bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Axonal pathways linked to therapeutic and nontherapeutic outcomes during psychiatric deep brain stimulation
Authors: Lujan J. Luis , Chaturvedi Ashutosh , Malone Donald A. , Rezai Ali R. , Machado Andre G. , McIntyre Cameron C.
Published: April 2011

Objective:

The underlying hypothesis of our work is that specific clinical neuropsychiatric benefits can be achieved by selective activation of specific axonal pathways during deep brain stimulation (DBS). As such, the goal of this study was to develop a method for identifying axonal pathways whose activation is most likely necessary for achieving therapeutic benefits during DBS.

Experimental design:

Our approach combined clinical data, diffusion tensor tractography, and computer models of patient‐specific neurostimulation to identify particular axonal pathways activated by DBS and determine their correlations with individual clinical outcome measures. We used this method to evaluate a cohort of seven treatment‐resistant depression patients treated with DBS of the ventral anterior internal capsule and ventral striatum (VC/VS).

Principal observations:

Clinical responders exhibited five axonal pathways that were consistently activated by DBS. All five pathways coursed lateral and medial to the VS or dorsal and lateral to the nucleus accumbens; however, details of their specific trajectories differed. Similarly, one common pathway was identified across nonresponders.

Conclusions:

Our method and preliminary results provide important background for studies aiming to expand scientific characterization of neural circuitry associated with specific psychiatric outcomes from DBS. Furthermore, identification of pathways linked to therapeutic benefit provides opportunities to improve clinical selection of surgical targets and stimulation settings for DBS devices. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frontal and posterior cingulate metabolic impairment in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia with impaired autonoetic consciousness
Authors: Bastin Christine , Feyers Dorothée , Souchay Céline , Guillaume Bénédicte , Pepin Jean‐Louis , Lemaire Christian , Degueldre Christian , Collette Fabienne , Salmon Eric
Published: April 2011

Although memory dysfunction is not a prominent feature of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bv‐FTD), there is evidence of specific deficits of episodic memory in these patients. They also have problems monitoring their memory performance. The objective of the present study was to explore the ability to consciously retrieve own encoding of the context of events (autonoetic consciousness) and the ability to monitor memory performance using feeling‐of‐knowing (FOK) in bv‐FTD. Analyses of the patients' cerebral metabolism (FDG‐PET) allowed an examination of whether impaired episodic memory in bv‐FTD is associated with the frontal dysfunction characteristic of the pathology or a dysfunction of memory‐specific regions pertaining to Papez's circuit. Data were obtained from eight bv‐FTD patients and 26 healthy controls. Autonoetic consciousness was evaluated by Remember responses during the recognition memory phase of the FOK experiment. As a group, bv‐FTD patients demonstrated a decline in autonoetic consciousness and FOK accuracy at the chance level. While memory monitoring was impaired in most (seven) patients, four bv‐FTD participants had individual impairment of autonoetic consciousness. They specifically showed reduced metabolism in the anterior medial prefrontal cortex, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (near the superior frontal sulcus), parietal regions, and the posterior cingulate cortex. These findings were tentatively interpreted by considering the role of the metabolically impaired brain regions in self‐referential processes, suggesting that the bv‐FTD patients' problem consciously retrieving episodic memories may stem at least partly from deficient access to and maintenance/use of information about the self. Frontal and posterior cingulate metabolic impairment in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia with impaired autonoetic consciousness Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resting state basal ganglia network in idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Luo Cheng , Li Qifu , Xia Yang , Lei Xu , Xue Kaiqing , Yao Zhiping , Lai Youxiu , Martı´nez‐Montes Eduardo , Liao Wei , Zhou Dong , Valdes‐Sosa Pedro A. , Gong Qiyong , Yao Dezhong
Published: April 2011

The basal ganglia, a brain structure related to motor control, is implicated in the modulation of epileptic discharges generalization in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Using group independent component analysis (ICA) on resting‐state fMRI data, this study identified a resting state functional network that predominantly consisted of the basal ganglia in both healthy controls and patients with IGE. In order to gain a better understanding of the basal ganglia network(BGN) in IGE patients, we compared the BGN functional connectivity of controls with that of epilepsy patients, either with interictal epileptic discharges (with‐discharge period, WDP) or without epileptic discharge (nondischarge period, NDP) while scanning. Compared with controls, functional connectivity of BGN in IGE patients demonstrated significantly more integration within BGN except cerebellum and supplementary motor area (SMA) during both periods. Compared with the NDP group, the increased functional connectivity was found in bilateral caudate nucleus and the putamen, and decreases were observed in the bilateral cerebellum and SMA in WDP group. In accord with the proposal that the basal ganglia modulates epileptic discharge activity, the results showed that the modulation enhanced the integration in BGN of patients, and modulation during WDP was stronger than that during NDP. Furthermore, reduction of functional connectivity in cerebellum and SMA, the abnormality might be further aggravated during WDP, was consistent with the behavioral manifestations with disturbed motor function in IGE. These resting‐state fMRI findings in the current study provided evidence confirming the role of the BGN as an important modulator in IGE. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists for liver transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies
Authors: Goralczyk Armin D. , Hauke Nicola , Bari Narin , Y. Tsui Tung , Lorf Thomas , Obed Aiman
Published: April 2011

Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists (IL-2Ra) are frequently used as induction therapy in liver transplant recipients to decrease the risk of acute rejection while allowing the reduction of concomitant immunosuppression. We conducted a systematic review of prospective, controlled studies to test the hypothesis that the use of IL-2Ra is associated with a decrease in acute rejection and/or a decrease in the side effects of concomitant medication. We performed a search of all major databases and secondary sources from inception to December 2010. Random effects models were used to assess the incidence of acute rejection, graft loss, patient death, and adverse side effects, with or without IL-2Ra. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore differences in effect and sources of heterogeneity. Eighteen studies (13 randomized and 5 nonrandomized) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Acute rejection at 12 months or later favored the use of IL-2Ra (relative risk [RR] 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-0.94) and steroid-resistant rejection was also less frequent in patients receiving IL-2Ra (RR 0.66; CI 0.48-0.91). Graft loss and patient death did not differ significantly between treatments. Patients who received IL-2Ra in addition to reduced or delayed calcineurin inhibitors had better renal function (mean difference of estimated glomerular filtration rate: 6.29 mL/min; CI 1.66-10.91) and a lower incidence of renal dysfunction (RR 0.46; CI 0.27-0.78). The use of IL-2Ra was also associated with a lower incidence of posttransplant diabetes mellitus, whereas the incidence of other adverse events was similar.

Conclusion:

The use of IL-2Ra is associated with a lower incidence of acute rejection after transplantation. Concomitant immunosuppression can be reduced, avoiding long-term side effects of immunosuppression. (Hepatology 2011;).
Fracture risk in men with prostate cancer: A population-based study
Authors: Melton L Joseph , Lieber Michael M , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Achenbach Sara J , Zincke Horst , Therneau Terry M , Khosla Sundeep
Published: April 2011

Fractures are increased among men with prostate cancer, especially those on androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), but few data are available on men with localized prostate cancer. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate fracture risk among unselected community men with prostate cancer and systematically assess associations with ADT and other risk factors for fracture. In a population-based retrospective cohort study, 742 Olmsted County, MN, men with prostate cancer first diagnosed in 1990–1999 (mean age 68.2 ± 8.9 years) were followed for 6821 person-years. We estimated cumulative fracture incidence, assessed relative risk by standardized incidence ratios, and evaluated risk factors in time-to-fracture regression models. All together, 482 fractures were observed in 258 men (71 per 1000 person-years). Overall fracture risk was elevated 1.9-fold, with an absolute increase in risk of 9%. Relative to rates among community men generally, fracture risk was increased even among men not on ADT but was elevated a further 1.7-fold among ADT-treated compared with untreated men with prostate cancer. The increased risk following various forms of ADT was accounted for mainly by associations with pathologic fractures (14% of all fractures). Among men not on ADT (62% of the cohort), more traditional osteoporosis risk factors were implicated. In both groups, underlying clinical characteristics prompting different treatments (indication bias) may have been partially responsible for the associations seen with specific therapies. To the extent that advanced-stage disease and pathologic fractures account for the excess risk, the effectiveness of fracture prevention among men with prostate cancer may be limited. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Ensemble QSAR: A QSAR method based on conformational ensembles and metric descriptors
Authors: Pissurlenkar Raghuvir R. S. , Khedkar Vijay M. , Iyer Radhakrishnan P. , Coutinho Evans C.
Published: April 2011

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) is the most versatile tool in computer‐assisted molecular design. One conceptual drawback seen in QSAR approaches is the “one chemical–one structure–one parameter value” dogma where the model development is based on physicochemical description for a single molecular conformation, while ignoring the rest of the conformational space. It is well known that molecules have several low‐energy conformations populated at physiological temperature, and each conformer makes a significant impact on associated properties such as biological activity. At the level of molecular interaction, the dynamics around the molecular structure is of prime essence rather than the average structure. As a step toward understanding the role of these discrete microscopic states in biological activity, we have put together a theoretically rigorous and computationally tractable formalism coined as eQSAR. In this approach, the biological activity is modeled as a function of physicochemical description for a selected set of low‐energy conformers, rather than that's for a single lowest energy conformation. Eigenvalues derived from the “Physicochemical property integrated distance matrices” (PD‐matrices) that encompass both 3D structure and physicochemical properties, have been used as descriptors; is a novel addition. eQSAR is validated on three peptide datasets and explicitly elaborated for bradykinin‐potentiating peptides. The conformational ensembles were generated by a simple molecular dynamics and consensus dynamics approaches. The eQSAR models are statistically significant and possess the ability to select the most biologically relevant conformation(s) with the relevant physicochemical attributes that have the greatest meaning for description of the biological activity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Adaptation of microplate‐based respirometry for hippocampal slices and analysis of respiratory capacity
Authors: Schuh Rosemary A. , Clerc Pascaline , Hwang Hyehyun , Mehrabian Zara , Bittman Kevin , Chen Hegang , Polster Brian M.
Published: April 2011

