bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factored Scales for Measuring the Impact of Seminar and Laboratory Formats in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The task of an educational manager is to plan, design and implement an efficient and effective learning system, responsive to the needs of the learner and of society. Financial constraints in higher education require greater accountability. The present study identified a set of items to measure the impact of seminar/discussion and laboratory formats. Corrected split-half reliabilities reached .89 and .93 for two 8-item scales.
The Schizophrenic as Soothsayer
Authors: Sterne Arthur L. , Martin Paul J. , Moore Joseph E. , McNairy Ruth M.
Published: September 2011

It is generally believed that patients' prognostic expectancies are linked to the outcome of treatment. It is also generally believed that the nature of the expectancy-outcome relationship is causative: patients' expectancies are viewed as causing or facilirating patients' responses to treatment. The study reported here tested both notions. The expectancies of hospitalized schizophrenic patients were tested by multiple regression for association with objective measures of the patients' pre- and post-treatment adjustment. Expectancy measures were closely correlated with patients' pre-treatment adjustment at hospital admission, were moderately correlated with patients' post-treatment adjustment at discharge, and were almost completely independent of post-treatment adjustment at 9-mo. follow-up. It is speculated that patients may base their prognostic expectancies partly on their pre-treatment adjustment, that patients' expectancies are associated with short-term measures of outcome, and that patients' expectancies predict but do not primarily cause or facilitate a therapeutic response to treatment for hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Finally, limitations of the findings and their generalizability are discussed.
Self-Image of Social Workers
Authors: Reich Stephen , Geller Andrew
Published: September 2011

105 female social workers described themselves using Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List. They scored higher on Achievement, Endurance, Dominance, Self-control, Order, Self-confidence, Defensiveness, Personal Adjustment, and Aggression among other variables and lower on Number of Unfavorable Adjectives Checked, Affiliation, and Succorance than the norms for females.
A Factor Analytic Study of Motivation and Potential for Adoptive Parenthood
Authors: Lindholm Byron W. , Touliatos John
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to factor a scale to measure motivation and potential for adoptive parenthood using data from 530 families. The two parts of the scale were analyzed separately. On the motivation subscale, two factors were found. On the potential subscale, nine factors were obtained for the adoptive mothers, and eight for the adoptive fathers. The factors were described, and the implications for practice were discussed.
Relation between Social Participation and Role-Taking Skill in Preschool Children
Authors: Rubin Kenneth H.
Published: September 2011

12 male and 8 female preschoolers were individually administered a measure of role-taking skill. Moreover, each child was observed during free play on 30 consecutive school days. The behaviors of the children were coded according to the social participation categories of Parten (1932). Significant negative relationships were found between the role-taking task and the incidence of parallel and onlooker-unoccupied activity. Role-taking skill was positively related to associative play. The results provide correlational support for Piaget's belief that peer interaction leads to a decline of egocentrism in childhood.
Observation of Behavioral and Personality Characteristics of Phenylketonurics According to Their Dietary Duration: Early Treatment and Normal Intelligence
Authors: Chang Pi-Nian , Fisch Robert O.
Published: September 2011

13 Phenylketonuric children with normal intelligence and treated early were divided into two groups, a long- and a short-diet group, on the basis of the length of their dietary restriction. All subjects were rated by parents and teachers on the Behavior-Personality Problem Rating Scale. According to the total scores and scores on two individual items (“social withdrawal” and “passivity”), the subjects of the long-diet group received significantly more unfavorable ratings than the subjects of the short-diet group. Equally high incidences of “poor interpersonal behavior,” “short attention span,” “low frustration tolerance,” “low self-confidence,” and “special learning disability” were found in both groups.
California Psychological Inventory: Profile of a Sample of First-Year Law Students
Authors: Reich Stephen
Published: September 2011

94 first-year male law students completed Gough's California Psychological Inventory. Although the 18 scales did not correlate significantly with first-year law grade point average, the group profile of the law students was striking. Class I measures described them as a group which is aggressive, persuasive, socially ascendant, self-seeking, and outspoken. Class II measures described them as awkward, moody, dogmatic, impulsive, defensive, insecure, and nervous. There is a great variance between their public and private personalities.
Criterion of Learning and Task Difficulty as Determinants of Mediated-Shift Learning Speed
Authors: Sweller J.
Published: September 2011

University students were given rule-related or non-rule-related shifts after one of four levels of initial training on a nondimensional verbal discrimination using CVC stimuli. Both a difficult and an easy task were used. The results indicated: (1) the effects of the initial tasks on the shift tasks were detected with greater sensitivity using lower criteria on the shift task; (2) where mediated-shift learning occurred, there was a relation between criterion level for the initial task and task difficulty such that lower criteria on the easy task were equivalent to higher criteria on the difficult task.
Comments on Criminal Offenders and the WAIS Picture Arrangement “Hold-up” Item
Authors: Patalano Frank
Published: September 2011

