bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Faktor Determinan Budaya Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja di PT.Energi Sengkang
Authors: Rahman Rahman , Thamrin Yahya , Batara Andi Surahman
Published: April 2022

Safety culture is a combination of characteristics and attitudes in the organization which is an integration of behavior, attitudes and performance that can move the organization. This research method is Mixed Methods with sequential explanatory design, data analysis using Logistic Regression test, sampling technique by purposive sampling with a sample of 68 people. The results of the study show that the leadership variable has a significance value of 0.044 with Exp(B) of 4.290, the Teamwork variable has a significance value of 0.031 with Exp(B) of 4.726, the Employee Engagement variable has a significance value of 0.033 with Exp(B) of 4.486, the Policy variable has a significance value of 0.048 with Exp(B) of 3.814, the Technology variable has a significance value of 0.042 and Exp(B) of 4.234 and the Communication variable has a significance value of 0.037 and Exp(B) of 4.334. The conclusion in this study is based on a significance value of 0.05. Leadership is a determinant factor in the K3 culture at PT. Sengkang Energy, Teamwork is a determining factor in the K3 culture at PT. Energy Sengkang, Employee Involvement is a determining factor in the K3 culture at PT. Energy Sengkang, Policy is a determinant factor in the culture of K3 at PT. Sengkang Energy, Technology is a determining factor in the K3 culture at PT. Sengkang Energy and Communication are determinant factors in the OSH culture at PT. Sengkang Energy.
Hybrid multi-document text summarization via categorization based on BERT deep learning models
Authors: Lakshmi S. Sudha , Rani M. Usha
Published: April 2022

Text summarization is the process of employing a system to shorten a document or a collection of documents into brief paragraphs or sentences using various approaches. This paper presents text categorization using BERT to improve summarization task which is a state-of-the-art deep learning language processing model that performs significantly better than all other previous language models. Multi-document summarization (MDS) has got its bottleneck due to lack of training data and varied categories of documents. Aiming in this direction, the proposed novel hybrid summarization B-HEATS (Bert based Hybrid Extractive Abstractive Text Summarization)framework is a combination of extractive summary via categorization and abstractive summary using deep learning architecture RNN-LSTM-CNN to fine-tune BERT which results in the qualitative summary for multiple documents and overcomes out of vocabulary (OOV). The output layer of BERT is replaced using RNN-LSTM-CNN architecture to fine tune which improves the summarization model. The proposed automatic text summarization is compared over the existing models in terms of performance measures like ROUGE metrics achieves high scores as R1 score 43.61, R2 score 22.64, R3 score 44.95 and RL score is 44.27 on Benchmark DUC datasets.
comparative study of handwriting characteristics in three generation of a family in Haryanvi population
Authors: Naveen Naveen , Dangi Rajinder Singh , Purba Mandeep Kaur , Sharma Bhoopesh Kumar
Published: April 2022

Background: Since evolution handwriting is one of the most efficient acquired characteristic by any individual. It is an amalgamation of nature and nurture. Learning begins prenatally, and children are not only “ready to learn” but already actively learning from the time they are born.  Parents lay the foundation stone of their child’s pre-writing skills. Moreover, genes also play a crucial role in determining certain characteristics of handwriting. Result: The present study focuses on determination of similarities in handwriting among three generations in 100 families through analysis of pre-defined class characteristics.  It was observed that the “Alignment” of handwriting show high level of similarity in two generations whereas the “Movement” was the only handwriting characteristics that show high level of similarity in all the three generations. Conclusion: Therefore, to conclude it can be inferred that the father-son relationship (grandfather & father or father & son) depicts majority of similarities in the handwriting characteristics which might be due to the dominance of male gene.
Disease detection on plant leaf using K-means segmentation with fuzzy logic SVM algorithm
Authors: Sowmya M. , Subramani Bojan
Published: April 2022

Detection of plant diseases requisite at its early stage to manage the large crop field. In plants existence of diseases result reduced yields of crops and therefore it is imperative to identify at its early stage. Leaf is the main part where the diseases symptoms are shown in the initial stage itself. Image processing techniques are used at the computing part whereas in this research a hybrid KMFLs (K-Means Fuzzy logics) and  SVMs (Support Vector Machines) are implemented to identify and categorize diseased plants based on leaf disease grades. This work’s proposed method is implemented by examining images of leaves for diseases including Alternaria alternates, Anthracnoses, Bacterial blights and Cercospora leaf spots. The input leaf image features are extracted which are subsequently used for categorizations into classes.
Emergency medical services awareness and practices among rural population of District Hapur, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Husain Absar , Constance Menira. S. , Lachyan Abhishek , Khan Salman , Rasheed Nilofar , Sharma Roshni
Published: April 2022

