bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The adult sex ratio of European regions predicts female, but not male, subjective well-being
Authors: Richardson Thomas
Published: March 2021

In recent years, researc in subjective well-being has found several ecological factors that may underpin societal differences in happiness. The adult sex ratio, the number of males relative to females in an environment, influences many behaviours in both humans and non-human animals. However, the possible influence of the sex ratio on subjective well-being has received little attention. I investigated the relationship between the adult sex ratio and subjective well-being in over 29,000 respondents from 133 regions of Europe. I find that women report lower subjective well-being in areas with more female-biased sex ratios, but males’ well-being was unaffected. I did not find that the sex ratio influences the sex specific probability of marriage, or marriage rates overall. I also find that increased population density is associated with lower well-being. Drawing from sociological and evolutionary theories, I suggest that results may be due to females’ decreased bargaining power in the dating market.
Pessimism Counts in Favor of Biomedical Enhancement: A Lesson from the Anti-Natalist Philosophy of P. W. Zapffe
Authors: Moen Ole Martin
Published: March 2021

According to the Norwegian philosopher Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899–1990), human life is filled with so much suffering that procreation is morally impermissible. In the first part of this paper I present Zapffe’s pessimism-based argument for anti-natalism, and contrast it with the arguments for anti-natalism proposed by Arthur Schopenhauer and David Benatar. In the second part I explore what Zapffe’s pessimism can teach us about biomedical enhancement. I make the (perhaps surprising) case that pessimism counts in favor of pursuing biomedical enhancements. The reason is that the worse we take the baseline human condition to be, the stronger are our reasons to try to alter humanity, and the weaker are our reasons to fear technology-driven extinction. The prospect of enhancement, I further argue, gives pessimists a reason to reject anti-natalism.
Phytoremediation of potentially toxic elements in a polluted industrial soil using Poinsettia
Authors: Xiao Fangmeng , Gu Zhanying , Sarkissian Arbi , Ji Yaxin , RuonanYang  , Yang Ling , Zeng Qingyang , Huang Peng , Chen Hanyue
Published: March 2021

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) pollution has become a serious environmental threat, particularly in developing countries such as China. In response, there is a growing interest in phytoremediation studies to identify plant species as designated hyperaccumulators of PTEs in polluted soils. Poinsettia was selected as a candidate species for phytoremediation of six PTEs (Zn, Pb, Hg, Cr, As, Cu) in this study. A pot cultivation experiment (randomized incomplete block experimental design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks) was conducted using contaminated soils gathered from an industrial area in southcentral China. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF), translocation factor (TF), and bioconcentration factor were analyzed to determine the phytoremediation potential of poinsettia potted in different ratios of polluted soils. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s test showed that poinsettia had significant uptake of Zn, Pb, Cu (BAF < 1 and TF < 1, p < 0.05) and Hg (BAF < 1 and TF > 1, p < 0.05). Poinsettias can therefore effectively accumulate Zn, Pb, and Cu in their lateral roots while extracting and transferring Hg into their leaves. Moreover, poinsettia exhibited tolerance towards As and Cr. Interestingly, it was also observed that PTEs can inhibit the height of potted poinsettia at a certain concentration.
The Principal Principle, admissibility, and normal informal standards of what is reasonable
Authors: Landes Jürgen , Wallmann Christian , Williamson Jon
Published: March 2021

This paper highlights the role of Lewis’ Principal Principle and certain auxiliary conditions on admissibility as serving to explicate normal informal standards of what is reasonable. These considerations motivate the presuppositions of the argument that the Principal Principle implies the Principle of Indifference, put forward by Hawthorne et al. (British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 68, 123–131, 2017). They also suggest a line of response to recent criticisms of that argument, due to Pettigrew (British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 71, 605–619, 2020) and Titelbaum and Hart (British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 71(2), 621–632, 2020). The paper also shows that related concerns of Hart and Titelbaum (Thought: A Journal of Philosophy, 4(4), 252–262, 2015) do not undermine the argument of Hawthorne et al. (2017).
Investigation of biogenic materials and ferroelectrets for energy harvesting on vibrating aircraft structures
Authors: Holzmann H. , Weber M. , Park Y. J. , Perfetto S. , Atzrodt H. , Dafnis A.
Published: March 2021

In this publication the application of novel piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting on vibrating aircraft structures is investigated. These materials have significant advantages over conventional piezoelectric transducer materials like piezoceramics. In particular, biogenic materials in the form of wood-based materials and ferroelectrets in the form of irradiation cross-linked polypropylene are the subject of the investigation. The material characterization in terms of mechanical and electromechanical properties is shown for both material types. For the wood materials a compression test is used as the material has load-bearing properties. The ferroelectrets provide high compliances and are therefore investigated in a tensile test for material characterisation as well as in a four-point flexural test regarding its behaviour when glued to a dynamically bending surface. Additionally an FE-model of the material model for ferroelectrets is presented, which is validated by experimental results. An estimation of the power output is given for different concepts with both kinds of materials.
Review on Speckle-Based Spectrum Analyzer
Authors: Wan Yangyang , Fan Xinyu , He Zuyuan
Published: March 2021

Accurate spectral measurement and wavelength determination are fundamental and vital for many fields. A compact spectrum analyzer with high performance is expected to meet the growing requirements, and speckle-based spectrum analyzer is a potential solution. The basic principle is based on using the random medium to establish a speckle-to-wavelength mapping relationship for spectrum reconstruction. This article introduces current speckle-based spectrum analyzers with different schemes and reviews recent advances in this field. Besides, some applications by using speckle-based spectrum analyzers are also introduced. Finally, the existing challenges and the future prospects of using speckle for spectrum recovery are discussed.
Dental caries and attendance to dental care in Finnish children with operated congenital heart disease. A practice based follow-up study
Authors: Karhumaa H. , Lämsä E. , Vähänikkilä H. , Blomqvist M. , Pätilä T. , Anttonen V.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Oral health of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) is of utmost importance. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dental caries and attendance to dental care in Finnish heart-operated CHD patients born in 1997–1999.

