bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary structural and functional conservation of an ortholog of the GLUT2 glucose transporter gene (SLC2A2) in zebrafish
Authors: Castillo Juan , Crespo Diego , Capilla Encarnación , Díaz Mònica , Chauvigné François , Cerdà Joan , Planas Josep V.
Published: September 2009

In mammals, GLUT2 plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis. From an evolutionary perspective, relatively little is known about the biology of GLUT2, or other GLUTs, in nonmammalian vertebrates. Here, we have conducted studies to functionally characterize GLUT2 in zebrafish. First, we cloned the zebrafish ortholog of GLUT2 (zfGLUT2) encoding a protein of 504 amino acids with high-sequence identity to other known vertebrate GLUT2 proteins. The zfGLUT2 gene consists of 11 exons and 10 introns, spanning 20 kb and mapping to a region of chromosome 2 that exhibits conserved synteny with human chromosome 3. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, zfGLUT2 transported 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) with similar affinity than mammalian GLUT2 ( Kmof 11 mM). Transport of 2-DG was competed mostly by d-fructose and d-mannose and was inhibited by cytochalasin B. During early development, zfGLUT2 expression was detected already at 10 h postfertilization and remained elevated in 5-day larvae, when it was clearly localized to the liver and intestinal bulb. In the adult, zfGLUT2 expression was highest in testis, brain, skin, kidney, and intestine, followed by liver and muscle. In the intestine, zfGLUT2 transcripts were detected in absorptive enterocytes, and its mRNA levels were altered by fasting and refeeding, suggesting that its expression in the intestine may be regulated by the nutritional status. These results indicate that the structure and function of GLUT2 has been remarkably well conserved during vertebrate evolution and open the way for the use of zebrafish as a model species in which to study the biology and pathophysiology of GLUT2.
Ischemia Alters the Expression of Connexins in the Aged Human Brain
Authors: Nakase Taizen , Maeda Tetsuya , Yoshida Yasuji , Nagata Ken
Published: September 2009

Although the function of astrocytic gap junctions under ischemia is still under debate, increased expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) has been observed in ischemic brain lesions, suggesting that astrocytic gap junctions could provide neuronal protection against ischemic insult. Moreover, different connexin subtypes may play different roles in pathological conditions. We used immunohistochemical analysis to investigate alterations in the expression of connexin subtypes in human stroke brains. Seven samples, sectioned after brain embolic stroke, were used for the analysis. Data, evaluated semiquantitatively by computer‐assisted densitometry, was compared between the intact hemisphere and ischemic lesions. The results showed that the coexpression of Cx32 and Cx45 with neuronal markers was significantly increased in ischemic lesions. Cx43 expression was significantly increased in the colocalization with astrocytes and relatively increased in the colocalization with neuronal marker in ischemic lesions. Therefore, Cx32, Cx43, and Cx45 may respond differently to ischemic insult in terms of neuroprotection.
Existence and Exponential Stability of Periodic Solution of High‐Order Hopfield Neural Network with Delays on Time Scales
Authors: Li Yongkun , Zhao Lili , Liu Ping
Published: September 2009

On time scales, by using the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory and constructing some suitable Lyapunov functions, the periodicity and the exponential stability are investigated for a class of delayed high‐order Hopfield neural networks (HHNNs), which are new and complement of previously known results. Finally, an example is given to
show the effectiveness of the proposed method and results.
Chromatographic and Spectral Analysis of Two Main Extractable Compounds Present in Aqueous Extracts of Laminated Aluminum Foil Used for Protecting LDPE‐Filled Drug Vials
Authors: Akapo Samuel O. , Syed Sajid , Mamangun Anicia , Skinner Wayne
Published: September 2009

Laminated aluminum foils are increasingly being used to protect drug products packaged in semipermeable containers (e.g., low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)) from degradation and/or evaporation. The direct contact of such materials with primary packaging containers may potentially lead to adulteration of the drug product by extractable or leachable compounds present in the closure system. In this paper, we described a simple and reliable HPLC method for analysis of an aqueous extract of laminated aluminum foil overwrap used for packaging LDPE vials filled with aqueous pharmaceutical formulations. By means of combined HPLC‐UV, GC/MS, LC/MS/MS, and NMR spectroscopy, the two major compounds detected in the aqueous extracts of the representative commercial overwraps were identified as cyclic oligomers with molecular weights of 452 and 472 and are possibly formed from poly‐condensation of the adhesive components, namely, isophthalic acid, adipic acid, and diethylene glycol. Lower molecular weight compounds that might be associated with the“building blocks” of these compounds were not detected in the aqueous extracts.
Satellite Media Broadcasting with Adaptive Coding and Modulation
Authors: Gardikis Georgios , Zotos Nikolaos , Kourtis Anastasios
Published: September 2009

