bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Development of Frailty and Cognitive Impairment: Clues Into Etiological Pathways
Authors: Chu Nadia M , Bandeen-Roche Karen , Tian Jing , Kasper Judith D , Gross Alden L , Carlson Michelle C , Xue Qian-Li
Published: May 2019

Background

Frailty and cognitive impairment (CI) are associated and often coexist in older adults. Whether temporal patterns of occurrence reflect different etiologies remain unknown.

Methods

Participants from the National Health and Aging Trends Study were assessed annually (2011–2016) for frailty (Fried’s criteria) and CI (bottom quintile of clock drawing test or immediate and delayed recall; proxy-report of dementia diagnosis or AD8 ≥ 2). We used the Fine & Gray model to identify correlates of frailty onset before CI, CI onset before frailty, and frailty-CI co-occurrence, accounting for death as a competing risk.

Results

Of 3,848 free of frailty, CI, and dementia at baseline, 2,183 (61.2%) developed neither frailty nor CI during the 5-year follow-up; 343 (8.3%) developed frailty first; 1,014 (24.4%) developed CI first; and 308 (6.0%) developed frailty-CI co-occurrence. Incident dementia, as a marker of underlying neuropathologies, was associated with greater likelihood of CI onset first (subdistribution hazard ratios [SHR] = 2.60, 95% confidence interval [ci] 2.09 to 3.24), and frailty-CI co-occurrence (SHR = 8.77, 95% ci 5.79 to 13.28), but lower likelihood of frailty onset first (SHR = 0.38, 95% ci 0.21 to 0.68). Number of comorbidities was only associated with frailty occurrence first (1 comorbidity: SHR = 2.51, 95% ci 1.15 to 5.47; 4+ comorbidities: SHR = 6.48, 95% ci 2.78 to 15.48).

Conclusions

Different patterns of frailty and CI occurrence exist, and dementia-related pathologies and comorbidities may be important correlates of order of emergence, potentially reflecting different etiologies. Future investigation into relationships between these patterns and dementia subtypes and related pathologies is needed to elucidate etiologic pathways and to provide new targets for prevention, intervention, and risk screening.
Healthy urban planning: an institutional policy analysis of strategic planning in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Harris Patrick , Kent Jennifer , Sainsbury Peter , Riley Emily , Sharma Nila , Harris Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

Rapid urbanization requires health promotion practitioners to understand and engage with strategic city planning. This policy analysis research investigated how and why health was taken up into strategic land use planning in Sydney, Australia, between 2013 and 2018. This qualitative study develops two case studies of consecutive instances of strategic planning in Sydney. Data collection was done via in-depth stakeholder interviews (n = 11) and documentary analysis. Data collection and analysis revolved around core categories underpinning policy institutions (actors, structures, ideas, governance and power) to develop an explanatory narrative of the progress of ‘health’ in policy discourse over the study period. The two strategic planning efforts shifted in policy discourse. In the earlier plan, ‘healthy built environments’ was positioned as a strategic direction, but without a mandate for action the emphasis was lost in an economic growth agenda. The second effort shifted that agenda to ecological sustainability, a core aspect of which was ‘Liveability’, having greater potential for health promotion. However, ‘health’ remained underdeveloped as a core driver for city planning remaining without an institutional mandate. Instead, infrastructure coordination was the defining strategic city problem and this paradigm defaulted to emphasizing ‘health precincts’ rather than positioning health as core for the city. This research demonstrates the utility in institutional analysis to understanding positioning health promotion in city planning. Despite potential shifts in policy discourse and a more sophisticated approach to planning holistically, the challenge remains of embedding health within the institutional mandates driving city planning.
What Does Tolerance Mean for Animal Disease Dynamics When Pathology Enhances Transmission?
Authors: Henschen Amberleigh E , Adelman James S
Published: May 2019

Host competence, or how well an individual transmits pathogens, varies substantially within and among animal populations. As this variation can alter the course of epidemics and epizootics, revealing its underlying causes will help predict and control the spread of disease. One host trait that could drive heterogeneity in competence is host tolerance, which minimizes fitness losses during infection without decreasing pathogen load. In many cases, tolerance should increase competence by extending infectious periods and enabling behaviors that facilitate contact among hosts. However, we argue that the links between tolerance and competence are more varied. Specifically, the different physiological and behavioral mechanisms by which hosts achieve tolerance should have a range of effects on competence, enhancing the ability to transmit pathogens in some circumstances and impeding it in others. Because tissue-based pathology (damage) that reduces host fitness is often critical for pathogen transmission, we focus on two mechanisms that can underlie tolerance at the tissue level: damage-avoidance and damage-repair. As damage-avoidance reduces transmission-enhancing pathology, this mechanism is likely to decrease host competence and pathogen transmission. In contrast, damage-repair does not prevent transmission-relevant pathology from occurring. Rather, damage-repair provides new, healthy tissues that pathogens can exploit, likely extending the infectious period and increasing host competence. We explore these concepts through graphical models and present three disease systems in which damage-avoidance and damage-repair alter host competence in the predicted directions. Finally, we suggest that by incorporating these links, future theoretical studies could provide new insights into infectious disease dynamics and host–pathogen coevolution.
The Evolutionary Dynamics of Mechanically Complex Systems
Authors: Muñoz Martha M
Published: May 2019

