bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing population exposure for landslide risk analysis using dasymetric cartography
Authors: Garcia Ricardo A. C. , Oliveira Sérgio C. , Zêzere José L.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Assessing how many people are exposed and where are they located is a crucial step in landslide risk management and emergency planning. Frequently the available population statistical data have no sufficient detail to an accurate assessment of the potential exposed people to a hazardous phenomenon, mainly if it occurs at the local scale, like landslides. The present study aims to apply the dasymetric cartography technic to improve population spatial resolution and to assess potential exposed population. An additionally objective is to compare the obtained results with a more common approach that uses basic census units in its better spatial resolution (BCU) as spatial units. Considering the Portuguese census data and a layer of residential building limits, whose area was used as ancillary information, the number of exposed inhabitants significantly differs between two approaches. Using BCU approach and considering the three highest landslide susceptible classes, people inhabitants are overestimated in 132 % (2539 inhabitants). Despite the associated uncertainties in a general cost-benefit analysis the presented methodology seems to be a reliable approach as first approximation to a more detailed estimation of exposed people. The approach based on dasymetric cartography allows an increasing of the spatial resolution of population over large areas and enable the use of detailed landslide susceptibility maps and thus improving the population assessment.
Benefits of assimilating thin sea-ice thickness from SMOS-Ice into the TOPAZ system
Authors: Xie Jiping , Counillon Francois , Bertino Laurent , Tian-Kunze Xiangshan , Kaleschke Lars
Published: June 2016

Abstract. An observation product for thin sea ice thickness (SMOS-Ice) is derived from the brightness temperature data of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Mission, and available in real-time at daily frequency during the winter season. In this study, we investigate the benefit of assimilating SMOS-Ice into the TOPAZ system. TOPAZ is a coupled ocean-sea ice forecast system that assimilates SST, altimetry data, temperature and salinity profiles, ice concentration, and ice drift with the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). The conditions for assimilation of sea ice thickness thinner than 0.4 m are favorable, as observations are reliable below this threshold and their probability distribution is comparable to that of the model. Two paralleled runs of TOPAZ have been performed respectively in March and November 2014, with assimilation of thin sea ice thickness (thinner than 0.4 m) in addition to the standard ice and ocean observational data sets. It is found that the RMSD of thin sea-ice thickness is reduced by 11 % in March and 22 % in November suggesting that SMOS-Ice has a larger impact during the beginning of freezing season. There is a slight improvement of the ice concentration and no degradation of the ocean variables. The Degrees of Freedom for Signal (DFS) indicate that the SMOS-Ice contents important information (> 20 % of the impact of all observations) for some areas in the Arctic. The areas of largest impact are the Kara Sea, the Canadian archipelago, the Baffin Bay, the Beaufort Sea and the Greenland Sea. This study suggests that SMOS-Ice is a good complementary data set that can be safely included in the TOPAZ system as it improves the ice thickness and the ice concentration but does not degrade other quantities. Keywords: SMOS-Ice; EnKF; OSE; thin sea-ice thickness; DFS;
Sailing the Waves on Our Own: Climate Change Migration, Self-Determination and the Carteret Islands
Authors: Pascoe Sophie
Published: June 2016

Climate change poses a significant threat to island communities’ right to self-determination and forces us to consider how this right can be upheld when people are displaced by climate change. The relocation of communities from the Carteret Islands illustrates the complexities surrounding the right to self-determination in cases of climate-induced migration. This article highlights some of the difficulties that the Carteret Islanders face in achieving self-determination, including land accessibility, environmental and cultural differences with the host community, governance and funding. As the right to self-determination is foundational for other human rights, it is important to consider how island communities can pursue their political, economic, social and cultural development when relocating because of climate change.
INTERSECÇÃO ENTRE OS CAMPOS DO SABER: TOPONÍMIA, GEOGRAFIA E GEOGRAFIA LINGUÍSTICA
Authors: Chierotti dos Santos ANANIAS Anna Carolina , ZAMARIANO Márcia
Published: June 2016

O método empregado na Toponímia é o da investigação do pormenor tópico-nominal recolhido no registro de cartas geográficas (base documental) ou como variação, no exame do espaço ou do objeto, pelo próprio pesquisador (trabalho de campo). Em geral, a Toponímia é pensada de modo específico sobre sua natureza interdisciplinar, uma vez que essa disciplina se completa com a busca de informações nos campos temáticos de outras disciplinas. Este trabalho tem por objetivos discutir a questão dos princípios teóricos da Toponímia, da Geografia – ciência que tem como objeto principal de estudo o espaço geográfico que corresponde ao campo das realizações humanas, e da Geografia Linguística – que apresenta, em atlas linguísticos, o levantamento cartográfico das características dialetais, tiradas da língua oral.
ESAS OTRAS MUJERES: LAS BRUJAS EN LA LITERATURA INFANTIL
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ HERRERO Beatriz
Published: June 2016

