bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divergent Perceptions of Athletic Outcomes: A Field Inquiry into the Epistemology of Active Observer
Authors: Rejeski Walter J. , Rae Thomas , McCook William
Published: September 2011

A field investigation was conducted to examine the potential divergence between athletes' (actors) and coaches' (active observers) perceptions of sport outcomes. A total of 25 coach-athlete dyads ( N =50) were selected on a random basis from Division I track, specifically, the 5,000-m distance event. Success and failure were determined by comparing athletes' actual race times against their prerace predictions. Canonical correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships of outcome (success-failure) and perceiver (athlete-coach) variables to several measures of attribution. Two significant variates were detected. Results from the first variate suggested that failure was perceived as more distinctive than success; the endorsement of personal unstable causes for failure was consistent with these data. Inspection of the second variate indicated that coaches were more strongly in favor of a dispositional explanation for athletic behavior than were athletes. Since this relationship was discrepant with a recent conceptualization of the active observer, it was suggested that a re-examination of this construct may be necessary.
Reversal of Asymmetry in Human Perceptual Performance as a Function of Labeling, Mode of Response, and Familiarity
Authors: Dee Henry L. , Hannay H. Julia
Published: September 2011

It has previously been demonstrated that certain characteristics of the stimulus, specifically visual complexity and verbal association value, as well as mnemonic factors are important in producing the usually obtained asymmetry in human perceptual performance, and thus presumably, hemispheric asymmetry of function. The present research demonstrated that the usual superiority of the left visual field for high-complexity, low-association-value visual forms can be reversed by the acquisition and use of verbal labels for such stimuli but is only attenuated when the labels are not used to respond to the stimuli. Simple familiarity with the visual stimuli attenuated the difference between the fields, but here there was no reversal. Implications of these results for hemispheric processing are discussed.
Changes in Apparent Extent of Misarticulation during Successive Repetitions of a Word
Authors: Ruscello Dennis M. , Posch Vicki
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the variability of judgments of correct and misarticulated /r/ words. Correct, moderate, and severely distorted /r/ words were each repeated 90 times on individual audio tapes and judged by listeners from one of three groups ( N = 33). Subjects in each group showed shifts in judgment but the group which evaluated the severely distorted /r/ word demonstrated the most frequent shifts in judgment.
Impact of Interviewer's Sex on Volunteering by Females
Authors: Nederhof Anton J.
Published: September 2011

Relatively few studies of impact of interviewer's sex on the response rate have been undertaken. A first, partial test of the hypothesis that the interviewer's sex only has an influence on the rate of volunteering when the topic is sex-related, was carried out. Male and female interviewers tried to gain cooperation from a sample of female respondents in a study of women's liberation. In agreement with the hypothesis, female interviewers obtained a significantly higher response rate than male interviewers.
Moral Reasoning in Alcoholics and Addicts: Structure vs Content
Authors: Bush David F. , Power Clark , Alterman Arthur I. , Connolly Robert
Published: September 2011

19 alcoholics and 20 addicts were selected from the detoxified inpatient population of a VA hospital. 17 socioeconomically matched controls were drawn from the nonprofessional staff. Kohlberg's Moral Maturity scores were not significantly different for the three groups. However, the content variables involved in choosing between the value of life and law differentiated these groups. The value of reporting both structure and content was examined.
Future Events Test: Equivalent Forms and Criminality
Authors: Black W. A. M. , Bennett Paula , Wards A. R.
Published: September 2011

In a study with 48 undergraduate students (24 male, 24 female) two forms of the Future Events Test correlated only moderately ( r = 0.43). In a further study, with offenders, using Form II of the test 40 male prisoners (25 Europeans, 15 Maoris) had a lower mean score than did 40 male parolees (25 Europeans, 15 Maoris) but the difference was significant for Maoris only. This suggests that the effects of imprisonment may be greater for Maoris than Europeans by inducing a foreshortening of future time perspective.
Use of Cognitive Capacity in Reading: A Performance Operating Characteristic
Authors: Britton Bruce K. , Price Karen
Published: September 2011

The cognitive capacity used in cognitive tasks can be measured with a secondary task technique (also called the dual task technique). Interpretation of results obtained with this technique depends on the assumption that the primary and secondary tasks require the same limited-capacity cognitive processing system. The present experiment tested this assumption by constructing a performance operating characteristic, in which the allocation of processing resources for the primary and secondary tasks was varied by instructions, and performance on the two tasks was observed. As the quality of performance on one task increased, performance on the other task decreased. It was concluded that the primary and secondary tasks shared processing resources. This means that performance on one task can be used as an indicator of processing resources allocated to the other. Implications of performance operating characteristics for secondary task methodology were discussed.
Factors Influencing Tutors' Perceptions of Retarded Children
Authors: Lafontaine Thomas L. , Poresky Robert H.
Published: September 2011