Animals use a diverse array of motion to feed, escape predators, and reproduce. Linking morphology, performance, and fitness is a foundational paradigm in organismal biology and evolution. Yet, the influence of mechanical relationships on evolutionary diversity remains unresolved. Here, I focus on the many-to-one mapping of form to function, a widespread, emergent property of many mechanical systems in nature, and discuss how mechanical redundancy influences the tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution. By supplying many possible morphological pathways for functional adaptation, many-to-one mapping can release morphology from selection on performance. Consequently, many-to-one mapping decouples morphological and functional diversification. In fish, for example, parallel morphological evolution is weaker for traits that contribute to mechanically redundant motions, like suction feeding performance, than for systems with one-to-one form–function relationships, like lower jaw lever ratios. As mechanical complexity increases, historical factors play a stronger role in shaping evolutionary trajectories. Many-to-one mapping, however, does not always result in equal freedom of morphological evolution. The kinematics of complex systems can often be reduced to variation in a few traits of high mechanical effect. In various different four-bar linkage systems, for example, mechanical output (kinematic transmission) is highly sensitive to size variation in one or two links, and insensitive to variation in the others. In four-bar linkage systems, faster rates of evolution are biased to traits of high mechanical effect. Mechanical sensitivity also results in stronger parallel evolution—evolutionary transitions in mechanical output are coupled with transition in linkages of high mechanical effect. In other words, the evolutionary dynamics of complex systems can actually approximate that of simpler, one-to-one systems when mechanical sensitivity is strong. When examined in a macroevolutionary framework, the same mechanical system may experience distinct selective pressures in different groups of organisms. For example, performance tradeoffs are stronger for organisms that use the same mechanical structure for more functions. In general, stronger performance tradeoffs result in less phenotypic diversity in the system and, sometimes, a slower rate of evolution. These macroevolutionary trends can contribute to unevenness in functional and lineage diversity across the tree of life. Finally, I discuss how the evolution of mechanical systems informs our understanding of the relative roles of determinism and contingency in evolution.
Exploring the Role of Insulin Signaling in Relative Growth: A Case Study on Wing-Body Scaling in Lepidoptera
Authors: McKenna Kenneth Z , Tao Della , Nijhout H Frederik
Published: May 2019

Adult forms emerge from the relative growth of the body and its parts. Each appendage and organ has a unique pattern of growth that influences the size and shape it attains. This produces adult size relationships referred to as static allometries, which have received a great amount of attention in evolutionary and developmental biology. However, many questions remain unanswered, for example: What sorts of developmental processes coordinate growth? And how do these processes change given variation in body size? It has become increasingly clear that nutrition is one of the strongest influences on size relationships. In insects, nutrition acts via insulin/TOR signaling to facilitate inter- and intra-specific variation in body size and appendage size. Yet, the mechanism by which insulin signaling influences the scaling of growth remains unclear. Here we will discuss the potential roles of insulin signaling in wing-body scaling in Lepidoptera. We analyzed the growth of wings in animals reared on different diet qualities that induce a range of body sizes not normally present in our laboratory populations. By growing wings in tissue culture, we survey how perturbation and stimulation of insulin/TOR signaling influences wing growth. To conclude, we will discuss the implications of our findings for the development and evolution of organismal form.
Tropisetron Facilitates Footshock Suppression of Compulsive Cocaine Seeking
Authors: Zhou Yue-Qing , Zhang Lan-Yuan , Yu Zhi-Peng , Zhang Xiao-Qin , Shi Jie , Shen Hao-Wei
Published: May 2019

Background

The hallmark characteristics of the murine model of drug addiction include the escalation of cocaine consumption and compulsive punishment-resistant drug seeking. In this study, we evaluated the motivation for drug seeking in cocaine self-administering rats exposed to an escalated dosing regimen that endeavored to mimic the characteristic of escalating drug intake in human addicts. Tropisetron is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and α7-nicotinic receptor partial agonist. Utilizing rats trained on the escalated-dosing regimen, we examined the effects of tropisetron on control over compulsive drug-seeking behavior that was defined as footshock-resistant lever pressing.

Methods

Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine with incremental-infusion doses (from 0.6 to 2.4 mg/kg/infusion) across training sessions (3 h/session) or with a long-access paradigm (i.e., 0.6 mg/kg/infusion, 6 h/d training session). The drug-seeking motivations of 2 groups were estimated by the patterns of drug intake and progressive-ratio schedule. The compulsivity for drug seeking of the group with an escalated dose was further evaluated using the footshock-associated seeking-taking chain task.

