bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Prosthetic Implant for the Equine Carpal Joint: Surgical Technique and Results
Authors: GROSSMAN BRIAN S. , GRANT BARRIE D. , SANDE RONALD D. , RATZLAFF MARC H. , GALLINA ANTHONY M. , BAGBY GEORGE , PYRITZ STEVE
Published: February 2008

A prosthesis designed to partially replace the articular surfaces of the radial and third carpal bones was implanted bilaterally in 6 normal horses. The prosthesis consisted of a convex metal alloy component, and a concave ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene component, for implantation into the radial and third carpal bones, respectively. One horse underwent the soft tissue approach only to serve as a control. Effects on joint motion and pathologic changes were monitored over a 6‐month period using clinical examination, synovial fluid analysis, electrogoniometry, high‐speed cinematography, radiography, and gross and microscopic pathologic examination. Six months following implantation, all horses that received implants would trot, with slight to moderate lameness. Electrogoniometric and cinematographic evaluation of joint motion demonstrated a reduction in amplitude of the carpus in 4 horses receiving implants; however, in 2 horses, the reduction was less than, or equivalent to, that of the control horse. One horse that received the prosthesis was rideable, and was able to run with minimal lameness. Radiography, synovial fluid analysis, and gross and microscopic pathologic examination revealed varying degrees of synovitis and osteoarthritis. Biomechanical alterations of the middle carpal joint and release of wear particles from the prosthesis were considered to be major causes of these secondary changes. Changes in design of the prosthesis, intended to more accurately maintain normal joint biomechanics are proposed.
Caudal Superficial Epigastric Arterial Pedicle Grafts in the Dog
Authors: PAVLETIC MICHAEL M.
Published: February 2008

A direct cutaneous arterial pedicle graft (axial pattern flap) was created from the mammary chain including glands 2 through 5 using the caudal superficial epigastric artery and vein in 4 male and 4 female dogs. All grafts survived immediate development and transfer to the recipient site which was either the flank, inner thigh, or lower limb region. A high per cent survivability rate can be expected if precautions are taken. This procedure has special application for reconstruction of extensive flank, inner thigh and inguinal skin losses.
Epidural Analgesia in the Dog
Authors: BRADLEY R. L. , WITHROW STEPHEN J. , HEATH R. B. , PERKINS DIANE , KIRKWOOD MEREDITH , MERGLER RANDALL
Published: February 2008

Fifty‐four noncesarean cases in which epidural analgesia was used as the primary control of surgical pain in the dog are presented. The technique, indications, mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. Our experience with this proven technique has shown epidural analgesia to be an effective, practical, and simple means of operative pain control with wide application beyond the usual indication of cesarean section.
Pancarpal Arthrodesis in the Dog: A Review of Forty‐five Cases
Authors: PARKER ROBERT B. , BROWN S. GARY , WIND ALIDA P.
Published: February 2008

This report describes an open surgical technique for pancarpal arthrodesis and its efficacy in 45 canine cases. Indications for carpal arthrodesis include hyperextension injuries, severe fracture/luxations, end‐stage arthritis, and selected neurologic deficits. Chronic joint instability was the major indication for surgery (76%). Degenerative joint disease (18%) and neurologic deficits (6%) accounted for the other cases. In a subjective owner survey, 97% of the owners reported that their animals' gait improved following arthrodesis, and 74% stated that their animals walked and ran normally.
A New Technique for Repair of Comminuted Diaphyseal Fractures
Authors: FREY ANDREW J. , OLDS ROBERT
Published: February 2008

The broad lengthening plate (BLP) was used to repair eleven comminuted diaphyseal fractures. It offers the advantage of increased implant strength over the area of comminution where bending forces are greatest. The BLP also provides an additional screw hole on each end of the implant as compared to a conventional plate of similar size. Application of the BLP in the proposed fashion improves operating efficiency by reducing operating time and tissue handling which minimizes complications to bone healing.
Microsurgery: An Update for the Veterinary Profession
Authors: LINDSAY W. A.
Published: February 2008

The history of microsurgery is reviewed and the development of instruments and suture materials briefly described. The implementation of microsurgical techniques to the human operating theater is detailed and the potential role of microtechniques in veterinary surgery projected.
A Surgical Technique for Management of Lower Lumbar Fractures: Case Report
Authors: DULISCH MARY L. , NICHOLS JAMES B.
Published: February 2008

A surgical technique for the repair of lower lumbar and sacral fracture‐dislocation injuries is described. A combination of plastic plates and intramedullary pins was used to align and stabilize the displaced spinal column. A successful clinical case is documented.
Surgical Management of Ossified Ear Canals in the Canine
Authors: ELKINS A. D. , HEDLUND C. S. , HOBSON H. P.
Published: February 2008

Mineralization and ossification of the external ear canals may occur as a sequela to chronic otitis externa. These cases can be surgically managed with a lateral ear resection. The ossified cartilage is removed with wire suture scissors and/or rongeurs. The proliferative hyperplastic tissue, which often accompanies this condition, should be removed electrosurgically six to eight weeks following the lateral ear resection. This method has resulted in clinical improvement and control of infection in all of 12 cases.
Fibrotic Myopathy of the Semitendinosus Muscle in Four Dogs
Authors: MOORE ROBERT W. , ROUSE GLEN P. , PIERMATTEI D. L. , FERGUSON H. RODNEY
Published: February 2008