After tutoring experience 5 college students who tutored handicapped children responded more negatively and 27 tutors of nonhandicapped children responded less negatively to labels, Mentally Handicapped Child and Normal Child, than previously. The former label was more negatively rated than Normal Child.
Influence of Background Patterns on Coincidence-Anticipation Performance
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: September 2011

15 boys and 15 girls, 6 yr. old, participated in a study assessing the influence of visual background patterns and object speed on coincidence-anticipation. The Bassin Anticipation Timer, utilizing light-emitting diodes in the lighted runway and pushbutton, was used to determine the subjects' accuracy of anticipation of the dynamic target light. The two object speeds were 1.45 and 2.90 kilometers per hour, and the two background conditions were a solid black background and red vertical stripes on a black background. Absolute and constant temporal errors were recorded for a total of 24 trials utilizing a random order of 6 replications of the 4 conditions. Analysis of variance indicated only speed of the object, and not visual background patterns, influenced coincidence-anticipation performance.
Stimulus-Person Cues in First-Impression Attraction
Authors: Lyman Bernard , Hatlelid Douglas , MacUrdy Charles
Published: September 2011

40 subjects viewed 55-sec. head and shoulder color film strips of a stimulus person. The 35 observer-response variables to the question “Why would you like (not like) to get to know this person?” fell into four categories: Physical characteristics, Observed behavior, Inferred behavior, and Ascribed personality characteristics. Physical characteristics and observed behavior were cited with greater frequency than were inferred behavior and ascribed personality characteristics. The frequency of positive and negative responses to physical characteristics and positive responses to observed and inferred behavior were significantly related to the attraction response. There was no significant relation between ascribed personality characteristics and the attraction response. Findings are discussed with respect to their bearing on person-perception methodology, interpersonal attraction over a time span, and an hypothesis regarding anticipation of rewards.
Psychosexual Fixation and Perceptual Defense
Authors: Juni Samuel , Frenz Arthur
Published: September 2011

A word-count of 25-response Rorschach protocols (28 men, 33 women) was used to measure degree of fixation in orality, sadism, and anality. Oral, sadistic, and anal words were often projected briefly on a patterned screen in conditions designed to yield 50% hit rates. It was hypothesized that anality would correlate with over-all hit rates, while fixation in a specific area would correlate with a higher threshold for that content. Data confirmed the relationship between anality and over-all hit rates, while no relationship appeared between specific fixation and content threshold.
Age and Error Differences on Memory-For-Designs
Authors: Riege Walter H. , Kelly Karen , Klane Linda T.
Published: September 2011

Age reliably predicted performance of 120 volunteers, 20 to 84 yr. old, on the Memory-for-Designs test. Scoring employed both the Graham-Kendall and a modified scoring technique in which each of the 15 designs was rated within six error categories (reversal, distortion, omission, rotation, embellishment, perseveration). Inter-rater reliability of four raters indicated a marked scoring consistency and the error category scoring interacted with age, i.e., older persons (> 60 yr.) made more omission and distortion errors than younger persons (< 40 yr.) who committed proportionally more reversal errors. Concomitant performance on the WAIS Block Design accounted for only part of the age differences in errors. The error category scoring was more sensitive to age differences in visual memory than the usual Graham-Kendall scoring method. In addition, it provided much needed age norms.
Self-Disclosure as a Function of Experimenter's Self-Disclosure, Experimenter's Sex and Subject's Sex
Authors: O'Kelley Faith R. , Schuldt W. °John
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine whether subjects self-disclose more when experimenters self-disclose than when experimenters do not self-disclose, if subjects' self-disclosure is related to sex of the experimenters, and if experimenters' self-disclosure affects subjects' feelings toward the experimenter and experiment. Subjects self-disclosed more when experimenters self-disclosed, men self-disclosed more than women, and subjects reported more positive feelings when experimenters self-disclosed. While no significant effect occurred as a function of experimenters' sex, other characteristics of experimenters affected subjects' self-disclosure.
Is Fechner's Logarithmic Law a Special Case of Stevens' Power Law?
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

It is shown by means of a simple mathematical derivation that Fechner's logarithmic law may (a) under some conditions be interpreted as a special case of, or as an approximation to, Stevens' power law and (b) always be considered to be an arbitrarily close piece-wise approximation to the power law by multiplying the stimulus magnitude with an appropriate variable scaling factor. The arguments behind the converse proposition by Ekman (1964) are questioned.
A Neopiagetian Analysis of Four-Year-Olds' Performance on Piaget's Water-Level Task
Authors: Foorman Barbara R.
Published: September 2011

