bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On some results concerning integral equations
Authors: Humbert Pierre
Published: January 2009

It is proposed in this paper to show now the well-known Laplace's transformation,

which is of great help in finding the solution of linear differential equations, gives also interesting results concerning the theory of integral equations. In §2 we shall study its application to certain differential equations, and find a large class of equations which remain unchanged by this transformation. Then, (§3), taking instead of eazt, a more general function of the product zt, we shall find a solution for some homogeneous integral equations ; in § 4 we shall describe a method of solving a very general type of integral equation of the first kind, namely,

a further extension to integral equations with the kernel ef(z)f(t) the object of §5. Then, studying an extension of Euler's transformation, we shall (§ 6) consider equations such as

which will prove to be singular; and finally, in §7, we shall give other examples of singular integral equations.
Notes on Spherical Harmonics
Authors: Dougall John
Published: January 2009

This paper contains

(a) an explicit solution of the problem of finding a function which is harmonic within a given sphere and takes at the surface the same value as a given rational integral homogeneous function of the rectangular coordinates of a point referred to the centre of the sphere as origin;

(b) a concise symbolical expression for the integral, over the surface of the sphere, of the product of any three rational integral spherical harmonics.
Theorems analogous to Newton's Theorems on Symmetric Functions, with Elementary Proofs
Authors: Muirhead R. F.
Published: January 2009

In his article in No. 15 of Mathematical Notes, Dr Dougall has shown how by introducing series with n terms and a remainder, instead of infinite series, some well-known proofs of Newton's Theorems and others can be rendered more elementary in character. Once the idea has been suggested, it is of course easy to find further applications for it.
On the general solution of Mathieu's equation
Authors: Whittaker E. T.
Published: January 2009

The differential equation of Mathieu, or “equation of the elliptic cylinder functions,”

occurs in many physical and astronomical problems. From the general theory of linear differential equations, we learn that its solution is of the type

where A and B denote arbitrary constants, μ is a constant depending on the constants a and q of the differential equation, and φ(z) and ψ(z) are periodic functions of z. For certain values of a and q the constant μ vanishes, and the solution y is then a purely periodic function of z; but in general μ is different from zero.
On the Quasi-periodic Solutions of Mathieu's Differential Equation
Authors: Young Andrew W.
Published: January 2009

Mathieu's differential equation

is the equation which arises out of those two-dimensional problems Mathematical Physics in which the boundary is an ellipse, such problems, for example, as the vibrations of an elliptic membrane, which was first discussed by Mathieu,* and the scattering electromagnetic waves by a wire of elliptic cross-section. A different use of the same equation is found in Celestial Mechanics the treatment of perturbations and oscillations about periodic orbits, and, in a more mundane connection, it has been shown to be the differential equation of the variety artiste who holds an assistant poised on a pole above his head while he himself is standing on a spherical ball rolling on the ground!
On the Attractions of Spherical and Ellipsoidal Shells
Authors: Gray A.
Published: January 2009

So far as I am aware, the methods, described below, of finding the attraction of a uniform shell of matter on a particle placed at external or an internal point, are new. They are particular applications of a method of finding the attraction of a thin shell uniform volume density bounded by similar and similarly situated ellipsoidal surfaces (what some have called a homothetic shell, and Thomson and Tait an elliptic homceoidœ) which I explained a paper, on the attraction of ellipsoidal shells and of solid ellipsoids, which was published in the Philosophical Magazine for April 1907. I give here also a short account of the more general problem with some additional notes and remarks. The solution depends on a geometrical theorem of some interest which occurred me in thinking over the problem of the ellipsoidal shell, and its solution by Poisson by a laborious and somewhat difficult process integration (Me'moires de I'Institut, t. xv., 1835).
On certain theorems in Continued Fractions equivalent to Riemann's and other Transformations of the P-function
Authors: Ince E. Lindsay
Published: January 2009

The transformation of Continued Fractions into one another is a subject in which very little work has so far been done. Beyond the simple transformations given in works on elementary algebra, few transformation-theorems are known ; the best known being those connected with the “contraction” and “extension” of Continued Fractions, and the transformations of Euler, Bauer and Muir.
The six trisectors of each of the angles of a triangle
Authors: Taylor F. Glanville , Marr W. L.
Published: January 2009

1. The following is an account of a theorem whose origin has been traced to Prof. Morley of Johns Hopkins University.

In the course of certain vector analysis, some 14 years ago, Prof. Morley found that if a variable cardioide touch the sides of a triangle the locus of its centre, that is, the centre of the circle on which the equal circle rolls, is a set of 9 lines which are three by three parallel, the directions being those of the sides of an equilateral triangle. The meets of these lines correspond to double tangents; they are also the meets of certain pairs of trisectors of the angles, internal and external, of the first triangle. This result was never published, and it was only the particular case of the internal trisectors that reached the present writers, the existence of the enveloping cardioides and the set of 9 lines being quite unknown to them.
The Relation of Morley's Theorem to the Hessian Axis and Circumcentre
Authors: Taylor F. Glanville
Published: January 2009

