bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Nurse Participation at Family Conferences in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Watson Anne C. , October Tessie W.
Published: November 2016

Background

Clinical nurses attend family conferences in the intensive care unit, but their role during these meetings is not yet fully understood.

Objectives

To assess perceived and observed contributions of the clinical nurse during family conferences.

Methods

Prospective cross-sectional survey and review of 40 audio-recorded family conferences conducted in the 44-bed pediatric intensive care unit of an urban pediatric hospital.

Results

Survey responses from 47 nurses were examined. Most nurses thought it important to attend family conferences, but identified workload as a barrier to attendance. They perceived their roles as gaining firsthand knowledge of the discussion and providing a unique perspective regarding patient care, emotional support, and advocacy. Audio recordings revealed that bedside nurses attended 20 (50%) of 40 family conferences and spoke in 5 (25%) of the 20. Nurses verbally contributed 4.6% to the overall speech at the family conference, mostly providing information on patient care.

Conclusions

The clinical nurse is often absent or silent during family conferences in the intensive care unit, despite the important roles they want to play in these settings. Strategies to improve both the physical and verbal participation of clinical nurses during the family conference are suggested, especially in the context of previous research demonstrating the need for more attention in family conferences to social-emotional support and patient advocacy.
Five-Layered Soft Silicone Foam Dressing to Prevent Pressure Ulcers in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kalowes Peggy , Messina Valerie , Li Melanie
Published: November 2016

Background

In critically ill patients, prevention of pressure ulcers is a challenge because of the high risk for multiple comorbid conditions, immobility, hemodynamic instability, and increased use of medical devices.

Objectives

To compare the difference in incidence rates of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) in critically ill patients between those treated with usual preventive care and a 5-layered soft silicone foam dressing versus a control group receiving usual care. Secondary goals were to examine risk factors for HAPUs in critically ill patients and to explicate cost savings related to prevention of pressure ulcers.

Methods

A prospective, randomized controlled trial in the intensive care units at a 569-bed, level II trauma hospital. All 366 participants received standard pressure ulcer prevention; 184 were randomized to have a 5-layered soft silicone foam dressing applied to the sacrum (intervention group) and 182 to receive usual care (control group).

Results

The incidence rate of HAPUs was significantly less in patients treated with the foam dressing than in the control group (0.7% vs 5.9%, P = .01). Time to injury survival analysis (Cox proportional hazard models) revealed the intervention group had 88% reduced risk of HAPU development (hazard ratio, 0.12 [95% CI, 0.02–0.98], P = .048).

Conclusion

Use of a soft silicone foam dressing combined with preventive care yielded a statistically and clinically significant benefit in reducing the incidence rate and severity of HAPUs in intensive care patients. This novel, cost-effective method can reduce HAPU incidence in critically ill patients.
EP4 Receptor–Associated Protein in Macrophages Protects against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Higuchi Sei , Fujikawa Risako , Ikedo Taichi , Hayashi Kosuke , Yasui Mika , Nagata Manabu , Nakatsuji Masato , Yokode Masayuki , Minami Manabu
Published: November 2016

Excessive activation of inflammatory macrophages drives the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. EP4 receptor–associated protein (EPRAP) has been identified as a novel, anti-inflammatory molecule in macrophages. In this study, we investigated the role of EPRAP using a murine model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary inflammation. When compared with wild-type mice, EPRAP-deficient mice exhibited significantly higher mortality, and increased accumulation of macrophages and proinflammatory molecules in the lung 7 d post-BLM administration. Accordingly, the levels of phosphorylated p105, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 were elevated in EPRAP-deficient alveolar macrophages following BLM administration. In contrast, macrophage-specific EPRAP overexpression decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that EPRAP in macrophages plays a key role in attenuating BLM-induced pulmonary inflammation. As EPRAP is phosphorylated after translation, we examined the role of posttranslational modifications in cellular inflammatory activation using mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) expressing mutant EPRAP proteins. Expression of mutant EPRAP, in which serine–108 and serine–608 were replaced with alanine (EPRAP S108A/S608A), markedly suppressed TNF-α production in LPS-treated MEFs. Conversely, the serine phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor, cantharidic acid, increased LPS-induced TNF-α production in MEFs expressing wild-type EPRAP, but not in MEFs expressing EPRAP S108A/S608A. Immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that EPRAP associated with PP2A in both MEFs and alveolar macrophages from BLM-treated mice. Our data suggest that PP2A dephosphorylates EPRAP, which may be a crucial step in exertion of its anti-inflammatory properties. For these reasons, we believe the EPRAP–PP2A axis in macrophages holds the key to treating chronic inflammatory disorders.
Expansion of Th17 Cells by Human Mast Cells Is Driven by Inflammasome-Independent IL-1β
Authors: Suurmond Jolien , Habets Kim L. L. , Dorjée Annemarie L. , Huizinga Tom W. , Toes René E. M.
Published: November 2016

