bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Fixed-Switching Modulated Finite Control Set-Model Predictive Control Based on Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Bakeer Abualkasim , Alhasheem Mohammed , Peyghami Saeed
Published: March 2022

The disadvantage of finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is that the switching frequency is variable and relies on the sampling time and operating point. This paper describes how to implement a new algorithm to achieve a fixed-switching frequency functionality for the FCS-MPC. The used approach combines the FCS-MPC with the SVPWM, resulting in the calculation of dwell times and the selection of the best two active vectors for the next sample interval. These dwell times have a significant impact on FCS-MPC performance during transient and steady-state conditions, and their values are determined using various mathematical models. To solve the problem of the fixed-switching frequency with lower harmonics distortion compared to the conventional modulated MPC (M2PC), an ANN-based trained network is proposed to calculate the duty-cycle of the applied vectors and thus the dwell time in the next sampling interval. The ANN network receives the cost functions of the two active vectors and the zero vector from the M2PC control algorithm and determines the optimal duty-cycle for each vector based on a proper tuning. In this way, three goals are achieved, the first goal is that the algorithm explicitly obtains a fixed-switching frequency, and secondly, the cost is as simple as the conventional M2PC. Finally, the feature of including objectives and non-linearity is still applicable. The paper’s case study used the two level voltage source inverter (2L-VSI) for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. The results based on MATLAB/Simulink revealed that the ANN-M2PC has retained all FCS-MPC features in addition to operating at a fixed-switching frequency, while the power quality is significantly enhanced.
Simulation of a Hydrogen-Air Diffusion Flame under Consideration of Component-Specific Diffusivities
Authors: Barabás Jana , Jovicic Vojislav , Delgado Antonio
Published: March 2022

This work deals with the numerical investigation of a three-dimensional, laminar hydrogen-air diffusion flame in which a cylindrical fuel jet is surrounded by in-flowing air. To calculate the distribution of gas molecules, the model solves the species conservation equation for N-1 components, using infinity fast chemistry and irreversible chemical reaction. The consideration of the component-specific diffusion has a strong influence on the position of the high-temperature zone as well as on the concentration distribution of the individual gas molecules. The calculations of the developed model predict the radial and axial species and temperature distribution in the combustion chamber comparable to those from previous publications. Deviations due to a changed burner geometry and air supply narrow the flame structure by up to 50% and the high-temperature zones merge toward the central axis. Due to the reduced inflow velocity of the hydrogen, the high-temperature zones develop closer to the nozzle inlet of the combustion chamber. As the power increases, the length of the cold hydrogen jet increases. Furthermore, the results show that the axial profiles of temperature and mass fractions scale quantitatively with the power input by the fuel.
Fractional-Order Controller for Course-Keeping of Underactuated Surface Vessels Based on Frequency Domain Specification and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Li Guangyu , Li Yanxin , Chen Huayue , Deng Wu
Published: March 2022

In this paper, a new fractional-order (FO) PIλDµ controller is designed with the desired gain and phase margin for the automatic rudder of underactuated surface vessels (USVs). The integral order λ and the differential order μ are introduced in the controller, and the two additional adjustable factors make the FO PIλDµ controller have better accuracy and robustness. Simulations are carried out for comparison with a ship’s digital PID autopilot. The results show that the FO PIλDµ controller has the advantages of a small overshoot, short adjustment time, and precise control. Due to the uncertainty of the model parameters of USVs and two extra parameters, it is difficult to compute the parameters of an FO PIλDµ controller. Secondly, this paper proposes a novel particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for dynamic adjustment of the FO PIλDµ controller parameters. By dynamically changing the learning factor, the particles carefully search in their own neighborhoods at the early stage of the algorithm to prevent them from missing the global optimum and converging on the local optimum, while at the later stage of evolution, the particles converge on the global optimal solution quickly and accurately to speed up PSO convergence. Finally, comparative experiments of four different controllers under different sailing conditions are carried out, and the results show that the FO PIλDµ controller based on the IPSO algorithm has the advantages of a small overshoot, short adjustment time, precise control, and strong anti-disturbance control.
Aging Alters Cervical Vertebral Bone Density Distribution: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Moon Eun-Sang , Kim Seora , Kim Nathan , Jang Minjoung , Deguchi Toru , Zheng Fengyuan , Lee Damian J. , Kim Do-Gyoon
Published: March 2022