Results

The rats trained on the dose-escalated protocol achieved the same levels of motivated drug seeking as those subjected to a long-access paradigm, as indicated by cocaine intake per training session and breakpoints on a progressive ratio schedule. Tropisetron attenuated compulsive behavior of rats when pressing of the seeking lever potentially led to footshock. Intriguingly, tropisetron did not change the motivation to seek cocaine when footshock was absent. Tropisetron had no effect on locomotor activities or saccharin self-administration.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that tropisetron restored control over compulsive cocaine seeking, and they indicate that 5-HT3/α7-nicotinic receptors may be potential therapeutic targets for relieving compulsive drug seeking.
Birthplace diversity and economic growth: evidence from the US states in the Post-World War II period
Authors: Docquier Frédéric , Turati Riccardo , Valette Jérôme , Vasilakis Chrysovalantis
Published: May 2019

This paper empirically investigates the impact of birthplace diversity on economic growth. We use panel data on US states over the 1960–2010 period. This rich data set allows us to better deal with endogeneity issues and to conduct a large set of robustness checks. Our results suggest that diversity among college-educated immigrants positively affects economic growth. We provide converging evidence pointing at the existence of skill complementarities between workers trained in different countries. These synergies result in better labor market outcomes for native workers and in higher productivity in the R&D sector. The gains from diversity are maximized when immigrants originate from economically or culturally distant countries (but not both), and when they acquired part of their secondary education abroad and their college education in the USA. Overall, a 10% increase in high-skilled diversity raises GDP per capita by about 6%. On the contrary, low-skilled diversity has insignificant effects.
Michael Alberti and the Medical Therapy of the Internal Senses
Authors: Rydberg Andreas
Published: May 2019

In the first half of the eighteenth century, the German physician Michael Alberti was responsible for hundreds of dissertations and other works in medicine. While the bulk of the production reflected the dominating medical topics of his time, he also developed an original focus on the internal senses and their effects on bodily health and disease. Depending on whether internal senses, such as imagination and memory, were cultivated in the right way or not, they could work as powerful remedies or as equally powerful triggers of disease and even death. This article explores this little known strand of early modern medicine in three steps. First, it shows that Alberti’s medicine took form in intimate connection to the Stahlian brand of Pietist medicine. As such, it further elaborated an existing strand of medicine that was intimately connected to German Pietism. Second, it analyses in some detail the role of the internal senses from a pathological and therapeutic perspective as well as examining what kind of persona the physician ought to embody. Lastly, it raises larger questions regarding how to understand this strand of early modern medicine. Rather than approaching it from the perspective of disciplinary history, the article seeks to reconstruct it as a part of what has sometimes been referred to as the early modern cultura animi tradition.
Entomological Studies in Itaúna, Brazil, an Area With Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission: Fauna Survey, Natural Leishmania Infection, and Molecular Characterization of the Species Circulating in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Lopes Josiane V , Michalsky Erika M , Pereira Nathalia C L , de Paula Adão J V , Lara-Silva Fabiana O , Silva-Lana Rosana , Fortes-Dias Consuelo L , Pinheiro Leticia C , Dias Edelberto S
Published: May 2019

Among neglected tropical diseases, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) shows great relevance in global terms and is a serious public health concern due to the possibility of severe and lethal forms in humans. In this study, we evaluate entomological factors such as diversity and abundance of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) and the Leishmania species circulating in these species in possible association with VL transmission in the Brazilian town Itaúna. The entomological collections were performed during three consecutive nights, always in the third week of each month, within a period of 12 mo. A total of 1,786 sand fly specimens were collected, from which 20% were collected inside houses. The influence of three local climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity) on the population sizes of these insects was evaluated. Temperature was the most influential factor, with a significant positive correlation with the local population size of phlebotomine sand flies collected per month. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) was the predominant species in the study area. Leishmania DNA was detected in nine out of 133 pools of sand fly females, using nested/PCR, which resulted in a minimal natural infection rate of 2.91%. DNA from Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida), was detected in Evandromyia cortelezzii (Bréthes, 1923), Ev. evandroi (Costa, Lima & Antunes, 1936), Ev. lenti (Mangabeira, 1938), and Ev. termitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964), besides Lu. longipalpis. Our study indicates favorable conditions for VL spreading in Itaúna due to the presence of Lu. longipalpis and Le. infantum-infected phlebotomine sand flies.
Entomological Efficacy of Aerial Ultra-Low Volume Insecticide Applications Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mexico
Authors: Correa-Morales Fabián , Dzul-Manzanilla Felipe , Bibiano-Marín Wilbert , Vadillo-Sánchez José , Medina-Barreiro Anuar , Martin-Park Abdiel , Villegas-Chim Josué , Elizondo-Quiroga Armando E , Lenhart Audrey , Vazquez-Prokopec Gonzalo M , Erales-Villamil José , Che-Mendoza Azael , Manrique-Saide Pablo
Published: May 2019

