bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: ACYLATION OF 4‐SUBSTITUTED 6‐HYDROPEROXY‐2,6‐DI‐TERT‐BUTYL‐2,4‐CYCLOHEXADIENONES
Authors: NISHINAGA A. , NAKAMURA K. , SHIMIZU T. , MATSUURA T.
Published: April 2016

Beim Behandeln mit Acetylchlorid erhält man aus den bekannten Hydroperoxiden (I) die isomeren Epoxy‐ester (II) und (III), deren Anteile unter verschiedenen Bedingungen diskutiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ALLENES AND ACETYLENES. XVIII. SYNTHESIS OF 3‐PYRROLINES BY SILVER(I)‐CATALYZED CYCLIZATION OF ALLENIC AMINES
Authors: CLAESSON A. , SAHLBERG C. , LUTHMAN K.
Published: April 2016

In Anwesenheit von Silbertetrafluoroborat erfolgt bei Raumtemp. Cyclisierung der allenischen Amine (I) zu den 3‐Pyrrolinen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF 1,3‐OXAZOLIDINES FROM ALLENIC AND ACETYLENIC SULFONES
Authors: CINQUINI M. , COZZI F. , PELOSI M.
Published: April 2016

Reaktion der Arylsulfonylallene (I) mit (‐)‐Ephedrin (II) verläuft stereospezifisch zu den Oxazolidinen (III), wobei aus (Ic) ein trennbares 3:1‐Gemisch (70% Ausb.) aus (IIIc) mit einem Diastereomeren B (also aus zwei von vier möglichen Diastereomeren), und aus (Id) ein nicht trennbares Gemisch (6 5%) aus (IIId) und einem Diastereomeren gebildet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ACID‐ AND BASE‐CATALYZED REACTIONS OF HEXOBARBITAL 1′,2′‐EPOXIDE AND HEPTABARBITAL 1′,2′‐EPOXIDE
Authors: BAKKER B. H. , VERMEULEN N. P. E. , BREIMER D. D. , VAN DER GEN A.
Published: April 2016

Die Oxidation von Hexobarbital (Ia) mit m‐Chlor‐perbenzoesäure führt zu einem Gemisch der diastereomeren Epoxide (IIa) und (IIIa), während bei der Oxidation von (Ib) das entsprechende einheitliche Epoxid entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: A SHORT, EFFICIENT, SYNTHETIC PATH TO THE 6,7,8,9‐TETRAHYDRO‐5H‐DIBENZ(D,F)>AZONINE SYSTEM
Authors: BRANDT S. , MARFAT A. , HELQUIST P.
Published: April 2016

3‐Methoxy‐phenylessigsäure (Ia) wird zum Carbinol (Ib) redu‐ : N‐Heterocyclen A Short, Efficient, Synthetic Pathway to the 6,7,8,9‐Tetrahydro‐SH‐dibenz[d,f]‐ ziert und dieses zu (IIa) iodiert.
ChemInform Abstract: FUNCTIONALLY SUBSTITUTED ALKOXIDES OF METALS AND METALLOIDS. PART I. 2‐MERCAPTOETHOXYBORANES
Authors: BHARDWAJ P. N. , SRIVASTAVA G.
Published: April 2016

Der Borsäuretriisopropylester (I) reagiert mit Mercaptoethanol (II) zu dem gemischten Borsäureester (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE WITH DIBORANE(6), TRIBORANE(7), TETRABORANE(10), AND PENTABORANE(11)
Authors: KONDO H. , KODAMA G.
Published: April 2016

Reaktionen von Hexamethylentetramin Lmit den Titelboranen in Chloroform werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF α,β‐EPOXYSILANES TO SILYL ENOL ETHERS. AN UNPRECEDENTED STEREOCHEMICAL RESULT
Authors: HUDRLIK P. F. , SCHWARTZ R. H. , KULKARNI A. K.
Published: April 2016

Das Epoxid (I) kann schwefelsauer zu einem Diol (II) gespalten und dieses zu (III) dehydratisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DIORGANOSILAOXACYCLOHEXANES AND ACYLOXYBUTYLDIORGANOCHLOROSILANES FROM THEM
Authors: ANDRIANOV K. A. , VOLKOVA L. M. , ZHDANOV A. A. , PODA L. N.
Published: April 2016

Das Dimethyl‐ethoxy‐chlorbutoxysilan (I) reagiert mit Mg zu einem Gemisch aus (II), Dimethyl‐sila‐oxa‐cyclohexan (III) und verschiedenen anderen Produkten.
ChemInform Abstract: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CHEMISTRY OF SILICON‐NITROGEN COMPOUNDS. 157. SILICON‐CARBON CLEAVAGE IN 2‐THIENYLSILANES BY SECONDARY AMINES
Authors: TACKE R. , ZIMONYI‐HEGEDUES E. Q. , WANNAGAT U.
Published: April 2016

Das Vinyl(H)‐Silan (I) reagiert mit den sekundären cyclischen Aminen (IIa) und (IIb) in Gegenwart der entsprechenden Amide unter Substitution des Wasserstoffs und Addition an die Vinylgruppe zu (III), das durch sein Hydrolyseprodukt (IV) charakterisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DIPROPYL HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE WITH ISONITRILES
Authors: ZIMIN M. G. , ZABIROV N. G. , PUDOVIK A. N.
Published: April 2016

Bei Umsetzung der Isonitrile (I) mit Di‐isopropylphosphorsäure (II) findet man Formamid (V) und das Pyrophosphat (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF S‐(2‐(N‐ACETYL‐N‐METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)ISOTHIURONIUM N‐ACETYL‐N‐METHYLCHOLAMINYL PHOSPHONATE
Authors: MIZRAKH L. I. , POLONSKAYA L. YU.
Published: April 2016