Mast cells (MC) are most well known for their role in innate immune responses. However, MC are increasingly recognized as important regulators of adaptive immune responses, especially in setting the outcome of T cell responses. In this study we determined the effect of MC on cytokine production by naive and memory human Th cells. CD4+ T cells were cultured with MC supernatant or control medium, after which cytokine production by T cells was determined. Supernatant of activated MC specifically increased the number of IL-17–producing T cells. This enhancement of Th17 cell number was specifically observed for the memory CD4+ T cell population and not for the naive CD4+ T cell population. The effect of MC was inhibited for ∼80% by blocking Abs to IL-1β and the rIL-1R antagonist anakinra. Importantly, secretion of active IL-1β by MC was independent of caspase activity, indicating that Th17 cell expansion by MC occurred through inflammasome-independent IL-1β. Together, these studies reveal a role for human MC in setting the outcome of T cell responses through release of caspase-independent IL-1β, and provide evidence for a novel contribution of MC in boosting the Th17 axis in mucosal immune responses.
Identification and Actions of the Maresin 1 Metabolome in Infectious Inflammation
Authors: Colas Romain A. , Dalli Jesmond , Chiang Nan , Vlasakov Iliyan , Sanger Julia M. , Riley Ian R. , Serhan Charles N.
Published: November 2016

Maresin 1 (MaR1) is an immunoresolvent that governs resolution of acute inflammation, and its local metabolism in the context of infectious inflammation is of interest. In this study, we investigated the MaR1 metabolome in infectious exudates and its bioactions in regulating leukocyte responses in the context of bacterial infection. In Escherichia coli infectious exudates, MaR1 was temporally regulated with maximal levels at 4 h (2.2 ± 0.4 pg/lavage). In these exudates we also identified two novel products, and their structure elucidation gave 22-hydroxy-MaR1 and 14-oxo-MaR1. Using human primary leukocytes, we found that neutrophils primarily produced 22-OH-MaR1, whereas the main macrophage product was 14-oxo-MaR1. Both 22-OH-MaR1 and 14-oxo-MaR1 incubated with human primary macrophages gave dose-dependent increases in macrophage phagocytosis of ∼75% at 1 pM 22-OH-MaR1 and ∼25% at 1 pM 14-oxo-MaR1, whereas 14-oxo-MaR1 was less active than MaR1 at higher concentrations. Together these findings establish the temporal regulation of MaR1 during infectious inflammation, and elucidate the structures and actions of two novel MaR1 further metabolites that carry bioactivities.
Explorative surgery for acute scrotal pain: The importance of patient age, side affected, time to surgery and surgeon
Authors: Fabiani Andrea , Calabrese Massimo , Filosa Alessandra , Fioretti Fabrizio , Maurelli Valentina , Scandola Michele , Noventa Stefano , Tombolini Flavia , Catanzariti Francesco , Servi Lucilla , Mammana Gabriele
Published: November 2016

Introduction and objective: Testicular torsion must be diagnosed quickly and accurately. The delay of the diagnosis and the subsequent delay of surgery may lead to loss testicular viability and orchidectomy. Aim of our retrospective evaluation was to define which element should be considered as major support to the clinician in distinguishing spermatic cord torsion from the other diseases mimicking this clinical emergency requiring surgical exploration. Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed all clinical and instrumental data of emergency scrotal exploration performed for acute scrotal pain at two different Urological Department in a 10 year period. Results of surgical exploration represented the four diagnostic categories in which patients were divided for statistical evaluation. We evaluated the relationship between diagnosis performed by testicular surgical exploration and the all clinical data available including surgeon involved in the procedures. Results: A total of 220 explorative scrotal surgery were considered. We divided the cases in 4 categories according to the diagnostic results of each surgical procedure. Of all, spermatic cord torsion was diagnosed in 45% (99/220). The total testis salvage rate was of 78.8%. The patients with a diagnosis of spermatic cord torsion were older than patients with appendix torsion (15 vs 11 years in mean). When the affected side was the left, the probability to have a diagnosis of spermatic cord torsion was higher than the right side [χ2 (2, N = 218) = 11.77, p < 0.01]. Time elapsing between onset of symptoms and testicular salvagewas significantly lower even than in case of appendix torsion/necrosis (p < .0001), and of others pathologies diagnosed (p = .0383). Conclusion: In case of spermatic cord torsion, in addition to the clinical data, patient age and left side affected may represent an independent diagnostic predicting factor. The time elapsing between onset of symptoms and explorative surgery remain the only still prognostic factor for testicular viability.
Chylous ascites as a complication of left sided robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
Authors: Pahouja Gaurav , Patel Kalpit , Ricchiuti Daniel J.
Published: November 2016

