bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quantitative analysis of species sorting across organisms and ecosystems
Authors: Soininen Janne
Published: June 2014

The estimation of the relative roles of environment, space, and their interactions in structuring community composition is one of the central topics of community ecology. I conducted a quantitative review to determine if the degree of species sorting (SS) by the abiotic environment varied predictably between organism types and ecosystems. SS was quantified as the relative fraction of community variation that is explained by environmental variables. I integrated data from 326 variation partition analyses in a generalized linear model, and found that a mean of 26.1% (minimum 0%, maximum 88%) of the variance in community composition was explained by environmental variables. I also found that organism body size and dispersal group were not related to the degree of SS. SS varied among trophic positions, being highest in autotrophs and omnivores and lowest in herbivores and decomposers. SS also varied among ecosystem types: it was lowest in lakes and highest in estuaries and marine environments. Studies using abundance data showed a higher degree of SS than studies based on presence–absence data. SS was lower when data sets were analyzed by spatial filters instead of by polynomials. These results suggest that although significant among‐group differences emerged for trophic position and ecosystem type, variation in SS across body sizes or across different dispersal groups was relatively unpredictable. Nonetheless, these findings shed light on how the degree of SS varies across ecosystems or organism groups and may give important insights into the magnitude of environmental effects on biotic communities in a changing environment.
Asymmetric sensitivity of first flowering date to warming and cooling in alpine plants
Authors: Wang S. P. , Meng F. D. , Duan J. C. , Wang Y. F. , Cui X. Y. , Piao S. L. , Niu H. S. , Xu G. P. , Luo C. Y. , Zhang Z. H. , Zhu X. X. , Shen M. G. , Li Y. N. , Du M. Y. , Tang Y. H. , Zhao X. Q. , Ciais P. , Kimball B , Peñuelas J. , Janssens I. A. , Cui S. J. , Zhao L. , Zhang F. W.
Published: June 2014

Understanding how flowering phenology responds to warming and cooling (i.e., symmetric or asymmetric response) is needed to predict the response of flowering phenology to future climate change that will happen with the occurrence of warm and cold years superimposed upon a long‐term trend. A three‐year reciprocal translocation experiment was performed along an elevation gradient from 3200 m to 3800 m in the Tibetan Plateau for six alpine plants. Transplanting to lower elevation (warming) advanced the first flowering date (FFD) and transplanting to higher elevation (cooling) had the opposite effect. The FFD of early spring flowering plants (ESF) was four times less sensitive to warming than to cooling (by −2.1 d/°C and 8.4 d/°C, respectively), while midsummer flowering plants (MSF) were about twice as sensitive to warming than to cooling (−8.0 d/°C and 4.9 d/°C, respectively). Compared with pooled warming and cooling data, warming alone significantly underpredicted 3.1 d/°C for ESF and overestimated 1.7 d/°C for MSF. These results suggest that future empirical and experimental studies should consider nonlinear temperature responses that can cause such warming–cooling asymmetries as well as differing life strategies (ESF vs. MSF) among plant species.
Applying resilience thinking to production ecosystems
Authors: Rist L. , Felton A. , Nyström M. , Troell M. , Sponseller R. A. , Bengtsson J. , Österblom H. , Lindborg R. , Tidåker P. , Angeler D. G. , Milestad R. , Moen J.
Published: June 2014

Production ecosystems typically have a high dependence on supporting and regulating ecosystem services and while they have thus far managed to sustain production, this has often been at the cost of externalities imposed on other systems and locations. One of the largest challenges facing humanity is to secure the production of food and fiber while avoiding long‐term negative impacts on ecosystems and the range of services that they provide. Resilience has been used as a framework for understanding sustainability challenges in a range of ecosystem types, but has not been systematically applied across the range of systems specifically used for the production of food and fiber in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. This paper applied a resilience lens to production ecosystems in which anthropogenic inputs play varying roles in determining system dynamics and outputs. We argue that the traditional resilience framework requires important additions when applied to production systems. We show how sustained anthropogenic inputs of external resources can lead to a “coercion” of resilience and describe how the global interconnectedness of many production systems can camouflage signals indicating resilience loss.
Understanding the Factors That Determine Registered Nurses’ Turnover Intentions
Authors: Osuji Joseph , Uzoka Faith-Michael , Aladi Flora , El-Hussein Mohammed
Published: June 2014

Turnover among registered nurses (RNs) produces a negative impact on the health outcomes of any health care organization. It is also recognized universally as a problem in the nursing profession. Little is known about the turnover intentions and career orientations of RNs working in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of and to advance the discussion on the turnover of nursing professionals. The study population consisted of RNs employed in the five major hospitals in Calgary. There were 193 surveys returned, representing a response rate of 77.2%. The results show that age and education have a negative effect on turnover intention. Education was found to have a significant negative effect on career satisfaction but not on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Length of service has a significant negative effect on turnover intention. Role ambiguity has significant highly negative effect on career satisfaction. Growth opportunity and supervisor support have a very significant positive effect on job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and organizational commitment. External career opportunities and organizational commitment do not seem to have a significant effect on turnover intention. Career satisfaction, on the other hand, had negative significant effects on turnover intention.
Immigrant New Mothers in Finnish Maternity Care: An Ethnographic Study of Caring
Authors: Wikberg Anita , Eriksson Katie , Bondas Terese
Published: June 2014

PURPOSE: To illuminate experiences and perceptions of caring in the maternity care culture of immigrant new mothers in Finland.

