bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syphilis Infection in an HIV Patient Presenting with Leukemoid Reaction: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Lioni Athina , Zorzou Markela-Pagonitsa , Kollia Christina , Loulakis Dimitrios , Ntziora Fotini , Stergiou Fotini , Boboli Maria , Chini Maria
Published: April 2018

Leukemoid reaction (LR) is an uncommon though dreadful sign for the treating physician, as it is related to increased mortality. In the few series that have addressed its incidence and clinical significance, infectious causes count for about half of the cases of LR, the rest accounting for cancer, drugs or rarer causes. In the HIV setting, it represents an even rarer event, owing probably to the impaired granulocytic response of AIDS patients to bacterial agents. However no report exists as to the incidence of LR to the immune-restored HIV patients adequately treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Syphilis is a well known cause of mild lymphocytosis, though only one report of LR exists in the congenital setting. We hereby report a case of an HIV patient adequately treated with ART, who presented with LR with a lymphomonocytic preponderance after infection with treponema pallidum.
The impact of internationalisation on stock liquidity and volatility: Evidence from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange
Authors: Chipunza Kudakwashe J. , McCullough Kerry
Published: April 2018

Maximising firm value remains a key tenet of corporate managers. Firms with lower illiquidity and volatility attract lower risk premiums, and these are associated with a lower cost of capital and higher firm value. Internationalisation is one avenue purported to provide liquidity and volatility benefits – possibly lowering both liquidity and volatility risk premiums. This study investigated whether South African domiciled stocks experience a surge in liquidity and/or decline in volatility subsequent to internationalisation. The findings show that internationalisation resulted in a surge in liquidity, and this increase was persistent as suggested by the trading volume and Amihud illiquidity measures of stock liquidity; however, the turnover measure indicated that such liquidity gains were temporary. Similarly, volatility declines after internationalisation were temporary. There was inconclusive evidence to show that internationalised stocks had higher liquidity relative to purely domestic shares, and no statistically significant difference between the volatility of internationalised and purely domestic shareholders’ equity was noted. There is only weak evidence to support internationalisation as a route for lowering cost of capital via a reduction in the liquidity risk premium.
Are ideophones translatable? The case of translating isiZulu ideophones in DBZ Ntuli’s short story Uthingo Lwenkosazana (The Rainbow)
Authors: Masubelele Mthikazi Rose
Published: April 2018

The meaning of words comes into play when words as units of translation are to be translated from one language into another. Lexical items that are extant in one language but not in others pose enormous problems for translators. The translation of ideophones – which feature very prominently in African discourse – is a case in point in this article. Translators faced with the translation of such forms are required to come up with strategies to aptly express their meanings in the target text. This article seeks to establish how CSZ Ntuli, in his English translation of an isiZulu short story Uthingo Lwenkosazana by DBZ Ntuli, has translated some of the ideophones used by the original author. Translation strategies used by CSZ Ntuli in his translation to express the meanings of the isiZulu ideophones will be brought to light in this article. It will be confirmed that CSZ Ntuli, using different lexical forms in the target language, has effectively changed unfamiliar isiZulu cultural notions to concepts that the English target reader can relate to. It will also be shown that the meanings of the isiZulu ideophones can be expressed in the target language using approximation and amplification as translation strategies provided that the translator has a good command of both source and target languages. The discussion will also look at how various translation scholars view the notion of equivalence at word level, and research on ideophones in isiZulu will also be reviewed.
Trends in Public and Global Health Education among Nationally Recognized Undergraduate Liberal Arts Colleges in the United States
Authors: Robinson Patrick A. , Orroth Kate K. , Stutts Lauren A. , Baron Patrick A. , Wessner David R.
Published: April 2018

The prevalence of public health and global health (PH/GH) curricular offerings appear to be increasing in terms of undergraduate curricula and in the context of liberal arts education in the United States. Liberal arts colleges (LACs) represent stand-alone institutions, which exclusively focus on undergraduate education. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of PH/GH study pathways and PH/GH course offerings among LACs. All LACs identified through the US News and World Report (USNWR) college rankings were contacted with a survey about the following: formal majors, minors, or concentrations in PH/GH; independent study (IS) pathways for PH/GH; specific PH/GH courses offered; and the number of students graduating in 2016, 2017, and 2018 with formal and IS degrees in PH/GH. Demographic characteristics of the colleges came from the USNWR database. Almost half (43%) of all LACs in our sample offer a PH/GH major, minor, concentration, or IS pathway. Almost all (90%) colleges offer at least one course in PH/GH. Approximately 2,000 students attending these LACs pursued or are pursuing graduation with majors, minors, or concentrations in PH/GH for the years 2016–2018. The number of students pursuing formal PH/GH programs has increased by 25% from 2016 to 2018. Student interest in public health is rising in U.S. LACs, with more students seeking formal curricular or IS PH degree pathways. Public health messages are prevalent even among institutions without formal programs. Colleges without programs should consider integrating public health into their curriculum.
Internally Controlled, Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Dengue Virus and Yellow Fever Virus Detection
Authors: Rojas Alejandra , Diagne Cheikh T. , Stittleburg Victoria D. , Mohamed-Hadley Alisha , de Guillén Yvalena Arévalo , Balmaseda Angel , Faye Oumar , Faye Ousmane , Sall Amadou A. , Harris Eva , Pinsky Benjamin A. , Waggoner Jesse J.
Published: April 2018

