bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain B (SMemb) in Rat Allogeneic Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Watanabe Yoshihiro , Yoshimura Rikio , Wada Seiji , Chargui Jamel , Suzuki Junichi , Kishimoto Taketoshi , Isobe Mitsuaki
Published: April 2003

Background/Aim: Investigators have reported that the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain B (SMemb) expression is enhanced in various types of glomerular diseases which develop into nephrosclerosis. In renal transplantation, transplant glomerulitis is often recognized during acute rejection. Therefore, we hypothesized that SMemb plays important roles in acute kidney rejection. To evaluate the role of SMemb in the development of kidney rejection, we examined its expression in rat kidney transplantation models. Methods: We used Lewis rats as recipients and Wistar rats as donors. Group I: controls; group II: isograft model; group III: allograft model; group IV: as group III +10 mg/kg/day of ciclosporin A (CsA), and group V: as group III + CsA administration for 5 days postoperatively. Histopathological and SMemb immunohistochemical studies were completed. Results: Clear enhancement of SMemb expression was found on day 3 in group III. In groups I, II, IV, and V, SMemb was faintly expressed in the glomerular cells. However, after termination of CsA treatment, the SMemb expression increased. The expression of SMemb was higher in the allograft model than in either isograft or CsA-treated models. Conclusions: Immunohistological investigations show that the SMemb expression was significant from an early stage at which histopathological reactions were hardly identifiable. This, therefore, could be useful for an earlier diagnosis of acute rejection.
Dorsal Bony Septum: A Split Cord Malformation Variant
Authors: Akay Kamil Melih , Izci Yusuf , Baysefer Alper
Published: April 2003

Split cord malformations (SCMs) are rare spinal anomalies and their classification is still a matter of debate. There is no widespread consensus on the embryological basis of this entity. The unified theory, proposed by Pang et al. [Neurosurgery 1992;31:451–480], was an attempt to explain the embryogenetic mechanism as a basic error occurring around the time when the primitive neuroenteric canal closes. We report two unusual cases of SCMs with a dorsally situated bony spur. We analyzed the radiological, clinical and surgical features of the lesions and were not able to classify these cases according to the unified theory. Further embryological studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of occurrence of these lesions, and the dorsal bony septum variant should be considered in SCM surgery.
Clinical Characteristics of α-Blocker Responders in Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Mimata Hiromitsu , Satoh Fuminori , Ohno Hitoshi , Miyoshi Midori , Nomura Yoshio
Published: April 2003

Background: Currently, α-blocker is becoming first-line drug therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although highly effective results are obtained with this therapy, a difference between the objective and subjective response rates is reported. To prevent unnecessary medical treatment and to predict the α-blocker response, we characterized the clinical features of α-blocker responders in men with BPH. Methods: Twenty-two men were consecutively enrolled in this study and received tamsulosin 0.2 mg once daily for 4–6 weeks. The primary measures of efficacy were maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) determined from the flow measurements and international prostate symptom score (IPSS). Those with an increase in Qmax of ≧30% from baseline and a decrease in IPSS of ≧25% from baseline were defined as Qmax responders and IPSS responders, respectively. Clinical findings such as age, pretreatment IPSS and Qmax, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), total prostate volume, transition zone (TZ) volume, TZ index and T2-weighted magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the prostate TZ were compared between responders and non-responders for both criteria. Results: In 17 of 22 (77.2%) patients IPSS improved by ≧25%. In 9 of 22 (40.9%) patients Qmax improved by ≧30%. There were no differences in clinical findings between IPSS responders and non-responders. On the contrary, Qmax responders showed smaller total prostate and TZ volumes, a smaller TZ index and a lower intensity of the TZ in MRI than Qmax non-responders. Conclusions: Determination of the prostate volume and MRI findings of the inner prostate gland were useful in predicting Qmax responders to the α-blocker in men with BPH. In contrast, there were no clinical characteristics of the IPSS responders. IPSS responders without a Qmax response should be closely followed while continuing the α-blocker therapy for a long duration.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Correlations between Receptor Density and Binding Affinity of α1-Adrenoceptors and Several Clinical Parameters
Authors: D’Addessi A. , Martire M. , Cannizzaro C. , Porreca A. , Menchinelli P. , Alcini A. , Alcini E.
Published: April 2003

The aim of the study was to determine whether relations do exist between the concentration and activity of α1-adrenoceptors, both inside the prostatic adenoma and the periurethral zone corresponding to the bladder neck, and clinical and biological parameters such as symptoms, evaluated by the American Urological Association (AUA) score, age, weight of the prostate, PSA, and the flow rate. Twenty patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia were selected for an open prostatectomy. One gram of tissue was dissected from inside the adenoma and 1 g from the periurethral zone corresponding to the bladder neck. The α1-adrenoceptors were evaluated for the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) and the maximal number of binding sites (Bmax). A correlation seems to exist between receptor density inside the adenoma and the bladder neck and an inverse correlation between receptor density and the AUA total symptoms score. Finally, a highly significant difference was found in patients with an AUA score of <15 or >15. No relationship was found between receptor binding affinity and the considered clinical parameters.
Prostaglandin E1-Based Vasoactive Cocktails in Erectile Dysfunction: How Environmental Conditions Affect PGE1 Efficacy
Authors: Bertaccini A. , Gotti R. , Soli M. , Carparelli F. , Ceccarelli R. , Cavrini V. , Martorana G.
Published: April 2003

