bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of Hydrated Electrons in Irradiated Frozen Sugar Solutions
Authors: Elliott W. R.
Published: October 2006

Yields of free radicals in irradiated aqueous solutions of saccharides at 77°K are larger and qualitatively different from those observed in the components alone. In addition, a blue color results only with the solution. The mechanism proposed to explain the observations is the stabilization of hydrated electrons by the solute.
Health, Population, and Economic Development
Authors: Taylor Carl E. , Hall Marie-Françoise
Published: October 2006

Health as a basic human value is particularly important to people in the developing world. Rates of economic development lower than had been hoped for and ever more steeply rising population growth have precipitated a reaction against public health programs. Among economists, agriculturalists, and even health professionals the philosophy arose that one should "hold back" on using modern weapons against disease because they are "too effective." To satisfy the recognized popular demand, simple and relatively ineffective measures of curative medicine could be substituted. It was said that the emphasis should be, instead, on agriculture, community development, education, and industrialization and that family planning should be pushed as a separate program. Documentation presented here sharply challenges such a point of view. No segment of the total development process can be effective without the other sectors.
Distribution of Circulation Rates within a Single Tissue Type
Authors: Hills B. A.
Published: October 2006

An analysis is undertaken to determine the continuous distribution of circulation rates which would be necessary for a single tissue type to display a simple exponential response for the exchange of a solute with blood. It is shown that there can be no more than one real solution. This indicates that heterogeneous circulation cannot be invoked to explain anomalies to the popular assumption that blood perfusion is the process limiting the rate of blood-tissue exchange.
Charge Transfer between Raindrops
Authors: Sartor J. D. , Atkinson W. R.
Published: October 2006

Electric discharges between free-falling drops have been observed and studied quantitatively in the laboratory. These data and information from terrestrial thunderstorms suggest that augmentation of the UHF temperature of thunderstorms by discharges could amount to 117°K. If similar discharges occurred in the atmosphere or on the surface (or in both regions) of Venus, 1.4 × 10
6
discharges per second per square meter would be required to produce the microwave temperature observed (approximately 650°K). It is not probable that such radiation supplies the whole microwave temperature observed; some fraction must be true thermal radiation as described by Plummer and Strong, in which case the probable number of required discharges is reduced accordingly.
Electric Currents Accompanying Tornado Activity
Authors: Brook Marx
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the magnetic field and earth current in the vicinity of a tornado show large step-like deflections coincident with the touching down of the funnel. Calculations with a simple current model indicate that a minimum current of several hundred amperes must be postulated to account for the observed deflection in magnetic field. The existence of a steady current of 225 amperes for a period of about 10 minutes provides joule heat at the rate of approximately 10
10
joules per second, and involves a total charge transfer of 135,000 coulombs. The calculations imply that a tornado is electrically equivalent to several hundred isolated thunderstorm cells active simultaneously.
Polycystic Renal Disease: A New Experimental Model
Authors: Perey Daniel Y. E. , Herdman Roger C. , Good Robert A.
Published: October 2006

A single injection of any one of several long-acting adrenal corticosteroids at birth induces progressive cystic changes in nephrons which develop in the subcapsular zone of the rabbit kidney until 10 days after birth. These cystic lesions enlarge progressively and become visible within a few days after birth. When the animal is 2 weeks old, renal size has become three times as large as that of uninjected littermates. Adrenal corticosteroids prolong the duration of nephrogenic activity in the renal cortex. The cysts are blind and represent dilatation of the developing end of the collecting ducts. When the steroid-induced hypokalemia is prevented with repeated potassium chloride injections, renal cystic disease is almost completely prevented. Certain long-acting steroids induce cystic renal changes without systemic signs of toxicity.
Crystal Structure of the 1 : 1 Complex of 5-Fluorouracil and 9-Ethylhypoxanthine
Authors: Kim Sung-Hou , Rich Alexander
Published: October 2006

9-Ethylhypoxanthine and 5-fluorouracil form a 1 : 1 crystalline complex. The structure of this complex has been solved by x-ray diffraction analysis. The molecules crystallize in a monoclinic lattice and form a sheet structure in which pairs of fluorouracil molecules are held together by two hydrogen bonds. The 9-ethylhypoxanthine residues fill up the rest of the molecular sheet by forming single hydrogen bonds with each uracil pair.
Radium-226 and Radon-222: Concentration in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Authors: Broecker Wallace S. , Li Yuan Hui , Cromwell John
Published: October 2006

Measurements of radon-222 in seawater suggest the following. The radium-226 content of surface water in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is uniformly close to about 4 × 10
-14
gram per liter. The deep Pacific has a concentration of radium-226 that is four times higher and the deep Atlantic a concentration twice as high as that of the surface. These distribution profiles can be explained by the same particle-settling rate for radium-226 from surface to depth for the two oceans and by a threefold longer residence time of water in the deep Pacific than in the deep Atlantic. The vertical distribution of the deficiency of radon-222 in the surface water of the northwest Pacific Ocean suggests a coefficient of vertical eddy diffusion as high as 120 square centimeters per second and a gas-exchange rate for carbon dioxide in surface water between 14 and 60 moles per square meter per year. Vertical profiles of the excess of radon-222 in near-bottom water of the South Atlantic give coefficients of vertical eddy diffusion ranging from 1.5 to more than 50 square centimeters per second.
Gangliosides in Isolated Neurons and Glial Cells
Authors: Derry D. M. , Wolfe L. S.
Published: October 2006