Aus der spirocyclischen Phosphorverbindung (I) und Acetan‐ hydrid (II) erhält man das Phosphit (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐PHOSPHA‐4‐QUINOLONES ‐ A NEW HETEROCYCLIC SYSTEM
Authors: KOLODYAZHNYI O. I. , PEPINA L. A. , KUKHAR' V. P. , GOLOLOBOV YU. G.
Published: April 2016

Das Ylid (IV) entsteht entweder durch Anlagerung von Tetrabrom‐methan (II) an das Phosphonit (I) zu (III) und Umsetzung der Verbindung (III) mit Anilin, oder durch Anlagerung von Phenylazid (V) an (I) zu (VI) und Umlagerung zu (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROORGANIC COMPOUNDS. L. ARYLSULFONAMIDES OF DIPHENYLTHIOPHOSPHINIC‐ AND O,O‐DIPHENYL THIOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS
Authors: ALMASI L. , POPESCU R. , PASKUCZ L.
Published: April 2016

Die Arylsulfonamide (III) entstehen aus dem Natriumsalz (II) und den Thiophosphinsäure‐ bzw. Thiophosphorsäure‐chloriden (I).
ChemInform Abstract: THE OBSERVATION OF AN OXAPHOSPHETANE INTERMEDIATE IN THE PHOSPHONATE MODIFICATION OF THE WITTIG OLEFIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: BREUER E. , ZBAIDA S. , SEGALL E.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung des cyclischen Phosphonates (I) mit den Oxo‐Verbindungen (II) werden die Zwischenverbindungen (III) nachgewiesen, die zu den erwarteten Olefinen (IV) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORO‐ AND METHYLTRIS((HEXAMETHYLDISILYL)AMINO)ZIRCONIUM(IV) AND ‐HAFNIUM(IV)
Authors: ANDERSEN R. A.
Published: April 2016

Na‐ oder‐ Li‐bis‐[trimethylsilyl]‐amid setzt sich mit Zr‐ und Hf‐tetrachlorid in Ether zu den überraschend inerten Chloro‐Titelverbindungen (I) um.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF MOLYBDENUM(V) DIMERS WITH MIXED OXO AND SULFIDO TERMINAL LIGANDS: REMOVAL OF TERMINAL SULFIDE BY TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE AND CYANIDE
Authors: NEWTON W. E. , MCDONALD J. W. , YAMANOUCHI K. , ENEMARK J. H.
Published: April 2016

Die zweikernigen Mo(V)‐Komplexe (III) werden durch die Umsetzung von K2MoS4 (I) mit den entsprechenden Thiocarbamaten (II) oder die Reaktion der oxo‐verbrückten Dimeren (IV) sowie von cis‐Dioxo‐bis‐[N,N‐di‐n‐butyldithiocarbamato]‐Mo mit H2S dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF (FE(SC6H5)4)2‐ WITH ORGANIC TRISULFIDES AND IMPLICATIONS CONCERNING THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF FERREDOXINS. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF THE ((C6H5)4P)2FE2S12 COMPLEX
Authors: COUCOUVANIS D. , SWENSON D. , STREMPLE P. , BAENZIGER N. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Thiophenolat‐Fe‐Komplexanions als Tetraphenylphosphonium‐Salz (I) mit Dibenzyltrisulfid (II) führt abhängig vom stöchiometrischen Verhältnis zu dem Dimeren (III) oder zu dem diamagnetischen Titelkomplex (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: METAL TETRATHIOLENES. 4. SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF F NEW DISCRETE DIPLATINUM‐TETRATHIOLENE COMPLEXES
Authors: TEO B.‐K. , SNYDER‐ROBINSON P. A.
Published: April 2016

Die oxidativen Additionsreaktionen von Tetrakis‐[triphenylphosphin]‐Pt mit "Tetrathiolen"‐Liganden wie "Tetrathiotetracen", "Tetrathionaphthalin" und ,,Tetrachlortetrathionaphthalin" im 2:1‐molaren Verhältnis in Benzol bei Raumtemp. führen unter Spaltung der S‐S‐ Bindung zu den leicht luftempfindlichen Komplexen (I) (ohne Ausb.‐Angabe).
ChemInform Abstract: NITROUS ACID DEAMINATION OF ACYCLIC, POLYFUNCTION
Authors: ANGIBEAUD P. , BOSSO C. , DEFAYE J. , HORTON D. , COHEN‐ADDAD C. , THOMAS M.
Published: April 2016

Desaminierung des Dithioacetals (I) bei pH 5.6 und anschließende Acetylierung [Methode A)] bzw. bei pH l gefolgt von Acetylierung [ Methode B)] ergeben die Produkte (II), (III) und (IVa) bzw. ausschließlich das Lacton (II); (IVa) wird zu dem manno‐Furanosid (IVb) desacetyliert, das in das Acetonid (IVc) (Raumgruppe P212121 mit Z=4) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Megalomicins. Part 7. A Structural Revision by Carbon‐l3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X‐Ray Crystallography. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of 3‐Dimethylamino‐ and 3‐Azido‐D‐ and ‐L‐hexopyranosides, and the Crystal Structure of 4“‐O‐(4‐Iodobenzoyl)megalomicin A.
Authors: BARTNER P. , BOXLER D. L. , BRAMBILLA R. , MALLAMS A. K. , MORTON J. B. , REICHERT P. , SANCILIO F. D. , SURPRENANT H. , TOMALESKY G. , LUKACS G. , OLESKER A. , TON THAT THANG TON THAT THANG , VALENTE L. , OMURA S.
Published: April 2016

Die Röntgenkristallanalyse von 4"‐O‐Iodbenzoyl‐megalomicin A, das in der Raumgruppe P212121 mit Z=4 kristallisiert, unterstützt die Struktur B (If); diese Tatsache, sowie 13C‐NMR‐ und CD‐Befunde beweisen, daß die Magalomicine und XK‐41‐Antibiotica, denen früher die entsprechenden Strukturen (IA) zugewiesen wurden, in Wirklichkeit die entsprechenden Strukturen (IB) besitzen.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 3‐DEOXY‐3‐IODO SUGARS VIA ALKOXYPHOSPHONIUM SALTS
Authors: KUNZ H. , SCHMIDT P.
Published: April 2016

