bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Selective are Hsp90 Inhibitors for Cancer Cells over Normal Cells?
Authors: Wang Yao , Koay Yen Chin , McAlpine Shelli R.
Published: January 2017

Selectively inhibiting target proteins in cancer cells over normal cells is one of the most critical features of a successful protein inhibitor for clinical applications. By evaluating and comparing the impact of a clinical N‐terminal heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor, AUY922 (luminespib), on Hsp90 inhibition‐associated cellular events in cancer cells versus normal cells, we found that it produces similar phenotype characteristics in both cell types, indicating that AUY922 is not selective for targeting Hsp90 in tumor cells. By comparison, the C‐terminal Hsp90 modulator SM258 suppresses cell proliferation, triggers apoptosis, regulates the expression of Hsp90‐associated heat shock proteins, and enhances the degradation of Hsp90′s client proteins preferentially in cancer cells over normal cells. Our findings support a new paradigm that AUY922 is not tumor selective, whereas SM258 is more selective and likely acts through an Hsp90‐dependent mechanism.
Ubuntu as a Tool for Resilience: Arts, Microbusiness, and Social Justice in South Africa
Authors: Sarra Janis , Berman Kim
Published: January 2017

Ubuntu is a complex concept, but at its simplest is “human‐ness,” the notion that individuals’ well‐being is intertwined with that of others in the community. This article examines how ubuntu s multiple meanings offer a potential tool for resilience in South Africa, both for arts organizations and for micro and small businesses. Artist Proof Studio offers a sustained working example of how creativity can make a contribution towards a more just society using a hybrid arts/business model. The arts are particularly important in South Africa for offering the space to address deep wounds, using artistic collaborations to contribute to resilience and wellbeing. Ubuntu can offer an alternative vision to financing micro and small business to the one currently proposed by international lending organizations that seek to import Western‐style models of shareholder primacy, short‐term profit, and privatization of public goods. Ubuntu allows for creative new approaches to business, encouraging hybrid models that are socially focused and economically sustainable. The arts have the potential for a significant role in conceiving of ubuntu as a tool for resilience of micro and small businesses and as a way of conceptualizing being human in the business context, helping to envision productive and sustainable activities that advance greater economic sustainability.
Lignin Depolymerisation and Lignocellulose Fractionation by Solvated Electrons in Liquid Ammonia
Authors: Prinsen Pepijn , Narani Anand , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: January 2017

We explored the depolymerisation of several lignins in liquid ammonia at relatively high temperatures and pressures (120 °C and 88 bar). Five different lignins were tested: Indulin AT kraft, Protobind 1000 soda, wheat straw organosolv, poplar organosolv and elephant grass‐milled wood lignin (EG MWL). In pure liquid ammonia, all lignins underwent slow incorporation of nitrogen into their structure, resulting in higher molecular weight and polydispersity index. Subsequently, we show a reductive depolymerisation by solvated electrons at room temperature by adding sodium metal to the liquid ammonia without any external hydrogen donor. The netto yields of bio‐oil are low for technical lignins (10–23 %), but with higher yields of alkylphenols. In the case of native EG MWL, netto yields of 40 % bio‐oil were achieved. Finally, when the room temperature method was applied to poplar wood fibre, we observe improved delignification upon the addition of sodium compared to poplar wood fractionation in pure liquid ammonia.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of endometriosis
Authors: Song Sharon J. , McGrath Cindy M. , Yu Gordon H.
Published: January 2017

Endometriosis commonly involves the pelvis, but may also present as a palpable mass in extrapelvic sites, such as the abdominal wall or inguinal region, where it can be evaluated by fine needle aspiration (FNA). In this report, we illustrate the findings seen in seven cases of endometriosis diagnosed by FNA in patients with a chief complaint of pain associated with an abdominal wall or pelvic mass, occurring in a setting of prior pelvic surgery. The most common previous surgery was Cesarean section (n = 6), followed by hysterectomy (n = 2), and hernia repair (n = 1). In all cases, cytologic examination revealed a glandular component composed largely of orderly fragments of cohesive epithelial cells, a spindle cell stromal component presenting either as loosely organized tissue fragments or single cells, and rare hemosiderin‐laden macrophages. Four cases showed focal cytologic atypia in the glandular component with extreme nuclear atypia identified in two of these cases. Atypical features included nuclear crowding and disorganization, nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia with irregular chromatin distribution and anisonucleosis, raising the possibility of a coexistent malignancy and recommendation for excision. Although malignancy was not identified in follow‐up surgical excision specimens, the wide range of cytomorphologic changes that can be seen in FNA specimens of endometriosis should be recognized. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:359–363. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic social instability in adult female rats alters social behavior, maternal aggression and offspring development
Authors: Pittet Florent , Babb Jessica A. , Carini Lindsay , Nephew Benjamin C.
Published: January 2017