Multiple neurodegenerative disorders are associated with altered mitochondrial bioenergetics. Although mitochondrial O2 consumption is frequently measured in isolated mitochondria, isolated synaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes), or cultured cells, the absence of mature brain circuitry is a remaining limitation. Here we describe the development of a method that adapts the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer (XF24) for the microplate‐based measurement of hippocampal slice O2 consumption. As a first evaluation of the technique, we compared whole‐slice bioenergetics with previous measurements made with synaptosomes or cultured neurons. We found that mitochondrial respiratory capacity and O2 consumption coupled to ATP synthesis could be estimated in cultured or acute hippocampal slices with preserved neural architecture. Mouse organotypic hippocampal slices oxidizing glucose displayed mitochondrial O2 consumption that was well coupled, as determined by the sensitivity to the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin. However, stimulation of respiration by uncoupler was modest (<120% of basal respiration) compared with previous measurements in cells or synaptosomes, though enhanced slightly (to ∼150% of basal respiration) by acute addition of the mitochondrial complex I‐linked substrate pyruvate. These findings suggest a high basal utilization of respiratory capacity in slices and a limitation of glucose‐derived substrate for maximal respiration. The improved throughput of microplate‐based hippocampal respirometry over traditional O2 electrode‐based methods is conducive to neuroprotective drug screening. When coupled with cell type‐specific pharmacology or genetic manipulations, the ability to measure O2 consumption efficiently from whole slices should advance our understanding of mitochondrial roles in physiology and neuropathology. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Evaluation of three methods to estimate density and detectability from roadside point counts
Authors: Murray Les D. , Gates Robert J. , Spinola R. Manuel
Published: April 2011

Roadside point counts are often used to estimate trends of bird populations. The use of aural counts of birds without adjustment for detection probability, however, can lead to incorrect population trend estimates. We compared precision of estimates of density and detectability of whistling northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) using distance sampling, independent double‐observer, and removal methods from roadside surveys. Two observers independently recorded each whistling bird heard, distance from the observer, and time of first detection at 362 call‐count stops in Ohio. We examined models that included covariates for year and observer effects for each method and distance from observer effects for the double‐observer and removal methods using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). The best model of detectability from distance sampling included observer and year effects. The best models from the removal and double‐observer techniques included observer and distance effects. All 3 methods provided precise estimates of detection probability (CV = 2.4–4.4%) with a range of detectability of 0.44–0.95 for a 6‐min survey. Density estimates from double‐observer surveys had the lowest coefficient of variation (2005 = 3.2%, 2006 = 1.7%), but the removal method also provided precise estimates of density (2005 CV = 3.4%, 2006 CV = 4.8%), and density estimates from distance sampling were less precise (2005 CV = 9.6%, 2006 CV = 7.9%). Assumptions of distance sampling were violated in our study because probability of detecting bobwhites near the observer was <1 or the roadside survey points were not randomly distributed with respect to the birds. Distances also were not consistently recorded by individual members of observer pairs. Although double‐observer surveys provided more precise estimates, we recommend using the removal method to estimate detectability and abundance of bobwhites. The removal method provided precise estimates of density and detection probability and requires half the personnel time as double‐observer surveys. Furthermore, the likelihood of meeting model assumptions is higher for the removal survey than with independent double‐observers. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Using a general index approach to analyze camera‐trap abundance indices
Authors: Bengsen Andrew J. , Leung Luke K.‐P. , Lapidge Steven J. , Gordon Iain J.
Published: April 2011

The lack of variance estimates constrain the utility of abundance indices calculated from camera‐trap data. We adapted a General Index model, which allows variance estimation, to analyze camera‐trap observations of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) for population monitoring in a tropical rainforest. We tested whether the index would respond to population manipulation, and found that it decreased by 57% following removal of 24 pigs and remained low in the following period. Our method is useful for monitoring other large animals in difficult landscapes, and the model can be used to enhance the value of existing data sets. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Evaluating precision of cementum annuli analysis for aging mule deer from southern California
Authors: Asmus Jim , Weckerly Floyd W.
Published: April 2011

