bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Vaccines Programs: adverse events following immunization (AEFI) among medical Clerkship Student in Jember, Indonesia
Authors: Supangat  , Sakinah Elly Nurus , Nugraha Muhammad Yuda , Qodar Tegar Syaiful , Mulyono Bagus Wahyu , Tohari Achmad Ilham
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) caused by Novel Coronavirus named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared Pandemic by The World Health Organization (WHO) and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020. Many COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, including CoronaVac vaccines by Sinovac. Health care workers, along with medical clerkship students are the priority to receive the vaccine. However, the Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) of the CoronaVac remains unclear. This study aims to describe and analyze the adverse events following immunization (AEFI) of COVID-19 vaccination in medical students in clerkship programs.

Method

We conducted a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire to assess AEFI after CoronaVac vaccination among medical clerkship students. A Chi-Square test with 95 % of CI was used to determine whether gender correlated with symptoms of AEFI.

Result

We identified 144 medical clerkship students. The most common AEFI of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations was localized pain in the injection site during the first dose with 25 (45 %) reports and the booster dose with 34 (67 %) reports. Then followed by malaise, the first dose with 20 (36 %) reports and the booster dose with 21 (41 %) reports. Other symptoms like headache, fever, shivering, sleepiness, nausea, dysphagia, and cold were also reported.

Conclusions

CoronaVac SARS-COV-2 vaccine has several mild symptoms of AEFI and not correlated with gender. Nevertheless, follow-up after vaccination is needed to prevent immunologic responses that may occur in some patients.
Disentangling the symptoms of schizophrenia: Network analysis in acute phase patients and in patients with predominant negative symptoms
Authors: Demyttenaere Koen , Leenaerts Nicolas , Acsai Károly , Sebe Barbara , Laszlovszky István , Barabássy Ágota , Fonticoli Laura , Szatmári Balázs , Earley Willie , Németh György , Correll Christoph U.
Published: October 2021

Background

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is widely used in schizophrenia and has been divided into distinct factors (5-factor models) and subfactors. Network analyses are newer in psychiatry and can help to better understand the relationships and interactions between the symptoms of a psychiatric disorder. The aim of this study was threefold: (a) to evaluate connections between schizophrenia symptoms in two populations of patients (patients in the acutely exacerbated phase of schizophrenia and patients with predominant negative symptoms [PNS]), (b) to test whether network analyses support the Mohr 5 factor model of the PANSS and the Kahn 2 factor model of negative symptoms, and finally (c) to identify the most central symptoms in the two populations.

Methods

Using pooled baseline data from four cariprazine clinical trials in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia (n = 2193) and the cariprazine–risperidone study in patients with PNS (n = 460), separate network analyses were performed. Network structures were estimated for all 30 items of the PANSS.

Results

While negative symptoms in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia are correlated with other PANSS symptoms, these negative symptoms are not correlated with other PANSS symptoms in patients with PNS. The Mohr factors were partially reflected in the network analyses. The two most central symptoms (largest node strength) were delusions and uncooperativeness in acute phase patients and hostility and delusions in patients with PNS.

Conclusions

This network analysis suggests that symptoms of schizophrenia are differently structured in acute and PNS patients. While in the former, negative symptoms are mainly secondary, in patients with PNS, they are mainly primary. Further, primary negative symptoms are better conceptualized as distinct negative symptom dimensions of the PANSS.
American Elegy, Reflux
Authors: Mariner Kathryn A.
Published: October 2021

This is a meditation on bad air as a defining bodily, temporal, political, and atmospheric condition of the twenty-first-century American Dream. In 2020, the novel viral respiratory illness COVID-19 stole the final breaths of nearly 350,000 Americans (and severely damaged the lungs of many, many more). George Floyd and Daniel Prude, unarmed and Black, were suffocated by the police in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Rochester, New York, respectively. Protesters marching in the streets for racial justice were tear-gassed under milky skies. Wildfires raged up and down the West Coast of the United States, thickening the air in the mountains, in the valleys, in the woods, in the cities, with particulate matter. And doctors found a malignant mass in the right lung of this author's mother. This essay uses the double meaning of aspiration (to inhale and to dream) to trace the myriad ways our collective breathing is central to, and curtailed by, the American Aspiration. Grounded through the breath, it traces the deep entanglements of global pandemic, climate change, state violence, and lung cancer, and their combined social, political, and environmental implications for Americans’ collective flourishing, or collective strangulation. Carried on the polar jet stream from rural Oregon, to the streets of Minneapolis and Rochester, to the tobacco plantations of the American South, it is a rhetorical exercise in breathless grief, in having the wind knocked out, in going up in smoke.
Retrospective, Multicenter Analysis Comparing Conventional with Oncoplastic Breast Conserving Surgery: Oncological and Surgical Outcomes in Women with High-Risk Breast Cancer from the OPBC-01/iTOP2 Study
Authors: Fitzal Florian , Bolliger Michael , Dunkler Daniela , Geroldinger Angelika , Gambone Luca , Heil Jörg , Riedel Fabian , de Boniface Jana , Andre Camilla , Matrai Zoltan , Pukancsik Dávid , Paulinelli Regis R. , Ostapenko Valerijus , Burneckis Arvydas , Ostapenko Andrej , Ostapenko Edvin , Meani Francesco , Harder Yves , Bonollo Marta , Alberti Andrea S. M. , Tausch Christoph , Papassotiropoulos Bärbel , Helfgott Ruth , Heck Dietmar , Fehrer Hans-Jörg , Acko Markus , Schrenk Peter , Trapp Elisabeth K. , Gunda Pristauz-Telsnigg , Clara Paliczek , Montagna Giacomo , Ritter Mathilde , Blohmer Jens-Uwe , Steffen Sander , Romics Laszlo , Morrow Elizabeth , Lorenz Katharina , Fehr Mathias , Weber Walter Paul
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Recent data suggest that margins ≥2 mm after breast-conserving surgery may improve local control in invasive breast cancer (BC). By allowing large resection volumes, oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery (OBCII; Clough level II/Tübingen 5-6) may achieve better local control than conventional breast conserving surgery (BCS; Tübingen 1-2) or oncoplastic breast conservation with low resection volumes (OBCI; Clough level I/Tübingen 3-4).

