bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Komparasi Kewenangan Eksekutif Dalam Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pada Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensil: Antara Indonesia Dengan Amerika
Authors: Maziyah Dania Shofi , Nugraha Xavier
Published: May 2021

Setiap Negara memiliki keunikan dalam menjalankan sistem pemerintahannya. Salah satu keunikan tersebut adalah berkaitan dengan Kewenangan eksekutif dalam pembentukan undang-undang, dimana meskipun Negara tersebut sama-sama menggunakan sistem pemerintahan presidensil, akan tetapi terdapat perbedaan kewenangan. Perbedaan tersebut dapat dilihat pada Negara Indonesia dan Amerika, dimana meskipun Negara ini sama-sama menggunakan sistem pemerintahan presidensil, namun terdapat perbedaan kewenangan eksekutifnya. Dalam rangka memahami ratio legis adanya perbedaan, meskipun 2 (dua) Negara tersebut sama-sama menggunakan sistem pemerintahan presidensil, maka penelitian ini dilakukan. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah 1) Karakteristik sistem pemerintahan presidensiil dan 2) Wewenang Presiden sebagai eksekutif dalam pembentukan undang-undang pada sistem presidensiil di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat. Penelitian ini adalah peneltiain hukum dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), dan pendekatan komparasi (comparative approach).
Endovascular treatment of a ruptured aneurysm arising from the proximal end of a partial vertebrobasilar duplication with a contralateral prominent persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: illustrative case
Authors: Genkai Nobuyuki , Okamoto Kouichirou , Nomura Toshiharu , Abe Hiroshi
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Ruptured aneurysms associated with a partial vertebrobasilar duplication or a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) have been reported. Only rarely has endovascular treatment of ruptured aneurysms in association with both vascular variations been reported.

OBSERVATIONS

A 66-year-old woman experienced the sudden onset of a severe headache caused by a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral angiograms demonstrated a prominent PPHA originating from the left internal carotid artery at the C2 vertebral level and a partial vertebrobasilar duplication between the hypoplastic right vertebral artery and proximal basilar artery with a small aneurysm at the proximal end of the duplication from where the anterior spinal artery originated. The left vertebral artery was aplastic. A microcatheter was introduced into the aneurysm via the PPHA under the control of high blood flow, using a balloon-assisted technique. The aneurysm was completely obliterated with a coil. Although small cerebellar and cerebral infarcts developed during the procedure, the patient was discharged without neurological symptoms.

LESSONS

To avoid serious neurological complications, precise analysis of the complex vascular anatomy, including the anterior spinal artery and hemodynamics, is clinically important for endovascular therapy of cerebral aneurysms in patients with an association between a partial vertebrobasilar duplication and a PPHA.
Right hemidiaphragmatic paralysis after cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection: illustrative case
Authors: Farrell Molly , Mathew Ezek , Weiss Martin , Dickerman Rob
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Cervical radiculopathy is a common cause of neck pain, with radiation into the upper extremity in a dermatomal pattern. Corticosteroid injection is a conservative management option with a low risk of major adverse events. No reviewed literature or case reports have implicated phrenic nerve injury secondary to cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (CTFESI).

OBSERVATIONS

A 45-year-old man with severe right C6 radiculopathy secondary to a large right-sided C5–6 herniated intervertebral disc presented to the pain management clinic, where he received a right-sided C6 CTFESI. An hour after injection, the patient experienced shortness of breath, which was found to be caused by right diaphragmatic paralysis. The patient underwent a C5–6 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, which provided complete relief of his radicular symptoms. However, the right hemidiaphragmatic paralysis remained at the 1-year postoperative visit.

LESSONS

Thorough literature review showed no established explanations for phrenic nerve injury after CTFESI. In this study, the authors explored the suspected mechanisms of possible injury to the phrenic nerve. Epidural corticosteroid injection is considered to be a safe option for conservative management of cervical radiculopathy. This study unveiled a unique and important adverse event that should be considered before a patient receives CTFESI.
Delayed-onset white cord syndrome after anterior and posterior cervical decompression surgery for symptomatic ossification of spinal ligaments: illustrative cases
Authors: Singh Ranjit D. , Arts Mark P. , de Ruiter Godard C. W.
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

White cord syndrome is an extremely rare complication of cervical decompressive surgery, characterized by serious postoperative neurological deficits in the absence of apparent surgical complications. It is named after the characteristic ischemic-edematous intramedullary T2-hyperintense signal on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging and is believed to be caused by ischemic-reperfusion injury. Neurological deficits typically manifest immediately after surgery, and delayed occurrence has been reported only once.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors presented two cases of delayed white cord syndrome after anterior and posterior cervical decompression surgery for symptomatic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum, respectively. Neurological deficits manifested on postoperative day 2 (case 1) and day 8 (case 2). The patients’ conditions were managed with high-dose corticosteroids, mean arterial pressure augmentation, and early physical therapy, after which they showed partial neurological recovery at discharge, which improved further by the 3-month follow-up visit.

