bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The novel T755C mutation in BMP15 is associated with the litter size of Iranian Afshari, Ghezel, and Shal breeds
Authors: Amini Hamid-Reza , Ajaki Amir , Farahi Majid , Heidari Mitra , Pirali Ahmad , Forouzanfar Mohsen , Eghbalsaied Shahin
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The present study was conducted to determine the molecular genetic variation
in bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) of some selected Iranian sheep breeds and
aims to provide relevant genetic information for twin-birth lambing.
Therefore, a total of 44 rams and 213 ewes with single-, twin-, and
triplet-birth lambing were used from Shal, Ghezel, Afshari and
Lori-Bakhtiari sheep breeds. Three primer pairs were used for amplification of
exons 1 and 2 of the BMP15 gene. The sequencing result
of distinctive single-strand conformation polymorphism
(SSCP)
patterns showed segregation
of the T755C mutation and the ensuing non-conservative substitution of L252P
in the BMP15 propeptide. All three ewes with triplet-birth lambing and two
sterile ewes were heterozygotic for this mutation. Association analysis
revealed that this mutation was significantly related to the ewe's litter
size, so that ewes with the CT genotype had 0.24 and 0.30 more lambs than
those with the CC (p < 0.05) and TT (p < 0.01)
genotypes, respectively. The mutation effect on the litter size was
incomplete dominance in Afshari breed and over-dominance in Shal and Ghezel
breeds. In conclusion, the findings in this experiment suggested synergistic
effects of the T755C mutation and other unknown mutations in other effective
genes which cause infertility and higher litter size in two different ways.
The role of the winter residual circulation in the summer mesopause regions in WACCM
Authors: Kuilman Maartje Sanne , Karlsson Bodil
Published: March 2018

Abstract. High winter planetary wave activity warms the summer polar mesopause via a
link between the two hemispheres. Complex wave–mean-flow
interactions take place on a global
scale, involving sharpening and weakening of the summer zonal flow. Changes
in the wind shear occasionally generate flow instabilities. Additionally, an
altering zonal wind modifies the breaking of vertically propagating gravity
waves. A crucial component for changes in the summer zonal flow is the
equatorial temperature, as it modifies latitudinal gradients. Since several
mechanisms drive variability in the summer zonal flow, it can be hard to
distinguish which one is dominant. In the mechanism coined interhemispheric
coupling, the mesospheric zonal flow is suggested to be a key player for how
the summer polar mesosphere responds to planetary wave activity in the winter
hemisphere. We here use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM)
to investigate the role of the summer stratosphere in shaping the conditions
of the summer polar mesosphere. Using composite analyses, we show that in the
absence of an anomalous summer mesospheric temperature gradient between the
equator and the polar region, weak planetary wave forcing in the winter would
lead to a warming of the summer mesosphere region instead of a cooling, and
vice versa. This is opposing the temperature signal of the interhemispheric
coupling that takes place in the mesosphere, in which a cold and calm winter
stratosphere goes together with a cold summer mesopause. We hereby strengthen
the evidence that the variability in the summer mesopause region is mainly
driven by changes in the summer mesosphere rather than in the summer
stratosphere.
Ice particle production in mid-level stratiform mixed-phase clouds observed with collocated A-Train measurements
Authors: Zhang Damao , Wang Zhien , Kollias Pavlos , Vogelmann Andrew M. , Yang Kang , Luo Tao
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Collocated A-Train CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar measurements between 2006
and 2010 are analyzed to study primary ice particle production
characteristics in mid-level stratiform mixed-phase clouds on a global scale.
For similar clouds in terms of cloud top temperature and liquid water path,
Northern Hemisphere latitude bands have layer-maximum radar reflectivity (ZL)
that is ∼ 1 to 8 dBZ larger than their counterparts in the Southern
Hemisphere. The systematically larger ZL under similar cloud conditions
suggests larger ice number concentrations in mid-level stratiform mixed-phase
clouds over the Northern Hemisphere, which is possibly related to higher
background aerosol loadings. Furthermore, we show that springtime northern mid- and high
latitudes have ZL that is larger by up to 6 dBZ (a factor of 4
higher ice number concentration) than other seasons, which might be related
to more dust events that provide effective ice nucleating particles. Our
study suggests that aerosol-dependent ice number concentration
parameterizations are required in climate models to improve mixed-phase cloud
simulations, especially over the Northern Hemisphere.
A quest for the biological sources of the ubiquitous long chain alkyl diols in the marine realm
Authors: Balzano Sergio , Lattaud Julie , Villanueva Laura , Rampen Sebastiaan , Brussaard Corina P. D. , van Bleijswijk Judith , Bale Nicole , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Schouten Stefan
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Long chain alkyl diols (LCDs) are widespread in the marine water column and sediments but their biological sources are mostly unknown. Here we combine lipid analyses with 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing on suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected in the photic zone of the tropical North Atlantic at 24 stations to infer relationships between LCDs and potential LCD-producers. The C30 1,15-diol was detected in all SPM samples and accounted for > 95 % of the total LCDs, while minor proportions of C28 and C30 1,13-diols, C28 and C30 1,14-diols as well as C32 1,15-diol were found. The concentration of the C30 and C32 diols was higher in the mixed layer of the water column compared to the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), whereas concentrations of C28 diols were comparable. Sequencing analyses revealed extremely low contributions (≈ 0.1 % of the 18S rRNA gene reads) of known LCD-producers but the contributions from two taxonomic classes to which known producers are affiliated, i.e. Dictyochophyceae and Chrysophyceae, followed a trend similar to that of the concentrations of C30 and C32 diols. Statistical analyses indicated that the abundance of 4 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the Chrysophyceae and Dictyochophyceae, along with 23 OTUs falling in other phylogenetic groups, were significantly correlated with C30 diol concentrations. However, it is not clear whether some of these OTUs might indeed correspond to LCD-producers or whether these correlations are just indirect. Furthermore, based on the average LCD-content measured in cultivated LCD-producing algae, the detected concentrations of LCDs in SPM are too high to be explained by the abundances of the suspected LCD-producing OTUs. This is likely explained by the slower degradation of LCDs compared to DNA in the oxic water column and suggests that some of the LCDs found here were likely to be associated to suspended debris, while the DNA from the related LCD-producers had been already fully degraded. This suggests that care should be taken in constraining biological sources of relatively stable biomarker lipids by quantitative comparisons of DNA and lipid abundances.
Changes in extremely hot days under stabilized 1.5 and 2.0 °C global warming scenarios as simulated by the HAPPI multi-model ensemble
Authors: Wehner Michael , Stone Dáithí , Mitchell Dann , Shiogama Hideo , Fischer Erich , Graff Lise S. , Kharin Viatcheslav V. , Lierhammer Ludwig , Sanderson Benjamin , Krishnan Harinarayan
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts
(HAPPI) experimental protocol provides a multi-model database to compare the
effects of stabilizing anthropogenic global warming of 1.5 ∘C over
preindustrial levels to 2.0 ∘C over these levels. The HAPPI experiment
is based upon large ensembles of global atmospheric models forced by sea
surface temperature and sea ice concentrations plausible for these
stabilization levels. This paper examines changes in extremes of high
temperatures averaged over three consecutive days. Changes in this measure
of extreme temperature are also compared to changes in hot season
temperatures. We find that over land this measure of extreme high
temperature increases from about 0.5 to 1.5 ∘C over present-day values
in the 1.5 ∘C stabilization scenario, depending on location and model. We
further find an additional 0.25 to 1.0 ∘C increase in extreme high
temperatures over land in the 2.0 ∘C stabilization scenario. Results
from the HAPPI models are consistent with similar results from the one
available fully coupled climate model. However, a complicating factor in
interpreting extreme temperature changes across the HAPPI models is their
diversity of aerosol forcing changes.
Construction of a surface air temperature series for Qingdao in China for the period 1899 to 2014
Authors: Li Yan , Tinz Birger , von Storch Hans , Wang Qingyuan , Zhou Qingliang , Zhu Yani
Published: March 2018