Fibrosis of the semitendinosus muscle resulted in a characteristic gait abnormality in four male German shepherd dogs. Blood chemistry, electrophoresis, and electromyographic studies were performed. Surgery was undertaken in each case to relieve the restricting fibrous tissue. The lameness returned with reappearance of the fibrous band within six months. The etiology of fibrotic myopathy is unknown, but electromyographic studies and electrophoresis results suggest a myopathy due to chronic inflammation. Histopathologic exam reveals replacement of degenerating muscle fibers with connective tissue.
The Effects of Cerclage Wiring on the Immature Canine Diaphysis A Biomechanical Analysis
Authors: ELLISON GARY W. , PIERMATTEI DONALD L. , WELLS MICHAEL K.
Published: February 2008

When cerclage wiring is used in skeletally immature dogs, the wires become imbedded in the cortical bone due to radial appositional bone growth.

Six groups of five dogs each received one or two extraperiosteal cerclage wires at the mid‐diaphysis of the left femur at the age of five months. Ten dogs were killed immediately, ten dogs were killed at eight weeks postoperatively, and ten at twelve weeks. Both femora from each animal were collected and subjected to torsional loading to failure within.5 seconds. The maximum torque, shear stress, energy absorption, angular deformation, and torsional stiffness were determined and subjected to í test analysis.

Application of the wires predictably caused an increase in weight and cortical bone thickening at the implant site, which was primarily due to endosteal bone deposition in the 8‐and 12‐week groups. The 8‐and 12‐week wired bones were stiffer and failed at a lower angular deformation than did their corresponding control femurs, but the zero‐time bones did not show this tendency. Significantly less shear stress accumulation and energy absorption at failure were present In the 8‐and 12‐week implants, but no difference was seen in the zero‐time femora. The 8‐week groups showed a greater difference between the wired and control femurs than did the 12‐week groups. No significant difference was found between one‐and two‐wire implants in the study.

The results indicate that confinement of dogs with clinically wired fractures of immature canine femurs should extend past eight weeks.
Complications Associated with Proximal Duodenal Resection and Cholecystoduodenostomy in Two Cats
Authors: TANGNER C. H. , TURREL JANE M. , HOBSON H. PHIL
Published: February 2008

Two cats having resections of duodenal lesions involving the major duodenal papilla are described. The operative technique of cholecystoduodenostomy and the postoperative complications are presented. Pancreatic insufficiency and cholangitis developed in both cats and responded to specific treatment. Recommendations for performing successful cholecystoduodenostomy are made.
Healing Following Short Duration Transverse Incision Tracheotomy in the Dog
Authors: HARVEY COLIN E. , GOLDSCHMIDT MICHAEL H.
Published: February 2008

Healing at 6 hours and 2,7,10,14, and 28 days following transverse between‐ring tracheotomy in dogs was studied. Tracheal epithelial repair had occurred by ten days, and tracheal lumen area reduction as a result of scarring was less than 5% at 28 days.
Evaluation of Surgical Removal of Fractured Distal Splint Bones in the Horse
Authors: BOWMAN K. F. , EVANS L. H. , HERRING MOLLIE E.
Published: February 2008

Between January 1977 and June 1980, 38 Standardbred and 23 Thoroughbred horses had fractured distal splint bones removed surgically. Standardbred horses were treated significantly more frequently compared with the hospital population. The incidence of distal splint bone fractures in the front legs was significantly greater (p 0.05) than in the rear legs in both breeds. Associated suspensory desmitis was present in 81% of Standardbred and 67% of Thoroughbred horses at the time of surgery.

The most common radiographic sign was fracture with associated callus. It was not possible to correlate preoperative radiographic signs with presence of associated suspensory desmitis. One Thoroughbred horse developed a large mass of amorphous bone at the surgical site which required a second surgical procedure.

Follow‐up information was available on 21 of 38 Standardbred and 17 of 23 Thoroughbred horses. There was no correlation found between preoperative radiographic signs or the location and number of distal splint bone fractures with postoperative results. Twenty‐five percent of Standardbreds that had preoperative suspensory desmitis eventually reached at least their previous level of performance. None of the Thoroughbred racehorses with preoperative suspensory desmitis returned to their previous level of performance. Five of 17 Thoroughbred horses were pleasure horses, and all were reported “sound for intended use” following surgery; however, only four of five were used at their previous level of performance.

The significant feature in the prognosis of distal splint bone fractures in this series was the presence of associated suspensory desmitis. Postsurgical performance was limited by the recurrence of suspensory desmitis.
Total Hip Prosthesis for Revision of Unsuccessful Excision Arthroplasty
Authors: GOFTON NORMAN , SUMNER‐SMITH G.
Published: February 2008

Two types of total hip prostheses were implanted in three dogs that had been previously treated by excision arthroplasty, two for degenerative joint disease secondary to hip dysplasia and one for removal of a fractured femoral neck. Complications occurred in one case when the femoral shaft was split during the reaming process for implantation of the prosthesis and at three weeks after surgery when an oblique fracture of the distal femur occurred. Both complications were treated successfully. The time since surgery varied between eight and 18 months. All three dogs had excellent functional results evidenced by increased joint mobility and freedom from pain.
Fixation of Radius and Ulna Fractures in the Immature Dog and Cat A Review of Popular Techniques and a Report of Eight Cases Using Plate Fixation
Authors: McLAIN DONALD L. , BROWN S. GARY
Published: February 2008

