bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Critical Appraisal of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence , Gadkowski Andrzej
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, which was created under the Council’s Institution-building resolution with the aim of providing expert advice to the Council. Indeed, the idea behind its creation was that this body would analyse issues and problems at the Council’s request, provide expert advice, and make recommendations to the Council. The Committee’s focus is mainly on studies and research-based advice and it is designed to be implementation-oriented. As a result, its margin of manoeuvre and scope of advice are limited to themes pertaining to the Council’s mandate and choice. Since its inception, the Committee has developed a practice of suggesting topics to the Human Rights Council by way of research proposals. The Council has acted upon some of the themes included in these proposals by requesting the Committee to conduct relevant studies.
Musharaka and Mudaraba
Authors: Johansen Julian , Hanif Atif
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the origins, characteristics, and modern financial applications of two of the oldest forms of Islamic joint venture contracts: musharaka and mudaraba. A commonly held view of Islamic finance, based on the concept of transaction risk sharing, is that it is ‘equity-based’ rather than ‘debt-based’, and constitutes a ‘quasi-equity’ interest for each investor. This is certainly true for musharaka and mudaraba. They have, however, been adapted for the purpose of corporate and other modern financings to include debt-related elements: this is largely to allow financing institutions to classify these as equity-related or quasi-debt instruments from a risk perspective, whilst retaining the key hallmarks of a joint venture. In some cases, particularly in mudaraba structures, those debt elements closely follow provisions used in syndicated financings. From a Shari’a compliance perspective, then, ‘risk-participation’ remains the essential and distinguishing feature of musharaka and mudaraba, and secures their importance as a vital component of Islamic finance. At the same time, however, Islamic financial institutions will continue to look for ways in which to bridge the ‘risk gap’ between equity and debt instruments.
Istisna’ and Ijara
Authors: Nethercott Craig R
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how the contracts of istisna’ and ijara, alone and in combination, have found common modern application. The combination of istisna’ and ijara contracts in particular has found prominence in the project finance and asset finance sector, where in practice they operate like their conventional counterparts. Istisna’ is a contract of sale of specified items to be manufactured or constructed with an obligation on the part of the manufacturer (contractor) to deliver them to the customer on completion. Meanwhile, ijara is a term that means to give something in return for a rent. The ijara contract occurs principally in two situations. First, with respect to the provision of services. And second, with respect to the transfer of usufruct (or right of use) of an asset. In the second application, ijara is comparable to a conventional asset lease.
Takaful
Authors: Hodgins Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines takaful (Islamic insurance), which is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global insurance market. Takaful is a form of insurance structured so as to satisfy the requirements of the Shari’a. It is based on the concept of mutuality, whereby each participant (the equivalent of an insured) makes a donation (tabarru) to a takaful fund. In its commercial form, the takaful fund is managed by a takaful operator on behalf of the participants and is therefore similar to a conventional mutual insurance company. However, the concept of takaful is fundamentally distinct from conventional insurance whereby the insurance company sells a policy protecting the insured against certain defined risks for a specified amount of money. Such conventional insurance arrangements involve no element of mutuality. In contrast, takaful is structured on the basis of mutuality and is intended to create an arrangement that is mutually beneficial for both the takaful operator and the participant.
The Relationship Between Military Assistance on Request and the Right to Individual or Collective Self-Defence
Authors: De Wet Erika
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the relationship between military assistance on request and the right to individual or collective self-defence. Military assistance on request and the right to individual or collective self-defence in article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations constitute two separate legal constructs under international law. Whereas the former turns on the freely-expressed consent of the de jure recognized government during the entire duration of the military intervention, the latter is triggered when a state falls victim to an armed attack. Despite the different legal criteria underpinning these two legal constructs, forcible measures in third states are sometimes justified with reference to both military assistance on request and the right to individual or collective self-defence. The chapter then shows that the evolving nature of the right to self-defence in article 51 of the UN Charter has the potential of reducing the role of consent as a mechanism for protecting state sovereignty in the jus ad bellum paradigm. This is due to the lowering of the threshold for attribution of indirect attacks, as well as the attribution of armed attacks to non-state actors. This diminished relevance of consent may under certain circumstances result in a decline in the reliance on the legal construct of military assistance on request as the legal basis for forcible measures in inter-state relations.
Trading Regulations
Authors: Liebi Martin , Markham Jerry W , Brown-Hruska Sharon , De Carvalho Robalo Pedro , Meakin Hannah , Tan Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on trading regulations. Derivative trading in financial instruments on organized exchanges consists largely of the following instruments: futures, options, options on futures, and swaps. Those transactions are differentiated from ‘cash’ transactions and ‘forward’ contracts. Forward and cash contracts are traded in over-the-counter (OTC) markets, which are generally subject to the day-to-day oversight of a government financial services regulator. Nevertheless, OTC cash and forward transactions may not entirely be free of governmental restrictions. For example, in the US, the anti-manipulation prohibitions in the Commodity Exchange of 1936 (CEA) may be applied to trading in cash and forward contracts where they are effected in order to create artificial prices. Particular OTC derivative transactions involving retail customers in foreign currency are also subject to regulation by US authorities, including the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and banking regulators. The purpose of those regulations is to protect unsophisticated retail customers from fraudulent business conduct and dealer failures. Meanwhile, the trading in OTC derivatives in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) is regulated under the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) as amended by EMIR Refit.
Benchmark
Authors: Liebi Martin , Markham Jerry W , Brown-Hruska Sharon , De Carvalho Robalo Pedro , Meakin Hannah , Tan Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses benchmarks. A benchmark is essentially a standard or point of reference against which things may be compared. Benchmarks are referenced in many contracts including commodity derivatives. They can be determined in a number of different ways, from calculation of factual data such as information about transactions executed through to exercise of expert judgement. In recent years, there has been a focus on the need to ensure that benchmarks accurately reflect the market they claim to measure, are transparent about how they are determined, and that they are not influenced by potential conflicts of interest. This action started at international level, with the G20 leaders declaring in 2011 to prepare recommendations to improve the functioning and oversight of the oil price reporting agencies (PRAs). PRAs are publishers and information providers who report prices transacted in physical and some derivatives markets, and give an informed assessment of price levels at distinct points in time. The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) subsequently published a set of Principles for Financial Benchmarks (IOSCO Principles) in light of investigations and enforcement actions regarding attempted manipulation of major interest rate benchmarks.
Introduction
Authors: Geva Benjamin , Peari Sagi
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of negotiable instruments. Bills of exchange, cheques, and promissory notes are the main classical negotiable instruments. Through their evolution, fusion, and sophistication, they have remained a primary tool for everyday commercial activity, serving as one of the main methods of payment and credit and one of the cornerstones of the contemporary bank-centred system. While the principal fundamentals governing negotiable instruments in the various legal systems tend to be based on a common set of organizing ideas, detailed rules vary from place to place. This requires the identification and knowledge of the national law that should govern an international negotiable instrument. This book offers a comprehensive and thorough analysis of the choice-of-law rules applicable to negotiable instruments. It argues that the complex case of international negotiable instruments law should be analysed through the lens of traditional contract and property choice-of-law doctrines rather than by crafting new specially designed rules for negotiable instruments.
The Arbitration Commission: Structure and Duties
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on the history and organization of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (‘CIETAC’) and the role it plays in the administration of arbitrations under the CIETAC Rules. The CIETAC is organized as an arbitration commission under the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China (‘PRC Arbitration Law’). Its internal rules of governance are set out in the Articles of Association of the CIETAC. The chapter then considers the previous and concurrent names of the CIETAC—including the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (‘CCPIT’) and the China Chamber of International Commerce (‘CCOIC’)—and the rule concerning reference to the CIETAC’s other names in the arbitration agreement. It also discusses the structure and duties of the CIETAC, including: (i) the duties of the Chairman, Vice Chairmen, and the Arbitration Court; (ii) the establishment and organs of sub-commissions/arbitration centres under the CIETAC; and (iii) the allocation of jurisdiction among the CIETAC and its various sub-commissions and/or arbitration centres.
Commencement of the Arbitration and Written Submissions
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyses the provisions on the commencement of arbitration under the CIETAC Rules. It first examines the timing of commencement of arbitration (Article 11) and the CIETAC’s acceptance of a case filing (Article 13). Article 11 provides that the arbitral proceedings shall commence on the day on which the Arbitration Court receives a Request for Arbitration. The chapter then discusses the written submissions to be submitted by the parties—such as the Request for Arbitration, the Statement of Defense, and counterclaims (Articles 12, 15, and 16)—as well as a party’s right to amend its claim or counterclaim (Article 17), which are relevant to the initial stage of an arbitral procedure. It also provides practitioners with guidance on the logistical aspects of case filing and submissions, particularly the mode of submission, exchange of documents, and copies of documents to be submitted (Articles 20 and 21). Finally, the chapter examines a party’s right to legal representation (Article 22).
Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun
Published: January 2021