Methods

The cohort of children born in 1997–1999 was selected using a national register on all heart-operated children in Finland. Gender, general health problems, diagnosis, type of the heart defect (shunting, stenotic and complex defects), and number of operations were available and included in the analyses. Dental records from primary health care were collected from municipalities with their permission. The data comprised of the number of dental examinations and data on caries status (dt, DT, dmft, DMFT) at the age of 7 (grade 1), 11 (grade 5) and 15 (grade 8) years and at the most recent examination. The control group consisted of dental data on patients born in 1997–1999 provided by the City of Oulu, Finland (n = 3356).

Results

Oral patient records of 215/570 children were obtained. The difference between the defect types was statistically significant both for DT (p = 0.046) and DMFT (p = 0.009) at the age of 15 (grade 8). The prevalence of caries did not differ between the study population and the controls. High present and past caries experiences were not associated with higher number of visits to oral health care, especially to oral hygienist, or with oral health promotion. National obligations concerning dental visits were not implemented in all municipalities.

Conclusion

There seems to be a need for oral health promotion and preventive means implemented by oral hygienists among those with CHD.
Improvements in tribological and anticorrosion performance of porous Ti-6Al-4V via PEO coating
Authors: Garcia-Cabezón C. , Rodríguez-Méndez M. L. , Borrás V. Amigó , Bayón R. , Salvo-Comino C. , Garcia-Hernandez C. , Martin-Pedrosa F.
Published: March 2021

Medical implants manufactured using biomaterial Ti-6Al-4V exhibit some disadvantages. Its higher elastic modulus than that of natural bone can cause stress shielding problems. This can be avoided using Ti-6Al-4V with pores in the implant structure. However, poor corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviors are yielded because of the large area exposed to the medium. To mitigate both issues, coating technologies can be applied. The plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process is a cost-effective process that has been used successfully in nonporous Ti alloys. In this study, two PEO coatings with different amounts of Ca/P are used. However, reports regarding their application in porous materials are scarce. The effects of PEO treatments on corrosion and tribocorrosion in Ti-6Al-4V powder metallurgy are analyzed herein. The porous materials provide an efficient surface for PEO coatings, as demonstrated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the porosity of the substrates improved the adherence of the coatings. The corrosion resistance measured via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the beneficial effect of the coatings, particularly for long exposure time. The lower roughness, small pore size, and more compact film observed in the PEO-Ca/P sample resulted in favorable tribological and corrosion properties.
An Optimised Surface Structure for Passive, Unidirectional Fluid Transport Bioinspired by True Bugs
Authors: Lifka Sebastian , Hischen Florian , Heitz Johannes , Baumgartner Werner
Published: March 2021

Some true bug species use droplet-shaped, open-capillary structures for passive, unidirectional fluid transport on their body surface in order to spread a defensive fluid to protect themselves against enemies. In this paper we investigated if the shape of the structures found on bugs (bug-structure) could be optimised with regard to better performance in unidirectional fluid transportation. Furthermore, to use this kind of surface structure in technical applications where fluid surface interaction occurs, it is necessary to adapt the structure geometry to the contact angle between fluid and surface. Based on the principal of operation of the droplet-shaped structures, we optimised the structure shape for better performance in targeted fluid flow and increase in flexibility in design of the structure geometry. To adapt the structure geometry and the structure spacing to the contact angle, we implemented an equilibrium simulation of the, the structure surrounding, fluid. In order to verify the functionality of the optimised structure, we designed and manufactured a prototype. By testing this prototype with pure water used as fluid, the functionality of the optimised structure and the simulation could be proved. This kind of structure may be used on technical surfaces where targeted fluid transport is needed, e.g. evacuation of condensate in order to prevent the surface from mold growth, microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip applications and on microneedles for efficient drug/vaccine coating.
On the computational modelling of nonlinear electro-elasticity in heterogeneous bodies at finite deformations
Authors: Kanan Anas , Kaliske Michael
Published: March 2021

