bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CHROMATIC NUMBER OF -FREE GRAPHS
Authors: LAN KAIYANG , ZHOU YIDONG , LIU FENG
Published: October 2022

The diamond is the complete graph on four vertices minus one edge;
$P_n$
and
$C_n$
denote the path and cycle on n vertices, respectively. We prove that the chromatic number of a
$(P_6,C_4,\mbox {diamond})$
-free graph G is no larger than the maximum of 3 and the clique number of G.
Learning the Brexit Lesson? Shifting Support for Direct Democracy in Germany in the Aftermath of the Brexit Referendum
Authors: Steiner Nils D. , Landwehr Claudia
Published: October 2022

The June 2016 Brexit referendum sent international shock waves, possibly causing adjustments in public opinion not only in the UK, but also abroad. We suggest that these adjustments went beyond substantive attitudes on European integration and included procedural preferences towards direct democracy. Drawing on the insight that support for direct democracy can be instrumentally motivated, we argue that the outcome of the Brexit referendum led (politically informed) individuals to update their support for referendums based on their views towards European integration. Using panel data from Germany, we find that those in favour of European integration, especially those with high political involvement, turned more sceptical of the introduction of referendums in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum. Our study contributes to the understanding of preferences for direct democracy and documents a remarkable case of how – seemingly basic – procedural preferences can, in today's internationalized information environment, be shaped by high-profile events abroad.
MILITARY HEALTH WISHES IN THE GREEK LETTERS OF CAESAR AND OCTAVIAN
Authors: Haddad Christopher J.
Published: October 2022

This article examines and contextualizes a health wish formula found at the opening of eight Roman official letters inscribed in Greek, one of Caesar and seven of Octavian. In each letter the sender mentions that he is well ‘with the army’ (μετὰ τοῦ στρατεύματος), hence the term ‘military’ health wish. The health wish was borrowed from Latin letters into Roman letters written in Greek by means of phraseological imitation. The formulation employs appropriate Koine Greek. It was optional during the Republic for the wish to be used in letters either from or to a Roman holding imperium and commanding an army. Because Caesar and Octavian were in such positions, their use of the wish is conventional. The use of this health wish demonstrates that epistolographers working for Caesar and Octavian not only drafted letters that met the conventions of Hellenistic chanceries but also were proficient enough in the medium to incorporate Roman elements with effectiveness. Attestations of the military health wish declined during the Imperial period. The requirement that the sender or the recipient hold imperium would have restricted usage during the Republic but even more so under the Empire through administrative changes to the command of armies and the increasing centrality of the princeps.
On the identity of the genusEpacrolaimusAndrássy, 2000 (Nematoda, Dorylaimida), with new insights into its phylogeny
Authors: Peña-Santiago R. , Castillo P.
Published: October 2022

The type species of the genusEpacrolaimus,Epacrolaimus declinatoaculeatus, is studied from the re-examination of type material ofAporcelaimus vorax, its junior synonym, and the observation of several Iberian populations and a few Iranian specimens. Morphologically, it displays a recognizable morphological pattern characterized by, among other features, the incurved nature of its odontostyle aperture, presence of perioral liplets or lobes, lip region 24–31 μm wide, odontostyle 21–25 μm long and comparatively anterior location of S2N pharyngeal gland nuclei. Nevertheless, variations in some morphological traits (vagina shape and tail shape) and in several morphometrics (body length, uterus length, vulva position, tail length and spicule length) are also noted. Sequences of D2–D3 domains of the 28S rDNA, 18S rDNA and COI mtDNA were obtained from several Iberian populations. Their analyses, in particular those from D2–D3 sequences, revealed the existence of a highly supported clade ((Epacrolaimus+Sectonema) +Metaporcelaimus), with a closer relationship betweenEpacrolaimusand Palaearctic populations ofSectonema, whereas the remaining aporcelaimid genera occupied placements in other clades. These results are discussed, with especial emphasis on the intricate separation ofEpacrolaimusandSectonema, which display significantly different protruding stomatal structure in spite of their close evolutionary relationship as derived from molecular trees.
Bistable turbulence in strongly magnetised plasmas with a sheared mean flow
Authors: Christen Nicolas , Barnes M. , Hardman M.R. , Schekochihin A.A.
Published: October 2022

The prevailing paradigm for plasma turbulence associates a unique stationary state with given equilibrium parameters. We report the discovery of bistable turbulence in a strongly magnetised plasma with a sheared mean flow. Two distinct states, obtained with identical equilibrium parameters in first-principle gyrokinetic simulations, have turbulent fluxes of particles, momentum and energy that differ by an order of magnitude – with the low-transport state agreeing with experimental observations. Occurrences of the two states are regulated by the competition between an externally imposed mean flow shear and ‘zonal’ flows generated by the plasma. With small turbulent amplitudes, zonal flows have little impact, and the mean shear causes turbulence to saturate in a low-transport state. With larger amplitudes, the zonal shear can (partially) oppose the effect of the mean shear, allowing the system to sustain a high-transport state. This poses a new challenge for research that has so far assumed a uniquely defined turbulent state.
Direct construction of stellarator-symmetric quasi-isodynamic magnetic configurations
Authors: Camacho Mata Katia , Plunk Gabriel G. , Jorge Rogerio
Published: October 2022