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) is a feature incorporated into the DVB-S2 satellite specification, allowing real-time adaptation of transmission parameters according to the link conditions. Although ACM was originally designed for optimizing unicast services, this article discusses the expansion of its usage to broadcasting streams as well. For this purpose, a general cross-layer adaptation approach is proposed, along with its realization into a fully functional experimental network, and test results are presented. Finally, two case studies are analysed, assessing the gain derived by ACM in a real large-scale deployment, involving HD services provision to two different geographical areas.
The Hard Road Ahead for Thailand's Economic Recovery
Authors: Nidhiprabha Bhanupong
Published: September 2009

Globalization leads to the increasing complexity of production networks through foreign direct investment, which transmits demand shocks from the rest of the world to the Thai economy. Short-term fiscal stimulus would not be able to shorten the length of recession unless consumer confidence is restored. Violation of established social obligations and contracts erodes business sentiment and eventually would lead to a negative long-term impact on economic growth. The duration of the recession and the speed of a recovery hinge on the government's ability to restore confidence during uncertain times.
Why Don't Asians Invest in Asia? The Determinants of Cross-Border Portfolio Holdings
Authors: García-Herrero Alicia , Wooldridge Philip , Yang Doo Yong
Published: September 2009

This paper seeks to understand why Asian foreign investment is concentrated in financial markets outside of the region instead of in Asian markets. We analyze empirically the geographical composition of the cross-border portfolio holdings of more than 40 source countries. We compare these benchmark results with those of four subgroups: advanced industrial economies, emerging market economies, European economies, and Asia-Pacific economies. The lack of liquidity in Asian financial markets turns out to be one reason why Asian capital is invested predominantly outside the region, notwithstanding the short distances and large trade flows between Asian economies. Initiatives to improve the liquidity of Asian financial markets, therefore, may be a useful way to stimulate financial integration within the region.
Implications of the Global Financial Crisis on Korea's Trade
Authors: Hwang Sangyeon , Im Hyejoon
Published: September 2009

In this paper, we examine the channels through which the current global crisis affects Korea's trade and assess the implications thereof. These five important channels under investigation are: (1) world demand, (2) domestic demand, (3) exchange rate, (4) credit markets, and (5) protectionism. We conclude that the world demand channel is the most important factor for the recovery of Korea's exports. We expect that depreciation followed by the crisis should generate only small positive effects on a trade balance in the short run. However, depreciation can erode the long-term competitiveness of domestic firms because it can deteriorate not only firms' balance sheets but also banks' balance sheets.
Numerical Investigation of Collision-Induced Breakup of Raindrops. Part II: Parameterizations of Coalescence Efficiencies and Fragment Size Distributions
Authors: Straub Winfried , Beheng Klaus Dieter , Seifert Axel , Schlottke Jan , Weigand Bernhard
Published: September 2009

Results of numerically investigated binary collisions of 32 drop pairs presented in Part I of this study are used to parameterize coalescence efficiencies and size distributions of breakup fragments of large raindrops.

In contrast to the well-known results of Low and List, it is shown that coalescence efficiencies Ec can be described best by means of the Weber number We yielding Ec = exp(−1.15We). The fragment size distributions gained from our numerical investigations were parameterized by fitting normal, lognormal, and delta distributions and relating the parameters of the distribution functions to physical quantities relevant for the breakup event. Thus, this parameterization has formally a substantial similarity to the one of Low and List, although no reference is made to breakup modes such as filament, disk, and sheet. Additionally, mass conservation is guaranteed in the present approach. The parameterizations from Low and List, as well as the new parameterizations, are applied to compute a stationary size distribution (SSD) from solving the kinetic coagulation–breakup equation until a time-independent state is reached. Although with the parameterizations of Low and List, the SSD shows an often-reported three-peak structure, with the new parameterizations the second peak vanishes completely.
Response of Summer Precipitation over Eastern China to Large Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Peng Youbing , Shen Caiming , Wang Wei-Chyung , Xu Ying
Published: September 2009

Studies of the effects of large volcanic eruptions on regional climate so far have focused mostly on temperature responses. Previous studies using proxy data suggested that coherent droughts over eastern China are associated with explosive low-latitude volcanic eruptions. Here, the authors present an investigation of the responses of summer precipitation over eastern China to large volcanic eruptions through analyzing a 1000-yr global climate model simulation driven by natural and anthropogenic forcing. Superposed epoch analyses of 18 cases of large volcanic eruption indicate that summer precipitation over eastern China significantly decreases in the eruption year and the year after. Model simulation suggests that this reduction of summer precipitation over eastern China can be attributed to a weakening of summer monsoon and a decrease of moisture vapor over tropical oceans caused by large volcanic eruptions.
Implied Ocean Heat Transports in the Standard and Superparameterized Community Atmospheric Models
Authors: DeMott Charlotte A. , Randall David A. , Khairoutdinov Marat
Published: September 2009

Implied ocean heat transport (To) based on net surface energy budgets is computed for two versions of the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM, version 3.0) general circulation model (GCM). The first version is the standard CAM with parameterized convection. The second is the multiscale modeling framework (MMF), in which parameterized convection is replaced with a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model in each GCM grid column. Although global-mean net surface energy totals are similar for both models, differences in the geographic distributions of the component errors lead to distinctly different To for each model, with CAM’s To generally agreeing with observationally based To estimates, and the MMF’s To producing northward transport at all latitudes north of ∼50°S.

