bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breeding and Selection Methods for Cold Hardiness in Deciduous Fruit Crops1
Authors: Stushnoff C.
Published: September 2022

Fruit breeders can easily justify the need to improve cold tolerance. Feature articles describing huge losses from winter cold or spring frosts can be found with regular frequency in grower magazines. In addition millions of dollars are spent annually to protect fruit crops from abnormally cold weather.
A Versatile Temperature Control System for Cooling and Freezing Biological Materials1
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Evert D. R. , Stushnoff C. , Weiser C. J.
Published: September 2022

A precise temp control apparatus is described which is useful for studying plant responses between +50° and -100°C.
The Use of a Multi-Celled Apparatus for Anaerobic Studies of Flooded Root Systems1
Authors: Culbert D. L. , Ford H. W.
Published: September 2022

A circulating system with sufficient versatility to permit monitoring and control of solutions in the flooded root rhizosphere is described. The system circulates anaerobic solutions around plant roots or can be used to simulate the type of flooded environment necessary for anaerobic bacterial activity. The composition of the solution can be monitored before, during, and after contact with the roots. Oxygen deficiency per se was relatively harmless to citrus roots, whereas severe root damage occurred from exposure to < 3 ppm total sulfides at pH 6 for 7 days. Tolerance to flooding of rough lemon appears to be associated with tolerance to injury by H2S.
A Male Sterile (ms-2) Gene in ‘California Wonder’ Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)1
Authors: Shifriss Chen , Rylsky Irena
Published: September 2022

A stable, male-sterile, recessive mutant designated ms-2 has been isolated from ‘California Wonder’ pepper and appears useful for hybrid production of Bell pepper types.
Transpiration of Antirrhinum majus L. in Relation to Radiant Energy in the Greenhouse1
Authors: Rutland Rufus F.
Published: September 2022

Transpiration rate was determined by continuously recording the wt of a snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus, L., cv. Panama) growing in gravel-vermiculite in a sealed plastic pot in a greenhouse. A continuous recording of intensity of solar radiation enabled a direct comparison between radiation intensity and rate of transpiration under varying light conditions in mid-summer. Transpiration was directly affected by radiation except when the plant wilted and reduced transpiration through stomatal closure. Temporary cloud cover reduced transpiration periodically. Continuous cloud cover and shade cloth reduced transpiration as long as the covering was present. Variations in rate of transpiration and radiation intensity occurred more rapidly than did variations in air temp or vapor pressure deficit in the greenhouse. Daily transpiration correlated very closely with daily radiation over a range of radiation of 150 to 400 cal/cm2/day.
The Blue Collar Worker in Horticulture
Authors: Judkins Wesley P.
Published: September 2022

The opportunities for blue collar workers in horticulture are real and expanding. Alert educators appreciate the need for skilled personnel to perform the many specialized tasks in this important agricultural field. Some of the more common positions include plant propagator, golf course or park maintenance foreman, horticultural research technician, landscape foreman, landscape contractor, landscape gardener, garden center or flower shop manager, greenhouse grower or foreman, orchard or vegetable production foreman, packing shed managers, and nursery or seed company shipping superintendents. Many other positions could be cited.
Transition from Traditional “Vo-Ag” to “Vo-Agri-Business” and “Vo-Hort” in the Midwest
Authors: Kahler Alan A.
Published: September 2022

Changes are taking place in expanding vocational agriculture programs to meet a broader spectrum of occupational needs. Here I confine my discussion to the midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, and Wisconsin, which represent 2 of the regions in the current organizational pattern of the national vocational agriculture program as established by the U. S. Office of Education.
The Role of Amateurs in Horticultural Education
Authors: Widmoyer Fred B.
Published: September 2022

Through horticultural education, we aspire to develop men and women with ability to make wise, independent decisions based upon facts, clear reasoning, and understanding. Many levels of education undoubtedly will be expanded because of need, change, interest, and publicity. Early vocational training in gardening evolved through apprenticeships of gardeners and landscapes. Later, formal horticultural courses at all educational levels have been incorporated into school curricula. Through this system, horticulturists were exposed to an intensive educational experience in a short time.
A Curriculum in Processing Management
Authors: Singletary C. C. , Ammerman G. R.
Published: September 2022

Following World War II and particularly during the 1950’s, a technological revolution occurred in agriculture. Farming became big business and farm management became the key to a successful economic operation. The term agri-business occurred on the scene indicating that agriculture would need to become married to business to succeed. Recognizing the importance of business in agriculture, Mississippi State University developed a business option along with production and science curricula in each department. As of 1970, few students had elected the business option in the College of Agriculture. On the other hand, the College of Business developed from one of the smaller colleges in the university in the late 1950’s to the college with the largest enrollment in 1970.
Undergraduate Students as Teachinng Assistants in Horticulture
Authors: Carpenter Edwin D.
Published: September 2022

Undergraduate students have assisted in laboratory courses at many universities for some time. In many instances, their responsibilities have been confined to gathering the necessary materials for each laboratory and/or setting up demonstrations.
Performance of Rice Hull Media for Pot Easter Lilies Under Three Forcing Systems1
Authors: Einert A. E.
Published: September 2022