We investigated the consequences of chronic social instability (CSI) during adulthood on social and maternal behavior in females and social behavior of their offspring in a rat model. CSI consisted of changing the social partners of adult females every 2–3 days for 28 days, 2 weeks prior to mating. Females exposed to CSI behaved less aggressively and more pro‐socially towards unfamiliar female intruders. Maternal care was not affected by CSI in a standard testing environment, but maternal behavior of CSI females was less disrupted by a male intruder. CSI females were quicker to attack prey and did not differ from control females in their saccharin consumption indicating, respectively, no stress‐induced sensory‐motor or reward system impairments. Offspring of CSI females exhibited slower growth and expressed more anxiety in social encounters. This study demonstrates continued adult vulnerability to social challenges with an impact specific to social situations for mothers and offspring.
Invasive rodents have multiple indirect effects on seabird island invertebrate food web structure
Authors: Thoresen Joshua J. , Towns David , Leuzinger Sebastian , Durrett Mel , Mulder Christa P. H. , Wardle David A.
Published: January 2017

Burrowing seabirds that nest on islands transfer nutrients from the sea, disturb the soil through burrowing, damage tree foliage when landing, and thereby modify the surface litter. However, seabirds are in decline worldwide, as are their community‐ and ecosystem‐level impacts, primarily due to invasive predatory mammals. The direct and indirect effects of seabird decline on communities and ecosystems are inherently complex. Here we employed network analysis, as a means of simplifying ecological complexity, to better understand the effects seabird loss may have on island invertebrate communities. Using data on leaf litter communities, we constructed invertebrate food webs for each of 18 offshore oceanic islands in northeastern New Zealand, nine of which have high seabird densities and nine of were invaded by rats. Ten network topological metrics (including entropy, generality, and vulnerability) were compared between rat‐invaded and uninvaded (seabird‐dominant) islands. We found that, on rat‐invaded islands, the invertebrate food webs were smaller and less complex than on their seabird‐dominated counterparts, which may be due to the suppression of seabird‐derived nutrients and consequent effects on trophic cascades. This decreased complexity of food webs due to the presence of rats is indicative of lower ecosystem resistance via lower trophic redundancy. Our results show that rat effects on island ecosystems are manifested throughout entire food webs, and demonstrate how network analysis may be useful to assess ecosystem recovery status as these invaded islands are restored.
A Novel Superoxide Anion Biosensor for Monitoring Reactive Species of Oxygen Released by Cancer Cells
Authors: Crulhas Bruno P. , Recco Lucas C. , Delella Flávia K. , Pedrosa Valber A.
Published: January 2017

In this study, novel sensitive and selective hydrogel microstructures to detect superoxide anions released by cancer cells, based on electrochemical biosensors, are proposed. Ferrocene was coupled with superoxide dismutase within a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel matrix. The pre‐polymer solution was patterned by photolithography in gold microelectrodes fabricated on top of glass slides. The biosensor was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, and was able to detect superoxide anions in a wide linear range from 5 to 100 μM, with a low detection limit of 0.001 μM and sensitivity of 14.1 nA μM/mm2. Moreover, the biosensor was able to directly detect reactive oxygen species released from prostate cells. Furthermore, the reproducibility, stability and selectivity of the biosensor achieved better results when compared with the previous report, so this methodology can be used in physiological and pathological detection of reactive oxygen species, providing a powerful platform for clinical diagnostics in the future.
Linking the Regulatory and Reimbursement Processes for Medical Devices: The Need for Integrated Assessments
Authors: Ciani Oriana , Wilcher Britni , van Giessen Anoukh , Taylor Rod S.
Published: January 2017

Much criticism has been directed at the licencing requirements for medical devices (MDs) as they often result in a lack of robust evidence to inform health technology assessment (HTA) decisions. To better understand the current international decisional framework on MD technologies, we undertook three linked research studies: a review of the device regulatory procedures, a survey of current HTA practices and an empirical comparison of HTA reports of drugs versus MDs. Our review confirms that current device regulatory processes across the globe are substantially less stringent than drugs. As a result, international HTA agencies report that they face a number of challenges when assessing MDs, including reliance on suboptimal data to make clinical and cost‐effectiveness decisions. Whilst many HTA agencies have adapted their processes and procedures to handle MD technology submissions, in our comparison of HTA reports we found little evidence of the application of methodologies that take account of device‐specific issues, such as incremental development. Overall, our research reinforces the need for better linkage between licencing and HTA and the development and application of innovative HTA methodologies with the objective of securing faster patient access for those technologies that can be shown to represent good value for money. © 2017 The Authors.Health EconomicsPublished by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A PILOT STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE PERAJ MENTORING PROGRAM ON SCHOOL DROPOUT RISK OF MEXICAN CHILDREN
Authors: Moreno‐Candil David , Garza Maria
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the Peraj Mentoring Program is to aid in the social, emotional, and academic development of children from disadvantageous family, cultural, and socioeconomic contexts. School dropout has been recognized as a serious problem in the Mexican Educational System. The present study explored the effect of the participation in Peraj on school dropout risk of children. A questionnaire was specifically designed and administered in a pretest/posttest model to mentees and control subjects. The findings suggest that, in general, after participating in the Peraj program, the mentees showed a decrease in their risk of dropping out of school. In contrast, the control subjects, who did not participate in the Peraj program, showed an increase in dropout risk. Thus, there is evidence to support that Peraj mentoring can be a useful tool to reduce the dropout problem in Mexico.
Hyperspectral data influenced by sample matrix: the importance of building relevant reference spectral libraries to map materials of interest
Authors: Dillon James C. K. , Bezerra Leonardo , del Pilar Sosa Peña María , Neu‐Baker Nicole M. , Brenner Sara A.
Published: January 2017

