bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aligning Advances in Biodiesel Technology with the Needs of the Defense Community
Authors: Mittal Vikram , Lim Elliot
Published: October 2024

The global transportation sector is transitioning towards renewable energy to combat climate change, with biodiesel playing a critical role. Significant research over the past decades has focused on enhancing biodiesel through novel feedstocks and production methods. The defense community, a major diesel consumer, is particularly interested in biodiesel to support national sustainability goals while also leveraging the benefits of the new technology, including the ability to produce biodiesel locally at the point of need. This paper sets out to review recent advances in biodiesel technology and aligning them with the needs of the defense communities. By doing so, this paper provides insight into the challenges, benefits, and technical feasibility for the two primary consumers of military diesel fuel—naval ships and ground vehicles. For naval applications, algae-based biodiesel shows promise due to its potential for local production near ports. Advances in genetic engineering and cultivation are crucial for increasing lipid content and reducing costs. Innovative methods such as microwave-assisted transesterification and artificial neural networks for optimization could further enhance economic viability. In military ground vehicles, locally produced biodiesel could sustain operations by minimizing supply chain dependencies. Efforts are ongoing to develop mobile production facilities and improve feedstock diversity and methanol-independent transesterification processes. Overall, advancements in biodiesel production from various feedstocks and innovative techniques are poised to significantly benefit the military sector, promoting sustainability and operational efficiency.
Non-Conventional Data for Farming-Related Air Pollution: Contributions to Modelling and Risk Assessment in the Lombardy Region, Italy
Authors: Oxoli Daniele , Gianquintieri Lorenzo , Borghi Francesca , Fanti Giacomo , Spinazzè Andrea
Published: October 2024

Air pollution is one of the most critical global health concerns today. While emissions from industrial activities and combustion processes are the primary threats to air quality, intensive farming activities also contribute significantly, especially through ammonia emissions that promote the formation of secondary pollutants, such as particulate matter. Advancements in air quality research have been achieved by enhancements in emissions characterisation, modelling techniques, and sensor technology, expanding the availability of air pollution data beyond traditional ground sensor observations, which are often lacking in rural agricultural areas. Accordingly, this paper demonstrates the advantages of integrating traditional and non-conventional data to investigate farming-related air pollution through a case study in the Lombardy Region, Northern Italy. The study incorporates an array of data sources, including ground sensors and atmospheric composition model estimates. The concurrent utilisation of these diverse datasets is explored through machine learning modelling, focusing on assessing the influence of agricultural activities on particulate matter distribution patterns. Finally, the reliability of non-conventional air pollution data for health risk assessment applications is also investigated. The paper critically discusses the main findings based on empirical results, highlighting the significance of integrating multiple data sources to complement traditional air quality monitoring while outlining the main limitations in terms of the accuracy and usability of such non-conventional data.
Study of Probiotics as Biostimulants and Biofortifiers in Seed Germination
Authors: Chávez García Stephany Nefertari , Rodríguez Herrera Raúl , Medrano Macías Julia , Nery Flores Sendar , Silva Belmares Sonia Yesenia , Flores Gallegos Adriana Carolina
Published: October 2024

Germination is a bioprocessing technique used by the food industry to improve the nutrient content of seeds. Imbibition is considered a crucial stage for optimal plant development. In this research, four different groups of seeds were studied to evaluate the effect of using probiotics during the imbibition phase on the germination process, as well as on the microbiological quality, as specified by Mexican regulations. The efficiency of probiotic production was also determined. Regarding the results, most seeds achieved a germination rate between 90–100%, with seeds inoculated with probiotics reaching a higher rate. This increase was related to the concentration of auxins. Importantly, the lowest levels of CFU/g counts for coliforms and fungi were found in the treated sprouts. Additionally, the sprouts exhibited values greater than 1 × 106 CFU/g of probiotics. The imbibition of certain types of seeds with probiotics with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii increases the germination speed, as well as the biomass obtained, which suggests that it may be an alternative to treatments in the agricultural industry for greater production.
Acoustic Target Strength Measurement of Larmichthys crocea Based on the Kirchhoff-Ray Mode Model
Authors: Meng Junliang , Tang Yong , Sun Lizhi , Lin Longshan , Li Yuan , Miao Xing , Liu Shigang , Song Puqing
Published: October 2024