External immobilization and traditional pinning techniques for radius and ulna fractures in immature animals are associated with complications. Prolonged splinting and casting risks postural hyperextension. Pinning techniques may injure growing bones and joints. Eight cases are presented in which fractures of the radius and ulna in immature animals were treated with plates and without external splints. Ail fractures healed without iatrogenic injury to the growing bones and joints and without hyperextension problems of fracture disease. Plating proved a highly effective method of treatment for these fractures in growing animals, avoiding complications and the problems associated with external splinting and traditional pinning techniques.
A Retrospective Study of 20 Surgically Managed Cases of Collapsed Trachea
Authors: TANGNER C. H. , HOBSON H. PHIL
Published: February 2008

Collapsed trachea was repaired by total ring prostheses in 20 miniature breed dogs. The average duration of respiratory disease prior to surgery was two years. Prior to surgery, 90% of the dogs coughed. Fifteen had episodes of dyspnea and/or cyanosis. Laryngeal paralysis was diagnosed preoperatively in six dogs. Common isolates from preoperative pharyngeal cultures included Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Radiographs of the trachea helped establish a diagnosis in only 59% of the dogs. Tracheoscopy confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. Pulmonary interstitial disease and biventricular or right ventricular cardiac enlargement were common radiographic findings. Surgery follow‐up ranged from four months to four years. At the time of follow‐up, most dogs coughed less, breathed better, were more active, and had fewer episodes of tracheobronchitis. Eighty‐five percent of the owners felt their dog responded well to the surgery. A grading system for collapsed trachea is described.
Clinical Experience With Polydioxanone Suture Material
Authors: MALNATI GEORGE A. , STONE ELIZABETH A.
Published: February 2008

Polydioxanone (PDS™) synthetic absorbable suture material was evaluated in 169 dogs and cats. Sutures or ligatures were used on 446 tissues including 18 contaminated and 16 infected wounds. There was less tissue friction than with polyglycolic acid or polyglactin 910 sutures. The suture tended to kink during placement of continuous suture patterns. There was one wound dehiscence.

Polydioxanone may be used wherever surgical gut, polyglycolic acid, or polyglactin 910 sutures are normally used.
Traumatic Atlanto‐Occipital Luxation in a Cat
Authors: LAPPIN MICHAEL R. , DOW STEVE
Published: February 2008

Traumatic atlanto‐occipital luxation was diagnosed in a cat that presented with right hemiparesis. The luxation was reduced by manipulation, and the head and neck immobilized for eight weeks with a splint formed from aluminum rod. Clinical neurologic recovery was complete.
Biomechanics of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Dog II. Mechanical Properties
Authors: BUTLER DAVID L. , HULSE DONALD A. , KAY MATTHEW D. , GROOD EDWARD S. , SHIRES PETER K. , D'AMBROSIA ROBERT , SHOJI HIROMU
Published: February 2008

A biomechanical analysis of the results of an over‐the‐top procedure for replacement of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in the dog is presented. Using 15 adult mongrel dogs, the CCL in one stifle joint was reconstructed using fascia lata and the lateral one‐third of the patellar ligament. The opposite CCL served as the control. Animals were sacrificed at 0, 4, 12 and 26 weeks postoperation and axial failure tests were performed. Stiffness, maximum load, and elastic modulus of the replacement increased over time, while elongation to maximum load continually decreased as compared to controls. Other parameters showed less consistent trends.

The results are encouraging given the reduction in joint laxity and the increases in tissue stiffness and strength. However, the ligament substitute was still unable to replicate the mechanical properties of the normal cruciate ligament. Longer studies therefore are required to determine if this replacement is capable of completely restoring joint stability and normal function.
Treatment of Exuberant Granulation Tissue in the Horse Evaluation of Four Methods
Authors: FRETZ P. B. , MARTIN G. S. , JACOBS K. A. , McILWRAITH C. W.
Published: February 2008

Four methods of treating granulating wounds on the dorsal aspect of the metacar‐pophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of ponies were evaluated. The following treatments were used: Group 1—excision of the granulation tissue with no further treatment; Group 2—cryosurgery; Group 3—excision of the granulation tissue and pressure bandage; and Group 4—excision of the granulation tissue and immobilization of the limb with a plaster cast. The wounds in Group 1 healed fastest, without producing exuberant granulation tissue and with only moderate scar fibrosis. The wounds in Group 2 healed without producing exuberant granulation tissue but with marked scarring. Wounds in Groups 3 and 4 took longer (p < 0.001) to heal compared to wounds in Groups 1 and 2. Wounds in Groups 3 and 4 produced exuberant granulation tissue, but the resultant scars were the least fibrotic.
Percutaneous Prepubic Urinary Drainage in Normal Cats
Authors: ROBERT J.
Published: February 2008

Urinary drainage was maintained in six cats for 3 days using Stamey percutaneous suprapubic catheters. Necropsies were performed 7 to 9 hours after catheter removal in three cats and 5 days after catheter removal in three cats. The catheter tract in the bladders had sealed within 9 hours of catheter removal. Focal areas of hemorrhage were observed on gross examination. Histopathologic examination revealed focal areas of hemorrhage and inflammation.

