bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The origin and exchange of obsidian from Vinca-Belo Brdo
Authors: Tripkovic Boban , Milic Marina
Published: April 2010

Since the time of the revolutionary characterization of obsidian in the 1960's only a small number of artefacts from the Serbian sites have been analyzed, of which at least seven samples come from the site of Vinca. These results showed that obsidian was coming from Carpathian sources, disproving old romantic ideas of the existence of local obsidian sources in the central Balkans. These results allowed for the development of ideas about exchange networks of interregional importance during the Late Neolithic in which obsidian was an integral component. In this paper we will be discussing the results of the characterization of 60 obsidian samples, representing ca. 4% of the entire obsidian assemblage from the site. The samples were taken from the whole Neolithic sequence at Vinca selecting macroscopically different obsidian types.
Relief decorated handles of ceramic paterae from Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium
Authors: Popovic Ivana
Published: April 2010

Four handles of ceramic paterae decorated in relief (nos. 1-4) and one fragmented object for which it has been assumed on the basis of its shape way of manufacture and iconographic design to be also the patera handle (no. 5), have been found in Sirmium. The decoration on handles 1 and 2 was executed under the influence of the ornamental design of silver paterae from Gaul, while the motif of the goddesses' busts on handles 3 and 4 is the local adaptation of existing ornamental motifs. The busts of female deities also embellish two handles from Singidunum (nos. 6 and 7) and one handle from Viminacium (no. 8). The multitude of such decorated handles of the ceramic paterae from the sites in Pannonia and the neighboring regions could be related to the expansion of the cult of Silvanus.
VTERE FELIX belt sets on the territory of Viminacium
Authors: Redzic Sasa
Published: April 2010

The belt sets of the VTERE FELIX type that were characteristic of the letter-shaped fittings of the mentioned message were in use during the second half of the II and first half of III century. Soldiers, who are considered to be the primary group that wore such belts, believed that such a message would bring them luck and protect them from the many perils of their profession. The numerous finds of fittings of this not so common type of belt sets that were excavated on the Viminacium site, contribute to the already existing theory that their territory of origin is the area of the Danubian provinces.
Late Roman necropolis Beljnjaca in Sid
Authors: Pop-Lazic Stefan
Published: April 2010

After accidental discovery of the Late Roman sarcophagus in Sid there were conducted rescue archaeological excavations in 1998. On that occasion has been discovered underground rectangular structure - crypt where the sarcophagus had been placed. In the immediate vicinity has been discovered a grave of a female buried in simple burial pit. In this work we are discussing representations of soldiers on the sarcophagus, dating of the find and possibility of the villa existing in the immediate vicinity of the necropolis.
The late Roman necropolis Beljnjaca in Sid anthropological analysis
Authors: Miladinovic-Radmilovic Natasa
Published: April 2010

The aim of this study was the anthropological analysis of seven individuals from Late Roman period which were excavated in necropolis in Sid. Skeletal remains were incomplete, fragmentary and decomposed, so we couldn't manage to determinate sex and age of each individual (one senilis male, one maturus male, one adult male, one maturus female, two adult females, and one juvenilis I, unknown sex). To get a complete anthropological picture of buried individuals, detailed descriptions of individual skeletal remains for each grave were given. The description comprehended: preservation and completeness of skeletal remains, sex and age estimation, stature estimation paleopathological finds, nonmetric skeletal traits and skeletal markers of occupational stress. Dental analysis showed presence of caries, attrition and periodontal disorders. A careful observation of skeletal remains demonstrated that these deceased suffered of joint diseases and hematological disorders. In consideration of all these real existences these people buried here, were health and led a quiet and wealthy life.
Periodization of late medieval necropolis in the Lower Serbian Danube Basin
Authors: Radicevic Dejan
Published: April 2010

Most of the necropolis investigated in the Lower Danube basin have been generally dated between the 12th and 14th centuries. However, the grave finds indicate that there are significant differences between certain necropolis and against that background it is apparent that they could not date from the same time period. The main characteristic of the necropolis in Korbovo Vajuga and Prahovo are numerous bracelets and various variants of the earrings with biconical pendants. There were also found the earrings with granulated nodules, hoops with coils of wire on their lower segment and earring with spherical pendant decorated with the pseudo granulation. The necropolis at the sites Svetinja in Stari Kostolac and the cemeteries at Mala Vrbica, Klicevac and Coka Arte are also chronologically close to the above mentioned necropolis. Another group includes the necropolis at which the mentioned finds are entirely lacking. These are the necropolis Kod Groblja in Stari Kostolaca as well as the cemeteries at Cezava, Manastir, Boljetin Ravna, Hajducka Vodenica, Usce Porecke reke, Ljubicevac and Mihajlovac. Between these two groups of clearly distinguished necropolis are the cemeteries at Ribnica and Brza Palanka characterized by the mixed finds known from both groups of the necropolis. The beginning of interment in the cemeteries at Korbovo, Prahovo and Svetinja could be dated not before the second half of the 12th century, while at Vajuga it is more precisely dated in the end of that century. The question is how long these cemeteries could have been in use. The coin finds confirm without doubt that they had been in use during the first decades of the 13th century and the cessation of burying could be related to the Mongolian invasion, which affected these regions in the beginning of the fifth decade of the 13th century at the latest. The gradual disappearance of the earlier jewelry could be observed through the rare finds in the 13th century cemeteries, while they are entirely lacking in the later burials. The changes in the inventory of the necropolis relate also to the appearance of new decorative objects including the jewelry made of small ornamental plates or the earrings shaped as question mark. Generally speaking, these cemeteries are characterized by smaller quantity of grave goods and among them are much more frequent the elements of clothing (buckles, buttons, clasps), which are almost entirely lacking in the earlier cemeteries. It could not be precisely established how long these cemeteries had been in use only on the basis of the grave finds but the cessation of burying could be indirectly related to the Turkish conquest of this part of the Danube valley.
Ethics in Research
Authors: Editor The
Published: April 2010

DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3007Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009
Outbreak Investigation of Diarrheal Diseases in Jajarkot
Authors: Bhandari GP , Dixit SM , Ghimire U , Maskey MK
Published: April 2010

Background: Diarrhea is a major public health problem in Nepal. Recently, there was an outbreak of diarrheal diseases in different districts of mid and far western region of Nepal and the most affected district was Jajarkot. The objective of this study was to detect the causative organism and analyze the epidemic outbreak patterns of diarrhea in selected health institutions in Jajarkot district, Midwestern Region of Nepal, in terms of their demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of stool specimens. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using secondary data from health institutions of two Village Development committees of Jajarkot. Stool samples were collected purposively to identify the agents of diarrheal diseases. Results: Out of the total 13 stool samples tested, 5 were diagnosed as harboring Vibrio cholerae. The Attack Rate and Case Fatality Ratio were calculated to be 8.2% and 1% respectively for the District. Age groups 15-44 were highly affected; male and female were approximately equally affected. Conclusions: Cholera appears to have been the most important cause for mortality in Jajarkot diarrhea outbreak. The diarrhea outbreak in any districts of Nepal should be closely monitored for the possibility of a Cholera epidemic in the future. Key words: cholera; diarrhea; epidemic; outbreak. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3008 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 66-68
Health Impact of Indoor Air Pollution
Authors: Joshi HD , Pandeya R , Dhakal B
Published: April 2010

Background: The domestic smoke exposure increases the risk of a range of common and serious diseases. Further, association of exposure with chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive lung disease is quite well established in recent researches. This work was carried out to determine the health impact of indoor air pollution in rural hill region of Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study on health impact of indoor air pollution to exposed kitchen dwellers and children, was done using random sampling method devised with probability proportion in Malikarjun Village Development Committee, Nepal. This study was conducted in two phases, in first phase. Adult kitchen dwellers were assessed for prevalence of respiratory disorder while in second phase, during three months Acute Respiratory Infection episodes of children below two years were recorded. Results: Eight kinds of respiratory ailments and related symptoms were prevalent in adult respondents of 42 households. Cough phlegm, breathlessness, wheezing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchial asthma were significantly varied with higher exposure category (P<0.05) and smoking habit (P<0.01). Peak expiratory flow rate PEFR results significantly varied with both smoking habit and exposure level both in male and female (P<0.01). Correlation analysis denoted higher prevalence of diseases and symptoms in smokers (r = 0.464; P<0.01). Acute Respiratory Infection episodes per child was significant in grade I (P<0.01) and grade II (P<0.05) for both exposure level and parental smoking habit. Conclusions: A significant association between exposure of Indoor Air Pollution and prevalence of respiratory disorders and related symptoms in kitchen dwelling adults and children was found. Key words: acute respiratory infection; exposure duration; indoor air pollution; prevalence; respiratory disorder. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3009 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 69-75
Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy and its Correlation with Nitrite Test
Authors: Subedi M , Basnyat SR , Acharya SD
Published: April 2010

Background: Urinary Tract Infection is one of the most frequently seen medical complications of pregnant women. The value of screening for bacteriuria by rapid test has to be readdressed considering methods, significance and costs. The study was done to assess the sensitivity and specificity of rapid test (nitrite test) for the confirmation of UTI and etiology of infection during pregnancy and antibiotics sensitivity pattern of the isolates. Methods: In this observational based study, mid stream urine samples from 100 pregnant women clinically suspected of urine infection were evaluated by urine dipstick analysis, microscopic and by culture method. The isolates were identified and antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined by standard protocol. At the end, Sensitivity, Specificities, Positive and Negative predictive values of isolates were determined from nitrite test. Results: Out of 100 clinically suspected UTI cases, 45% were culture positive of which (55.5%) were Gramnegative bacteria of them Escherichia coli (n=14) was the most common pathogens and Staphyococcus aureus (n=11) was found to be predominant in Gram positive bacteria. Among total 45 positive cases, 17 samples were nitrite positive and also culture positive. The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative predictive values of nitrite test in relation to Enterobacteriaceae were 70.8%, 100%, 100% and 91.5% respectively where as Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative predictive value of nitrite test in relation to Escherichia coli were 100%, 96.6%, 82.3%, and 100%, respectively. Amikacin as well as Gentamycin was found the most effective antibiotics against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Conclusions: Although, confirmatory diagnosis can be achieved by urine culture method, the combination of Nitrite test with pyuria appears to be rapid test and very useful markers for bacterial UTI in district laboratories where culture facilities are rare. On the basis of in vitro tests Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin are comparatively effective drugs for UTI. Key words: antibiotics; nitrite test; pregnant women; urinary tract infection. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3011 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 80-83
Comparison of Different Diagnostic Method for Mycobacteria Tuberculosis in Suspected Patients
Authors: Khagi AR , Singh S , Subba S , Bajracharya A , Tuladhar R , Lekhak B , Shrestha KB
Published: April 2010

