bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First light of VLT/HiRISE: High-resolution spectroscopy of young giant exoplanets
Authors: Vigan A. , El Morsy M. , Lopez M. , Otten G. P. P. L. , Garcia J. , Costes J. , Muslimov E. , Viret A. , Charles Y. , Zins G. , Murray G. , Costille A. , Paufique J. , Seemann U. , Houllé M. , Anwand-Heerwart H. , Phillips M. , Abinanti A. , Balard P. , Baraffe I. , Benedetti J.-A. , Blanchard P. , Blanco L. , Beuzit J.-L. , Choquet E. , Cristofari P. , Desidera S. , Dohlen K. , Dorn R. , Ely T. , Fuenteseca E. , Garcia N. , Jaquet M. , Jaubert F. , Kasper M. , Le Merrer J. , Maire A.-L. , N’Diaye M. , Pallanca L. , Popovic D. , Pourcelot R. , Reiners A. , Rochat S. , Sehim C. , Schmutzer R. , Smette A. , Tchoubaklian N. , Tomlinson P. , Valenzuela Soto J.
Published: November 2023

A major endeavor of this decade is the direct characterization of young giant exoplanets at high spectral resolution to determine the composition of their atmosphere and infer their formation processes and evolution. Such a goal represents a major challenge owing to their small angular separation and luminosity contrast with respect to their parent stars. Instead of designing and implementing completely new facilities, it has been proposed to leverage the capabilities of existing instruments that offer either high-contrast imaging or high-dispersion spectroscopy by coupling them using optical fibers. In this work, we present the implementation and first on-sky results of the High-Resolution Imaging and Spectroscopy of Exoplanets (HiRISE) instrument at the Very Large Telescope (VLT), which combines the exoplanet imager SPHERE with the recently upgraded high-resolution spectrograph CRIRES using single-mode fibers. The goal of HiRISE is to enable the characterization of known companions in theHband at a spectral resolution on the order ofR = λ/∆λ= 100 000 in a few hours of observing time. We present the main design choices and the technical implementation of the system, which is constituted of three major parts: the fiber injection module inside of SPHERE, the fiber bundle around the telescope, and the fiber extraction module at the entrance of CRIRES. We also detail the specific calibrations required for HiRISE and the operations of the instrument for science observations. Finally, we detail the performance of the system in terms of astrometry, temporal stability, optical aberrations, and transmission, for which we report a peak value of ~3.9% based on sky measurements in median observing conditions. Finally, we report on the first astrophysical detection of HiRISE to illustrate its potential.
Compact to extended Lyman-α emitters in MAGPI: Strong blue-peak emission at z ≳ 3
Authors: Mukherjee T. , Zafar T. , Nanayakkara T. , Wisnioski E. , Battisti A. , Gupta A. , Lagos C. D. P. , Harborne K. E. , Foster C. , Mendel T. , Croom S. M. , Mailvaganam A. , Prathap J.
Published: November 2023

We report the discovery of three double-peaked Lyman-α emitters (LAEs) exhibiting strong blue-peak emission at 2.9 ≲ z ≲ 4.8 in the VLT/MUSE data obtained as part of the Middle Ages Galaxy Properties with Integral Field Spectroscopy (MAGPI) survey. These strong blue-peak systems provide a unique window into the scattering of Lyα photons by neutral hydrogen (H I), suggesting gas inflows along the line of sight and low H I column density. Two of them at z = 2.9 and z = 3.6, are spatially extended halos with their core regions clearly exhibiting stronger emission at the blue peak than at the red peak. However, spatial variations in the peak ratio and peak separation are evident over 25 × 26 kpc (z = 2.9) and 19 × 28 kpc (z = 3.6) regions in these extended halos. Notably, these systems do not fall in the regime of Lyα blobs or nebulae. To the best of our knowledge, such a Lyα halo with a dominant blue core has not been observed previously. In contrast, the LAE at z ∼ 4.8 is a compact system spanning a 9 × 9 kpc region and stands as the highest-redshift strong blue-peak emitter ever detected. The peak separation of the bright cores in these three systems ranges from Δpeak ∼ 370 to 660 km s−1. The observed overall trend of decreasing peak separation with increasing radius is supposed to be controlled by H I column density and gas covering fraction. Based on various estimations, in contrast to the compact LAE, our halos are found to be good candidates for Lyman-continuum (LyC) leakers. These findings shed light on the complex interplay between Lyα emission, gas kinematics, and ionizing radiation properties, offering valuable insights into the evolution and nature of high-redshift galaxies.
Verfahren der künstlichen Intelligenz – eine Perspektive für die kardiovaskuläre Telemedizin?
Authors: Römmelt Constantin , Hiddemann Meike , Köhler Kerstin , Köhler Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Geschätzte 150000–200000 herzinsuffiziente Patient*innen in Deutschland haben seit 2022
durch einen Beschluss des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses (G-BA) Anspruch auf eine
telemedizinische Mitbetreuung. Aktuell sind KI-Anwendungen (KI: künstliche Intelligenz) in der
kardiovaskulären Telemedizin für die Regelversorgung nicht zulässig. Die Anwendung von KI
könnte jedoch helfen, die Vorhersagegenauigkeit der etablierten telemedizinischen Sensorik
durch Mustererkennung unter Einbeziehung multipler Datenquellen zu verbessern. Zudem befinden
sich neue KI-basierte Biomarker in der Entwicklung, um in der telemedizinischen Sensorik
eingesetzt zu werden. Vielversprechend erscheint dabei der Ansatz der Stimmanalyse zur
Erkennung einer pulmonalen Kongestion. KI-basierte Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme könnten
zukünftig dabei helfen, den Befundungsprozess im Telemedizinzentrum zu optimieren.
Large-Language-Modelle bieten das Potenzial, zukünftig die Befunderstellung zu unterstützen.
Die Forschung zur digitalen Medizin bedarf klarer Rahmenbedingungen, um neue KI-basierter
Technologien im Gesundheitswesen in der Patientenanwendung prüfen zu können.
Auf der Suche nach der Evidenz: Eine systematische
Übersichtsarbeit zur Pathologie des Lipödems
Authors: Funke Sarah , Kuhlmann Constanze , Taha Sara , Fuchs Benedikt , Wiggenhauser Paul Severin , Giunta Riccardo E.
Published: November 2023

