bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profiling Consumers of Personal Color Analysis Systems
Authors: Francis Sally K , Davis Leslie L.
Published: August 2011

70 undergraduate women and their mothers indicated whether they had received commercial color analysis. A discriminant analysis showed that no combination of 31 variables successfully separated the sample into those who had had color-analysis and those who had not.
Perceived Effects on Femininity of the Participation of Women in Sport
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Kono David M.
Published: August 2011

The perceived effects of six distinct sports on the femininity of women participants were rated by both men and women. The raters were 132 volunteers (47 men and 85 women) taking undergraduate psychology classes at Brigham Young University. The men and women raters were randomly assigned to two groups. A video group was shown a 15-min. videotape of women athletes participating in the six sports before completing their ratings. The nonvideo group made their ratings without looking at the videotape. A two (sex of rater) by two (video vs nonvideo) by six (type of sport, a repeated measure) analysis of variance yielded no significant difference between the men and women raters. However, both viewing the video and the specific sport involved produced significant differences. In general, participation in sport by women was not seen as substantially enhancing or detracting from their femininity. Some sports were regarded as more consistent with femininity than others. Viewing a videotape of women participating in sports lowered the ratings by both men and women of the contribution of sport participation to femininity.
Discourse and Sex as Correlates of Adults' Judgments of Children
Authors: Burroughs Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

This study explored the influence of a child's sex and discourse behavior on the way he is judged by adults. Nine adults listened to 29 5-min. samples of the speech of children, aged 102 to 129 mo., conversing with an adult. They rated each child on 12 7-point bipolar adjective scales (e.g., bad/good, superior/inferior). The associations between the ratings on each scale and the child's sex and discourse behavior were then estimated. The aspects of discourse examined were amount of conversational participation, topic maintenance, and use of three types of speech acts (responses, acknowledgments, and assertions). Children who produced higher proportions of responses were judged as more timid and “bad.” Children who participated more in the conversation and who could maintain a topic for a longer series of turns were judged as more intelligent, above average, and superior. Sex was also associated with the judgments on seven scales.
Elevated, Specific Temporal Lobe Signs in a Population Engaged in Psychic Studies
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Fisher Susan D.
Published: August 2011

We tested the hypothesis that a special population of people who maintain exotic beliefs and report frequent subjective psi experiences should display more frequent temporal lobe signs and symptoms. Clusters of items, that reflect various temporal lobe factors for 20 women who were actively (> 1 year) involved with a local psychic and spiritual development group, were compared to items for an age-matched reference group ( n = 61). T-scores for the reference group did not differ from those of the normal population. Whereas the psychic group did not differ from the reference group on various control and psychiatric measures, mean T-scores on clusters that infer complex partial epileptic signs (specifically a sense of presence, olfactory experiences, and intense meaning) ranged between 65 and 70. Group affiliation explained 22 to 50% of the variance for each of these variables; with discriminant analysis, they correctly classified 95% of both groups of participants.
Correlations between the Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children for a Preschool Sample
Authors: Hendershott JoAnn L. , Searight H. Russell , Hatfield Jimmy L. , Rogers Billy J.
Published: August 2011

The Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition has potential utility for assessing the cognitive functioning of preschool children; however, construct validation is a necessary precursor to widespread application. In the current study, the Stanford-Binet IV and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children were administered to 36 preschool children to estimate the association of scores. No significant mean difference was obtained between the two composite scores. Correlations between conceptually similar factors were higher than those between dissimilar factors. These results suggest that the Stanford-Binet IV is a valid measure of intellectual functioning for preschool children.
Raw Scores vs Percentage Conversions in Factorial Solutions for Projective Test Variables
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Hilsenroth Mark J. , Sivec Harry J.
Published: August 2011

Factor analytic solutions for raw scores and corresponding percentage conversion scores derived from Rorschach and Hand Test variables were directly compared. Number of factors, total and individual communalities, and test overlap were sufficiently different to question either approach as preferable for summarizing interrelationships among projective tests and test variables. Most of the substantial loadings tended to be either artifactual, relatively uninformative, or appeared on one factor analysis but not the other.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXX. Lewis Madison Terman and His Presidential Questionnaire
Authors: Shephard Alfred H.
Published: August 2011

Acknowledging John Stuart Mill's statement of experimental methods, Wilhelm Max Wundt and Alfred Binet clearly acknowledged the structurally different nature of their respective generally recognized research interests—Wundt's The Method of Difference and Binet's The Method of Concomitant Variations. It is argued that, in attempting to examine possible differences between these two methods, Lewis Madison Terman misinterpreted the results of a questionnaire he circulated in preparation for his 1923 American Psychological Association Presidential Address and in so doing misdirected much of the subsequent course of psychology.
Stuttering Therapy for Nonfluent Psychiatric Adults
Authors: Halpern Harvey
Published: August 2011

