bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual Traffic Lights+
Authors: Sinha Roopak , Roop Partha S. , Ranjitkar Prakash
Published: January 2014

The latest advancements in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) increasingly rely on wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (VTV) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (VTI) communications to manage traffic flows at intersections dynamically. A prominent example is virtual traffic lights (VTLs), which use only VTV communications and which have been shown to have the potential to increase traffic flows and reduce emissions significantly. Two key issues that can affect the adoption of desirable ITS solutions like VTLs are functional safety and the management of a move from a vehicle fleet not equipped with VTLs to a vehicle fleet completely equipped with VTLs. For the first issue, the first model-driven engineering-based modeling and verification technique for ITSs is proposed. This technique can be used to prove functional safety with 100% coverage. Through the use of this technique, it is shown that although VTLs are safe under normal circumstances, they are very fragile when they face unlikely, but not impossible, exceptional circumstances. For the second issue, an extended algorithm called VTL+ is proposed. VTL+ uses additional VTI communication with the existing infrastructure to enable effective and safe traffic flow during the VTL transition phase. It is also found through static analysis that VTL+ is more robust and more feature rich than VTLs.
Bidirectional Control Characteristics of General Motors and Optimal Velocity Car-Following Models
Authors: Jin Peter J. , Yang Da , Ran Bin , Cebelak Meredith , Walton C. Michael
Published: January 2014

In natural traffic flow, the information from preceding vehicles predominantly determines driver behavior. With connected vehicle technologies, drivers can receive information from both preceding and following vehicles. This information creates new opportunities for vehicle coordination and control at the microscopic level on the basis of bidirectional information. Although bidirectional car-following models have been studied since the 1960s, most existing car-following models, especially those used by adaptive cruise control technologies, are still forward-only car-following models. This paper serves as a first step toward the use of bidirectional car-following models for microscopic vehicle coordination and control. The focus is on the study of the models' general control characteristics and impact on traffic flow stability. A general bidirectional control framework is proposed to convert any car-following model into its bidirectional form. Four representative General Motors and optimal velocity car-following models are reformulated and calibrated against field vehicle trajectory data collected in the next-generation simulation program (NGSIM). The bidirectional control characteristics of the selected models were evaluated by tuning of the percentage of backward information considered in the final car-following decision. The evaluation uses forward versus backward acceleration diagrams and a ring road stability analysis of equilibrium states obtained from NGSIM data. The results indicate that the increase in the contribution of backward information may help alleviate traffic congestion and stabilize traffic flow. An operating range of the backward information contribution of between 5% and 20% is recommended to ensure that the resulting models are still physical and realistic for both free-flow and congestion situations.
Dynamic Route Choice Behavior Analysis considering En Route Learning and Choices
Authors: Li Dawei , Miwa Tomio , Morikawa Takayuki
Published: January 2014

This paper presents a method to model a driver's en route learning process and changes in route choice at each decision node. A model based on Bayesian networks is proposed to describe the en route updating of the driver's knowledge of the traffic state. A random utility–based model is developed to predict en route choices. A case study based on probe data is carried out to illustrate the development of the model and analyze the dynamic route choice problem. The results show that the model in which a driver's choice of making decisions en route is taken into account has a better goodness of fit. The probability of making a choice en route is related to the distance from the origin and the spatial scale of the intersection at the decision node.
Drivers' Perception of Route Alternatives as Indicator for the Indifference Band
Authors: Vreeswijk Jaap , Thomas Tom , van Berkum Eric , van Arem Bart
Published: January 2014

Although travel time is probably one of the most important attributes in route choice, the shortest time route is often not the preferred route, according to several studies in the literature. This study tries to explain this finding by testing the hypothesis that choice makers may be able to estimate travel times correctly for routes that they prefer but are biased against alternatives even if these are faster. For a few choice sets of routes in the city of Enschede, Netherlands, respondents were asked to choose a route and provide their estimated travel times for both the preferred and the alternative routes. These travel times were then compared with actual travel times from a license plate study. The comparison confirmed the hypothesis. For chosen routes, perceived travel times correspond quite well with actual travel times on average, whereas for routes not chosen, perceived travel times are overestimated by 3 to 4 min on average. These results show that drivers are not able or do not want to evaluate routes objectively. This finding implies that within an indifference band of route delay or travel time inequality of on average 3 to 4 min, drivers are probably not willing to alter their route choice, even if the traffic situation, induced, for example, by traffic management measures, changes in a negative way for their preferred route.
Analysis of Effects of Activities While Traveling on Travelers' Sentiment
Authors: Rhee Kyoung-Ah , Kim Joon-Ki , Lee Back-Jin , Kim Sungyop , Lee Young-Ihn
Published: January 2014

