bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cancer-unique glycan: de-N-acetyl polysialic acid (dPSA) linked to cell surface nucleolin depends on re-expression of the fetal polysialyltransferase ST8SIA2 gene
Authors: Moe Gregory R. , Steirer Lindsay M. , Lee Joshua A. , Shivakumar Adarsha , Bolanos Alejandro D.
Published: September 2021

Background

Polysialic acid (polySia) modifies six cell surface proteins in humans mainly during fetal development and some blood cells in adults. Two genes in humans,ST8SIA2andST8SIA4, code for polysialyltransferases that synthesize polySia.ST8SIA2is highly expressed during fetal development and in cancer but not in adult normal human cells.ST8SIA4is expressed in fetal and adult brain, spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood leukocytes and in cancer. We identified a derivative of polySia containing de-N-acetyl neuraminic acid residues (dPSA), which is expressed on the cell surface of human cancer cell lines and tumors but not normal cells.

Methods

dPSA-modified proteins in several human cancer cell lines and normal blood cells were identified using co-immunoprecipitation with anti-dPSA antibodies, mass spectroscopy and Western blot. RNAi and CRISPR were used to knockdown and knockout, respectively, the polysialyltransferase genes in human melanoma SK-MEL-28 and neuroblastoma CHP-134 cell lines, respectively, to determine the effect on production of cell surface dPSA measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

Results

We found that dPSA is linked to or associated with nucleolin, a nuclear protein reported to be on the cell surface of cancer but not normal cells. Knocking down expression ofST8SIA2with RNAi or knocking out each gene individually and in combination using CRISPR showed that cell surface dPSA depended on expression ofST8SIA2.

Conclusions

The presence of dPSA specifically in a broad range of human cancers but not human adult normal cells offers novel possibilities for diagnosis, prevention and treatment targeting the dPSA antigen that appears to be cancer-specific, consistent across not only human cancers but also species, and may be an unrecognized mechanism of immune shielding.
LightGBM: accelerated genomically designed crop breeding through ensemble learning
Authors: Yan Jun , Xu Yuetong , Cheng Qian , Jiang Shuqin , Wang Qian , Xiao Yingjie , Ma Chuang , Yan Jianbing , Wang Xiangfeng
Published: September 2021

LightGBM is an ensemble model of decision trees for classification and regression prediction. We demonstrate its utility in genomic selection-assisted breeding with a large dataset of inbred and hybrid maize lines. LightGBM exhibits superior performance in terms of prediction precision, model stability, and computing efficiency through a series of benchmark tests. We also assess the factors that are essential to ensure the best performance of genomic selection prediction by taking complex scenarios in crop hybrid breeding into account. LightGBM has been implemented as a toolbox, CropGBM, encompassing multiple novel functions and analytical modules to facilitate genomically designed breeding in crops.
Scrotal wall leiomyosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Erfani Zahra , Azari-yam Aileen , Yahyazadeh Seyed Reza
Published: September 2021

Background

Up to 30% of all scrotal masses are sarcomas. Leiomyosarcoma of the scrotal wall is rare, and its clinical significance and prognosis have not been well defined, since the most reported cases have little or no follow-up.

Case presentation

We report a 45-year-old Caucasian man who was admitted with a firm, nontender, mobile scrotal wall mass from 15 months ago. Laboratory data including testicular tumor markers were within normal range, and transscrotal ultrasonography revealed an oval-shaped, hypoechogenic, solid mass with blood flow and well-defined border. Histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry staining, following surgical excision, were in favor of malignant leiomyosarcoma.

Conclusion

Here we describe the morphological features and immunohistochemical presentations of the tumor and the patient’s relatively long-term follow-up.
Failure of Israeli pediatric residency curricula to cover child development and special education issues: results of a national survey on levels of knowledge
Authors: Tokatly Latzer Itay , Grossman Zachi , Sachs Nimrod , Yahal Orr , Even-Zohar Daniel , Carmon Lior , Flor-Hirsch Hadar , Ringel Amit , Farah Christopher Fady , Avni-Maskit Moran , Leitner Yael
Published: September 2021

Background

There is an increasing prevalence of developmental difficulties among Israeli children. We aimed to assess whether pediatricians are equipped to diagnose and manage them.

Methods

We assessed the knowledge of basic child development issues and availability of services and content of special education systems among a randomly selected national sample of residents and senior Israeli pediatricians. This was done via an 70-itemed survey developed especially for this study which consisted of seven main subjects: developmental milestones, global developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, protocol for referring to a child development institute, availability and facilities of special education systems, and medical conditions associated with developmental delay.

Results

A total of 310 pediatricians (an 86 % usable response rate) participated. The total median knowledge score was 32.1 % (IQR 17.8–53.5 %). Knowledge was significantly better among senior pediatricians (p < .001), those working in an office-based setting (p < .001), and those who were parents (p < .001) or had a family history of a developmental condition (p = .003). Most responders (94 %) felt that their resident training in child development was inadequate, and that they do not have sufficient access to resources and guidelines about child development and special education systems (80 %).