Methods

Data from consecutive high-risk BC patients treated in 15 centers from the Oncoplastic Breast Consortium (OPBC) network, between January 2010 and December 2013, were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

A total of 3,177 women were included, 30% of whom were treated with OBC (OBCI n = 663; OBCII n = 297). The BCS/OBCI group had significantly smaller tumors and smaller resection margins compared with OBCII (pT1: 50% vs. 37%, p = 0.002; proportion with margin <1 mm: 17% vs. 6%, p < 0.001). There were significantly more re-excisions due to R1 (“ink on tumor”) in the BCS/OBCI compared with the OBCII group (11% vs. 7%, p = 0.049). Univariate and multivariable regression analysis adjusted for tumor biology, tumor size, radiotherapy, and systemic treatment demonstrated no differences in local, regional, or distant recurrence-free or overall survival between the two groups.

Conclusions

Large resection volumes in oncoplastic surgery increases the distance from cancer cells to the margin of the specimen and reduces reexcision rates significantly. With OBCII larger tumors are resected with similar local, regional and distant recurrence-free as well as overall survival rates as BCS/OBCI.
In Situ Wrapping of Oriented NaNbO3 with Carbon Nitride to Synergistically Enhance Photoelectrical Utilization at NaNbO3/g-C3N4 Heterostructures
Authors: Fan Baodian , Li Ping , Jiang Linqin , Yang Aijun , Li Jiansheng , Luo Haiyan , Xiong Hao , Lin Lingyan , Qiu Yu
Published: October 2021

Synergetic effects were observed in an oriented-NaNbO3/g-C3N4 heterostructure system synthesized from in situ pyrolysis of urea with hydrothermally prepared NaNbO3 microcuboids. Chemically wrapping NaNbO3 with an appropriate amount of g-C3N4 forms an efficient heterojunction which separates photoexcited charges, and the internal electric field produced by oriented NaNbO3 grains facilitates their transfer. The mechanism developed here is applicable to enhancing photoelectrical utilization in other perovskite systems.
Εκτίμηση της επίδρασης των μεθόδων κατεργασίας του εδάφους, της φυτοκάλυψης κατά τη χειμερινή περίοδο και της κατεύθυνσης της κατεργασίας του εδάφους και της σποράς βαμβακιού στη διάβρωση του εδάφους
Authors: Τερζούδη Χρυσούλα
Published: October 2021

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας έρευνας ήταν η εκτίμηση της διάβρωσης του εδάφους δε πραγματικές συνθήκες καλλιέργειας, σε επικλινές έδαφος όπως αυτή επηρεάζεται από την πρωτογενή κατεργασία εδάφους , υπό την ύπαρξη χειμερινής καλλιέργειας φυτικής κάλυψης και την κατεύθυνση κατεργασίας και σποράς του βαμβακιού. Για το σκοπό αυτό εγκαταστάθηκε στην περιοχή της Θεσσαλίας , στη Λάρισα, ένα τριετές πείραμα στο οποίο μελετήθηκαν τρεις κατεργασίες εδάφους, δύο μεταχειρίσεις φυτοκάλυψης του εδάφους κατά την διάρκεια του και δύο μεταχειρίσεις κατεύθυνσης κατεργασίας και σποράς.Έγιναν φυτικά πειράματα μέτρησης της απορροής και των απωλειών εδάφους σε πειραματικά τεμάχια, όπως επίσης των φυτοχημικών ιδιοτήτων του εδάφους: ξηρή φαινομενική πυκνότητα, αντίσταση εδάφους στη διείσδυση, σταθερότητα συσσωματωμάτων, οργανική ουσία, διηθητικότητα εδάφους, εδαφική υγρασία. Το γεγονός ότι οι απώλειες εδάφους στην κατεργασία με βαρύ καλλιεργητή ήταν μικρότερες από ότι η συμβατική κατεργασία, κρίνεται ιδιαίτερα σημαντικό για τις επικλινείς εκτάσεις της Θεσσαλίας, διότι καθιστά τη μέθοδο του βαρύ καλλιεργητή ως μια ενδιαφέρουσα εναλλακτική μέθοδο για την διαχείριση των εδαφών στα πλαίσια της τήρησης των κανόνων της Ορθής Γεωργικής Πρακτικής.Πέραν της διάβρωσης εδάφους που προκαλούσε η κατεργασία άροτρο , διαπιστώθηκε και μια σημαντική αύξηση του κλάσματος της αργίλου στην απώλεια εδάφους σε σχέση με το κλάσμα της αργίλου στο αρχικό έδαφος, όταν η κατεργασία γινόταν με άροτρο και μάλιστα χωρίς χειμερινή καλλιέργεια φυτοκάλυψης. Η απώλεια αυτή της αργίλου δίνει στην διάβρωση το χαρακτήρα της μόνιμης καταστροφής του εδάφους.Τα ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέροντα στοιχεία που αφορούσαν την μέτρηση της επιφανειακής απορροής και της απώλειας εδάφους χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην προσέγγιση και εφαρμογή των προτύπων με τα πειραματικά δεδομένα.Προέκυψε ένα τροποποιημένο πρότυπο , το οποίο έχει ικανοποιητική δυνατότητα πρόβλεψης της επιφανειακής απορροής.Αναφορικά με την εκτίμηση απωλειών εδάφους μέσω της USLE, τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν σημαντική υπερεκτίμηση των εκτιμηθέντων απωλειών εδάφους με την USLE . Η εισαγωγή ενός συντελεστή διόρθωσης στις εκτιμώμενες τιμές απωλειών εδάφους με την USLE για κάθε καλλιεργητική τεχνική , βελτίωσε σημαντικά την ικανότητα πρόβλεψης.
Η αποτελεσματικότητα του εκπαιδευτικού στο πλαίσιο μιας εκπαίδευσης χωρίς αποκλεισμούς
Authors: Καραγιάννη Ελένη
Published: October 2021