A standardized version of Piaget and Inhelder's conservation of horizontality or Water-level Task, the Preschool Embedded Figures Test, and a measure of mental processing called Mr. Cucui were administered to 42 4-yr.-olds. There was a significant correlation of .28 between Mr. Cucui and the horizontal/vertical subscore of the Water-level Task, but no significant inter-correlations with the field independence/dependence measure or the tilted bottles subscore of the Water-level Task. The significant correlation between Mr. Cucui and the horizontal/vertical bottles was discussed from the neoPiagetian perspective of Pascual-Leone's theory of constructive operators. Particular attention was paid to the “field effects” of the inverse, vertical bottles—aspects of figurative structures and the ensuing demands on mental processing.
Effectiveness of Face-Name Learning Strategies
Authors: Hastings Marcus W.
Published: September 2011

An investigation of face-name learning strategies was done to determine if a visual-feature analysis and a word-coding strategy would improve the face-name learning process. The visual-feature analysis and the word-coding strategy did not produce higher recognition accuracy for faces but did result in significantly higher face-name recall scores shown by a control group and an incidental learning group. Data were interpreted within the level-of-processing approach to memory.
Testing Imagery and Free Recall: Alternate Forms for Serial Assessment
Authors: Gouvier W. D. , Stewart R. M. , Long C. J.
Published: September 2011

Three alternate forms of a 100-item free-recall memory test were developed. Each form contained 50 readily visualized words and 50 words difficult to visualize. The performance of subjects retested weekly on the same test form was compared with the performance of subjects retested weekly using alternate forms. 32 undergraduate students were tested once with each form in a partially counterbalanced design. Another 12 students were tested three times using the same test form. The three test forms showed significant parallel-form reliability. The performance of people retested with the same form improved significantly more across sessions than was noted in groups given alternate forms. The importance of parallel forms in serial testing and implications for clinical assessment are discussed.
The Kurtzman Community Dental Health Ideology Scale with Students in a Combined Degree (AB-DDS) Program
Authors: Stein Morris I. , Lifshutz Harold , Vogel Nathan , Mauss Evelyn A.
Published: September 2011

To increase the database and potential usefulness of a Community Dental Health Ideology Scale in the counseling and guidance of dental students, data from East Coast students were compared with those available from West Coast students. Intra-group East Coast data are discussed in terms of age/education and gender differences.
Preliminary Assessment of Format-Specific Central Tendency and Leniency Error in Summated Rating Scales
Authors: Bardo J. W. , Yeager S. J. , Klingsporn M. J.
Published: September 2011

Data for 4-, 5-, and 7-position Likert formats from 292 undergraduates showed systematic error varied among formats, i.e., central tendency errors tended to increase with increasing numbers of categories and to reduce variances expected.
An Inexpensive, Nondedicated, Automated Pupillometric Measurement System
Authors: Hess Eckhard H. , Rhoades Barry K. , Hodges Alan W. , Abbott Elihu S.
Published: September 2011

A new component pupillometric system is presented. This system utilizes a commercially available microcomputer digital analyzer to measure and record pupillary diameter from a videotape record. The principal advantages of this system over the conventional electronic pupillometer are its low cost, portability, and the nondedicated nature of its components. This provides the psychophysiological investigator with a much more flexible and adaptable pupillometric system than has heretofore been available.
Effects of Performing Certain Set Tasks in the Lucid-Dream State
Authors: Hearne Keith M. T.
Published: September 2011

A group of 70 persons (16 males, 54 females) who experience lucid dreams (those in which the dreamer becomes aware of dreaming) were given set tasks to perform in the lucid state and asked to report what happened. A pilot study had indicated certain consistencies of effect between subjects. Evidence was obtained, based on the reports of 16 persons, to suggest that it is often difficult to ‘switch on an electric light’ in the lucid dream scenery. A varying ceiling-level of imagery ‘brightness’ is hypothesized. It is suggested that any attempt to violate the current level results in rationalized avoidance of the planned situation. Difficulties were also experienced by the 9 subjects who tried to ‘switch on an electrical appliance’ (other than a light). An apparent lack of co-ordination between the imagery modalities was noted. It is suggested that the modalities may be relatively independent in the dream and that priority of effect can shift between the imagery forms. A ‘substitution effect’ was observed in the 3 cases for whom auditory imagery was lacking at a crucial point. The persons reported singing or making a noise automatically as if to compensate. Four of the 6 persons instructed to ‘cover or “close” your eyes in a lucid dream’ stated that a scene-shift resulted. Another subject reported that the dream re-ran. A sixth person experienced sleep-paralysis. Such consistencies of effect in dreams have not been taken into account by the various schools of ‘dream interpretation’ and so could have led to erroneous ‘analyses.’
Identification of Nonlinear Controls in a Developmental Model of Motor Speech in Hearing and Deaf Children
Authors: Waldron Manjula B.
Published: September 2011

