bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Space Weather Challenge and Forecasting Implications of Rossby Waves
Authors: Dikpati Mausumi , McIntosh Scott W.
Published: February 2020

Rossby waves arise in thin layers within fluid regions of stars and planets. These global wave‐like patterns occur due to the variation in Coriolis forces with latitude. In the past several years observational evidence has indicated that there are also Rossby waves in the Sun. Although Rossby waves have been detected in the Sun's photosphere and corona, they most likely originate in the solar tachocline, the sharp shear layer at the base of the solar convection zone, where the differential rotation driven by convection transitions to the solidly rotating radiative interior. These waves differ from their Earth's counterparts by being strongly modified by toroidal magnetic fields in the solar tachocline. Recent simulations of magnetohydrodynamics of tachocline Rossby waves and magnetic fields are demonstrated to produce strong “tachocline nonlinear oscillations,” which have periods similar to those observed in the solar atmosphere—enhanced periods of solar activity, or “seasons”—occurring at intervals between six months and two years. These seasonal/subseasonal bursts produce the strongest eruptive space weather events. Thus, a key to forecasting the timing, amplitude, and location of future activity bursts, and hence space weather events, could lie in our ability to forecast the phase and amplitude of Rossby waves and associated tachocline nonlinear oscillations. Accurately forecasting the properties of solar Rossby waves and their impact on space weather will require linking surface activity observations to the magnetohydrodynamics of tachocline Rossby waves, using modern data assimilation techniques. Both short‐term (hours to days) and long‐term (decadal to millennial) forecasts of space weather and climate are now being made. We highlight in this article the potential of solar Rossby waves for forecasting space weather on intermediate time scales, of several weeks to months up to a few years ahead.
Separating Geometry‐ From Stress‐Induced Remanent Magnetization in Magnetite With Ilmenite Lamellae From the Stardalur Basalts, Iceland
Authors: ter Maat G. W. , Fabian K. , Church N. S. , McEnroe S. A.
Published: February 2020

Realistic geometries of magnetite grains from the Stardalur volcano, Iceland, were obtained by Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy nanotomography. These magnetite grains are subdivided by oxidation‐exsolution lamellae of ilmenite. Magnetic properties of these grains were modeled without internal stress using the three‐dimensional micromagnetic code MERRILL. The influence of grain shape and size was isolated by modeling hysteresis loops of the same grains with and without exsolution microstructures. The resulting coercivities Hc are up to 1.5 times higher, and the Mrs/Ms ratios are twice as high for the grains with exsolution than for those without. Both modeled values are a factor of 10 smaller than the measured bulk data from the same sample. This difference between stress‐free models and measured hysteresis loops suggests that the internal stress due to the formation of the oxidation‐exsolution lamellae is the dominant mechanism of coercivity and remanence enhancement. By comparing the approach‐to‐saturation behavior of modeled and measured hysteresis loops, the internal stress is quantified to about 100 MPa. The formation of lamellae has two effects on magnetic properties. (1) The apparent grain size is geometrically reduced. This effect increases Mrs and Hc by up to a factor of 2. (2) The formation of lamellae produces internal stress fields, which provide additional anisotropy energy that deflect the magnetic spins and apparently increase Mrs and Hc by up to a factor of 10. Accordingly, stress dominates the remanent magnetic properties in the Stardalur basalts and may be the decisive effect explaining its unusual remanent‐dominated ground magnetic anomaly of up to 27,000 nT.
Empirically Estimated Electron Lifetimes in the Earth's Radiation Belts: Van Allen Probe Observations
Authors: Claudepierre S. G. , Ma Q. , Bortnik J. , O'Brien T. P. , Fennell J. F. , Blake J. B.
Published: February 2020

We use measurements from NASA's Van Allen Probes to calculate the decay time constants for electrons over a wide range of energies (30 keV to 4 MeV) and
values (
= 1.3–6.0) in the Earth's radiation belts. Using an automated routine to identify flux decay events, we construct a large database of lifetimes for near‐equatorially mirroring electrons over a 5‐year interval. We provide the first accurate estimates of the long decay timescales in the inner zone (
100 days), which are highly resolved in energy and free from proton contamination. In the slot region and outer zone, we compare our lifetime calculations with prior empirical estimates and find good quantitative agreement (lifetimes
1–20 days). The comparisons suggest that some prior estimates may overestimate electron lifetimes between
2.5–4.5 due to instrumental effects and/or background contamination. Previously reported two‐stage decays are explicitly demonstrated to be a consequence of using integral fluxes.
Empirically Estimated Electron Lifetimes in the Earth's Radiation Belts: Comparison With Theory
Authors: Claudepierre S. G. , Ma Q. , Bortnik J. , O'Brien T. P. , Fennell J. F. , Blake J. B.
Published: February 2020