Osteoporosis reduces bone mineral density (BMD) with aging. The incidence of cervical vertebral injuries for the elderly has increased in the last decade. Thus, the objective of the current study was to examine whether dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can identify age and sex effects on volumetric BMD and morphology of human cervical vertebrae. A total of 136 clinical CBCT images were obtained from 63 male and 73 female patients (20 to 69 years of age). Three-dimensional images of cervical vertebral bodies (C2 and C3) were digitally isolated. A gray level, which is proportional to BMD, was obtained and its distribution was analyzed in each image. Morphology, including volume, heights, widths, and concavities, was also measured. Most of the gray level parameters had significantly higher values of C2 and C3 in females than in males for all age groups (p < 0.039). The female 60-age group had significant lower values of Mean and Low5 of C2 and C3 than both female 40- and 50-age groups (p < 0.03). The reduced BMD of the female 60-age group likely resulted from postmenopausal demineralization of bone. Current findings suggest that dental CBCT can detect age-dependent changes of cervical vertebral BMD, providing baseline information to develop an alternative tool to diagnose osteoporosis.
Reservoir Performance Prediction in Steam Huff and Puff Injection Using Proxy Modelling
Authors: Merdeka Mohammad Galang , Ridha Syahrir , Negash Berihun Mamo , Ilyas Suhaib Umer
Published: March 2022

Steam huff and puff injection is one of the thermal EOR methods in which steam is injected in a cyclical manner alternating with oil production. The cost and time inefficiency problem of reservoir simulation persists in the design of a steam huff and puff injection scheme. Building predictive proxy models is a suitable solution to deal with this issue. In this study, predictive models of the steam huff and puff injection method were developed using two machine learning algorithms, comprising conventional polynomial regression and an artificial neural network algorithm. Based on a one-well cylindrical synthetic reservoir model, 6043 experiment cases with 28 input parameter values were generated and simulated. Outputs from the results such as cumulative oil production, maximum oil production rate and oil rate at cycle end were extracted from each simulation case to build the predictive model. Reservoir properties that could change after an injection cycle were also modeled. The developed models were evaluated based on the fitting performance from the R-square value, the mean absolute error (MAE) value and the root mean square error (RMSE) value. Then, Sobol analysis was conducted to determine the significance of each parameter in the model. The results show that neural network models have better performance compared to the polynomial regression models. Neural network models have an average R-square value of over 0.9 and lower MAE and RMSE values than the polynomial regression model. The result of applying the Sobol analysis also indicates that initial reservoir water saturation and oil viscosity are the most important parameters for predicting reservoir production performance.
Delving into the Nutraceutical Benefits of Purple Carrot against Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer: A Review
Authors: Rasheed Hina , Shehzad Maham , Rabail Roshina , Kowalczewski Przemysław Łukasz , Kidoń Marcin , Jeżowski Paweł , Ranjha Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz , Rakha Allah , Din Ahmad , Aadil Rana Muhammad
Published: March 2022

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) constitutes a group of risk factors that may increase the risk of cancer and other health problems. Nowadays, researchers are focusing on food compounds that could prevent many chronic diseases. Thus, people are shifting from dietary supplements towards healthy nutritional approaches. As a nutritious and natural food source, purple carrot (Daucus carota spp. Sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) roots could have an important role in the prevention of MetS as well as cancer. This review provides deep insight into the role of purple carrot’s main bioactive compounds and their effectiveness against MetS and cancer. Phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanin, present in purple carrot roots may be especially productive in avoiding or delaying the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVDs), obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Anthocyanins and other phenolics are successful in reducing metabolic changes and inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory effects. Many researchers have made efforts to employ this vegetable in the prevention and treatment of MetS and cancer. However, more advanced studies are required for the identification of its detailed role, effectiveness, suitable intake, and the effect of its bioactive compounds against these diseases.
Buffeting Response Prediction of Long-Span Bridges Based on Different Wind Tunnel Test Techniques
Authors: Su Yi , Di Jin , Li Shaopeng , Jian Bin , Liu Jun
Published: March 2022

The traditional method for calculating the buffeting response of long-span bridges follows the strip assumption, and is carried out by identifying aerodynamic parameters through sectional model force or pressure measurement wind tunnel tests. However, there has been no report on predicting the buffeting response based on the sectional model vibration test. In recent years, the author has proposed a method, based on the integrated transfer function, for predicting the buffeting response of long-span bridges through theoretical and full-bridge tests. This provided an idea for predicting the buffeting response based on the sectional model vibration test. Unfortunately, the effectiveness and accuracy of this method have not been proven or demonstrated through effective tests. To solve this problem, a long-span suspension bridge was taken as a background. Parameters such as aerodynamic admittance were identified through a sectional model force measurement test and the integrated transfer functions were identified through a sectional model vibration test. A taut strip model test was also conducted. Furthermore, the buffeting response prediction results based on three kinds of wind tunnel test techniques were compared. The results showed that if the strip assumption was established, the results of the three methods aligned well, and that selecting a reasonable model aspect ratio for the test could effectively reduce the influence of the 3D effect; moreover, identifying the integrated transfer function by the sectional model vibration test could effectively predict the long-span bridge buffeting response. Furthermore, when the strip assumption failed, the results of the traditional calculation method using 3D aerodynamic admittance became smaller. A larger result would be obtained by neglecting the influence of aerodynamic admittance.
Thermal–Structural Coupling Analysis of Subsea Connector Sealing Contact
Authors: Yun Feihong , Liu Dong , Xu Xiujun , Jiao Kefeng , Hao Xiaoquan , Wang Liquan , Yan Zheping , Jia Peng , Wang Xiangyu , Liang Bin
Published: March 2022