Aus Diacetonylglucose (I) entsteht mit Triphenylphosphin und Methyliodid ein Salz (II), das thermisch zum Iodid (III) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: QUINOLINE ALKALOIDS. PART 17. MECHANISM OF BASE‐CATALYZED REARRANGEMENT OF HYDROXYISOPROPYLDIHYDROFUROQUINOLONES AND OF DIHYDRODIMETHYLPYRANOQUINOLONES
Authors: JAMES K. J. , GRUNDON M. F.
Published: April 2016

In einer erneuten Untersuchung werden basenkatalysierte Umlagerungsreaktionen von (+)‐(R′)‐Balfourodin (I) und (+)‐(R)‐Isobalfourodin (V) durchgeführt: Aus (I) wird ‐ über die Intermediärstufe (II) ‐ (+)‐(R)‐w‐Balfourodin (III) erhalten, das im Gemisch mit (‐)‐(S)‐ ,D‐Isobalfourodin (IV) auch aus (I) mit methanolischem NaOH entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL ZWITTERIONIC STRUCTURE AND AN UNUSUAL SUGAR RING CONFORMATION IN 5‐IODO‐5′‐AMINO‐2′,5′‐DIDEOXYURIDINE, AN ANTIVIRAL NUCLEOSIDE
Authors: BIRNBAUM G. I. , LIN T.‐S. , SHIAU G. T. , PRUSOFF W. H.
Published: April 2016

Durch Röntgenkrista1lanalyse wird für das Titelnucleosid (I) (Raumgruppe P2121 21) eine dreidimensionale zwitterionische Struktur ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOAMINO ACIDS AND NUCLEOPEPTIDES. IV. SYNTHESIS OF OLIGONUCLEOPEPTIDES CONTAINING URACILYL‐N1‐α‐ALANINE AND ADENYLYL‐N9‐α‐ALANINE RESIDUES
Authors: OLSUF'EVA E. N. , SHVACHKIN YU. P.
Published: April 2016

Mit Hilfe der geschützten, aktivierten Ester (I) und (IV) einerseits und den Dipeptidestern (II) und (V) andererseits werden geschützte Tripeptidester (III) und (VI) mit β‐(Uracilyl‐Nl )‐ α‐alan1n‐, β‐(Adenylyl‐N9)‐a‐alanin‐ sowie Alaninfragmenten hergestellt.
Continuous‐flow microwave enhanced oxidation process for treating sewage sludge
Authors: Lo K. Victor , Liao Ping H. , Srinivasan Asha
Published: April 2016

The microwave‐enhanced advanced oxidation (MW/H2O2‐AOP) treatment of sewage sludge in a continuous‐flow 915 MHz microwave system was studied. A higher H2O2 dosage at the same flow rate resulted in better solids disintegration in terms of higher soluble chemical oxygen demand. The highest soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration of 5174 mg/L was obtained at a dosage of 0.005 L/L (0.5 % v/v). A higher soluble chemical oxygen demand was obtained at a higher flow rate with the same H2O2 dosage. A substantial amount of soluble phosphorus (over 60 % of total phosphorus content) was produced for all treatments, regardless of H2O2 dosage. A first‐order reaction kinetics of soluble chemical oxygen demand was proposed in this study. Real‐time energy consumption corresponding to performance efficacy, which provides a realistic assessment of the process efficiency, was calculated. Energy consumption was found to vary between 0.22–0.29 kWh/L of sludge treated. The results demonstrated that a continuous‐flow 915 MHz microwave system resulted in high treatment efficiency in terms of nutrient release, solids disintegration, and low energy consumption, which is suitable for real‐time industrial applications.
Investigations on the degradation of an antibiotic Cephalexin using suspended and supported TiO2: Mineralization and durability studies
Authors: Bansal Palak , Verma Anoop , Aggarwal Kashish , Singh Amanjit , Gupta Saurabh
Published: April 2016

Rising levels of antibiotics in treated wastewater pose a great threat to human health worldwide. The present study shows degradation studies of antibiotic Cephalexin using slurry and innovative fixed‐bed photocatalysis under UVA (365 nm) irradiations. A UV‐spectrophotometer/HPLC was used for analyzing the decay of Cephalexin. Studies showed that variation in UV intensity, dose variation of TiO2and H2O2,area by volume (A/V), and pH affect the degradation to a great extent. The degradation rate followed pseudo‐first order kinetics with optimized conditions for degrading the antibiotic being TiO21.0 g · L−1, H2O20.15 mL, with UV intensity of 25 W · m−2. The COD decrease (80 %) with the generation of nitrite, nitrate, and sulphate ions confirmed the mineralization of the selected compound. TiO2‐coated spherical cement beads were used for fixed‐bed studies, which eliminates the implications of slurry mode photocatalysis. The beads were recycled for at least 50 cycles, which confirmed the durability of the catalyst, and characterized by SEM‐EDAX. Attempts were made to study the pilot‐scale fixed‐bed baffled solar reactor for degrading Cephalexin, which confirmed 70 % degradation after 10 h.
Accumulated Impacts of Sulfur Spraying on Soil Nutrient Availability and Microbial Biomass in Rubber Plantations
Authors: Li Yuwu , Xia Yujie , Li Haiying , Deng Xiaobao , Sha Liqing , Li Bing , Lin Luxiang , Cao Min
Published: April 2016

