bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflection without Rules
Authors: Hands D. Wade
Published: February 2010

Reflection without Rules offers a comprehensive, pointed exploration of the methodological tradition in economics and the breakdown of the received view within the philosophy of science. Professor Hands investigates economists' use of naturalistic and sociological paradigms to model economic phenomena and assesses the roles of pragmatism, discourse, and situatedness in discussions of economic practice before turning to a systematic exploration of more recent developments in economic methodology. The treatment emphasizes the changes taking place in science theory and its relationship to the movement away from a rules-based view of economic methodology. The work will be of interest to all economists concerned with methodological issues as well as philosophers and others studying the relationships between economics and contemporary science theory.
Visions of Politics
Authors: Skinner Quentin
Published: February 2010

The third of three volumes of essays by Quentin Skinner, one of the world's leading intellectual historians. This collection includes some of his most important essays on Thomas Hobbes, each of which has been carefully revised for publication in this form. In a series of writings spanning the past four decades Professor Skinner examines, with his customary perspicuity, the evolution and character of Hobbes's political thought. An indispensable work in its own right, this volume also serves as a demonstration of those methodological theories propounded in Volume I, and as an appositional commentary on the Renaissance values of civic virtue treated in Volume II. All of Professor Skinner's work is characterised by philosophical power, limpid clarity, and elegance of exposition; these essays, many of which are now recognised classics, provide a fascinating and convenient digest of the development of his thought. Professer Skinner has been awarded the Balzan Prize Life Time Achievement Award for Political Thought, History and Theory. Full details of this award can be found at http://www.balzan.it/News_eng.aspx?ID=2474
Human Identity and Bioethics
Authors: DeGrazia David
Published: February 2010

When philosophers address personal identity, they usually explore numerical identity: what are the criteria for a person's continuing existence? When non-philosophers address personal identity, they often have in mind narrative identity: Which characteristics of a particular person are salient to her self-conception? This book develops accounts of both senses of identity, arguing that both are normatively important, and is unique in its exploration of a range of issues in bioethics through the lens of identity. Defending a biological view of our numerical identity and a framework for understanding narrative identity, DeGrazia investigates various issues for which considerations of identity prove critical: the definition of death; the authority of advance directives in cases of severe dementia; the use of enhancement technologies; prenatal genetic interventions; and certain types of reproductive choices. He demonstrates the power of personal identity theory to illuminate issues in bioethics as they bring philosophical theory to life.
Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation
Authors: Walker Lawrence R. , del Moral Roger
Published: February 2010

Natural disturbances such as lava flows, landslides and glacial moraines, and human-damaged sites such as pavement, road edges and mine wastes often leave little or no soil or biological legacy. This 2003 book provided the first comprehensive summary of how plant, animal and microbial communities develop under the harsh conditions following such dramatic disturbances. The authors examine the basic principles that determine ecosystem development and apply the general rules to the urgent practical need for promoting the reclamation of damaged lands. Written for ecologists concerned with disturbance, landscape dynamics, restoration, life histories, invasions, modeling, soil formation and community or population dynamics, this book will also serve as an authoritative text for graduate students and a valuable reference for professionals involved in land management.
Literal Meaning
Authors: Recanati François
Published: February 2010

According to the dominant position among philosophers of language today, we can legitimately ascribe determinate contents (such as truth-conditions) to natural language sentences, independently of what the speaker actually means. This view contrasts with that held by ordinary language philosophers fifty years ago: according to them, speech acts, not sentences, are the primary bearers of content. François Recanati argues for the relevance of this controversy to the current debate about semantics and pragmatics. Is 'what is said' (as opposed to merely implied) determined by linguistic conventions, or is it an aspect of 'speaker's meaning'? Do we need pragmatics to fix truth-conditions? What is 'literal meaning'? To what extent is semantic composition a creative process? How pervasive is context-sensitivity? Recanati provides an original and insightful defence of 'contextualism', and offers an informed survey of the spectrum of positions held by linguists and philosophers working at the semantics/pragmatics interface.
The IMF and Economic Development
Authors: Vreeland James Raymond
Published: February 2010

Why do governments turn to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and with what effects? This book argues that governments enter IMF programs for economic and political reasons, and finds that the effects are negative on economic growth and income distribution. By bringing in the IMF, governments gain political leverage - via conditionality - to push through unpopular policies. Note that if governments desiring conditions are more likely to participate, estimating program effects is not straightforward: one must control for the potentially unobserved political determinants of selection. This book addresses the selection problem using a dynamic bivariate version of the Heckman model analyzing cross-national time-series data. The main finding is that the negative effects of IMF programs on economic growth are mitigated for certain constituencies since programs also have distributional consequences. But IMF programs doubly hurt the least well off in society: they lower growth and shift the income distribution upward.
Levinas and Theology
Authors: Purcell Michael
Published: February 2010