Taking a subsea collet connector as an example, the contact characteristics of the sealing structure of the subsea connector under thermal–structural coupling were studied. Considering the heat transfer problem of the subsea connector in deep water, the heat transfer model of seawater layer between sealing structures was established, and the relationship between equivalent thermal conductivity, composite heat transfer coefficient, and temperature was determined. The steady-state temperature field distribution of the connector under the action of the internal high-temperature oil and gas and external low-temperature seawater was obtained. Considering the stress and deformation of the subsea connector under the thermal load, the thermal–structural coupling analysis model of the steady-state temperature field was established, and the thermal stress theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the key sealing structures of the connector were compared and verified. Analysis of coupled stress calculation, for example, under a steady-state temperature field, was carried out on the sealing structure of the subsea connector. At the same time, the pressure shock mode under a steady temperature field was analyzed, which showed that the lenticular sealing gasket is sensitive to high pressure under high-temperature conditions.
Acute Effects of Different Intensities during Bench Press Exercise on the Mechanical Properties of Triceps Brachii Long Head
Authors: Trybulski Robert , Wojdała Grzegorz , Alexe Dan Iulian , Komarek Zuzanna , Aschenbrenner Piotr , Wilk Michał , Zając Adam , Krzysztofik Michał
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to analyze acute changes in the muscle mechanical properties of the triceps brachii long head after bench press exercise performed at different external loads and with different intensities of effort along with power performance. Ten resistance-trained males (age: 27.7 ± 3.7 yr, body mass: 90.1 ± 17.1 kg, height: 184 ± 4 cm; experience in resistance training: 5.8 ± 2.6 yr, relative one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press: 1.23 ± 0.22 kg/body mass) performed two different testing conditions in a randomized order. During the experimental session, participants performed four successive sets of two repetitions of the bench press exercise at: 50, 70, and 90% 1RM, respectively, followed by a set at 70% 1RM performed until failure, with a 4 min rest interval between each set. Immediately before and after each set, muscle mechanical properties of the dominant limb triceps brachii long head were assessed via a Myoton device. To determine fatigue, peak and average barbell velocity were measured at 70% 1RM and at 70% 1RM until failure (only first and second repetition). In the control condition, only muscle mechanical properties at the same time points after the warm-up were assessed. The intraclass correlation coefficients indicated “poor” to “excellent” reliability for decrement, relaxation time, and creep. Therefore, these variables were excluded from further analysis. Three-way ANOVAs (2 groups × 2 times × 4 loads) indicated a statistically significant group × time interaction for muscle tone (p = 0.008). Post hoc tests revealed a statistically significant increase in muscle tone after 70% 1RM (p = 0.034; ES = 0.32) and 90% 1RM (p = 0.011; ES = 0.56). No significant changes were found for stiffness. The t-tests indicated a significant decrease in peak (p = 0.001; ES = 1.02) and average barbell velocity (p = 0.008; ES = 0.8) during the first two repetitions of a set at 70% 1RM until failure in comparison to the set at 70% 1RM. The results indicate that low-volume, high-load resistance exercise immediately increases muscle tone but not stiffness. Despite no significant changes in the mechanical properties of the muscle being registered simultaneously with a decrease in barbell velocity, there was a trend of increased muscle tone. Therefore, further studies with larger samples are required to verify whether muscle tone could be a sensitive marker to detect acute muscle fatigue.
Dog Behavior Recognition Based on Multimodal Data from a Camera and Wearable Device
Authors: Kim Jinah , Moon Nammee
Published: March 2022

Although various studies on monitoring dog behavior have been conducted, methods that can minimize or compensate data noise are required. This paper proposes multimodal data-based dog behavior recognition that fuses video and sensor data using a camera and a wearable device. The video data represent the moving area of dogs to detect the dogs. The sensor data represent the movement of the dogs and extract features that affect dog behavior recognition. Seven types of behavior recognition were conducted, and the results of the two data types were used to recognize the dog’s behavior through a fusion model based on deep learning. Experimentation determined that, among FasterRCNN, YOLOv3, and YOLOv4, the object detection rate and behavior recognition accuracy were the highest when YOLOv4 was used. In addition, the sensor data showed the best performance when all statistical features were selected. Finally, it was confirmed that the performance of multimodal data-based fusion models was improved over that of single data-based models and that the CNN-LSTM-based model had the best performance. The method presented in this study can be applied for dog treatment or health monitoring, and it is expected to provide a simple way to estimate the amount of activity.
Effects of Nonlinear Damping on Vibrations of Microbeam
Authors: Huang Kun , Li Tianpeng , Xu Wei , Cao Liang
Published: March 2022