Introduction: The awareness and practices of the general population regarding handling of medical emergency situations is important as many lives can be saved from premature deaths if many people are equipped to handle emergency situation. The aim and objective of this study was to assess awareness about medical emergency and practices pertaining medical emergencies.  Methodology; This cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 residents from 10 randomly selected villages in Hapur district, Uttar Pradesh, recruited using simple random sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data through face-to-face interview from July 2020 to Feb 2021. Result: A total of 202 participants were included in the study. We estimated 174(86.1%) are males and 28(13.9%) females in this study.  Education of participants 94(46.5%) completed primary school, 76(37.6%) high school, 22(10.9%) senior secondary school, 8(4%) are illiterates and 2(1%) are university graduates. Regarding family size, 194(96%) are married while 8(4%) are single.
Occidental perception of the marginals as stereotypes in Hanif Kureishi’s Gabriel’s Gift
Authors: Dhanalakshmi V. , Cinthana S.
Published: April 2022

Marginalization is the cornering of individuals to the sidelines of life owing to their inability to belong to the center due to social and economic oppression. This paper aims to analyse the portrayal of various forms of marginalization- economic, gendered and social, as seen in Hanif Kureishi’s Gabriel’s Gift based on the theories of Marginalization and Orientalism.
Water management system, photogrammetric 3D documentation, and modelling of selected monuments in the medieval fort of Naldurgh
Authors: Kolekar P. N. , Tamboli T. L.
Published: April 2022

The Naldurgh Fort is one of the strongest forts of Deccan. The fort is said to have been originally built by a Hindu king who was a vassal of the Chalukya kings of Kalyani. It was later included in the domain of the Bahamas and later taken over by the Adil Shahi kings of Bijapur, from whom it passed into the hands of the Mughals in 1686 AD. Naldurgh is about 35 km from the Tuljabhawani temple of Osmanabad and 45 km away from Solapur town and is accessible through the Pune-Hyderabad highway. Southeast of Osmanaba, district of Marathwada region of Maharashtra. The fort, which is an interesting site, surrounds the surface of a mound or basaltic rock plain extending into the valley of the Bori River. Fortifications ran on three sides along the rest of the rock. The fortified ramparts are lined with basalt and are large enough to carry heavy weapons. The entire circumference is about one and a half miles. The inside is covered with crumbling walls and a half, the inside is covered with crumbling walls and a glazed driveway that climbs up to the center.
Impact of adavertisement on buying behaviour of youths in Madha city
Authors: Pawar Rupesh A. , Mandlik Rushikesh B. , Bhasake Ambadas L. , Jadhav Vivek V. , Shelake Ramdas S.
Published: April 2022

Advertisement plays an important and very significant role in sale of any goods and services in the market. It is one of the best way of communication with the consumers. Advertisement helps to inform about the availability of various brands in the market. It helps to provides detail information about the products to everyone including the kids, women, men, youth and senior citizens in the nation. There are having various modes of advertisement such as display advertisement, native advertising, print advertisement, direct mail advertisement, television advertisement, radio advertisement, social media advertisement, outdoor advertisement and public services advertisement. Advertisement is very powerful tool of marketing which directly and indirectly increasing the sale of various products in the market. Advertising plays an important role in introduction of new of product, introduction of new brand of products, creation of awareness, acquiring the customers, increasing the sale, profits and recognition in the market.
Comparative synthetic study, in silico screening and biological evaluation of some substituted tetrahydropyrimidine-2-one derivatives as potential DHFR inhibitors
Authors: Bhosale M. S. , Saravanan K.
Published: April 2022

In present study we have selected pyrimidine scaffold to design and develop some DHFR inhibitors as potential antibacterial and antifungal agents. The designed derivatives were first screened through ADMET property calculations and then those possess drug-likeness properties were subjected for the molecular docking studies. The derivatives which were found to be significant DHFR inhibition potential were subjected for the synthesis followed by spectral analysis and biological evaluation. From this virtual screening, it was concluded that all the compounds possess drug-like properties and hence were subjected to molecular docking studies. The selected derivatives were synthesized and subjected for in vitro biological evaluation. The comparative study for synthesis of the derivatives such as conventional, ultrasonic, microwave synthesis was carried out. It was also observed that yield of the compound was very good in microwave assisted synthesis i.e. 73.24% which is almost 30-40% more than that of the conventional and ultrasonic method. In mass spectrum it was observed that, product obtained through microwave method was completely pure and did not displayed any peak of starting material, whereas product obtained through conventional and ultrasonic method showed presence of starting material.
The role of spiritual intelligence and mediating influence of knowledge management on employee engagement
Authors: Vas Emmy Gracy , Mohan S.
Published: April 2022

