bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elucidating the non-radiative losses encountered in intramolecular charge transfer compounds with benzodithiophene-4,8-dione acceptors
Authors: Montanaro Stephanie , Gillett Alexander J. , Kimber Patrick , Xing Dong , Feldmann Sascha , Evans Emrys W. , Warrington Stefan , Plasser Felix , Friend Richard H. , Wright Iain A.
Published: July 2024

A new yellow emitting donor–acceptor compound is presented, alongside insights into potential limitations imposed on the luminescent properties of ICT emitters when using benzodithiophene-4,8-diones as acceptors.
Production of biohythane from cow dung using novel microbial synthetic consortia designed by heat-treated and acclimatized combined wastes
Authors: Ira Rashmi , Sharma Vikas , Kumar Shrawan , Koul Mira , Sharma Lalita , Halder Aditi , Prakash Tulika
Published: July 2024

Transforming waste into wealth: an organic waste-based, newly designed microbial consortium converts cow dung into biohythane through anaerobic digestion, promoting sustainable energy and resource recovery.
Fluorescent carbon dot embedded silica nanocomposites as tracers for hydrogeological investigations: a sustainable approach
Authors: Smitha Venu Sreekala , Athulya Parola , Jayasooryan Kazhuthoottil Kochu , Resmi Thoppil Ramakrishnan
Published: July 2024

The injected tracer technique using nanoparticles has evoked a lot of research interest in hydrogeological research as it encompasses a broad spectrum of applications in water resource management.
The second data release from the European Pulsar Timing Array
Authors:   EPTA Collaboration and InPTA Collaboration, Antoniadis J. , Arumugam P. , Arumugam S. , Babak S. , Bagchi M. , Bak Nielsen A.-S. , Bassa C. G. , Bathula A. , Berthereau A. , Bonetti M. , Bortolas E. , Brook P. R. , Burgay M. , Caballero R. N. , Chalumeau A. , Champion D. J. , Chanlaridis S. , Chen S. , Cognard I. , Dandapat S. , Deb D. , Desai S. , Desvignes G. , Dhanda-Batra N. , Dwivedi C. , Falxa M. , Ferranti I. , Ferdman R. D. , Franchini A. , Gair J. R. , Goncharov B. , Gopakumar A. , Graikou E. , Grießmeier J.-M. , Guillemot L. , Guo Y. J. , Gupta Y. , Hisano S. , Hu H. , Iraci F. , Izquierdo-Villalba D. , Jang J. , Jawor J. , Janssen G. H. , Jessner A. , Joshi B. C. , Kareem F. , Karuppusamy R. , Keane E. F. , Keith M. J. , Kharbanda D. , Kikunaga T. , Kolhe N. , Kramer M. , Krishnakumar M. A. , Lackeos K. , Lee K. J. , Liu K. , Liu Y. , Lyne A. G. , McKee J. W. , Maan Y. , Main R. A. , Manzini S. , Mickaliger M. B. , Niţu I. C. , Nobleson K. , Paladi A. K. , Parthasarathy A. , Perera B. B. P. , Perrodin D. , Petiteau A. , Porayko N. K. , Possenti A. , Prabu T. , Quelquejay Leclere H. , Rana P. , Samajdar A. , Sanidas S. A. , Sesana A. , Shaifullah G. , Singha J. , Speri L. , Spiewak R. , Srivastava A. , Stappers B. W. , Surnis M. , Susarla S. C. , Susobhanan A. , Takahashi K. , Tarafdar P. , Theureau G. , Tiburzi C. , van der Wateren E. , Vecchio A. , Venkatraman Krishnan V. , Verbiest J. P. W. , Wang J. , Wang L. , Wu Z.
Published: July 2024

We present the results of a search for continuous gravitational wave signals (CGWs) in the second data release (DR2) of the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) Collaboration. The most significant candidate event from this search has a gravitational wave frequency of 4–5 nHz. Such a signal could be generated by a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) in the local Universe. We present the results of a follow-up analysis of this candidate using both Bayesian and frequentist methods. The Bayesian analysis gives a Bayes factor of 4 in favour of the presence of the CGW over a common uncorrelated noise process. In contrast, the frequentist analysis estimates the p-value of the candidate to be < 1%, also assuming the presence of common uncorrelated red noise. However, comparing a model that includes both a CGW and a gravitational wave background (GWB) to a GWB only, the Bayes factor in favour of the CGW model is only 0.7. Therefore, we cannot conclusively determine the origin of the observed feature, nor can we rule it out as a CGW source. We present results of simulations that demonstrate that data containing a weak gravitational wave background can be misinterpreted as data including a CGW and vice versa, providing two plausible explanations for the EPTA DR2 data. Further investigations combining data from all PTA collaborations will be needed to reveal the true origin of this feature.
Quiescent black hole X-ray binaries as multi-messenger sources
Authors: Kantzas Dimitrios , Calore Francesca
Published: July 2024

