bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopic studies of oral cancers: correlation of spectral and biochemical markers
Authors: Singh S. P. , Krishna C. Murali
Published: September 2014

Bothex vivoandin vivooral cancer studies performed using Raman spectroscopy over the past decade have demonstrated that the spectra of normal tissues are rich in lipids, while tumors have predominant protein features. Spectral features are a true representation of the biochemical makeup of a tissue, and protein-to-lipid ratio could be a prospective spectral and biochemical marker for oral cancer diagnosis.
Haemoglobin wrapped covalently by human serum albumin mutants containing Mn(iii) protoporphyrin IX: an O2complex stable in H2O2solution
Authors: Daijima Y. , Komatsu T.
Published: September 2014

Haemoglobin (Hb) wrapped covalently by human serum albumin mutants [HSA(Y161H)] containing Mn(iii) protoporphyrin IX (MnPP), the Hb–[HSA(Y161H)–MnPP]3cluster, formed a stable O2-complex even in H2O2solution.
Genetically encoded unstrained olefins for live cell labeling with tetrazine dyes
Authors: Lee Yan-Jiun , Kurra Yadagiri , Yang Yanyan , Torres-Kolbus Jessica , Deiters Alexander , Liu Wenshe R.
Published: September 2014

A number of non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs) with unstrained olefins are genetically encoded using mutant pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase–tRNAPylCUA pairs for catalyst-free labeling with tetrazine dyes.
Effects of surroundings on upconversion luminescent properties of rare earth luminescence centers
Authors: Zhang Jiayin , Qin Feng , Zhao Hua , Yang Xin , Zhang Xitian , Wang Xuanzhang , Gao Hong , Zhang Zhiguo , Cao Wenwu
Published: September 2014

A special core/shell/shell structured nanoparticle NaYF4/NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+/NaYF4 was designed and prepared to accurately investigate the effect of surroundings on rare earth centers.
A study of the ice–water interface using the TIP4P/2005 water model
Authors: Benet Jorge , MacDowell Luis G. , Sanz Eduardo
Published: September 2014

The structure and fluctuations of the ice–water interface are studied by means of computer simulations using the TIP4P/2005 model.
Fate of single walled carbon nanotubes in wetland ecosystems
Authors: Schierz Ariette , Espinasse Benjamin , Wiesner Mark R. , Bisesi Joseph H. , Sabo-Attwood Tara , Ferguson P. Lee
Published: September 2014

We report here the first studies addressing fate and transport of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in aquatic mesocosms.
Rapid nanoparticle-catalyzed hydrogenations in triphasic millireactors with facile catalyst recovery
Authors: Yap Swee Kun , Yuan Yuan , Zheng Lu , Wong Wai Kuan , Zhang Jiaguang , Yan Ning , Khan Saif A.
Published: September 2014

Process intensification in a triphasic millireactor for nanoparticle-catalyzed gas–liquid reactions with facile catalyst recovery and recycle is demonstrated.
Facile synthesis of a mesoporous Co3O4network for Li-storage via thermal decomposition of an amorphous metal complex
Authors: Wen Wei , Wu Jin-Ming , Cao Min-Hua
Published: September 2014

Thermal decomposition of an amorphous cobalt-based complex leads to mesoporous Co3O4networks, which exhibit excellent performance for lithium storage.
Direct ultrasensitive electrical detection of prostate cancer biomarkers with CMOS-compatible n- and p-type silicon nanowire sensor arrays
Authors: Gao Anran , Lu Na , Dai Pengfei , Fan Chunhai , Wang Yuelin , Li Tie
Published: September 2014

Ultrasensitive and complementary electrical detection of prostate cancer biomarkers with n- and p-type silicon nanowire sensor arrays.
On-demand shape and size purification of nanoparticle based on surface area
Authors: Liu Renming , Zhou Jian-Hua , Zhou Zhang-Kai , Jiang Xueqin , Liu Jiaming , Liu Guanghui , Wang Xue-Hua
Published: September 2014

To overcome the deficiencies of the traditional centrifugation method in on-demand purification of metal nanoparticles, we developed a surface-based purification method which can separate particles with the same mass but different shapes.
Nucleation kinetics of SrTiO3 3D islands and nanorings on Si substrates
Authors: Tejedor Paloma , Benedicto Marcos , Vázquez Luis , Galiana Beatriz
Published: September 2014

The nucleation of SrTiO3 three-dimensional (3D) islands and nanorings on Si substrates via a novel metalorganic decomposition (MOD) process has been investigated as a function of temperature and solution concentration of the SrTi(OC3H7)6 precursor.
Synthesis of substituted azafluorenones from dihalogeno diaryl ketones by palladium-catalyzed auto-tandem processes
Authors: Marquise Nada , Dorcet Vincent , Chevallier Floris , Mongin Florence
Published: September 2014

Auto-tandem processes combining either Suzuki or Heck coupling with direct cyclizing arylation are described.
A new strategy to prepare thermo-responsive multicompartment nanoparticles constructed with two diblock copolymers
Authors: He Xin , Li Quanlong , Shi Pengfei , Cui Yongliang , Li Shentong , Zhang Wangqing
Published: September 2014