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) have been demonstrated to exhibit a quasi-immediate electro-mechanical actuation response with relatively large deformation capability. The properties of DEA make them suitable to be used in the form of major active components within soft robotics and biomimetic artificial muscles. However, some of the electro-active material properties impose limitations on its applications. Therefore, researchers attempt to modify the structure of the homogeneous DEA material by the incorporation of fillers that possess distinct electro-mechanical properties. This modification of the material’s structure leads to a fabricated inhomogeneous composite. From the point of mathematical material modelling and numerical simulation, we propose a material model and a computational framework using the finite element method, which is capable of emulating nonlinear electro-elastic interactions. We consider a coupled electro-mechanical description with the electric and the electro-mechanical properties of the material assumed to be nonlinearly dependent on the deformation. Furthermore, we demonstrate a coupled ansatz that expresses the electric response as dielectrically quasi-linear with only density-dependent electric permittivity. We couple the electro-mechanical models to the extended tube model, which is a suitable approach for the realistic emulation of the hyperelastic response of rubber-like materials. Thereafter, we demonstrate analytical and numerical solutions of a homogeneous electro-elastic body with the Neo-Hookean material model and the extended tube model to express the hyperelastic response. Finally, we use the finite element method to investigate several heterogeneous configurations consisting of soft DEA matrix filled with spherical stiff inclusions with changing volume fraction and ellipsoidal inclusions with varying aspect ratio.
Time-resolved PIV measurements of a deflected submerged jet interacting with liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces
Authors: Puttinger Stefan , Saeedipour Mahdi
Published: March 2021

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the interactions of a deflected submerged jet into a liquid pool with its above interface in the absence and presence of an additional lighter liquid. Whereas the former is a free surface flow, the latter mimics a situation of two stratified liquids where the liquid-liquid interface is disturbed by large-scale motions in the liquid pool. Such configurations are encountered in various industrial applications and, in most cases, it is of major interest to avoid the entrainment of droplets from the lighter liquid into the main flow. Therefore, it is important to understand the fluid dynamics in such configurations and to analyze the differences between the cases with and without the additional liquid layer. To study this problem, we applied time-resolved particle image velocimetry experiments with high spatial resolution. A detailed data analysis of a small layer beneath the interface shows that although the presence of an additional liquid layer stabilizes the oscillations of the submerged jet significantly, the amount of kinetic energy, enstrophy, and velocity fluctuations concentrated in the proximity of the interface is higher when the oil layer is present. In addition, we analyze the energy distribution across the eigenmodes of a proper orthogonal distribution and the distribution of strain and vortex dominated regions. As the main objective of this study, these high-resolution time-resolved experimental data provide a validation platform for the development of new models in the context of the volume of fluid-based large eddy simulation of turbulent two-phase flows.
Postwar American Fiction and the Rise of Modern Conservatism
Authors: Santin Bryan M.
Published: March 2021

Bryan M. Santin examines over a half-century of intersection between American fiction and postwar conservatism. He traces the shifting racial politics of movement conservatism to argue that contemporary perceptions of literary form and aesthetic value are intrinsically connected to the rise of the American Right. Instead of casting postwar conservatives as cynical hustlers or ideological fanatics, Santin shows how the long-term rhetorical shift in conservative notions of literary value and prestige reveal an aesthetic antinomy between high culture and low culture. This shift, he argues, registered and mediated the deeper foundational antinomy structuring postwar conservatism itself: the stable social order of traditionalism and the creative destruction of free-market capitalism. Postwar conservatives produced, in effect, an ambivalent double register in the discourse of conservative literary taste that sought to celebrate neo-aristocratic manifestations of cultural capital while condemning newer, more progressive manifestations revolving around racial and ethnic diversity.
Migration Myths and the End of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Knapp A. Bernard
Published: March 2021

This Element looks critically at migration scenarios proposed for the end of the Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean. After presenting some historical background to the development of migration studies, including types and definitions of migration as well as some of its possible material correlates, I consider how we go about studying human mobility and issues regarding 'ethnicity'. There follows a detailed and critical examination of the history of research related to migration and ethnicity in the southern Levant at the end of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1200 BC), considering both migrationist and anti-migrationist views. I then present and critique recent studies on climatic and related issues, as well as the current state of evidence from palaeogenetics and strontium isotope analyses. The conclusion attempts to look anew at this enigmatic period of transformation and social change, of mobility and connectivity, alongside the hybridised practices of social actors.
The Event of Music History
Authors: Harper-Scott J. P. E
Published: March 2021

Brings musicology to the cutting edge of debates in the postmodern philosophy of history.
Greenland Surface Melt Dominated by Solar and Sensible Heating
Authors: Wang Wenshan , Zender Charles S. , van As Dirk , Fausto Robert S. , Laffin Matthew K.
Published: March 2021

The Greenland Ice Sheet is the primary source of global Barystatic sea‐level rise, and at least half of its recent mass‐loss acceleration is caused by surface meltwater runoff. Previous studies on surface melt have examined various thermodynamic and dynamic drivers, yet their contributions are not compared using unified observations. We use decade‐long in‐situ measurements from automatic weather stations throughout the ablation zone to assess energy components and identify the leading physical processes in this area. Large melt events exceeding 3σ contribute only ∼2% to total surface melt since 2007. The day‐to‐day variability of all melt is dominated by sensible heat exchange (31 ± 7%) and shortwave radiation (28 ± 5%). Sensible and solar heating correlate with the occurrence of dry and fast gravity‐driven winds. These katabatic winds increase sensible heating of the surface mainly by enhancing vertical mixing that reduces the temperature inversion. The concomitant low humidity and clear skies yield increased solar heating.
Eddy‐Induced Near‐Surface Chlorophyll Anomalies in the Subtropical Gyres: Biomass or Physiology?
Authors: He Qingyou , Zhan Haigang , Cai Shuqun , Zhan Weikang
Published: March 2021

