bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nicholas Reactions of Alkynyl- and Alkenyltrifluoroborates
Authors: Onge Brent , Green James
Published: August 2017

The Lewis acid mediated Nicholas reaction of potassium alkynyltrifluoroborates and propargyl acetate-hexacarbonyldicobalt complexes affords 1,4-diyne dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes in good yields. The analogous Nicholas reactions of potassium alkenyltrifluoro­borates give 1,3-enyne dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes in most cases, although the initial site of reaction can vary. Potassium vinyltrifluoroborate itself affords alkynylcyclopropane complexes.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Regioselective C7-Functionalization of Indole Derivatives with Acrylates by Using an N-Imino Directing Group
Authors: Xu Lanting , Tan Lushi , Ma Dawei
Published: August 2017

An efficient rhodium-catalyzed method for C–H olefination at the C7 position of indoles has been developed. The N-imino directing group was shown to be crucial for high regioselectivity and reactivity of the metal catalyst. The utility of this protocol was further demonstrated through a concise, four-step synthesis of pyroquilon from indole.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Reductive Cleavage of Aryl Carbamates Using Isopropanol as a Reductant
Authors: Chatani Naoto , Tobisu Mamoru , Yasui Kosuke , Higashino Masaya
Published: August 2017

Despite the widespread use of carbamates as a directing group in C–H bond-functionalization reactions, reductive removal of this directing group is not straightforward. Currently available methods are limited to nickel-catalyzed reactions using
i
PrMgX or hydrosilane as a reductant, leaving the functional group compatibility issue to be solved. Herein, we report rhodium-catalyzed reductive cleavage of aryl carbamates using iPrOH as a milder reductant.
Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Benzylic C–H Bonds of Azaarylmethanes with Aryl Sulfides
Authors: Gao Ke , Yamamoto Keita , Nogi Keisuke , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: August 2017

Benzylic C–H arylation of azaarylmethanes with aryl sulfides has been developed by using a Pd-NHC catalyst and an amide base. Various azaarylmethanes and aryl sulfides were involved in the reaction to afford the corresponding diarylmethanes in good to excellent yields. Moreover, triarylmethane synthesis was accomplished through iterative arylations of 2- or 4-methylpyridine with two different aryl sulfides.
An Efficient and Practical Process for the Synthesis of Glimepiride
Authors: Gill Manjinder , Tanwar Dinesh , Surendrabhai Vaghela
Published: August 2017

A novel and simple approach to the synthesis of glimepiride is reported. It involves the preparation of a carbamate of 3-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-one, followed by its reaction with 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide to produce the intermediate sulfonamide. This sulfonamide, upon reaction with phenyl (trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)carbamate, gave glimepiride. This process avoids the use of phosgene, isocyanates, or chloroformates. Furthermore, sulfonation of the aryl group was eliminated, rendering the product free of the impurities reported in earlier processes.
Photochemistry of ortho-Azidocinnamoyl Derivatives: Facile and Modular Synthesis of 2-Acylated Indoles and 2-Substituted Quinolines under Solvent Control
Authors: Chassaing S. , Chaabouni S. , Pinkerton N. , Abid S. , Galaup C.
Published: August 2017

The light-promoted potential of ortho-azidocinnamoyl compounds is evaluated for heterocycle synthesis. Depending on the nature of the solvent, 2-acylated indoles were obtained under aprotic conditions, whereas the use of a protic medium led to 2-substituted quinolines. The synthetic significance of this metal-free method is that, by simply changing the solvent, the reaction outcome can be directed towards different key heterocyclic scaffolds.
Synthesis of Novel BTPhen-Functionalized Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Separating Trivalent Actinides and Lanthanides
Authors: Afsar Ashfaq , Cowell Joseph , Distler Petr , Harwood Laurence , John Jan , Westwood James
Published: August 2017

Bis-(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (BTPhen) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which selectively extract Am(III) over europium(III) from 0.1 M HNO3 with fast kinetics and a separation factor of 30 have been synthesized. These MNPs also show a small but significant selectivity for Am(III) over Cm(III) with a separation factor of around 3 in 0.1 M HNO3. We report also the synthesis of these BTPhen and related ligands via an improved synthetic route bypassing the problematic benzylic oxidation with stoichiometric SeO2.
The mechanism of plasma plume termination for pulse-excited plasmas in a quartz tube
Authors: Rong Mingzhe , Xia Wenjie , Wang Xiaohua , Liu Zhijie , Liu Dingxin , Liang Zhihu , Zhang Xiaoning , Kong Michael G.
Published: August 2017

