bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyamine‐Functionalized 2′‐Amino‐LNA in Oligonucleotides: Facile Synthesis of New Monomers and High‐Affinity Binding towards ssDNA and dsDNA
Authors: Danielsen Mathias B. , Christensen Niels Johan , Jørgensen Per T. , Jensen Knud J. , Wengel Jesper , Lou Chenguang
Published: October 2020

Attachment of cationic moieties to oligonucleotides (ONs) promises not only to increase the binding affinity of antisense ONs by reducing charge repulsion between the two negatively charged strands of a duplex, but also to augment their in vivo stability against nucleases. In this study, polyamine functionality was introduced into ONs by means of 2′‐amino‐LNA scaffolds. The resulting ONs exhibited efficient binding towards ssDNA, ssRNA and dsDNA targets, and the 2′‐amino‐LNA analogue carrying a triaminated linker showed the most pronounced duplex‐ and triplex‐stabilizing effect. Molecular modelling revealed that favourable conformational and electrostatic effects led to salt‐bridge formation between positively charged polyamine moieties and the Watson–Hoogsteen groove of the dsDNA targets, resulting in the observed triplex stabilization. All the investigated monomers showed increased resistance against 3′‐nucleolytic digestion relative to the non‐functionalized controls.
Germaborenes: Borylene Transfer Agents for the Synthesis of Iminoboranes
Authors: Raiser Dominik , Schubert Hartmut , Bettinger Holger F. , Wesemann Lars
Published: October 2020

Halide and phenyl substituted germaborenes were shown to react with azides at room temperature and transfer a borylene moiety to give iminoboranes. This iminoborane synthesis based on a borylene transfer route was investigated computationally in the case of the phenyl substituted germaborene.
Feature extraction, recognition, and matching of damaged fingerprint: Application of deep learning network
Authors: Li Hongbin
Published: October 2020

With the improvement of informatization and the development of computer technology, identity recognition with fingerprint has been the growing trend, but the stained fingerprint will make recognition difficult. To solve the above problem, this paper briefly introduced the traditional point matching fingerprint recognition algorithm and the damaged fingerprint recognition method based on the convolution neural network (CNN). Then in MATLAB software, the damaged fingerprint recognition method based on CNN was simulated and compared with the traditional point matching recognition method and traditional CNN recognition method. The results showed that the improved CNN recognition method iterated fewer times and achieved smaller training error during the training; the improved CNN method had lower false recognition rate and rejection rate in identifying the unknown fingerprint; the traditional point matching method spent the most time in identifying the unknown fingerprint, followed by the traditional CNN method and the improved CNN recognition method. This study used CNN for fingerprint recognition and improved CNN to improve its recognition accuracy for the damaged fingerprint. The improved CNN can effectively enhance the recognition accuracy of the damaged fingerprint, which provides a useful reference for the improvement of the accuracy and applicability of the fingerprint recognition system.
Heterogeneous Supported Palladium Catalysts for Liquid‐Phase Allylation of Nucleophiles
Authors: Ding Siming , Motokura Ken
Published: October 2020

In recent years, palladium‐catalyzed allylation has become the focus of much research. However, conventional homogeneous Pd catalysts face problems regarding their recovery, reuse, and cost, especially with respect to green chemistry principles. Herein, we present an overview of the development of catalytic allylation with various heterogeneous Pd catalysts, because they can be easily and conveniently recovered and reused. We also emphasize the use of different solid supports such as polymers, silica, and other hybrid supports to inspire future research in this promising field. Moreover, the unique effects of support surfaces for enhancing catalysis by immobilized heterogeneous Pd species are introduced.
Zinc nutrition to enhance rice productivity, zinc use efficiency, and grain biofortification under different production systems
Authors: Zulfiqar Usman , Hussain Saddam , Maqsood Muhammad , Ishfaq Muhammad , Ali Nauman
Published: October 2020

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is the most important abiotic factor limiting rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and also a nutritional disorder with adverse impacts on human health worldwide. The present study investigated the comparative effect of four Zn application methods: Zn seed coating (2 g Zn kg−1 seed), Zn seed priming (0.25 M Zn solution), basal application (10 kg ha−1), and Zn foliar spray (0.5% Zn solution) in improving the productivity and biofortification of rice under puddled transplanted (PudTR) and direct‐seeded rice (DSR) system. A general control with no Zn application was included, whereas hydro‐priming and foliar water application were used as positive control treatments for Zn seed priming and Zn foliar spray, respectively. Regardless of application methods, Zn nutrition significantly improved the yield and related traits and grain Zn concentration in both production systems. Averaged across 2 yr, the increase in grain yield under different Zn application treatments was in the order of seed priming (23%) > foliar application (18%) > basal application (18%) > seed coating (13%), compared with the control. However, grain Zn concentration was the highest with seed priming in PudTR (33% over control) and with basal application in DSR (45% over control). The maximum net benefits were obtained through Zn seed priming in both production systems. In conclusion, Zn seed priming improved the yield and was the most cost‐effective method in PudTR and DSR system.
Child diurnal cortisol differs based on profiles of maternal emotion socialization in high risk, low income, and racially diverse families
Authors: Buhler‐Wassmann Andrea C. , Hibel Leah C. , Fondren Kaitlin , Valentino Kristin
Published: October 2020

