bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histologic characteristics and local cellular immunity of the gland of the third eyelid after topical ophthalmic administration of 2% cyclosporine for treatment of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Izci Celal , Celik Ilhami , Alkan Fahrettin , Ogurtan Zeki , Ceylan Cengiz , Sur Emrah , Ozkan Yasemin
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of topical administration of a 2% solution of cyclosporine (CsA) for treatment of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and to correlate results with histopathologic characteristics and local cellular immunity of the gland of the third eyelid.

Animals—24 dogs with bilateral KCS.

Procedure—Lacrimal secretion was measured, using Schirmer tear test (STT) strips. Leukocyte and T-lymphocyte subsets were determined in blood samples. Histopathologic changes as well as CD4+, CD8+, and alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase-positive (ANAE+) lymphocytes were evaluated.

Results—Clinical signs resolved at the end of 1 month in conjunction with significantly increased STT values, compared with baseline values. Fifteen and 30 days after discontinuation of CsA treatment, a decrease was observed in STT values in both eyes; however, only values for the right eye were significantly different. There was a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes and ANAE+ lymphocytes 15 and 30 days after discontinuation of CsA treatment, compared with baseline values. Differences were not observed in number of CD4+ lymphocytes among treatment groups. However, there was a significant decrease in number of CD8+ lymphocytes with reversal of the CD4+:CD8+ in both eyes after CsA treatment for 30 days, compared with the control group. Increased secretory activity and decreased lymphocyte infiltration were characteristic histopathologic findings.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Topical administration of a 2% solution of CsA was effective for the treatment of dogs with KCS. Strict follow-up monitoring is required after the cessation of treatment because of the possibility of recurrence of KCS. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:688–694)
Mediation of acetylcholine and substance P induced contractions by myosin light chain phosphorylation in feline colonic smooth muscle
Authors: Washabau Robert J. , Holt David E. , Brockman Daniel J.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine the role of myosin light chain phosphorylation in feline colonic smooth muscle contraction.

Sample Population—Colonic tissue was obtained from eight 12- to 24-month-old cats.

Procedure—Colonic longitudinal smooth muscle strips were attached to isometric force transducers for measurements of isometric stress. Myosin light chain phosphorylation was determined by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Stress and phosphorylation were determined following stimulation with ACh or SP, in the absence or presence of a calmodulin antagonist (W-7; 0.1 to 1.0 mM), myosin light chain kinase inhibitor (ML-9; 1 to 10 µM), or extracellular calcium - free solutions.

Results—Unstimulated longitudinal colonic smooth muscle contained low amounts (6.9 ± 3.2%) of phosphorylated myosin light chain. Phosphorylation of the myosin light chains was dose and time dependent with maximal values of 58.5% at 30 seconds of stimulation with 100 µMAch and 60.2% at 45 seconds of stimulation with 100 nMSP. Active isometric stress development closely paralleled phosphorylation of the myosin light chains in ACh- or SP-stimulated muscle. W-7 and ML-9 dose dependently inhibited myosin light chain phosphorylation and isometric stress development associated with ACh or SP stimulation. Removal of extracellular calcium inhibited myosin light chain phosphorylation and isometric stress development in ACh-stimulated smooth muscle.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Feline longitudinal colonic smooth muscle contraction is calcium-, calmodulin-, and myosin light chain kinasedependent. Myosin light chain phosphorylation is necessary for the initiation of contraction in feline longitudinal colonic smooth muscle. These findings may prove useful in determining the biochemical and molecular defects that accompany feline colonic motility disorders. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:695–702)
Effects of carprofen on renal function and results of serum biochemical and hematologic analyses in anesthetized dogs that had low blood pressure during anesthesia
Authors: Boström Ingrid M. , Nyman Görel C. , Lord Peter F. , Häggström Jens , Jones Bernt E. V. , Bohlin Henrik P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate effects of IV administered carprofen on indices of renal function and results of serum biochemical and hematologic analyses in dogs anesthetized with acepromazine-thiopentone-isoflurane that had low blood pressure during anesthesia.

Animals—6 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—A randomized crossover study was conducted, using the following treatments: saline (0.9% NaCl solution)-saline, saline-carprofen, and carprofensaline. Saline (0.08 ml/kg) and carprofen (4 mg/kg) were administered IV. The first treatment was administered 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia and immediately before administration of acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, IM). Anesthesia was induced with thiopentone (25 mg/ml, IV) and maintained with inspired isoflurane (2% in oxygen). The second treatment was administered 30 minutes after onset of inhalation anesthesia. Blood gases, circulation, and ventilation were monitored. Renal function was assessed by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), using scintigraphy, serum biochemical analyses, and urinalysis. Hematologic analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was conducted, using ANOVA or Friedman ANOVA.