LESSONS

The authors’ aim was to raise awareness among spine surgeons about this rare but severe complication of cervical decompressive surgery and to emphasize the mainstays of treatment based on current best evidence: high-dose corticosteroids, mean arterial pressure augmentation, and early physical therapy.
Spontaneous regression and near disappearance of a calcified herniated thoracic disc in a 44-year-old male: illustrative case
Authors: Utter Andrew , Cavanaugh David , Van Schouwen Kelly F. , Mascagni Madison , Walker Madeline , Stone Marcus
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Herniation of an intervertebral disc (IVD) is found predominantly in the lumbar and cervical spine of both children and adults, but herniated IVDs of the thoracic spine are a rare occurrence. However, approximately 40% of herniated thoracic disc cases are calcified. Approximately 0.65% of all spinal herniations are calcified herniated thoracic discs (CHTDs). CHTDs can be treated conservatively or invasively, depending on the symptoms and degree of neurological deficit present.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors report a 44-year-old male with near complete reabsorption and disappearance of a CHTD. A review of the available literature indicates that there are only seven adult patients in whom this phenomenon has been reported.

LESSONS

Determining the best form of invasive treatment is a challenge for surgeons given the complexity of this condition. While the disappearance of calcified herniated discs of the lumbar and cervical spine has been reported, reports of the regression of CHTDs are rare. The disappearance of CHTDs is more commonly reported in children who undergo conservative treatment, while surgery is reserved for children who experience progressive pain and neurological deficit. Given the success of conservative treatment of CHTDs in children, conservative treatment methods should be considered when treating mildly symptomatic adults.
Paroxysmal otalgia treated with microvascular decompression of the intermediate nerve: illustrative case
Authors: Witters Leonie , Lukes Anton , Menovsky Tomas
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Intermediate nerve neuralgia is a rare type of cranial neuralgia that causes clinical, therapeutic, and diagnostic challenges. Studies have described pharmacological and surgical treatment options. Surgical treatment ranges from sectioning of neural structures to microvascular decompression. Given the rareness of the disease, there are no clear recommendations concerning treatment.

OBSERVATIONS

Reported is the case of a patient with typical intermediate nerve neuralgia. In this particular case, decision-making toward surgical decompression in an earlier stage of the disease could have been beneficial. The authors found excellent results using only microvascular decompression without sectioning of neural structures.

LESSONS

Knowledge of intermediate nerve anatomy is essential to understand this complex pain syndrome. This case illustrates that surgery should not only be regarded as a last resort in case of failure of conservative treatment but also should be considered early in the disease course, especially in the case of a clear neurovascular conflict. When no evident cause is found, surgery could be considered as an exploratory option to depict a neurovascular conflict intraoperatively. Microvascular decompression of the intermediate nerve without sectioning of neural structures can obtain excellent results. Since neural structures are saved, postoperative sequelae can be limited.
Pediatric multicompartmental trigeminal schwannoma: illustrative case
Authors: Landry Alexander P. , Ye Vincent C. , Vaughan Kerry A. , Drake James M. , Dirks Peter B. , Cusimano Michael D.
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Trigeminal schwannoma (TS) is an uncommon and histologically benign intracranial lesion that can involve any segment of the fifth cranial nerve. Given its often impressive size at diagnosis and frequent involvement of critical neurovascular structures of the skull base, it represents a challenging entity to treat. Pediatric TS is particularly rare and presents unique challenges. Similarly, tumors with extension into multiple compartments (e.g., middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa, extracranial spaces) are notoriously difficult to treat surgically. Combined or staged surgical approaches are typically required to address them, with radiosurgical treatment as an adjunct.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors presented the unusual case of a 9-year-old boy with a large, recurrent multicompartmental TS involving Meckel’s cave, the cerebellopontine angle, and the infratemporal fossa. Near-total resection was achieved using a frontotemporal-orbitozygomatic craniotomy with a combined interdural and extradural approach.

LESSONS

The case report adds to the current literature on multicompartmental TSs in children and their management. The authors also provided a simplified classification of TS that can be generalized to other skull base tumors. Given a lack of precedent, the authors intended to add to the discussion regarding surgical management of these rare and challenging skull base lesions.
Constructivism in the Shade of Racial, Ethnic, and Special Needs Diversity Students
Authors: Kaliampos George
Published: May 2021

The last decades the population of learners has dramatically changed in the majority of western societies. Students with diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds as well as students that fall into the scope of special education needs have enrolled in schooling without being able to perform competitively in science compared to the mainstream students. A prominent reason, among others, lies on the fact that the cultural origins of these pupils are often not taken into account into the teaching process. It seems that these children are taught science in school without any consideration, from both their teachers and the curriculum, about their diversity background and their unique life experiences that have inevitably affected their way of viewing the natural world around them. The present paper aspires to shed light on this issue and act as a call for science education pioneers to expand constructivism theory in order to address student diversity in science classroom.
Contribution to the Assessment of the Quality of Life at Work: a Case Study
Authors: Abdi Meryem , Chaib Rachid , Verzea Ion
Published: May 2021