We compute quasilinear diffusion rates due to pitch angle scattering by various mechanisms in the Earth's electron radiation belts. The calculated theoretical lifetimes are compared with observed decay rates, and we find excellent qualitative agreement between the two. The overall structure of the observed lifetime profiles as a function of energy and
is largely due to plasmaspheric hiss and Coulomb scattering. The results also reveal a local minimum in lifetimes in the inner zone at lower energy (
50 keV), attributed to enhanced scattering via ground‐based very low frequency transmitters, and a reduction in lifetimes at higher
and energy (
1 MeV), attributed to enhanced electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave scattering. In addition, we find significant quantitative disagreement at
, where the theoretical lifetimes are typically a factor of
10 larger than the observed, pointing to an additional loss process that is missing from current models. We discuss potential factors that could contribute to this disagreement.
Three‐Dimensional Mapping of Mt. Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand, From Aeromagnetic Data Inversion and Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Miller C. A. , Schaefer L. N. , Kereszturi G. , Fournier D.
Published: February 2020

Combining 3‐D inversion of high‐resolution aeromagnetic data with airborne hyperspectral imaging creates a new method to map buried structure and hydrothermal alteration, applied to Mt. Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand. Hyperspectral imaging is sensitive to surface mineralogy including alteration minerals, while magnetic vector inversion reveals the volumetric distribution of magnetic susceptibility from which we interpret buried geology. Probability assessment from multiple model regularizations provides an important model uncertainty estimate. At Ruapehu, hyperspectral imaging highlights two main regions of surface alteration: the Pinnacle Ridge and the southeast flanks. The magnetic model of Pinnacle Ridge shows that alteration seen at surface continues to depth, but strongly magnetic, unaltered dikes form the core of the ridge. On the southeast flanks, the magnetic model also shows alteration imaged on the surface continues to depth; however, a previously unknown, magnetized sill intrudes part of the flank. Several smaller demagnetized regions are modeled, unlike at neighboring Mt. Tongariro where the hydrothermal system created a large demagnetized core. We propose that these differences relate to spatially focused (Ruapehu) vs distributed (Tongariro) eruption vents, the degree of faulting of the edifice and its glaciation history. Lava‐ice interaction produces fine‐grained lavas with measured magnetic susceptibilities similar to some moderately altered lavas, illustrating that care must be taken in the interpretation of magnetic data in the absence of geological information. The combination of hyperspectral imaging and aeromagnetic data inversion distinguishes shallow surface weathering from deeper‐seated hydrothermally altered rock masses, with implications for the magnitude and probability of collapse events.
CO2 Induced a Small Water Solubility in Orthopyroxene and Its Implications for Water Storage in the Upper Mantle
Authors: Guo Xinzhuan , Bai Jiayuan , Wang Chao , Wu Xiang , Zhou Xingfan
Published: February 2020

To investigate the effect of CO2 on water solubility in orthopyroxene coexisting with H2O‐CO2 as a buffering fluid, high‐pressure experiments were conducted at pressures of 1.5 and 3 GPa and a temperature of 1100 °C. The experiments were performed in a Walker‐type multianvil assembly using natural orthopyroxene with various CO2 to CO2‐H2O molar ratios as a starting material. The water contents were measured by polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. At 1.5 GPa and 1100 °C, the H2O solubility decreased with increasing CO2 content in the fluid. The water solubility c(H2O) could be quantitatively determined based on water fugacity f(H2O) as c(H2O) = 25.21 × f(H2O)1.24. The addition of 57% CO2 dramatically reduced the water solubility in orthopyroxene from 184 to 90 ppm. In contrast, at 3 GPa and 1100 °C, the water solubility did not change with the CO2 content in the starting material because CO2 is unstable in bulk peridotite due to the reaction between CO2 and olivine at pressures exceeding 2.2 GPa. This study confirms that the additional component in the aqueous fluid can change the water activity and fugacity, thereby directly lowering the water storage capacity in mantle minerals. As a result, previous estimates of the maximum water storage capacity in the shallow mantle may be overestimated by a factor of 3.
Estimation of Leaf Photosynthetic Capacity From Leaf Chlorophyll Content and Leaf Age in a Subtropical Evergreen Coniferous Plantation
Authors: Wang Shaoqiang , Li Yue , Ju Weimin , Chen Bin , Chen Jinghua , Croft Holly , Mickler Robert A. , Yang Fengting
Published: February 2020

Photosynthetic rate is a key source of uncertainty in the modeling of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Recent studies have utilized leaf chlorophyll content (Chl) as a proxy for leaf photosynthetic capacity in croplands and deciduous forests, with little investigation into this relationship for other plant function types and for different leaf ages. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax25) and the maximum electron transport capacity (Jcmax25) at 25 °C with both leaf nitrogen and Chl from different leaf ages (current and previous year) in Masson's pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) species in a subtropical evergreen coniferous forest. Our results showed small changes in leaf nitrogen over the growing season. In contrast, Vcmax25, Jmax25, and Chl displayed larger seasonal variations. Vcmax25 was more related to leaf Chl than leaf nitrogen in both previous year's and current year's leaves, likely due to the variable partitioning of leaf nitrogen between and within photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic fractions. Leaf Chl and month after budding (MAB) were the main predictors for Vcmax25 based on the random forest regression analysis. These findings highlighted the problem in using leaf nitrogen as a proxy for Vcmax25 where there is a dynamic nitrogen investment (i.e., with leaf ontogenesis, or between different species) and illustrated the value of using leaf Chl (as retrievable from remotely sensing) and MAB to constrain Vcmax25 in process‐based models to improve the simulation of photosynthetic rates in evergreen coniferous forests.
Could Cryoturbic Diapirs Be Key for Understanding Ecological Feedbacks to Climate Change in High Arctic Polar Deserts?
Authors: Ota Mitsuaki , Mamet Steven D. , Muller Amanda L. , Lamb Eric G. , Dhillon Gurbir , Peak Derek , Siciliano Steven D.
Published: February 2020

