bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological Studies on New Zealand Lacustrine Zooplankton with Special Reference to Boeckella propinqua Sars (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

A study was made of the zooplankton of a small, warm monomictic, closed, alkaline lake. This was located on Mayor Island, an offshore island of the North Island of New Zealand. Morphometric, thermometric, and chemical aspects of this lake are discussed. The vertical distribution of the zooplankton was investigated by the vertical hauling of a closing net and by the horizontal towing of a Clarke Bumpus sampler. The vertical distribution of zooplankton biomass and of the different planktonic crustacean species at different times of the year is discussed. When thermal stratification was well developed, all crustacean and rotatorian species had a very sharply defined lower limit between the upper limit of the metalimnion and the thermocline; minimal population densities existed some distance above this lower limit. A reversed diurnal vertical migration is reported for Daphnia carinata and the mature males of Boeckella propinqua.
The following investigations and findings refer to Boeckella propinqua: the vertical distribution of four population components (CI-V, C VI male, male, C VI female, female , and C VI female, female, with eggs) at different times of the year is discussed; departure of sex ratio from 1 : 1 is reported; cyclic seasonal changes, which correlated inversely with temperature during part of the year, occurred in mean length and mean
number of eggs in sacs; mean egg number also correlated with mean body length; considerable simultaneous interpopulational variation in mean egg number was found; length measurements of adults from November surface collections showed a bimodal distribution, and at the same time vertical variation occurred in the nature of size-frequency distributions-in both sexes the upper mode was progressively diminished with increasing depth and finally eliminated; in these November collections the percentage of lower modal females with eggs was much smaller than that for upper modal ones; when surface collections showed unimodal size distributions there appeared to be no vertical variation in size-frequency distributions; variation in the lobulation of the last metasomal segment of females is mentioned; the occurrence of a cestode cysticercoid stage in male and female stages CV and VI, and parasitic castration of C VI male, male, is reported.
General observations are made on the Rotatoria and the vertical distribution of Filinia longiseta is dealt with. Comparisons are made between the zooplankton of a number of mainland lakes and that of the Mayor Island lake.
The Upwelling in the Region between Java and Australia during the South-East Monsoon
Authors: Wyrtki K
Published: November 2005

An examination of the oceanographic conditions in the region between Java and Australia during the south-east monsoon season shows that the main upwelling area in this region is situated along the coast of Java and Sumbawa, and not along the north-west Australian shelf, as was previously assumed. The amount of upwelling south of Java is estimated to contribute 2.4 million m3/sec to the South Equatorial Current and the upwelling velocity is of the order of 50 × 10-5 cm/sec. The region is characterized by very high concentrations of inorganic phosphate at the bottom of the euphotic layer and by a high plankton biomass. The transparency of the water in the upwelling area is low, indicating a high concentration of suspended matter. The possible development of the upwelling during the north-west monsoon season is discussed.
Additions to the Inland Water Genus Calamoecia (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

Three further species, C. ultima (Brehm, 1960); C. canberra, sp, nov.; and
C. clitellata, sp. nov., are added to the previous revision of the genus, and the
description of another two species is completed. The discovery of C. ultima in the
New Guinea HighIands is of considerable zoogeographical interest.
The Ascidians of Australia. III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard
Authors: Kott P
Published: November 2005

The main work consists of a systematic review of Indo-Pacific species of
Didemnidae and their relationships, with comprehensive keys to their identification
and distribution. Descriptions of 34 species taken from Australian waters are given;
of these, eight species are new to science, and include a new genus containing two
species. Larvae are available and described for most species for the first time.
There is an introductory discussion on the phylogeny of aplousobranch
families in relation to Didemnidae, and on the genera comprising the family, especially
in relation to common cloacal systems and larvae.
A small section is devoted to the geographical distribution of the species
around the Australian coast.
Mixing Trajectories of Intermediate Depth Waters of the South-East Indian Ocean as Determined by a Salinity Frequency Method
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

A new method for the detection of water masses and for the tracing of their
mixing paths is described. Histograms of the salinity frequency distribution on
0.10 σt intervals from σt 26.90 to 27.70 contain modes which indicate the salinity
characteristics of the intermediate water masses of the south-east Indian Ocean.
These salinity characteristics are used to trace the extent of spreading of the water
masses on these σt intervals and to determine trajectories of shallow and deep mixing.
Comparison is made of the results obtained by the new method with those
by the core method for the water masses and circulation in intermediate depth of
the south-east Indian Ocean. The core method in this region has not been able to
show the large extent of deep mixing associated with the spreading of the Banda and
Antarctic Intermediate water masses. The core method has also failed to show the
widespread distribution of patches of Banda water at about 400-500 m throughout
the whole south-east Indian Ocean.
Seasonal Variations in Plankton Pigments in Waters off Sydney
Authors: Humphrey GF
Published: November 2005

