bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Knowledge and The Level of Compliance with The Use of Masks During the Covid-19 Pandemic at Gatot Soebroto Hospital 2020
Authors: Suhartini Leni
Published: February 2021

Casualties due to Covid-19 are increasing every day. The disease attacks the respiratory tract and transmitted through droplets when the sufferer speaks, coughs or sneezes. In some people do not cause symptoms, but in some patients there are also those that cause symptoms from mild to severe. Wearing a mask is one of the efforts made to prevent and protect from contaminated viruses. Objective: to assess the relationship of knowledge and the level of compliance with the use of masks during the Covid-19 pandemic.  Research methods. Mused cross sectional method, sampled 32 respondents (consisting of 16 maternity room midwives and 16 final-level students). The data used is primary data collected using research instruments in the form of questionnaires distributed through google form. Analisys using Chi Square with tools of SPSS application. Result.  In terms of knowledge obtained results in midwives good knowledge as many as 13 people (81,3%) and less knowledge of 3 people (18,8%). In good knowledge students as many as 10 people (62,5%) and less knowledge of 6 people (37,5%) P value = 0,432 and OR 0,385. From the level of compliance, midwives who do not comply with the use of masks as many as 5 people (31,3%) and who obeyed as many as 11 people (68,8%). Midwives students all are disobedient to the use of masks.  Statistical test results obtained the value p = 0,001 OR = 0,313. Conclusion. The use of masks is part of a comprehensive series of measures to prevent and control the spread of Covid-19 disease. High knowledge is not necessarily obedient to the use of masks, it is necessary awareness of each individual to use the mask according to the situation and conditions.
Mathematical Model for Evaluating Slippage of Tractor Under Various Field Conditions
Authors: Almaliki Salim A. , Himoud Majed S. , Muhsin Sadiq J.
Published: February 2021

The slippage is an essential criterion for evaluating the fuel consumption and the field performance of tractor. The objective of this research was to develop mathematical models using Design Expert software for modelling and predicting slippage of the CASE JX75T tractor (India manufacture) under operational field conditions. In this research, a chisel plough was used as a loading tool for the tractor under four levels of ploughing depths, with three levels of speed and two levels of cone index (CI) in silty clay soil texture. The experiments were carried out in the site of Basrah University. The results obtained from the fieldwork were analysed to evolve mathematical models and equations to predict and evaluate the performance of the tractor when the slippage occurred. According to the obtained results, the single effects of the parameters (CI, tillage depth, and forward speed) on the slippage were highly considerable (P<0.0001). Moreover, the interaction of the parameters were significant (p<0.05). The slippage of tractor increased by 187 and 116 % with increasing ploughing depth up to 25 cm and forward speed up to 1.53 m.s-1, respectively. On the other hand, tractor slippage reduced by 34% when CI increased up to 980 kPa. The data analysis showed that the developed model has passable imitation ability and excellently executed in confront of the actual data. This confirms the accuracy of the model for predicting tractor slippage under different fieldworks.
La Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en el asunto Schrems II o cómo los datos personales pueden terminar viajando sin equipaje
Authors: Ruiz Tarrías Susana
Published: February 2021

El grado de interconexión de las sociedades actuales conlleva la necesidad de realizar transferencias internacionales de datos personales que, en todo caso, deben garantizar la protección de los derechos a la vida privada y a la protección de datos personales de los ciudadanos europeos (arts. 7 y 8 CDFUE). La Unión Europea ha articulado desde 1999 dos marcos normativos para las transferencias de datos personales UE-EE.UU, el sistema de Puerto Seguro (Safe Harbor) y el Escudo de Privacidad (Privacy Shield). En ambos casos, el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea ha declarado la invalidez de la decisión de adecuación que proporcionaba soporte jurídico en el ordenamiento de la Unión a las transferencias de datos personales a uno y otro lado del Atlántico. 
Sin embargo, tras la aplicación efectiva del RGPD en todos los Estados miembros, la Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de 16 de julio 2020 en el asunto Schrems II, parece extender en abstracto el nivel de garantía sustancialmente equivalente con el proporcionado por el ordenamiento de la Unión Europea, tanto a las transferencias internacionales basadas en decisiones de adecuación como a aquellas fundadas en cláusulas contractuales tipo. Una equiparación de las garantías a las que se une la prohibición de otorgar primacía con carácter general a las exigencias de seguridad pública, defensa o seguridad del Estado por las autoridades públicas del tercer país respecto de los datos de los ciudadanos europeos que son objeto de transferencia internacional. 
Sin embargo, tras la aplicación efectiva del RGPD en todos los Estados miembros, la Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de 16 de julio 2020, en el asunto Schrems II, ha extendido el nivel de garantía sustancialmente equivalente con el ordenamiento de la Unión Europea, tanto a las transferencias internacionales basadas en “decisiones de adecuación” como a aquellas fundadas en “cláusulas tipo”. Una equiparación de las garantías a las que se une la prohibición de otorgar “primacía” con carácter “general”, a las exigencias de seguridad pública, defensa o seguridad del Estado por las autoridades públicas del tercer país que supongan una injerencia ilegítima en los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos europeos cuyos datos son objeto de transferencia internacional.
New Mexico
Authors: Shaheen Sharon T.
Published: February 2021