Larmichthys crocea (L. crocea) is an economically important fish species mainly distributed off the coast of China. In this study, 11 L. crocea samples of different body lengths were collected from aquaculture cages in the East China Sea to measure the acoustic target strength (TS). Using the Kirchhoff-Ray mode (KRM) model, the directional TS of L. crocea was measured at frequencies of 70 kHz, 120 kHz, and 200 kHz. Furthermore, the relationships between TS and body length were determined using the least squares method and the standard b20 equation. The results showed that the TS of L. crocea varied with tilt angle, frequency, and body length. For tilt angles ranging from (−5°, 15°), the equation for fitting TS and body length using the least squares method were TS = 32.99·log10L − 87.36 (70 kHz), TS = 33.26·log10L − 87.77 (120 kHz), and TS = 39.46·log10L − 95.51 (200 kHz). They were expressed in the standard b20 equation as TS = 20·log10L − 71.16 (70 kHz), TS = 20·log10L − 71.23 (120 kHz), and TS = 20·log10L − 71.24 (200 kHz). For tilt angles ranging from (0°, 10°), the equation for fitting TS and body length using the least squares method is TS = 28.69·log10L − 81.71 (70 kHz), TS = 32.30·log10L − 86.44 (120 kHz), and TS = 45.87·log10L − 103.73 (200 kHz). They were expressed in the standard b20 equation as TS = 20·log10L − 70.88 (70 kHz), TS = 20·log10L − 71.10 (120 kHz), and TS = 20·log10L − 71.48 (200 kHz). Moreover, the 18–300 kHz spectral curve showed a decreasing trend in the frequency range from 18 kHz to 30 kHz, while maintaining relatively stable fluctuations in the other frequency ranges. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the scattering characteristics of L. crocea and provide a reliable reference of TS for the fishery acoustic assessment of L. crocea.
State of Food and Nutritional Security of Urban Households in Grand Lome: Approach by Measuring Household Indicators
Authors: Toumoudagou N’oueni Penagui , Zinsou-Klassou Kossiwa , Chenal Jérôme
Published: October 2024

In West Africa, the number of people facing food crises increases each year in both rural and urban areas, due to interdependent factors. The city of Grand Lome in Togo faces an increasingly large population that must ensure access to food, which it hardly produces anymore, because of the establishment of housing and infrastructure. In addition, the increase in the price of food products in this city further weakens the purchasing power of city dwellers in the context of poverty. The objective of this article is to determine the state of food and nutritional security of households in Grand Lome. The methodology adopted is based on documentary research and field surveys. A total of 310 households were interviewed on questions allowing the construction of indicators of food and nutritional security. The results show that despite the availability of food in urban markets, the food situation of households in Grand Lome is not very good. Nearly 49% of households do not have good dietary diversity, and 48% have adopted stress and crisis strategies to access food. Similarly, in Grand Lome, the prevalence of global acute malnutrition is 2.6% of children under 59 months.
Healthiness of Meat-Based Products in Comparison to Their Plant-Based Alternatives in the UK Market: A Packaging Evaluation
Authors: Ciobotaru Ruxandra , Tas Ayten Aylin , Khan Tabrez Ahmed
Published: October 2024

This study evaluated the healthiness of meat products (n = 62) and their plant-based (PB) counterparts (n = 62) available in the UK market. Back-of-pack (BoP) and front-of-pack (FoP) nutrition label information, nutrition and health claims, and nutrient profiling model scores were compared. BoP labels revealed that meat products had higher protein, fat, and saturated fat content (p = 0.029), whilst PB alternatives were higher in dietary fibre and carbohydrates (p < 0.001). Red colour coding (FoP) for fat and saturated fat (‘high’) was more prominent in meat products (23 and 35%, respectively), and the red meat category had the most products with high fat and saturated fat content. Only 15% of meat products made nutrition claims compared to 40% of PB alternatives, and none included health claims. Most red meat PB alternatives made a nutrition claim, all related to the protein content (34%). The nutrient profiling model indicated that 74% of the PB alternatives were ‘healthy’ compared to 60% of the meat products. No association was found between the product type (meat/PB) and healthiness, except for the red meat products, which showed a significant negative association (p = 0.005), suggesting that these products corresponded to less healthy options. Therefore, PB alternatives can be considered as healthier substitutes for meat products.
Immunomodulatory, Anticancer, and Antioxidative Activities of Bioactive Peptide Fractions from Enzymatically Hydrolyzed White Jellyfish (Lobonema smithii)
Authors: Prommasith Phitchapa , Surayot Utoomporn , Autsavapromporn Narongchai , Rod-in Weerawan , Rachtanapun Pornchai , Wangtueai Sutee
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to develop bioactive protein hydrolysates from low-value edible jellyfish obtained from local fisheries using enzymatic hydrolysis. Fresh white jellyfish were hydrolyzed using several commercial proteases, including alcalase (WJH-Al), flavourzyme (WJH-Fl), and papain (WJH-Pa). The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities of these white jellyfish hydrolysates (WJH) were investigated. The results demonstrated that the crude WJH exhibited strong antioxidant properties, including DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, as well as ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Additionally, the hydrolysates showed notable immunomodulatory activity. However, all WJH samples displayed relatively low ability to inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation at the tested concentrations. Among the hydrolysates, WJH-Pa demonstrated the highest antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities and was therefore selected for further bioactive peptide isolation and characterization. Ultrafiltration membranes with three molecular weight (MW) cut-offs (1, 3, 10 kDa) were used for peptide fractionation from WJH-Pa. Six potential peptides were identified with the MW range of 1049–1292 Da, comprising 9–12 residues, which exhibited strong antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities.
Protective Effects of Carotenoid-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Against Ochratoxin-A-Induced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Pinna Nicola , Vila-Donat Pilar , Pașca Denisia , Blasi Francesca , Schoubben Aurélie , Manyes Lara
Published: October 2024

