bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School graduates as the basis of the human capital of the region on the example of the Republic of Tyva
Authors: Oydup Tana M. , Kylgiday Ai-kys C.
Published: September 2021

In the modern conditions of interregional competition, there arises the issue of attracting and preserving the human capital of the region. The Republic of Tyva is losing significantly in this interregional rivalry. The factors that reduce the attractiveness of the region for its graduates and labor migrants from other regions are a small selection of educational institutions, high unemployment, the region's lagging behind in infrastructure provision. Grades 9 and 11 students are one of the main sources of human capital in any region. Graduates choose their future profession, university, place for their further residence (stay in another city or return to their small homeland). Thus, they unconsciously determine which region will receive new human resources.

This article analyses the results of surveys of school graduates in the capital of the Republic of Tyva - the city of Kyzyl, conducted in 2010 and 2019. Comparative analysis showed that against the background of socio-economic changes that have taken place in the republic over the decade, the preferences of graduates when choosing future professions have changed. One can trace a clear relationship between the increase in the supply of jobs in the labor market and the growing popularity of certain professions. According to the results of sociological research, it can be stated that while maintaining the current socio-economic situation in the Republic of Tyva, the majority of school graduates in the city of Kyzyl will not become the basis for the formation of the region's human capital. For the republic, the issues of creating new jobs, increasing the social attractiveness of the region for further living, that includes solving housing and household issues, as well as improving the quality of social services for the population, transport accessibility, and improving the standard of living of the population, remain relevant. All of the above in aggregate will contribute to the formation of the region's human capital.
Has Covid-19 increased gender inequalities in professional advancement? Cross-country evidence on productivity differences between male and female software developers
Authors: Hipp Lena , Konrad Markus
Published: September 2021

Objective: This article analyzed gender differences in professional advancement following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic based on data from open-source software developers in 37 countries.

Background: Men and women may have been affected differently from the social distancing measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that men and women tend to work in different jobs and that they have been unequally involved in childcare duties, school and workplace closings may have impacted men’s and women’s professional lives unequally.

Method: We analyzed original data from the world’s largest social coding community, GitHub. We first estimated a Holt-Winters forecast model to compare the predicted and the observed average weekly productivity of a random sample of male and female developers (N=177,480) during the first lockdown period in 2020. To explain the cross-country variation in the gendered effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on software developers’ productivity, we estimated two-way fixed effects models with different lockdown measures as predictors – school and workplace closures, in particular.

Results: In most countries, both male and female developers were, on average, more productive than predicted, and productivity increased for both genders with increasing lockdown stringency. When examining the effects of the most relevant types of lockdown measures separately, we found that stay-at-home restrictions increased both men’s and women’s productivity and that workplace closures also increased the number of weekly contributions on average – but for women, only when schools were open.

Conclusion: Having found gender differences in the effect of workplace closures contingent on school and daycare closures within a population that is relatively young and unlikely to have children (software developers), we conclude that the Covid-19 pandemic may indeed have contributed to increased gender inequalities in professional advancement.
Evaluation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) Binder and Squid Oil Attractant in the Formulation of Litopenaeus vannamei Diet
Authors: Yusoff Nor Asma Husna , Zakariah Mohd Ihwan , Mohamad Jalilah , Rahmah Sharifah , Hassan Marina
Published: September 2021

Highlight ResearchEffects of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder on pellet water stability in shrimp diet.Evaluation of squid oil attractant on feed palatability.The quality of water after inclusion of CMC binder and squid oil in pellet.CMC and squid oil improved dry matter retention and feeding responses in shrimp. AbstractPellet water stability and feeding attractant are the crucial factors to be considered in the formulation of shrimp feed to minimize nutrient leaching and improve food palatability, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine the binding effect of supplementation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) during pellet manufacturing, and feeding responses with the inclusion of squid oil in pellet. Both experiments were conducted separately in five feed formulations ranged from 0.00% to 3.00% of CMC and squid oil. All T0 was referred as control with no CMC or squid oil. Experiment was conducted using 30 shrimps/treatment with triplicates. The dry matter retention up to 120 min of immersion and the feeding response test were evaluated in pellet supplemented with CMC and squid oil, respectively. Results showed the percentage of dry matter retentions increased with the increase of CMC, over time. The CMC containing pellets at 2.00% and 3.00% had minimal disintegration in water and possessed high water stability after 120 min immersion. The addition of 3.00% squid oil in feed exhibited a significant result (p<0.05) in the time taken for shrimp to access the pellet, also increased the time starts for ingestion. No significant change was observed in water quality indicated no water contamination occurred throughout the study. Results demonstrated that the addition of CMC binder at 2.00% and 3.00% improved pellet water stability, whilst 3.00% squid oil was recommended to enhance feed palatability. However, future studies on the activity of enzymes in shrimp bodies after treatment would be an advantage.
Molecular Expressions : Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in Gills of Cyprinus carpio Infected Myxobolus sp.
Authors: Maftuch Maftuch , Wicaksosno Bramantiyo Satriyo , Nurin Febi Nadhila , Sebastian Andhang
Published: September 2021