Background: Microbial examination of smear of AFB by Z-N stain is currently the most rapid method for the detection of M. tuberculosis but its sensitivity is low i.e. required at least 10,000 bacterial cells per ml of sputum and also none specific, but auramine staining method has higher sensitivity than that of the Z-N stain but there are chances of false positive. Objective of this study was to find the correlation between chest X-ray, direct sputum smear examination by Ziehl-Neelsen stain, Auramine fluorochrome stain and sputum culture for M. tuberculosis. Methods: During that study period 250 x 3 samples were taken three each from 250 patients and divided into two groups A and B by performing Auramine fluorochrome stain in all samples . In group A, there were 150 fluorochrome stain positive samples. One each from 150 patient for comparative study of direct sputum smear examination by Ziehl-Neelsen stain, , culture on LJ medium and chest X-ray. Similarly in group B, next 100 fluorochrome stain negative specimens one each from 100 patients were taken for the comparative study of direct sputum smear examination by Ziehl-Neelsen stain, culture and chest X-ray. Results: In the study group A (n=150) all the specimens were positive in Auramine fluorochrome stain and all of them show positive in X-ray but only 134 showed positive in Ziehl-Neelsen stain and 136 showed positive in culture. In the study group B (n=100), all the specimens were negative in Auramine fluorochrome stain and all of them show negative in Ziehl-Neelsen stain but 14 of them were positive in culture and 24 were positive in chest X-ray. Conclusions: The diagnosis of PTB could be made by Auramine fluorochrome microscopy and culture. Key words: auramine fluorochrome stain; culture; mycobacterium tuberculosis; x-ray; ziehl-neelsen. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3012 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 84-88
Adenosine Deaminase activity in Plasma of Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Mishra SK , Sah JP , Awasthi G , Sharma R
Published: April 2010

Background: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is stem cell malignant disorder characterized by overproduction of Lymphoblast in Bone marrow that eventually spill into circulation. Adenosine Deaminase activity has been shown to increase in most chronic conditions especially lymphocytic proliferation and other malignancies. The objective of the study was to determine the concentration of plasma Adenosine Deaminase in children suffering from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Methods: Adenosine Deaminase activity in plasma of ALL and normal children under 14 years of age visiting was measured. Total Leukocyte count and absolute lymphocyte count were performed in hematology laboratory of Kanti Children's Hospital. Results: Adenosine Deaminase activity in plasma of children suffering from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia was higher than non- ALL children with leukocytosis and lymphocytosis and healthy Control groups without leukocytosis. The plasma ADA level was 48.85 ±2.42 IU/L in ALL patients, which was significantly higher by student's two-tailed t-test (P=0.002) than plasma ADA level in control subject (mean ADA=39.72 IU/L Std. error mean =1.27 IU/L). Increased plasma ADA level was found in non-ALL with leukocytosis and lymphocytosis and ALL patients. Conclusions: Adenosine Deaminase activity in plasma of children suffering from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia was increased. Hence plasma ADA can serve as another serum biomarker in addition to other haematological markers and clinical characteristics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is easy to perform in small laboratories and will be beneficial as a non interventional prognostic marker. Key words: acute lymphoblastic leukemia; absolute lymphocyte count; adenosine deaminase. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3014 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 93-97
Community Medicine and Family Health Department, Maharajgunj Campus, Institute of Medicine , Tribhuwan University
Authors: Sapkota VP , Gurung CK
Published: April 2010

