bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Usability Testing of Mixed Reality Scenarios: A Hands-on Report
Authors: Strohmaier Robert , Sprung Gerhard , Nischelwitzer Alexander , Schadenbauer Sandra
Published: October 2022

We would like to share our insights in designing, preparing, preforming, and analyzing usability tests for multiple connected augmented reality and virtual reality applications as well as traditional mobile applications developed for a multimodal screening tool. This screening tool is under development at the University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM in Graz, Austria. Several researchers from the departments of health studies and applied computer sciences are working closely together to establish a tool for early diagnosis of cognitive impairments to contribute to the management of dementia. The usability of this screening tool was evaluated by ten therapists paired with ten clients as testing group 1 and two usability experts in a separate test (group 2). In this chapter, we would like to describe why we use observed summative evaluation using the co-discovery method followed by post-task questionnaires for the first testing group. We are going to discuss the reasons for performing the cognitive walkthrough method as co-discovery with usability experts of testing group two as well. Furthermore, we describe how we use camera recordings (traditional cameras, 360-degree cameras), screen recording, and special tailor-made software to experience the screening process through the user’s eyes.
The Ability of Some Inorganic Nanoparticles to Inhibit Some Staphylococcus spp.
Authors: Suood Abdalmohaimen , Mahdi Iman , Saleh Mahmood
Published: October 2022

In the last decades, antibiotics were used to treat infections caused by some Staphylococcus species, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The widespread use of antibiotics to treat staphylococcal infections has resulted in an increase in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, particularly to beta-lactam antibiotics. In recent years, researchers have been working on developing new antibiotics, despite the fact that they are complex and expensive and carry a number of risks associated with drug toxicity. Using new substances that have good potential against bacterial infection without causing bacteria to become resistant to these substances is currently being researched. More research has been carried out on the effect of silver and copper nanoparticles in neutralizing staphylococcal infection in laboratory studies. The toxic effect of nanoparticles was a concern to scientists, but despite that, the studies in vivo found that there was no toxic effect at low doses of nanoparticles on rats. The findings in this field were acceptable to entice researchers to develop these substances.
Colorectal Anastomosis: The Critical Aspect of Any Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Domingues dos Santos Marisa
Published: October 2022

Colorectal surgery has undergone an enormous technical evolution with the advent of laparoscopy and, more recently, the robotics approach. Technology, combined with the use of more advanced materials and the implementation of pre-habilitation and enhanced recovery after multimodal surgery programs, has allowed the performance of complex surgeries with excellent results. As a result, reaching optimal oncological, physiological, and cosmetic results associated with the patient’s better and shorter postoperative stay is possible. However, colorectal anastomosis is still a critical aspect of this process that always affects the final result of the surgery. Therefore, it has profound implications in the short, medium, and long term. When an anastomotic leak occurs, it is usually the surgeon’s biggest nightmare and can have devastating consequences for both the patient and the surgeon. This chapter’s aim pretended to reflect on how to avoid colorectal anastomotic leakage and, if it happens, how to detect and treat it early, trying to minimize the number and the consequence.
Phenotypic Analysis of Pigeon Pea Reveal Genotypic Variability under Different Environmental Interaction
Authors: Alina Mofokeng Maletsema , Bello Zaid , Mashingaidze Kingstone
Published: October 2022

Pigeon pea is one of the most important leguminous crop globally. However it is a neglected pulse crops in South Africa in terms of research and production. Most farmers grow local landraces with low yields and there is lack of diverse material. The objective of the study was to determine the presence of genetic diversity among the pigeon pea genotypes using quantitative and qualitative phenotypic traits. The trials were conducted in Mafikeng and Nelspruit in South Africa. The trials were laid out in randomised complete block designs replicated three times. The quantitative and qualitative phenotypic data were recorded according to pigeon pea descriptor list. The phenotypic data were analysed using analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlations, principal component analysis, and biplots constructed using principal coordinate analysis, Shannon weaver diversity indices and frequencies. The results showed highly significant differences among the genotypes based on plant height, pod bearing and seed number per pod meaning there was vast genetic diversity among the genotypes. Seed yield was positively correlated with seed number per pod, seed number per plant and pod weight whereas pod bearing was negatively associated with hundred seed weight meaning improving seed yield will automatically improve other positively correlated traits. Principal component analysis showed five most important PCs contributing to a total variation of 84.7%. The traits that contributed to the most variation to the total variation observed were plant height, pod length, seed yield, pod bearing and days to flowering. The Shannon weaver indices ranged between 0.98 and 1.00 showing the presence of variation among the qualitative traits measured. The clustering grouped genotypes into three clusters with Tumia and ICEAP 00540 being the most diverse. The diverse genotypes can be used as parents for hybridization and development of transgressive segregants in breeding programmes. There was vast presence of genetic diversity among the pigeon pea genotypes evaluated.
Effect of Defects on Structural Integrity in High-Heat-Input Weldment
Authors: Cho Dong-Pil , Kim Myung-Hyun
Published: October 2022