Young children's physiological and emotional regulation depend on supportive caregiving, especially in the context of stress and adversity. Experiences of child maltreatment become biologically embedded by shaping stress physiology. Maternal emotion socialization may have an important influence on children's limbic‐hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (LHPA) functioning. Grounded in theories of caregiver emotion socialization, a person‐centered latent profile analysis was utilized to identify profiles of maternal emotion socialization among a high risk, low income, and racially diverse group of 248 mothers and their young children (Mage = 4.39 years, SD = 1.10). The majority of the mothers (n = 165) had a history of involvement with the Department of Child Services for substantiated cases of child maltreatment. A latent profile analysis was conducted revealing three emotion socialization profiles: disengaged, engaged, and engaged + supportive. Emotion socialization profile differences in children's diurnal cortisol levels and slope (using area under the curve with respect to ground and increase, respectively) were examined. Children's diurnal cortisol levels were higher, and slopes were flatter, when mothers used more disengaged emotion socialization strategies. Mothers who neglected their children were more likely to fit the disengaged profile than the engaged profile. Implications for the socialization of regulation in children exposed to adversity are discussed.
Linking surface and subterranean climate: implications for the study of hibernating bats and other cave dwellers
Authors: McClure Meredith L. , Crowley Daniel , Haase Catherine G. , McGuire Liam P. , Fuller Nathan W. , Hayman David T. S. , Lausen Cori L. , Plowright Raina K. , Dickson Brett G. , Olson Sarah H.
Published: October 2020

Caves and other subterranean features provide unique environments for many species. The importance of cave microclimate is particularly relevant at temperate latitudes where bats make seasonal use of caves for hibernation. White‐nose syndrome (WNS), a fungal disease that has devastated populations of hibernating bats across eastern and central North America, has brought renewed interest in bat hibernation and hibernaculum conditions. A recent review synthesized current understanding of cave climatology, exploring the qualitative relationship between cave and surface climate with implications for hibernaculum suitability. However, a more quantitative understanding of the conditions in which bats hibernate and how they may promote or mediate WNS impacts is required. We compiled subterranean temperatures from caves and mines across the western United States and Canada to (1) quantify the hypothesized relationship between mean annual surface temperature (MAST) and subterranean temperature and how it is influenced by measurable site attributes, and (2) use readily available gridded data to predict and continuously map the range of temperatures that may be available in caves and mines. Our analysis supports qualitative predictions that subterranean winter temperatures are correlated with MAST, that temperatures are warmer and less variable farther from the surface, and that even deep within‐cave temperatures tend to be lower than MAST. Effects of other site attributes (e.g., topography, vegetation, and precipitation) on subterranean temperatures were not detected. We then assessed the plausibility of model‐predicted temperatures using knowledge of winter bat distributions and preferred hibernaculum temperatures. Our model unavoidably simplifies complex subterranean environments and is not intended to explain all variability in subterranean temperatures. Rather, our results offer researchers and managers improved broad‐scale estimates of the geographic distribution of potential hibernaculum conditions compared to reliance on MAST alone. We expect this information to better support range‐scale estimation of winter bat distributions and projection of likely WNS impacts across the west. We suggest that our model predictions should serve as hypotheses to be further tested and refined as additional data become available.
Try these virtual orientation strategies to set undergraduate students up for success
Authors: Pavlik Amelia
Published: October 2020

Nine weeks. That's how long Samantha Proffitt had to pull together an entirely online orientation this spring and early summer.
Evaluation of Cyto-genotoxicity of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) to Allium cepa
Authors: Sivaram Anithadevi Kenday , Logeshwaran Panneerselvan , Surapaneni Aravind , Shah Kalpit , Crosbie Nicholas , Rogers Zoe , Lee Elliot , Venkatraman Kartik , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Naidu Ravi , Megharaj Mallavarapu
Published: October 2020

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged as contaminants of global concern. Among several PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are persistent and bioaccumulative compounds. We investigated the cyto-genotoxic potential of PFOS to Allium cepa root meristem cells. The A. cepa root tips were exposed to 6 different concentrations (1–100 mg L−1) of PFOS for 48 h. Reduction in mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations was measured as genotoxic endpoints in meristematic root cells. Exposure to PFOS significantly affected cell division by reducing the miotic index at higher concentrations (>10 mg L−1). The median effect concentration of PFOS to elicit cytotoxicity based on the mitotic index was 43.2 mg L−1. Exposure to PFOS significantly increased chromosomal aberrations at concentrations >25 mg L−1. The common aberrations were micronuclei, vagrant cells, and multipolar anaphase. The alkaline comet assay revealed a genotoxic potential of PFOS with increased tail DNA percentage at concentrations >25 mg L−1. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the cyto-genotoxic potential of PFOS in higher plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:792–798. © 2020 SETAC
A new stratigraphic framework for the Miocene – Lower Pliocene deposits offshore Scandinavia: A multiscale approach
Authors: Dybkjær Karen , Rasmussen Erik Skovbjerg , Eidvin Tor , Grøsfjeld Kari , Riis Fridtjof , Piasecki Stefan , Śliwińska Kasia K.
Published: October 2020

