bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Micro-Mult for Screening Psychiatric Disturbance
Authors: Nash Michael M.
Published: September 2011

42 items from the MMPI administered orally allowed discrimination between character disordered and emotionally disturbed inmates when compared to full MMPI profiles.
Religious Affiliation, Church Attendance and Social Attitudes
Authors: Josefowitz Nina , Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

A conservation scale was administered to 219 17-yr.-old English students to examine the relations between religious affiliations, church attendance, and social attitudes. The results provided support for the proposition that students who expressed a religious affiliation and attended church had more conservative attitudes than students without a religious affiliation and who did not attend church.
Examinees' Control of Item Difficulty Sequence
Authors: Tuck J. Porter
Published: September 2011

90 students in introductory psychology responded to a questionnaire designed to assess test-taking strategies on multiple-choice tests. The data suggested that previous studies may not have actually tested item-difficulty sequence effects since item sequence is under examinees' control.
Benefits to Adolescents of Informal Helping Relationships with Their Parents and Peers
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weir Tamara
Published: September 2011

93 male and 181 female adolescents (Grades 9 to 13) indicated (1) the amount of stress they experienced in their day-to-day living, (2) their satisfaction with the help they received from, their mothers, fathers, and peers, and (3) perceptions of their well-being in three conceptually distinct areas (life satisfaction, various affective states, and mental and physical wellbeing). The satisfaction with help measures were significantly correlated with the well-being measures, controlling for levels of experienced stress. In addition, the satisfaction with help measures operated as moderators of the stress-well-being relationship. Experienced stress was less likely to be associated with poor wellbeing for adolescents who were the most satisfied with the help they received from the three sources.
Liking, Loving, and Styles of Loving
Authors: Rosenman Martin F.
Published: September 2011

Correlations were computed between the SAMPLE Profile (a test measuring the extent to which a person identifies with one of six distinct concepts of love), and Rubin's scales for Loving and Liking. Rubin's Love Scale was most related to the giving ( r = .52), possessive ( r = .46), and friendship ( r = .26) styles of loving. The significant moderate correlations were higher for women than for men, suggesting that women might have a more clearly differentiated concept of love.
Job Satisfaction in University Employees: A Field Test of Attitude Theory
Authors: Russell J. Curtis , Farrar William E.
Published: September 2011

A field study of job satisfaction in university employees was conducted to test Fishbein's (1967) theory of attitudes under natural conditions. It was hypothesized that job satisfaction would be predicted by beliefs about the job. 507 secretaries and nurses responded to a questionnaire containing 5-point, Likert-type belief items and two measures of job satisfaction, the FACES Scale and the Job Descriptive Index. As predicted, the sum of beliefs about the job was significantly related to both measures. Also as predicted, results showed that beliefs about democratic supervision were more strongly related to job satisfaction than beliefs about autocratic supervision. Implications of Fishbein's theory for improving job satisfaction were discussed.
Relationship between Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Weinberg Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Research on the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation suggests that in certain contexts the effect of task extrinsic incentives is to undermine subsequent interest in the task. Extrinsic rewards have also produced deleterious effects on the process of learning and quality of performance. Evidence concerning the variables which affect this interaction, such as contingency of reward, expectation of reward, threats of punishment, and positive feedback is reviewed. In, addition, the various dependent variables used in measurement of intrinsic motivation are compared and contrasted. Future directions for research are suggested.
Ethnicity, Family Environment and Cognitive Performance
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

Relations between scores on a new family environment interview schedule and the intelligence, mathematics, word knowledge and word comprehension scores of 850 11-yr.-old girls and boys from Australian ethnic groups were examined. The groups included lower social-status: Southern Italian, Anglo-Australian, Serbo-Croatian, Greek, and English, as well as middle social-status Anglo-Australian families. After accounting for joint effects and the unique influence of the environment, ethnicity generally continued to make small, but significant, unique contributions to the variation in cognitive scores.
Internal-External Control Expectancies in Black Children of Differing Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Rabinowitz Renee G.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relation between internal-external control and socioeconomic status in a sample of 190 sixth grade black children. A strongly significant linear relationship held between these two variables; each higher level of socioeconomic status was associated with a greater expectancy of internal control. This finding was interpreted as supporting the usefulness of Rotter's expectancy concept in the study of black children.
Social Facilitation following Response Prevention in the Rat
Authors: Corriveau Donald P. , Contildes Katherine , Smith Nelson F.
Published: September 2011