The origin of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is unknown even though they have traditionally been connected to supernovae based on energetic arguments. In the past decades, Galactic black holes in X-ray binaries (BHXBs) have been proposed as candidate sources of CRs, which revises the CR paradigm. BHXBs launch two relativistic jets during their outbursts, but recent observations suggested that these jets may be launched even during quiescence. A0620−00 is a well-studied object that shows indications of jet emission. We study the simultaneous radio-to-X-ray spectrum of this source that was detected while the source was in quiescence to better constrain the jet dynamics. Because most BHXBs spend their lifetimes in quiescence (qBHXBs), we used the jet dynamics of A0620−00 to study a population of 105 such sources distributed throughout the Galactic disc, and a further 104 sources that are located in the boxy bulge around the Galactic centre. While the contribution to the CR spectrum is suppressed, we find that the cumulative intrinsic emission of qBHXBs from both the boxy bulge and from the Galactic disc adds to the diffuse emission that various facilities detected from radio to TeV γ rays. We examined the contribution of qBHXBs to the Galactic diffuse emission and investigated the possibility of SKA, INTEGRAL, and CTAO to detect individual sources in the future. Finally, we compare the predicted neutrino flux to the recently presented Galactic diffuse neutrino emission by IceCube.
Asteroid (4337) Arecibo: Two ice-rich bodies forming a binary
Authors: Liu Ziyu , Hestroffer Daniel , Desmars Josselin , David Pedro
Published: July 2024

Context. Binary asteroids are present in all populations of the Solar System, from near-Earth to trans-Neptunian regions. As is true for the small Solar System bodies (SSSBs), binary asteroids generally offer valuable insights into the formation of the Solar System, as well as its collisions and dynamic evolution. In particular, the binaries provide fundamental quantities and properties of these SSSBs, such as mass, angular momentum, and density, all of which are often hidden. The direct measurement of densities and porosities is of great value in revealing the gravitational aggregates and icy bodies that form the asteroid-comet continuum.

Aims. Several observation techniques from space and ground-based platforms have provided many results in this regard. Here we show the value of the Gaia mission and its high-precision astrometry for analysing asteroid binaries and for individually deriving the masses of the components.

Methods. We focus on the binary asteroid (4337) Arecibo, a member of the Themis family. We analysed the astrometry obtained in the Gaia FPR catalogue release, and performed orbital fitting for both the heliocentric orbit of the system and the relative orbit of the binary components.

Results. We obtain an estimation of the component masses and their flux ratio, and derive bulk densities ρ1 ≈ 1.2 and ρ2 ≈ 1.6 for the primary and the secondary, respectively. The results are consistent with an ice-rich body in the outer main belt. They also show a significantly denser secondary or a less closely packed primary. Constraints on these densities and on macroscopic porosities are nevertheless limited by our poor knowledge of the sizes of the components. Observations of future mutual events, and of stellar occultations predicted in 2024–2025, will be essential for improving our knowledge of this system and its formation.
Les plaies chroniques chez le cheval
Authors: Tainturier Benoit , Benoit-Godet Camille
Published: July 2024

Les plaies chroniques sont fréquemment rencontrées chez le cheval, notamment lors de cicatrisation par seconde intention. Il est important d’identifier les facteurs responsables de la chronicité, si besoin à l’aide d’examens complémentaires tels que l’imagerie.

Une infection bactérienne de la plaie doit toujours être suspectée lors de retard à la cicatrisation et il faut également rechercher la présence de corps étrangers ou de séquestres osseux. La localisation de la plaie (en partie distale des membres notamment), l’état général du cheval, des thérapeutiques inadaptées, ou le développement d’une sarcoïde peuvent aussi altérer la cicatrisation.

La prise en charge des plaies chroniques est parfois délicate. L’utilisation des pansements doit se faire de manière raisonnée pour ne pas favoriser l’apparition d’une hypergranulation.

Les traitements locaux à base d’antiseptiques peuvent aider à réduire l’infection de la plaie mais les antiseptiques trop concentrés ont des effets cytotoxiques délétères.

Face aux plaies infectées, le débridement chirurgical permet de réduire la charge bactérienne et de retirer d’éventuels corps étrangers. Les perfusions locorégionales sont à privilégier par rapport à l’antibiothérapie systémique ou à l’utilisation de pommades antibiotiques.

Pour les tissus de granulation exubérants qui empêchent l’épithélialisation, la résection chirurgicale est le traitement de choix.

Les greffes cutanées peuvent être envisagées sur des plaies étendues ou ne cicatrisant pas pour accélérer l’épithélialisation.
Le syndrome métabolique du cheval,
aspects physiopathologiques et conduite thérapeutique
Authors: Louati Asma , Souliem Ouajdi
Published: July 2024

Le syndrome métabolique du cheval, connu aussi sous l’appellation du syndrome hyperinsulinémique est une entité pathologique de plus en plus fréquente qui fait suite à des perturbations d’ordre métabolique et endocrinienne.

Les adipocytes sont fortement incriminés dans la physiopathologie de ce syndrome. Ils interviennent, par la sécrétion des adipokines, d’enzyme (11-βHSD-1) permettant la conversion de cortisone en cortisol et des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (TNFα, IL-6) ainsi que par les acides gras non estérifiés qui favorisent le développement de l’insulinorésistance.

