of slow onset and long duration that can be reversed by estrogen. We have also observed no estrous cycle modulation of pain sensitivity in normal animals.
A conserved alpha helical domain at the N‐terminus of Pex14p is required for PTS1 and PTS2 protein import in Hansenula polymorpha
Authors: de Vries Bart , Kiel Jan A.K.W. , Scheek Ruud , Veenhuis Marten , van der Klei Ida J.
Published: November 2007

We have analyzed the highly conserved N‐terminus of Hansenula polymorpha Pex14p for its function in peroxisomal matrix protein import. The region comprising aa 10–54 of HpPex14p is predicted to contain three α‐helices. Its α‐helical structure was confirmed by CD analysis of a synthetic peptide, corresponding to residues 8–58. Deletion of aa 1–21 of HpPex14p, but not of aa 1–9, completely abolished PTS1 and PTS2 matrix protein import. An extensive mutational analysis of the first α‐helix (aa 10–21) demonstrated that its secondary structure, as well as residues Phe20 and Leu21, are essential for PTS1 and PTS2 matrix protein import.
EXAFS reveals a structural zinc binding site in the bovine NADH‐Q oxidoreductase
Authors: Giachini Lisa , Francia Francesco , Boscherini Federico , Pacelli Consiglia , Cocco Tiziana , Papa Sergio , Venturoli Giovanni
Published: November 2007

The metal content of bovine NADH‐Q oxidoreductase determined by inductively‐coupled plasma atomic‐emission spectroscopy reveals the presence of about one atom of zinc per molecule of flavin mononucleotide. We applied Zn K‐edge extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) to investigate the local structure of the bound zinc ion and to identify the nature of the coordinating residues. The EXAFS spectrum is consistent with a structured zinc binding site. By combining information from first‐shell analysis and from metalloprotein data bases putative binding clusters have been built and fitted to the experimental spectrum using ab initio simulations. The best fitting binding cluster is formed by two histidine and two cysteine residues arranged in a tetrahedral geometry.
The structure of the chloroplast signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor reveals mechanistic details of SRP GTPase activation and a conserved membrane targeting site
Authors: Stengel Katharina F. , Holdermann Iris , Wild Klemens , Sinning Irmgard
Published: November 2007

Two GTPases in the signal recognition particle and its receptor (FtsY) regulate protein targeting to the membrane by formation of a heterodimeric complex. The activation of both GTPases in the complex is essential for protein translocation. We present the crystal structure of chloroplast FtsY (cpFtsY) at 1.75 Å resolution. The comparison with FtsY structures in different nucleotide bound states shows structural changes relevant for GTPase activation and provides insights in how cpFtsY is pre‐organized for complex formation with cpSRP54. The structure contains an amino‐terminal amphipathic helix similar to the membrane targeting sequence of Escherichia coli FtsY. In cpFtsY this motif is extended, which might be responsible for the enhanced attachment of the protein to the thylakoid membrane.
Hsp90‐mediated inhibition of FKBP38 regulates apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Erdmann Frank , Jarczowski Franziska , Weiwad Matthias , Fischer Gunter , Edlich Frank
Published: November 2007

The FK506‐binding protein 38 (FKBP38) is a pro‐apoptotic regulator of Bcl‐2 in neuroblastoma cells. Hsp90 inhibits the pro‐apoptotic FKBP38/CaM/Ca2+ complex and thus prevents interactions between FKBP38 and Bcl‐2. Here we show that Hsp90 increases cell survival rates of neuroblastoma cells after apoptosis induction. Depletion of FKBP38 by short interference RNA significantly decreased the anti‐apoptotic effect of Hsp90 expression. In addition, the influence of high cellular Hsp90 levels was only observed in post‐stimulation apoptosis that is sensitive to selective FKBP38 active site inhibition. Similar anti‐apoptotic effects in neuroblastoma cells were observed after stimulation of endogenous Hsp90 expression. Hence, the inhibition of FKBP38 by Hsp90 participates in programmed cell death control of neuroblastoma cells.
Evaluation of the inferior and superior laryngeal nerve stumps for perineural spread in laryngeal cancer
Authors: Vural Emre , Fan Chun‐Yang , Spring Paul , Stack Brendan C. , Kokoska Mimi S. , Hanna Ehab Y. , Suen James Y.
Published: November 2007

