bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Activated Mesoporous Phenolic‐Resin‐Based Carbons for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Zhao , Zhou Min , Chen Hao , Jiang Jingui , Guan Shiyou
Published: August 2014

A series of hierarchical activated mesoporous carbons (AMCs) were prepared by the activation of highly ordered, body‐centered cubic mesoporous phenolic‐resin‐based carbon with KOH. The effect of the KOH/carbon‐weight ratio on the textural properties and capacitive performance of the AMCs was investigated in detail. An AMC prepared with a KOH/carbon‐weight ratio of 6:1 possessed the largest specific surface area (1118 m2 g−1), with retention of the ordered mesoporous structure, and exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 260 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. This material also showed excellent rate capability (163 F g−1 retained at 20 A g−1) and good long‐term electrochemical stability. This superior capacitive performance could be attributed to a large specific surface area and an optimized micro‐mesopore structure, which not only increased the effective specific surface area for charge storage but also provided a favorable pathway for efficient ion transport.
Global Robust Stabilization via Sampled‐Data Output Feedback for Nonlinear Systems with Uncertain Measurement and Control Gains
Authors: Zhang Chuanlin , Qian Chunjiang , Li Shihua , Du Haibo
Published: August 2014

This paper studies the problem of using a sampled‐data output feedback controller to globally stabilize a class of nonlinear systems with uncertain measurement and control gains. A reduced‐order observer and a linear output control law, both in the sampled‐data form, are designed without the precise knowledge of the measurement and control gains except for their bounds. The observer gains are chosen recursively in a delicate manner by utilizing the output feedback domination approach. The allowable sampling period is determined by estimating and restraining the growth of the system states under a zero‐order‐hold input with the help of the Gronwall–Bellman Inequality. A DC–DC buck power converter as a real‐life example will be shown by numerical simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
The C‐terminal calcium‐sensitive disordered motifs regulate isoform‐specific polymerization characteristics of calsequestrin
Authors: Bal Naresh C. , Jena Nivedita , Chakravarty Harapriya , Kumar Amit , Chi Mei , Balaraju Tuniki , Rawale Sharad V. , Rawale Jayashree S. , Sharon Ashoke , Periasamy Muthu
Published: August 2014

Calsequestrin (CASQ) exists as two distinct isoforms CASQ1 and CASQ2 in all vertebrates. Although the isoforms exhibit unique functional characteristic, the structural basis for the same is yet to be fully defined. Interestingly, the C‐terminal region of the two isoforms exhibit significant differences both in length and amino acid composition; forming Dn‐motif and DEXn‐motif in CASQ1 and CASQ2, respectively. Here, we investigated if the unique C‐terminal motifs possess Ca2+‐sensitivity and affect protein function. Sequence analysis shows that both the Dn‐ and DEXn‐motifs are intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of the protein, a feature that is conserved from fish to man. Using purified synthetic peptides, we show that these motifs undergo distinctive Ca2+‐mediated folding suggesting that these disordered motifs are Ca2+‐sensitivity. We generated chimeric proteins by swapping the C‐terminal portions between CASQ1 and CASQ2. Our studies show that the C‐terminal portions do not play significant role in protein folding. An interesting finding of the current study is that the switching of the C‐terminal portion completely reverses the polymerization kinetics. Collectively, these data suggest that these Ca2+‐sensitivity IDRs located at the back‐to‐back dimer interface influence isoform‐specific Ca2+‐dependent polymerization properties of CASQ. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 15–22, 2015.
Maximizing the Efficiency of Multienzyme Process by Stoichiometry Optimization
Authors: Dvorak Pavel , Kurumbang Nagendra P. , Bendl Jaroslav , Brezovsky Jan , Prokop Zbynek , Damborsky Jiri
Published: August 2014

Multienzyme processes represent an important area of biocatalysis. Their efficiency can be enhanced by optimization of the stoichiometry of the biocatalysts. Here we present a workflow for maximizing the efficiency of a three‐enzyme system catalyzing a five‐step chemical conversion. Kinetic models of pathways with wild‐type or engineered enzymes were built, and the enzyme stoichiometry of each pathway was optimized. Mathematical modeling and one‐pot multienzyme experiments provided detailed insights into pathway dynamics, enabled the selection of a suitable engineered enzyme, and afforded high efficiency while minimizing biocatalyst loadings. Optimizing the stoichiometry in a pathway with an engineered enzyme reduced the total biocatalyst load by an impressive 56 %. Our new workflow represents a broadly applicable strategy for optimizing multienzyme processes.
Interplay between Nitrogen Concentration, Structure, Morphology, and Electrochemical Performance of PdCoNi “Core–Shell” Carbon Nitride Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Negro Enrico , Vezzù Keti , Bertasi Federico , Schiavuta Piero , Toniolo Luigi , Polizzi Stefano , Di Noto Vito
Published: August 2014