Abstract. We present a homogenized surface air temperature (SAT) time series at 2 m height for the
city of Qingdao in China from 1899 to 2014. This series is derived from three
data sources: newly digitized and homogenized observations of the German
National Meteorological Service from 1899 to 1913, homogenized observation
data of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) from 1961 to 2014 and a
gridded dataset of Willmott and Matsuura (2012) in Delaware to fill the gap
from 1914 to 1960. Based on this new series, long-term trends are described.
The SAT in Qingdao has a significant warming trend of
0.11 ± 0.03 ∘C decade−1 during 1899–2014. The coldest
period occurred during 1909–1918 and the warmest period occurred during
1999–2008. For the seasonal mean SAT, the most significant warming can be
found in spring, followed by winter. The homogenized time series of Qingdao
is provided and archived by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) web page under
overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte
(http://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/overseas_stations/ueberseedoku/doi_qingdao.html)
in ASCII format. Users can also freely obtain a short description of the data
at https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.5676/DWD/Qing_v1. And the data can be downloaded at
http://dwd.de/EN/ourservices/overseas_stations/ueberseedoku/data_qingdao.txt.
Polar boundary layer bromine explosion and ozone depletion events in the chemistry–climate model EMAC v2.52: implementation and evaluation of AirSnow algorithm
Authors: Falk Stefanie , Sinnhuber Björn-Martin
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the polar boundary layer have been observed
frequently during springtime. They are related to events of boundary layer
enhancement of bromine. Consequently, increased amounts of boundary layer
volume mixing ratio (VMR) and vertical column densities (VCDs) of BrO
have been observed by in situ observation, ground-based as well as airborne
remote sensing, and from satellites. These so-called bromine explosion (BE)
events have been discussed serving as a source of tropospheric BrO at
high latitudes, which has been underestimated in global models so far. We
have implemented a treatment of bromine release and recycling on sea-ice- and
snow-covered surfaces in the global chemistry–climate model EMAC
(ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) based on the scheme of
Toyota et al. (2011). In this scheme, dry deposition fluxes of HBr,
HOBr, and BrNO3 over ice- and snow-covered surfaces are
recycled into Br2 fluxes. In addition, dry deposition of O3,
dependent on temperature and sunlight, triggers a Br2 release from
surfaces associated with first-year sea ice. Many aspects of observed bromine
enhancements and associated episodes of near-complete depletion of boundary
layer ozone, both in the Arctic and in the Antarctic, are reproduced by this
relatively simple approach. We present first results from our global model
studies extending over a full annual cycle, including comparisons with Global
Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite BrO VCDs and surface
ozone observations.
Why has catchment evaporation increased in the past 40 years? A data-based study in Austria
Authors: Duethmann Doris , Blöschl Günter
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Global warming has increased regional evapotranspiration in many parts of the world in the last decades, but the drivers of these increases are widely debated. Part of the difficulty lies in the scarcity of high-quality long term data on evapotranspiration. In this paper, we analyze changes in catchment evapotranspiration estimated from the water balances of 156 catchments in Austria over the period 1977–2014 and attribute them to changes in atmospheric demand and available energy, vegetation, and soil moisture as possible drivers. Trend analyses suggest that evapotranspiration has significantly increased in 60 % of the catchments (p ≤ 0.05) with an average increase of 29 ± 14 mm y−1 decade−1 (±standard deviation) or 4.9 ± 2.3 % decade−1. A pooled pan evaporation series based on 22 stations has, on average, increased by 29 ± 5 mm y−1 decade−1 or 6.0 ± 1.0 % decade−1. Reference evaporation over the 156 catchments estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation has increased by 18 ± 5 mm y−1 decade−1 or 2.8 ± 0.7 % decade−1. Of these, 2.1 % are due to increased global radiation and 0.5 % due to increased air temperature according to the Penman-Monteith equation. A satellite-based vegetation index (NDVI) has increased by 0.02 ± 0.01 decade−1 or 3.1 ± 1.1 % decade−1. Estimates of reference evaporation accounting for changes in stomata resistance due to changes in NDVI indicate that the increase in vegetation activity has led to a similar increase in reference evaporation as changes in the climate parameters. A regression between trends in evapotranspiration and precipitation, as a proxy of soil moisture, yields a sensitivity of 0.30 ± 0.04 mm y−2 increase in evapotranspiration to 1  y−2 increase in precipitation. A synthesis of the data analyses suggests that 38 ± 13 % of the observed increase in catchment evapotranspiration can be directly attributed to increased atmospheric demand and available energy, 30 ± 12 % to increased vegetation activity, and 32 ± 5 % to increased soil moisture due to increases in precipitation.
A stochastic model for drought risk analysis in The Netherlands
Authors: Diermanse Ferdinand L. M. , Mens Marjolein J. P. , Macian-Sorribes Hector , Schasfoort Femke
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Population growth and economic developments increase the demand for water resources. Furthermore, climate change is often projected to have negative impacts on the availability of these water resources. Measures to reduce the risk of water shortages can be costly and often require long-term planning strategies. In the decision making process, a thorough understanding of these drought-related risks for the various water users is of crucial importance. Historic time series of climatologic and hydrological variables, used as input for water allocation and drought impact models, are generally too short to provide such a detailed understanding. This makes the case for using lengthy synthetic time series. The challenge is to develop synthetic time series that are realistic and representative for the current and future climate conditions. We present a stochastic model for generating realistic times series of meteorological and hydrological variables that characterise drought events. The model is applied to a case study in the Netherlands, but is generic in set-up and can thus be applied elsewhere as well. It is demonstrated that the main features of the historic time series are well reproduced. The generated synthetic times series provide valuable insights into the frequency and severity of droughts and help improve the assessment of drought risks.
Understanding the water cycle over the upper Tarim basin: retrospect the estimated discharge bias to atmospheric variables and model structure
Authors: Zhou Xudong , Polcher Jan , Yang Tao , Hirabayashi Yukiko , Nguyen-Quang Trung