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceous and various Penicillium species, which are known for contaminating agricultural products and posing significant health risks, which include immunotoxicity. This study aims to evaluate the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with a carotenoid-enriched extract from pumpkin peel (Cucurbita maxima L.) in mitigating the toxic effects of OTA. To address the poor bioavailability and instability of carotenoids, nanoencapsulation techniques were employed to enhance their delivery and efficacy. NLCs were formulated using hydrogenated sunflower oil, pumpkin oil, and soy lecithin using hot high-pressure homogenization. The in vitro study involved co-digesting OTA-contaminated bread with an NLC formulation and assessing the impact of the encapsulated carotenoid on OTA bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and cellular toxicity using Caco-2 and Jurkat T cells. Even though no significant influence was observed on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of OTA, carotenoid-loaded NLCs exhibited cytoprotective effects by improving cell viability and mitigating OTA-induced toxicity in both Caco-2 and Jurkat T cells. Particularly, the flow cytometry analysis highlighted the ability of carotenoids to mitigate OTA-induced cellular damage by decreasing ROS production and limiting mitochondrial mass changes. The study suggests that the encapsulation of carotenoids in NLCs represents a promising strategy to enhance their protective effects against OTA toxicity, potentially offering a novel approach to food safety and public health protection. The study underscores the potential of nanotechnology in improving the bioavailability and efficacy of natural antioxidants to mitigate mycotoxin-induced damage.
Enhancement of Corn Flour with Carob Bean for Innovative Gluten-Free Extruded Products
Authors: Igual Marta , Cámara Rosa M. , Fortuna Francesca , García-Herrera Patricia , Pedrosa Mercedes M. , García-Segovia Purificación , Martínez-Monzó Javier , Cámara Montaña
Published: October 2024

The aim of this work is to study new, extruded products based on corn flour enriched with carob bean and the evaluation of its functional quality to develop novel gluten-free food products. Five samples based on corn flour with added carob bean flour (5 to 12.5%) were formulated. Extrusion was performed using a single-screw laboratory extruder at pilot plant scale. Extrusion parameters such as color and carbohydrate content (fiber, sucrose, and starch) were evaluated. Carob bean addition led to an increase in starch, soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber. Texture parameters related to hardness (crunchiness) were significantly reduced with the addition of CB (p < 0.05), detectable from a 5% addition of CB and not significant with more CB content. Samples became browner with the addition of CB; however, when the concentrations of CB are high (>5%) no major differences in color were observed. The extrusion process reduced the content of soluble and insoluble fiber, and sucrose in all formulated samples. Extruded samples with 5–7.5% CB seem to be the best formulation in terms of fiber content, color, and texture parameters. These innovative gluten-free foods could be considered as a source of fiber, and a healthier alternative to some commercially available snacks.
Physicochemical Properties of Low-Molecular-Weight Homogalacturonan Pectin from Enzyme-Hydrolyzed Red Okra
Authors: Son Seon ah , Kim Youngbae , Kim Eun , Lee Ki Hoon , Kang Wan Seok , Kim Jin Seok , Hwang Kwontack , Kim Sunoh
Published: October 2024

In this study, we focused on reducing the molecular weight of purified red okra pectin using various hydrolytic enzymes and evaluating its physicochemical properties or characterization. The enzyme treatments targeted both the main pectin chain and the side-chain sugars, resulting in a reduction in the molecular weight by approximately 10% (from 647 kDa) to 60% (down to 252 kDa). Both the purified red okra pectin and enzyme-treated pectins exhibited a homogalacturonan (HG)-type backbone. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the absorbance peak for the pectin backbone (1200–1000 cm−1) in the low-molecular-weight (LMW) pectin. The most significant decrease was observed at 3300 cm−1 in pectin treated with both RGH+RGAE enzymes, indicating reduced sugar bonds. These results demonstrate the physicochemical changes in LMW red okra pectin following enzyme treatment and confirm its potential applications due to its unique characteristics.
The Effect of Carbodiimide Crosslinkers on Gelatin Hydrogel as a Potential Biomaterial for Gingival Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Hutomo Dimas Ilham , Deandra Fathia Agzarine , Ketherin Ketherin , García-Gareta Elena , Bachtiar Endang Winiati , Amir Lisa , Tadjoedin Fatimah Maria , Widaryono Adityo , Haerani Natalina , Lessang Robert , Soeroso Yuniarti
Published: October 2024

