bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY OILS AND FATTY ACIDS ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Wood J. D. , Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

Rats were fed diets containing 20% oils and 9% fatty acids and the effect of these compounds on cholesterol metabolism was studied. Unsaturated oils and fatty acids increased total cholesterol in the liver and stimulated the incorporation of C14-acetate into cholesterol both in vivo and in liver homogenates. Saturated material such as coconut oil and lauric acid had the opposite effect with respect to amount of liver cholesterol and to in vivo incorporation. The saturated material had no significant effect on synthesis in homogenates. The effect of oils in the diet was rapid, the stimulating effect of rapeseed oils being observed after the rats had been placed on the diet for as short a period as 3 days.
PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON NEW SYNTHETIC ANTITUSSIVE AGENTS
Authors: Chappel C. I. , Stegen M.-G. P. , Grant G. A.
Published: October 2017

In an attempt to overcome the inherent disadvantage of narcotic antitussive therapy, three basic alkoxy-alkyl esters of phenothiazine-10-carboxylic acid were synthesized and tested for pharmacological activity. These compounds possessed antitussive activity in the cat in the range of activity of codeine. Dimethyl-amino-ethoxy-ethyl phenothiazine-10-carboxylate was chosen, on the basis of strong antitussive activity coupled with low acute toxicity and low antispasmodic activity, for chronic toxicity studies and clinical trial. This compound is devoid of central depressant or analgesic properties and possesses a moderate local anaesthetic action.
THE SURVIVAL OF MAMMALIAN TISSUES PERFUSED WITH INTRAVASCULAR GAS MIXTURES OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Burns B. Delisle , Robson J. G. , Smith G. K.
Published: October 2017

It is possible to maintain active mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscle in good condition for 3 or 4 hours by the intravascular perfusion of these tissues with warm, moist oxygen containing 5% carbon dioxide. Some of the uses of this perfusion technique are discussed.
LINGCOD MUSCLE PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: October 2017

A purine nucleoside phosphorylase enzyme preparation, which catalyzed the general reaction ribose (deoxyribose) [Formula: see text] nucleoside (deoxynucleoside)+orthophosphate, was isolated from muscles of the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). The reaction was found to be about 85% in favor of nucleoside synthesis with 10 μM./ml. concentrations of reactants in the hypoxanthine–inosine system. With similar concentrations of reactants in the guanine–guanosine system the equilibrium was about 75% in favor of nucleoside synthesis, and with considerably higher concentrations of reactants in this system this percentage decreased markedly. Purified preparations were stable for over a year at −20 °C., contained two major protein components (zone electrophoresis and ultracentrifuge data), were rather heat labile, and possessed a maximum activity corresponding to liberation of 32 μM. orthophosphate/mg. protein N/hour. Evidence is given in support of the view that a single enzyme is responsible for the above reaction and that it possesses strict specificity for α-D-ribofuranose 1-phosphate and deoxyribose 1-phosphate. Of a large number of substituted purines investigated, only the following were active: hypoxanthine, xanthine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-methylpurine, 8-azaguanine, guanine, adenine, and 2, 6-diaminopurine. Methods are given for the preparation, in good yield, of analytically pure dicyclohexylammonium salts of ribose 1-phosphate and deoxyribose 1-phosphate.
THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY ZINC DEFICIENCY ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF MALE RATS
Authors: Millar M. J. , Fischer M. I. , Elcoate P. V. , Mawson C. A.
Published: October 2017

Dietary zinc deficiency produced by feeding a zinc-poor diet (0.5 μg. zinc per g.) to weanling rats for 8 weeks caused marked retardation in body growth, depressed growth and development of testes, epididymes, accessory sex organs, and pituitary glands, and in many cases severe atrophy of testicular germinal epithelium. The zinc concentration of dorsolateral prostates, testes, epididymes, and bone was reduced in zinc-deficient rats compared with controls receiving the zinc-poor diet plus 100 μg. zinc daily. Restricted feeding of the zinc-supplemented diet to produce body weights comparable to those in zinc-deficient rats caused a reduction in pituitary gland and accessory sex organ size which was similar to that observed in zinc-deficient rats. Testis growth and development were normal in the restricted controls and did not differ from controls fed ad libitum. The zinc concentration of dorsolateral prostates was reduced in restricted controls but exceeded that in the zinc-deficient rats. All the observed changes produced by zinc deficiency except the testicular atrophy were reversed when zinc was replaced in the diet. If testicular atrophy had occurred, neither testis nor epididymis regained normal size, function, or zinc concentration.
PLATELET FACTOR 1 RELATED TO PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATION
Authors: Fell Colin , Seegers Walter H.
Published: October 2017

Concentrates of platelet factor 1 were made from bovine platelets. Being bound to fine particles, the activity was not obtained in solution. The activity of the concentrates is destroyed by heating at 53 °C., at pH 5.2, by extraction with ether, by drying with acetone, or by standing at −20 °C. The concentrates accelerated the clotting of whole blood, and also the activation of prothrombin either to form thrombin or a non-thrombin derivative. Activation of purified prothrombin occurred under several different circumstances, and different end products formed. Platelet factor 1 concentrates appear to have a general property of accelerating alterations in the prothrombin molecule independently of these variants.
THE DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE
Authors: Robinson G. A. , DeLuca H. A.
Published: October 2017

