bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diferenciação de estirpes de Potato virus Y (PVY) por RT-PCR
Authors: Fonseca Leonardo N. , Inoue-Nagata Alice K. , Nagata Tatsuya , Singh Rudra P. , Ávila Antonio Carlos de
Published: April 2006

O Potato virus Y (PVY) tornou-se o maior problema nas áreas de produção de batata semente do Brasil. Somente as estirpes comum (PVYº) e necrótica (PVY N) eram detectadas infectando batata no Brasil. Esta situação mudou drasticamente a partir de 1997 quando um surto epidêmico de uma variante da estirpe necrótica de PVY causando arcos e anéis necróticos na superfície do tubérculo (PVY NTN) foi observado no país. Este estudo visou avaliar e validar uma metodologia de diferenciação de estirpes que causam necrose em tubérculos, proposta por Weilguny e Singh (1998). Vinte e oito isolados de PVY originários de tubérculos infectados de batata, provenientes de quatro estados brasileiros, foram analisados em sua reação em plantas de fumo, por Elisa, utilizando anti-soro policlonal e pelo método 3-primer RT-PCR. Quatro isolados induziram clareamento de nervuras e manchas peroladas em folhas de Nicotiana tabacum conforme esperado para a estirpe comum. Os 24 isolados restantes induziram necrose de nervuras neste hospedeiro portanto, classificados como da estirpe necrótica. Todos os 28 isolados de PVY reagiram positivamente contra o anti-soro policlonal de PVY por Elisa. Três métodos de extração de RNA foram testados, sendo que o método de hidrocloreto de guanidina mostrou-se o mais eficiente e de menor custo. Dos 28 isolados submetidos ao RT-PCR, um isolado de Santa Catarina e três do Rio Grande do Sul foram diferenciados como PVYº, confirmando os resultados do teste biológico. Um isolado de PVY N foi detectado no Estado de Santa Catarina e quatro no Rio Grande do Sul. O PVY NTN foi detectado em Minas Gerais (seis isolados), Santa Catarina (três isolados) e São Paulo (dez isolados). Estes resultados confirmam a presença dessa variante necrótica, PVY NTN, nas principais regiões produtoras de batata do Brasil.
Utilização de medicamentos por aposentados brasileiros: 1 - metodologia e resultados de cobertura de inquérito multicêntrico
Authors: Acurcio Francisco de Assis , Rozenfeld Suely , Ribeiro Andréia Queiroz , Klein Carlos Henrique , Moura Cristiano Soares de , Andrade Célia Regina de
Published: April 2006

São relatados aspectos metodológicos e coberturas de resposta em estudo cujo objetivo principal era descrever o perfil de utilização de medicamentos por aposentados e pensionistas do Instituto Nacional de Seguridade Social, de 60 anos ou mais, em três amostras aleatórias simples: do Brasil e dos municípios de Belo Horizonte e do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico seccional, com abordagens postal (questionários de autopreenchimento) e domiciliar (questionários preenchidos por entrevistadores). Esta estratégia permitirá avaliar a concordância de respostas obtidas em ambas as abordagens. Na amostra nacional de 3.000 indivíduos, 1.025 responderam apenas ao questionário de autopreenchimento. Apesar das perdas consideráveis, os respondentes, pelas semelhanças com os não respondentes, parecem constituir amostra representativa da população-alvo. Em Belo Horizonte e no Rio de Janeiro, foram replicadas as amostras iniciais de 800 indivíduos para as abordagens postal e domiciliar. As coberturas de respostas postais foram de 46,8% e de 34,4% em Belo Horizonte e no Rio de Janeiro, respectivamente. Nos inquéritos domiciliares, os percentuais de resposta foram de 80,3% e de 70,7% em Belo Horizonte e no Rio de Janeiro, respectivamente, expurgadas as perdas por motivos inevitáveis.
O cuidado pré-natal em hospital universitário: uma avaliação de processo
Authors: Nagahama Elizabeth Eriko Ishida , Santiago Silvia Maria
Published: April 2006

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o processo de atenção pré-natal referente à utilização do cuidado pré-natal do Programa Assistência Pré-natal às Gestantes de Baixo Risco do Hospital Universitário de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Compreendeu a seleção de critérios de qualidade que avaliaram a precocidade no ingresso e a adequação do número de consultas de pré-natal, mensuradas conforme o Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento do Ministério da Saúde e Índice de Adequação da Utilização do Cuidado Pré-natal. O estudo demonstrou que 44,5% gestantes iniciaram tardiamente o pré-natal, o que pode sugerir uma oferta limitada de vagas e a busca por melhor qualidade na atenção, demonstrada pela transferência espontânea de gestantes de outros serviços para o programa. As consultas de pré-natal foram garantidas, sendo o número médio 9,8 consultas por gestante superior aos parâmetros nacionais recomendados. Os indicadores utilizados e desenvolvidos para a avaliação de processo identificaram que o serviço ainda apresenta obstáculos ao acesso organizacional, necessitando, assim, da definição de estratégias que garantam essa diretriz fundamental do SUS.
Uma idéia sobre a municipalização do ensino
Authors: Azanha José Mário Pires
Published: April 2006