The differential diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) infections in endemic areas is complicated by nonspecific early clinical manifestations. In this study, we describe an internally controlled, multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for the detection of DENV and YFV. The DENV–YFV assay demonstrated specific detection and had a dynamic range of 2.0–8.0 log10 copies/μL of eluate for each DENV serotype and YFV. Clinical performance was similar to a published pan-DENV assay: 48/48 acute-phase samples from dengue cases were detected in both assays. For YFV detection, mock samples were prepared with nine geographically diverse YFV isolates over a range of concentrations. The DENV–YFV assay detected 62/65 replicates, whereas 54/65 were detected using a reference YFV rRT-PCR. Given the reemergence of DENV and YFV in areas around the world, the DENV–YFV assay should be a useful tool to narrow the differential diagnosis and provide early case detection.
Use of TaqMan Array Cards to Screen Outbreak Specimens for Causes of Febrile Illness in Tanzania
Authors: Abade Ahmed , Eidex Rachel B. , Maro Athanasia , Gratz Jean , Liu Jie , Kiwelu Ireen , Mujaga Buliga , Kelly Maria E. , Mmbaga Blandina T. , Gibson James J. , Mosha Fausta , Houpt Eric R.
Published: April 2018

We describe the deployment of a custom-designed molecular diagnostic TaqMan Array Card (TAC) to screen for 31 bacterial, protozoal, and viral etiologies in blood from outbreaks of acute febrile illness in Tanzania during 2015–2017. On outbreaks notified to the Tanzanian Ministry of Health, epidemiologists were dispatched and specimens were collected, transported to a central national laboratory, and tested by TAC within 2 days. This algorithm streamlined investigation, diagnosed a typhoid outbreak, and excluded dozens of other etiologies. This method is usable in-country and may be incorporated into algorithms for diagnosing outbreaks.
Analytical methods for prefiltering of close approaches between space objects
Authors: Raj M. Xavier James , Mutyalarao M
Published: April 2018

In the history of space, for the first time an operational US communications satellite Iridium 33, in low-Earth orbit was struck and destroyed by the collision of a long defunct Russian communications satellite COSMOS 2251 on 10th February 2010. It is necessary to understand the circumstances of this collision for avoiding similar incidents in the future. In this direction a detailed conjunction analysis of all space objects is essential. Since a large number of objects are orbiting in space, it is very difficult to find out the close approach for all objects with simulations. Hence, a study related to the prefiltering of close approaches between space objects using analytical techniques is carried out in this paper. It is found that the presented methodology with prefiltering techniques is effective in reducing the number of objects for simulations.Keywords: Collision, orbit, prefiltering, debris, operational satellite
A review on modeling, identification and servo control of robotic excavator
Authors: Jun Yan , Bo Li , Yonghua Zeng , Haibo Qian
Published: April 2018