This paper comments on the criminal offender's tendency to identify with the “hold-up” item of the WAIS Picture Arrangement subtest. It is suggested that a qualitative analysis of the subject's interpretation of the “hold-up” sketches can shed light on feelings, attitudes, and previous experiences with respect to criminality and antisocial behavior. Qualitative analysis can also provide material on the subject's perceptions of authority figures and the victims of crimes. The paper also considers the criminal offender's sequential arrangements of the “hold-up” item and suggests that a prevalent incorrect sequence, i.e., ABDC, may be related to the criminal offender's actual experiences with the criminal justice system.
Further Validation of a Psychiatric Symptom Index in a Normal Population
Authors: Ilfeld Frederic W.
Published: September 2011

A shortened version of the Hopkins Symptom Distress Checklist was constructed for use in a Chicago survey of stress and coping and administered to a cross-section of 2,299 non-patient adults. Labeled the Psychiatric Symptom Index, it measures intensity of 29 different symptoms and allows retrospective self-report of their duration for those respondents reporting high symptoms. This paper reports on the rationale of its construction and on its concurrent validity. For the general adult population the responses to the Index, when factor analyzed, break very clearly into four syndromes: depression, anxiety, anger, cognitive disturbance. Concurrent validity is tested by three criteria: having sought out professional help for emotional problems, having recently used psychoactive drugs, and interviewers' rating respondents' degree of tension. These criteria are significantly related to the Psychiatric Symptom Index and to each of its four syndrome factors.
An Undergraduate Course in Behavior Modification
Authors: Cameron Samuel M. , Schmauk Frank J.
Published: September 2011

A semester-long program in which 12 advanced undergraduates planned and executed a behavior-modification program for chronically hospitalized, psychotic patients is described. The course evolved out of an attempt to provide undergraduate students with a relevant, meaningful application (to a real-life situation) of theoretical and abstract concepts learned in experimental and abnormal psychology. The course also provided a needed service to patients in an understaffed state hospital. Illustrative student projects are presented.
Relationship of Peabody and WISC-R IQs of Candidates for Special Education
Authors: Covin Theron M.
Published: September 2011

For 50 low achievers in Southern elementary schools, correlations ranged from a low of .06 between Peabody Form B and WISC-R Performance IQs to a high of .59 between the Peabody Form A and WISC-R Verbal Scale IQs. Mean IQs were not significantly different ( p > .05), although the Peabody tended to overestimate WISC-R IQs.
Moral Reasoning and Moral Character: Relationships between the Kohlberg and the Hogan Models
Authors: Haier Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The empirical relationships between Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning and Hogan's model of moral character were examined in 132 college students to test the hypothesis that moral judgments are a reflection of the structure of moral character. No relationships were found between measures of moral reasoning and measures of moral character. Kohlberg's measure of moral reasoning, however, was related to an alternative measure of moral reasoning ( r = .51, p < .01); moral character measures of empathy ( r = .40, p < .01) and socialization ( r = −.44, p < .01) were related to the use of marijuana as predicted. It was concluded that moral reasoning and moral character are empirically independent domains.
Why Subjects Say They Would or Would Not Communicate Affectively Toned Messages
Authors: Tesser Abraham , Rosen Sidney
Published: September 2011

Each of 98 subjects was presented with 10 of 30 messages varying in the extent to which the message connoted good or bad news for the recipient. Within a standard communication situation, subjects were asked to indicate if they would transmit each message and to list their reasons for the decision to transmit or not transmit. Results of a content analysis of reasons indicated that, with increasing frequency, persons justify their communication decisions in terms of self-relevant reasons, normative reasons, and recipient-relevant reasons. The impact on these reasons of message valence and whether the decision is to communicate or not is also explored.
Recall of Group Tasks as a Function of Group Cohesiveness and Interruption of Tasks
Authors: Sheikh Anees A. , Koch Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The paper demonstrates that the motivational concepts underlying the Zeigarnik effect pertaining to individuals attempting to achieve their personal goals can be applied to individuals who are working to attain the group goals. However, this is true only for individuals in cohesive groups as opposed to noncohesive groups.
Factor Structure of Beck's Suicide Intent Scales
Authors: Wetzel Richard D.
Published: September 2011

Data obtained from 48 suicide attempters and 56 suicide threateners on three of Beck's suicide intent scales were factor analyzed. The scale, attempt suicide intent, yielded four orthogonal factors reflecting seriousness of intent, lethality of the act, precautions against interference and failure to initiate rescue after the attempt. The current scale of suicidal intent yielded four factors, bur one, the still suicidal factor, accounted for 44% of the variance. The suicide ideators scale yielded a general factor, called specificity of planning, accounting for more than half the variation. Factor scores were computed and correlated with diagnostic groupings. Character disordered subjects were more likely to report both more serious intent at time of suicide attempt and at interview than other attempters.
Impact of Management by Objectives on Maslows Need Hierarchy: An Empirical Study
Authors: Timm Donald , Sorensen Peter F. , Strauss Judi , Babcock Richard
Published: September 2011

