bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SARS‐CoV‐2 Human Challenge Trials: Rethinking the Recruitment of Healthy Young Adults First
Authors: Matsui Kenji , Inoue Yusuke , Yamamoto Keiichiro
Published: April 2021

In the midst of the ongoing Covid‐19 pandemic, researchers across the globe are still working to develop effective vaccines. To expedite this process even further, human challenge trials have been proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an alternative to conventional approaches. In such trials, healthy volunteers are deliberately infected with the pathogen of interest, enabling scientists to study the infection process and facilitate further research on treatments or prophylactics, including vaccines. While human challenge trials would offer a collective benefit to society, minimizing the risks is always difficult. Ethical controversy thus inevitably surrounds these trials. Typically, healthy young adults are recruited to serve as the first candidate subjects for human challenge trials because they are generally considered to represent a low‐risk population. Here, we present three reasons for doubt about this healthy‐young‐adults‐first criterion and give justification for also recruiting healthy older adults (or not‐young adults), meaning those over 30 years of age, to participate in such trials for SARS‐CoV‐2.
Condition and size of the non‐native pikeperch Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) in Portuguese river basins
Authors: Gago João , Neves Ana , Gkenas Christos , Ribeiro Diogo , Ribeiro Filipe
Published: April 2021

We studied life‐history traits focusing on the growth and condition of the pikeperch Sander lucioperca to evaluate its phenotypic plasticity when introduced to new environments. Pikeperch is a non‐native fish introduced to Iberian freshwater fauna in 1998 that quickly spread to other river basins through human‐mediated activities, occupying now a wide variety of habitats along mainland Portugal. Condition (K and SMI), fork length at age, and length–weight relationships were studied for Portuguese populations. Pikeperch fork length for ages 1, 2, 3, and 4 was different between several populations. We applied generalized linear models (GLM) to study the influence of habitat type, latitude, altitude, time after first detection, and fish prey richness on pikeperch populations size at age 4 and condition. We observed higher condition values on populations from lower altitudes at lentic systems more recently introduced. But higher fork length at age 4 was found in populations from higher altitudes, on older populations with higher prey richness. Habitat type, time since first detection, and fish fauna composition are discussed as the main environmental factors explaining the observed phenotypic plasticity with concerns on predatory impact on native fauna.
Interactive effects of body mass changes and species‐specific morphology on flight behavior of chick‐rearing Antarctic fulmarine petrels under diurnal wind patterns
Authors: Dehnhard Nina , Klekociuk Andrew R. , Emmerson Louise
Published: April 2021

For procellariiform seabirds, wind and morphology are crucial determinants of flight costs and flight speeds. During chick‐rearing, parental seabirds commute frequently to provision their chicks, and their body mass typically changes between outbound and return legs. In Antarctica, the characteristic diurnal katabatic winds, which blow stronger in the mornings, form a natural experimental setup to investigate flight behaviors of commuting seabirds in response to wind conditions. We GPS‐tracked three closely related species of sympatrically breeding Antarctic fulmarine petrels, which differ in wing loading and aspect ratio, and investigated their flight behavior in response to wind and changes in body mass. Such information is critical for understanding how species may respond to climate change. All three species reached higher ground speeds (i.e., the speed over ground) under stronger tailwinds, especially on return legs from foraging. Ground speeds decreased under stronger headwinds. Antarctic petrels (Thalassoica antarctica; intermediate body mass, highest wing loading, and aspect ratio) responded stronger to changes in wind speed and direction than cape petrels (Daption capense; lowest body mass, wing loading, and aspect ratio) or southern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialoides; highest body mass, intermediate wing loading, and aspect ratio). Birds did not adjust their flight direction in relation to wind direction nor the maximum distance from their nests when encountering headwinds on outbound commutes. However, birds appeared to adjust the timing of commutes to benefit from strong katabatic winds as tailwinds on outbound legs and avoid strong katabatic winds as headwinds on return legs. Despite these adaptations to the predictable diurnal wind conditions, birds frequently encountered unfavorably strong headwinds, possibly as a result of weather systems disrupting the katabatics. How the predicted decrease in Antarctic near‐coastal wind speeds over the remainder of the century will affect flight costs and breeding success and ultimately population trajectories remains to be seen.
Increased bleeding risk with phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors after left ventricular assist device implantation
Authors: Jakstaite Aiste‐Monika , Luedike Peter , Schmack Bastian , Pizanis Nikolaus , Riebisch Matthias , Weymann Alexander , Kamler Markus , Ruhparwar Arjang , Rassaf Tienush , Papathanasiou Maria
Published: April 2021

Aims

Therapy with phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation has been associated with lower mortality and device thrombosis but increased risk for post‐operative and gastrointestinal bleeding. We aimed to evaluate the impact of long‐term PDE5Is on the overall bleeding risk after LVAD implantation.