We develop the formalism of the first-order near-axis expansion of the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium equations described by Garren & Boozer (Phys. Fluids B, vol. 3, issue 10, 1991, pp. 2805–2821) and Plunk et al. (J. Plasma Phys., vol. 85, issue 6, 2019; J. Plasma Phys., vol. 87, issue 6, 2021) for the case of a quasi-isodynamic,

$N$

-field-period, stellarator-symmetric, single-well magnetic field equilibrium. The importance of the magnetic axis shape is investigated, and we conclude that control of the curvature and torsion is crucial to obtain omnigenous configurations with finite aspect ratio and low effective ripple, especially for a higher number of field periods. For this reason a method is derived to construct classes of axis shapes with favourable curvature and torsion. Solutions are presented, including a three-field-period configuration constructed at an aspect ratio of

$A=20$

, with a maximum elongation of

$e=3.2$

and an effective ripple under

$1\,\%$

, which demonstrates that high elongation is not a necessary feature of quasi-isodynamic stellarators.
Neurological and psychiatric disorders among autistic adults: a population healthcare record study
Authors: Underwood Jack F. G. , DelPozo-Banos Marcos , Frizzati Aura , Rai Dheeraj , John Ann , Hall Jeremy
Published: October 2022

Background

Co-occurring psychiatric disorders are common in autism, with previous studies suggesting 54–94% of autistic individuals develop a mental health condition in their lifetime. Most studies have looked at clinically-recruited cohorts, or paediatric cohorts followed into adulthood, with less known about the autistic community at a population level. We therefore studied the prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric and neurological conditions in autistic individuals in a national sample.

Methods

This retrospective case-control study utilised the SAIL Databank to examine anonymised whole population electronic health record data from 2001 to 2016 in Wales, UK (N = 3.6 million). We investigated the prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric and selected neurological diagnoses in autistic adults' records during the study period using International Classification of Diseases-10 and Read v2 clinical codes compared to general population controls matched for age, sex and deprivation

Results

All psychiatric conditions examined were more common amongst adults with autism after adjusting for age, sex and deprivation. Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (7.00%), bipolar disorder (2.50%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (3.02%), psychosis (18.30%) and schizophrenia (5.20%) were markedly elevated in those with autism, with corresponding odds ratios 8.24–10.74 times the general population. Depression (25.90%) and anxiety (22.40%) were also more prevalent, with epilepsy 9.21 times more common in autism.

Conclusions

We found that a range of psychiatric conditions were more frequently recorded in autistic individuals. We add to understanding of under-reporting and diagnostic overshadowing in autism. With increasing awareness of autism, services should be cognisant of the psychiatric conditions that frequently co-occur in this population.
The forgotten dimension of integrated care: barriers to implementing integrated clinical care in English NHS hospitals
Authors: Castelli Michele , Erskine Jonathan , Hunter David , Hungin Amritpal
Published: October 2022

Multimorbid patients who enter English NHS hospitals are frequently subject to care pathways designed to assess, diagnose and treat single medical conditions. Opportunities are thereby lost to offer patients more holistic, person-centred care. Hospital organisations elsewhere are known to use in-hospital, multi-specialty, integrated clinical care (ICC) to overcome this problem. This perspective piece aims to critically discuss barriers to implementing this form of ICC in the English NHS focusing on six key areas: information technologies, the primary–secondary care interface, internal hospital processes, finance, workload, professional roles and behaviours. Integrated care programmes currently underway are largely focused on macro (system) and meso (organisational) levels. A micro (clinical) level ICC, offering highly coordinated multispecialty expertise to multimorbid hospital patients could fill an important gap in the current care pathways.
Russia as a great power: from 1815 to the present day Part 1
Authors: Ellman Michael
Published: October 2022

This article is Part 1 of a survey of Russia's position as one of the great powers and how it has evolved from 1815 to the present day. It begins with the situation in 1815 and the path to it, and devotes attention to important Russian institutions then, soldiers' cooperatives, autocracy and serfdom. The subsequent wars and their consequences are discussed. The end of the Empire, the creation of the USSR and Soviet institutions are considered. Consideration is also given to the relative economic position of Russia/USSR and its changes over time. Attention is paid to the economic policies of Witte and Stalin. Explanatory theories used include List's economic recommendations for medium-developed countries, the institutional theories of Acemoglu, North and others, Modelski's evolutionary analysis of global politics and Tilly's analysis of the war–state relationship. Part 1 ends on the eve of the Great Patriotic War (1941).
High-fat diet during pregnancy lowers fetal weight and has a long-lasting adverse effect on brown adipose tissue in the offspring
Authors: Yamaguchi Mihoko , Mori Jun , Nishida Nozomi , Miyagaki Satoshi , Kawabe Yasuhiro , Ota Takeshi , Morimoto Hidechika , Tsuma Yusuke , Fukuhara Shota , Ogata Takehiro , Okamaura Takuro , Nakanishi Naoko , Hamaguchi Masahide , Nakajima Hisakazu , Fukui Michiaki , Iehara Tomoko
Published: October 2022

