bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Recent Developments in the Design of Rigid Airships
Authors: Sandford W. T.
Published: August 2016

This paper is primarily intended to stimulate discussion on a subject of increasing interest to aeronautical students and of rapidly growing interest to commercial aeronautics. It must not by any means, therefore, be looked upon as a complete analysis of the subject, but rather as an introduction to the most important questions arising in recent development.

In considering this question we must first define the particular requirements of the large rigid airship. The airship must be looked upon with regard to the aeroplane rather as the ocean liner is looked upon with regard to the express train and not in any sense as a rival of the aeroplane. They each have their own distinctive duty.

Any commercial system depends upon safety and reliability. The airship designer has, therefore, the problem of making a structure safe under any conditions of flight and having a minimum ratio of structural weight to useful weight per horse-power.
A Study of the Wing-Beats of Pigeons in Flight
Authors: Guidi G.
Published: August 2016

Observations on the wing-beats of pigeons, based on cinematograph films taken by the author; with conclusions regarding the characteristics of the wing and its lift in the various phases of the beat.
Research on Channel Wall Interference
Authors: Parkin J. H.
Published: August 2016

An investigation of channel wall interference with the object of verifying experimentally the accuracy of the results given by the theory developed by Prandtl and extended by Glauert. Tests were made, with cylinders and aerofoils, using the “ mirror ” method, for some ten different channel sizes. The results show :

1.

The presence of the channel walls results in an increase in the drag of a symmetrical body, such as a cylinder.

2.

Agreement with the theoretial corrections for incidence and drag for channels of reasonable size.

3.

The extent and nature of the wall interference effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of aerofoils in much restricted streams, beyond the limits of applicability of the theory.
Aeronautical Research in Sweden
Authors: Ångström Tord. K.
Published: August 2016

This paper contains a report on the principal aeronautical research work carried out by the Aeronautical Committee of the Royal Swedish Institute for Scientific Industrial Research.

The Royal Swedish Institute for Scientific Industrial Research in 1925 appointed an Aeronautical Committee with the object of promoting–scientific technical research work and general development work in the field of aeronautics. In the first place work has been concentrated on such problems in aeronautics which are of particular importance with regard to special Swedish conditions.

The Aeronautical Committee has been concerned in establishing an aeronautical chair, combined with an aeronautical laboratory, at the Royal Technical University in Stockholm. The aeronautical professorship is now established by Parliament, and a professor will shortly be appointed. The establishment of the aeronautical laboratory has been postponed for the present, but there is hardly any doubt that the laboratory will be in being within the next few years.
‘Exception française’: splendeurs et misères of a formula
Authors: PEETERS BERT
Published: August 2016

Used at first with their original (definite) article, the phrasesexception françaiseandfin de l'exception françaisegained instant notoriety after the publication of Furet, Julliard and Rosanvallon's 1988 bookLa République du centre: La fin de l'exception française. Before too long, the shorter phrase, which (contrary to what is sometimes asserted) was already in existence, also started occurring without the article, with other determiners, and in the plural. This paper details some of thesplendeurs et misères(including progressive trivialization) of both the longer and the shorter phrase, thought of as exponents of a singleformula.
Epidemiology and Genetics of OCD: A Review and Discussion of Future Directions for Research
Authors: Black Donald W.
Published: August 2016

The author reviews both the epidemiology and the genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A relatively common disorder, OCD has an onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. Its gender distribution is nearly equal, although women are slightly more likely to develop the disorder. Usually chronic, OCD fluctuates depending on factors including the presence of depressed mood or stressful life events. OCD is associated with substantial psychiatric comorbidity, it affects quality of life, and it affects health care utilization. Many questions remain unanswered, such as whether its natural history has changed with the advent of effective therapies, and to what extent patients with OCD are disabled.

There are no adoption studies of OCD, but reports of twins suggest greater monozygotic than dizygotic concordance. Family study results are not entirely consistent, probably because of differences in study methods, but tend to show that OCD is familial. They also show a genetic relationship to subclinical OCD and Tourette's syndrome. Molecular genetic studies are just getting under way. Important issues remain to be answered, including defining the extent of an OCD spectrum of disorders, and determining what constitutes an OCD phenotype.

The author concludes by recommending that further studies on OCD involve samples from the general population rather than clinic- or hospital-based samples, which are inherently biased for severity.