High Arctic polar deserts cover 26% of the Arctic. Increasing temperatures are predicted to significantly alter polar desert freeze‐thaw and biogeochemical cycles, with important implications for greenhouse gas emissions. However, the mechanisms underlying these changing cycles are still highly uncertain. Cryoturbic, carbon‐rich Bhy horizons (diapirs) in frost boils are key nutrient sources for Salix arctica. We hypothesized that diapirism leads to organic carbon characteristics that alter microbial pathways, which then control root foraging and greenhouse gas production. During July and August 2013, we characterized soil properties and examined gross nitrogen transformation rates in frost boils both with and without diapirs in two High Arctic polar deserts (dolomite and granite) near Alexandra Fjord (78°51′N 75°54′W), Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Diapiric frost boils had 18% higher soil organic carbon in the dolomitic and 9% higher in the granitic deserts, and 29% higher total dissolved nitrogen in the dolomitic desert. However, diapirs decreased gross nitrogen mineralization rates by 30% in the dolomitic and by 48% in the granitic deserts. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed mid‐infrared spectroscopy revealed greater concentrations of polysaccharides and recalcitrant carbon in diapiric versus nondiapiric frost boils. These increased polysaccharide concentrations likely facilitate diapirism as soil viscosity increases with polysaccharides. Lower microbial activity or ectomycorrhizae that are known to colonize S. arctica may accumulate total dissolved nitrogen in diapirs. Our results suggest geomorphologic‐plant‐microbe interactions may underlie important patterns of geochemical cycling in arctic systems. Thus, polar desert frost boils should represent a key focus of future investigations of climate change in arctic systems.
Phytoplankton Responses to Climate‐Induced Warming and Interdecadal Oscillation in North‐Western Australia
Authors: Yuan Zineng , Liu Dongyan , Masqué Pere , Zhao Meixun , Song Xiuxian , Keesing John K.
Published: February 2020

Growing evidence has suggested that ocean warming could cause a decline in marine phytoplankton productivity. However, studies in tropical waters have discovered that evolutionary adaptation of local species to warming and positive response to increasing rainfall could avoid the sharp decline in productivity. Here, the decadal trends of phytoplankton biomass, reconstructed using the biomarkers of brassicasterol (diatoms) and dinosterol (dinoflagellates), showed a 1.5–3 times increase since the 1950s along a large section of the Kimberley coast, north‐western Australia. Principal component analysis found that 56% of the phytoplankton variance was linked with climate change‐induced increases in sea surface temperature and rainfall associated with increased tropical cyclones, which can enhance nutrient supply favoring phytoplankton growth and production; 20.4% of the phytoplankton variance tended to be related to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation through a mechanism of ocean‐coast interaction. We empirically predict that the negative impact of rising temperatures on phytoplankton in north‐western Australia could be buffered by the increasing tropical cyclones and the coming warm phase of Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.
Ventromedial prefrontal value signals and functional connectivity during decision-making in suicidal behavior and impulsivity
Authors: Brown Vanessa M. , Wilson Jonathan , Hallquist Michael N. , Szanto Katalin , Dombrovski Alexandre Y.
Published: February 2020

Suicide is linked to impaired value-based decision-making and impulsivity, but whether these risk factors share neural underpinnings is unclear. Disrupted ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) value signals may underlie this behavioral phenotype. We investigated vmPFC value signals, vmPFC–frontoparietal connectivity, and the impact of impulsivity during decision-making in depressed individuals with and without suicidal behavior. Middle-aged and older adults (n = 116; 35 with a history of suicide attempts, 25 with ideation only, 25 depressed controls with no ideation, and 31 nonpsychiatric controls) completed a decision-making task with drifting reward probabilities during fMRI. Values of choices, estimated by a reinforcement learning model, were regressed against BOLD signal. VmPFC value activation was compared between groups. Moderating effects of impulsivity on vmPFC–frontoparietal connectivity were assessed in nonpsychiatric controls and compared among patient groups. VmPFC value responses in participants with a history of suicide attempts were reduced relative to nonpsychiatric controls (p < 0.05). In nonpsychiatric controls, vmPFC–frontoparietal connectivity was negatively moderated by impulsivity (pFWE corrected < 0.05). This effect was preserved in comparison patient groups but abolished in suicide attempters (p < 0.001). This change in neural connectivity patterns also affected behavior: people with a history of suicide attempts showed a disrupted effect of vmPFC–frontoparietal connectivity, impulsivity, and reinforcement on choice quality (p < 0.001). These effects were specific to vmPFC and not to striatum. In summary, findings from this study largely support disrupted vmPFC value signals in suicidal behavior. In addition, it uncovers an altered pattern of vmPFC–frontoparietal connectivity in impulsive people with suicidal behavior, which may underlie disrupted choice processes in a suicidal crisis.
Catalytic performance of Pdn (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) clusters supported on TiO2-V for the formation of dimethyl oxalate via the CO catalytic coupling reaction: a theoretical study
Authors: Ling Lixia , Cao Yueting , Han Min , Liu Ping , Zhang Riguang , Wang Baojun
Published: February 2020