Las brujas son, seguramente, los personajes femeninos que con más frecuencia aparecen en los cuentos infantiles de todas las épocas. La etimología de la palabra inglesa witch parece provenir del término egipcio baq, que significa poder femenino, mujer conocedora de su poder, y en definitiva, mujer empoderada. ”. En este trabajo se realiza un recorrido que comienza con el origen de las brujas en las mitologías clásicas, para luego pasar a analizarlas como personajes literarios y más concretamente, como protagonistas de la literatura infantil, analizando cómo el arquetipo que representan ha ido modificándose, desde los cuentos tradicionales, en los que representaban la personificación femenina del mal, hasta los contemporáneos, en los que su maldad se ha diluido y su papel es el de compañeras divertidas de las niñas y niños lectores.
LITERATURA COMPARADA: OS DESDOBRAMENTOS DA TEMÁTICA POLICIAL NAS NARRATIVAS JUVENIS BRASILEIRA E PORTUGUESA
Authors: FAJARDO Andressa
Published: June 2016

A narrativa juvenil brasileira das últimas décadas, constituindo um subsistema diferenciado do infantil, tem mostrado diferentes facetas temáticas e formais, inclusive com a revitalização de gêneros literários, como o romance policial, contribuindo para aproximar jovens leitores dessa produção. A partir dessa perspectiva, este trabalho destina-se a analisar, com respaldo nos estudos comparativos, os possíveis pontos de contato entre a literatura juvenil contemporânea brasileira e a sua vertente portuguesa, as quais se apropriam de elementos típicos da narrativa policial. Além disso, a escolha do tema deu-se pela tentativa de estabelecer não apenas, uma relação interliterária entre as produções de ambos os países, mas também observar aquilo que transcende o elemento literário, ao incluir motivações de caráter cultural e social, a partir do cotejamento entre as narrativas juvenis contemporâneas brasileiras e portuguesas, que servirão como corpus de análise.
A LINGUAGEM EM BLOGS DE PROFESSORES DE LÍNGUA INGLESA SOB O OLHAR SISTÊMICO-FUNCIONAL
Authors: FURRER Estela Seraglio
Published: June 2016

Este estudo tem por objetivo discutir, na perspectiva teórica Sistêmico Funcional de Halliday (1994), Halliday e Matthiessen (2004), a linguagem dos blogs de professores de Língua Inglesa, tomando como corpus o texto, isto é, o discurso escrito como realizações semânticas de falantes/escritores e seus interlocutores. Com foco na metafunção ideacional, analisamos as realizações semânticas articuladas às representações dos processos: material, mental e experiencial (HALLIDAY, 1994). Nesse sentido, o texto/discurso dos blogs constitui-se das possibilidades semânticas que significam os propósitos de uma unidade sistêmica em que o funcionamento da linguagem leva um texto/discurso “a significar aquilo que significa”. Ou seja, há, nos blogs, uma dinâmica peculiar que se dá/está no texto/discurso escrito como modo de significação. Os dados revelaram que as realizações semânticas dos participantes representam significados de suas experiências em relação ao ensino de Inglês e à inserção da tecnologia em sala de aula.
Examination of Affordable Housing Policies in India
Authors: Sarkar Anindo , Dhavalikar Udayan , Agrawal Vikram , Morris Sebastian
Published: June 2016

In this paper we critique the Government of India’s programmes for affordable housing in India, namely the Rajiv Awas Yojana and Housing for All 2022. We analyse the efficacy of these policies in being able to provide the sections of the population who are unable to avail housing from the formal market, both through direct support and most importantly in addressing the many distortions that have made the housing unnecessarily expensive, while taking away much of the value to consumers. We argue that while these programmes and policies are a major advancement over the previous approaches, they do not fully exploit the potential that is there in an increased FSI, appropriate exploitation of locational value, judicious use of government land, reform of titles and squatter rights, and more efficient land use regulations. They are also constrained by an inability to distinguish between what the markets can be coaxed to deliver and where state intervention becomes necessary.
Testing The Moderating Effect of the Strategy on the Relationship between Human Resources Management and Performance: A Subgroup Analysis. The Case of Tunisia
Authors: JERY Hamid , SOUAÏ Saloua
Published: June 2016

In a fast movement environment where organizations are struggling to survive and succeed in the market, the focus is increasingly placed on resources that can provide a sustainable competitive advantage. Wright, McMahan and McWilliams (1994), like other researchers have realized that human resources can generate this advantage since they are rare, difficult to substitute and imperfectly imitable. The more human resources are exploited and the more they get enriched and provide added value to the organization through creativity and innovation.

We note that the prerequisite for the added value creation is individual motivation and competence at work. Thus, it is assumed that the development of human resources management enables to meet the competitiveness challenge. Human resources managers have to enhance staff motivation and to ensure continuous knowledge improvement.

In this research, we try to explain the link between the human resource management practices and performance through the contingency approach. To do this, we opt for the subgroup analysis as a methodological framework. Our results lead to recognize that the interaction effect between certain human resource management practices and innovation level can provide an explanation as to changes in the level of performance of the Tunisian industrial firms.
The Role of Strategic Management on Exporting Performance: A Case Study of Iranian Firms
Authors: Doroudi Homa , Gharakhanlou Maryam
Published: June 2016

The current study investigates the strategy implementation of Iranian export performance, in Februy, 2015. It was conducted among 150 managers of Iranian exporting firms in order to find any significant relationship between strategy management and success in exporting performance. The methodological approach adopted for this study is Structural Equational Model (SEM) approach. It was processed in two sections (Pilot and Main study).The salient instrument of the study was questionnaire. The data were coded in SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science, Version 22) and Lisrel (Version 8.8) Software. Three types of analyses were conducted to identify any significant relationship between them. The results revealed that there are significant relationship in most of strategies and exporting performance.
Juridiske rammevilkår for etablering av helseregistre og utlevering av data i forbindelse med forskning
Authors: Myklebust Ingunn
Published: June 2016