L'obésité et les crises de fourbure sont les signes les plus évocateurs chez un cheval atteint de SME. Il est donc nécessaire d’estimer l'état corporel du cheval avant tout changement de régime alimentaire, notamment avant l'accès à une pâture riche. Il est impératif de limiter l'obésité, et d’adapter un régime alimentaire hypocalorique avant que les signes cliniques de fourbure n’apparaissent.
Coliques chroniques et atteintes d'organes clés : estomac, foie, et pancréas
chez le cheval
Authors: Leroux Aurélia
Published: July 2024

Les coliques chroniques peuvent être secondaires à une atteinte des organes de la portion antérieure de l'abdomen : l'estomac, le foie et le pancréas. Les atteintes stomacales sont souvent suspectées.

Le syndrome d'ulcération gastrique équin est associé aux coliques chroniques, surtout postprandiales. Il existe deux types d'ulcération gastrique, les atteintes de la muqueuse gastrique non glandulaire et les atteintes de la muqueuse gastrique glandulaire, très différentes par leurs étiologies, leurs facteurs de risque et leur réponse au traitement.

Les autres atteintes stomacales incluent les retards de vidange gastrique, les impactions et les dilatations d'estomac.

Les atteintes hépatiques peuvent induire des coliques chroniques lors d'hépatomégalie ou d'obstruction biliaire. Les causes d'atteintes hépatiques sont nombreuses et incluent les intoxications, les tumeurs, les abcès, les cholangiohépatites et les cholélithiases.

Les atteintes pancréatiques sont rares chez le cheval mais ne doivent pas être oubliées. Elles incluent les pancréatites et les tumeurs du pancréas qui provoquent des coliques chroniques secondaires à une dilatation stomacale et une péritonite.

En conclusion, une investigation approfondie de la portion antérieure de l'abdomen doit comporter une gastroscopie pour mettre en évidence les atteintes de l'estomac, une échographie abdominale pour visualiser l'estomac et le foie, et une analyse de sang complète incluant les marqueurs hépatiques et pancréatiques.
Colique chronique et appareil reproducteur : mythes ou réalités ?
Authors: Allard Aurélie
Published: July 2024

Les symptômes de coliques sont l’expression d’une douleur abdominale dont l’origine digestive ou extra-digestive est à déterminer. Il est nécessaire d’avoir une approche rigoureuse pour établir le diagnostic clinique.

Chez la jument, la palpation de l’ovaire est douloureuse dans les heures précédant et suivant l’ovulation. Pour établir une relation entre une colique et l’ovulation, il faut noter la récurrence des signes de colique tous les 18-21 jours et objectiver la coïncidence avec les chaleurs, s’assurer que tous les examens de la sphère digestive se révèlent normaux et observer la disparition de la douleur après l’ovulation.

Chez le hongre, après la castration, une portion du cordon reste dans le canal inguinal. L’hypothèse est que des adhérences pourraient résulter d’une inflammation du péritoine suite à l’intervention et se retrouveraient donc en regard de l’anneau inguinal interne.

Dans l’évaluation clinique d’un hongre présentant des coliques chroniques, la recherche d’adhérences intestinales passe par la palpation des anneaux inguinaux. L’étranglement de l’intestin grêle dans des vestiges du conduit déférent est rarement décrit comme une complication de castration ou considéré comme une cause de colique chez le hongre.

Les coliques chroniques associées à l’appareil reproducteur : le cycle œstral chez la jument et les adhérences de castration chez le hongre ne sont pas des mythes mais restent des cas rares.
Le virus de la fièvre West Nile sous haute surveillance en France
Authors: Beck Cécile , Gonzalez Gaelle , Desvaux Stéphanie , Franke Florian , Dumarest Marine , Lowenski Steeve , Lecollinet Sylvie
Published: July 2024

Le virus West Nile (VWN) est un flavivirus, transmis par des moustiques communs appartenant au genre Culex, selon un cycle moustique-oiseau-moustique. Le cheval et l’homme sont des culs de sacs épidémiologiques mais sont très sensibles à l’infection et peuvent développer une méningo-encéphalite sévère (dans moins d’un cas sur 10 chez le cheval et environ 1 cas sur 140 chez l’homme) quand ils sont piqués par des moustiques vecteurs.

Le VWN est connu en France depuis les années 1960 et ses réémergences à la fin de l’été sont cycliques et peu prévisibles. Cependant depuis 2015, des pics estivaux avec des cas équins et/ou humains sont régulièrement reportés en France (2015, 2017, 2018 et 2019).

L’année 2018, en particulier, a été caractérisée par une très forte circulation du virus en Europe mais aussi en France avec 13 cas équins et 27 cas humains et 3 nouveaux départements touchés (les Alpes-Maritimes et les départements de Corse).

La même année, une nouvelle souche de lignée 2 a été isolée sur des rapaces souffrant d’affection nerveuse dans les-Alpes Maritimes et en Corse du Sud. Face à l’augmentation de la fréquence des infections chez le cheval ainsi qu’à l’extension de la zone de circulation du VWN, le vétérinaire doit privilégier la vaccination des équidés au printemps avant le début de la circulation virale, à minima dans les départements du Sud Est de la France et en Corse.
Student Ultrasound Education, Current Views and Controversies; Who Should be Teaching?
Authors: Barth Gregor , Prosch Helmut , Blaivas Michael , Gschmack Anna Maria , Hari Roman , Hoffmann Beatrice , Jenssen Christian , Möller Kathleen , Neubauer Ricarda , Nourkami-Tutdibi Nasenien , Recker Florian , Ruppert Johannes Peter , Von Wangenheim Friederike , Weimer Johannes , Westerway Susan Campbell , Zervides Constantinos , Dietrich Christoph F.
Published: July 2024