Introduction: The chemical stability of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in physiological solution has been studied in different environmental conditions. However, very little data exist regarding the PGE1 stability and the consequent breakdown products in PGE1-based vasoactive cocktails under different environmental conditions. Objective: To evaluate the loss of the therapeutic efficacy of PGE1 either alone or in combination with other vasoactive substances under different storage conditions. Materials and Methods: Utilizing high performance liquid chromatography the PGE1 content was evaluated alone and in association with papaverine and papaverine plus phentolamine at temperatures of 2–8 and at 20°C, and after 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage using multivariate statistical analysis of variance. Results: We found that the time of storage significantly affects PGE1 activity. Furthermore, both the storage temperature and cocktail composition had a significant effect on PGE1 stability. The chromatographic studies did not disclose the presence of the principal degradation products of PGE1 (PGA1, PGB1). The presence of papaverine and temperature of 20°C have the greatest effect on the degradation of PGE1 during the first 30 days of storage. Discussion: Temperature and time are prevalent factors determining the slow and progressive deterioration curve of PGE1 after 30 days of storage. None of the environmental conditions evaluated was so drastic to determine the presence of PGA1 and PGB1. Conclusion: For clinical use, one should note that PGE1 maintains 50–80% of its efficacy for about 1 month even if stored at room temperature (20°C) and/or combined with papaverine.
Progress Report on the Palliative Therapy of 100 Patients with Neoplastic Effusions by Intracavitary Low-Dose Interleukin-2
Authors: Lissoni Paolo , Mandalà Mario , Curigliano Giuseppe , Ferretti Gianluigi , Moro Cecilia , Ardizzoia Antonio , Malugani Fabio , Tancini Gabriele , Tisi Elisabetta , Arrigoni Carlo , Barni Sandro
Published: April 2003

Objective: Several cytokines, particularly IL-2 and interferons, are thought to be effective in the palliative therapy of neoplastic effusions. We report on the activity and toxicity of intracavitary administration of low-dose IL-2 in a case series of 100 cancer patients with neoplastic effusions. Methods: One hundred patients with advanced solid tumors and neoplastic effusions underwent IL-2 intracavitary injection as first-line treatment. The most common sites of fluid accumulation were pleura (n = 68), peritoneum (n = 21) and pericardium (n = 11). Breast cancer, lung cancer and mesothelioma were the most frequent neoplasms in our series. One cycle consisted of intracavitary IL-2 at 6,000,000 IU on days 1 and 7. Results: According to Paladine’s criteria, an objective clinical response was achieved in 72% (complete response in 27% and partial response in 45%), with a median duration of 5 months (range: 1–11 months). The peritoneum was the least responsive site for neoplastic effusion reduction. IL-2 intracavitary injection was well tolerated in all patients; the only toxicity observed was fever >38°C in 6% of the patients. Conclusion: This study shows that intracavitary injection of IL-2 represents a feasible, well-tolerated and effective therapy of neoplastic fluid accumulation. Further studies are needed in order to compare the effectiveness of intracavitary IL-2 with other standard treatments.
Establishment and Characterization of a New Cell Line (SKS) from Neuroendocrine Small Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix and Its Chemosensitivity
Authors: Saga Yasushi , Suzuki Mitsuaki , Tamura Natsuko , Ohwada Michitaka , Sato Ikuo
Published: April 2003

A new cell line (SKS) established from ascites of a patient with neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix had a good tumorigenicity and caused marked peritoneal dissemination, and was also highly sensitive to gemcitabine in an in vitro chemosensitivity test. SKS cells were small round cells with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and grew into colony-like aggregates, forming spherical aggregates of floating cells. The population doubling time was 44 h. The number of chromosomes ranged from 50 to 56. On examination of the ultrastructure, membrane-bound dense-core neurosecretory-type granules were observed in the cytoplasm. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was immunocytochemically positive in the cytoplasm, and 9.3 ng/ml of NSE was detected in the cell culture supernatant. Human papillomavirus was not detected. In the p53 gene, a 3-bp deletion, AAC (Asn), was detected at codon 131 in exon 5. SKS exhibited good tumorigenicity, and the tumor doubling time was 11 days. Intraperitoneal injection of the cells caused peritoneal dissemination, and marked ascites formation was observed. SKS was highly sensitive to gemcitabine, and the 50% growth inhibitory concentration was 30 nM. SKS cells are useful as a model of neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma of the cervix, and chemotherapy using gemcitabine may possibly be effective in this malignancy.
Effects of Social Isolation on Ehrlich Tumor Growth and Tumor Leukocyte Infiltration in Mice: Evidence of Participation of the Submaxillary Salivary Gland
Authors: Villano Bonamin Leoni , Barbuto José Alexandre M. , Malucelli Benjamin Eurico
Published: April 2003

