bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Synopsis on Data Protection under the Nigerian Laws: Has the Universality of Right to Privacy Trickled Down to Nigeria?
Authors: ELGUJJA ABBA
Published: October 2020

The concept of personal data protection is no doubt, an off-shoot of the universal human right to privacy and confidentiality. Not only has it been ingrained under Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but it has also been incorporated into most of the regional human rights conventions, charters, and treaties, except, of course, the African Charter on Human Rights (ACHR) to which Nigerian affiliates with. Despite its conspicuous absence in the ACHR, the revolution in the internet and information management technologies have prompted the African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) to, respectively, create Convention and Act to regulate the processing of personal data.However, Nigeria has neither incorporated these treaties nor enacted a comprehensive data protection law. At best, Nigeria has a Data Protection Regulations, a Data Protection Bill, and scattered pieces of legislation regulating specific aspects of the processing of personal data.The question is, has the universal human right to privacy effectively trickled down to Nigeria? This chapter captures the issues at stake, and attempts to proffer suggestion.
Draft Chapter – How Science is Publicly Presented and Discussed in Switzerland
Authors: A+ Expert Group “Communicating Sciences and Arts in Times of -
Published: October 2020

"How Science is Publicly Presented and Discussed in Switzerland" is an Excerpt from of the Upcoming Expert Group Report “Science in Public: The State of Science Communication and Public Engagement with Science in Switzerland”, to be published in 2021 by the Expert Group “Communicating Sciences and Arts in Times of Digital Media” of the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. Readers are Invited to Provide Feedback as Outlined on the First Pages of the Preprint.
The mind as a sponge, its cognitive artifacts, and being in the 21st century
Authors: Ho Tung Manh
Published: October 2020

In this essay, I discuss the analogy of the mind as a sponge, the issues of cognitive artifacts, and being a mind in the 21st century.
A deep learning solution for NAFLD screening diagnosis
Authors: Ayesha Noor , Yurf Saleha , Abbas Syed Mohammad Mehmood , Haider Bangash Ali , Baloch Adil , Khan Ali Danish , Satti Danish Iltaf
Published: October 2020

NAFLD is reported to be the only hepatic ailment increasing in itsprevalence concurrently with both; obesity & T2DM. In the wake of a massivestrain on global health resources due to COVID 19 pandemic, NAFLD is boundto be neglected & shelved. Abdominal ultrasonography is done for NAFLDscreening diagnosis which has a high monetary cost associated with it. Wepresent a deep learning model that requires only easy-to-measureanthropometric measures for coming up with a screening diagnosis for NAFLDwith very high accuracy. Further studies are suggested to validate thegeneralization of the presented model.
Differential expression of UVSSA in the blood in cases of viral co-infection.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: October 2020

The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (1) has resulted in the death of over 200,000 Americans in less than one year (2). Infection of a person already suffering from a viral infection, a phenomena known as co-infection can potentially pose a problem during the upcoming influenza season. We mined published microarray data (3) to identify genes most differentially expressed in the whole blood of patients suffering from viral co-infections, including co-infections involving a human coronavirus. We found that the UVSSA gene, encoding the UV stimulated scaffold protein A, was among the genes whose expression changed most significantly transcriptome-wide when in the blood of four patients suffering from two different types of co-infections: human coronavirus HKU1 and human rhinovirus, as well as in human coronavirus OC43 and influenza A co-infection. UVSSA may be of relevance to biology underlying some viral co-infections.
Laporan mingguan
Authors: safitri Arfiana
Published: October 2020

Observasi adalah suatu kegiatan yang di lakukan mengenai peninjauan atau penggambaran suatu tempat
Program kerja mingguan
Authors: Berlian Sukma
Published: October 2020

Observasi adalah suatu penelitian yang di lakukan di tempat-tempat tertentu
Explaining Dark Energy, Small Cosmological Constant and Inflation Without New Physics?
Authors: Maes Stephane
Published: October 2020

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement and spacetime is discrete, with a fractal structure based on random walk and a non-commutative geometry. When random walk is combined with maximal particle generations, exponential expansion can automatically takes place. Away from maximal generation or in an already concretized spacetime, random walk accounts for a constant or slowing down expansion. Meanwhile, the multi-fold mechanisms also implies a constant expansion potential, adding a force to the expansion of the universe, thanks to uncertainties. It explain the constant acceleration of the universe expansion with a cosmological constant that is not the vacuum energy density but can be way smaller.It may contribute to addressing problems like the absence of any explanation of dark energy, the embarrassing orders of magnitude of discrepancies between vacuum energy and the cosmological constant predicted by conventional Physics; issues that are among Today’s biggest mysteries of the universe. These explanations do not require New Physics beyond the Standard Model and the Standard Cosmology Model.
PEMBAGIAN MASKER DESA BONTOCINI
Authors: Nurmeilani
Published: October 2020