Methods and results

We retrospectively included patients who received a continuous‐flow LVAD at our site and were prescribed with long‐term oral PDE5Is after discharge from the index hospitalization. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of bleeding at 12 month follow‐up. Secondary endpoints were all‐cause death and the combination of bleeding and all‐cause death. Our analysis included 109 patients of whom 75 (69%) received long‐term PDE5Is. Mean age was 56 years, and 85% were male. At 12 months, 19 (17%) patients experienced at least one bleeding event. Patients on PDE5Is had higher bleeding rates (23% vs. 6%, P = 0.03) and more bleeding events per patient‐year (0.32 vs. 0.06, P = 0.03) compared with patients not on PDE5Is. While overall bleeding incidence was excessively higher in the PDE5I group, there were no significant differences in the incidence of major bleeding (19% vs. 6%, P = 0.08) and gastrointestinal bleeding (11% vs. 3%, P = 0.18). Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed higher cumulative incidence of bleeding for the PDE5I group (log rank = 0.04) with no difference on all‐cause death (log rank = 0.67) and the combination of bleeding and all‐cause death (log rank = 0.13). Hospitalizations for bleeding and their duration were numerically higher in the PDE5I group (0.28 vs. 0.03, P = 0.07 and 2.4 vs. 0.2, P = 0.07, respectively).

Conclusions

Phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor treatment after LVAD implantation is associated with increased bleeding risk after LVAD implantation. The safety of long‐term PDE5Is in LVAD patients remains unclear and needs to be further clarified in prospective studies with randomized study design.
Performance analysis of coherent free‐space optics transmission link using in‐phase quadrature modulator‐based polarization multiplexed‐256‐quadrature amplitude modulation
Authors: Konda Ramachandra Reddy , Thirunavvukkarasu Velayudham Narmadha , Venkatesan PG Ramesh
Published: April 2021

A single‐channel high information rate free‐space optics transmission link is presented incorporating in‐phase quadrature modulator‐based polarization multiplexed‐256‐quadarature amplitude modulation scheme. An information rate of 160 Gbit/s with 10 Gbaud symbol rate is achieved for free‐space information transmission. Advanced digital signal processing techniques at the receiver along coherent detection have been used to compensate the losses incurred by the information signal propagating the free‐space media. The transmission performance of the proposed link has been enhanced by using different optical amplifiers, that is, Erbium‐doped fiber amplifier and semiconductor optical amplifier, and their performance has been compared. The link performance is analyzed for required laser line width, launch power requirements, increasing transmission range, increasing beam divergence angle and optical power required at the receiver. Bit error rate and error vector magnitude metrics have been used to analyze the link performance. A maximum transmission of 3.9 km for clear weather atmospheric conditions is achieved. The proposed link has the potential to meet the last‐mile access needs and to provide high‐bandwidth high‐speed information links required for future fifth generation wireless communication and Internet of Things applications.
SI‐AKAV: Secure integrated authentication and key agreement for cellular‐connected IoT devices in vehicular social networks
Authors: Esfahani Alireza , Decouchant Jérémie , Völp Marcus , Mumtaz Shahid , Konstantin Igorevich Kostromitin
Published: April 2021

Vehicular social networking (VSN), as a novel communication paradigm, exploits opportunistic encounters among vehicles for mobile social networking, collaborative content dissemination, and to provide a variety of services for users and their vehicles. VSNs promise to solve problems such as the ever‐increasing number of road accidents, or traffic congestion, by forming networks of vehicles whose users share common interests. However, in particular in urban regions, VSNs benefit from extending far beyond vehicular networks with their road side units, by integrating all kinds of sensors to provide higher accuracy and additional information in increasingly crowded areas. Integrating such sensors turns VSNs into networks of cellular‐connected IoT devices with mobile cells and raises the question how to authenticate all these units in a scalable, efficient, and anonymous manner. In this article, we present SI‐AKAV, an efficient group‐local authentication scheme for cellular‐connected IoT devices, which is specifically tailored to overcome the high computational costs of existing schemes, while improving in all of the above dimensions. For example, compared with the state‐of‐the‐art authentication and key agreement protocol (AKA), SI‐AKAV reduces communication volume by 29% and computation overhead by 41%.
Late Holocene relative sea‐level fluctuations and crustal mobility at Bataneh (Najirum) archaeological site, Persian Gulf, Iran
Authors: Pourkerman Majid , Marriner Nick , Morhange Christophe , Djamali Morteza , Lahijani Hamid , Amjadi Sedighe , Vacchi Matteo , Jelodar Mohammad E. , Spada Giorgio , Tofighian Hossein , Beni Abdolmajid N.
Published: April 2021

The impacts of relative sea‐level (RSL) variations and crust mobility on the development of ancient harbours in the northern Persian Gulf are poorly understood. Many unanswered questions remain with regard to the main reasons for a shift in the location of the most important ancient harbours in the northern part of the Persian Gulf coastal since 50 BC. Furthermore, some important early Islamic harbours, such as Siraf, have ancient city quarters that are today below the present sea level. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between halokinesis and RSL changes using geophysical models and multidisciplinary geoarchaeological methods at the ancient Sassanid–Islamic site of Bataneh (presently known as Najirum) located at the foothill of an active Darang salt diapir. The results reveal that after the mid‐Holocene highstand, RSL regression was not continuous. The studied facies have recorded three RSL oscillations. The oscillations are correlated with the eustatic sea‐level position. During the first lowstand, important Sassanid harbours shifted from Rishar to Apologus. The second lowstand is consistent with the transition of maritime trade from Apologus to Siraf, during the Abbasid dynasty. Uplift of the Bataneh coastal zone exposed the city to risks from flooding and fluvial debris flows. With a modification of the local watershed, runoff water originating from the salt anticlinal was controlled and used for the extraction of gypsum in evaporation ponds. The economic expansion of Siraf led to Bataneh being abandoned with a shift in trade to Kish Island.
A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIVE AUTHORITY SYSTEM IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF NIGERIA ON THE 1st OF JANUARY, 1955
Authors:   Ministry for Local Government, Northern Region, Nigeria
Published: April 2021