A cluster-randomized controlled trial quantified the entomological efficacy of aerial ultra-low volume (AULV) applications of the insecticide chlorpyrifos against Aedes aegypti in Puerto Vallarta, México, during November–October 2017. The trial involved 16 large (1 × 1 km) clusters distributed between treatment-control arms. Primary endpoint was the abundance of Ae. aegypti indoors (total adults, females, and blood-fed females) collected using Prokopack aspirators. After four consecutive weekly cycles of AULV, all adult Ae. aegypti infestation indices were significantly lower in the treatment arm (OR and IRR ≤ 0.28). Efficacy in reducing indoor Ae. aegypti increased with each weekly application cycle from 30 to 73% (total adults), 33 to 76% (females), and 45.5 to 89% (blood-fed females). Entomological indices remained significantly lower in the treatment arm up to 2 wk after the fourth spraying round. Performing AULV spraying can have significant and lasting entomological impact on Ae. aegypti as long as multiple (ideally four) spray cycles are implemented using an effective insecticide.
A Survey of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Tunisia and the Potential Role of Aedes detritus and Aedes caspius in the Transmission of Zika Virus
Authors: Ben Ayed Wiem , Amraoui Fadila , M’ghirbi Youmna , Schaffner Francis , Rhaim Adel , Failloux Anna-Bella , Bouattour Ali
Published: May 2019

The present study aimed to update the list of Aedes mosquito species occurring in Tunisia and to test the vector competence of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas) and Ae. (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday), the locally most abundant and widespread species, to transmit Zika virus (ZIKV). In 2017–2018, mosquito larvae were collected from 39 different larval habitats in seven bioclimatic zones of Tunisia. The salinity and pH of each breeding site were measured. The survey revealed the presence of 10 Aedes species in Tunisia: Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), Ae. (Ochlerotatus) berlandi (Séguy), Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus, Ae. (Finlaya) echinus (Edwards), Ae. (Finlaya) geniculatus (Olivier), Ae. (Acartomyia) mariae (Sergent and Sergent), Ae. (Ochlerotatus) pulcritarsis (Rondani), Ae. (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen), and Ae. (Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot). Of these 10 species, Ae. caspius and Ae. detritus were the most abundant in Tunisia. Aedes detritus and Ae. caspius larvae were reared until the imago stage under insectary conditions to test autogeny. The study showed that Ae. detritus is autogenous and stenogamous and Ae. caspius, anautogenous and eurygamous. Finally, the collected strains of these two species were experimentally infected with the Asian genotype of ZIKV, originally isolated from a patient in April 2014 in New Caledonia, to test their vector competence. Neither of these species was able to transmit ZIKV at 7 and 14 d postexposure. Further investigations are needed to test the competence of other Tunisian mosquito species that may be associated with ZIKV transmission.
Evaluation of Resistance to Different Insecticides and Metabolic Detoxification Mechanism by Use of Synergist in the Common Bed Bug (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)
Authors: Cáceres Mariano , Santo-Orihuela Pablo L , Vassena Claudia V
Published: May 2019

Bed bugs have become a common urban pest with consequences on human health and economic costs to the hotel and tourism sectors. Insecticide resistance is considered an important factor in the current bed bug resurgence, and multiple resistance mechanisms could be working in the resistant bed bug populations. In the present study, we determined the resistance profile to four insecticides with a different mode of action in Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) field-collected colonies from Argentina. Furthermore, the synergism effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) with deltamethrin was investigated to explore the contribution of detoxification metabolism to resistance. Our results showed that most of the field-collected colonies are extremely resistant to deltamethrin and propoxur, much more than to azametiphos and imidacloprid. The differences in resistance ratios among field-collected colonies could be associated with different modes of action of insecticides used in control pest and the mechanisms involved in the resistance. PBO pretreatment led to a significantly decreased RR in pyrethroid-resistant colonies, suggesting an upturn of monooxygenase activity for deltamethrin detoxification. However, the high RR detected could involve other mechanisms as part of the whole resistant phenotype in colonies of C. lectularius resistant to pyrethroids.
Severe Trombiculiasis in Hunting Dogs Infested With Neotrombicula inopinata (Acari: Trombiculidae)
Authors: Areso Apesteguía M , Areso Portell J B , Halaihel Kassab N , Gracia Salinas M J
Published: May 2019