A method for the determination of protein-bound iodine in plasma is described. It is based essentially on the method of Barker, Humphrey, and Soley, which makes use of the catalytic effect of iodide on the reduction of ceric ion by arsenious acid. A number of improvements have been made in the direction of ease of manipulation and an over-all saving of time.
PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ORGANIC ACIDS: VARIATIONS IN SOLVENT COMPOSITION
Authors: Harpur R. P.
Published: October 2017

In order to facilitate the analysis of nonvolatile organic acids by partition chromatography with silica, the relation of solvent composition to the rate of movement of the acids has been investigated. It was found that with chloroform, n-amyl alcohol, and dilute sulphuric acid the logarithm of the peak volume, and hence of the partition coefficient, is proportional to the logarithm of the alcohol concentration. The spread of the zones bears a direct linear relation to the peak volume. A simple graphical method is shown for planning a suitable solvent program for any particular set of acids. Stepwise elution is more suitable than a logarithmic gradient for this type of system.
PRODUCTION WITH SODIUM SULPHATES OF AN ELECTROLYTE–STEROID-GARDIOPATHY CHARACTERIZED BY NECROSES (ESCN), AND ITS PREVENTION BY MgCl2 AND KCl
Authors: Selye Hans
Published: October 2017

Massive myocardial necroses and hemorrhagic necroses of the liver can be produced by combined treatment with monosodium or disodium sulphate (NaHSO4 or Na2SO4) and 2α-methyl-9α-chlorocortisol (Me-Cl-COL) in the rat. In this respect, the effect of the sulphates resembles that previously described for sodium phosphates and perchlorate. It differs from that of most other sodium salts that have been tested for this activity up to the present time.NaCl slightly inhibits the cardiotoxic and hepatotoxic effect of concurrent treatment with Na2SO4 plus Me-Cl-COL. Equimolecular amounts of MgCl2 or KCl are even considerably more effective in this respect. It is noteworthy that, under these experimental conditions, the effect of 1 mM. of Na2SO4 can be inhibited by 0.5 mM. of MgCl2 or KCl.We may conclude from these observations that, in rats conditioned by a highly active corticoid, such as Me-Cl-COL, the production of an "infarctoid cardiopathy" (as well as of the accompanying hepatic changes) does not only depend upon the sodium ion, but is largely influenced by the simultaneous presence of other anions and cations.
STUDIES ON HUMAN ADRENAL STEROIDS: 2. ISOLATION OF 20α-DIHYDROCORTICOSTERONE FROM THE PLASMA OF NORMAL MALES TREATED WITH CORTICOSTERONE
Authors: Southcott C. M. , Sproule V. A. , McIntosh Hamish , Darrach Marvin
Published: October 2017

Five fasting normal male humans were infused intravenously with 200 mg. of corticosterone. Blood samples were then withdrawn at various time intervals and the plasma was analyzed for individual Δ4-3-keto C21adrenal steroids. In each case 20α-dihydrocorticosterone appeared as a metabolite. The isolated corticosterone and 20α-dihydrocorticosterone were characterized chemically and quantitative plasma levels of each are reported.
AN AUSCULTATORY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE DIGITAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: Gaskell P. , Krisman A. M.
Published: October 2017

The digital systolic and diastolic blood pressures in human subjects were estimated by means of an auscultatory technique similar to the clinical auscultatory method of measuring brachial blood pressure. The stethoscope was modified by substituting a digital plethysmograph (into which the finger was sealed) for the usual diaphragm. Korotkoff sounds were heard through the stethoscope as a pneumatic cuff around the base of the finger was deflated from a suprasystolic level. In comparison of this method with the plethysmographic method of measuring digital systolic pressure and with a method involving direct observation of resumption of blood flow in capillary loops of the nailfold as an end point when a cuff on the finger was deflated from a supra-systolic level, it was found that the first sound is as reliable an index of systolic pressure as those used in the other methods.
DEGRADATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BY HOT ALKALI
Authors: Hurst R. O. , Kuksis A.
Published: October 2017

An extensive destruction of deoxyribonucleic acid has been observed during prolonged treatment with 1 N sodium hydroxide at 100° C. After 4 hours of hot alkaline hydrolysis there was complete destruction of cytosine, only about 50% of which could be accounted for by conversion to uracil; adenine was destroyed to the extent of 60% without deamination to hypoxanthine, whereas guanine and thymine were not affected. The diphenylamine color test for deoxyribose showed a decrease of 35% and a similar decrease was obtained with the cysteine – sulphuric acid test. A decrease of 26% in the ultraviolet light absorption corresponded to the value calculated on the basis of the destruction of the purine and pyrimidine bases.
ACTIVATION OF FACTOR VII BY ASBESTOS IN BEEF PLASMA AND SERUM
Authors: Israels L. G. , Friesen E. , Sinclair C.
Published: October 2017

The adsorption of beef plasma on asbestos markedly shortens the one-stage prothrombin time of the plasma when tissue thromboplastin is used as the throm boplastic agent. This adsorption on asbestos does not affect the Russell viper venom time of the plasma. The adsorbed plasma exhibits increased factor VII activity over that of the original plasma. An eluate can be prepared from the asbestos which prolongs the one-stage prothrombin time sof beef and human plasma.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14COMPOUNDS: VIII. FORMATION OF AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTIN IN THE WHEAT KERNEL
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Mitra A. K. , Perlin A. S.
Published: October 2017

