bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comment on “U‐Pb and Hf Isotope Analysis of Detrital Zircons From Mesozoic Strata of the Gravina Belt, Southeast Alaska” by Yokelson Et Al. (2015)
Authors: Lowey Grant W.
Published: October 2017

Yokelson et al. (2015) present U‐Pb and Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircons from the Gravina belt showing that the western facies was derived from the west and the eastern facies was derived from the east and concluded that this is evidence that a west dipping subduction zone did not exist along the inboard margin of the Alexander‐Wrangellia terrane during Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous time as proposed by Sigloch and Mihalynuk (2013). However, the tectonic affinity of the eastern Gravina belt is open to debate, and Yokelson et al.'s (2015) claim that the Sigloch and Mihalynuk (2013) model of west dipping subduction was implausible is based on an incorrect assumption.
Synoptic Sampling to Determine Distributed Groundwater‐Surface Water Nitrate Loading and Removal Potential Along a Lowland River
Authors: Pai Henry , Villamizar Sandra R. , Harmon Thomas C.
Published: October 2017

Delineating pollutant reactive transport pathways that connect local land use patterns to surface water is an important goal. This work illustrates high‐resolution river mapping of salinity or specific conductance (SC) and nitrate (
) as a potential part of achieving this goal. We observed longitudinal river SC and nitrate distributions using high‐resolution synoptic in situ sensing along the lower Merced River (38 river km) in Central California (USA) from 2010 to 2012. We calibrated a distributed groundwater‐surface water (GW‐SW) discharge model for a conservative solute using 13 synoptic SC sampling events at flows ranging from 1.3 to 31.6 m3 s−1. Nitrogen loads ranged from 0.3 to 1.6 kg N d−1 and were greater following an extended high flow period during a wet winter. Applying the distributed GW‐SW discharge estimates to a simplistic reactive nitrate transport model, the model reproduced observed river nitrate distribution well (RRMSE = 5–21%), with dimensionless watershed‐averaged nitrate removal (kt) ranging from 0 to 0.43. Estimates were uncertain due to GW nitrate data variability, but the resulting range was consistent with prior removal estimates. At the segment scale, estimated GW‐SW nitrate loading ranged from 0 to 17 g
s−1 km−1. Local loading peaked near the middle of the study reach, a location that coincides with a shallow clay lens and with confined animal feed operations in close proximity to the river. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential for high‐resolution synoptic monitoring to support GW‐SW modeling efforts aimed at understanding and managing nonpoint source pollution.
Deconstructing the Effects of Flow on DOC, Nitrate, and Major Ion Interactions Using a High‐Frequency Aquatic Sensor Network
Authors: Koenig L. E. , Shattuck M. D. , Snyder L. E. , Potter J. D. , McDowell W. H.
Published: October 2017

Streams provide a physical linkage between land and downstream river networks, delivering solutes derived from multiple catchment sources. We analyzed high‐frequency time series of stream solutes to characterize the timing and magnitude of major ion, nutrient, and organic matter transport over event, seasonal, and annual timescales as well as to assess whether nitrate (
) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) transport are coupled in catchments, which would be expected if they are subject to similar biogeochemical controls throughout the watershed. Our data set includes in situ observations of
, fluorescent dissolved organic matter (DOC proxy), and specific conductance spanning 2–4 years in 10 streams and rivers across New Hampshire, including observations of nearly 700 individual hydrologic events. We found a positive response of
and DOC to flow in forested streams, but watershed development led to a negative relationship between
and discharge, and thus a decoupling of the overall
and DOC responses to flow. On event and seasonal timescales,
and DOC consistently displayed different behaviors. For example, in several streams, FDOM yield was greatest during summer storms while
yield was greatest during winter storms. Most streams had generalizable storm
and DOC responses, but differences in the timing of
and DOC transport suggest different catchment sources. Further, certain events, including rain‐on‐snow and summer storms following dry antecedent conditions, yielded disproportionate
responses. High‐frequency data allow for increased understanding of the processes controlling solute variability and will help reveal their responses to changing climatic regimes.
Prediction of Hydrologic Characteristics for Ungauged Catchments to Support Hydroecological Modeling
Authors: Bond Nick R. , Kennard Mark J.
Published: October 2017

Hydrologic variability is a fundamental driver of ecological processes and species distribution patterns within river systems, yet the paucity of gauges in many catchments means that streamflow data are often unavailable for ecological survey sites. Filling this data gap is an important challenge in hydroecological research. To address this gap, we first test the ability to spatially extrapolate hydrologic metrics calculated from gauged streamflow data to ungauged sites as a function of stream distance and catchment area. Second, we examine the ability of statistical models to predict flow regime metrics based on climate and catchment physiographic variables. Our assessment focused on Australia's largest catchment, the Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB). We found that hydrologic metrics were predictable only between sites within ∼25 km of one another. Beyond this, correlations between sites declined quickly. We found less than 40% of fish survey sites from a recent basin‐wide monitoring program (n = 777 sites) to fall within this 25 km range, thereby greatly limiting the ability to utilize gauge data for direct spatial transposition of hydrologic metrics to biological survey sites. In contrast, statistical model‐based transposition proved effective in predicting ecologically relevant aspects of the flow regime (including metrics describing central tendency, high‐ and low‐flows intermittency, seasonality, and variability) across the entire gauge network (median R2 ∼ 0.54, range 0.39–0.94). Modeled hydrologic metrics thus offer a useful alternative to empirical data when examining biological survey data from ungauged sites. More widespread use of these statistical tools and modeled metrics could expand our understanding of flow‐ecology relationships.
A Goal‐Activation Framework of True and False Intentions
Authors: Mac Giolla Erik , Granhag Pär Anders , Ask Karl
Published: October 2017