Maternal obesity and malnutrition during gestation and lactation have been recognized to increase the risk of obesity and metabolic disorders in the offspring across their lifespan. However, the gestational period during which malnutrition exerts a decisive effect is unclear. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a critical role in energy metabolism owing to its high efficiency in oxidizing glucose and fatty acids. This study aimed to determine the impact of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption only during pregnancy on BAT and energy metabolism in offspring mice. Dams were fed an HFD or a normal chow diet from embryonic day 2.5. HFD consumption during pregnancy induced glucose intolerance and hypertension in dams. In the offspring of HFD-fed dams, maternal HFD lowered fetal weight without affecting placental weight, whereas HFD consumption after birth exacerbated oxygen consumption and cold-induced thermogenesis at 12 months of age, accompanied by increased lipid droplet size in BAT. These data demonstrate that HFD consumption only during pregnancy exerts a long-lasting effect on BAT. Collectively, these findings indicate the importance of nutrition during pregnancy with respect to the energy metabolism of the offspring, and pregnant women should thus ensure proper nutrition during pregnancy to ensure normal energy metabolism in the offspring.
Linking Earthquake Magnitude‐Frequency Statistics and Stress in Visco‐Frictional Fault Zone Models
Authors: Beall Adam , van den Ende Martijn , Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Capitanio Fabio A. , Fagereng Åke
Published: October 2022

The ability to estimate the likelihood of given earthquake magnitudes is critical for seismic hazard assessment. Earthquake magnitude‐recurrence statistics are empirically linked to stress, yet which fault‐zone processes explain this link remains debated. We use numerical models to reproduce the interplay between viscous creep and frictional sliding of a fault‐zone, for which inter‐seismic locking becomes linked to stress. The models reproduce the empirical stress‐dependent earthquake magnitude distribution observed in nature. Stress is related to the likelihood a fault section is near frictional failure, influencing likely rupture lengths. An analytical model is derived of a fault consisting of identical patches, each with a probability of inter‐seismic locking. It reproduces a similar magnitude‐recurrence relationship, which may therefore be caused by probabilistic clustering of locked fault patches. Contrasts in earthquake statistics between regions could therefore be explained by stress variation, which has future potential to further constrain statistical models of regional seismicity.
Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of midbrain blood-brain barrier cells in schizophrenia reveals subtle transcriptional changes with overall preservation of cellular proportions and phenotypes
Authors: Puvogel Sofía , Alsema Astrid , Kracht Laura , Webster Maree J. , Weickert Cynthia Shannon , Sommer Iris E. C. , Eggen Bart J. L.
Published: October 2022

The midbrain is an extensively studied brain region in schizophrenia, in view of its reported dopamine pathophysiology and neuroimmune changes associated with this disease. Besides the dopaminergic system, the midbrain contains other cell types that may be involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology. The neurovascular hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that both the neurovasculature structure and the functioning of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are compromised in schizophrenia. In the present study, potential alteration in the BBB of patients with schizophrenia was investigated by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of post-mortem midbrain tissue (15 schizophrenia cases and 14 matched controls). We did not identify changes in the relative abundance of the major BBB cell types, nor in the sub-populations, associated with schizophrenia. However, we identified 14 differentially expressed genes in the cells of the BBB in schizophrenia as compared to controls, including genes that have previously been related to schizophrenia, such as FOXP2 and PDE4D. These transcriptional changes were limited to the ependymal cells and pericytes, suggesting that the cells of the BBB are not broadly affected in schizophrenia.
Histone chaperone ASF1A accelerates chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis by activating Notch signaling
Authors: Yin Xiaolin , Zhou Minran , Zhang Lu , Fu Yue , Xu Man , Wang Xiaoming , Cui Zelong , Gao Zhenxing , Li Miao , Dong Yuting , Feng Huimin , Ma Sai , Chen Chunyan
Published: October 2022

The blast crisis (BC) is the final deadly phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), which remains a major challenge in clinical management. However, the underlying molecular mechanism driving blastic transformation remains unclear. Here, we show that ASF1A, an essential activator, enhanced the transformation to CML-BC by mediating cell differentiation arrest. ASF1A expression was aberrantly increased in bone marrow samples from CML-BC patients compared with newly diagnosed CML-chronic phase (CP) patients. ASF1A inhibited cell differentiation and promoted CML development in vivo. Mechanistically, we identified ASF1A as a coactivator of the Notch transcriptional complex that induces H3K56ac modification in the promoter regions of Notch target genes, and subsequently enhanced RBPJ binding to these promoter regions, thereby enhancing Notch signaling activation to mediate differentiation arrest in CML cells. Thus, our work suggests that targeting ASF1A might represent a promising therapeutic approach and a biomarker to detect disease progression in CML patients.
Live and let die: signaling AKTivation and UPRegulation dynamics in SARS-CoVs infection and cancer
Authors: Suaya Mariana , Sánchez Gonzalo Manuel , Vila Antonella , Amante Analía , Cotarelo María , García Carrillo Mercedes , Blaustein Matías
Published: October 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Of particular interest for this topic are the signaling cascades that regulate cell survival and death, two opposite cell programs whose control is hijacked by viral infections. The AKT and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways, which maintain cell homeostasis by regulating these two programs, have been shown to be deregulated during SARS-CoVs infection as well as in the development of cancer, one of the most important comorbidities in relation to COVID-19. Recent evidence revealed two way crosstalk mechanisms between the AKT and the UPR pathways, suggesting that they might constitute a unified homeostatic control system. Here, we review the role of the AKT and UPR pathways and their interaction in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as in tumor onset and progression. Feedback regulation between AKT and UPR pathways emerges as a master control mechanism of cell decision making in terms of survival or death and therefore represents a key potential target for developing treatments for both viral infection and cancer. In particular, drug repositioning, the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes, could significantly reduce time and costs compared to de novo drug discovery.
DHRS2 inhibits cell growth and metastasis in ovarian cancer by downregulation of CHKα to disrupt choline metabolism
Authors: Li Zhenzhen , Tan Yue , Li Xiang , Quan Jing , Bode Ann M. , Cao Ya , Luo Xiangjian
Published: October 2022

