bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two New Copper Borates with Mesoscale Cubic Supramolecular Cages Assembled from {Cu4@B20} Clusters
Authors: Wang Jia‐Jia , Wei Qi , Yang Bai‐Feng , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: January 2017

Two new copper borates, namely H6[(μ4‐O)Cu4@B20O32(OH)8]⋅25 H2O (1) and H6[(μ4‐O)Cu4@B20O32(OH)8]⋅34 H2O⋅8 H3BO3 (2), with 3D supramolecular framework have been made under solvothermal conditions, which built by novel cubic supramolecular cages with mesoscale cavities via the H‐bondings. Interestingly, the cage is assembled by [(μ4‐O)Cu4@B20O32(OH)8] ({Cu4@B20}) cluster units with different point‐group symmetry. Owing to extra H3BO3 molecules participated in building the supramolecular framework, 2 has a larger cubic cage size and higher non‐framework volume, leading to the cage size extended to mesoporous size set as a version of ‘‘1 plus”.
Vibrational circular dichroism of a 2,5‐diketopiperazine (DKP) peptide: Evidence for dimer formation in cyclo LL or LD diphenylalanine in the solid state
Authors: Pérez‐Mellor Ariel , Zehnacker Anne
Published: January 2017

The diastereomer diketopiperazine (DKP) peptides built on phenylalanine, namely, cyclo diphenylalanine LPhe‐LPhe and LPhe‐DPhe, were studied in the solid phase by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) coupled to quantum chemical calculations. The unit structure of cyclo LPhe‐LPhe in KBr pellets is a dimer bridged by two strong NH…O hydrogen bonds. The intense bisignate signature in the CO stretch region is interpreted in terms of two contributions arising from the free COs of the dimer and the antisymmetrical combination of the bound COs. In contrast, cyclo LPhe‐DPhe shows no VCD signal in relation to its symmetric nature.
V1 connections reveal a series of elongated higher visual areas in the California ground squirrel, Otospermophilus beecheyi
Authors: Negwer Moritz , Liu Yong‐Jun , Schubert Dirk , Lyon David C.
Published: January 2017

For studies of visual cortex organization, mouse is becoming an increasingly more often used model. In addition to its genetic tractability, the relatively small area of cortical surface devoted to visual processing simplifies efforts in relating the structure of visual cortex to visual function. However, the nature of this compact organization can make some comparisons to the much larger non‐human primate visual cortex difficult. The squirrel, as a highly visual rodent offers a useful means for better understanding how mouse and monkey cortical organization compares. More in line with primates than their nocturnal rodent cousin, squirrels rely much more on sight and have evolved a larger expanse of cortex devoted to visual processing. To reveal the detailed organization of visual cortex in squirrels, we injected a highly sensitive monosynaptic retrograde tracer (glycoprotein deleted rabies virus) into several locations of primary visual cortex (V1) in California ground squirrels. The resulting pattern of connectivity revealed an organizational scheme in the squirrel that retains some of the basic features of the mouse visual cortex along the medial and posterior borders of V1, but unlike mouse has an elaborate and extensive pattern laterally that is more similar to the early visual cortex organization found in monkeys. In this way, we show that the squirrel can serve as a useful model for comparison to both mouse and primate visual systems, and may help facilitate comparisons between these two very different yet widely used animal models of visual processing.
Estimates of evapotranspiration from contrasting Wisconsin peatlands based on diel water table oscillations
Authors: Watras C.J. , Morrison K.A. , Rubsam J.L. , Buffam I.
Published: January 2017

Evapotranspiration rates (ET) from contrasting Wisconsin bogs (one forested bog, one open bog) were compared over 4 years by analyzing diel oscillations of their water tables. Daily rates of ET from peatlands were also compared to rates of evaporation (E) from encircled bog ponds. We hypothesized that ET would be higher in the forested bog due to the greater leaf area index of forest canopy relative to moss and ericaceous shrubs. We also hypothesized that ET in peatlands would exceed the physical process of E from encircled ponds. Field data supported the first hypothesis, but the second only proved true for the forested peatland. Daily estimates of peatland ET varied widely, ranging from ~1 to >10 mm/d; but average ET was higher in the forested peatland (4.04 vs. 3.09 mm/d; p < .01). Average ET in the forested peatland was also higher than E during summer (4.04 vs. 3.31 mm/d; p < .05); whereas in the open peatland, average ET was slightly lower than E for all measured seasons (p < .01). Methodologically, the performance of three equations used to estimate ET from daily water table fluctuations was similar. The specific yield of peat (S*y), which is a critical variable in all three equations, was found to be an exponential function of water table depth; and absent an empirically derived S*y, errors in estimates of peatland ET can be large. Given landscape composition across this northern temperate region (13% lakes, 20% peatland, and 54% upland forest) and estimates of forest ET gleaned from the literature, our findings suggest that the regional feedback of water to the atmosphere increases from open waters to peatlands to upland forest, consistent with prior observations that the biological process of transpiration dominates continental ET.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Aryl Pyrazole C‐Nucleoside Analogs of Pyrazofurin from Sugar Alkynes
Authors: Liu Hong , Liang Yan , Jia Tong‐Tong , Han Fen , Zhang Fuyi , Zhao Yufen
Published: January 2017