A pilot study of changes in need deprivation following the introduction of a Management by Objectives program is reported. Changes in deprivation were measured by the Porter-Lawler Needs Questionnaire distributed to 44 subjects in a community service organization. Findings indicate significant decreases in deprivation for 4 of 5 need levels: social, self-esteem, autonomy and self-actualization following the introduction of the program.
MMPI Characteristics of Multigravidas and Primigravidas in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Osborne David
Published: September 2011

52 multigravidas and 42 primigravidas in the third trimester of pregnancy were given the MMPI. Primigravidas obtained a significantly lower score on Hysteria and a significantly higher score on Hypomania. Since significant differences were found on only 2 of 17 scales, it was concluded that —insofar as the MMPI can measure—these two groups are very similar in their emotional responses to pregnancy.
Socio/Psycholinguistics of the Cultural Revolution: An Empirical Study
Authors: London Ivan D. , Lee Ta-Ling
Published: September 2011

Sample analyses are provided to show how political terms in vogue during China's Cultural Revolution developed colloquial meanings at variance with the official “dictionary.” Responses to these terms of subjects, most of whom were at that time in Kwangtung and Fukien Provinces, constitute the empirical data. A methodology with anthropological overtones is developed to meet the exigencies of handling such data.
Drug Education: Solution or Problem?
Authors: Halpin Gerald , Whiddon Thomas
Published: September 2011

Relationships between drug knowledge and use of 7 different drugs—alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, heroin, LSD, marihuana, and tobacco—by a random sample of 300 12th-grade students from large, intermediate, and small high schools were studied. Drug knowledge was significantly related to use of alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, LSD, and marihuana. Over-all, rs were small to moderate. Such results seem to indicate that drug education might be a problem instead of a solution, but more definitive research is needed before calling for an end to such programs.
Relation of Dogmatism to Creativity: Origence and Intellectence
Authors: Faschingbauer Thomas R. , Eglevsky Doris A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between creativity and dogmatism requires clarification since several studies have reported conflicting results. 30 psychology evening class students completed Rokeach Dogmatism Scales and scales M-1 through M-4 for Welsh's Origence and Intellectence based typology on the MMPI. Dogmatism correlated .44 and .39 with scales M-1 and M-3 and −.33 and −.34 for M-2 and M-4, respectively. The correlation between dogmatism and intellectence (a concrete-abstract dimension) was −.61, while that between dogmatism and origence (preference for structured vs unstructured stimuli) was .02. Dogmatism, therefore, appears to be related to a concrete-abstract dimension of creativity.
Life Events, Psychological Distress and Social Functioning
Authors: Justice Blair , McBee George W. , Allen Richard H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between stressful life events and social as well as psychological functioning. Stress in the lives of 39 subjects being admitted to the adult outpatient clinics at a large mental health center was measured by the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Social and psychological functioning was measured by the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire and the Mini-Mult, an abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. An association was found between stress, in terms of life-change events accumulated in the preceding 12 mo., and impairment in both social as well as psychological functioning.
Correlations between the Quick Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised
Authors: Nicholson Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Forms 1, 2, and 3 of the Quick Test and the WISC-R were administered to 62 subjects, ages ranged between 72 mo. and 195 mo., M 138 mo., 52 black and 10 white children. Correlations between all forms of the Quick Test, the three scales of the WISC-R and the subtests, were all positive and significant, rs ranged from a low of .394 to a high of .790. As the mean IQs for the WISC-R scales were only approximately 5 IQ points below the Quick Test means, they were not significantly different.
Students' Knowledge of Recallability of Sentences and Strategies for Recalling Textual Prose
Authors: Christie Daniel J. , Pettijohn Terry F.
Published: September 2011

College students read two passages and indicated which sentences would be difficult to recall. Based on these predictions, sentences were assigned to one of three predicted recallability categories (easy, medium, and difficult). Subsequently, 24 subjects read and recalled the passages. Analysis of variance indicated that actual recall scores varied as a function of categories of predicted recallability. Also, subjects adopted a strategy whereby they allocated more processing time to sentences which were categorized as difficult to recall.
The Inpatient Behavioral Rating Scale: A 26-Item Scale for Recording Nursing Observations of Patients' Mood and Behavior
Authors: Green Richard A. , Bigelow Llewellyn , O'Brien Paul , Stahl Deborah , Wyatt Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The Inpatient Behavioral Rating Scale is an inventory designed to record daily nursing observations of mood and behavior of patients in a clinical setting. It has 26 items characterizing a broad range of psychopathology and is suitable for use where change in mood and behavior is relevant to clinical investigation. The format is an optical scan sheet for ease of computer entry and analysis. In over a year of use on two clinical research wards, the scale has been found sensitive to behavioral change, reliable, and easy to use by the nursing staff.
Partitioned Variates: An Alternative to Factor Analysis
Authors: Seymour George E.
Published: September 2011