The survival, growth and prosperity of every organization depends on its competent and engaged workforce or the employees. The number of employees working in an organization is the measure of workforce but the number of employees who have given continuous service for many years is the measure of committed and spiritually intelligent work force .We might find employees following the instructions, obeying rules ,conforming to regulations and working but that this do not give the assurance that they are truly committed and engaged. The study examined the role of Spiritual Intelligence (SI) on Employee Engagement (EE)and mediating influence of Knowledge Management on Employee Engagement. A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 150 employees randomly selected from the IT Institutes of Telangana. The study has focused on how to engage employees for a longer time in the Institutes and the measures to be taken to improve employee engagement .The study used statistical tools like exploratory factor analysis and mediation analysis in this research. The result showed that improving Spiritual Intelligence and Knowledge management should be made a priority in order to engage employees better.
Intravenous paracetamol infusion and tramadol as agents for post operative pain relief in urosurgical patient: A randomized control trial
Authors: Vilochan Nalin , Puri Anisha , Kour Arvin Preet , Singh Gurchand , Singh Ajaydeep
Published: April 2022

Analgesia is one of the most important consideration in perioperative setting as it determines the recovery and discharge of a patient. Among the drugs used for analgesia, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids are the most commonly used ones in the current scenario. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of intravenous (IV) paracetamol and IV tramadol in alienating pain postoperatively. 100 adult patients of ASA grade I & II in the age group of 25-55 years were randomized into two groups of 50 patients , scheduled for elective urosurgical procedures and  were administered IV paracetamol and IV tramadol 30 minutes before the completion of surgery for postoperative analgesia and assessment was done with visual analog scale (VAS)score. In the present study, both the drugs showed effective pain relief. The onset of analgesia is faster in tramadol group. In paracetamol group, the onset of analgesia was slightly delayed but pain scores significantly decreased after 60 min, and this was observed up to 6 h with a statistically significant decrease in post operative nausea vomiting( PONV )with paracetamol group .
Prognostic implication of serum Alpha-fetoprotein response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Hepatoblastoma patients
Authors: Attia Asmaa , Mustafa Ahmed , Ebeid Emad , Abdelhamid Sayed
Published: April 2022

Objective: This retrospective study aims to identify the early changes in serum alpha-fetoprotein levels (AFP) and their correlation with the survival outcome of hepatoblastoma patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 68 patients presented to the children's cancer hospital Egypt and the national cancer institute from January 2013 till June 2016 were included in this study. Results: AFP level was measured post-cycle 2 in 60 patients; 44 (73.3%) patients showed a decline in AFP level by >1 log reduction. The 3-year EFS was 75.6% for patients with >1 log reduction in AFP level, compared with 36.5% for those with <1 log reduction (p=0.010). The 3-year OS’ for patients with >1 and <1 log reduction in AFP level were 80.4% and 39.4%, respectively (p=0.005). On multivariate analysis; Patients with AFP log reduction< 1 had worse OS/EFS with hazards ratio (HR): 3.9 and 95% confidence interval (CI):1.4-11.2, p value=0.011 and HR: 3.2 and 95% CI: 1.3-8.9, p value=0.013 respectively. Conclusion: The ease of AFP determination makes it a valuable tool that could be routinely used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and predict the survival outcome.
Determination of fat composition in the meats of tilapia and Nile perch fishes collected from Blue Nile and White Nile, Sudan
Authors: Tahany Abdel Gader El Shareef Malik  , Yasir Mohamed Abdelrahim  , Ayda Ali Khalifa  , Mutaman Ali A Kehail  , Zahir Abbas Hilmi
Published: April 2022

Fish provides a good source of high quality protein and contains many of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), mineral elements and antioxidant. This study determined the fat composition in the meats of two popular fish species that were brought from the fish market of Wad Medani City (Blue Nile samples; BN), and from Kosti fish market (White Nile samples, WN). The preparation of fish meat-fat and fat composition (through GC-MS), were run in the Food Analysis Laboratory, and the Central Laboratory - University of Gezira. The results showed that, Hexadecanoic acid was detected in WN Nile Perch (3.01%) and Tilapia (13.37%), whereas BN samples did not contain this fatty acid. Eicosanoic acid appeared in only BN samples: Tilapia (9.60%) and perch (2.12), Oleic acid (omega 9) appeared only in WN samples (it was 4.01% in NP, and 16.54% in T. Octadecanoic acid (Streaic acid) was appeared in all BN and WN samples (it was 8.45% in BN Perch, 1.6% in BN Tilapia, 1.60% in WN Tilapia and 0.29% in WN Perch). The more abundant fatty acids was Oleic acid (total sum 20.55%), then Hexadecanoic acid (16.38%). From the proposed results, the feasibility of local production of fish oils for human consumption should be done.
Dramatising Education in Comedians and Arcadia
Authors: Kahrić Damir
Published: April 2022

