bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the financial and social performance of French mutual funds: A data envelopment analysis approach
Authors: Shahrour Mohamad Hassan
Published: February 2022

Socially responsible investors pursue both financial and non‐financial goals. In this paper, we attempt to assess the performance of French socially responsible mutual funds (SRMFs). We consider the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, which allows us to assign a unique efficiency score while combining financial and social characteristics, using various combinations within different types of risk (total risk, market risk, and downside risk). We report the list of funds found to be DEA efficient using various output‐oriented models. We also compare our obtained results with the traditional and modern measures used in the literature (Sharpe, Treynor, and the information ratio). We contribute to the literature by testing the validity of the DEA methodology in the financial context. The findings have important implications for fund selection processes and would be mainly of interest to investors and fund managers who integrate environmental, social, and governance criteria into their investment choices.
Mixed‐methods exploration of views on choice in a university asymptomatic COVID‐19 testing programme
Authors: Cox Caitríona , Ansari Akbar , McLaughlin Meredith , van der Scheer Jan W. , Bousfield Jennifer , George Jenny , Leach Brandi , Parkinson Sarah , Dixon‐Woods Mary
Published: February 2022

Asymptomatic COVID‐19 testing programmes are being introduced in higher education institutions, but stakeholder views regarding the acceptability of mandating or incentivizing participation remain little understood. A mixed‐method study (semi‐structured interviews and a survey including open and closed questions) was undertaken in a case study university with a student testing programme. Survey data were analysed descriptively; analysis for interviews was based on the framework method. Two hundred and thirty‐nine people participated in the study: 213 in the survey (189 students, 24 staff), and 26 in interviews (19 students, 7 staff). There was majority (62%) but not universal support for voluntary participation, with a range of concerns expressed about the potentially negative effects of mandating testing. Those who supported mandatory testing tended to do so on the grounds that it would protect others. There was also majority (64%) opposition to penalties for refusing to test. Views on restricting access to face‐to‐face teaching for non‐participants were polarized. Three‐quarters (75%) supported incentives, though there were some concerns about effectiveness and unintended consequences. Participants emphasized the importance of communication about the potential benefits of testing. Preserving the voluntariness of participation in student asymptomatic testing programmes is likely to be the most ethically sound policy unless circumstances change.
Collaboration at a microscale: Cultural differences in family interactions
Authors: Dayton Andrew , Aceves‐Azuara Itzel , Rogoff Barbara
Published: February 2022

Using a holistic, process approach, this article brings attention to cultural differences in the prevalence of fluid synchrony in collaboration, at a microanalytic scale of analysis that is embodied in the processes of everyday life. We build on findings that in a number of Indigenous American communities, fluid and harmonious collaboration is prioritized both in community organization at a scale of years and centuries, and in everyday family interactions and researcher‐organized tasks at a scale of days, hours, or minutes. We examined whether this sophisticated fluid collaboration could be seen even at a scale of fractions of seconds. At a microscale of 200‐millisecond segments, Guatemalan Mayan triads of mothers and children frequently engaged mutually, in fluid synchrony together, when exploring novel objects. They did so more commonly than did European American mother‐child triads, who usually engaged solo or in dyads, with one person left out, or resisted each other. This microanalysis of mutuality in family interactions reveals the role of culture in the foundations of thinking and working together in both Mayan and European American communities, and the fruitfulness of considering developmental processes holistically.
Individual differences in meditation interventions: A meta‐analytic study
Authors: Buric Ivana , Farias Miguel , Driessen Josi M. A. , Brazil Inti A.
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Meditation interventions typically show small to moderate effects on health and well‐being, but we know little about how these effects vary across individuals. This meta‐analytic study investigates the relationship between baseline participant characteristics and the outcomes of meditation.

Methods

A systematic search yielded 51 eligible studies with 7782 participants. A combination of subgroup analyses and meta‐regression based on the random‐effects model were used.

Results

We found that a higher baseline level of psychopathology or depression was associated with deterioration in mental health after a meditation intervention. On the other hand, participants with higher scores on interpersonal variables, motivation, medical conditions, and mindfulness showed higher levels of positive meditation outcomes. Higher well‐being and stress were simultaneously associated with moderate increases in negative and positive meditation outcomes. Participant demographics, psychological traits, self‐concept, and length of meditation practice did not significantly influence the response to meditation.