Throughout the study, the cats remained alert and had normal appetites and normal serum creatinine. All of the cats had gross hematuria that resolved within 24 to 48 hours of catheter insertion. Two cats developed bacteriuria.
Long‐term Examination of Cats with Perineal Urethrostomy
Authors: GREGORY C. R. , VASSEUR P. B.
Published: February 2008

Perineal urethrostomies were performed on 35 cats. All cats were asymptomatic when examined an average of 48.4 months following surgery. Eleven cats (31%) had episodes of dysuria during the postoperative period. Two of the 11 and six additional cats (23%) had positive urine cultures (> 105 organisms/ml) at the time of examination.
The Serosal Patch Clinical Use in 12 Animals
Authors: CROWE DENNIS T.
Published: February 2008

Hollow viscus perforation and leakage were treated successfully in eight dogs by suturing the surface of a loop of healthy bowel over the leaking areas, forming a serosal patch. The technique also was employed in three dogs and one cat to reinforce areas of potential leakage in the urinary bladder, small intestine, and colon.

Healthy bowel serosa was used to seal perforations in both clean‐contaminated and grossly infected visceral wounds. The serosal patch, with its muscular and submucosal reinforcing layers, resisted intraluminal pressure and proved successful in some animals where omental patching or wrapping had failed.
Cervical Intervertebral Disk Protrusion in a Horse
Authors: NIXON ALAN J. , STASHAK TED S. , INGRAM JAMES T. , NORRDIN ROBERT W. , PARK RICHARD D.
Published: February 2008

A Hansen type ll intervertebral disk protrusion was diagnosed in an 18‐year‐old horse with signs of progressive ataxia and paresis. A soft tissue mass dorsal to the C6‐C7 intervertebral disk space was identified at myelogram and found to be an intervertebral disk protrusion with enlarged dorsal annulus fibrosis at surgery. Surgical decompression was achieved using a ventral approach to the caudal cervical vertebrae, an approach limited in its application by the vertebral venous sinuses. Neurological signs remained unchanged for 3 days and then deteriorated. The horse was euthanized.
Feline Stifle Implant Arthroplasty
Authors: POWERS DENNIS L. , MAZANTI LAURA , RECUM ANDREAS F. VON
Published: February 2008

Surgical management of feline osteoarthritis is currently limited to joint immobilization or amputation. A method of implanting a readily available Swanson Design Silastic finger joint implant in feline stifles was developed and tested in four cats.

The surgical procedure was uncomplicated. The cats ambulated well and resumed normal activities. The joints were stable and retained normal ranges of motion. No undesirable gross pathology resulted from 3 months of implant residence.

We believe that the results of this preliminary study justify investigation of prolonged implant times and clinical trials in arthritic cat stifles.
Spinal Fixation in Dogs Using Steinmann Pins and Methylmethacrylate
Authors: BLASS CHARLES E. , III HOWARD B. SEIM
Published: February 2008

Steinmann pins and methylmethacrylate were used to stabilize 17 vertebral fractures or luxations and one unstable congenital spinal deformity in 18 dogs of a wide range of ages and body weights. Of 12 dogs available for follow‐up examination (4–43 months), 10 were normal or only mildly ataxic, and two were ambulatory but severely ataxic. Five dogs died or were euthanized in the early postoperative period, but none of the deaths could be attributed to the technique. Uncommon complications associated with this fixation technique were pin migration and wound infection.
Clinical Results Following Nonoperative Management for Rupture of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament in Dogs
Authors: VASSEUR P. B.
Published: February 2008

Eighty‐five dogs were diagnosed as having rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. They were managed by restriction of activity to leash walks for 3 to 6 weeks, weight loss if indicated, and analgesic medication as needed. Twenty‐four of 28 dogs that had a body weight of 15 kg or less (85.7%) were considered to be clinically normal (no lameness and normal range of motion in stifle, 21 dogs) or improved (3 dogs) after an average follow‐up period of 36.6 months. Lameness in the remaining four dogs persisted or worsened over an average period of 8.2 months (minimum 6 months), and surgical replacement of the cruciate ligament was performed. Eleven of 57 dogs that had a body weight of 15 kg or greater (19.3%) were classified as normal (4 dogs) or improved (7 dogs) after an average follow‐up period of 49.1 months. Lameness in the remaining 46 dogs persisted or worsened over an average period of 10.2 months (minimum 6 months), and surgical replacement of the cruciate ligament was performed.
A Muscle Separating Approach to the Equine Shoulder Joint for the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans
Authors: NIXON ALAN J. , STASHAK TED S. , MCILWRAITH C. WAYNE , AANES WILBUR A. , MARTIN GEORGE S.
Published: February 2008

A muscle separating approach with tenotomy of the teres minor was used to expose osteochondritis dissecans lesions in the shoulder joints of five horses. Horses selected for surgery were severely lame or had a long history of lameness. Adequate surgical access allowed removal of cartilage flaps, curettage of the subchondral bone, and in one horse, the removal of an osteocartilaginous free body. Surgical wounds healed by primary intention; one horse developed a seroma that was drained. Three of the five horses were clinically sound 3 months following surgery. Two other horses were pasture sound but lame after extensive athletic activity.
Traumatic Coxofemoral Luxation In Dogs Results of Repair
Authors: BONE DAVID L , WALKER MICHAEL , CANTWELL H. DAN
Published: February 2008

