bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Chilean Party Systems
Authors: MONTES J. ESTEBAN , MAINWARING SCOTT , ORTEGA EUGENIO
Published: July 2002

Although Chile is a relatively small country, writings about the Chilean
party systems have long been better and more voluminous than is the case
with most party systems in Latin America. Several orthodoxies have
emerged in this literature: that Chilean parties are strong, that the party
systems have been divided into three roughly equal parts, and that they
have been relatively stable. The purpose of this article is to challenge these
three orthodoxies. These orthodoxies are not completely wrong, but they
need to be qualified.

The dominant view that Chilean parties are strong has been overstated.
They have been strong in some respects and for some periods, but not in
others. Parties have traditionally dominated mechanisms of representation
in Chile's democratic periods, overshadowing unions, social movements,
and other forms of representation. Party penetration in the electorate,
however, has not been powerful. Parties have appeared and disappeared
with frequency, and most parties have been relatively weak organisationally.
More so than is the case in Uruguay, Venezuela from 1958 until
the 1990s, Costa Rica or most of Western Europe, Chile's democratic
periods have allowed space for anti-party populists to develop successful
political careers, including capturing the presidency.
The impact of political liberalisation and democratisation on ethnic
conflict in Africa: an empirical test of common assumptions
Authors: Smith Zeric Kay
Published: July 2002

This article provides an empirical test of a set of common theoretical
assumptions concerning the relationship between political liberalisation,
democratisation and ethnic conflict in Africa. The theory in question posits
that liberalisation will result in short-term increases in ethnic conflict and that
democratisation will be followed by a decrease in ethnic conflict. The article
employs a cross-national and time sensitive data set to test this hypothesis in
the context of contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. A compelling benefit of this
methodology is that it allows for an explanation of variation in ethnic conflict
both across states and over time.

The results indicate that the relationship between political liberalisation and
ethnic conflict is the reverse of what the common assumptions would predict.
Liberalisation has had an inverse relationship to ethnic conflict in sub-Saharan Africa between 1988 and 1997. Democratisation does not have the
hypothesised effect even when lagged variables are employed. Structural
variables as represented by GDP per capita and infant mortality rates are
also systematically related to ethnic conflict. The author concludes that policy
makers and analysts should continue to pursue both liberalisation and
democratisation but should not neglect the central role of an adequate resource
base in reducing ethnic conflict in Africa. Political liberalisation and
democratic institutions, while providing some measure of relief, are by no
means silver bullets for the difficult challenges posed by ethnic conflict in
Africa.
The Changing Nature of the Red River Delta Villages during the Lê Period (1428–1788)
Authors: Yu Insun
Published: July 2002

Over the 400 years of the Lê dynasty (1428–1788), the village in northern Vietnam progressively evolved as an administrative institution. The article traces this process, and analyses the changing relationship between villages and the central government, contrasting the early decades of the dynasty when the court exercised strong control over the village with later centuries when the trend was towards autonomy.
Diatoms on the cirri of tropical barnacles
Authors: Bigelow P.R. , Alexander C.G.
Published: July 2002

Two species of large extension feeding barnacles are abundant on exposed tropical rocky shores of northern Australia. The cirri of many specimens carry varying numbers of a commensal diatom in some cases with as many as 2000 individuals on a single cirrus. The araphid diatom resembles the genus, Lichmophora within the family Fragilariaceae although no description has yet been published. Species of Lichmophora are common benthic diatoms in these waters as an epiphyte on macroalgae and common primary fouling diatoms on test panels. The diatom reported here has not been found on any substratum other than the barnacles Tetraclita squamosa and Australobalanus imperator, very rarely on Balanus amphitrite. Analysis of the diatom distribution on the cirri shows significantly higher numbers on the posterior captorial cirri. The effect of commensal diatoms on the feeding efficiency of the barnacles is discussed.
Geographical variation in heat coma temperatures in Littorina species (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Authors: Clarke A.P. , Mill P.J. , Grahame J. , McMahon R.F.
Published: July 2002

Upper critical thermal limits were measured as heat coma temperatures in Littorina species (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from sites around the British Isles. Thermal tolerance was found to be stable within a population but extensive variation occurred between populations and species. The majority of species examined displayed heat coma values of around 30°C and did not show a positive correlation with shore height. The highest capacity for thermal tolerance was found along the coast of South Wales, while the lowest was found on the south-west coast of Ireland and on the east coast of Scotland.
The embryonic development of the olfactory system in Amphiprion melanopus (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) related to the host imprinting hypothesis
Authors: Arvedlund Michael , Larsen Kim , Winsor Heather
Published: July 2002

Development of the olfactory system in anemonefish embryos of the species Amphiprion melanopus was examined from day six post-fertilization, until hatching (day nine). An olfactory placode with receptor cells lining the epithelium and nerve axons from the placode into the olfactory bulb, was observed on newly hatched embryos. In addition, two different secondary bilateral receptor systems were found. These findings may firstly support the anemonefish host imprinting hypothesis, and secondly indicate that the ontogenetic timing of this imprinting mechanism occurs towards the end of the embryonic development.
Revision of the nudibranch genus Cadlina (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from the Southern Ocean
Authors: Schrödl Michael
Published: July 2002

