bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology and Public Opinion in the United States
Authors: Innis H. A.
Published: June 2006

Few subjects are exposed to more pitfalls than those concerned with public opinion since the student is so completely influenced by the phenomena he attempts to describe. Objectivity may be improved by considering its development over a long period of time but even a description of this character must register the results of an astigma adjusted to present environment.

Freedom of the press in the United States emerged as a result of a clash with restrictive policies in Great Britain in the eighteenth century. Attempts of the mother country to extend such policies to the colonies involved an attack on the moulders of public opinion at a most sensitive point. Newspapers had developed in relation to printing establishments set up for the purposes of printing laws for the various assemblies and to the post office through which news and advertisements were collected and from which they were distributed. The stamp tax of 1765 imposed a heavy burden on a commodity which sold at a low price and was not to be tolerated by those chiefly concerned. They provoked an agitation which secured its withdrawal. It was followed by controversies leading to the revolution which attracted the contributions of able writers. The active role of the press in the revolution was crowned by a guarantee of freedom under the Bill of Rights.
Canadian Collective Bargaining and Dispute Settlement Policy: An Appraisal
Authors: Woods H. D.
Published: June 2006

Canadian experience in governmental compulsion in labour relations has now extended over a period of half a century. The degree of compulsion has fluctuated in relation to changing circumstances. Periods of crisis have usually called forth intensified and extended government interference and restraint on one or both of the parties to the dispute. The termination or decline of tension has not, however, resulted necessarily in a reversion to the status quo ante. Indeed there has been a tendency for legislatures to attempt to profit by experience and redraft the law so as to avoid, if possible, the repetition of similar unhappy episodes of destructive or disruptive conflict. This has been an additive process and has produced a body of law governing the behaviour of labour and management which can quite properly be described as a Canadian labour relations code. Parallel with the development of law there has been a construction and elaboration of institutions of labour, industry, and government which function in the field of labour relations. The Canadian pattern, while exhibiting similarities with those found in other industrial countries, has certain important features which render it somewhat different. These special features have had a pervading effect on the character of the industrial relationship, and have drastically influenced collective bargaining as a dynamic process. There is evidence that the imposition of the labour relations code has failed in some degree to produce the expected results, even to the extent of defeating the achievement of the objectives it was developed to accomplish.
French and English Canadian Contacts and Institutional Change
Authors: Ross Aileen D.
Published: June 2006

The population of the Eastern Townships of the province of Quebec has been growing steadily since this area was first settled in the early nineteenth century, but its composition has been gradually changing from English-speaking to French-speaking Canadians. This change has been due to urban and industrial forces which have both influenced the English Canadians to leave the Townships and the French Canadians to use the area as a new frontier for their surplus population. The impact of these forces affected the English, the first settlers, sooner than the French. As early as 1860, influences stemming from the cities gradually caused drastic changes in their way of life. These included a declining birth-rate, mechanization of farms, and ambitions for a higher and more sophisticated standard of living. Also, the agricultural products of the English Canadians entered the wider provincial and national markets before those of the French, another factor influential in changing their mode of life.

This earlier orientation of the English-speaking group to urban patterns has caused them to move slowly out of the Townships to the more urbanized parts of Canada. Census figures show that this movement has been going on since 1861. At the same time, French Canadians have been steadily moving in, so that now the 12 counties comprising the Eastern Townships are from 70 to 99 per cent French.
Trade Habits and Economic Motivation among the Indians of North America
Authors: Rich E. E.
Published: June 2006

It was a strange caricature of the Red Indians which emerged as the “noble savage” from the scrutiny of the statesmen and the philosophes of the second half of the eighteenth century. “Mild and hospitable when at peace, though merciless in war beyond any known degree of human ferocity,” the “Indian was indebted to no one but himself; his virtues, his vices and his prejudices were his own work; he had grown up in the wild independence of his nature.” So wrote Alexis de Tocqueville, emphasizing a great truth but suggesting an important untruth. For the Indian was indeed independent in spirit, and his vices and many of his virtues were alien to Europeans. But however independent his nature might be, he was not economically independent. The Chipewa chief who met Alexander Henry at Michilimackinac in 1761 expressed much of the splendid independence of the Indians: “Englishman, though you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us. We are not your slaves. These lakes, these woods and mountains, were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance: and we will part with them to none.” Alexander Henry, however, was present at Michilimackinac precisely because he knew that the Indians were not independent economically; he had gone up, and he stayed up through the dangers and vicissitudes of Pontiac's rebellion, because there was no doubt at all that, despite his savagery and despite his independence, the Indian would trade for European goods as soon as they were brought within his grasp.
The Social Evolution of Quebec Reconsidered
Authors: Guindon Hubert
Published: June 2006

Any attempt to assess the direction of social change in a particular society is a risky business at best. Yet, inasmuch as sociology, in its official texts on method, rests its claim to scientific status on its predictive capacities, it must somehow, sometimes, take this risk and say something about what are the significant changes occurring in the social organization of a society. In order to achieve any such general assessment the social analyst needs, it seems to me, to consider the society as a whole, and through time.