Under the Produced Water Act (“Act”) enacted in the 2019 regular legislative session, the New Mexico Legislature authorized the New Mexico Oil Conservation Division (“OCD”) and the New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission (“WQCC”) to regulate produced water resulting from oil and gas drilling or production. The Act governs the transportation and sale of produced water, recycled water (also referred to as recycled produced water), and treated water (also referred to as treated produced water).
North Dakota--Dealing with Dubious Contracts for Conveying Land Statute of Limitations or Reformation for Mutual Mistake?
Authors: Pearce William P.
Published: February 2021

The topic of this Article arose from a recent opinion by the North Dakota Supreme Court: Western Energy Corporation v. Stauffer. The case dealt with how the law handles changes in ownership of property, specifically land including underlying mineral interests, that come into dispute after substantial periods of time have passed, resulting in a need for the parties involved in the dispute to turn to the courts for a solution. The passing of a substantial amount of time often becomes the issue in resolving the dispute in these types of situations. The opening paragraph in the Court’s opinion in Western Energy states that “Western Energy appealed from a district court judgment finding its quiet title action pertaining to claimed mineral interests to be barred by applicable statutes of limitation and laches.” Statutes of limitation are fairly straightforward and are discussed below as they are the determinative factor in the case. However, the specific goal here is to examine several of the approaches that can be taken in this kind of situation and how the issue is ultimately resolved. Raising the claim of “laches” is a rather vague concept, but it appears in some of these cases and has an interesting background, as discussed in the last part of this Article. The background of the case in question will be laid out first followed by the discussion of several traditional methodologies for resolving cases of this kind, generally, in the context of other court cases.
Pennsylvania--Recent Developments in Pennsylvania Jurisprudence Related to Oil and Gas Leasing and Conveyancing
Authors: Pifer Ross
Published: February 2021

Pennsylvania is the largest producer of shale gas in the United States and is the second-largest natural gas-producing state overall. Owing to its strategic location atop the Marcellus and Utica Shale Formations, Pennsylvania’s position as a major natural gas producer is relatively new. Just a little over a decade ago, Pennsylvania ranked sixteenth among states in total natural gas production. With this rapid rise in the amount of natural gas development, there has been a corresponding increase in activity in courtrooms across Pennsylvania—both in state and federal courts. As a result, Pennsylvania oil and gas law has evolved within a number of different legal areas, with leasing and title issues perhaps being among the most frequent—and most important—topics that have been addressed by courts. This survey will address the 2019 reported judicial opinions issued by state courts in Pennsylvania that address oil and gas leasing and title issues.
Utah
Authors: Burghardt Mark
Published: February 2021

Oil and gas production continues to be an important sector of Utah’s economy. Following a 25% loss in production between 2014 and 2015, Utah’s production continues to slowly rebound. Crude oil production in 2019 appears to be slightly ahead of 2018 production. Monthly production averages slightly over three million barrels, placing Utah among the top ten states in crude oil production. Along with the continuing increase in production, the state’s legal framework governing oil and gas continues to develop. This Article examines recent changes in Utah statutes and regulations along with new case law developments involving the oil and gas industry. In particular, this Article discusses a recent federal bankruptcy decision involving midstream agreements, the revision to a Utah statute that now requires mandatory reporting of unclaimed mineral interests, and recent revisions to Utah’s oil and gas regulations.
Experience is a Dear Teacher--The Texas Wind Decommissioning Statute
Authors: Wetsel Rod
Published: February 2021

As is well known among both my students and colleagues, my professional life as a lawyer (and later as a law professor) took a monumental turn in 1999 when I reviewed and drafted my first wind lease in Nolan County, Texas. That lease, as well as all of the other wind leases at the time, contained contractional “clean up and restoration” clauses similar to many oil and gas leases then in use. Simply put, the leases provided that upon expiration or termination of the lease (which for a wind lease, unlike an oil and gas lease, might be fifty or more years in the future), the lessee would remove its equipment and restore the surface “to as near as reasonably possible to its original condition” prior to the lease.
The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act 10--A Stocktaking
Authors: Heled Yaniv
Published: February 2021

On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA) as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”). The purpose of BPCIA was to create for biologics a regime similar to that of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (Hatch–Waxman Act) and, in so doing, to open biologics markets to competition and, subsequently, lower the price of these expensive and increasingly important pharmaceuticals. Using original data, this Essay takes stock of the decade that has passed since the enactment of BPCIA. This Essay surveys the state of competition in United States biologics markets, entry of follow-on biologics into these markets, and the effects such entry has had on biologics prices.