With the rapid increase in the size of container ships, the steel plates used for ship hulls have increased in thickness. The use of thick plates leads to an increase in welding. Alternative welding processes such as electro gas welding (EGW), with high heat input have been replacing the multi-pass flux cored arc welding process. Shipbuilding companies have tended to use EGW increasingly to improve productivity. However, because the toughness of steel tends to decrease for thicker plates, brittle fracture requireded more attention. Although some research on high-heat-input EGW weld joints has been performed, much less attention has been paid to estimating the integrity of defective high-heat-input weld joints. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of EGW weld joints for thick plates. To do so, the fracture toughness of EGW weld joints was investigated. In addition, to estimate the integrity of defective welds, the fatigue characteristics of experimentally reproduced defective welds were examined. Based on these investigations, an engineering critical assessmentwas conducted. As a result, a standard for the allowable defect size for field application according to the defect type is proposed.
SOURCES AND MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF ALKALINE RARE-METAL GRANITES AT THE ZASHIKHINSKY MASSIF BASED ON GEOCHEMICAL AND Nd ISOTOPE DATA
Authors: Alymova N. V. , Vorontsov A. A. , Dril S. I. , Sotnikova I. A.
Published: October 2022

The intraplate alkaline-granite magmatism essentially contributes to formation of rare-metal strategic raw materials. In the Major Sayan Fault of the East Sayan Mountains, the rocks of the Zashikhinsky (Pz3) massif were studied through the isotope-geochemical analysis to identify probable sources of alkaline-granite magma and mechanisms of their evolution resulting in ore accumulations, up to the formation of Nb-Ta deposits. The Nd isotopic characteristics of its alkaline granites were obtained for the first time. Together with the results of mineralogical and geochemical studies, they were applied for modeling its formation, in which crystallization differentiation of alkaline granite melts proceeds simultaneously with their assimilation of the enclosing granite-metamorphic formations.
MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF APATITE-FLUORITE ROCKS OF THE BURPALA MASSIF IN THE NORTHERN BAIKAL REGION
Authors: Sotnikova I. A. , Alymova N. V. , Scherbakov Yu. D.
Published: October 2022

The Burpala massif located in the Northern Baikal region contains ore-bearing pegmatites, carbonatites and apatite-fluorite rocks with Zr-Nb-REE-rare-metal mineralization. Considering their petrological, geochemical, geological and thermobarochemical features, it was established that apatite-fluorite rocks were formed from a residual fluid melt containing minor CO2, increased P2O5 and F. Apatite-fluorite rocks of the Burpala massif are similar to the foscorite formations of most carbonatite complexes distinguished by the presence of fluorite.

The mineral composition of these rocks was for the first time studied in details. In addition to apatite and fluorite, the following minerals are present: zircon, baddeleyite, barite-celeistine, barite, thorianite, ilmenite, magnetite, hematite, biotite, potassium feldspar, pyroxene, as well as rare minerals with high Ta, Nb and Pb content.
MINERAL COMPOSITION AND PT PARAMETERS OF CRYSTALLIZATION OF MANTLE ROCKS UNDER KIMBERLITE FIELDS OF THE ANABAR REGION
Authors: Kostrovitsky S. I. , Kalashnikova T. V. , Ashchepkov I. V.
Published: October 2022

The composition of barophilic minerals from mantle xenoliths and Cpx from concentrates of the Kuranakh, Luchakan, Dyuken, and Ary-Mastakh fields of the Anabar region has been studied. Under these fields, the lithospheric mantle compositions vary significantly. The PT parameters of crystallization were calculated using the composition of clinopyroxenes from xenoliths and heavy fraction of kimberlites. The lithospheric mantle rocks under the northern fields have higher values of Mg# of minerals and calculated mantle geotherm (35–48 mW/m2) compared to the parameters for the southern diamond fields. The pipes from the southwestern part of the Ary-Mastakh field are promising for the diamond potential, presenting Grt-bearing lherzolites and harzburgites with a high content of Cr2O3 (to 8.5 wt. %).
Research on enterprise financial risk management evaluation model in health sectors
Authors: Ting Qiu
Published: October 2022

With the rapid development of science and technology and the advent of the big data era, enterprise financial management is about to face challenges and opportunities. The advent of the big data era has brought an extremely comprehensive and accurate data analysis platform for enterprise financial management, but at the same time, it has had a huge impact. Therefore, under the background of big data, enterprise financial management is facing new challenges, Under this background, enterprise financial management is bound to experience reform and innovation [1]. Based on the impact of big data on financial management, this paper establishes an enterprise financial risk management model through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, including fuzzy number and membership, and further uses the risk data in the enterprise to prove the feasibility of the model. The research results show that enterprise financial risk consists of internal management risk and external environmental risk. The impact of external potential risks should be fully considered in enterprise financial risk management, and there is a significant correlation between internal and external risks[2]. Therefore, the membership index should be used to construct the correlation scale to make the measurement method more scientific and effective.
Immanuel Kant in the Historical Philosophy of Gustav Shpet
Authors: Shchedrina Tatiana G.
Published: October 2022

