bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical–Thermal Conversion Performance of Solar Dish Concentrator–Cavity Receiver System Under Tracking Error
Authors: Liu Yong Xiang , Yan Jian , Xie Xin Yi , Peng You Duo
Published: January 2024

Tracking error leads to nonuniform flux distribution, local high temperature, and thermal stress of cavity receiver. However, the effects of tracking error on the optical–thermal conversion of dish concentrator–cavity receiver (DCCR) system are unclear. In this article, the optical–thermal coupling model of the DCCR system considering the tracking error is established, and the variations of the thermal performance index (the thermal efficiency, cavity maximum temperature, and outlet temperature) of the DCCR system under different direct normal irradiance (DNI), mass flow rate, inlet temperature, and cavity material are studied in detail. In the results, it is shown that the working condition is constant, tracking error increases, the outlet temperature and thermal efficiency decrease slightly, and the cavity maximum temperature increases. When tracking error is constant, with the increase of DNI or inlet temperature, the outlet and cavity maximum temperature increase, and the thermal efficiency decreases. With the increase of mass flow rate, the outlet and cavity maximum temperature decrease, and thermal efficiency increases. The cavity material with high thermal conductivity is beneficial to reduce the cavity maximum temperature. In this work, guidance for realizing safe and efficient service support can be provided.
Evaluation of MXene Ti3C2 Charge–Discharge Behaviors as an Electrode Material for Intercalation Batteries
Authors: Khalaj Hasti , Shahpouri Elham , Khakpour Zahra , Kalantarian Mohammad Mahdi , Farvizi Mohammad
Published: January 2024

Eliminating A element from the MAX phases, the resulted 2D structure, named MXene, can be used as the electrode material for the intercalation, namely, Li‐ion, Na‐ion, K‐ion, and Mg‐ion batteries. MXene Ti3C2, produced by etching Ti3AlC2, is a promising intercalation electrode material, which is systematically evaluated in this article by taking data from literature. The diagrams provide a manner to assess and compare the most important characterizations, i.e., rate‐capability and performance. The evaluations show that the synthesis methods of the pristine MAX phase as well as the final MXene play vital roles on the properties. The rank of synthesis methods and also commercial pristine material is recognized and reported based on the analyzed properties. Moreover, effectiveness of the additives, dopants, compositing, nanosizing, and etching is assessed precisely. Also, comparison between different types of intercalation batteries regarding the usage of MXene as the electrode is performed. This article paves the way for future studies and evaluations of this kind of electrode materials. It guides the researchers to modify, design, and engineer their manufactured electrodes to meet higher quality of the properties.
Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles from Blackberry Leaves Extract (Rubus fruticosus) and Experimental Research of Its Effects on Emissions Analysis for IC Engines
Authors: Bilgiç Tüzemen Gülbahar
Published: January 2024

As an additive for diesel engines, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are thought to offer a lot of promise. In this work, an experimental investigation was conducted to ascertain the impact on a diesel engine of adding copper oxide (CuO) particles made from a Rubus fruticosus leaf extract product using a novel green synthesis approach. The presence and morphology of the CuO were analyzed by different characterization studies. Subsequently, was investigated the effects of the addition of CuONPs at two concentrations (15 and 20 ppm) on diesel engine performance, brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOX), and smoke emissions. From the experimental outcomes, the D100 + 20 ppm CuO blend shows a significant reduction in CO, HC, and smoke emissions by 58.19%, 25.15%, and 26.67%, respectively, when compared with standard diesel. Also, it was found that the D100 + 20 ppm CuO blend showed better engine performance with enhanced combustion characteristics. The experimental results provided a reduction of around 1.10% in BSFC. This study demonstrates how changes in fuel composition through the addition of nanoparticles to commonly used diesel fuel can provide meaningful improvements in engine performance and emissions.
Current Remedy in Ultrathin Crystalline Si Solar Cell by Cu2SnS3 Thin Film toward High Efficiency
Authors: Mondal Bipanko Kumar , Abir Ahnaf Tahmid , Hossain Jaker
Published: January 2024

An ultrathin 15 μm wafer‐based c‐Si solar cell is designed and simulated, wherein the current remedy is done by Cu2SnS3 (CTS) thin film. The ZnSe and AlSb are incorporated as window and back surface field (BSF) layers, respectively, in this model. The ultrathin Si‐based n‐ZnSe/p‐Si exhibits the short‐circuit current density of 30.66 mA cm−2 with an efficiency of 18.80%. The inclusion of p+‐CTS thin film as a second absorber layer has enhanced this current to 42.14 mA cm−2. By absorbing sunlight up to 1200 nm, the CTS layer is able to successfully overcome the constraint of thinner Si wafers on longer‐wavelength photon absorption leading to current augmentation. The addition of p++‐AlSb as the BSF layer also boosts the open‐circuit voltage by 300 mV. The rise in VOC is a result of the larger built‐in potential in ZnSe/Si, Si/CTS, and CTS/AlSb interfaces. With enriched current and voltage, the final proposed n‐ZnSe/p‐Si/p+‐CTS/p++‐AlSb heterostructure theoretically records an efficiency of 35.48% in ultrathin Si solar cells. The current compensation obtained using CTS thin film in this work can give optimism about the future of ultrathin Si solar cells.
Development of a phase change material for vaccine transport without dry ice
Authors: Schmit Henri , Pöllinger Simon , Rathgeber Christoph , Tafelmeier Stefanie , Hoock Peter , Hiebler Stefan , Müller‐Baum Kerstin , Hörl Christian
Published: January 2024