This chapter details the conduct of arbitral proceedings under the CIETAC Rules. It considers important procedural matters regarding the conduct of oral hearings, such as: principles on conduct of hearing; place of oral hearing; notice of oral hearing; confidentiality; default from arbitral proceedings; and record of oral hearing (Articles 35 to 40); some rules in regard to evidentiary issues (Articles 41 to 44); suspension of arbitral proceedings (Article 45); a party’s withdrawal of its claim and the associated consequences (Article 46); as well as the unique practice of combining conciliation and arbitration (Article 47). Article 35.1 provides that the arbitral tribunal shall examine the case in any way it deems appropriate unless otherwise agreed by the parties. Under all circumstances, the arbitral tribunal shall act impartially and fairly and shall afford a reasonable opportunity to both parties to present their case. As a principle, the arbitral tribunal is required to hold an oral hearing under the CIETAC Rules. However, there are two exceptional situations where the arbitral tribunal may examine the case on the basis of documents only, namely: (1) where all the parties agree and the arbitral tribunal consents; and (2) where the arbitral tribunal deems that oral hearings are unnecessary and the parties so agree.
Interim Measures of Protection/Emergency Arbitrator Procedures
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the subject of interim measures of protection, including emergency arbitrator procedures. Interim measures provide means to parties to preserve the status quo as between themselves pending the resolution of their dispute. Article 23 of the CIETAC Rules sets forth some general provisions on conservatory and interim measures in the context of CIETAC arbitration, covering such aspects as conservatory measures from PRC Court (Article 23.1), emergency reliefs from emergency arbitrator (Article 23.2), and interim measures from arbitral tribunal (Article 23.3). The interim measures available from the PRC court are limited to three types: evidence preservation; property preservation; and conduct preservation. Meanwhile, contained in Appendix III of the CIETAC Rules are detailed provisions relating to emergency arbitrator procedures.
Special Provisions for CIETAC Hong Kong Arbitration
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the special provisions for CIETAC Hong Kong Arbitration. The establishment of the CIETAC Hong Kong marks the CIETAC’s first step in its global strategy. It was also a recognition of the importance and popularity of Hong Kong as a place for arbitration of China-related international disputes. However, arbitration in Hong Kong entails several important differences from arbitration in mainland China. The new Chapter VI of the 2015 CIETAC Rules comprises the CIETAC’s special provisions for Hong Kong Arbitration which are intended to address these differences. The key provisions of Chapter VI deal with the application, place of arbitration, law applicable to the arbitral proceedings, decisions on jurisdiction, nomination/appointment of the tribunal, interim measures and emergency relief, seal on award, and arbitration fees of CIETAC Hong Kong proceedings. The chapter concludes by discussing two necessary topics: the enforcement of CIETAC Hong Kong awards; and the recent initiatives of the CIETAC Hong Kong.
Interferometric cubelet stacking to recover H i emission from distant galaxies
Authors: Chen Qingxiang , Meyer Martin , Popping Attila , Staveley-Smith Lister
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we introduce a method for stacking data cubelets extracted from interferometric surveys of galaxies in the redshifted 21-cm H},i line. Unlike the traditional spectral stacking technique, which stacks one-dimensional spectra extracted from data cubes, we examine a method based on image domain stacks that makes deconvolution possible. To test the validity of this assumption, we mock a sample of 3622 equatorial galaxies extracted from the GAMA survey, recently imaged as part of a DINGO-VLA project. We first examine the accuracy of the method using a noise-free simulation and note that the stacked image and flux estimation are dramatically improved compared to traditional stacking. The extracted H i mass from the deconvolved image agrees with the average input mass to within 3 per cent. However, with traditional spectral stacking, the derived H i is incorrect by greater than a factor of 2. For a more realistic case of a stack with finite S/N, we also produced 20 different noise realizations to closely mimic the properties of the DINGO-VLA interferometric survey. We recovered the predicted average H i mass to within ∼4 per cent. Compared with traditional spectral stacking, this technique extends the range of science applications where stacking can be used, and is especially useful for characterizing the emission from extended sources with interferometers.
ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: a strongly lensed multiply imaged dusty system at z ≥ 6
Authors: Laporte N , Zitrin A , Ellis R S , Fujimoto S , Brammer G , Richard J , Oguri M , Caminha G B , Kohno K , Yoshimura Y , Ao Y , Bauer F E , Caputi K , Egami E , Espada D , González-López J , Hatsukade B , Knudsen K K , Lee M M , Magdis G , Ouchi M , Valentino F , Wang T
Published: January 2021