The short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily has essential roles in lipid metabolism and redox sensing. In recent years, accumulating evidence highlights the emerging association between SDR family enzymes and cancer. Dehydrogenase/reductase member 2(DHRS2) belongs to the NADH/NADPH-dependent SDR family, and extensively participates in the regulation of the proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance of cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism has not been well defined. In the present study, we have demonstrated that DHRS2 inhibits the growth and metastasis of ovarian cancer (OC) cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the combination of transcriptome and metabolome reveals an interruption of choline metabolism by DHRS2. DHRS2 post-transcriptionally downregulates choline kinase α (CHKα) to inhibit AKT signaling activation and reduce phosphorylcholine (PC)/glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) ratio, impeding choline metabolism reprogramming in OC. These actions mainly account for the tumor-suppressive role of DHRS2 in OC. Overall, our findings establish the mechanistic connection among metabolic enzymes, metabolites, and the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. This could result in further development of novel pharmacological tools against OC by the induction of DHRS2 to disrupt the choline metabolic pathway.
Multiscale profiling of protease activity in cancer
Authors: Amini Ava P. , Kirkpatrick Jesse D. , Wang Cathy S. , Jaeger Alex M. , Su Susan , Naranjo Santiago , Zhong Qian , Cabana Christina M. , Jacks Tyler , Bhatia Sangeeta N.
Published: October 2022

Diverse processes in cancer are mediated by enzymes, which most proximally exert their function through their activity. High-fidelity methods to profile enzyme activity are therefore critical to understanding and targeting the pathological roles of enzymes in cancer. Here, we present an integrated set of methods for measuring specific protease activities across scales, and deploy these methods to study treatment response in an autochthonous model of Alk-mutant lung cancer. We leverage multiplexed nanosensors and machine learning to analyze in vivo protease activity dynamics in lung cancer, identifying significant dysregulation that includes enhanced cleavage of a peptide, S1, which rapidly returns to healthy levels with targeted therapy. Through direct on-tissue localization of protease activity, we pinpoint S1 cleavage to the tumor vasculature. To link protease activity to cellular function, we design a high-throughput method to isolate and characterize proteolytically active cells, uncovering a pro-angiogenic phenotype in S1-cleaving cells. These methods provide a framework for functional, multiscale characterization of protease dysregulation in cancer.
Inhibiting weld cracking in high-strength aluminium alloys
Authors: Hu Yanan , Wu Shengchuan , Guo Yi , Shen Zhao , Korsunsky Alexander M. , Yu Yukuang , Zhang Xu , Fu Yanan , Che Zhigang , Xiao Tiqiao , Lozano-Perez Sergio , Yuan Qingxi , Zhong Xiangli , Zeng Xiaoqin , Kang Guozheng , Withers Philip J.
Published: October 2022

Cracking from a fine equiaxed zone (FQZ), often just tens of microns across, plagues the welding of 7000 series aluminum alloys. Using a multiscale correlative methodology, from the millimeter scale to the nanoscale, we shed light on the strengthening mechanisms and the resulting intergranular failure at the FQZ. We show that intergranular AlCuMg phases give rise to cracking by micro-void nucleation and subsequent link-up due to the plastic incompatibility between the hard phases and soft (low precipitate density) grain interiors in the FQZ. To mitigate this, we propose a hybrid welding strategy exploiting laser beam oscillation and a pulsed magnetic field. This achieves a wavy and interrupted FQZ along with a higher precipitate density, thereby considerably increasing tensile strength over conventionally hybrid welded butt joints, and even friction stir welds.
Ptn–Ov synergistic sites on MoOx/γ-Mo2N heterostructure for low-temperature reverse water–gas shift reaction
Authors: Liu Hao-Xin , Li Jin-Ying , Qin Xuetao , Ma Chao , Wang Wei-Wei , Xu Kai , Yan Han , Xiao Dequan , Jia Chun-Jiang , Fu Qiang , Ma Ding
Published: October 2022

