bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlational Analysis of Suggestibility, Self-Preoccupation, Styles of Loving, and Sensation Seeking
Authors: Johnston Teresa L. , Jaremko Matt E.
Published: September 2011

In this study measures of suggestibility, self-preoccupation, styles of loving, and sensation seeking were correlated. Self-oriented styles of loving are positively correlated with sensation seeking and self-preoccupation. Suggestions for further work in delineating these constructs are provided.
Cognitive Performance of Children with Renal Disease
Authors: Rasbury Wiley C. , Fennell Robert S. , Eastman Brenda G. , Garin Eduardo H. , Richards George
Published: September 2011

Children ( N = 14) with End Stage Renal Disease were compared pre- and post-hemodialysis session on measures of attention, problem solving and learning with 14 control subjects. In contrast to the findings for adult patients no significant differences were found between the End Stage Renal Disease and control subjects on any of the cognitive tasks employed nor were there any significant differences pre- to post-dialysis session for the group. The results were discussed in terms of the general efficiency of the hemodialysis regimen employed and other factors which might affect performance of these ill children.
Retrieval Cues and Release from Proactive Interference with Meaningful Materials
Authors: Gunter Barrie
Published: September 2011

An extension of a 1976 experiment by O'Neill, Sutcliff, and Tulving was conducted using prose materials to generalize the Wickens release from proactive interference procedure to complex meaningful materials. Release from proactive interference occurred immediately following a taxonomic shift on a critical trial, but this shift effect occurred only in the presence of appropriate retrieval cues. Release from proactive interference may be a phenomenon of both storage and retrieval, and this technique may be generalizable to prose materials as a measure of dimensions along which such materials are encoded.
Factors Affecting Generalized Suppression of Overt Behavior during Resistance to Temptation: The “Priest Effect”
Authors: Augustin James W. , Miller Arthur L. , Kirschenbaum Daniel S.
Published: September 2011

A “forbidden toy” paradigm was employed to study the effects of three variables on children's overt behavior during effective resistance to temptation. A 2 (mild versus severe admonishment not to play with the forbidden toy) × 2 (“priest” versus “student” or high versus low status of the threatening agent) × 2 (threatening agent present or absent during temptation period) design was used in randomly assigning 96 boys to one of eight groups. During a 5-min. temptation period all children effectively inhibited playing with the forbidden toy, although significantly more children touched the toy when the threatening agent was absent (9 of 48) instead of present (2 of 48). Children suppressed free play most with all nonforbidden toys when they had been severely threatened. Duration of play with the second most preferred toy was similarly affected by threat severity but only when the “priest” was the threatening agent. Apparently the type of instructions and the characteristics of the source of instructions are important influences on overt behavior during effective resistance to temptation.
Performance of Eastern- and Western-Oriented College Students on the Value Survey and Ways of Life Scale
Authors: Gilgen Albert R. , Cho Jae Hyung
Published: September 2011

The Value Survey, Ways of Life Scale, and East-West Questionnaire were administered to 210 students in introductory psychology to determine the value and life style preferences of Eastern- and Western-oriented individuals. The findings were, in general, consonant with the assumptions underlying the design of the East-West Questionnaire. Sex differences, however, indicate that Eastern and Western male and female subjects have somewhat different value and life style preferences.
Effect of Distance of Photostimulation on a Photosensitive Epileptic Subject
Authors: Plaster Glenn A. , Lodge Karen J. , Mulvaney Dallas E.
Published: September 2011

The effect of stroboscopic photostimulation upon an institutionalized, mentally retarded, photoepileptic male was studied. Evidence of epileptiform activity was carefully monitored on a 16-channel electroencephalograph as a stroboscope was systematically moved closer to the subject's face. No sensitivity to photostimulation was noted at 105 cm., whereas, extreme epileptiform activity was evidenced at 10 cm. Results indicate that as the distance between the source of stimulation and the subject decreased, “spiking” on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and epileptiform EEG activity increased.
Maintained Generalization Gradients with Contingent and Non-Contingent Reinforcement
Authors: Howard William W.
Published: September 2011