We propose a novel cognitive framework to distinguish between statements of true and false intent based on research on goal‐directed behaviour. A true intention comes with a commitment to carry out the stated intention. This commitment activates the behavioural goal of a true intention. In contrast, a false intention does not come with a commitment to carry out the stated intention. Hence, the behavioural goal of a stated false intention should be inactive. Active goals have profound and predictable influences on human behaviour. For instance, active goals influence planning, future thought and evaluations. Such influences are functional—they aid in goal attainment. Insofar as true intentions activate goals, but false intentions do not, the expected influences of active goals should be weaker or non‐existent for those stating a false intention. The framework parsimoniously accounts for previous intention‐focused deception studies while generating new directions for future research.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic Significance of Cavitary Lung Nodules in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's): A Clinical Imaging Study of 225 Patients
Authors: Russell Bailey , Mohan Sindu , Chahal Rachandeep , Carette Simon , Pagnoux Christian
Published: October 2017

Objective

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis in which pulmonary nodules are a common manifestation. Our study examined whether pulmonary nodules, and nodule type (solid versus cavitary), are associated with different disease manifestations and outcomes.

Methods

Demographic, clinical, biologic, and radiologic data at diagnosis and during followup and treatments of GPA patients followed at the Mount Sinai Hospital (Canada) Vasculitis Clinic were analyzed. Patients were separated by the absence of lung nodules, presence of solid nodules only, and presence of cavitary nodules (+/− solid nodules). The study outcomes included followup lung imaging, relapses, and deaths.

Results

Of 225 patients with GPA, 46 had solid nodules only and 44 had cavitary nodules at diagnosis. Demographic and clinical manifestations were similar in the patient subgroups at diagnosis. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) was used for induction after diagnosis in 76.7% of patients with cavitary nodules, compared with 64.7% of patients without nodules and 51.1% of patients with solid nodules (P = 0.04). The mean ± SD followup after diagnosis was 106.6 ± 92.6 months, and 6 of the patients died. In multivariable analysis, diagnosis before 2000 or pulmonary nodule cavitation at diagnosis were associated with relapse, with a hazard ratio of 0.38 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.22–0.65; P < 0.001) and 1.53 (95% CI 1.00–2.33; P = 0.05), respectively, after adjustment for CYC use.

Conclusion

The presence of cavitary nodules led to increased use of CYC but had no impact on survival. Relapse occurred more often, however, in patients with cavitary nodules than in those with solid nodules or no nodules, and should be studied in other cohorts.
Association Between Anti–Citrullinated Fibrinogen Antibodies and Coronary Artery Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Hejblum Boris P. , Cui Jing , Lahey Lauren J. , Cagan Andrew , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Sokolove Jeremy , Cai Tianxi , Liao Katherine P.
Published: October 2017

Objective

Antibodies against citrullinated fibrinogen (anti–Cit‐fibrinogen) have been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and associated with cardiovascular risk in RA. The objective of this study was to examine the association between anti–Cit‐fibrinogens and coronary artery disease (CAD) outcomes.

Methods

We performed the study in an RA cohort based in a large academic institution linked with electronic medical record data containing information on CAD outcomes from medical record review. Using a published bead‐based assay method, we measured 10 types of anti–Cit‐fibrinogens. We applied a score test to determine the association between the anti–Cit‐fibrinogens as a group with CAD outcomes. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to assess whether the anti–Cit‐fibrinogens clustered into groups. Each group was then additionally tested for association with CAD. Sensitivity analyses were also performed using a published International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision code group for ischemic heart disease (IHD) as the outcome.

Results

We studied 1,006 RA subjects (mean ± SD age 61.0 ± 13.0 years; 72.2% anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide positive). As a group, anti–Cit‐fibrinogen was associated with CAD (P = 1.1 × 10−4). From the PCA analysis, we observed 3 main groups, of which only 1 group, containing 7 of the 10 anti–Cit‐fibrinogens, was significantly associated with CAD outcomes (P = 0.015). In the sensitivity analysis, all anti–Cit‐fibrinogens as a group remained significantly associated with IHD (P = 2.9 × 10−4).

Conclusion

Anti–Cit‐fibrinogen antibodies as a group were associated with CAD outcomes in our RA cohort, with the strongest signal for association arising from a subset of the autoantibodies.
Galvanic Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Fiber Metal Laminates of Metallic Glass and Carbon Fiber Composites
Authors: Hamill Lee , Hofmann Douglas C. , Nutt Steven
Published: October 2017

