bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Babylon’: Then, Now and ‘Not Yet’: Anti-Roman Rhetoric in the Book of Revelation
Authors: Diehl Judy
Published: February 2013

This article is the third and final essay in a three-part series concerned with an analysis of current scholarship and anti-imperial rhetoric in the writings of the New Testament. The focus of this article is on the challenges and the inspiration of the book of Revelation. While Revelation may be considered to be the most unambiguous and blatant example of confrontation between the early Christians and the Roman Empire in the New Testament, a diversity of opinions survives as to how modern readers should understand and apply John’s apocalyptic literature. Does this book have something to say to readers today about the concepts of ‘empire’, colonialism and imperialism? We begin with a reflection on ancient interpretations of the text of Revelation, which are foundational to today’s interpretations, and lend support to the existence of anti-imperial rhetoric found in this cryptic document. Consideration is given to numerous current scholarly approaches, historical, theoretical and literary, with select examples from the book of Revelation for a greater understanding of the text.
The Rise, Fall, and Renovation of the House of Gesenius: Diachronic Methods, Synchronic Readings, and the Debate over Isaiah 36–39 and 2 Kings 18–20
Authors: Anderson Joel Edmund
Published: February 2013

The parallel Sennacherib narratives in Isaiah 36–39 and 2 Kings 18–20 have long intrigued scholars. Although for the better part of the past two hundred years the diachronic methods of historical criticism have defined the exegetical landscape, the recent rise of narrative criticism and its emphasis on the synchronic reading of the text have called many of the previously held views into question. This article will provide a brief overview and critique of both the exegetical issues stemming from the traditional historical-critical methods and of the more recent proposals put forth by scholars like Smelik and Seitz, who argue for a more synchronic understanding of these two texts. This overview reveals a gradual evolution in biblical scholarship, in which the recent synchronic narrative methods are being recognized as aids and correctives to, and not opponents of, the traditional diachronic methods of historical criticism.
Recombinant salmonella-based 4-1BBL vaccine enhances T cell immunity and inhibits the development of colorectal cancer in rats: in vivo effects of vaccine containing 4-1BBL
Authors: Ye Jianxin , Li Ling , Zhang Yuanting , Zhang Xueguang , Ren Daming , Chen Weichang
Published: February 2013

Background

Immunotherapy with vaccines is attractive for the treatment of cancer. This study is aimed at determining the effect of recombinant Salmonella (SL3261)-based 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) vaccine on the development of colorectal cancers and the potential immune mechanisms in rats.

Results

In comparison with that in the PBS group, similar levels of 4-1BBL expression, the frequency of T cells, IFN-γ responses, and comparable numbers of tumors were detected in the SL3261 and SL3261C groups of rats. In contrast, significantly fewer numbers of tumors, increased levels of 4-1BBL expression in the spleens and colorectal tissues, higher frequency of peripheral blood and splenic CD3+CD25+ T cells, and stronger splenic T cell IFN-γ responses were detected in the SL3261R group of rats.

Conclusion

Our results indicated that vaccination with recombinant attenuated Salmonella harboring the 4-1BBL gene efficiently enhanced T cell immunity and inhibited the development of carcinogen-induced colorectal cancers in rats.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with ectopic unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney
Authors: Xu Jing , Chen Dong-Ping , Mao Zhi-Guo , Huang He-Feng , Xu Chen-Ming , Wang Cong-Rong , Jia Wei-Ping , Mei Chang-Lin
Published: February 2013

Background

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary renal disorder. In most cases, ADPKD similarly affects bilateral kidneys.

Case presentation

Among the 605 ADPKD patients that were followed up by our center, we identified two male patients with unilateral ADPKD. The cases were remarkable because the patients also had ectopia and multicystic dysplasia in the contralateral kidney, which are generally sporadic disease conditions. Both patients tested positive for polycystic kidney disease 1 mutation, but negative for hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta mutation. Moreover, the deterioration of their kidney function seemed to be quicker than their age- and sex-matched controls and siblings. Both patients had started a long-term hemodialysis in their 40s.

Conclusion

Anatomical and genetic abnormality in patients with ADPKD may be more frequent and complex than previously believed. The compensatory capacity in patients with ADPKD is fragile, and missing one kidney could accelerate the deterioration of renal function.
Fibroblast growth factor-23 and calcium phosphate product in young chronic kidney disease patients: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Yasin Abeer , Liu Daisy , Chau Luan , Madrenas Joaquín , Filler Guido
Published: February 2013

Background

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), a novel marker of bone disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown to correlate with vascular calcifications. We aimed to describe the effect of the calcium phosphate product (Ca*P) on FGF-23 concentrations in children and young adults without confounding cardiovascular disease.

Methods

Pediatric and young adult patients with CKD stages I-V were recruited in this cross sectional study to measure FGF-23, cystatin C, vitamin D-metabolites and other serum markers of bone metabolism. FGF-23 levels were determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association between FGF-23 and (Ca*P) was assessed using non-parametric methods. Patients were divided into two age groups, less than 13 years of age and greater than 13 years of age.