Potting media containing parboiled rice hulls as a sand or soil substitute were compared to a soil-sand-peat mix for the production of potted Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Ace under 3 forcing systems: precooling (PC), natural cooling (NC), and controlled temperature forcing (CTF). Plants grown in media containing rice hulls were delayed in flowering (2-3 days) and possessed more flower buds (0.9 buds) independently of forcing system with no effect on stem ht and root dry wt at bloom time. NC and CTF reduced forcing time, and increased stem ht and flower no. over PC. Rice hulls-sand-peat mix increased leaf no. by approx 10 leaves per stem over soil-sand-peat mix under PC or NC but in soil-sand-peat mix, CTF plants had 11 to 15 more leaves per stem than PC and NC plants. Rice hulls in the potting media resulted in lighter wt and improved drainage.
The Effect of Damage to Cotyledons or Primary Leaves on the Development of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)1
Authors: Rylski Irena , Halevy A. H.
Published: September 2022

The removal of cotyledons retarded the development and flowering of California Wonder pepper. The effective action of the cotyledons in plant development lasted for about 7 days, the time required for the first pair of leaves to reach cotyledonary size. Removal after 7 days did not affect further development. Removal of the first pair of true leaves did not retard flowering.
Standardization of Pigment Analyses in Cranberries1
Authors: Lees D. H. , Francis F. J.
Published: September 2022

A standard method is proposed for the quantitative determination and reporting of cranberry pigments.
Nitrate Reductase in Leaves of Ericaceae1
Authors: Routley Douglas G.
Published: September 2022

Nitrate reductase was induced in detached leaves of a number of species of Ericaceae by infiltration with KNO3 solution after which enzymatic activity was determined. Considerable activity was found in the leaves of some species and cultivars indicating an inherent capability to synthesize the enzyme in the presence of nitrate. For many members of the ericaceous family, however, the very low level of activity found in the leaves suggests this organ may play little or no part in the reduction of nitrate.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Kohl Harry C.
Published: September 2022

Water is in a ubiquitous position relative to the life processes and living plants. This must not be construed to mean that water is a plentiful commodity. As we will see it is not. We need to conserve it; and it is reasonable to assume that major advances in water conservation will come about through careful management, selection, and use of plants since most of the water used is transpired from them. Therein lies an opportunity and a responsibility for horticulturists to inform first themselves and then the community and its various private and public action agencies of what measures can be taken.
Water Relations, Effects of Floral Preservatives on Bud Opening, and Keeping Quality of Cut Flowers
Authors: Marousky Francis J.
Published: September 2022

Loss of turgor, or moisture depletion, in cut flowers contributes to deterioration. Chemically fortified flower preservatives have been shown to maintain turgor and prolong cut flower life. However, the mechanism by which floral preservatives reduce moisture stress and prevent deterioration is elusive. If physiological responses could be related to preservative components we might be able to explain deterioration and to isolate its causal factors.
Seed Development in Certain Florida Tetraploid and Hexaploid Blueberries1
Authors: Edwards T. W. , Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H.
Published: September 2022

Seed development of blueberry (Vaccinivm spp.) from pollination to fruit maturity was investigated for Florida selections ‘4-15’ and ‘4-71’ (2n=4x=48); and Bluegem’ (2n=6x=72). Embryo abortion was observed in each immediately following fertilization, at the end of stage I of fruit development, and during early stage II of fruit development.
Influence of Longtime Nitrogen, Pruning and Irrigation Treatments Upon Yield, Growth, and Longevity of ‘Elberta’ and ‘Redhaven’ Peach Trees1
Authors: Cummings George A. , Ballinger W. E.
Published: September 2022

Irrigation did not influence total yield, growth, or longevity of ‘Elberta’ or ‘Redhaven’ peach trees. Yields were depressed when N was reduced to 0.2 kg/tree (approx 1/2 recommended rate) with both cultivars. Increasing N above the recommended rate did not influence yield. Highest yields were obtained with lightest pruning level but fruit size was reduced. Random tree loss occurred with all treatments but was highest with low N rates.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Hoff Johan E.
Published: September 2022

The accomplishments of workers in the fields of horticulture and food technology during the last few decades are indisputable and impressive. The horticulturist has performed wonders in crop improvement and yields. The food technologist has brought an ever-increasing variety of foods to the consumer at reasonable prices. Together they have made our diet independent of season and location.
Fruits and Vegetables as World Sources of Vitamins A and C
Authors: Bradley George A.
Published: September 2022

The role of horticulture in meeting world food requirements is a positive one; horticultural crops do have a unique place in meeting world nutritional needs. I feel fortunate in this assignment of topics because I think that the most important role of fruits and vegetables is in providing vitamins A and C in our diets.
Processing Effects on the Nutritional Components of Horticultural Crops
Authors: Nelson Philip E.
Published: September 2022

Man has depended upon fresh commodities for proper nutrition. However, history reveals that early voyages stopped abruptly upon the exhaustion of the fresh food supply, armies starved as their rations spoiled and became depleted, and settlers died during the winter months due to an insufficient supply of nutritious foods. In order to provide an adequate diet the year around, deterioration of the perishable foodstuffs had to be eliminated. Thus, the beginning and justification of modern food processing.
Astringency Removal in Persimmon Fruits with Ethephon1
Authors: Awad M. , Amenomori H.
Published: September 2022

Applications of ethylene have been shown to be effective in removing astringency from fruits of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) (1). (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon)4, an ethylene generator, was applied to uniform, firm, and well colored ‘Taubate’ persimmon fruits the day after harvest in concn of 0, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm by immersion for 1 hr (2) to determine its effect on fruit astringency. The fruits were maintained at room temp.
Coconut Fruit Drop Induced by Ethephon and Chlorflurenol1
Authors: Criley Richard A.
Published: September 2022