Conclusions

Overall, we found that meditation interventions affect participants differently, and identified some of the individual characteristics that should be considered when using meditation interventions.
Labour market conditions and adult health in Mexico
Authors: Gunes Pinar Mine , Tsaneva Magda
Published: February 2022

This paper examines the role of local labour market conditions on self‐reported adult physical and mental health and health behaviours in Mexico. We construct measures of overall and gender‐specific predicted employment growth rates using a shift‐share approach that exploits exogenous variation in national industry‐specific growth rates and baseline industry employment shares across municipalities. Using detailed household‐level panel data and individual fixed effects, we find that increases in overall formal labour demand improve physical health of men but have no effect on the health of women. However, increases in gender‐specific formal labour demand improve the physical health of both men and women, with larger effects among men. We also find significant but small effects of male labour demand on the mental health of men. All effects are more pronounced for less educated people. Finally, we explore a range of potential mechanisms, finding that the effects might operate through changes in labour market outcomes, but we do not find evidence that the effects operate through changes in health behaviours.
The effects of language instruction on math development
Authors: Espinas Daniel R. , Fuchs Lynn S.
Published: February 2022

How does language shape mathematical development? In this article, we consider this question by reviewing findings from cross‐sectional and longitudinal research. In this literature, we find that differences in the structures of languages and individual variations in language ability are associated with mathematical performance in both obvious and unexpected ways. We then consider the causal nature of these relations, with a focus on experimental studies that have tested the effects of language instruction on mathematical outcomes. Findings from this work show that certain forms of language instruction meaningfully improve performance in several mathematical domains, providing strong evidence of a linguistic pathway in mathematical development. However, much additional research is needed to understand how language instruction may be integrated optimally into math education. We conclude with recommendations for research.
Temperament and psychopathology: The “community” to which you belong matters
Authors: Xie Wanze , Bathelt Joe , Fasman Anna , Nelson Charles A. , Bosquet Enlow Michelle
Published: February 2022

We utilized a community detection approach to longitudinally (a) identify distinct groups of children with common temperament profiles in infancy and at 2 and 3 years of age and (b) determine whether co‐occurrence of certain temperament traits may be early predictors of internalizing problems at 5 years of age. Seven hundred and seventy‐four infants (360 girls; 88.6% White, 9.8% Hispanic, and 1.6% other races) were recruited from the Boston area. Data collection spanned from 2012 to 2021. The analysis yielded three distinct groups of children with different temperament traits and was associated with significant variation in levels of internalizing symptoms and anxiety diagnosis rate. Our findings suggest that stable temperament “communities” can be detected in early childhood and may predict risk for psychopathology later in life.
The ambivalent visit: Children's experiences of relating with their fathers during staying in shelters for women survivors of domestic violence
Authors: Vass Anat , Haj‐Yahia Muhammad M.
Published: February 2022

Children's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious problem that has been increasingly examined during the last four decades. In the case of severe IPV, children are placed with their mothers in shelters for women survivors of domestic violence (SDV). The current study aimed to understand young children's descriptions of relating with their fathers during their stay in SDVs. Interviews were conducted with 32 Israeli children, aged 7 to 12 years. Two main themes and five subthemes were identified through thematic analysis: (1) Atypical visiting arrangements (subthemes: a lack of understanding about the meaning of supervised visitations, inconsistent and unstable visitations); (2) ambivalent attitudes towards the visiting arrangements (subthemes: enjoying fathers' attention and shared family time, worry and guilt following the visitations, controversial messages from fathers). The findings demonstrate the children's subjective views and emphasize the benefit of gathering qualitative data from young children in the context of exposure to IPV. Findings are discussed in light of the cognitive dissonance reduction theory. Limitations of the study are discussed, along with implications for practice, theory and future research.
Modelling the distribution and intraguild associations of an understudied mesocarnivore across the contiguous United States
Authors: Allen Maximilian L. , Green Austin M. , Moll Remington J.
Published: February 2022

Aim

Understanding the range‐wide distribution and abundance of species is critical for their conservation and management. Grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) are an understudied, low‐density mesocarnivore with a broad geographic range. However, the factors that underlie this broad distribution are poorly understood and large‐scale analyses of this species’ range and ecological niche are lacking.

Location

We modelled the probability and intensity of site use for grey foxes at two spatial scales using a coordinated survey of 1485 camera traps across the contiguous United States in 2019.

Methods

We used Bayesian occupancy modelling and post hoc species interaction comparisons to evaluate factors hypothesized to affect grey fox site use, including habitat, anthropogenic effects, and intraguild interactions.

Results

Our results showed that the presence of bobcats (Lynx rufus) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), as well as forest variables, had positive associations with grey fox site use. Surprisingly, we found no support for negative effects on grey fox space use from dominant competitors (coyotes, Canis latrans, or pumas, Puma concolor), and a complete lack of effects from urbanization metrics and gross primary productivity. We did, however, find a consistent negative association with red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which is the most ecologically and morphologically similar competitor of grey foxes.

