bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of ultrafine grains in magnesium alloy during dynamic extrusion at room temperature
Authors: Wang Tao , Zhu Yikun , Xie Jinhong , Zhao Feng
Published: July 2022

Magnesium alloy is a class of lightweight structural materials with promise for many applications. Here, the authors report a significant grain refinement, high deformation twin density and obvious nanograined structures in magnesium alloy through a novel high strain rate plastic deformation method—dynamic extrusion. By using finite element simulation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the authors find that the stain rate during plastic deformation affects the microstructure evolution process, which results in the dynamic deformation mechanisms transition. The results are of interests not only for understanding the deformation mechanisms under dynamic plastic deformation but also for nanostructures formation of the magnesium alloy.
Reflectionless anisotropic multilayers for both polarisations at grazing incidence
Authors: Patient Dean A. , Horsley Simon A.R.
Published: July 2022

We find a method for designing anisotropic multilayer profiles that are reflectionless at grazing incidence, for both electromagnetic polarisations. The Helmholtz equation for grazing incidence propagation through an anisotropic multilayer can be factorised into a pair of equations of the form [see formula in PDF]. Solutions of [see formula in PDF] then determine two of the three principal values of the permittivity. Imposing the additional constraint of uniaxial anisotropy, we find a pair of coupled equations for the profile of both permittivity components such that neither polarisation is reflected.
Cultivating a child’s love for parents as a spiritual practice: pedagogical aspect
Authors: Moskalyova Luydmyla , Gurov Sergiy , Podplota Svitlana
Published: July 2022

Spiritual education of a child is one of the most difficult and important areas of educational research. The way of family life has always been reflected in the moral character of a person. The emotional and moral atmosphere reigning in the family, the desire to share responsibility, the level of mutual understanding and mutual respect, parental love and reciprocal feelings of a child, family traditions – all these lay the foundation for spirituality. Teachers who work with younger students often observe their interactions with their parents. Each child and each parent is individual, and relationships between them develop differently. In this article, the authors reflect on teachers’ role in cultivating love, where the theoretical concept of “from child to parent” is the basis for study. The article identifies the types of a child’s love for parents, reveals the markers of manifestation of a child’s love for parents, which is positively associated with the cultural and social environment. In addition, the basic pedagogical characteristics for cultivating a child’s love for their parents in the context of the school are proposed.
Formation of the reading comprehension skill in primary school students by visualization
Authors: Hrechka Anastasia , Pavlyk Olena , Lysohor Liudmyla
Published: July 2022

This article describe the problem of shaping scrupulous reading comprehension in primary school students through visualisation tools and identifies its key factors. The scientific psychological and pedagogical and methodological literature, the current legal framework of primary education in Ukraine, educational experience of the research problems of foreign and domestic teachers, the results of the PISA research were analyzed. Foreign theories of interpretation of the term “reading comprehension” are reviewed and our own understanding of the essence of the concept is suggested on their basis. Presents its own classification of modern visualisation tools. It describes the author’s organizational and methodological model of shaping reading comprehension by visualization means, as well as the work done by the author on shaping of scrupulous reading comprehension by visualization means among primary school students. The research involved a set of theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, legal framework, synthesis, generalisation, systematization) and empirical methods (expert assessment, modelling; questionnaires, interviews, monitoring of the educational process, method of mathematical statistics).
Development of ecological consciousness of future primary school teachers in the process of professional training
Authors: Shpak Valentyna , Moysiyenko Iryna , Ninova Tatyana
Published: July 2022

The article emphasizes that among the current and promising problems of modern pedagogical science of particular importance is the need to develop ecological consciousness of future primary school teachers in the process of their training. Focusing on modern theories of primary education, philosophy of education, the authors substantiate the acute general need for fundamental changes in the ecological consciousness of future primary school teachers in postclassical education. This is due to the influence of the latest models, tools and services in the context of primary education reform. The essence and the basic contradictions proving necessity of development of ecological consciousness of the future teachers of elementary school in educational process of higher school are considered. The analysis of the concept of “ecological consciousness” is carried out, the structure of ecological consciousness of the future primary school teacher is defined. The presented results of research and experimental work with the involvement of first-third year students of the first (bachelor’s) level of higher education in specialty 013 “Primary Education” present factual data for the diagnosis of levels of development of environmental knowledge and environmental awareness. The pedagogical conditions that will promote more effective development of ecological consciousness of future primary school teachers in the process of professional training in accordance with globalization changes in the ecological sphere, integration of domestic higher education in the European educational space, social transformations on the way to scientific and technological progress are identified.
Training techniques in the education of simultaneous interpreters using specialised equipment
Authors: Amelina Svitlana , Tarasenko Rostyslav , Semerikov Serhiy , Shynkaruk Vasyl , Čapek Jan
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the search for ways to improve the training of simultaneous interpreters in accordance with modern requirements for their professional activities. It has been suggested that special training should be incorporated into the training of these professionals to develop and improve a range of specific abilities, skills and attitudes. They are classified into five groups (linguistic, cognitive, psychological, physical, technical). Particular attention is paid to the technological support for the work of the simultaneous interpreters. A training programme for simultaneous interpreters has been developed and its effectiveness has been tested. It is proposed to conduct training sessions under the modelling of real working conditions of simultaneous interpreters.
Computer-assisted interpreting systems in the education of simultaneous interpreters
Authors: Tarasenko Rostyslav , Amelina Svitlana , Semerikov Serhiy , Shen Liying
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the analysis of the potential of existing terminology support systems for simultaneous interpreting and the experience of their use in universities. Based on the study the possibilities of their use in the educational process of domestic institutions of higher education in the training of interpreters were identified. It is proposed to choose the software products InterpretBank, Interplex, Interpreter’s Help for training simultaneous interpreters. It has been found that the proposed programmes contribute to the students’ ability to create their own glossaries on specific subjects, fill them in in different ways and use them directly when interpreting. The feasibility of practising CAI tools in a specialised simultaneous interpreting laboratory has been proved.
Categorical-ontological approach to information support of educational activities
Authors: Tarasov Oleksandr , Sahaida Pavlo , Podlesny Sergey , Vasylieva Liudmyla
Published: July 2022