Abscission of young fruits of the coconut palm occurred following sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (chlorflurenol) at 2500 and 5000 ppm, but not if the inflorescence was sprayed prior to the time pistillate flowers were receptive. Fruits ranging in diam from 4 to 8 cm abscised the most readily, but occasionally maturing fruit up to 20 cm diam were affected.
Carbon Dioxide Injury to Lettuce as Influenced by Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Levels1
Authors: Stewart Joseph K. , Uota M.
Published: September 2022

Added CO (1½%) or low O2 (3%) increased the susceptibility of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., ‘Great Lakes’ type) to CO2 injury (brown stain). The combination of low O2, added CO, and high CO2 (2½ − 10%) was particularly damaging.
Correlation of the Electrical Conductivities of the Saturated Paste Extract (ECe) and the 1:2 Soil-to-Water Extract (EC2) as a Function of Saturation Percentage in Greenhouse Soil Mixes1
Authors: Rugland Rufus B.
Published: September 2022

ECe/EC2 was correlated with saturation percentage (SP) of a no. of greenhouse soil mixes using native soils of varying texture amended with peat and sand. ECe/EC2 varied from 3.0 to 6.0, which makes the application of a single conversion factor unsuitable to interpret EC2 analysis on the basis of published ECe limits of tolerance. Accurate interpretation of EC2 analyses could be made only if SP of the soil is known. A predominance of compounds of divalent ions, particularly sulfates, lower the ECe/EC2 ratio.
Cold-Hardiness Response of Ilex crenata Thumb, cv. Hetzi Roots to Nitrogen Source and Potassium1
Authors: Havis J. R. , Fitzgerald R. D. , Maynard D. N.
Published: September 2022

Fall applications of K and or forms of N did not significantly affect the cold hardiness of Ilex crenata ‘Hetzi’ roots. The fertilizer treatments resulted in variations in leaf total N from 1.66% to 3.26% and leaf K from 0.85% to 1.25% in Jan. Natural freezing of the container media during Dec. and Jan. did not significantly increase the cold hardiness of the roots. Hardiness test results with the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) method agreed closely with results from survival tests with intact plants.
New Grape Cultivars
Authors: Cahoon Garth A.
Published: September 2022

Since the initiation of a long range grape-wine research and development program in 1960, Ohio's viticultural industry has entered into a period of renewed growth and commercial success. Several French hybrid cultivars introduced to the Midwest by Ohio horticulturists have generated increasing interest, particularly from the wine standpoint. (See page 229.)
Nitrate Content of Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Maynard D. N. , Barker A. V.
Published: September 2022

Considerable concern for the quality of our environment and its effects on various species of plant and animal life, and of course humans, has been recently expressed. One specific aspect of this concern is the possibility that vegetable products may contain large amounts of nitrate. The implication made is that increased use of nitrogenous fertilizers must always result in an increased nitrate concn in the plant product (4). This is not necessarily the case, since a great number of factors govern nitrate accumulation in plants.
Russeting of Apples, an Interpretive Review1
Authors: Faust Miklos , Shear C. B.
Published: September 2022

Russeting of apples in a humid environment is a major concern of fruit growers. In 1970 and 1971, two meetings were held in Pennsylvania exclusively to discuss this important problem.3
The Evolution of Plant Hormone Analysis1
Authors: Powell Loyd E.
Published: September 2022

The analysis of plant extracts or diffusates for hormones has always bordered on the mysterious, and has been fraught with pitfalls for even determined investigators. Many of the problems have arisen from the exceedingly low concentrations in which hormones generally occur, and which consequently have necessitated the employment of bioassays. In recent years improved instrumentation has made it increasingly feasible to employ physical methods for detection and measurement of these substances. The options available are confusing, particularly to those new to the field. It is the purpose of this brief review to put in perspective the various methods available to an investigator, and to elaborate on the direction we seem to be moving.
Response of Trickle-Irrigated Pepper in an Arid Zone to Various Water Regimes1
Authors: Shmueli M. , Goldberg D.
Published: September 2022

Pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder) were irrigated by trickling at a constant frequency of 1-2 days with 4 different amounts of water based on evaporation from a Class A pan. The amounts applied were 0.82, 0.95, 1.33, and 1.75 of the pan evaporation. An optimum curve was obtained for the relation between yield and water application, with the maximum yield resulting from use of the 1.33 factor. Determinations of salt content in the soil and plants, and measurements of soil moisture showed that even the smallest water application was adequate to leach the root zone and to maintain a low and almost constant soil moisture tension. The optimum curve was found to be primarily due to a relatively small yield increase during the latter part of the harvest period when the potential evapotranspiration is increasing.
Antitranspirant Film Detection by Scanning Electron Microscopy of Cathodoluminescence1
Authors: Fisher Mary Ann W. , Lyon Terry L.
Published: September 2022

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to verify the presence of transparent films applied as antitranspirants to foliage surfaces. The accurate location of the antitranspirant film is seldom shown by the secondary electron image, but is uniformly detected by cathodoluminescence of RD-9 and of CS-6432 plus the dye BriMant Yellow 6G Base.
Decreasing Water Loss of Cut Roses with Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Kohl H. C. , Rundle D. L.
Published: September 2022