Emmanuel Levinas was a significant contributor to the field of philosophy, phenomenology and religion. A key interpreter of Husserl, he stressed the importance of attitudes to other people in any philosophical system. For Levinas, to be a subject is to take responsibility for others as well as yourself and therefore responsibility for the one leads to justice for the many. He regarded ethics as the foundation for all other philosophy, but later admitted it could also be the foundation for theology. Michael Purcell outlines the basic themes of Levinas' thought and the ways in which they might be deployed in fundamental and practical theology, and the study of the phenomenon of religion. This book will be useful for undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, theology and religious studies, as well as those with a theological background who are approaching Levinas for the first time.
Toxic Torts
Authors: Cranor Carl F.
Published: February 2010

The relationship between science, law and justice has become a pressing issue with US Supreme Court decisions beginning with Daubert v. Merrell-Dow Pharmaceutical. How courts review scientific testimony and its foundation before trial can substantially affect the possibility of justice for persons wrongfully injured by exposure to toxic substances. If courts do not review scientific testimony, they will deny one of the parties the possibility of justice. Even if courts review evidence well, the fact and perception of greater judicial scrutiny increases litigation costs and attorney screening of clients. Mistaken review of scientific evidence can decrease citizen access to the law, increase unfortunate incentives for firms not to test their products, lower deterrence for wrongful conduct and harmful products, and decrease the possibility of justice for citizens injured by toxic substances. This book introduces these issues, reveals the relationships that pose problems, and shows how justice can be denied.
Linear Operators and their Spectra
Authors: Davies E. Brian
Published: February 2010

This wide ranging but self-contained account of the spectral theory of non-self-adjoint linear operators is ideal for postgraduate students and researchers, and contains many illustrative examples and exercises. Fredholm theory, Hilbert-Schmidt and trace class operators are discussed, as are one-parameter semigroups and perturbations of their generators. Two chapters are devoted to using these tools to analyze Markov semigroups. The text also provides a thorough account of the new theory of pseudospectra, and presents the recent analysis by the author and Barry Simon of the form of the pseudospectra at the boundary of the numerical range. This was a key ingredient in the determination of properties of the zeros of certain orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. Finally, two methods, both very recent, for obtaining bounds on the eigenvalues of non-self-adjoint Schrodinger operators are described. The text concludes with a description of the surprising spectral properties of the non-self-adjoint harmonic oscillator.
Nonlinear Vibrations and Stability of Shells and Plates
Authors: Amabili Marco
Published: February 2010

This unique book explores both theoretical and experimental aspects of nonlinear vibrations and stability of shells and plates. It is ideal for researchers, professionals, students, and instructors. Expert researchers will find the most recent progresses in nonlinear vibrations and stability of shells and plates, including advanced problems of shells with fluid-structure interaction. Professionals will find many practical concepts, diagrams, and numerical results, useful for the design of shells and plates made of traditional and advanced materials. They will be able to understand complex phenomena such as dynamic instability, bifurcations, and chaos, without needing an extensive mathematical background. Graduate students will find (i) a complete text on nonlinear mechanics of shells and plates, collecting almost all the available theories in a simple form, (ii) an introduction to nonlinear dynamics, and (iii) the state of art on the nonlinear vibrations and stability of shells and plates, including fluid-structure interaction problems.
Language Planning and Social Change
Authors: Cooper Robert L.
Published: February 2010

This book describes the ways in which politicians, church leaders, generals, leaders of national movements and others try to influence our use of language. Professor Cooper argues that language planning is never attempted for its own sake. Rather it is carried out for the attainment of nonlinguistic ends such as national integration, political control, economic development, the pacification of minority groups, and mass mobilization. Many examples are discussed, including the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, feminist campaigns to eliminate sexist bias in language, adult literacy campaigns, the plain language movement, efforts to distinguish American from British spelling, the American bilingual education movement, the creation of writing systems for unwritten languages, and campaigns to rid languages of foreign terms. Language Planning and Social Change is the first book to define the field of language planning and relate it to other aspects of social planning and to social change. The book is accessible and presupposes no special background in linguistics, sociology or political science. It will appeal to applied linguists and to those sociologists, economists and political scientists with an interest in language.
Search and Destroy
Authors: Miller Jerome G.
Published: February 2010

The war on drugs, begun in the Reagan Administration and presently continuing unabated, has resulted in an explosion in the American prison population. Whether a desired effect of the war or not, this increase has been accounted for by a severely disproportionate number of African-American males. Jerome Miller demonstrates in Search and Destroy that an African-American male between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five has an inordinate likelihood of encountering the criminal justice system at some point during those years. In a wide-ranging survey of blacks and the justice system, Miller notes the presence of bias among police officers, probation officers, courts, and even social scientists whose data form the basis for many policies and social workers whose responsibility is allegedly to members of the underclass.
The Course of German Nationalism
Authors: Schulze Hagen
Published: February 2010

The arduous path from the colourful diversity of the Holy Roman Empire to the Prussian-dominated German nation-state, Bismarck's German Empire of 1871, led through revolutions, wars and economic upheavals, but also through the cultural splendour of German Classicism and Romanticism. Hagen Schulze takes a fresh look at late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century German history, explaining it as the interaction of revolutionary forces from below and from above, of economics, politics, and culture. None of the results were predetermined, and yet their outcome was of momentous significance for all of Europe, if not the world.
Liquid Crystals
Authors: Chandrasekhar S.
Published: February 2010

