bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrooptical properties of free‐standing polymer‐stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal films
Authors: Fujikake Hideo , Murashige Takeshi , Yonai Jun , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Kawakita Masahiro , Takizawa Kuniharu
Published: August 2002

We evaluated the electrooptical properties of free‐standing films based on ferroelectric liquid crystals stabilized by a rigid aligned polymer network in anticipation of future development of lightweight, large‐area flexible film displays. It was shown that the mechanical strength of the film increased at higher concentration of added monomer, while the speed of electrooptical response declined. This could be a result of restricted switching of the liquid crystal molecules due to their interaction with the surface of the solidified polymer. Although the contrast ratio decreased at higher polymer concentrations, when the concentration of the dispersed polymer was high enough to provide free‐standing ability, 100:1 or higher contrast ratios were achieved. In addition, the threshold voltage required for liquid crystal molecular switching was spatially changed due to polymer dispersion, resulting in the appearance of a grayscale display function. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(5): 35–42, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1105
Performance comparison of (1,7) RLL coded PRML systems and 16/17 (0,6/6) coded PRML systems in perpendicular magnetic recording using double‐layered media
Authors: Okamoto Yoshihiro , Ashikaga Hiroshi , Saito Hidetoshi , Osawa Hisashi
Published: August 2002

The performance of a partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) system in perpendicular magnetic recording that uses double‐layered media perpendicular to the MR head is evaluated. The codes of (1,7) RLL and 16/17 (0,6/6), which are commonly used in modern hard disk equipment, are used as the recording codes. The relationship between the normalized linear density and the desired SNR at the reading point for a bit error rate of 10−4 is determined from a computer simulation, assuming equalization by a transversal filter, and a comparative study is performed. It is shown that a (1,7) RLL coded PRML system has better performance when the recording density is comparatively low. For high recording density, a 16/17 (0,6/6) coded PRML system has shown better performance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(5): 43–49, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1106
Stabilization of a large‐capacity, long‐distance transmission system by a combination of a system damping resistor and an adjustable speed flywheel generator
Authors: Chida Takuji , Tsukada Eiichi , Goto Ken , Sanekata Jun , Amano Masahiko , Makino Junichi
Published: August 2002

A system damping resistor (SDR), which is a type of stabilizing equipment, is especially effective in decelerating the first synchronous generators' acceleration. An adjustable speed flywheel generator (FWG) is effective not only in decelerating the first acceleration but also in improving the dynamic stability.

We have studied the combined effect of the SDR and FWG for a model network with a large‐capacity long‐distance transmission system. It has two types of instability mode. One is immediate step‐out type by unbalanced fault such as same‐phase 1LG‐OC (1 Φ2LG‐OC). The other is dynamic unstable type by balanced fault such as 3LG‐O. We found that SDR–FWG combination using proper control method has the effect of decreasing total capacity, yielding economical advantages. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 52–62, 2002
Hybrid‐type immittance converter
Authors: Irie Hisaichi , Kawabata Yuichi
Published: August 2002

The immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of a load connected across output terminals. Therefore, in this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, it converts a constant‐voltage source into a constant‐current source and a constant‐current source into a constant‐voltage source.

It is well know that the quarter‐wavelength transmission line shows immittance conversion characteristics. However, it has a very long line length for the switching frequency of converters and is not suitable for power electronics application. Thus, we proposed five types of immittance converters that consist of lumped elements L and C and showed improved immittance conversion characteristics at a resonant frequency.

The output characteristics and efficiency characteristics of an immittance converter are the most important parameter when it is used in practical applications in a high‐frequency link. In this paper, we show voltage–current transformation characteristics, current–voltage transformation characteristics, and efficiency characteristics of a hybrid‐type immittance converter which consist of L and C elements with losses. The excellent characteristics were confirmed analytically and experimentally. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 80–86, 2002
Flow cytometric enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes: High transferability among 14 laboratories
Authors: Torous Dorothea K. , Hall Nikki E. , Dertinger Stephen D. , Diehl Marilyn S. , Illi‐Love Anne H. , Cederbrant Karin , Sandelin Kerstin , Bolcsfoldi George , Ferguson Lynnette R. , Pearson Amira , Majeska Jenness B. , Tarca James P. , Hewish Dean R. , Doughty Larissa , Fenech Michael , Weaver James L. , Broud Dennis D. , Gatehouse David G. , Hynes Geoffrey M. , Kwanyuen Puntipa , McLean Jack , McNamee James P. , Parenteau Monique , Van Hoof Veerle , Vanparys Philippe , Lenarczyk Marek , Siennicka Joanna , Litwinska Bogumila , Slowikowska Maria G. , Harbach Philip R. , Johnson Carol W. , Zhao Shuou , Aaron Charles S. , Lynch Anthony M. , Marshall Ian C. , Rodgers Brenda , Tometsko Carol R.
Published: August 2002

