bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Totally endoscopic cartilage tympanoplasty: a hierarchical task analysis
Authors: Fahy R , Corbett M , Crotty T , Chadwick L , Keogh I
Published: September 2022

Background

Totally endoscopic ear surgery is a novel method of conducting otological surgery. Hierarchical task analysis and the systematic human error reduction and prediction approach (‘SHERPA’) are valuable tools that can effectively deconstruct the technical and non-technical skills required to successfully complete a surgical procedure.

Methods

Twenty-five endoscopic tragal cartilage tympanoplasties were observed, to identify the tasks and subtasks required for completion of totally endoscopic tragal cartilage tympanoplasty. The systematic human error reduction and prediction approach was used to identify the potential risks and methods, to reduce or remediate these risks.

Results

A hierarchical task analysis was performed, identifying 8 tasks and 50 subtasks for a safe approach to completing totally endoscopic tragal cartilage tympanoplasty. A risk score for each subtask was calculated to produce a systematic human error reduction and prediction approach and to highlight potential errors.

Conclusion

This hierarchical task analysis allowed for quick reference to a correct method of endoscopic tympanoplasty. The systematic human error reduction and prediction approach was employed to reduce the risks associated with undergoing endoscopic tympanoplasty, to improve patient safety.
Comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy and elective neck dissection for early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients with clinically node-negative necks: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kang Y J , Kang M J , Ahn H S , Hwang S H
Published: September 2022

Objective

This study aimed to compare the prognostic utility of sentinel node biopsy and elective neck dissection in early stage clinically node-negative oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Method

PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to March 2022. Hazard ratios, Kaplan–Meier curves, p-values and survival outcomes were extracted.

Results

Twelve studies involving 10 583 patients were included. No significant differences in overall survival between sentinel node biopsy and elective neck dissection groups were found. Heterogeneity was not detected in pooled overall survival, disease-free survival and disease-specific survival analyses (all I2 less than 50). In subgroup analyses by follow-up period, sentinel node biopsy and elective neck dissection had similar prognostic value.

Conclusion

Sentinel node biopsy might be a valuable alternative to elective neck dissection for the management of early stage clinically node-negative oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.
Investigating the impact of volunteering with Melody Music Birmingham on the professional development and career pathways of Royal Birmingham Conservatoire students
Authors: Pickard Beth , Rushton Rosie
Published: September 2022

This article evaluates the impact of volunteering with a music education project for children and adults with learning disabilities on the professional development and career trajectory of music students at a Conservatoire in the United Kingdom. A mixed-methods online questionnaire captured the impact of volunteering with Melody Music Birmingham. Findings suggest that volunteering was a powerful aspect of the respondents’ learning, potentially influencing their career choices, perceptions and attitudes. Further training and experiences for Conservatoire students in engaging with, supporting, and delivering music-making for people with learning disabilities are recommended.
A framework for belief revision under restrictions
Authors: Long Zhiguo , Meng Hua , Li Tianrui , Li Heng-Chao , Sioutis Michael
Published: September 2022

Traditional belief revision usually considers generic logic formulas, whilst in practical applications some formulas might even be inappropriate for beliefs. For instance, the formula

$p \wedge q$

is syntactically consistent and is also an acceptable belief when there are no restrictions, but it might become unacceptable under restrictions in some context. If we assume that p represents ‘manufacturing product A’ and q represents ‘manufacturing product B’, an example of such a context would be the knowledge that there are not enough resources to manufacture them both and, hence,

$p \wedge q$

would not be an acceptable belief. In this article, we propose a generic framework for belief revision under restrictions. We consider restrictions of either fixed or dynamic nature, and devise several postulates to characterize the behaviour of changing beliefs when new evidence emerges or the restriction changes. Moreover, we show that there is a representation theorem for each type of restriction. Finally, we discuss belief revision of qualitative spatio-temporal information under restrictions as an application of this new framework.
Navigating intellectual property in the landscape of digital cultural heritage sites
Authors: Marek Hannah M.
Published: September 2022

While three-dimensional digital renderings of cultural heritage sites have been developed over the past decades for informational and preservation purposes, the COVID 19 pandemic has demonstrated that the audience for virtual cultural heritage – so-called “technoheritage” – is likely to grow, engaging lay persons and specialist scholars alike through creative renditions and experiences of digital sites. Virtual availability affords democratized access to cultural heritage sites in theory, yet the process of digitizing heritage raises questions of intellectual property rights and how they should be allocated among the various stakeholders, including site stewards and heritage recording organizations. This article untangles these knotty intellectual property issues and posits that the current trend to treat all technoheritage and related data as copyrightable intellectual property is a clunky approach and not legally sound. Understanding the intellectual property in and to technoheritage and addressing intellectual property allocation in the complex manner the law requires are crucial to finding workable solutions that can balance concerns regarding appropriation of cultural heritage with open access to information.
Pious Causes: The Boundaries between Charity Law and Ecclesiastical Law
Authors: Blaney Ian
Published: September 2022