Following a steady increase in the frequency and intensity of stress factors, caused by specific management practices that affect both workers’ health and the company’s efficiency, the notion of quality of life at work (QWL) has emerged. Thus, the need to reduce risk and provide a safe working environment is a fundamental business management principle. Henceforth, the meaning of work plays a crucial role in building a sense of doing the job well. However, to create a healthy, attractive and productive workplace, it is not enough to avoid creating suffering conditions at work. However, it is also necessary to develop the quality of working life by increasing workers’ well-being and productivity. Consequently, quality of work-life (QWL) within the company plays a vital role in maximizing production, employee’s well-being and motivation, a good brand image in the national and international market, and even improving the economic performance of the company. This work studied the quality of life at the company “Danone” taken as our study case. In this work, we try to understand the link between a good quality of working life and the company’s performance.
Book Review: Advances in Questionnaire Design, Development, Evaluation and Testing
Authors: Shi Hong
Published: May 2021

Book Review: Advances in Questionnaire Design, Development, Evaluation and Testing. Beatty, P. C., Collins, D., Kaye, L., Padilla, J. L., Willis, G. B., & Wilmot, A. (Eds.). (2019). Advances in Questionnaire Design, Development, Evaluation and Testing. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-1-119-26362-3, December 2019, 816 Pages.
Control of Electrodialysis Desalination Systems as Smart Loads in Microgrids with High Penetration of Renewable Generation
Authors: Mantz Ricardo J , Fernández Roberdo D , Peña Ramiro , Battaiotto Pedro
Published: May 2021

Water desalination systems connected to microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy generation are frequently used to promote the development of remote areas. These microgrids often have power quality and even stability problems. This work shows that electrodialysis desalination systems can be managed as smart loads, that is, they can contribute to the power balance and voltage regulation of the microgrid without neglecting its main function of water desalination. For this, a model of multiple inputs and multiple outputs for a desalination system is proposed where the variables to control are the treated water concentration and the active and reactive powers demanded by the desalination system. Based on this model, a control law is proposed that allows to face the complexity of the non-linear system in a simple and precise way. The proposed control guarantees the low salt concentration of the drinking water and favors the energy balance of the microgrid, allowing better control of the power quality and greater penetration of renewable energy generation.
Proposta De Implementação Das Ações De Endomarketing Para A Motivação Dos Colaboradores: Estudo De Caso Na Empresa Imaq Motores LTDA
Authors: Silva Jessica Paixão do Carmo da , Ferreira Mirian Raiani Silva , Roberto José Carlos Alves
Published: May 2021

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade demonstrar a relação das ferramentas de endomarketing com fatores motivacionais sob a ótica da gestão de pessoas dentro do ambiente laboral, através de uma análise que busca retratar os benefícios dessa integração para o melhor desempenho da empresa visualizando a prática de uma gestão eficaz de políticas motivacionais, como ela influencia nos resultados positivos na organização estudada desenvolvendo seus colaboradores. Outrossim, ressaltamos neste artigo os resultados alcançados a partir do estudo de caso realizado na empresa Imaq Motores LTDA, uma empresa do ramo comercial com a característica predominante a venda de motores para embarcações, para isso foi feito um levantamento de dados aplicando a ferramenta 5w2h sob o processo de planejamento com intuito de chegarmos a uma hipótese e construção de um plano motivacional apresentando as vantagens dessa aliança.
Proposta De Implementação De Ações De Melhoria Na Qualidade Do Atendimento Do Hospital: Estudo De Caso Na Unimed Manaus
Authors: Calacina Gabriel da Silva , Mesquita Yanna Kelly Barbosa , Silva Tharlison Sousa da , Roberto José Carlos Alves
Published: May 2021

O presente estudo originou-se como resultado do diagnóstico organizacional realizado na Unimed Manaus. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é criar e propor ações interventivas que possibilitem evidenciar a qualidade dos serviços oferecidos pela cooperativa de saúde. Neste estudo de caso verificou-se como problema de pesquisa: Como se pode melhorar a satisfação e fidelização dos clientes através da implementação do serviço de atendimento ao cliente? A qualidade do atendimento traz para a organização um diferencial que causa impacto tanto nos colaboradores como para os clientes que são à base de uma empresa. O presente estudo tem característica exploratória e pretende discutir as práticas necessárias a qualquer organização prestadora de serviços. Como resultado esperado neste estudo, pretende-se por meio de ações interventivas, que busquem melhorar a qualidade dos serviços, por meio da redução da rotatividade dos colaboradores de apoio na cooperativa. A introdução de ferramentas tecnológicas e processos devem buscar pela melhoria contínua a partir da melhoria de aspectos internos da organização e prover uma maior comunicação entre cooperativa e cooperados que, se implantadas no atendimento, podem trazer benefícios tanto para os ambientes organizacionais quanto para os consumidores.
Segurança Cibernética: O Cenário Dos Crimes Virtuais No Brasil
Authors: Silva Ricardo Leopoldo da , Vieira Anderson
Published: May 2021