Analysis of component error sources in the To calculation identifies needed improvements in the MMF. Net surface shortwave radiation and latent heat fluxes over the oceans are the primary causes of To errors in the MMF. Surface shortwave radiation biases in the MMF are associated with liquid and/or ice water content biases in tropical and extratropical convection and a deficit of marine stratocumulus clouds. It is expected that tropical ice water contents in the MMF can be made more realistic via improvements to the cloud microphysics parameterization. MMF marine stratocumulus clouds are overly sensitive to low-level relative humidity and form only with nearly saturated conditions and a shallow boundary layer. Latent heat flux errors in the MMF are amplifications of those found in the CAM and are concentrated in the trade wind regime and the Asian monsoon region and the adjacent western Pacific Ocean.

Potential improvements to To are estimated by replacing either simulated net surface shortwave or latent heat fluxes with those from observations and recomputing To. When observed shortwave fluxes are used, both CAM and MMF produce greatly improved To curves for both hemispheres. When To is computed using observed latent heat fluxes, CAM To degrades slightly and MMF To improves, especially in the sign of Southern Hemisphere transport.
Implications of Ensemble Quantitative Precipitation Forecast Errors on Distributed Streamflow Forecasting
Authors: Mascaro Giuseppe , Vivoni Enrique R. , Deidda Roberto
Published: September 2009

Evaluating the propagation of errors associated with ensemble quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) into the ensemble streamflow response is important to reduce uncertainty in operational flow forecasting. In this paper, a multifractal rainfall downscaling model is coupled with a fully distributed hydrological model to create, under controlled conditions, an extensive set of synthetic hydrometeorological events, assumed as observations. Subsequently, for each event, flood hindcasts are simulated by the hydrological model using three ensembles of QPFs—one reliable and the other two affected by different kinds of precipitation forecast errors—generated by the downscaling model. Two verification tools based on the verification rank histogram and the continuous ranked probability score are then used to evaluate the characteristics of the correspondent three sets of ensemble streamflow forecasts. Analyses indicate that the best forecast accuracy of the ensemble streamflows is obtained when the reliable ensemble QPFs are used. In addition, results underline (i) the importance of hindcasting to create an adequate set of data that span a wide range of hydrometeorological conditions and (ii) the sensitivity of the ensemble streamflow verification to the effects of basin initial conditions and the properties of the ensemble precipitation distributions. This study provides a contribution to the field of operational flow forecasting by highlighting a series of requirements and challenges that should be considered when hydrologic ensemble forecasts are evaluated.
Intense Convection Observed by NASA ER-2 in Hurricane Emily (2005)
Authors: Cecil Daniel J. , Quinlan Kevin R. , Mach Douglas M.
Published: September 2009

On 17 July, intense convection in the eyewall of Hurricane Emily (2005) was observed by the high-altitude (∼20 km) NASA ER-2 aircraft. Analysis of this convection is undertaken using downward-looking radar, passive microwave radiometer, electric field mills, and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-11 (GOES-11) rapid-scan infrared imagery. Radar data show convection reaching more than 17 km, with reflectivity more than 40 dBZ and estimated updraft speeds greater than 20 m s−1 at ∼14-km altitude. All of the passive microwave frequencies (10, 19, 37, and 85 GHz) experienced scattering by large ice particles. Large electric fields with dozens of lightning flashes were recorded. Because of safety concerns arising from difficulties with the first two transects, the flight plan was modified to avoid passing above the eyewall again. These observations occurred 8–10 h after Emily’s peak 929-hPa intensity, with central pressures from reconnaissance aircraft having risen to 943 hPa immediately before the flight and 946 hPa immediately afterward (no such measurements available during the flight). Rapid-scan infrared imagery reveals that a period of episodic bursts of strong, deep convection was beginning just as the ER-2 arrived. The first leg across the eye coincided with a rapidly growing new cell along the flight track in the western eyewall. This strong convection may have been characteristic of Emily for the ∼24 h leading up to landfall in the Yucatan, but it does not appear to be a continuation of convective trends from the previous rapid intensification or peak intensity periods.
An Intercomparison of Simulated Rainfall and Evapotranspiration Associated with a Mesoscale Convective System over West Africa
Authors: Guichard Françoise , Asencio Nicole , Peugeot Christophe , Bock Olivier , Redelsperger Jean-Luc , Cui Xuefeng , Garvert Matthew , Lamptey Benjamin , Orlandi Emiliano , Sander Julia , Fierli Federico , Gaertner Miguel Angel , Jones Sarah C. , Lafore Jean-Philippe , Morse Andrew , Nuret Mathieu , Boone Aaron , Balsamo Gianpaolo , de Rosnay Patricia , Decharme Bertrand , Harris Philip P. , Bergès J.-C.
Published: September 2009

An evaluation of precipitation and evapotranspiration simulated by mesoscale models is carried out within the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. Six models performed simulations of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed to cross part of West Africa in August 2005.