A simple quantitative model for speech development is proposed. The model is developed from observations of two systems, one that of normal hearing children and the other that of those who suffer from congenital profound deafness. Comparison of the two systems provides clues to the type of controls needed to produce normal speech. The possible nonlinear controls which may be used during the development of both the suprasegmental and segmental aspects of speech are identified. The linguistic components of speech are ignored. The interdependence of perceptual systems during developmental phases is taken into account and the importance of the associative cortex in speech-motor control is formulated. Deaf persons may employ the tactile system in developing speech; the distinctive unit of code is called a tacheme.
Perceptions of the Equity and Exchange Processes in Dyadic Social Relationships
Authors: Holt Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Perceptions of equity and exchange processes for dyadic social relationships were measured for relationships at high, medium, and low levels of mutuality. 78 students completed a detailed questionnaire concerning the perceived alternatives to the relationship. As the level of the relationship increased, the frequency and the rated importance of certain types of inputs or outcomes changed significantly. These changes suggest increasing task specialization into male and female task groups as the relationship develops. Thus the precise nature of the equity process changes as the nature of the relationship changes. The termination of the relationship was predictable from the over-all level of satisfaction with the relationship in conjunction with the available alternatives and the costs of terminating the relationship. These costs were related to the level of the relationship. The perceived alternatives to a relationship included alternative relationships with other persons and non-interpersonal states such as being alone more frequently than alternative types of relationships with the same person.
The Normalized Mean
Authors: Stavig Gordon R.
Published: September 2011

The normalized mean is developed and discussed as a descriptive measure of central location. The advantages of the normalized mean over the arithmetic mean, median, and trimmed mean are discussed.
Videotape “Self-Confrontation Effect” as Function of Person Viewed and Task Performed
Authors: Doerr H. O. , Carr J. E.
Published: September 2011

Effects of self-confrontation via videotape playback on self-image and self-other discrimination were assessed with Leary's Interpersonal Check List and Carr's Interpersonal Discrimination Task. Four subject groups were utilized: subjects viewing themselves in a self-image-related task situation (Relevant Task-Self-confrontation); subjects viewing themselves carrying out tasks not directly related to self-image (Irrelevant Task-Self-confrontation); subjects who saw another person in the image-relevant task situation (Relevant Task-Nonconfrontation); and subjects who saw another in the nonrelevant task situation (Irrelevant Task-Nonconfrontation). For both measures, only the Relevant Task-Self-confrontation group showed significant differences between pre- and post-videotape playback scores. The change was in the direction of greater congruency between self-as-seen-by-self and self-as-seen-by-others. Heart rate, measured as an ongoing physiological index of cognitive process, differed similarly as a function of task and presence or absence of self-confrontation.
Hierarchical Grouping of Personal Space Zones
Authors: Haynes Jack R. , Ellington Jane Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

Personal space was measured along 8 dimensions of approach, using the body-boundary instructions of the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale. There were 4 imaginary stimulus persons: same-sex friend, opposite-sex friend, same-sex stranger, and opposite-sex stranger. Mutually exclusive groups of subjects, maximally similar with respect to distances others were allowed to approach, were formed, using Ward's hierarchical grouping procedure. Subjects with larger zones in relation to strangers of the opposite sex were more emotionally stable and astute, while a curvilinear relation was found with expediency versus conscientiousness. For same-sex friend, subjects with larger zones scored higher on an intelligence factor. Demographically, number of siblings and density of house were significant factors.
Type a Behavior Pattern, Time Urgency and Arrival Time: A Replication
Authors: Lee Christina , Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

The finding by Gastorf (1980) that 11 subjects classified as Type A arrived significantly earlier at experimental sessions than those 17 classed as Type B was not replicated. There were no differences between the A and B groups, but both were significantly later in arriving than 25 “average” subjects.
Associative Relationships between Pre-Sleep Sentence Stimuli and Reports of Mental Sleep Experience
Authors: Cipolli Carlo , Fagioli Igino , MacColini Stefano , Salzarulo Piero
Published: September 2011

The aim of this experiment was to study some linguistic relationships between pre-sleep verbal stimuli and contents of reports of mental experience during sleep. In 4 weekly sessions 16 subjects listened before sleep to a sentence stimulus, which was either semantically acceptable (SEM+) or not (SEM—), and were told to retain it for a recall test after awakening; they were awakened once each night during NREM or REM sleep and asked to report their mental experience during sleep. The relationships between the stimulus and the contents of the reports were classified using Clark's (1970) associative rules. Both pre-sleep sentence stimuli were frequently incorporated into contents of NREM and REM reports, without significant differences between the two types of sleep. The SEM+ sentence led prevalently to incorporations through paradigmatic associative relationships, while the SEM—sentence led to incorporations through both paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. It appears that all the features of the lexical constituents of the stimulus may be involved in the processing leading to incorporation.
Comparison of Self-Reported Teaching Behaviors of Award-Winning and Non-Award Winning University Faculty
Authors: Tollefson Nona , Tracy D. B.
Published: September 2011

