bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brooding rumination and cardiovascular reactivity to a laboratory‐based interpersonal stressor
Authors: Woody Mary L. , Burkhouse Katie L. , Birk Samantha L. , Gibb Brandon E.
Published: December 2014

There is a well‐known link between stress and depression, but diathesis‐stress models suggest that not all individuals are equally susceptible to stress. The current study examined if brooding rumination, a known risk factor for depression, influences cardiovascular reactivity to a laboratory‐based interpersonal stressor. Sixty‐five women watched a baseline video and were exposed to an interpersonal stressor while high frequency heart rate variability (HRV) was collected. We found that women who endorsed higher levels of brooding rumination exhibited greater HRV withdrawal from baseline to stressor, an effect that was maintained when we controlled for levels of depression. This physiological vulnerability, when combined with high levels of stress, may be one mechanism underlying how brooding rumination increases depression risk.
Empirical Analysis of Farmers' Drought Risk Perception: Objective Factors, Personal Circumstances, and Social Influence
Authors: Duinen Rianne van , Filatova Tatiana , Geurts Peter , Veen Anne van der
Published: December 2014

Drought‐induced water shortage and salinization are a global threat to agricultural production. With climate change, drought risk is expected to increase as drought events are assumed to occur more frequently and to become more severe. The agricultural sector's adaptive capacity largely depends on farmers’ drought risk perceptions. Understanding the formation of farmers’ drought risk perceptions is a prerequisite to designing effective and efficient public drought risk management strategies. Various strands of literature point at different factors shaping individual risk perceptions. Economic theory points at objective risk variables, whereas psychology and sociology identify subjective risk variables. This study investigates and compares the contribution of objective and subjective factors in explaining farmers’ drought risk perception by means of survey data analysis. Data on risk perceptions, farm characteristics, and various other personality traits were collected from farmers located in the southwest Netherlands. From comparing the explanatory power of objective and subjective risk factors in separate models and a full model of risk perception, it can be concluded that farmers’ risk perceptions are shaped by both rational and emotional factors. In a full risk perception model, being located in an area with external water supply, owning fields with salinization issues, cultivating drought‐/salt‐sensitive crops, farm revenue, drought risk experience, and perceived control are significant explanatory variables of farmers’ drought risk perceptions.
Integrated Direct and Indirect Flood Risk Modeling: Development and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Koks E. E. , Bočkarjova M. , de Moel H. , Aerts J. C. J. H.
Published: December 2014

In this article, we propose an integrated direct and indirect flood risk model for small‐ and large‐scale flood events, allowing for dynamic modeling of total economic losses from a flood event to a full economic recovery. A novel approach is taken that translates direct losses of both capital and labor into production losses using the Cobb‐Douglas production function, aiming at improved consistency in loss accounting. The recovery of the economy is modeled using a hybrid input‐output model and applied to the port region of Rotterdam, using six different flood events (1/10 up to 1/10,000). This procedure allows gaining a better insight regarding the consequences of both high‐ and low‐probability floods. The results show that in terms of expected annual damage, direct losses remain more substantial relative to the indirect losses (approximately 50% larger), but for low‐probability events the indirect losses outweigh the direct losses. Furthermore, we explored parameter uncertainty using a global sensitivity analysis, and varied critical assumptions in the modeling framework related to, among others, flood duration and labor recovery, using a scenario approach. Our findings have two important implications for disaster modelers and practitioners. First, high‐probability events are qualitatively different from low‐probability events in terms of the scale of damages and full recovery period. Second, there are substantial differences in parameter influence between high‐probability and low‐probability flood modeling. These findings suggest that a detailed approach is required when assessing the flood risk for a specific region.
Risk Policies in the United States: Definition and Characteristics Based on a Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Jacob Steve , Schiffino Nathalie
Published: December 2014

The concept of “risk policy” is used with increasing frequency by decisionmakers, researchers, and the media. However, there is no precise, generally accepted definition of what is covered by policies in this area. Based on a scoping review of the literature published in key journals in the sector, we have identified the main characteristics of public risk policies drawn up and implemented in the United States. The sample comprised 21 articles published in six multidisciplinary journals between 2000 and 2010.
A Split-and-Merge Bayesian Variable Selection Approach for Ultrahigh Dimensional Regression
Authors: Song Qifan , Liang Faming
Published: December 2014

We propose a Bayesian variable selection approach for ultrahigh dimensional linear regression based on the strategy of split and merge. The approach proposed consists of two stages: split the ultrahigh dimensional data set into a number of lower dimensional subsets and select relevant variables from each of the subsets, and aggregate the variables selected from each subset and then select relevant variables from the aggregated data set. Since the approach proposed has an embarrassingly parallel structure, it can be easily implemented in a parallel architecture and applied to big data problems with millions or more of explanatory variables. Under mild conditions, we show that the approach proposed is consistent, i.e. the true explanatory variables can be correctly identified by the approach as the sample size becomes large. Extensive comparisons of the approach proposed have been made with penalized likelihood approaches, such as the lasso, elastic net, sure independence screening and iterative sure independence screening. The numerical results show that the approach proposed generally outperforms penalized likelihood approaches: the models selected by the approach tend to be more sparse and closer to the true model.
Statistics of Heteroscedastic Extremes
Authors: Einmahl John H. J. , Haan Laurens , Zhou Chen
Published: December 2014