An important basis for information support of educational activities is the effective presentation of knowledge and standardization of training tasks based on ontological models of learned subject areas. The competence approach to the organization of the educational process and the requirements for the training of specialists from the point view of enterprises and organizations, in which they will carry out their professional activities, requires the development of a comprehensive model of educational processes and objects that are participating in them, based on high-level abstractions. On the basis of the results obtained in this work, the methodology of informational support of educational activities was further developed on the basis of: organizing the educational process and standardization of education based on a categorical-ontological approach; construction and use of relevant on tologies and knowledge bases; automation of data processing by forming and executing queries to the content of ontological models. The use of the results of categorical-ontological modeling allowed to reconcile the interests of active agents of the organization-technical systems, the subjects of educational activity and the ability of students to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills.
Welche Vorteile bieten die Zucker Galactose und Tagatose?
Authors: Coy Johannes
Published: July 2022

Zucker wird als ungesundes Lebensmittel angesehen, das es zu meiden gilt. Ob und welcher Zucker schlecht oder gut ist, hängt von der konsumierten Menge, aber auch von seinen Eigenschaften und seiner Wirkung auf den menschlichen Stoffwechsel ab.
Gezielt vorgehen
Authors: Richter Michaela
Published: July 2022

Ob in der Drogerie oder in der Apotheke: Die Fülle von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln ist enorm. Hinzu kommen neu erscheinende Studien sowie zahlreiche Werbebotschaften. Dadurch ist es oft schwierig, den Überblick über relevante Mittel und ihre validen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten zu behalten. Im Gespräch mit Dr. med. Volker Schmiedel erfahren wir mehr über verschiedene Zusammenhänge und sinnvolle sowie womöglich weniger sinnvolle Anwendungen von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln.
Lernort Skillslab – Kommunikationstraining für Intensivpflegende
Authors: Lenes Andrea , Gottwald Sarah , Klasen Martin , Schauwinhold Michael , Schmidt Michelle , Sopka Saša
Published: July 2022

Kommunikation mit simulationsbasiertem Training wird bislang in Deutschland selten angewendet. Eine Befragung von Intensivpflegekräften eines Kommunikationstrainings hat ergeben, dass der Einsatz von Simulation eine hohe Bedeutung für die Teilnehmenden hat. Sie signalisierten den Wunsch nach weiteren Trainingseinheiten, obwohl der Umgang mit Emotionen als durchaus schwierig bewertet wurde und die Teilnehmenden über wenig Vorerfahrung verfügten. Neben einer angenehmen Lernsituation, in der Konflikte erfolgreich gelöst werden konnten, bewerteten die Teilnehmenden die Simulationen außerdem als praxisnah und zeigen den Bedarf auf, praktische Simulation künftig verstärkt curricular einzubinden.
Präoperative Nüchternheit
Authors: Scheel Yanick-Daniel
Published: July 2022

Die präoperative Nüchternheit ist geprägt durch ein traditionell umgesetztes Vorgehen mit einer Karenz ab Mitternacht ohne die Einbeziehung der tatsächlichen OP-Zeit und der damit verbundenen Anpassung der leitliniengerechten Nüchternheitszeiten. Eine verlängerte präoperative Nüchternheit ist jedoch mit negativen Folgen für die Patienten assoziiert. Die Umsetzung von adaptierten Karenzzeiten ist eine Herausforderung für das multiprofessionelle Behandlungsteam.
Statement of the DGGG – Recommendations on the Care and Support of Female Minors Suspected of Having Been Subjected to Acute Sexual Violence or Rape
Authors: Balint Nicole , David Matthias , Fegert Jörg M. , Fryszer Lina Ana , Helling-Bakki Astrid , Herrmann Bernd , Hirchenhain Christine , Schmidt Ulrike , Winter Sibylle Maria
Published: July 2022

Ziele Die vorgelegten Empfehlungen sollen zur weiteren Verbesserung und Standardisierung der ärztlichen Versorgung von Betroffenen sexualisierter Gewalt, insbes. von einer Vergewaltigung betroffenen weiblichen Minderjährigen in Deutschland beitragen. Sie wendet sich vor allem an Frauenärztinnen und Frauenärzte in der Klinik und in der Niederlassung und ergänzt die umfangreiche Kinderschutzleitlinie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

Methoden Unter Einbeziehung der Ergebnisse einer umfassenden selektiven Literaturrecherche wurden von einer interdisziplinär besetzten Gruppe von Expertinnen und Experten in einem 3-stufigen Verfahren im Auftrag des Vorstands der DGGG diese Empfehlungen erarbeitet und im Konsens verabschiedet.

