bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Adders Using Hybrid Circuit Consisting of Three-Gate Single-Electron Transistors (TG-SETs) and MOSFETs
Authors: Yu Yunseop , Choi Jungbum
Published: December 2007

A half-adder (HA) and a full-adder (FA) using hybrid circuits combining three-gate single-electron transistors (TG-SETs) with metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) are proposed. The proposed HA consists of three TG-SETs, two enhanced-mode NMOSFETs, and two depletion-mode
NMOSFETs, and the proposed FA consists of eight TG-SETs, two enhanced-mode NMOSFETs, and two depletion-mode NMOSFETs. The complexities in the HA and the FA are 7 and 12, respectively, and the worst-case delays in the HA and the FA are 1.48 ns and 2.25 ns, respectively. Compared with the conventional
CMOS FA with 0.35 μm technology, the proposed FA can be constructed with 0.43 of devices, and can operate with 3.5 of worst-case delay, 1/534 of average power consumption, and 1/152 of power-delay-product (PDP). The proposed HA and FA can be operated as a half-subtractor (HS) and a full-subtractor
(FS) in the case when the levels of the control gates in the HA and the FA are fitly determined. The basic operations of the proposed HA and the proposed FA have been successfully confirmed through SPICE circuit simulation based on the physical device model of TG-SETs.
Solvent-Induced Transition of Hollow Sphere to Giant-Tube from Amphiphilic Rod-Coil-Rod Triblock Copolymers of 2-Vinylpyridine and n-Hexyl Isocyanate
Authors: Rahman M. Shahinur , Changez M. , Samal Shashadhar , Lee Jae-Suk
Published: December 2007

The effect of solvent compositions on the micellization behaviors of amphiphilic poly(n-hexyl isocyanate)-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) (PHIC-b-P2VP-b-PHIC) rod-coil-rod triblock copolymer was studied. In absolute methanol
the block copolymer formed hollow spherical micelles. These micelles transformed into giant-tubes by simply changing the solvent composition. With 20% THF in CH3OH hollow spheres got interconnected and formed species that are precursors of the giant tubes. When the composition of
THF reached 50–70%, long giant tubes are formed. Further increasing THF content in the mixed solvent, fragmentation of the wall of the tubes was observed. In absolute THF, which is the common solvent for both the blocks, the usual phase separation occurred. TEM image of the giant tubes
stained with iodine showed that the core of the tubes is made from PHIC rod block.
Investigation of Potential Alternative Hydrogen Carrier, Mg Supported Zeolite with Temperature Programmed Desorption of NH3
Authors: Cho Sung June , Kim Tak Hee , Jang Young Bae , Lee Jun
Published: December 2007

Magnesium ion exchanged zeolite A was subject to the measurement of the temperature programmed desorption of NH3 to explore the possibility of the potential hydrogen carrier. The result suggested that the Mg supported NaA zeolite released a significant amount of ammonia corresponding
to 1.4 Hwt% hydrogen at around 373 K. Under the same condition after the NH3 adsorption at ambient temperature, the MgCl2 sample released 1.0 Hwt% hydrogen at around 340 K. The present work suggests that the Mg supported zeolite can also be utilized as hydrogen carrier.
Calorie Restriction, Post‐reproductive Life Span, and Programmed Aging
Authors: De GREY AUBREY D. N. J.
Published: December 2007

Abstract:  All scientists are acutely aware of the profound challenge that they face when communicating scientific findings to nonscientists, especially when great uncertainty is involved and when the topic is of personal interest to the general public. Simplification of the issues—sometimes extending to a degree of oversimplification—is a sad but generally recognized necessity. It is not, however, a necessity when scientists communicate with each other, and when that happens, the explanation may lie elsewhere: either in the speaker's vested interests or in overconfidence on the speaker's part in the extent to which he or she has grasped the topic under discussion. Both these explanations are serious allegations and must not be made without good reason, not least because an alternative explanation is often the entirely legitimate preference for scientific “shorthand.” However, when a general tendency toward oversimplification emerges within an expert community, not only in informal interactions but in learned publications, the field in question can suffer a loss of reputation for rigor, which may especially infect younger scientists joining that field (or contemplating joining it). I feel that this has occurred to a dangerous degree within biogerontology in respect of the way in which the effect of the environment on the rate of aging—whether that of an individual organism or of a lineage—is described. There are still important controversies in that area, but I refer here strictly to issues concerning which a thorough consensus exists. In this essay I highlight some fundamental tenets of biogerontology that are frequently, and to my mind problematically, mis‐stated by many in this field in their printed pronouncements. Greater precision on these points will, I believe, benefit biogerontology at many levels, avoiding confusion among biogerontologists, among other biologists, and among the general public.
Clonal Attenuation of Somatic Cells in Aging Mammals: A Review of Supportive Evidence and Its Biomedical Significance
Authors: MARTIN GEORGE M.
Published: December 2007