Conclusions

The gap in knowledge on topics of child development and special education systems among Israeli pediatricians stems from inadequacies in the current curricula of pediatric residencies. The alarmingly low scores of our survey on these issues call for prompt revamping of the syllabus to include them.
Autoinflammation leading to autoimmunity in adult-onset Still’s disease: more than simple coincidence?
Authors: Valor-Méndez Larissa , Manger Bernhard , Cavallaro Alexander , Achenbach Stephan , Schett Georg , Rech Jürgen
Published: September 2021

Background

Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with endocarditis, with or without a cardiac decompensation.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 68-year-old Caucasian male diagnosed with AOSD after an initial acute manifestation of endocarditis with severe aortic acute manifestation of endocarditis with severe aortic insufficiency. The histological findings revealed Libman–Sacks endocarditis. He was treated with the IL-1 receptor inhibitor anakinra. Two years later the patient developed a symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction (23.5%) and functional anti-beta-1-adrenergic receptor antibodies, which was initially treated with plasmapheresis; anakinra was maintained. While his AOSD symptoms responded well, our patient presented with recurrent arthritis in multiple joints, dual-energy CT showed urate deposition compatible with a gouty arthropathy. Over 7 years, he presented with recurrent episodes of arthritis and the adjustment of dosages of colchicine and febuxostat was needed. In 2018, our patient died due to a deterioration of his underlying cardiac disease.

Conclusions

Only two cases with initial endocarditis prior to AOSD diagnosis have been published, and we are not aware of any other cases reporting -β1AR-Ab development with DCM and gout in the setting of AOSD treated with anakinra.
30-day readmission rate in pediatric otorhinolaryngology inpatients: A retrospective population-based cohort study
Authors: Geißler Katharina , Rippe Wido , Boeger Daniel , Buentzel Jens , Hoffmann Kerstin , Kaftan Holger , Mueller Andreas , Radtke Gerald , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Analysis of frequency and reasons for planned and unplanned 30-day readmission in hospitalized pediatric otorhinolaryngology patients using German Diagnosis Related Group (G-DRG) system data.

Methods

A retrospective population-based cohort study in Thuringia, Germany, was performed for the year 2015 with 2440 cases under 18 years (55.6% male) out of a total number of 15.271 inpatient cases. The majority of pediatric patients were from 2 to 5 years old (54.5%). The most frequent diagnoses were hyperplasia of adenoids or/and tonsils (26.6%). 36 cases (1.5%) experienced readmission within 30-days.

Results

30-day readmission was planned in 9 cases (25% of all readmission) and was unplanned in 27 cases (75%). The median interval between index and readmission treatment was 8 days. Postoperative bleeding after adenoidectomy, tonsillotomy/tonsillectomy or tracheostomy (33.4%) and infectious complications after surgery like acute otitis media, abscess formation or fever (36.2%) were the most frequent reasons for 30-day readmission. Compared to adults treated in 2015 in Thuringia, the readmission rate was higher in adult patients (8.9%) than in this pediatric cohort. In contrast to children, readmissions in adults were mainly planned (65.1%) with a different spectrum of underlying diseases and reasons for readmission.

Conclusion

The 30-day readmission rate seemed to be lower for pediatric otolaryngology patients compared to adult patients. Unplanned readmissions dominated in pediatric patients, whereas planned readmissions dominated in adults.
Effect of biochar addition on legacy phosphorus availability in long-term cultivated arid soil
Authors: Alotaibi Khaled D. , Arcand Melissa , Ziadi Noura
Published: September 2021

Background

Continuous application of phosphorus (P) nutrient in association with its low recovery results in large amounts of P being accumulated in soil in different forms. Use of biochar can be a possible means to mobilize soil legacy P and increase its bioavailability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the potential impact of a range of biochar types on P fractions in a long-term cultivated arid soil with high legacy P content.

Methodology

The soil was treated with biochar produced from four feedstock sources (BFS): sewage sludge (SSB), olive mill pomace (OPB), chicken manure (CMB), and date palm residues (DRB) pyrolyzed at 300, 500, or 700 °C in addition to an untreated control. The soil biochar mixture was incubated for 1 month followed by soil P fractionations using sequential chemical extraction to separate soil P into: labile (Resin-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po), moderately labile (NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po), and non-labile (HCl-Pi and Residual-P) pools.

Results

Biochar addition clearly influenced most of the soil P fractions; however, the extent of this effect greatly varied depending on BFS and pyrolysis temperature (PT). The most evident biochar impact was observed with labile P pool, with the greatest increase being observed in NaHCO3-Pi fraction in most biochar treatments. Irrespective of PT, SSB and CMB were the most effective biochar type in increasing labile inorganic P; the SSB and CMB increased Resin-Pi by 77 and 206% and NaHCO3-Pi by 200 and 188%, respectively. In contrast, DRB made no changes in any P fraction. Differences in effects of biochar types on labile P is presumably related to the higher content of P in biowaste-based biochar compared to plant-based biochar which have much lower P content. The SSB, CMB, and OPB produced at low temperature reduced HCl-Pi content, indicating that these biochars may have stimulated organic matter decomposition and thereby dissolution of non-labile Ca-associated P to labile P forms.

