bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermo‐Raman spectroscopic study of the uranium mineral sabugalite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Weier Matt L. , Martens Wayde N. , Kloprogge J. Theo , Kristóf János
Published: June 2005

The changes in the structure of sabugalite were investigated using thermo‐Raman and infrared spectroscopy based on the results of thermogravimetric analysis. Two Raman bands are observed at 835 and 830 cm−1 assigned to the (UO2)2+ stretching vibrations resulting from the non‐equivalence of the uranyl bonds (UO2)2+. These bands give calculated UO bond lengths of 1.773 and 1.780 Å. A low‐intensity band is observed at 895 cm−1 assigned to the ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibration of (UO2)2+ units. Five bands are observed in the 950–1050 cm−1 region in the Raman spectrum of sabugalite and are assigned to the ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibration of (PO4)3− units. Changes in the Raman spectra reflect changes in the structure of sabugalite as dehydration occurs. No (PO4)3− symmetric stretching mode is observed. This result is attributed to the non‐equivalence of the PO bonds in the PO4 units. The PO4 vibrations were not affected by dehydration. Thermo‐Raman spectroscopy proved to be a very powerful technique for the study of the changes in the structure of sabugalite during dehydration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ex situ and in situ SERS analyses of polybithiophene using roughened Ag and Cu electrodes and multilayer SERS‐active systems
Authors: Bazzaoui E. A. , Aubard J. , Félidj N. , Laurent G. , Lévi G.
Published: June 2005

Electrochemical deposition of polybithiophene (PbT) films on suitably roughened silver and copper electrodes enabled us to record surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of oxidized and reduced species showing the important changes in the spectral features of the different oxidation states of the polymer film. The comparison between SERS spectra and Raman spectra of PbT electrosynthesized on platinum allowed the identification of vibrational modes which are the most sensitive to the surface enhancement effect. The orientation and the anchorage mode of the polymer rings, during the first stages of electropolymerization, were estimated according to the SERS selection rules. In situ SERS analyses revealed that the spectral changes observed during the doping process are due to a transition from aromatic to quinoid structure and to an increase in structural defects along the polymer chain. Ex situ and in situ SERS studies were also carried out using various multilayer SERS‐active systems in which the polymer is either electrodeposited on a thin layer of a SERS‐active metal coating an iron electrode or sandwiched between the thin SERS‐active layer and the iron support. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐assembled monolayers of inositol hexaphosphate on the roughened surface of an iron electrode: investigation by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Haifeng , Feng Jie , Liu Yanli , Yang Yunhui , Wu Jing , Zhang Zongrang , Shen Guoli , Yu Ruqin
Published: June 2005

Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) molecules as an environmentally friendly inhibitor were self‐assembled at a bare iron surface forming monolayers from a low concentration solution. Roughening of the iron surface by a special oxidation–reduction cycle makes it possible to obtain surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping spectra of the self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of IP6. Using the recorded SERS spectra and quantum chemistry calculations for the vibrational modes of the IP6 molecule with the PM3 method, the adsorption configurations of IP6 SAMs formed at the roughened iron surface in bulk solutions under various pH conditions were deduced. At pH 5, the IP6 molecules are assumed to be located at the surface via four coplanar phosphates to form SAMs, whereas at pH 11.27, value of the IP6 solution it is assumed that only one phosphate is adsorbed on the iron surface. The results of electrochemical polarization measurements indicated that the inhibition efficiency of IP6 SAMs formed at pH 5 was higher than at pH 11.27, which was related to their different interactions with the iron surface. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of predicting maximal quadriceps force from submaximal effort contractions after anterior cruciate ligament injury
Authors: Farquhar Sara J. , Chmielewski Terese L. , Snyder‐Mackler Lynn
Published: June 2005

Weakness and failure of voluntary activation of the quadriceps femoris muscles often occur after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Side‐to‐side strength comparisons are used as a measure of progress, and are inaccurate if the quadriceps has activation failure. Burst superimposition testing is commonly used to assess quadriceps strength and activation during a maximal volitional isometric contraction (MVIC), using the central activation ratio (CAR) calculation. A recently developed mathematical model predicts the MVIC from submaximal efforts. The purpose of this study was to compare the CAR calculation to the mathematical model. We hypothesized that the model would be a more accurate predictor of strength than the CAR calculation when voluntary activation failure is present. Data from the involved and uninvolved quadriceps muscles of 100 consecutive subjects with complete, isolated ACL rupture were retrospectively evaluated. Subjects who required multiple trials to produce an MVIC with full activation (true MVIC) were used to compare the CAR calculation, the mathematical model, and this true MVIC. Subjects unable to produce a true MVIC with multiple trials were used to compare the mathematical model to the CAR calculation. Results demonstrate that both methods reliably and accurately estimate the quadriceps weakness associated with ACL rupture. We recommend use of the CAR calculation to provide estimations of true quadriceps strength to facilitate clinical decisions about progress in rehabilitation after ACL rupture. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Production of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Baron Pierluigi , Bussini Simona , Cardin Veronica , Corbo Massimo , Conti Giancarlo , Galimberti Daniela , Scarpini Elio , Bresolin Nereo , Wharton Stephen B. , Shaw Pamela J. , Silani Vincenzo
Published: June 2005

