bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of transdermal application of glipizide in a pluronic lecithin gel to healthy cats
Authors: Bennett Nicole , Papich Mark G. , Hoenig Margarethe , Fettman Martin J. , Lappin Michael R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate plasma glipizide concentration and its relationship to plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations in healthy cats administered glipizide orally or transdermally.

Animals—15 healthy adult laboratory-raised cats.

Procedure—Cats were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups (5 mg of glipizide, PO or transdermally) and a control group. Blood samples were collected 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes and 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 24 hours after administration to determine concentrations of insulin, glucose, and glipizide.

Results—Glipizide was detected in all treated cats. Mean ± SD transdermal absorption was 20 ± 14% of oral absorption. Mean maximum glipizide concentration was reached 5.0 ± 3.5 hours after oral and 16.0 ± 4.5 hours after transdermal administration. Elimination half-life was variable (16.8 ± 12 hours orally and 15.5 ± 15.3 hours transdermally). Plasma glucose concentrations decreased in all treated cats, compared with concentrations in control cats. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower 2 to 6 hours after oral administration, compared with after transdermal application; concentrations were similar between treatment groups and significantly lower than for control cats 10 to 24 hours after treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Transdermal absorption of glipizide was low and inconsistent, but analysis of our results indicated that it did affect plasma glucose concentrations. Transdermal administration of glipizide is not equivalent to oral administration. Formulation, absorption, and stability studies are required before clinical analysis can be performed. Transdermal administration of glipizide cannot be recommended for clinical use at this time. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:581–588)
Virulence of fungal spores determined by tracheal inoculation of goats following inhalation of aerosolized sterile feedyard dust
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Layton Robert C. , Straus David C. , Ayers J. R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the virulence of spores of 7
fungi by tracheal inoculation of goats following exposure
of goats to an aerosol of sterilized feedyard dust.

Animals—54 weanling Boer-Spanish goats.

Procedure—A prospective randomized controlled
study was conducted. There were 7 fungal treatment
groups, a tent control group, and a pen control group
(n = 6 goats/group). Goats in the 7 treatment and tent
control groups were exposed to autoclaved
aerosolized feedyard dust for 4 hours in a specially
constructed tent. Goats in the 7 treatment groups
were then inoculated intratracheally with 30 mL of a
fungal spore preparation, whereas tent control goats
were intratracheally inoculated with 30 mL of physiologic
saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. These treatments
were repeated each week for 6 weeks.

Results—Severity of pathologic changes differed significantly
among the 7 fungal treatment groups as
determined on the basis of gross atelectatic and consolidated
lung lesions and histologic lesions of the
lungs. Descending order for severity of lesions was
Mucor ramosissimus, Trichoderma viride,
Chaetomium globosum, Stachybotrys chartarum,
Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, and
Monotospora lanuginosa. Trichoderma viride spores
were the most invasive and were isolated from the
bronchial lymph nodes and thoracic fluid of all 6 goats
administered this organism. Spores were observedhistologically
in lung tissues harvested 72 hours after
inoculation from all treatment groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—4 of 7 fungal
spore types induced significantly larger lung lesions,
compared with those induced by the other 3 spore
types or those evident in control goats. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:615–622)
Evaluation of displacement of the digital cushion in response to vertical loading in equine forelimbs
Authors: Taylor Danny D. , Hood David M. , Potter Garry D. , Hogan Harry A. , Honnas Clifford M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate patterns of digital cushion
(DC) displacement that occur in response to vertical
loading of the distal portion of the forelimb in horses.

Sample Population—Forelimbs from 10 horses with
normal feet.

Procedure—Patterns of DC displacement induced by
in vitro vertical limb loading were determined. Loadinduced
displacement of the DC was defined as the
magnitude and direction of displacement of 6 radiodense,
percutaneously implanted markers in specific
regions of the DC. The effects of solar support and
nonsupport on displacement of the DC were compared.

Results—Regional displacement of the DC occurred
principally along distal and palmar vectors in response
to vertical loading. Medial or lateral abaxial displacements
were variable and appeared to be dependent
on response of the limb to the applied load.
Displacement of the DC was not affected by the
degree of solar support.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data indicated
that the biomechanical function of the DC is to act
as a restraint to the displacement of the second phalanx
or as a passive structure that allows flexibility of
the caudal two thirds of the foot. Results did not indicate
that the DC provides a force that induces displacement
of or an active restraint against outward
displacement of the hoof wall capsule. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:623–629)
Hemodynamic effects of orally administered carvedilol in healthy conscious dogs
Authors: Abbott Jonathan A. , Broadstone Richard V. , Ward Daniel L. , Pyle R. Lee
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of orally administered carvedilol in healthy dogs with doses that might be used to initiate treatment in dogs with congestive heart failure.

Animals—24 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly allocated to receive carvedilol PO at a dose of 1.56, 3.125, or 12.5 mg, twice daily for 7 to 10 days; 6 dogs served as controls. Investigators were blinded to group assignment. Hemodynamic variables were recorded prior to administration of the drug on day 1 and then 2, 4, and 6 hours after the morning dose on day 1 and days 7 to 10. Change in heart rate after IV administration of 1 µg of isoproterenol/kg and change in systemic arterial blood pressure after IV administration of 8 µg of phenylephrine/kg were recorded 2 and 6 hours after administration of carvedilol.