Brief suggestions for treating stuttering, i.e., specific nonfluencies, of adult psychiatric patients based on treatment of 8 patients are listed.
Use of Microcomputers by Young Children with Severe Disabilities: A Brief Review of Studies and Their Implications
Authors: Parette Howard P. , VanBiervliet Alan
Published: August 2011

Microcomputers increasingly are being employed with young children having disabilities, although little research has been conducted. A review of available research suggests a variety of questions must be addressed by professionals in rehabilitation to optimize potential applications of this new technology with these children.
Effects of Size Changes on Memory for Words and Pictures
Authors: Robinson Katherine M. , Standing Lionel
Published: August 2011

The effects of changing the size of stimuli between learning and recognition sessions were examined for word and picture materials. Size changes did not affect correct recognition of items as new or old, for either words or pictures. However, size alteration impaired recognition memory for the size of word stimuli. With pictures, impaired size recognition was noted with changes only from large to small.
Arousal Gradient and Performance
Authors: Stankard William
Published: August 2011

A two-dimensional view of arousal was operationalized by controlling gradient and intensity of exercise-arousal in three experiments with 160 male subjects. In all three experiments, significant cognitive performance decrement occurred at moderate intensities of arousal during, or shortly after, steep-gradient arousal increases. These results could not have been predicted by theories that view arousal as unidimensional. Affect measures, recorded in two of the experiments, were uncorrelated with cognitive performance. Results suggest that athletes' cognitive capabilities may be adversely affected by the execution of routine sport motions at moderate arousal, and they may have no conscious awareness of arousal gradient sensations while performing. The adoption of a two-dimensional view of arousal is urged, particularly for study of subjects in motion.
Effects of Hemispheric Laterality on Color-Information Processing
Authors: Berry Louis H.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the interaction between hemispheric laterality and recognition memory for pictures presented in three different color modes: realistic, nonrealistic, and monochrome (black and white). Stimulus materials were 180 scenic slides (120 stimulus and 60 distractor) produced in three color modes. Materials were presented to a group of 26 graduate volunteers via the list learning procedure for a duration of 500 msec. each. During one-half of the materials an arithmetic masking task was performed to inhibit left-hemisphere processing. Signal-detection parameters, compared in a 2 × 3 repeated-measures design, produced significant interactions for the probability of hits, error, and d′ measures. Post hoc tests indicated significantly higher hit probability and d′ scores for nonrealistic color and higher error rates for realistic color under the right localized condition. Findings suggest that color processing is bilocational, realistic information is processed more deeply than nonrealistic, and nonrealistic color supplies unique color codes for storage and retrieval.
Flotation Rest and Imagery in the Improvement of Collegiate Basketball Performance
Authors: Wagaman Jeffrey D. , Barabasz Arreed F. , Barabasz Marianne
Published: August 2011

22 expert collegiate basketball players were exposed to either imagery training only or restricted environmental stimulation (REST) with imagery training. The REST group showed significantly better performance on both objective game performance and coaches' blind ratings.
Improvements on a Device for Synchronizing Music to the Movement Rhythm on an Exercise Cycle
Authors: Mertesdorf Frank L.
Published: August 2011

In a previous paper a device for synchronizing the tempo of synthesizer music to the pedal rotation of an exercise cycle was described. The device has been improved with a control panel and additional programming which makes easy choosing songs from a large pool. In addition, the synthesizer module and the computer are now located in a small unobtrusive box directly on the exercise cycle.
The Lodging Discount Coupon: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

To gather some insight into the genuineness of room rate discounts offered to select travelers, 250 individual inquiries were made in response to a promotional by a national hotel chain. About 84% of the time a discounted room was available for booking.
Efficacy of Representing Quantities with Different Pictures in Solving Arithmetic Word Problems
Authors: Sprinthall Richard C. , Nolan Thomas E.
Published: August 2011

In Grade 1 of two groups of 10 children who were of comparable arithmetic ability, those using pictured sets of different objects in word problems scored significantly higher than the group shown sets of the same objects.
Self-Concept and Skill Development in Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Hopper Chris , Guthrie Gerald D. , Kelly Tim
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine multidimensional self-concept and skill development changes in soccer players after a 15-hr. soccer camp (3 hr. per day, 5 days a week). Players ( n = 54), 8 to 14 yr. of age, were pre- and posttested on four skill tests (dribbling, juggling, wall volley, and accuracy of kick), the 1985 Harter Self-perception Profile, and a soccer self-concept scale. Significant improvements occurred on the wall volley item, physical appearance scale of the Harter Profile, and the self-concept scale. The significant improvement in the soccer self-concept supported the multidimensional theory of self-concept. Subscale means in our study were slightly higher than those of Harter. Comparisons of players' perceptions of ability and coaches' ratings indicated that older players (11 to 14 yr.) and coaches agreed more on ability than younger players (8 to 10 yr.) and coaches.
Relationship between Two Scoring Systems for the Modified Version of the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Brannigan Gary G. , Brunner Nancy A.
Published: August 2011