This paper analyses the dramatisation of education in two contemporary British plays: Trevor Griffiths’s Comedians and Tom Stoppard’s Arcadia. Both plays encompass different features of classrooms, pupils, teaching methodologies, types of tutors, however at the same time they dramatise the schooling process in England during different epochs. The first section of the paper deals with adults who attend a night school and aspire to be professional stand-up comedians. Griffiths’s Comedians reflects the idea of how adult workers have to attend classes in order to enhance their employment opportunities in post-war Britain. The play also shows Mr Waters’s endeavour to teach his pupils the significance of stand-up comedy and its cathartic role in life. In Stoppard’s Arcadia, the dramatisation of education predominantly takes place in the Victorian ear. It becomes apparent that Septimus is a different kind of a tutor, as he has to teach and inform young Thomasina not just about different branches of science, but also about various aspects of life and experiences which Thomasina has to face and comprehend on her own. The paper emphasises the idea that real education exists everywhere, even outside the traditional classroom setting, and thereby children and adults, as well as teachers, always remain learners who obtain different pieces of knowledge and understanding.
Characteristics of the European Thoracic Society/American Thoracic Society severe asthma definition as a determinant of future use of biologics/bronchial thermoplasty
Authors: Nishiyama Hirono , Kanemitsu Yoshihiro , Fukumitsu Kensuke , Takeda Norihisa , Kurokawa Ryota , Tajiri Tomoko , Ito Keima , Yap Jenifer Maries Go , Fukuda Satoshi , Uemura Takehiro , Ohkubo Hirotsugu , Maeno Ken , Ito Yutaka , Oguri Tetsuya , Takemura Masaya , Niimi Akio
Published: April 2022

Background

International guidelines define severe uncontrolled asthma. Biologics or bronchial thermoplasty (Bio/BT) are recommended for such patients.

Objectives

To determine which definitions of severe uncontrolled asthma are associated with an additional Bio/BT treatment in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma.

Methods

Consecutive 107 asthmatics (including 15 patients for whom Bio/BT was introduced within 3 months after examination), classified as treatment step 4 according to the Global Initiative for Asthma 2015 guideline, were eligible for this analysis. Patients were assessed using the European Thoracic Society/American Thoracic Society (ERS/ATS) severe uncontrolled asthma guideline as defined by these 4 characteristics: poor control (ACT < 20), frequent exacerbations (≥2/yr), admissions (≥1/yr), and airflow limitation (forced expiratory volume in 1 second < 80% of predicted), along with comorbidities, and biomarkers, including blood granulocytes, fractional nitric oxide, and capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity (C-CS). These indices were compared between patients with and without Bio/BT introduction, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of the 4 definitions with treatment needs for Bio/BT.

Results

Patients who were introduced to Bio/BT had heightened C-CS, heavier smoking history, and a greater prevalence of diabetes mellitus than those without (p < 0.05). Poor asthma control (ACT < 20), frequent exacerbations (≥2/yr), and admissions (≥1/yr) were relevant to the future use of Bio/BT in the multivariate regression analysis. Type 2-related biomarkers including absolute eosinophil counts were higher in patients in the Bio introduction group than in the BT introduction group. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference of the 4 characteristics of severe uncontrolled asthma definition between patients in the Bio and those in the BT groups.

Conclusion

Although multiple factors such as treatment cost and asthma phenotypes affect treatment decision-making, the definition of poor asthma control, frequent exacerbations and admission by the ERS/ATS guidelines were important factors for an additional intensive treatment for severe uncontrolled asthma.

Trial Registration

UMIN Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN000024734
Transformative an Area-Based Pedagogy of Social Studies Teachers for New Normal Thaischooling
Authors: Mangkhang Charin , Jitviboon Korravit , Kaewpanya Nitikorn
Published: April 2022

This paper presents social studies digital pedagogy innovation for social studies teachers for new normal Thaischooling. The purpose of this study is to enable social studies teachers to change teaching methods from traditional social studies teaching to social studies digital teaching. It also expands the area in the context of social studies more widely. Social studies pedagogy is transformative teaching for educating learners to understand human living as an individual and cohabitation in societies. Learners should be equipped with abilities to adapt themselves according to the environment, manage limited resources, understand changing development according to eras and various factors, understand themselves and other people, be patient and accept differences, have morals, and apply knowledge in living and development of digital citizenship. Social studies teachers are expected to apply such concepts suitably for the contexts and environment of new normal schooling. Teaching innovation is distinctive in the teaching and learning process with the focus on the learner as a maker. In this approach, digital technology is integrated with the teaching and learning process by selecting teaching methods, media, activities, and evaluation suitable for the contents. The methods and activities enhance learners to achieve objectives of teaching and learning as well to use students’ learning performance for evaluating and developing their competencies.
Pääkirjoitus: Kestävyys vastakkainasettelun lähteenä kuluttajien keskusteluissa ja mahdollisuutena kiertotalouden liiketoimintamalleissa
Authors: Uusitalo Outi , Närvänen Elina
Published: April 2022

Pääkirjoitus, ei abstraktia
Overview of the Typical Domestic Hot Water Production Systems and Energy Sources in the Different Countries of the World
Authors: Johra Hicham
Published: April 2022