The taxonomy of Magellanic and Antarctic cadlinids has been for many years in extreme disorder, and the species were not reliably identifiable. Recent collections in Chile and Argentina, mainly by SCUBA, and re-examination of type material provided data for a comprehensive revision. The present study gives new morphological information on all southern species, both by scanning electron microscope examinations of cuticular structures and detailed microanatomical investigation of the genitalia. The high Antarctic Cadlina affinis does not possess an aberrant androdiaulic genital system but, as all other doridoidean nudibranchs, a triaulic system with a separate vagina and nidamental duct. The vaginal duct is short and leaves the vagina distally, distinguishing this species from other known cadlinids. The genitalia of the holotype of C. kerguelensis from Kerguelen Island have been re-examined. In contrast to previous assumptions, it is not conspecific with cadlinids from South Georgia and the Magellanic region because of clear differences in the genital system. The south-western Atlantic C. magellanica is redescribed and considered to be conspecific with the holotype of C. falklandica from the Falklands. A specimen previously assigned to C. falklandica from South Georgia, however, differs from other southern cadlinids due to genital features and is redescribed as C. georgiensis sp. nov. The Argentinian species C. laevigata and C. berghi, cannot be clearly distinguished from C. sparsa, of which a lectotype has been designated and, therefore, are regarded as junior synonyms. Five Cadlina species from the Southern Ocean are regarded to be valid, and their biogeography is briefly discussed.
Impact of clonal evolution on the biological diversity of

Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: LAURENT J.-P. , BARNABE C. , QUESNEY V. , NOEL S. , TIBAYRENC M.
Published: July 2002

Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease,

exhibits considerable biological variability. Moreover, it has been

postulated that populations of this protozoan are subdivided into natural

clones, which can be separated from each other

by considerable levels of evolutionary divergence. The authors have proposed

that this long-term clonal evolution may

have a profound impact on Trypanosoma cruzi biological

diversity. In order to test this hypothesis, 16 T. cruzi stocks

representing 3 major clonal genotypes of the parasite were analysed for
8

different in vitro biological parameters. The

overall results show a strong statistical linkage between genetic and

biological differences. This is in agreement with the

working hypothesis, although a notable biological variability is observable

among the stocks of each of the 3 major clonal

genotypes. The authors propose that T. cruzi genetic variability

must be taken into account in any applied study dealing with

this parasite.
The epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis: transmission
rates estimated from a cohort study in Amazonian Brazil
Authors: QUINNELL R. J. , COURTENAY O. , GARCEZ L. , DYE C.
Published: July 2002

We estimate the incidence rate, serological conversion rate and
basic
case reproduction number (R0) of Leishmania infantum
from a cohort study of 126 domestic dogs exposed to natural infection rates
over 2 years on Marajó Island, Pará State,
Brazil. The analysis includes new methods for (1) determining the number
of
seropositives in cross-sectional serological
data, (2) identifying seroconversions in longitudinal studies, based on
both
the number of antibody units and their rate
of change through time, (3) estimating incidence and serological pre-patent
periods and (4) calculating R0 for a potentially
fatal, vector-borne disease under seasonal transmission. Longitudinal and
cross-sectional serological (ELISA) analyses
gave similar estimates of the proportion of dogs positive. However,
longitudinal analysis allowed the calculation of pre-patent periods, and
hence
the more accurate estimation of incidence: an infection–conversion
model
fitted by maximum likelihood to serological data yielded seasonally varying
per
capita incidence rates with a mean of
8·66×10−3/day (mean
time to infection 115 days, 95% C.L. 107–126 days), and a
median
pre-patent period of 94 (95% C.L. 82–111) days. These
results were used in conjunction with theory and dog demographic data to
estimate the basic reproduction number, R0,
as 5·9 (95% C.L. 4·4–7·4). R0
is a determinant of the scale of the leishmaniasis control problem, and
we
comment on the options for control.
Virus encoded cytokines and cytokine receptors
Authors: BARRY M. , McFADDEN G.
Published: July 2002

In order to replicate efficiently within the host, viruses have
evolved
multiple strategies to evade the host's immune system.
In many cases viruses have actually hijacked various components of the

host's immune system to ensure their own survival.
One such strategy is the expression of virus encoded cytokines and cytokine

receptors. Members of the poxvirus and
herpesvirus families have been particularly successful with this strategy.