Gangliosides occur in much greater amounts in clean isolated neurons and in the neuropil teased from immediately around the neuron cell body and dendrites than in isolated clumps of glial cells. Since the zone of neuropil adjacent to neurons is richest in terminal axons and synaptic endings, these findings indicate a specific concentration of these sialoglycolipids in synaptic membranes.
Serotonin-Mediated Endocytosis of apCAM: an Early Step of Learning-Related Synaptic Growth in
Aplysia
Authors: Bailey Craig H. , Chen Mary , Keller Flavio , Kandel Eric R.
Published: October 2006

The long-term facilitation of synaptic efficacy that is induced by serotonin in dissociated cell cultures of sensory and motor neurons of
Aplysia
is accompanied by the growth of new synaptic connections. This growth is associated with a down-regulation in the sensory neuron of
Aplysia
cell adhesion molecules (apCAMs). To examine the mechanisms of this down-regulation, thin-section electron microscopy was combined with immunolabeling by gold-conjugated monoclonal antibodies specific to apCAM. Within 1 hour, serotonin led to a 50% decrease in the density of gold-labeled complexes at the surface membrane of the sensory neuron. This down-regulation was achieved by a heterologous, protein synthesis-dependent activation of the endosomal pathway, which leads to internalization and apparent degradation of apCAM. The internalization is particularly prominent at sites where the processes of the sensory neurons contact one another and may act there to destabilize process-to-process contacts that normally inhibit growth. In turn, the endocytic activation may lead to a redistribution of membrane components to sites where new synapses form.
Avena magna
: An Important New Tetraploid Species of Oats
Authors: Murphy H. C. , Sadanaga K. , Zillinsky F. J. , Terrell E. E. , Smith R. T.
Published: October 2006

Avena magna
is a new tetraploid species morphologically similar to the hexaploid
A. sterilis
, having a high concentration of protein, large caryopses, and outstanding resistance to crown rust. One genome in
A. magna
appears homologous to the A
S
genome present in hexaploid, tetraploid, and one group of diploid species.
Avena magna
is a possible ancestor of cultivated oats.
Infrared Color Photography: Selective Demonstration of Bacteria
Authors: Casida L. E.
Published: October 2006

A microscopic procedure employs infrared color photography to enable visualization of unstained microorganisms in natural habitats. The procedure can be used for either living or dead microorganisms; it enables visualization of microbial cells embedded within component materials of the habitat.
Macrophage Cultures: An Extracellular Esterase
Authors: Wiener Edith , Levanon Daniel
Published: October 2006

An enzyme having esterase activity accumulates in the culture media of mouse peritoneal mononuclear leukocytes during differentiation of the cells into macrophages. It has a
p
H optimum of 6.5 and shows aryl esterase characteristics. The esterase differs from another macrophage hydrolase, acid phosphatase, in its mainly extracellular distribution.
Corticotropin Release: Inhibition by Intrahypothalamic Implantation of Atropine
Authors: Hedge G. A. , Smelik P. G.
Published: October 2006

Anterior hypothalamic implantations of crystalline atropine markedly inhibit the adrenocortical responses evoked by surgical stress, ether anesthesia, or intravenous injection of arginine vasopressin. Similar implants in nearby regions of the brain or sham implantations in the same region were ineffective. The data suggest that the hypothalamic control of pituitary corticotropin may have a cholinergic component.
Synthesis of a Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid under Simulated Prebiotic Conditions
Authors: Steinman Gary , Smith Adolph E. , Silver Joseph J.
Published: October 2006

Ultraviolet irradiation of an aqueous solution of ammonium thiocyanate produces the sulfur-containing amino acid methionine. Synthesis of this class of biocompound fills another important gap in development of an overall picture of how prebiological chemistry may have evolved on primitive Earth.
Observation Learning in Cats
Authors: John E. Roy , Chesler Phyllis , Bartlett Frank , Victor Ira
Published: October 2006

In two experiments cats acquired a stimulus-controlled approach or avoidance response by observational or conventional shaping procedures. Observer cats acquired the avoidance response (hurdle jumping in response to a buzzer stimulus) significantly faster and made fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. Observer cats acquired the approach response (lever pressing for food in response to a light stimulus) with significantly fewer errors than cats that were conventionally trained. In some cases, observer cats committed one or no errors while reaching criterion.
Exercise: Effects on Hexokinase Activity in Red and White Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Peter J. B. , Jeffress R. N. , Lamb D. R.
Published: October 2006

Single bouts of exercise increase hexokinase activity in red and white skeletal muscle of guinea pigs. Multiple bouts of exercise cause twofold increases. In contrast to other enzymes associated with glycolysis, hexokinase activity is higher in red than in white skeletal muscle.
X-Linked Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Deficiency: Heterozygote Has Two Clonal Populations
Authors: Migeon Barbara R. , Der Kaloustian Vazken M. , Nyhan William L. , Young William J. , Childs Barton
Published: October 2006