Sociologists are generally reluctant to view the whole of a society as a proper subject of study and reluctant also to study social phenomena through time. Indeed, what is at present felt to be adequate methodology, or should we say prestigeful methodology, requires living respondents whose answers can be given statistical treatment, and therefore becomes largely irrelevant for studies with historical dimensions; and while it may be quite useful in measuring change it is quite helpless of itself to account for it. Furthermore its preference for piecemeal and detailed verifications makes it a rather awkward instrument to use when dealing with general analyses. Anthropologists, by tradition, have commonly achieved such analyses in the case of less complex cultures. Even they, however, when confronted with large societies, have tended either to adopt the sociological habit of narrow investigation or to postulate that an image of the larger whole can be gleaned through the minute study of a particular instance, a particular cell such as a village, or a town. In choosing the first alternative, they abdicate what seems to have been a traditional objective of anthropology. In the second case, they stand in danger of missing the target through oversimplification.
Sociology, History, and the Problem of Social Change
Authors: Clark S. D.
Published: June 2006

In taking for this paper the title “Sociology, History, and the Problem of Social Change,” I am made highly conscious of the fact that, although today I go by the title of sociologist, it was as a student of history twenty-nine years ago that I graduated from this University. It would be scarcely fair to my old history teachers of Saskatchewan to suggest that this evening my past has risen to haunt me. But certainly I learnt too much from George Simpson, Hilda Neatby, and the late Arthur S. Morton for it not to influence what I have to say this evening. Indeed, it was a simple saying of Professor Morton's, made here to apply to sociology, which perhaps best expresses the theme of this paper. The eyes of history, it was his saying, are geography and chronology. Tonight I want to argue that geography and chronology are the eyes of sociology as well as of history and that only by the use of both these eyes can an adequate theory of social change be developed. If, in the course of arguing this, I am led to the conclusion that there cannot continue to exist the kind of distinction now made between history and sociology, I feel confident that my old history teachers of the University of Saskatchewan will not consider that I have been an unfaithful pupil.
Some Implications of Economic Change in Northern Ojibwa Social Structure
Authors: Dunning R. W.
Published: June 2006

Field-work was conducted for several summer periods and one complete year (1954–5) among the northern Ojibwa at Pekangekum. Pekangekum is situated in northwestern Ontario (52 degrees north latitude and 94 degrees west longitude), close to the Manitoba border and to the northern Ojibwa–Cree boundary. The major occupations of the people are fur trapping and subsistence hunting and fishing. The band is composed of treaty status Indians, numbering 382 persons in 1955, who communally own a small reservation of approximately 2,000 acres at the summer fishing centre.

In 1947 the provincial government registered all the territory as traplines, and the trappers therefore became licensed in the area in which they already trapped. The band's territory, which is low-lying and poorly drained forest and muskeg, comprises 4,800 square miles, that is, about 12.5 square miles per person. During the trapping season, approximately six months of the year, the population breaks up into eighteen residential groupings, averaging twenty-two persons each, and these units proceed to the centres of the trapping territories allotted to them by tradition. Usually such domestic groupings are ten or fifteen miles apart and are spread throughout the total territory of the band, but in summer they live nearly contiguously at two major summer fishing camps.

The population is made up of five extended families with patronymic totems. Formerly political authority was vested in the senior man of a domestic group on the basis of his dream-sanctioned success and power. Sometimes an individual magico-medical specialist held sway over wider territory, but his position rested on prestige rather than power, and each domestic group was usually autonomous.
Short-term Capital Movements and the Flexible Canadian Exchange Rate, 1953–1961
Authors: Powrie T. L.
Published: June 2006

The external value of the Canadian dollar was remarkably stable during most of the recently ended regime of the flexible exchange rate. Short-term capital movements which tended to offset net shortages or surpluses of foreign currency arising from other transactions made an important contribution to this stability. This paper is an investigation of the causes of those generally stabilizing short-term capital movements.

Each of seven categories of short-term capital movements is considered, some categories being components of others. The seven categories, taken from the international accounts published by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, are as follows. An arbitrary short name for each is given in brackets.

1. (Total private). The sum of the three following items, consisting of capital movements of a short-term nature not carried out by the Canadian government or central bank.

2. (Bonds). Net trade between Canada and other countries in outstanding Canadian bonds and debentures.

3. (Canadian dollars). The change in foreigners' holdings of Canadian dollars.