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and mapping are increasingly used for visualization and identification of nanoparticles (NPs) in a variety of matrices, including aqueous suspensions and biological samples. Reference spectral libraries (RSLs) contain hyperspectral data collected from materials of known composition and are used to detect the known materials in experimental samples through a one‐to‐one pixel “mapping” process. In some HSI studies, RSLs created from raw NPs were used to map NPs in experimental samples in a different matrix; for example, RSLs created from NPs in suspension to map NPs in biological tissue. Others have utilized RSLs created from NPs in the same matrix. However, few studies have systematically compared hyperspectral data as a function of the matrix in which the NPs are found and its impact on mapping results. The objective of this study is to compare RSLs created from metal oxide NPs in aqueous suspensions to RSLs created from the same NPs in rat tissues following in vivo inhalation exposure, and to investigate the differences in mapping that result from the use of each RSL. Results demonstrate that the spectral profiles of these NPs are matrix dependent: RSLs created from NPs in positive control tissues mapped to experimental tissues more appropriately than RSLs created from NPs in suspension. Aqueous suspension RSLs mapped 0‐602 out of 500,424 pixels per tissue image while tissue RSLs mapped 689‐18,435 pixels for the same images. This study underscores the need for appropriate positive controls for the creation of RSLs for mapping NPs in experimental samples.
Multiparametric diffusion‐weighted imaging in breast lesions: Association with pathologic diagnosis and prognostic factors
Authors: Suo Shiteng , Cheng Fang , Cao Mengqiu , Kang Jiwen , Wang Mingyao , Hua Jia , Hua Xiaolan , Li Lan , Lu Qing , Liu Jialin , Xu Jianrong
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To determine the utility of multiparametric diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) including monoexponential (apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC]), biexponential (Df, Ds, and f), stretched‐exponential (distributed diffusion coefficient [DDC] and α), and kurtosis (mean diffusivity [MD] and mean kurtosis [MK]) models in the differentiation and characterization of breast lesions, and assess their associations with prognostic factors in invasive breast cancer.

Materials and Methods

This study included 101 patients (44 benign and 57 malignant lesions) who underwent 3T breast multi‐b‐value DWI. Diffusion model selection was investigated in benign and malignant lesions using the Akaike information criteria (AIC). Mann–Whitney U‐test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Goodness‐of‐fit analysis showed that most benign lesion voxels (50.5%) were preferred by the kurtosis model, and most malignant lesion voxels (51.2%) by the stretched‐exponential model. All diffusion measures showed significant differences between benign and malignant lesions (P < 0.05), and between in situ and invasive cancers (P < 0.05) except MD (P = 0.103). There were no significant differences in areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) between ADC and non‐monoexponential diffusion parameters (P > 0.05), except Df and α, whose AUCs were significantly lower than AUC of ADC for differentiating benign from malignant lesions (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). In patients with invasive breast cancer, α was significantly correlated with tumor size (P = 0.007) and Ki‐67 expression (P = 0.012), Df was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.021) and Ki‐67 expression (P = 0.042), and ADC, Ds, f, DDC, and MD were significantly correlated with estrogen receptor status (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Multiparametric DWI shows relationships with pathologic outcomes and prognostic factors of breast lesions.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:740–750
Global epidemiological trends and variations in the burden of gallbladder cancer
Authors: Are Chandrakanth , Ahmad Humera , Ravipati Advaitaa , Croo Darren , Clarey Dillon , Smith Lynette , Price Ray R. , Butte Jean M. , Gupta Sameer , Chaturvedi Arun , Chowdhury Sanjib
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to describe the trends and variations in the global burden of gallbladder cancer (GBC) with an emphasis on geographic variations and female gender.

METHODS

Data (2012‐2030) relating to GBC was extracted from GLOBOCAN 2012 database and analyzed.

RESULTS

The results of our study document a rising global burden of GBC with geographic and gender variations. The highest burden was noted in the WPRO region (based on WHO regions), Asia (based on continents) and India, Chile, and China (based on countries). The less developed regions of the world account for the majority of the global burden of GBC. The geographic variations are also present within individual countries such as in India and Chile. Females are afflicted at a much higher rate with GBC and this predilection is exaggerated in countries with higher incidence such as India and Chile. In females, people of certain ethnic groups and lower socio‐economic standing are at a higher risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrates a rising global burden of GBC with some specific data on geographic and gender‐based variations which can be used to develop strategies at the global as well as the high‐risk individual country level.
Vincristine‐induced peripheral neuropathy in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Tay Chee Geap , Lee Vanessa Wan Mun , Ong Lai Choo , Goh Khean Jin , Ariffin Hany , Fong Choong Yi
Published: January 2017

Background

Vincristine, an essential component of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) therapeutic protocols, is associated with dose‐dependent neurotoxicity, but its long‐term morbidity in treated children has not been clearly elucidated. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of vincristine‐induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) among Malaysian childhood ALL survivors and its impact on motor function and quality of life.