Results—Administration of carvedilol did not significantly affect resting hemodynamic variables or response to phenylephrine. The interaction of day and carvedilol dose had a significant effect on resting heart rate, but a significant main effect of carvedilol dose on resting heart rate was not detected. Increasing carvedilol dose resulted in a significant linear decrease in heart rate response to isoproterenol.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In healthy conscious dogs, orally administered carvedilol at mean doses from 0.08 to 0.54 mg/kg given twice daily did not affect resting hemodynamics. Over the dose range evaluated, there was a dose-dependent attenuation of the response to isoproterenol, which provided evidence of β-adrenergic receptor antagonism. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:637–641)
Effect of an indwelling nasogastric tube on gastric emptying rates of liquids in horses
Authors: Lammers Timothy W. , Roussel Allen J. , Boothe Dawn M. , Cohen Noah D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of an indwelling nasogastric tube on gastric emptying of liquids in horses.

Animals—9 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—A randomized block crossover design was used. For treatment group horses, a nasogastric tube was placed and 18 hours later, acetaminophen was administered; the nasogastric tube remained in place until the experiment was complete. For control group horses, a nasogastric tube was passed into the stomach, acetaminophen was administered, and the nasogastric tube was removed immediately. Serial blood samples were collected 15 minutes before and after administration of acetaminophen. Serum concentration of acetaminophen was determined by use of fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The variables, time to maximum acetaminophen concentration (Tmax) and the appearance constant for acetaminophen (Kapp), were determined. The values for Kappand Tmaxin horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement were compared.

Results—No significant difference was found in Kappbetween horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement; the median difference in Kapp was 0.01 min–1(range, –0.48 to 0.80 min–1). No significant difference was found in Tmaxbetween horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement; the median difference in Tmaxwas 5 minutes (range, –30 to 50 minutes). Reanalysis of data following the removal of possible outlier values from 1 horse resulted in a significant difference in Tmaxbetween horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although no clinically important impact of 18 hours of nasogastric intubation was found on gastric emptying in healthy horses, considerable variability in Kappand Tmaxwas found among horses. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:642–645)
Assessment of the effect of dilution of blood samples with sodium heparin on blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements in dogs
Authors: Hopper Kate , Rezende Marlis L. , Haskins Steve C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of dilution of blood
samples with sodium heparin on blood gas, electrolyte,
and lactate measurements in dogs.

Sample Population—Venous blood samples collected
from 6 adult dogs of various breeds.

Procedure—Syringes were prepared with anticoagulant
via 1 of 4 techniques, and the residual volume of
liquid heparin in each type of prepared syringe was
determined. Blood gas values and other selected clinicopathologic
variables were measured in whole
blood samples after collection (baseline) and after
aliquots of the samples were diluted with heparin via
1 of the 4 manual syringe techniques. By use of a
tonometer, whole blood samples were adjusted to 1
of 3 oxygen concentrations (40, 100, or 600 mm Hg)
and the PO2 values were measured at baseline and
subsequent to the 4 heparin dilutions.

Results—The 4 syringe techniques resulted in 3.9%,
9.4%, 18.8%, and 34.1% dilutions of a 1-mL blood
sample. Compared with baseline values, dilution of
blood samples with liquid heparin significantly
changed the measured values of PCO2, PO2, and base
deficit and concentrations of electrolytes and lactate.
Of the variables assessed, measurement of ionized
calcium concentration in blood was most affected by
heparin dilution.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings
in dogs indicate that dilution of blood samples
with heparin can be a source of preanalytical error in
blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements.
Limiting dilution of blood samples with heparin to
< 4% by volume via an evacuation technique of
syringe heparinization is recommended. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:656–660)
Effects of desflurane and mode of ventilation on cardiovascular and respiratory functions and clinicopathologic variables in horses
Authors: Steffey Eugene P. , Woliner Michael J. , Puschner Birgit , Galey Frank D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To quantitate the effects of desflurane and mode of ventilation on cardiovascular and respiratory functions and identify changes in selected clinicopathologic variables and serum fluoride values associated with desflurane anesthesia in horses.

Animals—6 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—Horses were anesthetized on 2 occasions: first, to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane in O2and second, to characterize cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic responses to 1×, 1.5×, and 1.75× desflurane MAC during both controlled and spontaneous ventilation.