Ως αποτελεσματικότητα του εκπαιδευτικού θεωρείται η πεποίθηση στην ικανότητά του να οργανώνει και να εκτελεί τις απαιτούμενες ενέργειες για την επίτευξη συγκεκριμένων εκπαιδευτικών στόχων, συμβάλλοντας ουσιαστικά στην παραγωγή προσδοκώμενων αποτελεσμάτων. Επιπλέον, τα τελευταία χρόνια, στο πλαίσιο της κοινωνικής δικαιοσύνης, προβάλλει πάγιο το αίτημα για την παροχή ίσων ευκαιριών ποιοτικής εκπαίδευσης για όλους τους μαθητές. Σκοπός της έρευνας είναι να εξετάσει τα χαρακτηριστικά των εκπαιδευτικών με υψηλή αίσθηση αποτελεσματικότητας και τις συνέπειές της  για τους ίδιους και για τον ποικιλόμορφο μαθητικό πληθυσμό της τάξης τους. Τα ευρήματα έδειξαν ότι υφίστανται ισχυρές αλληλεπιδράσεις μεταξύ των θετικών πεποιθήσεων τους για την παροχή μιας εκπαίδευσης χωρίς αποκλεισμούς, των εκπαιδευτικών στρατηγικών που επιλέγουν και των μαθησιακών επιτευγμάτων. Συμπερασματικά προκύπτει ότι οι εκπαιδευτικοί, που καθοδηγούν ως μέντορες τους μαθητές τους στη ενεργή οικοδόμηση της γνώσης, αναγνωρίζοντας την ευθύνη τους και ικανοποιώντας διαφορετικές ανάγκες, επιτυγχάνουν υψηλούς δείκτες ακαδημαϊκής επίτευξης και συναισθηματικής ανάπτυξης για το σύνολο των ετερογενών μαθητών τους.
To βιολογικό ρολόι των μαθητών/τριών και η σχέση του με την φοίτηση. Η επίδραση του ύπνου και οι απόψεις των μαθητών/τριών Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης
Authors: Νοτοπούλου Βασιλική
Published: October 2021

Είναι γεγονός ότι το βιολογικό ρολόι και γενικότερα οι βιορυθμοί καθορίζουν σε μεγάλο βαθμό την καθημερινότητα των μαθητών και τις μαθησιακές τους διαδικασίες. Η παρούσα εργασία είχε ως στόχο να διερευνήσει τις απόψεις των μαθητών για το χρόνο τους, καθώς και το πώς συνδέεται ο χρόνος με τη σχολική φοίτηση, αλλά και τα συναισθήματα που βιώνουν κατά τη συμμετοχή τους στο σχολικό πρόγραμμα και σε εξωσχολικές δραστηριότητες. Το δείγμα της έρευνας αποτελείται  από μαθητές που φοιτούσαν σε σχολεία της Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης του Νομού Κοζάνης (n=252 μαθητές). Για την συλλογή των δεδομένων επιλέχθηκε ως εργαλείο ένα έντυπο δομημένο ερωτηματολόγιο με 22 ερωτήσεις. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την έρευνα, οδηγούν στη διαπίστωση ότι για την  πιο αποτελεσματική διαχείριση του σχολικού χρόνου θα πρέπει να λαμβάνεται  υπόψη η  κυρίαρχη σημασία των βιορυθμών στην διδακτική πράξη και στην εκπαιδευτική πραγματικότητα. Είναι επίσης σημαντική η βαρύτητα στη διάρκεια του ύπνου καθώς και στη ποιότητά του, επειδή αποτελεί σημαντικό δείκτη της απόδοσής τους.
From the Greek Revolution of 1821 to the Metapolitefsi: Historiographical Debates in Greece across Two Centuries
Authors: Karamanolakis Vangelis , Triantafyllou Christos
Published: October 2021

Nowadays, with the celebration of the Greek state’s bicentennial, the exploration of how the national past was debated, historicised and narrated through historiographical and political means holds an interesting position: by examining how certain pasts entered the national canon, how events and figures were pantheonised, and how history and memory wars were conducted, we may be able to assess why and how nation-states commemorate themselves and formulate narratives about the shared past. Using the past as a symbolic resource, the agents of political and social power seek to provide the definitive version of how and why did we arrive at the present. Simultaneously, these official versions of the past are constantly contested by opposing social forces, which frequently manage to have their versions merge with, incorporated into or stand alongside those of their opponents. It is through these procedures, namely historiographical debates such as these explored in this issue of Historein, that the past turns into history.
Book Review: Alexander Lott's The Estonian Straits: Exceptions to the Strait Regime of Innocent or Transit Passage
Authors: Franckx Erik
Published: October 2021