Conclusion

Overall, biochar addition appeared to be an effective approach in enhancing legacy P availability in arid soil. However, further studies are necessary to verify these findings in the presence of plant and for a longer period.

Graphic abstract
Exploring determinants of community pharmacist-led influenza vaccination in a Middle Eastern country: a national web-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Youssef Dalal , Abou-Abbas Linda , Hassan Hamad
Published: September 2021

Background

Utilizing community pharmacists (CPs) as immunizers has being adopted in various countries as approach to boost influenza vaccination coverage. Our study aims to explore the Lebanese CPs’ willingness to administer influenza vaccine, and to identify factors associated with this willingness.

Methods

This is a web-based, cross-sectional study, conducted over 2 months, from the 1st of November to the end of December 2020. Self-reported data were collected electronically from Lebanese CPs through an anonymous, questionnaire using google form. The collected data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to examine factors associated with the willingness of CPs to administer influenza vaccine.

Results

A total of 412 CPs participated in this survey of which 76.9% are willing to administer influenza vaccines. More than 90% of them had a good overall knowledge score and 88.8% of CPs showed a positive overall attitude score, particularly towards involvement of CPs in influenza vaccine provision. Their willingness to administer vaccine was positively associated with the younger age (aOR = 3.12 with 95% CI (1.597–4.040)), higher education level (aOR = 2.02 with 95% CI (1.093–3.741)), previous experience in immunization (aOR = 2.72 with 95% CI (1.320–5.627)) and urbanicity of pharmacy (aOR = 1.542 with 95% CI (1.219–4.627)). Extensive working hours (aOR = 2.34 with 95% CI (1.131–4.845)), working in pharmacies that are operating round-the-clock, showing positive attitude towards immunization (aOR = 3.01 with 95% CI (1.872–6.422)) and towards provision of influenza vaccines (aOR = 13.72 with 95% CI (13.721–38.507)) were also positively associated to this willingness. Conversely, patient privacy (aOR = 0.55 with 95% CI (0.079–0.983)), time and cost for professional development (aOR = 0.55 with 95% CI (0.172–0.918)), limited patient’s trust (aOR = 0.39 with 95% CI (0.203–0.784)), financial remuneration (aOR = 0.18 with 95% CI (0.088–0.377)), and requirement of formal certification in vaccine administration (aOR = 0.07 with 95% CI (0.020–0.279)) were negatively associated to this willingness.

Conclusion

Addressing the unearthed concerns related to utilizing CPs as influenza immunizers through a concerted effort is a key to success in any future implementation of vaccination services in pharmacies.
Malignant perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm in the liver: report of a pediatric case
Authors: Baba Tokuro , Kawano Takafumi , Saito Yusuke , Onishi Shun , Yamada Koji , Yamada Waka , Masuya Ryuta , Nakame Kazuhiko , Kawasaki Yota , Iino Satoshi , Sakoda Masahiko , Kirishima Mari , Kaji Tatsuru , Tanimoto Akihide , Natsugoe Shoji , Ohtsuka Takao , Moritake Hiroshi , Ieiri Satoshi
Published: September 2021

Background

Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm (PEComa) in a child is very rare. We herein report the first malignant case of PEComa developing in the liver of a pediatric patient.

Case presentation

A 10-year-old boy visited a private clinic with prolonged fever of unknown etiology. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed to evaluate the fever’s origin, revealing a large tumor in the liver. He was thus referred to a nearby hospital to investigate the tumor further. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a 6.8 × 5.9 × 10.5-cm solid lesion on S4 and S5. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the tumor had a low signal intensity on T1 imaging and high signal intensity on T2 imaging, with partial diffusion restriction. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed a marked uptake in the mass lesion with no evidence of metastasis. The patient was negative for all tumor markers, including AFP, CEA and PIVKA-II. The results of a needle biopsy suggested hepatocellular carcinoma. The tumor’s rapid growth suggested malignancy. Hepatic segmentectomy (S4 + S5 + S8) was performed. The tumor was resected en bloc with a margin. Microscopically, the tumor showed atypical spindle, polygonal or oval-shaped cells with a high nuclear grade, and vascular invasion. Immunohistochemistry was positive for alpha-smooth muscle antigen (α-SMA), human melanin black-45 (HMB-45) and melan A. The pathological diagnosis was malignant PEComa. In the 6 months after surgery, the patient complained of shoulder pain. MRI showed a dumbbell-shaped tumor at the 2nd thoracic vertebrae, which was confirmed to be bone metastasis of PEComa. After chemotherapy, including ifosfamide and doxorubicin, vertebrectomy was performed. Two years later, thoracoabdominal CT showed a 10-cm solid mass occupying the pelvis and a 15-mm nodule in the middle lobe of the right lung. Under a diagnosis of peritoneal and lung metastases, they were surgically removed and metastasis of PEComa was pathologically confirmed. Four months after the 2nd relapse, pelvic metastasis appeared again and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor was initiated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of malignant hepatic PEComa in a pediatric patient.