Weekly determinations of pigments were made at two stations off Sydney in 1959 and 1960. There were several peaks in pigment concentration, particularly in February, August, September, and October. The highest concentrations were 7.42 mg/m³ chlorophyll a, 1.15 mg/m³ chlorophyll b, 6.11 MSPU/m³ chlorophyll c, 1 -39 MSPU/m³ astacin carotenoids, and 2.33 MSPU/m³ non-astacin carotenoids. The 50-m station gave higher values than the 100-m station (further from the coast). There was always less chlorophyll b than a, and usually more chlorophyll c than a. The phytoplankton biomass was calculated from total chlorophyll and varied from 100 to 2200 mg/m³. There was no complete exhaustion of nutrient salts; there were occasional intrusions of nutrient-rich slope water. Excluding periods of salp swarms the average phytoplankton biomass was three times the average zooplankton biomass. During the occasional salp swarms phytoplankton biomass was low. It is suggested that phytoplankton biomass was determined more by zooplankton than by nutrient levels.
Detection and Avoidance of a Cuprous Oxide Antifouling Paint by Bivalve and Gastropod Larvae (Mollusca)
Authors: Wisely B
Published: November 2005

The reactions of the larvae of seven species of molluscs to a cuprous oxide
antifouling paint were investigated in the laboratory. These included larvae of the
bivalves Mytilus planulatus Lamarck, Lasaea australis Lamarck, one other unidentified
bivalve species; and four other unidentified gastropods. Brief descriptions are given
of the unidentified species. By means of currents formed by the foot or tentacle cilia,
crawling larvae were able to detect the antifouling paint before they reached it. The
behavioural responses included agitated foot or tentacle movements, temporary retraction
of larvae into their shells, and turning movements. In six of the species this was
followed eventually by more permanent retraction of the larvae into their shells, where
they remained stationary for at least 5 min. It is suggested that if similar reactions
occurred on a vertical or overhanging surface, such as a ship's hull, the larvae would
fall away passively since in the experiments their attaching organs (feet) were automatically
withdrawn once the larvae retracted into their shells. This might account for
the relative absences of molluscs on ships docked in Sydney Harbour shortly after
their antifouling paints have failed, although other groups of fouling organisms have
already begun to colonize them.
The Ascidians of Australia. IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Polyclinidae Verril (continued)
Authors: Kott P
Published: November 2005

The work comprises a systematic review of the aplousobranch family Polyclinidae
and includes discussions on the relationships of Indo-Pacific and West Pacific species
of the family. Thirty-seven species taken from Australian waters are described, of
which 15 are new. Their geographical distribution is briefly discussed.
Some Features of Organic Phosphorus Distribution in the South-East Indian and South-West Pacific Oceans
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Concentrations of organic phosphorus significantly different from zero (0.10-0.38 �g-atom/l) have been found at most depths in a series of stations in the south-east Indian and south-west Pacific Oceans. For three meridional sections of the central and west Pacific and east Indian Oceans mean concentrations of organic phosphorus in the 0-200 m layer were found to be maximal (0.20-0.38�g- atom/l) along the southern boundary of the South Equatorial Current, along the Equatorial Divergence, and within the boundary of the Counter Current and North Equatorial Current. South of 30�S. to about 40�S. another maximum was found which could not be associated with marked current movements. Pronounced maxima were also found in the vertical profiles of organic phosphorus. These sometimes occurred at the same depth as major hydrological core layers. The most consistent agreement in depth was found between the Antarctic intermediate salinity minimum and an intermediate depth organic phosphorus maximum around 1000 m. At 41% of stations examined these two layers were found at the same depth. At several locations the depths of the maxima in organic phosphorus varied in the same direction and at the same rate as the major hydrological layers during one year's observations.
The Simulated in situ Measurements of Oceanic Primary Production
Authors: Jitts HR
Published: November 2005

Simultaneous measurements with two types of incubators were made on
replicate samples both in the incubators and in situ in the ocean. Both incubators
used sunlight and blue glass filters to simulate light conditions at depths in the ocean.
The first gave measurements of column production 1.58 times those in situ. This was
due to the fact that at depths greater than 20 m the incubator gave much higher results
with no significant relation to those measured in situ. In the second incubator the
accuracy of reproduction of oceanic light conditions was improved by reducing
reflected light and using a balance-by-depth twin photometer system for determining
the depths of sampling. The measurements of column production in the second
incubator were 1.03 times the in situ values.
The Chemical Composition of Some Surface Waters in Central Australia
Authors: Williams WD , Siebert BD
Published: November 2005

The surface waters of central Australia are briefly discussed. Analyses are
presented of the ionic composition of some relatively non-saline and mostly permanent
surface waters in the southern part of the Northern Territory. A brief note upon their
fauna is included. Such waters are of interest because of their extreme isolation in so
arid an area. They contain from 77 to 3735 p.p.m. total dissolved salts and their ionic
ratios are variable. The ionic compositions are discussed.
The Australian Freshwater Crabs of the Family Potamonidae (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Authors: Bishop JA
Published: November 2005