4. (Other). Other capital movements, adjusted. This is the balancing item D17 in the official Canadian international accounts, adjusted to remove a variety of irrelevant transactions.

5. (US dollars). The change in Canadian holdings of bank balances and other short-term funds abroad, excluding the official reserves. It consists largely of US dollar assets. It is one component of “Other” above.

6. (Commercial credits). This is the remainder of “Other” above, and consists of all other non-government transactions including changes in loans and accounts receivable and payable.

7. (Official). The change in the official reserves of gold and foreign exchange.
Voting in the 1960 Federal By-Elections at Peterborough and Niagara Falls: Who Voted New Party and Why?
Authors: Jewett Pauline
Published: June 2006

The most interesting fact about the by-elections held in Peterborough and Niagara Falls on October 31, 1960, was not so much that the Conservatives (in power in Ottawa) lost them—or, rather, lost the one and failed to gain the other—as that the New Party won the Peterborough seat, with 46 per cent of the vote, and got 23 per cent of the vote in Niagara Falls. Taking the two constituencies together the New Party polled a larger popular vote than did either the Liberals or Conservatives: no minor achievement for a party that was making its first two appearances on the federal electoral scene, a party that at the time had neither a name nor a national leader and whose platform was still in the process of being formulated.

Who voted New Party and why? These were the first questions that seemed to need answering. Obviously, old-line socialists could not account for a very large part of the Peterborough poll since the best the CCF had ever done in Peterborough, in federal elections, was to get 12 per cent of the vote in 1945. In Niagara Falls, it is true, the CCF had reached the 23 per cent mark in 1949 but in subsequent federal elections its support had steadily fallen off—to 15 per cent in the 1950 by-election, 12 per cent in 1953 and 10 per cent in 1958. Was it, then, the alliance of the CCF with organized labour, under the New Party banner, that had done the trick? Had organized labour so rallied its supporters behind the New Party candidate, particularly in Peterborough, as to make the vote practically a labour affair? Or was the New Party vote more evenly distributed across the two constituencies, with all classes participating more or less equally in it? What about the different age groups and sexes? Whatever the distribution, was the vote simply a protest against the governing party in Ottawa as seems so frequently to be the case in by-election returns? If simply a protest why had it gone New Party rather than Liberal or, in the case of Niagara Falls, why had it not gone even more Liberal? Did the personalities of the candidates make very much difference? Or were election issues and party policies more important than personalities? Finally, to what extent, if any, did the New Party vote reflect or presage a fundamental realignment of political forces?
A Model of the Canadian Current Account
Authors: Davis Thomas E.
Published: June 2006

This study presents an econometric model designed to project developments in the current account of the Canadian balance of payments. The exposition of the study is divided into three parts; Part I describes the general structure of the model; Part II contains the complete equation system of the model and summarizes the statistical estimates of the behavioral equations; Part III presents the results of testing the model for the years 1962–64, and the results of a projection made from the model for the current account in 1965.

In the model the trading world is divided into four regions: Canada, the United States, Western Europe, and the rest of the world. Merchandise trade transactions between each of these regions are treated by separate equations, as are non-merchandise trade transactions of Canada with each of the other three regions. The non-merchandise or service transactions are separated by category into expenditures for transportation, travel, interest and dividends, and all other services. Also included in the model are equations for gross national product (GNP), consumption, and inventory investment in Canada, the United States, and Western Europe, as well as equations for export prices in each of the four regions. The specification and structure of the model are based largely on a three-region world trade model of the US current account recently employed by Rhomberg. For purposes of the following discussion, the fifty equations contained in the model are consolidated into twelve general equations. The variables used in the equations are shown below: the subscripts 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to Canada, the United States, Western Europe, and the rest of the world respectively.
The Relative Level of Crow's Nest Grain Rates in 1899 and in 1965
Authors: McDougall John Lorne
Published: June 2006

During the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth, the value-of-service basis for railway rates ruled unchallenged. Over the last forty years, and especially the last twenty, that system has been undermined from so many directions that it is rapidly becoming untenable. Willy-nilly, railways are being forced over to a cost-of-service basis by the competition of other carriers and by the relocation of industry. So long as they are expected to be self-supporting (and the logical problems of operating nation-wide utilities on any other basis are daunting), any traffic or service that does not pay its full costs must inevitably come under review. The cross-subsidization between different types of traffic which once took place as a matter of course is no longer possible, and railways are compelled to know their own costs and to sell their services in competition at rates based, to an ever-increasing extent, on cost. In the last fifteen years, for example, competition has converted the old class rate structure, which was the heart of value-of-service rates, into a mere shrunken survival, historically interesting, but no longer worthy of serious consideration.

