bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspartate‐474 in the first exoplasmic loop of the thyrotropin receptor is crucial for receptor activation
Authors: Kosugi Shinji , Matsuda Akira , Hai Noritaka , Aoki Norihiko , Sugawa Hideo , Mori Toru
Published: July 2002

Asp‐474 in the first exoplasmic loop of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), which is conserved among all glycoprotein hormone receptors, was mutated to Glu which is similarly charged but is longer by one methylene group and expressed in Cos‐7 cells. Cells expressing this mutant receptor showed markedly impaired TSH‐ and TSAb (thyroid stimulating antibody)‐stimulated cAMP responses with no effect on TSH binding affinity when compared with cells expressing a similar number of wild‐type receptors. These results suggest the importance of Asp‐474 in TSHR in receptor activation as demonstrated for LHR (lutropin receptor), but this, unlike LHR, is not due to the electrostatic interaction of this Asp residue with the α‐subunit Lys‐91 of the hormone.
Inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis by nitrate in Gibberella fujikuroi
Authors: Sánchez-Fernández Rocı́o , Avalos Javier , Cerdá-Olmedo Enrique
Published: July 2002

Gibberellin production in Gibberella fujikuroi starts upon exhaustion of the nitrogen source. To determine the role of nitrate and ammonium in the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis we have isolated mutants that cannot use nitrate as a nitrogen source. Nitrate inhibited partially the production of gibberellins in mutants devoid of nitrate reductase activity. The inhibition occurred whether nitrate was added before or after the onset of gibberellin production. Addition of tungstate to the wild type mimicked the results with nitrate reductase mutants. We conclude that nitrate inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis by itself, independently of the intracellular signal that conveys nitrogen availability.
A multifunctional protein: involvement of the alpha‐1 serum protease inhibitor in SDS and high salt‐stable DNA‐protein complexes
Authors: Glaser Tova , Rothbarth Karsten , Stammer Hermann , Kempf Tore , Spiess Eberhard , Werner Dieter
Published: July 2002

Occasionally new and intriguing roles arise for proteins with well established functions. The alpha‐1 serum protease inhibitor (α‐1 PI) represents another example. Sequence identities exist in the α‐1 PI and in a nuclear 52‐kDa glycoprotein which is involved in resistant DNA‐polypeptide complexes. The results of Western blots support the identity of the two proteins and immunocytochemical studies indicate the nuclear location of the α‐1 PI. Consistently, e.g. Ehrlich ascites tumor cells express the α‐1 PI, and the fusion protein between the α‐1 PI and the green fluorescent protein from Aequorea victoria shows intracellular accumulation and partly nuclear location.
A single mutation at the catalytic site of TF1‐α3β3γ complex switches the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis from negative to positive cooperativity
Authors: Muneyuki Eiro , Odaka Masafumi , Yoshida Masasuke
Published: July 2002

Previously, we reported the substitution of Tyr341 of the F1‐ATPase β subunit from a thermophilic Bacillus strain PS3 with leucine, cysteine, or alanine (M. Odaka et al. J. Biochem., 115 (1994) 789–796). These mutations resulted in a great decrease in the affinity of the isolated β subunit for ATP‐Mg and an increase in the apparent K
m of the α3β3γ complex in ATP hydrolysis when examined above 0.1 mM ATP. Here, we examined the ATPase activity of the mutant complexes in a wide range of ATP concentration and found that the mutants exhibited apparent positive cooperativity in ATP hydrolysis. This is the first clear demonstration that a single mutation in the catalytic sites converts the kinetics from apparent negative cooperativity in the wild‐type α3β3γ complex to apparent positive cooperativity. The conversion of apparent cooperativity could be explained in terms of a simple kinetic scheme based on the binding change model proposed by Boyer.
The biochemical consequences of α2,6(N) sialyltransferase induction by dexamethasone on sialoglycoprotein expression in the rat H411e hepatoma cell line
Authors: Coughlan Christine M , Burger Peter G , Berger Eric G , Breen Kieran C
Published: July 2002

Previous studies have demonstrated sialyltransferase (ST) enzyme activity to be induced in hepatic cells by corticosteroids. In this study, we used the H411e rat hepatoma cell line to further characterise this induction with particular reference to the subsequent changes in the pattern of sialoglycoprotein (SGP) expression. The induction of total ST activity by dexamethasone was concentration dependent with maximum induction occurring 12 h subsequent to drug addition. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the induction was associated with an increase in the expression of the α2,6(N) ST enzyme with no change in the expression levels of the α2,3(N) enzyme. While the induction resulted in an increase in the reaction velocity (V
max) of the enzyme for both the sugar donor (CMP‐Neu5Ac) and the asialofetuin acceptor protein, there was no significant change in the enzyme affinity (K
m) for the substrates, suggestive of either an increase in the expression or efficiency of the existing enzyme(s) rather than an induction of novel ST enzymes. Lectin blot analysis of cellular glycoprotein expression demonstrated no change in the expression patterns of either α2,3 or α2,6‐linked SGP following enzyme induction. These results suggest that the available acceptor sites for the terminal sialic acid group(s) may be fully occupied in the control cells and therefore there are no further sites onto which the sialic acid can be transferred following induction of ST enzyme activity. This may be due to the high basal enzyme levels in the control cells already exhausting endogenous acceptor sites.
Interaction of EF‐Tu with EF‐Ts: substitution of His‐118 in EF‐Tu destabilizes the EF‐Tu·EF‐Ts complex but does not prevent EF‐Ts from stimulating the release of EF‐Tu‐bound GDP
Authors: Jonák Jiřı́ , Anborgh Pieter H , Parmeggiani Andrea
Published: July 2002

Elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli with His‐118 substituted by glycine (EF‐TuH118G) was found to be defective in complex formation with EF‐Ts. EF‐Ts in excess failed to dissociate kirromycin from the EF‐TuH118G·kirromycin complex and to form a stable complex with EF‐TuH118G on column chromatography. However, the stimulatory effect of EF‐Ts on GDP dissociation from EF‐TuH118G·GDP and on poly(U)‐directed poly(Phe) synthesis catalyzed by EF‐TuH118G was only partially influenced. These results indicate that His‐118, while very important for the formation of a stable EF‐Tu·EF‐Ts complex, is not essential for the transmission of the EF‐Ts‐dependent signal accelerating the release of the EF‐Tu‐bound GDP.
A possible involvement of endogenous polyamines in the TNF‐α cellular sensitivity
Authors: George Pascal , Louisot Pierre , Levrat Christiane
Published: July 2002

A critical step in the cytotoxic action mechanism of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) involves, among mitochondrial dysfunctions, an early change of the inner membrane permeability displaying the characteristics of permeability transition. Cytosolic polyamines, especially spermine, are known to inhibit it. Our results show that spermine is only detectable in the TNF‐α resistant C6 cells while N1‐acetylspermidine is present in the TNF‐α sensitive WEHI‐164 cells, and putrescine and spermidine are found in both. TNF‐α treatment does not change this distribution but only induces a quantitative alteration in TNF‐α sensitive cells. Omission of glutamine (energetic substrate) from the culture media alters neither the TNF‐α responsiveness of both cell lines nor their polyamine distributions, only their quantitative polyamine contents.
Staurosporine‐sensitive protein phosphorylation is required for postreplication DNA repair in human cells
Authors: Svetlova M.P , Solovjeva L.V , Nikiforov A.A , Chagin V.A , Lehmann A.R , Tomilin N.V
Published: July 2002

DNA repair is an important factor of stability of pro‐ and eukaryotic genomes which plays a central role in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Genetic control of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in mammalian cells is well studied, but little is known about molecular mechanisms of postreplication repair (PRR) which allows bypass of base lesions in template strands after DNA replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae PRR is controlled by the RAD6/RAD18 pathway which involves POL30 gene encoding proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and in human cells PCNA is known to be closely associated with the newly replicated chromatin where PRR probably takes place. In UV‐irradiated human cells distinct PCNA foci may be detected in some cells which accumulate phosphorylated breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1 and another protein BARD1. Human PCNA is also known to be phosphorylated after UV‐irradiation. In this study we found that the known inhibitor of protein kinases staurosporine supresses PRR in NER‐deficient cells which is consistent with the view that BRCA1 and PCNA are required for PRR. We also have shown that the distinct PCNA foci in UV‐irradiated NER‐deficient cells are actually associated with the newly replicated chromatin. Since RAD18 protein is not essential for normal DNA replication and directly controls PRR in yeast, we analysed whether this protein as well as its human homologs (HR18A and HR18B) have common domains with BRCA1 and BARD1. It is found that HR18A has a subregion of homology to BARD1 and HR18A‐to BRCA1. Taken together the results indicate that BRCA1 and BARD1 may be involved in PRR in human cells.
Ligand‐induced endocytosis of the asialoglycoprotein receptor: evidence for heterogeneity in subunit oligomerization
Authors: Bider Marc D , Spiess Martin
Published: July 2002

The hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, a non‐covalent hetero‐oligomer of two subunits, is a constitutively cycling endocytic receptor. However, the ligand asialoorosomucoid caused downregulation of up to 40% of surface binding sites and a twofold increase in internalization rate. This was not the result of receptor crosslinking, since monovalent ligands had the same effect. Ligand binding thus appears to transmit a signal to the cytosolic portion of the receptor not unlike in signaling receptors. The two subunits were endocytosed at different average rates lower than that of ligand, indicating heterogeneity in oligomer formation and potentially in ligand specificity.
Autolysis of bovine enteropeptidase heavy chain: evidence of fragment 118–465 involvement in trypsinogen activation
Authors: Mikhailova Anna G , Rumsh Lev D
Published: July 2002

Variations in bovine enteropeptidase (EP) activity were shown to result from autolysis caused by the loss of calcium ions; the cleavage sites were determined. The native enzyme preferred its natural substrate, trypsinogen (K
M=2.4 μM), to the peptide and fusion protein substrates (K
M=200 and 125 μM, respectively). On the other hand, the truncated enzyme composed of the C‐terminal fragment 466–800 of EP heavy chain and intact light chain did not distinguish these substrates. The results suggest that the N‐terminal fragment 118–465 of the enteropeptidase heavy chain contains a secondary substrate‐binding site that interacts directly with trypsinogen.
Anisoosmotic regulation of the Nopp140 mRNA in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells and primary hepatocytes
Authors: Warskulat Ulrich , Hammermann Rainer , Häussinger Dieter
Published: July 2002