The author's review of the book The Estonian Straits: Exceptions to the Strait Regime of Innocent or Transit Passage (Leiden, 2018, 306 pages), by Alexander Lott, highlights the major achievements represented by this scholarly work. The review presents the main subjects discussed in the book, which is based on a doctoral dissertation defended at the University of Tartu in early 2017. Having thus walked the reader through the subject matter of this new addition to Brill Nijhoff’s series International Straits of the World, the author concludes that the book, based as it is on an in-depth analysis of primarily Estonian archives alongside more recent parliamentary and governmental documents of this country, is not only timely but at the same time also a most enriching contribution to the literature on the issue of international straits.
Characteristics of new patient referrals to specialised diabetic foot units across Europe and factors influencing delays
Authors: Bouillet Benjamin , Ahluwalia Raju , Iacopi Elisabetta , Garcia-Klepzig José Luis , Lüdemann Claas , Manu Chris , Meloni Marco , Saenz De Buruaga Víctor Rodriguez , Vouillarmet Julien , Petit Jean-Michel , Van Acker Kristien , Lázaro-Martínez José Luis
Published: October 2021

Objective:

Foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetes and are associated with an increase in lower limb amputation and death. Early referral to a specialised unit is recommended. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of new-patient referrals to specialised diabetes foot care units across Europe and to determine the factors involved in delayed referral.

Method:

In this prospective observational study, consecutive patients with a new foot ulcer presenting to nine diabetic foot centres in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK) were included.

Results:

Some 25% of the 332 patients included had presented with a foot ulcer >3 months before referral to the participating foot clinic. Compared with patients referred earlier, patients with a long time to referral (>3 months) were older (p=0.006) and had a less severe wound according to Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) classification (p=0.003) and University of Texas classification (grade D=infection + peripheral artery disease, p=0.004).

Conclusion:

The proportion of patients with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) referred to a specialised unit >3 months after the beginning of the ulcer remained high throughout Europe. Patients with severe DFU were, however, referred more quickly by front line health professionals. Primary care professionals need to be made aware of the importance of early referral to a specialised unit in order to improve the management of foot disease in patients with diabetes.

Declaration of interest:

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Propagation characteristics of terahertz wave in inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Sun Jinhai , Zheng Yan , Shi Jielin , Zhao Yarui , Li Yu , Wu Ding , Cai He , Zhang Xutao , Zhu Xianli , Liu Yongqiang , Sun Xinxue , Chao Zengming , Yin Hongcheng , Lu Wenqi , Ding Hongbin
Published: October 2021

Firstly, the electron density distribution of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is measured by laser Thomson scattering (TS) method and the features of the ICP under the same experimental conditions are simulated by finite element method (FEM). The simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which verifies the accuracy of the ICP generation simulation model. Secondly, the propagation characteristics of terahertz wave in ICP are measured by terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and calculated by FEM according to the electron density distribution of ICP simulated in the first step above. The high consistency between the experimental and simulation results of terahertz wave propagation characteristics in ICP further proves the accuracy of terahertz wave transmission model in plasma and the feasibility of joint simulation with ICP generation simulation model.
Enantio-detection via cavity-assisted three-photon processes
Authors: Chen Yu-Yuan , Ye Chong , Li Yong
Published: October 2021

We propose a method for enantio-detection of chiral molecules based on a cavity-molecule system, where the left- and right-handed molecules are coupled with a cavity and two classical light fields to form cyclic three-level models. Via the cavity-assisted three-photon processes based on the cyclic three-level model, photons are generated continuously in the cavity even in the absence of external driving to the cavity. However, the photonic fields generated from the three-photon processes of left- and right-handed molecules differ with the phase difference π according to the inherent properties of electric-dipole transition moments of enantiomers. This provides a potential way to detect the enantiomeric excess of chiral mixture by monitoring the output field of the cavity.
Design, simulation and characterization of integrated photonic spectrographs for astronomy II: low-aberration Generation-II AWG devices with three stigmatic points
Authors: Stoll Andreas , Madhav Kalaga , Roth Martin
Published: October 2021

In the second part of our series on integrated photonic spectrographs for astronomy, we present theoretical and experimental results on the design, simulation and characterization of custom-manufactured silica-on-silicon arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) constructed using the three-stigmatic-point method. We derive several mid-to-high resolution field-flattened AWG designs, targeting resolving powers of 11,000 - 35,000 in the astronomical H-band, by iterative computation of differential coefficients of the optical path function. We use numerical simulations to study the imaging properties of the designs in a wide wavelength range between 1500 nm and 1680 nm. We theoretically discuss the design-specific degradation of spectral resolving power at far-off-centre wavelengths and suggest possible solutions. In the experimental section, we provide characterization results of seven manufactured AWG devices of varying free spectral range and resolution. We obtain estimates on spectral resolving powers of up to 27,600 for polarized input at 1550 nm from measurements of the channel transmission bandwidth. Furthermore, we numerically predict expected resolving powers of up to 36,000 in the polarized mode and up to 24,000 in the unpolarized mode for direct continuous imaging of the spectrum.
Study on spin angular momentum balance in harmonics generated from counter-rotating two-color laser fields
Authors: Bai Xiaolu , Su Yingtong , Zhang Jingtao
Published: October 2021