Satellite observations show higher near‐surface phytoplankton chlorophyll (Chl) in anticyclonic eddies (AEs) than in cyclonic eddies (CEs) in the subtropical gyres, which is opposite to the prevailing features in midlatitude oceans. Recent studies have attributed this anomalous effect solely to changes in phytoplankton biomass, therefore reached a conclusion that AEs are more productive than CEs, contrary to the conventional eddy pumping paradigm. Here, we show that the Chl variations are due mainly to physiological adjustments instead. The high Chl in AEs is mostly explained by photoacclimation to low‐light environment caused by deepened mixing and more rapid light attenuation, and vice versa for CEs. Such a scenario indicates that phytoplankton are likely more cellular pigmented, rather than more abundant, in the AEs than in the CEs. These findings invite us to rethink the effects of eddies on oceanic productivity and carbon cycling in the subtropical gyres.
Coral Skeletal Luminescence Records Changes in Terrestrial Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Tropical Coastal Waters
Authors: Kaushal Nikita , Sanwlani Nivedita , Tanzil Jani T. I. , Cherukuru Nagur , Sahar Syamil , Müller Moritz , Mujahid Aazani , Lee Jen N. , Goodkin Nathalie F. , Martin Patrick
Published: March 2021

Terrigenous dissolved organic matter (tDOM) carried by rivers represents an important carbon flux to the coastal ocean, which is thought to be increasing globally. Because tDOM is rich in light‐absorbent chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), it may also reduce the amount of sunlight available in coastal ecosystems. Despite its biogeochemical and ecological significance, there are few long‐term records of tDOM, hindering our understanding of its drivers and dynamics. Corals incorporate terrestrial humic acids, an important constituent of CDOM, resulting in luminescent bands that have been previously linked to rainfall and run‐off. We show that luminescence green‐to‐blue (G/B) ratios in a coral core growing in waters affected by peatland run‐off correlate strongly with remote sensing‐derived CDOM absorption. The 24‐year monthly resolution reconstructed record shows that rainfall controls land‐to‐ocean tDOM flux from this protected peatland catchment, and suggests an additional impact by solar radiation, which degrades tDOM at sea.
Chlorophyll‐Based Model to Estimate Underwater Photosynthetically Available Radiation for Modeling, In‐Situ, and Remote‐Sensing Applications
Authors: Xing Xiaogang , Boss Emmanuel
Published: March 2021

Accurate estimation of the underwater light field associated with photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) is critical to compute phytoplankton growth rate and net primary production (NPP), and to assess photo‐physiological response of phytoplankton, such as changes in cellular pigmentation. However, methods to estimate PAR used in many previous studies lack in accuracy, likely resulting in significant bias in light‐dependent products such as NPP derived from remote sensing, model simulations, or autonomous platforms. Here we propose and validate a new model for more accurate estimation of the subsurface PAR profile which uses chlorophyll concentration as its input. Validation is performed using 1,744 BGC‐Argo profiles of chlorophyll fluorescence that are calibrated with surface satellite‐derived chlorophyll concentration over their lifetime. The independent verification with the float's PAR sensors confirms the accuracy of satellite chlorophyll estimate worldwide and in the Southern Ocean in particular.
Global Hybrid Simulations of Interaction Between Interplanetary Rotational Discontinuity and Bow Shock/Magnetosphere: Can Ion‐Scale Magnetic Reconnection be Driven by Rotational Discontinuity Downstream of Quasi‐Parallel Shock?
Authors: Guo Zhifang , Lin Yu , Wang Xueyi
Published: March 2021

Ion‐scale magnetic reconnection has been observed downstream of the terrestrial quasi‐parallel (Q‐∥) shock. Whether it is driven by interplanetary discontinuities or turbulent Q‐∥ shock, however, is unclear. Using three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation, we investigate the generation of magnetic reconnection downstream of the Q‐∥ shock, while an interplanetary rotational discontinuity (RD) is launched to the bow shock. Cases with various solar wind Alfvén Mach numbers, MA = 3.0 to 8, and propagation directions of the RD are presented. The propagation direction n is assumed to be in the GSE xz plane and pointing earthward, with n = (−sin(θ12/2),0,−cos(θ12/2)), where θ12 is the angle between the upstream (B1) and downstream (B2) magnetic fields across the transmitted RD. It is found that magnetic reconnection occurs inside the RD downstream of the Q‐∥ shock, forming flux ropes extending along the dawn‐dusk direction about tens of ion inertial lengths. Large‐amplitude low‐frequency waves originated from the Q‐∥ shock lead to the bending and squeezing of the field lines around the RD, which play an important role in triggering reconnection inside the RD. As the RD impacts the dayside magnetopause, magnetopause reconnection takes place between the field lines behind the RD and geomagnetic field lines. Nevertheless, no reconnection is found downstream of the Q‐∥ shock itself or outside the RD in the magnetosheath. The existent and structure of reconnection in the magnetosheath are found to strongly depend on the parameters MA and n. Our simulation shows that ion‐scale magnetic reconnection is driven by an external driver in the form of the compression of an RD around the bow shock and in the magnetosheath, rather than caused by the turbulent Q‐∥ shock alone.
Revisit the Vertical Structure of the Eddies and Eddy‐Induced Transport in the Leeuwin Current System
Authors: He Yinghui , Feng Ming , Xie Jieshuo , He Qingyou , Liu Junliang , Xu Jiexin , Chen Zhiwu , Zhang Ying , Cai Shuqun
Published: March 2021

