bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planos educacionais e o enfoque educativo-ambiental na década dos afrodescendentes
Authors: Santana Filho Diosmar Marcelino , Cerqueira Lorena Stephanie Santos
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de ampliar o diálogo sobre as políticas públicas de desenvolvimento educacional. Isso porque em 2011, os Estados Nacionais assumiram o compromisso político e diplomático com Década Internacional dos Povos Afrodescendentes da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). No particular, o Brasil é o país não africano com a maior população proporcionalmente negra na escala global e coloca o Estado no desafio de combater o racismo estrutural na sociedade e efetivar os planos decenais educacional. O caminho será tornar o Plano Nacional de Educação (2014-2024), aprovado pelo Congresso e sancionado pela Presidência da República, em 2014, uma ferramenta de promoção de direitos humanos e sustentabilidade socioambiental - em pleno consenso com a superação das desigualdades educacionais e a erradicação de todas as formas de discriminação.
Trabalho, educação e ontologia marxiana
Authors: Rossi Rafael
Published: April 2018

Este texto apresenta uma reflexão a respeito das relações que se estabelecem entre a categoria fundante do ser social: o trabalho e o complexo social da educação. Para desenvolver tal debate, levamos em consideração as contribuições de autores que trabalham com a abordagem ontológica marxiana. Este é um procedimento necessário para apreender as dinâmicas e interações entre trabalho, educação e totalidade social de um ponto de vista que analisa os complexos sociais em sua vinculação prática e real ao desenvolvimento do ser social. Para tanto, abordamos, em um primeiro momento, a origem histórica e a natureza da tradição denominada por ontologia marxiana e, num segundo momento, explicitamos a dependência ontológica, autonomia relativa e determinação recíproca da educação para com o trabalho. Tais interações que se estabelecem entre trabalho, educação e totalidade social emanam da própria realidade objetiva em seu desenvolvimento histórico e social. Uma elaboração importante da ontologia marxiana, neste aspecto, é o caráter de crítica frente às perspectivas que retiram da atividade humana o seu papel de demiurgo do processo histórico. Com efeito, não se trata de uma abordagem idealista de talhe gnosiológico a respeito da problemática em questão, mas sim, de uma abordagem de cunho ontológico com base nas contradições e nas tendências gerais desta forma de sociabilidade contemporânea. Estas reflexões são indispensáveis para não supervalorizar a práxis educativa e, também, para não desprezá-la.
Entre história e memória: intelectuais da educação e o Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (ISEB) na década de 1950
Authors: Santos Cleber Ferreira , Santos Thyellis Cesar
Published: April 2018

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o papel dos intelectuais do Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (ISEB) na preservação da memória do instituto, que corroborou para o delineamento entre educação, cultura e política na década de 1950. Assim, atentando-se para a relação entre o intelectual e a circulação de representações, buscou-se neste artigo abordar de que forma o ISEB foi associado a um ideário educacional, tendo como consequência a preservação da memória do instituto. Para tanto, ancorou-se o presente trabalho, em alguns teóricos, como Jean François Sirinelli (2003), que discorre a cerca do conceito de intelectual, Pierre Nora (1993), no que tange a problemática dos lugares de memória, Maurice Halbawachs (1990), sobre memória coletiva, Le Goff (1990) sobre história, Roger Chartier (1990) no que tange as representações coletivas, na tentativa de criarmos um referencial teórico-metodológico adequado para a construção da presente pesquisa.
Formação continuada do coordenador pedagógico para a inclusão escolar: uma relação necessária
Authors: Da Costa Guilhermina Elisa Bessa , Andrade Didima Maria De Mello , Dos Santos Joara Porto de Avelar
Published: April 2018

Esta pesquisa teve como propósito estudar a formação continuada do coordenador pedagógico para a inclusão escolar, com o intuito de investigar as dimensões dessa formação. Tendo em vista as mudanças tecnológicas e os avanços que ocorrem cotidianamente em nossa sociedade, a inclusão necessita ser considerada na contemporaneidade como elemento basilar da prática pedagógica. Sendo assim, surge a necessidade de se compreender a relação entre educação, inclusão social e didática, e seus pressupostos teóricos-metodológicos. Os pressupostos teóricos norteadores dessa pesquisa estão pautados nos estudos de Almeida (1998), Freire (1996), Mantoan (1997), Pimenta (1999), Saviani (1992) e Tardif (2002). Os resultados apontam que, apesar das diretrizes curriculares para a formação do coordenador, ainda é necessário avançar no que tange à formação continuada para o processo de educação inclusiva nas instituições escolares. Conclui-se este trabalho sintetizando a necessidade da aproximação dos conhecimentos teóricos e práticos na formação continuada do coordenador pedagógico para a educação inclusiva, com vistas a enfrentar os desafios da alteridade na contemporaneidade.
Testamentos das gentes das maravilhas
Authors: Santos Luciene Souza , Arapiraca Mary De Andrade
Published: April 2018