Connective tissue grafts for gingival recession treatment present significant challenges as they require an additional surgical site, leading to increased morbidity, extended operative times, and a more painful postoperative recovery for patients. Gelatin contains the arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) sequence, which supports cell adhesion and interactions. The development of gelatin hydrogels holds significant promise due to their biocompatibility, ease of customization, and structural resemblance to the extracellular matrix, making them a potential candidate for gingival regeneration. This study aimed to assess the physical and biological properties of crosslinked gelatin hydrogels using EDC/NHS with two crosslinker concentrations (GelCL12 and GelCL24) and compare these to non-crosslinked gelatin. Both groups underwent morphological, rheological, and chemical analysis. Biological assessments were conducted to evaluate human gingival fibroblast (HGF) proliferation, migration, and COL1 expression in response to the scaffolds. The crosslinked gelatin group exhibited greater interconnectivity and better physical characteristics without displaying cytotoxic effects on the cells. FTIR analysis revealed no significant chemical differences between the groups. Notably, the GelCL12 group significantly enhanced HGF migration and upregulated COL1 expression. Overall, GelCL12 met the required physical characteristics and biocompatibility, making it a promising scaffold for future gingival tissue regeneration applications.
Formulation and Evaluation of Different Nanogels of Tapinarof for Treatment of Psoriasis
Authors: Balogh Barbara , Pető Ágota , Haimhoffer Ádám , Sinka Dávid , Kósa Dóra , Fehér Pálma , Ujhelyi Zoltán , Argenziano Monica , Cavalli Roberta , Bácskay Ildikó
Published: October 2024

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin condition. There are many therapeutic options for its treatment; however, none of them is completely effective. Tapinarof is a promising new active substance; it was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of psoriasis. The aim of our study was to prepare topical nanoformulations of the active substance to improve its bioavailability and therapeutic effect. The biocompatibility investigation of the formulations was carried out by MTT assay, and the size distribution of the preparations was investigated by DLS. In parallel, the rheological properties and the texture were examined, and the in vitro release of tapinarof was assessed by the Franz diffusion method. An in vitro wound healing assay was also carried out to study the drug’s properties. Our results show that the preparations were safe on HaCaT cells. The particle size of the formulations was proven to be in the nanoscale range. In the in vitro release studies, nanogel II. showed greater release of the active substance. According to the wound healing assay, incorporation of the drug into nanoformulations increases the antiproliferative and antimigration activity of the drug. Overall, nanoformulations of tapinarof were successfully prepared, and our results suggest that they can be a useful addition to the current therapeutic practice of psoriasis.
Numerical Modeling of Tsunamis Generated by Subaerial, Partially Submerged, and Submarine Landslides
Authors: Takabatake Tomoyuki , Takemoto Ryosei
Published: October 2024

Using the existing two-dimensional experimental data and Open-source Fields Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) software, this study performs a comprehensive comparative analysis of three types of landslide-generated tsunamis (subaerial, partially submerged, and submarine). The primary objective was to assess whether numerical simulations can accurately reproduce the experimental results of each type and to compare the predictive equations of the tsunami amplitudes derived from experimental and simulated data. The mesh size and dynamic viscosity parameters were initially optimized for a specific partially submerged landslide tsunami scenario and then applied across a broader range of experimental scenarios. Most of the simulated wave amplitudes remained within the 50% error margin, although significant discrepancies were observed between landslide types. When focusing on the crest amplitude of the first wave, the simulations of subaerial landslides least deviated from the experimental data, with a mean absolute percentage error of approximately 20%, versus approximately 40% for the partially submerged and submarine landslides. The predictive equations derived from the simulations closely matched those from the experimental data, confirming that OpenFOAM can effectively capture complex landslide–tsunami dynamics. Nonetheless, variations in the coefficients related to slope angles highlight the need for further calibration to enhance the simulation fidelity.
Task-Based Eating and Drinking Interventions in Animal Models: A Narrative Review of Functional Improvements and Neuromuscular Adaptations in Age-Related Dysphagia
Authors: Hansen Tina , Staal Sabina Mette , Rauhe Harreby Nete Deela , Andersen Ulla , Holm Masumi Takeuchi , von Bülow Cecillie , Wæhrens Eva Ejlersen
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Age-related dysphagia involves sarcopenia and nervous system changes affecting ingestion. The ACT-ING program, a novel task-based occupational therapy intervention, has been developed to improve strength, endurance, and ingestive skills using real-world eating and drinking tasks for older adults with age-related dysphagia. This narrative review evaluates the outcomes and neuromuscular adaptations of task-based eating and drinking interventions in aging animal models to inform potential refinements of the ACT-ING program and interpret results from an ongoing proof-of-concept study. Methods: Publications were obtained from PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and EMBASE, and selected following the PRISMA guideline. Thirteen randomized trials investigated a task-based fluid-licking intervention in rats, combining strength, endurance, and skill training. Results: Results suggested benefits in improving muscle strength, endurance, and swallowing skills in terms of quantity and speed. Although neuromuscular adaptations were less conclusive, the intervention appeared to induce cortical plasticity and increase fatigue-resistant muscle fibers in the involved muscles. Conclusions: While these findings are promising, methodological concerns and potential biases were identified. Therefore, further research is necessary to refine the ACT-ING program, including both clinical studies in humans and preclinical studies in aging animal models that clearly define interventions targeting all aspects of ingestion-related skills within a motor learning and strength training framework.
Bridging Generations Through Movement: “How and Why” Intergenerational Programs Operate—A Systematic and Narrative Review
Authors: Di Martino Giulia , della Valle Carlo , Centorbi Marco , Buonsenso Andrea , Fiorilli Giovanni , Crova Claudia , di Cagno Alessandra , Calcagno Giuseppe , Iuliano Enzo
Published: October 2024