Certain vaccines that have been developed against COVID‐19 require a storage temperature between around −60 and −70°C. It is challenging for logistics to assure these temperature limits. However, the use of dry ice has to be viewed critically for safety and environmental reasons. Additionally, its use is heavily regulated in air cargo. To preserve the cooling chain during transport and to increase the energy efficiency, special transport containers with an incorporated phase‐change material (PCM) can be used. In the first step, PCM candidates were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in an ultra‐low freezer with a minimal temperature of −85°C. None of the candidates crystallised reliably without nucleating agents. After the initial tests, the eutectic LiBr·5H2O + H2O with a suitable nucleating agent was identified as favourite PCM. Thermal cycling stability tests showed that this PCM crystallises reliably above −80°C and possesses a melting plateau at −67°C. Further tests in vacuum‐insulated transport boxes of the company va‐Q‐tec show that, depending on the box type, the internal temperature stays below −60°C for over 48 h.
Dye stability of black cherry plum anthocyanins in the interaction with co‐pigments and sucrose sweetener
Authors: Molaeafard Shahrbanu , Jamei Rashid , Marjani Ahmad Poursattar
Published: January 2024

In this research, the co‐pigmentation reactions between black cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. cv. Pissardii Nigra) anthocyanins and caffeic, gallic, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, malic, and tannic acids with different concentrations (0, 120, 240, 480, and 960 mg L−1) at various temperatures (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100°C) were investigated at pH 3.5. The strongest immediate co‐pigmentations resulted at 960 mg L−1, being significantly highest using tannic acid at all temperatures. In addition, the anthocyanin stability and the brown polymeric color formation were investigated in the presence of different concentrations of sucrose sweetener (0, 30, and 60%) and different pHs (2 and 3) in the range of 0–60 h. Also, the amount of furfural was measured in the presence of 0% and 30% sucrose concentrations at pH 2 after 20 h at 90°C by HPLC (high‐performance liquid chromatography), and the most polymeric color formation was observed in the concentration of 60% sucrose at pH 2 after 60 h.
The predictability of carbon futures volatility: New evidence from the spillovers of fossil energy futures returns
Authors: Zhang Zhikai , Zhang Yaojie , Wang Yudong , Wang Qunwei
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we find new evidence for the carbon futures volatility prediction by using the spillovers of fossil energy futures returns as a powerful predictor. The in‐sample results show that the spillovers have a significantly positive effect on carbon futures volatility. From the out‐of‐sample analysis with various loss functions, we find that fossil energy return spillovers significantly outperform the benchmark and show better forecasting performance than the competing models using dimension reduction, variable selection, and combination approaches. The predictive ability of the spillovers also holds in long‐term forecasting and does not derive from other carbon‐related variables. It can bring substantial economic gains in the portfolio exercise within carbon futures. Finally, we provide economic explanations on the predictive ability of the fossil energy return spillover by the channels of the carbon emission uncertainty and the investor sentiment on the warming climate.
Soil health and root‐zone enrichment characteristics between paired grassland and cropland fields in the southeastern United States
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan J. , van Vliet Stephan , Young Sierra , Poore Matt H.
Published: January 2024

Background

Soil organic C and N data from privately managed pastures in the southeastern United States are relatively scant.

Methods

A paired‐farm approach was deployed to determine how a variety of soil health parameters related to nutrient and water cycling might be altered under grazed, botanically diverse perennial pastures compared with annual monoculture croplands in three Major Land Resource Areas of the southeastern United States.

Results

Soil stability index averaged 0.64 and 0.91 mm mm−1 under cropland and grazed pasture, respectively, suggesting that pastures had a more stable soil surface that was resistant to erosion and allowed rapid water infiltration. Surface‐soil organic C and N fractions (i.e., total, particulate, and mineralizable fractions at 0–10 cm depth) were greater under pasture than under cropland. Across locations, root‐zone enrichments (0–30 cm depth) of organic C and N fractions were greater under pasture than under cropland. Within locations, root‐zone enrichment of total soil N was greater (p < 0.05) under pasture than under cropland in the Blue Ridge (2.87 vs. 1.10 Mg N ha−1, respectively) and the Piedmont (2.80 vs. 2.10 Mg N ha−1), but not in the Blackland Prairie (2.40 vs. 2.12 Mg N ha−1).