Robotic excavator is a hydraulic actuated 4 DOF manipulator mounted on a mobile chassis which implements automatic excavations. This article reviews modeling, identification, and low level control of the robotic excavator. First, modeling of the nonlinear hydraulic dynamics, coupling manipulator dynamics, and soil-tool interaction dynamics are reviewed. Then, methods for identification of the established models are discussed. Finally, robust position control and compliance control of the robotic excavator are investigated.Keywords: robotic excavator; modeling and identification; robust position control; compliance control
Comparing airborne and satellite retrievals of cloud optical thickness and particle effective radius using a spectral radiance ratio technique: two case studies for cirrus and deep convective clouds
Authors: Krisna Trismono C. , Wendisch Manfred , Ehrlich André , Jäkel Evelyn , Werner Frank , Weigel Ralf , Borrmann Stephan , Mahnke Christoph , Pöschl Ulrich , Andreae Meinrat O. , Voigt Christiane , Machado Luiz A. T.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Solar radiation reflected by cirrus and deep convective clouds (DCCs) was
measured by the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System
(SMART) installed on the German High Altitude and Long Range Research
Aircraft (HALO) during the Mid-Latitude Cirrus (ML-CIRRUS) and the Aerosol,
Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interaction and Dynamic of Convective
Clouds System – Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil:
A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modelling and to the Global Precipitation
Measurement (ACRIDICON-CHUVA) campaigns. On particular flights, HALO
performed measurements closely collocated with overpasses of the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Aqua satellite. A
cirrus cloud located above liquid water clouds and a DCC topped by an anvil
cirrus are analyzed in this paper. Based on the nadir spectral upward
radiance measured above the two clouds, the optical thickness τ and
particle effective radius reff of the cirrus and DCC are
retrieved using a radiance ratio technique, which considers the cloud
thermodynamic phase, the vertical profile of cloud microphysical properties,
the presence of multilayer clouds, and the heterogeneity of the surface
albedo. For the cirrus case, the comparison of τ and reff
retrieved on the basis of SMART and MODIS measurements yields a normalized
mean absolute deviation of up to 1.2 % for τ and 2.1 % for
reff. For the DCC case, deviations of up to 3.6 % for τ
and 6.2 % for reff are obtained. The larger deviations in the
DCC case are mainly attributed to the fast cloud evolution and
three-dimensional (3-D) radiative effects. Measurements of spectral upward
radiance at near-infrared wavelengths are employed to investigate the
vertical profile of reff in the cirrus. The retrieved values of
reff are compared with corresponding in situ measurements using a
vertical weighting method. Compared to the MODIS observations, measurements
of SMART provide more information on the vertical distribution of particle
sizes, which allow reconstructing the profile of reff close to
the cloud top. The comparison between retrieved and in situ reff
yields a normalized mean absolute deviation, which ranges between 1.5 and
10.3 %, and a robust correlation coefficient of 0.82.
Water vapour and methane coupling in the stratosphere observed using SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements
Authors: Noël Stefan , Weigel Katja , Bramstedt Klaus , Rozanov Alexei , Weber Mark , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. An improved stratospheric water vapour data set has been retrieved from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT solar
occultation measurements. It is similar to that successfully applied to
methane and carbon dioxide. There is now a consistent set of data products
for the three constituents covering the altitudes 17–45 km, the
latitude range between about 50 and 70∘ N, and the period August
2002 to April 2012. The new water vapour concentration profiles agree with collocated results
from ACE-FTS and MLS/Aura to within ∼ 5 %. A significant positive
linear change in water vapour for the time 2003–2011 is observed at lower
stratospheric altitudes with a value of about 0.015 ± 0.008 ppmv year−1
around 17 km. Between 30 and
37 km the changes become significantly negative (about −0.01 ± 0.008 ppmv year−1); all errors are 2σ values. The combined analysis of the SCIAMACHY methane and water vapour time series
shows the expected anti-correlation between stratospheric methane and water
vapour and a clear temporal variation related to the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
(QBO).
Above about 20 km most of the additional water vapour is attributed to the
oxidation of methane.
In addition short-term fluctuations and longer-term variations on a timescale
of 5–6 years are observed.
The SCIAMACHY data confirm that at lower altitudes the amount of water vapour
and methane are transported from the tropics to higher latitudes via the
shallow branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation.
An overview on the airborne measurement in Nepal-part 1: vertical profile of aerosol size-number, spectral absorption and meteorology
Authors: Singh Ashish , Mahata Khadak S. , Rupakheti Maheswar , Junkermann Wolfgang , Panday Arnico K. , Lawrence Mark G.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The paper provides an overview of an airborne measurement campaign with a microlight aircraft, over the Pokhara Valley region, Nepal, a metropolitan region in the central Himalayan foothills. This is the first aerial measurements in the central Himalayan foothill region, one of the polluted but relatively poorly sampled regions of the world. Conducted in two phases (in May 2016 and December 2016–January 2017), the goal of the overall campaign was to quantify the vertical distribution of aerosols over a polluted mountain valley in the Himalayan foothills, as well as to investigate the extent of regional transport of emissions into the Himalayas. This paper summarizes results from first phase where test flights were conducted in May 2016 (pre-monsoon), with the objective of demonstrating the potential of airborne measurements in the region using a portable instrument package (size with housing case: 0.45 m × 0.25 m × 0.25 m, 15 kgs) onboard an ultralight aircraft (IKARUS-C42). The limited dataset collected during the test flight also provides useful insights into the impact of regional emissions and meteorology on aerosol vertical profiles. A total of five sampling test flights were conducted (each lasting for 1–1.5 h) in the Pokhara Valley to characterize vertical profiles of aerosol properties such as aerosol number and size distribution (0.3–2 µm), total particle concentration (> 14 nm), aerosol absorption (370–950 nm), black carbon (BC), and meteorological variables. The vertical profiles of aerosol species showed decreasing concentrations with altitude (815 to 4500 m a.s.l.); steep concentration gradient below 2000 m (a.s.l.) in the morning and a more mixed profiles (up to ca. 4000 m a.s.l.) in the afternoon. The strong gradient in the morning hours was mainly contributed by the primary emissions from the valley floor, including occasional open agriculture burning. The near-surface (
Effects of Temperature, Pressure, and Carrier Gases on the
Performance of an Aerosol Particle Mass Analyser
Authors: Hsiao Ta-Chih , Young Li-Hao , Tai Yu-Chun , Chang Po-Kai
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Effective density is a crucial parameter used to predict the transport behaviour and fate of particles in the atmosphere, and for measuring instruments used ultimately in the human respiratory tract (Ristimäki et al., 2002). The aerosol particle mass analyser (APM) was first proposed by Ehara et al. (1996) and is used to determine the effective density of aerosol particles. A compact design (Kanomax APM-3601) was subsequently developed by Tajima et al. (2013). Recently, a growing number of field studies have reported application of the APM, and experimental schemes using the differential mobility analyser alongside the APM have been adopted extensively. However, environmental conditions such as ambient pressure and temperature vary with the experimental location, and this could affect the performance of the APM. Gas viscosity and Cunningham slip factors are parameters associated with temperature and pressure and are included in the APM’s classification performance parameter: λ. In this study, the transfer function and APM operational region were calculated and discussed to examine their applicability. Air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were selected to atomize aerosols in the laboratory with the aim of evaluating the effect of gas viscosity on the APM’s performance. Using monodisperse polystyrene latex spheres with nominal diameters of 50 and 100 nm, the experimental results for the classification accuracy of the APM were consistently within 10 %. Based on the theoretical analysis of the APM’s operational region, the lowest mass detection limit can be extended from 5.9 × 10−2 to 1.4 × 10−3 fg when the carrier gas is hydrogen (viscosity = 8.82 × 10−4 N·s/m2) with a chosen λ value of 0.5. Moreover, it can be further extended to 7.0 × 10−4 fg when the pressure is reduced from 101.3 to 80 kPa, which implies that performance may be affected during field study. These results provide an insight into the ability to extend the classifiable size range without modifying the hardware of the APM or scarifying the classification resolution.
