bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescent offenders with mental health problems in custody
Authors: Mitchell Paul , Smedley Kirsty , Kenning Cassandra , McKee Amy , Woods Debbie , Rennie Charlotte E. , Bell Rachel V. , Aryamanesh Mitra , Dolan Mairead
Published: August 2010

Many studies have identified high levels of mental health problems among adolescents in custody and there is increasing evidence that mental health problems in this population are associated with further offending and mental health problems into adulthood. Despite recent improvements in mental health provision within custodial settings there is little evidence of structured interventions being offered or of their effectiveness being evaluated. A cognitively based intervention was developed and offered to adolescents with a variety of mental health problems in different secure settings, and the outcomes compared with a control group. Although this small‐scale study did not identify significant differences in outcomes for the two groups, both recruitment and retention in therapy were good, and potential candidates were not excluded on the basis of learning difficulties or co‐morbidity. The study demonstrated the viability of a delivering cognitively based intervention for common mental health problems within secure settings.
Determining the State of Knowledge for Implementing the Universal Protocol Recommendations: An Integrative Review of the Literature
Authors: Conrardy Julie A. , Brenek Beth , Myers Sandra
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the current state of knowledge concerning the implementation of the Joint Commission's Universal Protocol. We conducted an integrative review of the literature through a systematic search of the National Library of Medicine (ie, PubMed) database to identify empirical and theoretical documents that discussed the implementation process for the Universal Protocol. The current state of knowledge varies from facility to facility, and we noted significant trends, gaps, and areas of concern in the implementation process. Successful implementation of the Universal Protocol has the following elements: a multidisciplinary team approach, active staff/patient participation, supportive hospital administration/leadership, and active communication that promotes a healthy work environment.
The Evolution of a Surgical Liaison Program in a Children's Hospital
Authors: Micheli Anne J. , Curran‐Campbell Sheila , Connor Linda
Published: August 2010

Surgical liaison nurses use clear communication to provide timely reports to family members about their loved one during the time the patient is in the OR. The surgical liaison program at the Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, has evolved over time. It began as nurses supervising brief family member visits to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and has become a program in which surgical liaison nurses work with OR and PACU staff members to access and provide patient‐specific information to families throughout the surgical time period and prepare families for extended visits to the PACU. In addition, we redesigned our surgical department by expanding its size, locating it closer to the OR and PACU, and providing more amenities to family members. A survey conducted to assess family member needs found that most people were satisfied with the services provided, and we were able to make improvements to services based on the survey feedback.
Preventing Surgically Induced Diabetes After Total Pancreatectomy via Autologous Islet Cell Reimplantation
Authors: Brendle Timothy A.
Published: August 2010

Total pancreatectomy may be the only treatment option that relieves pain and tissue destruction for patients with chronic pancreatitis, but this procedure causes surgically induced diabetes, which is difficult to manage because of the absence of insulin‐producing beta cells. Some patients may benefit from autologous islet cell reimplantation, a procedure that involves collecting and purifying the islets of Langerhans from the patient's own resected pancreas and reinfusing them into the patient via the portal vein. Typically, candidates for this procedure are younger adults with nondilated pancreatitis that has yet to develop into glucose intolerance. Islet cell transplantation success varies and is directly related to the quality and quantity of the patient's pancreas and the damage caused by the chronic pancreatitis.
You'll Know You're a Nurse When …
Authors: Castelluccio Donna
Published: August 2010

You'll Know You're a Nurse When … 2010, Sigma Theta Tau International 90 pages, $13.95 softcover
The Diversity Training Activity Book
Authors: Satterthwait Roshelle (Shelly)
Published: August 2010

The Diversity Training Activity Book Jonamay Lambert, Selma Myers 2009, AMACOM 320 pages, $34.95 softcover
Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia: A Student Centered Approach
Authors: Moffatt Elizabeth K.
Published: August 2010

Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia: A Student Centered Approach David Shubert, John Leyba 2009, Springer Publishing Company 430 pages, $80 softcover
Knock‐out of metacaspase and/or cytochrome c results in the activation of a ROS‐independent acetic acid‐induced programmed cell death pathway in yeast
Authors: Guaragnella Nicoletta , Passarella Salvatore , Marra Ersilia , Giannattasio Sergio
Published: August 2010

To gain further insight into yeast acetic acid‐induced programmed cell death (AA‐PCD) we analyzed the effects of the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) on cell viability, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c (cyt c) release and caspase‐like activation in wild type (wt) and metacaspase and/or cyt c‐lacking cells. We found that NAC prevents AA‐PCD in wt cells, by scavenging H2O2 and by inhibiting both cyt c release and caspase‐like activation. This shows the occurrence of a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐dependent AA‐PCD. Contrarily no NAC dependent change in AA‐PCD of mutant cells was detectable, showing that a ROS‐independent AA‐PCD can also occur.
Generation of trans‐mitochondrial mito‐mice by the introduction of a pathogenic G13997A mtDNA from highly metastatic lung carcinoma cells
Authors: Yokota Mutsumi , Shitara Hiroshi , Hashizume Osamu , Ishikawa Kaori , Nakada Kazuto , Ishii Rie , Taya Choji , Takenaga Keizo , Yonekawa Hiromichi , Hayashi Jun-Ichi
Published: August 2010