Background: Malnutrition is a major underlying cause of the child morbidity and mortality in Nepal. In the past ten years there hasn't been any significant progress in the nutritional status of the under-fives in Nepal. In such situation this study determines the prevalence of undernutrition and the factors associated with it which helps district health managers monitor undernutrition and identify different associated factors essential in order to better design and implement the nutritional interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Belahara VDC among 150 underfive children in 2008. Primary caretakers were interviewed for different socio-demographic and maternal & child health related factors. Through anthropometry, prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was determined. Logistic regression statistical tool was used to analyze the influence of different predictors. Results: Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 27%, 37% and 11% respectively. In the final model of logistic regression statistical tool, male sex was found protective for stunting. Comparatively, the risk of being underweight in the children from the poor socioeconomic status is almost four times as much as in the children from the rich socioeconomic status [OR= 4.336 (1.719 <OR<10.936)]. Children from joint family were found protective against stunting than children in the nuclear family. Other covariates such as age at pregnancy and ethnicity of the child were found to be significantly associated only at 10% level of significance. Conclusion: Acute undernutrition was found more in the VDC as of national figure. Emphasis should be placed on the girl children and the disadvantaged ethnic groups for nutritional interventions. These interventions should be coordinated with income generation and food production activities for sustainability of nutritional interventions. Maternal age at pregnancy, as found determining the nutritional status of children, should be included as a part of nutrition counseling during ANC visits. Key words: Underweight; stunting; wasting; predictors; nutritional intervention DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3020 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 120-126
Free Health Care Policy in Nepal: Recent Trend and Challenges
Authors: Gurung G
Published: April 2010

The willingness to pay for services can not be equated with ability to pay for it. Despite of Alma-Ata declaration in 1978, developing countries have numerous challenges to meet the goal of health for all. In the quest for increasing access to health for all, Government of Nepal has recently introduced free health care policy. The efficacy of its implementation, operational challenges and issues related to the free health care, need to be reviewed. The unnecessary use of services, quality of care, risk of medicalization of public health services, mismanagement of drugs and health worker resistance towards the policy are some of its key challenges. To overcome these, community awareness and participation to monitor implementation of the policy is necessary and long term efficacy of this service has yet to be observed. Key words: community monitoring system; free health care policy; participation DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3024 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 138-139
Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health and Adaptation Strategies for Nepal
Authors: Dhimal M , Bhusal CL
Published: April 2010

DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3025 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 140-141
Fumigation of Imported Shelled Peanuts with Methyl Bromide1
Authors: Leesch J. G. , Redlinger L. M. , Young C. T. , Sukkestad D. R.
Published: April 2010

Imported shelled peanuts were fumigated with methyl bromide at temperatures and dosages corresponding to quarantine-type fumigations against khapra beetles, Trogoderma granarium Everts. Samples of fumigated peanuts were analyzed independently by four laboratories for bromide residues and five laboratories conducted organoleptic tests of roasted peanuts. Sorption of methyl bromide during fumigation ranged from 89.3 to 71.4% of the dosage applied at temperatures ranging from 27.6 to 4.4 C, respectively. Bromide residues ranged from 70.2 to 286.3 ppm depending upon dosage - temperature combination and source of analysis. Organoleptic tests by 4 of the laboratories showed no flavor differences between treated and untreated peanuts while 1 laboratory obtained significant flavor differences between a paste made of treated peanuts and a paste made from untreated peanuts.
Seedcoat Splitting in Peanut — Its Inheritance and Relationship with Seed Weight1
Authors: Bovi M. L. A. , Norden A. J. , Gorbet D. W.
Published: April 2010

Seedcoat splitting in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can have direct effects on market quality, germination, and susceptibility of seeds to invasion by fungi. Six parental genotypes with differing degrees of seedcoat splitting were crossed with three non-splitting genotypes, and the F1, F2, and F3 seedcoat generations were investigated to determine the inheritance of the seedcoat splitting trait and its effects on germination. Mature seeds were classified according to the number and extent of splits in the seedcoat. Individual seed weights and germination data were recorded.

In crosses involving genotypes with large differences in seed weight, the F1 seedcoat generation tended to be closer to the smaller parent in splitting percentages. Highly significant phenotypic correlations were obtained between seed weight and seedcoat splitting which led to the conclusion that segregation for seed weight can confound or mask the seedcoat splitting trait.

In crosses of geneotypes with similar seed weight, the F2 and F3 seedcoat generations had mean seed weights below that of both parents. Natural selection for non-splitting seedcoats seemed to be involved in the decreased number of heavier seeds in those populations. Seeds with split seedcoat germinated less than non-split seeds under field and laboratory conditions. As a consequence of the lower germination percentage, the population means tended to skew toward the smaller seed weight, which was represented to a greater degree by the non-split seeds.

Genetic models were proposed for crosses in which the parents were similar in seed weight and significantly different in splitting percentage. F2 populations revealed monogenic inheritance with additive effects in one cross, and also two unusual segregations which suggested duplicate additive and complementary gene action. Natural selection for non-split seeds appeared to bias the results. F1 data, in some crosses, revealed some degree of dominance for the splitting trait, although subsequent generations presented seedcoat splitting as a recessive trait. It appears that the selective germination of split seeds affected the genetic ratios, and should be considered in further studies.
A Preliminary Classification of Selected White Testa Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) by Flavonoid Analysis
Authors: Daigle D. J. , Conkerton Edith J. , Hammons Ray O. , Branch W. D.
Published: April 2010