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that rotationally grazed, perennial grasslands can store more soil organic C and N and improve soil surface stability conditions compared with neighboring croplands producing commodity feed grains for feedlot finishing.
Side effects of clozapine in older adults with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia compared to younger adults
Authors: Groenewald Floor C. E. , Kok Rob M.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To study the differences in side effects of clozapine between older adults aged ≥55 years and younger adults aged 18–55 years with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study in a large mental health institute in the Netherlands. All patients diagnosed with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia who started with clozapine between 2011 and 2020 (N = 284) were included. We compared the number and type of side effects reported in the electronic patient files as well as the number of treatment discontinuations and the time until discontinuation, both due to side effects, of older adults versus younger adults.

Results

In the younger age group (N = 183), the number of reported side effects was significantly higher in the first 3 months of treatment (Mann–Whitney U = 7341.5, p = 0.004) and after those 3 months (Mann–Whitney U = 5668.5, p < 0.001) compared with the number reported in the older age group (N = 101). Sedation, hypersalivation, dizziness, tachycardia, heartburn, nausea, weight gain, and constipation were reported significantly more often in the younger age group, and only extrapyramidal symptoms were reported significantly more often in the older age group. There was no significant difference in the number of treatment discontinuations due to side effects (23% vs. 21.8%, Chi‐2 = 0.051, df = 1, p = 0.821) and time until discontinuation due to side effects (b = 0.091, SE = 0.335, p = 0.798) between younger and older adults.

Conclusions

Side effects of clozapine were reported significantly less often in older patients compared with younger patients. Older patients did not discontinue treatment due to side effects more often or earlier than younger patients. Older patients with schizophrenia may not be more vulnerable to side effects than younger adults.
The analysis of H.M.'s brain: A brief review of status and plans for future studies and tissue archive
Authors: Amaral David G. , Augustinack Jean , Barbas Helen , Frosch Matthew , Gabrieli John , Luebke Jennifer , Rakic Pasko , Rosene Douglas , Rushmore Richard J.
Published: January 2024

The famous amnesic patient Henry Molaison (H.M.) died on December 2, 2008. After extensive in situ magnetic resonance imaging in Boston, his brain was removed at autopsy and transported to the University of California San Diego. There the brain was prepared for frozen sectioning and cut into 2401, 70 μm coronal slices. While preliminary analyses of the brain sections have been reported, a comprehensive microscopic neuroanatomical analysis of the state of H.M.'s brain at the time of his death has not yet been published. The brain tissue and slides were subsequently moved to the University of California Davis and the slides digitized at high resolution. Initial stages of producing a website for the public viewing of the images were also carried out. Recently, the slides, digital images, and tissue have been transferred to Boston University for permanent archiving. A new steering committee has been established and plans are in place for completion of a freely accessible H.M. website. Research publications on the microscopic anatomy and neuropathology of H.M.'s brain at the time of his death are also planned. We write this commentary to provide the hippocampus and memory neuroscience communities with a brief summary of what has transpired following H.M.'s death and outline plans for future publications and a tissue archive.
Magnitude, associated risk factors, and trend comparisons of identified tuberculosis types among prisons in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Genet Amere , Girma Abayeneh
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

Tuberculosis (TB) remained a major public health threat, particularly in developing countries with vulnerable groups, particularly prison inmates. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of individual studies with varying prevalence rates were performed to identify risk factors associated with the recent magnitude of TB among prisoners.

Methods

A systematic search of research articles on the magnitude and risk factors of TB among prisoners in Ethiopia was conducted in registers, databases, and other sources. Cochran's Q, inverse variance (I2), sensitivity analysis, funnel plot, Begg's, and Egger's regression tests were used to check heterogeneity and publication bias. A random‐effects model was used to calculate the pooled burden of TB among prisoners.

Results

The total national prevalence of TB among prisoners was 9.84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.16–12.52). According to the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was observed in patients infected by latent TB (51.20%), the Southern nations, nationalities and people's region (SNNPR) (29.63%), studies conducted in ≤200 (17.50%) sample sizes, and from 2017 to 2022 (11.49%) study periods. TB infection among prisoners was significantly associated with a history of contact with TB patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.75; 95% CI: 0.98–4.52), coughing for ≥2 weeks (AOR = 0.08; 95% CI: −0.16–0.33), being incarcerated in overcrowded cells with poor ventilation (AOR = 0.39; 95% CI: −0.01–0.78), and increasing with the duration of imprisonment (AOR = 1.29; 95% CI: −0.39–2.97].

Conclusion

Expectably high TB magnitude is found among prison inmates in Ethiopia. Duration of incarceration, coughing, ventilation of the cell, and contact with TB patients were all predictors of TB among prisoners. The management of TB requires early diagnosis, adequate medication, and the implementation of preventative and control measures suitable for prison inmates.
The effect of level of anxiety about climate change on the use of feminine hygiene products
Authors: Hamlaci Baskaya Yasemin , Unlu Bidik Nazlı , Yolcu Busra
Published: January 2024

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between women's menstrual hygiene product use and their level of concern around climate change as well as to identify the variables influencing this relationship.