Clones of skin fibroblasts cultured from the mother of two sons with X-linked hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) were assayed for activity of this enzyme by measurement of the incorporation of
3
H-guanine into guanylic acid as counts per minute per microgram of protein and by autoradiography. The demonstration of two populations of clones, wild-type clones with normal enzyme activity and mutant clones unable to incorporate
3
H-guanine, is evidence that the locus for hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase on one of the X chromosomes is inactive.
Mode of Chemical Degradation of
s
-Triazines by Montmorillonite
Authors: Russell J. D. , Cruz Maribel , White J. L. , Bailey G. W. , Payne W. R. , Pope J. D. , Teasley J. I.
Published: October 2006

Chemical hydrolysis of the
s
-triazines after interaction with less than 2-micron (equivalent spherical diameter) montmorillonite clay occurs as a result of protonation at the colloidal surface; protonation occurs even when the exchange sites are occupied by metallic cations. The adsorbed hydrolytic degradation product is not the hydroxy analog, but it is predominantly the keto form of the protonated hydroxy species. This cationic form is held tightly by the clay which may restrict vertical movement and entrance into groundwater. Protonation of the hydroxy analog occurs on the heterocyclic ring nitrogen.
Human Organ Transplantation: Background and Consequences
Authors: Murray Joseph E.
Published: October 2006

The story of the renal transplant program of the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now the Brigham and Women's Hospital) in Boston weaves together three distinct threads: the study of renal disease, the phenomenon of skin grafting in twins, and the development of surgical procedures ultimately leading to the use of chemical immunosuppression. The common leitmotiv is one of a single event or report proving to be decisive. Unanticipated consequences of successful human organ transplantation include the reorganization of clinical and nonclinical disciplines, national and international cooperation in organ preservation and distribution, tissue-typing as a marker for disease, redefinition of death in terms of brain function, better understanding of disease processes, and new health care quandaries that result from the scarcity of organ donors.
Silicification of
Betula
Woody Tissue in vitro
Authors: Drum Ryan W.
Published: October 2006

Pieces of
Betula
twigs were placed in solutions of sodium metasilicate (5,000 to 10,000 parts per million) and allowed to remain for 12 to 24 hours, after which they were washed and wet-ashed with chromic acid. Opaline silica was deposited on inner surfaces of cell walls so that silica replicas of the various types of cell lumens were produced. Entire twigs were not replicated intact, but macroscopic replicas of cell aggregates were common. Carbon replicas of the silica replicas provide an unusual view of cellular spaces in woody tissue. The pits were viewed as projections from cells rather than holes in cell walls. This technique offers a new way of examining woody tissue and a method for deliberate petrification in a relatively short period of time under laboratory conditions.
Neural Processing of Backwards-Speech Sounds
Authors: Kimura Doreen , Folb Sidney
Published: October 2006

When sounds such as those produced by reverse playback of recorded speech are presented to left and right ears of normal subjects, the sounds arriving at the right ear are more accurately identified than those arriving at the left. These findings are comparable to the right-ear superiority demonstrated with normal speech sounds, and contrast with the left-ear superiority for musical and other non-speech sounds. It is suggested that the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of speech and non-speech sounds are not differentiated along the dimension of conceptual content.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Antibody: A Method to Detect Its Primary Interaction with Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Wold Richard T. , Young Frank E. , Tan Eng M. , Farr Richard S.
Published: October 2006

Antibody to DNA in human serums can be detected by the ammonium sulfate method. This sensitive and specific technique, which measures the primary interaction between DNA and antibody to DNA, is based on the observation that free DNA is soluble in 50-percent saturated ammonium sulfate whereas antibody-bound DNA is insoluble.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Eggshell Changes in Raptorial and Fish-Eating Birds
Authors: Hickey Joseph J. , Anderson Daniel W.
Published: October 2006

Catastrophic declines of three raptorial species in the United States have been accompanied by decreases in eggshell thickness that began in 1947, have amounted to 19 percent or more, and were identical to phenomena reported in Britain. In 1967, shell thickness in herring gull eggs from five states decreased with increases in chlorinated hydrocarbon residues.
Chemotactic and Anaphylatoxic Fragment Cleaved from the Fifth Component of Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Shin Hyun S. , Snyderman Ralph , Friedman Eileen , Mellors Alice , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: October 2006

The fifth component of guinea pig complement, with a sedimentation coefficient 7.8
S
, is cleaved by sensitized sheep erythrocytes treated with the first four components of complement into two fragments with sedimentation coefficients of 7.4
S
and 1.5
S
. The smaller fragment, with a molecular weight of about 15,000, possesses chemotactic activity for rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, as well as anaphylatoxic activity for guinea pig ileum.
D-Lactate Specific Pyridine Nucleotide Lactate Dehydrogenase in Animals
Authors: Long George L. , Kaplan Nathan O.
Published: October 2006

A survey of representative invertebrates has revealed the presence of pyridine nucleotide-linked D-lactate dehydrogenase in a number of groups. All species studied contained either D-or L-lactate dehydrogenase, but no species contained both enzymes. The D-lactate dehydrogenase from Limulus polyphemus has been purified and has a molecular weight of 65,000.
Neuronal Coding by Cortical Cells of the Frequency of Oscillating Peripheral Stimuli
Authors: Hyvarinen Juhani , Sakata Hideo , Talbot William H. , Mountcastle Vernon B.
Published: October 2006