Travel involves various onboard activities. The emergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) has added new dimensions to the activities. This study analyzed the effects of various onboard activities, including the use of ICT devices, on trip makers' feelings during trips. This study employed the daily reconstruction method to examine whether the feelings that trip makers had were positive or negative. In addition, the seemingly unrelated probit regression and univariate probit models were used to analyze the association between onboard feelings and types of onboard activities by travel mode. This study found that onboard activities using ICT devices were valued by trip makers and tended to have positive effects on their feelings during trips. However, it was also found that the effects were not homogenous. Emerging ICT-related onboard activities can be instrumental in improving people's travel experience and in encouraging automobile users to become transit riders.
Who Are the Drivers of Peak Car Use?
Authors: Kuhnimhof Tobias , Zumkeller Dirk , Chlond Bastian
Published: January 2014

This study investigates the contribution of the aging of the population and changes in travel behavior by age group to peak car use in France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Norway, and the United States. The terms “peak car use,” “peak car travel,” and “peak car hypothesis” have been coined for the recent trend reversal in car travel development observed in some industrialized countries. In the study countries, car travel was characterized by growth for a long time but started to show signs of stagnation or even decrease in the past decade. The authors analyze underlying travel trends since the mid-1990s and use a trend decomposition based on descriptive statistics from national travel surveys and Laspeyres indices. The results indicate that relevant developments have different weight in shaping peak car use in the study countries. In many places, the aging of the population has been an important contributor to peak car use. In Japan, aging was the most important factor limiting growth of car travel. In all study countries except the United States, where car ownership by seniors has not grown, increasing car ownership and car use by seniors have contributed to increasing car travel and thus have exerted a damping influence on peak car use. Another important development was new travel trends of young adults. In three countries, the contribution of young adults to peak car use is crucial: if young adults' car ownership and car mode share had not decreased, results would not have shown declining total car kilometers per capita in Germany and would have shown much stronger increases in Great Britain and Norway.
How Different are Assessments of Independence and Devolution Max? An Analysis of the Role of National Identity and Party Affiliation
Authors: van der Zwet Arno , McAngus Craig
Published: January 2014

Although the actual constitutional preferences of the Scottish public have been analysed at great length, the assessments of how different constitutional scenarios will perform in future have received little attention. This paper aims to address this by examining how well the public think an independent and a devolution max (DevoMax) Scotland will perform, looking specifically at the role of national identity and party affiliation. Factor analysis is used to construct a latent ‘performance assessment’ variable, and this latent variable is used extensively in the analysis. The paper finds that, on the whole, there is little difference between performance assessments of independence and DevoMax. However when considering national identity it can be seen that although Scottish identifiers by and large assess independence and DevoMax equally, strong British identifiers do not; they are considerably less negative about DevoMax. Furthermore, although the patterns of performance assessment are unsurprising in terms of party affiliation, Labour affiliates are, on the whole, more positive about the future performance of an independent Scotland than might have been expected. Furthermore, linear regression shows that the ‘identity’ variables have a more powerful effect on perceptions of independence than DevoMax. These findings suggest that an element of ‘heuristic shortcutting’ might be taking place.
Microbiological Safety of Chicken Litter or Chicken Litter-Based Organic Fertilizers: A Review
Authors: Chen Zhao , Jiang Xiuping
Published: January 2014

Chicken litter or chicken litter-based organic fertilizers are usually recycled into the soil to improve the structure and fertility of agricultural land. As an important source of nutrients for crop production, chicken litter may also contain a variety of human pathogens that can threaten humans who consume the contaminated food or water. Composting can inactivate pathogens while creating a soil amendment beneficial for application to arable agricultural land. Some foodborne pathogens may have the potential to survive for long periods of time in raw chicken litter or its composted products after land application, and a small population of pathogenic cells may even regrow to high levels when the conditions are favorable for growth. Thermal processing is a good choice for inactivating pathogens in chicken litter or chicken litter-based organic fertilizers prior to land application. However, some populations may become acclimatized to a hostile environment during build-up or composting and develop heat resistance through cross-protection during subsequent high temperature treatment. Therefore, this paper reviews currently available information on the microbiological safety of chicken litter or chicken litter-based organic fertilizers, and discusses about further research on developing novel and effective disinfection techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological treatments, as an alternative to current methods.
Carbon Nanoelectronics
Authors: Cress Cory
Published: January 2014

Initiated by the first single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) transistors [1,2], and reinvigorated with the isolation of graphene [3], the field of carbon-based nanoscale electronic devices and components (Carbon Nanoelectronics for short) has developed at a blistering pace [4]. Comprising a vast number of scientists and engineers that span materials science, physics, chemistry, and electronics, this field seeks to provide an evolutionary transition path to address the fundamental scaling limitations of silicon CMOS [5]. Concurrently, researchers are actively investigating the use of carbon nanomaterials in applications including back-end interconnects, high-speed optoelectronic applications [6], spin-transport [7], spin tunnel barrier [8], flexible electronics, and many more. [...]
Experimental Investigation of Subject-Specific On-Body Radio Propagation Channels for Body-Centric Wireless Communications
Authors: Khan Mohammad , Abbasi Qammer , Alomainy Akram , Parini Clive
Published: January 2014