A traditional method of analyzing scores for use in psychological measurement is exemplified by the variation associated with factor analysis. The factor analytic method is shown to contain implicit assumptions concerning the common and unique variance of any variable by exclusion of the latter. A new method of developing psychologically meaningful scores is presented which considers only the unique variance of a variable. These new scores, called partitioned variates, are supported both logically and with external criteria, and a detailed worked example is provided. The methodology and concept suggested here should provide researchers with an alternative to the more traditional viewpoints and methods of data analysis.
Sociocultural Predictors of Self-Actualization in EEG-Biofeedback-Treated Alcoholics
Authors: Twemlow S. W. , Bowen W. T.
Published: September 2011

A multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to study the predictive value of a number of social and cultural variables for the Personal Orientation Inventory scores before and after treatment with EEG biofeedback training in a severely addicted inpatient alcoholic population ( n = 67). Pretreatment high self-actualization scores are best predicted by white, well-educated patients whose relationship with family is good and for whom community-support structures are available. However, at post-treatment religious attitude became the major predictor in most scales. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to the selection and rational prescription of treatment of alcoholic patients with EEG biofeedback.
Factor Analysis of the Norwegian Version of the Test Anxiety Scale for Children
Authors: Hagtvet Knut A.
Published: September 2011

The factor structure of the Test Anxiety Scale for Children was compared for 484 boys and 486 girls in seventh grade of the Norwegian elementary public school system. Alpha factor analyses were performed, coupled with standard independent cluster rotations. The results did not support an a priori factor structure across sexes. Comparisons with American factor studies of the same scale were made, and the obtained sex difference was discussed in terms of cultural differences.
Moral Judgment and Liberal-Conservative Attitude
Authors: Lorr Maurice , Zea Rodolfo L.
Published: September 2011

The study's aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that the Survey of Ethical Attitudes by Hogan was actually a measure of liberal-conservative attitude. A sample of 81 men and women was administered the survey and measures of social attitude, dogmatism, and open-mindedness. A principal component analysis of scale intercorrelations confirmed the hypothesis and revealed the three dimensions postulated.
Some Correlations between Famous Sayings Test and Eysenck Personality Inventory Variables
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: September 2011

Scores of 11 male and 21 female college students on the Hostility and Social Acquiescence subscales of the Famous Sayings Test correlated significantly and positively with Eysenck's Neuroticism factor.
School Conformity and its Relationship to Creativity
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill , Higdon Gene
Published: September 2011

Torrance Tests of Creativity, Figural and Verbal, Form A were given to junior high school students with and without behaviorally connected school offenses. A single classification analysis of variance indicated that scores on verbal flexibility and verbal originality were significantly related to school offenses.
Pair-Relationship and Processing-Task Cues in Recall of Incidentally Learned Paired Associates
Authors: Epstein Michael L. , Dupree David A.
Published: September 2011

20 students found similarities or differences between 64 pairs of related and unrelated concrete nouns. Subjects' recall of the second member of each pair when cued with the first was significantly affected by processing depth and cuing condition. Cuing subjects with the pair and/or processing relationship of the cue word to the to-be-recalled word facilitated recall. The findings are seen as partially supportive of the encoding specificity principle.
Desirability of First Names, Ethnicity and Parental Education
Authors: Busse Thomas V. , Seraydarian Louisa
Published: September 2011

The relationships between desirability of first names and both parental education and parental ethnicity were studied. Parental education and ethnicity data were collected from about 1700 children in Grades 2 through 6. Desirability of first names was rated by a somewhat larger sample which also included students in Grades 8 and 11. Both mothers' and fathers' educational levels were unrelated to desirability of children's first names. The first names of Afro-American boys were liked significantly less than names of boys from 7 other ethnic groupings. First names of Afro-American girls were liked significantly less than names of children from 2 of 7 other ethnic groupings. No other differences were found. Findings suggest that ethnic group membership should be taken into account in studies of effects of first names on personal characteristics.
Effects of Social Intelligence on the Milgram Paradigm
Authors: Burley Peter M. , McGuinness John
Published: September 2011