The possibility of galvanic corrosion typically prohibits the pairing of carbon fiber and aluminum in a fiber metal laminate (FML). In this study, the authors describe a new type of FML comprised of alternating layers of bulk metallic glass (BMG) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite. The authors compare the galvanic coupling and mechanical behavior of an Al‐based FML and a BMG‐CFRP FML. Results show that when paired with CFRPs, BMG exhibits far less galvanic corrosion than aluminum paired with CFRP. In fact, the corrosion between BMG and CFRP is similar in magnitude to the corrosion between aluminum and glass fiber, the two constituent materials of GLARE, the most widely used FML. While interlaminar shear strength and flexural strength are similar for both FML types, the tensile strength and modulus of BMG‐based FMLs are greater than those of Al‐based FMLs.
Boosting the Charge Transport Property of Indeno[1,2‐b]fluorene‐6,12‐dione though Incorporation of Sulfur‐ or Nitrogen‐Linked Side Chains
Authors: Fan Zhi‐Ping , Li Xiang‐Yang , Luo Xiao‐E. , Fei Xian , Sun Bing , Chen Li‐Chuan , Shi Zi‐Fa , Sun Chun‐Lin , Shao Xiangfeng , Zhang Hao‐Li
Published: October 2017

Alkyl chains are basic units in the design of organic semiconductors for purposes of enhancing solubility, tuning electronic energy levels, and tailoring molecular packing. This work demonstrates that the carrier mobilities of indeno[1,2‐b]fluorene‐6,12‐dione (IFD)‐based semiconductors can be dramatically enhanced by the incorporation of sulfur‐ or nitrogen‐linked side chains. Three IFD derivatives possessing butyl, butylthio, and dibutylamino substituents are synthesized, and their organic field‐effect transistors (OFET) are fabricated and characterized. The IFD possessing butyl substituents exhibits a very poor charge transport property with mobility lower than 10−7 cm2 V−1 s−1. In contrast, the hole mobility is dramatically increased to 1.03 cm2 V−1 s−1 by replacing the butyl units with dibutylamino groups (DBA‐IFD), while the butylthio‐modified IFD (BT‐IFD) derivative exhibits a high and balanced ambipolar charge transport property with the maximum hole and electron mobilities up to 0.71 and 0.65 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Moreover, the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor‐like inverters incorporated with the ambipolar OFETs shows sharp inversions with a maximum gain value up to 173. This work reveals that modification of the aromatic core with heteroatom‐linked side chains, such as alkylthio or dialkylamino, can be an efficient strategy for the design of high‐performance organic semiconductors.
High‐Efficiency Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Small Efficiency Roll‐Off: A Combined Design from Emitters to Devices
Authors: Xue Jie , Liang Qingxin , Zhang Yunge , Zhang Ruoyun , Duan Lian , Qiao Juan
Published: October 2017

The simultaneous realization of high quantum yield and exciton utilizing efficiency (ηr) is still a formidable challenge in near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (FOLEDs). Here, to achieve a high quantum yield, a novel NIR dye, 4,9‐bis(4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)‐naphtho[2,3‐c][1,2,5]selenadiazole, is designed and synthesized with a large highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital overlap and an aggregation‐induced emission property, which demonstrates a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 27% at 743 nm in toluene and 29% at 723 nm in a blend film. For a high ηr, an orange‐emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescent material, 1,2‐bis(9,9‐dimethyl‐9,10‐dihydroacridine)‐4,5‐dicyanobenzene, is chosen as the sensitizing host to harvest triplet excitons in devices. The optimized devices achieve a good ηrof 45.7% and a high external quantum efficiency up to 2.65% at 730 nm, with a very small efficiency roll‐off of 2.41% at 200 mA cm−2, which are among the most efficient values for NIR‐FOLEDs over 700 nm. The effective utilization of triplet excitons via the thermally activated delayed fluorescence‐sensitizing host will pave a way to realize high‐efficiency NIR‐FOLEDs with small efficiency roll‐off.
High‐Performance Flexible Photodetectors based on High‐Quality Perovskite Thin Films by a Vapor–Solution Method
Authors: Hu Wei , Huang Wei , Yang Shuzhen , Wang Xiao , Jiang Zhenyu , Zhu Xiaoli , Zhou Hong , Liu Hongjun , Zhang Qinglin , Zhuang Xiujuan , Yang Junliang , Kim Dong Ha , Pan Anlian
Published: October 2017

Organometal halide perovskites are new light‐harvesting materials for lightweight and flexible optoelectronic devices due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and low‐temperature process capability. However, the preparation of high‐quality perovskite films on flexible substrates has still been a great challenge to date. Here, a novel vapor–solution method is developed to achieve uniform and pinhole‐free organometal halide perovskite films on flexible indium tin oxide/poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates. Based on the as‐prepared high‐quality perovskite thin films, high‐performance flexible photodetectors (PDs) are constructed, which display a nR value of 81 A W−1 at a low working voltage of 1 V, three orders higher than that of previously reported flexible perovskite thin‐film PDs. In addition, these flexible PDs exhibit excellent flexural stability and durability under various bending situations with their optoelectronic performance well retained. This breakthrough on the growth of high‐quality perovskite thin films opens up a new avenue to develop high‐performance flexible optoelectronic devices.
Rational In Silico Design of an Organic Semiconductor with Improved Electron Mobility
Authors: Friederich Pascal , Gómez Verónica , Sprau Christian , Meded Velimir , Strunk Timo , Jenne Michael , Magri Andrea , Symalla Franz , Colsmann Alexander , Ruben Mario , Wenzel Wolfgang
Published: October 2017

