bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technological Innovation
Authors: Coccia Mario
Published: January 2023

Technological innovation is when inventions of new things and/or new ways of doing things are transformed into usable devices and applications to enable organizations and/or adopters to take advantage of important opportunities, to cope with consequential problems or environmental threats. Technological innovation is an element of the complex system of technology directed to satisfy needs, achieve goals, and solve problems of adopters in society. The origin and diffusion of technological innovation are main characteristics of the evolution of technology directed to support wealth creation and the development of human societies.
Urban Renewal and Redevelopment
Authors: Teaford Jon C.
Published: January 2023

Since 1945, urban renewal and redevelopment has been a major goal of city leaders and national governments, especially in Europe and North America. By the 1960s, there was growing criticism of the clearance of inner‐city areas and the displacement of residents and businesses. Consequently, planners began to place greater emphasis on preservation of structures and consultation with community residents. In the 1980s and 1990s, a number of cities focused on waterfront redevelopment and tourism, building high‐rise apartments, office buildings, hotels, and museums on derelict brownfield sites.
Welfare Fraud
Authors: Headworth Spencer , Reyes Nicholas Tucker
Published: January 2023

In the United States, the term “welfare fraud” typically denotes clients illegitimately obtaining resources from means‐tested public assistance programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as food stamps) and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Specialized units within public assistance agencies investigate and substantiate clients' alleged rule violations, including charges of eligibility misrepresentation and benefit misuse. Substantiated fraud charges result in program suspensions and disqualifications, restitution orders, and sometimes criminal prosecutions.
A stronger memory for the perpetrator may attenuate effects of the identification procedure on eyewitness accuracy
Authors: Carlson Curt A. , Lockamyeir Robert F. , Wooten Alex R. , Jones Alyssa R. , Carlson Maria A. , Hemby Jacob A.
Published: January 2023

The identification procedure can greatly affect eyewitness performance, but this may be contingent upon a relatively weak memory for the perpetrator. In a large preregistered experiment (N = 13,728), we manipulated memory strength and tested participants with a target‐present or ‐absent showup or lineup (size 3 or 6). All fillers were description‐matched but were of low or high similarity with the target. We replicated the advantage of fair simultaneous lineups over showups and the advantage of low‐ over high‐similarity fillers when memory for the perpetrator's face was weaker (short exposure duration), but both effects were significantly reduced when memory was stronger. There was no effect of lineup size regardless of memory strength or filler similarity. We conclude that some recommendations to police may be more robust than others across changes in estimator variables such as memory strength and that more research is needed on interactions between estimator and system variables.
Lateral and Vertical Morphology Engineering of Low‐Symmetry, Weakly‐Coupled 2D ReS2
Authors: Hu Ping , Zhang Hui , Li Aolin , Sheng Liping , Jiang Junjie , Yu Yue , Huang Wenqiang , Li Shouheng , Huang Han , Yu Jinshan , Cheng Haifeng , Mao Liqiu , Wang Shanshan , Ouyang Fangping , Zhang Jin
Published: January 2023

Morphology significantly affects material's electronic, catalytic, and magnetic properties, especially for 2D crystals. Abundant achievements have been made in the morphology engineering of high‐symmetry 2D materials, but for the emerging low‐symmetry ones, such as ReS2, both the morphology control technique and comprehension are lacking. Here, the lateral shape and vertical thickness engineering of 2D ReS2 by tailoring the growth temperature and the substrate symmetry using chemical vapor deposition, is reported. The temperature increase induces an isotropic‐to‐anisotropic transition of domain shapes, as well as a monotonic decrease of the domain thickness, which promotes the electrocatalytic performance. The substrate rotational symmetry determines the shape anisotropy of polycrystalline ReS2 monolayers via a diffusion‐limited mechanism, leading to highly oriented square, triangular, and strip‐like domains synthesized on the fourfold symmetry SrTiO3 (001), threefold symmetry c‐sapphire, and twofold symmetry a‐sapphire substrates, respectively. Various stacking configurations in bilayers are unclosed at the atomic scale. Some are predicted to adopt a type‐II band alignment with great potential in photovoltaics. The results give insights into the morphological engineering of a unique class of 2D material with low in‐plane lattice symmetry and weak interlayer coupling, which are crucial for their high‐quality synthesis and industrial applications.
Organic Conjugated Trimers with Donor–Acceptor–Donor Structures for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Application
Authors: Yuan Xiaojiao , Wang Cong , Vallan Lorenzo , Bui Anh Thy , Jonusauskas Gediminas , McClenaghan Nathan D. , Grazon Chloé , Lacomme Sabrina , Brochon Cyril , Remita Hynd , Hadziioannou Georges , Cloutet Eric
Published: January 2023