Results—Values did not differ significantly among the 3 treatments. For all treatments, sedation and anesthesia caused changes in results of serum biochemical and hematologic analyses, a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure to 65 mm Hg, an increase of 115 pmol/L in angiotensin II concentration, and an increase of 100 seconds in time required to reach maximum activity counts during scintigraphy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Carprofen administered IV before or during anesthesia did not cause detectable significant adverse effects on renal function or results of serum biochemical and hematologic analyses in healthy Beagles with low blood pressure during anesthesia. (Am J Vet Res2002;63: 712–721)
Cellular immunolocalization of gastric and pancreatic lipase in various tissues obtained from dogs
Authors: Steiner Jörg M. , Berridge Brian R. , Wojcieszyn John , Williams David A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine cellular immunolocalization of canine gastric lipase (cGL) and canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) in various tissues obtained from clinically healthy dogs.

Sample Population—Samples of 38 tissues collected from 2 climically healthy dogs.

Procedures—The cGL and cPL were purified from gastric and pancreatic tissue, respectively, obtained from dogs. Antisera against both proteins were developed, using rabbits, and polyclonal antibodies were purified by use of affinity chromatography. Various tissues were collected from 2 healthy dogs. Primary antibodies were used to evaluate histologic specificity. Replicate sections from the collected tissues were immunolabeled for cGL and cPL and examined by use of light microscopy.

Results—Mucous neck cells and mucous pit cells of gastric glands had positive labeling for cGL, whereas other tissues did not immunoreact with cGL. Pancreatic acinar cells had positive labeling for cPL, whereas other tissues did not immunoreact with cPL.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—We concluded that cGL and cPL are exclusively expressed in gastric glands and pancreatic acinar cells, respectively. Also, evidence for cross-immunoreactivity with other lipases or related proteins expressed by other tissues was not found for either protein. Analysis of these data suggests that gastric lipase is a specific marker for gastric glands and that pancreatic lipase is a specific marker for pancreatic acinar cells. These markers may have clinical use in the diagnosis of gastric and exocrine pancreatic disorders, respectively. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:722–727).
Evaluation of in vitro chemosensitivity of vaccine-associated feline sarcoma cell lines to vincristine and paclitaxel
Authors: Banerji Nilanjana , Li Xia , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Kapur Vivek , Kanjilal Sagarika
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the in vitro sensitivity of 4 vaccine-associated feline sarcoma (VAFS) cell lines to the chemotherapeutic agents vincristine and paclitaxel.

Sample Population—Cell lines derived from 4 VAFS specimens.

Procedure—Cell lines were cultured in vitro and individually exposed to various concentrations of vincristine and paclitaxel. Survival was estimated after 24 and 72 hours of exposure to each drug, and the drug concentrations that resulted in 50 and 90% reduction in number of viable cells (IC50and IC90, respectively) were calculated.

Results—Both vincristine and paclitaxel had significant dose-dependent effects on the viability of the VAFS cell lines. After 72 hours of drug exposure, the IC50and IC90of vincristine for the 4 cell lines were between 0.005 to 0.039 µg/ml and 0.045 to 1.027 µg/ml, respectively. The IC50and IC90values for paclitaxel were between 0.037 to 0.092 µg/ml and 2.450 to 15.413 µg/ml, respectively.

Conclusions—Results of pharmacokinetic studies on vincristine and paclitaxel in other species suggest that concentrations greater than the IC50values may be possible for both drugs in feline patients as well. The drug concentrations at which viable cell numbers were reduced by 90% may also be attained in vivo for some cases, but detailed information is needed regarding the distribution, concentration, duration of availability, and toxicity of various drugs in cats. Carefully chosen combinations of antineoplastic agents need to be screened to identify treatment protocols that may be further evaluated clinically for the treatment of VAFS. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:728–732)
Use of computed tomographic densitometry to quantify contrast enhancement of compressive soft tissues in the canine lumbosacral vertebral canal
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Shires Peter K. , Inzana Karen D. , Mosby Adina D. , Sponenberg D. Philip , Lanz Otto I.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To evaluate computed tomography (CT)
densitometry as a technique for quantifying contrast
enhancement of compressive soft tissues in the
canine lumbosacral vertebral canal and to determine
whether the degree of contrast enhancement can be
used to help predict tissue type or histopathologic characteristics.

Animals—29 large breed dogs with lumbosacral
stenosis.

Procedure—Contrast-enhanced CT of L5-S3 was performed
by use of a previously described protocol. At
each disk level, CT densities of a water-filled syringe,
epaxial muscles, and 4 vertebral canal locations were
measured. Mean tissue enhancement was calculated
by vertebral canal location, using water-filled syringe
enhancement as a correction factor. Corrected CT
enhancement was compared with tissue type,
degree of tissue inflammation, and degree of tissue
activity.