DESIGN: This is a descriptive interpretive ethnography.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Seventeen new mothers from different cultures on a maternity ward in a medium-sized hospital in Finland.

METHODS: Focused ethnographic analysis and interpretation of interviews, observations, and field notes were used.

FINDINGS: Caring was part of the positive experience of childbearing and beneficial for the health and well-being of the immigrant new mothers. Negative experiences of health care impaired their well-being. The resources of Finnish maternity care and cultural knowledge of the nurses facilitated the caring. The policy and attitude of Finnish society encouraged childbearing. The immigration regulations affected support during childbearing negatively and tended to caused loneliness. The Finnish maternity care was not fully adapted to the mothers’ wishes to understand the organization of Finnish maternity care, to communicate, to breastfeed, and to have family-centered care, a flexible length of stay in the hospital, and extended support after childbirth.

CONCLUSION: Caring improves the childbearing experience and the well-being and health of new immigrant mothers; therefore, caring needs to be emphasized in maternity care, health care administration, and nursing education.
Improved Continuous Azimuth and Inclination Measurement by Use of a Rotary-Steerable System Enhances Downhole-Steering Automation and Kickoff Capabilities Near Vertical
Authors: Sugiura Junichi , Bowler Adam , Lowdon Ross
Published: June 2014

When kicking off at low inclination, static measurement-while-drilling (MWD) surveys are used to confirm the kickoff direction, when free of magnetic interference from offset wells. However, because MWD continuous azimuth and inclination measurements have limited accuracy when near vertical, the directional driller does not have confidence in the kickoff direction with continuous (dynamic) survey while drilling. This requires additional static surveys to be made, taking up rig time.

In a novel continuous survey method used in a particular rotary-steerable system (RSS), a six-axis survey was taken continuously, both while drilling and when static, with the survey sensors being housed in a rotation-speed-controlled platform in the RSS. This algorithm was first verified in a software simulator, and it was subsequently implemented in hardware and tested in a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL)-simulator environment. The effectiveness of the new measurement method was field tested and compared with MWD static survey points. The field-test result shows that the new near-bit continuous azimuth and inclination measurement from the RSS is considerably more accurate than the MWD continuous measurements at very low inclinations less than 5°. The new survey method not only provided more-accurate kickoff from a near-vertical position but also enhanced the automated-vertical-drilling feature. In addition, improved continuous measurements around magnetic north and south allowed the closed-loop attitude-hold algorithm of the RSS to drill lateral sections more precisely in these directions.

This unique measurement method has valuable applications, such as low-angle kickoff without the use of multiple static surveys because the directional driller can use the continuous azimuth and/or tool face to accurately steer the well. Equally important is that if gyro surveys are required, their number will reduce when the survey-measurement point is so close to the bit, reducing the amount of time of exposure to magnetic interference from an offset casing. When drilling out of the shoe, this survey method will allow an accurate kickoff approximately 50 ft earlier than would normally be expected when magnetic interference is cleared. In addition, the use of a continuous gravity tool face (GTF) is possible without the need for static surveys, allowing accurate low-side sidetracks to be performed even in areas of high magnetic interference. This surveying method reduces the rig time needed to kick off and provides a more reliable real-time measurement for the directional driller to ensure that the desired well trajectory is drilled through crowded platform environments.
Encapsulation and Co-Precipitation Processes with Supercritical Fluids:
Applications with Essential Oils
Authors: Martín Ángel , Varona Salima , Navarrete Alexander , Cocero María José
Published: June 2014

Essential oils have important commercial applications as preservatives and flavours, and more recently as natural
antimicrobial agents. These applications require a suitable formulation constituted by biodegradable compounds that
protect the essential oil from degradation and evaporation at the same time that allows for a sustained release. Microcapsules
of biopolymers loaded with essential oils meet these requirements. Such microcapsules can be prepared with different
processes such as spray-drying, freeze-drying and coacervation, and supercritical fluids are an advantageous medium
for this purpose. Some supercritical fluid-based precipitation processes have already been applied to produce these microcapsules.
Amongst them, the results obtained with Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS), PGSS-drying and Concentrated
Powder Form (CPF) processes are particularly promising. Recent developments in the preparation of formulations
with supercritical fluids include the preparation of liposomes and micelles, which can be suitable carriers for essential
oils.
Carotenoid Pigments Encapsulation: Fundamentals, Techniques and
Recent Trends
Authors: Santos Diego T. , Meireles M. Angela A.
Published: June 2014