This article assesses the role of Immanuel Kant’s ideas in the historical philosophy of Gustav Shpet (1879—1937). This theme has been largely ignored by Shpet scholars who have concentrated on comparing his logical-methodological theories with the ideas of representatives of phenomenology (E. Husserl, R. Ingarden and others) and hermeneutics (F. Schleiermacher, W. Dilthey, H. Lipps, H.-G. Gadamer and others). Accordingly, the authors consistently reconstruct “the sphere of conversation” within which Shpet’s concept of “historical philosophy” was formed and reveal the place and role of Kant’s ideas in Shpet’s theories (with particular focus on the Plato-Kant antithesis). Among Shpet’s “interlocutors” with whom he discusses Kant and thus “ploughs” the field of historical philosophy are G. I. Chelpanov and E. Husserl, B. Bolzano and A. Trendelenburg, F. Heman and M. Frischeisen-Kohler. We have attached Shpet’s notes on Kant in the archive of his family. Shpet’s attitude to Kant was controversial (while of course largely critical) and yet he was aware that Kant was the foundation of European philosophy and that his efforts to resolve the epistemological problem merit a second, thorough examination and a retracing of the path followed by Kant. The authors show that Shpet’s notes on Kant have more than historical-philosophical relevance. They enable us to take a new look at many theoretical and cognitive problems and, even more importantly, make us rethink the fundamental tenets of philosophy and the methodology of scientific cognition.
Korean guidelines for postpolypectomy colonoscopic surveillance: 2022 revised edition
Authors: Kim Su Young , Kwak Min Seob , Yoon Soon Man , Jung Yunho , Kim Jong Wook , Boo Sun-Jin , Oh Eun Hye , Jeon Seong Ran , Nam Seung-Joo , Park Seon-Young , Park Soo-Kyung , Chun Jaeyoung , Baek Dong Hoon , Choi Mi-Young , Park Suyeon , Byeon Jeong-Sik , Kim Hyung Kil , Cho Joo Young , Lee Moon Sung , Lee Oh Young ,   Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,   Korean Society of Gastroenterology,   Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases
Published: October 2022

Colonoscopic polypectomy is effective in decreasing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). Premalignant polyps discovered during colonoscopy are associated with the risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia. Postpolypectomy surveillance is the most important method for the management of advanced metachronous neoplasia. A more efficient and evidence-based guideline for postpolypectomy surveillance is required because of limited medical resources and concerns regarding colonoscopy complications. In these consensus guidelines, an analytic approach was used to address all reliable evidence to interpret the predictors of CRC or advanced neoplasia during surveillance colonoscopy. The key recommendations state that the high-risk findings for metachronous CRC following polypectomy are as follows: (1) adenoma ≥10 mm in size; (2) 3 to 5 (or more) adenomas; (3) tubulovillous or villous adenoma; (4) adenoma containing high-grade dysplasia; (5) traditional serrated adenoma; (6) sessile serrated lesion (SSL) containing any grade of dysplasia; (7) serrated polyp of at least 10 mm in size; and (8) 3 to 5 (or more) SSLs. More studies are needed to fully comprehend the patients most likely to benefit from surveillance colonoscopy and the ideal surveillance interval to prevent metachronous CRC.
Fear and deprivation in Trump’s America: A regional analysis of voting behavior in the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections
Authors: Talaifar Sanaz , Stuetzer Michael , Rentfrow Peter J. , Potter Jeff , Gosling Samuel D.
Published: October 2022

Since Trump was elected U.S. President in 2016, researchers have sought to explain his support, with some focusing on structural factors (e.g., economics) and others focusing on psychological factors (e.g., negative emotions). We integrate these perspectives in a regional analysis of 18+ structural variables capturing economic, demographic, and health factors as well as the aggregated neuroticism scores of 3+ million individuals. Results revealed that regions that voted for Trump in 2016 and 2020 had high levels of neuroticism and economic deprivation. Regions that voted for Trump also had high anti-Black implicit bias and low ethnic diversity, though Trump made gains in ethnically diverse regions in 2020. Trump’s voter base differed from the voter base of more traditional Republican candidates and Democrat Bernie Sanders. In sum, structural and psychological factors both explain Trump’s unique authoritarian appeal.
“Du skal bare sætte hende i gang, du skal ikke gå og passe hende”
Authors: Bramm Eva , Kirilova Marta
Published: October 2022

Resumé
Tosprogede børns modersmål
Authors: Cummins Jim , Pedersen Michael Svendsen
Published: October 2022

Se kort indholdsbeskrivelse i nummerets forord.
The right to an interpreter — A guarantee of legal certainty and equal access to public services in Sweden?
Authors: Gustafsson Kristina , Norström Eva , Åberg Linnéa
Published: October 2022