There are other surviving specimens of value-of-service rates, but the Crow's Nest schedule for grain rates is the only one covering a major traffic. For historic reasons, the rates, in terms of current money, are now at or below those first established at September 1899, despite the change in prices and wages in the intervening period. There are, therefore, compelling reasons to examine them now.
Some Aspects of New Democratic Party Urban Support in 1965
Authors: Gagne Wallace , Regenstreif Peter
Published: June 2006

It is now a more or less established feature of Canada's political life that many sectors of the Canadian electorate are disposed to reject the two “major” political parties in favour of “minor” party alternatives. Recently, the New Democratic party, one of these so-called minor parties, has received substantial electoral support especially in urban English Canada, to such an extent that it is now bidding either to replace one of the major parties or to join both of them in a position of relative equality. Until now, the rather scanty commentaries attempting to account for this “deviant” electoral behaviour of some Canadians have tended to be highly speculative.

This article analyses survey findings that shed some light on the NDP phenomenon in the 1960s in four cities in English Canada. It begins by examining the economic and social elements in partisan choice, emphasizing religion and class identification. Next it deals with political habits and attitudes and with party identification and issue orientation. Following this, some of the characteristics of people switching to the NDP are probed. Finally, the findings are related to other research on the topic and some limited comments about the future are made.
Directional sensing in eukaryotic chemotaxis: A balanced inactivation model
Authors: Levine Herbert , Kessler David A. , Rappel Wouter-Jan
Published: June 2006

Many eukaryotic cells, including
Dictyostelium discoideum
amoebae, fibroblasts, and neutrophils, are able to respond to chemoattractant gradients with high sensitivity. Recent studies have demonstrated that, after the introduction of a chemoattractant gradient, several chemotaxis pathway components exhibit a subcellular reorganization that cannot be described as a simple amplification of the external gradient. Instead, this reorganization has the characteristics of a switch, leading to a well defined front and back. Here, we propose a directional sensing mechanism in which two second messengers are produced at equal rates. The diffusion of one of them, coupled with an inactivation scheme, ensures a switch-like response to external gradients for a large range of gradient steepness and average concentration. Furthermore, our model is able to reverse the subcellular organization rapidly, and its response to multiple simultaneous chemoattractant sources is in good agreement with recent experimental results. Finally, we propose that the dynamics of a heterotrimeric G protein might allow for a specific biochemical realization of our model.
Eugenol and isoeugenol, characteristic aromatic constituents of spices, are biosynthesized via reduction of a coniferyl alcohol ester
Authors: Koeduka Takao , Fridman Eyal , Gang David R. , Vassão Daniel G. , Jackson Brenda L. , Kish Christine M. , Orlova Irina , Spassova Snejina M. , Lewis Norman G. , Noel Joseph P. , Baiga Thomas J. , Dudareva Natalia , Pichersky Eran
Published: June 2006

Phenylpropenes such as chavicol,
t
-anol, eugenol, and isoeugenol are produced by plants as defense compounds against animals and microorganisms and as floral attractants of pollinators. Moreover, humans have used phenylpropenes since antiquity for food preservation and flavoring and as medicinal agents. Previous research suggested that the phenylpropenes are synthesized in plants from substituted phenylpropenols, although the identity of the enzymes and the nature of the reaction mechanism involved in this transformation have remained obscure. We show here that glandular trichomes of sweet basil (
Ocimum basilicum
), which synthesize and accumulate phenylpropenes, possess an enzyme that can use coniferyl acetate and NADPH to form eugenol. Petunia (
Petunia hybrida
cv. Mitchell) flowers, which emit large amounts of isoeugenol, possess an enzyme homologous to the basil eugenol-forming enzyme that also uses coniferyl acetate and NADPH as substrates but catalyzes the formation of isoeugenol. The basil and petunia phenylpropene-forming enzymes belong to a structural family of NADPH-dependent reductases that also includes pinoresinol–lariciresinol reductase, isoflavone reductase, and phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase.
Isolation of multipotent progenitor cells from human fetal liver capable of differentiating into liver and mesenchymal lineages
Authors: Dan Y. Y. , Riehle K. J. , Lazaro C. , Teoh N. , Haque J. , Campbell J. S. , Fausto N.
Published: June 2006