Supercritical fluids have become an attractive alternative due to environmentally friendly solvents. The methods
that use supercritical fluids can be conveniently used for various applications such as extraction, reactions, particle
formation and encapsulation. For encapsulation purposes, the processing conditions given by supercritical technology
have important advantages over other methods that include harsh treatments with regard to pH, temperature, light, the use
of organic solvents, etc. Unstable functional pigments such as carotenoids extracted from natural sources have been encapsulated
to overcome instability problem. Thus, the most used techniques applicable to this intention are described and
discussed in this review as well the recent advances and recent trends in this topic that involves the use of supercritical
fluids.
Treatment Failure Among Infected Periprosthetic Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients
Authors: Schwarzkopf Ran , Mikhael Bassem , Wright Elizabeth , Estok Daniel M , Katz Jeffrey N
Published: June 2014

Two-stage revision has been shown to be the most successful treatment in eradicating deep infection following total hiparthroplasty. We identified 62 patients treated by a two-stage revision. We defined “successful revision” as negative intraoperative cultures and no further infection-related procedure. We defined “eradication of infection” on the basis of negative cultures and clinical diagnosis at least one year after 2ndstage procedure. After a mean follow up of 2.7 years, eradication of the infection was documented in 91.1%, and a successful two-stage revision in 85.7% of patients. We observed no association between higher pre-reimplantation levels of ESR and C-reactive protein and lower likelihood of successful two-stage revision. We found an association between a history of another previous infected prosthetic joint and a failed 2ndstage procedure. Failure to achieve eradication of infection and successful two-stage revision occurs infrequently. Patients with prior history of a previous prosthetic joint infection are at higher risk of failure.
Clinical Risk Factors for Poor Anatomic Response to Ranibizumab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration§
Authors: Guber Josef , Josifova Tatjana , Henrich Paul Bernhard , Guber Ivo
Published: June 2014

Purpose:

To identify OCT-based anatomical features and clinical characteristics for poor central retinal thickness (CRT) response to ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Patients and Methods:

Investigating our electronic patient records (Eyeswide), patients with neovascular AMD treated with intravitreal injections of 0.5mg/0.05ml ranibizumab were identified and their notes reviewed. Data collected included gender, age, initial best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), prior photodynamic therapy, lesion type (classic versus occult), type of macular edema (intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid, pigment epithelium detachment) and the total number of previous ranibizumab injections.

Results:

A total of 210 eyes of 182 patients with neovascular AMD were identified. Mean follow-up time was 1.34 years (SD ± 0.77). Central retinal thickness reduction in women was significantly inferior to that in men (p=0.05). Patients with cystoid type macular edema had significantly greater reduction in CRT compared to patients with subretinal fluid (p<0.001) or pigment epithelium detachment (p<0.001). The percentage drop of CRT was no longer statistically significant after the sixth injection. Age, initial BCVA, prior photodynamic therapy and lesion type had no statistically effect on CRT response.

Conclusion:

Risk factors for poor central retinal thickness response to ranibizumab include female gender and patients with predominant subretinal fluid or pigment epithelium detachment. Furthermore, the anatomical response decreased after the sixth injection of ranibizumab.
Pathologic Evaluation of Normal and Perfused Term Placental Tissue
Authors: Maroun Lisa Leth , Mathiesen Line , Hedegaard Morten , Knudsen Lisbeth E. , Larsen Lise Grupe
Published: June 2014

This study reports for the 1st time the incidence and interobserver variation of morphologic findings in a series of 34 term placentas from pregnancies with normal outcome used for perfusion studies. Histologic evaluation of placental tissue is challenging, especially when it comes to defining “normal tissue” versus “pathologic lesions.” A scoring system for registration of abnormal morphologic findings was developed. Light microscopic examination was performed independently by 2 pathologists, and interobserver variation was analyzed. Findings in normal and perfused tissue were compared and selected findings were tested against success parameters from the perfusions. Finally, the criteria for frequent lesions with fair to poor interobserver variation in the nonperfused tissue were revised and reanalyzed. In the perfused tissue, the perfusion artefact “trophoblastic vacuolization,” which is believed to represent dilated transtrophoblastic channels, was reproducible and significantly correlated to the perfusion marker “fetal leakage.” In longer perfusions, microscopy of the perfused cotyledon revealed bacteria in the fetal vessels. This finding led to an adjustment in the perfusion protocol with addition of antibiotics to the medium. In the “normal” tissue, certain lesions were very frequent and showed only fair or poor interobserver agreement. Revised minimum criteria for these lesions were defined and found reproducible. This study has emphasized the value of pathologic examination as a supplement in placental perfusion models. Examination of the perfused cotyledon for trophoblastic vacuolization is recommended as an additional quality marker in perfusion models. The study also underlines the need for exact definitions of abnormality in frequent placental lesions.
Effects of selected essential oils on the growth and production of ochratoxin A by Penicillium verrucosum
Authors: Jeršek Barbara , Poklar Ulrih Nataša , Skrt Mihaela , Gavarić Neda , Božin Biljana , Smole Možina Sonja
Published: June 2014

