bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microencapsulation of essential thyme oil by spray drying and its antimicrobial evaluation against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Tomazelli Júnior O. , Kuhn F. , Padilha P. J. M. , Vicente L. R. M. , Costa S. W. , Boligon A. A. , Scapinello J. , Nesi C. N. , Dal Magro J. , Castellví S. Lamo
Published: August 2017

Abstract The aims of this research were first, to evaluate the antibacterial potential of commercial thyme essential oil against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticys and second, using the spray drying technique to produce microcapsules. chemical compounds of thyme oil and microcapsules were identified and quantified being thymol the chemical component present at the highest concentration. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and the microcapsules were obtained with a spray dryer using maltodextrin as wall material (ratio 1:4). Thyme oil and the microcapsules exhibited antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. The spray drying process did not affect the antimicrobial activity of thyme essentialoil.
Phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl (Meliaceae) in subtropical riparian forest in southern Brazil
Authors: Müller A. , Schmitt J. L.
Published: August 2017

Abstract Climate is one of the main factors that affect plant behavior. The phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl, which is a small tree used for reforestation of degraded areas, was monitored for 18 months in a riparian forest at the Schmidt Stream, Campo Bom, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vegetative (leaf fall and leaf flushing) and reproductive events were observed, with the latter divided into flowering (flower buds and anthesis) and fruiting (unripe, ripening and ripe fruit). Phenological events were related to temperature, photoperiod and precipitation and their seasonality was verified by circular statistical analysis. Vegetative phenophases were continuous; they were not related to climate factors and presented low intensity, emphasizing the perennial aspect of the species. Flowering occurred during spring and summer. Both flower buds and anthesis were related to temperature and photoperiod. Fruiting was constant and went through all stages of development. Unripe fruits developed during the months with the lowest photoperiod and ripen more intensely in winter, on colder days. Ripe fruit became available for dispersal in spring, in times of longer photoperiod and higher temperatures. Except for leaf fall, all other phenological events showed seasonality in their manifestation. The one-month difference between the onsets of the flowering phases observed in this study indicated that local climate changes induced the early occurrence of this phenophase.
APPLYING A SUSTAINABILITY INDEX TO THE JAPARATUBA RIVER WATHERSHED IN SERGIPE STATE
Authors: MAYNARD ISABELLA FERREIRA NASCIMENTO , CRUZ MARCUS AURÉLIO SOARES , GOMES LAURA JANE
Published: August 2017

Abstract Sustainability indexes are important tools in water resource management. The aim of the current study is to calculate the sustainability index of the Japaratuba River watershed, Sergipe State, Brazil. The Japaratuba River watershed comprises a 1.687,67 km2 area. The watershed sustainability index (WSI) has taken into consideration hydrographic, environmental, life, and political dimensions, according to the pressure-state-response methodology. The WSI value was 0.66. Such value indicates that the watershed shows intermediate sustainability level. The indexes showing the lowest scores were the quantitative hydrological index, which is related to water availability per capita, and the qualitative hydrological index, which is related to the wastewater treatment in the cities belonging to the watershed region.
ACTORS AND NETWORKS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERRITORIES: THE CASE OF THE RIGHT WHALE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA
Authors: MARTINS ANDREZA , DIAS LEILA CHRISTINA
Published: August 2017

Abstract Within a context of climate change and crisis in fish stocks associated to the increase in the global demand for fish and its derivatives, the creation of protected spaces continues to be the main policy tool for the conservation of marine biodiversity. By deploying the general theory of conflict and actor-network theory, this article discusses the social mechanisms and processes that influence the organization of spaces with a view to enhance environmental conservation, as well as understand and establish different types of interactions needed to promote territorial transformation in these areas. To do so, it compares spaces in dispute in two situations of conflict in the field of marine environmental protection in Southern Brazil - conflicts of “fishing” and of “port”, both before and after these conflicts arose. Although social changes have occurred in both cases, territorial transformation only took place in the latter case.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS IN SÃO PAULO AND MINAS GERAIS STATES
Authors: ALMEIDA MARIA RITA RAIMUNDO E , MONTAÑO MARCELO
Published: August 2017