High-order harmonics generated from Xe driven by counter-rotating two-color driving fields are studied in the frame of a quantum-field scattering theory, and the spin angular momentum transfer is discussed. The driving field is composed by a circularly polarized (CP) mode and an elliptically polarized (EP) mode. We treat the EP mode as a compostition of counter-rotating CP fields of unequal intensity. We use a pair of phased generalized Bessel functions to describe the harmonic generation amplitude, and the conservation of the spin angular momentum during harmonic generation in the two-color field is derived in a solid base and in a straightforward way. The experimentally observed V-type and Λ-type distributions of the harmonic spectra with ellipticity are recovered theoretically. Balance pattern of the spin angular momentum is disclosed substantially.
Three-dimensional wavelength-division multiplexing interconnects based on a low-loss SixNy arrayed waveguide grating
Authors: Park Jaegyu , Joo Jiho , Kwack Myung-Joon , Kim Gyungock , Han Sang-Pil , Kim Sungil
Published: October 2021

We fabricate three-dimensional wavelength-division multiplexing (3D-WDM) interconnects comprising three SixNy layers using a CMOS-compatible process. In these interconnects, the optical signals are coupled directly to a SixNy grating coupler in the middle SixNy layer and demultiplexed by a 1 × 4 SixNy array waveguide grating (AWG). The demultiplexed optical signals are interconnected from the middle SixNy layer to the bottom and top SixNy layers by four SiOxNy interlayer couplers. A low insertion loss and low crosstalk are achieved in the AWG. The coupling losses of the SiOxNy interlayer couplers and SixNy grating coupler are ∼1.52 dB and ∼4.2 dB, respectively.
Fast readout method for multidimensional optical data storage using interferometry-aided reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Ge Chang , Zhang Li , Sun Jing , Wang Zhongyang
Published: October 2021

The multiplex technique increases the capacity of optical data storage, but the current reading throughputs is limited by the single-bit reading. We propose a fast readout method of multidimensional optical data storage using interference-aided reflectance spectral measurement to readout multiple bits information simultaneously. The multidimensional data is recorded in the photoresist layer on the disc with dielectric multilayer substrate by laser direct writing. With the designed interference layer inside the disc, the relation of thickness of recording layer and the peak shift of the reflected spectra has been built up. With different writing depths representing different bit of data, 2 bits and 3 bits unit information have been recorded and successfully read out at one exposure. This fast readout method is not only suitable for optical data storage by engineering the optical path length for example Blu-ray disc but also for super resolution optical data storage.
Simple method of acquiring high-quality light fields based on the chromatic aberration of only one defocused image pair
Authors: Jung Gyu Suk , Won Yong Hyub
Published: October 2021

Direct light field acquisition method using a lens array requires a complex system and has a low resolution. On the other hand, the light fields can be also acquired indirectly by back-projection of the focal stack images without lens array, providing a resolution as high as the sensor resolution. However, it also requires the bulky optical system design to fix field-of-view (FOV) between the focal stacks, and an additional device for sensor shifting. Also, the reconstructed light field is texture-dependent and low-quality because it uses either a high-pass filter or a guided filter for back-projection. This paper presents a simple light field acquisition method based on chromatic aberration of only one defocused image pair. An image with chromatic aberration has a different defocus distribution for each R, G, and B channel. Thus, the focal stack can be synthesized with structural similarity (SSIM) 0.96 from only one defocused image pair. Then this image pair is also used to estimate the depth map by depth-from-defocus (DFD) using chromatic aberration (chromatic DFD). The depth map obtained by chromatic DFD is used for high-quality light field reconstruction. Compared to existing light field indirect acquisition, the proposed method requires only one pair of defocused images and can clearly reconstruct light field images with Blind/Referenceless Image Spatial Quality Evaluator (BRISQUE) scores lowered by 17%–38% and with Perception-Based Image Quality Evaluator (PIQE) scores lowered by 19%–45%. A defocused image pair is acquired by our customized compact optical system consisting of only three lenses, including a varifocal lens. Image processing and image quality evaluation are all performed using MATLAB.
Ptychography-based high-throughput lensless on-chip microscopy via incremental proximal algorithms
Authors: Huang Yue , Jiang Shaowei , Wang Ruihai , Song Pengming , Zhang Jian , Zheng Guoan , Ji Xiangyang , Zhang Yongbing
Published: October 2021

Ptychography-based lensless on-chip microscopy enables high-throughput imaging by retrieving the missing phase information from intensity measurements. Numerous reconstruction algorithms for ptychography have been proposed, yet only a few incremental algorithms can be extended to lensless on-chip microscopy because of large-scale datasets but limited computational efficiency. In this paper, we propose the use of accelerated proximal gradient methods for blind ptychographic phase retrieval in lensless on-chip microscopy. Incremental gradient approaches are adopted in the reconstruction routine. Our algorithms divide the phase retrieval problem into sub-problems involving the evaluation of proximal operator, stochastic gradient descent, and Wirtinger derivatives. We benchmark the performances of accelerated proximal gradient, extended ptychographic iterative engine, and alternating direction method of multipliers, and discuss their convergence and accuracy in both noisy and noiseless cases. We also validate our algorithms using experimental datasets, where full field of view measurements are captured to recover the high-resolution complex samples. Among these algorithms, accelerated proximal gradient presents the overall best performance regarding accuracy and convergence rate. The proposed methods may find applications in ptychographic reconstruction, especially for cases where a wide field of view and high resolution are desired at the same time.
Analysis of complex multidimensional optical spectra by linear prediction
Authors: Swagel E. , Paul J. , Bristow A. D. , Wahlstrand J. K.
Published: October 2021