In Sweden, the Administrative Procedure Act regulates authorities’ obligation to use interpreters if needed in contact with persons who do not speak Swedish, with impaired hearing, sight, or speech. Hiring an interpreter is stated as a guarantee of transparency, participation, and legal certainty. The article aims to investigate these language duties and rights from the perspective of non-Swedish speaking clients. Guiding theoretical concepts are formal and substantive legal certainty as a primary condition protecting the client as a rights holder. Three main themes were found in an analysis of migrants’ narratives about interpreting experiences: mistrust in interpreting services, self-regulated minimization of language rights, and absence of professional interpreting and translation services. These factors may be compounded and lead to situations in which clients decline the use of interpreting services. Based on the clause “if needed” in the law, it might be legitimate to acknowledge such wishes and skip interpreting services. Yet, this means that public services undermine the client’s position as a rights holder, formal and legal certainty, as well as their own possibilities to fulfill their duties.
Language rights and linguistic justice in international law: Lost in translation?
Authors: Mowbray Jacqueline
Published: October 2022

A range of international legal provisions guarantee rights to translation for linguistic minorities in certain circumstances, but these do not always lead to linguistic justice. This article explores why this may be the case, focusing on how assumptions embedded in international law as to the role of translation and interpretation limit the extent to which international language rights can deliver linguistic justice. Drawing on insights from other disciplines, particularly sociolinguistics and translation and interpreting studies, I identify four flawed assumptions about translation embedded in international legal discourse: that translation is straightforward or easy; that translation is expensive and impractical; that translation is just about words; and that translation is neutral or apolitical. Each of these flawed assumptions limit the ability of international law to achieve justice for minority language speakers.
CompoundRay, an open-source tool for high-speed and high-fidelity rendering of compound eyes
Authors: Millward Blayze , Maddock Steve , Mangan Michael
Published: October 2022

Revealing the functioning of compound eyes is of interest to biologists and engineers alike who wish to understand how visually complex behaviours (e.g. detection, tracking, and navigation) arise in nature, and to abstract concepts to develop novel artificial sensory systems. A key investigative method is to replicate the sensory apparatus using artificial systems, allowing for investigation of the visual information that drives animal behaviour when exposed to environmental cues. To date, ‘compound eye models’ (CEMs) have largely explored features such as field of view and angular resolution, but the role of shape and overall structure have been largely overlooked due to modelling complexity. Modern real-time ray-tracing technologies are enabling the construction of a new generation of computationally fast, high-fidelity CEMs. This work introduces a new open-source CEM software (CompoundRay) that is capable of accurately rendering the visual perspective of bees (6000 individual ommatidia arranged on 2 realistic eye surfaces) at over 3000 frames per second. We show how the speed and accuracy facilitated by this software can be used to investigate pressing research questions (e.g. how low resolution compound eyes can localise small objects) using modern methods (e.g. machine learning-based information exploration).
Ribovirus classification by a polymerase barcode sequence
Authors: Babaian Artem , Edgar Robert
Published: October 2022

RNA viruses encoding a polymerase gene (riboviruses) dominate the known eukaryotic virome. High-throughput sequencing is revealing a wealth of new riboviruses known only from sequence, precluding classification by traditional taxonomic methods. Sequence classification is often based on polymerase sequences, but standardised methods to support this approach are currently lacking. To address this need, we describe the polymerase palmprint, a segment of the palm sub-domain robustly delineated by well-conserved catalytic motifs. We present an algorithm, Palmscan, which identifies palmprints in nucleotide and amino acid sequences; PALMdb, a collection of palmprints derived from public sequence databases; and palmID, a public website implementing palmprint identification, search, and annotation. Together, these methods demonstrate a proof-of-concept workflow for high-throughput characterisation of RNA viruses, paving the path for the continued rapid growth in RNA virus discovery anticipated in the coming decade.
Effect of Microbes in Enhancing the Composting Process: A Review
Authors: Roy Deblina , Gunri Sunil Kumar , Neogi Suchandra , Ali Osman , Sharma Jyoti , Bhadu Anil , Singh Bhim
Published: October 2022

The increase in global population and the resulting economic activity have led to major environmental problems such soil, air, and water pollution. This rise in population growth has resulted in increased use of chemical fertilizers to boost agricultural production resulting in loss of microbiological and physicochemical equilibrium of soil. These factors have led to an increased need for eco-friendly agricultural products that help to enhance the soil's physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics and, in turn, provide nutrients for plants. Composting has emerged as the preferred method for treatment of organic wastes in order to produce a final, sterilized product that can be used as an organic amendment. Different organic substances are converted into more stable molecules during the aerobic, microorganism-mediated, solid-state fermentation process known as composting. One effective strategy for accelerating the biotransformation of organic materials during the composting process is microbial inoculation. The inclusion of microorganisms could improve the composting process by speeding up the decomposition of organic matter, mineralization, and the activities of microbial enzymes, as well as the quality of the finished products. This review will give a brief idea about the composting process, quality of compost and the most recent strategies for enhancing the composting process mainly with the help of microbes.
Sociodemographic Disparities in the Diagnostic Management of Pediatric Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Moon Peter K. , Qian Z. Jason , Noel Julia E. , Orloff Lisa A. , Seeley Hilary , Hartman Gary E. , Josephs Shellie , Meister Kara D.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Thyroid cancer is the most common pediatric endocrine malignant neoplasm. Disparities in the workup of thyroid nodules may be significantly associated with thyroid cancer outcomes.