Well-being and social interaction are among the primary goals to be achieved for the elderly. Intergenerational physical activity (PA) has gained increasing attention due to its potential to encourage PA and social interaction, providing both social and physical benefits to both younger and older individuals. This review aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the potential roles of PA in facilitating intergenerational interactions and provide practical insights. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, the systematic review identified specific keywords to search for articles that met the chosen inclusion and exclusion criteria (n. 5 RCT articles, selected between 2009 and 2024), conducted by three independent reviewers. Scopus, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science were consulted to identify relevant articles. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2. For the narrative dissertation, articles were identified across three key areas of focus: types of PA, age groups, and intended goals. Results: Few studies have specifically implemented PA protocols in intergenerational relationships, and most have planned remote activities without monitoring outcomes. The main advantages of intergenerational PA are oriented towards the social and relational sphere rather than simple PA involvement. Conclusions: For the elderly, these programs may help mitigate age-related deficits, while children and adolescents, when adapting to their older counterparts, experience greater effectiveness when provided with clear guidance during shared activities. Considering the characteristics and needs of individuals of different ages, different activities must be proposed to obtain different results. The organization of workshops and preparatory sessions will help in facilitating relationships and interactions among participants.
Online Learning from the Learning Cycle Perspective: Discovering Patterns in Recent Research
Authors: Osipenko Maria
Published: October 2024

We propose a method for automatically extracting new trends and best practices from the recent literature on online learning, aligned with the learning cycle perspective. Using titles and abstracts of research articles published in high ranked educational journals, we assign topic proportions to the articles, where the topics are aligned with the components of the learning cycle: engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration, evaluation, and evolution. The topic analysis is conducted using keyword-based Latent Dirichlet allocation, and the topic keywords are chosen to reflect the nature of the learning cycle components. Our analysis reveals the time dynamics of research topics aligned on learning cycle components, component weights, and interconnections between them in the current research focus. Connections between the topics and user-defined learning elements are discovered. Concretely, we examine how effective learning elements such as virtual reality, multimedia, gamification, and problem-based learning are related to the learning cycle components in the literature. In this way, any innovative learning strategy or learning element can be placed in the landscape of the learning cycle topics. The analysis can be helpful to other researches when designing effective learning activities that address particular components of the learning cycle.
The Predictive Value of Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value for Saphenous Vein Graft Disease in Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients
Authors: Serhatlioglu Faruk , Cetinkaya Zeki , Yilmaz Yucel
Published: October 2024

Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains the gold standard treatment for patients with significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and high-risk profiles for percutaneous coronary intervention. Despite the frequent use of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) in CABG, their patency rates are lower than those of arterial grafts. Identifying noninvasive methods to determine SVG patency is crucial. Aims: This study investigates the relationship between a novel inflammation marker, pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), and SVG patency in post-CABG patients. Methods: The study included 507 patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) due to clinical indications between 2016 and 2023. Patients who had undergone CABG at least one year prior with at least one SGV used were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of SVG stenosis (SGVS). Results: Among the 507 patients, 244 had SVGS. Patients with SVGS exhibited higher levels of diabetes mellitus and inflammatory markers such as NLR, SII, CAR, and PIV. Multivariate analysis identified PIV as an independent predictor of SVGS. ROC analysis showed that a PIV cut-off value > 315.5 predicted SVGS with 75.8% sensitivity and 68.6% specificity. Conclusions: PIV, a simple and easily measurable marker, demonstrated strong predictive value for SVGS in post-CABG patients.
Serum Level of Cadherin-P (CDH3) Is a Novel Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Related to Atherosclerosis in a 3-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Gumanova Nadezhda G. , Vasilyev Dmitry K. , Bogdanova Natalya L. , Drapkina Oxana M.
Published: October 2024

Background: Placental cadherin (CDH3) is an adhesion molecule expressed in many malignant tumors. The role of serum CDH3 in atherosclerosis is unclear. Methods: This 3-year follow-up study measured atherosclerosis and serum CDH3 in 218 angiography inpatients. Coronary stenosis was assessed as the Gensini score. The brachiocephalic and femoral plaques were quantified by ultrasound. Microarray serum profiling was conducted in selected samples. CDH3 in the serum was measured using an indirect ELISA. The odds ratio (OR), ROC analysis, and logistic regressions were used to evaluate the associations between CDH3 content, atherosclerotic lesions, and various serum biomarkers. Results: Serum CDH3 was associated with the severity of atherosclerosis and diastolic blood pressure. The levels of CDH3 were able to discriminate patients with total subclinical and hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic lesions in all circulation pools (coronary, brachiocephalic, and femoral). Elevated serum CDH3 appeared to be a risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes after 3-year follow up with OR = 1.81 (95% CI: 1.07–3.72; p = 0.022). Endothelin-1 and NOx were associated with the content of CDH3 in the serum, suggesting the involvement of certain signal transduction pathways that may participate in plaque formation. Conclusions: CDH3 was associated with cardiovascular outcomes adjusted for coronary plaque presence, indicating a role of CDH3 in plaque biology.
‘Low-Plane’ Fractures of the Distal Humerus in Elderly Patients with Osteoporosis Show High Postoperative Complication Rates
Authors: Kuhn Isabella , Goller Sophia S. , Böcker Wolfgang , Holzapfel Boris M. , Berthold Daniel P. , Gilbert Fabian , Boehm Elisabeth
Published: October 2024