The study of virus survival strategies provides
important information regarding both virus biology as well as information

about the immune system itself.
Ultrastructure of early stages of infections in mice fed
Toxoplasma gondii oocysts
Authors: SPEER C. A. , DUBEY J. P.
Published: July 2002

Transmission electron microscopy was used to study
Toxoplasma gondii infections in the small intestines of
Swiss-Webster
mice at 2–48 h post-feeding of oocysts (p.f.). Sporozoites
passed through intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes and goblet
cells) and infected all cells except red blood cells in the lamina
propria. Parasites in intestinal epithelial cells or in cells
in the lamina propria were located within a single type of
parasitophorous vacuole, which contained exocytosed electron-dense
material and well-developed tubulovesicular membranous networks.
Sporozoites did not infect intraepithelial
lymphocytes (IELs), but at 48 h p.f. IELs had become infected with
tachyzoites arising from those that had developed
in the lamina propria. At 48 h p.f., the lamina propria contained
numerous tachyzoites, much cellular debris, and few
intact cells. The intestinal epithelium exhibited limited
cytopathological changes except for villar fusion, slight vacuolation,
and cell separation at the bases of enterocytes.
Adult resistance to schistosomiasis mansoni: age-dependence of
reinfection remains constant in
communities with diverse exposure patterns
Authors: KABATEREINE N. B. , VENNERVALD B. J. , OUMA J. H. , KEMIJUMBI J. , BUTTERWORTH A. E. , DUNNE D. W. , FULFORD A. J. C.
Published: July 2002

In a fishing community on Lake Albert in Uganda the pattern of
intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection 6 months after
treatment with praziquantel was found to be very similar to reinfection
patterns seen in previously studied endemic
communities: the profile peaks sharply at around the age of 10 years falling
away rapidly to much lower levels in adults.
This is in stark contrast to the patterns of water contact, which differ
greatly between fishing and non-fishing communities.
On Lake Albert, adults appear to be more heavily exposed than children.
From these observations we conclude that adults
are physiologically (perhaps immunologically) more resistant to infection
after treatment than children.
Data mining parasite genomes: haystack searching with a computer
Authors: LAWSON D.
Published: July 2002

A number of genomes of parasitic organisms are presently being sequenced in the public domain, including Plasmodium
falciparum, Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei with the likelihood of at least expressed sequence tag (EST) projects
for several filarial and apicomplexan species. The early and timely release of sequence data to the community via the World
Wide Web (www), and the public databases, (EMBL and GENBANK), forms an invaluable resource. Data mining, or
‘haystack searching’ this resource is becoming more fruitful to all members of the scientific community as the volume of
data, diversity of genomes sampled, and accessibility increase.
Grouping of trypanosome species in mixed infections in Glossina pallidipes
Authors: LEHANE M. J. , MSANGI A. R. , WHITAKER C. J. , LEHANE S. M.
Published: July 2002

Trypanosomes in the dissection-positive proboscis of Glossina pallidipes were identified by PCR using species-specific
primers. Of the 3741 flies dissected 643 were proboscis positive. PCR was performed on 406 dissection-positive probosces
giving positive identifications in 352 (86·7%) and infection rates of 14·8% for congolense-type infections, 2·8% for vivax-
type infections and 1·4% for the unidentified group. Of the 352 PCR identified infections 225 were single, 111 were
double, 13 were triple infections and there were 3 quadruple infections. Statistical analysis suggests that mixed infections
group into 3 largely separate divisions among the tsetse population (i) Trypanosoma congolense savannah and T. congolense
Kenya coast, (ii) T. simiae, T. congolense Tsavo and T. godfreyi and (iii) T. vivax. We conclude that either differing feeding
patterns among members of the fly population or the ability of the trypanosomes in each of the infection categories to
significantly influence the maturation of trypanosomes in the other categories are the most likely causes of the groupings
noted. Chi-squared analysis of dissection and PCR methods of trypanosome identification revealed profound differences
(χ = 19·1; D.F. = 1; P > 0·05). If confirmed in other studies these findings have serious implications for our understanding
of trypanosome epidemiology in tsetse flies, much of which is founded on data from dissection-based trypanosome
identifications.
The Empiricist Conception of Experience
Authors: Nagel Jennifer
Published: July 2002

Does a healthy respect for the deliverances of experience require us to give up any claim to non-trivial a priori knowledge? One way it might not would be if the very admission of something as an episode of experience required the use of substantive a priori knowledge — if there were certain a priori standards that a representation had to meet in order to count as an experience, rather than as a memory or daydream. What is surprising is that we can find elements of this essentially Kantian line about experience even in the work of empiricists such as Locke and Bas van Fraassen.
Altered dopamine function in pathological gambling
Authors: BERGH C. , EKLUND T. , SÖDERSTEN P. , NORDIN C.
Published: July 2002

Background. The possibility that monoaminergic
neurotransmission is altered in pathological gambling was examined.

Methods. Monoamines and their metabolites were measured in
CSF obtained at level L4–5 from ten pathological gamblers and
seven controls.

Results. A decrease in dopamine and an increase in
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanilic acid was found.
Noradrenaline and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol was
also increased but 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
were unchanged.

Conclusion. It is suggested that the function of the
dopaminergic system, possibly mediating positive and negative reward,
and the noradrenergic system, possibly mediating selective attention,
is changed in pathological gambling.
Migrant suicide rates in Australia and in country of birth
Authors: BURVILL P. W.
Published: July 2002

Background. Various studies from Australia, Canada and the

United States have shown significant

rank correlations between the suicide rates of immigrants and those of

their country of birth (COB).