Kegiatan pembagian masker ini dilakukan di desa Bontociniyang mencakup 4 dusun. Kegiatan pembagian masker ini dilakukan olehKarang Taruna, Ibu desa Bontocini dan mahasiswa KKLP Yapti Jeneponto. Pembagian masker di dua dusun dilakukan pada pagi harisampai sebelum dzuhur dan dilanjutkan 2 dusun pada sore harinya.Pembagian masker dilakukan dari rumah ke rumah, dan tak lupa pulakami mengedukasi masyarakat untuk memakai masker saat bepergiankeluar rumah dan memakaikan masker kepada masyarakat.
PERANAN GURU SD DALAM ETIKA KRISTEN DEMI PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER SISWA
Authors: Priscilasari Finka
Published: October 2020

Kehidupan Masyarakat Indonesia kini tengah menghadapi krisis karakter yang melanda para generasi mudanya. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan pendidikan karakter yang tepat untuk dapat mengatasi hal tersebut. Sebagai orang Kristen, Alkitab merupakan dasar dari pendidikan karakter. Karakter ditunjukkan seseorang melalui perilaku maupun tindakannya sehari-hari. Karakter yang baik haruslah sesuai dengan etika, nilai, dan norma-norma yang berlaku di masyarakat. Pemahaman tentang etika Kristen sangat membantu orang percaya untuk dapat berperilaku dan menunjukkan keKristenannya. Bagi peserta didik Sumba yang mayoritas beragama Kristen dan kini menempuh pendidikan di kota Malang juga mengalami permasalah karakter ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengetahuan guru dalam etika Kristen (pendidikan seks) terhadap karakter peserta didik. Dalam tulisan ini peneliti menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan menemukan hasil bahwa pengaruh etika Kristen terhadap karakter Kristen peserta didik Sumba di Malang 19,5%. Adanya hubungan antara pembelajaran etika Kristen dengan karakter Kristen yang signifikan dan dari nilai korelasi yang positif maka dapat dikatakan, semakin tinggi dalam memberikan pelajaran etika Kristen dengan metode pembelajaran diskusi, semakin tinggi pula karakter Kristen peserta didik Sumba di Malang Oleh sebab itu peneliti berpendapat bahwa Pendidikan ajaran etika Kristen sangat perlu diperhatikan dalam organisasi yang telah terbentuk, mengingat organisasi tersebut mayoritas beragama Kristen. Salah satu metode yang bisa dipakai dalam pembelajaran ini adalah metode diskusi.
AKSI BERSIH DESA BONTOCINI
Authors: Rostina
Published: October 2020

Karang Taruna Desa Bontocini bekerja sama dengan mahasiswa KKLP Yapti Jeneponto dan masyarakat memulai kegiatan pukul 07:30 pagi yang kegiatannya berlangsung selama kurang lebih 5 jam. Kami membersihkan 4 Dusun yang ada di Desa Bontocini. Kami menyapu, membuang serta membakar sampah yang ada. Setelah kegiatan selesai kami kembali ke rumah Kepala Desa sebagai titik kumpul.
The Contrasting Approaches to Power of the Modern State and the Antitrust Laws: Lessons for Platform Regulation
Authors: Woodcock Ramsi
Published: October 2020

If the state is a force monopolist, as Max Weber famously claimed, then the law is a kind of antitrust policy, with criminal law securing the state’s monopoly on force and constitutional law regulating the exercise of the force monopolist’s power primarily through the right to vote, which makes of the state the equivalent of a consumer cooperative dedicated to the production of security. One consequence of the cooperative approach is that the state’s approach to vertical integration—in this context state ownership of enterprise—has mirrored antitrust’s own approach to the vertical integration of private firms: to authorize integration only where it is likely to benefit consumers, which is rarely when the monopolist sells security, but often in the case of most products sold by private enterprise. Another consequence, low tax rates, differs greatly from antitrust’s own approach to private enterprise, which broadly exempts the charging of high prices from liability. This difference in approach offers a useful lesson for antitrust policy, particularly in the area of digital platforms: that the heart of monopoly power is price, and the best way to dull the power of the platform monopolist is to regulate the prices it can charge and leave the question whether to permit it to integrate vertically to be decided on efficiency grounds. This suggests that the rule proposed by Senator Elizabeth Warren, that no big firm should be allowed to compete on its own platform, which amounts to a prohibition on vertical integration, is likely to be unhelpful. A better approach would be to regulate the fees platforms charge competitors and consumers and allow the tech giants to integrate when doing so would benefit consumers.
Review of Joel Richard Paul, Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times
Authors: Newcombe Pat
Published: October 2020

Published: Pat Newcombe, Review of Joel Richard Paul, Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times, 111 LAW LIB. J. 605 (2019).This Article reviews Joel Richard Paul's book, Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times. The Author found this scholarly work to be very readable. Paul relies on ample and deep primary sources, yet manages to present John Marshall in a very human and accessible way. This narrative would be an excellent selection for any academic or public library, especially those that collect in the American history area, and it is highly recommended.
Blurred Lines—Intersexuality and the Law: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Newcombe Pat
Published: October 2020