Initial and boundary conditions are found to significantly control the locations of rainfall at synoptic scales as simulated with either mesoscale or global models. When initialized and forced at their boundaries by the same analysis, all models forecast a westward-moving rainfall structure, as observed by satellite products. However, rainfall is also forecast at other locations where none was observed, and the nighttime northward propagation of rainfall is not well reproduced. There is a wide spread in the rainfall rates across simulations, but also among satellite products.

The range of simulated meridional fluctuations of evapotranspiration (E) appears reasonable, but E displays an overly strong zonal symmetry. Offline land surface modeling and surface energy budget considerations show that errors in the simulated E are not simply related to errors in the surface evaporative fraction, and involve the significant impact of cloud cover on the incoming surface shortwave flux.

The use of higher horizontal resolution (a few km) enhances the variability of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and precipitable water (PW) at the mesoscale. It also leads to a weakening of the daytime precipitation, less evapotranspiration, and smaller PW amounts. The simulated MCS propagates farther northward and somewhat faster within an overall drier atmosphere. These changes are associated with a strengthening of the links between PW and precipitation.
The Formation of Multiple Squall Lines and the Impacts of WSR-88D Radial Winds in a WRF Simulation
Authors: Karan Haldun , Fitzpatrick Patrick J. , Hill Christopher M. , Li Yongzuo , Xiao Qingnong , Lim Eunha
Published: September 2009

A detailed observational and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model analysis utilizing Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), surface, and upper-air observations, as well as Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) images, shows a chain of events that leads to the formation of two prefrontal squall lines along the western Gulf coast on 29–30 April 2005. An approaching surface cold front (CF) generated an atmospheric bore that propagated along an inversion layer and excited high-frequency, low-level tropospheric gravity waves, initiating a squall line 60 km east of the cold front. This sequence of events manifested itself as low-level convergence ahead of the CF, which was detected by nearby WSR-88D radars. Two WRF model experiments were conducted in which one assimilated conventional observations (CTRL), and another included radar radial winds from nine WSR-88D locations (denoted as RADAR). Better representation of the low-level kinematics in RADAR yielded a distinct convergence line associated with the primary squall line.

The RADAR experiment, as well as observations (such as an 0600 UTC Slidell, Louisiana, sounding), show that the secondary squall line formed ahead of the primary squall line due to high water vapor and warm temperature advection from the Gulf of Mexico that, when combined with a deep dry layer above the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), destabilized the atmosphere. Concurrently, a lower-tropospheric trough, propagating faster than the surface front, enhanced lifting in the region and instigated the formation of new convection. RADAR forecasted the secondary convection not only in the right place but also at about the right time, while the CTRL experiment completely missed this secondary convection.
Understanding team-level career mentoring by leaders and its effects on individual team-source learning: The effects of intra-group processes
Authors: Williams Ethlyn A. , Scandura Terri A. , Gavin Mark
Published: September 2009

Team-level career mentoring by supervisors is conceptualized as mentoring that provides career support for all team members. A new model of mentoring and individual team-source learning is presented. Data from 192 individuals in 37 intact work groups in the banking industry were used to examine how intra-group processes might influence the team mentoring process. Team-level leader-member exchange, peer mentoring, and proactive member behavior were examined for their influence on team-level career mentoring by supervisors. Our results suggest that aspects of the team context (represented by mean leader-member exchange and mean peer mentoring) influenced team-level career mentoring. Team-level career mentoring (TCM) had a positive effect on individual team-source learning and had mediating effects on the relationships between the team contextual factors and individual team-source learning. The implications of this research for studying supervisory team-level career mentoring are discussed.
Towards a theory of being-centered leadership: Multiple levels of being as context for effective leadership
Authors: Fry Louis , Kriger Mark
Published: September 2009

This article proposes and develops a theory of leadership that utilizes five levels of being as context for effective leadership: 1) the physical world; 2) the world of images and imagination; 3) the level of the soul; 4) the level of the Spirit; and 5) the non-dual level. We first explore how each of the five levels of being provides a means for advancing both the theory and the practice of leadership. Second, we utilize these five levels to create the foundation for a theory of leadership based on being that goes beyond current theory which emphasizes having and doing — either having appropriate traits and competencies or doing appropriate actions depending on the situation. We present propositions for future research as we discuss each of the five levels of being. Finally, we discuss implications for leadership development and future research that arise from such a being-centered leadership theory.
Hostage Taking: Determinants of Terrorist Logistical and Negotiation Success
Authors: Gaibulloev Khusrav , Sandler Todd
Published: September 2009

