bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Upper Part of the Cambrian (Sedgwick) and Base of the Silurian in North Wales
Authors: Ruddy Thomas
Published: October 2009

In the following paper it is proposed to describe in detail some sections in the neighbourhood of Corwen and Bala, pointing out the fossils which in that district characterize the different zones of the upper part of the Cambrian and the lower part of the Silurian.

The sections are not drawn to scale, being merely diagrammatic to show the sequence in each locality.

Section I. (fig. 1).—On the southern shore of Bala Lake, the rocks jutting out of the side of the hill consist of rubbly shale with a general dip to the south or south-east. Near the brow of the hill we find what is called an ash-bed of no great thickness, but well known in the neighbourhood, as it is quarried for building-purposes. In the shales immediately above this ash-bed, near Bala, we have the true zone of
Orthis alternata
(Section I., bed 3). When searching for this zone on the north of Bala at Fronderw, I was informed by the farmer that he had removed an outcrop of rock which interfered with his ploughing. The stones he used for building a wall, and on examination I found the face of the wall covered with
Orthis alternata
. Associated with it were
Orthis elegantula
, a few specimens of
Orthis flabellulum
and O.
vespertilio, Beyrichia complicata
and
Illænus Davisii
; this last species and a few others we find in every zone.
Description and Correlation of the Bournemouth Beds.—Part I. Upper Marine Series
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: October 2009

Descriptions of the coast-section between Highcliff and Bourne-mouth, with which the present paper deals, have already appeared in the publications of the Society. That by Sir Charles Lyell, in 1826, was written when the strata included in this section were still supposed to belong to the Plastic Clay underlying the London Clay. In it the different beds forming Christchurch Head are carefully distinguished, and their superposition illustrated in a somewhat idealized section. The description of the eight miles of cliff from a mile beyond White Pits to Poole Harbour is, however, dismissed in a very few words:—The “section presented by the cliffs is continued so precisely in the line of bearing of the strata, that no new beds rise up, and it is unnecessary to describe them in detail..... The prevailing character of the strata throughout this extent of coast is line white sand; but yellowish and pinkish beds of sand occur, and thinly laminated clays in great abundance, resembling in appearance many of the light-coloured argillaceous marls of Montmartre near Paris; but in none could I discover any organic remains, except vegetable impressions, and these very indistinct.” The proofs of origin, whether marine or freshwater, are considered equivocal. The total thickness of the series, nowhere exposed to view, is put down at “not less than 150 feet.” It is also suggested that the argillaceous strata with shells of Alum Bay “are probably concealed here at some of the interruptions of the section.”
Notes on the Consolidated Beach at Pernambuco
Authors: Hawkshaw J. Clarke
Published: October 2009

The narrow ridge of rock which forms the seaward protection of the harbour of Pernambuco, and which appears to be the remains of a consolidated beach laid bare by the slow upheaval of the coast, has become almost as well worn a subject of discussion as the parallel roads of Glen Roy. A drawing was given of it in a Dutch work as early as 1624, and many travellers have since described and figured it in their works. It has been called a coral reef, and has been described as consisting probably of cretaceous rocks, and it was not until after Mr. Darwin had visited it in 1836 that its true nature was pointed out by him in a short account printed in the ‘London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine’ for 1841.

The late Prof. Hartt, who has added so much to our knowledge of the coast of Brazil, confirms Mr. Darwin's view as to the nature of the reef, and describes several similar formations at various points along the coast. At Porto Seguro there is a consolidated beach very similar to that at Pernambuco; there is also one at Santa Cruz. The stone reef shown on the chart at the mouth of the Rio Grande do Norte appears to be a consolidated beach, and patches of beach rock occur at other places; I saw some undermined by the sea along the rocky coast north of Bahia.
Notes on the Physical Geography and Geology of North Gippsland, Victoria
Authors: Howitt Alfred William
Published: October 2009

General Summary and Conclusion

In the preceding pages I have attempted to give, as shortly and as clearly as I could, an account of the physical geography and geology of North Gippsland, so far as my inquiries have made me acquainted with the subject. I may briefly sum up the conclusions which it seems to me may be arrived at, and which I believe to be warranted by the facts stated.

In glancing backwards through the dim geologic ages the earliest record of the past which we can discern is the great Silurian series. Whatever formations of prior date there may have been, on which the “35,000 feet” of Silurian t slates and sandstones reposed, no trace whatever, it would seem, now remains of them. The natural forces (dynamical, hydro-plutonic, whatever they may be termed) which compressed and folded the strata, which caused them to be metamorphosed, partially absorbed, or even invaded by the granites, no doubt also completely obliterated all those older rock masses on which the Silurian reposed, and from the wearing of which those Silurian strata were formed.
On Foyaite, an Elæolitic Syenite occuring in Portugal
Authors: Sheibner Charles P.
Published: October 2009