In a previous paper (q.v.) by Mr W. L. Marr and the present writer, it was shown that, in accordance with Morley's Theorem, the angles A+2pπ, B+2pπ, C+2rπ of the triangles ABC be trisected, the three groups of six lines at the vertices give rise to 27 triangles DEF, the biangular coordinates of D with respect to BC being (B/3+2qπ/3, C/3+2rπ/3) or (βq, γr), and similarly for and F with respect to CA and AB.
Morley's Trisection Theorem: an Extension and its Relation to the Circles of Apollonius
Authors: Marr W. L.
Published: January 2009

In Morley's trisection theorem there are three triads of parallel lines which by their intersection with each other form equilateral triangles. The three lines EF, E11F11, E22F22 (v. Taylor and Marr) form one of these triads, and the equations are:—

where

and β γ β1, γ1, etc., are similarly defined.
On the plane representation of the homaloidal surfaces which have a twisted cubic as multiple curve
Authors: Tinto J. F.
Published: January 2009

The most important application of the rational point transformations between two spaces lies in the construction of algebraical surfaces possessing singularities of various kinds and the investigation of their properties.

When a plane is transformed by such a transformation into a rational algebraical surface (homaloid) the geometry of the surface is immediately derivable from the geometry of the plane.
On a Group of Transformations connected with the 27 Lines of the Non-Singular Cubic Surface
Authors: Tinto J. F.
Published: January 2009

In the paper, “Transformations founded on the Twisted Cubic and its Chord System,” a series of space transformations was described, each of which had the property of transforming the chord system of one cubic into the chord system of the other. In the present paper it is shown that by the aid of a non-singular cubic surface the transformations of orders 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 may be derived directly without the intervention of a space transformation.

It will be found that these transformations form a group which is intimately associated with the 27 lines of the cubic.
The Brocard and Tucker Circles of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
Authors: Brown Frederick G. W.
Published: January 2009

The application of the geometrical properties of the Brocard and Tucker circles of a triangle to a quadrilateral appears never to have been adequately worked out, as far as the author can discover. Hence, the object of this paper.

Some of the problems involved have been published, under the author's name, as independent questions for solution, and where, in the author's opinion, solutions other than his own have seemed more satisfactory for the logical treatment of the subject, these solutions have been employed, with due acknowledgments to their authors.
Rolling Loads: a New Graphical Method
Authors: Muirhead R. F.
Published: January 2009

For determining the greatest bending moment produced by a rolling load consisting of two concentrated loads at a fixed distance from one another passing over a span, the usual method involves somewhat intricate algebraic discussion. Even for two concentrated loads the discussion is complicated, and for three it would be still more so.

The method here explained, which applies directly to the case when the whole of the rolling load is on the span, uses the shearing force curve only, and gives a very simple geometrical construction for finding the position and magnitude of the greatest B.M.

We will begin by stating the construction, and then proceed to give a geometrical proof.
Relations between the Integrals of the Hypergeometric Equation
Authors: MacRobert T. M.
Published: January 2009

The following discussion of the analytical continuation of the hypergeometric function is believed by the writer to possess the advantages of brevity and simplicity.

Denote the integrals of Gauss's Equation

which are regular near 0,1, ∞, respectively by
An Analytical Treatment of the Cam Problem
Authors: Stokes G. D. C.
Published: January 2009

The cam problem may be stated as follows:

To design a curve rotating about O so as to actuate by contact a given follower curve to rotate about O′ in a prescribed periodic manner.

Reference may be made to Barr, Kinematics of Machinery, Chapter 5, for the engineer's method of constructing cams by means of a template. A fuller analysis of the problem is aimed at in this paper.
The Vibrations of a Particle about a Position of Equilibrium
Authors: Baker Bevan B. , Ross E. B.
Published: January 2009

1. In obtaining a solution of the differential equations corresponding to the motion of a particle about a position of equilibrium, it is usual to express the displacements in terms of a series of periodic terms, each sine or cosine having for its coefficient a series of powers of small quantities. Korteweg has discussed the general form of such solutions, and, from the developments in series which he has obtained, has deduced certain features of interest. In particular, he has shown that, under certain circumstances, it is possible that certain vibrations of higher order, which are normally of small intensity compared with the principal vibrations, may acquire an abnormally large intensity. Considering the oscillations of a dynamical system having a number of degrees of freedom, and supposing to be the frequencies corresponding to infinitesimal oscillations in the different normal coordinates, Korteweg has shown that these cases of interest arise only when

is zero or very small, where p1, p2,… are small integers, positive or negative; the most important cases occur when
The Vibrations of a Particle about a Position of Equilibrium—Part 2 :The Relation between the Elliptic Function and Series Solutions
Authors: Baker Bevan B.
Published: January 2009