Objective: Considering previous studies on stress and Ehrlich tumor growth from our laboratory and also known cell growth and behavior-related properties of submaxillary salivary gland products, we studied the effects of stress by social isolation, in combination or not with sialectomy (submaxillary gland ablation), on growth and leukocyte infiltration into Ehrlich adenocarcinomas. Methods: 5 × 107 tumor cells/ml were inoculated into the footpads of mice and tumor growth was evaluated by measuring paw thickness on alternate days. Ten days after inoculation, tumors were harvested and processed for immunocytochemical analysis of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) and nerve-like growth factor (NGF)/epidermal growth factor (EGF)-positive tumor cells. T and B lymphocyte, NK cell and macrophage percentages were calculated. Results: Sialectomy slightly reduced tumor growth and caused a significant increase in NK cell infiltration of tumors (p < 0.05). Social isolation caused a highly significant enhancement of both tumor growth (p ≤ 0.05) and percentage of macrophages infiltrating tumors (p < 0.05). Sialectomized isolated animals showed few significant changes in tumor growth rate (p ≤ 0.05), but presented increased percentages of NK cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes (p < 0.05). A reduction in the percentage of NGF+ tumor cells was also observed (p < 0.05). All of these effects were seen only in 8-month-old mice, but not in younger animals. Conclusion: A possible link between salivary gland factors, tumor growth and TIL patterns was considered, suggesting that growth factors may modulate tumor leukocyte infiltration as well as tumor growth rate.
Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes 2 and 5 Inhibit Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Adrenocorticotropin Secretion from AtT-20 Cells
Authors: Strowski Mathias Z. , Dashkevicz Michael P. , Parmar Rupa M. , Wilkinson Hilary , Kohler Martin , Schaeffer James M. , Blake Allan D.
Published: April 2003

Somatostatin (SRIH) regulates pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion by interacting with a family of homologous G protein-coupled membrane receptors. The SRIH receptor subtypes (sst1–sst5) that control ACTH release remain unknown. Using novel, subtype-selective SRIH analogs, we have identified the SRIH receptor subtypes involved in regulating ACTH release from AtT-20 cells, a model for cell line pituitary corticotropes. Radioligand-binding studies with 125I-SRIH-14 and 125I-SRIH-28 showed that SRIH-14 and SRIH-28 recognized specific, high-affinity and saturable membrane-binding sites. Nonpeptidyl agonists with selectivity for the sst2 (L-779,976; compound 2) or sst1/sst5) (L-817,818; compound 5) receptor subtypes potently displaced 125I-SRIH-28 from AtT-20 cell membranes, while agonists selective for the sst1 (L-779,591; compound 1), sst3 (L-796,778; compound 3) or sst4 (L-803,087; compound 4) subtypes were inactive. Tyr11-SRIH-14, compound 2 (sst2) or compound 5 (sst5) inhibited forskolin and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced increases in intracellular cAMP. Furthermore, the sst2 and sst5 agonists potently inhibited CRH-induced ACTH release from AtT-20 cells. These results provide the first evidence that sst2 and sst5 receptor subtypes, but not sst1, sst3 or sst4, inhibit cAMP accumulation and regulate ACTH secretion in the AtT-20 cell model of the rodent corticotrope.
Interleukin-12 p40 Gene Expression Is Induced in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Pituitary Glands in vivo
Authors: Yang Young , Han Seung Hyun , Kim Hyun , Kim Changmee , Kim Kun-yong , Shin Sun Mi , Choi Inpyo , Pyun Kwang Ho
Published: April 2003

Proinflammatory cytokines have several functions including activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and regulation of the immune system. The present study focuses on the regulation of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and its receptor gene expression in the HPA axis under artificially induced immune stress, brought on by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. RT-PCR analyses showed that expression of the IL-12 p40 gene was significantly increased and peaked at 2 h in the pituitary gland, but not in the hypothalamus. LPS-induced IL-12 p40 gene induction in the pituitary gland was suppressed after β-adrenoceptor agonist pretreatment in vivo. Both IL-12 p40 gene induction and IL-12 production were also observed when freshly isolated pituitary glands from non-treated SD rats were incubated with LPS in vitro. Furthermore, CD14, which is known as a LPS receptor, was found to be expressed in the pituitary gland. Gel mobility shift assays using nuclear extracts prepared from the pituitary glands of rats administered LPS showed induction of NF-ĸB and AP-1 DNA-binding activity. These results suggest that LPS stimulates the pituitary gland directly in vivo to increase IL-12 p40 gene expression and IL-12 protein production.
Microinjection of Dihydrotestosterone into the Medial Preoptic Area Produces Male-Like Pattern of Growth Hormone Secretion in Ovariectomized Female Rats
Authors: Tokita Reiko , Kasagi Yoko , Nakata Tomoko , Sakae Kensaku , Imaki Toshihiro , Minami Shiro
Published: April 2003