The past 15 years have been exciting for psychiatric researchers interested in the epidemiology and genetics of OCD. Combined with ongoing development of effective pharmacologic and behavioral treatments, new research in these areas has affected how physicians think about OCD, as well as how we clinically manage patients. More work needs to be done, as many important questions about both the epidemiology and genetics of OCD remain unanswered.
Psychiatric Applications of the New Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Sussman Norman , Gorman Jack M. , Privitera Michael D. , Ginsberg David L.
Published: August 2016

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have a broad range of activity in the central nervous system and can thus be expected to have multiple clinical effects. Older AEDs have been used in psychiatry for some time. Introduction of the new AEDs within the last decade has been followed by reports of their efficacy in patients who had failed the more established treatment regimens. It has become evident that drugs such as gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, zonisamide, and tiagabine have beneficial safety and cognitive profiles and appear to be well tolerated by patients. While there are an increasing amount of data available indicating that these drugs may be effective in treating certain aspects of anxiety disorders, depression, and bipolar disorder, still not enough is known about all of their potential uses. It is difficult for clinicians to evaluate and use these drugs in the absence of clinical trials. Until more studies are done to increase the evidence base for the effectiveness of these agents, we have to rely on observations from community practice and personal experiences in making treatment choices.
Cognitive Difficulties and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Kennedy Colleen M. , Tarokh Leila , Stein Murray B.
Published: August 2016

Subjective cognitive complaints of women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) and nonabused women were examined using the Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS). Cognitive complaints were compared among victims of IPV with a lifetime diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (PTSD+; n=20), victims of IPV without lifetime PTSD (PTSD-; n=21), and a nonabused comparison group (n=22). The results indicated that both the PTSD+ and PTSD- groups had significantly higher levels of self-perceived cognitive difficulties than nonabused women. Furthermore, PTSD symptom severity was found to be positively correlated with self-perceived cognitive difficulties (r=.47). Further research is needed to determine whether cognitive complaints are associated with exposure to IPV, with the subsequent development of PTSD, or with other not yet understood factors. Furthermore, additional work is needed to resolve whether cognitive complaints are accompanied by objective evidence of cognitive dysfunction in victims of IPV.
Selecting a Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Kelly Alison
Published: August 2016

Although considered rare and intractable until relatively recently, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is now recognized as a common condition that can be treated. Clomipramine initially dominated the treatment of OCD, but the introduction of the selective serotonin reup-take inhibitors (SSRIs) now allows OCD to be treated without the unpleasant adverse effects associated with the high doses of clomipramine necessary in OCD. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, and active treatment comparison trials showing the efficacy of fluvoxamine and fluoxetine in particular now provide good reasons to consider SSRIs as first-line therapy for OCD.
Intravenous, Pulse-Loaded Clomipramine in Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Two Case Reports
Authors: Pallanti Stefano , Koran Lorrin M.
Published: August 2016

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by excessive preoccupation with an imagined or greatly exaggerated defect in appearance, and often by related rituals or pursuit of medical or surgical treatments. The frequent comorbidity of BDD with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the phenomenological similarities between these two disorders suggest that they may be related. BDD reportedly responds to oral clomipramine (CMI).

We present here two case studies of patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BDD with comorbid delusional disorder, somatic type, to whom we administered pulse-loaded intravenous (IV) CMI (150 mg on day 1, 200 mg on day 2). After a 4.5-day drug holiday, both patients continued on oral CMI. As reflected in modified Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores, both patients' BDD improved by about one third within 4.5 days of the second IV dose. Improvement continued over 2 months on oral CMI, and comorbid major depression present in one patient remitted. By the end of 8 weeks of oral CMI, the patients' modified Y-BOCS scores had decreased about 55%, and their social functioning had markedly improved.

As in OCD, pulse-loaded, IV CMI may produce a much faster response than oral CMI or selective serotonin reuptake treatment and can be well tolerated. This treatment approach to BDD deserves further study in a prospective, randomized controlled trial.
Repetitive TMS as a Probe of Mood In Health and Disease
Authors: George Mark S. , Speer Andrew M. , Wassermann Eric M. , Kimbrell Timothy A. , William Wendol A. , Kellner Charles H. , Risch S. Craig , Stallings Laurie , Post Robert M.
Published: August 2016

Recent advances in functional neuroimaging (including positron emission tomography, single-photon emission tomography, and fast magnetic resonance imaging) have allowed better understanding of the brain regions involved in regulating normal and pathological moods. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has the ability to stimulate or temporarily impair brain regions, which makes it a powerful tool for directly testing theories of the neurologic basis of mood regulation.
Neural Correlates of Factor-Analyzed OCD Symptom Dimensions: A PET Study
Authors: Rauch Scott L. , Dougherty Darin D. , Shin Lisa M. , Alpert Nathaniel M. , Manzo Peter , Leahy Linda , Fischman Alan J. , Jenike Michael A. , Baer Lee
Published: August 2016