Contingent or non-contingent schedules of reinforcement were used in a maintained-generalization testing procedure. Four adult male white Carneaux pigeons with previous experience in generalization-testing procedures served as subjects. Subjects pecked a key for food reinforcement in the presence of various line-tilt orientations. A discrete-trial procedure with stimulus durations of eight sec. and a mean intertrial interval of 45 sec. was used. No difference in the shape of the obtained gradient as regards the presence or absence of a response contingency was observed, Results are discussed in relation to work on interoceptive vs exteroceptive stimulus control of behavior.
Elaboration of Linguistic Code and Verbal-Processing Strategies: Interdomain Analyses
Authors: Poole Millicent E.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between linguistic code elaboration and verbal processing strategies. Individual, structured interviews were administered to a sample of 48 male and 48 female adolescents, aged between 15 and 16 yr., to obtain measures in two domains, linguistic and verbal. Interdomain relationships were explored by means of principal component analysis and canonical correlation. The pattern of relationships between the two domains suggested a functional relationship between the linguistic codes and task-specific verbal processing modes. That is to say, linguistic codes reflected the simplicity or complexity of verbal processing strategies needed for task completion.
Reactions of Mothers with Mentally Retarded Children: A Social Perspective
Authors: Watson Robert L. , Midlarsky Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

38 mothers of retarded children and 70 mothers of nonretarded children were asked a series of Likert-type questions designed to tap social behaviors and attitudes. The mothers of retarded children were more likely to express positive attitudes toward the retarded and to expect that the “average” person in the community has a negative opinion of the retarded than were the mothers of the nonretarded children. Mothers of retarded children also manifested different patterns of social behavior regarding employment and utilization of babysitters, in comparison with mothers of nonretarded children.
Illnesses, Accidents, and Alcohol Use as Functions of the Arousing Quality and Pleasantness of Life Changes
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Ross Marion
Published: September 2011

Life changes were rated for their arousing quality and pleasantness-unpleasantness. Number of life changes and arousing quality of life changes correlated .92 and both were positively related to a composite measure of physical, psychosomatic, and psychological symptoms, incidence of accidents, and alcohol use. Nonscreeners, i.e., more arousable persons, experienced more illnesses, as did females who are generally more arousable than males. More dominant persons had more accidents. Tests of interactions among the independent variables yielded significant effects for the composite measure of illness and for accidents but not for alcohol use. The combination of nonscreening, i.e., arousable temperament, and arousing life changes was particularly detrimental to health. Also, a pleasant temperament helped alleviate the detrimental effect of unpleasant life changes on health. The hypothesized adverse effect of unpleasant and arousing life changes was obtained for the accident rates of nonscreeners but not of screeners. Thus, the interactive contribution of displeasure with high arousal was significant only when extremely high arousal resulted from the combination of arousing conditions and an arousable temperament. Finally, an interaction of stimulus screening × trait dominance showed dominant nonscreeners to be more accident prone than submissive nonscreeners.
Differences in Reaction Times of Extraverts and Introverts to Rapaport's Word Association Test
Authors: Shiomi Kunio
Published: September 2011

For 40 Japanese undergraduates reaction times to the Rapa-port Word Association Test were recorded. Significant negative correlations were obtained between reaction times and Extraversion scores on the Maudsley Personality Inventory, but positive correlations with Neuroticism scores were obtained. These results were discussed in terms of the defense mechanisms of the ego and differences in types of personality.
An Attempt to Pretrain DRL Collateral Responding in Rats and Pigeons
Authors: Adams Robert M. , Husted Lester G.
Published: September 2011

26 rats and two pigeons were trained on a variety of counting schedules, all requiring a sequence of responses on one lever followed by a response on a second lever. Following the counting schedules, subjects were switched to differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate contingencies. None of the pretraining schedules resulted in reliable use of the counting lever for collateral responding during the DRL interresponse time.
Further Comments on Bartko's “on Various Intraclass Correlation Reliability Coefficients”
Authors: Finstuen Kenn , Campbell Michael E.
Published: September 2011

Bartko's and Winer's intraclass correlation reliability methods are assessed. Alternative intraclass correlation techniques and internal consistency estimates of reliability are demonstrated for sets of ratings and dichotomous test score data.
Anxiety and Attribution as Predictors of Non-Completion of a Course
Authors: Chandler Theodore A. , Cosner Thurston , Spies Carl A.
Published: September 2011

16 non-persisters in an individualized mastery approach of introductory psychology in a community college had significantly higher initial state anxiety than 26 persisters, but there was no significant difference in trait anxiety. Non-persisters were also significantly higher than persisters in attributions for achievement to external context.
Personality, Arousal and Individual Differences in Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Knott Verner J.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to examine physiologically based personality correlates of ‘low-arousal smokers’ and ‘high-arousal smokers.’ The former were smokers who generally experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations, characterized by, e.g., monotony or boredom, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations, characterized by, e.g., anxiety or excitement. Members of each group completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Vando Reduction-Augmentation Scale. High-arousal smokers exhibited significantly greater scores on extraversioon, neuroticism, and reducing dimensions.
Interpersonal Orientation and Self-Presentational Style
Authors: Leary Mark R.
Published: September 2011