We apply Linear Prediction from Singular Value Decomposition (LPSVD) to two-dimensional complex optical data in the time-domain to generate spectra with advantages over discrete Fourier transformation (DFT). LPSVD is a non-iterative procedure that fits time-domain complex data to the sum of damped sinusoids, or Lorentzian peaks in the spectral domain. Because the fitting is linear, it is not necessary to give initial guess parameters as in nonlinear fits. Although LPSVD is a one-dimensional algorithm, it can be performed column-wise on two-dimensional data. The method has been extensively used in 2D NMR spectroscopy, where spectral peaks are typically nearly ideal Lorentzians, but to our knowledge has not been applied in the analogous optical technique, where peaks can be far from Lorentzian. We apply LPSVD to the analysis of zero, one, and two quantum electronic two-dimensional spectra from a semiconductor microcavity. The spectra consist of non-ideal, often overlapping peaks. We find that LPSVD achieves a very good fit even on non-ideal data. It reduces noise and eliminates discrete distortions inherent in the DFT. We also use it to isolate and analyze weak features of interest.
Neuromorphology in-sensor computing architecture based on an optical Fourier transform
Authors: Hao Hao , Kang Yan , Xu Zhongjie , Jiang Tian
Published: October 2021

We propose an object recognition architecture relying on a neural network algorithm in optical sensors. Precisely, by applying the high-speed and low-power Fourier transform operation in the optical domain, we can transfer the high-cost part of the traditional convolutional neural network algorithm to the sensor side to achieve faster computing speed. An optical neuron unit (ONU) consisting of transition metal sulfide (TMD) material is fabricated for a vivid validation of this architecture. Using the embedded gate pair structure inside our ONU, TMD materials can be electrically doped at different levels, forming an in-plane PN junction, which allows for effective manipulation of light response to imitate biological nerve synapses. The results demonstrate that our ONU could reach the ability of optic neurons, providing experimental support for future in-sensor computing architecture.
Anisotropic nanostructure generated by a spatial-temporal manipulated picosecond pulse for multidimensional optical data storage
Authors: Yan Zhi , Li Peiyao , Gao Jichao , Wang Yuan , Wang Lei , Beresna Martynas , Zhang Jingyu
Published: October 2021

Anisotropic nanostructures can be generated in fused silica glass by manipulating the spatiotemporal properties of a picosecond pulse. This phenomenon is attributed to laser-induced interband self-trapped excitons. The anisotropic structures exhibit birefringent properties, and thus can be employed for multi-dimensional optical data storage applications. Data voxels generated by such short laser irradiation enable on-the-fly high-speed data recording.
The current burden of Japanese encephalitis and the estimated impacts of vaccination: Combining estimates of the spatial distribution and transmission intensity of a zoonotic pathogen
Authors: Moore Sean M.
Published: October 2021

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disability in Asia and causes thousands of severe encephalitis cases and deaths each year. Although Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a WHO reportable disease, cases and deaths are significantly underreported and the true burden of the disease is not well understood in most endemic countries. Here, we first conducted a spatial analysis of the risk factors associated with JE to identify the areas suitable for sustained JEV transmission and the size of the population living in at-risk areas. We then estimated the force of infection (FOI) for JE-endemic countries from age-specific incidence data. Estimates of the susceptible population size and the current FOI were then used to estimate the JE burden from 2010 to 2019, as well as the impact of vaccination. Overall, 1,543.1 million (range: 1,292.6-2,019.9 million) people were estimated to live in areas suitable for endemic JEV transmission, which represents only 37.7% (range: 31.6-53.5%) of the over four billion people living in countries with endemic JEV transmission. Based on the baseline number of people at risk of infection, there were an estimated 56,847 (95% CI: 18,003-184,525) JE cases and 20,642 (95% CI: 2,252-77,204) deaths in 2019. Estimated incidence declined from 81,258 (95% CI: 25,437-273,640) cases and 29,520 (95% CI: 3,334-112,498) deaths in 2010, largely due to increases in vaccination coverage which have prevented an estimated 314,793 (95% CI: 94,566-1,049,645) cases and 114,946 (95% CI: 11,421-431,224) deaths over the past decade. India had the largest estimated JE burden in 2019, followed by Bangladesh and China. From 2010-2019, we estimate that vaccination had the largest absolute impact in China, with 204,734 (95% CI: 74,419-664,871) cases and 74,893 (95% CI: 8,989-286,239) deaths prevented, while Taiwan (91.2%) and Malaysia (80.1%) had the largest percent reductions in JE burden due to vaccination. Our estimates of the size of at-risk populations and current JE incidence highlight countries where increasing vaccination coverage could have the largest impact on reducing their JE burden.
Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 tracks early interstate transmission of P.1 lineage and diversification within P.2 clade in Brazil
Authors: Lamarca Alessandra P. , de Almeida Luiz G. P. , Francisco Ronaldo da Silva , Lima Lucymara Fassarella Agnez , Scortecci Kátia Castanho , Perez Vinícius Pietta , Brustolini Otavio J. , Sousa Eduardo Sérgio Soares , Secco Danielle Angst , Santos Angela Maria Guimarães , Albuquerque George Rego , Mariano Ana Paula Melo , Maciel Bianca Mendes , Gerber Alexandra L. , Guimarães Ana Paula de C. , Nascimento Paulo Ricardo , Neto Francisco Paulo Freire , Gadelha Sandra Rocha , Porto Luís Cristóvão , Campana Eloiza Helena , Jeronimo Selma Maria Bezerra , Vasconcelos Ana Tereza R.
Published: October 2021

