bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climbing Mount Everest Without Oxygen
Authors: West JB
Published: December 2017

The ascent of Mount Everest (altitude 8,848 m) by two climbers without supplementary oxygen in 1978 was a feat that astonished many physiologists;indeed, measurements of maximal oxygen uptake at lower altitudes suggested that it would be impossible. Data obtained in 1981 at extreme altitudes, including the summit itself, showed that man can tolerate the extreme hypoxia only by an enormous increase in ventilation. Even so, the arterial PO2 is apparently less that 30 Torr and maximal oxygen intake only about one liter per minute. Under these conditions man is at the utmost limit of tolerance to hypoxia, and even day-by-day variations of barometric pressure probably affect performance.
Significance of the Secretory Pattern of Growth Hormone
Authors: Isakkson OGP , Jansson J-O , Clark RG , Robinson I
Published: December 2017

The plasma concentration of growth hormone fluctuates widely with pronounced peaks at intervals of a few hours and troughs of nearly vanishingly low concentrations in between. The pattern of secretion varies, and different patterns affect growth differently. Tall children usually have frequent growth hormone peaks of a high amplitude, whereas short, healthy children usually have fewer peaks of a lower amplitude. Male and female rats have different patterns, and a "masculine" pattern promotes growth more than a "feminine" pattern. If the same amount of growth hormone is administered in several pulses rather than continuously, the effect on growth is much greater.
Presynaptic Inhibition at the Crustacean Neuromuscular Junction
Authors: Tse FW , Atwood HL
Published: December 2017

Many crustacean muscles are innervated by only one or a few excitatory axons that make the whole muscle act much as a single unit. Modulation of contraction and a graded response is achieved through inhibitory impulses, mostly at the presynaptic level. Crustacean muscle is therefore remarkably well suited for studies of presynaptic inhibition.
Adaptation to Potassium
Authors: Hirsch D , Hayslett JP
Published: December 2017

Precise control of the potassium concentration in extracellular fluids is critical to normal vertebrate physiology. During acute alterations in potassium intake, both secretory epithelial and other cells (such as muscle cells) help maintain potassium balance. During chronic potassium loads the capacity for potassium secretion by the epithelia that line the nephron and colon is increased, and during chronic dietary potassium restriction the capacity for reabsorption is increased.
The Cholinergic Connection in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Mesulam M-M
Published: December 2017

Alzheimer's disease is a failure of physiological function at the highest level of integration in the nervous system. Until now, information about the basis of this disease has come mostly from anatomical and neurochemical studies that implicate several transmitter systems, especially the forebrain cholinergic projection. This up-to-date review should help convey the need for physiological studies of the forebrain transmitter system in animal models of aging and degeneration.
Recent Advances in Human Energetics
Authors: Jequier E , Flatt J-P
Published: December 2017

Careful measurements of the energy balance of exercising humans permit the estimate of not only the overall efficiency of performing aerobic muscular work (27%) but also the efficiency of transforming chemical energy into mechanical work (41%), as well as the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (i.e., "ATP synthesis") during substrate oxidation (65%).
Glomerular Hemodynamics
Authors: Baylis C , Blantz RC
Published: December 2017

The renal glomerulus is not a passive filter but an organ capable of responding to, as well as synthesizing, a variety of hormones. Thus the glomerulus participates actively in the control of its own filtration rates. The normal control systems that regulate glomerular filtration rates and single nephron glomerular filtration rates are complex, and significant information has been obtained regarding factors responsible for the progression of various types of renal disease.
Pregnancy - A Challenge to Water Balance
Authors: Olsson K
Published: December 2017

Pregnancy involves severe challenges to the homeostatic mechanisms of the body, including the control of water balance. Blood plasma volume increases, but pregnant animals react to blood loss as if plasma volume were not expanded. In some species plasma osmolality falls to a new set point, but plasma osmolality still appears accurately regulated. Transient diabetes insipidus or primary polydipsia may occur, suggesting that water regulatory mechanisms become more vulnerable during pregnancy.
High PCO2 in Rat Kidney
Authors: Gennari FJ , Maddox DA , Atherton LJ , Deen WM
Published: December 2017

It is a puzzling fact that PCO2 in the superficial renal cortex is much higher than in renal venous blood. Using a newly developed PCO2 electrode, the authors found the highest level of PCO2 in the first portion of the proximal tubule and concluded that this peak is caused by rapid bicarbonate reabsorption in this part of the tubule. To account fully for the large elevation in cortical PCO2, they postulate a countercurrent CO2 exchange between the arteries and veins in the kidney.
A New Look at Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Laine GA , Allen SJ , Williams JP , Katz J , Gabel JC , Drake RE
Published: December 2017

Fluid accumulation within the lungs is a potentially fatal complication in critically ill patients. Sepsis and increased microvascular permeability are often implicated as the cause. This article shows that edema can be prevented by lowering systemic venous pressure (to permit pulmonary lymph to drain), by lowering pulmonary arterial pressure, and by maintaining plasma colloid osmotic pressure. It points out the importance of understanding the basic physiology behind pulmonary edema and therapeutic measures.
Carrying Loads. The Cost of Generating Muscular Force
Authors: Taylor CR
Published: December 2017