This is a new and greatly revised edition of Professor Chandrasekhar's classic book Liquid Crystals, first published in 1977. The subject of liquid crystals has grown into an exciting interdisciplinary research field with important practical applications. This book presents a systematic and self-contained treatment of the physics of the different types of thermotropic liquid crystals - the three classical types, nematic, cholesteric and smectic, and the newly discovered discotic type. Included is a description of the structures of these four main types and their polymorphic modifications, their thermodynamical, optical and mechanical properties and their behaviour under external fields. The basic principles underlying the major applications of liquid crystals in display technology and in thermography are also discussed. This book will be of great value to advanced students and researchers in condensed matter physics, chemical physics, materials science and technology with an interest in the physics, chemistry and applications of liquid crystals.
Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics
Authors: Böhm-Vitense Erika
Published: February 2010

This book is the final one in a series of three texts which together provide a modern, complete and authoritative account of our present knowledge of the stars. It discusses the internal structure and the evolution of stars, and is completely self-contained. There is an emphasis on the basic physics governing stellar structure and the basic ideas on which our understanding of stellar structure is based. The book also provides a comprehensive discussion of stellar evolution. Careful comparison is made between theory and observation, and the author has thus provided a lucid and balanced introductory text for the student. As for volumes 1 and 2, volume 3 is self-contained and can be used as an independent textbook. The author has not only taught but has also published many original papers in this subject. Her clear and readable style should make this text a first choice for undergraduate and beginning graduate students taking courses in astronomy and particularly in stellar astrophysics.
Spiders in Ecological Webs
Authors: Wise David H.
Published: February 2010

As experimental organisms, spiders offer ecologists a unique opportunity to examine the concept of the ecological community and the role which field experimentation can play in evaluating theories of population and community ecology. In this book, David Wise provides a balanced critique of field experiments designed to uncover details of spider ecology, with the dual aim of clarifying the ecology of these fascinating organisms and providing insight into the advantages and challenges of performing field experiments with a predator ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems. This book will be an essential reference for all ecologists wishing to learn more about the ecology of a major terrestrial predator and the use of field experimentation as a powerful technique to test ecological hypotheses.
Classical Invariant Theory
Authors: Olver Peter J.
Published: February 2010

There has been a resurgence of interest in classical invariant theory driven by several factors: new theoretical developments; a revival of computational methods coupled with powerful new computer algebra packages; and a wealth of new applications, ranging from number theory to geometry, physics to computer vision. This book provides readers with a self-contained introduction to the classical theory as well as modern developments and applications. The text concentrates on the study of binary forms (polynomials) in characteristic zero, and uses analytical as well as algebraic tools to study and classify invariants, symmetry, equivalence and canonical forms. It also includes a variety of innovations that make this text of interest even to veterans of the subject. Aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students the book includes many exercises and historical details, complete proofs of the fundamental theorems, and a lively and provocative exposition.
The Theory and Practice of Autonomy
Authors: Dworkin Gerald
Published: February 2010

This important new book develops a new concept of autonomy. The notion of autonomy has emerged as central to contemporary moral and political philosophy, particularly in the area of applied ethics. professor Dworkin examines the nature and value of autonomy and uses the concept to analyse various practical moral issues such as proxy consent in the medical context, paternalism, and entrapment by law enforcement officials.
The Search for Rational Drug Control
Authors: Zimring Franklin E. , Hawkins Gordon
Published: February 2010

This book presents a comprehensive examination of the drug control policy process in the United States. How are policy choices identified, debated and selected? How are the consequences of governmental policy measured and evaluated? How, if at all, do we learn from our mistakes. The first section deals with four different ways of understanding American drug policy: drug control as ideology, drugs as an issue of definition and measurement, an historical analysis of drug control, and finally, drug control as an occasion for debating the proper role of the criminal law. Zimring and Hawkins also discuss priority problems for drug control and provide a foundation for an improved policy process. They argue that protection of children and youth should shape policy toward illicit crime, with attention to the fact that youth protection objectives may limit the effectiveness of some drug controls.
Hair Transplantation
Authors: Avram Marc R. , Rogers Nicole E.
Published: February 2010

Hair Transplantation is a fully illustrated reference book that provides a state-of-the-art overview to all aspects of hair transplantation. Using a combination of written text, color photographs, and tables, eleven leading physicians and practitioners in the field discuss the latest surgical procedures to restore a natural-looking frame of hair to the face. This volume is an indispensable reference for dermatologists, practitioners, and residents, providing an extensive coverage of the latest procedures and instruments in hair restoration surgery, techniques for follicular unit extraction, Cicatricial alopecia, and eyelash transplantation.
The long range persistence of wakes behind a row of roughness elements
Authors: GOLDSTEIN M. E. , SESCU ADRIAN , DUCK PETER W. , CHOUDHARI MEELAN
Published: February 2010