Charities increasingly make up the body politic of the Church of England. They include parochial church councils, diocesan boards of finance and national institutions. By April 2024 every chapter of a cathedral will be required to register as a charity. Faithful parishioners put their collection money in gummed envelopes which call for them to add Gift Aid to their donations. Individual churches run foodbanks, drop-in centres, baby and toddler groups, and a whole range of charitable activities. The general public could be forgiven for thinking that ‘the Church of England’ is a national charity. However, it has not always been the case that the work and mission of the Church of England has been through charities, and for much of its history the Church has remained largely independent of charity law. What are the consequences of increasing reliance on charities and where do the boundaries lie between ecclesiastical and canon law on the one hand and charity law on the other?
Challenging echocardiographic pictures of aortic arch: when heart murmur leads to a rare diagnosis
Authors: Henssen Fanny , Khamis Jamil , Loeckx Isabelle
Published: September 2022

We describe the case of a 2-week-old boy referred for systolic murmur. His echocardiography showed challenging pictures of the aortic arch, which led to the rare diagnosis of arterial tortuosity syndrome.
“No Better Way of Selecting the Man in Whom They Place the Highest Confidence”: A Note on James Madison’s Remarks on the Electoral College at Richmond’s Ratifying Convention
Authors: Novotny Patrick
Published: September 2022

This article discusses the remarks by James Madison to Virginia’s ratifying convention in June 1788 as they relate to the Electoral College. Madison’s remarks in Richmond shed light on his rarely highlighted expectations of the workings of the Electoral College and provide insight into the Constitutional Convention’s debate on the legislative selection of the President.
A Friend's Tribute: Mir ‘Ali for Hilali
Authors: ABDULLAEVA-MELVILLE FIRUZA
Published: September 2022

This article will focus on a Persian manuscript of Central Asian origin of exceptional literary, historical, and artistic importance. It is a selection of poetry, which was composed in Herat and written in 1531–32 in Bukhara and now belongs to King's College, Cambridge (King's Pote 186). It is the second part of my research on this manuscript, and I shall concentrate mainly on its textual and artistic peculiarities. The first part, which was published recently, was dedicated to its provenance as well as its historical and religious setting.1 The studies also reflect the political, social, and cultural processes in a contemporary turbulent world. Among these are the Shaybanid and Safavid conquests of sixteenth-century Central Asia, Shah Jahan's literary preferences, the colonial ambitions of the former Cambridge graduate Ephraim Pote, East India Company agent-turned-scholar Antoine Polier, and expertise of the crème de la crème of Victorian Cambridge academia.
‘Lifting the Veil from the Face of Depiction’: A Festschrift in Honour of Barbara Brend
Authors: CHIDA-RAZVI MEHREEN , OHTA ALISON , SHOVELTON EMILY
Published: September 2022

‘Master Ahmad Musa, who was his father's pupil, lifted the veil from the face of depiction, and the [style of] depiction that is now current was invented by him.’1 This oft-quoted phrase from Dust Muhammad's (fl. 1510–64) preface to the Bahram Mirza Album2 serves as the inspiration behind our title for this Festschrift in honour of Dr Barbara Brend, whose work has enhanced our understanding and appreciation of Persianate painting.
Research progress of health care in Yemeni children during the war: review
Authors: Gaber Yahya Ali , Al-Sanabani Rukaih , Annuzaili Dhekra Amin , Al-danakh Abdullah , Ling Li Chun
Published: September 2022

Background:

Yemen crisis, which has been going on for more than six years, represents one of the most gruesome human plights in the modern history, especially children.

Objectives:

This research aimed to present a comprehensive view of Yemeni children’s studies during the ongoing war period, to come up with a comprehensive base that concerns humanitarians, researchers, decision-makers, and general public at large about the reality of the predicament of Yemeni child.

Method:

We searched databases and identified 373 articles, of which 68 were included in this review. Review of literature between 2014 and 2020 is taken from academic sources, multilateral organizations, donors, and governmental and non-governmental organizations. The data are analyzed by date and governorates.

Results:

We chose 68 articles and divided them according to the diseases and health conditions as follows: infectious diseases (15 studies), non-infectious diseases (10 studies), blood-related diseases (7 studies), oral and dental problems (12 studies), accidents and injuries (2 studies), health system (16 studies), family and community (6 studies). Moreover, the studies were divided geographically as follows: 7 studies that were almost comprehensive for all governorates; additional studies were conducted for Amanat Al Asimah (21 studies), Taiz (12 studies), Aden and Al Hudaydah (7 studies for each), Dhamar and Ibb (6 studies for each), Abyan and Lahij (2 study for each). As for Al Bayda, Marib, Sana’a, and Socotra, each of them had one study.