Procedure

Survivors of childhood ALL aged 4–18 years who had completed chemotherapy for 2 years or more were evaluated for VIPN using both the clinical Total Neuropathy Score (cTNS) and nerve conduction studies. Motor function and quality of life of the survivors were assessed via the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Brief Form, Second Edition (BOT‐2 Brief Form) and the Paediatric Quality of Life version 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL4.0) questionnaire, respectively.

Results

One hundred and one survivors with a duration of follow‐up ranging from 2.0 to 10.3 years were recruited. Twenty‐seven (26.7%) had abnormal cTNS scores and 69 (68.3%) had electrophysiological evidence of neuropathy. Of these, 16 (15.8%) had combined clinical and electrophysiological neuropathy (VIPN). Those previously treated on the intermediate‐ or high‐risk treatment stratification arms had a higher risk of developing VIPN (67.3 vs. 32.7%; odds ratio [OR]: 9.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–71.86; P = 0.014). Survivors with VIPN had significantly lower quality of life scores in the physical (P = 0.024) and social domains (P = 0.039) compared with peers without VIPN, but no association with poorer motor function was observed.

Conclusions

Sixteen percent of ALL survivors had VIPN. VIPN should be increasingly recognised as a late effect of chemotherapy, as it significantly affects physical and social function quality of life.
Adaptive backstepping impact angle control with autopilot dynamics and acceleration saturation consideration
Authors: He Shaoming , Wang Wei , Wang Jiang
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a robust impact angle constraint guidance law for maneuvering target interception in the presence of autopilot dynamics and input saturation. The presented guidance law is designed on the basis of a combination of adaptive backstepping control technique and higher‐order sliding mode differentiator. Different from existing impact angle constraint guidance law using sliding mode control, the line‐of‐sight angular rate and impact angle tracking error are regulated by two different virtual control laws. Because the future course of action of the target, an independent entity, cannot be predicted beforehand, adaptive laws are introduced in guidance law derivation for disturbance rejection. Unlike dynamic surface control approach, higher‐order sliding mode differentiator is adopted here as an alternative way to obtain the derivatives of the virtual control laws, thus leading to the exact tracking performance of backstepping control. Detailed stability analysis shows that both the line‐of‐sight angular rate and impact angle error can be stabilized in a small region around zero asymptotically. Simulation results explicitly show that accurate interception is achieved with a wide range of impact angles. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral assay and chemical characters of female sex pheromones in the hermit crab Pagurus filholi
Authors: Okamura Saori , Kawaminami Takuma , Matsuura Hiroshi , Fusetani Nobuhiro , Goshima Seiji
Published: January 2017

Males of the hermit crabPagurus filholiperform assessment behavior toward females, as a preliminary step of precopulatory guarding, during the reproductive season. It is known that such behavior is elicited by female sex pheromones, but the compounds involved have never been characterized in this species. Several experiments were conducted to develop a reliable bioassay along with purification procedures to identify potential compounds with pheromonal activity inPagurus filholi. We developed a bioassay protocol to assess pheromonal activity by using an empty shell with cotton containing either artificial seawater (control) or test water. We measured and compared the time duration of male assessment behavior toward each shell if the test water contained female sex pheromones. Ultra-filtering of seawater samples potentially containing pheromones showed that the compound was <1 kDa in molecular weight. Males showed precopulatory assessment behavior toward “female conditioned” water samples treated with open column purification and eluted with MeOH, suggesting that compounds triggering male behavior were low polar molecules. Molecules with pheromonal activity were not volatile after freeze drying, effective even after heating to 90 °C, and remained active in seawater at 12 °C even after 6 days from sample collection, which suggests a rather stable characteristic of the female sex pheromones of this species.
Beyond Open Neural Tube Defects: Sagittal Landmarks at 11–14 Weeks in the Prediction of Second Trimester Posterior Fossa Abnormalities
Authors: Ponmozhi G. , Manikandan K. , Gopish Devaki , Rameshkumar Jayalakshmi , Suresh Sudarshan , Suresh Indrani , Seshadri Suresh
Published: January 2017

Background Objective assessment of posterior fossa landmarks such as the measurement of brain stem width or intracranial translucency have not been consistently shown to be predictive of future posterior fossa abnormalities, other than the Arnold–Chiari II malformation.

Objective To study the association between the objective and subjective assessments of the posterior fossa landmarks at the 11–14 weeks’ scan and the posterior fossa abnormalities detected at the second-trimester anomaly scan.

Methods Design—Blinded retrospective case–control study. Setting—Tertiary level multioperator fetal medicine center. Cases-fetuses with one of the second trimester diagnoses of posterior fossa abnormalities (Blake’s pouch cyst, mega cisterna magna, vermian agenesis, Dandy–Walker malformation, cerebellar hypoplasia) that had a 11–14 weeks’ examination at our center; Controls-fetuses with normal second trimester anatomy that had a 11–14 weeks’ examination at our center. Main outcome measures: measurements of the posterior fossa landmarks and subjective assessment of the landmarks.