Results

This cross-sectional study measured serum FGF-23, in 81 patients (42 females, 51.9%) at London Health Sciences Centre, aged 2 to 25 years, with various stages of CKD (Cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR=10.7-213.0 ml/min). For the whole entire group of patients, FGF-23 levels were found to correlate significantly with age (Spearman r= 0.26, p=0.0198), Cystatin C eGFR (Spearman r=−0.40 p=0.0002), CKD stage (Spearman r=0.457, p<0.0001), PTH (Spearman r=0.330, p=0.0039), ionized calcium (Spearman r=−0.330, p=0.0049), CysC (Spearman r= 0.404, p=0.0002) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (Spearman r=−0.345, p=0.0034) concentrations. No significant correlation was found between FGF-23 levels and calcium phosphate product (Spearman r= 0.164, p=0.142). Upon classification of patients into two age groups, less than 13 years of age and more than 13 years of age, correlational results differed significantly. FGF-23 correlated with CysC eGFR( Spearman r= −0.633, p<0.0001), CKD stage (Spearman r=0.731, p<0.0001), phosphate (Spearman r= 0.557, p<0.0001), calcium phosphate product (Spearman r=0.534, p<0.0001), 125(OH)2 Vit D (Spearman r=−0.631, p<0.0001), PTH (Spearman r= 0.475, p=0.0017) and ionized calcium (Spearman r= −0.503, p=0.0015) only in the older group. The relationship between FGF-23 and Ca*P for the older group could be expressed by the exponential model FGF-23= 38.15 e0.4625Ca*P.

Conclusion

Abnormal values of FGF-23 in adolescents and young adults with CKD correlate with Ca* P in the absence of vascular calcifications, and may serve as a biomarker for the risk of cardiovascular calcifications.
Attitudes towards the administration of long-acting antipsychotics: a survey of physicians and nurses
Authors: Geerts Paul , Martinez Guadalupe , Schreiner Andreas
Published: February 2013

Background

Discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia can interrupt improvement and exacerbate the illness. Reasons for discontinuing treatment are multifactorial and include adherence, efficacy and tolerability issues. Poor adherence may be addressed through non-pharmacological approaches as well as through pharmacological ones, ie ensured delivery of medication, such as that achieved with long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. However, attitudes of healthcare professionals (HCPs) towards LAI antipsychotics may influence their prescribing decisions and may influence medication choices offered to patients. We therefore conducted a survey to investigate factors driving LAI use as well as physician and nurse attitudes to LAI antipsychotics and to different injection sites.

Methods

An independent market research agency conducted the survey of HCPs across Europe. Participants were recruited by telephone and completed the survey online. Using conjoint analyses (a multivariate statistical technique analysing preferences on the basis of ranking a limited number of attributes which are presented repetitively), attitudes to oral versus LAI medication and gluteal versus deltoid injection routes were assessed.

Results

A total of 891 HCPs across Europe were surveyed. Of these, 40% would choose LAI antipsychotics for first episode patients whereas 90% would select LAI antipsychotics for chronic patients with two to five psychotic episodes. Dominant elements in antipsychotic choice were low sedation but no tardive dyskinesia, no or mild pain at injection and low risk of embarrassment or impact upon therapeutic alliance. Eighty-six per cent of respondents considered that having the choice of a deltoid as well as gluteal administration site was beneficial over not having that choice. Two thirds of respondents said they agreed that medication administration via the deltoid muscle may reduce social embarrassment associated with LAI antipsychotics and most respondents (61%) believed that administration of LAI antipsychotics into the deltoid muscle as opposed to the gluteal muscle may be more respectful to the patient.

Conclusions

In this survey of physicians and nurses, attitudes towards LAI antipsychotics compared with oral medication were generally positive. Respondents considered that the availability of a deltoid administration route would offer increased choice in LAI antipsychotic administration and may be perceived as more respectful and less socially embarrassing.
What is the extent of potentially avoidable admissions amongst hospital inpatients with palliative care needs?
Authors: Gott Merryn , Gardiner Clare , Ingleton Christine , Cobb Mark , Noble Bill , Bennett Michael I , Seymour Jane
Published: February 2013

Background

There is clear evidence that the full range of services required to support people dying at home are far from being implemented, either in England or elsewhere. No studies to date have attempted to identify the proportion of hospital admissions that could have been avoided amongst patients with palliative care needs, given existing and current local services. This study aimed to examine the extent of potentially avoidable admissions amongst hospital patients with palliative care needs.

Methods

A cross sectional survey of palliative care needs was undertaken in two acute hospitals in England. Appropriateness of admission was assessed by two Palliative Medicine Consultants using the following data collected from case notes: reasons for admission; diagnosis and co-morbidities; age and living arrangements; time and route of admission; medical and nursing plan on admission; specialist palliative care involvement; and evidence of cognitive impairment.