To be read as a continuation or revision of the October, 1952 Supplement of the Journal of African Administration, Vol. IX, No. 4.
The diagnostic value of urine heat shock protein 70 and prostatic exosomal protein in chronic prostatitis
Authors: Tang Yinghua , Pan Aiping , Liu Yonggang , Yin Lianli
Published: April 2021

Objective

To explore the diagnostic value of the levels of prostatic exosomal protein (PSEP) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the urine of patients with chronic prostatitis (CP).

Method

Urine samples from 210 CP patients (70 cases of the USA National Institutes of Health Category II [NIH‐II], 70 NIH‐IIIa, and 70 NIH‐IIIb patients) and 70 control subjects were collected between May 2018 and February 2020. The levels of PSEP and HSP70 in urine were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The differences in urine PSEP and HSP70 levels between the groups were analyzed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the clinical value of PSEP and HSP70 in the diagnosis of CP.

Results

The PSEP levels of CP patients were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.001), but there was no difference in PSEP levels among CP subgroups. The level of HSP70 in the urine of the NIH‐II patients was significantly lower than the levels in the NIH‐IIIa and NIH‐IIIb subgroups and the control group, but there was no difference in HSP70 levels between the NIH‐IIIa and NIH‐IIIb subgroups and the control group. ROC curve analysis results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of PSEP for the NIH‐II, NIH‐IIIa, and NIH‐IIIb patients was 0.751, 0.776, and 0.731, respectively. The AUC of HSP70 in NIH‐II patients was 0.784, and the AUC of combined detection of PSEP and HSP70 in NIH‐II patients was 0.858.

Conclusion

Urine PSEP can be used as a marker for the diagnosis of CP, but it cannot distinguish between the various types of CP, and HSP70 can be used as a diagnostic index for NIH‐II classification.
The impact of individual sonographer variation on the detection of small for gestational age fetuses using a third trimester growth scan
Authors: Procas‐Ramon Beatriz , Hierro‐Espinosa Cristina , Salim Ibtisam , Impey Lawrence , Ioannou Christos
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Detection of small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses in a third trimester ultrasound could be affected by variation in sonographer performance.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of all singleton, non‐anomalous ultrasound examinations between 35+0‐36+6 weeks gestation, in a single institution where a universal 36‐week scan is offered. Screen positive was defined as estimated fetal weight (EFW) <10th centile; SGA was birthweight <10th centile. Individual sonographers' distributions of head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) were used to assess sonographers' screen positive rate (SPR), detection rate (DR) and true positive rate (TPR). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the sonographers' mean and SD (SD) for HC, AC, FL and their SPR, DR and TPR.

Results

There were 27 sonographers performing more than 50 examinations per year, a total of 5691 scans. The mean incidence of SGA was 10.0%. For an overall SPR of 9.4%, the overall DR was 43.8% (95% CI: 39.6% ‐ 48.1%) and the overall TPR was 46.5% (95% CI: 42.9% ‐ 50.2%). Higher AC scatter (SD difference up to 11.6 mm) was associated with higher SPR (P = 0.001). Lower mean FL (difference up to 3.6 mm) was associated with higher SPR (P = 0.003) and higher DR (P = 0.002). As a result, DR varied amongst different sonographers between 14.3% and 85.7% and TPR varied between 8.3% and 100.0%.

Conclusions

Monitoring of individual AC and FL distributions is a simple and effective tool for institutional quality assurance.
Simple and efficient preparation of high‐purity trehalulose from the waste syrup of isomaltulose production using solid‐phase extraction followed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Authors: Fu Dongmei , Zhang Xue , Zhang Hao , Fu Qing , Jin Yu , Yan Jingyu , Li Xianzhen
Published: April 2021

A simple and efficient method was developed for the preparation of high‐purity trehalulose from the waste syrup of isomaltulose production. The waste syrup was pre‐treated with C18 solid‐phase extraction, where 98% decolorization and 97% reducing sugar recovery were obtained, followed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation on a cysteine‐bonded zwitterionic column. Under optimized conditions, trehalulose was separated from isomaltulose isomer and prepared on a semi‐preparative scale with >99% purity. The structure of the prepared trehalulose was subsequently confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance, and three tautomers of trehalulose (α‐D‐glucosylpyranosyl‐1,1‐β‐D‐fructopyranose, α‐D‐glucosylpyranosyl‐1,1‐β‐D‐fructofuranose, and α‐D‐glucosylpyranosyl‐1,1‐α‐D‐fructofuranose) were detected and completely characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy for the first time in this study. The tautomerization of α‐D and β‐D type transition was observed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography on an AdvanceBio Glycan Mapping column, with smaller particle size (2.7 μm). Furthermore, the prepared trehalulose was applied as a standard for trehalulose quantification during the sucrose conversion by Klebsiella sp. LX3. The combination of solid‐phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography offers a new avenue for the preparation of sugar isomers from complex natural or fermentation products.
Psychosocial barriers to well‐being and quality of life among type 2 diabetes patients in Ghana
Authors: Amankwah‐Poku Margaret , Akpalu Josephine , Sefa‐Dedeh Araba , Amoah Albert G. B.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Managing type 2 diabetes can cause psychosocial distress, which can negatively impact patients’ well‐being and quality of life. This study investigated how psychosocial barriers and clinical variables may be associated with general well‐being and quality of life of people with type 2 diabetes.