Tracer techniques have been used to examine the pattern by which the straight-chain and branched components of wheat starch are laid down in the maturing kernel. The starches were isolated from kernels of wheat plants to which had been administered glucose-1-C14, acetate-1-C14, or acetate-2-C14at different periods of active growth under field conditions. Fractionation of the starches gave amylose and amylopectin and, in addition, a minor fraction of amylopectin, all labelled with carbon-14. Notable differences were found in the specific activity of these starch fractions, and in the distribution of carbon-14 within the monomeric units of samples labelled via glucose-1-C14. These findings indicate that the process of starch deposition in the kernel is not extensively reversible. Amylopectin appears to be formed from amylose, in agreement with current views, and it is suggested that the minor amylopectin component is an intermediate in this conversion process.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF THE EXPOSED PLATINUM ELECTRODE FOR MEASURING OXYGEN TENSION IN VIVO
Authors: Inch William Rodger
Published: October 2017

The equation governing the distribution of oxygen around a stationary exposed platinum electrode was solved for the size of electrode used and for a number of different times. In protein solutions the oxygen polarogram could be satisfactorily monitored by measuring the diffusion current at −0.6 and −0.7 volts. After using the platinum electrode in solutions containing protein it was found necessary and sufficient to clean it in acid dichromate solution followed by neutralization in a buffer solution. This procedure reproduced the original diffusion current. In solutions containing heterogeneities with small coefficients of oxygen diffusion, the electrode current was found to be less than when the heterogeneities were not present.
THE INFLUENCE OF THIOURACIL ON THE RESPONSES OF THE IMMATURE PULLET TO ESTROGEN, WITH REFERENCE TO OVIDUCT HYPERTROPHY, SERUM CALCIUM, AND LIVER COMPOSITION
Authors: Common R. H. , Maw W. A. , Layne D. S. , McCully K. A.
Published: October 2017

Thiouracil was given to sexually immature pullets at a level of 0.05% of the diet for 14 days before and also during treatment with 0.5 mg estradiol benzoate (ODB) or 1.0 mg ODB daily for 14 days. The thiouracil treatment did not modify the estrogen-induced hypercalcemia after 7 days, but after 14 days it enhanced significantly the blood calcium response to 1.0 mg ODB per day. The positive effects of thiouracil and of estrogen on liver weight per kg live weight were significant and additive. The comparatively low level of thiouracil used did not increase liver fat per kg live weight significantly, but it increased significantly the positive effect of estrogen on liver fat. The thiouracil treatment had no significant effect on liver deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNAP) but it increased liver pentose nucleic acid phosphorus (RNAP) per kg live weight significantly both in absence and presence of estrogen. The thiouracil treatment had no effect on the responses of the oviduct to estrogen.In a second experiment the effects of (a) 1.0% thiouracil for 10 days before and also during a 14-day estrogen treatment of 1.0 mg ODB per day and of (b) 1.0% thiouracil given concurrently with 1.0 mg ODB per day were studied. Neither thiouracil treatment affected the response of the oviduct to estrogen. The other results confirmed previous observations.In a third experiment, 1.5 mg ODB was given every other day for 14 days. When thiouracil at a level of 1% was given concurrently with the estrogen, it enhanced significantly the response of the oviduct. When 1% thiouracil was given also for 10 days before the estrogen, then it did not enhance the response of the oviduct. This experiment suggests that the conditions under which thiouracil will enhance estrogen-induced hypertrophy of the oviduct are narrowly defined. Other results were in general agreement with previous observations.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: VI. FORMATION OF THE SIDE CHAIN OF THE PHENYLPROPANE MONOMER
Authors: Wright D. , Brown Stewart A. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

A number of aromatic compounds having carbon side chains of varying length and substitution have been studied as lignin precursors. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was poorly utilized, indicating that the formation of C6,C3units from a condensation of C6,C1, and C2fragments is of very limited significance. The C6,C2compound, mandelic acid, was not converted to lignin. DL-Phenyllactic acid was incorporated into lignin with much lower dilution than either DL-erythro- or DL-threo-phenylglyceric acids, and with appreciably lower dilution than DL-phenylhydracrylic acid, supporting the concept that lignin monomers are formed via 2-hydroxylated phenylpropane intermediates. Wheat utilized the D-form of phenylalanine less readily than the L-form. Although three monocotyledons tested could utilize (+)- and (−)-phenyllactic acid to a comparable degree, two dicotyledons showed a marked preference for the (−)-form, suggesting that in dicotyledons the enzyme system specific for the (−)-form is predominant.
THE USE OF FURFURAL FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ACETONE BODIES IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Lyon Jr. John B. , Bloom Walter L.
Published: October 2017

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of acetone plus acetoacetate, and total acetone bodies in blood and urine is described. It is based upon the condensation of acetone and furfural in the presence of a strong base to form difurfurylidene–acetone, which develops a red to violet color in strong acid. A standard Thunberg tube, which is heated and cooled in a water bath, is used as a microrefluxing and a microdistillation unit. The effective range is from 1 to 6 μg of acetone per sample. The average standard deviation, based on recoveries of added material, was 5%. When the method was applied to determinations of blood and urine of several species, the results agreed with those reported by others.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE LARGE SCALE PREPARATION OF CALF THYMUS DEOXYRIBONUCLEATE
Authors: Hurst R. O.
Published: October 2017

Isolation of deoxyribonucleate from a concentrated solution of thymonucleoprotein has been achieved by disruption of the protein nucleate bond with potassium thiocyanate, adsorption of the protein on celite, and alcohol precipitation of the deoxyribonucleate from aqueous salt solution. Highly polymerized nucleate can be obtained readily from 1 lb of calf thymus tissue in high yield.
DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSE IN FISH BLOOD: A MODIFICATION OF THE FOLIN–MALMROS MICROPROCEDURE
Authors: Murrell Leonard R. , Nace Paul F.
Published: October 2017