The medical records of 171 dogs with traumatic hip luxations were examined. German shepherds, mixed breeds, and poodles were significantly overrepresented. The mean age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 4.4 years (range 5 months to 14 years). Vehicular trauma caused 83% of the 133 luxations where the etiology was known; 53% had at least one other diagnosed traumatic injury. Long‐term results were obtained from owner questionnaires (25 dogs) or clinical and radiographic examinations (11 hip joints). The short‐term recurrence rate after closed reduction (47.3%) was higher than that after surgical reduction using any of the three surgical techniques most frequently used here (9.5, 12.5, and 14.3%), even when the operation was performed after failure of a closed reduction (11.8%). Excluding dogs that had a femoral head ostectomy, 68% (17 of 25) of the dogs had a normal gait, 16% had only a mild lameness, and 16% had more severe lameness when evaluated on an average of 31 months after repair. Of 11 hip joints radiographed on an average of 25 months following repair, five had no radio‐graphic abnormalities related to the luxation and six showed one or more of the following: periosteal new bone formation, femoral head subluxation, partial resorption of the femoral head, periarticular osteophytes, and subchondral bone erosion. Closed reduction should be the initial treatment of choice in uncomplicated luxations even though the rate of reluxation is high, because it avoids the need for surgery in approximately one half of affected dogs and does not increase the recurrence rate following subsequent surgical reduction.
Arterial Grafting in the Horse An Experimental Study
Authors: TURNER TRACY A.
Published: February 2008

The feasibility of repairing an arterial defect with a graft was evaluated in the horse. Arterial autografts, venous autografts, and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vascular prostheses were used. Four 3 cm grafts of each type were used to replace a 3 cm section of medial palmar artery that had been removed from 12 forelimbs of 11 horses. Patency was assessed by arteriography performed 30 days after the grafting procedure. All four arterial autografts, one of four venous autografts, and two of four PTFE grafts were patent at 30 days. Thrombosis caused the failure of one venous autograft and two PTFE grafts. Fibrous replacement caused the failure of two venous autografts. Results indicate that arterial grafting is feasible in the horse.
Noninvasive Technique for Reduction of Zygomatic Process Fractures in the Horse
Authors: BLACKFORD J. T. , HANSELKA D. V. , HEITMANN J. M. , BOYD C. L.
Published: February 2008

Zygomatic (supraorbital) process fracture of the horse is a common injury; if untreated, permanent injury to the eye or an undesirable cosmetic appearance may result. A noninvasive surgical reduction technique is described that requires minimal instrumentation and can easily be performed in a surgical facility or under field conditions. This technique has resulted in successful reduction and healing in 12 of 13 cases of zygomatic process fractures.
The Surgical Anatomy of the Canine Sacrum for Lag Screw Fixation of the Sacroiliac Joint
Authors: DECAMP CHARLES E. , BRADEN TEBRANCE D.
Published: February 2008

One hundred canine sacral bone specimens were examined to identify surgical landmarks that may improve screw placement in sacroiliac repair. A lateral view of the sacral wing was studied, as this structure is most easily identified in the dorsal approach used for sacroiliac repair. The height and length of each sacral wing were measured. Four other features of the canine sacrum were identified and measured in comparison with the sacral wing height and length. The cranial overlap of the sacral wing over the intervertebral space of L7‐S1 was found to have a mean of 14% of the length of the sacral wing. The ventral overlap of the sacral wing over the pelvic canal was found to be 21% of the height of the sacral wing. The ventral limit of the spinal canal (dorsal limit of the sacral body) was 45% of the sacral wing height. The first pelvic foramen was located at a mean distance of 64% of the sacral wing length and 20% of the sacral wing height. Using these four features, a composite view of the sacral wing is described to illustrate the area of the sacral body where screw placement is optimal.
Replacement of the Collateral Ligaments of the Canine Tarsocrural Joint: A Proposed Technique
Authors: ARON DENNIS N. , PURINTON P. TOM
Published: February 2008

A technique for replacement of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the tarsocrural joint in dogs was developed based on studies of normal anatomy and function. The medial or lateral tarsocrural joint was made unstable by removal of the respective malleolus, ligaments, and joint capsule; the component parts of the collateral ligaments were replaced using suture material to function as ligament prostheses. The technique was found to be effective in maintaining near normal joint motion and adequate joint stability in cadavers immediately following surgery, and in dogs observed for up to 39 months postoperatively. No degenerative joint disease was noted upon gross or radiographic examination.
Bilateral Ureteroileostomy and Perineal Urinary Diversion in Dogs
Authors: BJORLING DALE E. , MAHAFFEY MARY B. , CROWELL WAYNE A.
Published: February 2008

The urinary bladder was excised, and the ureters were implanted into an isolated segment of distal jejunum and ileum in three experimental dogs. The isolated bowel loop was drawn through the pelvic canal within the external anal sphincter to exit ventral to the anus. The dogs were evaluated for urinary continence, urinary tract infection, and renal function for up to 6 months postoperatively.

Urinary continence did not return. Continuous urine leakage caused perineal scalding. The cutaneous openings of the isolated bowel loops developed strictures. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations did not increase. Excretory urography and retrograde radiographic studies of the bowel loop were performed periodically. Unilateral hydronephrosis was observed in two dogs 2 weeks postoperatively. The remainder of the excretory urograms were normal. Ureteral reflux was observed commonly on retrograde contrast studies. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained from all bowel loops and kidneys at necropsy. Alpha‐streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus spp. were isolated most frequently. Mild pyelitis was seen in histopathologic examination of the kidneys after necropsy. Urothelium replaced bowel mucosa near the site of ureteral implantation.