Highlight Research:It has been found that many fish died with wounds from farmers in Blitar, Indonesia.The mucosal smear test from mucosal gills of C. carpio infected with Myxobolus.In the blood smear test of C. carpio, there was no myxobolus found in the blood.In gill organ testing using SEM that Myxobolus is found in gills (C. carpio).The shape of Myxobolus resembles an imperfect ball with a hollow in the middle. AbstractThe biggest problem that is often considered to be an obstacle to Common carp culture is the emergence of disease attacks. One type of disease that often attacks the seeds of Cyprinus carpio is Myxobolus (a systemic parasite that can cause harm to fish farming). The aim of this study was to determine the molecular expression through the smear test on C. carpio gills, to determine the image of the gill organs of C. carpio using the SEM test, and to determine the description of the spores of Myxobolus sp. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods. Descriptive method used was comparative descriptive comparing molecular expression in the test of gill mucosal smear of fish using a light microscope and gill organ testing using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) on C. carpio infected by Myxobolus sp. In this study, the results showed that in C. carpio infected with true Myxobolus found the presence of Myxobolus in the mucosal smear test and SEM test on gill tissue, but not found in the blood smear test.
The Effect of Using Bromelain and Papain Enzymes on the Quality of Pure Fish Oil from Milkfish Silage (Chanos chanos)
Authors: Arisky Yosie Prayudha , Supriyanto Supriyanto , Fakhry Mohammad
Published: September 2021

Highlight ResearchMilkfish silage  oil fatty acid profileThe quality of pure fish oil from milkfish silage (Chanos chanos)The effect of using bromelain and papain enzymesAbstractMilkfish has a high nutritional content, especially fat content. The processing of milkfish oil into pure oil has not been done much. Proper processing is needed so that the fatty acids contained in fish can be utilized optimally for pharmaceutical and medical needs. Enzyme extraction is known to extract fish oil with better quality than the heating method. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the enzymes bromelain and papain on the quality of pure fish oil from milkfish silage by treating different body parts used. The experiment was carried out with Factorial Complete Randomized Design with three replications involving two factors. The first factor was the type of enzyme using two types of enzymes, namely bromelain and papain with a concentration of 15%, the second factor used was the difference in body parts that was whole fish, flesh, and waste (head, viscera, and bones). The results showed that the type of enzyme had no significant effect on the quality of fish oil, but the different treatments of fish body parts had a significant effect on the quality of the fish oil produced. The best treatment was adapted from fish oil treated using the bromelain enzyme with the flesh. This treatment resulted in yield of 1.25%, density 0.903 g/mL, FFA content of 0.56%, and peroxide value of 7.64 meq/kg.
Reproductive Characteristics of the Pond-Farmed Sultan Fish (Leptobarbus hoevenii)
Authors: Srithongthum Sajeenuth , Au Hsein-Loong , Amornsakun Thumronk , Musikarun Poramat , Mok Wen Jye , Halid Nur Fatihah Abdul , Kawamura Gunzo , Lim Leong Seng
Published: September 2021

Highlight ResearchThe reproductive characteristics of L. hoevenii were examinedThe potentially smallest maturity sizes of female and male L. hoevenii were 350 g and 180 g, respectivelyThe fecundity of a 1,000 g L. hoevenii can be more than 100,000 eggsL. hoevenii was determined as a multiple spawnerAbstractSultan fish (Leptobarbus hoevenii) is a high value freshwater fish, cultured in some Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia and Thailand. However, information on its reproductive characteristics is very scarce. This study examined the gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, egg diameter, and determined whether L. hoevenii is a single- or multiple-spawner. Twenty male and female pond-farmed L. hoevenii broodstock were obtained to measure their total length (TL), body weight (BW) and gonad weight to calculate the GSI. Ten females were randomly sampled from the 20 to determine their fecundity. A total of 1,500 eggs were sampled from each female. The egg diameter was measured then its frequency distribution was analyzed to detect the number of egg class group, and to determine whether L. hoevenii is a single- or multiple spawner. The female L. hoevenii examined were 32.2-47.1 cm and 350-1,200 g, while the males were 30.7-45.8 cm and 180-970 g in TL and BW, respectively. All female specimens contained gonads. The potentially smallest mature samples were recorded at 350 g (female) and 180 g (male). GSI for the female and male L. hoevenii were 1.81-12.28 % and 1.03-5.09 %, respectively. The fecundity was 35,467 -128,067 eggs, while the highest fecundity was observed in a 1,000 g fish. The observed egg diameter ranged from 500 to 1,855 μm. Two to five groups of egg class were detected, indicating that L. hoevenii is a multiple spawner.
The Effectiveness of Seaweeds as Biofilter for Reducing Wastewater Nutrient and Preventing Water Pollution from Hybrid Grouper Culture
Authors: Adharini Ratih Ida , Murwantoko Murwantoko , Probosunu Namastra , Setiawan Riza Yuliratno , Satriyo Tony Budi
Published: September 2021