Results—Mean ± SEM MAC of desflurane in horses was 8.06 ± 0.41%; inhalation of desflurane did not appear to cause airway irritation. During spontaneous ventilation, mean PaCO2was 69 mm Hg. Arterial blood pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output decreased as the dose of desflurane increased. Conditions of intermittent positive pressure ventilation and eucapnia resulted in further cardiovascular depression. Horses recovered quickly from anesthesia with little transient or no clinicopathologic evidence of adverse effects. Serum fluoride concentration before and after administration of desflurane was below the limit of detection of 0.05 ppm (2.63µM/L).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that desflurane, like other inhalation anesthetics, causes profound hypoventilation in horses. The magnitude of cardiovascular depression is related to dose and mode of ventilation; cardiovascular depression is less severe at doses of 1× to 1.5× MAC, compared with known effects of other inhalation anesthetics under similar conditions. Desflurane is not metabolized to an important degree and does not appear to prominently influence renal function or hepatic cellular integrity or function. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:669–677)
Assessment of retinal function and characterization of lysosomal storage body accumulation in the retinas and brains of Tibetan Terriers with ceroid-lipofuscinosis
Authors: Katz Martin L. , Narfström Kristina , Johnson Gary S. , O'Brien Dennis P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize lysosomal storage body
accumulation in the retina and brain of Tibetan Terriers
with ceroid-lipofuscinosis and determine whether the
disease in these dogs is accompanied by impaired
retinal function and retinal degeneration.

Animals—Three 7- to 10-year-old Tibetan Terriers with
ceroid-lipofuscinosis and 1 healthy 5-year-old Tibetan
Terrier.

Procedure—Owners completed a questionnaire to
identify behavioral and physical signs indicative of
ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Neurologic, behavioral, and
ophthalmologic evaluations, including full-field electroretinograms,
were performed on each dog.
Fluorescence, light, and electron microscopy were
performed on specimens of retina, cerebral cortex,
and cerebellum of all dogs postmortem.

Results—Behavioral assessments of the affected
dogs revealed moderate visual impairment in lowlight
conditions but good vision in bright light. On
funduscopic evaluation of these dogs, abnormalities
detected ranged from none to signs of moderately
advanced retinal degeneration. Compared with findings
in the control dog, electroretinography revealed
depressed rod cell function with some impairment
of cone cell function in the affected dogs.
Morphologically, disease-specific storage bodies
were detected in retinal Müller cells and neurons,
particularly in ganglion cells, and in cells of the cerebral
cortex and cerebellum in affected dogs.
Substantial photoreceptor cell loss and disruption of
photoreceptor outer segment morphology appeared
to develop late in the disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The similarities
between ceroid-lipofuscinosis in Tibetan Terriers and
some forms of ceroid-lipofuscinosis in humans suggest
that the canine disease may have a genetic and
biochemical basis similar to that of one of the ceroidlipofuscinosis
disorders in humans. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:67–76)
Seroprevalence of antibodies against Bartonella species and evaluation of risk factors and clinical signs associated with seropositivity in dogs
Authors: Henn Jennifer B. , Liu Chu-Hao , Kasten Rick W. , VanHorn Brian A. , Beckett Laurel A. , Kass Philip H. , Chomel Bruno B.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the seroprevalence of antibodies againstBartonellaspp in a population of sick dogs from northern California and identify potential risk factors and clinical signs associated with seropositivity.

Sample Population—Sera from 3,417 dogs.

Procedure—Via an ELISA, sera were analyzed for antibodies againstBartonella vinsoniisubspberkhoffii, Bartonella clarridgeiae, andBartonella henselae; test results were used to classify dogs as seropositive (mean optical density value ≥ 0.350 for Bhenselaeor ≥ 0.300 forB clarridgeiaeorB vinsoniisubspberkhoffii) or seronegative. Overall, 305 dogs (102 seropositive and 203 seronegative dogs) were included in a matched case-control study.

Results—102 of 3,417 (2.99%) dogs were seropositive for ≥ 1 species ofBartonella.Of these, 36 (35.3%) had antibodies againstB henselaeonly, 34 (33.3%) had antibodies againstB clarridgeiaeonly, 2 (2.0%) had antibodies againstB vinsoniisubspberkhoffiionly, and 30 (29.4%) had antibodies against a combination of those antigens. Compared with seronegative dogs, seropositive dogs were more likely to be herding dogs and to be female, whereas toy dogs were less likely to be seropositive. Seropositive dogs were also more likely to be lame or have arthritis-related lameness, nasal discharge or epistaxis, or splenomegaly.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Only a small percentage of dogs from which serum samples were obtained had antibodies againstBartonellaspp. Breed appeared to be an important risk factor for seropositivity.Bartonellainfection should be considered in dogs with clinical signs of lameness, arthritis-related lameness, nasal discharge or epistaxis, or splenomegaly. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:688–694)
Evaluation of a selective neurectomy model for low urethral pressure incontinence in female dogs
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Coates Joan R. , Purinton P. Thomas , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Carlisle Adriene , Oliver John E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a model of low urethral pressure incontinence and compare the relative contributions of the pudendal and hypogastric nerves with urethral function by performing selective neurectomy and ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Animals—19 healthy Foxhounds.

Procedure—Dogs were allocated into 2 groups. The first group (10 dogs) underwent bilateral hypogastric neurectomy and ovariohysterectomy and subsequent bilateral pudendal neurectomy. The second group (9 dogs) underwent bilateral pudendal neurectomy and subsequent hypogastric neurectomy and ovariohysterectomy. Urethral pressure profilometry and leak point pressure (LPP) tests were performed before and after each neurectomy.