A modification of the Folin–Malmros micromethod is described for the determination of fish blood glucose. A more efficient separation of blood proteins is obtained by precipitating 0.1 ml blood in 10.0 ml tungstic acid. This is followed by hot alkaline reduction of ferricyanide, and colorimetric measurement of a Prussian blue – sodium lauryl sulphate suspension. The method, which eliminates certain difficulties found in other procedures, has been successfully applied in more than a thousand analyses of blood from two species of fish (Opsanus and Ictalurus) having glucose concentrations between 15 and 250 mg per cent.
STUDIES ON A LIPOXIDASE SYSTEM FROM SUNFLOWER SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS
Authors: Gamborg Oluf L. , Zalik Saul
Published: October 2017

Lipoxidase activity was obtained in enzyme preparations from sunflower seeds and seedlings. A partly purified preparation from seedlings was used for enzyme kinetic studies. The pH optimum was 6.8 and 100% oxygen was required for maximum activity. The Michaelis constant, with potassium linoleate as substrate, was 1.64 × 10−3 M. The reaction products were conjugated dienes. Enzyme activity was not affected by various metal and sulphydryl inhibitors nor by α-tocopherol, but catechol, α-naphthol, ethanol, and potassium oleate were inhibitory. Oil from flax, rape, and sunflower seeds reduced total oxidation of linoleate by the enzyme. Copper sulphate increased the rate and total oxidation of the linoleate–lipoxidase system, but iron, manganese, magnesium, and calcium were without effect. Lipoxidase activity was associated with mitochondrial (15,000 × g), intermediate (25,000 × g), and microsomal (100,000 × g) fractions, as well as with the soluble cytoplasmic proteins. Lipoxidase activity in seedlings increased during initial stages of germination, then decreased. The most rapid depletion of total fat in the seedlings coincided with maximum lipoxidase activity.
BIOCOLLOIDS IN NORMAL HUMAN URINE: I. AMOUNT AND ELECTROPHORETIC CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Webb T. , Rose B. , Sehon A. H.
Published: October 2017

The biocolloids of normal urine have been isolated and characterized by free electrophoresis and electrophoresis on filter paper. An average of 133 mg of material was recovered from 24-hour aliquots of normal urine. This material was composed of at least seven components as revealed by free electrophoresis at pH 8.6. Five of these components were similar in electrophoretic mobility to the five serum components. A relatively large amount of material was present which behaved like the acid mucoproteins of normal serum. No lipoproteins were detected. Some of the components of the urinary biocolloids were shown to be derived from human serum γ-globulins by labelling the latter with radioactive iodine.
BIOCOLLOIDS IN NORMAL HUMAN URINE: II. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Webb T. , Rose B. , Sehon A. H.
Published: October 2017

The biocolloids of normal urine were separated by electrophoresis on starch and compared with similarly prepared fractions of serum by ultracentrifugal, free diffusion, and immunochemical techniques. The albumin fraction of urine was indistinguishable from the serum component. The urinary γ2-globulins were shown to consist of low molecular weight (10,000) fragments of the normal serum components. The other globulins of the urine were antigenically related to some of the serum components but appeared to contain lower molecular weight materials. Some of the components of normal serum could not be detected in the urine and the urine contained at least two components which were not present in the serum.
SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND LACTIC ACID AFTER MUSCULAR EXERCISE IN THE RAT
Authors: Sréter F. A. , Friedman Sydney M.
Published: October 2017

Untrained young rats were exercised on a treadmill for a standard time at different speeds. A linear correlation between the intensity of the exercise and the degree of plasma [K] rise was observed. On the other hand, exercise at standard speed for varying durations was found to cause an increase in plasma [K] only during the early stages of the exercise. A fall in plasma [Na] was a constant accompaniment of exercise but no definite correlation to either intensity or duration was found. Lactic acid rose only with relatively severe exercise or with excitement. Blood sugar did not vary. Old rats responded to even mild exercise with a marked [K] shift accompanied by a well-defined rise in lactic acid.
SOME PHYSIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ESTERS OF CETYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Calloway Doris Howes , Kurtz George W. , Potts Rorert B.
Published: October 2017

Palmitic, oleic, and butyric acid esters of cetyl alcohol were fed to mature rats. Cetyl palmitate was quantitatively excreted in the feces and produced no physiologic aberration. While cetyl oleate was 75% absorbable, it was of little value as an energy source and was partially excreted through the skin. Feeding of cetyl butyrate also induced seborrhea. Data on free fatty acids in gastrointestinal contents and on the specificity of seborrheic lipids indicate that cetyl esters are largely absorbed without hydrolysis, if the fatty acid moiety is readily absorbable, and excreted by way of the skin without modification.
COMPARISON OF CARDIOTOXIC ACTIONS OF CERTAIN SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES
Authors: Chappel Clifford T. , Rona George , Balazs Tihor , Gaudry Roger
Published: October 2017

Rats were injected subcutaneously on 2 consecutive days with various doses of four sympathomimetic amines. The doses chosen were the median lethal dose or fractions thereof. The animals were sacrificed at 48 hours and myocardial lesions were graded in the gross and after histological sectioning. A synthetic adrenergic agent, isoproterenol, was found to cause severe infarct-like myocardial necrosis. The lesions which were seen after isoproterenol treatment were more severe than those produced by l-epinephrine, l-arterenol, or ephedrine. This was the case whether the severity of the lesions was expressed in terms of single dose lethality of the compound or in terms of absolute amount. It was concluded that the myocardial lesions produced by these drugs are related to their cardiac stimulant properties.
REACTION OF THE THYMUS TO TRAUMA IN DRUM-RESISTANT RATS
Authors: Hruza Z. , Chytil F.
Published: October 2017