Highlight ResearchWastewater in hybrid grouper culture should be maintain before resirculate and dispose to aquatic environment to avoid eutrophication.Seaweed that is used for biofilter must be observed for its suitability, performance and effectivity.Ulva sp. has the best effectiveness to reduce nutrient in wastewater of hybrid grouper aquaculture by absorbing then stored into thallus.Ulva sp. is proven has the best SGR and adaptability in wastewater of hybrid grouper culture.AbstractWastewater generated from hybrid grouper culture needs to be managed to improve water quality before being recirculated, or discharged in the aquatic environment. Seaweed biofilter has been proposed in wastewater treatment technology for marine fish farming. This study aimed at comparing which of these species i.e. Ulva sp., Sargassum sp., Gelidium sp., and Dictyota sp.  work best to absorb nutrient wastewater hybrid grouper culture. This research utilized these seaweed as treatments and controls with three replications using Completely Randomized Design. A statistical analysis was conducted to investigate the significant differences in the nutrient absorptions among various seaweed species by using ANOVA and least significant difference. Non-parametric tests namely Kruskal-Walis, Mann-Whitney, and t-test were used with confidence interval of 95%. The results revealed that Ulva sp. has the best ability to reduce the Nitrogen 80%, while Dictyota able to reduce  Phosphor 88% by Dictyota sp. generated from wastewater of hybrid grouper culture. While the highest absorbtion of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (104%) and phosphate (182%) that stored in thallus were performed by Ulva sp. Ulva sp. had the best performance and highest growth rate (1.9% d-1) as biofilter in hybrid grouper cultivation than other species.
Professor R.B. Singh (1955-2021), an Icon of Indian Geography: A Passage on the Path of Lineage, Legacy and Liminality
Authors: Singh Rana P.B.
Published: September 2021

Professor R.B. Singh (1955-2021) had been the first Indian Geographer to have the dual distinction of holding the position of the IGU Secretary General and ICSU Scientific Committee Member. He was the first Indian and second Asian Secretary General and Treasurer of the IGU (2018-2022). Professor Singh was a distinguished geographer of 21st Century India who had made distinct academic contributions over the last five decades, illustrated with publishing 16 books, 40 anthologies, and around 260 research papers. He has covered and profusely published researches in 11 fields—Environmental Studies, Geoecology; Land resources, Land use/ Land cover; Water issues, Hydrology; Disaster, Natural Hazard; Quality of Life, Livelihood; Climatic Change, Air Pollution study; Urban Environment, Health, and wellbeing; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Environmental Monitoring; Geography, Development Studies R-U; Mountain Studies, Forestry, Tourism; and RS, GIS, Recent trends appraisal. He had supervised 39 PhD and 81 MPhil dissertations. This paper presents an appraisal of his life journey on the path of Lineage, Legacy and Liminality—a type of biographical highlights in the frame of his practising geography, while also emphasising various niches, distinctions, networks, and collaborative programmes.
Cable Force Measurement Technology and Engineering Application
Authors: Xia Ju-wei , Yao Yun-long , Wu Xiao-shun , Chen Yuan-hong
Published: September 2021

With the continuous development of prestressing technology, cables have been widely used in structural engineering. A special concern in practical engineering is selecting the appropriate cable force measurement technology. This paper analyzes and introduces the principle of cable force
measurement technology commonly used in current engineering from three aspects, namely, strain, vibration and wave fluctuation, and force balance. Combined with an actual project, the selection and arrangement of measuring points in the cable pre-tension measurement and other issues are discussed.
The engineering example shows that the cable force measurement method based on FBG sensor presented in this paper can capture the action of each construction tensioning operations in real time and accurately. Monitoring the tension of the structure in real time is convenient for engineers
and technician. The process is suitable for cable force monitoring during the construction tensioning stage. Furthermore, the EM sensor has good stability and durability and is suitable for long-term cable force monitoring.
Shaping Indeterminate Frames
Authors: Mayencourt Paul , Ochsendorf John , Mueller Caitlin
Published: September 2021