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The bias in atmospheric variables as well as that in model computation are two major causes of failures in discharge estimation. Attributing the bias in discharge estimation becomes difficult if there is a lack of qualified meteorological observations. The problem is more complicated over the mountainous area where strong orographic effects exist and with severe heterogenous geography (e.g. the Upper Tarim basin). In this study, we in the first step improved the forcing inputs using local refined precipitation dataset and glacier simulations over the upper Tarim basin. The discharge bias was then obtained by comparing the estimated discharge from an advanced land surface model (ORCHIDEE) with in-situ discharge observations. We then introduced a framework with Budyko approach which succeeded in attributing the estimated bias to possible biases from major forcing variables and model structure. The possibility of these biases was discussed by referring to many other studies with similar climatic or land surface characteristics. Results show that the water inputs (rainfall, snowfall or glacier melt) are very likely underestimated especially for the headwater catchments of the upper Yarkand and the upper Aksu, with the largest range of 43.2 % and 33.9 % respectively. Meanwhile, the potential evapotranspiration is unrealistically high over the upper Yarkand and the upper Hotan (1240.4 mm/yr and 1153.7 mm/yr respectively). The bias in actual evapotranspiration which is determined by the model strcuture is possible but not the only contributor to the discharge underestimation (overestimated by 76.1 %, 19.1 % and 105.8 % for its three headwater catchments). Based on the discharge simulation and bias analysis, we estimated the water consumption by human intervention ranging from 213.50 × 108 m/yr to 300.58 × 108 m3/yr, which is another bias source in current version of ORCHIDEE. This study succeeded in retrospecting the bias from the discharge estimation to multiple bias sources of the atmospheric variables and the model structure, although the framework needs further argumentations about its robustness, it provides a unique method for evaluating the regional water cycle and its biases with our current knowledge of observational uncertainties.
A temperature- and stress-controlled failure criterion for ice-filled
permafrost rock joints
Authors: Mamot Philipp , Weber Samuel , Schröder Tanja , Krautblatter Michael
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Instability and failure of permafrost-affected rock slopes have significantly increased coincident to warming in the last decades. Most of the observed failures in permafrost-affected rock walls are likely triggered by the mechanical destabilisation of warming bedrock permafrost including effects in ice-filled joints. The failure of ice-filled rock joints has only been observed in a small number of experiments, often using concrete as a rock analogue. Here, we present a systematic study of the brittle shear failure of ice and rock-ice interfaces, simulating the accelerating phase of rock slope failure. For this, we performed 141 shear experiments with rock-ice-rock sandwich samples at constant strain rates provoking ice fracturing (10−3 s−1), under relevant stress conditions ranging from 100 to 800 kPa, i.e. 4–30 m rock overburden, and at temperatures from −10 to −0.5 °C, typical for recent rock slope failures in alpine permafrost. To create close to natural but reproducible conditions, limestone sample surfaces were ground to international rock mechanical standard roughness. Acoustic emission (AE) was successfully applied to describe the fracturing behaviour, anticipating rock-ice failure as all failures are predated by an AE hit increase with peaks immediately prior to failure. We demonstrate that both, the warming and unloading (i.e. reduced overburden) of ice-filled rock joints lead to a significant drop in shear resistance. With a temperature increase from −10 °C to −0.5 °C, the shear stress at failure reduces by 64–78 % for normal stresses of 100–400 kPa. At a given temperature, the shear resistance of rock-ice interfaces decreases with decreasing normal stress. This can lead to a self-enforced rock slope failure propagation: as soon as a first slab has detached, further slabs become unstable through progressive thermal propagation and possibly even faster by unloading. Here, we introduce a new Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion for ice-filled rock joints that is valid for joint surfaces which we assume similar for all rock types, and which applies to temperatures from −8 to −0.5 °C and normal stresses from 100 to 400 kPa. It contains a temperature-dependent friction and cohesion which decrease by 12 %/°C and 10 %/°C respectively due to warming and it applies to temperature and stress conditions of more than 90 % of the recently documented accelerating failure phases in permafrost rock walls.
Why so many flowers? A preliminary assessment of mixed pollination strategy enhancing sexual reproduction of the invasive Acacia longifolia in Portugal
Authors: Giovanetti Manuela , Ramos Margarida , Máguas Cristina
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Acacia longifolia, a native legume from Australia, has been
introduced in many European countries and elsewhere, thus becoming one of the
most important global invasive species. In Europe, its flowering occurs in a
period unsuitable for insect activity: nonetheless it is considered
entomophilous. Floral traits of this species are puzzling: brightly coloured
and scented as liked by insects, but with abundant staminate
small-sized flowers and relatively small pollen grains, as it is common in
anemophilous species. Invasion processes are especially favoured when
reshaping local ecological networks, thus the interest in understanding
pollination syndromes associated with invasive plant species that may
facilitate invasiveness. Moreover, a striking difference exists between its
massive flowering and relatively poor seed set. We introduced a novel
approach: first, we consider the possibility that a part of the pollination
success is carried on by wind and, second, we weighted the ethological
perspective of the main pollinator. During the flowering season of A. longifolia (February–April 2016), we carried on exclusion experiments to
detect the relative contribution of insects and wind. While the exclusion
experiments corroborated the need for pollen vectors, we actually recorded a
low abundance of insects. The honeybee, known pollinator of acacias, was
relatively rare and not always productive in terms of successful visits. While wind
contributed to seed set, focal observations confirmed that honeybees transfer pollen when visiting both the inflorescences to collect pollen and
the extrafloral nectaries to collect nectar. The mixed pollination strategy
of A. longifolia may then be the basis of its success in invading
Portugal's windy coasts.
The Effect of Insurance Knowledge on the Sales of Insurance
Authors: Nia Farzaneh Haghighat , Niavand Hossein , Thimmarayappa R.
Published: March 2018