Results—Before surgery, mean ± SD LPP and maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) in all dogs were 169.3 ± 24.9 cm H2O and 108.3 ± 19.3 cm H2O, respectively; these values decreased to 92.3 ± 27 cm H2O and 60.7 ± 20.0 cm H2O, respectively, after both selective neurectomy surgeries. There was a progressive decline of LPP after each neurectomy; however, MUCP decreased only after pudendal neurectomy. Fifteen dogs had mild clinical signs of urinary incontinence. All dogs appeared to have normal bladder function as indicated by posturing to void and consciously voiding a full stream of urine. Urinary tract infection did not develop in any dog.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypogastric and pudendal neurectomy and ovariohysterectomy caused a maximum decrease in LPP, whereas pudendal neurectomy caused a maximum decrease in MUCP.

Impact on Human Medicine—This model may be useful for evaluation of treatments for improving urinary control in postmenopausal women. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:695–699)
A critical role of interleukin-10 in the response of bovine macrophages to infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , de Souza Cleverson , Abrahamsen Mitchell S.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To evaluate the role of interleukin (IL)-10
in the inability of monocyte-derived bovine
macrophages to kill Mycobacterium avium subsp
paratuberculosis organisms in vitro.

Sample Population—Monocytes were obtained
from healthy adult Holstein dairy cows that had negative
results when tested for infection with M avium
subsp paratuberculosis.

Procedure—Monocyte-derived macrophages were
incubated with M avium subsp paratuberculosisfor 2,
6, 24, 72, or 96 hours with or without addition of saturating
concentrations of a goat anti-human IL-10 that
has been documented to neutralize bovine IL-10 activity.
Variables assessed included ingestion and killing
of M avium subsp paratuberculosis; expression of
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-12, IL-8, major histocompatability
(MHC) class II, vacuolar H+ ATPase,
and B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2); production of
nitric oxide; acidification of phagosomes; and apoptosis
of macrophages.

Results—Neutralization of IL-10 enabled macrophages
to kill 57% of M avium subsp paratuberculosis organisms
within 96 hours. It also resulted in an increase in
expression of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-8, MHC class II, and vacuolar
H+ ATPase; decrease in expression of BCL-2;
increase in acidification of phagosomes; apoptosis of
macrophages; and production of nitric oxide.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The capacity
of M avium subsp paratuberculosis to induce IL-10
expression may be a major determinant of virulence
for this organism. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:721–726)
Duration of effect and effect of multiple doses of topical ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Herring Ian P. , Bobofchak Mark A. , Landry Matthew P. , Ward Daniel L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the duration of effect and
the effect of multiple doses of topical ophthalmic
application of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride on
corneal sensitivity in clinically normal dogs.

Animals—8 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment
order in a 2 × 2 (period × treatment) crossover
study. Treatments consisted of topical application of
ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine (1 drop or 2 drops at a
1-minute interval); treatments were applied to both
eyes. A Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer was used to
determine corneal touch threshold (CTT) before
corneal application, 1 and 5 minutes after corneal
application, and at 5-minute intervals thereafter for 90
minutes.

Results—The CTT value before treatment differed
significantly from CTT values after treatment until 45
minutes after application in the 1-drop group and until
55 minutes after application in the 2-drop group. As
determined by use of the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer,
a significantly greater anesthetic effect was
detected for the 2-drop treatment, compared with the
effect for the 1-drop treatment, at 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,
and 55 minutes after application. Maximal anesthetic
effect lasted for 15 minutes for the 1-drop treatment
and 25 minutes for the 2-drop treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Duration of
corneal anesthetic effect induced by topical ophthalmic
application of 0.5% proparacaine in dogs of
this study is considerably longer than that reported
elsewhere. Serial application of doses of 0.5%
proparacaine increases the duration and magnitude of
corneal anesthetic effects. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:77–80)
Assessment of the cryopreservation of equine spermatozoa in the presence of enzyme scavengers and antioxidants
Authors: Baumber Julie , Ball Barry A. , Linfor Jennifer J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of the addition of enzyme scavengers and antioxidants to the cryopreservation extender on characteristics of equine spermatozoa after freezing and thawing.

Sample Population—2 ejaculates collected from each of 5 stallions.

Procedure—Equine spermatozoa were cryopreserved in freezing extender alone (control samples) or with the addition of catalase (200 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (200 U/mL), reduced glutathione (10mM), ascorbic acid (10mM), α-tocopherol (25, 50, 100, or 500µM or 1mM), or the vehicle for α-tocopherol (0.5% ethanol). After thawing, spermatozoal motility was assessed via computer-assisted analysis and DNA fragmentation was assessed via the comet assay. Spermatozoal mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosomal integrity, and viability were determined by use of various specific staining techniques and flow cytometry.