O presente artigo tem por finalidade introduzir o tema da segurança cibernética direcionado aos crimes virtuais de maior ocorrência no cenário brasileiro em decorrência da evolução e do aumento significativo da utilização de tecnologias da informação e comunicação – as chamadas TICs. No momento atual, são marcantes a presença e a utilização de tais tecnologias, onde é possível observar do acesso à conta de e-mail à realização de transações financeiras, além de múltiplas aplicações, serviços e negócios. Em consequência desse total envolvimento e, por conseguinte, da dependência das TICs, pessoas mal-intencionadas motivam-se ao desenvolvimento de ferramentas para exploração de vulnerabilidades, como também se beneficiam da imperícia, desatenção e inocência dos usuários, a fim de atingirem seus objetivos – seja a disseminação de infecções em dispositivos informáticos ou a obtenção de informações alheias nos âmbitos pessoal e financeiro. Por intermédio de uma comparação global, a pesquisa destaca os principais crimes virtuais de maior ocorrência no Brasil. Igualmente, mediante análise realizada em relatórios e security reports – disponibilizados na internet -, foi possível identificar as tecnologias de maior exploração, o comportamento e o modo como os ataques foram realizados. Ademais, este artigo expõe alguns conceitos referentes à segurança cibernética, apresentando diferentes definições, como a da Associação de Controle e Auditoria de Sistemas de Informação – organização global de profissionais de governança de TI, controle, segurança e auditoria – e, também, de empresas voltadas à segurança da informação, tais como a Norton by Symantec e a Kaspersky Lab. Da mesma forma, esclarece o aspecto jurídico em relação aos crimes virtuais, salientando a evolução da legislação brasileira para se adequar ao cenário atual, e, assim, aplicar de maneira correta as penalidades aos crimes informáticos. De modo final, explicita que somente investimentos em tecnologia e infraestrutura não são suficientes para a redução dos crimes virtuais; ressalta, consequentemente, que são necessários investimentos em educação e conscientização dos usuários para o melhor aproveitamento dos recursos tecnológicos disponíveis.
Gênero E Desigualdade Na Escola: Por Uma Educação Emancipadora
Authors: Cardoso Caroline , Souza Leonardo Figueiredo de , Albuquerque Kleberson Almeida de
Published: May 2021

A construção da identidade de gênero ocorreu por muito tempo a partir de uma determinação binária, sendo por meio desse dualismo que as mulheres seriam construídas como o outro do homem. Contudo, percebe-se que as questões de gênero são mais profundas e diversas, diante da diversidade existente na construção das relações sociais, torna-se pertinente identificar como as questões de gênero têm sido trabalhadas no contexto da educação básica. Desta forma, o presente trabalho consiste em uma resenha analítica da obra “Diferentes, não desiguais: a questão de gênero na escola”, além de propor um diálogo com diferentes teóricos que aprofundam a discussão sobre educação emancipadora, levando em consideração a diversidade existente na escola. Diante das discussões levantadas, conclui-se que a obra sem dúvida alguma contribui para reflexão a respeito da importância de se tratar das questões de gênero nas escolas, a partir, obviamente, da capacitação docente, em vista de uma educação emancipadora, que não reproduza preconceitos que há muito existem na sociedade e que refletem no campo educacional.
Metilfenidato: Una Revisión
Authors: Oliveira Vinicius Faustino Lima de , Moreira Danilo José Silva , Fonseca Juliana Brito da , Rossi Karoline , Vasconcelos Suzana dos Santos , Dias Claudio Alberto Gellis de Mattos , Oliveira Euzébio de , Dendasck Carla Viana , Araújo Maria Helena Mendonça de , Fecury Amanda Alves
Published: May 2021

Metilfenidato (MFD) es un medicamento derivado de la anfetamina que estimula el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC), promoviendo una mayor atención, menos distracción y mayor sentido de motivación. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir las principales características farmacéuticas de la MFD, destacar las indicaciones clínicas para el uso de la MMFD y detallar los posibles eventos adversos derivados del consumo de MFD. Para ello, realizamos una investigación en las bases de datos ScienceResearch.com, SciELO, LILACS, PubMed y EMBASE y en los repositorios institucionales de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais y Universidad Federal de Ceará, utilizando las palabras clave y asociaciones “metilfenidato”, “ritalina”, “efectos” y “effects“. Se evidenció que el fármaco consiste en una mezcla racemica formada por cuatro estereoisómeros, y el compuesto farmacológicamente activo es racemate dextrogyl (d,l)-treo-MFD. Actúa sobre el bloqueo de los transportadores de dopamina y norepinefrina del SNC, promoviendo efectos que justifican su prescripción para tratar el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH). En los últimos años, su consumo con fines no terapéuticos ha aumentado. Algunos efectos adversos de su uso se han divulgado, y insomnio, irritabilidad y dolor de cabeza se han divulgado.
Are quartzite scree slopes used by birds to promote sound transmission in the Mediterranean forest?
Authors: Pérez–González J. , Rey Gozalo G. , Montes González D. , Hidalgo de Trucios S. J. , Barrigón Morillas J. M.
Published: May 2021