In heterogeneous catalysis, the interface between active metal and support plays a key role in catalyzing various reactions. Specially, the synergistic effect between active metals and oxygen vacancies on support can greatly promote catalytic efficiency. However, the construction of high-density metal-vacancy synergistic sites on catalyst surface is very challenging. In this work, isolated Pt atoms are first deposited onto a very thin-layer of MoO3 surface stabilized on γ-Mo2N. Subsequently, the Pt–MoOx/γ-Mo2N catalyst, containing abundant Pt cluster-oxygen vacancy (Ptn–Ov) sites, is in situ constructed. This catalyst exhibits an unmatched activity and excellent stability in the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction at low temperature (300 °C). Systematic in situ characterizations illustrate that the MoO3 structure on the γ-Mo2N surface can be easily reduced into MoOx (2 < x < 3), followed by the creation of sufficient oxygen vacancies. The Pt atoms are bonded with oxygen atoms of MoOx, and stable Pt clusters are formed. These high-density Ptn–Ov active sites greatly promote the catalytic activity. This strategy of constructing metal-vacancy synergistic sites provides valuable insights for developing efficient supported catalysts.
Interleukin-22 regulates neutrophil recruitment in ulcerative colitis and is associated with resistance to ustekinumab therapy
Authors: Pavlidis Polychronis , Tsakmaki Anastasia , Pantazi Eirini , Li Katherine , Cozzetto Domenico , Digby- Bell Jonathan , Yang Feifei , Lo Jonathan W. , Alberts Elena , Sa Ana Caroline Costa , Niazi Umar , Friedman Joshua , Long Anna K. , Ding Yuchun , Carey Christopher D. , Lamb Christopher , Saqi Mansoor , Madgwick Matthew , Gul Leila , Treveil Agatha , Korcsmaros Tamas , Macdonald Thomas T. , Lord Graham M. , Bewick Gavin , Powell Nick
Published: October 2022

The function of interleukin-22 (IL-22) in intestinal barrier homeostasis remains controversial. Here, we map the transcriptional landscape regulated by IL-22 in human colonic epithelial organoids and evaluate the biological, functional and clinical significance of the IL-22 mediated pathways in ulcerative colitis (UC). We show that IL-22 regulated pro-inflammatory pathways are involved in microbial recognition, cancer and immune cell chemotaxis; most prominently those involving CXCR2+ neutrophils. IL-22-mediated transcriptional regulation of CXC-family neutrophil-active chemokine expression is highly conserved across species, is dependent on STAT3 signaling, and is functionally and pathologically important in the recruitment of CXCR2+ neutrophils into colonic tissue. In UC patients, the magnitude of enrichment of the IL-22 regulated transcripts in colonic biopsies correlates with colonic neutrophil infiltration and is enriched in non-responders to ustekinumab therapy. Our data provide further insights into the biology of IL-22 in human disease and highlight its function in the regulation of pathogenic immune pathways, including neutrophil chemotaxis. The transcriptional networks regulated by IL-22 are functionally and clinically important in UC, impacting patient trajectories and responsiveness to biological intervention.
Quantifying ethnic segregation in cities through random walks
Authors: Sousa Sandro , Nicosia Vincenzo
Published: October 2022

Socioeconomic segregation has an important role in the emergence of large-scale inequalities in urban areas. Most of the available measures of spatial segregation depend on the scale and size of the system under study, or neglect large-scale spatial correlations, or rely on ad-hoc parameters, making it hard to compare different systems on equal grounds. We propose here a family of non-parametric measures for spatial distributions, based on the statistics of the trajectories of random walks on graphs associated to a spatial system. These quantities provide a consistent estimation of segregation in synthetic spatial patterns, and we use them to analyse the ethnic segregation of metropolitan areas in the US and the UK. We show that the spatial diversity of ethnic distributions, as measured through diffusion on graphs, allow us to compare the ethnic segregation of urban areas having different size, shape, or peculiar microscopic characteristics, and exhibits a strong association with socio-economic deprivation.
Emergent anisotropy in the Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state
Authors: Imajo Shusaku , Nomura Toshihiro , Kohama Yoshimitsu , Kindo Koichi
Published: October 2022

Exotic superconductivity is formed by unconventional electron pairing and exhibits various unique properties that cannot be explained by the basic theory. The Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state is known as an exotic superconducting state in that the electron pairs have a finite center-of-mass momentum leading to a spatially modulated pattern of superconductivity. The spatial modulation endows the FFLO state with emergent anisotropy. However, the anisotropy has never been experimentally verified despite numerous efforts over the years. Here, we report detection of anisotropic acoustic responses depending on the sound propagation direction appearing above the Pauli limit. This anisotropy reveals that the two-dimensional FFLO state has a center-of-mass momentum parallel to the nesting vector on the Fermi surface. The present findings will facilitate our understanding of not only superconductivity in solids but also exotic pairings of various particles.
Economic impacts of melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Dietz Simon , Koninx Felix
Published: October 2022

Melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) could contribute metres to global sea level rise (SLR) in the long run. We couple models of AIS melting due to rising temperatures, SLR, and economic impacts of SLR on coastlines worldwide. We report SLR projections close to the latest literature. Coastal impacts of AIS melting are very heterogeneous: they are large as a share of GDP in one to two dozen countries, primarily Small Island Developing States. Costs can be reduced dramatically by economically efficient, proactive coastal planning: relative to a no adaptation scenario, optimal adaptation reduces total costs by roughly an order of magnitude. AIS melting increases the social cost of carbon by an expected 7% on low to medium emissions scenarios and with moderate discounting. There is a tail risk of very large increases in the social cost of carbon, particularly on a high emissions scenario.
Nano-electromechanical spatial light modulator enabled by asymmetric resonant dielectric metasurfaces
Authors: Kwon Hyounghan , Zheng Tianzhe , Faraon Andrei
Published: October 2022