Improving the Retrieval of XCO2 from Total Carbon Column
Network Solar Spectra
Authors: Mendonca Joseph , Strong Kimberly , Wunch Debra , Toon Geoffrey C. , Long David A. , Hodges Joseph T. , Sironneau Vincent T. , Franklin Jonathan E.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. High-resolution absorption spectra of the a1∆g←X3Σg− O2 band measured using cavity ring-down spectroscopy were fitted using the Voigt and speed-dependent Voigt line shapes. We found that the speed-dependent Voigt line shape was better able to model the measured absorption coefficients than the Voigt line shape. Total columns of O2 were retrieved from ground-based high-resolution absorption spectra from four Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) sites using both Voigt and speed-dependent Voigt line shapes to calculate absorption coefficients. A lower O2 concentration was retrieved with the speed-dependent Voigt line shape, with the difference increasing as a function of solar zenith angle. CO2 total columns were also retrieved from the same spectra using a Voigt line shape and speed-dependent Voigt with line mixing. The column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) was calculated using the CO2 and O2 columns retrieved with both line shapes from measurements made over a one-year period at the four sites and compared. The inclusion of speed dependence reduces the airmass dependence of XCO2. The TCCON empirical airmass correction factor for XCO2 derived from a year of measurements from TCCON sites at Darwin, Lamont, and Park Falls for XCO2 improved from −0.0071±0.0057 to −0.0012±0.0054 when speed dependence was included. XCO2 retrieved with the Voigt and speed-dependent Voigt line shapes was compared to aircraft profiles measured at 13 TCCON sites. The bias between the TCCON measurements and the integrated aircraft profile measurements was reduced from 0.9897±0.0005 to 1.0041±0.0005 for XCO2 retrieved with the Voigt and speed-dependent Voigt line shapes respectively. These results suggest that speed dependence should be included in the forward model when fitting near-infrared CO2 and O2 spectra to improve the accuracy of XCO2 measurements.
Ecophysiological characterization of early successional biological soil crusts in heavily human-impacted areas
Authors: Szyja Michelle , Büdel Burkhard , Colesie Claudia
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Ecophysiological characterizations of photoautotrophic communities are not only necessary to identify the response of carbon fixation related to different climatic factors, but also to evaluate risks connected to changing environments. In biological soil crusts (BSCs), the description of ecophysiological features is difficult, due to the high variability in taxonomic composition and variable methodologies applied. Especially for BSCs in early successional stages, the available datasets are rare or focused on individual constituents, although these crusts may represent the only photoautotrophic component in many heavily disturbed ruderal areas, such as parking lots or building areas with increasing surface area worldwide. We analyzed the response of photosynthesis and respiration to changing BSC water contents (WCs), temperature and light in two early successional BSCs. We investigated whether the response of these parameters was different between intact BSC and the isolated dominating components. BSCs dominated by the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune and dominated by the green alga Zygogonium ericetorum were examined. A major divergence between the two BSCs was their absolute carbon fixation rate on a chlorophyll basis, which was significantly higher for the cyanobacterial crust. Nevertheless, independent of species composition, both crust types and their isolated organisms had convergent features such as high light acclimatization and a minor and very late-occurring depression in carbon uptake at water suprasaturation. This particular setup of ecophysiological features may enable these communities to cope with a high variety of climatic stresses and may therefore be a reason for their success in heavily disturbed areas with ongoing human impact. However, the shape of the response was different for intact BSC compared to separated organisms, especially in absolute net photosynthesis (NP) rates. This emphasizes the importance of measuring intact BSCs under natural conditions for collecting reliable data for meaningful analysis of BSC ecosystem services.
Straw incorporation increases crop yield and soil organic carbon sequestration but varies under different natural conditions and farming practices in China: a system analysis
Authors: Han Xiao , Xu Cong , Dungait Jennifer A. J. , Bol Roland , Wang Xiaojie , Wu Wenliang , Meng Fanqiao
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) from agricultural soils is a key indicator of soil degradation associated with reductions in net primary productivity in crop production systems worldwide. Technically simple and locally appropriate solutions are required for farmers to increase SOC and to improve cropland management. In the last 30 years, straw incorporation (SI) has gradually been implemented across China in the context of agricultural intensification and rural livelihood improvement. A meta-analysis of data published before the end of 2016 was undertaken to investigate the effects of SI on crop production and SOC sequestration. The results of 68 experimental studies throughout China in different edaphic conditions, climate regions and farming regimes were analyzed. Compared with straw removal (SR), SI significantly sequestered SOC (0–20 cm depth) at the rate of 0.35 (95 % CI, 0.31–0.40) Mg C ha−1 yr−1, increased crop grain yield by 13.4 % (9.3–18.4 %) and had a conversion efficiency of the incorporated straw C of 16 % ± 2 % across China. The combined SI at the rate of 3 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 with mineral fertilizer of 200–400 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was demonstrated to be the best farming practice, where crop yield increased by 32.7 % (17.9–56.4 %) and SOC sequestrated by the rate of 0.85 (0.54–1.15) Mg C ha−1 yr−1. SI achieved a higher SOC sequestration rate and crop yield increment when applied to clay soils under high cropping intensities, and in areas such as northeast China where the soil is being degraded. The SOC responses were highest in the initial starting phase of SI, then subsequently declined and finally became negligible after 28–62 years. However, crop yield responses were initially low and then increased, reaching their highest level at 11–15 years after SI. Overall, our study confirmed that SI created a positive feedback loop of SOC enhancement together with increased crop production, and this is of great practical importance to straw management as agriculture intensifies both in China and other regions with different climate conditions.
Past, present and future biomes in Beringia: Comparison between simulations and pollen analysis
Authors: Saito Kazuyuki , Hendricks Amy , Walsh John , Bigelow Nancy
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Past, present and future biomes in Beringia, a region including Alaska and Eastern Russia, were simulated using an equilibrium vegetation model, BIOME4 and a statistical downscaling method in order to illustrate their geographical and temporal changes. Outputs form five CMIP5 models were utilized to represent the climate for four time periods, i.e., the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 ka), the mid-Holocene Optimum (6 ka), the modern period, and the near future (the end of this century under a RCP8.5 scenario). Present-day biome simulations were generally consistent with current vegetation observations in the study region. Pollen samples indicate that the Bering Land Bridge was covered almost entirely by cushionforb and graminoid tundra during the LGM, whereas the paleoclimate simulations show large across-model variations in this region. Three out of the five modelsʼ climate data produce evergreen and deciduous taiga at 21 ka in what is now southwestern Alaska and southeastern Bering continental shelf. The 6 ka simulations are in better agreement with pollen-based distributions of biomes. Future simulations show a general northward shift of biomes, including intrusions of cool and warm-temperate mixed, and cool coniferous forests above 60° N, especially in southwest Alaska.
A 900-year New England temperature reconstruction from in situ seasonally produced branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs)