Objective: The aim of the study was to present a case series of the sparsely reported complication of chylous ascites (CA) after left sided robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RALPN), identify possible risk factors for the development of postoperative CA, and explore current recommendations for identification, management and prevention of CA. Material and methods: A retrospective review of patients that were treated with a RALPN during a one year time period (August 2012 to August 2013) by one surgeon at our institution was conducted. A total of 12 patients were included in the study. Demographics, tumor characteristics, and perioperative outcomes were assessed. Results: Three patients in the study experienced postoperative CA. All three patients had left sided surgery. The initial clinical suspicion for CA was raised due to complaints of abdominal pain with increased milky appearance of JP fluid. JP triglycerides were elevated in all three patients. The patients responded to conservative measures, with two patients treated with medium chain triglyceride diets and one patient treated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Among the patients treated with RALPN, the group that was diagnosed with postoperative CA (CA group) was found to have a statistically significant lower average body mass index (BMI) as compared to the group that did not have CA (non-CA group) (24.67 kg/m2 in the CA group versus 31.77 kg/m2 in the non-CA group; P = 0.026). Other demographic data, tumor characteristics, and perioperative outcomes were similar in both groups. Conclusions: CA as a result of RALPN is a newly reported and rare postoperative complication. As utilization of RALPN continues to increase, urologists should be aware of this possible complication and be adept at diagnosing and managing CA. We suggest that left sided retroperitoneal surgery and a lower BMI preoperatively be considered risk factors for developing this complication.
The fluvial geomorphic character of the lower reaches of major Mackenzie River tributaries, Fort Simpson to Norman Wells, Northwest Territories
Authors: Brooks G R
Published: November 2016

This study presents fluvial geomorphic information on the lowest 4 to 8 km of eight major tributaries of Mackenzie River gathered from fieldwork, aerial photograph interpretation, and available published sources. The tributaries studied are North Nahanni, Root,
Willowlake, Blackwater, Dahadinni, Redstone, Keele, and Great Bear rivers which are located between Fort Simpson and Norman Wells, Northwest Territories. Specifically, information for each study reach was compiled on the valley characteristics, hydrology, channel characteristics, lateral channel
change, and interaction with Mackenzie River.

The main body of the bulletin reviews previously published fluvial geomorphic research on Mackenzie River and the late Quaternary history as it pertains to the rivers. An overview section contains general information on the methodology, terminology, and the characteristics of the tributaries. River
behaviours that should be carefully assessed prior to any development along a lower reach of a tributary are briefly summarized. Specific information on the eight individual tributaries is contained within separate appendices.
Bias and equivalence of the Strengths Use and Deficit Correction Questionnaire
Authors: Els Crizelle , Mostert Karina , Brouwers Symen
Published: November 2016

Orientation: For optimal outcomes, it is suggested that employees receive support from their organisation to use their strengths and improve their deficits. Employees also engage in proactive behaviour to use their strengths and improve their deficits. Following this conversation, the Strengths Use and Deficit Correction Questionnaire (SUDCO) was developed. However, the cultural suitability of the SUDCO has not been confirmed.Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the bias and structural equivalence of the SUDCO.Motivation for the study: In a diverse cultural context such as South Africa, it is important to establish that a similar score on a psychological test has the same psychological meaning across ethnic groups.Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional survey design was followed to collect data among a convenience sample of 858 employees from various occupational sectors in South Africa.Main findings: Confirmatory multigroup analysis was used to test for item and construct bias. None of the items were biased, neither uniform nor non-uniform. The most restrictive model accounted for similarities in weights, intercepts and means; only residuals were different.Practical/managerial implications: The results suggest that the SUDCO is suitable for use among the major ethnic groups included in this study. These results increase the probability that future studies with the SUDCO among other ethnic groups will be unbiased and equivalent.Contribution: This study contributed to existing literature because no previous research has assessed the bias and equivalence of the SUDCO among ethnic groups in South Africa.
Influenza Virus-Associated Fatal Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Role of Nonpermissive Viral Infection?
Authors: Mungaomklang Anek , Chomcheoy Jiraruj , Wacharapluesadee Supaporn , Joyjinda Yutthana , Jittmittraphap Akanitt , Rodpan Apaporn , Ghai Siriporn , Saraya Abhinbhen , Hemachudha Thiravat
Published: November 2016

In 2014, two unusual peaks of H1N1 influenza outbreak occurred in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, in Thailand. Among 2,406 cases, one of the 22 deaths in the province included a 6-year-old boy, who initially presented with acute necrotizing encephalopathy. On the other hand, his sibling was mildly affected by the same influenza virus strain, confirmed by whole-genome sequencing, with one silent mutation. Absence of acute necrotizing encephalopathy and other neurological illnesses in the family and the whole province, with near identical whole viral genomic sequences from the two siblings, and an absence of concomitant severe lung infection (cytokine storm) at onset suggest nonpermissive infection as an alternative pathogenetic mechanism of influenza virus.
Encouraging Subspecialty Practice by Constructively Influencing Trainees Early in their Careers Will Improve Advocacy for Neuro-Ophthalmology among Nigerian Ophthalmologists
Authors: Ogun Olufunmilola A.
Published: November 2016