Før et forskningsprosjekt kan settes i gang, må forskere forholde seg til en rekke omfattende søknadsprosedyrer. I denne artikkelen belyses forhold som er spesielt aktuelle for forskere, slik som muligheter og begrensninger for innhenting av data til forskning og tilgjengelighet av data fra sentrale helseregistre. Som bakgrunn benyttes helseregisterloven og tilhørende forskrifter for de sentrale helseregistrene. Regler om dispensasjon fra taushetsplikt blir også nærmere belyst.English SummaryBefore a research project can be initiated, researchers must relate to a series of comprehensive procedures for making an application. In this article, the conditions that are particularly relevant for researchers, such as the possibilities and restrictions for collecting data for research purposes, and for obtaining access to data from central health registers, are discussed. The Personal Health Data Filing System Act and related regulations are used as background for the discussion. The regulations relating to exemption from the duty of confidentiality are also discussed.
En biobanklov til besvær?
Authors: Forus Anne
Published: June 2016

Biobankloven som trådte i kraft 1. juli 2003 regulerer innsamling, oppbevaring, anvendelse og destruksjon av alt humant biologisk materiale som samles inn i forbindelse med diagnostikk, behandling eller forskning. Loven har gjort forskere over hele landet frustrerte. I det følgende belyses sider ved biobankloven som er spesielt relevante for medisinsk forskning, som melderutiner, samtykkebestemmelser og overføring av biologisk materiale til utlandet. Artikkelen inneholder også tips som kan være til hjelp for forskere som skal samle inn materiale til en ny forskningsbiobank.English summaryThe Norwegian Act on Biobanks entered into force on July 1st 2003. The act applies to collection, storage, use and destruction of human biological materials, whether obtained for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, or for biomedical research. The act has caused some frustrations among researchers. This article focuses on aspects of specific relevance for biomedical research, and describes the routines for obtaining informed consent, ethical evaluation and registration of biobanks, and export of biobank material to other countries. A piece of advice to researchers who plan to establish a biobank for research purposes is presented.
Forespørsler om tilgang til helseopplysninger fra Folkehelseinstituttet
Authors: Langtvedt Nils Jørgen
Published: June 2016

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Nasjonalt register for leddproteser: Til beste for pasienter og det norske helsevesenet
Authors: Lie m.fl Stein Atle
Published: June 2016

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Norsk pasientregister: Administrativ database med mange forskningsmuligheter
Authors: Bakken m.fl Inger Johanne
Published: June 2016

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Long term effects of parental disability:A register based life course follow-up of Norwegians born in 1967-1976
Authors: Kristensen Petter , Bjerkedal Tor , Brevik John Ivar
Published: June 2016

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Miljøgifter og helserisiko
Authors: Knutsen Helle K. , Alexander Jan
Published: June 2016