Here, we present an updated stratigraphic subdivision of the Oligocene to Pleistocene succession (880–610 m) in the newly proposed type well for the Molo Formation, the industrial 6407/9‐5 well, located on the continental shelf in the eastern Norwegian Sea. Furthermore, new data from the Danish North Sea wells Nora‐1, Vagn‐2, and Tove‐1 are presented. The studied succession in the 6407/9‐5 well is composed of five sedimentary units separated by hiati. The dating of these five units is based on correlation to the stratigraphically more complete Neogene succession in the (Danish) central North Sea area. In this study, a robust stratigraphic framework of these five units, based on a combination of dinoflagellate cysts (dinocyst) stratigraphy and seismic data, is established. The Oligocene succession is referred to the NSO zonation of Van Simaeys et al., Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2005, 134, 105–128, while the Miocene–Pliocene succession is referred to the dinocyst zonation of Dybkjær and Piasecki, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2010, 161, 1–29. In well 6407/9‐5 the two lowermost units, located below the Molo Formation, comprise a Rupelian (Lower Oligocene) succession up to 803 m, and an Aquitanian/Burdigalian (Lower Miocene) succession from 803 to 787 m, respectively. Both of these units are referred to the Brygge Formation. The Molo Formation is separated from the underlying Brygge Formation by an unconformity. Furthermore, and in contrast to previous studies, our study shows that the Molo Formation (787–703 m) has an unconformity within it. The lower part of the formation (787–724 m) is dated to late Tortonian (Late Miocene), and referred to the Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura dinocyst Zone. The upper part (724–703 m) is dated to Zanclean (Early Pliocene), and referred to the Melitasphaeridium choanophorum dinocyst Zone. The uppermost unit studied (703–670 m) in the well is referred to the Gelasian (Lower Pleistocene) and is included in the Naust Formation. The regional correlation of this stratigraphy with the complete succession in the Danish North Sea reveals that the hiati found in the Miocene succession on the Norwegian Sea shelf are controlled by tectonism, while the internal depositional patterns of the Molo Formation were controlled by eustatic sea‐level changes.
Liver Metastases of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Implications for an Updated Staging System
Authors: Lamarca Angela , Santos‐Laso Alvaro , Utpatel Kirsten , La Casta Adelaida , Stock Simone , Forner Alejandro , Adeva Jorge , Folseraas Trine , Fabris Luca , Macias Rocio I.R. , Krawczyk Marcin , Krawczyk Marek , Cardinale Vincenzo , Braconi Chiara , Alvaro Domenico , Evert Matthias , Banales Jesus M. , Valle Juan W. ,   for the Group: on behalf of the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS‐CCA)
Published: October 2020

Background and Aims

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) with liver metastases is perceived to have a poor prognosis, but the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classifies them as early stage in the absence of lymph nodes or extrahepatic spread.

Approach and Results

Patients with iCCA from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS‐CCA) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries with survival/staging (AJCC v.7) data were eligible. Modified staging was used (mAJCC v.7): group A: stages I‐III (excluding T2bN0); group B: stage IVa (excluding T2bN1M0); group C: liver metastases (T2bN0/1); and group D: stage IVb (extrahepatic metastases). Survival analysis (Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression) was performed in an ENS‐CCA training cohort (TC) and findings internally (ENS‐CCA iVC) and externally (SEER) validated. The aim was to assess whether liver metastases (group C) had a shorter survival compared to other early stages (group A) to propose a modified version of AJCC v.8 (mAJCC v.8). A total of 574 and 4,171 patients from the ENS‐CCA and SEER registries were included. Following the new classification, 19.86% and 17.31% of patients from the ENS‐CCA and SEER registries were reclassified into group C, respectively. In the ENS‐CCA TC, multivariable Cox regression was adjusted for obesity (p = 0.026) and performance status (P < 0.001); patients in group C (HR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.18‐5.42; P = 0.017) had a higher risk of death (vs. group A). Findings were validated in the ENS‐CCA iVC (HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 2.04‐4.19; P < 0.001) and in the SEER registry (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.68‐2.09; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

iCCA with liver metastases has a worse outcome than other early stages of iCCA. Given that AJCC v.8 does not take this into consideration, a modification of AJCC v.8 (mAJCC v.8), including “liver metastases: multiple liver lesions, with or without vascular invasion” as an “M1a stage,” is suggested.
Trickle‐down and bottom‐up effects of women's representation in the context of industry gender composition: A panel data investigation
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Grabarski Mirit K. , Konrad Alison M.
Published: October 2020