This study was conducted to assess the current knowledge, attitude, and perception of Nigerian ophthalmologists toward neuro-ophthalmology; identify barriers to the uptake of neuro-ophthalmology as a desired subspecialty; and make recommendations to improve interest in neuro-ophthalmology training. This was a cross-sectional survey of ophthalmology consultants and trainees from the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria, who were attending a national ophthalmology conference. All consenting respondents voluntarily completed a validated self-administered questionnaire. There were 107 respondents comprising 56 males and 51 females. Majority (54.2%) of respondents were aged 40 years and younger. Almost half (47.8%) worked at tertiary level, public health institutions. Only 10.3% worked in private practice. Neuro-ophthalmology exposure was short and occurred mainly during residency (65.7%), while 15% had no exposure at all. Most (80.4%) indicated only nominal interest in neuro-ophthalmology, while only 4.6% indicated a desire to specialize in the field. Financial constraint was the main obstacle to the pursuit of subspecialty training. A total of 86% of respondents admitted that full (34%) or partial (52%) Funding would motivate them to pursue the training. Among respondents desiring part sponsorship, more than half were willing to augment such sponsorship with personal funds. In conclusion, career interest in neuro-ophthalmology is very low among Nigerian ophthalmologists. Late and limited exposure to neuro-ophthalmology during medical training may be contributing factors. Early exposure to neuro-ophthalmology during medical school rotations, coupled with the provision of sponsored subspecialty training opportunities, will serve to increase enrollment in the field.
О применении линейных положительных операторов для приближения функций
Authors: Gashkov Sergey Borisovich
Published: November 2016

Для линейного положительного оператора Коровкина
$$
f(x)\to t_n(f;x)=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(x+t)E(t) dt,
$$
где $E(x)$ - многочлен Эгервари-Сасса,
и соответствующего ему интерполяционного среднего
$$
t_{n,N}(f;x)=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=-N}^{N-1}
E_n(x-\frac{\pi k}{N})f(\frac{\pi k}{N}),
$$
доказаны при $N > n/2$ неравенства типа Джексона
$$
\|t_{n,N}(f;x)-f(x)\| \leqslant (1+\pi)\omega_f(\frac1n),\qquad
\|t_{n,N}(f;x)-f(x)\| \leqslant 2\omega_f(\frac{\pi}{n+1}),
$$
где $\omega_f(x)$ обозначает модуль непрерывности,
а при $\omega_f(x) \leqslant Mx$ - неравенство
$$
\|t_{n,N}(f;x)-f(x)\| \leqslant \frac{\pi M}{n+1}\mspace{2mu}.
$$
Как следствие получается элементарный вывод
асимптотически точной оценки колмогоровского поперечника
компакта функций, удовлетворяющих условию Липшица.
Библиография: 5 названий.
Экстремальная задача для производной рациональной функции
Authors: Dubinin Vladimir Nikolaevich
Published: November 2016

Известная задача Эрдеша о максимуме модуля производной полинома
на связной лемнискате распространяется на случай
рациональной функции. Более того, при условии связности
некоторых лемнискат устанавливается точная верхняя оценка
модуля производной рациональной функции
в произвольной точке плоскости, отличной от полюсов.
В роли экстремальной функции выступает подходящая дробь Золотарева.
Библиография: 12 названий.
Niñez campesina trabajadora. Saberes que se aprenden trabajando
Authors: Ortiz Hernández Guadalupe
Published: November 2016

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las concepciones sobre el trabajo y el valor que éste tiene para las niñas, niños y sus familias en la educación y cultura campesina. Este estudio surge de la intervención y observación realizada en dos comunidades, una en Tlaxcala y otra en Puebla, México. Retomó y analizó las voces de niñas, niños, padres y promotoras, a través de entrevistas grupales e individuales que realicé de julio de 2012 hasta noviembre de 2015. Algunos de los hallazgos que encontré durante el proceso de investigación es que el trabajo no es nocivo, sino que forma parte de un proceso formativo, donde se generan relaciones de solidaridad y reciprocidad; así como aprendizajes intergeneracionales. Aunque los beneficios no se traducen necesariamente en remuneración económica, el trabajo que realizan tiene un beneficio social y afectivo, que les permite tener mayores opciones para su futuro y una vida digna. Cabe mencionar que este artículo forma parte de una investigación más amplia, la cual estoy realizando para mi tesis en el posgrado en Estudios Latinoamericanos.
Bipartite Task of Immunity in Cancer Progression
Authors: Batra Akshit
Published: November 2016

How to cite this article

Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Batra A, Patil S. Bipartite Task of Immunity in Cancer Progression. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):783-785.
Influence of Preadjusted Bracket Shape and Positioning Reference on Angulation of Upper Central Incisor
Authors: Cuoghi Osmar A , Topolski Francielle , de O Accorsi Mauricio A , Trevisi Hugo J , Moresca Ricardo
Published: November 2016

Aim

To verify the influence of different bracket shapes and placement references according to Andrews and MBT systems on the expression of angulation in upper central incisors (UCI).

Materials and methods

Bracket positioning and mesiodistal dental movement simulations were performed and the angulations produced in the dental crown were evaluated, based on computed tomography scan images of 30 UCI and AutoCAD software analysis. Rectangular (Andrews) and rhomboid (MBT) brackets were placed according to the references recommended by Andrews and MBT systems – long axis of the clinical crown (LACC) and incisal edge (IE) respectively.

Results

Data showed that the use of LACC as reference for bracket positioning produced 5° and 4° UCI angulations in Andrews and MBT brackets respectively. The use of IE produced a 1.2° mean angulation in UCI for both brackets.

Conclusion

When the LACC was used as reference for bracket positioning, the UCI crown angulation corresponded to the angulation built into the brackets, regardless of shape, while the use of IE resulted in natural crown angulation, regardless of bracket shape.