This study records the clinical findings in nine hunting dogs showing systemic illness associated with trombiculids and identifies the mite species involved. In fall, coinciding with the seasonality of mites, all dogs were infested with mites and had been in the risk area (Sierra Cebollera Natural Park, La Rioja, Spain) a few hours before the onset of symptoms. The symptoms included vomiting, anorexia, weakness and lethargy, diarrhea, and even stupor. The clinical picture was fast-acting and potentially fatal. The infestations varied from low to severe. Molecular analysis of mites that fed on the dogs confirmed that they were larvae of Neotrombicula inopinata (Oudemans, Acari, Trombiculidae). This is the first time that N. inopinata has been identified as feeding on dogs and implicated in canine systemic illness associated with trombiculids. In contrast to other chiggers, N. inopinata does not seem to cause dermatitis. Likewise, the clinical and epidemiological similarity between the clinical symptoms we describe herein and the occurrence of seasonal canine illness (SCI) led us to suspect that this illness may be caused by infestation with these mites. The condition could be the consequence of severe infestation from large numbers of feeding mites, especially N. inopinata. Whether or not the cases were due to a severe allergic host response to salivary proteins or the result of the transmission of a new or emerging trombiculid-borne pathogen is not known.
Assessing Effectiveness of Recommended Residential Yard Management Measures Against Ticks
Authors: Fischhoff Ilya R , Keesing Felicia , Pendleton Jennifer , DePietro Deanna , Teator Marissa , Duerr Shannon T K , Mowry Stacy , Pfister Ashley , LaDeau Shannon L , Ostfeld Richard S
Published: May 2019

Public health authorities recommend a range of nonchemical measures to control blacklegged ticks Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in residential yards. Here we enumerate these recommendations and assess their relationship to larval tick abundance in 143 yards in Dutchess County, New York, an area with high Lyme disease incidence. We examined the relationship between larval tick abundance and eight property features related to recommendations from public health agencies: presence or absence of outdoor cats, wood piles, trash, stone walls, wood chip barriers separating lawn from adjacent forest, bird feeders, fencing, and prevalence of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC [Ranunculales: Berberidaceae]). We assessed abundance of larval ticks using two methods, flagging for questing ticks and visual examination of ticks on white-footed mice Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, 1818 (Rodentia: Cricetidae). More questing larvae were found in yards where trash or stone walls were present. These effects were less pronounced as forest area increased within the yard. Counts of larvae per mouse were lower in properties with >75% of the yard fenced than in properties with less fencing. We find partial support for recommendations regarding trash, stone walls, and fencing. We did not detect effects of outdoor cats, bird feeders, barriers, wood piles, or Japanese barberry. There was low statistical power to detect effects of ground barriers (gravel, mulch, or woodchip), which were present in only two properties.
Pterional Craniotomy for Resection of Clinoidal Meningioma Associated With an Aerated Anterior Clinoid Process: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Mendez Rosito Diego , Forbes Jonathan A
Published: May 2019

Extradural removal of the clinoid performed prior to resection of clinoidal meningiomas has been advocated as a way to facilitate devascularization of the tumor and provide early identification and/or decompression of adjacent neurovascular structures. A small number of video publications exist in the literature that provides useful guidance to surgeons preparing for resection of clinoidal region meningiomas.
1-3
However, none of these videos portray the variable anatomy associated with an aerated clinoid process. This known anatomical variant can increase the risk profile associated with resection of clinoidal meningomas—especially with regards to postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula.

 In this video publication, we discuss the care of a 54 yr-old male who presented with visual deterioration in the right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed findings consistent with a right clinoidal meningioma. Computed tomography demonstrated bilateral aeration of the anterior clinoid processes. The patient was taken to the operating room for right pterional craniotomy for resection of the neoplasm. Edited, intraoperative 2-dimensional-video demonstrates the variable anatomy encountered during removal of an aerated clinoid process. Relevant steps associated with subsequent tumor resection are summarized. Following resection, MRI obtained in the early postoperative period demonstrated gross total resection of the neoplasm without untoward finding. The patient noted marked improvement in his vision following surgery and did not suffer any complications relating to postoperative CSF fistula. Full patient consent for photography and/or recording of other forms of video/imaging was obtained in the preoperative period.
Introduction
Authors: Dimendberg Edward
Published: May 2019