We report the discovery of an intrinsically faint, quintuply-imaged, dusty galaxy MACS0600-z6 at a redshift z = 6.07 viewed through the cluster MACSJ0600.1–2008 (z = 0.46). A ≃ 4σ dust detection is seen at 1.2mm as part of the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS), an on-going ALMA Large programme, and the redshift is secured via [C ii] 158 μm emission described in a companion paper. In addition, spectroscopic follow-up with GMOS/Gemini-North shows a break in the galaxy’s spectrum, consistent with the Lyman break at that redshift. We use a detailed mass model of the cluster and infer a magnification μ ≳ 30 for the most magnified image of this galaxy, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the physical properties of a sub-luminous galaxy at the end of cosmic reionization. Based on the spectral energy distribution, we infer lensing-corrected stellar and dust masses of $\rm {2.9^{+11.5}_{-2.3}\times 10^9}$ and $\rm {4.8^{+4.5}_{-3.4}\times 10^6}$$\rm {M_{\odot }}$, respectively, a star formation rate of $\rm {9.7^{+22.0}_{-6.6} \, M_{\odot } \, yr^{-1}}$, an intrinsic size of $\rm {0.54^{+0.26}_{-0.14}}$ kpc, and a luminosity-weighted age of 200 ± 100 Myr. Strikingly, the dust production rate in this relatively young galaxy appears to be larger than that observed for equivalent, lower redshift sources. We discuss if this implies that early supernovae are more efficient dust producers and the consequences for using dust mass as a probe of earlier star formation.
The regulatory genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: integrating chromatin accessibility and gene expression
Authors: Ruiz José L , Ranford-Cartwright Lisa C , Gómez-Díaz Elena
Published: January 2021

Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes are primary human malaria vectors, but we know very little about their mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. We profiled chromatin accessibility by the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by sequencing (ATAC-seq) in laboratory-reared A. gambiae mosquitoes experimentally infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. By integrating ATAC-seq, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data, we showed a positive correlation between accessibility at promoters and introns, gene expression and active histone marks. By comparing expression and chromatin structure patterns in different tissues, we were able to infer cis-regulatory elements controlling tissue-specific gene expression and to predict the in vivo binding sites of relevant transcription factors. The ATAC-seq assay also allowed the precise mapping of active regulatory regions, including novel transcription start sites and enhancers that were annotated to mosquito immune-related genes. Not only is this study important for advancing our understanding of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in the mosquito vector of human malaria, but the information we produced also has great potential for developing new mosquito-control and anti-malaria strategies.
FGFR3 overexpression is a useful detection tool for FGFR3 fusions and sequence variations in glioma
Authors: Schittenhelm Jens , Ziegler Lukas , Sperveslage Jan , Mittelbronn Michel , Capper David , Burghardt Isabel , Poso Antti , Biskup Saskia , Skardelly Marco , Tabatabai Ghazaleh
Published: January 2021

Background

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors are currently used in clinical development. A subset of glioblastomas carries gene fusion of FGFR3 and transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3. The prevalence of other FGFR3 alterations in glioma is currently unclear.

Methods

We performed RT-PCR in 101 glioblastoma samples to detect FGFR3-TACC3 fusions (“RT-PCR cohort”) and correlated results with FGFR3 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Further, we applied FGFR3 IHC in 552 tissue microarray glioma samples (“TMA cohort”) and validated these results in two external cohorts with 319 patients. Gene panel sequencing was carried out in 88 samples (“NGS cohort”) to identify other possible FGFR3 alterations. Molecular modeling was performed on newly detected mutations.

Results

In the “RT-PCR cohort,” we identified FGFR3-TACC3 fusions in 2/101 glioblastomas. Positive IHC staining was observed in 73/1024 tumor samples of which 10 were strongly positive. In the “NGS cohort,” we identified FGFR3 fusions in 9/88 cases, FGFR3 amplification in 2/88 cases, and FGFR3 gene mutations in 7/88 cases in targeted sequencing. All FGFR3 fusions and amplifications and a novel FGFR3 K649R missense mutation were associated with FGFR3 overexpression (sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 95%, respectively, at cutoff IHC score > 7). Modeling of these data indicated that Tyr647, a residue phosphorylated as a part of FGFR3 activation, is affected by the K649R mutation.

Conclusions

FGFR3 IHC is a useful screening tool for the detection of FGFR3 alterations and could be included in the workflow for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioma diagnostics. Samples with positive FGFR3 staining could then be selected for NGS-based diagnostic tools.
Colistin Nephrotoxicity: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Eljaaly Khalid , Bidell Monique R , Gandhi Ronak G , Alshehri Samah , Enani Mushira A , Al-Jedai Ahmed , Lee Todd C
Published: January 2021

Background

Nephrotoxicity is a known adverse effect of polymyxin antibiotics, including colistin. Although previous meta-analyses have aimed to characterize colistin-associated nephrotoxicity risk relative to other antibiotics, included studies were observational in nature with high risk of confounding and heterogeneity. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of exclusively randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the incidence of nephrotoxicity associated with colistin versus minimally nephrotoxic antibiotics.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and 3 trial registries for RCTs comparing the nephrotoxicity of colistin to nonpolymyxin antibiotics. Randomized controlled trials that used aminoglycosides were excluded. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. The study outcome was the rate of nephrotoxicity.