Baum (1969) found that the presence of a nonfearful rat during response prevention facilitated fear reduction. However, Baum used the problematic “reduction in the conditioned avoidance response” as a measure of fear. The present study re-examined the social facilitation effect by examining approach behavior as an index of fear. 60 male rats either received or did not receive response prevention. These treatments were presented either alone or in the presence of a mobile or immobile nonfearful rat. Although all measures of fear showed significant response prevention, none showed social facilitation. The discrepancy between these results and those of Baum was explained by hypothesizing the conditioning of incompatible responses within the context of avoidance procedures.
Effects of Varying Amounts of Assertive Training on Level of Assertiveness and Anxiety Reduction in Women
Authors: Bander Ricki S. , Russell Richard K. , Weiskott Gerald N.
Published: September 2011

This outcome investigation compared the relative efficacy of two assertive training groups for self-report indices of assertiveness and anxiety. 36 female subjects were assigned to one of four experimental conditions: (a) 8-hr. assertive training, (b) 2-hr. assertive training, (c) 8-hr. no-treatment control, or (d) 2-hr. no-treatment control. Significant increases in assertiveness at posttreatment and 2-wk. follow-up were noted only for the 8-hr. treatment group. None of the groups showed significant reductions in trait or state anxiety levels. Treatment of the two control groups in 4- and 6-hr. assertive training programs produced data suggesting that increases in assertiveness relate to length of time in treatment. Implications of these findings for program development and future research are discussed.
Relationship between Extraversion and Neuroticism, and Intelligence for Students in Grade Nine English and Mathematics
Authors: Walsh Desmond M. , Walsh Michael D.
Published: September 2011

53 Grade 9 students in an urban high school who had just completed their academic courses in English and mathematics were divided into groups according to their median scores in intelligence, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. The Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Differential Aptitude Tests were employed as the classification variables; the dependent variables were English and mathematics scores. A three-way multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between intelligence and Neuroticism. Post hoc analyses of contrasts indicated that neither mathematics nor English scores contributed significantly to the rejection of the directional null hypothesis. This study supported previous research that highly intelligent subjects perform optimally when at a low level of arousal.
Experimenter-Suggested Cognitions and Pain Control: Problem of Spontaneous Strategies
Authors: Scott Donald S.
Published: September 2011

When 12 subjects were asked to use the cognitive strategy of imagining one finger numb and not to attend to the other, some did and some did not.
Marcel Proust and the Problem of Time and Self
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Proust conceived the true or permanent self to be a sensitiveness to the essence of things. Across this substratum moves a succession of temporary selves responsive to the accidental and evanescent. Continuity of being is traced to the memory. The true self is activated involuntarily and participates in experiences outside time. We eliminate the dimension of time when in remembering we introduce the past unchanged into the present. It is in the resonance of a former sensation, freshly occurring by chance, and the memorial representation of its prior existence, that we realize the most profound of life's truths. Through examining the past we can better know the true self and so redirect our temporal being.
Contributions to Psychohistory: III. Measuring Value Systems as Related to Societal Change
Authors: Krus David J. , Krus Patricia H.
Published: September 2011

Sentences from Pirsig's book, Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance, were converted into a questionnaire form and analysed with scales derived from Reich's book Greening of America and scales indexing Apollonian and Dionysian value orientations. The resulting structures were discussed in terms of polarity of Western ideological thought and Russell's theory pertaining to dynamics of historical trends. This study illustrates extension of psychohistorical techniques (Ammons, 1978) by inclusion of results from use of objectively developed scales to measure values and attitudes.
Sex Differences and Life Event Experiences
Authors: Webb Linda J. , Snodgrass Donald , Thagard Jerry
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the sex of subject and life event experiences. A sample of 90 adult-psychiatric out-patients were administered the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. The range of scores indicating the magnitude of life crisis were used to assess exposure to stress. The results indicated that a majority (75.6%) of the subjects had experienced considerable stress in the year prior to seeking treatment. While there was no significant difference between the sexes in over-all life-event stress scores, a difference was found in the frequency with which men and women experienced seven of the life events. Males reported more involvements with the law (jail, law violations) and more vocational (work, business readjustments) related experiences, whereas, females reported more personal (injury, illness, change in family) events.
Effect of Party Affiliation of Student Voters on the Image of Presidential Candidates
Authors: Patton Gary W. R.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that a political candidate's image is not constant and differs predictably among different subgroups of the electorate was tested. Three different samples of undergraduate subjects were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design in which equal numbers of Republicans and Democrats rated the images of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter by means of the semantic differential just prior to the 1976 Presidential election. As hypothesized, in all three samples, Republicans rated Ford higher than Carter, while Democrats did just the reverse. Though Democrats rated Carter higher than Ford, more of them indicated an intent to vote for Ford than for Carter. This finding contradicts previous information that image ratings predict voting behavior but may represent a special case in that college students' weak party affiliation, their lack of knowledge about politics, and their responsiveness to their agemates may make them extremely susceptible to peer pressure in elections.
Profile of Mood States: Racial Differences in a Delinquent Population
Authors: Fagan Thomas J. , Lira Frank T.
Published: September 2011