Results—The addition of enzyme scavengers or antioxidants to cryopreservation extender did not improve spermatozoal motility, DNA fragmentation, acrosomal integrity, viability, or mitochondrial membrane potential after thawing. Superoxide dismutase increased DNA fragmentation, likely because of the additional oxidative stress caused by the generation of hydrogen peroxide by this enzyme. Interestingly, the addition of the vehicle for α-tocopherol resulted in a significant decrease in live acrosome-intact spermatozoa.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The addition of antioxidants to the cryopreservation extender did not improve the quality of equine spermatozoa after thawing, which suggests that the role of oxidative stress in cryopreservation-induced damage of equine spermatozoa requires further investigation. Our data suggest that solubilizing α-tocopherol in ethanol may affect spermatozoal viability; consequently, water-soluble analogues of α-tocopherol may be preferred for future investigations. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:772–779)
Depletion of taurine and glutamate from damaged photoreceptors in the retinas of dogs with primary glaucoma
Authors: Madl James E. , McIlnay Tonya R. , Powell Cynthia C. , Gionfriddo Juliet R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether taurine and glutamate contents are reduced in damaged photoreceptors in dogs with primary glaucoma (PG) in a manner consistent with an ischemia-like release of both of these amino acids from damaged cells.

Sample Population—Retinas from 6 dogs with PG and 3 control dogs.

Procedure—Serial, semithin sections of each canine retina were stained with toluidine blue to identify damaged photoreceptors or via immunogold techniques to quantify taurine and glutamate content in retinal cells.

Results—Regions with a thin outer nuclear layer and pathologic nuclear changes in photoreceptors were evident in retinas of dogs with PG. The density of immunostaining for taurine in damaged photoreceptors was significantly reduced to (mean ± SEM) 37.5 ± 2.6% of the density in adjacent undamaged photoreceptors. Photoreceptors with decreased taurine immunostaining also had decreased glutamate immunostaining, consistent with ischemia-like release of both of these amino acids from damaged cells. Immunostaining for glutamate, but not taurine, was increased in presumptive radial glial cells (ie, Müller cells) in damaged regions, consistent with an ischemia-induced redistribution of amino acids in dogs with PG.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Retinal damage in dogs with PG includes ischemia-like losses of taurine and glutamate from photoreceptors and accumulation of glutamate, but not taurine, in nearby Müller cells. These changes are consistent with glutamate release and depletion of intracellular taurine in damaged regions, perhaps contributing to progressive damage in these areas. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:791–799)
Changes in bacterial and fungal ocular flora of clinically normal horses following experimental application of topical antimicrobial or antimicrobial-corticosteroid ophthalmic preparations
Authors: Gemensky-Metzler Anne J. , Wilkie David A. , Kowalski Joseph J. , Schmall L. Michael , Willis A. Michelle , Yamagata Maya
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of topical antimicrobial and antimicrobial-corticosteroid preparations on the ocular flora of horses.

Animals—40 horses.

Procedure—One eye was treated 3 times daily for 2 weeks with one of the following ointments: 1) neomycinbacitracin- polymyxin B, 2) 0.6% prednisolone-0.3% gentamicin, 3) neomycin-polymyxin B-0.05% dexamethasone, or 4) treated (artificial tears) control. Contralateral eyes of treated control eyes served as untreated control eyes. Corneal and conjunctival specimens for bacterial and fungal cultures were collected prior to initiation of treatment, after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment, and 2 weeks after concluding treatment. Changes in culture growth quantity scores of bacterial and fungal species were analyzed.

Results—The most common species before treatment were the following: gram-positive bacteria includedStreptomycesspp (66%) ,Staphylococcusspp (46%) ,Bacillusspp (32%) , andStreptococcusspp (32%); gramnegative bacteria includedMoraxellaspp (28%) ,Escherichia coli(24%) ,Acinetobacterspp (18%), andEnterobacterspp (14%); and fungi includedAspergillus nidulans(56%) ,Cladosporiumspp (32%), andAspergillus fumigatus(22%). In all groups, the percentage of positive bacterial culture results, growth quantity score of gram-positive bacteria, and number of bacterial species isolated decreased at week 1 and increased at week 2, whereas growth quantity score of gram-negative bacteria decreased throughout treatment. Differences were not significant among groups. Fungal growth quantity score decreased during treatment in all groups. Repopulation of bacterial and fungal species occurred.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—All interventions decreased the number of microorganisms. Repopulation of normal flora occurred during and after treatment. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:800–811)
Influence of obesity on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in dogs
Authors: Jeusette Isabelle C. , Lhoest Estelle T. , Istasse Louis P. , Diez Marianne O.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of obesity and diet in dogs on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations by assaying plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations and determining total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations as well as the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in various lipoprotein classes (ie, very-low-density, low-density, and high-density lipoproteins).

Animals—24 Beagles; 12 lean (mean [± SEM] body weight, 12.7 ± 0.7 kg) and 12 chronically obese (21.9 ± 0.8 kg) dogs of both sexes, between 1 and 9 years old.

Procedure—Total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations; lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations; and plasma ghrelin, leptin, free fatty acids, insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured and compared between lean and obese dogs, both of which were fed a complete and balanced maintenance diet. Chronically obese dogs were subsequently fed a high-protein low-energy diet to evaluate effects of diet composition on plasma lipid and lipoprotein measurements.