Although the formation and propagation of plasma plume for atmospheric pressure plasmas have been intensively studied, how does the plasma plume terminate is still little known. In this letter, helium plasma plumes are generated in a long quartz tube by pulsed voltages and a constant gas flow. The voltages have a variable pulse width (PW) from 0.5 μs to 200 μs. It is found that the plasma plume terminates right after the falling edge of each voltage pulse when PW < 20 μs, whereas it terminates before the falling edge. When PW is larger than 30 μs, the duration of plasma plume starts to decrease, and the termination is found to occur at the current zero moment of the discharge current through the high-voltage electrode, which is much different from that through the ground electrode. This indicates that part of the discharge current is shunted by the plasma plume to its downstream gas region. An equivalent circuit model is developed, from which the surface charge deposited on the quartz tube is found crucial for accelerating the termination of a plasma plume when PW > 30 μs.
AlN/Pt/LN structure for SAW sensors capable of operating at high temperature
Authors: Naumenko Natalya , Nicolay Pascal
Published: August 2017

There is a need for wireless sensors able to operate in the intermediate temperature range (ITR) between 300 °C and 600 °C. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors are promising candidates to solve this issue. However, existing SAW sensors most often fail in the ITR, due to the quick degradation of the sensor housing in extreme conditions. A promising way to circumvent the issue is to use “package-less” devices, where the acoustic waves are guided in a multilayered structure where they are intrinsically protected from adverse environmental effects. We present here an innovative multilayered structure that fulfills all the basic requirements, to achieve a wireless and “package-less” SAW Sensor for the ITR. The structure is made of a thin AlN layer deposited on top of a Y + 128°LN substrate and equipped with buried Pt electrodes. Numerical simulations of the acoustic waves propagating in SAW resonators built on this structure reveal the existence of a useful Rayleigh-type SAW that propagates at the AlN/LN interface with a velocity up to 4500 m/s and a high electromechanical coupling k2=5.6%, without leakage into the substrate. The existence of this mode is due to specific properties of the Y + 128°LN cut, which are analyzed in detail in this paper. The performances of an optimized AlN/Pt/LN structure are also compared to the ones of previously suggested “package-less” structures, including AlN/ZnO/Sapphire. It is shown that better device characteristics can be expected from the AlN/Pt/LN structure in the ITR.
Detection of rovibrationally excited molecular hydrogen in the electronic ground state via synchrotron radiation
Authors: Béchu S. , Aleiferis S. , Bentounes J. , Gavilan L. , Shakhatov V. A. , Bès A. , Svarnas P. , Mazouffre S. , de Oliviera N. , Engeln R. , Lemaire J. L.
Published: August 2017

We describe an original setup named SCHEME (Source of exCited HydrogEn MolEcules) designed to study the recombinative desorption mechanisms of H atoms on a surface by means of high-brilliance monochromatic synchrotron radiation (SR). H atoms are produced on electrically heated filaments under vacuum (in the absence of any discharge) and subsequently recombine on a surface to produce excited hydrogen molecules, namely, H2(v″, J″). Once these levels are produced, they are probed in the vacuum chamber with 5–40 eV (248–31 nm) SR-photons. A preliminary test with Krypton has demonstrated the feasibility of SCHEME to obtain simultaneously VUV-synchrotron radiation induced fluorescence and VUV-absorption signals with room-temperature gas. In order to evaluate the hydrogen molecule dissociation induced by the heated filaments, the absolute density of H atoms has been measured by VUV-absorption. At 1800 K and 100 mTorr, we estimated a dissociation degree of 10−4, which corresponds to an absolute density of 1.8×1017 m−3. VUV-absorption spectroscopy is shown to be a valuable tool to detect H2(v″, J″) molecules up to v″ = 3. Possible improvements of the experimental setup, to detect higher v″ levels, are suggested in the end of this paper.
High mobility transparent amorphous CdO-In2O3 alloy films synthesized at room temperature
Authors: Liu Chao Ping , Ho Chun Yuen , Kwok Cheuk Kai , Guo Peng Fei , Hossain M. K. , Zapien J. A. , Yu Kin Man
Published: August 2017

High mobility amorphous ionic oxide semiconductors (AIOSs) are ternary or quaternary heavy metal oxides which have been identified as technologically important materials for flexible transparent electronics because of their large area uniformity and low temperature processing compatibility. Here, we report on the room temperature synthesis of CdO-In2O3 alloy thin films in the full composition range using the magnetron sputtering technique on glass and plastic substrates. We found that alloys with a cation composition range of 10–55% Cd are amorphous with high mobility in the range of 30–45 cm2/Vs and an electron concentration of ∼3–4 × 1020 cm−3. The intrinsic and optical gap of these amorphous alloys varies from 2.7 to 3.2 eV and 3.2 to 3.4 eV, respectively. The room temperature processing, wide bandgap tunability, and low resistivity of ∼4–5 × 10−4 Ω cm make these amorphous films among the best AIOSs as transparent electrodes on flexible substrates.
Magnetic field dependence of threshold electric field for magnetoelectric switching of exchange-bias polarity
Authors: Nguyen Thi Van Anh , Shiratsuchi Yu , Kobane Atsushi , Yoshida Saori , Nakatani Ryoichi
Published: August 2017