Abstract:  Clonal attenuation can be defined as the gradual depletion of the replicative potentials of individual clones of mammalian somatic cells. Publications from the author's laboratory and from other laboratories are reviewed that support the proposition that clonal attenuation is a continuous process throughout the life course and that it occurs in vivo in primates. The puzzling discordance between the mass culture results from the laboratories of the late Vincent Cristofalo (tissue from living subjects) and those from the Martin laboratory (tissue predominately from autopsy subjects) is discussed. Finally, the implications of clonal attenuation and replicative senescence, for such major age‐related pathologic processes as neoplasia, atherosclerosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and osteoarthritis, are addressed; these and other disorders of aging can be characterized as a mixture of atrophy and hyperplasia, presumably related to a failure of homeostatic cell–cell interactions in aging tissues. For the case of neoplasia, an argument can be made that such failures precede what is increasingly regarded as the most critical step in carcinogenesis—the evolution of a mutator phenotype.
A randomised controlled trial of cemented versus cementless press-fit condylar total knee replacement
Authors: Baker P. N. , Khaw F. M. , Kirk L. M. G. , Esler C. N. A. , Gregg P. J.
Published: December 2007

We report the long-term survival of a prospective randomised consecutive series of 501 primary knee replacements using the press-fit condylar posterior cruciate ligament-retaining prosthesis. Patients received either cemented (219 patients, 277 implants) or cementless (177 patients, 224 implants) fixation. Altogether, 44 of 501 knees (8.8%) underwent revision surgery (24 cemented vs 20 cementless). For cemented knees the 15-year survival rate was 80.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 71.5 to 87.4) and for cementless knees it was 75.3% (95% CI 63.5 to 84.3). There was no significant difference between the two groups (cemented vs cementless; hazard ratio (HR) 0.83, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.52, p = 0.55). When comparing the covariates there was no significant difference in the rates of survival between the side of operation (HR 0.58, p = 0.07), age (HR 0.97, p = 0.10) and diagnosis (HR 1.25 p = 0.72). However, there was a significant gender difference, with males having a higher failure rate with cemented fixation (HR 2.48, p = 0.004). Females had a similar failure rate in both groups.

This single-surgeon series, with no loss to follow-up, provides reliable data of the revision rates of one of the most commonly-used total knee replacements. The survival of the press-fit condylar total knee replacement remained good at 15 years, irrespective of the method of fixation.
Citizen Surveys for Local Governments: A Copout, Manipulative Tool, or a Policy Guidance and Analysis Aid?
Authors: Hatry Harry P. , Blair Louis H.
Published: December 2007

More and more local governments in the United States appear to be sponsoring surveys of randomly selected samples of the community population. For the most part the surveys have been on a one-time basis for some special purpose (such as for transportation studies or for housing condition inventorying). Only rarely have such surveys been undertaken at periodic intervals with similar questions so that the effects of changes in policies and programs can be assessed and that time trends be identified. The research community, the federal government, national polling firms and some universities have ongoing, periodically repeated surveys such as the current population survey and health interview survey, which do obtain time series information on a variety of topics. Properly administered surveys conducted annually are a potentially very useful management tool for local governments.

Why should a city or county government undertake surveys, particularly on a regular basis? The citizen survey has a very appealing characteristic. It is a means for obtaining citizen inputs into government programs and policies that is probably considerably more representative of the whole population than inputs from other sources (except, perhaps, elections) and without the volatility of information sometimes present in other approachcs.
Measures of Citizen Evaluation of Local Government Services
Authors: Scott Douglas
Published: December 2007

In recent research on local government efforts have been made to suggest and/or construct policy output or decision-making models that bring together several types of data. This paper seeks to specify such models by broadening the data base so that resource allocation is not simply predicated on previous expenditure patterns or simple relationships based on the cost of a unit of service. According to James Coleman, the need for multiple sources of data is among the principles that should govern policy research.

For policy research, the criteria of parsimony and elegance that apply in discipline research are not important; the correctness of the predictions or results is important, and redundancy is valuable.

The methodological factors supporting that propostion dictate the use of multiple sources of data and multiple methods of data analysis.

The object of this paper will be to address Coleman’s policy principle from an intermediate and necessarily narrower perspective: we review thc utility of incorporating survey data into models studying the outputs of local government, stressing questions related to measurement.

Researchers at the Urban Institute have been developing municipal service models conceptualizing productivity measurement in terms of several types of input measurements.
The Democratic Response of Urban Governments: An Empirical Test with Simple Spatial Models
Authors: Hoffman Wayne
Published: December 2007

Among the normative concerns of social scientists, one of the greatest lacunae is evaluation of government performance in light of populist democratic criteria. While formal theorists have continued elaborating models of a competitive political process, and while the search for an appropriate and serviceable welfare criterion goes on, the empirical application of our existing descriptive and prescriptive insights mostly waits in abeyance. This paper offers one attempt to apply formal criteria to the evaluation task. We first briefly develop several low-level, admittedly non-complex, statements about the expected outcome of public sector activity according to the median preference model. The model’s descriptive statements then serve as evaluative and comparative criteria as we test its adequacy under several assumptions concerning democratic responsivencss. Finally we attempt to explain variations in the degree of responsiveness exhibited by ten American urban governments by reference to three aspects of political structures.