African women can carry loads of 20% of their body mass on their heads without measurable metabolic cost. In contrast, trained or untrained humans and animals increase their metabolism by 20% when they carry loads of this magnitude. Two possible mechanisms are proposed for the women's economic means of load carrying, based on considerations of the cost of generating muscular force during locomotion.
Angiogenesis in Skletal Muscle
Authors: Burton HW , Faulkner JA
Published: December 2017

Capillary growth is rarely observed in normal adult skeletal muscle, but angiogenesis may occur after injury to a capillary bed or after endurance training or chronic electrical stimulation. Revascularization of ischemic muscle may arise as inward growth from surrounding vascularized tissue, as outward growth from endothelial cells in ischemic muscle, or a combination of the two processes. A regenerated vascular bed shows diminished response to vasoactive agents and impaired regulation of blood flow during contractions.
Adenosine: An Important Physiological Regulator
Authors: Berne RM
Published: December 2017

Adenosine, best known as a constituent of ATP, is a cellular regulator with a wide array of effects on the cardiovascular system. It also is involved in other physiological processes, e.g., neuronal activity, respiration, synaptic transmission, lipolysis, platelet aggregation, etc. Adenosine acts on cell surface receptors and elicits many (but not all) of its responses by altering adenylate cyclase activity. In addition, adenosine and its antagonists are useful therapeutic agents.
When Capillary Permeability Increases
Authors: Crone C
Published: December 2017

Capillary permeability is usually ascribed to a number of "small" pores. In this article the small-pore pathway is identified as interruptions in the tight junctions between endothelial cells. Modulation of capillary permeability involves control of tight junction permeability with cytosolic Ca2+ as the important signal molecule. Actin and myosin filaments are probably involved in the process, which may implicate subtle changes in cell shape.
How Renal Phosphate Transport Is Regulated
Authors: Murer H , Kerstin M
Published: December 2017

Transcellular transport of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the renal proximal tubule is sodium dependent. The entry step across the apical membrane involves a Na-Pi cotransport system and is subject to short-term and long-term regulation. This regulation can be protein synthesis independent (short term) as well as protein synthesis dependent (long term).
Evaluation of the Starling Fluid Flux Equation
Authors: Taylor AE , Townsley MI
Published: December 2017

It is commonly thought that fluid is filtered in the arterial and is absorbed in the venous end of the capillary, cuased by the considerable hydrostatic pressure difference between the arterial and the venous end, while the transcapillary colloid osmotic pressure difference remains nearly constant. We now know that extravascular forces, i.e., tissue fluid pressure, tissue colloid osmotic pressure, and lymph flow, are dynamic factors that change to oppose transcapillary fluid movement. Therefore, the filtration-absorption theory will apply only transiently until the tissue forces readjust.
Respiratory Drive in Hypoxia: Carotid Body and Other Mechanisms Compared
Authors: Sinclair JD
Published: December 2017

Both during normal respiration and under hypoxic conditions respiration is regulated by inputs from multiple peripheral chemoreceptors. Denervation of the carotid bodies therefore does not represent total elimination of inputs from peripheral chemoreceptors. Denervation of all known chemoreceptors suggests that there may be still unidentified peripheral or perhaps central mechanisms that respond to hypoxic conditions.
What Determines Food Intake? The Ischymetric Theory
Authors: Nicolaidis S
Published: December 2017

Hunger is elicited by depletion of nutrients, but what specific signals cause food intake? Recent data suggest that the signal comes not from depletion of carbohydrates or other major nutrients but from overall decreased cellular power production. And what causes satiation, which occurs largely before ingested nutrients can cross the intestinal barrier and replete the inner supply? Metabolic hormones such as glucagon and insulin are released and induce mobilization of endogenous reserves, thus inhibiting further ingestion of food.
Formate: A Critical Intermediate for Chloride Transport in the Proximal Tubule
Authors: Karniski LP , Aronson PS
Published: December 2017

Recent experiments unexpectedly suggest that formate plays a critical role in chloride transport across cell membranes. In particular, active uptake of chloride in the renal proximal tubule cell occurs by chloride-formate exchange. Formate recycles from lumen to cell via nonionic diffusion of uncharged formic acid. In this manner, small amounts of formate can facilitate resorption of large quantities of chloride.
Chemical Messengers and Their Coexistence in Individual Neurons
Authors: Millhorn DE , Hokfelt T
Published: December 2017

The original concept of chemical neural transmission was based on the assumed principle that individual neurons utilize only one type of neurotransmitter. There is now histological evidence that single nerve cells in both the central and the peripheral nervous system often contain multiple chemical messengers. This article describes the evidence for and the functional significance of multiple messengers in synaptic transmission.
Physiological Heterogeneity: Fractals Link Determinism and Randomness in Structures and Functions
Authors: Bassingthwaighte JB
Published: December 2017

Spatial variation in concentrations or flows within an organ and temproal variation in reaction rates or flows appear to broaden as one refines the scale of observation. How can we characterize heterogeneity independently of scale? Fractals come to our rescue! A system is fractal if its features adhere to the same rules through a succession of different scales. Fractals efficiently describe many types of observations, geometric and kinetic, and help to integrat physiological knowledge.
Evolution of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: Multiple Usage of a Peptide
Authors: Millar RP , King JA
Published: December 2017