Little is known about the differentiation capabilities of nonhematopoietic cells of the human fetal liver. We report the isolation and characterization of a human fetal liver multipotent progenitor cell (hFLMPC) population capable of differentiating into liver and mesenchymal cell lineages. Human fetal livers (74–108 days of gestation) were dissociated and maintained in culture. We treated the colonies with geneticin and mechanically isolated hFLMPCs, which were kept in an undifferentiated state by culturing on feeder layers. We derived daughter colonies by serial dilution, verifying monoclonality using the Humara assay. hFLMPCs, which have been maintained in culture for up to 100 population doublings, have a high self-renewal capability with a doubling time of 46 h. The immunophenotype is: CD34+, CD90+, c-kit+, EPCAM+, c-met+, SSEA-4+, CK18+, CK19+, albumin−, α-fetoprotein−, CD44h+, and vimentin+. Passage 1 (P1) and P10 cells have identical morphology, immunophenotype, telomere length, and differentiation capacity. Placed in appropriate media, hFLMPCs differentiate into hepatocytes and bile duct cells, as well as into fat, bone, cartilage, and endothelial cells. Our results suggest that hFLMPCs are mesenchymal–epithelial transitional cells, probably derived from mesendoderm. hFLMPCs survive and differentiate into functional hepatocytes
in vivo
when transplanted into animal models of liver disease. hFLMPCs are a valuable tool for the study of human liver development, liver injury, and hepatic repopulation.
Expression of the Na+-HCO3−cotransporter and its role in pHiregulation in guinea pig salivary glands
Authors: Li Jingchao , Koo Na-Youn , Cho Ik-Hyun , Kwon Tae-Hwan , Choi Se-Young , Lee Sung J. , Oh Seog B. , Kim Joong-Soo , Park Kyungpyo
Published: June 2006

Patterns of salivary HCO3−secretion vary and depend on species and gland types. However, the identities of the transporters involved in HCO3−transport and the underlying mechanism of intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in salivary glands still remain unclear. In this study, we examined the expression of the Na+-HCO3−cotransporter (NBC) and its role in pHiregulation in guinea pig salivary glands, which can serve as an experimental model to study HCO3−transport in human salivary glands. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and pHimeasurements from BCECF-AM-loaded cells were performed. The amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+exchanger (NHE) played a putative role in pHiregulation in salivary acinar cells and also appeared to be involved in regulation in salivary ducts. In addition to NHE, NBC also played a role in pHiregulation in both acini and ducts. In the parotid gland, NBC1 was functionally expressed in the basolateral membrane (BLM) of acinar cells and the luminal membrane (LM) of ducts. In the submandibular gland, NBC1 was expressed only in the BLM of ducts. NBC1 expressed in these two types of salivary glands takes up HCO3−and is involved in pHiregulation. Although NBC3 immunoreactivity was also detected in submandibular gland acinar cells and in the ducts of both glands, it is unlikely that NBC3 plays any role in pHiregulation. We conclude that NBC1 is functionally expressed and plays a role in pHiregulation in guinea pig salivary glands but that its localization and role are different depending on the type of salivary glands.
Policy challenges from the "White" Senate inquiry into workplace-related health impacts of toxic dusts and nanoparticles
Authors: Faunce Thomas A , Walters Haydn , Williams Trevor , Bryant David , Jennings Martin , Musk Bill
Published: June 2006

On 22 June 2005 the Senate of the Commonwealth of Australia voted to establish an inquiry into workplace harm related to toxic dust and emerging technologies (including nanoparticles). The inquiry became known as the "White" Inquiry after Mr Richard White, a financially uncompensated sufferer of industrial sandblasting-induced lung disease who was instrumental in its establishment. The "White" Inquiry delivered its final report and recommendations on 31 May 2006. This paper examines whether these recommendations and their implementation may provide a unique opportunity not only to modernize relevant monitoring standards and processes, but related compensation systems for disease associated with workplace-related exposure to toxic dusts. It critically analyzes the likely role of the new Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC) in this area. It also considers whether recommendations related to potential workplace related harm from exposure to nanoparticles could commence a major shift in Australian healthcare regulation.
Transepithelial transport of morphine and mannitol in Caco-2 cells: the influence of chitosans of different molecular weights and degrees of acetylation
Authors: Dale Ola , Nilsen Turid , Olaussen Gry , Tvedt Kåre E , Skorpen Frank , Smidsrød Olav , Vårum Kjell M
Published: June 2006

The object of this study was to compare the effect of chitosans of different number-average molecular weights (MWs) and degrees of acetylation (FA) on transepithelial transport of morphine in Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 monolayers on polycarbonate (PC) membranes (0.5cm2) were incubated with morphine (10μ) or mannitol (55μ) for 180 min. Samples for analysis of morphine (LCMSMS) and mannitol (liquid scintillation) were drawn at 45, 90, 120 and 180 min. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transmission electron microscopy were used to monitor cell integrity. In controls, morphine transport was half that of mannitol. Chitosans affected the transport of morphine and mannitol similarly. For chitosans with similar FA (0.32-0.43) and varying MWs (7–200 kD), transport was increased at MWs of 29 kD or more. Among chitosans of similar MWs (180–300 kD) and varying FA (0.01-0.61), those with the highest Fa (0.61) had the least effect, while chitosans with Fa/MW 0.01/250 and 0.17/300 promoted the greatest transport. An FA/MW of 0.32/200 and 0.43/170 induced a high and stable transport rate. Chitosans may enhance transepithelial transport of morphine by the same mechanism as for mannitol. Chitosans with FA of 0.3-0.4 and MW of approx. 200 kD seem favourable in this respect.
Apoptosis inducing activity of 4-substituted coumarins from Calophyllum brasiliense in human leukaemia HL-60 cells
Authors: Ito Chihiro , Murata Tomiyasu , Itoigawa Masataka , Nakao Keisuke , Kaneda Norio , Furukawa Hiroshi
Published: June 2006