O artigo mostra que a municipalização do ensino, no pensamento de Anísio Teixeira, visava claramamente à melhoria do ensino. Hoje, porém, a municipalização é muito mais uma bandeira do participacionismo do que um projeto de reoordenação legal das responsabilidades públicas em matéria de educação.
Utilização do farelo de soja centrifugado visando à produção do superprecoce
Authors: Neumann Mikael , Restle João , Souza Alexandre Nunes Motta de , Brondani Ivan Luis
Published: April 2006

Este experimento teve por objetivo avaliar a utilização do farelo de soja centrifugado (FSC) como substituto ao farelo de soja (FS) na fração concentrada da dieta de bezerros de corte em confinamento, sendo testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - 100% de FS; T2 - 66% de FS + 34% de FSC; T3 - 34% de FS + 66% de FSC; e T4 - 100% de FSC. Foram utilizados 36 bezerros machos da raça Braford, com idade média de sete meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 202kg. O confinamento compreendeu 168 dias de avaliação, sendo dividido em quatro períodos de 42 dias cada. A relação volumoso:concentrado foi de 60:40 para o 1° e 2° períodos, de 50:50 para o 3° período e de 45:55 para o 4° período. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre nível de substituição da fonte protéica e período de avaliação em confinamento para os parâmetros relativos aos consumos diários de matéria seca (CMS), proteína bruta (CPB) e energia digestível (CED), respectivamente, expressos em kg animal-1 (CMSD e CPBD) ou Mcal/animal (CEDD), por 100kg de peso vivo (CMSP, CPBP e CEDP) e por unidade de tamanho metabólico (CMSM, CPBM e CEDM), ao ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) e a eficiência da transformação da matéria seca consumida (CA) e da proteína bruta consumida (EPB) em ganho de peso. A utilização de farelo de soja centrifugado como fonte protéica em substituição parcial ou integral ao farelo de soja na fração concentrada da dieta alimentar de bezerros de corte, visando à produção do superprecoce, não comprometeu (P>0,05) o consumo de alimentos, o ganho de peso médio diário e a eficiência da transformação da matéria seca consumida e da proteína bruta consumida em ganho de peso.
Regimento proveitoso contra a pestilência (c. 1496): uma apresentação
Authors: Sousa Jorge Prata de , Costa Ricardo da
Published: April 2006

O texto apresenta e analisa o Regimento proveitoso contra a pestilência, obra escrita por volta de 1496 em Portugal. A abordagem faz uma contextualização da obra, inserindo-a nas principais teorias vigentes então e nas correntes médicas medievais, baseadas na tradição árabe.
Armando Magalhães Corrêa: gente e natureza de um sertão quase metropolitano
Authors: Franco José Luiz de Andrade , Drummond José Augusto
Published: April 2006

O texto examina o pensamento social e ambiental de Armando Magalhães Corrêa (1889-1944), conforme expresso no livro O sertão carioca (1936). Mostra-se que ele fez parte de uma geração de conservacionistas pioneiros do Brasil, a qual, ao contrário do que geralmente se pensa, soube integrar as dimensões social e natural, aproximando a necessidade de defender a natureza do imperativo de melhorar as condições de vida dos habitantes do interior brasileiro. Ao focalizar as populações do entorno rural da cidade do Rio de Janeiro por volta de 1930, o autor capta num microcosmo as distâncias sociais e culturais entre urbanos e sertanejos brasileiros. Descreve com acuidade o meio natural de uma área em grande parte urbanizada que vai da baixada de Jacarepaguá à Pedra de Guaratiba. Trata das atividades produtivas dos seus habitantes e faz sugestões políticas conservacionistas que vieram a influenciar as políticas governamentais.
Avaliação e variabilidade espacial de fósforo, potássio e matéria orgânica em Alissolos
Authors: Silva Paulo C. M. da , Chaves Lúcia H. G.
Published: April 2006

Este experimento foi conduzido no Perímetro Irrigado Senador Nilo Coelho, em uma área de 200 ha, correspondente à Extensão Maria Tereza, Petrolina, PE, com o objetivo de se avaliar os teores de fósforo, potássio e matéria orgânica do solo da referida área e as suas variabilidades espaciais. Foram amostrados 71 pontos com espaçamento irregular, em duas profundidades, de 0 - 0,3 e de 0,3 - 0,6 m. As propriedades químicas avaliadas foram matéria orgânica, fósforo e potássio e os dados analisados através da estatística descritiva e da geoestatística. Pela análise descritiva constatou-se que os dados de pH foram os que menos variaram (CV = 10,81 e 9,84% nas profundidades de 0 - 0,3 e de 0,3 - 0,6 m, respectivamente) e os correspondentes ao fósforo apresentaram as maiores variações (CV= 108,1 e 175,96%, nas duas profundidades, respectivamente). A análise da distribuição das freqüências mostrou que o potássio tem uma distribuição aproximadamente normal nas duas profundidades e as demais propriedades químicas não aparentam ter distribuição normal. Constatou-se que o solo da Extensão Maria Tereza apresenta baixa fertilidade, necessitando ser adubado quando utilizado para fins agrícolas. As análises geoestatísticas realizadas revelaram que o melhor modelo para o potássio e matéria orgânica, foi o esférico e, para o fósforo, o exponencial. Nas duas profundidades, todas as variáveis estudadas apresentaram forte dependência espacial.
O uso do ultra-som na movimentação dentária induzida
Authors: Prieto Marcos Gabriel do Lago , Dainesi Eduardo Alvares , Kawauchi Márcia Yuri
Published: April 2006