Thermo-responsive multicompartment nanoparticles containing a PS core, discrete PVEA nodules on the PS core and a PDMAEMA corona are prepared.
In vitro gene expression and preliminary in vivo studies of temperature-dependent titania–graphene nanocomposites for bone replacement applications
Authors: Kavitha K. , Chunyan W. , Navaneethan D. , Rajendran V. , Valiyaveettil Suresh , Vinoth A.
Published: September 2014

To meet the demand for biomaterials due to increasing bone defects and damage, we sought to synthesize titania–graphene nanocomposites at different sintering temperatures and then optimize them to explore their potential applications in biomaterials.
Environment-resistant fluoro-containing antireflective coatings for high-powered laser systems
Authors: Zhang Xinxiang , Zhuang Mengyun , Miao Xia , Su Wenmu , Lin Mingyue , Lin Lixiao , Ye Longqiang , Yan Lianghong , Yang Wenbin , Jiang Bo
Published: September 2014

Environment-resistant fluoro-containing antireflective coatings was prepared by a sol–gel process by the co-condensation of tetraethylorthosilicate and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilanes (POTS).
Enhancing the insulation of wide-range spectrum in the PVA/N thin film by doping ZnO nanowires
Authors: Lin Yu-Chen , Chen Ching-Hsiang , Chen Liang-Yih , Hsu Shih-Chieh , Qian Shizhi
Published: September 2014

PVA/N doped ZnO hybrid thin films provide protection against harmful UV and IR rays.
Controlled fabrication of bi-functional Fe3O4@SiO2@Gd2O3:Yb,Er nanoparticles and their magnetic, up-conversion luminescent properties
Authors: Jing Peng , Wang Qin , Liu Baocang , Xu Guangran , Zhang Yanbing , Zhang Jun , De Gejihu
Published: September 2014

We develop a facile layer-by-layer deposition process to create bi-functional Fe3O4@SiO2@Gd2O3:Yb,Er nanostructures composed of magnetic Fe3O4 cores, variable SiO2 mid-layers, and up-converting Gd2O3 shells.
Three-dimensional hybridized carbon networks for high performance thermoelectric applications
Authors: Tan Xiaojian , Shao Hezhu , Wen Yanwei , Liu Huijun , Liu Guoqiang
Published: September 2014

Our study revealed that thermoelectric performance of carbon networks are improved by reducing thermal conductivity with electronic transport less affected.
Highly sensitive, stable, and precise detection of dopamine with carbon dots/tyrosinase hybrid as fluorescent probe
Authors: Li Hao , Liu Juan , Yang Manman , Kong Weiqian , Huang Hui , Liu Yang
Published: September 2014

The carbon dots/tyrosinase hybrid as a low-cost fluorescent probe for the detection of dopamine exhibits high sensitivity, stability, and precision.
Effect of melting temperature on interfacial interaction and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) fiber reinforced olefin block copolymers (OBCs)
Authors: Li Zhen , Shi Yunjie , Liu Huili , Chen Feng , Zhang Qin , Wang Ke , Fu Qiang
Published: September 2014

Transcrystalline structures for the first time were observed at the interface of OBC/PP fiber, proving that the partially melted (170 °C) and totally melted (190 °C) PP fibers have stronger interactions with OBC than unmelted PP fibers does.
Efficient and convenient oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with molecular oxygen catalyzed by Mn(OAc)2in ionic liquid [C12mim][NO3]
Authors: Hu Yu-Lin , Fang Dong , Xing Rong
Published: September 2014

A simple, efficient, and eco-friendly procedure for aerobic oxidation of sulfides catalyzed by Mn(OAc)2/[C12mim][NO3] has been developed.
Magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for CpG delivery to enhance cytokine induction via toll-like receptor 9
Authors: Tao Cuilian , Zhu Yufang , Li Xianglan , Hanagata Nobutaka
Published: September 2014

A potential cytosine–phosphate–guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) delivery system based on magnetic mesoporous silica (MMS) nanoparticles has been developed to enhance cytokine induction via toll-like receptor 9.
Hg2+ion-imprinted polymers sorbents based on dithizone–Hg2+chelation for mercury speciation analysis in environmental and biological samples
Authors: Zhang Zhong , Li Jinhua , Song Xingliang , Ma Jiping , Chen Lingxin
Published: September 2014

Novel Hg2+ion-imprinted polymers were synthesized using the chelate of dithizone and Hg2+as template for mercury speciation analysis.
Collaborative discourse and the modeling of solution chemistry with magnetic 3D physical models – impact and characterization
Authors: Warfa Abdi-Rizak M. , Roehrig Gillian H. , Schneider Jamie L. , Nyachwaya James
Published: September 2014

A significant body of the literature in science education examines students' conceptions of the dissolution of ionic solids in water, often showing that students lack proper understanding of the particulate nature of dissolving materials as well as holding numerous misconceptions about the dissolution process. Consequently, chemical educators have explored several instructional strategies to address this issue including the use of multimedia, computer animations, and hands-on activities. In this paper, we describe the ways in which the use of physical 3D magnetic molecular models during a cooperative inquiry-based activity on chemical bonding prompted classroom discourse on what counts as chemically justifiable and appropriate representations of dissolved ionic solids in water. In so doing, we use the intersection of science education and technology to research the role of models in science teaching, the nature of classroom discourse initiated by modeling activities, and unfolding changes in student conceptions and ultimately student learning.
Interaction and reactivity of synthetic aminoisoflavones with metal-free and metal-associated amyloid-β
Authors: DeToma Alaina S. , Krishnamoorthy Janarthanan , Nam Younwoo , Lee Hyuck Jin , Brender Jeffrey R. , Kochi Akiko , Lee Dongkuk , Onnis Valentina , Congiu Cenzo , Manfredini Stefano , Vertuani Silvia , Balboni Gianfranco , Ramamoorthy Ayyalusamy , Lim Mi Hee
Published: September 2014