With the objective of identifying anti-tumour-promoting agents, we carried out a primary screening of ten 4-substituted coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Guttiferae), to determine the ability of these compounds to inhibit proliferation of the human leukaemia cell line HL-60. Among the 4-substituted coumarins isolated, calophyllolide (2) and mammea B/BB (3) showed significant cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells. Fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342 staining revealed that the percentage of apoptotic cells with fragmented nuclei and condensed chromatin increased in a time-dependent manner after treatment with calophyllolide (2) or mammea B/BB (3). In addition, the activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3 was also enhanced in a time-dependent manner upon treatment with the 4-substituted coumarins 2 and 3. Caspase-9 and caspase-3 inhibitors suppressed apoptosis induced by 4-substituted coumarins 2 and 3. These results suggest that calophyllolide (2) and mammea B/BB (3) induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells through activation of the caspase-9/caspase-3 pathway, which is triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction.
An extract of Lannea microcarpa: composition, activity and evaluation of cutaneous irritation in cell cultures and reconstituted human epidermis
Authors: Picerno P , Mencherini T , Loggia R Delia , Meloni M , Sanogo R , Aquino R P
Published: June 2006

Lannea microcarpa (Anacardiaceae) is a tropical tree used in African folk medicine and commercial dermopharmaceutical formulations. Fractionation and analysis of its polar extract allowed the identification of 4′-methoxy-myricetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, vitexin, isovitexin, gallic acid and epi-catechin, as the major constituents. In-vivo assay (the croton oil ear test in mice) showed that the extract had significant anti-inflammatory effect (ID50 = 900 μg cm2) but ten times lower than that of indometacin (ID50 = 93 μg cm2), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used as reference. Cytotoxicity and cutaneous irritation of the extract and its constituents were investigated. The crude extract and its major components did not affect cell viability in-vitro either in three different cultures (J774.A1, WEHI-164 and HEK-293) of cells grown in monolayers or in the reconstituted human epidermis (RHE, 3D model), nor did they cause release of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1α) or histomorphological modification of RHE.
Effect of imatinib mesilate on the disposition kinetics of ciclosporin in rats
Authors: Kajita Takashi , Higashi Yasuhiko , Imamura Masanobu , Maida Chieko , Fujii Youichi , Yamamoto Ikuyoshi , Miyamoto Etsuko
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of imatinib mesilate on the disposition kinetics of ciclosporin in rats. The blood concentration-time course and pharmacokinetic parameters of ciclosporin did not significantly change after intravenous injection of ciclosporin (10mg kg−1) in) rats treated with imatinib mesilate (50mg kg−1) as compared with a control. When ciclosporin (10mg kg−1) was orally administered, the time course, area under the curve, bioavailability and peak blood concentration of ciclosporin were significantly increased in rats that had been treated with imatinib mesilate 2 h before ciclosporin administration as compared with the control. Because both drugs are transported via P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein and metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A2, the interaction of imatinib mesilate with these proteins may be responsible for the increased intestinal absorption of ciclosporin in rats. These results indicate that imatinib mesilate enhanced the intestinal absorption of ciclosporin in rats with only the oral administration of ciclosporin, suggesting that our results support clinical data. In addition, imatinib mesilate may increase the pharmacological effects and possibly toxicity of ciclosporin.
Some Early French-Canadian Advocacy of Protection: 1871-1873
Authors: Cooper John Irwin
Published: June 2006

The history of Quebec as a province since Confederation has not received the attention it merits. This is the more surprising when one considers the study which has been devoted to the history of Lower Canada, to the old province of Quebec, and to New France. Political disputes at once violent and petty are supposed to constitute the history of Quebec since Confederation. It is unfortunate that this view is so widely held, because along with factional struggles went important and interesting economic, social, and political experiments all more or less closely connected with French-Canadian nationalist aspirations. While many of these experiments were local in origin, their growth had an influence far beyond the boundaries of the province. In this paper I propose to consider only one of these developments: some early French-Canadian views on protection.
Problems of the Canadian Federation
Authors: Carrothers W. A.
Published: June 2006

The unusual stresses and strains of the depression during the last four years have drawn attention more definitely to certain weaknesses in the financial structure of the Canadian federation. The province of Nova Scotia has performed a very valuable service in initiating an economic inquiry into Dominion-provincial relations as affecting that province. An inquiry such as this removes the problem from the realm of speculation and political expediency and relates it to the actual facts of the situation. It would be of great value if similar investigations were made by the other provinces into their own peculiar problems, followed by an examination of the whole question by an impartial body from the point of view of the Dominion as a whole. Investigations along this line have been carried out in the Commonwealth of Australia and a Commission appointed which has reported on the applications made by the states of South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania for financial assistance from the Commonwealth, based on certain disabilities affecting these states as a result of Commonwealth policy.