One class of neurons in the somatic sensory cortex of unanesthetized monkeys is rhythmically entrained by sinusoidal mechanical stimulation of the skin of the hand at low frequencies. A second class, which is linked to Pacinian afferents, increases its rate of discharge in response to high-frequency peripheral stimuli but is not entrained. The vibratory sense is served by two distinct classes of cortical cells. The code for the group sensitive to low-frequency stimuli is the temporal order of impulses; for the high-frequency group the code is the labeled line.
No Requirement for p56

lck

in the Antigen-Stimulated Clonal Deletion of Thymocytes
Authors: Nakayama Kei-ichi , Loh Dennis Y.
Published: October 2006

Activation of protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is required for signal transduction during T cell activation, although the pathway used during thymic selection is unknown. An in vitro system was established in which T cell receptor transgenic thymocytes underwent clonal deletion in response to peptide antigen. The effects of two PTK-specific inhibitors, herbimycin A and genistein, on the clonal deletion of immature thymocytes and the activation of mature thymocytes were examined. Clonal deletion occurred while T cell activation was inhibited and when no p56

lck

activity was evident. Thus, p56

lck

is not required for the antigen-stimulated step of clonal deletion of immature thymocytes, and negative selection proceeds via a distinct pathway.
Seismic Waves Reflected from Discontinuities within Earth's Upper Mantle
Authors: Engdahl Eric R. , Flinn Edward A.
Published: October 2006

Precursors to normal seismic waves of the
PKPPKP
type in the distance range of 55° to 75° are ascribed to reflection of this phase from within the earth's upper mantle. The new observations confirm the existence of a sharply defined transition zone, probably worldwide in extent, at a depth of approximately 650 kilometers. These data are shown to be a useful tool for the study of upper mantle structure on a global basis.
Hibernation Induced in Ground Squirrels by Blood Transfusion
Authors: Dawe Albert R. , Spurrier Wilma A.
Published: October 2006

Natural mammalian hibernation was continuously maintained under laboratory conditions throughout spring and summer seasons in a colony of thirteen-lined ground squirrels by serial transfusional passage of blood from hibernating animals to active animals. This procedure successfully produced hibernation in animals until late summer, at which time naturally occurring (spontaneous) hibernations occurred in the colony, thus terminating the experiment.
Mimicry of Hymenoptera by Beetles with Unconventional Flight
Authors: Silberglied Robert E. , Eisner Thomas
Published: October 2006

Flower-visiting beetles of the genus
Acmaeodera
(Buprestidae) bear a striking resemblance to Hymenoptera in flight. Unlike most other beetles, they fly with their membranous hindwings only, and their forewings, which are inseparably coupled and permanently held over the abdomen, bear color markings commonly found on the abdomens of bees and wasps.
Prostaglandin Stimulation of Rat Corticosteroidogenesis
Authors: Flack J. D. , Jessup R. , Ramwell P. W.
Published: October 2006

Prostaglandins and their C20:ω6 fatty acid precursors are present in rat adrenal glands. Small doses of prostaglandins (PGE
1
, PGE
2
, or PGF
1α
, 1.4 to 2.4 micromolar) increased steroidogenesis in the superfused adrenal glands obtained from hypophysectomized rats. This effect was mimicked in part by both adrenocorticotropin and its postulated intracellular intermediate adenosine 3ω,5ω-cyclic monophosphate; all three responses were inhibited by cycloheximide.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Fixed, Frozen, and Dried Protozoa
Authors: Small Eugene B. , Marszalek Donald S.
Published: October 2006

Selected protozoa were examined with a scanning electron microscope. The natural shape of the body and surface organelles were revealed. Chemical fixation and freeze-drying techniques described here permit a new approach to the study of protozoa.
Selection of a Variant Lymphoma Cell Deficient in Adenylate Cyclase
Authors: Bourne Henry R. , Coffino P. , Tomkins G. M.
Published: October 2006

Isoproterenol, a stimulator of adenylate cyclase, was used to select a stable variant clone of mouse lymphosarcoma cells deficient in the enzyme. The inability of four different stimulators to activate cyclic adenosine monophosphate synthesis in the variant, in contrast to its wild-type parent, implies that in normal cells one type of adenylate cyclase molecule can respond to different activators.
Diphtheria Toxin Submit Active in vitro
Authors: Collier R. J. , Cole Heather A.
Published: October 2006

Exposure of diphtheria toxin to dithiothreitol (and similar thiols) resulted in a subunit which was active in catalyzing the adenosine diphosphateribosylation of mammalian aminoacyl-transferase II in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. At the same time there was a marked increase in total ADP-ribosylation activity. A molecule which was apparently identical to the derived subunit in size and activity was detected in partially purified preparations of toxin.
Bacterial Growth Rates above 90°C in Yellowstone Hot Springs
Authors: Bott Thomas L. , Brock Thomas D.
Published: October 2006

Growth rates of bacteria living in boiling springs have been measured by determining rate of increase in cell numbers on microscope slides immersed in the springs. Distinction between growth and passive attachment was made with ultraviolet radiation. In all cases, slides irradiated at intervals had significantly fewer bacteria than controls. Estimated generation times ranged from 2 to 7 hours, values which are comparable to those of aquatic bacteria living in less extreme environments.
Potassium Enrichments in Interstitial Waters of Recent Marine Sediments
Authors: Mangelsdorf P. C. , Wilson T. R. S. , Daniell Ellen
Published: October 2006