Aminoisoflavones were shown to interact and react with metal-free and metal-associated amyloid-β to different extents.
Fluorinated 9,9′-bianthracene derivatives with twisted intramolecular charge-transfer excited states as blue host materials for high-performance fluorescent electroluminescence
Authors: Yu Yue , Jiao Bo , Wu Zhaoxin , Li Zhanfeng , Ma Lin , Zhou Guijiang , Yu Wai , So S. K. , Hou Xun
Published: September 2014

We report the electroluminescent performance of a series of fluorinated 9,9′-bianthracene derivatives with particular twisted intramolecular charge transfer excited state to serve as host materials.
Power conversion efficiency enhancement in diketopyrrolopyrrole based solar cells through polymer fractionation
Authors: Meager Iain , Ashraf Raja Shahid , Nielsen Christian B. , Donaghey Jenny E. , Huang Zhenggang , Bronstein Hugo , Durrant James R. , McCulloch Iain
Published: September 2014

Fractionation of a DPP copolymer by preparative GPC and device optimisation affords significant organic solar sell performance enhancement.
Improved non‐linear least squares method for estimating the damping levels of electromechanical oscillations
Authors: Lauria Davide , Pisani Cosimo
Published: September 2014

In this study, a new estimation algorithm is proposed for determining the damping of real‐life electromechanical oscillations in power systems. The main contribution of this study is to enhance the inherent resilience of the methodology in estimating the damping of electromechanical modes, even in the case of potential data packet dropouts in time‐synchronised acquired signals. In this regard, the basic idea was to exploit the inherent regularisation action of the Hilbert transform on the data packet dropouts. The secondary contribution relies on tailoring a rigorous method for estimating the damping levels, thus improving a recent procedure, proposed by the same authors, which was based on linear regression over a proper calculation interval. An improved least squares algorithm is hence tailored. It employs a specific objective function incorporating information regarding the finite Hilbert transform of the power signal components. The higher performances of the latter with respect to the others investigated are because of the regularisation action of the Hilbert transform, suitably integrated, in semi‐analytical manner, in an optimisation problem. The compact formulation of the estimation problem, characterised by a drastic reduction of the computational burden, allows a feasible implementation for real‐time assessment in WAMS environments.
Impact of heat pump load on distribution networks
Authors: Akmal Muhammad , Fox Brendan , Morrow John David , Littler Tim
Published: September 2014

Heat pumps can provide domestic heating at a cost that is competitive with oil heating in particular. If the electricity supply contains a significant amount of renewable generation, a move from fossil fuel heating to heat pumps can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The inherent thermal storage of heat pump installations can also provide the electricity supplier with valuable flexibility. The increase in heat pump installations in the UK and Europe in the last few years poses a challenge for low‐voltage networks, because of the use of induction motors to drive the pump compressors. The induction motor load tends to depress voltage, especially on starting. The study includes experimental results, dynamic load modelling, comparison of experimental results and simulation results for various levels of heat pump deployment. The simulations are based on a generic test network designed to capture the main characteristics of UK distribution system practice. The simulations employ DIgSlILENT Power Factory to facilitate dynamic simulations that focus on starting current, voltage variations, active power, reactive power and switching transients.
Track‐to‐track fusion with target existence
Authors: Mušicki Darko , Song Taek Lyul , Lee Hae Ho , Chen Xin , Kirubarajan Thialingam
Published: September 2014

Local tracking in clutter initialises and updates true and false tracks. Local false track discrimination uses a track quality measure to confirm most of the true tracks, and to terminate most of the false tracks. Confirmed tracks are transmitted for track‐to‐track fusion. The sets of tracks being considered for fusion may contain both true and false tracks. The authors assume that each track information also includes the track quality measure in the form of the probability of target existence information. This information is used for additional false track discrimination at the fusion centre. They also use this information to enhance the track‐to‐track association. They propose three different strategies for track fusion with the target existence information: the ‘single target’, the ‘joint multitarget’ and the ‘linear multitarget’.
Behaviour of electrical double layer under oil flow and voltage application inside a capacitive sensor
Authors: Metwally Ibrahim A. , Leblanc Paul , Paillat Thierry
Published: September 2014