We evaluated the precision of age estimates produced by cementum annuli analysis (CAA) of blind‐duplicate specimens taken from 994 southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) collected over 15 years. We found that the mean annual proportion of unreliably aged incisor pairs was greater for females (0.48, SD = 0.13) than for males (0.22, SD = 0.07). Most of the 308 unreliably aged tooth pairs disagreed by only 1 year. Sex, precipitation, and certainty codes assigned by Matson's Lab to the age estimates were the best predictors for agreement of estimated ages within incisor pairs. Our estimated overall age error rate of CAA (17%) was >2 times as large as estimated error rates from Montana and South Dakota, but less than half of error rates estimated for Mississippi and south Texas. Knowing the error rate of age estimates from a specific deer population allows wildlife managers to perform tasks requiring specific age class information such as monitoring the harvest rate of older female deer in a hunted population or performing population reconstruction. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
A practical sampling design for acoustic surveys of bats
Authors: Rodhouse Thomas J. , Vierling Kerri T. , Irvine Kathryn M.
Published: April 2011

Acoustic surveys are widely used for describing bat occurrence and activity patterns and are increasingly important for addressing concerns for habitat management, wind energy, and disease on bat populations. Designing these surveys presents unique challenges, particularly when a probabilistic sample is required for drawing inference to unsampled areas. Sampling frame errors and other logistical constraints often require survey sites to be dropped from the sample and new sites added. Maintaining spatial balance and representativeness of the sample when these changes are made can be problematic. Spatially balanced sampling designs recently developed to support aquatic surveys along rivers provide solutions to a number of practical challenges faced by bat researchers and allow for sample site additions and deletions, support unequal‐probability selection of sites, and provide an approximately unbiased local neighborhood‐weighted variance estimator that is efficient for spatially structured populations such as is typical for bats. We implemented a spatially balanced design to survey canyon bat (Parastrellus hesperus) activity along a stream network. The spatially balanced design accommodated typical logistical challenges and yielded a 25% smaller estimated standard error for the mean activity level than the usual simple random sampling estimator. Spatially balanced designs have broad application to bat research and monitoring programs and will improve studies relying on model‐based inference (e.g., occupancy models) by providing flexibility and protection against violations of the independence assumption, even if design‐based estimators are not used. Our approach is scalable and can be used for pre‐ and post‐construction surveys along wind turbine arrays and for regional monitoring programs. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Structural and biochemical investigation of two Arabidopsis shikimate kinases: The heat‐inducible isoform is thermostable
Authors: Fucile Geoffrey , Garcia Christel , Carlsson Jonas , Sunnerhagen Maria , Christendat Dinesh
Published: April 2011

The expression of plant shikimate kinase (SK; EC 2.7.1.71), an intermediate step in the shikimate pathway to aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, is induced under specific conditions of environmental stress and developmental requirements in an isoform‐specific manner. Despite their important physiological role, experimental structures of plant SKs have not been determined and the biochemical nature of plant SK regulation is unknown. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes two SKs, AtSK1 and AtSK2. We demonstrate that AtSK2 is highly unstable and becomes inactivated at 37°C whereas the heat‐induced isoform, AtSK1, is thermostable and fully active under identical conditions at this temperature. We determined the crystal structure of AtSK2, the first SK structure from the plant kingdom, and conducted biophysical characterizations of both AtSK1 and AtSK2 towards understanding this mechanism of thermal regulation. The crystal structure of AtSK2 is generally conserved with bacterial SKs with the addition of a putative regulatory phosphorylation motif forming part of the adenosine triphosphate binding site. The heat‐induced isoform, AtSK1, forms a homodimer in solution, the formation of which facilitates its relative thermostability compared to AtSK2. In silico analyses identified AtSK1 site variants that may contribute to AtSK1 stability. Our findings suggest that AtSK1 performs a unique function under heat stress conditions where AtSK2 could become inactivated. We discuss these findings in the context of regulating metabolic flux to competing downstream pathways through SK‐mediated control of steady state concentrations of shikimate.
Impact of InGaN growth conditions on structural stability under high temperature process in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells
Authors: Hikosaka Toshiki , Shioda Tomonari , Harada Yoshiyuki , Tachibana Koichi , Sugiyama Naoharu , Nunoue Shin‐ya
Published: April 2011

The influence of InGaN growth conditions on the structural instability of green light‐emitting InGaN quantum wells (QWs) is investigated. The multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), varying the growth rate of InGaN well layers. It is found that the structural deterioration of MQWs attributable to high‐temperature post‐growth of GaN on MQWs is suppressed by decreasing the growth rate. Atomic force microscope measurement reveals the reduction of In‐rich clusters that are fragile under high‐temperature process on the surface of MQWs grown at low growth rates. It is demonstrated that the suppression of the formation of these In‐rich clusters at the lower growth rates lead to the improvement of the thermal stability and the enhancement of optical properties of green light‐emitting diodes. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Applications of extraction mapping in environmental epidemiology
Authors: Lawson A. B. , Williams F. L. R.
Published: April 2011

This paper discusses a new method which allows the extraction of a background disease rate from a data set consisting of spatial co‐ordinates of morbidity or mortality events. We demonstrate its application with two data sets, one based on cancer registry data and the other on death certificates.
Process Simulation and Economic Feasibility Analysis for a Hydrogen‐Based Novel Suspension Ironmaking Technology
Authors: Pinegar Haruka K. , Moats Michael S. , Sohn H. Y.
Published: April 2011

A novel gas‐solid suspension ironmaking process is under development at the University of Utah, which would greatly reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission compared with current blast furnace technology. The proposed process is based on the flash reduction of iron ore concentrate using a gaseous reagent, such as hydrogen, syngas, natural gas or a combination of thereof.