Organic donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) polymers or small molecules are widely investigated in organic solar cells due to their broad light absorption, narrow band gap, excellent charge mobility, and exciton seperation at the interface. However, studies of conjugated small molecules with D–A–D molecule structures as photocatalytically active materials are still rare. In this study, an unprecedented demonstration that photocatalytic activity can in fact be affected by tuning the D and A is given. Especially, the EBE trimer, comprising 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (E) and benzothiadiazole (B) units, exhibits the best photophysical, chemical, and photocatalytic properties compared to other D–A–D combinations of D and A. Detailed kinetic studies show that all trimers in organic solution present relatively long‐lived and highly emissive photogenerated singlet excitons (τ = 4–13 ns; ϕem = 0.5–0.9) as judged by photoluminescence and transient absorption measurements, while in specific cases formation of long‐lived triplet states can be identified. Organic microparticles of the trimers are efficiently formed in aqueous solution by nanoprecipitation, and rapid photoinduced electron release/injection to the solvent is evidenced spectroscopically. The results indicate that organic small molecule structures with D–A–D structures pave a new pathway for photocatalytic solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion of novel small organic molecules.
Boosting the Durability of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Critical Review and Prospect
Authors: Zhao Jun , Shi Yijun
Published: January 2023

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted great interests in the development of sustainable energies and intelligent society. However, a big challenge for TENGs in practical applications is the unavoidable external mechanical abrasion and/or contaminant adsorption on the triboelectric materials, which leads to the significant decrease of the durability of TENGs and is urgently needed to be addressed. There are already a series of interesting progresses on the topic of the TENGs’ durability. In this study, reviewing the durability of TENGs via both the advanced materials/structure designing and the novel surface/interface engineering is focused upon, which includes choosing basic TENG materials, improving composites performance, optimizing structures, and designing triboelectric surfaces and interfaces. To get a better understanding of the durability of TENGs in published studies, the quantifiable levels of service life are also summarized including operation cycles, time, friction coefficient, and wear loss of triboelectric materials, where the boosting mechanisms are also discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges as well as key strategies toward high durable TENGs are presented.
Silk‐in‐Silk Nerve Guidance Conduits Enhance Regeneration in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Injury Model
Authors: Semmler Lorenz , Naghilou Aida , Millesi Flavia , Wolf Sonja , Mann Anda , Stadlmayr Sarah , Mero Sascha , Ploszczanski Leon , Greutter Lisa , Woehrer Adelheid , Placheta‐Györi Eva , Vollrath Fritz , Weiss Tamara , Radtke Christine
Published: January 2023

Advanced nerve guidance conduits can provide an off‐the‐shelf alternative to autografts for the rehabilitation of segmental peripheral nerve injuries. In this study, the excellent processing ability of silk fibroin and the outstanding cell adhesion quality of spider dragline silk are combined to generate a silk‐in‐silk conduit for nerve repair. Fibroin‐based silk conduits (SC) are characterized, and Schwann cells are seeded on the conduits and spider silk. Rat sciatic nerve (10 mm) defects are treated with an autograft (A), an empty SC, or a SC filled with longitudinally aligned spider silk fibers (SSC) for 14 weeks. Functional recovery, axonal re‐growth, and re‐myelination are assessed. The material characterizations determine a porous nature of the conduit. Schwann cells accept the conduit and spider silk as growth substrate. The in vivo results show a significantly faster functional regeneration of the A and SSC group compared to the SC group. In line with the functional results, the histomorphometrical analysis determines a comparable axon density of the A and SSC groups, which is significantly higher than the SC group. These findings demonstrate that the here introduced silk‐in‐silk nerve conduit achieves a similar regenerative performance as autografts largely due to the favorable guiding properties of spider dragline silk.
Simultaneous Oxidative Cleavage of Lignin and Reduction of Furfural via Efficient Electrocatalysis by P‐Doped CoMoO4
Authors: Qi Yi , Liu Bowen , Qiu Xueqing , Zeng Xuezhi , Luo Zhicheng , Wu Weidong , Liu Yingchun , Chen Liheng , Zu Xihong , Dong Huafeng , Lin Xuliang , Qin Yanlin
Published: January 2023

Electrochemical oxidative lignin cleavage and coupled 2‐furaldehyde reduction provide a promising approach for producing high‐value added products. However, developing efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts with noble‐metal‐like activity still remains a challenge. Here, an efficient electrochemical strategy is reported for the selective oxidative cleavage of Cα–Cβ bonds in lignin into aromatic monomers by tailoring the electronic structure through P‐doped CoMoO4 spinels (99% conversion, highest monomer selectivity of 56%). Additionally, the conversion and selectivity of 2‐furaldehyde reduction to 2‐methyl furan reach 87% and 73%, respectively. In situ Fourier transform infrared and density functional theory analysis reveal that an upward shift of the Ed upon P‐doping leads to an increase in the antibonding level, which facilitates the Cα–Cβ adsorption of the lignin model compounds, thereby enhancing the bifunctional electrocatalytic activity of the active site. This work explores the potential of a spinel as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxidative cracking of lignin and the reductive conversion of small organic molecules to high‐value added chemicals via P‐anion modulation.
Optically Tunable Transient Plasmons in InSb Nanowires
Authors: Xue Mengfei , Pan Dong , Zhao Jianhua , Chen Jianing
Published: January 2023