Conclusion:

Our assessment revealed that the ongoing Yemen crisis is underrated and largely neglected. The studies conducted so far do match the ground reality both in terms of inclusiveness and numbers.
Spatial Variation in Catchment Response to Climate Change Depends on Lateral Moisture Transport and Nutrient Dynamics
Authors: Stephens C. M. , Marshall L. A. , Johnson F. M. , Ajami H. , Lin L. , Band L. E.
Published: September 2022

Future shifts in rainfall, temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) will impact hydrologic and ecosystem behavior. These changes are expected to vary in space because water and nutrient availability vary with terrain and soil properties, with feedbacks on vegetation and canopy adjustment. However, within‐basin patterns and spatial dependencies of ecohydrologic dynamics have often been ignored in future scenario modeling. We used a distributed process‐based ecohydrologic model, the Regional Hydro‐Ecological Simulation System, as a virtual catchment to examine spatial and temporal variability in climate change response. We found spatial heterogeneity in Leaf Area Index, transpiration and soil saturation trends, with some scenarios even showing opposite trends in different locations. For example, in a drying scenario, decreased vegetation productivity in water‐limited upslope areas enhanced downslope nutrient subsidies so that productivity increased in the nutrient‐limited riparian zone. In scenarios with both warming and rising CO2, amplifying feedbacks between mineralization, vegetation water use efficiency and litter fall led to large increases in growth that were often strongest in the riparian area (depending on the coincident rainfall change). Modeled transpiration trends were determined by the competing effects of vegetation growth and changing water use efficiency. Overall, the riparian zone experienced substantially different (and even opposing) ecohydrologic trends compared to the rest of the catchment, which is important because productive riparian areas often contribute a disproportionate amount of vegetation growth, transpiration and nutrient consumption to catchment totals. Models that are spatially lumped, lack key ecosystem‐driving dynamics, or ignore lateral transport could misrepresent the complex ecohydrologic changes catchments could experience in the future.
A Characterization of Clouds and Precipitation Over the Southern Ocean From Synoptic to Micro Scales During the CAPRICORN Field Campaigns
Authors: Montoya Duque E. , Huang Y. , Siems S. T. , May P. T. , Protat A. , McFarquhar G. M.
Published: September 2022

The persistent Southern Ocean (SO) shortwave radiation biases in climate models and reanalyses have been associated with the poor representation of clouds, precipitation, aerosols, the atmospheric boundary layer, and their intrinsic interactions. Capitalizing on shipborne observations collected during the Clouds Aerosols Precipitation Radiation and atmospheric Composition Over the Southern Ocean 2016 and 2018 field campaigns, this research investigates and characterizes cloud and precipitation processes from synoptic to micro scales. Distinct cloud and precipitation regimes are found to correspond to the seven thermodynamic clusters established using a K‐means clustering technique, while less distinctions are evident using the cyclone and (cold) front compositing methods. Cloud radar and disdrometer data reveal that light precipitation is common over the SO with higher intensities associated with cyclonic and warm frontal regions. Multiple lines of evidence suggest the presence of diverse microphysical features in several cloud regimes, including the likely dominance of ice aggregation in deep precipitating clouds. Signatures of mixed phase, and in some cases, riming were detected in shallow convective clouds away from the frontal conditions. Two of the K‐means clusters with contrasting cloud and precipitation properties are observed over the high‐latitude SO and coastal Antarctica, suggesting distinct physical processes therein. Through a single case study, in‐situ and remote‐sensing data collected by an overflight of the Southern Ocean Clouds Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study were also evaluated and complement the ship‐based analysis.
Molecular Characterization of the Product Compounds Formed Upon Heterogeneous Chemistry of Ozone With Riverine Surface Microlayer
Authors: Wang Yiqun , Deng Huifan , Li Pan , Xu Jinli , Jiang Bin , Pang Hongwei , Gligorovski Sasho
Published: September 2022

Ozone (O3) is an important trace gas and oxidant in the atmosphere which sources and sinks are not well understood. In this study we measured the uptake coefficients of O3 (100 ppb) on authentic riverine surface microlayers (SML) collected on three different places on Pearl River in Guangzhou by a vertical wetted wall flow tube reactor which enables to estimate the deposition velocity of O3 on the fresh water surface. The product compounds formed upon interfacial reactions of O3 with the SML have been investigated by a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. About 10 times more product compounds were formed upon ozonolysis on the SML sample collected in a transportation hub close to the Estuary zone compared to the products formed upon ozonolysis on the SML sampled at the upper reach of the river at the periphery of Guangzhou. Moreover, 933 nitrogen (N)‐containing organic compounds which are associated with nitrooxy amines, organonitrates, nitroaromatics, and peroxyacetyl nitrates were formed upon heterogeneous reaction of ozone with the SML collected near the Estuary zone compared to 165 N‐containing compounds formed upon ozonolysis of the SML sample collected at the periphery of the city. Hence, the formed condensed phase product compounds through the reactions of ozone with the riverine SML can affect the freshwater biodiversity. An important fraction of brown carbon compounds was formed, which may be released to the air by wind‐wave interactions and influence the chemical composition of the atmosphere and thus, radiative forcing of the aerosols.
On the assumption of the Earth's surface as a perfect conductor in atmospheric electricity
Authors: Kamra A. K. , Ravichandran M.
Published: September 2022