Naturally occurring pyrazofurin has a wide range of antitumor and antiviral activities. Aryl pyrazole C‐nucleoside analogs of pyrazofurin have been synthesized in good to excellent yields by a one‐pot coupling reaction of sugar alkynes, acid chlorides, and hydrazine hydrate at room temp. The method is general, mild, and efficient, and 62 examples are given. The sugar alkynes include acyclic sugars, furanosides, and pyranosides, with free hydroxyl groups, and various protecting groups, such as benzyl groups, methyl groups, sensitive isopropylidene groups, and sterically bulky triphenylmethyl substituents. The acid chlorides contain electron‐donating, electron‐neutral, and electron‐withdrawing groups.
Rumination in Patients with Binge‐Eating Disorder and Obesity: Associations with Eating‐Disorder Psychopathology and Weight‐bias Internalization
Authors: Wang Shirley B. , Lydecker Janet A. , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: January 2017

Overvaluation of shape and weight in binge‐eating disorder (BED) is associated with greater eating‐disorder psychopathology and greater weight‐bias internalization, which are—in turn—associated with poorer mental and physical health. Little is known, however, about the significance of other cognitive processes, such as rumination, in BED. This study examined rumination and overvaluation of shape/weight with eating‐disorder psychopathology and weight‐bias internalization among 237 treatment‐seeking patients with BED and comorbid obesity. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that rumination was associated with eating‐disorder psychopathology and weight‐bias internalization above and beyond the influence of overvaluation of shape/weight. Findings suggest that, among patients with BED/obesity, rumination is an important cognitive process associated with severity of eating‐disorder psychopathology even after accounting for overvaluation of shape/weight. Patients with greater rumination might be more likely to dwell on weight‐based discrimination experiences and internalize these negative attitudes. Additional controlled examination could determine whether rumination represents another potential target for BED/obesity treatment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Why do they care? Narratives of physician volunteers on motivations for participation in short‐term medical missions abroad
Authors: Caldron Paul H. , Impens Ann , Pavlova Milena , Groot Wim
Published: January 2017

Background

Short‐term medical missions (STMMs) refer to the provision of direct pro bono medical services in lower and middle income countries for periods ranging from days to a few weeks by physicians from rich countries. Survey data have provided limited information on demographic and professional profiles of physicians as well as monetary and manpower inputs. Understanding why physicians participate, however, remains incomplete. The study's objective was to elicit physicians' motivations directly.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews of physicians identified through snowball recruiting were conducted to explore motivational themes and then analyzed using narrative software employing directed content analysis methodology.

Results

Twenty physicians from varying backgrounds and specialties were interviewed. Responses identified aspects of the decision to participate and the relative influence of economic, diplomatic, value‐related, and emotive constructs.

Conclusion

Personality traits may be more influential to participation than demographic, professional, or socioeconomic determinants. Word‐of‐mouth recruitment appears to underlie the increase in STMM activity, facilitated by information technology. Reported key motivators for physician participation in STMMs tend to parallel schools of thought regarding philanthropy and volunteering and include satisfaction from helping in challenging conditions of limited resources, learning experiences, appreciation from patients, sense of renewal, and the legacy effect of teaching.
Comparison of three surgical approaches for staging lymphadenectomy in high‐risk endometrial cancer
Authors: Pulman Katherine J. , Dason Ebernella S. , Philp Lauren , Bernardini Marcus Q. , Ferguson Sarah E. , Laframboise Stéphane , Atenafu Eshetu G. , May Taymaa
Published: January 2017

Objective

To compare laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotic surgical approaches to lymphadenectomy for high‐risk endometrial cancer staging.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study enrolled patients who underwent surgery for pathologic high‐risk endometrial carcinoma at the University Health Network, Toronto, Canada, between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2013. The primary outcome, the median number of nodes retrieved, was compared based on surgical technique. The secondary outcome was the detection of metastatic nodes.

Results

A total of 176 patients who underwent surgery for high‐risk endometrial cancer were included, of whom 147 (83.5%) had pelvic and 78 (44.3%) had para‐aortic lymphadenectomy. Laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotic approaches were applied for 69 (39.2%), 44 (25.0%), and 63 (35.8%) patients, respectively. Minimally‐invasive staging was associated with an increased proportion of patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy compared with laparotomy (P=0.005). The median number of nodes removed in the pelvis and para‐aortic regions did not differ between surgical approaches. The detection of metastatic nodes was also similar between the groups. Increased blood loss (P<0.001) and longer hospital admission (P<0.001) were observed with laparotomy procedures.

