bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of monitoring data where butterflies fly year‐round
Authors: Comay Orr , Ben Yehuda Oz , Benyamini Dubi , Schwartz‐Tzachor Racheli , Pe'er Israel , Melochna Tal , Pe’er Guy
Published: June 2020

Butterfly Monitoring Schemes (BMSs) engage the public in conservation and provide data sets that cover broad geographical areas over long timescales. Most existing BMSs are in temperate climates; however, the Israeli Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS‐IL), established in 2009, is a notable exception as it encompasses a large climatic gradient from Euro‐Siberian through Mediterranean to hyper‐arid regions. Israel’s climate poses challenges in analyzing data from year‐round butterfly activity, as in other tropical or arid countries. The Regional Generalized Additive Model (Regional GAM) is a butterfly phenology and abundance model based on repeat visits throughout species’ flight season. We tested the applicability of Regional GAM for species with complex flight seasonality (e.g., multivoltine) by comparing estimated abundance and seasonal indices for the full data set and rarefied subsets. We assessed the reliability of modeled flight seasons and compared abundance estimates per site resulting from biologically plausible and unreliable seasonal models. The reliability of Regional GAM rises with the number of observations, and the model tends to produce more biologically plausible models for species with simple phenologies (e.g., univoltine with a single peak in activity). Abundance estimates based on unreliable models produce values with inter‐quartile ranges of 90%–153% compared with biologically plausible models, while peak time changes with an interquartile range of 0–22.5 d when comparing all rarefied models with the full data set. Regional GAM should be applied with great caution for rare species and those with a complex flight season, and the date of year start needs to be carefully chosen for species that are active year‐round. We identified the key sources of error and propose an operational workflow to address them. With few adaptations, Regional GAM can support new BMSs in analyzing data where butterflies are active year‐round, including tropical climates. We propose guidelines for analyzing BMS data for species or regions with long activity periods and complex phenologies.
PV output forecasting by deep Boltzmann machines with SS‐PPBSO
Authors: Ogawa Shota , Mori Hiroyuki
Published: June 2020

This paper proposes an efficient method for photovoltaic (PV) system output forecasting by deep Boltzmann machines (DBM) with scatter search‐predator‐prey brain storm optimization (SS‐PPBSO). DBM plays a key role to extract features of input variables while SS‐PPBSO is a new evolutionary computation that combines PPBSO with scatter search. In recent years, as renewable energy, PV systems are positively introduced into power network in Japan so that power system operation becomes complicated due to the uncertainty. To overcome this challenge, it is required to forecast PV outputs that are influenced by weather conditions significantly. This paper proposes a new efficient PV output forecasting method with DBM that makes use of SS‐PPBSO in learning. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated for real data of a PV system.
Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of heart failure: a nationwide registry study from 2013 to 2016
Authors: Ødegaard Kristina Malene , Hallén Jonas , Lirhus Sandre Svatun , Melberg Hans Olav , Halvorsen Sigrun
Published: June 2020

Aims

Large‐scaled population studies of incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) are needed for the development of healthcare policies and priorities. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence, prevalence, and all‐cause mortality of HF in Norway from 2013 to 2016 on the basis of a national registry.

Methods and results

Using data from the nationwide Norwegian Prescription Database, we identified all patients ≥18 years of age in Norway with at least one drug prescription with HF during 2013–2016, defined by 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) codes I50, I11, I13, or I42. The individual index date was the date of the first prescription. Patients were followed up until death or end of follow‐up (31 October 2017). Annual incidence and prevalence were estimated from 2013 to 2016, using a look‐back period starting from 1 March 2008. We calculated standardized estimates by applying direct age and sex standardization to the 2013 European standard population. All‐cause mortality from 2013 to 2016 was calculated among the prevalent HF patients. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated by indirect standardization using general mortality in the Norwegian population as reference. We identified 54 542 unique patients (58% men) with a first‐time diagnosis of HF. The median age was 72 ±14 years, and women were older than men (median age 76 vs. 70 years, respectively). The crude (standardized) incidence of HF was 3.44/1000 (4.23/1000) person‐years in 2016 and did not increase over the 4 year period, while the prevalence increased from 2.0% (2.3%) to 2.4% (2.8%). Both incidence and prevalence were higher in men than in women and strongly associated with age. Crude mortality rates in the HF population declined from 94 to 82/1000 person‐years from 2013 to 2016, and SMR declined from 2.01 to 1.84. Age‐adjusted mortality rates were higher in men than in women.