This article investigates the determinants of logistical and negotiation success from the terrorists’ viewpoint in hostage-taking missions. Logistical success indicates that the terrorists apparently completed the mission as planned, while negotiation success means that the terrorists received some of their initial demands. In the empirical analysis, the article utilizes a new dataset on hostage incidents from 1978 through 2005 for the logit regressions. Empirical results broadly support the authors’ theoretical predictions. Logistical success depends positively on terrorist resources and target vulnerability, while negotiation success increases with the relative disagreement values and relative bargaining strengths of the terrorists. More specifically, terrorist success at the execution stage depends positively on kidnappings and large hostage grabs and varies negatively with attack force diversity and terrorist casualties. Negotiation success depends on bargaining variables (i.e. the number of hostages, casualties, incident duration, and other proxies). The article shows that the factors that determine terrorist negotiation success differ between kidnappings and non-kidnappings (i.e. skyjackings, the takeover of buildings, and the hijacking of non-aerial means of transport), owing to location and other considerations (e.g. types of demands). In particular, making multiple demands bolsters negotiated success in non-kidnappings, while demanding money fosters negotiated success in kidnappings. Lengthier incidents have a positive influence on the likelihood of terrorists gaining concessions in kidnappings and non-kidnappings.
The Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus, Depression, and Missed Appointments in a Low-Income Uninsured Population
Authors: Bowser Donna M. , Utz Sharon , Glick Doris , Harmon Rebecca , Rovnyak Virginia
Published: September 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this project is to identify rates of depression and document mental health needs of adults with diabetes who obtained care in free clinics. Data were collected to determine if there is a relationship between diabetes and depression and missed appointments in a sample of patients who were low-income, uninsured, and represented a variety of racial groups.

Methods

A sample of 183 adults with diabetes participated by completing paper and computerized questionnaires. Instruments included the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (to measure prevalence of depression), the RAND 36 Health Survey (to measure quality of health), the Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life (to measure diabetes-dependent quality of life), and the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (to measure self-efficacy).

Results

The prevalence of depression at a moderate or greater level in the sample was found to be 30.1%. Levels of quality of health and self-efficacy were found to be reduced among those with the presence of depression. A significant increase in the rate of depression was found among those who had attended the free clinic for a longer period. No significant differences were found in diabetes-dependent quality of life and missed appointments among those with depression compared with those without.

Conclusions

Rates of depression among adults with diabetes in a free clinic setting were found to be comparable with the highest rates reported by other studies of insured populations. Results of this study support the need to develop mental health treatment programs for free clinic settings.
Performance Appraisal Procedural Justice: The Role of a Manager’s Implicit Person Theory
Authors: Heslin Peter A. , VandeWalle Don
Published: September 2009

Although there is a vast literature on employee reactions to procedural injustice, little is known about the important issue of why some managers are less procedurally just than others. In this field study we found that a manager’s implicit person theory (IPT; i.e., extent of assumption that people can change) predicted employees’ perceptions of the procedural justice with which their last performance appraisal was conducted. These procedural justice perceptions in turn predicted employees’ organizational citizenship behavior, as partially mediated by their organizational commitment. This research provides an initial empirical basis for a new line of inquiry that extends existing IPT theory into the realm of perceptual, attitudinal, and behavioral responses to people as a function of their IPT. Other contributions to the IPT, performance appraisal, and procedural justice literatures are discussed.
The Role of Middle Management in the Strategy Process: Group Affiliation, Structural Holes, and Tertius Iungens
Authors: Shi Weilei , Markoczy Livia , Dess Gregory G.
Published: September 2009

This study explores the relationship between eight distinct brokerage roles of middle managers and their involvement in achieving different strategic goals. The authors argue that each role contributes to different aspects of middle managers’ strategic goals and that some roles are more likely to realize brokerage advantages than others. They further suggest that bridging structural holes may not be an optimal strategy in all situations. Important implications of their model are discussed and several future research directions are proposed.
Teaching tough kids: Searle and Stepney
Authors: Davis Bob
Published: September 2009

The template for Chris Searle’s teaching career, his development of a working-class pedagogy and his concept of critical literacy, was set in his very first teaching job, at Sir John Cass School in Stepney, East London. Here he engaged with the lives and imaginations of all the children, encouraging them to write out of their own experience and imaginatively extend it to the lives and struggles of others, whether in their immediate neighbourhood, across the UK, or globally. The writings, published as a series of booklets, Stepney Words, became a national cause célèbre, leading to Searle’s dismissal, a student strike and his reinstatement. Searle’s pedagogy — which he terms critical literacy — goes beyond the concept of child-centred radical progressivism in education, to class-conscious, communitarian education. Critical literacy exposes and deals with the issues that shape the world in which the students have to live, helping them to make sense of it in their own terms. It is a genuine, unforced fusion of the personal and the political.
Going in by the front door: Searle, Earl Marshal School and Sheffield
Authors: Davis Bob
Published: September 2009