The large impact of building structures on the environment must be reduced to meet the global targets fixed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Standard building structures with constant prismatic cross-section have material inefficiencies of around 66% (and up to 75%
in some cases) that need to be addressed. Structural shaping, a subfield of shape optimization, offers a pathway to reduce the impact of building materials on the environment. Shaping statically determinate structures such as simply supported beams is relatively straightforward, but offers
few design options compared to statically indeterminate structures. However, no methods provide an efficient way for designers to shape these systems according to their design intent or efficiency goals. Based on plasticity theory, this paper presents a shaping methodology to explore the design
space of shaped indeterminate frame structures. The methodology is implemented in three case studies.
 In all the case studies, the methodology allows for the exploration of material-efficient yet diverse designs of shaped indeterminate frame structures. The implementation of this
methodology can promote the use of structural shaping by offering more agency to structural designers to create diverse and efficient structural systems.
Low-level windshear associated with atmospheric boundary layer jets – Case studies
Authors: Chan P. W. , Hon K. K. , Li Q. S.
Published: September 2021

Jet streams in the atmospheric boundary layer may lead to hazardous weather over southern China. In this paper, the jet-related low-level windshear to be encountered by an aircraft is documented. Two typical cases under the northeast monsoon regime are considered, namely, easterly jet disrupted by the mountains to the south of Hong Kong International Airport, and outbreak of monsoon surge that produces a low-level northeasterly jet. The Doppler Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems are found to capture the corresponding windshear features very well, e.g., consistent with pilot reports and flight data. They are useful in providing timely alert to the aircraft. In particular, the LIDAR captures a double jet structure in the atmospheric boundary layer for the easterly wind case, which has not been reported in the literature before. The physical mechanism for the occurrence of the double jet is yet to be revealed. Moreover, the performance of a high spatial resolution (200 m) numerical weather prediction (NWP) model in predicting the jet and the associated low-level windshear is studied. The model is found to provide reasonable prediction of the windshear features at a few hours ahead, and, for the cases studied, shows skills in providing timely alerts to the aircraft.
Early Lesion of Post-Primary Tuberculosis: Subclinical Driver of Disease and Target for Vaccines and Host-directed Therapies
Authors: Brown Robert E. E. , Hunter Robert L
Published: September 2021

The characteristic lesion of primary tuberculosis is the granuloma as is widely studied in human tissues and animal models. Post-primary tuberculosis is different. It develops only in human lungs and begins as a prolonged subclinical obstructive lobular pneumonia that slowly accumulates mycobacterial antigens and host lipids in alveolar macrophages with nearby highly sensitized T cells. After several months, the lesions under necrosis to produce a mass of caseous pneumonia large enough to fragment and be coughed out to produce a cavity or be retained as the focus of a post-primary granuloma. Here we extend these findings with the demonstration of mycobacterial antigen, but not AFB, of M. tuberculosis in the cytoplasm of ciliated bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar pneumocytes in association with elements of the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathways in the early lesion. This suggests that M. tuberculosis use its secreted antigens to coordinate prolonged subclinical development of the early lesions in preparation for a necrotizing reaction sufficient to produce a cavity, post-primary granulomas and fibrocaseous disease
Cell Culture Systems for Assessing Toxicity and Chemotherapeutic Potential of Phytochemical Antioxidants
Authors: Asuzu Peace C. , Trompeter Nicholas , Besong Samuel A. , Cooper Carlton R. , Aryee Alberta N.A.
Published: September 2021

This review article seeks to provide relevant information about the applicability of cell-based assays in assessing cytotoxicity of phytochemicals in light of several traditional methods available. Phenolic compounds and other phytochemicals are significant resources for drug discovery and development, thus underlining the enormous potentials of plant-derived natural products for the prevention and management of oxidative stress associated with cancer and other diseases. These effects have been linked to the content of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties. The abundance and complexity of these bio-constituents highlight the need for well-defined methods for the in vitro characterization and quantification of extracts and/or preparations that can translate to in vivo effects. Cell culture systems provide a useful model for basic research and a wide range of clinical in vitro studies and physiological processes as well as assessing the toxicity and therapeutic potential of compounds including plant extracts with potential medicinal benefits. Their use in cancer research provide a useful insight into possible therapeutic properties of phytochemicals at the cellular level. This approach has been instrumental in the initial stages of developing chemotherapeutic agents where human cancer cell lines are used as experimental models. These models have continued to contribute to elucidating specific requirements for certain biochemical events associated with proliferation, metabolism, loss of cell viability/apoptosis. Cell culture systems remain a promising tool in natural product development.
Application of Mode-Adaptive Bidirectional Pushover Analysis to an Irregular Reinforced Concrete Building Retrofitted via Base Isolation
Authors: Fujii Kenji , Masuda Takumi
Published: September 2021

In this article, the main building of the former Uto City Hall, which was severely damaged in the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, is investigated as a case study for the retrofitting of an irregular Reinforced Concrete building using the base-isolation technique. Its peak response is predicted via mode-adaptive bidirectional pushover analysis (MABPA), which was originally proposed by the authors. In the prediction step of MABPA, the peaks of the first and second modal responses are predicted considering the energy balance during a half cycle of the structural response. The numerical analysis results show that the peak relative displacement can be properly predicted by MABPA. The results also show that the performance of the retrofitted building models is satisfactory for the ground motion considered in this study, including the recorded motions in the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake.
Banana Cultivars Microshoot Induction and Plantlet Formation Using Cytokinin and Auxin
Authors: Sugiyono Sugiyono , Dewi Prita Sari , Prasetyo Rendie
Published: September 2021