We report the magnetic field dependence of the threshold electric field Eth for the magnetoelectric switching of the perpendicular exchange bias in Pt/Co/Au/Cr2O3/Pt stacked films using a reversible isothermal electric tuning approach. The Eth values for the positive-to-negative and negative-to-positive switching are different because of the unidirectional nature of the interfacial exchange coupling. The Eth values are inversely proportional to the magnetic-field strength, and the quantitative analysis of this relationship suggests that the switching is driven by the nucleation and growth of the antiferromagnetic domain. We also find that the magnetic-field dependence of Eth exhibits an offset electric field that might be related to the uncompensated antiferromagnetic moments located mainly at the interface.
Large deviation induced phase switch in an inertial majority-vote model
Authors: Chen Hanshuang , Shen Chuansheng , Zhang Haifeng , Kurths Jürgen
Published: August 2017

We theoretically study noise-induced phase switch phenomena in an inertial majority-vote (IMV) model introduced in a recent paper [Chen et al., Phys. Rev. E 95, 042304 (2017)]. The IMV model generates a strong hysteresis behavior as the noise intensity f goes forward and backward, a main characteristic of a first-order phase transition, in contrast to a second-order phase transition in the original MV model. Using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation for the master equation, we reduce the problem to finding the zero-energy trajectories in an effective Hamiltonian system, and the mean switching time depends exponentially on the associated action and the number of particles N. Within the hysteresis region, we find that the actions, along the optimal forward switching path from the ordered phase (OP) to disordered phase (DP) and its backward path show distinct variation trends with f, and intersect at f = fc that determines the coexisting line of the OP and DP. This results in a nonmonotonic dependence of the mean switching time between two symmetric OPs on f, with a minimum at fc for sufficiently large N. Finally, the theoretical results are validated by Monte Carlo simulations.
High-speed oblique drop impact on thin liquid films
Authors: Guo Yisen , Lian Yongsheng
Published: August 2017

We numerically investigate high-speed drop impact on thin liquid films with a focus on oblique impact. The flow behavior is described by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using the variable density pressure projection method. The phase interfaces are captured using the moment-of-fluid method. The numerical method is validated against experiments and theoretical predictions. Our study on high-speed oblique impact reveals that the tangential velocity can significantly alter impact phenomena: a higher tangential velocity leads to a lower lamella height and radius on the side behind the advancing drop, and the higher tangential velocity also leads to stronger vortices at the drop and film interface due to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Our investigation on the effect of liquid film thickness shows that a thinner liquid film leads to an earlier crown breakup. Last, our study shows that lowering the film density can prompt earlier splashing.
Note: Measurement of synchrotron radiation phase-space beam properties to verify astigmatism compensation in Fresnel zone plate focusing optics
Authors: Kagoshima Yasushi , Miyagawa Takamasa , Kagawa Saki , Takeda Shingo , Takano Hidekazu
Published: August 2017

The intensity distribution in phase space of an X-ray synchrotron radiation beamline was measured using a pinhole camera method, in order to verify astigmatism compensation by a Fresnel zone plate focusing optical system. The beamline is equipped with a silicon double crystal monochromator. The beam size and divergence at an arbitrary distance were estimated. It was found that the virtual source point was largely different between the vertical and horizontal directions, which is probably caused by thermal distortion of the monochromator crystal. The result is consistent with our astigmatism compensation by inclining a Fresnel zone plate.
A novel combined model of discrete and mixture phases for nanoparticles in convective turbulent flow
Authors: Mahdavi Mostafa , Sharifpur Mohsen , Meyer Josua P.
Published: August 2017

In this study, a new combined model is presented to study the flow and discrete phase features of nano-size particles for turbulent convection in a horizontal tube. Due to the complexity and many phenomena involved in particle-liquid turbulent flows, the conventional models are not able to properly predict some hidden aspects of the flow. Therefore, a new form of Brownian force is implemented in the discrete phase model to predict the migration of the particles as well as energy equation has modified for particles. Then, the final results are exported to the mixture equations of the flow. The effects of the mass diffusion due to thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and turbulent dispersion are implemented as source terms in equations. The results are compared with the experimental measurements from the literature and are adequately validated. The accuracy of predicted heat transfer and friction coefficients is also discussed versus measurements. The migration of the particles toward the centre of the tube is properly captured. The results show the non-uniform distribution of particles in the turbulent flow due to strong turbulent dispersion. The proposed combined model can open new viewpoints of particle-fluid interaction flows.
Nanostructure evolution of magnetron sputtered hydrogenated silicon thin films
Authors: Adhikari Dipendra , Junda Maxwell M. , Marsillac Sylvain X. , Collins Robert W. , Podraza Nikolas J.
Published: August 2017

Hydrogenated silicon (Si:H) thin films have been prepared by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The effect of hydrogen gas concentration during sputtering on the resultant film structural and optical properties has been investigated by real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The analysis of in-situ RTSE data collected during sputter deposition tracks the evolution of surface roughness and film bulk layer thickness with time. Growth evolution diagrams depicting amorphous, nanocrystalline, and mixed-phase regions for low and high deposition rate Si:H are constructed and the effects of process parameter (hydrogen gas concentration, total pressure, and RF power) variations on the deposition rate have been qualified. Virtual interface analysis of RTSE data provides nanocrystalline volume fraction depth profiles in the mixed-phase growth regime. GIXRD measurements show the presence of (111) and (220) oriented crystallites. Vibrational mode absorption features from Si-Hn bonding configurations at 590, 640, 2000, and 2090 cm−1 are obtained by ex-situ infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry. Hydrogen incorporation decreases as films transition from amorphous to nanocrystalline phases with increasing hydrogen gas concentration during sputtering.
Analysis and application of opinion model with multiple topic interactions
Authors: Xiong Fei , Liu Yun , Wang Liang , Wang Ximeng
Published: August 2017