Six species of potamonid crab, of which two are new, are described and illustrated. The zoogeography of the Australian potamonid fauna is discussed.
Hydrology of the Indian Ocean. III. Water masses of the upper 500 metres of the South-east Indian Ocean
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

The following seven water masses have been identified, and their distribution traced during several seasons of the year: Red Sea mass, with the same distribution and properties in 1962 as the north-west Indian Intermediate described in 1959-60; Persian Gulf mass, which is confined to the region south of Indonesia and is limited in extent of easterly flow by the opposing flow of Banda Intermediate water; upper salinity minimum mass, entering via Lombok Strait and moving zonally in the direction of the prevailing surface currents, a secondary movement of this water mass towards north-west Australia is limited by the northern boundary of a south-east Indian high salinity water mass. This latter water mass occurs as three separate core layers north of 22-23� S. The deep core layer mixes with waters of the oxygen maximum below it, the mid-depth core layer mixes with Persian Gulf and upper salinity minimum water masses, and the upper core layer mixes with the Arabian Sea water mass. The latter water mass spreads eastwards to about 120� E. and southwards to north-west Australia, in conformity with surface currents. A sixth water mass enters with the counter-current and is found as a salinity maximum within the thermocline to about 20� S. A seventh water mass characterized by a salinity maximum around temperatures of 28-29�C has a limited distribution and an unknown origin. Both of these water masses move in the direction of surface currents.
Seasonal variations in heterotrophic bacterial populations in waters off Sydney
Authors: Brown AD
Published: November 2005

Viable counts were made of heterotrophic bacteria in seawater samples taken
from 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 m at one station off Sydney over a period of 2 years.
Populations, which fell largely within the range of 10-1000/ml, tended to be higher in
spring and early summer than at other times. Some evidence was obtained of a negative
correlation between bacterial population and chlorinity. There was no evidence of a
correlation between bacterial populations and several other variables which were
examined. A (presumed) species of Chromobacterium occurred intermittently at the
lower depths with some suggestion of a correlation with season and total bacterial count.
The spiny lobster, Jasus lalandei (H. Milne- Edwards), in South Australia. I. Growth of captive animals
Authors: Fielder DR
Published: November 2005

Carapace length and total length of the spiny lobster are directly related.
Weight increases as the cube of the carapace length. Changes in morphology are
used to describe the moulting cycle, and growth rate based on change in weight
and length at moult is calculated. Increasing temperature increases the frequency
of moulting. Absolute increase in length per moult does not differ significantly
with size, but small animals moult more frequently than larger ones.
The validity of data in relation to field application is discussed. Estimates
of growth from this investigation compare favourably with results obtained in the
field, and on captive animals by other authors for J. lalandei and related species.
Subterranean freashwater prawns (Crustacea : Decapoda : Atyidae) in Australia
Authors: Williams WD
Published: November 2005

Two new species of the genus Parisia Holthuis are described (P. gracilis, sp. nov., and P. unguis, sp. nov.). The relationships of these species to each other, and to the previously described species of the genus are discussed. The relationships of the species of Stygiocaris Holthuis are considered, and the occurrence of freshwater subterranean decapods in Australia is discussed in general terms.
Chemical and biological observations on some volcanic lakes in the south-east of South Australia
Authors: Bayly IAE , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

Chemical and biological data are given relating to the four lakes near Mount
Gambier, South Australia, and to Lake Leake about 32 km to the north-west. The
chemical data reveal that despite some similarities there are clear differences in ionic
composition between the lakes. These differences are explained as being due to the
differing importance of terrestrial and atmospheric ion supply. The biological data are
discussed principally from a distributional viewpoint.
The spiny lobster, Jasus lalandei (H. Milne-Edwards), in South Australia. II. Reproduction
Authors: Fielder DR
Published: November 2005

The female reproductive cycle is described in detail. The ovarian cycle passes
through seven stages of maturation, recognized by changes in macroscopic and microscopic
structure. The presence of ovigerous setae in females has been used to estimate
size at sexual maturity; these setae are developed fully only at the maturity moult.
No stages of development could be described for the testis from macroscopic or
microscopic examinations. The structure of the testis and the process of spermatogenesis
are described and compared with results obtained by Matthews (1951) for
Panulirus pencillatus (Oliver). No simple indication of sexual maturity was found for
males, but an estimate was made using other, indirect, evidence.
Studies on the physiology of a shrimp, Metapenaeus mastersii (Haswell) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Peneidae). I. Blood constituents
Authors: Dall W
Published: November 2005

Three cell types were distinguished: a thigmocyte, a lymphocyte-like cell,
and a granular amoebocyte, the latter forming and transporting polysaccharides.
Plasma was hypotonic at 35‰ salinity, isotonic at 22‰, and hypertonic below this.
Concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- varied in a broadly similar fashion. Ca2+ was
higher than that of the external in all cases, and by calculation Mg2+ was reduced at
higher salinities. Dialysis showed that all ions were actively regulated. Glucose
6-phosphate, a trace of another ester (probably fructose 6-phosphate), glucose, a
nucleotide, and glucosamine, probably from mucoproteins, were identified by paper
chromatography. Blood total reducing substances were increased by feeding and
reduced by starvation, due to low reserves and the necessity for constant feeding to
maintain blood sugars. Total protein ranged from 1.9 to 4.5%, non-protein nitrogen
from 13 -7 to 25.3 mg%. Starch gel electrophoresis resolved four protein bands, the
densest being haemocyanin, the next, mucoprotein.
Effects of antifouling paints attaching larvae of two spirorbid tubeworms (Serpulidae: Polychaeta)
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