Method

One hundred sixty‐two patients from four interdisciplinary hospital‐based diabetes clinics in Accra, the capital of Ghana, were studied by assessing psychosocial barriers (e.g. diabetes‐related distress, family support), clinical variables (e.g. duration of diabetes, diabetes control), general well‐being and quality of life using standardised measures.

Result

Results showed that increased levels of psychological distress (diabetes distress, depressive symptoms) were associated with poorer general well‐being and reduced quality of life in the different domains (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, environment), whereas social distress (as measured by non‐supportive family behaviours) was positively correlated with only general well‐being and physical health but not the other dimensions of quality of life. Analysis of clinical variables showed that higher glycaemic levels were associated with poorer physical, psychological and environmental quality of life, but longer duration of diabetes diagnosis was associated with better psychological quality of life. In addition, increased adherence to dietary regimen was associated with better general well‐being and environmental quality of life, whereas increased adherence to exercise regimen was associated with better physical, psychological and environmental quality of life.

Conclusion

Psychosocial support and education/adherence counselling are needed in the treatment of type 2 diabetes to reduce or eliminate psychosocial distress and to improve self‐care management, thereby improving diabetes control and ultimately, quality of life of patients.
2021 SID Honors & Awards
Authors: Dickson Glen
Published: April 2021

Every year, the Society for Information Display recognizes individuals making an impact on the display industry. See who made the list this year and be prepared to be inspired.
Boosting VOC of antimony chalcogenide solar cells: A review on interfaces and defects
Authors: Dong Jiabin , Liu Yue , Wang Zuoyun , Zhang Yi
Published: April 2021

Antimony chalcogenides, including Sb2S3, Sb2Se3, and Sb2(S,Se)3, have been developed as attractive non‐toxic and earth‐abundant solar absorber candidates among the thin‐film photovoltaic devices. Presently, a record certified power conversion efficiency of 10.5% has been demonstrated for antimony chalcogenide solar cells, which is significantly lower than that of Cu2(In,Ga)Se2 (23.35%) and CdTe (22.1%) thin‐film solar cells. The inferior performance in antimony chalcogenide solar cells is mainly owing to a large open‐circuit voltage (VOC) deficit resulted from the defect and interface‐assisted recombination. Herein, a comprehensive review on the recent advancements interface band alignment and defect passivation are carried out. This review will provide a solid understanding on the interfaces and defects of antimony chalcogenide solar cells, which is beneficial to the research and development of such kind of solar cells.
Patients’ and Oncologists’ Knowledge and Expectations Regarding Tumor Multigene Next-Generation Sequencing: A Narrative Review
Authors: Shirdarreh Melika , Aziza Orly , Pezo Rossanna C. , Jerzak Katarzyna J. , Warner Ellen
Published: April 2021

Background

Tumor multigene next-generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly being offered to cancer patients to guide clinical management and determine eligibility for clinical trials. We undertook a review of studies examining the knowledge and attitudes of patients and oncologists regarding the primary results and potential secondary findings of such testing.

Materials and Methods

A search was conducted through the MEDLINE database using the following keywords: “neoplasms” and “molecular sequencing / genome sequencing / tumor profiling / NGS / whole exome sequencing” and “patient / oncologist” and “knowledge / attitudes / satisfaction / experience / evaluation / perspective / practice / preference.” Articles meeting the inclusion criteria and additional relevant articles from their references were selected.

Results

From 1,142 publications identified by the search and 9 from references, 21 publications were included in the final review. Patients generally had positive attitudes toward tumor NGS despite relatively little knowledge of test-related genetics concepts, but their expectations often exceeded the reality of low clinical utility. Patients with higher education and greater genetics knowledge had more realistic expectations and a more altruistic view of the role of NGS. Attitudes toward disclosure of secondary findings were highly variable. Oncologists had poor to moderate genomic literacy; they communicated challenges with tempering patient expectations and deciding what information to disclose.

Conclusion

Patients considering undergoing tumor NGS should be provided with easily understandable resources explaining the procedure, goals, and probable outcomes, whenever possible based on evidence-based guidelines. Continuing medical education programs on this topic for oncology health care professionals should strive to improve their genomic literacy and instruct them on how to optimally present this information to their patients.