Banana is a horticultural plant with very high potentials, which contains carbohydrates and vitamins that are useful in fulfilling people's food and nutritional needs. Hence, this study aims to produce superior banana seedlings and develop a protocol for their mass production using a plant in vitro culture technique. This was a two stage-experiment i.e. microshoot production and plantlet formation. The result showed that Gebyar cultivar produced more shoots than the Kepok Kuning cultivar, with an average of 4.25 microshoots explant-1. However, Kepok Kuning produced more leaves than Gebyar, with an average of 4.64 leaves plantlet-1. Banana shoots cultured on the media containing Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at a concentration of 2.5 µM produced the highest leaves number. Meanwhile, those cultured on the media containing 1-Naphthalenesacetic acid (NAA) at a concentration of 7.5 µM produced the highest roots number. A Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) up to 30 µM and the one supplemented with 7.5 μM of NAA are suitable for Kepok Kuning and Gebyar cultivars micropropagation with regard to microshoot induction and plantlet formation, respectively.
Environmental and Institutional Impacts of Tidal River Management: A Case Study on Pakhimara Tidal Basin in Southwestern Bangladesh
Authors: Bin Salam Md. Tareq , Amin Atika Ibnat , Afroz Tonami , Masud Md. Mahedi Al
Published: September 2021

People in southwestern Bangladesh have been facing the waterlogging problem and protesting on the impacts for the nature for a long time. In the 1960s, the government introduced polders, embankments and cross dams to overcome the destructive scenario. Due to the failure of government initiatives, the local people of the coastal area cut into the polder so that the sediment deposited within the beel known as Tidal River Management (TRM). Then, TRM was applied several times in different catchments. The study was carried out from December 2018 to November 2019 to assess the positive and negative environmental and institutional impacts of TRM on Pakhimara beel in Tala Upazila (Sub-district), Satkhira District, by using the Sustainability Index of Tidal River Management (SITRM) framework. Sustainability Indices of TRM were designed to provide information on social, environmental and institutional gains. The environmental and institutional impacts were assessed by conducting household survey and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Agricultural impacts on crop, poultry, fisheries and vegetation, were also analyzed by comparing GIS map and agricultural production data (before and after TRM). This study investigated that Pakhimara beel was freed from waterlogging during the with-TRM event by 3,200 ha and the reduction of waterlogging increased agricultural land by 1,500 ha in 2018, compared to 2014. This study argued that only 54% of marginal farmers received crop compensation whereas 85% of crop production decreased due to TRM. For promoting sustainable TRM in the studied area, compensation should be guaranteed for all impacted parties, especially marginal farmers and the creation of employment opportunities, and settlement should be ensured.
Numerical Simulation of Urban Inundation Processes and Their Hydraulic Quantities – Tsunami Analysis Hackathon Theme 1 –
Authors: Yasuda Tomohiro , Imai Kentaro , Shigihara Yoshinori , Arikawa Taro , Baba Toshitaka , Chikasada Naotaka , Eguchi Yuuki , Kamiya Masato , Minami Masaaki , Miyauchi Toshiharu , Nojima Kazuya , Pakoksung Kwanchai , Suppasri Anawat , Tominaga Yuho ,   Faculty of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Kansai University 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan,   Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa, Japan,   Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Defense Academy (NDA), Kanagawa, Japan,   Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan,   Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan,   Earthquake and Tsunami Research Division, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), Ibaraki, Japan,   Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Ibaraki, Japan,   R&D Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan,   International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan,   IDEA Consultants, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
Published: September 2021

The detailed understanding of tsunami hazard risk using numerical simulations requires a numerical model that can accurately predict tsunami inundation phenomena on land. In such models, the structural effects are indirectly considered using the variation of bottom roughness as a proxy for the differences in building densities. Only a few studies have conducted intermodel tests to investigate tsunami inundation in complex coastal urban cities. During the tsunami analysis hackathon held in September 2020, eight research groups met to have a detailed discussion on the current urban inundation problems. In this study, we conducted an intermodel comparison of the numerical tsunami models, using the data from physical experiments that were performed on a detailed urban model. Our objective was to investigate the necessary conditions of an accurate numerical model based that can ensure high reproducibility and practicality. It was confirmed that the accuracy of topographic data is an important parameter for tsunami inundation simulations in complex urban areas. Based on the computational cost and accuracy, we suggest that a resolution of 1 cm of topographic data is a sufficient condition for tsunami inundation simulations on 1/250 scale model.
Estimate the Amount of Disaster Waste Disposal Work Using In-Vehicle Camera Images – A Case Study in Hitoyoshi City, Kumamoto Prefecture –
Authors: Mizui Yoshinobu , Fujiwara Hiroyuki ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan,   University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Published: September 2021