The value of our approach emanates, we believe, not from any new insight into the formal interpretations and predictions provided by positive political theorists. Rather, we consider the approach a nascent attempt to match formally derived expectations to non-experimental data from both public opinion surveys and aggregate characteristics of large American cities.
Nationalizing risk, privatizing reward: The prospects for oil production contracts in Iraq
Authors: Muttitt Greg
Published: December 2007

This article analyses the problems inherent in the long-term oil production contracts proposed by Iraq's draft oil law. The article examines means by which oil companies attempt to avoid risk: price risk, security risk and political risk. Meanwhile, the same companies insist on securing
the corresponding upside: the chance of ever-higher profits. As these risks are externalized to the host state, respectively they impact on revenues, the human rights of the state's citizens and the state's sovereignty to manage its natural resources, or even to pass legislation. The article
examines the use of such contracts in a number of countries, focusing especially on the Middle East, and on the contracts signed by former Soviet republics in the 1990s during their own period of rapid change. The article proposes some contractual mechanisms with precedents which might limit
these problems. However, the current draft oil law is a permissive one, which empowers the executive branch of government to sign away as much as it chooses, with few restrictions to protect the public interest, nor any requirement for further parliamentary approval. The conclusion is that
the prospects for contracts signed in the current circumstances in particular, the occupation, the security situation and political fragmentation do not look good.
Iraq: reconstruction under uncertainty
Authors: Merza Ali
Published: December 2007

The reconstruction process, at this critical juncture, is wrapped in uncertainties: political, economic, institutional and security, the confluence of which could result in a large number of joint outcomes. Some uncertainties, however, can be reduced to their most likely outcomes. Others,
especially those emanating from the interaction between the security situation and the administrative structure of the country, are still very difficult to ascertain. Given the most likely outcomes of other uncertainties, the reconstruction process will depend largely on the joint outcomes
(scenarios) of this interaction. This article identifies and analyses the national/regional economic consequences of three scenarios, noting that some eventualities are increasingly undermining the role of the central/federal government. In a federal system, however, and as regions become
more responsible for their economic policies and financial resources (mainly transfers of oil revenues), federal economic management ought to promote, inter alia, regional capabilities, economic integration and reduction of the historical disparities between regional GDP generation and received
incomes.
Iraq's economic reforms in perspective: public sector, private sector and the sanctions
Authors: Mahdi Kamil
Published: December 2007

This paper considers the positions of the public and private sectors in key economic activities in Iraq during the quarter of a century running up to the 2003 invasion and occupation of the country. It questions the common assumptions upon which economic policies are being advocated,
that of a public sector dominated economy in need of radical liberalising measures and privatisation. The paper outlines cumulative measures applied in a number of different sectors and economic activities over many years, subsequently followed by macro level institutional and policy changes
that have opened wider avenues for the private sector activity. The paper also considers ambivalence of international sanctions in their different phases and in their consequences for private and public sector activity. It concludes that much of the current economic policy discourse is based
on ignorance or is politically motivated. Generally speaking, economic performance had been undermined by political factors, inappropriate policies and structural weaknesses of the private sector, rather than by excessive state intervention and public sector predominance.
Iraqi women under occupation: from tribalism to neo-feudalism
Authors: Ismael Jacqueline S , Ismael Shereen T
Published: December 2007

Over the latter half of the twentieth century, Iraqi women enjoyed a substantial expansion in their opportunities and rights. Where the reforms of the latter half of the twentieth century freed women from the bondage of tribal and feudal forces, the American occupation of 2003 has jolted Iraqi women back into the bondage of reactionary forces. In addition to the general horrors that have come to dominate Iraqi life, Iraq's women have become the target of a campaign of sexual terrorism by the Anglo-American occupation regime in addition to the criminal and sectarian elements that were unleashed by the occupation. This article studies the shifting status of women in modern Iraq, and considers the various forms of oppression that held Iraqi women in thraldom (tribal, sectarian, neo-feudal). Finally, the article considers the place of women within the emerging international environment of corporate neo-feudalism.
Characteristic properties of embedding strength for the nailing of the gonfolo rose (Qualea rosea Aubl.)
Authors: Bleron Laurent , Duchanois Gilles , Thiebaut Bernard
Published: December 2007

Experimental results are presented with single nail joints of gonfolo rose which were loaded at different grain angles and compared to results obtained by Eurocode V. A wide range of embedding strength tests was conducted. The embedding behaviour across the grain was also investigated with a specific test apparatus. The results were analysed and modelled in terms of strength. Initial loading and unloading stiffness of the timber have been taken into account. The embedment strength of the nails varied according to the angle between the direction of loading and that to the grain. This work is part of a larger research project to establish a computer program for the prediction of stiffness and limit strengths of all timber-to-timber and timber-to-steel joints.
Silver Halide Film: Good But …
Authors: Dodson Suzanne Cates
Published: December 2007