Using the differential display polymerase chain reaction osmosensitive regulation of mRNA levels of the nucleolar phosphoprotein of 140 kDa (Nopp140) was found in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. These levels were downregulated after hypoosmotic exposure in H4IIE cells and primary rat hepatocytes. Hyperosmotic incubation increased Nopp140 mRNA levels in H4IIE cells but not in hepatocytes. Inhibition of p38MAPK or MAP kinase kinase upstream of Erk‐1 and Erk‐2 decreased Nopp140 mRNA levels but did not prevent their osmosensitivity. Because Nopp140 is involved in the regulation of transcriptional activity it could play a role in the osmosignalling pathway towards gene expression in H4IIE cells and hepatocytes.
Tpr1, a Schizosaccharomyces pombe protein involved in potassium transport
Authors: Lichtenberg H , Heyer M , Höfer M
Published: July 2002

The Schizosaccharomyces pombe Tpr1 was isolated as suppressor of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δ trk1,2 potassium uptake deficient phenotype. Tpr1, for tetratrico peptide repeat, encodes a 1039 amino acid residues protein with several reiterated TPR units displaying significant homology to p150TSP, a recently identified phosphoprotein of mouse, to S. cerevisiae CTR9 and to related sequences of human, Caenorhabditis elegans, Methanoccocus jannaschii and Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of Tpr1 restored growth on 0.2 mM K+ media, induced K+ transport with a K
T of 4.6 mM and resumed inward currents of −90 pÅ at −250 mV (pH 7.2) conducting K+ and other alkali‐metal ions. The tetratrico peptide repeat is a degenerate motif of 34 amino acids that is repeated several times within TPR‐containing proteins and has been suggested to mediate protein‐protein interactions. The sequence and putative binding properties of Tpr1 suggest the protein unlikely as transporter but involved in the enhancement of K+ uptake via conventional carriers.
Interferon‐α inhibits chromogranin A promoter activity in neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Plath Thomas , Höcker Michael , Riecken Ernst-Otto , Wang Timothy C. , Wiedenmann Bertram , Rosewicz Stefan
Published: July 2002

Interferon‐α (IFN‐α) treatment can suppress the hypersecretion syndrome associated with functional neuroendocrine tumors. Chromogranin A (CgA) is a matrix protein of neuroendocrine secretory vesicles and appears to be essential for an appropriate neuroendocrine secretory function. To test the hypothesis that IFN‐α can directly interfere with CgA gene transcription, we performed transient transfection studies in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells employing CgA‐luciferase reporter gene constructs showing that IFN‐α inhibited basal and protein kinase C‐dependent CgA promoter activity. Using 5′‐deletion constructs in combination with mutational analysis of the proximal CgA core promoter, a cyclic AMP response element (CRE) at −71 to −64 bp was identified as the IFN‐α response element of the CgA gene. Furthermore, functional studies indicated that IFN‐α exerts its effect on the CgA promoter via interference with CRE binding protein (CREB)/CREB binding protein (CBP)‐dependent transactivation of the CgA‐CRE.
Activation of NF‐κB in human osteoblasts by stimulators of bone resorption
Authors: Ali Nadire N , Gilston Vanessa , Winyard Paul G
Published: July 2002

Several bone resorptive stimuli affect osteoclasts indirectly by modulating the production and release of osteoblastic factors. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we found that not only tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) but also interleukin‐1β and parathyroid hormone (PTH) caused dose and time‐related increases in nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB)‐DNA binding in Saos‐2 human osteoblastic (hOB) cells. Activation of NF‐κB by TNF‐α was reproduced in primary hOBs. In contrast, consistent with their previously reported lack of response to steroid hormones, Saos‐2 cells did not respond to 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. We suggest that NF‐κB activation in osteoblastic cells constitutes an important pathway in osteoblast‐mediated resorptive signalling.
A single d(GpG) cisplatin adduct on the estrogen response element decreases the binding of the estrogen receptor
Authors: Massaad-Massade Liliane , Massaad Charbel , Legendre Franck , Bas Véronique , Chottard Jean-Claude , Beaune Philippe , Barouki Robert
Published: July 2002

Both cisplatin and the estrogen receptor (ER) are known to bend DNA. The influence of the bending of sequences by the d(GpG)cisPt adduct binding of ER to estrogen response element (ERE)‐like sequences was examined. Three ERE‐like oligonucleotides with different affinities for ER and which include a GG in the linker sequence were designed in order to form a single central d(GpG)cisPt adduct. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Scatchard analysis, it was shown that the presence of a single d(GpG)cisPt adduct in the linker sequence decreases the ER affinity for DNA. These results do not support a critical role of a DNA bend in the initial recognition of ERE by ER. Then, the platination of DNA outside of the ERE half‐sites decreases the interaction of ER with ERE.
Present and future of maternal mortality in Latin America
Authors: Acosta A.A. , Cabezas E. , Chaparro J.C.
Published: July 2002

Twenty‐three thousand maternal deaths per year in Latin America and the Caribbean reflects clearly the critical situation in this part of the world. Although we don't know exactly how many women die every year from pregnancy and childbirth, it is clear that the majority of these women are from low socioeconomic backgrounds, live in remote places and have a low level of education. Hemorrhages, infections and hypertension induced by pregnancy are the most common causes of maternal mortality. These pathologies can in many cases be prevented if there is a will for a positive change that involves different sectors related with health. The role of the scientific societies, and the role of FIGO through the ‘Save the Mothers’ Project are of extreme importance, assuming a chief role and compromise that can help in the right way to be able to revert this situation.
Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the third stage of labor
Authors: Kundodyiwa T.W , Majoko F , Rusakaniko S
Published: July 2002