Methods

In all, 978 women between the ages of 18 and 49 who were of reproductive age participated in this descriptive cross‐sectional study. The CHERRIES criteria were followed in conducting the online survey. Data were gathered using the “personal information form” and the Climate Change Anxiety Scale for Women's Health The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression, and logistic regression.

Results

Women were more prone to using throwaway goods than eco‐friendly, sanitary goods when their climate change worry level was lower. Age, education level, region of residence, and the intensity of menstrual bleeding have an impact on the hygiene products used during the menstrual cycle, whereas environmental pollution in the area of residence and a woman's allergy status have an impact on the level of climate change anxiety concerning a woman's health.

Conclusion

Women who are worried about how climate change will affect their health prefer to purchase sustainable/eco‐friendly items. Starting in adolescence, women can receive advice about the use of sustainable products from health experts who are primarily responsible for women's health.
Ultrasonographic measurement of mediastinal shift angle for the prediction of postnatal survival in fetuses with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Rosales Jacel P. , Flores Maria Estrella Y.
Published: January 2024

Objective

The main objective of the study was to determine if ultrasonographic measurement of mediastinal shift angle (MSA) can predict postnatal survival in fetuses with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This relatively new technique may be used to enhance antenatal prediction of survival in fetuses with CDH.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Philippine Children's Medical Center involving 16 cases with prenatally diagnosed isolated left CDH and 60 controls with normal fetuses. The cases with prenatally diagnosed isolated left CDH were allocated into two groups: Group A (survivors) and group B (non‐survivors). For all fetuses (study and control groups), MSA was determined independently by two operators. The diagnostic capacity of MSA was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

The mean MSA for the control group was 17.18°. Among CDH cases, the mean MSA was 33.04° and 37.57° for survivors and non‐survivors, respectively. Results showed that MSA significantly predicted the probability of neonatal survival status (OR = 0.46, P = 0.021). The best cutoff score of MSA based on the receiver operating characteristic curve was 33.80° with 87.50% sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusion

MSA has the potential to enhance antenatal prediction of survival in fetuses with CDH and may serve as a guide in prenatal counseling and evaluation of the need for in‐utero treatment or postnatal procedures.
Attachment and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts seeded on barrier membranes using Wharton's jelly‐derived stem cells conditioned medium: An in vitro study
Authors: Karimi Mohammadreza , Mosaddad Seyed Ali , Aghili Seyedeh Sara , Dortaj Hengameh , Hashemi Seyedeh‐Sara , Kiany Farin
Published: January 2024

The effect of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium (WJMSCs‐CM) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) on cultured human gingival fibroblasts on various barrier membranes was investigated in this study. In this study, human gingival fibroblasts were prepared and cultured on three membranes: collagen membrane, acellular dermal matrix (ADM) with ZnO‐NPs, and ADM without ZnO‐NPs. WJMSCs‐CM was given to the testing groups, while control groups received the same membranes without WJMSCs‐CM. Following 48 and 72 h, 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tests were performed to assess cell survival. Cell proliferation on the membranes was also evaluated using 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining after 48 and 72 h. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to determine membrane surface structure and cell adhesion. Nanoparticles were also subjected to an energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis to identify their chemical structure. Two‐way analysis of variance was used to conduct the statistical analysis. The p‐value ≤.05 was considered significant. When ADM‐ZnO‐NPs were combined with CM, fibroblast viability, and adhesion significantly differed from ADM‐ZnO‐NPs alone. DAPI results confirmed cell proliferation in all six groups on both experiment days. The abundance and concentrated distribution of cells during cell proliferation were found in CM‐containing membranes, specifically the ADM‐ZnO‐NPs membrane, demonstrating the improved biocompatibility of the ADM‐ZnO‐NPs membrane for cell proliferation. The other groups did not significantly differ from one another. WJMSCs‐CM positively affected the viability and proliferation of gingival fibroblasts, but only marginally. Under certain conditions, ZnO‐NPs below a specific concentration increased the biocompatibility of the membranes.
Consumption sacrifice
Authors: Garcia‐Rada Ximena , Kim Tami , Liu Peggy J.
Published: January 2024

Much marketing research focuses on what individual consumers need or want for consumption and how they satisfy these needs or wants themselves. However, consumers often give up money, time, or preferences to help others address their consumption needs and wants across the customer journey. The authors introduce the unifying construct of “consumption sacrifice,” defined as the willing and intentional act of incurring a cost to the self—in money, time, or preferences—when making a consumption decision, with expected direct benefits to one's partner. The authors offer examples of consumption sacrifices along the customer journey and suggest that this construct offers a new lens through which to examine the existing literature on choices involving others. The authors put forward the view that sacrifices are often invisible to recipients—and thus underrecognized and underappreciated—failing to achieve their full potential. At the same time, different sacrifice motives (partner‐focused, relationship‐focused, self‐focused) may affect the extent to which actors care about making sacrifices visible to recipients. Finally, the authors propose future research questions, including what leads consumers to perform more visible sacrifices, what drives the invisibility of sacrifices among recipients, and what are the consequences of performing and receiving invisible sacrifices.
Feeding metformin during pregnancy and lactation periods improved learning and memory impairment in the rat offspring exposed to febrile seizure: Role of oxidative stress and inflammatory response
Authors: Khoshroo Niloofar , Rahimi Ali , Kakhki Samaneh , Kaffashan Fatemeh , Masoudi Maha , Baharlou Soheil , Beheshti Farimah
Published: January 2024