This report describes the electrochemical behavior of a family of “core‐shell” electrocatalysts consisting of a carbon nitride (CN) “shell” matrix and a “core” of conducting carbon nanoparticles (NPs). The CN “shell” matrix embeds PdCoNi alloy NPs and covers homogeneously the carbon “core”. The chemical composition of the materials is determined by inductively‐coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) and microanalysis; the structure is studied by powder X‐ray diffraction (powder XRD); the morphology is investigated by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM). The surface activity and structure are probed by CO stripping. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics, reaction mechanism, and tolerance towards contamination from chloride anions are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry with the thin‐film rotating ring‐disk electrode (CV‐TF‐RRDE) method. The effect of N concentration in the matrix (which forms “coordination nests” for the Pd‐based alloy NPs bearing the active sites) on the ORR performance of the electrocatalysts is described. Results show that N atoms: 1) influence the evolution of the structure of the materials during the preparation processes, and 2) interact with alloy NPs, affecting the bifunctional and electronic ORR mechanisms of active sites and the adsorption/desorption processes of oxygen molecules and contaminants. Finally, the best PdCoNi electrocatalyst shows a higher surface activity in the ORR at 0.9 V vs. RHE with respect to the Pt‐based reference (388 μA cmPd‐2 vs. 153 μA cmPt‐2).
High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Based on Ionic‐Liquid Electrolytes with Bis(fluorolsufonyl)imide Anions and Sulfur‐Encapsulated Highly Disordered Activated Carbon
Authors: Salitra Gregory , Markevich Elena , Rosenman Ariel , Talyosef Yosef , Aurbach Doron , Garsuch Arnd
Published: August 2014

Composite sulfur–carbon electrodes were prepared by encapsulating sulfur into the micropores of two types of activated carbons, nano‐sized carbon BP2000 and micrometer‐sized carbon. The galvanostatic cycling performance of the obtained electrodes was studied in 0.5 M lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Li TFSI) in 1‐methyl‐1‐butylpyrrolidinium TFSI (BMP TFSI), 0.5 M Li TFSI in 1‐methyl‐1‐propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosufonyl)imide (MPP FSI), and 0.5 M Li bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) in MPP FSI ionic‐liquid (IL) electrolyte solutions. It is shown that the performance of Li–S cells is achieved by matching the IL anion, the morphology and structure of the carbon matrices, and the sulfur loading. High‐performance of Li–S cells, with composite Li–S cathodes prepared with micrometer‐sized activated carbon in IL electrolyte with FSI anions, are demonstrated at 60 °C. After 48 cycles, the discharge capacity of the cells approaches a value of 1235 mAhg−1 with acycling efficiency of about 100 %.
A Multifunctional Photoswitch: 6π Electrocyclization versus ESIPT and Metalation
Authors: Guérin Juliette , Léaustic Anne , Delbaere Stéphanie , Berthet Jérôme , Guillot Régis , Ruckebusch Cyril , Métivier Rémi , Nakatani Keitaro , Orio Maylis , Sliwa Michel , Yu Pei
Published: August 2014

A terthiazole‐based molecular switch associating 6π electrocyclization, excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and strong metal binding capability was prepared. The photochemical and photophysical properties of this molecule and of the corresponding nickel and copper complexes were thoroughly investigated by steady‐state and ultrafast absorption spectroscopy and rationalized by DFT/TDDFT calculations. The switch behaves as a biphotochrome with time‐dependent photochemical outcome and displays efficient ESIPT‐based fluorescence photoswitching. Both photochemical reactions are suppressed by nickel or copper metalation, and the main factors contributing to the quenching of the electrocyclization are discussed.
Anion Recognition by Uranyl–Salophen Derivatives as Probed by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Modeling
Authors: Bodo Enrico , Ciavardini Alessandra , Dalla Cort Antonella , Giannicchi Ilaria , Yafteh Mihan Francesco , Fornarini Simonetta , Vasile Silvana , Scuderi Debora , Piccirillo Susanna
Published: August 2014

The vibrational features and molecular structures of complexes formed by a series of uranyl–salophen receptors with simple anions, such as Cl−, H−, and HCOO−, have been investigated in the gas phase. Spectra of the anionic complexes were studied in the $\tilde \nu $=800–1800 cm−1 range by mass‐selective infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy with a continuously tunable free‐electron laser. The gas‐phase decarboxylation of the formate adducts produces uranyl–salophen monohydride anions, which have been characterized for the first time and reveal a strong UH bond, the nature of which has been elucidated theoretically. The spectra are in excellent agreement with the results obtained from high‐quality ab initio calculations, which provided the structure and binding features of the anion–receptor complexes.
From Enantiopure Hydroxyaldehydes to Complex Heterocyclic Scaffolds: Development of Domino Petasis/Diels–Alder and Cross‐Metathesis/Michael Addition Reactions
Authors: Cannillo Alexandre , Norsikian Stéphanie , Tran Huu Dau Marie‐Elise , Retailleau Pascal , Iorga Bogdan I. , Beau Jean‐Marie
Published: August 2014

One‐step assembly of hexahydroisoindole scaffolds by a sequence that combines the Petasis (borono‐Mannich) and Diels–Alder reactions is described. The unique selectivity observed experimentally was confirmed by quantum calculations. The current method is applicable to a broad range of substrates, including free sugars, and holds significant potential to efficiently and stereoselectively build new heterocyclic structures. This easy and fast entry to functionalized polycyclic compounds can be pursued by further transformations, for example, additional ring closure by a cross‐metathesis/Michael addition domino sequence.
Quantitative Fluorescence Ratio Imaging of Intralysosomal Chloride Ions with Single Excitation/Dual Maximum Emission
Authors: Li Ping , Zhang Shan , Fan Nannan , Xiao Haibin , Zhang Wen , Zhang Wei , Wang Hui , Tang Bo
Published: August 2014