Zusammenfassung Diese DGGG-Stellungnahme ist entsprechend dem Alter der Betroffenen (ca. 14 bis 17 Jahre/pubertär; 0 bis ca. 13 Jahre/präpubertär) zweigeteilt. Dies hat medizinische, strukturelle und forensische Gründe. Es werden zahlreiche Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit den mutmaßlich von akuter sexualisierter Gewalt bzw. einer Vergewaltigung betroffenen Minderjährigen, zur Erstversorgung, zu Versorgungsformen (z. B. Vertrauliche Spurensicherung), zur Anamneseerhebung, zur medizinisch-forensischen Untersuchung, zur medizinischen, psychischen und psychosozialen Versorgung sowie zur Nachbetreuung gegeben.
Analysis of the Influence of Different Drying Methods on the Active Ingredients of Fresh Medicine
Authors: Yang Jianqin , Miao Mingsan
Published: July 2022

The heating area of the material is large and the thermal efficiency is high, but it is necessary to control the suitable drying temperature of different medicinal materials to preserve the effective ingredients. Different kinds of Chinese medicine need different drying conditions to fulfill good drying requirements. Natural drying in the shade is one of the traditional drying methods, which takes a long time and is easily affected by the weather. The water volatilizes slowly. It is prone to mildew and discoloration during the drying process. However, it can better preserve the volatile oil components of Chinese medicine. The hot-air drying machine has lower requirements. The medicinal materials have a large heating area and high thermal efficiency, but it is necessary to control the appropriate drying temperature of different medicinal materials in order to preserve the active ingredients of the medicinal materials; it is not suitable for medicinal materials that stick and bind easily. The microwave drying method possesses superiority in drying some valuable medicinal materials such as Renshen (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng) and Lurong (Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum), and the effective ingredients are preserved at a high degree; it can also achieve the purpose of killing enzymes and protecting glycosides and have a good bactericidal effect, but it is not suitable for Chinese medicines containing heat-sensitive ingredients, because it will destroy most of the proteins, amino acids, and peptides of Chinese medicine and result in the loss of efficacy. The far-infrared drying method is suitable for drying thin-layer medicinal materials and is friendly to the environment. Freeze-drying can preserve the active ingredients very well and greatly retain the efficacy, but it has obvious limitations in preserving some Chinese medicinal materials that need to kill enzymes and protect glycosides; besides, the cost is relatively high and the drying time is long.
Research Progress on Molecular Mechanism of Moxibustion in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Yan Min , Huali Jiangshan , Wu Linyun , Zhou Xiao , Yang Qing , Wu Qinfeng , Liu Xi , Wang Hongyuan , Xu Xiao
Published: July 2022

As an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) nursing technology, moxibustion plays a unique role in improving the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The research on the mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS mainly focuses on anti-inflammatory effects, immune regulation, bone metabolism regulation, intestinal flora regulation, and so on. Molecular medicine is of great significance to further clarify the mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS. However, there are still some problems in the research on the molecular mechanism of moxibustion intervention in AS: the existing biomedical research methods only explore from a specific field and lack the exploration of moxibustion-targeted molecules based on biomedical network. In the future, the molecular network effect of moxibustion on AS can be discussed comprehensively and systematically with the help of omics technology and the construction of biological information interaction network between omics. The effect of moxibustion on upstream osteogenic transcription factors and related signaling pathways such as WNT, β-catenin, and BMP/Smads is not yet clear. Future research can focus on the relevant signal targets of bone reconstruction and clarify the mechanism of moxibustion against the new bone formation. In addition, there is a lack of research on the molecular mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of AS from the perspective of metabolites. It is necessary to further explore the mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of AS with the help of metabonomics technology.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Sports Practice: A Literature Review
Authors: Abad Luiz Henrique Salamoni , Lessa Ruan Teixeira , Mesquita Francielle Bianca Moreira de , Silva Vitória Leite , Cesar Marcelo Ribeiro , Ferreira Tayná Beato , Costa Ana Julia Rodrigues da , Buzan Thales Nascimento , Mendes Nathália Barbosa do Espírito Santo
Published: July 2022