This method of urinary diversion is not satisfactory for clinical use.
Long Bone Fractures in Large Animals A Retrospective Study
Authors: CRAWFORD W. H. , FRETZ P. B.
Published: February 2008

Two hundred and thirteen bovine and 115 equine long bone fractures presented for treatment to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine were reviewed. Based on the number of patients presented, cattle had a significantly (p < 0.01) higher survival rate than horses. In horses, the third metatarsal bone was most frequently presented for fracture treatment, but in cattle, the femur was most commonly affected. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the treatment success rates when comparing the bones affected, methods of treatment used, duration between the fracture occurrence and presentation for repair, distance traveled prior to hospitalization, type of limb support during transportation, or medication given prior to hospitalization. Horses between 3 months and 2 years of age had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower survival rate than those in other age groups. Compared to open and comminuted fractures, a significantly (p < 0.01) greater number of simple fractures were selected for treatment in horses. Based on the cases presented, the survival rate of the horses with simple fractures is higher (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the survival rates of horses or cattle when simple, open, comminuted, and open plus comminuted fractures were treated. There were significantly (p < 0.001) more open fractures in horses than in cattle. Postoperative complications occurred in 49% of the horses treated, and the enthanasia rate was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in horses with complications.
Blood Pressure Measurements in the Anesthetized Horse Comparison of Four Methods
Authors: RIEBOLD T. W. , EVANS A. T.
Published: February 2008

Arterial blood pressure values in anesthetized horses were determined by one direct and two indirect methods and compared to control values obtained simultaneously by direct measurement with a strain gauge. Results of all three techniques differed significantly from control arterial pressure; the values obtained using an aneroid manometer and electronic sphygmomanometer were slightly less than control pressure, and values obtained by auscultation were greater than control. The direct method with the aneroid manometer was most acceptable because of its accuracy, ease of operation, adaptability, and cost. The electronic sphygmomanometer was also acceptable because of its accuracy and ease of operation. The auscultation technique was not as accurate as the other methods but can be used clinically if its limitations are considered.
Probable Trophic Pad Ulceration Following Traumatic Denervation Report of Two Cases in Dogs
Authors: READ R. A.
Published: February 2008

Two dogs developed metacarpal pad ulceration subsequent to a motor vehicle accident. Evidence of ulnar nerve damage was found in both dogs. The ulcers were treated successfully by transferring neurovascular island flap grafts from the dorsum of the foot.
Bilateral Calcaneal Epiphysiolysis in a Dog
Authors: EE RENE T. VAN , WALKER TOMMY L , PATTON C. S. , BELLAH JAMIE R.
Published: February 2008

Ununited epiphyses were seen in the calcanei of a 13‐month‐old Rottweiler with abnormal rear limb conformation. Histologic examination of the tissues showed a nonunion with neoarthrosis formation. Surgical management included use of tension band and lag screw techniques to achieve epiphysiodesis that was radiographically evident 12 weeks postsurgery. There was no sign of lameness when examined 8 months after surgery. Similarities exist between this case and that of osteochondrosis in other domestic species, and with Osgood‐Schlatters disease in humans. Osteochondrosis and/or abnormal angulation of the hocks were suspected as the underlying cause of the epiphyseal separations.
Partial Hepatectomy with Temporary Hepatic Vascular Occlusion in Dogs with Hepatic Arteriovenous Fistulas
Authors: WHITING PAMELA G. , BREZNOCK EUGENE M. , MOORE PETER , KERR LARRY , BERGER BRUCE , GREGORY CLARE , HORNOF WILLIAM
Published: February 2008

A technique for temporary hepatic vascular occlusion during partial hepatectomy for hepatic arteriovenous (AV) fistulas in the dog is presented in seven dogs, and three additional cases of hepatic AV fistulas are reviewed. Hematologic, serum biochemical, radiologic, and nuclear scintigraphic parameters before and after surgery are discussed; abnormalities included anemia, hypoproteinemia, leukocytosis, increased liver function tests, retrograde filling of the portal vein during celiac angiography, and increased arteriovenous ratios during nuclear scintigraphy. Hemodynamic and pathologic findings are presented, and portal hypertension and secondary multiple portosystemic shunts are described. Clinical improvement was observed in four dogs with follow‐up periods ranging from 5 months to 3 years.
Periosteum and the Healing of Partial Ulnar Osteotomy in Radius Curvus of Dogs
Authors: DECAMP CHARLES E. , HAUPTMAN JOE , KNOWLEN GRANT , REINDEL JAMES F.
Published: February 2008

A 2 cm partial ulnectomy was performed in twelve 4‐month‐old mongrel dogs with experimentally induced radius curvus. In four dogs, the periosteum was left intact; in four dogs, all of the periosteum was excised from the ulnectomy site; and in the remaining four dogs, the periosteum was sewn over the ends of the ostectomized bone. The unoperated limbs of all 12 dogs served as controls. Progress was determined monthly from radiographs until the dogs were 9 months of age. The ulnectomies performed when the periosteum was left in situ at the ulnectomy site healed quickly, resulting in progressive deformity of the foreleg. When the periosteum was excised or sewn over the ends of the bone, the ulnectomy sites did not heal and correction of the radius curvus resulted. Histopathologic examination confirmed the absence of bony healing.
Identification and Transfer of Free Cutaneous Flaps by Microvascular Anastomosis in the Dog
Authors: MILLER CRAIG W. , CHANG PETER , BOWEN VAUGHAN
Published: February 2008