We consider a periodic array of relatively small roughness elements whose spanwise separation is of the order of the local boundary-layer thickness and construct a local asymptotic high-Reynolds-number solution that is valid in the vicinity of the roughness. The resulting flow decays on the very short streamwise length scale of the roughness, but the solution eventually becomes invalid at large downstream distances and a new solution has to be constructed in the downstream region. This latter result shows that the roughness-generated wakes can persist over very long streamwise distances, which are much longer than the distance between the roughness elements and the leading edge. Detailed numerical results are given for the far wake structure.
Universal solutions for Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq plumes
Authors: VAN DEN BREMER T. S. , HUNT G. R.
Published: February 2010

Closed-form solutions describing the behaviour of buoyant axisymmetric turbulent rising plumes and fountains, emitted vertically from area sources in unconfined quiescent environments of uniform density, are proposed in a form that is universally applicable to Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq plumes. This paper, thereby, generalizes the results obtained separately for steady Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq plumes, including asymptotic virtual source corrections. The flux balance parameter Γ = Γ(z), a local Richardson number, is instrumental in describing the behaviour of steady plumes and the initial rise behaviour of fountains with heightz. Non-dimensional graphs (cf. the ‘scale diagrams’ of Morton & Middleton,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 58, 1973, pp. 165–176) are plotted, showing certain characteristic heights for different source conditions, characterized by one single source flux balance parameter, giving a unique representation of the behaviour of Boussinesq fountains and both Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq plumes. Finally, a length scale has been identified that characterizes the height over which non-Boussinesq effects are important for lazy plumes rising from area sources.
Secondary instabilities in the flow around two circular cylinders in tandem
Authors: CARMO BRUNO S. , MENEGHINI JULIO R. , SHERWIN SPENCER J.
Published: February 2010

Direct stability analysis and numerical simulations have been employed to identify and characterize secondary instabilities in the wake of the flow around two identical circular cylinders in tandem arrangements. The centre-to-centre separation was varied from 1.2 to 10 cylinder diameters. Four distinct regimes were identified and salient cases chosen to represent the different scenarios observed, and for each configuration detailed results are presented and compared to those obtained for a flow around an isolated cylinder. It was observed that the early stages of the wake transition changes significantly if the separation is smaller than the drag inversion spacing. The onset of the three-dimensional instabilities were calculated and the unstable modes are fully described. In addition, we assessed the nonlinear character of the bifurcations and physical mechanisms are proposed to explain the instabilities. The dependence of the critical Reynolds number on the centre-to-centre separation is also discussed.
Anisotropic electro-osmotic flow over super-hydrophobic surfaces
Authors: BAHGA SUPREET S. , VINOGRADOVA OLGA I. , BAZANT MARTIN Z.
Published: February 2010

Patterned surfaces with large effective slip lengths, such as super-hydrophobic surfaces containing trapped gas bubbles, have the potential to greatly enhance electrokinetic phenomena. Existing theories assume either homogeneous flat surfaces or patterned surfaces with thin double layers (compared with the texture correlation length) and thus predict simple surface-averaged, isotropic flows (independent of orientation). By analysing electro-osmotic flows over striped slip-stick surfaces with arbitrary double-layer thickness, we show that surface anisotropy generally leads to a tensorial electro-osmotic mobility and subtle, nonlinear averaging of surface properties. Interestingly, the electro-osmotic mobility tensor is not simply related to the hydrodynamic slip tensor, except in special cases. Our results imply that significantly enhanced electro-osmotic flows over super-hydrophobic surfaces are possible, but only with charged liquid–gas interfaces.
Flow instabilities in thermocapillary-buoyant liquid pools
Authors: KUHLMANN H. C. , SCHOISSWOHL U.
Published: February 2010

The linear stability of the incompressible axisymmetric flow in a buoyant-thermocapillary liquid pool is considered which is heated from above by a heat flux with a parabolic radial profile. Buoyancy forces and radial thermocapillary stresses due to the inhomogeneous surface temperature distribution drive a toroidal vortex. In the absence of buoyancy and for low Prandtl numbers the basic flow becomes unstable typically by a stationary centrifugal instability. At moderate Prandtl numbers the rotational symmetry is broken by hydrothermal waves. In the limit of vanishing Prandtl number two other critical modes are found if the pool is very shallow. One mode is a centrifugally destabilized rotating wave with high azimuthal wavenumber. The other mode is steady and it is driven by the deceleration of the radial inward return flow as it approaches the axis. The deceleration results from an entrainment of fluid into the thin layer of rapid radial outward surface flow. The centrifugal instability of the toroidal vortex flow is assisted by buoyancy in the low-Prandtl-number limit, because the cooling from the sidewall augments the thermocapillary driving. For moderately high Prandtl numbers a stable thermal stratification suppresses the hydrothermal-wave instabilities.
Walking on water
Authors: CHILDRESS STEPHEN
Published: February 2010