The name of this rock is derived from the locality where it occurs, viz. from Mount Foya, in the south of Portugal. It is cursorily referred to as granite in Charles Bonnet's description of the Province of Algarve; and as early as 1861 specimens of it were submitted to Professor Blum, of Heidelberg, who was the first to examine its composition. This distinguished petrologist at once recognized it as a true nepheline-bearing syenite; and so struck was he with the close resemblance it bears, not only to certain Norwegian syenites (often erroneously termed zirconia-bearing syenites), but also to a syenite occurring in one of the Cape-Verd islands, that he united them all into a separate group called Foyaites. Of these, however, the Foyaite proper is so rarely met with that, to the large majority of petrologists, it is almost
terra incognita
; nor is the locality itself easily accessible to geological research. I have been enabled to examine under the microscope more than 40 sections of this rock representing different parts of the locality; and so interesting and varied is its composition, that it may not be inopportune to give a description of it, which I shall preface by a rapid sketch of the leading features of the Foya district, as illustrated by the annexed plan and section (Plate I.).
On the Tertiary Deposits on the Solimões and Javary Rivers, in Brazil
Authors: Brown C. Barrington
Published: October 2009

Whilst engaged on the Geological Commission of the Amazon Steam Navigation Company of London, in the year 1874, I had an opportunity of examining some beds on the banks of the Solimões, or Upper Amazon, and one of its tributaries, the Javary, which contained similar species of fresh- and brackish-water shells to those found in the Tertiary beds at Pebas, still further up the Amazon. These, I naturally concluded, were part of a southerly extension of the same deposit; and my conclusion is, I think, borne out by the facts.

Thinking that any additional records of this highly interesting Tertiary deposit might prove acceptable to geologists, I have embodied the scanty results of my investigations in the present paper. Amongst the fossils I collected were some hitherto undescribed genera and species, which have now been examined by Mr. Etheridge, who has described them in an Appendix which he has done me the honour to attach to this paper.
Appendix. Notes on the Mollusca collected by C. Barrington Brown, Esq., A.R.S.M., from the Tertiary Deposits of Solimões and Javary Rivers, Brazil
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: October 2009

The collection of Tertiary Mollusca made by C. B. Brown, Esq., to illustrate a portion of his investigation of the geological features of certain portions of the Tipper Amazon, although few in species, is nevertheless of value on account of its showing a considerable extension of these later Tertiaries on the Solimões or Upper Amazon and Javary rivers in Brazil, ranging over an area 300 miles in length by 50 miles in breadth; again, the great extension westwards of the Atlantic, probably, as Mr. Brown believes, some 1500 miles west of the present shore-line and covering the area now the valley of the Amazon, is of sufficient interest to demand some notice of the Mollusca once occupying the now elevated sea-, estuarine, and freshwater deposits.

Mr. T. A. Conrad and Dr. H. Woodward have both described certain species of Mollusca from these Tertiary deposits, many of them being the same as those collected by Mr. Brown, thus precluding other notice than reference to them in the volumes cited below. I am enabled to add and describe about fourteen new species or forms, or such as I cannot determine from the works of others.
On the Upper-Greensand Coral Fauna of Haldon, Devonshire
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, writing in 1850, in their celebrated ‘Monograph of the British Fossil Corals,‘ stated that “the class of Polypi had not, in all probability, numerous representatives in the beds where the Upper Greensand was deposited; for we have as yet seen only four British species belonging to that formation; and the English geologists do not appear to have met with many more. Most of the fossils belong to the family Astræidæ, and have been found at Haldon, at Blackdown, or at Warminster”.

During the twenty-eight years which have elapsed, so many specimens of fossil corals have been discovered in the English Upper-Greensand series that the coral fauna of that age has become an important one, and requires more careful examination by palæontologists.

MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime described a few specimens which had been collected and studied, to a certain extent, by Mr. R. Godwin-Austen and Prof. John Morris. Thus
Peplosmilia Austeni
, Edw. & H., of Haldon, was described by the French naturalists from Mr. Austen's specimen, and two species, called by Mr. Godwin-Austen
Astræa elegans
and
Astræa escharoides
, were mentioned in the Monograph; but as the specimens were not available, the forms were not delineated.

The Blackdown Greensand contained Morris's
Turbinolia compressa
, which became
Trochosmilia tuberosa
, Edw. & H.; and
Parastræa
, now
Favia striata
, Edw. & H., came from the same locality. The Warminster Greensand yielded
Micrabacia coronula
, Goldfuss, sp., to the researches of the distinguished zoophytologists.
A Review of the British Carboniferous Fenestellidæ.
Authors: Shrubsole George Wm.
Published: October 2009

The following are some of the results obtained in working out the fossil Polyzoa found in the upper beds of the Carboniferous Limestone on Halkin Mountain in Flintshire.

In some of the bands of calcareous black shale and chert the Fenestellidæ occur in considerable abundance, and generally in a good state of preservation. During the last few years some thousands of specimens, mainly of
Fenestella
, from this locality have come under my notice. The condition of many of these has been such as, I conceive, to throw considerable light upon their true form and mode of growth, and so to add largely to the information we possess respecting this interesting group of the Polyzoa, and render possible what has been long felt to be a desideratum by all who have studied the subject, namely, a revision of the several species of
Fenestella
.