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone was originally isolated as a brain peptide hormone that stimulates the reproductive system by releasing gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland. However, it is now clear that during evolution this peptide has been subject to gene duplication and structural changes and has been recruited for diverse regulatory functions: as a neurotransmitter in the central and sympathetic nervous sytems, as a paracrine regulator in the gonads and placenta, and as an autocrine regulator in tumor cells.
Cultured Epidermal Cells and Their Use in the Generation of Epidermis
Authors: Green H , Barrandon Y
Published: December 2017

With fibroblast support, epidermal cells can be serially cultivated. These cultured cells can organize themselves into a coherent stratified epithelium. Such cultures can be used to study the growth and differentiation of the keratinocyte. They have also been successfully grafted in the treatment of extensive burns or chronic skin ulcers. Eventually a graft of epidermal cells expressing a transduced gene might be used to produce a therapeutic protein with local or systemic effects.
Deep-Diving Humans
Authors: Naquet R , Rostain JC
Published: December 2017

For humans to work at great dephts and remain in good condition, many physiological difficulties must be overcome, such as the development of tremor, changes in psychometric performance, daytime drowsiness, fasciculations, myoclonia, and sleep problems. Performance in deep dives has improved with the use of new gas mixtures for breathing and by reducing the rate of descent.
Parasitism, a Model of Cell Sociology
Authors: Capron AR , Dessaint J-PL
Published: December 2017

Most parasites induce chronic infections: nonreplicating parasites, for instance schistosomes, may survive for more than 10 years in humans. The parasite must be tightly adapted to its host to fulfill its metabolic and nutritional requirements. This implies a reciprocal tolerance between parasite and mammalian host despite the immune response of the latter, resulting in nonsterilizing immunity in the majority of protozoan or metazoan parasite infections.
Capillary Diffusion Distances - Their Importance for Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Performance
Authors: Hudlicka O , Egginton S , Brown MD
Published: December 2017

Intercapillary distances are considered an important indicator of oxygen delivery to tissue. In this article, various indices of capillary supply to cardiac and skeletal muscle are related to the performance of the same organ. It becomes apparent that there are several situations in which maximal muscle performance is not improved, although intercapillary distances are shortened, implying greater potential oxygen delivery. On the other hand, there are also cases where performance is improved without any change in capillary supply.
Presynaptic control of Release of Amine Neurotransmitters by Precursor Levels
Authors: Wurtman RJ
Published: December 2017

The amounts of such aminergic neurotransmitters as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine that are released into synapses, spontaneously and when the neurons fire, can be affected by the concentrations of their nutrient precursors tryptophan, tyrosine, and dopamine and can thus be influenced by eating "real" foods or taking the pure precursors. Simple laws can apparently enable the investigator to predict when precursor levels will or will not have such effects.
Cerebral Microcirculation
Authors: Mayhan WG , Faraci FM , Baumbach GL , Heistad DD
Published: December 2017

Three concepts are summarized. First, cerebral microvascular pressure, which can be regulated independently from cerebral blood flow, may have important physiological effects. Second, the blood-brain barrier is more vulnerable to disruption in venules than in capillaries or arterioles during acute hypertension. Third, cerebral arterioles are protected during chronic hypertension by a surprising combination of vascular hypertrophy, remodeling of the vessel wall, and a paradoxical increase in distensibility.
Origins of Isolated Tubule Microperfusion Methodology
Authors: Burg Maurice B.
Published: December 2017

Understanding of renal function has been facilitated by the technique of perfusion of isolated renal tubule segments in vitro. The basic technology originated in the Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism of the National Institutes of Health in the early 1960s and then was expanded to apply a variety of analytical methods to single tubules.
Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase Calcium Pumps in the Kidney
Authors: Kumar R , Penniston JT , Borke JL
Published: December 2017

Epitopes of the calmodulin-sensitive erythrocyte Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase enzyme were found exclusively in basolateral membranes of distal tubule cells of the human and rat kidney;other kidney segments did not contain this enzyme in detectable amounts. The calmodulin-sensitive Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase acts as a calcium pump in the red cell and other tissues. Its presence in the kidney distal tubule, a site where hormone-sensitive calcium transport is known to occur, raises the possibility that this enzyme may act as a hormone-regulated pump in this nephron segment.
Lipid Asymmetry and Transport Function in Renal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Le Grimellec C , Friedlander G , Giocondi M-C
Published: December 2017

The apical region of the plasma membrane of renal epithelial cells is characterized by low fluidity related to its lipid composition. Marked changes in transport processes during physiological, pathological, or pharmacological alternations in membrane lipids strongly suggest that lipid composition of apical membranes plays an important role in the renal tubular function.
Are Muscle "Chemoreflexes" Functionally Important?
Authors: Rowell LB , Sheriff DD
Published: December 2017

Powerful pressure-raising chemoreflexes arise from active skeletal muscle when its blood flow is reduced and metabolites accumulate. Muscle chemoreflexes may be tonically active in moderate but not in mild exercise. When unopposed by baroreflexes, chemoreflexes can correct flow errors by 85 % by raising vascular resistance, cardiac output, and blood pressure.
Presynaptic Autoregulation: Does It Play a Role?
Authors: Starke K
Published: December 2017