Conclusion

Although extremely rare, malignant hepatic PEComa can develop in a child.
Factors affecting participant recruitment and retention in borderline personality disorder research: a feasibility study
Authors: Woo Julia , Shahid Hamnah , Hillmer Alannah , Abdullah Alamna , Deshpande Sarah , Panesar Balpreet , Sanger Nitika , Samaan Zena
Published: September 2021

Background

Previous studies have shown that stigma is a major barrier to participation in psychiatric research and that individuals who participate in psychiatric research may differ clinically and demographically from non-participants. However, few studies have explored research recruitment and retention challenges in the context of personality disorders.

Aim

To provide an analysis of the factors affecting participant recruitment and retention in a study of borderline personality disorder among general psychiatric inpatients.

Methods

Adult inpatients in a tertiary psychiatric hospital were approached about participating in a cross-sectional study of borderline personality disorder. Recruitment rates, retention rates, and reasons for declining participation or withdrawing from the study were collected. Demographic characteristics were compared between participants and non-participants and between patients who remained in the study and those who withdrew.

Results

A total of 71 participants were recruited into the study between January 2018 and March 2020. Recruitment and retention rates were 45% and 70%, respectively. Lack of interest was the most commonly cited reason for non-participation, followed by scheduling conflicts and concerns regarding mental/physical well-being. Age and sex were not predictors of study participation or retention.

Conclusions

More research is needed to explore patients’ perspectives and attitudes towards borderline personality disorder diagnosis and research, determine effects of different recruitment strategies, and identify clinical predictors of recruitment and retention in personality disorder research.
Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries
Authors: Menshawi Mohammed Abdelsalam , Fahim Hany Magdy
Published: September 2021

Background

The purpose of this study was the assessment of the analgesic and hemodynamic implications of dexmedetomidine used as an additive to bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane (SAP) block for patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries (VATS ) under general anesthesia.

Results

The hemodynamic stability was maintained perioperatively with no significant difference of MBP and HR recordings between the two study groups (P > 0.05). The time to 1st postoperative analgesic demand was significantly longer in group BD than in group B (P < 0.05). The postoperative total nalbuphine and rescue ketorolac requirements were significantly lower in group BD than in group B (P < 0.05). The VAS scores were significantly lower in group BD at 8th and 12th h postoperatively than in group B, with no significant difference at 0–6 h and 18–24 h postoperatively (P > 0.05). Ramsay sedation scores were significantly higher in the group BD than in group B in the initial 1st h after surgery (P < 0.05) with no significant difference at the subsequent postoperative recordings (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Using dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg) as an additive to bupivacaine for SAP block prolongs the duration of postoperative analgesia and reduces the postoperative analgesic requirements in the 1st 24 h after VATS without any significant side effects.
Successful anaesthetic management of a COVID-positive patient with multiple comorbidities: regional anaesthesia to the rescue
Authors: Aghi Shweta , Muthuswamy Srinivasan , Bhatia Nidhi , Kajal Kamal , Bandyopadhyay Anjishnujit
Published: September 2021

The perioperative anaesthetic management of a case of COVID-19 pneumonia with multiple systemic comorbidities, posted for unilateral below knee amputation and debridement of hand, poses a uniquely challenging scenario for the anaesthesiologist. We hereby report such a case which was managed successfully using ultrasound-guided popliteal and wrist block along with perioperative use of high flow nasal cannula, incentive spirometry and awake proning.
Feasibility analysis of GNSS-based ionospheric observation on a fast-moving train platform (GIFT)
Authors: Yu Shiwei , Liu Zhizhao
Published: September 2021

The ionospheric effect plays a crucial role in the radio communications. For ionospheric observing and monitoring, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been widely utilized. The ionospheric condition can be characterized by the Total Electron Contents (TEC) and TEC Rate (TECR) calculated from the GNSS measurements. Currently, GNSS-based ionospheric observing and monitoring largely depend on a global fiducial network of GNSS receivers such as the International GNSS Service (IGS) network. We propose a new approach to observe the ionosphere by deploying a GNSS receiver on a Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) train. We assessed the TECR derived from the MTR-based GNSS receiver by comparing it with the TECR derived from a static GNSS receiver. The results show that the Root-Mean-Squares (RMS) errors of the TECR derived from the MTR-based GNSS receiver is consistently approximately 23% higher than that derived from the static GNSS receiver. Despite the increased error, the findings suggest that the GNSS observation on a fast-moving platform is a feasible approach to observe the ionosphere over a large region in a rapid and cost-effective way.
Optimal Thyroid Hormone Replacement
Authors: Jonklaas Jacqueline
Published: September 2021