Acquiring diagnostic ultrasound competencies and skills is crucial in modern health care, and achieving the practical experience is vital in developing the necessary anatomy interpretation and scan acquisition skills. However, traditional teaching methods may not be sufficient to provide hands-on practice, which is essential for this skill acquisition. This paper explores various modalities and instructors involved in ultrasound education to identify the most effective approaches. The field of ultrasound instruction is enriched by the diverse roles of physicians, anatomists, peer tutors, and sonographers. All these healthcare professionals can inspire and empower the next generation of ultrasound practitioners with continuous training and support. Physicians bring their clinical expertise to the table, while anatomists enhance the understanding of anatomical knowledge through ultrasound integration. Peer tutors, often medical students, provide a layer of social congruence and motivation to the learning process. Sonographers provide intensive practical experience and structured learning plans to students. By combining different instructors and teaching methods, success can be achieved in ultrasound education. An ultrasound curriculum organized by experts in the field can lead to more efficient use of resources and better learning outcomes. Empowering students through peer-assisted learning can also ease the burden on faculty. Every instructor must receive comprehensive didactic training to ensure high-quality education in diagnostic ultrasound.
Pediatric Foot: Development, Variants, and Related Pathology
Authors: Morgan Daniel F. , Elangovan Stacey M. , Meyers Arthur B.
Published: July 2024

Pediatric foot development throughout childhood and adolescence can present a diagnostic dilemma for radiologists because imaging appearances may be confused with pathology. Understanding pediatric foot development and anatomical variants, such as accessory ossification centers, is essential to interpret musculoskeletal imaging in children correctly, particularly because many of these variants are incidental but others can be symptomatic. We first briefly review foot embryology. After describing common accessory ossification centers of the foot, we explain the different patterns of foot maturation with attention to irregular ossification and bone marrow development. Common pediatric foot variants and pathology are described, such as tarsal coalitions and fifth metatarsal base fractures. We also discuss pediatric foot alignment and various childhood foot alignment deformities.
The Pediatric Ankle: Normal Variations and Maturation-Dependent Pathology
Authors: Colucci Philip G. , Sofka Carolyn M.
Published: July 2024

The pediatric ankle can present a broad range of normal variation and pathology unique to certain stages of development. Understanding the expected age ranges of ossification and fusion about the ankle is essential to provide accurate diagnoses regarding skeletal integrity. This conclusion has been well characterized radiographically and is supported by cadaveric research.

The range of appearances on magnetic resonance imaging has also been well described. Knowledge about the structure of the periosteum and perichondrium aids in image interpretation as well as explaining typical injury patterns. The expected appearance of the physis and regional bone marrow signal is also of utmost importance.

Ultrasonography is a valuable tool in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging but is limited when there is concern for intra-articular pathology. Computed tomography tends to be reserved for preoperative evaluation. We describe normal variation and maturation-dependent pathology of the pediatric ankle with an emphasis on imaging considerations.
Long-Term Safety of a Four-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (Kcentra®/Beriplex® P/N): An Updated Pharmacovigilance Review
Authors: Milling Truman J. , Voronov Anna , Schmidt Dirk S. , Lindhoff-Last Edelgard
Published: July 2024

Introduction Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) is recommended for vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients with major bleeding or in need of surgery. The most important risk associated with the use of 4F-PCC is the occurrence of thromboembolic events (TEEs). In this review, we aim to evaluate the safety profile of a 4F-PCC (Kcentra®/Beriplex® P/N; CSL Behring, Marburg, Germany) by reviewing pharmacovigilance data.

Methods A retrospective analysis of postmarketing pharmacovigilance data of Kcentra®/Beriplex® P/N from February 1996 to April 2022 was performed and complemented by a review of clinical studies published between January 2012 and April 2022.

Results A total of 2,321,443 standard infusions of Kcentra®/Beriplex® P/N were administered during the evaluation period. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported in 614 cases (∼1 per 3,781 standard infusions) and 233 of these cases (37.9%) experienced suspected TEEs related to 4F-PCC (∼1 per 9,963 standard infusions); most of these cases had pre-existing or concomitant conditions likely to be significant risk factors for thrombosis. TEE rates were similar when 4F-PCC was used on-label or off-label for direct oral anticoagulant-associated bleeding. Thirty-six cases (5.9%) reported hypersensitivity type reactions (∼1 per 64,485 standard infusions). No confirmed case of viral transmission related to 4F-PCC use was reported. The published literature also revealed a favorable safety profile of 4F-PCC.

Conclusion Analysis of postmarketing pharmacovigilance safety reports demonstrated that treatment with 4F-PCC was associated with few ADRs and a low rate of TEEs across multiple indications and settings, thus confirming a positive safety profile of 4F-PCC.
A Comparison of Esthetic Preferences on Female Skeletal Class II Alterations among Laypeople of Different Facial Profiles
Authors: Tipyanggul Wiwan , Changsiripun Chidsanu , Chamnannidiadha Niramol
Published: July 2024

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the influences of assessors' different personal profiles on the esthetic perception of Class II facial profile corrections and the agreement between profile and silhouette images.