This study compares the rank ordering of age standardized suicide

rates of immigrants in Australia

for two periods, 1961–70 and 1979–90: (a) between

each period; and (b) with their COB for each period.

Methods. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization

Annual Statistics and from the

Australian Bureau of Statistics. Comparisons were made for 11 countries

from England and Wales,

Ireland and Europe, for which there was a sufficiently large number

of immigrant suicides to warrant statistical analysis.

Results. The data showed considerable heterogeneity in rates

of immigrants from various countries,

with increased rates in Australia compared with their COB. There were

consistently significant

Spearman rank correlations between the rates after immigration and

those in their COB for each

period, and between rates in the two periods for both immigrants and

for their COB, despite

increases in suicide rates, and considerable socio-economic demographic

changes between the various countries over that time span.

Conclusions. The findings are used to argue two conclusions:

(i) the important influence of pre-migrant social and

cultural experiences in subsequent suicide rates in immigrants in their
host

country; and (ii) to support the case for the reliability of

using international suicide data for comparative epidemiological research.
Smooth pursuit and saccadic abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: HUTTON S. B. , CRAWFORD T. J. , PURI B. K. , DUNCAN L.-J. , CHAPMAN M. , KENNARD C. , BARNES T. R. E. , JOYCE E. M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies of oculomotor dysfunction
in
schizophrenia have tended to
concentrate on abnormalities of smooth pursuit eye tracking in chronic
medicated patients. We
report the results of a study of smooth pursuit, reflexive and
antisaccade performance in drug naive
and antipsychotic treated first-episode schizophrenic patients.

Methods. Smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements were recorded

in 36 first-episode
schizophrenic patients and 36 controls matched for age and estimated IQ.
The schizophrenic
patients were divided into drug-naive (N=17) and antipsychotic

treated groups (N=19).

Results. Smooth pursuit velocity gain was significantly
lower than controls only in the drug-naive
patients. The treated patients did not differ significantly from
either the controls or the untreated
group. In an antisaccade paradigm both treated and drug-naive schizophrenic

patients demonstrated
an increased number of errors, but only drug-naive patients also demonstrated

an increased latency in initiating correct antisaccades.

Conclusions. These impairments are unlikely to be due to a

generalized deficit in oculomotor
function in the schizophrenic groups, as there were no differences
between the groups in saccadic
metrics on a reflexive saccade task. The results show that both smooth
pursuit and saccadic
abnormalities are present at the onset of schizophrenia and are integral
to the disorder.
Abstracts of trials presented at the Vth World Congress of
Psychiatry (Mexico, 1971): a cohort study
Authors: DIEZEL K. , PHAROAH F. M. , ADAMS C. E.
Published: July 2002

Background. Systematic reviews should identify all relevant
trials in order to minimize the potential
for bias and the play of chance in their results. Other specialities have
shown that conference
proceedings are a rich source of trials, but many of these trials are never
fully published.

Methods. All clinical trials presented at a single conference
(Vth World Congress of Psychiatry,
Mexico, 1971) were identified by hand searching. Full publications of these
abstracts were then
sought on five databases by searching for the authors or relevant key words.

Results. Full publications were found for 46% of the abstracts.
The odds of publication decreased
for abstracts that were from a non-Anglophone country or that failed to
mention randomization.

Conclusions. Anyone wishing to undertake a systematic review
of a mental-health care topic should
search relevant conference proceedings for trials.
A comparison of the utility of dimensional and
categorical representations of psychosis
Authors: VAN OS J. , GILVARRY C. , BALE R. , VAN HORN E. , TATTAN T. , WHITE I. , MURRAY ON BEHALF OF THE UK700 GROUP R.
Published: July 2002

Background. The usefulness of any diagnostic scheme is directly related to its ability to provide
clinically useful information on need for care. In this study, the clinical usefulness of dimensional
and categorical representations of psychotic psychopathology were compared.

Method. A total of 706 patients aged 16–65 years with chronic psychosis were recruited.
Psychopathology was measured with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS).
Lifetime RDC, DSM-III-R, and ICD-10 diagnoses and ratings of lifetime psychopathology were
made using OPCRIT. Other clinical measures included: (i) need for care; (ii) quality of life; (iii)
social disability; (iv) satisfaction with services; (v) abnormal movements; (vi) brief
neuropsychological screen; and (vii) over the last 2 years – illness course, symptom severity, employment,
medication use, self-harm, time in hospital and living independently.

Results. Principal component factor analysis of the 65 CPRS items on cross-sectional
psychopathology yielded four dimensions of positive, negative, depressive and manic symptoms.
Regression models comparing the relative contributions of dimensional and categorical
representations of psychopathology with clinical measures consistently indicated strong and significant
effects of psychopathological dimensions over and above any effect of their categorical counterparts,
whereas the reverse did not hold. The effect of psychopathological dimensions was mostly
cumulative: high ratings on more than one dimension increased the contribution to the clinical
measures in a dose-response fashion. Similar results were obtained with psychopathological
dimensions derived from lifetime psychopathology ratings using the OCCPI.