Published Pat Newcombe, Blurred Lines--Intersexuality and the Law: An Annotated Bibliography, 109 LAW LIB. J. 221 (2017).This Bibliography gathers, organizes, and annotates relevant law review articles (and one monograph) dealing with legal issues concerning intersexuality. Articles are included to introduce researchers to the intricacies involved in the discussion of intersexuality, to examine issues of medical interventions, and to explore possibilities of judicial relief within the existing framework.
Improving Nutrition in India
Authors: Ravishankar Advaith
Published: October 2020

Fitness plays a crucial role in increasing the healthy lifespan of an individual and ensuring thatthey are able enough to complete physical labour effectively. Developing countries, in thisinstance India, have low median ages, which is an appropriate stage to focus on fitness. Onecritical element for succeeding in improving physique is nutrition. However, with currentstandings, India is seeing high rates of malnutrition which, in turn, is resulting in poor physicalcapability. To test whether this standing can be improved upon, a home for destitute childrenpermitted us to implement a regimented nutrition system. In this study, the shortcomings of thenutrition implemented in a sample of a rural household were first identified and then improvedupon to meet internationally agreed standards. Data collected was divided into two sets: BodyMass Index and Nutritional Composition. For the former, data corresponding to age, weight,and height - key components of calculating BMI - were collected; for the latter, the componentsof their diet from their set weekly menu were extracted and translated into averaged nutritionalvalues. With this information in hand, a misallocation in the nutritional system was identifiedand improved upon by using data published by the Indian government and other reliablesources such as UNICEF and USDA.
Creativity in Adulthood
Authors: Karwowski Maciej , Wiśniewska Ewa
Published: October 2020

Adulthood holds a special promise for creativity. Not only is this developmental period the longest, but also the most advanced in terms of maturity of mental and biological structures people achieve. Therefore, adulthood quite naturally forms an arena for creative activities and achievements. However, creativity in adulthood does not only (or even not mainly) refer to test-measured creative potential; rather, it denotes expertise-based, mature, and in some rare cases, eminent creativity. What are the milestones of creative development in adulthood? Why is it that so many people do not reach the level of mature creativity? What makes adults realize, or not, their creative potential, and invest their time and effort to develop it? We discuss these questions and show some new avenues for future research.
The case against economic values in the orbitofrontal cortex (or anywhere else in the brain)
Authors: Hayden Benjamin , Niv Yael
Published: October 2020

Much of traditional neuroeconomics proceeds from the hypothesis that value is reified in the brain, that is, that there are neurons or brain regions whose responses serve the discrete purpose of encoding value. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that the activity of many neurons covaries with subjective value as estimated in specific tasks and has led to the idea that the primary function of the orbitofrontal cortex is to compute and signal economic value. Here we consider an alternative: that economic value, in the cardinal, common-currency sense, is not represented in the brain and used for choice by default. This idea is motivated by consideration of the economic concept of value, which places important epistemic constraints on our ability to identify its neural basis. It is also motivated by the behavioral economics literature, especially work on heuristics, which proposes value-free process models for much if not all of choice. Finally, it is buoyed by recent neural and behavioral findings regarding how animals and humans learn to choose between options. In light of our hypothesis, we critically reevaluate putative neural evidence for the representation of value and explore an alternative: direct learning of action policies. We delineate how this alternative can provide a robust account of behavior that concords with existing empirical data.
PIPA's and Essential Human Behavior
Authors: Bayly Devin Richard , Bayly Maurice Brian
Published: October 2020

Frequently in one’s mental life, a newly-noticed item pairs with an item already in mind --- for example the second word in a rhyme --- and the pairing evokes a small positive affect. For the affect to occur, the brain must contain circuitry connecting the cognitive with the affective that is activated when the second item overlaps the first. On some occasions the positive affects evoked are easily noticed but more commonly they are subdued --- but they make up for smallness by abundance. For example, when one enters a familiar room, recognition events, (perception matching memory) are innumerable, the affects merge, and a continuous effect, the “comfort of the familiar” is sensed. Many other episodes of mild satisfaction are produced in a similar way. The overall picture is of one’s daily affairs running on a day-long substrate of innumerable pairings. The pairings make a healthy person more upbeat than an anhedonic person, they contribute to each person’s personality traits, and the pleasure involved is the basic ingredient underlying higher-level motivations. A general benefit will be gained if people become more aware of this pervasive affect.
Analysis of Corneal Astigmatism after Clear Corneal Phacoemulsification : A Prospective Study
Authors: Agrawal Nisha , Agarwal Lalit , Yadav Reena , Kumari Archana , Singh Kinsuk , Baral Dharanidhar
Published: October 2020

Introduction: With the evolution of cataract surgery over the past years and increasing patient demand for spectacle independence, today cataract surgery is moreover a refractive surgery. Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) hinders post-operative refractive precision by changing the refractive power of cornea.

Objectives: To calculate and compare SIA and postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) among eyes undergoing phacoemulsification performed via superior and temporal approach.

Methodology: A longitudinal prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary eye care center. 200 consecutive patients who underwent 2.8mm clear corneal phacoemulsification were allocated in Group A (Superior) and Group B (Temporal) in equal numbers by random lotiery method. Patients with any corneal pathology, glaucoma, retina or macular diseases, with previous history of trauma or ocular surgery were excluded. Preoperative astigmatism, postoperative astigmatism and postoperative SE were calculated at 6weeks follow-up. SIA was calculated using vector analysis software version 2.1 given by Dr Sawhney.