Axon terminals are both transmissive and receptive structures. Their own transmitter is one of the chemical signals they receive and translate into a modulation of release. Autoregulation of release, mediated by presynaptic autoreceptors, is triggered by endogenous transmitter, is followed by modulation of transmission to postsynaptic cells, and operates in vivo.
Changes in Transmission in Some Reflex Pathways During Movement in Humans
Authors: Fournier E , Emmanuel P-D
Published: December 2017

The gain of the monosynaptic stretch rerflex is controlled by many spinal pathways. Only human experiments allow the exploration of changes in transmission in these pathways during voluntary movement. Unexpected results have been obtained, which have led to new conceptions concerning the functional role of the spinal circuitry.
Tight Junction: Barrier Between Higher Organisms and Environment
Authors: Cereijido M , Gonzalez-Mariscal L , Contreras G
Published: December 2017

Tight Junctions seal the luminal border of epithelial cells and restrict the passage of substances across the paracellular route. The resistance offered by this pathway is variable and depends on the number of strands, the length of the intercellular cleft, and the possible existence of compartmentalized flickering channels spanning the strands.
Using Open-Loop Experiments to Study Physiological Systems, With Examples From the Human Eye-Movement Systems
Authors: Bahill AT , Hamm TM
Published: December 2017

To analyze the contribution of each element in a sensory feedback control system, it is necessary to study the system with the feedback loop opened. Some physiological systems have multiple or even unknown sources of feedback, which makes it exceedingly difficult to open the loop. Conversely, it is relatively easy to open the loop on the human eye-movement system. Study of this system should help us understand how physiological control is maintained by sensory feedback.
Colonic Electrical Activity: Concerto for Two Pacemakers
Authors: Sanders KM
Published: December 2017

In the proximal colon, two discrete pacemaker populations exist: one group of cells generates the 6-cycle/min rhythm known as slow waves;other cells generate a 17-cycle/min rhythm termed myenteric potential oscillations. Summation of these events in the circular muscle provides the signal for escitation-contraction coupling. This article describes the origin and integration of pacemaker activities in the colon.
Cellular Basis of Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Hori R , Inui K-i
Published: December 2017

Nephrotoxicity, produced by aminoglycoside antibiotics, is now being studied in a useful model of cultured renal cells. These studies could provide new insights into an important clinical problem by disclosing the transport mechanisms of aminoglycoside into the proximal tubular cells and the cellular characteristics of nephrotoxicity.
Humoral Factors in Hypertension
Authors: Haddy FJ
Published: December 2017

Acute volume expansion and low-renin hypertension endow the plasma with the capacity to inhibit Na+-K+-ATPase, cause natriuresis, sensitize blood vessels to vasoconstrictor agents, and raise blood pressure. Digoxin-like immunoreactivity has been detected in the plasma under both circumstances. These findings suggest the existence of an endogenous "digitalis" that is relevant to volume and blood pressure control.
Oscillatory Calcium Signals in Hormone-Stimulated Cells
Authors: Cobbold PH
Published: December 2017

For many cell types a signalling role for cytoplasmic free Ca was established over 10 years ago, and the past decade has seen an explosion in understanding the role played by inositol polyphosphates in receptor-controlled mobilization of intracellular Ca stores. Now an increasing number of laboratories are reporting measurements in single cells of oscillations in free Ca induced by Ca-mobilising agonists.
Interaction of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Work in the Heart, In Vivo
Authors: Balaban RS , Heineman FW
Published: December 2017

The mechanism that balances the rates of myocardial ATP production and use is the subject of this brief review. Recent in vivo data suggest that this control mechanism does not depend solely on the concentrations of ATP hydrolysis products. Other potential regulatory sites are currently being investigated.
Potassium and Breathing
Authors: Linton RAF , Band DM
Published: December 2017

Potassium is lost from exercising muscle into extracellular fluid and causes hyperkalaemia. Intravenous administration of KCl in anesthetized cats to produce similar levels of arterial hyperkalaemia causes peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation, which produces an increase in ventilation. Interactions of arterial PO2, PCO2, and (K+) as drives to breathing are discussed.
On the Supposed Function on Neuroepithelial Bodies in Adult Mammalian Lungs
Authors: Sorokin SP , Hoyt RF,
Published: December 2017

Neuroepithelial bodies are unique receptor-effector organoids widely distributed in pulmonary airways. Resembling gustatory and carotid body chemoreceptors, they produce serotonin and regulatory peptides that may stimulate sensory nerves but mainly seem directed to bronchial smooth muscle. They respond to hypoxia, but their functional significance probably is not yet fully appreciated.
New Insights on the Mechanisms of Action of Ganglionic Blocking Agents
Authors: Skok VI
Published: December 2017

With the use of direct estimations of receptor activity and measurements of agonist-induced transmembrane current, new molecular mechanisms underlying both receptor activation with agonists and receptor blockade with antagonists have been found.
Late Potentials and Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Ben-Haim S
Published: December 2017