The present paper develops a new Bernoulli–Euler theory of microbeams for the consideration of small-scale effects and nonlinear terms, which are induced by the axial elongation of the beam and Kelvin–Voigt damping. The non-resonance and primary resonance of microbeams are researched through the application of Galerkin and multiple scale methods to the new model. The results suggest the following: (1) Nonlinear damping slightly affects the vibration amplitudes under the non-resonance condition; (2) nonlinear damping can significantly change the bifurcation points that induce a jump in the vibration amplitudes under the primary resonance condition. The current researches indicate that nonlinear damping is necessary for an accurate description of microbeam vibrations.
Biological Effect of Gamma Rays According to Exposure Time on Germination and Plant Growth in Wheat
Authors: Hong Min Jeong , Kim Dae Yeon , Jo Yeong Deuk , Choi Hong-Il , Ahn Joon-Woo , Kwon Soon-Jae , Kim Sang Hoon , Seo Yong Weon , Kim Jin-Baek
Published: March 2022

Gamma rays as a type of ionizing radiation constitute a physical mutagen that induces mutations and could be effectively used in plant breeding. To compare the effects of gamma and ionizing irradiation according to exposure time in common wheat (Keumgang, IT 213100), seeds were exposed to 60Co gamma rays at different dose rates. To evaluate the amount of free radical content, we used electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Significantly more free radicals were generated in the case of long-term compared with short-term gamma-ray exposure at the same dose of radiation. Under short-term exposure, shoot and root lengths were slightly reduced compared with those of the controls, whereas long-term exposure caused severe growth inhibition. The expression of antioxidant-related and DNA-repair-related genes was significantly decreased under long-term gamma-ray exposure. Long-term exposure caused higher radiosensitivity than short-term exposure. The results of this study could help plant breeders select an effective mutagenic induction dose rate in wheat.
Assessment of Bioaccessibility and Health Risks of Toxic Metals in Roadside Dust of Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir Md Humayun , Wang Qingyue , Rashid Md Harun , Wang Weiqian , Isobe Yugo
Published: March 2022

Spatial variations in the bioaccessibility and health risks induced by chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in roadside dust from different land-use areas, i.e., commercial areas (CA), planned residential areas (PRA), spontaneous residential areas (SRA) and urban green areas (UGA) in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, were investigated. An in vitro simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) method, which allows the simulation of the gastric (GP) and intestinal phases (IP) of human digestion, was applied to evaluate bioaccessibility and human health risk, assessed using United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) modelling. The average bioaccessible concentration of Zn was the highest in both the gastric (74.4–244.5 µg/g) and intestinal phases (74.4–244.5 µg/g) in all the land-use areas except UGA. The bioaccessibility percentages of Co and Cu in the IP phase and As in the GP phase were >40% for all the land-use categories. Carcinogenic (Cr, Ni, As and Pb) and non-carcinogenic human health risks were evaluated for the ingestion pathway, in both children and adults. The results suggest that there were no non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children exposed to roadside dust toxic metals, but the risk levels of roadside dust toxic metals in some sampling areas were high. The carcinogenic risks of Cr in SRA (for children) and Ni in CA (for both adults and children), PRA (for children) and UGA (for children) were found to be within a tolerable range of 10−6 to 10−4.
Saharan Dust Storm Aerosol Characterization of the Event (9 to 13 May 2020) over European AERONET Sites
Authors: Garofalide Silvia , Postolachi Cristina , Cocean Alexandru , Cocean Georgiana , Motrescu Iuliana , Cocean Iuliana , Munteanu Bogdanel Silvestru , Prelipceanu Marius , Gurlui Silviu , Leontie Liviu
Published: March 2022

This research was aimed at investigating the Saharan dust cloud recorded on 11 and 12 May 2020, by AERONET AOD stations in Italy, Austria, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, and Romania and determining whether it affected the area of the Republic of Moldova. During this period, the Chisinau AERONET monitoring site was not operational. The incentive for the investigation was the discovery of a high sediment load in rainwater collected on 12 May 2020 in Pelinia, a village in the Dochia district of the Republic of Moldova, in the southeastern part of Europe (47.8780 latitude, 27.8344 longitude), which could have originated from the Saharan dust storm. Backward trajectory analysis with NOAA’s HYSPLIT model confirmed that the Saharan dust storm impacted the village of Pelinia. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of Pelinia rainwater sediments confirmed the chemical composition and morphological structure of Saharan dust particles. The particle size of the sediments matched the measurements at the AOD stations at Timisoara and Magurele, supporting the suggestion that Saharan dust probably entered the Republic of Moldova from Romania. FTIR analysis identified chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonates, sulfates, ferrocyanides, and organics (amines, amides, polypeptides, imines, oximes, pyrroles, aldehydes, sulfoxides, sulfones, nitro-derivatives) that were adsorbed and/or absorbed from the atmosphere, consistent with Saharan dust aerosols. Bio-allergens such as pollen were detected in the SEM images, showing the role of Saharan dust in transporting and spreading this kind of biological material. This study highlights the risk of Saharan dust clouds to humans, animals, and plants, but also its potential benefits for agriculture when suitable conditions are met in this regard.
Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Climate Comfort and Population Exposure in Guangdong Province in the Last Half Century
Authors: Ye Ziqiang , Song Song , Zhong Runfei
Published: March 2022