The study examined the effects of social intelligence on the Milgram (1963) paradigm. 24 male subjects were commanded by the experimenter to administer electric shocks (simulated to appear real) to a confederate. Social intelligence as measured significantly mediated the degree to which subjects were prepared to obey the experimenter's commands and inflict suffering on another. The finding was interpreted as suggesting that broader personality differences relating to obedience-disobedience and altruistic acts, such as alleviating the plight of a suffering victim, are more likely to be found in the realm of cognitive abilities than with traditional temperament traits.
Facilitation of Concept Learning by an Orienting Procedure
Authors: Adler Leonore Loeb
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 4-yr.-old nursery school children were given pretraining and generalization testing sessions with an orienting (pointing) procedure. One group was tested immediately following the pretraining session while the other group was tested after a delay of 30 min. Both groups were presented in random assortment, with four arrays in three dimensions: color, shade, and form. The same round, blue S+ was used for each dimension in order to test conceptual shift in children. The results indicated that these 4-yr.-olds, who were pretrained and tested with an orienting procedure, responded significantly to S+ even after a delay of 30 min., and shifting concepts was facilitated by the orienting procedure.
Relation of Paternal Availability to Problem Solving and Sex-Role Orientation in Young Boys
Authors: Reis Myrna , Gold Dolores
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relation of the father's availability to his 4-yr.-old son's problem-solving ability and sex-role orientation. The subjects were middle-class boys and their parents; 16 boys had fathers who were more available and 14 boys had fathers whose availability was relatively low. Three problem-solving measures and a sex-role orientation test were administered to the sons. The boys with the more available fathers performed better than the boys with the less available fathers on one of the problem-solving measures. Correlations between paternal availability and all three problem-solving tests were positive and significant for the group whose fathers were more available. There was no significant difference between the groups in sex-role orientation. Parental availability was associated with other measures which also related to children's scores. Data indicated that higher availability of the father is positively associated with the son's problem-solving ability, but that other factors, especially maternal ones, influence the relation.
Relationship between Personality Factors and Adaptation to Stress in a Military Institution
Authors: Herrmann Douglas J. , Post Amy L. , Wittmaier Bruce C. , Elsasser Thomas C.
Published: September 2011

Personality factors mediating the adaptation to stress in military institutions were investigated. A comparison of Cattell 16 Factor PF scores was performed for Naval Academy plebes who dropped-out before the end of the first semester for non-academic reasons and those who remained. One personality factor significantly differentiated these two groups. Dropouts scored lower than remainders on the factor reflecting group-dependence. The results are discussed in light of the role of extraversion and affiliation in coping with stressful situations having interpersonal dimensions.
Sensory Alienation and Interpersonal Constraints as Correlates of Cognitive Structure
Authors: Lee Dorothy , Ehrlich Howard J.
Published: September 2011

This research tested the proposition that closed-minded persons will restrict sensory input and interpersonal relationships. 303 high and low scorers on dogmatism, self-attitude, and self-reliance scales were compared for food-avoidance and reference-other relationships. While there was no significant difference in number of foods tasted and rejected, the closed-minded had tried significantly fewer foods. There was no difference in number of reference others but the closed-minded felt significantly greater constraint regarding the perceived importance of, control of, and accountability to their reference others. The theoretical consistency of these findings is discussed.
Two Construct Validity Studies of the Thumin Test of Mental Dexterity
Authors: Thumin Frederick , Stern Avner
Published: September 2011

Construct validity of the Thumin Test of Mental Dexterity was studied in two ways: (a) by relating test scores to level of formal education among 168 male job applicants and (b) by correlating test scores with WAIS IQs among 32 vocational counseling clients. Mental ability, as measured by the Thumin scale, increased significantly with increasing levels of education as did scores on the numerical and verbal comprehension subtests. In the second investigation, mental ability scores on the scale correlated .91 with WAIS IQs, and .92 with WAIS verbal scores of 32 clients for vocational counseling.
Failure of Peripheral Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Inhibitor to Affect Discriminated Sidman Avoidance Learning in Rats under Long-Term Training
Authors: Tamaki Yoshitaka
Published: September 2011

5-dimethyldithiocarbamylpicolinic acid (YP-279) is a selective inhibitor of peripheral dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH). After 72 training days in a discriminated Sidman avoidance situation, rats were administered three dosages (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg) of YP-279. YP-279 treatment produced no observable change in avoidance responses. These results indicate that well-learned coping behavior was not influenced by the inhibition of peripheral DβH.
Health Information via Mass Media: Study of the Individual's Concepts of the Body and its Parts
Authors: Blum Lucille Hollander
Published: September 2011

