bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the Flourishing Impacts of Repeated Visits to a Virtual Art Museum and the Role of Immersion
Authors: Cotter Katherine N. , Crone Damien , Rodriguez-Boerwinkle Rebekah , Boerwinkle Martin , Silvia Paul , Pawelski James
Published: October 2022

Visiting art museums has been associated with a range of flourishing outcomes. But there have been recent shifts towards increasing digital engagement with art, leading to a radical change in how people experience visual art. Given the now expansive virtual art viewing options, it is important to understand whether digital engagement can also lead to greater flourishing, and if so under what conditions. We examined the flourishing effects of viewing art in a virtual gallery in a pre-registered experiment comprising four sessions over four weeks, with varying viewing instructions designed to increase immersion. Participants were recruited from a U.S. representative sample on Prolific, resulting in a final sample of 687 participants. People were randomly assigned to one of nine experimental conditions. Eight art viewing conditions involved four 15-minute virtual gallery visits with viewing instructions varying on two factors: slow-looking and immersive mindset framing. An active control condition involved reading about (but not viewing) art. Participants completed a battery of baseline flourishing measures in week 1, completed experimental art engagement sessions during weeks 1-4, and completed the battery again in week 5. While immersion levels were greater in the viewing conditions than the reading condition, growth in flourishing did not differ across condition. Exploratory analyses, however, showed that immersion during the gallery visits did predict some changes in specific facets of flourishing (e.g., engagement, meaning, autonomy satisfaction). We suggest a number of possible explanations for these null results and point to what is needed in future research.
Social prioritisation in scene viewing is not automatic: Evidence from the effects of a spatial memory load
Authors: Martinez-Cedillo Astrid Priscilla , Dent Kevin , Foulsham Tom
Published: October 2022

When free-viewing scenes, participants tend to preferentially fixate social elements (e.g. people). We investigated whether this bias is automatic by testing whether it would be disrupted by increasing the demands of a secondary dual-task: holding a set of (1 or 6) spatial locations in memory, presented either simultaneously or sequentially. Following a retention interval, participants judged whether a test location was present in the to-be-remembered stimuli. During the retention interval participants free-viewed scenes containing a social element (e.g. a person) and a non-social element (object) that served as regions of interest. In order to assess the impact of physical salience, the non-social element was presented in both an unaltered baseline version, and in a version where its salience was artificially increased. The results showed that the preference to look at social elements decreased when the demands of the spatial memory task were increased from 1 to 6 locations, regardless of presentation mode (simultaneous or sequential). This reduction in the social prioritisation effect was accompanied by an increased tendency to fixate on the centre of the screen. The results place important boundary conditions on the social prioritisation effect and suggest clear limits to its automaticity.
Self-Censorship of Political Opinion on College Campuses: Testing an Intervention to Change Campus Norms
Authors: O'Brien Laurie , Kulibert Danica
Published: October 2022

In this report, we describe an intervention that attempted to decrease self-censoring and increase political opinion expression at a private, primarily White Southern university. Drawing on group normstheory, we hypothesized that altering the perception of campus social norms so that students perceivethe campus climate as more accepting of expressing diverse political opinion would reduce self-censorship and increase students’ political opinion expression. We report data from 367 college studentsrandomly assigned to one of three conditions. Firstly, in the institution-specific condition, students werepresented with accurate statistical evidence of political opinion diversity on their own campus. Secondly, in the institution-general condition, students were presented with the same actual evidence ofpolitical opinion diversity, but presented as representing “college students” more generally. Finally, inthe control condition, students were presented with fictitious statistical evidence of college studentopinions on a non-political topic. We hypothesized that students in the intervention conditions wouldperceive campus norms as more accepting of expressing diverse political opinions, would be less willing to self-censor, and more willing to publicly express political opinions. This hypothesis was notsupported; no differences were found between conditions regarding the dependent measures. In thereport, we discuss important correlational patterns that emerged and suggest future directions for research applying a group norms theory approach to impact self-censorship and political opinion expression by altering campus norms.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE: NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND NEW CHALLENGES
Authors: Ivanova Angelina
Published: October 2022

The implementation of AI in the judicial system has been discussed for quite a long time. However, as lawyers note, the use of AI judges can lead not only to procedural, but also to value changes in the legal system. The review examines new opportunities and new risks that AI may entail in the field of justice.
Wygaśnięcie pozwoleń na korzystanie ze środowiska lub zezwoleń na prowadzenie działalności w zakresie ochrony środowiska w związku ze zmianą przepisów prawa
Authors: Gruszecki Krzysztof
Published: October 2022

Jedną z podstawowych zasad polskiego postępowania administracyjnego jest zasada trwałości decyzji administracyjnych. Rodzajem owych decyzji są pozwolenia na korzystanie ze środowiska oraz zezwolenia na wykonywanie działalności związanej z jego ochroną. Ustawodawca wprowadził wiele rozwiązań procesowych dotyczących ich wydawania i wygaszania, dlatego w niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto próbę usystematyzowania rozwiązań stanowiących przesłanki wygaszenia wspomnianych pozwoleń i zezwoleń. W rezultacie postawiono tezę, że zgodnie z regułami wynikającymi z aktów prawnych, które są podstawą wydawania omawianego rodzaju decyzji, takich jak Prawo ochrony środowiska, co do zasady powinno się wydawać decyzje wygaszające, o ile przepisy szczególne nie przewidują innych rozwiązań. Za taką koniecznością przemawiają także zasada domniemania uczciwości przedsiębiorcy oraz zasada przyjaznej interpretacji przepisów prawa, zawarte w ustawie Prawo przedsiębiorców. W podsumowaniu wskazano jednak, że w celu poprawy bezpieczeństwa obrotu prawnego de lege ferenda warto byłoby uporządkować rozwiązania w tej dziedzinie.
Kontrola przestrzegania przepisów o ochronie środowiska (artykuł recenzyjny)
Authors: Król Monika A.
Published: October 2022