Organic semiconductors find a wide range of applications, such as in organic light emitting diodes, organic solar cells, and organic field effect transistors. One of their most striking disadvantages in comparison to crystalline inorganic semiconductors is their low charge‐carrier mobility, which manifests itself in major device constraints such as limited photoactive layer thicknesses. Trial‐and‐error attempts to increase charge‐carrier mobility are impeded by the complex interplay of the molecular and electronic structure of the material with its morphology. Here, the viability of a multiscale simulation approach to rationally design materials with improved electron mobility is demonstrated. Starting from one of the most widely used electron conducting materials (Alq3), novel organic semiconductors with tailored electronic properties are designed for which an improvement of the electron mobility by three orders of magnitude is predicted and experimentally confirmed.
Wrinkled 2D Materials: A Versatile Platform for Low‐Threshold Stretchable Random Lasers
Authors: Hu Han‐Wen , Haider Golam , Liao Yu‐Ming , Roy Pradip Kumar , Ravindranath Rini , Chang Huan‐Tsung , Lu Cheng‐Hsin , Tseng Chang‐Yang , Lin Tai‐Yung , Shih Wei‐Heng , Chen Yang‐Fang
Published: October 2017

A stretchable, flexible, and bendable random laser system capable of lasing in a wide range of spectrum will have many potential applications in next‐ generation technologies, such as visible‐spectrum communication, superbright solid‐state lighting, biomedical studies, fluorescence, etc. However, producing an appropriate cavity for such a wide spectral range remains a challenge owing to the rigidity of the resonator for the generation of coherent loops. 2D materials with wrinkled structures exhibit superior advantages of high stretchability and a suitable matrix for photon trapping in between the hill and valley geometries compared to their flat counterparts. Here, the intriguing functionalities of wrinkled reduced graphene oxide, single‐layer graphene, and few‐layer hexagonal boron nitride, respectively, are utilized to design highly stretchable and wearable random laser devices with ultralow threshold. Using methyl‐ammonium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals (PNC) to illustrate the working principle, the lasing threshold is found to be ≈10 µJ cm−2, about two times less than the lowest value ever reported. In addition to PNC, it is demonstrated that the output lasing wavelength can be tuned using different active materials such as semiconductor quantum dots. Thus, this study is very useful for the future development of high‐performance wearable optoelectronic devices.
Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon‐epoxy coupons with embedded ceramic sensors
Authors: Torres Mauricio , Tellez Ricardo A. , Hernández Hilario , Camps Thierry
Published: October 2017

This study analyses the mechanical and crack growth behavior of woven carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CPRF) with embedded ceramic sensors. The material studied here is 3K‐70‐P carbon fiber plain weave with EPOLAM 2015® epoxy resin. The composite is manufactured with vacuum bagging procedure. Later on, the composite Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC) is calculated by means of double cantilever beam tests (DCB) for two layout configurations [0/90] and [±45] with and without embedded sensors. Results give an initial approach of the fracture behavior of an instrumented composite facing an interlaminar crack. The interlaminar fracture toughness for the instrumented specimens is lower compared to the noninstrumented coupons. The presence of the sensor and its wire connection has a considerable impact on the damage tolerance of the woven composite, where the sensors surroundings seem to be the more likely region to be affected by an interlaminar fracture.
Fabrication of Hybrid Silicate Coatings by a Simple Vapor Deposition Method for Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Liu Fang , Xiao Qiangfeng , Wu Hao Bin , Shen Li , Xu Duo , Cai Mei , Lu Yunfeng
Published: October 2017

Lithium metal anodes are highly promising for next‐generation rechargeable batteries. However, implication of lithium metal anodes is hampered by the unstable electrochemical behavior. Herein, the fabrication of hermetic coatings of hybrid silicate on lithium metal surface using a simple vapor deposition technique under the ambient condition is reported. Such coatings consist of a “hard” inorganic moiety that helps to suppress lithium dendrites and a “soft” organic moiety that enhances the toughness. Lithium metal batteries, including Li–LiFePO4 and Li–S batteries, made with such coated anodes show significantly improved lifetime. This work provides a simple yet effective approach to stabilize lithium metal anodes for high‐performance lithium metal batteries.
The impact of practice guidelines on opioid utilization for injured workers
Authors: Buttorff Christine , Trujillo Antonio J. , Castillo Renan , Vecino‐Ortiz Andres I. , Anderson Gerard F.
Published: October 2017

Background

Opioid use is rising in the US and may cause special problems in workers compensation cases, including addiction and preventing a return to work after an injury.

Objective

This study evaluates a physician‐level intervention to curb opioid usage. An insurer identified patients with out‐of‐guideline opioid utilization and called the prescribing physician to discuss the patient's treatment protocol.

Research Design

This study uses a differences‐in‐differences study design with a propensity‐score‐matched control group. Medical and pharmaceutical claims data from 2005 to 2011 were used for analyses.

Results

Following the intervention, the use of opioids increased for the intervention group and there is little impact on medical spending.

Conclusions

Counseling physicians about patients with high opioid utilization may focus more attention on their care, but did not impact short‐term outcomes. More robust interventions may be needed to manage opioid use.