Results

A total of 1359 inpatients were present in the two hospitals at the time of the census. Of the 654 consenting patients/consultees, complete case note data were collected for 580 patients; the analysis in this paper relates to these 580 patients. Amongst 208 patients meeting diagnostic and prognostic criteria for palliative care need in two acute settings in England, only 6.7% were identified as ‘potentially avoidable’ hospitalisations. These patients had a median age of 84. Half of the patients lived in residential or nursing homes and it was concluded that most could have received care in this setting in place of hospital.

Conclusion

Our findings challenge assumptions that, within the existing configuration of palliative and end of life health and social care services, patients with palliative care needs experience a high level of potentially avoidable hospitalisations.
Investigating the association between birth weight and complementary air pollution metrics: a cohort study
Authors: Laurent Olivier , Wu Jun , Li Lianfa , Chung Judith , Bartell Scott
Published: February 2013

Background

Exposure to air pollution is frequently associated with reductions in birth weight but results of available studies vary widely, possibly in part because of differences in air pollution metrics. Further insight is needed to identify the air pollution metrics most strongly and consistently associated with birth weight.

Methods

We used a hospital-based obstetric database of more than 70,000 births to study the relationships between air pollution and the risk of low birth weight (LBW, <2,500 g), as well as birth weight as a continuous variable, in term-born infants. Complementary metrics capturing different aspects of air pollution were used (measurements from ambient monitoring stations, predictions from land use regression models and from a Gaussian dispersion model, traffic density, and proximity to roads). Associations between air pollution metrics and birth outcomes were investigated using generalized additive models, adjusting for maternal age, parity, race/ethnicity, insurance status, poverty, gestational age and sex of the infants.

Results

Increased risks of LBW were associated with ambient O3 concentrations as measured by monitoring stations, as well as traffic density and proximity to major roadways. LBW was not significantly associated with other air pollution metrics, except that a decreased risk was associated with ambient NO2 concentrations as measured by monitoring stations. When birth weight was analyzed as a continuous variable, small increases in mean birth weight were associated with most air pollution metrics (<40 g per inter-quartile range in air pollution metrics). No such increase was observed for traffic density or proximity to major roadways, and a significant decrease in mean birth weight was associated with ambient O3 concentrations.

Conclusions

We found contrasting results according to the different air pollution metrics examined. Unmeasured confounders and/or measurement errors might have produced spurious positive associations between birth weight and some air pollution metrics. Despite this, ambient O3 was associated with a decrement in mean birth weight and significant increases in the risk of LBW were associated with traffic density, proximity to roads and ambient O3. This suggests that in our study population, these air pollution metrics are more likely related to increased risks of LBW than the other metrics we studied. Further studies are necessary to assess the consistency of such patterns across populations.
Implications of purinergic receptor-mediated intracellular calcium transients in neural differentiation
Authors: Glaser Talita , Resende Rodrigo R , Ulrich Henning
Published: February 2013

Purinergic receptors participate, in almost every cell type, in controlling metabolic activities and many physiological functions including signal transmission, proliferation and differentiation. While most of P2Y receptors induce transient elevations of intracellular calcium concentration by activation of intracellular calcium pools and forward these signals as waves which can also be transmitted into neighboring cells, P2X receptors produce calcium spikes which also include activation of voltage-operating calcium channels. P2Y and P2X receptors induce calcium transients that activate transcription factors responsible for the progress of differentiation through mediators including calmodulin and calcineurin. Expression of P2X2 as well as of P2X7 receptors increases in differentiating neurons and glial cells, respectively. Gene expression silencing assays indicate that these receptors are important for the progress of differentiation and neuronal or glial fate determination. Metabotropic receptors, mostly P2Y1 and P2Y2 subtypes, act on embryonic cells or cells at the neural progenitor stage by inducing proliferation as well as by regulation of neural differentiation through NFAT translocation. The scope of this review is to discuss the roles of purinergic receptor-induced calcium spike and wave activity and its codification in neurodevelopmental and neurodifferentiation processes.
Synthesis and properties of Fe3O4-activated carbon magnetic nanoparticles for removal of aniline from aqueous solution: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Kakavandi Babak , Jonidi Ahmad , Rezaei Roshanak , Nasseri Simin , Ameri Ahmad , Esrafily Ali
Published: February 2013