Implications for Practice

Oncologists are increasingly offering tumor multigene testing to patients with advanced cancers to guide more “personalized” treatment and/or determine eligibility for clinical trials. However, patients often have inadequate understanding and unrealistic expectations. Oncologists must ensure that they themselves have sufficient knowledge of the benefits and limitations of testing and must provide their patients with appropriate educational resources. Prior to testing, patients should be told the likelihood of finding a mutation in their specific tumor type for which a targeted treatment or clinical trial is available. Patients also need clear information about the possibility and implications of secondary findings.
Research on core‐shell nanofiber self‐healing composites for structural applications
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Cai Haopeng , Chen Boxue , Mao Chi
Published: April 2021

In this paper, an intelligent self‐healing carbon fiber composite based on core‐shell nanofiber for structural applications was introduced. The self‐healing epoxy resin and curing agent were encapsulated in polyacrylonitrile by coaxial electrospinning to form two‐component core‐shell nanofibers. The core‐shell nanofibers were distributed between the carbon fiber layers, and the mechanical strength of the composites was improved by changing the interlaminar distribution of the core‐shell nanofibers. The bending test showed that the bending strength could be increased by 5.96%. The best self‐healing conditions were determined by curing kinetic analysis and bending test. The results showed that the healing efficiency could reach 110.12% after self‐healing at 120°C for 1 h. The release of self‐healing agent and the filling of microcracks were clearly observed by scanning electron microscope. The addition of core‐shell nanofibers can prolong the service life and improve the mechanical strength of the composites, which has a potential application prospect in structural applications.
Adherence to direct oral anticoagulant treatment for atrial fibrillation in the Netherlands: A surveillance study
Authors: Zielinski Gilda D. , van Rein Nienke , Teichert Martina , Klok Frederikus A. , Rosendaal Frits R. , van der Meer Felix J. M. , Huisman Menno V. , Cannegieter Suzanne C. , Lijfering Willem M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Adherence to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with atrial fibrillation in every day practice may be less than in clinical trials.

Aims

To assess adherence to DOACs in atrial fibrillation patients in every day practice and identify predictors for non‐adherence.

Methods

Individual linked dispensing data of atrial fibrillation patients who used DOACs were obtained from the Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics covering the Netherlands between 2012 and 2016. One year adherence to DOAC was calculated for initial DOAC as proportion of days covered (PDC) ≥80% and the association between clinical variables and adherence was assessed using logistic regression. In addition, we measured non‐persistence, that is, patients who completely stopped their initial DOAC within 1 year follow‐up.

Results

A total of 4797 apixaban‐, 20 454 rivaroxaban‐ and 18 477 dabigatran users were included. The mean age was 69 years (n = 43 910), which was similar for the DOAC types. The overall proportion of patients with PDC ≥80% was 76%, which was highest for apixaban‐ (87%), followed by dabigatran‐ (80%) and rivaroxaban (69%) users. Multivariable analyses revealed that age ≤60 years, no concomitant drug use were predictors for non‐adherence. Of atrial fibrillation patients who continued treatment, 97% had a PDC ≥80%, compared with only 56% for those who discontinued their DOAC treatment within 1 year.

Conclusions

Non‐adherence to DOACs was associated with age ≤60 years and no concomitant drugs use. Non‐adherence was higher in patients who later discontinued DOAC treatment. Results of our study support research into interventions to improve adherence.
Mussel‐inspired polymer materials derived from nonphytogenic and phytogenic catechol derivatives and their applications
Authors: Wang Hanzhang , Wang Liuliu , Zhang Shifeng , Zhang Wei , Li Jianzhang , Han Yanming
Published: April 2021

When it comes to underwater adhesion, mussel is the true expert that can firmly attach onto wet rocks under dynamic and turbulent environments. Catechol‐like 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine and its biochemical interactions have been largely implicated in mussels' strong adhesion to various substrates. We successfully determined that a copolymerization polymer molecule could be designed according to the catechol structural features and that high‐performance biomimetic mussel materials can be prepared from petrochemical materials or renewable materials, and because of their excellent performance in various application areas show a broad application prospect. The adhesion mechanism of the mussel protein and the recent advances in biomimetic mussel protein polymers based on nonphytogenic catechol derivatives and phytogenic catechol derivatives from different sources are comprehensively summarized. By comparing the application of nonphytogenic catechol derivatives and phytogenic catechol derivatives in industrial and biomedical fields, we found that the synthesis of phytogenic catechol derivatives is more facile and universal, and their application performance is as good as that of nonphytogenic catechol derivatives. In addition, the challenges and prospects for this field in the future are also discussed. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Characterization of polyaryletherketone (PAEK) filaments and printed parts produced by extrusion‐based additive manufacturing
Authors: Garcia‐Leiner Manuel , Streifel Benjamin , Başgül Cemile , MacDonald Daniel W , Kurtz Steven M
Published: April 2021