In a previous paper, entitled the “Vibrations of a Particle about a Position of Equilibrium,” by the author in collaboration with Professor E. B. Ross (Proc. Edin. Math. Soc., XXXIX, 1921, pp. 34–57), a particular dynamical system having two degrees of freedom was chosen and solutions of the corresponding differential equations were obtained in terms of periodic series and also in terms of elliptic functions. It was shown that for certain values of the frequencies of the principal vibrations, the periodic series become divergent, whereas the elliptic function solution continues to give finite results.
Cargill G. Knott, D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S.
Authors: Milne Archibald
Published: January 2009

Hardly had Edinburgh University entered upon its present academic year than it was deprived by the hand of Death of the services of Cargill G. Knott, Reader in Applied Mathematics. The news of his death came as a great shock to all his friends, as there was no illness or other sign which might have foreshadowed the summons that was coming to him. Apparently in his usual robust health, he was engaged in his various duties until the very end, which came to him with startling suddenness.
On the Numerical Solution of Integral Equations
Authors: Prasad Gorakh
Published: January 2009

The numerical solution of Integral equations with variable upper limits has been investigated by Professor Whittaker. In this investigation the nucleus, supposed to be given numerically by a table of single entry, is replaced by an approximate expression consisting of a finite number of terms, each term involving an exponential or simply a power of the variable, and then the solution is found as an analytical expression from which its numerical values may be computed. The numerical solution of integral equations with fixed limits has been discussed by H. Bateman.
The Conservation Theorems of a Damped Dynamical System
Authors: Copson E. T.
Published: January 2009

The Partial Differential Equations of Physics may be defined as those equations which can be derived from a “least action principle,” that is, as those which are obtained by making a certain integral stationary by the methods of the Calculus of Variations. But, generally speaking, such equations belong to conservative physical systems, and not to those which involve dissipation of energy. In this note it is shewn that a certain class of dissipative equation, of which the best known example is the equation of telegraphy, can be derived from such a calculus of variations problem.
Double Binary Forms IV.
Authors: Turnbull H. W.
Published: January 2009

The first part of the following investigation was begun before the discovery that Mr E. Kasner had already touched upon the apolarity theory of double binary forms in an important work on the Inversion Group (Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. I (1900), pp. 471–473). The theory is carried further in what follows, with special reference to the (2, 2) form. The second part answers questions raised by Professor A. R. Forsyth in the Quarterly Journal, 1910, p. 113. It appears that the general (2, 2) form admits of three independent automorphic transformations, but the general (n, n) form admits of none, if n exceeds two.
The Irreducible Covariants belonging to the Concomitant System of Three Quadrics
Authors: Williamson J.
Published: January 2009

In the following paper I give a complete list of the types of covariants belonging to the concomitant system of three quaternary quadrics, where covariant is used in its restricted sense and refers solely to a concomitant involving the variable x alone. A complete list of the types, 62 in number, is given in §1. In §§(6–10) the covariants are determined, and in §§(11–12) a list of the identities used in the reduction of the covariants is given, along with typical examples of the process.
The Geometrical Interpretation of the Complete System of two Double Binary (2, 1) Forms
Authors: Saddler W.
Published: January 2009

and

denote two double binary (2–1) forms in (x, ξ). It is proposed to discuss the geometrical significance of their simultaneous covariant complete system, which is here quoted without proof.
On the Riemann P Equation with Integral Exponent differences
Authors: Ferrar W. L.
Published: January 2009

The differential equation in question is of the second order and has three regular singular points. It is usually denoted by

where a, b, c are the singular points, a, a′ etc. the exponents at those singularities. The solution when no one of the numbers α – α′, β – β′, γ – γ′ is an integer or zero is well known; all types of solution are expressible in terms of the hypergeometric functions.
On the Rearrangement of Terms in a Complex Series
Authors: Toronto S. Beatty
Published: January 2009

The possibilities under rearrangement of terms in a complex series were discussed by Levy and by Steinitz. A reference the Steinitz paper as first disposing of the questions raised made by Bieberbach. It is the purpose of the present paper give an independent treatment by methods somewhat resembling those of the Levy paper.
Note on Topics of regions separated by boundaries
Authors: Muirhead R. F.
Published: January 2009

Sr denotes an infinite space of r dimensions. Such a space is divided into two regions by a Sr−1. An infinite line is divided into n + 1 regions by n points. An infinite plane or other surface topically equivalent to it is divided into two regions by an infinite line.
Note on the paper, of Dr Bevan B. Baker, An Extension of Heaviside's Operational Method of Solving Differential Equations
Authors: Kaucký T.
Published: January 2009