Conclusion

All three techniques demonstrated adequate staging of high‐risk endometrial carcinoma. Based on improved peri‐operative outcomes, the use of minimally‐invasive techniques is advocated where appropriate.
Evaluation of PVA biodegradable electric conductive membranes for nerve regeneration in axonotmesis injuries: the rat sciatic nerve animal model
Authors: Ribeiro Jorge , Caseiro Ana Rita , Pereira Tiago , Armada‐da‐Silva Paulo Alexandre , Pires Isabel , Prada Justina , Amorim Irina , Leal Reis Inês , Amado Sandra , Santos José Domingos , Bompasso Simone , Raimondo Stefania , Varejão Artur Severo Proença , Geuna Stefano , Luís Ana Lúcia , Maurício Ana Colette
Published: January 2017

The therapeutic effect of three polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes loaded with electrically conductive materials ‐ carbon nanotubes (PVA‐CNTs) and polypyrrole (PVA‐PPy) ‐ were tested in vivo for neuro‐muscular regeneration after an axonotmesis injury in the rat sciatic nerve. The membranes electrical conductivity measured was 1.5 ± 0.5 × 10−6 S/m, 579 ± 0.6 × 10−6 S/m, and 1837.5 ± 0.7 × 10−6 S/m, respectively. At week‐12, a residual motor and nociceptive deficit were present in all treated groups, but at week‐12, a better recovery to normal gait pattern of the PVA‐CNTs and PVA‐PPy treated groups was observed. Morphometrical analysis demonstrated that PVA‐CNTs group presented higher myelin thickness and lower g‐ratio. The tibialis anterior muscle, in the PVA‐PPy and PVA‐CNTs groups showed a 9% and 19% increase of average fiber size area and a 5% and 10% increase of the “minimal Feret's diameter,” respectively. No inflammation, degeneration, fibrosis or necrosis were detected in lung, liver, kidneys, spleen, and regional lymph nodes and absence of carbon deposits was confirmed with Von Kossa and Masson‐Fontana stains. In conclusion, the membranes of PVA‐CNTs and PVA‐PPy are biocompatible and have electrical conductivity. The higher electrical conductivity measured in PVA‐CNTs membrane might be responsible for the positive results on maturation of myelinated fibers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1267–1280, 2017.
ADAMTS‐4 in central nervous system pathologies
Authors: Lemarchant Sighild , Wojciechowski Sara , Vivien Denis , Koistinaho Jari
Published: January 2017

ADAMTS‐4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs type 4) is a metalloproteinase specialized in the degradation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, contributing to cartilage breakdown during arthritis. In this review, we first focus on the modifications of ADAMTS‐4 expression during CNS physiological and pathological conditions, including chronic diseases and injuries. Then, we discuss the contributions of ADAMTS‐4 to mechanisms mediating neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during spinal cord injury, ischemic stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we provide an overview of ADAMTS‐4 functions and effects in the CNS, and we discuss directions for future studies and treatments. Overall, this review highlights that ADAMTS‐4 is a unique multifaceted metalloproteinase which influences various CNS disease pathophysiologies. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of protease and effects of temperature and salinity on the biochemical changes during fermentation of Antarctic krill
Authors: Fan Yan , Tian Lili , Xue Yong , Li Zhaojie , Hou Hu , Xue Changhu
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Despite their abundance, Antarctic krill are underutilized because of numerous difficulties in their commercial processing. Ideally, fermentation technology can be applied to transform them into a popular condiment. In addition to the exploration of protease properties, the present study aimed to evaluate proteinase activity, pH, amino nitrogen, and histamine formation during fermentation at different temperatures and salt treatments.

RESULTS

Even though the activity of Antarctic krill protease reached a maximum at 40 °C and pH 7, it was stable at 30 °C and pH 7–9. Among the metal ions tested, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ increased protease activity, in contrast to Zn2+ and Cu2+. Within each treatment, the highest protease activity and amino nitrogen content, as well as the lowest histamine level, were observed on day 12 of fermentation. Treatment at 35 °C with 180 g kg–1 salt led to the production of maximum amino nitrogen (0.0352 g kg–1) and low histamine (≤0.0497 g kg–1).

CONCLUSION

Krill paste fermented for 12 days at 35 °C with 180 g kg–1 salt exhibited the optimal quality and properties, suggesting an efficient method for fermentation of Antarctic krill and other aquatic resources. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
New propolis type from north‐east Brazil: chemical composition, antioxidant activity and botanical origin
Authors: Ferreira Joselena M , Fernandes‐Silva Caroline C , Salatino Antonio , Negri Giuseppina , Message Dejair
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Propolis is a bee product with wide diversity of biological activity. It has a complex composition, which is dependent on its botanical source. The present study aimed to determine the chemical profile, antioxidant activity and botanical origin of two samples of a propolis type from two locations of the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN, north‐east Brazil).

RESULTS

The standard chemical characteristics of the RN propolis are similar or superior to the internationally marketed Brazilian green propolis. RN propolis from two locations have high antioxidant activity, corresponding to 10% (municipality of Afonso Bezerra) and 13% (municipality of Alto do Rodrigues) of quercetin activity by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl method and to 15% (both locations) by the β‐carotene discoloration method. High‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD)‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry analyses revealed that most constituents of the RN propolis are flavonoids, mainly flavonols and chalcones. HPLC‐DAD analysis of ethanol extracts revealed a great similarity between the chemical profile of RN propolis and shoot apices of ‘jurema‐preta’ (Mimosa tenuiflora, Leguminosae, Mimosoideae).