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrinopathy, and levothyroxine is frequently prescribed. Despite the basic tenets of initiating and adjusting levothyroxine being agreed on, there are many nuances and complexities to consistently maintaining euthyroidism. Understanding the impact of patient weight and residual thyroid function on initial levothyroxine dosage and consideration of age, comorbidities, thyrotropin goal, life stage, and quality of life as levothyroxine is adjusted can be challenging and continually evolving. Because levothyroxine is a lifelong medication, it is important to avoid risks from periods of overtreatment or undertreatment. For the subset of patients not restored to baseline health with levothyroxine, causes arising from all aspects of the patient’s life (coexistent medical conditions, stressors, lifestyle, psychosocial factors) should be broadly considered. If such factors do not appear to be contributing, and biochemical euthyroidism has been successfully maintained, there may be benefit to a trial of combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine. This is not supported by the majority of randomized clinical trials, but may be supported by other studies providing lower-quality evidence and by animal studies. Given this discrepancy, it is important that any trial of combination therapy be continued only as long as a patient benefit is being enjoyed. Monitoring for adverse effects, particularly in older or frail individuals, is necessary and combination therapy should not be used during pregnancy. A sustained-release liothyronine preparation has completed phase 1 testing and may soon be available for better designed and powered studies assessing whether combination therapy provides superior therapy for hypothyroidism.
Is Parental Divorce Homogamy Associated With a Higher Risk of Separation From Cohabitation and Marriage?
Authors: Kailaheimo-Lönnqvist Sanna , Fasang Anette Eva , Jalovaara Marika , Struffolino Emanuela
Published: September 2021

Numerous studies have shown that parental divorce is associated with an increase in adult children's divorce risk. We extend this literature by assessing how parental divorce on both sides of a couple is related to their partnership dynamics, specifically, whether there is parental divorce homogamy and whether a history of parental divorce for both partners is associated with increased dissolution risks for cohabiting and married unions. We use Finnish Census Panel data on 28,021 cohabiting and marital partnerships to conduct event-history models that follow individuals between ages 18 and 45. Findings show substantial parental divorce homogamy. Children with experience of parental divorce have 13% greater odds of cohabiting with and 17% greater odds of marrying a fellow child of divorcees, compared with those whose parents have not divorced. Moreover, contrary to evidence from the United States and Norway, our findings for Finland support an additive—rather than multiplicative—association between parental divorce homogamy and union dissolution. Parental divorce homogamy increases offspring's union dissolution risk by 20% for cohabitation and 70% for marriage, compared with couples for whom neither partner's parents are divorced. In Finland, the sizes of these associations are notably weaker than in the United States and Norway, likely because cohabitation and separation are more widespread and socially accepted in Finland, and an expansive welfare state buffers the socioeconomic consequences of divorce.
Ocellar spatial vision in Myrmecia ants
Authors: Penmetcha Bhavana , Ogawa Yuri , Ryan Laura A. , Hart Nathan S. , Narendra Ajay
Published: September 2021

In addition to compound eyes, insects possess simple eyes known as ocelli. Input from the ocelli modulates optomotor responses, flight-time initiation, and phototactic responses – behaviours that are mediated predominantly by the compound eyes. In this study, using pattern electroretinography (pERG), we investigated the contribution of the compound eyes to ocellar spatial vision in the diurnal Australian bull ant Myrmecia tarsata by measuring the contrast sensitivity and spatial resolving power of the ocellar second-order neurons under various occlusion conditions. Furthermore, in four species of Myrmecia ants active at different times of the day, and in European honeybee Apis mellifera, we characterized the ocellar visual properties when both visual systems were available. Among the ants, we found that the time of activity had no significant effect on ocellar spatial vision. Comparing day-active ants and the honeybee, we did not find any significant effect of locomotion on ocellar spatial vision. In M. tarsata, when the compound eyes were occluded, the amplitude of the pERG signal from the ocelli was reduced 3 times compared with conditions when the compound eyes were available. The signal from the compound eyes maintained the maximum contrast sensitivity of the ocelli as 13 (7.7%), and the spatial resolving power as 0.29 cycles deg−1. We conclude that ocellar spatial vison improves significantly with input from the compound eyes, with a noticeably larger improvement in contrast sensitivity than in spatial resolving power.
History of the Concept of Similarity in Natural Sciences
Authors: Grigoriadou Virginia John , Coutelieris Frank A. , Theologou Kostas
Published: September 2021