Six cuprous oxide antifouling paints, ranging from low to high quality, were exposed to settling larvae of Spirorbis lamellosa Lamarck and S. convexis Wisely. All paints were newly immersed (up to 11 days). The poor quality paint allowed larvae to attach under laboratory conditions or in the sea, and these larvae developed the characteristic spiral tubes of the adults before dying (post-attachment mortality). Under similar conditions the intermediate and high quality paints killed the larvae before they could attach (pre-attachment mortality). These results are compared with those obtained recently for barnacle, bryozoan, and bivalve mollusc larvae.
Rapid changes in the characteristics of the deep salinity maximum of the south-east Indian Ocean
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Salinities of the deep salinity maximum at SCOR-UNESCO reference stations
1 and 2 in the south-east Indian Ocean have varied much more (� 0.01-0,02%o, about
the mean) than those at a CSIRO reference station in the south-west Pacific Ocean
(� 0,004%o about the mean) during 1959-63. At the SCOR-UNESCO reference
stations, and other stations between, the changes in salinity of this maximum during
1959-63 were paralleled by changes in other properties, consistent with an annual
increase in the advection of a north Indian Ocean deep water mass during March-July.
Changes in the properties of the deep water at the CSIRO Reference Station during
1962-63 were within the precision limits of the Australian analytical methods found
during the intercalibration tests on R.S. Vityaz in August 1962.
Seasonal changes of the same, or greater magnitude than those at SCOR-UNESCO
reference stations 1 and 2 can be expected at other sites chosen for SCOR-UNESCO
reference stations in the Indian Ocean, whenever they fall within the boundaries
of the north Indian Ocean deep water mass. Such stations will be unsuitable,
therefore, for comparing analytical accuracies but could be very useful for monitoring
changes in the deep circulation.
The summer characteristics of primary productivity in the Tasman and Coral seas
Authors: Jitts HR
Published: November 2005

An analysis of productivity data from 150 stations in the area, carried out in the period January-March from 1958 to 1962, showed that the area could be divided into five homogeneous regions, each with characteristic magnitudes, vertical profiles, and diurnal variations. A comparison of these regions with the hydrological structure showed a close parallel to a system of three external water masses which mix to form all the major characteristics of the area.
In the northern Coral Sea is a region of moderately productive waters (25 mgC/hr/m²) mainly of equatorial origin, with sharp vertical stratification at 50 m, and a high productivity index (3.7 mg C/ hr/mg chl.a) in the upper 50 m. The central part of the area is dominated by waters of the west central South Pacific Ocean with a low productivity (11 mg C/ hr/ m², no vertical stratification, and a low productivity index (1 -2). The southern Tasman Sea is dominated by waters of subantarctic origin with a very high productivity (49 mgC/ hr/ m²), a large subsurface maximum at 50 m, a sharp stratification below 50 m, and a high productivity index (3.9). Between these three regions are two others formed by mixing, and these have intermediate characteristics.
In all five regions there are subsurface maxima of chlorophyll a below the layers of maximum productivity, and these sink even deeper as the productivity decreases. This suggests that the phytoplankton sink and lose their ability to photosynthesize as the waters become poorer.
Diurnal variations of productivity in the five regions show an inverse relationship with latitude, the ratio of maximum to minimum productivity decreasing from 3.1 at 15� S. to 2.1 at 45� S, but this decrease is less than would be expected from other values published.
Studies on the physiology of a shrimp, Metapenaeus sp. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae). IV. Carbohydrate metabolism
Authors: Dall W
Published: November 2005

By use of a closed recirculating system for carbon dioxide collection, it was found
that the greater part of [14C]glucose, either fed or injected, appeared as 14CO2 within
24 hr. Up to 2% was incorporated as polysaccharide. Extract of sensory-pore-complex
did not affect 14C distribution but eyestalk ablation reduced 14C2, output to about
two-thirds, with a corresponding increase in body carbohydrate 14C. A small amount of
the 14C was incorporated in both carbonate and non-carbonate fractions of the cuticle.
Eyestalk ablation caused a highly significant reduction in blood reducing substances,
while sensory-pore extract caused a significant increase.
Blood of intermoult animals contained 39.2-42.0 �g/ml glucosamine in plasma
proteins, and 3.3-4.0 �g/ml in cells, but in premoult animals plasma content fell to
10 �g/ml and cells increased to 72.3 �g/ml. Eyestalk ablation reduced plasma
glucosamine only, while sensory-pore-complex extract raised total blood glucosamine
slightly. Glucosarnine of the epidermis increased 10-fold following eyestalk ablation.
On the assumption that hexosamine comprises about one-third of the total sugars in
mucopolysaccharides, mucopolysaccharide : glycogen ratios were calculated as 1 : 1
for epidermis, but were 5.3 : 1 for digestive gland, due to epithelial mucins involved
in digestion.
Oxidation of [14C] glucose in Metapenaeus, Metapograpsus, and Hemigrapsus are
compared, and it is suggested that glycogen does not play a major role in Metapenaeus,
the animal being deaendent on a sustained intake of food for both oxidative metabolism and chitin synthesis. "Moult-accelerating hormone" of the sensory-pore-complex may
be a hyperglycaemic hormone responsible for mobilization of body carbohydrates.
It is suggested that an acid mucopolysaccharide is supplied by the blood to the epidermis
as a chitin precursor, the source being blood amoebocytes.
Geostrophic currents in the south-eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Hamon BV
Published: November 2005