This study presents an experimental investigation of the behaviour of electrical double layer (EDL) under oil flow and voltage application inside a capacitive sensor. This sensor is incorporated in a closed‐loop filled with fresh transformer oil. The sensor configuration allows a potential application for risk assessment. The behaviour of EDL is investigated by recording the streaming and the capacitive current waveforms for grounded and energised middle copper‐electrode cases and at different oil‐flow velocities and temperatures. The effect of direct and alternating voltage energisation is examined for different wave shapes and frequencies. In addition, the physicochemical reaction coefficient, the wall space–charge density and the accumulated charges inside the sensor are calculated by the static and the dynamic methods. The results are interpreted in terms of EDL evolution, physicochemical reaction at the solid–liquid interface, relaxation time of charges and electron emission from the negatively energised electrode. The results reveal that the calculated wall space–charge density slightly decreases with the increase in the oil‐flow velocity, contrary to the physicochemical reaction coefficient. For the case of AC energisation, the results show that there is an innocuous effect of the generated harmonic voltages on the oil‐flow electrification phenomenon.
Transport properties of zigzag graphene nanoribbon decorated with copper clusters
Authors: Berahman M. , Sheikhi M. H.
Published: September 2014

Using non-equilibrium green function with density functional theory, the present study investigates the transport properties of decorated zigzag graphene nanoribbon with a copper cluster. We have represented the decoration of zigzag graphene nanoribbon with single copper atom and cluster containing two and three copper atoms. In all the cases, copper atoms tend to occupy the edge state. In addition, we have shown that copper can alter the current-voltage characteristic of zigzag graphene nanoribbon and create new fluctuations and negative differential resistance. These alternations are made due to discontinuity in the combination of orbitals along the graphene nanoribbon. Decoration alters these discontinuities and creates more visible fluctuations. However, in low bias voltages, the changes are similar in all the cases. The study demonstrates that in the decorated zigzag graphene nanoribbon, the edge states are the main states for transporting electron from one electrode to another.
The patterning behaviour and accumulation of spherical particles in a vibrated non-isothermal liquid
Authors: Lappa Marcello
Published: September 2014

A completely new phenomenon of particle accumulation in vibrated non-isothermal monodisperse suspensions of solid spheres (in a liquid) is analyzed. For the first time evidence is provided for this case that even in situations in which particle-particle hydrodynamic interactions are negligible (dilute systems), intriguing nonlinear effects can lead to the irreversible formation of well-defined particulate structures over “long” temporal scales, i.e., times much larger than the period of the applied vibrations. The long-range translational ordering is produced by the delicate interplay between convective effects (of thermovibrational nature) and the (inertial) response of each isolated particle to the time-periodic acceleration. A new family of particle attractors in the physical space is identified with the topological dimension being essentially a function of the “symmetry properties” of the considered vibrated system and related geometrical constraints.
Analytic representations of bath correlation functions for ohmic and superohmic spectral densities using simple poles
Authors: Ritschel Gerhard , Eisfeld Alexander
Published: September 2014

We present a scheme to express a bath correlation function (BCF) corresponding to a given spectral density (SD) as a sum of damped harmonic oscillations. Such a representation is needed, for example, in many open quantum system approaches. To this end we introduce a class of fit functions that enables us to model ohmic as well as superohmic behavior. We show that these functions allow for an analytic calculation of the BCF using pole expansions of the temperature dependent hyperbolic cotangent. We demonstrate how to use these functions to fit spectral densities exemplarily for cases encountered in the description of photosynthetic light harvesting complexes. Finally, we compare absorption spectra obtained for different fits with exact spectra and show that it is crucial to take properly into account the behavior at small frequencies when fitting a given SD.
Controlling water flow inside carbon nanotube with lipid membranes
Authors: Feng Jia-Wei , Ding Hong-Ming , Ma Yu-Qiang
Published: September 2014

Understanding and controlling the transportation of water molecules across carbon nanotube (CNT) is of great importance in bio-nanotechnology. In this paper, we systematically investigate the water transporting behaviors (i.e., water flow rate) inside the CNT in the presence of lipid membranes by using all atom molecular dynamic simulations. Our results show that the hydrophilicity of CNT as well as membrane thickness can have important impacts on the water flow rate. Interestingly, since the membrane thickness is temperature-dependent, the water flow rate can exhibit thermo-responsive behaviors. Further, we also provide insights into the effect of CNT on lipid membranes. It is found that all CNTs can increase the lipid tail order parameters and thicken the membrane at 320 K; while these effects are not obvious at 290 K. Importantly, we observe that the CNT with specific hydrophobicity has the least effect on membranes. The present study may give some useful advice on future experimental design of novel devices and sensors.
Subwavelength silicon through-hole arrays as an all-dielectric broadband terahertz gradient index metamaterial
Authors: Park Sang-Gil , Lee Kanghee , Han Daehoon , Ahn Jaewook , Jeong Ki-Hun
Published: September 2014

Structuring at subwavelength scales brings out artificial media with anomalous optical features called metamaterials. All-dielectric metamaterials have high potential for practical applications over the whole electromagnetic spectrum owing to low loss and optical isotropy. Here, we report subwavelength silicon through-hole arrays as an all-dielectric gradient index metamaterial with broadband THz operation. The unit cell consists of a single subwavelength through-hole on highly resistive monocrystalline silicon. Depending on the fill-factor and period, the effective index was linearly modulated at 0.3–1.6 THz. The experimental results also demonstrate silicon gradient refractive index (Si-GRIN) lenses with parabolic index profiles through the spatial modification of a single unit cell along the radial direction. Si-GRIN lenses either focus 0.4–1.6 THz beam to the diffraction-limit or serve as a flat and thin solid immersion lens on the backside of THz photoconductive antenna for highly efficient pulse extraction. This all-dielectric gradient index metamaterial opens up opportunities for integrated THz GRIN optics.
The large connectivity limit of the Anderson model on tree graphs
Authors: Bapst Victor
Published: September 2014