Results

Five RCTs with a total of 377 patients were included. Most patients received colistin for pneumonia in the intensive care unit, and the comparators were β-lactam-based regimens. Colistimethate sodium was dosed at 9 million units/day (300 mg/day of colistin base activity), with administration of a loading dose in 4 studies. The nephrotoxicity incidence in patients who received colistin was 36.2% (95% CI, 23.3% to 51.3%). The nephrotoxicity rate was significantly higher in the colistin arm than comparators (RR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.47 to 3.91; P ≤ .001; I2 = 0%), and the number needed to harm was 5. Findings persisted upon one-study-removed-analysis.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis of RCTs found a colistin-associated nephrotoxicity rate of 36.2% and an increase in this risk compared with β-lactam-based regimens by 140%. Colistin should be regarded as a last-line agent and safer alternatives should be considered when possible.
Sternberg's Canal and Defect: Is the Lateral Craniopharyngeal Canal a Source of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak? Anatomic and Radiological Analysis in Pediatric and Adult Populations
Authors: Adepoju Adedamola , Carlstrom Lucas P , Graffeo Christopher S , Perry Avital , Pinheiro-Neto Carlos Diogenes , Link Michael J , Peris-Celda Maria
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

The lateral craniopharyngeal or Sternberg's canal (SC) originates from superior orbital fissure (SOF) and traverses the sphenoid body into the nasopharynx. A remnant of the canal, Sternberg's defect (SD), has been debated as a source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. The canal was described in 1888, and there is limited accurate visual illustration in the literature.

OBJECTIVE

To provide a detailed anatomic and radiological illustration of the canal in pediatric and adult population including the mechanism undermining the incidence of the canal, and the possibility of the canal as a source of CSF leak.

METHODS

A total of 195 high-resolution computed tomographies (CT) of patients (50 3-yr-old, 20 5-yr-old, and 125 adults) and 43 dry adult skulls (86 sides) were analyzed for a canal matching the description of the SC.

RESULTS

A SC was identified in 86% of the 3-yr-old and 40% of 5-yr–old patients. The diameter and length were 2.12 mm and 12 mm, respectively. The incidence of the canal decreased with age as sinus pneumatization extended into the sphenoid sinus. Only 0.8% of the adult skull on CT had the canal. The canal was not present on the dry adult skulls examination, but SD was found in 4.65%.

CONCLUSION

SC exists with high incidence in the pediatric group. Sinus pneumatization obliterates the canal in the adult population, leaving a defect in 4.65% of cases, which given the location and related anatomic structures, is unlikely to be a source of CSF leak.
Introduction
Authors: Issiyeva Adalyat
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is about musical representations of Russia’s Orient in nineteenth-century art song. It situates the topic within the historical context of the Russian people’s extraordinarily complex relationship and ambiguous attitude of toward their oriental neighbors. Throughout the nineteenth century there were significant fluctuations in the representations of Orientals, most of which were dictated by changes in the political atmosphere in the empire growing to the East. This chapter also touches on the scholarly debate surrounding Russia’s unique (or non-unique) approach to its colonized peoples and clarifies my usage of terms, such as Orientalism, the Orient or oriental, orientology, Asia, the East, and inorodtsy.
Assessing Transhumanist Advocacy of Cognitive Bioenhancement
Authors: Levin Susan B.
Published: January 2021

Though they condemn the “essentialism” of their critics, transhumanists themselves embrace rational essentialism. Transhumanists’ extreme version includes outright hostility to the nonrational in the form of “negative” affect, above all, emotion and mood. This dismissal reflects an impoverished picture of our mental life and problematizes transhumanists’ own investment in cognitive bioenhancement. Transhumanists link themselves to a rich philosophical tradition when foregrounding reason as the linchpin of our humanity. When considering its augmentation, however, they conflate “reason” and “cognition.” Since transhumanists define “cognition” in terms of information, forms of rational engagement not reducible to its possession and manipulation are unaccounted for. Practically speaking, transhumanists wrongly take supposed enhancing effects of existing psychostimulants as a clear harbinger of far more powerful cognitive bioenhancers. Even if we limit ourselves to what transhumanists envision under cognitive bioenhancement, their confidence in the direct, unadulterated heightening of cognition is misguided.
Friendship and Bullying
Authors: Benedict Cathy
Published: January 2021

Through a series of scaffolded lesson plans that begin in the classroom and then move out into the world, this chapter addresses friendship and bullying through the lens of critical literacy. Friendship has long been the sacrosanct goal of elementary socialization. This chapter calls into question the simplicity of the concept and weighs that against bullying. The texts used in this chapter begin “simply” enough, with books such as Tubby the Tuba and Ben’s Trumpet, but then moves into texts that push students to consider poverty and war as a form of bullying. Books such as Petar’s Song, The Harmonica, and finally Revolución afford opportunities for both critical reflection and musicking, while a reimagined version of Peter and the Wolf asks students to ponder ethical dilemmas grounded in loyalty, death, societal pressures, the human condition, nature, friendship, and sacrifice.
Educating for Intelligent Belief or Unbelief
Authors: Benedict Cathy
Published: January 2021