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) play essential roles in various free-space optical technologies, offering spatio-temporal control of amplitude, phase, or polarization of light. Beyond conventional SLMs based on liquid crystals or microelectromechanical systems, active metasurfaces are considered as promising SLM platforms because they could simultaneously provide high-speed and small pixel size. However, the active metasurfaces reported so far have achieved either limited phase modulation or low efficiency. Here, we propose nano-electromechanically tunable asymmetric dielectric metasurfaces as a platform for reflective SLMs. Exploiting the strong asymmetric radiation of perturbed high-order Mie resonances, the metasurfaces experimentally achieve a phase-shift close to 290∘, over 50% reflectivity, and a wavelength-scale pixel size. Electrical control of diffraction patterns is also achieved by displacing the Mie resonators using nano-electro-mechanical forces. This work paves the ways for future exploration of the asymmetric metasurfaces and for their application to the next-generation SLMs.
Allosteric regulation of glycogen breakdown by the second messenger cyclic di-GMP
Authors: Schumacher Maria A. , Wörmann Mirka E. , Henderson Max , Salinas Raul , Latoscha Andreas , Al-Bassam Mahmoud M. , Singh Kumar Siddharth , Barclay Elaine , Gunka Katrin , Tschowri Natalia
Published: October 2022

Streptomyces are our principal source of antibiotics, which they generate concomitant with a complex developmental transition from vegetative hyphae to spores. c-di-GMP acts as a linchpin in this transition by binding and regulating the key developmental regulators, BldD and WhiG. Here we show that c-di-GMP also binds the glycogen-debranching-enzyme, GlgX, uncovering a direct link between c-di-GMP and glycogen metabolism in bacteria. Further, we show c-di-GMP binding is required for GlgX activity. We describe structures of apo and c-di-GMP-bound GlgX and, strikingly, their comparison shows c-di-GMP induces long-range conformational changes, reorganizing the catalytic pocket to an active state. Glycogen is an important glucose storage compound that enables animals to cope with starvation and stress. Our in vivo studies reveal the important biological role of GlgX in Streptomyces glucose availability control. Overall, we identify a function of c-di-GMP in controlling energy storage metabolism in bacteria, which is widespread in Actinobacteria.
Receptor-informed network control theory links LSD and psilocybin to a flattening of the brain’s control energy landscape
Authors: Singleton S. Parker , Luppi Andrea I. , Carhart-Harris Robin L. , Cruzat Josephine , Roseman Leor , Nutt David J. , Deco Gustavo , Kringelbach Morten L. , Stamatakis Emmanuel A. , Kuceyeski Amy
Published: October 2022

Psychedelics including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin temporarily alter subjective experience through their neurochemical effects. Serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor agonism by these compounds is associated with more diverse (entropic) brain activity. We postulate that this increase in entropy may arise in part from a flattening of the brain’s control energy landscape, which can be observed using network control theory to quantify the energy required to transition between recurrent brain states. Using brain states derived from existing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets, we show that LSD and psilocybin reduce control energy required for brain state transitions compared to placebo. Furthermore, across individuals, reduction in control energy correlates with more frequent state transitions and increased entropy of brain state dynamics. Through network control analysis that incorporates the spatial distribution of 5-HT2a receptors (obtained from publicly available positron emission tomography (PET) data under non-drug conditions), we demonstrate an association between the 5-HT2a receptor and reduced control energy. Our findings provide evidence that 5-HT2a receptor agonist compounds allow for more facile state transitions and more temporally diverse brain activity. More broadly, we demonstrate that receptor-informed network control theory can model the impact of neuropharmacological manipulation on brain activity dynamics.
Submarine melting of glaciers in Greenland amplified by atmospheric warming
Authors: Slater D. A. , Straneo F.
Published: October 2022

Rapid ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet since 1992 is due in equal parts to increased surface melting and accelerated ice flow. The latter is conventionally attributed to ocean warming, which has enhanced submarine melting of the fronts of Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers. Yet, through the release of ice sheet surface meltwater into the ocean, which excites near-glacier ocean circulation and in turn the transfer of heat from ocean to ice, a warming atmosphere can increase submarine melting even in the absence of ocean warming. The relative importance of atmospheric and oceanic warming in driving increased submarine melting has, however, not been quantified. Here, we reconstruct the rate of submarine melting at Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers from 1979 to 2018 and estimate the resulting dynamic mass loss. We show that in south Greenland, variability in submarine melting was indeed governed by the ocean, but, in contrast, the atmosphere dominated in the northwest. At the ice sheet scale, the atmosphere plays a first-order role in controlling submarine melting and the subsequent dynamic mass loss. Our results challenge the attribution of dynamic mass loss to ocean warming alone and show that a warming atmosphere has amplified the impact of the ocean on the Greenland ice sheet.
Synovial fluid mesenchymal progenitor cells from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis demonstrate limited self-renewal and chondrogenesis
Authors: Krawetz Roman J. , Affan Asmaa , Leonard Catherine , Veeramreddy Dwaraka Natha , Fichadiya Akash , Martin Liam , Schmeling Heinrike
Published: October 2022