Przedmiotem opracowania jest ocena monografii Kontrola przestrzegania przepisów o ochronie środowiska w Czechach, Polsce i Słowacji, pod redakcją Z. Bukowskiego i T. Bojar-Fijałkowskiego, która ukazała się w Wydawnictwie Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy w 2021 r. Zawiera ona 26 rozdziałów opracowanych przez międzynarodowy zespół badawczy i koncentrujących się wokół prawnych zagadnień kontroli podmiotów korzystających ze środowiska. Książka tym bardziej zasługuje na uwagę, że w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu problematyka kontroli – czy szerzej: nadzoru – nad podmiotami korzystającymi ze środowiska jest raczej pomijana. Praca zawiera istotne elementy komparatystyki prawniczej, która współcześnie stanowi integralną część badań naukowych. Z uwagi na walory poznawcze monografia będzie przydatna badaczom zajmującym się zagadnieniami prawnej ochrony środowiska.
Selected issues of the Czech legal regulation of stationary sources of air pollution
Authors: Fabšíková Tereza
Published: October 2022

The legal regulation of stationary sources of air pollution is an important part of the air protection in law. This paper is focused on selected issues of placing and operating all stationary sources in the Czech Republic, from the smaller ones (e.g. located in houses) to the larger ones. The regulation is mainly carried out by binding opinions and permits for operation and by the determination of some emission limits. Some obligations are also imposed on the operators of stationary sources and in the case of some stationary sources also compensatory measures and operating orders are required. In the text, the most important legal topics connected with stationary sources are discussed.
Study Literatur: Efektivitas Pemberian Permen Jahe terhadap Mual Muntah pada Ibu Hamil Hiperemesis Gravidarum
Authors: Ali Rizky Nikmathul Husna , Ishak Fifi , Hiola Fidyawaty Aprianti A.
Published: October 2022

Hyperemesis Gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. This nausea and vomiting can endanger pregnant women because the intensity of the vomiting exceeds the nausea and vomiting of morning sickness (emesis gravidarum) that takes place in early pregnancy. This literature study aims to identify the effectiveness of ginger candy against nausea and vomiting in pregnant women who experience hyperemesis gravidarum. The method used in the literature study is to search for articles through publications on Google Scholar, IOS, and Garuda Portal. With keywords, the effectiveness of giving ginger candy against nausea and vomiting in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum, search the literature published in the last 6 years from 2014 to 2019 with criteria that are full text in Indonesian and relevant to the topic taken. In a review conducted on 5 articles found the results that ginger is very effective in reducing the frequency of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that ginger candy is an alternative non-pharmacological treatment to reduce nausea and vomiting in hyperemesis gravidarum pregnant women.Hiperemesis Gravidarum adalah mual dan muntah yang berlebihan selama kehamilan. Mual dan muntah ini dapat membahayakan ibu hamil karena intensitas muntahnya melebihi mual muntah pada morning sickness (emesis gravidarum) berlangsung pada awal kehamilan. Studi literature ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi efektivitas permen jahe terhadap mual muntah pada ibu hamil yang mengalami hiperemesis gravidarum. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi literature dilakukan penelusuran artikel melalui publikasi pada Google Scholar, IOS, dan Portal Garuda. Dengan kata kunci, efektivitas pemberian permen jahe terhadap mual muntah pada ibu hamil hiperemesis gravidarum, penelusuran literature terbitan 6 tahun terakhir mulai dari tahun 2014 sampai dengan tahun 2019 dengan kriteria yang full text berbahasa Indonesia serta relevan dengan topik yang diambil. Pada review yang dilakukan pada 5 artikel menemukan hasil bahwa permen Jahe sangat efektif untuk mengurangi frekuensi mual muntah terhadap ibu hamil. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka dapat disimpulkan permen jahe merupakan salah satu alternatif pengobatan non farmakologi untuk mengurangi mual muntah pada ibu hamil hiperemesis gravidarum
Hubungan Pengetahuan Terhadap Sikap Ibu Hamil Tentang Pemberian Kolostrum Pada Bayi Diwilayah Kerja Puskesmas Telaga Biru
Authors: Hilamuhu Fendrawaty , Djunai Ulfiana
Published: October 2022