Fluorescence ratio imaging is currently being used to quantitatively detect biologically active molecules in biosystems; however, two excitations of most existing fluorescent ratiometric probes account for cumbersome operating conditions for imaging. Thus, a fluorescent ratiometric probe, 6‐methoxyquinolinium–dansyl (MQ‐DS), for Cl− with single excitation/dual maximum emission has been developed. MQ‐DS can preferably localize into lysosomes and display excellent photostability. Upon excitation at a single wavelength, it responds precisely and instantaneously to changes in Cl− concentrations, and it can be conveniently utilized to implement real‐time fluorescence ratio imaging to quantitatively track alterations in Cl− levels inside cells treated under various pH conditions, and also in zebrafish with acute wounds. The successful application of the new probe in bioimaging may greatly facilitate a complete understanding of the physiological functions of Cl−.
Harnessing the ortho‐Directing Ability of the Azetidine Ring for the Regioselective and Exhaustive Functionalization of Arenes
Authors: Zenzola Marina , Degennaro Leonardo , Trinchera Piera , Carroccia Laura , Giovine Arianna , Romanazzi Giuseppe , Mastrorilli Piero , Rizzi Rosanna , Pisano Luisa , Luisi Renzo
Published: August 2014

This work demonstrates how the directing ability of the azetidine ring could be useful for regioselective ortho‐CH functionalization of aryl compounds. Robust polar organometallic (lithiated) intermediates are involved in this synthetic strategy. The reagent n‐hexyllithium emerged as a safer, yet still effective, basic reagent for the hydrogen/lithium permutation relative to the widely used reagent nBuLi. Two different reaction protocols were discovered for regioselective lithiation at the ortho positions adjacent to the azetidine ring, which served as a toolbox when other competing directing groups were installed on the aromatic ring. The coordinating ability of the azetidine nitrogen atom, as well as the involvement of dynamic phenomena related to the preferential conformations of 2‐arylazetidine derivatives, were recognized to be responsible for the observed reactivity and regioselectivity. A site‐selective functionalization of the aromatic ring was achieved for aryl azetidines with either coordinatively competent groups (e.g. methoxy) or inductively electron‐withdrawing substituents (e.g. chlorine and fluorine). By fine‐tuning the reaction conditions, regioselective introduction of several substituents on the aromatic ring could be realized. Several substitution patterns were accomplished, which included 1,2,3‐trisubstitution, 1,2,3,4‐tetrasubstitution, and 1,2,3,4,5‐pentasubstitution, up to the exhaustive substitution of the aromatic ring.
Nachhaltige Bausteine für die Kunststoff‐Herstellung
Authors: Garbe Daniel , Reiße Steven , Brück Thomas
Published: August 2014

Die Produktion biobasierter Hochleistungskunststoffe wie Polyamide nutzt Pflanzenöle als Rohstoffquelle. Fortschritte in chemischen und biotechnologischen Katalyse‐Verfahren ermöglichen heute die Konversion von Pflanzenölen in maßgeschneiderte Bausteine für die Polymerproduktion. Schon heute haben biobasierte Polymer‐Synthesebausteine äquivalente chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften als auch vergleichbare Kostenstrukturen wie petrochemische Synthesegrundstoffe. Dies ermöglicht die Integration Biomasse‐basierter Rohstoffströme in bestehende Prozesskonfigurationen im industriellen Maßstab. Jedoch wird erst die effiziente Nutzung von Synergien zwischen chemischen und biotechnologischen Verfahren ein nachhaltiges und umweltschonendes Prozessdesign in Zukunft erlauben. Um langfristig Bio‐Öle für die chemische Industrie bereitstellen zu können, ohne signifikant in die Nahrungsmittelproduktion einzugreifen, müssen neue Verfahren für die Produktion mikrobieller Öle auf Basis von Biomasse‐Reststoffströmen entwickelt werden.
From cancer screening to treatment: Service delivery and referral in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program
Authors: Miller Jacqueline W. , Hanson Vivien , Johnson Gale D. , Royalty Janet E. , Richardson Lisa C.
Published: August 2014

The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) provides breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic services to low‐income and underserved women through a network of providers and health care organizations. Although the program serves women 40‐64 years old for breast cancer screening and 21‐64 years old for cervical cancer screening, the priority populations are women 50‐64 years old for breast cancer and women who have never or rarely been screened for cervical cancer. From 1991 through 2011, the NBCCEDP provided screening and diagnostic services to more than 4.3 million women, diagnosing 54,276 breast cancers, 2554 cervical cancers, and 123,563 precancerous cervical lesions. A critical component of providing screening services is to ensure that all women with abnormal screening results receive appropriate and timely diagnostic evaluations. Case management is provided to assist women with overcoming barriers that would delay or prevent follow‐up care. Women diagnosed with cancer receive treatment through the states' Breast and Cervical Cancer Treatment Programs (a special waiver for Medicaid) if they are eligible. The NBCCEDP has performance measures that serve as benchmarks to monitor the completeness and timeliness of care. More than 90% of the women receive complete diagnostic care and initiate treatment less than 30 days from the time of their diagnosis. Provision of effective screening and diagnostic services depends on effective program management, networks of providers throughout the community, and the use of evidence‐based knowledge, procedures, and technologies. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2549‐56. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Strengthening breast and cervical cancer control through partnerships: American Indian and Alaska Native Women and the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program
Authors: Espey David , Castro Georgina , Flagg T'Ronda , Landis Kate , Henderson Jeffrey A. , Benard Vicki B. , Royalty Janet E.
Published: August 2014