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar histologicamente o mecanismo de remodelação do periodonto de sustentação dos dentes caninos de cães adultos jovens, sob aplicação de forças ortodônticas com e sem a utilização do ultra-som. Oito cães sem raça definida, de ambos os gêneros, com 1 a 2 anos de idade, pesando de 10 a 15 Kg, receberam uma força de 150g estabelecida por uma mola superelástica, colocada por mesial do primeiro molar superior direito e tracionada até a face distal do canino superior direito. O grupo controle foi constituído por 4 animais e os demais representaram o grupo experimental. Estimulações de ultra-som foram aplicadas nos animais do grupo experimental, durante 20 minutos diários, sobre a região de movimentação dentária, com 200 microssegundos de largura de pulso e 1.000Hz de freqüência de repetição de pulso. Um animal de cada grupo foi sacrificado nos períodos de 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Os hemiarcos dentários foram removidos, fixados em solução de Bouin e foram obtidos cortes histológicos com coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina e Tricrômico de Masson para análise de microscopia óptica. Os aspectos histológicos mostraram-se diferentes entre os dois grupos, sendo que os animais estimulados pelo ultra-som responderam com intensa neoformação vascular e celular no LP e osso alveolar, apresentando maior organização nas fibras colágenas e regularização dos tecidos mineralizados. Estes resultados sugerem que o ultra-som pode ser indicado na estabilização dos dentes de ancoragem, estimulando a neoformação óssea mais rápida em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia ortognática.
Estudo cefalométrico do tratamento precoce da má oclusão de Classe II, 1ª divisão, com o aparelho Herbst: alterações esqueléticas sagitais
Authors: Rego Marcus Vinicius Neiva Nunes do , Thiesen Guilherme , Marchioro Ernani Menezes , Silva Filho Omar Gabriel da , Rizzatto Susana Maria Deon
Published: April 2006

OBJETIVO: o presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar as alterações esqueléticas sagitais produzidas pelo aparelho de Herbst. METODOLOGIA: foram avaliados 22 indivíduos com má oclusão de Classe II, 1ª divisão, sendo 11 do gênero masculino e 11 do gênero feminino, com média de idade de 9,01 anos (±6 meses), apresentando padrão facial Classe II, deficiência mandibular e padrão esquelético de Classe II (ANB>5º e Co-Gn-Co-Sn<20mm), tratados consecutivamente com o aparelho Herbst por um período de 12 meses. Todos os indivíduos encontravam-se no período intertransitório da dentadura mista e no estágio pré-puberal. Para tal avaliação utilizaram-se telerradiografias de perfil obtidas em três tempos distintos: T1) inicial, T2) logo após a remoção do aparelho, T3) 2 anos após o final do tratamento. O grupo controle foi constituído de 105 indivíduos com má oclusão de Classe II esquelética, não tratados ortodonticamente, pareados quanto às idades óssea e cronológica ao grupo experimental. O tratamento estatístico foi realizado por meio da Análise de Variância (ANOVA), complementada pelo teste de Comparações Múltiplas de Tukey e Teste t de Student, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: os resultados evidenciaram um efeito clinicamente insignificante de restrição do crescimento maxilar, um estímulo do crescimento mandibular e um posicionamento mais anterior da mandíbula, contribuindo para uma melhora significativa na relação entre as bases apicais. Após 12 meses de tratamento, estas alterações esqueléticas sagitais contribuíram em cerca de 41% para correção da relação molar de Classe II e em 65% para correção do trespasse horizontal. No final do período de 2 anos pós-remoção do aparelho, houve uma tendência de redução da magnitude das alterações induzidas, no entanto uma melhora significativa na relação entre as bases apicais, no trespasse horizontal e na relação molar foram evidentes.
Avaliação de características de carcaça de suínos utilizando-se a análise dos componentes principais
Authors: Barbosa Leandro , Lopes Paulo Sávio , Regazzi Adair José , Guimarães Simone Eliza Facioni , Torres Robledo de Almeida
Published: April 2006

Dados de 367 animais de uma população F2 de suínos foram utilizados na análise estatística, utilizando-se os componentes principais, para avaliação da possibilidade de redução da dimensionalidade do espaço multivariado em 33 características de carcaça. Dos 33 componentes principais, 17 apresentaram variância inferior a 0,7 (autovalor inferior a 0,7), que sugere 17 variáveis para descarte e correlação linear simples significativa com as demais, ou seja, foram redundantes. Com base nos resultados, recomenda-se que as seguintes variáveis sejam mantidas em experimentos futuros: idade ao abate; peso da meia-carcaça direita; comprimento da carcaça pelo Método Brasileiro de Classificação de Carcaça; maior espessura de toucinho na região da copa, na linha dorso-lombar; profundidade de lombo; e pesos do baço, do coração, da meia-carcaça direita resfriada, do pernil, da copa, da paleta, do carré, das costelas, da papada, do filezinho e do rim.
Análise descritiva de variáveis teoricamente associadas ao risco de quedas em mulheres idosas
Authors: Guimarães Joanna Miguez Nery , Farinatti Paulo de Tarso Veras
Published: April 2006