CONCLUSION

‘Jurema‐preta’ shoot apices are likely resin sources of RN propolis. The chemical characteristics and antioxidant property of RN propolis provide promising prospects for the introduction of this type of propolis into the apicultural market. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Global well‐posedness for the 2D dissipative quasi‐geostrophic equations in modulation spaces
Authors: Zhao Weiren , Chen Jiecheng
Published: January 2017

We prove the existence of global weak solution of the two‐dimensional dissipative quasi‐geostrophic equations with small initial data in
and local well‐posedness with the large initial data in the same space. Our proof is based on constructing a commutator related to the problem, as well as its estimate. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Salmonella typhi OmpC and OmpF porins engineered with HIV‐gp41 epitope on the surface loops
Authors: Thulasingam Madhuranayaki , Damodharan Subha , Madhana Vigneshwari Gopal , P. J. Pandaranayaka Eswari , Elizabeth Hanna Luke , Usha Ramakrishnan , Krishnaswamy Sankaran
Published: January 2017

Porins form trimers in the outer membrane and help transport nutrients and waste products across the bacterial cell membrane. Porin loops are suitable candidates as display systems due to their high immunogenicity and presentation at the bacterial cell surface. In this study, Salmonella typhi porins (OmpC and OmpF) engineered with the Kennedy peptide from gp41 of HIV were characterised. The chimeric OmpC carrying the Kennedy peptide in loop7 did not trimerise, whereas the chimeric OmpF with the epitope in loop5 formed trimers and also was recognised by the antibodies in the HIV patient serum. The results suggest that chimeric S. typhi OmpF may be taken further as a potential candidate to develop as an epitope display system. Proteins 2017; 85:657–664. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological change of crystalline polymer films by annealing: substrate‐ and heating/cooling‐rate‐dependent surface roughness
Authors: Uto Yuki , Mizobata Keisuke , Maurya Sandeep Kumar , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Nakajima Takashi
Published: January 2017

We study the morphological change of crystalline polymer films by annealing using atomic force microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. As typical samples, we employ high‐density and low‐density polyethylene films prepared by the cast method. After annealing at 135 °C for 4 h, the surface roughness of polyethylene films by the atomic force microscope significantly increases, and the crystallite size by the X‐ray diffraction also shows some increase, while the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum hardly exhibits any change. This can be well explained as a result of the growth of crystal structure by recrystallization during annealing. More interestingly, we find that the choice of the substrate and also the heating/cooling rates for annealing significantly influences the surface roughness of the films. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion behavior of tantalum alloying on γ‐TiAl by double‐glow plasma surface metallurgy technique
Authors: Liu Y. C. , Zhang P. Z. , Wei D. B. , Wei X. F. , Chen X. H. , Ding F.
Published: January 2017

The Ta coating with corrosion resistance is grown on the γ‐TiAl substrate by double‐glow plasma surface metallurgy technique, followed by the electrochemical test in 10 wt%, 20 wt% HCl and 10 wt%, 40 wt% H2SO4 solution. The data of nanohardness and elastic modulus are collected by the nanoindention test. The adhesion strength of Ta coating is investigated by means of the scratch test. The study of corrosion resistance is performed using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and measured by SEM and X‐ray diffraction. Results highlight that the Ta coating is tightly bonded to the γ‐TiAl substrate, consisting of the deposition layer and diffusion layer. Experimental data indicate that the Ta coating presents excellent corrosion resistance, which is confirmed by the high values of polarization resistance (Rp) and the low values of corrosion current density (icorr). The surface nanohardness of the Ta coating is improved from 3.41 to 7.29 GPa, nearly twice of that of the substrate. The Ta2O5 formed on the coating is able to hold back the penetration of adverse ions inwardly, owing to its dense structure and adhesion effect. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma treatment of carbon fiber on the tribological property of polyimide composite
Authors: Wenxia Wang
Published: January 2017

The effect of different ratios of carbon fiber (CF) reinforcing polyimide (PI) and surface treatment of CF on the microstructure and wear resistance of surface layers was studied. The increase of CF content led to a gradual increase in the Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) values, and the maximum ILSS value arises when the CF content is 15 vol%, with an improvement of 13.45% compared to virgin CF composites. The increased interfacial adhesion could be contributed mainly to the presence of branched PI at the interface region. SEM of the worn surface confirms that the plasma treatment efficiently improves the interfacial adhesion of CF/PI composite. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methanol Oxidation on Platinum Catalyst: Why does the Negatively Charged Surface Perform Better Than the Neutral One?
Authors: Wang Qing‐Yun , Ding Yi‐Hong
Published: January 2017

Platinum (Pt) is a star catalyst that is now widely used in electrode reactions. Very recently, growing experimental evidences have shown that injection of electrons to the Pt catalyst could improve the surface catalytic reactivity to reactant (e. g. the CH3OH). However, the underneath molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this work, by performing density functional theory calculations, we for the first time studied the methanol dehydrogenation on the single layer of the Pt lattice (Pt13) under the conditions of electronic neutrality and injection of one electron. On neutral Pt13, the O‐site is the more preferred adsorption than the methyl‐site, though the latter can kinetically induce more facile bond cleavage. By sharp contrast, on anionic Pt13‐, the methyl‐site is both the more preferred adsorption and can induce the more facile bond cleavage. Thus, the cooperation of the adsorption and bond cleavage caused by the electron injection is responsible for the enhanced catalytic ability of the negatively charged Pt catalyst.
I2‐Catalyzed Total Synthesis of Collective 7‐Oxygenated Carbazole Alkaloids: Clauszoline‐K, ‐L, Clausine‐M, ‐N and Formal Synthesis of Siamenol
Authors: Naykode Mahavir S. , Tambe Shrikant D. , Lokhande Pradeep D.
Published: January 2017