Objectives: A double blind randomized controlled trial was performed at the tertiary hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe to compare oral misoprostol with intramuscular oxytocin in the management of third stage of labor. Methods: A total of 499 women were randomized to receive either 400 μg misoprostol orally or 10 IU oxytocin intramuscularly. The incidences of postpartum hemorrhage and side effects were examined. Results: The demographic and labor characteristics were comparable. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 15.2% of women given misoprostol and in 13.3% of those given oxytocin (P=0.534). Measured blood loss of more than 1000 ml occurred in 3.7% of the misoprostol group compared with 2% in the oxytocin group (P=0.237). There was no significant difference in the need for additional oxytocic drugs or blood transfusion in women given misoprostol (P values 0.137 and 0.600, respectively). Significant side effects of misoprostol were shivering [RR=1.32 (95% CI 1.11–1.58); P=0.002) and a rise in temperature [RR=2.02 (95% CI 1.75–2.33); P<0.001]. Conclusions: Oral misoprostol is as effective as intramuscular oxytocin in the prevention of PPH. Shivering and transient pyrexia were specific side effects of misoprostol. Misoprostol has potential in reducing the high incidence of PPH in developing countries.
Cellular immune response levels in gestational trophoblastic tumor patients after hydatidiform mole
Authors: Sutoto M.T.
Published: July 2002

Objective: This study looked for an association of natural (innate) cellular immune responses with the development of gestational trophoblastic tumors (GTT) after hydatidiform moles (HM). Method: An observational prospective cohort study (73 patients) was carried out to measure the serum level of Natural Killer (NK) cells, Monocytes (Mo) and a Bio‐Merieux skin test was performed on the day of HM evacuation and 4 weeks afterwards. The diagnosis of GTT were after Soper and Hammond (1998) and followed up for at least 6 months after evacuation. Patients' characteristics and cellular immune responses among patients who developed GTT were analysed by multiple logistic regression (SPSS version 5). Results: The results showed that a low NK cell percentage was associated (P=0.020) with the development of GTT, also a low Mo (P=0.034) on day 0. While on day 28 a low NK cell percentage (P=0.008) and Mo cell count (P=0.043) were associated with the development of GTT. The cut‐off point between the sensitivity (60%) and specificity of NK cell percentage on day 0 was 16, and also showed a negative predictive value of 83%. Meanwhile on day 28, the cut‐off point between the sensitivity and specificity (80%) was 17, and showed a negative predictive value of NK cell percentage (85%). Conclusion: These figures indicated that HM‐lowered NK cell serum percentages were associated with the development of GTT.
Antepartum computerized CTG and neonatal acid‐base status at birth
Authors: Anceschi M.M. , Piazze J.J. , Vozzi G. , Ruozi Berretta A. , Figliolini C. , Vigna R. , Cosmi E.V.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To assess the correlation between individual computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) variables and acid‐base status at birth before the first breathing in uncomplicated term pregnancy delivered by cesarean section. Study design: A retrospective cohort study. Subjects and methods: Seventy singleton normal pregnancies delivered by elective cesarean section. The last antepartum cCTG performed within 4 h from delivery by the System 8002 (Oxford Sonicaid, UK) was correlated to umbilical blood gas analysis (UBGA) values (AVL compact 2 analyser). Considering blood gas analysis values as dependent and individual cCTG parameters as independent variables the best regression subsets followed by a backward stepwise linear regression was used. Results: There was no significant correlation of cCTG parameters with any of the values of blood gas analysis. However, when neonatal conditions, as expressed by arterial pH>7.20, Becf>−4.0 mmol/l and Apgar score at 5 min >7, were taken as an end‐point, they could be predicted by Acc15 and FM/hour (sensitivity: 35%, positive predictive value: 92%, cut‐off>7 and 67%, 92%, >21, respectively). Conclusion: In uncomplicated pregnancies, the prospect of a vigorous newborn seems particularly associated with the presence of Acc>15 and FM/hour>21.
Lower semicontinuity of L∞ functionals
Authors: Barron E.N. , Jensen R.R. , Wang C.Y.
Published: July 2002

We study the lower semicontinuity properties and existence of a minimizer of the functional

F\left(u\right) = \operatorname{ess}\sup \limits_{x \in \Omega }f\left(x,u\left(x\right),Du\left(x\right)\right)

on

W^{1,∞}(Ω;ℝ^m)

. We introduce the notions of Morrey quasiconvexity, polyquasiconvexity, and rank-one quasiconvexity, all stemming from the notion of quasiconvexity (= convex level sets) of

f

in the last variable. We also formally derive the Aronsson–Euler equation for such problems.