A computerized method, signal-averaged electrocardiography, analyzes standard electrocardiography recordings, thereby identifying particular microvolt-level signals, called "late potentials". Correlated with clinical ventricular tachycardia, these data are predictive of ventricular tachycardia inducibility and arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction.
The Myogenic Response
Authors: Johnson Paul C.
Published: December 2017

New experimental evidence from in vitro studies supports the concept that small arterial vessels and arterioles constrict in response to intravascular pressure elevation (myogenic response). A stretch-dependent ion channel may be involved. In vivo studies show that stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors enhances the response, suggesting that the myogenic mechanism may be partly under autonomic control.
Multiple Signal-Transduction Pathways Synergize in Platelet Activation
Authors: Siess W
Published: December 2017

At least three signal-transduction pathways are present in platelets which synergize with each other: calcium mobilization, protein kinase C activation, and an unknown pathway triggered by Gi protein activation. Each pathway can synergize with the other independently of the third pathway in the induction of platelet aggregation.
Variant PDGF Ligands and Receptors---Structure-function Relationship
Authors: LaRochelle WJ , Giese N , Robbins KC , Aaronson SA
Published: December 2017

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a connective tissue cell mitogen comprised of two related chains encoded by distinct genes. Properties that distinguish these ligands include greater transforming potency of the B and more efficient secretion of the A chain. By generating immunochemical probes, as well as PDGF A and B chimeras, these properties were mapped to distinct domains. Increased transforming efficiency segregated with the ability to activate both Alpha- and Beta-PDGF receptors.
Regulation of Transmembrane Calcium Fluxes in Endothelium
Authors: Nilius B
Published: December 2017

Endothelial cells form and secrete mediators that modulate tone of underlying smooth muscle. The signal for their release or synthesis is increased intracellular Ca activity resulting from intracellular Ca release and transmembrane Ca fluxes. Ca influx can occur via different Ca-permeable ion channels, including Ca-activated K channels.
Presynaptic Modulation of Cholinergic and Noradrenergic Neurotransmission: Interaction Between Them
Authors: Vizi ES , Kiss J , Elenkov IJ
Published: December 2017

Ca2+-dependent, stimulation-evoked release of norepinephrine and acetylcholine from axon terminals is subject to presynaptic modulation through different receptors. These transmitters can modify their own release, and each transmitter release can be reduced by the other one. Many other compounds can also modulate this process.
Ion Channels as G Protein Effectors
Authors: Brown AM
Published: December 2017

Signaling between cells may be accomplished or accompanied by changes in membrane potential. The latter is regulated by ion channels, which are targets for regulatory processes initiated during signaling. Cell signaling frequently involves heterotrimeric G proteins. Evidence that ion channels are G protein effectors and functional implications of such regulation are reviewed.
Hypertension: Genes, Environment, or Both ?
Authors: Di Nicolantonio R , Imai T , Murakami K , Yamori Y
Published: December 2017

Nearly one in five adults in acculturated societies has abnormally high blood pressure. Newly emerging techniques in molecular biology offer the possibility of not only determining the role of genetic factors in its etiology but also identifying early predisposed individuals. A more targeted drug treatment may also follow.
Bombesin and Satiety
Authors: King BF
Published: December 2017

The abrupt cessation of feeding, before useful nutrient absorption, indicates that sensory nerves or gut hormones from the upper alimentary canal signal "preabsorptive satiety." Several neurotransmitters and hormonal substances have been identified as putative satiety agents. One candidate is bombesin, which mimics a mammalian gut-brain neurotransmitter.
Epithelial Cell Fusion: New Tool for Cellular and Molecular Physiology
Authors: Oberleithner H
Published: December 2017

Osmotic shock leads to the formation of giant epithelial cells. Grown in culture, they provide a sensitive assay system for the identification of mRNA and serve as a model system in localizing ion transporters in the plasma membrane.
Aldosterone-Sensitive Cells in the Kidney: New Insights
Authors: Bonvalet JP
Published: December 2017

Immunodetection of aldosterone receptors with a monoclonal antibody, associated with an enzyme-mediated mechanism of tissue specificity for aldosterone, allows a better definition of localization of aldosterone-sensitive cells in the kidney. In turn, this localization raises the possibility of glucocorticoid action in aldosterone-sensitve cells.
The Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin System: A Synopsis of Current Experimental and Clinical Data
Authors: Lindpaintner K , Ganten D
Published: December 2017

The elements of a cardiac renin-angiotensin system have been characterized and their functional interaction demonstrated. Locally synthesized angiotensin may exert profound direct and indirect effects on cardiac function and metabolism. These effects may be involved in pathophysiological states in which pharmacological modulation of the system appears to be beneficial.
With Reference to References
Authors: O'Connor Maeve
Published: December 2017

Uniformity in reference style would help authors to concentrate on correct citations, which is far more important for the whole system of assigning credit in science than the correct placing of every comma and space in the reference list. The goal of uniformity is at last in sight.
Area Postrema: A Unique Regulator of Cardiovascular Function
Authors: Williams JL , Barnes KL , Brosnihan KB , Ferrario CM
Published: December 2017