This research aims to know the relationship of knowledge towards the attitude of expectant mothers about the granting of colostrum on babies in the region of PuskesmasTelagaBiru. This research uses quantitative research design with analytic observational and cross sectional approach. The data collection is done at the same time Sampling techniques used is accidental sampling with the total sample as many 39 respondents pregnant women in work-area PuskesmasTelagaBiru. Data analysis was done on univariate statistical tests with bivariat and chi square with a level of significance at α = 0.05. The results of this research show that there is a significant correlation of the relationship of knowledge towards the attitude of expectant mothers about the granting of colostrum on babies in the region of PuskesmasTelagaBiru p value = 0.008 <α 0,05.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan terhadap sikap ibu hamil tentang pemberian kolostrum pada bayi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Telaga Biru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian observasional analitik dan rancangan penelitian cross sectional serta cara pengumpulan data dilakukan sekaligus pada waktu yang bersamaan. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan accidental sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 39 responden ibu hamil di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Telaga Biru. Analisa data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat dengan uji statistik chi square dengan tingkat kemaknaan α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai signifikan hubungan pengetahuan terhadap sikap ibu hamil tentang pemberian kolostrum pada bayi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Telaga Biru p value = 0,008 <α 0,05.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KUNJUNGAN BAYI DAN BALITA KE POSYANDU DI KELURAHAN CAMBAYA KECAMATAN UJUNG TANAH KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Mukarramah Sitti , Hidayati Hidayati , Sukriani Indar
Published: October 2022

Posyandu is a form of community-based health effort that is managed and organized from, by, for and with the community. Posyandu is held to empower the community and provide convenience for the community to obtain basic basic or social health services to accelerate the reduction in maternal mortality and infant mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the visit of infants and toddlers to the posyandu in the Cambaya Village, Ujung Tanah District, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province in 2019. The research method is analytic survey with cross sectional design. Sampling using the "Purposive Sampling" technique. A sample of 78 people using a questionnaire. The results showed that more knowledgeable mothers with better visits were 63 people (80.8%) compared to less knowledgeable mothers based on the statistical results of p <α (0.013 <0.05), mothers whose visits were good and low educated as many as 50 people (64.1%) and highly educated as many as 18 people (23.1%). based on the statistical results p> α (0.240> 0.05), mothers who did not work with good visits were more than 52 people (66.7%) compared to mothers who worked based on the results of the statistical value p> α (0.306> 0.05 ), mothers whose visits are good with more supportive family support are 68 people (87.2%). compared to non-supportive families based on the results of p <α statistics (0,000 <0,05).Posyandu adalah bentuk upaya kesehatan yang berbasis masyarakat yang dikelola dan diselenggarakan dari, oleh, untuk, dan bersama masyarakat. Posyandu diselenggarakan untuk memberdayakan masyarakat dan memberikan kemudahan bagi masyarakat memperoleh pelayanan kesehatan dasar atau sosial dasar untuk mempercepat penurunan angka kematian ibu dan angka kematian bayi. Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kunjungan bayi dan balita ke posyandu di Kelurahan Cambaya Kecamatan Ujung Tanah Kota Makassar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2019. Jenis penelitian menggunakan survey analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik “Purposive Sampling. Sampel sebanyak 78 orang dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ibu yang berpengetahuan baik dengan kunjungan baik lebih banyak yaitu 63 orang (80,8%) dibanding dengan ibu yang berpengetahuan kurang berdasarkan hasil statistik nilai p < α (0,013 < 0,05), ibu yang kunjungannya baik dan berpendidikan rendah sebanyak 50 orang (64,1%) dan berpendidikan tinggi sebanyak 18 orang (23,1%). berdasarkan hasil statistik p > α (0,240 > 0,05), ibu yang tidak bekerja dengan kunjungan baik lebih banyak yaitu 52 orang (66,7%) dibanding dengan ibu yang bekerja berdasarkan hasil statistik nilai p > α (0,306 > 0,05), ibu yang kunjungannya baik dengan dukungan keluarga mendukung lebih banyak yaitu 68 orang (87,2%). dibanding dengan keluarga tidak mendukung berdasarkan hasil statistik p < α (0,000 < 0,05).
Pembuatan Filter Air Bersih di Dusun Gondang Suko Desa Randuagung Kecamatan Singosari Kabupaten Malang
Authors: Anggraeni Frida Dwi , Matondang Winda , Wardana Ananda S. , Sabela Nanda Budiarta
Published: October 2022

Air bersih merupakan hal yang vital bagi masyarakat. Indonesia yang terletak di daerah tropis memiliki potensi sumber air yang besar. Kendala yang dihadapi di Dusun Gondang Suko adalah sistem pengelolaan dan penyaluran air serta kebersihan air, terutama pada aliran air untuk wudhu. Permasalahan ini harus segera ditangani mengingat air dengan kualitas kebersihan yang rendah akan memberikan dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Apalagi, Dusun Gondang Suko merupakan dusun dengan mayoritas Islam yang sering menggunakan air untuk wudhu. Sehingga berinisiatif untuk memasangkan filter penyaring air, agar air yang tersalurkan merupakan air yang bersih. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat Dusun Gondang Suko, Desa Randuagung, Kecamatan Singosari, Kabupaten Malang mengenai pentingnya kualitas air sehingga kesehatan pada masyarakat dapat tetap terjaga.
Peningkatan Produktifitas Pemakaian Alat Roasting Kopi Kulit Bubuk Desa Slamparejo Kabupaten Malang
Authors: - Sodik , Wulandari Wahju , Sasongko Muhammad Ilman Nur
Published: October 2022