A process flow sheet of the proposed ironmaking process using purchased hydrogen was constructed and then simulations were performed at several potential operating conditions. Ironmaking was simulated using two different process configurations. The simulation results show that the required fresh hydrogen would increase with higher excess driving force and operating temperature, but not greatly when hydrogen is preheated. Compared with the average blast furnace process, the proposed process would reduce energy consumption by 57 ‐ 60%, using the higher heating value of hydrogen (71 – 73%, if the lower heating value is used), when hydrogen and coal are considered as the starting materials in the respective processes. The economic feasibility analysis using net present value (NPV) indicates that the proposed process could be economically feasible at elevated hot metal prices and/or if reduction in carbon dioxide emissions has a significant value in a cap and trade scenario.
Spline‐Interpolation and Calculation of Machine Parameters for the Three‐Roll‐Pushbending of Spline‐Contours
Authors: Engel B. , Kersten S. , Anders D.
Published: April 2011

Today, bending tasks become more and more complex. Not even constant bending radii are required in the industrial practice. There is a growing demand for bending spline‐contours, too. Such geometries are often produced with Freeform‐Bending procedures like Three‐Roll‐Pushbending.

This paper presents a method to interpolate a given spline bending‐contour (by CAD data), in order to calculate its radii distribution, which is needed to determine the machine parameters in certain points for the Three‐Roll‐Pushbending. For the determination of the machine parameters one has to consider the different influences on the bending process. The material springback and the deflection of the bending machine per radius need to be compensated to reach a near net shape bending result. Nevertheless deviations cannot be avoided. To improve the results, a possibility to adjust the pre‐calculated machine parameters is shown.

For the investigations tube profiles with constant wall thicknesses were considered. The corresponding plasticity calculations refer to tube cross‐sections. The results were validated by bending a representative spline contour on the bending machine of the Chair of Forming Technology at the University of Siegen.
Neurodevelopment following fetal growth restriction and its relationship with antepartum parameters of placental dysfunction
Authors: Baschat A. A.
Published: April 2011

Placental dysfunction leading to fetal growth restriction (FGR) is an important risk factor for neurodevelopmental delay. Recent observations clarify that FGR evolves prenatally from a preclinical phase of abnormal nutrient and endocrine milieu to a clinical phase that differs in characteristics in preterm and term pregnancies. Relating childhood neurodevelopment to these prenatal characteristics offers potential advantages in identifying mechanisms and timing of critical insults. Based on available studies, lagging head circumference, overall degree of FGR, gestational age, and umbilical artery (UA), aortic and cerebral Doppler parameters are the independent prenatal determinants of infant and childhood neurodevelopment. While head circumference is important independent of gestational age, overall growth delay has the greatest impact in early onset FGR. Gestational age has an overriding negative effect on neurodevelopment until 32–34 weeks' gestation. Accordingly, the importance of Doppler status is demonstrated from 27 weeks onward and is greatest when there is reversed end‐diastolic velocity in the UA or aorta. While these findings predominate in early‐onset FGR, cerebral vascular impedance changes become important in late onset FGR. Abnormal motor and neurological delay occur in preterm FGR, while cognitive effects and abnormalities that can be related to specific brain areas increase in frequency as gestation advances, suggesting different pathophysiology and evolving vulnerability of the fetal brain. Observational and management studies do not suggest that fetal deterioration has an independent impact on neurodevelopment in early‐onset FGR. In late‐onset FGR further research needs to establish benefits of perinatal intervention, as the pattern of vulnerability and effects of fetal deterioration appear to differ in the third trimester. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy security in a developing world
Authors: Kuik Onno J. , Lima Mairon Bastos , Gupta Joyeeta
Published: April 2011