Background

Many clinical evidences have reported the higher risk of seizure in young children and infants after exposure to hyperthermia, which more likely can cause brain damage and affect cognitive function, so, many researches were focused on prevention or treatment of febrile seizure (FS) with minimal adverse effects. Considering the potential effects of oxidative stress as a prominent trigger in FS, and demonstrating the anti‐oxidant effects of metformin, the present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of metformin administration in prenatal and lactation periods in rat pups exposed to hyperthermia by which induced seizure.

Method and materials

Pregnant rats were divided into six groups: (1) vehicle: pregnant rats received normal saline during pregnancy and lactation; (2) FS: pregnant rats received normal saline during pregnancy and lactation; (3–5) FS‐Met50/100/150 mg/kg: pregnant rats received different doses of metformin including 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg during pregnancy and lactation; (6) Met150 mg/kg: pregnant rats received Met150 mg/kg during pregnancy and lactation. The male pups born to mothers received in all FS groups exposed to hyperthermia. All experimental groups were allowed to grow up, and after the lactation period, they were subjected for behavioural tests and biochemical analysis.

Results

According to the present findings, the prenatal and lactation exposure to the highest dose of metformin demonstrated significant difference with FS group in both behavioural and biochemical test analyses. Although the remaining doses of metformin were also effective, the much better results were reported with the highest dose of metformin (150 mg/kg). Interestingly, the highest dose of metformin administered alone demonstrated better result than vehicle in probe trial test.

Conclusion

Considering the present research and related study in relation to metformin in ameliorating the epilepsy symptoms, there are numerous evidences on positive effect of metformin on seizure. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, the anti‐oxidant effect of metformin is strongly supported.
DLgram cloud service for deep‐learning analysis of microscopy images
Authors: Matveev Andrey V. , Nartova Anna V. , Sankova Natalya N. , Okunev Alexey G.
Published: January 2024

To analyze images in various fields of science and technology, it is often necessary to count observed objects and determine their parameters. This can be quite labor‐intensive and time‐consuming. This article presents DLgram, a universal, user‐friendly cloud service that is developed for this purpose. It is based on deep learning technologies and does not require programming skills. The user labels several objects in the image and uploads it to the cloud where the neural network is trained to recognize the objects being studied. The user receives recognition results, which if necessary, can be corrected, errors removed, or missing objects added. In addition, it is possible to carry out mathematical processing of the data obtained to get information about the sizes, areas, and coordinates of the observed objects. The article describes the service features and discusses examples of its application. The DLgram service allows to reduce significantly the time spent on quantitative image analysis, reduce subjective factor influence, and increase the accuracy of analysis.

Research Highlights

DLgram automatically recognizes and counts the number of objects in images and their parameters.

DLgram is a universal service, which was created on the basis of the latest deep learning developments and does not require programming skills.
Scanning electron microscopic exploration of intricate pollen morphology and antimicrobial potentials of gourd family
Authors: Alhomaidi Eman
Published: January 2024

This study employs scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to delve into the intricate pollen morphology of Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family) species, unraveling the nuanced details of their structural features. Concurrently, the research investigates the antimicrobial potentials encoded within these pollen grains, shedding light on their possible applications in the realm of natural antimicrobial agents. Cucurbitaceae plants showcases significant antibacterial and antifungal potentials, underscoring its potential as a source for novel antimicrobial compounds. This research endeavors to provide a comprehensive analysis of pollen morphometry in 12 Cucurbitaceous species, with the primary goal of identifying pollen morpho‐types to enrich the taxonomic understanding of the Cucurbitaceae. Following the Erdtman protocol, the study involved processing, measuring, and capturing pollen grains using SEM techniques. Qualitative data were analyzed to evaluate the variations in pollen types, size, and exine stratified sculptured layering. The pollen grains exhibit characteristics of being monads, ranging in size from medium to very large, with the prevailing shape being prolate‐spheroidal in six species. Notably, the maximum polar axis diameter was recorded for Cucurbita pepo (106.3 μm), while the minimum was observed in Zehneria anomala (32.6 μm). The grains of Cucurbitaceae exhibit diverse surface patterns, including reticulate columellae, reticulate, verrucate‐scabrate, verrucate‐gemmate, echinate baculate, reticulate‐perforate, and micro‐reticulate. This SEM investigation illuminates the intricacies of Cucurbitaceae pollen morphology while concurrently highlighting their noteworthy antimicrobial potentials.

Highlights

High‐resolution imaging reveals complex pollen morphology.

Identification of unique antimicrobial structures on Cucurbitaceae pollen (gourd family).