To investigate the effects of respiration defects on the disease phenotypes, we generated trans‐mitochondrial mice (mito‐mice) by introducing a mutated G13997A mtDNA, which specifically induces respiratory complex I defects and metastatic potentials in mouse tumor cells. First, we obtained ES cells and chimeric mice containing the G13997A mtDNA, and then we generated mito‐mice carrying the G13997A mtDNA via its female germ line transmission. The three‐month‐old mito‐mice showed complex I defects and lactate overproduction, but showed no other phenotypes related to mitochondrial diseases or tumor formation, suggesting that aging or additional nuclear abnormalities are required for expression of other phenotypes.
Staying Power of Churn Prediction Models
Authors: Risselada Hans , Verhoef Peter C. , Bijmolt Tammo H.A.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we study the staying power of various churn prediction models. Staying power is defined as the predictive performance of a model in a number of periods after the estimation period. We examine two methods, logit models and classification trees, both with and without applying a bagging procedure. Bagging consists of averaging the results of multiple models that have each been estimated on a bootstrap sample from the original sample. We test the models using customer data of two firms from different industries, namely the internet service provider and insurance markets. The results show that the classification tree in combination with a bagging procedure outperforms the other three methods. It is shown that the ability to identify high risk customers of this model is similar for the in-period and one-period-ahead forecasts. However, for all methods the staying power is rather low, as the predictive performance deteriorates considerably within a few periods after the estimation period. This is due to the fact that both the parameter estimates change over time and the fact that the variables that are significant differ between periods. Our findings indicate that churn models should be adapted regularly. We provide a framework for database analysts to reconsider their methods used for churn modeling and to assess for how long they can use an estimated model.
The aesthetics of luxury fashion, body and identify formation
Authors: Venkatesh Alladi , Joy Annamma , Sherry John F. , Deschenes Jonathan
Published: August 2010

In this paper we theorize and empirically investigate how female consumers' attitudes and preferences relating to bodily appearance are linked to their perceptions of the aesthetics of fashion. Our theoretical work is informed by three streams of research: aesthetics of production, aesthetics of reception and aesthetic labor. These three converge to illuminate our study. Using the ZMET technique, we uncover four themes: fashion as wearable art, body and self‐identity, bodily appearance and high fashion brands, and aesthetic labor through fashion. Our focus on the aesthetics of fashion and identity formation provides a segue into the broader discussion of the growing importance of aesthetics in understanding consumer behavior.
Hesiod's Cosmos
Authors: Strauss Clay Jenny
Published: August 2010

Hesiod's Cosmos offers a comprehensive interpretation of both the Theogony and the Works and Days and demonstrates how the two Hesiodic poems must be read together as two halves of an integrated whole embracing both the divine and the human cosmos. After first offering a survey of the structure of both poems, Professor Clay reveals their mutually illuminating unity by offering detailed analyses of their respective poems, their teachings on the origins of the human race and the two versions of the Prometheus myth. She then examines the role of human beings in the Theogony and the role of the gods in the Works and Days, as well as the position of the hybrid figures of monsters and heroes within the Hesiodic cosmos and in relation to the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women.
Descartes and Augustine
Authors: Menn Stephen
Published: August 2010

This book is a systematic study of Descartes' relation to Augustine. It offers a complete reevaluation of Descartes' thought and as such will be of major importance to all historians of medieval, neo-Platonic, or early modern philosophy. Stephen Menn demonstrates that Descartes uses Augustine's central ideas as a point of departure for a critique of medieval Aristotelian physics, which he replaces with a new, mechanistic anti-Aristotelian physics. Special features of the book include a reading of the Meditations, a comprehensive historical and philosophical introduction to Augustine's thought, a detailed account of Plotinus, and a contextualization of Descartes' mature philosophical project which explores both the framework within which it evolved and the early writings, to show how the collapse of the early project drove Descartes to the writings of Augustine.
The Farthest Things in the Universe
Authors: Pasachoff Jay M. , Spinrad Hyron , Osmer Patrick , Cheng Edward S.
Published: August 2010

The quest for the farthest objects in the Universe remains one of the most challenging to modern astronomy. Peering deeper and deeper into space reveals the most distant and powerful objects known and so probes back to the embryonic epochs of the Universe not long after its birth in the Big Bang. Four world experts - chosen for their ability to communicate research astronomy to popular audiences - each contribute a chapter to this lucid survey, first published in 1994. In clear terms they bring to the general audience the excitement and challenge of studying the Universe on the largest scales. They address the fundamental issues of scale in the Universe; the ghostly etchings seen on the cosmic background radiation; quasars and their evolution; and galaxy birth. This survey offers an exceptional chance for the general audience to share in the excitement of today's forefront research of the early Universe in an accessible and stimulating way.
The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics
Authors: Hausman Daniel M.
Published: August 2010