We consider the Anderson localization problem on the infinite regular tree. Within the localized phase, we derive a rigorous lower bound on the free energy function recently introduced by Aizenman and Warzel. Using a finite volume regularization, we also derive an upper bound on this free energy function. This yields upper and lower bounds on the critical disorder such that all states at a given energy become localized. These bounds are particularly useful in the large connectivity limit where they match, confirming the early predictions of Abou-Chacra, Anderson, and Thouless.
Thermo-electromagnetic sound transducer based on carbon nanotube sheet
Authors: Kozlov Mikhail , Oh Jiyoung
Published: September 2014

Multi-walled carbon nanotube sheet stretched between conductive rods was placed in magnetic field and excited with alternating electrical current to obtain hybrid thermo-electromagnetic sound transducer (TEMST). Unlike quite common thermoacoustic (TA) device capable of conversion of heat into acoustic signal, sound generation in explored design is provided by diaphragm-like oscillations of thermally excited sheet induced by the electromagnetic Lorentz force. This results in the interference of TA and Lorentz force-driven contributions causing substantial variation of intensity and spatial distribution of first harmonic of emitted signal. Acoustic spectra and sound propagation direction for TEMST device can be controlled by applied bias voltage that is beneficial for diverse sound management applications. Observed dependence of acoustic amplitude on field strength can be used for magnetic sensing.
Thermo-optical pressure difference in one-component gas
Authors: Chermyaninov I. V. , Chernyak V. G.
Published: September 2014

A new phenomenon—thermo-optical pressure difference in the gas (TOPD) is regarded. This effect is the steady state of the second order which arises in the gas located in a closed capillary in the presence of a fixed temperature gradient and a resonant optical radiation. TOPD is the result of imposition thermal transpiration and light-induced drift of gas in a capillary. The problem is solved on the basis of the linearized Boltzmann kinetic equations for excited and unexcited gaseous particles. Expressions for the kinetic coefficients and pressure drop in gas at the ends of the closed capillary are obtained. Possible cases of the steady state are regarded for atoms and molecules. Numerical estimates of this effect for atomic and molecular gases in the whole range of Knudsen numbers are given.
Ground state study of the thin ferromagnetic nano-islands for artificial spin ice arrays
Authors: Vieira Júnior D. S. , Leonel S. A. , Dias R. A. , Toscano D. , Coura P. Z. , Sato F.
Published: September 2014

In this work, we used numerical simulations to study the magnetic ground state of the thin elongated (elliptical) ferromagnetic nano-islands made of Permalloy. In these systems, the effects of demagnetization of dipolar source generate a strong magnetic anisotropy due to particle shape, defining two fundamental magnetic ground state configurations—vortex or type C. To describe the system, we considered a model Hamiltonian in which the magnetic moments interact through exchange and dipolar potentials. We studied the competition between the vortex states and aligned states—type C—as a function of the shape of each elliptical nano-islands and constructed a phase diagram vortex—type C state. Our results show that it is possible to obtain the elongated nano-islands in the C-state with aspect ratios less than 2, which is interesting from the technological point of view because it will be possible to use smaller islands in spin ice arrays. Generally, the experimental spin ice arrangements are made with quite elongated particles with aspect ratio approximately 3 to ensure the C-state.
Head-on collision of dust-acoustic shock waves in strongly coupled dusty plasmas
Authors: EL-Shamy E. F. , Al-Asbali A. M.
Published: September 2014

A theoretical investigation is carried out to study the propagation and the head-on collision of dust-acoustic (DA) shock waves in a strongly coupled dusty plasma consisting of negative dust fluid, Maxwellian distributed electrons and ions. Applying the extended Poincaré–Lighthill–Kuo method, a couple of Korteweg–deVries–Burgers equations for describing DA shock waves are derived. This study is a first attempt to deduce the analytical phase shifts of DA shock waves after collision. The impacts of physical parameters such as the kinematic viscosity, the unperturbed electron-to-dust density ratio, parameter determining the effect of polarization force, the ion-to-electron temperature ratio, and the effective dust temperature-to-ion temperature ratio on the structure and the collision of DA shock waves are examined. In addition, the results reveal the increase of the strength and the steepness of DA shock waves as the above mentioned parameters increase, which in turn leads to the increase of the phase shifts of DA shock waves after collision. The present model may be useful to describe the structure and the collision of DA shock waves in space and laboratory dusty plasmas.
Selective thermal terahertz emission from GaAs and AlGaAs
Authors: Požela K. , Širmulis E. , Kašalynas I. , Šilėnas A. , Požela J. , Jucienė V.
Published: September 2014

The selective thermally stimulated terahertz (THz) radiation emission from GaAs and AlGaAs alloys are experimentally observed at frequencies of coupled oscillations of free electron plasma and different branches of interface AlGaAs optical phonons. The effect of strong absorption of incident radiation with large oblique angle (26°) by heated GaAs and AlGaAs is revealed. The coherent THz radiation emission with the frequency of 7.6 THz from the heated high conductivity GaAs (n = 4 × 1018 cm−3) layer is observed. The results are highly relevant to application in optoelectronic THz devices.
Fullerene C70 as a p-type donor in organic photovoltaic cells
Authors: Zhuang Taojun , Wang Xiao-Feng , Sano Takeshi , Hong Ziruo , Li Gang , Yang Yang , Kido Junji
Published: September 2014