Conclusions. A dimensional approach towards classification of psychotic illness offers important
clinical advantages.
Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of
epidemiological studies across the adult life span
Authors: JORM A. F.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is considerable disagreement about what happens to the risk of anxiety and
depression disorders and symptoms as people get older.

Methods. A search was made for studies that examine the occurrence of anxiety, depression or
general distress across the adult life span. To be included, a study had to involve a general
population sample ranging in age from at least the 30s to 65 and over and use the same assessment
method at each age.

Results. There was no consistent pattern across studies for age differences in the occurrence of
anxiety, depression or distress. The most common trend found was for an initial rise across age
groups, followed by a drop. Two major factors producing this variability in results were age biases
in assessment of anxiety and depression and the masking effect of other risk factors that vary with
age. When other risk factors were statistically controlled, a more consistent pattern emerged, with
most studies finding a decrease in anxiety, depression and distress across age groups. This decrease
cannot be accounted for by exclusion of elderly people in institutional care from epidemiological
surveys or by selective mortality of people with anxiety or depression.

Conclusion. There is some evidence that ageing is associated with an intrinsic reduction in
susceptibility to anxiety and depression. However, longitudinal studies covering the adult life span
are needed to distinguish ageing from cohort effects. More attention needs to be given to
understanding the mechanism behind any ageing-related reduction in risk for anxiety and
depression with age. Possible factors are decreased emotional responsiveness with age, increased
emotional control and psychological immunization to stressful experiences.
Does depression predict cognitive outcome 9 to 12 years later? Evidence from a prospective study of elderly hypertensives
Authors: CERVILLA J. A. , PRINCE M. , JOELS S. , MANN A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous longitudinal studies of the association between depression
and cognitive dysfunction have had relatively short follow-up periods. This
report presents a long-term study of the association between baseline syndromal
depression and cognitive outcome measured 9 to 12 years later.

Methods. Self-CARE (D) depression, cognitive function and pre-morbid intelligence
were recorded on 1083 subjects on entry to the Medical Research Council trial of
treatment of hypertension in older adults in 1983–5. In 1994–5, we aimed to
re-interview all survivors to assess cognitive function using the MMSE. We used
multivariate analysis to explore whether baseline depression predicted cognitive outcome
after this long follow-up period.

Results. Baseline depression was crudely associated with poorer cognitive outcome
at time 2. However, this long-term prospective association was no longer apparent
after adjusting for baseline cognitive performance, which was associated with baseline
depression and robustly predicted cognitive outcome at time 2. We found that gender
modified the association between depression and poorer cognitive outcome, so that
the association was statistically significant only among men.

Conclusion. Propensity for depression and failing cognition may have common
determinants that still need to be established by future neurobiological
investigations in conjunction with further long-term prospective epidemiological
research.
Causal attributions for somatic sensations in patients
with chronic fatigue syndrome and their partners
Authors: BUTLER J. A. , CHALDER T. , WESSELY S.
Published: July 2002

Background. Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) often make somatic attributions for
their illness which has been associated with poor outcome. A tendency to make somatic attributions
in general may be a vulnerability factor for the development of CFS.

Methods. This cross-sectional study based on self-report questionnaire data aimed to investigate
the type of attributions for symptoms made by patients with CFS and to compare this to
attributions made by their partners. It was hypothesized that patients with CFS would make more
somatic attributions for their own symptoms than control subjects and that partners of patients
with CFS would make more somatic attributions for their ill relative's symptoms but would be
similar to controls regarding their own symptoms. Fifty patients with CFS were compared to 50
controls from a fracture clinic in the same hospital and 46 relatives living with the patients with
CFS. A modified Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire was used to assess causal attributions.

Results. CFS patients were more likely to make somatic attributions for their symptoms. The
relatives of patients with CFS made significantly more somatic attributions for symptoms in their
ill relative. However, they were like the fracture clinic controls in terms of making predominantly
normalizing attributions for their own symptoms.

Conclusions. The data support modification of existing cognitive behavioural treatments for CFS
to investigate whether addressing partners' attributions for patients' symptoms improves recovery
in the patient. Furthermore, a tendency to make somatic attributions for symptoms may be a
vulnerability factor for the development of CFS.
Binge eating and eating attitudes among Nazi concentration camp survivors
Authors: FAVARO A. , RODELLA F. C. , SANTONASTASO P.
Published: July 2002

Background. Prisoners in Nazi concentration camps lived through extreme situations that included
starvation. We test our hypothesis that there is a greater lifetime presence of binge eating among
survivors from concentration camps than in a control group.

Methods. The subjects were 51 political prisoners who survived Nazi concentration camps and 47
ex-partisans of similar age and sex. A clinical interview investigated the lifetime occurrence of binge
eating. The Eating Attitudes Test was also administered.