The pattern of Searle’s later teaching career and continuing development of a child-centred, working-class pedagogy, or critical literacy, proved even more controversial than at Sir John Cass school. He was appointed to the head-ship of the 80 per cent non-white Earl Marshal comprehensive in Sheffield in 1990, a year before the first Gulf war. But his refusal to exclude pupils, his determined attempt to involve the local communities, Yemeni, Pakistani, white working-class, etc., in the life of the school and his encouragement of pupils to confront the issues raised by the war — which affected many of them directly — and his bending of the National Curriculum to these ends earned him the wrath not only of the more conservative elements on the local education authority but of shadow Labour education secretary and Sheffield MP, David Blunkett. Attempts made to close Earl Marshal were successfully resisted; Searle was fired, but not before the publication of a number of collections of pupils’ writings, including Lives of Love and Hope, by female pupils and based on family experiences.
Earl Marshal School: towards an inclusive education
Authors: Gurnah Ahmed
Published: September 2009

For five years in the early 1990s, as the Conservative government attempted to drive through the new educational policies heralded by its Education Reform Act of 1988, a comprehensive school in Sheffield was the site of a bold experiment in progressive education. Located in a working-class, inner-city area, Earl Marshal School was ethnically highly diverse, with students from Pakistani, Somali, Yemeni and Caribbean families; white students made up less than 20 per cent of the student roll. With Chris Searle as headteacher from 1990 to 1995, these students, aged 11 to 16, were exposed to a very different kind of schooling from that envisaged by the government — with its newly introduced national curriculum, competitive league tables between schools and authoritarian system of inspections carried out through the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED). Instead, Searle refused to exclude students for misbehaviour; did not sheepishly follow the national curriculum; was not over-impressed by OFSTED; sought student democracy; and involved the local community in the affairs of the school. Inevitably, he drew fire from OFSTED, from other headteachers, from the local education authority (LEA) and even from David Blunkett, the Sheffield MP who from 1994 was Labour’s shadow secretary of state for education. In the end, they were able to unseat him, depriving Sheffield of the benefits of his ideas. The headteacher who opposed the permanent exclusion of students was himself, as he puts it, ‘permanently excluded’ from the job that he loved and lived for.
Effects of Zone-Specific Superior Labral Detachment on Biceps Anchor Stability
Authors: Gates Megan E. , Kou Joseph X. , Demetropoulos Constantine K. , Jurist Kenneth A. , Guettler Joseph H.
Published: September 2009

Purpose

This study aimed to elucidate the degree of biceps anchor displacement that occurs when specific zones of the superior labrum are detached from the glenoid.

Study Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods

Twelve cadaveric scapulae with intact labrums were prepared by removing the surrounding musculature with the labrum, biceps anchor, and biceps tendon carefully preserved. Pulleys were used to apply traction in 3 different directions— superior, lateral, and combined posterior/superior/lateral, to simulate the “peel-back” mechanism—while a continuous 1.13 kg of traction was applied to the biceps tendon. Labral tears were created by sharp incisions in isolation and in combinations of 3 zones defined relative to the glenoid fossa: anterior, posterior, or superior. The displacement of the biceps anchor (position of the marker after the simulated lesion relative to the marker position with the labrum intact) was measured relative to a rigid reference frame.

Results

The greatest degree of displacement occurred with the sectioning of all 3 zones, followed by the sectioning of 2 adjacent zones. Superior traction created the least displacement in all combinations, while lateral traction created maximal displacement, with one exception: in the setting of anterosuperior/superior lesions, maximal displacement was observed using the peel-back mechanism.

Conclusion

Biceps anchor displacement, particularly the degree and direction of displacement, is affected by the labral detachment pattern. All 3 labral zones assessed in this study have important biomechanical contributions to biceps anchor displacement.

Clinical Significance

These findings have important implications relating to the clinician’s arthroscopic assessment of superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tears, as well as the determination of need for stabilization. This information is particularly useful when treating SLAP tears in certain laborers and athletes, whose activities may cause specific biceps anchor displacement patterns.
The Anonymous Community
Authors: Petrovsky Helen
Published: September 2009

The paper explores the non-institutional potential of the concept of community as it has been formulated in contemporary French philosophy. Special attention is given to historical experience, particularly in a globalizing world. Fantasies of the historical which attest to such experience are treated as constitutive of an anonymous community defined neither by a fixed identity nor by a given substance. Despite its anonymity, community calls for articulation and translation, producing various ‘as-if presentations’, to remember the Kantian term.
Russian Philosophy in the Context of European Thinking: The Case of Vladimir Solovyov
Authors: Gaidenko Piama P.
Published: September 2009