Dynamic topographies and geostrophic currents in the upper 1750 m are
presented for several cruises between 1960 and 1963. The mean zonal surface circulation
is shown to consist of the south equatorial current, 9-14� S., and a weak easterly current
between 14� and 32� C. From 0� to 9�S., and again from 32� to 45�S., the mean
dynamic height anomalies are independent of latitude, so that mean geostrophic zonal
currents are negligible in these latitudes. Changes in dynamic height of the surface
relative to 300 decibars within 2-4 weeks are shown for five "seasonal biological cruises" ,
along 110� E. The significance of these changes in interpreting the dynamics of the region
is discussed. Cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies appear occasionally off Fremantle, but
no seasonal pattern was found. Cyclonic eddies south of Java are postulated, mainly
during the south-east monsoon. A bathythermograph section across the equator on
95� E. is included; it shows no evidence of the equatorial undercurrent.
The measurements of total carbon dioxide in dilute tropical waters
Authors: Subba Rao DV
Published: November 2005

A shipboard conductivity technique to measure the total carbon dioxide in dilute
tropical water is described. The standard error of a single determination in the range
40-100 mg CO2/I is 6.0 mg/l. There were 41-102 mg CO2/l in waters of the Gulf of
Thailand. In these waters, primary production determined with the usually assumed
value of 90 mg CO2 gave errors ranging from 11 to 120% for the individual depth
samples and from 6 to 92 % for column values as compared to the values obtained using
the measured CO2 concentration.
A statistical examination of the catches, numbers, and biomass taken by three commonly used plankton nets
Authors: Barnes H , Tranter DJ
Published: November 2005

A comparison has been made between the Indian Ocean standard net (IOSN),
the tropical Juday net (TJN), and the Clarke-Bumpus sampler (CBS). Various components of the zooplankton have been counted and the results submitted to analyses of variance.
The variability of the catches is greatest with the TJN, the percentage standard deviation of a single observation rangingfrom 73 to 135 %; the valuesfor the IOSN and the CBS are similar toeach other: 42-51 %. The greater variability of the TJNis ascribed to its smaller mesh with consequent clogging, and arises from variability in the volume filtered and from the difficulty of washing down such a large and fine net efficiently.
There is no evidence that the larger zooplankton avoid the smaller CBS any more successfully than they avoid the two large nets; as expected, the smaller zooplankton organisms escape more readily through the IOSN with its coarser meshes than through the other two nets.
The catches for the IOSN and the CBS agree very well when expressed per volume of water filtered.
The main advantage of the larger nets--as regards the organisms considered here-is in the greater volume of water filtered; this would be of importance if a large bulk of material were required for, say, chemical analysis or if a search were being made for rare organisms.
Source regions of oxygen maxima in intermediate depths of the Arabian Sea.
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Oxygen maxima, in relation to σt salinity maxima and minima, and other hydrological
structural features, have been examined along three meridional sections of the
Indian Ocean. These relations have provided a background for the interpretation of
the water mass sources of oxygen maxima of the whole Indian Ocean. After grouping
these oxygen maxima according to density, their salinities have been used to identify
mixing circuits in which the following waters are involved: from the south (1) South
Indian Central, (2) Subtropical oxygen maximum, (3) Antarctic Intermediate; from the
east (4) Equatorial Frontal water; and from the north (5) Persian Gulf, and (6) Red
Sea. The principal routes whereby oxygen-rich mixtures of these waters enter the
Arabian Sea, during the south-west monsoon, have been determined. The directions
of flow along several of these routes agreed with measured directions of current flow.
Where these currents disagreed the measured current was generally very weak.
Some hydrological features of the eastern Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria in August 1964
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Charts of the distribution of salinity, temperature, inorganic phosphate, nitrate
nitrogen, oxygen, and particulate organic phosphorus, for the eastern Arafura Sea and
Gulf of Carpentaria in August 1964 are presented. Interrelationships of these properties
show that at least three water masses were identifiable in this month. Two were very low
in nutrients (phosphate less than 0.20, nitrate less than 1.0 �g-atom/l) but differed in
salinity (less than 33.00‰ and greater than 35.50‰). The third was high in nutrients
(phosphate greater than 1.40, nitrate greater than 17 �g-atom/l) and had salinities
between 33.80 and 34.70‰. The high nutrient water mass was derived from Banda Sea
slope water at around 100-150 m, wlth its nutrients increased subsequently by biological
action. The other two water masses were formed in the coastal region of West Irian
and the Coral Sea. High surface oxygen saturation (139%) and accumulation of organic
phosphorus in near-bottom waters of the eastern Arafura Sea were the result of an uplift
of Banda slope waters, much earlier in the year than August. In the Gulf of Carpentaria,
the August salinity temperature characteristics were formed by the southward drift along
the eastern margin of Coral Sea waters, which increased in salinity and decreased in
temperature by evaporation. Low salinity water of the previous summer occurred in
August, only in the north-west of the gulf.
Distribution of Banda Intermediate water in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Banda Intermediate water has been identified as a salinity minimum (salinity
34.58-34.70‰) on the 27.40 σt surface, separated from Antarctic Intermediate to the
south by an oxygen minimum of Red Sea origin. Banda water of these characteristics
has been found as far west as Madagascar within a 0-20�S. zone of the Indian Ocean.
Along110�E. Banda water was in maximum concentration at about 10� s. in August-
December 1962. At this latitude and time of the year relatively strong (7-11 cm per sec)
geostrophic currents to the west were found. Between January and July 1964 little or no
net westward movement along 110� E, occurred. A strong (22 cm per sec) easterly
flow of Red Sea water south of the Chagos Is, seems to retard the westward movement
of Banda water and to divert its flow to the south.
Seasonal changes in the hydrological and biological environments off Port Hacking, Sydney
Authors: Newell BS
Published: November 2005