We live in a time in which spiritual and religious beliefs, ways of knowing and being in the world, are positioned as conflicting and radically incompatible. The purpose of this chapter is to lay out an in-depth rationale for what happens when we engage in religion-blind practices, as well as present general lesson ideas and examples of dialogue that help all of us consider how we come to know our world through belief and unbelief systems. Using musical chant as one way to introduce talking about religion in the classroom, this chapter introduces the reader to one way of opening spaces for discussion about how we come to know our world through belief and unbelief systems.
Politics of Song
Authors: Benedict Cathy
Published: January 2021

Music has always been intertwined with social movements. People use songs, and they are mediated by songs. Music shapes society, and society is shaped by music and musicking. Elementary students are more than able to grapple with concepts such as identity construction and representation in song. Music as protest, propaganda, and resistance is also well within their cognitive, if not visceral, understanding. This chapter serves to remind us that listening to and performing music can lead toward a heightened awareness of social inequities. With the help of John Lennon and Sly and the Family Stone, this chapter discusses the ways in which music gets used as well as what happens to musics that were intended for a socially driven purpose but become used in ways that undermine their previous social significance.
Ambiguities of the Priesthood
Authors: McManus Laurie
Published: January 2021

The unstable category of priesthood brought with it ambiguities and sometimes unfortunate implications. For Brahms the bachelor, whose own performances garnered occasional feminized rhetoric even from Eduard Hanslick, the priesthood could be interpreted as an avoidance of sexuality. This chapter contextualizes art-religious rhetoric of asceticism and martyrdom with burgeoning psychological approaches to artistic identity, including Max Klinger’s own psychological interpretation of the martyr Prometheus in his Brahms-Phantasie. Priestly abstinence is then contextualized with contemporary notions of chastity seen in Paolo Mantegazza’s studies of sexuality and with Friedrich Nietzsche’s ascetic ideals. The author suggests that, on one level, some of Brahms’s most heteronormative supporters such as Philipp Spitta and Josef Viktor Widmann wrote masculinized rhetoric in response to these negative implications.
The Middle Way
Authors: Chollet Derek
Published: January 2021

This book explores the shared foreign policy legacies of Dwight Eisenhower, George H. W. Bush, and Barack Obama, and how they exemplify a distinct and underappreciated tradition of political leadership: the Middle Way. The book explores how these three presidents thought about the world and American leadership, and how they grappled with foreign policy crises and navigated politics. Drawing upon new archival research at the Eisenhower and Bush presidential libraries, and interviews with former Obama officials, the book shows how these presidents took a centrist approach to foreign policy and provides a model for America to reinvigorate its role as a global leader. This work of presidential history looks behind the scenes at some of the most important moments in foreign policy since World War II, and it explores the broader lessons for American foreign policy and leadership. The book reflects the author’s unique experience as a senior official at the White House, the State Department, and the Pentagon to show how Washington, DC, works from the inside; and in the process, offers a new way of thinking about American global leadership and makes a case for new ways to measure presidential success.
Introduction
Authors: Chollet Derek
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the centrist tradition that unites Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama, revealing a distinct foreign policy lineage forged by presidents who served during inflection points in American history. It summarizes the Middle Way as an outlook and draws the connections between these three presidents. Finally, it previews the five different angles of statecraft—worldview, strategy, crisis, politics, and legacy—the book uses to study the thematic similarities between each president’s approach to foreign policy.
Strategy
Authors: Chollet Derek
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores what Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama set out to achieve in foreign policy—explaining the initial strategic choices they made once in office, how they formulated them, and what influenced their thinking. It analyzes Eisenhower’s effort to build a foundation for US foreign policy in the early Cold War years and devise a sustainable concept of containment; Bush’s attempts to understand the nature of change in the Soviet Union and the possibilities for superpower cooperation, especially how to define American foreign policy after the Cold War; and Obama’s work to promote a foreign policy based on “smart power” and to “rebalance” US foreign policy to address twenty-first-century geopolitical shifts after inheriting a catastrophic economic crisis at home.
Legacy
Authors: Chollet Derek
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the legacies that Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama left behind. It traces how perceptions of these presidents changed over time and evaluates how their example of leadership stands in history’s light, making the case for the enduring relevance of the Middle Way. It subsequently extrapolates lessons these presidents offer for presidential leadership and US foreign policy today: recognizing the limits of power; appreciating the value of incremental change, rewarding strategic foresight, maintaining tragic optimism, embracing moderation as a virtue.
Introduction
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