Results Significant inter-rater agreement existed for three out of four measurements of posterior fossa landmarks. No significant difference was noted in the measurements between cases and controls, in fetuses with measurable landmarks. Abnormal landmarks were more in cases than controls (brainstem OR 4.2 (95% CI 1.5–11.8); intracranial translucency OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.3–10.1); any landmark OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.2–7.9).

Conclusion Abnormal posterior fossa landmarks at the 11–14 weeks’ examination is associated with threefold risk of posterior fossa malformation.
Ethical Considerations for Care of the Child Undergoing Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Carter Martha A.
Published: January 2017

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a complex, highly technical surgical procedure that can offer hope for children born with congenital heart defects. The procedure may only briefly prolong a life, has limited potential for decreasing mortality, and may lead to serious complications, however. Perioperative nurses play an important role in caring for the child who requires ECMO. They are involved in assessing the child, implementing the plan of care, and facilitating communication between the child's family members and the health care team. Thus, perioperative nurses have a responsibility to consider the broad range of ethical issues associated with the procedure. By examining the ethical concepts of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice, and moral distress, the perioperative nurse can better understand the dilemmas that can affect the care and outcome of the critically ill child who requires ECMO.
Quality Initiative Program in its Sixth Year: Has it Become Part of our Radiology Culture?
Authors: Ritchie Heather , Kielar Ania Z. , Hill Fraser , O'Sullivan Joseph P.
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The study sought to determine if the Quality Initiative Program (QUIP) has become part of the radiology culture at our institution.

Methods

After Research Ethics approval, QUIPs from January 2009 to December 2014 were assessed. We evaluated the response rates of radiologists receiving QUIPs to ensure they reviewed them. We performed a survey of radiologists and trainees to gain feedback regarding their perception of QUIPs in February 2014 and in June 2015.

Results

Response rates of radiologists receiving a QUIP improved, with 76% response rate in 2014 up from 66% in the first year and 42% in the second year. Based on the 2015 survey including radiologists and trainees, 75% agreed that QUIPs were educational, compared with 67% 16 months earlier. Fifty percent of respondents had changed their overall practice of reporting based on feedback from the QUIP in 2015 compared with 32% in 2014. In both surveys, 100% of respondents indicated that QUIPs have not been used against them for any disciplinary measure (or other negatively perceived action). When asked if there was a perceived decrease in stigma felt when a QUIP was received, 71% agreed or were neutral and 28% disagreed.

Conclusions

The QUIP is educational to radiologists and trainees, leading to positive changes in clinical practice. The majority accepts this program but there is still a stigma felt when a QUIP is received, particularly among residents. Nevertheless, we feel that QUIP has been integrated into our radiology culture and, hopefully, imminent transition to commercial quality software will be smooth.
Intensive survey of hilltop terrace sites in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Feinman Gary M. , Nicholas Linda M.
Published: January 2017

As part of a long-term project examining the Classic-Postclassic (AD 200-1520) domestic economy in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, we have completed intensive mapping and surface survey at three large, hilltop terrace sites in eastern Tlacolula: Guirún (Saville 1900; 1909), El Palmillo and the Mitla Fortress (Holmes 1897). Earlier surveys (Kowalewskiet al. 1989) indicated that all three sites were craft production centres (stone working) and had extensive Classic and Postclassic occupations (Feinnian & Nicholas 1996).
Ways of telling: Jacquetta Hawkes as film-maker
Authors: Finn Christine
Published: January 2017

This short paper will discuss the role of the archaeologist and writer Jacquetta Hawkes as filmmaker. It is set within the context of her widely ranging work — from poetry and journalism to guide books and academic papers — which made varying contributions to the communication of archaeology from the 1930s to the 1980s
Archaeology, education and Brazilian identity
Authors: Funari Pedro Paulo A.
Published: January 2017

It is now well accepted that archaeology and education are inextricably linked (cf. MacKenzie & Stone 1994) and that the past is often represented as mirrored by the dominant groups in a given society. The late educator Paulo Freire warned that educators ‘need to use their students' cultural universe as a point of departure, enabling students to recognise themselves as possessing a specific and important cultural identity’ (interview in MacLaren 1988: 224). Both education and archaeology deal thus with the manipulation of present and past to forge identities useful for people in power and archaeologists and educators have been active promoters of critical approaches. Critical pedagogy has been concerned with student experience, taking the problems and needs of the students themselves as its starting point and fighting for pedagogical empowerment (Giroux & MacLaren 1986: 234–8).
Did the first farmers of central and eastern Europe produce dairy foods?
Authors: Craig Oliver E. , Chapman John , Heron Carl , Willis Laura H. , Bartosiewicz László , Taylor Gillian , Whittle Alasdair , Collins Matthew
Published: January 2017

Although the origins of domestic animals have been well-documented, it is unclear when livestock were first exploited for secondary products, such as milk. The analysis of remnant fats preserved in ceramic vessels from two agricultural sites in central and eastern Europe dating to the Early Neolithic (5900-5500 cal BC) are best explained by the presence of milk residues. On this basis, the authors suggest that dairying featured in early European farming economies. The evidence is evaluated in the light of analysis of faunal remains from this region to determine the scale of dairying. It is suggested that dairying—perhaps of sheep or goats—was initially practised on a small scale and was part of a broad mixed economy.
A geochemical investigation of the origin of Rouletted and other related South Asian fine wares
Authors: Ford L.A. , Pollard A.M. , Coningham R.A.E. , Stern B.
Published: January 2017