Correlations of – .80, – .78, and – .67 for 72, 94, and 92 pupils in Grades K, 1, and 2 support the validity of the Qualitative Scoring System (vs Koppitz's system) for the modified Bender-Gestalt test.
Reliability Generalization: A Viable Key for Establishing Validity Generalization
Authors: Kennedy Robert S. , Turnage Janet J.
Published: August 2011

Even with radical restriction of range, reliability coefficients from 10 studies gave an average interstudy value of .74, suggesting constancy of reliability over diverse experiments. A value from a new test can help index reliability of tests not previously studied.
Reaction Time to a Word in Different Orientations with Letters Rotated Separately in Different Orientations
Authors: Windes James D.
Published: August 2011

Six men and six women were timed as they made judgments about a word whose line of letters and individual letters were separately turned in different angular orientations. The subjects were asked to indicate by manual key-pressing responses whether the letters in the word were normal letters or reflected, mirror-image letters. Analysis showed that (1) reaction time (RT) was slower for reflected letters than for normal letters, and for subjects using the left (nondominant) hand rather than the right (dominant) hand for responding to normal letters. (2) RT generally increased in relation to the deviation of the individual letters from normal upright orientation but increased more reliably for normal than for reflected letters. (3) Although there were exceptions, RT for words composed of normal letters generally increased in relation to the deviation of the individual letters from normal upright, regardless of the orientation of the line of letters.
An Heuristic for the Study of the Effects of Emotion on Memory
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

This report contains an heuristic (a systematic set of questions) addressing issues of concern in the emotion-memory literature. Four experiments ( ns of 73, 24, 160, and 34) are described in terms of the heuristic and its potential for describing the literature is examined.
Some Neuropsychological and Psychological Parameters in Children with Minimal Brain Dysfunction: A Transcultural Comparison
Authors: Cakirpaloglu Panajotis , Radil Tomáš
Published: August 2011

Performances of groups of second grade elementary school boys with Minimal Brain Dysfunction ( ns = 34) and matched with normal boys ( ns = 30) were studied using mostly psychometric criteria in Prague, Czechoslovakia and Skopje, Macedonia. Boys with brain dysfunctions scored more poorly than normal ones at both places, but normal boys from both cultures did not differ. Information-processing capability (derived from Wechsler scale) was lower and its rank among disordered features higher among Skopje boys, probably because organized care for minimal brain dysfunctioning children was relatively lower.
Kairos and Eriksonian Psychology
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

Contending that the ancient Greek time-frame of Kairos is present in Erikson's early thought, this paper traces the concept from Greece through to modern schools of psychology. It concludes with a brief treatment of Kairotic time in Erikson's early formulation of his epigenetic theory of personality development.
Cerebral Asymmetry in Dementia: Effect of Context on Hemi-Attention
Authors: Alden John D. , Crews W. David , Harrison David W.
Published: August 2011

The duration of the orienting response toward the left or right hemispace as a function of bright light and noise levels was evaluated in 6 demented elderly patients. Tentative findings of cerebral asymmetry suggest light may differentially activate the left hemisphere.
Comparison of Guided and Discovery Learning Strategies
Authors: Greenockle Karen M. , Lee Amelia
Published: August 2011

60 volunteer female university students randomly assigned to either a variable guidance, single guidance, or discovery group performed initial acquisition and transfer trials of the Mirror Target Toss Test. All three groups exhibited similar acquisition curves on the initial task. Significant differences on the last acquisition block and first transfer block were found between the discovery group and the variable-guidance group, with the former exhibiting the poorer performance. Means for the second transfer block were similar, indicating adjustment to the task.
Temporal Lobe Signs, the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the Hemispheric Quotient
Authors: Richards Pauline , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Scores for the inference of Temporal Lobe Signs, the Dissociative Experiences Scale, and the Hemispheric Quotient were obtained for men and women. Moderately strong positive correlations (.70) were found between indices of complex partial epileptic-like signs and the Dissociative Experiences Scale; there were no correlations between the Hemispheric Quotient and the Dissociative Experiences Scale or Temporal Lobe Signs. However, factor-derived left hemispheric items (related to religiosity, verbal meaning, and sense of presence) and right hemispheric items (depersonalization, automatic behaviors) displayed the appropriate Hemispheric Quotient. Scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale were most strongly correlated with the right hemispheric factor.
Age and Sex Differences on Four Measures of Cognitive Ability
Authors: Persaud Gagindra
Published: August 2011