This book offers a comprehensive overview of the structure, strategy and methods of assessment of orthodox theoretical economics. In Part I Professor Hausman explains how economists theorise, emphasising the essential underlying commitment of economists to a vision of economics as a separate science. In Part II he defends the view that the basic axioms of economics are 'inexact' since they deal only with the 'major' causes; unlike most writers on economic methodology, the author argues that it is the rules that economists espouse rather than their practice that is at fault. Part III links the conception of economics as a separate science to the fact that economic theories offer reasons and justifications for human actions, not just their causes. With its lengthy appendix introducing relevant issues in philosophy of science, this book is a major addition to philosophy of economics and of social science.
Greek Tragedy in Vergil s “Aeneid”
Authors: Panoussi Vassiliki
Published: August 2010

This book is a systematic study of the importance of Greek tragedy as a fundamental 'intertext' for Vergil's Aeneid. Vassiliki Panoussi argues that the epic's representation of ritual acts, especially sacrifice, mourning, marriage, and maenadic rites, mobilizes a connection to tragedy. The tragic-ritual model offers a fresh look into the political and cultural function of the Aeneid, expanding our awareness of the poem's scope, particularly in relation to gender, and presenting new readings of celebrated episodes, such as Anchises' games, Amata's maenadic rites, Dido's suicide, and the killing of Turnus. She interprets the Aeneid as a work that reflects the dynamic nature of Augustan ideology, contributing to the redefinition of civic discourse and national identity. In her rich study, readers will find a unique exploration of the complex relationship between Greek tragedy and Vergil's Aeneid and a stimulating discussion of problems of gender, power, and ideology in ancient Rome.
Virginia Woolf and the Study of Nature
Authors: Alt Christina
Published: August 2010

Reflecting the modernist fascination with science, Virginia Woolf's representations of nature are informed by a wide-ranging interest in contemporary developments in the life sciences. Christina Alt analyses Woolf's responses to disciplines ranging from taxonomy and the new biology of the laboratory to ethology and ecology and illustrates how Woolf drew on the methods and objectives of the contemporary life sciences to describe her own literary experiments. Through the examination of Woolf's engagement with shifting approaches to the study of nature, this work covers new ground in Woolf studies and makes an important contribution to the understanding of modernist exchanges between literature and science.
A COMMENTARY ON THE EARLY DECISIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN COURT OF JUSTICE IN ITS ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
Authors: Saunders Adrian D
Published: August 2010

The Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (‘the RTC’) is an attempt on the part of a group of Caribbean States to respond in a collective manner to the pressing challenges posed by the forces of globalization and liberalization. The RTC seeks, inter alia, to deepen regional economic integration through the establishment of a Caribbean Community (‘CARICOM’) including a CARICOM Single Market and Economy (‘CSME’). The States in question—Antigua & Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad & Tobago—are for the most part former British colonies that gained their independence in the 1960s and 1970s. The RTC signals yet another important step in the tortuous path taken by these Anglophone Caribbean States ‘to avoid the looming threat of marginalization’1 following the failure in 1962 of the West Indies Federation.2 Significantly, this latest step is being taken side by side with the non English speaking civil law States of Haiti and Suriname thereby adding a new and interesting dimension to the integration process.
Further observations on the genus Maronina, with descriptions of two new taxa from Thailand
Authors: KANTVILAS G. , PAPONG K. , LUMBSCH H.T.
Published: August 2010

The new species, Maronina orientalis Kantvilas & Papong, with two varieties, var. orientalis and var. corallifera Kantvilas & Papong, is described, based on material from Thailand. The genus Maronina, now containing four species, is reassessed. It is characterized by having a crustose thallus, lecanorine apothecia and polysporous asci of a modified Lecanora-type.
Partitioning the role of climate, pollution and old-growth woodland in the composition and richness of lichen epiphytes in Scotland
Authors: ELLIS Christopher J. , COPPINS Brian J.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a study to partition the role of three regional-scale drivers – woodland extent and continuity, pollution regime, and climatic setting – in explaining the composition and richness of lichen epiphytes in Scotland. To do this we used partial canonical correspondence analysis and multiple least squares regression, to examine lichen communities across 170 study sites. First, our results demonstrate the importance of climate in explaining species composition. This highlights the relatively clean-air environment of Scotland within a European setting, and emphasizes the important consideration of regional context in the development of bioclimatic species-response models. This result contrasts with a previous similar study which collapsed complex environmental data into summary gradients, and which therefore discounted climate as a key factor. Second, we show a functional decoupling between composition and species richness, which was optimally explained by old-growth woodland extent and pollution, and only weakly explained by climate. The difference in explanatory variables between composition and richness is a focal issue in determining the processes by which species compositional change, driven by rapid and deep climate change, may indirectly impact species richness. For example, this impact may occur through an imbalance in rates of species extinction (for sensitive range-edge species) and establishment in a fragmented landscape (for dispersal-limited colonists), though operating against the ‘stabilizing effect’ of microclimatic setting.
New species and records of the lichen genus Acanthothecis (Graphidaceae) from India
Authors: SHARMA Bharati , MAKHIJA Urmila , KHADILKAR Pradnya
Published: August 2010