Energy security, a fuzzy concept, has traditionally been used to justify state control over energy and a reluctance to deal with energy issues at global level. However, over time, the concept is acquiring different meanings that are applicable at different levels of governance. Many of the elements of the new definitions also imply a number of inherent contradictions. Against this background, this article explores the dimensions of energy security with a special focus on the developing world. It argues that (1) within developing countries (DCs), energy security implies both access to modern energy services by the poorest as well as access by the rapidly developing industrial, services, and urban sectors. Lack of adequate resources has implied trade‐offs in terms of who gets access and in terms of taking into account the social and ecological consequences of specific energy sources. Furthermore, (2) the growing DCs' need for energy is impacted by industrialized country perceptions of the various dimensions of energy security—recognizing the need for access to the poorest; industrialized countries are increasingly implicitly questioning the right of DCs to use fossil fuels because of its implications for climate change; or to build large dams because of ecological and social security concerns or expand nuclear energy because of its potential security implications. The development of reliable, continuous, affordable, and environmentally sound provision of energy services combined with a focus on energy efficiency and conservation is the only way of alleviating the various multi‐level dimensions of energy security. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 627–634 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.118

This article is categorized under:

Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of Development
Emerging roles for the Ro 60‐kDa autoantigen in noncoding RNA metabolism
Authors: Sim Soyeong , Wolin Sandra L.
Published: April 2011

All cells contain an enormous variety of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that function in diverse processes. Although the mechanisms by which many of these RNPs contribute to cell metabolism are well understood, the roles of others are only now beginning to be revealed. A member of this latter category, the Ro 60‐kDa protein and its associated noncoding Y RNAs, was discovered because the protein component is a frequent target of the autoimmune response in patients with the rheumatic diseases systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Recent studies have shown that Ro is ring shaped, binds the single‐stranded ends of misfolded noncoding RNAs in its central cavity, and may function in noncoding RNA quality control. Although Ro is not present in yeast, many bacterial genomes contain potential Ro orthologs. In the radiation‐resistant eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, the Ro ortholog functions with exoribonucleases during stress‐induced changes in RNA metabolism. Moreover, in both D. radiodurans and animal cells, Ro is involved in the response to multiple types of environmental stress. Finally, Y RNAs can influence the subcellular location of Ro, inhibit access of the central cavity to other RNAs, and may also act as binding sites for proteins that influence Ro function. WIREs RNA 2011 2 686–699 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.85

This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution

RNA Processing > Processing of Small RNAs

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
Crystal Structure Refinement of M(NCNH)2 (M = Fe, Co) Based on Combined Neutron and X‐ray Diffraction Data
Authors: Tang Xiaojuan , Houben Andreas , Liu Xiaohui , Stork Ludwig , Dronskowski Richard
Published: April 2011

The crystal structures of Fe(NCNH)2 and Co(NCNH)2, isotypical with Ni(NCNH)2, have been refined by means of combined X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction data (SPODI, FRM II). The lattice parameters are a = 6.6655(7), b = 8.7923(8), c = 3.3304(3) Å for Fe(NCNH)2 and a = 6.5696(2), b = 8.8058(2), c = 3.2622(1) Å for Co(NCNH)2 in the orthorhombic system Pnmm (no. 58). The positions of the hydrogen atoms have been clearly resolved.
Characterization of Terebinth Fruit Oil and Optimization of Acidolysis Reaction with Caprylic and Stearic Acids
Authors: Koçak Derya , Keskin Hasene , Fadıloğlu Sibel , Kowalski Boleslaw , Göğüş Fahrettin
Published: April 2011

Characterization of the fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of terebinth fruit oil and the synthesis of structured lipids (SL) were performed in this study. Interesterification reaction of terebinth fruits oil (Pistacia terebinthus L.) with caprylic acid (CA) and stearic acid (SA) to produce a SL was performed in n‐hexane using immobilized sn‐1,3 specific lipase from Mucor miehei. The effect of reaction conditions and relationship among them were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) with a four‐factors five‐level central composite rotatable experimental design. The four major factors chosen were enzyme load (10–30 wt% based on substrates), reaction time (7–18 h), reaction temperature (40–60 °C) and substrate mole ratio (terebinth oil:SA:CA 1:1:1–1:1:3). The best fitting quadratic model was determined by regression and backward elimination. Based on the fitted model, the optimal reaction conditions for the incorporation of CA and SA were found to be temperature 50 °C; time 18 h; enzyme load 30 wt%; substrate ratio 1:1:3. Under these optimum conditions, the incorporation of SA and CA could be obtained as 19 and 14%, respectively.
Effector T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: Lessons from animal models
Authors: Alzabin Saba , Williams Richard O.
Published: April 2011

The development of an immune response to self antigens drives naive T cells to differentiate into subsets of CD8+and CD4+effector cells including TH1, TH2, cells and the more recently described TH17, and regulatory T cells (Treg). Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that engages an uncontrolled influx of inflammatory cells to the joints, eventually leading to joint damage. The role that effector T cells play in the local or systemic maintenance of, or protection against, inflammation and subsequent joint damage is now becoming better understood through the use of animal models. In this review, we will explore the different animal models of RA, and their contribution to elucidating the role that effector T cells play in the regulation, induction, and maintenance of inflammatory joint disease. This understanding will aid in the design of more effective therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders.
Chalk Figurines of the Parisi
Authors: Stead I. M.
Published: April 2011

