bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the 2D-IR repertoire of the –SCN label to study site-resolved dynamics and solvation in the calcium sensor protein calmodulin
Authors: Schmidt-Engler Julian M. , Zangl Rene , Guldan Patrick , Morgner Nina , Bredenbeck Jens
Published: February 2020

2D-IR spectroscopy of site-specifically incorporated –SCN labels in the calcium sensor protein calmodulin reveals local dynamics and solvation as they change upon calcium uptake and protein–ligand interaction.
Printed gas sensors
Authors: Dai Jie , Ogbeide Osarenkhoe , Macadam Nasiruddin , Sun Qian , Yu Wenbei , Li Yu , Su Bao-Lian , Hasan Tawfique , Huang Xiao , Huang Wei
Published: February 2020

This review presents the recent development of printed gas sensors based on functional inks.
CO2-Assisted propane aromatization over phosphorus-modified Ga/ZSM-5 catalysts
Authors: Niu Xiaoran , Nie Xiaowa , Yang Chunhui , Chen Jingguang G.
Published: February 2020

Efficient and stable phosphorus-modified Ga/ZSM-5 catalysts are identified for a one-step process of CO2-assisted propane aromatization to liquid aromatics.
Pilot scale removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and precursors from AFFF-impacted groundwater by granular activated carbon
Authors: Rodowa Alix E. , Knappe Detlef R. U. , Chiang Sheau-Yun Dora , Pohlmann Dirk , Varley Catharine , Bodour Adria , Field Jennifer A.
Published: February 2020

The US military, municipal fire stations, airports, and the petroleum-processing industry have used aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) to extinguish hydrocarbon-based fires.
Pure omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA, DPA or DHA) are associated with increased plasma levels of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) in a short-term study in women
Authors: Liu Ge , Gibson Robert A. , Callahan Damien , Guo Xiao-Fei , Li Duo , Sinclair Andrew J.
Published: February 2020

3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) is a metabolite of furan fatty acids found in plasma and urine. Our data show that purified EPA, DPA and DHA may also be precursors of CMPF; however the metabolic pathway(s) remain unclear.
Healthy lifespan extension mediated by oenothein B isolated from Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla GL9 in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chen Yunjiao , Onken Brian , Chen Hongzhang , Zhang Xiaoying , Driscoll Monica , Cao Yong , Huang Qingrong
Published: February 2020

This study extends our knowledge of healthy lifespan extension and the mechanism of OEB, guiding related studies of other natural active compounds.
Regioselective condensation of hydroxyaromatic compounds with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran: facile one-pot synthesis of new substituted diaryl-fused 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.2]nonanes comprising central ketal moieties
Authors: Rahmatpour Ali
Published: February 2020

Regioselective synthesis of a series of novel diaryl- and naphthyl-fused 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.2]nonanes was accomplished by a one-pot reaction of p-substituted phenols and 2-naphthol with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran.
Polydopamine-on-liposomes: stable nanoformulations, uniform coatings and superior antifouling performance
Authors: Awasthi Anand Kumar , Gupta Siddhi , Thakur Jyoti , Gupta Sakshi , Pal Sanjay , Bajaj Avinash , Srivastava Aasheesh
Published: February 2020

Liposomal formulation of polydopamine provides physically stable formulations that form superior antifouling coatings on a variety of surfaces.
Graphene oxide-based colorimetric detection of organophosphorus pesticides via a multi-enzyme cascade reaction
Authors: Chu Shengnan , Huang Wei , Shen Fangzhong , Li Tiezhu , Li Siyuan , Xu Wanjia , Lv Chengwei , Luo Quan , Liu Junqiu
Published: February 2020

A GO-based colorimetric method was developed for sensitive detection of OPs at nanomolar levels via a multi-enzyme cascade reaction.
α-Selective glycosylations using glycosyl N-(ortho-methoxyphenyl)trifluoroacetimidates
Authors: Kowalska Karolina , Pedersen Christian Marcus
Published: February 2020

β-Selective acetimidate formation followed by α-selective catalytic activation.
Tandem transformations and multicomponent reactions utilizing alcohols following dehydrogenation strategy
Authors: Paul Bhaskar , Maji Milan , Chakrabarti Kaushik , Kundu Sabuj
Published: February 2020

In this review, the progress of tandem transformation of nitro, nitrile and azide functionalities is summarised to develop new C–C and C–N bonds as well as multi-component reactions using alcohols.
Dual-catalytic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Authors: Delle Chiaie Kayla R. , McMahon Fergus R. , Williams Esme J. , Price Matthew J. , Dove Andrew P.
Published: February 2020

Limiting our plastic waste and finding greener, more sustainable solutions for disposal is a current environmental priority.
Effect of the interaction strength and anisotropy on the diffusio-phoresis of spherical colloids
Authors: Wei Jiachen , Ramírez-Hinestrosa Simón , Dobnikar Jure , Frenkel Daan
Published: February 2020

We study gradient-driven diffusio-phoretic flow around a fixed colloid. The flow enabled by the colloid-solute attraction depends sensitively on the interaction strength and anisotropy. The strength dependence is non-monotonic due to trapping of the solute particles around the colloid.
Increasing complexity in small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering experiments: from biological membrane mimics to live cells
Authors: Semeraro Enrico F. , Marx Lisa , Frewein Moritz P. K. , Pabst Georg
Published: February 2020