Desa Slampar Kecamatan Jabung Kabupaten Malang, sebuah desa yang sebagian besar penduduknya mempunyai pekerjaan sebagai peternak sapi dan bertani atau bekerja di kebun. Penduduk desa banyak yang menanam kopi jenis arabika, kopi arabika menjadi pilihan karena aroma dan rasanya dianggap enak. Ibu Siti Khoiriyah sebagai mitra dalam pengabdian masyarakat ini mempunyai usaha mengolah kopi bubuk kulit. Proses pengolahan kopi bubuk kulit masih tradisional dan berbeda dengan pada umumnya, karena kopi arabika yang diolah menjadi kopi bubuk di sangrai beserta kulit kopi dengan abu tanah atau pasir, setelah itu baru di sangrai lagi untuk menghilangkan debu dengan alat sangrai dari tong bekas. Tujuan pengabdian ini, untuk mengkoreksi alat sangrai untuk menghilangkan abu sebelum kopi akan di giling. Hal ini dilakukan agar hasil kopi bubuk kulit lebih layak dan heiginis. Metode pelaksanaan melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu: diskusi dengan mitra untuk penyelesaian masalah alat sangrai yang diinginkan; membuatkan desain alat sangrai manual; membuat alat ke bengkel; melakukan uji coba alat; menghitung efisiensi alat. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat antara lain: alat sangrai dibuat sesuai dengan kebutuhan produksi yaitu sebayak 10 kg. Pemakaian gas LPG lebih irit, sebelumnya dalam satu bulan untuk 12 kali  produksi dibutuhkan gas LPG sebanyak 2 tabung, setelah menggunakan alat sangrai roasting dari steinless hanya 1 tabung saja. Hasil sangrai kopi kulit lebih rata dan waktu yang diperlukan lebih cepat, semula untuk 10 kg kopi perlu waktu 1 jam, sekarang bisa 1/2 jam saja.
Failure Analysis Engineering of Semiconductor Lasers
Authors: Kearney Ian
Published: October 2022

High-power, diode pump laser modules with improved 0.25% antireflective (AR) coating exhibited low (weak) or zero (dead) power emitters after 1000+ hours life-test. Catastrophic optical mirror damage (COMD) was suspected due to a facet coating upgrade but was not physically observed. Electroluminescence ‘fingerprinting’ lent to a contradictory catastrophic bulk damage (COBD) failure mechanism. The Customer wished to clearly understand how an AR coating change caused COBD and not COMD. This paper emphasizes how the astute failure analyst must remain a ‘conscious observer’ deploying concerted analysis steps to truly unmask root-cause amidst conflicted stakeholders.
Precession Electron Diffraction (PED) Strain Characterization in Stacked Nanosheet FET Structure
Authors: Li J. , Mochizuki S. , Stuckert E. , Tierney L. , Toole K. , Conte R. , Loubet N.
Published: October 2022

Non-planar semiconductor devices, such as vertical fin-based field-effect transistor (FinFET) devices have been developed that include multiple vertical fins serving as conducting channel regions to enable larger effective conduction width in a small layout area. However, as circuits are scaled to smaller dimensions, it has become increasingly difficult to improve the performance of FinFET devices. Stacked nanosheet FETs have been developed to further enable larger effective conduction width in a given small layout area while enabling gate length scaling. Nanosheet (NS) FET devices have attracted attention as a candidate to replace FinFET technology at the 5 nm technology node and beyond due to their excellent electrostatics and short channel control. The use of silicon-germanium for the channel material has been explored as a major technology element for FinFET CMOS technology, and the performance benefits of Si-Ge channel over silicon channel have been demonstrated. Compared with conventional FinFET, stacked gate-all-around (GAA) NS CMOS shows higher electron mobility for nFET but lower hole mobility for pFET due to its unique device architecture and carrier transport direction. To improve pFET performance, SiGe NS is proposed as the pFET channel material. However, introducing and maintaining strain in the SiGe GAA NS channel is challenging but important for improving carrier transport. It is critical to understand the strain distribution in the advanced 3D nanosheet FET structures. This paper describes the use of advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques to investigate the strain distribution in strained SiGe channel NS pFET through Si channel trimming and selective Si1-xGex epitaxial growth. A stacked GAA NS pFET was fabricated from compressively strained Si1-xGex channel with good crystallinity and high uniaxial compressive stress of ~1 GPa. From lattice deformation maps with a nanometer spatial resolution obtained by TEM techniques, the authors demonstrate that nano-beam precession electron diffraction techniques can be used to investigate the local strain distribution of the stacked GAA NS pFET devices with high precision, and thus help to optimize the integration process and strain engineering for pFET device performance enhancement for the next generation of CMOS logic in GAA NS technology.
Enhanced CAD Alignment Technique for FinFET Devices
Authors: Gopinath Ranganathan , Krishnan Ravikumar Venkat , Angeline Phoa , Wen Low Han , Rupa Kamoji
Published: October 2022