To reveal heterogeneous behaviors of opinion evolution in different scenarios, we propose an opinion model with topic interactions. Individual opinions and topic features are represented by a multidimensional vector. We measure an agent's action towards a specific topic by the product of opinion and topic feature. When pairs of agents interact for a topic, their actions are introduced to opinion updates with bounded confidence. Simulation results show that a transition from a disordered state to a consensus state occurs at a critical point of the tolerance threshold, which depends on the opinion dimension. The critical point increases as the dimension of opinions increases. Multiple topics promote opinion interactions and lead to the formation of macroscopic opinion clusters. In addition, more topics accelerate the evolutionary process and weaken the effect of network topology. We use two sets of large-scale real data to evaluate the model, and the results prove its effectiveness in characterizing a real evolutionary process. Our model achieves high performance in individual action prediction and even outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Meanwhile, our model has much smaller computational complexity. This paper provides a demonstration for possible practical applications of theoretical opinion dynamics.
Approximate symmetries of Hamiltonians
Authors: Chubb Christopher T. , Flammia Steven T.
Published: August 2017

We explore the relationship between approximate symmetries of a gapped Hamiltonian and the structure of its ground space. We start by considering approximate symmetry operators, defined as unitary operators whose commutators with the Hamiltonian have norms that are sufficiently small. We show that when approximate symmetry operators can be restricted to the ground space while approximately preserving certain mutual commutation relations. We generalize the Stone-von Neumann theorem to matrices that approximately satisfy the canonical (Heisenberg-Weyl-type) commutation relations and use this to show that approximate symmetry operators can certify the degeneracy of the ground space even though they only approximately form a group. Importantly, the notions of “approximate” and “small” are all independent of the dimension of the ambient Hilbert space and depend only on the degeneracy in the ground space. Our analysis additionally holds for any gapped band of sufficiently small width in the excited spectrum of the Hamiltonian, and we discuss applications of these ideas to topological quantum phases of matter and topological quantum error correcting codes. Finally, in our analysis, we also provide an exponential improvement upon bounds concerning the existence of shared approximate eigenvectors of approximately commuting operators under an added normality constraint, which may be of independent interest.
Controlled formation of intense hot spots in Pd@Ag core-shell nanooctapods for efficient photothermal conversion
Authors: Liu Maochang , Yang Yang , Li Naixu , Du Yuanchang , Song Dongxing , Ma Lijing , Wang Yi , Zheng Yiqun , Jing Dengwei
Published: August 2017

Plasmonic Ag nanostructures have been of great interest for such applications in cancer therapy and catalysis, etc. However, the relatively week Ag-Ag interaction and spontaneous atom diffusion make it very difficult to generate concaved or branched structures in Ag nanocrystals with sizes less than 100 nm, which has been considered very favorable for plasmonic effects. Herein, by employing a cubic Pd seed and a specific reducing agent to restrict the surface diffusion of Ag atoms, Pd@Ag core-shell nanooctapod structures where Ag atoms can be selectively deposited onto the corner sites of the Pd cubes were obtained. Such selective decoration enables us to precisely control the locations for the hot spot formation during light irradiation. We find that the branched nanooctapod structure shows strong absorption in the visible-light region and generates intense hot spots around the octapod arms of Ag. As such, the photothermal conversion efficiency could be significantly improved by more than 50% with a colloid solution containing only ppm-level nanooctapods compared with pure water. The reported nanostructure is expected to find extensive applications due to its controlled formation of light-induced hot spots at certain points on the crystal surface.
Tri-band miniaturized wide-angle and polarization-insensitive metasurface for ambient energy harvesting
Authors: Zhang Xuanming , Liu Haixia , Li Long
Published: August 2017

In this paper, a tri-band miniaturized wide-angle and polarization-insensitive metasurface is proposed as an ambient energy collector. The metasurface is composed of a subwavelength butterfly-type closed-ring (BCR) array attached to a low-loss substrate with a metallic ground. Each unit cell of the energy harvesting metasurface has only one harvesting port. Its energy harvesting efficiency for different polarization and incident angles was analyzed, and the results show that the maximum harvesting efficiency is 90%, 83%, and 81% at the three frequency bands of 0.9 GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 5.7 GHz, respectively. Moreover, a prototype of the 7 × 7 BCR metasurface harvesting array was fabricated and measured. The experimental results validate that the proposed metasurface performs well under transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarization and is suitable for wide-angle incident energy harvesting in the three frequency bands.
Managing gut health without reliance on antimicrobials in poultry
Authors: Morgan N. K.
Published: August 2017