We extend classical extreme value theory to non-identically distributed observations. When the tails of the distribution are proportional much of extreme value statistics remains valid. The proportionality function for the tails can be estimated non-parametrically along with the (common) extreme value index. For a positive extreme value index, joint asymptotic normality of both estimators is shown; they are asymptotically independent. We also establish asymptotic normality of a forecasted high quantile and develop tests for the proportionality function and for the validity of the model. We show through simulations the good performance of the procedures and also present an application to stock market returns. A main tool is the weak convergence of a weighted sequential tail empirical process.
Trajectories of Internalizing Symptoms From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Associations With Temperament and Parenting
Authors: Davis Stephanie , Votruba‐Drzal Elizabeth , Silk Jennifer S.
Published: December 2014

Despite the great number of children affected by anxiety and depression, developmental trajectories of internalizing disorders are not well understood. The current study applied a group‐based modeling approach to examine the interplay between the temperamental trait of negative emotionality and parenting on internalizing symptoms from early childhood to adolescence. Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N=881), analyses revealed that a four‐group model best characterized trajectories of internalizing symptoms from the age of 4.5 to the age of 15. Interestingly, children with high negative emotionality were more likely to belong to groups with elevated levels of internalizing symptoms if their mothers exhibited high warmth/sensitivity. Our findings add to the understanding of developmental pathways of internalizing problems from early childhood to adolescence by suggesting that certain combinations of temperament and parenting may increase youth's propensity to develop internalizing problems.
The maize brown midrib4 (bm4) gene encodes a functional folylpolyglutamate synthase
Authors: Li Li , Hill‐Skinner Sarah , Liu Sanzhen , Beuchle Danielle , Tang Ho Man , Yeh Cheng‐Ting , Nettleton Dan , Schnable Patrick S.
Published: December 2014

Mutations in the brown midrib4 (bm4) gene affect the accumulation and composition of lignin in maize. Fine‐mapping analysis of bm4 narrowed the candidate region to an approximately 105 kb interval on chromosome 9 containing six genes. Only one of these six genes, GRMZM2G393334, showed decreased expression in mutants. At least four of 10 Mu‐induced bm4 mutant alleles contain a Mu insertion in the GRMZM2G393334 gene. Based on these results, we concluded that GRMZM2G393334 is the bm4 gene. GRMZM2G393334 encodes a putative folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS), which functions in one‐carbon (C1) metabolism to polyglutamylate substrates of folate‐dependent enzymes. Yeast complementation experiments demonstrated that expression of the maize bm4 gene in FPGS‐deficient met7 yeast is able to rescue the yeast mutant phenotype, thus demonstrating that bm4 encodes a functional FPGS. Consistent with earlier studies, bm4 mutants exhibit a modest decrease in lignin concentration and an overall increase in the S:G lignin ratio relative to wild‐type. Orthologs of bm4 include at least one paralogous gene in maize and various homologs in other grasses and dicots. Discovery of the gene underlying the bm4 maize phenotype illustrates a role for FPGS in lignin biosynthesis.
Gender, class and space in the field of parenthood: comparing middle‐class fractions in Amsterdam and London
Authors: Boterman Willem R , Bridge Gary
Published: December 2014

This paper argues that becoming a parent/carer can be seen as a new field of social relations and suggests how gender is the key mechanism in the reconfiguration of class relations in this field. By conceptualising parenthood as a field, that is a social world with specific stakes and rules, this study suggests that residential decisions and strategies developed by different middle‐class households do not solely depend on their class habitus, but also on gendered positions and dispositions in respect to division of labour, child care and school choice. Drawing on interview data from London and Amsterdam, this study re‐addresses the issue of middle–class time‐space trajectories at a specific period in the life course. We contend that the middle classes are not just differentiated by various orientations of capital (economic versus cultural) but that interaction of class and gender is also key for understanding practices of the middle classes as they enter the field of parenthood. These practices are strongly influenced by labour market and welfare regimes (as the Netherlands/England comparison makes clear). In the new field of parenthood the work of realigning class habitus (through social reproduction) is highly gendered, but to different degrees that are made evident in the different neighbourhood settings. In terms of urban space this points to the significance of the particular neighbourhood structure and opportunities of the city as a whole as well as a more active idea of the role of space in the particular working out of class and gender in specific neighbourhood contexts. Urban space is a situating framework and an active process in trajectories of social reproduction.
A blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of oclacitinib and ciclosporin for the control of atopic dermatitis in client‐owned dogs
Authors: Little Peter R. , King Vickie L. , Davis Kylie R. , Cosgrove Sallie B. , Stegemann Michael R.
Published: December 2014

Background

Ciclosporin is approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in dogs and has been shown to be safe and effective. Placebo‐controlled studies suggest that oclacitinib is a safe and effective alternative therapy.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oclacitinib, in comparison to ciclosporin, for the control of AD in a blinded, randomized clinical trial, incorporating a noninferiority test at day 28.