Computer Aided Design (CAD) alignment is a key requirement for dynamic fault isolation. CAD alignment between the drawn layout and the physical reflected image from the device helps to navigate and observe the physical location of the suspected circuitry. Conventionally, large structures such as the boundaries of Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) cells are used as reference for coarse CAD alignment and the shallow trench isolation (STI) layer is used for fine alignment while analyzing logic cell structures. With technology scaling, especially into FinFETs, the fine alignment has become more challenging as the reflected optical image of STI layer is poorly resolved. In this paper, we discuss the enhanced CAD alignment techniques in Synopsys Avalon that uses features “Minimum object size (dimension based)”, and “net search” developed in the CAD tool, Synopsys Avalon, combined with Amplitude lock-in Dynamic Photon Emission Microscopy (D-PEM) technique to assist a finer CAD alignment.
Differential Laser Voltage Probe—A New Approach to a Fundamental Technique
Authors: Dickson Kristofor , Lange George , Serrels Keith , Garcia Jose , Erington Kent , Bodoh Dan , Yang Kee , Mou Jianxun
Published: October 2022

Laser Voltage Probing (LVP) is an essential Failure Analysis (FA) technique that has been widely adopted by the industry. Waveforms that are collected allow for the analyst to understand various internal failure modes related to timing or abnormal circuit behavior. As technology nodes shrink to the point where multiple transistors reside within the diffraction-limited laser spot size, interpretation of the waveforms can become extremely difficult. In this paper we discuss some of the evolving challenges faced by LVP and propose a new technique known as Differential LVP (dLVP) that can be used to debug marginal failing devices that exhibit a pass/fail boundary in their shmoo plot. We demonstrate how separate pass and fail LVP waveforms can be collected simultaneously and compared to immediately identify whether logic is corrupted and when the corruption occurs. The benefits of this new technique are many. They include guarantees of equivalent pass vs. fail data independent of crosstalk, system noise, stage drift, probe placement, temperature effects, or the diffraction-limited resolution of the probe system. Implementing dLVP into existing tools could extend their effective lifetimes and improve their efficacy related to the demands posed by the debug of 5nm technologies and smaller geometries. We anticipate that fully integrated and evolved dLVP will complement workhorse FA applications such as Laser Assisted Device Alteration (LADA) and Soft Defect Localization (SDL) analysis. Wherein those techniques map timing marginalities propagating to, and observed by, a capture flop, dLVP can extend such capabilities by identifying the first instance of corrupted logic inside the flop and map the corruption all the way to the chip output pin.
Memory Array Debug Strategies using FIB Assisted Milling
Authors: Raza Muhammad Usman , Tran Larry Q. , Nguyen Giang-Huong , Tran Danh , Lam Dennis , Livengood Richard H.
Published: October 2022

Modern processors rely heavily on memory arrays close to the logical processers to have minimal latencies and highest bandwidth for optimal performance. There are memory arrays in the client and server which are configured to different levels based on the size and latency required for the tasks. These memory arrays are separated into bit lines and word lines to address single bits and retrieve required data from the address of the memory location. In any new server validation, a memory access error can happen if the logical to physical memory address is not confirmed. This can lead to corrupt data and operation failure. We have employed here, novel targeted Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling techniques for Logical to Physical (L2P) memory addressing validation and correction.
Comparing Behaviors of FIB Toolsets in a Large Scale Automated XTEM Sample Preparation Setup
Authors: Dixit Vikas , You Yilhwan , Gauntt Bryan , Lee Taehun
Published: October 2022

Moore’s law has been a major driving force in the development of novel semiconductor devices and has continued to hold its relevance over the years. The resultant, smaller and more powerful, microprocessors not only cater to the ever-increasing demands of the existing needs but also are important enablers of novel applications and discoveries in different areas. Several critical features of these latest devices are in the atomic to nanometer scale, which has enhanced the necessity of a largescale transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging-based metrology and failure analysis for their process development. As a result, the automation of lamella preparation using focused ion beam (FIB) and TEM imaging has gathered an enormous momentum in last few years. A key aspect of automating a large-scale TEM sample preparation not only involves the calibration of a given FIB tool to achieve an acceptable and repeatable quality of TEM samples but also to ensure that sample quality is consistent across the entire fleet of toolsets. In this work, the performance of three ThermoFisher Exsolve toolsets using a common tool calibration method for both, lamella thickness and targeting, has been compared. It was found that in general, thickness of TEM lamella showed a larger variation as compared to targeting over the period of one month. Lamella thickness showed a decreasing trend, and it entailed a need of recalibrating the tools in an interval of two weeks so that the variation in both thickness and targeting for the fleet can be kept within the desired specifications of ±3 nm (2σ).
Develop a Time Efficient Method to Enhance the FIB Process on Die Backside Metallization (BSM) Analysis
Authors: Wee Lo Chea , Yee Tan Sze , Ong Alice
Published: October 2022

Nowadays, semiconductor components are widely used in home electronic appliances, vehicles, industrial motor controls and beyond. The performance and reliability of these components are becoming more crucial and critical. Generally, a semiconductor component consists of lead frames, wires, dies and die attaches. Within the die, the die backside metallization, also known as “BSM,” plays an important role in electronic component manufacturing. The BSM is a layer that promotes good adhesion, electrical properties and long-term stability as a conductive pathway to the circuits. As such, the inspection on BSM is needed to ensure robustness. Several conventional methods have been developed to analyze the die backside metallization. In this paper, we will discuss the inspection on backside metallization and comparison among five sample preparation methods: mechanical cross section with ion milling, mechanical cross section with FIB cleaning, die frontside decapsulation with FIB cut from die surface and FIB cut from die sidewall, and component frontside lapping with FIB from the remaining silicon. Result comparison will be discussed in case studies and the advantages and disadvantages of the five methods will be compared.
Emerging Nonvolatile Memories—An Assessment of Vulnerability to Probing Attacks
Authors: Biswas Liton Kumar , Shafkat M. , Khan M. , Lavdas Leonidas , Asadizanjani Navid
Published: October 2022