Exploring medicinal potential: Antimicrobial properties of cucurbitaceae species.
Exploring pathways toward open‐hardware ecosystems to safeguard genetic resources for biomedical research communities using aquatic model species
Authors: Liu Yue , Koch Jack C. , Arregui Lucía , Oune Allyssa , Bodenstein Sarah , Gutierrez‐Wing Maria T. , Tiersch Terrence R.
Published: January 2024

Development of reliable germplasm repositories is critical for preservation of genetic resources of aquatic species, which are widely utilized to support biomedical innovation by providing a foundational source for naturally occurring variation and development of new variants through genetic manipulations. A significant barrier in repository development is the lack of cryopreservation capability and reproducibility across the research community, posing great risks of losing advances developed from billions of dollars of research investment. The emergence of open scientific hardware has fueled a new movement across biomedical research communities. With the increasing accessibility of consumer‐level fabrication technologies, such as three‐dimensional printers, open hardware devices can be custom designed, and design files distributed to community members for enhancing rigor, reproducibility, and standardization. The overall goal of this review is to explore pathways to create open‐hardware ecosystems among the communities using aquatic model resources for biomedical research. To gain feedback and insights from community members, an interactive workshop focusing on open‐hardware applications in germplasm repository development was held at the 2022 Aquatic Models for Human Disease Conference, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. This work integrates conceptual strategies with practical insights derived from workshop interactions using examples of germplasm repository development. These insights can be generalized for establishment of open‐hardware ecosystems for a broad biomedical research community. The specific objectives were to: (1) introduce an open‐hardware ecosystem concept to support biomedical research; (2) explore pathways toward open‐hardware ecosystems through four major areas, and (3) identify opportunities and future directions.
Release of reclassified VUS results of now deceased patients to family members: Practices and opinions
Authors: Lascurain Seth , Thull Darcy , Durst Andrea , Bear Todd , Mai Phuong L.
Published: January 2024

Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are commonly identified in genetic testing. The rate at which a VUS is reclassified depends on multiple factors. However, as the amount of time it might take for a VUS to be reclassified varies, some patients with a VUS genetic testing result might have passed away before the VUS is reclassified. A VUS that is reclassified after the patient's death has clinical implications for the deceased patient's family members. The disclosure of reclassified VUS results for a deceased patient has complex legal and ethical implications. There are no established guidelines on how the reclassified VUS result for a deceased patient should be disclosed to at‐risk relatives. An online survey was sent to members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGCs) to elicit practices and opinions regarding this issue. A total of 153 (4%) NSGC members completed the survey. Thirty‐seven (24.2%) respondents reported having received a reclassified VUS for a deceased patient. Respondents were more likely to attempt disclosure if the variant was reclassified as pathogenic (93.5%) versus benign (76.5%), although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06). Respondents more often reported the impact on family members (85.5%) than the decedent's right to privacy (15.0%) as extremely important when considering disclosure to family members. A legal mechanism to allow disclosure to relatives was supported by 70.6% of respondents and 97.4% felt the issue was important enough to pursue if such a process was in place. Only 9.8% of respondents supported a legal requirement of consent before disclosing to family members when a VUS is reclassified after the patient has passed away. Our results indicate that there is no consensus for how these results should be handled and a mechanism for disclosure of reclassified results to family members is supported.
Genome‐wide polygenic risk score for rheumatoid arthritis prediction in postmenopausal women
Authors: Xu Yingke , Wu Qing
Published: January 2024

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common autoimmune disease, exhibits a vital genetic component. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) offer potential utility in predicting disease susceptibility. The present study aimed to develop and validate a PRS for predicting RA risk in postmenopausal women.

Methods

The study developed a novel PRS using 225,000 genetic variants from a GWAS dataset. The PRS was developed in a cohort of 8967 postmenopausal women and validated in an independent cohort of 6269 postmenopausal women. Among the development cohort, approximately 70% were Hispanic and approximately 30% were African American. The testing cohort comprised approximately 50% Hispanic and 50% Caucasian individuals. Stratification according to PRS quintiles revealed a pronounced gradient in RA prevalence and odds ratios.

Results

High PRS was significantly associated with increased RA risk in individuals aged 60–70 years, ≥ 70 years, and overweight and obese participants. Furthermore, at age 65 years, individuals in the bottom 5% of the PRS distribution have an absolute risk of RA at 30.6% (95% confidence interval = 18.5%–42.6%). The risk increased to 53.8% (95% confidence interval = 42.8%–64.9%) for those in the top 5% of the PRS distribution.