We review compositional models for analyzing small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering data of complex membrane mimics and live cells.
Surface oxidized two-dimensional antimonene nanosheets for electrochemical ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions
Authors: Bat-Erdene Munkhjargal , Xu Guangrui , Batmunkh Munkhbayar , Bati Abdulaziz S. R. , White Jessica J. , Nine Md J. , Losic Dusan , Chen Yu , Wang Yun , Ma Tianyi , Shapter Joseph G.
Published: February 2020

Few-layer antimonene nanosheets with surface oxidation have been used as an efficient nitrogen reduction reaction electrocatalyst for ammonia synthesis.
Core–shell PEDOT:PSS/SA composite fibers fabricated via a single-nozzle technique enable wearable sensor applications
Authors: Wang Mingxu , Gao Qiang , Gao Jiefeng , Zhu Chunhong , Chen Kunlin
Published: February 2020

Core–shell PEDOT : PSS/SA composite fibers were prepared with a single-nozzle wet-spinning method. The flexible sensing fabric prepared by knitting the composite conductive fibers were used to monitor the various movement of human body.
Super stable (Ba,Sr)LuAl2Si2O2N5:Ce3+,Eu2+phosphors
Authors: Wen Dawei , Kato Hideki , Kakihana Masato
Published: February 2020

Highly stable (Ba,Sr)LuAl2Si2O2N5phosphors against oxidation and hydrolysis by O2and water, respectively.
Scaled conductance quantization unravels the switching mechanism in organic ternary resistive memories
Authors: Cheng Xue-Feng , Zhao Yao , Ye Wen , Yu Chuang , He Jing-Hui , Wang Fu-Yi , Lu Jian-Mei
Published: February 2020

Scaled conductance quantization phenomenon was observed in organic ternary memory. A new perspective to understand the nature of resistance switching in organic ternary memory devices was provided.
Smilax China-derived yellow-fluorescent carbon dots for temperature sensing, Cu2+ detection and cell imaging
Authors: Chang Dan , Shi Lihong , Zhang Yan , Zhang Guomei , Zhang Caihong , Dong Chuan , Shuang Shaomin
Published: February 2020

Here, we report an environmentally friendly fabrication strategy of bright yellow fluorescent carbon dots (y-CDs) and construct a rapid and accurate multifunctional sensing platform for the effective detection of temperature and Cu2+.
An amalgam route to stabilize potassium metal anodes over a wide temperature range
Authors: Yang Qing , Ding Yi , He Guang
Published: February 2020

A fast-alloying strategy has been developed to stabilize potassium metal anodes using a K–Hg amalgam.
Construction of 2D extended cocrystals on the Au(111) surface via I⋯Oaldehyde halogen bonds
Authors: Yang Xue-Qing , Yi Zhen-Yu , Wang Sheng-Fu , Chen Ting , Wang Dong
Published: February 2020

2D extended organic cocrystals were constructed using 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and aromatic aldehydes via I⋯Oaldehyde halogen bonds on an Au(111) surface.
Conformationally active integrin endocytosis and traffic: why, where, when and how?
Authors: Mana Giulia , Valdembri Donatella , Serini Guido
Published: February 2020

Spatiotemporal control of integrin-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for physiological and pathological events in multicellular organisms, such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, platelet aggregation, leukocytes extravasation, and cancer cell metastatic dissemination. Regulation of integrin adhesive function and signaling relies on the modulation of both conformation and traffic. Indeed, integrins exist in a dynamic equilibrium between a bent/closed (inactive) and an extended/open (active) conformation, respectively endowed with low and high affinity for ECM ligands. Increasing evidence proves that, differently to what hypothesized in the past, detachment from the ECM and conformational inactivation are not mandatory for integrin to get endocytosed and trafficked. Specific transmembrane and cytosolic proteins involved in the control of ECM proteolytic fragment-bound active integrin internalization and recycling exist. In the complex masterplan that governs cell behavior, active integrin traffic is key to the turnover of ECM polymers and adhesion sites, the polarized secretion of endogenous ECM proteins and modifying enzymes, the propagation of motility and survival endosomal signals, and the control of cell metabolism.
Constipação Intestinal: Abordagem Medicamentosa e não Medicamentosa
Authors: da Cruz Fabiano Robert Neves
Published: February 2020

A constipação intestinal é uma condição prevalente, tanto em adultos quanto em crianças. Os critérios clínicos para seu tratamento estão bem estabelecidos e, diferentes abordagens não-medicamentosas (fibras, hidratação, atividade física, hábito intestinal regular, biofeedback, injeção de toxina botulínica, cirurgia) e medicamentosas (laxativos e purgativos) têm sido propostas para intervir no problema. No entanto, sustentado pela mídia, em caráter puramente comercial e, às vezes, indevidamente sustentado por orientação médica, mesmo com sua eficácia e segurança pouco evidenciada em estudos controlados, o uso de laxativos persiste como forma de tratamento da constipação intestinal. Os laxantes e purgantes podem ser necessários dentro de um preparo pré-operatório, para procedimentos radiológicos e endoscópicos, entre outros motivos e, excepcionalmente, sob supervisão médica, como adjuvante inicial, no tratamento da constipação.
Retinolemia em escolares eutróficos e com sobrepeso
Authors: Almeida Ane C.F. , Ferraz Ivan S. , Weffort Virgínia R.S.
Published: February 2020