Various schemes have been developed in attempts to define meaningful subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A factor analytic approach presumes that the symptom of the disorder can be described by several independent symptom dimensions. The purpose of this study was to explore the neural correlates of three symptom dimensions that were derived from previous factor analyses. Positron emission tomography was used to measure relative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 14 subjects with OCD while they engaged in a continuous performance task. Clinical indices, including factor scores, we ascertained via structured interviews plus administration of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and checklist. The severity of Factor 1 (religious/aggressive/sexual obsessions and checking) was positively correlated with rCBF in striatum bilaterally. In addition, distinct trends were observed for the other two Factors. These findings provide initial support for a modular neurobiologic model of OCD, where dysfunction within separate component systems may principally mediate independent symptom factors. More important, this nove strategy may represent a powerful new approach to interpreting brain imaging studies of neuropsychiatric diseases.
Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of Trichotillomania: An 8-Week, Open-Label Study
Authors: Christenson Gary A. , Crow Scott J. , Mitchell James E. , Mackenzie Thomas B. , Crosby Ross D. , Falls Janice
Published: August 2016

This short-term, open-label study investigates short- and long-term effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluvoxamine for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM). Additionally, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the presence of hair pulling compulsiveness is predictive of SSRI response. Nineteen subjects meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition Revised, (DSM-III-R) criteria for TTM were treated with fluvoxamine at doses up to 300 mg/day. Random regression analysis of change across time for patients who completed the study (n=14) and those who dropped out (n=5) revealed statistically significant improvements in Physician Rating Scale, hair-pulling episodes, Trichotillomania Impairment Scale, and Trichotillomania Symptom Severity Scale, but not in estimated amount of hair pulled. In addition, the percentage of patients' focused or compulsive hair-pulling symptoms was predictive of treatment response. Unfortunately, all three subjects who entered long-term treatment displayed substantial movement back toward baseline by the end of 6 months. We concluded that fluvoxamine produces moderate reductions in symptoms during the short-term treatment of TTM and that the presence of focused or compulsive hair pulling may be predictive of treatment response. However, responses may be short lived when treatment is extended.
Premenstrual Dysphoria: An Illustrative Example of How Serotonin Modulates Sex-Steroid—Related Behavior
Authors: Eriksson Elias , Andersch Björn , Ho Hoi-Por , Landén Mikael , Sundblad Charlotta , Yonkers Kimberly , Steiner Meir
Published: August 2016

Premenstrual dysphoria (PMD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome, causing a marked reduction in the quality of life for about 5% of all women of fertile age. The cardinal symptoms are irritability and anger, which surface regularly between ovulation and menstruation and disappear completely within a few days after the onset of menstruation. Other frequent symptoms are depressed mood, affect lability, tension, and carbohydrate craving. In placebo-controlled trials, the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) clomipramine, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, and citalopram have proven very effective for PMD, with a response rate of 60% or higher; in contrast, nonserotonergic antidepressants are not effective. The onset of action of SRIs is rapid, allowing for intermittent administration during luteal phases only. The impressive effect of SRIs for PMD is probably not equivalent to the antidepressant effect of these drugs, but is more likely to be a manifestation of the well-established influence of serotonin on aggression and irritability. It strongly reinforces the assumption that a major function of serotonergic neurons in the brain is to modulate sex-steroid—driven behavior.
Beyond Control of Acute Exacerbation: Enhancing Affective and Cognitive Outcomes
Authors: Meltzer Herbert Y.
Published: August 2016

From the perspective of efficacy, the main advantages of the group of new antipsychotic drugs, including ziprasidone, clozapine, quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, are their ability to improve cognitive function. Other advantages are more selective, eg, clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, while the advantages for positive and negative symptoms in neuroleptic responsive patients are modest and sometimes difficult to demonstrate. The advantage for cognitive function is important because of abundant evidence that cognitive function is a key predictor of work and social function acquisition. The drug-induced cognitive improvement can synergize with typical rehabilitation programs and more experimental cognitive retraining programs to optimize these areas of improvement. Improved cognition also has implications for better compliance and decreased caretaker burden. It is also important to consider the efficacy of antipsychotics to improve mood and negative symptoms and to provide a biological framework for their ability to achieve these advantages over typical neuroleptic drugs. This article will provide new data on efficacy of this class of drugs relative to each other and to typical neuroleptics. Current theories linking efficacy in cognition to unique effects on cortical dopaminergic and cholinergic function and improved patterns of connectivity in the brain during cognitive task performance will be discussed. Finally, pharmacologic strategies to augment affect and cognitive improvements due to the new antipsychotic drug therapies will be discussed.
Potential Noradrenergic Targets for Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia
Authors: Friedman Joseph I. , Stewart Daniel G. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: August 2016

Substantial evidence suggests that alterations in noradrenergic function contribute to the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia. Activation of post-junctional α2a-adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex by the α2a-selective agonist guanfacine has demonstrated some preliminary benefit in subjects with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotics. α1-drenergic receptor activity may be less important in mediating the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia, β-adrenergic receptors may serve as another potential target for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. However, the potential increase in memory consolidation in schizophrenia patients produced by β-adrenergic agonists may be outweighed by the impairment in cognitive flexibility and executive functioning produced by α-adrenergic agonists. Finally, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, such as atomoxetine, hold promise as potential cognitive enhancers in schizophrenia because of their ability to indirectly but selectively increase extracellular dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex.
Brain Injury Associated With Chronic Alcoholism
Authors: Ragan Paul W. , Singleton Charles K. , Martin Peter R.
Published: August 2016