Pottery of the Rouletted ware family belongs to India’s Early Historic period (c. 500 BC to c. AD 200) and has been found as far east as Bali in Indonesia and as far west as Berenike in Egypt. Although they appear similar to Mediterranean products, scientific tests by the authors show that Rouletted ware Arikamedu Type 10 and Sri Lankan Grey ware had a common geological origin in India. Since Grey ware at least pre-dates the arrival of Roman pottery in India, all these related wares were probably the products of indigenous communities.
Irradiation influence on the phenoloxidase pathway and an anti-oxidant defense mechanism inSpodoptera litura(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its implication in radio-genetic ‘F1sterility’ and biorational pest suppression tactics
Authors: Sachdev B. , Khan Z. , Zarin M. , Malhotra P. , Seth R.K. , Bhatnagar R.K.
Published: January 2017

The present study was conducted to appraise the ontogenic radio-sensitivity of a serious tropical pest,Spodoptera litura(Fabr.). The molecular responses pertaining to the phenoloxidase (PO) pathway and an anti-oxidant defense mechanism were evaluated in order to understand its implication in pest control at pre-harvest and post-harvest intervals. Irradiation exhibited an inverse relationship with age with respect to impact on developmental and transcriptional responses. Transcript abundance of PO cascade enzymes, prophenoloxidase (slppo-2),its activating enzyme (slppae-1)and free-radical scavenging enzymes, superoxide dismutase (slsod)and catalase(slcat)was evaluated upon gamma irradiation alone and the dual-stress of radiation plus microbial challenge. Theslppo-2, slppae-1, slsodandslcattranscripts were significantly up-regulated inF1L6 larvae (6th-instar) resulting from 100 Gy sub-sterilized male adults and unirradiated female moths. The extent of upregulation was relatively higher in comparison with L6 survivors (6th-instar larvae) developed from irradiated neonates (L1) treated with 100 Gy. UponPhotorhabduschallenge, the transcripts were down-regulated in irradiated L1 suggesting increased larval susceptibility to bacterial infections. Radioresistance increased with the age of the insect, and molecular responses (transcript abundance) of insect defense mechanism were less influenced when older age (F1progeny) were irradiated. These findings will help to optimize the gamma dose to be employed in inherited sterility technique for (pre-harvest) pest suppression and (post-harvest) phytosanitation and quarantine, and suggest compatible integration of biorational tactics including nuclear technology.
Genetic analysis of visual assessment and body weight traits and their relationships with reproductive traits in Nellore cattle
Authors: PATERNO F. M. , BUZANSKAS M. E. , KOURY FILHO W. , LÔBO R. B. , QUEIROZ S. A.
Published: January 2017

Genetic parameters for visual assessment traits measured at 487 days of age (body structure (BS), finishing precocity (FP) and muscling (MS)), body weight at 450 days of age (W450), age at first calving (AFC), heifer pregnancy (HP) and stayability (STAY, i.e. the probability of a cow to produce at least three calves before reaching 76 months of age) were estimated in Nellore cattle, seeking to include these traits in the selection criteria for dams. The statistical models included additive genetic and residual random effects using single- and two-trait Bayesian analyses. The average heritability estimates were equal to 0·37 for BS, 0·42 for FP, 0·37 for MS and 0·48 for W450. Age at first calving had a low average heritability estimate (0·13), while HP and STAY estimates were higher (0·36 and 0·24, respectively). The genetic correlations between AFC, HP and STAY with visual assessment traits and body weight were favourable, indicating that selecting animals with higher BS, FP, MS and W450 values will result in the indirect selection of animals with lower AFC and successful scores for HP and STAY. The selection of heifers that present an early pregnancy should anticipate AFC and improve HP in the current herd. Except for AFC, the heritability and genetic correlation estimates between the studied traits justify their inclusion in the selection criteria of the Nellore breeding programme.
Why we forget our dreams: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine in wakefulness and REM sleep
Authors: Becchetti Andrea , Amadeo Alida
Published: January 2017

The ascending fibers releasing norepinephrine and acetylcholine are highly active during wakefulness. In contrast, during rapid-eye-movement sleep, the neocortical tone is sustained mainly by acetylcholine. By comparing the different physiological features of the norepinephrine and acetylcholine systems in the light of the GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) model, we suggest how to interpret some functional differences between waking and rapid-eye-movement sleep.
Amplified selectivity in cognitive processing implements the neural gain model of norepinephrine function
Authors: Eldar Eran , Cohen Jonathan D. , Niv Yael
Published: January 2017

Previous work has suggested that an interaction between local selective (e.g., glutamatergic) excitation and global gain modulation (via norepinephrine) amplifies selectivity in information processing. Mather et al. extend this existing theory by suggesting that localized gain modulation may further mediate this effect – an interesting prospect that invites new theoretical and experimental work.
Does arousal enhance apical amplification and disamplification?
Authors: Larkum M. E. , Phillips W. A.
Published: January 2017