India, after seven decades of independence, found itself in the position of the fifth-largest economy in the world, with nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 2.94 trillion in 2019. It is also the fastest-growing trillion-dollar economy in the world. India’s rank would have been third if GDP across the countries was compared in terms of purchasing power parity. But, in per capita terms, India falls way behind most of the member countries of the World Bank. However, this should not negate the expansion of the Indian economy that has taken place since Independence....
Economic Reform and Inclusive Growth
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the backdrop against which economic reform measures were initiated in 1991, marking a paradigm shift in the approach to planning from that pursued in the previous four decades, 1951–90. It dwells on how market mechanism replaced different agents of the government as dominant decision-makers, and the manner in which different areas and sectors of the economy were integrated with the reform process. It analyses the features of growth in the two decades of reform, 1991–2011, identifies factors that drive the growth rate to a higher trajectory, and evaluates the impact of reform measures on the rate and pattern of growth and equity. Taking note of the concern about social problems arising from market mechanism, it makes an assessment of the measures taken by the government to strengthen income redistributive programmes, so as to ensure that economic growth becomes inclusive.
Poverty under Planning
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

Describing the manner in which poverty is incorporated as a parameter in planning, this chapter delineates the use of poverty estimates in policy-making, and in tracking progress of development over time and space. It dwells on the methodological issues related to measurement of poverty, and identification of poor households, comprehensively summarizing the debates surrounding it. Viewing the pace of poverty reduction as the ultimate test of planning, it quantifies the level and change in poverty since the 1970s. It analyses the state of poverty at national and state level, and assesses the impact of economic growth and income redistributive measures on poverty reduction. It brings out that the phenomenal decline in poverty in the reforms-era took place exclusively due to increase in income, eventuated by high rate of economic growth. Finally, it states that despite the decline, poverty remains a major concern.
Introduction
Authors: Sen Tansen , Tsui Brian
Published: January 2021

The essays in this volume describe the manifold ways in which China, India, and their respective societies were connected from the 1840s to the 1960s. This period witnessed the inexorable rise and terminal decline of Pax Britannica in Asia, the blooming of anti-colonial movements of various ideological hues, and the spread and entrenchment of the nation-state system across the world. This layered legacy looms large in the relations between Chinese and Indian societies in the twenty-first century. Euro-American imperialism figured as much more than the backdrop against which China and India interacted. Practitioners of global history (...
Slave of the Colonizer
Authors: Mangalagiri Adhira
Published: January 2021

This chapter reads Chinese poetry, short stories, and novels (1900–30) that engage the much-despised figure of the Indian policeman stationed by the British in China’s semi-colonial treaty ports. Grappling with the challenge of apprehending this Indian figure—who held the unique capacity to frustrate entrenched binaries of colonized and colonizer, brother and enemy, self and other—the Chinese texts articulate an antagonism at once founded upon intimacy and yet in expression of conflict. The texts engage in an exercise of thinking China and India together outside the tenets of pan-Asianist solidarity, extending a form of relation born out of repulsion. Although it erodes friendly ties, this mode of China–India thought proves generative, reshaping debates on literary language, national autonomy, and revolution underway in late Qing and early Republican China, and telling the story of modern Chinese literature’s development anew from the perspective of this unlikely Indian interlocuter.
Rethinking Pan-Asianism through Zhang Taiyan
Authors: Murthy Viren
Published: January 2021

The early twentieth century Chinese thinker, Zhang Taiyan is most famous for his role as a radical anti-Manchu propagandist as well as being a major proponent of national learning. However, he was many things to different readers: a scholar, a revolutionary, a Buddhist, and a pan-Asianist. Recently, scholars have turned to his pan-Asianist writings and his Buddhist critique of capitalist modernity. Continuing the above trend, the contributor brings India and China together through Zhang Taiyan by examining his writings on India, which are often embedded in his works on anti-colonialism. Then, he turns to Zhang’s writings on Buddhism, through which he constructs a critique of imperialist epistemologies and specifically deconstructs the Hegelian idea of history as progress. He contends that the critique of colonialism and linear narratives of history are two sides of Zhang’s use of India in his writings, which continue to be relevant today.
When Culture Meets State Diplomacy
Authors: Tsui Brian
Published: January 2021

Focusing on the India-based Chinese scholar Tan Yunshan and the institution he found, Cheena Bhavana, this chapter explores how Tan’s apparently apolitical pan-Asian cultural position lent and accommodated itself to Nationalist China’s diplomatic priorities and the anticolonial aspirations shared between the Indian freedom movement and China’s ruling party in the second quarter of the twentieth century. As the Chinese state became the main source of income for Tan’s enterprise, cultural and academic activities could not but become enmeshed in manoeuvres of governments, activists and bureaucrats, in spite of Cheena Bhavana’s professed aloofness from politics. In a time when nation-states, revolutionary fervour, and anticolonial activism took centre stage across China and India, the idea that connections between the two societies could remain purely ‘cultural’ became untenable.
Erecting a Gurdwara on Queen’s Road East
Authors: Cao Yin
Published: January 2021