The formation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) via CO catalytic coupling on a series of catalysts including Pdn (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) clusters loaded on TiO2-V has been explored by density functional theory (DFT) calculation.
An edge attention‐based geodesic distance for PolSAR image superpixel segmentation
Authors: Lin Huiping , Yuan Fan , Xing Cheng , Yang Jian
Published: February 2020

The simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) is the most popular superpixel segmentation method for its simplicity and effectiveness. In this Letter, we propose an edge attention‐based geodesic distance, which can be applied to the SLIC framework for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar image superpixel segmentation. Image edges are especially considered to generate superpixels with better boundary adherence property, while the computing burden does not increase. Specifically, the authors first detect image edges, then fuse the edge map and polarimetric dissimilarity, and finally define the geodesic distance based on the fused results. Experiments performed on real scene images demonstrate the superiority of the proposed distance in both qualitative and quantitative ways.
Reliability and sensitivity analysis of more‐electric aircraft based on cross‐entropy
Authors: Cao Jianan , Qi Xuanxuan , Li Luntao
Published: February 2020

The traditional Monte Carlo sampling method has several deficiencies in evaluating the reliability of more‐electric aircraft (MEA), such as more sampling times and longer simulation time, due to the complex topology and low probability of failure of the aircraft. In this Letter, the optimal probability distribution of multi‐component systems is introduced by cross‐entropy, which theoretically makes the variance of reliability evaluation zero. Based on this, an evaluation method for the power‐supply reliability of MEA is presented. For further analysis of the system vulnerabilities, the sensitivity of MEA is modelled based on reliability calculation. Finally, the hybrid MEA and high‐voltage direct current MEA power systems are used as application scenarios to calculate the reliability and sensitivity. The results show that the proposed method has advantages in evaluating small probability events, and it is useful for the optimisation of MEA's power‐supply system structure.
Quasi‐elliptic bandpass filtering power divider with ultra‐wide stopband
Authors: Wu Chaochao , Xiao Fei , Wang Huadong , Chen Yang , Sun Yuancheng
Published: February 2020

In this Letter, a novel filtering power divider with second‐order quasi‐elliptic bandpass response is proposed, which has two transmission zeros near to the passband for sharp frequency selectivity. In addition, it is featured by ultra‐wide stopband owing to specific topology. For demonstration, a filtering power divider example operating at 3.1 GHz is designed, fabricated and measured. Its 3 dB fractional bandwidth is about 11.9%, and the in‐band isolation between two output ports exceeds 20 dB. Specifically, more than 21 dB out‐of‐band suppression is achieved from the upper side of the passband to 4.8f0, and more than 12 dB suppression is achieved to at least 20f0. The measurement agrees well with the simulation.
CNN–SVM: a classification method for fruit fly image with the complex background
Authors: Peng Yingqiong , Liao Muxin , Deng Hong , Ao Ling , Song Yuxia , Huang Weiji , Hua Jing
Published: February 2020

On the basis of the problem that the image background is simple and the traditional shooting equipment of fruit flies is too high, this study improved the convolutional neural network model. First, the authors changed Softmax classifier to support vector machine (SVM). Moreover, then used convolution layers for extracting features of fruit fly images. Finally, they fed features into SVM for training. Experiments show that the model has been classifying the Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera tau and Bactrocera scutellata with accuracy over 92.04%, accordingly making the effective classification of the complex background fruit fly images possible. Moreover, it also provides a good practical application prospect.
Devastating Outcomes of Traditional Enemas: Unusual Indications for Well-Known Operations
Authors: Mshumpela Cleopatra , Brisighelli Giulia , Westgarth-Taylor Chris
Published: February 2020

Background Despite serious health risks having been described, traditional enemas are still often used in African traditional medicine. We aim to report two cases of complications secondary to traditional enemas, to illustrate how severe the injuries can be, and to describe the use of a Swenson type endoanal pull-through and a posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) as surgical options.

Case Description A 2-year-old girl presented with a necrotic rectum after a traditional enema administration. At admission, she required a laparotomy, colostomy fashioning, and extensive debridement of her rectum and perineum. She subsequently had a pull-through of the descending colon using a PSARP approach, a covering loop ileostomy, and a Malone Antegrade Continence Enema. The ileostomy was reversed at the age of 3 years of age and she is now clean with rectal washouts.

The second case was a one- and a half-year-old boy with full-thickness burns to the perineum and rectum secondary to a hot-water enema. A colostomy was initially brought out and pulled through 7 months post the initial surgery. He is now growing well and is fully continent to stools.