A small chalk figurine from Withemsea, North Humberside, is identified as the finest example of a distinctive group found only in the territory of the Parisi. Between forty and fifty figurines are now known and many represent a warrior, usually carrying a sword on his back. Most of the figurines come from Iron Age or Roman sites, and all the swords are shown in scabbards suspended about their midpoint—a fashion known in northern Britain in the Iron Age. The warrior represented is presumably a god, mythical figure or ancestor, and the figurines may well have had a ritual or magical function.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Evans John D.
Published: April 2011

The first opportunity which a President of the Society of Antiquaries has to express his gratitude to the Fellowship for the honour they have done him is the Anniversary Address in the year following his initial election. My thanks are none the less heartfelt for being thus belated. It is indeed a great privilege to be permitted to serve this distinguished Society, at once so venerable and so vigorous, in the capacity of its President. A privilege I take to be something beyond or unrelated to one's deserts, and that exactly expresses my feelings on finding myself standing as the latest in the long succession of Presidents which includes so many of the great names in the study of very various aspects of antiquity. This variety itself reflects the wide range of the Society's interests, which is one of its most valuable characteristics. It is a classic illustration of this that I, a prehistorian, should succeed as President one of our most distinguished medieval historians. Christopher Brooke was a most active and devoted President to whom the Society owes a great deal. His interest and concern extended to all fields of the Society's activity, and under his leadership a number of highly desirable reforms and innovations were introduced into our procedures. If the path of his successor has thus been made smooth by the clearance of outstanding difficulties, it is on the other hand hard to follow the brilliance and virtuosity of his Anniversary Addresses. Not for nothing did he refer last year to their ‘sonata-like form’. Though I do not feel that I can emulate such subtleties, yet I hope at any rate to avoid offering you merely a medley.
Gloucester Cathedral—the South Transept: a Fourteenth-Century Conservation Project
Authors: Ashwell B. J.
Published: April 2011

During repair work to the south transept of Gloucester Cathedral carried out in 1979-83, a survey was made of the whole of the south elevation (including the Great South Window, the earliest extant example of the Perpendicular style). Examination of some 5,500 stones revealed that a great number of the original Norman stones had been reused in various positions during a major programme of conservation dated by documentary evidence to 1331-36, which was designed to modernize the poorly lit eastern arm and transepts. The structural problems involved included taking down the south and west walls of the transept to one-third of their original height while keeping the south-west turret intact, and dismantling and re-erecting the high-pitched gable between the two staircase turrets during the insertion of the new window. The structural problems and the solutions adopted are discussed, and a probable building sequence is suggested.
John Britton's ‘Celtic Cabinet’ in Devizes Museum and its Context
Authors: Chippindale Christopher
Published: April 2011

The ‘Celtic Cabinet’, acquired from John Britton when the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society and Devizes Museum were founded in 1853, is published for the first time. The cabinet, with its watercolours and plaster models, is described. The megalithic subjects of the watercolours which decorate it are identified; two of the paintings are ascribed to John Sell Cotman; the others are related to topographic artists in John Britton's employment. The models in the cabinet of Stonehenge and Avebury are identified as standard products of Hen Browne, the first guardian of Stonehenge. The meaning and associations of ‘Celtic’ as a name for megalithic antiquities are explored. It is shown that the cabinet was made, probably about 1824, for George Watson Taylor of Erlestoke Park, Devizes; the circumstances of its making are discussed, together with the intellectual context of the piece and its relation to Britton's plan for a Druidical Antiquarian Company.
Patronage and the Production of Tombs in London and the Provinces: the Willoughby Monument of 1591
Authors: Friedman Alice T.
Published: April 2011

A presentation drawing and wall monument (1951) at Wollaton, Notts., erected in memory of Sir Henry Willoughby, can be associated with the Southwark stone-carving workshops on the basis of stylistic evidence. This casts new light on the patronage of Sir Francis Willoughby, builder of Wollaton Hall (1588), who commissioned the monument, and emphasizes the importance of London as a centre of high-quality works of art. Finally, the description of a group of contemporary tombs, linked by a distinctive motif, opens up the possibility of a specific attribution, perhaps to the workshop of Richard Stevens.
Maritime Archaeology in Britain
Authors: McGrail Sean
Published: April 2011

The Introduction to the Institute of Field Archaeologists' Code of Conduct states that: ‘Archaeology is the study of the nature and the past behaviour of Man in his environmental setting’. One of the principal environments Man has used is the maritime one, and for convenience of exposition the term ‘maritime’ is taken here to include inland waters, lakes, rivers and estuaries, as well as the seas and oceans. This usage is not only for convenience but also because there is continuity between the sea and inland waters: they are physically connected, and often the same vessels and the same men use them.
The Organizational Context in the History of Archaeology: Pitt Rivers and Other British Archaeologists in the 1860s
Authors: Chapman William
Published: April 2011