The present study compared the responses of a random sample of award-winning university faculty and a matched sample of non-award winning faculty on five dimensions of teaching: teacher's role, teaching behaviors, teachers' perceptions of the variables explaining students' high ratings of effectiveness, students' work load, and use of teaching aides. The faculty samples were matched on teaching field and academic rank. Discriminant analysis was used to identify differences in award-winning and non-award winning teachers' perceptions of the five dimensions of teaching. The two faculty samples could not be differentiated on their perceptions of the five teaching dimensions sampled. However, the faculty samples could be distinguished on teaching preference. Award-winning faculty preferred instructing graduate students.
Misattribution in a Fearful Situation following Different Modes of Arousal
Authors: Somervill John W. , Barrios Francisco X. , Merritt Becky R. , Eicher Lisa M. , Moore Debra L.
Published: September 2011

52 female college students were exposed to procedures expected to produce some physical or emotional arousal (viewing a sexually-explicit film or riding an exercise bicycle) and were subsequently asked to approach a snake, of which they had previously reported being afraid. Their performance was compared to that of control subjects who had been exposed to non-arousing tasks (viewing a film about sunspots or reading an article about exercise). The prediction that prior arousal would produce misattribution and reduce snake avoidance was not supported.
Daylight Saving-Time Changes Increase Traffic Accidents
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Lindseth Kristin , Hawkins James
Published: September 2011

The frequency of traffic accidents for the State of California for the week preceding and the week subsequent to the fall and spring DST changes were analyzed for the years 1976, 1977, and 1978. Regardless of season of the year, DST change was associated with a significant increase in traffic accidents during the post-change weeks.
Influence of “Halo” and “Demon” Effects in Subjective Grading
Authors: Gibb Gerald D.
Published: September 2011

Although the phenomenon of “halo” effects has been known for over 60 years, little attention has been given to determine their influence in subjective grading. This study involved the evaluation of 20 term papers for introductory psychology by 2 groups of 3 raters. One group had the benefit of knowing the author's previous academic performance, while the other group did not. Correlations of .51 to .81 were found between grades on term papers and those in the course when information about the students' previous academic performance was made available. When this information was not available, the correlation dropped to a negligible level.
Divergent Thinking and Hemispheric Dominance for Language Function among Preschool Children
Authors: Tegano Deborah Walker , Fu Victoria R. , Moran James D.
Published: September 2011

An investigation of the relationship of hemispheric dominance (dichotic listening) and divergent thinking (Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) with 27 preschool children (11 males and 16 females; mean age of 4–8) indicated a positive relationship between right hemispheric dominance and scores on the Product Improvement task. Low intertask correlations suggested that the Unusual Uses and Product Improvement tasks were not measuring the same construct. These findings were discussed with regard to nature of the task (stimulus specificity) and the age of the subjects in this study. The findings show that divergent thinking is associated with right hemispheric dominance in children as young as 4 years.
Group Embedded-Figures Test: Psychometric Data for a Sample of Business Students
Authors: De Sanctis Gerardine , Dunikoski Robert
Published: September 2011

185 undergraduate students in business completed the Group Embedded-figures Test. Distribution characteristics, sex differences, reliability, internal consistency, and differences across independent samples were examined.
Effects of Signability and Imagery on Word Recall of Deaf and Hearing Students
Authors: Bonvillian John D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined 40 deaf and 20 hearing students' free recall of visually presented words varied systematically with respect to signability (i.e., words that could be expressed by a single sign) and visual imagery. Half of the deaf subjects had deaf parents, while the other half had hearing parents. For deaf students, recall was better for words that had sign-language equivalents and high-imagery values. For the hearing students, recall was better for words with high-imagery values, but there was no effect of signability. Over-all, the hearing students recalled significantly more words than the deaf students in both immediate and delayed free-recall conditions. In immediate recall, deaf students with deaf parents reported using a sign-language coding strategy mote frequently and recalled more words correctly than deaf students with heating parents. Serial-position curves indicated several differences in patterns of recall among the groups. These results underline the importance of sign language in the memory and recall of deaf persons.
Effects of Mental Practice and Locus of Control on Performance of Dart Throwing
Authors: Wichman Harvey , Lizotte Paul
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of perceived locus of control and mental practice on dart throwing. The participants were high school students selected on the basis of their scores on the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale. Of 130 students tested, the 40% with the most extreme internal and external scores were selected and pretested for dart-throwing accuracy. They were then randomly assigned to either a mental practice or no-practice control group. Following four days of mental practice for that group, all participants were again tested for accuracy. Mental practice produced a significant improvement in accuracy but almost exclusively for participants with an internal locus of control.
Relationship between Selected Kindergarten Predictors and First and Fourth Grade Achievement Test Scores
Authors: Caskey William E. , Larson Gerald L.
Published: September 2011