The vertical structure of eddies in the Leeuwin Current system affects the eddy volume, heat, and salt transport, even the ecosystem. However, the understanding of eddy vertical structure and eddy‐induced transport here are still very limited. In this study, satellite observed sea surface heights were combined with decade‐long in situ measurements of Argo floats to study the vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the LC system and their volume, heat, and salt transport. A novel eddy reconstruction method, which considers the influences of both the eddy and background flow, is devised to study the three‐dimensional structure of eddies. Result shows that, in LC system, anticyclonic eddies (AEs) are usually surface‐intensified, with the geostrophic velocity decreasing sharply below the mixed layer, while cyclonic eddies (CEs) are subsurface‐intensified, with a maximum speed at 240 m. The density anomaly core of the average AE (CE) is at a depth of 130 m (650 m) with a density anomaly of −0.51 (0.24) kg/m3. The volume‐integrated eddy kinetic energy and available potential energy of the average CE are much larger than those of the average AE. The average lifespan of CEs is significantly longer than that of AEs, which can be explained by the deeper vertical scale of CEs. The offshore volume transport by eddy drift across the coastal (107°E) section is 9.05 Sv (12.5 Sv). The heat and salt onshore transport by eddy drift across the coastal (107°E) section are, respectively, 10.6 Tw and 143.1 ton/s (17.1 Tw and 241.0 ton/s).
Wintertime Variability of Currents in the Southwestern Taiwan Strait
Authors: Wang Li , Pawlowicz Rich , Wu Xiongbin , Yue Xianchang
Published: March 2021

A 57‐days record of surface currents observed from high‐frequency radars on the Chinese coast, along with wind records, are analyzed to investigate wintertime variability of surface currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait. The M2 tide dominates tidal variability, and the semimajor axes of semidiurnal tidal current ellipses coincide well with bathymetry contours suggesting interactions with a propagating tidal wave. However, phase progressions suggest that this wave undergoes an angular reflection near the Taiwan Bank (TWB). Diurnal currents are less correlated to bathymetry perhaps because many different diurnal tide waves interact here. Surface currents are strongly related to winds at subtidal frequencies. Subtidal along‐strait currents have a correlation of 0.8 with along‐strait winds. However, three different spatial current patterns appear depending on the strength of along‐strait winter monsoon. Downwind currents occur when northeasterly wind is stronger than 10 m s−1. For medium winds, a gradual change in the pattern of currents is observed, including an offshore flow north of the TWB. In low winds conditions, when winds can be either northeasterly or (sometimes) southwesterly, the eastward flow along the northern edge of the TWB increases to 20 cm s−1; elsewhere flow is to the northeast. This forms a counter‐wind current when winds are from the northeast. By investigating the momentum balance, we find that in along‐strait direction wind stress and pressure gradient are important over the TWB, and a geostrophic balance dominates north of bank. In the cross‐strait direction, momentum is dominated by a geostrophic balance over the entire region.
Future Changes in Early Spring Wind Speed and Surface Warming Acceleration in Snow‐Covered Areas
Authors: Nosaka M. , Kawase H. , Murata A. , Sasaki H.
Published: March 2021

We use a convection‐permitting regional climate model to investigate the effect of reduced snow cover on near‐surface wind speeds over complex Japanese terrain under a global warming scenario. At synoptic scales, global warming weakens the winter monsoon, which in turn weakens near‐surface winds around Japan. Reductions in snow cover, which are driven by global warming, drive localized acceleration of rising surface temperatures and prevent the formation of a stable atmospheric boundary layer. Collapse of the stable layer drives an increase in near‐surface wind speed and air temperature. This effect is stronger at low elevations and in basins, but does not occur at high elevations where there is no stable layer under current climate conditions, despite increased ground warming because of reduced snow cover under global warming conditions. A strong, stable, near‐surface atmospheric layer under current climate conditions can therefore influence future changes in wind speed and surface air temperature in snow‐covered areas.
Mid‐ to Late Holocene Contraction of the Intertropical Convergence Zone Over Northeastern South America
Authors: Chiessi C. M. , Mulitza S. , Taniguchi N. K. , Prange M. , Campos M. C. , Häggi C. , Schefuß E. , Pinho T. M. L. , Frederichs T. , Portilho‐Ramos R. C. , Sousa S. H. M. , Crivellari S. , Cruz F. W.
Published: March 2021

Modern precipitation over northeastern (NE) South America is strongly controlled by the seasonal meridional migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Ample evidence from the Northern Hemisphere suggests a mid‐ to late Holocene southward migration of the ITCZ. Such a shift would be expected to increase precipitation over semi‐arid northern NE Brazil (Southern Hemisphere). However, the most robust precipitation record from northern NE Brazil shows a drying trend throughout the Holocene. Here, we address this issue presenting a high‐temporal resolution reconstruction of precipitation over northern NE Brazil based on data from a marine sediment core, together with analyses of mid‐ and late Holocene simulations performed with the fully coupled climate model FGOALS‐s2. Both, our data and the climate model simulations show a decrease in precipitation over northern NE Brazil from the mid‐ to the late Holocene. The model outputs further indicate a latitudinal contraction of the seasonal migration range of the ITCZ that, together with an intensification of the regional Walker circulation, were responsible for the mid‐ to late Holocene changes in precipitation over NE South America. Our results reconcile apparently conflicting precipitation records and climate mechanisms used to explain changes in precipitation over NE South America.
Evaluation of Data Needs for Assessments of Aquifers Supporting Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: Bohling G. C. , Butler J. J. , Whittemore D. O. , Wilson B. B.
Published: March 2021