The presence of activated microglia in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients is usually accompanied by inflammatory biochemical changes, but these are largely unexplored. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is critical for recruitment of inflammatory cells of monocytic lineage after inflammation or injury to the central nervous system. MCP‐1 concentrations were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the serum of 27 patients with ALS and 30 patients with noninflammatory neurological diseases. In ALS, circulating MCP‐1 levels were significantly increased in the serum and particularly in the CSF. Immunoreactivity for MCP‐1 in ALS spinal cord was detected mostly in astrocytes but also in microglia, neurons, and within the vasculature of the cord. Our findings suggest a role for MCP‐1 as an important molecular mediator of the injury response in ALS. Muscle Nerve, 2005
An economic lot‐sizing problem with perishable inventory and economies of scale costs: Approximation solutions and worst case analysis
Authors: Chu Leon Yang , Hsu Vernon Ning , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max
Published: June 2005

The costs of many economic activities such as production, purchasing, distribution, and inventory exhibit economies of scale under which the average unit cost decreases as the total volume of the activity increases. In this paper, we consider an economic lot‐sizing problem with general economies of scale cost functions. Our model is applicable to both nonperishable and perishable products. For perishable products, the deterioration rate and inventory carrying cost in each period depend on the age of the inventory. Realizing that the problem is NP‐hard, we analyze the effectiveness of easily implementable policies. We show that the cost of the best Consecutive‐Cover‐Ordering (CCO) policy, which can be found in polynomial time, is guaranteed to be no more than (4$\sqrt{2}$ + 5)/7 ≈ 1.52 times the optimal cost. In addition, if the ordering cost function does not change from period to period, the cost of the best CCO policy is no more than 1.5 times the optimal cost. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Investigation of cis/trans ratios of peptide bonds in AVP analogues containing N‐methylphenylalanine enantiomers
Authors: Sikorska Emilia , Ślusarz Magdalena J. , Ślusarz Rafał , Kowalczyk Wioleta , Lammek Bernard
Published: June 2005

The solution conformation of vasopressin analogues, modified at positions 2 and 3 with N‐methylphenylalanine or its enantiomer, [D‐MePhe2,MePhe3]AVP and [MePhe2,D‐MePhe3]AVP, were studied by 2D NMR spectroscopy in H2O/D2O and theoretical calculations (EDMC/ANALYZE). In the case of [MePhe2,D‐MePhe3]AVP, the synthesis afforded two products, A and B, which had identical molecular ions and similar retention times on HPLC. This finding was explained by racemization of Cys1, which gave an additional analogue, [D‐Cys1,MePhe2,D‐MePhe3]AVP (B). The possibility is not excluded of racemization of Cys1 in the remaining analogues of this series. However, only in the case of [MePhe2,D‐MePhe3]AVP was this process so distinct that two strong peaks in the HPLC chromatogram were observed. The NMR spectra of all the analogues showed several distinct sets of residual proton resonances. This suggests that the peptides adopt more than two groups of conformations in H2O/D2O. This fact is due to cis/trans isomerization. Two more populated isomers arise from the cis/trans isomerization across the 2–3 peptide bond in [D‐MePhe2,MePhe3]AVP and [MePhe2,D‐MePhe3]AVP (A) and across the 1–2 peptide bond in [D‐Cys1,MePhe2,D‐MePhe3]AVP (B). Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic IEEE 802.11 rate control for streaming applications
Authors: Haratcherev Ivaylo , Taal Jacco , Langendoen Koen , Lagendijk Reginald , Sips Henk
Published: June 2005

Streaming multimedia content in real‐time over a wireless link is a challenging task because of the rapid fluctuations in link conditions that can occur due to movement, interference, and so on. The popular IEEE 802.11 standard includes low‐level tuning parameters like the transmission rate. Standard device drivers for today's wireless products are based on gathering statistics and consequently, adapt rather slowly to changes in conditions. To meet the strict latency requirements of streaming applications, we designed and implemented an advanced hybrid control algorithm that uses signal‐strength (SNR) information to achieve fast responses. Since SNR readings are quite noisy, we do not use that information to directly control the rate setting, but rather as a safeguard limiting the range of feasible settings to choose from. We report on real‐time experiments involving two laptops equipped with IEEE 802.11a wireless interface cards. The results show that using SNR information greatly enhances responsiveness in comparison to statistics‐based rate controllers. Finally, we will present the results of an experiment with real‐time video streaming to a moving laptop in an office‐like environment. Our hybrid control algorithm effectively prevented many packet losses, thereby achieving a much higher video quality than the statistics‐based algorithm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the TCP upstream/downstream unfairness issue with per‐flow queuing over infrastructure‐mode WLANs
Authors: Wu Yi , Niu Zhisheng , Zheng Junli
Published: June 2005