Twenty-six so-called species of
Fenestetta
have been described from the Carboniferous series. Of these I have carefully examined twenty, and find that they can be reduced to five species.
On the Quartz-felsite and Associated Rocks at the base of the Cambrian Series in North-western Caernarvonshire
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

Conclusions

We see, then, that the rock in the quartz-felsite
massif
exhibits every characteristic of an igneous origin; we see also that fragments closely corresponding with it occur again and again in the overlying rocks, and that these rocks, as a rule, are comparatively little changed— the evidence of alteration being illusory, and quite ordinary slates or grits in some cases interposing between the quartz-felsite and the supposed highly metamorphosed rocks. We must then refuse to these Caernarvonshire “porphyries” an origin different from that of other igneous rocks of similar composition, and cease to quote them as examples of what extreme metamorphism can effect.

I may repeat again that, allowing for slight mineral changes brought about by the agencies to which all rocks have been exposed in the long lapse of ages (such as devitrification, the formation of viridite, &c.), there is no difference of any importance, so far as I can see, between these quartz-felsites and comparatively modern rhyolites; and if I could prove that a base still remained undevitrified, I would give them the latter name. That they were rhyolites in pre-Cambrian times I have no doubt.
On the Metamorphic Series between Twt Hill (Caernarvon) and Port Dinorwig
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Houghton F. T. S.
Published: October 2009

This interesting group, which on the map of the Geological Survey is not divided from the “quartz-porphyry,” has already been briefly noticed by Prof. Hughes and Dr. Hicks. They assert that the rock is not igneous, and lithologically much resembles the Dimetian of St. David's. That view is fully borne out by our observations, which, we venture to think, prove conclusively that there is here a series of metamorphic rocks much older than the quartz-felsites and conglomerates described in the last paper.
On Conodonts from the Chazy and Cincinnati Group of the Cambro-Silurian, and from the Hamilton and Genesee-Shale Divisions of the Devonian, in Canada and the United States
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: October 2009

Soon after the publication by Dr. Pander, in 1856, of his wellknown monograph, in which he announced the discovery, in the lowest fossiliferous rocks of Russia, of small ‘teeth” named Conodonts, and referred by him to fishes, several discussions arose as to the character of these minute bodies, and various opinions were expressed as to their near relations, without, however, any satisfactory conclusion being arrived at. Since that date Conodonts have been found in several other places; and in this communication I propose to describe a great variety of forms which I have collected within the last two years from several different formations in North America. Though my specimens may not suffice to determine the true position of the organisms to which they were attached, they will at least add something to our previous knowledge, and thus assist in reaching a decision on the subject.

The next account, after Dr. Pander's, of the discovery of Conodonts is by Dr. J. Harley, in an article on the Ludlow bone-bed and its crustacean remains. Only two of the specimens described by this gentleman have any resemblance to the Conodonts of Pander; but a comparison of these with other very differently formed bodies in the same beds led him to express the opinion that all the forms were of crustacean origin, and that Conodonts were probably only spines similar to those attached to the margins of the carapace of Limulus and the caudal segment of Squilla. He therefore included all together under the provisional genus
Astacoderma
.
On Annelid Jaws from the Cambro-Silurian, Silurian, and Devonian Formations in Canada and from the Lower Carboniferous in Scotland
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: October 2009

In the preceding pages I have described 55 different forms of jaws, of which there are 33 from the Cincinnati group, 13 from the Niagara and Clinton group, 7 from the Hamilton group, of the Canadian rocks, and 2 from the Lower Carboniferous in Scotland. The respective numbers included under the different genera are as follows:—
Eunicites
14 forms,
Œnonites
10,
Arabellites
19,
Staurocephalites
1,
Lumbinconereites
4,
Nereidavus
1,
Glycerites
3, whilst 3 forms are not referred to any genus. Of many of the forms there are numerous examples, whilst others are represented only as single specimens. Whilst there is thus shown a predominance of forms belonging to the genera
Eunicites, Œnonites
, and
Arabellites
(on account of the number and variety of the different jaws in the individuals of these genera, which renders the work of classification to a certain extent doubtful), no definite conclusions can be drawn as to the relative abundance of the different genera. It is quite possible that the number of
species
represented may be less than half the number of forms to which I have given names and descriptions, and they will therefore have to be accepted more for palæontological reference than as indicating so many separate species of these Annelids. It is possible that future discovery will bring to light some of these fossil Annelids with their jaw-plates in their respective positions, which will enable many of the forms described to be placed under a single species; in the mean time I have thought that it would be of interest to geologists to show, what had previously been inferred from the trails and markings, that Errant Annelids were very abundant in the Palæozoic rocks, and that, judging from their jaws, many of them were closely related to existing forms.
On the Southerly Extension of the Hessle Boulder-clay in Lincolnshire
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: October 2009

The group of beds to which in 1867 Messrs. Wood and Rome gave the name of Hessle Sand and Clay have recently been invested with much greater interest and importance than was originally attached to them by these geologists when they first separated them from the other glacial deposits and described their mode of occurrence in the typical district of Holderness.