This introduction presents the central concepts developed by film and media scholar Anne Friedberg (1952–2009) in her books Window Shopping: Cinema and the Postmodern and The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microsoft. It argues that her notions of the moving virtual gaze and the virtual window prefigure subsequent discussions in the visual studies and mobility studies literature that emphasize the significance of vision in motion. It also explicates how the chapters in this volume investigate domains such as film, television, visual art, architecture, urbanism, and virtual reality. Finally, it indicates how each chapter extends Friedberg’s ideas to new areas and contributes to an ongoing investigation of cultural modernity in an age of rapid media change.
Moving Through Friedberg’s Properly Adjusted Virtual Window
Authors: Gunning Tom
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes the theory of virtual reality developed by Anne Friedberg in The Virtual Window and argues that Friedberg confuses the notions of pictura and imago developed by Johannes Kepler in his theory of optics. The chapter untangles the meanings of these concepts and develops a notion of the virtual image that builds upon Friedberg’s work while eliminating some of the inconsistencies and limitations in her account. Gunning cautions against simply aligning the virtual with the immaterial or tying it too closely to the process of representation and claims the virtual optical images Friedberg invokes mark a revolution we might call virtual media. This does not simply involve a process of reproduction (although Walter Benjamin’s analysis of technical reproduction provides a founding text in defining the virtuality of modern media), but rather a process of discovery and transport. If we focus more broadly, as Friedberg invites us to do, on virtual media rather than a virtual image, our attention shifts from image to the apparatuses, or better, the technical processes, of virtualization.
Sites of Screening
Authors: Bruno Giuliana
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates the recent trend toward installation of moving images in museums and art galleries. It considers the movement of the spectator through art venues and theorizes the nature of the screen and the haptic quality of the moving image in the work of such contemporary artists as Pierre Huyghe, Chantal Akerman, Janet Cardiff, and Trinh T. Minh-ha. The chapter develops an account of how the traditional theatrical projection of motion pictures has evolved into a new form of experiencing moving images with new affective and intellectual qualities.
Humans Becoming Animals
Authors: Koch Gertrud
Published: May 2019

This chapter attempts to explain the fascination that animals have long exerted upon the motion picture medium. It explores some of the differences among the human gaze, the animal gaze, and the cinematic gaze. Utilizing examples ranging from the philosophies of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jean-Paul Sartre to films by Edward Dmytryk, Jacques Tourneur, and Paul Schrader, the author explicates affect, identification, and the status of the face in cinematic representations of nonhuman species.
Germany
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

Germany is currently ranked among the top 12 in the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index. The country achieved this ranking through substantial efforts in the last decades in legislation, in society, and in the business sector. Today, the corporate compliance management systems of many major German corporations serve as a benchmark in the corporate world. But there is still a lot of work to do. Germany does not yet have a corporate criminal code that holds legal entities criminally liable for corruption-related offenses. German authorities still do not have a uniform and standardized procedure for acknowledging adequate compliance management systems as an affirmative defense or mitigating factor to decrease administrative fines. Although repeatedly requested by the OECD, Germany also still lacks an express and explicit law that grants specific protection to whistle-blowers from retaliation in the private sector, though many German corporations have already set up highly sophisticated whistle-blower systems. This chapter provides an overview on the most important statutory provisions and draft bills with regard to anti-corruption in Germany. Further, the chapter discusses how companies in Germany can take appropriate measures in order to navigate safely through the challenges of corruption-related liability in today’s competitive business environment.
Indonesia
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

Indonesia continues to make steady progress strengthening its anti-corruption framework, adopting new anti-corruption laws, and prosecuting those who run afoul of them. At the same time, the level of corruption remains significant, as demonstrated by continued examples of public corruption including the high-profile eKTP case that has implicated at least 37 senior public officials for stealing hundreds of millions of U.S. dollars in public funds. Indonesia has a solid framework of anti-corruption laws, and recently added a focus on corporate criminal liability to its toolkit. Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication Commission (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi or KPK) is a bright spot of independence, professionalism, and progress for enforcing anti-corruption laws and holding corrupt judges, cabinet ministers, high ranking police officers, governors, legislators, and politicians accountable. Independent anti-corruption courts, and a skilled and well-functioning financial intelligence unit (the PPATK), are also key institutions in the ongoing battle to weed out historical and institutionalized corruption, graft, and cronyism. Indonesia’s current Reformasi era is still less than 20 years old, and as much as great progress has been made, it will take significant continued political will to combat wealthy and influential forces that continue to benefit from corruption and who will seek to undermine reform. Indonesia’s current president, Joko “Jokowi” Widodo, was elected in 2014 on a platform of reform and clean government, and the results of his upcoming re-election bid in 2019 may be a significant indicator of whether the progress made under his leadership will continue, or whether anti-corruption institutions and efforts in Indonesia will falter.
Russia
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

Russian anti-corruption legislation generally consists of federal laws, including codified acts. Recent developments in Russian anti-corruption legislation have mainly been aimed at stiffening the penalties for corruption-related offenses and making legal entities carry out their anti-corruption duties more effectively. In the last few years enforcement trends show that Russian law enforcement authorities are increasingly focusing on investigating corruption-related offenses committed by public officials rather than in the commercial sector. Russian law envisages both criminal and administrative liability for corruption-related offenses (save for corporate entities, which cannot be held criminally liable), including a wide variety of penalties that depend on, among other things, the amount of the bribe given and whether there are any aggravating circumstances. There is practically no difference in the way that bribery of domestic and foreign officials is treated under Russian anti-corruption legislation. Broad investigative powers are vested in investigators rather than prosecutors—the latter mainly having the role of monitoring law enforcement authorities’ compliance with the law and representing the state in criminal proceedings in court. No obligation to cooperate with investigators and prosecutors is specifically imposed in the Russian law of criminal procedure, but there are special rules governing participation by persons (including witnesses and injured parties) in criminal proceedings.
Tunisia
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