Conclusions

This nationwide registry study in Norway showed an increase in the prevalence of HF from 2013 to 2016, with stable incidence rates and improved survival.
The Stabilization Effect of π‐Backdonation Ligands on the Catalytic Reactivities of Amido‐Ene(amido) Iron Catalysts in the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Xue Qingquan , Wu Rongliang , Wang Di , Zhu Meifang , Zuo Weiwei
Published: June 2020

A series of P–N–N–P iron complexes (1–3) were synthesized, characterized, and tested for their catalytic activities to explore the structure‐performance relationship of the catalyst precursors and intermediates. While the amino(imno) carbonyl complex (1) was highly active, the bis(amino) (2) and pyridyl‐amino (3) analogues were inactive. Stoichiometric reactions were studied to elucidate the mechanistic causes of the success and failure of these iron catalysts. Although 1a and 1b are active and stable at room temperature, 2a was found to be highly unstable under the catalytic conditions. Further electronic studies on 1a, 1b and 2a revealed that the π‐backdonation interactions in 1a and 1b can delocalize the electron density on the iron centers to the π‐bound ligand, explaining the elevated stability of the ene(amido)‐containing catalytic intermediates. Dearomatized pyridyl iron complexes (3b) were also inactive because they were too basic to be stable in the reaction solution.
Geo‐hydromorphological assessment of Europe's southernmost blanket bogs
Authors: Chico G. , Clutterbuck B. , Clough J. , Lindsay R. , Midgley N.G. , Labadz J.C.
Published: June 2020

Blanket bogs are a globally rare type of ombrotrophic peatland internationally recognized for long‐term terrestrial carbon storage, the potential to serve as carbon sinks, habitat provision and for their palaeoenvironmental archive. This habitat is protected in the European Union under the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), but a number of blanket bogs located in the Cantabrian Mountains (northern Spain), representing the southernmost known edge‐of‐range for this habitat in Europe, are currently not recognized and are at increased threat of loss.

Using climatic data, topography, aerial photography and peat depth surveys, this study has identified 10 new areas of blanket bog located between the administrative regions of Cantabria and Castilla y León. Peat depth data and topography were used to provide a detailed geomorphological description and hydromorphological classification (mesotope units) of these currently unrecognized areas of blanket bog.

Maximum peat depth measured across the 10 sites ranged from 1.61 to 3.78 m, covering a total area of 18.6 ha of blanket bog (>40 cm peat depth). The volume of peat accumulated across the sites was determined to be more than 216 000 m3 and is estimated to hold 19.89 ± 3.51 kt C. Twenty‐four individual hydrological mesotope units were described, indicating a diverse assemblage of blanket bogs in this region.

The peatlands identified in this research extend the known limit of blanket bogs in Europe farther south than previously recorded and – combined with four other unprotected blanket bogs recently identified in the Cantabrian Mountains – these peatlands represent 10.5% of blanket bog currently recognized and protected in Spain. The range of anthropogenic pressures currently acting on peatlands in the Cantabrian Mountains indicates that without protection these important landforms and stored carbon may be lost. An urgent update of European peatland inventories is thus required to preserve these valuable carbon stores and potential carbon sinks. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Continuation Sessions of Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT‐C) vs. Treatment as Usual in Late‐Life Depression and Anxiety: An Open‐Label Extension Study
Authors: Dikaios Elena , Escobar Sophia , Nassim Marouane , Su Chien‐Lin , Torres‐Platas Susana G. , Rej Soham
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a novel treatment for depression. Our published randomized controlled trial shows that MBCT improves symptoms of late‐life depression (LLD) and anxiety (LLA). We now examine whether continuation sessions of MBCT (MBCT‐C) can prevent LLD/LLA symptom recurrence.

Methods/design

Following an 8‐week MBCT intervention, we compared patients who attended open‐label weekly 1‐hour MBCT‐C for another 26 weeks (n = 10) vs those who did not (n = 17) for change in depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Results

While there were no significant differences between groups on depressive or anxiety symptom severities between 8‐ and 34‐ weeks (Cohen's d = 0.045), we observed a small clinical effect of MBCT‐C on symptoms of anxiety (d = 0.29).