Perspective

While the increasing use of opioids is of growing concern around the world, curbing the utilization of these powerfully addictive narcotics has proved elusive. This study examines a prescribing guidelines intervention designed to reduce the prescription of opioids following an injury. The study finds that there was little change in the opioid utilization after the intervention, suggesting interventions along other parts of the prescribing pathway may be needed.
Translation research in occupational safety and health: A proposed framework
Authors: Schulte Paul A. , Cunningham Thomas R. , Nickels Leslie , Felknor Sarah , Guerin Rebecca , Blosser Fred , Chang Chia‐Chia , Check Pietra , Eggerth Donald , Flynn Michael , Forrester Christy , Hard David , Hudson Heidi , Lincoln Jennifer , McKernan Lauralynn T. , Pratap Preethi , Stephenson Carol M. , Van Bogaert Donna , Menger‐Ogle Lauren
Published: October 2017

Translation research in occupational safety and health is the application of scientific investigative approaches to study how the outputs of basic and applied research can be effectively translated into practice and have an impact. This includes the study of the ways in which useful knowledge and interventions are disseminated, adopted, implemented, and institutionalized. In this paper, a 4‐stage framework (Development, Testing, Institutionalization, and Evaluation) is presented. Translation research can be used to enhance the use and impact of occupational safety and health knowledge and interventions to protect workers. This type of research has not received much attention in the occupational safety and health field. However, in contemporary society, it is critical to know how to make an impact with the findings and outputs of basic and applied research. This paper provides a novel framework for consideration of how to advance and prioritize translation research for occupational safety and health.
Genetic and molecular risk factors within the newly identified primate‐specific exon of the SAP97/DLG1 gene in the 3q29 schizophrenia‐associated locus
Authors: Uezato Akihito , Yamamoto Naoki , Jitoku Daisuke , Haramo Emiko , Hiraaki Eri , Iwayama Yoshimi , Toyota Tomoko , Umino Masakazu , Umino Asami , Iwata Yasuhide , Suzuki Katsuaki , Kikuchi Mitsuru , Hashimoto Tasuku , Kanahara Nobuhisa , Kurumaji Akeo , Yoshikawa Takeo , Nishikawa Toru
Published: October 2017

The synapse‐associated protein 97/discs, large homolog 1 of Drosophila (DLG1) gene encodes synaptic scaffold PDZ proteins interacting with ionotropic glutamate receptors including the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) that is presumed to be hypoactive in brains of patients with schizophrenia. The DLG1 gene resides in the chromosomal position 3q29, the microdeletion of which confers a 40‐fold increase in the risk for schizophrenia. In the present study, we performed genetic association analyses for DLG1 gene using a Japanese cohort with 1808 schizophrenia patients and 2170 controls. We detected an association which remained significant after multiple comparison testing between schizophrenia and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3915512 that is located within the newly identified primate‐specific exon (exon 3b) of the DLG1 gene and constitutes the exonic splicing enhancer sequence. When stratified by onset age, although it did not survive multiple comparisons, the association was observed in non‐early onset schizophrenia, whose onset‐age selectivity is consistent with our recent postmortem study demonstrating a decrease in the expression of the DLG1 variant in early‐onset schizophrenia. Although the present study did not demonstrate the previously reported association of the SNP rs9843659 by itself, a meta‐analysis revealed a significant association between DLG1 gene and schizophrenia. These findings provide a valuable clue for molecular mechanisms on how genetic variations in the primate‐specific exon of the gene in the schizophrenia‐associated 3q29 locus affect its regulation in the glutamate system and lead to the disease onset around a specific stage of brain development.
Ancestry‐specific and sex‐specific risk alleles identified in a genome‐wide gene‐by‐alcohol dependence interaction study of risky sexual behaviors
Authors: Polimanti Renato , Zhao Hongyu , Farrer Lindsay A. , Kranzler Henry R. , Gelernter Joel
Published: October 2017

We previously mapped loci for the genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and genome‐wide gene‐by‐alcohol dependence interaction (GW‐GxAD) analyses of risky sexual behaviors (RSB). This study extends those findings by analyzing the ancestry‐ and sex‐specific AD‐stratified effects on RSB. We examined the concordance of findings for the AD‐stratified GWAS and the GW‐GxAD analysis of RSB, with concordance defined as genome‐wide significance in one analysis and at least nominal significance in the second analysis. A total of 2,173 African‐American (AA) and 1,751 European‐American (EA) subjects were investigated. Information regarding RSB (lifetime experiences of unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners) and DSM‐IV diagnosis of lifetime AD were derived from the Semi‐Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA). In our ancestry‐ and sex‐specific analyses, we identified four independent genome‐wide significant (GWS) loci (p < 5*10−8) and one suggestive locus (p < 6*10−8). In men, we observed a GWS signal in FAM162A (rs2002594, p = 4.96*10−8). In women, there was a suggestive locus in PLGRKT (rs3824435, p = 5.52*10−8). In AAs, there was a GWS signal in GRK5 (rs1316543, p = 1.25*10−9). In AA men, we observed an intergenic GWS signal (rs12898370, p = 4.49*10−8) near LINGO1. In EA men, there was a GWS signal in CCSER1 (rs62313897; p = 7.93*10−10). The loci identified in this GWAS implicate molecular mechanisms related to psychiatric illness and personality features, suggesting that the interplay between AD and RSB is mediated by alleles associated with behavioral traits.
Generalized Self‐Doping Engineering towards Ultrathin and Large‐Sized Two‐Dimensional Homologous Perovskites
Authors: Chen Junnian , Wang Yaguang , Gan Lin , He Yunbin , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: October 2017