Essential oils from oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), mint (Mentha piperita L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), and pine (Abies alba Mill.) needles and cones, and their active substances thymol, carvacrol, menthol, and anisaldehyde were tested for antifungal activity against Penicillium verrucosum. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were achieved for essential oil of oregano, followed by carvacrol, thymol, and menthol. These antifungal components were further investigated, as the main aim of our study was to elucidate the effect of natural antifungals on ochratoxin A production. During 21 days of exposure, the growth of P. verrucosum, and subsequently the production of ochratoxin A, was fully inhibited by thymol at ½ MIC (0.0625 mg mL-1), but menthol at ¼ and ½ MIC (0.1875 and 3750 mg mL-1) showed no growth inhibition. After 21 days of incubation, the greatest inhibitory effect on ochratoxin production (inhibition was 96.9 %) was also achieved with thymol at ¼ MIC (0.0313 mg mL-1). Essential oil of oregano (¼ MIC, 0.2930 μL mL-1) and carvacrol (½ MIC, 0.1953 μL mL-1) stimulate production of ochratoxin A at 13.9 % to 28.8 %, respectively. The observed antifungal effects depended on the agent, the concentration used, and the time of interaction between the agent and P. verrucosum. Our results indicate the possibility of using oregano essential oil as a substitute for artificial preservatives in certain foods, but further research is needed.
Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work
Authors: Brčić Karačonji Irena , Brajenović Nataša
Published: June 2014

Hair analysis is a reliable tool for detecting long-term exposure to illegal drugs, including amphetaminetype stimulants, over periods from a few weeks to a few months, depending on the length of the hair used for analysis. Between 2000 and 2012, over 600 hair samples were analysed at the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Croatia (IMROH) for the presence of amphetamine-type stimulants. IMROH has used the same procedure for testing hair samples for amphetamine-type stimulants for over twelve years. It was found to be reliable for confirming repeated abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA-Ecstasy), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in hair. Hair samples were either taken at the Institute, delivered by mail or a third person brought them to the laboratory. In most cases, the hair samples were tested anonymously. A total of 23 % of the tested samples were positive for one or more amphetamine-type stimulant. MDMA was the most frequently detected substance, whereas the most frequent combination was amphetamine with MDMA. Our results could indicate a trend in amphetamine-type stimulant abuse among young people in the Republic of Croatia.
Alkaptonuria and Ochronosis – Experience From Slovakia
Authors: Rovenský J. , Urbánek T. , Imrich R.
Published: June 2014

Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited genetic disorder of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. This is an autosomal recessive condition that is caused due to a defect in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which participates in the degradation of tyrosine. As a result, homogentisic acid and its oxide accumulate in the blood and are excreted in urine in large amounts. The polymer of homogentisic acid called alkapton impregnates bradotrophic tissues.
First Results From Expanded Newborn Screening in slovak Republic
Authors: Dluholucký S. , Knapková M. , Záhorcová M.
Published: June 2014

A one-and-a-half year experience with expanded newborn screening (ENBS) in Slovakia provided by means of tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is presented.

Method ENBS was realised from dry blood samples of the regular NBS in National Screening Centre SK. The LC-MS/MS software used allowed evaluating even 73 analytes in MRM mode after cut-of limits in 99 percentile of daily values. The regular ENBS was oriented to 10 inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), organic acids and carnitine defects (PKU/HPA, MSUD, GAI, IVA, MCAD, LCHAD, SCAD, CPT I, CPT II, CACT). Except these, many other variations of results were registered in perimeter of the method. They were individually evaluated until the confrmation or exclusion of the suspected diagnosis.

Results During the one-and-a-half years, 82 892 newborns were evaluated by ENBS and 34 positive cases of IMDs were detected and confrmed, which represents a screening prevalence of 1:2438 newborns. Out of these, 24 cases were from regular ENBS (PKU/HPA, MSUD, MCAD) with an incidence of 1:3 454, and 10 additional cases at the periphery of LC-MS/MS evaluation with a prevalence of 1:8 286.

Conclusion Preliminary experience and results with ENBS confrmed its high efectiveness not only in 10 IMDs included in regular ENBS, but also at perimeter of LC-MS/MS method, in which it is possible to detect additional IMDs not included in regular spectrum of ENBS. This group comprised 29% of all cases. In general, the prevalence is comparable with PKU and/or CAH.
The Evaluation of Soil Water Storage in A Small Catchment in 2009 And 2010
Authors: Jurík Ľuboš , Kaletová Tatiana
Published: June 2014

The soil water storage in a soil profile was calculated from the measured values of volumetric soil water content by the Profile Probe PR2/6 (Delta-T Device Ltd.) in the Bocegaj catchment in the depth up to 1m. The monitored season in the year 2009 followed after a dry season, and in the year 2010, rainfalls were above the average values. The soil water storage was higher than the mean value of field capacity during the season with high precipitation events. With a decreased amount of rainfalls, rising air temperature and crops growing, the soil water storage was in recession. In the vertical direction, the volumetric soil moisture as well as soil water storage in every soil profile have their characteristic progresses.
Callus and Root-System Formation in Cherry Rootstock Gisela 5
Authors: Mezey Ján , Leško Ivan
Published: June 2014