Alcoholism can result in a number of severe consequences to the central nervous system, including Korsakoff's psychosis, delusions, delirium, Wernicke's encephalopathy, and cerebellar degeneration. Many of these disorders have a substantially higher prevalence than had been previously believed. Neuropathologic and neuroimaging studies have been instrumental in identifying the changes undergone by the alcoholic brain and the factors that may contribute to alcohol-induced brain damage. Biologic differences appear to make women especially susceptible to central nervous system insult from alcohol abuse. The damage caused by alcohol may be associated, in part, with thiamine deficiency, neuronal excitotoxicity, and magnesium wasting.
Psychiatry and Molecular Genetics
Authors: Pato Michele T. , Nicolini Humberto , Pato Carlos N.
Published: August 2016

Molecular genetic studies of complex disorders require a number of parallel strategies. Many of the more familial psychiatric syndromes are highly prevalent and may represent a collection of a number of distinct genetic subtypes and possibly a number of nongenetic subtypes. A nongenetic form of illness may appear clinically indistinguishable from a genetic form. These nongenetic subtypes of a syndrome would be considered phenocopies. In this and the subsequent issue of CNS Spectrums, a number of papers are presented that review the current state of psychiatric genetics of major disorders. Clinical strategies to narrow phenotypes and better define study populations are paired with laboratory and statistical strategies to optimize both candidate gene and genome scanning methods.

In this issue, Kennedy and colleagues focus on a review of the genetics of schizophrenia, highlighting genome scans already completed and studies on special populations. Schindler and colleagues present a unique and efficient method for defining the homogeneity of a study population, surname analysis, and the importance of population selection in the design of genetic studies. Macedo and colleagues demonstrate the study of anticipation in bipolar mood disorder. Genetic anticipation is the observation of an earlier age of onset and greater disease severity in younger generations. This pattern has been associated with dynamic repeat expansions in the DNA in several neuropsychiatric disorders, and represents a good example of a unique genetic mechanism causing a unique phenotypic pattern. Nicolini and colleagues present work done to date on obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Identification of a Highly Homogenous Population for Genetic Study of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Schindler Kim M. , Torre Camille Dalla , Bauer Amy , Medeiros Helena , Carvalho Celia , Fernandes Luis Filipe , Pato Michele T. , Pato Carlos N.
Published: August 2016

Many psychiatric disorders are influenced by genetic factors, but the genetic components of complex diseases may not follow clear inheritance patterns. Although the patients may share a common clinical phenotype, the cause of the syndrome may consist of a heterogeneous collection of both genetic and/or environmental components. One method to minimize genetic heterogeneity in studies of complex disorders is to select a very homogenous study population. The average number of families with the same last name, when corrected for population size, is an excellent marker for the degree of homogeneity. We used surname analysis to evaluate the homogeneity of the Portuguese population of Madeira, comparing it with previous data on the homogeneity of populations of mainland Portugal, the Azores, and both rural and urban US populations. The average number of families with the same last name corrected for population size was 33.84 in Madeira, 30.88 in the Azores, and 21.42 in Coimbra (mainland Portugal) compared with 1.13 in rural and 0.38 in urban United States. This surname analysis supports the premise that the Portuguese population is a highly homogenous population, with the highest homogeneity in Madeira and the Azores, making it a good study population for molecular genetic analyses.
Sexual Disorders Not Otherwise Specified: Compulsive, Addictive, or Impulsive?
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Black Donald W. , Pienaar Willie
Published: August 2016

Paraphilias are recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects. These paraphilias cause the suffering or humiliation of the patient or patient's partner, or children, or other nonconsenting persons. However, in many patients symptoms involve more culturally acceptable patterns (eg, repetitive masturbation, Internet pornography); such hypersexual symptoms have been labeled as compulsive, addictive, or impulsive. Growing evidence supports the existence of a discrete syndrome characterized by recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving patterns that fall outside the definition of paraphilia. There is, however, high comorbidity with paraphilia. While such symptoms have been labeled as sexual compulsion or addiction, these terms are problematic in this context. Modern nosology has neglected this entity, although the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), category of sexual disorders not otherwise specified includes hypersexual behaviors as an example. We suggest that the DSM-IV category of sexual disorders be modified to include explicitly diagnostic criteria for a disorder characterized by hypersexual symptoms involving patterns that fall outside of the current definition of paraphilia. The disorder might be classified as one of the paraphilias, or as paraphilia-related. In the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder, we suggest that it simply be termed hypersexual disorder.
Cavum Septi Pellucidi in First-Episode Patients and Young Relatives at Risk for Schizophrenia
Authors: Keshavan Matcheri S. , Jayakumar Perambur N. , Diwadkar Vaibhav A. , Singh Amitabh
Published: August 2016