Fairness is an important issue in WLANs due to their shared media nature. Essentially, IEEE 802.11 MAC protocols have been designed to provide fair access for all the competing mobile hosts. However, the fairness at MAC layer cannot be maintained at TCP layer in the presence of both mobile senders and receivers accessing to wired networks. In this paper, we investigate the TCP upstream/downstream unfairness issue over WLANs with per‐flow queuing employed at the access point (AP). The interactions between the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol and TCP are evaluated through analysis and simulation. Based on the derived analytical model, an efficient solution is proposed to be implemented at the AP for fairness achievement. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The measure and mismeasure of decentralisation: subnational autonomy in Senegal and South Africa
Authors: Dickovick J. Tyler
Published: June 2005

In the 1990s, Senegal and South Africa undertook decentralisation reforms that caused a considerable stir in academic and policy communities. But how much decentralisation actually occurred, and how autonomous are subnational governments in two of Africa's leading democracies? This article assesses the mix of decentralising reforms in these two countries. Subnational officials are now elected and receive revenue transfers, but remain limited by other measures, including low tax-raising capacity, tight central control over spending, limited access to capital markets, and even insecure legal rights in their own jurisdictions. While the decline of governing parties provides incentives for decentralisation in some areas, central states successfully resist attempts to devolve fiscal decisionmaking authority to subnational levels.
Guerrillas and civilian participation: the National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981–86
Authors: Kasfir Nelson
Published: June 2005

Guerrilla organisations vary greatly in their relations with civilians living in territories that they control. The NRA presents a rare, though not unique, case of a guerrilla group whose commitment to popular support deepened into democratic village management during the course of its civil war. The significant causal factors in deepening this commitment were its ideological conviction, relative military strength, dependence on civilian material assistance, and need for accommodation with civilian preferences in its operational area. It withdrew this commitment when it was under severe military pressure. Military survival was central to NRA calculations, but insufficient to determine its relations to civilians. In those phases of the war when the NRA soldiers were relatively secure, these other factors determined the type of civilian participation it supported. It organised clandestine civilian committees for assistance when it was dependent on civilians. During those periods when it held territory, it held elections for committees which managed their villages without NRA supervision.
Twin analyses of chronic fatigue in a Swedish national sample
Authors: SULLIVAN PATRICK F. , EVENGÅRD BIRGITTA , JACKS ANDREAS , PEDERSEN NANCY L.
Published: June 2005

Background. Chronic fatigue has infrequently been studied in twins. Data from twin studies can inform clinical and research approaches to the management and etiology of human complex traits.

Method. The authors obtained telephone interview data on current chronic fatigue from 31406 individuals twins in the Swedish Twin Registry (aged 42–64 years, 75·68% response rate), from both members of 12407 pairs and from one member of 6592 pairs. Of the complete pairs, 3269 pairs were monozygotic, 9010 pairs dizygotic, and 128 pairs of unknown zygosity. Structural equation twin modeling was used to estimate the latent genetic architecture of varying definitions of fatiguing illness.

Results. Estimates of additive genetic effects, shared environmental effects, and individual-specific environmental effects were similar in males and females. No definition of current fatiguing illness (ranging from any fatigue to CFS-like illness) was strikingly distinctive. Individual-specific effects were the predominant source of variation, followed by modest genetic influences. We could not exclude a small but conceptually important contribution of shared environmental effects.

Conclusions. Current fatiguing illness appears to be a complex trait resulting from both environmental and genetic sources of variation without pronounced differences by gender.
Hallucinations in schizophrenia, sensory impairment, and brain disease: A unifying model
Authors: Behrendt Ralf-Peter , Young Claire
Published: June 2005

Based on recent insight into the thalamocortical system and its role in perception and conscious experience, a unified pathophysiological framework for hallucinations in neurological and psychiatric conditions is proposed, which integrates previously unrelated neurobiological and psychological findings. Gamma-frequency rhythms of discharge activity from thalamic and cortical neurons are facilitated by cholinergic arousal and resonate in networks of thalamocortical circuits, thereby transiently forming assemblies of coherent gamma oscillations under constraints of afferent sensory input and prefrontal attentional mechanisms. If perception is based on synchronisation of intrinsic gamma activity in the thalamocortical system, then sensory input to specific thalamic nuclei may merely play a constraining role. Hallucinations can be regarded as underconstrained perceptions that arise when the impact of sensory input on activation of thalamocortical circuits and synchronisation of thalamocortical gamma activity is reduced. In conditions that are accompanied by hallucinations, factors such as cortical hyperexcitability, cortical attentional mechanisms, hyperarousal, increased noise in specific thalamic nuclei, and random sensory input to specific thalamic nuclei may, to a varying degree, contribute to underconstrained activation of thalamocortical circuits. The reticular thalamic nucleus plays an important role in suppressing random activity of relay cells in specific thalamic nuclei, and its dysfunction may be implicated in the biological vulnerability to hallucinations in schizophrenia. Combined with general activation during cholinergic arousal, this leads to excessive disinhibition in specific thalamic nuclei, which may allow cortical
attentional mechanisms to recruit thalamic relay cells into resonant assemblies of gamma oscillations, regardless of their actual sensory input, thereby producing an underconstrained perceptual experience.
Specificity in a global array is only one possibility
Authors: Amazeen Eric L. , Van Orden Guy C.
Published: June 2005