The world we live in is full of uncertainties and risks. Individuals, families, businesses, properties and assets are exposed to different types and levels of risks, so the importance of insurance is imperative for everyone.As regards that there have been few investigations about the effect of education on the sales of insurance; the insurance market suffers from a lack of study about the effect of insurance knowledge on the sales of insurance. Hence, for the first time, this research investigates about the effect of insurance knowledge (individuals who have knowledge of insurance either their education or their occupation is related to insurance), as a substantial factor, on the sales of insurance in Iran. Our main hypothesis is that the insurance knowledge has the positive effect on the sales of insurance. In order to test this hypothesis, we consider travel insurance. In the first step, we test the effect of risk avoidance along with other individual’s characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, occupation, education, Individual travel, group travel, air travel, maritime trip and land trip on the sales for travel insurance. Then in the second step, for investigating about the effect of insurance knowledge, we divide the population of interest into two groups, one with insurance knowledge and another one without insurance knowledge and compare risk aversion level of these two groups. The methodology of use in this study, questionnaires that gathered from stratified random sampling and applying logistic regression model. The results indicate that risk avoidance has a positive relationship with travel insurance sales. In addition, risk avoidance level is higher in a group with insurance knowledge. Hence, insurance knowledge has a positive relationship with travel insurance sales.
Psychiatric Malpractice in Jewish Law
Authors: Dollin Yeshai , Roth Joel
Published: March 2018