Clinical significance

This research contributes to guide the orthodontist in relation to the different treatment techniques based on the use of preadjusted brackets.

How to cite this article

Topolski F, de O Accorsi MA, Trevisi HJ, Cuoghi OA, Moresca R. Influence of Preadjusted Bracket Shape and Positioning Reference on Angulation of Upper Central Incisor. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):786-790.
Environmental drivers of coccolithophore abundance and calcification across
Drake Passage (Southern Ocean)
Authors: Charalampopoulou Anastasia , Poulton Alex J. , Bakker Dorothee C. E. , Lucas Mike I. , Stinchcombe Mark C. , Tyrrell Toby
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Although coccolithophores are not as numerically common or as diverse in the Southern Ocean as they are in subpolar waters of the North Atlantic, a few species, such as Emiliania huxleyi, are found during the summer months. Little is actually known about the calcite production (CP) of these communities or how their distribution and physiology relate to environmental variables in this region. In February 2009, we made observations across Drake Passage (between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula) of coccolithophore distribution, CP, primary production, chlorophyll a and macronutrient concentrations, irradiance and carbonate chemistry. Although CP represented less than 1 % of total carbon fixation, coccolithophores were widespread across Drake Passage. The B/C morphotype of E. huxleyi was the dominant coccolithophore, with low estimates of coccolith calcite (∼ 0.01 pmol C coccolith−1) from biometric measurements. Both cell-normalised calcification (0.01–0.16 pmol C cell−1 d−1) and total CP (< 20 µmol C m−3 d−1) were much lower than those observed in the subpolar North Atlantic where E. huxleyi morphotype A is dominant. However, estimates of coccolith production rates were similar (0.1–1.2 coccoliths cell−1 h−1) to previous measurements made in the subpolar North Atlantic. A multivariate statistical approach found that temperature and irradiance together were best able to explain the observed variation in species distribution and abundance (Spearman's rank correlation ρ =  0.4, p < 0.01). Rates of calcification per cell and coccolith production, as well as community CP and E. huxleyi abundance, were all positively correlated (p < 0.05) to the strong latitudinal gradient in temperature, irradiance and calcite saturation states across Drake Passage. Broadly, our results lend support to recent suggestions that coccolithophores, especially E. huxleyi, are advancing polewards. However, our in situ observations indicate that this may owe more to sea-surface warming and increasing irradiance rather than increasing CO2 concentrations.
Attaining Whole-Ecosystem Warming Using Air and Deep Soil Heating Methods with an Elevated CO2 Atmosphere
Authors: Hanson Paul J. , Riggs Jeffery S. , Nettles W. Robert , Phillips Jana R. , Krassovski Misha B. , Hook Leslie A. , Gu Lianhong , Richardson Andrew D. , Aubrecht Donald M. , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Warren Jeffrey M. , Barbier Charlotte
Published: November 2016

Abstract. This paper describes the operational methods to achieve and measure both deep soil heating (0–3 m) and whole-ecosystem warming (WEW) appropriate to the scale of tall-stature, high-carbon, boreal forest peatlands. The methods were developed to allow scientists to provide a plausible set of ecosystem warming scenarios within which immediate and longer term (one decade) responses of organisms (microbes to trees) and ecosystem functions (carbon, water and nutrient cycles) could be measured. Elevated CO2 was also incorporated to test how temperature responses may be modified by atmospheric CO2 effects on carbon cycle processes. The WEW approach was successful in sustaining a wide range of above and belowground temperature treatments (+0, +2.25, +4.5, +6.75 and +9 °C) in large 115 m2 open-topped chambers with elevated CO2 treatments (+0 to +500 ppm). Air warming across the entire 10 enclosure study required ~ 90 % of the total energy for WEW ranging from 64283 MJ d−1 during the warm season to 80102 MJ d−1 during cold months. Soil warming across the study required only 1.3 to 1.9 % of the energy used ranging from 954 to 1782 MJ d−1 of energy in the warm and cold seasons, respectively. The residual energy was consumed by measurement and communications systems. Sustained temperature and elevated CO2 treatments were only constrained by occasional high external winds. This paper contrasts the in situ WEW method with closely related field warming approaches using both above (air or infrared heating) and belowground warming methods. It also includes a full discussion of confounding factors that need to be considered carefully in the interpretation of experimental results. The WEW method combining aboveground and deep soil heating approaches enables observations of future temperature conditions not available in the current observational record, and therefore provides a plausible glimpse of future environmental conditions.
Centennial to millennial climate variability in the far northwestern Pacific (off Kamchatka) and its linkage to East Asian monsoon and North Atlantic from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Early Holocene
Authors: Gorbarenko Sergey A. , Shi Xuefa , Chen Min-Te , Malakhova Galina Yu. , Bosin Aleksandr A. , Liu Yanguang , Zou Jianjun
Published: November 2016