Results—Intravenous contrast administration of contrast
medium significantly increased CT densities of
water-filled syringes and epaxial muscles. Corrected CT
enhancement of vertebral canal soft tissues at stenotic
sites was greater than at nonstenotic sites. There was
no association between enhancement and tissue type
for any vertebral canal location. There was no correlation
between enhancement and degree of tissue inflammation.
There was a correlation between enhancement
and tissue activity in the dorsal vertebral canal only.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A water-filled
syringe is a useful calibration tool for CT density measurements.
The degree of tissue contrast enhancement,
measured by CT densitometry, can be helpful for
predicting the location of compressive soft tissues in
dogs with lumbosacral stenosis. However, it is of limited
value for predicting compressive soft-tissue types or
histopathologic characteristics. (Am J Vet Res
2002;63:733–737)
Ultrasonographic and histologic evaluation of medial and middle patellar ligaments in exercised horses following injection with ethanolamine oleate and 2% iodine in almond oil
Authors: Hoogmoed Linda M. Van , Agnew Dalen W. , Whitcomb MaryBeth , Hyde Dallas W. , MacDonald Melinda H. , Snyder Jack R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the ultrasonographic and
quantitative histologic effect of injecting 2% iodine in
almond oil (IAO) and ethanolamine oleate (EO) in the
medial and middle patellar ligaments of horses and to
determine whether a difference in response exists
between IAO and EO treatment.

Animals—10 healthy horses.

Procedure—In 5 horses, the medial and middle patellar
ligaments of 1 limb were injected with EO, whereas
IAO was injected in the medial and middle patellar
ligaments of another 5 horses. Ultrasonographic evaluation
was performed on the experimental and control
limb before injection of IAO and EO and prior to
euthanasia to determine cross-sectional area and
evaluate fiber pattern. The patellar ligaments were
harvested 2 weeks after injection and examined histologically
to evaluate the inflammatory response,
fibroplasia, and chondroid metaplasia.

Results—Injection of the patellar ligaments with IAO
resulted in a greater increase in cross-sectional area
on ultrasonography than EO. Both agents caused a
decrease in echogenicity of the ligament.
Histologically, significantly greater infiltration of
inflammatory cells and fibroplasia developed after
injection with IAO, compared with EO. Both agents
resulted in significantly greater fibroplasia relative to
control specimens.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Injection of
the medial and middle patellar ligaments with IAO
induces more severe inflammation and fibroplasia
than EO. Maturation of the inflammatory and fibrous
response may contribute to resolution or attenuation
of upward fixation of the patella by subsequent stiffening
of the ligaments. (Am J Vet Res
2002;63:738–743)
Effect of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, or taurocholate on bioelectric properties of gastric squamous mucosa in horses
Authors: Widenhouse Tamara Vetro , Lester Guy D. , Merritt Alfred M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effect of pH with or without pepsin or taurocholic acid on the bioelectric properties of gastric squamous mucosa in horses.

Sample Population—Gastric tissues obtained from 16 adult horses that did not have evidence of gastric disease.

Procedure—Bioelectric properties of squamous mucosa were determined, using modified Ussing chambers. Tissues then were exposed to mucosal pepsin (1 mg/ml) or taurocholic acid (2.5 mM) under neutral (pH 7.4) or acidic (pH 1.7) conditions.

Results—Exposure of mucosal sheets to an acidic pH resulted in an immediate and sustained decrease in transmembrane potential difference and calculated tissue resistance. Pepsin or taurocholic acid did not significantly affect bioelectric variables when added to a mucosal bath solution of pH 7.4. A synergistic effect between pepsin or taurocholic acid and mucosal acidification was not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mucosal acidification with or without pepsin or taurocholic acid resulted in reduced tissue resistance. These data support the contention that squamous erosions or ulcers in horses are mediated, in part, by prolonged exposure of gastric squamous mucosa to luminal acid. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:744–749).
Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative metabolism in bovine macrophages exposed to a novel interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) lesion isolate, Porphyromonas levii
Authors: Walter Michaela R.V. , Morck Douglas W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine the host response towardPorphyromonas levii,by evaluating chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst of bovine macrophages in vitro.

Sample Population—Cultured bovine macrophages obtained from monocytes harvested from blood samples of 15 Holstein steers.Porphyromonas leviiwas isolated from the foot rot lesion of an acutely affected feedlot steer.

Procedure—Monocytes were cultured for macrophage differentiation over 7 days.Porphyromonas leviiwas cultured in strict anaerobic conditions for experimentation. Chemotaxis was evaluated by quantifying macrophage migration towardP leviiinBoyden chambers. Phagocytosis was assessed by quantification of macrophages engulfingP leviifollowing incubation with or without anti-P leviiserum or purified IgG. Oxidative burst was measured by use of the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay.

Results—Chemotaxis towardP leviiwas not significantly different from control values at any of the tested bacterial concentrations. Phagocytosis ofP leviiwas approximately 10% at a 10:1 bacterium to macrophage ratio and did not change significantly over time. When higher proportions ofP leviiwere tested for phagocytosis, the 1,000:1 bacterium to macrophage ratio had a significant increase, compared with the 10:1 test group. Opsonization ofP leviiwith high-titer anti-P leviiserum or anti-P leviiIgG produced a significant increase in macrophage phagocytosis. Oxidative production significantly increased compared with control in the 1,000:1 test group only.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Porphyromonas leviimay evade host detection by decreased chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst by macrophages. Acquired immunity may be beneficial for clearance ofP leviifoot rot lesions in cattle. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:757–762)
Evaluation of cell-surface IgE receptors on the canine mastocytoma cell line C2 maintained in continuous culture
Authors: Brazís Pilar , Torres Rosa , Queralt Mireia , Mora Fernando de , Ferrer Lluis , Puigdemont Anna
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess expression and function of cellsurface
IgE receptors on the canine mastocytoma cell
line C2 maintained in continuous culture.