This Essay’s main findings are that, as of March 23, 2020—exactly ten years since the signing of BPCIA into law—the FDA has approved a total of 26 follow-on biologics deemed biosimilar to 9 original products (ratio: 2.63 follow-on/original products), with only 16 of these deemed biosimilar to 7 original products (ratio: 1.78 follow- on/original products) actually available on the market. None of these follow-on products have been approved as interchangeable with their reference products, which means that substitution of the 7 original products with one of their 16 approved biosimilars cannot be done automatically. The price of these products was 10%–37% lower than the price of the original biologic, with the average price savings being 24% or 27%. All 35 approved follow-on and reference products are owned by a total of 11 pharmaceutical companies. The number of years of market exclusivity of the 9 original biologics before the approval of the first biosimilar ranged between 13.5–28.92 with an average of 18.27 years or 15.33–29.42 with an average of 19.87 years before the launch of the first competing biosimilar.

This Essay further puts forward a new method of measuring comparative levels of competition in drug markets by comparing the ratio of total approved follow-on products per total approved original products at certain critical benchmarks. Using this measurement tool, this Essay compares BPCIA’s track record with the levels of competition in small-molecule drugs before and after the Hatch– Waxman Act, showing that that BPCIA significantly underperforms in comparison and fails to instigate levels of competition that would lead to significant price drops and increase access to biologics in the United States. A short survey of the most likely reasons for BPCIA’s underperformance follows.

This Essay concludes by presenting the following question: if BPCIA’s current track record is (still) not enough to convince that it is failing to meet its goals, what more would it take to reach such a conclusion, and how much longer should policymakers wait before it is possible to surmise that BPCIA in its current form has failed to significantly increase access to biologics in the United States?
Time management skills among medical students
Authors: Meenal Kulkarni
Published: February 2021

Background: Time management is the art of arranging, organizing, scheduling and budgeting one’s time

for generating more effectiveness work and productivity. Effective time management techniques help us to

judiciously organise and plan time which we spend on various activities with the aim to increase productivity

and quality of life. Students’ time is a limited resource. Time management plays a vital role in improving

student’s academic performance. So the present study was conducted to assess the time management skills

among medical students and to find out correlation between time management and academic performance.

Material and Methods: After taking informed consent, cross sectional study was conducted from July

2018 to September 2018 among second year medical students. All medical students from second year

willing to participate were included in the study (n= 115 students). The data was collected by using self

administered close ended questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of Time Management Questionnaire

(TMQ) developed by Britton and Tesser (5 point Likert scale) with 18 questions. The data was analysed by

percentage, mean and Pearson’s correlation test. Results and conclusions: Mean score of time management

was found to be 56.29±8.65 with maximum score of 81 and minimum score 36. A weak positive correlation

(?=0.21) was found between time management score and academic performance. Sessions regarding time

management skills should be conducted for students.
Sentiment analysis on Healthcare Tweets
Authors: P.Kamakshi1
Published: February 2021

In today’s world variety of posting on social media offer huge information about the health issues, remedies,

food and medication. Twitter is an online social networking service in which users can post their opinions

about various topics and also cooperate with each other with messages known as “tweets”. Tweets are very

helpful in sharing the health related issues, medicines, hospitals information. Twitter helps the people to

know about the disease symptoms, services and details about the hospital before they go for consultation.

Sentiment analysis is a metric commonly used to investigate the positive or negative opinion within

these messages. Sentiment analysis methods can be used in Twitter health care research. The analysis will

help the users to better understand the alternative available. Sentiment analysis can also facilitate the

healthcare industry to use reliable data for their growth by taking necessary measures. Sentiment

analysis applies software to analyze the patient’s tweets regarding their healthcare experiences

regarding medicine, doctor, hospitals..It helps users as well as many healthcare organizations to

understand their customers opinion and to take necessary measure to rectify the gaps. Ultimately,

as more attention is given to such opinion analysis the health standard in the society will improve.