Birds generate vocalisations (songs and calls) to communicate. Acoustic communication may be hindered by habitat features so birds can use several strategies to favour sound transmission. Sound transmission depends on the acoustic properties of their habitats. Scree slopes, also known as ‘pedrizas’, are frequent in the Mediterranean forests of south and central western Spain. As the acoustic properties of these rocky grounds might favour sound transmission, we propose that birds might actively use ‘pedrizas’ to increase sound transmission. We assessed the following prediction of the hypothesis: the number of vocalisations recorded should be higher near the ‘pedrizas’ than in forest areas far away from ‘pedrizas’. Using portable recorders in the Mediterranean forest of Monfragüe National Park, we found that the number of recorded vocalisations was higher near the ‘pedrizas’. As this result was not due to differences in species richness, we consider it supports the prediction of the hypothesis. This is new evidence that birds might use a natural element within their habitat to increase sound transmission.
Strategi Pendidikan Toleransi Beragama dan Implikasinya terhadap Keutuhan NKRI di Bangka Belitung
Authors: Suparta Suparta
Published: May 2021

This article aims to review and describe the strategy of religious tolerance education and its impact on the integrity of the Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) in Bangka Belitung. In the Bangka Belitung Islands, the life of the people is very heterogeneous and has a high level of plurality. There are many portraits of the diversity of ethnicities, cultures, religions, ethnicities and languages ​​that are integrated into the social dynamics of the people in Bangka Belitung. Of course, this plurality has the potential to cause horizontal conflict in society. Therefore, to study and examine in depth this reality an in-depth interview technique is used to obtain clear information about the principles of religious tolerance from the perspective of Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism. As a result, there are three educational strategies that can be developed by religious communities in Bangka Belitung; first, the strategy of educating the internal religious community; second, the strategy of educating people to maintain harmony between fellow religious communities; and third, the strategy of educating people to maintain harmony with the government.

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengulas dan memaparkan strategi pendidikan toleransi beragama dan dampaknya terhadap keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) di Bangka Belitung. Di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung kehidupan masyarakatnya sangat heterogen dan memiliki tingkat pluralitas yang tinggi. Ada banyak potret keragaman suku, budaya, agama, etnis, dan bahasa yang  menyatu dalam dinamika sosial masyarakat di Bangka Belitung. Tentu, pluralitas tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan konflik horizontal di tengah masyarakat. Oleh karena itu untuk mengkaji dan menelaah secara mendalam realitas tersebut digunakan teknik wawancara mendalam untuk mendapatkan informasi yang jelas mengenai prinsip toleransi beragama dalam perspektif agama Islam, Kristen, Budha, Hindu, dan Konghucu. Hasilnya, ada tiga strategi pendidikan yang dapat dikembangkan oleh umat beragama yang ada di Bangka Belitung; pertama, strategi mendidik dalam internal umat beragama; kedua, strategi mendidik umat untuk menjaga kerukunan antara sesama umat beragama; dan ketiga, strategi mendidik umat untuk menjaga kerukuan dengan pemerintah.
The symbiotic relationship between blind shrimp and the goby fish, with a commentary on irreducible complexity
Authors: Edmonds Noah James
Published: May 2021

Advocates of the concept of irreducible complexity in the natural world have propositionally identified the symbiotic relationship between the blind shrimp and the goby fish as incapable of having naturally evolved. An irreducibly complex system is most commonly identified as “A system…(that) includes a set of well-matched, mutually interacting, nonarbitrarily (sic.) individuated parts such that each part in the set is indispensable to maintaining the system’s basic, and therefore original, function.”, although it may be noted that various definitions and articulations of the concept itself are present in contemporary literature. The concept may be summarized as the idea that certain biological and natural systems and organisms are so intricately complex, that there is no conceivable method by which those systems or organisms could have arisen by “chance” through naturalistic or darwinian evolution. While evolutionists may claim that such systems did indeed evolve naturally, the argument goes, this does not explain how it happened. This type of partnership (as is observed in the symbiotic relationship between the goby fish and the blind shrimp), it is said, had to have been programmed into them by their Creator from the very beginning of their existence. This paper examines such a claim in light of what is known about symbiotic relationships among organisms as they are observed in nature.
Using the 3D Ear Scanner: Seven Practical Tips to Remember if you are an Audiologist and Manage Patients with Otoscan
Authors: A Barbero Rodriguez
Published: May 2021

Otoscanner 3D is a new technique used to reproduce the shape and measurements of patients’ ears in Audiology and Anaplastology, using laser light beams and 3D modeling. This new technique is increasingly used by audiologists because it has high precision and the great advantage of making a digital design of the molds personalized with the patient’s anatomy. In a very short time, it has become equipment for daily use in Audiology Clinics and Anaplastology. Our audiologists periodically review the protocols for using the 3D scanners and provide useful advice and corrections for their colleagues in their daily work with the 3D scanning systems. To know the complete evolution of our work, see the two articles previously published in industry magazines and in professional forums and which are referenced in the article.1-3 Manufacturers edit a manual with the use of the Otoscanner that the audiologist should know, but normally the advice about the difficulties we have during daily practice with 3D scanning and when working with difficult patients during the measurement is not edited. To serve as a guide, we publish here some of those aspects that include correcting the patient’s position to perform the measurement; advantages of using in combination with the Video-Otoscope; advice if you also take measures for Anaplastology; precautions to consider such as restrictions on use below adulthood; improvements in your hardware; avoid saturation of the Otocloud and Otoscan-COVID.
Management of Benign Parotid Lesions: An Overview of Complications and Extent of Surgical Resection
Authors: Mohammed Jamil Hyder
Published: May 2021