The relation between Horney's interpersonal orientations (compliant, aggressive, detached) and self-presentational style was investigated. Male and female subjects completed a measure of interpersonal orientation, worked on a series of tasks in four-person groups, then completed a self-presentational questionnaire they believed would be shown to the other group members. Analysis showed that subjects' interpersonal orientations were directly reflected in the nature of the social images subjects projected to the other group members. It is concluded that individuals may utilize tactical self-presentations as a means of establishing particular relationships with others that are congruent with their preferred modes of dealing with the social world.
Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity and Shipley-Institute of Living Scale Scores for Black Chicago Youths
Authors: Young Anthony , Rearden John
Published: September 2011

48 black teenagers living in the Douglas neighborhood of Chicago were given both the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity and the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale. Lower-class black subjects (housing project residents) scored below middle-class black subjects (high-rise apartment residents) on the vocabulary and abstract reasoning subtests of the Shipley but not on the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity. Scores on the latter increased directly with age, and females scored higher than males. When age was controlled for middle-class subjects Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity scores were negatively related to vocabulary and when sex was controlled with lower-class subjects, scores were positively related to vocabulary. Abstract reasoning was negatively related to Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity scores when age was controlled for all subjects.
A Simulation of Factor Analytic Reliability Varying Sample Size and Number of Variables
Authors: Manners George E. , Brush Donald H.
Published: September 2011

An examination of four factor analytic models employing random sampling experiments is undertaken using a methodology and hypothetical population factor structure first employed by Browne (2). The factor models are each explored under four separate conditions, varying sample size and number of variables. Under these limited conditions, it is argued that there are no practical differences among the factor models considered with respect to sampling error in the absence of a Heywood variable. However, with respect to the ability of each model to capture, early and at convergence, the number of factors in the population, the alpha factor model is shown to have the greatest reliability.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Items in the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension
Authors: Pearson Judy C.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of items in the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension yielded six factors. College students ( n = 215) at a large midwestern university completed the two scales. The findings support the hypothesis that assertiveness is related to apprehension about communication.
Behavioral Contrast in Pigeons with Qualitatively Different Reinforcers
Authors: Pingrey Donald L. , Delehanty Denis L. , Stubbs D. Alan
Published: September 2011

Three white Carneaux pigeons were trained to respond on a mult VI 1-min. (milo reinforcement), VI 1-min. (pea reinforcement) schedule when each component was associated with a different key, feeder, and reinforcer. The experiment was divided into four phases. In Phases 1 and 3, baseline rates of responding were established. In experimental Phases 2 and 4, one component of the multiple schedule was changed to extinction. During the experimental phases, response rates decreased in the extinction component and increased in the unchanged component (positive behavioral contrast). The increase in responding in the unchanged component was greater when the more valued reinforcer was extinguished. These findings are very similar to those reported by Beninger and Kendall (1975) and extend the positive contrast effect to another species, pigeons.
A Possible Role for Generally Adaptive Features in Mate Selection and Sexual Stimulation
Authors: Lott Dale F.
Published: September 2011

Any trait that is advantageous in the normal business of living will make its possessor a more advantageous mate, thus providing selection pressure favoring the trait of preferring to mate with an individual having such traits. In many cases such a feature will have contributed to radiation into a new niche. It will also distinguish a newly evolved species from its ancestral species, providing a basis for reproductive isolation. Consequently recently evolved generally adaptive features are likely to be sexually stimulating or attended to in mate selection. Therefore, there is a good possibility that there are some biologically based mating preferences and sexual responses in humans that are expressed in most cultures.
Social Chronobiology: Circadian Activation Rhythms of Married Couples
Authors: Hoskins Carol N. , Halberg Franz , Merrifield Philip R. , Hillman Dewayne C.
Published: September 2011

16 couples who had been married about 8½ yr. indicated level of activation every 4 hr. on each of 6 days and twice each day completed the Interpersonal Conflict Scale. Body temperatures were recorded each hour. Analyses showed group rhythms in scores, individual rhythms in some scores. Use of this information in resolving conflict seems possible.
Curiosity and Knowledge
Authors: Jones R. Stewart
Published: September 2011

The curiosity of 116 graduate students was compared with their knowledge of the items used to measure curiosity. There was an insignificant correlation (—.06) between curiosity and knowledge but a significant correlation between the curiosity value and the knowledge value (—.51) of the individual items on the test.
Effect of Aggressive Play on Children's Subsequent Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Happach Arlene
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 6 preschoolers were matched on baseline aggression level. One group hit a punching bag toy and the other drew on a chalkboard for 5 min. during 19 1-hr. free-play sessions. Aggressive behavior immediately following each treatment was recorded. The groups increased equally in aggression between baseline and treatment.
Sensitive Data Gathering through the Random Response Technique: A Validity Study
Authors: Frenette Carmen , Bégin Guy
Published: September 2011