The area postrema, which does not have a blood-brain barrier, can sense changes in levels of blood-borne hormones. This circumventricular organ plays an important role in animal models of hypertension, recovery from hemorrhage, control of baroreflexes, and homeostasis of water and ions.
Physiology's Hidden Curriculum
Authors: Hansen Penelope , Roberts K. B.
Published: December 2017

On a visit to Memorial University Medical School in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, I discussed the role of physiology in the medical curriculum with both faculty and students. We concluded that it would be useful to have an article on this subject, with particular emphasis on how in teaching physiology its "beauty" can be revealed. When we teach physiology, our students are probably learning more than they or we recognize. Understanding the hidden curriculum allows us to identify these unarticulated influences so we can maximize their beneficial effects. This article underscores the strengths of physiology, namely its interactive nature and its problem-oriented way of developing a scientific approach to medicine while keeping focus on the whole person.
Inhibition of Hypothalamic Neurons by the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Family
Authors: Yamashita H , Kannan H
Published: December 2017

The natriuretic peptide family is present in the brain and heart of mammals and is involved in regulation of blood pressure. Less is known of the central action of these peptides on drinking and vasopressin release. How they affect hypothalamic neurons involved in body water homeostasis is described.
The Role of Calcium in the Making of a Transporting Epithelium
Authors: Contreras R. G. , González-Mariscal L. , Balda M. S. , Garciá-Villegas M. R. , Cereijido M.
Published: December 2017

Cells from transporting epithelia have two basic properties: 1) a plasma membrane divided into an apical and a basolateral domain that confers vectoriality, and 2) tight junctions that transform epithelia into diffusion barriers. The expression of both properties depends on extracellular Ca2+.
Functional Role of Renal Sympathetic Innervation During Fetal and Postnatal Development
Authors: Robillard Jean E. , Segar Jeffrey L. , Merrill David C. , Smith Francine G. , Jose Pedro A.
Published: December 2017

The renal sympathetic nerves operate early during development, influencing renal growth and modulating changes in renal water and electrolyte excretion during transition from fetal to newborn life. Furthermore, they contribute to the important rise in plasma renin activity postnatally.
Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy: Gene Products and Function
Authors: Dangain J , Neering IR
Published: December 2017

With the discovery of the X-linked gene product dystrophin, the mdx mouse came to be regarded as the only suitable mouse model of human muscular dystrophy. However, existence of an autosomal gene homologous with dystrophin, together with physiological evidence of membrane fragility, reestablishes autosomal mouse mutants (dy, dy2j) as valid models.
Gas Exchange in Vertebrates Through Lungs, Gills, and Skin
Authors: Piiper J , Scheid P
Published: December 2017

All vertebrates need oxygen for aerobic energy supply. Lungs and gills are the organs specialized for O2 and CO2 exchange between air or water and blood;in some animals, the skin serves this task, partly or exclusively. Functional characteristics of gas-exchange systems in different vertebrate groups are discussed.
A Novel In Vitro Approach for Studying the Segmental Motor System
Authors: Luscher H-R , Streit J
Published: December 2017

An organotypic culture system of rat spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and skeletal muscle is presented that develops and preserves many structural and functional properties of the in vivo spinal cord. This in vitro model enlarges the methodological repertoire of mammalian spinal cord physiology and is ideally suited for studying developmental aspects.
Dissection of a Neuron Network Through White-Noise Analysis
Authors: Sakai HM , Naka K-i , Korenberg MJ
Published: December 2017

Neurons within a network communicate by two very different types of signal: slow (analog) potentials and spike discharges. This communication, whether man-made or neural, is generally dynamic. Thus a need exists to develop comprehensive methodologies capable of analyzing within a network communications involving either analog potentials or spike discharges.
Importance of Mg2+ in Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Lamb GD , Stephenson DG
Published: December 2017

In skeletal muscle, how excitation rapidly triggers Ca2+ release from internal stores is not known exactly. In addition to its many other roles, intracellular Mg2+ binds to the Ca2+ release channels and strongly inhibits their opening. Excitation may actually remove this inhibition by inducing dissociation of Mg2+.
Mechanism and Function of Vacuolar Acidification
Authors: Myers M , Forgac M
Published: December 2017

Vacuolar acidification plays an important role in such processes as receptor-mediated endocytosis, intracellular membrane traffic, and protein degradation. Vacuolar H+-adenosinetriphosphatases (ATPases) are responsible for this acidification.
The Arterial Lumen Is Controlled by Flow-Related Shear Stress
Authors: Smiesko V , Johnson PC
Published: December 2017

An increase in blood flow velocity through both arteries and arterioles induces a dilation that is mediated by the endothelium. This is a significant mechanism of flow regulation at normal flow rates and is critically important during high flow conditions.
A Role for Tubuloglomerular Feedback in Chronic Partial Ureteral Obstruction
Authors: Morsing P
Published: December 2017

Animals with partial ureteral obstruction have an inability to increase urinary output and glomerular filtration rate in response to an extracellular volume expansion. The mechanism may be a paradoxical resetting of tubuloglomerular feedback in the obstructed kidney, which impacts the roles of arachidonic acid metabolites and kinins in renal function.
Endocardial and Coronary Endothelial Control of Cardiac Performance
Authors: Brutsaert DL
Published: December 2017