The aim of this technical report is to present an overview of the current domestic hot water production systems that are typically in use in the residential buildings of the different countries of the world. One can clearly observe the large potential for the use of renewable energy sources and the energy efficiency improvement of the domestic hot water production systems it in many of those countries. The data of this report originates from various types of publications reporting typical domestic hot water production systems and energy sources in different countries. Nonetheless, this information is rarely established from large national surveys of dwellings. It should therefore be used as an estimate rather than a precise statistical overview. Many countries are not included in the table as it was impossible to find any information about them regarding domestic hot water production.
PERLINDUNGAN BAGI PEKERJA ATAS TINDAKAN PEMUTUSAN HUBUNGAN KERJA (PHK) DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Cahyadi Silvia , Herning Sitabuana Tundjung
Published: April 2022

Pandemi Covid-19 telah merugikan perekonomian masyarakat dan negara. Banyak perusahaan yang terdampak Covid-19 terpaksa memberhentikan karyawannya dan melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja. Persoalannya, apakah perusahaan boleh berhenti bekerja karena Covid-19 dan apakah perusahaan bisa bangkrut karena tidak bisa menjalankan kewajibannya kepada pekerjanya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan data sekunder dan jenis penelitiannya adalah kualitatif. Kesimpulannya, perusahaan dapat melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja selama Covid-19 dengan alasan Overmacht apabila perusahaan dapat membuktikan bahwa akibat pandemi Covid-19 tidak mampu lagi menjalankan kewajibannya terhadap pekerja/buruh.
Prosedur Pengembangan Kurikulum Muatan Lokal Baca Tulis Al-Qur’an Tingkat Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah di Kabupaten Pasuruan
Authors: Mukhlason Muhamad
Published: April 2022

The Local Content Curriculum for Reading and Writing Al-Qur'an (BTQ) is a Local Content Curriculum developed by the Pasuruan Regency Government. The BTQ Local Content Curriculum has been implemented in primary and secondary education since the 2007/2008 school year until now. The length of time the implementation of the BTQ Local Content Curriculum indicates that the BTQ Local Content Curriculum has a very good quality. The quality of implementing a curriculum certainly cannot be separated from good curriculum development planning as well. This study aims to determine the steps to develop a Local Content Curriculum for Reading and Writing Al-Qur'an in Pasuruan Regency. Researchers used a qualitative approach in this research activity. The type of qualitative research used is a case study. This study found 3 main steps and several supporting steps used by the Pasuruan Regency Government in developing the Local Content Curriculum for Reading and Writing Al-Qur'an, namely: 1) planning through identifying the conditions and needs of the Pasuruan Regency area, and establishing a juridical basis, 2) organizing and implementation through the formation of the BTQ Local Content Curriculum development team, preparing the BTQ Local Content Curriculum Design, the preparation of the BTQ Mulok Technical Instructions and Implementation Guidelines, the BTQ MGMP formation for all levels of SD/MI, SMP/MTS, and SMA/SMK/MA, 3 ) evaluation includes process evaluation, result evaluation, and program evaluation. By knowing the steps for developing the Local Content Curriculum for Reading and Writing Al-Qur'an in Pasuruan Regency, students, teachers, and other local governments are expected to be able to duplicate and implement it in other areas that have the same culture as Pasuruan Regency.
EFFECT OF TEXTILE DYEING WASTEWATER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITIES OF INDIAN SPINACH
Authors: Khandaker Shahjalal , Hassan Jahidul , Saha Ganesh Chandara , Kamal Mohammad Zia Uddin , Bhuiyan Anamul Hoque
Published: April 2022

The present study was conducted on Indian Spinach irrigated by groundwater (control) and sevendifferent types of textile dyeing wastewater to assess the suitability for further utilization in vegetablescultivation. The impact of dyeing wastewater was assessed regarding the growth, yield and nutritionalqualities of Indian Spinach. The different types of dyeing wastewater were analyzed for a wide rangeof parameters and compared with irrigation water quality standard. The results revealed that pH,biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chloride and color of the mixed wastewater sample(D8) were exceeded the irrigation water quality standards of Department of Environment, Bangladeshwhile these properties of other wastewater samples were almost within allowable limits. The mixedwastewater was not suitable for irrigation considering the intensity of pollution and yield of IndianSpinach. The average yield of Indian Spinach irrigated with five less polluted wastewater(2 nd wash after scouring and bleaching, enzyme treated wastewater, 2nd wash after dyeing,neutralized wastewater and fixing wastewater) was 58.54 g which was about 28 percent lower thanthe groundwater irrigated Indian Spinach. However, number of leaves, plant canopy area, stemdiameter and plant height did not varied significantly with groundwater treated plant. Nutritionalqualities of Indian Spinach irrigated with wastewater were similar to those irrigated by groundwater.The concentration of ascorbic acid in Indian Spinach irrigated with wastewater was found almostidentical with groundwater irrigated plants. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of different wastewatertreated plants varied from 0.17 to 0.29 mg and 0.05 to 0.08 mg per gm among the treatmentsrespectively while groundwater irrigated Indian Spinach contained in these range. Î² carotene inwastewater irrigated Indian Spinach was also higher than the groundwater irrigated plant. Fromoverall assessment, selected wastewater of a dyeing factory could be directly reutilized in irrigationpurpose of vegetables cultivation.
The Destructive Legacy of the Cold War: The Dumping of Radioactive Waste in the Arctic
Authors: Kirchner Andree
Published: April 2022

An overview of the origin and extent of the practice of the former Soviet Union of dumping in the Arctic between 1959 and 1991; a summary of the major co-operation projects between the East and the West and their interrelations; the dumping at sea of radioactive waste in the context of international law; the security and political considerations; the future impact of the legacy of the Cold War on the environment; an attempt to characterise the outcome of international co-operation in this sphere.