Sulfur spraying is a conventional prevention and control measure for rubber leaf diseases in the northern margin of tropical Southeast Asia. The aim of this study was to determine the long‐term (48 years) accumulated effects of sulfur spraying on some major soil microbial and nutrient properties in the area of rubber plantation. The results indicate a significant decrease in pH along the rubber chronosequence with yearly sulfur application. A negative effect of sulfur spraying on soil total sulfur content was also observed. Apart from that, soil microbial characteristics increased significantly, except for microbial biomass carbon. Soil nutrient bioavailability‐related characteristics showed a complex pattern of response to sulfur spraying, among which bio‐available ammonium nitrogen increased linearly, bio‐available nitrate nitrogen showed a trend resembling a large resting capital letter “S”, bio‐available phosphorus showed a contrary trend to nitrogen, a capital letter “S” resting the other direction, whereas bio‐available potassium had no response to sulfur spraying. Based on the comprehensive response indexes, soil microbial characteristics had a pulsing response to sulfur spraying accumulation and two critical turning points were sometime between the 23rd and 32nd year and between the 40th and 48th year. Soil nutrient bioavailability showed a volatile comprehensive pattern, but there was no significant difference during the chronosequence. There is need for control sulfur deposition frequency and dosage under the soil and environmental safety threshold in the diseases prevention and control in monoculture rubber plantation.
Targeting Steroidogenic Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) with 6‐Substituted 1‐Imidazolylmethylxanthones
Authors: Gobbi Silvia , Hu Qingzhong , Zimmer Christina , Belluti Federica , Rampa Angela , Hartmann Rolf W. , Bisi Alessandra
Published: April 2016

Abnormally high corticosteroid levels are responsible for the onset of serious hormone‐related diseases, and the inhibition of their biosynthesis by targeting cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 has emerged as a promising strategy to restore healthy physiological levels of corticosteroids. With the aim of exploiting the xanthone scaffold as a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry and to further explore the chemical space of inhibitors of these CYPs, a small library of imidazolylmethylxanthones was designed based on the results of a previously described compound series. Assuming the capacity for an additional interaction with these enzymes, a properly selected substituent was introduced at position 6 of the xanthone core, maintaining the key imidazolylmethyl moiety at position 1. The 6‐fluoro and 6‐nitro derivatives [1‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl‐6‐fluoro‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (1 a) and 1‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl‐6‐nitro‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (1 d), respectively] proved to be active in the low nanomolar range, showing selectivity toward the related steroidogenic enzymes CYP19 and CYP17, even if the problem of selectivity between the two CYP11B isoforms remains unsolved. On the other hand, the 6‐chloro derivative 1‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl‐6‐chloro‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (1 b) was found to be a fairly potent and somewhat selective CYP19 inhibitor, confirming the versatility of the scaffold.
HyperCEST detection of cucurbit[6]uril in whole blood using an ultrashort saturation Pre‐pulse train
Authors: Hane Francis T. , Smylie Peter S. , Li Tao , Ruberto Julia , Dowhos Krista , Ball Iain , Tomanek Boguslaw , DeBoef Brenton , Albert Mitchell S.
Published: April 2016

Xenon based biosensors have the potential to detect and localize biomarkers associated with a wide variety of diseases. The development and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of cage molecules which encapsulate hyperpolarized xenon is imperative for the development of these xenon biosensors. We acquired 129Xe NMR spectra, and magnetic resonance images and a HyperCEST saturation map of cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) in whole bovine blood. We observed a mean HyperCEST depletion of 84% (n = 5) at a concentration of 5 mM and 74% at 2.5 mM. Additionally, we collected these data using a pulsed HyperCEST saturation pre‐pulse train with a SAR of 0.025 W/kg which will minimize any potential RF heating in animal or human tissue. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Astrocytic glutamate transport regulates a Drosophila CNS synapse that lacks astrocyte ensheathment
Authors: MacNamee Sarah E. , Liu Kendra E. , Gerhard Stephan , Tran Cathy T. , Fetter Richard D. , Cardona Albert , Tolbert Leslie P. , Oland Lynne A.
Published: April 2016

Anatomical, molecular, and physiological interactions between astrocytes and neuronal synapses regulate information processing in the brain. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a valuable experimental system for genetic manipulation of the nervous system and has enormous potential for elucidating mechanisms that mediate neuron–glia interactions. Here, we show the first electrophysiological recordings from Drosophila astrocytes and characterize their spatial and physiological relationship with particular synapses. Astrocyte intrinsic properties were found to be strongly analogous to those of vertebrate astrocytes, including a passive current‐voltage relationship, low membrane resistance, high capacitance, and dye‐coupling to local astrocytes. Responses to optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic premotor neurons were correlated directly with anatomy using serial electron microscopy reconstructions of homologous identified neurons and surrounding astrocytic processes. Robust bidirectional communication was present: neuronal activation triggered astrocytic glutamate transport via excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (Eaat1), and blocking Eaat1 extended glutamatergic interneuron‐evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents in motor neurons. The neuronal synapses were always located within 1 μm of an astrocytic process, but none were ensheathed by those processes. Thus, fly astrocytes can modulate fast synaptic transmission via neurotransmitter transport within these anatomical parameters. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1979–1998, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Running exercise protects the capillaries in white matter in a rat model of depression
Authors: Chen Lin‐Mu , Zhang Ai‐Pin , Wang Fei‐Fei , Tan Chuan‐Xue , Gao Yuan , Huang Chun‐Xia , Zhang Yi , Jiang Lin , Zhou Chun‐Ni , Chao Feng‐Lei , Zhang Lei , Tang Yong
Published: April 2016

Running has been shown to improve depressive symptoms when used as an adjunct to medication. However, the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of running are not fully understood. Changes of capillaries in white matter have been discovered in clinical patients and depression model rats. Considering the important part of white matter in depression, running may cause capillary structural changes in white matter. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) rats were provided with a 4‐week running exercise (from the fifth week to the eighth week) for 20 minutes each day for 5 consecutive days each week. Anhedonia was measured by a behavior test. Furthermore, capillary changes were investigated in the control group, the CUS/Standard group, and the CUS/Running group using stereological methods. The 4‐week running increased sucrose consumption significantly in the CUS/Running group and had significant effects on the total volume, total length, and total surface area of the capillaries in the white matter of depression rats. These results demonstrated that exercise‐induced protection of the capillaries in white matter might be one of the structural bases for the exercise‐induced treatment of depression. It might provide important parameters for further study of the vascular mechanisms of depression and a new research direction for the development of clinical antidepressant means. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3577–3586, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolving paradigms in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Huard J , Mu X , Lu A
Published: April 2016