This paper questions whether the mass media perform an adequate service in attempting to “educate” the public in health matters. The author contends that adults are not as responsive as they could be because of certain learning blocks influenced by carry-over of thoughts and feelings from childhood. To explore the aforementioned contention 87 highly educated adults, 21 to 51 yr. of age, were requested to outline the body and also draw and label the internal organs. Such data may be used to evaluate knowledge as well as reflect personal perceptions relative to the body. The eight organs drawn most frequently were heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, brain, sex organs. These were assessed for correctness of placement. Although considerable latitude was allowed in judging “correctness” many errors were observed. The majority of the drawings were crude, child-like statements of the body and its parts. The implication is that people have to be “ready” for what they hear and see to profit from efforts of the mass media.
College Males' Academic Field and Attitudes toward Women
Authors: Doyle James A. , Shahade Robert
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relation between college males in the Social Sciences or Business Administration and their attitudes toward women's roles. Two groups each containing 40 junior or senior majors were given Spence and Helmreich's Attitudes Toward Women Scale. The Social Science group was significantly more liberal in their attitudes. Further research is suggested on college students' attitudes and their choice of study.
Effects of Intra-Trial and Inter-Trial Retention in Free Recall of Children
Authors: Frankel Fred , Guthrie Donald
Published: September 2011

An analysis performed upon previously obtained developmental multi-trial free-recall data showed that retention of words on trial n recalled from the last 5 serial positions on trial n – 1 was significantly poorer than recall of other serial positions in a non-categorized list but not in a categorized list. Subsequent analysis suggested that this was due to higher levels of processing intrinsic to categorizable items rather than outputting strategies.
Scores on Neuroticism Pathology, Mood, and Rorschach and Diagnosis of Affective Disorder
Authors: Schaeffer Donald S.
Published: September 2011

Patients in an affective disorders clinic diagnosed unipolar ( n = 13), bipolar ( n = 10), or schizo-affective ( n = 7) disorder were given a Maudsley Neuroticism Scale, a Rorschach, and a form interview. Mood over the course of the procedure was assessed and speech content measured. Diagnostic groups differed on background measures of social competence, schizo-affectives being poorer than bipolar and unipolar subjects. Rorschach pathognomic verbalization scores for schizo-affective and bipolar subjects were poorer than for unipolar subjects. Rorschach form definiteness for schizo-affectives was poorer than for bipolar and unipolar subjects. Neuroticism scores did not discriminate diagnostic groups but correlated with mood ratings. History of mania was associated with symbolic bizarreness, resembling schizo-affective disorder. However, the social competence and perceptual maturity of subjects with manic histories did not differ from those without.
Social and Biological Factors in Child Development
Authors: Neel Ann F.
Published: September 2011

Groups of healthy black ( n = 84) and healthy white ( n = 49), chronically ill black ( n = 134) and chronically ill white ( n = 17) boys and girls, lower and middle class, within three age categories (5 to 8 yr., 9 to 12 yr., and 13 yr. and over) were given the WISC, Bender-Gestalt, TAT, and a figure-drawing test. Statistical comparisons were made by age, sex, social class, race, and health status. It was concluded that: (1) WISC scores improved with age perhaps in part due to changes in academic motivation between sexes and races; (2) class status had a marked effect on social and intellectual performance; (3) the deficit noted in black children was a caste difference related to health status and social class; (4) illness also created large social and intellectual deficits, including classical Wechsler and Bender signs of central nervous system involvement; (5) parents' outlooks and concerns for their children were more the result of material assets and liabilities than of different customs or values.
Dimensions of Approval Motivation: Sensitivity, Conformity, and Defensiveness
Authors: Brannigan Gary G.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviewed research on the social desirability response tendency. The implications drawn from the studies reviewed were (1) the desire to appear socially acceptable is not merely a test-taking phenomenon but reflects a more pervasive determinant of individual behavior, and (2) there are three dimensions of approval motivation, sensitivity, conformity, and defensiveness.
Causality in the One-Way Analysis of Variance Design: Strictly a Matter of Confidence
Authors: Mayo Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The causality issue has frequently been cited in separating correlational from experimental research methods. Unfortunately the explication of this causal dichotomy typically includes only very general statements regarding experimental controls or randomization procedures. In this investigation the implications of four assumptions underlying the fixed-effects analysis of variance design are presented in terms of the extent to which causal interpretation may be derived from that design. It is concluded that within a fixed-effects design the causality issue reduces to a complex statement of confidence which the researcher attaches to individual research findings.
Open-Field Activity of Albino Rats as a Function of Sex, Age, and Repeated Testing
Authors: Kierniesky Nicholas , Sick Thomas , Kruppenbacher Frank
Published: September 2011

Forced open-field exploration of Wistar rats was examined as influenced by age, sex, and repeated testing. The first phase of the study compared nine days of repeated testing among 28- and 98-day-old males and females. The older groups decreased in activity during the initial testing days. The younger groups increased above the older rats' activity levels during the last days of testing. Females generally had higher activity than males. The younger rats were tested at 48, 68, 88, and 108 days of age in the second phase of the study. Females had higher activity than did males and no interactions of sex with age or repeated testing days were significant. When subjects were 48 and 68 days old activity increased more rapidly over the six testing days compared to the 88- and 108-day-old periods. Results are discussed in relation to previous research using forced- and free-exploration procedures.
Antisocial Behavior and Lunar Activity: A Failure to Validate the Lunacy Myth
Authors: Forbes Gordon B. , Lebo George R.
Published: September 2011