The reaction of the adrenals and thymus to trauma in a Noble–Collip drum was studied in control rats and in rats that had developed trauma-resistance by increasing traumatization in this drum. Although the reaction of the adrenals is the same in both groups as determined by the ascorbic acid and cholesterol content, the thymus decreases in weight only in control animals exposed to trauma for the first time. Thymus regresses in trauma-resistant rats only after a mortal dose of trauma. Trauma-resistant rats have heavier adrenal glands than control animals. This difference is more expressed in males than in females. Catabolic doses of cortisone cause a lesser loss in thymus weight in resistant animals than in control rats. After sterile abscess, the loss of thymus weight was only slightly smaller in trauma-resistant rats.
THE MODE AND SITE OF THE RENAL ACTION OF PARATHYROID EXTRACT IN THE DOG
Authors: Nicholson T. F.
Published: October 2017

When 20 U.S.P. units per kg of parathyroid extract were injected intravenously into dogs with unilateral distal tubular nephrosis, the phosphate excretion from the normal kidney increased significantly, but there was no change in the amount of phosphate excreted by the nephrotic kidney. In dogs with unilateral nephrosis affecting the first third or the last two thirds of the proximal tubules, parathyroid extract produced a similar increase in phosphate excretion by the normal and the nephrotic kidneys. It is concluded that the site of renal action of parathyroid extract is in the distal tubule and that its mode of action is to stimulate active excretion of phosphate.
SILICA METABOLISM IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Sauer F. , Laughland D. H. , Davidson W. M.
Published: October 2017

The excretion of silica (SiO2)n in urine and feces was determined following the oral and intraperitoneal administration of silica to guinea pigs. The urinary excretion of silica after oral administration generally reached a maximum value that was not exceeded by increasing the dose. The urinary excretion after intraperitoneal administration was considerably greater than after oral administration. The results of these experiments suggested that orally and intraperitoneally administered silica is depolymerized to the soluble form prior to excretion in the urine.
THE DESTRUCTION OF O,O-DIETHYL-S-2-DIETHYLAMINOETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOLATE BY LIVER MICROSOMES
Authors: Scaife J. F. , Campbell D. H.
Published: October 2017

Liver homogenates prepared from the rat, rabbit, mouse, and guinea pig possess an enzyme system capable of destroying O,O-diethyl-S-2-diethylaminoethyl phosphorothiolate at the rate of 150 to 200 μg/hr/g of fresh tissue. The homogenates prepared from the pig, dog, cow, and frog destroyed this compound at a rate of 50 to 100 μg/hr/g, but those prepared from man and the cat possessed negligible activity. Rat plasma, brain, kidney, diaphragm, whole gut, and spleen also possessed little or no activity. This enzyme system is located in the microsomes, disruption of which is accompanied by loss of enzymatic activity. The activity is dependent upon oxygen, inorganic phosphate, and diphosphopyridine nucleotide. Inhibitor studies indicate that enzymic SH-groups are necessary. The enzyme has no action on diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, isosystox, or tetraethyl pyrophosphate, although these compounds are rapidly destroyed by the liver.
ESTIMATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS BY THE REDUCTION OF FERRICYANIDE
Authors: Stephenson N. R.
Published: October 2017

A procedure based on a modification of Folin's micromethod for blood sugar (1, 2) was used to investigate the reducing activity of various corticosteroids. The ferrocyanide produced as a result of the reduction of ferricyanide in alkaline solution was measured photometrically as Prussian blue. With a filter transmitting light at 620 mμ, the relation between the absorbance of the chromogen and the amount of the reducing steroid obeyed Beer's law over the range from 0.005 to 0.050 mg. The oxygen function at C-3 accounted for most of the reducing power of the non-alpha ketolic steroids studied. An oxygen function at C-11 did not affect significantly the reduction of ferricyanide by 17-desoxycorticosteroids. Although the presence of a hydroxyl at C-17 depressed the reducing activity of the alpha-ketol side chain, a fluorine at C-9 and an hydroxyl at C-11 appeared to overcome this inhibiting effect. Evidence was obtained to suggest that a C-16 hydroxyl group was able to increase the reducing action of the alpha-ketolic side chain. Esterification of the C-21 hydroxyl influenced the reduction of ferricyanide only when interference with hydrolysis of the ester in the alkaline medium was experienced.
STUDIES ON THE TIME COURSE OF THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX TO HISTAMINE AND COLD
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Casselman W. G. Bruce , Large Rosemary E.
Published: October 2017

Rats were injected with histamine or exposed to cold. In either case there was a transient elevation in the output of corticosteroids by the excised adrenal glands in vitro but a prolonged fall in adrenal ascorbic acid. The return of steroid formation to pre-exposure or even lower rates within three hours was not accompanied by any further change of the concentration of adrenal ascorbic acid.
LE DOSAGE DE L'ADRÉNALINE ET DE LA NORADRÉNALINE : I. RÉACTION MODIFIÉE DES CATÉCHOLAMINES AVEC L'ÉTHYLÈNEDIAMINE
Authors: Nadeau Guy , Sobolewski Georges
Published: October 2017