Progressive muscle weakness and degeneration due to the lack of dystrophin eventually leads to the loss of independent ambulation by the middle of the patient's second decade, and a fatal outcome due to cardiac or respiratory failure by the third decade. More specifically, loss of sarcolemmal dystrophin and the dystrophin‐associated glycoprotein (DAG) complex promotes muscle fiber damage during muscle contraction. This process results in an efflux of creatine kinase (CK), an influx of calcium ions, and the recruitment of T cells, macrophages, and mast cells to the damaged muscle, causing progressive myofiber necrosis. For the last 20 years, the major goal in the development of therapeutic approaches to alleviate muscle weakness in DMD has been centered on the restoration of dystrophin or proteins that are analogous to dystrophin, such as utrophin, through a variety of modalities including cell therapy, gene therapy, gene correction, and the highly promising techniques utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Despite the development of new therapeutic options, there still exist numerous challenges that we must face with regard to these new strategies and, consequently, we still do not have any feasible options available to ultimately slow the progression of this devastating disease. The purpose of this article is to highlight the current knowledge and advancements in the evolving paradigms in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics for this devastating musculoskeletal disease.
Lactide Synthesis and Chirality Control for Polylactic acid Production
Authors: Van Wouwe Pieter , Dusselier Michiel , Vanleeuw Evelien , Sels Bert
Published: April 2016

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a very promising biodegradable, renewable, and biocompatible polymer. Aside from its production, its application field is also increasing, with use not only in commodity applications but also as durables and in biomedicine. In the current PLA production scheme, the most expensive part is not the polymerization itself but obtaining the building blocks lactic acid (LA) and lactide, the actual cyclic monomer for polymerization. Although the synthesis of LA and the polymerization have been studied systematically, reports of lactide synthesis are scarce. Most lactide synthesis methods are described in patent literature, and current energy‐intensive, aselective industrial processes are based on archaic scientific literature. This Review, therefore, highlights new methods with a technical comparison and description of the different approaches. Water‐removal methodologies are compared, as this is a crucial factor in PLA production. Apart from the synthesis of lactide, this Review also emphasizes the use of chemically produced racemic lactic acid (esters) as a starting point in the PLA production scheme. Stereochemically tailored PLA can be produced according to such a strategy, giving access to various polymer properties.
Improvement of the Error‐detection Mechanism in Adults with Dyslexia Following Reading Acceleration Training
Authors: Horowitz‐Kraus Tzipi
Published: April 2016

The error‐detection mechanism aids in preventing error repetition during a given task. Electroencephalography demonstrates that error detection involves two event‐related potential components: error‐related and correct‐response negativities (ERN and CRN, respectively). Dyslexia is characterized by slow, inaccurate reading. In particular, individuals with dyslexia have a less active error‐detection mechanism during reading than typical readers. In the current study, we examined whether a reading training programme could improve the ability to recognize words automatically (lexical representations) in adults with dyslexia, thereby resulting in more efficient error detection during reading. Behavioural and electrophysiological measures were obtained using a lexical decision task before and after participants trained with the reading acceleration programme. ERN amplitudes were smaller in individuals with dyslexia than in typical readers before training but increased following training, as did behavioural reading scores. Differences between the pre‐training and post‐training ERN and CRN components were larger in individuals with dyslexia than in typical readers. Also, the error‐detection mechanism as represented by the ERN/CRN complex might serve as a biomarker for dyslexia and be used to evaluate the effectiveness of reading intervention programmes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geographic variation in advertisement calls of a Microhylid frog – testing the role of drift and ecology
Authors: Lee Ko‐Huan , Shaner Pei‐Jen L. , Lin Yen‐Po , Lin Si‐Min
Published: April 2016

Acoustic signals for mating are important traits that could drive population differentiation and speciation. Ecology may play a role in acoustic divergence through direct selection (e.g., local adaptation to abiotic environment), constraint of correlated traits (e.g., acoustic traits linked to another trait under selection), and/or interspecific competition (e.g., character displacement). However, genetic drift alone can also drive acoustic divergence. It is not always easy to differentiate the role of ecology versus drift in acoustic divergence. In this study, we tested the role of ecology and drift in shaping geographic variation in the advertisement calls of Microhyla fissipes. We examined three predictions based on ecological processes: (1) the correlation between temperature and call properties across M. fissipes populations; (2) the correlation between call properties and body size across M. fissipes populations; and (3) reproductive character displacement (RCD) in call properties between M. fissipes populations that are sympatric with and allopatric to a congener M. heymonsi. To test genetic drift, we examined correlations among call divergence, geographic distance, and genetic distance across M. fissipes populations. We recorded the advertisement calls from 11 populations of M. fissipes in Taiwan, five of which are sympatrically distributed with M. heymonsi. We found geographic variation in both temporal and spectral properties of the advertisement calls of M. fissipes. However, the call properties were not correlated with local temperature or the callers' body size. Furthermore, we did not detect RCD. By contrast, call divergence, geographic distance, and genetic distance between M. fissipes populations were all positively correlated. The comparisons between phenotypic Qst (Pst) and Fst values did not show significant differences, suggesting a role of drift. We concluded that genetic drift, rather than ecological processes, is the more likely driver for the geographic variation in the advertisement calls of M. fissipes.
A trait‐based approach reveals the feeding selectivity of a small endangered Mediterranean fish
Authors: Rodríguez‐Lozano Pablo , Verkaik Iraima , Maceda‐Veiga Alberto , Monroy Mario , de Sostoa Adolf , Rieradevall Maria , Prat Narcís
Published: April 2016