This study describes a detailed analytical characterization of polyaryletherketone (PAEK) polymers used in extrusion‐based additive manufacturing. The results provide key observations and highlight differences between commercially available polymers of the PAEK family, specifically polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). Results suggest that inherent differences in their molecular structure lead to notable differences in terms of their viscoelastic, thermal and physical properties. Similarly, direct comparison of the properties between parent filaments and three‐dimensional printed (3DP) parts suggests that, as observed in subtractive processes, the molecular structure of the PAEK polymer selected (PEEK or PEKK), as well as the inherent physical properties associated with it, determine greatly the performance of final 3DP parts. Differential scanning calorimetry results suggest that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PEEK 3DP bars (146.8 °C) is about 8 °C lower than that of the parent PEEK filament (154.8 °C). These small differences manifest greatly in the viscoelastic response after Tg, and the temperature at which a decrease in storage modulus is observed occurs consistently at lower temperatures in 3DP PEEK bars (ca 130 °C) compared to PEEK filaments (ca 150 °C). In contrast, no observable differences are noted between parent filaments and 3DP bars in PEKK polymers. For these polymers, the inherent semi‐crystalline behavior dominates their thermal and viscoelastic response. These structure–property relationships provide fundamental understanding to aid in the design and manufacturing of several industrial and biomedical applications that could potentially leverage the advantages of high‐temperature thermoplastic PAEK resins, as well as in the incorporation of these polymers in a growing number of technologies encompassing the field of additive manufacturing. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Parent–Child Connect: A culturally responsive parent training for Asian American parents at school
Authors: Wang Cixin , Liu Jia Li , Havewala Mazneen , Zhu Qianyu , Do Kieu Anh , Shao Xiaoping
Published: April 2021

Compared to their school peers, Asian American youth report more internalizing symptoms, peer victimization, and higher rates of suicide, yet they underutilize mental health services at school. This study investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of a culturally responsive parent training program called Parent–Child Connect for Asian American parents at school. Forty‐eight Asian American parents (Mage = 42.98;SDage = 5.54, 79.2% female) participated in the parent training program. Parents reported significant increases in positive parenting (parental warmth, Cohen'sd = 0.33; reasoning,d = 0.42; and autonomy granting,d = 0.54), and decreases in negative parenting (verbal hostility,d = 0.52; directiveness,d = 0.33; and shaming behavior,d = 0.38) after the intervention. They also reported significant increases in their sense of competence (d = 0.53) and satisfaction in communicating with their children (d = 0.43). Good attendance and high satisfaction from parents suggested high feasibility of the intervention. Fifteen parents attended two focus group interviews 6 weeks after the training. Parents reported improved empathy, parent–child communication, and self‐efficacy, and provided suggestions for future iterations of the training. We discuss how school psychologists can provide parent training and support ethnic minority families at school. Impact Statement: To support Asian American youth and parents, we implemented Parent–Child Connect, a culturally responsive parent training program with Asian American parents at school. Results suggest that it is a feasible and effective parenting intervention for Asian American parents in the school setting.
The antimicrobial effect behind Cannabis sativa
Authors: Schofs Laureano , Sparo Mónica D. , Sánchez Bruni Sergio F.
Published: April 2021

The development of multidrug‐resistant bacteria has revealed the need for new antimicrobial compounds. Cannabis sativa preparations have a long history of medical applications, including the treatment of infectious diseases. This review collects the information about the activity of C. sativa extracts and its main components (cannabinoids and terpenes) against pathogenic bacteria and fungus, to assess its potential using as antimicrobial agents.
Changing migration rates in England and Wales over a 40‐year period: Is mobility declining?
Authors: Duke‐Williams Oliver , Stuchbury Rachel , Stockton Jemima
Published: April 2021

Research using data for the United States has pointed towards a long‐term pattern of falling migration rates. Similar research in England and Wales has also found declining migration rates when observing all migrants. Using the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (ONS LS), we study the patterns of migration observed over 10‐year periods for persons in 10‐year birth cohorts over each intercensal period from 1971–1981 through to 2001–2011.

When the sample population is considered as a whole, the results from the LS are consistent with earlier findings: There has been a decade‐on‐decade decline in the migration rate as observed in longitudinal data. When disaggregated by cohort, it is apparent that this decline is not always observed for young adults, but it is consistently observed for those in their 30s and older, for whom each successive cohort has a lower migration rate than the previous one and also for whom there is a steady within‐cohort decline in the migration rate over time. This is observed at both short and longer distances of move. Alternative results from successive censuses looking at migration observed for single years do not appear to confirm this decline in migration, although data collection and processing issues may be part of the explanation for this finding, and it is also the case that these data may be more subject to cyclical effects.
PBPK modeling to predict drug‐drug interactions of ivosidenib as a perpetrator in cancer patients and qualification of the Simcyp platform for CYP3A4 induction
Authors: Bolleddula Jayaprakasam , Ke Alice , Yang Hua , Prakash Chandra
Published: April 2021