To test the validity of the data generated by the random response technique, 204 subjects participated in an electoral survey. Three simulations completed through the technique replicated accurately the results of the survey.
Visual Imagery Reactivity: Relationships to Rorschach Responses, Diagnostic Classification and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Yanovski Alexander , Fogel Max L.
Published: September 2011

Visual imagery techniques were applied to a randomly selected group of 30 patients in therapy to determine individual differences in response to such techniques and to examine several diagnostic and therapeutic correlates of these differences. Analysis showed that, when patients were classified as Imagery Reactors or Nonreactors, there were corresponding differences associated with this classification with respect to (1) general diagnostic categories, (2) degree and quality of Rorschach responses including a conflict material score, and (3) success in insight-oriented therapy utilizing imagery. It was concluded that determination of a patient's level of imagery reactivity provides a valuable ancillary tool in selected diagnostic and therapeutic situations.
Conditions Which Occasion Depression: A Review of Three Behavioral Models
Authors: Heiby Elaine M.
Published: September 2011

The behavioral models of depression proposed by Ferster (1966, 1973), Lewinsohn (1974a, 1974b), and Seligman (1973, 1975, 1978) are summarized and the variables proposed in the models are evaluated. While no one variable has been related conclusively to onset of depression, there is sufficient evidence regarding the effects of these variables to justify further investigation. Most research to date has been directed toward either characterizing depression by correlating various measures of depressive behavior or demonstrating the relation between individual variables and reduction in depression. Correlational research facilitates the specification of the definition of depression. Research on reduction in depression contributes to the development of effective intervention techniques. A theoretical understanding or prediction of depression onset will require research demonstrating antecedents to depression. Problems of such research are discussed and suggestions for future strategies for research are offered.
Acquisitional Processes Underlying Illicit Alcohol Abuse in Underage Children: An Observational Learning Model
Authors: Jones John W.
Published: September 2011

This study examined 25 boys and 35 girls in an elementary school and found illicit alcohol use occurred in 1 out of 5. Moreover, the frequency of weekly alcohol consumption among both the students' families and friends, as observed by the student, reliably predicted alcohol consumption rates by male students but not females. The obtained pattern of results is discussed in terms of an observational learning model of youths' drinking behavior, and implications of the findings are given.
Evaluative Confounding in the Choice of Bipolar Scales
Authors: Klockars Alan J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has approached the confounding of desirability and description in self-description and in trait inference. The present study attempted to determine the extent to which subjects constructing bipolar rating scales confound these two dimensions. Subjects ( n = 174) were given 48 sets of adjectives from which to construct bipolar rating scales to describe people-related concepts. One adjective was given as marking one end of the scale and the subjects were to choose one of two adjectives which would result in the best bipolar scale. The two choices always consisted of a socially desirable and a socially undesirable option. The results indicated that subjects systematically chose the adjective which not only represented the other end of the content dimension but also was opposite in desirability from the endpoint which was given. This finding is strongest when a socially undesirable endpoint is given.
Dangers in Using the Z Index for Detection of Cheating on Tests
Authors: Chaffin Wilkie W.
Published: September 2011

Hynes, Givner, and Patil (1) recently suggested a Z index to be used to statistically test for cheating on a multiple-choice test. It is shown in this work that, although the index may be appropriate for verification of cheating by two previously suspected students, the index should never be used to verify cheating by a single class member when there is no a priori evidence of the identity of the other collaborator. In addition, it is shown that the index should never be used as a screening device to determine whether any cheating has occurred on a test.
Index of Consumer Sentiment: Applicability at the Local Level and Sensitivity to Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Mudd Samuel , Beaver Douglas
Published: September 2011

The five standard items of the Survey Research Center Index of Consumer Sentiment were administered to a local sample of households in May of two successive years by relatively untrained interviewers. The resulting values were found to be sensitive to differences in socioeconomic status and reflected changes in value from 1975 to 1976 that could be related meaningfully to the conventional values based on quarterly, national samples. It was suggested that the local and sub-population utility of the index could be pursued using frequent small sample surveys requiring less highly trained interviewers than those used for national surveys.
Preference for Paintings and Personality Traits
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome , Bailey Louise , Myers Hal
Published: September 2011

College students (49 males and 40 females) completed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and performed 5-point preference ratings on 25 slides of paintings. Factor analysis of preference ratings gave seven dimensions of preference that underlay judgments. Eight significant relationships were found between source traits, measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and dimensions of painting preferences. Support was obtained for the notion that preference for paintings is congruent with or expresses the personality traits of the rater. Further students reported greater preference for representational paintings than for abstract paintings.
Follow-up of Mental Health Attitudes of Psychiatric Aides after Training
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Pryer Margaret W.
Published: September 2011