Results—Chronic obesity resulted in a significant decrease in plasma ghrelin concentration and a significant increase in plasma leptin, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in dogs. High total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations resulted from increased cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in all lipoprotein fractions. In obese dogs, modification of diet composition resulted in beneficial effects on plasma lipid and leptin concentrations, even before weight loss was observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Correlations exist between obesity and plasma measurements (ie, lipoproteins, leptin, insulin, and ghrelin) commonly associated with obesity. Modification of diet composition to control energy intake improves plasma lipid and leptin concentrations in obese dogs. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:81–86)
In vivo effects of carprofen, deracoxib, and etodolac on prostanoid production in blood, gastric mucosa, and synovial fluid in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis
Authors: Sessions John K. , Reynolds Lisa R. , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate in vivo activity of carprofen, deracoxib, and etodolac on prostanoid production in several target tissues in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis.

Animals—8 dogs with chronic unilateral osteoarthritis of the stifle joint.

Procedure—Each dog received carprofen, deracoxib, or etodolac for 10 days with a 30- to 60-day washout period between treatments. On days 0, 3, and 10, prostaglandin (PG) E2concentrations were measured in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood, synovial fluid, and gastric mucosal biopsy specimens; PGE1concentrations were measured in gastric mucosal biopsy specimens; and thromboxane B2(TXB2) was evaluated in blood.

Results—Carprofen and deracoxib significantly suppressed PGE2concentrations in blood at days 3 and 10, compared with baseline, whereas etodolac did not. None of the drugs significantly suppressed TXB2concentrations in blood or gastric PGE1synthesis at any time point. All 3 drugs significantly decreased gastric synthesis of PGE2at day 3 but not day 10 of each treatment period. All 3 drugs decreased synovial fluid PGE2concentrations in the affected and unaffected stifle joints at days 3 and 10.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that carprofen and deracoxib act in vivo on target tissues as COX-1–sparing drugs by sparing gastric PGE1and PGE2synthesis and production of TXB2by platelets. Etodolac also appears to be COX-1 sparing but may have variable effects on COX-2 depending on the tissue. In gastric mucosa and synovial fluid, there were no significant differences in PG production between compounds at recommended concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:812–817)
Effects of submaximal exercise on adenine nucleotide concentrations in skeletal muscle fibers of horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy
Authors: Annandale Erin J. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Essén-Gustavsson Birgitta
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether disruption of adenine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration and subsequent adenine nucleotide degradation are potential mechanisms for rhabdomyolysis in horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) performing submaximal exercise.

Animals—7 horses with PSSM and 4 control horses.

Procedures—Horses with PSSM performed 2-minute intervals of a walk and trot exercise on a treadmill until muscle cramping developed. Control horses exercised similarly for 20 minutes. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured 4 hours after exercise. Citrate synthase (CS), 3-OH-acylCoA dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities prior to exercise and glucose- 6-phosphate (G-6-P) and lactate concentrations before and after exercise were measured in gluteal muscle specimens. Adenine triphosphate, diphosphate (ADP), monophosphate (AMP), and inosine monophosphate (IMP) concentrations were measured before and after exercise in whole muscle, single muscle fibers, and pooled single muscle fibers.

Results—Serum CK activity ranged from 255 to 22,265 U/L in horses with PSSM and 133 to 278 U/L in control horses. Muscle CS activity was lower in horses with PSSM, compared with control horses. Muscle G-6-P, lactate, ATP, ADP, and AMP concentrations in whole muscle did not change with exercise in any horses. Concentration of IMP increased with exercise in whole muscle, pooled muscle fibers, and single muscle fibers in horses with PSSM. Large variations in ATP and IMP concentrations were observed within single muscle fibers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased IMP concentration without depletion of ATP in individual muscle fibers of horses with PSSM during submaximal exercise indicates an energy imbalance that may contribute to the development of exercise intolerance and rhabdomyolysis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:839–845)
Plasma and skin concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids before and after supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Mueller Ralf S. , Fettman Martin J. , Richardson Kristi , Hansen Rodney A. , Miller Arianne , Magowitz Jody , Ogilvie Gregory K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine essential fatty acid concentrations
in plasma and tissue before and after supplementation
with n-3 fatty acids in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Animals—30 dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Procedure—Dogs received supplemental flaxseed oil
(200 mg/kg/d), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA;
50 mg/kg/d)-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA;
35 mg/kg/d), or mineral oil as a placebo in a doubleblind,
placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Clinical
scores and plasma and cutaneous concentrations of
linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, α-linolenic acid (α-LLA),
EPA, DHA, prostaglandin E2, and leukotriene B4 were
determined.