Recent revisions of the graphidaceous lichens of India have brought to light several new taxa in the family Graphidaceae. In the present study seven species of Acanthothecis are recognized from India. Three new species, viz. Acanthothecis archeri, A. celata, and A. coccinea, are described and A. nivalis, a species described earlier from the Andaman Islands, has now been recorded from the mainland. A revised key to the seven Acanthothecis species so far known from India is also presented.
Drugs and nutrition: how side effects can influence nutritional intake
Authors: White Rebecca
Published: August 2010

There are many factors that can influence nutritional intake. Food availability, physical capability, appetite, presence of gastrointestinal symptoms and perception of food are examples. Drug therapy can negatively influence nutritional intake through their effect on these factors, predominantly due to side effects. This review aims to give a brief overview of each of these factors and how drug therapy can affect them. Specific examples are given for each section and an indication of the impact on nutritional status. This article aims to assist the clinician in the identification of the effects of drug therapy on nutritional intake and provides advice on appropriate intervention. A drug history and side effect review should form an integral part of nutritional assessment. Early identification and effective therapeutic use of alternative drug therapy can also positively influence nutritional intake.
First fossil record of parasitism in Devonian calcareous sponges (stromatoporoids)
Authors: ZAPALSKI MIKOŁAJ K. , HUBERT BENOÎT L. M.
Published: August 2010

Introduction. Palaeozoic calcareous sponges (stromatoporoids) are common bio-constructing fossils; they are sometimes found in association with helicoidal structures of unknown biological affinities. The interaction between the tube-forming organisms has usually been classified as commensalism. Methods. About 260 stromatoporoid skeletons from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of the Mont d'Haurs section near Givet (Champagne-Ardenne, France) were thin-sectioned and analysed under transmitted light. Results. Approximately 10% of the examined stromatoporoids (mainly belonging to the genera Actinostroma, Stromatopora and Stromatoporella) contain tubes classified as Torquaysalpinx sp. The Torquaysalpinx organisms penetrated the skeletons of stromatoporoids in vivo (as evidenced by skeletal overgrowths); around the infesting organisms, growth bands are bent down. Conclusion. Diminished growth rates around the infesting organism demonstrate a negative influence on the host, similar to that seen in the modern demosponge–polychaete association of Verongia–Haplosyllis. This is demonstrated by changes in growth bands. As in the above-mentioned association, the endosymbiont might have been feeding directly upon the tissues of the host. The Torquaysalpinx organisms were gaining habitat and possibly also food resources – for them this interaction was clearly positive. This long-term association can therefore be classified as parasitism. This is the first evidence for parasitism in Palaeozoic sponges.
Contrasting patterns of deficits in visuospatial memory and executive function in patients with major depression with and without ECT referral
Authors: Tsaltas E. , Kalogerakou S. , Papakosta V.-M. , Kontis D. , Theochari E. , Koutroumpi M. , Anyfandi E. , Michopoulos I. , Poulopoulou C. , Papadimitriou G. , Oulis P.
Published: August 2010

Background

The pretreatment neuropsychological profile of drug-resistant patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may differ from that of their drug-respondent MDD counterparts. Such differences could help in identifying distinct MDD subtypes, thus offering insights into the neuropathology underlying differential treatment responses.

Method

Depressed patients with ECT referral (ECTs), depressed patients with no ECT referral (NECTs) and non-psychiatric Controls (matched groups,n=15) were assessed with memory and executive function tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).

Results

ECTs scored significantly lower than NECTs in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE;p=0.01). NECTs performed worse than Controls in the Paired Associates Learning (PAL) task (p<0.03; Control/NECTp<0.01) and the Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) task (p<0.05; Controls/NECTsp<0.05); ECTs performed between Controls and NECTs, not differing from either. In the Intra/Extradimensional (IED) set-shifting task, ECTs performed worse that Controls and NECTS (IED:p<0.01; Controls/ECTsp<0.01), particularly in the shift phases, which suggests reduced attentional flexibility. In Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), ECTs abandoned the test early more often than Controls and NECTs (H=11,p<0.01) but ECTs who completed SOC performed comparably to the other two groups.