Este ensaio tenciona demonstrar o inesgotável valor das narrativas orais como patrimônio cultural da humanidade. A partir de especulações próprias e diálogos com estudiosos, são apresentadas, sob a forma de testamentos, algumas das valiosas contribuições da tradição oral, especialmente na arte de contar histórias. Fontes de encantamento e sabedoria, as narrativas da tradição oral, contadas e recontadas com muita arte através de séculos, constituem subjetividades pela via do encantamento. Nessa perspectiva – ao colaborar para o autoconhecimento e o estabelecimento de sentidos para a vida – as narrativas orais assumem uma dimensão educacional e terapêutica, geração após geração, para além de tempos e lugares. Analisa-se, ainda, a importância dos dielis ou griots, difusores de culturas africanas, que embelezam as narrativas orais pelo manejo afiado da palavra recolhida e espalhada, bem como a dos saberes transmitidos pelas narrativas da memória cultural do povo indígena, no Brasil. Destacam-se, também, as narrativas bíblicas como constituintes do universo dos contos da tradição oral, pois elas expressam as mesmas questões humanas e universais presentes em tantos outros contos da tradição oral. Finalmente, pelo tanto que agregam valores às diversas gerações, destaca-se, historicamente, o papel das mulheres no universo dos narradores e das narrativas da tradição oral.
Transforming plant biology and breeding with CRISPR/Cas9, Cas12 and Cas13
Authors: Schindele Patrick , Wolter Felix , Puchta Holger
Published: April 2018

Currently, biology is revolutionized by ever growing applications of the CRISPR/Cas system. As discussed in this Review, new avenues have opened up for plant research and breeding by the use of the sequence‐specific DNases Cas9 and Cas12 (formerly named Cpf1) and, more recently, the RNase Cas13 (formerly named C2c2). Although double strand break‐induced gene editing based on error‐prone nonhomologous end joining has been applied to obtain new traits, such as powdery mildew resistance in wheat or improved pathogen resistance and increased yield in tomato, improved technologies based on CRISPR/Cas for programmed change in plant genomes via homologous recombination have recently been developed. Cas9‐ and Cas12‐ mediated DNA binding is used to develop tools for many useful applications, such as transcriptional regulation or fluorescence‐based imaging of specific chromosomal loci in plant genomes. Cas13 has recently been applied to degrade mRNAs and combat viral RNA replication. By the possibility to address multiple sequences with different guide RNAs and by the simultaneous use of different Cas proteins in a single cell, we should soon be able to achieve complex changes of plant metabolism in a controlled way.
IFN‐γ enhances the wound healing effect of late EPCs (LEPCs) via BST2‐mediated adhesion to endothelial cells
Authors: Lee Bom Nae Rin , Chang Hyun‐Kyung , Son Yeon Sung , Lee Dabin , Kwon Sang‐Mo , Kim Pyung‐Hwan , Cho Je‐Yoel
Published: April 2018

Circulating late endothelial progenitor cells (LEPCs) home to injured vessels, initiating blood vessel regeneration. This process requires the initial adhesion of LEPCs to endothelial cells within the wounded site. In this study, treating LEPCs with IFN‐γ enhanced wound healing through BST2‐mediated adhesion to endothelial cells. We found that IFN‐γ significantly upregulated BST2 expression in both LEPCs and ECs and increased tube formation in LEPCs. Upregulated BST2 increased LEPC adhesion to ECs through a tight homophilic interaction of its extracellular domain. Finally, when the IFN‐γ‐treated LEPCs were injected into the wounded mouse tail vein, superior therapeutic effects of wound closure were observed. This study provides a useful application to enhance the adhesion of LEPCs for vessel regeneration and wound closure.
New Results From Galileo's First Flyby of Ganymede: Reconnection‐Driven Flows at the Low‐Latitude Magnetopause Boundary, Crossing the Cusp, and Icy Ionospheric Escape
Authors: Collinson Glyn , Paterson William R. , Bard Christopher , Dorelli John , Glocer Alex , Sarantos Menelaos , Wilson Rob
Published: April 2018

On 27 June 1996, the NASA Galileo spacecraft made humanity's first flyby of Jupiter's largest moon, Ganymede, discovering that it is the only moon known to possess an internally generated magnetic field. Resurrecting the original Galileo Plasma Subsystem (PLS) data analysis software, we processed the raw PLS data from G01 and for the first time present the properties of plasmas encountered. Entry into the magnetosphere of Ganymede occurred near the confluence of the magnetopause and plasma sheet. Reconnection‐driven plasma flows were observed (consistent with an Earth‐like Dungey cycle), which may be a result of reconnection in the plasma sheet, magnetopause, or might be Ganymede's equivalent of a Low‐Latitude Boundary Layer. Dropouts in plasma density combined with velocity perturbations afterward suggest that Galileo briefly crossed the cusps into closed magnetic field lines. Galileo then crossed the cusps, where field‐aligned precipitating ions were observed flowing down into the surface, at a location consistent with observations by the Hubble Space Telescope. The density of plasma outflowing from Ganymede jumped an order of magnitude around closest approach over the north polar cap. The abrupt increase may be a result of crossing the cusp or may represent an altitude‐dependent boundary such as an ionopause. More diffuse, warmer field‐aligned outflows were observed in the lobes. Fluxes of particles near the moon on the nightside were significantly lower than on the dayside, possibly resulting from a diurnal cycle of the ionosphere and/or neutral atmosphere.
Roll‐to‐Roll Production of Graphitic Petals on Carbon Fiber Tow
Authors: Saviers Kimberly R. , Alrefae Majed A. , Fisher Timothy S.
Published: April 2018