In this paper, subject-specific narrowband (2.45 GHz) and ultra-wideband (3–10.6 GHz) on-body radio propagation studies in wireless body area networks (WBANs) were performed by characterizing the path loss for eight different human subjects of different shapes and sizes. The body shapes and sizes of the test subjects used in this study are characterised as thin, medium build, fatty, shorter, average height and taller. Experimental investigation was made in an indoor environment using a pair of printed monopoles (for the narrowband case) and a pair of tapered slot antennas (for the ultra-wideband (UWB) case). Results demonstrated that, due to the different sizes, heights and shapes of the test subjects, the path loss exponent value varies up to maximum of 0.85 for the narrowband on-body case, whereas a maximum variation of the path loss exponent value of 1.15 is noticed for the UWB case. In addition, the subject-specific behaviour of the on-body radio propagation channels was compared between narrowband and UWB systems, and it was deduced that the on-body radio channels are subject-specific for both narrowband and UWB system cases, when the same antennas (same characteristics) are used. The effect of the human body shape and size variations on the eight different on-body radio channels is also studied for both the narrowband and UWB cases.
Perceptions of Heat Risk to Health: A Qualitative Study of Professional Bus Drivers and Their Managers in Jinan, China
Authors: Zhou Lin , Xin Zheng , Bai Li , Wan Fangjun , Wang Yongming , Sang Shaowei , Liu Shouqin , Zhang Ji , Liu Qiyong
Published: January 2014

Summer extreme heat threatens the health of individuals, especially persons who are involved in outdoor activities. Ensuring the normal function of a city, bus drivers are among those who participate in outdoor physical activities and are exposed to excessive heat in hot summer weather. This qualitative study was performed to explore professional bus drivers’ in-depth views of extreme heat risks to their health, and ultimately develop targeted advice and policy interventions for city bus drivers. An interview-based study was performed among professional bus drivers in Jinan, China, including four focus groups with professional bus drivers (n = 37) and three interviews with their managers (n = 14). Five central themes or categories from the bus driver interviews were found: concerns about summer heat; health effects related to extreme heat; adaptive measures; barriers in implementing these adaptive measures; and suggested interventions. The beneficial role of cooling facilities (particularly air-conditioning) during extreme heat are addressed. The barriers not only impede the implementation of behavioral adaptive measures but also enhance the negative attitudes of bus drivers towards their effectiveness. The responsibilities of managers in promoting preventive actions are addressed.
The Political Potential of the Return Directive
Authors: Crosby Andrew
Published: January 2014

This paper demonstrates how the legitimate interests of immigrants are gradually being recognized through judicial application of EU immigration law. A philosophical and theoretical introduction demonstrates how this recognition constitutes a political momentum. After a brief review of the impact of the ECtHR, we discuss the case law of the ECJEU on the Return Directive to show how, through the principles of proportionality and sincere cooperation, this legitimate interest is indirectly being calculated by the Luxembourg court. This means that national courts will have to follow suite, as is demonstrated in the last section of this paper. Hence the title of the article: the political potential is due to this indirect recognition. In the conclusion, a suggestion is made to further develop this potential.
Biocompatibility of Coronary Stents
Authors: Jeewandara Thamarasee , Wise Steven , Ng Martin
Published: January 2014

Cardiovascular disease is the dominant cause of mortality in developed countries, with coronary artery disease (CAD) a predominant contributor. The development of stents to treat CAD was a significant innovation, facilitating effective percutaneous coronary revascularization. Coronary stents have evolved from bare metal compositions, to incorporate advances in pharmacological therapy in what are now known as drug eluting stents (DES). Deployment of a stent overcomes some limitations of balloon angioplasty alone, but provides an acute stimulus for thrombus formation and promotes neointimal hyperplasia. First generation DES effectively reduced in-stent restenosis, but profoundly delay healing and are susceptible to late stent thrombosis, leading to significant clinical complications in the long term. This review characterizes the development of coronary stents, detailing the incremental improvements, which aim to attenuate the major clinical complications of thrombosis and restenosis. Despite these enhancements, coronary stents remain fundamentally incompatible with the vasculature, an issue which has largely gone unaddressed. We highlight the latest modifications and research directions that promise to more holistically design coronary implants that are truly biocompatible.
Six New Tetraprenylated Alkaloids from the South China Sea Gorgonian Echinogorgia pseudossapo
Authors: Sun Zhang-Hua , Cai Ying-Hong , Fan Cheng-Qi , Tang Gui-Hua , Luo Hai-Bin , Yin Sheng
Published: January 2014

Six new tetraprenylated alkaloids, designated as malonganenones L–Q (1–6), were isolated from the gorgonian Echinogorgia pseudossapo, collected in Daya Bay of Guangdong Province, China. The structures of 1–6 featuring a methyl group at N-3 and a tetraprenyl chain at N-7 in the hypoxanthine core were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1–6 were tested for their inhibitory activity against the phosphodiesterases (PDEs)-4D, 5A, and 9A, and compounds 1 and 6 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against PDE4D with IC50 values of 8.5 and 20.3 µM, respectively.
Another Facet to the Anticancer Response to Lamellarin D: Induction of Cellular Senescence through Inhibition of Topoisomerase I and Intracellular Ros Production
Authors: Ballot Caroline , Martoriati Alain , Jendoubi Manel , Buche Sébastien , Formstecher Pierre , Mortier Laurent , Kluza Jérome , Marchetti Philippe
Published: January 2014