We summarize evidence that input to the apical tufts of neocortical pyramidal cells modulates their response to basal input. Because this apical amplification and disamplification provide intracortical mechanisms for prioritization, Mather and colleagues' arguments suggest that their effects are enhanced by noradrenergic arousal. Though that is likely, it has not yet been adequately studied. Their article shows that it should be.
Firestone & Scholl conflate two distinct issues
Authors: Ogilvie Ryan , Carruthers Peter
Published: January 2017

Firestone & Scholl (F&S) seem to believe that the viability of a distinction between perception and cognition depends on perception being encapsulated from top-down information. We criticize this assumption and argue that top-down effects can leave the distinction between perception and cognition fully intact. Individuating the visual system is one thing; the question of encapsulation is quite another.
Acting is perceiving!
Authors: Cañal-Bruland Rouwen , van der Kamp John , Gray Rob
Published: January 2017

We challenge Firestone & Scholl's (F&S's) narrow conceptualization of what perception is and – most important – what it is for. Perception guides our (inter)actions with the environment, with attention ensuring that the actor is attuned to information relevant for action. We dispute F&S's misconceived (and counterfactual) view of perception as a module that functions independently from cognition, attention, and action.
Memory colours affect colour appearance
Authors: Witzel Christoph , Olkkonen Maria , Gegenfurtner Karl R.
Published: January 2017

Memory colour effects show that colour perception is affected by memory and prior knowledge and hence by cognition. None of Firestone & Scholl's (F&S's) potential pitfalls apply to our work on memory colours. We present a Bayesian model of colour appearance to illustrate that an interaction between perception and memory is plausible from the perspective of vision science.
Kinematic effects of number of legs in 6-DOF UPS parallel mechanisms
Authors: Abedinnasab Mohammad H. , Farahmand Farzam , Tarvirdizadeh Bahram , Zohoor Hassan , Gallardo-Alvarado Jaime
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we study the kinematic effects of number of legs in 6-DOF UPS parallel manipulators. A group of 3-, 4-, and 6-legged mechanisms are evaluated in terms of the kinematic performance indices, workspace, singular configurations, and forward kinematic solutions. Results show that the optimum number of legs varies due to priorities in kinematic measures in different applications. The non-symmetric Wide-Open mechanism enjoys the largest workspace, while the well-known Gough–Stewart (3–3) platform retains the highest dexterity. Especially, the redundantly actuated 4-legged mechanism has several important advantages over its non-redundant counterparts and different architectures of Gough–Stewart platform. It has dramatically less singular configurations, a higher manipulability, and at the same time less sensitivity. It is also shown that the forward kinematic problem has 40, 16, and 1 solution(s), respectively for the 6-, 3-, and the 4-legged mechanisms. Superior capabilities of the 4-legged mechanism make it a perfect candidate to be used in more challenging 6-DOF applications in assembly, manufacturing, biomedical, and space technologies.
An analogue of Vosper's theorem for extension fields
Authors: BACHOC CHRISTINE , SERRA ORIOL , ZÉMOR GILLES
Published: January 2017

We are interested in characterising pairs S, T of F-linear subspaces in a field extension L/F such that the linear span ST of the set of products of elements of S and of elements of T has small dimension. Our central result is a linear analogue of Vosper's Theorem, which gives the structure of vector spaces S, T in a prime extension L of a finite field F for which
\begin{linenomath}$$
\dim_FST =\dim_F S+\dim_F T-1,
$$\end{linenomath}
when dimFS, dimFT ⩾ 2 and dimFST ⩽ [L : F] − 2.
Impact of dietary fat composition on prediabetes: a 12-year follow-up study
Authors: Krishnan Sridevi , Steffen Lyn M , Paton Chad M , Cooper Jamie A
Published: January 2017

Objective

Dietary fatty acid composition likely affects prediabetic conditions such as isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); however, this risk has not been evaluated in a large population nor has it been followed prospectively.

Design

Diet, physical activity, anthropometric, socio-economic and blood glucose data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study were obtained from BioLINCC. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate associations of dietary SFA, MUFA, PUFA,n-3 fatty acid (FA) andn-6 FA intakes with incidence of one (isolated IFG) or two (IFG with IGT) prediabetic conditions at the end of 12-year follow-up.

Setting

Study volunteers were from counties in North Carolina, Mississippi, Minnesota and Maryland, USA.

Subjects

Data from 5288 volunteers who participated in the ARIC study were used for all analyses reported herein.

Results

The study population was 62% male and 84 % white, mean age 53·5 (sd5·7) years and mean BMI 26·2 (sd4·6) kg/m2. A moderately high intake of dietary MUFA (10–15 % of total daily energy) was associated with a 10 % reduced risk of isolated IFG incidence, while a high intake ofn-3 FA (>0·15 % of total daily energy) was associated with a 10 % increase in risk. Curiously, moderately high intake ofn-6 PUFA (4–5 % of total daily energy) was associated with a 12 % reduction in IFG and IGT incidence.