Main conclusions

Taken together, these results imply that grey fox distribution is not limited by dominant carnivores or anthropogenic pressure. Rather, this species seems to occupy a unique niche across its broad range by exploiting diverse forest habitats shared with less ecologically similar competitors (striped skunks and raccoons, Procyon lotor), while being somewhat limited by a competitor occupying a similar ecological niche (red foxes). Our study highlights the value of broad‐scale approaches for evaluating factors influencing the distribution and abundance of understudied species, as local dynamics might fail to manifest across geographic ranges.
Health economics explained through six questions and answers
Authors: Zweifel Peter
Published: February 2022

Health economics as a discipline is described using six questions to be answered: Is health different from all other goods? Is the ‘cost explosion’ the core issue? What is the relative importance of moral hazard and adverse selection in competitive health insurance? What is the relevance of supplier‐induced demand? For evaluation, is cost effectiveness the appropriate standard? And finally, can the the very high degree of regulation in health care be justified on economic grounds? While the answers are soundly grounded in microeconomic theory, they show that economists interested in health and health care are far from the caricature of penny‐pinching ‘Elephants in a porcelain shop’ (Gbadebo & Reinhardt, 2001).
Gratefulness, resentfulness, and some modern slogans
Authors: Klein Daniel B
Published: February 2022

Scholars distinguish between gratitude and gratefulness. Both sentiments involve an appreciation of the benefits that one enjoys. Gratitude, however, also involves a positive feeling directed to the benefactor. Gratefulness does not necessarily involve any benefactor, much less a feeling towards one (‘I am grateful for the warm sunshine’). I suggest a parallel distinction between resentment and resentfulness. I suggest that in the primeval band resentfulness would be provoked by inequality and by non‐inclusiveness, and give rise to proper resentment. But we are not in the band any more. Now, resentfulness is bad, only it should be deemed an atavism. Gratefulness is, rather, a virtue, and should be encouraged. This article suggests that the propagandistic power of the modern slogans of ‘inclusiveness’ and ‘equity’ is atavistic.
Private regulation versus government regulation: The example of financial markets
Authors: Booth Philip
Published: February 2022

Economists generally study financial regulation in a ‘market failure’ context. Market failures, as defined in undergraduate textbooks, are identified and government action is proposed to remedy those failures. Quite apart from objections to the market‐failure model that can come from many perspectives, this approach ignores the ways in which regulatory institutions can develop within financial markets. Indeed, such institutions were the norm in the UK until the mid‐1980s, and they still exist today. This article proposes that economists should take this observed reality into account. When considering the appropriateness of government intervention, they should first study the relative advantages and disadvantages of private and government regulation.
Influence of placebo effect in mental disorders research: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fernández‐López Rodrigo , Riquelme‐Gallego Blanca , Bueno‐Cavanillas Aurora , Khan Khalid S.
Published: February 2022

Background

Randomized controlled trials (RCT) in mental disorders research commonly use active control groups including psychotherapeutic shams or inactive medication. This meta‐analysis assessed whether placebo conditions (active controls) had an effect compared to no treatment or usual care (passive controls).

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Ovid, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2021 and reference lists of relevant articles. Three‐arm RCTs, including active and passive control groups, were selected. Where individual standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculable, random effects meta‐analyses were performed to estimate an overall effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing active vs passive controls. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistic and meta‐regression. Funnel asymmetry was evaluated using Egger's test (Prospero registration: CRD42021242940).

Results

24 articles with 25 relevant RCTs were included in the review, of which 11 studies were of high risk of bias. There was an improvement in outcomes favouring the placebo conditions, compared to passive controls, overall (25 studies, SMD 0.24, 95% CI 0.06–0.42, I² = 43%) and in subgroups with anxiety (SMD 0.45, 95% CI 0.07–0.84, I² = 59%) or depression (SMD 0.22, 95% CI 0.04–0.39, I² = 0%). Meta‐regression did not show a significant explanation for heterogeneity. Egger's test showed no asymmetry (p = .200).

Conclusions

A small placebo effect was observed in mental disorders research overall, and in patients with anxiety or depression. These findings should be interpreted with caution in the light of heterogeneity and risk of bias.
Quality and accuracy of patient‐oriented Web‐based information regarding tooth avulsion
Authors: Nangia Divya , Saini Aakriti , Krishnan Arunakshi , Sharma Sidhartha , Kumar Vijay , Chawla Amrita , Logani Ajay
Published: February 2022

Background/Aim

Tooth avulsion (TA) is a severe form of traumatic dental injury. The tooth's prognosis depends on the immediate measures taken. First responders are often laypeople, and the Internet is a favored platform to access health‐related information. The aim of this descriptive study was to evaluate the accuracy, quality, readability, and popularity of patient‐oriented web information regarding the emergency management of TA.

Methods

Three search engines (Google, Bing, and Yahoo.com) were browsed with six VPNs using “knocked out tooth,” “fallen out tooth,” and “tooth avulsion” as keywords. The top 20 results for each were evaluated. Webpages were included if they had information oriented to caregivers. They were analyzed for accuracy (cutoff ≥95%). Quality of web pages was assessed using DISCERN and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark. Readability was evaluated using Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog (FOG), Coleman–Liau Index (CLI), and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG). Popularity was assessed by Alexa Popularity Rank (APR). Accurate and inaccurate webpages were compared using chi‐square analysis and the Mann–Whitney U test. Spearman's correlation between the studied metrics was established. A p < .05 was considered significant.