The regional climatic comfort index (CCI) deteriorated significantly due to climate change and anthropogenic interference. Knowledge, regarding the long-term temporal dynamics of the CCI in typical regions, should be strengthened. In this study, we analyze the temporal and spatial evolution of CCI from 1969 to 2018 in Guangdong Province, based on a number of meteorological indicators. Additionally, the population exposure to climate unconformity was examined since 1990 with the help of population data. Our study found that: (1) the warming and humidifying of the summer climate served as the main driving force for the continuous deterioration of the CCI, with comfortable days decreased by 1.06 day/10 year and the extremely muggy days increased by 2.83 day/10 year; (2) spatially, the lowest climate comfortability concentrated in southwestern Guangdong with more than 50 uncomfortable days each year, while the climate comfortability in northeastern Guangdong tends to deteriorate with a higher rate, which can reach as high as 6 day/10 year; (3) in summer, the population exposure to uncomfortable climate highly centralized in the Pearl River Delta, Shantou, Jieyang, and the surrounding areas, and both area and population exposure showed increasing trends. Particularly, Shenzhen held the highest growth rate of population exposure with an increased rate of 2.94 million/10 year; (4) although the discomfort distribution and deterioration rate vary across the province, the spatial heterogeneity of comfortability is diminishing in Guangdong Province. This study will provide a scientific reference in areas of regional urban planning, thermal environment improvement, local resident health risk analysis, and key strategy implementation.
Regularized Asymptotic Solutions of a Singularly Perturbed Fredholm Equation with a Rapidly Varying Kernel and a Rapidly Oscillating Inhomogeneity
Authors: Bibulova Dana , Kalimbetov Burkhan , Safonov Valeriy
Published: March 2022

This article investigates an equation with a rapidly oscillating inhomogeneity and with a rapidly decreasing kernel of an integral operator of Fredholm type. Earlier, differential problems of this type were studied in which the integral term was either absent or had the form of a Volterra-type integral. The presence of an integral operator and its type significantly affect the development of an algorithm for asymptotic solutions, in the implementation of which it is necessary to take into account essential singularities generated by the rapidly decreasing kernel of the integral operator. It is shown in tise work that when passing the structure of essentially singular singularities changes from an integral operator of Volterra type to an operator of Fredholm type. If in the case of the Volterra operator they change with a change in the independent variable, then the singularities generated by the kernel of the integral Fredholm-type operators are constant and depend only on a small parameter. All these effects, as well as the effects introduced by the rapidly oscillating inhomogeneity, are necessary to take into account when developing an algorithm for constructing asymptotic solutions to the original problem, which is implemented in this work.
Conventional and Atypical Deep Penetrating Nevus, Deep Penetrating Nevus-like Melanoma, and Related Variants
Authors: Gill Pavandeep , Aung Phyu P.
Published: March 2022

Deep penetrating nevus (DPN) is an uncommon acquired melanocytic lesion with a distinct histopathological appearance that typically behaves in an indolent manner. The lesion is characterized by a symmetrical proliferation of epithelioid to spindled melanocytes associated with abundant melanophages and wedge-shaped extension to the deep reticular dermis and subcutis. Pronounced cytologic atypia and mitotic figures are usually absent, which helps distinguish DPN from melanoma with a deep penetrating growth pattern. Recently, the concept of atypical DPN has been proposed for lesions that demonstrate borderline histomorphologic features and may be associated with lymph node deposits but lack the copy number aberrations typical of melanoma by either fluorescence in situ hybridization or comparative genomic hybridization. While most of these lesions have a favorable clinical course, rare lesions may progress to melanoma. In this review, we summarize the current literature on atypical DPNs with uncertain behavior/metastatic potential and outline the characteristics that distinguish these lesions from conventional DPN and melanoma with DPN-like features.
The Relationship between Physical Activity, Physical Exercise, and Human Gut Microbiota in Healthy and Unhealthy Subjects: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cataldi Stefania , Bonavolontà Valerio , Poli Luca , Clemente Filipe Manuel , De Candia Michele , Carvutto Roberto , Silva Ana Filipa , Badicu Georgian , Greco Gianpiero , Fischetti Francesco
Published: March 2022