Abstract. High resolution reconstructions based on productivity proxies and magnetic properties measured from sediment core 41-2 (off Kamchatka), reveal prevailing centennial-millennial productivity/climate variability in the northwestern (NW) Pacific from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Early Holocene (EH). The core age model is established by AMS 14C dating using foraminifer shells from the core and by correlating the productivity cycles and relative paleomagnetic intensity records with those of well-dated nearby core, SO-201-12KL. Our results show a pronounced feature of centennial-millennial productivity/climate cycles of the NW Pacific had occurred synchronicity with the summer East Asian Monsoon (EAM) at sub-interstadial scale during the LGM (3 cycles), Heinrich Event 1(3 cycles), and Bølling/Allerød warming (4 cycles), and over the EH (3 cycles). Our comparison of the centennial-millennial variability to the Antarctic EDML (EPICA Dronning Maud Land) ice core suggests a “push” effect of Southern hemisphere temperature gradients on the summer EAM intensifications. Besides the linkages of NW Pacific high productivity and summer EAM, we observed that five low productivity cycles during EH are nearly synchronous with cooling in Greenland, weakening of the summer EAM, and decreases in solar irradiance. We propose that such centennial-millennial productivity/climate variability in the NW Pacific and sequence of sub-stadial/interstadials in the EAM from the LGM to EH are a persistent regional features, synchronous with the Greenland/North Atlantic short-term changes. We speculate that such climate synchronicity was forced also by changes in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation coupled with Intertropical Convergence Zone shifting and the northern westerly jets reorganization.
A joint thermal and electromagnetic diagnostics approach for the inspection of thick walls
Authors: Le Touz Nicolas , Dumoulin Jean , Gennarelli Gianluca , Soldovieri Francesco
Published: November 2016

Abstract. In this study, we present a numerical inversion approach to detect and localize inclusions in thick walls under natural solicitations. The approach is based on a preliminary analysis of the surface temperature field evolution with time (for instance acquired by infrared thermography); after, this analysis is improved by taking advantage of a priori information provided by ground penetrating radar reconstructions of the structure under investigation. In this way, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the images achievable with the stand-alone thermal reconstruction method in the case of quasi-periodic natural excitation.
Modelling wet snow avalanche runout to assess road safety at a high-altitude mine in the central Andes
Authors: Vera Valero Cesar , Wever Nander , Bühler Yves , Stoffel Lukas , Margreth Stefan , Bartelt Perry
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Mining activities in cold regions are vulnerable to snow avalanches. Unlike operational facilities, which can be constructed in secure locations outside the reach of avalanches, access roads are often susceptible to being cut, leading to mine closures and significant financial losses. In this paper we discuss the application of avalanche runout modelling to predict the operational risk to mining roads, a long-standing problem for mines in high-altitude, snowy regions. We study the 35 km long road located in the "Cajón del rio Blanco" valley in the central Andes, which is operated by the Codelco Andina copper mine. In winter and early spring, this road is threatened by over 100 avalanche paths. If the release and snow cover conditions can be accurately specified, we find that avalanche dynamics modelling is able to represent runout, and safe traffic zones can be identified. We apply a detailed, physics-based snow cover model to calculate snow temperature, density and moisture content in three-dimensional terrain. This information is used to determine the initial and boundary conditions of the avalanche dynamics model. Of particular importance is the assessment of the current snow conditions along the avalanche tracks, which define the mass and thermal energy entrainment rates and therefore the possibility of avalanche growth and long runout distances.
On the Resonance Hypothesis of Tsunami and Storm Surge Runup
Authors: Postacioglu Nazmi , Özeren M. Sinan , Canlı Umut
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Resonance has recently been proposed as the fundamental underlying mechanism that shapes the amplification in coastal runup for both Tsunamis and storm surges. It is without doubt that the resonance plays a rôle in runup phenomena of various kinds, however we think that the extent at which it plays its role has not been completely understood. For incident waves, the best approach to investigate the rôle played by the resonance would be to calculate the normal modes by taking radiation damping into account and then test how those modes are excited by the incident waves. There are a small number of previous works that attempt to calculate the resonant frequencies but they do not relate the amplitudes of the normal modes to those of the incident wave. This is because, by not including radiation damping, they automatically induce a resonance that leads to infinite amplitudes, thus preventing them from predicting the exact contribution of the resonance to coastal runup. In this study we consider two different coastal geometries: an infinitely wide beach with a constant slope connecting to a flat-bottomed deep ocean and a bay with sloping bottom, again, connected to a deep ocean. For the fully 1-D problem we find significant resonance if the bathymetric discontinuity is large. For the 2-D ocean case the analysis shows that the wave confinement is very effective when the bay is narrow. The bay aspect-ratio is the determining factor for the radiation damping.
Accuracy of snow depth estimation in mountain and prairie environments by an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Harder Phillip , Schirmer Michael , Pomeroy John , Helgason Warren
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Quantifying the spatial distribution of snow is crucial to predict and assess its water resource potential and understand land–atmosphere interactions. High-resolution remote sensing of snow depth has been limited to terrestrial and airborne laser scanning and more recently with application of structure from motion (SfM) techniques to airborne (manned and unmanned) imagery. In this study, photography from a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to generate digital surface models (DSMs) and orthomosaics for snow cover at a cultivated agricultural Canadian prairie and a sparsely vegetated Rocky Mountain alpine ridgetop site using SfM. The accuracy and repeatability of this method to quantify snow depth, changes in depth and its spatial variability was assessed for different terrain types over time. Root mean square errors in snow depth estimation from differencing snow-covered and non-snow-covered DSMs were 8.8 cm for a short prairie grain stubble surface, 13.7 cm for a tall prairie grain stubble surface and 8.5 cm for an alpine mountain surface. This technique provided useful information on maximum snow accumulation and snow-covered area depletion at all sites, while temporal changes in snow depth could also be quantified at the alpine site due to the deeper snowpack and consequent higher signal-to-noise ratio. The application of SfM to UAV photographs returns meaningful information in areas with mean snow depth  >  30 cm, but the direct observation of snow depth depletion of shallow snowpacks with this method is not feasible. Accuracy varied with surface characteristics, sunlight and wind speed during the flight, with the most consistent performance found for wind speeds  < 10 m s−1, clear skies, high sun angles and surfaces with negligible vegetation cover.
Seasonal evolution of the effective thermal conductivity of the snow and the
soil in high Arctic herb tundra at Bylot Island, Canada
Authors: Domine Florent , Barrere Mathieu , Sarrazin Denis
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The values of the snow and soil thermal conductivity, ksnow and ksoil, strongly impact the thermal regime of the ground in the Arctic, but very few data are available to test model predictions for these variables. We have monitored ksnow and ksoil using heated needle probes at Bylot Island in the Canadian High Arctic (73° N, 80° W) between July 2013 and July 2015. Few ksnow data were obtained during the 2013–2014 winter, because little snow was present. During the 2014–2015 winter ksnow monitoring at 2, 12 and 22 cm heights and field observations show that a depth hoar layer with ksnow around 0.02 W m−1 K−1 rapidly formed. At 12 and 22 cm, wind slabs with ksnow around 0.2 to 0.3 W m−1 K−1 formed. The monitoring of ksoil at 10 cm depth shows that in thawed soil ksoil was around 0.7 W m−1 K−1, while in frozen soil it was around 1.9 W m−1 K−1. The transition between both values took place within a few days, with faster thawing than freezing and a hysteresis effect evidenced in the thermal conductivity–liquid water content relationship. The fast transitions suggest that the use of a bimodal distribution of ksoil for modelling may be an interesting option that deserves further testing. Simulations of ksnow using the snow physics model Crocus were performed. Contrary to observations, Crocus predicts high ksnow values at the base of the snowpack (0.12–0.27 W m−1 K−1) and low ones in its upper parts (0.02–0.12 W m−1 K−1). We diagnose that this is because Crocus does not describe the large upward water vapour fluxes caused by the temperature gradient in the snow and soil. These fluxes produce mass transfer between the soil and lower snow layers to the upper snow layers and the atmosphere. Finally, we discuss the importance of the structure and properties of the Arctic snowpack on subnivean life, as species such as lemmings live under the snow most of the year and must travel in the lower snow layer in search of food.
Do ritual à folkcomunicação: a interculturalidade no pagamento de promessas
Authors: Oliveira José Cláudio Alves de , Silva Genivalda Cândido da
Published: November 2016