Conclusions

These preliminary results suggest that MBCT‐C may be somewhat beneficial for symptoms of LLA, but not for LLD. Healthcare providers should consider what is clinically feasible before investing time and resources into MBCT‐C in older adults with depression and/or anxiety.
Limiting health‐care access to undocumented immigrants: A wise option?
Authors: Jiménez‐Rubio Dolores , Vall Castelló Judit
Published: June 2020

The number of undocumented migrants in high‐income countries has increased in recent decades, imposing considerable political, fiscal, and social pressures on governments. This has fostered discussions on whether and to what extent undocumented migrants should get access to public programs and public benefits. Looking at the 2012 Spanish health reform, this is the first paper to document the impacts of a restriction on access to the health‐care system for undocumented migrants on health‐care utilization, health‐care system perceptions, and self‐reported health in a high‐income country. We show that such restrictions may significantly reduce planned care for undocumented migrants and result in sharp fall in positive opinions about the health‐care services still left available to them. We also exploit the heterogeneity in implementing the policy across regions and report stronger effects in regions that enforced the national ban more fully. Furthermore, in the first 3 years since the implementation of the reform, we find suggestive evidence of a worsening in self‐assessed health. This study is relevant for policymakers in the developed world, especially in countries that have recently implemented initiatives aimed at reducing the health‐care coverage for targeted groups, such as the United Kingdom and the United States.
Smell and taste disorders during COVID‐19 outbreak: Cross‐sectional study on 355 patients
Authors: Dell’Era Valeria , Farri Filippo , Garzaro Giacomo , Gatto Miriam , Aluffi Valletti Paolo , Garzaro Massimiliano
Published: June 2020

Background

As reported by increasing literature, a significant number of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection developed smell/taste disorders. Aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and severity of these symptoms among laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 patients. Secondary objective is to determine their onset/recovery time.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted from March 10 to 30, 2020 at Novara University Hospital during the COVID‐19 Italian outbreak. The 355 enrolled patients answered a questionnaire at 14th (or more) days after proven infection.

Results

The overall population prevalence of both smell/taste or one of the two disorders was 70%. They were first symptoms in 31 (8,7%) patients. Most patients reported a complete loss that in half of the cases (49.5%) was fully recovered after 14 days, with a median recovery time of 10 days.

Conclusion

This study confirms a high prevalence of smell/taste disorders in COVID‐19 infection with self‐recovery for half cases after about 2 weeks.
Stability and prediction of motor performance and cognitive functioning in preschoolers: A latent variable approach
Authors: Zysset Annina E. , Kakebeeke Tanja H. , Messerli‐Bürgy Nadine , Meyer Andrea H. , Stülb Kerstin , Leeger‐Aschmann Claudia S. , Schmutz Einat A. , Arhab Amar , Puder Jardena J. , Kriemler Susi , Munsch Simone , Jenni Oskar G.
Published: June 2020

At preschool age, motor skills and cognitive functions are regularly examined at well‐child visits. Although reliable screening depends on the stability of the assessed developmental domains, little is known about the stability of motor and cognitive performance in preschool children. The aim of the present study was to investigate how stable motor skills and cognitive functioning are in the preschool years and whether they can predict their own and respective outcome 1 year later. 509 children were examined (46.4% female; M = 3.9 years; SD = 0.6; range 3.0–6.0 years) from the Swiss Preschoolers' Health Study (SPLASHY) at baseline and 1 year later. A Latent Variable Cross‐lagged Panel Model revealed that both motor skills and cognitive functioning are highly stable in the preschool age (.65/.67). Cross‐lagged coefficients were smaller (.37/.22). However, as the cross‐lagged paths did not differ significantly from each other, no reliable conclusions for the prediction of motor skills and cognitive functions may be drawn. We conclude that cognitive functioning and motor skills are highly stable already in the preschool years. Although small cross‐lagged predictive values were found, motor skills and cognitive functions may not to be reliable predictors of their respective outcomes. Future studies should test cross‐lagged predictive effects in clinical samples, where the effects might be larger.

This study investigated the stability and predictive value of motor skills and cognitive functioning in 3–6‐year‐old typically developing children.

Motor skills and cognitive functioning were highly stable already in preschool age, however, predictive values for their respective outcomes are lower and may not to be reliable predictors of their respective outcomes.

As motor and cognitive development are highly stable at preschool age, they could be applied for the identification of children at risk.
Management of multiple gestations
Authors: D'Alton Mary , Breslin Noelle
Published: June 2020

Multiple gestations are commonly encountered in both high‐risk and low‐risk pregnancies and, since the advent of assisted reproductive technologies in the 1980s, the numbers of multiple gestations have grown rapidly. Thus, an understanding of both the maternal and fetal risks associated with multiple gestations should be central to all obstetric practice. The ability to foresee issues and the know how to respond to the complications that develop are central to the correct management of these pregnant women. For some, appropriate management may include referral to a specialist maternal and fetal medicine physician or, in some cases, to a specialist fetal center. The present review provides a comprehensive and simplified overview of multiple gestations, including incidence, diagnosis, genetic considerations, complications (both general and specific to multiple gestation subtypes), and delivery management. It is essential that providers recognize the high‐risk and specific complications that may affect a multiple gestation in order to provide the highest possible level of care for these pregnant women.
An evaluation system for preclinical and clinical endodontics
Authors: Burrell WE , Rasmussen RH
Published: June 2020