Background: This study aimed to investigate the fracture patterns and complexity of distal humerus fractures with high-resolution computed tomography (CT) as a function of Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived bone marrow density (BMD) measurements in an elderly patient cohort. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on patient data collected at a Level I trauma center between January 2007 and January 2022. Inclusion criteria comprised patients aged ≥40 years with a confirmed distal humerus fracture as demonstrated by CT. Additionally, patients were included if they underwent DXA. Patient demographics and detailed information regarding the surgical treatment and trauma mechanism were retrieved from the institutional databank. Fractures were classified as either ‘low-plane’ distal humeral fractures or ‘non-low-plane’ distal humerus fractures. Furthermore, the fracture patterns were classified according to established classification systems. Intra- and postoperative complication and revision rates were analyzed. Results: A total of 41 patients (30 women; mean age 74 ± 13 years) were enrolled. Low-energy trauma was sustained by 68% of the patients. The remaining 32% of the fractures involved medium-energy trauma. A total of 62% of the patients underwent primary osteosynthesis, while 30% of patients were initially treated with an external fixator. ORIF was performed in 89% of cases and, in the majority, double-plate osteosynthesis was used (76%). An olecranon osteotomy was performed in 30% of cases. A total of 5% of cases received total elbow arthroplasty, and 10% of cases were treated conservatively. A total of 61% of patients had osteoporosis, 24% of patients had osteopenia, and 15% of patients had a normal BMD with an overall mean T-score of −2.4. Most of the fractures were complex (including 61% Type C fractures). A total of 66% of cases were considered as ‘low-plane’ fractures. Postoperative complications occurred in 11% of patients (64% of cases among ‘low-plane’ fractures). Revision surgery was required in 20% of cases. Conclusions: The consecutive series of patients showed a high incidence of ‘low-plane’ fractures. However, no statistical significance was found between the BMD and fracture complexity. The very distal ‘low-plane’ fractures showed a high complication rate, which was aggravated by osteoporotic bone conditions. These findings highlight the need for future research with larger patient samples to better understand the relationship between the BMD, fracture complexity, and outcomes in patients with ‘low-plane’ fractures in order to reduce complications and improve clinical outcomes.
Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome, Autoimmune and Viral Distinctive Inflammatory Related Conditions as Affected by Body Mass Index
Authors: Chero-Sandoval Lourdes , Martínez-Urbistondo María , Cuevas-Sierra Amanda , Higuera-Gómez Andrea , Martin-Domenech Eva , Castejón Raquel , Mellor-Pita Susana , Moreno-Torres Víctor , Ramos-Lopez Omar , de Luis Daniel , Vargas Juan Antonio , Martínez J. Alfredo
Published: October 2024

Background: Metabolic inflammation (MI), long COVID (LC) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) share some metabolic common manifestations and inflammatory pathophysiological similarities. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and metabolic age are indicators of health status. The “METAINFLAMMATION-CM Y2020/BIO-6600” project, a prospective controlled study, aimed to identify differential diagnostic tools and clinical features among three inflammatory conditions by comparing obesity status (low BMI vs. high BMI). Methods: A total of 272 adults of both Caucasian and Hispanic descent, diagnosed with MI, LC or SLE, and a range of BMI, were recruited. Clinical and phenotypic traits were measured to analyze body composition, metabolic and inflammatory markers, HRQoL data, metabolic age and lifestyle habits using a 3 × 2 (disease × BMI) factorial design. Results: Some inflammatory related variables, such as fibrinogen, RDW (red cell blood distribution width), ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and NLR (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio), showed effect modifications depending on the BMI and disease type. In relation to HRQoL, the Physical Component Summary (PCS12) showed no relevant changes, while the Mental Component Summary (MCS12) showed a significant effect modification according to the disease type and BMI (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant interaction was identified between the disease type and BMI in relation to metabolic age (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Assessing the impact of BMI on these three inflammatory diseases may help to prevent clinical complications and to design personalized treatments, especially for patients with SLE, who have a worse prognosis with an increased BMI compared to the other two inflammatory diseases.
What Is on the Horizon for Treatments in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Authors: Moua Teng , Baqir Misbah , Ryu Jay H.
Published: October 2024