Two‐dimensional (2D) homologous perovskites are arousing intense interest in photovoltaics and light‐emitting fields, attributing to significantly improved stability and increasing optoelectronic performance. However, investigations on 2D homologous perovskites with ultrathin thickness and large lateral dimension have been seldom reported, being mainly hindered by challenges in synthesis. A generalized self‐doping directed synthesis of ultrathin 2D homologous (BA)2(MA)n−1PbnBr3n+1 (1<n<∞) perovskites uses 2D (BA)2PbBr4 perovskites as the template with MA+ dopant. Ultrathin (BA)2(MA)n−1PbnBr3n+1 perovskites are formed via an intercalation–merging mechanism, with thickness shrinking down to 4.2 nm and the lateral dimension to 57 μm. The ultrathin 2D homologous (BA)2(MA)n−1PbnBr3n+1 perovskites are potential materials for photodetectors with promising photoresponse and stability.
Breaking the Limits in Analyzing Carbohydrate Recognition by NMR Spectroscopy: Resolving Branch‐Selective Interaction of a Tetra‐Antennary N‐Glycan with Lectins
Authors: Canales Angeles , Boos Irene , Perkams Lukas , Karst Lukas , Luber Thomas , Karagiannis Theodoros , Domínguez Gemma , Cañada F. Javier , Pérez‐Castells Javier , Häussinger Daniel , Unverzagt Carlo , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesus
Published: October 2017

The biological recognition of complex‐type N‐glycans is part of many key physiological and pathological events. Despite their importance, the structural characterization of these events remains unsolved. The inherent flexibility of N‐glycans hampers crystallization and the chemical equivalence of individual branches precludes their NMR characterization. By using a chemoenzymatically synthesized tetra‐antennary N‐glycan conjugated to a lanthanide binding tag, the NMR signals under paramagnetic conditions discriminated all four N‐acetyl lactosamine antennae with unprecedented resolution. The NMR data revealed the conformation of the N‐glycan and permitted for the first time the direct identification of individual branches involved in the recognition by two N‐acetyllactosamine‐binding lectins, Datura stramonium seed lectin (DSL) and Ricinus Communis agglutinin (RCA120).
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Chlorides and Triflates Using Butyronitrile: Merging Retro‐hydrocyanation with Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Yu Peng , Morandi Bill
Published: October 2017

We describe a nickel‐catalyzed cyanation reaction of aryl (pseudo)halides that employs butyronitrile as a cyanating reagent instead of highly toxic cyanide salts. A dual catalytic cycle merging retro‐hydrocyanation and cross‐coupling enables the conversion of a broad array of aryl chlorides and aryl/vinyl triflates into their corresponding nitriles. This new reaction provides a strategically distinct approach to the safe preparation of aryl cyanides, which are essential compounds in agrochemistry and medicinal chemistry.
Single‐Molecule Monitoring of the Structural Switching Dynamics of Nucleic Acids through Controlling Fluorescence Blinking
Authors: Kawai Kiyohiko , Miyata Takafumi , Shimada Naohiko , Ito Syoji , Miyasaka Hiroshi , Maruyama Atsushi
Published: October 2017

Single‐molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a powerful tool to investigate the dynamics of biomolecular events in real time. However, it requires two fluorophores and can be applied only to dynamics that accompany large changes in distance between the molecules. Herein, we introduce a method for kinetic analysis based on control of fluorescence blinking (KACB), a general approach to investigate the dynamics of biomolecules by using a single fluorophore. By controlling the kinetics of the redox reaction the blinking kinetics or pattern can be controlled to be affected by microenvironmental changes around a fluorophore (rKACB), thereby enabling real‐time single‐molecule measurement of the structure‐changing dynamics of nucleic acids.
Comparison of mechanical properties of heat‐polymerized acrylic resin with silver nanoparticles added at different concentrations and sizes
Authors: Oyar Perihan , Asghari Sana Farzin , Durkan Rukiye
Published: October 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporation on the flexural strength (FS) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). PMMA specimens (65 mm × 10 mm × 3.3 mm for flexural test, 50 mm × 6 mm × 4 mm for impact test) containing different sizes (40, 50, 60 nm) and concentrations (0.05%, 0.2%) of AgNPs were prepared, along with a control group with no AgNP. Impact strength (IS) and FS of all specimens were measured, and one‐way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer post hoc multiple comparisons tests were used to identify any statistical differences between groups. The addition of AgNPs has no effect on IS of PMMA. The incorporation of AgNPs affected the FS of PMMA depending on the concentration of nanoparticles. The addition of large‐sized nanoparticles to PMMA increases its FS. Accordingly, adding AgNP with proper concentrations to PMMA may enhance the mechanical properties of denture bases used in clinical practice. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 45807.
The epigenetic component of the brain response to electromagnetic stimulation in Parkinson's Disease patients: A literature overview
Authors: Consales Claudia , Merla Caterina , Marino Carmela , Benassi Barbara
Published: October 2017

Modulations of epigenetic machinery, namely DNA methylation pattern, histone modification, and non‐coding RNAs expression, have been recently included among the key determinants contributing to Parkinson's Disease (PD) aetiopathogenesis and response to therapy. Along this line of reasoning, a set of experimental findings are highlighting the epigenetic‐based response to electromagnetic (EM) therapies used to alleviate PD symptomatology, mainly Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Notwithstanding the proven efficacy of EM therapies, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the brain response to these types of stimulations are still far from being elucidated. In this review we provide an overview of the epigenetic changes triggered by DBS and TMS in both PD patients and neurons from different experimental animal models. Furthermore, we also propose a critical overview of the exposure modalities currently applied, in order to evaluate the technical robustness and dosimetric control of the stimulation, which are key issues to be carefully assessed when new molecular findings emerge from experimental studies. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:3–14, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elimination Reactions of Aryl Furylacetates Promoted by R2NH in MeCN: Effects of Base Solvent and β‐Aryl Group on the Ketene‐forming Transition State
Authors: Pyun Sang Yong , Paik Kyu Cheol , Han Man So , Kim Byung Tae , Cho Bong Rae
Published: October 2017