Functional traits are growing in popularity in modern ecology, but feeding studies remain primarily rooted in a taxonomic‐based perspective. However, consumers do not have any reason to select their prey using a taxonomic criterion, and prey assemblages are variable in space and time, which makes taxon‐based studies assemblage‐specific. To illustrate the benefits of the trait‐based approach to assessing food choice, we studied the feeding ecology of the endangered freshwater fishBarbus meridionalis. We hypothesized thatB. meridionalisis a selective predator which food choice depends on several prey morphological and behavioral traits, and thus, its top‐down pressure may lead to changes in the functional composition of in‐stream macroinvertebrate communities. Feeding selectivity was inferred by comparing taxonomic and functional composition (13 traits) between ingested and free‐living potential prey using the Jacob's electivity index. Our results showed that the fish diet was influenced by 10 of the 13 traits tested.Barbus meridionalispreferred prey with a potential size of 5–10 mm, with a medium–high drift tendency, and that drift during daylight. Potential prey with no body flexibility, conical shape, concealment traits (presence of nets and/or cases, or patterned coloration), and high aggregation tendency had a low predation risk. Similarly, surface swimmers and interstitial taxa were low vulnerable to predation. Feeding selectivity altered the functional composition of the macroinvertebrate communities. Fish absence favored taxa with weak aggregation tendency, weak flexibility, and a relatively large size (10–20 mm of potential size). Besides, predatory invertebrates may increase in fish absence. In conclusion, our study shows that the incorporation of the trait‐based approach in diet studies is a promising avenue to improve our mechanistic understanding of predator–prey interactions and to help predict the ecological outcomes of predator invasions and extinctions.
Worsening heart failure in ‘real‐world’ clinical practice: predictors and prognostic impact
Authors: AlFaleh Hussam , Elasfar Abdelfatah A. , Ullah Anhar , AlHabib Khalid F. , Hersi Ahmad , Mimish Layth , Almasood Ali , Al Ghamdi Saleh , Ghabashi Abdullah , Malik Asif , Hussein Gamal A. , Al‐Murayeh Mushabab , Abuosa Ahmed , Al Habeeb Waleed , Kashour Tarek
Published: April 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical features, predictors, and clinical outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF), with and without worsening heart failure (WHF).

Methods and results

We used data from a multicentre prospective registry of AHF patients created in Saudi Arabia. WHF was defined as recurrence of heart failure symptoms or signs—with or without cardiogenic shock. In‐hospital short‐ and long‐term outcomes, as well as predictors of WHF are described. Of the 2609 AHF patients enrolled, 33.8% developed WHF. WHF patients were more likely to have a history of heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Use of intravenous vasodilators, inotropic agents, furosemide infusions, and discharge beta‐blockers was significantly higher in WHF patients, while use of discharge ACE inhibitors was higher in patients without WHF. Length of hospital stay was significantly longer for WHF patients than for those without WHF [median (interquartile range) 13 (14) vs. 7 (7) days, P < 0.001]. In‐hospital, 30‐day, 1‐year, and 2‐year mortality rates were higher in WHF patients than in non‐WHF patients. The adjusted odds ratios for in‐hospital, 30‐day, and 1‐year mortality were 4.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.74–6.20, P < 0.001], 3.17 (95% CI 2.21–4.56, P < 0.001), and 1.34 (95% CI 1.04–1.71, P = 0.021), respectively. The strongest predictors for WHF were having ischaemic cardiomyopathy, AHF with concomitant acute coronary syndrome, and low haemoglobin.

Conclusion

In real‐world clinical practice, WHF during hospitalization for AHF is a strong predictor for short‐ and intermediate‐term mortality, and a cause for longer hospital stays.
Prevalence and prognostic impact of frailty and its components in non‐dependent elderly patients with heart failure
Authors: Vidán María T. , Blaya‐Novakova Vendula , Sánchez Elísabet , Ortiz Javier , Serra‐Rexach José A. , Bueno Héctor
Published: April 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical features, and the independent impact of frailty—a geriatric syndrome characterized by the decline of physiological systems—and its components, on prognosis after heart failure (HF) hospitalization.

Methods and results

FRAIL‐HF is a prospective cohort study including 450 non‐dependent patients ≥70 years old hospitalized for HF. Frailty was screened according to the biological phenotype criteria (low physical activity, weight loss, slow walking speed, weak grip strength, and exhaustion). The independent influence of frailty on mortality, functional decline, and readmission risks was calculated adjusted for HF characteristics and co‐morbidities. Mean age was 80 ± 6 years; 76% fulfilled frailty criteria. Frail patients were older, more often female, but showed no differences in chronic co‐morbidities, LVEF, and NT‐proBNP levels. Slow walking speed was the most discriminative component between frail (89.2%) and non‐frail patients (26%). Overall, 1‐year survival was 89% in the non‐frail group and 75% in frail subjects (P = 0.003). After adjusting for age, gender, chronic and acute co‐morbidities, NYHA, and NT‐proBNP, frail patients showed higher risks for 30‐day functional decline [odds ratio (OR) 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–4.08], 1‐year all‐cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 2.13, 95% CI 1.07–4.23], and 1‐year readmission (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.14–3.34). The association of individual components with 1‐year adjusted mortality risk was HR 2.14, 95% CI 1.05–4.39 for low physical activity and HR 1.77, 95% CI 0.95–3.29 for slow walking speed.