Let f(x) and F(x) be polynomials which are supposed to be decomposed into a series of n terms as

Further let θ be a distributive operation and φ(x) be a given function. Then the functional equation

has a solution of the form

where yν (x) (ν = 1, 2, … n) is the solution of the equation
The Properties of a new Orthogonal Function Associated with the Confluent Hypergeometric Function
Authors: Chappell George E.
Published: January 2009

The function whose properties are discussed in this note, is a special form of Whittaker's Confluent Hypergeometric Function, Wkm(z). It is the general solution of the Differential Equation

and can be obtained in the form of a series, terminating only when k is half a positive odd integer, viz.,
Plücker's first equation connecting the singularities of Curves
Authors: Knott Cargill G.
Published: January 2009

The following notes are exactly as I left them in the hands of the Committee of the Society eleven years ago. They are printed now in the hope that, chiefly because of their brevity, they may be found useful to members, who may not have leisure or opportunity to read up the subject in the recognised text-books.—Jan., 1894.
On the number of conditions determining geometrical figures
Authors: Fraser A. Y.
Published: January 2009

This paper is an attempt (I) to deduce from first principles the number of conditions required to determine a plane polygon of n sides; (II) thence to deduce the numbers for special cases; and (III) to discuss the effects of a redundancy and a deficiency in the number of conditions. An investigation of this kind should form an important as well as interesting accompaniment to the ordinary study of elementary geometry.
On the problem to construct the minimum circle enclosing n given points in a plane
Authors: Chrystal
Published: January 2009

If we consider the circle circumscribing any triangle ABC (see figures 11, 12), and diminish its radius still causing it to pass through A and B: then if ACB be an acute angle, C passes without the circle, but if ACB be an obtuse angle, C remains within the circle. If C be a right angle, the radius of the circle, being ½AB, cannot be farther diminished.
The so-called Simson line
Authors: Alison John
Published: January 2009

This paper is an attempt to collect and arrange some of the propositions regarding the so-called Simson line, contained in various Mathematical Treatises and Journals. Proofs have been altered, or new ones substituted to suit the arrangement.
On certain formulae for Repeated Differentiation
Authors: Chrystal
Published: January 2009

In many questions of analysis relating to the theory of plane curves, it is convenient to be able to obtain quickly the expansions of and of These may be obtained as follows:—

By an obvious extension of the theorem of Leibnitz we have

where d1,d2,…dn differentiate y1, y2,…yn respectively.
Summation of certain Series
Authors: Tait
Published: January 2009

The attempt to enumerate the possible distinct forms of knots of any order, though unsuccessful as yet, has led me to a number of curious results, some of which may perhaps be new. The general character of the methods employed will be obvious from an inspection of a few simple cases, and any one who has some practice in algebra may extend the results indefinitely.
Theorems connected with three mutually tangent circles
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: January 2009

The communication on this subject, as originally made to the society, consisted of a series of theorems, giving (1) expressions for the radii of a great many sets of circles, (2) identities connecting several sets of these radii, and (3) miscellaneous identities closely related thereto. As, however, the paper culminated in a general theorem which may be looked upon as fundamental, and the proof of which makes evident the mode of arriving at the said expressions for radii, and as the relations connecting sets of radii are easily found when attention has been directed to their existence, I have thought it best to print little more than the fundamental theorem and a few auxiliary notes.
On the Three-Dimensional Transformations founded on the Twisted Cubic and its Chord System.
Authors: Tinto J. F.
Published: January 2009

The base transformations which transform the chord system of one twisted cubic into the chord system of another.
Birationally Related Cubic
Authors: Taylor F. Glanville
Published: January 2009

The present paper is an extension to the general cubic of certain relations connecting two special cubics previously considered. In what follows the term “birational” refers exclusively to the quadric transformation through three fixed points, the correspondence therefore being a whole-plane one for each transformation, and not confined to points on the transformed cubics. Also, the notation is that used in the paper referred to above.
The Solution of Mathteu's Differential Equation
Authors: Dougall John
Published: January 2009

The determination of the harmonic functions of elliptic and hyperbolic cylinders depends on the solution of Mathieu's differential equation. This equation, it has been remarked by Professor Whittaker, is the one which naturally comes up for study after the hypergeometric equation has been disposed of. Its solution presents difficulties which do not arise in connection with the hypergeometric equation or its degenerate cases, and it cannot, I think, be said that any discussion of the equation has yet been given with which the student of analysis can rest content. The treatment given below, though certainly incomplete at some points, seetns to follow the lines along which a thoroughly successful theory may be hoped for.
Frontal recess cells: a rare cause of frontal sinus pneumocoele
Authors: Dixon J F , Woodworth B A
Published: January 2009

Background and aims:

A pneumocoele is a pathologically expanding, air-containing paranasal sinus. Pneumocoeles are uncommon entities, with very few cases reported in the literature. The most plausible aetiological theory is that of a one-way valve effect allowing air into the sinus under increased pressure without pressure equilibration.