It is well established that antimicrobials in animal feed enhance feed efficiency, promote animal growth and improve the quality of animal products. However, resistance development in bacterial populations, and hence consumer demand for products free of antimicrobial residues, has prompted efforts to develop alternatives that can replace antimicrobials without causing loss of productivity or product quality. One of the key barriers to complete withdrawal from antimicrobial use is microbial infection, for example, necrotic enteritis. There is much interest in using in-feed nutraceuticals such as prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids and plant extracts as alternatives to antimicrobials to create a healthy gastrointestinal environment and to prevent and treat enteric infections. Enzymes are generally used to alleviate anti-nutritional factors in feed, but there is growing awareness of their beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal environment, and consequently on gut health. An example of this is production of prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides when xylanase is added to feed. This review discusses developments in alternatives to antimicrobials that can aid in managing gut health in a post-antimicrobial era, with particular reference to recent nutritional strategies.
Light inhibition of foliar respiration in response to soil water availability and seasonal changes in temperature in Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex) forest
Authors: Turnbull Matthew H. , Ogaya Romà , Barbeta Adrià , Peñuelas Josep , Zaragoza-Castells Joana , Atkin Owen K. , Valladares Fernando , Gimeno Teresa E. , Pías Beatriz , Griffin Kevin L.
Published: August 2017

In the present study we investigated variations in leaf respiration in darkness (RD) and light (RL), and associated traits in response to season, and along a gradient of soil moisture, in Mediterranean woodland dominated by holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in central and north-eastern Spain respectively. On seven occasions during the year in the central Spain site, and along the soil moisture gradient in north-eastern Spain, we measured rates of leaf RD, RL (using the Kok method), light-saturated photosynthesis (A) and related light response characteristics, leaf mass per unit area (MA) and leaf nitrogen (N) content. At the central Spain site, significant seasonal changes in soil water content and ambient temperature (T) were associated with changes in MA, foliar N, A and stomatal conductance. RD measured at the prevailing daily T and in instantaneous R–T responses, displayed signs of partial acclimation and was not significantly affected by time of year. RL was always less than, and strongly related to, RD, and RL/RD did not vary significantly or systematically with seasonal changes in T or soil water content. Averaged over the year, RL/RD was 0.66 ± 0.05 s.e. (n = 14) at the central Spain site. At the north-eastern Spain site, the soil moisture gradient was characterised by increasing MA and RD, and reduced foliar N, A, and stomatal conductance as soil water availability decreased. Light inhibition of R occurred across all sites (mean RL/RD = 0.69 ± 0.01 s.e. (n = 18)), resulting in ratios of RL/A being lower than for RD/A. Importantly, the degree of light inhibition was largely insensitive to changes in soil water content. Our findings provide evidence for a relatively constrained degree of light inhibition of R (RL/RD ~ 0.7, or inhibition of ~30%) across gradients of water availability, although the combined impacts of seasonal changes in both T and soil water content increase the range of values expressed. The findings thus have implications in terms of the assumptions made by predictive models that seek to account for light inhibition of R, and for our understanding of how environmental gradients impact on leaf trait relationships in Mediterranean plant communities.
Inverted-region electron transfer as a mechanism for enhancing photosynthetic solar energy conversion efficiency
Authors: Makita Hiroki , Hastings Gary
Published: August 2017

Significance

Inverted-region electron transfer is widely suggested to be an important mechanism contributing to photosynthetic efficiency. However, this mechanism has never been demonstrated in any native photosynthetic system under physiological conditions. Here, inverted-region electron transfer is demonstrated in a native photosynthetic protein complex under physiological conditions. Furthermore, inverted-region electron transfer is shown quantitatively to be an important mechanism underlying the very high efficiency associated with solar energy conversion in photosystem I in situ.
Parallelisms and affectivity in the negotiation of optimal social proximity
Authors: Dutra Rosália
Published: August 2017

This paper explores the ways in which speakers exchange information about themselves, and the world around them, in order to create an optimal social space in which interaction and engagement may be successfully accomplished. Success, in turn, the paper argues, depends on speakers making communicative gestures that involve the expression of certain aspects of their inner world: their preferences, attitudes, interests, beliefs, characterizations, points of view, values, assessments, likes, dislikes, and related notions that are rooted in how they feel about the world. Drawing from multi-party conversational data, the paper argues that resonance is one of the most productive outlets for the construction of ordinary evaluative/emotive stances. In fact, it is through the social practice of resonance itself that the amorphous and subtle nature of affect and emotions takes shape. The utterances that are selected for resonance, the subsequent resonant patterns, and the frequency in which the pattern is reproduced in order to secure the intended meaning are also briefly addressed in the paper.
Stance management in oral narrative
Authors: Sakita Tomoko I.
Published: August 2017