Hintergrund Das Lipödem bezeichnet eine symmetrisch lokalisierte,
schmerzhafte Vermehrung des subkutanen Fettgewebes an den Extremitäten
mit deutlicher Disproportion zum Stamm, von der fast ausschließliche
Frauen betroffen sind. Obwohl die Erstbeschreibung über 80 Jahre
zurückliegt, sind die Ätiologie und Pathogenese der Erkrankung
bislang weitestgehend ungeklärt und zurzeit Inhalt intensiver
Forschungsarbeit.

Methoden Zur Zusammenfassung der aktuellen evidenz-basierten Literatur zur
Pathologie, Pathohistologie und Pathogenese des Lipödems erfolgte eine
PRISMA-basierte systematische Literaturrecherche innerhalb der National Library
of Medicine und Cochrane-Datenbank.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt konnten 53 Studien identifiziert und in diese
Übersicht inkludiert werden. Die Ergebnisse wurden in Kategorien
klassifiziert und zusammengefasst.

Schlussfolgerung Trotz einer deutlichen Zunahme der
Forschungsaktivität und der Veröffentlichung umfangreicher
Studien mit histologischem und molekulargenetischem Schwerpunkt in den letzten
Jahren, bleibt die grundlegende Ätiologie und Pathologie der Erkrankung
Lipödem weitestgehend uneindeutig. Die aktuelle Datenlage weist
studienübergreifend Diskrepanzen auf, insbesondere die
„ödematöse“ Komponente des Lipödems ist
umstritten. Die häufig-vorliegenden Ko-Morbiditäten
„Lymphödem“ und „Übergewicht“,
vornehmlich in fortgeschrittenen Stadien, erschweren die
differentialdiagnostische Abgrenzung und klare Definition von Studienkohorten in
der wissenschaftlichen Forschung.
Association and Pathways between Dietary Manganese Intake and Incident Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Huang Yu , Zhang Yanjun , Yang Sisi , Xiang Hao , Zhou Chun , Ye Ziliang , Liu Mengyi , He Panpan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Gan Xiaoqin , Qin Xianhui
Published: November 2023

Background The association between dietary manganese (Mn) intake and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the associations of dietary Mn intake with incident VTE, and the underlying mediating roles of obesity markers (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference), hemorheological parameters (red cell distribution width [RDW], platelet count [PLT], and mean platelet volume [MPV]), and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP] and white blood cell count [WBC]) in this association.

Methods A total of 202,507 adults from the UK Biobank with complete dietary data and without VTE at baseline were included. Dietary information was collected by the online 24-hour diet recall questionnaires (Oxford WebQ). The primary outcome was incident VTE, a composite of incident deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

Results During a median follow-up of 11.6 years, 4,750 participants developed incident VTE. Overall, there were significantly inverse relationships of dietary Mn intake with incident VTE (per 1 mg/day increment; adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90–0.95), incident DVT (per 1 mg/day increment; adjusted HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0. 90–0.96), and incident PE (per 1 mg/day increment; adjusted HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.88–0.95). BMI, waist circumference, RDW, CRP, and WBC significantly mediated the association between dietary Mn intake and incident VTE, with the mediated proportions of 36.0, 36.5, 4.2, 4.3, and 1.6%, respectively. However, MPV and PLT did not significantly mediate the association.