138 Faculty of Education students, 20 to 56 years old, in two undergraduate programs, worked on four psychometric tests of nonverbal intelligence. Sex and program differences were nonsignificant. The positive intertest correlations were significant as were the negative age-test correlations. Steep declines for scores on Spatial Ability and Matrices and gentler decrements for scores on Paper Form Board and Number Series were noted with age. The findings suggest that decreased performance on these tests reflects the influence of age differences between younger and older students in this sample.
Nocturnal Bruxism and Self Reports of Stress-Related Symptoms
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Conti Patricia
Published: August 2011

Of 511 undergraduates responding to a questionnaire, 96 identified themselves as bruxers and reported more symptoms of stress than the nonbruxers. Stress may contribute etiologically to bruxism.
Effects of Attainable and Unattainable Goals on Mirror-Tracing Performance and Retention of a Motor Task
Authors: Humphries Charlotte A. , Thomas Jerry R. , Nelson Jack K.
Published: August 2011

Attainable and unattainable goals' effect on mirror tracing a six-pointed star was investigated. Three groups of male college students were randomly assigned to groups: control, attainable goals, or unattainable goals. Subjects were evaluated for time and error in 28 trials. Goals were individualized on the basis of each subject's performance on the previous three trials. Knowledge of results and goals were given for both time and error on the first 18 trials but not the last 10. The use of goals led to superior performance and short-term retention, but no significant differences were found between subjects given attainable and unattainable goals. Significant correlations of time and error in some experimental blocks suggest that, under increasingly difficult conditions, quality (avoidance of error) may be sacrificed for quantity (time).
Subjective Time Estimation and Age
Authors: Gallant Roy , Fidler Tara , Dawson Kim A.
Published: August 2011

Time seems to accelerate with increasing age. This subjective acceleration or compression may be due to the operation of a linear or a square-root function that relates present age to past age. A subjective magnitude-estimation technique was applied in a questionnaire given to 282 university students to determine which function best fitted the data. The results did not support the hypothesis that subjective time is estimated by either linear or square-root functions. Instead, the results indicate that subjective time is estimated with respect to a stable constant independent of age. These results support the notion that the purely subjective perception of time may serve as a measure of psychological temporal processes that remain stable with age. A linear function of age was, however, significantly related to error in the estimation of test-duration.
Cognitive Styles: A Factor Analysis of Six Dimensions with Implications for Consolidation
Authors: Bostic Jeff Q. , Tallent-Runnels Mary K.
Published: August 2011

Researchers have repeatedly suggested that several dimensions of cognitive style may be related by a common factor or factors. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationships among six of the more commonly studied and reliably measured dimensions of cognitive style. Those assessed were field independence/field dependence, reflectivity/impulsivity, broad/narrow categorizing, intolerance for ambiguity, cognitive complexity/simplicity, and automatization/restructuring. Seven commonly used measures were administered to 99 youth in Grade 11. Using principal components factor analysis, the six dimensions were reduced to three, accounting for 59.5% of the total variance. These were called deliberation, assimilation, and flexibility. The cognitive style dimensions of reflectivity with field independence loaded together on the factor named deliberation while assimilation included automatization and broad categorizing. Tolerance for ambiguity, field independence, and cognitive complexity comprised the factor named flexibility.
Mouth-Writing by a Quadriplegic
Authors: Wellingham-Jones Patricia
Published: August 2011

Although the phrase, “handwriting is brainwriting,” is commonly heard, there is little in the literature to support the statement. This case study of a 28-year-old quadriplegic woman briefly describes the disorder, its treatment, and her reaction to sudden disability. Writing pre- and postparalysis illustrates the similarities in slant, spacing, size, and idiosyncracies found when written by hand or by holding the pen in the mouth.
Development of Reality Monitoring for Performed and Imagined Actions
Authors: Markham Roslyn
Published: August 2011

Young children are frequently assumed to be poorer than older children at remembering the sources of their memories, although recent studies have shown that this increased confusion may occur only when they have to distinguish between what they did and what they imagined doing. The present study compares children of 6, 9, and 12 years and shows that, over a wide range of action classes, 6-year-olds have more trouble discriminating between memories for performed and imagined actions than older children both when the child is the actor and the imagined actor and when someone else is the actor and the imagined actor. These results suggest that young children have particular difficulty in distinguishing memory sources whenever the same person is involved in actual and imagined actions.
Response Bias and the Generation of Random Sequences
Authors: Ginsburg N. , Wiegersma S.
Published: August 2011

30 subjects attempted to produce random series of 300 responses, using the numbers 1 to 10. Digrams of successive responses were analyzed using two measures of randomness, the 1978 random number generation index of Evans and Ginsburg and Goldstein's 1987 cluster ratio. Three forms of bias were studied: repetition avoidance, series responding, and cycling. Only series responding showed a clear relation to measures of randomness. Counting forward and counting backward were both significantly correlated with departure from randomness. It was suggested that the achievement of randomness might be facilitated by using responses which do not involve an ordered set.
Strength Deficits Also Predict Gait Performance in Patients with Stroke
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: August 2011