Psychiatric malpractice is an important and increasing phenomenon in the medical world, and although the frequency of litigation is low, the importance of addressing the liability of negligent psychiatrists is not. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the different categories of psychiatric malpractice namely intentional torts, sexual exploitation, suicide, violent patients, breach of confidentiality, and somatic therapies from an American legal perspective including major civil court cases pertaining to these different categories. Each of these different categories are then viewed through a Jewish legal lens utilizing sources from the Torah, Tosefta, Talmud, Codes, Rishonim, Ahronim, and contemporary responsa to investigate the liability of a negligent psychiatrist from a halakhic perspective.
Utilization of Natural Zeolites as Cu (Ii) and Zn (Ii) Adsorbent
Authors: Dewi Evi Mutiara , Suwardi . , Suryaningtyas Dyah Tjahyandari , Anwar Syaiful
Published: March 2018

This research was aimed to determine the differences of physical and chemical characteristics from three natural zeolites from Tasikmalaya, Bayah and Lampung areas and to examine the characteristics of the natural zeolite adsorption capability to the micro-nutrients. The zeolite characterization analysis included some variables i.e. mineral types, morphologyand pH, CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity), BSP (Base Saturation Point), Cu and Zn content of zeolite.  Analysis of natural zeolite adsorption characteristics were done by Batch System. Data interpretation were done by  using the isothermal adsorption equation of Langmuir, Freundlich and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET).The results showed that zeolite from Bayah and Tasikmalaya had a similiar morphology and it was categorized as mordenite types and platy structure, while zeolite from Lampung was a clinoptilolite type and tabular structure. The CEC of Tasikmalaya zeolite (137.58 cmol(-)kg-1) was higher than Bayah (96.75 cmol(-)kg-1) and Lampung (87.72 cmol(-)kg-1). Adsorption capability at the Langmuir equation of Cu by Bayah zeolite (47.619 mg g-1) was higher than Lampung (33.333 mgg-1) and Tasikmalaya (28.571 mg g-1). Effective adsorption of Zn by Bayah zeolite 19.417 mg g-1 was higher than  Lampung (16.949 mg g-1) and Tasikmalaya (1.395 mg g-1).
Quality Improvement of Compost from Empty Oil Palm Fruit Bunch by the Addition of Boiler Ash and its effect on Chemical Properties of Ultisols and the Production of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Mulyani Sri , Suryaningtyas Dyah Tjahyandari , Suwardi . , Suwarno .
Published: March 2018

Productions of crude palm oil (CPO) produce waste which include the empty oil palm fruit bunch (EOPFB), palm oil mill effluent, shells, and fiber. The combustions of shell and fiber as boiler feed produce waste in the form of boiler ash. Boiler ash is very potential to use as an additive to improve quality of the EOPFB compost. The objectives of this research were to study : 1) effect of boiler ash on the quality of the EOPFB compost, 2) effect of  EOPFB compost on the chemical properties of Ultisol, and the yield of mustard. The first experiment was about quality improvement of compost from EOPFB by the addition of boiler ash. The treatments applied were four dose levels of boiler ash: K1= 0%, K2 = 15%, K3 = 25%, and K4 = 35%. The second experiment was greenhouse pot experiment. This experiment was consisted of thirteen treatments with three replications arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments applied were: four types of compost from the first experimental results aplied to the soil with four dose levels, i.e : 0, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha-1. The results showed that the addition of boiler ash at the beginning of the composting process improved the quality of  the EOPFB compost: which increased pH, amount of humic acids, macro and micro nutrients content and decreased content of Pb. The aplication of all compost –K1, K2, K3, K4– to Ultisol increased pH H2O, P2O5, organic-C, total-N, exchangeable-Ca, exchangeable-K and yield of mustard and decreased  exchangeable-H, exchangeable-Al. Moreover the yield of mustard was increased about 84% (33.9 g plant-1) with K4 at doses 20 Mg ha-1 and 85% (34.1 g plant-1) with K3 at doses 10 Mg ha-1.
Land Suitability and Proposed Land Utilization of Selaru Island, West Southeast Moluccas Regency for Development Food Crops
Authors: Sirappa Marthen Pasang , Waas Edwen Donald , Susanto Andriko Noto
Published: March 2018