At the forefront of the “Jasmine Revolution” in 2011, Tunisia ousted an autocrat and expressly provided for the prevention of corruption in its new constitution. While its stated commitment to anti-corruption in the aftermath of the Arab Spring is laudatory, Tunisia is still inching incrementally toward laws and policies that uphold transparency and accountability. This chapter examines Tunisia’s legal and regulatory anti-corruption regime, including but not limited to criminal and civil codes and treaty obligations, under its new constitution. It concludes that while Article 10 of the Tunisian Constitution and the legal reforms that have followed are a strong declaration of intent to change course, “[h]istory will judge if they fulfill their promise.”
The United Arab Emirates
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) anti-corruption framework targets bribery of domestic and foreign officials, corruption, and even facilitation payments. The laws, which appear in legislative initiatives regulating a variety of industries and areas, create a robust system to combat both public and private-sector corruption and bribery. A 2016 amendment to the Federal Penal Code strengthened the legal framework against public corruption, fraud, and embezzlement with a view to strengthening the laws that protect the public trust. The anti-corruption framework can be found primarily in the UAE’s civil law, its Federal Human Resources Law, and its penal code. The enforcement is handled by the police, the Office of the Public Prosecutor, the Ministry of Justice, and the State Audit Institution. Given the increased international cooperation between regulatory agencies, the UAE’s enforcement agencies and its regulators will be at the forefront of the global fight against corruption. This is especially true given the UAE’s growing importance in regional and global financial markets.
United Kingdom
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

The United Kingdom was one of the first countries in the world to have explicit statutory provisions outlawing bribery, and has had a long-standing legislative framework prohibiting fraud and misconduct in public office. Nevertheless, historically, these laws were rarely used. Following recommendations by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the UK adopted its first comprehensive anti-corruption legislation in the form of the Bribery Act 2010 (“Bribery Act”), which went into force in July 2011. The Bribery Act is now considered arguably one of the most stringent anti-corruption statutes in the world, criminalizing both public and commercial bribery. In recent years, the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) has demonstrated an increased willingness to take a more aggressive approach to enforcing the Bribery Act, as illustrated by the SFO’s deferred prosecution agreement with Rolls Royce Plc in January 2017, which resulted in a record-breaking £497 million settlement.
The Delicate Task: Guide to Investigating Allegations of Company-Internal Misconduct
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

Conducting internal investigations requires a delicate balancing act for lawyers. The most immediate goal of any internal investigation is discovering the truth. But in the complicated real world occupied by today’s companies, the search for the truth finds itself in constant tension with other important, and often outcome-determinative, considerations. Nevertheless, it is critical that companies conduct an appropriately scaled, appropriately overseen investigation. This chapter first discusses the value of an internal investigation. It then offers a few words on the role of the board of directors when management or a board member is implicated, before describing in detail the basic steps a company should follow in conducting its investigation.
Voluntary Disclosures
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

In the course of doing business, company managers may discover that the company has violated the law, thereby exposing the company to potential civil or criminal liability. When this occurs, an inevitable question is whether the company should voluntarily disclose this information to the government. To be sure, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) has strongly encouraged companies to self-report their misdeeds. However, disclosure is not without serious risks and potential consequences. Determining whether to self-report requires careful evaluation of multiple considerations. This chapter discusses in depth those considerations, and fully outlines both the benefits and risks of voluntary disclosure.
On the Anti-Bribery “Watchlist”: Compliance and Labor/Anti-Trafficking Issues
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

Today’s companies must understand and prevent the myriad problems flowing from labor issues. Increasingly demanding, serious compliance attention and resources are now being focused on the emerging area of human anti-trafficking and forced labor laws and regulations as they relate to business supply chains. These mandates include the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, the Executive Order on Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts, and the UK Modern Slavery Act of 2015. By enlisting or conscripting companies into the fight against human trafficking, child labor, and other “forced” or “coerced” labor practices, these laws introduce a wholly new compliance reality requiring accountability and supply chain compliance.
Islam as Social Movement
Authors: Bamyeh Mohammed A.
Published: May 2019