Conclusions

MUFA,n-3 andn-6 FA contribute differently to the development of isolated IFGv. IFG with IGT; and their mechanism may be more complex than originally proposed.
Unintended targeting of Dmp1-Cre reveals a critical role for Bmpr1a signaling in the gastrointestinal mesenchyme of adult mice
Authors: Lim Joohyun , Burclaff Joseph , He Guangxu , Mills Jason C , Long Fanxin
Published: January 2017

Cre/loxP technology has been widely used to study cell type-specific functions of genes. Proper interpretation of such data critically depends on a clear understanding of the tissue specificity of Cre expression. The Dmp1-Cre mouse, expressing Cre from a 14-kb DNA fragment of the mouse Dmp1 gene, has become a common tool for studying gene function in osteocytes, but the presumed cell specificity is yet to be fully established. By using the Ai9 reporter line that expresses a red fluorescent protein upon Cre recombination, we find that in 2-month-old mice, Dmp1-Cre targets not only osteocytes within the bone matrix but also osteoblasts on the bone surface and preosteoblasts at the metaphyseal chondro-osseous junction. In the bone marrow, Cre activity is evident in certain stromal cells adjacent to the blood vessels, but not in adipocytes. Outside the skeleton, Dmp1-Cre marks not only the skeletal muscle fibers, certain cells in the cerebellum and the hindbrain but also gastric and intestinal mesenchymal cells that express Pdgfra. Confirming the utility of Dmp1-Cre in the gastrointestinal mesenchyme, deletion of Bmpr1a with Dmp1-Cre causes numerous large polyps along the gastrointestinal tract, consistent with prior work involving inhibition of BMP signaling. Thus, caution needs to be exercised when using Dmp1-Cre because it targets not only the osteoblast lineage at an earlier stage than previously appreciated, but also a number of non-skeletal cell types.
Antibody‐dependent cell cytotoxicity: immunotherapy strategies enhancing effector NK cells
Authors: Ochoa Maria Carmen , Minute Luna , Rodriguez Inmaculada , Garasa Saray , Perez‐Ruiz Elisabeth , Inogés Susana , Melero Ignacio , Berraondo Pedro
Published: January 2017

Antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a set of mechanisms that target cells coated with IgG antibodies of the proper subclasses (IgG1 in the human) to be the prey of cell‐to‐cell cytolysis executed by immune cells expressing FcRIIIA (CD16A). These effectors include not only natural killer (NK) cells but also other CD16+ subsets such as monocyte/macrophages, NKT cells or γδ T cells. In cancer therapy, ADCC is exploited by antibodies that selectively recognize proteins on the surface of malignant cells. An approach to enhance antitumor activity is to act on effector cells so they are increased in their numbers or enhanced in their individual (on a cell per cell basis) ADCC performance. This enhancement can be therapeutically attained by cytokines (that is, interleukin (IL)‐15, IL‐21, IL‐18, IL‐2); immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies (that is, anti‐CD137, anti‐CD96, anti‐TIGIT, anti‐KIR, anti‐PD‐1); TLR agonists or by adoptive infusions of ex vivo expanded NK cells which can be genetically engineered to become more efficient effectors. In conjunction with approaches optimizing IgG1 Fc affinity to CD16, acting on effector cells offers hope to achieve synergistic immunotherapy strategies.
Dynamic behaviour of human neuroepithelial cells in the developing forebrain
Authors: Subramanian Lakshmi , Bershteyn Marina , Paredes Mercedes F. , Kriegstein Arnold R.
Published: January 2017

To understand how diverse progenitor cells contribute to human neocortex development, we examined forebrain progenitor behaviour using timelapse imaging. Here we find that cell cycle dynamics of human neuroepithelial (NE) cells differ from radial glial (RG) cells in both primary tissue and in stem cell-derived organoids. NE cells undergoing proliferative, symmetric divisions retract their basal processes, and both daughter cells regrow a new process following cytokinesis. The mitotic retraction of the basal process is recapitulated by NE cells in cerebral organoids generated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. In contrast, RG cells undergoing vertical cleavage retain their basal fibres throughout mitosis, both in primary tissue and in older organoids. Our findings highlight developmentally regulated changes in mitotic behaviour that may relate to the role of RG cells to provide a stable scaffold for neuronal migration, and suggest that the transition in mitotic dynamics can be studied in organoid models.
Evidence of preserved collagen in an Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaur revealed by synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy
Authors: Lee Yao-Chang , Chiang Cheng-Cheng , Huang Pei-Yu , Chung Chao-Yu , Huang Timothy D. , Wang Chun-Chieh , Chen Ching-Iue , Chang Rong-Seng , Liao Cheng-Hao , Reisz Robert R.
Published: January 2017

Fossilized organic remains are important sources of information because they provide a unique form of biological and evolutionary information, and have the long-term potential for genomic explorations. Here we report evidence of protein preservation in a terrestrial vertebrate found inside the vascular canals of a rib of a 195-million-year-old sauropodomorph dinosaur, where blood vessels and nerves would normally have been present in the living organism. The in situ synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectra exhibit the characteristic infrared absorption bands for amide A and B, amide I, II and III of collagen. Aggregated haematite particles (α-Fe2O3) about 6∼8 μm in diameter are also identified inside the vascular canals using confocal Raman microscopy, where the organic remains were preserved. We propose that these particles likely had a crucial role in the preservation of the proteins, and may be remnants partially contributed from haemoglobin and other iron-rich proteins from the original blood.