In a communication to the ‘Geological Magazine’ for 1872, Mr. Searles Wood, jun., states that he and Mr. Rome, subsequently to the publication of their joint paper, “traced an Upper Boulder-clay and underlying sand through the. Vale of York into that of the Tees, which seemed to be a continuation of the Hessle Clay and Sand.” They noticed that the thickness of the clay was greater in the north than along the Holderness coast, and stated that they had reason for thinking the same beds extended into Cumberland and even into Scotland.
Vectisaurus Valdensis
, a new Wealden Dinosaur
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

On the 13th of October, 1871, I found, weathered out, lying on the cliff-foot, 300 yards east of the flagstaff near Brixton Chine, Isle of Wight, the fossil remains now submitted to the Society. The extreme autumnal heat had much cracked the surface of the clay in which the bones had been entombed; and these also were shattered into numberless small fragments, most of which could not be joined, so that parts of six vertebræ and of a large flat bone, which I regard as an ilium, were all that could be recovered. Since then I have several times revisited the spot in the hope of finding other portions of the skeleton, but fruitlessly; and as the cliff-foot is now wasted back to such a distance as to make the recovery of it most unlikely, the time has come when, without incurring the charge of undue haste, I may bring under the notice of the Society these evidences of what I venture to think will be received as a new Dinosaurian genus.
Results of a Systematic Survey, in 1878, of the Directions and Limits of Dispersion, Mode of Occurrence, and Relation to Drift-deposits of the Erratic Blocks or Boulders of the West of England and East of Wales, including a Revision of many Year's previous Obersvations
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: October 2009

[Though long familiar with the erratic blocks or (as they are now more generally called) boulders of the west of England, and though I had written many papers on the subject, which appeared in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol Soc.’ and ‘Geological Magazine,’ I lately saw the necessity for a systematic revision of what I had done, and more especially for an extension of my observations in a south and southeast direction, where they could be made to throw some clear light on the nature and sequence of glacial events. As no attempt has hitherto been made to treat the subject of erratics as a distinct branch of science, and as most readers might probably expect to find in a paper on the subject little more than an inventory of facts, it may be well to begin with a few remarks and definitions calculated to excite a scientific interest in the subsequent detailed statements.]
Note on a Femur and a Humerus of a small Mammal from the Stonesfield Slate
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

W
hile
examining, with the assistance of Mr. W. Davies, F.G.S., the unarranged and more fragmentary remains of Pterodactyles from the Stonesfield Slate which are preserved in the British Museum, I was so fortunate as to detect two small slabs which contain, in good preservation, a small mammalian femur and a mammalian humerus of corresponding size. Mr. Davies has had as much of the matrix removed from these hones as was necessary to fully display their essential characters; and I now offer to the Geological Society a brief account of the remains, for the opportunity of making which I would express my thanks to Mr. Waterhouse. It is perhaps impossible to determine with absolute certainty whether they belong to
Amphitherium, Phascolotherium
, or to some new type, or whether the bones might not perhaps have belonged to two different animals; but, on the chance of their being naturally associated, the generalized marsupial characters which they manifest make a useful contribution to our knowledge of that animal type, which has hitherto only been known, from Stonesfield, by rami of lower jaws.

F
emur
.

The right femur rests flat in the matrix, so as to expose the aspect of the bone, which during life was posterior and inferior. The extreme length of the specimen is
1 2/10 inch. It has a straight aspect, is
moderately expanded proximally, less enlarged at the distal end, and has the spheroidal articular head indined to the inner side and looking slightly forward. The most remarkable feature of
On the Occurrence of the Genus
Dithyrocaris
in the Lower Carboniferous or Calciferous Sandstone Series of Scotland, and on that of a Second Species of
Anthrapalæmon
in these Beds
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

S
ince
my connexion with H.M. Geological Survey ceased I have been allowed by Prof. Geikie, F.R.S., to make use of some very interesting Crustacean remains collected during the progress of the Survey work, and now beg to offer some remarks upon these specimens. I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Prof. Geikie for granting me this privilege. I am also indebted to Dr. Traquair, F.G.S., for the loan of one of the specimens described hereafter.

2. O
n
T
he
O
ccurrence
O
f
D
ithyrocaris
I
n
T
he
C
alciferous
S
andstone
S
eries
.

The genus
Dithyrocaris
has hitherto been met with in the Scotch Carboniferous system, so far as I am aware, only in the Carboniferous Limestone group proper. The Phyllopods of the Calciferous Sandstone series (═ Tuedian beds), or lower section of the Scotch Carboniferous, consist up to the present time of three species, viz.:—
Estheria Peachii
, Jones*;
Leaia
, sp. † ; and
Estheria Dawsoni
, Jones‡. I know of no other form recorded from this series of rocks§.

Some months ago Dr. R. H. Traquair, F.G.S., called my attention to a specimen in the Edinburgh Museum, found by Mr. J. Henderson in the Wardie Shale beds of the Water of Leith, consisting of several semidetached segments of a large crustaeean, which, from their general resemblance to those of the Phyllopoda, I conceived were probably the remains of
Dithyrocaris
or an allied genus. Shortly after this discovery my duties in connexion with the Geological Survey led me to examine a collection of Lower
On the Silurian District of Rhymney and Pen-y-lan, Cardiff
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: October 2009

The occurrence of rocks containing typical Silurian fossils at several places near Cardiff, and over an area mapped as Old Red Sandstone by the Geological Survey, was first brought to my notice by my friends Captain J. Carne Ross, F.G.S., and Mr. W. H. Harris, of Cardiff. This was in the autumn of 1875; and as I was then commencing a stay of six months at Cardiff, I was able to accompany my friends to the sections they had discovered, and to confirm their observations.