On examine les propriétés de semi-continuité inférieure et l’existence du minimizeur de la fonctionnelle

F\left(u\right) = \operatorname{ess}\sup \limits_{x \in \Omega }f\left(x,u\left(x\right),Du\left(x\right)\right)

sur

W^{1,∞}(Ω;ℝ^m)

. On introduit les idées du quasi-convexité de Morrey, du polyquasi-convexité, et du quasi-convexité du rang-un, qui suivent tous de l’idée de quasi-convexité ( = les ensembles à niveau convexes) de

f

à la dernière variable. En plus, on en déduit dans les formes l’équation d’Aronsson–Euler pour de tels problèmes.
Existence of solution for a free boundary problem in a nonlinear piecewise homogeneous medium
Authors: Bermúdez A. , Muñiz M.C. , Quintela P.
Published: July 2002

A free boundary problem arising from the bidimensional thermal modelling of aluminium electrolytic cells is studied. The medium is assumed piecewise homogeneous and nonlinear. A fixed domain method is proposed which leads to a weak formulation of the problem. Existence of weak solution is proved by regularizing the contact condition between the homogeneous subdomains and passing to the limit.

Dans cet article on étudie un problème de frontière libre qui apparaît dans la modélisation thermoélectrique des cuves électrolytiques d’aluminium. Le domaine physique est supposé homogène par morceaux et nonlinéaire. On utilise une méthode de domaine fixe qui conduit à une formulation variationnelle du problème. L’existence de solution faible est démontré par régularisation de la condition de transmission entre les sousdomaines homogènes et passage à la limite.
On the Jäger–Kaul theorem concerning harmonic maps
Authors: Hong Min-Chun
Published: July 2002

In 1983, Jäger and Kaul proved that the equator map

u^*\left(x\right) = \left(\frac{x}{\left|x\right|},0\right):B^n→S^n

is unstable for

3≤n≤6

and a minimizer for the energy functional

E(u,Bn)=\int _{B^{n}}\left|\nabla u\right|^{2} dx

in the class

H^{1,2}(B^n,S^n)

with

u = u^∗

on

∂B^n

when

n≥7

. In this paper, we give a new and elementary proof of this Jäger–Kaul result. We also generalize the Jäger–Kaul result to the case of

p

-harmonic maps.

En 1983, Jäger et Kaul ont demontrés que l’application équateurielle

u^*\left(x\right) = \left(\frac{x}{\left|x\right|},0\right):B^n→S^n

n’est pas stable si

3≤n≤6

et que c’est une minimisateur pour la fonctionelle d’energie

E(u,B^n)=\int _{B^n}\left|\nabla u\right|^2dx

dans la classe

H^{1,2}(B^n,S^n)

avec

u = u^∗

sur

∂B^n

si

n≥7

. Nous donnons une preuve nouvelle, élémentaire de ce résultat de Jäger–Kaul. En plus nous généralisons le résultat de Jäger–Kaul au cas des applications

p

-harmoniques.
Aluminum Metal–Organic Batteries with Integrated 3D Thin Film Anodes
Authors: Lindahl Niklas , Bitenc Jan , Dominko Robert , Johansson Patrik
Published: September 2020

Aluminum 3D thin film anodes fully integrated with a separator are fabricated by sputtering and enable rechargeable aluminum metal batteries with high power performance. The 3D thin film anodes have an approximately four to eight times larger active surface area than a metal foil, which significantly both reduces the electrochemical overpotential, and improves materials utilization. In full cells with organic cathodes, that is, aluminum metal–organic batteries, the 3D thin film anodes provide 165 mAh g−1at 0.5 C rate, with a capacity retention of 81% at 20 C, and 86% after 500 cycles. Post‐mortem analysis reveals structural degradation to limit the long‐term stability at high rates. As the multivalent charge carrier active here is AlCl2+, the realistic maximal specific energy, and power densities at cell level are≈100 Wh kg−1and≈3100 W kg−1, respectively, which is significantly higher than the state‐of‐the‐art for Al batteries.
Long Cycle Life, Highly Ordered SnO2/GeO2 Nanocomposite Inverse Opal Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: McNulty David , Geaney Hugh , Ramasse Quentin , O'Dwyer Colm
Published: September 2020

Nanocomposite SnO2/GeO2 inverse opals (IOs) provide long cycle life with excellent capacity retention when tested as anode materials for Li‐ion batteries. It is demonstrated that the electrochemical performance of SnO2 is significantly improved via the engineering of a nanocomposite of nanoparticles of tetragonal SnO2 and hexagonal GeO2 into a highly ordered, porous inverse opal architecture. By introducing a GeO2 component, the SnO2/GeO2 IOs demonstrate stepwise lithium storage processes to improve cycling stability by mitigating capacity fade from material volume variations in a material that already improves cycling repose by its architecture. This results in higher capacity and better capacity retention. SnO2/GeO2 IOs achieve a reversible capacity of ≈880 and 690 mAh g−1 after the 50th and 250th cycles, respectively, at a specific current of 150 mA g−1. SnO2/GeO2 IOs are capable of delivering high specific capacities (average value of ≈570 mAh g−1) with stable capacity retention over 750 cycles at a specific current of 450 mA g−1. Tailoring the composition of nanocomposite metal‐oxide anodes to exploit the combination of conversion and alloying mechanisms enables stable binder‐free Li‐ion anodes. Nanoscaling the walls of the ordered macroporous structure provides efficient reversible redox lithiation mechanisms involving the oxides of Sn and Ge, which are simpler to prepare.
Integration of Polymer Synthesis and Self‐Assembly for Controlled Periodicity and Photonic Properties
Authors: Zhang Ruimeng , Qiang Zhe , Wang Muzhou
Published: September 2020