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative syndrome caused by repetitive and cumulative head trauma. Due to the widespread practice of contact and collision sports, a discussion of the long-term repercussions of repeated head trauma is imperative. The present literature review, performed through the SciELO, PUBMED, and BVS-Bireme databases, includes studies conducted since the year 2000, which established the relationship between CTE and the practice of sports. The diagnosis of CTE was notably present in individuals practicing sports that involve repeated traumatic brain injuries. The noticeable changes triggered by CTE include a series of clinical and neuropathological manifestations that can help in the differentiation from other tauopathies.
Multi-Level Cervical Disc Degeneration and Vertigo
Authors: Ercan Serdar , Baloglu Murat
Published: July 2022

Objective While complaints of pain, loss of strength, and numbness radiating to the neck and arm are common in patients due to cervical disc degeneration, vertigo is a rare symptom. The articles previously published on the subject focus on single-level disk degeneration and its correlation with vertigo. However, in the case of multilevel cervical discopathy, its effect on the severity of vertigo and its response to surgical treatment has not been clarified. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to shed light on the topic.

Methods Patients with vertigo complaints in whom all known etiological causes of vertigo had been excluded, but with cervical disc degeneration, were included in the study. The scores on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Cervical Vertigo Evaluation Scale (CVES) were analyzed in terms of numbers of discopathy, spine levels, and differences regarding the preoperative and postoperative status.

Results A total of 24 patients (14 with single-level and 10 with multi-level disc degeneration) underwent anterior cervical discectomy. The preoperative CVES score was significantly decreased after surgery. Multi-level disc degeneration causes fewer vertigo symptoms than the single-level kind. No significant correlation between the severity of pain and vertigo was observed.

Conclusion Multi-level disc degeneration causes fewer vertigo symptoms. These symptoms decreased after anterior cervical discectomy in cases of single-level disk herniation at upper segments. The surgical intervention could be a favorable choice of treatment. However, the mechanism and treatment approach to cervical vertigo is still a controversial issue.
Chronic Irreducible Knee Dislocations: Outcomes following Open Reduction and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Pardiwala Dinshaw N. , Subbiah Kushalappa , Rao Nandan , Yathiraj B.R.
Published: July 2022

The management of unreduced knee dislocations who present late is challenging. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes following open reduction and reconstructive surgery for chronic irreducible knee dislocations. This retrospective study analyzed prospectively collected data of patients with an unreduced fixed anterior or posterior knee dislocation of 1 to 6 months' duration, treated with open reduction, hinged external fixator application, and ligament reconstruction who had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients were classified based on presence of prior periarticular surgery and direction of dislocation. Data on pre- and posttreatment clinical, radiological, and functional scores were analyzed. A total of 21 patients (age range: 19–43 years) fulfilled all inclusion criteria. These included 13 missed dislocations and 8 neglected postoperative dislocations. There were 18 posterior and 3 anterior dislocations. The mean follow-up was 6.9 years (range: 2.7–16.2 years). On final follow-up, all 21 patients were independently ambulatory with mean knee range of motion 127 degrees. No patient had symptomatic knee instability at final follow-up, despite four having isolated grade-III posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) laxity. Anatomical reduction was achieved in 19 patients, whereas 2 patients had incomplete joint reduction with a persistent grade-II fixed posterior subluxation. Scanograms revealed coronal alignment within 5 degrees of the opposite unaffected limb in 17 patients. Mean functional scores improved from preoperative 9.4 ± 4.7 (range: 2–19) to postoperative 75.9 ± 8.0 (range: 64–95) for Lysholm's and preoperative 10.7 ± 1.8 (range: 8.3–13.7) to postoperative 73.5 ± 6.7 (range: 66.7–88.7) for knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) scores. Prior periarticular surgery was associated with significantly inferior Lysholm's scores (p < 0.04). Although 23.8% knees developed posttraumatic knee arthritis, no patient had undergone conversion to knee arthroplasty or arthrodesis. The study concludes that open reduction and reconstructive surgery is an effective surgical treatment for chronic irreducible knee dislocations of up to 6 months duration. An individualized, often staged approach that prioritizes joint reduction, early knee mobilization, and knee stability, ensures satisfactory clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes in the medium term. This is a clinical case series and reflects level of evidence IV.
Continuously tunable radio frequency electrometry with Rydberg atoms
Authors: Hu Jinlian , Li Huaqiang , Song Rong , Bai Jingxu , Jiao Yuechun , Zhao Jianming , Jia Suotang
Published: July 2022

We demonstrate a continuously tunable electric field measurement based on the far off-resonant AC stark effect in a Rydberg atomic vapor cell. In this configuration, a strong far off-resonant field, denoted as a local oscillator (LO) field, acts as a gain to shift the Rydberg level to a high sensitivity region. An incident weak signal field with a few hundreds of kHz difference from the LO field is mixed with the LO field in the Rydberg system to generate an intermediate frequency signal, which is read out by Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (Rydberg-EIT) spectroscopy. Not like resonant EIT-Autler–Townes spectra, we realize the electric field measurement of the signal frequency from 2 to 5 GHz using a single Rydberg state. The detectable field strength is down to 2.25 μV/cm with sensitivity of the electrometry 712 nV cm−1 Hz−1/2, and a linear dynamic range is over 65 dB. The detectable field strength is comparable with a resonant microwave-dressed Rydberg heterodyne receiver using the same system, which is 0.96 μV/cm with sensitivity of 304 nV cm–1 Hz−1/2. We also show the system has an inherent polarization selectivity feature. Our method can provide high sensitivity of electric field measurement and be extended to arbitrary frequency measurements.
Numerical simulation of the water-based ink transfer process in roll-to-roll gravure printing based on fluid–solid interactions
Authors: Guan Xiaomin , Xing Jiefang , Zhu Hongjuan , Zhu Wanjun
Published: July 2022