Mr. Ross and myself then devoted ourselves to a careful study of the neighbourhood, with the intention of writing a joint paper on the subject; but when we had made a considerable advance in our work, Mr. Ross removed to a distant part of the country, and I was left (much to my regret) to complete the paper without his aid. My friends Messrs. R. Jones and T. Jones, F.G.S., both of Newport, and Messrs. W. H. Harris and J. Storrie, of Cardiff, came, however, to my assistance; and to them I am indebted for many valuable suggestions and for the clearing-up of many doubtful and difficult points.

History
.

The whole of the district I am about to describe is coloured as Old Red Sandstone on the maps of the Geological Survey; but that Silurian rocks exist at Pen-y-lan hill and in its neighbourhood was made known so long ago as 1861 by Norman Glass*, who collected a number of fossils from the Pen-y-lan quarry,
On some Three-toed Footprints from the Triassic Conglomerate of South Wales
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: October 2009

I
n
the summer of 1878 an artist friend, Mr. T. H. Thomas, was passing through Newton Nottage, a village near Forth-Cawl, Glamorganshire, when his attention was arrested by some three-toed footprints, deeply impressed in the surface of a slab of rock and rendered particularly visible by the slanting rays of the setting sun. Understanding the full value of his discovery, he at once communicated it to Mr. R. W. Jones of Newport, Monmouthshire, who, with his brother, Mr. T. Jones, Jun., F.G.S., takes a deep interest in every thing connected with the progress of geology. Mr. T. Jones at once commissioned Mr. J. Storrie, the valued Curator of the Cardiff Museum, to obtain casts of the footprints in plaster of Paris; and Mr. R. W. Jones suggested that casts should also be taken of the footprints of some living birds for comparison.

Accordingly Mr. Storrie set about his work, which he most successfully accomplished; and Mr. Thomas and myself obtained casts, in mud and in modelling-clay, of the footprints of an Emu living in the Gardens of the Clifton Zoological Society, and of a Rhea and a Cassowary which are preserved in a stuffed state in the Bristol Museum. Finally all the accumulated facts and material were placed in my hands for description.

The Slab of Stone.—This is now lying in the N.E. corner of the green in front of the church at Newton Nottage*. At one time it lay in front of the steps of the village inn, and
On the Triassic Conglomerate near Cardiff
Authors: Storrie J.
Published: October 2009

These beds are mapped by the Geological Survey as dolomitic conglomerate and marlstones, and appear to lie in a depression of the Carboniferous Limestone, by which they are bounded on all sides except the W., where they dip gradually into the sea. Immediately behind the village of Newton on the N. they are deposited close up to the base of the Limestone cliff; on which most of the village is built ; and they are shown all along the road to Nottage at intervals, forming a sort of natural pitching for the road. At Schorlon, where this stone was dug up, I was unable to examine them on account of the snow ; but in the small exposures I saw they seem to dip very slightly, perhaps 2 or 3 de~,oTees W. As it was useless, on account of the weather, to attempt any thing more here, I proceeded to Porth-Cawl, and strikingW, along the shore found that the Carboniferous beds still maintained the same genera] characters as at Newton, and had a slight dip W.N.W. of about 8 degrees.
Notes on the Structure of the Palæozoic Districts of West Somerset
Authors: Champernowne A. , Ussher W. A. E.
Published: October 2009

I
n
the following account of traverses made during the past antumn across some of the classical ground of West Somerset and its confines, we do not aim at any extensive alteration in principle of the work wrought by the master hand of De la Beche, and given to the scientific world forty years ago.

Notwithstanding the encyclopædic paper of Mr. Etheridge†, wherein both the physical and palæontological relations of the North-Devon rocks are so ably worked out, instances of unbelief will occur where ocular evidence is wanting, prompted perhaps by a hankering after the apparently simple version of the structure of North Devon put forward by the late lamented Prof. Jukes‡. Although the ground has been carefully gone over in Mr. Etheridge's paper, such a confirmation of his views as the infilling of minor stratigraphical details affords may not be altogether unworthy of attention.

The classification which De la Boche‚s unequalled description of the North-Devon rocks suggests was put into form by the la'te Prof. Phillips, who, however, included the unfossiliferous grits and slates of Piekwell Down with the slates of Mortehoe as one division §. Although these divisions were similarly treated by Mr. Hall in 1865 and 1867 ∥, a more detailed description mitigated an error of classification which that gentleman has since abandoned.:Mr. Hall informed us that the term Pickwell-Down Sandstone was applied to that division by Prof. Jukes, acting on his suggestion. To Mr. Hall belongs the credit of inaugurating the present more complete classification, which rightly
Description of the Species of the Ostracodous Genus
Bairdia
, M'Coy, from the Carboniferous Strata of Great Britain
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Kirkby James W.
Published: October 2009

T
he
genus
Bairdia
was instituted by Professor M‘Coy, in 1844, for the reception of two species of Entomostraca from the Carboniferous Limestone of Ireland. Since then other species belonging to the same genus have been described from the rocks of the same age occurring in Scotland, Bohemia, Russia, and Australia ; and many species have been made known from the Silurian, Permian, Triassic, Jjurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary strata, as well as from existing British and foreign seas.