Lamellarin D (LamD) is a marine alkaloid with broad spectrum antitumor activities. Multiple intracellular targets of LamD, which affect cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis, have been identified. These include nuclear topoisomerase I, relevant kinases (such as cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. While we have previously demonstrated that LamD at micromolar range deploys strong cytotoxicity by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis, mechanisms of its cytostatic effect have not yet been characterized. Here, we demonstrated that induction of cellular senescence (depicted by cell cycle arrest in G2 associated with β-galactosidase activity) is a common response to subtoxic concentrations of LamD. Cellular senescence is observed in a large panel of cancer cells following in vitro or in vivo exposure to LamD. The onset of cellular senescence is dependent on the presence of intact topoisomerase I since topoisomerase I-mutated cells are resistant to senescence induced by LamD. LamD-induced senescence occurs without important loss of telomere integrity. Instead, incubation with LamD results in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are critical for senescence as demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of antioxidants. In addition, cancer cells lacking mitochondrial DNA also exhibit cellular senescence upon LamD exposure indicating that LamD can trigger senescence, unlike apoptosis, in the absence of functional mitochondria. Overall, our results identify senescence-associated growth arrest as a powerful effect of LamD and add compelling evidence for the pharmacological interest of lamellarins as potential anticancer agents.
Comparative Analysis of Biological Sphingolipids with Glycerophospholipids and Diacylglycerol by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Ogiso Hideo , Taniguchi Makoto , Araya Shinichi , Aoki Shinya , Wardhani Lusi , Yamashita Yuka , Ueda Yoshibumi , Okazaki Toshiro
Published: January 2014

Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an effective and popular technique used in lipid metabolomic studies. Although many LC-MS methods enabling the determination of sphingolipid molecular species have been reported, they do not cover a broad range of sphingolipid metabolites with expanding glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and diacylglycerol (DAG). In this study, we developed an approach for the comprehensive analysis of sphingolipids, GPLs and DAG molecular species in a biological sample, without alkaline hydrolysis. After validating the reliability of this approach, we analyzed tissue lipids of sphingomyelin synthase 2-knockout mice and found that changes in sphingolipid metabolism in the liver affect the level of docosahexaenoic acid-containing GPLs. Our method analyzes GPLs and DAG, as well as sphingolipids within biological samples and, thus, will facilitate more comprehensive studies of sphingolipid metabolism in pathology and diagnostics.
Cross-Talk of Phosphorylation and Prolyl Isomerization of the C-terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II
Authors: Yogesha S. , Mayfield Joshua , Zhang Yan
Published: January 2014

Post-translational modifications of the heptad repeat sequences in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) are well recognized for their roles in coordinating transcription with other nuclear processes that impinge upon transcription by the Pol II machinery; and this is primarily achieved through CTD interactions with the various nuclear factors. The identification of novel modifications on new regulatory sites of the CTD suggests that, instead of an independent action for all modifications on CTD, a combinatorial effect is in operation. In this review we focus on two well-characterized modifications of the CTD, namely serine phosphorylation and prolyl isomerization, and discuss the complex interplay between the enzymes modifying their respective regulatory sites. We summarize the current understanding of how the prolyl isomerization state of the CTD dictates the specificity of writers (CTD kinases), erasers (CTD phosphatases) and readers (CTD binding proteins) and how that correlates to transcription status. Subtle changes in prolyl isomerization states cannot be detected at the primary sequence level, we describe the methods that have been utilized to investigate this mode of regulation. Finally, a general model of how prolyl isomerization regulates the phosphorylation state of CTD, and therefore transcription-coupled processes, is proposed.
The Dipeptide Monoester Prodrugs of Floxuridine and Gemcitabine—Feasibility of Orally Administrable Nucleoside Analogs
Authors: Tsume Yasuhiro , Borras Bermejo Blanca , Amidon Gordon
Published: January 2014

Dipeptide monoester prodrugs of floxuridine and gemcitabine were synthesized. Their chemical stability in buffers, enzymatic stability in cell homogenates, permeability in mouse intestinal membrane along with drug concentration in mouse plasma, and anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells were determined and compared to their parent drugs. Floxuridine prodrug was more enzymatically stable than floxuridine and the degradation from prodrug to parent drug works as the rate-limiting step. On the other hand, gemcitabine prodrug was less enzymatically stable than gemcitabine. Those dipeptide monoester prodrugs exhibited 2.4- to 48.7-fold higher uptake than their parent drugs in Caco-2, Panc-1, and AsPC-1 cells. Floxuridine and gemcitabine prodrugs showed superior permeability in mouse jejunum to their parent drugs and exhibited the higher drug concentration in plasma after in situ mouse perfusion. Cell proliferation assays in ductal pancreatic cancer cells, AsPC-1 and Panc-1, indicated that dipeptide prodrugs of floxuridine and gemcitabine were more potent than their parent drugs. The enhanced potency of nucleoside analogs was attributed to their improved membrane permeability. The prodrug forms of 5¢-L-phenylalanyl-l-tyrosyl-floxuridine and 5¢-L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosyl-gemcitabine appeared in mouse plasma after the permeation of intestinal membrane and the first-pass effect, suggesting their potential for the development of oral dosage form for anti-cancer agents.
Application of the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean to Phytoplankton Ecology Studies in Monterey Bay, CA, USA
Authors: Ryan John , Davis Curtiss , Tufillaro Nicholas , Kudela Raphael , Gao Bo-Cai
Published: January 2014