The pattern of growth hormone (GH) secretion is sexually dimorphic in rats. We have previously shown that the secretory pattern in adult ovariectomized (OVX) female rats is masculinized by the administration of a single dose of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a nonaromatizable androgen. To investigate the primary site of action of DHT in the brain, a small amount of DHT was injected directly into a defined area of the brain, and the blood GH profile was observed for 18 h in conscious adult OVX female rats. The bilateral direct injection of 1 µg DHT into the medial preoptic area (MPA) produced a male-like secretory pattern of GH in OVX rats. The masculinizing effects became apparent at 9 h after injection, from which time the episodic GH secretion was produced regularly at intervals of about 150 min, the amplitude of the peak increased and baseline levels were lowered. These parameters, analyzed during 9–18 h after DHT injection, were not different from those in adult male rats. On the contrary, microinjection of DHT into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus, or the hypothalamic arcuate-ventromedial nucleus did not affect the secretory pattern of GH. The data indicate that DHT primarily acts on cells in the MPA through androgen receptors and modulates the secretion of somatostatin and/or GH-releasing hormone secondarily to masculinize the GH secretory pattern in OVX rats.
Alterations of Quantitative EEG and Mini-Mental State Examination in Interferon-α-Treated Hepatitis C
Authors: Kamei S. , Sakai T. , Matsuura M. , Tanaka N. , Kojima T. , Arakawa Y. , Matsukawa Y. , Mizutani T. , Oga K. , Ohkubo H. , Matsumura H. , Hirayanagi K.
Published: April 2003

We have recently observed a diffuse slowing of brain waves using serial quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) examinations in interferon (IFN)-α-treated chronic hepatitis C patients. However, it remains unclear how this alteration could be assessed. We evaluated the correlation between the qEEG changes and three tests of mental status, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), in such patients. This is the first study to undertake a clinical evaluation of the adverse effects on brain function due to IFN. We undertook blind, prospective and serial qEEG examinations on 56 chronic hepatitis C patients at three independent hospitals. IFN-α was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 9 × 106 IU daily for the first 4 weeks and then 3 times/week for the next 20 weeks. Serial EEGs were obtained before, at 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, and after the IFN-α treatment. The absolute power values of each frequency band in each patient at different stages of treatment were recorded by qEEG. Each patient was assessed by the MMSE, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HSD), and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HSA). We statistically evaluated the correlations between the changes in power values and alterations of scores on the mental status tests during IFN-α treatment. The decreased scores observed on the MMSE ranged from 2 to 5 points at both 2 and 4 weeks of IFN-α treatment. There were no significant differences in age distribution for each decreased score on the MMSE. As the alteration in MMSE score during IFN treatment increased, the alteration in absolute power values for the slow waves during IFN treatment increased significantly, while that for the alpha 2 and fast waves during treatment decreased significantly. However, the changes in the HDS and HSA revealed no significant correlations. The alteration of the qEEG was reversible after the treatment. MMSE scores represent one screening method for the clinical assessment of IFN-α-induced alterations of brain function.
KTP-532-Laser-Assisted Tympanoplasty
Authors: Gerlinger Imre , Pytel József
Published: April 2003

Objectives: The aim of this paper was to give a general review on appropriate applications (cutting, vaporization, coagulation) of the KTP laser in chronic ear surgery. Patients: Between December 1997 and December 2000, 46 laser-assisted tympanoplasties were carried out by the first author. Out of the 46 patients, 29 were female and 17 were male. The patients ranged in age from 4 to 66 years with a median of 32.5 years. Methods: The power of the laser applied was between 1 and 3 W, usually being 2 W. The mode of the application was either continuous or pulsing. In case of the latter mode, the length of the pulse was generally 0.2 s. The laser light was directed to the microscopic field with a flexible fiber scope by means of a hand-held probe. The diameter of the fiber scope was 0.2 mm. Results: Of the 32 patients who underwent combined-approach tympanoplasties, 19 had already undergone a second-look procedure. Residual cholesteatoma pearls were found in 2 cases (10%). The remaining 14 patients underwent laser-assisted myringoplasties. Neither facial palsy nor sensorineural hearing loss occurred. No postoperative infection or vertigo was noted. Five patients experienced moderate postoperative pain after the third postoperative day. Conclusions: The authors’ impression is that the KTP laser allows excellent haemostasis during chronic ear surgery and enables the surgeon to obtain a more effective disease removal in a bloodless field. Using the laser, cochlear trauma can be avoided.
Les effets ototoxiques des solvants: revue de la littérature
Authors: Demange Valérie , Chouanière Dominique , Loquet Gérard , Perrin Philippe , Johnson Ann-Christin , Morata Thaïs
Published: April 2003

Les solvants organiques sont d’utilisation courante en milieu industriel, et l’exposition combinée au bruit et aux solvants purs ou mélangés concerne de nombreux salariés de divers secteurs. Si les effets neuro-centraux des solvants organiques sont maintenant bien connus, leurs effets neuro-sensoriels et en particulier auditifs, constituent un axe de recherche en développement. En effet, l’expérimentation chez l’animal a montré que la coexposition solvants-bruit a des effets ototoxiques synergiques et que les lésions du système auditif seraient à la fois cochléaires et rétrocochléaires. Chez l’homme, nous ne disposons que de quelques études épidémiologiques en milieu professionnel qui suggèrent un effet ototoxique de solvants particuliers et des mélanges de solvants avec, quand elle a été étudiée, une interaction avec le bruit.
Chromosome banding in Amphibia
Authors: Schmid M. , Feichtinger W. , Steinlein C. , Nanda I. , Mais C. , Haaf T. , Visbal García R. , Fernández Badillo A.
Published: April 2003