Objetivos: Verificar a frequência de escolares eutróficos e com sobrepeso que apresentam deficiência de vitamina A e estudar a relação existente entre as concentrações séricas de retinol e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura e a medida da circunferência abdominal do grupo de crianças eutróficas e com sobrepeso. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico realizado com escolares de 8 a 10 anos de idade provenientes de escolas municipais de Uberaba (MG). A amostra foi constituída de oitenta escolares pareados por idade e sexo, sendo quarenta escolares eutróficos e quarenta com sobrepeso. Resultados: Observou-se que 25% dos escolares com sobrepeso e 20% dos escolares eutróficos apresentaram concentrações séricas de retinol deficientes. Não houve diferença significante entre as médias das concentrações de retinol sérico no grupo de escolares eutróficos e com sobrepeso. Não foram observadas correlações significantes entre as concentrações séricas de retinol e IMC, medida da circunferência abdominal e porcentagem de gordura corporal medida pela impedância bioelétrica em ambos os grupos de escolares. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram uma alta prevalência de concentrações séricas deficientes de retinol, as quais não estão relacionadas ao percentual de gordura corporal e medida de circunferência abdominal, em dois grupos de escolares saudáveis, sendo um grupo eutrófico e outro, com sobrepeso.
Manejo nutrológico no pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica
Authors: Ramos Camila Perlin , de Mello Elza Daniel
Published: February 2020

A obesidade é uma das maiores epidemias deste século e está associada a diversas comorbidades, levando à piora da qualidade de vida e longevidade. Obesidade está relacionada com fatores genéticos e ambientais e é caracterizada por alteração da composição corporal, onde há maior oferta que gasto energético, propiciando o acúmulo de gordura corporal. A Cirurgia Bariátrica (CB) é um método eficaz para perda de peso sustentada em pacientes obesos, sendo a Cirurgia de By-pass gástrico em Y de Roux (BGYR) a técnica mais empregada no Brasil. CB é definida por um procedimento que altera o trato gastrointestinal, levando à redução da capacidade calórica e redução da absorção. Os pacientes que se submetem a CB apresentam risco para deficiências nutricionais no pós-operatório (PO) e a obesidade por si está relacionada a algumas deficiências. As deficiências nutricionais no PO podem ser atribuídas a diversos fatores como a deficiência pré-cirúrgica, ingestão alimentar reduzida, suplementação inadequada, má-absorção de nutrientes e terapia nutrológica inadequada, como a falta de monitorização ou ausência de seguimento PO. As deficiências mais comuns são de ferro, proteína, cálcio, folato, tiamina, zinco, cobre e vitaminas D, B12, A, C e K. A adequada orientação, monitoramento e acompanhamento no PO são ações fundamentais na identificação e/ou na prevenção destas deficiências.
Liraglutideas Adjunct Therapy in the Management of Obesity
Authors: Cersosimo Eugenio , Filho Durval Ribas
Published: February 2020

The obesity epidemic has reached a new level with some impressive numbers recently published in the United States of America. Even more alarming is the rapid increase in childhood obesity, which has been universally documented over the past few decades. The reasons underlying the problem of obesity can be simplified into three categories: i) routine consumption of bigger portion size meals; ii) confusing messages from food industry to consumers; and iii) physical inactivity is the “new normal”. Considering that the medical consequences of obesity are serious and directly affect morbidity and mortality, it has become necessary to act concomitantly to prevent and treat the increase in body weight and fat excess accumulation. The prevention of obesity is a formidable task that can only be accomplished with a concerted effort put together by several governmental agencies, especially those interested in agriculture, health and education, the food industry and health care providers, including physicians and nutrition specialists. Treatment of obesity with behavioral management, nutritional manipulations (“diets”) and, even bariatric surgery has had some success, but these strategies are accompanied by limited benefits and only to a select group of individuals. More importantly, the overall impact of these on the growing obesity pandemic is disappointing, at best. Some dietary recommendations with caloric restriction and adjustments in nutrient intake combined to pharmacotherapy have expanded our ability to manage obese patients.The recent approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agency of the Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor analog liraglutide, at the dose of 3.0 mg once daily, has provided us with an additional tool to combat the disease and minimize its complications. In this particular study, a significant reduction in the conversion ratesfrom pre-diabetes to diabetes was also shown and represents an important findingof the trial. Despite the fact that nausea, vomiting and diarrhea were frequently reported during the 1-year period of observation, tolerance was acceptable and most subjects completed the study.These data clearly indicate that combination drug therapy with dietary adjustments can be successful in promoting weight reduction and further support routine utilization of adjuvant pharmacotherapy in the management of obesity.
Ortorexia nervosa: um desafio para o nutrólogo
Authors: Luna Carolina de Almeida , Belmonte Terezinha de Souza Agra
Published: February 2020