One of the primary means of addressing the depletion of aquifers supporting irrigated agriculture is to reduce pumping. In this work, we address the key question of how much data is needed to reliably predict the impact of pumping reductions. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a simple water balance‐based approach for predicting the near‐term impact of changes in total pumping on changes in average water levels for areas ranging in size from 256 to 21,600 km2 in the High Plains aquifer (HPA) in the state of Kansas in the central U.S. This method shows considerable promise as a management tool in the Kansas HPA and potentially other highly stressed aquifers. However, one characteristic that sets the Kansas HPA apart from many other aquifers is an abundance of data on both water levels, from a decades‐old annual water level measurement program, and annual pumping volumes, due to reporting requirements and regulatory oversight. Most regions will have considerably less information. This study investigates the impact of more limited data availability through random subsampling of the water level and water use data sets from Groundwater Management District 4 (GMD4) in northwest Kansas and GMD5 in south‐central Kansas. The results indicate that accurate estimates of net inflow and specific yield, the key parameters needed to predict near‐term aquifer responses to proposed pumping reductions, can be obtained with much sparser water level and water use data than are available in the Kansas HPA, as long as the data are not systematically biased.
Observing a Gal�pagos Volcano from Buildup to Eruption
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: March 2021

Insights from a 13-year monitoring program of Sierra Negra—one of the many volcanoes that dot the Gal�pagos Islands—shed light on the volcanic evolution of basaltic eruption.
A Global Monitoring System Could Change the Future of Climatology
Authors: Sidik Saima
Published: March 2021

Researchers hope that a network of highly consistent climate-observing sites will resolve long-standing issues with climatological data.
Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Western Indian Ocean as a Trigger for Atlantic Niño Events
Authors: Liao Huaxia , Wang Chunzai
Published: March 2021

Pacific El Niño and Atlantic Niño events represent prominent interannual climate fluctuations in tropical regions. Both of them have considerable impacts on the climate system and human livelihoods. The interaction between the Pacific El Niño and Atlantic Niño has received wide attention. Here, we use observations and numerical model experiments to show a new trigger from the western Indian Ocean (WIO) that can serve as a predictor for Atlantic Niño events. The warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the WIO alter the Walker circulation in the boreal winter, weaken the surface trade winds over the tropical Atlantic and favor an Atlantic Niño in the subsequent summer. These inter‐basin processes also affect the interaction between the Pacific El Niño and Atlantic Niño. The results imply that a better simulation of the WIO SST and its teleconnection may help to forecast Atlantic Niño events.
The Long‐Term Cooling Trend in East Antarctic Plateau Over the Past 2000 Years Is Only Robust Between 550 and 1550 CE
Authors: An Chunlei , Hou Shugui , Jiang Su , Li Yuansheng , Ma Tianming , Curran Mark A. J. , Pang Hongxi , Zhang Zhaoru , Zhang Wangbin , Yu Jinhai , Liu Ke , Shi Guitao , Ma Hongmei , Sun Bo
Published: March 2021

The uncertainties in Antarctic climate reconstructions due to scarcity of proxy records have restricted the understanding of mechanisms of climate change, and further hindered the improvement of climate models. Here, we provide a new climate record derived from water stable isotopes in a Dome A, East Antarctica ice core. Together with six other ice core records, the Dome A record is used to investigate temperature changes in East Antarctic Plateau (EAP) during period 1–1900 CE. Our results show that, a previously reported long‐term cooling trend in EAP during the recent (pre‐1900 CE) 1900 years is only robust between 550 and 1550 CE. A combination of solar and volcanic forcing may have induced the EAP centennial‐scale cold events, and further caused the long‐term cooling trend from 550 to 1550 CE with a small contribution from orbital forcing.
Photoionization Loss of Mercury's Sodium Exosphere: Seasonal Observations by MESSENGER and the THEMIS Telescope
Authors: Jasinski Jamie M. , Cassidy Timothy A. , Raines Jim M. , Milillo Anna , Regoli Leonardo H. , Dewey Ryan , Slavin James A. , Mangano Valeria , Murphy Neil
Published: March 2021

We present the first investigation and quantification of the photoionization loss process to Mercury's sodium exosphere from spacecraft and ground‐based observations. We analyze plasma and neutral sodium measurements from NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft and the THEMIS telescope. We find that the sodium ion (Na+) content and therefore the significance of photoionization varies with Mercury's orbit around the Sun (i.e., true anomaly angle: TAA). Na+ production is affected by the neutral sodium solar‐radiation acceleration loss process. More Na+ was measured on the inbound leg of Mercury's orbit at 180°–360° TAA because less neutral sodium is lost downtail from radiation acceleration. Calculations using results from observations show that the photoionization loss process removes ∼1024 atoms/s from the sodium exosphere (maxima of 4 × 1024 atoms/s), showing that modeling efforts underestimate this loss process. This is an important result as it shows that photoionization is a significant loss process and larger than loss from radiation acceleration.
Analyzing the Thermodynamic Phase Partitioning of Mixed Phase Clouds Over the Southern Ocean Using Passive Satellite Observations
Authors: Coopman Q. , Hoose C. , Stengel M.
Published: March 2021