In recent years, a wide-area disaster causing enormous damage has occurred almost every year in Japan. The authors have been involved in the management of disaster volunteer centers in various places and have realized the difficulty in coordinating the actual number of activities in disaster-stricken areas and the required number of disaster volunteers. The number of disaster volunteers required varies greatly on a daily basis. The number of volunteer activities often depends on the quantity of disaster waste created from damaged houses. Accordingly, if the quantity of waste was grasped immediately on the spot, the number of disaster volunteers required in the short term could be estimated. In this study, the actual conditions in Hitoyoshi City, Kumamoto Prefecture, at the time of the Heavy Rainfall in July 2020 are considered as an example, and the method is considered to immediately grasp the quantity of waste to be disposed of and the number of people required for this task. We compared the amount of waste disposal work estimated from the in-vehicle camera image with the number of active residents and volunteers. As a result, it was estimated that 40–50% of the work was carried out by volunteers at the peak of volunteer activities.
Development of Disaster Management Education Program to Enhance Disaster Response Capabilities of Schoolchildren During Heavy Rainfall – Implementation at Elementary School in Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture, a Disaster-Stricken Area
Authors: Ikeda Masaki , Nagata Toshimitsu , Kimura Reo , Yi Tai-Young , Suzuki Shingo , Nagamatsu Shingo , Oda Takashi , Endo Shun , Hatakeyama Mitsuhiro , Yoshikawa Seigo , Adachi Satoru , Miura Shinya , Take Junya ,   Disaster Resilience Research Division, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan,   Niigata Local Meteorological Office, Japan Meteorological Agency, Niigata, Japan,   Faculty and Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan,   Graduate School of Education, Miyagi University of Education, Miyagi, Japan,   Snow and Ice Research Center, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), Yamagata, Japan,   Disaster Information Research Division, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), Ibaraki, Japan,   Disaster Management, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
Published: September 2021

In this study, an education program for heavy rainfall risk management was developed using the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model of instructional design (ID) to enhance the disaster response capabilities of schoolchildren to encourage them to think and act responsibly to protect themselves during a disaster following heavy rainfall. The program’s effectiveness was evaluated by its implementation at Nagaoka Municipal Senju Elementary School in Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture, which was devastated by the heavy rainfall caused by 2019 Typhoon No.19. The learning effect was confirmed throughout the program. Furthermore, the program has improved because of its implementation and evaluation.
Good Corporate Governance And Financial Performance On Capital Adequacy Ratio: A Reflection Of Indonesian Conventional Banking
Authors: Agustina Yuli , Winarno Agung , Dyan Ariska
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of good corporate governance, as well as financial performance as measured by non-performing loans, net interest margin, return on assets, and loan to deposit ratios, on the capital adequacy ratio of conventional banking in the period 2015-2019, using data from the Federal Reserve. The composite value of banking self-assessment is the indicator that was utilized to determine good corporate governance in the context of this study. The quantitative approach used in this study was combined with secondary data. Purposive sampling was used in this study to select a sample of 35 banks, which was then analyzed. The findings revealed that GCG, NPL, ROA, and LDR had no impact on CAR. This occurs because the revenues obtained by the bank are used to mitigate the bank's operational risk, and so have no effect on the bank's capital adequacy ratio (CAR). The NIM has a negative and statistically significant effect on the CAR. This is due to the fact that the NIM indicates that the quantity of loans granted is increasing, implying that the risk faced by the bank is also increasing.
An Exact Expression for the Effective Bulk Modulus for Acoustic Wave Propagation in Cylindrical Patchy-Saturation Rocks
Authors: Zong Zhaoyun , Chen Yu
Published: September 2021

Hydrocarbon reservoirs often contain partially gas-saturated rocks that have attracted the attention of exploration geophysicists and geologists for many years. Wave-induced fluid flow (WIFF) is an effective mechanism to quantify seismic wave dispersion and attenuation in partially gas-saturated rocks. In this study, we focus on the local fluid flow induced by variations in fluids in different regions and present a new model that describes seismic wave propagation in partially gas-saturated rocks, namely, the cylindrical patchy-saturation model. Because the seismic wave velocity and attenuation oscillate at high frequencies, it is not ideal for studying dispersion and attenuation caused by WIFF. To avoid the high-frequency oscillation in the cylindrical patchy-saturated model, we use an approximation to the Newman function instead of the full Newman function to calculate the effective bulk modulus. We then calculate the P-wave velocity and attenuation of the proposed model and interpret the lab-measured data. The proposed model is an alternative patchy-saturation model that can explain the problem of high-frequency oscillation and low-frequency attenuation.
Structural Elements of Onshore Kuwait
Authors: Carman George J.
Published: September 2021