Introdução: A ortorexia nervosa é um comportamento obsessivo-patológico relacionado à fixação por saúde alimentar. Esse quadro clínico ainda não foi oficialmente reconhecido como transtorno alimentar, não estando presente no DSM-V. Porém, discute-se na literatura o conceito da ortorexia nervosa, que inclui suas características, interações, sinais e sintomas e tratamento. Revisão: No presente trabalho foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática de quarenta e três artigos publicados desde 1997 no intuito de mapear o conhecimento sobre a ortorexia até o presente momento. Este trabalho enfocou a importância da atuação do médico nutrólogo no diagnóstico e acompanhamento desses pacientes conjuntamente a uma equipe multidisciplinar. A importância do delineamento dos grupos de risco, critérios diagnósticos e criação de métodos auxiliares como o teste ORTO-15 são fundamentais para o diagnóstico precoce desses pacientes tanto na esfera ambulatorial quanto na epidemiológica. O tratamento da ortorexia exige uma equipe multidisciplinar, envolvendo médicos nutrólogos, médicos psiquiatras, psicólogos, nutricionistas, educador físico. Em alguns casos, as drogas antiserotoninérgicas podem ser exigidas como parte do tratamento. Conclusão: Conclui-se que são necessárias mais pesquisas de prevalência populacional, relatos de casos clínicos e investimento na definição dos critérios diagnósticos para esse transtorno alimentar ser categorizado como uma patologia.
Efeitos dos ácidos graxos Ômega-3 no tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior: uma revisão
Authors: Santos Raphaella Nagib Carvalho
Published: February 2020

O aumento da prevalência de depressão nos países ocidentais tem sido acompanhado pelo aumento paralelo de doenças cardiovasculares e mudanças nos hábitos alimentares, com um desequilíbrio do consumo dos ácidos graxosômega-6 e ômega-3. Recentemente, foram propostas novas indicações terapêuticas para o ômega-3, tais como o tratamento de certas formas de doença mental, incluindo transtornos depressivos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento atual sobre os mecanismos biológicos de ação do ômega-3 na prevenção ou tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior. O método adotado para a elaboração da presente revisão foi baseado em um levantamento bibliográfico de artigos publicados na base de dados de pesquisas científicas através de sites internacionais como o Pubmed. Os resultados presentes nessa revisão constataram que há uma associação inversa entre a ingestão de ômega-3 e prevalência de depressão. Estudos apontam que o ômega-3 atua como anti-inflamatório e melhora a neurotransmissão serotoninérgica e dopaminérgica. Há, também, necessidade de estudos mais significativos e de longo prazo, assim como de esclarecer a dose terapêutica e a eficácia do ômega-3 como monoterapia ou adjuvante no tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior.
Bariatric surgery in HIV-infected patients: review of literature
Authors: da Silva Erika Ferrari Rafael
Published: February 2020

Obesity is now a common problem among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Until recently, HIV infection has been considered a contraindication to bariatric surgery for various reasons. Insurance carriers have considered HIV a terminal disease, and surgeons have been reluctant to operate HIV-infected patients because of this, as well as the associated risk of infectious transmissions, although this has been changing. Gastric bypass surgery may be an option for some patients who have failed diet and therapeutic lifestyle changes, modification in ART or other treatment modalities for HIV/ART-related lipohypertrophy and obesity. However, few data are available regarding HIV-related outcomes after such surgery and its impact on ART tolerability. The aim of this study is to review bariatric surgery in HIV-infected patients.
Can the consumption of Seeds, Leaves and Fruit Peels avoid the risk factors for Cardiovascular Disorders?
Authors: Farinazzi-Machado Flavia Maria Vasques
Published: February 2020

Changes in the feeding pattern of the population have recently led to a greater occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors that contribute to a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The presence of beneficial bioactive compounds in fruits and processed sub-products have proven to have a negative association with risk factors, such as blood pressure reduction, plasmatic lipoproteins control and increased resistance of LDL-c to oxidation, in addition to glycemic control and antioxidant effects. The aim of this review is to show that several studies have demonstrated many different chemical compounds in seeds, leaves and fruit peels, including their metabolic and physiologic effects on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. We reviewed the relevant literature by searching English-language publications in Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scielo and Lilacs, and references from relevant articles published since 2010, especially in the last five years. Eighty-seven relevant articles were included.
Eating habits and intake of macro-and micronutrients among adolescents in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP)
Authors: Del Ciampo Luiz Antonio , Del Ciampo Ieda Regina Lopes , Vieira Mariana Vilela
Published: February 2020

Objective: to know the intake of macro and micronutrients among a group of adolescents in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP). Methods: observational study in which it is observed the intake and eating habits of adolescents, through the food frequency questionnaire validated for adolescents and the food record of 3 days. Results: the participants were 130 adolescents, of whom 81 (62.3%) were female and 49 (37.6%) male, with a mean age 196.8 ± 11 months. Food items with the highest intake were rice, beans, candies, bread, sugar and milk. The percentage of energy from macronutrients were 56.4% for the group of carbohydrate, 15.3% protein and 28.3% lipid. Regarding minerals, it was observed a low intake than the recommended for calcium, adequate intake of iron and zinc and, notably, excessive sodium intake. Conclusions: The results showed that adolescents consume a large amount of simple sugars, saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol and sodium, which, in excess, can cause harm to the health of individuals in full stage of development. Therefore, the evident need to implement food education programs targeted to adolescents and their families, in order to change consumer’s habits, specially the reduction of sodium present in processed foods as well as those prepared in restaurants, decrease of sugar consumption and increase of eating vegetables and foods with calcium.
Adequação de medicamentos prescritos em pacientes em uso de sonda enteral em um hospital público no sul do Brasil
Authors: Ramos Camila Perlin , Kuhn Elisabete Hilda Gil , Girardi Ana Lara , Demartini Melissa , de Deus Vanessa Felipe , Dias Marília Flôres
Published: February 2020