When affective responses of 40 white and 40 black young adult delinquents were compared, white delinquents scored significantly higher on four of the six factors, Confusion, Tension, Depression, and Fatigue. Also, white subjects obtained significantly higher total mood disturbance scores. Results are discussed in terms of the racial balance of the institution, number of previous legal contacts, pre-confinement affiliations with other inmates, and failure or inability comfortably to pursue clinical and recreational programs aimed at reducing tension associated with incarceration.
Motivation to Manage: A Study of Change with Positive Implications for Women Managers
Authors: Bowin Robert Bruce
Published: September 2011

In an earlier study a program for change significantly increased male students' positive acceptance of a concept, motivation to manage. The present study was a replication ( n = 20 male college students) and supported the previous findings; however, unlike the original study, the present research included 7 female students who completed the change program and also demonstrated a positive change.
Awareness of List Organization and the Gray and Wedderburn Effect
Authors: Hede Andrew J.
Published: September 2011

The generally accepted view that Broadbent's (1958) filter theory of attention was disproved by Gray and Wedderburn (1960) is questioned on the grounds that awareness of list organization may have confounded their results. The present study specifically manipulated awareness and compared the efficiency of grouping by class and grouping by ear in the recall of dichotic lists with either a crossed or an uncrossed structure. The Gray and Wedderburn effect, that is, class grouping more efficient than ear grouping, occurred both with and without awareness of list organization. The experiment is interpreted as an adequate disproof of filter theory.
Subtest Order and WISC-R Scores of a Sample of Educable Mentally Retarded Subjects
Authors: Morris John D. , Martin Robert A. , Johnson Elizabeth , Birch Myra Clark , Thompson Debra
Published: September 2011

All the Verbal subtests of the WISC-R were administered first, then all the Performance subtests, and in standard order to 56 educable mentally retarded children (31 males and 25 females; 43 Negroes and 13 Caucasians) ranging in age from 6 yr. 9 mo. to 16 yr. 8 mo. Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were slightly but significantly higher when subtests were administered in the standard order. Implications for previous contrasts of WISC and WISC-R performance and standardized administration procedures are discussed.
Sex Differences in Self-Reported Assertiveness
Authors: Chandler Theodore A. , Cook Bettyanne , Dugovics David A.
Published: September 2011

This study compares the use of t tests and a more conservative stepwise multiple regression analysis of sex differences of self-reported assertion. Using this procedure, women reported being significantly more assertive than men on four of the five items of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, although over-all, men's scores showed men reported being more assertive. Different results of Hollandsworth and Wall (1977) and Rathus and Nevid (in press) were discussed in terms of sample and situational specificity. Still, this study showed no significant sex differences on 24 of 30 items.
Demonstration of Response Strategies in a Confidence-Testing Procedure
Authors: Curlette William L.
Published: September 2011

A response strategy is a rule an examinee may use to increase his expected score on a test beyond the score the examinee would expect to receive based on his knowledge of the material tested. For a confidence-testing procedure proposed by Diamond, it is shown that a response strategy exists. Next, it is mathematically proved that all weights in the scoring procedure for Diamond's confidence testing method permit a response strategy. Due to the response strategy, it is concluded that this confidence-testing procedure is not an improvement over the usual way of administering and scoring multiple-choice tests.
Self-Estimates in Anxious and Depressed Outpatients Treated with Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Stein Marsha K. , Downing Robert W. , Rickels Karl
Published: September 2011

Self-estimates, assessed by Osgood's Semantic Differential technique, were obtained for 96 anxious and 79 depressed patients both before and after 4 wk. of treatment with pharmacotherapy. While there were few changes in self-estimates over the course of treatment with either drug or placebo, patients rated as improved had significantly higher pretreatment potency scores than those rated unimproved. This finding was more pronounced for depressed than for anxious patients and was not affected significantly by either sex or social class.
Sex Differences in Psychological Distress and Social Functioning
Authors: Justice Blair , McBee George W. , Allen Richard H.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed sex differences in psychological and social problems and symptoms among 58 male and 84 female clients newly admitted to a large community mental health center. Instruments were the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire, an abbreviated version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The results indicated that women present problems of psychological distress and men report difficulties in social functioning. Although considerable emphasis has been placed by other authors on the psychological consequences of the current changes in sex roles and expectations, findings appear consistent with earlier ones.
Selection and Attrition Profiles of Physician-Extender Students
Authors: Buhmeyer Kenneth J.
Published: September 2011