Main aim of this paper is to build an algorithm that can accurately classify Twitter messages as positive or

negative.
Ekstremizam na Internetu: Izazovi i Prilike na Zapadnom Balkanu
Authors: Comerford Milo , Dukic Simeon
Published: February 2021

Zapadni Balkan suočava se s dvostrukim izazovom ekstremizma na internetu. Internetske pla orme olakšavaju posebno izlaganje regije raznolikim međunarodnim ekstremističkim narativima. Istodobno se ekstremističke akcije i nara vi iz cijelog svijeta opravdavaju regionalnim povijes ma i geopolitikom. Međutim, navedeni je fenomen dio većeg trenda koji naglašava sve veći izazov koji stvara širenje transnacionalnih ekstremističkih ideologija na internetskim platformama: od nasilnih džihadista do ekstremne desnice. Na zapadnom Balkanu to podrazumijeva niz posebnih rizika.
Assessment of Intratumoral Heterogeneity in Isolated Human Primary High-Grade Glioma: Cluster of Differentiation 133 and Cluster of Differentiation 15 Double Staining of Glioblastoma Subpopulations
Authors: Faried Ahmad , Widowati Wahyu , Rizal Rizal , Bolly Hendrikus M. B. , Halim Danny , Widodo Wahyu S. , Wibowo Satrio H. B. , Noverina Rachmawati , Tjahjono Firman P. , Arifin Muhammad Zafrullah
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors, representing 50–60% of malignant primary brain tumors. Gliomas are highly heterogeneous with marked inter- and intratumoral diversity. Gliomas heterogeneity is a challenging issue in the development of personalized treatment. The simplest method for studying heterogeneity is using ex vivo cell cultures; in our case, the cell lines were isolated from patient with glioblastomas.
AIM: Here, we reported distinct cell subpopulations heterogeneity in glioblastoma cells.
METHODS: Human glioblastoma cells isolation is conducted by enzymatic method with combination of collagenase I, hyaluronidase, and trypsin enzyme in proportional amount from patient. Immunostaining was performed to assess glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ki-67, isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH-1) status, and program death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. Primary glioblastoma cell line was characterized by flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) analysis based on cluster of differentiation (CD) 133 and CD15 marker expression. U87MG and CGNH-89 cell lines were used as control. Distinct subpopulation analysis was performed by double staining of CD133 and CD15 in isolated primary glioblastoma cell line and its comparative control cells.
RESULTS: Our isolated glioblastoma cells morphology was adherent cells which were able to form spheres depending on environment. Immunostaining confirmed GFAP, Ki-67, IDH-1 mutants, and PD-L1 expression. Our isolated glioblastoma cells expressed CD133 and CD15, coexpressed CD133/CD15 in different patterns. The highest subpopulation in primary glioblastoma was CD133+/CD15+.
CONCLUSION: Glioblastoma cells can be isolated using enzymatic methods. Isolated glioblastoma cells consist of four different subpopulations distinguished by CD133/CD15 double staining. Intratumoral heterogeneity exists and directly or indirectly depends on their microenvironment.
Purposeful Closed Reduction and Pinning in Unstable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Results in a Rate of Avascular Necrosis Comparable to the Literature Mean
Authors: Napora Joshua K. , Morris William Z. , Gilmore Allison , Hardesty Christina K. , Son-Hing Jochen , Thompson George H. , Liu Raymond W.
Published: February 2021

The standard treatment of stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is generally accepted to be in situ pinning. Controversy exists regarding the treatment of unstable SCFE, including the role of a purposeful closed reduction or open reduction. The objective of this study was to investigate the rate of avascular necrosis (AVN) with purposeful closed reduction and in situ pinning of unstable SCFE. The authors retrospectively reviewed 221 patients with 302 SCFE hips treated with in situ pinning between 2000 and 2014. Forty-eight patients (50 hips) presented with an unstable SCFE. All unstable SCFEs were treated by a gentle reduction method with traction and hip internal rotation followed by pinning. Southwick angles were measured prior to reduction and at the first postoperative visit. No stable SCFEs developed AVN. Thirteen (26%) unstable SCFEs developed AVN. Avascular necrosis developed in 7 of 17 (41%) hips screened with magnetic resonance imaging vs 6 of 33 (18%) hips screened with plain radiographs alone. Mean change in Southwick angle was 28°±8° in the AVN group vs 18°±18° in the no AVN group (
P
=.18). Despite potentially inflating the rate with the use of early detection magnetic resonance imaging, the authors found an AVN rate comparable to that in the published literature with the use of gentle purposeful reduction on a fracture table, and no statistical differences in reduction amount between patients with and without AVN. Gentle purposeful reduction appears to be a reasonable low morbidity option in the treatment of unstable SCFE without a clear increase in risk of AVN. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(2):92–97.]
Shoulder Arthroplasty for Patients With Proximal Humeral Paget's Disease
Authors: Fort Michael W. , Aibinder William R. , Sperling John W. , Sanchez-Sotelo Joaquin
Published: February 2021

Poorly controlled Paget's disease leads to excessive blood loss following total hip arthroplasty. The effect in shoulder arthroplasty is unknown. The authors reviewed 3 patients with Paget's disease involving the proximal humerus, comparing them with 17 patients with Paget's disease but no humeral involvement. The 3 patients had an estimated blood loss of 1400 mL, 1100 mL, and 350 mL, compared with an average of 280 mL in the control group. The first 2 cases required 4 units of packed red blood cells intraoperatively, and both were not managed with bisphosphonates. Paget's disease of the humerus leads to more intraoperative blood loss and higher blood transfusion requirements, particularly in cases not managed with bisphosphonates. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(4):e614–e619.]
Persistence of mosquito vector and dengue: Impact of seasonal and diurnal temperature variations
Authors: Vaidya Naveen K. , Wang Feng-Bin
Published: February 2021