The study was conducted in Selaru Island, West Southeast Moluccas Regency in an area of   32,217 ha. The research objective was to determine the land suitability and proposed land utilization of Selaru Island for development of food crops. The results showed that Selaru Island has a rather suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3) for six crops (upland rice, corn, peanuts, mungbeans, sweet potato, and caladium) covering an area of   19,330 ha and not suitable permanent (N2) for the six crops covering an area of   3,905 ha, while the area of   8,982 ha partly classified accordingly (S3) to plant upland rice and calladium and partially classified as not suitable (N1 and N2) for corn, peanuts, mungbeans, and sweet potatoes. The main limiting factor to the primary land use for food crops in Selaru Island, West Southeast Moluccas Regency among others are the temperatures (the average annual temperature is high), rooting medium (soil solum is shallow), nutrient retention (soil pH is rather alkaline to alkaline), erosion hazard level is moderate, and terrain (wave, rocks on the surface of the soil, and rock outcrop).The proposed land utilization of Selaru Island for food crops based on land suitability classes are (1) food crops of upland-1 with the main commodities of corn, mungbeans, uwi/kumbili and caladium an area of   5,299 ha, (2) food crops of upland-2 with the main commodities of upland rice, uwi/kumbili and caladium an area of   8,982 ha, and (3) food crops of upland-3 with the main commodities peanuts and mungbean an area of   14,031 ha. Development of food crops in Selaru Island need to consider the priority scale factor, the level of compliance, and social culture of the local community.Keywords: Food crops, land suitability, limiting factor, proposed land utilization, Selaru Island
The Effect of Soil Moisture Content and Animal Manure Application on the Growth of Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa (Retz.) Kunt)
Authors: Sunarya Yaya , Sumarsih Enok
Published: March 2018

The objective of the research was to study the interaction between soil moisture content and animal manure application on the growth of Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa (Retz.) Kunt). The experiment was conducted in May until September 2016 in Kampung Lembur Sawah, Kamulyan Village, Manonjaya Subdistrict, Tasikmalaya Regency. A pot experiment was performed using a factorial design consisting of two factors and three replicates. The factors were soil moisture content (K) consisting of four levels i.e. k1 (100% field capacity (FC)), k2 (150% FC), k3 (200% FC), and k4 (250% FC); and animal manure application (P) consisting of p1 (cattle manure), p2 (broiler chicken manure), and p3 (sheep manure). The indicators of plant growth, i.e. plant height, number of tiller, fresh weight and dry weight of plant biomass, shoot/root ratio, percentage of  the >75cm-long stems, water consumption, and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured.  The results showed that  there was an interaction effect between the soil moisture content and animal manure application on the number of tiller at 45 days after planting (DAP), the percentage of the >75 cm-long stems, and the water consumption. The sheep manure application at any levels of soil moisture content resulted in better effect on the growth of Mendong, water use efficiency, and quality of stem (the percentage of the >75cm-long stems). The soil moisture content above the field capacity resulted in better effect on the growth of Mendong, indicating that Mendong is more suitable to grow on the land with the soil moisture content above the field capacity or saturated soil during the whole growing period. Keywords: Manure, Mendong, soil moisture content
Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash and Cattle Manure as Soil Ameliorant on Acid Soil and Its Effect on Heavy Metal Content in Mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: Agustini Rika Yayu , Iskandar Iskandar , Sudarsono Sudarsono , Jaswadi Jaswadi , Wahdaniyah Gusti
Published: March 2018

Coal bottom ash and cattle manure can be used as soil ameliorant. The application of coal bottom ash and cattle manure can improve the soil chemical properties, such as pH and the amounts of available nutrients in soil. The objective of the study was to understand the effect of coal bottom ash and cow manure application on soil chemical properties and heavy metal contents in soil and mustard (Brassica juncea).  A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, including three treatment factors, i.e. age of coal bottom ash (fresh, 4 months and 2 years), dose of coal bottom ash, i.e. 0, 40 and 80 Mg ha-1, and dose of cattle manure, i.e. 0 and 10 Mg ha-1. The results show that the application of coal bottom ash and cattle manure increased the pH and the amounts of total-N, available-P and exchangeable cations (K, Ca and Mg) of the soil. The application of coal bottom ash increased the amounts of Pb, Cd and Co in the soil, but did not increase the amounts of Pb and Co in mustard, while the application of cattle manure increased the amount of Cd both in soil and mustard.  Keywords: Coal bottom ash, cattle manure, heavy metal, mustard, soil ameliorant
Physical Properties of Soils from Several Land Uses in a Tidal Swampland Area Applied with a Fork Irrigation System
Authors: Susilawati Ani , Nursyamsi Dedi , Syahbuddin Haris
Published: March 2018