Conclusion

Frailty is highly prevalent even among non‐dependent elderly HF patients, and is an independent predictor of early disability, long‐term mortality, and readmission. Individual frailty components may be useful for risk prediction.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Carbodiimides and Nitrilimines: Synthesis and Mechanistic Study of 5‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Yen Wan‐Ping , Kung Fung‐Chun , Wong Fung Fuh
Published: April 2016

An effective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition was developed for the synthesis of 5‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles by reacting hydrazonoyl hydrochlorides (nitrilimines) with carbodiimides in the presence of triethylamine as a base. Both symmetric and asymmetric carbodiimides are compatible with this newly developed reaction; diphenyl carbodiimide is the one exception. Mechanistic studies indicate that alkyl and cycloalkyl moieties of the quaternary N+–R on the 1,2,4‐triazolic ring serve as potential leaving groups and can efficiently depart from the intermediate 4,5‐dihydro‐4‐alkyl‐5‐imino‐1,2,4‐triazole.
Concise Total Syntheses of Pyr­ido[4,3‐b]carbazole Alkaloids Using Copper‐Mediated 6π‐Electrocyclization
Authors: Itoh Tomoki , Abe Takumi , Choshi Tominari , Nishiyama Takashi , Yanada Reiko , Ishikura Minoru
Published: April 2016

Concise syntheses of 9‐methoxyellipticine, 3,4‐dihydroellipticine (µ‐alkaloid D), 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroellipticine, 2‐methyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroellipticine, olivacine, 3,4‐dihydroolivacine, (±)‐guatambuine, and (±)‐janetine were developed starting from hexatriene intermediates readily obtained by Pd‐catalyzed tandem cyclization/cross‐coupling reaction of indolylborates. The route enables the facile construction of pyrido[4,3‐b]carbazoles by Cu‐catalyzed 6π‐electrocyclization and subsequent transformation of the pyridocarbazole intermediates into pyrido[4,3‐b]carbazole alkaloids.
On the treatment of uncertainties in the development of fragility functions for earthquake loss estimation of building portfolios
Authors: Sousa Luis , Silva Vitor , Marques Mário , Crowley Helen
Published: April 2016

State‐of‐the‐art methods for the assessment of building fragility consider the structural capacity and seismic demand variability in the estimation of the probability of exceeding different damage states. However, questions remain regarding the appropriate treatment of such sources of uncertainty from a statistical significance perspective. In this study, material, geometrical and mechanical properties of a number of building classes are simulated by means of a Monte Carlo sampling process in which the statistical distribution of the aforementioned parameters is taken into consideration. Record selection is performed in accordance with hazard‐consistent distributions of a comprehensive set of intensity measures, and issues related with sufficiency, efficiency, predictability and scaling robustness are addressed. Based on the appraised minimum number of ground motion records required to achieve statistically meaningful estimates of response variability conditioned on different levels of seismic intensity, the concept of conditional fragility functions is presented. These functions translate the probability of exceeding a set of damage states as a function of a secondary sufficient intensity measure, when records are selected and scaled for a particular level of primary seismic intensity parameter. It is demonstrated that this process allows a hazard‐consistent and statistically meaningful representation of uncertainty and correlation in the estimation of intensity‐dependent damage exceedance probabilities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Childhood Anorexia Nervosa Compared with Low Weight Food Intake Disorder Without Weight and Shape‐Related Psychopathology: A Retrospective Study of 102 Patients
Authors: Wallin Ulf , Råstam Maria
Published: April 2016

Objective

To compare the clinical presentation of children with anorexia nervosa (AN group) with that of children with low‐weight food intake disorder without weight and shape‐related psychopathology (non‐AN group).

Method

Medical and psychiatric data were obtained from the case records of a consecutive series of 102 children with an eating disorder and a pronounced low weight who were below the age of 13 at the start of treatment.

Results

Fifty‐eight patients constituted the AN group, and 44 constituted the non‐AN group. The non‐AN group was younger and had a longer duration of symptoms than the AN group. The non‐AN group also had a lower maximum premorbid weight and shorter stature. There were no differences in medical severity, but the AN group had more psychiatric treatment.

Discussion

The non‐AN group seems to have a medically equally severe disorder as the AN group, but is less often detected and properly treated. Copyright © 2016 The Authors European Eating Disorders Review published by Eating Disorders Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Nutritional composition, quality, and shelf stability of processed Ruspolia nitidula (edible grasshoppers)
Authors: Ssepuuya Geoffrey , Mukisa Ivan Muzira , Nakimbugwe Dorothy
Published: April 2016

The nutritional and commercial potential of the edible grasshopper (Ruspolia nitidula, nsenene in Luganda), a delicacy in Uganda and many East African tribes, is limited by a short shelf life and unverified nutritional value. This research established that R. nitidula is nutritious with 36–40% protein, 41–43% fat, 2.5–3.2% carbohydrate, 2.6–3.9% ash, 11.0–14.5% dietary fiber, and 900–2300 μg/100 g total carotenoids on a dry matter basis. Sautéing was the most preferred processing method resulting in grasshoppers with a notably better aroma and flavor. After 12 weeks of storage at room temperature, processed and vacuum packed, ready‐to‐eat grasshoppers maintained their edible quality with an acid value of 3.2 mg KOH/g, a total plate count of log 1.8 cfu/g, and an overall acceptability of 6.7–7.2 on a 9‐point hedonic scale. Further research is required for extending the shelf stability beyond 12 weeks and characterizing the profile of major nutrients.
The role of germline alterations in the DNA damage response genes BRIP1 and BRCA2 in melanoma susceptibility
Authors: Tuominen Rainer , Engström Pär G. , Helgadottir Hildur , Eriksson Hanna , Unneberg Per , Kjellqvist Sanela , Yang Muyi , Lindén Diana , Edsgärd Daniel , Hansson Johan , Höiom Veronica
Published: April 2016