Results Eighty patients of group A and 99 patients of Group B were included in the analysis. Preoperative keratometry and astigmatism was comparable between the two groups. Postopera tive astigmatism was significantly lower in temporal incision (0.75± 0.58) group than in superior incision group (1.2±0.71). SIA in-group A was 0.43D and in group B was 0.18D. SE was found to be significantly lower in temporal incision (p<0.01) group.

Conclusion Temporal incision is astigmatically more neutral and has betier refractive precision than superior incision clear corneal phacoemulsification.
Histopathological Pattern of Endometrial Biopsies in Patients with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Attending Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital
Authors: Kafle Neeta , Shaukin Shilpi , Kafle Santosh Upadhaya , Singh Mrinalini , Parajuli Surya Bahadur
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the commonest gynaecological problems. Etiology of AUB may be structural and functional and varies according to age group. Histological pattern of endometrial sampling along with clinical and radiological findings remains the diagnostic standard for clinical diagnosis of endometrial pathology which ultimately helps in deciding the management of the patients.

Objectives: To determine histopathological pattern of endometrial biopsies in patients with AUB attending Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital. To determine the pattern of menstrual abnormality in patients with AUB in different age groups.

Methodology: We conducted a prospective hospital based cross sectional study for a period of one year (1 April 2019 to March 31 2020). Histopathological findings of all endometrial biopsy samples in patients with AUB were examined. Patients were categorized into different age groups and the patterns of menstrual abnormality were also documented.

Results: 166 patients presenting with AUB underwent endometrial biopsy. Most of them were of perimenopausal age group (42.77%). Menorrhagia was the most common presenting menstrual abnormality. Histopathological examination predominantly revealed normal cyclical endometrium. Hyperplasia was seen more frequently in patients > 40 years of age. Malignancy was diagnosed in 2.41%, all were adenocarcinoma and was seen in > 50 years age.

Conclusion: AUB is a common gynaeco-pathological problem with varied clinical presentation and multiple causes. Functional endometrial changes account for the highest histological pattern. However hyperplasia and malignancy are important cause of AUB in perimenopausal and post menopausal age group's women.
Study of Hemoptysis in a Tertiary Care Center of Province 1: Causes and Recurrences
Authors: Ghimire Ram Hari , Ghimire Ashima , Shreewastav Rupesh Kumar , Yadav Sushil , Bidesh Bista Bidesh
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Hemoptysis is a common but distressing and alarming symptom in a patient. Data related to detail clinical profile and follow up study of hemoptysis are lacking.

Objective: This study was carried out to see the clinical profile of patients with hemoptysis and to study the recurrences in tertiary care centre of province 1 within the study period.

Methodology: This was a prospective observational study conducted at the department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine of Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. The study was carried out between 30th January 2017 to 1st February 2020. For follow up of recurrences of hemoptysis, the patients were asked for regular chest clinic follow up and regular telephone calls made to the patients, in case, patients could not attend the chest clinic for any reason.

Results: A total of 150 patients were enrolled over the last 3 years. Among them 75% were male. The maximum number of patients (27%) were between 31-40 years of age group. Old sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) (32%) and bronchiectasis (28%) were the commonest cause of hemoptysis. Lung cancer (10%) and active PTB (10%) were other causes of hemoptysis. CT scan of the chest provided the highest (84%) diagnostic yield. Most of the cases were having mild hemoptysis (50%). 17% of the patients in our study had recurrences of hemoptysis.

Conclusion: Old PTB sequelae with bronchiectasis (fibrobronchiectasis) were the commonest cause of hemoptysis. Conservative management worked most effectively in controlling hemoptysis, if used properly.
Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Cervical Cancer Screening in Women attending Obstetrics and Gynaecological Opd at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital
Authors: Mahato Raj Deb , Deo Amit , Pokharel Hanoon
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most common Gynaecological cancer in Nepal which is preventable if appropriate screening and prevention measures are employed. Considerable reduction in cervical cancer incidence and cervical cancer related deaths can be achieved by effective screening. However, lack of knowledge and awareness can result in underutilization of the preventive measures. 

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding cervical cancer screening in women visiting Obstetrics and Gynaecology OPD at tertiary care Hospital in Eastern Nepal. 

Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient department of Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. Women were enrolled in the study by convenient sampling methods. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data was entered in Microsoft excel and analyzed by using SPSS version 22. 

Results: Among 374 participants, the mean age was 31.13 years. More than three fourth (89.6%) of participants were literate. Regarding occupation, 89.8% of participants were housewives, and 82.9 % of participants were married. As per the findings, only 43.27 % of participants i.e. less than the mean, had adequate knowledge of cervical cancer and its screening. 65.50 % of participants had a negative attitude towards cervical cancer screening. Literate participants had good knowledge and positive attitude regarding cervical cancer screening than illiterate participants (P value less than 0.05). 