The Opinions About Mental Illness Scale was administered to 28 psychiatric aides who were followed up 24 to 39 mo. after completion of a basic aide training program. Changes in attitude after training were stable at follow-up on three factors. Data suggested that the unfavorable change on one factor was associated with the post-training work experience of these aides.
Experimental Manipulation of Acetylcholine Levels in Developing Rat Brain: Neurochemistry and Behavior
Authors: Mathura C. B. , Meier G. W. , Himwich W. A.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to manipulate experimentally the acetylcholine (ACh) system during rapid development of the rat brain. Developmental periods of ACh manipulated were 2 to 15 days and 15 to 28 days postnatally. The findings showed that the highest level of drug manipulation .75 mg/kg physostigmine and, .025 mg/kg methscopolamine significantly produced the highest level of ACh, lowest activity levels of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferease (ChAc) as compared to the intermediate, and control doses. This dose-response relationship was obtained in the animals injected over a 15- to 28-day period during the period of maximal growth of the acetylcholine system. These statistically significant differences measured at 24 hr. after injection support the thesis that injections during the critical period of development produce longer lasting effects than if administered at other periods. Behavioral measures, GO:NO-GO discrimination avoidance tasks, were also both significantly related to the highest dose group yet were not differentiated to developmental periods of injections.
Interpersonal Values among Child-Abusive Women
Authors: Rosen Barbara
Published: September 2011

To compare interpersonal values of women who abuse their children and those of nonabusive women, 60 women with children under five years were divided into two groups of 30 each on the basis of known abuse or nonabuse of their children. Responses to a Personal Data Sheet for relevant background and Gordon's (1976) Survey of Interpersonal Values indicated that the women who abused their children valued conformity and benevolence less and authority over others more than did the nonabusive subjects. No differences were found in values of support, recognition, or independence. The abusive mothers seemed to derive little satisfaction from nurturant or social role-fulfilling behaviors, while experiencing considerable frustration of their power needs.
Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and College Self-Expression Scale Scores as Predictors of Assertive Behavior
Authors: Nesbitt Eric B.
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to assess the feasibility of predicting from a person's performance on the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the College Self-expression Scale his ability to respond with positive assertion to situations requiring such behaviors. Scores on individual Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and College Self-expression Scale items were correlated with ratings of performance in situations requiring the expression of positive assertion, and with total Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and College Self-expression Scale scores to assess the validity of these instruments in predicting assertive behavior. A subject's total Rathus Assertiveness Schedule score, his total College Self-expression Scale score, and his score on items which purported to measure ability to respond appropriately in situations requiring positively assertive responses were poor predictors of ability to perform in realistic situations. The best predictor of actual performance in the present study was an individual's assessment of his over-all level of assertiveness.
Information and Locus of Control as Factors in the Outcome of Surgery
Authors: Clum George A. , Scott Linda , Burnside Judith
Published: September 2011

The present study was aimed at assessing the relationships of locus of control and amount of information patients possess regarding their surgery to several criteria of post-surgical adjustment, utilizing a self-report measure of pain, number of analgesics taken, days in hospital and frequency of complaints. 48 patients about to undergo elective cholecystectomy were evaluated one day prior to surgery and five days subsequent to surgery. The results supported the hypothesis that amount of information was negatively related to outcome especially with respect to pain. There was a correlation of .38 between information and the subjective and behavioral criteria of pain for internal individuals and of .39 between information and the subjective measure of pain found for external individuals. The results were discussed relative to their implications for interventions with surgical patients and the training of health personnel.
Preliminary Correlational Analysis of the Ohio Literacy Test and the Wais
Authors: Hart Ronald R. , Norman W. Barry , Sergent Michael W.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 60 male inpatients, newly admitted to a state psychiatric hospital, were given the WAIS and the Ohio Literacy Test. A correlation of .77 between the Ohio Literacy Test raw scores and the WAIS Full Scale IQ scores tentatively suggests the Ohio Literacy Test may provide a relatively efficient, rapid estimation of mental ability.
Use of Directive Therapy in the Treatment of Depersonalization Neurosis
Authors: Blue F. Richard
Published: September 2011

The successful elimination of depersonalization neurosis through the use of directive therapy was accomplished after other therapeutic techniques had failed. The following case study describes this philosophy and some of the techniques used.
Effects of Priority Instructions on Processing of Picture Items
Authors: Kobayashi Susumu
Published: September 2011