Results

Seventy‐two webpages were included, of which 23 (32%) were accurate. The median DISCERN ratings for accurate and inaccurate webpages were 3.0 [2.5–3.0] and 3.0 [2.0–3.0], respectively (p = .331). Ten (44%) accurate and 12 (24.5%) inaccurate webpages had high‐quality JAMA (p = .089). The median readability scores for accurate webpages were FKGL (8 [6.75–9.2]), FOG (10.6 [9.55–12.3]), CLI (7 [6–7]), SMOG (6.7 [6.15–7.5]), while scores for the inaccurate webpages were FKGL (7.85 [6.275–8.525]), FOG (10.55 [8.875–11.425]), CLI (7 [7–8.25]), and SMOG (7 [6.2–7.925]), with a higher CLI score for inaccurate webpages (p = .0035). The median APRs for accurate and inaccurate webpages were 1,02,538 [26,852–14,43,755] and 7,63,190 [2,19,799–29,92,067], respectively (p = .163). Accuracy had a positive correlation with quality (DISCERN: rho = .293, p = .013; JAMA: rho = .249, p = .036), while popularity (APR) was negatively correlated with quality (DISCERN: rho = −.330, p = .013; JAMA: rho = −.287, p = .032).

Conclusion

Relevant webpages were limited and had low accuracy. This can impact the emergency management by laypeople and adversely affect the prognosis following avulsion.
Validity and reliability of global ratings of satisfaction with epilepsy surgery
Authors: Wahby Sandra , Lawal Oluwaseyi A. , Sajobi Tolulope T. , Keezer Mark R. , Nguyen Dang K. , Malmgren Kristina , Atkinson Mark J. , Hader Walter J. , Josephson Colin B. , Macrodimitris Sophia , Patten Scott B. , Pillay Neelan , Sharma Ruby , Singh Shaily , Starreveld Yves , Wiebe Samuel
Published: February 2022

Objective

We aimed to assess the reliability and validity of single‐item global ratings (GR) of satisfaction with epilepsy surgery.

Methods

We recruited 240 patients from four centers in Canada and Sweden who underwent epilepsy surgery ≥1 year earlier. Participants completed a validated questionnaire on satisfaction with epilepsy surgery (the ESSQ‐19), plus a single‐item GR of satisfaction with epilepsy surgery twice, 4–6 weeks apart. They also completed validated questionnaires on quality of life, depression, health state utilities, epilepsy severity and disability, medical treatment satisfaction and social desirability. Test‐retest reliability of the GR was assessed with the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct and criterion validity were examined with polyserial correlations between the GR measure of satisfaction and validated questionnaires and with the ESSQ‐19 summary score. Non‐parametric rank tests evaluated levels of satisfaction, and ROC analysis assessed the ability of GRs to distinguish among clinically different patient groups.

Results

Median age and time since surgery were 42 years (IQR 32–54) and 5 years (IQR 2–8), respectively. The GR demonstrated good to excellent test‐retest reliability (ICC = 0.76; 95% CI 0.67–0.84) and criterion validity (0.85; 95% CI 0.81–0.89), and moderate correlations in the expected direction with instruments assessing quality of life (0.59; 95% CI 0.51–0.63), health utilities (0.55; 95% CI 0.45–0.65), disability (−0.51; 95% CI −0.41, −0.61), depression (−0.48; 95% CI −0.38, −0.58), and epilepsy severity (−0.48; 95% CI −0.38, −0.58). As expected, correlations were lower for social desirability (0.40; 95% CI 0.28–0.52) and medical treatment satisfaction (0.33; 95% CI 0.21–0.45). The GR distinguished participants who were seizure‐free (AUC 0.75; 95% CI 0.67–0.82), depressed (AUC 0.75; 95% CI 0.67–0.83), and self‐rated as having more severe epilepsy (AUC 0.78; 95% CI 0.71–0.85) and being more disabled (AUC 0.82; 95% CI 0.74–0.90).

Significance

The GR of epilepsy surgery satisfaction showed good measurement properties, distinguished among clinically different patient groups, and appears well‐suited for use in clinical practice and research.
Pedigree analysis and estimates of effective breeding size characterize sea lamprey reproductive biology
Authors: Weise Ellen M. , Scribner Kim T. , Adams Jean V. , Boeberitz Olivia , Jubar Aaron K. , Bravener Gale , Johnson Nicholas S. , Robinson John D.
Published: February 2022

