bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bionomics of the Aspen Blotch Miner,Lithocolletis salicifoliellaCham. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: Martin J. Lynton
Published: January 2010

The aspen blotch miner,Lithocolletis salicifoliella, Cham., has been abundant on trembling aspen,Populus tremuloidesMichx., throughout central Canada for the past few years. The mines of this species are found on the underside of the leaves, and are often abundant enough to cause premature browning of the foliage. This insect first came to the attention of the Forest Insect Survey of Ontario in the vicinity of Lake Nipigon in 1944. By 1950, the infestation covered all but the southern part of Ontario, and was reported in most aspen stands in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The intensity of the infestation in the northern part of Ontario began to decline by 1952, and in 1954 damage was negligible.
A Description of the Immature Stages ofLithocolletis salicifoliellaCham. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: Watson W. Y.
Published: January 2010

No detailed description of the larva of any member of the genusLithocolletisexists in the literature, although various aspects of the structure of one or more species have been described by Wood (1900), Trägårdh (1913), Fracker (1913), and Peterson (1948), and the relation between structure and habits has been examined by Needham (1928) and Hering (1951). Martin (1956) has discussed the bionomics ofL. salicifoliellaCham. The present contribution forms a complementary study of the immature stages of this same species.
Two New Species of Aphididae Collected in Western Canada (Homoptera)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

This paper includes descriptions of a new species of Cinara and one of Micromyzus.

The species of Cinara belongs to the species group in which the base of the cornicle hears both heavy and fine setae. In other members of this group the heavy and fine setae are evenly distributed over the surface of the base of the cornicle, but in the species described here the fine setae are clustered around the orifice and the heavy ones are closer to the margin of the base than in related species (Fig. 4). Another difference is that the dorsum of the abdomen is heavily sclerotized rather than having the small, isolated sclerites characteristic of the other members of this species group.
Some Carabidae and Staphylinidae Shown to Feed on a Wireworm,Agriotes sputator(L.), by the Precipitin Test
Authors: Fox C. J. S. , MacLellan C. R.
Published: January 2010

Many fields near the shore of St. Mary's Bay, Digby County, N.S., are severely infested with the wirewormAgriotes sputator(L.). This European species, established in Canada only in scartered areas in Nova Scotia, is a very prolific and destructive insect. Infested fields frequently contain one and a half million larvae per acre and as many as 55 larvae have been found in a six-inch cube of soil. In such areas the vegetation on many acres of potentially excellent grassland has deteriorated to little but hawkweeds,Hieraciumspp., plants apparently not attractive to the larvae.
A Technique for Pinning and Spreading Small Microlepidoptera
Authors: Lindquist O. H.
Published: January 2010

Identification of mounted specimens of Microlepidoptera is facilitated by good spreading technique. Although the larger specimens may be readily spread on a standard spreading board, small specimens present a problem. A special technique has been developed whereby small moths may be successfully spread and mounted on double-mount pins.
Sequential Sampling for Larvae of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (Linn.). (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Reeks W. A.
Published: January 2010

The Forest Insect Survey of the Maritime Provinces has been observing an outbreak of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linn.), since its discovery in Nova Scotia in 1949. In addition to noting annual changes in distribution, the Survey has made population counts on 8 to 20 tagged trees of red oak, Quercus rubra L., at each of seven locations along the south shore of the Province. These trees were sampled each year to show the abundance of larvae of the winter moth and the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.). Both species are commonly found on the same trees, and their life histories are similar. The collections and subsequent rearings also showed the degree of parasitism by native or introduced species of parasites. The defoliation of the trees was estimated at the time of sampling and again at the end of the feeding period to determine the relationship between larval population and defoliation. Some of the sampling data, which were collected from 1952 to 1955, are used to develap the sequential plan of sampling described herein. Use of the plan at the sampling stations should reduce the number of samples while retaining accuracy within predetermined limits.
New Species of Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Mostly Mexican. Part III
Authors: Wood Stephen L.
Published: January 2010

In this paper 12 new species and a new genus (Prochramesus) of scolytid beetles are described from Mexico, and one species is described from Honduras. Notes concerning geographical distributions of a few other Mexican species are included. The specimens taken in Mexico were all collected by the author while with the 1953 expedition of the Francis Huntington Snow Entomological Museum (University of Kansas, Lawrence). The new species represent the following genera: Pseudohylesinus (1), Phrixisoma (1), Leperisinus (1), Phloeosinus (1), Chaetophloeus (1), Renocis (1), Phloeotribus (1), Prochramesus (1), and Chramesus (4).
A Study of the Environmental Factors Affecting the Dispersion of House Flies (Musca domestica L.) in a Dairy Community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba
Authors: Hanec William
Published: January 2010