To examine the relation between rate of presentation and information dumping effect, an experiment was performed with a list of 17 living things and 17 non-living things to be recalled. 20 college students were instructed to pay particular attention to the living-thing items, while the remaining 20 were asked to pay attention to all the items in the list. The information dumping effect (Kubicek & Erdelyi, 1974) was obtained and the effect occurred more strikingly for the 0.3-sec. rate of presentation than for the 0.6-sec. rate.
Readability of Expository Paragraphs with Identical or Related Sentence Topics
Authors: Vande Kopple William J.
Published: September 2011

This research is part of an attempt to discover significant factors of readability for connected expository prose. Keeping the content of expository paragraphs identical, I varied their forms using the Functional Sentence Perspectivists' rule for relating old and new information within the sentences of connected discourse. Rule-governed forms had identical or closely related sentence topics; variants had only remotely related sentence topics. In three tests involving subjective readability judgments, a very significant number of the 455 total high-school subjects found the rule-governed forms more readable than their variants. Thus there is reason to believe that the relationship between sentence topics is probably a very important factor of readability for expository prose.
Truly Random Control Group in Pavlovian Conditioning of Planaria (Dugesia Dorotocephala)
Authors: Levison Moshe J. , Gavurin Edward I.
Published: September 2011

Both Jensen (1965) and Dyal (1973) have called for the introduction of the truly random control group in studies of planaria to provide an appropriate baseline against which to evaluate the associative effects of CS-US pairings. Accordingly, an experiment was performed comparing a Pavlovian excitatory conditioning group both with the traditional unpaired control group and a Rescorla truly random group. Three conditions were compared (six planaria in each) using a trace conditioning procedure (3-sec. light CS followed by a 1-sec. shock US). The major results of the experiment were that (a) the Pavlovian excitatory group showed an increase in performance only for the contraction CR measure, (b) head turns and combined CR measures showed only decreases or no changes in performance in any of the groups; (c) the performance of the truly random control group was between the Pavlovian excitatory and unpaired control groups, providing support for the notion that the latter is not truly a control condition but an inhibitory one.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXIV. Johann Caspar Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy
Authors: Brooks G. P. , Johnson R. W.
Published: September 2011

A discussion is presented of the methodological pronouncements and basic tenets of the psychology of Lavater's physiognomical system. Many of his ideas were unusual, and even revolutionary, when they were first presented. It is suggested that Franz Gall, Lavater's successor in the attempt to link character with features of the body, may well have been more influenced by his predecessor than he admitted. Such a conclusion is based on the fact that most of the atypical aspects of Lavater's work also appeared as characteristic features of Gall's phrenological theory.
Waiting and its Relation to Status
Authors: Halpern James , Isaacs Kathryn
Published: September 2011

To examine the relationship between status and waiting behavior a questionnaire was constructed to measure waiting time as a function of the status of the subject, the status of the person for whom the subject waits, and the situation in which the subject waits. It was predicted that lower status subjects ( n = 124 students) would report that they would wait longer than higher status subjects ( n = 124 professors), all subjects would wait longer for a higher status person than a lower status person and that all subjects would wait longer in an “academic” situation than a “social” situation. All three hypotheses were confirmed.
Norms for the Personal Orientation Inventory Profile Sheet
Authors: Sicz George , Forest James
Published: September 2011

Three review articles on the Personal Orientation Inventory suggest that the Profile Sheet for this test is based on the scores of entering college freshmen. Shostrom stated however that the Profile Sheet was based on the performance of a normal adult sample. An examination of the manual indicates that the reviewers are wrong; however, the group which appears to have served initially as the basis for the construction of the Profile Sheet is itself poorly defined and open to criticism.
Personality and Life Style Factors in Utilization of Mental Health Services
Authors: Dawkins Marvin P. , Terry James A. , Dawkins Marva P.
Published: September 2011

This study examined differences between users and nonusers of mental health services in an inner city community in terms of measures of personality and life style. Subjects were 30 users randomly selected from a list of self-referred outpatients at a neighborhood clinic and 30 nonusers from the same community. Measures of personality and life style were based on the Bipolar Psychological Inventory and the Attitudes, Interests and Opinions Life Style Inventory. Significant differences were found for 4 of the 15 personality measures and 2 of the 3 life style dimensions. Users were more dependent, unmotivated and socially withdrawn, while nonusers showed more tendency toward social deviancy and racial pride. Both groups scored relatively high on neurotic and psychopathic measures including defensiveness, psychic pain, impulsiveness and problem index (potential for psychotic reactions). It was concluded that both differences and similarities between users and nonusers should be given greater attention in planning to meet mental health needs of inner city residents.
Two Monte Carlo Studies of Silverstein's Nonparametric Multiple Comparison Tests
Authors: Church James D. , Wike Edward L.
Published: September 2011