The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) has played a critical role in providing cancer screening services to American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/ANs) women and strengthening tribal screening capacity. Since 1991, the NBCCEDP has funded states, tribal nations, and tribal organizations to develop and implement organized screening programs. The ultimate goal is to deliver breast and cervical cancer screening to women who do not have health insurance and cannot afford to pay for these services. The delivery of clinical services is supported through complementary program efforts such as professional development, public education and outreach, and patient navigation. This article seeks to describe the growth of NBCCEDP's tribal commitment and the unique history and aspects of serving the AI/AN population. The article describes: 1) how this program has demonstrated success in improving screening of AI/AN women; 2) innovative partnerships with the Indian Health Service, state programs, and other organizations that have improved tribal public health infrastructure; and 3) the evolution of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention work with tribal communities. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2557‐65. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Cytology specimens offer an effective alternative to formalin‐fixed tissue as demonstrated by novel automated detection for ALK break‐apart FISH testing and immunohistochemistry in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rosenblum Frida , Hutchinson Lloyd M. , Garver Joann , Woda Bruce , Cosar Ediz , Kurian Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive sampling by cytology or core needle biopsy often provides an initial diagnosis for treatment in patients with lung nodules. From these limited specimens, multiple molecular studies are frequently requested. Current guidelines from the US Food and Drug Administration recommend using formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue sections for the detection of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The authors compared alcohol‐fixed and formalin‐fixed cytology specimens using a novel automated detection for ALK rearrangements by FISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC).

METHODS

ALK FISH testing was performed on 129 lung adenocarcinomas from 71 cytology cases and 58 biopsy/resection specimens using Papanicolaou staining with integrated cytomorphology. IHC with the ALK D5F3 antibody was performed on cases with residual material (88 of 129 cases).

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 66 years; there were 62 women and 67 men. ALK gene rearrangement was present in 4% of cytology specimens (3 of 71 specimens) and 7% of surgical specimens (4 of 58 specimens). FISH in 13 cases was technically unsuccessful. Of the 7 FISH‐positive cases, only 2 cytology cases (4%) and 2 surgical cases (6%) were found to be positive with the ALK antibody, demonstrating 80% concordance. The one case found to be negative for ALK by IHC demonstrated a variant rearrangement of the ALK 2p23 gene locus by FISH.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study validate the usefulness of alcohol‐fixed and/or formalin‐fixed cytology specimens for ALK rearrangement by a novel automated FISH method. IHC using the D5F3 antibody for ALK is specific in this limited cohort. The authors also demonstrated that alcohol‐fixed cytology specimens can be used for ALK rearrangement by automated FISH, alone or in conjunction with IHC. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:810–821. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
GPU‐UPGMA: high‐performance computing for UPGMA algorithm based on graphics processing units
Authors: Lin Yu‐Shiang , Lin Chun‐Yuan , Hung Che‐Lun , Chung Yeh‐Ching , Lee Kual‐Zheng
Published: August 2014

Constructing phylogenetic trees is of priority concern in computational biology, especially for developing biological taxonomies. As a conventional means of constructing phylogenetic trees, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic (UPGMA) is also an extensively adopted heuristic algorithm for constructing ultrametric trees (UT). Although the UT constructed by UPGMA is often not a true tree unless the molecular clock assumption holds, UT is still useful for the clocklike data. Moreover, UT has been successfully adopted in other problems, including orthologous‐domain classification and multiple sequence alignment. However, previous implementations of the UPGMA method have a limited ability to handle large taxa sets efficiently. This work describes a novel graphics processing unit (GPU)‐UPGMA approach, capable of providing rapid construction of extremely large datasets for biologists. Experimental results indicate that the proposed GPU‐UPGMA approach achieves an approximately 95× speedup ratio on NVIDIA Tesla C2050 GPU over the implementation with 2.13 GHz CPU. The developed techniques in GPU‐UPGMA also can be applied to solve the classification problem for large data set with more than tens of thousands items in the future.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A heterogeneous thermal environment enables remarkable behavioral thermoregulation in Uta stansburiana
Authors: Goller Maria , Goller Franz , French Susannah S.
Published: August 2014

Ectotherms can attain preferred body temperatures by selecting specific temperature microhabitats within a varied thermal environment. The side‐blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana may employ microhabitat selection to thermoregulate behaviorally. It is unknown to what degree habitat structural complexity provides thermal microhabitats for thermoregulation. Thermal microhabitat structure, lizard temperature, and substrate preference were simultaneously evaluated using thermal imaging. A broad range of microhabitat temperatures was available (mean range of 11°C within 1–2 m2) while mean lizard temperature was between 36°C and 38°C. Lizards selected sites that differed significantly from the mean environmental temperature, indicating behavioral thermoregulation, and maintained a temperature significantly above that of their perch (mean difference of 2.6°C). Uta's thermoregulatory potential within a complex thermal microhabitat structure suggests that a warming trend may prove advantageous, rather than detrimental for this population.
Tocopherol and tocotrienol homologs in parenteral lipid emulsions
Authors: Xu Zhidong , Harvey Kevin A. , Pavlina Thomas M. , Zaloga Gary P. , Siddiqui Rafat A.
Published: August 2014