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and often fatal lung disease most commonly encountered in older individuals. Several decades of research have contributed to a better understanding of its pathogenesis, though only two drugs thus far have shown treatment efficacy, i.e., by slowing the decline of lung function. The pathogenesis of IPF remains incompletely understood and involves multiple complex interactions and mechanisms working in tandem or separately to result in unchecked deposition of extracellular matrix components and collagen characteristic of the disease. These mechanisms include aberrant response to injury in the alveolar epithelium, inappropriate communication between epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, imbalances between oxidative injury and tissue repair, recruitment of inflammatory pathways that induce fibrosis, and cell senescence leading to sustained activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Targeted approaches to each of these mechanistic pathways have led to recent clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of several agents. This review highlights selected concepts in the pathogenesis of IPF as a rationale for understanding current or future therapeutic approaches, followed by a review of several selected agents and their recent or active clinical studies. Current novel therapies include approaches to attenuating or modifying specific cellular or signaling processes in the fibrotic pathway, modifying inflammatory and metabolic derangements, and minimizing inappropriate cell senescence.
Systemic Therapy of Psoriasis in Children—Proposal of an Algorithm for Interdisciplinary Teamwork
Authors: Ben-Anaya Nesrine , Augustin Matthias , Speth Fabian , Scheidmann Roman , Stephan Brigitte
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Children and adolescents with psoriasis can have severe and long-lasting disease requiring early and effective therapy. The range of associated comorbidities is comparable to adult patients with additional problems deriving from their growth and maturation. Therefore, tailored information and interdisciplinary teamwork is necessary to effectively manage pediatric psoriasis. Methods: We reflected on our experience with therapy management of children and adolescents with psoriasis coming to our university outpatient clinic and summarized the challenges and special features of these patients together with approved medications and recommendations for treatment. We present our algorithm for managing these patients in an interdisciplinary setting. Results: Children can develop psoriasis very early in their life, and they show specific patterns of skin involvement depending on age. Scores such as the cDLQI and the PASI help to quantify the clinical severity and burden of the disease, and the upgraded criteria should reflect that children’s needs are different from adults’. The choice of medication is limited to a few, but increasing approvals for children and the close exchange of information and preparations with pediatricians and other specialties before initiating systemic therapies are crucial for children to support compliance. We emphasize the focus on vaccinations and the treatment of chronic infections, e.g., the management of TBI, which is different from adults. Conclusions: With the increased options for the systemic treatment of children with psoriasis, clear and adapted information for the child, guardian and pediatrician is essential to assure a well-managed environment and to prevent the unnecessary termination of effective therapy.
Role of Lipoprotein(a) Reduction in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Schuth Uma , Gill Kieran , Telyuk Pyotr , Bawamia Bilal-Reshad , Austin David , Zaman Azfar
Published: October 2024

Recent studies have shown that lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an important risk factor for a plethora of different cardiovascular diseases. It has been proven that Lp(a) levels are genetically determined and correlate with risk of cardiovascular disease, independent of lifestyle factors. As of yet, treatment options to reduce Lp(a) levels are limited, but new research into Lp(a) reduction yields promising results. This review delves into Lp(a)’s biochemistry and mechanism of effect, the association between Lp(a) and cardiovascular diseases, and possible therapies to minimise cardiovascular disease.
Analytic Challenges in Clinical Trials of Early Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Mallinckrodt Craig H. , Lipkovich Ilya , Hendrix Suzanne B. , Dickson Samuel P. , Molenberghs Geert
Published: October 2024

Background: The heavily right-skewed data seen in recently reported Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials influenced treatment contrasts when data were analyzed via the typical mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MMRM). Methods: An MMRM analysis similar to what is commonly used in AD clinical trials was compared versus robust regression (RR) and the non-parametric Hodges–Lehman estimator (HL). Results: Results in simulated data patterned after AD trials showed that imbalance across treatment arms in the number of patients in the extreme right tail (those with rapid disease progression) frequently occurred. Each analysis method controlled Type I error at or below the nominal level. The RR analysis yielded smaller standard errors and more power than MMRM and HL. In data sets with appreciable imbalance in the number of rapid progressing patients, MMRM results favored the treatment arm with fewer rapid progressors. Results from HL showed the same trend but to a lesser degree. Robust regression yielded similar results regardless of the ratio of rapid progressors. Conclusions: Although more research is needed over a wider range of scenarios, it should not be assumed that MMRM is the optimal approach for trials in early Alzheimer’s disease.
MuscleMap: An Open-Source, Community-Supported Consortium for Whole-Body Quantitative MRI of Muscle
Authors: McKay Marnee J. , Weber Kenneth A. , Wesselink Evert O. , Smith Zachary A. , Abbott Rebecca , Anderson David B. , Ashton-James Claire E. , Atyeo John , Beach Aaron J. , Burns Joshua , Clarke Stephen , Collins Natalie J. , Coppieters Michel W. , Cornwall Jon , Crawford Rebecca J. , De Martino Enrico , Dunn Adam G. , Eyles Jillian P. , Feng Henry J. , Fortin Maryse , Franettovich Smith Melinda M. , Galloway Graham , Gandomkar Ziba , Glastras Sarah , Henderson Luke A. , Hides Julie A. , Hiller Claire E. , Hilmer Sarah N. , Hoggarth Mark A. , Kim Brian , Lal Navneet , LaPorta Laura , Magnussen John S. , Maloney Sarah , March Lyn , Nackley Andrea G. , O’Leary Shaun P. , Peolsson Anneli , Perraton Zuzana , Pool-Goudzwaard Annelies L. , Schnitzler Margaret , Seitz Amee L. , Semciw Adam I. , Sheard Philip W. , Smith Andrew C. , Snodgrass Suzanne J. , Sullivan Justin , Tran Vienna , Valentin Stephanie , Walton David M. , Wishart Laurelie R. , Elliott James M.
Published: October 2024