Measurements of muscle strength have been clearly established as predictors of gait performance in patients with stroke. By examining the previously published data, strength deficits of the paretic side of 26 patients with stroke are also shown to correlate with gait performance (speed [ r = −.638]). Paretic muscle strength deficits, then, may also be considered valid predictors of gait performance.
Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: An Experiment Controlling for Major Possible Confounding Influences Outlined by Fudin
Authors: Gustafson Roland , Källmén Håkan
Published: August 2011

40 and 48 subjects participated in two separate experiments aimed at reproducing the subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) phenomenon and taking into account the major methodological critique by Fudin (1986, 1990) Subjects were first exposed either to a full or one of all possible partial symbiotic messages and then to their anagram equivalents. Confounding and irrelevant influences were controlled; the results indicate that only the full symbiotic message improved motor performance. This strongly suggests that subjects encode the meaning of the full message and supports an interpretation in terms of an alleviation of an internal symbiotic conflict leading to a state of calmness conducive to improved motor performance.
Suicide among Alcoholics
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Analysis of recent data from 44 studies indicated that the lifetime risk of suicide among alcoholics is affected by the length of follow-up, in which nation the study was conducted, and the sample size.
Age Differences in the Performance of Basketball Dribbling by Elementary School Boys
Authors: Caterino Maria C.
Published: August 2011

Age differences in hand contact time and ball-to-floor distance during the performance of a basketball dribbling task by 30 5- to 6-, 7- to 8-, and 9- to 10-yr-old boys were studied. Each age group included 10 boys, five with high rhythm audiation skill and five with low rhythm audiation skill, as measured on Gordon's Primary or Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation. Performance during eight bounces was filmed with a 16-mm camera and analyzed with a stop-action projector. Analysis of variance indicated no statistically significant differences. Observed dribbling behaviors are discussed.
Validation of Two Devices for Evaluation of Human Psychomotor Performance
Authors: Kunsman G. W. , Manno J. E. , Przekop M. A. , Manno B. R.
Published: August 2011

The Pursuit Meter III (PM III) and the Simultaneous Hand and Foot Tracking (SHAFT) task are microcomputer-based devices for the evaluation of human psychomotor performance. Both devices are pursuit-tracking tasks. The primary task (PM III) requires a subject superimpose a line over a computer-generated sine wave. The computer wave is black and the subject's wave is red. The vertical position of the subject's wave is determined by a joystick controller. The SHAFT adds a second simultaneous tracking task (FTT) that is operated by means of a foot control. Ten naive subjects performed either device for 5 sessions/day over a three-day period. Each session consisted of 5 sweeps of the sine wave pattern. Mean performance on both tasks generally improved over the assessment period, and differential stability was reached within 10 sweeps for each device.
Emission Controls on Cars and Accidental Deaths from Car Exhaust
Authors: Lester David , Abe Kazuhiko
Published: August 2011

After emission controls were imposed on cars in Japan in 1975, the accidental death rate, based on data from the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, from poisoning by car exhaust declined.
Noise Annoyance during the Performance of Different Nonauditory Tasks
Authors: Kjellberg Anders , Sköldström Bjïrn
Published: August 2011

Three experiments were performed to study the effects of an ongoing task on the annoyance response to noise. In the first two experiments a total of five tasks were used: three versions of a proofreading task, a finger-dexterity task, and a complex reaction time (RT) task. Subjects performed the tasks during exposure to two levels of a continuous broadband noise. Task was of no consequence for rated annoyance. Four tasks were used in Experiment 3: proofreading, complex RT, grammatical reasoning, and simple RT. A third type of noise, irrelevant speech, was added to the broadband noises. Rated annoyance was lower during simple RT than during the reasoning and proofreading tasks, especially in the irrelevant speech condition. The difference corresponded to a 6-dB difference in noise level. It was concluded that task differences probably only explain a small part of the widely differing noise tolerance levels at different work places.
Immediate Effect of Weight Training as Compared to Aerobic Exercise on Free-Throw Shooting in Collegiate Basketball Players
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: August 2011

This study empirically assessed the effect weight training has on the accuracy of free-throw shots immediately following a weight-training session. On alternating days of the week for eight weeks, 14 members of a women's varsity intercollegiate basketball team engaged in a weight-training program and an aerobics exercise program. Each day immediately following the conditioning, the players shot two sets of 10 free throws. Analysis indicated no significant difference in free-throw shooting accuracy as a function of weight training when compared to the aerobic exercise, suggesting that the immediate effects of weight training are no more detrimental or beneficial for free-throw shooting than aerobic exercise.
Revised Scoring System and Norms for the Physical Activity Stereotyping Index
Authors: Ignico Arlene A.
Published: August 2011