The roll-to-roll gravure printing ink transfer process plays an important role in enhancing printing quality and saving on costs. The static analysis and fluid–solid interaction method are used for the first time to conduct a systematic study on the coupling between the fluid flow state and the solid deformation in the whole process of roll-to-roll gravure printing. The static compression stage, the initial moment of ink transfer, and the process of ink passing through the gap between two rollers and the separation of the ink layer with the rotation of two rollers are considered. The effect of ink layer thickness on the ink transfer process is studied. At a printing pressure of 0.2 MPa and a printing velocity of 200 rpm, the ink thickness has a great influence on the ink flow state, which leads to backflow; the phenomenon causes irregularities in the effective ink transfer ratio. The critical ink layer thickness is 70 µm under the above gravure printing conditions. This should not be exceeded to ensure the stability of ink transfer. Under the above printing conditions, when the ink layer thickness is in the range of 30–50 µm, there is no ink backflow phenomenon and the width of the ink flow channel is relatively large, and the effective ink ratio is almost stable at 50%. This study is helpful for controlling the ink quantity in the gravure printing, providing strong theoretical support for the improvement of the gravure printing process, and promoting the application of the water-based ink.
Controlling hysteretic transitions in quasi-one-dimensional TiS3 microribbons
Authors: Zhu Hua , Han Hui , Wu Dun , Wu Lin , Liu Wenhui , Tang Xi , Xu Junmin , Zhang Changjin , Li Hui
Published: July 2022

Understanding the occurrence of charge density wave (CDW) states in quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) transition metal trichalcogenides has attracted substantial research interest. Here, we report the systematic control of hysteretic transitions in quasi-1D TiS3 microribbons by changing the thickness and the cooling rate. Two distinguished resistance hysteresis loops are observed at a high temperature of ∼290 K and a low temperature of ∼60 K, respectively. In addition, two hysteretic transitions exhibit different behaviors under the external perturbations, in which the high temperature hysteretic transition is sensitive to TiS3 microribbons thickness, while the low temperature hysteretic transition is probably related to the CDW state and is robust against external perturbations. Our findings will offer a new frontier of exploration of the hysteretic transitions in the quasi-1D transition metal trichalcogenides.
Origin of the scaling laws of developing turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Ali Sk Zeeshan , Dey Subhasish
Published: July 2022

In this Perspective article, we seek the origin of the scaling laws of developing turbulent boundary layers over a flat plate from the perspective of the phenomenological theory of turbulence. The scaling laws of the boundary-layer thickness and the boundary shear stress in rough and smooth boundary-layer flows are established. In a rough boundary-layer flow, the boundary-layer thickness (scaled with the boundary roughness) and the boundary shear stress (scaled with the dynamic pressure) obey the “2/(1−σ)” and “(1+σ)/(1−σ)” scaling laws, respectively, with the streamwise distance (scaled with the boundary roughness). Here, σ is the spectral exponent. In a smooth boundary-layer flow, the boundary-layer thickness (scaled with the viscous length scale) and the boundary shear stress (scaled with the dynamic pressure) obey the “8/(5 − 3σ)” and “3(1+σ)/(5 − 3σ)” scaling laws, respectively, with the Reynolds number characterized by the streamwise distance.
Deep neural network based reduced-order model for fluid–structure interaction system
Authors: Han Renkun , Wang Yixing , Qian Weiqi , Wang Wenzheng , Zhang Miao , Chen Gang
Published: July 2022

Fluid–structure interaction analysis has high computing costs when using computational fluid dynamics. These costs become prohibitive when optimizing the fluid–structure interaction system because of the huge sample space of structural parameters. To overcome this realistic challenge, a deep neural network-based reduced-order model for the fluid–structure interaction system is developed to quickly and accurately predict the flow field in the fluid–structure interaction system. This deep neural network can predict the flow field at the next time step based on the current flow field and the structural motion conditions. A fluid–structure interaction model can be constructed by combining the deep neural network with a structural dynamic solver. Through learning the structure motion and fluid evolution in different fluid–structure interaction systems, the trained model can predict the fluid–structure interaction systems with different structural parameters only with initial flow field and structural motion conditions. Within the learned range of the parameters, the prediction accuracy of the fluid–structure interaction model is in good agreement with the numerical simulation results, which can meet the engineering needs. The simulation speed is increased by more than 20 times, which is helpful for the rapid analysis and optimal design of fluid–structure interaction systems.
Investigation of stiffness and damping constant of spin waves in a soft magnet Co100−xBx alloy
Authors: Choi Young-Gwan , Choi Gyung-Min
Published: July 2022