This laboratory previously described a single‐laser flow cytometric method, which effectively resolves micronucleated erythrocyte populations in rodent peripheral blood samples. Even so, the rarity and variable size of micronuclei make it difficult to configure instrument settings consistently and define analysis regions rationally to enumerate the cell populations of interest. Murine erythrocytes from animals infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei contain a high prevalence of erythrocytes with a uniform DNA content. This biological model for micronucleated erythrocytes offers a means by which the micronucleus analysis regions can be rationally defined, and a means for controlling interexperimental variation. The experiments described herein were performed to extend these studies by testing whether malaria‐infected erythrocytes could also be used to enhance the transferability of the method, as well as control intra‐ and interlaboratory variation. For these studies, blood samples from mice infected with malaria, or treated with vehicle or the clastogen methyl methanesulfonate, were fixed and shipped to collaborating laboratories for analysis. After configuring instrumentation parameters and guiding the position of analysis regions with the malaria‐infected blood samples, micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies were measured (20,000 reticulocytes per sample). To evaluate both intra‐ and interlaboratory variation, five replicates were analyzed per day, and these analyses were repeated on up to five separate days. The data of 14 laboratories presented herein indicate that transferability of this flow cytometric technique is high when instrumentation is guided by the biological standard Plasmodium berghei. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:59–68, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three R's of bacterial evolution: How replication, repair, and recombination frame the origin of species
Authors: Brown Eric W. , LeClerc J. Eugene , Kotewicz Michael L. , Cebula Thomas A.
Published: August 2002

The genetic diversity of bacteria results not only from errors in DNA replication and repair but from horizontal exchange and recombination of DNA sequences from similar and disparate species as well. New individuals carrying adaptive changes are thus being spawned constantly among the population at large. When new selection pressures appear, these are the individuals that survive, at the expense of the general population, to forge new populations. Depending on the severity and uniqueness of the selection pressure, this could lead to new speciation. It is becoming more and more evident that, as nucleotide sequences of numerous loci from many bacterial strains continue to amass, horizontal transfer has played a key role in configuring the Escherichia coli chromosome. Here, we examine views, both old and new, for the role of recombination in the evolution of bacterial chromosomes. We present novel phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transfer of three genes involved in DNA replication and repair (mutS, uvrD, and polA). These data reveal a prominent role for horizontal transfer in the evolution of genes known to play a key role in the fidelity of DNA replication and, thus, ultimate survival of the organism. Our data underscore that recombination plays both a diversifying and a homogenizing role in defining the structure of the E. coli genome. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:248–260, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A displacement‐based approach for the seismic design of continuous concrete bridges
Authors: Kowalsky Mervyn J.
Published: August 2002

A displacement‐based design procedure for continuous concrete bridges is proposed which can be incorporated into a performance‐based design philosophy. The procedure is applicable to multi‐degree‐of‐freedom bridges with flexible or rigid superstructures, and for varying degrees of abutment restraint. The background and development of the design procedure is presented first, followed by a series of examples and validation studies using dynamic inelastic time‐history analysis. The procedure is applied to the transverse response of bridge structures; however, it is equally well‐suited for longitudinal response. The results indicate that the process is able to capture non‐linear deformation patterns and thus reasonably control damage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in coping styles and recovery after inpatient treatment for severe eating disorders
Authors: Bloks Hans , Spinhoven Philip , Callewaert Ineke , Willemse‐Koning Cejoma , Turksma Anouk
Published: August 2002

Fifty‐six patients with anorexia nervosa (19 restrictive type, 37 purging/bulimic type) and 32 patients with bulimia nervosa, purging type, filled in questionnaires at admission to an eating disorder unit, again at discharge and 6 months later. Among these questionnaires was the UCL, the Utrecht Coping List, a Dutch questionnaire on coping styles. To determine the association between changes in coping styles and changes in eating symptomatology and psychological functioning during treatment, correlations were calculated. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the portion of the variance of the measurements at follow‐up that could be predicted by the coping styles at the end of treatment. Patients reported significant changes in coping styles in a favourable direction during treatment. Compared with normal controls, their coping styles at the end of the treatment were still more avoiding, more passive and more palliative reacting. They also made more use of reassuring thoughts, and less of active tackling and seeking of social support. The status of the patients 6 months after discharge was very well predicted by their status at discharge. After multiple regression analysis we found for both anorectic and bulimic patients that if they, at the end of the treatment made more use of the coping style reassuring thoughts, this would contribute to the prediction of a better status at follow‐up. Bulimic patients that at the end of the treatment made less use of the coping style palliative reacting, had a better status at follow‐up. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Selection of a staggered grid for inertia‐gravity waves in shallow water
Authors: Beckers J. M.
Published: August 2002