As a demonstrator for technologies for the next generation of ocean color sensors, the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) provides enhanced spatial and spectral resolution that is required to understand optically complex aquatic environments. In this study we apply HICO, along with satellite remote sensing and in situ observations, to studies of phytoplankton ecology in a dynamic coastal upwelling environment—Monterey Bay, CA, USA. From a spring 2011 study, we examine HICO-detected spatial patterns in phytoplankton optical properties along an environmental gradient defined by upwelling flow patterns and along a temporal gradient of upwelling intensification. From a fall 2011 study, we use HICO’s enhanced spatial and spectral resolution to distinguish a small-scale “red tide” bloom, and we examine bloom expansion and its supporting processes using other remote sensing and in situ data. From a spectacular HICO image of the Monterey Bay region acquired during fall of 2012, we present a suite of algorithm results for characterization of phytoplankton, and we examine the strengths, limitations, and distinctions of each algorithm in the context of the enhanced spatial and spectral resolution.
Mobile Robot Self-Localization System Using Single Webcam Distance Measurement Technology in Indoor Environments
Authors: Li I-Hsum , Chen Ming-Chang , Wang Wei-Yen , Su Shun-Feng , Lai To-Wen
Published: January 2014

A single-webcam distance measurement technique for indoor robot localization is proposed in this paper. The proposed localization technique uses webcams that are available in an existing surveillance environment. The developed image-based distance measurement system (IBDMS) and parallel lines distance measurement system (PLDMS) have two merits. Firstly, only one webcam is required for estimating the distance. Secondly, the set-up of IBDMS and PLDMS is easy, which only one known-dimension rectangle pattern is needed, i.e., a ground tile. Some common and simple image processing techniques, i.e., background subtraction are used to capture the robot in real time. Thus, for the purposes of indoor robot localization, the proposed method does not need to use expensive high-resolution webcams and complicated pattern recognition methods but just few simple estimating formulas. From the experimental results, the proposed robot localization method is reliable and effective in an indoor environment.
Aedes aegypti Mos20 Cells Internalizes Cry Toxins by Endocytosis, and Actin Has a Role in the Defense against Cry11Aa Toxin
Authors: Vega-Cabrera Adriana , Cancino-Rodezno Angeles , Porta Helena , Pardo-Lopez Liliana
Published: January 2014

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins are used to control Aedes aegypti, an important vector of dengue fever and yellow fever. Bt Cry toxin forms pores in the gut cells, provoking larvae death by osmotic shock. Little is known, however, about the endocytic and/or degradative cell processes that may counteract the toxin action at low doses. The purpose of this work is to describe the mechanisms of internalization and detoxification of Cry toxins, at low doses, into Mos20 cells from A. aegypti, following endocytotic and cytoskeletal markers or specific chemical inhibitors. Here, we show that both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis are involved in the internalization into Mos20 cells of Cry11Aa, a toxin specific for Dipteran, and Cry1Ab, a toxin specific for Lepidoptera. Cry11Aa and Cry1Ab are not directed to secretory lysosomes. Instead, Mos20 cells use the Rab5 and Rab11 pathways as a common mechanism, most probably for the expulsion of Cry11Aa and Cry1Ab toxins. In conclusion, we propose that endocytosis is a mechanism induced by Cry toxins independently of specificity, probably as part of a basal immune response. We found, however, that actin is necessary for defense-specific response to Cry11Aa, because actin-silenced Mos20 cells become more sensitive to the toxic action of Cry11A toxin. Cry toxin internalization analysis in insect cell lines may contribute to a better understanding to Cry resistance in mosquitoes.
Être ou ne pas être Montségurien
Authors: Bonnain Rolande
Published: January 2014

To Be or not to Be a Native of Montségur

How can one in a village define the foreigner's nature - that is to say the nature of one who does not belong by birth to the local community - which is set forth whenever there is a conflict about the vocation and the running of the place ? Is it emphasized on purpose and how ? Conversely how do lifelong natives understand the way foreigners behave and express themselves ? Our study deals with Montségur, a spiritual centre of Occitanie whose castle attracts second home owners and tourists. Their great numbers have led the inhabitants to regard local identity as something which is no longer based on birth but on adherence to a programme of local development.
Un réfugié politique enraciné en Beauce
Authors: Veith Blandine
Published: January 2014

Dans un bourg-centre beauceron, caractérisé par l'important renouvellement de sa population, un ancien réfugié politique espagnol assure, depuis 1978 et 1979, les fonctions de maire et de conseiller général. L'auteur analyse dans un premier temps la position assignée aux étrangers dans la structure sociale du village en s' appuyant sur les représentations politiques et identitaires. Dans un second temps, il décrit la trajectoire socio-politique de cet ancien ouvrier agricole dans une petite ville en devenir.
Villageois et émigrés à Casalvieri (Italie)
Authors: Miranda Adelina
Published: January 2014