In our trial we concentrated on propagation possibilities for the currently most used cherry-tree rootstock GiSelA 5 in intensive fruit orchards. We compared four sampling dates in which we evaluated the callus and the root system formation with and without the use of a growth stimulator. As a growth stimulator, the Stimulax I (0.06% indolyl-acetic acid, 0.06% alpha-naphtyl acid, 0.05% naphtyl-butyric acid) in powder form was used. We reached non-significant results in the variants with the use of the growth stimulator and in the variant without the growth stimulator in each sampling date. The best results in callus and root system formation were achieved on the last sampling date, which was October 23rd, 2012. Zero callus and root system formation was achieved on July 23rd and August 23rd, 2012. The minimum basal width of the cutting must be at least 3 mm.
Routing of Vegetable Production in the Nitra Region in 2002–2010
Authors: Valšíková Magdaléna , Ryban Rudolf , Srničková Katarína
Published: June 2014

The paper deals with the evaluation of the development of cultivation area and production of vegetables in different districts of the Nitra region in the period of the years 2002-2010. The region of Nitra has excellent climatic conditions for the cultivation of agricultural crops, including vegetables. Among the most widely grown vegetables belong cabbage, carrots, parsley, onions, tomatoes, peppers, red watermelons, and sweet corn.
Schmallenberg Virus – A New Risk in Cattle Breeding in Europe
Authors: Cioch Barbara , Czerniawska-Piątkowska Ewa
Published: June 2014

Since august 2011 europe has been facing a new virus which attacks the domestic and wild ruminants. The virus was named after the town where the first isolation had been made. The virus in question is transmitted by the biting midges (Culicoides spp.) and it can survive the winter in the bodies of those insects. it is also known that the virus does not endanger human health and it cannot be transferred directly from one animal to another because it is only carried by the vectors.
The Effect òf Inulin Extraction Method or Powder From Inulin-Producing Plants in Fattener Diets on Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Quality
Authors: Sobolewska Sandra , Grela Eugeniusz R.
Published: June 2014

Inulin or plant materials containing this polysaccharide are deemed interesting additives to feed mixtures for pigs. The experiment was conducted with 120 weaners, hybrids of (PLW × PL) × Duroc breeds with the initial body weight of 30.0±0.5 kg, which were divided into 5 feeding groups. Inulin was added to feed mixtures in the following forms: 2% inulin obtained from chicory roots with two extraction methods: water (group II) and water-alcohol (group III), and 4% powder from Jerusalem artichoke tubers (group IV) or from chicory roots (group V). Body weight of the animals and feed intake were controlled at two-week intervals, and carcasses were analysed postslaughter. Determinations were carried out for physicochemical properties of longissimus dorsi muscle of fatteners. Additional measurements were made for pH value, electrical conductivity and colour (CIE L*a*b* system) of fresh and thermally-treated meat samples. The highest body weight gains were recorded in group IV (powder from Jerusalem artichoke tubers) and group II (water additive of inulin). Dietary inclusion of both types of powders contributed to decreased thickness of backfat. The study showed also the effect of adding inulin or inulin-producing materials on the quality of raw and cooked pork. Significant differences between the control and experimental groups were demonstrated for hardness, chewiness and gumminess of cooked meat. The highest colour saturation (L* and b*) and hue value were noted in raw loin of the fatteners administered feed mixtures with inulin from water-alcohol extraction. Inclusion of 2% inulin preparation with differing degrees of polymerization (water or water-alcohol extraction) or inulin-producing materials (topinambur or chicory powder) in fattener diets is likely to improve animal performance, but the application of Jerusalem artichoke appears to be more justified.
Growth Performance and Intestinal Microflora Population of Broilers Fed Aged Brown Rice
Authors: Shih Chia-Hung , Lee Tzu-Tai , Kuo Warren Hwa-Jen , Yu Bi
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and intestinal microflora population of broilers fed diets with aged brown rice (ABR) that had been stored for 3 years. The ABR was the material chosen to analyse the grain quality, which included the physical properties as well as nutrient analysis to evaluate its applicability in broiler diet. The germination rate, pH value, whiteness value of grains and fatty acid content of aged rice are significantly reduced during storage (P<0.05), while the nutritional value and content of essential amino acids do not differ from those of fresh brown rice (P>0.05). A total of five hundred 1-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were evenly divided by gender and randomly allocated into 5 groups (with 4 replicates of 25 birds), including: 1) control (corn-soybean meal), 2) 25% of corn replaced with 25% of ABR (ABR 25), 3) 50% of corn replaced with 50% of ABR (ABR 50), 4) 75% of corn replaced with 75% of ABR (ABR 75), 5) 100% of ABR replaced with yellow corn (ABR 100), respectively, in order to evaluate growth performance as well as intestinal microflora population of broilers fed ABR. The diets were formulated to contain similar levels of the main nutrient requirements of broilers. The results indicated that the replacement of ABR for corn in feed had no significant impact on the growth traits of broilers (P>0.05). The pH value of ileal digesta decreased as the replacement of ABR increased at the age of 21 days (P<0.05). The volatile fatty acids of ileal digesta of the ABR 75 and ABR 100 groups were significantly lower than those of the control group at the age of 21 days (P<0.05), but not caecum. There was no difference with lactic acid bacteria and coliform counts in ileum and caecum, respectively, of broilers among the groups during the entire feeding period (P>0.05). In conclusion, this study found that ABR may replace 100% of yellow corn and did not influence growth performance of broilers, thus providing an alternative for the use of stored rice in broiler diets.
Water Management in the Klodnica Catchment in 2000-2010
Authors: Drąg Magdalena
Published: June 2014