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases affecting joints with a prevalence of one in a thousand children. There is a growing body of literature examining the use of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MPCs) for the treatment of adult and childhood arthritis, however, we still lack a clear understanding of how these MPC populations are impacted by arthritic disease states and how this could influence treatment efficacy. In the current study we examined the immunophenotyping, self-renewal ability and chondrogenic capacity (in vitro and in vivo) of synovial derived MPCs from normal, JIA and RA joints. Synovial MPCs from JIA patients demonstrated reduced self-renewal ability and chondrogenic differentiation capacity. Furthermore, they did not induce cartilage regeneration when xenotransplanted in a mouse cartilage injury model. Synovial MPCs from JIA patients are functionally compromised compared to MPCs from normal and/or RA joints. The molecular mechanisms behind this loss of function remain elusive. Further study is required to see if these cells can be re-functionalized and used in cell therapy strategies for these JIA patients, or if allogenic approaches should be considered.
A transcriptional network of cell cycle dysregulation in noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Warrick Joshua I. , Knowles Margaret A. , Hurst Carolyn D. , Shuman Lauren , Raman Jay D. , Walter Vonn , Putt Jeffrey , Dyrskjøt Lars , Groeneveld Clarice , Castro Mauro A. A. , Robertson A. Gordon , DeGraff David J.
Published: October 2022

Human cancers display a restricted set of expression profiles, despite diverse mutational drivers. This has led to the hypothesis that select sets of transcription factors act on similar target genes as an integrated network, buffering a tumor’s transcriptional state. Noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (NIPUC) with higher cell cycle activity has higher risk of recurrence and progression. In this paper, we describe a transcriptional network of cell cycle dysregulation in NIPUC, which was delineated using the ARACNe algorithm applied to expression data from a new cohort (n = 81, RNA sequencing), and two previously published cohorts. The transcriptional network comprised 121 transcription factors, including the pluripotency factors SOX2 and SALL4, the sex hormone binding receptors ESR1 and PGR, and multiple homeobox factors. Of these 121 transcription factors, 65 and 56 were more active in tumors with greater and less cell cycle activity, respectively. When clustered by activity of these transcription factors, tumors divided into High Cell Cycle versus Low Cell Cycle groups. Tumors in the High Cell Cycle group demonstrated greater mutational burden and copy number instability. A putative mutational driver of cell cycle dysregulation, such as homozygous loss of CDKN2A, was found in only 50% of High Cell Cycle NIPUC, suggesting a prominent role of transcription factor activity in driving cell cycle dysregulation. Activity of the 121 transcription factors strongly associated with expression of EZH2 and other members of the PRC2 complex, suggesting regulation by this complex influences expression of the transcription factors in this network. Activity of transcription factors in this network also associated with signatures of pluripotency and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), suggesting they play a role in driving evolution to invasive carcinoma. Consistent with this, these transcription factors differed in activity between NIPUC and invasive urothelial carcinoma.
White matter connectivity in brain networks supporting social and affective processing predicts real-world social network characteristics
Authors: Hyon Ryan , Chavez Robert S. , Chwe John Andrew H. , Wheatley Thalia , Kleinbaum Adam M. , Parkinson Carolyn
Published: October 2022

Human behavior is embedded in social networks. Certain characteristics of the positions that people occupy within these networks appear to be stable within individuals. Such traits likely stem in part from individual differences in how people tend to think and behave, which may be driven by individual differences in the neuroanatomy supporting socio-affective processing. To investigate this possibility, we reconstructed the full social networks of three graduate student cohorts (N = 275;N = 279;N = 285), a subset of whom (N = 112) underwent diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Although no single tract in isolation appears to be necessary or sufficient to predict social network characteristics, distributed patterns of white matter microstructural integrity in brain networks supporting social and affective processing predict eigenvector centrality (how well-connected someone is to well-connected others) and brokerage (how much one connects otherwise unconnected others). Thus, where individuals sit in their real-world social networks is reflected in their structural brain networks. More broadly, these results suggest that the application of data-driven methods to neuroimaging data can be a promising approach to investigate how brains shape and are shaped by individuals’ positions in their real-world social networks.
HK1 from hepatic stellate cell–derived extracellular vesicles promotes progression of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chen Qi-tao , Zhang Zhi-yuan , Huang Qiao-ling , Chen Hang-zi , Hong Wen-bin , Lin Tianwei , Zhao Wen-xiu , Wang Xiao-min , Ju Cui-yu , Wu Liu-zheng , Huang Ya-ying , Hou Pei-pei , Wang Wei-jia , Zhou Dawang , Deng Xianming , Wu Qiao
Published: October 2022

Extracellular vesicles play crucial roles in intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment. Here we demonstrate that in hepatic fibrosis, TGF-β stimulates the palmitoylation of hexokinase 1 (HK1) in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which facilitates the secretion of HK1 via large extracellular vesicles in a TSG101-dependent manner. The large extracellular vesicle HK1 is hijacked by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, leading to accelerated glycolysis and HCC progression. In HSCs, the nuclear receptor Nur77 transcriptionally activates the expression of depalmitoylase ABHD17B to inhibit HK1 palmitoylation, consequently attenuating HK1 release. However, TGF-β-activated Akt functionally represses Nur77 by inducing Nur77 phosphorylation and degradation. We identify the small molecule PDNPA that binds Nur77 to generate steric hindrance to block Akt targeting, thereby disrupting Akt-mediated Nur77 degradation and preserving Nur77 inhibition of HK1 release. Together, this study demonstrates an overlooked function of HK1 in HCC upon its release from HSCs and highlights PDNPA as a candidate compound for inhibiting HCC progression.
Unravelling the interplay of ecological processes structuring the bacterial rare biosphere
Authors: Jia Xiu , Dini-Andreote Francisco , Salles Joana Falcão
Published: October 2022