Disorders affecting the neurological and musculoskeletal systems represent international health priorities. A significant impediment to progress in trials of new therapies is the absence of responsive, objective, and valid outcome measures sensitive to early disease changes. A key finding in individuals with neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disorders is the compositional changes to muscles, evinced by the expression of fatty infiltrates. Quantification of skeletal muscle composition by MRI has emerged as a sensitive marker for the severity of these disorders; however, little is known about the composition of healthy muscles across the lifespan. Knowledge of what is ‘typical’ age-related muscle composition is essential to accurately identify and evaluate what is ‘atypical’. This innovative project, known as the MuscleMap, will achieve the first important steps towards establishing a world-first, normative reference MRI dataset of skeletal muscle composition with the potential to provide valuable insights into various diseases and disorders, ultimately improving patient care and advancing research in the field.
Adapting Efficiency Analysis in Health Systems: A Scoping Review of Data Envelopment Analysis Applications During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mitakos Athanasios , Mpogiatzidis Panagiotis
Published: October 2024

Objective: To synthesize the current evidence base concerning the application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in healthcare efficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic using a scoping review of 13 primary studies. Methods: We consulted databases including Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus, as well as manual search entries up to September 2022. Included studies were primary applications of DEA for assessing healthcare efficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key findings derived from thematic analysis of repeating pattern observations were extracted and tabulated for further synthesis, taking into consideration the variations in DMU definitions, the inclusion of undesirable outputs, the influence of external factors, and the infusion of advanced technologies in DEA. Results: The review observed a diverse application of DMUs, ranging from healthcare supply chains to entire national health systems. There was an evident shift towards incorporating undesirable outputs, such as mortality rates, in the DEA models amidst the pandemic. The influence of external and non-discretionary factors became more pronounced in DEA applications, highlighting the interconnected nature of global health challenges. Notably, several studies integrated advanced computational methods, including machine learning, into traditional DEA, paving the way for enhanced analytical capabilities. Conclusions: DEA, as an efficiency analysis tool, has exhibited adaptability and evolution in its application in the context of the COVID-19 healthcare crisis. By recognizing the multifaceted challenges posed by the pandemic, DEA applications have grown more comprehensive, integrating broader societal and health outcomes. This review provides pivotal insights that can inform policy and healthcare strategies, underscoring the importance of dynamic and comprehensive efficiency analysis methodologies during global health emergencies.
Numerical Study of Vortex-Induced Vibration Characteristics of a Long Flexible Marine Riser
Authors: Zou Jiahe , Zhou Bo , Yi Wenxin , Lu Conghong , Liu Hui , Luo Wenqing
Published: October 2024

In ocean engineering, interactions between ocean currents and risers lead to regular vortex shedding on both sides of the riser, causing structural deformation. When the frequency of vortex shedding approaches the natural frequency of the structure, resonance occurs, significantly increasing deformation. This phenomenon is a critical cause of riser failure. Therefore, the dynamic response of flexible risers to vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) is crucial for their structural safety. This paper employs the finite-volume method to integrate over control volumes to solve for forces, such as pressure and shear stress, on the surface of the riser, while the finite-element method discretizes the continuous structural body into elements and nodes to solve for structural displacements and stresses. A strongly coupled method is utilized at each timestep to iteratively transfer load-displacement data between the fluid and structural fields, updating the boundary conditions of the fluid domain to achieve a bidirectional fluid–structure interaction simulation of vortex-induced vibrations in a seawater environment for flexible risers. The study finds that the three-dimensional flexible riser exhibits multi-frequency vibration phenomena and broadband vibration response characteristics under high flow velocity conditions. As the flow velocity increases, the vortex-shedding mode is observed to transition from the simple two single (2S) mode to the more complex pair + single (P + S) and two pair (2P) modes. In addition, the stiffness at the ends is enhanced by the fixed boundary conditions, and the coupling between the natural frequency of the ends and the vortex-shedding frequency triggers complex vortex-shedding phenomena in these regions. At higher flow velocities, these boundary effects result in more complex vortex-shedding modes and stronger vibration responses at both ends of the riser.