The thermodynamic phase transition of clouds is still not well understood, therefore, the partitioning of ice and liquid in mixed phase clouds is often misrepresented in numerical models. We use 12 years of cloud observations from the geostationary Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager over the Southern Ocean to detect clouds which contain both liquid and ice pixels at their tops and we retrieve microphysical and radiative properties in each cloud object. The results show that large cloud droplet effective radius coincides with high ice fraction and high ice optical thickness for cloud top temperatures higher than −8 °C. We also found that the density of ice pixel clusters increases with the cloud ice fraction, for ice fraction lower than 0.5, suggesting a multiplication of ice pockets in line with previous studies, particularly efficient for clouds with high perimeter fractal dimension.
Double anchor indolo[3,2-b]indole-derived metal-free dyes with extra electron donors as efficient sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Ruamyart Chanyathorn , Chasing Pongsakorn , Sudyoadsuk Taweesak , Promarak Vinich , Ruangsupapichat Nopporn
Published: March 2021

New di-acceptors organic dye with extra electron donors shows an enhanced PCE of 7.86% comparing to parent one.
Transformation of Co3O4nanoparticles to CoO monitored byin situTEM and predicted ferromagnetism at the Co3O4/CoO interface from first principles
Authors: Chen Xiaodan , van Gog Heleen , van Huis Marijn A.
Published: March 2021

The heating-induced transformation of Co3O4nanoparticles to CoO at 350–400 °C was monitored in nanoscale detail byin situTEM; DFT calculations predict a considerable net ferromagnetic moment originating from the Co3O4/CoO interface.
Ruthenium(ii) complexes as bioorthogonal two-photon photosensitizers for tumour-specific photodynamic therapy against triple-negative breast cancer cells
Authors: Lin Mingwei , Zou Shanshan , Liao Xinxing , Chen Yu , Luo Diqing , Ji Liangnian , Chao Hui
Published: March 2021

We developed the first Ru(ii) complex-based bioorthogonal two-photon photosensitizers. Through bioorthogonal labelling, they realize effective tumour-specific photodynamic therapy against triple-negative breast cancer cells.
Umpolung coupling of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes and propargylic carbonates via N-heterocyclic carbene/palladium synergetic catalysis
Authors: Bi Weiyang , Yang Yunhui , Ye Song , Wang Congyang
Published: March 2021

The umpolung cross-coupling reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes and propargylic carbonates has been developed for the first time through N-heterocyclic carbene/palladium cooperative catalysis, giving the propargylic ketones regioselectively.
Transport of charge carriers and optoelectronic applications of highly ordered metal phthalocyanine heterojunction thin films
Authors: Qian Chuan , Sun Jia , Gao Yongli
Published: March 2021

A review on transport of charge carriers of highly ordered metal phthalocyanine heterojunction thin films fabricated by the weak epitaxy growth method, including various characterization techniques and optoelectronic applications is presented.
π-Conjugated stannole copolymers synthesised by a tin-selective Stille cross-coupling reaction
Authors: Ramirez y Medina Isabel-Maria , Rohdenburg Markus , Rusch Pascal , Duvinage Daniel , Bigall Nadja C. , Staubitz Anne
Published: March 2021

The synthesis of four well-defined conjugated polymers TStTT1–4 containing unusual heterocycle units in the main chain, namely stannole units as building blocks, is reported.
Flexible core–shell CsxWO3-based films with high UV/NIR filtration efficiency and stability
Authors: Wang Yang , Yan Zhendong , Zhang Mengfei , Zhang Zheng , Li Ting , Chen Mingqing , Dong Weifu
Published: March 2021

A core–shell CWO@PDA with high NIR shielding performance and stability was prepared. The CWO@PDA-based films show strong selective NIR/UV shielding function for protecting human beings and energy-saving.
Catalytic synergy of Au@CeO2–rGO nanohybrids for the reductive transformation of antibiotics and dyes
Authors: Mishra Kanchan , Pradhan Samjhana , Akhtar Muhammad Saeed , Yang Won-Guen , Kim Sung Hong , Lee Yong Rok
Published: March 2021

Changes in morphology of Au@CeO2–rGO nanohybrids demonstrated synergistic effects of the ternary components for reductive transformation of antibiotics and dyes.
Two cyanopyridinone-capped 9,9′-bifluorenylidene derivatives as non-fullerene acceptors for organic photovoltaic cells
Authors: Wei Chengjin , Zhang Tong , Zhao Yuling , Zhou Yang , Hailin Ma , Yu Tianzhi
Published: March 2021

Two non-fullerene receptors (A1 and A2) were successfully synthesized for organic photovoltaic cells.
Fluorescence imaging of surface-versatile latent fingerprints at the second and third level using double ESIPT-based AIE fluorophore
Authors: Ahmad Manzoor , Kumar Gulshan , Luxami Vijay , Kaur Satwinderjeet , Singh Prabhpreet , Kumar Subodh
Published: March 2021