The testa and defatted flours of 32 white testa and the krinkleleaf tan spanish peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were analyzed for flavonoids in order to classify these peanuts for breeding purposes. Flavonoids were extracted from the testa and flours with aqueous methanol. These extracts were analyzed for flavonoids by high pressure liquid chromatography. UV spectrometry was used to identify the compounds. These flavonoids were principally sugar derivatives of the aglycones quercetin, rhamnetin, and isorhamnetin. Two other aglycones were detected and tentatively identified as isoflavones. From these data, it was possible to classify the 32 white testa and the krinkleleaf genotypes into several groups based upon the presence, absence, or ratio of various flavonoid compounds.
Field Performance of Two Peanut Cultivars Relative to Aflatoxin Contamination
Authors: Davidson J. I. , Hill R. A. , Cole R. J. , Mixon A. C. , Henning R. J.
Published: April 2010

Two runner-type peanut cultivars, “Sunbelt Runner” and “Florunner,” were compared under differing field conditions for contamination of the seed by Aspergillus flavus Link and aflatoxin. Laboratory tests had shown marked differences in resistance between the two cultivars. Peanuts were grown on three nonirrigated farms during 1980 using two planting dates and three harvest dates for each cultivar. Peanuts grown on two farms experienced moderate to severe drought stress and both cultivars contained high levels of aflatoxin. Peanuts on the third farm received adequate rainfall and contained very low levels of aflatoxin. Microflora, grade and aflatoxin data showed that Sunbelt Runner (reported to be resistant to A. flavus infection) had no advantage over Florunner (reported to have moderate resistance to A. flavus) in reducing levels of A. flavus and subsequent aflatoxin contamination under field conditions. Levels of infection and contamination were related primarily to environmental conditions, (especially drought stress), during pod maturation. These and prior results show that the current laboratory assay method for selecting resistant lines should be carefully reassessed.
Genetic Variability and Heritability Estimates Based on the F2 Generation from Crosses of Large-Seeded Virginia-Type Peanuts with Lines Resistant to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1
Authors: Green C. C. , Wynne J. C. , Beute M. K.
Published: April 2010

Selection of large-fruited, high-yielding Cylindrocladium black rot — (CBR) resistant lines from two sets of crosses, each set consisting of crosses in F2 generation between a virginia and two CBR-resistant lines, was evaluated to determine the potential for selecting cultivars with these traits. Heritabilities, phenotypic and genotypic correlations and estimates of additive and nonadditive genetic effects were determined for yield and fruit traits at two locations and CBR resistance at one location. Crosses with NC 2 as a parent had higher levels of CBR resistance than those with Florigiant as the common virginia-type parent. Heritability estimates for the necrosis index (CBR resistance) were high while estimates for yield and fruit traits were variable over crosses and locations. The necrosis index was significantly and negatively correlated with all fruit and yield traits for three of the four crosses indicating it should be possible to select high-yielding, largefruited lines with low levels of disease from three crosses. Only significant additive genetic effects were found for CBR resistance. Significant additive and nonadditive genetic effects were found for the yield and fruit traits. Estimates of additive and non-additive genetic effects indicate that early generation selection for CBR resistance should be effective, whereas selection for yield and fruit traits would be more effective in later generations.
Relative Susceptibilities of Component Lines of Peanut Cultivars Early Bunch and Florunner to Early and Late Leafspots1
Authors: Jackson L. F.
Published: April 2010

Seedlings of component lines of peanut cultivars ‘Early Bunch’ and ‘Floninner’ were inoculated in the greenhouse with spore suspensions of each of 18 isolates of both Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum. Symptoms developed on Florunner lines within 5 to 7 and 9 to 11 days after inoculation with isolates of C. arachidicola and C. personatum, respectively. Symptoms developed on Early Bunch lines within 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 days after inoculation with isolates of C. arachidicola and C. personatum, respectively. Defoliation of Florunner and Early Bunch lines began within 11 to 14 and 14 to 17 days, respectively, following inoculation with isolates of C. arachidicola. Although variation in disease caused by isolates of the fungi was statistically significant, the susceptibilities of the component lines of the cultivars were not significantly different.
Seed Mineral Composition of Diverse Peanut Germplasm1
Authors: Branch W. D. , Gaines T. P.
Published: April 2010

Quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is of major concern to the grower, processor, and consumer. Past investigations have mainly focused upon organic compounds, thus basic information pertaining to inorganic elements is relatively sparse. A chemical evaluation study was conducted over a three-year period to determine the concentration of elemental constituents among diverse germplasm and to examine the extent of correlation among element concentrations. Twenty-six distinct genotypes were analyzed for N, K, P, S, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, and Cu.