Dengue, a mosquito-borne disease, poses a tremendous burden to human health with about 390 million annual dengue infections worldwide. The environmental temperature plays a major role in the mosquito life-cycle as well as the mosquito-human-mosquito dengue transmission cycle. While previous studies have provided useful insights into the understanding of dengue diseases, there is little emphasis put on the role of environmental temperature variation, especially diurnal variation, in the mosquito vector and dengue dynamics. In this study, we develop a mathematical model to investigate the impact of seasonal and diurnal temperature variations on the persistence of mosquito vector and dengue. Importantly, using a threshold dynamical system approach to our model, we formulate the mosquito reproduction number and the infection invasion threshold, which completely determine the global threshold dynamics of mosquito population and dengue transmission, respectively. Our model predicts that both seasonal and diurnal variations of the environmental temperature can be determinant factors for the persistence of mosquito vector and dengue. In general, our numerical estimates of the mosquito reproduction number and the infection invasion threshold show that places with higher diurnal or seasonal temperature variations have a tendency to suffer less from the burden of mosquito population and dengue epidemics. Our results provide novel insights into the theoretical understanding of the role of diurnal temperature, which can be beneficial for the control of mosquito vector and dengue spread.
Convergence of interval AOR method for linear interval equations
Authors: Chakravarty Jahnabi , Athikho Ashiho , Saha Manideepa
Published: February 2021

A real interval vector/matrix is an array whose entries are real intervals. In this paper, we consider the real linear interval equations \begin{document}$ \bf{Ax} = \bf{b} $\end{document} with \begin{document}$ {{\bf{A}} }$\end{document}, \begin{document}$ \bf{b} $\end{document} respectively, denote an interval matrix and an interval vector. The aim of the paper is to study the numerical solution of the linear interval equations for various classes of coefficient interval matrices. In particular, we study the convergence of interval AOR method when the coefficient interval matrix is either interval strictly diagonally dominant matrices, interval \begin{document}$ L $\end{document}-matrices, interval \begin{document}$ M $\end{document}-matrices, or interval \begin{document}$ H $\end{document}-matrices.
Entrepreneurship in the Fashion Industry
Authors: Saiz-Alvarez Jose Manuel
Published: February 2021

The fashion industry employs more than 300 million workers in the world with a turnover of more than a trillion dollars, which is equivalent to being the seventh economic power on the planet. The presence of Latin America and the Caribbean in this industry is growing, where Carolina Herrera is of fundamental importance. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the critical success factors of this company to recognize it internationally as an icon-brand and to study the entrepreneurial spirit of the company to be an example for new generations (and even to competitors). A SWOT analysis will be made complemented by a PESTEL analysis to achieve these goals. The chapter ends with conclusions and perspectives after COVID-19.
Contract Design and Related Agreements
Authors: Tayyeb Hasan
Published: February 2021

As we delve into value deconstruction, the number of contractors will increase a great deal, and every specialty will have its own parameters. The contract by its own will not be able to accommodate all clauses and conditions that may be due for changes. Now imagine, what would happen if important information like trade secrets of any corporation or business were to be leaked to competitors? And wouldn't it be so much better to legally oblige to privacy and urge those who consent to keep the information in question completely under wraps? For this reason, it is important to have an ecosystem of agreements such as NDAs, SLAs, and others to complete the chain and allow for efficient governance and risk management considerations. NDAs and confidentiality provisions have groundbreaking propensity. The design of such agreements is fundamental and various parameters must be considered. This chapter directs attention to these subjects and concerns by discussing the various types of complementary agreements and how they can be attached to the original contract to add value and reduce risk.
Employee Selection and Recruitment Contracts in the Digital Transformation Era
Authors: Al-Khasawneh Akif Lutfi
Published: February 2021

The selection and employment processes are considered among the complicated jobs that the human resources department performs. It is related to making specific decisions that are often difficult to withdraw or undo, such decision determine the fate of the organization in terms of human competencies that is selected to conduct the business functions. The employee selection and contracting are changing heavily in the digital transformation era, HR department needs to transform and find new ways to hire and retire based on technology tools. More professionals are looking at limited time jobs rather than permanent jobs as shown in the gig economy. The main objective of this chapter is to highlight hiring, training, and contracting of professionals in this era along with development stages, types, and strategies. In addition, it shows how such activities contributes to increase the effectiveness of employment process as well the organization effectiveness. In the last part will be presented the conclusions, recommendations, and future research suggestions.
Responding to COVID-19 Pandemic: Applying the Dynamic Capability Framework in University Libraries
Authors: Owusu-Ansah Samuel , van der Walt Thomas
Published: February 2021