Objective

To determine the association of sociodemographic factors with the odds of receiving a biopsy, timeliness of the procedure, and risk of nodule malignancy.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using insurance claims data from the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart database. The study cohort comprised pediatric patients diagnosed with single thyroid nodules between 2003 and 2020. Data analysis was performed from January 1, 2003, to June 30, 2020.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify demographic variables associated with biopsy and nodule malignant neoplasm. A multivariable linear regression model was used to assess the time between thyroid nodule diagnosis and biopsy.

Results

Of 11 643 children (median [IQR] age at diagnosis or procedure, 15 [12-17] years; 8549 [73.2%] were female and 3126 [26.8%] were male) diagnosed with single thyroid nodules, 2117 (18.2%) received a biopsy. Among the patients who received a biopsy, 304 (14.4%) were found to have a malignant nodule. Greater parental education was associated with a shorter diagnosis-to-biopsy interval (mean difference, −7.24 days; 95% CI, −13.75 to −0.73). Older age at nodule diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.09-1.13) and female gender (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.11-1.40) were associated with increased odds of receiving a biopsy, while Black/African American (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.65-0.99) and Hispanic (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.99) patients had lower odds of receiving a biopsy compared with White patients. Finally, female gender (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.80-1.47) was not associated with lower odds of nodule malignant neoplasm.

Conclusions and Relevance

Findings of this cross-sectional study highlight disparities in the diagnostic management of pediatric thyroid nodules. These results call for future work to ensure equitable access to thyroid care for all children.
M3C2(OH)2 (M = Zr and Hf): An Ideal Electrode Material for sub‐5 nm 2D Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Dong Mi‐Mi , Hao Ze‐Wen , Niu Yue , Wang Chuan‐Kui , Fu Xiao‐Xiao
Published: October 2022

Realizing Ohmic contact is essential but challenging in the development of high‐performance 2D‐material‐based electronics. Here, using first‐principles calculations, the interfacial properties between 2D metallic M3C2T2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; T = O, F, OH) and 2D semiconductors are comprehensively investigated, taking group ΙV monochalcogenides in blue‐phosphorene phase as example, and the performance of short‐channel field‐effect transistors (FETs) with M3C2(OH)2 electrode is studied. The band alignments and the interface dipole analysis demonstrate that the M3C2(OH)2 and Ti3C2O2 electrodes form van der Waals interaction with the group ΙV monochalcogenides, conductive to weakening the Fermi level pinning and forming desired Ohmic contacts. Moreover, owing to the large work function of the Ti3C2O2, it realizes p‐type Ohmic contacts with 2D semiconductors. In addition, due to the favorable Ohmic contacts, the on/off ratio of the 5 nm gate‐length Zr3C2(OH)2–GeTe FET is around 105. Moreover, for the 3 nm gate‐length Zr3C2(OH)2–SnTe FET after adopting optimizing strategies, the on/off ratio increases from 102 to 106, and the subthreshold slope decreases from 125 mV dec‐1 to 58 mV dec‐1 below the thermionic limit (60 mV dec‐1). The results provide a theoretical guidance for achieving the intrinsic n‐type and p‐type Ohmic contacts and high‐performance FETs in 2D nanoelectronics.
Gender differences in the financial performance of U.S. farm businesses: A decomposition analysis using the Census of Agriculture
Authors: Fisher Monica , Lewin Paul A. , Pilgeram Ryanne
Published: October 2022

Farm operation is among the most gender‐unequal occupations in the U.S. Data from the 2017 U.S. Census of Agriculture reveals that average net farm income was 151% higher on farms with a male versus a female principal operator. Decomposition analysis indicates the gender gap is almost entirely explained by differences in endowments. Female farmers have lower farm profitability than their male counterparts because their operations use far less capital (land, machinery, and labor), they have less farming experience, and they engage in the production of commodities that are less profitable.
Fused‐ring induced end‐on orientation in conjugated molecular dyads toward efficient single‐component organic solar cells
Authors: Xia Dongdong , Zhou Shengxi , Tan Wen Liang , Karuthedath Safakath , Xiao Chengyi , Zhao Chaowei , Laquai Frédéric , McNeill Christopher R. , Li Weiwei
Published: October 2022

The molecular orientations of conjugated materials on the substrate mainly include edge‐on, face‐on, and end‐on. Edge‐on and face‐on orientations have been widely observed, while end‐on orientation has been rarely reported. Since in organic solar cells (OSCs) charge transport is along the vertical direction, end‐on orientation with conjugated backbones perpendicular to the substrate is recognized as the ideal microstructure for OSCs. In this work, we for the first time obtained the preferential end‐on orientation in a conjugated molecular dyad that contains a conjugated backbone as donor and perylene bisimide side units as acceptor. This was realized by introducing a fused‐ring structure to replace linear terthiophenes with conjugated backbones, yielding F‐MDPBI and L‐MDPBI respectively. Surprisingly, a shifting trend of the molecular orientation from dominating edge‐on in L‐MDPBI to preferential end‐on in F‐MDPBI was observed. As a consequence, vertical charge carrier mobilities in F‐MDPBI are one order of magnitude higher than those with preferential edge‐on orientation, so single‐component OSCs based on this molecular dyad as a single photoactive layer provided a power conversion efficiency of 4.89% compared to 1.70% based on L‐MDPBI with preferential edge‐on orientation.
Dinuclear PdII complexes bearing mixed NHC/Py/PPh3 donor set ligands: Catalytic applications and electrochemical investigations
Authors: Naskar Rajat , Mondal Bhaskar , Majumder Adhir , Bag Jayanta , Maity Ramananda
Published: October 2022