The problem of accuracy in propagating inertia‐gravity waves on Arakawa grids is investigated. It is shown that the sole analysis of spatial discretization and the recommendation of the B‐grid for coarse resolution models and C‐grid for high resolution models must be re‐analysed when time discretization is taken into account as well. For a chosen time discretization, a coarse C‐grid is shown for example, to increase precision when using larger time‐steps (up to the stability limit) whereas the precision of the B‐grid decreases. Here, an analysis of error for different grids in function of the space–time resolutions and computational costs is presented and some recommendations on the choice of the particular staggered grid for a given application are outlined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limits to linear price behavior: futures prices regulated by limits
Authors: Hall Anthony D. , Kofman Paul
Published: August 2002

This article analyzes the behavior of futures prices when the exchange is regulated by price limits. With a model analogous to exchange‐rate target‐zone models, we tested for the existence of a nonlinear S‐shape relation between observed and theoretical futures prices. This phenomenon reflects the adjustments in traders’ expectations even when limits are not actually hit. The approach is illustrated for five agricultural futures contracts traded at the Chicago Board of Trade. There is some evidence of nonlinearity in quiet periods. In cases of fundamental realignments, that is, volatile periods, this nonlinearity disappears. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:463–488, 2001
“One‐pot” synthesis of (Z)‐2‐aryl‐1‐(2‐cyanoethyl)ethenylphosphonates via hexamethylphosphoramide‐promoted sequential transformation
Authors: Wang Guoping , Shen Yanchang
Published: August 2002

(Z)‐2‐Aryl‐1‐(2‐cyanoethyl)ethenylphosphonates were synthesized by the hexamethylphosphoramide‐promoted sequential transformation of tetra‐alkyl methanediphosphonates, by the action of potassium tert‐butoxide, and then by acrylonitrile and aldehydes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:116–119, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10004
Family adjustment to American culture
Authors: Davidson Abel Carolyn
Published: August 2002

When international students and professors bring their families to the United States, the entire family goes through the typical stages of culture shock. However, parents can help their children go through those stages more easily by employing certain strategies.
Internationalizing the campus: What do you need to know?
Authors: Carmical Beth H.
Published: August 2002

For those who are in the beginning stages of creating study abroad programs, a road map for navigating the process of developing those programs can be a useful tool.
Financing health care at the local level: the community drug funds of Honduras†
Authors: Fiedler John L. , Wight Jonathan B.
Published: August 2002

In response to UNICEF's Bamako Initiative, hundreds of privately run Community Drug Funds were established in Honduras during the 1990s, generally under the auspices of a non‐government organization and usually with the financial assistance of international agencies. Honduras' Community Drug Funds (CDF) are rotating drug funds intended to: (1) serve as a means of increasing access to care in isolated rural populations, (2) promote the more rational use of medicines and (3) promote community participation in the financing and oversight of primary health care activities. This study is the first to analyse empirically the impact and efficiency of these institutions, relying upon primary data obtained from a survey of 51 of the 450 active CDFs in Honduras. Archival data from Ministry of Health and other sources were also analysed. The structure, operations, and impact of CDFs are detailed, with special attention given to access and quality of care issues. The study found that CDFs are rapidly becoming under‐capitalized because of basic management problems, principally in pricing and in medicine purchasing practices. These shortcomings, and more generally, increasing financial pressures on NGO sponsors, are negatively affecting quality and access to care. Given the rate of erosion in CDF assets, unless they are recapitalized, the current average estimated lifespan of a CDF is 5.5 years. If these funds are to be sustainable, changes in their financing, training and supervision will be required. In addressing these issues, Honduran health policy‐makers must decide how best to balance the competing goals of holding down costs, while maintaining adequate quality and improving access to care. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matching training methods and factors of cognitive ability: A means to improve training outcomes
Authors: Carter Shani D.
Published: August 2002

The author examines the relationship between training methods and factors of cognitive ability in order to
determine whether a match between these variables will increase learning. Lecture‐based and
case‐study‐based training were conducted using a repeated‐measure design. Predictive validity
of verbal comprehension, verbal reasoning, and general reasoning abilities for learning from the two training
methods were examined by way of MANOVA and multiple regression. Results indicate that knowledge gained in
lecture‐based training was significantly related to verbal comprehension ability, and knowledge gained in
case‐study‐based training was significantly related to general reasoning ability. The article
discusses implications for designing training programs and for future research.
The Implications of ADA Litigation for Employers: A Review of Federal Appellate Court Decisions
Authors: Lee Barbara A.
Published: August 2002

Analysis of litigation outcomes indicates that most plaintiffs who sue under the Americans with Disabilities Act are unsuccessful. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforcement data and six years of federal appellate court decisions were reviewed, as well as recent rulings of the United States Supreme Court. The courts are interpreting the ADA very narrowly, and very few plaintiffs prevail. The results of this research suggest that if employers engage in an individualized assessment of whether an individual is protected by the law and whether the requested accommodation is reasonable, legal liability will be minimized. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ablation patterns of snow cover over smooth first‐year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Iacozza J. , Barber D. G.
Published: August 2002

We examine the temporal evolution of snow distribution over first‐year sea ice from late winter to the period when melt ponds form. Our objectives are to model snowmelt over first‐year sea ice and investigate how melt rate affects the transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). These objectives are a subcomponent of a larger initiative to examine the coupling of physical and biological systems within a changing ocean–sea‐ice–atmosphere system (Iacozza J, Barber. 2000. C‐ICE 2000 Field Summary. CEOSTEC‐2000‐12‐01. CEOS, University of Manitoba).