Conclusions The potential complications associated with the practice of administering at-home enemas can be quite devastating. A transanal pull-through and a PSARP have been proven to be successful techniques in patients who have suffered rectal burns due to traditional enemas.
Primary Umbilical Endometriosis in an Adolescent Girl: Unsuspected Pathology
Authors: Nellihela Leel , Al-Adnani Mudher , Kufeji Dorothy
Published: February 2020

Endometriosis affects 7 to 10% of women of reproductive age. Primary umbilical endometriosis (PUE) is even rarer with unclear pathogenesis. We report a case of PUE possibly the youngest patient reported in the literature.

A 16-year-old girl of African origin presented with painful umbilical lump for 2 to 3 months duration with background history of precocious puberty, cyclical vomiting, and menorrhagia. Clinical examination showed dark-colored, tender, irreducible umbilical lump. A provisional diagnosis of incarcerated umbilical hernia was made. Abdominal X-ray showed no features of intestinal obstruction. Ultrasound scan of the abdomen showed lump containing heterogeneous echogenic material measuring 2.0 × 1.5cm within the umbilicus with no visible bowel loops or peristalsis. This was reported as consistent with an umbilical hernia with narrow neck possibly containing mesentery or intra-abdominal fat. The patient underwent urgent exploration of umbilicus under general anesthetic. At operation, a dark-colored, firm mass was excised and sent for histology. The underlying fascia and peritoneum were repaired.

Histological examination confirmed the excised tissue was endometriosis. Follow-up continues in the endometriosis clinic.

Umbilical endometriosis should be considered in differential diagnoses of painful umbilical lesion in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. Complete excision and histology are highly recommended for obtaining a definitive diagnosis, to exclude malignancy and to prevent recurrence.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation after Heart Transplantation: Impact of Type of Cannulation
Authors: Mehdiani Arash , Immohr Moritz Benjamin , Boettger Charlotte , Dalyanoglu Hannan , Scheiber Daniel , Westenfeld Ralf , Aubin Hug , Akhyari Payam , Saeed Diyar , Lichtenberg Artur , Boeken Udo
Published: February 2020

Background Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a common cause of early death after heart transplantation (htx). The use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) after htx has increased during the last years. It is still discussed controversially whether peripheral cannulation is favorable compared to central cannulation. We aimed to compare both cannulation techniques.

Methods Ninety patients underwent htx in our department between 2010 and 2017. Twenty-five patients were treated with ECLS due to PGD (10 central extracorporeal membrane oxygenator [cECMO] and 15 peripheral extracorporeal membrane oxygenator [pECMO] cannulation). Pre- and intraoperative parameters were comparable between both groups.

Results Thirty-day mortality was comparable between the ECLS-groups (cECMO: 30%; pECMO: 40%, p = 0.691). Survival at 1 year (n = 18) was 40 and 30.8% for cECMO and pECMO, respectively. The incidence of postoperative renal failure, stroke, limb ischemia, and infection was comparable between both groups. We also did not find significant differences in duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, or in-hospital stay. The incidence of bleeding complications was also similar (cECMO: 60%; pECMO: 67%). Potential differences in support duration in pECMO group (10.4 ± 9.3 vs. 5.7 ± 4.7 days, p = 0.110) did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions In patients supported for PGD, peripheral and central cannulation strategies are safe and feasible for prolonged venoarterial ECMO support. There was no increase in bleeding after central implantation. With regard to the potential complications of a pECMO, we think that aortic cannulation with tunneling of the cannula and closure of the chest could be a good option in patients with PGD after htx.
Connect-seq to superimpose molecular on anatomical neural circuit maps
Authors: Hanchate Naresh K. , Lee Eun Jeong , Ellis Andria , Kondoh Kunio , Kuang Donghui , Basom Ryan , Trapnell Cole , Buck Linda B.
Published: February 2020

The mouse brain contains about 75 million neurons interconnected in a vast array of neural circuits. The identities and functions of individual neuronal components of most circuits are undefined. Here we describe a method, termed “Connect-seq,” which combines retrograde viral tracing and single-cell transcriptomics to uncover the molecular identities of upstream neurons in a specific circuit and the signaling molecules they use to communicate. Connect-seq can generate a molecular map that can be superimposed on a neuroanatomical map to permit molecular and genetic interrogation of how the neuronal components of a circuit control its function. Application of this method to hypothalamic neurons controlling physiological responses to fear and stress reveals subsets of upstream neurons that express diverse constellations of signaling molecules and can be distinguished by their anatomical locations.
Global gene flow releases invasive plants from environmental constraints on genetic diversity
Authors: Smith Annabel L. , Hodkinson Trevor R. , Villellas Jesus , Catford Jane A. , Csergő Anna Mária , Blomberg Simone P. , Crone Elizabeth E. , Ehrlén Johan , Garcia Maria B. , Laine Anna-Liisa , Roach Deborah A. , Salguero-Gómez Roberto , Wardle Glenda M. , Childs Dylan Z. , Elderd Bret D. , Finn Alain , Munné-Bosch Sergi , Baudraz Maude E. A. , Bódis Judit , Brearley Francis Q. , Bucharova Anna , Caruso Christina M. , Duncan Richard P. , Dwyer John M. , Gooden Ben , Groenteman Ronny , Hamre Liv Norunn , Helm Aveliina , Kelly Ruth , Laanisto Lauri , Lonati Michele , Moore Joslin L. , Morales Melanie , Olsen Siri Lie , Pärtel Meelis , Petry William K. , Ramula Satu , Rasmussen Pil U. , Enri Simone Ravetto , Roeder Anna , Roscher Christiane , Saastamoinen Marjo , Tack Ayco J. M. , Töpper Joachim Paul , Vose Gregory E. , Wandrag Elizabeth M. , Wingler Astrid , Buckley Yvonne M.
Published: February 2020