Results. The mean reported loss of weight among survivors was 27·3 kg. Thirty-three per cent of
them and 4% of the ex-partisans reported going on eating binges at some time in their lives
(P < 0·0007). There was no significant difference in the Eating Attitudes Test scores of survivors
and ex-partisans, but, among survivors, the Bulimia subscale significantly discriminated subjects
who reported current binge eating.

Conclusions. Our study confirms that subjects who have survived a period of extreme food
deprivation are more likely to develop binge eating behaviour.
Onset of disability in depressed and non-depressed
primary care patients
Authors: ORMEL J. , VONKORFF M. , OLDEHINKEL A. J. , SIMON G. , TIEMENS B. G. , ÜSTÜN T. B.
Published: July 2002

Background. While cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have consistently found depressive
illness and disability to be related, understanding whether depression leads to subsequent onset of
disability is limited.

Methods. In the context of the multi-centre international WHO Collaborative Study on
Psychological Problems in General Health Care, we followed prospectively consulting non-elderly
primary care patients who were essentially disability free at baseline but who differed in baseline
depression status, comprising 1051 patients free of physical disability at baseline including 14%
depression; 914 free of social disability including 9% depression. Depression status was assessed
with the CIDI; patient-reported physical disability with the MOS physical functioning scale and
social disability with the BDQ role functioning and number of disability days measures;
investigator-rated social disability with the Occupational section of Groningen Social Disability
schedule; and the treating physicians rated the severity of physical illness.

Results. In patients essentially disability free at baseline, depressive illness resulted in a 1·5-fold (at
3 months) and a 1·8-fold (at 12 months) increase in risk of onset of physical disability, after
controlling for physical disease severity. Depressive illness also resulted in a 2·2-fold (at 3 months)
and a 2·3-fold (at 12 months) increase in risk of onset of social disability, after controlling for
physical disease severity, physical disability and onset of physical disability.

Conclusions. Among non-elderly primary care patients, depressive illness is associated with onset of
physical disability and shows an even stronger association with onset of social disability.
A swift and simple refutation of the Kalam cosmological argument?
Authors: CRAIG WILLIAM LANE
Published: July 2002

John Taylor complains that the Kalam cosmological argument
gives the
appearance of being a swift and simple demonstration of the existence of
a Creator
of the universe, whereas in fact a convincing argument involving the premiss
that
the universe began to exist is very difficult to achieve.
But Taylor's proffered defeaters
of the premisses of the philosophical arguments for the beginning of the
universe are
themselves typically undercut due to Taylor's inadvertence to alternatives
open to
the defender of the Kalam arguments. With respect to empirical
confirmation of the
universe's beginning Taylor is forced into an anti-realist position
on the Big Bang
theory, but without sufficient warrant for singling out the theory as non-realistic.

Therefore, despite the virtue of simplicity of form, the Kalam
cosmological argument
has not been defeated by Taylor's all too swift refutation.
Family Policy in Japan
Authors: BOLING PATRICIA
Published: July 2002

The pervasive sense of crisis in Japan over the falling birth rate
and aging
society issues is generating an active public debate about gender, the
family,
the organization of the workplace and the policy approaches best able
to cope with these problems. This article considers explanations for
demographic change, then turns to current Japanese family policy, focusing

on the contradiction between formal laws and policies which aim
at supporting families and informal practices which make domestic
responsibilities more burdensome. It attempts to provide insight into
these policies by focusing on the policy process, identifying characteristic

patterns and approaches, strengths and weaknesses of the Japanese political
system.
Spatiotemporal analysis of experimental differences in event‐related potential data with partial least squares
Authors: Lobaugh Nancy J. , West Robert , McIntosh Anthony R.
Published: July 2002

One challenge in the analysis of event‐related potentials (ERPs) is to identify task‐related differences in scalp topography. The multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis was used to identify the spatiotemporal distribution of ERP differences related to experimental manipulations. Two simulations included latency shifts and amplitude changes at peaks with temporal overlap. PLS identified effects only at modeled timepoints and electrodes. In contrast, principal components analysis identified differences at most timepoints. We also demonstrated that PLS identified combinations of waveform differences, not isolated sources. ERP components in an auditory oddball task were also assessed with PLS. The primary distinction was between ERPs on hit and correct rejection trials, expressed at multiple timepoints and electrodes. PLS provides a mechanism to describe experimental differences in ERP waveforms, simultaneously across the head.
Automated face analysis by feature point tracking has high concurrent validity with manual FACS coding
Authors: Cohn Jeffrey F. , Zlochower Adena J. , Lien James , Kanade Takeo
Published: July 2002