Objective

Perineural spread (PNS) is an important risk factor for locoregional failure and is correlated with reduced survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. PNS may extend proximally and/or distally in the nerve sheath by leaving unin‐volved nerve segments. This method of extension may preclude obtaining tumor‐free surgical margins, which may be responsible for recurrent disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the presence or absence of PNS in extralaryngeal superior and inferior laryngeal nerves in patients who underwent total laryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.

METHODS

Extralaryngeal segments of superior and inferior laryngeal nerves were resected bilaterally during 15 consecutive laryngectomies. Laryngectomy specimens and the harvested proximal nerve segments were histopathologically examined for the presence or absence of PNS.

RESULTS

Ten of 15 laryngectomy specimens showed PNS; however, none of the extralaryngeal superior or inferior laryngeal nerve segments revealed perineural involvement.

CONCLUSION

Extralaryngeal extension of PNS is highly unlikely in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.
Bell's palsy and pregnancy
Authors: Vrabec Jeffrey T. , Isaacson Brandon , Van Hook James W.
Published: November 2007

Objective

To describe the epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, treatment, and prognosis of Bell's palsy (BP) in pregnancy.

RESULTS

The incidence of BP in pregnant women is not significantly greater than expected compared to all women of childbearing age. There is a high incidence of cases in the third trimester and corresponding low incidence during early pregnancy.

CONCLUSION

There is no conclusive evidence that the etiology of BP in pregnancy is different than in nonpregnant patients. Altered susceptibility to herpes simplex viral reactivation during pregnancy is the most likely explanation for concentration of cases in the third trimester. Outcome may be poorer in pregnant patients, though historically, treatment is often withheld from these patients.

SIGNIFICANCE

Management of BP in pregnancy can mirror that of nonpregnant individuals with the exception of first‐trimester cases.
The superosmic phenomenon
Authors: Philpott C M , Goonetilleke P , Goodenough P C , Clark A , Murty G E
Published: November 2007

Background:

Olfaction studies in the institution of Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Leicester Royal Infirmary have detected a previously unreported, variable phenomenon – ‘superosmia’ – in which subjects' olfaction threshold concentrations are up to 100 000 smaller than the average value.

Objectives:

The aim of this report is to define and quantify this phenomenon.

Methods:

Two hundred and thirty subjects, who had been screened for active nasal pathology (age range 20–60 years), underwent individual olfactory threshold tests for phenylethyl alcohol or eucalyptol, using a computer-driven olfactometer in a controlled laboratory setting. Some tests were single tests and others were repeated on a small cohort.

Results:

Two per cent of subjects demonstrated the superosmic phenomenon on single testing, and 10 per cent demonstrated this phenomenon on variable occasions during repeated testing. The superosmic phenomenon was defined by: (1) confident olfactory perception of a threshold at least equal to if not greater than three threshold levels below the subject's average threshold; (2) repeated perception of the odour at this level for at least 10 responses (1:1024 probability of chance finding); and (3) (where time permitted) a sudden, rapid loss of superosmia.