Abscisic acid (ABA) concn as low as 1 ppm, when added to the vase water, effective by reduced water loss of cut roses.
An Evaluation of Man-Made Fog for Frost Protection on Citrus in Southern California1
Authors: Brewer Robert F. , Miller Marvin , Austin Stanley W. , Turrell Franklin M. , Hoeger John
Published: September 2022

The effects of cetyl alcohol stabilized fog on air, leaf and fruit temp were studied in a southern California citrus orchard in Riverside County during the winter of 1969-70. Although a blanket of man-made fog was found to reduce outgoing radiation 10% and raised air temp 0.5-l5C (1-2°F) and outside leaf temp 1-1.5°C (2-3°F), significant shifts in direction of drift greatly complicated the use of this frost protection device. Net radiation, a measure of heat loss to the sky, was reduced approx 10% by the fog cover.
Screening Growth Regulators for Vegetative Growth Control of Citrus1
Authors: Phillips R. L.
Published: September 2022

Of 20 growth regulating materials applied as sprays at various rates to sour orange (C. aurantium L.) and rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) seedlings, 3 reduced plant height by increasing branching and 5 retarded growth generally, some with extreme morphological effects. There were response differences between the sour orange and rough lemon seedlings.
Long-Term Growth-Retardant Effects of (+)-Limonene Derivatives on Citrus1
Authors: Newhall William F. , Pieringer A. P.
Published: September 2022

The growth-retardant effects of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), 1 n-alkyl and 2 benzyl quaternary ammonium derivatives of (+)-limonene were determined after application of 2 foliar sprays on young grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) seedlings which were subsequently pruned to remove all growth. Only the n-alkyl derivative, l-p-menthanol-2-dimethylamino heptyl bromide (Q-58), caused dwarfing and marked internode shortening of new growth on all treated plants 71 days after the second foliar spray. A similar experiment on a larger scale using Q-58 and 2 new n-alkyl derivatives of (+)-limonene produced retardation of new growth for 136 days after the second foliar spray. However, true dwarfing was only apparent in a few of the treated seedlings. These results indicate that n-alkyl quaternary ammonium derivatives of (+)-limonene are stored in the roots or lower stems of grapefruit seedlings and can continue to retard terminal shoot development for about 4 months after treatment.
Tree Physiological Condition as a Source of Variation in Chemical Thinning of Apple Fruits1
Authors: Hennerty Michael J. , Forshey C. G.
Published: September 2022

The physiological condition of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees was altered by scoring, shading, defoliation and defruiting. The combination of treatments and natural variation produced a tree population with varying carbohydrate and nitrogen contents and with varying vigor, flowering, and fruit-set. There was also a wide range in response to a fruit-thinning spray of 10 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) superimposed over these treatments. Fruit-set was the only factor that influenced the degree of thinning, but fruit-set itself was affected by tree vigor and nitrogen content. No relationship was found between any carbohydrate fraction and fruit-set or effectiveness of NAA.
Embryo Sac Development in a Partially Male-Sterile Red Raspberry Selection1
Authors: Virdi Bessie V. , Eaton G. W. , Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: September 2022

In the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) selection, ‘Ore-US 1314’, embryo sacs developed according to the Polygonum type but 6 days after anthesis 64% were degenerate as compared to 47% for a crumbly-fruited clone of ‘Sumner’, and 0% for normal-fruited clones of ‘Sumner’ and ‘Willamette’. The nature of the degeneration appeared to differ between the 2 partially-sterile clones, apparently taking place before maturity of the embryo sac incrumbly ‘Sumner’ but after full differentiation of the sac contents in ‘Ore-US 1314’.
Production of Sweetpotatoes from Root Pieces1,2
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , Scott L. E.
Published: September 2022

Yields and size distribution of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) propagated from root pieces were similar to those grown from sprouts when comparable stands were obtained.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Melon Aphid in a Muskmelon Line1
Authors: Bohn G. W. , Kishaba A. N. , Toba H. H.
Published: September 2022

When free choice was available in the Geld, build up of melon aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover, Western Biotype) was extremely low on Cucumis melo L. breeding line U 90234 derived from PI 175111, even if it was next to heavily infested suscepts. LJ 90234 infested with large no. of aphids which were given no choice for food survived with little injury while treated susceptible hosts were killed. Melon aphid nymphs confined on young mature leaves of LJ 90234 often died and survivors grew slowly to small body size and their fecundity was reduced. LJ 90234 is attacked by other insects, however. LJ 90234 appears to exhibit nonpreference, apparent tolerance, and apparent antibiosis to the melon aphid.
Stability of Gynoecism in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.) as Affected by Hybridization with the Hermaphrodite ‘TAMU 950’1
Authors: Mulkey W. A. , Pike L. M.
Published: September 2022

Two gynoecious inbred lines of cucumber, ‘Gy 3’ and ‘MSU 35G’ their hybrids with the hermaphroditic ‘TAMU 950’ and backcrosses of the hybrids to their respective gynoecious parents were treated with gibberellin to test the phenotypic stability of gynoecism. Hybridization with ‘TAMU 950’ stabilized the gynoecious character and gibberellin A4/A7 provided a good test of stability.
Comparisons of a Genetic Dwarf and a Normal Vine Cultivar of Cucumber1
Authors: Sandhu Milwant Singh , Mohr H. C. , Knavel Dean E.
Published: September 2022