Parenteral lipid emulsions, which are made of oils from plant and fish sources, contain different types of tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E homologs). The amount and types of vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions vary considerably and are not completely known. The objective of this analysis was to develop a quantitative method to determine levels of all vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions. An HPLC system was used to measure vitamin E homologs using a Pinnacle DB Silica normal phase column and an isocratic, n‐hexane:1,4 dioxane (98:2) mobile phase. An optimized protocol was used to report vitamin E homolog concentrations in soybean oil‐based (Intralipid®, Ivelip®, Lipofundin® N, Liposyn® III, and Liposyn® II), medium‐ and long‐chain fatty acid‐based (Lipofundin® , MCT and Structolipid®), olive oil‐based (ClinOleic®), and fish oil‐based (Omegaven®) and mixture of these oils‐based (SMOFlipid®, Lipidem®) commercial parenteral lipid emulsions. Total content of all vitamin E homologs varied greatly between different emulsions, ranging from 57.9 to 383.9 µg/mL. Tocopherols (α, β, γ, δ) were the predominant vitamin E homologs for all emulsions, with tocotrienol content < 0.3%. In all of the soybean emulsions, except for Lipofundin® N, the predominant vitamin E homolog was γ‐tocopherol, which ranged from 57–156 µg/mL. ClinOleic® predominantly contained α‐tocopherol (32 µg/mL), whereas α‐tocopherol content in Omegaven® was higher than most of the other lipid emulsions (230 µg/mL).

Practical applications: The information on the types and quantity of vitamin E homologs in various lipid emulsions will be extremely useful to physicians and healthcare personnel in selecting appropriate lipid emulsions that are exclusively used in patients with inadequate gastrointestinal function, including hospitalized and critically ill patients. Some emulsions may require vitamin E supplementation in order to meet minimal human requirements.

Vitamin E homologs (tocopherols and tocotrienols) contain a chromanol ring and a hydrophobic side chain.
Coupling between landslides and eroding stream channels reconstructed from spruce tree rings (examples from the Carpathians and Sudetes – Central Europe)
Authors: Wistuba Małgorzata , Malik Ireneusz , Wójcicki Krzysztof , Michałowicz Patrycja
Published: August 2014

The analysis of the positive feedback between landslides and erosion requires determination of the precise temporal and spatial relations between events of colluvium delivery and fluvial erosion. In our study we use decennial datasets on the occurrence of landsliding and erosion achieved through dendrochronological methods. Four sites covering areas of landslide slopes and adjacent valley floors with stream channels were studied. Landsliding on slopes was dated from the tree‐ring eccentricity developed in stems tilted due to bedrock instability. Erosion in channels was dated using the wood anatomy of roots exposed by erosion of the soil cover. Analysis of the temporal relations between dated landsliding, erosion and precipitation record has revealed that two types of repeating sequences can be observed: (1) rainfall → landsliding → erosion; (2) rainfall → erosion → landsliding. These sequences are an indication of the occurrence of slope‐channel positive feedback in the sites studied. In the first type, landsliding triggered by rainfall delivers colluvia into the valley floor and causes its narrowing, which in turn causes increased erosion. In the second type erosion triggered by rainfall disturbs the slope equilibrium and causes landsliding. Landsliding and erosion, once triggered by precipitation, can occur alternately in years with average precipitation and reinforce one another. Bidirectional coupling between landsliding and channel erosion was shown notably through the effects of channel shifting and forced sinuosity and by increased erosion of the slopes opposite the active landslides. Observations also suggest that the repetition of sequences described over longer periods of time can lead to a general widening of the valley floor at the expense of slopes and to a gradual change of the valley cross‐profile from narrow, V‐shaped into a wide flat‐bottomed. Thus landsliding–erosion coupling/positive feedback was recognized as an important factor shaping hillslope–valley topography of the mid‐mountain areas studied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐dimensional and two‐dimensional hydrodynamic modeling derived flow properties: impacts on aquatic habitat quality predictions
Authors: Benjankar Rohan , Tonina Daniele , McKean James
Published: August 2014

Studies of the effects of hydrodynamic model dimensionality on simulated flow properties and derived quantities such as aquatic habitat quality are limited. It is important to close this knowledge gap especially now that entire river networks can be mapped at the microhabitat scale due to the advent of point‐cloud techniques. This study compares flow properties, such as depth and velocity, and aquatic habitat quality predicted from pseudo‐2D and fully 2D hydrodynamic modeling. The models are supported by high‐resolution, point‐cloud derived bathymetries, from which close‐spaced cross‐sections were extracted for the 1D modeling, of three morphologically and hydraulically different river systems. These systems range from small low‐gradient meandering pool–riffle to large steep confined plane‐bed rivers. We test the effects of 1D and 2D models on predicted hydraulic variables at cross‐sections and over the full bathymetry to quantify the differences due to model dimensionality and those from interpolation. Results show that streambed features, whose size is smaller than cross‐sectional spacing, chiefly determine the different results of 1D and 2D modeling whereas flow discharge, stream size, morphological complexity and model grid sizes have secondary effects on flow properties and habitat quality for a given species and life stage predicted from 1D and 2D modeling. In general, the differences in hydraulic variables are larger in the bathymetric than in the cross‐sectional analysis, which suggests that some errors are introduced from interpolation of spatially disaggregated simulated variables with a 1D model, instead of model dimensionality 1D or 2D. Flow property differences are larger for velocity than for water surface elevation and depth. Differences in weighted usable area (WUA) derived from 1D and 2D modeling are relatively small for low‐gradient meandering pool–riffle systems, but the differences in the spatial distribution of microhabitats can be considerable although clusters of same habitat quality are spatially comparable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placer Tin Ores from Mt. Cer, West Serbia, and Their Potential Exploitation during the Bronze Age
Authors: Huska A. , Powell W. , Mitrović S. , Bankoff H. A. , Bulatović A. , Filipović V. , Boger R.
Published: August 2014