In this study, powder activated carbon (PAC) and magnetic nanoparticles of iron (III) oxide were used for synthesis of Fe3O4-activated carbon magnetic nanoparticles (AC-Fe3O4 MNPs) as an adsorbent for the removal of aniline. The characteristics of adsorbent were evaluated by SEM, TEM, XRD and BET. Also, the impact of different parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, aniline initials concentration and solution temperature were studied. The experimental data investigated by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and two models kinetically of pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order. The results indicated that the adsorption followed Langmuir and pseudo second-order models with correlation r2 > 0.98 and r2 > 0.99, respectively. The equilibrium time was obtained after 5 h. According to Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity was 90.91 mg/g at pH = 6, and 20°C. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption of aniline on magnetic activated carbon was exothermic and spontaneous. This synthesized AC-Fe3O4 MNPs due to have advantages such as easy and rapid separation from solution could be applied as an adsorbent effective for removal of pollutants such as aniline from water and wastewater.
Rosmarinic acid protects against experimental diabetes with cerebral ischemia: relation to inflammation response
Authors: Luan Haiyun , Kan Zechun , Xu Yong , Lv Changjun , Jiang Wanglin
Published: February 2013

Background

Inflammatory activation plays a vital role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke, exerting deleterious effects on the progression of tissue damage and may lead to the vascular damage in diabetes. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) on a cultured neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y in vitro and experimental ischemic diabetic stroke in vivo.

Methods

For oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulated SH-SY5Y cell line in vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with RA. For an in vivo experiment, diabetic rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MACO) for 40 minutes followed by reperfusion for 23 h.

Results

Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with RA reduced the OGD-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity, blocked TNF-α-induced nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and decreased high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) expression. At doses higher than 50 mg/kg, RA produced a significant neuroprotective potential in rats with ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). RA (50 mg/kg) demonstrated significant neuroprotective activity even after delayed administration at 1 h, 3 h and 5 h after I/R. RA 50 mg/kg attenuated histopathological damage, decreased brain edema, inhibited NF-κB activation and reduced HMGB1 expression.

Conclusion

These data show that RA protects the brain against I/R injury with a favorable therapeutic time-window by alleviating diabetic cerebral I/R injury and attenuating blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and its protective effects may involve HMGB1 and the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Hydrogen Sulfide Increases Excitability through Suppression of Sustained Potassium Channel Currents of Rat Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons
Authors: Feng Xingmei , Zhou You-Lang , Meng Xiaowen , Qi Fei-Hu , Chen Wei , Jiang Xinghong , Xu Guang-Yin
Published: February 2013

Background

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gaseotransmitter/modulator, is becoming appreciated that it may be involved in a wide variety of processes including inflammation and nociception. However, the role and mechanism for H2S in nociceptive processing in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neuron remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate distribution of endogenous H2S synthesizing enzyme cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS) expression and role of H2S on excitability and voltage-gated potassium channels of TG neurons.

Methods

Immunofluorescence studies were carried out to determine whether CBS was co-expressed in Kv1.1 or Kv1.4-positive TG neurons. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were employed on acutely isolated TG neurons from adult male Sprague Dawley rats (6–8 week old). von Frey filaments were used to examine the pain behavioral responses in rats following injection of sodium hydrosulfide.

Results

In rat TG, 77.3±6.6% neurons were immunoreactive for CBS, 85.1±3.8% for Kv1.1 and 97.8±1.1% for Kv1.4. Double staining showed that all CBS labeled cells were Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 positive, but only 92.2±6.1% of Kv1.1 and 78.2±9.9% of Kv1.4 positive cells contained CBS. Application of H2S donor NaHS (250 μM) led to a significant depolarization of resting membrane potential recorded from TG neurons. NaHS application also resulted in a dramatic reduction in rheobase, hyperpolarization of action potential threshold, and a significant increase in the number of action potentials evoked at 2X and 3X rheobase stimulation. Under voltage-clamp conditions, TG neurons exhibited transient A-type ( IA) and sustained outward rectifier K+ currents ( IK). Application of NaHS did suppress IK density while did not change IA density of TG neurons (n=6). Furthermore, NaHS, a donor of hydrogen sulfide, produced a significant reduction in escape threshold in a dose dependent manner.

Conclusion

These data suggest that endogenous H2S generating enzyme CBS was co-localized well with Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 in TG neurons and that H2S produces the mechanic pain and increases neuronal excitability, which might be largely mediated by suppressing IK density, thus identifying for the first time a specific molecular mechanism underlying pain and sensitization in TG.
Service-Learning in Deaf Studies: Impact on the Development of Altruistic Behaviors and Social Justice Concern
Authors: Cooper Sheryl B. , Cripps Jody H. , Reisman Joel I.
Published: February 2013

A literature review identified various kinds of altruism, including altruism devoted to social change and a charitable form of altruism, along with the concept that it is possible for these types to occur independently or simultaneously. A study was conducted with university students in a Deaf studies program to determine the effect of a service-learning experience on the development of altruistic behaviors. Students in a course titled “Social Services in the Deaf Community” responded to a questionnaire measuring their attitudes toward serving the community before and after they participated in an off-campus experience volunteering with organizations that served or could serve the Deaf community. The results indicated significant changes in students’ attitudes regarding their ability to make a difference in society, and strongly suggest a positive correlation between service-learning experiences and development of “civic responsibility” altruistic behaviors among Deaf studies students volunteering in the community.
Initial and Ongoing Teacher Preparation and Support: Current Problems and Possible Solutions
Authors: Johnson Harold A.
Published: February 2013