The chromosomes of the rare South American marsupial frogs Gastrotheca walkeri and G. ovifera were extensively reexamined with various banding techniques. The karyotypes of both species are distinguished by a new category of XY♀/XX♂ female sex chromosomes. The unusual Y chromosomes are characterized by containing the least amount of constitutive heterochromatin in the karyotypes. This is in contrast to all previously known amphibian Y chromosomes and does not fit the evolutionary model of early XY differentiation in vertebrates. In male meiosis, the heteromorphic XY chromosomes of both species still exhibit the same pairing configurations as the autosomes. DNA flow cytometric measurements show the nuclear DNA amount of G. walkeri to be 10.90 pg. The significance of the XY/XX sex chromosomes of these marsupial frogs, the various classes of constitutive heterochromatin detected, and the data obtained from meiotic analyses are discussed in detail.
Sex chromosomes and sex determination in weird mammals
Authors: Marshall Graves J.A.
Published: April 2003

Weird mammals are of two types. Highly divergent mammals, such as the marsupials and monotremes, have informed us of the evolutionary history of the Y chromosome and sex-determining gene, and the recently specialized rodents can help us predict its future. The Y chromosome has had a short but eventful history, and is already heading briskly for oblivion. It originated as a homologous partner of the X when it acquired a sex-determining gene (not necessarily SRY). Most of the genes on the Y, even those with a male-specific function, evolved from genes now on the X. At the mercy of a high rate of variability and the forces of drift and selection, the Y has lost genes at a rate of 3–6 genes/million years, sparing those that acquired critical male-specific functions. Even these genes have disappeared from one mammalian lineage or another as their functions were usurped by genes elsewhere in the genome. The mammalian testis-determining gene, SRY, is a typical Y-borne gene. It arose by truncation of a gene (SOX3) on the X that is expressed in brain development, and it may work by interacting with (inhibiting?) related genes, including SOX9. Variant sex-determining systems in rodents show that the action of SRY can change, as it evidently has in the mouse, and SRY can be inactivated, as in akodont rodents, or even completely superseded, as in mole voles.
Mitogenomic analyses of eutherian relationships
Authors: Arnason U. , Janke A.
Published: April 2003

Reasonably correct phylogenies are fundamental to the testing of evolutionary hypotheses. Here, we present phylogenetic findings based on analyses of 67 complete mammalian mitochondrial (mt) genomes. The analyses, irrespective of whether they were performed at the amino acid (aa) level or on nucleotides (nt) of first and second codon positions, placed Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs and their kin) as the sister group of remaining eutherians. Thus, the analyses separated Erinaceomorpha from other traditional lipotyphlans (e.g., tenrecs, moles, and shrews), making traditional Lipotyphla polyphyletic. Both the aa and nt data sets identified the two order-rich eutherian clades, the Cetferungulata (comprising Pholidota, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and Cetacea) and the African clade (Tenrecomorpha, Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata, Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, and Sirenia). The study corroborated recent findings that have identified a sister-group relationship between Anthropoidea and Dermoptera (flying lemurs), thereby making our own order, Primates, a paraphyletic assembly. Molecular estimates using paleontologically well-established calibration points, placed the origin of most eutherian orders in Cretaceous times, 70–100 million years before present (MYBP). The same estimates place all primate divergences much earlier than traditionally believed. For example, the divergence between Homo and Pan is estimated to have taken place ≈10 MYBP, a dating consistent with recent findings in primate paleontology.
X-Autosome translocations, meiotic synapsis, chromosome evolution and speciation
Authors: Ashley T.
Published: April 2003

Several theories have been proposed to explain the often-noted sterility of both reciprocal and Robertsonian X-autosome translocations in male mammals. However, there are a number of species in which all members of the species carry a Robertsonian X-autosome translocation. Meiosis in spermatocytes from these sterile vs. fertile animals is compared within the context of these theories. New technologies and insights into underlying mechanisms are summarized and suggestions presented for further studies.
The sex determination in Ellobius lutescens remains bizarre
Authors: Just W. , Baumstark A. , Hameister H. , Schreiner B. , Reisert I. , Hakhverdyan M. , Vogel W.
Published: April 2003

Mammalian sex determination and gonad differentiation are the result of a complex interaction of fine-tuned spatial and temporal gene expression with threshold levels of individual genes. The male pathway is initiated by SRY. Some exceptional mammals determine male sex without the SRY gene and even without a Y chromosome. Ellobius lutescens in this report is one example of this “weird” species. We provide key data on the genomic level that there are no coarse differences in the genomes of male and female animals by comparative genomic hybridization. On the gene level we studied the gene Nr5a1 for the orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor SF-1, a central constituent for gonad differentiation and adrenal gland development. The Ellobius lutescens Nr5a1 gene was mapped to the proximal short arm of chromosome 2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In addition, we provide evidence by linkage analysis in two E. lutescens pedigrees that Nr5a1 is not the key male sex-determining gene in Ellobius lutescens.
Increases and decreases of whole-arm heterochromatin in specific chromosomes: an extraordinary situation in hybrids of the Mus terricolor complex
Authors: Sharma T. , Bardhan A. , Bahadur M.
Published: April 2003