Studies on schizophrenia (SZ) have documented an increased presence of cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) in individuals suffering from the illness. Moreover, the presence of CSP has been cited in support of the early neurodevelopmental hypothesis in SZ. Our objective was to assess the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of first-episode patients and healthy controls to evaluate the frequency of CSP. The presence and the size of CSP were visually assessed on the MRI scans of 40 first-episode SZ patients, 19 nonpsychotic child and high-risk adolescent offspring of patients with SZ or schizoaffective disorder, and 59 controls. Our analysis revealed an absence of statistically significant differences in the occurrence of CSP between SZ patients, high-risk subjects, and controls. Even when the analysis was restricted to large CSP, no differences were found. Furthermore, no association between CSP and sex or handedness was observed. The absence of CSP abnormalities in first-episode SZ subjects might indicate that SZ is not characterized by developmentally mediated alterations in CSP. Also, family history of SZ might not increase likelihood for CSP.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Supporting Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Hambrick James P. , Weeks Justin W. , Harb Gerlinde C. , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: August 2016

The present paper examines the role of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). A cognitive-behavioral model of SAD is first presented. Different modalities of CBT for SAD are then described, including exposure, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and social skills training, and evidence supporting their efficacy is reviewed. The comparative and combined impact of CBT and pharmacotherapeutic interventions is also explored. CBT appears to be an efficacious treatment for SAD. However, the overall efficacy CBT may be increased by closer examination of the active ingredients of treatment. Such analyses may also enable more successful integration of the different CBT techniques and of CBT and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of SAD.
Effectiveness Trials in Mood Disorders
Authors: Rush A. John
Published: August 2016

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has embarked upon a new venture—effectiveness trials, large-scale trials to test more than one treatment option for individuals affected with diverse major mental disorders. The launch follows a recent report by the NIMH National Advisory Mental Health Council, which emphasized the failure within routine clinical care to widely implement findings of randomized, controlled efficacy trials (RCTs)—perhaps, in part, because of reduced generalizability that leaves real-world application unclear.

Efficacy trials do not answer a number of key clinical questions, including: (1) Are the treatments as effective and safe in representative patient groups? (2) How does the new treatment fit within the treatment armamentarium? (3) When should the new treatment be combined with existing interventions? (4) What are the long-term benefits? (5) Do treatments differ regarding their effectiveness in patients with comorbid general medical or psychiatric disorders? (6) How do these newer treatments affect costs of routine care? Effectiveness trials can address a number of these issues and incorporate a broad range of outcomes, including symptom reduction, day-to-day function, side effect burden, and patient satisfaction.

With a major aim of effectiveness trials being increased generalizability, selection of participants is crucial. Since symptomatic volunteers, who are typically used in efficacy RCTs for major depressive disorder, may be more responsive to either the nonspecific aspects of treatment or to the treatment itself than self-declared patients with concomitant comorbidities, setting minimal exclusion criteria, recruiting large samples of patients from representative practices, and excluding symptomatic volunteers assures that patients are representative, while protecting the internal validity of the trial. In addition, treatments must be reasonably well delivered so that outcomes can be attributed to the treatment per se and not to improper implementation of an otherwise effective treatment. Frequent clinic visits, patient/family educational efforts, universal access to all protocol recommended treatments (including psychotherapy), and adequate provider compensation can ensure that treatments are reasonably well delivered.
Emotional Reactivity and Risk for Psychopathology Among Adolescents
Authors: Pine Daniel S. , Cohen Patricia , Brook Judith S.
Published: August 2016

Various aspects of personality or dispositional style predict risk for psychiatric disorders among adults. In particular, signs of neuroticism, emotional reactivity, or sensitivity to stress are strong predictors of later mood or anxiety disorders. The current report extends this literature to adolescents. An epidemiologic sample of 776 young people living in upstate New York received psychiatric assessments based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition-Revised, (DSM-III-R) and a self-report assessment of personality style in 1983 and 1985. Psychopathology was again assessed in 1992. The current study first examined demographic correlates of emotional reactivity. The study then considered the predictive relationship between emotionally reactive personality style at one study wave and psychopathology at later waves. In middle but not early adolescence, girls showed higher levels of emotional reactivity than boys. In turn, high levels of emotional reactivity predicted a range of psychiatric disorders at follow-up. The most consistent associations emerged for major depression and fearful spells, a term the authors use to describe a subclinical form of panic attacks. As in adults, midadolescent girls rate themselves as more emotionally reactive than midadolescent boys. Moreover, adolescents who rate themselves as emotionally reactive face a high risk for mood and anxiety disorders. High levels of emotional reactivity may represent a manifestation of underlying neurobiologic risk for mood and anxiety disorders.
Psychiatric Symptoms During HIV Disease: Physiologic Mechanisms and Potential Treatments
Authors: Cruess Dean G. , Evans Dwight L.
Published: August 2016