Significant differences were found among the germplasm lines for each of the inorganic elements. In general, the means were within the ranges that have been previously reported. Both highly significant positive and negative relationships were observed for several elemental combinations. The largest correlation was negative between seed Ca and K concentrations. These data indicate that careful consideration should be given to the selection method used in a breeding program for improving the compositional balance of peanut seed.
Reproductive Efficiency of Cultivated Peanuts. V. Response of Parental and Virginia (NC 4) x Spanish (C2) Hybrid Families to Changes in Photoperiod1
Authors: Emery Donald A.
Published: April 2010

Spanish-type C2 and virginia-type NC 4 peanut plants were compared in 9H (9 hours light phase and 15 hours dark phase) and 9H + 3 (9 hours light phase with 15 hours dark phase interrupted with 3 hours of low intensity light) photoperiods. C2 tended to produce greater plant weights and increased numbers of flowers in long-day treatments when compared to short-day treatments but peg growth, fruit per flowers, fruits per plant, and seed weights were drastically reduced in 9H + 3 photoperiods. NC 4, on the contrary, had only slight reductions in reproductive efficiency when exposed to long days. C2 plants produce more early flowers, less pegs per flower, but more fruit per peg than NC 4 plants in 9H photoperiods. F1 plants from crosses between C2 and NC 4 had approximately the same plant weights as the NC 4 parent, but significantly greater reproductive efficiency than the virginia-type parent when grown in 9H light treatments. Neither the position of the peg on the plant nor the light treatment of the maternal parent appeared to influence peg growth on F1 plants. Significant differences in the growth of pegs bearing F1 embryos from reciprocal crosses were noted, however. F2 plants were selected from 9H, 9H + 3, and 15H light treatments which produced more virginia-type fruits and more pegs per early flower than the NC 4 (virginia-type) parent.
Control of Early and Late Leafspot on Two Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Shokes F. M. , Gorbet D. W. , Jackson L. F.
Published: April 2010

The effectiveness of four fungicides for control of Cercospora arachidicola Hori (CA) and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk and Curt.) Deighton (CP) on Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Florunner’ and ‘Early Bunch’ was evaluated in 1978 and 1979. Chlorothalonil (3.5 liters/ha) + flowable sulfur on a 10-day schedule (T1) gave the best control of both leafspots. Chlorothalonil alone (2.3 liters/ha) on a 14-day schedule (T2) provided better disease control and higher pod yields than three other fungicide treatments on both cultivars in 1979. With reduced disease pressure in 1980, triphenytin hydroxide + flowable sulfur and mancozeb + flowable sulfur were almost as effective as T1 and T2 in maintaining high pod yield on Florunner. Yields were significantly less both years on Early Bunch for all treatments other than T1 and T2. The incidence of CA leafspot was low both years and CP was the predominant leafspot pathogen. Significantly higher numbers of CP lesions were observed on Early Bunch than on Florunner at 70 and 90 days after planting (DAP) in 1979 and at 110 DAP in 1980. Numbers of CA lesions on the two cultivars were not significantly different. Average pod yields across fungicide treatments of the two cultivars were not significantly different in 1979 or 1980. Differences in disease levels and pod yields were greater among fungicide treatments than between cultivars.
Factors Influencing Nitrogenase Activity (Acetylene Reduction) by Root Nodules of Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L.
Authors: Nambiar P. T. C. , Dart P. J.
Published: April 2010

Acetylene reduction assay, used to measure nitrogenase activity of legume root nodules, is influenced by environmental factors, which limit its application. The effects of some of the environmental factors on acetylene reduction by groundnut root nodules are described. The activity was nonlinear during the first hour of incubation. Assay temperature above 25 C decreased the activity. Washing the nodulated roots prior to the assay also decreased the activity. The activity was influenced by light intensity, soil moisture, and moisture content in the incubation bottle. Diurnal fluctuation with one maximum and one minimum activity period during a 24 hour cycle was observed. Nitrogenase activity was higher during the postrainy season compared to that of the rainy season. A virginia cultivar Kadiri-71 had higher nitrogenase activity than a dwarf valencia cultivar, MH 2.
Resistance of Wild Species of Peanut to an Insect Complex1
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Campbell W. V.
Published: April 2010

A complex of insects which can cause moderate to severe crop damage attacks peanuts in the North Carolina-Virginia production area. Wild species representing the seven sections of the genus Arachis L. were evaluated for resistance to tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds), corn earworm (Heliothis zea Bodie), and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) during a 3-year field study. Very high levels of resistance for these insects were identified in several species collections. Because collections in section Arachis were among the species with the highest resistance levels, utilization of the germplasm resources to improve cultivated peanuts should be possible. In addition to evaluating species collections, 40-chromosome (A. hypogaea x wild species) hybrid derivatives were evaluated for resistance to the three insect pests plus southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber). Selections with resistance levels equal to or greater than the cultivar NC 6 were made for corn earworm and southern corn rootworm. Laboratory tests of several Arachis species indicated that a mechanism of resistance to H. zea is antibiosis. Because the levels of resistance to several insects have been greatly increased in lines of A. hypogaea, evidence exists for germplasm introgression from wild to the cultivated species of peanuts.
Resistance to Peanut Stunt Virus in Cultivated and Wild Arachis Species
Authors: Herbert T. T. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