Sample Population—C2 cells maintained in medium
lacking IgE for up to 10 passages before being stored
at –80 C.

Procedure—Cells were thawed, cultured in medium
without IgE for 1 to 3 passages, sensitized for 7 days
with IgE-rich serum from dogs naturally sensitized to
Ascaris suum, and stimulated with antigen Asc S1
from A suum, goat polyclonal anti-canine IgE, or calcium
ionophore and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA).
Percentage of intracellular β-hexosaminidase released
and concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)
synthesized after stimulation were determined.
Expression of cell-surface IgE receptors was
assessed by use of a flow cytometry.

Results—Immunologic stimulation (antigen or anti-IgE) failed to induce release or synthesis of
detectable amounts of β-hexosaminidase or TNF-α. In
contrast, nonimmunologic stimulation (calcium
ionophore and PMA) led to release of β-hexosaminidase
(mean ± SEM maximum release, 23.95
± 1.96%) and synthesis of TNF-α (maximum concentration,
34.34 ± 2.34 pg/106 cells). As revealed by use
of flow cytometry, C2 cells expressed surface IgE
receptors that bound canine IgE in vitro.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Continuous culture of the canine mastocytoma
cell line C2 in medium without exogenous
IgE or cytokines and other growth factors resulted in
cell-surface expression of nonfunctional IgE receptors.
However, C2 cells maintained in continuous culture
may still be a useful tool for the evaluation of
mast cell responses to nonimmunologic stimulation
and IgE receptor differentiation and maturity. (Am J
Vet Res 2002;63:763–766)
Cartilage-derived biomarkers of osteoarthritis in synovial fluid of dogs with naturally acquired rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: Johnson Kenneth A. , Hay Callum W. , Chu Qili , Roe Simon C. , Caterson Bruce
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare synovial fluid biomarkers of cartilage metabolism in joints with naturally acquired or experimentally induced cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and determine correlations with stage and severity of disease in dogs.

Animals—95 dogs with ruptured CCL, 8 dogs with experimentally ruptured CCL, and 24 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Synovial fluid was assayed for chondroitin sulfate neo-epitopes 3B3(–) and 7D4 and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration. Results were correlated with demographic data, duration of lameness, radiographic osteoarthritis score, and intra-articular lesions.

Results—The 7D4 concentrations and 7D4:GAG in synovial fluid from joints with naturally acquired CCL rupture and experimental CCL transection were similar and significantly greater than values for healthy control joints. The 3B3(–) concentrations in the CCL-deficient groups were not significantly different, although only values in the naturally acquired CCL rupture group were significantly greater than those in the healthy control group. Within the naturally acquired CCL rupture group there was a significant correlation between 3B3(–) and 7D4 concentrations. However, there were no significant correlations between biomarker concentrations and continuous demographic or diseaserelated variables or differences in biomarker concentrations with different categories of disease.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Synovial fluid biomarker concentrations were significantly increased in joints with secondary osteoarthritis associated with naturally acquired or experimental CCL rupture; however, lack of apparently simple relationships with demographic variables or stage or severity of disease limits their clinical usefulness. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:775–781)
Anti-inflammatory effects of carprofen, carprofen enantiomers, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in sheep
Authors: Cheng Zhangrui , Nolan Andrea , McKellar Quintin A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess anti-inflammatory effects of
carprofen (CPF), CPF enantiomers, and NG-nitro-L-arginine
methyl ester (L-NAME) in sheep.

Animals—8 sheep.

Procedure—Sheep with SC tissue cages were used.
After intracaveal injection of 1% carrageenan, sheep
were given single doses of racemic (Rac; 50:50 mixture
of S[+] and R[–] enantiomers)-CPF (4.0 mg/kg),
R(–)CPF (2.0 mg/kg), S(+)CPF (2.0 mg/kg), L-NAME
(25 mg/kg), and placebo (PLB) IV in a crossover
design.

Results—Rac-CPF and S(+)CPF inhibited serum
thromboxane2 (TXB2) and exudate prostaglandin
(PG)E2 generation significantly for 32 hours. Maximal
inhibitory effect for serum TXB2 was 79 ± 3% for Rac-
CPF and 68 ± 6% for S(+)CPF. The Rac-CPF and
S(+)CPF induced 50 to 98% reversible inhibitory
effect for exudate PGE2 generation during a 4- to 32-
hour period. The R(–)CPF and L-NAME attenuated
serum TXB2 generation significantly. The R(–)CPF did
not affect exudate PGE2 production, whereas L-NAME
potentiated exudate, PGE2 generation by 30% during
4 to 32 hours. The S(+)CPF and L-NAME increased
leukotriene B4 generation and WBC recruitment in
exudate although significance was achieved only at a
few time points. Increase in skin temperature over
inflammatory cages was effectively inhibited by Rac-
CPF and S(+)CPF but not by R(–)CPF.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Carprofen is a
potent cyclooxygenase inhibitor in vivo in sheep, and
its anti-inflammatory effects are attributable only to
S(+)CPF in Rac-CPF. Nitric oxide may enhance
eicosanoid production and accelerate the acute
inflammatory process. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:
782–788)
Evaluation of leukotriene biosynthetic capacity in lung tissues from horses with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Lindberg Åsa , Näsman-Glaser Barbro , Lindgren Jan Åke , Robinson N. Edward
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate leukotriene (LT) biosynthetic capacity in lung tissue from healthy horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).