House fly control as practiced at present requires a combination of thorough sanitation supplemented with the use of insecticides. Farms vary considerably in the standard of sanitation maintained. The question arises whether a farmer who conscientiously applies house fly control measures on his premises will find his efforts frustrated by invasions of house flies breeding on less sanitary farm-steads in the neighborhood. To answer this question it is necessary to understand the factors that affect house fly dispersal. These include wind direction, intensity of mind-borne odors and possibly variation in the tendency of flies to migrate. Some of these questions were answered in investigations during the summer of 3951, by releasing and recovering radioactive house flies in a dairy community near Fort Whyte, Manitoba.
Selection of Populations of the Granary WeevilSitophilus granariusL. more Resistant to Methyl Bromide Fumigation
Authors: Monro H. A. U. , Upitis E.
Published: January 2010

Today methyl bromide is being used throughout the world to control insect pests. Intrinsically it is not among the most toxic of insect fumigants, but it has a combination of properties which gives it an unique position among gaseous insecticides. Of particular importance are its powers of penetration and its non-inflammability under normal fumigating conditions. Methyl bromide is important also as the leading fumigant in a group, the halogenated hydrocarbons, which includes other widely used fumigants such as ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene chlorobromide.
A Granulosis Virus Disease of the Western Grape Leaf Skeletonizer and its Transmission
Authors: Smith Owen J. , Hughes Kenneth M. , Dunn Paul H. , Hall Irvin M.
Published: January 2010

Since 1950 the University of California has maintained a program designed to evaluate the effectiveness of certain insect parasites in the control of the western grape leaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians B. & McD., in San Diego County, California. During this time, all sustained efforts to produce parasites in quantities for field release have failed because of recurrent outbreaks of a disease of the
skeletonizer larvae. The causative agent of this disease was identified by Steinhaus and Hughes (1952) as a granulosis virus.
Note on the Leaf Miner Lithocolletis malimalifoliella Braun (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) as an Apple Pest in Quebec
Authors: LeRoux E. J. , Parent B.
Published: January 2010

In 1953, 1954, and 1955 a species of leaf miner heavily infested leaves of apple trees in an orchard at Farnham, Que., causing severe damage to the crop. The pest was present on all apple varieties but was particularly abundant on Cortland. This infestation is apparently the first known to cause serious injury in Quebec.

Specimens were determined by Dr. T. N. Freeman, Entomology Division, Ottawa, as of Lithocolletis malimalifoliella Braun. This pest has not been previously reported from the Province of Quebec. It has been reported as a persistent and sometimes serious pest of apple in the Annapolis Valley, N.S. (Cameron and Patterson, 1941; Patterson and Neary, 1943), but does not appear to have been reported elsewhere in Canada. Under Quebec conditions L. malimalifoliella has two complete generations and a partial third per year and overwinters in the pupal stage. A survey revealed the pest to be present in all major apple-growing areas of the province.
Differences in Susceptibility of Two Species of Chrysopa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to DDT
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: January 2010

Since 1919 it has been noticed in a number of peach orchards in the Niagara Peninsula that the larvae of Chrysopa plorabunda Fitch are highly resistant to DDT, whereas those of C. rufilabris Burm. are susceptible. Data obtained in a representative orchard since 1953 are summarized in Table I. Two 60- to 70-tree plots were sprayed with wettable sulphur or captan according to standard commercial schedules. Two adjacent plots were similarly treated with wettable sulphur and also with two applications of 50 per cent wettable DDT powder at 2 pounds per 100 gallons about 10 days apart in early July. Forty trees in each plot were sampled the same days at irregular intervals each season by brushing. This method, described elsewhere (Putman, 1955), is not a very efficient way of collecting chrysopid larvae because they are not easily dislodged from the foliage, but the numbers collected should be proportional to the actual populations. As sampling in this and in three other orchards showed that neither fungicide had any obvious effect on chrysopids, the two fungicide plots were considered as a single non-insecticide plot and the two DDT plots were similarly combined. Each value in the table represents the total number of larvae collected in each pair of plots in three to eight samplings during July and August after the first application of DDT.
A Simple Air-Conditioning Unit for Insect Cages
Authors: Haliburton W. , Friend W. G.
Published: January 2010

Attempts to maintain large cultures of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), have led to the development of special glass cages (Perron et al., 1953). Under oar laboratory conditions the lights used to obtain the degree of illumination necessary for acceptable oviposition rates raised the temperature and lowered the humidity excessively within the cage. Reasonable control of these factors was obtained by atomizing cold water into a current of air blown through the cage.
The Present Status of Biological Control
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: January 2010

In a recent paper Taylor (1955) has discussed the status of biological control with particular reference to its present and future value as a method of control of insect pests. A number of his remarks are questionable, and his conclusions that present methods of biological control are of little value are not valid. His broad thesis is that insect pests with which the biological control method is effective have already been satisfactorily dealt with and that there no longer remain problems where spectacular results may be expected: moreover, that with the modern insecticides available, biological control has in many cases been rendered useless. It would be as well therefore to examine carefully his main contentions, and it should be pointed out at the outset that Taylor's criticisms of the methods of biological control, and of the claims made by entomologists working in this field, are vague, and although he does not actually say so he insinuates that biological control workers make or have made unjustified claims as to the success of a number of projects undertaken.
The Amino Acids Required for Egg Production in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Dimond J. B. , Lea A. O. , Hahnert W. F. , DeLong D. M.
Published: January 2010