The suggestion of seeking specificity in a higher-order array is attractive, but Stoffregen & Bardy (S&B) fail to provide a compelling empirical basis to their claim that specificity exists solely in the global array. Using the example of relative motion, the alternate hypotheses that must be considered are presented.
Underconstrained perception or underconstrained theory?
Authors: Aleman André , de Haan Edward H. F. , Kahn René S.
Published: June 2005

Although the evidence remains tentative at best, the conception of hallucinations in schizophrenia as being underconstrained perception resulting from intrinsic thalamocortical resonance in sensory areas might complement current models of hallucination. However, in itself, the approach falls short of comprehensively explaining the neurogenesis of hallucinations in schizophrenia, as it neglects the role of external attributional biases, mental imagery, and a disconnection between frontal and temporal areas.
Genes can disconnect the social brain in more than one way
Authors: Aleman André , Kahn René S.
Published: June 2005

Burns proposes an intriguing hypothesis by suggesting that the “schizophrenia genes” might not be regulatory genes themselves, but rather closely associated with regulatory genes directly involved in the proper growth of the social brain. We point out that this account would benefit from incorporating the effects of localized lesions and aberrant hemispheric asymmetry on cortical connectivity underlying the social brain. In addition, we argue that the evolutionary framework is superfluous.
Schizophrenia is a disease of general connectivity more than a specifically “social brain” network
Authors: Bosman Conrado , Brunetti Enzo , Aboitiz Francisco
Published: June 2005

Dysfunctions of the neural circuits that implement social behavior are necessary but not a sufficient condition to develop schizophrenia. We propose that schizophrenia represents a disease of general connectivity that impairs not only the “social brain” networks, but also different neural circuits related with higher cognitive and perceptual functions. We discuss possible mechanisms and evolutionary considerations.
Understanding the symptoms of “schizophrenia” in evolutionary terms
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: June 2005

An evolutionary theory of schizophrenia needs to address all symptoms associated with the condition. Burns' framework could be extended in a way embracing behavioural signs such as catatonia. Burns' theory is, however, not specific to schizophrenia. Since no one single symptom exists that is pathognomonic for “schizophrenia,” an evolutionary proposal of psychiatric disorders raises the question whether our anachronistic psychiatric nosology warrants revision.
On ventriloquism, audiovisual neurons, neonates, and the senses
Authors: Radeau Monique , Colin Cécile
Published: June 2005

The analogy between the rules that subtend ventriloquism and bimodal neurons responding suggests a possible neural mechanism for audiovisual interactions in spatial scene analysis. Perinatal data, such as those on synesthesia, sensory deprivation, and sensory surstimulation, as well as neuroanatomical evidence for transitory intersensory connections in the brain support the view that audition and vision are bound together at birth.
Language and asymmetry versus the social brain – where are the testable predictions?
Authors: Crow T. J.
Published: June 2005

I agree with Burns that an evolutionary theory is required, but I question his multifactorial premise. The arguments for an evolutionary theory are stronger, and one that is more precise than that presented by Burns has already been formulated. This theory, that schizophrenia is “the price that Homo sapiens pays for language,” (Crow 1997a; 2000b, 2004c), generates testable predictions absent from Burns' presentation.
Retinae don't see
Authors: Sanders John T.
Published: June 2005

Sensation should indeed be understood globally: some infant behaviors do not make sense on the model of separate senses; neonates of all species lack time to learn about the world by triangulating among different senses. Considerations of natural selection favor a global understanding; and the global interpretation is not as opposed to traditional work on sensation as might seem.
Good science, bad philosophy
Authors: Foss Jeffrey
Published: June 2005

Behrendt's & Young's (B&Y's) persuasive scientific theory explains hallucinations, and is supported by a wide variety of psychological evidence, both normal and abnormal – unlike their philosophical thesis, Kantian idealism. I argue that the evidence cited by the authors in support of idealism actually favors realism. Fortunately, their scientific theory is separable from their philosophy, and is methodologically consistent with realism.
Multi-sensory processing facilitates perception but direct perception of global invariants remains unproven
Authors: Warwick-Evans Lawrence
Published: June 2005

The existence of sensory convergence does not establish that the senses function as a single unified perceptual system. Reality is fully specified only by a one:many mapping onto the totality of energy arrays, and these provide alternative frames of reference for movement. It is therefore possible that higher order crossmodal relationships are detected by skilled perceivers, but this has not been confirmed empirically.
Theory testing and the global array
Authors: Stoffregen Thomas A. , Bardy Benoît G.
Published: June 2005