A modification to the method of Weil-Malherbe and Bone for the estimation of adrenaline and noradrenaline is suggested. The catecholamines are first allowed to react with ammonium molybdate at room temperature. Ethylenediamine reagent is then added to the catecholamine–molybdate complexes, and the reaction is carried out in two different steps: at room temperature, and at 50 °C. This procedure ensures a more adequate oxidation of the catecholamines and controls the variable effect of metallic ions either present in biologic samples or introduced during adsorption on alumina. The fluorescence is also significantly increased, although the amount of ethylenediamine added is reduced, thus decreasing the fluorescence of the reagent blanks. Another modification of the original method for the differential estimation of both catecholamines is based solely on the different rates of reaction of the molybdate complexes with ethylenediamine; this eliminates the need of reading the fluorescence at two different wavelengths.
VITAMIN B6AND MENTAL DEFICIENCY: THE EFFECTS OF LARGE DOSES OF B6(PYRIDOXINE) IN PHENYLKETONURIA
Authors: McGeer Edith G. , Tischler Bluma
Published: October 2017

Vitamin B6was given to 10 phenylketonuric patients in doses up to 150 mg/day for a period of 9 weeks. Their clinical signs, behavior, intelligence, E.E.G.('s), serum phenylalanine levels, urinary phenylpyruvic acid and phenol levels, and excretions of ethyl-acetate-soluble aromatic derivatives were followed serially. No changes of significance to phenylketonuria were found, although chromatographic evidence indicated some changes in excretion of a few aromatic derivatives, notably Nα-acetyltryptophan.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, GLUCOSE UTILIZATION, AND GROWTH IN MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Dales Samuel , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: October 2017

The effect of carbon monoxide on respiration, growth, and carbohydrate metabolism of Earle's L strain cells was investigated. The rate of gas uptake by suspensions of cells in a Warburg respirometer was the same from mixtures containing various proportions of CO/O2/N2or containing only O2/N2. Apparently carbon monoxide was not inhibiting oxygen consumption. In respirometers filled with carbon monoxide and oxygen in the ratio of 9:1, illumination caused the net gas uptake to rise 23% above that of the controls. This suggests that the rate of oxygen consumption in the dark was reduced as a consequence of an inhibition of a respiratory enzyme by carbon monoxide. In keeping with this suggestion, a spectroscopic examination revealed the presence in L cells of absorption bands corresponding to those of the cytochrome enzymes. Using differential manometers it was established for the first time that carbon monoxide is taken up by L cells in the dark. It is concluded that a fraction of the gas uptake which is represented by the consumption of oxygen associated with normal metabolism must be reduced in the presence of carbon monoxide. It is also concluded that L cells oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The rate of multiplication of cells was reduced by carbon monoxide while the rate of glucose breakdown and lactic acid production were markedly accelerated, suggesting that there was an inhibition of cytochrome oxidase. Low partial pressures of oxygen also reduced the rate of multiplication of L cells while increasing the rate of glucose disappearance and the rate of lactic acid production. The observations reported here thus emphasize the role of aerobic oxidations in the maintenance of the maximum rate of growth.
ACCLIMATIZATION TO COLD: OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF THE REDUCED IMMEDIATE ADRENAL RESPONSE
Authors: Nicholls Doris , Molloy Rosemary , Stavraky Kathleen , Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

The incorporation of inorganic phosphorus labelled with P32 into the inorganic phosphorus of the adrenal gland was measured in rats acclimatized to cold for 4 weeks. Previously it was reported that the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to brief cold exposure (2 hours at −5 °C), as judged by the increased P32 incorporation is considerably decreased in rats that have been acclimatized. Some observations are now reported on the mechanism of this reduced immediate response.The administration of ACTH, pitressin, or adrenaline caused similar increases in the adrenal phosphorus metabolism in acclimatized and non-acclimatized control rats. Acclimatization could still be demonstrated in rats after the fur had been removed by clipping.From these results it is concluded that the decreased immediate pituitary–adrenal response to an exposure to more severe cold, observed in acclimatized rats, is not the result of an increased fur thickness, nor is it the result of a decreased sensitivity of the adrenal tissue to ACTH, or to a decreased sensitivity of the pituitary or hypothalamus to a given stimulus. It is suggested that the reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to a more severe cold stress in acclimatized rats might be due to an alteration in the sensitivity of the peripheral nerve receptors, or in the mechanism, nervous or otherwise, whereby the pituitary is stimulated.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: 1. A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIOS
Authors: Chapman D. G. , Castillo Raul , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

A bioassay procedure for the evaluation of the nutritional quality of the protein in foods is described. This method involves measurement of the protein efficiency ratio (grams gain per gram protein consumed) under standardized conditions. Male rats of the Wistar strain 20–23 days of age are fed ad libitum an otherwise adequate reference diet containing 10% protein supplied by a standard sample of casein. Foods to be assayed are added to the diet as the sole source of protein at the expense of the casein and corn starch to maintain a protein level of 10%. Protein efficiency ratios (P.E.R.'s) are calculated after 4 weeks and are adjusted to a constant value of 2.5 for casein. Although influenced by the age of rat and subject to certain inherent criticisms, determination of P.E.R. values was found to be a simpler method for evaluating protein quality than determination of net protein retention or net protein utilization and equally sensitive.
STUDIES ON CALCIUM PHOSPHATE FATTY ACID SALTS OCCURRING IN FECAL LIPIDS
Authors: Richards J. F. , Carroll K. K.
Published: October 2017