The concept of similarity has been discussed by many scientists and philosophers since ancient times. Thales of Miletus, Euclid, Aristotle, Galileo, Newton, Edgar Buckingham, and the modern philosopher of science Susan G. Sterrett are examples of intellectuals who perceived and examined the concept of similarity, while many scientists incorporated it in their scientific methodology. The wide range and variety of definitions of similarity could result in confusion regarding the meaning of the concept, the role the similarity mechanism plays in scientific methodology, and the identification of scientific fields to which similarity could be applied. The main aim of this paper was to enhance the understanding of the notion of similarity. To this end, we examined the historical evolution of the concept of similarity and the utilization of the mechanism of similarity in various eras of human intellectual activity, ranging from antiquity to the present day. In this context, the research hypothesis we investigated was the existence of specific and distinct stages of evolution within the long history of the concept of similarity in parallel with the evolution of scientific thought. A core question that motivated our work was when and under which conditions did the transition from the “technocratic” utilization of similarity (i.e., the use of similarity as a solution for practical problems) to its theoretical documentation and its conscious and systematic use as a significant experimental tool occurred. Another important question examined was whether there was a certain era that favored the development of the concept of similarity more than other historical periods. In order to address this hypothesis and respond to these questions, we sought to trace the evolution of conceptualizing and using similarity in different spatial and temporal contexts, formed by the corresponding historical, institutional, religious, and social conditions as well as the characteristics of the scientific methodology established during the period the similarity concept evolved.
Variability in soil properties influencing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajana L.) yield: a multivariate statistical analysis
Authors: N L Rajesh , K Narayana Rao , U Sathishkumar , V B Wali , K Basavaraj , H V Rudramurthy , B K Desai
Published: September 2021

Aims: The aim of the study was to reveal the variability in soil properties influencing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajana L.) seed yield under semi-arid rainfed condition.

Methods: Soils were initially classified into series level and further these series were divided into soil-phase units. For two site years viz., 2018-19 and 2019-20, surface soil samples from each soil-phase unit were collected before sowing of pigeonpea and subsequently crop growth parameters at critical stages were recorded.

Results: The principal component analysis with varimax rotation resulted in seven components for both the site years, having eigenvalues greater than one, explained more than 80% of the variability. The step wise linear regression analysis showed that the pigeonpea seed yield was linearly correlated with PC3 (p<0.01), PC4 (p<0.01) and PC7 (p<0.05) of soil properties with R2 = 0.679, during 2018-19. Whereas, during 2019-20, the seed yield was linearly correlated with PC1 (p<0.01), PC3 (p<0.01) and PC6 (p<0.05) with R2 = 0.677. In site year 1, the available P2O5, Fe, Zn, S, Cu, number of pods, surface soil moisture determined the yield. In site year 2, the available K2O, P2O5, Fe, Zn, S, clay, CEC and available water content determined the yield. All these variables together explain variability in yield.
Delicate balance: the relationship between internal astigmatism and lens astigmatism
Authors: Liu Meng , Dai Cheng , Zhou Guimei , Lv Xiaodong , Li Jingjia , Li Binzhong
Published: September 2021

Background: Due to lack of equipment for directly measuring crystal morphology, there has been little research on lenticular astigmatism. The purpose of this study was to accurately explore the correlation between internal astigmatism and lens astigmatism in patients with ametropia.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, China, in September 2020. Diopter values (refractive astigmatism, RA) of patients with ametropia was recorded, and the corneal and lens biological parameters were measured by CASIA2 (corneal/anterior segment optical correlation tomography analyzer). Biometric parameters, including the total corneal astigmatism (total corneal astigmatism, TCA), anterior and posterior curvature radius of the lens (anterior curvature radius of the lens, ACL;  posterior curvature radius of the lens, PCL), internal astigmatism (internal astigmatism, IA), anterior and posterior astigmatism of the lens (anterior astigmatism of the lens, AAL;  posterior astigmatism of the lens, PAL) were measured. Grouping and comparisons were made according to gender and age.

Results: In total, 151 participants (293 eyes) were included in the analysis. There were significant ( P<0.05) differences in the IA ( Z=-2.194, P=0.028) according to gender, but not in the other parameters. By age group, there were statistically significant differences in the TCA ( H=10.609, P=0.005), IA ( F=3.722, P=0.025), and PAL ( H=8.254, P=0.016), but not in the others. The IA was positively correlated with the age ( r=0.155, P=0.008), RA ( r=0. 534, P<0.001), AAL ( r=0.308, P<0.001), and was negatively correlated with the TCA ( r=-0.244, P<0.001). The regression equation between the IA and AAL was: Y (IA) =-0.626 +0.447 X (AAL).

Conclusions:  Internal astigmatism is mainly related to the anterior astigmatism of the lens, and the higher the anterior astigmatism of the lens, the higher the internal astigmatism; At the same time, internal astigmatism increases with age.
Rapid viral metagenomics using SMART-9N amplification and nanopore sequencing
Authors: Claro Ingra M. , Ramundo Mariana S. , Coletti Thais M. , da Silva Camila A. M. , Valenca Ian N. , Candido Darlan S. , Sales Flavia C. S. , Manuli Erika R. , de Jesus Jaqueline G. , de Paula Anderson , Felix Alvina Clara , Andrade Pamela dos Santos , Pinho Mariana C. , Souza William M. , Amorim Mariene R. , Proenca-Modena José Luiz , Kallas Esper G. , Levi José Eduardo , Faria Nuno Rodrigues , Sabino Ester C. , Loman Nicholas J. , Quick Joshua
Published: September 2021

Emerging and re-emerging viruses are a global health concern. Genome sequencing as an approach for monitoring circulating viruses is currently hampered by complex and expensive methods. Untargeted, metagenomic nanopore sequencing can provide genomic information to identify pathogens, prepare for or even prevent outbreaks.