Probing and imaging techniques that are conventionally used for failure analysis pose a major threat to the confidentiality and the integrity of data stored in non-volatile memory (NVM) cells integrated into a silicon chip. These techniques fall under the umbrella of physical attacks, which unlock tremendous capabilities for an attacker trying to access secret information stored in a target NVM. How vulnerable an NVM cell is to these attacks depends on device physics and the operational principles of the memory cell. The wide range of emerging NVM technologies opens new opportunities for attackers. Without significant attention to these emerging threats, confidential data stored in NVMs can get compromised without much effort, given access to advanced failure analysis tools. We aim to show how attackers can use their knowledge of how a memory device works to find out a suitable probing or imaging modality to extract the stored secret.
Overcoming Challenging Failure Analysis Sample Types on a Single IR/Raman Platform!
Authors: Anderson Jay , Lo Michael K. F. , Dillon Eoghan P. , Kansiz Mustafa
Published: October 2022

This paper describes a new infrared (IR) technique that offers sub-micron spatial resolution with a pump-probe scheme that can offer simultaneous collection of IR and Raman spectra at the same spatial resolution. The technique uses a single beam to collect both IR and Raman spectra using a technique called Optical Photothermal Infrared (O-PTIR). The O-PTIR technique provides constant spatial resolution over the entire mid-IR range due to the use of a fixed wavelength probe beam at 532 nm. The paper provides examples that highlight the advantages of the novel technique for addressing challenges that are commonly observed in the failure and contamination analysis community.
A Correlative Microscopic Workflow For Nanoscale Failure Analysis and Characterization of Advanced Electronics Packages
Authors: Rodgers Thomas , Gu Allen , Johnson Greg , Terada Masako , Cohan Nathaniel , Viswanathan Vignesh , Phaneuf Michael W. , de Fourestier Joachim , Ruttan Ethan , McCracken Stewart , Costello Suzanne , Robinson Aidan M , Gibson Andrew , Balfour Alan
Published: October 2022

Microscopic imaging and characterization of semiconductor devices and material properties often begin with a sample preparation step. A variety of sample preparation methods such as mechanical lapping and broad ion beam (BIB) milling have been widely used in physical failure analysis (FPA) workflows, allowing internal defects to be analyzed with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, these traditional methods become less effective for more complicated semiconductor devices, because the cross-sectioning accuracy and reliability do not satisfy the need to inspect nanometer scale structures. Recent trends on multi-chip stacking and heterogenous integration exacerbate the ineffectiveness. Additionally, the surface prepared by these methods are not sufficient for high-resolution imaging, often resulting in distorted sample information. In this work, we report a novel correlative workflow to improve the cross-sectioning accuracy and generate distortion-free surface for SEM analysis. Several semiconductor samples were imaged with 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM) in a non-destructive manner, yielding volumetric data for users to visualize and navigate at submicron accuracy in three dimensions. With the XRM data to serve as 3D maps of true package structures, the possibility to miss or destroy the fault regions is largely eliminated in PFA workflows. In addition to the correlative workflow, we will also demonstrate a proprietary micromachining process which is capable of preparing deformation-free surfaces for SEM analysis.
Novel and Efficient Approach in Determining Glue Coverage for Wafers Mounted with Glass Carriers
Authors: Muniandy Lingeswarran , Kiong Eric Wong Soon , Ismail Danial , Theng Tan Theng , Pavic Ivan
Published: October 2022

Viewing the cross section of wafers with glass carriers has always been a challenging task. Add on to observing and determining the glue coverage is an uphill struggle due to the fragile nature of the glue. The traditional technique of cleaving wafers equipped with glass carriers is neither promising nor highly successful. In addition to the mentioned disadvantages, the presence of glass carrier would mean cleaving the wafer with a diamond scriber, a dangerous technique due to the possibility of fragmentation of the glass carrier which could be a potential safety hazard. Time consuming, low success rate, lack of finesse and potential safety hazard of the conventional cleaving method had paved the path of an alternative technique to assess glue coverage for wafers equipped with glass carriers. This manuscript would give an elaborate insight of a novel technique employed in analysing the glue coverage of wafers with glass carriers.
Optimization of Annealing Process Conditions to Reduce Gate Induced Drain Leakage Current in Buried-Gate FETs
Authors: Kim Youmin , Kim Donghbin , Choi Byoungdeog
Published: October 2022

As devices shrink, mitigating off-state power consumption has become a major concern for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) product development. The interface trap induced reduction of the retention time of DRAM cells has become increasingly critical due to aggressive device shrinkage. In this paper, the influence of reliability evaluation after device manufacturing on the number of interface traps in buried-channel-array-transistors and the optimal H2 annealing temperature were investigated for the reduction of trap-induced leakage currents that cause retention time degradation in DRAM cells. This study is expected to solve the problem of retention time and off-state power consumption caused by interface traps and to be utilized as a cornerstone for next-generation DRAM development.
AFM in SEM for Device Characterization and Defect Localization
Authors: Johnson Gregory M. , Hitzel Frank
Published: October 2022