Optical carrier incubation can effectively alter the electron transport properties of semiconductors; thus, optical switching of the plasmonic response of the semiconductor enables the ultrafast manipulation of the light at the nanoscale. Semiconductor nanostructures are promising platforms in on‐chip high‐speed plasmonic devices, owing to their high photoinduced electron injection efficiency at sub‐picosecond and compatibility with contemporary semiconductor technologies. The pure single crystalline InSb nanowires are promising plasmonic materials in the mid‐infrared region due to their high electron mobility and small electron effective mass. Here, the pump–probe nanoscopy is utilized to investigate the pump fluence dependency and the dynamics of the non‐equilibrium plasmons in the InSb nanowires. The InSb plasmon is successfully switched by injecting the photoinduced electrons and the practical tuning of the plasmon frequency to one octave is shown by increasing the pump fluence from 0 to 90 µJ cm−2. The density of the photoinduced electrons in InSb nanowires is 18.8 × 1018 cm−3 with pump fluence as low as 90 µJ cm−2. The high electron mobility of the InSb supports the low‐loss plasmon with a damping rate of ≈200 cm−1. The InSb nanowires’ excellent plasmonic properties ensure that they are a promising platform for upcoming high‐speed mid‐infrared plasmonic materials for informatic devices.
High‐Gain of NdIII Complex Doped Optical Waveguide Amplifiers at 1.06 and 1.31 µm Wavelengths Based on Intramolecular Energy Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Lin Zhuliang , Man Yi , Lv Ziyue , Zhang Baoping , Xu Hui , Yu Daquan , Yang Xingchen , He Yan , Shi Xiaowu , Ying Leiying , Zhang Dan
Published: January 2023

Chelate phosphine oxide ligand (9,9‐dimethyl‐9H‐xanthene‐4,5‐diyl) bis (diphenylphosphineoxide) (XPO) is prepared as a neutral ligand to synthesize complex Nd (TTA)3 (XPO) (TTA = 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetone). An appropriate energy gap between the XPO and TTA ligands, which can support two additional energy transfer routines from the first excited triplet state (T1) energy level of the XPO to that of the TTA, improves energy transfer in the Nd complex. Based on intramolecular energy transfer mechanism, optical gains at 1.06 and 1.31 µm are demonstrated in Nd (TTA)3 (XPO)‐doped polymer waveguides with the excitation of low‐power light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) instead of semiconductor lasers as pump sources. Using the vertical top‐pumping mode of a 365 nm LED, relative gains of 22.5 and 8.4 dB cm−1 are obtained at 1.06 and 1.31 µm, respectively, in a 0.2 cm long embedded waveguide with a cross‐section of 8 × 5 µm2. The active core layer is Nd (TTA)3 (XPO)‐doped SU‐8 polymer. Moreover, relative gains are achieved in evanescent‐field waveguide with a cross‐section of 6 × 4 µm2. The 21.0 and 5.6 dB cm−1 relative gains are achieved at 1.06 and 1.31 µm, respectively, with a net gain of 13.8 ± 0.3 dB cm−1 obtained at 1.06 µm in a 0.9 cm long SU‐8 waveguide with Nd (TTA)3 (XPO)‐doped polymethylmethacrylate as upper cladding.
Spacer‐Engineered Ionic Channels in Covalent Organic Framework Membranes toward Ultrafast Proton Transport
Authors: Shi Benbing , Pang Xiao , Lyu Bohui , Wu Hong , Shen Jianliang , Guan Jingyuan , Wang Xiaoyao , Fan Chunyang , Cao Li , Zhu Tianhao , Kong Yan , Liu Yawei , Jiang Zhongyi
Published: January 2023

Side‐chain engineering of covalent organic frameworks as advanced ion conductors is a critical issue to be explored. Herein, ionic covalent organic framework membranes (iCOFMs) with spacer‐engineered ionic channel are de novo designed and prepared. The ionic channels are decorated with side chains comprising spacers having different carbon chain lengths and the –SO3H groups at the end. Attributed to the synergistic contribution from the spacers and the –SO3H groups, the iCOFM with moderate‐length spacer exhibit the highest through‐plane proton conductivity of 889 mS cm‐1 at 90 °C.
Densifiable Ink Extrusion for Roll‐To‐Roll Fiber Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Ultra‐High Linear and Volumetric Energy Densities
Authors: Ling Shangwen , Li Xiaolong , Zhou Tiantian , Yuan Ruoxin , Sun Shuxian , He Hanna , Zhang Chuhong
Published: January 2023

Conventional bulky and rigid planar architecting power systems are difficult to satisfy the growing demand for wearable applications. 1D fiber batteries bearing appealing features of miniaturization, adaptability, and weavability represent a promising solution, yet challenges remain pertaining to energy density and scalability. Herein, an ingenious densifiable functional ink is invented to fabricate scalable, flexible, and high‐mass‐loading fiber lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) by adopting a fast ink‐extrusion technology. In the formulated ink, pyrrole‐modified reduced graphene oxide is elaborately introduced and exerts multiple influences; it not only assembles carbon nanotubes and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) to compose a sturdy, conductive, and agglomeration‐free 3D network that realizes an ultra‐high content (75 wt%) of the active materials and endows the electrode excellent flexibility but also serves as a capillary densification inducer, encouraging an extremely large linear mass loading (1.01 mg cm−1 per fiber) and packing density (782.1 mg cm−3). As a result, the assembled fiber LIBs deliver impressive linear and volumetric energy densities with superb mechanical compliance, demonstrating the best performance among all the reported extruded fiber batteries. This work highlights a highly effective and facile approach to fabricate high‐performance fiber energy storage devices for future practical wearable applications.
Highly Reliable Electrochemical Metallization Threshold Switch Through Conductive Filament Engineering Using Two‐Dimensional PtSe2 Insertion Layer
Authors: Kim Min‐Su , Park Euyjin , Kim Seung‐Geun , Park Jae‐Hyeun , Kim Seung‐Hwan , Han Kyu‐Hyun , Yu Hyun‐Yong
Published: January 2023