Miljøgifter har lang halveringstid og akkumulerer i næringskjeden. Spesielt dioksiner, PCB og metylkvikksølv kan komme opp mot nivåer som gir grunn til bekymring. Med unntak av PCB finnes disse miljøgiftene naturlig, men vi har en betydelig menneskeskapt eksponering i tillegg. Dioksiner og dioksinliknende PCB vurderes samlet i toksikologiske risikovurderinger. De er fettløselige og kommer derfor opp i høyest nivåer i fettrike deler av dyr som er høyt oppe i næringskjeden. I norske matvarer er de høyeste nivåene å finne i måseegg, krabbe, fiskelever og fet fisk. Metylkvikksølv er ikke spesielt fettløselig og akkumulerer uavhengig av fettinnhold i for eksempel fiskekjøtt. I Norge er det mest metylkvikksølv å finne i ferskvannsfisk høyt opp i næringskjeden, som for eksempel gjedde, abbor og ørret. Også mer eksotiske saltvannslevende fiskeslag kan ha høyt kvikksølvinnhold. Det er vanskelig å fange opp høy eksponering for miljøgifter gjennom de ordinære kostholdsundersøkelsene, fordi det spises lite av matvarer med høyt miljøgiftinnhold i gjennomsnitt, mens enkeltpersoner kan konsumere mye. Gjennom den omfattende Fisk- og viltundersøkelsen vil miljøgifteksponeringen bli kartlagt bedre. Foreløpige resultater tyder på at for enkelte personer i Norge kan eksponering for metylkvikksølv, dioksiner og dioksinliknende PCB komme opp mot konsentrasjoner der faren for helseskader øker
Rusmiddelbruk i Norge
Authors: Nordlund Sturla
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGAlkohol er, og har alltid vært, det dominerende rusmiddel i Norge, men forbruket har variert enormt gjennomtidene. I løpet av de siste 200 år har det variert med en faktor på ca. 20. Forbruket har imidlertid aldri værtspesielt høyt i internasjonal målestokk. Omtrent 87 prosent av den voksne befolkningen (15 år og over) oppgirat de har drukket alkohol minst en gang i løpet av siste år. Mange drikker imidlertid betydelig hyppigere oghar et høyt forbruk. Det kan anslås at ca. 55 000 nordmenn har et forbruk på mer enn 10 cl ren alkohol pr. dag(dvs. 36,5 liter pr. år). Alkoholforbruket er størst i Oslo og områdene omkring Oslofjorden, samt i Rogaland,Hedmark og Sør-Trøndelag. Menn drikker omtrent to og en halv gang mer enn kvinner. Forbruket øker moten topp rundt 20-års alderen og synker deretter. Cannabisbruk kom inn som et ungdomsfenomen på midten av1960-tallet. Ca. 10 prosent av ungdommen mellom 15 og 20 år sier de har prøvd cannabis en eller annengang, mens det tilsvarende tallet for Oslo er nesten dobbelt så høyt. Ca. 11 prosent av den voksnebefolkningen har noen gang prøvd cannabis, mens under 4 prosent har brukt det i løpet av siste 12 måneder.Nordlund S. The use of alcohol and other drugs in Norway. Nor J Epidemiol 1996; 6 (1): 3-12. ENGLISH SUMMARYAlcohol is, and has always been, the dominant intoxicant in Norway. However, the extent of use has variedenormously over the years, with amounts varying by a factor of about 20 during the last 200 years. Alcoholuse has never been especially high by international comparison. About 87 per cent of the population aged 15and over report having consumed alcohol at least once during the past year, but many Norwegians drink muchmore frequently and have a high level of consumption. It is estimated that about 55 000 Norwegians consumeon the average more than 10 cl of pure alcohol per day (36.5 litres per year). The consumption levels areabove average in the Oslofjord area and in the counties of Rogaland, Hedmark and Sør-Trøndelag. Men drinkabout two-and-a-half times more than women. Consumption reaches a maximum around age 20, anddecreases thereafter. The use of cannabis started as a youth phenomenon in the mid-sixties. About 10 per centof Norwegian youth between 15 and 20 years of age have ever used cannabis, while the figure for Oslo isnearly 20 per cent. About 11 per cent of the adult population have ever used cannabis, while less than 4 percent have used it during the last 12 months.
Tenåringsdrikking i utviklingspsykologisk perspektiv
Authors: Pape Hilde
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGHvorfor er alkohol så populært blant unge mennesker? Dette viktige spørsmålet har vært gjenstand for fåempiriske studier. Forskningsbasert kunnskap om alkoholens positive sider og forsterkende egenskaper erderfor av begrenset omfang. Derimot har tallrike undersøkelser fokusert på ulike skadevirkninger som følgeav tenåringsdrikking. Resultatene av denne forskningen har bidratt til å understreke behovet for en aktivrusforebyggende innsats. Innsikt i alkoholens opplevde goder er imidlertid nødvendig for å kunne utvikleeffektive forebyggingsstrategier. På denne bakgrunn er søkelyset i artikkelen rettet mot psykososiale funksjonerved unge menneskers drikkevaner. Spørsmål knyttet til gruppepress og modell-læring vil også bli berørt.Hensikten er å formidle sentrale funn fra nyere forskning på feltet. Oppsummeringsvis tyder resultatene på atalkohol har en særlig appell til ungdom som er veltilpassede og sosialt anlagte. Samtidig ser det ut til atdrikking kan bidra til å fremme utviklingsprosessen i ungdomstida, men at det primært handler om indirekteeffekter. Hvilke implikasjoner de ulike funnene har mht. forebygging, er skissert i avslutningsdelen.Pape H. Teenage alcohol use from the perspective of psychological development.Nor J EpidemiolEWhy is alcohol so popular among young people? So far, few studies have addressed this important question.The body of scientific research on the positive and reinforcing aspects of drinking is accordingly of limitedextent. Numerous studies have focused on the harmful effects of teenage alcohol use and the findings clearlyunderscore the importance of primary prevention. Knowledge about the perceived advantages of alcohol useis needed to develop effective preventive programs, however. On this background, the article focuses onpsychosocial functions of youthful drinking. Findings from recent research regarding the link between alcoholuse and various indicators of adolescent adjustment are reviewed. In conclusion, empirical evidence indicatesthat alcohol has a special appeal to well-adjusted adolescents. Indirectly, drinking may also promotesociability and psychological development in young people. The article also discusses the importance of peerpressure and social modelling. Finally, some implications for preventive efforts are outlined.NGLISH SUMMARY1996; 6 (1): 85-90.
Alcohol and trauma: The impact of acute and chronic alcohol abuse on injury severity and death in a trauma population
Authors: Nilssen Odd
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTStudy objectives  Design  Setting  Participants  Main results  Conclusion  Key words  Abbreviations  : AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale); BAL (blood alcohol level); GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase); GGT(gamma-glutamyltransferase); HMC (Harborview Medical Centre); ISS (Injury Severity Score); MCV (mean corpuscularvolume); MV-occupants (motor vehicle occupants); SMAST (Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test); WAM(weighed alcohol markers).: alcohol markers; biological; injury severity; lethality; screening tests; trauma: This study indicates that acute and chronic alcohol use, at least for some types of injury, hascontrasting effects on injury severity and mortality in men and women hospitalized for trauma. Futurestudies on alcohol and trauma should recognize this, and present sex-specific analyses.: The effect of alcohol use on injury severity and mortality was different between genders.Increasing use of alcohol in men showed a "protective" effect, while the opposite effect was observed inwomen. With the exception of injury severity in motor vehicle occupants and motorcyclists, the "protective"effect of alcohol was found for all types of trauma in men, whereas increasing alcohol use in womenwas associated with an increase in injury severity and mortality for penetrating injuries and for motorvehicle occupants and motorcyclists. Women with blunt injuries, however, showed the same "protective"effect from alcohol as observed in men. No differences was found between acute and chronic alcohol usewith respect to trauma morbidity and mortality.: 2195 men and 664 women 18 years or older, admitted with blunt or penetrating trauma.: Regional Level 1 trauma center in Seattle, Washington, USA.: A prospective cohort study.: To explore possible impact of acute and chronic alcohol abuse on injury severity andmortality in male and female trauma patients.
Utslåtte kvinner og oppegående menn – Rusmisbrukere i behandling
Authors: Vandeskog Abbi , Skutle Arvid
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGDenne undersøkelsen fokuserer på kjønnsforskjeller blant mannlige og kvinnelige misbrukere med hensyntil sosiodemografi, behandlingshistorie og rusmiddelmisbruk. 149 klienter (51 kvinner) ble rekruttert fra enbehandlingsinstitusjon. Flere kvinner enn menn er uten arbeid, og lever på ulike former for sosial støtte.Relativt sett få kvinner har mottatt behandling for sitt rusproblem tidligere, inkludert avrusning. De harkortere misbrukskarrierer før de kommer til behandling, og drikker mindre alkohol enn menn. Imidlertid erflere av dem blandingsmisbrukere, hyppigst kombineres alkohol og benzodiazepiner.Vandeskog A, Skutle A. Gender differences among substance abusers in treatment.Nor J Epidemiol  ENGLISH SUMMARYThe present study focuses on gender differences regarding sociodemography, treatment history, andalcohol and drug use among male and female abusers. One hundred and forty-nine subjects (51 women)were recruited from a clinical setting. More women than men are unemployed and living on different formsof social benefits. Relatively few women have been in treatment earlier, including detoxification units.They have shorter abuse careers before entering treatment, and consume less alcohol than men. Morewomen are multiple substance abusers, most frequently combining alcohol and benzodiazepines.1996; 6 (1): 115-122.
Anders Forsdahls forskning fra epidemiologisk synspunkt
Authors: Westlund Knut
Published: June 2016