Bimetallic palladium(II) complexes containing classical NHC donor ligands are becoming increasingly popular owing to their various catalytic applications. However, examples of the aforementioned complexes with mixed NHC/PPh3 ligands are still rare. Bimetallic palladium(II) complexes possessing these mixed ligands are described starting from a C2‐symmetric bis‐imidazolium salt containing 4,4′‐substituted central biphenyl ring. All the palladium(II) complexes have been tested as precatalysts in α‐arylation of oxindole and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. The complex composed of mixed NHC/PPh3 donor ligands shows superior catalytic activity compared with the corresponding PEPPSI type complexes when applied in α‐arylation of oxindole. The dinuclear complexes display better activity compared with the mononuclear complexes. The preliminary electrochemical measurements show the facile oxidation of PdII in the presence of combined NHC/PPh3 ligands compared with a combination of NHC/Py ligands.
Waiving goodbye to youth: Jurors perceive transferred juveniles differently from adults but render similar verdicts
Authors: Katzman Jacqueline , Fessinger Melanie B. , Bornstein Brian H. , McWilliams Kelly
Published: October 2022

Juveniles are developmentally different from adults but are often treated similarly in the criminal justice system. In case processing, many juveniles are transferred to adult courts. Before case processing, many juveniles are interrogated with the same tactics used against adults. Limited research has examined jurors' decisions in juvenile transfer cases, particularly those involving confession evidence. In two studies, we built on this small line of research and extended it to examine whether jurors make different decisions for juvenile versus adult defendants with differing types of confession evidence. Participants listened to a trial that varied in defendant age (Study 1: 16, 23; Study 2: 13, 16, 23, 42), interrogation pressure (low, high), and interrogation outcome (denial, confession). They rendered a verdict and rated the defendant on dangerousness and maturity. Age did not affect verdict in either study, but it did affect perceptions of dangerousness and maturity in both studies. Study 2 replicated and extended our findings by showing that differences in dangerousness and maturity were driven by participants' preexisting stereotypes about juveniles as superpredators. Overall, jurors recognized juveniles' lesser maturity but did not account for it in their verdicts. The stigma associated with the superpredator stereotype may limit jurors' sensitivity to the developmental vulnerabilities of juvenile defendants.
Sensory neural hearing loss in Behcet's disease successfully controlled with infliximab, case report and review of literature
Authors: Faisal Mohanad , Barjas Haidar , Alwassiti Wisam , Omer Walid , Abdulla Nabeel
Published: October 2022

Behcet's disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder occasionally associated with otological manifestations, including sensorineural hearing loss. We are reporting a case of Behcet's disease, which was complicated by sensorineural hearing loss and managed successfully with anti‐TNF agent Infliximab.
Brucellosis unusually presented as septic knee arthritis: A case report
Authors: Al Hariri Bassem , Zuhair Mohanned , Nashwan Abdulqadir J.
Published: October 2022

Brucellosis is one of the world's most prevalent zoonotic illnesses. The most often afflicted joints are the sacroiliac joints, although spondylitis and peripheral arthritis are becoming increasingly prevalent. We described a case of a 40‐year‐old male patient with Brucellosis presented as septic knee arthritis.
A time‐varying process monitoring approach based on iterative‐updated semi‐supervised nonnegative matrix factorizations
Authors: Zhai Lirong , Yang Hui
Published: October 2022

This paper proposes a new time‐varying process monitoring approach based on iterative‐updated semi‐supervised nonnegative matrix factorizations (ISNMFs). ISNMFs are a type of semi‐supervised model that constructs a semi‐nonnegative matrix factorization (SNMF) model of a process using both labelled and unlabelled samples. Compared with the existing nonnegative matrix factorizations (NMFs) where NMFs are referred to as matrix factorization algorithms that factorize a nonnegative matrix into two low‐rank nonnegative matrices whose product can well approximate the original nonnegative matrix, ISNMFs have advantages in terms of the model update and the use of labelled samples. The ISNMFs‐based process monitoring approach concerns fault detection and isolation and updates an SNMF model iteratively using the latest samples to capture the change of statistical property of time‐varying processes. Moreover, the proposed fault detection and isolation approach is supported by the k‐means algorithm in theory. At last, we demonstrate the superiority of ISNMFs over the existing NMFs in terms of fault detection and isolation through a case study on the penicillin fermentation process.
Research on the viscosity‐increasing mechanism and performance analysis of modified polysaccharide natural polymer fracturing fluid gel
Authors: Zhou Chengyu , Sun Yuan , Zhou Min , Chen Wenke , Zeng Linghao , Li Yifan , Li Benhui , Fan Yuzhu , Bao Dan
Published: October 2022