One of the most difficult tasks, facing the dental educator is the evaluation of students' preclinical and clinical performance. This article describes the development of an evaluation system that eliminates some of the problems associated with the assessment of psychomotor skills including rater subjectivity and the validity of evaluation instruments. The evaluation system discussed is currently being used by the Department of Endodontics at the Louisiana State University School of Dentistry for both preclinical and clinical endodontics. The article focuses on the development of the system, use of the clinical rating scale, and an assessment of the system's effectiveness.
Implications of technology assessment and diffusion for dental research
Authors: Goldhaber P
Published: June 2020

The possible implications of the assessment and diffusion of technology for dental research are explored in two areas: prevention of dental caries and prevention of periodontal disease. Future concepts and their potential alternatives for the profession, the public, and government agencies are examined in terms of the social, economic, and political aspects of dental health care delivery. Consideration is given to their impact on industry and education.
Dentists' self‐evaluations: relationship to clinical performance
Authors: Milgrom P , Weinstein P , Ratener P , Morrison K
Published: June 2020

Today's dental practice standards are set by the individual dentist. Quality is assured, in large part, by the accuracy of self‐evaluations by dental practitioners. As a result, dental educators have attempted to improve the accuracy of self‐reported evaluations by dental students by teaching such skills in the laboratory and clinic. This investigation examines multiple self‐evaluations of the quality of restorative practice of 1,196 general practitioners, and investigates the relationship between these ratings and actual quality of treatment by 102 dentists for 2,753 patients.
A survey of patient and auxiliary problems as they relate to behavioral dentistry curricula
Authors: Ingersoll TG , Ingersoll BD , Seime RJ , McCutcheon WR
Published: June 2020

The attempt to prepare students to manage problems in their dental practices must be preceded by precise identification of specific problems. The purpose of this study was to identify such problems. A random sample of practicing dentists cited collecting fees, poor patient motivation, patient fear, and broken or cancelled appointments as their most commonly encountered patient problems. The most commonly cited auxiliary problems were retraining auxiliary personnel and poor motivation. The dentists gave support to courses addressing these topics in the third and fourth years of the dental curriculum. The survey supports the increasing emphasis on behavioral dentistry curricula and identifies the most relevant topics for such courses.
Physical evaluation of the dental patient: current practices and opinions
Authors: Falace DA
Published: June 2020

A survey of 560 graduates of the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry was performed to document the current methods of physical evaluation used by a group of practicing dentists and to sample their opinions about potential additions to the dental curriculum in physical evaluation, as advocated by the Council on Dental Education. The questionnaire was completed and returned by 59 percent of the practitioners. The results indicated that physical evaluation of dental patients was done primarily by using the medical history. Examination of blood pressure, other vital signs, and the head and neck were done infrequently. The clinical laboratory was reportedly utilized frequently. The respondents' attitudes were ones of general support for increasing the emphasis on physical evaluation in dentistry, but with varying opinions about appropriateness.
Oral histology and embryology: an integrated educational program
Authors: Gotjamanos T
Published: June 2020

Since 1976 dental students in The University of Western Australia have undertaken a revised course in oral histology and embryology taught within the framework of an oral biology program. The new course includes clinic sessions, which are presented prior to scheduled lecture and laboratory instruction on a particular tissue, and are intended to familiarize students with the clinical appearance of that tissue. Participating staff include members from the divisions of oral biology, oral pathology, periodontics, pedodontics, and preventive dentistry, Examination of histologic slides during laboratory sessions is supplemented by use of dental radiographs in order to achieve a close correlation between histologic structure and radiographic appearance. The use of the dental clinic environment to teach basic and applied microanatomy, and inclusion of clinical data such as radiographs, has strengthened the link between basic biological science and clinical dentistry.
The dental school's role in academic health centers: report of a study
Authors: Morris AL , Hastings DA , Crispell KR
Published: June 2020

This paper highlights for the dental education community selected data from a recently completed study of the organization and governance of academic health centers, conducted under the auspices of the Association of Academic health Centers and funded by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation. It is hoped that the limited information presented here will stimulate interest in the larger study. Data derived from three questionnaires used in the study are presented and discussed. Top administrators in academic health centers were surveyed to assemble information on the structural components and hierarchical relationships in contemporary academic health centers, the processes by which decisions are made, the way in which conflicts are resolved, and the conditions that administrators envision for their institutions in the future. Dental school deans were part of the survey group, and their responses are examined along with those of deans of other health professional schools.
Analysis of disagreement in the evaluation of clinical products
Authors: Mackenzie RS , Antonson DE , Weldy PL , Welsch BB , Simpson WJ
Published: June 2020