Two Monte Carlo studies were done to find the Type 1 error rates for Silverstein's nonparametric pairwise multiple-comparison tests for a one- and two-way layout with ranked data. Silverstein's tests had excellent experimentwise error rates but did not do as well as Wilcoxon's tests and the stepped-down sign test when pairwise comparisons were performed after significant over-all tests. Silverstein's tests were shown to be equivalent to recently proposed tests by Levy.
Early Recollections of Schizophrenics
Authors: Hafner James I. , Corotto Loren V. , Fakouri M. Ebrahim
Published: September 2011

Early recollections of schizophrenics were investigated for differences among diagnostic categories which may be used for differential diagnosis. On four “clusters” the content of such recollections on “themes” was significantly different. Furthermore, paranoid schizophrenics mentioned “new situations” in the “theme” of their recollections more frequently than other schizophrenic subtypes.
Distortions of Memory in Depressed, Formerly Depressed, and Never Depressed College Students
Authors: Zuroff David C.
Published: September 2011

Depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed female college students were randomly assigned to success, failure, or neutral experiences on a sham measure of empathy ( ns = 12/cell). They then read descriptions of their supposed positive and negative intellectual and personality characteristics, and took a recognition memory test. Based on Beck's (1967) theory, it was predicted that depressed subjects would display negative biasing of memory after neutral or failure experiences and that the latent negative biases of the formerly depressed would be activated by failure. The predictions for depressed subjects were not confirmed. However, the memories of the formerly depressed for information about their intellectual qualities became negatively biased after failure. Beck's view that those predisposed to depression harbor latent negative cognitive biases received some support, but the results also indicated that his conception of global negative biasing of cognition during depression is over-simplified.
Repeated Exposure to Pornography and Arousal Levels of Subjects Varying in Guilt
Authors: Schill Thomas , Van Tuinen Mark , Doty Don
Published: September 2011

The present research attempted to determine whether the negative relationship between level of guilt and tendency to respond sexually which is often found in the literature was due to the fact that guilt reduces sexual arousal as suggested by Galbraith (1968). Two studies were performed. In Study 1, 42 male undergraduates rated sexual arousal as well as a variety of other feelings after reading each of eight different pornographic passages. In Study 2, 40 subjects made similar ratings each time after reading the same page of pornography for eight trials. In both studies subjects high and low in sex guilt initially reported a moderate level of sexual arousal which then declined with repeated exposure. The minimal sexual responding of subjects high in guilt found in the literature may very likely be a function of inhibition and not, as Galbraith suggests, a function of a lower level of sexual arousal.
Weight Loss with Psychiatric Residents in a Behavioral Self Control Program
Authors: Rotatori Anthony F. , Fox Robert , Wicks Ann
Published: September 2011

A behavioral self-control program for 14 psychiatric residents living in a semi-independent residential facility is described. The group of 7 in behavior therapy lost significantly more weight than a control group of 7 over a 14-wk. treatment. A 16-wk. followup is reported.
Effect of Experimenter's Expectancy in Relation to Type and Structure of the Experimental Task
Authors: Shames Morris L. , Adair John G.
Published: September 2011

The present studies sought to investigate variables related to the mediation of the experimenter's expectancy effect and the generality of this phenomenon. It was hypothesized that the type of experimental task, defined by the presence or absence of factual or emotional components, and the structure of the task, defined by the ambiguity which the subject faces in making the judgments required of him, exert a moderating influence on the transmission of the experimenter's expectancy. Two studies employing a Rosenthal replication and numerosity estimation (Study 1) and a modified Rosenthal replication and modified numerosity estimation (Study 2) were run. 40 male experimenters ran 154 female subjects in both conditions across each of these studies. Subjects rated photographs of faces for success or failure in the Rosenthal replications and the number of dots per stimulus card in the numerosity estimations, with positive and negative expectancies induced in the former and over- and underestimation biases in the latter. It was concluded that the type of task and task-structure are indeed crucial variables for the transmission of the experimenter's expectancy.
Priming of Association Test Responses
Authors: Oberkircher Barbara , Bradley Joan
Published: September 2011

32 subjects participated in a contextual priming experiment which used a between-subjects design. The experiment tested the hypothesis that priming subjects with certain verbal pre-tasks would affect responses on a subsequent word-association test. The control group was given the stimulus list for word associations without the previous priming task. The hypothesis suggesting that the responses of the primed group would be different from those of the unprimed group was supported.
Effects of Praise and Reprimand on the Topography and Probability of Occurrence of Stereotypies in Autistic Children
Authors: Ferrari Michael
Published: September 2011