A series of 7‐oxygenated carbazole alkaloids has been synthesized via Fischer‐Borsche ring and metal free condition. The key step encompasses the aromatization and one‐pot iodination process of Fischer‐Borsche ring using molecular iodine. The appropriately oxygenated functionality has been introduced to Fischer‐Borsche ring by our present method to synthesized Clauszoline‐K, ‐L, Clausine‐M, ‐N, Siamenol, Glycozolicine, and Clauraila.
Cardiac remodeling in normotensive pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by hypertension: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: De Haas S. , Ghossein‐Doha C. , Geerts L. , van Kuijk S. M. J. , van Drongelen J. , Spaanderman M. E. A.
Published: January 2017

Objective

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to describe comprehensively the pattern of cardiac remodeling during normotensive human singleton pregnancy and to compare it with that of pregnancy complicated by hypertension.

Methods

We performed a meta‐analysis of the current literature on cardiac remodeling during normotensive and complicated pregnancies. Literature was retrieved from PubMed (NCBI) and EMBASE (Ovid) databases. Included studies needed to report a reference measurement (matched non‐pregnant control group, prepregnancy or postpartum) and measurements made during predetermined gestational‐age intervals. Mean differences between reference and pregnancy data were calculated using the random‐effects model described by DerSimonian and Laird.

Results

Forty‐eight studies were included in the meta‐analysis, with publication dates ranging from 1977 to 2016. During normotensive pregnancy, most geometric indices started to increase in the second trimester. Left ventricular mass (LVM) increased by 28.36 (95% CI, 19.73–37.00) g (24%), and relative wall thickness (RWT) increased by 0.03 (95% CI, 0.02–0.05) (10%) compared with those in the reference group. During hypertensive pregnancy, LVM and RWT increased more than during normotensive pregnancy (92 (95% CI, 75.46–108.54) g (95%) and 0.14 (95% CI, 0.09–0.19) (56%), respectively).

Conclusions

During normotensive pregnancy, most cardiac geometric indices change from the second trimester onwards. Both LVM and RWT increase, by 20% and 10%, respectively, consistent with concentric rather than eccentric remodeling. Cardiac adaptation in hypertensive pregnancy deviates from that in healthy pregnancy by a greater change in LVM (95% increase from reference) and RWT (56% increase from reference). Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Analysis of MMP‐7 and TIMP‐2 gene polymorphisms in coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction: A Turkish case‐control study
Authors: Alp Ebru , Yilmaz Akin , Tulmac Murat , Ugras Dikmen Asiye , Cengel Atiye , Yalcin Ridvan , Menevse Emine Sevda
Published: January 2017

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) have a significant role in tissue remodeling related to cardiac function. In earlier studies, MMP‐7 A‐181G (rs11568818), C‐153T (rs11568819), C‐115T (rs17886546), and TIMP‐2 G‐418C (rs8179090) polymorphisms have been studied in various diseases. However, association between coronary artery disease (CAD) and these polymorphisms has been poorly studied. The goal of this study is to investigate the association of CAD and myocardial infarction (MI) with MMP‐7 or TIMP‐2 polymorphisms. This study included 122 CAD patients and 132 control individuals. DNA was extracted from whole blood. Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism and automated direct sequencing method were used for genotyping of these polymorphisms. No significant differences were found between MMP‐7 A‐181G, C‐115T, and TIMP‐2 G‐418C polymorphism and CAD or MI in a Turkish population. Despite the fact that the genotypes of MMP‐7 C‐153T polymorphism had no significant differences among MI and control groups, allele frequencies of C‐153T polymorphism were significantly different between the two groups. Our study is the first report to clarify the appreciable relationship between MMP‐7 C‐153T polymorphism and MI development in CAD patients. However, these findings also need to be confirmed in other populations so we can improve our knowledge about the genetic factors affecting the development of CAD.
Development and in vivo evaluation of self‐microemulsion as delivery system for α‐mangostin
Authors: Xu Wen‐Ke , Jiang Hui , Yang Kui , Wang Ya‐Qin , Zhang Qian , Zuo Jian
Published: January 2017