An insight into the whole process on the basis of primary source research, rather than an evaluation on a legal basis, focusing on initiatives at the Meetings of the Contracting Parties to the London Convention 1972; the interrelationship between international law, environmental and security politics.
The 1994 Agreements Concerning the Protection of the Scheldt and Meuse Rivers
Authors: Researcher Free , Gosseries Axel
Published: April 2022

An examination of the provisions of the agreements signed in 1994 at Charleville Mézières, France, between The Walloon and Brussels Regions of Belgium, the Netherlands and France, to protect the Meuse and Scheldt rivers; historical background; reasons the Flemish Region declined to sign; consequences of this non-signature; particular status of Brussels in the Meuse agreement; territorial scope of the agreements; the Commissions for the Meuse and the Scheldt; the tasks and limited powers of the Commissions; their composition and procedure; substantive provisions of the agreements; conclusion that the future of the agreements depends on the political will of the contracting parties.
Trade and Environment: an Update on the GATT Agenda
Authors: O'Connor Bernard , Van Ven Anthony
Published: April 2022

Environmental issues on the agenda of the new World Trade Organisation; constitution of the GATT Croup on Environmental Measures and International Trade; the Committee on Trade and Environment; the purposes of these bodies; the relationship between GATT and national policies.
Amending the EC Directive on Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Sheate W R
Published: April 2022

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been the cornerstone of a preventive European Community (EC) environmental policy since the 1970s and successive Environmental Action Programmes. Agreement of the EIA Directive 8513371 EEC in 1985, with implementation required by July 1988, heralded, many hoped, a new era. While undoubtedly it has brought significant improvements in the provision of environmental information to decision-making, the recent review of the Directive has highlighted a number of problems and difficulties with implementation in Member States. Current proposals by the European Commission seek to remedy some of these, and include improved and early scoping and more consistent screening of projects requiring EIA. However, the prospect of even the Commission's modest proposals being accepted by the Council of Ministers is anything but a foregone conclusion. Welcome though they are, these amendments will do nothing to extend EZA to more strategic decision-making at policy, plan and programme level - strategic environmental assessment (SEA) - even though SEA is a central tenet of the Fifth Environmental Action Programme. A quarter of a century after the introduction of EIA and SEA in the US, the European Union is still struggling with the practical implications of one of its most important environmental policies.
Enhanced Monitoring Requirements for Air Emission Sources in the United States
Authors: Schnobrich Popham Haik , Mennell James A
Published: April 2022

The regulation of emissions to the air is currently at the top of the agenda for US environmental lawyers. In addition to emission limits, air emission sources will be subject to extensive monitoring requirements. This short article reviews the proposals of the U S Environmental Protection Agency for an Enhanced Monitoring Program, affecting industries operating in the US.
Germany's New Waste Management Act - Towards the Management of Material Flows in Closed Substance Cycles
Authors: Jager Frank , Hempen Susanne
Published: April 2022

An introduction to the new German Waste Management Act which is to come into force in stages, The establishment of economic instruments to promote waste prevention; product responsibility; increased environmental liability on industry; demanding recovery standards, The heirarchy of prevention, recovery and disposal - waste which cannot be prevented must be recovered; waste which cannot be prevented or recovered must be disposed of in the most environmentally acceptable way- The reactions of industry to meet the principles enshrined in the Act to avoid compulsion by means of ordinances.
The Hunting of the Bird Species Brambling and Chaffinch in Italy: A Story of Inconsistencies
Authors: Maffei Maria Clara
Published: April 2022

The complex question of the legality of hunting these two bird species in Italy; Directive 791 409/EEC (the Wild Birds Directive) and the need for a derogation to permit hunting; Italy's law No. 157 - the extent to which it implements the Wild Birds Directive and its failure to implement Article 9.1.c; Circular No. 3 of 1993 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry - its attempt to correct the position and the further problems arising; the Decree of the Council of Ministers of 22 November 1993; Circular No. 16 of 15 July 1994 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forest Resources - difficulties of interpretation and apparent unlawfulness; administrative problems in establishing the status of species; conclusion that the position of brambling and chaffinch remains to be clarified.
Draft Environmental Law in the Basque Country
Authors: Tubia Eva Lopez
Published: April 2022