Pacientes em uso de terapia nutricional enteral são alimentados através de sondas enterais, as quais, também, são vias de administração de medicamentos. Nutrientes e fármacos interagem entre si e com o trato gastrointestinal, sendo necessários cuidados para que esta terapia seja realizada de forma adequada, com o intuito de evitar efeitos adversos relacionados à terapia nutricional enteral. Os profissionais envolvidos na prescrição, dispensação e administração de medicamentos por sonda enteral devem possuir conhecimentos e habilidades técnicas que assegurem a adequação do tratamento medicamentoso em pacientes que fazem uso deste tipo de terapia. Existem poucos protocolos clínicos que se referem ao uso de medicamentos na forma farmacêutica sólida via sonda enteral. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a inadequação da prescrição da forma farmacêutica sólida via sondas enterais em pacientes internados em uma unidade clínica de um hospital público no sul do Brasil. Tratase de um estudo observacional, transversal, em que foram analisados dados de prescrições médicas de pacientes em uso de sondas enterais. Dentre os medicamentos com forma farmacêutica de uso oral prescritos via sondas enterais, 94% (604) foram prescritos na forma farmacêutica sólida, destes, 42% (253) foram prescritos de forma inadequada. A alta prevalência de medicamentos prescritos inadequadamente para administração via sonda demonstra a importância da atividade do farmacêutico junto à equipe multidisciplinar na assistência de pacientes em uso de terapia nutricional enteral.
Atualidades sobre o tratamento da Sarcopenia revisão de literatura
Authors: Gago Leandro Correia , Gago Fernanda Carballosa Prol
Published: February 2020

Sarcopenia e uma sindrome caracterizada por acometimento progressivo e generalizado da musculatura esqueletica de idosos e causa sua perda de massa e funcao (forca ou desempenho). A etiologia e multifatorial e, ainda, pouco compreendida. Cursa com reducao da mobilidade e da qualidade de vida, resultando em aumento da morbimortalidade. Sua prevalencia vem aumentando gradativamente conforme a populacao envelhece, fazendo crescerem as demandas por recursos de saude. Isso torna imperioso que se estude esta patologia mais a fundo. Foi realizada revisao de artigos que abordam o tema sarcopenia, com destaque para intervencoes terapeuticas, publicados a partir de 2010 ate o primeiro semestre de 2015. Concluiu-se que o tratamento baseia-se, principalmente, em mudanca do estilo de vida, ou seja, atividade fisica e maior ingestao proteica. Adiciona-se farmacoterapia naqueles com indicacao para tal, como vitamina D e testosterona. Devem ser considerados creatina e β-hidroximetilbutirato, entre outros.
Neutral and specialized path coding
Authors: Matsumoto Yo
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to present a new
typology of path coding used in motion event descriptions in various
languages. The crucial starting point for the new typology is how
Path is expressed across different constructional types of motion
event representations. The constructional types considered are
Self-motion, Caused motion, and Emanation. The study suggests that
path-coding devices can be divided into two major kinds: one kind
with broad distributional potential across different constructional
types of representations, and the other specialized for a particular
constructional type of representation. Languages tend to have
preferences toward adopting which kind of path-coding device is
predominantly used. Languages that utilize the former can be called
neutral path-coding languages, and those utilizing the latter,
specialized path-coding languages. Path and Deixis coding in several
languages are examined in these terms. Some patterns of
intralinguistic and interlinguistic variations are also
discussed.
Linguistics, language teaching objectives and the language learning process
Authors: Widdowson Henry
Published: February 2020

Linguistics has always been taken as the authoritative frame of reference for how language is represented as a pedagogic subject, and as approaches to linguistic description have changed so accordingly have approaches to language teaching. But the purposes that determine what aspects of language are to be abstracted as relevant for linguistic description do not correspond with those of language pedagogy. What linguistics provides are ways of specifying what is to be taught as the eventual learning objective in relative disregard of the learning process, a process that it is the essential purpose of pedagogy to promote. An alternative to this customary objective driven approach, would be to focus not on acquiring competence in a particular and separate L2 but on extending the general capability for using language as a communicative resource that learners have already acquired in their L1. Such an approach effectively makes the primary objective of pedagogy the development of the learning process itself.
Discourse particles in thetic judgments, in dependent sentences,
and in non-finite phrases
Authors: Abraham Werner
Published: February 2020

I survey the discourse effects and conditions of
selection of the German modal (discourse) particles on the basis of
different questions that have always been in the focus of analytical
descriptions (cf. Whitt
2015), which, however, can be formulated more clearly
today. Special attention will be paid to the dimension of the Common Ground that mediates between the prior context and the current
utterance or speaker and addressee and, depending on the individual
modal particle morpheme, allows for negotiation of the question
under discussion. Special focus is laid on the restrictions under
which modal particles appear in dependent sentences.
Solitary waves in dispersive evolution equations of Whitham type with nonlinearities of mild regularity
Authors: Hildrum Fredrik
Published: February 2020

We show existence of small solitary and periodic traveling-wave solutions in Sobolev spaces