Tin is a rare metal that is essential for making bronze, the defining technology of the Bronze Age. The source(s) of tin for Aegean bronze is undetermined but several small Bronze Age tin mines have been documented in the circum‐Aegean region. The discovery of Bronze Age archaeological sites in West Serbia near a tin placer deposit on the flanks of Mt. Cer led to an investigation of this site as a potential additional Bronze Age tin mine in the region. Geochemical prospecting of stream sediments flowing from Mt. Cer allowed for categorization of streams based on relative tin grade. Tin grade is highest in the Milinska River, a likely combination of a broad catchment area with multiple ore‐bearing tributaries, and a topographic profile that favors the accumulation of placer deposits. A survey of cornfields along the southern pluton margin discovered archaeological sites spanning the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Unlike older and younger sites, those of the Bronze Age were found only along the Milinska and Cernica Rivers where placer tin grades are highest, but appear to be absent where tin is scarce or absent. This suggests that these sites were associated with the exploitation of the tin ore.
Sleep Disturbance, Disability, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Utility Workers
Authors: Giosan Cezar , Malta Loretta S. , Wyka Katarzyna , Jayasinghe Nimali , Evans Susan , Difede JoAnn , Avram Eugen
Published: August 2014

Objective

The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between sleep disturbance, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and functional disability in a population exposed to a singular traumatic event.

Method

The participants were a population of 2,453 predominantly male utility workers who were deployed to the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack. They underwent psychiatric screenings comprising measures of sleep disturbance, PTSD, and functional disability.

Results

Analyses indicated that (a) rates of sleep disturbances were significantly higher among participants diagnosed with PTSD than those without, (b) PTSD severity was significantly associated with sleep disturbance, and (c) sleep disturbance moderated the relationship between PTSD and disability.

Conclusion

Sleep disturbance is associated with occupational, social functioning, and PTSD severity, suggesting that ameliorating sleep may lead to increased occupational and social functioning, as well as better treatment responses in PTSD.
Mediators of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Assessing the Timing and Sequence of Change in Cancer Patients
Authors: Labelle Laura E. , Campbell Tavis S. , Faris Peter , Carlson Linda E.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

This waitlist‐controlled study examined the timing of changes during Mindfulness‐Based Cancer Recovery (MBCR), and explored sequential mediated effects through enhanced mindfulness and emotion regulation (ER) in a cancer population.

Method

Patients were recruited from the MBCR program waitlist and were either registered for immediate participation (n = 135) or waiting for the next program to begin (n = 76). Participants completed self‐report measures of stress symptoms, mood disturbance, mindfulness, and ER (rumination, worry, and experiential avoidance) pre‐, mid‐ and post‐MBCR or waiting period.

Results

There was a relatively early effect of MBCR on observing, nonjudging, rumination, and worry. All other measures changed later. Early changes in present‐focused nonjudgmental awareness, rumination, and worry mediated the effect of MBCR on mindfulness skills such as nonreactivity later on.

Conclusion

The constructs of mindfulness and ER may overlap and changes may be mutually facilitative during MBCR. The study informs our understanding of mindfulness and ER as mechanisms of mindfulness‐based interventions.
Low RNA translation activit limits the efficacy of hydrodynamic gene transfer to pig liver in vivo
Authors: Sendra Luis , Carreño Omar , Miguel Antonio , Montalvá Eva , Herrero María José , Orbis Francisco , Noguera Inmaculada , Barettino Domingo , López‐Andújar Rafael , Aliño Salvador F.
Published: August 2014

Background

Hydrodynamic gene delivery has proved an efficient strategy for nonviral gene therapy in the murine liver but it has been less efficient in pigs. The reason for such inefficiency remains unclear. The present study used a surgical strategy to seal the whole pig liver in vivo.

Methods

A solution of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) DNA was injected under two different venous injection conditions (anterograde and retrograde), employing flow rates of 10 and 20 ml/s in each case, with the aim of identifying the best gene transfer conditions. The gene delivery and information decoding steps were evaluated by measuring the eGFP DNA, mRNA and protein copy number 24 h after transfection. In addition, gold nanoparticles (diameters of 4 and 15 nm) were retrogradely injected (10 ml/s) to observe, by electron microscopy, the ability of the particle to access the hepatocyte.