As quedas são um problema de saúde pública entre os idosos, em vista da mortalidade, morbidade e dos custos social e econômico decorrentes. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a relação do histórico relatado de quedas em um grupo de sujeitos com mais de 65 anos de idade, participantes de um programa de atividades físicas, com variáveis apontadas pela literatura como associadas ao risco desses eventos: visão, uso de medicamentos, doenças associadas, flexibilidade, força e equilíbrio. Após entrevista com um grupo inicial de 72 sujeitos, foram selecionadas 30 pessoas cujos relatos indicaram maior freqüência de quedas nos últimos 12 meses e após os 65 anos de idade. As variáveis de exposição foram testadas neste subgrupo e os resultados comparados com a freqüência de quedas por meio de estatística descritiva (valores absolutos e relativos), com uso de tabelas de contingência confeccionadas para cada variável. Os resultados indicaram que a deterioração da visão, uso simultâneo de medicamentos (especialmente diuréticos e psicoativos) e flexibilidade reduzida (quadril e tornozelos) parecem associar-se com a freqüência de quedas nos períodos observados. Esses fatores deveriam ser considerados em programas para prevenção de quedas em idosos.
La producción de conocimiento en la investigación acción pedagógica (IAPE): balance de una experimentación
Authors: Avila Penagos Rafael
Published: April 2006

Este artículo recoge las lecciones derivadas de una segunda experimentación con una metodología de trabajo co-operativo, diseñada para operacionalizar una modalidad de la investigación acción pedagógica (IAPE). El autor sostiene que el principio rector de cualquier modalidad de la IAPE es el principio de reflexividad, y que el horizonte de cualquiera de esas modalidades es el de generar condiciones de posibilidad para la reflexión. Destaca, en seguida, cuatro de esas condiciones: i) ejercicio intensivo en la objetivación del discurso por medio de prácticas escriturales, ii) ejercicio intensivo en objetivación de la práctica pedagógica por medio de prácticas de auto-observación, con la ayuda del audiovideo, iii) ejercicio intensivo del trabajo en equipo con responsabilidades individuales definidas, y iv) ejercicio intensivo de argumentación e interlocución crítica entre pares, siempre mediadas por textos escritos. La capacidad de esta herramienta para objetivar al sujeto de la práctica pedagógica, en un ámbito de interlocución crítica y responsabilidad compartida, crea las condiciones para que la subjetividad individual de los maestros se sienta incluída en una subjetividad colectiva que es, finalmente, la responsable de la construcción de sentido. Al pasar de una práctica pedagógica individual a una práctica pedagógica colectiva, y de un estilo individual de reflexión a un estilo colectivo de reflexión sobre la práctica, la determinación del sentido pasa a ser una responsabilidad del colectivo. Es decir: un asunto de interés público.
Acolhimento no sistema municipal de saúde
Authors: Solla Jorge José Santos Pereira
Published: April 2006

O artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre a proposta de 'acolhimento', sua conceituação e dimensões. Discute a incorporação desta proposta e sua relação com os modelos de atenção à saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde. A partir dos conceitos mais correntes sobre 'acolhimento", sistematizados neste texto, e das principais experiências de implantação desenvolvidas, propõe identificar três grandes âmbitos de incorporação desta proposta. Descreve a experiência desenvolvida no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, particularmente o processo de implementação da proposta de 'acolhimento' nas unidades que compõem a rede de serviços de saúde, considerando as concepções sobre os modelos e as estratégias de mudança na organização da atenção à saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde.
Linfoma primário de cavidade pleural em paciente imunocompetente
Authors: Antonangelo Leila , Vargas Francisco S , Teixeira Lisete Ribeiro , Vaz Marcelo A C , Sales Maria Mirtes , Moreira Luis C , Sales Roberta Karla Barbosa de
Published: April 2006

O linfoma primário de cavidade é um tipo raro de linfoma não-Hodgkin que acomete principalmente pacientes imunocomprometidos e, mais raramente, pacientes imunocompetentes. Neste relato de caso são apresentados os achados clínicos e laboratoriais de um paciente imunocompetente com derrame pleural diagnosticado como linfoma primário de cavidade pleural.
Dental caries in young male adults: prevalence, severity and associated factors
Authors: Amaral Marcelo Augusto , Nakama Luiza , Conrado Carlos Alberto , Matsuo Tiemi
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries as well as the needs for dental treatment in 18-year-old males from Maringá, PR, Brazil. The association of dental caries experience with socioeconomic variables was also tested. A cross sectional study was conducted in a random sample of 241 conscripts of the Brazilian Army. The adopted diagnosis criteria were those proposed by the World Health Organization. A socioeconomic questionnaire was utilized to determine family income and the criterion of the Brazil Economic Classification of the National Association of Research Enterprises. Associations among caries prevalence, DMF-T index, treatment needs and socioeconomic variables were evaluated by means of the Chi-Square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Caries prevalence was 82.6% and the mean DMF-T index was 4.6. Only a mean of 0.8 tooth per individual presented treatment needs. Significant statistical differences were found in caries prevalence and severity (DMF-T). The worst results were observed in the groups of lower income and purchasing power, indicating a need for the implementation of social policies that address these populations aiming at diminishing the existing differences in the health-disease process indicators. On the other hand, treatment needs were only associated to the Brazil Economic Classification Criterion variable (p < 0.05).
Farmers, traders, and labourers: dry season migration from north-west Nigeria, 1900–33
Authors: Swindell Kenneth
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Colonial rule brought about significant changes in the regional economies of West Africa, which had already been influenced by Europeans through the slave trade and the succeeding period of legitimate trade. Colonial administration extended the cultivation of export crops, introduced new systems of taxation and currencies, reorientated trading networks, and introduced policies aimed at ending domestic slavery. Levels of population mobility also increased, especially in the agricultural sector, as the seasonal redistribution of labour became an integral part of the production of export crops. This paper looks at the origins and development of dry season labour migration from Sokoto in north-western Nigeria, a migratory system which is generally accepted as being a product of colonialism. The argument takes the opening years of colonial rule in Sokoto and tries to uncover the nature and type of migration which obtained at this time. It is suggested that early migration was influenced by the economy of the central Sudan of the late nineteenth century, and there was an overlap, rather than a sharp break, between pre-colonial and colonial economies. The likely influence of pre-colonial structures is especially pertinent in an area which was the centre of the Sokoto caliphate, the largest and most populous state in nineteenth-century West Africa. But, in the early 1930s, dry season migration changed as the volume of migrants increased and their destination altered; it is the identification of this point of change which distinguishes the early period of migration and the changing impact of colonial policies.
Kyanshipand kinship among the Tarok
Authors: Smith M. G. , Smith Mary F.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Tarok of Plateau State in Northern Nigeria, or Yergam as they are better known, may have a unique kinship system.