Methods:

Review of a frontal sinus pneumocoele caused by a type III frontal cell and intersinus septal cell.

Results:

We present a patient with chronic sinusitis who developed a pneumocoele of her left frontal sinus with erosion into her orbit. This patient was a habitual, chronic nose-blower with a large type III frontal cell adjacent to an intersinus septal cell.

Conclusion:

We propose the new theory that, in our patient, such cells formed a one-way valve, causing air-trapping and pathological expansion of the frontal sinus. To our knowledge, there are no previously published cases that establish an association between large frontal cells and expansion of a pneumocoele.
Suturing of Little's area of the nasal septum for epistaxis
Authors: ZhengHua Z , Gang F , BingWei Z , JiaWen C
Published: January 2009

Background:

Epistaxis is a common condition presenting to emergency and ENT clinics. Most epistaxis bleeding originates from Little's area of the nasal septum. Some cases of refractory epistaxis cannot be resolved with packing or electrocoagulation.

Method:

The suturing technique applied is widely used in surgery. When faced with pulsatile, recurrent bleeding from Little's area of the nasal septum, all rhinologists should possess the skills to be able to suture the bleeding site, especially after failure of local cautery or packing.

Case report:

The authors have successfully treated four difficult cases of nasal bleeding from Little's area by suturing.

Conclusion:

This technique could eliminate the discomfort and complications of nasal packing. To the best of our knowledge, this report probably represents the first published case series of suturing of Little's area to treat recurrent nasal bleeding. More cases need to be treated in this way to enable further evaluation of the technique.
Adenosquamous carcinoma of maxillary sinus: case showing complete response to S-1
Authors: Suzuki S , Hanata K , Nanjo H , Ishikawa K
Published: January 2009

Background:

Adenosquamous carcinoma is a very rare tumour which is characterised pathologically by the simultaneous presence of distinct areas of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Generally, adenosquamous carcinoma has an aggressive clinical course and is associated with a poor prognosis. Most cases have been treated by surgery alone or combined with radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is rarely used in treating adenosquamous carcinoma, and it has been difficult to establish treatment guidelines due to the paucity of cases.

Case:

We report a case of adenosquamous carcinoma which arose in the maxillary sinus of a 77-year-old man. Despite surgical treatment and chemoradiotherapy to the primary site, he developed bilateral neck metastases after the surgery. The patient was treated with S-1, a novel oral fluoropyrimidine anticancer agent, with a complete (albeit finite) response.

Conclusion:

This report presents the aggressive character of adenosquamous carcinoma and the possible role of S-1 in the treatment of this uncommon neoplasm.
Postmodernism and Social Policy: A Small Step Forwards?
Authors: Penna Sue , O'Brien Martin
Published: January 2009

The term ‘postmodernism’ has recently entered the study of social policy, prompting debate over its usefulness for social policy analysis. Peter Taylor-Gooby's (1994) appraisal of literatures often described as ‘postmodern’ leads him to reject them as having little to offer the discipline of social policy. This article argues that such a view derives from a confusion about the field of ‘postmodernism’; in particular, from a conflation of several different theoretical positions and schools of thought. This article provides a clarification of these literatures in order to argue that the issues they raise have important implications for the way in which we might understand the prospects for policy formulation and implementation. The article distinguishes between the political economy strand of the ‘post’ literatures – postindustrialism and postfordism – and the cultural studies strand – poststructuralism and postmodernism – showing that the different issues they highlight, and the ways in which they conceptualise power and control will lead to different theoretical connections between social policy and political action.
Creating the Welfare State in Britain, 1945–1960
Authors: Whiteside Noel
Published: January 2009

Political consensus on the scope and structure of the welfare state in post-war Britain has been much overstated. The Labour governments (1945–51), committed to universalism and a planned economy, gave state welfare a central role in guaranteeing ‘fair shares for all’ and used it to help secure union co-operation over wage restraint. The Conservative governments (1951–64), committed to the restoration of ‘sound finance’, abandoned these objectives and attacked components of the welfare state designed to control prices and mediate demands for higher wages. The author concludes that, for comparative social policy studies to be effective, differing frameworks of state welfare have to be more exactly defined.
Social Policy Digest
Authors: Bennett Fran
Published: January 2009