Approximately 4000 lines (cultivars, introductions, breeding lines, and radiation-induced mutants) of cultivated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) were tested for resistance to peanut stunt virus (PSV), and all were susceptible to PSV infection. Twenty-one lines were less severely damaged than the others. In addition, 90 collections of wild Arachis species including 55 members of section Rhizomatosae, 17 of Arachis, 16 of Erectoides, and one each of Caulorhizae and Extranervosae were tested. Several collections in sections Arachis, Caulorhizae, Erectoides and Rhizomatosae were highly resistant to PSV. Collections of A. duranensis, A. villosa, and a hybrid derivative of A. villosa-A. correntina have the most immediate potential for utilization. The reactions of a few F1 hybrids of Arachis species indicated that resistance to peanut stunt virus is not conditioned by a single dominant gene. Resistance of wild species could be used to develop resistant cultivars.
Effects of Applied Plant Nutrients on Sclerotinia Blight Incidence in Peanuts1
Authors: Hallock D. L. , Porter D. M.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted in Southampton County, Virginia in 1978 and 1979 on Altavista loamy fine sand (Aquic Hapludult) to determine whether applied nutrients affect the severity of Sclerotinia blight in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Sclerotinia minor. Soil or foliar applications of N, K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Zn, Fe, B, S, and Cl were evaluated alone and/or in various combinations and formulations. Multiple Zn or Cu sprays applied on the foliage suppressed Sclerotinia blight symptoms most during fruit development. Yields in plots sprayed with four 1.12-kg/ha applications of Zn were 1,965 kg/ha greater than in untreated plots in 1978. Four 2.24 kg/ha sprays of Zn increased yields 810 kg/ha in 1979. In 1978, CuSO4 sprayed in a manner similar to ZnSO4 was the second most effective treatment among the simple nutrient materials. Zinc and Cu (sulfates) applied in a multi-nutrient commercial material which also contains Mn, Ca, and P suppressed Sclerotinia blight symptoms nearly as effectively as ZnSO4 sprays. Soil applied Zn or Cu (sulfates) at rates of 22.4 and 11.2 kg/ha, respectively, were relatively ineffective. Sequestrene Cu applied in four 0.56 kg/ha sprays of Cu suppressed Sclerotinia blight as effectively as four 2.24 kg/ha Zn sprays in 1979. Also, Sequestrene Zn and THIS Cu applied similarly to Sequestrene Cu decreased the disease symptoms in 1979.
An F2 Yield Trial in Peanuts1
Authors: Hammons Ray O. , Branch W. D.
Published: April 2010

An F2 yield trial in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was conducted in 1978 to evaluate 25 entries in a six replicate randomized complete block design. Entries included progenies from sixteen intrasubspecific cross combinations and their representative parents: seven component lines of two U. S. cultivars, ‘Florunner’ and ‘Florigiant’, and two peanut introductions, ‘Makulu Red’ and ‘486 GKP’.

Progeny and parental performances were determined for eight quantitative traits: yield, fancy pods, meat content, total sound mature kernels, other kernels, extra large kernels, damaged kernels, and 100 seed weight.

Hybridization between adapted and unadapted genotypes led to a reduction in performance characteristics. However, cross populations were identified as having selection potential for improving yield and grade.
Control of Bur Gherkins (Cucumis anguria) in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Herbicides1
Authors: Buchanan G. A. , Hauser E. W. , Patterson R. M.
Published: April 2010

Experiments were conducted from 1975 to 1977 to determine the efficacy of herbicides for control of bur gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Most bur gherkins seed planted in the field germinated in the upper 2.5 cm of soil, although some seed germinated from 7 cm. In greenhouse and field experiments, preplant-incorporated applications of vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) substantially reduced the green weight of bur gherkin plants and also improved the efficacy of several cracking and postemergence herbicidal treatments. Postemergence treatment sequences were much more effective when they were begun while bur gherkins were in the cotyledonary stage of development rather than the 3- to 5-leaf stage. Preplanting application and incorporation of vernolate + benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), followed by a cracking application of alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] + naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) + dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol), followed by dinoseb controlled bur gherkins. Some of the most intensive herbicide programs reduced the yield of peanuts in some experiments. Bur gherkin plants that survived the herbicide treatments produced substantial quantities of fruit and seed.
Influence of Row Spacing, Seeding Rates and Herbicide Systems on the Competitiveness and Yield of Peanuts1
Authors: Hauser E. W. , Buchanan G. A.
Published: April 2010

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Florunner’), infested with sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) were grown during 1977 and 1978 in 20.3-, 40.6- and 81.2-cm row widths (on Dothan sandy loam and on Greenville sandy clay loam). The crop was maintained weed-free for 0, 2, or 5 weeks or for the entire growing season. Three herbicidal systems with various intensities were utilized. In 1978, reduced and regular rates of in-row crop seeding were compared. Weed-free maintenance for 5 weeks generally produced yields of peanuts equivalent to those obtained with continuous weeding. Sicklepod green weights were reduced by 28 and 53% in peanuts with row spacings of 40.6 and 20.3 cm, respectively, as compared to standard 81.2 cm spaced rows. Peanuts in close-row patterns yielded about 14% higher than the conventional 81.2 cm row spacing when averaged for all studies. Adjustments of the in-row seeding rate to produce a more normal seed-drop per hectare reduced the yield of peanuts only 1 to 3% and, therefore, did not negate the increased yields produced with close-row spacings.
Mineral Composition of Peanut Seed as Influenced by Cultivar and Location1,2
Authors: Gaines T. Powell , Hammons Ray O.
Published: April 2010