Their kinship institutions, and especially theirkyanship, that is, the positions and roles of the mother's mother's brother (MMB) and mother's brother (MB), raise fundamental questions about the nature of filiation and descent. To indicate the problem we first briefly describe Tarok forms of kinship and marriage and then concentrate on its distinctive feature, namely, the institution ofkyanship. In closing we suggest how the system probably emerged and discuss its implications.
Rich cousins, poor cousins: hidden stratification among the Omani Arabs in Eastern Africa
Authors: Grandmaison Colette Le Cour
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Among the Arab tribes of Oman the only acknowledged nobility is that reckoned by tribal ancestry (asl), affirmed by genealogies and oral history, and known by all. This goes not only for the Sultanate of Oman, but also for Omani tribes which have settled in East Africa. One is either a noble or a member of a group of inferior status, that is, the clients (mawâlî) who comprise the labour force in village communities. Slaves ('abid) by definition have no status. This society is thus socially divided between tribal organisations and client groups. On the other hand, within the tribe itself clans or sections appear to be equal or egalitarian, by law and in reality.
Yók-Òbòlò: the influence of a traditional religion on the socio-cultural life of the Andoni People
Authors: Ejituwu Nkparom C.
Published: April 2006

This is a study of the influence of Yók-Òbòlò on the Andoni of the eastern Niger delta. The origin of the deity is shrouded in mystery, but he is believed to be the Òbólò, the ancestor of the people, elevated on his death to the level of god. Around him there developed a series of socio-political structures. Because their region was a conflict zone, the Andoni developed the military arm of government more than any other, with the result that they were able to survive the pressures of a difficult environment. But their success also had some side effects on the social development of the area. One such effect was that their military achievements inspired fears among some of their neighbours, who described them to Europeans in the delta as ‘too dangerous’ for ‘strangers’ to visit. Despite this artificial description some Europeans visited the area. But overall the result was Andoni isolation from the outside world. Even upon independence in 1960, without a strong core of indigenous, educated personnel, Andoni remained ‘backward’, and Yók-Òbòlòism the main source of inspiration and direction in the people's private and public affairs.
The domestication of modernity: different trajectories
Authors: Geschiere Peter , Rowlands Michael
Published: April 2006

The following two articles were originally presented at a four-day seminar on the ‘domestication’ of modernity in Leiden and The Hague in June 1995. The aim of the seminar was to compare the different trajectories in which African societies try to appropriate modernity: how they deal with the images and dreams of a modern way of life which flood the continent—the spectacular successes of the few and the deep feelings of disappointment of the many. ‘Modernity's enchantment’—a phrase coined by Jean and John Comaroff (1992)—applies very well to Africa. Jean-Pierre Warnier's remark, in his study of entrepreneurs in west Cameroon (1993), that ‘le goût des Camerounais pour tout ce qui est importé plutôt que produit localement est légendaire’ is true of many if not all African countries. Achille Mbembe (1992) forcefully demonstrates that the popular masses are as intent as the elites on participating in the consumerist rituals of new forms of wealth and power. But it is clear also that this obsession with modernity follows very varied trajectories. Jean-François Bayart (1989) emphasises that the marked consumerism of African elites is not to be seen as just an atavistic outcome of la politique du ventre; rather, it is related to specific imaginaires of the link between wealth and power and to varying pressures ‘from below’ towards redistribution.
«Dieu d'eau», eau du barrage. Les populations du Plateau Dogon face aux contraintes: pluviométrie, terre et démographie
Authors: Diawara Mamadou
Published: April 2006

Dogon society, readily described as traditional by a certain ethnology, holds within it the seeds of an extraordinary flexibility which enables it to retain the essentials: its apparent conservatism and its underlying internal dynamism. Thus, the relative individualisation of the market gardening system makes up for the shortcomings of a cereal economy that is chronically in deficit; integration into the market is essential to improving the food situation.