Dwarfness in ‘K70’ a dwarf cultivar of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), is due to internodes that are shorter than those of the tall, indeterminate ‘Stono’. Both plant types had the same no. of internodes after 15 weeks growth. Associated with short internodes is a greater no. of smaller cells per unit area of leaf tissue. The darker green appearance of ‘K70’ leaves is due to greater no. of cells, not difference in chlorophyll content.
San Diego County Horticulture
Authors: Hall Barnarr J.
Published: September 2022

A “sea” of plastic row covers protects and hastens the spring tomato crop on the rolling hills of San Diego County, California Preparatio for this crop begins in November with plastic-tarped soil fumigation, installation of stakes, wire hoops and top wires to support the row covers. The young tomato plants are set out in January, and the plastic tunnels act as miniature greenhouses. The result is 4 weeks earlier harvest of fruit when prices are high in June.
Ecological Inventory as an Input in Land Use Planning
Authors: Harris Richard W.
Published: September 2022

A task force of Californians, in presenting planning alternatives for the future, concluded that the major problems confronting the state could all be described as misuse of environmental and human resources (1). They identified 4 basic causes of these problems or disruptions (Fig. 1):
Plastics in California Strawberries1
Authors: Voth Victor
Published: September 2022

California's ․60,000,000.00 annual strawberry business accounts for more than 58% of the nation's strawberry production, although it has only 16% of the United States strawberry acreage.
Interspecific Hybridization in Octoploid Strawberries1
Authors: Scott D. H. , Draper A. D. , Greeley L. W.
Published: September 2022

Octoploid progenies from species crosses between Fragaria virginiana Duch. ⨯ F. chiloensis (L.) Duch., F. virginiana ⨯ F. ⨯ ananassa Duch., and 2 BC1 crosses to F. ⨯ ananassa were grown in replicated plots and data obtained on winter survival, vigor of growth, time of bloom, productivity, and size of fruit. The ‘Ambato’ clone of F. chiloensis from South America transmitted susceptibility to winter injury and its progenies were weak. Progenies with the ‘Sheldon’ clone of F. virginiana as a parent were vigorous, early blossoming, productive, and had small fruit. ‘Sheldon’ ⨯ ‘Midland’ was most vigorous and the earliest blossoming of all progenies. US 3563 ⨯ ‘Midland’ and ‘Surecrop’ ⨯ ‘Midland’ progenies were the most productive. Among the progenies ‘Surecrop’ ⨯ ‘Ambato’ and ‘Surecrop’ ⨯ ‘Midland’ had the largest mean size of fruit; ‘Sheldon’ ⨯ ‘Yaquina’ the smallest. The ‘Ambato’ and ‘Yaquina’ clones of F. chiloensis differed in transmission of characteristics to their progenies.
Effect of SADH on the Endogenous Level in ‘Redskin’ Peach Mesocarp of Gibberellin-like Material1
Authors: Byers Ross E. , Emerson Frank H. , Dostal Herbert C.
Published: September 2022

The Rumex obtusifolium L. bioassay was used to determine the level of gibbereUin (GA)-like substances in methanol extracts from peach mesocarp tissue. Applications of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) to peach trees did not reduce the level of endogenous gibberellins in the mesocarp tissue of fruits sampled at various times. These data suggest that SADH does not hasten maturity of peaches by decreasing endogenous GA levels.
Reduction of Pitting of Grapefruit by Thiabendazole During Long-term Cold Storage1
Authors: Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Chalutz E. , Waks J. , Lattar F. S.
Published: September 2022

Incorporation of thiabendazole (TBZ) in the wax coating applied to grapefruit significantly reduced the amount of low temp pitting which developed during prolonged storage at 8 and 12°C.
Anthocyanins of ‘Durham’ and ‘Heritage’ Raspberry Fruits1
Authors: Francis F. J.
Published: September 2022

The anthocyanin pigments in ‘Durham’ fruits are cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cn-3-G), cyanidin-3-sophoroside (Cn-3-GG), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (Cn-3-RG), and cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside (Cn-3-GRG). The pigments in ‘Heritage’ fruits are Cn-3-G and Cn-3-GG. ‘Durham’ fruits are an excellent source of “marker” pigments.
Pistillate Flower and Fruit Drop of Pecan as a Function of Time and Shoot Length1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Heath J. L.
Published: September 2022

The drop of pistillate flowers and fruit of pecan (Carya illinoensis Koch cv. Stuart) was described as a function of time and shoot length. Three periods of flower and fruit drop occurred. The first and third drops were inversely related to shoot length; the second drop was not closely related to shoot length.
The Influence of Temperature and Storage Time on Growth of Basal Roots of Nonprecooled and Precooled Bulbs of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Ace1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Blakely N.
Published: September 2022

Nonprecooled and precooled ‘Ace’ lily bulbs were placed in the dark at 5, 9, 13, 17, and 21 °C and basal root growth determined at weekly intervals for 5 weeks. Roots originating from the basal plate were designated as primary roots; those originating from the primary roots were designated as secondary roots. The total fresh wt of secondary roots of nonprecooled and precooled bulbs increased with length of storage and increased temp. Optimum root growth occurred at 21°C. Primary roots of nonprecooled bulbs responded similarly to the secondary roots, while those of precooled bulbs had a temp optimum of 17 to 21°C. It was concluded that for commercial use, both nonprecooled and precooled bulbs should be initially grown at approx 17°C to stimulate basal root growth.
Interaction of Soil Temperature and Daylength on Growth and Flowering of Carnations1
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Haun J. R.
Published: September 2022

Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. White Sim) planted August, 1970 were grown under long (LD) or normal (ND) daylengths and 4 continuous soil heating treatments, (none, 18°, 21°, 32°C). The rate of leaf unfolding and flower development was nearly equal for all treatments, although flowers appeared to initiate 3 weeks earlier under LD. Peaks of cut flower production were 1 month earlier and of greater magnitude under LD than ND. High soil temp (21°, 32°) under ND (winter daylengths) delayed peak flower production by another month. Total flower production was significantly greater with the plants grown under LD. Flowers from plants with high soil temp (21°, 32°), particularly those under LD, were of significantly better quality than those at 18° or without supplemental soil heat.
Promotion of Cucumber Fruit Set and Development by Chlorflurenol1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Robinson R. W. , Shannon Stanton
Published: September 2022

2-Chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid (chlorflurenol)3 at 50 or 100 ppm increased fruit production of a gynoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. MSU 713-5) under field conditions of both normal and reduced pollination. A monoecious cultivar, ‘Wisconsin SMR 18’, treated with (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) and then chlorflurenol produced over twice as many fruit as the control when pollen was plentiful, and more than 4 ⨯ as many when pollen supply was limited. Ethephon sprays alone increased pistillate flower formation on the monoecious cultivar but did not increase fruit set. Chlorflurenol treatments increased the proportion of fruit in the smaller, more valuable size grades and appear advantageous for mechanically harvested pickling cucumbers.
Forcing Sweet Corn1
Authors: Alden Miller R.
Published: September 2022

Transplanting sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa) or the use of clear plastic mulch advanced harvest 1 week while the combination hastened harvest by 2 weeks. Ear length decreased as the age of transplant increased.
Cultivation of the Paddy Straw Mushroom, Volvariella volvacea (Bull, ex Fr.) Sing.1
Authors: San Antonio J. P. , Fordyce C.
Published: September 2022

The paddy straw mushroom was grown on the type of compost commonly used to produce the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. An appreciable quantity of light (15 min full sunlight) is required for initiation of fruit bodies. The average yield of paddy straw mushroom was 84 g mushrooms fresh wt/kg dry wt of compost at spawning time. Such production is in the range reported for straw mushroom production on rice straw in Asia but only 20% of the yield of the cultivated mushroom or champignon, A. bisporus.
An Excised Leaflet Test for Evaluating Potato Frost Tolerance1
Authors: Sukumaran N. P. , Weiser C. J.
Published: September 2022

A simple reproducible procedure is described for assessing frost injury of potato foliage, involving controlled freezing of excised leaflets and measurement of leached electrolytes. Test results are shown for 5 tuber-bearing Solarium species representing a wide range of frost tolerance. The test can be used in selection and breeding for frost tolerance in potato.
Effects of Fruit Size and Harvest Period on Seed Yields in Pimiento Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)1
Authors: H. L. Cochran
Published: September 2022

On a metric ton basis, small fruits produced significantly higher seed yields than either medium or large fruits. Seed yields were significantly higher from fall-harvested than summer-harvested fruit.
Ethephon-Endothall as a Chemical Abscissor of Bean Leaves1
Authors: Davis J. T. , Sterrett J. P. , Leather G. R.
Published: September 2022

7-Oxabicyclo (2.2.1) heptane, 2-3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall) alone was not an effective chemical abscissor of bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Red Kidney) until a concn of 30 to 40 mg/liter was attained, but in the presence of 800 mg/liter (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) abscission began at 5 mg/liter endothall. Low pH (1.5) significantly lowered the break strength of abscission zone explants of leaves sprayed with ethephon and endothall compared to pH 6.0, and endogenous ethylene production from endothall alone was higher at pH 1.5 than pH 6.0.
Axillary Shoot Stimulation in Poinsettia with Kinetin1
Authors: Milbocker D. C.
Published: September 2022

6-Furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) applied directly to the poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima willd.) bud at 1 ppm was effective in inducing axillary shoot stimulation.
A Method for Feeding Chemicals into Young Apple Trees1
Authors: Ketchie D. O , Williams M. W.
Published: September 2022

A method is described for introducing small quantities of chemicals by gravity flow into terminal shoots of young apple trees. The destruction of acid fuchsin and 14C labelled growth regulators by this method was down the main stem, out to the lateral branches, and into the leaves.
Resistance to Root-knot Nematode in Bitter Almond Progenies and Almond x Okinawa Peach Hybrids1
Authors: Kochba J. , Spiegel-Roy P.
Published: September 2022

Resistance to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica Chitwood) was established for 7 bitter almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch. var. amara DC) F1 progenies selected from trees in a heavily infested nursery soil and subjected to repeated inoculations in containers. Resistance was very high; (complete in some open-pollinated progenies) suggesting dominance or the presence of a cytoplasmic factor. F1 hybrid progenies of 2 highly susceptible almond cultivars crossed with ‘Okinawa’ peach showed almost complete dominance of resistance to M. javanica.
Antitranspirants for Conservation of Leaf Water Potential of Transplanted Citrus Trees1
Authors: Davenport D. C. , Martin P. E. , Hagan R. M.
Published: September 2022