A new chief executive of the Benefits Agency, and a new chairperson of the Social Security Advisory Committee, have been appointed. In its response to the Social Security Committee's recent report on social security expenditure, the government revealed that by 1992/3, 30 per cent of individuals were living in households receiving at least one means-tested benefit. In November 1994, there were 5.7 million income support claimants, with just under 1 million partners and 3.2 million other dependants; almost 1.7 million claimants had one or more deductions from their weekly income support (25:1/97, 1.7; 24:3/95, 1.3). In May 1994, more than 3 million people had been claiming income support for more than two years (24:2/94, 1.1). An Institute of Economic Affairs (EEA) report claimed that recent governments' tax and benefit policies have played a central role in increasing welfare dependency.
Supplementary cash grants: A case study in selective income maintenance services
Authors: Doron Abraham
Published: January 2009

This article deals with two supplementary cash grants paid to low-income groups in the Israeli population in the year 1962. Both grants were intended to compensate selected population groups for the discontinuation of universal services previously enjoyed by the entire population. The first grant was intended to compensate low-income employees for the non-payment of a universal cost-of-living allowance after devaluation at the beginning of 1962. The second grant was intended to compensate low-income groups for the abolition of the government bread subsidy in the summer of 1962 and the consequent rise in the price of this staple food.
General Practice Manpower and Health Service Reorganization
Authors: Butler J. R. , Knight R.
Published: January 2009

The article deals with the geographical imbalance of medical manpower in general practice; it describes corrective policies employed in the NHS, some major administrative problems stemming from those policies, and the prospects under reorganization.

First, the problem is seen within the context of inequalities in the distribution of other health and welfare services in the United Kingdom and of medical manpower in other countries. The second section summarizes the three major strategies employed since 1948: the Medical Practices Committee, the Initial Practice Allowances and the Designated Area Allowance. Problems arising from these policies include the fragmentation of responsibility, the lack of agreed objectives and the haphazard nature of the geographical units within which restrictions and incentives operate. The final section deals with the opportunity, presented by the 1973 National Health Service Reorganisation Act, to restructure these unsatisfactory features of the administrative framework. It is feared that the impetus for change is in danger of being lost, and that the establishment of the new health authorities alongside the old, largely unaltered machinery will merely add to the fragmentation of responsibility, thus exacerbating the imbalance of resources.
Patterns of Money Management within Marriage
Authors: Pahl Jan
Published: January 2009

Much social and economic policy is based upon units such as the tax unit or the household, and much of it makes certain assumptions about flows of resources within these units. This article focuses on the control and allocation of financial resourceswithinhouseholds, drawing on work done in the past and on original material taken from a study of the problems of a group of women whose marriages had broken down because of violence. Concentrating on the household type which is composed of a married couple and their dependent children, the article outlines three broad types of allocation system – the whole wage system, the allowance system and the pooling system. It is suggested that there are links between the system of allocation within the family, the stage in the life cycle which the family has reached, the income level of the household, and the occupational, regional and ethnic culture within which the household is located. The article concludes by suggesting that a better knowledge of intra-household money flows would be relevant to discussion concerned with the distribution of poverty, the allocation of welfare benefits, and the contribution made by married women's earnings to family living standards, and that it would also contribute to a better understanding of marital tension and marital breakdown.
The New Philanthropy: The Emergence of the Bradford City Guild of Help
Authors: Cahill Michael , Jowitt Tony
Published: January 2009

The early twentieth century has been seen as a crucial period in the development of British social policy. However, attention has been concentrated almost entirely on the increased role of the state, and in particular on the Liberal ‘welfare reforms’ after 1906. These developments have tended to mask the significant changes that were taking place in the field of voluntary charitable effort. One organization which emerged out of the ferment surrounding social policy in late Victorian and Edwardian England was the Guild of Help movement.

The first guild was formed in Bradford in 1904 and embodied a new approach to the organization of charity. It rapidly expanded from Bradford throughout England and Wales and was in 1919 the leading organization which took part in the merger which created the National Council for Social Service. In this article the creation of the guild will be examined within the context of the changing economic situation, the growth of the labour movement and the nature of existing charitable provision in an attempt to give a critical assessment of the nature and role of this new body.
Rereading Titmuss: The Sexual Division of Welfare
Authors: Rose Hilary
Published: January 2009

The new social policy demonstrates its theoretical concern with the relations between the welfare services, the economy and the state. This new found political economy of welfare leaves behind the micro-concerns of the Titmuss paradigm. Through a critical re-examination of Titmuss, the article, while welcoming the research programme of the new social policy, urges that the specific strength of the old (especially so far as women are concerned) is not prematurely abandoned. In a period of economic and political crisis, where the state is actively restructuring the provision of welfare, detailed and systematical analyses of the implications of this process for both class and gender are urgently required. The need for work on gender is underlined because of the sex blindness of influential Liberal and Left theoretical writings. It is not that such theorists are unfriendly to feminist work but rather that it stands ‘outside’ their explanation. The need to reconceptualize welfare as a service provided primarily by the paid and unpaid labour of women remains.
State Pensions and the Growth of Social Welfare Expenditure
Authors: Judge Ken
Published: January 2009