Background The surgical management of benign lesions of the parotid gland is focused on the complete removal of the lesion, minimizing the chances of recurrence and to preserve facial nerve function. There is a relative paucity of literature regarding the post-operative complications of the surgical procedures for benign parotid lesions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the post- operative complications of a limited surgical procedure, namely partial superficial parotidectomy. Material and Method This retrospective cohort study included all parotid surgeries performed for benign parotid pathology from January 2008 to December 2018. The patient’s demographic data, presenting symptoms, type of surgery performed, complications, presence of post operative facial nerve paralysis and grade, histopathology type and follow up period were collected from hospital records of Al Shifa system. The mean follow-up time was 12.5 months. Results The study yielded a total of 125 partial superficial parotidectomies performed on 123 patients with a mean age of 44.5 years (range 8-87 years). Pleomorphic adenoma (n= 68, 54.4%) and Warthins tumor (n=32, 25.6%), were the most common neoplastic lesions. Non-neoplastic lesions were 18 (14.4%). Temporary facial nerve weakness occurred in 11 patients (8.8%). All cases of facial nerve weakness improved within three months post-operatively. The rate of salivary fistula and sialocele were 5.5% and 1.5% respectively. One patient who had histologically proven pleomorphic adenoma had recurrence of tumor (0.8%). Conclusion Partial superficial parotidectomy was associated with low incidence of facial nerve dysfunction which was mostly transient, and no permanent facial nerve dysfunction was reported. Other complications like sialocele, salivary fistula and Frey’s syndrome were reported at lower rates than the reported rates in the literature for the conventional superficial parotidectomy. The findings support partial superficial parotidectomy approach for the treatment of benign parotid pathology, which entails less extensive resection of parotid parenchyma and less extensive dissection of facial nerve branches thereby minimizing the risk of post-operative complications.
Monitoring Ototoxicity through Otoacoustic Emissions. Present, COVID-19, and Future Related Insights
Authors: Panagiotopoulos Georgios K
Published: May 2021

The administration of certain drugs is directly related to inner ear damage. Due to the potential of these elements and their usage, more extensive monitoring of adverse effects should be implemented. That is why, baseline evaluation for ototoxicity must be adequately extensive and should embrace conventional PTA thresholds, HFA, immittance measurements, speech audiometry in quiet and in noise, and assessment of OAEs. Health care specialists have reasonably quested other test modalities for ototoxic monitoring, in their effort to eliminate behavioral – subjective testing and even more establishing further improvements in test efficacy. To iterate, drug induced ototoxicities typically are initially presented as OHC dysfunction, and the exact correlation between present OAEs and functional OHCs is fairly well demonstrated. This study provides recent evidence regarding OAEs’ strategic advantages as a part of an ototoxicity monitoring program, as they can detect earlier ototoxic induced thresholds shifts, do not need patient’s own cooperation and are substantially easy to perform and quick. This fact is particularly crucial during present COVID-19 pandemic where ototoxic agents such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are routinely administered in many patients who may be too sick and haggard to perform adequately enough in conventional PTA or similar, behavioral based exams.
Die wasserrechtliche Genehmigung von Kleinwasserkraftanlagen
Authors: Weiss Martin
Published: May 2021

Erneuerbare Energien und deren bedeutende Rolle bei Interessenabwägungen Dieses Buch widmet sich Problemstellungen rund um die wasserrechtliche Genehmigung von Kleinwasserkraftanlagen. Es zeigt auf, dass erneuerbare Energien derzeit besonders gewichtige "übergeordnete" öffentliche Interessen bei Interessenabwägungen in umweltrechtlichen Bereichen darstellen. Auf Grundlage allgemeiner Analysen zu öffentlichen Interessen und Interessenabwägungen wird der einschlägige Rechtsrahmen dargestellt und in Beziehung zur Genehmigung von Kleinwasserkraftanlagen gesetzt. Gerade Kleinwasserkraftanlagen müssen zur Erreichung der internationalen/europäischen/nationalen Energie- und Klimaziele (CO2-Neutralität, energetische Unabhängigkeit) eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Schließlich werden aus den bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt gewonnenen Erkenntnissen allgemeine Schlüsse gezogen, welche für sämtliche umweltrechtliche Bereiche und dort angesiedelte Interessenabwägungen bedeutend sind. Themen rund um den Klimawandel und erneuerbare Energien werden uns noch viele Jahre beschäftigen. Gerade für den rechtlichen Zusammenhang derselben hat dieses Werk höchste Relevanz.
Pemodelan Transpor Sedimen Pantai Kualo Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Besperi Besperi , Gunawan Gusta , Utari Tessa Dwi
Published: May 2021