Animals

A total of 226 client‐owned dogs with a history of AD from eight sites were enrolled.

Methods

Enrolled animals were randomized to receive oral oclacitinib (0.4–0.6 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days, then once daily) or oral ciclosporin (3.2–6.6 mg/kg once daily) for 12 weeks. Owners assessed pruritus using an enhanced visual analog scale (VAS), and veterinarians assessed dermatitis using the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)‐02.

Results

On days 1, 2, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84, the percentage reduction from baseline for owner‐assessed pruritus changed from 25.6 to 61.0% in the oclacitinib group compared with 6.5 to 61.5% in the ciclosporin group; differences were significant at all time points up to day 28. On day 56, ciclosporin‐treated dogs showed a similar decrease in pruritus to oclacitinib‐treated dogs. On day 14, the percentage reduction from baseline CADESI‐02 was significantly greater in the oclacitinib group (58.7%) than in the ciclosporin group (43.0%). Three times as many adverse events attributed to gastrointestinal signs were reported in the ciclosporin group compared with the oclacitinib group.

Conclusions and clinical importance

In this study of treatment for canine AD, oclacitinib had a faster onset of action and a lower frequency of gastrointestinal side effects compared with ciclosporin.
Controversies surrounding critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency in animals
Authors: Creedon Jamie M. Burkitt
Published: December 2014

Objectives

To describe the controversies surrounding critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) and the use of hydrocortisone in critically ill patients, and to present published diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in companion veterinary species.

Etiology

Critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency may be due to hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, alterations in cortisol‐plasma protein binding, target cell enzymatic changes, changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function, or a combination of these or other factors present during critical illness.

Diagnosis

Appropriate tests to diagnose CIRCI are unknown. The diagnosis in people is currently based on response to treatment with hydrocortisone. There is currently no consensus on appropriate diagnostic feature(s) in veterinary species.

Therapy

Low‐dose hydrocortisone is the treatment of choice for patients with CIRCI.

Prognosis

If the patient survives the critical illness, prognosis for resolution of CIRCI and hydrocortisone dependence is very good.
PULMONARY VASOMOTOR FIBRES IN THE CERVICAL VAGOSYMPATHETIC NERVE OF THE DOG
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Hebb Catherine
Published: December 2014

In perfused lung preparations under conditions which exclude passive effects due to bronchomotor responses:

1. Electrical stimulation of the separated cervical vagus or cervical sympathetic gives rise to pulmonary vasomotor responses. The vagosympathetic contains preganglionic fibres, some of which have their cell stations in the middle cervical ganglion. Others are postganglionic.

2. Electrical stimulation or the application of nicotine to the superior cervical ganglion or the nodose ganglion causes pulmonary vasomotor responses.

3. In atropinized perfused preparations the response to cervical vagosympathetic stimulation is predominantly pulmonary vasopressor, in non‐atropinized preparations predominantly vasodepressor.
EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING THE RENAL CLEARANCES OF SOME FRUCTOSANS IN THE DOG
Authors: Beattie J. , Bell D. J.
Published: December 2014

1. In continuance of previous work, experiments have been carried out on the renal clearance in the female dog of certain fructosans, namely (a) irisin isolated from Iris pseudacorus, and (b) and (c) the high molecular weight levans synthesised respectively by exocellular enzyme systems of Ps. prunicola and B. subtilis.

2. From the pattern of the renal clearances over a period of up to three hours, it seems clear that while irisin and Ps. prunicola levan may be, by present standards, chemically homogeneous, they are, in fact, physically heterogeneous, i.e. each consists of an assembly of similarly constituted polymers.

3. While intravenous administration of low molecular weight grass levan and irisin is unaccompanied by vasomotor and respiratory disturbances, the higher molecular weight bacterial levans, despite vigorous measures to remove any traces of alkali‐hydrolysable material (e.g. protein), induced such disturbances. B. subtilis levan produced more intense responses than did Ps. prunicola levan.

4. Ps. prunicola levan is presumed to be a “very large molecule”. Its extremely low clearance by the kidney indicates that the components of the assembly of molecules in the material pass through the renal glomerular membrane only with great difficulty and are not hydrolysed to any appreciable extent within the animal body.

5. B. subtilis levan, which from chemical evidence can be considered to be a polymer of similar chemical units to those comprising Ps. prunicola levan, behaved in a markedly different manner. The high clearance values were not those to be expected from a high molecular weight fructosan. The discovery of considerable quantities of D‐fructose in the urine after injection with this levan indicated that the dog is able to hydrolyse this levan at a rapid rate. The rate of liberation of fructose was so rapid that it exceeded the rate of utilisation in the tissues and/or absorbtion of fructose by the kidney. D‐fructose was identified by (a) paper chromatography, and (b) the formation of the methylphenyl osazone and its acetyl derivative.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN HEAT‐ADAPTED ANIMALS
Authors: Beattie J. , Chambers R. D.
Published: December 2014

1. Heat adaptation of albino rats to an environmental temperature of 29·5° C. requires a period of not less than 28 days.