Protocols of 768 children, ages 6 to 12 years, provided the basis for revision of scoring and development of norms.
Relations among Mental Capacity, Short-Term Storage Space, and Operational Efficiency
Authors: Niaz Mansoor
Published: August 2011

According to R. Case, a subject's Total Processing Space is the sum of his Short-term Storage Space (STSS) and Operating Space (OS). Case has hypothesized a trade-off between the two, that is, an increase in operational efficiency leads to a decrease in operating space, and consequently more short-term space is available for information processing. To test Case's hypothesis 52 freshman students were tested to estimate operational efficiency (time taken to finish the Figural Intersection Test, when administered with a time limit), Pascual-Leone's Structural M-capacity, Ms (i.e., STSS), and Functional M-capacity, Mf. A zero correlation was obtained between operational efficiency and MS/STSS, which suggests that subjects find it difficult to distribute attentional load from one reserve (OS) to another (STSS). This study supports Pascual-Leone's construct of Ms and Mf. It is concluded that subjects with high operational efficiency seem to be operating with the field-independent cognitive style rather than using a strategy of decreasing operating space.
The Taste of Desserts' Packages
Authors: Overbeeke C. J. , Peters M. E.
Published: August 2011

This article reports an experiment on expressing the behavioural meaning of designed objects. Can a designer express the taste of a dessert in the form of its packaging and can consumers match these forms when tasting the desserts? Analysis of responses of 12 adults indicates positive answers to these questions.
Describing Sport Grounds: An Investigation of ‘Functional’ and ‘Acquaintance’ Familiarity
Authors: Peron Erminielda Mainardi , Baroni Maria Rosa , Falchero Susanna
Published: August 2011

The present research was designed to investigate the concept of familiarity and how different kinds of familiarity could affect the coding and memory of places having specific and strong functional significance, i.e., sport courts. Tennis and basketball were selected. Users and nonusers of such sport courts had first to describe a sport court taking the necessary information from their stored schematic knowledge and then to describe a sport court previously seen in a photograph. Subjects' verbal reports showed a certain superiority of users' performance, a commonly found place effect, and the presence of errors only on the second task and mainly by the users group. The results are discussed in terms of the environmental schemata theory and of the different kinds of familiarity considered.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Transient Mood State
Authors: Barabasz Marianne
Published: August 2011

Using 24 university student volunteers, 45 minutes of an aerobic level of physical activity produced reduced total mood disturbance and reduced tension-anxiety as measured by the Profile of Mood States test.
Human Pinch-Force Discrimination
Authors: Williams William N. , Hanson Carolyn Schmidt , Crary Michael A. , Wharton Paul W.
Published: August 2011

Pinch-sustaining tasks such as holding a pencil, fork, or key require the exertion of different levels of force. There is little information concerning normal subjects' ability to discriminate differences in their pinching force, so the purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of 24 normal young women to discriminate differences in their self-generated isometric tip and lateral pinching force. Resistance forces of 10, 25, 50, and 75% of known normal maximum pinching force were selected as standards. Subjects were presented a series of paired resistance settings of which the first resistance in each pair was the standard and the second resistance a comparator of some greater amount. This procedure of paired comparisons was continued until subjects' threshold of discrimination between two pinching forces was established. The results indicated that subjects' pinch-force discrimination at the standard of 50% of reported maximum pinching force was significantly better for the tip condition than for the lateral condition. This study has described an instrumentation and the methodology for assessing individuals' ability to discriminate differences in their pinching force at submaximal levels.
Initial Development of an Emic Methodology for Classification of Stressful Work Situations
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Owen Crystal L. , Petrick Joseph A. , Brodzinski James D. , Goyer Karen A.
Published: August 2011

Research on stress in the workplace has generally focused on situations which the investigator a priori perceives to be stressful for people at work. In the current study, an emic (insider) approach to identification of what constitutes a stressful work event is described as a complement to the outsider's perspective. Using content analysis, two broad categories of work-related stressful events were used to classify situations which the employee perceived to be stressful. Recommendations for research using the methodology are provided.
Attentional Style and Basketball Shooting
Authors: Wilson Vietta , Kerr Gretchen
Published: August 2011

Nideffer in 1976 predicted chat athletes with particular predisposing attentional styles will be better able to “concentrate” or “focus” in the sport setting. This study tested whether the attention scales of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style were correlated with the percentage of field goals and free throws made during a season by 12 male, varsity basketball players. The analysis supports Nideffer's prediction of a significant correlation ( r = .62) between players' ability to narrow their focus of attention and their ability to shoot field goals during actual competition.
Memory Size Estimates of Playing Cards: The Effect of Manipulative Familiarity
Authors: Predebon John
Published: August 2011