The assumption of considering the Earth's surface as a plane perfect conductor is examined. The electric field produced due to a point charge or a model thundercloud in the atmosphere and the field changes produced due to a leader in a lightning flash have been calculated if the Earth's surface, instead of a perfect conductor, is considered as a dielectric of finite dielectric constant and zero conductivity. It is shown that when the dielectric constant of the surface is <10, the horizontal and vertical components of electric field may be comparable to each other at comparatively large distances from the charge. The net electric field in such a case may be inclined from the vertical by as much as 45° or even more. At different distances, the field changes caused due to the leader in a lightning flash change not only its magnitude but direction as well. Certain igneous and metamorphic rocks with low moisture contents, fine‐grained sand when it is dry or has a moisture content of <1% or is at low temperatures, and ice at very low temperatures of <−50°C or oriented such that its c axis is perpendicular to the direction of electric field have dielectric constant values < 10 and conductivity < 10−9 S/m. Therefore, for some regions, such as polar regions, high‐latitude regions covered with sea ice or dry sand, hot and dry regions covered with sand in the midst of vast deserts, and regions covered with hot and dry igneous and metamorphic rocks, the average representative values of dielectric constant and conductivity of the surface may be such that the Earth's surface at those places cannot be assumed as a perfect conductor. Consequently, the assumption of treating the Earth's surface as an insulating surface generally taken for fast field changes during a stepped leader in a lightning flash, may be extended for much slower field changes occurring even in fair weather. It needs to be mentioned, however, that thunderstorm activity is generally minimal in most of the regions mentioned above. It is proposed that instead of measuring only the vertical component of electric field, as is normally done, a measurement of the electric field vector will give a fifil description of the intensity of the electric field at some places.
Naoshi Fukushima awarded Smith medal
Authors: Fukushima Naoshi
Published: September 2022

Naoshi Fukushima, former director of the University of Tokyo's Geophysics Research Laboratory, received the 1990 Waldo E. Smith Medal for extraordinary service to geophysics at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on December 5 in San Francisco. The citation, delivered by Juan G. Roederer, and Fukushima's response are presented below.
GPS networks: The practical side
Authors: Bevis Michael
Published: September 2022

Setting up a Global Positioning System (GPS) network presents a number of practical problems in terms of techniques, equipment, fieldcraft, logistics, organization, politics, and funding. These issues are just as important to address as the more purely scientific aspects of GPS research.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored a 1‐day workshop in San Francisco on December 3, 1989, the first ever to focus on the practical side of organizing and managing GPS campaigns and networks.
Iceland's Hekla erupts
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

One of the most active volcanos in Iceland erupted in January after 10 years of repose. Hekla, located in southern Iceland (63.98°N, 19.70°W), erupted on January 17, according to reports from the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Network. The following account is from the GVN Bulletin, December 1990. (Local time = UT)

On January 17 an eruption ejected tephra columns and fed numerous fluid lava flows from fissure vents. Local farmers noticed strong sulfurous smells around 1200–1300, 4–5 hours before the eruption began. Instruments, however, gave less than 40 minutes warning of the eruption.
Creer receives 1990 Fleming Medal
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Kenneth M. Creer has received AGU's 1990 John Adam Fleming Medal 1990 for original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, and related science. The award was presented at the AGU Fall Meeting last December in San Francisco. The citation, delivered by Edward Irving, and Creer's response are presented below.
AGU sponsors Argentinean's visit
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Maria C. Azpiazu, an Argentinean space scientist, has been selected to receive travel support to attend the 1991 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore under AGU's Latin American Visiting Geophysicist Program. In addition to presenting a paper at the meeting on [Analysis of Electron Density and Temperature Profiles in the E‐Region on Geomagnetically Quiet Days,] Azpiazu plans to visit several universities and research institutions.

Azpiazu is an assistant professor at the University of Buenos Aires and an assistant researcher at the Argentinean National Research Council. While in the United States she plans to visit Boston and Harvard Universities, MIT, Hanscom Air Force Base, and the University of Colorado.
Environmental tracers
Authors: Hornberger George
Published: September 2022

Several naturally occurring tracers of water in natural systems (for example, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen) are being widely used to determine the flow paths that water takes through a catchment. These chart the course of water from when it lands on the soil surface as rain or snow until it flows out of the catchment as streamflow. Tracing of hydrological flow paths, in conjunction with geochemical studies of how water interacts with rocks and soils, has led to new understanding of the hydrochemistry of upland forested catchments.