Silver halide microfilm on a polyester base has been proven to last under reasonable storage conditions for in excess of 1,000 years. We would expect it to be the ideal choice for materials that we want for our “permanent” collections – that is for collections we expect to have, if not forever, then for a long time to come. Microfilm is, moreover, human-readable, which means that if in 1,000 years we no longer have the equipment we have today for getting to the information we have stored on discs or other storage media, good old reliable microfilm can still yield up whatever was stored in this fashion with nothing more sophisticated than a magnifying glass. Providing people still are able to read in a 1,000 years, if indeed people still exist.
Impairment of Retention But Not Acquisition of a Visuomotor Skill Through Time-Dependent Disruption of Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Hadipour-Niktarash Arash , Lee Christine K. , Desmond John E. , Shadmehr Reza
Published: December 2007

Learning a visuomotor skill involves a distributed network which includes the primary motor cortex (M1). Despite multiple lines of evidence supporting the role of M1 in motor learning and memory, it is unclear whether M1 plays distinct roles in different aspects of learning such as acquisition and retention. Here, we investigated the nature and chronometry of that processing through a temporally specific disruption of M1 activity using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We applied single-pulse TMS to M1 or dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) during adaptation of rapid arm movements (∼150 ms duration) to a visuomotor rotation. When M1 was stimulated either immediately after the end of each trial or with a 700 ms delay, subjects exhibited normal adaptation. However, whereas the memory of the subjects who received delayed-TMS showed normal rates of forgetting during deadaptation, the memory of those who received immediate TMS was more fragile: in the deadaptation period, they showed a faster rate of forgetting. Stimulation of PMd with adjusted (reduced) intensity to rule out the possibility of coactivation of this structure caused by the current spread from M1 stimulation did not affect adaptation or retention. The data suggest that, during the short time window after detection of movement errors, neural processing in M1 plays a crucial role in formation of motor memories. This processing in M1 may represent a slow component of motor memory which plays a significant role in retention.
Multiple angiodysplasias diagnosed by capsule endoscopy
Authors: Kovács Márta , Pák Péter , Pák Gábor , Fehér János , Hüttl Kálmán
Published: December 2007

Az angiodysplasiák a gastrointestinalis traktus leggyakoribb vascularis anomáliái és a vérzésből eredő mortalitás jelentős tényezői. Az obskúrus gastrointestinalis vérzések (OGIV) hátterében megközelítőleg 40%-ban vékonybél-angiodysplasiák állnak, és ebben a betegcsoportban a leggyakoribb vérzésforrást jelentik. Kialakulásuk oka ismeretlen, valószínűleg dominálóan szerzettek, és korral összefüggő degeneratív folyamatok eredményezik őket. Diagnosztikájuk nehézsége egyrészt multiplex megjelenésükből, másrészt kicsiny nagyságukból adódik. Az eddig elvégzett kapszulás endoszkópos (CE) vizsgálatok azt igazolják, hogy manifeszt vérzés során elvégzett CE szenzitivitása lényegesen jobb, mint lezajlott vagy okkult vérzés esetén.
Esetismertetés:
61 éves, 13 éve antikoaguláns terápiában részesülő nőbeteg vizsgálatát végeztük el tisztázatlan eredetű, ismétlődő gastrointestinalis vérzés miatt negatív felső endoszkópiát és kolonoszkópiát követően kapszulás endoszkópiával. A vizsgálat során a gyomor antrumában típusos angiodysplasiát és a jejunum felső harmadában aktív vérzést észleltünk látható vérzésforrás nélkül. Következő diagnosztikus lépésként szelektív mezenteriális angiográfiát végeztünk a diagnózis pontosítására, és egyidejűleg radiológiai intervencióra is sor került.
Következtetés:
A kapszulás endoszkópia megváltoztatta az OGIV-betegek diagnosztikáját, és negatív felső endoszkópiát és kolonoszkópiát követően elsődleges diagnosztikus eljárássá vált. A vizsgálat kellő időben történő alkalmazása esetén a CE jelentősen lerövidítheti a diagnosztikus ténykedések idejét, definitív terápiát eredményezhet, és számos alacsony diagnosztikus értékű és költséges vizsgálat takarítható meg. A vékonybél-angiodysplasiák sikeres terápiája ma is nehéz; a radiológiai intervenció jelenti a legkisebb megterhelést a beteg számára.
Violência contra a mulher, coesão familiar e drogas
Authors: Rabello Patrícia Moreira , Caldas Júnior Arnaldo de França
Published: December 2007