Several studies have been conducted to find at least an association between physical activity (PA)/ physical exercise (PE) and the possibility to modulate the gut microbiome (GM). However, the specific effects produced on the human GM by different types of PA/PE, different training modalities, and their age-related effects are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate and summarize the current scientific evidence investigating the bi-directional relationship between PA/PE and the human GM, with a specific focus on the different types/variables of PA/PE and age-related effects, in healthy and unhealthy people. A systematic search was conducted across four databases (Web of Science, Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library). Information was extracted using the populations, exposure, intervention, comparison, outcomes (PICOS) format. The Oxford Quality Scoring System Scale, the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies were used as a qualitative measure of the review. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42022302725). The following data items were extracted: author, year of publication, study design, number and age of participants, type of PA/PE carried out, protocol/workload and diet assessment, duration of intervention, measurement tools used, and main outcomes. Two team authors reviewed 694 abstracts for inclusion and at the end of the screening process, only 76 full texts were analyzed. Lastly, only 25 research articles met the eligibility criteria. The synthesis of these findings suggests that GM diversity is associated with aerobic exercise contrary to resistance training; abundance of Prevotella genus seems to be correlated with training duration; no significant change in GM richness and diversity are detected when exercising according to the minimum dose recommended by the World Health Organizations; intense and prolonged PE can induce a higher abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria; PA does not lead to significant GM α/β-diversity in elderly people (60+ years). The heterogeneity of the training parameters used in the studies, diet control, and different sequencing methods are the main confounders. Thus, this systematic review can provide an in-depth overview of the relationship between PA/PE and the human intestinal microbiota and, at the same time, provide indications from the athletic and health perspective.
Impact of Molecule Concentration, Diffusion Rates and Surface Passivation on Single-Molecule Fluorescence Studies in Solution
Authors: Yukhnovets Olessya , Höfig Henning , Bustorff Nuno , Katranidis Alexandros , Fitter Jörg
Published: March 2022

For single-molecule studies in solution, very small concentrations of dye-labelled molecules are employed in order to achieve single-molecule sensitivity. In typical studies with confocal microscopes, often concentrations in the pico-molar regime are required. For various applications that make use of single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) or two-color coincidence detection (TCCD), the molecule concentration must be set explicitly to targeted values and furthermore needs to be stable over a period of several hours. As a consequence, specific demands must be imposed on the surface passivation of the cover slides during the measurements. The aim of having only one molecule in the detection volume at the time is not only affected by the absolute molecule concentration, but also by the rate of diffusion. Therefore, we discuss approaches to control and to measure absolute molecule concentrations. Furthermore, we introduce an approach to calculate the probability of chance coincidence events and demonstrate that measurements with challenging smFRET samples require a strict limit of maximal sample concentrations in order to produce meaningful results.
Recent Advances in Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Sensitive Optical Detection of Pathogens
Authors: Park Joon-Ha , Cho Yeon-Woo , Kim Tae-Hyung
Published: March 2022

The advancement of science and technology has led to the recent development of highly sensitive pathogen biosensing techniques. The effective treatment of pathogen infections requires sensing technologies to not only be sensitive but also render results in real-time. This review thus summarises the recent advances in optical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor technology, which possesses the aforementioned advantages. Specifically, this technology allows for the detection of specific pathogens by applying nano-sized materials. This review focuses on various nanomaterials that are used to ensure the performance and high selectivity of SPR sensors. This review will undoubtedly accelerate the development of optical biosensing technology, thus allowing for real-time diagnosis and the timely delivery of appropriate treatments as well as preventing the spread of highly contagious pathogens.
Influence of Motor and Cognitive Tasks on Time Estimation
Authors: Castellotti Serena , D’Agostino Ottavia , Biondi Alessandra , Pignatiello Luigi , Del Viva Maria Michela
Published: March 2022

The passing of time can be precisely measured by using clocks, whereas humans’ estimation of temporal durations is influenced by many physical, cognitive and contextual factors, which distort our internal clock. Although it has been shown that temporal estimation accuracy is impaired by non-temporal tasks performed at the same time, no studies have investigated how concurrent cognitive and motor tasks interfere with time estimation. Moreover, most experiments only tested time intervals of a few seconds. In the present study, participants were asked to perform cognitive tasks of different difficulties (look, read, solve simple and hard mathematical operations) and estimate durations of up to two minutes, while walking or sitting. The results show that if observers pay attention only to time without performing any other mental task, they tend to overestimate the durations. Meanwhile, the more difficult the concurrent task, the more they tend to underestimate the time. These distortions are even more pronounced when observers are walking. Estimation biases and uncertainties change differently with durations depending on the task, consistent with a fixed relative uncertainty. Our findings show that cognitive and motor systems interact non-linearly and interfere with time perception processes, suggesting that they all compete for the same resources.
Cranio-Orbito-Zygomatic Approach: Core Techniques for Tailoring Target Exposure and Surgical Freedom
Authors: Luzzi Sabino , Giotta Lucifero Alice , Spina Alfio , Baldoncini Matías , Campero Alvaro , Elbabaa Samer K. , Galzio Renato
Published: March 2022