Although a large fraction of precipitation that reaches the forest floor infiltrates into the very permeable soils, studies have disproved the once‐prevalent notion that water slowly percolates through soils and rocks. Instead, preferred flow paths along old root channels, dessication cracks, and other heterogeneities in the soils transmit water and solute rapidly both vertically and downslope. This rapid movement profoundly affects the chemical reactions in the soils, influencing, for example, how “acid rain” affects the chemical composition of soil and stream water. Major findings from recent work are that downslope transport occurs along preferred paths in the shallow, normally unsaturated portions of the soil; and that riparian areas (wetlands immediately adjacent to the stream channel) play an extraordinarily important role in catchment hydrochemistry.
Scanning‐tunneling and atomic‐force microscopy
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

(STM and AFM) are allowing for in situ (in air and under water) imaging of mineral surfaces at previously unattainable nanometer to atomic scales. The four images, which represent a range of STM/AFM applications, were all taken on [001] surfaces of hematite. Counterclockwise from bottom left, these micrographs are described as follows: (1) An STM image of oxygen sites on terraces separated by steps—imaged under oil at ‐300‐mV sample bias. The difference in tunneling current between terrace (blue) and step‐edge (pink) sites can be related to differences in local electronic structure that may affect the reactivity of the different sites Terraces step downward toward the lower left. A kink site is apparent along one step. (2) An AFM image in air showing the molecular‐scale structure of the hematite surface.
Congress targets education in NSF budget
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo
Published: September 2022

Education was overwhelmingly on the minds of the House Science Committee's Subcommittee on Science as it examined the National Science Foundation's budget at a hearing February 20. “Science and engineering education continues to be a focus of particular interest to this subcommittee,” said the new chairman, Rick Boucher (D‐Va.). “We are pleased to note a 21% increase in the FY 1992 budget request for the NSF education directorate.” The subcommittee directed most of its questions at how NSF will spend this increase.

Ron Packard (R‐Calif.), the subcommittee's ranking minority member, asked about NSF's math and science education initiative, particularly the agency's plans for undergraduate education and teacher training. Luther Williams, NSF assistant director for education and human resources, sketched the agency's plans to improve teacher competency, to train the next generation of teachers, and to foster teacher networking. Frederick M. Bernthal, NSF acting director, said the agency's high performance computing initiative could “revolutionize” math and science teaching.
Ducklow named JGR‐Oceans Editor
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Hugh Ducklow of Horn Point Environmental Laboratories, University of Maryland‐CEES, Cambridge, Md., has been appointed an editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans to serve a 4‐year term ending December 31, 1994. His primary responsibility will be for papers relating to biological oceanography with special emphasis on the production dynamics of the upper ocean. Ducklow will also encourage more process‐oriented biologists to publish in JGR‐Oceans.

Ducklow intends to raise the profile of JGR among biological oceanographers and increase the number of biology articles published in the journal. Ducklow reports that in 1990 only about 20 of more than 300 articles in JGR‐Oceans were biological. He would like to see the Oceans section continue to expand its role as a stage for presenting collections of articles about major field programs, including the first JGOFS process studies. Also, the launch of the Sea‐WIFS ocean color sensor in 1993 promises to open a new era in biological oceanography and Ducklow plans to ensure JGR becomes one of the principal outlets for ocean color papers.
Circulation variability in the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Ingraham W. J. , Schumacher J. D. , Macklin S. A. , Reed R. K.
Published: September 2022

We have recently found a connection between the effects of large‐scale atmospheric forcing over the Gulf of Alaska and deep‐water properties (temperature and salinity) below the southern sill depth (∼200 m) in Shelikof Strait, through studies under the Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) program. Startedin 1984, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, most FOCI research has been conducted in Shelikof Strait, Alaska (Figure 1), a large estuarine‐like system located between Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula, where vast numbers of walleye pollock spawn each spring.

Although we had been aware that marked variability in the deep waters of the strait existed, a mechanism for inducing the changes was not apparent. It now seems clear that the interannual variability of upperocean circulation is large enough to bring about the water property anomalies. Figure 1 contrasts the mixed layer flows or trajectories during winter‐spring of a typical year (1986) and an unusual year (1985), when southwestward outflow from the upper gulf was quite weak. These flow variations appear to result in changes in the source waters that flow over the sill to the strait, thereby causing the observed variability in properties.
How high will Yucca's water table rise?
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

Upward movement of groundwater is at the forefront of research and discussion of Yucca Mountain's safety over the next 10,000 years as a proposed nuclear repository site. Researchers have used available data and computer modeling of groundwater movement to work toward agreement on the controversial question of the mountain's geologic stability, despite the fact that the state of Nevada is opposed to an official site assessment.