Kindergarten predictors, Otis-Lennon IQ, group and individual Bender scores, and teachers' ratings, were correlated with first-grade Stanford Achievement Test scores from 152 children from three schools in the same school district, and fourth-grade Ohio Survey Test scores from 102 of the same children. Test scores from first and fourth grades were correlated as were the aptitude and achievement subtests of the Ohio Survey Test. Marked differences in predictive validity were observed; these varied from school to school and according to sex. To make predictions about academic success school districts should develop local norms, by school, and by sex.
Children's Perceptions of Age and Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Korthase Kathleen M. , Trenholme Irene
Published: September 2011

To determine the extent to which third- and fourth-grade children relate perceived age and perceived physical attractiveness when performing a ranking task using two sets of photographic facial stimuli, 40 elementary school children, 20 boys (aged 7 to 9 yr., M = 8.4 yr.) and 20 girls (aged 8 to 9 yr., M = 8.6 yr.) were asked to rank male and female photographs according to the dimensions of age and physical attractiveness. The rho of –.94 was negative; as perceived age increased perceived physical attractiveness decreased. This result is consistent with that of a previous study by Korthase and Trenholme in which adults and adolescents performed the same task. The pervasiveness of the stereotypes for age and physical attractiveness is evident. By the time children reach third or fourth grade, they have assimilated these biases.
Monaural Studies Eliciting an Hemispheric Asymmetry; A Bibliography: II
Authors: Henry Regis G. J.
Published: September 2011

Since 1979, 32 behavioral studies using monaural stimulation elicited an hemispheric asymmetry confirming the findings of 74 investigations published between 1967 and 1979, which were compiled by Henry, 1979. 13 psychophysiological studies also using monaural stimulation have been added; they reach the same conclusion.
Preschool Children's Object Substitutions during Symbolic Play
Authors: Crum Ruth Ann , Thornburg Kathy , Benninga Jacques , Bridge Connie
Published: September 2011

This study investigated preschool children's use of objects in symbolic play. 96 children ranging in age from 30 to 50 mo. were asked to pretend in one of four conditions: (1) substitution with objects of similar physical attributes, (2) substitution with objects of similar functional attributes, (3) substitution with dissimilar objects, or (4) substitution with no object. The use of symbolic objects increased as the similarity between the substitute objects and referent increased. More children were able to perform the substitution using objects similar in physical attributes of size, shape, and color than using objects similar in function. The younger children showed a greater difference in performance across the substitute conditions than the older children and performed less well on all conditions.
Cerebrally Lateralized Epileptogenic Foci and Performance on a Verbal and Visual-Graphic Learning Task
Authors: Berent Stanley , Giordani Bruno , Sackellares J. Chris , O'Leary Daniel , Boll Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

A set of verbal and visual-graphic learning tasks sensitive to differential cerebral hemisphere impairment was administered to 50 patients with epileptogenic focus localized in either the left or tight cerebral hemisphere. Patients with left-hemisphere seizure-foci and those with generalized seizures performed the verbal task significantly more poorly than did patients with right-hemisphere epileptogenic foci. In contrast, there were no significant differences between groups on the non-verbal tasks. Results are discussed in light of findings in the literature relating cognitive dysfunction to epilepsy and with regard to the possible contribution of such dysfunction to patients' complaints.
Perceptual Strategies Used with Flow Diagrams Having Normal and Unanticipated Formats
Authors: Winn William
Published: September 2011

12 adults sought specific information in one of two flow diagrams illustrating the evolution of the dinosaur. One diagram showed the animals evolving from left to right, with a time scale at the top of the page. The other was reversed so that the animals evolved right to left with the time scale at the bottom. Observations of subjects' eye movements over four exposures to the diagrams suggested that those seeing the second diagram quickly developed a “reversed diagram” schema, which improved the accuracy with which they found the information. The successful completion of a three-step perceptual strategy was not affected by the reversal of the diagram. However, the absence of an accurate diagram schema delayed the strategy and led to incorrect responses. These results clarify the relationship among anticipatory schemata, perceptual strategy, and performance when seeking information in diagrams.
Sex Differences in Symbol Reversals and Reading Achievement by First Grade Children
Authors: Heydorn Bernard L.
Published: September 2011

The present results indicated no significant sex differences in symbol reversals and reading achievement by 115 first grade children. However, both these phenomena may be related in an as yet unexplained way.
The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision: Comparison of Learning Disabled and Normal Children Matched on Full Scale IQ
Authors: Geary David C. , Gilger Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2011

17 academically normal and 17 reading disabled children were matched on Full Scale IQ and compared on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery—Children's Revision. The academically normal group performed significantly better on the Expressive Language, Writing, Reading, and Rhythm subscales, which suggests that the Luria-Nebraska may be sensitive to deficits not reflected in Full Scale IQ. Results are consistent with previous research and support the validity of the Luria-Nebraska, although simplistic interpretation of the battery's subscales should be avoided.
Exertional Costs of Changes in Directional Modes of Running
Authors: Reilly Thomas , Bowen Timothy
Published: September 2011