Conclusion Considerable proportions of participants had inadequate knowledge and negative attitude regarding cervical cancer screening in Gynaecological patients visiting tertiary care Hospital in Eastern Nepal.
Operative Deliveries at Full Cervical Dilatation; 'Choosing Between Lesser of Two Evils': A Comparative Study of Morbidities of Vacuum Delivery and Caesarean Section
Authors: Aryal Shreyashi , Shrestha Deepak , Mahato Sweta
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Operative delivery at full cervical dilatation can be either a caesarean section or instrumental deliveries. Instrumental deliveries are well debated options for reducing caesarean section rates but they have their own set of maternal and fetal morbidities. CS at full dilatation of cervix is also demanding due to impacted fetal head. Choice between the two depends on the treating obstetrician. 

Objective: To assess perinatal morbidities between vacuum delivery and caesarean section at full cervical dilatation. 

Methodology: This is an observational cross-sectional comparative study done for the duration of one year from January to December 2019. Women undergoing vacuum delivery or caesarean section in full cervical dilatation were compared for maternal and neonatal morbidities. Risk factors associated with these morbidities were also assessed. The morbidities in each group were compared using Pearson's chi square test. Likelihood of morbidities in relation to risk factors was calculated using univariate logistic regression. 

Results: Prevalence of maternal complications in vacuum delivery was 33.3% (28) and in caesarean was 42.9% (15). Neonatal complications in vacuum delivery was 50% (42) and in caesarean was 48.6% (17). Being a referred case (OR=1.14) and a primigravida (OR=1.45) were risk factors for perinatal morbidities in vacuum delivery. Referred cases (OR=1.52), primigravidas (OR=5.90), head station lower than zero (OR=1.26) and birth weight of more than 3500 gms (OR=2.60) were associated with more number of morbidities in caesarean at full cervical dilatation.

Conclusion Operative deliveries at full cervical dilatation, either vacuum or CS carry risk of maternal and neonatal morbidities. Obstetrician should make a decision keeping in mind certain risk factors like referred cases, parity, head station, number of pulls, method of delivery of head and fetal weight so that severe morbidities can be prevented.
Drug Utilization Pattern using World Health Organization prescribing Indicators at Otorhinolaryngology OPD of a tertiary teaching hospital of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Sah Bajarang Prasad , Paudel Deepak , Sarraf Deependra Prasad
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Assessment of drug utilization pattern using the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators is important to promote rational drug therapy.It needs to be evaluated periodically to obtain information about drug utilization pattern, to detect early signals of irrational use of drugs and to provide feedback to prescribers.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the drug prescribing patterns in the Otorhinolaryngology OPD based on the WHO prescribing indicators.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 148 outpatients at Otorhinolaryngology and HNS department of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences for six month duration. Patients aged 18 years and above and prescribed at least one drug were enrolled. Medical case sheets of the every fifth patients visiting the OPD were reviewed to collect the relevant data on a self-designed proforma. Descriptive statistics and WHO prescribing indicators were calculated using SPSS version 11.0. The study was approved by Institutional Review Committee, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

Results: A total of 322 drugs were prescribed to 148 patients. Most of the drugs were prescribe through oral route (69.3%). Levocetrizine (10.6%) was the commonest prescribed drug followed by Ibuprofen+Paracetamol (10.2%) and Pantoprazole (10.2%). Among systemic antibiotics, Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid (35.9%) was the most frequently prescribed followed by Cefixime (12.8%) and Levofloxacin (12.8%). Ofloxacin + Dexamethasone (22.9%) was the most frequently prescribed topical drug followed by Mometasone (17.7%). The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter or mean was 2.2 (range 1-5). The percentage of encounters in which an antibiotic was prescribed was 33.2%. The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from National List of Essential Medicine (NLEM) was 28% and 31.9% respectively.

Conclusions: The drug utilization pattern did not comply with the most of the WHO prescribing indicators. The average number of drug per prescription was higher than recommended by WHO, generic prescribing was remarkably lower and prescribing from NLEM was also low.
Dexmedetomidine as a Single Bolus Dose in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy under General Anesthesia – A Comparison of Different Doses
Authors: Pyakurel Kumud , Rajbanshi Lalit Kumar , Thapa Chitra , Regmi Gunjan
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Dexmedetomidine has an ideal pharmacodynamic profile for attenuation of stress response during general anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Since, the value of dexmedetomidine as a single premedication dose remains largely unexplored, this study compared dexmedetomidine in 0.5μg/kg and 1μg/kg dose for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. 

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to compare dexmedetomidine in a single premedication dose of 0.5μg/kg and 1μg/kg in terms of hemodynamic (heart rate and mean arterial pressure) changes to critical incidences such as laryngoscopy, endotracheal intubation, pneumoperitoneum and extubation. The secondary objectives were to compare induction dose of propofol required, sedation scores in the immediate post anesthesia period and adverse events such as bradycardia and hypotension. 