200 subjects estimated from memory the actual size of a playing card, rated their manipulative familiarity with cards, and estimated the elapsed-time period since they last handled cards. Size estimates were significantly greater than the card's actual size by about 14%; however, neither manipulative familiarity nor the elapsed-time period was significantly associated with estimates of size or with absolute errors of the size estimates. These findings are consistent with the claim that the reported variability in estimates of the distance of familiar objects, such as a playing card, viewed under otherwise reduced-cue conditions is unlikely to reflect extra-experimental individual differences in manipulative experience with cards.
Social Integration and Suicide in the Caribbean Islands
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Among the Caribbean islands, suicide rates were higher for the more populous islands, confirming a prediction from Durkheim.
Using Mystat to Analyze a Repeated-Measures Design
Authors: Walsh John F.
Published: August 2011

Laboratory experiments having a two-way analysis of variance design with repeated-measures on one factor are analyzed by MYSTAT. The key is in coding subjects as a factor and expressing the design as a three-way factorial with one subject per cell.
Differential Motion Thresholds to Sinusoidal Gratings at Two Eccentricities
Authors: Chorlton Mark C. , Finlay David C. , Manning Marx L. , Fulham W. Ross , Boulton John
Published: August 2011

Differential motion thresholds were measured at eccentricities of 9° and 16.6° using computer-generated sinusoidal gratings. Three spatial frequencies (0.51, 0.25, and 0.13 cycles/deg) were examined at reference velocities of 2, 4, 8, 16, 52, and 48 deg/sec. Minimum differential velocity thresholds were between 20 and 30% of the reference velocities for the three spatial frequencies at both eccentricities Increasing eccentricity produced an increase in the velocity at which minimum velocity discrimination occurred. Temporal frequency tuning was between 4 and 8 Hz, regardless of eccentricity.
Imagery, Meaningfulness, and Emotionality Values of Words When Meaning is Controlled
Authors: Campos Alfredo , González María Angeles
Published: August 2011

Previous studies yielded positive correlations between imagery and meaningfulness and negative correlations between imagery and emotionality and between emotionality and meaningfulness. A positive correlation among imagery, emotionality, and meaningfulness values of words was hypothesized when concrete and abstract words have similar meanings. 93 subjects rated 12 pairs of words, such as friend and friendship, that differ in only morpheme. Within these pairs words differed markedly on concreteness but little in core meaning. Subjects rated the words on imagery, emotionality, and meaningfulness. Correlations among all variables were positive and significant: imagery and meaningfulness (.71), imagery and emotionality (.83), and emotionality and meaningfulness (.49).
Slope: An Alternative Method for Normalizing Fundamental Frequency Data
Authors: Scukanec Gail P. , Petrosino Linda
Published: August 2011

A number of techniques have been utilized to normalize fundamental frequency (F0) data in investigations of F0 variation associated with intonation. While such techniques have proven useful within specific investigations, information which could be relevant to the understanding of the production and perception of intonation is often lost by utilizing these techniques. An alternative method for calculating slope was devised to deal with some of the problems encountered in previous normalization techniques.
On the Hypothesized Physiological Correspondence between Perceptual and Imagery Processes
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio
Published: August 2011

This research examined some aspects of the interaction between imagery and perception of 16 male and 84 female undergraduate students in psychology. The data indicate that, when a subject is imagining with open eyes, a modification in the external stimulation of the retina, produced by covering the eyes, strongly modifies the imaginative activity. The majority of the subjects observed a loss of mental image. In 54% of the subjects the loss of image was provoked by covering only one of the two eyes. Other subjects presented interesting alterations of the mental image. The observed differences among subjects are interpreted by hypothesizing a correspondence between perceptual and imaginative styles that could employ common neurophysiological structures at central and perhaps peripheral levels.
Effectiveness of a Personalized Fitness Module on Knowledge, Attitude, and Cardiovascular Endurance of Fifth-Grade Students: “Heart Smart”
Authors: Mott Denise Serpas , Warren Barbara L. , Virgilio Stephen J. , Berenson Gerald S.
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of a Personalized Fitness Module was compared to a Traditional Fitness Unit, both of which were designed to develop knowledge, behavioral skills, fitness and positive attitudes. 95 students in Grade 5 and from intact physical education/health classes within two public schools participated in a seven-week cardiovascular fitness program. The experimental group of 48 participated in the personalized and noncompetitive fitness module. The control group of 47 participated in the traditional unit, a teacher-centered fitness module. Students received a total of 14 55-min. lessons over seven weeks. Pre- and posttest measurements included the Superkids-Superfit Knowledge Test, the Children's Attitudes Toward Physical Activity Inventory, and the one-mile run/walk. Data were analyzed using group mean gain scores on eight dependent variables (knowledge, six subscales of attitude, and one-mile run/walk) followed by a multivariate analysis of variance. A significant difference between groups led to a discriminant function analysis as a post hoc test. Findings indicated that the use of the personalized unit can substantially improve one-mile run/walk time. The use of modules of this type in health and physical education programs may promote life-long exercise patterns and fitness.
Sleep-Quality among Girls with Different Involvement in Competitive Sports during Fall in the Arctic Circle
Authors: Weydahl Andi
Published: August 2011