An axial pattern cutaneous free flap in the dog based on superficial cervical vessels was identified. Consistent anatomic landmarks were proposed. The vessels consistently emerged from the angle formed by the omotransversarius and trapezius muscles, and coursed in a craniodorsal direction. Eight orthotopic transfers were performed to evaluate the flap's potential as a free tissue transfer. Six of eight (75%) flaps survived. Arterial insufficiency was the likely cause of one failure. The cause of the other failure was considered to be venous occlusion. We conclude that the superficial cervical flap can be used successfully as a microvascular free tissue transfer in the dog.
Treatment of Stress Hyperthermia in Elk with Ketanserin, a Serotonin Receptor Blocker
Authors: STANLEY THEODORE H. , PORT J. DAVID , van der MAATEN JOOST , KIMBALL JOHN
Published: February 2008

Ketanserin, a peripheral serotonin (S2) receptor blocker, was evaluated as a therapy for stress induced hyperthermia in 18 wild, recently captured Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus canadensis). The experiments were carried out in an outdoor experimental laboratory on two hot (>33°C) days separated by a week. Animals were randomly allocated to receive ketanserin (0.1 mg/kg, IV) or saline (4 ml, IV) following induction of hyperthermia via herding into distribution chutes and a squeeze cage during the first day. One week later, the experiments were repeated in the same fashion except that ketanserin and saline were not administered, and temperatures and heart and respiratory rates were not measured. Ketanserin produced dramatic decreases in temperature (43 ± 1 to 40 ± 0°C), and heart (110 ± 12 to 77 ± 5 beats/min) and respiratory rates (56 ± 7 to 26 ± 5 breaths/min), while saline resulted in no change in any of the measured variables. None of the elk died the first day; however, 1 week later, three elk died within 4 hours of completion of the experiment. All three animals had had temperatures of 45° C or above the previous week and had received ketanserin.
Use of Reconstruction Plates for the Repair of Segmental llial Fractures Involving Acetabular Comminution in Four Dogs
Authors: OST PETRA C. , KADERLY ROBERT E.
Published: February 2008

Four dogs (27.3–31.8 kg) with ilial body fractures associated with various degrees of acetabular comminution were treated using internal fixation. Anatomic reduction and internal fixation were achieved using a long 2.7 mm reconstruction plate on the hemipelvis. Based on the patient's pelvic radiographs, the reconstruction plate was precontoured before surgery to precisely fit a bony pelvis of similar size and shape. Excellent anatomic reduction of the fractures was achieved in all four dogs. Three dogs recovered uneventfully and regained full function of the affected leg. In one dog with comminution of the acetabulum, reduction of the most caudally located fracture was not maintained. Severe osteoarthritis developed, and excision arthroplasty was performed.

Reconstruction plates offer greater versatility than dynamic compression plates in the treatment of complex pelvic fractures such as ilial body fractures with acetabular comminution. The technique of precontouring the reconstruction plate prior to surgery decreases intraoperative time and corrects minor discrepancies in reduction.
Transdiaphragmatic Approach for Permanent Cardiac Pacemaker Implantation in Dogs
Authors: FINGEROTH JAMES M. , BIRCHARD STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2008

An approach combining ventral midline celiotomy with transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy for permanent electronic cardiac pacemaker implantation was evaluated in seven dogs with bradycardia. Dogs ranged in body weight from 6.7 to 32 kg, with a mean of 22.2 ± 11.1 kg. Body conformation varied from narrow, deep‐chested animals to very broad‐chested animals. The new approach was used with equal facility in all of these dogs. Thoracocentesis was performed intraoperatively after diaphragmatic closure. No dogs required postoperative thoracocentesis or tube thoracostomy. All seven dogs survived the surgical procedure. Two dogs required three subsequent operations by the new approach for correction of exit block or faulty pulse generators. No problems were encountered during these reoperations, which occurred 2 days, 1 month, and 5 months, respectively, following the previous surgery. No serious complications attributable to the surgical approach were seen in any of the dogs, with follow‐up times ranging from 6 hours to greater than 12 months (five dogs still alive). The transdiaphragmatic approach is a rapid, cosmetic, and subjectively less painful means for permanent pacemaker implantation in dogs.
Perianal Fistulas in the Dog Retrospective Evaluation of Surgical Treatment by Deroofing and Fulguration
Authors: GORING ROBERT L. , BRIGHT RONALD M. , STANCIL MARK L
Published: February 2008