Dogon social structure is still withstanding the hammer blows of out-migration, monetisation, Islam and Christianity. Is it not the case that some who had left for good do sometimes return? Such is the case with some of the numerous peasants who were transferred by the Church during the drought years to southern Mali where the land was more fertile and the climate wetter. Conversely, the loss of population suffered by the highlands, the accelerated rate of Islamisation (or re-Islamisation) and Christianisation, together with the economic importance of dams are surely speeding up the break-up of the family as a farming unit. This process would be irreversible if the speculative and sometimes individual market-gardening promoted by themanandid not exist. The family as it is today will of course succumb by transforming itself but it still has some future which depends on a number of conditions: the control of grain and cattle by the chief, the deepening of urban poverty which makes emigrants return home, the solving of the problems of the conservation and marketing of shallots, the opening-up of the plain, an outlet for younger sons who have left themananand send back the cereal surplus from their new villages to the highlands. The fragile equilibrium established by the Dogon will survive so long as the dams continue to water these green islands lost in a sea of sandstone.
A chief by the people: nation versus state in Lesotho
Authors: Coplan David B. , Quinlan Tim
Published: April 2006

The article explores the conflictual relationship among the Basotho chieftaincy, state, and nation in historical perspective. That history includes consideration of the recent and still unresolved political crisis in Lesotho. The current meaning ofSesotho, the ‘whole life process’ of the Basotho people, is examined in the context of the divergence between state and nation, between chiefs and people, between region and locality, and between modern and customary institutions and forms of organisation. Lesotho is unusual in Africa as a state attempting to emerge from an existing, monocultural nation rather than to build a not yet existing nation out of cultural plurality. It is this very peculiarity, and the state of seemingly endless political turmoildespitethe absence of any ‘ethnic factor’ which provides the most telling commentary on more general relations between cultural and historical forms of political organisation in Africa.
Charisma and ethnicity in political context: a case study in the establishment of a Senegalese religious clientele
Authors: Villalón Leonardo A.
Published: April 2006

Through an examination of a case of a popular switch in religious affiliation in the small regional capital of Fatick, this article explores the factors that give rise to new Muslim maraboutic movements in Senegal. While the majority of the Serer population of the town had previously claimed an affiliation with the Sy family branch of the Tijaniyya order, based in Tivaouane, over the course of the past six to eight years there has been a widespread transfer of allegiance to a Serer marabout, El Hajj Ousmane Mama Ansou Niang, known popularly as Ma Ansou Niang. A consideration of this realignment reveals little basis for interpreting it as a function of maraboutic ‘charisma’ in the sense of any distinctive qualities of the religious message or of the messenger himself. It is, rather, the ‘popular demand’ side of charisma which emerges as important, an aspect that must be understood in the context of the particular local implications of Serer ethnicity. Because a religious model has thus been adopted to address primarily secular concerns, the study supports the argument that the entire maraboutic system has been institutionalised as the prevailing means of organising societal concerns in Senegal. The case thus has significant implications not only forthe study of Senegalese Sufi movements but also for an understanding of the socio-political impact of Islam in the country.
Effects of Mnemonic Reconstructions on the Spatial Learning of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Scruggs Thomas E. , Mastropieri Margo A. , Brigham Frederick J. , Sullivan G. Sharon
Published: April 2006

Thirty-nine seventh- and eighth-grade students with learning disabilities received verbal and spatial information about eighteenth-century North American battles under two conditions. In the control condition, learners were provided a map depicting locations of battles, accompanied by descriptive/decorative pictures. Mnemonic condition learners received the same map with the exception that pictures accompanying place names represented reconstructed keywords of those names. In both conditions, pictures were colored red if they represented British victories, blue if they represented American victories.

After a training session and a 90-second filler activity, students were asked to locate each battle on an unlabeled map and indicate which side had won the battle. Analysis of results indicated that mnemonic condition students significantly outperformed controls on measures of spatial relocation and correct matching of place name with victor. Effects were especially pronounced on the measure of spatial relocation, in which an effect size of over two standard deviations was obtained. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Buddhism
Authors: McRae John R.
Published: April 2006

In comparison with other forms of Chinese religions, the study of Chinese Buddhism benefits from several factors. First, the international range of Buddhism allows for fruitful comparison with developments in other neighboring cultures such as India and Japan, and the contemporary identity of Buddhism as a missionary—or at least adoptable—religion provides a continuing audience and community of scholars. Second, the maturity of Buddhist studies as a field of scholarly inquiry, especially in Japan and Europe, has allowed for synergistic cooperation with colleagues having different educational backgrounds and points of view. And, third, the recent emphasis on the study of nonmainstream or popular religious practices has presented challenges that have led the field in new and exciting directions. An attempt to bring together scholars working in these different areas is reported in McRae and Armijo-Hussein et al. 1989.
Lomonosov's Dedication to His Russian Grammar
Authors: Johnson C. A.
Published: April 2006

Almost any book on Lomonosov, and certainly any book or article about Lomonosov and the Russian language, is bound to quote this passage from the dedication to his Russian Grammar:

Charles V, the Roman Emperor, used to say that one should speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with enemies, and Italian with the female sex. But if he had been skilled in Russian, he would, of course, have added that one could speak it with all of them, for he would have found in it the magnificence of Spanish, the vivacity of French, the strength of German, the delicacy of Italian, and in addition the richness and conciseness of Greek and Latin.... Cicero’s powerful eloquence, the splendid majesty of Virgil, Ovid’s pleasant oratory do not lose their merit in Russian.
From Social Archaeology to National Archaeology: Up from Domination
Authors: Lizárraga Karen Guthertz
Published: April 2006