Conclusions:

Superosmia is a distinct phenomenon, the stimulus or mechanism of which is currently the subject of further research. The enhancement of olfactory ability may be possible through activation of an accessory pathway or modulation of the existing olfactory apparatus.
Electron microscopic observation of cytoskeletal frame structures and detection of tubulin on the apical region ofCryptosporidium parvumsporozoites
Authors: MATSUBAYASHI M. , TAKASE H. , KIMATA I. , NAKAGAWA H. , TANI H. , SASAI K. , BABA E.
Published: November 2007

Cryptosporidium parvumis an intracellular protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, and a major cause of waterborne gastroenteritis throughout the world. Invasive zoites of apicomplexan parasites, includingC. parvum, are thought to have characteristic organelles on the apical apex; however, compared with other parasites, the cytoskeletal ultrastructure ofC. parvumzoites is poorly understood. Thus, in the present study, we ultrastructurally examinedC. parvumsporozoites using electron microscopy to clarify the framework of invasive stages. Consequently, at the apical end of sporozoites, 3 apical rings and an electron-dense collar were seen. Two thick central microtubules were seen further inside sporozoites and extended to the posterior region. Using anti-α and -β tubulin antibodies generated from sea urchin and rat brain, both antibodies cross-reacted at the apical region of sporozoites in immunofluorescent morphology. The molecular mass ofC. parvumα tubulin antigen was 50 kDa by Western blotting and the observed apical cytoskeletal structures were shown to be composed of α tubulin by immunoelectron microscopy. These results suggested thatC. parvumsporozoites were clearly different in their cytoskeletal structure from those of other apicomplexan parasites.
The status of two exotic terrestrial Crustacea on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island
Authors: Greenslade Penelope , Melbourne Brett A. , Davies Kendi F. , Stevens Mark I.
Published: November 2007

Two terrestrial Crustacea,Puhuruhuru patersoni(Amphipoda: Talitridae) andStyloniscus otakensis(Isopoda: Styloniscidae), were discovered on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Each species was identified as having been described, and previously only known, from South Island, New Zealand and from some of New Zealand's southern offshore islands. The distributions of the two species on Macquarie Island have been mapped in detail on four occasions over the last fifteen years, each mapping extending previously existing distributions or showing changes from the earlier records. Details of all four years' mapping are figured. It is concluded that these species were most likely introduced between 1810 and 1919 and that populations of the amphipod have not expanded to any extent in the twelve years between 1992 and 2004 but that the isopod has slightly increased its range. Both species are macrodetritivores, a trophic group not well represented on the island, so there is the possibility of an irreversible change to the Macquarie Island ecosystem if they become more widespread with warming climates. However no such change has yet been observed. The advantages and feasibility of removing these two exotic species from the island is discussed, as are the possible routes by which the species were introduced to the island.
Conjugacies between linear and nonlinear non-uniform contractions
Authors: BARREIRA LUIS , VALLS CLAUDIA
Published: November 2007

We construct conjugacies between linear and nonlinear non-uniform exponential contractions with discrete time. We also consider the general case of a non-autonomous dynamics defined by a sequence of maps. The results are obtained by considering both linear and nonlinear perturbations of the dynamics xm+1=Amxm defined by a sequence of linear operators Am. In the case of conjugacies between linear contractions we describe them explicitly. All the conjugacies are locally Hölder, and in fact are locally Lipschitz outside the origin. We also construct conjugacies between linear and nonlinear non-uniform exponential dichotomies, building on the arguments for contractions. All the results are obtained in Banach spaces.
Quantifying fault‐zone activity in arid environments with high‐resolution topography
Authors: Oskin Michael E. , Le Kimberly , Strane Michael D.
Published: November 2007

High‐resolution airborne laser swath‐mapping (ALSM) topography illuminates active faulting with unprecedented clarity. We contrast ALSM topography of two dextral faults in arid regions of California with slip rates that differ by an order of magnitude: The Lenwood fault, with rate of ∼1 mm/yr, and the Clark fault, a strand of the San Jacinto fault with net slip rate >10 mm/yr. Visualization of ALSM data reveals abundant fault scarps and deflected channels that when reconstructed can yield powerful slip constraints. Though many of these features may also be detected in existing aerial photography, these data are limited by stereo depth resolution and fixed illumination angle.
Coherent whistler waves and oscilliton formation: Kinetic simulations
Authors: Sydora R. D. , Sauer K. , Silin I.
Published: November 2007