This paper reports an analysis of factors that reduce agreement in clinical evaluation. Four instructors representing different restorative departments met regularly over a four‐month period to study the evaluation process. Each participant selected a task from his discipline, identified critical errors made in performing the task, produced these errors in models and extracted teeth, and developed criteria and checklists to aid in categorizing and counting the errors. In weekly sessions the models were evaluated, and judgments were compared. Factors that reduced agreement were identified, discussed, and listed. In some sessions ongoing evaluation was reported orally, tape‐recorded, and analyzed to elucidate the underlying mental processes. Analysis indicated that agreement was reduced by 16 factors, including unclear rules, the faculty member's memory, unstandardized aids to judgment, inconsistent observational methods, differences in ability, and differing tendencies to leniency.
Career development subsequent to general practice training
Authors: Handelman SL , Brunette PM , Solomon ES
Published: June 2020

Career development after graduation from the advanced program in general dentistry at the Eastman Dental Center was studied by means of a mail survey. The majority of those who graduated (63.2 percent) over a ten‐year period (1971–1981) practiced general dentistry. Fewer graduates specialized in recent years. Performance criteria in dental school or in the advanced training program could not predict later specialization. Dental school performance also proved to be of minimal value in determining who pursued an advanced degree or became involved in teaching. However, those exhibiting better performance in the advanced program in general dentistry often pursued advanced degrees, research, or teaching. Approximately 55 percent of those who graduated from this advanced program during the ten‐year period were involved in full‐ or part‐time teaching, and 35 percent were involved in research.
Masculine and feminine personality attributes of dental students and their attitudes toward women's roles in society
Authors: Bebeau MJ , Loupe MJ
Published: June 2020

Egalitarian attitudes and the personality traits of instrumentality (masculinity) and expressiveness (femininity) were examined for 314 male and 71 female dental students. Women dental students hold far more egalitarian views toward women's roles than a norm group of women college students, who are somewhat more liberal than male dental students. Female dental students are also more instrumental than college women, though somewhat less instrumental than male dental students. Male and female dental students did not differ on expressiveness, though both were less expressive than college women. A comparison of dental students with academic psychologists suggests that successful professionals have similar personality traits regardless of gender.
Scholarship and dental education: new perspectives for clinical faculty
Authors: Albino JE
Published: June 2020

Dental faculty in clinical departments can develop as scholars and researchers while enhancing their value as educators. The obstacles created by inadequate training and background for research, lack of appropriate role models, and competing demands on the faculty members' time are all significant. There are ways of dealing with these problems, however, and the greatest obstacle often is our unwillingness to solve the problem. In better times, clinical dental faculty needed neither to change nor justify what they did. But times have changed, and the demands of the academy, of the dental profession, and of society require new responses. Clearly, dental education could gain greatly from moving forward with the new emphasis on scholarship. There will undoubtedly be some losses. The overall effect, however, will be positive to the extent that we as dental educators are able to take hold of the situation and define our own goals and criteria for performance. Otherwise, we will have to resign ourselves to living with goals set by someone else.
Use and application of structural models in dental education research
Authors: Potter RH , McDonald RE
Published: June 2020

The notion of prediction implies causation. Path and structural models explore the causal links rather than mere empirical relationships between variables. This technique involves a breakdown of correlations; it differs from correlation and regression methods in that it provides relevant information in the presence of important but unobserved (latent) explanatory variables and of measurement errors in the data. It also allows for more than one regression analysis simultaneously and affords inference through tests of the model. In this study, latent abilities of dental students were analyzed as causes and professional achievements as effects, with preadmission performances as indicators of latent abilities. A model with three constructs is consistent with the observed data. The results demonstrate that whereas correlation analysis presents limitations in interpretation, structural analysis focuses clearly on the direct impact of the quality of dental school education, rather than preadmission background, on clinical performance and board success as measures of future professional performance.
Longevity of restorations in a dental school clinic
Authors: Bentley C , Drake CW
Published: June 2020