Spraying 7-year-old citrus trees with film-forming antitranspirants before transplanting increased leaf water potential, thereby reducing “transplant shock.” Leaf water potential decreased rapidly after transplanting, by as much as 21 atm in unsprayed, and as little as 6 atm in sprayed trees. There was little benefit from transplanting in late afternoon rather than the morning.
Evaluation of Tensiometers for Estimating Plant Water Stress in Citrus1
Authors: Kaufmann M. R. , Elfving D. C.
Published: September 2022

Field measurements of leaf water potential were made on ‘Valencia’ orange trees subjected to varying degrees of soil water availability. During the night, leaf water potentials were reasonably well correlated with tensiometer estimates of soil matric potential. During the day, however, leaf water potentials were unrelated to matric potential because plant water balance was influenced by other factors in the shoot and root environments, including vapor pressure deficit, leaf diffusion resistance, and soil temperature.
Surfactant Stimulates Leaf Abscission of Tree Fruit Nursery Stock1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E
Published: September 2022

D-WK (Dupont-WK surfactant with the principal functioning agent being the dodecyl ether of polyethylene glycol) can be used to stimulate leaf abscission of some deciduous tree fruit nursery stock. One to 3 applications of 1 to 2% D-WK were satisfactory for most cultivars tested of apple, pear, cherry, and prune. ‘Early Red Haven’ peach was particularly sensitive to damage, and required lower concentrations.
Wide Crosses and Pollen Contamination in Strawberry1
Authors: Fowler C. W. , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

‘Surecrop’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) pollinated with Rubus pollen with and without application of indoleacetic acid (IAA) produced small amount of viable seed but resulting plants were segregating, octaploid strawberries. Small amount of seed were also consistently produced on emasculated, covered control flowers. Contamination was considered the most likely explanation because no viable seed was produced with wide crosses, with or without auxin applications, using a pistillate clone under isolation. Seed set increased on emasculated uncovered flowers in the greenhouse with proximity to pollen source and increased exposure to air currents.
Influence of Defoliation at Transplanting on Strawberry Growth and Fruiting Response1
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M.
Published: September 2022

Defoliation of Florida-grown plants of 2 strawberry cultivars at transplanting to simulate leaf desiccation damage which may occur during and after transplanting retarded growth and reduced yields. Fruit no. was linearly correlated with fruit yield while the marketable wt per fruit was unaffected by treatments.
Evidence for Injury by Ozone in New York Vineyards1
Authors: Shaulis N. J. , Kender W. J. , Pratt Charlotte , Sinclair W. A.
Published: September 2022

Widespread stippled browning and premature senescence of leaves of grapevines were observed in grape growing regions near the Great Lakes. Those symptoms were identical to those obtained by exposing 2-year old potted ‘Concord’ and ‘Ives’ grapevines to 30 or 60 pphm ozone (O3) for 6 hr, indicating that the brown leaf disorder of grapevines is oxidant stipple, a manifestation of O3 injury.
Dicamba Injury to Taxus1
Authors: Carpenter Philip L.
Published: September 2022

Symptoms of apparent growth regulator injury (curling, resetting and yellowing of new growth, blackening, death, and dropping of needles) were observed in plantings of Taxus sp. These symptoms were produced also in container grown plants (Taxus cuspidata, Sieb. and Zucc. and Taxus media ‘Brownii’, Hort.) with 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). Injury symptoms appeared at the 0.13 kg/ha rate and a marked reduction in growth occurred at all higher rates. The injury at 0.3 kg/ha was severe and plants failed to recover after 18 months; death resulted at 1.1 kg/ha and above.
Communicate Effectively or Perish on the Vine1
Authors: Wittwer S. H.
Published: September 2022

Members of this Society, individually and collectively, face some crucial decisions in public relations. The title of this paper should convey a message. The American public (taxpayers) are resisting further increases in support of education and agricultural research. There is an expression of disenchantment. Our operations are now being scrutinized as never before. If improvement is to occur it must come from new approaches rather than from more of the same.
Controlled-environment Horticulture in the Arabian Desert at Abu Dhabi
Authors: Fontes Miguel R.
Published: September 2022

A commercial-scale power-water-food facility, which utilizes desalted seawater for the irrigation of vegetable crops in controlled-environment greenhouses, was completed in January, 1972, at Abu Dhabi on the Arabian Peninsula. The integrated system there is a larger-scale version of one that has been operated in Mexico on the Gulf of California since 1966 by the Universities of Arizona and Sonora.
Growth of Subirrigated Japanese Holly as Affected by Soil Type and Depth1
Authors: Patel S. I. , Tinga J. H.
Published: September 2022

Container-grown plants of Japanese holly (Hex crenata Thumb, cv. Rotundifolia) were grown satisfactorily using subirrigation for 90 days during July-Sept. With either sandy loam or clay loam soil at a depth of 20 or 30 cm on a constant water level pan, soil moisture level remains near optimum in the root zone.
Induction of Mutations in African Violet(Saintpaulia ionantha WendL) by Ethyl Methanesulfonate1
Authors: Warfield David
Published: September 2022

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) applied at a concentration of .5 M for 1 hour to petioles of African violet leaf cuttings produced mutations in 13% of plantlets (which as in many species originate from a single epidermal cell).
Chlorophyll Content of New Cotyledon Mutants of Cucumber1
Authors: Whelan E. D. P. , Chubey B. B.
Published: September 2022