Since the monumental work of Rose (1938) on the essential amino acids for growth in the rat, similar studies have been made on other vertebrates. It has been shown that most of these animals have the same pattern of amino acid requirements for growth of the immature form and for maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium in the adult. The amino acids usually required are arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophane, and valine. These studies have been adequately reviewed in recent texts (Bourne and Kidder 1953, Albanese 1950).
The Frass of Certain Defoliators of Forest Trees in the North Central United States and Canada
Authors: Hodson Alexander C. , Brooks Marion A.
Published: January 2010

As mentioned by Morris (1942), the forest entomologist is frequently faced with the practical problem of ascertaining the identity of certain insects which have defoliated the trees and disappeared before his arrival. Cast skins and head capsules provide a difficult and uncertain means of identification; and the kinds of damage done by the insects often are alike to such an extent that they are non-specific. There remains the abundant fecal pellet deposit, commonly called frass, which, if studied carefully, is a reliable means of identifying many species.
Holarctic Elements Among the Ichneumoninae of Canada
Authors: Heinrich Gerd H.
Published: January 2010

The fallowing records represent a supplement to my former publication “Holarctic Elements among the Ichneumoninae of Maine” (Jour. Wash. Acad. Science 43. May, 1953, p. 148-50). They are based mainly on material obtained by the Northern Insect Survey, which is a co-operative project of the Canada Department of Agriculture and the Defence Research Board, Canada Department of National Defence.
The Muscular Mechanism of the Male Metasoma and Genitalia of Megachile fortis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: Fischer Roland L.
Published: January 2010

The terminology pertaining to the structure of the male genitalia of the Hymenoptera has been subject to much confusion. Several systems, many purely descriptive in nature, have previously been set forch. Others were based on the various concepts of the ontogeny of the male genitalia, or on the comparative morphology of the adults. The investigation reported here began as an attempt to synthesize the various terminolopies and to evolve a workable set of terms pertaining to the structure of the male genitalia of the megachilid bees. Accordingly, a study was conducted on the myology of the group with the thought that perhaps an understanding of the comparative musculature might be of value in determining the homologies of the insect genitalia. This paper reports the results of a phase of the investigation on the morphology of the male metasoma, the muscular mechanism of the male metasoma and genitalia, and the gross structure of the internal reproductive organs of Megachile (Phaenosarsus) fortis Cresson. A second portion of the study, pertaining to the comparative morphology of the male genitalia and associated sterna of the Mecgachilidae, will be published later.
Recovery of Insect Fragments from the Waste and Juice of Processed Tomatoes
Authors: Miller L. A.
Published: January 2010

The corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), is seldom a pest of economic importance in tomatoes in southern Ontario. However, in 1953 the harvest of tomatoes for processing was prematurely terminated because of the presence of this pest in the ripe fruits. In that year almost all the fields in Kent and Essex counties, involving approximately 12,000 acres, were infested, the infestations being as high as 11 per cent in individual fields. The situation was aggravated because excellent-appearing fruits with no visible larval entry holes often contained earworms. This condition occurred when the newly hatched larvae had burrowed immediately into the fruits and there completed their larval development. The entry holes soon healed, leaving small scars that were almost impossible to detect, particularly on a busy production line.
Annotated List of Spiders (Araneae) from Apple Trees in Nova Scotia
Authors: Dondale C. D.
Published: January 2010

Orchard spiders are important because of their predatory activities and their frequent abundance. They were recngnizcd as a group needing study at the time Pickett et al. (1946) began their long-term investigation of orchard fauna. The identities of the species involved, and their influence on populations of orchard pests, are the main factors to be considered.

This paper presents a list of the species collected in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia to date, together with brief comments of a general nature. Spiders have been collected in about 40 orchards since 1954. These orchards were subjected to a variety of cultural and pest control methods by the owners, but most were in sod cultivation, and under modified spray programs as described by Pickett and Patterson (1953). Collecting was done mainly by capping lower branches of trees over an inverted, open umbrella, hut specimens were also taken individually from crevices along tree trunks, and from trays under fumigated trees.
Some Parasites and Predators of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) in Trinidad, B.W.I.
Authors: Bennett Fred D.
Published: January 2010

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) was first observed in Bermuda in 1917. By 1920 infestations severe enough to cause defoliation of oleanders were recorded. Damage by the scale increased despite an intensive spray programme until the establishment of Aphytis diaspidis (How.) from Italy in 1921-24. (Ogilvie, 1928). For several years this Aphelinid kept the scale under satisfactory control, only small sporadic outbreaks occurring from time to time. In recent years however, outbreaks have been severe enough to warrant a detailed investigation(Simmonds, 1955).
Two New Species of the Genus Cinara Curtis (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: January 2010