The nano-aggregates ofHPBIon both porous and non-porous surfaces provide fluorescent latent fingerprints with resolution up to the third level, which could be relocated on the tape.
Generation of multi-dimensional defect structures for synergetic engineering of hole and phonon transport: enhanced thermoelectric performance in Sb and Cu co-doped GeTe
Authors: Kim Hyunho , Park Chul Oh , Jeong Hyerin , Kihoi Samuel Kimani , Yi Seonghoon , Kim Hyun-Sik , Lee Kyu Hyoung , Lee Ho Seong
Published: March 2021

The thermoelectric performance of GeTe can be enhanced by Sb/Cu codoping due to the generation of complex defect structures.
In situ growth of polyimide nanoarrays on conductive carbon supports for high-rate charge storage and long-lived metal-free cathodes
Authors: Zhang Qing , He Yi , Lin Guanyu , Ma Xiaolan , Xiao Zongying , Shi Dean , Yang Yingkui
Published: March 2021

Polyimide nanoarrays on conductive carbon supports with high-rate charge storage arising from high-speed electron transport, abundant porous channels and highly exposed redox-active sites.
Charge carrier dynamics investigation of Cu2S–In2S3 heterostructures for the conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia via photo-electrocatalytic reduction
Authors: Bi Ke , Wang Yue , Zhao Da-Ming , Wang Jia-Zhi , Bao Di , Shi Miao-Miao
Published: March 2021

Firstly, self-established photo-CELIV devices is used to performance quantitatively in operando. Secondly, we developed a catalyst for an efficient PEC-NRR possessing sufficient carriers that a reasonable recombination lifetime in the PEC process.
Modulation of Cu and Rh single-atoms and nanoparticles for high-performance hydrogen evolution activity in acidic media
Authors: Sultan Siraj , Diorizky Muhammad Hanif , Ha Miran , Tiwari Jitendra N. , Choi Hansaem , Dang Ngoc Kim , Thangavel Pandiarajan , Lee Jong Hoon , Jeong Hu Young , Shin Hyeon Suk , Kwon Youngkook , Kim Kwang S.
Published: March 2021

This article reports the synthesis of bimetallic Cu/Rh single atoms and Cu2Rh nanoparticles on N-doped graphene (Cu/Rh(SAs) + Cu2Rh(NPs)/GN) for efficient and durable hydrogen fuel production from acidic water.
Crystalline ruthenium polypyridine nanoparticles: a targeted treatment of bacterial infection with multifunctional antibacterial, adhesion and surface-anchoring photosensitizer properties
Authors: Yin Chenyang , Wang Zekun , Ding Xiaoyuan , Chen Xiaoqing , Wang Jingyuan , Yang Endong , Wang Weiyun , Martin Lisandra L , Sun Dongdong
Published: March 2021

Sph-Ru-MMT@PZ adheres to cell surfaces via sticky montmorillonite. Irradiation therapy generates reactive oxygen species that lyse E. coli, emitting an intense red fluorescence giving rapid feedback on the efficacy of antibacterial treatments.
High-efficiency solution-processed light-emitting diode based on a phosphorescent Ag3Cu5 cluster complex
Authors: Jiao Zhu , Yang Ming , Wang Jin-Yun , Huang Ya-Zi , Xie Pei , Chen Zhong-Ning
Published: March 2021

The 2,6-pyridyl diphosphine protective Ag3Cu5 cluster complex with remarkable Cu–Ag and Cu–Cu interactions shows bright yellow phosphorescence under ambient conditions to achieve high-efficiency solution-processed OLED with an EQE of 14.7%.
Terbium(iii) bis-phthalocyaninato single-molecule magnet encapsulated in a single-walled carbon nanotube
Authors: Katoh Keiichi , Sato Junya , Nakanishi Ryo , Ara Ferdous , Komeda Tadahiro , Kuwahara Yuki , Saito Takeshi , Breedlove Brian K. , Yamashita Masahiro
Published: March 2021

TbPc2SMMs were encapsulated in the internal nano space of SWCNTs for the first time. From the STM/STS, it was determined that there were electronic interactions between the TbPc2and SWCNTs in TbPc2@SWCNT.
Knowledge map visualization of technology hotspots and development trends in China’s textile manufacturing industry
Authors: Huang Ruihang , Yan Ping , Yang Xiaoming
Published: March 2021

The knowledge map and visualization on the technological hotspots and the developmental trends of China’s textile manufacturing industry is investigated to understand the developmental frontiers of the textile manufacturing industry technology. This work contributes to the knowledge of research and development trends of the textile manufacturing and apparel industry in a macroscopic way. The Web of Science database and the core set of the Web of Science was explored and 2852 articles in the related fields are identified from 2010 to 2019. The scientific knowledge map of the textile manufacturing technology industry is explored using CiteSpace software. For the last decade, the developmental status, research hotspots and developmental trends of the textile manufacturing and apparel industry are analysed and summarised from the perspectives of key words, hot trends and core authors. The outcomes obtained reveal that in the past 10 years, through the analysis of the technical literature of the textile manufacturing industry, different perspectives were explored where the textile manufacturing industry develops from the initial textile manufacturing treatment. The decolourisation and removal of azo dyes and other traditional textile manufacturing to the composite materials, cotton fabrics leads to the improvement of textile manufacturing wastewater treatment. Currently, the textile manufacturing industry technology has gradually developed towards an intelligent knowledge visualization and decision support. Therefore, this work suggests the developmental directions of textile manufacturing from traditional to intelligent trends, further providing a reference for the later developmental trend and the dynamic planning of China’s textile manufacturing industry technology.