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Personal Orientation Inventory, and Rokeach's scale provided measures of various normal personality characteristics for 170 applicants interviewed between 1974 and 1977 for the physician-extender training program. Those 71 applicants selected were more self-actualizing and more intuitive than those 76 not selected. The 23 students who failed were significantly less intuitive than those graduating. They also were more judgmental, more dogmatic, and less perceptive.
Orientation to Authority in the Domiciliary
Authors: Waldrop Robert , Apfeldorf Max , Hunley Phyllis J.
Published: September 2011

Though the adjustment of domiciliary residents has been studied with personality inventories derived from personality theory and from psychiatric classification systems, there is a need to study the adjustment of residents with instruments derived from organizational theory. Gordon reported that domiciliary residents had high scores on the Work Environment Preference Schedule, reflecting their adjustment to a highly structured organization. This study was conducted to determine the nature of the adjustment reflected in high scores on the Work Environment Preference Schedule by correlating Schedule scores of 121 residents with supervisors' ratings on the Adjective Check List. Residents with high Total scores and high scores on the Traditionalism component were given Checklist ratings, indicating that they were seen as having less achievement, dominance, endurance, and order. However, high scores on the Work Environment Preference Schedule do not appear to reflect constructive adjustment to organizational authority found in the domiciliary but the lower priorities these residents place on the values of assertiveness and achievement. High scorers on the Traditionalism category tend to be more dependent on others, to seek support, to avoid situations calling for choice and decision-making, and are somewhat more likely to get into disciplinary difficulties and have a history of readmissions to the institution. Since the correlations between scores on the Work Environment Preference Schedule and such traditional personality measures as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory are low, the Work Environment Preference Schedule contributes independent additional variance and may be valuable in either clinical research or program evaluation studies in the domiciliary.
Comments on Two Statements about Three-Variate Multiple Regression
Authors: Stern Iris , Tzelgov Joseph
Published: September 2011

The literature on three-variable multiple regression contains two major statements, (a) There is no use in adding a second predictor to a bivariate regression equation when the correlation between that predictor and the first equals unity, (b) The squared multiple correlation (R2) equals the sum of the two squared validities whenever the correlation between the predictors equals zero. In this paper we define two rules each generalizing one of these ‘rules of thumb.’ These two rules are stated and discussed in terms of the relation between the ratio of the two validities and their intercorrelation.
Correlations of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator with other Personality and Achievement Variables
Authors: Bruhn John G. , Bunce Harvey , Greaser Robert C.
Published: September 2011

This study determined correlations among the four scales of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and among these and other personality and achievement variables, and predictors of academic performance from personality and aptitude variables. 98 physician assistants and 61 pediatric nurse practitioners completed the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale, and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator on admission to and graduation from their respective programs. The Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test and Nelson-Denny Reading Test were also given at admission to the physician assistant program. Grades at admission and graduation were available for both groups, and certifying examination scores were available for physician assistants who reported their scores. IQ, college science grades, and reading-rate predicted final grades at the end of the program and performance on the certifying examination for physician assistants. The Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale predicted final grades at graduation for nurse practitioners.
Stereotypes for Somatotypes: Shared Beliefs about Sheldon's Physiques
Authors: Yates Jack , Taylor June
Published: September 2011

Two studies investigated subjects' knowledge about and preference for Sheldon's three primary physiques. In one study 30 subjects assigned 60 personality traits to outline drawings of mesomorphic, ectomorphic, and endomorphic physiques. These physiques are strongly stereotyped and Sheldon's theory is in substantial agreement with the stereotype. In the second study 20 subjects indicated their preferences for the three outline drawings. The mesomorphic physique was most preferred, while the endomorphic physique was least preferred. This order of preference is also the order of stereotypy found in the first study.
“Learned Helplessness,” “Learned Hopefulness,” and “Learned Obsessiveness”: Effects of Varying. Contingencies on Escape Responding
Authors: Stegman R. L. , Reynolds William T. Mc
Published: September 2011

Two types of outcome appearing in most research on learned helplessness were studied. Subjects performing under an extinction, i.e., non-occurring, programmed outcome evidenced “learned helplessness.” Contrary to learned helplessness theory, however, most subjects given response-independent outcomes developed superstitious behavior and reported perceived control of events. Subjects in a third group whose responses were reinforced during a 50-trial “training” phase showed response “excesses” during 10 subsequent “test” trials. These results have important implications for the theory of learned helplessness and the relevance of laboratory phenomena to human behavioral disorders.
Moods and Biorhythms of Heroin Addicts
Authors: Steer Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The Profile of Mood States was given to heroin addicts (60 black males, 60 white males, 60 black females, 60 white females) seeking methadone maintenance, and the addicts' biorhythms were calculated for the test dates. Of 18 comparisons for high or low phases of physical, emotional, and intellectual cycles, the three significant differences were attributed to chance.
Effect of Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions on Cue Utilization in the Rat
Authors: Plunkett R. P.
Published: September 2011