Villagers and Migrant Workers from Casalvieri (Italy)

This study deals with the migrant population of Casalvieri, an Italian village located at the junction of three regions, Abruzzi, Molise and Campania. The article shows how the bonds between groups of migrant workers in the Paris area and their native village are maintained or cut. From the 1960s, the man who went back to his village to get married has had to choose between bringing his whole family to France and going back to his native village. These families organize their lives between France and their village according to a "shuttle" rhythm. Henceforth, at Casalvieri, this newly acquired singularity is stressed by the opposition "we/you".
L'étranger le plus proche : l'enfant de l'Assistance
Authors: Cadoret Anne
Published: January 2014

The Closest Strangers : Children in State Care

Children in state care, traditionally welcomed in the Morvan region, hold an important place in local culture. Participants in the demographic life of the community, as a result of their numbers and their youth, they also contribute to the economic life, first, through the wages paid by the state to wet-nurses for their upbringing and, later, through the work they do when older. The fact that they are "children in care" and thereby rootless and homeless orphans, creates above all two possibilities as far as family relationships are concerned : either an assimilation with children being "almost" members of the host family, "like" a son or a sister, or the maintenance of an insuperable otherness with lonely children having no family connection and being excluded from social exchanges.
L'élaboration d'un savoir naturaliste Approche anthropologique d'un atlas
Authors: Rémy Elisabeth
Published: January 2014

L'anthropologie des modalités d'élaboration de la connaissance scientifique s'avère très utile lorsque l'on s'intéresse à la confrontation des savoirs. L'exercice porte ici sur l'exemple de l'Atlas de répartition des amphibiens et reptiles de France. Cette approche empirique de la science en train de se faire montre que celle-ci n'est pas désincarnée, mais qu'elle s'appuie pour recueillir les données sur un réseau social particulier. L'activité scientifique procède par ajustements successifs, et le contrôle des données recueillies passe par une chaîne de traitement qui aboutit, peu à peu, à consolider un savoir. L'observation ethnologique de cet atlas permet de poser un autre regard sur la connaissance scientifique, qui ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour l'étude de la coexistence des différentes formes de savoirs.
Réformes agraires en Lituanie : fidélité à la tradition ?
Authors: Zvinklienè Alina
Published: January 2014

Land Reforms in Lithuania : Faithful to Tradition ?

The author compares the major land reforms conducted in Lithuania from 1557 to 1991 in socio- historical perspective and highlights certain analogies between various statutes. This continuity may be explained in part by trends specific to Lithuanian society, where the individualistic organization of the « civilized west » has long co-existed with the communitarian system of the « Russian east ». The 1991 reform was intended to mark « a return to Europe ». Yet, faithful to their tradition of ambivalence, country-dwellers and reformers reprivatized farming without dissolving the collective farms set up under the Soviet system. These units, though now private, still function along collectivist lines.
La petite paysannerie de la Pologne populaire
Authors: Kocik Lucjan
Published: January 2014

Trois formes de propriété foncière coexistent sous le gouvernement communiste polonais : privée, collective et étatique. Après la période d'industrialisation accélérée et la révolte de 1956, deux politiques agraires se succèdent. La première soutient jusqu'en 1970 les structures agricoles de taille moyenne. Après cette date, le régime favorise les très petits exploitants marginaux tout en renforçant le potentiel de ceux qui possèdent plus de 10 hectares. De ce fait, les minifundia se réduisent à de simples unités de production vivrière. Avant 1989, le régime communiste pratiquait une politique de « tolérance répressive » à l'égard des paysans. Depuis lors prévaut la « liberté oppressive » qui a conduit à l'éclatement politique de la paysannerie, comme l'atteste la multiplication des partis paysans.
Cultivateurs du Mecklembourg. Survie d'un savoir-faire
Authors: Streith Michel
Published: January 2014

Après la chute du mur de Berlin, le modèle occidental de la petite exploitation familiale, prôné par le gouvernement fédéral, ne s'est pas imposé en ex-RDA. En particulier dans la région du Mecklembourg, où nous avons effectué notre terrain, un système agraire original - maintien d'une structure coopérative adaptée juridiquement à l'économie de marché - s'est mis progressivement en place. Cette situation consacre la marginalisation des petits paysans et des ouvriers agricoles.
Une coopérative renaît en Transdanubie
Authors: Kovács Katalin
Published: January 2014

A Cooperative Is Reborn in Transdanubia

Until 1945, the village of Hollofôldje, in southwestern Hungary, was mainly populated by « ethnic Germans ». During the period of collectivization, these families allied themselves to a group of Hungarians repatriated from Slovakia and thus retrieved the political and economic influence they had lost in recent years. As of 1975, the central planners decided to merge and concentrate the area's co-operatives. Hollóföldje fell under the administrative authority of the Kossuth-Keskeny co-operative. Yet, thanks to the determination of the mayor, the farmers succeeded in dissolving this structure and refounded their former co-operative.
Femmes de Thuringe
Authors: Grohs Elisabeth
Published: January 2014