Data obtained over 10 yr at the Port Hacking 100-m station show an annual cycle in some properties. In May the continental shelf is dominated by high salinity subtropical water from the western Pacific. From June to August, cooling and vertical mixing decrease temperatures and salinities at all depths. From September, tropical water of northern origin penetrates southwards, increasing temperatures and decreasing salinity at 10 and 50 m. This tropical water exerts its maximum influence in March. From September to March other offshore water from deeper than 100 m rises onto the shelf, decreasing temperature, salinity, and oxygen, but increasing nitrate. In addition there is probably a continual land drainage influence on the hydrological regime. Algal blooms occur from August to April, in association with the penetration of nitrate-rich water onto the shelf.
Preliminary assessments of stocks of the Western Australian crayfish, Panulirus cygnus George
Authors: Bowen BK , Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

Total catch of Panulirus cygnus in Western Australia rose from 0.6 million lb in
1944-45 to 21.4 million Ib in 1962-63. Fishing effort increased rapidly with the result
that the catch per unit effort declined progressively. Effort has been limited by regulation
since 1963.
From records of catch and effort from specified areas at intervals of one month
throughout each season, estimates were made of mortality coefficients (Z1, F, and M1)
and catchability coefficient (q). Stock size, recruitment, and exploitation rates were
then estimated. As the seasonal catch per unit effort followed the same trend throughout
all fishing areas, the detailed results from the selected areas have been applied to the
whole fishery.
The fishable stock, originally of approximately 140 million lb, had declined to
some 35 million lb by 1963. Exploitation rate rose as effort was increased, and then
levelled off (generally at above 60%), further increase in fishing effort resulting in a fall
in the catchability coefficient rather than a change in the exploitation rate. Because of
the high exploitation rate in recent years, the fishable stock available on the grounds at
the opening of a season is largely dependent on recruitment (by growth) of juveniles
during the preceding closed period. This recruitment has been diminishing from year
to year, apparently because of mortality of undersize (pre-recruit) crayfish handled in
fishing pots. Provision of escape gaps in all fishing pots is recommended.
A sustainable level of catch might be 16,000,000±2,000,0001b per year if
recruitment can be stabilized. Some further restriction of fishing effort might be
necessary.
An ecological study of a temporary pond near Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Barclay MH
Published: November 2005

Over the period of 2 yr, investigations were carried out on a temporary pond
having an average life of 6 months. Physicochemical conditions, including diurnal
variations, were noted, as well as seasonal variations in the fauna. The ability of the
animals present to withstand the period without water is discussed, and finally a
comparison made between temporary and permanent habitats, using the pond under
study together with six other local ponds.
Freshwater Ostracoda from north-western Australia
Authors: McKenzie KG
Published: November 2005

Freshwater ostracodes from the Northern Territory and the Kimberleys, Western Australia, are described. They comprise 17 species of which 6 are new: Cyprinotus kimberleyensis, Zsocypris williamsi, "Strandesia" dorsoviridis, Candonocypris Jitzroyi, Cypretta baylyi, and Cypretta lutea. The ostracodes include the first records from Australia of Isocypris, Strandesia, and Heinicypris, and exhibit affinities with those of eastern Australia, Indonesia, and South Africa.
The geochemistry of surface waters of the Western District of Victoria
Authors: Maddocks GE
Published: November 2005