Electrochemical metallization threshold switch (ECM TS) has received significant attention for various applications owing to its high ON/OFF ratio, fast switching characteristics, and simple active electrode/dielectric layer/inert electrode structures. However, the excess diffusion of active metal ions causes severe variation in threshold voltage and poor endurance. Furthermore, the small room for inert electrode metal is a problem to be solved for various applications of ECM TS. Here, a novel structure is proposed in which a two‐dimensional platinum diselenide (PtSe2) is inserted between the dielectric layer and inert electrode to engineer the conductive filament by controlling the active metal ion concentration. The low work function, superior inertness, layered structure, and smooth surface of PtSe2 insertion layer lead to thin and weak conductive filament with few active metal atoms and allow the use of various metals as inert electrode. Consequently, PtSe2‐inserted ECM TS shows high reliability in both threshold voltage distribution (σ/µ = ≈6.58%) and endurance (>106 cycles). Furthermore, PtSe2‐inserted ECM TS‐based 2 × 2 cross‐bar array is proposed as AND and OR logic circuits. This study is expected to pave the way for the development of ECM TS for next‐generation electronic applications.
Wear Mechanism of Superhard Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon (ta‐C) Coatings for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Rothammer Benedict , Schwendner Michael , Bartz Marcel , Wartzack Sandro , Böhm Thomas , Krauß Sebastian , Merle Benoit , Schroeder Stefan , Uhler Maximilian , Kretzer Jan Philippe , Weihnacht Volker , Marian Max
Published: January 2023

Tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta‐C) coatings have the potential to protect biomedical implants from wear and increase their service life. This study elucidates the biocompatibility, mechanical properties, adhesion, and wear resistance of ta‐C coatings fabricated by physical vapor deposition on cobalt‐chromium‐molybdenum (CoCr) and titanium (Ti64) alloys as well as ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Satisfactory cytocompatibility is verified using contact angle and surface tension measurements as well as indirect and direct cell testing. Scratch testing demonstrates excellent adhesion to the substrates and as confirmed by nanoindentation, the coatings represent an up to 13‐fold and 182‐fold increase in hardness on the hard and soft materials. In metal pin‐on‐UHMWPE disk sliding experiments under simulated body fluid lubrication, the wear rates of the disk are reduced by 48% (against CoCr) and 73% (against Ti64) while the pin wear rates are reduced by factors of 20 (CoCr) and 116 (Ti64) compared to uncoated pairings. From optical and laser scanning microscopy, Raman measurements, and particle analyses, it is shown that the underlying substrates remain well protected. Nonetheless, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy revealed coating process‐related and thermally driven subductions as well as tribologically induced near‐surface fatigue, which can potentially constitute critical wear mechanisms.
Mammalian Cornea Inspired Anti‐Fogging Silica Glass Surface Achieved by Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Liang Jie , Wang Hao , Hu Tao , Shan Chao , Yang Qing , Zhang Chengjun , Yang Tongzhen , Fang Zheng , Hou Xun , Chen Feng
Published: January 2023

Fog generation can severely damage optical systems by degrading the light absorption rate and imaging quality of optical components. Furthermore, fog can reduce the light flux and transmittance of the optical system, resulting in poor imaging clarity and contrast. Studies have focused on minimizing fog formation and effects. Drawbacks such as high energy consumption and waste pollution severely limit the application of conventional methods. However, achieving high fog resistance of optical components remains a challenge. A novel method of fabricating anti‐fogging slippery surfaces (inspired by the anti‐fog mechanism of the mammalian cornea) on silica glass by using femtosecond lasers is proposed to achieve durable and environment‐friendly optical devices that can achieve anti‐fogging in real time. The femtosecond laser wet etching method is used to fabricate the inside cabin of glass. The cabin filled with graphene spontaneously heats the sample under sunlight to prevent fog formation. In addition to exhibiting excellent anti‐fogging characteristics, the prepared sample achieves high optical transmittance, high durability, and excellent self‐repair capability. Thus, the proposed method exhibits considerable potential for application in numerous domains.
Scavenging of DPPH by Persistent Free Radicals in Carbonized Particles
Authors: Adolfsson Karin H. , Huang Ping , Golda‐Cepa Monika , Xu Huan , Kotarba Andrzej , Hakkarainen Minna
Published: January 2023

Persistent free radicals (PFR) in carbonized particles may play a role in degradation of environmental compounds. The influence of PFR is evaluated in various carbonized particles on their radical scavenging efficiency upon the common radical indicator 2‐2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Carbonized particles are derived by hydrothermal carbonization of glucose (C‐W) or glucose and urea (NC‐W) and ionothermal carbonization of glucose and urea ionic liquid (IL) (NC‐IL). The carbonized materials contain OH/COOH, C=C, and C‐O functionalities. The addition of urea introduces NH/NH2 functionalities. The content of polar surface groups is lower in IL‐processed NC‐IL. The scavenging ability, measured as DPPH UV–vis absorption decline, increases with concentration and time for all particles, while the efficiency changes are in the order of C‐W > NC‐W > NC‐IL. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis reveals similar radical concentration in all carbonized materials studied. The difference in efficiency is, thus, not directly related to the PFR concentration but rather to the type of PFR, surface functionalities and/or scavenging mechanism. According to the g‐values, radicals in these particles are carbon‐centered. The minor variation in g‐values suggests interactions between the radicals and their environmental functional groups. This provides insights into the influence of PFR in carbonized materials on their radical scavenging efficiency.
Machine Learning Reveals Memory of the Parent Phases in Ferroelectric Relaxors Ba(Ti1−x$_{1-x}$,Zrx)O3
Authors: Ladera Adriana , Kashikar Ravi , Lisenkov S. , Ponomareva I.
Published: January 2023