Ivosidenib is a potent, targeted, orally active, small‐molecule inhibitor of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) that has been approved in the United States for the treatment of adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are greater than or equal to 75 years of age or ineligible for intensive chemotherapy, and those with relapsed or refractory AML, with a susceptible IDH1 mutation. Ivosidenib is an inducer of the CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), organic anion transporting polypeptide‐1B1/1B3 (OATP1B1/1B3), and organic anion transporter‐3 (OAT3) in vitro. A physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to predict drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) of ivosidenib in patients with AML. The in vivo CYP3A4 induction effect of ivosidenib was quantified using 4β‐hydroxycholesterol and was subsequently verified with the PK data from an ivosidenib and venetoclax combination study. The verified model was prospectively applied to assess the effect of multiple doses of ivosidenib on a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam. The simulated midazolam geometric mean area under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) ratios were 0.18 and 0.27, respectively, suggesting ivosidenib is a strong inducer. The model was also used to predict the DDIs of ivosidenib with CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, P‐gp, OATP1B1/1B3, and OAT3 substrates. The AUC ratios following multiple doses of ivosidenib and a single dose of CYP2B6 (bupropion), CYP2C8 (repaglinide), CYP2C9 (warfarin), P‐gp (digoxin), OATP1B1/1B3 (rosuvastatin), and OAT3 (methotrexate) substrates were 0.90, 0.52, 0.84, 1.01, 1.02, and 1.27, respectively. Finally, in accordance with regulatory guidelines, the Simcyp modeling platform was qualified to predict CYP3A4 induction using known inducers and sensitive substrates.
Vaporization and thermodynamics of the Cs2O–MoO3 system studied using high‐temperature mass spectrometry
Authors: Stolyarova Valentina L. , Vorozhtcov Viktor A. , Lopatin Sergey I. , Shugurov Sergey M. , Simonenko Elizaveta P. , Simonenko Nikolai P. , Masaki Kurata , Costa Davide
Published: April 2021

Rationale

Cesium and molybdenum are fission products of uranium dioxide fuel in nuclear reactors, which interact with each other depending on the oxygen potential of the fuel. This leads to formation of various compounds of the Cs2O–MoO3 system, which are exposed to high temperatures during operation of a reactor or a severe accident at a nuclear power plant. This is why the study of the vaporization and thermodynamics of compounds in the Cs2O–MoO3 system is important.

Methods

Synthesis of the compounds in the Cs2O–MoO3 system was carried out by sintering Cs2MoO4 and MoO3. Characterization of the samples was accomplished with the use of XRD, TGA/DSC/DTA, IR spectroscopy, and ICP emission spectroscopy. Vaporization of the samples under study was carried out from a platinum effusion cell using an MS‐1301 mass spectrometer developed for high‐temperature studies of low‐volatility substances.

Results

The temperature dependences of partial pressures of vapor species were determined over pure MoO3 and Cs2MoO4 in the ranges 870–1000 K and 1030–1198 K, respectively. MoO3, Mo2O6, Mo3O9, Mo4O12, and Mo5O15 were shown to be the main vapor species over the Cs2O–MoO3 system in the temperature range 850–1020 K. The component activities, Gibbs energies of mixing, and excess Gibbs energies were obtained as functions of the component concentration at 900, 950, and 1000 K.

Conclusions

The thermodynamic properties of the Cs2O–MoO3 system found in the study evidenced negative deviations from ideality. The MoO3 and Cs2MoO4 partial molar enthalpies of mixing, the Cs2MoO4 partial vaporization enthalpy, and the total enthalpy of mixing in the Cs2O–MoO3 system at 1000 K were obtained for the first time.
Disturbance decoupling by state feedback for uncertain impulsive linear systems
Authors: Conte Giuseppe , Perdon Anna Maria , Otsuka Naohisa , Zattoni Elena
Published: April 2021

The problem of making the output of a linear system with polytopic uncertainties and discontinuities in the state evolution totally insensitive to an unknown disturbance input by state feedback is investigated. Suitable geometric notions are introduced and used to provide a structural, constructive solvability condition. The requirement of achieving global robust asymptotic stability of the compensated dynamics is then added and further solvability conditions are provided by requiring that the time instants at which discontinuities in the state evolution, or jumps, occur are sufficiently far from each other.
Ermittlung von Inspektionsintervallen für Rissprüfungen an historischen genieteten Eisenbahnbrücken auf Basis der Bruchmechanik – Teil 2
Authors: Unterweger Harald , Derler Christoph
Published: April 2021

Eine konventionelle Restlebensdauerbeurteilung, auf Basis von Ermüdungs‐Festigkeitslinien (Wöhlerlinien), führt bei historischen genieteten Eisenbahnbrücken meist zu konservativen und unwägbaren Ergebnissen wegen des großen Einflusses der Ermüdungsschädigung aus der Vergangenheit, für die die Betriebszüge meist nur unzureichend bekannt sind. Für eine repräsentative einfeldrige Fachwerkbrücke erfolgte eine alternative Vorgehensweise auf Basis der Bruchmechanik, mit vorheriger Kalibrierung eines zutreffenden Bruchmechanikmodells anhand von Schwingversuchen an ausgebauten historischen und künstlich gekerbten Fahrbahnträgern sowie Betriebskollektiven aus simulierten Betriebszugsüberfahrten. Darauf wurde in Teil 1 dieses Beitrags eingegangen. Bei vorausgesetzten Anfangsrisslängen, die im Zuge einer konventionellen Brückenprüfung feststellbar sind, lassen sich Restlebensdauern für die einzelnen Bauteile – bis zur Gefahr eines plötzlichen Sprödbruchs – ermitteln und daraus sinnvolle Inspektionsintervalle ableiten. Dies ist nun der Inhalt von Teil 2 dieses Beitrags, wobei umfangreiche Parametervariationen im Zuge dieser Untersuchung eine Verallgemeinerung der Ergebnisse für andere historische genietete Eisenbahnbrücken erlauben.
Experimental study on bond‐slip constitutive relation of SSSCFST columns
Authors: Yu Feng , Fang Yuan , Niu Kang , Zhang Yang , Chen Taiyao
Published: April 2021