This paper investigates how actively the speaker engages in taking stance at various levels in oral narrative. By usingDu Bois’ (2007)stance theory, it shows that the meta-stance markerwell, a discourse marker that performs the management of stance relations in conversational interaction (Sakita 2013a), plays a significant role in oral narrative as well.Wellmarks two central modes of stance-taking in a narrative. First,wellmanages the changes of local-spectrum stance-taking that occur among the utterances of/about characters or of the speakers who speak in their immediate, locally shared consciousness. Second,welltypically manages the narrator’s broad-spectrum stance-taking with respect to the narrative event as a coherent whole. The latter corresponds to the use ofwellthat is claimed to be unique for the context of the narrative (Norrick 2001). However, this paper shows thatwellin both local- and broad-spectrum scope functions as a meta-stance marker by managing stance relations. The paper demonstrates that stance is often embedded and effectively highlighted in resonance (Du Bois 2014), both in dialogic and monologic contexts.
Resonance as a resource for stance-taking in narratives
Authors: Nir Bracha
Published: August 2017

This paper traces the recurrence and manipulation of devices in monologic narrative texts produced by university students based on a semi-structured elicitation. It focuses on a detailed analysis of multiple texts produced by different speaker-writers of Hebrew, to illustrate the function of structural resonance of both clauses and combinations of clauses (Clause Packages). The analyses show that while lexical devices reflect a more distanced (less evaluative) discourse stance (Berman 2005), the use of creative resonance (Du Bois 2014) between syntactic structures can either enhance or undermine the narrator’s own explicit perspective on events. Stance is thus not only highlighted by resonance in monologic texts (Sakita this issue); in fact, stance is engaged with in a way that is very similar to what has been illustrated for dialogue (Dori-Hacohen this issue; Dutra this issue; Nir & Zima this issue). It is suggested that the power of this engagement can be fully assessed only if lexical and syntactic resonance are systematically analyzed.
On the online effects of subjectivity encoded in causal connectives
Authors: Li Fang , Mak Willem M. , Evers-Vermeul Jacqueline , Sanders Ted J. M.
Published: August 2017

Causal relations between sentences differ in terms of subjectivity: they can be objective (based on facts) or subjective (based on reasoning). Subjective relations lead to longer reading times than objective relations. Causal connectives differ in the degree to which they encode this subjectivity. The Chinese connectiveskejian‘so’ andyin’er‘so’ specify a high and low degree of subjectivity, respectively, whereassuoyi‘so’ is underspecified for subjectivity. In an eye-tracking experiment we compare the effect of the specificity of these connectives in subjective and objective relations. In objective relations, the specificity of the connective has no effect on reading times. In subjective relations, reading times are shorter in sentences with the specified connectivekejianthan in sentences with the underspecified connectivesuoyi. These results suggest that readers prefer to interpret a relation as objective. Computing subjective relations requires extra processing time, which is diminished when the connective encodes the subjectivity.
Improved grade control in open pit mines
Authors: Vasylchuk Y. V. , Deutsch C. V.
Published: August 2017

Grade control in hard-rock open pit mining is the process of determining the destination for the mined material. Numerical studies are undertaken to show how grade control can be improved, that is, less ore sent to the waste dump and less waste sent to the mill. The improvements in four aspects of grade control are proposed: (1) the grade predictions should be made at a resolution of one quarter of the blasthole spacing or less depending on computational restrictions, (2) the assignment of grades should consider uncertainty to optimize the chosen destination, (3) the blast movement of rock should be considered, and (4) the destination should be optimized on the smallest unit of selection possible; ideally truck-by-truck. These improvements are developed with examples and then a case study is presented. The amount of rock sent to the wrong destination is reduced by two to five percent with the proposed improvements.
Taking partly free voters seriously: autocratic response to voter preferences in Armenia and Georgia
Authors: Fumagalli Matteo , Turmanidze Koba
Published: August 2017

Do voters matter in competitive authoritarian regimes and, if so, how? Do their preferences make any difference in the way in which the regime conceives policies and goes about policymaking? In this article we show that they do, and that incumbents take them seriously. Crucially, the way the regime responds to policy demand determines their durability in office. In this article we explain why, despite strong similarities, the political regime ruling Armenia remained stable over the years (from the mid- 1990s), whereas the one in Georgia has been unseated on two occasions (2003–2004 and 2012–2013). Evidence confirms that policy-making and the voters’ perceptions thereof also play an important role in determining whether a regime collapses or survives. The incumbents collect information on voter preferences, and devise policies in response to them. Policy-making thus matters and is extremely consequential. Paradoxically, however, policy-making makes a difference in counter-intuitive ways. The article concludes that a regime which refrains from making grand promises, or blatantly contradictory or unrealistic ones, has greater chances of surviving than those that set out to transform society, like Saakashvili’s Georgia. Ultimately, such policies backfire on those who launched them.
How herpesviruses pass on their genomes
Authors: Serquiña Anna K. , Ziegelbauer Joseph M.
Published: August 2017

Herpesvirus genomes exist and replicate as episomes inside the host cell nucleus during latent infection. Chiu et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201702013) find that unlike Epstein–Barr virus, which partitions viral genomes faithfully during cell division, Kaposi’s Sarcoma–associated herpesvirus clusters viral genomes into loci that are distributed unequally to daughter cells.
A Conceptual Model for Water Sensitive City in Surabaya
Authors: Pamungkas A , Tucunan K P , Navastara A , Idajati H , Pratomoatmojo N A
Published: August 2017