The presence of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic, eicosenoic, and erucic acid in the diet of rats causes a marked increase in lipid-soluble calcium and phosphorus in the feces. A proposed structure of a calcium phosphate fatty acid complex salt for this material has been confirmed by chemical synthesis and characterization by paper chromatography.
EFFECT OF X IRRADIATION ON THE METABOLISM OF C14-GLUCOSE AND C14-FRUCTOSE IN RAT LIVER SLICES
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Spence W. P. , Johnston M. J.
Published: October 2017

The utilization of C14-glucose and C14-fructose in liver slices from normal rats and from rats exposed to 1000 r of whole-body X irradiation was studied. Liver slices prepared from normal rats were incubated with C14-glucose or C14-fructose in equivalent amounts and the incorporation of C14into carbon dioxide, glycogen, and an ethanolic extract was determined. After the rats had been fasted 4 or 24 hours the amount of C14incorporated into glycogen and carbon dioxide from C14-fructose was greater than that incorporated from C14-glucose but the total radioactivity in the ethanolic extracts was approximately the same for both hexoses. When liver slices prepared from normal and X-irradiated rats were incubated with C14-glucose or C14-fructose 4 or 24 hours after irradiation, the samples obtained from irradiated rats incorporated a greater amount of C14into carbon dioxide, glycogen, and the ethanolic extract, with the exception of the 24-hour samples incubated in the presence of labelled glucose. In the latter instance incorporation into carbon dioxide fell below the normal value. The total C14recovery from the three fractions was always higher in the X-irradiated samples than in the corresponding control samples. Further examination of the ethanolic extracts (amino acids, lactic acid, and origin area material) separated by paper partition chromatography revealed additional differences between the samples of liver from normal and X-irradiated rats in their ability to incorporate C14from either labelled hexose. These differences were apparent in samples incubated either 4 or 24 hours after X irradiation of the animals.
ON THE ANTIGENICITY OF INSULIN: FLOCCULATION OF INSULIN-ANTIINSULIN
Authors: Moloney P. J. , Aprile M. A.
Published: October 2017

Serum from a horse which had received a series of injections of crystalline ox insulin showed typical flocculation with a solution of crystalline ox and pig insulins and with crude insulin extracted from the pancreas of the rabbit, horse, monkey, whale, and human. Flocculation was due to insulin and its corresponding antibody, since both insulin and antiinsulin, measured by mouse convulsion test, could be recovered from floccules. The ratio of insulin antibody to insulin (equivalence zone) is in the order of 497 to 553 micrograms per unit of insulin (40 μg). This corresponds to a molecular ratio of antibody: insulin of 3:1.
INHIBITION OF THE ESTERATIC ACTIVITY OF THROMBIN BY SARIN AND TABUN
Authors: Shuster J. , Scaife J. F. , Grant G. A.
Published: October 2017

Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin) and ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (tabun) have been found to inhibit the esteratic activity of thrombin towards the substrate p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester. The rate of inhibition is markedly dependent on pH and is greatest in alkaline solutions. At pH 7.8 and 25 °C, the specific rate for inhibition by tabun at a concentration of 6.17 × 10−4 M is 0.0271 minutes−1and for sarin at a concentration of 7.15 × 10−5 M it is 0.0232 minutes−1. Thrombin which is completely inhibited by sarin could not be reactivated by use of oximes at pH 9 and concentrations of 0.02 M.
ENZYME RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ACTION OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
Authors: Smallman B. N.
Published: October 2017

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THE SILICA CONTENT OF GUINEA PIG TISSUES AS DETERMINED BY CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES
Authors: Sauer F. , Laughland D. H. , Davidson W. M.
Published: October 2017

The concentration of silica in guinea pig and cow tissues was determined by the silicomolybdic acid reaction. The silica concentration was relatively low in all tissues but was greater in hair and lung than in muscle, liver, and kidney. The silica concentration of tissues was apparently not influenced by the silica concentration of the diet. The silica concentration in guinea pig and cow tissues was approximately the same.Experiments with Si31O2indicated that orally administered silica was rapidly absorbed and excreted. The suggestion is made that silica is present both in an organic and inorganic form and that the latter is rapidly eliminated from the body.
OXIME REACTIVATION STUDIES OF INHIBITED TRUE AND PSEUDO CHOLINESTERASE
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: October 2017

Electric eel cholinesterase and purified pseudo cholinesterase from horse serum were inhibited with sarin, tabun, or O, O-diethyl-S-2-diethylaminoethyl phosphorothiolate. The inhibited enzymes were then reactivated at 25 °C with one of the oximes: pyridine 2-aldoxime methiodide, 1, 1′-trimethylene bis (4-hydroximinomethyl pyridinum) bromide, and 1-(3-triethylammoniopropyl)-4-hydroximinomethyl pyridinium dibromide. Two kinetically different types of reactivation were found; in one, reactivation was progressive with time, while in the other it was rapid initially followed by an equilibrium condition which was dependent upon the concentration of uninhibited enzyme in the system. The type of reactivation varied according to the nature of the enzyme, oxime, or inhibitor under investigation. Reactivation was always found to be dependent upon the concentration of oxime and inhibited enzyme, pH, and the presence of substrate. The rate of change at 25 °C of the inhibited enzymes to a form incapable of being reactivated has been assessed.
THE ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND PROPERTIES OF DINUCLEOTIDES FROM ALKALI HYDROLYZATES OF RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS
Authors: Lane B. G. , Butler G. C.
Published: October 2017