Most ecological communities harbor many rare species (i.e., the rare biosphere), however, relatively little is known about how distinct ecological processes structure their existence. Here, we used spatiotemporal data on soil bacterial communities along a natural ecosystem gradient to model the relative influences of assembly processes structuring the rare and common biospheres. We found a greater influence of homogeneous selection (i.e., imposed by spatiotemporally constant variables) mediating the assembly of the rare biosphere, whereas the common biosphere was mostly governed by variable selection (i.e., imposed by spatial and/or temporal fluctuating variables). By partitioning the different types of rarity, we found homogeneous selection to explain the prevalence of permanently rare taxa, thus suggesting their persistence at low abundances to be restrained by physiological traits. Conversely, the dynamics of conditionally rare taxa were mostly structured by variable selection, which aligns with the ability of these taxa to switch between rarity and commonness as responses to environmental spatiotemporal variations. Taken together, our study contributes to the establishment of a link between conceptual and empirical developments in the ecology of the soil microbial rare biosphere. Besides, this study provides a framework to better understand, model, and predict the existence and dynamics of microbial rare biospheres across divergent systems and scales.
Reactive argon-plasma activation of screen-printed carbon electrodes for highly selective dopamine determination
Authors: Cheunkar Sarawut , Oaew Sukunya , Parnsubsakul Attasith , Asanithi Piyapong
Published: October 2022

A facile argon (Ar) plasma treatment was employed to enhance the electrocatalytic reactivity of screen-printed carbon electrodes for selective dopamine (DA) detection.
Correction: Visible light-assisted Ni-/Ir-catalysed atom-economic synthesis of spiro[furan-3,1′-indene] derivatives
Authors: Gore Babasaheb Sopan , Kuo Chiao-Ying , Wang Jeh-Jeng
Published: October 2022

Correction for ‘Visible light-assisted Ni-/Ir-catalysed atom-economic synthesis of spiro[furan-3,1′-indene] derivatives’ by Babasaheb Sopan Gore et al., Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 4087–4090, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CC00717G.
Size- and shape-adaptable mixed-alkoxide-aggregates: encapsulation of tetrafluoroborate and butadiynediide
Authors: Cebi Erkam , Streit Sarah Marie , Klett Jan
Published: October 2022

Treatment of silyl compounds with excess sodium tert-butoxide results in encapsulation of the released anion. While the BF4− anion just fits in a spherical sodium alkoxide hull, the butadiyenediide dianion pierces its hull resulting in dimerisation.
Nanosheets loaded on tetrahedral surfaces form a Z-type Bi2MoO6/γ-Bi2O3 heterojunction to enhance the photocatalytic degradation activity of lomefloxacin and Rhodamine B
Authors: Wu Jiawei , Ding Bangfu , Qian Xin , Mao Liang , Zheng Huibin , Zhang Lei , Zheng Shukai , Zhang Junying
Published: October 2022

Nanosheets loading on tetrahedral surfaces of a Bi2MoO6/γ-Bi2O3 heterojunction forming a Z-type energy band to enhance the photocatalytic degradation activity.
X-Ray absorption spectroscopy on airborne aerosols
Authors: Rashid Muhammad H. , Borca Camelia N. , Xto Jacinta M. , Huthwelker Thomas
Published: October 2022

It is demonstrated that X-ray absorption spectroscopy can be used to analyze the chemical state of airborne aerosols in situ under controlled conditions.
The driving effects of common atmospheric molecules for formation of prenucleation clusters: the case of sulfuric acid, formic acid, nitric acid, ammonia, and dimethyl amine
Authors: Bready Conor J. , Fowler Vance R. , Juechter Leah A. , Kurfman Luke A. , Mazaleski Grace E. , Shields George C.
Published: October 2022

How secondary aerosols form is critical as aerosols' impact on Earth's climate is one of the main sources of uncertainty for understanding global warming.
Encapsulation of anthocyanin-rich extract from black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace by spray drying using different coating materials
Authors: Catalkaya Gizem , Guldiken Burcu , Capanoglu Esra
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to encapsulate the anthocyanin-rich extract from black chokeberry pomace by using maltodextrin with different DE values as the base coating material and its blends with gum Arabic, xanthan gum or whey protein isolate.
Machine-learning-assisted discovery of perovskite materials with high dielectric breakdown strength
Authors: Li Jianbo , Peng Yuzhong , Zhao Lupeng , Chen Guodong , Zeng Li , Wei Guoqiang , Xu Yanhua
Published: October 2022

A machine learning model to predict the phonon cutoff frequency (ω) and dielectric breakdown strength (Fb) of perovskites.
Two-dimensional wide-bandgap GeSe2 vertical ultraviolet photodetectors with high responsivity and ultrafast response speed
Authors: Yan Yong , Li Jie , Li Shasha , Wang Mengna , Luo Gaoli , Song Xiaohui , Zhang Suicai , Jiang Yurong , Qin Ruiping , Xia Congxin
Published: October 2022

Germanium selenide (GeSe2), as a typical member of 2D wide bandgap semiconductors (WBSs), shows great potential in ultraviolet (UV) optoelectronics due to its excellent flexibility, superior environmental stability, competitive UV absorption coefficient, and significant spectral selectivity.