The financial arrangements made between the Dominion and the provinces at the time of Confederation were essentially in the nature of a compromise and designed to meet the situation as it then existed. This appears to have been more or less the situation in the original financial arrangements of practically all existing federations. Apparently, however, it was considered at the time of the Canadian Confederation that these arrangements would be of a somewhat permanent character. This optimistic view was early shown to be wrong when within two years it was necessary to make adjustments. Further, it was not anticipated at that time that there would be any change in the accepted functions of government. The prevailing idea was that the fewer functions surrendered by the individual to the government, the better. John Stuart Mill was still the authority, and his ideas with regard to the limitation of government marked the general line of thought. While there were those who took a wider view of the functions of government and who anticipated the collectivist movement of the last quarter of the century, the echo of this was at that time scarcely heard in Canada. There was no thought that many of the services now rendered to the community by governments would become necessary. Consequently, the division of authority, both political and financial, in the British North America Act, was based on a form of society and an idea of government which no longer exists.
The Saskatchewan Liberal Machine before 1929
Authors: Reid Escott
Published: June 2006

From 1905, when Saskatchewan was made a province, to 1911, the Liberal party in Saskatchewan controlled both the federal and the provincial patronage. These six years gave it an enviable opportunity for laying firm foundations for a political organization. During the next ten years the federal patronage was in the hands of a Conservative or a Union party but the more important provincial patronage remained with the Liberals. Then in their last eight years of uninterrupted power, the Saskatchewan Liberals once more had the support of a federal Liberal government. Thus for twenty-four years after the formation of the province the Liberal rule over Saskatchewan was uninterrupted, and for fourteen of those years the Liberals also ruled over the Dominion. Until a few years before its defeat in 1929, it seemed as if the longer the party remained in power the stronger grew the party organization. It is this long period of development under favourable conditions which makes the Liberal organization in Saskatchewan worthy of close study.

The Liberal party in Saskatchewan, like Liberal and Conservative parties in the other provinces, had two sides to its organization—one formal and ineffective, the other informal and effective. In its formal aspect it resembled party organization elsewhere. The Liberals in each polling sub-division elected one or two representatives. These met to elect a constituency executive. Each constituency executive had one representative on the central council of the provincial party, on which there also sat the executive elected at a party convention. This formal organization, which paid so strict a homage to democratic theory in its pyramidical structure based upon the people's will, was unimportant. The constituency organization, for example, did very little; it met, perhaps, once a year. The formal organization constituted a democratic façade which hid from the common gaze the naked autocracy of effective party management. In the effective party organization which did the work, won the elections, and consequently possessed the reality of political power, appointments were from the top down.
The Evidence Presented to the “Canadian Macmillan Commission”
Authors: Plumptre A. F. W.
Published: June 2006

The evidence presented to the Royal Commission on Banking and Currency in Canada, 1933, is preserved in some three thousand five hundred multigraphed foolscap pages. There are fifty or sixty copies in existence. A number of these are in the possession of those who were attached to the Commission and of the Canadian banks: others are to be found in certain Canadian libraries: and that is about all. There is only one other avenue of access to the material. During the course of the proceedings the Financial Post of Toronto published a weekly summary of the more important submissions; and the daily papers throughout the country printed extracts irregularly. It is, therefore, clear that few people have had, or will ever have, the opportunity to become familiar with the evidence. And even those who have access to the copies available in libraries will be confronted by a vast, undigested, poorly indexed mass of material.

Hence this article. It has two objects. It attempts, in the first place, simply to describe the evidence to those readers who either have not the inclination or the ability to consult it. In the second place, it attempts to guide those who may in the future wish to consult it away from the more arid patches and towards the oases. In what follows, I find myself between two fires. Since I was fortunate enough to be attached to the Commission in a minor capacity, and the only economist so attached, I am tempted to give a critical review from the standpoint of an economist. On the other hand, my connection with it imposes some restraint upon my remarks both regarding the Commission itself and those appearing before it. Indeed, as I write, I feel acutely conscious that I am compassed about by a great cloud of witnesses. To those who, reading this article, feel that I have done them any injustice, I apologize, asking them to bear with me, remembering the magnitude of the task of condensation which I am undertaking.
The Adjustment of Federal-Provincial Financial Relations
Authors: Maxwell J. A. , MacG. D. A.
Published: June 2006

It is only since the War that federal-provincial financial relations have received serious attention. In the years up to 1914 there was much petty bickering about better terms, but most of this was political by-play. The growth of Dominion and provincial expenditures was at about the same rate, and the distribution of functions and fiscal resources between the governments appeared to be in balance. The War was responsible for a major dislocation. The Dominion was forced to reach into the field of direct taxation and since 1921 the balance of fiscal superiority has swung heavily in its favour.