Fullerenes and their derivatives have been widely used as n-type materials in organic transistor and photovoltaic devices. Though it is believed that they shall be ambipolar in nature, there have been few direct experimental proofs for that. In this work, fullerene C70, known as an efficient acceptor, has been employed as a p-type electron donor in conjunction with 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile as an electron acceptor in planar-heterojunction (PHJ) organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. High fill factors (FFs) of more than 0.70 were reliably achieved with the C70 layer even up to 100 nm thick in PHJ cells, suggesting the superior potential of fullerene C70 as the p-type donor in comparison to other conventional donor materials. The optimal efficiency of these unconventional PHJ cells was 2.83% with a short-circuit current of 5.33 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of 0.72 V, and a FF of 0.74. The results in this work unveil the potential of fullerene materials as donors in OPV devices, and provide alternative approaches towards future OPV applications.
Business Improvement Districts in England and the (Private?) Governance of Urban Spaces
Authors: De Magalhães Claudio
Published: September 2014

Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) were introduced in England just over ten years ago, and their adoption in over 180 locations all over the country owes a great deal to their potential ability to raise private funds to invest in the development of business areas. However, much of the academic literature on BIDs has been critical of what it sees as an expansion of corporate control of urban spaces and the weakening of elected local government, often on the evidence of a long-running North American debate. On the basis of ten case studies of English BIDs, in this paper I address the evolution of those organisations as private stakeholder-led instruments for the governance and management of business areas in England. I discuss whether and to what extent English BIDs constitute private government of urban areas, and the attendant issues of accountability and spatial inequalities in the distribution of public services and investment. I conclude by examining the implications of its findings for the future of urban governance.
Basis for Motion Capture in Terms of Illusory Motion Signal Obtained from Oblique Lines
Authors: Ichikawa Makoto , Masakura Yuko
Published: September 2014

As in the Pinna illusion, when an observer moves their head backwards and forwards while fixating on the center of concentric circles that consist of oblique lines, the observer sees illusory rotation of those circles. When several dots are superimposed on the concentric circles, an observer sees the illusory rotation not only for the circles, but also for those dots (Ichikawa, Masakura, & Munechika, 2006, Perception, 35, 933–946). This illusory rotation of the dots, which have no means of generating illusory motion themselves, is based on motion capture. We examined how the number of dots affects the illusory rotation for such circles and superimposed dots. Results showed that the illusory rotation for the inner circle was most salient when the superimposed dots were extremely numerous or few, although the illusory motion for the dots increased with the increment of the dots. These results suggest that motion capture depends upon a locally obtained motion signal from the oblique lines, and upon the accumulation of the motion signal within the groups of superimposed dots.
An Effect of Contrast and Luminance on Visual Representational Momentum for Location
Authors: Hubbard Timothy L , Ruppel Susan E
Published: September 2014

Effects of the contrast of target luminance and background luminance, and of the absolute level of target luminance, on representational momentum for the remembered final location of a previously viewed moving target were examined. Targets were high in contrast or luminance, decreasing in contrast or luminance, increasing in contrast or luminance, or low in contrast or luminance; the background was black or white. Representational momentum for target location was larger if targets were high or increasing in contrast or luminance and smaller if targets were low or decreasing in contrast or luminance. Representational momentum for target location was larger if targets were presented on a white background than on a black background. Implications for theories of localization and for theories of representational momentum are discussed.
Precision of estimating individual feed intake of grazing animals offered low, declining pasture availability
Authors: Lukuyu Margaret , Paull David R. , Johns William H. , Niemeyer Dominic , McLeod Jessica , McCorkell Bruce , Savage Darryl , Purvis Ian W. , Greenwood Paul L.
Published: September 2014

Measurement of intake of individual grazing animals remains one of the fundamental challenges to improving efficiency of livestock production. The use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) shows potential for this purpose and requires benchmark data to underpin the necessary algorithm development. This study aimed to provide benchmark data and enable improved precision in estimating pasture intake when pasture availability is low and declining. Each of 10 Angus steers with a mean liveweight ± s.d. of 326 ± 46 kg was randomly allocated to an individual grazing plot. The plots comprised a monoculture of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Surge), with estimated initial pasture biomass availability ≤1100 kg DM/ha, provided at three levels of pasture availability (low, medium and high), achieved by varying plot sizes (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ha). Pasture intake was estimated using two pasture disappearance-based techniques (rising-plate meter and capacitance meter) using regression equations of daily pasture biomass estimates over an 11-day pasture intake period, and two chemical marker-based techniques (dosed n-alkanes and chromic oxide). Both pasture disappearance-based techniques showed high variability in estimating pasture biomass, with mean coefficients of variation between repeated-measurements of 28% for the capacitance meter and 44% for the plate meter, although daily biomass measurements over the duration of the study using the two devices were highly correlated (r = 0.82). Mean pasture intake estimates across all four techniques ranged from 3.4 to 10.7 kg DM/day. The estimates of pasture intake differed between techniques but not between biomass availability treatments. Mean of pasture intake estimates made using the plate meter were consistently higher than for the other three techniques. The correlation coefficients between the intake estimates determined using the pasture disappearance-based techniques, and between their rankings, were 0.61 and 0.58, respectively. Intake estimates obtained using pasture disappearance and the chemical marker methods were not correlated apart from between chromic oxide and the plate meter (r = 0.51). Further refinement of these techniques and more studies over a wider range of pasture conditions are needed. It is critical to understand the limits within which each of the pasture intake methodologies will produce reliable results that can then be used as benchmark data for the development of predictive algorithms using WSN.
Assembly of Layer-Type Organosilver(I) Complexes Incorporating Nitrate and Isomeric Halophenylethynide Ligands
Authors: Cheng Ping-Shing , Hau Sam C. K. , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: September 2014