Machine learning has been establishing its potential in multiple areas of condensed matter physics and materials science. Here an unsupervised machine learning workflow is developed and used within a framework of first‐principles‐based atomistic simulations to investigate phases, phase transitions, and their structural origins in ferroelectric relaxors, Ba(Ti,Zrx)O3. The applicability of the workflow is first demonstrated to identify phases and phase transitions in the parent compound, a prototypical ferroelectric BaTiO3. Then the workflow is applied for Ba(Ti,Zrx)O3  with to reveal i) that some of the compounds bear a subtle memory of BaTiO3  phases beyond the point of the pinched phase transition, which could contribute to their enhanced electromechanical response; ii) the existence of peculiar phases with delocalized precursors of nanodomains—likely candidates for the controversial polar nanoregions; and iii) nanodomain phases for the largest concentrations of x.
2D Organic Materials: Status and Challenges
Authors: Yan Xiaobing , Zhao Ying , Cao Gang , Li Xiaoyu , Gao Chao , Liu Luan , Ahmed Shakeel , Altaf Faizah , Tan Hui , Ma Xiaopeng , Xie Zhongjian , Zhang Han
Published: January 2023

In the past few decades, 2D layer materials have gradually become a central focus in materials science owing to their uniquely layered structural qualities and good optoelectronic properties. However, in the development of 2D materials, several disadvantages, such as limited types of materials and the inability to synthesize large‐scale materials, severely confine their application. Therefore, further exploration of new materials and preparation methods is necessary to meet technological developmental needs. Organic molecular materials have the advantage of being customizable. Therefore, if organic molecular and 2D materials are combined, the resulting 2D organic materials would have excellent optical and electrical properties. In addition, through this combination, the free design and large‐scale synthesis of 2D materials can be realized in principle. Furthermore, 2D organic materials exhibit excellent properties and unique functionalities along with great potential for developing sensors, biomedicine, and electronics. In this review, 2D organic materials are divided into five categories. The preparation methods and material properties of each class of materials are also described in detail. Notably, to comprehensively understand each material's advantages, the latest research applications for each material are presented in detail and summarized. Finally, the future development and application prospects of 2D organic materials are briefly discussed.
Boosting the Potential of Chemotherapy in Advanced Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis via Micro‐Combinatorial Hydrogel Particles
Authors: Palange Anna Lisa , Mascolo Daniele Di , Ferreira Miguel , Gawne Peter J. , Spanò Raffaele , Felici Alessia , Bono Luca , Moore Thomas Lee , Salerno Marco , Armirotti Andrea , Decuzzi Paolo
Published: January 2023

Breast cancer cell colonization of the lungs is associated with a dismal prognosis as the distributed nature of the disease and poor permeability of the metastatic foci challenge the therapeutic efficacy of small molecules, antibodies, and nanomedicines. Taking advantage of the unique physiology of the pulmonary circulation, here, micro‐combinatorial hydrogel particles (µCGP) are realized via soft lithographic techniques to enhance the specific delivery of a cocktail of cytotoxic nanoparticles to metastatic foci. By cross‐linking short poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains with erodible linkers within a shape‐defining template, a deformable and biodegradable polymeric skeleton is realized and loaded with a variety of therapeutic and imaging agents, including docetaxel‐nanoparticles. In a model of advanced breast cancer lung metastasis, µCGP amplified the colocalization of docetaxel‐nanoparticles with pulmonary metastatic foci, prolonged the retention of chemotoxic molecules at the diseased site, suppressed lesion growth, and boosted survival beyond 20 weeks post nodule engraftment. The flexible design and modular architecture of µCGP would allow the efficient deployment of complex combination therapies in other vascular districts too, possibly addressing metastatic diseases of different origins.
Chemotherapy‐Induced Senescence Reprogramming Promotes Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Metastasis by circRNA‐Mediated PKR Activation
Authors: Li Qian , Zhao Yu‐Heng , Xu Cheng , Liang Ye‐Lin , Zhao Yin , He Qing‐Mei , Li Jun‐Yan , Chen Kai‐Lin , Qiao Han , Liu Na , Ma Jun , Chen Lei , Li Ying‐Qin
Published: January 2023