The article takes up an attempt to present the changes that has occurred in the water management at the beginning of the 21st century in the area of Silesian Voivoideship. Communes situated within the boundaries of Klodnica catchment, closed by the section of Gliwice, were analysed as an example of water management in the area which undergoes a strong anthropopression. Klodnica catchment is an area where all the elements of the geographical environment were transformed, but it was the water environment that was changed most visibly. At the beginning of the 21st century, there were a lot of changes conducted in Poland, not only political, but also in the economic and legal sectors. Owing to these factors, the following changes appeared: water consumption, the structure of distribution of water among different branches of economy and the water and sewage system infrastructure. The effect of these changes is the decrease in water consumption and sewage discharge as well as upgrading the technologies of its treatment (Absalon 2007).
Land Surface Temperature in Łódź Obtained from Landsat 5TM
Authors: Jędruszkiewicz Joanna , Zieliński Mariusz
Published: June 2014

The main aim of this paper is to present the spatial differentiation of Land Surface Temperature LST in Łódź based on Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (L5TM) images. Analysis was performed for all L5TM images from 2011, with clear sky over Łódź. Land surface temperature (LST) play an important role in determination of weather conditions in boundary layer of atmosphere, especially connected with convection. Environmental satellites from Landsat series delivers the high resolution images of Earth’s surface and according to the estimations made on the ground of it are precise. LST depends widely on surface emissivity. In this paper the emissivity was estimated from MODIS sensor as well as NDVI index, then both method were compared. The processed images allowed to determine the warmest and the coldest areas in the administrative boundaries of Łódź. The highest LST values has been found in industrial areas and the in the heart of the city. However, there are some places lying in city outskirts, where the LST values are as high, for instance Lodz Airport. On the contrary the lowest LST values occur mostly in terrains covered with vegetation i.e. forests or city parks.
Bulk Geochemical Data of Fossil Wood from the Middle Jurassic Clays of Poland
Authors: Smolarek Justyna
Published: June 2014

Macroscopic observations, microscopic studies and literature data revealed that Middle Jurassic wood from Częstochowa area has a different state of preservation, and various types and degrees of mineralization and oxidation. Obtained results of organic matter fractionation illustrate a clear domination of polar fraction in the obtained extracts revealing low thermal maturity stage. Total organic carbon (TOC) values for analysed samples are in a wide range from 1.06% to 68.50%. The highest amount of TOC were measured in not or poorly mineralized wood samples but most of them are mineralized wood fragments, showing the TOC values in the range of 2% - 10%. Percentage content of carbonate in fossil wood constitute in a wide range from less than 1% CaCO3 to above 85% CaCO3. The resulting percentage of the total sulfur content is very varied and do not show convergence with other data such as TOC, carbonate content, etc and is most probable connected with pyritisation range. Unlike the Middle Jurassic clay samples, where long-chain and short-chain n-alkanes occur in similar concentrations, in wood samples always short-chain n-alkanes dominated, in the range from 15 to 23 carbon atoms in molecule. The values of the CPI are generally higher than 1 which indicates the contribution of organic matter derived from higher plant waxes, which are characteristic of e.g. needles from gymnosperm plants. Under the influence of post - diagenetic oxidation in mineralized wood samples distribution of n-alkanes is changing. Diaster-13(17)-enes with 28 and 29 carbon atoms in molecule are present in the wood samples, while those with 29 atoms strongly prevail.
Genetic relationships between skarn ore deposits and magmatic activity in the Ahar region, Western Alborz, NW Iran
Authors: Mollai Habib , Pe-Piper Georgia , Dabiri Rahim
Published: June 2014