I forbindelse med Anders Forsdahls 60-års dag i 1990 ble det laget et eget festskrift (ISM skriftserie nr. 15,Institutt for samfunnsmedisin, Universitetet i Tromsø). Norsk Epidemiologi har fått tillatelse fra redaktørav ISM skriftserie (Anders Forsdahl (!)) og fra forfatter Knut Westlund til å trykke denne artikkelen.
Inverse Kinematics and Model Calibration Optimization of a Five-D.O.F. Robot for Repairing the Surface Profiles of Hydraulic Turbine Blades
Authors: Motta Jose Mauricio S.T. , Llanos-Quintero Carlos Humberto , Coral Sampaio Renato
Published: June 2016

This paper presents and discusses the results of an ongoing R&D project aiming to design and build a fully automated prototype of a specialized spherical robotic welding system for repairing hydraulic turbine surfaces eroded by cavitation pitting and/or cracks produced by cyclic loading. The system has an embedded vision sensor built to acquire range images by laser scanning over the blade's surface and produce 3D models to locate the damaged spots to be registered in a 3D coordinate system into the robot controller, enabling the robot to repair the flaws automatically by welding in layers. The paper is focused on the robot kinematic model and describes an iterative algorithm to process the inverse kinematics with only five degrees-of-freedom. The algorithm makes use of data collected from a vision sensor to ensure that the welding gun axis is perpendicular to the blade's surface. Besides this, it proposes a modelling and optimization mathematical routine for more efficient robot calibration, which can be used with any type of robot. This robot calibration optimization scheme finds the optimal error parameter vector based on the condition number of the manipulator transformation composed from the partial derivatives of the error parameters. Experimental results proved both the iterative algorithm to perform the inverse kinematics and the technique to optimize robot calibration to be very efficient.
Experimental Investigation of the Spiral Structure of a Magnetic Capsule Endoscope
Authors: Yang Wanan , Li Zhen , He Yong , Dai Houde , Wu Zhouxing
Published: June 2016

Fitting a wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) with a navigation feature can maximize its functional benefits. The rotation of a spiral-type capsule can be converted to translational motion. The study investigated how the spiral structure and rotational speed affected the capsule's translation speed. A hand-held instrument, including two permanent magnets, a stepper motor, a controller and a power supplier, were designed to generate rotational magnetic fields. The surfaces of custom-built permanent magnet rings magnetized radially were mounted in spiral lines with different lead angles and diameters, acting as mock-up capsules. The experimental results demonstrate that the rotational speed of the magnetic field and the spiral have significant effects on the translational speed of a capsule. The spiral line with a larger lead angle and the rotating magnetic field with a higher speed can change the capsule's rotation into a translational motion more efficiently in the intestine.
Velocity and Motion Control of a Self-Balancing Vehicle Based on a Cascade Control Strategy
Authors: Velazquez Miguel , Cruz David , Garcia Salatiel , Bandala Manuel
Published: June 2016