Police arrest records were studied to determine relationships between lunar activity and arrest rates for various classes of crimes. The data studied represented 7 yr. of police activity, and no relationship was found between lunar activity and total arrests, violence against persons, or public intoxication.
The Favorite Reasons of Psychiatric Patients for Selecting a President
Authors: Ibrahim Abdel-Sattar , Frumkin Robert
Published: September 2011

As part of a long questionnaire about political behavior, 50 psychotics and 27 normals were asked to identify their reasons for selecting a president using an 8-item checklist. Patients in contrast to normals significantly preferred physical appearance, good speaking skills, and acceptance of the candidate by relatives and friends, whereas normals preferred standing for issues. Results confirm that mental patients attribute control of their behavior to external rather than internal characteristics more than normals.
Personality Type for Physicians' Assistants and Associates Based on Vocational Preference Inventory
Authors: Richards James M.
Published: September 2011

Weighted profiles for the Vocational Preference Inventory were computed for 74 students in the Health Assistant and Health Associate programs of the Johns Hopkins University School of Health Services. The three letter summary code was ISA, which is the same as the code for physicians. These results suggest the personality type assigned to these groups is similar.
Desirability and Frequency Scale Values and Endorsement Proportions for Items of Personality Research Form-E
Authors: Helmes E. , Reed P. L. , Jackson Douglas N.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the judged desirability and judged frequency of endorsement for 352 Personality Research Form-E items, based on data from 237 persons. Endorsement proportions for the same items are reported for college, high school and military samples. Evidence for the stability over time of these values is reported. Comparisons between Form E and the MMPI and California Psychological Inventory indicate fewer items with extreme desirability values and fewer extreme p values on the Personality Research Form-E than on both the MMPI and California Psychological Inventory. This is interpreted in terms of the methods of construction of the Personality Research Form.
College Students' Perceptions of Parental Restrictiveness/Permissiveness and Students' Scores on a Brief Measure of Creativity
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Eads Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

In this study 76 college students who perceived their mothers as having been permissive in their childrearing techniques tended to offer more responses to a divergent thinking task than did 152 college students who had perceived their mothers as having been restrictive with them. Generally speaking, the dimensions of perceived parental warmth versus perceived parental hostility as well as sex of students did not contribute to the results.
A Case of Rape: Sentencing Judgments of Males and Females
Authors: Rumsey Michael G. , Rumsey Judith M.
Published: September 2011

Judgments made by 24 male and 24 female undergraduates of defendant guilt and sentencing in a rape case were examined before and after group discussion under two levels each of evidentiary ambiguity and judicial instructions. As in earlier studies sentencing judgments of university student subjects were significantly more lenient after discussion than before. A trend for females to express greater certainty of guilt than males was accompanied by attribution of significantly greater responsibility to the defendant by females than by males. Possible defensive reactions by both sexes which might account for these differences were discussed.
Satiation as a Personality Source Trait in the Avoidance/Confrontation of Death
Authors: Thauberger Patrick C. , Cleland John F.
Published: September 2011

Variances associated with test taking, stylistic responses, and personality traits have been a persistent concern in psychometric research. With numerous items being employed in scale construction as well as in lengthy inventories the possibility of an additional source of variance arises. This variance described as satiation focuses on the maximal and optimal number of questionnaire items individuals can attend on any one topic or in any one session. Information obtained in pilot studies indicated that several individuals reported concerns about the tediousness of completing large numbers of questionnaire items, while some individuals in follow-up suggested that the lack of variety in many of the questionnaire items was an undesirable feature of participating in the questionnaire completion. Several findings with respect to satiation factors and the avoidance of the ontological confrontation of death are discussed and interpreted in terms of satiation as a personality source trait.
Developmental Self-Concept and (Self-Reported) Drug Use
Authors: Ferguson Leonard W. , Freedman Marilyn , Ferguson Edith P.
Published: September 2011

Authors describe two adjectival, pair-comparisons, self-concept scales (one for males, one for females). Both reflect development in self-concept during adolescence. Both cross-validate. Both predict concurrent, self-reported drug-use behavior: beer and wine, cigarettes, hard liquor, marijuana (males only), and LSD (males only).
Preferences for Solutions of Sugars, Salts, and Acids by Ord's Kangaroo Rats Given Richter-Type Drinking Tests
Authors: Harriman Arthur E. , Nevitt James R.
Published: September 2011