The new commentaries raise important issues about the target article (Stoffregen & Bardy 2001). The commentaries also highlight some assumptions, often implicit, that underlie traditional interpretations of perception. We argue that evaluation of the global array and its implications for perception requires both analytical research on specification in the global array and new empirical research on the use of information in the global array for the control of action.
Absorption, hallucinations, and the continuum hypothesis
Authors: Glicksohn Joseph
Published: June 2005

The target article, in stressing the balance between neurobiological and psychological factors, makes a compelling argument in support of a continuum of perceptual and hallucinatory experience. Nevertheless, two points need to be addressed. First, the authors are probably underestimating the incidence of hallucinations in the normal population. Second, one should consider the role of absorption as a predisposing factor for hallucinations.
Auditory hallucinations, network connectivity, and schizophrenia
Authors: Hoffman Ralph E. , Varanko Maxine , McGlashan Thomas H. , Hampson Michelle
Published: June 2005

Multidisciplinary studies indicate that auditory hallucinations may arise from speech perception neurocircuitry without disrupted theory of mind capacities. Computer simulations of excessive pruning in speech perception neural networks provide a model for these hallucinations and demonstrate that connectivity reductions just below a “psychotogenic threshold” enhance information processing. These data suggest a process whereby vulnerability to schizophrenia is maintained in the human population despite reproductive disadvantages of this illness.
Multiply concurrent replication
Authors: Hull David L. , Glenn Sigrid S.
Published: June 2005

If selection is interpreted as involving repeated cycles of replication, variation, and environmental interaction so structured that environmental interaction causes replication to be differential, then selection in gene-based biological evolution and the reaction of the immune system to antigens are relatively unproblematic examples of selection processes. Operant learning and cultural evolution pose more serious problems. In this response we deal with operant learning as a selection process.
Cliff-edged fitness functions and the persistence of schizophrenia
Authors: Nesse Randolph M.
Published: June 2005

Strong recent selection for social cognition may well explain the persistence of genes that predispose to schizophrenia. The specific mechanism responsible may be a skewed fitness function in which selection pushes the mean for advantageous mental traits perilously close to a “fitness cliff” where the system fails catastrophically in some individuals.
Schizophrenia: The elusive disease
Authors: Panksepp Jaak , Moskal Joseph
Published: June 2005

All mammals have social brains, and there is presently no evidence that humans have relatively more genetically dictated social brain circuitry than other species. The postulation that schizophrenia arises from disruption of brains systems uniquely devoted to social traits is obviated not only by the large number of anatomical and biochemical brain differences, but also by nonsocial symptoms of schizophrenic disorders.
The world as an inside working memory
Authors: Osaka Naoyuki
Published: June 2005

O'Regan & Noë's (O&N's) theoretical framework for studying visual perception and awareness is intriguing. This framework, based on sensorimotor contingency, can be examined in recent visual brain theories using neuroimaging methodologies. Here, I consider how a working memory (WM) system explains the sensorimotor account of visual consciousness. I believe WM inside the brain provides at least partial support for O&N's theory.
Lions, tigers, and bears, oh God!: How the ancient problem of predator detection may lie beneath the modern link between religion and horror
Authors: Ketelaar Timothy
Published: June 2005

Atran & Norenzyan (A&N) claim that an appreciation of the evolved inferential machinery underlying supernatural beliefs can greatly aid us in understanding regularities in culturally shared conceptions of religion. I explore how their model provides insight into why culturally shared tales of horror (e.g., horror movies) often combine religious and predatory content.
The ontogeny and asymmetry of the highest brain skills and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia
Authors: Rotenberg Vadim S.
Published: June 2005

The most developed and the latest-to-mature mental skills represented in the creation of mono- versus polysemantic contexts are related respectively to the left and right frontal lobe. A polysemantic way of thinking is responsible for the subject's successful integration in the polydimensional world. The functional insufficiency of this right-hemispheric way of thinking displays a predisposition toward the development of mental disorders, including schizophrenia.
Virtual action: O'Regan & Noë meet Bergson
Authors: Robbins Stephen E.
Published: June 2005

Bergson, writing in 1896, anticipated “sensorimotor contingencies” under the concept that perception is “virtual action.” But to explain the external image, he embedded this concept in a holographic framework where time-motion is an indivisible and the relation of subject/object is in terms of time. The target article's account of qualitative visual experience falls short for lack of this larger framework.

[Objects] send back, then, to my body, as would a mirror, their eventual influence; they take rank in an order corresponding to the growing or decreasing powers of my body. The objects which surround my body reflect its possible action upon them.