T he E ffective initial preparation and ongoing support of teachers of students who are deaf and hard of hearing has always been a difficult and controversial task. Changes in student demographic characteristics and educational settings, combined with the rapidly diminishing number and diversity of deaf education teacher preparation (DETP) programs, indicate that the field of deaf education may be at a tipping point. In the present article, the author establishes the dimensions of the current problems and proposes specific solutions to increase the accessibility and effectiveness of DETP programs that would simultaneously enhance the supply, retention, and instructional effectiveness of teachers of students who are deaf and hard of hearing.
Working With Hispanic Women Who Are Deaf: Recommendations From the Literature
Authors: Feist Amber M. , Saladin Shawn P. , Hansmann Sandra
Published: February 2013

T he authors used the hermeneutics approach within social cognitive career theory to explore employment trends and issues over the past 20 years relevant to Hispanic women who are deaf. Barriers to employment were discovered including discrepancies due to gender, race/ethnicity, and severity of hearing loss. Recommendations for policymakers and professionals suggest a need for research that addresses the unique experiences of Hispanic women who are deaf within vocational rehabilitation, the use of social cognitive career theory as it relates to career development and choices, and an increase in education and training to better prepare vocational rehabilitation counselors to work with individuals from multiple minority backgrounds. While information about Hispanic women who are deaf is limited, this review provides a better understanding of Hispanic deaf women and encourages expansion of knowledge in practice and research for professionals working with this unique population.
Ali Nassirian and a Modern Iranian “National” Theatre
Authors: Sohi Behzad Ghaderi , Ghorbaninejad Masoud
Published: February 2013

Ali Nassirian (b. 1935), now a celebrity in Iranian cinema, was preoccupied, during the 1950s to the 1970s, with the idea of creating a theatre, and supplying it with a repertoire, which would be rooted in Iranian folklore and indigenous theatrical forms. His oeuvre includes thirteen plays, most of which draw, partly or extensively, on Iranian popular improvisatory forms. This article discusses the context, possibilities, and limitations of Nassirian’s one-man crusade to launch a “national” theatre based on indigenous roots, especially at a historical moment when Iran—at the brink of entering a new socioeconomic phase which we may call the “South” social formation—was forced to adopt a hurried, hence “lopsided,” version of North Atlantic modernity in the form of statist modernization programs.
Eyescape: Aesthetics of “Seeing” in Kudiyattam
Authors: Madhavan Arya
Published: February 2013

This essay enquires the link between the actor’s eyes, imagination, and the temporal experience of perception in performance. This enquiry is strongly grounded within the aesthetics and praxis of kudiyattam, which is the oldest of the Indian (Sanskrit) theatre forms. Here, the actor’s eyes are treated as a significant category in performance that mediates the generation and perception of images, within both the actor and the spectator.
Reviewing Makyung Dewa Indera, Indera Dewa
Authors: Zainuddin Elezaa
Published: February 2013

This performance report of Makyung Dewa Indera, Indera Dewa by Lambang Sari, directed and scripted by Fatimah Abdullah at Istana Budaya (National Theatre), Kuala Lumpur, on 18 June 2011 revealed numerous changes in design, personnel, and intent from traditional mak yong work.
Report: The Mak Yong Spiritual Dance Heritage Conference, Performances, and Workshops
Authors: Mohamad Zulkifli
Published: February 2013

This report notes the papers and performances on Malaysian, Thai, and Indonesian mak yong presented in the 2011 conference. It argues that historically Kelantan, Malaysia, and Pattani, Thailand, understandings of the form are shared. National borders inset in the colonial period and cultural politics of contemporary Southeast Asia have altered and divided the form.
Проблема гражданско-правовой интеграции поздней Российской империи: в русском общественно-политическом дискурсрсе (вторая половина XIX - начало ХХ вв.)*
Authors: Горин Алексей
Published: February 2013

In the Russian empire, the elaboration of a universal civic law code was a reflection and a factor of imperial self-modernization. Aleksei Gorin traces how the idea of building a common civic legal space was constructed in Russia's public, professional (legal), political, and administrative discourses of the second part of the nineteenth-early twentieth centuries. He concludes that by the early twentieth century, the idea of unitary structure of the imperial legal space became dominant among the participants of these discourses, but it never became a reality in the Russian empire. Only Soviet modernization allowed for the implementation of this ideal.
"On the Other Side of the Wall, Things Are Even Better." Travel and the Opening of the Soviet Union: The Oral Evidence
Authors: Raleigh Donald J.
Published: February 2013