Este artigo é um recorte do segundo capítulo da dissertação de mestrado, que teve por objetivo, a partir das pesquisas empírica e bibliográfica, realizar um estudo comparativo entre os espaços expositivos que tem como objeto primaz de seus acervos, os ex-votos, ícones de rituais de fé, de cultura e da folkcomunicação, que transcendem o tempo, tendo sempre presente a interculturalidade em seu contexto narrativo e expressivo. Neste caminho, o texto visa apresentar as abordagens interculturais que circundam a folkcomunicação, os ritos e os ex-votos.
Reflections on a School Teaching: An Exemplary Teaching about Primary Productivity & Energy Flow in Natural Ecosystems
Authors: Kalathaki Maria
Published: November 2016

The research has been carried out in the material that Biologist teacher have prepared for the students and teachers, focusing mostly on the sub-query of teacher’s self-assessment, since teacher had written a self-assessment, a reflection, upon differentiation points from an ordinary teaching, with a structured way. This paper searches on the reflections on a school exemplary teaching of Biology about primary productivity & energy flow in natural ecosystems.

Graduated students of Lyceum were asked to answer a questionnaire on how they felt during the lesson and how they assessed themselves toward the teaching, in relation to the content taught, the methodology followed, their performance and the degree of involvement with a students’ Evaluation Sheet.

In a self-assessment process, the teacher asked to reflect where this exemplary teaching is differentiated from the ordinary. A content analysis was held in the material that Biologist teacher had prepared to satisfy the demands of the exemplary teaching. This material was given to the students in the beginning of the teaching, consisted of a multipage printed document with the flow diagram, the worksheet, the parallel texts for home study and the self-evaluation sheet.