Conclusions

A double dissociation emerged from the comparison of cognitive profiles of ECT and NECT patients. ECTs showed executive deficits, particularly in attentional flexibility, but mild deficits in tests of visuospatial memory. NECTs presented the opposite pattern. This suggests predominantly frontostriatal involvement in ECTversustemporal involvement in NECT depressives.
Prolegomena zu einer die Theater-Therapie betreffenden Theaterpraxis
Authors: Otto Enrico
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung. Defizitäre Persönlichkeitsbilder sind besonders in pädagogischen Prozessen auffällig. Theaterspiel kann eine mögliche Therapieform sein, wenn diese Leitlinien szenischer Verhaltensweise verfolgt, die schließlich zu positiven Ergebnissen führen und zwar einerseits nach erfolgter Systemanalyse (wenn also ein kreativer Umgang mit der eigenen Ich-Rollen-Bezogenheit stattfindet) und wenn die Besonderheit des Spieltypus nicht nur als Rollenfunktion akzeptiert wird, sondern sich auch eine Entwicklung derselben unter Anleitung ergibt.
Terrestrial gamma ray flashes correlated to storm phase and tropopause height
Authors: Smith D. M. , Hazelton B. J. , Grefenstette B. W. , Dwyer J. R. , Holzworth R. H. , Lay E. H.
Published: August 2010

We compare the seasonal and geographical occurrence of terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) with global lightning maps and find that only part of the difference can be explained by differences in tropopause altitude. The altitude hypothesis suggests either that TGFs are produced only in conjunction with the highest lightning or that only the highest events are seen from space because of the easier escape of gamma rays from the atmosphere. We find that the differences in atmospheric transmission due to seasonal and geographical differences in tropopause height play a major but not dominant role in reconciling lightning and TGF maps and that other factors are needed to explain the remaining local differences. In a second analysis, we use radio atmospherics data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network to study at what time in the evolution of a storm TGFs tend to be seen. We find that, on average, TGFs lag the peak flash rate of the associated storm by 38 min, although the range of lags is extremely wide, including some cases where the TGF leads the peak flash rate.
Coseismic ionospheric disturbances triggered by the Chi‐Chi earthquake
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Tsai H. F. , Lin C. H. , Kamogawa M. , Chen Y. I. , Lin C. H. , Huang B. S. , Yu S. B. , Yeh Y. H.
Published: August 2010

At 17:47 UT on 20 September 1999, a large earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.6 struck the central Taiwan near a small town of Chi‐Chi. The ground‐based receivers of the global positioning system (GPS) in the Taiwan area detected coseismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) in the total electron content (TEC) triggered by the Chi‐Chi earthquake. When the CIDs travel away from the origin on the Earth surface and then propagate into the ionosphere, their amplitudes and periods generally become smaller and longer, respectively. Moreover, two global grid searches, adapting the ray‐tracing and the beam‐forming techniques, have been used to analyze the observed GPS TEC. We have not only estimated the average speed of the CIDs propagating in the atmosphere and ionosphere but also determined the location of CID origin on the Earth surface by using the two techniques. The results show that the observed CIDs result from shock‐acoustic waves triggered by sudden and large vertical motions of the Chi‐Chi earthquake.
Do plant species influence soil CO2 and N2O fluxes in a diverse tropical forest?
Authors: van Haren Joost L. M. , de Oliveira R. Cosme , Restrepo‐Coupe Natalia , Hutyra Lucy , de Camargo Plinio B. , Keller Michael , Saleska Scott R.
Published: August 2010

To test whether plant species influence greenhouse gas production in diverse ecosystems, we measured wet season soil CO2 and N2O fluxes close to ∼300 large (>35 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH)) trees of 15 species at three clay‐rich forest sites in central Amazonia. We found that soil CO2 fluxes were 38% higher near large trees than at control sites >10 m away from any tree (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for large tree presence, a multiple linear regression of soil temperature, bulk density, and liana DBH explained 19% of remaining CO2 flux variability. Soil N2O fluxes adjacent to Caryocar villosum, Lecythis lurida, Schefflera morototoni, and Manilkara huberi were 84%−196% greater than Erisma uncinatum and Vochysia maxima, both Vochysiaceae. Tree species identity was the most important explanatory factor for N2O fluxes, accounting for more than twice the N2O flux variability as all other factors combined. Two observations suggest a mechanism for this finding: (1) sugar addition increased N2O fluxes near C. villosum twice as much (P < 0.05) as near Vochysiaceae and (2) species mean N2O fluxes were strongly negatively correlated with tree growth rate (P = 0.002). These observations imply that through enhanced belowground carbon allocation liana and tree species can stimulate soil CO2 and N2O fluxes (by enhancing denitrification when carbon limits microbial metabolism). Alternatively, low N2O fluxes potentially result from strong competition of tree species with microbes for nutrients. Species‐specific patterns in CO2 and N2O fluxes demonstrate that plant species can influence soil biogeochemical processes in a diverse tropical forest.
The40Ar/39Ar and U/Pb dating of young rhyolites in the Kos‐Nisyros volcanic complex, Eastern Aegean Arc, Greece: Age discordance due to excess40Ar in biotite
Authors: Bachmann O. , Schoene B. , Schnyder C. , Spikings R.
Published: August 2010