In this essay, Donald Raleigh suggests what oral history can contribute to discussions of the closed nature of Soviet society by comparing the memories of a privileged cohort of baby boomers from Moscow and Saratov regarding how foreign travel shaped their worldviews and heightened their awareness of the fault lines in the Soviet system, made clear through the kind of invidious comparison that firsthand encounters with the outside world invite. The essay is focused on how baby boomers remembered and understood such experiences. It is based on interviews of sixty individuals who graduated in 1967 from Moscow's School No. 20 or from Saratov's School No. 42, then recently opened "specialized" schools that offered intensive instruction in English. More specifically, this is a group of individuals conceived in 1948−1949, when Soviet propaganda declared that efforts to "reconstruct" the war-ravaged country had been completed. In that regard, the 1967 graduates' collective story tells the larger story of the upper strata of the Cold War generation that lived through the USSR's twilight years. В своем эссе Дональд Рейли исследует возможности устной истории применительно к обсуждению закрытости советского общества. Его анализ основан на воспоминаниях привилегированных представите­лей поколения "бэбибумеров" из Москвы и Саратова, отвечавших на вопрос автора о том, как заграничные путешествия формировали их мировоззрение и представления о недостатках советской системы. Райли не только анализирует собранные свидетельства о столкновении советских туристов с внешним миром как единый комплекс памяти, но и сравнивает между собой пережитый опыт москвичей и саратовцев – жителей закрытого города. Статья основана на шестидесяти интервью, взятых у выпускников 1967 г. московской школы № 20 и выпускников того же года саратовской школы № 42. Это были новые "специализи­рованные" школы с углубленным преподаванием английского языка. В поколенческом срезе информанты представляют собой группу ин­дивидуумов, зачатых в 1948–1949 гг., когда советская пропаганда объ­явила о завершении послевоенной "реконструкции" и окончательной нормализации жизни в стране. В более широком социологическом смысле коллективная биография выпускников 1967 г. является общей историей привилегированного слоя поколения холодной войны, чьи зрелые годы выпали на время заката СССР.
"Сведения о климате, почве, образе хозяйства и господствующих растениях должны быть собраны…": просвещенная бюрократия, гумбольдтовская наука и местное знание в Российской империи второй четверти XIX в.
Authors: Лоскутова Марина
Published: February 2013

The article is devoted to the history of the first climate and soil maps that were published in the Economic-Statistical Atlas of European Russia (1851). It examines the wider scientific and sociopolitical contexts, in which these maps were compiled in the Ministry of State Domains (MSD). The author emphasizes a key role played by "ministerial science" - academic committees and statistical sections in various branches of Russian civil service - as an institutional infrastructure for scientific research in the decades prior to the Great Reforms era. The article further examines the scientific underpinnings of the project demonstrating that the climate and soil maps, contrary to the prevailing opinion, were in line with the state of research in these fields in France and Germany. The conceptual framework provided by Humboldtian science perfectly fitted the pragmatic consid­erations of the "enlightened bureaucrats" at the MSD who were engaged in developing more efficient means of supervising state lands and natural resources. Finally, the article examines the interaction between the MSD in St. Petersburg and its provincial correspondents who provided field data for the maps. It analyzes in detail the nature of their interaction, demon­strating how local knowledge had to be transformed into scientific data for the success of the enterprise. Elsewhere in Europe and North America provincial amateur naturalists ensured the success of Humboldtian science by providing a stable "input" of reliable data, while at the same time their scholarly endeavors were essential for the formation of modern local and regional identities and for the rise of "civic science." The article draws on these observations to argue against interpreting the compilation of climate and soil maps only as an attempt to make territory "legible" for the state. The dependency on local informants ensured that these and similar projects, even in the context of the Russian Empire, contributed to the making of modern civil society. In Russia, however, the key problem was the lack of amateur naturalists in the provinces who could have taken part in compil­ing the atlas. This was one of the major reasons why the MSD had to rely predominantly on its own personnel "on the ground" - a factor that gave the project its "bureaucratic" reputation.
Имперская власть и римско-католические духовные семинарии после 1863 г.
Authors: Жалтаускайте Вилма
Published: February 2013

In her article, Vilma Žaltauskaitė scrutinizes official attitudes toward spiritual educational establishments, such as the Roman Catholic spiritual seminaries of the Samogid (Tel'shevskii) and Vilna (Vilnius) dioceses, in the light of imperial anti-Polish policy. She investigates whether local and central authorities were interested in changing the social composition of students of these seminaries (and if so - in which directions), and whether they pursued any protective measures in support of future Catholic priests from among the peasants who were regarded as representing a "non-Polish" social stratum in the Western imperial borderlands. The author proposes a thorough analysis of local initiatives in this sphere and the reactions of the central imperial bureaucracy to them. She concludes that after 1863, no direct measures were introduced to regulate the social composition of the student body in the region's spiritual seminaries, and only general measures of the imperial authorities against the traditional Polish elite in the region could have indirectly influenced this composition. In other words, one cannot talk about modern "social engineering" aimed at restructuring the Roman Catholic Church in the region as a peasant social institution, and thus a non-Polish one. The central authorities were reluctant to directly endorse the ethnicity of "peasant nations" such as Lithuanians and Belarusians through special social policies.
Designing the Space of Linguistic Knowledge: A Typographic Analysis of Sixteenth-Century Dictionaries
Authors: Delsaerdt Pierre
Published: February 2013