Dans cette étude, conduite en Thuringe après la chute de la RDA, d'anciennes employées de fermes collectives décrivent le démantèlement brutal et la restructuration de leurs entreprises. Victimes du chômage ou mises à la retraite anticipée, elles éclairent les stratégies qu'elles adoptent pour négocier de nouvelles conditions de travail. Enfin, elles évaluent les perspectives d'avenir de leurs villages et évoquent les problèmes spécifiques des femmes après la chute du Mur. Cela les amène à préciser rétrospectivement leurs opinions sur la Wende (le tournant).
Les Allemands de Sibérie sont de retour
Authors: Römhild Regina
Published: January 2014

The Germans of Siberia Are Back

Since the collapse of communism in central and eastern Europe, immigrants of German origin have come back from Russia to settle in Germany. These « repatriates » (Aussiedler) come from rural areas. At times when they suffered discrimination as a minority in the Soviet Union, they declared their faithfulness to values that supposedly symbolized «Germanity » and their attachment to the German « nation ». Upon arrival in Germany, they discovered that they were perceived and treated not as German citizens but rather as foreigners. They developed xenophobic attitudes toward other immigrants. Integration has been less of a problem in rural areas where the way of life somewhat resembles the conditions with which they were familiar in the Soviet Union.
La parcelle et la lisière. Éleveurs et animaux dans le parc du Vercors
Authors: Rémy Jacques
Published: January 2014

La mise en œuvre de l'article 19 dans le Vercors instaure de nouvelles formes d'intervention et de contrôle, qui confirment la dépendance des exploitants agricoles dans l'espace du parc naturel régional. Les réintroductions d'animaux sauvages, conduites de longue date, comme les récentes mesures agri-environnementales ont pour effet d'opérer un déplacement des frontières traditionnelles entre le sauvage et le domestique. Cependant, les prescriptions des cahiers des charges n'entraînent pas nécessairement de véritable recomposition dans les pratiques techniques des exploitants signataires ni dans les représentations du métier. Une participation plus active à l'élaboration des objectifs et à la mise en place des mesures semble être la condition d'une véritable conversion à une nouvelle culture de l'environnement.
La montagne ariégeoise entre friche et paysage : un consensus illusoire ?
Authors: Barrué-Pastor Monique , Fournié Valérie
Published: January 2014

Appliqué en Ariège dès 1990, l'article 19 est venu renforcer la politique agro-pastorale menée depuis plus de vingt ans par le conseil général. Celle-ci s'est révélée incapable d'intégrer des objectifs relevant de l'aménagement rural. La nouvelle procédure représente une opportunité, tant pour la profession agricole divisée d'élargir le champ de ses compétences, que pour le conseil général de reconstruire son identité. L'argument paysager, outre qu'il introduit une sensibilité écologique, a permis d'atteindre un consensus - sans doute illusoire - sur les formes de développement local. C'est dans ce contexte que les agriculteurs sont amenés à se déterminer. Une analyse typologique tente d'en rendre compte.
Les oiseaux, le Parc et les agriculteurs de l'isthme du Cotentin
Authors: Alphandéry Pierre
Published: January 2014

Birds, the Park and farmers in the Cotentin

Under the policy for protecting the Cotentin and Bessin marshlands in France, areas have been marked off so as to conserve the habitats of certain species, in particular of fowl. Attention is focused on this construction in an environment which bears a history and a complex set of social relations, and where farmers' actions are of fundamental importance. The application of EU Article 19 to these wetlands helps us to understand the debates sparked by the fixing of objectives and by specific practices. As a product and producer of this agri-environmental measure, the Regional Natural Marshlands Park plays, locally, a role of mediation. The emergence of this institution is analyzed in an area whose emblem has become nature.
Du bon usage de la menace. Chronique des représentations de la nature en Camargue
Authors: Picon Bernard
Published: January 2014

La Camargue a été désignée par les investisseurs du XIXe siècle comme une colonie hexagonale, par les félibres comme une terre de traditions et de libertés, par les politiques des années soixante-dix comme une « coupure verte », par les naturalistes comme un territoire sauvage. Cette ex- ceptionnalité économique, culturelle, naturelle est intériorisée et entretenue par les Camarguais qui s'accordent à véhiculer l'image d'un espace menacé. Les scientifiques se posent en défenseurs de la nature contre les acteurs économiques, lesquels considèrent au contraire que leur gestion est la condition du maintien des milieux naturels. Toute la négociation des mesures agri-environnementales en Camargue s'inscrit dans ce conflit de définition de la menace.
Contrats d'éleveurs dans les Pennines
Authors: Whitby Martin , Walsh Mary
Published: January 2014