Conclusion Our study shows that dietary Mn intake was inversely associated with incident VTE. The inverse association was mainly mediated by obesity, followed by inflammatory biomarkers and RDW. Our findings are just hypothesis-generating, and further confirmation of our findings in more studies is essential.
Visible-Light-Induced Three-Component Radical Coupling of Selenocarbamates, Enones, and Allylstannanes with Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine Oxide
Authors: Ishihara Jun , Komine Keita , Yamazaki Yuta , Iwanaga Taiga , Sakaguchi Hikaru , Fukuda Hayato
Published: November 2023

A blue LED-induced three-component coupling of a carbamoyl radical, cyclic enone, and allylstannane was developed. The use of blue LEDs and diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO) as a radical initiator permitted the three-component radical coupling to proceed with a high chemoselectivity. An elucidation of the mechanism revealed a pathway for the formation of a tributyltin radical from TPO and allylstannane. This tandem radical reaction is expected to be applicable in natural-product synthesis.
Trick or treaty? An empirical analysis of the treaty ratification process in Italy
Authors: Vignoli Valerio , Corradi Edoardo
Published: November 2023

Treaties are a fundamental tool of international politics. Therefore, existing literature has long investigated their ratification, the act through which an actor commits itself to the treaty’s content and its determinants. However, we believe this scholarship has three substantial limitations: a lack of comprehensive assessments of the differences between bilateral and multilateral treaties, a limited attention to small and middle powers, and a substantial neglect of the impact of cabinet ideology. We address these gaps by exploring the dynamics of treaty ratification in Italy. Our analysis covers all the treaties signed and ratified by Italian policymakers between 1994 and 2022 that underwent parliamentary approval. We find that multilateral treaties take, on average, more time to get ratified than bilateral ones. Treaties regarding areas such as environment and human rights are also subject to longer ratification processes. The presence of left-wing cabinet coalitions tends to increase the likelihood of ratification. Through these findings, the article contributes to the understanding of treaty commitment in middle powers. It also provides an innovative point of view in the debate on Italian foreign policy and its domestic drivers.
Preparing undergraduates for the post-pandemic workplace: Teams of education and engineering students teach engineering virtually
Authors: Gutierrez Kristie S. , Kidd Jennifer J. , Lee Min J. , Pazos Pilar , Kaipa Krishnanand , Ayala Orlando
Published: November 2023

When schools and universities across the world transitioned online due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Ed+gineering, a National Science Foundation (NSF) project that partners engineering and education undergraduates to design and deliver engineering lessons to elementary students, also had to shift its hands-on lessons to a virtual format. Through the lens of social cognitive theory (SCT), this study investigates engineering and education students’ experiences during the shift to online instruction to understand how they perceived its influence on their learning. As a result of modifying their lessons for online delivery, students reported learning professional skills, including skills for teaching online and educational technology skills, as well as Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) content. Some also lamented missed learning opportunities, like practice presenting face-to-face. Students’ affective responses were often associated with preparing and delivering their lessons. SCT sheds light on how the mid-semester change in their environment, caused by the shift in designing and teaching from face-to-face to online, affected the undergraduate engineering and education students’ personal experiences and affect. Overall, the transition to fully online was effective for students’ perceived learning and teaching of engineering. Though students experienced many challenges developing multimedia content for delivering hands-on lessons online, they reported learning new skills and knowledge and expressed positive affective responses. From the gains reported by undergraduates, we believe that this cross-disciplinary virtual team assignment was a successful strategy for helping undergraduates build competencies in virtual skills. We posit that similar assignment structures and opportunities post-pandemic will also continue to prepare future students for the post-pandemic workplace.
Construction of vaccination network and influencing factors: a case study of Chongqing, China
Authors: Li Jianing , Fan Jie , Zhu Ling , Wu Xiaohua , Luo Chunyu , Wang Wei
Published: November 2023

Vaccination is a fundamental tool in preventing infectious diseases. However, due to the wide array of vaccines available, comprehending the entire vaccine landscape can be a daunting task. To tackle this complexity, this study employs advanced network analysis methods capable of capturing the intricate relationships within multivariate datasets. The objective is to investigate how the vaccination landscape has evolved both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined vaccination data in the Nanan District of Chongqing, China, spanning from 2016 to 2022. Additionally, the network topological characteristics were computed and scrutinized across 2326 sliding windows. The investigation focused on assessing alterations in the topological structure of the vaccination network before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, encompassing analyses at both macro and mesoscale levels. Furthermore, at the micro level, this study delved into the correlation degrees of selected vaccine nodes within the vaccination network. The analysis unveiled that the correlation and activity within the vaccination network showed a noticeable enhancement in strength in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially during the spring and winter months. However, the community structure and the average interactions between vaccines displayed a diminishing trend post-pandemic. Among the analyzed vaccines, the HepA vaccine emerged as the one with the highest average node-degree centrality rank. A closer examination of the node-degree centrality ranking chart within the vaccination network disclosed fluctuations in the rankings of various vaccine types across different time periods and seasons. In contrast, vaccines incorporated into NIP exhibited a remarkable degree of consistency, which is attributed to children adhering to a fixed vaccination schedule, rendering NIP vaccines less susceptible to disruptions and enhancing their stability within the vaccination network. This study offers valuable insights into the dynamics of the vaccination network, shedding light on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, seasonal variations, and the ever-shifting correlation patterns among different vaccine types. These discoveries enrich our comprehension of vaccination trends and have the potential to guide forthcoming endeavors aimed at refining vaccination strategies and enhancing public health outcomes, not only in the Nanan District but also in analogous settings.
A novel method for the measurement of superconducting transmission lines at terahertz frequencies
Authors: Peng Zhaohang , Fan Bowen , Miao Wei , Wang Zheng , Ren Yuan , Li Jing , Shi Shengcai
Published: November 2023