The longevity of 1,207 restorations placed by students was studied in 70 adult patients. The overall percentage of restorations lasting ten years or more (P10) was 75.4 percent and survival times were longer than in most previous restoration longevity studies. Cast restorations lasted significantly longer than amalgams, which in turn lasted significantly longer than composites. P10 values were 91.1 percent, 72.0 percent, and 55.9 percent, respectively. Analysis by surfaces involved indicated that single‐surface lasted longer than multisurface restorations. The survival of restorations placed in patients aged 60 or more was less favorable (P10 = 56.8 percent) than for younger patients (P10 = 78.3 percent). A subset of the population was identified on the basis of a restoration failure rate of greater than 4.0 X 10(−2) failures/restoration year. This group, comprising 18.6 percent of the population, accounted for 56.1 percent of all restoration failures. The P10 value for this high‐risk group was 55.8 percent, as compared with 83.9 percent for the remainder of the population.
Relationship between faculty characteristics and research productivity
Authors: Harrington MS , Levine DU
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this research was to identify the characteristics of the active research producer within dental schools. A survey was mailed to 4,901 full‐time faculty members in 53 U.S. dental schools, of which 1,481 (31 percent) were returned. Faculty Research Productivity (FRP) was defined as the number of publications generated by a faculty member during his or her academic career, as reported in response to a survey question. Seventeen characteristics of faculty members also were obtained from responses to survey items. Using stepwise multiple regression, five variables predicted 38 percent of the variance in FRP: Interest in Research, Earned Ph.D., Number of Journal Subscriptions, Consulting Time Per Week, and Research Time Per Week. While the relationship between FRP and student contact time was linear (the more articles produced the less student contact time), time spent in teaching per week did not enter the prediction equation.
Relationships among structure, process, and outcome scores derived from evaluations of 300 general dental practices
Authors: Crall JJ , Morris AL
Published: June 2020

Analyses were undertaken to examine relationships among measures of structure, process, and outcome using data obtained during field testing of the Development of Evaluation Methods and Computer Applications in Dentistry (DEMCAD) office assessment instrument in 300 general dental practices. Correlation coefficients between scores for the structure dimension and scores for the process/outcome dimensions were 0.50 and 0.40, respectively, while process and outcome dimension scores were correlated at an even higher level (r = 0.79). Thus the DEMCAD instrument demonstrated a relatively high degree of interrelationship among these three major dimensions compared to other reports in the health care evaluation literature. Additional analyses were conducted to compare relationships between structure and process measures and various components of outcome, and to compare results across different types of practices (urban group, rural and urban nongroup). Correlations between the patient satisfaction component of outcome and scores for the structure/process dimensions were considerably lower than the corresponding correlations involving outcome components other than patient satisfaction. Ordinary least squares regression models demonstrated that structure scores were not significantly related to outcomes when controlling for process and that relationships were quite consistent across practice types.
Indications and contraindications for different types of implant therapy
Authors: Bolender CL
Published: June 2020

Indications and contraindications for subperiosteal, transosteal, and endosseous type implants are described. Both the mechanical aspects of implant placement, as well as the systemic conditions that militate against a successful result are reviewed.
Comparison of personality variables and values among dental students, practitioners, and faculty
Authors: McDaniel SP , Siler WM , Isenberg BP
Published: June 2020

Changes in personality and values in four classes of dental students at the University of Alabama School of Dentistry were reported in a previous paper. The purposes of this study were to determine the permanency of these changes after graduation and to compare the personalities and values of students and graduates to those of the faculty. Data were collected using the Myers‐Briggs type indicator and the All‐port‐Vernon‐Lindzey study of values. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences among the three groups. Graduates tended to resemble themselves as students. On nine of the ten variables, the faculty clustered differently from the students, the graduates, or both groups, raising the issue of the extent to which faculty members serve as role models.
Factors associated with clinical dental faculty research productivity
Authors: Jones JE , Preusz GC , Finkelstein SN
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine factors that are associated with increased individual research productivity among clinical faculty in 67 United States and Canadian schools of dentistry. Individual faculty research productivity was defined as the total number of articles in refereed journals and book chapters published during an academic career. The 328 respondents represented a response rate of 62.8 percent from a 25 percent stratified random sample of faculty who (1) had full‐time appointments and held at least the D.M.D./D.D.S. or foreign equivalent, (2) taught in a clinical department of the dental schools, and (3) were not department chairpersons and did not hold administrative positions (assistant dean, associate dean, or dean) within the dental school. Respondents reported a mean of 9.9 years in full‐time dental education, a mean of 10.8 publications, and a mean of 7.5 hours spent in research per week. Forward addition multiple regression analysis demonstrated that five predictor variables, from a total of 20 variables evaluated, accounted for 59.9 percent of the variance in individual faculty research productivity. These predictor variables were total dollar amount of past research funding, career age, training status, colleague utilization in conducting research, and conducting research from planned goals.
Validation of a motor skills performance theory with applications for dental education
Authors: Feil PH , Gatti JJ
Published: June 2020