8 albino rats received bilateral lesions of the hippocampus, 8 received bilateral lesions of the amygdaloid complex, and 8 served as unoperated controls. The rats were trained to find food at the end of an arm of a cross-maze, associated with a conspicuous light stimulus as the first task. Rats were required to relearn the first task with the light stimulus absent. Hippocampal-lesioned rats did not differ from controls on the first task but showed a large deficit on the second task.
Intercorrelations among Factors in Opinions about Mental Illness Scale in Scores of Nonpsychiatric Nurses: Comparison with other Studies
Authors: Moore Gary , Castles Mary R.
Published: September 2011

Intercorrelations among scores on the five factorially derived dimensions of the Opinions About Mental Illness Scale were computed for 692 registered nurses randomly selected from the mailing list of the American Nurses Association. Nurses in psychiatric settings and those with more than one year of psychiatric experience were excluded from the sample. Six rs were significant but low to moderate in magnitude. However, rs although generally similar were in two cases directionally different from those in previous studies. Type of population sampled, temporal factors, and changes in attitudes toward mental illness were suggested as possible explanations for such differences.
Analysis and Abbreviation of Bem's Sex-Role Inventory
Authors: Lorr Maurice , Diorio Martin
Published: September 2011

Aims were to determine the dimensionality of the masculinity and femininity scales of the Bern Sex-role Inventory and to select a smaller subset of items to represent the two scales. Samples of 423 girls and 255 boys in Grades 9 to 13 from middle-class homes were administered the Bern inventory and the Interpersonal Style Inventory. The intercorrelations of the 40 sex-role inventory items were factored separately by sex. The first two factors clearly represented the masculinity and femininity dimensions. The abbreviated factor scores were combined configurally to categorize subjects as masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated. A discriminant function analysis, using 15 interpersonal style scores, indicated that two dimensions were sufficient to differentiate these four sex roles.
Race and Sex as Variables for Children Involved in Treatment
Authors: Jackson Anna M. , Parley Gordon K. , Zimet Sara G. , Waterman Jill M.
Published: September 2011

Race and sex as variables in psychiatric treatment at five child psychiatry clinics were examined. From an earlier study data indicating race was significant were reanalyzed. Across clinics major findings indicated that black females were seen for psychotherapy for significantly fewer sessions than white females, black males and white males and that parents of sons who were in therapy came in for psychotherapy significantly more often than parents of daughters. The implications and the limitations of the study are discussed.
Opinions about Mental Illness: A Comparison of American and Greek Professionals and Laymen
Authors: Koutrelakos J. , Gedeon S. M. , Struening E. L.
Published: September 2011

The attitudes of professionals and laymen in the USA and in Greece towards mental patients were compared by using the Opinions Towards Mental Illness questionnaire. Two factors labeled Authoritarian-Restrictiveness and Familial Interaction were identified and judged to reflect traditional cultural values. Nationality was more powerful than professional training in determining attitudes towards mental illness. The influence of professional training appears selective and limited by local societal norms.
A Failure to Replicate Cross-Generational Effects of Diphenylhydantoin in an F1 Offspring Group
Authors: Gauron Eugene F. , Rowley Vinton N.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to replicate the previous finding that undrugged offspring of rats chronically drugged with Diphenylhydantoin demonstrated a learning deficit as measured from avoidance conditioning. The present findings call into question our previously published conclusions. One new finding was the lack of appreciable difference across drug groups regardless of the drug experience of the parent animal.
Success of Covert Negative Reinforcement is Not the Result of Operant Conditioning
Authors: Zemore Robert , Ramsay Brent , Zemore Judith
Published: September 2011

In the covert negative reinforcement procedure, a client is asked to imagine an unpleasant situation and then to imagine performing the adaptive response whose frequency the therapist-wishes to increase. According to Cautela, the imagined adaptive response should increase in frequency because of its association with the termination of the unpleasant image, just as escape-conditioning leads to an increase in the frequency of a response that terminates a noxious stimulus. Using 27 college students who showed an aversion to harmless snakes, this investigation attempted to test Cautela's conditioning rationale by comparing covert negative reinforcement with a procedure containing all of the elements of covert negative reinforcement except for the theoretically essential pairing of the imagined unpleasant situation with the imagined adaptive response. Self-report and behavioral measures of snake aversion indicated no consistent differences in the effectiveness of these two treatments, although both treatments were significantly more effective than no treatment. Over-all, the results of this experiment were interpreted as contradicting the escape-conditioning explanation of covert negative reinforcement.
Effects of Reinforcement on Frequency of High-Rate Verbalizing in a Severely Retarded Adult
Authors: Staugaitis Steven D.
Published: September 2011