Chemical data are presented for the concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, chloride, bromide, sulphate, carbonate, boron, silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen in some lakes and rivers of the Western District of Victoria. All these waters are of the chloride type and sodium is the dominant cation. Comparatively high pH values are common. Several ionic ratios have been calculated and these are used to illustrate relative enrichments or losses among the ions present during an overall increase in total salinity. Precipitation of dolomitic carbonate is indicated. The similarity of several ionic ratios to those of sea water is used to propose an oceanic origin for these inorganic constituents. Clay membrane mechanisms coupled with solar evaporation are suggested as an explanation for the extreme salinity range of samples.
Studies on the uptake of cadmium by the oyster, Ostrea sinuata (Lamarck)
Authors: Brooks RR , Rumsby MG
Published: November 2005

In order to study elution and displacement of adsorbed ions into filtered sea water
and their displacement by adsorbed Cd, analyses for Cd, Ag, Mn, Pb, V, and Zn were
carried out on freshly killed oysters, specimens maintained for 100 hr in filtered sea
water and on a further number treated for the same period with filtered sea water
containing 50 p.p.m. Cd. Although a high Cd concentration did not appear to displace
other ions, there was some evidence for loss of ions from the visceral mass. Concentrations
in oysters equilibrated with sea water containing added Cd, indicated that this
element was strongly accumulated in the gills, visceral mass, and heart. These findings
were confirmed in radiometric experiments involving uptake of 113/113mCd from sea
water containing this radionuclide. These experiments were also used to measure the
rate of uptake of Cd which although relatively slow, was appreciable in magnitude.
Fractionation factors for the various organs for varying Cd concentrations in sea
water showed a very similar pattern for all organs studied and indicated cessation of
uptake at Cd concentrations between 40 and 140 p.p.m. It was concluded that uptake
was due to unselective adsorption probably by coordination to organic ligands. This
theory was strengthened by radiometric experiments on the oyster heart where proteinbound
Cd probably did not exceed 25 % of the total.
A description of the development of primary and secondart sexual characters in the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis de Man (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeinae)
Authors: Tuma DJ
Published: November 2005

A description is given of the metamorphosis and functional aspects of male
and female genitalia in Penaeus merguiensis de Man, and criteria for the designation of
adult genitalia are presented.
Male and female primary sexual development is described and the effect of
parasitism by the bopyrid crustacean Epipenaeon sp, on primary and secondary sexual
development is outlined.
Some aspects of mating and spawning are discussed.
A formula for the filtration coefficient of a plankton net
Authors: Tranter DJ
Published: November 2005

Empirical observations on filtration in plankton nets have been interpreted in
terms of hydrodynamic theory to obtain a better understanding of the filtration process.
Filtration coefficient can be calculated with an error of less than 2% by Φn (filtration
coefficient) = 1 +0901K, where K is a property of the gauze, dependent on its porosity
and Reynolds' number.
Rearing experiments with five species of Australian freshwater fishes. II. Morphogenesis and ontogeny
Authors: Lake JS
Published: November 2005

The eggs, embryonic development, and larvae of five species of fish, endemic to
Australia, are described and compared. They are Tandanus tandanus, Plectroplites
ambiguus, Maccullochella macquariensis, Bidyanus bidyanus, and Carassiops klunzingeri.
Plectroplites ambiguus and B. bidyanus both have pelagic eggs with diameters
of 3.9 and 2.8 mm, respectively. Hatching times for these two species are similar being
about 30 hr at water temperatures of about 25°C. The newly hatched larvae are at
an early stage of development and average 3.2 and 3.6 mm in length, respectively.
The eggs of T. tandanus are demersal, non-adhesive, average 3.2 mm in diameter,
and are laid in a nest usually made in gravel or coarse sand. Hatching takes 6-7 days
at a temperature between 20 and 25°C and the newly hatched larvae emerge at an
average length of 7.1 mm.
Maccullochella macquariensis lays eggs which are demersal and adhesive and
this species utilizes hard objects such as the inside of sunken hollow logs for attachment
of the eggs. Eggs average 3.4 mm in diameter, hatching can take place in 6 days at
temperatures approaching 25°C but the larvae are at an earlier stage of development
than those which hatch later. Under river conditions hatching probably takes place at
temperatures nearer 20°C when they may take 10-14 days to hatch. Early hatched
larvae may be only 6 mm in length: those which take longer to hatch, even at the same
temperature, are usually about 9 mm in length.
The eggs of C. klunzingeri are very small, ovoid, and when water-hardened may
vary in diameter from 0.4 to 0.5 mm. Hatching takes place in 47-53 hr at a temperature
range of 18-23°C. The larvae average 1.9 mm when newly hatched and are undeveloped.
Observations on the early life history of Perca fluviatilis, an introduced species, are
also described. These observations indicate that high minimum water temperatures
before spawning or during growth of the embryo may contribute to the control of the
distribution of this species either by causing damage to the oocytes of the adult fish or
by premature hatching of the eggs. High summer water temperatures alone, were
previously accepted as the reason for the control of the distribution of this species.
A comparative account of the reproductive cycles of five species of marine mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in the vicinity of Fremantle, Western Australia
Authors: Wilson BR , Hodgkin EP
Published: November 2005