Coherent wave emission in the whistler frequency range (0.1–0.5Ωe, where Ωe is the electron cyclotron frequency), consisting of nearly monochromatic wave packets, has recently been observed by several spacecraft in the Earth's plasma environment. In this paper whistler waves generated by an electron temperature anisotropy is studied using particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations. It is shown that during the initial phase of the evolution the exponential wave growth is consistent with linear kinetic dispersion theory. Simultaneously, a reduction of the temperature anisotropy takes place, mainly caused by electron heating parallel to the magnetic field. In the final stage the system reaches conditions of marginal stability which is characterized by wave packets of coherent emissions with a frequency about one half the initial value at maximum instability and such that the phase speed and group velocity coincide. These signatures are shown to relate to whistler oscillitons which are a class of nonlinear stationary waves with superimposed spatial oscillations. The calculated structures for a plasma with βe = 1.0 quantitatively resemble magnetospheric whistler events.
HUMORAL AND CELLULAR RESPONSES OF MICE TO A PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kearney R , Halliday WJ
Published: November 2007

Sera from mice injected with pneumococcal Type III capsular poly‐saccharide were titrated for antibodies by passive haemagglutination and haemolysis. The pattern of serological reactions suggested the existence of two distinct antibodies of the same specificity, one active in haemagglutination and of relatively high affinity for antigen, the other active in haemolysis and of lower affinity. These antibodies were entirely of the macroglobulin type. Titres of haemagglutinating and haemolytic activity were followed through the responses to three doses of antigen; some conditions for establishing substantial secondary responses were related to the two antibodies formed, their pre‐injection levels and the amounts of antigen administered.
THE ROLE OF SIALIC ACID IN THE SERUM AMYLASE ISOENZYME PATTERN OF THE MARSUPIAL MOUSE SMINTHOPSIS CRASSICAUDATA
Authors: Finnegan DJ , Hope RM
Published: November 2007

Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of sera from Sminthopsis crassicaudata has revealed a pattern of three amylase isoenzyme bands. Three mobility variants (A, B and C) of this pattern have been found. One individual has been found to have a combination of the A and B patterns. Thirteen sera from S. larapinta all had a serum amylase phenotype identical to that of the A variant of S. crassicaudata.

There is evidence that of the three isoenzyme bands in S. crassicaudata the most cathodic is of enzyme produced by the pancreas, while the other two are due to this enzyme with residues of sialic acid bound to it.
EFFECTS OF THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF THE DIET ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROCALCINOSIS IN RATS
Authors: Goulding Ailsa , Malthus RS
Published: November 2007

Nephrocalcinosis in weanling rats resulting from the feeding of a semi‐purified diet was found to be reduced by the addition of casein, gluten, amino acids (methionine, cystine and glutamic acid), or ammonium sulphate to the diet. The altered incidence of nephrocalcinosis did not appear to be related to the casein: salt mixture ratio, to changes in the serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, or to changes in the volume of urine excreted. It is postulated that the protein supplements had an acidifying action due to oxidation of S‐amino acids which led to an increased urinary excretion of hydrogen ions and sulphate, and that the acidification of the tubular fluid increased the solubility of calcium phosphate so that less mineral deposition took place.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE REVERSAL OF THE HEPATIC VENOUS CIRCULATION IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED DOG LIVER
Authors: Field CD
Published: November 2007

The changes in the circulatory pathways were studied in an isolated perfused canine liver, when the venous circulation was reversed. A radioactive isotope dilution technique was employed, in which two radioactive tracers were used simultaneously, to investigate the nature of the hepatic vascular bed under normal and reversed conditions. The results indicate that when the venus circulation is reversed the hepatic arterial blood fills far less of the vascular bed than under normal conditions. This indicates that there may be a low impedance pathway between the hepatic artery and the portal vein, which enables the hepatic arterial blood, under reversed flow conditions, to reach the portal tract without it traversing the normal arterial pathways through the liver.
THE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPETENCE TO RATS TOLERANT OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES WITH LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL RATS
Authors: McCullagh PJ
Published: November 2007