2. Complete adaptation is indicated when animals within a small weight range (180–260 g.) show a mean heat production which has a standard deviation of less than 3 per cent of the mean value.

3. A slight seasonal change occurs relatively suddenly at the end of May, when the heat production level falls by about 5 per cent. The change to the winter level has not been determined with certainty but may occur in mid‐August.

4. The “winter” level of heat production lies between 690 and 712 Cal./sq. m./24 hrs. and the “summer” level between 657 and 679 Cal./sq. m./24 hrs.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OVIPOSITION IN THE FOWL
Authors: Sykes A. H.
Published: December 2014

1. Six out of nine hens were able to lay their eggs after spinal transections, but the process took much longer than normal.

2. Ovulation was almost completely inhibited in the spinal birds.

3. Observations at laparotomy show that during oviposition the uterus is not everted as claimed by Wickmann, but that the egg passes from the uterus into the vagina and from there is laid by peristaltic action of the vaginal muscles.

4. The observations suggest that the abdominal muscles are used in normal laying.
THE PASSAGE OF ANTIBODIES INTO THE INTESTINE IN RABBITS
Authors: Mitchison N. A.
Published: December 2014

1. Passage of cells into fluid perfusing the intestinal lumen, passage of antibodies into Thiry loops, and antibodies in extracts of appendix tissue were studied in rabbits.

2. With perfusion preparations in which the intestine was handled gently, only small numbers of cells appeared in the perfusion fluid. Ligation of the vascular supply caused large numbers of cells to appear.

3. Thiry loop secretion and serum were obtained from rabbits simultaneously immunized actively with one antigen by an intravenous route, and passively against a different antigen. After passive immunization with either homologous or heterologous serum, the ratio of the titre of active to passive antibody in the secretion was similar to the ratio in the serum.

4. Different antigens were injected simultaneously into the appendix and the foot. The proportion of antibody against the antigen injected into the appendix was higher in extracts of appendix tissue than in the serum.

5. The conclusion is discussed that, if antigen is fixed in the tissues of the gut, antibody passing into the lumen may be formed locally.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF REST PAUSES IN HEAVY WORK
Authors: Müller E. A.
Published: December 2014

There are two methods of approach to the problem of finding the right length and number of pauses in heavy work. The one, rough and only reliable in rather heavy work, is to take 4 kcal./min. as an overall limit of working capacity and to give enough pauses to keep the average energy expenditure of the whole shift on this level. The other method takes the pulse rate as an index of sufficient blood supply to all muscles, and a sufficient blood supply to the working muscles as the principal necessity in avoiding fatigue. This method aims at keeping the pulse rate during the shift at a constant average level and to prevent any kind of a pulse debt, which leads to an increased number of pulses during recovery after the end of work. The second method has proved useful in arranging pauses so as to allow a man to work within his endurance limit.
A STUDY OF THE VASCULAR ACTIONS OF 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, TRYPTAMINE, ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE
Authors: Ginzel K. H. , Kottegoda S. R.
Published: December 2014

1. 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (HT) is a more powerful constrictor of the pulmonary vessels of the dog and the cat and of the vessels of the rabbit's ear than adrenaline or noradrenaline.

2. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are more powerful constrictors of the hind leg vessels of the dog and the cat and of the renal vessels of the cat than HT.

3. HT is usually between 2 to 50 times as active as tryptamine.

4. Lysergic acid diethyl amide (L.S.D.) is a strong antagonist of the constrictor action of HT in both the lung and the leg vessels and has only a weak effect on the actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Ergotamine and tolazoline are relatively ineffective in modifying the vascular actions of HT.

5. Since HT is a substrate of amine oxidase, we expected to find that an inhibitor of this enzyme such as paredrine would potentiate the action of HT. This was not observed. However, tryptamine was found to potentiate the action of noradrenaline.

6. Desensitization to HT and to tryptamine by themselves was constantly observed.
THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN BARBITURATES ON THE MEAN RIGHT ATRIAL PRESSURE OF SHEEP
Authors: Tyrer J. H.
Published: December 2014

1. In 18 out of 37 experiments on 23 sheep, the barbiturates studied caused a rise of mean right atrial pressure of 1·0 to 2·5 cm. of saline, when given by slow intravenous injection, in dilute solutions and in doses as used in clinical medicine. In the remaining experiments smaller rises of pressure usually occurred.

2. This rise, associated with suppression of random and rhythmic variations of atrial pressure, lasted as long as the level of anæsthesia was maintained.

3. When undiluted “Dial” (Ciba) was slowly injected intravenously in doses as used in clinical medicine, the mean right atrial pressure rose rapidly by 10 cm. of saline or more. Such a large rise did not occur if the "Dial" was diluted three times with saline before injection.