Little is known about how changing organizational gender composition can enhance women's representation at lower levels (trickle‐down effects) and higher levels (bottom‐up effects), and which contextual elements strengthen or weaken these effects. We built a large panel dataset from archives spanning 2010–2019 to test our theorized trickle‐down and bottom‐up effects across three levels: non‐management, lower through middle management (LTMM), and top management team (TMT), including our theorized moderating effects of industry gender composition (male‐tilted vs. female tilted vs. balanced). Our panel analyses show that bottom‐up effects are strongest in female‐tilted industries, consistent with the gender‐role congruence explanation that women appear to be more fitting to leadership positions when followers are predominantly women. Trickle‐down effects are strongest in male‐tilted industries at the lower levels (LTMM to non‐management), but strongest in female‐tilted industries at the higher levels (TMT to LTMM). Together, these findings suggest that increasing the number of female supervisors and middle managers is effective for bringing more female employees into male‐tilted industries. However, the fact that male‐tilted industries showed no significant trickle‐down effects from TMT to LTMM suggests that senior women in these contexts refrain from acting to support other women's careers in order to avoid highlighting their gender identity.
Preparing for Biofilm Studies in the Field
Authors: McLean Robert J.C. , Simpson Thomas R.
Published: October 2020

In their natural environments, microorganisms are under constant environmental selection to form biofilms. Using aquatic biofilms as an example, this unit illustrates general concepts in field biology and practical suggestions for designing, conducting, and analyzing biofilm experiments at varying distances from the laboratory. The unit also addresses an example of a special situation (space flight) where experimentation must be done by proxy through another individual or machine.
Students' perceptions of the value of stakeholder engagement during engineering design
Authors: Mohedas Ibrahim , Sienko Kathleen H. , Daly Shanna R. , Cravens Grace L.
Published: October 2020

Background

Human‐centered design approaches promote and facilitate comprehensive understanding of stakeholders to inform design decisions. Successful engagement with stakeholders is critical to favorable design outcomes and requires skillful information gathering and synthesizing processes, which present unique challenges to student designers.

Purpose/Hypothesis

Our study sought to answer the following research question: What factors influence design teams' perceptions of the value of stakeholder engagement during design decision‐making?

Design/Method

During a capstone design experience, we conducted four semistructured group interviews with seven capstone undergraduate student design teams and collected their design reports. We analyzed the data across teams to identify factors that influenced teams' perceptions of the value of stakeholder engagement.

Results

Teams perceived stakeholder specific interactions to be more useful when they prespecified a goal for the interaction, interacted with stakeholders who had specific subject matter expertise, or ceded control of the decision‐making process to stakeholders. Students perceived interactions to be less useful when information gathered varied across stakeholders or when information was not directly applicable to the design decision at hand.

Conclusions

The factors this study identified that influenced students' perceptions of the usefulness of stakeholder interactions elucidate specific challenges students encounter when engaging with stakeholders. Students could benefit from pedagogical structures that assist them throughout design‐related engagement with stakeholders and when applying the information gathered through engagements with stakeholders to design decision‐making.
Optimized MRI Assessment for Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: A STARD‐Compliant Two‐Center Study
Authors: Bao Jie , Zhi Rui , Hou Ying , Zhang Jing , Wu Chen‐Jiang , Wang Xi‐Ming , Zhang Yu‐Dong
Published: October 2020

Background

There is a requirement for a personalized strategy to make MRI more accessible to men with suspicion of clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPC).

Purpose

To evaluate an optimized (Op)‐MRI compared with biparametric (Bp)‐MRI and multiparametric (Mp)‐MRI for the diagnosis of CSPC.

Study Type

Two‐center, retrospective.

Subjects

A total of 346 patients from center 1 and 292 patients from center 2.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0T scanners, T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI), diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), and dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) imaging.

Assessment

Four radiologists interpreted the Bp‐MRI (T2WI and DWI) and Mp‐MRI (T2WI, DWI, and DCE) independently according to the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS). For Op‐MRI, two radiologists used an adjusted decision rule on Bp‐MRI‐assessed PI‐RADS 3 lesions by determining early enhancement of DCE. Pathologies at biopsy and/or prostatectomy specimens were used as standard references.

Statistical Tests

Performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Kappa statistics were used to assess interobserver variability.