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre coesão, adaptabilidade e risco mental familiar com violência física contra a mulher e uso de drogas. MÉTODOS: Estudo tipo caso-controle pareado realizado entre 2004 e 2005 na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba. A amostra foi constituída por 260 mulheres, divididas em 130 agredidas e 130 não agredidas. O grupo caso foi constituído de mulheres que prestaram queixa por agressão física doméstica na Delegacia Especializada da Mulher. O grupo controle foi pareado com mulheres vizinhas de bairro das vítimas queixosas na Delegacia. A coesão, a adaptabilidade e o risco mental foram avaliados pela escala Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Os dois grupos se comportaram de forma diferente em relação ao risco mental e coesão, mas semelhantes quanto à adaptabilidade familiar (p=0,0917). As mulheres agredidas apresentaram risco mental alto (43,1%) e médio (39,2%), diferentemente das não agredidas (p=0,0016), que apresentaram médio risco (55,4%). Houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos para o uso de drogas, com consumo maior nas famílias das mulheres agredidas (90,8%) do que das não agredidas (56,9%). A droga mais utilizada foi o álcool, sendo o mais alto fator de risco para a agressão, quando consumido diariamente (OR=37,33) ou associado a outra droga (OR=29,56). CONCLUSÕES: O desequilíbrio pela falta de união entre a família e o uso de drogas altera decisivamente no funcionamento familiar, podendo gerar conflitos e agressões domésticas.
Engineering—archaeology: reconciling what is possible
Authors: de Asís Ramírez Chasco Fco. , Seco Meneses A. , Prieto Cobo E.
Published: December 2007

Major construction works in consolidated urban areas can seriously affect existing services and public facilities. This reality worsens when infrastructure projects are in the old parts of towns. Whether archaeological remains have high or low historical significance, a substantial effort is needed in respecting, consolidating and even, in many instances, incorporating them into the final project being developed. From this perspective, civil engineering, far from being an ‘earthquake’ that destroys culture and dismantles history, turns out to be an important ally that makes archaeological research, the study and inventory of findings and ultimately their conservation possible. It is obvious that making goals—sometimes even contradictory ones—compatible does not allow for single and unequivocal solutions, and certain external circumstances can condition to a large extent the actions finally executed. This paper describes two major construction projects carried out in close proximity to existing historical structures of archaeological significance.
School transport, inclusion and pupil attendance
Authors: Murphy H.
Published: December 2007

In recent years the UK Department for Transport and the Department for Education and Skills have worked together to tackle the transport and educational implication of over-reliance on the car for journeys to school. The Education and Inspections Act that has just received royal assent aims to tackle the issues of congestion and the impacts of transport provision on opportunities in education. Small scale projects have had significant impacts on the levels of attendance, but few data have been gathered on the longer term implications of increasing the distances travelled to school resulting from increased choice. A greater understanding of the balance between the increased educational attainment resulting from educational choice and the cost of providing public transport needs to be developed to ensure equality for all in the long term.
Littering of a watercourse in north-west England
Authors: Williams I. D. , Deakin N.
Published: December 2007

The deposition of litter and rubbish is an increasingly significant environmental problem, with the dumping of shopping trolleys in rivers and canals impacting on flora, fauna and river management in some areas. The Mersey Basin Campaign (MBC) identified Skelmersdale in the north-west of England, and the River Tawd in particular, as a ‘hot spot’ for the dumping of shopping trolleys. In this study, methods for performing litter and shopping trolley surveys were developed. A survey of the River Tawd was performed during 2002, together with snapshot social surveys of local adults and children. Comprehensive yet simple methodologies to quantify and report litter and trolley accumulation over time are reported. The study successfully quantified the litter accumulation and numbers of shopping trolleys in the commercial sector of Skelmersdale and established the views of the local population. Pedestrian litter was the most abundant type identified, with the quantity of litter associating well with the presence of urban features. The shopping trolley survey identified local ‘hot spots’ and established the total number of shopping trolleys along a 1250 m stretch of the river. The first survey in April 2002 found 79 trolleys, which increased to 105 by July 2002. The river would probably not have been cleaned without the intervention of MBC, emphasising the importance of community and voluntary groups to the maintenance of local environmental quality. The presence of shopping trolleys and general refuse in the river presented a negative view of water quality to the public, highlighting the importance of loss of visual amenity as a perceived indicator of pollution. The study also identifies the social and environmental impacts of dumping shopping trolleys in watercourses and explains why physical barriers were the most successful means of reducing the dumping of trolleys.
Using NMR Decay-time Measurements to Monitor and Characterize DNAPL and Moisture in Subsurface Porous Media
Authors: Hertzog Russel C. , White Timothy A. , Straley Christian
Published: December 2007