Results—Total plasma concentrations of α-LLA and
EPA increased and those of arachidonic acid
decreased significantly with administration of EPADHA,
and concentrations of α-LLA increased with
flaxseed oil supplementation; nevertheless, there
was no significant change in the concentrations of
these fatty acids or eicosanoids in the skin. There was
no correlation between clinical scores and plasma or
cutaneous concentrations for any of the measured
fatty acids or eicosanoids.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated
that at the dose used, neither the concentrations
of fatty acids in skin or plasma nor a decrease in
the production of inflammatory eicosanoids was a
major factor involved in the mechanism of action in
dogs with atopy that responded to fatty acid supplementation.
(Am J Vet Res 2005;66:868–873)
Evaluation of the use of technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid for scintigraphic imaging of the kidneys in green iguanas ( Iguana iguana )
Authors: Greer Leah L. , Daniel Gregory B. , Shearn-Bochsler Valerie I. , Ramsay Edward C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the use of scintigraphy involving technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) or technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) for the determination of kidney morphology and function in green iguanas (Iguana iguana).

Animals—10 healthy iguanas weighing > 1.6 kg.

Procedure—Renal scintigraphy was performed by use of99mTc-DTPA in 6 of the iguanas and by use of99mTc-DMSA in all 10 iguanas. After the injection of99mTc-DMSA, scans were performed for each iguana at intervals during a 20-hour period. Renal biopsies were performed in all 10 iguanas after the final scintigraphic evaluation.

Results—In iguanas, the use of99mTc-DTPA for renal scintigraphy was nondiagnostic because of serum protein binding and poor renal uptake of the isotope; mean ± SD99mTc-DTPA bound to serum proteins was 48.9 ± 9.9%. Renal uptake of99mTc-DMSA produced distinct visualization of both kidneys. Renal uptake and soft tissue clearance of99mTc-DMSA increased over the 20-hour imaging period; mean ± SD renal uptake of99mTc-DMSA was 11.31 ± 3.06% at 20 hours. In each of the 10 iguanas, ultrasonographic and histologic examinations of biopsy specimens from both kidneys revealed no abnormalities.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that the kidneys of iguanas can be evaluated scintigraphically by use of99mTc-DMSA; this technique may be potentially useful for the diagnosis of renal failure in iguanas. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:87–92)
Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evaluation of the effects of extracorporeal shock wave treatment in the hind limbs of horses with experimentally induced suspensory ligament desmitis
Authors: Caminoto Elisa H. , Alves Ana Liz G. , Amorim Renée L. , Thomassian Armen , Hussni Carlos A. , Nicoletti José Luis M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on affected ligaments in the hind limbs of horses with experimentally induced suspensory ligament desmitis by use of ultrasonographic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical techniques.

Animals—10 horses.

Procedure—Suspensory ligament desmitis was induced in both hind limbs of each horse by use of 2 collagenase injections (administered 2 weeks apart) in each suspensory ligament. Two weeks after the second injection, the right hind limb of each horse was treated with ESWT (3 treatments at 3-week intervals); the left hind limb was not treated (control limb). Periodically during the study, the healing process was monitored ultrasonographically and the proportions of ligaments affected with lesions were assessed. Four weeks after the last ESWT treatment, biopsy specimens were collected from all ligaments for ultrastructural evaluation and immunocytochemical analysis of transforming growth factor β-1.

Results—The difference in the proportion of the lesionaffected ligament between ESWT-treated and control limbs was significant (P< 0.05) from 3 weeks after the second ESWT treatment to the end of the study. Compared with control ligaments, ESWT-treated ligaments had more small, newly formed collagen fibrils and greater expression of transforming growth factor β-1 4 weeks after the last ESWT treatment was administered.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results have indicated that ESWT appears to facilitate the healing process in horses with experimentally induced hind limb suspensory ligament desmitis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:892–896)
Meal-induced gastric relaxation and emptying in horses after ingestion of high-fat versus high-carbohydrate diets
Authors: Lorenzo-Figueras Mireia , Preston Tom , Ott Edgar A. , Merritt Alfred M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of ingestion of a
high-carbohydrate versus a high-fat meal on relaxation
of the proximal portion of the stomach and subsequent
gastric emptying in horses.

Animals—6 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—The study consisted of 2 phases. In
phase I, horses were offered a high-fat (8% fat) or a
high-carbohydrate (3% fat) pelleted meal (0.5 g/kg) of
identical volume, caloric density, and protein content.
In phase II, meals consisted of a commercial sweet
feed meal (0.5 g/kg) or this meal supplemented with
corn oil (12.3% fat) or an isocaloric amount of glucose
(2.9% fat). Proximal gastric tone was measured by
variations in volume of an intragastric bag introduced
through a gastric cannula and maintained with a constant
internal pressure by an electronic barostat. Rate
of gastric emptying was measured simultaneously
with the 13C-octanoic acid breath test. Interaction
between both techniques was studied in additional
experiments.

Results—Meals with higher carbohydrate content
induced a significantly more prolonged receptive
relaxation of the proximal portion of the stomach than
those with higher fat content, but the accommodation
response was similar. Labeling the meals with
the breath test marker influenced the accommodation
response measured by the barostat. Gastric emptying
rates were not significantly different between
meals, although those high in carbohydrate initially
emptied more slowly.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, in
contrast to most species, dietary fat supplementation
may not have a profound effect on gastric motility.
(Am J Vet Res 2005;66:897–906)
Assessment of serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal administration at three dosages in healthy llamas
Authors: Grubb Tamara L. , Gold Jenifer R. , Schlipf John W. , Craig A. Morrie , Walker Karen C. , Riebold Thomas W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal administration at 3 dosages in llamas.