Characterizing the properties (e.g., effective dielectric constant εeff, attenuation constant α, and characteristic impedance Z0) of terahertz (THz) superconducting transmission lines is of particular interest in designing on-chip integrated THz bandpass filters, which are a critical component for THz astronomical instruments, such as multi-color camera and broadband imaging spectrometers. Here, we propose a novel method for the characterization of three parameters (εeff, α, and Z0) of THz superconducting transmission lines. This method measures the ratio of the THz signal powers through two different-length branches of the superconducting transmission line to be measured. In addition, only one measurement is required for an all-in-one device chip, including an antenna, a half-power divider, the superconducting transmission line to be measured, and two detectors. The key point is that the superconducting transmission line to be measured is impedance-mismatched with the two integrated detectors. The method is validated through simulation and measurement for superconducting coplanar waveguide transmission lines around 400 GHz.
Molecular Hessian matrices from a machine learning random forest regression algorithm
Authors: Domenichini Giorgio , Dellago Christoph
Published: November 2023

In this article, we present a machine learning model to obtain fast and accurate estimates of the molecular Hessian matrix. In this model, based on a random forest, the second derivatives of the energy with respect to redundant internal coordinates are learned individually. The internal coordinates together with their specific representation guarantee rotational and translational invariance. The model is trained on a subset of the QM7 dataset but is shown to be applicable to larger molecules picked from the QM9 dataset. From the predicted Hessian, it is also possible to obtain reasonable estimates of the vibrational frequencies, normal modes, and zero point energies of the molecules.
Steady-state thermodynamics of a system with heat and mass flow coupling
Authors: Makuch Karol , Hołyst Robert , Giżyński Konrad , Maciołek Anna , Żuk Paweł J.
Published: November 2023

Equilibrium thermodynamics describes the energy exchange of a body with its environment. Here, we describe the global energy exchange of an ideal gas in the Coutte flow in a thermodynamic-like manner. We derive a fundamental relation between internal energy as a function of parameters of state. We analyze a non-equilibrium transition in the system and postulate the extremum principle, which determines stable steady states in the system. The steady-state thermodynamic framework resembles equilibrium thermodynamics.
Local density dependent potentials for an underlying van der Waals equation of state: A simulation and density functional theory analysis
Authors: O’Connor James P. D. , Cook Joanne L. , Stott Ian P. , Masters Andrew J. , Avendaño Carlos
Published: November 2023

There is an ever increasing use of local density dependent potentials in the mesoscale modeling of complex fluids. Questions remain, though, about the dependence of the thermodynamic and structural properties of such systems on the cutoff distance used to calculate these local densities. These questions are particularly acute when it comes to the stability and structure of the vapor/liquid interface. In this article, we consider local density dependent potentials derived from an underlying van der Waals equation of state. We use simulation and density functional theory to examine how the bulk thermodynamic and interfacial properties vary with the cutoff distance, rc, used to calculate the local densities. We show quantitatively how the simulation results for bulk thermodynamic properties and vapor–liquid equilibrium approach the van der Waals limit as rc increases and demonstrate a scaling law for the radial distribution function in the large rc limit. We show that the vapor–liquid interface is stable with a well-defined surface tension and that the interfacial density profile is oscillatory, except for temperatures close to critical. Finally, we show that in the large rc limit, the interfacial tension is proportional to rc and, therefore, unlike the bulk thermodynamic properties, does not approach a constant value as rc increases. We believe that these results give new insights into the properties of local density dependent potentials, in particular their unusual interfacial behavior, which is relevant for modeling complex fluids in soft matter.
Ultra-low turn-on voltage (0.37 V) vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky barrier diode via oxygen plasma treatment
Authors: Wu Junye , Liao Zeliang , Wang Haofan , Zou Ping , Zhu Renqiang , Cai Weixiong , Zhuang Wenrong , Tu Yudi , Chen Shaojun , Xiong Xinbo , Chiu Hsien-Chin , Li Xiaohua , Liu Xinke
Published: November 2023

In this work, vertical gallium nitride (GaN) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with an ultra-low turn-on voltage VON (0.37 V) were demonstrated. Due to the process of O2 plasma treatment, GaON was formed on the surface of GaN and further modified the surface potential of the material surface, which made the VON decrease from 0.62 to 0.37 V. Spin-on-glass was deposited on top of devices to form the floating guard ring, which was used to improve the breakdown voltage to 681 V (at J = 1 A/cm2) by reducing the electric field distribution. The vertical GaN SBDs exhibit a specific on-resistance (RON) of 2.6 mΩ cm2. Deterioration of the device under different stress time changes slightly showed great stability of the devices.
Axial magnetic quadrupole mode of dielectric resonator for omnidirectional wireless power transfer
Authors: Zanganeh Esmaeel , Nenasheva Elizaveta , Kapitanova Polina
Published: November 2023