– Henri Bergson (1896/1912, pp. 6–7)
Natural selection and schizophrenia
Authors: Sullivan Roger J. , Allen John S.
Published: June 2005

Evolutionary theories of schizophrenia must account for the maintenance of putative alleles in past and present populations despite reduced fitness among the affected. Such models must also account for extant intersex and population-level variability in the expression of schizophrenia. We argue that genetic balanced-polymorphism hypotheses remain the most robust in terms of modeling and testing these processes in populations.
We need behavioural ecology to explain the institutional authority of the gods
Authors: Knight Chris
Published: June 2005

Atran & Norenzayan (A&N) rightly criticize cognitive theories for failure to explain sacrifice and commitment. But their attempt to reconcile cognitivism with commitment theory is unconvincing. Why should imaginary entities be effective in punishing moral defectors? Heavy costs are entailed in enforcing community-wide social contracts, and behavioural ecology is needed to explain how and why evolving humans could afford these costs.
Thalamus, a theory of everything?
Authors: Massing Walter
Published: June 2005

Hallucinations do not originate in a single region of the brain, the thalamus, and cannot be traced back to a single pathological mechanism. They emerge from the complex interaction of several brain regions, and are not necessarily the result of sensory impairment or the effect of a defective filter. In the case of schizophrenia, hallucinations are accessory symptoms, in Bleuler's sense, and are thus not central to this disorder.
Some ethological perspectives on the fitness consequences and social emotional symptoms of schizophrenia
Authors: Weisfeld Glenn E.
Published: June 2005

Schizophrenia may not have reduced reproductive success in ancestral times as much as it does today, so explaining how genes for it evolved is more understandable given this prehistoric perspective. Ethological analysis of schizophrenia – understanding how basic emotional behaviors, such as dominance striving, are affected by the condition – might prove useful for comprehending and treating its social emotional symptoms.
Who is mind blind?
Authors: Nicastro Nicholas
Published: June 2005

The authors attempt to explain the ubiquity and persistence of human religion by invoking innate, domain-specific cognitive furniture, while dismissing the potential of other approaches, such as memetics, to produce “mindful” understandings of religion. This commentary challenges the explanatory adequacy of cognitive nativism, suggesting that memetics has as much claim to utility and “mindfulness” as innate mental modules do.

And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye?

– Matthew 7:3
Belief in the primacy of fantasy is misleading and unnecessary
Authors: Phillips William A.
Published: June 2005

We can live in fantasy only if we survive in reality. Visual experience that carries information about the real world – that is, normal perception – serves that goal. Normal perception is not merely constrained hallucination, and it can usually be distinguished from internally generated images, with which it is rarely confused. Modulatory processes, such as attention, do indeed affect most levels of perceptual processing, but they do so without invalidating the transmission of the signals that they modulate.
Does commitment theory explain non-kin altruism in religious contexts?
Authors: Qirko Hector N.
Published: June 2005

Atran & Norenzayan (A&N) fail to address several problems with commitment theory as it relates to non-kin altruism in religious contexts. They (1) provide little support for the contention that religious sacrifices function as signals, (2) do not distinguish between religious specialists and lay believers, and (3) conflate definitions of cooperation and sacrifice.
Religion's evolutionary landscape needs pruning with Ockham's razor
Authors: Rottschaefer William A.
Published: June 2005

Atran & Norenzayan (A&N) have not adequately supported the epistemic component of their proposal, namely, that God does not exist. A weaker, more probable hypothesis, not requiring that component – that the benefits of religious belief outweigh those of disbelief, even though we do not know whether or not God exists – is available. I counsel them to use Ockham's razor, eliminate their negative epistemic thesis, and accept the weaker hypothesis.
Distinguishing schizophrenia from the mechanisms underlying hallucinations
Authors: Silverstein Steven M. , Phillips William A.
Published: June 2005

This commentary challenges the argument that the diathesis for hallucinations is equivalent to that for schizophrenia. Evidence against this comes from data on the prevalence of hallucinations in schizophrenia, their nonspecificity, and their relationships with moderating variables. We also highlight, however, the manner in which the Behrendt & Young (B&Y) hypothesis extends recent neuroscientific theories of schizophrenia, and its potential treatment applications.
Gamma rhythms as liminal operators in sensory processing
Authors: Whittington Miles A.
Published: June 2005

Gamma rhythms are associated with external and internal sensory processing. Within the conceptual framework of “top-down” and “bottom-up” processing, this suggests that gamma represents a format common to both camps. As these oscillations facilitate communication in the temporal domain, they may represent a mechanism by which top-down and bottom-up processing can interact. A breakdown in this interaction may lead to hallucinations.
Psychopathology of psychosis: Towards integration from an idealist perspective
Authors: Behrendt Ralf-Peter , Young Claire
Published: June 2005

The commentators provide a wealth of additional neurobiological data that ought to be integrated in a comprehensive model. This response article, however, focuses on clarification of conceptual queries, thereby outlining the proposed theory of hallucinations more sharply, discussing its relationship with schizophrenia, and explaining why underconstrained thalamocortical activation may well be a candidate mechanism responsible for acute schizophrenic symptoms other than hallucinations.
A proper faith operates with the acknowledgement of risk, and, hence, a true religion with that of sacrifice
Authors: Wright Edmond
Published: June 2005

The authors are working with a limited notion of religion. They have confined themselves to a view of it as superstition, “counterintuitive,” as they put it. What they have not seen is that faith does in a real sense involve a paradox in that it projects an impossibility as a methodological device, a fictive ploy, which in the best interpretation necessarily involves a commitment to the likelihood of self-sacrifice.
Why minds create gods: Devotion, deception, death, and arational decision making
Authors: Atran Scott , Norenzayan Ara
Published: June 2005