Results

The gene delivery level was higher with anterograde injection, whereas the efficacy of gene expression was better with retrograde injection, suggesting differences in the decoding processes. Thus, retrograde injection mediates gene transcription (mRNA copy/cell) equivalent to that of intermediate expression proteins but the mRNA translation was lower than that of rare proteins. Electron microscopy showed that nanoparticles within the hepatocyte were almost exclusively 4 nm in diameter.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the low activity of mRNA translation limits the final efficacy of the gene transfer procedure. On the other hand, the gold nanoparticles study suggests that elongated DNA conformation could offer advantages in that the access of 15‐nm particles is very limited. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis(α‐bromo ketones): Versatile Precursors for Novel Bis(s‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines) and Bis(thiazoles)
Authors: Ginidi Ahmed R. S. , Shaaban Mohamed R. , Farag Ahmad M. , Elwahy Ahmed H. M.
Published: August 2014

A synthesis of novel bis(s‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines) 4, 5, 6 in which the triazolothiadiazine is linked to the benzene core through the thiadiazine ring via phenoxymethyl spacers was reported. First attempt to synthesize 4, 5, 6 by the reaction of the appropriate bis(acetophenones) with 4‐amino‐3‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives using an acidified acetic acid method were unsuccessful. On the other hand, reaction of the corresponding bis(α‐bromoketones) with 4‐amino‐3‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives afforded 4, 5, 6 in good yields. The reaction pathway is assumed to involve S‐alkylation to give bis(aminotriazole) intermediates, followed by intramolecular cyclocondensation to give 4, 5, 6. The successful isolation of the corresponding bis(aminotriazole) intermediates provides strong evidence for the proposed mechanism. The novel bis(thiazoles) 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, linked to alkyl or aryl spacers can also be synthesized by reaction of the appropriate bis(bromoacetyl) compounds 12a, 12b, 12c and 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 with the corresponding thioamide derivatives 20, 21, 22.
Extracellular signal‐related kinase 2/specificity protein 1/specificity protein 3/repressor element‐1 silencing transcription factor pathway is involved in Aroclor 1254‐induced toxicity in SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells
Authors: Formisano Luigi , Guida Natascia , Laudati Giusy , Boscia Francesca , Esposito Alba , Secondo Agnese , Di Renzo Gianfranco , Canzoniero Lorella Maria Teresa
Published: August 2014

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) cause a wide spectrum of toxic effects in the brain through undefined mechanisms. Exposure to the PCB mixture Aroclor‐1254 (A1254) increases the repressor element‐1 silencing transcription factor (REST) expression, leading to neuronal death. This study sought to understand the sequence of some molecular mechanisms to determine whether A1254 could increase REST expression and the cytoprotective effect of the phorbol ester tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) on A1254‐induced toxicity in SH‐SY5Y cells. As shown by Western blot analysis, A1254 (10 µg/ml) downregulates extracellular signal‐related kinase 2 (ERK2) phosphorylation in a time‐dependent manner, thereby triggering the binding of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and Sp3 to the REST gene promoter as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. This chain of events results in an increase in REST mRNA and cell death, as assessed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and dimethylthiazolyl‐2–5‐diphenyltetrazolium‐bromide assay, respectively. Accordingly, TPA prevented both the A1254‐induced decrease in ERK2 phosphorylation and the A1254‐induced increase in Sp1, Sp3, and REST protein expression. After 48 hr, TPA prevented A1254‐induced cell death. ERK2 overexpression counteracted the A1254‐induced increase in Sp1 and Sp3 protein expression and prevented A1254‐induced Sp1 and Sp3 binding to the REST gene promoter, thus counteracting the increase in REST mRNA expression induced by the toxicant. In neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells, ERK2/Sp1/SP3/REST is a new pathway underlying the neurotoxic effect of PCB. The ERK2/Sp1/Sp3/REST pathway, which underlies A1254‐induced neuronal death, might represent a new drug signaling cascade in PCB‐induced neuronal toxicity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic investigation of orchil dyed wool from Roccella tinctoria and Lasallia pustulata
Authors: Doherty B. , Gabrieli F. , Clementi C. , Cardon D. , Sgamellotti A. , Brunetti B. , Miliani C.
Published: August 2014

In this work Raman spectroscopic techniques have been utilized to characterize the vibrational spectral features of orchil dyed wool samples. Specifically, it is noted by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy that wool dyed purple with two historically used orchil species (Roccella tinctoria and Lasallia pustulata) show spectral differences possibly owing to their specific dye‐precursor constituents. The additional natural dyestuff woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) overdyeing the R. tinctoria orchil dyed wool is a further challenge when distinguishing the mixed dye components given by the co‐adsorption of the dyestuffs as permitted by the selection rules of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of dilution of the L. pustulata species in its spectral detection have been assessed along with the evaluation of subsequent lichen extract boiling before dyeing which resulted in the detection of a degraded form of the orchil dye. Proof of concept included the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigation of a purple dyed tapestry (XVI century) which permitted an aged orchil dye to be determined. This contribution utilizes SERS as a fast, reproducible and specific method for both orchil dye detection and alteration induced by degradation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycaemic index and glycaemic load of sorghum products
Authors: Prasad Madhrapakkam Pagadala Rajendra , Rao Benhur Dayakar , Kalpana Kommi , Rao Mendu Vishuvardhana , Patil Jagannath Vishnu
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Sorghum, a small‐seeded grass, is an important food crop and chief energy source for the people of semi‐arid regions of the world. In India, sorghum production/consumption decreased after the ‘green revolution’, but it is now regaining momentum owing to numerous health and nutritional benefits. An understanding of the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of staples can help in choosing suitable foods for the prevention and control of diabetes. In view of this, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the GI and GL of different sorghum foods and compare them with those of wheat/rice based foods.