Results indicate that the melt rate for the snow cover is non‐uniform both spatially and temporally, with decreasing rates for increasing snow depths. At depths greater than approximately 16 cm the melt rate is fairly consistent (approximately 3·5% day−1). The melt rate was best modelled using a quadratic equation, accounting for 71·5% of the variation in the melt rate. This melt‐rate equation was used to estimate the evolution of a statistical snow surface based on Iacozza and Barber (1999. Atmosphere–Ocean 37: 21–51) and to examine the transmission of PAR through the melt period. Analysis of the PAR transmission indicated that, as the melt season progressed, a greater amount of PAR is transmitted through the snow and ice and that this transmission is controlled by the ablation rate of different thicknesses of snow. The variation in PAR over the study area also increased as the melt season progressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorus and dissolved silicon dynamics in the River Swale catchment, UK: a mass‐balance approach
Authors: Bowes M. J. , House W. A.
Published: August 2002

The internal riverine processes acting upon phosphorus and dissolved silicon were investigated along a 55 km stretch of the River Swale during four monitoring campaigns. Samples of river water were taken at 3 h intervals at sites on the main river and the three major tributaries. Samples were analysed for soluble reactive phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, dissolved silicon and suspended solid concentration. Mass‐balances for each determinand were calculated by comparing the total load entering the river with the total load measured at the downstream site. The difference, i.e. the residual load, showed that there was a large retention of phosphorus and silicon within the system during the March 1998 flood event, but the other three campaigns produced net‐exports.

Cumulative residual loads were calculated for each determinand at 6 h intervals throughout each campaign. This incremental approach showed that the mass‐balance residuals followed relatively consistent patterns under various river discharges. During stable low‐flow, there was a retention of particulate phosphorus within the system and also a retention of total dissolved phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, most likely caused by the sorption of soluble phosphorus by bed‐sediments. In times of high river‐discharge, there was a mobilization and export of stored bed‐sediment phosphorus. During overbank flooding, there was a large retention (58% of total input) of particulate phosphorus within the system, due to the mass deposition of phosphorus‐rich sediment onto the floodplain. Soluble phosphorus was also retained within the system by sequestration from the water column by the high concentration of suspended solids.

The dissolved silicon mass‐balance residuals had a less consistent pattern in relation to river discharge. There was a large retention of dissolved silicon during overbank flooding, possibly due to sorption onto floodplain soil, and net‐exports during periods of both stable low‐flow and rising limbs of hydrographs, due to release of dissolved silicon from pore‐waters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro and in vivo downregulation of MRP1 by antisense oligonucleotides: A potential role in neuroblastoma therapy
Authors: Kuss Bryone J. , Corbo Margherita , Lau Wen Min , Fennell Dean A. , Dean Nicholas M. , Cotter Finbarr E.
Published: August 2002

The expression of MRP1 (multidrug resistance protein‐1) is associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in neuroblastoma. MRP1 antisense oligonucleotides were used in an in vivo mouse‐human xenograft model of neuroblastoma to downregulate MRP1. The MRP1 ASO reduced protein levels of MRP1 to an average of 40% of the nil treated controls (p = 0.007). There was significant chemosensitisation to single‐agent chemotherapy, VP16 (etoposide), at 1 μg/mL (p = 0.035) and 10 μg/mL (p = 0.02) in comparison to tumours not receiving oligonucleotides. In contrast, MDR1‐ASO produced significant chemosensitisation only at 10 μg/mL of VP16 (p = 0.029). No significant chemosensitisation was seen following nonsense oligonucleotides. The downregulation of MRP1 was also associated with an increase in tumour cell death (79% increase in apoptosis index p = 0.0313) and a reduction in cell turnover (42% reduction in mitotic index p = 0.0313), which was not seen with any other oligonucleotide. This new and novel perspective of MRP1 function, which is an apparent involvement in apoptosis and cell cycle progression in neuroblasts, presents a fresh avenue for investigation of the biologic consequences of MRP1 expression that occurs in many tumour cell types. Our work is the first to concurrently explore the effects of downregulation of MRP1 and MDR1 by antisense oligonucleotides in a neuroblastoma xenograft model. It provides rationale for the investigation of therapy adjuvants such as antisense oligonucleotides in the treatment of this malignancy. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does family history influence survival in breast cancer cases?
Authors: Russo Antonio , Herd‐Smith Andrea , Gestri Donella , Bianchi Simonetta , Vezzosi Vanna , Rosselli Del Turco Marco , Cardona Gaetano
Published: August 2002