4. The long‐acting barbitone sodium maintained mean right atrial pressure within a range of 1 cm. of saline for at least 1 hour, without further additions, after adequate anesthesia was obtained. Thus a base‐line could be provided for studying the effects of other drugs.
THE INFLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND pH ON THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM OF THE ISOLATED PERFUSED HEART
Authors: Trethewie E. R. , Hodgkinson Margaret M.
Published: December 2014

1. In the isolated cat's heart an increased CO2 content of the perfusing fluid is associated with heightening of the T wave of the electrocardiogram when the electrolyte composition of the perfusing fluid is kept constant apart from bicarbonate change.

2. Under similar conditions a reduced CO2 content is associated with a fall in the T wave potential.

3. The coronary flow changes in the same direction with the T wave, but equivalent changes in coronary flow alone do not cause similar changes in the T wave.

4. The significance of these findings is discussed.
ON THE CHANGES IN ALI‐ESTERASE AND PSEUDO‐CHOLIN‐ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF CHICKEN SCIATIC NERVE DURING WALLERIAN DEGENERATION AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH CELLULAR PROLIFERATION
Authors: Cavanagh J. B. , Webster G. R.
Published: December 2014

1. The changes in activity of tributyrinase in chicken sciatic nerve during Wallerian degeneration have been studied and a bimodal increase has been found. The first rise in activity parallels a similar rise in pseudo‐cholinesterase activity, and on the basis of mitotic counts with the use of colchicine these enzyme changes appear to be correlated with proliferative activity of the non‐macrophage elements. The second rise in tributyrinase is considered to be a function of the invading macrophages and may be concerned with the degradation of myelin.

2. The administration of tri‐ortho‐cresyl phosphate initially inhibits enzyme activity in the nerve, but in no way affects subsequent changes either in the enzymes or in the nuclear population of the degenerating nerve.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE BLOOD SUGAR CONCENTRATION IN HORSES
Authors: Alexander Frank
Published: December 2014

1. The blood sugar concentration has been studied in 8 ponies over a period of from 3 to 36 months.

2. Orally administered glucose caused a hyperglycæmia associated with the presence of a large concentration of glucose in the ileum.

3. Within 3 hours of feeding hay a yeast fermentable reducing substance appeared in the ileal contents in concentrations equivalent to 40–90 mg. glucose/100 ml.

4. Withholding food usually caused a fall in blood sugar concentration during the first 48 hours and thereafter a small rise.

5. The horse, in contrast to the ruminant, is able to digest and absorb soluble carbohydrates without subjecting them to fermentation.
THE SENSORY NERVE ENDINGS OF THE HUMAN PALATE
Authors: Gairns F. W.
Published: December 2014

1. The sensory nerve endings of the adult human hard and soft palates and of the uvula have been described. They consist of free nerve endings within the epithelium, of numerous organized endings mainly in the dermal papillæ, and of a few organized endings in the subpapillary region of the dermis.

2. The organized endings of the hard and soft palates show a general similarity in morphological character, but are more numerous in the former, where they also show “ultra‐terminal” fibrils penetrating the epithelium. Those in the uvula are of one type, show no “ultraterminal” fibrils and exhibit fine beading in their component fibrils.

3. Most of the organized endings are of unnamed form. Typical Meissner corpuscles are infrequent, while Krause end‐bulbs are relatively uncommon. Accessory fibres are found associated with all these types. No Pacinian corpuscles or endings of Ruffini or Golgi‐Mazzoni types have been seen.

4. An autonomic ground plexus is present in the dermis of palate and uvula.

5. No taste buds have been found.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF ANTAGONISTS FOR 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE
Authors: Gaddum J. H. , Hameed Khan A. , Hathway D. E. , Stephens F. F.
Published: December 2014

1. A number of synthetic indole compounds have been tested as antagonists for 5‐hydroxytryptamine (HT) in experiments on rat's uterus.

2. Antagonisms are classified as unspecific except when it has been possible to inhibit the response to HT without altering the response to acetylcholine.

3. The time course of the antagonisms has been followed by estimating the dose‐ratio: that is, the ratio of equiactive doses of HT before and after the administration of the antagonist.

4. The activity of different compounds has been compared by estimating the drug‐ratio, which is equal to the ratio of the dose of HT to the dose of antagonist, when the effect after 1 hour is 50 per cent of the original maximal effect. This gives results in general agreement with estimates of the pA2, and is more convenient when there are many substances to be tested.

5. The effects of the more active compounds, such as dibenamine, lysergic acid diethylamide and benzyloxygramine, developed slowly and became irreversible. Eventually the blockade could not be overcome even by enormous doses of HT, and it is then said to be unsurmountable.

6. The effects of less active specific antagonists (such as methylgramines) developed more rapidly, and were reversible and surmountable.
LIPID EXCHANGE BETWEEN PLASMA AND LYMPH IN EXPERIMENTAL LIPÆMIA
Authors: Morris Bede , Courtice F. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The exchange of lipids between plasma and lymph was studied in two groups of rabbits made hyperlipæmic with cholesterol‐feeding and by the intravenous injection of Tween 80.