The evolutionary landscape that canalizes human thought and behavior into religious beliefs and practices includes naturally selected emotions, cognitive modules, and constraints on social interactions. Evolutionary by-products, including metacognitive awareness of death and possibilities for deception, further channel people into religious paths. Religion represents a community's costly commitment to a counterintuitive world of supernatural agents who manage people's existential anxieties. Religious devotion, though not an adaptation, informs all cultures and most people.
The Quiet Before the Storm
Authors: Bobo Lawrence D. , Dawson Michael C.
Published: June 2005

Elections matter. This is perhaps especially true in times of deepening inequality and cultural polarization. Commentators on both sides of the political aisle were in unison on two points: the 2004 presidential election was the most important such contest in a century, and the U.S. electorate has never seemed so sharply divided. The intensity of feeling around the Bush-Kerry contest has solidified in the national consciousness a well understood distinction between “blue states” and “red states.” It has also resulted in the most complete consolidation of conservative Republican control of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government in history.
EVERYDAY ANTIRACISM: Competence and Religion in the Cultural Repertoire of the African American Elite
Authors: Lamont Michèle , Fleming Crystal Marie
Published: June 2005

This exploratory study makes a contribution to the literature on antiracism by unpacking the cultural categories through whicheveryday antiracismis experienced and practiced by extraordinarily successful African Americans. Using a phenomenological approach, we focus on processes of classification to analyze the criteria that members of the African American elite mobilize to compare racial groups and establish their equality. We first summarize results from earlier work on the antiracist strategies of White and African American workers. Second, drawing upon in-depth interviews with members of the Black elite, we show that demonstrating intelligence and competence, and gaining knowledge, are particularly valued strategies of equalization, while religion has a subordinate role within their antiracist repertoire. Thus, gaining cultural membership is often equated with educational and occupational attainment. Antiracist strategies that value college education and achievement by the standards of American individualism may exclude many poor and working-class African Americans from cultural membership. In this way, strategies of equalization based on educational and professional competence may prove dysfunctional for racial solidarity.
STEREOTYPE THREAT AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: New Findings from a Racially Diverse Sample of College Freshmen
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Fischer Mary J.
Published: June 2005

The theory of stereotype threat was developed to account for persistent minority underachievement in American colleges and universities. It hypothesizes that members of minority groups underperform academically because of unconscious fears of living up to negative group stereotypes. While evidence pertaining to stereotype threat has been positive, it mostly comes from small experimental studies of selected undergraduate subjects at a few universities. In this paper we test the theory of stereotype threat on a large, representative population of college and university students. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, which surveyed nearly 4,000 students at twenty-eight academic institutions, we construct scales to measure stereotype threat and use them to predict grades. We uncover a clear process of disidentification in response to minority stereotyping and show how it, along with other theoretically specified mechanisms, undermines the grade performance of minorities.
CAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS SAVE AMERICA?: Culture, Race, Academic Achievement, and the American Dream
Authors: Anderson James D.
Published: June 2005

Pedro A. Noguera,City Schools and the American Dream: Reclaiming the Promise of Public Education. New York: Teachers College Press, 2003, 187 pages, ISBN: 0-8077-4382-8, Cloth, $50.00, and 0-8077-4381-X, Paper, $19.95.

Jennifer Hochschild and Nathan Scoveronick.The American Dream and the Public Schools. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, 301 pages, ISBN: 0-19-515278-6, Cloth, $35.00.

David Tyack,Seeking Common Ground: Public Schools in a Diverse Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003, 237 pages, ISBN: 0-674-01198-8, Cloth, $22.95.

Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Thernstrom,No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003, 334 pages, ISBN: 0-7432-0446-8, Cloth, $26.00, and 0-7432-6522-X, Paper, $15.00.
CONTEXT MATTERS! RACE, REPRESENTATION, AND PUBLIC OPINION
Authors: McClain Paula D.
Published: June 2005

Katherine Tate,Black Faces in the Mirror: African Americans and Their Representatives in Congress. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003, 224 pages, ISBN: 0-691-09155-2, Cloth, $18.95; ISBN: 0-691-11786-1, Paper, $18.95.

Karen M. Kaufmann,The Urban Voter: Group Conflict and Mayoral Voting Behavior in American Cities. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004, 248 pages, ISBN: 0-472-09857-8, Cloth, $60.00; ISBN: 0-472-06857-1, Paper, $24.95.