Sample Population—Lung parenchyma and airway specimens from 8 RAO-affected and 5 healthy horses.

Procedure—Horses were stabled for ≥ 72 hours. Blood was drawn before euthanasia, after which lung specimens were collected. Tissue strips from small airways and parenchyma were incubated in organ baths with the precursor LTA4or stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 or the tripeptide N-formyl- Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), with or without exogenous arachidonic acid, in the presence of isolated blood neutrophils.

Results—Stabling induced typical clinical signs of airway obstruction in RAO-affected horses but not control horses. When lung parenchyma or airway specimens from both groups of horses were incubated with calcium ionophore, with or without arachidonic acid, they did not form LT. In contrast, addition of LTA4to both tissues resulted in conversion to LTB4, although concentrations of LTC4were negligible in airways and parenchymal strips from healthy and RAOaffected horses. Incubation of airway and parenchymal strips with suspensions of autologous neutrophils did not influence formation of LT stimulated by calcium ionophore or fMLP, with or without exogenous arachidonic acid.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that lung parenchyma and airway tissues themselves are not of substantial importance for LT formation in the lungs, although these tissues possessed some LTA4hydrolase activity, enabling LTB4formation. It may be speculated that LTB4originates primarily from neutrophils and may play a role in the inflammatory events of RAO. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:794–798)
Whole-blood concentrations of glutathione in cattle exposed to heat stress or a combination of heat stress and endophyte-infected tall fescue toxins in controlled environmental conditions
Authors: Lakritz Jeffrey , Leonard Michael J. , Eichen Peggy A. , Rottinghaus George E. , Johnson Gayle C. , Spiers Donald E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether cattle exposed to
heat stress alone or heat stress while consuming
endophyte-infected fescue (EIF) have lower wholeblood
(WB) concentrations of glutathione (GSH).

Animals—10 Simmental cows.

Procedure—Cows were sequentially exposed to thermoneutral
(TN; 2 weeks; 18 C, 50% relative humidity
[RH]), heat stress (HS; 2 weeks; alternating 4-hour
intervals at 26 and 33 C; 50% RH), and heat stress
while consuming EIF (10 µg of ergovaline/kg/d; 2
weeks; HS + EIF). Blood samples were collected after
each period and tested for GSH and oxidized glutathione
(GSSG) concentrations.

Results—Feed consumption was similar when data
were analyzed for time points at which WB concentrations
of GSH or GSSG were determined. However,
significant effects of treatment, cow, days exposed to
heat, cow-by-treatment interaction, and treatment-bydays
exposed to heat interaction were detected when
data were considered simultaneously. Mean ± SD
hematocrit for TN, HS, and HS + EIF were 35.3 ± 3,
33.3 ± 2, and 37.1 ± 3%, respectively. Mean WBGSH
concentrations for TN, HS, and HS + EIF were 3.2 ±
0.65, 2.7 ± 0.62, and 2.4 ± 0.56 mmol/L of RBC,
respectively. Reduced WBGSH concentrations were
associated with reduced feed intake during the later
part of each heat period.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Decreased
GSH and increased GSSG concentrations were evident
during heat stress, especially when cattle consumed
EIF. These were associated with reduced feed
intake during heat stress. Heat stress, reductions in
feed intake, and thermoregulatory effects of EIF may
induce oxidative stress in cattle. (Am J Vet Res
2002;63:799–803)
Evaluation of intestinal intramucosal pH, arterial and portal venous blood gas values, and intestinal blood flow during small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in dogs
Authors: Nezu Yoshinori , Sakaue Yoko , Hara Yasushi , Tsuchida Shuichi , Yokota Fumiyo , Takahashi Kimimasa , Tagawa Masahiro
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether small intestinal
ischemia and reperfusion affects intestinal intramucosal
pH (pHi), arterial and portal venous blood gas
values, and intestinal blood flow (IBF) and to investigate
relationships between regional intestinal tissue
oxygenation and systemic variables in dogs.

Animals—15 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedure—Occlusion of superior mesenteric artery
(SMA) for 0, 30, or 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion
for 180 minutes, was performed; IBF, pHi, arterial and
portal venous blood gas values, arterial pressure, and
heart rate were measured at various time points; and
intestinal mucosal injury was histologically graded.