An explanation has been sought for the mechanism whereby prior irradiation of rats tolerant of sheep erythrocytes facilitates haemolysin formation by transfused normal lymphocytes. Taking account of the effects of depleting tolerant rats of lymphocytes by means of prolonged thoracic duct drainage, it was concluded that enhanced colonization of host lymphoid tissues by transfused cells was unlikely to be the major factor in this facilitation. The formation of haemolysin was investigated in tolerant rats after sub lethal irradiation and the transfer of lymphocytes from normal donors. The haemolysin response after the transfer of thoracic duct lymphocytes to irradiated, tolerant hosts was much weaker than that observed after their transfer to irradiated normal (non‐tolerant) hosts unless the lymphocytes had been incubated in vitro with antigen primed peritoneal cells. Previous incubation of the lymphocytes to be injected with unprimed peritoneal cells or with antigen alone failed to enhance the subsequent immune response. Lymphocytes and primed peritoneal cells which had not been incubated together were a much less efficient inoculums than incubated cell mixtures. It is suggested that, in addition to the specific deficiency of its lymphocytes, there is some factor in the tolerant rat inimical to the initiation of an immune response in transfused normal lymphocytes.
THE ABSORPTION OF IODOVANCOMYCIN BY MICROCOCCUS LYSODEIKTICUS CELLS
Authors: Oo KC
Published: November 2007

Iodinated vancomycin, when incubated at growth‐inhibitory concentrations with a calture of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, was absorbed by the growing cells. On fractionation of those cells into tell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasmic fractions, the antibiotic was found to be associated mainly with the first two fractions. The antibiotic initially attached to the cell wall appeared to become associated with the cell membrane on further incubation. At the same time, an increase in the hexosamine content of the cell membrane was observed. In growing M. lysodeikticus cells under progressive inhibition by iodovancomycin, the antibiotic is found at different sites within the cell.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE BONE MARROW CELLS OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE‐TOLERANT RATS
Authors: McCullagh PJ
Published: November 2007

No evidence could be obtained for specific collaboration between cells derived from thymus and bone marrow in the immune response of rats to sheep erythrocytes. Bone marrow cells did not enhance the ability of thoracic duct lymphocytes to restore immune responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated rats. In comparison with thoracic duct lymphocytes, thymus cells were most inefficient as an immunologically restorative inoculum in this situation, and done marrow cells did not augment their performance. Bone marrow cells augmented the restorative capacity of spleen cells from immunized, irradiated donors, regardless of whether these had been injected previously with thymus or bone marrow cells. No evidence was forthcoming for the existence of a modified subpopulation of cells in the thoracic duct lymph of tolerant rats.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HETEROLOGOUS ANTILYMPHOCYTIC SERUM: THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF RABBIT MACROPHAGE‐CYTOPHILIC ANTILYMPHOCYTIC ANTIBODY IN MICE
Authors: Gill PG
Published: November 2007

The existence and predominantly 7S nature of macrophage‐cytophilic antibody in rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum has been confirmed. Absorption of rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum with homologous cells reduced the titre of cytophilic activity determined by both direct and indirect methods, while most of the cytotoxic and agglutinating activity was retained. This suggests the antibodies responsible for cytophilia exist as a separate class in rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum. Cytophilic antibody also promoted the attachment of thymus cells to Balb/c macrophages both in vitro and in vivo, the attachment in the latter instance occurring only when the thymocytes were pre‐incubated with low antibody concentrations. Absorption of rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum with rabbit cells also reduced its ability in increase the localisation in the liver of injected thymocytes, while eluates of cytophilic antibody could promote significant uptake of these cells by the liver when incubated with them in vitro.