Frequent inundated areas, low quality of water supply, highly dependent water sources from external are some key problems in Surabaya water balance. Many aspects of urban development have stimulated those problems. To uncover the complexity of water balance in Surabaya, a conceptual model for water sensitive city is constructed to find the optimum solution. A system dynamic modeling is utilized to assist and enrich the idea of conceptual model. A secondary analysis to a wide range data directs the process in making a conceptual model. FGD involving many experts from multidiscipline are also used to finalize the conceptual model. Based on those methods, the model has four main sub models that are; flooding, land use change, water demand and water supply. The model consists of 35 key variables illustrating challenges in Surabaya urban water.
Dynamic functional assembly of the Torsin AAA+ ATPase and its modulation by LAP1
Authors: Chase Anna R. , Laudermilch Ethan , Wang Jimin , Shigematsu Hideki , Yokoyama Takeshi , Schlieker Christian
Published: August 2017

TorsinA is an essential AAA+ ATPase requiring LAP1 or LULL1 as cofactors. The dynamics of the Torsin/cofactor system remain poorly understood, with previous models invoking Torsin/cofactor assemblies with fixed stoichiometries. Here we demonstrate that TorsinA assembles into homotypic oligomers in the presence of ATP. Torsin variants mutated at the “back” interface disrupt homo-oligomerization but still show robust ATPase activity in the presence of its cofactors. These Torsin mutants are severely compromised in their ability to rescue nuclear envelope defects in Torsin-deficient cells, suggesting that TorsinA homo-oligomers play a key role in vivo. Engagement of the oligomer by LAP1 triggers ATP hydrolysis and rapid complex disassembly. Thus the Torsin complex is a highly dynamic assembly whose oligomeric state is tightly controlled by distinctively localized cellular cofactors. Our discovery that LAP1 serves as a modulator of the oligomeric state of an AAA+ protein establishes a novel means of regulating this important class of oligomeric ATPases.
Land Prices Heading Skyward? An Analysis of Farmland Values across Tanzania
Authors: Wineman Ayala , Jayne Thomas S
Published: August 2017

Land markets are developing rapidly in Africa, though there remains a dearth of analysis regarding the direction and correlates of land prices and their implications for public policy in the region. This paper examines trends in land values and the factors influencing these trends in Tanzania. Real land prices rose significantly between 2009 and 2013 by 5.67% per year. A hedonic analysis of land values suggests that improved incentives for farming, urbanization and rising population density, and improved tenure security are possible drivers of rising land prices. We conclude by considering the potential policy implications arising from this work.
Integrative structural and dynamical biology with PLUMED-ISDB
Authors: Bonomi Massimiliano , Camilloni Carlo
Published: August 2017

Accurate structural models of biological systems can be obtained by properly combining experimental data with a priori physico–chemical knowledge. Here we present PLUMED-ISDB, an open-source, freely-available module of the popular PLUMED library, which enables the simultaneous determination of structure and dynamics of conformationally heterogeneous systems by integrating experimental data with a priori information. This integration is achieved using metainference, a general Bayesian framework that accounts for both noise in the data and their ensemble-averaged nature. PLUMED-ISDB implements different types of experimental data, such as several NMR observables, FRET, SAXS and cryo-electron microscopy data, and enables modelling structure and dynamics of individual proteins, protein complexes, membrane proteins, RNA and DNA, using a variety of enhanced sampling methods and resolutions of the system.

Availability and implementation

PLUMED-ISDB is freely available at www.plumed.org.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Occurrence and Covariation of Binge Eating and Compensatory Behaviors Across Early to Mid-Adolescence
Authors: Davis Heather A , Ortiz Anna Marie L , Smith Gregory T
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the occurrence and covariation of four eating disorder behaviors across the elementary, middle, and high school years. In a sample of 1,906 youth measured over 5 years at nine time points, from the past year of elementary school through the second year of high school, binge eating, purging (self-induced vomiting), compensatory exercise, and fasting behavior were assessed by self-report. Over the 5-year period, rates of binge eating and purging increased but rates of compensatory exercise and fasting decreased. Girls and boys did not differ in their rates of engagement in any of the behaviors. Within time, the behaviors covaried modestly. Health-care professionals are advised to assess each behavior individually, rather than base interventions on the presence or absence of a diagnosable eating disorder. Gender should not be a basis for assessing for the presence of any of these behaviors.
Overcoming Clopidogrel Resistance: Three Promising Novel Antiplatelet Drugs Developed in China
Authors: Xie Hong-Guang , Jia Yu-Meng , Tai Ting , Ji Jin-Zi
Published: August 2017