Five structural trends are recognized in Kuwait: (1) Three sub-parallel anticlinal trends (005°-015°) occur on the west flank of the Kuwait Arch and trap oil in Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic strata. (2) North-south trending structures, including the Kuwait Arch, are probably founded on basement horsts. These were reactivated from Late Jurassic to post-Turonian time and contain the largest oil pools in Kuwait (e.g. Greater Burgan) in Middle Cretaceous, Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic strata. (3) A northwest trend (320°-340°) in north and west Kuwait reflects the structural grain of the underlying Arabian Shelf and while generally dry in Middle Cretaceous strata has proven oil in Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic strata. (4) East-northeast (030°-050°) anticlines are present mid-flank the Kuwait Arch to the west and north. They contain oil in Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata, and Middle Cretaceous strata where north-south trends are overprinted. They may be related to northeast trending shear zones. (5) The Ahmadi Ridge is a rare north-northwest contraction trend probably related to the Zagros orogeny and traps oil where it overprints the Kuwait Arch trend.

The apparently simple anticlinal oil field structures are cut by normal faults, which are mapped as radial, with throws up to 50 meters but averaging 15 meters. Structural compartmentalization of reservoirs has not been conclusively identified. The faults are near-vertical and often occur in swarms; the majority deform strata below the Mishrif Unconformity while rare faults reach the surface. Reverse throws are evident on seismic and in one well. Dextral offsets along northwest and northeast trending fault and lineaments indicate strike-slip. Wellbore breakouts, processed borehole imagery data and outcrop joint data define a principal maximum stress field orientation of 040°-050° consistent with regional trends.
Relationship between Persistent Dizziness and Markers of Alzheimer's disease – Mayo Clinic Study of Aging
Authors: FAKIR RAZAN AL
Published: September 2021

Persistent dizziness or lightheadedness ranks among the most frequent complaints in primary care. Persistent dizziness is frequently described as a consequence or side effect of defined entities such as cardiovascular, infectious, neurological, and otological disease. Persistent dizziness is potentially disabling and has a distinct impact on participation, psychosocial interaction, and quality of life. We examined the relationship between persistent dizziness or lightheadedness and Alzheimer's disease (AD) markers among 924 individuals aged ≥50 years (52.3% male, mean age 74 years) selected from 5707 individuals who participated in the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression and anxiety), cognitive evaluation (overall and across multiple domains), magnetic resonance imaging for AD-signature "regional thickness," and 11Carbon-Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (11C-PiB PET) for Amyloid deposition are all investigated. Significant contributing factors to persistent dizziness in older adults were found and include [age, sex (male), lower education, high comorbidity index, high-density lipoprotein, balance problems, neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairments, and AD-signature” regional thickness]. After adjusting for age, sex, education, medical comorbidities, and other variables, a statistically significant association between persistent dizziness/lightheadedness and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and Amyloid-β deposition. This finding implies that the underlying AD biology may drive both the neuropsychiatric symptoms and persistent dizziness or lightheadedness, even before the onset of cognitive impairments and dementia. Further studies are needed to support the findings.
Break the template boundary: Test of different protein scaffolds by genetic code expansion resulted in NADPH-dependent secondary amine catalysis
Authors: Williams Thomas , Tsai Yu-Hsuan , Luk Louis
Published: September 2021

Here, incorporation of secondary amine by genetic code expansion was used to expand the potential protein templates for artificial enzyme design. Pyrrolysine analogue containing a D-proline could be stably incorporated into proteins, including the multidrug-binding LmrR and nucleotide-binding dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Both modified scaffolds were catalytically active, mediating transfer hydrogenation with a relaxed substrate scope. The protein templates played a distinctive role in that, while the LmrR variants were confined to the biomimetic BNAH as the hydride source, the optimal DHFR variant favorably used the pro-R hydride from NADPH for reactions. Due to the cofactor compatibility, the DHFR secondary amine catalysis could also be coupled to an enzymatic recycling scheme. This work has illustrated the unique advantages of using proteins as hosts, and thus the presented concept is expected to find uses in enabling tailored secondary amine catalysis.
Long Non-coding RNA PANDAR Promotes Radioresistance in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via SIRT1/Ku70/PI3K/Akt Pathway
Authors: Li Si-wei , Pi Guo-liang , Zeng Yong , Ruan Chang-li , He Xiao-song , Xiong Xiao-xia , Zhang Man , Han Guang , Liang xinjun
Published: September 2021