2. In rabbits fed cholesterol the plasma cholesterol rose elevenfold, whereas the plasma phospholipid and total esterified fatty acid showed only a twofold increase. The concentrations in the thoracic duct lymph also increased, but to a relatively less extent than in the plasma. The phospholipid/cholesterol ratio fell from 2·2 to 0·4 in the plasma and from 2·4 to 0·7 in the lymph.

3. Tween 80 injections caused proportionately large increases of all the plasma‐lipid fractions to about 5 or 6 times the normal levels. There was an increase in the plasma‐lymph lipid gradient, as the lymph lipids showed only a two‐ or threefold increase. No significant change occurred in either the plasma or lymph phoshpolipid/cholesterol ratio.

4. The physical state of the plasma and lymph lipids in both groups was altered. The cholesterol‐fed rabbits showed high concentrations of large cholesterol‐containing lipoprotein molecules which migrated on filter paper behind and with the beta globulin. These molecules were retained by the capillary membrane to a large extent, and appeared in the lymph in relatively low concentrations. The Tween 80 treated rabbits showed increases in the concentration of large molecular lipoprotein and particulate lipid which appeared in the lymph in even smaller amounts than the beta‐type lipoprotein of the cholesterol‐fed rabbits.
THE ORIGIN OF THE RHYTHMIC ELECTROPOTENTIAL CHANGES IN THE DUODENUM
Authors: Milton G. W. , Smith A. W. M. , Armstrong H. I. O.
Published: December 2014

1. The electrical and mechanical activity of the exteriorized duodenum in otherwise intact dogs has been investigated.

2. The electrical changes described by previous workers in vitro have been confirmed in vivo, using concentric needle electrodes embedded in the duodenal wall.

3. The electrical activity consists of two components—a slow rhythmic wave followed, if visible movement is present, by a series of rapid deflections.

4. The frequency and amplitude of the slow wave were unchanged by drugs which increased, or by drugs which eliminated, visible movement from the duodenum.

5. The slow wave was found to have a linear velocity in a caudal direction of 9‐30 cm./sec.

6. It is suggested that the slow wave may be associated with the mechanism which stimulates and co‐ordinates the contractions of the duodenum, possibly the nervous networks of the bowel wall. The magnitude of the contractions depends on the muscle response to the rhythmic stimulus.
GASTRIC ACIDITY IN THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Watt J.
Published: December 2014

1. Using a simple technique for the aspiration of stomach contents from the unanæsthetized guinea‐pig, the acidity of the gastric juice has been studied.

2. The fasting gastric juice of the guinea‐pig shows considerable variation in acidity, free acid ranging from 6 to 80 ml. and total acid from 40 to 136 ml. N/10 HCl per 100 ml. gastric juice in 15 animals studied.

3. Persistent achlorhydria was not encountered in a series of over 50 healthy adult guinea‐pigs.

4. Both in the anæsthetized and the unanæsthetized guinea‐pig, histamine produces a copious flow of highly acid gastric juice, the degree of acidity reaching maximal values similar to those in larger animals such as the cat and the dog.
PULMONARY VENTILATION AS AN INDEX OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE
Authors: Durnin J. V. G. A. , Edwards R. G.
Published: December 2014

1. If, over a considerable range of human activity, it is possible to predict energy expenditure by measurement of ventilation alone, then field surveys can be considerably simplified by reduction of laboratory work; elimination of most of the gas analyses allows more subjects to be studied.

2. Analysis of the results from two field surveys shows that this method of prediction can be utilized with very little increase in error.

3. For each subject in these two surveys a regression line was drawn through the origin using 6 points of determined rates of ventilation and of energy expenditure to calculate the regression coefficient; these rates were reasonably far from zero, e.g. at about 7‐8 kcal./min.

4. Subsequently, prediction of energy output from ventilation alone, using these regression lines, gave an additional error of only about 5 per cent.

5. This technique is not valid when ventilation is low or high and should be restricted to the range of 15‐50 1./min.

6. The application of this procedure in field studies of energy expenditure is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF DEXTRAN ON SERUM PROTEINS AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Morrison A. B.
Published: December 2014

1. A solution of 10 per cent salt‐free Dextran was administered intravenously to four dogs and ten rats and its effect on the blood followed for twenty‐four hours.

2. There was a decrease in the concentration of serum globulin and serum cholesterol which persisted twenty‐four hours after the infusion, when the other signs of dilution of the blood brought about by the Dextran had disappeared.
ARTERIO‐VENOUS ANASTOMOSES IN THE EXTERNAL EAR
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Prichard Marjorie M. L.
Published: December 2014

1. In studies based on both injected preparations and histological material, arterio‐venous anastomoses were found to be present in large numbers in the external ears of eight species of animal. These highly specialized blood vessels, which are much larger than capillaries and form direct connexions between an artery and a vein, are present on both surfaces of the ear and are situated mainly at two levels: in the deepest layer of the skin, and on and in the perichondrium.