Apterous viviparous female

General colour of body brown. In cleared specimens, the following parts are dark brown: head; thorax; cornicles; muscle attachment plates; spiracles; terminal segments of rostrum, including the distal portion of segment II; coxae; femora, except short areas near the bases; short distal portions, and short, indistinct areas at the bases of the tibiae; tarsi; antennal segments I and VI, and the distal half of IV and V. The remaining parts of the body and appendages are light yellowish-brown. The setae are long and numerous, giving the cleared specimens a conspicuously hairy appearance.
The GenusOrenaiain North America, with the Description of a New Species (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe E. G.
Published: January 2010

The most recent list of the North American species ofOrenaiawas given by McDunnough (1939: 14), who referred two species to the genus. In the present paper two nominal species are transferred fromTitaniotoOrenaia, one as a synonym, and a new species ofOrenaiais described.

TitanioandOrenaiaagree in the reduced eyes, stout build, hairy vestiture, and noctuid-like facies. However, as was first shown by Müller-Rutz (1929), the genitalia ofOrenaiaare indistinguishable from those ofEvergestis, whereas those ofTitanioare of a very different type. The similarity in habitus of the two genera is undoubtedly the result of convergence.
Some Micro-organisms Associated with the Weevils Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Sitophilus oryza (L.), (Coleoptera): II. Population differences of mycetomal micro-organisms in different strains of S. granarius
Authors: Musgrave A. J. , Miller J. J.
Published: January 2010

Certain kinds of micro-organisms occurring in close internal association with insects, and often harboured in apparently specialized organs, are, at least in some species, of benefit to the insects in supplying them with needed dietary constituents, e.g., vitamins of the B complex (3).

During the past twenty years conflicting statements have been made about the presence of mycetomal micro-organisms in Sitophilus granarius (6, 11). Recently some general clarification has been achieved (9). It seems that while this species commonly harbours such micro-organisms, there exists an Egyptian strain apparently free of them. Furthermore, a variety africana, distinguishable by its smaller size and lighter colour, has been described from the Nile Valley (1, 5).
Experiments on Oral Secretion of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acarina: Ixodidae)
Authors: Gregson J. D.
Published: January 2010

Tick paralysis continues to be one of the most baffling and fascinating tickborne diseases in Canada. It was first reported in this country by Todd in 1912. Since then about 250 human cases, including 28 deaths, have been recorded from British Columbia. Outbreaks in cattle have affected up to 400 animals at a time, with losses in a herd as high as 65 head. Although the disease is most common in the Pacific northwest, where it is caused by the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, it has lately been reported as far south as Florida and has been produced by Dermacentor variabilis Say, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, and A. americanum (L.) (Gregson, 1953). The symptoms include a gradual ascending symmetrical flaccid paralysis. Apparently only man, sheep, cattle, dogs, and buffalo (one known instance) are susceptible, but even these may not necessarily be paralysed.
The Bark Beetle Complex Associated with Lodgepole Pine Slash in Alberta: Part III—Notes on the Biologies of Several Predators with Special Reference to Enoclerus sphegeus Fab. (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Two Species of Mites
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

The most important predators found with broods of Ips pini (Say) and Ips perroti Sw. belong to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Acarina.

Among the Coleoptera, Enoclerus sphegeus Fab. was the most aggressive and responsible for the greatest predation. The small clerid, Thanasimus undulatus Say, was present in the area but rarely encountered. Dipterous predators included Loachea corticis Taylor, Oscinella sp. nr. magnipalpus Beck. and Medeterus modestus Van Duzee. A hemipterous egg predator, Anthocoris musculus Fall. was found occasionally within the main Ips galleries.
New Equipment for Rearing Small Numbers of Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) for Experimental Purposes
Authors: House H. L. , Barlow J. S.
Published: January 2010

Nutritional studies (House, 1954, a-d; House and Barlow, 1956) with the sarcophagid Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) have been in progress for a number of years at the Belleville laboratory. Recently a new technique was developed for the care of large numbers of small lots of P. affinis. This makes use of a convenient holder for larval rearing tubes; a cage assembly for rearing pupae and flies; and a rack to hold a large number of cages, each easily accessible and uniformly illuminated, in a minimum of space. When this equipment is used, the treatment of the insects is more uniform and less time-consuming than with the equipment previously used. The new technique and equipment are described in this paper.
Insects Affecting Seed Production in Red Pine: III. Eucosma monitorana Heinrich, Laspeyresia toreuta Groté (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), Rubsaamenia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and Other Insects
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the seasonal history and habits of the less important red pine cone insects, and presents notes on the predators, scavengers, and other insects that commonly inhabit infested cones. During 1950-1954, Eucosma monitorana Hein., Laspeyresia toreuta Groté, and Rubsaamenia sp. were rarely as abundant as the cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopk., (10) or Dioryctria spp. (11), although they contributed significantly to seed loss. Owing to the scarcity of these insects, some of the life history details remain incomplete.
Alfalfa and Red Clover as Sources of Nectar and Pollen for Honey, Bumble, and Leaf-cutter Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: January 2010