The results generally confirm the opsonizing properties of rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum and indicate that rabbit cytophilic antibody is biologically active in mice.
IMMUNITY IN THE INVERTEBRATES. THE FATE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA IN NORMAL AND IMMUNISED CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: McKay D , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

The immunity of the crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus) to infection by a pathogenic species of Pseudomonas following vaccination is not dependent on the production of bactericidins. Data indicate that immunity may be related to an altered activity of the phagocytic cells.
IMMUNITY IN THE INVERTEBRATES. CORRELATION OF THE PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF HAEMOCYTES WITH RESISTANCE TO INFECTION IN THE CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: McKay D , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

Data presented indicate that the most important change in the adaptive immune response of the crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus) to infection following immunisation resides in a change in the activity of phagocytic cells. However, the activity of the cells as measured by the phagocytosis of erythrocytes can lie demonstrated only if the erythrocytes are first treated with haemolymph.
SEPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLS PRODUCED BY THE ANTIGENICALLY STIMULATED LYMPH NODE
Authors: Yamashita A , Hay JB , Lafferty KJ
Published: November 2007

Antigen stimulated cells leaving the lymph node by way of the efferent lymph are predominantly low density cells. 80–90% of the antibody producing cells accumulating in the density region 1·020 to 1·042 g./cc. Although 85% of the cells in this fraction were classified as antigen stimulated cells on morphological grounds, only 8% of them were synthesizing detectable antibody at the time of collection. Density gradient fractionation provides an effective means for separating these cells from the unstimulated cells in the lymph stream. Plaque‐forming cells isolated from the lymph node cover a much wider density range; some 70% of these cells have a density greater than 1·042 g./cc. Morphological analysis indicates that the low density cells produced in the lymph node by antigenic stimulation can readily leave the rode via the efferent lymph, while the high density cells, which include the plasma cells, tend to remain associated with the lymph node.
STIMULUS—CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTOR RESPONSE PROFILE DURING ARTERIAL HYPOXIA IN THE UNANAESTHETIZED RABBIT
Authors: Korner PI , Uther JB
Published: November 2007

Estimates were obtained in unanaesthetized rabbits during arterial hypoxia of the relationship between arterial PO2 and (i) respiration, and (ii) autonomic effects on heart rate and total peripheral resistance. The contributions to the reflex effects made by the arterial chemoreceptors, by the arterial baroreceptors and by the lung inflation reflex were also assessed. The respiratory response was almost entirely mediated through the arterial chemoreceptors and became maximal at PaO2 35 mm. Hg. The autonomic effect on total peripheral resistance increased moderately at PaO2 50 mm. Hg, but did not change further until the PaO2 fell below 35 mm. Hg following attainment of the respiratory maximum, and then increased sharply with more severe hypoxia. Above PaO2 35 mm. Hg the primary reflex chemoreceptor effects on total peripheral resistance were entirely suppressed by the reflex effects of hyperventilatation, and the elevation in systemic constrictor tone was mediated through the baroreceptor system. Below PaO2 35 mm. Hg the primary circulatory reflex chemoreceptor effects became increasingly evident, though the contribution to increased constrictor tone made by the baroreceptor system was still important during the latter part of hypoxia. Primary reflex chemoreceptor effects on heart rate were completely suppressed at PaO2 50 mm. Hg, and became increasingly evident at lower PaO2.
VIRUS‐LIKE PARTICLES ASSOCIATED WITH A FAECAL ANTIGEN FROM HEPATITIS PATIENTS AND WITH AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN
Authors: Cross GF , Waugh Meryl , Ferris AA , Gust ID , Kaldor J
Published: November 2007

Two virus‐like particles, one 15–25 nm. and the other 40–45 nm., have been demonstrated in materials containing a faecal antigen from hepatitis patients. These particles are morphologically similar to, but serologically distinct from, those which have been found in sera containing Australia antigen. The findings presented in this paper provide suggestive evidence that the small particles contain a type‐specific antigen and the large particles contain both type‐specific and group‐specific antigens.
BINDING OF LIPID BY SOLUBLE AND MEMBRANE PROTEINS ISOLATED FROM RAT LIVER
Authors: Fidge Noel H
Published: November 2007

The binding of lipid to proteins isolated from rat liver was investigated by incubating ultrasonically dispersed mixtures of phospliolipids and neutral lipids with 3H‐lahelled proteins. After incubaation the lipid‐protein eomplexes were separated from the imbound protein by preparative ultracen‐ trifugation at d = 1·21.