Deroofing and fulguration (DR&F) was used as a surgical treatment for perianal fistulas in 30 dogs over a 5 year period at the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. A retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of this procedure was based on a written questionnaire completed by the owners. Dogs were placed initially into one of four categories according to their degree of perianal involvement: 0 to 90°, 91 to 180°, 181 to 270°, and 271 to 360°. The mean elapsed time between the last surgical treatment and follow‐up evaluation was 39 months (range 6 to 63 months). Seventy‐seven percent of the dogs were German shepherds. Sixty‐seven percent of the dogs were intact males. The mean age of the dogs at the time of onset was 59 months (range 22 to 106 months). The most common presenting clinical signs were owner recognition of fistulous tracts (97%), tenesmus (37%), and licking of the perianal region (20%). The most frequently encountered postoperative complications were recurrence (70%) followed by varying degrees of incontinence (23%) and tenesmus (20%). Incontinence was transient in 5 of 7 dogs. Long‐term results were the following: 5 dogs (17%) excellent, 13 dogs (43%) good, 3 dogs (10%) fair, and 9 dogs (30%) poor. Anal sacculectomy as an adjunct therapy was generally done only when the anal sacs were secondarily involved. In 2 dogs, prophylactic anal sacculectomy was done at the time of DR&F. The use of this technique is advocated in dogs moderately affected with perianal fistulas (0 to 180°) because of the minimal invasiveness, limited postoperative morbidity, and relative effectiveness of the procedure as demonstrated by the results of this study. In those dogs more severely affected, DR&F was not shown to be superior to other methods previously described.
Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Anesthesia in a Standardbred Gelding
Authors: HUBBELL JOHN A. E. , MUIR WILLIAM W. , BEDNARSKI RICHARD M.
Published: February 2008

A Standardbred gelding was anesthetized on three occasions over a 3 year period. Anesthesia was induced with xylazine and thiamylal on the first occasion, with xylazine, guaifenesin, and thiamylal on the second, and with acepromazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine on the third. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane during each episode. The horse had atrial fibrillation (AF) after induction of anesthesia on the first two occasions. Because arterial blood pressure remained within normal limits during AF and anesthesia, conversion to normal sinus rhythm with quinidine was not attempted. Reversion to normal sinus rhythm occurred within 12 hours of recovery after each of the first two anesthetic episodes. The gelding remained in normal sinus rhythm throughout the third anesthetic period and recovered uneventfully. Potential causes for AF in anesthetized horses are discussed.
Fractures of the Calcaneus in Racing Greyhounds
Authors: OST PETRA C. , DEE JON F. , DEE LARRY G. , HOHN R. BRUCE
Published: February 2008

Fifty‐one calcaneus fractures associated with (41) or without (10) central tarsal bone (Tc) fractures in racing greyhounds were evaluated and categorized. All calcaneal fractures with no Tc fractures had a plantar proximal intertarsal subluxation. No subluxations were found in dogs with both calcaneal and central tarsal fractures. The calcaneal fractures were treated either with coaptation splints or surgical repair. Surgical techniques included a Steinmann pin with a figure eight tension band device or screw or plate fixation as primary techniques supplemented by Kirschner wires and cerclage wires. In all calcaneal fractures associated with plantar proximal intertarsal subluxation, an arthrodesis of the calcaneoquartal joint was performed. All 22 surgically repaired fractures in dogs available for physical and radiographic reexamination had healed within 1 to 6 months. Eight dogs with fractures of the calcaneus associated with fractures of Tc returned to a racing career. None of the dogs with plantar proximal intertarsal subluxation raced again. Based on the orientation of the fracture lines and on dissection of two tarsi with calcaneal fractures, a hypothesis on the pathogenesis of calcaneal fractures in racing greyhounds was formulated.
Rectal Hesection in the Dog A New Surgical Approach and the Evaluation of Its Effect on Fecal Continence
Authors: ANDERSON G. I. , MCKEOWN D. B. , PARTLOW G. D. , PERCY D. H.
Published: February 2008

Thirteen healthy mixed breed dogs (6 female and 7 male) underwent rectal transection and resection of 0 to 6 cm using a dorsal approach. Rectoanal sphincter pressure studies were performed preoperatively and 6 weeks after surgery using a double balloon manometer device. Sphincter pressure profiles were altered in the 6 cm resection dogs. Clinical observations of defecation and degree of continence were made over a 10 week period postoperatively. The transection only and 4 cm resection dogs defecated normally. All dogs in the 6 cm resection group involving the peritoneal reflection were incontinent but retained some normal posturing behavior. Surgical complications included minor infection in two dogs, rectocutaneous fecal leakage in four dogs, breakdown of the anastomotic site in four dogs, and incontinence in all of the dogs that underwent 6 cm resections. Barium enemas were performed on the rectums postmortem to ascertain the degree of stricturing induced by the surgery. The index of stenosis measured did not correlate well with the extent of straining in each group. Histopathologic findings on dogs in the transection only and 4 cm resection groups without dehiscence showed mild granulomatous proctitis with normal myenteric plexi seen. Dogs suffering dehiscence had suppurative proctitis, necrosis, and obliteration of the myenteric plexi.
The Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis in Six Cats by Ethmoid Conchal Curettage and Autogenous Fat Graft Sinus Ablation
Authors: ANDERSON GAIL I.
Published: February 2008

Six cats with chronic recurrent rhinitis and frontal sinusitis were treated by surgical ablation of their frontal sinuses by the implantation of autogenous fat grafts and curettage of the remaining ethmoid conchae. Deep nasal bacterial cultures and skull radiographs were performed before surgery. Excellent results were achieved in four of six cats and there was significant improvement in two of six cats. Median follow‐up time was 15 months. Subcutaneous emphysema over the temporal area was managed by needle aspiration and bandaging. Frontal sinus ablation with autogenous fat graft in combination with ethmoid conchal curettage appears to be an effective treatment for chronic sinusitis in cats.