Russian philosophy of the 19th century was developing in close contact with European philosophy. The strongest influence on Russian thought was exerted by classical German philosophy. One significant example is the teaching of Vladimir Solovyov, an outstanding 19th century thinker. Solovyov owes several principles of his teaching to Friedrich Schelling, from whom he assimilated his cardinal concept of all-embracing being; also to Schelling we can trace Solovyov's conviction that the will constitutes the determining principle of being as well as his conception of the suffering and developing God. Finally, it was largely through Schelling's influence that Solovyov shaped his cosmogonic theory associated with his sophiology, based on the thesis of the falling away from God of His ‘Alter Ego’, His ‘Prototype’. According to Solovyov, ‘the Second God’, or Sophia-Wisdom, is God-Made-Man, the Absolute coming into being, whose life underlies the substance of historical process.
The Philosophy of Religion: A New Field for Russian Philosophy
Authors: Shokhin Vladimir Kirillovich
Published: September 2009

This paper analyzes why philosophy of religion can surprisingly be considered a rather new field in Russian philosophy. While religion has played a major role in modern Russian culture, the philosophy of religion is still searching a precise definition of its object and domain. Initially, Russian philosophies of religion were inspired by Western influential works, whereas philosophy of religion is barely considered as distinct from theology. As such, philosophy of religion presents a double origin: in a wide sense, it coincides with philosophy, while in a more specific sense its origins are to be found in the modern era. From this point of view, Spinoza is seen as a seminal author for this field of work. This conception is analyzed and used to draw some perspective for the development of philosophy of religion in Russia.
Philosophy in Russia: History and Present State
Authors: Guseinov Abdusalam A. , Lektorsky Vladislav A.
Published: September 2009

This paper sketches an historical outline of philosophy in Russia from the modern era to present time. It describes the main philosophical trends that characterized the ‘Silver Age’ in pre-revolutionary Russia (Cosmism, religious philosophy and early Marxist philosophy), and draws some lines of continuity both with Marxist and pre-Marxist philosophy. It studies the internal evolution and organization of Soviet official philosophical thought, and describes the main features the philosophical Renaissance that took place in the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century. It finally describes the main trends, authors and publication of philosophy in Russia today.
Commentary: Virtual Planning
Authors: Hollander Justin B. , Thomas David
Published: September 2009

This article reports on the use of Second Life in three urban planning and design courses. Second Life is one of the latest in a new breed of computer games based on the simultaneous use of virtual three-dimensional space by millions of users throughout the globe. The course instructors found that while the virtual planning studio can introduce real dangers to students and technological limitations exist, Second Life provides a heretofore unprecedented tool for teaching planning.
Deliberative Planning in a Multicultural Milieu
Authors: Umemoto Karen , Igarashi Hiroki
Published: September 2009

This article explores the utility of deliberative planning theory given the scholarly debate over its limitations and prospects. A case study situated in the Japanese city of Kawasaki illustrates how deliberative planning theory can illuminate the limitations of deliberative planning theory and practice while revealing potential paths to create more democratic and inclusive planning processes. The case underscores the importance of (1) public acknowledgement of the constraints to deliberative planning, (2) deliberating over the design of a deliberative process, (3) mitigating identified constraints to deliberative planning, and (4) being open to alternative or parallel strategies given structural and other constraints in deliberative processes.
Peer Victimization and Depressive Symptoms in Mexican American Middle School Students: Including Acculturation as a Variable of Interest
Authors: Bauman Sheri , Summers Jessica J.
Published: September 2009

This study examined direct and indirect victimization and depressive symptoms in a sample of 229 Mexican American middle school students. The effects of gender, grade, and acculturation on both victimization and depressive symptoms were investigated. The moderating effect of receiving prosocial actions from peers was also explored. Approximately 23% of students in the sample were victimized. Females were recipients of more prosocial behavior, but receiving prosocial behavior did not moderate the influence of victimization on depressive symptoms. Significantly more depressive symptoms were reported by victims than by nonvictims. Anglo-oriented participants reported significantly more depressive symptoms than did their bicultural classmates. Indirect victimization made the largest contribution to a regression equation predicting depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Universal Screening of Reading in Late Elementary School
Authors: Graney Suzanne Bamonto , Martínez Rebecca S. , Missall Kristen N. , Aricak O. Tolga
Published: September 2009

Two curriculum-based measurement tools are commonly used to assess progress in reading in elementary school: R-CBM and CBM maze. R-CBM is used in practice more frequently than CBM maze is, although CBM maze is more time efficient to administer than R-CBM is. The technical adequacy of each of these measures has been reported in the literature; however, a comparative analysis of their technical adequacy has not been published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical adequacy of R-CBM and CBM maze to inform their use in a universal screening program of reading in fourth and fifth grades. Results suggest evidence of short- and long-term alternate forms reliability, criterion validity, and predictive validity for both R-CBM and CBM maze, supporting the possibility that the two measures are comparable for use in universal screening at those grade levels.
Current Perspectives on Personality and Internet Use
Authors: Orchard Lisa J. , Fullwood Chris
Published: September 2009