A scalable roll‐to‐roll process is employed to produce graphitic petals. A 1‐meter sample of graphitic petals on carbon fiber tow is produced with a roll‐to‐roll radio‐frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition method. Microscale characterization reveals increasingly graphitic carbon structures with production time. Correspondingly, macroscale characterization shows enhanced functional performance with production time: decreasing electrical resistance and increasing capacitance. Using optical emission spectroscopy, important species in the plasma are studied and used to determine the plasma gas temperature. The results demonstrate that 1) successful cost‐driven production of graphitic petals is possible, 2) a plasma diagnostic technique is capable of real‐time process monitoring, and 3) meaningful material characterization methods are amenable to a production setting. Finally, valuable experiential learnings are shared to inform future equipment design and process development.
Dual‐Function Electrocatalytic and Macroporous Hollow‐Fiber Cathode for Converting Waste Streams to Valuable Resources Using Microbial Electrochemical Systems
Authors: Katuri Krishna P. , Kalathil Shafeer , Ragab Ala'a , Bian Bin , Alqahtani Manal F. , Pant Deepak , Saikaly Pascal E.
Published: April 2018

Dual‐function electrocatalytic and macroporous hollow‐fiber cathodes are recently proposed as promising advanced material for maximizing the conversion of waste streams such as wastewater and waste CO2 to valuable resources (e.g., clean freshwater, energy, value‐added chemicals) in microbial electrochemical systems. The first part of this progress report reviews recent developments in this type of cathode architecture for the simultaneous recovery of clean freshwater and energy from wastewater. Critical insights are provided on suitable materials for fabricating these cathodes, as well as addressing some challenges in the fabrication process with proposed strategies to overcome them. The second and complementary part of the progress report highlights how the unique features of this cathode architecture can solve one of the intrinsic bottlenecks (gas–liquid mass transfer limitation) in the application of microbial electrochemical systems for CO2 reduction to value‐added products. Strategies to further improve the availability of CO2 to microbial catalysts on the cathode are proposed. The importance of understanding microbe–cathode interactions, as well as electron transfer mechanisms at the cathode–cell and cell–cell interface to better design dual‐function macroporous hollow‐fiber cathodes, is critically discussed with insights on how the choice of material is important in facilitating direct electron transfer versus mediated electron transfer.
Self‐Healing Proton‐Exchange Membranes Composed of Nafion–Poly(vinyl alcohol) Complexes for Durable Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Yixuan , Liang Liang , Liu Changpeng , Li Yang , Xing Wei , Sun Junqi
Published: April 2018

Proton‐exchange membranes (PEMs) that can heal mechanical damage to restore original functions are important for the fabrication of durable and reliable direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The fabrication of healable PEMs that exhibit satisfactory mechanical stability, enhanced proton conductivity, and suppressed methanol permeability via hydrogen‐bonding complexation between Nafion and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) followed by postmodification with 4‐carboxybenzaldehyde (CBA) molecules is presented. Compared with pure Nafion, the CBA/Nafion–PVA membranes exhibit enhanced mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of ≈20.3 MPa and strain of ≈380%. The CBA/Nafion–PVA membrane shows a proton conductivity of 0.11 S cm−1 at 80 °C, which is 1.2‐fold higher than that of a Nafion membrane. The incorporated PVA gives the CBA/Nafion–PVA membranes excellent proton conductivity and methanol resistance. The resulting CBA/Nafion–PVA membranes are capable of healing mechanical damage of several tens of micrometers in size and restoring their original proton conductivity and methanol resistance under the working conditions of DMFCs. The healing property originates from the reversibility of hydrogen‐bonding interactions between Nafion and CBA‐modified PVA and the high chain mobility of Nafion and CBA‐modified PVA.
On‐Chip Spiral Waveguides for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of Nanoscale Objects
Authors: Tang Shui‐Jing , Liu Shuai , Yu Xiao‐Chong , Song Qinghai , Gong Qihuang , Xiao Yun‐Feng
Published: April 2018

Ultrasensitive and rapid detection of nano‐objects is crucial in both fundamental studies and practical applications. Optical sensors using evanescent fields in microcavities, plasmonic resonators, and nanofibers allow label‐free detection down to single molecules, but practical applications are severely hindered by long response time and device reproducibility. Here, an on‐chip dense waveguide sensor to monitor single unlabeled nanoparticles in a strong optical evanescent field is demonstrated. The spiral nanowaveguide design enables two orders of magnitude enhancement in sensing area compared to a straight waveguide, significantly improving the particle capture ability and shortening the target analysis time. In addition, the measurement noise is suppressed to a level of 10−4 in the transmitted power, pushing the detection limit of single particles down to the size of 100 nm. The waveguide sensor on the silicon‐on‐isolator platform can be fabricated reproducibly by the conventional semiconductor processing and compatible with surface functionalization chemistries and microfluidics, which could lead to widespread use for sensing in environmental monitoring and human health.
Effect of substrate curvature on microstructure and gas permeability of hollow fiber MFI zeolite membranes
Authors: Chen Chien‐Hua , Meng Lie , Tung Kuo‐Lun , Lin Y. S.
Published: April 2018

Literature data show that gas permeability of MFI zeolite membrane varies depending on the geometry of supports. The present work investigates the effects of the surface curvature of substrates on the microstructure and the gas permeation property of supported zeolite membranes. MFI zeolite membranes were grown on porous alumina hollow fibers with different diameters (surface curvature) by the secondary growth method. Single gas permeation and H2/CO2 binary gas separation from 25 to 300
were conducted to study the membrane quality. The zeolite membranes on supports of larger surface curvature have higher permeability and lower selectivity due to the presence of more inter‐crystalline gaps in the zeolite layer formed during the template removal step. The effects of the support surface curvature (and geometry) on zeolite membrane microstructure and gas permeation characteristics are semi‐quantitatively analyzed by a transport model considering both structural change and gas diffusion in micropores. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3419–3428, 2018
Der Effekt von Dispersionswechselwirkungen auf die Struktur von Diphenylether‐Aggregaten
Authors: Dietrich Fabian , Bernhard Dominic , Fatima Mariyam , Pérez Cristóbal , Schnell Melanie , Gerhards Markus
Published: April 2018