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, tens of thousands of Sikhs emigrated from Punjab to Southeast and East Asia to purse a better livelihood. At the same time, the Singh Sabha Movement was gradually gaining momentum in Punjab, strengthening the Sikh identity. Furthermore, Sikh soldiers and policemen were deployed widely in Asia to safeguard the interests of the British Empire. This chapter argues that the three seemingly irrelevant historical events (the modern Sikh diaspora, the Singh Sabha Movement, and the Indian expedition during the Boxer Uprising in China) were essentially interrelated. The convergent point of these moments was the erection of a Sikh temple (gurdwara) on Queen’s Road East, Wanchai, Hong Kong Island, in 1902. Taking this event as a case study, this chapter seeks to explore the Singh Sabha Movement through the lens of the Sikh diasporic network and the imperial network. It also unveils the Indian face of the British Empire by the turn of the twentieth century, when Indians, rather than the British, were the protagonists and engineers.
Indian Political Activism in Republican China
Authors: Thampi Madhavi
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the various dimensions of Indian political activism in China in the first half of the twentieth century, a relatively understudied aspect of India–China interactions in this period. It attempts to probe why nationalist and transnational movements and ideologies found persistent support among Indians in China, in spite of their small number and the pressure they faced from the British colonial authorities. This support is all the more surprising considering that it came mainly from those sections on whom the British relied to enforce their domination in this part of the world. Political activism among Indians in China, while deeply motivated by nationalist sentiments, was closely connected with and influenced by developments in China and the world, and by transnational ideologies. Indian activists in China learned to adapt to rapidly changing geopolitical developments and to skillfully utilize them in favour of their cause. However, the perception that they had sided with the Japanese during World War II eventually led to their persecution in China as collaborators at the end of the War.
Epilogue
Authors: Kikon Dolly , McDuie-Ra Duncan
Published: January 2021

The ‘Epilogue’ draws together the two parts of the book: the meanings granted and contested in particular spaces in the city and the embodied experiences of the city by its residents. We use a description of a single site as the catalyst for drawing these parts together: the collapsed bridge over the Chathe River at Naga United Village, a large locality skirting the eastern edge of Dimapur along its border with Assam. In 2017, the site of the collapsed bridge had become a magnet for protest signs bemoaning development failure and corruption, as well as attempts at DIY urban development by citizens. At the collapsed bridge, the visions of Dimapur as a cohesive urban space, as city-like, meet the reality of its patchwork of places demarcated and governed as almost distinct units. The common spaces in between fall into disrepair and become a locus for community frustrations; frustrations materialized in concrete slabs collapsed into the riverbed and an ornate village gate leading nowhere.
The Archaeologist and the Environmentalist
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the most interesting as also the least known event of the 1970s when Chandi Prasad Bhatt, pioneer of the Chipko Andolan and M.N. Deshpande , as director general, collaborated to save the Hindu shrine of Badrinath. In 1973, the Birlas, through their charity – the Jayshree trust – had begun constructing a cement and steel structure around the traditional architectural form of the temple. By July-August 1974, because of Bhatt’s intervention in Lucknow and in Badrinath, this work came to a halt. A high powered government committee carefully examined the Badrinath makeover by the Birlas and Deshpande became the man whose report provided a hard-hitting indictment of what the temple had been reduced to. For Chandi Prasad Bhatt, safeguarding the Badrinath temple’s traditional form mattered as much as saving trees. It was a vision that Deshpande shared. Once construction work halted there, Deshpande practically took over matters hand and eventually, it was his planning and foresight which resulted in ensuring that a historic temple shrine was not converted into a kind of Birla temple.
Kṛṣṇa Legend in the Jain Canonical Literature
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

The life history of Kṛṣṇa in Jain texts is compared with the Mahabharata tradition. The insertion of fasts and Jain holy places in recounting the legend around the god in these texts is worth noting.
Problems of Conservation of Cultural Property in India
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This writing describes the problems of conservation of historic architecture in India, from rock-cut monuments in western India to the Qutab Minar in Delhi. Apart from case studies, there are important suggestions made about creating institutional mechanisms for ensuring better conservation of cultural property in India.
Qutb Minar
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents the reports and minutes from a file in the Deshpande papers that reveal the process of conservation at the Qutb Minar. The cracks and weathering, the nature of repairs to be undertaken and the consultation that then preceded such major repairs is captured well here. These details are hardly known in the public domain and are, thus, of great interest to archaeologists and conservators.
Professor H.D. Sankalia
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This obituary of H.D. Sankalia was originally written in Marathi. As the English translation underlines, it captures unknown facets of the archaeologist as a researcher and a teacher, as also a slice of the history of the Deccan College where he spent most of his working life.
B.K. Thapar
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

B.K. Thapar was Deshpande’s colleague at the Archaeological Survey as also a very close friend. This obituary captures facets of his career and what they shared from the time they first met in 1944 at Taxila.