From a high rate, inappropriate verbalizing by a severely retarded adult was effectively decreased using positive reinforcement following periods of no speech. Generalization effects were analyzed, and results at 6-mo. and 18-mo. follow-up periods are reported.
Urban Density and Altruism: Helping Strangers in a Canadian City, Suburb, and Small Town
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe
Published: September 2011

Helping behavior was studied as a function of urban density. Four requests for help (for the time, for directions, for change of a quarter, and for the person's name) were solicited in three areas differing in population density (downtown in the Canadian city of Toronto, in the suburbs of the same city, in a small town outside of that city). On each measure the percentage of helping behavior decreased linearly as urban density increased. Normative data from New York City were also compared and found very similar to those from downtown Toronto. An absence of sex differences in either giving or eliciting help was noted.
Scope of Industrial-Organizational Psychology: References in the Annual Review, 1950–1978
Authors: Meltzer H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the nature and development of the scope of industrial psychology as indicated in the contributions to the Annual Review from the time of its inception in 1950 until 1978. All the contributions in the 1950's were called Industrial Psychology. From 1961 on, Industrial Psychology was never again used as a main caption. In the 1970's there were more contributions than in previous decades: new captions, new themes, and new topics. There were three contributions, for example, on Personnel Attitudes and Motivation, two on Organizational Development; there were also contributions on Personnel and Human Resources, and for the first time contributions on Training and Development and Career Planning as well as continuing Consumer and Engineering Psychology which first appeared in the 1960's. There were substantial decreases in the use of the two major reference sources. Instead there were substantial gains in such sources as the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, the Training Development Journal, and the Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. In the 1970's there is also a publication explosion. Not only has the field expanded, but it is still expanding and growing away from what in the 1950's was industrial to organizational behavior and development. The nature and extent of the changes are considered in all dimensions of organizational behavior contributions. Topics still not systematically considered are industrial-labor management relations and power and leadership.
A Brief Survey of Beliefs about the Effects of Tobacco Smoke Pollution on Intellectual Performance in College Classrooms
Authors: Shor Ronald E. , Williams Daniel C.
Published: September 2011

A subset of four questions was selected from a longer questionnaire to survey beliefs about the effects of tobacco smoke pollution on intellectual performance in college classrooms. Sizable majorities of both the 246 nonsmokers and 61 smokers believed that nonsmoking students with smoke-aversive handicaps suffer discriminatory treatment because of smoke pollution. The need for additional survey and experimental studies is presented.
On Task Context and Set Solutions to Water-Jar Problems
Authors: Karnas G.
Published: September 2011

A test of 6 training and 20 main problems elaborated on a model similar to the model which underlies water-jar problems is described. The training problems and instructions require that each problem may have more than one solution. The 20 main problems can be solved by the same formula (set solution), but 10 of these problems (the test problems) can also be solved by a shorter formula (non-set solution). The score is the number of non-set solutions for the 10 test problems. A comparison between an individual condition of testing for 21 subjects and a collective condition (40 subjects tested in a group) shows a significant difference in frequency distributions of scores. More subjects gave a small number of non-set solutions in the group condition than in the individual condition. For the two conditions, data show significantly more non-set solutions to the last test problems than to the first test problems.
Learning of Negative Cue Validities as a Function of Statistical Sophistication and Instruction
Authors: Sniezek J. A. , Dudycha A. L. , Schmitt N. W.
Published: September 2011

The effects of cue-criterion instructions on subjects' achievement, consistency, and matching were examined. The probability-learning task involved two cues which were negatively related to the criterion. Subjects varied in their degree of mathematical training prior to the experiment. On all measures, mathematical sophistication enhanced rate of performance. Increasingly detailed information about cue-criterion relationships and negative linear functions greatly improved level of achievement, demonstrating that subjects can immediately utilize a negative rule if given thorough instruction. Results are discussed with respect to their implications concerning theoretical probability-learning processes and suggestions for improving human decision-making in probabilistic environments.
Attribution Biases of Psychiatrists and Psychologists
Authors: Antonio J. D. , Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