Dispersionswechselwirkungen spielen häufig eine wichtige Rolle beim Verständnis ungewöhnlicher Bindungsverhältnisse. Dies wird anhand der systematischen Untersuchung der bevorzugten Strukturen einer Reihe von Diphenylether(DPE)‐Alkohol‐Aggregaten veranschaulicht, bei denen sowohl OH⋅⋅⋅O‐ als auch OH⋅⋅⋅π‐gebundene Isomere gebildet werden können. Dabei wird ein multi‐spektroskopischer Ansatz aus IR/UV‐ und Mikrowellen‐Methoden verfolgt, verbunden mit einer theoretischen Analyse. Der resultierende, von der Solvensgröße abhängige Trend der bevorzugten Strukturen erweist sich als kontraintuitiv: Die OH⋅⋅⋅O‐Struktur wird durch größere Alkohole stabilisiert, von denen jedoch erwartet wird, dass sie stärkere “Dispersionsenergie‐Donoren” sind und somit eigentlich eine OH⋅⋅⋅π‐Koordination bevorzugen sollten. London'sche Dispersionswechselwirkungen in Kombination mit der Verdrillung des DPE‐Rückgrats, bedingt durch die Anlagerung des Lösungsmittelmoleküls, sind wesentlich für die Erklärung dieses Trends.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Arylation of Racemic Ketones to Form Bridged Bicycles via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Huang Xiaolei , Oh William Ray Jun Jie , Zhou Jianrong Steve
Published: April 2018

Enantioselective α‐arylation of racemic ketones containing existing α′‐stereocenters is reported for the first time via base‐induced dynamic kinetic resolution. Bridged bicyclic rings are formed in good ee values, which are difficult to obtain otherwise. Furthermore, reactions in DMSO‐d6 resulted in extensive deuteration of both α‐ and α′‐positions in the products, thus supporting a pathway involving rapid, reversible deprotonation of ketones under catalytic conditions.
Emerging Camelina Protein: Extraction, Modification, and Structural/Functional Characterization
Authors: Boyle Claire , Hansen Lucy , Hinnenkamp Chelsey , Ismail Baraem P.
Published: April 2018

Camelina sativa, a sustainable oilseed crop, is a novel source of plant protein. The aim of this work was to evaluate two protein extraction approaches, alkaline and salt extraction, and determine their impact on the structural and functional properties of camelina protein. Protein yield, content, structural characteristics, and functional properties of the produced camelina protein concentrates (CPC, 70–80% protein) and camelina protein hydrolysates were assessed and compared to reference proteins, whey protein isolate and soy protein isolate (SPI). Compared to alkaline pH extraction, data showed that salt extraction produces less denatured and more functional CPC, composed mainly of cruciferin and napin proteins. The functionality of the salt‐extracted CPC was comparable and sometimes better than that of SPI. Specifically, the solubility (~70%) of the salt‐extracted CPC at pH 3.4 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that (~50%) of SPI. Additionally, salt‐extracted CPC had significantly higher emulsification capacity and foaming capacity than SPI. On the other hand, the gelation property of CPC was inferior to that of SPI, an observation attributed to the molecular size of camelina protein compared to soy protein. Upon hydrolysis of CPC with Aspergillus oryzae protease, a limited benefit to solubility was noted at pH 7 postthermal treatment. Overall, results revealed the potential of camelina as a novel source of functional plant protein that might gain a position in the protein market place, and possibly compete with soy protein for several applications targeting the use of plant proteins.
Chemical Composition, Physical Properties, and the Oxidative Stability of Oil Bodies Extracted From Argania spinosa
Authors: Zaaboul Farah , Raza Husnain , Lazraq Abderrahim , Deng Boxin , Cao Chen , Liu Yuan F.
Published: April 2018

Oil bodies (OB) were extracted from argan kernels using an aqueous extraction method. The composition of OB revealed its lipid profile, which had a high content of stearic and palmitic acid. Besides, evidence suggested an association between OB and tocopherols. The physical properties of argan OB (AOB) showed that their size was around 1.9 μm and the ζ‐potential went from +17.7 mV at pH 2.0 to −32.25 mV at pH 8, with an isoelectric point around pH 5.1. OB were stable and small at pH 2.0, 7.0, and 8.0 but large near the pI. Additionally, AOB were stable against aggregation/coalescence even in high salt concentrations, and also against thermal processing (95 °C) with only a change in their interfacial properties. AOB emulsion showed interesting oxidative stability at different storage temperatures and heat treatment. Heat treatment and storage at low temperature preserved oleosins from degradation by the endogenous enzyme, and H‐oleosin 15 kDa resisted hydrolyzation even at a high storage temperature for 2 weeks.
Poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/boric acid composite hydrogel as soft contact lens material: Thermal, optical, rheological, and enhanced antibacterial properties
Authors: Ulu Ahmet , Balcioglu Sevgi , Birhanli Emre , Sarimeseli Ayse , Keskin Rukiye , Koytepe Suleyman , Ates Burhan
Published: April 2018