The results of analyses on a commercially available 7 nm SRAM, using an in-situ AFM inside a SEM, are presented. In addition to typical results for conductive AFM, a novel method is described that uses the SEM beam to prepare a region for additional material removal, thus bringing out clearer electrical data. This would be of exceptional value for technology nodes using cobalt as a contact material. Finally, techniques making use of the current from the SEM beam as the source of current during the measurement are described. The technique may have value for well resistance measurements using in-situ structures on live product, a survey of junction health, or the localization of point defects.
The Fundamentals of Nanoprobe Analysis (2022 Update)
Authors: Mulder Randal
Published: October 2022

This presentation provides an overview of nanoprobe systems and what they reveal about defects and abnormalities in semiconductor device structures and materials. The presentation covers the basic operating principles, implementation, and capabilities of atomic force probe and beam-based imaging techniques, including AFP pico-current contrast and scanning capacitance imaging, SEM/FIB active voltage contrast imaging, and SEM/FIB electron-beam absorbed current (EBAC), induced current (EBIC), and induced resistance change (EBIRCH) imaging. It also includes guidelines for probing transistors and copper metallization and case studies in which nanoprobing was used to analyze gate oxide and substrate defects, intermittent bit cell failures, threshold voltage shifts, and time-domain popcorn noise.
Defect Localization by Lock-In-Thermography
Authors: Brand Sebastian
Published: October 2022

This presentation provides an overview of lock-in thermography and its application in semiconductor failure analysis. It begins with a review of direct thermal imaging, IR transmission and detection, and the fundamentals of lock-in measurements. It compares and contrasts steady-state IR imaging with lock-in thermography and shows how lock-in frequency and the shape of the excitation signal can be varied to increase signal-to-noise ratio and reduce acquisition time, thereby exposing a wider range of defects. It also presents several case studies in which lock-in thermography is used to diagnose shorts and hot spots in packaged devices, electronic systems, and 3D assemblies.
Flip-Chip and Backside Techniques (2022 Update)
Authors: Cole Edward I. , Fishgrab Kira L. , Barton Daniel L. , Bernhard-Höfer Karoline
Published: October 2022

This presentation covers the basic physics needed to understand and to effectively apply backside IC analysis techniques to flip-chip packaged die. It describes the principles of light transmission through silicon and the factors that influence optical image formation from the backside of the wafer or die. It also provides information on the tools and techniques used to expose surfaces, regions, and features of interest for analysis. It describes the steps involved in CNC milling, mechanical grinding and polishing, reactive ion etching (RIE), laser microchemical (LMC) etching, and milling and etching by focused ion beam (FIB). It explains where and how each technique is used and quantifies the capabilities of different combinations of methods.
Basics and Current Aspects of Scanning Electron Microscopy (2022 Update)
Authors: Stegmann Heiko
Published: October 2022

This presentation addresses topics of relevance to scanning electron microscopy, including SEM basics, electron guns, electron optics, beam-specimen interactions, signal detection, sample prep and cleanliness, low-voltage imaging, nonconductive imaging, voltage contrast, stage biasing, electron channeling contrast imaging, magnetic contrast imaging, STEM-in-SEM, 3D imaging and analytics, image post-processing, and automation.
DYNAMICS OF VASYL STEFANYK'S CREATIVE THOUGHT: GENERAL REGULARITIES AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Pikhmanets Roman
Published: October 2022

The proposed article is devoted to the understanding of some issues of the psychology of artistic creativity of Vasyl Stefanyk, in particular the category of "artistic and creative process" as its central problem. Thus, the goal is to trace the dynamics of the novelist's creative thought, starting from the emergence of the idea in the spheres of "lower consciousness" and ending with its verbal embodiment. The research methodology is based on the interdisciplinary nature of the problem under discussion and involves inductive-empirical, objective-analytical and psychological studies. The principles of philological, psychobiographical and comparative-historical research methods, as well as the achievements of the latest methodology: phenomenology, literary hermeneutics and receptive aesthetics are applied. As a result of scientific research, the peculiarities of combining in Vasyl Stefanyk’s creative experience the general regularities of the procedural structure of creativity with individual and unique manifestations have been clarified. Emphasis is placed on such aspects as the psychological mechanisms of the emergence of artistic design, its appearance in consciousness in the form of a prototype, crystallization in concrete-sensory forms and verbal realization. The scientific novelty of the article is that it highlights the subjective and psychological factors of conditionality of artistic phenomena, which helps to learn them more deeply and fully.
THE SOUND PARADIGM OF VASYL STEFANYK’S NOVELLA «A STONE CROSS»
Authors: Horbolis Larysa
Published: October 2022

The aim. The article suggests a new view on the organization and structure of Vasyl Stefanyk’s novella “A Stone Cross” that determines the elucidation of an intermedial issue in the analysis of the writer’s famous work: the unity of a word and sound palette in the fictional text of the novella author’s prose. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study through the prism of one novella a general tendency of Vasyl Stefanyk’s creative work: the synthesis of literature and art, the study of methodological approaches to interpreting the phenomena of intermediacy in the novellas of the classic of our national literature.