The recent forms of
Bairdia
are all marine, and are found at various depths, ranging from 10 to 500 fathoms; and the Carboniferous species (and those found in other formations) occur in limestones, and calcareous ironstones and shales, together with Corals, Crinoids, Polyzoa, and marine Shells of all dasses.

Bairdia
, in fact, is exceptionally marine in its mode of occurrence in Carboniferous strata. Other marine genera of Palæozoic Entomostraca often have some stray species occurring with equivocal associates.
Leperditia
, for example, which is a markedly marine genus, has one representative,
L. scotoburdigalensis
, met with as a very common fossil in the Calciferous-Sandstone series of the east of Scotland, where it repeatedly occurs with the remains of
Lepidodendron
,
Slohenopteris
, and Ganoid Fishes.
Beyrichia
, another marine group, has
B. arcuata
as a Coal-measure species, occurring with Plants, Fishes, and other fossils characteristic of that formation, but of dubious habitat. And so with
Kirkbya
, all the species of which are marine, though at times two of them,
K. plicata
and
K. spiralis
, appear in Lower-Carboniferous strata
Note on some Rocks from South America
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

1.

(Near Potosi, p. 586.) This rock has been much altered. The following constituents are present :—(
a
) crystalline grains composed of earthy-looking granules and minute, rather fibrous microliths, showing light colour with the two Nicols, being one of the decomposition pseudomorphs after felspar, often called saussurite ; (
b
) augite and diallage, more or less converted into hornblende and a chloritic mineral; (
c
)iron peroxide, probably ilmenite; (
d
) a little apatite. The general aspect of the saussuritic grains suggests that the felspar has been plagioclastic. Of the pyroxenic mineral the greater part is altered, being converted into hornblende with strong dichroism and very characteristic cleavage, associated with which are smaller more fibrous forms, some of which are probably varieties of hornblende, others rather more resemble chlorite. Portions of the diallage and augite remain unchanged in many of the grains; both minerals appear to be present. One or two serpentinous-looking aggregates may possibly replace olivine. We may venture to say that the rock has once been a gabbro, in which the pyroxenic constituent has been almost wholly converted into hornblende, as has not seldom happened*.

2.

(Quacipati, p. 585.) The ground-mass of the rock consists chiefly of minute grains of quartz, looking as if fused together. In this are scattered many small grains of epidote and scales of mica. Of the latter there appear to be two kinds—one having its darkest tint an olive-green, rather strongly dichroic ; the other nearly colourless, and showing brilliant tints with the two Nieols,
On the Geological Age of the Rocks forming the Southern Highlands of Ireland, generally known as “The Dingler Beds” and “Glengariff Grits and Slates” (Jukes)
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: October 2009

I.
Introduction
.

T
he
geological age of the formations which rise into the highest elevation in the South of Ireland, and form the central masses of the promontories which jut out far into the Atlantic in the counties of Kerry and Cork, has been long a subject of controversy. They have been referred by successive authors to the Silurian, Devonian, and Old Red Sandstone periods. While I would refrain from speaking dogmatically on a question which may be incapable of absolute demonstration, I wish to place before the Society the reasons which have induced me to agree with those who have referred these beds to the Upper Silurian age. Before proceeding to the discussion of those points which seem to me to bear directly upon the question at issue, I will briefly notice the views expressed by previous authors on the subject.

Views of Previous Authors
.*

1838. In this year Mr. Charles W. Hamilton, in a paper entitled “An Outline of the Geology of part of the County of Kerry ”† described the coast sections of the Dingle promontory, noticing the beds with Silurian fossils and the overlying slates and grits, and identified them with the rocks which form the Reeks and Glengariff ranges.

1838. Mr. Thomas Weaver, in a memoir “On the Geological Relations of the South of Ireland”*, described the rocks forming the mountains of Cork and Kerry under the old name of “Greywaeke and slate of the Transition series.”

1839. Sir Richard Grifllth, in presenting his Geological map
Further Discoveries in the Cresswell Caves
Authors: Dawkins Boyd , Mello J. M.
Published: October 2009

W
hen
the exploration of the Robin-Hood and Church-Hole Caves at Cresswell Crags was brought to a close, in 1876, one of the lesser caves remained for further examination, known under the name of Mother Grundy's Parlour, from a certain old gipsy who is said to have chosen it for her home. It had evidently been disturbed by previous diggings, some of which are said to have been carried on by a resident at Cresswell in search of treasure revealed to his wife in a dream ; and this fact, coupled with an unsuccessful trial which we made down as far as the unfossiliferous sand of the other caves, discouraged us from digging it out at that time. We have to thank Mr. John Young for calling our attention to the fact that there still remained in the Cresswell Crags an undiscovered chapter in the history of the cave-fauna of the district. He had purchased a tooth of Hippopotamus in London, which had been obtained from the Cresswell Crags by Messrs. Duffy and Gain, of Tuxford ; and as this animal had not been met with in our previous explorations, we resolved to dig out Mother Grundy's Parlour without further delay. Accordingly in November last the exploration was begun, under the careful supervision of Mr. Knight, of Owens College, while we visited the place from time to time to direct the work.