To achieve omnidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT) with high efficiency, a high Q-factor transmitter generating homogeneous magnetic field is crucial. Traditionally, orthogonal coils of different shapes are used to realize transmitters. In this paper, we develop an omnidirectional magnetic resonant WPT system based on a dielectric disk resonator with colossal permittivity and low loss operating at the axial magnetic quadrupole mode. The constant power transfer efficiency of 88% at the frequency of 157 MHz over the transfer distance of 3 cm for all azimuth angles of a receiver is experimentally demonstrated. The possibility of multi-receivers charging is also studied demonstrating a total efficiency of 90% regardless of azimuth angle between two receivers with respect to the transmitting disk resonator. The minimized exposure of biological tissues to the electric and magnetic fields as well as a low specific absorption rate is observed that makes the WPT system safer for charging with higher input power.
Resonant properties of the memory capacity of a laser-based reservoir computer with filtered optoelectronic feedback
Authors: Danilenko G. O. , Kovalev A. V. , Viktorov E. A. , Locquet A. , Citrin D. S. , Rontani D.
Published: November 2023

We provide a comprehensive analysis of the resonant properties of the memory capacity of a reservoir computer based on a semiconductor laser subjected to time-delayed filtered optoelectronic feedback. Our analysis reveals first how the memory capacity decreases sharply when the input-data clock cycle is slightly time-shifted from the time delay or its multiples. We attribute this effect to the inertial properties of the laser. We also report on the damping of the memory-capacity drop at resonance with a decrease of the virtual-node density and its broadening with the filtering properties of the optoelectronic feedback. These results are interpretated using the eigenspectrum of the reservoir obtained from a linear stability analysis. Then, we unveil an invariance in the minimum value of the memory capacity at resonance with respect to a variation of the number of nodes if the number is big enough and quantify how the filtering properties impact the system memory in and out of resonance.
Stability of nanoparticle laden aerosol liquid droplets
Authors: Archer A. J. , Goddard B. D. , Roth R.
Published: November 2023

We develop a model for the thermodynamics and evaporation dynamics of aerosol droplets of a liquid, such as water, surrounded by gas. When the temperature and the chemical potential (or equivalently the humidity) are such that the vapor phase is in the thermodynamic equilibrium state, then, of course, droplets of the pure liquid evaporate over a relatively short time. However, if the droplets also contain nanoparticles or any other non-volatile solute, then the droplets can become thermodynamically stable. We show that the equilibrium droplet size depends strongly on the amount and solubility of the nanoparticles within, i.e., on the nature of the particle interactions with the liquid and, of course, also on the vapor temperature and chemical potential. We develop a simple thermodynamic model for such droplets and compare predictions with results from a lattice density functional theory that takes as input the same particle interaction properties, finding very good agreement. We also use dynamical density functional theory to study the evaporation/condensation dynamics of liquid from/to droplets as they equilibrate with the vapor, thereby demonstrating droplet stability.
Propagating multi-dimensional density operators using the multi-layer-ρ multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree method
Authors: Van Haeften Alice , Ash Ceridwen , Worth Graham
Published: November 2023

Solving the Liouville–von-Neumann equation using a density operator provides a more complete picture of dynamical quantum phenomena than by using a wavepacket and solving the Schrödinger equation. As density operators are not restricted to the description of pure states, they can treat both thermalized and open systems. In practice, however, they are rarely used to study molecular systems as the computational resources required are even more prohibitive than those needed for wavepacket dynamics. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential utility of a scheme based on the powerful multi-layer multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree algorithm for propagating multi-dimensional density operators. Studies of two systems using this method are presented at a range of temperatures and including up to 13 degrees of freedom. The first case is single proton transfer in salicylaldimine, while the second is double proton transfer in porphycene. A comparison is also made with the approach of using stochastic wavepackets.
Piezoelectric properties of ZnO nanowire arrays/DAST-PDMS flexible nanogenerators
Authors: Jiang Xingwang , Hao Jian , Liu Ping , Gao Qingguo , Yang Jianjun , Liu Liming
Published: November 2023

The piezoelectric properties of 4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl) methylpyridine p-toluene sulfonate (DAST)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite thin film was investigated. Flexible nanogenerators based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire (NW) arrays/DAST-PDMS were fabricated. DAST holds organic crystal structure, and it can possess piezoelectric properties, and it can enhance the piezoelectric properties of ZnO NW arrays. PDMS can not only mix DAST powder with a liquid to prepare a thin film but also protect ZnO NW arrays and DAST from deterioration. When applying pressure with a balance weight of 100 g, the flexible nanogenerator based on ZnO NW arrays/DAST-PDMS can generate an output voltage of 2.3 V, which is much larger than that of the nanogenerator based on ZnO NW arrays. The effect of the strength of vertical external force, frequency of vertical external force, and degree of bending deformation on the ZnO NW arrays/DAST-PDMS flexible nanogenerators were investigated in this Letter. In our experiments, the output voltage of the ZnO NW arrays/DAST-PDMS flexible nanogenerators can reach 3.3 V. After bending the nanogenerator 20 times, the energy collection device based on the ZnO NW arrays/DAST-PDMS flexible nanogenerator was able to light an LED bulb.
Exceptional points in periodic array of silicon rods
Authors: Shadrina Galina , Bulgakov Evgeny , Sadreev Almas , Pichugin Konstantin
Published: November 2023