Many insects and spiders can travel on the water surface by rapid synchronized movements of the legs. It has been found that frictional forces, capillary waves and the creation of water jets and eddies beneath the fluid surface are all involved in the mechanisms of propulsion used by these creatures. Elaborate adaptations of the body structure mediate the wetting and de-wetting of the body surface to provide support and differential adhesion. Flow visualization as well as theoretical modelling have led to an understanding of the mechanisms invoked by water striders and spiders for water walking with a variety of gaits and speeds.
A functional MRI study of verbal fluency in adults with bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives
Authors: Allin M. P. G. , Marshall N. , Schulze K. , Walshe M. , Hall M.-H. , Picchioni M. , Murray R. M. , McDonald C.
Published: February 2010

Background

Individuals with a history of bipolar disorder demonstrate abnormalities of executive function, even during euthymia. The neural architecture underlying this and its relationship with genetic susceptibility for illness remain unclear.

Method

We assessed 18 remitted individuals with bipolar disorder, 19 of their unaffected first degree relatives and 19 healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a paced verbal fluency task with two levels of difficulty.

Results

Bipolar patients made significantly more errors in the easy level of the verbal fluency task than their relatives or controls. Analysis of variance of fMRI data demonstrated a significant main effect of group in a large cluster including retrosplenial cortex and adjacent precuneate cortex (x=7, y=−56, x=15). All three groups showed deactivation in these areas during task performance relative to a neutral or rest condition. Group differences comprised a lesser amount of deactivation in unaffected relatives compared with controls in the easy condition [F(2, 55)=3.42,p=0.04] and in unaffected relatives compared with bipolar patients in the hard condition [F(2, 55)=4.34,p=0.018]. Comparison with the control group indicated that both bipolar patients and their relatives showed similar deficits of deactivation in retrosplenial cortex and reduced activation of left prefrontal cortex.

Conclusions

Bipolar disorder may be associated with an inherited abnormality of a neural network incorporating left prefrontal cortex and bilateral retrosplenial cortex.
Functioning and disability levels in primary care out-patients with one or more anxiety disorders
Authors: Sherbourne C. D. , Sullivan G. , Craske M. G. , Roy-Byrne P. , Golinelli D. , Rose R. D. , Chavira D. A. , Bystritsky A. , Stein M. B.
Published: February 2010

Background

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health disorders and are associated with substantial disability and reduced well-being. It is unknown whether the relative impact of different anxiety disorders is due to the anxiety disorder itself or to the co-occurrence with other anxiety disorders. This study compared the functional impact of combinations of anxiety disorders in primary care out-patients.

Method

A total of 1004 patients with panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provided data on their mental and physical functioning, and disability. Multivariate regressions compared functional levels for patients with different numbers and combinations of disorders.

Results

Of the patients, 42% had one anxiety disorder only, 38% two, 16% three and 3% all four. There were few relative differences in functioning among patients with only one anxiety disorder, although those with SAD were most restricted in their work, social and home activities and those with GAD were the least impaired. Functioning levels tended to deteriorate as co-morbidity increased.

Conclusions

Of the four anxiety disorders examined, GAD appears to be the least disabling, although they all have more in common than in distinction when it comes to functional impairment. A focus on unique effects of specific anxiety disorders is inadequate, as it fails to address the more pervasive impairment associated with multiple anxiety disorders, which is the modal presentation in primary care.
A class of simpleC*-algebras arising from certain non-sofic subshifts
Authors: MATSUMOTO KENGO
Published: February 2010

We present a class of subshiftsZN,N=1,2,…, whose associatedC*-algebras 𝒪ZNare simple, purely infinite and not stably isomorphic to any Cuntz–Krieger algebra nor to the Cuntz algebra 𝒪∞. The class of the subshifts is the first example whose associatedC*-algebras are not stably isomorphic to any Cuntz–Krieger algebra nor to the Cuntz algebra 𝒪∞. The subshiftsZNare coded systems whose languages are context free. We compute the topological entropy for the subshifts and show that a KMS-state (a state satisfying the Kubo–Martin–Schwinger condition) for gauge action on the associatedC*-algebra 𝒪ZNexists if and only if the logarithm of the inverse temperature is the topological entropy for the subshiftZN, and the corresponding KMS-state is unique.
Spatial models of Boolean actions and groups of isometries
Authors: KWIATKOWSKA ALEKSANDRA , SOLECKI SŁAWOMIR
Published: February 2010

Given a Polish group G of isometries of a locally compact separable metric space, we prove that each measure-preserving Boolean action by G has a spatial model or, in other words, has a point realization. This result extends both a classical theorem of Mackey and a recent theorem of Glasner and Weiss, and it covers interesting new examples. In order to prove our result, we give a characterization of Polish groups of isometries of locally compact separable metric spaces which may be of independent interest. The solution to Hilbert’s fifth problem plays an important role in establishing this characterization.
Characterization of antimicrobial resistance, molecular and phage types ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi isolations
Authors: DEMCZUK W. H. B. , FINLEY R. , NADON C. , SPENCER A. , GILMOUR M. , NG L.-K. ,   PulseNet Canada,   the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Public Health Partnership,   the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network
Published: February 2010