The face is a rich source of information about human behavior. Available methods for coding facial displays, however, are human‐observer dependent, labor intensive, and difficult to standardize. To enable rigorous and efficient quantitative measurement of facial displays, we have developed an automated method of facial display analysis. In this report, we compare the results with this automated system with those of manual FACS (Facial Action Coding System, Ekman & Friesen, 1978a) coding. One hundred university students were videotaped while performing a series of facial displays. The image sequences were coded from videotape by certified FACS coders. Fifteen action units and action unit combinations that occurred a minimum of 25 times were selected for automated analysis. Facial features were automatically tracked in digitized image sequences using a hierarchical algorithm for estimating optical flow. The measurements were normalized for variation in position, orientation, and scale. The image sequences were randomly divided into a training set and a cross‐validation set, and discriminant function analyses were conducted on the feature point measurements. In the training set, average agreement with manual FACS coding was 92% or higher for action units in the brow, eye, and mouth regions. In the cross‐validation set, average agreement was 91%, 88%, and 81% for action units in the brow, eye, and mouth regions, respectively. Automated face analysis by feature point tracking demonstrated high concurrent validity with manual FACS coding.
Next step, synergetics?
Authors: Tschacher Wolfgang , Junghan Ulrich M.
Published: July 2002

Thelen et al. offer an inspiring behavior-based theory of a long-standing cognitive problem. They demonstrate how joining traditions, old (the Gestaltist field theory) and new (dynamical systems theory) may open up the path towards embodied cognition. We discuss possible next steps. Self-organization theory (synergetics) could be used to address the formation of gaze/reach attractors and their optimality, given environmental control parameters. Finally, some clinical applications of the field model are advocated.
Sexual selection, the division of labor, and the evolution of sex differences
Authors: Geary David C.
Published: July 2002

Sexual selection traditionally involves male-male competition
and female choice, but in some species, including humans, sexual
selection can also involve female-female competition and male
choice. The degree to which one aspect of sexual selection or
another is manifest in human populations will be influenced by
a host of social and ecological variables, including the operational
sex ratio. These variables are discussed in connection with the
relative contribution of sexual selection and the division of labor
to the evolution of human sex differences.
Are folk taxonomies “memes”?
Authors: Sperber Dan
Published: July 2002

This commentary stresses the importance of Atran's work
for the development of a new cognitive anthropology, but questions
both his particular use of Dawkins's “meme” model
and the general usefulness of the meme model for understanding
folk-taxonomies as cultural phenomena.
Does extraversion predict positive incentive motivation?
Authors: Corr Philip J.
Published: July 2002

I focus on a number of issues arising from Depue &
Collins's target article that require further consideration:
(1) data that fail to confirm extraversion effects in positive
incentive experiments; (2) the role of personality factors, other
than extraversion, in dopamine agonism on positive mood states;
(3) the role of extraversion in nonspecific arousal, indicating that
extraversion may not be an homogeneous trait; and (4) the problem
of identifying neurobiologically important traits from existing
structural models of personality. I applaud the heuristic value of
the model presented and suggest ways in which aspects of the model
may be used to identify the personality traits associated with
positive incentive motivation.
Perirhinal cortex and hippocampus mediate parallel processing of object and spatial location information
Authors: Kesner Raymond P.
Published: July 2002

An alternative to Aggleton & Brown's interpretation
is presented suggesting that the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus
mediate different attribute information, but use the same processes,
supporting the idea of parallel processing based on attribute (visual
object and spatial location) rather than process characteristics (item
recognition and familiarity).
Is haptic perception continuous with cognition?
Authors: Gentaz Edouard , Rossetti Yves
Published: July 2002

A further step in Pylyshyn's discontinuity thesis is to
examine the penetrability of haptic (tactual-kinesthetic) perception.
The study of the perception of orientation and the “oblique
effect” (lower performance in oblique orientations than in
vertical–horizontal orientations) in the visual and haptic
modalities allows this question to be discussed. We suggest that
part of the visual process generating the visual oblique effect is
cognitively impenetrable, whereas all haptic processes generating
the haptic oblique effect are cognitively penetrable.
Vision and cognition: Drawing the line
Authors: Hollingworth Andrew , Henderson John M.
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn defends a distinction between early visual perception
and cognitive processing. But exactly where should the line between
vision and cognition be drawn? Our research on object identification
suggests that the construction of an object's visual description
is isolated from contextually derived expectations. Moreover, the
matching of constructed descriptions to stored descriptions appears
to be similarly isolated.
Asymptotic formulas on flat surfaces
Authors: ESKIN ALEX , MASUR HOWARD
Published: July 2002

We find asymptotics for the number of cylinders and saddle connections on flat surfaces. These results extend previous results of Veech.
Anosov mapping class actions on the $SU(2)$-representation variety of a punctured torus
Authors: BROWN RICHARD J.
Published: July 2002

Recently, Goldman [2] proved that the mapping class group of a compact surface $S$, ${\it MCG}(S)$, acts ergodically on each symplectic stratum of the Poisson moduli space of flat $ S(2)$-bundles over $S$, $X(S, S(2))$. We show that this property does not extend to that of cyclic subgroups of ${\it MCG}(S)$, for $S$ a punctured torus. The symplectic leaves of $X(T^2-pt., SU(2))$ are topologically copies of the 2-sphere $S^2$, and we view mapping class actions as a continuous family of discrete Hamiltonian dynamical systems on $S^2$. These deformations limit to finite rotations on the degenerate leaf corresponding to $-{\rm Id}$. boundary holonomy. Standard KAM techniques establish that the action is not ergodic on the leaves in a neighborhood of this degenerate leaf.
Calculation of Fuchsian groups associated to billiards in a rational triangle
Authors: WARD CLAYTON C.
Published: July 2002