The chlorophyll content (a, b and total) of cotyledons of ‘Burpless Hybrid’ cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), 5 radiation-induced mutants of ‘Burpless Hybrid’ (yc-2, Is, gc, pi, albino, no symbol assigned), and 1 naturally occurring mutant (yc-1) was determined at 6 different stages of seedling development. Maximum chlorophyll content of ‘Burpless Hybrid’ (control) was reached 4 to 6 days after seedling emergence, but development was slower in the mutants. Average concn of chlorophyll a in yc-1, pl, gc and albino and chlorophyll b in yc-1, yc-2, gc, pl and albino was significantly lower than the control; gc contained only trace amounts of chlorophyll, and albino had none. The mutants pl, gc and albino were lethal. The changes in chlorophyll content of cotyledons generally agreed with visual appearance except Is which were distinctly pale, but had concn of chlorophyll a and b similar to those of the control.
Variable Susceptibility to Bacterial Rind Necrosis in Watermelon1
Authors: Elmstrom G. W. , Hopkins D. L.
Published: September 2022

Occurrence of bacterial rind necrosis (BRN) caused by Erwinia sp. among 15 cultivars of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf., planted at Leesburg, Florida in 1972 ranged from 10.0% to 44.6%.
Influence of Growth Regulators on Pod Set and Yield in Snap Beans and Related Crops1
Authors: Weigle J. L. , Robbins M. L. , Beck A. R. , Batal K. M.
Published: September 2022

A number of pesticides and growth-regulating compounds were applied to snap and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), cowpeas Vigna sinensis (Torner) Savi, and garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) at first bloom in both the greenhouse and the field. Initial increases in pod set were not retained until harvest. Several treatments reduced pot set of snap beans, but none significantly affected yields.
Effect of Fertilization and Mulching with Bio-degradeable Polyethylene-coated Paper on Responses of Okra and Peppers1
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M.
Published: September 2022

Okra (Hibiscus esculentus L. cv. Clem son Spineless) and sweet pepper(Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yolo Wonder L)were grown at 2 fertility levels with treatments of full bed mulch, strip mulch, and bare soil. A black paper coated on both sides with a thin layer of clear polyethylene was used as mulch. Germination of okra and the early growth and seasonal marketable yield of both vegetables were greatest with the full bed mulch treatment. The strip mulch treatments increased yield of pepper over that of the unmulched but had little effect on okra yield. Yields were always higher with the higher fertility level, but differences were usually not significant. Pepper fruit size and no. and okra pods per plant were increased by mulch treatment. As amount of bed covered by mulch increased so did the soil NO3 and K. Higher fertilizer rates generally increased soil NO3 and K but differences were significant only in 1972.
Naturally-occurring Toxicants and Nutritive Value in Food Crops: The Challenge to Plant Breeders1
Authors: Kehr August E.
Published: September 2022

Historically, plant breeders have made an important contribution to maintaining and improving the food supply of the world. Plant breeders have developed many superb new plant cultivars over the years. They have traditionally won almost universal acclaim for their ability to engineer plant germplasm, almost at will, into marvelous advancements of benefit to man. Their achievements have been rightfully recognized by the award of a Nobel Peace Prize to a plant breeder. As a plant breeder myself, I derive much satisfaction from the knowledge that as a group we have contributed immeasurably to the well being of mankind.
Effects of DCNA and Prepackaging on the Retail Quality of Sweetpotatoes1
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Kaufman J. , Tietjen W. H.
Published: September 2022

In 8 tests, sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] treated with 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline (DCNA) and packaged had less waste after a week in a retail store than either treated or untreated sweetpotatoes retailed in bulk. Very good control of rhizopus soft rot in sweetpotatoes on sleeve-wrapped and completely overwrapped trays was obtained by DCNA. The combination of DCNA and the complete overwrap effectively reduced retail losses from soft rot and desiccation.
The Effect of Trithion on the Flavor of Lowbush Blueberries1
Authors: Murphy Elizabeth F. , True Ruth H. , Forsythe Howard Y.
Published: September 2022

Samples of Maine-grown lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait) from untreated and Trithion-treated (2 applications, 272 g/0.4 ha) plots evaluated 8 times by a 35-judge panel were not different from each other or from a standard of untreated berries. No off-flavor was associated with the Trithion-treated blueberry samples.
Peel Color of Oranges Treated with Ethylene Before vs. After Waxing1
Authors: Aharoni Y. , Lattar (Littauer) F. S. , Angel S.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene degreening of both ‘Navel’ and ‘Shamouti’ oranges was severely retarded by waxing before, rather than after, degreening. No differences were noted between three commercial emulsion-type waxes.
Rapid Determination of the Specific Gravity of Citrus Fruit1
Authors: Fucik John E.
Published: September 2022

Grapefruit is weighed in air and water using the suspended weighing hook on the bottom of a top loading balance. Weight and volume of a fruit of any shape can be accurately determined in less than a minute.
Honey Bee Visits Increase Yields of ‘Orlando’ Tangelo1
Authors: Moffett Joseph O. , Rodney D. Ross
Published: September 2022

‘Orlando’ tangelo trees on a number of different rootstocks yielded an average of 49% more fruit when the trees were caged with honey bees than when bees were excluded in a 2-year study at Yuma, Arizona. Trees caged with both bees and a ‘Fairchild’ tangerine tree averaged 63% more than trees caged to exclude bees, while uncaged trees interplanted with ‘Fairchild’ tangerines and exposed to a moderately high bee visitation yielded 73% more fruit.