Senescence is associated with tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance, yet the mechanisms remain elusive. Here, it is identified that nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients who developed distant metastasis are characterized by senescence phenotypes, in which circWDR37 is a key regulator. CircWDR37 deficiency limits cisplatin or gemcitabine‐induced senescent NPC cells from proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, circWDR37 binds to and dimerizes double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase R (PKR) to initiate PKR autophosphorylation and activation. Independent of its kinase activity, phosphorylated PKR induces I‐kappaB kinase beta (IKKβ) phosphorylation, binds to and releases RELA from NF‐κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) to trigger nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation, thereby stimulating cyclin D1 (CCND1) and senescence‐associated secretory phenotype component gene transcription in a circWDR37‐dependent manner. Low circWDR37 levels correlate with chemotherapy response and favorable survival in NPC patients treated with gemcitabine or cisplatin induction chemotherapy. This study uncovers a new mechanism of circWDR37 activated PKR in senescence‐driven metastasis and provides appealing therapeutic targets in NPC.
Nanoparticle Exsolution from Nanoporous Perovskites for Highly Active and Stable Catalysts
Authors: Rudolph Benjamin , Tsiotsias Anastasios I. , Ehrhardt Benedikt , Dolcet Paolo , Gross Silvia , Haas Sylvio , Charisou Nikolaos D. , Goula Maria A. , Mascotto Simone
Published: January 2023

Nanoporosity is clearly beneficial for the performance of heterogeneous catalysts. Although exsolution is a modern method to design innovative catalysts, thus far it is predominantly studied for sintered matrices. A quantitative description of the exsolution of Ni nanoparticles from nanoporous perovskite oxides and their effective application in the biogas dry reforming is here presented. The exsolution process is studied between 500 and 900 °C in nanoporous and sintered La0.52Sr0.28Ti0.94Ni0.06O3±δ. Using temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), it is shown that the faster and larger oxygen release in the nanoporous material is responsible for twice as high Ni reduction than in the sintered system. For the nanoporous material, the nanoparticle formation mechanism, studied by in situ TEM and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), follows the classical nucleation theory, while on sintered systems also small endogenous nanoparticles form despite the low Ni concentration. Biogas dry reforming tests demonstrate that nanoporous exsolved catalysts are up to 18 times more active than sintered ones with 90% of CO2conversion at 800 °C. Time‐on‐stream tests exhibit superior long‐term stability (only 3% activity loss in 8 h) and full regenerability (over three cycles) of the nanoporous exsolved materials in comparison to a commercial Ni/Al2O3catalyst.
High‐Valence‐Manganese Driven Strong Anchoring of Iridium Species for Robust Acidic Water Oxidation
Authors: Weng Yuxiao , Wang Keyu , Li Shiyi , Wang Yixing , Lei Linfeng , Zhuang Linzhou , Xu Zhi
Published: January 2023

Designing an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been the primary goal of using proton exchange membrane electrolyzer owing to the highly acidic and oxidative environment at the anode. In this work, it is reported that high‐valence manganese drives the strong anchoring of the Ir species on the manganese dioxide (MnO2) matrix via the formation of an Mn–O–Ir coordination structure through a hydrothermal‐redox reaction. The iridium (Ir)‐atom‐array array is firmly anchored on the Mn–O–Ir coordination structure, endowing the catalyst with excellent OER activity and stability in an acidic environment. Ir‐MnO2(160)‐CC shows an ultralow overpotential of 181 mV at j = 10 mA cm−2 and maintains long‐term stability of 180 h in acidic media with negligible decay, superior to most reported electrocatalysts. In contrast, when reacting with low‐valence MnO2, Ir species tend to aggregate into IrOx nanoparticles, leading to poor OER stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the formation of the Mn–O–Ir coordination structure can optimize the adsorption strength of *OOH intermediates, thus boosting the acidic OER activity and stability.
Achieving Both Ultrahigh Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Modulus of Carbon Films: Templating‐Coalescing Behavior of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube in Polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Lee Jung‐Eun , Kim Jung Hoon , Han Joong Tark , Chae Han Gi , Eom Youngho
Published: January 2023

Promoting the feasibility of carbon films as electrode applications requires sufficient performances in view of both electrical and mechanical properties. Herein, carbon films with ultrahigh electrical conductivity and mechanical modulus are prepared by high temperature carbonization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) nanocomposites. Achieving both performances is ascribed to remarkable graphitic crystallinity, resulting from the sequential templating–coalescing behavior of concentrated SWNT bundles (B‐CNTs). While well‐dispersed SWNTs (WD‐CNTs) facilitate radial templating according to their tubular geometry, flattened B‐CNTs sandwiched between carbonized PAN matrices induce vertical templating, where the former and latter produce concentric and planar crystallizations of the graphitic structure, respectively. After carbonization at 2500 °C with the remaining WD‐CNTs as microstructural defects, the flattened B‐CNTs coalesce into graphitic crystals by zipping the surrounding matrix, resulting in high crystallinity with the crystal thicknesses of 27.4 and 39.4 nm for the (002) and (10) planes, respectively. For comparison, the graphene oxide (GO) containing carbon films produce a less‐ordered graphitic phase owing to irregular templating, despite the geometrical consistency. Consequently, PAN/B‐CNT carbon films exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity (40.7 × 104 S m−1) and mechanical modulus (38.2 ± 6.4 GPa). Thus, controlling the templating−coalescing behavior of SWNTs is the key for improving final performances of carbon films.
Low‐Voltage Driven Ionic Polymer‐Metal Composite Actuators: Structures, Materials, and Applications
Authors: Zhang Hao , Lin Zhaohua , Hu Yong , Ma Suqian , Liang Yunhong , Ren Lei , Ren Luquan
Published: January 2023