The three chromosomal species of Mus terricolor display fixed variations in the short-arm heterochromatin of autosomes 1, 3, and 6. Some laboratory-generated hybrids among the chromosomal species show an unusual increase or decrease in the extent of whole-arm heterochromatin, instead of the expected heterozygosity for the heterochromatic short arms. The whole-arm increase/decrease tends to favor homozygosity for the presence or absence of the heterochromatic short arms. Interestingly, this increase/decrease conforms with the karyotypes of the parental chromosomal species. Although rapid karyotypic changes have been reported in other plant and animal hybrids, the situation observed in the M. terricolor hybrids is unique. The changes are stable and could be a product of the unusual chromosomal organization of recombinogenic telomeric sequences in this species complex. The altered karyological constitution is constant in both somatic and germ cells of each hybrid, suggesting that the changes occurred early in their development. The high frequency and nonrandom recurrence of similar changes in different hybrids seem to reflect a mechanism that might have been instrumental in the fixation of these chromosomal variations in a stable homozygous condition in natural populations.
Chromosomal and allozyme analysis of a hybrid zone between parapatric Robertsonian races of the house mouse: a case of monobrachial homology
Authors: Britton-Davidian J. , Catalan J. , Belkhir K.
Published: April 2003

A detailed chromosomal and allozyme analysis of Robertsonian (Rb) populations of the house mouse in Alsace (France) was performed to evaluate the model of speciation by monobrachial centric fusions. The karyological analysis confirmed the existence of a hybrid zone between two Rb races differentiated by monobrachially homologous Rb fusions. The clinal distribution of Rb fusions showed that almost no overlap occurred between the Rb fusions specific to each race, indicating the presence of an acrocentric peak in the center of the hybrid zone. Thus, only chromosomal heterozygotes carrying one to three trivalents were present, instead of the expected highly unfit interracial hybrids, none of which were observed. The effect of karyotypic differentiation on genic divergence was tested across the hybrid zone by comparing levels of genetic structure for chromosomal and allozyme markers according to the isolation by distance model. Results confirmed the highly significant spatial structure for chromosomes, but revealed none for allozymes, indicating that genic diversity was not structured according to karyotype. These data suggest the absence of a strong chromosomal barrier to gene flow, which does not conform with predictions of the model of speciation by monobrachial centric fusions. In addition, the relatedness of these Rb races to neighboring ones, as well as the nonrandom contribution of several chromosomes to the Rb fusions, was analyzed.
Fission or fusion? Mitochondrial DNA phylogenetics of the chromosome races of Hemideina crassidens (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)
Authors: Morgan-Richards M.
Published: April 2003

The weta Hemideina crassidens has two chromosomal races that differ by two centric fusions or fissions. The mitochondrial DNA of weta from both chromosomal races and a sister species were sequenced for a 750-bp region of the gene coding for cytochrome oxidase I. The average pairwise genetic distance among the 15 (XO)-chromosome race weta was almost four times greater than the average distance among the 19 (XO)-chromosome race weta. The weta from the 19-chromosome race formed a well-supported monophyletic clade in all shortest maximum parsimony trees. Maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining trees suggested that the 15-chromosome karyotype was paraphyletic with respect to the 19-chromosome karyotype, but this was not supported by maximum parsimony analyses. Although phylogenetic analysis could not exclude chromosome fusion as the rearrangement responsible for the karyotype differentiation, the level of sequence variation and pattern of distribution appear to implicate fission as the more likely event.
Geographic distribution of Robertsonian fusions in Dichroplus pratensis (Melanoplinae, Acrididae): the central-marginal hypothesis reanalysed
Authors: Bidau C.J. , Martí D.A.
Published: April 2003

The South American acridid grasshopper Dichroplus pratensis (Melanoplinae) is polymorphic and polytypic for a system of Robertsonian fusions across most of its distribution range. Several chromosomal races and hybrid zones have been identified. Since the fusions exert profound inter- and intrachromosomal effects on recombination, it has been proposed that these fusion systems could preserve sets of adaptive gene combinations in central (ecologically optimal) populations, and that marginal populations would show lower levels of chromosomal polymorphism and thus, increased recombination potential to cope with the harsher conditions of marginal habitats. In this paper, we describe a series of central and marginal populations which display typical features of each type and also, identify for the first time completely standard telocentric marginal populations at the southernmost and northernmost limits of the species distribution and show, as expected, the highest recombination indices. However, this modification of chiasma patterns, is only true of the male sex since females of both standard and Robertsonian populations show low chiasma frequencies. The hypothesis that higher levels of recombination would be adaptive in marginal populations is reinforced by the fact that the latter also show unusually high frequencies of B chromosomes some of which increase mean cell chiasma frequency.
Patterns of karyotype evolution in complexes of sibling species within three genera of African murid rodents inferred from the comparison of cytogenetic and molecular data
Authors: Volobouev V.T. , Aniskin V.M. , Lecompte E. , Ducroz J.-F.
Published: April 2003