High‐precision dating of Quaternary silicic magmas in the active Kos‐Nisyros volcanic center (Aegean Arc, Greece) by both40Ar/39Ar on biotite and U/Pb on zircon reveals a complex geochronological story. U/Pb ID‐TIMS multi and single‐grain zircon analyses from 3 different units (Agios Mammas and Zini domes, Kefalos Serie pyroclasts) range in age from 0.3 to 0.5 to 10–20 Ma. The youngest dates provide the maximum eruption age, while the oldest zircons indicate inheritance from local continental crust (Miocene and older). Step‐heating40Ar/39Ar experiments on 1–3 crystals of fresh biotite yielded highly disturbed Ar‐release patterns with plateau ages typically older than most U/Pb ages. These old plateau ages are probably not a consequence of inheritance from xenocrystic biotites because Ar diffuses extremely fast at magmatic temperatures and ratios are reset within a few days. On the basis of (1) elevated and/or imprecise40Ar/36Ar ratios, (2) shapes of the Ar release spectra, and (3) a high mantle3He flux in the Kos‐Nisyros area, we suggest that biotite crystals retained some mantle40Ar that led to the observed, anomalously old ages. In contrast, sanidine crystals from the only sanidine‐bearing unit in the Kos‐Nisyros volcanic center (the caldera‐forming Kos Plateau Tuff) do not appear to store any excess40Ar relative to atmospheric composition. The eastern edge of the Aegean Arc is tectonically complex, undergoing rapid extension and located close to a major structural boundary. In such regions, which are characterized by high fluxes of mantle volatiles,40Ar/39Ar geochronology on biotite can lead to erroneous results due to the presence of excess40Ar and should be checked either against40Ar/39Ar sanidine or U/Pb zircon ages.
Gap filling of solar wind data by singular spectrum analysis
Authors: Kondrashov D. , Shprits Y. , Ghil M.
Published: August 2010

Observational data sets in space physics often contain instrumental and sampling errors, as well as large gaps. This is both an obstacle and an incentive for research, since continuous data sets are typically needed for model formulation and validation. For example, the latest global empirical models of Earth's magnetic field are crucial for many space weather applications, and require time‐continuous solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data; both of these data sets have large gaps before 1994. Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) reconstructs missing data by using an iteratively inferred, smooth “signal” that captures coherent modes, while “noise” is discarded. In this study, we apply SSA to fill in large gaps in solar wind and IMF data, by combining it with geomagnetic indices that are time‐continuous, and generalizing it to multivariate geophysical data consisting of gappy “driver” and continuous “response” records. The reconstruction error estimates provide information on the physics of co‐variability between particular solar‐wind parameters and geomagnetic indices.
Effect of an X‐Class solar flare on the OI 630 nm dayglow emissions
Authors: Das Uma , Pallamraju Duggirala , Chakrabarti Supriya
Published: August 2010

We present a striking event that shows a prompt effect of an X‐class solar flare (X6.2/3B) in the neutral optical dayglow emissions. This flare occurred on 13 December 2001 at 1424 UT and peaked at 1430 UT. The peak‐ to pre‐flare X‐ray intensity ratio as observed by GOES‐10 was greater than 300 and the EUV flux observed by SEM/SOHO was greater by around 60%. As a response to this flare, the daytime redline (OI 630 nm) column integrated emission intensity measured from Carmen Alto (23.16°S, 70.66°W), in Chile, showed a prompt increase of around 50%. Our results show that this prompt enhancement in the thermospheric dayglow seems to be caused mainly due to an increase in photoelectrons due to a sudden increase in the solar EUV flux associated with this flare.
Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to thymic epithelial cells by phenotype
Authors: Inami Yuta , Yoshikai Tohru , Ito Sachiko , Nishio Naomi , Suzuki Haruhiko , Sakurai Hidetoshi , Isobe Ken‐Ichi
Published: August 2010

Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are present in both cortical and medullary thymic areas, and have crucial roles in functional T‐cell development. In this study, we studied the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to TEC. When iPSC were cultured for 4 days in collagen IV‐coated dishes in the presence of both activin A and lithium chloride (LiCl), the cells differentiated to definitive endoderm through mesendoderm. Further treatment with Fgf8 followed by Fgf7, Fgf10 and BMP4 differentiated iPSC to thymic epithelial progenitor cells (TEPCs) by phenotype. Gene expression of Hoxa3, Pax1 and Pax9 was observed and cell surface proteins EpCAM1 and MTS24 were detected at day 14 of iPSC differentiation. TEPCs differentiated to medullary TECs (mTECs) by phenotype following the addition of receptor activator nuclear factor B ligand with LiCl. Thus, we successfully induced efficient differentiation from mouse iPSC to TEPCs and mTEC by phenotype using chemically defined conditions.
Seasonal and interannual variability of climate and vegetation indices across the Amazon
Authors: Brando Paulo M. , Goetz Scott J. , Baccini Alessandro , Nepstad Daniel C. , Beck Pieter S. A. , Christman Mary C.
Published: August 2010