When plants establish outside their native range, their ability to adapt to the new environment is influenced by both demography and dispersal. However, the relative importance of these two factors is poorly understood. To quantify the influence of demography and dispersal on patterns of genetic diversity underlying adaptation, we used data from a globally distributed demographic research network comprising 35 native and 18 nonnative populations of
Plantago lanceolata
. Species-specific simulation experiments showed that dispersal would dilute demographic influences on genetic diversity at local scales. Populations in the native European range had strong spatial genetic structure associated with geographic distance and precipitation seasonality. In contrast, nonnative populations had weaker spatial genetic structure that was not associated with environmental gradients but with higher within-population genetic diversity. Our findings show that dispersal caused by repeated, long-distance, human-mediated introductions has allowed invasive plant populations to overcome environmental constraints on genetic diversity, even without strong demographic changes. The impact of invasive plants may, therefore, increase with repeated introductions, highlighting the need to constrain future introductions of species even if they already exist in an area.
High-resolution structural insights into the heliorhodopsin family
Authors: Kovalev K. , Volkov D. , Astashkin R. , Alekseev A. , Gushchin I. , Haro-Moreno J. M. , Chizhov I. , Siletsky S. , Mamedov M. , Rogachev A. , Balandin T. , Borshchevskiy V. , Popov A. , Bourenkov G. , Bamberg E. , Rodriguez-Valera F. , Büldt G. , Gordeliy V.
Published: February 2020

Rhodopsins are the most abundant light-harvesting proteins. A new family of rhodopsins, heliorhodopsins (HeRs), has recently been discovered. Unlike in the known rhodopsins, in HeRs the N termini face the cytoplasm. The function of HeRs remains unknown. We present the structures of the bacterial HeR-48C12 in two states at the resolution of 1.5 Å, which highlight its remarkable difference from all known rhodopsins. The interior of HeR’s extracellular part is completely hydrophobic, while the cytoplasmic part comprises a cavity (Schiff base cavity [SBC]) surrounded by charged amino acids and containing a cluster of water molecules, presumably being a primary proton acceptor from the Schiff base. At acidic pH, a planar triangular molecule (acetate) is present in the SBC. Structure-based bioinformatic analysis identified 10 subfamilies of HeRs, suggesting their diverse biological functions. The structures and available data suggest an enzymatic activity of HeR-48C12 subfamily and their possible involvement in fundamental redox biological processes.
Individuals’ activity space in Seri Iskandar Malaysia
Authors: Khalif M A Z , Dharmowijoyo D B E
Published: February 2020

This study examines the nature of the day-to-day variability of individual activity space in Seri Iskandar Malaysia using simple regression analysis. The results show that individuals’ time allocation to undertake in-home and out-of-home mandatory activities, household income, access to motorised mode, commute distance and perceived accessibility from home to some basic amenities significantly associate with the spread of individuals’ out-of-home activity locations. However, time spent for performing in-home and out-of-home activities, number of trips, and commute distance associate with how far individuals’ out-of-home activity locations from their home is. Longer time-use to undertake in-home and out-of-home activities negatively correlate with the spread of out-of-home activity locations, whereas commitments to undertake out-of-home discretionary activities will be conducted near a home base location. When someone is from richer household, he/she will visit out-of-home activity locations farther from his/her home and more spread out. When someone resides within an area farther from government office areas, he/she will have more spread out activity locations.
The flatness levels of flexible road based on roadroid software in Perintis Kemerdekaan Street Makassar
Authors: Lukman M , Halim H , Saing Z
Published: February 2020

This study aims to evaluate working road pavement conditions, the road pavement conditions value based on the International Roughness Index (IRI) method which is used as a basis for knowing the type of road maintenance handling type. For taking IRI, a vehicle that has good performance is used, while IRI value recording uses Roadroid software that has been installed on an Android-based mobile. The data results from this study indicate that the Perintis Kemerdekaan Road produces IRI values of 2.607 and 2.408 for each direction. From this value, it is converted in road stability level which shows that the road is in a steady category so that in general this segment for handling requires regular maintenance periodically to achieve maintaining the service level.
Assessment of tsunami risk to offshore platforms in Indonesia archipelago
Authors: Baeda A Y , Carayannis G P
Published: February 2020

Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters that need to be taken into serious consideration in the design criteria of offshore platforms, particularly in regions of high seismicity. The Indonesia Archipelago is characterized by extensive zones of seismic activity where large earthquakes can be extremely dangerous to the safety and reliable performance of offshore platforms. Tsunamis generated by the larger earthquakes in the region present an additional extreme danger to offshore oil production and need to be assessed and considered in the design criteria of offshore platforms.
Classification of air pollutants API Inter-Correlation using decision tree algorithms
Authors: Althuwaynee O F , Balogun A L , Aydda A , Gumbo T
Published: February 2020