7 autistic children were observed while participating in discrimination learning tasks. Ratings of the topography of their stereotypies were recorded following the administration of praise or reprimand for performance on each trial. Ratings were also made following reprimands for misbehavior. Stereotypies followed reprimanded trials significantly more often than praised trials and were most likely to occur following reprimands for misbehavior. No differences were found in over-all topographic change as a function of praise or reprimand. Implications for theory were discussed.
Sex-Role Preferences among Elementary School Children in Rural America
Authors: Fu Victoria R. , Leach Deborah J.
Published: September 2011

The present study, utilizing a modified version of the It Scale for Children, investigated sex-role preferences of 10 boys and 10 girls each in Grades 1, 3, and 5 from a rural community in the eastern United States. Boys showed a stronger preference for masculine toys and activities than girls for feminine ones. Girls' scores were significantly greater in variability which may suggest greater variability and latitude allowed females in this society in adopting or prefering masculine activities, toys, and roles. It may also imply that sex-appropriate behaviors may be more narrowly defined for males than females. The masculine role may be perceived as one of higher status, encouraging boys to maintain sex-appropriate behavior while influencing girls to adopt some masculine traits. A test for the equality of two proportions shows there is no significant difference between the percentages in the present analysis and in Brown's (1957) study. The sociocultural environment and lifestyle of a small rural community may be more consistent and traditional in defining and maintaining traditional sex-role stereotypes. Also discussed is the need to socialize children in an androgynous fashion.
Skin Conductance Response as a Measure of Adolescents' Emotional Reactivity
Authors: Miller Ellen M. , Shields Stephanie A.
Published: September 2011

Magnitude of skin conductance response and habituation rates of 26 young adults (22 to 30 yr.) and 26 13-yr.-olds were compared for two conditions, neutral (500-Hz tone) and stressful (woman's scream). Both age groups exhibited significantly greater magnitude of response and required significantly more trials to habituate to the stressful stimulus. Adolescents required significantly more trials than adults to habituate to both neutral and stressful stimuli. Implications for the study of adolescents' emotional reactivity were discussed.
Contributions to Psychohistory: IV. Individual Experience in Historiography and Psychoanalysis: Significance of Erik Erikson and Robert Coles
Authors: Schnell R. L.
Published: September 2011

History is the cultural science most open to penetration by the social sciences whose system-builders are attracted by the totality of human experience offered. Although it does not fit the natural science paradigm popular among the social sciences, history does have an affinity for psychoanalysis which in a clinical setting attempts to understand a particular human life in its uniqueness and complexity. An examination of two socially oriented psychoanalysts, Erik Erikson and Robert Giles, illustrated the similarity of the spirit of inquiry behind history and psychoanalysis and suggests that the psychoanalytic method of the clinic can be applied to historical data.
Perceptions of Leaders' Behavior: Situational and Personal Determinants
Authors: Cashman James F. , Snyder Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The present study focused on the process of encoding leaders' behaviors. Subjects in the study were 475 employees of four schools for the mentally retarded, who represented a variety of jobs and hierarchical levels in those institutions. Results indicate that highly competent subordinates cluster their perceptions of leader behaviors in a distinctly different manner than their less competent counterparts. Fewer, yet troublesome, differences in the clustering of leaders' behaviors were found when perceivers were classified by their reported role ambiguity. Over-all, the results suggest that for certain moderator variables currently used in research on leadership, the traditional classification of behavior descriptive items may not be justified.
Persistent Effects of Prenatally Administered Scopolamine
Authors: Campbell Michael E. , Ramirez Linda
Published: September 2011

Acute effects of anticholinergic drugs on behavior are well documented (Warburton, 1975); however, evidence of chronic effects of these drugs administered prenatally is practically nonexistent. Three groups of pregnant rats were given daily injections of 2.4 mg/kg scopolamine, 1.2 mg/kg scopolamine, or 1.0 or .5 cc saline. A fourth group served as a no-injection control. Treatment was continued throughout pregnancy and 17 offspring were subsequently tested in a shock-drinking conflict situation. Offspring of the low-dose scopolamine group tolerated significantly more shock than other groups.
Order of Partial and Continuous Reinforcement Schedules in Verbal Choice Behavior
Authors: Yelen Delphine
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 16 students were given 120 acquisition trials and 60 extinction trials in a verbal choice task. One group was given 120 continuously reinforced trials, a second group was given 120 partially reinforced trials, a third group was given 60 partially reinforced trials followed by 60 continuously reinforced trials, and a fourth group was given 60 continuously reinforced trials followed by 60 partially reinforced trials. Subjects given partial reinforcement after continuous reinforcement were as resistant to extinction as subjects given partial reinforcement only, and both groups were more resistant to extinction than subjects given continuous reinforcement only. Subjects trained with the partial-continuous order of reinforcement schedules, however, were no more resistant to extinction than subjects trained with continuous reinforcement only.