Ketene‐forming elimination from C4H3(O)CH2C(O)OC6H3‐2‐X‐4‐NO2 (1) promoted by R2NH in MeCN has been studied. The reactions produced elimination products and exhibited second‐order kinetics with Brönsted β = 0.51, and |βlg| = 0.47–0.53, indicating that the reaction proceeds by the E2 mechanism via an E2‐central transition state. Comparison of β, |βlg|, ΔH≠, and ΔS≠ values for R2NH‐promoted eliminations from ArCH2C(O)OC6H3‐2‐X‐4‐NO2 reveals that the transition‐state structures for Ar = furyl and thienyl are similar and more symmetrical than that for Ar = Ph. This outcome has been attributed to the greater double bond stabilizing ability of the former than that of the latter.
Screening of analgesic and anti‐inflammatory active component in Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet based on spectrum–effect relationship and GC–MS
Authors: Xiao Rui‐Yao , Wu Ling‐Jing , Hong Xiao‐Xiao , Tao Ling , Luo Peng , Shen Xiang‐Chun
Published: October 2017

Abastract

Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet is widely used in Guizhou province as a miao folk herb with anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, protection against cardiovascular diseases, antihypertension and antioxidant activities. To further investigate the chemical material basis, the spectrum–effect relationship was established using gray relational analysis between the chromatographic fingerprint and its bioactivities. Herein, the fingerprints of essential oils from Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet (EOFAZ) from various sources were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and the analgesic and anti‐inflammatory bioactivities were investigated using the mouse model of acetic acid‐induced writhing test and dimethylbenzene‐induced mouse ear edema test. Finally, 17 common peaks were identified from nine batches of A. zerumbet, by comparison with the standard mass spectra in Nist2005, Wiley275 library. Meanwhile, the results showed significant analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects in all of the different sources of EOFAZ. In particularly, peak 1 (α‐pipene), peak 3 (β‐pinene), peak 9 (camphor) and peak 16 (α‐cadinol) might be the main bioactive ingredients for analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities. The model of the spectrum–effect relationships of EOFAZ was successfully discovered, which provided a novel platform for finding the bioactive components, a theoretical foundation for its further study and helping to establish quality control of Fructus A. zerumbet.
Cardiogenic shock: current epidemiology and management
Authors: Kataja A. , Harjola V.‐P.
Published: October 2017

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is the most severe form of acute heart failure, characterized by low cardiac output, hypotension, and systemic hypoperfusion. CS is the leading cause of death in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) that accounts for about 80% of CS cases. In addition to acute cardiac cause, the diagnostic criteria for CS include persistent hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg) and clinical signs of hypoperfusion. Mortality rates in CS remain as high as 35–50%. Severe left ventricular dysfunction usually triggers the shock and leads to the activation of systemic inflammatory response and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. Immediately after detection of the shock, electrocardiography and echocardiography should be performed to determine the etiology of CS and to rule out mechanical complications. Urgent revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention, or less often by coronary artery bypass graft, is the most important treatment in CS caused by ACS. In the case of mechanical complication, immediate surgical treatment is essential. Regardless of the etiology, the basic treatment strategy includes fluid challenge that aims at obtaining euvolemia and relieving tissue hypoperfusion. Inotropes and vasopressors are often needed to improve cardiac performance and to maintain sufficient blood pressure. Ventilation is often supported mechanically and CS patients are best treated in intensive cardiac care unit. Continuous invasive blood pressure monitoring, electrocardiography, and repeated echocardiography are required. In CS refractory to other treatments, mechanical circulatory support may be considered to maintain adequate perfusion pressure and to prevent multiorgan failure.

Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/5608947/Activity.aspx
In Situ Surface Coating of Squaric Acid with Conductive Polyaniline for a High‐Capacity and Sustainable Lithium Battery Anode
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Mitra Sagar
Published: October 2017

Squaric acid (SA) has been investigated as a readily available organic anode material in rechargeable lithium batteries. To overcome both conductivity and dissolution problems related to organic compounds, SA was conformally coated with conductive polyaniline through a facile in situ chemical polymerization route. Polyaniline‐coated SA exhibits a stable high capacity of 394 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 in lithium batteries. At 1 A g−1 current density, polyaniline‐coated SA (PANI‐SA) shows long cycle life over 1000 cycles with 96.9 % retention of initial reversible capacity. The reversible Li+ storage property of SA is revealed through ex situ NMR characterization.
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Au–Polypyrrole Composites Using Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Brush Grafted on Graphene Oxide as a Reaction Chamber
Authors: Xing Guoke , Wang Wenqin , Wang Ke , Li Ping , Chen Tao
Published: October 2017