This paper presents balancing, velocity and motion control of a self-balancing vehicle. A cascade controller is implemented for both balancing control and angular velocity control. This controller is tested in simulations using a proposed mathematical model of the system. Motion control is achieved based on the kinematics of the robot. Control hardware is designed and integrated to implement the proposed controllers. Pitch is kept under 1° from the equilibrium position with no external disturbances. The linear cascade control is able to handle slight changes in the system dynamics, such as in the centre of mass and the slope on an inclined surface.
Eleições autárquicas 2.0: análise das estratégias de comunicação online de candidatos, partidos e movimentos independentes
Authors: Santos Susana Costa , Bicho Carlota Pina
Published: June 2016

The social networks are an indispensable tool for political communication during election campaigns. This article seeks to contribute to the theoretical on whether online campaigns are helping change the paradigm for communication between candidates and voters, or whether on the contrary they are reproducing the styles and formats put forward by the mass media. The study begins by analysing the content of the Facebook pages of political parties and independent movements regarding the September 2013 local elections. The authors then present an exploratory model that seeks to explain the variations in interactivity from one page to another.
Regresso e circulação de emigrantes portugueses no início do século XXI
Authors: Oliveira Isabel Tiago de , Candeias Pedro , Peixoto João , Azevedo Joana , Malheiros Jorge Macaísta
Published: June 2016

This text’s main objective is to assess the importance of the return of Portuguese emigrants in 2001-2011, in the light of the number of people who came back, their sociodemographic profiles, the variations in the countries they came from, and the emergence of new forms of mobility. A more particular goal is to produce a typology of forms of return: some more associated with the traditional view of people emigrating when they are of working age and coming home in the retirement phase of their lives; others that suggest movements of a different type, with earlier returns while the returnee is still working. The authors also look at how an increase in complex mobility patterns can lead to a different pattern of returns. Recent data reveal some of the new mobility formats, including a growing trend towards circulation.
A decisão de emigrar: um estudo a partir da perspetiva da pluralidade disposicional
Authors: Lopes João Teixeira , Silva José Pedro , Ganga Rafaela , Gomes Rui Machado , Magalhães Dulce , Vaz Henrique , Cerdeira Luísa , Silva Sílvia , Peixoto Paulo , Machado Maria De Lourdes , Brites Rui , Patrocínio Tomás , Cabrito Belmiro Gil
Published: June 2016

This paper analyses the Portuguese high-skilled emigration, focusing on the emigration decision-making process. This article aims to understand the dispositions leading to this decision, and the social processes that explain its origin, sedimentation and activation. To this end, and using the theoretical and methodological approach of Bernard Lahire, 53 sociological portraits of skilled Portuguese who emigrated to other European countries are cross-sectional analyzed. This analysis is supplemented by data from a survey previously administered. Thus, we will address how the migratory dispositions are built through the individual biographies, highlighting the heuristic potential of the individual observation scale.
Brillouin optical correlation domain reflectometry with lock-in detection scheme
Authors: Yao Yuguo , Kishi Masato , Hotate Kazuo
Published: June 2016

We propose a Brillouin optical correlation domain reflectometry (BOCDR) technique with a lock-in detection scheme in this paper. By designing a new system using the lock-in detection scheme and amplifying a small spontaneous Brillouin signal with a lock-in amplifier, a Brillouin scattering spectrum with a stable shape is obtained. By further introducing a periodical on/off phase modulation for chopping for lock-in detection, the undesired optical background spectrum is effectively reduced, and a 20 cm section with 7,000 µε strain is clearly measured.
High-average-power water window soft X-rays from an Ar laser plasma
Authors: Amano Sho
Published: June 2016

A high average power of 140 mW and high conversion efficiency of 14% were demonstrated in “water window” soft X-rays generated using a laser plasma source developed in-house, when a solid Ar target was irradiated by a commercial Nd:YAG Q-switched laser with an energy of 1 J at a repetition rate of 1 Hz. This soft X-ray power compared favorably with that produced using a synchrotron radiation source, and the developed laser plasma source can be used in various applications, such as soft X-ray microscopy, in place of synchrotron facilities.
Degradation mechanism of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells induced by exposure to air
Authors: Nishinaga Jiro , Kamikawa Yukiko , Koida Takashi , Shibata Hajime , Niki Shigeru
Published: June 2016

The degradation mechanism of unencapsulated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells upon exposure to air has been investigated. Exposure to air at room temperature slightly reduces the conversion efficiency of CIGS solar cells. However, this conversion efficiency decreases significantly under damp heat testing at 85 °C and a relative humidity of 85% for 15 h. The shunt resistance and conversion efficiency are completely recovered after removing the side edges of the CIGS solar cells by mechanical scribing. This result suggests that low-resistive layers are formed on the sidewalls of the solar cells during damp heat testing. In addition, alkaline solution etching has been confirmed to be an effective way of removing the low-resistive layers. The low-resistive layers on the sidewalls are identified to be molybdenum oxides and sodium molybdate by Auger electron spectroscopy. After etching the oxides on the sidewalls, the saturation current density and ideality factor are confirmed to be improved.
Remote excitation-tip-enhanced Raman scattering microscopy using silver nanowire
Authors: Fujita Yasuhiko , Walke Peter , De Feyter Steven , Uji-i Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) microscopy is a promising technique for use in surface analysis, allowing both topographic and spectroscopic information to be obtained simultaneously at a scale below 10 nm. One proposed method to further improve spatial resolution is the use of propagating surface plasmons as an excitation light source (i.e., remote excitation). However, this requires a specialized tip that can only be fabricated via expensive procedures, such as electron-beam lithography. Here, we propose a new method for fabricating silver nanowire-based tips that are suitable for remote excitation-TERS, removing the need for such techniques. A silver nanowire was fixed onto a tungsten-tip using a micromanipulator, before gold nanoparticles were attached in a site-specific manner using AC-dielectrophoresis. All the processes were completed using an optical microscope in the ambient. The background intensities in TERS spectra were suppressed with remote excitation relative to the conventional excitation configuration, indicating an increase in TERS sensitivity.
Novel source follower transistor structure without lightly doped drain for high performance CMOS image sensor
Authors: Song Hyeong-Sub , Kwon Sung-Kyu , Jeon So-Ra , Oh Dong-Jun , Lee Ga-Won , Lee Hi-Deok
Published: June 2016