The range in macronutrient concentrations in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds has been fairly well established over the years, but a considerable range in the micronutrient concentrations has been reported in the literature. A study was conducted to determine the elemental concentration in seeds of four peanut cultivars grown at six locations across the southern U.S. Two of the cultivars account for >85% of the current U. S. production. ‘Early Bunch’, ‘Florigiant’, ‘Florunner’, and ‘Tifrun’ were grown with and without irrigation at Tifton and Plains, GA, with irrigation at College Station, TX, and without irrigation at Suffolk, VA. These seeds were analyzed for 10 nutrients: P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B. Significant differences were found in the levels of nine nutrients among locations and eight nutrients among cultivars, but these levels did not vary greatly among locations or cultivars. The only positive correlations found for locations were between seed Ca and total precipitation and between seed Mg and soil Mg. The nutrient levels found corroborate the work of others and point out an apparent 10-fold error in the upper limit of the Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B ranges previously reported in the literature.
Shell and Seed Size Relationships in Peanuts1
Authors: de Godoy Ignacio J. , Norden A. J.
Published: April 2010

Three crosses and their reciprocals between peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes differing in pod and seed sizes were made to investigate relationships between the pericarp (shell) and seed. Length, width, and weight of the fruit and seed from the F1 generation and selfed parentals were compared. The F2 generation along with plants from the parental lines were grown in the field. The weight, width, and volume of dried fruits and seeds, as well as shell thickness, were obtained from samples of 30 visually mature pods from each plant. Density of fruits and seeds, internal pericarp color, and shelling percentage were also recorded.

Length, width, and weight of the F1 seeds tended to be similar to the selfed seeds from the same plants, showing possible maternal influence. The wide distribution in fruit volume obtained among F2 plants is indicative of quantitative inheritance. The larger the difference in fruit and seed size between the parents, the more pronounced was the skewness of the size distributions of the progeny toward the smaller parent. Estimates of pheno-typic correlations for fruit and seed volume were high and positive in most cases. However, fruit density vs fruit volume correlations were essentially negative suggesting that seeds grown inside pods with genetically smaller cavities may be compacted by the shell.
Peanut Seed Treatment with Hot Calcium Hydroxide Solutions1,2,4
Authors: Abd El-Rehim M. A. , Backman P. A. , Rodriguez-Kabana R. , Crawford M. A.
Published: April 2010

Peanut seed treatment with hot water (50 C for 20 min.) or hot aqueous solutions of Ca(OH)2 were found to stimulate the rate of peanut germination and increase final stand counts in laboratory and greenhouse trials. In field germination trials, seed soaked in hot Ca(OH)2 solutions and dried, were found to perform almost as well as seed treated with commercial fungicides. It is theorized that the soaking process may remove chemicals responsible for seed dormancy, and initiate germination processes, giving seed soaked in hot water a more rapid emergence. The rapid rate of emergence can lead to seedling escape from disease, which is assisted by the antifungal properties of Ca(OH)2.
Evaluating Peanuts for Resistance to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1
Authors: Hammons Ray O. , Bell D. K. , Sobers E. K.
Published: April 2010

Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR), a devastating disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), is caused by Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell and Sobers [perfect state, Calonectria crotalariae (Loos) Bell and Sobers]. No effective chemical control is known. Resistant cultivars would be the best way to control the disease. Two screening methods, employing sterile and nonsterile media, were developed and used for large-scale systematic screening of peanut genotypes for resistance. Results were reproducible with either method. The nonsterile method was more economical, required less handling, and permitted immediate transplanting of selections. Using both methods, we evaluated 929 different peanut lines from the world germplasm pool. Some 130 lines (14%) exhibited sufficient resistance to be reevaluated. After repeated screening by single-plant selection, six derived inbreds with greater resistance than the standard resistant Span-cross and NC 3033 peanuts were named CBR-R1 to CBR-R6 and released as germplasm lines for breeding use. They include representatives from three of the four botanical varieties of A. hypogaea.
The Effects of Irrigation, Inoculants and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). II. Yield
Authors: Reddy V. M. , Tanner J. W. , Roy R. C. , Elliot J. M.
Published: April 2010

The peanut is a recent introduction into southern Ontario. In order to develop appropriate production practices, the effects of irrigation, inoculation and N fertilization on yield were investigated. Irrigation and inoculation each increased the yield by about 27%, and the effect of each of these factors was greater in the presence of the other. No significant yield difference (2992 kg/ha on average) was observed between the use of powdered peat or granular inoculants containing the same strains of rhizobia. However, a yield difference was observed between inoculants containing different strains of rhizobia. Nitrogen application at planting time did not increase the yield of uninoculated peanuts, but a split application, applied at planting and 60 days later, increased the yield by 28% over the uninoculated control. Increasing the N application at planting decreased the yield and 100-kernel weight of inoculated peanuts.