We are pleased to introduce this special issue of CNS Spectrums on neuropsychiatry and human immunodeficiency virus infection. The study of psychiatric manifestations of HIV has been at the forefront of research since the early 1980s. Although information has accumulated in the past 20 years, there is still a great deal to be learned. This issue includes four comprehensive reviews of the literature in the area of HIV research. The first two papers outline the prior research examining the prevalence and effects of psychiatric symptoms in HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals. The other papers summarize the research examining the effectiveness of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions in treating these psychiatric symptoms. All four articles consider the impact of these psychiatric symptoms (or their treatments) on both the psychological and physical health of HIV+ individuals. They also help delineate some of the underlying physiologic mechanisms involved in this process that perhaps may subsequently influence the course of HIV disease.

Jane Leserman, PhD, reviews and evaluates the literature on the impact of stressors, depression, and the use of specific adverse coping strategies on alterations in immune function and disease progression among HIV+ individuals. Leserman describes a number of findings generated from the Coping in Health and Illness Project and points out that there is substantial evidence that stressful life events, depressive symptoms, and passive coping strategies can lead to immune impairments during HIV disease. She discusses some of the underlying physiological mechanisms, particularly alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which might mediate the relationship between psychosocial factors, immune system functioning, and disease status. The author concludes that by further understanding the impact of stress, depression, adverse coping strategies, and alterations in hormonal systems on immune function, researchers will develop a greater account of how these important factors may influence HIV progression and survival.
HOW IMPORTANT IS INNOVATION? A BAYESIAN FACTOR-AUGMENTED PRODUCTIVITY MODEL BASED ON PANEL DATA
Authors: Bresson Georges , Etienne Jean-Michel , Mohnen Pierre
Published: August 2016

This paper proposes a Bayesian approach to estimating a factor-augmented GDP per capita equation. We exploit the panel dimension of our data and distinguish between individual-specific and time-specific factors. On the basis of 21 technology, infrastructure, and institutional indicators from 82 countries over a 19-year period (1990 to 2008), we construct summary indicators of each of these three components in the cross-sectional dimension and an overall indicator of all 21 indicators in the time-series dimension and estimate their effects on growth and international differences in GDP per capita. For most countries, more than 50% of GDP per capita is explained by the four common factors we have introduced. Infrastructure is the greatest contributor to total factor productivity, followed by technology and institutions.
OUTPUT EXTERNALITIES ON TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Dávila Julio
Published: August 2016

The impact that output has on future total factor productivity is not internalized by competitive agents. As a result, the allocation that a planner would choose cannot be reached as a competitive equilibrium outcome (neither for infinitely lived agents nor for overlapping generations): the market remuneration to capital and labor is too low. The planner's allocation can nonetheless be implemented by a fiscal policy subsidizing the returns to savings and the wage rate as needed. The exact policy differs depending on whether only past investment or total output influences productivity: in the first case only capital returns need to be subsidized, whereas in the second case labor income needs to be subsidized too. The policy is balanced period by period by means of a lump-sum tax.
A neurocognitive perspective on retrieval interference in L2 sentence processing
Authors: HAMRICK PHILLIP , ULLMAN MICHAEL T.
Published: August 2016

Cunnings (Cunnings) offers an interpretation of L2-L1 sentence processing differences in terms of memory principles. We applaud such cross-domain approaches, which seem likely to significantly elucidate the neurocognition of language. Cunnings attributes sentence processing differences between (adult) high proficiency L2 and L1 speakers to an increased susceptibility to similarity-based retrieval interference, rather than to qualitative L2-L1 processing differences (cf. Clahsen & Felser, 2006). On his account, both L1 and L2 sentence processing depend upon a ‘bipartite’ working memory, which involves maintaining items active by focusing attention on long-term memory representations (Cowan, 2001).
The P3 Parietal-To-Frontal Shift Relates to Age-Related Slowing in a	Selective Attention Task
Authors: Reuter Eva-Maria , Voelcker-Rehage Claudia , Vieluf Solveig , Parianen Lesemann Franca , Godde Ben
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Older adults recruit relatively more frontal as compared to parietal resources in a variety of cognitive and perceptual tasks. It is not yet clear whether this parietal-to-frontal shift is a compensatory mechanism, or simply reflects a reduction in processing efficiency. In this study we aimed to investigate how the parietal-to-frontal shift with aging relates to selective attention. Fourteen young and 26 older healthy adults performed a color Flanker task under three conditions (incongruent, congruent, neutral) and event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured. The P3 was analyzed for the electrode positions Pz, Cz, and Fz as an indicator of the parietal-to-frontal shift. Further, behavioral performance and other ERP components (P1 and N1 at electrodes O1 and O2; N2 at electrodes Fz and Cz) were investigated. First young and older adults were compared. Older adults had longer response times, reduced accuracy, longer P3 latencies, and a more frontal distribution of P3 than young adults. These results confirm the parietal-to-frontal shift in the P3 with age for the selective attention task. Second, based on the differences between frontal and parietal P3 activity the group of older adults was subdivided into those showing a rather equal distribution of the P3 and older participants showing a strong frontal focus of the P3. Older adults with a more frontally distributed P3 had longer response times than participants with a more equally distributed P3. These results suggest that the frontally distributed P3 observed in older adults has no compensatory function in selective attention but rather indicates less efficient processing and slowing with age.
Heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integrated microsystems
Authors: Yoo S. J. Ben , Guan Binbin , Scott Ryan P.
Published: August 2016