Animals—9 healthy adult female llamas (mean age, 8 ± 3 years; mean weight, 150 ± 18 kg).

Procedure—Llamas were allocated to 1 of 3 groups (3 llamas/group). Fentanyl patches (each providing transdermal delivery of 75 µg of fentanyl/h) were placed on shaved areas of the antebrachium of all llamas. In group 1, llamas were treated with 1 patch (anticipated fentanyl dosage, 75 µg/h). In group 2, llamas were treated with 2 patches (anticipated fentanyl dosage, 150 µg/h). In group 3, llamas were treated with 4 patches (anticipated fentanyl dosage, 300 µg/h). For each llama, the degree of sedation was assessed by use of a subjective scoring system and a blood sample was collected for determination of serum fentanyl concentration at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after patch placement.

Results—Following the placement of 4 patches, mean ± SD serum fentanyl concentration in group 3 llamas reached 0.3 ± 0.08 ng/mL within 12 hours. This concentration was sustained for 72 hours. In group 2, application of 2 patches provided inconsistent results; in group 1, application of 1 patch rarely provided measurable serum fentanyl concentrations. No llamas became sedated at any time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that application of four 75 µg/h fentanyl patches provides consistent, sustained serum fentanyl concentrations without sedation in llamas. However, the serum concentration of fentanyl that provides analgesia in llamas is not known. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:907–909)
Experimental induction of bacterial gastritis and gastric ulcer disease in gnotobiotic swine inoculated with porcine Helicobacter-like species
Authors: Krakowka Steven , Rings D. Michael , Ellis John A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether 2 isolates of recently isolated swine-originHelicobacterpylori-like bacteria are pathogenic in pigs and compare the signs of gastric disease induced by these isolates with those detected inH pylori-andHelicobacter heilmannii-in fected pigs.

Animals—36 neonatal gnotobiotic pigs.

Procedure—Groups of separately housed pigs were inoculated orally with swine-originHelicobacter-like isolates 2662 or 1268,H pylori(human gastric pathogen), or a gastric homogenate from gnotobiotic swine containingH heilmannii. Noninoculated pigs were used as control animals. Clinical signs and development of homologous and heterologous antibodies againstHelicobacterorganisms were assessed. After euthanasia, gastric tissues were examined grossly and microscopically;Helicobacterorganisms were detected by use of Warthin-Starry and immunohistochemical stains.

Results—Both porcineHelicobacter-like isolates colonized the stomachs of swine. Isolate 2662 was highly pathogenic; in 13 isolate 2662-inoculated pigs, gastroesophageal ulcerations developed in 9 and ulceration of the gastric glandular mucosa was detected in 5. Histologically, inflammatory gastritis consisting of multifocal to diffuse lymphocytic and plasmacytic cellular infiltrates and lymphoid follicle formation in the gastric lamina propria accompanied bacterial colonization of the gastric compartment. In contrast,H heilmanniiwas minimally pathogenic in that only modest inflammatory cell infiltrates were seen. Gastroesophageal or mucosal ulcers were not evident in pigs inoculated withH heilmannii.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data indicate that swine-originH pylori-like bacteria can be pathogenic in pigs and suggest that porcine gastric disease may be mediated, in part, by colonization of the stomach by swine-originH pylori-like bacteria. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:945–952)
In vivo effects of tepoxalin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, on prostanoid and leukotriene production in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis
Authors: Agnello Kimberly A. , Reynolds Lisa R. , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate in vivo effects of tepoxalin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), on prostaglandin (PG) and leukotriene production in osteoarthritic dogs.

Animals—7 mixed-breed adult dogs with chronic unilateral arthritis of a stifle joint.

Procedure—Dogs were treated in accordance with a randomized 3-way crossover design. Each dog received an inert substance, meloxicam, or tepoxalin for 10 days. On day 0 (baseline), 3, and 10, dogs were anesthetized and samples of blood, stifle joint synovial fluid, and gastric mucosa were collected. Concentrations of PGE2were measured in synovial fluid and after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood; PGE1and PGE2synthesis was measured in gastric mucosa. Thromboxane B2(TxB2) concentration was measured in whole blood. Leukotriene B4(LTB4) concentration was determined in gastric mucosa and in whole blood after ex vivo stimulation with a calcium ionophore.

Results—Tepoxalin significantly decreased LTB4concentrations in the blood and gastric mucosa at day 10 and TxB2concentrations in the blood and PGE2in the gastric mucosa and synovial fluid at days 3 and 10, compared with baseline values. Meloxicam significantly decreased PGE2concentrations in the blood at days 3 and 10 and synovial fluid at day 3. Meloxicam also decreased PGE1and PGE2synthesis in the gastric mucosa at day 3. Meloxicam did not affect LTB4synthesis in the blood or LTB4concentrations in the gastric mucosa.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tepoxalin has in vivo inhibitory activity against COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX in dogs at the current approved recommended dosage. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:966–972)