Materials chemistry and self‐assembly properties are usually treated separately, largely limiting the real‐time control of their nanostructures and resulting macroscopic properties in advanced self‐assembled materials. This study shows a model system that integrates synthesis and self‐assembly to achieve controlled periodicity and photonic properties in block copolymers (BCPs) at defined locations. First, the BCP thin films containing a pre‐dissolved photo‐initiator are swollen with monomer vapors. Upon exposure to UV light, the photoreaction synthesizes homopolymers within the film, which simultaneously blend with the BCPs and modify the periodicity in the exposed regions. This technique is successfully adapted to cylindrical polystyrene‐b‐polyisoprene‐b‐polystyrene and lamellar polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐vinyl pyridine) BCP thin films. This capability is especially useful in the practical application of photonic crystals, where it is shown that the stop band position of polystyrene‐b‐quaternized‐poly(2‐vinyl pyridine) photonic gel films can be successfully modulated in situ. A large‐scale pattern is then fabricated by using a photomask. This study provides a model system for integrating materials synthesis and self‐assembly to achieve spatially defined control over structural periodicity and macroscopic properties in self‐assembled materials.
Three‐ and Four‐Coordinate, Boron‐Based, Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters
Authors: Kothavale Shantaram S. , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: September 2020

Recent developments in purely organic‐material‐based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are helping to make them suitable for commercial applications in the near future. In spite of their high external quantum efficiencies, the broad emission spectra and short device lifetimes are the main barriers to using TADF emitters. Among the classes of materials, boron‐embedded polycyclic aromatic compounds have shown potential as TADF emitters that overcome the technical issues. In particular, highly efficient boron‐based TADF emitters with the advantage of a narrowband emission spectrum have been reported recently relying on the concept of a multi‐resonance effect. Hence, boron TADF emitters have the potential to become next‐generation emitters. Based on the future scope of the boron‐based TADF emitters (especially in development of blue TADF emitters), three‐ and four‐coordinate boron TADF emitters are reviewed. Additionally, future prospects of boron‐based TADF emitters are discussed to resolve the issues of low efficiency and short lifetimes of blue emitters.
Metal–Organic Framework‐Surface‐Enhanced Infrared Absorption Platform Enables Simultaneous On‐Chip Sensing of Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Zhou Hong , Hui Xindan , Li Dongxiao , Hu Donglin , Chen Xin , He Xianming , Gao Lingxiao , Huang He , Lee Chengkuo , Mu Xiaojing
Published: September 2020

Simultaneous on‐chip sensing of multiple greenhouse gases in a complex gas environment is highly desirable in industry, agriculture, and meteorology, but remains challenging due to their ultralow concentrations and mutual interference. Porous microstructure and extremely high surface areas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) provide both excellent adsorption selectivity and high gases affinity for multigas sensing. Herein, it is described that integrating MOFs into a multiresonant surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) platform can overcome the shortcomings of poor selectivity in multigas sensing and enable simultaneous on‐chip sensing of greenhouse gases with ultralow concentrations. The strategy leverages the near‐field intensity enhancement (over 1500‐fold) of multiresonant SEIRA technique and the outstanding gas selectivity and affinity of MOFs. It is experimentally demonstrated that the MOF–SEIRA platform achieves simultaneous on‐chip sensing of CO2 and CH4 with fast response time (<60 s), high accuracy (CO2: 1.1%, CH4: 0.4%), small footprint (100 × 100 µm2), and excellent linearity in wide concentration range (0–2.5 × 104 ppm). Additionally, the excellent scalability to detect more gases is explored. This work opens up exciting possibilities for the implementation of all‐in‐one, real‐time, and on‐chip multigas detection as well as provides a valuable toolkit for greenhouse gas sensing applications.
Soybean profitability and yield component response to nitrogen fertilizer in Iowa
Authors: Córdova S. Carolina , Archontoulis Sotirios V. , Licht Mark A.
Published: September 2020

Nitrogen fertilizer application to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in Iowa, USA, has shown inconsistent results. We performed a study in central Iowa (2015 and 2016) to investigate the effect of N fertilizer rate (0, 45, 90, 135 kg N ha−1) and application timing (planting, flowering, pod setting) on soybean yield, yield components, and to calculate the economic net return to N fertilizer. Results showed a positive effect of N fertilizer on soybean yield and yield components both years. Seed and aboveground biomass dry weight were positively correlated to N fertilizer, and both were 17% greater than No‐N treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer rate that significantly increased seed and aboveground biomass was 135 kg N ha−1 regardless of application timing (2015), or at planting (2016). Moreover, the same N fertilizer addition applied at planting benefitted seed and aboveground biomass N accumulation only in 2016 (avg. 32.00 and 34.68 g N uptake m−2, respectively), both 1.5‐times higher than No‐N treatment. Favorable environmental conditions during 2016 lead to hand‐measured yield difference of 22% compared to 2015. Economic net return analysis showed that the additional revenue from increased yield attributed to supplemental N fertilization offset the application cost, resulting in net return gains between US$5.83 to $281.89 ha−1 (all treatments except 45 kg N ha−1 on 2015). This study highlights the importance to parse out soybean yield in its components, and the need to quantify yield gains from N fertilizer additions in economic terms which shed some light on any tradeoffs.
Evaluation of the plant landscape suitability in mountain parks based on principal component analysis: A case study of Guiyang City
Authors: Yang Ting , Wang Xiu‐Rong
Published: September 2020