An overview of a draft environmental law currently before the legislature of the Basque Country. The draft law, $passed, will deal with the distribution of responsibilities between regional, local and municipal authorities, and a new Environmental Agency. There are specific provisions on environmental impact assessment; water protection; sir quality; soil preservation and contaminated land. An approach to the law promulgated in June 1994 dealing with the preservation the Basque National Parks network, along with the protection of endangered wild nature and fauna the Basque Country.
The Possible Cost to British Industry of EU Environmental Liability Reforms
Authors: Heyes Anthony G
Published: April 2022

The Green Paper "Remedying Environmental Damage"; US data on restoration costs; the evaluation of compensation payments; prevention costs; transactions costs as a proportion of total liability; the possible - but lower than might have been expected - costs of different liability alternatives for remedying the worst 500 UK sites, extrapolated form US estimates and based on ( 1 ) strict joint and several liability and ( 2 ) strict joint (apportioned) liability, with, in each case, a compensation find meeting expenses for "orphaned" sites.
Trade and the Environment: Finding A Balance: The European Approach
Authors: Reid Donald A
Published: April 2022

The recent Joint Communication to the European Council and Parliament on Trade and the Environment makes it appropriate to consider how the European Union deals with these two important but at times apparently irreconcilable issues. This article will briefly examine the different approaches adopted by the GA TT9 the WTO and the EU, consider the extent to which the European Court of Justice has developed an acceptable compromise and postulate how, in the light of the Communication, EU policy on trade and the environment might well merit study on the part of the international community.
Negotiations on and Transposition of EC Legal Instruments in Germany
Authors: Breier Siegfried
Published: April 2022

Negotiating on and transposition of EC legal instruments in the Federal Republic of Germany means, to a large extent, coordination work. This article shows the extent to which the legislature and executive, at both Federal and Lander levels, are to be allowed to participate in the negotiation and transposition of EC directives. The abstract explanations will be illustrated using the example of the planned Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
Towards the Approximation of Poland's Environmental Laws on Water Quality
Authors: Ryland Diane
Published: April 2022

In endeavouring to ensure the compatibility of its laws in the area of the environment with European Community laws, Poland is aiming at a moving target. This is apparent in the sector of water quality. In an exercise in "subsidiarity" the European Commission has proposed three framework Directives - on the quality of water intended for human consumption; the quality of bathing water and the ecological quality of surface water - intended to replace existing water quality laws. This paper discusses the significance for Poland of the deregulation of water quality standards within the European Union should the essence of these proposals be enacted into law.
The Significance of Environmental Precaution in the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive
Authors: Peters Heinz-Joachim
Published: April 2022

The cornerstone of the law on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment is the prevention of pollution. This principle is expressed in three different ways. Firstly, the term "interaction" between factors as an expression of the ecosystem in Article 3 means that protection has shifted from the factors to the system. Secondly, the term "impact" includes nuisances so that the environment must be protected even when damage does not occur. Finally, low probabilities are sufficient when forecasting impacts. This kind of prevention is the standard to be incorporated into the legislation of the Member States and put into effect.
Environmental Reporting: A UK Perspective
Authors: Tromans Stephen
Published: April 2022

This article seeks to summarise, principally from a UK perspective, the implications of the growing pressures for companies to report on their environmental performance and on the implications of environmental issues for their financial performance. The article draws a distinction between environmental and financial reporting and considers recent developments nationally and internationally in both areas. The need for common standards is discussed, both in terms of best practice and in applying general principles of financial accounting to environmental matters.
The Annulment of the EU Uniform Principles for Evaluation and Authorization of Pesticide Products by the European Court of Justice
Authors: Cardonnel Pascal
Published: April 2022

On June 18 1996, in Case C-303/94, European Parliament v Council of the European Union, the European Court of Justice annulled Directive 94J43. This Directive laid down the "Uniform Principles for the evaluation and authorization of plant protection products" ("Uniform Principles") contained in Annex VI to Directive 91/414 on the placing of plant protection products on the market. This article provides a summary of the Court's ruling and an assessment of its impact on the functioning of EU legislation dealing with the approval of pesticide products.
The Commission's Communication on Environmental Agreements
Authors: Bongaerts Jan C.
Published: April 2022

An overview of the Commission's Communication of November 1996 on environmental agreements: purpose of the Communication; the advantages and disadvantages of environmental agreements; their general characteristics and effectiveness; guidelines for making such agreements and the general conditions to be included; compatibility with EU law and with the reguIations of the World Trade Organisation; use by Member States to implement EU environmental law; use at EU level the opportunities and one caveat.
Economic Instruments as Tools for the Protection of the International Environment
Authors: Galizzi Paolo
Published: April 2022

An overview of the traditional "command and control" approach to environmental protection and the growing movement in favour of economic instruments; the advantages and problems of economic instruments as a means of protecting the environment at the international level, with reference to the Climate Change Convention; conclusion that, correctly designed, economic instruments could play a greater role in future.
The Mediterranean Hazardous Wastes Protocol
Authors: Scovazzi Tullio
Published: April 2022