The sharp increase of COVID-19 cases in late 2020 has made Brazil the new epicenter of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The novel viral lineages P.1 (Variant of Concern Gamma) and P.2, respectively identified in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rio de Janeiro, have been associated with potentially higher transmission rates and antibody neutralization escape. In this study, we performed the whole-genome sequencing of 185 samples isolated from three out of the five Brazilian regions, including Amazonas (North region), Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Bahia (Northeast region), and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast region) in order to monitor the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Brazil in the first months of 2021. Here, we showed a widespread dispersal of P.1 and P.2 across Brazilian regions and, except for Amazonas, P.2 was the predominant lineage identified in the sampled states. We estimated the origin of P.2 lineage to have happened in February, 2020 and identified that it has differentiated into new clades. Interstate transmission of P.2 was detected since March, but reached its peak in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Transmission of P.1 was also high in December and its origin was inferred to have happened in August 2020. We also confirmed the presence of lineage P.7, recently described in the southernmost region of Brazil, to have spread across the Northeastern states. P.1, P.2 and P.7 are descended from the ancient B.1.1.28 strain, which co-dominated the first phase of the pandemic in Brazil with the B.1.1.33 strain. We also identified the occurrence of a new lineage descending from B.1.1.33 that convergently carries the E484K mutation, N.9. Indeed, the recurrent report of many novel SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Brazil could be due to the absence of effective control measures resulting in high SARS-CoV2 transmission rates. Altogether, our findings provided a landscape of the critical state of SARS-CoV-2 across Brazil and confirm the need to sustain continuous sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates worldwide in order to identify novel variants of interest and monitor for vaccine effectiveness.
Chronic wounds in Sierra Leone: Searching for Buruli ulcer, a NTD caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, at Masanga Hospital
Authors: Please Helen R. , Vas Nunes Jonathan H. , Patel Rashida , Pluschke Gerd , Tholley Mohamed , Ruf Marie-Therésè , Bolton William , Scott Julian A. , Grobusch Martin P. , Bolkan Håkon A. , Brown Julia M. , Jayne David G.
Published: October 2021

Background

Chronic wounds pose a significant healthcare burden in low- and middle-income countries. Buruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, causes wounds with high morbidity and financial burden. Although highly endemic in West and Central Africa, the presence of BU in Sierra Leone is not well described. This study aimed to confirm or exclude BU in suspected cases of chronic wounds presenting to Masanga Hospital, Sierra Leone.

Methodology

Demographics, baseline clinical data, and quality of life scores were collected from patients with wounds suspected to be BU. Wound tissue samples were acquired and transported to the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland, for analysis to detect Mycobacterium ulcerans using qPCR, microscopic smear examination, and histopathology, as per World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.

Findings

Twenty-one participants with wounds suspected to be BU were enrolled over 4-weeks (Feb-March 2019). Participants were predominantly young working males (62% male, 38% female, mean 35yrs, 90% employed in an occupation or as a student) with large, single, ulcerating wounds (mean diameter 9.4cm, 86% single wound) exclusively of the lower limbs (60% foot, 40% lower leg) present for a mean 15 months. The majority reported frequent exposure to water outdoors (76%). Self-reports of over-the-counter antibiotic use prior to presentation was high (81%), as was history of trauma (38%) and surgical interventions prior to enrolment (48%). Regarding laboratory investigation, all samples were negative for BU by microscopy, histopathology, and qPCR. Histopathology analysis revealed heavy bacterial load in many of the samples. The study had excellent participant recruitment, however follow-up proved difficult.

Conclusions

BU was not confirmed as a cause of chronic ulceration in our cohort of suspected cases, as judged by laboratory analysis according to WHO standards. This does not exclude the presence of BU in the region, and the definitive cause of these treatment-resistance chronic wounds is uncertain.
Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period
Authors: Argiriadis E. , Bortolini M. , Kehrwald N. M. , Roman M. , Turetta C. , Hanif S. , Erhenhi E. O. , Aliaga J. M. Ramirez , McWethy D. B. , Myrbo A. E. , Pauchard A. , Barbante C. , Battistel D.
Published: October 2021

Rano Raraku, the crater lake constrained by basaltic tuff that served as the primary quarry used to construct themoaistatues on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), has experienced fluctuations in lake level over the past centuries. As one of the only freshwater sources on the island, understanding the present and past geochemical characteristics of the lake water is critical to understand if the lake could have been a viable freshwater source for Rapa Nui. At the time of sampling in September 2017, the maximum lake depth was ~1 m. The lake level has substantially declined in the subsequent years, with the lake drying almost completely in January 2018. The lake is currently characterized by highly anoxic conditions, with a predominance of ammonium ions on nitrates, a high concentration of organic carbon in the water-sediment interface and reducing conditions of the lake, as evidenced by Mn/Fe and Cr/V ratios. Our estimates of past salinity inferred from the chloride mass balance indicates that it was unlikely that Rano Raraku provided a viable freshwater source for early Rapa Nui people. The installation of an outlet pipe around 1950 that was active until the late 1970s, as well as grazing of horses on the lake margins appear to have significantly impacted the geochemical conditions of Rano Raraku sediments and lake water in recent decades. Such impacts are distinct from natural environmental changes and highlight the need to consider the sensitivity of the lake geochemistry to human activities.
The sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna of the urban area of Lassance, Northeast Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Tonelli Gabriel Barbosa , Binder Camila , Nogueira Victoria Laporte Carneiro , Prado Marina Henriques , Theobaldo Gabriela Gonçalves , Campos Aldenise Martins , de Souza Carina Margonari , Andrade Filho José Dilermando
Published: October 2021