Provinsi Bengkulu merupakan salah satu daerah dengan pantai terpanjang di Indonesia. Secara umum keadaan pantai di Bengkulu telah banyak mengalami kerusakan berupa abrasi dan sedimentasi. Perubahan garis pantai disebabkan oleh faktor alam dan/atau faktor manusia. Secara geografis, Pantai Kualo terletak di bagian Barat Pulau Sumatera yang berhadapan langsung dengan Samudera Hindia. Ini berarti, seluruh tepian barat merupakan daerah laut lepas dengan sedikit pulau yang menghalanginya. Sehingga pada saat nantinya, pihak yang berwenang dapat mempertimbangkan  hal-hal yang harus dilakukan dalam menjaga pesisir pantai di Pantai Kualo ini. Berdasarkan hal ini,   penelitian tentang peramalan perubahan garis pantai di  Pantai kualo Kota Bengkulu dalam jangka waktu tertentu perlu dilakukan . Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis besarnya transpor sedimen yang terjadi di Pantai Kualo Bengkulu dan memprediksi perubahan garis pantai dalam jangka waktu 5 tahun di Pantai Kualo Bengkulu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menghitung transpor sedimen yang masuk dan keluar pesisir pantai dengan membagi pantai menjadi 10 sel (pias) sepanjang pantai 500 m dengan panjang 50 m pada setiap sel (pias) ditambah satu pias sebagai titik acuan. Penelitian yang dilakukan menghasilkan besarnya transpor sedimen dan perubahan garis pantai.
ANALISIS PENERAPAN SISTEM RAINWATER TANK DI PERUMAHAN CITRA INDAH BATAM CENTER
Authors: Saputra Ade Jaya , Fu Priscillia
Published: May 2021

Perkembangan penduduk di kota Batam mengakibatkan peningkatan frekuensi terjadinya banjir yang terjadi terutama di Perumahan Citra Indah, Batam Center.  Untuk mengatasi masalah yang timbul akibat peningkatan frekuensi terjadinya banjir, maka dilakukan analisis penerapan sistem rainwater tank pada kawasan perumahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perencanaan raintwater tank dan mengetahui jumlah air dan biaya yang dihemat dengan sistem rainwater tank untuk kawasan perumahan Citra Indah, Batam Center. Penelitian ini menganalisis kebutuhan tanki yang diperlukan untuk 4 tipe rumah di perumahan Citra Indah. Data perumahan diperoleh dari PT Bangun Arsikon Batindo dan data curah hujan dari Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG) Kota Batam. Metode perhitungan dengan menggunakan curah hujan andalan 80% berdasarkan curah hujan tahun 2010-2019 dan luas atap rumah sebagai luas penangkapan. Hasil analisa penerapan sistem rainwater tank di perumahan Citra Indah, untuk tipe rumah 120/162 membutuhkan tanki dengan volume 10,45 m3, tipe rumah 103/120 membutuhkan tanki dengan volume 9,72 m3, tipe rumah 78/105 membutuhkan tanki dengan volume 9,00 m3 dan tipe rumah 50/90 membutuhkan tanki dengan volume 8,79 m3. Penerapan sistem tersebut dapat menghemat penggunaan air sebesar 7,344 m3/bulan dan Rp 705.024/tahun.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEKERJA KONSTRUKSI MEMILIH SISTEM PEMBAYARAN UPAH KERJA (KASUS PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH)
Authors: Asnudin Andi
Published: May 2021

In general, there are two types of payment systems for work wages in construction work, the first is the daily wage system based on the number of working days / hours, and the second is the wholesale system based on the volume or type of work. Some information that is often heard in the construction project environment is about problems that arise as a result of the wage system for construction workers. Therefore, this study aims to determine the factors that influence the construction workers in choosing a work wage payment system. Non-parametric approachment is used in the form of descriptive analysis consisting of data reduction carried out by reading interview transcripts, questionnaires responses, and making notes according to the data. Then a summary of the data is made which provides an overview in the form of narrative text and tables. The results showed that the most workers that used the payment of work wages based on the volume of work of 58.84% and those who used working hours or of daily wages were 41.16%. Factors that influence the two payment systems are: First, based on Work Volume, are (1) Additional working hours, (2) Special jobs (Specialists, (3) Remote work locations, (4) High worker productivity, (5) Employee Competence Fulfilled, (6) Experienced more than 2 years, (7) Low risk of material damage. Second, the payment system based on Working Hours are (1) Work experience less than 2 years, (2) Weather conditions, extreme (3) Availability of materials, (4) High wages for workers, (5) Working hours less than 7 hours per day , (6) Difficult mastery of tools, (7) Low labor productivity.
Implementing Brown’s Teaching Principles on the Training of English for General Speaking Purpose for School Teachers and Staff
Authors: S Haryadi , Sumarni Baiq , Imansyah Imansyah , Hidayatullah Heri , Sandiarsa S K. Dedy
Published: May 2021