Herders' contracts in the Pennine Chain

English farmers were the first in Europe to experience EU Article 19. What is their social profile ? A typological analysis of the population participating in this program indicates that, beyond the quest for additional revenue, contractual adhesion is also motivated by a concern for protecting nature. Although very limited overall changes have been made in farming, changes in input do provide evidence that environmental factors are entering into account. But what changes will occur in an occupational ethics so deeply affected by a policy that threatens the autonomy of farmers' practices ?
Dieu nourricier et sorcier cannibale. Les esprits des lieux chez les Magar du nord (Népal)
Authors: De Sales Anne
Published: January 2014

Cet article décrit deux fêtes célébrées à l'intention de deux divinités du sol contrastées au sein d'une société chamaniste de l'ouest du Népal. De ces deux rituels dépend la prospérité de la communauté. La première entité, Bhume, est domestiquée à l'occasion de sacrifices effectués par le chef, descendant du clan fondateur du village. La seconde apparaît sous les traits d'un sorcier : une fois par an, les chamanes l'extraient du sous-sol où ils l'ont enterré ; à peine libéré, l'esprit part à la recherche d'une proie humaine au cours d'une chasse. Le sorcier serait ainsi la manifestation dramatique de la force tellurique sauvage, qui est pacifiée sous la forme de Bhume.
Le maître-python à Sumba (Indonésie de l'Est)
Authors: Geirnaert Danielle
Published: January 2014

The master-python on Sumba (East Indonesia)

On Sumba in East Indonesia, the notion of « master of the land » (tuan tanah) is closely linked to the traditional activity of weaving. In the west of the island, among the Laboya, a python is said to have woven the earth. It is the ancestor of a clan that, considered to be the master of the land, is responsible for the fertility of the land and its inhabitants. This python-weaver serves as an intermediary. Through it, the transgressions committed by the community can be evacuated during yearly celebrations. This creator-intermediary's status is starting to come under question as the Laboya are converting to Christianity.
Chefs, dieux du sol et cadastrage foncier au Népal
Authors: Krauskopff Gisèle
Published: January 2014

Au Népal, une divinité discrète, mais omniprésente, le dieu du sol et de la terre, Bhume, cache derrière une apparente uniformité terminologique une multiplicité de pratiques rituelles étroitement liées à l'autorité des chefs locaux. Son culte renvoie à la question de la modification des pouvoirs, due à la centralisation politique et surtout foncière engendrée par l'instauration du modèle royal hindou. Cette centralisation a transformé le statut des chefs locaux et a vidé la figure de Bhume de sa substance sauvage. Car si celui-ci est toujours particulièrement vénéré dans les communautés tribales, il y apparaît plus comme un dieu du cadastrage administratif que comme un dieu du pouvoir.
La souffrance des animaux dans les discours des protecteurs français au XIXe siècle
Authors: Pierre Eric
Published: January 2014

Suffering in the discourse of French animal protectors in the 19th century

The animal protection movement was born in the mid- 19th century. By fighting against a form of popular violence, it aimed at improving public morals. From 1850 to 1880, the movement did not much address the issue of animal deaths. Exaggerated or abusive suffering was what called for action. After 1880, a radical, more repressive form of animal protection arose. Its advocates refused, at least for species close to humankind, any idea of death and suffering.
Préserver la vie des bestiaux pour programmer leur mort
Authors: Brisebarre Anne-Marie
Published: January 2014

Les attitudes des éleveurs et les représentations qu'ils ont de leur cheptel dépendent des espèces et de la production attendue, qu'il y ait ou non abattage. Dans tous les cas, il s'agit de préserver la santé et la vie du troupeau pour faire intervenir la mort au moment choisi. Cependant, la « réforme » des bêtes ayant vécu dans une étroite communauté avec les hommes nécessite une mise à distance de cet acte. Alors que les pratiques d'élevage industriel instrumentalisent les bestiaux, niant leur statut d'êtres vivants, certains auxiliaires ou animaux d'exception, individualisés et nommés, sont exclus de la boucherie et meurent de leur « belle mort » ; d'autres sont l'objet d'une consommation communautaire ritualisée.
Toute chair n'est pas viande
Authors: Vialles Noëlie
Published: January 2014

All flesh is not meat

Our meat-eating habits accept the consumption not of all dead animals but only of slaughtered ones. Two situations of slaughtering serve to show that only animals at «the right distance» - neither too far nor too close to humankind - can be used as meat. Slaughtering does not produce an inedible carcase but a living substance. A counterexample confirms that human practices can set conceptual categories above ambiguous sensory appearances, and thus admit tuna, even though it bleeds, into the category of fish. In all cases, an implicit comparative physiology sets the realm of the living, as well as the concrete relations between people and animals, in order.
Cochenille et indigo en Méso-Amérique (1770-1870)
Authors: Tarantola Giulia
Published: January 2014

Cochineal and indigo in Mesoamerica (1770-1870) -

This general history of cochineal and indigo in Mesoamerica points out that these two natural dyes made up a significant proportion of agricultural exports in the 18th and 19th centuries. Despite a few similarities between these two productions (e.g., the use of traditional tools and the absence of economies of scale), differences in organizing work had major consequences on the structure of colonial and postcolonial economies in producer regions. Indians produced cochineal by following their own qualitative criteria, whereas white land-owners and mestizo peasants produced indigo mainly in a quest for profits.