Isolation rates in Canada ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi increased from 0·29 to 0·55 isolations/100 000 population during 2000–2006. Although no ciprofloxacin resistance was detected, nalidixic acid resistance increased from 41% to 80%. Multidrug-resistantS. Typhi represented 18% of the strains tested. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of 222 isolates resulted in 91 distinct patterns clustering into four major genetic similarity groups. The five most frequently occurring PFGE patterns accounted for 46% of the isolates. Drug-resistant isolates predominantly occurred in one PFGE similarity group. There were 39 phage types identified in 826 isolates analysed with 60% described by five phage types; 134 were untypable. The phage types associated with multidrug resistance were phage types 53, B1, D1, E1, E9, G3 and M1. Improved integration of epidemiological and laboratory case data will facilitate the protection of public health in Canada during an era of increasing travel and globalization.
Zur Äquivalenz der Normen des Wechsler-Intelligenztests für Erwachsene (WIE) mit denen des Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztests für Erwachsene – Revision (HAWIE-R)
Authors: Erzberger Claudia S. , Engel Rolf R.
Published: February 2010

Die Äquivalenz der Normen des Wechsler-Intelligenztests für Erwachsene (WIE) mit seinem Vorgänger HAWIE-R wurde an 63 Personen mit einem Test-Retest Verfahren untersucht. Auf diese Weise konnten beide Testversionen und indirekt auch die Normierungsstichproben von 1988 und 2002 verglichen werden. Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen .56 und .94 (Md = .84) bestätigten für die meisten Subtests und die drei Intelligenzquotienten (IQ) die hohe inhaltliche Äquivalenz der beiden Verfahren. Die IQs des WIE lagen im Verbalteil um fünf, im Handlungsteil um zehn und im Gesamttest um neun Punkte niedriger als im HAWIE-R. Das Ergebnis entspricht der theoretischen Annahme einer IQ-Zunahme in der Bevölkerung über die Zeit (Flynn-Effekt). Mit Hilfe von Äquiperzentilmethoden wurden Tabellen zum Nachschlagen der äquivalenten Subtestrohwerte und Intelligenzquotienten von HAWIE-R und WIE erstellt.
Exekutive Defizite und repressives Copingverhalten bei der Überschätzung eigener Gedächtnisleistungen
Authors: Heß Klaus , Simon Melanie
Published: February 2010

Wir untersuchten den Einfluss exekutiver Funktionen und eines dispositionellen repressiven Copingstils auf die Überschätzung von Gedächtnisleistungen bei 80 Patienten mit unterschiedlichen ZNS-Erkrankungen. Die neuropsychologische Untersuchung umfasste u. a. einen Fragebogen zum Alltagsgedächtnis (MCQ), einen verbalen Gedächtnistest (VLMT) und Verfahren zur Erfassung exekutiver Funktionen (mWCST, TMT-B, Wortflüssigkeit). Die repressive Coping-Disposition wurde gemessen mit dem State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in Kombination mit der Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Patienten mit klinisch relevanten Gedächtnisdefiziten, aber geringem Ausmaß subjektiver Beschwerden, zeigten in allen Parametern des mWCST signifikant schlechtere Leistungen. Dagegen fanden wir in dieser Gruppe keine Hinweise auf einen ausgeprägteren repressiven Copingstil. Das Überschätzen eigener Gedächtnisleistungen bei neurologischen Patienten scheint in erster Linie mit exekutiven Funktionen und nicht mit repressivem Coping-Verhalten in Zusammenhang zu stehen.
Hypoxisch-ischämische Enzephalopathie (HIE) nach Herz-Kreislaufstillstand (HKS) – Pathophysiologie, Prognose und Outcome eines „vernachlässigten“ Krankheitsbildes
Authors: Prohl Jörn , Hundt Brenda , Bodenburg Sebastian
Published: February 2010

Durch die Fortschritte in der Reanimations- und Intensivmedizin steigt die Anzahl von Patienten mit einer Hypoxisch-ischämischen Enzephalopathie (HIE). Das klinische Ausprägungsspektrum dieses Krankheitsbildes reicht von milden kognitiven Dysfunktionen bis hin zum Versterben des Patienten. Der Übersichtsartikel beleuchtet mögliche Entwicklungsverläufe dieser Patientenpopulation vom Akutstadium der Erkrankung bis in die postrehabilitative Phase unter besonderer Gewichtung der zu Grunde liegenden pathophysiologischen Mechanismen, der Prognosestellung sowie des neuropsychologischen und psychosozialen Outcomes. Dabei wird verdeutlicht, dass Verbesserungen in der akuten Rettungs- und Intensivmedizin gleichsam mit Verbesserungen des rehabilitativen und vor allem des postrehabilitativen Versorgungssystems einhergehen müssen – sowohl für Patienten als auch deren Angehörigen.
Ionospheric ion‐acoustic enhancements by turbulent counterstreaming electron beam‐plasma interaction
Authors: Pavan J. , Ziebell L. F. , Yoon P. H. , Gaelzer R.
Published: February 2010