The energy expended and perceived exertion were determined for 9 soccer players while running forwards, backwards, and sideways at three treadmill speeds. The unorthodox modes of motion produced energy expenditure levels and subjective reactions similar to each other but significantly greater than running forwards. The added exertional costs of running backwards and sideways increased disproportionately at the higher speeds.
Age and Educational Differences on the Trail Making Test and Wechsler Memory Scales
Authors: Stanton Babette Ann , Savageau Judith A. , Jenkins C. David , Zyzanski Stephen J. , Aucoin Roberta
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were (a) to replicate the previously reported influence of age and education on neuropsychological test performance with a much larger sample of adults and (b) to add to the provisional norms for adult medical-surgical patients without evidence of neurological disease. While hospitalized awaiting cardiac surgery, 322 male and female adults between the ages of 40 and 69 yr. were given the Trail Making Test (Parts A and B) from the Halstead-Reitan Battery, the Visual Reproduction subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale Form II, and the Logical Memory Scale from the Wechsler Memory Scale Form I. Both age and level of education were strongly associated with performance on the Trail Making Test. On the two subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale, education alone was associated with test performance. These findings point to the potential danger of falsely classifying adults of older ages or with lower education as possibly having an organic brain syndrome. Regression equations are presented which quantify the amount of adjustment of scores appropriate for similar populations.
Stability of Magnitude Production Scales for Oral and Nonoral Vibrotactile Mechanoreceptive Systems
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Harris Daniel
Published: September 2011

The stability of oral and nonoral vibrotactile magnitude scales produced by the method of magnitude production was investigated for 11 adult subjects. Each subject was tested over four sessions separated by 1-wk. intervals. Data analyses included correlations across trials of power function slopes as well as individual adjustments of intensity. Analysis showed a lack of stability over time for the slope functions obtained on the thenar eminence but moderate stability for the functions obtained on the tongue. Individual adjustments on intensity showed consistently high correlations across trials and structures. It was concluded that the subjects' responses were guided by the imposed experimental variables and that each individual's scaling was not necessarily reflected by the correlations based on power function slopes established over the four trials.
Development and Evaluation of a Measure of Future Time Perspective
Authors: Daltrey Marilyn Heather , Langer Philip
Published: September 2011

Future time perspective has been a widely used multifactor construct dealing with beliefs about the future. The greatest weakness, however, has been a failure to develop adequate instrumentation. This study describes the development of an 80-item instrument. Aside from the evaluation process, the most significant finding was that responses to the scale give a unitary factor.
Mechanism for Testing Operant Conditioning and Body Rocking in Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Aman Michael G.
Published: September 2011

A mechanism is described for testing operant conditioning and body rocking in developmentally disabled persons. The system is made up of a reinforcement dispenser, a lever-pulling mechanism, and flexible chair back for testing body rocking. Experience with the system has shown it to be sturdy and reliable, and the reinforcement dispenser to be adaptable to a wide range of food preferences.
Visual Sensitivity and Mindfulness Meditation
Authors: Brown Daniel , Forte Michael , Dysart Michael
Published: September 2011

Practitioners of the mindfulness form of Buddhist meditation were tested for visual sensitivity before and immediately after a 3-mo. retreat during which they practiced mindfulness meditation for 16 hr. each day. A control group composed of the staff at the retreat center was similarly tested. Visual sensitivity was defined in two ways: by a detection threshold based on the duration of simple light flashes and a discrimination threshold based on the interval between successive simple light flashes. All light flashes were presented tachistoscopically and were of fixed luminance. After the retreat, practitioners could detect shorter single-light flashes and required a shorter interval to differentiate between successive flashes correctly. The control group did not change on either measure. Phenomenological reports indicate that mindfulness practice enables practitioners to become aware of some of the usually preattentive processes involved in visual detection. The results support the statements found in Buddhist texts on meditation concerning the changes in perception encountered during the practice of mindfulness.
Effects of Precision of Knowledge of Results on Acquisition and Retention of a Simple Motor Skill
Authors: Bennett Diane M. , Simmons Roger W.
Published: September 2011

The direct relation of response accuracy and precision of knowledge of results was re-examined for a linear discrete-positioning task. Analysis of absolute errors confirmed that the levels of response accuracy produced as a function of precision of knowledge of results during acquisition were sustained throughout retention test trials.
Disturbing Behaviors: Comparison of Regular and Special Education Teachers
Authors: Hutton Jerry B. , Roberts Timothy
Published: September 2011

77 regular and 45 special education teachers rated how disturbing various students' behaviors would be when working with the students in the classroom setting. Comparison of the two groups of teachers' ratings showed that the regular teachers reported more disturbance than special education teachers on two of the scales of the Teacher Checklist of School Behavior, Aggressive Interaction and Teacher Avoidance.
Psychological Performance of Normal Subjects on Tasks Commonly Used in Evaluation of Anxiolytic Drugs
Authors: Zimmermann-Tansella Christa
Published: September 2011