While several investigations assessing applications of contemporary motor learning theory to preclinic laboratory instruction have been successful, they provide only indirect and incomplete validation of theoretical constructs. This study's purpose was to further evaluate the validity of salient constructs through the use of a validation technique called verbal self‐reporting, and to describe applications for dental education. Subjects were videotaped completing a preparation. Later, the tape was replayed and a structured interview used to stimulate recall of mental processes that occurred during the preparation. Transcribed self‐reports were classified by two calibrated raters into categories corresponding to the constructs of interest. Results confirm many of the constructs' characteristics. Subjects reported that they a) defined the desired outcome in detail before beginning production; b) defined performance strategies that would be useful for different aspects of the preparation; c) constantly generated knowledge of results during the course of production in order to directly assess the adequacy of the product; and d) generated knowledge of performance as an indirect assessment of product acceptability especially when visual access was impeded. These results support previous applications of the theory to dentistry and have important implications for the improvement of instruction in preclinic laboratory courses.
Standardizing data collection and decision making with an expert system
Authors: Benn DK , Dankel DD , Clark D , Lesser RB , Bridgwater AB
Published: June 2020

The software for the pilot system has been completed. The appropriateness of the risk factor weights needs to be evaluated by clinical testing. However, this does not prevent the system from being used to teach the philosophy of risk group identification and selection of different management strategies according to disease activity. The current system does demonstrate a dynamic relationship between caries risk assessment/activity and different management strategies. A formal scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of the system as a teaching tool is being developed.
Exploring attitudes of white dental students regarding willingness to treat people with HIV
Authors: Driscoll JM , Hoffman MA
Published: June 2020

This descriptive field study examines the willingness of ninety white dental students to provide care to people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus disease (HIV disease). This study suggests that perceived clinical ability, attitudes toward gay men, and white racial attitudes account for white dental students' willingness to provide dental care to patients with HIV disease. Likewise, this study suggests that white dental students' perception of risk of occupational infection with HIV is uniquely predicted by the same variables. A hierarchical regression found that in white dental students, racial attitudes were significant predictors of willingness to treat persons with HIV disease beyond the significant contributions of perceived clinical competence and attitudes toward gay men. In terms of perceptions of occupational risk, results of the hierarchical regression were that both perceived clinical competence and attitudes toward gay men were significant predictors. Thus, the results of this study show that attitudes regarding cultural diversity can influence clinical intentions.
Assessing outcomes of an academic computing initiative
Authors: Schleyer T
Published: June 2020

Academic computing initiatives rank high on the list of priorities of many dental schools. However, outcomes of academic computing initiatives have not been presented. The objectives of this program evaluation were to: 1) document a strategic initiative for academic computing over a five‐year period; 2) assess outcomes; and 3) demonstrate how outcomes assessment changed strategic goals for the future. In 1992, Temple University School of Dentistry developed an academic computing plan. The plan proposed to develop the computer literacy of faculty, teach students the computer skills they need to be successful in their careers, and introduce computer‐aided instruction as a new teaching tool. Before a new five‐year plan was developed in 1997, the original plan's outcomes were summarily assessed. Assessment instruments included faculty and student surveys, budgets, inventory records, and utilization statistics. The school has reached two of three goals of the 1992 plan. Eighty percent of all full‐time faculty have computers, are computer literate, and use computers for a variety of purposes. The school has implemented a comprehensive predoctoral dental informatics curriculum. However, the implementation of computer‐aided instruction has not met expectations. Goals of the 1998–2003 plan include establishing an online learning infrastructure, improving student access, implementing computer‐based oral health records, and further improving the computer literacy of faculty and students. Planning and supporting academic computing initiatives is a substantial challenge. Factors such as institutional culture, capital investment, ongoing support, and technological change influence plans and their success. While process and structure can be assessed relatively easily, measures for changed educational outcomes are still lacking.
Factors influencing career choice among high school students in Tanzania
Authors: Mugonzibwa EA , Kikwilu EN , Rugarabamu PN , Ntabaye MK
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to identify factors that influenced career choice among high school students in Tanzania. The information obtained would be used to formulate effective recruitment strategies and counseling students on their career expectations in dentistry. All 352 high school students who were studying in five randomly selected high schools completed a pre‐tested questionnaire containing twenty‐four items addressing five factors. Image of a profession (good experiences from the work of professionals, professionals who are attractive to respondents, and professionals who command high respect in the community) was perceived as an important factor in career choice by the majority of respondents (over 88 percent). Work/profession characteristics (knowledge about work to be done, treating patients, giving medicines to patients, helping relatives, etc.) was ranked as the second most important factor, and course characteristics (availability of postgraduate studies, size of annual intake, pass rate, geographic location, etc.) was ranked third. Direct gains and advice from important persons were perceived as least important in career choice.
Social constructs of curricular change
Authors: Dharamsi S , Clark DC , Boyd MA , Pratt DD , Craig B
Published: June 2020