The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is an invasive species in the Great Lakes and the focus of a large control and assessment program. Current assessment methods provide information on the census size of spawning adult sea lamprey in a small number of streams, but information characterizing reproductive success of spawning adults is rarely available. We used RAD‐capture sequencing to genotype single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for ~1600 sea lamprey larvae collected from three streams in northern Michigan (Black Mallard, Pigeon, and Ocqueoc Rivers). Larval genotypes were used to reconstruct family pedigrees, which were combined with Gaussian mixture analyses to identify larval age classes for estimation of spawning population size. Two complementary estimates of effective breeding size (Nb), as well as the extrapolated minimum number of spawners (Ns), were also generated for each cohort. Reconstructed pedigrees highlighted inaccuracies of cohort assignments from traditionally used mixture analyses. However, combining genotype‐based pedigree information with length‐at‐age assignment of cohort membership greatly improved cohort identification accuracy. Population estimates across all three streams sampled in this study indicate a small number of successfully spawning adults when barriers were in operation, implying that barriers limited adult spawning numbers but were not completely effective at blocking access to spawning habitats. Thus, the large numbers of larvae present in sampled systems were a poor indicator of spawning adult abundance. Overall, pedigree‐based Nb and Ns estimates provide a promising and rapid assessment tool for sea lamprey and other species.
Cool microrefugia accumulate and conserve biodiversity under climate change
Authors: Nadeau Christopher P. , Giacomazzo Anjelica , Urban Mark C.
Published: February 2022

A major challenge in climate change biology is to explain why the impacts of climate change vary around the globe. Microclimates could explain some of this variation, but climate change biologists often overlook microclimates because they are difficult to map. Here, we map microclimates in a freshwater rock pool ecosystem and evaluate how accounting for microclimates alters predictions of climate change impacts on aquatic invertebrates. We demonstrate that average maximum temperature during the growing season can differ by 9.9–11.6°C among microclimates less than a meter apart and this microclimate variation might increase by 21% in the future if deeper pools warm less than shallower pools. Accounting for this microclimate variation significantly alters predictions of climate change impacts on aquatic invertebrates. Predictions that exclude microclimates predict low future occupancy (0.08–0.32) and persistence probabilities (2%–73%) for cold‐adapted taxa, and therefore predict decreases in gamma richness and a substantial shift toward warm‐adapted taxa in local communities (i.e., thermophilization). However, predictions incorporating microclimates suggest cool locations will remain suitable for cold‐adapted taxa in the future, no change in gamma richness, and 825% less thermophilization. Our models also suggest that cool locations will become suitable for warm‐adapted taxa and will therefore accumulate biodiversity in the future, which makes cool locations essential for biodiversity conservation. Simulated protection of the 10 coolest microclimates (9% of locations on the landscape) results in a 100% chance of conserving all focal taxa in the future. In contrast, protecting the 10 currently most biodiverse locations, a commonly employed conservation strategy, results in a 3% chance of conserving all focal taxa in the future. Our study suggests that we must account for microclimates if we hope to understand the future impacts of climate change and design effective conservation strategies to limit biodiversity loss.
Translation and validation of a French version of the Xerostomia Inventory
Authors: Pierrard Loïc , Grenier Stéphanie , Dramé Moustapha , Musset Anne‐Marie , Jolly Damien
Published: February 2022

Objective

This study aimed to assess the transcultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the French‐language version of the Xerostomia Inventory (XI‐Fr).

Methods

In total, 65 patients aged 65 years or older were recruited from three departments of a single French hospital. Patients had to have a Mini Mental State Examination score of 10 or more and be able to read and write French. The XI‐Fr was administered to all patients after transcultural adaptation, at the start of the study, and again at 7 days after inclusion. We assessed reliability, acceptability, validity, internal consistency and reproducibility of the instrument in its French‐language version.

Results

The XI‐Fr showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.79) and good reliability (intra‐class correlation 0.83) at 7 days. Convergent validity showed no relation between salivary flow and XI‐Fr score, as with the original instrument. Discriminant validity showed a positive correlation between the XI‐Fr and the GOHAI, but no difference for the MNA or miniGDS scores.

Conclusion

The XI‐Fr is a valid and reliable measure of xerostomia in French, with psychometric properties comparable to those of the original English‐language version.
Upstream privatization and downstream licensing
Authors: Liu Yi , Wang Leonard F.S. , Zeng Chenhang
Published: February 2022

This study attempts to investigate the impact of downstream foreign licensing on upstream privatization policy in a vertically related market, in which a public firm and a domestic private firm supply exclusively to downstream domestic and foreign firms, respectively. We show that downstream licensing occurs when the cost differential between downstream duopolists is small, and the optimal strategy under licensing is upstream partial privatization. In addition, downstream foreign licensing facilitates upstream privatization. We further show that downstream licensing improves (reduces) local welfare when the cost differential is large (small).
Improving Architecture Students’ Design Skills: A Studio Experience
Authors: Ceylan Salih , Soygenis Sema
Published: February 2022