Results

Interreader agreement was excellent for all three MRI assessments (all κ values >0.80). Op‐MRI had comparable sensitivity (senior/junior: 90.9% [261/287] / 91.6% [263/287]) and higher specificity (78.1% [274/351] /74.4% [261/351]) compared with Mp‐MRI (sensitivity: 92.3% [265/287] / 93.7% [269/287]; specificity: 67.8% [238/351] / 68.1% [239/351]) and Bp‐MRI (sensitivity: 91.6% [263/287] / 93.4% [268/287]; specificity: 71.2% [250/351] / 70.1% [246/351]) for the diagnosis of CSPC. Compared to Mp‐MRI, Op‐MRI spared biopsy in 80.7% (515/638) of DCE scans with similar performance accuracy. Compared to Bp‐MRI, Op‐MRI downgraded 25.2% (31/123) of lesions at a cost of missing 6.5% (3/46) of malignancies, and upgraded 45.5% (56/123) of lesions with a positive predictive value of 62.5% (35/56) in 123 equivocal findings.

Data Conclusion

The Op‐MRI, using an adjusted PI‐RADS decision rule, did not compromise diagnostic accuracy with sparing biopsy in 80.7% of DCE scans compared to Mp‐MRI, and outperformed Bp‐MRI by regrading PI‐RADS lesions.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Intensified fragmentation and shrinkage of the polar climate zone in the Arctic
Authors: Guan Yanlong , Lu Hongwei , He Li , Kang Yu , Adhikari Hari , Zhang Jiankai , Pellikka Petri
Published: October 2020

Using both observation and CMIP5 simulation data, this study investigates the shifts of climate zones from a landscape perspective on the Arctic for the period 1940–2013. The results reveal that the reduction in area is often accompanied by the fragmentation of the spatial structure. In terms of percentage of landscape, the coverage of polar climate zone had undergone a rapid decrease from 1940 to 2013. Moreover, the polar climate has been facing an intensified fragmentation over the time 1940–2013. Further analysis shows that this fragmentation phenomenon can be attributed more to anthropogenic than natural forcing from 1940 to 2003, even though the change in patch density is not steady, by comparison of observations and simulation results. In addition, the fragmentation in the Arctic climate zone depends on the horizontal resolution of data. Although the fragmentation trends of observations at three spatial resolutions of 2°–0.5° are consistent, the magnitude of trends weakens as the spatial resolution decreases.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Treatment and the Subsequent Alterations in Median Nerve Transverse Mobility
Authors: Hosseini‐Farid Mohammad , Schrier Verena J. M. M. , Starlinger Julia , Amadio Peter C.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

The mobility (transverse movement) of the median nerve (MN) is decreased in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and can be measured noninvasively by ultrasound. To date, there are few prognostic features to help predict the outcome of 2 commonly performed treatments: surgical carpal tunnel release and corticosteroid injection. This study aimed to assess the changes in nerve mobility after the intervention and to correlate this with treatment and the disease severity.

Methods

A total of 181 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome with different electrophysiologic severities were recruited and assessed by dynamic ultrasound scanning of the MN before and after treatment. The dynamic ultrasound images were collected while the patients performed finger and wrist flexion.

Results

For both injection and carpal tunnel release, the nerve displacement increased with wrist flexion, from a mean ± SD of 7.0 ± 2.4 to 7.9 ± 2.7 mm (P < .005). Patients who underwent surgery showed greater improvement (P < .005) in nerve mobility compared to those who underwent injection. We also observed that the increase in nerve mobility was predominantly in patients with more nerve damage at baseline.

Conclusions

This study shows that the dynamic behavior of the MN changes in response to treatment and lays a foundation for future studies to assess the prognostic potential of nerve mobility measurement.
Contrasting Effects of Climate Change on Alpine Chamois
Authors: Chirichella Roberta , Stephens Philip A. , Mason Tom H. E. , Apollonio Marco
Published: October 2020

Global climate change can affect animal ecology in numerous ways, but researchers usually emphasize undesirable consequences. Temperature increases, for instance, can induce direct physiological costs and indirect effects via mismatches in resource needs and availability. Species living in mountainous regions, however, could experience beneficial effects because winters might become less severe. We examined the potentially opposing effects of climate change during spring, summer, and winter on recruitment in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). We examined initial recruitment (i.e., the ratio of kids to adult females) and net recruitment (i.e., the ratio of yearlings to adult females) of Alpine chamois through the use of linear mixed effects models and data from block count censuses performed across a 1,500‐km2 study area in the Italian Alps during summer from 2001 to 2015. Initial recruitment was relatively resistant to the effects of climate change, declining slightly over the study period. We suggest that the effects of increased forage availability and lower snow cover in winter may benefit the reproductive output of adult females, compensating for any negative effects of trophic mismatch and higher temperatures during summer. By contrast, net recruitment strongly declined throughout the study period, consistent with the slight decline of initial recruitment and the negative effects of increasing summer temperatures on the survival of kids during their first winter. These negative effects seemed to outweigh positive effects of climate change, even in a species strongly challenged by winter conditions. These findings provide important information for hunted populations; setting more appropriate hunting bags for yearling chamois should be considered. The ecological plasticity of the chamois, which also inhabits low altitudes, may allow a possible evolutionary escape for the species. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Outcomes of Venous End‐to‐Side Microvascular Anastomoses of the Head and Neck
Authors: Stewart Matthew , Hammond Perry , Khatiwala Ishani , Swendseid Brian , Taghizadeh Farshid , Petrisor Daniel , Zhan Tingting , Goldman Richard , Luginbuhl Adam , Heffelfinger Ryan , Sweeny Larissa , Wax Mark K. , Curry Joseph M.
Published: October 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

The literature on outcomes of end‐to‐side (ETS) anastomoses for microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck is limited. This series reviews ETS in free tissue transfer (FTT) across multiple institutions to better understand their usage and associated outcomes.