Drought exerts a strong influence on tropical forest metabolism, carbon stocks, and ultimately the flux of carbon to the atmosphere. Satellite-based studies have suggested that Amazon forests green up during droughts because of increased sunlight, whereas field studies have reported increased tree mortality during severe droughts. In an effort to reconcile these apparently conflicting findings, we conducted an analysis of climate data, field measurements, and improved satellite-based measures of forest photosynthetic activity. Wet-season precipitation and plant-available water (PAW) decreased over the Amazon Basin from 1996−2005, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and air dryness (expressed as vapor pressure deficit, VPD) increased from 2002–2005. Using improved enhanced vegetation index (EVI) measurements (2000–2008), we show that gross primary productivity (expressed as EVI) declined with VPD and PAW in regions of sparse canopy cover across a wide range of environments for each year of the study. In densely forested areas, no climatic variable adequately explained the Basin-wide interannual variability of EVI. Based on a site-specific study, we show that monthly EVI was relatively insensitive to leaf area index (LAI) but correlated positively with leaf flushing and PAR measured in the field. These findings suggest that production of new leaves, even when unaccompanied by associated changes in LAI, could play an important role in Basin-wide interannual EVI variability. Because EVI variability was greatest in regions of lower PAW, we hypothesize that drought could increase EVI by synchronizing leaf flushing via its effects on leaf bud development.
Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota
Authors: Zivkovic Angela M. , German J. Bruce , Lebrilla Carlito B. , Mills David A.
Published: August 2010

Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp.
infantis
strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
Metabolic adaptation for low energy throughput in orangutans
Authors: Pontzer Herman , Raichlen David A. , Shumaker Robert W. , Ocobock Cara , Wich Serge A.
Published: August 2010

Energy is the fundamental currency of life—needed for growth, repair, and reproduction—but little is known about the metabolic physiology and evolved energy use strategies of the great apes, our closest evolutionary relatives. Here we report daily energy use in free-living orangutans (
Pongo
spp.) and test whether observed differences in energy expenditure among orangutans, humans, and other mammals reflect known differences in life history. Using the doubly labeled water method, we measured daily energy expenditure (kCal/d) in orangutans living in a large indoor/outdoor habitat at the Great Ape Trust. Despite activity levels similar to orangutans in the wild, Great Ape Trust orangutans used less energy, relative to body mass, than nearly any eutherian mammal ever measured, including sedentary humans. Such an extremely low rate of energy use has not been observed previously in primates, but is consistent with the slow growth and low rate of reproduction in orangutans, and may be an evolutionary response to severe food shortages in their native Southeast Asian rainforests. These results hold important implications for the management of orangutan populations in captivity and in the wild, and underscore the flexibility and interdependence of physiological, behavioral, and life history strategies in the evolution of apes and humans.
Telomeric repeat-containing RNA structure in living cells
Authors: Xu Yan , Suzuki Yuta , Ito Kenichiro , Komiyama Makoto
Published: August 2010

Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (referred to as TERRA), a noncoding RNA molecule, has recently been found in mammalian cells. The detailed structural features and function of the TERRA RNA at human chromosome ends remain unclear, although this RNA molecule may be a key component of the telomere machinery. In the present studies, we investigated the structural features of human TERRA RNA in living cells. Using a light-switching pyrene probe, we found that human TERRA RNA forms a parallel G-quadruplex structure in living cells, providing the in vivo evidence for the presence of the G-quadruplex in human TERRA RNA. Furthermore, imaging experiments clearly show that TERRA RNA G-quadruplex localizes to telomere DNA at cell nuclei. These results provide valuable information to allow understanding of the structure and function of human TERRA RNA.
CX
3
CR1
+
CD8α
+
dendritic cells are a steady-state population related to plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Bar-On Liat , Birnberg Tal , Lewis Kanako L. , Edelson Brian T. , Bruder Dunja , Hildner Kai , Buer Jan , Murphy Kenneth M. , Reizis Boris , Jung Steffen
Published: August 2010

Lymphoid organs are characterized by a complex network of phenotypically distinct dendritic cells (DC) with potentially unique roles in pathogen recognition and immunostimulation. Classical DC (cDC) include two major subsets distinguished in the mouse by the expression of CD8α. Here we describe a subset of CD8α
+
DC in lymphoid organs of naïve mice characterized by expression of the CX
3
CR1 chemokine receptor. CX
3
CR1
+
CD8α
+
DC lack hallmarks of classical CD8α
+
DC, including IL-12 secretion, the capacity to cross-present antigen, and their developmental dependence on the transcriptional factor BatF3. Gene-expression profiling showed that CX
3
CR1
+
CD8α
+
DC resemble CD8α
−
cDC. The microarray analysis further revealed a unique plasmacytoid DC (PDC) gene signature of CX
3
CR1
+
CD8α
+
DC. A PDC relationship of the cells is supported further by the fact that they harbor characteristic D–J Ig gene rearrangements and that development of CX
3
CR1
+
CD8α
+
DC requires E2-2, the critical transcriptional regulator of PDC. Thus, CX
3
CR1
+
CD8α
+
DC represent a unique DC subset, related to but distinct from PDC. Collectively, the expression-profiling data of this study refine the resolution of previous DC definitions, sharpen the border of classical CD8α
+
and CD8α
−
DC, and should assist the identification of human counterparts of murine DC subsets.
Amyloid beta 42 peptide (Aβ42)-lowering compounds directly bind to Aβ and interfere with amyloid precursor protein (APP) transmembrane dimerization
Authors: Richter Luise , Munter Lisa-Marie , Ness Julia , Hildebrand Peter W. , Dasari Muralidhar , Unterreitmeier Stephanie , Bulic Bruno , Beyermann Michael , Gust Ronald , Reif Bernd , Weggen Sascha , Langosch Dieter , Multhaup Gerd
Published: August 2010