Materials and Methods A profile photo of a female with skeletal Class II was digitally altered into three profile and three silhouette images (most pronounced Class II division 1 characteristic, more retruded upper lip position, and more protruded mandibular position). Ninety-six laypeople from three facial profile groups (straight, convex, and concave profiles) chose these images for facial attractiveness. Data were analyzed using an SPSS program. Cohen's kappa coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficients were applied to determine intraparticipant and intra-examiner reliabilities. Chi-square tests were used to test between-group preferences and the relationship of profile preference with other factors. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to test the agreement in selecting profile and silhouette images (p = 0.05).

Results All groups favored profiles with a protruded mandibular position (11-degree facial contour angle [FCA] and 91-degree nasolabial angle [NLA]). Despite facial profile differences, preference remained consistent (p = 0.649). The convex group showed a stronger inclination toward an untreated-simulating profile (17-degree FCA and 91-degree NLA). Preferences were consistent regardless of sex (p = 0.198) and education (p = 0.105). The percentage of agreement between profile and silhouette images in the total sample was 67.71% (kappa = 0.386). All groups of participants chose the more retruded upper lip position (17-degree FCA and 107-degree NLA) profile in silhouette more than in photograph.

Conclusion All groups preferred a mandibular advancement-simulating profile. Using the photographs or silhouettes to assess the esthetic preference resulted in a similar trend. However, the flatter profile was more preferred in silhouette than in photograph.
Role of Endoscopy in Managing Complications Associated with Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Concise Review of Literature
Authors: Puri Rahul , Mahajan Akhil , Sundaram Sridhar
Published: July 2024

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a complex surgery for the management of periampullary tumors. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality of 20% and 3 to 5% respectively. While early complications like delayed gastric emptying, hemorrhage, and collections are common, late complications like biliary and pancreatic anastomotic stenosis are also known to occur. With the increase in cases of pancreatic and periampullary cancers, there is an upward trend seen even in the rates of surgery. Endoscopy has emerged over the years as a tool for both evaluation and management of various complications. In this narrative review, we aim to provide a primer for gastroenterologists who are likely to be called upon for endoscopic management of post-PD complications.
The “bridge character”: Carl Schurz and West German–American rapprochement
Authors: Kinney Brandon
Published: July 2024

In 1952, West Germans and Americans held a joint, year-long observation celebrating the centennial of the arrival of German-born Carl Schurz in the USA. The collaborative, transatlantic celebration served to publicize a historical and cultural relationship between the German and American peoples through the memory of Carl Schurz. State and non-state participants publicly remembered Schurz as the quintessential German–American and a “bridge character” that transcended national borders, occupied an important ideological space, legitimized the Cold War relationship between erstwhile enemies, and perpetuated an on-going process to construct a transnational, cultural identity rooted in Western liberal-democratic political culture. For the US government, the historical character of Carl Schurz also became a means of promoting a liberal heritage in the face of on-going Soviet accusations of American imperialism, warmongering, and poor race relations.
Self-absorption model of Hg–TℓI high pressure discharge
Authors: Ghrib Basma , Bouaoun Mohamed , Elloumi Hatem
Published: July 2024

This paper deals with self-absorption in a cylindrical high-pressure Hg–TℓI discharge for which local thermodynamic equilibrium can be assumed. Calculations of the densities of species, especially thallium, have been performed using a parabolic temperature profile and a constant mercury/thallium ratio throughout the discharge tube. This paper focuses on studying the self-absorption thallium lines by comparing them to those of mercury. Particular attention has been paid to the study of the additive effects on the self-absorption of spectral intensities.
Significant challenges to the sustainability of the California coast considering climate change
Authors: Thorne Karen M. , MacDonald Glen M. , Chavez Francisco P. , Ambrose Richard F. , Barnard Patrick L.
Published: July 2024

Climate change is an existential threat to the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability of the coastal zone and impacts will be complex and widespread. Evidence from California and across the United States shows that climate change is impacting coastal communities and challenging managers with a plethora of stressors already present. Widespread action could be taken that would sustain California’s coastal ecosystems and communities. In this perspective, we highlight the main threat to coastal sustainability: the compound effects of episodic events amplified with ongoing climate change, which will present unprecedented challenges to the state. We present two key challenges for California’s sustainability in the coastal zone: 1) accelerating sea-level rise combined with storm impacts, and 2) continued warming of the oceans and marine heatwaves. Cascading effects from these types of compounding events will occur within the context of an already stressed system that has experienced extensive alterations due to intensive development, resource extraction and harvesting, spatial containment, and other human use pressures. There are critical components that could be used to address these immediate concerns, including comanagement strategies that include diverse groups and organizations, strategic planning integrated across large areas, rapid implementation of solutions, and a cohesive and policy relevant research agenda for the California coast. Much of this has been started in the state, but the scale could be increased, and timelines accelerated. The ideas and information presented here are intended to help expand discussions to sharpen the focus on how to encourage sustainability of California’s iconic coastal region.
Lithium isotopic evidence for enhanced reverse weathering during the Early Triassic warm period
Authors: Rauzi Sofia , Foster William J. , Takahashi Satoshi , Hori Rie S. , Beaty Brian J. , Tarhan Lidya G. , Isson Terry
Published: July 2024