Eight high-school girls participating in competitive sports and six non-participating girls living north of the polar circle recorded their sleep once a week during the Fall, including the period when the sun does not rise above the horizon. Sleep-quality scores were computed as the sum of answers identical to a preset “right” answer indicating good sleep-quality. Significant differences on sleep-quality between the two groups were found, but a significant influence of amount of daylight or exercise could not be confirmed. When sleep-quality was ranked during three periods through the Fall, the girls participating in competitive sports showed a trend of increasing sleep-quality and the nonparticipants a decreasing one. An explanation based on influence of exercise thresholds upon sleep-quality is presented.
Olfactory Deficits in Elderly Subjects and Parkinson Patients
Authors: Zucco Gesualdo M. , Zaglis Dimitrios , Wambsganss Christiane S.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of subjects, 8 Parkinson patients and 16 normal elderly people, were examined on a matching and a naming olfactory task. On the former, subjects had to recognize among four a previously sniffed odour, while on the latter they had to label an odour by choosing among four alternatives proposed by the examiner. Analysis indicated different trends for the two groups, Parkinson patients being more efficient in naming than in matching, and the elderly people showing the opposite pattern. Data are discussed with reference to the loss of dopamine in Parkinson patients and the decline of memory processes in elderly people.
Visual Detection of Body Weight Change in Young Women
Authors: Alley Thomas R.
Published: August 2011

To assess whether small changes in body weight can be visually detected, college students (58 women and 42 men) were asked to select the less heavy person shown in two photographs for each of 33 young women. All of these women had been photographed twice in a standardized pose and attire, separated by an 8-wk. interval during which most of them lost weight. These pairs were presented in varying orders to control for the order and side of presentation. One photograph was reliably selected as the lighter person for 64% of the pairs, but the picture selected was in fact lighter only 57% of the time. The accuracy of selecting the lighter photograph was not correlated with the percent weight change for the person shown in the pairs of photographs. The results suggest that small changes in women's weight may not have a significant perceptual effect, particularly for male perceivers.
Relationship between Body-Image and Self-Consciousness
Authors: Theron Wilhelmina H. , Nel Elizabeth M. , Lubbe Andria J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess whether there is a relation between body-image and self-consciousness and if there are any sex differences on measures of these two concepts. A total of 267 undergraduates, 56 men and 211 women whose ages ranged from 19 to 25 years, were tested. Analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between body-image and self-consciousness and between body-image and social anxiety. Private and public self-consciousness correlated positively with each other as well as with social anxiety. Men and women differed significantly on social anxiety only.
Validation of the Physical Fitness Opinion Questionnaire against Marathon Performance
Authors: Bezjak John E. , Langga-Sharifi Euly
Published: August 2011

This study supports the predictive validity of the Physical Fitness Opinion Questionnaire, employing specific scales of physical fitness locus of control, expectancy of reinforcement, value of specific reinforcement combined with a physical fitness self-efficacy measure, in marathon performance by 113 runners, 20 to 58 years old.
Perceptual Changes in Source Credibility: Repeated Tests Using Two Candidates during a Political Campaign
Authors: Powell F. C. , Wanzenried J. W.
Published: August 2011

Previous research on source credibility yields five dimensions of credibility which remain stable in repeated tests. This study uses perceptions obtained from a panel of 180 college students to test dimensions of source credibility for two candidates, four times during a political campaign. The results show variation of dimensions and measures of source credibility between the candidates and among the measurement periods during this campaign.
Predicting Postpartum Depressive Symptoms: A Structural Modelling Analysis
Authors: Graff Lesley A. , Dyck Dennis G. , Schallow John R.
Published: August 2011

In this prospective, longitudinal study, 42 first-time mothers, recruited through prenatal classes, were assessed on variables predictive of postpartum depressive symptoms. Using a causal modelling structural analysis, it was found that prenatal depression, partners' support, and infant-related factors all contributed to the development of depression following childbirth.
Prospective and Retrospective Time Estimation
Authors: Unrug-Neervoort Agnieszka , Kaiser Jan , Coenen Anton , van Luijtelaar Gilles
Published: August 2011

30 students, when performing a task that required listening to 19 sentences for 150 sec., overestimated the duration of the task less in the prospective condition than in the retrospective one (46 sec. vs 85 sec.).