Vincent L. Hutchings,Public Opinion and Democratic Accountability: How Citizens Learn about Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003, 192 pages, ISBN: 0-691-11416-1, Cloth, $35.00.
Carbon cycling in Lake Superior
Authors: Urban N. R. , Auer M. T. , Green S. A. , Lu X. , Apul D. S. , Powell K. D. , Bub L.
Published: June 2005

Carbon (C) cycling in Lake Superior was studied within the Keweenaw Interdisciplinary Transport Experiment in Superior (KITES) project to assess (1) whether the lake is net heterotrophic, (2) sources, sinks and residence time for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (3) importance of terrigenous organic C subsidies, and (4) factors limiting C flow through bacteria. During 3 years of fieldwork, measurements were made of spatial and temporal distributions of C pools and rates of photosynthesis, community respiration, and bacterial production. Measurements were made of the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), rates of DOM photolysis, lability of DOM toward microbial consumption, and river inputs of DOM. All measurements suggest the lake is net heterotrophic. The C:N ratios of DOM suggest that it is primarily of terrigenous origin, but other characteristics (size distribution, UV absorption) point to the presence of autochthonous DOM and to alteration of terrigenous material. The lake mass balance indicates that the residence time (∼8 years) of the DOC pool (17 Tg) is short relative to the hydrologic residence time (170 years). The known flux of terrigenous DOC (∼1 Tg/yr) is too low to support annual bacterial carbon demand (6–38 Tg/yr), but microbial respiration is the major sink for terrigenous DOC. A rapidly cycling, autochthonous DOC pool must exist. Microbial activity was correlated with temperature, phosphorus availability, and DOC concentration but not with photosynthesis rates. Measurements of respiration (∼40 Tg/yr), photosynthesis (2–7 Tg/yr), and bacterial production (0.5–2 Tg/yr) are not all mutually compatible and result in a discrepancy in the organic carbon budget.
Evidence on 2–4 day oscillations of the equatorial ionosphere h′F and mesospheric airglow emissions
Authors: Takahashi H. , Lima L. M. , Wrasse C. M. , Abdu M. A. , Batista I. S. , Gobbi D. , Buriti R. A. , Batista P. P.
Published: June 2005

Equatorial ionospheric sounding has been carried out at São Luís (2.6°S, 44.2°W). The upper mesosphere‐lower thermosphere (MLT) airglow OI5577, O2b(0,1) and OH(6,2) emissions and OH rotational temperature have been observed at Cariri airglow observatory (7.4°S, 36.5°W) within a distance of approximately 1000 km to the east of São Luís. Both observation sites are located in the equatorial region of South America. Spectral analyses of the ionospheric F‐layer bottom height (h′F) and airglow emission intensity reveal that there are quasi 2‐ and 4‐day period oscillations in their temporal variations. This might indicate that planetary scale oscillations, Rossby‐gravity waves (or inertial‐gravity waves) and Ultra Fast Kelvin waves, are present in the ionosphere. This is the first time that the planetary scale waves in the MLT region and in the ionosphere are discussed by airglow and ionospheric observations, respectively.
Spatial and spectral variability of the outgoing thermal IR spectra from AIRS: A case study of July 2003
Authors: Huang Xianglei , Yung Yuk Ling
Published: June 2005

Here we present a survey of the spatial variability in different climate zones seen from AIRS data using the spectral EOF analysis. Over the tropical and subtropical oceans, the first principal component (PC1) is mostly due to the thermal contrast between surface and thick cold cloud tops. The second principal component (PC2) is mainly due to the spatial variation of the lower tropospheric humidity (LTH) and the low clouds. The signature of dust aerosol over the Arabian Sea and the Atlantic off the coast of North Africa in the summertime can be clearly seen in the PC2. Both the PC1 and the PC2 capture the upper tropospheric water vapor variability due to the forced orthogonality of EOFs. The third principal component (PC3) is mainly due to the spatial variation of the lower stratospheric temperature. Over the midlatitude oceans, the PC1 is still due to the thermal contrast of emission temperature. During wintertime, the PC2 is mainly due to stratospheric temperature variations. In the summer, the PC2 over the southern hemisphere is still due to stratospheric temperature variations, but in the northern hemisphere it is mainly due to the variations of the LTH and the low clouds. An exploratory study using synthetic spectra based on a NCAR CAM2 simulation shows that the model could account for the essential features in the data as well as provide an explanation of the three leading PCs. Major disagreements exist in the location of the ITCZ, the dust aerosol, and the lower stratospheric temperature.
Fermat's interferometric principle for multiple reflection tomography
Authors: Schuster Gerard
Published: June 2005

An interferometric form of Fermat's principle is derived that converts travel times of free‐surface multiples into those for lower‐order events such as primary reflections. These primary reflection travel times can then be used to tomographically invert for layer velocities more accurately than standard travel time tomography applied to multiples. As an example, Fermat's interferometric principle converts VSP (vertical‐seismic‐profile) travel times of receiver‐side ghosts and direct waves to those for CDP (common‐depth‐point) primary reflections. These CDP travel times can be used to estimate, e.g., statics velocities for a 3D survey, which is impossible by conventional VSP tomography applied to primary travel times. This procedure is exact in the high frequency approximation, and it can be extended to multiples in CDP and earthquake data. Fermat's interferometric principles presents new opportunities for imaging multiples and greatly extends the illumination area of VSP, CDP and earthquake travel time tomography.