With the characteristics of low driving voltage, light weight, and flexibility, ionic polymer‐metal composites (IPMCs) have attracted much attention as excellent candidates for artificial muscle materials in the fields of biomedical devices, flexible robots, and microelectromechanical systems. Under small voltage excitation, ions inside the IPMC proton exchange membrane migrate directionally, leading to differences in the expansion rate of the cathode and the anode, which in turn deform. This behavior is caused by the synergistic action of a three‐layer structure consisting of an external electrode layer and an internal proton exchange membrane, but the electrode layer is more dominant in this process due to the migration and storage of ions. The exploration of modifications and alternatives for proton exchange membranes and recent advances in the fabrication and characterization of conductive materials, especially carbon‐based materials and conductive polymers, have contributed significantly to the development of IPMCs. This paper reviews the progress in the application of proton exchange membranes and electrode materials for IPMCs, discusses various processes currently applied to IPMCs preparation, and introduces various promising applications of cutting‐edge IPMCs with high performance to provide new ideas and approaches for the research of  new generation of low‐voltage ionic soft actuators.
Fully‐Conjugated Covalent Organic Frameworks with Two Metal Sites for Oxygen Electrocatalysis and Zn–Air Battery
Authors: Li Jiawen , Liu Peng , Yan Jianyue , Huang Hao , Song Wenbo
Published: January 2023

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a promising alternative toward catalysis, due to the unique framework structure and the excellent chemical stability. However, the scarcity of unsaturated metal sites and the low conductivity have constrained the advancement of these materials for catalysis of electrochemical reactions. Exploring next‐generation conductive metal–covalent organic frameworks (M‐COFs) with extra metal active sites is crucial for improving their catalytic activity. Herein, a novel fully‐conjugated M‐COFs (Co‐PorBpy‐Co) with two types of metal sites is proposed and achieved by solvothermal method in the presence of carbon nanotube (CNT). The electrocatalyst constructed by the Co‐PorBpy‐Co exhibits excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity (E1/2 = 0.84 V vs RHE, n = 3.86), superior to most COFs‐based catalysts. Theoretical result shows the CoN2 sites are extremely active for ORR, and Co‐PorBpy‐Co exhibits excellent conductivity for electron transfer. The Zn–air battery constructed by Co‐PorBpy‐Co/CNT manifests excellent power density (159.4 mW cm−2) and great cycling stability, surpassing that of 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst. This work not only proposes a novel design concept for electrocatalysts, but establishes a mechanism platform for single‐metal atom electrocatalysis and synergistic effect.
One‐Step Soaking Strategy toward Anti‐Swelling Hydrogels with a Stiff “Armor”
Authors: Dou Xueyu , Wang Hufei , Yang Fei , Shen Hong , Wang Xing , Wu Decheng
Published: January 2023

Double‐network (DN) hydrogels consisting of noncovalent interacting networks are highly desired due to their well‐controlled compositions and environmental friendliness, but the low water resistance always impairs their mechanical strength. Here, an anti‐swelling hydrogel possessing the core/shell architecture through rational regulation of multiple weak noncovalent interactions is prepared. A composite hydrogel consists of chitosan (CS) and poly(N‐acryloyl 2‐glycine) (PACG), readily forming the shell‐structured DN hydrogel after soaking in a FeCl3 solution because of in situ formation of chain entanglements, hydrogen bonds, and ionic coordination. The produced DN hydrogels exhibit excellent anti‐swelling behaviors and mechanical durability for over half a year, even in some strict situations. Taking the merits of noncovalent bonds in adjustability and reversibility, the swelling property of these hydrogels can be easily customized through control of the ion species and concentrations. A dynamically reversible transition from super‐swelling to anti‐swelling is realized by breaking up and rebuilding the metal‐coordination complexes. This facile but efficient strategy of turning the noncovalent interactions and consequently the mechanics and anti‐swelling properties is imperative to achieve the rational design of high‐performance hydrogels with specific usage requirements and expand their applicability to a higher stage.
All‐Printed Flexible Hygro‐Thermoelectric Paper Generator
Authors: Shen Haoyu , Xu Ke , Duan Yulong , Wu Peilin , Qian Zhiyun , Chen Yonghao , Luo Yao , Liu Chaocheng , Li Yang , Cui Jiedong , Liu Detao
Published: January 2023

The conversion of ubiquitous hygrothermal resources into renewable energy offers significant potential for cable‐free, self‐powered systems that can operate worldwide without regard to climatic or geographic limitations. Here, an all‐printed flexible hygro‐thermoelectric paper generator is demonstrated that uses bifunctional mobile ions and electrons to make the moist‐diffusion effect, the Soret effect, and the Seebeck effect work synergistically. In the ordinary hygrothermal settings, it generates an unconventional hygro‐thermoelectric output pattern and shows almost a dozen‐fold increase in positive hygro‐thermopower of 26.70 mV K−1 and also another negative hygro‐thermopower of −15.71 mV K−1 compared to pure thermopower. A single paper generator can produce a giant 680 mV displaying typical cyclic sinusoidal waveform characters with volt‐sized amplitudes. The ion‐electron conductive ink is easily printable and consists primarily of a Bi2Te3/PEDOT:PSS thermoelectric matrix modulated with a hygroscopic glycerol that releases ion charges for moist‐diffusion effect and Soret effect, as well as electron charges for Seebeck effect. The emerged hygro‐thermoelectric harvesting strategy from surrounding hygrothermal resources offers a revolutionary approach to the next generation of hybrid energy with cost‐efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability, and also enables large‐scale roll‐to‐roll production.
An Ultrasensitive Sandwiched Heterostructure Planar Photodetector with Gradient Quasi‐2D Perovskite
Authors: Pan Yiyi , Wang Haoliang , Wang Yaxin , Wang Yanyan , Li Xiaoguo , Liu Yiting , Deng Liangliang , Liu Kai , Hu Tianxiang , Liu Fengcai , Shi Zejiao , Li Chongyuan , Wang Jiao , Yu Anran , Zhang Xiaolei , Zhan Yiqiang
Published: January 2023