To continue to remain the backbone in research-intensive universities and centre for educational excellence, academic libraries must have the capacity to renew library competences to respond rapidly and promptly towards the new global health crisis, and effectively adapt, integrate, and reconfigure the internal and external organizational repertoire to match the needs of users. During COVID-19 pandemic, academic libraries need to be innovative and operate more virtual than traditional. The dynamic capability framework assists library managers and policymakers in recognizing aspects of enhancement capacity that require improvement. In conclusion, the dynamic capability framework is an optimal decision-making alternative for library management and academic libraries in the context of isolation, quarantine, and physical distance during the COVID-19 era.
COVID-19 Pandemic and Virtual Information Services
Authors: Nalumaga Ruth Ester , Byamugisha Helen Musanabera
Published: February 2021

The study was carried out to explore the experiences of frontline library staff and users during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the unprecedented nature of the pandemic, institutions, including universities, have found means of staying afloat through the use of technology to offer services virtually. Makerere University rolled out an emergency program for online, distance, and e-learning, and the library has been supporting learning and research, since March 2020. The chapter sought to find out the experiences of library staff at the forefront and users in order to understand how online information services can be enhanced and retooled to support eLearning. Structured telephone interviews were conducted, and findings show virtual services that have been rendered to staff, students, and researchers as well as challenges. Challenges included equipment, poor infrastructure, and data costs. The university has signed up with major service providers to alleviate some of the handicaps to learners' virtual experiences.
Libraries on the Global Health Crisis
Authors: Ajaykumar Chittipolu
Published: February 2021

This chapter is mainly focused on the opening of public libraries, rules and regulations placed by government policies, and the condition of public libraries in the pandemic and post-pandemic.
The Fallacy of the Idea of Military Entrepreneurship
Authors: Chukwu Anthony
Published: February 2021

In this chapter, the author argues that the mainstream Occam's razor narrative of military entrepreneurship as a successful income earning second career for veterans only rings true in intellectual circles. This is based on a presupposed reality that veterans lack challenges building a second career. He uses existing literature to show that contrary to the mainstream narrative, military entrepreneurship is not a smooth-sailing path to a veteran's second career. Entrepreneurs face the same challenges irrespective of whether they are veterans or civilians. Military training might equip someone with discipline, focus, tenacity, and calculated risk avowal approach or risk taking that a civilian may not have, yet it may not ensure entrepreneurial success. A veteran's military background and training, if anything, may be rather inhibiting than facilitating of entrepreneurship. It's a fallacy to stipulate otherwise.
Quantum Cryptography
Authors: Billewar Satish Rupraoji , Londhe Gaurav Vishnu , Ghane Sunil Bahiru
Published: February 2021

History repeats itself. Quantum cryptography has started a revolution of quantum computing and has repeated the days of Einstein's research paper on “Theory of Relativity,” which changed the world's perceptions of physics completely written based on Newton's laws. Quantum cryptography is going to change the definition of computers right from scratch. The last century was witness of a space race between US and USSR. This century would be witness of quantum computing race between US and China. It has changed the dimensions of operating systems, software, hardware, databases, and applications. Quantum computers are in a phase to replace the conventional computers and they are reaching to the level called quantum supremacy. The chapter covers the details of the basic principles and work methodology of quantum cryptography, the contribution of various pioneers, advantages over classical cryptography, its applications, future scope, and limitations simultaneously. The chapter covers the contribution of leading countries and organizations in quantum revolution.
Quantum Cryptography for Securing IoT-Based Healthcare Systems
Authors: Sharma Anand , Bhatt Alekha Parimal
Published: February 2021

IoT-based healthcare is especially susceptible as many IoT devices are developed without keeping in mind the security issue. In addition, such smart devices may be connected to global networks to access anytime, anywhere. There are some security challenges like mobility, computational limitation, scalability, communication media, dynamic topology, and above all the data confidentiality in storage or in transmission. There are some security protocols and methodology which is used in IoT-based healthcare systems like steganography, AES cryptosystems, and RSA cryptographic techniques. Therefore, it is necessary to use quantum cryptography system to make sure the security, privacy, and integrity of the patient's data received and transmitted from IoT-based healthcare systems. Quantum cryptography is a very fascinating domain in cyber security that utilizes quantum mechanics to extend a cryptosystem that is supposed to be the unbreakable secure system.
Image Processing Using Quantum Computing
Authors: Dolly Bably , Raj Deepa
Published: February 2021