The chapter identifies five common features of modern Islamic social movements: 1) They tend to begin as mutual aid societies rather than as clearly defined political entities; 2) they offer themselves up as ways for society at large to organize itself outside the state; 3) they signify the increasing politicization of society itself; 4) they are only partially oriented to capturing state power; and 5) they tend to transform when they capture the state or become part of it. The jihadist movements are treated as a sub-case of Islamic mobilization, and the chapter considers five theses concerned specifically with jihadism: 1) jihadism as generic radicalism camouflaged in religious language; 2) jihadism as fusion of two previously distinct theaters (local wars and global youth culture); 3) jihadism as Islamized traces of former, secular regimes; 4) jihadism as nihilism borne out of a sense of impasse; and 5) jihadism as critical mimicry of government ideology.
Introduction: Crime and Punishment as a Philosophical Novel
Authors: Guay Robert
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter raises the questions of what the relationship of philosophy and literature might be and, in particular, what might make Crime and Punishment a distinctively philosophical novel. Rather than trying to provide a general answer, I argue that the individual essays of this collection implicitly address these questions by calling for philosophical attention to particular elements of human experience. I then review the diversity of approaches the essays take up in doing so: for example, looking to the workings of language to understand the character of the mind, finding an affective orientation to human existence as a whole, gaining access to a practical standpoint, and responding to a utopian criticism of the traditional family.
Portrayals of Mind
Authors: Hagberg Garry L.
Published: May 2019

This essay offers readings of episodes from Crime and Punishment, in particular Raskolnikov’s receipt of the letter from his mother and his discussions with Zametov and with Porfiry Petrovich, with a view to identifying how Dostoevsky depicts the nature of the mind. In Dostoevsky’s picture, it is shown, mental privacy is itself socially grounded and contextual, and subject to destabilizing self-descriptions; mental contents are knowable only through our discursive connection to others; and the expressive potential of language far exceeds anyone’s intentional control. Dostoevsky’s presentation of the mind is compared to the philosophical views of Wollheim, Moran, and Murdoch.
Love, Suffering, and Gratitude for Existence
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: May 2019

This essay examines the transformation of Raskolnikov’s characteristic emotions toward his crime and toward his entire life in the world. Specifically, I argue that it is through Raskolnikov’s capacity to feel guilt over a particular deed that he overcomes his ambivalent emotions toward the limits of finite human existence. His commission of a crime and the subsequent experience of guilt allow him to redefine his predominant attitude toward the world. For much of the novel, Raskolnikov seems to wish that he could hover tentatively above finite existence rather than be immersed in it, but through his experience of guilt Raskolnikov develops his potential to care for others. His eventual guilt and remorse for what he has done are thus not only about the murder: these emotions show Raskolnikov’s willingness to accept the intricate ways in which he is implicated in a finite, temporal, historically situated existence. Only thus can Raskolnikov wholeheartedly begin a morally accountable life among others. What is affectively at issue for Dostoevsky’s protagonist, as I will show, is the tension between his general antipathy for the world and his capacity to love.
Crime and Expression
Authors: Guay Robert
Published: May 2019

In this chapter I argue that the narrative of Crime and Punishment somewhat inadvertently functions as an extended commentary on the nature of agency. My claim, that is, is that each of Dostoevsky’s characters, including Raskolnikov at various points in time, represents a plausible approach to understanding the ways in which an agent relates to his deeds. Dostoevsky dramatizes these relations as ending in sometimes spectacular failures, with the result that narrative events become difficult to characterize in intentional terms. Raskolnikov, oddly, switches among all these forms of relationship, but does not arrive at a satisfactory connection to his actions until he is able to recognize himself in his deeds. The drama of Crime and Punishment thus functions as an argument for treating agency as expressive, and so a matter of realizing in the world deeds that are rationally responsive and adequate to one’s own understanding of them.
Physiognomy
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: May 2019

Gall considered his new science a part of physiognomy, the idea that physical features are revealing of character. This idea, accepted by Hippocrates and promoted by the Aristotelians, can also be found in Galen’s influential writings from the second century ad, as well as in later books with pictures of men having features like cows and lions and personalities to match. Lavater’s well-illustrated physiognomy books from the 1770s were still very popular when Gall developed his doctrine. But unlike his predecessors, who he depreciated, Gall focused entirely on the head, and related cranial features to distinct higher brain parts, which he associated with different functions. In brief, his physiognomy, with its emphasis on the brain and its functions, represented a major break with past formulations and was presented as revolutionary.
A Man of Skulls, and More
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: May 2019

Gall used various methods when studying people and animals, including dissecting brains, studying individuals with brain damage and diseases, and correlating brain development with the advent of specific behaviors. His primary method, however, was examining the heads and skulls of groups of people either very strong or unusually weak in a behavioral trait, or interviewing people with unusual cranial features, and correlating his craniological observations (e.g., bumps, depressions) with specific mental functions. As shown in this chapter, he had to rely heavily on skulls because he did not have access to adequate numbers of brains of exceptional people, other than lunatics and criminals, and because he did not have good ways of preserving the brains he could get. He also collected skulls showing age-related changes, and amassed a large number of head casts of living or deceased exceptional men, women, and children.