The Internet provides a means to take part in various online activities, for example, leisure activities (e.g., online gaming), social activities (e.g., online chat), and information activities (e.g., online newspapers). Patterns of Internet consumption tend to vary greatly and this is said to be a possible function of personality. Therefore, knowing something about the personalities of those who favor specific activities online may provide a better insight into the motivational factors behind use. This article combines and reviews current literature regarding personality and Internet use, using Eysenck’s three-factor personality theory as a framework of convergence. Although the Internet allows us to play with our identities, it would still seem that online behavior tends to somewhat mimic the behavior expected by one’s off-line personality.
eParticipation: Designing and Managing Political Discussion Forums
Authors: Sæbø Øystein , Rose Jeremy , Molka-Danielsen Judith
Published: September 2009

eParticipation is the extension and transformation of participation in political deliberation and decision-making processes through information and communication technologies (ICTs). The most commonly found examples of eParticipation systems are political discussion forums. Although much of the discussion of these technologies is conducted in the eGovernment and eDemocracy literature, political discussion forums present a distinct set of design and management challenges, which relate directly to information systems concerns. In this article, we use the overview model of eParticipation of Sæbø, Rose, and Flak to structure a critical review of the existing literature to identify key challenges for designing and managing political discussion forums. We offer a contribution to theory in the form of a descriptive model of political discussion forums in their social context, based on a literature review of relevant literature. The explanatory potential of the model is illustrated by analyzing D:mo, a Norwegian political discussion forum. Based on the review and the case study, we offer a contribution to practice by suggesting a set of guidelines for the design and management of political discussion forums.
Defining, Delivering, and Documenting the Outcomes of Case Management by School Nurses
Authors: Engelke Martha Keehner , Guttu Martha , Warren Michelle B.
Published: September 2009

Case management is a component of school nurse practice that provides an opportunity to demonstrate the contribution that school nurses make to the health and academic success of children, particularly children with chronic health conditions. However, case management programs vary in their mission and scope, leading to confusion about what it means to be a case manager. Many programs acknowledge the difficulty in tracking outcomes and sustaining results. Using a capacity-building approach, the Case Management Project (CMP) developed a definition of case management and a set of baseline and outcome measures to assist school nurses to become effective case managers and track their outcomes.
Cytogenetic Aberrations in Soft Tissue Tumors Harvested From Fresh Tissue Submitted for Surgical Pathology: A Single Institutional Experience
Authors: Matthews Alisa , Tang Mary , Cooper Kumarasen
Published: September 2009

Aims. Recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported in many types of soft tissue neoplasms, and the detection of these aberrations imparts diagnostic utility. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that classical karyotyping may be performed with minimal effort as an adjunct to surgical pathology on fresh tissue submitted for histopathological examination. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no recently published reviews in the literature in English of cytogenetic abnormalities in soft tissue tumors from a single institution. Methods. Conventional metaphase cytogenetics was performed in the authors’ cytogenetics laboratory on fresh tissue from mesenchymal tumors from their surgical pathology laboratory over a period of 4 years. Cytogenetics reports, clinical history, and histopathology were reviewed for 48 soft tissue tumors. Recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities were identified using the Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations in Cancer and a review of the literature. Results . The authors reviewed 48 cases of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors, which included 28 distinct morphologies. Cytogenetic abnormalities were observed in 23 (48%) cases, a normal chromosome profile was found in 20 (42%) cases, and 5 (10%) cases had no karyotype reported because of specimen contamination or inadequacy. Of the 23 cases with an aberrant karyotype, 15 (65%) tumors had cytogenetic abnormalities present in 2 or more cases in the literature. Conclusions. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated abnormal karyotypes in nearly half of this series of mesenchymal neoplasms, the majority of which consisted of recognized aberrations reported in the literature.
Finding Housing: Discrimination and Exploitation of Latinos in the Post-Katrina Rental Market
Authors: Haubert Weil Jeannie
Published: September 2009

This case study investigates the discriminatory and exploitative housing practices that contributed to the social marginalization of Latinos in the Gulf Coast Recovery Zone following Hurricane Katrina. Discriminatory practices (such as denial of available units or rejection of Latinos from homeless shelters) leave migrants vulnerable to homelessness and economic exploitation. The most vulnerable Latinos are those who hold an undocumented legal status, have marginal occupational status, or have limited English ability. These vulnerabilities are magnified following a disaster when housing is in short supply, group tensions are high, employers are heavily involved in allocation of housing, and government oversight is lacking. Using 25 interviews with established and newly arrived Latino immigrants on the Gulf Coast, the author finds that these four factors—legal status, occupational status, limited English language ability, and the disaster context—contributed to the exploitation of and discrimination against Latinos in the housing market following Katrina.