Image processing via the quantum platform is an emerging area for researchers. Researchers are more interested to move on towards quantum image processing instead of classical image processing. This chapter starts with the review of different quantum image computing-based research papers with a brief idea of the ethics which inspire quantum computing in the background and focus on the current scenario of recent trends of quantum image representation, pitfalls, and summarization of the pros and cons of it, with the limitations of the technologies used and focus on the recent work to be going on and application of it in a different field. In the next, it will focus on the different methods used by the researcher in the previous papers. The next section discussed the different methods based on quantum image representation used. Some different techniques of image storage, retrieval, and representation in a quantum system are discussed. Also, this chapter briefs the pros and cons of using different techniques in quantum systems in comparison to classical systems.
Data Hiding in Color Image Using Steganography and Cryptography to Support Message Privacy
Authors: Pramanik Sabyasachi , Ghosh Ramkrishna , Pandey Digvijay , Ghonge Mangesh M.
Published: February 2021

The immense measure of classified information has been moved on the internet. Information security turns out to be progressively significant for some applications, for instance, private transmission, video observation, military, and clinical applications. Lately, there has been a great deal of enthusiasm for steganography and steganalysis. Steganography is the specialty of covering up and transmitting information through clearly harmless transporters with an end goal to disguise the presence of information. The advanced picture information, for example, BMP, JPEG, and GIF, are generally utilized as a transporter for steganography. Here the mystery message is implanted into a picture (or any media) called spread picture and afterward sent to the beneficiary who extricates the mystery message from the spread message. This picture ought not to be discernible from the spread picture, with the goal that the aggressor can't find any implanted message. The authors have proposed three approaches of steganography that can easily support message privacy.
Advances of Quantum Machine Learning
Authors: Chander Bhanu
Published: February 2021

The basic idea of artificial intelligence and machine learning is that machines have the talent to learn from data, previous experience, and perform the work in future consequences. In the era of the digitalized world which holds big data has long-established machine learning methods consistently with requisite high-quality computational resources in numerous useful and realistic tasks. At the same time, quantum machine learning methods work exponentially faster than their counterparts by making use of quantum mechanics. Through taking advantage of quantum effects such as interference or entanglement, quantum computers can proficiently explain selected issues that are supposed to be tough for traditional machines. Quantum computing is unexpectedly related to that of kernel methods in machine learning. Hence, this chapter provides quantum computation, advance of QML techniques, QML kernel space and optimization, and future work of QML.
IoT Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Monitoring
Authors: Jung Low Tang
Published: February 2021

Water is a crucial resource for all life on earth, and it is fast becoming one of the limited natural resources to humankind, especially clean drinking water and water for agricultural uses. Sensor technologies and wireless communications (both terrestrial and underwater) have been seriously investigated by researchers to find ways to integrate these technologies for a novel data-sensing and data-collecting network for long-term water pollution monitoring purposes. This chapter describes an IoT-based underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) which is believed to have a huge potential for monitoring the health of river, lake, reservoir, and marine environment. The sensed data from IoT sensors are communicated wirelessly via acoustic channels to a data collection center for further processing and interpretation. It is foreseeing that judicious deployment of IoT-based UWSN is a promising solution for long-term water quality surveillance.
Applications of Vibration-Based Energy Harvesting (VEH) Devices
Authors: Foong Muhammad Faruq , Thein Chung Ket , Ooi Beng Lee
Published: February 2021

This chapter reviews present usage of vibration-based energy harvesting (VEH) devices and their applications. The evolution of energy resources and advancement in electronic technologies has resulted in the need for a self-sustainable wireless/portable electronic device in current modern society. Batteries are non-beneficial in the miniaturization process of electronic designing, and alternative power supplies are desperately needed to drive the advance of the wireless/portable development further. VEH has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to replace conventional batteries and as the solution for the bottleneck. Consideration of creating an optimal vibration energy harvester is suggested through an analytical model of a mechanical transducer, including a relatively new method defined as triboelectricity. Useful applications and usages of VEH are presented, and some suggestions for improvement are also given. Lastly, the trend of energy harvesting is annotated and commented in-line with the demand of electronic sensors market.
Globally Renewable Energy Consumption Sources
Authors: Saeed Soobia , Jhanjhi N. Z. , Naqvi Memood
Published: February 2021

Electricity consumption will be part of a large conversation about connected with international electricity demand in the next two decades. Renewable energy sources and climate change modify minimization and offer a good estimation for the technological, scientific, environmentally friendly, financial, and also societal aspects. This research is the extended version of the research presented in IGI global book Role of IoT in Green Energy Systems, 2015. A full assessment related to any profile minimization options will likely involve an evaluation of respective potential alongside minimization with the bargain with sustainable development as well as all associated risks and costs.
Reshaping of Museums With Experiences
Authors: Kir Elitaş Serpil
Published: February 2021