The most important factor affecting the densities of pollinating species of bees on alfalfa seed fields in southern Alberta is competing flowering growth (Hobbs and Lilly, 1954, 1955). This is a report on the relative attractiveness of red clover and alfalfa to honey, bumble, and leaf-cutter bees in southern Alberta. Observations were made on the first crops grown in each of two newly cultivated and irrigated areas near Hays; the fields were isolated from all other entomophilous crops by at least five miles of virgin prairie. A third series of observations was made on crops grown in the isolated river valley near Lethbridge previously described by Hobbs and Lilly (1955).
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario: I. Description of the Bog
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

The Byron Bog is a sphagnum bog situated about three miles west of London and one mile northeast of Byron, Ontario in a depression adjacent to the southwest corner of Oxford Street and Hyde Park Sideroad in London Township of Middlesex County (Fig. 1). During the past it has been variously designated as “The Spruce Swamp”, “Foster's Bog” and “Redmond's (sometimes erroneously spelled “Redman's”) Swamp” or “Redmonds' Bog” Woolverton (1900) described it briefly in an account of a trip to the bog by members of the Geological Section of the Entomological Society of Ontario in 1899: “A number of the members of the section visited a peat bed, situated 3 miles west of London at Redmond's farm. It lies in a low spot bordered by high hills on the east and north. Towards the south a barrier not more than a few feet in height isolates it from the River Thames. In the centre is a pond of clear spring water over 60 feet in depth…” The bog has attracted the attention of local naturalists, particularly members of the McIlwraith Ornithological Club of London, who have studied various features of its fauna and flora, e.g. Dearness (19071, Judd (1956a), Saunders (1932) and Saunders and Dale (1933).
Some New Genera and Species of North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Linsley E. Gorton
Published: January 2010

Hypermallus Casey (not Lacordaire), 1912, Mem. Coleopt. vol. 3, p. 292.

Form elongate, slender to moderately robust, subcylindrical to moderately depressed. Head narrowly channeled between antennal bases; maxillary and labial palpi short, not very unequal, last segment slightly expanded; antennae moderately heavy, outer segments more or less flattened, often convex or carinate, third segment armed at inner apex with a moderate spine, those of following segments, if present, becoming successively shorter, outer angle of segments mute or armed with a small spine. Pronotum subcylindrical or rounded at the sides, usually with dorsal tubercles or calluses; prosternum with intercosal process arcuately declivous behind; episternum of metathorax narrow, nearly paralle-sided. Elytra with apices usually emarginate, usually bispinose. Legs slender; femora without apical spines.
Factors in Resistance of Peas to the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). I. The Sugar-Nitrogen Ratio
Authors: Maltais J. B. , Auclair J. L.
Published: January 2010

Differences in resistance of varieties of peas to the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), have long ago been shown in the field and by controlled rearings under glass, Russell and Morrison (1924, p. 63) apparently being the First to observe differences. Early investigations at Wisconsin by Searb (1932) showed that pea varieties differ in the number of aphids born upon them. Maltais (1937) corraborated these early findings and reported (1950) the development of a pure-line strain of aphid-resistant pea. The influence of resistance in peas upoil aphid development, reproduction, and longevity as investigated by Harrington (1941) with individual plants under controlled conditions in the greenhouse. His results confirmed the inability of the insect to develop and reproduce as fast on a resistant plant as on a susceptible one. Tt has been postulated that the composition of the available food in the host plant plays possibly the most important role in determining the resistance to aphid attack (Evans, 1938; Painter, 1941). Maltais (1948), Auclair and Maltais (1950), and Maltais (1951) gave preliminary reports on the probable factors in varietal resistance in peas.
The North American Allies of Hylobius piceus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Wood Stephen L.
Published: January 2010

While investigating the biology of the North American species of Hypomolyx, field workers in Manitoba found a vestigial, or short-winged, and a long-winged form under apparently identical conditions in about equal numbers. Although biological differences were nor then apparent, there was doubt as to whether they were dealing with one dimorphic species or with two distinct species, A search for morphological characters brought to light numerous differences between the two forms, supporting the view that two species were present. These differences, a description the previously unrecognized species, and notes concerning the status of the genera Hylobius and Hypomolyx are reported below.
On the Identity of the Gunthorp Types, Part II, and Some Notes on Plectrotaxic Criteria (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae)
Authors: Crabill Ralph E. , Lorenzo Michael A.
Published: January 2010

In 1913 Horace Gunthorp described a new Kansan lithobiid, Lithobius kansensis (4, p. 166), which he compared with what he took to be a closely related species, cantabrigensis Meinert (5, p. 177). Although the new species was inadequately characterized, it is still possible to say that it is undoubtedly referrable to Tidabius, a group proposed by R. V. Chamberlin in November of the same year (2, p. 80).
Surveys of Parasites of Hylemya spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) That Attack Cruciferous Crops in Canada
Authors: Wishart George
Published: January 2010