The present study aimed to check the sand flies’ fauna on the municipality of Lassance, Minas Gerais, Brazil and detect the presence of Leishmania DNA on the female captured and determine the risk areas of the municipality. Sand flies were collected monthly from May 2018 to April 2019 using automatic light traps for 3 consecutive nights. Eight houses were selected as sample points due its previous reports of tegumentary leishmaniasis and/or canine leishmaniasis. The sand fly’s fauna found on the present study it’s represented by several medical importance species and the most abundant species found were Lutzomyia longipalpis (77.09%) and Nyssomyia intermedia (10.06%). Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in a pool of Lu. longipalpis resulting on a 2.81% of infection rate. By the frequency of the two most abundant species on this study, we developed a risk area map and it draws attention to sample point 6 due to disparate abundance of sand flies at this site (81.81%). Statistical overview shows Lu. longipalpis as dominant species and, still, Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis reveal high similarity on fauna’s diversity on the study area. Our findings suggest that the diversity of sand flies from the municipality of Lassance may promote the circulation of Leishmania infantum parasites putting in risk the habitants and other mammal’s species. Still, our study reinforces the necessity of specific studies focused on breed sites of phlebotomine and its’ ecology to expand the knowledge about the behaviour of this group of insects applying directly to leishmaniases’ epidemiology.
Quality of life of COVID-19 recovered patients in Bangladesh
Authors: Hawlader Mohammad Delwer Hossain , Rashid Md. Utba , Khan Md. Abdullah Saeed , Ara Tasnim , Nabi Mohammad Hayatun , Haque Miah Md. Akiful , Matin Kazi Farhana , Hossain Mohammad Ali , Rahman Mahfil Ara , Hossian Mosharop , Saha Shuvajit , Manna Ridwana Maher , Arafat Md. Yeasin , Barsha Sabrina Yesmin , Maliha Ramisha , Khan Jeba Zaman , Kha Soumik , Hasan S. M. Rezwanul , Hasan Mehedi , Siddiquea Saleka Raihana , Khan Joyeeta , Islam A. M. Khairul , Rashid Rubaya , Nur Naima , Khalid Omar , Bari Fatiha , Rahman Mohammad Lutfor
Published: October 2021

Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) quickly surged the whole world and affected people’s physical, mental, and social health thereby upsetting their quality of life. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the quality of life (QoL) of COVID-19 positive patients after recovery in Bangladesh. This was a study of adult (aged ≥18 years) COVID-19 individuals from eight divisions of Bangladesh diagnosed and confirmed by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) from June 2020 to November 2020. Given a response rate of 60% in a pilot study, a random list of 6400 COVID-19 patients was generated to recruit approximately 3200 patients from eight divisions of Bangladesh and finally a total of 3244 participants could be recruited for the current study. The validated Bangla version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was used to assess the QoL. Data were analyzed by STATA (Version 16.1) and R (Version 4.0.0). All the procedures were conducted following ethical approval and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The mean scores of QoL were highest for the physical domain (68.25±14.45) followed by social (65.10±15.78), psychological (63.28±15.48), and environmental domain (62.77±13.07). Psychological and physical domain scores among females were significantly lower than the males (p<0.001). The overall quality of life was lower in persons having a chronic disease. Participants over 45 years of age were 52% less likely to enjoy good physical health than the participants aged below 26 years (AOR: 0.48, CI: 0.28–0.82). The quality of life of employed participants was found 1.8 times higher than the unemployed (AOR: 1.80, CI: 1.11–2.91). Those who were admitted to hospitals during infection had a low QoL score in physical, psychological, and socials domains. However, QoL improved in all aspect except the psychological domain for each day passed after the diagnosis. These findings call for a focus on the quality of life of the COVID-19 affected population, with special emphasis given to females, older adults, unemployed, and people with comorbidities.
Four new species of Russula subsection Roseinae from tropical montane forests in western Panama
Authors: Manz Cathrin , Adamčík Slavomír , Looney Brian P. , Corrales Adriana , Ovrebo Clark , Adamčíková Katarína , Hofmann Tina A. , Hampe Felix , Piepenbring Meike
Published: October 2021

Species of the genusRussulaare key components of ectomycorrhizal ecosystems worldwide. Nevertheless, their diversity in the tropics is still poorly known. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the diversity ofRussulaspecies classified in subsectionRoseinaebased on specimens recently collected in tropical montane rainforests in western Panama. A five gene multilocus phylogeny based on the nuclear markers ITS nrDNA,MCM7,RPB1,RPB2andTEF-1αwas constructed to identify the systematic position of 22 collections from Panama. Four new species,Russula cornicolor,Russula cynorhodon,Russula oreomunneaeandRussula zephyrovelutipesare formally described and illustrated. None of the four species are sister species and they are more closely related to North American or Asian species. Two of the newly described species were associated with the ectomycorrhizal tree speciesOreomunnea mexicana, while the other two species were associated withQuercusspecies. All four species are so far only known from mountains in western Panama.
Brief exposure to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: Doom-scrolling has negative emotional consequences, but kindness-scrolling does not
Authors: Buchanan Kathryn , Aknin Lara B. , Lotun Shaaba , Sandstrom Gillian M.
Published: October 2021

People often seek out information as a means of coping with challenging situations. Attuning to negative information can be adaptive because it alerts people to the risks in their environment, thereby preparing them for similar threats in the future. But is this behaviour adaptive during a pandemic when bad news is ubiquitous? We examine the emotional consequences of exposure to brief snippets of COVID-related news via a Twitter feed (Study 1), or a YouTube reaction video (Study 2). Compared to a no-information exposure group, consumption of just 2–4 minutes of COVID-related news led to immediate and significant reductions in positive affect (Studies 1 and 2) and optimism (Study 2). Exposure to COVID-related kind acts did not have the same negative consequences, suggesting that not all social media exposure is detrimental for well-being. We discuss strategies to counteract the negative emotional consequences of exposure to negative news on social media.