α‐Mangostin (MG) is a versatile bioactive compound isolated from mangosteen and possesses significant pharmacokinetic shortages. To augment the potential clinical efficacy, MG‐loaded self‐microemulsion (MG‐SME) was designed and prepared in this study, and its potential as a drug loading system was evaluated based on the pharmacokinetic performance and tissue distribution feature. The formula of MG‐SME was optimized by an orthogonal test under the guidance of ternary phase diagram, and the prepared MG‐SME was characterized by encapsulation efficiency, size distribution, and morphology. Optimized high performance liquid chromatography method was employed to determine concentrations of MG and characterize the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution features of MG in rodents. It was found that diluted MG‐SME was characterized as spherical particles with a mean diameter of 24.6 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 87.26%. The delivery system enhanced the area under the curve of MG by 4.75 times and increased the distribution in lymphatic organs. These findings suggested that SME as a nano‐sized delivery system efficiently promoted the digestive tract absorption of MG and modified its distribution in tissues. The targeting feature and high oral bioavailability of MG‐SME promised a good clinical efficacy, especially for immune diseases.
When Some Are More Equal than Others: National Parliaments and Intergovernmental Bailout Negotiations in the Eurozone
Authors: Moschella Manuela
Published: January 2017

This article argues that the integration of financial assistance capacity in the eurozone, which was meant to remedy institutional shortcomings and mitigate the distributional implications of financial support in the European Monetary Union (EMU), has instead contributed to a deepening of the existing political cleavages and the creation of new ones. This dysfunctional effect reflects the empowerment ofsomenational parliaments in decisions on financial assistance. These arguments are tested against the empirical examination of the negotiations of the three adjustment programmes for Greece. Specifically, the article shows that negotiations moved towards the radicalization of creditors’ positions and increased divisions between creditors in conjunction with the development of financial assistance capacity. While advancing its theses, the article strikes a note of caution regarding the argument that the empowerment of national parliaments in EU policymaking is one of the most powerful antidotes to its legitimacy deficit and thus a safeguard for the integration project.
Boussinesq global modes and stability sensitivity, with applications to stratified wakes
Authors: Chen Kevin K. , Spedding Geoffrey R.
Published: January 2017

For the Boussinesq equations, we present a theory of linear stability sensitivity to base flow density and velocity modifications. Given a steady-state flow with small density variations, the sensitivity of the stability eigenvalues is computed from the direct and adjoint global modes of the linearised Boussinesq equations, similarly to Marquetet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 615, 2008, pp. 221–252). Combinations of the density and velocity components of these modes reveal multiple production and transport mechanisms that contribute to the eigenvalue sensitivity. We present an application of the sensitivity theory to a stably linearly density-stratified flow around a thin plate at a$90^{\circ }$angle of attack, a Reynolds number of 30 and Froude numbers of 1, 8 and$\infty$. The global mode analysis reveals lightly damped undulations pervading through the entire domain, which are predicted by both inviscid uniform base flow theory and Orr–Sommerfeld theory. The sensitivity to base flow velocity modifications is primarily concentrated just downstream of the bluff body. On the other hand, the sensitivity to base flow density modifications is concentrated in regions both immediately upstream and immediately downstream of the plate. Both sensitivities have a greater upstream presence for lower Froude numbers.
Vitamin D and inflammatory markers: cross-sectional analyses using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)
Authors: de Oliveira Cesar , Biddulph Jane P. , Hirani Vasant , Schneider Ione Jayce Ceola
Published: January 2017

Recent evidence suggests that low vitamin D concentrations are associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers. However, there are limited studies investigating associations between vitamin D levels and inflammatory markers in the general population and much of this evidence in older adults is inconclusive. Therefore, this study investigates the cross-sectional association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels with inflammatory markers in 5870 older English adults from wave 6 (2012–2013) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). ELSA is a large prospective observational study of community-dwelling people aged 50 years and over in England. Serum 25(OH)D levels, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, plasma fibrinogen levels, white blood cell count (WBC), age, season of blood collection, waist circumference, total non-pension household wealth, measures of health and health behaviours that included depression, number of cardiovascular, non-cardiovascular conditions and difficulties in activities of daily living, smoking, and physical activity were measured. There was a significant negative association between low 25(OH)D levels (≤30 nmol/l) and CRP (OR 1·23, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·51) and WBC (OR 1·35, 95 % CI 1·13, 1·60) that remained after adjustment for a wide range of covariates of clinical significance. However, for fibrinogen, the association did not remain significant when waist circumference was entered in the final model. Our findings showed that 25(OH)D levels were associated with two out the three inflammatory markers investigated. The independent and inverse association between serum 25(OH)D levels and inflammation suggests a potential anti-inflammatory role for vitamin D in older English individuals from the general population.
Lysosome-like compartments ofTrypanosoma cruzitrypomastigotes may originate directly from epimastigote reservosomes
Authors: VIDAL JULIANA C. , ALCANTARA CAROLINA DE L. , DE SOUZA WANDERLEY , CUNHA-E-SILVA NARCISA L.
Published: January 2017

Trypanosoma cruziepimastigote reservosomes store nutrients taken up during the intense endocytic activity exhibited by this developmental form. Reservosomes were classified as pre-lysosomal compartments. In contrast, trypomastigote forms are not able to take up nutrients from the medium. Interestingly, trypomastigotes also have acidic organelles with the same proteases contained in epimastigote reservosomes. Nevertheless, the origin and function of these organelles have not been disclosed so far. Given the similarities between the compartments of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, the present study aimed to investigate the origin of metacyclic trypomastigote protease-containing organelles by tracking fluorospheres or colloidal gold particles previously stored in epimastigotes’ reservosomes throughout metacyclogenesis. Using three-dimensional reconstruction of serial electron microscopy images, it was possible to find trypomastigote compartments containing the tracer. Our observations demonstrate that the protease-containing compartments from metacyclic trypomastigotes may originate directly from the reservosomes of epimastigotes.
Grammatical gender in New Azari dialects of Šāhrūd
Authors: Vardanian Aharon
Published: January 2017