The statistical analysis of the replies of the Students’ Evaluation Sheet revealed the feeling of pleasure experienced by students and success of teacher. All data, when analyzed carefully, enables teacher’s self-assessment for further improvement.
De homo psychologicus op het schip van staat
Authors: Schillemans Thomas , de Vries Gerdien
Published: November 2016

Public administration and behavioral science

This theme issue analyzes and describes the different ways in which behavioral science is currently becoming integrated in public administration as a practice as well as an academic discipline. Many governments and public organizations are currently experimenting with ways to integrate behavioral insights in public policy and public administration. This theme issue addresses the state of the art and the most salient research issues. It does so by explicitly drawing on insights from scholars from both behavioral sciences as well as from public administration. We survey the major theoretical approaches from both fields, investigate up close and personal how real world policy makers are trying to integrate behavioral knowledge in their structures, routines and policies, and we look at some examples of the most promising behaviorally informed policies. The theme issue confirms and documents the sudden rise of behaviorally informed policy making. By doing so, the theme issue allays some of the concerns voiced in the literature. But the theme issues also draws attention to some new critical questions and debates.
Metodologické otázky srovnávací pedagogiky: podněty pro koncipování komparativních studií
Authors: Rabušicová Milada , Záleská Klára
Published: November 2016

Cílem je v kritickém přehledu zhodnotit metodologické postupy, jež se objevily ve srovnávací pedagogice v průběhu jejího nedávného vývoje a jež jsou využívány aktuálně. Zdroje autorky hledaly převážně v zahraniční literatuře posledních dvou dekád. Metodologické otázky srovnávací pedagogiky se obvykle řeší v kategoriích účelů srovnávacích studií (deskripce, analýza, explanace, predikce), výzkumných paradigmat (kvalitativní, kvantitativní, kombinace), výzkumných designů (případové studie, large-scale surveys), různých teoretických a metodologických přístupů (pluralita metod a výzkumných technik), modelů komparace a šířky a hloubky záběru srovnávacích studií (lokální, regionální, globální), využívaných zdrojů (vlastní sběr dat, metaanalýza existujících dat, dokumenty), role výzkumníků a konečně jejich metodologických limitů. Účelem je poskytnout čtenáři obrázek o možných variantách, s nimiž může výzkumník vstupovat do designování své srovnávací studie, a to v některých případech i s příklady již realizovaných srovnávacích výzkumů.
Zeros of Functions in Bergman-Type Hilbert Spaces of Dirichlet Series
Authors: Brevig Ole Fredrik
Published: November 2016

For a real number $\alpha$ the Hilbert space $\mathscr{D}_\alpha$ consists of those Dirichlet series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n/n^s$ for which $\sum_{n=1}^\infty |a_n|^2/[d(n)]^\alpha < \infty$, where $d(n)$ denotes the number of divisors of $n$. We extend a theorem of Seip on the bounded zero sequences of functions in $\mathscr{D}_\alpha$ to the case $\alpha>0$. Generalizations to other weighted spaces of Dirichlet series are also discussed, as are partial results on the zeros of functions in the Hardy spaces of Dirichlet series $\mathscr{H}^p$, for $1\leq p <2$.
Profound alteration in cutaneous primary afferent activity produced by inflammatory mediators
Authors: Smith-Edwards Kristen M , DeBerry Jennifer J , Saloman Jami L , Davis Brian M , Woodbury C Jeffery
Published: November 2016

Inflammatory pain is thought to arise from increased transmission from nociceptors and recruitment of 'silent' afferents. To evaluate inflammation-induced changes, mice expressing GCaMP3 in cutaneous sensory neurons were generated and neuronal responses to mechanical stimulation in vivo before and after subcutaneous infusion of an 'inflammatory soup' (IS) were imaged in an unanesthetized preparation. Infusion of IS rapidly altered mechanical responsiveness in the majority of neurons. Surprisingly, more cells lost, rather than gained, sensitivity and 'silent' afferents that were mechanically insensitive and gained mechanosensitivity after IS exposure were rare. However, the number of formerly 'silent' afferents that became mechanosensitive was increased five fold when the skin was heated briefly prior to infusion of IS. These findings suggest that pain arising from inflamed skin reflects a dramatic shift in the balance of sensory input, where gains and losses in neuronal populations results in novel output that is ultimately interpreted by the CNS as pain.
Programmatic Approach to Increasing Osteopathic Medical Student Participation in Research: The TCOM Experience
Authors: Smith-Barbaro Peggy , O-Yurvati Albert H.
Published: November 2016

Providing medical students with a meaningful research-based educational experience will help them become exemplary physicians and informed consumers of medical research outcomes in the practice of evidence-based medicine. By participating in research projects during medical school, students have the opportunity to study specific fields that interest them in greater depth and develop their written and oral presentation skills. Studies indicate that students who have participated in research and scholarly activities during medical school are at an advantage when matching to their preferred residency. In this article, the authors outline programs and projects that provide opportunities for osteopathic medical students at the University of North Texas Health Science Center Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine to research concepts and conduct hypothesis-driven, hands-on research projects.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Cortes Jorge , Silver Richard T. , Kantarjian Hagop M.
Published: November 2016

Overview

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was the first malignancy where a unique chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, was directly linked to it. The further unraveling of the molecular and physiologic consequences of this abnormality, with a fusion gene (BCR‐ABL) translating into a chimeric protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity, led to the development of specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The use of such agents as initial therapy has resulted in a dramatic change in the natural history of the disease where patients properly managed are expected to have a life expectancy similar to that of the general population. Several treatment options are also available for patients who may not have optimal response to their initial therapy. Current research is focusing on approaches that may increase the probability of successful treatment discontinuation for more patients.