Authors: Miller Daniel R. , Habicht M. Helen , Keisling Benjamin A. , Castañeda Isla S. , Bradley Raymond S.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Paleotemperature reconstructions are essential for distinguishing anthropogenic climate change from natural variability. An emerging method in paleoclimatology is the use of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) in lacustrine sediments to reconstruct temperature, but their application is hindered by a limited understanding of their sources, seasonal production, and transport. We report seasonally resolved measurements of brGDGT production within the water column, in catchment soils and in a sediment sequence from a small, deep inland lake in Maine, USA. BrGDGT distributions in the water column are distinct from catchment soils but similar to the distributions in lake sediments, suggesting that (1) brGDGTs are produced within the lake and (2) this in situ production dominates the downcore sedimentary signal. Seasonally, depth-resolved measurements indicate that the dominant production of brGDGTs occurs in late fall/early spring and at intermediate depths (18–30 meters) in the water column. We apply these observations to help interpret a 900-year-long brGDGT-based temperature reconstruction and find that it shows similar trends to a pollen record from the same site and to regional and global syntheses of terrestrial temperatures over the last millennium. However, the record also shows higher-frequency variability than has previously been captured by such an archive in the Northeastern United States, potentially attributed to the North Atlantic Oscillation and volcanic/solar activity. This is the first brGDGT- based multi-centennial paleoreconstruction from this region and contributes to our understanding of the production and fate of brGDGTs in lacustrine systems.
Sea surface salinity and temperature in the Southern Atlantic
Ocean from South African icebreakers, 2010–2017
Authors: Aulicino Giuseppe , Cotroneo Yuri , Ansorge Isabelle , van den Berg Marcel , Cesarano Cinzia , Belmonte Rivas Maria , Olmedo Casal Estrella
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present here sea surface salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST) data collected onboard the SA Agulhas-I and SA Agulhas-II research vessels, in the framework of the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP). Onboard SeaBird ThermoSalinoGraphs were regularly calibrated and continuously monitored in-between cruises, and no appreciable sensor drift emerged. Water samples were taken on a daily basis and later analysed with a Portasal salinometer; some CTD measurements collected along the cruises were used to validate the data. No systematic differences appeared after a rigorous quality control on continuous data. Results show that salinity measurement error was a few hundredths of a unit on the practical salinity scale. Quality control included several steps, among which an automatic detection of unreliable values through selected thresholds criteria and an attribution of quality flags based on multiple criteria, i.e. analysis of information included in the cruise reports, detection of insufficient flow and/or presence of air bubbles in the seawater pipe, visual inspection of individual campaigns, ex-post check of seaice maps for confirming icefields locations. This data processing led to discard about 36 % of acquired observations, while reliable data showed an excellent agreement with several independent SSS products. Nevertheless, a seaice flag has been included for indentifying valid data which could have been affected by scattered seaice contamination. In our opinion this dataset, available through an unrestricted repository at https://doi.org/10.7289/V56M3545, contributes to improve the knowledge of surface water features in one of the most important regions for global climate. That will be highly valuable for studies focusing on climate variability in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, especially across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its fronts. Furthermore, we expect that the collected SSS will represent a valuable tool for the calibration and validation of recent satellite observations provided by SMOS and Aquarius missions.
Analysis of causes of decreasing inflow to the Lake Chad due to
climate variability and human activities
Authors: Mahmood Rashid , Jia Shaofeng
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In the 1960s, Lake Chad was the world’s sixth largest water body, which has since shrunk dramatically from a surface area of 25,000 km2 to only 2,000 km2 in the following 40 years. In the present study, hydro-climatic variability in the Chari-Logone, Komadugu-Yobe, YENG (Yedseram, El-Beid, Ngadda and Gubio basins) as well as Lake Fitri basins and decreasing streamflow to Lake Chad due to climate variability and human activities were separated and quantified using trend analysis, change point analysis, and hydrological approach, for the period of 1951–2015. The results showed very strong signals (α = 0.001) of increasing trend in mean temperature, with an average increase of 1.4 °C, and very weak (α = 0.1) to strong (α = 0.01) decreasing signals in precipitation, with an average decrease of 15 %. In case of streamflow to Lake Chad, very strong decreasing trends were observed, showing 67 % reduction for the whole period. The north-eastern parts were most affected parts in case of increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Decreasing flow due to both climate variability and human activities were ranged from 34 % to 45 % in different decades, from 1972 to 2013. On the whole, a 66 % of total decline in streamflow was observed due to human activities and 34 % due to climate variability. Most reduction in streamflow (59 %) due to climate variability was explored only during 1982–1991 because a devastating drought was occurred during this period. Since human activities caused most reduction in streamflow to Lake Chad than climate, inflow to the lake can be improved by reducing or properly managing the human activities and using sustainable water resources management.
Controls on root zone storage capacity in boreal regions
Authors: de Boer-Euser Tanja , Meriö Leo-Juhani , Marttila Hannu
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The root zone storage capacity (Sr) of the vegetation is an important parameter for the hydrological behaviour of a catchment. Often this Sr is derived from soil and vegetation data, but a new method uses climate data to estimate Sr under the assumption that vegetation adapts its root zone capacity to overcome dry periods. This method also enables to account for the temporal variability of Sr in case of changing climate or land cover. This study applies the new method in 64 catchments in Finland to investigate the controls on Sr in boreal regions. The relations were assessed between climate derived Sr-values and detailed vegetation characteristics (leaf cover, tree length, root biomass), climate variables (precipitation-potential evaporation rate, mean annual temperature, max snow water equivalent, snow-off date) and land cover types. The results show that especially the phase difference between snow-off date and onset of potential evaporation has a large influence on the derived Sr; results even indicate that (non-)coincidence of snow melt and potential evaporation can cause a division between catchments with a high and a low Sr-value. From this study, it can be concluded that the climate derived root zone storage capacity leads to plausible results in boreal areas and that besides from climate variables, catchment vegetation characteristics can also be directly linked to the derived Sr-values. As the climate derived Sr enables incorporating climatic and vegetation conditions in a hydrological parameter, it could be beneficial to assess the effects of changing climate and environmental conditions in boreal regions.
Large drainages from short-lived glacial lakes in the Teskey Range, Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia
Authors: Narama Chiyuki , Daiyrov Mirlan , Duishonakunov Murataly , Tadono Takeo , Sato Hayato , Kääb Andreas , Ukita Jinro , Abdrakhmatov Kanatbek
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Four large drainages from glacial lakes occurred during
2006–2014 in the western Teskey Range, Kyrgyzstan. These floods caused
extensive damage, killing people and livestock as well as destroying
property and crops. Using satellite data analysis and field surveys of this
area, we find that the water volume that drained at Kashkasuu glacial lake in
2006 was 194 000  m3, at western Zyndan lake in 2008 was
437 000 m3, at Jeruy lake in 2013 was 182 000 m3, and
at Karateke lake in 2014 was 123 000 m3. Due to their subsurface
outlet, we refer to these short-lived glacial lakes as the “tunnel-type”, a
type that drastically grows and drains over a few months. From spring to
early summer, these lakes either appear, or in some cases, significantly
expand from an existing lake (but non-stationary), and then drain during
summer. Our field surveys show that the short-lived lakes form when an ice
tunnel through a debris landform gets blocked. The blocking is caused either
by the freezing of stored water inside the tunnel during winter or by the
collapse of ice and debris around the ice tunnel. The draining then occurs
through an opened ice tunnel during summer. The growth–drain cycle can
repeat when the ice-tunnel closure behaves like that of typical supraglacial
lakes on debris-covered glaciers. We argue here that the geomorphological
characteristics under which such short-lived glacial lakes appear are (i) a
debris landform containing ice (ice-cored moraine complex), (ii) a depression
with water supply on a debris landform as a potential lake basin, and (iii)
no visible surface outflow channel from the depression, indicating the
existence of an ice tunnel. Applying these characteristics, we examine 60
depressions (> 0.01 km2) in the study region and identify
here 53 of them that may become short-lived glacial lakes, with 34 of these
having a potential drainage exceeding 10 m3 s−1 at peak discharge.
Estimation of oceanic subsurface mixing under a severe cyclonic storm using a coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave model
Authors: Prakash Kumar Ravi , Nigam Tanuja , Pant Vimlesh
Published: April 2018