Earthquakes, climate change, and magma intrusion are some of the mechanisms of water table rise that were discussed at the AGU's Spring Meeting.
Mount Unzen kills three volcanologists
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine
Published: September 2022

Three AGU members were among 37 people killed June 3 when Mount Unzen, a volcano in Nagasaki prefecture, Japan, erupted. Unzen last erupted in 1792. The first signs of renewed activity appeared in mid‐1990, with increases in seismicity and the first volcanic tremor since observations began in 1966. The three volcanologists, Harry Glicken and Maurice and Katia Krafft, had traveled to Mount Unzen to monitor the increased seismic activity. Glicken, 33, was a visiting scientist at Tokyo Metropolitan University and an assistant researcher in geological sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He worked for the U.S. Geological Survey until 1989, and narrowly escaped death in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington.

Glicken had been an AGU member since 1980 and was known for his work in debris avalanches. Maurice, 45, and Katia Krafft, 44, of Cernay, France, were professional volcanologists known for their extensive work in publishing books and films on volcanology for the general public. Both Kraffts joined AGU in 1975.
Galileo's Earth‐Moon portrait
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo
Published: September 2022

Research reported at an AGU session on Galileo's Earth/Moon flyby refined the spacecraft's distinctive portrait of the Earth‐Moon system. The Galileo team presented dramatic new views of the Earth and Moon taken last December. Andrew P. Ingersoll showed a color movie of the rotating Earth, made through spectral filters with which Galileo viewed the Earth almost continuously for 25 hours.

Galileo also made finely tuned observations of vegetation and clouds, using three very closely spaced spectral wavelengths in the near‐infrared, explained W. Reid Thompson. In the resulting images, Argentinian grassland and Brazilian rain forest are clearly distinguished, demonstrating the applicability of this technique for routine monitoring of deforestation, shifts in vegetation due to climate, and other phenomena. Thompson suggested that this capability could be used on the Earth Observing System. One of the spectral bands may also have potential for monitoring cloud condensation, as it appears to differentiate actively condensing, vapor‐heavy clouds from higher and drier clouds.
Greenhouse gas mitigation studied
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

The level of 1990 greenhouse gas emissions can be significantly reduced at relatively low cost, says Thomas Lee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the committee chair of the Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming, Report of the Mitigation Panel. The 500‐page report, released June 14 by the National Academy of Sciences, expands the 17‐page chapter on mitigation from Implications of Policy Warming, a report of the Synthesis Panel released in April. According to Frank Press, president of NAS, this report will influence people's views and will be important both in the United States and internationally. There are surprises in the report, he says, particularly, that a great deal can be done to lower greenhouse gas emissions at relatively low cost.
Mount Unzen dome continues to grow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Volcanic activity on Japan's Mount Unzen, which erupted on June 3 killing 41 people, continues to build, according to latest reports. Dome extrusion and pyroclastic‐flow formation continued at Unzen as of June 24. On June 14, the dome was 100 m wide and 50 m high; it grew another 20 m in height by June 16. Cracks in the dome emitted gas to 200–300 m height, and periodic explosions produced 1‐km‐high ash columns. The evacuation area was expanded on June 17, bringing the total number of evacuees to more than 10,000. The following report on recent activity at Unzen was provided by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Network. All times are local (= UT + 9 hours).
Senate passes energy, water appropriations bill
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

The $21.98 billion energy and water appropriations bill (HR 2427) was passed by the full Senate on July 10, representing an increase of about $1 billion over FY 1991 funding. With a 96‐3 vote, HR 2427 was one of the first of 13 spending bills to be approved by the Senate. (See “DOE Funding Up in FY 1991,” Eos, July 16.)

The Senate appropriated $509 million to begin construction of the controversial Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) in Waxahachie, Texas. Earlier this year, the House voted $434 million for the project, which was $100 million less than requested by the administration.
House trims NOAA's Weather Service Budget
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's portion of the House‐passed Department of Commerce appropriations bill (HR 2608) for FY 1992 is $1.4 billion, $117 million less than requested by President Bush and about $24 million over FY 1991's appropriation.

The bill cut a major part of the modernization of the National Weather Service. For FY 1992, $423.7 million would go to the NWS, a cut of about $85 million from the president's request of $508.6 million and about $30 million below FY 1991's appropriations.
New IAGA data bases established
Authors: Barton C. E.
Published: September 2022

An international effort to establish relational data bases for various classes of paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data is being coordinated by International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Working Groups I‐5 (Paleomagnetism) and I‐6 (Rock Magnetism). This article traces developments so far.

It has become virtually impossible for any individual to keep track of, or access, the wealth of paleomagnetic and rock‐magnetic information that is available. Working Groups I‐5 and I‐6 of the IAGA have responded by seeking to establish data bases for various types of paleomagnetic data.
Using commerce to fund Third World geomagnetic observatories
Authors: Stuart W.F.
Published: September 2022

In answer to Patrick Taylor in Forum (Eos, April 16, 1991) I will not pursue the question further if it is defeated democratically in Vienna in August.