,

, to a class of nonlinear, dispersive evolution equations of the form

where the dispersion

is a negative-order Fourier multiplier whose symbol is of KdV type at low frequencies and has integrable Fourier inverse

and the nonlinearity

is inhomogeneous, locally Lipschitz and of superlinear growth at the origin. This generalises earlier work by Ehrnström, Groves and Wahlén on a class of equations which includes Whitham’s model equation for surface gravity water waves featuring the exact linear dispersion relation. Tools involve constrained variational methods, Lions’ concentration-compactness principle, a strong fractional chain rule for composition operators of low relative regularity, and a cut-off argument for

which enables us to go below the typical

regime. We also demonstrate that these solutions are either waves of elevation or waves of depression when

is nonnegative, and provide a nonexistence result when

is too strong.
Quantum principle of relativity
Authors: Dragan Andrzej , Ekert Artur
Published: February 2020

Quantum mechanics is an incredibly successful theory and yet the statistical nature of its predictions is hard to accept and has been the subject of numerous debates. The notion of inherent randomness, something that happens without any cause, goes against our rational understanding of reality. To add to the puzzle, randomness that appears in non-relativistic quantum theory tacitly respects relativity, for example, it makes instantaneous signaling impossible. Here, we argue that this is because the special theory of relativity can itself account for such a random behavior. We show that the full mathematical structure of the Lorentz transformation, the one which includes the superluminal part, implies the emergence of non-deterministic dynamics, together with complex probability amplitudes and multiple trajectories. This indicates that the connections between the two seemingly different theories are deeper and more subtle than previously thought.
Positive correlation between wood δ15N and stream nitrate concentrations in two temperate deciduous forests
Authors: Sabo Robert D , Elmore Andrew J , Nelson David M , Clark Christopher M , Fisher Thomas , Eshleman Keith N
Published: February 2020

A limitation to understanding drivers of long-term trends in terrestrial nitrogen (N) availability in forests and its subsequent influence on stream nitrate export is a general lack of integrated analyses using long-term data on terrestrial and aquatic N cycling at comparable spatial scales. Here we analyze relationships between stream nitrate concentrations and wood δ
15N records (n = 96 trees) across five neighboring headwater catchments in the Blue Ridge physiographic province and within a single catchment in the Appalachian Plateau physiographic province in the eastern United States. Climatic, acidic deposition, and forest disturbance datasets were developed to elucidate the influence of these factors on terrestrial N availability through time. We hypothesized that spatial and temporal variation of terrestrial N availability, for which tree-ring δ
15N records serve as a proxy, affects the variation of stream nitrate concentration across space and time. Across space at the Blue Ridge study sites, stream nitrate concentration increased linearly with increasing catchment mean wood δ
15N. Over time, stream nitrate concentrations decreased with decreasing wood δ
15N in five of the six catchments. Wood δ
15N showed a significant negative relationship with disturbance and acidic deposition. Disturbance likely exacerbated N limitation by inducing nitrate leaching and ultimately enhancing vegetative uptake. As observed elsewhere, lower rates of acidic deposition and subsequent deacidification of soils may increase terrestrial N availability. Despite the ephemeral modifications of terrestrial N availability by these two drivers and climate, long-term declines in terrestrial N availability were robust and have likely driven much of the declines in stream nitrate concentration throughout the central Appalachians.
Unique continuation properties for solutions to the Camassa-Holm equation and related models
Authors: Linares Felipe , Ponce Gustavo
Published: February 2020

It is shown that if

u
(
x
,
t
)

u(x,t)

is a real solution of the initial value problem for the Camassa-Holm equation which vanishes in an open set

Ω
⊂

R

×
[
0
,
T
]

\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}\times [0,T]

, then

u
(
x
,
t
)
=
0
,
(
x
,
t
)
∈

R

×
[
0
,
T
]

u(x,t)=0,(x,t)\in \mathbb {R}\times [0,T]

. The argument of proof can be placed in a general setting to extend the above results to a class of non-linear non-local 1-dimensional models which includes the Degasperis-Procesi equation. This result also applies to solutions of the initial periodic boundary value problems associated to these models.
Isolation of rabbit single domain antibodies to B7-H3 via protein immunization and phage display
Authors: Feng Ruonan , Wang Ruixue , Hong Jessica , Dower Christopher M , Croix Brad St , Ho Mitchell
Published: February 2020

Single domain antibodies have certain advantages including their small size, high stability and excellent tissue penetration, making them attractive drug candidates. Rabbit antibodies can recognize diverse epitopes, including those that are poorly immunogenic in mice and humans. In the present study, we established a method to isolate rabbit VH single domain antibodies for potential cancer therapy. We immunized rabbits with recombinant human B7-H3 (CD276) protein, made a phage-displayed rabbit VH single domain library with a diversity of 7 × 109, and isolated two binders (A1 and B1; also called RFA1 and RFB1) from phage panning. Both rabbit VH single domains exhibited antigen-dependent binding to B7-H3-positive tumor cell lines but not B7-H3 knockout tumor cell lines. Our study shows that protein immunization followed by phage display screening can be used to isolate rabbit single domain antibodies. The two single domain antibodies reported here may have potential applications in cancer immunotherapy.
Transcriptomic analysis reveals the key regulators and molecular mechanisms underlying myometrial activation during equine placentitis†
Authors: El-Sheikh Ali H , Boakari Y L , Loux S C , Dini P , Scoggin K E , Esteller-Vico A , Kalbfleisch T , Ball B A
Published: February 2020