Single-crystal X-ray analysis of a series of 10 silver(i) nitrate complexes containing carbon-rich ligands each composed of a halosubstituted phenyl nucleus bearing a terminal ethynyl group at various positions provided detailed information on the influence of ligand disposition and orientation, coordination preferences, and the co-existence of silver(i)–ethynide and silver(i)–halogen interactions in the construction of coordination networks, which are consolidated by argentophilic and weak intra or intermolecular interactions.
Medication-taking behaviour in New South Wales patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study
Authors: Dhippayom Teerapon , Krass Ines
Published: September 2014

This study aimed to (1) determine adherence to diabetes medication in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients; (2) describe respondents’ attitudes and beliefs about medications, and barriers to adherence; and (3) to model predictors of non-adherence. Data were collected using online and postal surveys. Diabetes patients aged ≥18 years who were members of the Australian Diabetes Council were invited to participate. Main outcome measures were adherence to diabetes medication using 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Score (MMAS-8) and beliefs about medication using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire. A total of 543 T2D patients responded to the survey. The median (interquartile range) MMAS-8 score was 6.8 (5.0–7.0). The prevalence of adherence (MMAS-8 score ≥6) was 64.6%. The proportion of respondents who expressed concern about taking medications was 53.6%. Potential predictors of adherence included age (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.19–2.82), concern about medication (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87–0.96), knowledge of diabetes (OR, 0.85, 95% CI, 0.73–0.99), having difficulty in paying for medication (OR, 0.51; 95% CI ,0.33–0.79), having more than one regular pharmacy (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36–0.95), and using insulin (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30–0.81). Adherence to taking diabetes medication in a sample of the Australian T2D patient population was suboptimal. An understanding of medication-taking behaviour will assist health-care professionals to deliver appropriate and effective interventions to enhance adherence and optimise diabetes control in T2D patients.
Mountain runoff vulnerability to increased evapotranspiration with vegetation expansion
Authors: Goulden Michael L. , Bales Roger C.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Climate change has the potential to reduce the supply of surface water by accelerating mountain vegetation growth and evapotranspiration (ET), though the likelihood and severity of this effect are poorly known. We used the upper Kings River basin in California’s Sierra Nevada as a case study of the sensitivity of runoff to increased ET with warming. We found that Kings River flow is highly sensitive to vegetation expansion; warming projected for 2100 could increase ET across the Kings River watershed by 28% and decrease riverflow by 26%. Moreover, we found a consistent relationship between watershed ET and temperature across the Sierra Nevada; this consistency implies a potential widespread reduction in water supply with warming, with important implications for California’s economy and environment.
Polarization signaling in swordtails alters female mate preference
Authors: Calabrese Gina M. , Brady Parrish C. , Gruev Viktor , Cummings Molly E.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Polarization, the alignment of light waves in a plane, is a property that many nonhuman animals can detect. Polarized body patterning on some animals has prompted research into polarization as a signaling modality, but experimental evidence is lacking. We found evidence for sexual selection on polarization ornamentation in a swordtail fish: sexually dimorphic polarization patterning with higher polarization contrast in males and females exhibiting a mate preference for this ornamentation. We manipulated male polarization properties in a mate choice experiment and found that females prefer males with polarized over depolarized ornamentation and that males may increase polarization contrast in social environments. Polarization signaling may provide enhanced display detection, along with privatized communication, due to the directional component of polarized light.
Preferential infection of human Ad5-specific CD4 T cells by HIV in Ad5 naturally exposed and recombinant Ad5-HIV vaccinated individuals
Authors: Hu Haitao , Eller Michael A. , Zafar Shah , Zhou Yu , Gu Mengnan , Wei Zhi , Currier Jeffrey R. , Marovich Mary A. , Kibuuka Hannah N. , Bailer Robert T. , Koup Richard A. , Robb Merlin L. , Michael Nelson L. , Kim Jerome H. , Ratto-Kim Silvia
Published: September 2014

Significance

Efforts to develop an efficacious HIV vaccine have been unsuccessful to date. Efficacy trials have reported that recombinant Ad5 (rAd5)-HIV vaccines were not efficacious and unexpectedly associated with excess HIV infection in vaccine recipients. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is urgent and will further HIV vaccine design. By comparing human CD4 T cells specific to Ad5 and CMV, we report that natural exposure- or vaccine-induced Ad5-specific CD4 T cells are highly susceptible to HIV compared with CMV-specific CD4 T cells and selectively manifest a Th17-like proinflammatory phenotype. Our findings suggest a potential mechanism for rAd5-associated excess HIV infections in vaccine recipients and highlight that testing HIV susceptibility of vaccine-generated CD4 T cells may have utility before vaccine evaluation in human trials.
Combined fluorescent and electron microscopic imaging unveils the specific properties of two classes of meiotic crossovers
Authors: Anderson Lorinda K. , Lohmiller Leslie D. , Tang Xiaomin , Hammond D. Boyd , Javernick Lauren , Shearer Lindsay , Basu-Roy Sayantani , Martin Olivier C. , Falque Matthieu
Published: September 2014