In Indonesia, tidal swampland is potential to be developed into agricultural land uses. Water management is the key success of farming on the tidal swampland. In the tidal swampland of Kalimantan, Indonesia, a fork irrigation system is widely applied in the water channels to supply irrigation water to the land. Besides irrigation, soil physical characteristics play an important role in controlling water availability for crops. The ability of soil to store water will determine the amount of available water that can be taken up by plants. This research aimed to determine the soil physical properties that are related to water availability in the soils from different land uses in a tidal swamp land area applied with a fork irrigation system. The experiment was conducted in dry season 2012, in Belawang, Barito Kuala district, South Kalimantan province. The soil samples were taken from four land uses, namely rice field, rubber plantation, mixed cropping, and unmanaged land. The soil physical properties, namely soil bulk density, particle density, porosity, texture, pF 1, pF 2, pF 2.54, pF 4, water content, total pore space, rapid drainage pores, slow drainage pores, available water, groundwater level were measured. In addition, the mineralogical properties of the soils were measured as well. The results showed that the physical properties of the soils taken from different land use varied, however, the change of the land use did not cause changes in the soil mineralogical properties. The mineralogy of the soils from different land uses are relatively the same, namely: quartz, illite, and chlorite.
Loss of Soil Organic Matter, Lignocellulose and Microbial Population in Oil Palm Plantations Located at Different Slopes
Authors: Dewi Rika Andriati Sukma , Indriyati Lilik Tri , Sahari Bandung , Sabiham Supiandi
Published: March 2018

Loss of soil organic matter can be caused by erosion triggered by soil compaction and high rainfall. The aims of  the study were to determine (1) the loss of soil organic matter, lignocellulose, and soil microbial population due to erosion and (2) the contribution of organic matter from oil palm fronds. In the current study, the erosion plots were built on the accessible inter-row (gawangan hidup) and inaccessible inter-row (gawangan mati) of oil palm plantations located at the slope of 6-10% and >10%. Soil organic matter, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents and total soil microbial populations were measured in the sediments collected from the erosion plots. The results showed that the loss of organic matter was higher in the accessible inter-row than that in the inaccessible inter-row. The addition of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose from oil palm fronds into the soil are 2.06 Mg ha-1 yr-1, 1.13 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and 1.02 Mg ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Total bacterial population in the sediments taken from the accessible inter-row was higher than that from the inaccessible inter-row, while the total fungal population in the sediments from the inaccessible inter-row was higher than that from the accessible inter-row.
Population and Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in the Rhizosphere of Kasetsart Cassava Clone Grown on Two Different Locations
Authors: Rini Maria Viva , Sitio Selly Novita Sari , Hidayat Kuswanta Futas
Published: March 2018

Population and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) are varied in the soil and influenced by biotic factors such as host plant and abiotic factors such as soil fertility, soil moisture, pH, temperature, etc.  This study aimed to determine the population, diversity, and the dominant type of AMF in the rhizosphere of Kasetsart cassava clones obtained from LampungTimur and Tulang Bawang Barat Regencies, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Population of AMF was counted directly from the rhizosphere of Kasetsart cassava clones and the diversity of AMF was assesed using a pot culture experiment.  The results showed that the population and the diversity of AMF in the rhizosphere of Kasetsart clone obtained from Tulang Bawang Barat was higher than that from LampungTimur.  The predominant type of AMF found in the pot culture using soil samples from Lampung Timur was spore with S2 code that belongs to the genus Gigaspora and S4 code that belongs to the genus Glomus. On the other hand, the type of AMF found in the rhizosphere of soil samples from Tulang Bawang Barat was dominated by spore with S9 code that belongs to the genus Entrophospora.
An Effective Teaching Method to Enhance History-Taking Skills for Chinese Medical Students
Authors: Huang Simin , Xu Peng , Feng Lie , Lu Chunting , Yang Jing
Published: March 2018

History taking is an extremely important skill for medical students to master. In China, medical students usually have opportunities to practise this skill on real patients after they have learned diagnostics and basic relevant theoretical knowledge. Today, however, several factors, such as increased enrolment of medical students and the need to ensure patient safety in avoiding stressful doctor-patient relationships may increase both the difficulty and the importance for medical students to develop this skill. In view of these situations, the aim of this study was to introduce one specific teaching method, i.e., role-play activity, in order to help medical students cultivate and practise history-taking and related skills. 52 third-year medical students were divided into two groups. Students in observation group received role-play activity training before interviewing with real patients. Students in control group were taught by traditional methods without the new method intervention. The teaching effects of role-play activities were evaluated via medical records, tests of history taking and theoretical exams, and questionnaire for the observation group. The scores of seven medical case records for each student in the observation group were analysed and were found to be higher than those in the control group. These results showed no significant differences between the two groups in the first and second interview records with real patients in the hospital, but statistically significant differences were found from the third time. The scores on history-taking tests with a standardized patient (SP) were higher in the observation group than in the control group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in their theory exam scores. Results indicated that role-play activity is an effective method for medical students to improve their history-taking skills.
Controllability of Complex Power Networks
Authors: Zhang Guohua , Li Zhen , Zhang Qiaoli
Published: March 2018

With the progress of time, the power network has been the basis of economic development. However, people have little knowledge of the controllability of the power network. This article will study eight power networks and compare the controllability of the power network in many aspects.
From Legal Imposition to Legal Invitation
Authors: Voermans Wim J.M.
Published: March 2018

From Legal Imposition to Legal Invitation: From Transplants to Mutual Learning, Benchmarks and Best-Practice-Inspiration