In ferromagnets, alloying provides tunability of magnetic, electrical, and mechanical properties; however, its effect on magnetization has mostly been studied in terms of static properties. In this study, we investigate the stiffness and damping of spin waves in a cobalt-boron (Co100−xBx) alloy using an optical pump-probe technique. Coherent spin waves in Co100−xBx were excited by an optical spin–orbit torque from Pt. The dynamics of the spin wave were monitored on a picosecond timescale using the magneto-optical Kerr effect. From the oscillation period and relaxation of the spin wave, the stiffness and damping of the spin waves were determined. As the boron concentration increases from 0% to 35%, the spin wave stiffness decreases from 4.3 to 1.0 meV nm2, and the damping constant of the spin wave increases from 0.02 to 0.11. Such a large change suggests that B alloying has a significant impact on the spin-wave properties.
Simple and modestly scalable synthesis of
Authors: Liu Xin , Pollard Brett , Banwell Martin G. , Yu Li-Juan , Coote Michelle L. , Gardiner Michael G. , van Vugt-Lussenburg Barbara M. A. , van der Burg Bart , Grasset Fabien L. , Campillo Elisabeth , Sherwood James , Byrne Fergal P. , Farmer Thomas J.
Published: July 2022

The bio-derived platform molecule levoglucosenone (LGO, 1), which is the precursor to the green solvent Cyrene® (2), has been converted, at multi-gram scale, into its pseudo-enantiomer (iso-LGO, 2) and then reduced to iso-Cyrene (4). A less effective synthesis of this last compound from D-glucose is also described. Various physicochemical as well as certain toxicological properties of compound 4 are reported and compared to those established for the now commercially available Cyrene® (2). Such studies reveal that there are significant enough differences in the properties of the sustainably-derived Cyrene® (2) and isomer 4 (iso-Cyrene) to suggest they will exert complementary effects as solvents in a range of settings.
Recent change of burned area associated with summer heat extremes over Iberia
Authors: Bento Virgílio A. , Russo Ana , Gouveia Célia M. , DaCamara Carlos C.
Published: July 2022

Owing to climate change-induced global warming, the frequency and duration of extremely hot events over the Iberian Peninsula (IP), such as heatwaves, are expected to continue to increase. This study shows the change of individual and monthly concurrent extremely hot events and burned area in the IP in the recent period of 1998–2015, compared with the reference period 1980–1997. Results show a dichotomic behaviour, with June and August showing an increase in extremely hot events and July and September showing many regions with a decrease, both in individual and concurrent events (most prominently in September). Furthermore, regions with such increases also show a change in spatial extent, with a greater area simultaneously affected by the two extremes (particularly in June). Also, even though the incidence of large burned areas decreased in north-western Spain in July and August, these increased in June. Indeed, together with more extreme heat events observed in the region, an increase in burned area was also found in June. This work paves the way for future studies to delve into the causes and effects of extreme heat events over the IP, to raise awareness of the need by forest authorities of developing early warning systems.
Motor guidance by long-range communication on the microtubule highway
Authors: Wijeratne Sithara S. , Fiorenza Shane A. , Neary Alex E. , Subramanian Radhika , Betterton Meredith D.
Published: July 2022

Coupling of motor proteins within arrays drives muscle contraction, flagellar beating, chromosome segregation, and other biological processes. Current models of motor coupling invoke either direct mechanical linkage or protein crowding, which rely on short-range motor–motor interactions. In contrast, coupling mechanisms that act at longer length scales remain largely unexplored. Here we report that microtubules can physically couple motor movement in the absence of detectable short-range interactions. The human kinesin-4 Kif4A changes the run length and velocity of other motors on the same microtubule in the dilute binding limit, when approximately 10-nm–sized motors are much farther apart than the motor size. This effect does not depend on specific motor–motor interactions because similar changes in Kif4A motility are induced by kinesin-1 motors. A micrometer-scale attractive interaction potential between motors is sufficient to recreate the experimental results in a biophysical model. Unexpectedly, our theory suggests that long-range microtubule-mediated coupling affects not only binding kinetics but also motor mechanochemistry. Therefore, the model predicts that motors can sense and respond to motors bound several micrometers away on a microtubule. Our results are consistent with a paradigm in which long-range motor interactions along the microtubule enable additional forms of collective motor behavior, possibly due to changes in the microtubule lattice.
Precise radiocarbon determination in radioactive waste by a laser-based spectroscopic technique
Authors: Delli Santi Maria Giulia , Insero Giacomo , Bartalini Saverio , Cancio Pablo , Carcione Federico , Galli Iacopo , Giusfredi Giovanni , Mazzotti Davide , Bulgheroni Antonio , Martinez Ferri Ana Isabel , Alvarez-Sarandes Rafael , Aldave de Las Heras Laura , Rondinella Vincenzo , De Natale Paolo
Published: July 2022