Study Design

Retrospective review of 2482 consecutive patients across three tertiary institutions.

Methods

Adult patients (> 18) who received a FTT from 2006 to 2019 were included.

Results

Two hundred and twenty‐one FTT were identified as requiring at least one ETS anastomosis. These ETS cases had a failure rate of 11.2% in comparison to 3.8% in a cohort of end‐to‐end (ETE) cases (P < .001). ETS cases were significantly more likely to have a prior neck dissection (P < .001), suggesting the ETS method was utilized in select circumstances. A second ETS anastomosis improved survival of the FTT (P = .006), as did utilization of a coupler over suture (P = .002). Failure due to venous thrombosis was significantly more common with one ETS anastomosis instead of two ETS anastomoses (P = .042).

Conclusions

ETS is effective but is often used as a secondary technique when ETE is not feasible; as such, in this series, ETS was associated with higher failure. A second anastomosis and the use of the coupler for completing the anastomoses were associated with lower rates of failure.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:1286–1290, 2021
Are temperature sensitivities of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus impacted by nutrient availability in the subtropical northwest Pacific?
Authors: Liu Kailin , Suzuki Koji , Chen Bingzhang , Liu Hongbin
Published: October 2020

Temperature sensitivity of phytoplankton growth rate is crucial for predicting the effect of global warming on oceanic primary productivity and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. To investigate how nutrient availability affects the temperature sensitivity of phytoplankton growth, we estimated the activation energy (Ea) of two dominant picocyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus) in the subtropical northwest Pacific using short‐term temperature modulated dilution experiments. We also conducted a meta‐analysis on a compiled dataset of picocyanobacteria growth rate estimated by the dilution technique. Our results revealed that the Ea of Synechococcus growth rate under in situ nutrient conditions was lower than under nutrient‐replete conditions. The growth response of Synechococcus to warming could, therefore, be weaker under nutrient‐limiting conditions than in nutrient‐replete waters. In contrast, Ea values of Prochlorococcus growth rate showed no difference between the two nutrient supply scenarios. We also found that the reduced Ea of Synechococcus growth was most likely related to the increasing trend of the half‐saturation constants for growth with increasing temperature. The temperature sensitivity of half‐saturation constants and the level of nutrient limitation can counteract the response of Synechococcus growth rate to increasing temperature. Our results highlight the importance of considering nutrient availability when evaluating the responses of phytoplankton growth and primary production to climate warming, especially in the oligotrophic ocean.
Recent Progress on Broadband Organic Photodetectors and their Applications
Authors: Zhao Zijin , Xu Chunyu , Niu Lianbin , Zhang Xiaoli , Zhang Fujun
Published: October 2020

As a promising candidate for next‐generation photodetectors, organic photodetectors (OPDs) outperform the commercial inorganic photodetectors in terms of solution and large‐area processability, mechanical flexibility, tunable spectral response range, low‐cost manufacturing, and light weight. The OPDs with broadband spectral response attract an extensive attention due to their potential in wide application fields, such as flexible image sensing, surveillance, and health monitoring. In this review, recent advances in broadband OPDs are summarized as two sections: i) Photodiode type OPDs (PD‐OPDs) based on thick‐film strategy, ternary strategy, interfacial engineering, and multilayered strategy. ii) Photomultiplication type OPDs (PM‐OPDs) with traps in active layer, traps in interfacial layer, and charge blocking layer. Some real applications on image sensors and photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors are also introduced on the basis of broadband OPDs. New insights on developing the broadband OPDs are put forward for improvement of broadband OPDs.
Hopping on the localness craze: What brewers want from state‐grown hops
Authors: Staples Aaron J. , Malone Trey , Sirrine J. Robert
Published: October 2020

Consumers habitually support local food and drink, but locally grown products often come from less developed value chains with lower quality control standards; something suppliers must consider. Using data from Michigan craft breweries, we describe the determinants of a brewer's decision to purchase local hops. Utilizing generalized linear models, we determine how factors—including perceived consistency and attitudes towards localness—impact hop purchasing decisions. Results indicate that hop consistency is a leading factor, and beliefs about localness stimulating the economy or helping the environment may not be enough to drive local purchasing.
Attribution of Amazon floods to modes of climate variability: A review
Authors: Towner Jamie , Cloke Hannah L. , Lavado Waldo , Santini William , Bazo Juan , Coughlan de Perez Erin , Stephens Elisabeth M.
Published: October 2020