In this paper, a guar gum‐based hydraulic fracturing fluid suitable for low permeability oil and gas reservoirs was prepared using alkylamine guar gum (J580) as a thickening agent. The viscosification mechanism and comprehensive properties were analyzed to provide theoretical support for improving the fracturing fluid utilization rate and oil and gas field development in Changqing Oilfield. In this experiment, the properties and microstructure of thickener J580 were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The rheometer, dynamic filtration device, and acid erosion fracture conductive ability device were used to study the temperature and shear resistance performance, viscoelastic properties, dynamic filtration performance, and fracture conductive ability damage of the system. the gel breaking performance, formation water compatibility, and anti‐swelling performance of the system were measured according to the standard. The results show that J580 is an amine modified product of guar gum, and its viscosity increasing mechanism is similar to that of guar gum. The breaking time of the system is 375 s, the residue content is 413 mg/L, and the surface tension is 26.49 mN/m. At 90°C, the viscosity of the solution can be maintained at 180 mPa · s, loss modulus G" dominates, the anti‐swelling rate is 82.5%, the damage rate of the conductive ability is 22.40%, and the dynamic filtration coefficient is 1.3 × 10−5 m/s1/2. The fracturing fluid system has good dynamic filtration performance, conductive ability, temperature and shear resistance, good structural strength, can easily break glue and return, and less residue content.
A Multifunctional Fluorescence Europium‐Organic Framework for Turn‐On Sensing of pH and Turn‐Off Sensing of 2‐Thiazolidinethione‐4‐carboxylic Acid and Aztreonam
Authors: Tan Zhenqi , Quan Yue , Li Yufen , Yang Tao , Zhou Xinhui , You Yujian
Published: October 2022

Comprehensive Summary

A luminescent lanthanide‐organic framework [Eu2(adip)(H2adip)(DMF)2]·CH3OH (1) was synthesized by a solvothermal method using anthracene‐based ligand 5,5’‐(anthracene‐9,10‐diyl)diisophthalic acid (H4adip). 1 possesses a 3D coordination framework, which could be rationalized as a 4,8‐connected 2‐nodal (416612)(4462) topological network. 1 shows an excellent linear increase in fluorescence intensity as the pH value rises from 4.8 to 7.1. Particularly, the fluorescence enhancement percentage reaches 588% for each increase of pH value, which is the highest value recorded for fluorescence pH sensing materials, promoting the sensitivity of pH detection within the physiological pH range. In addition, 1 can also specifically recognize carbon disulfide biomarkers 2‐thiothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (TTCA) and antibiotic aztreonam (ATM) by fluorescence quenching, with the KSV values of 1.02 × 105 L·mol–1 (0—10 μmol·L–1) and 4.67 × 105 L·mol–1 (0—50 μmol·L–1), the limit of detection (LOD) of 86 nmol·L–1 and 19 nmol·L–1, respectively. Among only a few cases reported, the detection sensitivities of 1 for both TTCA and ATM are the highest. The sensing mechanisms of pH, TTCA, and ATM are also discussed in detail.
Early detection and classification of liver diseases in ultrasound images using hybrid machine learning techniques
Authors: Adaguru Yogegowda Prasad , Metan Jyoti , Ananda Kumar Kurilinga Sannalingappa , Prasad Kumbenahalli Hanumanthegowda Shiva
Published: October 2022

Liver disease is a form of sickness that starts in the ovaries and is particularly dangerous for women. As a result, aberrant cells develop that have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. Liver disease is a sort of risky improvement that impacts ovaries in ladies, and is hard to perceive at early phase because of which it stays as one of the guideline wellsprings of illness end. Unquestionable confirmation of intrinsic and typical parts is immense in making novel frameworks to perceive and ruin danger. Here, using hybrid machine learning approaches, we propose an early detection and classification of liver disease (EDCLD) in ultrasound images. This study is aimed at detecting and evaluating liver disease, which may be benign or malignant depending on the cancer type. To begin with, we use an improved ant swarm optimization algorithm for both high and low level feature extraction models. For liver disease classification, we used hybrid swallow swarm intelligent‐deep neural network (HSSI‐DNN) classifier to identify the disease stage. By using training and testing liver datasets, we are improving the accuracy of liver disease detection with several stages. Second, we present a search optimization for whales algorithm for cascaded and segmentation as a single fusion feature capable of representing both the texture patterns and semantic background distributed in the image. Third, the dividend yields are commitment to the HSSI‐DNN classifier used to detect the “Normal” and “Diseases” from input image. The proposed HSSI‐DNN classifier performance outperformed the existing classifier in terms of accuracy (0.98), specificity (0.98), and sensitivity (1). The proposed EDCLD technique implemented in MATLAB.
Comparative phylogeography of two commensal rat species (Rattus tanezumi and Rattus norvegicus) in China: Insights from mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite, and 2b‐RAD data
Authors: Jing Meidong , Chen Yingjie , Yao Keying , Wang Youming , Huang Ling
Published: October 2022