To realize high-resolution pixels in the CMOS image sensor, it is necessary to reduce low-frequency noise, particularly random telegraph signal (RTS) noise of the source-follower transistor (SFT). To achieve less relative variation of drain noise current, ΔI
D/I
D, a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor structure without the lightly doped drain (LDD) for the SFT transistor is proposed. Then, a comparison of RTS noise characteristics between the proposed SFT structure without LDD and the conventional SFT structure with LDD was conducted. Although the RTS noise occurrence probability of the proposed SFT structure without LDD is somewhat greater than that of the conventional SFT structure with LDD, the amplitude of relative variation of drain noise current of the proposed SFT structure is significantly less than that of the conventional SFT. Despite changes in several factors in the proposed SFT, such as effective channel length, trap depth profile in gate oxide, and random dopant fluctuation (RDF), it is believed that the change of trap depth profile is a primary factor for the improved RTS characteristic. Therefore, the proposed SFT is highly desirable for the high-resolution CMOS image sensor.
Transcriptome analysis of immature xylem in the Chinese fir at different developmental phases
Authors: Zhang Yunxing , Han Xiaojiao , Sang Jian , He Xuelian , Liu Mingying , Qiao Guirong , Zhuo Renying , He Guiping , Hu Jianjun
Published: June 2016

Background.Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook.] is one of the most important native tree species for timber production in southern China. An understanding of overall fast growing stage, stem growth stage and senescence stage cambium transcriptome variation is lacking. We used transcriptome sequencing to identify the repertoire of genes expressed during development of xylem tissue in Chinese fir, aiming to delineate the molecular mechanisms of wood formation.

Results.We carried out transcriptome sequencing at three different cultivation ages (7Y, 15Y and 21Y) generating 68.71 million reads (13.88 Gbp). A total of 140,486 unigenes with a mean size of 568.64 base pairs (bp) were obtained viade novoassembly. Of these, 27,427 unigenes (19.52%) were further annotated by comparison to public protein databases. A total of 5,331 (3.79%) unigenes were mapped into 118 pathways by searching against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database (KEGG). Differentially expressed genes (DEG) analysis identified 3, 16 and 5,899 DEGs from the comparison of 7Y vs. 15Y, 7Y vs. 21Y and 15Y vs. 21Y, respectively, in the immature xylem tissues, including 2,638 significantly up-regulated and 3,280 significantly down-regulated genes. Besides, five NAC transcription factors, 190 MYB transcription factors, and 34 WRKY transcription factors were identified respectively from Chinese fir transcriptome.

Conclusion.Our results revealed the active transcriptional pathways and identified the DEGs at different cultivation phases of Chinese fir wood formation. This transcriptome dataset will aid in understanding and carrying out future studies on the molecular basis of Chinese fir wood formation and contribute to future artificial production and applications.
On causality of extreme events
Authors: Zanin Massimiliano
Published: June 2016

Multiple metrics have been developed to detect causality relations between data describing the elements constituting complex systems, all of them considering their evolution through time. Here we propose a metric able to detect causality within static data sets, by analysing how extreme events in one element correspond to the appearance of extreme events in a second one. The metric is able to detect non-linear causalities; to analyse both cross-sectional and longitudinal data sets; and to discriminate between real causalities and correlations caused by confounding factors. We validate the metric through synthetic data, dynamical and chaotic systems, and data representing the human brain activity in a cognitive task. We further show how the proposed metric is able to outperform classical causality metrics, provided non-linear relationships are present and large enough data sets are available.
Partial Ligation of the Common Bile Duct Results in Reversible Cholestasis in Rats
Authors: Jiang Jun , Li Dongzheng , Wei Jishu , Jiang Kuirong , Miao Yi
Published: June 2016

The animal model of common bile duct ligation is very toxic; therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a new model of obstructive jaundice in rats with partial common bile duct obstruction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a sham operation or partial ligation of bile duct procedure. Serum biochemistry, liver histology, and expression of bile salt transporters were examined after surgery. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and bile acids were significantly increased in the partial bile duct ligation group 3 days after surgery. However, these changes spontaneously normalized within 14 days after surgery in the partial bile duct ligation group compared with the sham group. Bile infarcts, ductular reaction, and abundant hepatocyte turnover were detected exclusively in the partial bile duct ligation group on postoperative day 3. However, these changes dramatically reversed 14 days after surgery. Bile salt transporter expression was significantly decreased at day 3 and gradually recovered in the following 2 weeks. In conclusion, the current rat model of obstructive cholestasis is reversible, representing the clinical characteristics of partial biliary obstruction, and may be used to investigate the effects of various therapeutic strategies on reversible acute cholestasis.
SIRT2 mediates NADH‐induced increases in Nrf2, GCL, and glutathione by modulating Akt phosphorylation in PC12 cells
Authors: Cao Wei , Hong Yunyi , Chen Heyu , Wu Fan , Wei Xunbin , Ying Weihai
Published: June 2016