Ion‐acoustic enhancements are investigated within the context of turbulent beam‐plasma interaction processes. The analysis assumes a pair of counterstreaming electron beams interacting with the background plasma. Two‐dimensional velocity space and two‐dimensional wave number space are assumed for the analysis, with physical parameters that characterize typical ionospheric conditions. The solutions of the electrostatic weak turbulence theory show that the ion‐acoustic wave levels are significantly enhanced when the computation is initialized with a pair of counterstreaming beams in contrast to a single beam. We suggest that this finding is highly relevant for the observed ion‐acoustic enhancements in the Earth's ionosphere that are known to be correlated with auroral activity.
Stepwise feature of aurora during substorm expansion compared with the near‐Earth tail dipolarization: Possible types of substorm dynamics
Authors: Saito M. H. , Miyashita Y. , Fujimoto M. , Liou K. , Saito Y. , Sigwarth J. B.
Published: February 2010

Previous studies of auroral behaviors have suggested that the substorm expansion is a result of a chain of processes originating in the magnetotail. We present a detailed study on the substorm expansion behavior on 3 November 1998, using the global auroral images from Polar and the conjugate central plasma sheet data from Geotail in the near‐Earth tail. The closer inspection of the auroral data enables us to characterize the stepwise feature of the auroral evolution, which were found to be spatially and temporally separable into two intense auroral activities: the initial brightening of the substorm arc and the second aurora that took place eastward of the first one with the time delay of 4.5 min. Comparing the near‐Earth tail observation of the fast plasma flow, we show that the observed time lag of 4.5 min can be explained by a systematic chain of plasma processes in the central plasma sheet, indicating that this time delay can be interpreted as a generic behavior. The generality of the stepwise evolution within the expected time lag of 2–6 min is also pursued, and is found for three out of six substorms. With respect to the stepwise feature, our observation of six substorms suggests that there are at least three types of substorm expansion dynamics that are attributable to different chains of tail processes.
Frontal structure and thermohaline intrusions in the South Sea of Korea from observed data and a relocation method
Authors: Son Young‐Tae , Lee Sang‐Ho , Choi Byoung‐Ju , Lee Jae‐Chul
Published: February 2010

To investigate the spatial variation and temporal evolution of a shelf front within 50 km by 50 km area in the central south sea of Korea, shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler current measurements and a hydrographic survey along closely spaced conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) stations were conducted across the shelf front from 17 to 18 November 2003. The cross‐frontal structures drastically changed during the 25 hour CTD survey because cross‐frontal intrusions produced thermohaline inversions in the sloped pycnocline layer. Spatial fields of temperature and salinity are constructed here using a retrogressive vector diagram method, which relocate CTD stations using the observed currents data. In agreement with satellite‐observed sea surface temperature, the surface temperature distribution obtained from hydrographic data relocation reproduces the meandering surface front with an amplitude larger than 15 km and a wavelength of 30∼35 km. The constructed subsurface temperature and salinity fields on isopycnal surfaces reveal that the intrusions within the pycnocline layer are the crests and troughs of meandering internal fronts with vertically lagged phase. Advection of the internal fronts by strong mean flow and tidal currents is found to explain short‐period variations of frontal structure. Stability analysis of the intrusion slope and the vertical phase dependence of the internal fronts suggest that the multilayered intrusions are primarily generated by baroclinic instabilities caused by the strong vertical shear in the mean flow. Analysis of along‐intrusion density ratio suggests that double diffusion can occur in our baroclinic frontal zone but its contribution to the generation of intrusion be small.
Statistical models for overdispersion in the frequency of peaks over threshold data for a flow series
Authors: Eastoe Emma F. , Tawn Jonathan A.
Published: February 2010

In a peaks over threshold analysis of a series of river flows, a sufficiently high threshold is used to extract the peaks of independent flood events. This paper reviews existing, and proposes new, statistical models for both the annual counts of such events and the process of event peak times. The most common existing model for the process of event times is a homogeneous Poisson process. This model is motivated by asymptotic theory. However, empirical evidence suggests that it is not the most appropriate model, since it implies that the mean and variance of the annual counts are the same, whereas the counts appear to be overdispersed, i.e., have a larger variance than mean. This paper describes how the homogeneous Poisson process can be extended to incorporate time variation in the rate at which events occur and so help to account for overdispersion in annual counts through the use of regression and mixed models. The implications of these new models on the implied probability distribution of the annual maxima are also discussed. The models are illustrated using a historical flow series from the River Thames at Kingston.
Distributions of putative aerobic methanotrophs in diverse pelagic marine environments
Authors: Tavormina Patricia L , Ussler William , Joye Samantha B , Harrison Benjamin K , Orphan Victoria J
Published: February 2010