Scrutinizing the ways in which early printed reference works were designed is a way of bringing typography and book history into the domain of library and information science. The core subject of this discipline is the concept of user-oriented organization of knowledge; it has a close connection to information-seeking behavior and retrieval. By studying the typographic arrangement of knowledge in early printed reference works, one can approach the history of the storage, organization, and retrieval of scientific information. The article discusses the typographic "architecture" of the dictionaries published by the Antwerp printer Christophe Plantin and, more specifically, the three dictionaries of the Dutch language compiled by Plantin's learned proofreader Cornelis Kiliaan (ca. 1530-1607). Kiliaan was one of the first authors to introduce etymology and comparative linguistics into his dictionaries. By analyzing the typographic macrostructures and microstructures of his works, it is possible to discover the lines along which they developed—in the words of Paul Valéry—into machines à savoir . The article also compares Plantin's dictionaries with the international benchmark for lexicographic publishing in the Renaissance world, viz. the translation dictionaries compiled and printed by the Parisian publisher Robert Estienne.
Architectural Metaphors of Knowledge: The Mundaneum Designs of Maurice Heymans, Paul Otlet, and Le Corbusier
Authors: Van Acker Wouter
Published: February 2013

The author discusses the architectural plans of the Mundaneum made in the 1930s by the Belgian modernist architect Maurice Heymans in the footsteps of Le Corbusier and in collaboration with Paul Otlet. The Mundaneum was the utopian concept of a world center for the accumulation, organization, and dissemination of knowledge, invented by the visionary encyclopedist and internationalist Paul Otlet. In Heymans's architecture, a complex architectural metaphor is created for the Mundaneum, conveying its hidden meaning as a center of initiation into synthesized knowledge. In particular, this article deconstructs the metaphorical architectural complex designed by Heymans and focuses on how the architectural spaces as designed by Heymans are structured in analogy to schemes for the organization of knowledge made by Otlet. In three different designs of the Mundaneum, the analogy is studied between, on the one hand, the architectural structure (designed by Heymans) and, on the other hand, the structure of the cosmology, the book Monde , and the vision of knowledge dissemination as invented by Otlet. The article argues that the analogies between the organization of architectural space and knowledge, as expressed in the drawings of Heymans and Otlet, are elaborated by means of a mode of visual thinking that is parallel to and rooted in the art of memory and utopian imagination.
Interrogating Spatial Analogies Relating to Knowledge Organization: Paul Otlet and Others
Authors: Buckland Michael K.
Published: February 2013

The author provides an examination of how ideas about place and space have been used in thinking about the organization of knowledge. The spatial analogies of Paul Otlet (1868-1944) in relation to his overall vision are traditional and conventional. Notions of space, place, position, location, and movement are frequent in the work of other leading innovators (Martin Schrettinger, Melvil Dewey, Wilhelm Ostwald, Emanuel Goldberg, and Suzanne Briet) concerning specific practical aspects of knowledge organization. Otlet's spatial imagery is more original and more ingenious when applied to technical problems compared to his overall vision.
Spaces of Information Modeling, Action, and Decision Making
Authors: De Tré Guy , Van Acker Wouter
Published: February 2013

Nowadays, tremendous information sources are preserved, ranging from those of a traditional nature like libraries and museums to new formats like electronic databases and the World Wide Web. Making these sources consistent, easily accessible, and as complete as possible is challenging. Almost a century ago, people like Paul Otlet were already fully aware of this need and tried to develop ways of making human knowledge more accessible using the resources and technology available at that time. Otlet's ideas about a Universal Network of Documentation and the Universal Book are clear examples of such efforts. Computer science currently provides the means to build digital spaces that consist of (multimedia) information sources connected through the Internet. In this article, we give a nontechnical overview of the current state of the art in information management. Next, we focus on those aspects of Otlet's work that deal with the organization of knowledge and information sources. Then we study the potential connections between Otlet's work and the state of the art of computerized information management from a computer scientist's point of view. Finally, we consider some of the problems and challenges that information management still faces today and what computer science professionals have in common with, and can still learn from, Otlet and his work.
Music Publishing by Subscription in 1820s France: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Breckbill Anita
Published: February 2013

Subscription lists in six scores published in France in the 1820s open a window onto publishing and distribution practices of that era. The publishers are J. Frey of Paris, with examples of subscription lists from full scores in his complete sets of operas by Mozart and Grétry; Maurice Schlesinger, also of Paris, with a vocal score of Mozart’s Requiem; and Bohem of Lille, with a vocal score of Zémire et Azor by Louis Spohr. The subscription lists contain information about the types of subscribers: male/female, musicians/nonmusicians, and Parisians/provincials/foreigners. These examples from nineteenth-century France suggest that funding the publishing of scores through subscription had become a less viable business model than had been the case in the eighteenth century.
Framing the Reformation Woman Writer: John Bale's Prefaces to Anne Askew's Examinations
Authors: Pender Patricia
Published: February 2013