SIRT2 plays important roles in multiple biological processes. It is unclear whether SIRT2 affects antioxidant capacity by modulating Nrf2, a key transcription factor for multiple antioxidant genes. By studying NADH‐treated differentiated PC12 cells, we found that NADH induced a significant increase in the nuclear Nrf2, which was prevented by both SIRT2 siRNA and SIRT2 inhibitor, AGK2. SIRT2 siRNA also blocked the NADH‐induced increases in glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione. Moreover, SIRT2 siRNA and AGK2 blocked NADH‐induced Akt phosphorylation, and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation prevented NADH‐induced increases in the nuclear Nrf2 and glutathione. Collectively, our study shows that SIRT2 regulates nuclear Nrf2 levels by modulating Akt phosphorylation, thus modulating the levels of GCL and total glutathione.
Structural and functional studies of a large winged Z‐DNA‐binding domain of Danio rerio protein kinase PKZ
Authors: Subramani Vinod Kumar , Kim Doyoun , Yun Kyunghee , Kim Kyeong Kyu
Published: June 2016

The Z‐DNA‐binding domain of PKZ from zebrafish (Danio rerio; drZαPKZ) contains the largest β‐wing among known Z‐DNA‐binding domains. To elucidate the functional implication of the β‐wing, we solved the crystal structure of apo‐drZαPKZ. Structural comparison with its Z‐DNA‐bound form revealed a large conformational change within the β‐wing during Z‐DNA binding. Biochemical studies of protein mutants revealed that two basic residues in the β‐wing are responsible for Z‐DNA recognition as well as fast B–Z transition. Therefore, the extra basic residues in the β‐wing of drZαPKZ are necessary for the fast B–Z transition activity.
High‐latitude circulation in giant planet magnetospheres
Authors: Southwood D. J. , Chané E.
Published: June 2016

We follow‐up the proposal by Cowley et al. (2004) that the plasma circulation in the magnetospheres of the giant planets is a combination of two cycles or circulation systems. The Vasyliunas cycle transports heavy material ionized deep within the magnetosphere eventually to loss in the magnetotail. The second cycle is driven by magnetic reconnection between the planetary and the solar wind magnetic fields (the Dungey cycle) and is found on flux tubes poleward of those of the Vasyliunas cycle. We examine features of the Dungey system, particularly what occurs out of the equatorial plane. The Dungey cycle requires reconnection on the dayside, and we suggest that at the giant planets the dayside reconnection occurs preferentially in the morning sector. Second, we suggest that most of the solar wind material that enters through reconnection on to open flux tubes on the dayside never gets trapped on closed field lines but makes less than one circuit of the planet and exits down tail. In its passage to the nightside, the streaming ex‐solar wind material is accelerated centrifugally by the planetary rotation primarily along the field; thus, in the tail it will appear very like a planetary wind. The escaping wind will be found on the edges of the tail plasma sheet, and reports of light ion streams in the tail are likely due to this source. The paper concludes with a discussion of high‐latitude circulation in the absence of reconnection between the solar wind and planetary field.
Estimating the concentration of aluminum‐substituted hematite and goethite using diffuse reflectance spectrometry and rock magnetism: Feasibility and limitations
Authors: Hu Pengxiang , Jiang Zhaoxia , Liu Qingsong , Heslop David , Roberts Andrew P. , Torrent José , Barrón Vidal
Published: June 2016

Hematite and goethite in soils are often aluminum (Al) substituted, which can dramatically change their reflectance and magnetic properties and bias abundance estimates using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and magnetic techniques. In this study, synthetic Al‐substituted hematites and goethites and two Chinese loess/paleosol sequences were investigated to test the feasibility and limitations of estimating Al‐hematite and Al‐goethite concentration. When Al substitution is limited (Al/(Al + Fe) molar ratio < ~8%), the reflectance spectrum provides a reliable estimate of the goethite/hematite concentration ratio. New empirical relationships between the DRS band intensity ratio and the true concentration goethite/hematite ratio are estimated as goethite/hematite = 1.56 × (I425 nm/I535 nm) or goethite/hematite = 6.32 × (I480 nm/I535 nm), where I425 nm, I480 nm, and I535 nmare the amplitudes of DRS second‐derivative curves for characteristic bands at ~425 nm, ~480 nm, and ~535 nm, respectively. High Al substitution (> ~8%) reduces DRS band intensity, which leads to biased estimates of mineral concentration. Al substitution and grain size exert a control on coercivity distributions of hematite and goethite and, thus, affect the hard isothermal remanent magnetization. By integrating DRS and magnetic methods, we suggest a way to constrain hematite and goethite Al substitution in natural loess. Results indicate that hematite and goethite in Chinese loess have Al contents lower than ~8% and, thus, that DRS can be used to trace hematite and goethite concentration variations.