Patterson (1994) offers a history of the development of Social Archaeology and five points that, according to him, constitute its theoretical ground. Oyuela-Caycedo et al. (1997) provide significant new evidence that questions the actual importance of the intellectual current and theory described by Patterson. While the former gives an inflated perspective of Social Archaeology, the latter leads the reader into a post-Social Archaeology limbo. Providing facts ignored by both Patterson and Oyuela-Caycedo et al., I elaborate a third argument, centered in Peru, which recognizes National Archaeology as a response to the failures of Social Archaeology. Taking into account the century-long search for identity—key to any understanding of twentieth-century Peru—the concept of National Archaeology, as developed in four national institutions, laid the ideological and political ground for the end of the terrorism in Peru.
Behavioral Archaeology: Some Clarifications
Authors: Schiffer Michael Brian
Published: April 2006

In their comment on Schiffer (1996), Broughton and O’Connell perpetuate several common misconceptions about behavioral archaeology. This brief reply clarifies the character and goals of behavioral archaeology and indicates that this vigorous program is now beginning to produce "social" theory beyond the explanation of variability in artifact designs.
Glazed Polish on Flint Tools
Authors: Witthoft John
Published: April 2006

Laboratory and experimental studies of glazed polish (corn gloss) on sickle edges, trillo teeth, hoe blades, and mealing stones indicate that this polish is analogous to modern lapidary polishes which are produced as submicroscopic frictional fusion zones by rubbing with soft powders. Frictional contact with opaline inclusions in grasses has produced corn gloss by fusion of flint surfaces and by fusion to them of dehydrated molecules of opal. The one-to-one equation of corn gloss to grasses has many implications to culture history. Among others, a previously unsuspected type of intense agriculture, closely adapted to conservation of prairie soils, is indicated for Hopewell, Middle Mississippi, and other American Indian cultures.
Sociopolitical Meaning of Faunal Remains from Baker Village
Authors: Hockett Bryan Scott
Published: April 2006

Baker Village was a Fremont horticultural community occupied between about A.D. 1030 and 1250. The residents of Baker Village built at least five pithouses and seven aboveground storage structures arranged around a much larger, centrally located building. The spatial patterning of faunal remains indicates that more ungulate and leporid bones were recovered from floors, hearths, and middens in the Central Structure than in the pithouses and surface storage structures. These data may support the interpretation that private ceremonies or feasts were held inside the Central Structure. Together with evidence of community planning, reduced mobility, and relatively low population size, the data also indicate that an influence-based political hierarchy probably existed within Baker Village.
Cleaning Artifacts with CalgonTM
Authors: Neumann Thomas W. , Sanford Robert M.
Published: April 2006

Experiments in which recently excavated artifacts were soaked for at least four hours in 40 g/liter aqueous solutions of CalgonTM (sodium [hexa]metaphosphate), then rinsed off in a colander under tap water, show this method to be 1.5 to 6.4 times more thorough than traditional scrubbing while taking only two-thirds the time. This method, particularly effective in cleaning large batches of small or intricately surfaced objects, is a practical cost-saving procedure in both public and private-sector research.
The Historical Approach to Art in Archaeology in the Northern Woodlands
Authors: Speck Frank G.
Published: April 2006

In the last issue of the Minnesota Archaeologist(Vol. 8, No. 2, April, 1942) Mr. B. W. Thayer has contributed four articles on art analysis of the erstwhile Arapaho and Cheyenne of the Minnesota prairie-woodland area and the still resident Ojibwa and Red River Cree, which bid fair to challenge attention of those who were impressed, favorably or unfavorably, with some points brought out in Dr. Steward's recent article in this journal on the historical approach to archaeology. It has for some time been an open question in the opinions of students of design in the northern sweep, from the Great Lakes to the Rockies, in how far certain distinctive traits of Plains Algonkian culture might have been carried over from older woodland residence. Mr. Thayer deals with some characteristics, interpretable by him as signs of the same, present in the moccasin structure and designing of figures in historic beadwork.
The Historical Significance of the Murals in the Temple of the Warriors, Chichen Itza
Authors: Wray Donald E.
Published: April 2006

According to Alfred M. Tozzer, events relating to the taking of Chichen Itza by the Toltecs are depicted in the frescoes and bas-reliefs on buildings at that site which date from the Mexican period. In a paper entitled “Maya and Toltec Figures at Chichen Itza,“ he analyzes scenes from the Temple of the Jaguars, the Monjas, the North Temple of the Ball Court, and the Northeast Colonnade with reference to the known historic conquest and interprets them as portrayals of the Mexican attacks, the submission of the Maya, and the recognition of Toltec supremacy.

In his paper, Tozzer tells us that the Toltec warrior is characterized by a mosaic headdress; a breast ornament, probably also of mosaic; a back shield or dorsal mirror; decorated garters; bands below the knee; and sandals. He carries a bundle of spears and a bag in his left hand and an atlatl in his right. His left arm is protected by padding or a round shield.
A Review of the Geology of the Clovis Finds Reported by Howard and Cotter
Authors: Bryan Frank
Published: April 2006

In several sites on our high western plains, at altitudes of more than 4000 feet above sea level, artifacts have been found in apparently unquestionable association with Pleistocene mammal remains. Since the fossil remains connected with these important finds belong to a very definite geological age, this age becomes a geological problem which can only be solved, to any degree of scientific satisfaction, by following the rules governing conservative, orthodox geological research.
The Gallina Architectural Forms
Authors: Hibben Frank C.
Published: April 2006

In 1932 and 1933 the Laboratory of Anthropology and the University of New Mexico started independently on research projects which involved certain provocative cultural manifestations in north central New Mexico. Dr. H. P. Mera published the results of his investigations in 1938 under the title, “Some Aspects of the Largo Cultural Phase, Northern New Mexico.” In the same year, the author reported on some preliminary work in the same area in an article entitled “The Gallina Phase.“ As the university has continued its work in the more easterly section of this area, the name “Gallina” is retained in this connection, although the two types of material are obviously referable to the same cultural horizon.