The key event in placentitis-induced preterm labor is myometrial activation with the subsequent initiation of labor. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying myometrial activation are not fully understood in the mares. Therefore, the equine myometrial transcriptome was characterized during placentitis (290.0 ± 1.52 days of GA, n = 5) and the prepartum period (330 days of GA, n = 3) in comparison to normal pregnant mares (289.8 ± 2.18 days of GA, n = 4). Transcriptome analysis identified 596 and 290 DEGs in the myometrium during placentitis and the prepartum period, respectively, with 138 DEGs in common. The placentitis DEGs included eight genes (MMP1, MMP8, S100A9, S100A8, PI3, APOBEC3Z1B, RETN, and CXCL2) that are exclusively expressed in the inflamed myometrium. Pathway analysis elucidated that inflammatory signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling, and apoptosis pathways dominate myometrial activation during placentitis. The prepartum myometrium was associated with overexpression of inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and 5-hydroxytryptamine degradation. Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified several chemoattractant factors in the myometrium during placentitis and prepartum period, including CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL3, and CXCL6 in common. Upstream regulator analysis revealed 19 potential upstream regulators in placentitis dataset including transcription regulators (E2F1, FOXM1, HIF1A, JUNB, NFKB1A, and STAT1), transmembrane receptors (FAS, ICAM1, SELP, TLR2, and TYROBP), growth factors (HGF and TGFB3), enzymes (PTGS2 and PRKCP), and others (S100A8, S100A9, CD44, and C5AR1). Additionally, three upstream regulators (STAT3, EGR1, and F2R) were identified in the prepartum dataset. These findings revealed the key regulators and pathways underlying myometrial activation during placentitis, which aid in understanding the disease and facilitate the development of efficacious therapies.
Comparing Propensity Score Methods Versus Traditional Regression Analysis for the Evaluation of Observational Data: A Case Study Evaluating the Treatment of Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Amoah Joe , Stuart Elizabeth A , Cosgrove Sara E , Harris Anthony D , Han Jennifer H , Lautenbach Ebbing , Tamma Pranita D
Published: February 2020

Background

Propensity score methods are increasingly being used in the infectious diseases literature to estimate causal effects from observational data. However, there remains a general gap in understanding among clinicians on how to critically review observational studies that have incorporated these analytic techniques.

Methods

Using a cohort of 4967 unique patients with Enterobacterales bloodstream infections, we sought to answer the question “Does transitioning patients with gram-negative bloodstream infections from intravenous to oral therapy impact 30-day mortality?” We conducted separate analyses using traditional multivariable logistic regression, propensity score matching, propensity score inverse probability of treatment weighting, and propensity score stratification using this clinical question as a case study to guide the reader through (1) the pros and cons of each approach, (2) the general steps of each approach, and (3) the interpretation of the results of each approach.

Results

2161 patients met eligibility criteria with 876 (41%) transitioned to oral therapy while 1285 (59%) remained on intravenous therapy. After repeating the analysis using the 4 aforementioned methods, we found that the odds ratios were broadly similar, ranging from 0.84–0.95. However, there were some relevant differences between the interpretations of the findings of each approach.

Conclusions

Propensity score analysis is overall a more favorable approach than traditional regression analysis when estimating causal effects using observational data. However, as with all analytic methods using observational data, residual confounding will remain; only variables that are measured can be accounted for. Moreover, propensity score analysis does not compensate for poor study design or questionable data accuracy.
Variability in growth responses of non-O157 EHEC isolates in leafy vegetables, sprouted seeds and soil extracts occurs at the isolate level
Authors: Merget Bernhard , Dobrindt Ulrich , Forbes Ken J , Strachan Norval J C , Brennan Fiona , Holden Nicola J
Published: February 2020

Foods of plant origin are recognised as a major source of foodborne pathogens, in particular for Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC). Most work for STEC and plant-based fresh produce has focused on the most prevalent outbreak serogroup, O157. However, non-O157 STEC is an emerging hazard, and as such it is important to characterise aspects within this group that reflect their ability to colonise alternative hosts and habitats relevant to horticultural production. Growth kinetics were quantified for a diverse set of clinical enterohaemorrhagic E. coli isolates in extracts made from different tissues of spinach, lettuce or sprouted seeds, or from soil, to represent association with ready-to-eat fresh produce production. For leafy vegetables, spinach apoplast supported the fastest rates of growth and lettuce root extracts generated the slowest growth rates. Growth rates were similar for the majority of isolates in fenugreek or alfalfa sprouted seed extracts. Monosaccharides were the major driver of bacterial growth. No correlations were found for growth rates between different serotypes or for Shigatoxin gene carriage. Thus, growth rates varied in a plant-dependent and isolate-dependent manner, for all plant or soil extracts tested, indicative of isolate-specific differences in metabolic flexibility. These findings are relevant for risk assessment of non-O157 STEC.
Reintroducing B. infantis to the cesarean-born neonate: an ecologically sound alternative to “vaginal seeding”
Authors: Duar Rebbeca M , Kyle David , Tribe Rachel M
Published: February 2020