Methodology: This was a prospective double blind study. Ninety-two patients aged 18-55 years of either gender of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either Dexmedetomidine 1μg/kg or 0.5μg/kg slowly IV over 10 minutes as a premedication before induction. Heart rate, Mean arterial pressure, induction dose of propofol, sedation scores, and adverse events were compared. 

Results: The patient characteristics, Fentanyl consumption, duration of surgery and anesthesia in both groups were comparable. There was comparable attenuation of hemodynamics in both groups during laryngoscopy and intubation. Dexmedetomidine in 1μg/kg compared to 0.5μg/kg had significantly better attenuation of hemodynamics from 1 minute to 40 minutes of pneumoperitoneum. After 40 minutes, there was no attenuation in either group. The post anesthesia sedation scores were comparable. The induction dose of propofol was significantly less and the incidence of bradycardia was significantly higher with dexmedetomidine 1μg/kg. 

Conclusion This study demonstrates that a premedication dose of Dexmedetomidine in 1μg/kg compared to 0.5μg/kg has significantly betier attenuation of hemodynamics from 1 minute to 40 minutes of pneumoperitoneum.
Alcohol Provoked Father-Son Assault: A Case Report from Nepal
Authors: Atreya Alok , Nepal Samata , KC Arjun
Published: October 2020

Although a causal relationship between alcohol and violence is established, the actual number of alcohol related violence are seldom reported. Consumption of alcohol is part of ritual or ceremony in indigenous communities in Nepal. However, alcohol related domestic violence are rarity in Nepalese scenario. This may be because alcohol related domestic assaults and violence are usually 'secreted' and seldom published. We present a case of father-son alcohol related aggression for its unusualness of site and pattern.
Fournier’s Gangrene after Bilateral Vasectomy-A Case Report
Authors: Bhattarai Aabishkar , Karki Bijaya , Bhandari Pragya
Published: October 2020

Fournier’s gangrene is an acute, rapidly progressing, potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis affectingthe external genitalia, perineal or perianal regions and is caused by a mixed infection with aerobic/anaerobic bacteria, which commonly affects the men, but can also occur in women and children. The most common foci of infection are from gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract or less commonly from the cutaneous injuries. The common risk factors includediabetes mellitus,alcohol abuse, extremes of age, male gender, chronic steroid use, malnutrition and immunosuppression. Uncommonly, Fournier’s gangrene has been documented after vasectomy operation-a permanent technique for male partner sterilization. Here we present a case of Fournier’s gangrene in an adult male who had undergone bilateral standard vasectomy for permanent contraception and presenting after 7 days with gangrene in the scrotum requiring urgent debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics.
PENGARUH PUPUK KANDANG KAMBING DAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR NASA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.) VARIETAS NAULI F1.
Authors: Hidayat Dedy , Rahmi Abdul , Syahfari Helda , Astuti Puji
Published: October 2020

Jenis sawi yang cukup populer dan banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat antara lain pakcoy dan  pakcoy termasuk jenis yang banyak dibudidayakan petani saat ini.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk kandang kambing dan POC Nasa serta interaksi terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman pakcoy, dan untuk mendapatkan dosis yang terbaik dari pupuk kandang kambing dan konsentrasi POC Nasa untuk menghasilkan tanaman pakcoy yang tinggi.Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dalam Percobaan Faktorial 4 x 4, dengan dua faktor perlakuan yang diulang sebanyak 5 kali. Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk kandang kambing (K) yang terdiri atas 4 taraf yaitu : tanpa pupuk kandang kambing (k0), 5 Mg ha-1 atau 37,00 g polibag-1(k1); 7,5 Mg ha-1 atau 56,25 g polibag-1(k2), dan 10 Mg ha-1 atau 75,00 g polibag-1 (k3).  Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi POC Nasa (N) yang terdiri atas 4 taraf yaitu : tanpa POC Nasa (n0), 2 ml l-1 air (n1), 4 ml l-1 air (Nn), dan  6 ml -1 air (3). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : Perlakuan pupuk kandang kambing berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun pada umur 14, 21, dan 28  hari setelah tanam, dan produksi tanaman pakcoy. Perlakuan POC Nasa berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun pada umur 14, 21, dan 28  hari setelah tanam, dan produksi tanaman pakcoy. Perlakuan interaksi antara pupuk kandang kambing dan POC Nasa berpengaruh nyata sampai berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun pada umur 14, 21, dan 28  hari setelah tanam, dan produksi tanaman pakcoy. Produksi tanaman pakcoy yang paling tinggi dihasilkan pada perlakuan kombinasi 75,00 g-1 polibag pupuk kandang kambing dan 6 ml l-1 air POC Nasa (k3n3) yaitu 181,60 g-1 polibag, sedangkan yang paling rendah dihasilkan pada kombinasi tanpa pupuk kandang kambing dan tanpa POC Nasa (k0n0) yaitu 26,60 g-1 polibag.
Political aspects of security of the European Union Member States
Authors: Kusztykiewicz-Fedurek Aleksandra
Published: October 2020