A battery of performance tasks together with some personality inventories commonly used in drug evaluation studies were administered to 60 normal subjects to study the intercorrelations among measures and to gain some preliminary indications of their factor structure. Speed of psychomotor performance accounted for 30% of the total variance.
Locus of Control and Ideational Fluency in Preschool Children
Authors: Sawyers Janet K. , Moran James D.
Published: September 2011

The correlation of locus of control and ideational fluency was examined for 15 preschool children whose mean age was 51.9 mo. Original responses on a battery of ideational fluency tasks correlated .55 with locus of control scores.
Dream Recall and Attitude toward Dreams
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Zdenek
Published: September 2011

Scores of 46 part-time college students (mean age 25.8 yr., SD = 5.7, 21 women, 24 men) on a 16-item inventory measure of attitudes toward dreams were only weakly related to the students' own estimates of their dream recall frequency in the last 6 mo. ( r = .31), and unrelated to a similar estimate of nightmare recall frequency.
Overt and Covert Verbalization in Normal and Learning Disabled Children's Problem Solving
Authors: Wilder Larry , Draper Thomas W. , Donnelly Chris P.
Published: September 2011

The problem-solving ability of 18 learning-disabled high school students was increased by instructions to verbalize overtly, but not by instructions to verbalize their actions covertly. This suggests that Vygotsky's 1962 “internalization-of-speech” perspective may be as useful in understanding the limitations of disabled learners as it has been in understanding the limitations of young learners.
Accuracy of Recollection as a Function of Lexical Marking of Interrogative Phrases
Authors: Hovancik John R.
Published: September 2011

74 college students, eyewitnesses to a simulated crime, displayed significantly superior recollection of details of the crime when questions asked during interrogation employed lexically unmarked rather than lexically marked adjectives. The results show an interviewer's phrasing of questions can bias eyewitness reports.
Some Data concerning a Sensorimotor versus Semiotic Processing in a Form-Recognition Task
Authors: Benoit-Dubrocard S. , Deleaune Y. , Nicholoff F.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated how sensorimotor activities interact with the geometric characteristics and the meaning of an object during development of writing. These changes were studied in 4- to 7-yr.-old girls. Analysis showed that visuo-spatial activities play a role in denomination and graphic activities, especially during critical periods of development. These activities have varying effects at different stages of development. The spatial factors studied here act differently in a verbal task (denomination) and in a perceptual-motor activity (graphic activity).
Reliability and Convergent Validity of Ideational Flexibility as a Function of Academic Achievement
Authors: Runco Mark A.
Published: September 2011

Recent evidence suggests that ideational flexibility shares a significant amount of variance with ideational fluency, and more importantly, that the unique variance of flexibility is unreliable and invalid in terms of inter-item and intertest correlations. However, these findings have been demonstrated only with nongifted individuals. The present study used partial-correlation procedures to evaluate the unique variance of flexibility in the divergent thinking of 230 gifted and nongifted children. Four groups (quartiles of a distribution of composite achievement test scores) were compared for reliability and convergent validity of their flexibility scores. Results confirmed there were significant differences among the four groups and that the unique variance of flexibility was only reliable and valid for the children in the quartile high in achievement.
Vigilance Missed Signals May Have Preferred Average Lags
Authors: Richardson Norman
Published: September 2011

The randomness of average missed signal lags (AMSL) in experiments on vigilance was investigated. This measure was taken from group data in a sample of 116 published visual reports (on which an ad hoc cluster analysis was carried out) and from the 1966 results for 48 subjects tested by Smith, Lucaccini, Groth, and Lyman. Evidence of a 4-min. periodicity was found. This apparent effect of a biorhythm may extend the explanation of the absolute level of performance and, possibly, of the vigilance decrement. Depending on the effect-size, it might also have relevance for the practical problem of the maintenance of alertness.
Selected Correlates of Computer Arcade Game Play
Authors: Melancon Janet G. , Thompson Bruce
Published: September 2011

Empirical research on correlates of computer arcade game play has been extremely limited, notwithstanding social and legal controversy regarding these games. The present study employed speeded cognitive measures and personality measures to determine selected correlates of game play. Although one cognitive variable had noteworthy predictive power, the personality variables had more appreciable explanatory power in both reported analyses.
Differences in Perceptions of Seriousness and Disrupting Effects of Athletic Injury as Viewed by Athletes and Their Trainer
Authors: Crossman Jane , Jamieson John
Published: September 2011

Discrepancies between athletes' ratings of the seriousness and disruptive impart of an athletic injury and ratings by one experienced Sports Medicine Trainer were examined for 30 male and 13 female athletes undergoing treatment at a Sports Medicine Clinic. Overestimation of the seriousness or disruptive impart of the injury was significantly correlated with reports of more pain, higher state anxiety, and greater feelings of anger, apathy, loneliness, and inadequacy, and was more common among athletes competing at lower levels. These findings indicate need for psychological support for those athletes who overreact to injury.