Potassium enrichments in marine sediments have been reported which would imply a rate of diffusion of potassium into the oceans much larger than any of the know rates of addition or removal by other mechanisms. Experiments with mixtures of seawater and clay suggest that spurious enrichments can be produced if sediment samples are allowed to warm up before the pore water is expressed.
Rare-Earth Elements and High Pressures
Authors: Fisk Zachary , Matthias Bernd T.
Published: October 2006

Praseodymium, under very high pressures, shows a magnetic behavior similar to that of cerium at normal pressure.
Circadian Rhythm of Cell Division in
Euglena
: Effects of a Random Illumination Regimen
Authors: Edmunds Leland N. , Funch Roy R.
Published: October 2006

A persisting, "free-running," circadian rhythm of cell division in autotrophically grown
Euglena gracilis
is obtained upon placing either an exponentially increasing population or a culture that has been synchronized by a 10:14 light-dark cycle in a random illumination regimen that affords a total of 8 hours of light each 24 hours. These results are interpreted as implicating an endogenous biological clock which "gates" the specific event of cell division in the cell developmental cycle.
Hurler's Syndrome: Deficiency of a Specific Beta Galactosidase Isoenzyme
Authors: Ho Mae Wan , O'Brien John S.
Published: October 2006

A marked deficiency of a specific thermolabile β-galactosidase isoenzyme (
p
H optimum 3 to 5) was found in liver and kidney tissues of five patients with the Hurler's syndrome (types 1 to 3).
Orientation of the Dipole Moments of Hydroxyl Groups in Oxidized and Unoxidized Biotite
Authors: Juo A. S. R. , White J. L.
Published: October 2006

Observations of the infrared absorption bands attributed to the stretching vibrations of hydroxyl groups in biotite containing predominantly ferrous iron show that the dipole moments of the hydroxyls associated with ferrous iron are oriented perpendicular to the cleavage plane of the lattice. Oxidation in the biotite from ferrous iron to ferric iron results in the disappearance of the infrared absorption bands due to the hydroxyls associated with ferrous iron. The dipole moments of the hydroxyls associated with ferric iron in the oxidized biotite have been shown to be in an inclined position with respect to the cleavage plane. Our experiments confirm the hypothesis of Barshad and Kishk regarding the effect of oxidation on the replaceability of interlayer potassium ions in biotite by ammonium ions.
Obstructive Lung Disease and α
1
-Antitrypsin Deficiency Gene Heterozygosity
Authors: Kueppers F. , Fallat R. , Larson R. K.
Published: October 2006

The phenotypes of serum α
1
-antitrypsin were determined by antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis. There were five homozygotes and 25 heterozygotes for the deficiency gene found in a group of 103 patients with obstructive lung disease. The frequency of heterozygotes was 14 and 9 percent in two control groups with different mean ages of 36 and 80. There was only one heterozygote among 39 healthy males over 70 years of age. Heterozygosity may be a predisposing factor in chronic obstructive lung disease, especially in the male population.
Nitrogen Fixation by
Gloeocapsa
Authors: Wyatt J. T. , Silvey J. K. G.
Published: October 2006

The continuous growth in a medium free of combined nitrogen and the experimental production of ethylene via acetylene reduction indicate that nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae is not solely confined to filamentous genera with heterocysts. Axenic cultures of
Gloeocapsa
sp., adapted to nitrate-free medium, form ethylene at rates comparable to those of species known to fix nitrogen.
Underground Nuclear Explosions and the Control of Earthquakes
Authors: Emiliani Cesare , Harrison Christopher G. A. , Swanson Mary
Published: October 2006

Underground nuclear explosions trigger significant earthquake activity for at least 32 hours afterward and to distances up to at least 860 kilometers. The proposed Amchitka test may be used to study the feasibility of employing high-yield underground nuclear explosions to release stresses accumulating in the lithosphere. Periodical explosions along active fault zones may be used to prevent disastrous earthquakes.
Identification of a Site in Glutamate Receptor Subunits That Controls Calcium Permeability
Authors: Hume Richard I. , Dingledine Raymond , Heinemann Stephen F.
Published: October 2006

The neurotransmitter glutamate mediates excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the brain. A family of genes encoding subunits of the non-
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) type of glutamate receptor has been cloned. Some combinations of these subunits assemble into receptors with a substantial permeability to calcium, whereas others do not. To investigate the structural features that control ion permeation through these ligand-gated channels, mutant receptor subunits with single-amino acid changes were constructed. Mutation of a certain amino acid that results in a net charge change (from glutamine to arginine or vice versa) alters both the current-voltage relation and the calcium permeability of non-NMDA receptors. A site has thus been identified that regulates the permeation properties of these glutamate receptors.
Suppression of Tumorigenicity in Wilms Tumor by the p15.5-p14 Region of Chromosome 11
Authors: Dowdy Steven F. , Fasching Clare L. , Araujo Diana , Lai Kin-Man , Livanos Elizabeth , Weissman Bernard E. , Stanbridge Eric J.
Published: October 2006