Paleocene to Oligocene tectonic processes in northwest Iran resulted in extensive I-type calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatic activity in the Ahar region. Numerous skarn deposits formed in the contact between Upper Cretaceous impure carbonate rocks and Oligocene-Miocene plutonic rocks. This study presents new field observations of skarns in the western Alborz range and is based on geochemistry of igneous rocks, mineralogy of the important skarn deposits, and electron microprobe analyses of skarn minerals. These data are used to interpret the metasomatism during sequential skarn formation and the geotectonic setting of the skarn ore deposit related igneous rocks. The skarns were classified into exoskarn, endoskarn and ore skarn. Andraditic garnet is the main skarn mineral; the pyroxene belongs to the diopside-hedenbergite series. The skarnification started with pluton emplacement and metamorphism of carbonate rocks followed by prograde metasomatism and the formation of anhydrous minerals like garnet and pyroxene. The next stage resulted in retro gradation of anhydrous minerals along with the formation of oxide minerals (magnetite and hematite) followed by the formation of hydrosilicate minerals like epidote, actinolite, chlorite, quartz, sericite and sulfide mineralization. In addition to Fe, Si and Mg, substantial amounts of Cu, along with volatile components such as H2S and CO2 were added to the skarn system. Skarn mineralogy and geochemistry of the igneous rocks indicate an island arc or subduction-related origin of the Fe-Cu skarn deposit.
Precise orbit determination and point positioning using GPS, Glonass, Galileo and BeiDou
Authors: Tegedor J. , Øvstedal O. , Vigen E.
Published: June 2014

State of the art Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is currently based on dual-frequency processing of GPS and Glonass navigation systems. The International GNSS Service (IGS) is routinely providing the most accurate orbit and clock products for these constellations, allowing point positioning at centimeter-level accuracy. At the same time, the GNSS landscape is evolving rapidly, with the deployment of new constellations, such as Galileo and BeiDou. The BeiDou constellation currently consists of 14 operational satellites, and the 4 Galileo In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites are transmitting initial Galileo signals. This paper focuses on the integration of Galileo and BeiDou in PPP, together with GPS and Glonass. Satellite orbits and clocks for all constellations are generated using a network adjustment with observation data collected by the IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX), as well as from Fugro proprietary reference station network. The orbit processing strategy is described, and orbit accuracy for Galileo and BeiDou is assessed via orbit overlaps, for different arc lengths. Kinematic post-processed multi-GNSS positioning results are presented. The benefits of multiconstellation PPP are discussed in terms of enhanced availability and positioning accuracy.
Parameter Estimation Algorithm for the Exponential Signal by the Enhanced DFT Approach
Authors: Wang Qian , Yan Xiao , Qin Kaiyu
Published: June 2014

Based on enhanced interpolation DFT, a novel parameter estimation algorithm for the exponential signal is presented. The proposed two-step solution consists of a preprocessing unit which constructs a new signal sequence by continuously cycle shifting sample points and summing up N buffered exponential signal sample sequences, then an interpolation DFT engine to obtain accurate parameter estimation of the exponential signal based on the signal sequence generated by the preprocessing unit. Compared to previous works, owing to the combination of the pretreatment and the interpolation DFT analysis, the tedious iteration for spectral leakage elimination can be removed, and remarkable improvements are achieved in terms of estimation accuracy and speed. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Simplified 2D Bidomain Model of Whole Heart Electrical Activity and ECG Generation
Authors: Sovilj Siniša , Magjarević Ratko , Abed Amr Al , Lovell Nigel H. , Dokos Socrates
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was the development of a geometrically simple and highly computationally-efficient two dimensional (2D) biophysical model of whole heart electrical activity, incorporating spontaneous activation of the sinoatrial node (SAN), the specialized conduction system, and realistic surface ECG morphology computed on the torso. The FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) equations were incorporated into a bidomain finite element model of cardiac electrical activity, which was comprised of a simplified geometry of the whole heart with the blood cavities, the lungs and the torso as an extracellular volume conductor. To model the ECG, we placed four electrodes on the surface of the torso to simulate three Einthoven leads VI, VII and VIII from the standard 12-lead system. The 2D model was able to reconstruct ECG morphology on the torso from action potentials generated at various regions of the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atria, atrioventricular node, His bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles. Our 2D cardiac model offers a good compromise between computational load and model complexity, and can be used as a first step towards three dimensional (3D) ECG models with more complex, precise and accurate geometry of anatomical structures, to investigate the effect of various cardiac electrophysiological parameters on ECG morphology.
Resonance Micro-Weighing of Sub-Picogram Mass with the Use of Adaptive Interferometer
Authors: Romashko Roman , Efimov Timofey , Kulchin Yuri
Published: June 2014

Mass of macroscopic object is easily measured by a suitable balance. However, this approach becomes inapplicable if mass of microscopic object is to be determined. Alternative approach for mass measurement is based on using the micromechanical resonator as an inertial balance where oscillation frequency is shifted by small quantities of adsorbed mass. In this work we present experimental results of applying an adaptive interferometry technique based on dynamic hologram recorded in photorefractive CdTe crystal for measuring picogram mass adsorbed on micromechanical resonators with dimensions 215×40×15 μm3. It is also shown that the resonance micro-weighing system based on adaptive interferometer has potential for reducing the threshold of mass detection down to 10-17 g in the case of using a resonator with sub-micron dimensions
Dielectric Resonators for the Measurements of the Surface Impedance of Superconducting Films
Authors: Pompeo N. , Torokhtii K. , Silva E.
Published: June 2014