Controlling the shape of the conducting polymer‐noble metal composites is a key factor in determining their properties and applications. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel strategy to fabricate Au–polypyrrole (PPy) composites with unusual morphology using poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) brush grafted on graphene oxide (GO) as a reaction chamber. When the GO/P4VP brush bearing AuCl4− ions is exposed to pyrrole vapor or directly immersed into pyrrole solution, novel Au−PPy nanotubules and flower‐like Au mesoparticles–PPy composites are formed on the surface of GO/P4VP brush, respectively. The application of the as‐prepared GO/P4VP/Au−PPy composites in catalysis and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are investigated. The relevant results exhibit that the GO/P4VP/Au−PPy nanotubules can act as an efficient catalyst for reduction of 4‐nitrophenol, and the GO/P4VP/flower‐like Au mesoparticles–PPy composites can be used as a sensor platform for the detection of organic molecules by SERS.
An Enzymatic Route to α‐Tocopherol Synthons: Aromatic Hydroxylation of Pseudocumene and Mesitylene with P450 BM3
Authors: Dennig Alexander , Weingartner Alexandra Maria , Kardashliev Tsvetan , Müller Christina Andrea , Tassano Erika , Schürmann Martin , Ruff Anna Joëlle , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: October 2017

Aromatic hydroxylation of pseudocumene (1 a) and mesitylene (1 b) with P450 BM3 yields key phenolic building blocks for α‐tocopherol synthesis. The P450 BM3 wild‐type (WT) catalyzed selective aromatic hydroxylation of1 b(94 %), whereas1 awas hydroxylated to a large extent on benzylic positions (46–64 %). Site‐saturation mutagenesis generated a new P450 BM3 mutant, herein named “variant M3” (R47S, Y51W, A330F, I401M), with significantly increased coupling efficiency (3‐ to 8‐fold) and activity (75‐ to 230‐fold) for the conversion of1 aand1 b. Additional π–π interactions introduced by mutation A330F improved not only productivity and coupling efficiency, but also selectivity toward aromatic hydroxylation of1 a(61 to 75 %). Under continuous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate recycling, the novel P450 BM3 variant M3 was able to produce the key tocopherol precursor trimethylhydroquinone (3 a; 35 % selectivity; 0.18 mg mL−1) directly from1 a. In the case of1 b, overoxidation leads to dearomatization and the formation of a valuablep‐quinol synthon that can directly serve as an educt for the synthesis of3 a. Detailed product pattern analysis, substrate docking, and mechanistic considerations support the hypothesis that1 abinds in an inverted orientation in the active site of P450 BM3 WT, relative to P450 BM3 variant M3, to allow this change in chemoselectivity. This study provides an enzymatic route to key phenolic synthons for α‐tocopherols and the first catalytic and mechanistic insights into direct aromatic hydroxylation and dearomatization of trimethylbenzenes with O2.
Cake Filtration of Multiphase Solid‐Liquid‐Liquid
Authors: Kühne Sophie , Peuker Urs
Published: October 2017

Zur Bestimmung der Trenneigenschaften von Fest/Flüssig/Flüssig‐Suspensionen (Mehrkomponentensuspensionen oder Suspoemulsionen) durch kuchenbildende Filtration wurden Experimente mit Suspoemulsionen aus Öltropfen und Feststoffpartikeln in Wasser durchgeführt. Bis zu einem bestimmten Volumenanteil werden die Öltropfen vollständig im Filterkuchen zurückgehalten und dadurch vergleichsweise geringe Porositäten erreicht. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Durchströmungswiderstand und Porosität entspricht theoretisch/empirischen Zusammenhängen, deren Gültigkeit hierdurch auf geringere Porositäten erweitert werden konnte.
Multi‐criteria Optimization of an Industrial World‐Scale Process
Authors: von Kurnatowski Martin , Bortz Michael , Scherrer Alexander , Hoffmann Anna , Lorenz Hilke‐Marie , Caraucan Miguel , Grützner Thomas , Künzle Niklaus , Küfer Karl‐Heinz
Published: October 2017

Commercially available flow sheet simulators cannot perform optimization runs with more than one criterion. To overcome this problem, the flow sheet simulator CHEMCAD is combined with an external optimization solver, and the Excel VBA client is used to arrange inter‐process communications. The resulting tool for multi‐criteria optimization in chemical process engineering is applied to two separation problems. First, a dividing‐wall column is used as a theoretical example to test different starting points and different scalarization techniques. Second, a significant decrease in energy demand is achieved for a real continuous world‐scale facility.
Minor Structural Variations of Small Molecules Tune Regulatory Activities toward Pathological Factors in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Beck Michael W. , Derrick Jeffrey S. , Suh Jong‐Min , Kim Mingeun , Korshavn Kyle J. , Kerr Richard A. , Cho Woo Jong , Larsen Scott D. , Ruotolo Brandon T. , Ramamoorthy Ayyalusamy , Lim Mi Hee
Published: October 2017

Chemical tools have been valuable for establishing a better understanding of the relationships between metal ion dyshomeostasis, the abnormal aggregation and accumulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ), and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Still, very little information is available to correlate the structures of chemical tools with specific reactivities used to uncover such relationships. Recently, slight structural variations to the framework of a chemical tool were found to drastically determine the tool's reactivities toward multiple pathological facets to various extents. Herein, we report our rational design and characterization of a structural series to illustrate the extent to which the reactivities of small molecules vary toward different targets as a result of minor structural modifications. These compounds were rationally and systematically modified based on consideration of properties, including ionization potentials and metal binding, to afford their desired reactivities with metal‐free or metal‐bound Aβ, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and free organic radicals. Our results show that although small molecules are structurally similar, they can interact with multiple factors associated with AD pathogenesis and alleviate their reactivities to different degrees. Together, our studies demonstrate the rational structure‐directed design that can be used to develop chemical tools capable of regulating individual or interrelated pathological features in AD.