The adoption of problem‐based approaches to teaching and learning in dental and medical education requires educators to consider a significantly different role and responsibilities as teacher from what they have experienced previously. This qualitative study explored how some educators experienced and interpreted changes in the newly merged dental and medical curriculum at the University of British Columbia. Our findings present how educators explained and dealt with change. In‐depth interviews provided considerable insight into factors influencing the resistance or acceptance to change. The educators' beliefs about teaching and learning and their understanding of the development and implementation process of change mediated these factors. Findings from this study should help administrators, faculty developers, and educators themselves to understand better how curricular change is experienced and to plan effective and appropriate faculty development.
Clinical Decision‐Making for Coronal Caries Management in the Permanent Dentition
Authors: Anusavice Kenneth
Published: June 2020

Optimal conservative treatment decisions to prevent, arrest, and reverse tooth demineralization caused by caries require probability estimates on caries risk and treatment outcomes. This review is focused on the use of the best scientific evidence to recommend treatment strategies for management of coronal caries in permanent teeth as a function of caries risk. Evidence suggests that assigning therapeutic regimens to individuals according to their risk levels should yield a significantly greater probability of success and better cost effectiveness than applying identical treatments to all patients independent of risk. Depending on caries risk levels, treatment decisions based on risk can minimize unnecessary surgical intervention by incorporating the best evidence to prescribe treatment regimens for the use of fluoride‐releasing agents, sealants, chlorhexidine, or combinations of these products.
Memory and the Brain
Authors: Robertson Lee T.
Published: June 2020

This review summarizes some of the recent advances in the neurobiology of memory. Current research helps us to understand how memories are created and, conversely, how our memories can be influenced by stress, drugs, and aging. An understanding of how memories are encoded by the brain may also lead to new ideas about how to maximize the long‐term retention of important information. There are multiple memory systems with different functions and, in this review, we focus on the conscious recollection of one's experience of events and facts and on memories tied to emotional responses. Memories are also classified according to time: from short‐term memory, lasting only seconds or minutes, to long‐term memory, lasting months or years. The advent of new functional neuroimaging methods provides an opportunity to gain insight into how the human brain supports memory formation. Each memory system has a distinct anatomical organization, where different parts of the brain are recruited during phases of memory storage. Within the brain, memory is a dynamic property of populations of neurons and their interconnections. Memories are laid down in our brains via chemical changes at the neuron level. An understanding of the neurobiology of memory may stimulate health educators to consider how various teaching methods conform to the process of memory formation.
Gender Differences in Career and Practice Patterns of PGD‐Trained Dentists
Authors: Atchison Kathryn A. , Bibb Carol A. , Lefever Karen H. , Mito Ronald S. , Lin Sylvia , Engelhardt Rita
Published: June 2020

This study compares differences by gender in the practice patterns and professional activities of general dentists, specialists, and dentists with Advanced Education in General Dentistry (AEGD) or General Practice Residency (GPR) training. The UCLA School of Dentistry surveyed a random sample of 6,725 dentists graduating from dental school in 1989, 1993, and 1997 as part of an evaluation of the impact of federal funding on postgraduate general dentist (PGD) programs. The survey asked about current practice, services referred and provided, and professional activities. Of the 2,029 dentists (30 percent) who responded, 49 percent were general dentists with no specialty training; 7 percent had AEGD training; 20 percent had GPR training; and 24 percent had specialty training. General dentists were more likely to be in private practice (p<0.05). AEGDs, specialists, and females were more likely to report faculty positions as a secondary occupation. General dentists were more likely to be practice owners than AEGD‐ or GPR‐trained dentists. The mean number of patients seen was highest for specialists. Females reported fewer patients than males, and this difference was significant for GPR‐trained dentists. With respect to services, GPR‐trained dentists reported significantly more biopsy procedures, conscious sedation, periodontal surgery, and implants than general dentists. AEGD‐trained dentists reported more conscious sedation than general dentists. GPR dentists were more likely to volunteer time than general dentists without specialty training. PGD training appears to result in different types of employment and specific practice patterns that strengthen primary care dentistry. We further conclude that there are gender differences in the types of practice, patients seen, and services provided. These findings occur in addition to training differences.