The present work proposes to fabricate a composite hydrogel material that well characterized, transparent, biocompatible, and self‐antibacterial as potential soft contact lens material. For this purpose, poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)/boric acid (BA) composite hydrogels were successfully prepared by chemical crosslinking with BA through in situ polymerization using different BA ratios between 1 and 10% w/w. Afterward, the compositions, thermal stability, transparence, oxygen permeability, water uptake capacity, swelling ratio as well as morphological and rheological properties, in vitro degradability, in vitro cytotoxicity, and antibacterial properties of the all prepared materials were analyzed using a series of different techniques. The thermal stability, hydrophilicity, water uptake, oxygen permeability gradually increased depending ratio of BA, which is desirable for biomaterial. While the transparence and refractive index decreased, the composite hydrogels, except for BA content of 10 wt %, maintained enough transparency to be used for contact lens. In addition, PHEMA/BA composite hydrogels exhibited good cytocompatibility (PHEMA‐1%BA and PHEMA‐3%BA) and excellent antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Overall, the results demonstrated that the obtained PHEMA/BA composite hydrogels could be considered as self‐antibacterial contact lens and a potential composite biomaterial for other applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46575.
Interfacial compatibility of super‐tough poly(lactic acid)/polyurethane blends investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Zhao Xipo , Yu Xiaolei , Chen Hao , Zhou Weiyi , Fang Pengfei , Peng Shaoxian
Published: April 2018

Supertough polylactide (PLA)/polyurethane (PU) blends were prepared by reactive blending of PLA with polyester polyol and toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate. The free volume and interfacial compatibility between the two polymers were investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The PU particles dispersed homogeneously in the PLA matrix and self‐assembled into a subinclusion microstructure, resulting in fibrils and significant plastic deformation occurs during impact process. More phase interface and free volume cavities formed between PLA and PU boundary because of a good interfacial compatibility between the two polymers, leading to smaller sizes of free volume cavities, and the increasing of the number of these cavities. Therefore, the toughness of PLA was greatly improved by blending PU. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46596.
Effect of glucose fouling on the dissolved gases permeation through maximum‐crystallized poly(lactic acid) films
Authors: Hsiao Mingyin , Nara Suguru , Kitagawa Takeharu , Nagai Kazukiyo
Published: April 2018

In this study, we investigated the effect of fouling on the dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation in water through maximum‐crystallized poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance, attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, contact angle, water content ratio, and dissolved gas permeation. Fouling means the adhesion of contents on a container's internal surface, where content adhesion can directly influence the barrier property of the container. Glucose, a beverage ingredient, was used as a foulant. The permeation of dissolved gases in amorphous PLA film, maximum‐crystallized PLA film, and fouled maximum‐crystallized PLA film was determined. The decreased interstices in the polymer chains during crystallization resulted in the inhibition of the diffusion and decrease in the permeability coefficient of the gases. Moreover, the slope of the permeability coefficient for carbon dioxide in the Arrhenius plot was found smaller than that of oxygen's. This result indicated that the gas barrier property of dissolved carbon dioxide was considerably influenced by solubility and readily decreases during glucose fouling. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46604.
Design, synthesis, and molecular docking study of 3H‐imidazole[4,5‐c]pyridine derivatives as CDK2 inhibitors
Authors: Wu Yi‐Zhe , Ying Hua‐Zhou , Xu Lei , Cheng Gang , Chen Jing , Hu Yong‐Zhou , Liu Tao , Dong Xiao‐Wu
Published: April 2018

A novel series of imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine‐based CDK2 inhibitors were designed from the structure of CYC202 via scaffold hopping strategy. These compounds were synthesized and biologically evaluated for their CDK2 inhibitory and in vitro anti‐proliferation potential against cancer cell lines. Several compounds exhibited potent CDK2 inhibition with IC50 values of less than 1 µM. The most potent compound 5b showed excellent CDK2 inhibitory (IC50 = 21 nM) and in vitro anti‐proliferation activity against three different cell lines (HL60, A549, and HCT116). The molecular docking and dynamic studies portrayed the potential binding mechanism between 5b and CDK2, and several key interactions between them were observed, which would be the reason for its potent CDK2 inhibitory and anti‐proliferation activities. Therefore, the pyridin‐3‐ylmethyl moiety would serve as an excellent pharmacophore for the development of novel CDK2 inhibitors for targeted anti‐cancer therapy.
Effects of moderate intensity static magnetic fields on osteoclastic differentiation in mouse bone marrow cells
Authors: Kim Eun‐Cheol , Park Jaesuh , Noh Gunwoo , Park Su‐Jung , Noh Kwantae , Kwon Il‐Keun , Ahn Su‐Jin
Published: April 2018

Although we recently demonstrated that static magnetic fields (SMFs) of 3, 15, and 50 mT stimulate osteoblastic differentiation, the effects of SMFs on osteoclastogenesis are still poorly understood. This study focused on the suppressive effects of SMFs on receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Direct SMFs inhibit RANKL‐induced multinucleated osteoclast formation, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase activity, and bone resorption in mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophage cells. The conditioned medium from osteoblasts treated with SMFs also resulted in the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation as well as resorption. The RANKL‐induced expression of osteoclast‐specific transcription factors, such as c‐Fos and NFATc1, was remarkably downregulated by SMF at 15 mT. In addition, SMF inhibited RANKL‐activated Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, c‐jun N‐terminal protein kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) formation. These findings indicate that SMF‐mediated attenuation of RANKL‐induced Akt, GSK3β, MAPK, and NF‐κB pathways could contribute to the direct and indirect inhibition of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Therefore, SMFs could be developed as a therapeutic agent against periprosthetic or peri‐implant osteolysis. Additionally, these could be used against osteolytic diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:394–404, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heritable L1 Retrotransposition Events During Development: Understanding Their Origins
Authors: Richardson Sandra R. , Faulkner Geoffrey J.
Published: April 2018