Aerobic methane oxidization in the pelagic ocean serves an important role in limiting methane release to the atmosphere, yet little is known about the identity and distribution of bacteria that mediate this process. The distribution of putative methane-oxidizing marine groups, OPU1, OPU3 and Group X, was assessed in different ocean provinces using a newly developed fingerprinting method (monooxygenase intergenic spacer analysis (MISA)) in combination with pmoA clone library analysis and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The distribution of these three distinct monooxygenase groups, previously reported from pelagic marine environments, was examined in 39 samples including active methane seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and Santa Monica Bay, submarine canyon heads along the California continental margin, an oligotrophic subtropical gyre and areas proximal to a hydrothermal vent in the North Fiji back-arc basin. OPU1 and OPU3 were widely and similarly distributed within the meso- and bathypelagic zone (110 to ∼2000 m water depth) and showed a >50-fold greater abundance near methane seeps relative to non-seep sites. In contrast, Group X was predominantly recovered from samples along the California margin, at both seep and non-seep sites. All three phylotypes were below detection in the epipelagic zone to depths of 100 m. Several additional deeply branching monooxygenase sequences were also identified in this study, indicating the presence of uncharacterized groups of microorganisms potentially involved in the cycling of methane or ammonium.
Viral and microbial community dynamics in four aquatic environments
Authors: Rodriguez-Brito Beltran , Li LinLin , Wegley Linda , Furlan Mike , Angly Florent , Breitbart Mya , Buchanan John , Desnues Christelle , Dinsdale Elizabeth , Edwards Robert , Felts Ben , Haynes Matthew , Liu Hong , Lipson David , Mahaffy Joseph , Martin-Cuadrado Anna Belen , Mira Alex , Nulton Jim , Pašić Lejla , Rayhawk Steve , Rodriguez-Mueller Jennifer , Rodriguez-Valera Francisco , Salamon Peter , Srinagesh Shailaja , Thingstad Tron Frede , Tran Tuong , Thurber Rebecca Vega , Willner Dana , Youle Merry , Rohwer Forest
Published: February 2010

The species composition and metabolic potential of microbial and viral communities are predictable and stable for most ecosystems. This apparent stability contradicts theoretical models as well as the viral–microbial dynamics observed in simple ecosystems, both of which show Kill-the-Winner behavior causing cycling of the dominant taxa. Microbial and viral metagenomes were obtained from four human-controlled aquatic environments at various time points separated by one day to >1 year. These environments were maintained within narrow geochemical bounds and had characteristic species composition and metabolic potentials at all time points. However, underlying this stability were rapid changes at the fine-grained level of viral genotypes and microbial strains. These results suggest a model wherein functionally redundant microbial and viral taxa are cycling at the level of viral genotypes and virus-sensitive microbial strains. Microbial taxa, viral taxa, and metabolic function persist over time in stable ecosystems and both communities fluctuate in a Kill-the-Winner manner at the level of viral genotypes and microbial strains.
Characterisation of microbial communities colonising the hyphal surfaces of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Scheublin Tanja R , Sanders Ian R , Keel Christoph , van der Meer Jan Roelof
Published: February 2010

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are symbiotic soil fungi that are intimately associated with the roots of the majority of land plants. They colonise the interior of the roots and the hyphae extend into the soil. It is well known that bacterial colonisation of the rhizosphere can be crucial for many pathogenic as well as symbiotic plant–microbe interactions. However, although bacteria colonising the extraradical AMF hyphae (the hyphosphere) might be equally important for AMF symbiosis, little is known regarding which bacterial species would colonise AMF hyphae. In this study, we investigated which bacterial communities might be associated with AMF hyphae. As bacterial-hyphal attachment is extremely difficult to study in situ, we designed a system to grow AMF hyphae of Glomus intraradices and Glomus proliferum and studied which bacteria separated from an agricultural soil specifically attach to the hyphae. Characterisation of attached and non-attached bacterial communities was performed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene fragments. For all experiments, the composition of hyphal attached bacterial communities was different from the non-attached communities, and was also different from bacterial communities that had attached to glass wool (a non-living substratum). Analysis of amplified 16S rRNA genes indicated that in particular bacteria from the family of Oxalobacteraceae were highly abundant on AMF hyphae, suggesting that they may have developed specific interactions with the fungi.
New phase hollandite-type VOOH quadrangular nanorods: a new smart electrical switch material
Authors: Wu Changzheng , Wei He , Ning Bo , Yang Jinlong , Xie Yi
Published: February 2010

New phase hollandite VOOH has been achieved via an ionic liquid-assisted route, giving the first 2 × 2 octahedral molecular sieve in V3+ oxides.
A small library of DNA-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery
Authors: Wang Hao , Chen Kuan-Ju , Wang Shutao , Ohashi Minori , Kamei Ken-ichiro , Sun Jing , Ha Ji Hoon , Liu Kan , Tseng Hsian-Rong
Published: February 2010

We demonstrated a convenient, flexible and modular synthetic approach for preparation of a small library of DNA-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles with different sizes and RGD target ligand coverage for targeted gene transfection studies.