During the post-War decade 1919-29 the Dominion proceeded to liquidate some part of its War debt, and, while reducing rates of taxation, it did not feel able to relinquish its hold on any important sources of revenue. The trend of Dominion expenditure and debt was slightly downward. But, as everyone knows, the trend of provincial expenditure and debt was sharply upward. Ordinary provincial expenditures were $76,404,000 in 1919 and $177,542,000 in 1929 (an increase of 132 per cent.), while bonded debt and treasury bills amounted to $304,146,000 in 1919 and to $895,334,000 in 1929 (an increase of 198 per cent.). The increase in the burden of the debt was greater than these figures indicate, because interest payments grew from $11,926,000 in 1919 to $41,207,000 in 1929 (an increase of 245 per cent.). It is not possible to show in detail for what purposes the increase in expenditures took place. Ordinary expenditures can, of course, be analysed and it will be convenient in considering them to omit expenditure for interest. Ordinary expenditures (omitting interest) rose by 112 per cent, from 1919 to 1929. But there was great variation in the rate of increase of the principal items. Thus ordinary expenditure for highways and bridges rose by 152 per cent., for education by 145 per cent., and for welfare functions by 154 per cent. All other items increased only by 78 per cent. In this remainder is expenditure for such purposes as legislation, legal administration, and civil government, which rose by 34 per cent., 69 per cent., and 83 per cent. respectively.
Real Wages in the United States and Great Britain
Authors: Tarshis Lorie
Published: June 2006

In this paper certain statistical and theoretical problems connected with changes in the level of real wages will be examined. In the first place, information is presented which deals with recent trends in real wages in the United States and in Great Britain. Next, there follows a more or less sketchy treatment of the conventional theory of distribution—this, to provide the analytical tools for the interpretation of these movements. Finally, the significance of these various determinants of the level of real wages is discussed, in the light of statistical and descriptive material to be presented in this paper.

It must be noted at the outset that no very careful treatment is accorded the British material. For the purposes of this survey, the British experience—which was perhaps “normal” in some vague sense—is used as a basis for comparison and contrast with the distinctly “abnormal” American experience. The statistical data presented deal only with the six-year period beginning with 1932 and ending in January, 1938. Prior to the earlier date (1932) adequate information about wages and hours of work in the United States was not available. In any case, even six years, if studied by months, provide quite a wealth of statistical data—enough at least for a preliminary survey such as this.

The subject of the investigation has been the changes in real hourly earnings. This was decided upon for reasons of convenience and not because it was supposed that such an index offered the most significant measure of change in the workers' income. Very probably, most of us would feel that changes in the purchasing power of weekly or annual earnings, or even of working-life earnings, would more satisfactorily measure such alterations. But it is difficult to establish such indices, and the concepts they measure are not so amenable to theoretical treatment.
The Ricardian Theory of Production and Distribution
Authors: Knight Frank H.
Published: June 2006

The “correct” approach to the theory of distribution in economics is by way of a theory of productive organization; in fact, a sound distribution theory is hardly more than a corollary or footnote to an exposition of the mechanism by which resources are apportioned among different uses, and organized in each use, under the forces of price competition. The “sense” in economics as a subject for study is derived from the idea of increasing the efficiency of action (i.e., of “economy of resources”) through mutual rendering of services by individuals. Historically, the development of the science may be imputed to the realization that purchase and sale represent and mediate such an exchange of services; with a few individual exceptions, men seem never to have had this realization before the eighteenth century, but to have regarded it as axiomatic that what anyone gains in a pecuniary transaction, someone else must lose. Under analysis, a socially general effort to profit by exchange relations takes the form of a tendency toward a maximum (viewed as a state of equilibrium for the society as a whole) through the attraction of every increment of service capacity into its “best” use for the mutual advantage of both parties, i.e., the owner of the increment of capacity and the consumer of its service (who gets the service in exchange for that of some increment of capacity owned by him). If it is seen that this urge on the part of individuals as owners of service capacity is the organizing force in all price relations, and in the economic life which prices mediate and reflect, it becomes truistical to remark that the distribution of the product of all service capacity, considered as acting jointly, is on the basis of increments of yield.