This study covered 72 plant landscape units in three mountain parks in Guiyang Guizhou Province, China (i.e., Huaxi Park, Qianlingshan Park, and Denggaoyunshan Forest Park). We established a plant landscape suitability evaluation system for mountain parks using ecological, landscape, and social suitability as the criterion layer. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the landscape suitability of the 72 units and the composite suitability scores were ranked. The results showed that 39 units had high suitability, accounting for 54.17% of the total, leaving 33 units with poor suitability. Specifically, the plant communities with an arbor/shrub ratio of no larger than 2 (for the number of species and quantity) had high landscape suitability scores, as did plant communities with an evergreen/deciduous ratio of no smaller than 1. By contrast, all of the evergreen or all‐deciduous plant communities had low landscape suitability scores. The waterfront wetland plant communities had high overall scores, and the mountain plant communities had high ecological suitability scores. Based on the evaluation results, we proposed three strategies to guide the proper development of the plant landscapes both theoretically and practically.
Congenital microgastria‐limb reduction association: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Shah Suraj S. , Rashid Asma , Bodamer Olaf A.
Published: September 2020

We report a patient with phenotypic semblance to the congenital microgastria‐limb reduction association (MLRD). Our patient presented with microgastria, bilateral upper limb anomalies, asplenia, solitary kidney, and mild micrognathia. In addition to the anomalies seen in our patient, MLRD has been associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous system anomalies. MLRD is thought to arise from a developmental field defect during embryonic weeks five and six; however, no genetic cause has been elucidated. Along with our patient presentation, we review the literature to further our understanding of the MLRD phenotype spectrum.
Pathways to impact for aquatic conservation science via multi‐modal communication and stakeholder engagement
Authors: Noble Mae M. , Fulton Christopher J.
Published: September 2020

Translating scientific evidence into practical actions is a primary goal of scientists working to inform evidence‐based policy and decision‐making, but how can authors best facilitate new conservation interventions following publication of their research?

This case study used two articles in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (AQC) to examine the mechanisms and barriers to translating published aquatic science into social, ecological and policy interventions for the conservation of threatened Murray crayfish (Euastacus armatus).

These articles revealed how steep declines in Murray crayfish abundance arose from the loss of in‐stream and riparian habitats preferred by crayfish, and demonstrated the social reasons for conserving Murray crayfish to protect the wellbeing of a diversity of people (e.g. Traditional Owners, landholders, ecotourism operators).

Following publication of these articles in AQC the authors used multi‐modal communication (e.g. written briefs, personal discussions, seminars, magazine articles, media broadcasts) to translate their findings to stakeholders and the general public.

Analysis of relevant documents (e.g. management plans, public information leaflets) and stakeholder interviews uncovered a range of interventions arising from the two AQC articles. Social interventions (e.g. new public signage, ecotourism briefings) were the quickest to occur after publication (1–2 years). Although some changes in management were apparent (e.g. revised Murray crayfish action plans, monitoring programmes), systemic barriers (e.g. policy/funding timeframes) have prevented some ecological and policy interventions from being realized.

Diverse communication strategies can help rapidly translate published science into new conservation actions by giving stakeholders the right evidence in the right way to inform their particular practice. Open‐access summaries that explain findings within readily shareable media (e.g. graphical/video abstracts) can be particularly effective in raising early awareness. Some types of intervention, however, may require a long‐term perspective and assistance from boundary‐spanning knowledge brokers with an aptitude for evidence‐based policy development.
Revisiting UK Marine Protected Areas governance: A case study of a collaborative approach to managing an English MPA
Authors: Solandt Jean‐Luc , Pikesley Stephen K. , Trundle Colin , Witt Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

Case studies of Marine Protected Area (MPA) upscaling were solicited from participants of a workshop at the International Marine Protected Areas Conference held in Autumn 2013 in Marseille.

One such case study was Solandt, Jones, Duval‐Diop, Kleiven, and Frangoudes (2014; Governance challenges in scaling up from individual MPAs to MPA networks. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24, 145–152) which illustrated the role of science, non‐governmental organizations, government and local regulators in applying systemic management measures for local MPAs based on risk, highlighting the importance of balancing top‐down and bottom‐up drivers.

Here we follow up on the UK example, illustrating the incentives and actors involved in developing centralized and subsequent fisheries management measures in UK waters. Forty local laws were created to protect features in 143 inshore MPAs between 2013 and 2019.

We illustrate best practice in delivering management, focusing on multiple practitioner involvement in a single MPA and the monitoring put in place after trawling and dredging were banned.