SMART (Switching Mechanism at the 5′ end of RNA Template) is a popular method for RNA-Seq but most current methods rely on oligo-dT priming to target polyadenylated mRNA molecules. We have developed two random primed SMART-Seq approaches, ‘SMART-9N’, and a version compatible with barcoded PCR primers available from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, ‘Rapid SMART-9N’, for the detection, characterization, and whole-genome sequencing of RNA viruses. The methods were developed using viral isolates, clinical samples, and compared to a gold-standard amplicon-based method. From a Zika virus isolate the SMART-9N approach recovered 10kb of the 10.8kb RNA genome in a single nanopore read. We also obtained full genome coverage at a high depth coverage using the Rapid SMART-9N, which takes only 10 minutes and costs up to 45% less than other methods. We found the limits of detection of these methods to be 6e00 focus forming units (FFU)/mL with 99.02% and 87.58% genome coverage for SMART-9N and Rapid SMART-9N respectively. Yellow fever virus plasma samples and SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal samples previously confirmed by RT-qPCR with a broad range of Ct-values were selected for validation. Both methods produced greater genome coverage when compared to the multiplex PCR approach and we obtained the longest single read of this study (18.5 kb) with a SARS-CoV-2 clinical sample, 60% of the virus genome using the Rapid SMART-9N method.

This work demonstrates that SMART-9N and Rapid SMART-9N are sensitive, low input, and long-read compatible alternatives for RNA virus detection and genome sequencing and Rapid SMART-9N improves the cost, time, and complexity of laboratory work.
The influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-13 on nasal colonisation in a controlled human infection model of pneumococcal carriage in Malawi: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial protocol
Authors: Morton Ben , Jambo Kondwani , Chikaonda Tarsizio , Rylance Jamie , Henrion Marc Y.R. , Banda Ndaziona Peter , Nsomba Edna , Gondwe Joel , Ferreira Daniela M. , Gordon Stephen B. ,   MARVELS Consortium
Published: September 2021

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to community acquired pneumonia, bacterial meningitis and bacteraemia worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines protect against invasive disease, but are expensive to manufacture, limited in serotype coverage, associated with serotype replacement, and demonstrate reduced effectiveness against mucosal colonisation.  For Malawi, nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci is common in vaccinated children despite national roll-out of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) since 2011. Our team has safely transferred an established experimental human pneumococcal carriage method from Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to the Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Malawi.

This study will determine potential immunological mechanisms for the differential effects of PCV13 on nasal carriage between healthy Malawian and UK populations. We will conduct a double-blinded randomised controlled trial to vaccinate (1:1) participants with either PCV13 or control (normal saline). After a period of one month, participants will be inoculated with S. pneumoniae serotype 6B to experimentally induce nasal carriage using the EHPC method. Subsequently, participants will be invited for a second inoculation after one year to determine longer-term vaccine-induced immunological effects. Primary endpoint: detection of inoculated pneumococci by classical culture from nasal wash recovered from the participants after pneumococcal challenge. Secondary endpoints: local and systemic innate, humoral and cellular responses to PCV-13 with and without pneumococcal nasal carriage

The primary objective of this controlled human infection model study is to determine if PCV-13 vaccination is protective against pneumococcal carriage in healthy adult Malawian volunteers. This study will help us to understand the observed differences in PCV-13 efficacy between populations and inform the design of future vaccines relevant to the Malawian population.

Trial Registration: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (REF: PACTR202008503507113)
Calculation of kinematics and dynamics of inline piston engines
Authors: Val'eho Mal'donado , Chaynov Nikolay
Published: September 2021

The textbook discusses the kinematics and dynamics of inline piston internal combustion engines with axial and deaxial crank mechanism. The necessary material for calculating the forces and moments acting in the engine is given, the balancing of engines, the construction of vector diagrams of pressure on the crankshaft bearings are considered, examples of calculations are given.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of training "Energy engineering".
Referencing of foreign language texts
Authors: Dudnik Leonid
Published: September 2021

The textbook offers a model of abstract activity — the scientific basis of the system of educational actions for the formation of abstract competence. The issues of translation as a way of carrying out abstract actions are considered and texts for compiling abstracts in Russian and English are proposed.
It is aimed at the formation and development of the skills of abstracting foreign-language texts in the process of learning foreign languages at universities.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for undergraduates studying in the areas of training 38.04.01 "Economics", 38.04.02 "Management", 38.04.03 "Personnel Management", 38.04.04 "State and municipal management", 38.04.08 "Finance and Credit", 27.04.05 "Innovation", 39.04.01 "Sociology". It will be useful for teachers of foreign languages and graduate students.
Logic. Theory of argumentation
Authors: Dyagilev Vasiliy , Razov Pavel
Published: September 2021