Following ectodomain shedding by β-secretase, successive proteolytic cleavages within the transmembrane sequence (TMS) of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) catalyzed by γ-secretase result in the release of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides of variable length. Aβ peptides with 42 amino acids appear to be the key pathogenic species in Alzheimer’s disease, as they are believed to initiate neuronal degeneration. Sulindac sulfide, which is known as a potent γ-secretase modulator (GSM), selectively reduces Aβ42 production in favor of shorter Aβ species, such as Aβ38. By studying APP–TMS dimerization we previously showed that an attenuated interaction similarly decreased Aβ42 levels and concomitantly increased Aβ38 levels. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which GSMs modulate Aβ production is still unclear. In this study, using a reporter gene-based dimerization assay, we found that APP–TMS dimers are destabilized by sulindac sulfide and related Aβ42-lowering compounds in a concentration-dependent manner. By surface plasmon resonance analysis and NMR spectroscopy, we show that sulindac sulfide and novel sulindac-derived compounds directly bind to the Aβ sequence. Strikingly, the attenuated APP–TMS interaction by GSMs correlated strongly with Aβ42-lowering activity and binding strength to the Aβ sequence. Molecular docking analyses suggest that certain GSMs bind to the GxxxG dimerization motif in the APP–TMS. We conclude that these GSMs decrease Aβ42 levels by modulating APP–TMS interactions. This effect specifically emphasizes the importance of the dimeric APP–TMS as a promising drug target in Alzheimer’s disease.
Induction and rescue of Nod2-dependent Th1-driven granulomatous inflammation of the ileum
Authors: Biswas Amlan , Liu Yuen-Joyce , Hao Liming , Mizoguchi Atsushi , Salzman Nita H. , Bevins Charles L. , Kobayashi Koichi S.
Published: August 2010

Mutations in the NOD2 gene are strong genetic risk factors for ileal Crohn’s disease. However, the mechanism by which these mutations predispose to intestinal inflammation remains a subject of controversy. We report that
Nod2
-deficient mice inoculated with
Helicobacter hepaticus
, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, developed granulomatous inflammation of the ileum, characterized by an increased expression of Th1-related genes and inflammatory cytokines. The Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes were markedly enlarged with expansion of IFN-γ–producing CD4 and CD8 T cells.
Rip2
-deficient mice exhibited a similar phenotype, suggesting that Nod2 function likely depends on the Rip2 kinase in this model. Transferring wild-type bone marrow cells into irradiated
Nod2
-deficient mice did not rescue the phenotype. However, restoring crypt antimicrobial function of
Nod2
-deficient mice by transgenic expression of α-defensin in Paneth cells rescued the Th1 inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, through the regulation of intestinal microbes, Nod2 function in nonhematopoietic cells of the small intestinal crypts is critical for protecting mice from a Th1-driven granulomatous inflammation in the ileum. The model may provide insight into Nod2 function relevant to inflammation of ileal Crohn’s disease.
Prediction of metabolic fluxes by incorporating genomic context and flux-converging pattern analyses
Authors: Park Jong Myoung , Kim Tae Yong , Lee Sang Yup
Published: August 2010

Flux balance analysis (FBA) of a genome-scale metabolic model allows calculation of intracellular fluxes by optimizing an objective function, such as maximization of cell growth, under given constraints, and has found numerous applications in the field of systems biology and biotechnology. Due to the underdetermined nature of the system, however, it has limitations such as inaccurate prediction of fluxes and existence of multiple solutions for an optimal objective value. Here, we report a strategy for accurate prediction of metabolic fluxes by FBA combined with systematic and condition-independent constraints that restrict the achievable flux ranges of grouped reactions by genomic context and flux-converging pattern analyses. Analyses of three types of genomic contexts, conserved genomic neighborhood, gene fusion events, and co-occurrence of genes across multiple organisms, were performed to suggest a group of fluxes that are likely on or off simultaneously. The flux ranges of these grouped reactions were constrained by flux-converging pattern analysis. FBA of the
Escherichia coli
genome-scale metabolic model was carried out under several different genotypic (
pykF
,
zwf
,
ppc
, and
sucA
mutants) and environmental (altered carbon source) conditions by applying these constraints, which resulted in flux values that were in good agreement with the experimentally measured
13
C-based fluxes. Thus, this strategy will be useful for accurately predicting the intracellular fluxes of large metabolic networks when their experimental determination is difficult.