Unlike some other New Azari dialects1(Kalāsurī, Harzandī,2etc.), Šāhrūdī3preserves grammatical gender, which is reflected in nouns and sporadically in adjectives, pronouns and the verbal system. In this regard Šāhrūdī is similar to the Tākestānī dialects, in which the opposition of feminine and masculine is also attested in nominal, adjectival, pronominal and verbal systems (Yarshater 1969a: 198–9). In the Šāhrūd dialect group there is no gender marker for masculine, except for the 3rd person singular of the present tense of the auxiliary verb.
Ernst Mach Invents a New Sphygmograph
Authors: Métraux Alexandre
Published: January 2017

Argument

The sphygmograph as designed and tested by Jules-Étienne Marey – an apparatus destined to write pulse tracings on paper – revolutionized medical diagnostics in the early 1860s. Since the accuracy with which this device registered and objectified the pulse was controversial from the outset, the young scholar Ernst Mach (soon to become a leading theoretician and philosopher) decided to thoroughly examine Marey's sphygmograph. The investigation led to the invention of an alternative, truly Machian, sphygmograph. Mach's sphygmograph had originated in the regime of theoretical and applied physics, whereas the instrument invented by Marey had been rooted in the regime of experimental physiology. This one type of instrument thus serves as the focal object of a comparative study of two antagonistic epistemological approaches to sphygmography.
How Place and Audience Matter: Perspectives on Mathematics Plural Identities from Late 1950s French and English Middle School Textbooks
Authors: Radtka Catherine
Published: January 2017

Argument

In this paper, I argue that studying school textbooks is a fruitful way to investigate mathematical conceptions in different national contexts. These sources give access to the written production of an extended mathematical milieu whose members write for various audiences. By studying the case of late 1950s French and English textbooks issued for a growing audience of 11- to 15-year-old pupils, I show that a plurality of conceptions was projected at the time onto pupils and their teachers in both national contexts. I link this diversity to contemporaneous debates regarding mathematics teaching and argue that textbooks themselves have to be considered as active agents of such debates.
Sudden cardiac arrest in patients following surgery for CHD
Authors: Kanter Ronald J.
Published: January 2017

The prevalence of sudden cardiac arrest after surgery for CHD is primarily related to the complexity of the congenital defect and the presence of residual defects, especially ventricular dysfunction. Among all causes of death in patients having CHD, about 19% lead to sudden mortality. The specific risk factors associated with the various congenital defects are poorly understood. The lone exception is tetralogy of Fallot, largely due to its high prevalence and the historically high post-operative survival rate. In tetralogy of Fallot, historical, haemodynamic, and electrical features contribute to risk, and electrophysiologic testing may be helpful, particularly to rule out risk. An implantable cardioverter–defibrillator is highly effective for secondary prevention in most forms of CHD, and future advances will improve its role in primary prevention.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation for primary and secondary prevention: indications and outcomes
Authors: Pick Justin M. , Batra Anjan S.
Published: January 2017

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators effectively reduce the rate of sudden cardiac death in children. Significant efforts have been made to better characterise the indications for their placement, and over the past two decades there has been a shift in their use from secondary to primary prevention. Primary prevention includes placement in patients thought to be at high risk of sudden cardiac death before the patient experiences any event. Secondary prevention includes placement after a high-risk event including sustained ventricular tachycardia or resuscitated cardiac arrest. Although liberal device implantation may be appealing even in patients having marginal indications, studies have shown high rates of adverse effects including inappropriate device discharges and the need for re-intervention because of hardware malfunction. The indications for placement of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, whether for primary or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death, vary based on cardiac pathology. This review will assist the provider in understanding the risks and benefits of device implantation in order to enhance the shared decision-making capacity of patients, families, and providers.
Potential carbon sequestration and nitrogen cycling in long-term organic management systems
Authors: Bhowmik Arnab , Fortuna Ann-Marie , Cihacek Larry J. , Bary Andy I. , Carr Patrick M. , Cogger Craig G.
Published: January 2017

The fertility and soil health of organic agroecosystems are determined in part by the size and turnover rate of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools. Our research contrasts the effects of best management practices (BMP) (reduction in soil disturbance, addition of organic amendments) on C and N cycling in soils from two field sites representing five organic agroecosystems. Total soil organic C (SOC), a standard measure of soil health, contains equal amounts of biologically and non-biologically active C that is not associated with release of mineral N. A three-pool first-order model can be used to estimate the size and turnover rates of C pools but requires data from a long-term incubation. Our research highlights the use of two rapid C fractions, hydrolysable and permanganate (0.02 M) oxidizable C, to assess shifts in biologically active C. Adoption of BMP in organic management systems reduced the partitioning of C to the active pool while augmenting the slow pool C. These pools are associated with potentially mineralizable N supplied by residues, amendments and soil organic matter affecting the concentration and release of mineral N to crops. Our data show that minimizing disturbance (no tillage, pasture) and mixed compost additions have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions while enhancing slow pool C and or its turnover, a reservoir of nutrients available to the soil biota. Use of these rapid, sensitive indicators of biological C activity will aid growers in determining whether a BMP fosters nutrient loss or retention prior to shifts in total SOC.
LOGIC IN THE TRACTATUS
Authors: WEISS MAX
Published: January 2017