The automated classification of ambient air pollutants is an important task in air pollution hazards assessment and life quality research. Faced with various classification algorithms, environmental scientists should select the most appropriate method according to their requirements and data availability. This study describes several types of Decision Tree algorithms for finding the inter-correlation between dominant air pollution index (API) for PM10 percentile values and four other air pollutants such as Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO), in addition to two other meteorological parameters: ambient temperature and humidity, using 22 months records of active air monitoring station in Penang island (northern Malaysia). Classification analysis for the PM10 API was then performed using non-linear Decision Trees within the R programming environment including: Boosted C5.0, Random Forest, PART, and Naive Bayes tree (NBtree). This is in addition to rpart and tree algorithms, which were used to plot the classification trees. The classification performance of the methods is presented and the best classifier in terms of accuracy and processing time was recommended. In R statistical environment, the process of classification by decision tree methods and the classification rules were easy to obtain, while geographic information systems (GIS) software’ was used for mapping the study area. Furthermore, the results are clear and easy to understand for environmental and geospatial scientists and relevant agencies, which will facilitate the mitigation of air pollution related disasters in the affected communities.
The growth of Metropolitan Bandung Raya (MBR) and the increase of urban housing matters
Authors: Vitriana A
Published: February 2020

The urban growth of MBR has rapidly occurred. The emergence of MBR’s urban settlements has started in Bandung city as the main urban center and it has spread out adjacent through some administrative region. These center urban growth has stimulated the development of urban housing in peri-urban areas forming a large-scale urban settlement and eventually bring the emergence of housing problems. This research specifically aims to explore the housing matters in the context of residential elements. The study was conducted using a quantitative method and a descriptive approach to show the trend of urban growth and the increasing problems of housing and basic infrastructure. The discussion of housing matters addressed to the physical condition of housing and the availability of basic infrastructure. The results show that the main problem of MBR housing is generally in the issue of increased density and the provision of basic infrastructure. Another problem that characterizes as the urban housing problem is the issue of the space adequacy of building, while the main issue in the regencies housing is the un-durable physical condition of the building.
Opportunity applying response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of performing butonic asphalt mixture using plastic waste modifier: a preliminary study
Authors: Lapian F E P , Ramli M I , Pasra M , Arsyad A
Published: February 2020

Non-biodegradable waste plastic made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based drinking bottles waste was used as additive in asphalt concrete mixture production. This paper used modified Buton asphalt (MBA) as base binder. The asphalt concrrete mixtures containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% of waste PET were prepared with one source of aggregates, filler and stone dust. The effect of waste PET and MBA to asphalt concrete mixture on volumetric properties namely specific gravity, void in mix (VIM), void mineral aggregate (VMA) and void filled bitumen (VFB) is studied. The results of volumetric evaluation indicated that waste PET and MBA could be incorporated in asphalt concrete mixture. After calculating specific gravity, VIM, VMA and VFB, a table was designed as a preliminary study based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) that can be used as a basis of modelling for continuous improvement of asphalt concrete prepared with waste PET and MBA.
Compressive strength of laterite stone mixed concrete
Authors: Marewangeng A , Tjaronge M W , Djamaluddin A R , Aly S H
Published: February 2020

Concrete is one of the most durable construction material and cement is one of the most energy intensive structural materials in concrete. This research is conducted to research of the suitability of tap water, river sand and laterite stone which is available abundantly surround the Berau district of Indonesia with Portland composite cement (PCC) and crushed laterite stone to produce concrete. Test result exhibited that fresh concrete had proper workability and all hardened specimens appeared a good compaction result. This paper purposed to utilized tap water, river sand, laterite stone and Portland composite cement to produce the high performance concrete to eliminate the main problems of stone shortage and fine aggregate in the low land areas and the Berau district of Indonesia. Infrastructure development can be sustained through the effective use of available local materials surround the Berau district of Indonesia. The evaluation result on the workability of fresh concrete and strength development of hardened concrete were discussed.
Correlation of concrete by using small core diameter
Authors: Rakhman Y , Parung H , Irmawaty R
Published: February 2020

One of the causes of limited sampling on concrete structures is that there is reinforcement in the concrete structure so that when using a large diameter drill core, can damage the concrete structure. Therefore, a study of small diameter concrete was conducted to predict the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete. Test specimens in the form of concrete cylinders with dimensions 10 cm x 20 cm, two concrete plates with dimension 45cm x 45cm x 13cm, and four concrete beams with dimensions 70 cm x 30 cm x 15 cm by taking concrete using a drill core diameter of 2″ and 1″. Two concrete slabs and two concrete beams with concrete strength (f′c) 20 MPa (MSA 20mm and 10mm) while two concrete slabs and two concrete beams with concrete strength (f′c) 30 MPA (MSA 20mm and 10mm). Types of tests carried out include testing the compressive strength of concrete, core concrete normality test, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the core concrete. From test results, can be concluded that the compressive strength of core concrete with sample in the direction of casting for a diameter of 2 inches and concrete strength of 20 MPa (MSA 20 mm and 10 mm) meets the requirements and can be recommended with number samples of 25, whereas for diameter 1″ the number of samples must be added.
Effect of portland composite cement and buton granular asphalt on indirect tensile strength of emulsified asphalt cold mix using limestone aggregate
Authors: One L , Tjaronge M W , Irmawaty R , Hustim M
Published: February 2020