In the excavating seasons just prior to the war, sporadic excavations were carried on in this area and a survey of the whole cultural province was continued.
Point of Pines Phase Sequence and Utility Pottery Type Revisions
Authors: Breternitz David A. , Gifford James C. , Olson Alan P.
Published: April 2006

The University of Arizona Archaeological Field School under the joint auspices of the Arizona State Museum and the Department of Anthropology has been in operation for over 10 years. During the course of this longterm archaeological program several reports concerning Point of Pines archaeology have appeared. As a result of work since the publication of these reports, certain changes are justified in the phase sequence and in the terminology as it applies to textured pottery types. Making these changes known in abbreviated form reflects the current status of these 2 subjects. The changes and the resulting implications will be considered in detail in dissertations being prepared individually by the authors.
Mound 2 at Marksville
Authors: Vescelius G. S.
Published: April 2006

The Marksville site lies about a mile to the east of the small town of that name, in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana. Its earthworks, which were first described by Gerard Fowke (1928: 405–34), belong to several distinct components: the Nick site, the Greenhouse site, and the Marksville site proper (Ford 1951: 13–14). The latter component — the oldest of the three — consists of Fowke's “Enclosure A” (Fig. 1), a group of 5 mounds situated on the edge of a steep, eastward-facing bluff and enclosed on the west by a semicircular earthen rampart 4 to 7 feet high and more than half a mile long. Just to the south of this enclosure lies a circular embankment which may be of comparable age. Further south lies the Nick site (Fowke's “Mound 1“) which is known to be younger than the structures of Enclosure A.
Ecologic Adaptation and Cultural Change in Archaeology
Authors: Barth Fredrik
Published: April 2006

The new age-dating method based on the radioactive carbon isotope C14 is now turning out absolute dates and promises to reorganize the chronological framework of American archaeology. The results demonstrate that conventional methods of determining relative and absolute age are often uncertain, and that a much more exact technique can in most cases be substituted for the type seriation of archaeology.

Of course the new technique still has its shortcomings, but that does not basically affect the argument. C14 agedating represents the first clear step towards making archaeology an exact science. As a result, a reorientation of the central emphasis in archaeology must sooner or later take place.

Actually, this situation makes it possible for the archaeologist to go one step further in his interpretation than has generally been the case till now. The temporal framework will soon be established with reasonable security, and when a fertile approach to the subject matter is adopted, generalizations of value to all in anthropology should be forthcoming.
Early Central Californian and Anasazi Shell Artifact Types
Authors: Gifford E. W.
Published: April 2006

In his recently published paper on “The Archaeology of Central California I: The Early Horizon” Robert F. Heizer writes “it is possible to anticipate at least in the later Southwestern horizons, for which we have dendrochronologic dates, a direct cross-chronology between the Southwest and California in terms of actual year dates.“

Fourteen Californian shell types from Anasazi sites, ranging from Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV, have been listed. Nine of these fourteen types come from Basketmaker III sites, one also from Basketmaker II, indicating that they were already being made in California contemporaneously and probably considerably earlier. These Basketmaker examples thus establish a minimum dating for the types in California.
Suggested Change in Nomenclature of the Major American Time Periods
Authors: Smith Arthur George
Published: April 2006

In the Handbook of Texas Archeology by Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks, 4 major time periods are defined under the terms, “Paleo-American,” “Archaic,” “Neo-American,” and “Historic.”

I can see no reason to use the element “American” in the names of time periods in Indian prehistory. Strictly speaking, “American” can be applied to any inhabitant of North, Central, or South America, past or present. But popular usage restricts the term “American” to the people of the United States, and unless qualified, often further restricts it to the whites only.
Preclassic Metal?
Authors: Sorenson John L.
Published: April 2006

The usually accepted earliest date for metal objects in Mesoamerica is the 8th century A.D. (Copan and Tazumal). There are, however, two occurrences reported in the literature which seem to have been ignored despite apparent ages much before this.

One is reported found by Cummings at Cuicuilco in 1924-25. In part his account reads, “… resting upon the top of the horseshoe-shaped walls were the fragments of a copper wand that had been made of thin copper plate hammered around a wooden core and held together by copper nails. Some of the charred remains of the wooden core still clung to the copper plate.” The stratigraphy is somewhat difficult to follow in the account, but it appears that the find dates between the last stone construction and the volcanic action which partly covered the site. The spot was overlain by a uniform layer of yellow sand and clay and above this, “surface loam with traces of ashes and carbonized material at the bottom,” a total of at least 7 feet of soil. Cummings speaks of the copper as “crude.” It is uncertain whether the term was used in a metallurgical sense. If the object can now be located, a metallographic examination should be made.