Surveys of parasites of species of Hylemya that attack cruciferous crops were made in Canada as part of a biological control program against these insects. The most important species are Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), H. floralis (Fall.), and H. planipalpis (Stein.). Though not of primary importance on crucifers, H. cilicrura (Rond.) was often associated with the other species. The geographical distributions of these species in Canada were described by Brooks (1951).
A Note on the Circulus as an Adhesive Organ in Some Pseudococcidae
Authors: Lloyd D. C. , Martini Eula
Published: January 2010

Adhesive or climbing organs in the form of empodia or pulvilli between the tarsal claws are common structures in Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and other orders (Weber 1933). A more unusual type consisting of a small oval sac on the distal end of the tibia of the prothoracic and metathoracic legs of the reduviid Rhodnius prolixus Stål. has been described by Gillett and Wigglesworth (1932).
Effects of Moisture during Starvation of Larvae of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae)
Authors: Jacobson L. A. , Blakeley P. E.
Published: January 2010

Larvae of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., feed almost entirely below ground, attacking their food plants just below the soil surface. Larval movement and feeding usually occur at the interface between dry and moist soil. They can absorb moisture from the soil and also from the plants on which they are feeding.

In a previous investigation, Jacobson (1952) found that mortality from starvation varied directly with temperature and inversely with the size of larvae when the relative humidity was kept near 100 per cent. This paper is a report on the role of moisture during starvation.
Mochlonyx velutinus (Ruthe) (Diptera: Culicidae), an Occasional Predator of Mosquito Larvae
Authors: James H. G.
Published: January 2010

Though various species of the genus Mochlonyx Loew are known to be predacious on mosquitoes, there are only a few records of M. velutinus (Ruthe) (= M. culiciformis (DeG.)) in this role. According to Meinert (1886) the larvae of this species feed on the crustaceans Cypris and Daphnia in Denmark. At Churchill, Manitoba, Hocking et al. (1950) considered it the most abundant chaoborine in both open forest and tundra pools but did not specify its feeding habits. Twinn (1926) and Curtis (1953), however, referred to it definitely as a predator of mosquito larvae.
A Simply Constructed Vessel for Freeze-Drying
Authors: Friend W. G. , Payne T. M. B.
Published: January 2010

Freeze-drying has become widely accepted as a means of concentrating and preserving substances without destroying biological activity, and is becoming increasingly important in various entomological and bacteriological studies. The methods and tvpes of apparatus used have been recently reviewed by Harris (1954). The apparatus described in this paper was developed at the Entomology Laboratory, Ottawa, for drying small quantities of insect tissue. It is sturdy and may be easily and cheaply constructed from readily available laboratory supplies with common machine-shop tools.
A Unique Association of Two Species of Lepidoptera
Authors: Cass L. M.
Published: January 2010

On August 15, 1955, during studies on the ecology of caterpillars on cabbage near Carp, Ontario, two species of Lepidoptera were observed in unique association. A final-instar larva of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), bore on its third abdominal tergite an egg of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Fig. 1). The larva appeared to he unaffected by the presence of the egg and when brought into the laboratory spun its cocoon within 24 hours. The egg remained attached to the larval skin, becoming enclosed within the cacoon, and hatched during the prepupal period. The resultant larva tried to free itself from the cocoon for several hours and eventually died.
Observations sur les Dégâts Causés par le Charançon de la Prune,Conotrachelus nenuphar(Hbst.), sur les Pommes dans le Sud-Ouest du Québec
Authors: Paradis R. O.
Published: January 2010

Field studies in southwestern Quebec showed thatfeeding scarsof the plum curculioConotrachelus nenuphar(Hbst.), were made by overwintered and summer adults and occurred throughout the growing season.Egg-laying scarswere made by overwintered adults only and occurred from the time of apple set to early August. The latter category includeddeep entries, which were made by the developing larvae in the fruit. In the McIntosh and Lawfam varieties feeding scars were found in 37.4 and 35.0 per cent respectively, averaging 36 per cent for the combined varieties, and egg-laying scars in 62.6 and 65.0 per cent, averaging 63.8 The extent of the two types of damage in the field appeared to be the reverse of those observed in the insectary, where feeding scars for the combined varieties averaged 63.2 per cent and egg-laying scars 36.8 per cent. In the insectary, 41.1 and 22.1 per cent of the feeding scars were respectively contributed by overwintered and summer adults. It was not possible to estimate these fractions in the field.
The Bark Beetle Complex Associated with Lodgepole Pine Slash in Alberta: Part II—Notes on the Biologies of Several Hymenopterous Parasites
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

Representatives of the families Braconidae and Pteromalidae were present in association with broods of Ips pini Say and Ips perroti Sw. The identifications and information on distribution and hosts were kindly supplied by O. Peck and W. R. M. Mason of the Systematic Entomology Unit in Ottawa. Additional information on hosts and distribution were obtained from Hymenoptera of America by Muesebeck, Krombein, Towns, et al. (1951).
Notes on Life-histories of Four Species of Climbing Cutworms Collected from Low-bush Blueberry Fields in New Brunswick (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae)
Authors: Wood G. W. , Neilson W. T. A.
Published: January 2010