As a site in which the cultural meanings of female authorship are contested and negotiated, the preface is a key feature of the authorial apparatus that introduces the woman writer to her early modern reading public. John Bale's prefaces to The Examinations of Anne Askew (1546/7) articulate a strident defence of Askew's Reformist convictions, positioning her as an exemplary martyr in a 'primitive', proto-Protestant English tradition. Providing historical precedent and scriptural justification for both Askew's authorship and his own role as editor, Bale's prefaces provide valuable insights into the ways women's writing was produced, framed, circulated, and promoted for its earliest print audiences.
Fruits of Sodom: The Critical Erotics of Early Modern Women's Writing
Authors: Lilley Kate
Published: February 2013

The critical erotics, modern and early modern, which underwrite the construction of 'early modern women's writing' as a field are figuratively aligned with 'the fruits of sodom'. By attending to the motives, genealogies, and textual strategies of contemporary scholars alongside those on whom and with whom they write - the early modern authors who, in tandem with their modern interlocutors, constitute the field as a dynamic literary-historiographical object - I hope to advance an avowedly queer formalist critical practice.
Awakening Other Spirits: Dorothy Stanley's Arcadia and the Apparatus of Authorship
Authors: Mitchell Marea
Published: February 2013

Dorothy Stanley's Sir Philip Sidney's 'Arcadia' Moderniz'd (1725) establishes ambivalent relationships with the text from which it takes its origins. While Stanley's prefatory material proclaims her adherence to Sidney's work, it also contains a defence of independent authorship, making claims for a writer's capacity to interpret and reproduce a text, which other features of her work uphold. Stanley's Arcadia was also involved in complex networks of relationships with readers, as the first edition of Arcadia to be a subscription text, and therefore partially dependent on the support of buyers. As a rewriting, inspired by Sidney's invitation to other spirits to take up his work, it is also a transitional text, indicating some of the possibilities for, and constraints on, women's writing towards the end of the early modern period.
Use of the Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS©) in Pulmonary Rehabilitation§
Authors: McCarroll Michele L , Pohle-Krauza Rachael J , Volsko Teresa A , Martin Jennifer L , Krauza Matthew L
Published: February 2013

Background:

In pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) effective measures have been taken while in analyzing a patient’s intervention with the help of entry to exit evaluations. The absence of an objective and quantifiable scale are limitations of PR that allow analyzing of a patient’s self reported symptoms throughout PR. The Breathlessness, Cough and Sputum Scale (BCSS©) is used to predict patient exacerbations by evaluating common symptoms identified in the COPD population. This study used the BCSS© survey to track complex symptom changes throughout the course of PR intervention. The BCSS© tool measured the patient’s self reported symptoms in real time for each visit when patient enrolled in PR.

Methods:

Thirty-five patients with COPD from three outpatient PR centers were asked to report the severity of breathlessness, cough, and sputum prior to each PR session using the BCSS© survey.

Results:

There was a significant decrease in self reported symptoms of the mean BCSS© score from entry 4.6(± 2.9) to exit 2.3 (± 2.5), p < 0.001. The results showed variable decrease in the self reported symptoms with more PR visits. The secondary outcome showed high correlations with quality of life measures using the Pulmonary Function Status Scale (PFSS) on entry and exit to PR.

Conclusions:

The BCSS© tool is an effective means for measuring the impact of PR on improving patient tolerance and self-reported symptoms as a result of COPD. More research is needed to better assess the complex symptoms of COPD patients in PR to enhance programmatic outcomes.
Complacency and Giving Up Across Repeated Tournaments: Evidence from the Field
Authors: Berger Leslie , Klassen Kenneth J. , Libby Theresa , Webb Alan
Published: February 2013

Tournament incentive schemes involve individuals competing against each other for a single or limited number of rewards (e.g., promotion, bonus, pay raise). Although research shows tournament schemes can have positive effects on performance, there is also evidence of dysfunctional intra-tournament behavior by top performers (complacency) and weak performers (giving up). However, few studies have examined behavior in organizational settings, not uncommon in practice, where tournaments are conducted on a repeated basis. We predict that complacency and giving up will generalize to settings where individuals repeatedly compete in successive short-duration tournaments. We test our predictions using archival data from a reservation center of a major hotel chain that employs repeated four-week tournaments where performance does not carryover from one competition to the next. Results show top performers quickly become complacent in response to success in early tournaments. The lowest-performing losers in early tournaments eventually appear to give up, but additional analysis indicates they only do so after unsuccessfully changing task strategy. Our results contribute to a better understanding of individual behavior in settings where individuals repeatedly compete against largely the same group of employees. Our evidence also suggests that tournaments are less effective at sustaining the motivation of the most capable performers and other approaches may be necessary.