There is a burgeoning literature highlighting differences in health outcomes between babies born vaginally and by caesarean section (c-section) This has led to the suggestion that infants born by c-section may benefit from vaginal swabbing/seeding. Here, we discuss from an ecological perspective that it is gut-adapted, not vagina-adapted microbes that are likely to take up residence in the gut and have the most beneficial impact on the developing neonate. Further, we caution the practice of ‘vaginal seeding’ may be potentially unsafe and also give parents and health professionals a false sense of action in restoring the infant gut microbiome following c-section. Instead, we argue that restoring B. longum subsp. infantis, which has evolved to colonize the infant gut, is a safe and ecologically-sound approach to restoring the gut microbiome of infants born by c-section.
The Nordic perspective on migration and empowerment
Authors: Dahl Berit Misund , Buch Mejsner Sofie , Eklund Karlsson Leena , Kostenius Catrine , Laverack Glenn , Andersen Heidi Myglegård , Warne Maria , Lidmark Johan
Published: February 2020

International migration is a complex phenomenon that touches on a multiplicity of economic, social and security aspects affecting our daily lives. In the Nordic countries’ migration is a contentious political topic as the number of migrants has significantly increased in recent decades. The aim of this study is to analyse governmental policy documents on migrants in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and to identify and compare how they are described within an empowerment perspective. A critical discourse analysis was undertaken of each Nordic country. The findings revealed that all four documents placed migrants in a passive position in regard to decision-making and that an empowerment perspective was lacking. Migrants are similarly treated in each Nordic country as a problem to deal with rather than as a possible resource for the society and the approach seeks to protect the welfare state and the culture of the country. The lack of empowerment perspective may be having a negative impact on the health and well-being of migrants and on their integration in the Nordic society. The article concludes by raising several questions in regard to migration and empowerment in the Nordic context.
Bring Your Daughter to Work
Authors: Hamilton Johanna
Published: February 2020

Pip Green, Head of Corporate Responsibility at CGI UK, explains their ‘bring your daughter to work’ initiative to Johanna Hamilton AMBCS and why it's so important to get girls into STEM subjects from an early age.
Fate of Organochlorine Pesticides During Processing of Milk into Dairy Products
Authors: Li C F , Bradley R L , Schultz L H
Published: February 2020

Two lactating dairy cows per group were fed selected pesticides dissolved in organic solvents and mixed into a grain concentrate for a two week period. The reference pesticides used in this study were dieldrin; a mixture of heptachlor, DDT, and lindane; toxaphene; chlordane; endosulfan (Thiodan); and dicofol (Kelthane). The milk from these contaminated cows was collected and processed into the following dairy products: pasteurized whole milk, 30% cream, butter, spray-dried whole milk, condensed whole milk, sterilized condensed whole milk, and Cheddar cheese. The byproducts (skim milk, buttermilk, and Cheddar cheese whey) from manufacturing these products were also saved for subsequent analysis. The residues in these dairy products and byproducts were extracted, cleaned up, and analyzed by electron capture gas chromatography. The 30% cream, condensed milk, and pasteurized milk were analyzed at 0, 7, and 14 days and Cheddar cheese, spray-dried milk, butter, and sterilized condensed milk after storage for 0, 3, and 6 months. The results indicated that, in general, the pesticides used were very stable for ordinary dairy processing operations and remained essentially unchanged even after storage at refrigeration and room tempera-tures for 6 months. However, dieldrin, lindane, and chlordane showed a 27, 34, and 11% decrease, respectively, for spray-dried products and the concentration of dicofol showed a slight decrease in the sterilized condensed whole milk products, whereas the concentration of DDE extracted from the products stored 3 and 6 months was generally less than the amount extracted initially. In manufacturing Cheddar cheese, most of the pesticides showed some bacteriostatic or bactericidal action against starter microorganisms. Generally the pesticide residues were found in greater concentration (on a fat basis) in the skim milk, buttermilk, and whey than in products from which these were derived. This might be attributable to the affinity of the residues for the lipoprotein portion of the products. Concentrations of dieldrin and toxaphene increased slightly during storage of the milk and milk products, suggesting that a reorientation occurred.
Identification of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Two Bald Eagles by Combined Gas-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bagley G E , Reichel W L , Cromartie E
Published: February 2020

Polychlorinated biphenyls are widely used industrial compounds marketed in the United States under the trade name Aroclor. They have appeared in fish and wildlife tissues in this country and in Europe. They are known to be toxic, but more importantly, their presence in samples along with the commonly occurring organochlorine pesticides complicates the analysis to a serious degree, making i denti fication of pesticide residues by GLC without preliminary separation extremely unreliable. Residues of both polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides were present in eagle carcasses. Many of the polychlorinated biphenyl components had retention times identical with those of certain organochlorine pesticide residues. Identification was accomplished by preliminary separationson thin layer plates followed by combined GLC-mass spectrometry.
Collaborative Study of the Determination of Morphine in Opium
Authors: Smith Edward
Published: February 2020

The partition chromatographic procedure which was successfully applied in last year’s collaborative study of the determination of morphine in paregoric was applied to the determination of morphine in opium. Two methods of preparation of the opium solution before partition were studied: homogenization in a high-speed blender and use of DMSO as a solvent. Reproducible results were obtained with the use of DMSO solutions. The standard deviations obtained for samples containing 7.82, 13.88, 12.45, 14.87, and 15.74% anhydrous morphine were 0.171, 0.184, 0.207, 0.220, and 0.307, respectively. From the results obtained, the method using DMSO in the preparation of the sample solution together with the partition chromatographic method is recommended for adoption as official first action.