The enormous growth of state expenditure in advanced industrial societies during the thirty years after the second world war is widely acknowledged and many attempts have been made to account for the phenomenon. Most of these explanations, however, either isolate specific factors or are applicable at a very high level of generality and so make it difficult to develop a wider understanding of the growth of the modern welfare state. This article is predicated upon the assumption that one way to overcome this difficulty is to identify, and evaluate the importance of, the different factors which have stimulated the growth ofspecificprogrammes rather than aggregate expenditures. It examines the growth of state spending on national insurance pensions in the United Kingdom between 1951 and 1978, therefore, because this is the most expensive of all social programmes. The primary purpose of the article is to identify, discuss and assess the relative importance of the most important causal factors which account for the growth of spending on pensions. This analysis is based upon the decomposition of the growth into its most important constituent parts. An attempt is also made to employ multiple regression to investigate changes in the real rate of basic pension, but the conclusion reached in this particular case is that it is a poor substitute for historical case studies. Finally, some speculative thoughts are advanced about possible future trends in spending on basic state pensions.
The Contribution of Social Science Research to Health Policy: The Royal Commission on the National Health Service
Authors: Taylor Rex
Published: January 2009

This article adopts a case study approach to examine the contribution of social science research to health policy. It concentrates exclusively on the recent Royal Commission on the National Health Service. After describing its background and modus operandi the paper goes on to assess the Report's utilization of social science research, both in its diagnosis and recommendations. This assessment suggests that while the Commissioners made relatively little use of research-based evidence in their diagnosis, their recommendations provide the basis for a substantial increase in the contribution of social sicentists, particularly in the field of health services evaluation.
The Distribution of Social Security Transfers in the UK
Authors: Nolan Brian
Published: January 2009

The distributional impact of different transfer programmes is one of the basic criteria on which decisions such as those on resource allocation may be based. This paper examines the spread over the UK size distribution of different transfers, using data from the Family Expenditure Survey (FES). In addition to analysing the distribution of current transfer receipts by actual current income, estimates are developed which allow the spread of annual receipts by annual income to be examined. The results show that the short-term unemployment and sickness benefits have a considerably greater degree of concentration towards the bottom of the distribution than some previous studies have indicated. This is particularly true for current income, but even for annual receipts and income the degree of concentration is greater than might have been expected. The impression that these benefits have a very low redistributive effect may have had a major influence on recent policy decisions. This is shown to be particularly misleading in the case of unemployment benefit.
Cutback Contradictions in Dutch Housing Policy
Authors: Flynn Rob
Published: January 2009

This paper describes housing policy in the Netherlands and the current crisis over subsidies. It argues that the development of the welfare state, the housing system, and recent retrenchment contain contradictions which reflect the distinctive nature of Dutch politics and social structure. In particular, it suggests that the existence of pillarized social cleavages has been influential in the growth of a progressive welfare state, in providing a secure base for social rented housing, and in sustaining high levels of support for spending on housing subsidies. Expenditure cutbacks and measures for administrative rationalization are outlined, and some of the contradictory effects on housing policy are examined.
Regional Secure Units: The Creation of a Policy
Authors: Torpy David M.
Published: January 2009

This paper examines the historical context of the policy decision of the (then) DHSS in July 1974 to establish Regional Secure Units with an initial provision for 1,000 places. A brief examination of the history of the detention of the criminally insane and the setting up of the county asylums is followed by an examination of the various problems faced by the authorities concerned with the care of the criminally insane and the mentally ill in general in the 1960s. The paper examines the different streams of influence and power that converged upon this solution: government, special hospitals, public inquiries, unlocking of hospital wards, criminal law, DHSS and the Home Office, judges, voluntary bodies, prisons, psychiatrists and the official government reports known as the Glancy and the Butler Reports. The paper seeks to explain the policy decision to build regional secure units as a dynamic outcome arising from the confluence of opportunities, participants and solutions: a policy formation model put forward by March and Olsen (1976).
The Occupational Pension Trap: Towards a Preliminary Empirical Specification
Authors: Walker Robert , Hardman Geoffrey , Hutton Sandra
Published: January 2009