Gonsiderable binding of soluble (105,000 × g supernatant) and “solubilised” membrane (endoplasmic reticulum) protein to lipid occurred after incubation for 90 min. at 37°, whereas plasma proteins under similar conditions were not significantly bound to lipid. These observations suggest that the binding of liver protein to lipid, as measured in these experiments, was due to specific binding of liver proteins with lipid, rather than the result of non‐specific adsorbance. Alteration of the phospholipid: neutral lipid ratios appreciably influeneed the amonnt of protein bound, and the lipid‐protein interaction was found to be dependent on time and temperature.
THE VASCULAR ACTIONS OF CLONIDINE IN MAN
Authors: Hodge RL , Robinson SM
Published: November 2007

Some of the peripheral actions of clonidine have been investigated in nonnal volunteers. Close intra‐nrterial administration of clonidine (125–500 μg./min.) into the brachial artery caused a rapid constriction of the skin vessels in the foreann and the hand. The response was dose‐dependent and did not show tachyphylaxis during a thirty minute infusion. It was absent in the presence nl adrenerjjic alpha receptor blockade, which indicates a sympathometic mode of action. Reflex vascular sympathetic responses were still elicited during the intra‐arterial infusion, therefore neuronal or alpha receptor block was not present at the doses of clonidine used.

Intravenous infusion of 150 μg. clonidine caused a 16% fall in mean arterial pressure, a biphasic change in calculated hand vascular resistance and a fall in heart rate. The patteni of vascular resistance changes reflects a direct vasocon‐ strictor action of the drug which is then overshadowed by its central sympathetic inhibitory action. The vasoconstrictor response to intra‐arterial nonitlrenaline was greater during the hypotension produced by clonidine. Similarly, tbe pressor response to intravenous noradrenaline was accentuated at this time. At least with acute administration of clonidine to man, reduced vascular responsiveness cannot play any part in the hypotension which occurs.
THE RESPONSE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM TO SKIN TRANSPLANTATION. PHAGOCYTIC INDICES AND WEIGHTS OF RETICULOENDOTHELIAL ORGANS OE MICE BEARING PRIMARY SKIN ISOGRAFTS AND ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Gotjamanos T
Published: November 2007

Balb/c mice bearing different‐sized skin isografts or allografts from C57 Black or CBA donors were studied for changes in phagocytic activity of their reticuloendothelial organs. The rate of blood clearance of opsonized, P32‐labelIed Salmonella typhimurium C5 was significantly increased in mice wilh 4 cm2 and 8 cm2 isografts and allografts. When colloidal carbon was used to measure phagocytosis, significant phagocytic stimulation was found in mice bearing 1 cm2‐ grafts, but not in mice with 4 cm2 and 8 cm2 grafts. It is likely that the surgical trauma involved in transplanting large grafts indirectly limits carbon clearance, possibly by bringing about a depletion of serum opsonins.
THE RESPONSE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM TO SKIN TRANSPLANTATION. THE CELLULAR BASIS OF HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY IN MICE BEARING SKIN GRAFTS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Gotjamanos T
Published: November 2007

Balb/c mice bearing small, medium and massive skin allografts developed hepatosplenomegaly. The increased liver mass, found also in mice with massive isografts, was due to hypertrophied hepatocytes. These enlarged cells were seen in electron micrographs to contain increased amounts of rough‐ surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and biochemical estimations revealed increased concentrations of ribonucleic acid. It is likely that the increase in liver mass and ribonucleic acid formation represents a hypertrophic response which provides increased amounts of (a) purines, and thereby sustains the intense cellular proliferation in lymphoid tissues, and (b) plasma proteins, notably α‐ and β‐globulins and fibrinogen which are known to be elevated following surgery or trauma.