Descriptions are given of the reproductive cycles of five marine species of mussels.
Two of these species have a southern Australian distribution and three are tropical
Indo-Pacific species or have Indo-Pacific affinities. The reproductive cycles differ
significantly, each species exhibiting a characteristic breeding pattern. A distinction is
drawn between the season of gametogenic activity and the much narrower season of
actual spawning.
In four of the species the major features of the reproductive cycle correlate with
latitudinal distribution. This is interpreted as evidence supporting the role of
temperature as a principal determining factor in the control of broader aspects of the
reproductive cycle (i.e. duration and season of gametogenic activity). Differences in finer
details of the reproductive cycles (e.g. spawning season and number of spawning peaks)
appear to be controlled by unknown factors besides temperature.
Calanus tonsus (Copepoda, Calanoida) in southern New Zealand waters with notes on the male
Authors: Jillett JB
Published: November 2005

Calanus tonsus, a subantarctic planktonic copepod, was taken abundantly in surface waters off south-eastern New Zealand in spring and early summer (September to January). Nearly two generations are passed in this time but individuals of the second generation appear to descend into deep water as Stage V copepodites. Here they overwinter before they mature and breed in August. Males were not taken at all in surface samples and only appeared in deep water upon the maturation of the overwintering stocks. When they first appear, males outnumber females.
C. tonsus was seasonally abundant near the surface in the Southland Current,
and further offshore in subantarctic water, but not in neritic waters near the shore.
It is probably introduced into the Southland Current each spring from deeper subantarctic
water. C. tonsus is closely related to C.plumchrus of the North Pacific and the two species have many similarities in their life-cycles and hydrological afiities. The male of C. tonsus has been more fully described in this paper.
An aerial survey for sperm whales off the coast of Western Australia 1963-1965.
Authors: Bannister JL
Published: November 2005

Objectives, methods, and results of a two-year aerial survey for sperm whales
off the coast of Western Australia, 1963-65, are described. Data from commercial
whaling operations have been included where appropriate.
Sperm whales were found well off the west coast, but only in a narrow strip
along the continental slope off the south coast. On both coasts, the main direction
of movement was parallel to the coastline and towards Cape Leeuwin. Unexpectedly,
whales off the west coast were heading mainly southwards throughout the year.
Densities in the offshore area north of Perth were significantly higher than along
the continental slope in the same region but similar to those along the continental
slope from Perth to Cape Leeuwin. The situation was reversed on the south coast
with whales being found, in high densities, only along the continental slope. Off
the west coast, there were marked decreases in abundance in winter, with peaks in
spring-early summer and autumn; no change in direction of movement could be
related to the peaks. Average numbers calculated as present in the survey area at
one time were: west coast, c. 1000 whales; south coast, c. 200 whales. South coast
data indicate the passage of about 40 whales in one 24 hr period, very similar to
results from whaling company aerial spotter data off Albany.
The hypothesis of two separate populations of sperm whales off Western
Australia is discussed and thought to be unlikely.
A small amount of data on baleen whale sightings is recorded.
Properties of gauzes in relation to loss of organisms through plankton nets
Authors: Heron AC , Kerr JD
Published: November 2005

Nylon monofilament gauze is superior to nylon multifilament gauze and silk
gauze with respect to strength, elongation under load, aging, and swelling in water.
Nylon monofilament gauze expanded an estimated 0-3.5 %, allowing incompressible
beads through the mesh aperture under simulated towing conditions. The mesh
aperture in nylon multifilament and silk gauze expanded an estimated 5-10 %. More
than half of the previous estimate of expansion for silk (17.5 %) can be explained by
variability in the mesh aperture. The greatest retention of organisms above the mean
mesh size could be obtained by using gauzes which have the least mesh variability.
Nylon monofilament is not inferior to silk, and has nearly ideal characteristics for
plankton nets.
The continuity of water masses along the western boundary of the Tasman and Coral Seas
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Hydrological data of the Umitaka Maru (December 1967) and of H.M.A.S.
Gascoyne (November-December 1965) have been used to show continuity of selected
water masses from the north-west Coral Sea to the continental margin off New South
Wales. The core layer properties of these water masses (salinity, temperature, oxygen)
indicate that these water masses of the north-west Coral Sea are formed by the inflow
from the east of the South Equatorial water mass (0 m), the upper salinity maximum
water mass (150-200 m) of the central South Pacific, and of the Antarctic Intermediate
water mass (800-1000 m). The inflow of the first two occurs immediately south of
the Solomon Is. whilst that of the third occurs between New Caledonia and the New
Hebrides. Continuity of the upper oxygen maximum of the 200-800 m layer was not
examined because of doubts as to its existence as a separate water mass.