This paper presents the bond‐slip tests of six self‐stressing steel slag concrete filled steel tubular (SSSCFST) columns. The effects of the self‐stressing (expansion ratio) of steel slag concrete (SSC), diameter‐thickness ratio and confinement factor on bond‐slip behaviors are analyzed, and the bond‐slip mechanism of the SSSCFST columns is revealed. According to the static equilibrium condition, an analytical model for predicting the ultimate inter‐facial bond strength is put forward considering the influence of self‐stressing between steel tube and SSC, and a simplified formula for conveniently evaluating the bond load of the SSSCFST columns is suggested based on the regression analysis of test data. In addition, a bond‐slip constitutive model of SSSCFST columns is established, and the distribution law of the longitudinal compressive stress, inter‐facial bond stress, and relative slip are obtained. Three formulas for estimating the bond slip stiffness, the slip value corresponding to the ultimate bond strength, and the bond stress of load invariant stage are proposed respectively depending on the regression analysis of test data. Eventually, a simplified three‐stage bond‐slip constitutive relation of SSSCFST columns is suggested.
Perception of complexity in engineering design
Authors: Grogan Paul T.
Published: April 2021

This paper evaluates perception of complexity in a novel explanatory model that relates product performance and engineering effort. Complexity is an intermediate factor with two facets: it enables desired product performance but also requires effort to achieve. Three causal mechanisms explain how exponential growth bias, excess complexity, and differential perception lead to effort overruns. Secondary data from a human subject experiment validates the existence of perception of complexity as a context‐dependent factor that influences required design effort. A two‐level mixed effects regression model quantifies differences in perception among 40 design groups. Results summarize how perception of complexity may contribute to effort overruns and outline future work to further validate the explanatory model and causal mechanisms.
Eliminate confusion about graduation eligibility with institutional degree awarding process
Authors: Pavlik Amelia
Published: April 2021

Fifty. That's the number of Oregon State University students who weren't graduating each year, because they didn't realize they need to apply to do so.
Recent research shows dismal outcome for community college enrollment during COVID‐19
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2021

It's no secret that the pandemic has had far‐ranging and potentially devastating effects on higher education. Recent research has indicated that community colleges have been especially hit hard but the pandemic, causing drops in enrollment as well as drops in college persistence.
N‐donor‐induced Two Co(II) Coordination Polymers Derived from the Flexible Citraconic Acid as Photocatalysts for the Decomposition of Organic Dyes
Authors: Li Gui‐Lian , Yin Wei‐Dong , Liu Qian‐Long , Gong Xiao‐Ru , Zhao Ya‐Jing , Liu Guang‐Zhen
Published: April 2021

Two Co(II) coordination polymers, {[Co(ca)(bpe)(H2O)] ⋅ H2O}n (1) and [Co(ca)(bibp)]n (2) (H2ca=citraconic acid, bpe=1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethylene, bibp=4,4′‐bis(imidazolyl)biphenyl) were prepared by hydrothermal reactions, and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffractions, elemental analysis, FT‐IR, PXRD and TGA. Compound 1 shows a 2D grid layer containing Co‐carboxylate chains. Compound 2 exhibits a three‐dimensional metal‐organic framework with the dia topology type and 66 topology symbol. Both compounds have high thermal stabilities and good phase purity. The photocatalytic reactions of two compounds were investigated under UV irradiation in the presence of H2O2, and the results show that both compounds are highly efficient photocatalysts for MB and RhB degradation, which may be used as potential materials for wastewater treatment.
Correction to: Wavefront and Coherence Characteristics of Extreme UV and Soft X-ray Sources
Authors: Schäfer Bernd , Flöter Bernhard , Mey Tobias , Mann Klaus
Published: April 2021

The book was inadvertently published with the error in the reference section of chapter 20. The correction detail is as follows:
Mapping Vulnerability to Weather Extremes: Heat and Flood Assessment Approaches
Authors: Hamstead Zoé A. , Sauer Jason
Published: April 2021

Assessing present social and biophysical conditions of communities that are at risk of injury due to extreme weather events is an important component of creating future visions of resilience. Spatial patterns of vulnerability to extreme events are manifestations of structural injustice that leave their mark on the built environment and in socio-spatial segregation patterns. Socio-spatial inequity often arises from development practices that favor particular racial and ethnic social groups over others. These segregation patterns are aligned with patterns of exposure to pollution, extreme weather events, and other types of environmental hazards. Spatial vulnerability assessments can be powerful tools for prioritizing where and how cities should make investments for mitigating the impacts of extreme events, and can provide an entry point for asking more fundamental questions about the processes that produce patterns of climate inequity, as well as how to avoid reproducing such processes in the future. Maps express uneven distributions of risk and manifestations of structural inequality in social–ecological–technological systems (SETS). They enable communities to visualize distributional injustice, consider ways in distributions that may be misaligned with cultural values, and develop adaptive practices toward climate justice. Here, we demonstrate approaches for assessing vulnerability to extreme flooding and heat, and show how vulnerability distributions are embedded in landscape patterns that produce uneven risk.