Abstract. A coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave model was used to examine
mixing in the upper-oceanic layers under the influence of a very severe
cyclonic storm Phailin over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during 10–14 October
2013. The coupled model was found to improve the sea surface temperature over
the uncoupled model. Model simulations highlight the prominent role of
cyclone-induced near-inertial oscillations in subsurface mixing up to the
thermocline depth. The inertial mixing introduced by the cyclone played a
central role in the deepening of the thermocline and mixed layer depth by 40
and 15 m, respectively. For the first time over the BoB, a detailed analysis
of inertial oscillation kinetic energy generation, propagation, and
dissipation was carried out using an atmosphere–ocean–wave coupled model
during a cyclone. A quantitative estimate of kinetic energy in the oceanic
water column, its propagation, and its dissipation mechanisms were explained
using the coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave model. The large shear generated by
the inertial oscillations was found to overcome the stratification and
initiate mixing at the base of the mixed layer. Greater mixing was found at
the depths where the eddy kinetic diffusivity was large. The baroclinic
current, holding a larger fraction of kinetic energy than the barotropic
current, weakened rapidly after the passage of the cyclone. The shear induced
by inertial oscillations was found to decrease rapidly with increasing depth
below the thermocline. The dampening of the mixing process below the
thermocline was explained through the enhanced dissipation rate of turbulent
kinetic energy upon approaching the thermocline layer. The wave–current
interaction and nonlinear wave–wave interaction were found to affect the
process of downward mixing and cause the dissipation of inertial
oscillations.
Effect of Atmospheric Stability on the Wind Resource extrapolating models for large capacity Wind Turbines: A Comparative Analysis of Power Law, Log Law and Deaves and Harris mode
Authors: Sharma Pramod Kumar , Warudkar Vilas , Ahmed Siraj
Published: April 2018