The research is laboratory experimental purposing to analyze effects of Portland Composite Cement (PCC) and Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) on Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) of Emulsified Asphalt Cold Mix (EACM) using limestone aggregate. The EACM is designed as Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC). The material of EACM contains emulsified asphalt CSS-1h, BGA 50/30, PCC, and Limestone Aggregate. The specimen consisted of Bitumen 8% of total weight, BGA 8% of total weight, and PCC 0%, 1.5%, and 2% of total weight. The specimen is classified into 5 groups, namely P0B0, P0B8, P1.5B8, P2B0, and P2B8. PCC is used as partial substitutions of limestones filler. BGA is used as partial substitutions of bitumen emulsion and partially substitutions of filler or and fine aggregate. The specimens of EACM having 101 mm in diameter and 63.5 mm in height ware tested by UTM apparatus with Horizontal Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) 10 mm and vertical LVDT 25 mm according to ASTM D 6931 – 12. The result of this study concludes that the use of PCC and BGA increased ITS of EACM. Both P1.5B8 and P2B8 Specimens met maximal performance, where Indirect Tensile Strength of them 2.8 times ITS of P0B0.
Prediction of long-term volumetric parameters of asphalt concrete binder course mixture using artificial ageing test
Authors: Tumpu M , Tjaronge M W , Djamaluddin A R
Published: February 2020

Ageing of asphalt mixture occurs during the production and construction, and it will continue until the end of the pavement lifetime. Modified Butonic bitumen consists of petroleum bitumen and extracted bitumen from natural asphalt was used as a binding material to produce asphalt concrete binder course (AC-BC). This study purposed to predict the effect of long-term ageing on volumetric parameters of asphalt concrete binder course mixture using an artificial laboratory test. Three different treatments were conducted, the first treatment without the ageing process as the control specimen, the second and third treatments used oven heating as the artificial ageing process for 2 and 4 days 85°C. After ageing process completion, the volumetric parameters were determined by the value of the void in the mixture (VIM), void of mineral aggregates (VMA) and the void filled with asphalt binder (VFB).
Vibration optimization of laminated composite plates using genetic algorithm with various discrete fiber angles
Authors: Innami M , Narita Y , Sasaki K , Honda S
Published: February 2020

The mechanical characteristics of a laminated plate can be tailored by adjusting the fiber orientation angle of each orthotropic lamina. To find the fiber orientation angle of each lamina that maximizes the fundamental frequency, previous works analyses using various optimization algorithms have been performed so far. However, the solution space becomes significantly larger as the number of combinations in orientation angles increases. Thus the optimization process takes much more time. This paper sets up the orientation angles to discrete design variables, such as 15°, 30°, etc. Genetic algorithm is employed to find the optimal solutions. The CFRP rectangular composite plates with 8, 12 and 16 layers are considered as an example using the Ritz method for finding the eigenvalues. Two sets of classical boundary conditions are used as edge conditions. It was revealed that the fundamental frequency makes about 5% difference from the optimal value if it is in 30° steps and about 24% in 90° steps.
Compressive strength of lightweight geocomposit soil-eps stabilized with palm oil-tea fly ash
Authors: Rauf I , Samang L , Harianto T , Arsyad A
Published: February 2020

This laboratory experiment intended to develop lightweight embankment material by using fly ash as a stabilizer agent on soft soil and the substitution of soil with expanded polystyrenes (EPS). The palm oil-tea fly ash (POTFA) derived from combustion of palm shells and tea in manufacture process. In order to analyse the performance of this geocomposite material, compressive strength test were applied to several composition and treatment on each sample. The samples were prepared with composition of binding agent for 5%,10%,15% and 20% based on dry weight of the soil, meanwhile the EPS composition are 10% and 20% based on sample’s volume. The results showed that the substitution of EPS will reduce the unit weight of geocomposite material until 30% compared to untreated soil. The compressive strength will decrease slightly with the augmentation of bonding agent content on the samples as well as the addition of EPS, however that results are still higher than normal soil.
Liquefaction potentials analysis of sandy gravel on the sediment deposit of the Serpong formation
Authors: Nur S H , Hafid A , Iswanto E R
Published: February 2020

Experimental Power Reactor Design in Serpong has been completed consisting of 4 (four) buildings, namely reactor buildings, supporting reactors buildings, switchgear buildings, and turbine buildings which are the main building of RDE power plants. Soil testing series has been carried out and delivered a number of data on sediment deposit formation which in its surface area is a sandy gravel soil layer and has the potential for liquefaction. Several analyses were carried out to test the liquefaction potential including surface sediment vulnerability analysis, grain size distribution analysis, liquefaction safety factor analysis, and liquefaction index analysis. The results show the level of vulnerability of the Serpong formation liquefaction in the medium category and there is a zone that has a high potential for liquefaction at DH-16 and DH-17.