Endocardial endothelium modulates contractile performance of subjacent cardiomyocytes, thus providing intracavitary autoregulation of cardiac performance, i.e., by altering the duration of systole with no effects on early pressure rise and ejection. The possibility that an intracoronary (micro)vascular endothelium-mediated autoregulation also occurs has been recently demonstrated.
Control of Locomotor Movements During Vertebrate Development
Authors: Sillar KT , Wedderburn JFS , Woolston A-M , Simmers AJ
Published: December 2017

During vertebrate ontogeny, locomotor movements gradually acquire precision and flexibility. During swimming in a simple vertebrate model, Xenopus tadpoles, descending neuromodulation of preexisting spinal rhythm-generating circuitry by serotonergic brain stem interneurons appears to underlie development of a flexible and more adultlike locomotor program.
The Molecular Physiology of Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Frizzell RA
Published: December 2017

In the last 10 years, research into the causes of cystic fibrosis has brought forth many exciting discoveries and new concepts of ion channel function and disease mechanism. It has also provided a paradigm for productive collaborations between physiologists and molecular biologists.
How Does the Vein Wall Respond to Pressure?
Authors: Monos E
Published: December 2017

Regulation of systemic venous capacity includes 1) myogenic control, 2) adaptive increases in gain of intrinsic control and the passive capacity to long-term physiological elevations in pressure, 3) chronic increases in wall thickness and reductions in mechanical stresses when exposed to high pressures, and 4) endothelium-derived relaxing factors.
Molecular Insights Into Angiotensin II Receptor Subtypes
Authors: Inagami T , Harris RC
Published: December 2017

New pharmacological tools have allowed investigation of localization and function of angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Cloning and expression of angiotensin II subtype 1 have allowed the initiation of studies of receptor regulation and interaction with G proteins.
Glycolysis Revisited - A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Krebs Cycle
Authors: Pagliaro L
Published: December 2017

Glycolysis is generally considered to be the archetypal "soluble" metabolic pathway, despite growing evidence to the contrary. Direct biophysical measurements in living cells have revealed that some glycolytic enzymes exist partially in the solid phase of cytoplasm and that solid-phase partitioning of enzymes responds to metabolic changes.
Renorenal Reflexes: Role of Substance P and Prostaglandins
Authors: Kopp UC
Published: December 2017

The kidney is capable of transmitting information from sensory neurons to the central nervous system. Prostaglandins and substance P contribute to the activation of renal sensory neurons produced by increases in renal pelvic pressure that lead to a reflex increase in contralateral urine output.
The Reductionist Approach to Urinary Acidification: Scalar Similarities
Authors: Steinmetz Philip R.
Published: December 2017

Biologists have long been guided by the reductionist trend toward smaller systems but are now facing an almost opposite, theoretical trend toward complex, overall systems. A perspective on these trends emerges from the field of urinary acidification that has evolved through iterative patterns of study at ever smaller scales.
The Pulmonary Surfactant System
Authors: van Golde LMG , Batenburg JJ , Robertson B
Published: December 2017

The pulmonary surfactant system includes specific proteins involved in the regulation of surfactant secretion and recycling, conversion of secreted lamellar bodies to tubular myelin, film adsorption, and stimulation of alveolar macrophages. Hydrophobic proteins are essential for the rapid physiological action of exogenous surfactants currently used in clinical practice.
The Epididymis as a Chloride-Secreting Organ
Authors: Leung AYH , Wong PYD
Published: December 2017

The epididymis secretes C1- upon stimulation with secretory agonists. This creates an osmotic gradient for isosmotic fluid secretion. Electrolyte and fluid secretion by the epididymis regulates the fluidity of the luminal content. Defective secretion in cystic fibrosis leads to obstruction and atrophy of the epididymis, hence to male infertility.
Source and Handling of Renal Dopamine: Its Physiological Importance
Authors: Soares-da-Silva P
Published: December 2017

The renal dopaminergic system is based in the epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules, which use circulating or filtered L-dopa for fast decarboxylation into dopamine. Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme involved in its metabolism.
Glial Function in Homeostasis of the Neuronal Microenvironment
Authors: Orkand RK , Opava SC
Published: December 2017

Neuroglia buffer changes in the concentrations of ions and small molecules in the tortuous network of narrow extracellular clefts that constitutes the functional environment of neurons in the central nervous system. The large area of glial membrane bordering this space exhibits specific membrane transport systems for homeostasis.
cAMP-Activated CI- Channels: Regulatory Role in Gallbladder and Other Absorptive Epithelia
Authors: Reuss L , Altenberg GA
Published: December 2017

cAMP is an important regulator of epithelial fluid absorption. Stimulation of protein kinase A by elevations in cAMP levels activates CI- channels and inhibits NaCl influx across the apical membrane. Acetylcholine, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase, is part of a dual control system, together with regulatory agents that elevate cAMP.
On the Stability of Subatmospheric Intrapleural and Intracranial Pressures
Authors: Koen CL , Koeslag JH
Published: December 2017