The retrotransposon Long Interspersed Element 1 (LINE‐1 or L1) has played a major role in shaping the sequence composition of the mammalian genome. In our recent publication, “Heritable L1 retrotransposition in the mouse primordial germline and early embryo,” we systematically assessed the rate and developmental timing of de novo, heritable endogenous L1 insertions in mice. Such heritable retrotransposition events allow L1 to exert an ongoing influence upon genome evolution. Here, we place our findings in the context of earlier studies, and highlight how our results corroborate, and depart from, previous research based on human patient samples and transgenic mouse models harboring engineered L1 reporter genes. In parallel, we outline outstanding questions regarding the stage‐specificity, regulation, and functional impact of embryonic and germline L1 retrotransposition, and propose avenues for future research in this field.
Normalizing Gas‐Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Data: Method Choice can Alter Biological Inference
Authors: Noonan Michael J. , Tinnesand Helga V. , Buesching Christina D.
Published: April 2018

We demonstrate how different normalization techniques in GC‐MS analysis impart unique properties to the data, influencing any biological inference. Using simulations, and empirical data, we compare the most commonly used techniques (Total Sum Normalization ‘TSN’; Median Normalization ‘MN’; Probabilistic Quotient Normalization ‘PQN’; Internal Standard Normalization ‘ISN’; External Standard Normalization ‘ESN’; and a compositional data approach ‘CODA’). When differences between biological classes are pronounced, ESN and ISN provides good results, but are less reliable for more subtly differentiated groups. MN, TSN, and CODA approaches produced variable results dependent on the structure of the data, and are prone to false positive biomarker identification. In contrast, PQN exhibits the lowest false positive rate, though with occasionally poor model performance. Because ESN requires extensive pre‐planning, and offers only mixed reliability, and ISN, TSN, MN, and CODA approaches are prone to introducing artefactual differences, we recommend the use of PQN in GC–MS research.
Three Distinct Types of Microautophagy Based on Membrane Dynamics and Molecular Machineries
Authors: Oku Masahide , Sakai Yasuyoshi
Published: April 2018

Microautophagy is originally defined as lysosomal (vacuolar) membrane dynamics to directly enwrap and transport cytosolic components into the lumen of the lytic organelle. Molecular details of microautophagy had remained unknown until genetic studies in yeast identified a set of proteins required for the process. Subsequent studies with other experimental model organisms resulted in a series of discoveries that accompanied an expansion of the definition of microautophagy to also encompass endosomal membrane dynamics. These findings, however, still impose puzzling, non‐integrated images as to the molecular mechanism of microautophagy. By reviewing recent studies on microautophagy in various experimental systems, we propose the classification of microautophagy into three types, as the basis for developing a comprehensive view of the process.
Enhanced chemiluminescence of the fluorescein–KIO4 system by CdTe quantum dots for determination of catechol
Authors: Cai Na , Yang DongQin , He YanYan , Chen FuNan
Published: April 2018

In this paper, a novel chemiluminescence (CL) system was introduced based on the use of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with the mixture solutions of fluorescein and potassium periodate (KIO4) in alkaline medium. The CL signal of an ultra‐weak system was strongly enhanced in the presence of QDs. The application of CdTe QDs–fluorescein–KIO4 system is reported for the first time. It was found that catechol had a diminishing effect on the CL reaction. Under optimal experimental conditions, CL intensity decreased linearly in a 1 to 100 μM catechol concentration range, with a 0.18 μM detection limit. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed according to the results of kinetic analyses, CL spectra, ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectra. The results pointed to an efficient energy transfer between the CL energy donor CdTe QDs and acceptor fluorescein. Finally, the CL method was successfully applied to the determination of catechol in environmental water samples.
Utility of Von Pechman synthesis of coumarin reaction for development of spectrofluorimetric method for quantitation of salmeterol xinafoate in pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma
Authors: Awad Mohamed , Hammad Mohamed A. , Abdel‐Megied Ahmed M. , Omar Mahmoud A.
Published: April 2018

Simple, precise and selective spectrofluorimetric technique was evolved for quantitation of selective β2 agonist drug namely salmeterol xinafoate (SAL). Utilizing its phenolic nature, a method was described based on the reaction of the studied drug with ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) to yield extremely fluorescent coumarin product which can be detected at 480 nm (λex = 420 nm). The procedure obeys Beer's law with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.9999 in the concentration range between 500 and 5000 ng ml−1 with and 177 ng ml−1 for limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), respectively. Diverse reaction variables influencing the firmness and formation of the coumarin product were accurately examined and modified to ensure greatest sensitivity of the procedure. The proposed technique was performed and examined according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for bio‐analytical methods and was efficiently applied for quantitation of SAL in both pharmaceutical preparations (% recovery = 100.06 ± 1.07) and spiked human plasma (% recovery = 96.64–97.14 ± 1.01–1.52).
Clinical translation of microbe‐based therapies: Current clinical landscape and preclinical outlook
Authors: Vargason Ava M. , Anselmo Aaron C.
Published: April 2018