Rattus norvegicus and Rattus tanezumi are dominant species of Chinese house rats, but the colonization and demographic history of two species in China have not been thoroughly explored. Phylogenetic analyses with mitochondrial DNA including 486 individuals from 31 localities revealed that R. norvegicus is widely distributed in China, R. tanezumi is mainly distributed in southern China with currently invading northward; northeast China was the natal region of R. norvegicus, while the spread of R. tanezumi in China most likely started from the southeast coast. A total of 123 individuals from 18 localities were subjected to 2b‐RAD analyses. In neighbor‐joining tree, individuals of R. tanezumi grouped into geographic‐specific branches, and populations from southeast coast were ancestral groups, which confirmed the colonization route from southeast coast to central and western China. However, individuals of R. norvegicus were generally grouped into two clusters instead of geographic‐specific branches. One cluster comprised inland populations, and another cluster included both southeast coast and inland populations, which indicated that spread history of R. norvegicus in China was complex; in addition to on‐land colonization, shipping transportation also have played great roles. ADMIXTURE and principal component analyses provided further supports for the colonization history. Demographic analyses revealed that climate changes at ~40,000 to 18,000 years ago and ~4000 years ago had led to population declines of both species; the R. norvegicus declined rapidly while the population of R. tanezumi continuously expanded since ~1500 years ago, indicating the importance of interspecies' competition in their population size changes. Our study provided a valuable framework for further investigation on phylogeography of two species in China.
Accounting for predator species identity reveals variable relationships between nest predation rate and habitat in a temperate forest songbird
Authors: Maag Nino , Mallord John W. , Burgess Malcolm D. , Lüpold Shannon , Cristinacce Andrew , Arlettaz Raphaël , Carlotti Sandro , Davis Tony M. , Grendelmeier Alex , Orsman Christopher J. , Riess Michael , Stelbrink Pablo , Pasinelli Gilberto
Published: October 2022

Nest predation is the primary cause of nest failure in most ground‐nesting bird species. Investigations of relationships between nest predation rate and habitat usually pool different predator species. However, such relationships likely depend on the specific predator involved, partly because habitat requirements vary among predator species. Pooling may therefore impair our ability to identify conservation‐relevant relationships between nest predation rate and habitat. We investigated predator‐specific nest predation rates in the forest‐dependent, ground‐nesting wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix in relation to forest area and forest edge complexity at two spatial scales and to the composition of the adjacent habitat matrix. We used camera traps at 559 nests to identify nest predators in five study regions across Europe. When analyzing predation data pooled across predator species, nest predation rate was positively related to forest area at the local scale (1000 m around nest), and higher where proportion of grassland in the adjacent habitat matrix was high but arable land low. Analyses by each predator species revealed variable relationships between nest predation rates and habitat. At the local scale, nest predation by most predators was higher where forest area was large. At the landscape scale (10,000 m around nest), nest predation by buzzards Buteo buteo was high where forest area was small. Predation by pine martens Martes martes was high where edge complexity at the landscape scale was high. Predation by badgers Meles meles was high where the matrix had much grassland but little arable land. Our results suggest that relationships between nest predation rates and habitat can depend on the predator species involved and may differ from analyses disregarding predator identity. Predator‐specific nest predation rates, and their relationships to habitat at different spatial scales, should be considered when assessing the impact of habitat change on avian nesting success.
The effects of policy subsidy on the investment decisions of carbon capture and storage—A real‐options approach
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Qing Tianci
Published: October 2022

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) plays an important role in promoting developing countries to reduce carbon emission and meet the requirement for carbon reduction under carbon neutral and carbon peak targets. To evaluate the incentive effect of subsidization mechanisms on CCS investment, the paper incorporates two incentives into the model, considers the effects of the carbon trading price, electricity price, and other uncertain factors on the investment behaviors for CCS projects under uncertainty and explores incentive intensity of two policies on investment based on the real option method. The results show that even in the case of full operating cost subsidies and double electricity price subsidies, the power plant still delays CCS investment due to the imperfection of carbon market. The most appropriate policies for supporting immediate investment in CCS project are identified in the paper by considering the critical carbon price and electricity price in different scenarios. Additionally, the findings show that it is more efficient for the electricity price subsidy than cost subsidy with same subsidy proportion under single policy condition, while the minimum subsidy amount required to invest immediately is 32.86 million CNY in the combination of the two policies. This provides environmental policymakers with valuable insights on promoting CCS deployment under the context of carbon reduction. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maybe We Should Try the Precautionary Principle?
Authors: Cripps Rachel , Steel Daniel
Published: October 2022

How do policy‐makers call shots on major decisions—such as putting a country into lockdown to mitigate the risk of Covid‐19—when they don't have all the scientific facts about how the virus spreads? And to which moral values do they appeal when weighing the health and economic risks involved? David B. Resnik addresses such questions in his book Precautionary Reasoning in Environmental and Public Health Policy (Springer, 2021), which provides a fresh perspective on the precautionary principle. The precautionary principle captures the common intuition “better safe than sorry” but is also a contentious facet of precautionary reasoning. Resnik's novel approach to the precautionary principle and detailed discussion of moral values makes this book an excellent read for anyone interested in policy‐making, philosophy, or public health.