We present the development, realization and setup of dielectric resonators, for the purpose of measuring the surface impedance at microwave frequencies of superconducting thin films. We focus on resonators designed to operate in dc magnetic fields, optimized for the measurements of the variation of the surface impedance with the applied field. Two resonators, operating at 8 and 48 GHz, are presented. We discuss different approaches to the measurement of the resonator parameters, with particular attention to the nonidealities of real setups in a cryogenic environment. Finally, we present some sample measurement of high-Tc and low-Tc superconducting films.
Genetic variation and relationship of alfalfa populations and their progenies based on RAPD markers
Authors: Taški-Ajduković Ksenija , Nagl Nevena , Milić Dragan , Katić Slobodan , Zorić Miroslav
Published: June 2014

The aim of investigation was to evaluate genetic variation and relationship among alfalfa populations and their offspring, with minimal cost, by using DNA marker analysis. RAPD analysis was performed on bulked DNA samples of five alfalfa parental populations and their progenies: 20 F1 populations from reciprocal diallel crosses and five S1 populations from self-pollination. Twenty primers generated 217 bands, ranging in size from 300 to 6000 bp, with the average number of bands per primer of 10.85 and polymorphism information content of 0.246. Percentage of polymorphic loci, effective number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and Shannon’s information index were used to estimate genetic variation. Higher diversity was observed in F1 progeny populations, while genetic variation in parental populations and S1 progenies remained similar. The genetic relatedness of alfalfa populations was analysed by UPGMA and Bayesian model-based clustering approach. In both types of analysis selfpollinated progenies were grouped. Furthermore, the hybrid offspring where Zuzana, and RSI 20 were maternal parents were placed in separate groups. The results indicate that use of RAPD markers on bulked DNA samples can be fast and cost-effective way for differentiation of alfalfa parental populations and their offspring, as well as for evaluation of their genetic relationships.
Caffeine induces cytoskeletal changes and cell death in H1299 cells
Authors: Hałas Marta , Izdebska Magdalena , Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska Anna , Gagat Maciej , Radciniewska Dorota , Glińska Agnieszka , Gizler Karolina , Bielińska Ewelina , Grzanka Alina
Published: June 2014

Caffeine is the most common natural neuroactive substance around the world. The exact mechanism of the anticancer effects of caffeine is not clear, especially in the contexts of the cytoskeletal changes. It is known that caffeine exerts an effect on cell cycle, cell proliferation, radiosensivity of cells, and also induces cell death. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of 10 and 20 mM L−1 caffeine on the major cytoskeletal proteins in non-small lung cancer cell line H1299. Caffeine treatment induced abnormalities in morphology and ultrastructure of cells. Moreover, the fluorescence studies showed changes in organization of vimentin, β-tubulin, lamin A/C and F-actin, which were attributed to the induction of cell death. The results also demonstrated that caffeine induced formation of two cell populations: giant, mono- or multinucleated cells, with the phenotype of mitotic catastrophe and shrunken cells with condensation of chromatin, typical of apoptosis. This study for the first time shows the effect of caffeine on the cytoskeleton of H1299 cell line. In conclusion, a high-dose caffeine treatment induces apoptotic cell death and makes it a powerful anticancer agent that should be considered for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
Landslide Geohazard Monitoring, Early Warning and Stabilization Control Methods
Authors: Bednarczyk Zbigniew
Published: June 2014

This paper is a presentation of landslide monitoring, early warning and remediation methods recommended for the Polish Carpathians. Instrumentation included standard and automatic on-line measurements with the real-time transfer of data to an Internet web server. The research was funded through EU Innovative Economy Programme and also by the SOPO Landslide Counteraction Project. The landslides investigated were characterized by relatively low rates of the displacements. These ranged from a few millimetres to several centimetres per year. Colluviums of clayey flysch deposits were of a soil-rock type with a very high plasticity and moisture content. The instrumentation consisted of 23 standard inclinometers set to depths of 5-21 m. The starting point of monitoring measurements was in January 2006. These were performed every 1-2 months over the period of 8 years. The measurements taken detected displacements from several millimetres to 40 cm set at a depth of 1-17 m. The modern, on-line monitoring and early warning system was installed in May 2010. The system is the first of its kind in Poland and only one of several such real-time systems in the world. The installation was working with the Local Road Authority in Gorlice. It contained three automatic field stations for investigation of landslide parameters to depths of 12-16 m and weather station. In-place tilt transducers and innovative 3D continuous inclinometer systems with sensors located every 0.5 m were used. It has the possibility of measuring a much greater range of movements compared to standard systems. The conventional and real-time data obtained provided a better recognition of the triggering parameters and the control of geohazard stabilizations. The monitoring methods chosen supplemented by numerical modelling could lead to more reliable forecasting of such landslides and could thus provide better control and landslide remediation possibilities also to stabilization works which prevent landslides.