Elevated temperatures persisted for an anomalously protracted interval following pulsed volcanic carbon release associated with the end-Permian mass extinction, deviating from the expected timescale of climate recovery following a carbon injection event. Here, we present evidence for enhanced reverse weathering—a CO
2
source—following the end-Permian mass extinction based on the lithium isotopic composition of marine shales and cherts. We find that the average lithium isotopic composition of Lower Triassic marine shales is significantly elevated relative to that of all other previously measured Phanerozoic marine shales. Notably, the record generated here conflicts with carbonate-based interpretations of the lithium isotopic composition of Early Triassic seawater, forcing a re-evaluation of the existing framework used to interpret lithium isotopes in sedimentary archives. Using a stochastic forward lithium cycle model, we demonstrate that elevated reverse weathering is required to reproduce the lithium isotopic values and trends observed in Lower Triassic marine shales and cherts. Collectively, this work provides direct geochemical evidence for enhanced reverse weathering in the aftermath of Earth’s most severe mass extinction.
Mimicking lightning-induced electrochemistry on the early Earth
Authors: Jiang Haihui Joy , Underwood Thomas C. , Bell Jeffrey G. , Lei Jonathan , Gonzales Joe C. , Emge Lukas , Tadese Leah G. , Abd El-Rahman Mohamed K. , Wilmouth David M. , Brazaca Lais C. , Ni Gigi , Belding Lee , Dey Supriya , Ashkarran Ali Akbar , Nagarkar Amit , Nemitz Markus P. , Cafferty Brian J. , Sayres David S. , Ranjan Sukrit , Crocker Daniel R. , Anderson James G. , Sasselov Dimitar D. , Whitesides George M.
Published: July 2024

To test the hypothesis that an abiotic Earth and its inert atmosphere could form chemically reactive carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds, we designed a plasma electrochemical setup to mimic lightning-induced electrochemistry under steady-state conditions of the early Earth. Air-gap electrochemical reactions at air–water–ground interfaces lead to remarkable yields, with up to 40 moles of carbon dioxide being reduced into carbon monoxide and formic acid, and 3 moles of gaseous nitrogen being fixed into nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ions, per mole of transmitted electrons. Interfaces enable reactants (e.g., minerals) that may have been on land, in lakes, and in oceans to participate in radical and redox reactions, leading to higher yields compared to gas-phase-only reactions. Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes could have generated high concentrations of reactive molecules locally, establishing diverse feedstocks for early life to emerge and survive globally.
First-principles study of non-linear thermal expansion in cadmium titanate by molecular dynamics incorporating nuclear quantum effects
Authors: Kanayama Kansei , Toyoura Kazuaki
Published: July 2024

First-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations were applied for analyzing structural evolutions around the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition temperature in the perovskite-type cadmium titanate, CdTiO3. Since the phase transition is reported to occur at the low temperature around 80 K, the quantum thermal bath (QTB) method was utilized in this study, which incorporates the nuclear quantum effects (NQEs). The structural evolutions in the QTB-FPMD simulations are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results, by contrast in the conventional FPMD simulations using the classical thermal bath (CTB-FPMD). Especially, the non-linear thermal expansion of lattice constants around the phase transition temperature was well reproduced in the QTB-FPMD with the NQEs. Thus, the NQEs are of importance in phase transitions at low temperatures, particularly below the room temperature, and the QTB is useful in that it incorporates the NQEs in MD simulations with low computational costs comparable to the conventional CTB.
A new perspective on ductile high-Tc superconductors under ambient pressure: few-hydrogen metal-bonded hydrides
Authors: Shi Jun-jie , Tian Chong , He Yong , Liu Shi-ming , Zhu Yao-hui , Du Juan , Zhong Hong-xia , Wang Xinqiang
Published: July 2024

Superconducting materials have garnered widespread attention due to their zero-resistance characteristic and complete diamagnetism. After more than 100 years of exploration, various high-temperature superconducting materials including cuprates, nickelates, iron-based compounds, and ultra-high pressure multi-hydrides have been discovered. However, the practical application of these materials is severely hindered by their poor ductility and/or the need for high-pressure conditions to maintain structural stability. To address these challenges, we first provide a new thought to build high-temperature superconducting materials based on few-hydrogen metal-bonded hydrides under ambient pressure. We then review the related research efforts in this article. Moreover, based on the bonding type of atoms, we classify the existing important superconducting materials and propose the new concepts of pseudo-metal and quasi-metal superconductivity, which are expected to be helpful for the design of new high-temperature superconducting materials in the future.
Comprehensive quality evaluation method of ultrasound tomography algorithms based on entropy method
Authors: Xiong Zichen , Hu Jingyi , Li Nan
Published: July 2024