As part of a comprehensive investigation on insects affecting the low-bush blueberry carried on in New Brunswick during the past eight years, the writers accumulated considerable information on several species of climbing cutworms that previously received little attention. Life-history notes on four species are presented in this paper: Graphiphora smithi (Snell.), Graphiphora collaris (G. & R.), Eucirrhoedia pampina (Gn.), and Heptagrotis phyllophora (Grt.). Each species by itself is not considered as a serious pest of blueberry, but these and other species may cause an appreciable reduction in the blueberry crop.
Influence of Adult Food on Viability of Early Stages ofAptesis basizonia(Grav.) (Hyraenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a Parasite of Pine Sawflies (Diprionidae)
Authors: Finlayson L. R. , Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

It is well known that the reproduction of insects is affected by the nature of the larval and adult foods. However, there seems to be no consistent pattern of adult requirements; possibly this may be due in part to the varying amount of nutrients carried over from the immature stages to the adults of different species. This effect of food upon reproduction is an important factor influencing densities and distributions of insects. And rewartha and Birch (2954) pointed out that the quality of the food may influence an animal's chance to survive and multiply. Finlayson and Green (1940) found that fecundity of the parasiteAptesis basizonia(Grav.) was reduced about 80 per cent and that longevity was drastically shortened when mated females were allowed access to water but not food. Indirect factors may also be responsible. Allen and Selman (1955) showed that there was a significant reduction in egg production of the mustard beetle,Phaedon cochleariae(F.), when fed on leaves deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, or iron. Soils with such deficiencies might account for local variations in the density and distribution of insect species. Evans (1938) found that lack of light influenced the amount of protein in cabbages and ultimately reduced the number of young ofBrevicoryne brassicae(L.) by about two-thirds. The effect of food on viability is of secondary importance, but should be investigated in any study of reproduction.
Parasites of Hylemya spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) That Attack Cruciferous Crops in Europe
Authors: Wishart Geo. , Colhoun E. H. , Monteith A. Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

Wishart (in press) reported on surveys of parasites of the species of Hylemya that attack cruciferous rops in Canada. A similar survey was carried out in Europe during 1949 to 1954 to determine whether there were parasites not already present in Canada that, if introduced and established, might aid in the concml. Some data gathered in this survey were published previously (Wilkes and Wishart, 1953; Wishart and Monteith, 1954).
A Theory of Olfaction and of the Action of Mosquito Repellents
Authors: Wright R. H.
Published: January 2010

To produce an odor sensation, a substance must be volatile and its molecules must come into contact with the olfactory end organ, which may require some measure of lipoid solubility. This much is generally agreed, but beyond this there has been no accepted theom of the triggering process by which the odorous molecule initiates a discharge of the olfactory nerve. In part, this ignorance has been due to the lack of any secure correlation between the odors of substances and the chemical constitution or reactivity of the odorous molecules, or their physical shapes or electrical properties. A correlation of odor with molecular vibrational modes would be consistent with most of the facts of olfactory chemistry, but this hypothesis has failed to win general acceptance up till now because, (1) there has been no direct evidence of a correlation between odor and vibrational frequency, and, (2) there has been no suggestion of a mechanism whereby a molecular vibration could trigger a nervous discharge. Some evidence bearing on both these objections has recently been brought forward which is of considerable interest in relation to the problem of insect attractancy and repellency (7, 8, 9, 10, 11).
Phryxe vulgaris (Fall.) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a New Parasite of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Canada
Authors: Hudon Marcel
Published: January 2010

In July, 1956, a pupa of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), was found attached to the undersurface of a corn leaf in experimental plots at St. Jean. After the pupa had been incubated at 75°F. for six months, a dipterous parasitic larva emerged and pupated immediately; a tachinid fly emerged two weeks later. The parasite was identified by Mr. J. G. T. Chillcott, Entomology Division, Ottawa, as Phryxe vulgaris (Fall.). P. vulgaris has been reported as a parasite of Pieris rapae, P. brassicae (L.), P. napi (L.), and Vanessa urticae (L.) from many central and northern European countries (Thompson, 1946, pp. 467-469; 1947, p. 598). Aldrich and Webber (1924), Chittenden (1926), and Schaffner and Griswold (1934) reported this parasite from P. rapae in the United States. P. vulgaris has been reported from Canada only on larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (Gibson, 1915, p. 14).
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario. III. Exyra rolandiana Grt. (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae) Reared from the Pitcher-plant, Sarracenia purpurea L.
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

In the description of the Byron Bog (Judd, 1957) it was pointed out that the Pitcher-plant, Sarracenia purpurea L., is a plant commonly associated with leather-leaf, Chamaedaphne calyculata, in the “Chamaedaphnetum calyculatae” association in the bog. The period of blooming of this plant in 1956 was from June 13 to June 22. During this period, and subsequently, collections were made of larvae of the moth Exyra rolandiana Grt. from the flowers and leaves. The moths were kindly identified by Mr. D. F. Hardwick, Systematic Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
Laboratory Studies on the Food of Some Coccinellids (Coleoptera) Found in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: January 2010