Abstract. To observe accurate wind climate from the available met mast measured wind data at different heights an accurate wind shear model is necessary. Since WAsP and windPRO is software package which provide the better representation of wind profile over homogeneous terrain only. Though, a separate module named as WAsP CFD has been added in both of the software to predict correct wind resource in complex terrain also. Nowadays terrain dependent wind resource model has become a key issue for the researchers. Out of many wind extrapolating model such as PL (power law), LogL (log law), LogLL (Log linear law) and Deaves and Harris Model Log law was found to be a better representation of wind profile. This study presents a comparative analysis of three different wind extrapolation models. Based on one year (2016–2017) wind data from met mast of 10 min. interval at 10, 50, 80, 100 and 102 m, and the result was compared with the relation of atmospheric stability. The licensed version of WAsP and windPRO software was also used to calculate wind resource parameter such as roughness index and roughness class etc. RMSE and NRMSE was found to be least in case of log linear model which is 0.11 and 0.01784 respectively in compare to PL and Deaves and Harris models.
The Arrow of Care Map: Abstract Care in Ideal Theory
Authors: Bhandary Asha L
Published: April 2018

This paper advances a framework to conceptualize societal care-giving arrangements abstractly. It is abstract in that it brackets the meaning of our particular relationships. This framework, which I call “the arrow of care map”, is a descriptive tracking model that is a necessary component of a theory of justice, but it is not a normative prescription in itself. The basic idea of the map is then multiply specifiable to track various ascriptive identity categories as well as different categories of care labor. In this way, the idea of the arrow of care map serves as a conceptual frame within which to begin to understand every human society’s care-giving arrangement. I characterize it as a component of “ideal theory” insofar as it seeks to clarify our values, without the immediate aim of formulating principles to govern a just society. The resultant partial theory of justice is one that responds to non-ideal theory’s critiques of the ideological nature of liberal contractarianism’s idealizations and abstractions while moving towards new visions of a just society.
Acute Effects of Ammoniac Nitrogen on Marine Copepod Acartia pacifica When Exposed to Different Temperature Conditions
Authors: Shang Jiagen , Yu Qi , Lu Mengxue
Published: April 2018