Significance

In many eukaryotes, two types of meiotic crossovers (COs) coexist: class I COs that show CO interference and class II COs that do not show interference. Little is known about the separate properties of these two CO pathways or their interaction in wild-type organisms because individual COs cannot be assigned by class using marker segregation. We present an improved cytogenetic approach to identify COs from each class simultaneously on tomato meiotic chromosomes to reveal that the two CO classes have different distributions, with class II COs enriched in short arms and heterochromatin. Although class II CO distributions are consistent with no interference, interference between the two pathways was detected, with suppression of close class I and class II COs.
Complement activation by ligand-driven juxtaposition of discrete pattern recognition complexes
Authors: Degn Søren E. , Kjaer Troels R. , Kidmose Rune T. , Jensen Lisbeth , Hansen Annette G. , Tekin Mustafa , Jensenius Jens C. , Andersen Gregers R. , Thiel Steffen
Published: September 2014

Significance

A salient feature of the immune system is its ability to discriminate self from nonself. We define the molecular mechanism governing activation of an ancient and central component: the lectin pathway of complement. The basis is the association of two proteases in distinct complexes with at least five pattern recognition molecules. Clustering of these complexes on ligand surfaces allows cross-activation of the proteases, which subsequently activate downstream factors to initiate a proteolytic cascade. This is conceptually similar to signaling by cellular receptors and could be viewed as cellular signaling turned inside out. Different pattern recognition complexes “talk to each other” to coordinate immune activation, which may impart differential activation based on recognition of simple vs. complex ligand patterns.
Genetic erosion in maize’s center of origin
Authors: Dyer George A. , López-Feldman Alejandro , Yúnez-Naude Antonio , Taylor J. Edward
Published: September 2014

Significance

Unlike germplasm banks, on-farm conservation allows crops to evolve continuously in response to changing conditions. Agricultural adaptation to climate change, emerging pests, and diseases thus depends on conserving crop genetic diversity in situ. However, increasing awareness of these issues has not translated into effective conservation policies. We find that previous assessments of on-farm maize diversity in Mexico are flawed and conceal widespread genetic erosion that could thwart current food security strategies for climate adaptation. Unable to mitigate declining yields by recourse to diversity, farmers might abandon agriculture, leading to a vicious cycle of yield and diversity losses. A reassessment of the conservation status in other centers of crop diversity is similarly urgent but could take a decade given data requirements.
Essential role of sympathetic endothelin A receptors for adverse cardiac remodeling
Authors: Lehmann Lorenz H. , Rostosky Julia S. , Buss Sebastian J. , Kreusser Michael M. , Krebs Jutta , Mier Walter , Enseleit Frank , Spiger Katharina , Hardt Stefan E. , Wieland Thomas , Haass Markus , Lüscher Thomas F. , Schneider Michael D. , Parlato Rosanna , Gröne Hermann-Josef , Haberkorn Uwe , Yanagisawa Masashi , Katus Hugo A. , Backs Johannes
Published: September 2014

Significance

In failing hearts, norepinephrine (NE) net release and endothelin-1 (ET1) levels are increased. ET1 receptor antagonists were successfully used in preclinical heart failure (HF) studies, but clinical studies did not show beneficial effects in HF patients. We found that mice lacking endothelin receptor A (ET
A
) only in sympathetic neurons but not in cardiomyocytes were protected from the development of HF. Mechanistically, the presynaptic reuptake of NE within the heart was preserved in mice lacking ET
A
only in sympathetic neurons. These data provide an explanation of why patients in clinical studies do not benefit from ET1 receptor antagonists, because these patients are usually treated with β blockers, which interfere with the mechanism of action identified here.
Multiscale digital
Arabidopsis
predicts individual organ and whole-organism growth
Authors: Chew Yin Hoon , Wenden Bénédicte , Flis Anna , Mengin Virginie , Taylor Jasper , Davey Christopher L. , Tindal Christopher , Thomas Howard , Ougham Helen J. , de Reffye Philippe , Stitt Mark , Williams Mathew , Muetzelfeldt Robert , Halliday Karen J. , Millar Andrew J.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Plants respond to environmental change by triggering biochemical and developmental networks across multiple scales. Multiscale models that link genetic input to the whole-plant scale and beyond might therefore improve biological understanding and yield prediction. We report a modular approach to build such models, validated by a framework model of
Arabidopsis thaliana
comprising four existing mathematical models. Our model brings together gene dynamics, carbon partitioning, organ growth, shoot architecture, and development in response to environmental signals. It predicted the biomass of each leaf in independent data, demonstrated flexible control of photosynthesis across photoperiods, and predicted the pleiotropic phenotype of a developmentally misregulated transgenic line. Systems biology, crop science, and ecology might thus be linked productively in a community-based approach to modeling.