Mice bearing 4 cm2 and 8 cm2 isografts and allografts showed splenomegaly which reached a maximum between 8 and 12 days after transplantation; in the case of 4 cm2 allografts. a second peak of splenic enlargement occurred at 22 days. The spleens of isografted mice showed increased erythropoiesis but little change in the lymphatic nodules. Allografted mice showed intense granulo‐ poiesis as well as increased erythropoiesis during the first peak of splenomegaly; the second peak was characterized by normal haematopoietic activity and a marked enlargement of lymphatic nodules with prominent germinal centre development. Mice with massive allografts showed some evidence of germinal centre formation in their spleens at about the time of allograft rejection, but did not exhibit a second peak of splenomegaly nor a cellular response indicative of intense antibody formation such as that seen in mice with 4 cm2 allografts. If the prolonged survival of massive allografts is due to a depression of immuno‐ logical capacity resulting from the sequelae of severe surgical trauma, as previously suggested, then the inability of mice with massive allografts to monnt a total humoral antibody response may reflect another aspect of their immuno‐ logical impairment.
TOXICITY OF OUABAIN TO EMBRYONIC CHICK LENS
Authors: Gupta JD , Edwards Anne , Peterson VJ , Filipic M , Harley JD
Published: November 2007

Ouabain in concentrations of 10—3M to 10—7M exerted a toxic effect on intact embryonic chick lenses grown in culture, indicated by inhibition of uptake of rubidium86, inhibition of acid production and distinct histopathological changes. While inhibition of rubidium86 uptake is explicable in terms of inhibition of Na+‐K+‐ATPase activity, and decreased acid production in terms of direct inhibition of glycolysis, liquefactive changes in lens fibres provided clear evidence of irreversible toxicity of the higher concentrations of ouabain. It is suggested that further attention should be paid to the possibility that cardiac glycosides may favour cataractogenesis in vivo, particularly during developmental life.
PLASMA MEMBRANES IN ACUTE LIVER INJURY. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Le Page RN , Dorling PR
Published: November 2007

Plasma membranes isolated from liver of rats given a single high dose of carbon tetrachloride were compared with controls, with respect to activity of three enzymes, 5′‐mononucleotidase, Na+‐K+‐ATPase and Mg2+‐ATPase. All three enzymes showed decreases in activity in the period 2½‐18 h following dosing with CCl4. This is considered as direct evidence that biochemical changes arise in the liver‐cell plasma membrane at an early stage after poisoning of rats with this hepatotoxin.
TRANSFER OF GENES RELATED TO UNRESPONSIVENESS TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN FROM SOBEY TO BALB/C MICE
Authors: Hardy D , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: November 2007

Unsatisfactory breeding of Sobey mice (genetically unresponsive to bovine serum albumin) has necessitated an outbreeding programme to transfer the genes related to unresponsiveness from Sobey to BALB/c mice. Responses to bovine serum albumin of mice at various stages in the breeding programme are given. A more sensitive method of assaying anti‐bovine serum albumin antibodies has been used to select low responding mice.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN DETERMINANTS ON ROSETTE‐FORMING CELLS: THEIR CHANGING NATURE DURING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Wilson JD
Published: November 2007

Antisera to mouse immunoglobulin heavy and light chains were used in vitro to inhibit the formation of rosettes in mouse spleen cell suspensions taken at intervals after sheep red blood cell immunization. Anti‐kappa produced greater than 90% inhibition of both immune and non‐immune rosettes. 65–80% inhibition of non‐immune and immune rosettes was induced by anti‐μ, up to 14 days after injection. Late in the response anti‐μ inhibited rosettes by less than 50%. Anti‐γ inhibited immune rosettes only, increasing to 42% inhibition on the 28th day of response. Anti‐α inhibited rosette formation only during the peak of the response. These results are discussed as relating to antigen‐binding receptors on rosette‐forming cells.