Wilms tumor has been associated with genomic alterations at both the 11p13 and 11p15 regions. To differentiate between the involvement of these two loci, a chromosome 11 was constructed that had one or the other region deleted, and this chromosome was introduced into the tumorigenic Wilms tumor cell line G401. When assayed for tumor-forming activity in nude mice, the 11p13-deleted, but not the 11p15.5-p14.1-deleted chromosome, retained its ability to suppress tumor formation. These results provide in vivo functional evidence for the existence of a second genetic locus (WT2) involved in suppressing the tumorigenic phenotype of Wilms tumor.
Activation of a Small GTP-Binding Protein by Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase
Authors: Randazzo Paul A. , Northup John K. , Kahn Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Genes that encode nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDKs) have been implicated as regulators of mammalian tumor metastasis and development in
Drosophila melanogaster
. However, the cellular pathways through which NDKs function are not known. One potential mechanism of regulation is phosphorylation of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) bound to regulatory guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins. NDK-catalyzed phosphorylation of bound GDP was investigated for the adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor (ARF), a 21-kilodalton GTP-binding protein that functions in the protein secretion pathway. Bovine liver NDK, recombinant human NDK, and the protein product of the mouse gene nm23-1, which suppresses the metastatic potential of certain tumor cells, used ARF⋅GDP as a substrate, thereby allowing rapid and efficient production of activated ARF (ARF⋅GTP) in the absence of nucleotide exchange. These data are consistent with the proposed function of NDK as an activator of a small GTP-binding protein and provide a mechanism of activation for a regulatory GTP-binding protein that is independent of nucleotide exchange.
Shallow Scattering Layer in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean: Detection by High-Frequency Echo Sounder
Authors: Barraclough W. E. , LeBrasseur R. J. , Kennedy O. D.
Published: October 2006

Shallow scattering layers consisting mainly of
Calanus cristatus
were detected on a trans-Pacific crossing to depths of 60 meters with a high-frequency echo sounder. Biomass estimates of these layers indicate concentrations of zooplankton that are greater and more extensive than previously reported in the open ocean.
Fungal Endogenous Rhythms Expressed by Spiral Figures
Authors: Bourret J. A. , Lincoln R. G. , Carpenter B. H.
Published: October 2006

Culture zonations in two fungi,
Nectria cinnabarina
and
Penicillium diversum
, are expressions of endogenous rhythms. These culture zonations may take the form of either concentric rings or Archimedes' spirals. The rhythm in
N. cinnabarina
is noncircadian. The rhythm in
P. diversum
is relatively insensitive to temperature and has a period of approximately 24 hours. The lack of a demonstrable mechanism for phase shifting suggests that this rhythm may also be noncircadian.
X-ray Diffraction Studies of Echinoderm Plates
Authors: Donnay Gabrielle , Pawson David L.
Published: October 2006

X-ray diffraction studies confirm that, with few exceptions, each skeletal element of echinoderms is a single crystal of magnesium-rich calcite and that a relation exists between the shape of the element and the crystallographic
a
- and
c
-axes. The exceptions include the teeth of echinoids, and the calcareous ring as well as the anal teeth of holothurians. The tubercles of an echinoid plate begin their growth as parts of the single crystal of the plate; under the mechanical action of the spines that are attached to them, they become partly polycrystalline, as shown by scanning electron microscopy and by x-ray powder diffraction. The interface between inorganic crystalline and organic amorphous matter in the skeletal element appears to be the first example reported in nature of a periodic minimal surface.
Phosphorus-Proton Spin-Spin Coupling and Conformation of a Dinucleoside Phosphate
Authors: Tsuboi Masamichi , Takahashi Seizo , Kyogoku Yoshimasa , Hayatsu Hikoya , Ukita Tyunosin , Kainosho Masatsune
Published: October 2006

The phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of β-adenosine-3′-β-adenosine-5′-phosphoric acid in its aqueous solution (
p
H = 9.2) was studied. The signal consisted of eight peaks caused by the spin-spin coupling of the phosphorus nucleus with three protons, two on the 5′ carbon, and one on the 3′ carbon. The coupling constants were 3.4, 6.5, and 8.1 hertz; from these values the dihedral angles of the three P-O-C-H systems were estimated.
Crystalline Transfer RNA: The Three-Dimensional Patterson Function at 12-Angstrom Resolution
Authors: Kim Sung-Hou , Rich Alexander
Published: October 2006

An orthorhombic form of crystalline formylmethionine transfer RNA has been obtained which contains one molecule as the asymmetric unit of the unit cell. Three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data have been collected up to a resolution of 12 angstroms, and from this a Patterson function has been calculated. The function contains an elongated ridge of interatomic vectors parallel to the c-axis of the crystal. Analysis of the function suggests that the molecules are elongated and dimerized in an overlapping antiparallel fashion along the c-axis. The dimer has a length near 109 angstroms and a width of 35 angstroms in one direction. The individual molecular length is approximately 80 angstroms with an irregular cross section measuring 25 by 35 angstroms.
Neuromuscular Contacts in Intracranial Arteries of the Cat
Authors: Nelson E. , Rennels M.
Published: October 2006

Nerves of intracranial arteries of the cat were restricted to adventitia, with neuromuscular contacts observed only at the border of adventitia and media. Axons of such neuromuscular contacts possessed at least two different populations of synaptic vesicles. One axonal type contained many small (500 angstroms in diameter) granular vesicles and occasional agranular vesicles. The other contained only agranular vesicles.
Specific Heats of Lunar Surface Materials from 90 to 350 Degrees Kelvin
Authors: Robie Richard A. , Hemingway Bruce S. , Wilson William H.
Published: October 2006