Results—Occlusion of the SMA induced significant
decreases in pHi and IBF. After the release of the
occlusion, IBF returned rapidly to baseline values, but
improvement in pHi was slow. Arterial and portal
venous blood gas analyses were less sensitive than
tonometric measurements of pHi, and there was no
correlation between results of blood gas analyses and
tonometric measurements. Histologic score for intestinal
mucosal injury increased significantly, depending
on duration of ischemia, and there was a correlation
between tonometric results and the histologic score.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that it is difficult to accurately evaluate local oxygenation
disorders by monitoring at the systemic
level, whereas clinically pHi is the only reliable indicator
of inadequate regional intestinal tissue oxygenation
in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:804–810)
Evaluation of lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of equine neutrophils
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced activation of equine neutrophils in blood.

Sample Population—Blood samples from 5 healthy adult Thoroughbreds.

Procedure—Neutrophil integrin (CD11/CD18) expression, size variation, degranulation, and deformability were measured with and without incubation with LPS. Time and concentration studies were done. The mechanism of endotoxin-induced neutrophil activation was investigated by inactivating complement or preincubating neutrophils with inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synthesis, prostaglandin-leukotriene synthesis, or plateletactivating factor.

Results—Incubation of equine neutrophils with LPS increased cell surface expression of CD11/CD18, decreased neutrophil deformability, increased and decreased neutrophil size, and induced neutrophil degranulation. The LPS-induced neutrophil activation was attenuated by addition of inhibitors of TNF-α and prostaglandin-leukotriene synthesis.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Equine neutrophils are readily activated in vitro by LPS, resulting in increased expression of integrin adhesion molecules, decreased deformability, variation in neutrophil size, and degranulation. The tests used to detect activated neutrophils in this study may be useful in detecting in vivo neutrophil activation in horses with sepsis and endotoxemia. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:811–815)
Evaluation of the genetic basis of tricuspid valve dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Famula Thomas R. , Siemens Lori M. , Davidson Autumn P. , Packard Martin
Published: December 2005

Objective—To quantify inheritance of tricuspid valve
dysplasia (TVD) in a population of Labrador Retrievers
and evaluate the possibility of the effect of a major
locus on TVD.

Animals—521 Labrador Retrievers (345 with known
phenotypes and 176 related dogs with unknown phenotypes).

Procedure—Dogs were considered normal, equivocal,
and affected for TVD on the basis of echocardiographic
appearance of the tricuspid valves.
Information on related dogs was collected for estimation
of heritability of the 3 categories of phenotype,
using a threshold model. Complex segregation analysis
was performed to evaluate the possibility of the
effect of a major locus on TVD.

Results—Heritability of TVD in this population of
dogs was found to be 0.71, a value sufficiently large
to suggest a segregating major locus. Subsequent
complex segregation analysis did not provide sufficiently
strong evidence to indicate influence of a
major locus on the prevalence of TVD. However, complex
segregation analysis for 2 categories of phenotype
(eg, equivocal dogs were grouped with affected
dogs) suggested that there was a single recessive
allele with a substantial impact on the expression of
TVD.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In Labrador
Retrievers, TVD is a heritable disorder. Affected dogs
and dogs closely related to affected dogs should not
be used for breeding. There was insufficient evidence
to suggest the influence of a major locus on TVD,
although this conclusion was affected by the classification
of dogs for diagnosis of the condition.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:816–820)
Effects of selegiline, phenylpropanolamine, or a combination of both on physiologic and behavioral variables in healthy dogs
Authors: Cohn Leah A. , Dodam John R. , Szladovits Balazs
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of selegiline
hydrochloride, phenylpropanolamine (PPA), or a combination
of both on physiologic and behavioral variables
in dogs.

Animals—40 adult hound-type dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were assigned to 4 groups. One
group received selegiline (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) and
PPA (1.1 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h), a second group received
selegiline alone, a third group received PPA alone, and
a fourth group received neither drug. Dogs were
observed 3 times/d throughout the 30-day study (daily
during the first week, on alternate days during the
next 2 weeks, and again daily during the final week).
Observers recorded rectal temperature, pulse, respiratory
rate, oscillometric blood pressure, and lead-II
ECG and assessed 4 behaviors, using an analogue
scale. Variables were compared among treatment
groups by use of a 2-factor ANOVA with data categorized
into three 10-day treatment periods. A similar
comparison was made among treatment groups with
data categorized by time of observation (morning,
afternoon, or evening) for all study days.

Results—Variables did not differ among groups at
study initiation. Pulse rate was the only variable that
differed significantly among treatment groups during
the study. During the first 10 days of treatment, dogs
receiving PPA had a lower pulse rate than dogs that
did not. Although signs of illness were apparent in a
few dogs, illness did not appear to be related to treatment.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Adverse
effects were not detected after administration of
selegiline, PPA, or a combination of the drugs in
healthy dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:827–832)
Effects of the calcium channel antagonist amlodipine in cats with surgically induced hypertensive renal insufficiency
Authors: Mathur Sheerin , Syme Harriet , Brown Cathy A. , Elliot Jonathan , Moore Phillip A. , Newell Melvin A. , Munday John S. , Cartier Leslie M. , Sheldon Suzanne E. , Brown Scott A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether amlodipine besylate decreases systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) and reduces the prevalence of complications in cats with induced hypertensive renal insufficiency.