Here we report on the analysis of three rodent sibling species complexes belonging to the African genera Arvicanthis, Acomys and Mastomys. Using cytogenetic and molecular approaches we set out to investigate how karyotype and molecular evolution are linked in these muroid sibling species and, in particular, to what extent chromosomal changes are relevant to cladogenic events inferred from molecular data. The study revealed that each complex is characterized by a distinct pattern of karyotype evolution (karyotypic orthoselection), and a specific mutation rate. However we found that the general pattern may be considerably modified in the course of evolution within the same species complex (Arvicanthis, Acomys). This observation suggests that karyotypic orthoselection documented in numerous groups is not so much a reflection of selection of a definite type of chromosomal mutation, as suggested by the classical concept, but is due to genome structure of a given species. In particular, karyotypic change appears related to the quantity and chromosomal location of repeated sequences. The congruence between the chromosomal and molecular data shows that chromosomal changes are often valuable phylogenetic characters (Arvicanthis and Mastomys, but not Acomys). However, most importantly the approach underscores the value of incorporating both in order to gain a better understanding of complex patterns of evolution. Moreover, the fact that every cladogenetic event in Mastomys is supported by two pericentric inversions allowed us to hypothesize that genetic differentiation is initiated by the suppression of recombination within inverted segments, and that the accumulation of multiple pericentric inversions reinforces genetic isolation leading to subsequent speciation. Finally, the low sequence divergences distinguishing karyotypically distinct sibling species within Arvicanthis and Mastomys emphasizes the power of combining cytogenetic and molecular approaches for the characterization of unrecognized components of biodiversity.
Molecular analysis of populations of Ctenomys (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) with high karyotypic variability
Authors: Giménez M.D. , Mirol P.M. , Bidau C.J. , Searle J.B.
Published: April 2003

The tuco-tucos (Ctenomys) are South American subterranean rodents that are some of the most chromosomally variable of all mammals. In this study we focus on Ctenomys of the “Corrientes species group” from that Argentine province and consisting of C. dorbignyi, C. perrensi, C. roigi and unnamed populations (Ctenomys sp.). A diploid range of 41–70 has been demonstrated for these taxa with multiple Robertsonian changes, pericentric inversions, heterochromatic modifications and other chromosomal rearrangements. To analyse the molecular variation in the Corrientes group, a 402 base pair fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome b was sequenced in 75 individuals from 26 populations. This generated 15 different haplotypes which were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The different species within the Corrientes group failed to form monophyletic groups in the phylogenetic trees we generated and the divergences between haplotypes were low. Therefore, these molecular data demonstrate the recent subdivision of the Corrientes group with a substantial accumulation of chromosomal differences. Through our new chromosomal data and cytochrome b studies, we are able to subdivide the Ctenomys sp. populations into two groups and hypothesize on their relationships with the described Corrientes group species. Further studies are needed to establish the basis of the phenomenal chromosomal variation in this group.
The effect of multiple simple Robertsonian heterozygosity on chromosome pairing and fertility of wild-stock house mice (Mus musculus domesticus)
Authors: Wallace B.M.N. , Searle J.B. , Everett C.A.
Published: April 2003

The influence of Robertsonian (Rb) heterozygosity on fertility has been the subject of much study in the house mouse. However, these studies have been largely directed at single simple heterozygotes (heterozygous for a single Rb metacentric) or complex heterozygotes (heterozygous for several to many metacentrics which share common chromosome arms). In this paper we describe studies on male multiple simple heterozygotes, specifically the F1 products of crosses between wild-stock mice homozygous for four or seven metacentrics and wild-stock mice with a standard all-acrocentric karyotype; these F1 products were characterized by four and seven trivalents at meiosis I, respectively. Mice with the same karyotype, but two different genetic backgrounds were examined. Although a range of meiotic and fertility studies were conducted, particular emphasis was paid to analysis of chromosome pairing, previously not well-described in multiple simple heterozygous mice. The progression of spermatocytes through prophase I was followed by electron microscopy of surface spread material. As previously shown for single simple Rb heterozygotes, the trivalents that characterize multiple simple heterozygotes initially showed delayed pairing of the centromeric region and later showed side arm formation, resulting from non-homologous pairing by the centromeric ends of the acrocentric chromosomes. In the four trivalent groups of mice, 15 and 32% of trivalents showed unpairing in the centromeric region at mid pachytene; equivalent values were 29 and 39% for the seven trivalent groups. Pairing abnormalities (largely attachments and interlocks between trivalents and between a trivalent and the XY configuration) were observed in 18 and 23% of mid pachytene cells in the four trivalent groups and 36 and 49% of cells in the seven trivalent groups. The greater level of pachytene irregularity (unpairing and pairing abnormalities) in seven versus four trivalent heterozygotes was mirrored in terms of higher anaphase I nondisjunction frequency and lower germ cell counts. However, while pachytene irregularities appear to contribute to germ cell death, examples of male sterility in our material undoubtedly also involve genic incompatibilities.
Successful Major Surgical Recovery of a Patient following Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Blast Crisis and Aspergillosis
Authors: Varadi Gabor , Svirsky On , Nagler Arnon
Published: April 2003