Ever since Alan Watson published his thought-provoking book on legal transplant, legal scholars seem to have imported their own ‘do-institutions-matter’ debate. Strong positions have been taken in the debate on the possibility of legal transplants. Some deem context-free legal transplants impossible or at least unwarranted, whereas others rally for a more liberal stance. Bob and Ann Seidman were always working at the heart of this most topical, scholarly debate – one of the most interesting debates on the crossroads of law and (political) societies in our age of globalization. This article tries to get at the heart of the debate on legal transplants, which is rooted in the immediate wake of decolonization and the ideological strife during the Cold War. Since then the world has changed dramatically. We now live in the age of globalization and possibilities for mass communication, information sharing and cooperation in ways unfathomable 40 years ago. This has undoubtedly had an impact on how jurisdictions learn and borrow legal concepts, rules and solutions from one another. Have these new developments and experiences outdated the legal-transplant debate or is it still relevant? The article argues that Bob and Ann Seidman’s position in the debate is still very relevant for present-day practices of legal borrowing and legal transplants. Key to this is their notion of contextual legal-legitimacy.
Implementing Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development in Africa
Authors: Bakibinga-Gaswaga Elizabeth
Published: March 2018

Implementing Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development in Africa: Is It Time to Shift the Paradigm on Law and Development?

This article discusses the relevance of Law and Development theories to the successful implementation or attainment of goals set out in Agenda 2030 in Africa. It zeros in on Sustainable Development Goal 16 and the role of rule of law to development. This article focuses on the work of the Law and Development movement and highlights the contribution of Prof. Robert Seidman to law and development for decades in newly independent African states. It examines the application of the Institutionalist Legislative Theory and Methodology, including the strengths and flaws, and makes recommendations on relevant lessons for rule of law practitioners, especially in terms of developing institutions and legal frameworks, promoting law and development research and building capacity through legal education. While this article does not provide recommendations on the best law and development model or theory, it raises some pertinent issues and makes practical recommendations on the way forward in the short to medium term.
Een internationale vergelijking van wetgevingstechnische aanwijzingen
Authors: Stip M.J.C.
Published: March 2018

Een internationale vergelijking van wetgevingstechnische aanwijzingen

In deze bijdrage staat een rechtsvergelijkend onderzoek naar wetgevingstechnische aanwijzingen van Nederland, Duitsland, Zwitserland, het Verenigd Koninkrijk, de Europese Unie, Canada en de Canadese provincie Brits-Columbia centraal. Hierbij wordt de vraag gesteld in hoeverre er overeenkomsten en verschillen zijn tussen de Nederlandse Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving en de equivalenten daarvan van andere rechtsordes. Daartoe wordt allereerst beschreven welke instrumenten in de verschillende rechtsordes worden gebruikt, welke doelen daarmee worden nagestreefd, hoe de instrumenten zijn opgebouwd en de bindende kracht die van het instrument uitgaat. Daarna worden de instrumenten op twee punten met elkaar vergeleken, te weten beknoptheid en het voorkomen van dubbelzinnigheid. In alle besproken instrumenten zijn dit nastrevenswaardige zaken, hoewel de wijze waarop dat gebeurt, verschilt. Ook de doelstellingen van de instrumenten zelf verschillen, hoewel de onderzochte wetgevingstechnische principes veel gelijkenissen vertonen.
De naleving van wetstechnische aanwijzingen bij ministeriële regelingen
Authors: Borman T.C.
Published: March 2018

De naleving van wetstechnische aanwijzingen bij ministeriële regelingen

In deze bijdrage doet de auteur verslag van zijn onderzoek naar de wetstechnische kwaliteit van 28 ministeriële regelingen die in november en december 2017 in de Staatscourant verschenen. Bekeken is in hoeverre deze regelingen afwijkingen bevatten van de wetstechnische aanwijzingen uit de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving zoals die vóór 1 januari 2018 golden. Over het geheel genomen lijkt de wetstechnische kwaliteit van ministeriële regelingen te zijn verbeterd ten opzichte van de bevindingen uit eerdere onderzoeken uit 2002 en 2004. Het aantal onvolkomenheden is uiteindelijk immers tamelijk gering en geringer dan bij de eerdere onderzoeken. Nog steeds zijn er echter tamelijk veel onvolkomenheden in het opschrift en het slotformulier. Ook de terminologie ‘bedoeld’ en ‘als bedoeld’ en bijlagen verdienen de aandacht. Opvallend is verder dat de verplichting om in de toelichting melding te maken van het afwijken van de vaste verandermomenten of van de minimuminvoeringstermijn vaak niet wordt nageleefd.
Axiological aspects of movement activity
Authors: Zdebska-Biziewska Halina
Published: March 2018

The physical culture (named commonly sport) constitutes a domain of many heterogeneous values. The health
values play one of the most important role among them. They are especially exposed to all their spheres like physical
education, recreation, professional sport, physiotherapy. The health values constitute the strongest argument
in promotion of physical activity. Is it really suffi cient reason for intensifi cation of youth’s self-activity or it should
rather be more effective to reach ludic and hedonistic values as a better working tool for movement promotion?
The aim of this paper is an answer to the question based on synthetic axiological analysis of movement activity.
The author analysed chosen Polish publicationsin the field of philosophy and philosophy of sport confronted with
opinions of students from the secondary school on attractiveness of physical education lessons. The axiological
method has been used in this study. The basic research technique was the analysis of content.