Today, experiences that emphasise many known areas suggest that consumers do not only buy products or services, but they also buy a holistic experience that includes purchasing processes. In this context, the contemporary museum understanding implies that experiences are more important and gives its visitors the message that “I understand what you are looking for and design it for you” is becoming widespread. This study aims to explain museum experiences by making use of consumer experience scales in today's conditions when the contemporary understanding of museums is becoming popular. It was observed that the Hatay Archaeological Museum, in Turkey, undertook the mission of creating value for its visitors with experiential marketing techniques, the works in the museum were arranged and exhibited in a way that allows guests and customers to have social, purposeful, cognitive, and introspection experiences. The study revealed museum visitors' experiences and emotions and the sensory stimulants by which they are impressed.
An Evaluation of the Usability of a DMO's Digital Marketing Strategy
Authors: Borges Bernardo , Costa Rui
Published: February 2021

Destination management organisations should be able to reach all those who intend to visit the region they manage in the digital environment, directing their actions towards the development of consolidated strategies, promoting the creation of awareness through extremely informative content, disseminating the notion that the most reliable means for collecting information will be through the organisation that manages the destination. This research aims to understand if the main digital marketing channel of destination management organisations in the Center of Portugal (website) is optimised in terms of usability and content to provide a relevant experience to the tourist. To this end, a qualitative evaluation was used. The qualitative assessment, which relates to the most technical part of the usability, was analysed through interviews with professionals relevant to the study area. The analysis allowed to perceive the evaluation and the usability of the websites of the Center of Portugal.
Instagram Influencers in Social Media-Induced Tourism
Authors: Abdul Razak Rizalniyani , Mansor Nur Aliah
Published: February 2021

Social media-induced tourism happens when a traveller visits a destination/attraction after being exposed to certain social media content. A user-generated content (UGC) provider, such as a social media influencer, has been identified as the initial motivator in social media-induced tourism. Social media influencers generate persuasive messages for their followers and are typically sources of credibility. In destination marketing and tourism destination studies, the UGC of social media influencers is significantly related to the destination image, destination brand, tourist trust, and tourist expectations. Of particular interest for Instagram influencers, this chapter proposes a conceptual framework to describe the role of the Instagram influencer in inducing his/her followers to travel and suggests a guide for future research.
Exploring the Role of Instagram in Tourism Destination Preferences
Authors: Eken Burçak , Okan Elif Yolbulan , Bakioğlu Irmak
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to reveal the correlation between the usage of Instagram as a social media platform and destination preferences of tourism customers from the perspective of information, utilisation, influence, buying, and intention stages that underline particularly consumer behaviour in tourism marketing. This study was conducted in Turkey and aims to shed light on the critical importance of utilising from social media in marketing management of the travel and tourism sector. Quantitative data analysis was preferred and used in this study in order to examine the factors of Instagram that have effects on tourism destination preferences. In addition to the quantitative study conducted, The Eastern Express Journey (Karsrail) case is included in the current study to gain a deeper understanding of the importance and place of social media for tourism.
Digital Tourism
Authors: Patro Chandra Sekhar
Published: February 2021

The advancements in technology and social media have changed the sphere of marketing. Digital marketing became one of the imperative areas for business organisations all over the globe. E-marketing methods and strategies have revolutionised the tourism sector in various ways. From convenient booking engines to creating customised experiences, digital marketing has helped the tourism sector reach out to a wider audience, which was not possible with traditional marketing. Growth in the tourism sector boosts the economy of a country and improves the revenues, employment, and infrastructure. E-marketing influences beyond limits and allows the tourism sector to entice people from all over the world of the different places they can visit. The chapter focuses on the digital tourism practices, challenges, key inhibitors to innovation, legal issues, consumer protection, benefits of ICTs, digital marketing strategies, the influence of e-marketing technology, and reasons for adopting e-marketing. Further, it attributes the technology enablers of e-marketing and current trends in digital tourism.
Digital Technologies as Tools to Promote Tourism and Territorial Development
Authors: Tymoshchuk Oksana , Almeida Ana Margarida , Pedro Luís , Antunes Maria João , Ramos Fernando , Oliveira Eliza , Carvalho Daniel
Published: February 2021

Digital platforms can facilitate the establishment of collaboration networks between tourists and local agents, promoting the importance of dialogue, as well as the opportunity for constant innovation. In this way, digital platforms can help tourists co-create their most valuable experiences with other tourists and influence a tourism destination's success. This chapter aims to describe the process of studying and analysing the possibility of implementing a digital solution, which intends to encourage interactions between different local agents and tourists, facilitating communication processes and collaboration and encouraging the joint creation of innovative “bottom-up” initiatives. Considering the different potentialities of the mobile context for tourism, health, and wellness, it was decided to develop a mobile application, which aims to facilitate their communication processes, allowing for constant connectivity inside the network. This article presents the main results of the development and validation process of the mobile application prototype.