A 44-year-old woman who underwent haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo SCT) for chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis and aspergillosis was admitted to the emergency room 7 months later because of severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis and peritoneal signs. Computer tomography disclosed cholecystitis and gallbladder perforation. Within hours, she underwent urgent open laparatomy and cholecystectomy. The postoperative period was uneventful and she was discharged 10 days later without any complications. Currently, she is 2½ years posttransplantation in full hematological, cytogenetic and molecular remission with 100% Karnofsky performance status. Most notably, normal and fast recovery was observed following major surgery 7 months post-haplo SCT which is usually considered to result in long-lasting immunosuppression and malfunction of the immune system
Effect of Dietary Consumption, Advanced Age and Overweight on the Physical Characteristics of Cholesterol Gallstones and Biliary Lipid Composition in West Algerian Women
Authors: Lamri-Senhadji M.Y. , Mekki K. , El Kebir B. , Bachir-Bouiadjra N. , Bouchenak M. , Belleville J.
Published: April 2003

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age, overweight and food consumption on the number and size of cholesterol stones and bile composition in west Algerian women undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis. Patients were divided into four groups according to body mass index (BMI, weight/height2, kg/m2) and age. The highest number of patients with cholesterol gallstones was observed in the older women, in particular in those being overweight. In all patients, the stone number and size was approximately similar. The same dietary consumption was observed in older and young patients. Overweight patients were characterized by higher energy consumption (14.5 ± 2.0 MJ·day–1) versus normal-weight patients (10.6 ± 1.3 MJ·day–1; p < 0.01) and versus Mediterranean diet (8 MJ·day–1). In normal-weight patients, the cholesterol saturation index (CSI) was higher in older patients (+56%) versus young patients while it diminished (–53%) in older overweight versus young patients. In older patients, the CSI was fourfold higher in normal-weight compared to overweight patients (p < 0.001). In conclusion, differences in food consumption were noted in overweight patients compared to normal-weight patients. Advanced age and overweight impaired biliary lipid composition, increased the number of patients with cholesterol gallstones but did not significantly affect the physical characteristics of west Algerian women.
Quantification of Iodine Supply: Representative Data on Intake and Urinary Excretion of Iodine from the German Population in 1996
Authors: Manz Friedrich , Böhmer Thomas , Gärtner Roland , Grossklaus Rolf , Klett Martin , Schneider Roland
Published: April 2003

Background/Methods: In Germany, iodine deficiency is common. In a representative group of 2,500 Germans (age >13 years), using a specially designed food questionnaire, the iodine intake was calculated. In addition, iodine and creatinine concentrations in spot urine samples were determined in three groups with a possibly increased risk of iodine deficiency (769 conscripts, 886 pairs of mothers and newborns) or future hyperthyroidism (574 adults, age range 50–70 years) from 26 representative regions. In four groups of controls (young and older male and female adults; n = 91), 24-hour urine iodine and creatinine were measured in six diurnal fractions to calculate group- and period-specific factors for the estimation of the 24-hour iodine excretion from data of iodine/creatinine ratio and time of micturition in spot urine samples. Results: The mean calculated iodine intake (excretion) was 119 µg/day for the group of Germans above 13 years; it was 119 µg/day (125 µg/day) for adults aged 50–70 years, 137 µg/day (125 µg/day) for conscripts, and 162 µg/day for breast-feeding mothers. The median iodine concentration (iodine/creatinine ratio) was 9.4 µg/dl (83 µg/g) in 566 adults aged 50–70 years, 8.3 µg/dl (57 µg/g) in 772 conscripts. and 5.6 µg/dl (156 µg/g) in 739 breast-fed newborns. Conclusions: Compared to older data, the iodine intake in Germany has increased. In 1996, the meticulously quantified average deficit was about 30% of the recommended iodine intake.
Higher LDL Oxidation at Rest and after a Rugby Game in Weekend Warriors
Authors: Chang Chen-Kang , Tseng Hung-Fu , Hsuuw Yan-Der , Chan Wen-Hsiung , Shieh Lan-Chi
Published: April 2003

Background/Aim: Weekend warriors (WW), people who only exercise vigorously once a week, are a fast-growing population. The present study investigates LDL oxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in WW (n = 6) at rest and after a rugby game. The results are compared with those of sedentary controls (CON, n = 10) and trained rugby players (TR, n = 15). Methods: LDL + VLDL conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as well as erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were analyzed in WW and TR groups before and after a rugby game. Results: The WW showed higher LDL+VLDL CD and TBARS levels than TR and CON groups at rest (p < 0.05). LDL+VLDL CD and TBARS were also significantly higher in the WW group than in the TR group after exercise (p < 0.05). Both WW and TR groups showed significant exercise-induced elevations in LDL+VLDL TBARS (p < 0.05), with the WW having higher degrees of increase (15.8 ± 7.9 vs. 6.3 ± 9.0%, WW group vs. TR group; p < 0.05). Erythrocyte SOD and GPx activities at rest were similar in all three groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that WW may have a higher LDL oxidation than TR and CON persons at rest and higher exercise-induced LDL oxidation levels than TR athletes.