We reflect on how the governance mechanisms in place in English inshore waters can be used as a template to allow for progressive MPA management in other coastal states.
Bioluminescence goes portable: recent advances in whole‐cell and cell‐free bioluminescence biosensors
Authors: Lopreside Antonia , Calabretta Maria Maddalena , Montali Laura , Zangheri Martina , Guardigli Massimo , Mirasoli Mara , Michelini Elisa
Published: September 2020

Recent advancements in synthetic biology, organic chemistry, and computational models have allowed the application of bioluminescence in several fields, ranging from well established methods for detecting microbial contamination to in vivo imaging to track cancer and stem cells, from cell‐based assays to optogenetics. Moreover, thanks to recent technological progress in miniaturized and sensitive light detectors, such as photodiodes and imaging sensors, it is possible to implement laboratory‐based assays, such as cell‐based and enzymatic assays, into portable analytical devices for point‐of‐care and on‐site applications. This review highlights some recent advances in the development of whole‐cell and cell‐free bioluminescence biosensors with a glance on current challenges and different strategies that have been used to turn bioassays into biosensors with the required analytical performance. Critical issues and unsolved technical problems are also highlighted, to give the reader a taste of this fascinating and challenging field.
Hydrofoam and oxygen headspace bioreactors improve cell‐free therapeutic protein production yields through enhanced oxygen transport
Authors: Nelson J. Andrew D. , Barnett R. Jordan , Hunt J. Porter , Foutz Isaac , Welton Meagan , Bundy Bradley C.
Published: September 2020

Protein therapeutics are powerful tools in the fight against diabetes, cancers, growth disorders, and many other debilitating diseases. However, availability is limited due to cost and complications of production from living organisms. To make life‐saving protein therapeutics more available to the world, the possibility of magistral or point‐of‐care protein therapeutic production has gained focus. The recent invention and optimization of lyophilized “cell‐free” protein synthesis reagents and its demonstrated ability to produce highly active versions of FDA‐approved cancer therapeutics have increased its potential for low‐cost, single‐batch, magistral medicine. Here we present for the first time the concept of increased oxygen mass transfer in small‐batch, cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) reactions through air‐water foams. These “hydrofoam” reactions increased CFPS yields by up to 100%. Contrary to traditional protein synthesis using living organisms, where foam bubbles cause cell‐lysis and production losses, hydrofoam CFPS reactions are “cell‐free” and better tolerate foaming. Simulation and experimental results suggest that oxygen transfer is limiting in even small volume batch CFPS reactors and that the hydrofoam format improved oxygen transfer. This is further supported by CFPS reactions achieving higher yields when oxygen gas replaces air in the headspace of batch reactions. Improving CFPS yields with hydrofoam reduces the overall cost of biotherapeutic production, increasing availability to the developing world. Beyond protein therapeutic production, hydrofoam CFPS could also be used to enhance other CFPS applications including biosensing, biomanufacturing, and biocatalysis.
Boost morale, decrease stress by engaging in authentic conversations
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2020

Remote work, Zoom meetings, emails, texts, and social media can help you stay connected to career and family while limiting your exposure to the COVID‐19 virus, but they won't protect you from catching the loneliness bug triggered by limiting your exposure to chit‐chat. Even before the shutdown brought on by the COVID‐19 pandemic, “the world was already experiencing a loneliness epidemic,” according to Celeste Headlee, an award‐winning journalist, professional speaker, and author of Heard Mentality and We Need to Talk: How to Have Conversations That Matter. She spoke during a webinar hosted by NASPA: Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education. “The human voice is healing,” she explained, and authentic interactions boost the immune systems of those involved.
What will the fall semester bring, a new normal?
Authors: Miles David
Published: September 2020

As I sit in my office and write this article, I am thinking about how the world of security has changed since early March. Since March, we have had no students on campus, no sporting events, and a commencement that was held virtually.
Excimer laser coronary atherectomy during complex PCI: An analysis of 1,471 laser cases from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society database
Authors: Protty Majd B. , Hussain Hussain I. , Gallagher Sean , Al‐Raisi Sara , Aldalati Omar , Farooq Vasim , Sharp Andrew S. P. , Egred Mohaned , O'Kane Peter , Ludman Peter , Anderson Richard A. , Mamas Mamas A. , Kinnaird Tim
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Excimer laser coronary atherectomy (ELCA) is a recognized adjunctive therapy utilized in the percutaneous management of complex coronary lesions. Studies examining its safety and utility have been limited by small sample sizes. Our study examines the determinants and outcomes of ELCA.

Methods

Using the British Cardiac Intervention Society database, data were analyzed on all PCI procedures in the UK between 2006–2016. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine baseline, procedural and outcome associations with ELCA.

Results

We identified 1,471 (0.21%) ELCA cases out of 686,358 PCI procedures. Baseline covariates associated with ELCA use were age, BMI, number of lesions, CTO or restenosis attempted and history of prior MI, CABG or PCI. Procedural co‐variates associated with ELCA were the use of glycoprotein inhibitors, intravascular imaging, rotational atherectomy, cutting balloons, microcatheters and intra‐aortic balloon pumps. Adjusted rates of in‐hospital major adverse cardiac/cerebrovascular events (MACCE) or its individual components (death, peri‐procedural MI, stroke and major bleed) were not significantly altered by the use of ELCA. However, there were higher odds of dissection (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.17–1.98), perforation (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.44–3.30), slow flow (OR: 1.67, 95% CI 1.18–2.36), reintervention (OR: 2.12, 95% CI 1.14–3.93) and arterial complications (OR: 1.63, 95% CI 1.21–2.21).

Conclusions

ELCA use during complex PCI is associated with higher risk baseline and procedural characteristics. Although increased rates of acute procedural complications were observed, ELCA does not increase likelihood of in‐hospital MACCE or its individual components.