Next generation microbe‐based therapeutics, inspired by the success of fecal microbiota transplants, are being actively investigated in clinical trials to displace or eliminate pathogenic microbes to treat various diseases in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and vagina. Genetically engineered microbes are also being investigated in the clinic as drug producing factories for biologic delivery, which can provide a constant local source of drugs. In either case, microbe‐therapeutics have the opportunity to address unmet clinical needs and open new areas of research by reducing clinical side effects associated with current treatment modalities or by facilitating the delivery of biologics. This review will discuss examples of past and current clinical trials that are investigating microbe‐therapeutics, both microbiome‐modulating and drug‐producing, for the treatment of a range of diseases. We then offer a perspective on how preclinical approaches, both those focused on developing advanced delivery systems and those that use in vitro microbiome model systems to inform formulation design, will lead to the realization of next‐generation microbe‐therapeutics.
Defining the mechanistic binding of viral particles to a multi‐modal anion exchange resin
Authors: Brown Matthew R. , Burnham Michael S. , Lute Scott C. , Johnson Sarah A. , Walsh Alison A. , Brorson Kurt A. , Roush David J.
Published: April 2018

A multi‐tiered approach to determine the binding mechanism of viral clearance utilizing a multi‐modal anion exchange resin was applied to a panel of four viral species that are typically used in validating viral clearance studies (i.e., X‐MuLV, MVM, REO3, and PrV). First, virus spiked buffer‐only experiments were conducted to evaluate the virus's affinity for single mode and multi‐modal chromatography resins under different buffer conditions in a chromatography column setting. From these results we hypothesize that the mechanisms of binding of the viruses involve binding to both the hydrophobic and anionic functional groups. This mechanistic view agreed with the general surface characteristics of the different virus species in terms of isoelectric point and relative hydrophobicity values. This hypothesized mechanistic binding was then tested with commercially relevant, in‐process materials, in which competitive binding occurred between the load components (e.g., viruses, target product, and impurities) and the resin. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1019–1026, 2018
Enzymatic synthesis of ethyl esters from waste oil using mixtures of lipases in a plug‐flow packed‐bed continuous reactor
Authors: Poppe Jakeline Kathiele , Matte Carla Roberta , de Freitas Vitória Olave , Fernandez‐Lafuente Roberto , Rodrigues Rafael C. , Záchia Ayub Marco Antônio
Published: April 2018

This work describes the continuous synthesis of ethyl esters via enzymatic catalysis on a packed‐bed continuous reactor, using mixtures of immobilized lipases (combi‐lipases) of Candida antarctica (CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL), and Rhizomucor miehei (RML). The influence of the addition of glass beads to the reactor bed, evaluation of the use of different solvents, and flow rate on reaction conditions was studied. All experiments were conducted using the best combination of lipases according to the fatty acid composition of the waste oil (combi‐lipase composition: 40% of TLL, 35% of CALB, and 25% of RML) and soybean oil (combi‐lipase composition: 22.5% of TLL, 50% of CALB, and 27.5% of RML). The best general reaction conditions were found to be using tert‐butanol as solvent, and the flow rate of 0.08 mL min−1. The combi‐lipase reactors operating at steady state for over 30 days (720 h), kept conversion yields of ∼50%, with average productivity of 1.94 gethyl esters
h−1, regardless of the type of oil in use. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:952–959, 2018
Consistency of cybernetic variables with gene expression profiles: A more rigorous test
Authors: DeVilbiss Frank , Mandli Aravinda , Ramkrishna Doraiswami
Published: April 2018

Diauxic growth of Escherichia coli is driven by a host of internal, complex regulatory actions. In this classic scenario of cellular control, the cell employs a rational algorithm to modulate its metabolism in a competitive fashion. Cybernetic models of metabolism, whose development now spans three decades, were first formulated to describe regulation of cells in complex, multi‐substrate environments. They modeled this scenario using the hypothesis that the formation of the enzymatic machinery is regulated to maximize a return on investment. While this assumption is made on the basis of logical arguments rooted in evolutionary principles, little effort has been taken to validate if enzymes are truly synthesized in the same fashion that is predicted by cybernetic variables. This work revisits the original cybernetic models describing diauxic growth and compares their predictions of enzyme synthesis control with time series gene expression data in microarray and qRT‐PCR formats. Three separate studies are made for two different strains of E. coli. The first is for the growth of E. coli BW25113 on a mixture of glucose and acetate, whose gene expression changes are metered by microarray. Another is also for the sequential consumption of glucose and acetate but involves strain MG1655 and employs qRT‐PCR. The final is for E. coli MG1655 on glucose and lactose. By demonstrating how cybernetic variables for induced enzyme synthesis mimic the behavior of transcriptional data, a strong argument for using cybernetic models is made. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:858–867, 2018
A Comparative Reengineering Study of cpADH5 through Iterative and Simultaneous Multisite Saturation Mutagenesis
Authors: Ensari Yunus , Dhoke Gaurao V. , Davari Mehdi D. , Ruff Anna Joëlle , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: April 2018