The precise and accurate determination of the radionuclide inventory in radioactive waste streams, including those generated during nuclear decommissioning, is a key aspect in establishing the best-suited nuclear waste management and disposal options. Radiocarbon (

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) is playing a crucial role in this scenario because it is one of the so-called difficult to measure isotopes; currently,

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analysis requires complex systems, such as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) or liquid scintillation counting (LSC). AMS has an outstanding limit of detection, but only a few facilities are available worldwide; LSC, which can have similar performance, is more widespread, but sample preparation can be nontrivial. In this paper, we demonstrate that the laser-based saturated-absorption cavity ring-down (SCAR) spectroscopic technique has several distinct advantages and represents a mature and accurate alternative for

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content determination in nuclear waste. As a proof-of-principle experiment, we show consistent results of AMS and SCAR for samples of concrete and graphite originating from nuclear installations. In particular, we determined mole fractions of 1.312(9) F

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and 30.951(7) F

14

C

corresponding to ∼1.5 and 36.2 parts per trillion (ppt), respectively, for two different graphite samples originating from different regions of the Adiabatic Resonance Crossing activator prototype installed on one irradiation line of an MC40 Scanditronix cyclotron. Moreover, we measure a mole fraction of 0.593(8) F

14

C

(

∼
0.7

ppt) from a concrete sample originating from an external wall of the Ispra-1 nuclear research reactor currently in the decommissioning phase.
Adenosine A
2A
receptor blockade prevents cisplatin-induced impairments in neurogenesis and cognitive function
Authors: Oliveros Alfredo , Yoo Ki Hyun , Rashid Mohammad Abdur , Corujo-Ramirez Ana , Hur Benjamin , Sung Jaeyun , Liu Yuanhang , Hawse John R. , Choi Doo-Sup , Boison Detlev , Jang Mi-Hyeon
Published: July 2022

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) has emerged as a significant medical problem without therapeutic options. Using the platinum-based chemotherapy cisplatin to model CICI, we revealed robust elevations in the adenosine A
2A
receptor (A
2A
R) and its downstream effectors, cAMP and CREB, by cisplatin in the adult mouse hippocampus, a critical brain structure for learning and memory. Notably, A
2A
R inhibition by the Food and Drug Administration–approved A
2A
R antagonist KW-6002 prevented cisplatin-induced impairments in neural progenitor proliferation and dendrite morphogenesis of adult-born neurons, while improving memory and anxiety-like behavior, without affecting tumor growth or cisplatin’s antitumor activity. Collectively, our study identifies A
2A
R signaling as a key pathway that can be therapeutically targeted to prevent cisplatin-induced cognitive impairments.
Increase of the photoconductivity quantum yield in silicon irradiated by neutrons to extremely high fluences
Authors: Vaitkus Juozas V , Moll Michael , Kažukauskas Vaidotas , Vertelis Vilius
Published: July 2022

An enhanced quantum yield observed in silicon ionizing radiation detectors, neutron-irradiated to extremely high fluences, could be attributed to impact ionization via deep levels. The quantum yield was investigated by the intrinsic photoconductivity optical spectroscopy in silicon irradiated by neutrons to a wide range of fluences up to 1 × 1017 neutron cm−2. An increase of quantum yield was observed in highly irradiated samples. We have demonstrated that the quantum yield enhancement could be attributed to the impact ionization via deep levels, this process being presumably related to disordered defect clusters regions in Si. The proposed mechanism explains the observed decrease of the impact ionization energy by at least an order of magnitude at low temperature. The impact ionization energy values of up to 0.30–0.36 eV and less, and 0.38–0.40 eV were determined at T ∼ 21–33 K and at T = 195 K, respectively.
A review on realizing the modern optoelectronic applications through persistent photoconductivity
Authors: Sumanth Arige , Lakshmi Ganapathi Kolla , Ramachandra Rao M S , Dixit Tejendra
Published: July 2022

Optoelectronic devices are becoming increasingly important due to their compatibility with CMOS fabrication technology and their superior performance in all dimensions compared to currently available devices. Numerous modern applications are formulated based on various aspects of optoelectronic materials and devices, such as artificial intelligence, optical memory, optoelectronic synapses, humanoid-photodetectors, holography, solar cells, charge storage devices, bio-electronic devices, and so on. Persistent photoconductivity (PPC), an optoelectronic phenomenon that has piqued the scientific community’s interest, is a novel approach to these modern applications. In this article, we highlighted the use of PPC in a variety of emerging optoelectronic applications. PPC is a light-induced mechanism that persists after light excitation is terminated, i.e. the response does not stop immediately but remains available for a period of time. In recent years, the time duration over which the response after turning off the illumination is available has been proposed for a variety of applications. PPC has primarily been explored from a theoretical point of view, with the application component being largely ignored. Very recently, the scientific community has started exploring the possible applications pertaining to PPC such as optoelectronic synapses, holography, optical memory, bioelectronics, and artificial intelligence. Depending on the nature of the material and the type of model used in the application, a variety of mechanisms can be used to modulate the charge trapping and de-trapping methodologies for a specific application. This topical review summarizes the origins of PPC, its control mechanism, and recent advances in a variety of materials such as metal oxides, superconductors, nanofibers, 2D-semiconductors, alloys, nitrides, organic materials, topological insulators, and so on. In addition, the paper has carefully explored the development of next-generation optoelectronic applications designed for industry 4.0 leveraging the PPC phenomenon.
Magnetic properties in soft (CoFeB)/hard (Co) bilayers deposited under different Ar gas pressure
Authors: Nayak Sagarika , Mohanty Shaktiranjan , Bhusan Singh Braj , Bedanta Subhankar
Published: July 2022