The isolation, identification, and properties of dinucleotides from alkali hydrolyzates of RNA are described. Preparative methods for obtaining the alkali-labile dinucleotides which were found in our 18-hour hydrolyzates of RNA in 1 M potassium hydroxide are described, and it is noted that all of them (ApAp, ApGp, ApUp, GpAp, and GpCp) are not susceptible to pancreatic ribonuclease at the concentrations of the enzyme which are customarily employed for hydrolytic degradations. It has been found, however, that two of these dinucleotides (ApAp and ApUp) are susceptible to pancreatic ribonuclease at concentrations of the enzyme which are about five thousand times greater than those customarily employed. The rate constants of first order hydrolysis in alkali of ApAp, ApGp, ApUp, GpAp, and GpCp are found to be correspondingly lower than the rate constants for two dinucleotides which were not found in our 18-hour hydrolyzates, and which are susceptible to pancreatic ribonuclease. Furthermore, it is reported that the eight possible diribonucleotides which are not susceptible to pancreatic ribonuclease (ApAp, ApGp, ApCp, ApUp, GpGp, GpAp, GpCp, and GpUp) are found in roughly equivalent amounts in a 2-hour alkali hydrolyzate of a preparation of yeast RNA, and account for 80–90% of the dinucleotides present.In addition to the alkali-labile dinucleotides found in alkali hydrolyzates of RNA, the isolation and preliminary characterization of five alkali-stable compounds are reported.
DIET AND CHOLESTEREMIA: III. EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEINS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE LIPIDS IN WHEAT GLUTEN
Authors: Nath Narindar , Harper A. E. , Elvehjem C. A.
Published: October 2017

The effects of different dietary levels of several proteins on the serum cholesterol concentration of the rat have been determined. With diets containing casein, serum cholesterol concentration was lowest when the protein level was 30–40%. The cholesteremic effects of fibrin and pork were similar to that of casein. Zein exerted a marked hypercholesteremic effect which could be counteracted by replacing it in part with casein. A soybean protein (Drackett) fed at high levels led to lower, and fed at lower levels, led to higher serum cholesterol concentrations than were observed with comparable levels of casein.Wheat gluten fed to rats on a hypercholesteremic regimen caused a marked lowering of serum cholesterol concentration. However, when cholesterol and cholic acid were excluded from the diet, the substitution of wheat gluten for casein as the dietary protein caused a rise in serum cholesterol concentration. Extraction of wheat gluten with absolute ethanol led to the separation of lipid-like material possessing cholesterol-lowering activity. The extracted wheat gluten had a marked hypercholesteremic effect.
INSTRUMENT FOR WITHDRAWEL AND PRODUCTIONING OF FLUIDS
Authors: Campbell James
Published: October 2017

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ANTIGENIC PROPERTY AND ELECTROPHORETIC BEHAVIOR OF THE SERUM ALBUMIN OF RATS BEARING THE WALKER TUMOR
Authors: Dufour D. , Berlinguet L. , Loiselle J. M.
Published: October 2017

The serum of Walker tumor-bearing rats contains antigens which give an immunological response with rabbit anti-Walker antibodies. These antigens are located in the albumin fraction of the serum. The albumins of the normal and cancerous rats have different migration rates during electrophoresis and different levels of polysaccharides.
PREPARATION OF CAFFEIC AND DIHYDROCAFFEIC ACIDS BY METHODS SUITABLE FOR INTRODUCTION OF C14 INTO THE β-POSITION
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

3,4-(Dibenzyloxy)-benzoyl chloride (m.p. 95°) was prepared from the corresponding acid, and reduced to 3,4-(dibenzyloxy)-benzaldehyde (m.p. 86°) by Rosenmund's method. The over-all yield of this aldehyde was 52%, based on the barium carbonate used for preparation of the acid. The aldehyde was debenzylated by hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, and the protocatechualdehyde thus obtained was condensed with malonic acid, to give caffeic acid. Condensation of 3,4-(dibenzyloxy)-benzaldehyde with malonic acid gave 3,4–(dibenzyloxy)-cinnamic acid (m.p. 206–208°) which was converted to dihydrocaffeic acid by catalytic hydrogenation. The over-all yields of caffeic and dihydrocaffeic acids were 36% and 39%, respectively, based on barium carbonate. Protocatechuic acid was readily obtained by hydrogenolysis of 3,4-(dibenzyloxy)-benzoic acid; the yield was 70% based on carbonate.
OBSERVATIONS ON PROTEIN DIGESTION IN VIVO: II. DIETARY FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF CASEIN FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Peraino Carl , Rogers Quinton R. , Yoshida Minoru , Chen Mou-Liang , Harper Alfred E.
Published: October 2017

The effects of various dietary changes on the emptying of solids and nitrogen from the stomach and on the disappearance of nitrogen from the gastrointestinal tract of rats trained to consume a single meal daily are described. When the animals were fed 5 g of food the presence of casein in the diet caused a general deceleration of stomach-emptying and altered the shape of the stomach-emptying curve. The presence of 50% of casein in the diet did not result in an accumulation of nitrogen in the intestine much above the amount found when a protein-free diet was fed. When dextrin was the dietary carbohydrate the diet emptied from the stomach as a homogeneous mixture, whereas when sucrose was the dietary carbohydrate the casein emptied from the stomach more slowly than did the other components of the diet. Raising the dietary level of fat to 50% caused a general deceleration of emptying and abolished the above-mentioned carbohydrate effect. No delay in stomach-emptying due to the presence of casein in the diet was noted when only 1.5 g of diet was fed. As the level of food intake was raised the total quantity of nitrogen emptying from the stomach per unit time increased although a greater percentage of the amount ingested emptied from the stomach when the level of food intake was low.