Two years after Exeter the proposal is no longer a “shock to the system” of the scientific establishment. It has been put formally to IAGA, and the Executive has not moved to oppose it. Instead IAGA recognizes the merit, the legality, and the operational viability of the principle I have raised by proposing an amendment which is completely acceptable to me. The turnaround reflects opinion in the international community.
Atmospheric CO estimates may be low
Authors: Blue Charles
Published: September 2022

Carbon monoxide, an atmospheric gas that plays an important role in the chemical interactions involved in the global greenhouse effect, may have been underestimated by as much as 25% in some studies, according to a paper published in the Journal of Geophysical Research (vol. 96, D7, July 20, 1991).

Paul C. Novelli and L. Paul Steele of the University of Colorado and James W. Elkins of NOAA developed a series of carbon monoxide reference mixtures for use in the calibration of measurements of atmospheric concentrations of CO. They compared various existing CO reference gases from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), whose standards were referenced to those maintained by the Oregon Graduate Institute for Science and Technology (OGIST).
Weather data gap problem resolved
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

It looks as though the United States will avoid the crisis situation of a gap in weather data resulting from the aging GOES‐7 satellite and technical problems with the next generation of weather satellites (GOESNEXT). Officials at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which oversees the National Weather Service, recently announced their decision to borrow at least one and possibly several European satellites until the GOES‐NEXT program gets off the ground.

The GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) series is currently 3 years behind schedule and $500 million over budget. Problems with its complex design, program management by both NOAA and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and poor performance by the contractor led Department of Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher to slow down the GOES‐NEXT series to ensure that it is built right.
Resolutions of the IUGG 20th General Assembly
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

The following resolutions, submitted to the IUGG Resolutions Committee by the Union's seven member associations, were voted on at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics General Assembly in Vienna. The resolutions were approved on August 23 by a vote of the IUGG Council, the Union's governing body, which is made up of the chief delegates of each member country.
Spring 1991 Meeting outstanding papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

The Atmospheric Sciences Committee has presented Kaye Brubaker and Jichun Shi with Outstanding Student Paper awards for presentations given at the AGU 1991 Spring Meeting, held in Baltimore May 28–31.

Brubaker's paper, “Precipitation Recycling Estimated from Atmospheric Data,” presented quantitative estimates of the contribution of locallyevaporated moisture to precipitation over several large continental regions. Recycled precipitation is defined as water that evaporates from the land surface of a specified region and falls again as precipitation within the region. Brubaker applied a control volume analysis based on a model proposed by Budyko.
National polar radio science consortium
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

The National Polar Radio Science Consortium (NPRSC) was established in 1991 to represent the radio science community's interest in the High‐Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP). The HAARP project is cosponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Air Force Philips Laboratory (AFPL). The primary goal of this consortium is to ensure maximum participation and maximum usability of the HAARP instrument by the scientific community.
Bering Glacier may be in retreat
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

The Bering Glacier, the largest (6000 km2) and longest (200 km) glacier in North America, may be undergoing a stage of irreversible calving retreat, said Bruce Molnia of the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va. The situation there today appears to be a rapid breaking apart of blocks of ice (icebergs). The retreat has resulted in the formation of Vitus Lake (Figure 1), a large freshwater, icemarginal lake, which may evolve into a saltwater bay or fiord system, said Molnia, the spokesperson for a USGS research group that includes Austin Post, Dennis C. Trabant, and James W. Schoonmaker.

Unlike most glaciers that lose ice through melting, calving glaciers like Bering end in bodies of water, such as lakes, and lose icebergs from their termini or margins through fracturing or fragmentation. The icebergs, influenced by surface currents and wind, then drift away. During the past 80 years, retreat of the Bering Glacier has resulted in much of its terminus becoming an iceberg calving margin.
New Magellan data to fuel Fall Meeting
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine
Published: September 2022

A detailed map of Venus was released by Magellan scientists on October 29. Magellan has just completed its 3,000 orbit of Venus and, according to the project's chief scientist Steve Saunders, “We now have a better globe of Venus than of Earth, because no maps of Earth have so completely traced the surface topography hidden beneath the oceans.”

But the data have not lead researchers to any consensus on whether the surface of Venus was created by one long episode of catastrophic activity 800 million years ago or if continuous eruptions have steadily spread lava over the plains and transformed the surface over time.
JGR Editor Goertz killed in Iowa
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine
Published: September 2022

JGR‐Space Physics editor Christoph K. Goertz, two other professors, a student, and an administrator were killed and an administration staff member was critically wounded in a tragic shooting spree at the University of Iowa on November 1.