The specific heats of lunar samples 10057 and 10084 returned by the Apollo 11 mission have been measured between 90 and 350 degrees Kelvin by use of an adiabatic calorimeter. The samples are representative of type A vesicular basalt-like rocks and of finely divided lunar soil. The specific heat of these materials changes smoothly from about 0.06 calorie per gram per degree at 90 degrees Kelvin to about 0.2 calorie per gram per degree at 350 degrees Kelvin. The thermal parameter γ = (kρC)
-½
for the lunar surface will accordingly vary by a factor of about 2 between lunar noon and midnight.
Dentin Matrix Transformation: Rapid Induction of Alkaline Phosphatase and Cartilage
Authors: Huggins Charles B. , Urist Marshall R.
Published: October 2006

An acid-insoluble fraction of rat dentin rapidly initiates a chain reaction in mesenchyma after allogeneic transplantation to the subcutaneous tissues. The tooth matrix induced alkaline phosphatase activity within 24 hours; cartilage appeared within 5 days; bone and bone marrow formed within 14 days. The induced cartilage disappeared within 5 weeks, but bone persisted at least 1 year.
Cortical Unit Activity in Desynchronized Sleep
Authors: McCarley Robert W. , Hobson J. Allan
Published: October 2006

Bursts of unit firing associated with surface positive electroencephalogram waves and rapid eye movements account for the mean increase in discharge rate in desynchronized sleep over that of the synchronized phase. Firing rate begins to change toward the value it will assume in desynchronized sleep in the minute before the usual electrographic criteria of desynchronized sleep are present.
Mariner 6: Origin of Mars Ionized Carbon Dioxide Ultraviolet Spectrum
Authors: Dalgarno A. , Degges T. C. , Stewart A. I.
Published: October 2006

The predicted intensities of the ionized carbon dioxide (CO
2
+) emission feature at 2890 angstroms and the Fox-Duffendack-Barker bands are 5.2 and 19.9 kilorayleighs, respectively, for a vertical column. Direct photoionization of carbon dioxide by solar radiation contributes 3.5 and 4.1 kilorayleighs, respectively, and fluorescent scattering by CO
2
+, 1.6 and 15.3 kilorayleighs, respectively. Photoelectron impacts are less important.
Somatovisceral Pathway: Rapidly Conducting Fibers in the Spinal Cord
Authors: Fields H. L. , Winter D. L.
Published: October 2006

Fibers that respond to distension of hollow viscera and to mechanical stimulation of somatic structures were found primarily near the ventromedian fissure of the upper lumbar spinal cord. These fibers could be directly excited by electrical stimulation at C
1
. The average conduction velocity for these fibers was 68.6 meters per second.
Heme Requirement for Reproduction of a Free-Living Nematode
Authors: Hieb W. F. , Stokstad E. L. R. , Rothstein Morton
Published: October 2006

The free-living hermaphroditic nematode
Caernorhabditis briggsae
has a nutritional requirement for heme. The organism can be subcultured repeatedly in a chemically defined axenic medium that contains autoclaved bacterial cells (
Escherichia coli
) and sterols if a hemeprotein-containing fraction from liver is present. Pure myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome c, and hemin, respectively, can substitute effectively for the liver fraction.
Xenon Hexafluoride: Structure of a Cubic Phase at -80°C
Authors: Burbank R. D. , Jones G. R.
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of a cubic phase of composition XeF
6
has been determined at -80°C. There are no simple molecules in the complex structure which involves 1008 atoms distributed over 1600 positions per unit cell. Ions of XeF
5
+ and F- are associated in tetrameric and hexameric rings of point group symmetries 4̅ and 32, respectively. The structure contains right-and left-handed conformations of both tetramers and hexamers. The handedness of the tetramers is disordered but the orientation is ordered. The handedness of the hexamers is ordered but the orientation is disordered.
Pleistocene Paleotemperatures
Authors: Emiliani C.
Published: October 2006

The generalized isotopic paleotemperature curve reproduces absolute temperatures to within 1°C; it closely reflects faunal changes; and its time scale is correct to within a very few percent back to at least 175,000 years. The average oxygen isotopic composition of the North American and European ice caps was about -9 per mil.
Teratogenic Evaluation of 2,4,5-T
Authors: Courtney K. Diane , Gaylor D. W. , Hogan M. D. , Falk H. L. , Bates R. R. , Mitchell I.
Published: October 2006

The herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid is teratogenic and fetocidal in two strains of mice when administered either subcutaneously or orally and in one strain of rats when administered orally. The incidences of both cystic kidney and cleft palate were increased in the C57BL/6 mice as well as the incidence of cleft palate in the AKR mice. The incidence of cystic kidney was also increased in the rats. In addition, an increase in the ratio of liver weight to body weight in the mouse fetus and the occurrence of hemorrhagic gastrointestinal tract in the rat fetus suggest that this compound also has fetotoxic properties.
Phanerozoic Stromatolites: Noncompetitive Ecologic Restriction by Grazing and Burrowing Animals
Authors: Garrett Peter
Published: October 2006

The abundance of stromatolites (algal laminated sedimentary structures) in the Precambrian followed by a decline in the Phanerozoic is explained by the evolution and diversification during the Phanerozoic of grazing animals which feed on surface algal mats and of burrowing animals which destroy sedimentary laminations.
Nuclear Explosions and Distant Earthquakes: A Search for Correlations
Authors: Healy J. H. , Marshall P. Anthony
Published: October 2006