Objective: Radioresistance may result in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) radiation failure. To comprehend the concrete mechanism in NPC radioresistance, this work was initiated from long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) promoter of CDKN1A antisense DNA damage activated RNA (PANDAR), accompanied by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), Ku70, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway.Methods: NPC cancer tissues and normal tissues were harvested and NPC cancer tissues were specified into radioresistant and radiosensitive types. The connection between PANDA expression with NPC radioresistance, clinicopathological traits and prognosis was tested. Radioresistant CNE2-IR and 5-8F-IR cells were induced and transfected with depleted PANDAR or SIRT1 to identify their roles in cell proliferation, cycle distribution, apoptosis, SIRT1, Ku70 and PI3K/Akt pathway. PANDA and SIRT1 expression in CNE2-IR and 5-8F-IR cells were tested.Results: PANDA was elevated in NPC tissues and radioresistant tissues relative to normal tissues and radiosensitive tissues. Raised PANDA was connected with NPC radioresistance and unsatisfactory prognosis. CNE2-IR and 5-8F-IR cells expressed up-regulated PANDA and SIRT1. Down-regulating PANDA or SIRT1 inhibited radioresistant NPC cell proliferation, decreased SIRT1 and Ku70, and inactivated PI3K/Akt pathway.Conclusion: This work has clued that depleting PANDA decreases SIRT1 recruitment to inactivate Ku70 deacetylation-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby promoting NPC radiosensitivity.
An Assessment of the Psychosocial Evaluation for Early Liver Transplantation in Patients with Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis in the context of Alcohol Use Disorder, A Case Control Study
Authors: Dienstag Aryeh , Dienstag Penina , Mohan Kanwal , Mirza Omar , Schubert Elizabeth , Ford Laura , Edelman Margot , Im Gene , Shenoy Akhil
Published: September 2021

Background

Severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (AAH) has an excessive mortality rate. As a result, many centers, including our own, have allowed transplant listing patients for transplantation prior to achievement of 6-months sobriety. Concurrently, scoring systems have been proposed to identify patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) predisposed to relapse after liver transplantation. These scoring systems target patients with a minimal period of sobriety.
Methods

We conducted a retrospective case control study of 11 patients who underwent early liver transplantation for AAH matched with 11 controls who were declined secondary to low insight into AUD. Blinded raters confirmed the severity of the DSM-5 diagnosis and scored the patients on a variety of structured psychometric scales used to predict alcohol relapse. These included the High Risk for Alcohol Relapse scale (HRAR), Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment Tool (SIPAT), Alcohol Relapse Risk Assessment (ARRA), Hopkins Psychosocial Scale (HPSS), Michigan Alcoholism Prognosis Score (MAPS), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test -Consumption (AUDIT-C) and Sustained Alcohol Use Post-Liver Transplant (SALT) scales. All patients who underwent transplantation were followed for harmful and non-harmful drinking until the end of the study period.
Results

Mean psychometric scores of the transplanted cases were significantly different than the controls. Cases chosen for transplant had significantly favorable MAPS, HRAR, SIPAT, ARRA, and HPSS scores with cut-offs matching their prior research. The SALT and AUDIT-C scores were not predictive of our selection of patients for transplant. Despite expedited assessment and no significant period of sobriety, our case cohort had a 30% relapse to harmful drinking after an average of 6.6 years (5 to 8.5 years) of follow-up.
Discussion

Despite the expedited assessment and short to no period of sobriety, the patient cohort demonstrated a 30% relapse to harmful drinking, consistent with the reported 20-30% after liver transplantation for all forms of alcoholic liver disease. The average MAPS, HRAR, SIPAT, ARRA, and HPSS scores all corroborated our current stratification procedures, with lower risk mean scores found in the transplanted group.
Conclusion

The traditional psychosocial selection criteria for patients with alcoholic hepatitis at our institution is consistent with four of the five investigated scoring systems.
Posture-based Morphological Deformation of the Parotid Gland and its Clinical Implications for Minimally Invasive Procedures
Authors: Park Hyun Jin , Hong Sung Ok , Kim Hyung-Moon , Oh Wook , Kim Hee-Jin
Published: September 2021

Anatomical studies of the parotid gland are important for mid- and lower face filler, botulinum toxin, and thread lifting procedures. The purpose of this study was to observe the topographic anatomy of the parotid gland using cadaveric dissections. The superficial lobe of the parotid gland was studied in 30 hemisected heads. Reference lines were made on the lateral aspect of the face. A reference line (the line connecting the mandibular angle to the upper margin of the zygomatic arch, along the posterior margin of the ramus) was divided into four sections (P1, P2, P3, and P4). The superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior borders of the parotid gland were measured using the reference lines and sections. Using these measurements, we categorized the superficial lobe of the parotid gland into two types: type Ia, pistol-shaped; Ib, pistol-shaped with an accessory lobe; and type II, oval-shaped. The superior border of the parotid gland started just below the inferior margin of the zygomatic arch. The parotid gland covered the posterior part of the masseter muscle near P1 and P2, but at P3 and below P3, the tail of the parotid gland was located posterior to the ramus and covered the anterior part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The topographic anatomy of the parotid gland serves as a reliable reference for esthetic procedures in the lower face and neck region.