In attributing causes for problem behavior a sample of 12 psychiatrists showed a significant tendency to make more attributions of a dispositional nature than did a sample of 14 clinical psychologists. The psychiatrists also made more such attributions than a sample of 11 professionals of comparable age and status who had no clinical experience.
Retrospective Study of Interests and Abilities That Predict Life Goals and Sex-Role Attitudes of College Women
Authors: Zuckerman Diana M.
Published: September 2011

The predictive values of academic ability, goals, interests, and activities in high school vis-a-vis educational goals, career goals, and sex-role attitudes in college were assessed in a retrospective study of 36 women enrolled at a state university. The later teenage years were a period of changing goals for most of the women; however, several high school measures predicted goals or sex-role attitudes in college. The implications for related research are discussed.
Reversal of Learned Helplessness by Peripheral Arousal
Authors: Harrell Ernest H. , Haynes Jack R. , Lambert Paul L. , Sininger Rollin A.
Published: September 2011

The response deficit produced by uncontrollable shock has been termed learned helplessness. Many studies have demonstrated similarities between human depression and learned helplessness. However, pilot studies suggested that sympathomimetic drugs which do not alleviate depression may alter learned helplessness. The present study was designed to replicate these preliminary data. 32 rats were exposed to either no-shock or a sequence of inescapable shock previously shown to produce learned helplessness. 24 hr. later metaraminol bitartrate (Aramine) or physiological saline was injected prior to the testing in a bar-press, shock-escape task. Inescapable shock one day prior to testing produced a severe response deficit in saline controls but not in the drug group. Reversal of learned helplessness by peripheral autonomic arousal indicates a reevaluation of the learned helplessness model of human depression may be necessary.
Personality Factor Structure Underlying Two Psychoanalytic Measures of Personality
Authors: Varghese Raju
Published: September 2011

Two personality measures of differing conceptual framework were statistically analyzed for their psychometric association. Three factors were identified as common to the two instruments. Those factors seem to reflect characteristics of the three psychic structures of Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the context within which the two instruments were developed.
Critical Note on Use of the Terms “Failure” and “Frustration” in Defining Experimental Situations
Authors: Van Der Keilen Marguerite
Published: September 2011

Operational definitions of “frustration” and “failure” are proposed to eliminate in a number of empirical studies the confusion between a frustration and a failure situation.
Performance of Psychiatric Inpatients on Three Standard Tests of Intelligence
Authors: Maloney Michael P. , Nelson Donald , Duvall Sheryl , Kirkendall Allan
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were administered to 40 psychiatric inpatients. High correlations and minimal mean differences obtain among measures.
Life Changes and Seriousness of Illness in Female College Students
Authors: Hebert David J.
Published: September 2011

This report investigated the relationship between the quantity of life change that students had experienced during the year in which they visited a physician for a physical illness. The sample represented 18 diseases and 106 students. A significant positive relationship of .412 ( p < .05) of life events arid illness seriousness was found.
An Examination of Autoshaped Keypecking in a Dark Chamber
Authors: Oberdieck Fernando , Cheney Carl D. , Mueller Deborah L.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments investigated critical variables influencing the development of autoshaping in a dark chamber. The context in which magazine-training occurred, length of intertrial interval, and CS intensity were the independent variables. Performance was best following magazine-training in the light; 60-sec. intertrial interval was better than 25; and little responding developed with a bright CS. These results are discussed with reference to the cue-localization hypothesis and a context-blocking effect.
Measurement of Independent Variables Which Affect Communication: A Replication of Roberts and O'Reilly
Authors: Yeager S. J.
Published: September 2011

This study examines Roberts and O'Reilly's scales measuring trust in the immediate superior, desire for promotion, and perceived supervisory influence for 2700 personnel in a soft-goods company. These measures are particularly important since these variables have traditionally been identified as major factors affecting communications within organizations. Results partially support use of these scales. However, methodological difficulties with these scales are also pointed out, and it is suggested that they need further development.
Treatment Program for Borderline Hypertension among College Students: Relaxation, Finger Temperature Biofeedback, and Generalization
Authors: Bertilson H. S. , Bartz A. E. , Zimmerman A. D.
Published: September 2011

A single group outcome study of treatment for borderline hypertension was performed. 8 male college students, with elevated blood pressure, were identified through campus-wide, blood-pressure screening and were referred by the Health Center for a treatment program of general relaxation and biofeedback-induced relaxation. 4 undergraduate psychology majors conducted training sessions three times per week for each subject. On the basis of increases in finger temperature, it was concluded that relaxation was produced. Reductions in systolic pressure of 10 to 15 mm Hg were obtained in as few as 14 sessions, although greater reductions occurred with more training sessions. A follow-up, 5 mo. later, indicated the need to maintain the relaxation program for a longer duration. Suggestions were made for implementing this treatment program at other colleges and universities.
Sex Differences in the Interaction of Adults and Preschool Children
Authors: Alfgren Scott H. , Aries Elizabeth J. , Olver Rose R.
Published: September 2011