We find numerically the complex eigenvalues in grating composed of infinitely long silicon rods of rectangular cross section and show existence of exceptional points (EPs) in parametric space of structural scales and wave vector along the rods. The EPs have sufficiently small imaginary parts due to their proximity to bound states in the continuum. This enables to trace the resonant frequencies in the transmission around the EP and, accordingly, to identify the EP by bifurcation of the transmission. We present generic coupled mode theory to elucidate this effect. We also show that structural fluctuations of grating preserve EP but obscures their observation because of inhomogeneous broadening of transmission peaks.
Three-dimensionality effects on the flow past a horizontal heated cylinder under mixed convection heat transfer
Authors: Salimipour Erfan
Published: November 2023

The three-dimensionality has a significant effect on the flow-field and heat transfer, especially when the geometry is affected by thermal buoyancy. In the present research, the interaction of three-dimensionality, thermal buoyancy, and vortex shedding on the flow around an isothermal horizontal cylinder and its mixed convection heat transfer were numerically investigated. Both the secondary flow due to the thermal buoyancy and the free stream had an upward direction. The problem was simulated in a constant Prandtl number of 0.7, a range of Reynolds numbers (based on the cylinder's diameter) between 100 and 300, and Richardson numbers ranging between 0 and 0.5. The aspect ratio of the cylinder was 6. The numerical simulation of the problem was based on the discretization of the Navier–Stokes, energy, and k–ω SST turbulence equations. A finite-volume and pressure-based method with second-order spatial and temporal accuracy was utilized. The momentum, energy, and turbulence equations were explicitly solved, while the pressure equation was solved, implicitly. Comparison of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations showed that the thermal buoyancy had a significant impact on the flow three-dimensionality, so that the flow could become three-dimensional even at low Reynolds numbers such as Re = 130. In addition, the results demonstrated that for each Reynolds number, there was a critical Richardson number where the mean drag coefficient and Nusselt number reached their minimum value. Moreover, for Richardson numbers higher than the critical value, the flow entered a new low amplitude vortex shedding mode.
Chirality reversal of resonant modes in GdFe ferrimagnets
Authors: Chen Chao , Zheng Cuixiu , Zhang Jianwei , Liu Yaowen
Published: November 2023

Chirality of antiferromagnetic spin waves as an intrinsic degree of freedom has been attracting considerable attention due to its potential applications for magnonic devices. In this paper, atomistic-scale dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the chirality of spin wave resonant modes in ferrimagnetic alloy GdxFe1−x (0 < x <1) under different proportion x and external magnetic fields near the angular momentum compensation point. Simulation results reveal that as the proportion of Gd increases, the resonance mode of spin waves undergoes two distinct handedness flipping at magnetization compensation point and angular momentum compensation point. When the proportion x deviates from the magnetization compensation point, a frequency degeneracy point emerges at a non-zero magnetic field, indicating that the chirality of spin waves can also be switched by an external magnetic field. A theoretical analysis is developed to explain the observed phenomena. These findings provide valuable insights into the control and manipulation of spin wave chirality in ferrimagnetic alloys, with potential implications for the development of spin-based devices and technologies.
Tunable multi-cycle terahertz pulse generation from a spintronic emitter
Authors: Ji R. , Hibberd M. T. , Lin C.-H. , Walsh D. A. , Thomson T. , Nutter P. W. , Graham D. M.
Published: November 2023

We demonstrate that a spintronic terahertz (THz) emitter can be driven by a chirped-pulse beating scheme to generate narrowband THz pulses, with continuous tuning of the frequency and linewidth by simply adjusting the laser chirp and/or the time delay between chirped pulses. As supported by model calculations, temporal shaping of the drive laser pulses can be exploited to manipulate the ultrafast demagnetization dynamics in the thin-film emitter, modulating the spin-polarized current in the ferromagnetic layer to access multi-cycle THz emission. Using a regenerative amplifier laser system with 50 fs transform-limited pulses chirped to 6 ps, we demonstrate narrowband THz generation over a frequency range from 0.4 to 2.3 THz, in addition to linewidths down to 40 GHz using 12 ps chirped pulses. Our proof-of-concept results pave the way to future narrowband THz sources with subgigahertz linewidth and center frequencies continuously tunable from 0.1 to 30 THz. By combining with the advantageous properties of spintronic THz emitters, from straightforward implementation to flexible polarization control, these sources open up opportunities for narrowband applications over the entire THz spectral range.
Polar topological superdomain arrays in PMN-PT crystals engineered via a voltage-free method
Authors: Yan Shuo , Hu Xueli , Lu Xiaomei , Lei Lin , Liu Lin , Huang Fengzhen
Published: November 2023

Domain engineering is an active field of research that aims to enhance the functional properties of ferroelectric materials for various applications. This work presents a voltage-free method for fabricating topological superdomain arrays in 0.72Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.28PbTiO3 (PMN-28PT) crystals. During the cooling process from high-temperature paraelectric phase to room temperature ferroelectric phase, the out-of-plane polarization of PMN-28PT crystals in contact with aluminum can be fully regulated downward, attributed to the difference in the work function of aluminum and PMN-28PT. In conjunction further with photolithography and ultraviolet light illumination, it is easy to obtain periodic strip domain structures with alternating up and down polarization. Moreover, this method can also control in-plane polarization, resulting in a large-scale central divergent/convergent topological superdomain array. These findings provide insights into ferroelectric domain engineering and have implications for the development of electromechanical, piezoelectronic, and photonic devices.
Pump my wetland: potential benefits of using water pumps fitted with large-mesh screens to conserve anurans in regulated floodplain environments
Authors: Michael Damian R. , Bino Gilad , Conallin Anthony , Maguire James , Wassens Skye
Published: November 2023