Tissue emphysema, including pneumothorax, tends to be spontaneously resorbed, apparently without the aid of special metabolic gas pumps. On the other hand, the arteries fill with air soon after death. These seemingly contradictory observations can be explained in simple physiological terms.
Control of Arterial Lumen By Shear Stress on Endothelium
Authors: Melkumyants AM , Balashov SA , Khayutin VM
Published: December 2017

Arterial endothelial cells are able to perceive the shear stress generated by flowing blood in the form of shear deformations and modulate the tone of underlying smooth muscle. This mechanism provides continuous adaptation of arterial hydraulic resistance to flow rate and viscosity of blood and significantly contributes to vascular system control.
Modern Concepts of Pain and Hyperalgesia: Beyond the Polymodal C-Nociceptor
Authors: Treede Rolf-Detlef , Magerl Walter
Published: December 2017

Increased pain Sensitivity was traditionally attributed to sensitization of primary nociceptive afferents. The discovery that low-threshold mechanoreceptor input can be painful under pathophysiological conditions underlines the importance of plasticity of spinal sensory neurons. Thus both peripheral and central sensitization are involved to varying degrees in different types of hyperalgesia.
Functional Properties of Human b2-Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphisms
Authors: Liggett S
Published: December 2017

The same b2-adrenergic receptor is not expressed throughout the human population;there are at least six different forms of the receptor due to genetic polymorphisms within the coding block of the receptor gene. Site-directed mutagenesis and recombinant expression have shown that some of these variants have distinct pharmacological and biochemical phenotypes.
Gastric Enterochromaffin-Like Cells and the Regulation of Acid Secretion
Authors: Sachs G , Prinz C
Published: December 2017

The interaction of gastrin, somatostatin, and other transmitters at the level of the histamine-containing enterochromaffin (ECL) cell is the major pathway determining rate of gastric acid secretion. Gastrin stimulates ECL cell elevation of [Ca2+]i, synthesis of histidine decarboxylase, histamine release, and cell growth by binding at a cholecystokinin-B receptor. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin-dependent elevation of [Ca2+]i and hence histamine release by binding to stomatostatin receptor 2 subtype.
Dreaming About Diving: Sleep Apnea in Seals
Authors: Castellini Michael
Published: December 2017

Not only can seals dive underwater for long periods, they also hold their breath while sleeping on land. Many of the same physiological processes involved in the regulation of diving apnea appear to be of importance in sleep apnea. Studying seals provides valuable insights into the control and development of sleep apnea.
Activation of Different Opioid Systems by Muscle Activity and Exercise
Authors: Hoffmann P , Jonsdottir IH , Thoren P
Published: December 2017

Many positive effects of exercise have been ascribed to the exercise-induced activation of endogenous opioid systems. The hypothesis that different opioid peptides and receptors are involved in the cardiovascular, behavioral, and analgesic responses and that opioid-mediated effects of muscle exercise are triggered by activation of mechanosensitive muscle nerve afferents is reviewed.
Regulatory Influences on Crustacean Neurosecretory Cells
Authors: Garcia U , Arechiga H
Published: December 2017

During the last decade, new evidence has been produced on the subtle mechanisms by which invertebrate neurosecretory cell activity is regulated. Multiple synaptic and humoral mechanisms regulate the endogenous activity of secretory neurons. Specific cellular interactions and ionic mechanisms have been disclosed, and new insights are now available on the integrative features of invertebrate neurosecretory systems.
Integrins and Control of Interstitial Fluid Pressure
Authors: Reed RK , Woie K , Rubin K
Published: December 2017

The present review summarizes recent information on the physiology of connective tissues, in particular, control of interstitial fluid pressure (Pif) and, thereby, interstitial volume. A combination of classic physiological techniques and techniques from cellular and molecular biology have provided new insights into control of Pif by connective tissue cells and the adhesion receptors anchoring them to structural connective tissue components.
Ernest Overton's Contribution to the Cell Membrane Concept: A Centennial Appreciation
Authors: Kleinzeller Arnost
Published: December 2017

In a series of three lectures in 1895-1899, Charles Ernest Overton (1865-1933) pioneered three fundamental concepts of the structure and function of cell membranes: 1) the lipid theory of cell permeability, 2) the lipid theory of narcosis, and 3) the involvement of an Na+/K+ exchange in muscle and nerve excitability.
Signal Peptide and Neurophysin II Gene Mutations in Hereditary Central Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: Rutishauser J , Froesch ER
Published: December 2017

Recent studies on the molecular background of central diabetes insipidus have identified several mutations in the gene encoding antidiuretic hormone and its carrier protein neurophysin II. This article discusses the impact of such mutations on precursor processing and transport in neuronal cells.
Oxygen Transport System of High-Altitude Bird Embryos
Authors: Monge CC , Leon-Velarde F , Carey C
Published: December 2017

In the absence of its mother's protection, a bird embryo incubated at high altitude must detect its hypoxic condition and regulate its oxygen transport so as to hatch and grow with the same efficiency as it would at sea level.
Motions of Myosin Heads That Drive Muscle Contraction
Authors: Irving M , Piazzesi G
Published: December 2017

Muscle contraction is driven by the interaction of the head domain of myosin with the actin filament, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. Recent experiments on isolated muscle cells have shown that rotation of the myosin heads with respect to the filament axis is directly linked to force generation.