Political security is very often considered through the prism of individual states. In the scholar literature in-depth analyses of this kind of security are rarely encountered in the context of international entities that these countries integrate. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to key aspects of political security in the European Union (EU) Member States. The EU as a supranational organisation, gathering Member States first, ensures the stability of the EU as a whole, and secondly, it ensures that Member States respect common values and principles. Additionally, the EU institutions focus on ensuring the proper functioning of the Eurozone (also called officially “euro area” in EU regulations). Actions that may have a negative impact on the level of the EU’s political security include the boycott of establishing new institutions conducive to the peaceful coexistence and development of states. These threats seem to have a significant impact on the situation in the EU in the face of the proposed (and not accepted by Member States not belonging to the Eurogroup) Eurozone reforms concerning, inter alia, appointment of the Minister of Economy and Finance and the creation of a new institution - the European Monetary Fund.
Gender equality influence on the economic development in the Baltic Sea Region
Authors: Tomala Magdalena , Słowak Michał
Published: October 2020

One of the most exposed value in an Age of Neoliberalism is a gender equality, which is an essential condition to achieve goals of economic growth, employment and social cohesion. The Baltic Sea Region (BSR) is a non-homogeneous region. When examining the economic situation of the region, the BSR countries are traditionally divided into two groups: (1) the high-income countries Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Germany and Iceland, which are called “old market economy countries”, or “developed economies of the region”; (2) the middle- or low-income countries as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. The latter are classified as post-socialist or transitional economies. The aim of the article is to analyse similarities and differences between those two groups of countries from 2006 to 2016 (ten years). The article compared gender gap using special tools as an economic participation, educational attainment and political empowerment
The effect of “Mosque Lifesaver Training” on lay persons’ knowledge and willingness to perform basic life support in Indonesia
Authors: Jamaluddin Ahmad , Azalea Sheli , Noviar Rizki Andita , Suwarto Dian Eka Putra , Nugroho Nyityasmono Tri
Published: October 2020

Background: Cardiac arrest mostly happens in out hospital setting. Bystander CPR improves survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.In 2018 BSMI Jakarta Raya started the Mosque lifesaver training as basic life support training for laypersons’ in Indonesia, optimizing mosques as the center of community activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of “mosque lifesaver training” for the laypersons’ knowledge and willingness to perform basic life support.Methods: There are 247 people from twelve mosques that participated in this research. The participants were given fifteen multiple-choice preposttest questioners in basic life support knowledge, one full day two-direction training, one-by-one practicing in small group for adult and pediatric CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation), and CPR skill test. Data was collected and statistically analyzed with SPSS 24 Software by IBM.Results and discussion: From 247 participants, 32 were excluded due to lack of data. For rest of 215 participants, 32.1% was housewife, mean value of age was 39.1 ± 0.9 SD years, educational background was bachelor in 44.7% participants. Mean value of pre-test and post-test were 28.70 ± 16.8 SD and 55.73 ± 19.30 SD, respectively. The post-test result has significant correlation of profession (p=0.003), but no significant correlation of age (p=0.08) and educational background (0.51). Marginal homogeneity test for pre and post test data brought p<0.001 significance. Before the training, only 57.2% participants had willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. After the training, 91.2% participants have willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation if witness sudden cardiac arrest of unknown people.Conclusion: Participants who enrolled the training were predominantly by housewife, productive age with bachelor educational background. Mosque lifesaver training show significant improvement in laypersons’ knowledge and willingness to perform basic life support.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 02 April’21 Page: 202-206
Potential Healing Effect Of Mulberry Leaf Extract Oinment on Burn Injury in rats
Authors: Utami Kamilia Dwi , Indrayani Ulfah Dian
Published: October 2020

Objective: Mulberry leaf contains Vitamin C, Flavonoids, Oxyresveratrol and Saponin, which accelerated reepithelialization and increases wound contraction in burn healing. This study was designed to asses the effect of mulberry leaf extract ointment (Morus Alba L) on number of fibroblast and collagen fraction area in second degree burns.Materials and methods: This was an experimental design for 6 days with 24 male in Sprague dawley rat randomly selected and divided into 4 groups. The back of Sprague dawley male rats were shaved and given burns using 4 x 2cm iron plate which was put in 98o boiling water for 5 minutes and pasted for 10 seconds and smeared with distilled water, and ointment of mulberry leaf extract. Group I was a positive control (silver sulfadiazide ointment), Group II was a negative control (ointment base), Group III (mulberry leaf extract ointment 10%) and Group IV (mulberry leaf extract ointment 20%). The number of fibroblasts and collagen was evaluated with staining of hematoxylin eosin and staining mallory trichrome.Result and discussion: The mean of fibroblasts I, II, III,and IV was 21.33 ± 1.74, 13.28 ± 1.48, 17.56 ± 1.75, and 23.11 ± 2.38, respectively. The mean collagen fraction area I, II, III, and IV was 21, 11±7,42 , 16,18 ±7,72, 26,078 ± 8, 00 , and 25,79±8,33 respectively. One way Anova followed LSD test showed significant different in mean of between each treatment group obtained significant differences (p <0.05). The mean number of fibroblast in the 10% and 20% ointment extract were significantly different compared with negative controls. Collagen fraction area in treatment group with 10 and 20% ointment were significantly different from that of negative control group, and was not significantly different from silver sulfadiazine groupConclusion: The mulberry leaf extract can be an alternative treatment for second degree burnsInternational Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 02 April’21 Page: 235-239
Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture
Authors: Liu Alan F.
Published: October 2020

Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction concerns itself with the fracture behavior of engineering materials and the tools one can use to account for it when analyzing designs and investigating failures. The book begins with a review of stress analysis and its application in progressively more realistic scenarios, building to a cracked part with small scale (primary elastic) yielding at the crack tip. It then covers deformation and fracture, metal fatigue, and the metallurgical aspects of high-temperature creep, stress-corrosion, corrosion-fatigue, and hydrogen-embrittlement. In later chapters, it demonstrates the use of fracture mechanics in problems of greater complexity, including that of a cracked metal part with large scale (nonlinear elastic-plastic) yielding at the crack tip. Although the book focuses primarily on metals, the final two chapters provide information on the mechanical behavior of ceramics, glasses, and polymers and the fracture mechanics of fiber-reinforced composites. The book can serve as a desk reference or self-study guide and is intended for readers with little or no prior training in solid mechanics. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-802-1, follow this link.
СУТНІСТЬ І ЗМІСТ КОМУНІКАТИВНОГО КОМПОНЕНТА ГОТОВНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ МЕНЕДЖЕРІВ ДО СТВОРЕННЯ ЗДОРОВ’ЯОРІЄНТОВАНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ
Authors: Zavydivska Olga
Published: October 2020

Обґрунтовано сутність і зміст комунікативного компонента готовності майбутніх менеджерів до створення здоров’яорієнтованого середовища організації. Охарактеризовано комунікативні здібності майбутніх менеджерів. Проаналізовано зміну типів комунікації, що притаманні майбутнім менеджерам до і після експерименту. Представлено динаміку якісних змін рівнів сформованості комунікативного компонента у студентів КГ та ЕГ до і після експерименту.
Декларовано, що від комунікативних здібностей майбутніх менеджерів залежить їхня здоров’яорієнтована управлінська поведінка, діяльність стосовно розповсюдження інформації про дієвість здоров’язбережувальних технологій у виробничому середовищі. Представлено результати впровадження авторської комплементарно-інтегративної технології формування готовності майбутніх менеджерів до створення здоров’яорієнтованого середовища організації у частині впливів на розвиток їхніх комунікативних здібностей. Отримані експериментальні дані дозволяють зробити висновок про те, що абсолютне середнє значення якісних змін рівня комунікативного компонента після експерименту у студентів ЕГ є вищим порівняно з КГ (на 14,4%), а коефіцієнт ефективності становить 12,52%. Такий фактаж вказує на ефективність впровадженої комплементарно-інтегративної технології формування у майбутніх менеджерів готовності до створення здоров’яорієнтованого середовища організації.
STUDY ON THE RITUAL ARCHITECTURE OF LUOYANG CITY IN HAN AND WEI DYNASTIES
Authors: Jin Lipeng
Published: October 2020

The author of this article reviews the architectural style of Luoyang City during the Han and Wei dynasties by studying historical data, analyzes its architectural style characteristics from a historical perspective, and provides some suggestions for later scholars to study Chinese ancient architecture.
MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GINGIVAL COMPONENTS AT DIFFERENT TERMS OF EXPERIMENTAL OPIOID INFLUENCE
Authors: Fik V. B.  , Palʹtov Ye. V.
Published: October 2020

The aim of the study was to investigate changes in morphometric parameters of the gingival epithelial thickness, connective tissue papillae height and lumen diameter of arterioles, capillaries and venules in the dynamics after two, four and six weeks of experimental opioid exposure. Studies were performed on outbred white male rats. In the experiment, animals were injected with increasing opioid analgesic nalbuphine for six weeks, which ranged from 0.212 to 0.252 mg / kg. For histological and morphometric studies, semi-thin sections of the upper and lower jaws of rats were used. It was found that with the introduction of the opioid analgesic nalbuphine in increasing doses, the difference in the components of the periodontium were statistically significant compared with similar values of intact animals, indicating reactive changes in the gingival mucosa during short-term opioid action. After six weeks of opioid exposure, morphometrically revealed a sharp change in the vector of dynamics, which was manifested by statistically significant changes in the values of the components of the gums compared with similar indicators of intact animals, indicating the development of inflammatory- dystrophic changes in periodontal tissues.
ІННОВАЦІЇ В НАНОМЕДИЦИНІ ТА НАНОФАРМАЦІЇ
Authors: Bilan O. A.  , Brubaker I. O.  , Marchenko-Tolsta K. S.
Published: October 2020

The review examines current trends in the development of biomedical nanotechnology, its application in various fields of medicine and prospects for further development. Among the main directions — monitoring and control of delivery, distribution and use of drugs; nanobiosensors; diagnostics of pathological states; theranostics; use of nanostructured materials in regenerative medicine; nanotoxicology; nanophytopharmacy; green synthesis; development of new nanobiotech devices and nanorobototics.