Context Water pumps fitted with filtering screens are effective for delivering water to floodplain environments and excluding large-bodied exotic fish; yet, the benefits to wetland fish and anurans are unknown. Aims To quantify fish and tadpole responses to refilling wetlands with water pumps fitted with large-mesh screens following drawdown v. overland reconnections in the mid-Murrumbidgee region of New South Wales. Methods Frog and fish communities were compared between wetlands under managed inundation and overland reconnections by using PERMANOVA, and non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to evaluate community divergence between watering strategies. Classification and regression trees were used to identify thresholds in explanatory variables and predicted threshold responses in fish and tadpole abundance. Key results Fish and tadpole communities differed in relation to watering strategies. Managed inundation resulted in a higher abundance of tadpole species and one native fish, whereas overland reconnections resulted in a high abundance of exotic fish species and fewer tadpoles. Water depth was a driver of tadpole abundance in two species, including the threatened southern bell frog (Litoria raniformis). Conclusions and implications Using filtered pumps with large-mesh screens to deliver water to wetlands of high conservation value may be an effective strategy for reducing large-bodied exotic fish and enhancing frog and fish populations in regulated floodplain systems.
Prosocial motives underlie scientific censorship by scientists: A perspective and research agenda
Authors: Clark Cory J. , Jussim Lee , Frey Komi , Stevens Sean T. , al-Gharbi Musa , Aquino Karl , Bailey J. Michael , Barbaro Nicole , Baumeister Roy F. , Bleske-Rechek April , Buss David , Ceci Stephen , Del Giudice Marco , Ditto Peter H. , Forgas Joseph P. , Geary David C. , Geher Glenn , Haider Sarah , Honeycutt Nathan , Joshi Hrishikesh , Krylov Anna I. , Loftus Elizabeth , Loury Glenn , Lu Louise , Macy Michael , Martin Chris C. , McWhorter John , Miller Geoffrey , Paresky Pamela , Pinker Steven , Reilly Wilfred , Salmon Catherine , Stewart-Williams Steve , Tetlock Philip E. , Williams Wendy M. , Wilson Anne E. , Winegard Bo M. , Yancey George , von Hippel William
Published: November 2023

Science is among humanity’s greatest achievements, yet scientific censorship is rarely studied empirically. We explore the social, psychological, and institutional causes and consequences of scientific censorship (defined as actions aimed at obstructing particular scientific ideas from reaching an audience for reasons other than low scientific quality). Popular narratives suggest that scientific censorship is driven by authoritarian officials with dark motives, such as dogmatism and intolerance. Our analysis suggests that scientific censorship is often driven by scientists, who are primarily motivated by self-protection, benevolence toward peer scholars, and prosocial concerns for the well-being of human social groups. This perspective helps explain both recent findings on scientific censorship and recent changes to scientific institutions, such as the use of harm-based criteria to evaluate research. We discuss unknowns surrounding the consequences of censorship and provide recommendations for improving transparency and accountability in scientific decision-making to enable the exploration of these unknowns. The benefits of censorship may sometimes outweigh costs. However, until costs and benefits are examined empirically, scholars on opposing sides of ongoing debates are left to quarrel based on competing values, assumptions, and intuitions.
Monopole-like orbital-momentum locking and the induced orbital transport in topological chiral semimetals
Authors: Yang Qun , Xiao Jiewen , Robredo Iñigo , Vergniory Maia G. , Yan Binghai , Felser Claudia
Published: November 2023

The interplay between chirality and topology nurtures many exotic electronic properties. For instance, topological chiral semimetals display multifold chiral fermions that manifest nontrivial topological charge and spin texture. They are an ideal playground for exploring chirality-driven exotic physical phenomena. In this work, we reveal a monopole-like orbital-momentum locking texture on the three-dimensional Fermi surfaces of topological chiral semimetals with B20 structures (e.g., RhSi and PdGa). This orbital texture enables a large orbital Hall effect (OHE) and a giant orbital magnetoelectric (OME) effect in the presence of current flow. Different enantiomers exhibit the same OHE which can be converted to the spin Hall effect by spin-orbit coupling in materials. In contrast, the OME effect is chirality-dependent and much larger than its spin counterpart. Our work reveals the crucial role of orbital texture for understanding OHE and OME effects in topological chiral semimetals and paves the path for applications in orbitronics, spintronics, and enantiomer recognition.
Vimentin regulates nuclear segmentation in neutrophils
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Li Zhixun , Li Meijing , Du Wenjing , Baumeister Wolfgang , Yang Jing , Guo Qiang
Published: November 2023