Anomalous conditions in the oceans and atmosphere have the potential to be used to enhance the predictability of flood events, enabling earlier warnings to reduce risk. In the Amazon basin, extreme flooding is consistently attributed to warmer or cooler conditions in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic oceans, with some evidence linking floods to other hydroclimatic drivers such as the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). This review evaluates the impact of several hydroclimatic drivers on rainfall and river discharge regimes independently, aggregating all the information of previous studies to provide an up‐to‐date depiction of what we currently know and do not know about how variations in climate impact flooding in the Amazon. Additionally, 34 major flood events that have occurred since 1950 in the Amazon and their attribution to climate anomalies are documented and evaluated. This review finds that despite common agreement within the literature describing the relationship between phases of climate indices and hydrometeorological variables, results linking climate anomalies and flood hazard are often limited to correlation rather than to causation, while the understanding of their usefulness for flood forecasting is weak. There is a need to understand better the ocean–atmosphere response mechanisms that led to previous flood events. In particular, examining the oceanic and atmospheric conditions preceding individual hydrological extremes, as opposed to composite analysis, could provide insightful information into the magnitude and spatial distribution of anomalous sea surface temperatures required to produce extreme floods. Importantly, such an analysis could provide meaningful thresholds on which to base seasonal flood forecasts.
The dose response of high‐resolution diode‐type detectors and the role of their structural components in strong magnetic field
Authors: Tekin Tuba , Blum Isabel , Delfs Björn , Schönfeld Ann‐Britt , Kapsch Ralf‐Peter , Poppe Björn , Looe Hui Khee
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the dose response of diode‐type detectors in the presence of strong magnetic field and to understand the underlying mechanisms leading to the observed magnetic field dependence by close examinations on the role of the detector’s design.

Materials and methods

Three clinical diode‐type detectors (PTW microSilicon type 60023, PTW microDiamond type 60019, and IBA Razor diode) have been studied. Measurements were performed at the linear accelerator experimental facility of the German National Metrology Institute (PTB, Braunschweig) with electromagnets up to 1.4 T to obtain the magnetic field correction factors . The experimental results were compared to Monte Carlo simulations. Stepwise modifications of the detectors’ models were performed to characterize the contributions of the structural components toward the magnetic field‐dependent dose response. Additionally, systematic Monte Carlo study was conducted to elucidate the influence of the structural layers with varying density located above and beneath the detector’s sensitive volume.

Results

The dose response of all investigated detectors decreases with magnetic field. As a result, the associated factors increase by approximately 10% for the PTW detectors, and by 5% for the IBA Razor diode at 1.5 T. The sensitive volume itself was shown to cause negligible effect but the diode substrate with enhanced density situated directly below the sensitive volume contributes strongest to the observed magnetic field dependence. Systematic simulations revealed that increases with magnetic field if the density of the structural layer located beneath the sensitive volume is higher than that of normal water (>1 g/cm3). In the case where the layer consists of low‐density water (1.2 mg/cm3), decreases with the magnetic field strength. On the contrary , if the structural layer with varying density is situated above the sensitive volume, the reversed effect could be observed.

Discussion and conclusion

The experimental and Monte Carlo results demonstrated that the dose response of the investigated diode‐type detectors decreases in magnetic field. This observation can be generally attributed to the common construction of diode‐type detectors, where structural components with enhanced density, for example the diode substrate, are situated below the sensitive volume. The results provide deeper insights into the behavior of clinical diode detectors when used in strong magnetic field.
Development of an extended Macro Monte Carlo method for efficient and accurate dose calculation in magnetic fields
Authors: Kueng R. , Guyer G. , Volken W. , Frei D. , Stabel F. , Stampanoni M. F. M. , Manser P. , Fix M. K.
Published: October 2020

Motivation

Progress in the field of magnetic resonance (MR)‐guided radiotherapy has triggered the need for fast and accurate dose calculation in presence of magnetic fields. The aim of this work is to satisfy this need by extending the macro Monte Carlo (MMC) method to enable dose calculation for photon, electron, and proton beams in a magnetic field.

Methods

The MMC method is based on the transport of particles in macroscopic steps through an absorber by sampling the relevant physical quantities from a precalculated database containing probability distribution functions. To enable MMC particle transport in a magnetic field, a transformation accounting for the Lorentz force is applied for each macro step by rotating the sampled position and direction around the magnetic field vector. The transformed position and direction distributions on local geometries are validated against full MC for electron and proton pencil beams. To enable photon dose calculation, an in‐house MC algorithm is used for photon transport and interaction. Emerging secondary charged particles are passed to MMC for transport and energy deposition. The extended MMC dose calculation accuracy and efficiency is assessed by comparison with EGSnrc (photon and electron beams) and Geant4 (proton beam) calculated dose distributions of different energies and homogeneous magnetic fields for broad beams impinging on water phantoms with bone and lung inhomogeneities.