Taste preferences, as measured in consecutive Richter-type drinking tests (test solution versus distilled water), were determined for adult Ord's kangaroo rats. Five different molar concentrations were prepared for each of 5 common sugars and 3 salts. Two acids were used at 6 levels of pH. Consistent with food habits of Dipodomys, the subjects preferred maltose and sucrose over the other sugars. NaCl, like the other two salts, was indifferently accepted at weak concentrations and rejected at stronger molarities. Starting with weakest pH used (4.0), both an organic and an inorganic acid were rejected. The findings were viewed as suggesting that taste has some, though not major, importance in food selection by kangaroo rats.
Sex Differences in Self-Confidence as a Function of Feedback and Social Cues
Authors: Brabender Virginia , Boardman Susan K.
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in self-confidence were assessed by measuring the discrepancy between 20 male and 20 female subjects' perceived and actual reaction times (RTs) in a matching task. Subjects judged whether or not two letters were the same. After each trial, perceived and actual RTs were recorded. Whereas half of the subjects received RT feedback from the experimenter after the experimental trials, the other half did not. Half of the subjects were given a standard by which to evaluate their own performance and the other half were not. The absence of a significant difference between the actual RTs of 20 male and 20 female subjects indicates that they were equally efficient in matching letters. However, the extent to which subjects would underestimate their RTs was sex-dependent: without RT feedback, women underestimated their actual RTs more than men. In contrast to previous findings, relative to men, women exhibited no tendency to devaluate their performance.
Locus of Control and Traditional/Non-Traditional Sex-Role Orientations in a Sample of British Female Undergraduates
Authors: Chasia Sammie , Eyo Isidore E.
Published: September 2011

67 British female undergraduates were categorized as “traditional” ( n = 21), “mixed” ( n = 26), and “contemporary” ( n = 20) on the basis of their scores on two sex-role orientation scales. Relationships were then investigated between their locus of control and sex-role orientation scores. While some likelihood existed that the more traditional the subjects were in role orientation the more external they tended to be, sizeable proportions of both internals and externals were in all three categories. Locus of control could not be regarded as a major determinant of adherence or non-adherence to traditional sex-role perceptions. Caution in generalizing the results was therefore suggested. Moreover, the two sex-role orientation scales were differentially effective in separating internals and externals; a reexamination of scale contents was suggested.
Reactions to the Patricia Hearst Case: An Attributional Perspective
Authors: Miller Arthur G. , Hinkle Stephen W. , Pliske Daniel , Pliske Rebecca McNabb
Published: September 2011

Two major purposes of this study were (a) to examine attributions of causality in the Patricia Hearst (P.H.) case and their relation to other relevant judgments and (b) to examine personality impressions of P.H. at three phases in the chronology of the case. Subjects were presented with a detailed synopsis of the case. It was anticipated and later verified that there would be considerable individual differences in reactions to this case. Subjects attributed more situational than personal causality to P.H.'s behavior but substantial importance was attached to the latter. Higher ratings on personal causality were associated with higher ratings on guilt, recommended punishment, and other judgments implying a dispositional view of P.H.'s behavior. Higher ratings on situational causality were, conversely, associated with lower guilt ratings, less punishment, etc. Personality impressions were favorable initially, became dramatically negative at the “Tania” phase, and then were somewhat more favorable “at trial” although less than the initial impressions. Subjects were categorized as internal or external on the basis of their relatively extreme location on a combined attribution scale. Internally oriented subjects were less favorable in their impressions than were subjects with an external orientation, particularly at the initial and “at trial” phases of the case.
Punctuality, Consistency, and Conformity
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that punctuality, consistency, and conformity are independent traits. From 240 students ratings were collected. Factor analysis and Campbell and Fiske's (1959) methods were used to analyze the data. Both methods confirmed the hypothesis.
Publishers Violate APA Standards on Test Distribution
Authors: Oles Henry J. , Davis Gary D.
Published: September 2011

An effort was made to determine whether sensitive Level C Psychological measures (those tests whose distribution should be restricted to only highly trained personnel) could be easily obtained from publishers by unqualified individuals in violation of APA standards. All materials requested were received. The indiscriminate distribution of sensitive testing materials can seriously impair the validity of those materials and possibly result in misuse of the materials by unqualified personnel.
MMPI Profiles of Obese Men and Women
Authors: Pomerantz Anne S. , Greenberg Isaac , Blackburn George L.
Published: September 2011

MMPI profiles of 20 male and 20 female patients were chosen at random from the entire patient population (250) of a weight reduction program. Mean scores of both groups were computed for the 10 clinical scales. On the masculinity-femininity scale, female patients scored significantly lower than a normal population, while the male patients had a marginally significant higher mean score. Scores in the respective directions for men and women indicated passivity and non-assertiveness in both groups. Assertiveness training is suggested as an integral part of the behavior modification program in the treatment of obesity