We define, following Veech, the Fuchsian group $\Gamma(P)$ of a rational polygon $P$. If $P$ is simply-connected, then ‘rational’ is equivalent to the condition that all interior angles of $P$ be rational multiples of $\pi$. Should it happen that $\Gamma(P)$ has finite covolume in $\mathop{\rm PSL}\nolimits (2, {\Bbb R})$ (and is thus a {\it lattice}), then a theorem of Veech states that every billiard path in $P$ is either finite or uniformly distributed in $P$.

We consider the Fuchsian groups of various rational triangles. First, we calculate explicitly the Fuchsian groups of a new sequence of triangles, and discover they are lattices. Interestingly, the lattices found are not commensurable with those previously known. We then demonstrate a class of triangles whose Fuchsian groups are {\it not\/} lattices. These are the first examples of such triangles. Finally, we end by showing how one may specify algebraically, i.e. by an explicit polynomial in two variables, the Riemann surfaces and holomorphic one-forms that are associated to a simply-connected rational polygon. Previously, these surfaces were known by their geometric description. As

an example, we show a connection between the billiard in a regular polygon and the well-known Fermat curves of the algebraic equation $x^n + y^n = 1$.
Politics of pension sharing in urban South Africa
Authors: SAGNER ANDREAS , MTATI RAYMOND Z.
Published: July 2002

Analysing the practice of pension sharing, this article looks at social and
cultural dimensions of ageing in an urban African residential area, Cape
Town's Khayelitsha. First, the paper discusses pension sharing as a future-oriented security strategy. Many older Africans in Khayelitsha believe that if
they do not share their pensions with their kin, they do not have much chance
of being helped in times of need. Pension sharing as an instrumental act is
rooted in the perceived underdevelopment of the state social security system
on the one hand, and in the very character of African kinship and the fluidity
of today's urban domestic units on the other. Partly triggered by poverty and
mass unemployment, African pensioners are under severe normative pressure
to share their grants within their families. Taking into account African notions
of old age and of personhood, and considering the widespread devaluation of
older Africans in social constructions, pension sharing provides older Africans
with an (easily available) means by which they can earn (self-)respect.
Further, state policies indirectly enhance the normative pressure on pensioners
to share their old-age pensions. On a symbolic plane the practice may be
construed as a political model that conceptualises duty as the inner bond of the
social world. In conclusion, it is propounded that the concept of (intergenerational)
reciprocity is inadequate to account for pension sharing or
practical provision of old-age care.
Do personal conditions and circumstances
surrounding partner loss explain
loneliness in newly bereaved older adults?
Authors: VAN BAARSEN BERNA , SMIT JOHANNES H. , SNIJDERS TOM A. B. , KNIPSCHEER KEES P. M.
Published: July 2002

This longitudinal study aims to explain loneliness in newly bereaved older
adults, taking into account personal and circumstantial conditions surrounding
the partner's death. A distinction is made between emotional and
social loneliness. Data were gathered both before and after partner loss.
Results were interpreted within the framework of the Theory of Mental
Incongruity. The findings reveal that being unable to anticipate the partner's
death is related to higher levels of emotional loneliness. Standards of
instrumental support, measured indirectly by poor physical condition, lead to
stronger emotional as well as social loneliness. Standards measured directly by
importance attached to support or contacts result in higher emotional
loneliness but, unexpectedly, in lower social loneliness. Furthermore,
difficulties with establishing personal contacts, caused, for instance, by social
anxiety, add to loneliness. It is concluded that circumstances related to the
partner's illness may contribute to emotional loneliness after bereavement.
Moreover, the results highlight the importance of taking coping attitudes into
consideration for a better understanding of how newly bereaved older adults
adapt to the loss of a partner.
Neighbouring networks and environmental dependency. Differential
effects of neighbourhood characteristics on the relative size and composition of
neighbouring networks of older adults in The Netherlands
Authors: THOMÉSE FLEUR , VAN TILBURG THEO
Published: July 2002

The effects of four social-structural neighbourhood characteristics on the
relative size and the composition of neighbouring networks are tested in a
sample of 3,504 older adults born between 1908 and 1937 and living in three
different regions in the Netherlands. Interactions with individual income and
ADL capacity are included in multilevel regression analyses, to test effects of
older adults' environmental dependency. Population density and residential
mobility both have a negative effect on the relative size of the neighbouring
network, and the effect of urbanisation is strongest among poorer respondents.
These findings suggest first that the structural effects of urbanisation work at
the level of concentration vs. dispersion of personal networks, and second that
there is no general mechanism of environmental dependency.