The importance of professional affiliations in the history of archaeology has tended to be underplayed. There have been a number of histories of individual professional societies and especially of museums, both of which had significant roles in the institutional development and acceptance of the field during the nineteenth century (e.g. Clark 1925; Evans 1949a, 1949b, 1956; Hawkes 1962; Hinsley 1981). Also, both museums and professional organizations have been generally touched upon in the course of biographies of individual archaeologists—primarily as background information (e.g. Evans 1943; Woodbury 1973; Green 1981; Hawkes 1982). What has not been considered sufficiently is the pervasive character of professional connections and the institutions or societies that made them possible (Trigger 1985; cf. Levine 1986). Organizations, together with accompanying journals, charters, meetings, statements of policy, special committees and so on, form the very basis of a discipline. This was particularly true in the nineteenth century when many sciences or other fields of interest—including archaeology—had yet to find a place in the academic world (Woodruff 1923).
The Seigneurial Domestic Buildings of Brittany: A Provisional Assessment
Authors: Jones Michael , Meirion-Jones Gwyn I. , Guibal Frédéric , Pilcher Jon R.
Published: April 2011

Since 1983 a multi-disciplinary survey of buildings of the manor-house type in the historic duchy of Brittany has been undertaken. The present paper presents provisional results, chiefly based on work up to the 1987 season in two of the five modern départements of the province: Côtes-du-Nord and Ille-et-Vilaine. After a brief historical introduction discussing the political and social context of the manoirs, their relationship to earlier seigneurial dwellings such as motte-and-bailey castles or maisons-fortes, their origins and numbers are considered. Then the different forms of the manorial ensemble and existing types of building are surveyed, highlighting those where detailed archival, archaeological and dendrochronological studies have been carried out. The survey has brought to light a small number of standard forms originating in the Middle Ages. Their main features and variants are described and the general architectural evolution of this class of building down to the Renaissance is traced, concluding with a limited commentary on the broader historical context.
The Transition to Late Antiquity on the Lower Danube: An Interim Report (1996–8)
Authors: Poulter Andrew
Published: April 2011

A total of 268 sites within a region of c 2,000 square kilometres in northern Bulgaria, extending north from the Stara Planina (Haemus) to the Danube, offers a unique opportunity to study the character and extent of economic and social change which separates the Roman Empire from Late Antiquity. The method involves excavations within the Roman city of Nicopolis, along the course of a remarkable Roman aqueduct, and at the ‘type site’ of Gradishte, a Late Roman and early Byzantine fort where one of the primary goals is to reconstruct its palaeoenvironmental history. This is accompanied by site-specific field survey, using geophysics and intensive surface collection, to date and identify different categories of nucleated settlements. Running concurrently, the collection and dating of pottery samples from other sites should help to establish whether there was continuity or dislocation of settlement on the lower Danube in the period of transition between the second and the sixth centuries AD.
The Production of Rabbits in Wiltshire during the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Bettey Joseph
Published: April 2011

Warrens provided a profitable use for the light soils and steep hillsides of the chalk downlands of England, and during the seventeenth century many thousands of rabbits were produced annually. The paper considers the documentary evidence for Wiltshire warrens, the complex and profitable leases granted by landowners, the large-scale traffic in rabbits and the damage that they caused to neighbouring farms and woodland. The complaints of farmers, coupled with increasing prices for corn, cattle and sheep, led gradually to the decline of the formerly lucrative trade in rabbits as cultivation and improved pasture were extended on the high downland.
Loving Cups and Grace Cups
Authors: Blair Claude
Published: April 2011

The paper discusses the ceremony of the Loving Cup that follows the dinners of many City of London livery companies. It concludes that, far from being of Saxon origin, as has been widely believed, it was a Romantic revival of the late eighteenth century derived, almost certainly, from the medieval use of grace cups.
The Royal Stables: a Seventeenth-Century Perspective
Authors: MacGregor Arthur
Published: April 2011

When, at midday on 13 June 1842, Queen Victoria first boarded a train to carry her on the eighteen-mile journey from Slough to Paddington, she inaugurated a relationship between the court and the railways whose continuity is only now under threat. Less propitiously, that mechanical excursion heralded the decline of one of the most venerable departments of the Royal Household, the Stables. A further diminution in the live horse-power of the Stables was ushered in sixty years later with the acquisition by King Edward VII in 1901 of a Daimler motor car – the first such machine to cross the threshold of the Mews. Today the contribution of the Stables to ceremonial occasions is impressive, immaculate and professional, while transportation of the royal family remains the first duty of the Mews. However, while the scope of the department undoubtedly has broadened dramatically, with respect to their primary role, the Stables today present scarcely a shadow of what was once a pivotal element in the everyday life of the court.