Conclusions

The PRS developed in the present study is significantly associated with RA risk, showing the potential for early screening of RA in postmenopausal women. This work demonstrates the feasibility of personalized medicine in identifying high‐risk individuals for RA, indicating the need for further studies to test the utility of PRS in other populations.
Exploring the parenting experiences of Brazilian immigrants in the United States
Authors: Da Costa Silva Beall Nayara Aparecida , Lengua Liliana J. , Thorson‐Olesen Stephanie J.
Published: January 2024

This study aimed to understand Brazilian immigrant parents' experience and needs using an explanatory sequential design with two phases: survey and structured interviews. The results identified several challenges these parents face, the most prevalent being a lack of social support, as well as cultural values and parenting styles. These findings are important for informing counselors and other professionals working with this community how to better develop intervention and advocacy tools tailored to their unique needs.
Characterization of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA harboring pre‐S mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with ground glass hepatocytes
Authors: Su Yih‐Ping , Lin Selena Y. , Su Ih‐Jen , Kao Yu‐Lan , Shen Shih‐Chun , Earl Joshua P. , Ehrlich Garth D. , Chen Cheng‐Yi , Huang Wenya , Su Ying‐Hsiu , Tsai Hung‐Wen
Published: January 2024

Ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs) have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence and poor prognosis. We previously demonstrated that pre‐S expression in some GGHs is resistant to current hepatitis B virus (HBV) antiviral therapies. This study aimed to investigate whether integrated HBV DNA (iDNA) is the primary HBV DNA species responsible for sustained pre‐S expression in GGH after effective antiviral therapy. We characterized 10 sets of micro‐dissected, formalin‐fixed‐paraffin‐embedded, and frozen GGH, HCC, and adjacent hepatitis B surface antigen‐negative stained tissues for iDNA, pre‐S deletions, and the quantity of covalently closed circular DNA. Eight patients had detectable pre‐S deletions, and nine had detectable iDNA. Interestingly, eight patients had integrations within the TERT and CCNE1 genes, which are known recurrent integration sites associated with HCC. Furthermore, we observed a recurrent integration in the ABCC13 gene. Additionally, we identified variations in the type and quantity of pre‐S deletions within individual sets of tissues by junction‐specific PacBio long‐read sequencing. The data from long‐read sequencing indicate that some pre‐S deletions were acquired following the integration events. Our findings demonstrate that iDNA exists in GGH and can be responsible for sustained pre‐S expression in GGH after effective antiviral therapy.
Sub‐daily rainfall intermittency: Is it really stochastic? A test at two Australian locations
Authors: Dunkerley David
Published: January 2024

Sub‐daily rainfall intermittency is virtually ubiquitous, with multiple periods of rain in a day being separated by temporary cessations. This phenomenon remains only partly explored. A significant question is whether the on–off sequence of rainfalls can be regarded as stochastic, as presumed in some common approaches to rainfall disaggregation, such as daily to hourly or hourly to sub‐hourly disaggregation, or whether there is an underlying sequence of rainfalls and cessations, related perhaps to other diurnal changes in rainfall. At two Australian locations, the timing of the longest cessation—whether it was the first, second, or a subsequent cessation on any day—was used to test this. Pluviograph data revealed up to 24 rainfall cessations per day. Analysis showed that the first cessation was in most cases the longest on a rainy day, and less often, this was the second, third, or subsequent cessation. Moreover, the decline in the mean duration of cessations was well‐fitted by a logarithmic function of their position in the daily series of cessations. In addition, both field sites exhibited evidence of diurnal cycles in amount, intensity, and frequency of rainfall, and also in the extent of intermittency in the form of intra‐day rainfall cessations. Whilst additional evidence is needed, it is hypothesised that these findings with respect to rainfall arrival may reflect a progressive and intermittent onset and decay of convection and moisture convergence, together with progressive changes in the scale of eddy turbulence, linked to the daily transitions in net radiation and local air buoyancy and uplift. The results suggest that wholly stochastic rainfall disaggregation procedures may be missing key aspects of diurnal rainfall behaviour. Exploration of these phenomena at additional locations seems warranted.
Comparison of epidural infusion versus intrathecal morphine block as part of enhanced recovery after open pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: El‐Mallah Jessica C. , Greene Alicia C. , Clegg Taylor J. , Shah Sejal J. , El‐Mallah Saif N. , Vining Charles C. , Dixon Matthew E. B. , Peng June S.
Published: January 2024

Background and Objectives

The accepted approach to pain management following open pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) remains controversial, with the most recent enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols recommending epidural anesthesia (EA). Few studies have investigated intrathecal (IT) morphine, combined with transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks. We aim to compare the different approaches to pain management for open PD.

Methods

Patients who underwent open PD at our institution from 2020 to 2022 were included in the study. Patient characteristics, pain management, and postoperative outcomes between EA, IT morphine with TAP blocks, and TAP blocks only were compared using univariate analysis.

Results

Fifty patients were included in the study (58% male, median age 66 years [interquartile range, IQR: 58–73]). Most patients received IT morphine (N = 24, 48%) or EA (N = 18, 36%). The TAP block‐only group required higher doses of postoperative narcotics while hospitalized (p = 0.004) and at discharge (p = 0.017). The IT morphine patients had a shorter median time to Foley removal (p = 0.007). Postoperative pain scores, non‐opioid administration, postoperative bolus requirements, postoperative outcomes, and length of stay were similar between pain modalities.