Positions identified in directed evolution campaigns or by (semi)rational design can be recombined iteratively or simultaneously. Iterative recombination has yielded many success stories and is beneficially used if screening capabilities are limited (four iterative SSMs generate 20×4=80 different enzyme variants). Simultaneous site saturation mutagenesis offers significantly higher diversity (204=160 000 variants) and enables greater improvements to be found, especially if the selected positions are in close proximity to each other (cooperative effects). Here we report a first comprehensive comparison of iterative and simultaneous saturation of four residues in Candida parapsilosis alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (cpADH5) with methyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate as substrate. Screening of 7200 clones from 33 site saturation mutagenesis libraries (exploring 17 recombination paths) yielded the cpADH5 W286A variant, with a 82‐fold improved initial activity toward methyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate. Screening 3500 clones from a single OmniChange library with four positions (C57, W116, L119, and W286; 1.8 % of the generated sequence space) yielded the cpADH5 C57V/W286S variant, with a 108‐fold improvement in initial activity toward methyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate. A 1.8 % coverage of the sequence space of the simultaneous multisite saturation library was, in comparison to the investigated 17 recombination paths, sufficient to identify a cpADH5 variant with improved activity.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of o‐Xylene: Evidence of a New Rate‐Limiting Step in the Search for Industrially Relevant Conditions
Authors: Álvarez‐Casao Yolanda , van Slagmaat Christian A. M. R. , Verzijl Gerard K. M. , Lefort Laurent , Alsters Paul L. , Fernández‐Ibáñez M. Ángeles
Published: April 2018

An efficient cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of o‐xylene under neat conditions, which brings important industrial benefits towards the synthesis of a monomer used in polyimide resins, is reported. The catalyst based on the combination of Pd/N ligand/carboxylate=1:1:2 does not require a Cu cocatalyst and proceeds at 11 bar of O2 pressure. Evaluation of the deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) provides evidence for three different rate‐determining steps, which depend on the reaction conditions (medium, temperature). Under the reported neat conditions, the dissociation of a carboxylate‐bridged dimer to generate a more reactive monometallic Pd species is proposed to be the rate‐limiting step.
Strong Preference of the Redox‐Neutral Mechanism over the Redox Mechanism for the TiIV Catalysis Involved in the Carboamination of Alkyne with Alkene and Diazene
Authors: Guo Jiandong , Lu Yu , Zhao Ruihua , Liu Zheyuan , Menberu Wasihun , Wang Zhi‐Xiang
Published: April 2018

Titanium catalysis generally prefers redox‐neutral mechanisms. Yet it has been reported that titanium could promote bond formations in a way similar to reductive elimination. Accordingly, redox catalytic cycles involving TiIV/TiII cycling have been considered. By studying, as an example, the carboamination of alkynes with alkenes and azobenzene catalyzed by the [TiIV]=NPh imido complex, we performed DFT computations to gain an understanding of how the “abnormal” catalysis takes place, thereby allowing us to clarify whether the catalysis really follows TiIV/TiII redox mechanisms. The reaction first forms an azatitanacyclohexene by alkyne addition to the [TiIV]=NPh bond, followed by alkene insertion. The azatitanacyclohexene can either undergo Cα−Cγ coupling, to afford bicyclo[3.1.0]imine, or β‐H elimination, to yield a [TiIV]−H hydride, which then undergoes Cα=Cβ or Cγ=Cδ insertion to give an α,β‐ or β,γ‐unsaturated imine, respectively. Both the geometric and electronic structures indicate that the catalytic cycles proceed through redox‐neutral mechanisms. The alternative redox mechanisms (e.g., by N−H or C−H reductive elimination) are substantially less favorable. We concluded that electronically, the TiIV catalysis intrinsically favors the redox‐neutral mechanism, because a redox pathway would involve TiII structures either in the triplet ground state or in the high‐lying open‐shell singlet state, but the involvement of triplet TiII structures is spin‐forbidden and that of singlet TiII structures is energetically disadvantageous.
Kinetics of Ethylene Epoxidation on a Promoted Ag/α‐Al2O3 Catalyst—The Effects of Product and Chloride Co‐Feeds on Rates and Selectivity
Authors: Chen Cha‐Jung , Harris James W. , Bhan Aditya
Published: April 2018

The overall chloriding effectiveness factor (Z*), defined as the ratio of ethyl chloride concentration in parts per million to the sum of ethylene and ethane concentration in mole percent multiplied by a weighting factor to account for their efficacy in removing chlorine‐adatoms from the surface, was used as a parameter to account for the effects of chlorine on the kinetics of ethylene epoxidation on a highly promoted 35 wt % Ag/α‐Al2O3 catalyst. An increase in O2 order (≈0.7 to 1) and a decrease in C2H4 order (≈0.5 to <0) with increasing Z* (Z*=2.1, 3.4, 5.2, and 8.9) was observed implicating kinetic relevance of O2 activation on chloride‐promoted silver catalysts. Carbon dioxide co‐feed (1–5 mol %) was found to promote ethylene oxide selectivity as CO2 co‐feed reversibly inhibits CO2 synthesis rates (−0.6 order) more than ethylene oxide synthesis rates (−0.49 order) at all Z* values. Ethylene oxide and CO2 rates were found to be invariant with ethylene oxide (0–0.5 mol %) and acetaldehyde (0–1.7 ppm) co‐feeds, suggesting that there is minimal product inhibition under reaction conditions. A model involving a common reaction intermediate for ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide synthesis and two types of atomically adsorbed oxygen species—nucleophilic and electrophilic oxygen—is proposed to plausibly describe the observed reaction rate dependencies and selectivity trends as a function of the chloriding effectiveness.