Background: The cranio-orbito-zygomatic (COZ) approach is a workhorse of skull base surgery, and each of its steps has a precise effect on target exposure and surgical freedom. The present study overviews the key techniques for execution and tailoring of the COZ approach, focusing on the quantitative effects resulting from removal of the orbitozygomatic (OZ) bar, orbital rim, and zygomatic arch. Methods: A PRISMA-based literature review was performed on the PubMed/Medline and Web of Science databases using the main keywords associated with the COZ approach. Articles in English without temporal restriction were included. Eligibility was limited to neurosurgical relevance. Results: A total of 78 articles were selected. The range of variants of the COZ approach involves a one-piece, two-piece, and three-piece technique, with a decreasing level of complexity and risk of complications. The two-piece technique includes an OZ and orbitopterional variant. Superolateral orbitotomy expands the subfrontal and transsylvian corridors, increasing surgical freedom to the basal forebrain, hypothalamic region, interpeduncular fossa, and basilar apex. Zygomatic osteotomy shortens the working distance of the pretemporal and subtemporal routes. Conclusion: Subtraction of the OZ bar causes a tremendous increase in angular exposure of the subfrontal, transsylvian, pretemporal, and subtemporal perspectives avoiding brain retraction, allowing for multiangled trajectories, and shortening the working distance. The COZ approach can be tailored based on the location of the lesion, thus optimizing the target exposure and surgical freedom and decreasing the risk of complications.
The Elephant in the Room: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Stressful Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mental Healthcare Workers
Authors: Minelli Alessandra , Silva Rosana Carvalho , Barlati Stefano , Vezzoli Marika , Carletto Sara , Isabello Cinzia , Bortolomasi Marco , Nibbio Gabriele , Lisoni Jacopo , Menesello Valentina , Perusi Giulia , Accardo Vivian , Deste Giacomo , Vita Antonio
Published: March 2022

Despite extensive research on COVID-19’s impact on healthcare workers, few studies have targeted mental health workers (MHWs) and none have investigated previous traumatic events. We investigated psychological distress in MHWs after the first lockdown in Italy to understand which COVID-19, sociodemographic, and professional variables represented greater effects, and the role of previous trauma. The survey included sociodemographic and professional questions, COVID-19 variables, and the questionnaires Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5), Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21). On the 271 MHWs who completed the survey (73.1% female; mean age 45.37), we obtained significant effects for contagion fear, experience of patients’ death, increased workload, and worse team relationship during the first wave. Nurses were more affected and showed more post-traumatic stress symptoms, assessed by IES-R, and more depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, assessed by DASS-21. The strongest risk factors for distress were greater age, professional role, increased workload, worse team relationship, and separation from family members. Previous experience of severe human suffering and unwanted sexual experiences negatively impacted IES-R and DASS-21 scores. Being a psychiatrist or psychologist/psychotherapist and good team relationships were protective factors. Recent but also previous severe stressful events might represent relevant risk factors for distress, reducing resilience skills. Identifying vulnerable factors and professional categories may help in the development of dedicated measures to prevent emotional burden and support psychological health. Highlights: Psychological distress in mental health workers in the COVID-19 pandemic is more frequent in nurses, who experience more depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Previous and recent stressful events are risk factors for distress and should guide intervention strategies.
The Efficacy of Extended Metacognitive Training on Neurocognitive Function in Schizophrenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wang Can , Chong Yue , Zhang Jiechun , Cao Yili , Wang Yanbo
Published: March 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metacognitive training (MCT) on improving the neurocognitive function of Chinese patients with schizophrenia. One hundred inpatients with schizophrenia were selected by regional group randomization and divided into the control (treated as usual, TAU) group (n = 50) and the TAU + MCT group (n = 50). In this study, a 10-module MCT was used and the intervention process lasted 30 days. Cognitive function was assessed blindly using the Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) scale at baseline, 24 h post-treatment, and 12 weeks’ post-treatment. The differences between the total RBANS score and baseline (pre-test) for the post-test and 12-week-follow-up tests were used as the primary outcome, and the difference between the RBANS dimension scores and baseline (pre-test) were used as a secondary outcome in this study. The completion rate at follow-up was high in the TAU + MCT group (94%). Intention-to-treat analysis and per-protocol analysis showed a significant increase in total neurocognitive function scores and three-dimensional scores (delayed memory, visual breadth, and attention) in the TAU + MCT group immediately after the intervention and at the 12-week follow-up compared with baseline. This study provides support for the efficacy of 10 module MCT concerning neurocognition.
Printable and Mechanical Performance of 3D Printed Concrete Employing Multiple Industrial Wastes
Authors: Wang Bolin , Zhai Mingang , Yao Xiaofei , Wu Qing , Yang Min , Wang Xiangyu , Huang Jizhuo , Zhao Hongyu
Published: March 2022