Acute toxicity of ammoniac nitrogen on marine copepod Acartia pacifica when exposed to different temperatures of 10℃~25℃were performed under controlled lab conditions. The changing tendency of mortality was evaluated and the 48h LC50 was determined according to the observation. Results showed that the 48h LC50 in different temperature gradients were for Pacific spindle daphnia 48 h - LC50 is 65.889 mg/L for 25 ℃, 134.214 mg/L for 20 ℃, 71.247 mg/L for 15 ℃ and 27.318 mg/L for 10 ℃, respectively. Temperature seemed to exert impacts on the stress induced by ammoniac nitrogen, and the peak of 48h LC50 appeared in between 15 ℃ and 20 ℃. The toxicity of ammonia showed a tendency to decrease with the increase of temperature before the peak while the was significantly enhanced with temperature increasing thereafter.
Toddler Democracy and a Typical Governance in Guinea-Bissau
Authors: TURE IAIA
Published: April 2018

This paper evolves from the beginning of the democratization process which culminated with the formation of political parties and analyzed the functioning of political parties by observing the practice on democracy and governance system in much more contextualized and corresponding terms from 1991 to 2017. The paper explores the relationships between the political system and the constitution as against the transgression of constitutional power as source of conflicts. The paper also examined carefully the roles of political parties, the media and civil society in democratization process. The paper found that there are inversion of values and mis-concept of democracy, political leaders deviate from key democratic principles and there is a group of political elites addicted to power that have been resorting the political fraud to control power which is complicating democratic progress. In order to forestall the ugly trend, the paper recommends that political leaders and elites should lead the country with wisdom. Elected leaders should be people who are ready to fight tirelessly and positively contribute to building and developing society.
Exploración Multisensor para la Detección de Anomalías del Terreno y Análisis Espectral En y Bajo Superficie
Authors: Rejas Juan Gregorio , Farjas Mercedes , Rejas Julián
Published: April 2018

Se ha contribuido en los últimos años desde distintos organismos y centros de investigación al desarrollo de sistemas multisensor orientados a diversas aplicaciones en el segmento civil con potencialidades en la exploración tridimensional del terreno a efectos de localización de evidencias, restos materiales en o bajo superficie. Dichos diseños permiten realizar una inspección completa en el rango del espectro electromágnético del visible e infrarrojo cercano al infrarrojo térmico, capacitando su instalación en diversas plataformas aéreas y terrestres. El sistema dota e integra dispositivos de navegación y orientación (GNSS/INS) lo que posibilita la georeferenciación directa y precisa de la información obtenida. La propuesta de exploración se realiza mediante un radar laser aéreo (Lídar) para la obtención de nubes de puntos 3D, una estructura inclinable lateralmente con tres cámaras visibles de alta definición orientadas para un apuntamiento multiángulo configurable, radio-altímetro de ondas milimétricas y una cabeza giroestabilizada con doble cámara multiespectral en el visible e infrarrojo próximo y térmico. La información adquirida sobre diferentes escenarios es explotada de manera automática mediante métodos y algoritmos propios de teledetección y tratamiento de datos. Entre ellos se propone una nueva técnica de detección a partir de espectrometría de imagen de pequeños objetivos infrarrojos basada en la búsqueda de la mejor proyección de valores fuera de rango sobre un fondo térmico. Este método aporta unos resultados altamente correlacionados con diversas entidades lo que posibilita una prospección automática del terreno, identificación de objetivos potenciales y localización de evidencias en investigaciones científicas sobre diferentes escenarios.
Notas Informativas
Authors: Ciencias Espaciales Facultad de
Published: April 2018

Revista Ciencias Espaciales, instrucciones a los autores y criterios para el diseño, diagramación y maquetación
CLASSIFICAÇÃO DA COBERTURA DO SOLO COM FOCO NA QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL URBANA EM CAMPO MOURÃO-PR
Authors: Mezzomo Maristela Denise Moresco , Dos Santos Gleici Perola de Oliveira , De Sá Michele Suzane Saturnino , Polinarski Marcos Antonio
Published: April 2018

A cobertura vegetal e a verticalização presentes nas cidades são parâmetros relevantes para o planejamento urbano em relação à qualidade ambiental, pois envolvem a preocupação com o planejamento das cidades em suas diversas esferas. Uma das formas de agregar estas situações se refere ao Planejamento da Paisagem, que se constitui como um instrumento para a organização do espaço. A partir dos parâmetros cobertura vegetal e verticalização, objetivou-se realizar a classificação da cobertura do solo dos bairros Jardim Aeroporto, Jardim Araucária e Centro Comercial, localizados no município de Campo Mourão – Paraná. A classificação foi realizada por meio da construção de uma legenda a qual foi adaptada de Valaski (2013) e Nucci et al. (2014), com auxílio do software QGis 2.6, além de imagens de satélite. A partir da metodologia de Valaski (2013), foram realizadas inferências sobre a qualidade ambiental urbana, por meio da correlação com o parâmetro espaços construídos. Como resultado, observou-se que, nos três bairros estudados, há predominância da classe Espaços Edificados de até 4 pavimentos com vegetação inferior a 30%, o que contribui positivamente para a qualidade ambiental, se comparado a áreas onde há predominância de classes com espaços sem vegetação, impermeabilizados ou com mais de 4 pavimentos.Palavras-chave: Planejamento da Paisagem; cobertura vegetal; verticalização.