Multiphase flow systems, crucial in fields like chemical, petroleum, and biology, often involve challenging gas–liquid flows with variable interfaces. Ultrasonic Tomography (UT) helps visualize these flows by using array sensors to create two-dimensional images. However, issues arise in assessing the cross-section gas-holding ratio with UT, as original images usually need filter processing and multi-dimensional evaluations can be contradictory. This study introduces a comprehensive evaluation method for UT image quality, leveraging the entropy evaluation method (EEM). It uses ultrasonic data and algorithms like Sector-diffusion-matrix-based Local Binary Pattern, Landweber, and Tikhonov for image reconstruction. Evaluation focuses on three aspects: Pearson correlation coefficient, image position error, and reconstruction area error, offering a thorough assessment of image accuracy. The EEM balances contradictory indicators and aligns with most indicator distribution laws, proving effective in assessing UT image reconstruction quality.
FR-YOLOv7: feature enhanced YOLOv7 for rotated small object detection in aerial images
Authors: Tang Xue , Deng Hao , Liu Guihua , Li Guilin , Li Qiuheng , Zhao Junqin , Zhou Yuan
Published: July 2024

For the problems of weak object feature expression and variable object orientation in aerial image object detection, this paper proposed a feature enhanced YOLOv7 for rotated small object detection in aerial images. Firstly, for the problem of feature loss in the feature extraction stage, the feature enhanced spatial pyramid pooling and cross stage partial connections module was proposed, which effectively boost the feature expression of small object. Secondly, an attention guided max-pooling module was constructed to address the problem of feature loss. Then, the rotated object detection head was introduced to solve the problem of false negatives caused by variable object angles and dense object distribution. Finally, a multi-scale loss function was proposed for improving the detection effects of rotated small objects detection in aerial images. Extensive experiments were conduct on the public datasets of DOTA and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences-AOD, with the help of the proposed method, we can achieve the detection accuracy that the mean average precision are 79.7% and 98.9%, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has a significant improvement on the detection of small targets in aerial images.
Seismic noise effect suppression for the performance testing of high-precision space electrostatic accelerometers using a torsion pendulum with differential configuration
Authors: Li J , Liu Z F , Ma Y , Yu J B , Liu L , Zhou Z B
Published: July 2024

To test the performance of high-precision electrostatic accelerometers for next generation satellite gravity measurement missions, a torsion pendulum integrated with two electrostatic accelerometers is proposed. In this differential configuration scheme, the seismic noise effect can be further suppressed due to common-mode rejection. Theoretical analysis shows that the seismic noise effect rejection ratio is determined by the inconsistency factors of two accelerometers, and after the compensation for inconsistency, the seismic noise effect can be suppressed by at least 85 dB below 0.1 Hz. Preliminary experimental results are agreed with the theoretical analysis, and its detection sensitivity comes to

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at 10 mHz, which is limited by the intrinsic noises of accelerometers used here.
Enhanced measurement and optimization of railway profile parameters for large tamping machine operations
Authors: Li Shu , Liu Zhihui , Han Lei , Jing Guoqing
Published: July 2024

In the realm of modern railway maintenance, the employment of large tamping machine for the enhancement of track geometry and elasticity, and the minimization of disturbance to the roadbed, has become a key operational approach. However, factors such as repeated load applications, changes in topography and geology, and ongoing maintenance activities have been known to cause significant deviations of the actual track location from its original design. These deviations present challenges, such as increased construction difficulty and workload, during tamping operations predicated on the original design. Moreover, methods based on manual intervention have rendered large machine maintenance operations inefficient. In this paper, an optimisation method for railway profile parameters suitable for large tamping machine operations is proposed. The method integrates the total least squares method and the direct search method, enabling the accurate fitting of slope segments preceding and following the slope change points and the alignment of circular curve segments to determine the optimal curve radius. Consequently, optimised profile parameters for the continuous track section are obtained. Focusing on the Beijing–Guangzhou line, the operational efficacy of the proposed optimisation method is compared with that of the artificial slope method. The results showed that the proposed optimisation method is not only more accurate and efficient but also adheres to the principle of ‘prefer lifting rather than descending’ of the railways. The method further provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the optimisation of railway profile, underscoring the potential for improved maintenance efficiency and enhanced safety in train operations.
Fault diagnosis of complex industrial equipment based on chunked statistical global-local feature fusion
Authors: Yang Fang , Lian Zisheng , Li Runze , Liao Yaoyao , Nie Zhengqi
Published: July 2024

Industrial process equipment is bulky and complex in structure, which is easy to produce faults during operation and affect production efficiency, cause huge economic losses, and even threaten the safety of workers. To achieve sustainable operation of large-scale industrial processes, timely and accurate monitoring and handling of abnormal situations are essential. However, fault monitoring of large equipment requires the collection of abundant data, which includes many complex related variables, resulting in excessive redundant data generated during the fault monitoring process. Moreover, the existing principal component analysis (PCA) method can only retain the global characteristic of variance information, and cannot obtain the local characteristic that can characterize the topological relationship between the data points, which affects its monitoring reliability and intelligence level. In response to these issues, a fault diagnosis model for complex industrial processes based on chunked statistical global-local feature fusion (CSGLFF) is proposed in this paper. First, considering the correlation characteristics between industrial process variables, a correlation variable chunking method mutual information-based is designed to merge the variables with small correlation to obtain the optimal chunking of variables. Second, PCA and locality preserving projections (LPP) are combined to construct a global-local feature fusion (GLFF) model that can extract global and local features simultaneously. The chunked data are imported into the GLFF for the extraction of its features respectively, and the corresponding CSGLFF is established. In addition, Bayesian inference is used to fuse the statistics of each sub-chunk to establish an overall fault monitoring statistical indicators, and the reason for failure is found through the variable contribution graph. Finally, two cases of Tennessee Eastman process (TEP) and laboratory emulsion pump were used to conduct experimental research on the performance of CSGLFF. The results show that compared with the chunked statistical PCA, chunked statistical LPP, and GLFF algorithms, The accuracy of fault monitoring for TEP mean, flow pulsation impact, and pressure anomaly of this method reached 92.91%, 97%, and 90.30%, respectively. It has good monitoring effect in processing data with large variables, reducing the generation of redundant data, improving the accuracy of industrial monitoring, and accurately identifying the relevant variables of fault occurrence. This provides a theoretical basis for determining the fault location and points out the direction for maintenance by staff.
Zero-shot fault diagnosis of high-voltage circuit breakers: fusion of phase space reconstruction and attribute embedding methods
Authors: Yang Qiuyu , Liu Yawen , Lin Yuyi , Li Jianxing , Ruan Jiangjun
Published: July 2024