We have studied the effect of deposition pressure on the magnetization reversal, domains, anisotropy and Gilbert damping constant in the ferromagnetic (CoFeB and Co) single and bilayer samples. Hysteresis measured by magneto-optic Kerr microscopy for the single layer films prepared at higher deposition pressure indicate no change of loop shape i.e. isotropic behaviour. An enhancement of anisotropy has been observed in the bilayer samples than the single layer samples prepared at a particular deposition condition. However, increasing the deposition pressure to 50 sccm for the bilayer samples, anisotropy gets reduced. For single layer Co film deposited at 10 sccm exhibits branch and patch like domains for different angle between the easy axis and the external magnetic field. However, the Co film deposited at 50 sccm exhibits ripple like domains. In the case of single layer CoFeB, branch and patch like domains are observed deposited at 10 sccm. Patch like domains are found for the CoFeB films deposited at 50 sccm. Pinned labyrinth and ripple kind of magnetic domains along with the big branch domains are found in the bilayer samples. The pinned domains may be due to the interfacial exchange coupling. Similar values of damping constants have been observed for different thin films prepared at different deposition pressure.
Benchmarking structural evolution methods for training of machine learned interatomic potentials
Authors: Waters Michael J , Rondinelli James M
Published: July 2022

When creating training data for machine-learned interatomic potentials (MLIPs), it is common to create initial structures and evolve them using molecular dynamics (MD) to sample a larger configuration space. We benchmark two other modalities of evolving structures, contour exploration (CE) and dimer-method (DM) searches against MD for their ability to produce diverse and robust density functional theory training data sets for MLIPs. We also discuss the generation of initial structures which are either from known structures or from random structures in detail to further formalize the structure-sourcing processes in the future. The polymorph-rich zirconium-oxygen composition space is used as a rigorous benchmark system for comparing the performance of MLIPs trained on structures generated from these structural evolution methods. Using Behler–Parrinello neural networks as our MLIP models, we find that CE and the DM searches are generally superior to MD in terms of spatial descriptor diversity and statistical accuracy.
Double glassy states and large spontaneous and conventional exchange bias in La1.5Ca0.5CoFeO6 ferrimagnetic double perovskite
Authors: Singh Prajyoti , Singh Rahul K , Dixit Srishti , Patel Neha , Alam Mohd , Dan Sambhab , Jain A , Anand K , Gangwar Vinod K , Singh Rahul , Joshi Amish G , Yusuf S M , Chatterjee Sandip
Published: July 2022

The structural and magnetic properties of hole doped double perovskite La1.5Ca0.5CoFeO6 have been investigated by measuring x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, neutron powder diffraction and magnetization. A ferrimagnetic transition is observed at T
C∼ 167 K. The presence of anti-site disorder (ASD) in La1.5Ca0.5CoFeO6 has also been demonstrated. Double re-entrant cluster glass transitions (T
1∼ 11 K and TS
∼ 35 K) were observed which has been attributed to the ASD effect. The presence of both large spontaneous exchange bias H
SEB ∼ 2.106 kOe and giant conventional exchange bias H
CEB ∼ 1.56 T at 5 K has also been observed which can be attributed to the coexistence of long range magnetic ordering and glassy state. The experimental observations were explained with the results obtained by the density functional theory calculation. The presence of double glassy states, large exchange-bias effect and different magnetic phases make this system a potential candidate for spintronic applications.
On the determination of the vibrational temperature by optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Dilecce G , Ambrico P F , Martini L M , Tosi P
Published: July 2022

Over the years, until the present days, a persistent mistake has been found in the literature: the use of the ‘vibrational temperature’ of an emitting electronic state as somewhat representative of the vibrational temperature of the gas in the discharge. Such a temperature is determined by fitting the spectra measured by optical emission spectroscopy. Besides the misuse of the word temperature, the results of such fittings are ambiguously named ‘vibrational temperature’ and sometimes used to argue about the vibrational non-equilibrium and its variation with discharge conditions. What has this temperature to do with the vibrational excitation of the molecules’ ground state, i.e. of the large majority of gas components? It is well established that the connection between the vibrational population of the excited and the ground state exists through the excitation process, the collisional quenching, and the vibrational relaxation in the manifold of the excited state. Nevertheless, this is very often ignored in the literature. In this note, we discuss this subject with the example of the ‘vibrational temperature’ of the N2(C, v) manifold, showing how much all the mentioned parameters can drive to incorrect deductions from an anyway conceptually wrong measurement.