This community service aims to help secondary school teachers to learn and improve their English, speaking skill in particular, The community service team will collaborate to conduct 20 class meetings at the respective school. The participants are all school teachers, headmaster, and appointed school staff. This paper informs the result of Brown’s Teaching Principles in improving speaking skill of school teachers and staff. There were 10 teachers involved, 7 males and 3 females. Their ages range between 24 to 30 years. The community service team  employed observation to record participants’ progress. The result shows that before commencing the training, participants were mostly unable to make self-introduction, tell daily activities, show directions, and make general exchange. At the end of the program, the participants were able to speak in English in the area of making self-introduction, telling about their daily activities, and making general daily exchange. They were also capable of showing people direction and ask and answer Yes/No question. The speaking zone also developed from “in-classroom only area” to teachers’ room and was planned to expand into the whole area of the school. This policy will be made for teachers first. Students will be advised to use English at school at the initial stage. The school plan to implement English speaking policy for students soon in the right time in the near future.
Pelatihan Pembelajaran Daring Berbasis Zoom untuk Guru MA NW Kabar Kabupaten Lombok Timur
Authors: Hidayatulloh Alpiana , Rijal Khairul , Pratama Indah Arry , Malikah, Hr Bq.
Published: May 2021

This community service aims to provide training on the use of the zoom application as a medium for carrying out the online learning process, this training was attended by MA NW Kabar teachers, Sakra District, East Lombok Regency. In this training the community service implementation team collaborates with information and computer engineering teachers. The training method used is direct training using the instruments provided after the training. The target achieved after this training is the understanding of the teacher using the zoom application as an online learning medium. As a result of this training, 80% of teachers in each subject use zoom as a medium to carry out the learning process online.
Sosialisasi Resiko Non Klinis Pernikahan Usia Anak di SMAN I Gerung
Authors: Garnika Eneng , Rayani Dewi , Najwa Lu’luin , Lukitasari Diah
Published: May 2021

This community service activity aims to provide knowledge in child marriage which can cause bad risks, so it is necessary to do prevention by delaying the age of marriage, continuing studies and planning life to be able to carry it out better. Given the appeal from the government not to carry out activities that involve many people, this service program is carried out through socialization in limited classes to be able to maintain the Health protocol with a number of participants less than 20 pesetas. The steps in the implementation of this service include: (1) Providing gradual education to students about the non-clinical risks of child marriage and its prevention; Non-clinical risks of child marriage; planning for the future and further studies, and the importance of education to continue a better life. (2) Conduct a question and answer session at the end of the delivery of socialization materials. (3) Evaluation of child marriage risk socialization program activities and program sustainability plans. The result of this community service activity is that students understand the non-clinical risks of child marriage and can plan for the future, by continuing their studies or by doing entrepreneurship.
Chapter 2a: Virology
Authors: Růžek Daniel , Yoshii Kentaro , Bloom Marshall E. , Gould Ernest A.
Published: May 2021

TBEV is the most medically important member of the tick-borne serocomplex group within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae.

Three antigenic subtypes of TBEV correspond to the 3 recognized genotypes: European
(TBEV-EU), also known as Western, Far Eastern (TBEV-FE), and Siberian (TBEV-SIB).

An additional 2 genotypes have been identified in the Irkutsk region of Russia, currently named TBE virus Baikalian subtype (TBEV-BKL) and TBE virus Himalayan subtype (Himalayan and “178-79” group; TBEV-HIM).

TBEV virions are small enveloped spherical particles about 50 nm in diameter.

The TBEV genome consists of a single-stranded positive sense RNA molecule.

The genome encodes one open reading frame (ORF), which is flanked by untranslated
(non-coding) regions (UTRs).

The 5′-UTR end has a methylated nucleotide cap for canonical cellular translation. The 3′-UTR is not polyadenylated and is characterized by extensive length and sequence heterogeneity.

The ORF encodes one large polyprotein, which is co- and post-translationally cleaved into 3 structural proteins (C, prM, and E) and 7 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5).

TBEV replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell in close association with virus-induced intracellular membrane structures. Virus assembly occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum.

The immature virions are transported to the Golgi complex, and mature virions pass through the host secretory pathway and are finally released from the host cell by fusion of the transport vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane.
Canais de comercialização do pescado de água doce: um estudo em municípios da mesorregião Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Schereiber Fernando Henrique da Rosa , Zucatto Luis Carlos , Lazzari Rafael
Published: May 2021

O Brasil apresenta aspectos ambientais favoráveis para a produção de peixe, com isso, tem apresentado constante crescimento. O Rio Grande do Sul é um estado que apresenta grande potencial de crescimento da atividade, principalmente, na comercialização de pescados. No entanto, existem alguns entraves que dificultam a venda de pescado no estado. O presente estudo teve como objetivos identificar e caracterizar os canais de comercialização utilizados pelos piscicultores da mesorregião Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, para escoar sua produção. A pesquisa foi realizada em cinco municípios da mesorregião Noroeste, os quais apresentaram o maior volume de pescados comercializados em 2017, sendo eles: Ajuricaba, Barra Funda, Chapada, Nova Ramada e Tenente Portela. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre janeiro e março de 2020, foram realizadas 64 entrevistas, com a utilização de roteiro de pesquisa semiestruturado. Os resultados evidenciam que os principais canais utilizados pelos piscicultores da Mesorregião Noroeste foram os intermediários e os frigoríficos. Enquanto os canais curtos, devido às características da região e sistemas produtivos, são pouco utilizados. O estudo ainda aponta que uma das principais dificuldades encontradas na comercialização está relacionada a pouca valorização do produto e as dificuldades no momento de receber pelo produto comercializado.