An apparent correlation between nuclear explosions and earthquakes has been reported for the events between September 1961 and September 1966. When data from the events between September 1966 and December 1968 are examined, this correlation disappears. No relationship between the size of the nuclear explosions and the number of distant earthquakes is apparent in the data.
Birefringent Filamentous Organelle in BHK-21 Cells and Its Possible Role in Cell Spreading and Motility
Authors: Goldman R. D. , Follett E. A. C.
Published: October 2006

A birefringent structure consisting of a mass of filaments, 100 to 125 angstroms in diameter, appears at certain times during the spreading of a BHK-21 cell in culture. It is involved in the formation of the birefringent streak found in fully spread cells. The structure may be in part responsible for various aspects of cell motility.
Deuterium Content of Snow Cores from Sierra Nevada Area
Authors: Friedman Irving , Smith George I.
Published: October 2006

The relative deuterium content was measured on 37 snow cores collected in April 1969 in the Sierra Nevada. The deuterium content varies inversely with altitude of collection (approximately 40 per mil per 1000 meters) but is unrelated to latitude. The altitude relationship is particularly well defined west of the crest of the range but is not well defined east of the crest. However, samples from east of the crest tend to be depleted by about 10 to 15 per mil relative to samples collected at the same elevation west of the crest. We propose that the deuterium content of snow cores, collected so as to include the total winter's precipitation, can be used as a climatic indicator to compare the climate of one winter with that of another.
Jupiter's Clouds: Structure and Composition
Authors: Lewis John S. , Prinn Ronald G.
Published: October 2006

Recent infrared radiometric observations of Jupiter have disclosed local temperatures in the North Equatorial Belt far in excess of those at the level of the solid ammonia clouds, and visual observations reveal an orange-brown coloration within this belt. We suggest that, in a multilayer cloud model, solar ultraviolet photolysis of hydrogen sulfide in regions where ammonia clouds are sparse or absent should lead to the production of substantial quantities of inorganic chromophores.
Satellite Observations of Lightning
Authors: Vorpahl J. A. , Sparrow J. G. , Ney E. P.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of the positions of nighttime thunderstorms as determined from the detection of optical radiation by satellite OSO-B reveals that ten times as many lightning storms occur over land areas as over the sea.
Racemization of Amino Acids in Sediments from Saanich Inlet, British Columbia
Authors: Kvenvolden Keith A. , Peterson Etta , Brown Frederick S.
Published: October 2006

In sediments spanning the last 9000 years from Saanich Inlet
L
enantiomers of amino acids are most abundant, but the percentages of
D
enantiomers increase with age, apparently because of partial racemization. Of the amino acids measured, glutamic acid and alanine show the greatest degree of racemization; leucine, isoleucine, and valine show the least.
Genetically Controlled Total Deficiency of the Fourth Component of Complement in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Ellman Leonard , Green Ira , Frank Michael
Published: October 2006

Guinea pigs with a total deficiency of the fourth component of complement (C4) have been discovered. There was no evidence for the presence of a C4 inhibitor in the serum of these animals. Mating studies indicate that C4 deficiency is transmitted as a simple autosomal recessive trait. A colony of these animals is being established at the National Institutes of Health. They will provide an opportunity to more precisely define the role of complement in immune phenomena and the defense against disease.
Apollo 12 Lunar Samples: Trace Element Analysis of a Core and the Uniformity of the Regolith
Authors: Ganapathy R. , Keays Reid R. , Anders Edward
Published: October 2006

Four core and soil samples from Apollo 12 are enriched in a number of trace elements of meteoritic origin to virtually the same degree as Apollo 11 soil. An average meteoritic influx rate of about 4 × 10
-9
gram per square centimeter per year thus seems to be valid for the entire moon. A sample from a light gray, coarse-grained layer in the core resembles lunar basalts in composition, but is enriched by factors of 10
4
to 10
5
in bismuth and cadmium.
Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis of a Normal Centriole
Authors: Schafer Paul W. , Chandler John A.
Published: October 2006

A scanning spectrometer with lithium fluoride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and gypsum crystals was used to detect the x-ray spectrum of a normal centriole, the transmitted electron image of which was used to focus the exciting electron beam to the size, shape, and position of the centriole in a 700-angstrom section of intact tissue.
Postembryonic Development of Adult Motor Patterns in Crickets: A Neural Analysis
Authors: Bentley David R. , Hoy Ronald R.
Published: October 2006

Adult crickets have stereotyped patterns of motor output which are generated by the central nervous system, and which serve as a standard against which emerging nymphal patterns can be measured. The neural circuits generating these patterns are not functional at hatching. The pattern elements appear in an ordered sequence over the course of the last four molts. The circuits are completely functional before the final molt. Circuits which might be prematurely activated are suppressed in the nymph by descending inhibition from the brain.
Adenyl Cyclase of Cultured Mammalian Cells: Activation by Catecholamines
Authors: Makman Maynard H.
Published: October 2006

Chang's liver cells and 3T6 mouse embryo fibroblasts contain high amounts of catecholamine-sensitive adenyl cyclase, whereas HeLa cells contain relatively low amounts of activity. Both epinephrine and fluoride ion stimulate activity of each cell line. In contrast to normal liver, Chang's liver cells show greater response to epinephrine and no detectable stimulation by glucagon.