Three-dimensional concrete printing is a promising technology and attracts the significant attention of research and industry. However, printable and mechanical capacities are required for 3D printable cementitious materials. Moreover, the quantitative analysis methods of printable performance are limited and have low sensitivity. In this study, the orthogonal experiment through samples combining 3D concrete printing method with fly ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blast furnace slag was designed to obtain the printable and mechanical property influence of various mix proportions. Furthermore, multiple industrial wastes were utilized to improve material sustainability. Meanwhile, the static and dynamic extrusion pressure measured by the original 3D printing extrudability tester were verified to achieve a high-sensitivity evaluating indicator. Thereby, a novel high-sensitivity quantitative analysis method of printable capacity was established to explore the influence of industrial wastes usage on the printability of 3D printable mortars. The optimum dosage of fly ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blast furnace slag was 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 10 wt.%, respectively, based on printable and mechanical property experiments. Furthermore, the optimum dosage was employed to print the sample and achieved a higher compressive strength (56.3 MPa) than the control cast.
Short and Long-Term Toxicity in Pediatric Cancer Treatment: Central Nervous System Damage
Authors: Alessi Iside , Caroleo Anna Maria , de Palma Luca , Mastronuzzi Angela , Pro Stefano , Colafati Giovanna Stefania , Boni Alessandra , Della Vecchia Nicoletta , Velardi Margherita , Evangelisti Melania , Carboni Alessia , Carai Andrea , Vinti Luciana , Valeriani Massimiliano , Reale Antonino , Parisi Pasquale , Raucci Umberto
Published: March 2022

Neurotoxicity caused by traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known and widely described. New therapies, such as biologic therapy and immunotherapy, are associated with better outcomes in pediatric patients but are also associated with central and peripheral nervous system side effects. Nevertheless, central nervous system (CNS) toxicity is a significant source of morbidity in the treatment of cancer patients. Some CNS complications appear during treatment while others present months or even years later. Radiation, traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, and novel biologic and targeted therapies have all been recognized to cause CNS side effects; additionally, the risks of neurotoxicity can increase with combination therapy. Symptoms and complications can be varied such as edema, seizures, fatigue, psychiatric disorders, and venous thromboembolism, all of which can seriously influence the quality of life. Neurologic complications were seen in 33% of children with non-CNS solid malign tumors. The effects on the CNS are disabling and often permanent with limited treatments, thus it is important that clinicians recognize the effects of cancer therapy on the CNS. Knowledge of these conditions can help the practitioner be more vigilant for signs and symptoms of potential neurological complications during the management of pediatric cancers. As early detection and more effective anticancer therapies extend the survival of cancer patients, treatment-related CNS toxicity becomes increasingly vital. This review highlights major neurotoxicities due to pediatric cancer treatments and new therapeutic strategies; CNS primary tumors, the most frequent solid tumors in childhood, are excluded because of their intrinsic neurological morbidity.
CD103+ Tissue Resident T-Lymphocytes Accumulate in Lung Metastases and Are Correlated with Poor Prognosis in ccRCC
Authors: Sanders Christine , Hamad Almotasem Salah M. , Ng Susanna , Hosni Racha , Ellinger Jörg , Klümper Niklas , Ritter Manuel , Stephan Carsten , Jung Klaus , Hölzel Michael , Kristiansen Glen , Hauser Stefan , Toma Marieta I.
Published: March 2022

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a highly immunogenic tumor with variable responses to immune checkpoint therapy. The significance of the immune cell infiltrate in distant metastases, their association with the immune infiltrate in the primary tumors and their impact on prognosis are poorly described. We hypothesized that specific subtypes of immune cells may be involved in the control of metastases and may have an impact on the prognosis of ccRCC. We analyzed the immune microenvironment in ccRCC primary tumors with distant metastases, paired distant metastases and non-metastasized ccRCC (n = 25 each group) by immunohistochemistry. Confirmatory analyses for CD8+ and CD103+ cells were performed in a large ccRCC cohort (n = 241) using a TCGA-KIRC data set (ITGAE/CD103). High immune cell infiltration in primary ccRCC tumors was significantly correlated with the development of distant tumor metastasis (p < 0.05). A high density of CD103+ cells in ccRCC was more frequent in poorly differentiated tumors (p < 0.001). ccRCCs showed high levels of ITGAE/CD103 compared with adjacent non-neoplastic tissue. A higher density of CD103+ cells and a higher ITGAE/CD103 expression were significantly correlated with poor overall survival in ccRCC (log rank p < 0.05). Our results show a major prognostic value of the immune pattern, in particular CD103+ cell infiltration in ccRCC, and highlight the importance of the tumor immune microenvironment.
Components of the Lectin Pathway of Complement in Solid Tumour Cancers
Authors: Cedzyński Maciej , Świerzko Anna S.
Published: March 2022

The complement system is an important branch of the humoral innate immune response that can be activated via three distinct pathways (classical, alternative, lectin), contributing to keeping/restoring homeostasis. It can also interact with cellular innate immunity and with components of acquired immunity. Cross-talk between the complement system and other enzyme-dependent cascades makes it a more influential defence system, but on the other hand, over- or chronic activation can be harmful. This short review is focused on the dual role of the lectin pathway of complement activation in human solid tumour cancers, including those of the female reproductive system, lung, and alimentary tract, with emphasis on the aforementioned cross-talk.