A short overview of the Izmir Protocol adopted within the framework of the Convention on the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution; innovations - radioactive wastes and hazardous substances within the scope of the Protocol, the position of States of transit and the "notification without authorization" formula; territorial application.
The Certification of Specialised Disposal Enterprises under German Waste Law
Authors: Elshorst David
Published: April 2022

In 1996, German waste disposal law was completely redrafted. Mainly, the new KrW-jAbfG shifted the focus of waste management to the private sector. Among other changes, waste management enterprises now have the possibility to be certified as "Specialised Disposal Enterprises". A number of privileges are connected to the certificate, mostly with respect to relief from time-consuming bureaucratic monitoring and supervision requirements. For this reason it is expected that Specialised Disposal Enterprises will dominate the market in waste management in Germany. Many waste management enterprises are already certified. This article gives an overview of who can become a Specialised Disposal Enterprise, as well as the main requirements for certification with regard to the organisation and personnel of the enterprise\ For example, Specialised Disposal Enterprises must appoint "Responsible Persons" who must have certain educational qualifications. It is argued in the article that foreign enterprises as well as personnel may be certified under EC law. The article also highlights legal problems relating to certification and offers advice as to the way contractual obligations ought to be crafted.
A New Network to Aid Enforcement of Environmental Laws in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Authors: Farmer Andrew M
Published: April 2022

A new international network (ECAINECE) of environmental law enforcement agencies was established in May 1998 covering countries of central and eastern Europe and Central Asia. It is different from existing European networks (e.g. IMPEL) in not focusing on a common set of legislation, but shares common goals of exchange of information and experience. Success of the network would significantly aid the development of environmental law and its enforcement in non EU accession transition states.
Precaution and Prevention: Giving Effect to Article 130r Without Direct Effect
Authors: Carney Tom , Doyle Alan
Published: April 2022

Article 13Or, EC Treaty, setting out the principles of Community environmental policy, and not having direct effect; contention, based on an analogy with Community competition law, that Article 130r imposes obligations to be observed when Member States legislate and when their authorities make individual environmental decisions; argument that European environmental legislation must be interpreted in accordance with Article 13Or even when the legislation was adopted before Article 130r was enacted; effect on public international law if the overall thesis were accepted.
Eeotaxes in the Framework of Community Law
Authors: Borgsmidt Kirsten
Published: April 2022

The requirements of Community law to be met when setting up an ecotax derive from the fundamental principle of free circulation, and from different fields of law having different goals: the purpose of environmental law is environmental protection, whereas the purpose of international tax law is neutrality of tax measures. Community tax rules are deeply rooted in international (GATT/ WTO) law which still governs trade relations with third countries. International competitiveness is not to he distorted by tax measures. International law offers the instrument of border tax adjustment to ensure the neutrality of tax measures in cross border relations. However, border tax adjustment was not conceived in the light of environmental law. The merging of the two fields of law with different goals in the context of an ecotax tends to a preponderance of tax rules, simply because tax rules are so well-established in international law, whereas environmental rules, as part of a new field of law, are only slowly finding a Community-wide, or even worldwide, consensus. Greening the relevant tax rules therefore remains an open issue. The present article deals with the relevant Community law as developed by the Court of Justice, and draws attention to some of the open issues when environmental protection takes the form of taxes.
The EU Directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and on the Restriction of Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Adoption Achieved
Authors: Hedemann-Robinson Martin
Published: April 2022

This article reports on the two directives that were adopted by the Council and the European Parliament on 27 January 2003 concerning waste electrical and electronic equipment and restriction of use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. It is divided into three main parts. The first two parts provide an overview of the principal provisions of the directives agreed, seeking to point out key changes that have transpired during the EU legislative process. The last section seeks to explore how the directives relate to and have an impact on two broader issues that are of major concern for the future development of EU waste management policy: the recovery/disposal status of municipal solid waste incineration involving elements of energy recuperation and 'standard dumping'.
Opening Pandora
Authors: Pocklington David
Published: April 2022

Summary: Commission Communication of 27 May 2003 on the prevention and recycling of waste indicated the Commission's readiness to hold a debate on the definition of ``waste'' before finalising its strategy in 2004. The objective of this article is to give an overview of EU waste legislation, highlighting areas for possible change, and indicate some of the implications of making such changes, by looking at the framework for changes to the definition of ``waste'', including constraints; the role of the definition of waste in the Framework Directive; and the legal issues to be addressed by the strategy, including the classification of recoverable wastes.
ECJ Case Reports: Case C-114/01: AvestaPolarit Chrome Oy and Case C-322/00: Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of the Netherlands
Authors: Janssen Jos
Published: April 2022

Approximation of laws – Dir. 75/442/EEC and Dir. 91/156/EEC – Meaning of waste – Production residue Mine Use – Storage – Art. 2(1)(b) – Meaning of other legislation – National legislation outside the framework of Dir. 75/442/EEC and Dir. 91/156/EEC; Judgment of 11 September 2003 (not yet reported)