2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites have attracted increasing attention for their outstanding optoelectronic properties and improved stability compared to the 3D counterparts. The unique nature of the crystal growth orientations and the uneven distribution in the 2D perovskites provide a great opportunity to construct a promising lateral photodetector device that has not been fully uncovered. Here, by improving the random orientation to the vertical orientation of the film in the lateral device structure, the dark current is expected to be significantly suppressed in the photodetector. Accompanied by the gradient phase distribution, a p‐type conductive channel at the bottom and another electron collection layer on the top are applied to achieve a high on/off ratio. Overall, the resultant photodetector realizes a low dark current of 10−10 A and exhibits impressive photodetection performance, including a high responsivity of 10.10 A W−1, a notable detectivity of 6.83 × 1012 Jones, and fast response speeds (14 ms/31 ms).
Sinter‐Resistant Nickel Catalyst for Lignin Hydrogenolysis Achieved by Liquid Phase Atomic Layer Deposition of Alumina
Authors: Talebkeikhah Farzaneh , Sun Songlan , Luterbacher Jeremy S.
Published: January 2023

Lignin hydrogenolysis is a key step in the sustainable production of renewable bio‐based chemicals and fuels. Heterogeneous metal catalysts have led to high yields but they rapidly deactivate, notably due to nanoparticle sintering and carbonaceous deposit formation. While these deposits can be removed by regeneration, sintering is irreversible and a significant barrier to commercialization. Here, simple liquid phase atomic layer deposition is used to deposit an alumina layer to protect nickel particles from sintering. In the gas phase, it is proved that alumina can prevent sintering during reduction up to 600 °C. This catalyst for hydrogenolysis of extracted lignin in batch and continuous operation is used. In batch, the overcoated catalyst maintains high monomer yields with little sintering over four cycles of reuse while the yield obtained with the catalyst without an overcoat reduces to half and severe sintering occurs. In a continuous flow reactor, deactivation rates are three times lower for the catalyst with the alumina overcoat. Microscopy images confirm that the alumina overcoat largely preserves nickel particle sizes after ten days of operation. The results demonstrate that catalyst overcoating with metal oxides substantially slows irreversible deactivation during lignin hydrogenolysis, which could facilitate the development of continuous lignin upgrading.
Ordered and Isolated Pd Sites Endow Antiperovskite‐Type PdFe3N with High CO‐Tolerance for Formic Acid Electrooxidation
Authors: Liang Lecheng , Li Meng , Zhang Bentian , Liang Jinhui , Zeng Binwen , Wang Liming , Tang Yawen , Fu Gengtao , Cui Zhiming
Published: January 2023

The fundamental understanding and precise control of catalytic sites are challenging yet essential to explore advanced electrocatalysts for the formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR). Herein, this work demonstrates a new and promising catalyst prototype of antiperovskite‐type PdFe3N which possesses ordered and isolated Pd sites. The as‐synthesized PdFe3N/N‐rGO exhibits significant enhancement in catalytic activity, robust stability, and Fe anti‐dissolution properties when compared with PdFe3/rGO and Pd/C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that isolated and ordered Pd sites are beneficial for high formate coverage and thus suppressing CO formation/poisoning. Moreover, the strong Fe–N covalent bonds improve the vacancy formation energy of Fe, which ensures superior Fe anti‐dissolution properties. Beyond offering a promising candidate for catalyzing FAOR, these findings provide deeper insights into the structure of CO tolerance relationships and benefit the theory‐guided design of highly efficient catalysts.
Gene‐targeted therapies: Towards equitable development, diagnosis, and access
Authors: Gaviglio Amy M. , Skinner Mark W. , Lou Lily J. , Finkel Richard S. , Augustine Erika F. , Goldenberg Aaron J.
Published: January 2023

Genomic and gene‐targeted therapies hold great promise in addressing the global issue of rare diseases. To achieve this promise, however, it is critical the twin goals of equity in access to testing and diagnosis, and equity in access to therapy be considered early in the life cycle of development and implementation. Rare disease researchers and clinicians must simultaneously recognize the life‐altering potential of early diagnosis and administration of gene‐targeted therapeutics while acknowledging that not everyone who experiences a rare disease and needs these therapies will be able to afford or access them. Achieving equity in the development of and access to gene‐targeted therapies will not only require innovations in research, clinical, regulatory, and reimbursement frameworks, but will also necessitate increased attention to the ethical, legal, and social implications when establishing research paradigms and the translation of research results into novel interventions for rare genetic diseases. This article highlights and discusses the growing importance and recognition of health equity across the spectrum of rare disease research and care delivery.