We applied a targeted sequencing approach to identify germline mutations conferring a moderately to highly increased risk of cutaneous and uveal melanoma. Ninety‐two high‐risk melanoma patients were screened for inherited variation in 120 melanoma candidate genes. Observed gene variants were filtered based on frequency in reference populations, cosegregation with melanoma in families and predicted functional effect. Several novel or rare genetic variants in genes involved in DNA damage response, cell‐cycle regulation and transcriptional control were identified in melanoma patients. Among identified genetic alterations was an extremely rare variant (minor allele frequency of 0.00008) in the BRIP1 gene that was found to cosegregate with the melanoma phenotype. We also found a rare nonsense variant in the BRCA2 gene (rs11571833), previously associated with cancer susceptibility but not with melanoma, which showed weak association with melanoma susceptibility in the Swedish population. Our results add to the growing knowledge about genetic factors associated with melanoma susceptibility and also emphasize the role of DNA damage response as an important factor in melanoma etiology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cachexia research in Japan: facts and numbers on prevalence, incidence and clinical impact
Authors: Konishi Masaaki , Ishida Junichi , Springer Jochen , Anker Stefan D. , von Haehling Stephan
Published: April 2016

Even though most clinical data on cachexia have been reported from Western countries, cachexia may be a growing problem in Asia as well, as the population in this area of the world is considerably larger. Considering the current definitions of obesity and sarcopenia in Japan, which are different from the ones in Western countries, the lack of a distinct cachexia definition in Japan is strinking. Only one epidemiological study has reported the prevalence of cachexia using weight loss as part of the definition in patients with stage III or IV non‐small cell lung cancer. Although the reported prevalence of 45.6% is within the range of that in Western countries (28–57% in advanced cancer), we cannot compare the prevalence of cachexia in other types of cancer, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and kidney disease (CKD) between Japan and Western countries. In patients with heart failure, one third of Japanese patients has a body mass index <20.3 kg/m2 whereas the prevalence of underweight is 13.6% in reports from Western countries. These results may suggest that there are more cachectic heart failure patients in Japan, or that using the same definition like Western countries leads to gross overestimation of the prevalence of cachexia in Japan. The rate of underweight patients in COPD has been reported as 31–41% in COPD and seems to be high in comparison to the prevalence of cachexia in Western countries (27–35%). The reported lowest quartile value of BMI (19.6 kg/m2) in CKD may match with the prevalence of cachexia in Western countries (30–60%). The number of clinical trials targeting cachexia is very limited in Japan so far.
Salting‐out of bio‐based 2,3‐butanediol from aqueous solutions
Authors: Xie Shaoqu , Zhang Yulei , Zhou Yong , Wang Zeru , Yi Conghua , Qiu Xueqing
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Microbial production of 2,3‐butanediol (2,3‐BD) with different substrates and organisms results in various 2,3‐BD concentration in fermentation broths. The salting‐out of 2,3‐BD from different aqueous solutions with different solute content by four high‐solubility salts (K4P2O7•3H2O, K2HPO4•3H2O, K2CO3, K3PO4•3H2O) were investigated at 298.15 K.

RESULTS

The distribution coefficient and selectivity coefficient of 2,3‐BD were greatly affected by the salt composition and the initial salt concentration, but influenced by the solute content slightly. When the initial K4P2O7 concentration was higher than or equal to 550 g kg−1, 100% of 2,3‐BD from the aqueous solutions was recovered, and more than 97.5% of water was removed.

CONCLUSION

The salting‐out effects of four salts on the aqueous 2,3‐BD solutions were determined in the following order: K4P2O7 >K3PO4 > K2HPO4 >K2CO3. Moreover, the solubility of 2,3‐BD in both phases can be predicted in terms of the initial salt concentration and the solute content. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Robust nonlinear controller based on control Lyapunov function and terminal sliding mode for buck converter
Authors: Mohammadpour Shotorbani Amin , Babaei Ebrahim
Published: April 2016

This paper studies the sliding mode control (SMC) and terminal SMC (TSMC) techniques of output voltage regulation in dc–dc buck converters. In this paper, the conventional terminal sliding manifold (TSM), fast terminal sliding manifold, and adaptive terminal sliding manifold are investigated by using hysteresis‐modulated control. In addition, proportional‐integral‐derivative‐shaped TSM, PI‐shaped TSM, and proportional‐integral‐derivative‐integral‐shaped TSM are proposed in order to overcome the problems of conventional TSMs. Furthermore, a new continuous controller based on control Lyapunov function (CLF), with pre‐settable‐fixed switching frequency, is suggested. CLF‐based controller (CLF‐bC) is also adapted to the discontinuous digital input of the buck converter. In the proposed CLF‐bC, the switching frequency is completely independent and pre‐settable. Stabilization, reference tracking, high performance dynamic response, robustness against parameter uncertainties, and rejection of disturbances (e.g., input voltage changes and load variations) are some advantages of the proposed controllers. Impact of the controllers' parameters on the performance of the system is also summarized. Finite‐time stability of TSMs and proposed CLF‐bC, and the robustness of CLF‐bC against parameter variations and disturbances are mathematically proved. Performance of the proposed Adaptive TSMC (ATSMC), proportional‐integral‐derivative‐TSMC, and CLF‐bC has been verified through matlab simulations and compared with the conventional SMC and TSMC strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basic Concept of Tailored Bars
Authors: Biesenbach Jens , Neukum Jörg
Published: April 2016

Direct diode lasers are, in principle, more efficient and smaller than classic solid‐state lasers. But the combination of multiple beams from hundreds of individual emitters requires beam shaping and lensing at the expense of efficiency. At the costs for the micro‐optical elements and alignment, the efforts for super‐imposing of individual emitters with different techniques, assumption of the economic superiority over solid‐state laser sources is not so readily apparent — so far.
Hybrid Manufacturing of Turbine Components
Authors: Boehm Volker
Published: April 2016

The energy sector and, above all, the aerospace and MRO (maintenance, repair and overhaul) markets, will be growing significantly over the next decades. This will increase the price for Ni‐based alloys, super alloys, titanium aluminide (TiAl) and stainless steel enormously. The complexity of part geometry, higher product quality, parts machined to higher precision, shorter production time and a lower reject rate will lead to a new production and process strategy.