A few studies have suggested a relatively better prognosis for breast cancer (BC) cases reporting a positive family history (FH). We aimed at comparing the survival of patients according to FH in a large hospital‐based series of 1,278 BC cases. Information on FH for BC was obtained at diagnosis by interview. All cases reporting a first‐ or second‐degree FH for breast carcinoma were compared with cases without FH. Overall survival was estimated using a product‐limit method. Hazard ratios (HRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), adjusted for confounding factors, were computed using proportional hazard models. Overall, 240 (18.8%) cases reporting, at diagnosis, a positive FH (156 with at least 1 first‐degree relative and 84 with at least 1 second‐degree relative) were compared with 1,038 patients without FH for BC. No significant differences were found in terms of distribution of age at diagnosis, tumor stage, nodal involvement, receptor status and histology. Cumulative survival rates at 5 years for cases without FH and with first‐degree and second‐degree FH for BC were 79.8 (95% CI 77.0–83.0), 78.6 (95% CI 70.0–88.0) and 80.2 (95% CI 68.0–92.0), respectively (log‐rank test, χ22 = 0.02, p = 1.0). After adjustment for age, pathologic size and nodal involvement, the HR among cases of invasive cancer with a first‐degree FH of BC was 0.91 (95% CI 0.55–1.48); however, the HR for cases with second‐degree FH was 1.18 (95% CI 0.62–2.25) compared to cases without FH. Our study, based on a large series of consecutive invasive BC cases, did not find any significant survival differences associated with a positive FH for breast carcinoma, suggesting the existence of a large heterogeneity among BC cases with FH. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of NQO1, MPO and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms in the susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Krajinovic Maja , Sinnett Hugues , Richer Chantal , Labuda Damian , Sinnett Daniel
Published: August 2002

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer. The genetic factors underlying the susceptibility to this disease remain elusive. The enzymes CYP2E1, MPO and NQO1 are involved in the biotransformation of a variety of xenobiotics present in organic solvents, tobacco smoke, drugs, plastic derivatives and pesticides. They also control the level of the oxidative stress by catalyzing the formation of free radicals or by protecting cells from their deleterious effect. DNA variants in the corresponding genes have been associated with an increased susceptibility to different adult cancers, including hematologic malignancies. To investigate whether they represent risk‐modifying factors in childhood ALL, we conducted a case‐control study involving 174 patients and 337 controls, both of French‐Canadian origin. We found that carriers of the CYP2E1*5 variant were at 2.8‐fold higher risk of ALL (95%CI, 1.2–6.4) and that NQO1 alleles *2 and *3 contributed to the risk of ALL as well (OR = 1.7, 95%CI, 1.2–2.4). No such association was found with MPO alone. However, when the wild‐type MPO allele was considered together with the CYP2E1 and NQO1 risk‐elevating genotypes, the risk of ALL was increased further (OR = 5.4, 95%CI, 1.2–23.4) suggesting a combined effect. We also found a gene‐gene interaction between the GSTM1 null genotype and NQO1 mutant alleles. It is therefore plausible that exposure to xenobiotics metabolized by these enzymes play a role in the etiology of childhood ALL. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange rate and price adjustments in the aftermath of the Asian crisis
Authors: Fujii Eiji
Published: August 2002

This study investigates the behavioural dynamics of the real exchange rates of five East Asian economies—Indonesia, Korea, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand—in the aftermath of the 1997 currency crisis. The results of cointegration analyses suggest that, despite the turbulent exchange rate movements during the crisis, the long‐run purchasing power parity has remained to dictate the exchange rate and price relationship for all but Indonesia. The effects on the short‐run dynamics are not unanimous, and there are indications of structural changes for selected countries, namely Korea and Thailand. Further, using impulse responses, we find that the speed of real exchange rate mean reversion is barely affected by the crisis, except for the Korean won. Overall, the empirical results suggest that the effects of the Asian crisis can generally be regarded as a temporary deviation rather than a fundamental shift in the real exchange rate behaviour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of therapeutic doses of bisquaternary oximes in large animals
Authors: Chen R. , Raveh L. , Zomber G. , Rabinovitz I. , Cohen G. , Adani R. , Amitai G.
Published: August 2002