Mother Grundy's Parlour is a shallow semicircular chamber (plan, fig. 1), in a low crag at the eastern extremity
On the South-Scarle Section
Authors: Wilson E.
Published: October 2009

A
t
South Scarle, a point about halfway between Newark and Lincoln, au unsuccessful boring for coal some short time ago disclosed a most interesting, but, so far as its lower portion was concerned, somewhat puzzling geological section. The object of this communication is to identify, ff possible, the lower rocks passed through in these borings.

The following generalized section is quoted from a paper “On a deep Boring for Coal at Scarle, Lincolnshire,” by Prof. E. Hull, F.R.S., F.G.S. (see Prec. Inst. Civil Engineers, eel. xlix. part iii.) :—

Down to 26 feet in the Lower Magnesian Limestone the above classification of the Scarle cores appears to be approximately correct. Below that depth, however (1827 feet), there came up from 50 to 60 feet of a very hard dark grey to black rock, generally oolitic, though apparently untbssiliferous, the analysis of which showed it to be an argillaceous dolomite. This was succeeded by 16 feet of sandy (?) sediment too loose for cores ; then came 118 feet of grey earthy limestones or calcareous shales, with a foot or so of greenish grit or breccia at the base. Last of all (at 2020 feet), compact red or purplish-red clays with nodules of hæmatite were penetrated to a depth of 10 feet. On seeing the first specimens of the “grey earthy limestones,” Professors Ramsay and Hull both came to the conclusion, founded on lithological grounds, that these rocks were to be referred to the Lower Yoredale series. The succession below, however,
The Geology of the Central Andes in Part of the Province of Junin, Peru
Authors: Harrison John Vernon
Published: October 2009

Summary

An area of 2500 square miles in the Department of Junin was geologically and topographically surveyed. Sediments and lavas up to a thickness of 26,000 feet were laid down upon folded Devonian or older beds in a trough which was flooded by stages. Volcanic and intrusive rocks are interspersed at many horizons. Spilites are interbedded with the lowest group, which is cut by peridotite. Rhyolitic flows and breccias mark the Carboniferous. Teschenite sills pierce many horizons of the Mesozoic and small plugs of granite and quartz-porphyry were intruded during the early Mesozoic stages. Cretaceous and later sediments in the western Cordillera were altered by intrusive bodies, but the granites of the eastern Cordillera are probably older than Cretaceous. Strong folding preceded the deposition of the Carboniferous and'a second major movement took place after the Bed Bed Series had been laid down. Warping affected beds of Carboniferous, Trias, Lias and Cenomanian ages. The Trias and Lower Lias are overlapped by the Middle Lias. A gap probably exists between this and the Lower Cretaceous, and the rapid thickening of the Red Bed Series suggests the existence of a gap also between it and the Cenomanian, with some disturbance, though of lesser magnitude than the main folding which affects the Red Bed Series and its suite of lavas. Topographical evidence is interpreted to mean that an uplift of some 10,000 feet took place during Pleistocene time.

I . Introduction

This paper has been written mainly as a commentary and explanation of the
On The Lower Carboniferous Corals : Rhopalolasma Bradbournense (Wilmore) And Rhopalolasma Rylstonense Sp. Nov.
Authors: Hudson Robert George Spencer
Published: October 2009

Summary

Descriptions are given of
Rhopalolasma bradbournense
(Wilmore) and R.
rylstonense
sp. nov., two species of corals which occur in the Middle Viséan of the Carboniferous Central Province. The difference between them is not expressed in the ontogeny of either and is considered to be neither palingenetic nor coenogenetic variation. The forms belong to the same species-plexus as R.
tachyblastum
Hudson and R.
sympecta
Hudson from the Lower Viséan, and differences between these earlier and later forms are correlated with a change in the upward, relative to the outward, growth-rate of the corallum. The occurrence of a few but abnormally lengthy cylindrical individuals of R.
rylstonense
and R.
bradbournense
is also attributed to a change in the differential growth-rate of the corallum.

I. Introduction

Numerous small zaphrentoid corals characterized by a stereocolumn
1
and occurring in the zaphrentid-phase faunas of the Carboniferous have been listed by various authors under the genus
Densiphyllum
Dybowski. Those forms which occur in the Middle Viséan are usually named
D. bradbournense
Vaughan or
D. rushianum
Vaughan. The taxonomy of the former species, which has never been adequately described, is involved : in this paper the author redescribes the species and shows that it belongs to the genus
Rhopalolasma
Hudson.

II. Generic Diagnoses

Genus Densiphyllum Dybowski 1873

The genolectotype of the genus
Densiphyllum
Dybowski 1873 is
D. thomsoni
Dybowski 1873, a coral from zone 4 (Schmidt 1858) of the Silurian of Herkull, Esthonia (see Lang, Smith and Thomas 1940, p. 49). This species, according to Dybowski (1873,
Intrusive Rocks of the Shelve Area, South Shropshire
Authors: Blyth Francis George Henry
Published: October 2009

Summary

The minor intrusions which are emplaced in the folded Ordovician sediments and pyroclastic rocks of the Shelve area are mainly basic in character, but range from picrite to alkali-rich andesite. Their structure and petrology are described and chemical analyses given. The Corndon dolerite phacolith, which occupies a faulted dome in shales near the main anticlinal axis of the area, is the largest of the intrusive masses and is discussed in detail; evidence based on 25–inch mapping of its outcrop and structural features is put forward for a re-interpretation of its form. The related Squilver dolerite and adinolization arising from it are also described in some detail, and other dyke and sill occurrences more briefly. The igneous rocks form a differentiation series with alkaline affinities, and were probably derived from a parent magma whose composition was not far removed from that of plateau-basalt. Folding of the Shelve rocks at the end of Ordovician times was accompanied by emplacement of the intrusions; smaller bodies of syenitic aplite were injected either at the same time or subsequently, and with this possible exception it is believed that all the igneous rocks were intruded before the Valentian submergence of the area.