Knowing how environmental properties affect dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) solvent flow in the subsurface is essential for developing models of flow and transport in the vadose zone necessary for designing remediation and long-term stewardship strategies. For example, one must know if solvents are flowing in water-wetted or solvent-wetted environments, the pore-size distribution of the region containing DNAPLs, and the impact of contaminated plumes and their transport mechanisms in porous media. Our research investigates the capability and limitations of low-field proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation decay-rate measurements for determining environmental properties affecting DNAPL solvent flow in the subsurface. The measurements that can be performed with the laboratory low-field system can also be performed in situ in the field with the current generation of commercial borehole logging tools. The oil and gas industry uses NMR measurements in deep subsurface, consolidated formations to determine porosity and hydrocarbon content and to estimate formation permeability. These determinations rely on the ability of NMR to distinguish between water and hydrocarbons in the pore space and to obtain the distribution of pore sizes from relaxation decay-rate distributions. In this paper, we will show how NMR measurement techniques can be used to characterize, monitor, and evaluate the dynamics of mixed fluids (water-DNAPL) in unconsolidated near-surface porous environments, and describe the use of proton NMR [Formula: see text] (spin-spin relaxation time) measurements in unconsolidated sandy-soil samples to identify and characterize the presence of DNAPLs in these environments. The potential of NMR decay-rate distributions for characterizing DNAPL fluids in the subsurface and understanding their flow mechanisms has not previously been exploited; however, near-surface unsaturated vadose zone environments do provide unique challenges for using NMR measurements. These challenges are addressed through systematic laboratory experiments and a program of research to extend and adapt current field NMR measurements to near-surface environmental problems.
The Active Line Source Temperature Logging Technique and its Application in Fractured Rock Hydrogeology
Authors: Pehme Peeter E. , Greenhouse John P. , Parker Beth L.
Published: December 2007

We present a technique for placing a borehole into thermal dis-equilibrium, and thereby interpreting groundwater flow through fractures where it may have been previously undetected. Denoted as Active Line Source (ALS) logging, the method consists of temperature logging while a borehole is heated by the cable and∕or during cooling after the heating. With two or more logs collected during either heating or cooling, an estimate of thermal conductivity is obtained. The basic theory, widely used for such things as thermal conductivity probes, is shown to fit the recorded data well. The mechanics of ALS logging are described, and the practical challenges are outlined. In the absence of groundwater flow in or around the borehole, variations in the thermal conductivity of the rock are largely due to variable water content and the ALS log provides a reasonable surrogate for the neutron log. When groundwater flow dominates the dissipation of thermal energy from the borehole, however, the apparent thermal conductivity is increased. In open boreholes this flow can be both ambient (within the formation itself) and connecting (vertical flow between fractures intersected by the borehole). In cased or lined holes with no connecting flow, ALS logs are particularly useful as detectors of ambient groundwater flow. Alternative methods for flow detection, such as chemical dilution or flow-meters, require an open borehole and either have poor vertical resolution or require multiple stationary measurements, often with packers to minimize the effects of connecting flow. The ALS technique is a comparatively simple tool, useful in both open and cased or lined boreholes, run continuously down the length of the borehole, with fracture resolution on the order of a few centimeters. We describe ALS logging of a [Formula: see text] section of a borehole through fractured dolomite which has been lined with a FLUTe sleeve. The ALS results are compared to the geologic units encountered, conventional geophysical logging techniques, time-lapse passive temperature logging, heat pulse flowmeter data and packer testing.
Pierre Curie, 1859–1906
Authors: Mould R.F.
Published: December 2007

The year 2006 marked 100 years since the death of Pierre Curie. It is therefore appropriate that we remember his life and his work, which was cut short by his untimely death from an accident on the Pont Neuf, Paris, on April 19, 1906. He had already accomplished much during his life, both before the discovery of radium with Marie Curie, in work co-authored with his brother Jacques on piezoelectricity, and afterwards, when he published the results of several experimental studies with radium and radon. He came from a medical family, and his grandfather Pierre Curie was a famous homeopathic physician. He has, in print, unfairly been relegated to the background—his own scientific contributions having been overtaken by the fame of Marie Curie, probably because she outlived him by 28 years.
The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group MAP.3 Trial: An International Breast Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Richardson H. , Johnston D. , Pater J. , Goss P.
Published: December 2007

Several large phase iii trials have demonstrated that tamoxifen—and more recently, raloxifene—can effectively reduce the incidence of invasive breast cancer by 50%. However, these selective estrogen receptor modulators can also be associated with several rare, but serious, adverse events. Recently, the third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIS) have demonstrated excellent efficacy in adjuvant breast cancer trials, and they show particular promise in the breast cancer prevention setting. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (NCIC CTG) has developed a randomized phase III study to determine the efficacy of an AI (exemestane) to reduce the incidence of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at an increased risk for developing breast cancer. The NCIC CTG MAP.3 (ExCel) trial is a double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre, multinational trial. Based on the known preclinical and clinical profile of the AIS, a greater reduction in breast cancer incidence with fewer side effects is hypothesized with this class of agents than with tamoxifen or raloxifene.
Prevention and Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Consensus Statement by the Canadian Working Group on Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Maroun J. A. , Anthony L. B. , Blais N. , Burkes R. , Dowden S. D. , Dranitsaris G. , Samson B. , Shah A. , Thirlwell M. P. , Vincent M. D. , Wong R.
Published: December 2007

Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (cid) is a common side effect of cancer treatment and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea is frequently severe enough to require a dose reduction of, a delay in, or a discontinuation of chemotherapy. Diarrhea-associated mortality has been reported to be as high as 3.5% in clinical trials of irinotecan and bolus 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. The frequency of cid and its impact on patient management are frequently under-recognized in clinical practice. A Canadian working group, consisting of medical oncologists and an oncology pharmacist, was formed in 2001 to review the optimal approach to managing cid and to identify and implement new areas of research. The recommendations that follow are the result of the group’s work. Acute medical management of cid includes loperamide or diphenoxylate as first-line agents. Subcutaneous octreotide is recommended for intractable grade 2 diarrhea and may be considered for grade 1 cid that does not resolve with high-dose loperamide. Hospitalization is recommended for patients with grades 3 and 4 cid; in-hospital care includes rehydration, antibiotic therapy, and octreotide. A chemotherapy dose reduction is generally advised for patients who have experienced grade 3 or 4 diarrhea in a previous chemotherapy cycle. If a dose reduction is not desired, prophylaxis with intramuscular long-acting release octreotide may be considered. The foregoing recommendations are based on expert opinion and require validation in prospective clinical trials.
Proton conducting PAMPS networks: From flexible to rigid materials
Authors: Chikh Linda , Girard Sylvaine , Teyssie Dominique , Fichet Odile
Published: December 2007

To elaborate tailor‐made proton conducting materials showing an interesting range of flexibility, a series of conetworks combining poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) and poly(ethylene oxide) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) with various chain lengths was synthesized. The homogeneity of these conetworks was checked by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The swelling behavior of these materials is strongly influenced by the amount of sulfonic acid groups and the endothermal peak temperature, characteristic of the presence of bound water in the conetwork, increases from 65 to 120°C when AMPS amount increases from 10 to 75 wt %. In addition, the proton conductivity of these materials varies from 10−3 to 10−1 S cm−1, depending on the AMPS amount. The storage moduli were found to be affected by both the AMPS content in the conetwork and its crosslinking density. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and properties of novel dentin adhesives with esterase resistance
Authors: Park Jong‐Gu , Ye Qiang , Topp Elizabeth M. , Kostoryz Elisabet L. , Wang Yong , Kieweg Sarah L. , Spencer Paulette
Published: December 2007

A new methacrylate monomer, trimethylolpropane mono allyl ether dimethacrylate (TMPEDMA), was synthesized and evaluated. This branched methacrylate was designed to increase esterase‐resistance when incorporated into conventional HEMA (2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/BisGMA (2,2‐bis[4(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxy‐propyloxy)‐phenyl] propane) dental adhesives. The new adhesives, HEMA/BisGMA/TMPEDMA in a 45/30/25 (w/w) ratio were formulated with H2O at 0 (A0T) and 8 wt % water (A8T) and compared with control adhesives (HEMA/BisGMA, 45/55 (w/w), at 0 (A0) and 8 wt % (A8) water). Camphoroquinone (CQ), 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate and diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate were used as photoinitiators. The new adhesives showed a degree of conversion comparablewith the control and improved modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg). Exposure of photopolymerized discs to porcine liver esterase for up to eight days showed that the net cumulative methacrylic acid (MAA) release in adhesives formulated with the new monomer and 8% water (A8T: 182 μg/mL) was dramatically (P < 0.05) decreased in comparison to the control (A8: 361.6 μg/mL). The results demonstrate that adhesives made with the new monomer and cured in water to simulate wet bonding are more resistant to esterase than conventional HEMA/BisGMA adhesive. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A review of the role of magnetic susceptibility in archaeogeophysical studies in the USA: recent developments and prospects
Authors: Dalan Rinita A.
Published: December 2007

Magnetic susceptibility is emerging in archaeogeophysical projects in the USA as a distinctive method for survey that is now more frequently applied. Spurred in part by developments in instrumentation and software, encouraged by a strong geoarchaeological focus, and influenced by the nature of the North American archaeological record, the magnetic susceptibility method has arisen in a number of areas of application. These include magnetic susceptibility studies within trenches and excavation units, the use of down‐hole sensors to investigate magnetic stratigraphy, visualization and interpretation of three‐dimensional susceptibility data sets, the incorporation of magnetic susceptibility data into pattern analyses of the spatial distribution of archaeological materials, and the integration of magnetic susceptibility studies with magnetometer and other surface geophysical surveys and with soil magnetic studies accomplished in the laboratory. The scale of application has ranged from microgeophysical surveys confined to single excavation units to investigations of broad archaeological landscapes; problem orientation has been equally diverse. Soil magnetic techniques are being tapped to enhance understanding of the formation of sites, features and landscapes, and also post‐depositional processes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a sensitive LC‐MS/MS method with electrospray ionization using multiple ions for quantitation of torcetrapib in hamster and dog plasma
Authors: Trivedi Ravi Kumar , Dubey Pramod Kumar , Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: December 2007