Results

The geometric transformation on the local geometries is able to reproduce the results of full MC for all investigated settings (difference in mean value and standard deviation <1%). Macro Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions in a homogeneous magnetic field are in agreement with EGSnrc and Geant4, respectively, with gamma passing rates >99.6% (global 2%, 2 mm and 10% threshold criteria) for all situations. MMC achieves a substantial efficiency gain of up to a factor of 21 (photon beam), 66 (electron beam), and 356 (proton beam) compared to EGSnrc or Geant4.

Conclusion

Efficient and accurate dose calculation in magnetic fields was successfully enabled by utilizing the developed extended MMC transport method for photon, electron, and proton beams.
Genetic Evidence of Introduced Redeye Bass and Alabama Bass and Hybridization with Native Micropterus spp. in Town Creek, Alabama, USA
Authors: Lewis Matthew R. , Ekema Phil , Holley Mike , Peatman Eric J.
Published: October 2020

The black basses Micropterus spp. are among the most important game fishes in the United States. Translocation by both anglers and state agencies for increased angling opportunity has led to widespread hybridization between native and nonnative species. The use of species-diagnostic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for black basses has allowed for rapid assessment of species identification and hybridization in rivers and streams. Here, we report genetic evidence for the presence of Redeye Bass M. coosae and Alabama Bass M. henshalli outside of their native range and their hybridization with native species of black bass in Town Creek, a tributary of the Tennessee River. To determine which black bass species were present in the creek, four sites were sampled using both angling and backpack electrofishing. Sampled DNA from fin clips was analyzed using a diagnostic SNP panel. Genetic results confirmed that Redeye Bass and Alabama Bass were present as nonnative congeners in the creek. Interestingly, no pure individual Smallmouth Bass M. dolomieu or Spotted Bass M. punctulatus were found, although both species are native to the stream. Phenotypic identification followed by genotypic classification revealed that 62% of the fish collected for this study were misidentified in the field, with 100% of those being hybrids, indicating the importance of genetic assessment in conjunction with classic morphometrics for the management of black basses. Further studies are needed to determine whether seasonality plays a role in species presence and abundance and whether population profiles identified here are observed more broadly within the Tennessee River system.
Transactional and in‐store display data of a large supermarket for data‐driven decision‐making
Authors: Zhao Lin , Li Lefei , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max
Published: October 2020

This article describes daily and monthly transactional and in‐store display data of a large supermarket from January to October in 2019 associated with 28 757 stock‐keeping units (SKUs) in 5 categories and 41 subcategories. The database contains five parts, including information about each SKU, in‐store display, daily sales, inventory, and replenishment. We also propose some research questions related to assortment planning, pricing, inventory management, and customer behavior. Researchers are welcome to develop data‐driven models or other innovative methods to address these questions or other practical problems using this database.
A Fourier‐based machine learning technique with application in engineering
Authors: Peigney Michaël
Published: October 2020

The generic problem in supervised machine learning is to learn a function f from a collection of samples, with the objective of predicting the value taken by f for any given input. In effect, the learning procedure consists in constructing an explicit function that approximates f in some sense. In this article is introduced a Fourier‐based machine learning method which could be an alternative or a complement to neural networks for applications in engineering. The basic idea is to extend f into a periodic function so as to use partial sums of the Fourier series as approximations. For this approach to be effective in high dimension, it proved necessary to use several ideas and concepts such as regularization, Sobol sequences and hyperbolic crosses. An attractive feature of the proposed method is that the training stage reduces to a quadratic programming problem. The presented method is first applied to some examples of high‐dimensional analytical functions, which allows some comparisons with neural networks to be made. An application to a homogenization problem in nonlinear conduction is discussed in detail. Various examples related to global sensitivity analysis, assessing effective energies of microstructures, and solving boundary value problems are presented.
Associations of the related factors of depression, social support and social participation in kyungro‐dang among older adults in South Korea: A structural equation modelling analysis
Authors: Lee Hocheol , Moon Seokjun , Song Geurum , Nam Eun Woo
Published: October 2020

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the correlations between depression, social support and social participation among older adults in farming villages and identify their associations with the use of senior leisure and welfare facilities, called kyungro‐dang, so as to provide foundational data for promoting community care in rural farming communities.

Design

A cross‐sectional design was used to identify kyungro‐dang use among the 156 participants—older adults aged 65.

Methods

Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis, factor analysis and structural equation modelling.

Results

Older adults with high social support and social participation tended to use kyungro‐dang less. Our findings contribute foundational data to promote community care through kyungro‐dang. Ministry of Health and Welfare (MoHW) plans to enforce to “Comprehensive community care plan” through kyungro‐dang in rural area. The result of this study shows the relation between Kyungro‐dang and social support, social participation, depression. This study recommends that MoHW in Korea focuses on enhance social support and social participation to gather before policy implications.