Granulocytes are indispensable for various immune responses. Unlike other cell types in the body, the nuclei of granulocytes, particularly neutrophils, are heavily segmented into multiple lobes. Although this distinct morphological feature has long been observed, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we utilize cryo-electron tomography to examine the nuclei of mouse neutrophils, revealing the cytoplasmic enrichment of intermediate filaments on the concave regions of the nuclear envelope. Aided by expression profiling and immuno-electron microscopy, we then elucidate that the intermediate-filament protein vimentin is responsible for such perinuclear structures. Of importance, exogenously expressed vimentin in nonimmune cells is sufficient to form cytoplasmic filaments wrapping on the concave nuclear surface. Moreover, genetic deletion of the protein causes a significant reduction of the number of nuclear lobes in neutrophils and eosinophils, mimicking the hematological condition of the Pelger–Huët anomaly. These results have uncovered a new component establishing the nuclear segmentation of granulocytes.
Optimal information loading into working memory explains dynamic coding in the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Stroud Jake P. , Watanabe Kei , Suzuki Takafumi , Stokes Mark G. , Lengyel Máté
Published: November 2023

Working memory involves the short-term maintenance of information and is critical in many tasks. The neural circuit dynamics underlying working memory remain poorly understood, with different aspects of prefrontal cortical (PFC) responses explained by different putative mechanisms. By mathematical analysis, numerical simulations, and using recordings from monkey PFC, we investigate a critical but hitherto ignored aspect of working memory dynamics: information loading. We find that, contrary to common assumptions, optimal loading of information into working memory involves inputs that are largely orthogonal, rather than similar, to the late delay activities observed during memory maintenance, naturally leading to the widely observed phenomenon of dynamic coding in PFC. Using a theoretically principled metric, we show that PFC exhibits the hallmarks of optimal information loading. We also find that optimal information loading emerges as a general dynamical strategy in task-optimized recurrent neural networks. Our theory unifies previous, seemingly conflicting theories of memory maintenance based on attractor or purely sequential dynamics and reveals a normative principle underlying dynamic coding.
Riding apoptotic bodies for cell–cell transmission by African swine fever virus
Authors: Gao Peng , Zhou Lei , Wu Jiajun , Weng Wenlian , Wang Hua , Ye Miaomiao , Qu Yajin , Hao Yuxin , Zhang Yongning , Ge Xinna , Guo Xin , Han Jun , Yang Hanchun
Published: November 2023

African swine fever virus (ASFV), a devastating pathogen to the worldwide swine industry, mainly targets macrophage/monocyte lineage, but how the virus enters host cells has remained unclear. Here, we report that ASFV utilizes apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs) for infection and cell–cell transmission. We show that ASFV induces cell apoptosis of primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at the late stage of infection to productively shed ApoBDs that are subsequently swallowed by neighboring PAMs to initiate a secondary infection as evidenced by electron microscopy and live-cell imaging. Interestingly, the virions loaded within ApoBDs are exclusively single-enveloped particles that are devoid of the outer layer of membrane and represent a predominant form produced during late infection. The in vitro purified ApoBD vesicles are capable of mediating virus infection of naive PAMs, but the transmission can be significantly inhibited by blocking the “eat-me” signal phosphatidyserine on the surface of ApoBDs via Annexin V or the efferocytosis receptor TIM4 on the recipient PAMs via anti-TIM4 antibody, whereas overexpression of TIM4 enhances virus infection. The same treatment however did not affect the infection by intracellular viruses. Importantly, the swine sera to ASFV exert no effect on the ApoBD-mediated transmission but can partially act on the virions lacking the outer layer of membrane. Thus, ASFV has evolved to hijack a normal cellular pathway for cell–cell spread to evade host responses.
Invasive mussels fashion silk-like byssus via mechanical processing of massive horizontally acquired coiled coils
Authors: Simmons Miriam , Horbelt Nils , Sverko Tara , Scoppola Ernesto , Jackson Daniel J. , Harrington Matthew J.
Published: November 2023

Zebra and quagga mussels (
Dreissena spp.
) are invasive freshwater biofoulers that perpetrate devastating economic and ecological impact. Their success depends on their ability to anchor onto substrates with protein-based fibers known as byssal threads. Yet, compared to other mussel lineages, little is understood about the proteins comprising their fibers or their evolutionary history. Here, we investigated the hierarchical protein structure of
Dreissenid
byssal threads and the process by which they are fabricated. Unique among bivalves, we found that threads possess a predominantly
β
-sheet crystalline structure reminiscent of spider silk. Further analysis revealed unexpectedly that the
Dreissenid
thread protein precursors are mechanoresponsive
α
-helical proteins that are mechanically processed into
β
-crystallites during thread formation. Proteomic analysis of the byssus secretory organ and byssus fibers revealed a family of ultrahigh molecular weight (354 to 467 kDa) asparagine-rich (19 to 20%) protein precursors predicted to form
α
-helical coiled coils. Moreover, several independent lines of evidence indicate that the ancestral predecessor of these proteins was likely acquired via horizontal gene transfer. This chance evolutionary event that transpired at least 12 Mya has endowed
Dreissenids
with a distinctive and effective fiber formation mechanism, contributing significantly to their success as invasive species and possibly, inspiring new materials design.