Clopidogrel is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide; however, the presence of clopidogrel resistance and high susceptibility to genetic variations and drug interactions are facilitating the development of other antiplatelet drugs. To overcome clopidogrel resistance, several promising clopidogrel analogues have been developed in China, such as vicagrel (and its deuterated analogues), PLD-301, and W1. These novel chemical analogues are all characterized by much faster and more efficient bioconversion to clopidogrel thiolactone (or 2-oxo-clopidogrel, the precursor of clopidogrel active metabolite) in the intestine than clopidogrel itself through bypassing the first-step P450-mediated oxidation of clopidogrel in the liver. Of them, metabolic conversion of vicagrel and PLD-301 to 2-oxo-clopidogrel is catalyzed by intestinal carboxylesterase 2 and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. In this review article, we summarized all evidence on highly efficient bioconversion to their shared precursor of clopidogrel active metabolite and the mechanisms underlying such a pronounced improvement. These drugs in the pipeline would be promising antiplatelet drugs that could be superior to clopidogrel in future patient care.
Time-course Study on Left Ventricular Function in a Rabbit Model of Ischemia–reperfusion Injury With Morphine Preconditioning
Authors: Zhao Baihua , Liu Chengxiao , Pu Darong , Zeng Shi , Dai Xi , Liu Minghui
Published: August 2017

Aims:

To analyze the left ventricular longitudinal function in a rabbit model of myocardial ischemia reperfusion with morphine preconditioning through strain rate imaging and to evaluate the effect of morphine preconditioning.

Methods:

A myocardial ischemia–reperfusion model was induced by occlusion and recanalization of the coronary artery in 40 male New Zealand white rabbits, which were divided into a sham group, morphine group, and vehicle control group. Routine echocardiography data were recorded 1 day before and within 28 days after the operation. Dynamic images were also collected and analyzed off-line using Doppler tissue imaging software.

Results:

On the first day after the operation, the global and regional systolic functions of the left ventricle in the morphine and vehicle control groups were lower than those in the sham group. After ischemia reperfusion, some of the values of the above-mentioned parameters decreased over time, which was more obvious in the vehicle control group at each examined time point.

Conclusions:

The current study revealed that detection of changes in regional myocardial function after myocardial ischemia reperfusion by strain rate imaging is objective and accurate. In addition, our results indicated that morphine preconditioning significantly attenuates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in rabbits.
A Proposal for Updated Standards of Photographic Documentation in Aesthetic Medicine
Authors: Prantl Lukas , Brandl Dirk , Ceballos Patricia
Published: August 2017

In 1998, DiBernardo et al. published a very helpful standardization of comparative (before and after) photographic documentation. These standards prevail to this day. Although most of them are useful for objective documentation of aesthetic results, there are at least 3 reasons why an update is necessary at this time: First, DiBernardo et al. focused on the prevalent standards of medical photography at that time. From a modern perspective, these standards are antiquated and not always correct. Second, silver-based analog photography has mutated into digital photography. Digitalization offers virtually unlimited potential for image manipulation using a vast array of digital Apps and tools including, but not limited to, image editing software like Photoshop. Digitalization has given rise to new questions, particularly regarding appropriate use of editing techniques to maximize or increase objectivity. Third, we suggest changes to a very small number of their medical standards in the interest of obtaining a better or more objective documentation of aesthetic results. This article is structured into 3 sections and is intended as a new proposal for photographic and medical standards for the documentation of aesthetic interventions:

1. The photographic standards.

2. The medical standards.

3. Description of editing tools which should be used to increase objectivity.
The Association of Fat and Lean Tissue With Whole Body and Spine Bone Mineral Density Is Modified by HIV Status and Sex in Children and Youth
Authors: Jacobson Denise L. , Lindsey Jane C. , Coull Brent A. , Mulligan Kathleen , Bhagwat Priya , Aldrovandi Grace M.
Published: August 2017

Background:

HIV-infected (HIV-pos) male children/youth showed lower bone mineral density at sexual maturity than HIV-uninfected (HIV-neg) females. It is not known whether complications of HIV disease, including abnormal body fat distribution, contribute to lower bone accrual in male HIV-pos adolescents.

Methods:

In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated the relationship between body composition (fat and lean mass) and bone mass in HIV-pos and HIV-neg children/youth and determined if it is modified by HIV status and sex. We used generalized estimating equations to simultaneously model the effect of fat/lean mass on multiple bone outcomes, including total body bone mineral density and bone mineral content and spine bone mineral density. We evaluated effect modification by HIV and sex.

Results:

The analysis cohort consisted of 143 HIV-neg and 236 HIV-pos, of whom 55% were black non-Hispanic and 53% were male. Ages ranged from 7 to < 25 years. Half of the children/youth were at Tanner stage 1 and 20% at Tanner 5. Fat mass was more strongly positively correlated with bone mass in HIV-neg than HIV-pos children/youth and these relationships were more evident for total body bone than spine outcomes. Within HIV strata, fat mass and bone were more correlated in female than male children/youth. The relationship between lean mass and bone varied by sex, but not by HIV status.

Conclusions:

HIV disease diminishes the positive relationship of greater fat mass on bone mass in children/youth. Disruptions in body fat distribution, which are common in HIV disease, may have an impact on bone accretion during pubertal development.