Food habits and occurrence of the commoner species of coccinellids in peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, are being investigated in connection with a study of the effects of pesticides on biological control agencies. Results of a study of Stethorus punctillum Weise have already been published (Putman, 1955). The present account deals with laboratory tests of feeding, mostly during June and July from 1952 to 1955, with prey of special economic importance in peach orchards.
A Note on the Occurrence of Sipha agropyrella Hille Ris Lambers (Homoptera: Aphidae) in Manitoba
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: January 2010

On October 16, 1956, during a routine monthly check of the Nurses Residence, Selkirk Mental Hospital, Selkirk, Manitoba, a professional exterminator noticed “thousands” of very small insects in a basement office. A number were submitted to the writer for identification and found to be aphids, which were later very kindly identified by W. R. Richards, Insect Systematics and Biological Control Unit, Ottawa, as Sipha agropyrella (H.R.L.). Richards stated (in litt.): “This is the first record of this species west of Ontario.” MacGillivray (1956) records the finding of this species in 1950 in New Brunswick as a new record for North America.
Studies on Nervous System Anatomy of the Douglas Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Scolytidae)
Authors: Atkins M. D. , Chapman J. A.
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the main anatomical features of the adult nervous system of the Douglas fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. The study on which it is based was carried out to provide a background for further work on the nervous system and as part of a program of investigation of the physiology and behaviour of scolytid beetles.

Extensive comparative studies of coleopterous nervous system were made long ago by Blanchard (1846) and Brand (1879). Their descriptions of scolytid material are sketchy and brief, however, and because we can find no other treatment of the nervous system in the Scolytidae we are presenting this brief report on our work.
North American Subspecies of Pyrausta unifascialis (Packard) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Pyrausta unifascialis (Packard) is the Nearctic representative of 3 closely knit group which ranges throughout the Holarctic Region and into northern South America, and which includes such species as P. aerealis (Hübner), P. limbopunctalis (Herrich-Schäffer), P. sardinialis (Guenée), P. canotinctalis Hampson, P. postalbalis South (=P. aerealis glauculalis Caradja, new synonymy), and P. polygamalis (Snellen). Study of the considerable series of P. unifascialis in the Canadian National Collection shows that four North American subspecies are recognizable, two of them undescribed.
Spore Coverage and Persistence of Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland Sprayed on Apple Trees against the Codling Moth
Authors: Stephens June M.
Published: January 2010

Trials to determine the extent of fruit protection given by spraying spores of Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland on apple trees exposed to natural attack from the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), were carried out in the experimental apple orchard of the Entomology Laboratory at Summerland, British Columbia. Heavy injury was expected there on trees not receiving commercial insecticide applications. Ten test and ten check trees were chosen at random. Check trees received no treatment of any kind. Test trees were treated with six sprays between May 26 and June 29, 1954, and five between August 5 and September 8, 1954.
Two-Year Life Cyle of Pseudohazis eglanterina (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Authors: Evans David
Published: January 2010

A considerable amount of literature has been published on the genus Pseudohazis and its species but there is only one brief mention of the possibility of a two-year life cycle (Dyar 1904). Several rearings of P. eglanterina form normalis Dyar, completed by the author, have provided conclusive evidence that a two-year cycle is the usual life history pattern in southwestern British Columbia. One such rearing is herein described. This two-year cycle, the first winter in the egg stage and the second winter in the pupal stage, is not in phase as mature larvae and adult moths may be found in the same area at the same time. Detailed descriptions of larval and adult stages are in Dyar 1894 and Packard 1912. Acknowledgment is due to Dr. E. G. Munroe, Unit of Systematic Entomology, Ottawa, for his assistance in reviewing literature and specimen material
A Technique for Rearing Tyroglyphid Mites on Mould Cultures
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: January 2010

This technique was developed to discover whether a tyroglyphid mite, Tyrophagus castellanii Hirst, was feeding on moulds growing on a food medium rather than on the food medium itself. Later on the technique was also found satisfactory for obtaining, under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, individual development records for all stages of the life-cycle of the mite.
Development of Four Species of Aphids (Homoptera) on Potato
Authors: MacGillivray M. E. , Anderson G. B.
Published: January 2010

In Eastern Canada four species of aphids, Macrosiphum solanifolii (Ashm.), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Aulacorthum solani (Kltb.), and Aphis abbreviata Patch infest potatoes. Since 1953 it has been possible to rear the four species in the greenhouse throughout the year (MacGillivray, 1955).

The life-histories of these species have been discussed by Patch (1925). The asexual phase of M. persicae has been studied by Horsfall (1924), Weed (1927), Bonnemaison (1951), and Sylvester (1954), and that of M. solanifolii by Smith (1919).