Design is a complicated task that requires the simultaneous operation of different cognitive processes. Many researchers claim that the design process is something that can be supported with various implementations. Design education helps students improve their design skills by utilising different types of exercises. This article presents a case study wherein third‐year undergraduate students at an architecture school’s design studio were the subjects. The normal workflow of the studio was reinforced with checkpoints where the students were asked to complete exercises based on sketching, writing and visual analogy. The aim of the case study was to stimulate different cognitive processes in the students’ brains through structured exercises to support their design process. This study questions the interrelation between each cognitive process and their relationship with the overall design process, plus whether verbal and written tasks as well as sketching, as cognitive exercises, contribute to the design process. The case study’s findings indicate that students derived significant support from the exercises, and that there is correlation between the students’ participation level in the exercises and their success in the design task. The case study also shows the interrelation between the writing and sketching exercises and their effects on the students’ success in the design process. This article suggests that design educators would benefit from structuring methods efficiently in order to achieve better results when training neophyte designers.
Informed options trading prior to FDA announcements
Authors: Bohmann Marc J. M. , Patel Vinay
Published: February 2022

We find that pre‐announcement implied volatility spreads and options trading activity are abnormally elevated and can predict Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announcement date stock returns. The effect is more pronounced in firms with higher levels of information asymmetry and lower‐quality corporate governance suggesting that some options traders are informed in advance of the details that affect the stock price impact of the FDA news. We provide the first examination of informed options trading prior to FDA announcements during a 21‐year period. Our findings have implications for regulators, investors and relevant firms.
A systematic review of academic dishonesty in online learning environments
Authors: Chiang Feng‐Kuang , Zhu Dan , Yu Wenhao
Published: February 2022

Background

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, online learning has played an increasingly crucial role in the educational system. Academic dishonesty (AD) in online learning is a challenging problem that represents a complex psychological and social phenomenon for learners. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic reviews of AD in online learning environments.

Objectives

This study presents a systematic study of AD in online learning environments to delineate its trends and uncover potential areas for further research.

Methods

We conducted this review based on various sources of evidence‐based research and followed the guidelines of the PRISMA statement and procedure for selection. After the exclusion criteria were employed, 59 eligible articles were selected and then analysed in a descriptive overview. Two frameworks were identified in the structured content analysis to analyse these articles. One was the framework of Gilbert's Behaviour Engineering Model (BEM), and the other was the types of interventions for online AD, where 36 articles were analysed.

Results and Conclusions

The descriptive results showed that most studies used quantitative methods and focused on students. The analysis results of influencing factors under the BEM framework showed that the category of environment support and tools accounts for the largest proportion. And the types of interventions for online AD we classified include individual AD & high technological complexity, individual AD & low technological complexity, collective AD & high technological complexity, and collective AD & low technological complexity. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding and guidance of AD in the online environment for relevant managers, designers and developers.
Targeted cluster ablation of non‐CTI‐dependent atrial arrhythmias in congenital heart disease using ultrahigh‐definition mapping
Authors: Kefala Anna , Claridge Simon , Wijayagoonawardana Pradeep , Sadagopan Shankar , Ullah Waqas , Yue Arthur
Published: February 2022

Background

Ablation of atrial arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) has markedly improved with advanced mapping systems. However, recurrence rates remain high. The linear ablation strategy is not uncommonly practiced necessitating prolonged ablation times. We report the outcomes of adopting a strategy of minimal, cluster delivery of radiofrequency (RF) energy at critical substrates identified by ultrahigh‐definition mapping for atrial arrhythmias in patients with CHD.

Methods

Non‐cavotricuspid isthmus (non‐CTI) atrial tachycardias were ablated with a targeted ablation cluster technique (TACT) using an ultrahigh‐density mapping system combined with multielectrode monitoring and endpoint determination in preference to linear ablation. The arrhythmia substrates, RF times, and acute‐ and medium‐term success rates were studied.

Results

Fifty‐eight tachycardias were mapped and ablated in 42 procedures: 34 non‐CTIs and 24 CTIs. A targeted ablation cluster was performed for non‐CTI tachycardias, with a median ablation time of 3.1 min. In 53% of non‐CTI tachycardias, arrhythmia termination was achieved with ≤2 RF applications. After a mean follow‐up of 23.6 months, 27 (80%) patients were free of recurrent atrial arrhythmias. One of 34 targeted non‐CTI tachycardia recurred, with a final success rate of 91%. Linear ablation was performed for CTI flutters with a median ablation time of 6.8 min (vs. non‐CTIs, p = .006). Three of 21 tachycardias recurred due to reconnection of the ablation line but the final success rate was 100%.

Conclusions

The TACT approach for non‐CTI atrial arrhythmias in congenital patients as guided by the ultrahigh‐density mapping is an effective method with short ablation times and excellent medium‐term outcomes.
U.S. Copyright Termination Notices 1977–2020: Introducing New Datasets
Authors: Yuvaraj Joshua , Giblin Rebecca , Russo‐Batterham Daniel , Grant Genevieve
Published: February 2022