Animals—20 cats with partial nephrectomy.

Procedure—Following reduction in renal mass, 10 cats were administered 0.25 mg of amlodipine/kg, PO, q 24 h (group A). Ten cats served as a control group (group C). Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and mean BP (MBP), physical activity, and pulse rate were measured continuously for 36 days by use of radiotelemetric devices.

Results—Compared with values for clinically normal cats, SBP, DBP, and MBP were significantly increased in cats of group C. Cats in group A had significant reductions in SBP, DBP, and MBP, compared with values for cats in group C. Albuminuria but not urine protein- to-creatinine ratio was significantly correlated (R2= 0.317) with SBP in hypertensive cats. Prevalence of ocular lesions attributable to systemic hypertension in group C (7 cats) was greater than that observed in group A (2). Two cats in group C were euthanatized on day 16 because of nuerologic complications attributed to systemic hypertension. One normotensive cat in group A was euthanatized because of purulent enteritis of unknown cause on day 27.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Amlodipine had an antihypertensive effect in cats with coexistent systemic hypertension and renal insufficiency. Its use may improve the prognosis for cats with systemic hypertension by decreasing the risk of ocular injury or neurologic complications induced by high BP. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:833–839)
Kinetics of urinary recovery of five sugars after orogastric administration in healthy dogs
Authors: Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A. , Moeller Erik M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the kinetics of urinary recovery (UR) of 5 sugars used for gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal function testing following orogastric administration of lactose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose.

Animals—7 healthy male Beagles.

Procedure—A sugar solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose was administered by orogastric intubation to healthy dogs. Urine samples were collected immediately before sugar solution administration (baseline) and at 2-hour intervals thereafter. The UR of the 5 sugars was determined from urine concentrations measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. Percent urinary recovery (%UR) of the total UR up to 12 hours after sugar solution administration was calculated for each sugar at 2-hour intervals.

Results—Mean %UR exceeded 85% for all 5 sugars at 6 hours after orogastric administration of the sugar solution and exceeded 90% after 8 hours.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In healthy dogs, a urine collection period of 6 hours is sufficient for gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal function testing following orogastric administration of lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:845–848)
Electromyographic changes of motor unit activity in horses with induced hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
Authors: Wijnberg Inge D. , Kolk Johannes H. van der , Franssen Hessel , Breukink Henk J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether electromyographic abnormalities are evident in skeletal muscles in horses with induced hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia.

Animals—7 healthy adult Dutch Warmblood horses.

Procedure—Electromyographic examination was performed in the lateral vastus, triceps, and subclavian muscles before and after IV infusion of EDTA. An initial dose (mean ± SD, 564 ± 48 ml) of a 10% solution of sodium EDTA was administered IV during a period of 21 ± 7.3 minutes to establish a blood concentration of ionized calcium of approximately 0.5 mMol/L. Average rate of EDTA infusion to maintain ionized calcium at this concentration was 6.6 ml/min.

Results—Mean blood concentrations of ionized calcium and magnesium were 1.39 ± 0.06 and 0.84 ± 0.09 mM, respectively before EDTA infusion; after EDTA infusion, concentrations were 0.48 ± 0.05 and 0.44 ± 0.20 mM, respectively. This state induced positive waves; fibrillation potentials; doublets, triplets, and multiplets; complex repetitive discharges; and neuromyotonia. Analysis of motor unit action potentials (MUAP) after EDTA infusion revealed an increase in prevalence of polyphasic and complex MUAP in all muscles.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—None of the horses had classical signs of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. In contrast, all horses had spontaneous activity in the measured muscles indicative of nerve hyperirritability. Calcium and magnesium deficits appear to have consequences, which may be subclinical, affecting functions of the neuromuscular system. This is of interest for equestrian sports in which hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia are expected, such as during endurance rides. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:849–856)
Effects of an abrupt increase of starch-rich concentrates in the diet of dairy cows on concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and large intestine and on myoelectric activity of the spiral colon
Authors: Meylan Mireille , Eicher Richard , Blum Jürg W. , Steiner Adrian
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the effects of an abrupt increase of concentrates in the diet of dairy cows on myoelectric activity of the spiral colon and on fermentation patterns in the rumen and large intestine.

Animals—6 healthy lactating Simmental X Red- Holstein cows.

Procedure—The diet of 6 cows implanted with bipolar electrodes in the spiral colon was changed from hay only to a ration of 50% hay:50% starch-rich concentrates during a period of 60 hours. Myoelectric activity of the spiral colon, concentrations of absolute and undissociated volatile fatty acids (VFA), and pH of ruminal and large intestinal contents were monitored before, during, and after the dietary change.