This report presents a non‐lethal method for estimating a range of therapeutic doses of bisquaternary oximes that serve as antidotes against organophosphorus poisoning. We have estimated therapeutic oxime doses that are equivalent in their relative toxicity rather than selecting arbitrary fractions of their LD50. Thus, toxic signs of the oximes HI‐6, HLö‐7, Toxogonin, AB‐8 and AB‐13 were monitored quantitatively in baboon monkeys and beagle dogs. Using Toxogonin as a reference oxime, a calculated unit of equivalent dose (CED) was defined as the oxime dose equal to the ratio between its minimal toxic dose (MTD) and the therapeutic ratio (TR) of Toxogonin i.e. CED = MTD/TR. Assuming that the tails of dose–response curves of toxicity for bisquaternary oximes are shallow and similar to one another, one could substitute the ED10 for the MTD. The ED10 values for bisquaternary oximes were estimated using the log‐log model following experimental observations and quantitative scoring of toxic signs in dogs and monkeys. The MTD values then were calculated using the ED10 values and the experimental therapeutic dose of the reference oxime Toxogonin. The following CED values were obtained for AB‐8, AB‐13, Toxogonin, HI‐6 and HLö‐7 in dogs (d) and monkeys (m): 98.7, 74.2, 30.0, 14.5 and 12.1 (d) and 281.9, 232.1, 41.7, 192.9 and 92.9 (m) µmol kg−1, respectively. The antidotal efficacy of these oximes against poisoning by the nerve agent tabun was determined in dogs and monkeys. These dose‐dependent efficacy data were obtained at 0.3 × CED, 1 × CED and 3 × CED of oximes in combination with atropine. These data provide comparative therapeutic values using oxime doses based on their relative toxicity. The highest antidotal efficacy against tabun in dogs was obtained for toxogonin, whereas HLö‐7 and AB‐13 were most efficacious in monkeys. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IL‐1β sensitizes intervertebral disc annulus cells to fluid‐induced shear stress
Authors: Elfervig Michelle K. , Minchew Joe T. , Francke Eric , Tsuzaki Mari , Banes Albert J.
Published: August 2002

Chronic inflammation and altered mechanical loading are implicated as contributors to intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomechanical and biochemical factors play a role in disc degeneration but have received limited study. Mechanically, intervertebral discs are sheared during bending or twisting of the trunk. Biochemically, IL‐1β, detected in degenerative discs, promotes metalloproteinase expression. We hypothesized that disc cells might respond to shear stress and IL‐1β in a calcium signaling response. We measured the effect of single and combined stimuli on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]ic) and signaling. Cells were isolated from annulus tissue, cultured to quiescence, plated on collagen‐bonded Culture Slips® and incubated with Fura‐2AM. Cells then were incubated in IL‐1β. Cell response to the effects of fluid flow was tested using FlexFlo™, a laminar flow device. Human annulus (hAN) cells responded to laminar fluid flow with a one to three‐fold increase in [Ca2+]ic. IL‐1β alone produced a small, transient stimulation. hAN cells pretreated with IL‐1β responded to shear with a more dramatic and sustained increase in [Ca2+]ic, six to ten‐fold over basal level, when compared to shear then IL‐1β or shear and IL‐1β alone (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). This is the first study documenting synergism of a signaling response to biomechanical and biochemical stimuli in human disc cells. IL‐1β treatment appeared to “sensitize” annulus cells to mechanical load. This increased responsiveness to mechanical load in the face of inflammatory cytokines may imply that the sensitivity of annulus cells to shear increases during inflammation and may affect initiation and progression of disc degeneration. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 290–298, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrin αvβ3 is involved in stimulated migration of vascular adventitial fibroblasts by basic fibroblast growth factor but not platelet‐derived growth factor
Authors: Liu Guizhen , Eskin Suzanne G. , Mikos Antonios G.
Published: August 2002

We examined the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) on the migration of vascular adventitial fibroblasts (VAFs) isolated from rat aortic adventitiae. Both bFGF and PDGF significantly stimulated VAF migration in vitro. An antibody to rat β3 integrin reduced bFGF‐stimulated migration in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, VAF migration was inhibited in the presence of cyclic RGD (cRGD) peptide. However, PDGF‐directed migration was blocked only by equivalent cRGD peptide but not by antibody to β3 integrin. These data suggest that αvβ3 integrin mediates VAF migration stimulated by bFGF and that chemoattractant directed migration may be through distinct integrins. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 129–135, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ground‐state structures of polymers
Authors: Hauck J. , Mika K.
Published: August 2002

Two‐ and three‐dimensional structures AxBy can be characterized by the numbers T1 and T2 of nearest and next‐nearest neighbors of the same kind. A small number of structures at the border of the T1, T2 structure map is stabilized by enthalpy compared to an increased number of entropy stabilized structures. About 60 three‐dimensional structures with T1=2 nearest neighbors of all A atoms are suitable for infinite chains of polymers like (CH)∞, (CHCH2)∞, or (CH2)∞. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1944–1955, 2001
The Behavioral Observation System (BOS): A line staff assessment instrument of psychopathology
Authors: LePage James P. , Mogge Neil L.
Published: August 2002