Copyright termination laws in the United States allow creators to end their copyright assignments and licences after various time periods and regain their rights. These laws are designed to protect authors and their heirs by giving them a second opportunity to profit from their works, where they might have assigned them initially for relatively little. Similar laws are in force and being recommended for implementation around the world. However, there is little data on how these laws are being used. Such data is vital because it provides insights into the pros and cons of different systems. We fill this gap by providing the first large‐scale study of copyright termination notice records from the U.S. Copyright Office. Utilising data scraping and manipulation techniques in the Python programming language, we have created two brand new datasets for scholars, copyright experts, creators, publishers, and other industry stakeholders to examine. In our accompanying paper, we document some preliminary trends from the data and how it might be used for further analysis.
Reproductive biology of the whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari (Myliobatiformes) captured in the coast of Paraíba and Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Araújo Priscila Rocha Vasconcelos , Oddone Maria C. , Evêncio‐Neto Joaquim , Lessa Rosangela
Published: February 2022

The present study analysed aspects of reproductive biology based on macroscopic and microscopic structures of whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari captured by artisanal fishing off the coast of Paraíba and Pernambuco (7° 30′ S, 34° 49′ W; 7° 47′ S, 34° 51′ W), northeast Brazil. Of the 71 individuals in the sample, 55% were female (disc width – WD: 532–1698 mm) and 45% were male (WD: 442–1410 mm). The body size at which 50% of the individuals are mature (WD50) for males was 1155.8 mm; the clasper length varied between 24 and 184 mm. The WD50 for females was 1293.9 mm; the diameter of the largest vitellogenic follicle varied between 11 and 31 mm; and only the left ovary and uterus were functional. The microanatomy of the reproductive tract of males and females agrees with that of other elasmobranch species. In males, the highest hepato‐somatic index (IH) average and gonado‐somatic index (IG) average occurred in the third bimester of the year, whereas in females the highest values (average IH and IG, respectively) were in the second bimester of the year. Based on the information on reproduction of A. narinari from this study, it will be possible to contribute to the correct management and protection of this species.
Diagnostic workup of Cushing’s syndrome
Authors: Balomenaki Maria , Margaritopoulos Dimitris , Vassiliadi Dimitra Argyro , Tsagarakis Stylianos
Published: February 2022

Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare but detrimental endocrine disorder. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential since the duration of hypercortisolism has an adverse impact on the extent of comorbidities and overall survival. The diagnostic approach involves a stepwise process that includes (1) screening and confirming the diagnosis and (2) establishing the aetiology of CS. The tests currently used to confirm the diagnosis of CS include urinary free cortisol measurements, the dexamethasone suppression test and late‐ night salivary cortisol or midnight serum cortisol measurements. None of these tests are ideal; all have pitfalls and require careful interpretation. Following confirmation of CS, measurement of ACTH discriminates between ACTH‐dependent and non‐ACTH dependent causes of CS. Adrenal imaging provides clues for the aetiology of non‐ACTH dependent forms. Differentiation between the ACTH‐dependent forms that involve pituitary corticotroph adenomas and ectopic ACTH sources is more complex and include pituitary MRI imaging, the high dose dexamethasone suppression test, the CRH test, bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling and, when required imaging modalities to detect ectopic ACTH secreting lesions. This review, which is part of a special issue on "Update of Cushing's syndrome: 100 years after Minnie G" will provide an update on our current diagnostic workup for the confirmation and differential diagnosis of CS.
Endolift laser an effective treatment modality for forehead wrinkles and frown line
Authors: Nilforoushzadeh Mohammad Ali , Fakhim Tannaz , Heidari‐Kharaji Maryam , Torkamaniha Elham , Nouri Maryam , Roohaninasab Masoumeh , Behrangi Elham , Hanifnia Amirreza , Goodarzi Azadeh
Published: February 2022

Background

The search of beauty and youth has received a lot of attention which is proved by increasing cosmetic techniques. The people prefer non‐surgical and invasive method for reduction and wrinkles treatment.

Methods

In this study, we used Endolift laser for forehead wrinkles and frown line treatment to evaluate the clinical safety and effectiveness of this technique for reduction of forehead wrinkles and frown line. A total of 9 patients with forehead wrinkles and frown line were included in the current study. The results were investigated using biometric evaluation. Also, assessment was performed clinically and photographically, and physician's assessment and patient satisfaction responses were recorded.

Results

According to the biometric results, the skin thickness and elasticity significantly increase after Endolift laser treatment. According to the physician's assessment, 90% of patients displayed very much improvement after Endolift laser treatment, and according to the patient assessment, 91% of patients reported positive satisfaction response.

Conclusion

Treatment with Endolift laser is safe and an effective method for decrease of forehead wrinkles and frown line treatment. It offers as a non‐invasive alternative technique in compared to other invasive procedures for forehead wrinkles and frown line treatment.
Evaluation of the functioning of long‐term at‐home nursing care in Poland from the perspective of care providers: Mixed methods study
Authors: Ziembicka Dominika M. , Lukaszuk Bartlomiej , Marcinowicz Ludmila
Published: February 2022

Aims and objectives

This study aimed to analyse and evaluate the functioning of long‐term at‐home nursing care (LTHNC) based on the opinions of its service providers.