I. Introduction

The Ordovician rocks of the Shelve area, which lies to the west of the Longmynd in South Shropshire, occupy some 40 to 50 square miles arid extend from near Minsterley (10 miles west-south-west of Shrewsbury) southward to within two miles of Bishop's Castle. Their eastern boundary is the prominent ridge of
The South-Western End of the Newry Igneous Complex. A Contribution towards the Petrogenesis of the Granodiorites
Authors: Reynolds Doris Livesey
Published: October 2009

Summary

The south-western end of the Newry Complex is shown to be composed of hornblende-, biotite-, and porphyritic granodiorite, and the evidence as to the origin of these three varieties is presented.

Biotite-granodiorite is found to have developed from biotite-hornfels, sometimes with trondhjemite as an intermediate stage, by the introduction of Na, Ca and Si, with the concomitant removal of Al, Fe, Mg, Na, K, H, Ti, P and Mn. This outgoing material has been fixed in adjacent bands of biotite- and diopside-hornfels, both these rock types becoming basified. As a result of this basification, the complement of granitization, the biotite-hornfels is enriched in biotite and cordierite, whilst the diopside-hornfels is converted first to biotite-hornblende-plagioclase-diabrochite (equivalent to quartz-biotite-diorite) and subsequently to oligoclase porphyroblast biotite-hornblende-plagioclase-diabrochite (equivalent to porphyritic quartz-biotite-diorite). Finally, the granitization of oligoclase porphyroblast diabrochite, by introduction of K and Si, and loss of Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, H, Ti, and P, leads to the development of hornblende-granodiorite.

The minimum introductions from an external source necessary for the granitization of the country rocks of the region were Na, Ca and Si, and after granitization was completed migratory material remained which was rich in Al, Fe, Mg and Ca, and included, in addition, Si, Na, K, H, Ti, P and Mn. By analogy with the small-scale complementary changes of granitization and basification, it is suggested that the basic material which migrated from the region of granitization as a whole was fixed (a) in the biotite-enriched contact aureole, and (b) in basic and ultrabasic roof rocks such as those which cap the granodiorites at the north-eastern end of the complex, some of which have already been shown to have been evolved from sediments.

The evidence suggests that the processes involved in the evolution of the granodiorites and their complementary basic and ultrabasic types culminate in magma formation.
The Geology of Deudraeth. the Country between Traeth Mawr and Traeth Bâch, Merioneth
Authors: Fearnsides William George , Davies William
Published: October 2009

Summary

Strip outcrops of Upper Cambrian strata in normal succession form the southeastern half of the Deudraeth peninsula. Garth Grit of Lower Arenig age follows with slight discordance. In echelon against the north-western face of the grit ridge are slabs of strata varying in age from Lower Bala at Ty-obry to Lingula Flags at Rhyd. Beyond these towards the north-west is the broad outcrop of the Crushed Slates group, enclosing separated lenses of ash and lava of late Arenig or Llandeilo age. Slip surfaces in this crush belt cut across the regional cleavage and slice the aureole of the Tan-y-grisiau intrusion. Late dolerite sills have entered along shear surfaces, but themselves are uncrushed. The shear zone is the broken middle limb of the main Caernarvonshire syncline, here thrust south-eastwards to override the margins of the Harlech Dome.

I. Introduction

The country described forms the north-western fringes of the Harlech Dome, immediately to the east of the type area of Tremadoc (Fearnsides 1910A). It lies between the Traeth Mawr and the Traeth Bach. It is mostly included on the six-inch sheets Merioneth XI and XIX NW.
1

The only detailed stratigraphical account of the district is that of J. W. Salter (in Ramsay 1866). At that time thrust movements were not suspected, although the section he described includes country which is very severely disturbed.

On his map of North Wales, D. Sharpe (1846) indicated an outcrop of greenstone extending from Moelwyn to the Portmadoc embankment close to the position of the grit
Voluntary Environmental Programs: Assessing Their Effectiveness
Authors: Borck Jonathan C. , Coglianese Cary
Published: October 2009

Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) seek to improve the environment by encouraging, rather than mandating, businesses and other organizations to adopt environmentally protective measures. Since the 1990s, VEPs established by industry, government, and nongovernmental organizations have proliferated around the globe, raising the question of how effective these programs are in securing environmental protection, both on their own and in comparison to traditional mandatory regulations. This article reviews the emerging research literature on VEPs, describing the variation in their structures, providing a framework for assessing their impacts, and summarizing what is known about why organizations engage in voluntary environmental action and what effects these programs have on environmental quality.