The research methods. For the analysis the synthesis of principles and methods of scientific researchis implemented, first of all, of intertextual, comparative-typological, intermedial, poetological and biographical ones.

The research results. The interpretation of Vasyl Stefanyk’s novella “A Stone Cross” through the prism of verbal and music-sound aspects promotes understanding of the writer’s rich in senses well-known work. That is why the selected poetic analysis of each part of “A Stone Cross” is the most acceptable for researching the textual longevity of sounds and music in the novella’s general structure. In the research process of the sound paradigm of Vasyl Stefanyk’s work, its groundbreaking essence, the peculiarity of its style, modern poetics are proved that undoubtedly affected the precision and powerful energy of its word form.

The scientific novelty. In the research there is achieved a new reading of the text of Vasyl Stefanyk’s novella “A Stone Cross”, for the first time there is performed the analysis of its sound contour by means of which the subtexts and hidden senses of the work are decoded. Such a cutting-edge approach proposes a fresh view on the Ukrainian author’s modernistic searches: the sound, music, song, dance identify the main hero Ivan Didukh, generally psychologise the text of the work.

The practical significance. The obtained research results may be used in further research of Vasyl Stefanyk’s creative work from positions of contemporary literary studies, particularly the proposed interpretational approach is one of the segments of a poly-aspectual interpretation of the deep in its contents work that has already become classical both in  the sphere education and in scientific studies of today’s researchers of Vasyl Stefanyk’s creative work.
“IN LITERATURE, HE IS AN EXTRAORDINARY ARTIST”: THE INTERMEDIAL EMPHASES OF LITERARY RECEPTIONS OF VASYL STEFANYK’S
Authors: Mocherniuk Nataliia
Published: October 2022

The paper provides an overview of literary studies focusing on the work of Vasyl Stefanyk, in which the reception of short stories draws on vocabulary from different visual arts. In their efforts to unravel the secrets of the writer’s style, scholars often consciously or intuitively compare his artistic style to other arts, using their toolkit. Stepan Smal-Stotsky, Olha Kobylianska, Lesia Ukrainka, Ivan Franko, Bohdan Lepky, Antin Krushelnytskyi, Serhii Yefremov, Ivan Trush, Alexandra Chernenko, Yulian Vassyian, Mykhailyna Kotsyibynsky as well as many current scholars resort to comparisons with graphics, painting, photography and architecture. The focus is on this distinctive perception of the writer’s poetics in connection with attempts to explain his aesthetic and artistic strands. The importance of J. Vassian’s conclusion, whісh considers the artistic world of the writer in comparison with Wagner’s Gesamtkunstwerk, a synthetic and comprehensive work of art, is emphasized. Such a literary vision has a significant interpretive potential in the intermedia aspect and requires further scientific development. It is proved that Stefanyk's artistic word gives impulses to other arts. The latest evidence of this already applies to the art of cinema. Stefanyk is potentially extremely cinematic, as evidenced by modern researchers in their publications.

Vasyl Stefanyk’s short stories are thus endowed with a great power of influence on other types of art, which should be traced in the following studies.
THE DRAMATIC DOMINANT OF VASYL STEFANYK’S NOVELLAS
Authors: Lutsak Svitlana , Vivcharyk Nataliia
Published: October 2022

The aim of the research is to analyze the genre features of Vasyl Stefanyk’s short stories, and first of all the dramatic component of their artistic structure. The main focus is on the short stories that formed the basis of the staging of the Zagrava Theater. Director Volodymyr Blavatsky chose the productions of the short story, the dynamic structure of the genre, which are revealed by modern researchers as dramas in the novel – «She is the Earth», «Sons», «Maria», «Thief», «Pious», «Morituri», and «My Word» (as a prologue). These works paid attention to the director, especially thematically expanded the scope of contemporary drama. The main article was the method of genealogical studies, combined with the methods of poetic analysis of the dominants of the internal organization of short stories by Vasyl Stefanyk. As a result of the research it was proved that it was the sharp conflict, dialogic speech, tension of the plot, temporal condensation, related issues, minimized descriptions that allowed the director to combine these works in one theatrical production. In addition, literary-critical reviews and works of Mykola Yevshan, Mykola Zerov, Mykhailo Rudnytsky, Ivan Franko, Lesia Ukrainka, etc. were used to characterize the ideological and artistic features of Vasyl Stefanyk’s short stories, which indicated the expressiveness of writing and minimal authorial presence in Vasyl Stefanyk’s short stories. The writer’s memoirs, archival materials, and diaspora research were also used, including Hryhor Luzhnytsky’s article «Son of the Earth», which outlined the specifics of the development of contemporary Ukrainian theater and the urgent need to enrich the repertoire with stagings by Ukrainian authors, including Vasyl Stefanyk. The main focus of the article is on the analysis of the short story «She is the Earth», which is central in the production of the same name. It is illustrated that the earth in the works and stagings of Vasyl Stefanyk appears in various guises – Motherland, home, people, family, symbolizes the inseparability of generations. The novelty of the article is the analysis of the longevity of the Ukrainian theatrical tradition, which was intuitively felt by the novelist Vasyl Stefanyk, transforming into an artistic structure of prose text, which led to the emergence of the original genealogical form of drama in the novel. This artistic tradition has found its refraction in the modern production of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Academic Drama Theater Ivan Franko’s drama-oratorio «She is the Earth».