This study examined the initial reliability and validity of the Behavioral Observation System (BOS). The BOS, which consists of 34 items rating inpatient behaviors and is completed by psychiatric aids, was developed to assess the domains of Psychosis, Mania, Depression, and Behavioral Dyscontrol. Three studies are described. Results of the reliability study suggest adequate intraclass correlations and coefficient αs. Analyses of the interscale correlations demonstrated appropriate initial discrimination between the scales. A comparison of diagnoses with ratings yielded expected convergent validity. The overall results suggest the BOS is likely to provide reliable and useful information to treatment teams. Directions of future studies also are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1435–1444, 2001.
Heparan sulfate mimetics modulate calpain activity during rat Soleus muscle regeneration
Authors: Zimowska M. , Szczepankowska D. , Streminska W. , Papy D. , Tournaire M.C. , Gautron J. , Barritault D. , Moraczewski J. , Martelly I.
Published: August 2002

Skeletal muscle regenerates after injury. Tissue remodelling, which takes place during muscle regeneration, is a complex process involving proteolytic enzymes. It is inferred that micro and milli calpains are involved in the protein turnover and structural adaptation associated with muscle myolysis and reconstruction. Using a whole‐crush injured skeletal muscle, we previously have shown that in vivo muscle treatment with synthetic heparan sulfate mimetics, called RGTAs (for ReGeneraTing Agents), greatly accelerates and improves muscle regeneration after crushing. This effect was particularly striking in the case of the slow muscle Soleus that otherwise would be atrophied. Therefore, we used this regeneration model to study milli and micro calpain expressions in the regenerating Soleus muscle and to address the question of a possible effect of RGTAs treatment on calpain levels. Micro and milli calpain contents increased by about five times to culminate at days 7 and 14 after crushing respectively, thus during the phases of fibre reconstruction and reinnervation. After 64 days of regeneration, muscles still displayed higher levels of both calpains than an intact uninjured muscle. Milli calpain detected by immunocytochemistry was shown in the cytoplasm whereas micro calpain was in both nuclei and cytoplasm in small myofibres but appeared almost exclusively in nuclei of more mature fibres. Interestingly, the treatment of muscles with RGTA highly reduced the increase of both milli and micro calpain contents in Soleus regenerating muscles. These results suggest that the improvement of muscle regeneration induced by RGTA may be partly mediated by minimising the consequences of calpain activity. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategies to improve the bioconversion of processed wood into lactic acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
Authors: Moldes Ana B , Alonso José L , Parajó Juan C
Published: August 2002

In the one‐step conversion of wood into lactic acid by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), inhibition effects caused by hydrolysis‐ and fermentation‐derived compounds on both enzymatic activity and fermentative ability of microorganisms appear when the operation is carried out under conditions leading to high productivities. The main effects inhibiting SSF have been assessed, and the results obtained in fed‐batch experiments allowed the definition of strategies for improving the overall bioconversion process. As cellobiose caused significant inhibition of cellulases, the supplementation of media with β‐glucosidase resulted in improved kinetics and yields. The inhibition of both enzymatic activity and microbial metabolism by lactic acid was confirmed. Intermittent removal of lactic acid by passing the fermentation media through an anion‐exchange resin column resulted in increased productivities and yields. Improved conversion of pretreated wood into lactic acid (67% conversion of cellulose into lactic acid, with maximum lactic acid concentration of 108 g dm−3 and a productivity of 0.94 g dm−3 h−1) was achieved combining multiple substrate addition, supplementation with fresh nutrients and enzymes and removal of lactic acid.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Recycling polymeric wastes by means of pyrolysis
Authors: Marco Isabel de , Caballero Blanca , Torres Amelia , Laresgoiti Ma Felisa , Chomón Ma Jesús , Cabrero M Angel
Published: August 2002

Different polymeric wastes, which include materials from the automobile industry, such as tyres, automobile shredder residues (ASR) and sheet moulding compound (SMC), and materials from municipal solid wastes (MSW), such as cardboard, tetrabrik and plastics (LDPE, PP, PS, PET and PVC), pure and mixed, have been pyrolysed in a 3.5 dm3 autoclave at 500 °C for 30 min in a nitrogen atmosphere. The amount and characteristics of the solid, liquids and gases obtained are presented. The suitability of the different materials for the pyrolysis recycling process is discussed. It is concluded that pyrolysis is a very promising technique for recycling tyres, SMC, one type of ASR (heavy ASR), and LDPE, PP and PS, either pure or mixed; with all of them valuable solid, liquid and gaseous products are obtained in pyrolysis. On the contrary, light ASR, tetrabrik and cardboard do not yield valuable products in the pyrolysis process and therefore their recycling by pyrolysis is not of interest, except as a way of volume reduction. PET and PVC turned out to be troublesome in the pyrolysis experiments; for a proper study of their recycling by pyrolysis other operating conditions and installations are required.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic appearances of malignant lymphoma of the salivary glands
Authors: Yasumoto Mayumi , Yoshimura Ryouichi , Sunaba Koji , Shibuya Hitoshi
Published: August 2002

Purpose

We undertook this retrospective study to describe the sonographic findings in patients with malignant lymphoma of the major salivary glands.