2. In the different species the arterio‐venous anastomoses show certain variations in their size and shape, and in the thickness and cellular content of their walls, but the basic features of these vessels are the same in all. The arterio‐venous anastomoses run a more or less tortuous course; they have a thick wall, which is composed of variable numbers of epithelioid and modified smooth muscle cells, irregularly disposed; there is no internal elastic lamina. Studies made in the sheep's ear showed that the arterio‐venous anastomoses have a very rich innervation.

3. It is suggested that one important function of the arterio‐venous anastomoses in the ears is to permit a greatly increased flow of blood through these exposed extremities and thus keep them warm in a cold environment.
THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE SULPHATE ON MEN EXPOSED TO WARM ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Cullumbine H. , Miles S.
Published: December 2014

1. The process of acclimatization to hot dry (110° F., 36 per cent R.H.) and warm moist (90° F., 81 per cent R.H.) environments have been studied using 40 male volunteers, and the effects of I.M. injection of 2 mg. atropine sulphate on the 5th and 10th days of exposure assessed.

2. In both environments acclimatization consisted of a readjustment of cardiovascular balance, an increase in sweat loss (hot and dry only), a decrease in sweat chloride content and an increase in blood volume.

3. Atropine increased circulatory embarrassment by raising the pulse rate and by general vasodilation, and added to the climatic stress by limitation of sweating. In an unacclimatized or partially acclimatized individual in a hot dry environment, circulatory failure and cerebral irritation would be likely to produce casualties before failure of the heat‐controlling mechanism could develop.

4. Subjective and individual effects of both heat and atropine are discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE LIPOLYTIC SYSTEM INDUCED IN PLASMA BY HEPARIN INJECTION
Authors: Robinson D. S.
Published: December 2014

1. When plasma, obtained from rats previously injected with heparin, is passed through a column of a strong anion exchange resin, heparin is retained by the column.

2. The clearing activity of the effluent from the column, as determined with added chyle, is slightly increased by the addition of heparin.

3. When the effluent is incubated for very short periods at 37° C. its clearing activity is destroyed. Incubation at 37° C. in the presence of very small quantities of heparin does not result in rapid destruction of the clearing activity.

4. During the clearing of added chyle by the effluent no marked destruction of clearing activity occurs.
THE HEPATIC AND INTESTINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH
Authors: Morris Bede
Published: December 2014

1. In the anæsthetized cat, the liver lymph contributes about 30 per cent of the total thoracic duct lymph volume and approximately 40 per cent of the total thoracic duct protein. The remaining thoracic duct lymph is almost entirely derived from the intestines.

2. In the post‐absorptive state, liver lymph contains about 90 per cent of the plasma concentrations of protein, phospholipid and cholesterol, whilst the intestinal lymph contains 50‐60 per cent. There is a significant relationship between the concentrations of these substances in the plasma and lymph.

3. During fat absorption no significant change occurs in the liver lymph composition, whereas the intestinal lymph total fatty acid, phospholipid and cholesterol show large increases. During fat absorption an additional pre‐albumin lipoprotein component appears in the intestinal lymph.
THE EXCHANGE OF PROTEIN BETWEEN THE PLASMA AND THE LIVER AND INTESTINAL LYMPH
Authors: Morris Bede
Published: December 2014

1. The exchange of T‐1824 and I131‐tagged albumin between the plasma, liver and intestinal lymph has been investigated in cats. Both disappeared from the plasma at similar rates for 8 hours after intravenous injection.

2. In intact, nembutalized cats after 8 hours about 70 per cent of the injected albumin remained in the circulation, whereas only 55 per cent remained in animals with the liver and thoracic lymph ducts cannulated.

3. The tagged albumin appeared first in the liver lymph and reached 90 per cent of the plasma levels in 3 to 4 hours; in the intestinal lymph it reached about 50 to 60 per cent of the plasma levels.

4. The specific activities of the plasma and liver lymph became identical after 3 to 4 hours, whereas equilibration of the plasma and intestinal lymph required 12 to 14 hours.

5. The size of the hepatic interstitial protein pool was calculated as 154 mg./100 g. of liver tissue, and the interstitial fluid as 3 per cent of the organ weight.

6. Following partial occlusion of the inferior vena cava above the liver there was an increase in liver lymph flow which accompanied the rise in portal venous pressure. An increase in portal venous pressure of about 10 to 12 cm. of H2O produced a ten‐to twelvefold increase in the liver lymph flow and an equilibration of the plasma and liver lymph specific activities in about 1 hour. There were relatively small changesin the intestinal lymph flow.

7. Intravenous infusions of Ringer‐Locke solution 100 ml./kg./5 hrs. produced large increases in intestinal lymph flow and reduced the equilibration time for the plasma and intestinal lymph specific activities to about 5 hours. There was a much smaller increase in liver lymph flow, and specific activity equilibration between plasma and liver lymph occurred after about 2 hours.

8. The significance of these results in the interpretation of capillary permeability and protein exchange dynamics is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF TRITON WR‐1339 ON THE LIPIDS OF THE PLASMA AND LIVER LYMPH OF RABBITS
Authors: Morris Bede , Courtice F. C.
Published: December 2014

1. A single intravenous injection of 400 mg./kg. Triton WR‐1339 caused a marked rise in the plasma lipids of rabbits. Liver and intestinal lymph lipids increased slightly during this mobilization of plasma lipids.