Background

Long‐term at‐home nursing care is a form of care for patients who do not need hospital treatment but need systematic nursing care because of their health problems. LTHNC in Poland involves guaranteed care services financed from universal health insurance contributions pursuant to contracts with the National Health Fund (NHF); the program has existed since 2004.

Design

A sequential‐explanatory mixed‐method design was used. The study was carried out using both quantitative and qualitative research methods.

Methods

A questionnaire was distributed amongst 1119 care providers (the response rate was 38.2%). The qualitative research comprised semi‐structured interviews with ten care providers, namely three nurses managing LTHNC facilities and seven nurses directly providing services as part of LTHNC. The STROBE checklist was used in reporting this study.

Results

We found that the main reasons for contracting LTHNC services were the increasing demand for this form of care, financial motives and an opportunity to introduce new organisational solutions. Our study shows that LTHNC is beneficial not only for the patients, but also for the nurses who provide the care. On the one hand, LTHNC provides positive results for patients and their caregivers (family members), and on the other hand, it affords a sense of satisfaction to the nurses and contributes to the development of their professional independence.

Conclusions

According to care providers, improving accessibility through increasing the number of contracted services as well as raising the pay for 1 day of care per patient may improve the functioning of LTHNC.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of our study are a source of information for those who organise health care and administer resources on how to improve the functioning of LTHNC.
Expression of HHLA2, TMIGD2, and GITR in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Meng‐Jie , Wang Shuo , Wu Cong‐Cong , Wu Lei , Sun Zhi‐Jun
Published: February 2022

Background

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are the two most common malignancies of salivary gland. Our study aims to explore the role of human endogenous Retrovirus‐H long terminal repeat‐associating protein 2, transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain‐containing 2, and glucocorticoid‐induced tumor necrosis factor receptor in adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and the relationship between human endogenous Retrovirus‐H long terminal repeat‐associating protein 2, transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain‐containing 2, glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor, oncogenic signaling molecules, and cluster of differentiation 8.

Methods

Custom‐made human salivary gland tissue microarrays included 81 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 52 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 76 normal salivary gland, and 14 pleomorphic adenoma samples. Immunohistochemical analysis of human endogenous Retrovirus‐H long terminal repeat‐associating protein 2, transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain‐containing 2, and glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor, oncogenic phosphorylated Erk1/2, the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) molecule transforming growth factor β1, and cluster of differentiation 8 was performed with salivary gland tissue microarray of human samples.

Results

According to a digital pathological system, we analyzed the correlation of immunostaining. The expression levels of human endogenous Retrovirus‐H long terminal repeat‐associating protein 2, transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain‐containing 2, and glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor were significantly enhanced in the adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, compared with those of pleomorphic adenoma and NSG samples. However, the expression levels of human endogenous Retrovirus‐H long terminal repeat‐associating protein 2, transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain‐containing 2, and glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor were independent of the pathological grade of malignancy of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and histological pattern of adenoid cystic carcinoma. They were closely related to phosphorylated Erk1/2 and transforming growth factor β1, but negligibly related to cluster of differentiation 8.

Conclusions

These results described that certain immune checkpoint molecules, namely, human endogenous Retrovirus‐H long terminal repeat‐associating protein 2, transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain‐containing 2, and glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor were overexpressed in Adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, but were independent of pathological grade, and may relate to transforming growth factor β1, phosphorylated Erk1/2, and cluster of differentiation 8.
Air and atmosphere studies: Enlightenment, phenomenology and ecocriticism
Authors: Boyson Rowan Rose
Published: February 2022

This essay examines the treatment of air and atmosphere in literary scholarship of the late 17th‐ to mid‐19th‐century periods, from the first, early Enlightenment discovery of the air's chemical structure and the coining of the word ‘atmosphere’, to the dawning of Victorian industrial pollution. As climate has become the predominant focus of environmental campaigning, and as air pollution and air infection have become near‐universal concerns, the air itself has gained a corresponding increase in academic attention. Part I of my essay begins by sketching out the longer history of this interest, showing that air and atmosphere are complex words that have longstanding philosophical and literary histories alongside their everyday ‘real’ meanings. I explore the place of air studies in the History of Science, and look at how this discipline and English studies have enjoyed a close proximity with regards to the major chemical discoveries of the Enlightenment period. Part II defines the field of ‘atmosphere studies’ as it has emerged from 20th‐century philosophy, and its importance to contemporary geography, anthropology and architecture. The complexity of the idea of ‘atmosphere’ is, however, rooted in early 19th‐century aesthetics, and hence, I argue, literary scholarship of this period makes a crucial contribution to this broader atmospheric enquiry. Part III explores how literary critics and historians have begun to respond to contemporary discourse on air as primarily an issue of climate change and pollution, and suggests that there is a new eco‐realism or literalness in discussion of atmosphere, borne out by increasing reflection on the carbon impact of academic work itself. I sketch out some suggestions for future research and emphasize again the importance of the 18th‐ and 19th‐century legacies for understanding and even acting upon the contemporary air and climate crisis.