The interaction between adults and preschool children was observed while children engaged in a group arts-and-crafts activity. Subjects were 16 male and 16 female children and 2 male and 2 female adults. The percentage of times the child's satisfactory task behavior was followed by an adult response was used as the measure to determine whether adults respond differently to boys and girls, whether this is related to different patterns of behavior displayed by boys and girls, and whether this differential response varies with the sex of the adult. There was a tendency for boys to receive more attention from adults than girls. Female adults showed a greater differential response, giving proportionately more attention to boys than did male adults. The amount of attention a child received was not correlated, however, with amount of attention-seeking behavior displayed by the child during the task. Implications for the role of male adults in the early school environment are suggested.
Nonimmediacy: Its Applicability for Measurement
Authors: Bursor Davele E.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the validity of the nonimmediacy concept as a potential measure of counselors' self-congruence. Variations in level of verbal nonimmediacy have been interpreted as implicit manifestations of positive and negative attitudes toward others. 53 counselor-trainees were requested to write about two clients for whom they had very different feelings and indicate which client they liked better. Their written descriptions of each client were scored for verbal nonimmediacy according to the 9 categories of the nonimmediacy scale. The nonimmediacy concept was not confirmed with this particular sample. Analysis indicated virtually no mean differences between nonimmediacy scores for more liked and less liked clients. This investigation raised the issue of the qualitative differences between the present and former subjects. Inherent psycholinguistic differences resulting from clinical rapport and objectivity may have accounted for these counselor-trainees' lack of discrimination of nonimmediacy with clients compared to other non-counseling populations.
Variables Affecting Subjects' Ethical Ratings of Proposed Experiments
Authors: Collins Frank L. , Kuhn I. Franklin , King Glen D.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined students' ratings of ethics in psychological research. Four levels of research presentation were employed: traditional deception, sensitization, consumer-review, and informed consent. The results reaffirmed findings that students responded with significantly less concern about traditional deception in experimentation than did psychologists. Some differences were noted as a function of how the research was presented; sensitized students and consumer-review students responded in a somewhat more ethically stringent manner than did students in the other groups.
Criteria for Competence
Authors: Williams Robert D.
Published: September 2011

From a review of studies on competence and personological approach to competent behavior, a new theory is presented.
Recall and Recall-Organization Behaviors of Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Children
Authors: Coward Raymond T. , Lange Garrett
Published: September 2011

In a sort-recall task 20 field-independent children at two age levels (Grades 1 and 4) recalled a greater number of items and achieved greater degrees of organization in their recall output when compared with 20 field-dependent children. However, in a standard viewing-recall task, where taxonomic exemplars were presented in a randomly arranged array and where subjects were not encouraged to initiate active study behavior, field-dependent and field-independent children did not differ in their amount of recall or organization. There is a need for added clarification of the relationship between cognitive style and cognitive restructuring skills in children.
Machiavellianism and Women's Grade Point Averages
Authors: Ames Mitzi , Kidd Aline H.
Published: September 2011

60 female college students from all four class years and from 14 different majors were given a personal data sheet asking for age, major, college year, and grade point average, and completion of a Bern Sex-role Inventory, and a Mach V Test. Scores of undergraduate female college students were not expected to correlate significantly with those on the Mach V Test and grade point averages, but, when the students were divided into traditionally masculine sex-typed and traditionally feminine sex-typed groups on the basis of the Bern scale, a significant positive correlation between Mach V scores and grade point averages for traditionally masculine sex-typed females and a significant negative correlation for traditionally feminine sex-typed females were expected. No significant over-all correlation between Mach V scores and grade point averages was found. However, the Pearson correlation of .61 between these two variables for the Bern inventory scored traditionally masculine sex-typed females was significantly positive and of —.64 for traditionally feminine sex-typed females was significantly negative. Suggestions for further research on Machiavellianism and particularly on different manipulations used by traditionally feminine sex-typed females were made.
Type of Menstrual Discomfort and Psychological Masculinity in College Women
Authors: Woods Donald J. , Launius Amy L.
Published: September 2011

71 college women completed Chesney and Tasto's (1975) Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, the Bern Sex-role Inventory, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and a revised Attitudes Towards Romantic Love Scale. A low but statistically significant correlation of .28 ( p < .05) between Bern Masculinity score and congestive, but not spasmodic, experience was found. Since congestive discomfort is believed to be associated with an elevation of estrogen level relative to progesterone level, the results at least raise the possibility of a correlation between these hormone levels and masculine self-concept.