I present a reconstruction of the logical system of the Tractatus, which differs from classical logic in two ways. It includes an account of Wittgenstein’s “form-series” device, which suffices to express some effectively generated countably infinite disjunctions. And its attendant notion of structure is relativized to the fixed underlying universe of what is named.

There follow three results. First, the class of concepts definable in the system is closed under finitary induction. Second, if the universe of objects is countably infinite, then the property of being a tautology is $\Pi _1^1$-complete. But third, it is only granted the assumption of countability that the class of tautologies is ${\Sigma _1}$-definable in set theory.

Wittgenstein famously urges that logical relationships must show themselves in the structure of signs. He also urges that the size of the universe cannot be prejudged. The results of this paper indicate that there is no single way in which logical relationships could be held to make themselves manifest in signs, which does not prejudge the number of objects.
Ashanti Johnson Receives 2016 Excellence in Geophysical Education Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: January 2017

Ashanti Johnson received the 2016 Excellence in Geophysical Education Award at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 14 December 2016 in San Francisco, Calif. The award honors "a sustained commitment to excellence in geophysical education by a team, individual, or group."
Deletion of the BH3-only protein Noxa alters electrographic seizures but does not protect against hippocampal damage after status epilepticus in mice
Authors: Ichikawa Naoki , Alves Mariana , Pfeiffer Shona , Langa Elena , Hernández-Santana Yasmina E , Suzuki Hidenori , Prehn Jochen HM , Engel Tobias , Henshall David C
Published: January 2017

Several members of the Bcl-2 gene family are dysregulated in human temporal lobe epilepsy and animal studies show that genetic deletion of some of these proteins influence electrographic seizure responses to chemoconvulsants and associated brain damage. The BH3-only proteins form a subgroup comprising direct activators of Bax–Bak that are potently proapoptotic and a number of weaker proapoptotic BH3-only proteins that act as sensitizers by neutralization of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Noxa was originally characterized as a weaker proapoptotic, ‘sensitizer’ BH3-only protein, although recent evidence suggests it too may be potently proapoptotic. Expression of Noxa is under p53 control, a known seizure-activated pathway, although Noxa has been linked to energetic stress and autophagy. Here we characterized the response of Noxa to prolonged seizures and the phenotype of mice lacking Noxa. Status epilepticus induced by intra-amygdala kainic acid caused a rapid increase in expression ofnoxain the damaged CA3 subfield of the hippocampus but not undamaged CA1 region.In vivoupregulation ofnoxawas reduced by pifithrin-α, suggesting transcription may be partly p53-dependent. Mice lackingnoxadeveloped less severe electrographic seizures during status epilepticus in the model but, surprisingly, displayed equivalent hippocampal damage to wild-type animals. The present findings indicate Noxa does not serve as a proapoptotic BH3-only protein during seizure-induced neuronal deathin vivo. This study extends the comprehensive phenotyping of seizure and damage responses in mice lacking specific Bcl-2 gene family members and provides further evidence that these proteins may serve roles beyond control of cell death in the brain.
Lack of collagen XV is protective after ischemic stroke in mice
Authors: Dhungana Hiramani , Huuskonen Mikko T , Pihlajaniemi Taina , Heljasvaara Ritva , Vivien Denis , Kanninen Katja M , Malm Tarja , Koistinaho Jari , Lemarchant Sighild
Published: January 2017

Collagens are key structural components of basement membranes, providing a scaffold for other components or adhering cells. Collagens and collagen-derived active fragments contribute to biological activities such as cell growth, differentiation and migration. Here, we report that collagen XV knock-out (ColXV KO) mice are resistant to experimental ischemic stroke. Interestingly, the infarcts of ColXV KO mice were as small as those of wild-type (WT) mice thrombolysed with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), the actual treatment for ischemic stroke. Importantly, there were no differences in the architecture of cerebrovascular anatomy between WT and ColXV KO mice. We found a twofold increase of the most potent pro-angiogenic factor, type A vascular growth endothelial factor (VEGF-A) in the ipsilateral cortex of rtPA-treated ischemic WT mice compared with untreated ischemic and sham-operated counterparts. A similar increase of VEGF-A was also found in both rtPA and untreated ischemic ColXV KO mice compared with sham ColXV KO mice. Finally, we evidenced that the levels of ColXV were increased in the plasma of WT mice treated with rtPA compared with untreated ischemic counterparts. Altogether, this study indicates that the lack ColXV is protective after stroke and that the degradation of endothelial ColXV may contribute to the beneficial effect of rtPA after ischemic stroke. The neuroprotection observed in ColXV KO mice may be attributed to the increased VEGF-A production following stroke in the ischemic territory.