Conclusions

IT morphine and EA showed comparable efficacy with superior results compared to TAP blocks alone. Integration of IT morphine into PD ERAS protocols should be considered.
The role of the oxide layer in the corrosion of aluminium in acidic solutions
Authors: Dychtoń Kamil , Wierzbińska Małgorzata , Kościelniak Barbara , Obłój Andrzej , Wojnicki Marek , Kwolek Przemysław
Published: January 2024

The role of the oxide layer in the corrosion of aluminium in hydrochloric, sulphuric(VI) and orthophosphoric acid is studied at pH 1. The oxide layer is stable in hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. The corrosion rate of aluminium in these solutions is 0.2 and 0.3 mm/year, respectively. The oxide layer is unstable in orthophosphoric acid and the corrosion rate is higher, 1.75 mm/year. The corrosion process is studied using scanning electron microscopy, immersion and electrochemical techniques. The mechanism of corrosion of aluminium in the orthophosphoric acid solution is proposed. It includes the adsorption of a reaction intermediate on the surface of the corroding metal and the formation of the oxide layer at anodic potentials with respect to the open‐circuit potential. It is also explained when the inductive loop appears on the electrochemical impedance spectra of aluminium corroding in orthophosphoric acid solution. The mechanism of aluminium corrosion in hydrochloric and sulphuric acid is more complex compared to orthophosphoric acid, and is not analysed in detail.
How does cross‐platform externality impact pricing strategies? A two‐stage discriminatory pricing model analysis
Authors: Can‐Zhong Yao , Yi‐Na Mo
Published: January 2024

This study delves into the impact of cross‐platform externality on the pricing strategies of platforms, employing a two‐stage discriminatory pricing model. The research reveals several significant findings. Initially, cross‐platform externality exacerbates the “killing the loyal customers” strategy on the access platform, prompting consumers to favor a “one‐time” consumption approach to avoid potential intensification of this strategy. Furthermore, cross‐platform externality serves as a critical trigger for independent competitive platforms; surpassing a critical consumer threshold leads to a shift from the former “killing the loyal customers” strategy to offering more favorable prices for existing customers. Finally, cross‐platform externality leads to reduced prices for consumers on both platforms in both stages, assuming the drainage effect of the open platform is substantially weaker than its enhancement effect on the cross‐network externality of the access platform. During such instances, the cross‐platform externality proves advantageous to consumers. However, with a strengthening drainage effect and increased merchant attraction by the access platform, both platforms may face potential price increases. Notably, cross‐platform externalities provide access platforms with substantial advantages over independent competitors in terms of user scale and profit levels. This advantage progressively grows as cross‐platform externalities increase. However, for the access platform itself, the influx of consumers from the open platform must surpass a minimal threshold before cross‐platform externalities contribute to an increase in the access platform's profit levels. Consequently, if the objective of engaging in platform discriminatory pricing competition is to overcome competitors, integrating with an open platform proves to be an effective approach. However, if the goal is solely to boost one's own profits, embracing an open platform entails certain risks, necessitating the selection of a platform capable of delivering sufficient traffic.
Unraveling the drivers of greenwashing in China's new energy sector: A PLS‐SEM and fsQCA analysis
Authors: Chen Lin
Published: January 2024

ESG greenwashing behaviors (GWBs) of firms have become a pressing issue globally nowadays. Combining partial least square‐structural equation model (PLS‐SEM) and FUZZY set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this article explores the drivers of ESG greenwashing behaviors in China's new energy industry, which provides valuable insight into understanding GWBs. Results show that (1) GWBs present causal asymmetry, with internal factors dominating in high GWBs configurations, while external factors are more critical in low GWBs configurations. (2) There are offsetting or compensating interactions between the variables. (3) “Rationalization” dominates the level of GWBs when it is used as a core factor.
Effects of a Short‐Term Vegan Challenge in Older Adults on Metabolic and Inflammatory Parameters—A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study
Authors: Döschner Lary , Schulze Kora , Göger Lea , Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Krüger Nele , Franz Kristina , Müller‐Werdan Ursula , Herpich Catrin , Norman Kristina
Published: January 2024

Scope

A long‐term vegan diet carries the risk of insufficient protein and micronutrient intake for older adults. However, even a short‐term (48 h) vegan diet exerts positive metabolic effects in younger adults. In this study, we investigate the feasibility and effects of a short‐term vegan challenge on metabolic and inflammatory markers in older adults.

Method and results

In this randomized controlled crossover‐study, 30 healthy older adults (≥65 years) are assigned to either a 48 h ad libitum vegan or omnivorous diet. During the vegan diet, participants exhibit lower protein (p = 0.001) and fat intake as well as higher carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake, resulting in a lower caloric intake (all p < 0.001). Insulin concentrations (p = 0.042) and insulin resistance (p = 0.036) decline only after the vegan diet. The study observes reductions in serum glucose (p < 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.005), and hsCRP (p = 0.044) concentrations and weight (p < 0.001), independent of the diet. Participants with low‐grade inflammation exhibit notable metabolic improvements after the vegan diet.

Conclusion

Improvements in insulin homeostasis are observed after the vegan diet, but meeting protein requirements are not feasible during the short‐term vegan challenge despite dietary counseling, which warrants concern.