Victims Goertz, Dwight R. Nicholson, Linhua Shan, and Robert A. Smith were all AGU members. Goertz was currently serving as JGR‐Space Physics editor. He had served as associate editor of Journal of Geophysical Research from 1979–1983, and associate editor of Geophysical Research Letters from 1982–1988. He joined the SPR‐Magnetospheric Physics section of AGU in 1976.
1991 IAPSO Meeting
Authors: Brink Ken
Published: September 2022

The International Association for the Physical Science of the Ocean (IAPSO) component of the International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) meeting is held every 4 years and is the preeminent international meeting for physical oceanography. IAPSO met most recently on August 12–24, 1991, in Vienna, Austria, and was another considerable success. With a meeting so broad that covers all aspects of physical oceanography as well as some aspects of marine meteorology and chemical oceanography, it is hard to identify a single unifying theme. This diversity, of course, is part of the strength of the meeting.

Trying to describe the highlights of the IAPSO meeting is a task analogous to try ing to describe compactly the Ocean Sciences section of an AGU Fall Meeting. The y T format is similar, in terms of how the ses sions are broken down, but typically a given IAPSO session will run 2–3 days and sometimes will allow for longer, more thorough talks than an AGU Annual Meeting session. Furthermore, the sessions and attendance have considerably more international flavor that provides a much broader range of geographical focus and allows for the development of valuable international contacts. In the following paragraphs, I will try to describe a few aspects of the meeting and highlight some of the many high‐quality scientific sessions.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

As in many areas of human knowledge, the notion of climate acquired a deeper historical content around the turn of the 19th century. Natural philosophers, geographers, and others became increasingly aware of climate's own history and its relation to human, plant and animal, and Earth history. This article examines several aspects of this “historicization” of climate.

The lively 18th century discussion of the influence of climate on society is well known. Montesquieu is its most famous representative, but Voltaire, Hume, Kant, and others also participated. Their debate was literary more than scientific, their goal the understanding of man, not climate. Partly for this reason and partly because of the lack of good information on climates, they made no attempt to gather substantial climatic data. In fact, the importance of systematically collecting reliable data was scarcely understood in any area of natural philosophy before the last decades of the century [Cf. Frängsmyr et al., 1990; Feldman, 1990]. Instead, participants in the debate repeated commonplaces dating from Aristotle and Hippocrates and based their conclusions on unreliable reports from travelers. As Glacken wrote of Montesquieu, “his dishes are from old and well‐tested recipes” [Glacken, 1967, chapter 12]. This is not to say that the debate over climatic influence was not significant—only that its significance lay more in the history of man than in the atmospheric sciences.
On becoming a fellow
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo , Bush Susan M.
Published: September 2022

AGU's Congressional Science Fellow Vivian Pan said that it was her interest in science education that inspired her to apply for the AGU fellowship. Not enough students are interested in science, she says, adding that she hopes her experience on the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs will enable her to work toward making changes in this area.

Pan applied for the fellowship last February and was interviewed by AGU's Public Affairs Committee at the 1991 Spring Meeting. She also made a presentation to the committee on women and minorities in science. Her advice to future candidates is to “let the committee know you are sensitive to political issues.”
Henry M. Stommel
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Henry M. Stommel (1920–1992)

Bowie Medalist Henry Melson Stommel of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution died on January 17 in Boston, Mass. Stommel made fundamental contributions to the field of physical oceanography during his long career at Harvard, MIT, and Woods Hole.

In addition to receiving AGU's Bowie Medal in 1982, Stommel was awarded the National Academy of Sciences Agassiz Medal in 1979 and the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1989. He was a member of the Academy and The Royal Society, London.
NADW formation as a branch of the hydrological cycle
Authors: Stocker Thomas F. , Broecker Wallace S.
Published: September 2022

The wide interest in the nature and evolution of deep ocean circulation as a key factor to understanding climate change set the stage for a conference devoted to North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation held at Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory (LDGO), Palisades, N.Y., from November 11 to 12, 1991. Sponsored by the LDGO Climate Center and hosted by Wally Broecker, about seventy scientists attended. Twenty‐seven invited papers were presented at the 2‐day conference.

The rates and paths of NADW formation were the focus of the first day. Bob Dickson, Lowestoft, U.K., summarized the present state of the “northern end” of global thermohaline circulation. In contrast to the view one obtains from many existing numerical models, especially the simpler ones, NADW derives, in reality, from a mixture of distinctly different water masses before it spreads into the world ocean. At most, 50% of the estimated 20 Sv (1 sverdrup = 106 m3/s) of North Atlantic overturning actually comes from the Arctic via the overflows east and west of Iceland; the rest is thought of as recirculating water from the Labrador Sea. The Greenland‐Iceland ridge overflow conspicuously lacks both seasonal and interannual variability in the transport. This is an important constraint for future modeling efforts.