The textbook covers the main sections of the course of formal logic, the principles of drawing conclusions, the basics of argumentation and communication. The topics are presented taking into account the achievements of modern logical science.
In addition to the theoretical part, practical tasks and texts for analytical analysis are included.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for bachelors, undergraduates and postgraduates of humanitarian specialties. It can also be used by anyone who wants to study logic and the theory of argumentation or improve their knowledge in these disciplines.
Planning of production and economic activities of construction organizations
Authors: Serov Viktor
Published: September 2021

The textbook discusses the subject, methodology and methods of intra-company planning in the management system of production and economic activities of construction and installation organizations. The role, functions, subject, goals, tasks and principles of intra-company business planning, methods of planning the production program and the sale of construction products, labor and wages, material and technical support for the construction of facilities, construction production costs and the cost of construction products, economic results of production and economic activity, taking into account possible risks, are described. The issues of the organization of intra-company planning, budgeting and economic evaluation of the plans of production and economic activity of construction organizations are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions (bachelor's degree) studying in the areas of training 38.03.01 " Economics "(profile" Economics of enterprises and organizations") and 38.03.02" Management "(profile" Production management"), as well as for practical workers of construction and installation organizations.
Socio-philosophical analysis of the interaction of the religious factor and terror: current trends and prospects
Authors: Mikryukov Vladimir
Published: September 2021

The monograph is devoted to the problem of the interaction of the religious factor and terror at the present stage of development. The author considers terror as a social phenomenon, and terrorism as its manifestation.
The conducted socio-philosophical research presents the forms of religious terror manifestation, from the standpoint of various philosophical approaches, conclusions are drawn about the trends and prospects of the mutual influence of religion and terror.
It is addressed to university students, graduate students, teachers, religious and cultural scientists, researchers of religion and terror, as well as a wide range of inquisitive readers. It can be used in courses of disciplines in philosophy, sociology, psychology, etc.
Theoretical and methodological analysis of social risks of modern society
Authors: Mikryukov Vladimir , Ilyushin Sergey
Published: September 2021

The monograph is devoted to the problem of determining the place of social risks in modern society. The authors, using various philosophical concepts and approaches, conducted an analysis of social risks and developed a number of proposals for their accounting in public administration.
It is addressed to university students, graduate students, teachers, risk researchers, as well as a wide range of inquisitive readers. It can be used in courses of disciplines in philosophy, sociology, etc.
Optimal control of traction electric drives
Authors: Ovsyannikov Evgeniy , Gaytova Tamara
Published: September 2021

The monograph considers various types of traction electric drives of motor vehicles intended for operation in urban conditions. Mathematical models of these systems are proposed. On the basis of parametric optimization and graphoanalytic method, a method of joint control of electric drives according to the criteria of minimum losses and maximum overload capacity, taking into account possible restrictions on the resources of power elements, has been developed.
For a wide range of readers interested in improving motor vehicles. It will be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of engineering and technical universities.
Descriptive geometry: Designing surfaces
Authors: Sal'kov Nikolay
Published: September 2021

In the textbook, in addition to the geometric design of surfaces, the elements of analytical and parametric geometries are proposed that contribute to the design and bring the result to a higher level of knowledge, as well as a frame method for designing surfaces.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of the specialties "Architect" and " Designer of the architectural environment "(qualifications "bachelor", "specialist", "master"). It may be useful for students of other fields of study.
Truth. The socio-legal and religious-moral ideal of Ancient Russia (XI-XVII centuries). Historical and philosophical research
Authors: Shaveko Nikolay
Published: September 2021

The monograph is devoted to the ideas of the ancient Russian man about the religious, moral and socio-legal values associated with the word "truth". The author analyzes the context of the use of the word "truth" in a variety of historical sources before the XVII century, and on this basis, a conclusion is made not just about the meanings of this word, but about the most significant values and ideals that the Old Russian man expressed through the corresponding term.
It is addressed to a wide range of readers interested in the history of religious, moral and socio-legal ideas. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of historical, political, philosophical and law faculties of universities.
Criminal procedural activity of the bodies of inquiry of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Authors: Slifish Mechislav
Published: September 2021

The textbook describes the scientific and practical problems of the criminal procedural activity of the bodies of inquiry of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as well as the organization of their procedural activities.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students and cadets studying in the specialty 40.05.01 "Legal support of national security", officials of the bodies of inquiry, as well as students studying in the areas of training 40.03.01 and 40.04.01 "Jurisprudence". It can be used by graduate students, adjuncts and applicants in preparation for passing exams according to the candidate's minimum program and conducting training sessions during pedagogical practice.