Traditional mechanical fault diagnosis methods for high-voltage circuit breakers (CBs) largely rely on data-driven learning from a substantial amount of labeled fault samples. However, the scarcity of target fault samples in practical engineering applications often limits diagnostic performance, leading to high misdiagnosis rates and poor generalization capabilities. To address these challenges, this study proposes an attribute embedding zero-shot diagnosis (AEZSD) method, designed to overcome the limitations of sample insufficiency. Initially, this paper utilizes phase space reconstruction techniques to thoroughly explore the intrinsic dynamic features of vibrational signals within CBs. Subsequently, by integrating the electromechanical signal characteristics of the CBs, the concept of fault attributes is introduced, and an attribute embedding learning network is constructed. Through this network and statistical rules, the proposed method can effectively identify previously unseen fault types. Experimental results confirm that the AEZSD method can leverage historical fault data to pre-learn fault attribute knowledge and accurately diagnose faults without target fault samples, providing a novel solution for CB fault diagnosis.
Multifractal magnitude and sign correlations in multiphase flows
Authors: Ren Weikai , Jin Ningde
Published: July 2024

It is important to reveal the complex phenomenon of bubble coalescence or breakup in gas–liquid two-phase flow to understand the dynamic mechanism of flow pattern transition. Magnitude and sign decomposition paves a way to study the linear and nonlinear fractal characteristic separately. In this work, we extended this method to multifractal analysis, namely the multifractal magnitude and sign correlations. Test was conducted and an eight-electrode rotating conductivity sensor is utilized to collect the signals of different flow patterns in the gas–liquid two phase flow. The signal is initially decomposed into magnitude time series and sign time series. The width and difference of multifractal spectrum are introduced to characterize the nonlinear dynamics in the flow pattern evolution that gas–liquid two-phase slug flow breaks into the bubble flow or loses stability transforms into churn flow. And then these parameters of multifractal magnitude and sign decomposition are fed into k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) for flow pattern identification. The results suggest that multifractal magnitude and sign decomposition has higher prediction accuracy (93%) than traditional multifractal analysis. The findings show that multifractal magnitude and sign correlations analysis is a powerful technique for investigating the flow dynamic of gas–liquid two phase flow.
Validation of dual-energy CT-based composition analysis using fresh animal tissues and composition-optimized tissue equivalent samples
Authors: Niepel Katharina , Tattenberg Sebastian , Marants Raanan , Hu Guyue , Bortfeld Thomas , Verburg Joost , Sudhyadhom Atchar , Landry Guillaume , Parodi Katia
Published: July 2024

Objective. Proton therapy allows for highly conformal dose deposition, but is sensitive to range uncertainties. Several approaches currently under development measure composition-dependent secondary radiation to monitor the delivered proton range in-vivo. To fully utilize these methods, an estimate of the elemental composition of the patient’s tissue is often needed. Approach. A published dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)-based composition-extraction algorithm was validated against reference compositions obtained with two independent methods. For this purpose, a set of phantoms containing either fresh porcine tissue or tissue-mimicking samples with known, realistic compositions were imaged with a CT scanner at two different energies. Then, the prompt gamma-ray (PG) signal during proton irradiation was measured with a PG detector prototype. The PG workflow used pre-calculated Monte Carlo simulations to obtain an optimized estimate of the sample’s carbon and oxygen contents. The compositions were also assessed with chemical combustion analysis (CCA), and the stopping-power ratio (SPR) was measured with a multi-layer ionization chamber. The DECT images were used to calculate SPR-, density- and elemental composition maps, and to assign voxel-wise compositions from a selection of human tissues. For a more comprehensive set of reference compositions, the original selection was extended by 135 additional tissues, corresponding to spongiosa, high-density bones and low-density tissues. Results. The root-mean-square error for the soft tissue carbon and oxygen content was 8.5 wt% and 9.5 wt% relative to the CCA result and 2.1 wt% and 10.3 wt% relative to the PG result. The phosphorous and calcium content were predicted within 0.4 wt% and 1.1 wt% of the CCA results, respectively. The largest discrepancies were encountered in samples whose composition deviated the most from tabulated compositions or that were more inhomogeneous. Significance. Overall, DECT-based composition estimations of relevant elements were in equal or better agreement with the ground truth than the established SECT-approach and could contribute to in-vivo dose verification measurements.