Legislation in 1985 and 1986 has attempted to give new impetus to the growth of occupational and personal pension schemes. This article demonstrates that, because of the interaction between occupational pensions and means-tested social security provision, many of today's pensioners receive little or no financial benefit from their occupational pension. The evidence presented is consistent with the thesis that the pensioners who are worst affected by the ‘pension trap’ include those who, as workers, were low-paid and experienced interrupted employment. As a consequence they reached retirement with small state and occupational pensions, limited savings and no house which they owned. Many are women. The penetration of occupational and personal pensions is currently lowest among the same groups of workers and it could be that the Government's policy to extend the coverage of private pensions will result in an increase in the severity of the pension trap. Some measures for reducing the impact of the pension trap are discussed.
Policy Networks and the Implementation of Community Care Policy for People with Mental Handicaps
Authors: Hardy B. , Wistow G. , Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: January 2009

Although community care has been the professed policy of successive governments over three decades, according to the Prime Minister's own adviser, Sir Roy Griffiths, ‘in few areas can the gap between political rhetoric and policy on the one hand or between policy and reality in the field on the other hand have been so great’. This paper examines the extent and causes of this ‘implementation gap’ in respect of services for people with mental handicaps—a consistent priority group for national policymakers. We examine centre–periphery relations in the health and personal social services in the light of Rhodes' power–dependence framework and his concepts of policy networks and policy communities. The NHS has been described as the archetypal professionalised policy network but we conclude that it is possible to account for implementation failures in community care only partly in terms of the dominance of the medical professions' values and interests and the deficiencies of accountability and control due to clinical autonomy. Such failures are due also to the inherently limited power of the centre. Sub-central units are not merely its meek agents. Moreover, the centre must explicitly structure local environments by itself providing a coherent framework of service and resource policies compatible with the national objectives it is seeking to achieve.
Family values and public policy: a venture in prediction and prescription
Authors: Schorr Alvin L.
Published: January 2009

Ideology and public policy are so intimately related that they may only with difficulty be seen separately. This essay attempts to view one kind of ideology, American family values, and predict the manner in which they will affect public policy and be altered by public policy. Whatever its intrinsic hazards, prediction for the last quarter of the century affords relative safety for a few years anyway. The term ‘family values’ is used broadly here to encompass objectives that are professed for families in the United States as well as patterns of family structure and activity to which, by practising them, we show attachment. I begin with a brief review and commentary upon the relationship between family values and public policy to date, concluded with some comments on the role that social scientists and reformers might play. Discussion of the future follows, with one further prescription.
Thoughts on poverty and its elimination
Authors: Baratz Morton S. , Grigsby William G.
Published: January 2009

Efforts to eliminate poverty as a major domestic problem in the United States have a long history. The attack was significantly heightened in 1964 with the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act, the statute designed as the foundation of the so-called war on poverty. In the succeeding years which have encompassed two national Administrations, one Democratic and the other Republican, a variety of means have been brought to bear on the problem. Public-assistance expenditures have spiralled upward and substantial amounts of money and manpower have been funnelled into preexisting and new programmes to increase total employment, improve housing, provide more and better health care, equalize opportunities and outcomes across ethnic and racial groupings, and bring legal justice, safety and security to those who have heretofore lacked the financial means for full enjoyment of these values. Still other anti-poverty programmes are under active consideration, most notably President Nixon's proposal to put an income floor under every American household.
Some technical considerations in planning for health
Authors: Draper Peter
Published: January 2009

Even in Western industrialized countries which have for several decades spent around 5 per cent of their Gross National Product on health care, interest in planning for health is recent. In countries like the United States, with what is sometimes described as a pluralist system, this is scarcely surprising. When the United States is described more bluntly, as it was for example by Walter Reuther, the incompatibility of planning with the general pattern of delivery is clear: ‘What we have, in fact, is a disorganized, disjointed, antiquated, obsolete, non-system of health care.’ But even in the United Kingdom with the framework for planning provided by the National Health Service, observers have been struck by the failure to develop an adequate planning mechanism in twenty years. This view has not been confined to foreign observers nor to British commentators outside the medical establishment.
‘Institutional racism’ and educational policy
Authors: Gilbert Neil , Specht Harry
Published: January 2009

In recent years American universities have come under increasing attack from many students and a small proportion of faculty for being a spawning ground of ‘institutional racism’, a charge that implies various malefactions. The language of this accusation is often so inflammatory that different meanings of the term are fused and consequently policies to deal with the problems at issue are confused. Having spent a good portion of the last two years listening to the accusations, proclamations, and demands made in the name of institutional racism, we should now like to examine what some of the basic issues seem to be about and their policy implications for the university.
Origin of the British legislative provision for medical research
Authors: Thomson A. Landsborough
Published: January 2009

In the United Kingdom, special legislative provision for medical research was first made by theNational Insurance Act1911. On various earlier occasions public funds for the purpose had been provided on a small scale to successive central health departments in England and Wales, sporadically from 1833 and regularly from 1870; and notably to the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis appointed in 1901, which decided to ascertain facts by investigation rather than listen to opinions from witnesses.