The continuing trend of exponential growth in data communications and processing are driving the need for large-scale heterogeneous integration. Similar to the trend we have observed in electronic integrated circuit development, we are witnessing a growing trend in 3D photonic integrated circuits (PICs) development in addition to that in 2D PICs. There are two main methods for fabricating 3D PICs. The first method, which utilizes ultrafast laser inscription (ULI), offers freeform shaping of waveguides in arbitrary contours and formations. The second method, which utilizes multilayer stacking and coupling of planar PICs, exploits relatively mature 2D PIC fabrication processes applied to each layer sequentially. Both the fabrication methods for 3D PICs have advantages and disadvantages such that certain applications may favor one method over the other. However, a joining of 2D PICs with 3D PICs can help develop integrated microsystems with new functionalities such as non-mechanical beam steering, space-division multiplexing (SDM), programmable arbitrary beam shaping, and photonic signal processing. We discuss examples of 3D PICs and 2D/3D integrated PICs in two applications: SDM via orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) multiplexing/demultiplexing and optical beam steering using optical phased arrays. Although a 2D PIC by itself can function as an OAM multiplexer or demultiplexer, it has limitations in supporting both polarizations. Alternatively, a 3D PIC fabricated by ULI can easily support both polarizations with low propagation loss. A combination of a 3D PIC and a 2D PIC designed and fabricated for OAM applications has successfully multiplexed and demultiplexed 15 OAM states to demonstrate polarization-diversified SDM coherent optical communications using multiple OAM states. Coherent excitation of multi-ring OAM states can allow highly scalable SDM utilizing Laguerre–Gaussian modes or linearly polarized (LP) modes. The preliminary fabrication of multi-ring OAM multiplexers and demultiplexers using the multilayer 3D PIC method and the ULI 3D PIC method has also been pursued. Large-scale (for example, 16×16 optical phased array) 3D PICs fabricated with the ULI technique have been demonstrated. Through these examples, we show that heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integration retains the advantages of 2D PICs and 3D waveguides, which can potentially benefit many other applications.
Peptides interfering with protein-protein interactions in the ethylene signaling pathway delay tomato fruit ripening
Authors: Bisson Melanie M. A. , Kessenbrock Mareike , Müller Lena , Hofmann Alexander , Schmitz Florian , Cristescu Simona M. , Groth Georg
Published: August 2016

The plant hormone ethylene is involved in the regulation of several processes with high importance for agricultural applications, e.g. ripening, aging and senescence. Previous work in our group has identified a small peptide (NOP-1) derived from the nuclear localization signal of the Arabidopsis ethylene regulator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE-2 (EIN2) C-terminal part as efficient inhibitor of ethylene responses. Here, we show that NOP-1 is also able to efficiently disrupt EIN2-ETR1 complex formation in tomato, indicating that the NOP-1 inhibition mode is conserved across plant species. Surface application of NOP-1 on green tomato fruits delays ripening similar to known inhibitors of ethylene perception (MCP) and ethylene biosynthesis (AVG). Fruits treated with NOP-1 showed similar ethylene production as untreated controls underlining that NOP-1 blocks ethylene signaling by targeting an essential interaction in this pathway, while having no effect on ethylene biosynthesis.
The number of α-synuclein proteins per vesicle gives insights into its physiological function
Authors: Fakhree Mohammad A. A. , Zijlstra Niels , Raiss Christian C. , Siero Carolus J. , Grabmayr Heinrich , Bausch Andreas R. , Blum Christian , Claessens Mireille M. A. E.
Published: August 2016