RESULTS

The GI of sorghum‐based foods such as coarse semolina upma (P < 0.05), fine semolina upma (P < 0.01), flakes poha (P < 0.01) and pasta (P < 0.01) was significantly lower than that of their respective control (wheat/rice‐based) foods. All sorghum‐based foods showed significantly lower GL (P < 0.01) than their respective control (wheat/rice‐based) foods.

CONCLUSION

A few sorghum‐based products have low GI (<55; coarse semolina upma, fine semolina upma, flakes poha and pasta) and all sorghum‐based products (with the exception of sorghum roti) tested in the present study have lower GL than their respective wheat/rice‐based foods. Consumption of low‐GI and low‐GL sorghum‐based foods may help in decreasing postprandial blood glucose levels. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A nationwide population‐based cohort study on tonsillectomy and subsequent cancer incidence
Authors: Sun Li‐Min , Chen Hsuan‐Ju , Li Tsai‐Chung , Sung Fung‐Chang , Kao Chia‐Hung
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Tonsillectomy is related to increased risk of certain types of cancer. This study evaluates the possible association between tonsillectomy and cancer in Taiwan.

Methods

Data from the National Health Insurance system of Taiwan was used. A cohort study consisting of 997 patients with a new diagnosis of tonsillectomy from 2000 to 2005 and a comparison cohort of 3,988 subjects without tonsillectomy were used in the Poisson regression analysis to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancers.

Results

The incidence rate of all cancer types was higher in the tonsillectomy group than in the control group (4.28 vs. 2.97 per 1,000 person‐years, respectively), with an IRR = 1.54 and 95% CI of 1.05 to 2.25, but the significant difference was limited to patients with more than 3 years follow‐up. Site‐specific analysis found no significant association between tonsillectomy and any individual cancer after adjusting for age, sex, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes; however, tonsillectomy patients with more than 3 years follow‐up had a marginally significantly higher risk for breast cancer development (adjusted IRR = 2.62; CI = 0.97–7.03).

Conclusion

Our study found that Taiwanese people with tonsillectomy have a significantly higher overall risk of developing cancer and a marginally higher risk of developing breast cancer when follow‐up is longer than 3 years.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 125:134–139, 2015
Organic Matter Fractions Controlling Soil Water Repellency in Sandy Soils From the Doñana National Park (Southwestern Spain)
Authors: Jiménez‐Morillo Nicasio T. , González‐Pérez José A. , Jordán Antonio , Zavala Lorena M. , de la Rosa José María , Jiménez‐González Marco A. , González‐Vila Francisco J.
Published: August 2014

The relationship between soil organic matter (SOM) content and organic molecular assemblages (n‐alkane/alkenes pairs andn‐fatty acids) with soil water repellency (WR) in different sieve fractions (1–2, 0·25–1, 0·05–0·5 and <0·05 mm) was studied in sandy soils from the Doñana National Park (SW Spain) under four vegetation species:Quercus suber(QS),Pteridium aquilinum(PA),Pinus pinea(PP) andHalimium halimifolium(HH). The severity of soil WR [assessed according to the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test] was ordered according to the sequence QS > PA > PP > HH. A positive correlation was found between soil WR from each sieve fraction and SOM content. Most severe soil WR was detected in QS for all sieve fractions, followed by the finer fractions (<0·05 mm) from PA, PP and HH samples. The finer fraction had the highest SOM content, ranging between 20·9% (PP) and 46·9% (QS). Coarser PA, PP and HH soil fractions (1–2 mm) showed the highest long‐chain‐even C numbered fatty acids in the order PP > PA > HH. A significant correlation was observed between SOM content and the severity of soil WR in QS samples and finer fractions of soil under other vegetation (PA, PP and HH). Coarser fractions (1–2 mm) from PP, PA and HH 1–2 mm sieve fractions showed high severity of WR and relatively low SOM contents that could be explained by a low degree of evolution of the organic residues as seen by analytical pyrolysis, that is, higher alkane/alkene carbon preference index values and the presence of a higher diversity of fatty acid structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FGFR3 mutation frequency in 324 cases from the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry
Authors: Xue Yuan , Sun Angela , Mekikian P. Betty , Martin Jorge , Rimoin David L. , Lachman Ralph S. , Wilcox William R.
Published: August 2014

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is the only gene known to cause achondroplasia (ACH), hypochondroplasia (HCH), and thanatophoric dysplasia types I and II (TD I and TD II). A second, as yet unidentified, gene also causes HCH. In this study, we used sequencing analysis to determine the frequency of FGFR3 mutations for each phenotype in 324 cases from the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry (ISDR). Our data suggest that there is a considerable overlap of genotype and phenotype between ACH and HCH. Thus, it is important to test for mutations found in either disorder when ACH or HCH is suspected. Only two of 29 cases with HCH did not have an identified mutation in FGFR3, much less than previously reported. We recommend testing other mutations in FGFR3, instead of just the common HCH mutation, p.Asn540Lys. The mutation frequency for TD I and TD II in the largest series of cases to date are also reported. This study provides valuable information on FGFR3 mutation frequency of four skeletal dysplasias for clinical diagnostic laboratories and clinicians.