A highly sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the estimation of torcetrapib (TTB) with 100 µL hamster/dog plasma using DRL‐16126 as an internal standard (IS). The API‐4000 Q Trap LC‐MS/MS was operated under multiple‐reaction monitoring mode using the electrospray ionization technique. The assay procedure involved extraction of TTB and IS from plasma with acetonitrile, which yielded consistent recoveries of 65.73 and 94.01% for TTB and 79.68 and 90.70% for IS in hamster and dog plasma, respectively. The total chromatographic run time was 3.0 min and the elution of TTB and IS occurred at approximately 2.25 and 2.20 min, respectively. The resolution of peaks was achieved with 0.01 m ammonium acetate:acetonitrile (15:85, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min on an Inertsil ODS‐3 column. The method was proved to be accurate and precise at linearity range of 1.00–200 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) of ≥0.993. The method was rugged with 1.00 ng/mL as the lower limit of quantitation. TTB was stable in the battery of stability studies. The application of the assay to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies confirmed the utility of the assay to derive hamster/dog pharmacokinetic parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of lipophilicity of α‐(4‐phenylpiperazine) derivatives of N‐benzylamides using chromatographic and computational methods
Authors: Bajda Marek , Bucki Adam , Szlęk Jakub , Szwaczkiewicz Marta , Świerczek Maciej , Malawska Barbara
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the evaluation of lipophilicity of α‐(4‐phenylpiperazine) derivatives of N‐benzylamides. We employed reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography (RP‐TLC) and reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) as experimental methods, using mixtures of acetonitrile and water as the mobile phases with addition of 0.1%TFA in the HPLC experiments. Retention parameters (RM) and capacity factors (log k) determined by applying these methods were linearly dependent on the acetonitrile concentration and enabled us to estimate the relative lipophilicity factors: RM0 and log k0. These factors were compared with the calculated partition coefficients C log P obtained using several software packages. The results indicate that both experimental methods (RP‐TLC and RP‐HPLC) yielded similar results, and these methods enable determining the lipophilicity of α‐(4‐phenylpiperazine) derivatives of N‐benzylamides. Significant correlations were found between log P values calculated by Pallas, ALOGPS and C log P Chem3D programs and the experimental data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual pathways to engage in ‘Silent Marches’ against violence: moral outrage, moral cleansing and modes of identification
Authors: Lodewijkx Hein F. M. , Kersten Gaby L. E. , van Zomeren Martijn
Published: December 2007

A survey (N = 120) examined variables that contribute to the willingness of people to engage in silent marches against violence in the Netherlands. As argued in Sacred Value Protection Model (SVPM) of Tetlock, Kristel, Elson, Green, and Lerner (2000) and moral mandate theory of Skitka, Bauman, and Sargis (2005), moral threats that are triggered by violent incidents, may indeed drive people to protest against such incidents. Our findings indicated dual pathways to such protests, that are all associated with reactive, angry empathic concerns. These concerns involve people's outrageous, punitive reactions towards offenders on behalf of the victims. These concerns are directly or indirectly related to people's participation intentions. That is, they directly influence the participation intention variable, or indirectly, through (re‐)establishing the belief in a just‐world, or through more fearful, self‐directed moral cleansing reactions. These latter reactions aim at reinforcing community‐shared moral standards. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flammenausbreitung auf Flüssigkeitsoberflächen unterhalb des Flammpunktes
Authors: Schröder V. , Hieronymus H. , Zimmermann C. , Seebauer F. , Wieltsch U.
Published: December 2007

In technischen Ozonolyseanlagen kommen gasförmige Oxidationsmittel mit brennbaren Flüssigkeiten in Kontakt. Dies geschieht in der Regel bei tiefen Temperaturen, weit unterhalb des Flammpunktes. Trotzdem ist es in einer Anlage zu einer Explosion gekommen, deren Ursache möglicherweise eine Flammenausbreitung auf der Oberfläche des Lösungsmittels war. In Laborversuchen ist dieses Phänomen in Abhängigkeit von der Gasphasenzusammensetzung, vom Lösungsmittel, vom Druck und von der Temperatur untersucht worden.
Brennstoffe und Brennstoffzellen: Der „richtige”︁ Weg vom Brennstoff zum Brenngas
Authors: Hennings U. , Brune M. , Wolf M. , Reimert R.
Published: December 2007

Brennstoffzellen werden für unterschiedliche Anwendungen und im Zusammenhang mit der Nutzung vieler verschiedener – fossiler und alternativer – Energierohstoffe betrachtet. Aus dem Umfang der geplanten Anwendungen und der möglichen Brennstoffe ergeben sich große und jeweils ganz spezielle Herausforderungen an das Design der Brenngasbereitstellung. Diese muss gleichermaßen den Anforderungen des Brennstoffs, der Anwendung und denen des verwendeten Brennstoffzellentyps genügen. Die sich ergebende große Anzahl der Kombinationsmöglichkeiten ist hier versuchsweise zusammenfassend dargestellt. Anhand ausgewählter Beispiele wird die Benutzung der gewählten graphischen Darstellung erläutert.