Although it is well established that the protein α-synuclein (αS) plays an important role in Parkinson’s disease, its physiological function remains largely unknown. It has been reported to bind membranes and to play a role in membrane remodeling processes. The mechanism by which αS remodels membranes is still debated; it may either affect its physical properties or act as a chaperone for other membrane associated proteins. To obtain insight into the role of αS in membrane remodeling we investigated the number of αS proteins associated with single small vesicles in a neuronal cell model. Using single-molecule microscopy and photo-bleaching approaches, we most frequently found 70 αS-GFPs per vesicle. Although this number is high enough to modulate physical membrane properties, it is also strikingly similar to the number of synaptobrevins, a putative interaction partner of αS, per vesicle. We therefore hypothesize a dual, synergistic role for αS in membrane remodeling.
Enhanced mitochondrial glutamine anaplerosis suppresses pancreatic cancer growth through autophagy inhibition
Authors: Jeong Seung Min , Hwang Sunsook , Park Kyungsoo , Yang Seungyeon , Seong Rho Hyun
Published: August 2016

Cancer cells use precursors derived from tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to support their unlimited growth. However, continuous export of TCA cycle intermediates results in the defect of mitochondrial integrity. Mitochondria glutamine metabolism plays an essential role for the maintenance of mitochondrial functions and its biosynthetic roles by refilling the mitochondrial carbon pool. Here we report that human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells have a distinct dependence on mitochondrial glutamine metabolism. Whereas glutamine flux into mitochondria contributes to proliferation of most cancer cells, enhanced glutamine anaplerosis results in a pronounced suppression of PDAC growth. A cell membrane permeable α-ketoglutarate analog or overexpression of glutamate dehydrogenase lead to decreased proliferation and increased apoptotic cell death in PDAC cells but not other cancer cells. We found that enhanced glutamine anaplerosis inhibits autophagy, required for tumorigenic growth of PDAC, by activating mammalian TORC1. Together, our results reveal that glutamine anaplerosis is a crucial regulator of growth and survival of PDAC cells, which may provide novel therapeutic approaches to treat these cancers.
Giant spontaneous exchange bias triggered by crossover of superspin glass in Sb-doped Ni50Mn38Ga12 Heusler alloys
Authors: Tian Fanghua , Cao Kaiyan , Zhang Yin , Zeng Yuyang , Zhang Rui , Chang Tieyan , Zhou Chao , Xu Minwei , Song Xiaoping , Yang Sen
Published: August 2016

A spontaneous exchange bias (SEB) discovered by Wang et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 077203.] after zero-field cooling (ZFC) has attracted recent attention due to its interesting physics. In this letter, we report a giant SEB tuned by Sb-doping in Ni50Mn38Ga12-xSbx Heusler alloys. Such an SEB was switched on below the blocking temperature of approximately 50 K. The maximum exchange bias HE can arrive at 2930 Oe in a Ni50Mn38Ga10Sb2 sample after ZFC to 2 K. Further studies showed that this SEB was attributable to interaction of superspin glass (SSG) and antiferromagnetic matix, which was triggered by the crossover of SSG from canonical spin glass to a cluster spin glass. Our results not only explain the underlying physics of SEB, but also provide a way to tune and control the SEB performance.
Sorting centimetre-long single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Yu Woo Jong , Chae Sang Hoon , Vu Quoc An , Lee Young Hee
Published: August 2016

While several approaches have been developed for sorting metallic (m) or semiconducting (s) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), the length of SWCNTs is limited within a micrometer, which restricts excellent electrical performances of SWCNTs for macro-scale applications. Here, we demonstrate a simple sorting method of centimetre-long aligned m- and s-SWCNTs. Ni particles were selectively and uniformly coated along the 1-cm-long m-SWCNTs by applying positive gate bias during electrochemical deposition with continuous electrolyte injection. To sort s-SWCNTs, the Ni coating was oxidized to form insulator outer for blocking of current flow through inner m-SWCNTs. Sorting of m-SWCNTs were demonstrated by selective etching of s-SWCNTs via oxygen plasma, while the protected m-SWCNTs by Ni coating remained intact. The series of source-drain pairs were patterned along the 1-cm-long sorted SWCNTs, which confirmed high on/off ratio of 104–108 for s-SWCNTs and nearly 1 for m-SWCNTs.
Influential and theoretical analysis of nano-defect in the stub resonator
Authors: Xu Hui , Li Hongjian , Li Boxun , He Zhihui , Chen Zhiquan , Zheng Mingfei
Published: August 2016

We investigate a classic optical effect based on plasmon induced transparency (PIT) in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) bus waveguide coupled with a single defective cavity. With the coupled mode theory (CMT), a theoretical model, for the single defective cavity, is established to study spectral features in the plasmonic waveguide. We can achieve a required description for the phenomenon, and the theoretical results also agree well with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Our researches show that the defect’s position and size play important roles in the PIT phenomenon. By adjusting the position and size of the defect, we can realize the PIT phenomenon well and get the required slow light effect. The proposed model and findings may provide guidance for fundamental research of the control of light in highly integrated optical circuits.