Results—Significant changes in patterns of myoelectric activity of the spiral colon were restricted to phases III and IV of the bovine migrating myoelectric complex and to propagation velocity. Significant alterations were not observed in pH or VFA concentrations in ruminal fluid, but pH decreased and VFA concentrations increased significantly in fecal specimens after the change of diet.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Although rumen fluid is of limited value for measurement of certain indicators of fermentation, fecal samples can be used for measurement of pH and VFA concentrations, which serve as indicators of fermentation patterns in the large intestine. Increased concentrations of VFA and low pH in large intestinal digesta have a minimal influence on myoelectric activity of the spiral colon. Increased luminal VFA concentrations are unlikely to play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of motility disorders of the large intestine in cattle. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:857–867)
Effect of seminal plasma concentration and various extenders on postthaw motility and glass wool-Sephadex filtration of cryopreserved stallion semen
Authors: Alghamdi Abdorrahman S. , Troedsson Mats H. T. , Xue Jay L. , Crabo Bo G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the effect of semen extender
and seminal plasma on postthaw motility and filtration
through a glass wool-Sephadex (GWS) filter for frozen
stallion semen.

Sample Population—7 stallions from which we collected
≥ 3 ejaculates/stallion.

Procedure—4 experiments were conducted to evaluate
postthaw quality of frozen stallion semen.
Kenney extender was compared with glucose-EDTA
extender by use of various dilution rates that resulted
in differing concentrations of seminal plasma. Stallions
known to produce semen with poor postthaw quality
were used to investigate whether a particular extender
or dilution rate could improve ability of such semen
to survive freeze-thaw procedures.

Results—Use of Kenney extender as the centrifugation
extender significantly improved postthaw motility
and GWS filtration, compared with glucose-EDTA.
Extending semen at a dilution of 1:3 was significantly
better than 1:1 for both motility and GWS filtration. In
addition, including seminal plasma at a concentration
of 5% in the cryopreserved semen resulted in significantly
higher yield of spermatozoa after GWS filtration,
compared with complete removal of SP or use of
seminal plasma at 25%. Lastly, semen with poor
postthaw quality had significantly improved postthaw
quality in regard to motility and GWS filtration when
semen was frozen with seminal plasma at a concentration
of 5%, compared with semen frozen with
seminal plasma at a concentration of 25%.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Use of Kenney
extender at a high dilution (≥ 1:3) immediately after collection
of semen can improve postthaw quality of
frozen stallion semen. (Am J Vet Res
2002;63:880–885)
Characterization of lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid of mares during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Puppione Donald L. , MacDonald Melinda H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure apolipoproteins in cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) from healthy mares and to determine
whether CSF concentrations of apolipoproteins
change during pregnancy and lactation.

Animals—5 healthy pregnant mares.

Procedure—2 sets of CSF samples were obtained;
initial samples were obtained 10 to 30 days before
parturition (mean, 18 days; median, 17 days), and second
samples were obtained 19 to 26 days after parturition
(mean, 23 days; median, 23 days).
Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from the lumbosacral
subarachnoid space of standing horses by
use of routine collection techniques. Cerebrospinal
fluid cholesterol concentrations were measured by
use of a sensitive enzymatic assay. Ultracentrifugal
fractions of CSF lipoproteins were characterized by
determining the distribution of apolipoproteins, using
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results—Analyses of isolated ultracentrifugal fractions
by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed
2 apolipoproteins, with the expected molecular
weights for apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein A-I.
No significant differences were observed between
pre- and postpartum values in mares. The concentration
of cholesterol in CSF fluid of mares was comparable
to values reported in other mammals.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Apolipoprotein
E in CSF of horses is a major apolipoprotein
associated with high-density lipoproteins, which is
similar to findings in other mammals. Additional characterization
of the role of apolipoproteins in mammalian
CSF may provide critical insight into various
degenerative neurologic disease processes. (Am J
Vet Res 2002;63:886–889)
Assessment of plasma carnitine concentrations in relation to ceroid lipofuscinosis in Tibetan Terriers
Authors: Katz Martin L. , Sanders Deja A. , Sanders Douglas N. , Hansen Elizabeth A. , Johnson Gary S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether the late onset form of inherited ceroid lipofuscinosis (CL) in Tibetan Terriers is accompanied by low plasma carnitine concentrations prior to the appearance of clinical signs.

Animals—129 healthy Tibetan Terriers, 12 Tibetan Terriers with CL, and 95 healthy purebred dogs of other breeds.

Procedure—After withholding food, blood samples were collected from all dogs into tubes containing EDTA. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma-free carnitine and acyl-carnitines concentrations.

Results—Neither the mean plasma total carnitine concentration nor the mean fraction of carnitine in the free form differed significantly between Tibetan Terriers with CL and healthy Tibetan Terriers. Among Tibetan Terriers and the general dog population, plasma carnitine concentration increased with age. Castrated males had an overall increase in plasma carnitine concentrations and variability, compared with sexually intact males. By comparison, plasma carnitine concentrations were not significantly different between spayed and sexually intact females. The mean plasma carnitine concentration in the Tibetan Terriers was approximately 22% higher than in the general population of healthy dogs of other breeds.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Contrary to what is seen in early onset CL in English Setters and in humans with some forms of CL, plasma carnitine concentrations are not decreased in the late-onset disorder in Tibetan Terriers. Our large-scale study establishes reference range values for plasma carnitine concentrations in dogs as functions of age and sex that will be useful in evaluating potential carnitine deficiencies in other disorders in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:890–895)