2. There was a reorganization of the electrophoretic distribution of the plasma and lymph lipoproteins. The normal lipoproteins disappeared and were replaced by a lipid component which failed to migrate on filter paper.

3. In animals in which a lipæmic state had been maintained for several days, the liver lymph appeared milky, due to the presence of very large numbers of lipid particles. The concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipid and total fatty acids in the lymph of these animals were about 20 per cent of the plasma levels.

4. In these circumstances lipids mobilized from the liver probably pass directly from the hepatic cells to the blood capillaries arid the lymph transfers an insignificant fraction. While the plasma lipids are accumulating, some fat leaks out of the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces and enters the lymph, where it is found in the form of particulate lipid. This leakage occurs particularly in the liver.
THE ABSORPTION OF SUGARS AND WATER FROM RAT INTESTINE IN VIVO
Authors: Fullerton Pamela M. , Parsons D. S.
Published: December 2014

1. A method of measuring absorption from the intestinal tract of anæsthetized small laboratory animals is described in detail.

2. The jejunal absorption rates of water and of glucose and galactose have been measured in groups of rats under various common anæthetics. These produced no distinguishable effects.

3. A marked variation in the capacity of the jejunum to absorb occurred among individual rats subjected to the same treatment.

4. The rate of glucose absorption from solutions of 290 mOsM tonicity can be described in terms of two components, one a constant amount and the other proportional to the water absorption rate.

5. The rate of absorption of xylose from solutions of 290 mOsM tonicity is directly proportional to the water absorption rate.

6. The increase in sugar absorption for a given increment of water absorption depends upon the concentration of sugar in the intestinal fluid.
THE STUDY OF SHEEP WITH PERMANENT UNILATERAL PAROTID FISTULÆ
Authors: Denton D. A.
Published: December 2014

1. A new technique has been developed for the preparation of a permanent parotid fistula in the sheep. The advantage over the Pavlov‐Glinski operation is that the saliva drips from the dependent point of a skin teat. The secretion rate may be unobtrusively observed without fixation of any apparatus to the animal. Thirty‐seven sheep with parotid fistulæ have been studied.

2. The presence of a parotid fistula for 6–93 weeks did not involve any anatomical or histological deviation from normal in the parotid gland.

3. A sheep with a parotid fistula lost each day 1–4 l. of hypertonic alkaline saliva containing 160–650 m.equiv. of Na+. The animal could be maintained in good condition indefinitely provided enough Na+ was given to replace that lost from the fistula. Digestion proceeded normally.

4. The rate of parotid salivary secretion increased during eating and rumination, and decreased during starvation or water depletion.

5. The response of the animal to Na+ depletion was examined under strictly controlled conditions. The sheep has remarkable parotid and renal mechanisms of electrolyte regulation. The salivary Na+ concentration falls commensurately with Na+ depletion from a normal of 180 m.equiv/l. to as low as 10 m.equiv/l., and the salivary K+ concentration rises equivalently from 10 m.equiv/l. to 180 m.equiv/l. This allowed the sheep to establish a new Na+ equilibrium at a particular level of Na+ depletion. It could survive for weeks even though depleted of several hundred m.equiv. of Na+. Because of the nature of the fluid dynamics of digestion in the ruminant, the mechanism of conservation of salivary Na+ during Na+ depletion may have survival value under stringent environmental conditions such as drought.

6. A sheep with a parotid fistula licked 5–15 g./day off a salt block which was provided in its cage. Prior to operation a normal sheep usually licked off only 0·5–2 g./day.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES
Authors: Buchthal Fritz
Published: December 2014

In man during phonation, an increased electrical activity was found in all the intrinsic adductor muscles of the larynx investigated. The change in electrical activity started one‐third to one‐half of a second before audible sound could be recorded by microphone. This latency probably reflects the time necessary to build up a minimum air current and pressure. Whenever it could be discriminated, the maximum frequency of single motor unit discharges was of the order of 20‐50 per second during phonation. This is in contradiction to Husson's theory that the frequency of vibration of the vocal cord during a tone of a given pitch is the result of a corresponding number of impulses to the muscle fibres.

During phonation with increasing pitch the electrical activity increased considerably, as long as the increase in pitch occurred within the same register. The increase in electrical activity was adjusted to the level corresponding to a given pitch before the onset of audible sound. The pronounced electrical activity in the adductor muscle in the absence of phonation was inhibited 0 3 sec. before the onset of phonation. This complete inhibition persisted throughout the entire period of voice production.

In the abductor muscles also there was a slight activity in the absence of phonation. This activity persisted even when breathing stopped. It was enhanced during inspiration and remained unaltered during expiration.

Electromyographical findings are consistent with the assumptions (1) that the vibrational frequency of the vocal cords, and thereby the pitch of the sound produced, is determined by the active and passive tension exerted by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, and (2) that the active force of sound production is the air pressure, which separates the margins of the glottis with periodic recoil of the vocal cords.