Methods

We reviewed the sonograms and medical records of 7 patients with histologically proven lymphoma of the parotid (3 patients) or submandibular glands (4 patients).

Results

Primary lymphoma was found in 1 parotid gland and 2 submandibular glands. The remaining 4 cases were secondary lymphomas. One patient had been diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome and had been followed up with sonography. In parotid glands, both parenchymal and intraparotid nodal lymphomas were found. All submandibular gland tumors were parenchymal. Intraparotid nodal involvement appeared as multiple small nodules with relatively smooth margins, whereas the parenchymal parotid and submandibular gland lymphomas were larger (25 to 45 mm in longitudinal diameter) and showed various degrees of margin irregularity. All tumors were hypoechoic relative to the normal parenchyma. The primary parotid lymphoma and intraparotid nodal lymphomas had a homogeneous echotexture; the secondary parotid lymphomas and submandibular gland lymphomas were heterogeneous. One submandibular gland lymphoma showed intratumoral echogenic stripes. Neither calcification nor cystic degeneration was observed within the lesions.

Conclusions

Lymphomas of the salivary glands present a variety of sonographic appearances, ranging from multiple small, hypoechoic nodules to an irregularly shaped heterogeneous mass without cystic areas or calcifications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:491–498, 2001.
Podocyte electrophysiology, in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Pavenstädt Hermann , Bek Martin
Published: August 2002

Podocytes are the most differentiated cell types in the glomerulus, which have been assumed to participate in the regulation of the ultrafiltration coefficient Kf. In podocytes in vivo and in vitro vasoactive agonists, such as angiotensin II and acetylcholine, increase the free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration via a release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and an influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space. An increase of the cytosolic Ca2+ in podocytes activates Cl− channels in podocytes in vivo and in vitro, resulting in a depolarization of podocytes. In vitro studies have shown that in addition to Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels, cAMP‐activated Cl− channels and Ca2+‐activated K+ channels are present in cultured podocytes. The characterization of the signaling pathways that regulate ion channels in podocytes may be important in the understanding of the regulation of the ultrafiltration coefficient Kf. This review summarizes the currently known electrophysiological properties of podocytes. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:224–227, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular pathways of oligodendrocyte apoptosis revealed by mutations in the proteolipid protein gene
Authors: Southwood Cherie , Gow Alexander
Published: August 2002

A decade after the genetic link was established between mutations in the proteolipid protein gene and two leukodystrophies, Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia, the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis are beginning to come to light. Data from animal models of these diseases suggest that the absence of proteolipid protein gene products in the central nervous system confers a relatively mild phenotype while missense mutations in and duplications of this gene give rise to mild or severe forms of disease. Previously, we have interpreted the disease process in terms of the accumulation of the mutant proteins in the secretory pathway and, herein, we review the evidence in favor of such a cellular mechanism. Furthermore, on the basis of recent data we suggest that the unfolded protein response may be involved in the pathogenesis of Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia through a kinase signaling cascade that links the accumulation of mutant proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum of oligodendrocytes with changes in gene regulation, protein synthesis, and possibly apoptosis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52:700–708, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histones are the major chromosomal protein components of the sperm of the nemerteans Cerebratulus californiensis and Cerebratulus lacteus
Authors: Wang Xiaoying , Ausió Juan
Published: August 2002

We have characterized for the first time the sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBP) from two species of nemerteans: Cerebratulus californiensis and Cerebratulus lacteus. Gel electrophoretic and chromatographic (RP‐HPLC) analysis of the nuclear sperm extracts indicate that histones are the major protein components which are present. The linker histones (histones of the H1 family) exhibit a rather unusual composition and some of them contain cysteine. Several histone H1 isoforms are present, one of which has a composition similar to that of other H1 histones found in the sperm chromatin of other groups of lower invertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. 290:431–436, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elements of butterfly wing patterns
Authors: Nijhout H.F.
Published: August 2002

The color patterns on the wings of butterflies are unique among animal color patterns in that the elements that make up the overall pattern are individuated. Unlike the spots and stripes of vertebrate color patterns, the elements of butterfly wing patterns have identities that can be traced from species to species, and typically across genera and families. Because of this identity it is possible to recognize homologies among pattern elements and to study their evolution and diversification. Individuated pattern elements evolved from non‐individuated precursors by compartmentalization of the wing into areas that became developmentally autonomous with respect to color pattern formation. Developmental compartmentalization led to the evolution of serially repeated elements and the emergence of serial homology. In these compartments, serial homologues were able to acquire site‐specific developmental regulation and this, in turn, allowed them to diverge morphologically. Compartmentalization of the wing also reduced the developmental correlation among pattern elements. The release from this developmental constraint, we believe, enabled the great evolutionary radiation of butterfly wing patterns. During pattern evolution, the same set of individual pattern elements is arranged in novel ways to produce species‐specific patterns, including such adaptations as mimicry and camouflage. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:213–225, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.