Abstract The effectiveness of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been analyzed through the application of good practice criteria, with emphasis on assessing the quality of studies involved in it. However, such approach is restricted to elements directly linked to the subject of the studies and leaves aside important aspects. The aim of the present study is to analyze the effectiveness of EIA systems through the application of 20 effectiveness criteria to a set of 37 environmental licensing cases in São Paulo (SP) and Minas Gerais (MG) states. The results show that the EIA is effective in both states with respect to procedural aspects. On the other hand, the systems were ineffective when it came to substantive effectiveness aspects such as the promotion of public participation, the development of locational alternatives and the assessment of cumulative effects. These aspects increase the proceeding time and limit the EIA influence on decisions, thus being restricted to adjustments in project designs and to the adoption of mitigation/compensation measures.
QUILOMBOLAS AS “GREEN COLLECTIVES”: CONTESTING AND INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTALISM IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST, BRAZIL
Authors: PENNA-FIRME RODRIGO , BRONDÍZIO EDUARDO S.
Published: August 2017

Abstract By reconstructing major events that took place over the past 50 years in a small caiçara village situated within the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo, this article explores the issue of environmentality, a process through which local people incorporate mandates of environmental governance and policies, progressively mobilizing and performing the position of environmental stewards. In 2003, this community was recognized as a quilombo reminiscent. The recognition led to a self-division of the community into two groups with around 35 families each. One group maintained a caiçara self-designation, whereas the other adopted a quilombola identity. Using qualitative data obtained through long-term participant observation and interviews with local residents, the article shows that over time, socioeconomic, environmental, institutional and cultural changes, culminating with quilombola recognition, have contributed to an ongoing formation of a “green collective” among quilombola families.
Extração de oleuropeína a partir de folhas de oliveira utilizando solvente hidroalcoólico
Authors: Coppa Carolina Fernanda Sengling Cebin , Rosim Roice Eliana , Oliveira Carlos Augusto Fernandes de , Rodrigues Christianne Elisabete da Costa , Gonçalves Cintia Bernardo
Published: August 2017

Resumo Folhas de oliveira contêm oleuropeína, um composto fenólico conhecido por seu potencial antioxidante, antimicrobiano, anti-inflamatório, entre outros. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a extração da oleuropeína, utilizando solvente hidroalcoólico. Folhas de oliveira (FO) foram maceradas a 25 °C com um solvente (S), formado por uma mistura de etanol e água (70:30 v/v), nas proporções FO:S iguais a 1:8, 1:6 e 1:3, em massa, com ou sem a presença de ácido acético. Observou-se que o maior teor de oleuropeína no extrato liofilizado (18 g/100 g, aproximadamente) foi obtido no procedimento utilizando a razão FO:S = 1:3, com ácido acético. Por fim, foi realizado um teste para verificar o efeito do extrato liofilizado sobre o tempo de indução em amostras de azeite de oliva extravirgem e refinado, verificando-se um aumento de três e duas horas, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que é possível obter extratos de folhas de oliveira utilizando solventes renováveis e que a oleuropeína pode atuar como um antioxidante natural no azeite, melhorando sua estabilidade oxidativa.
Migration and brackish environment use of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) inferred by Sr:Ca ratio transects of otolith
Authors: Avigliano Esteban , Pisonero Jorge , Dománico Alejandro , Sánchez Sebastián , Volpedo Alejandra V.
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT The streaked prochilod, Prochilodus lineatus, represents the most important fishery in the La Plata Basin (South America). Our objective was to analyze brackish environment use by the streaked prochilod captured from Paraná and Uruguay rivers. To accomplish this, lapillus otolith sections were analyzed for Sr:Ca with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) to infer habitat use of fish. To the interpretation of transects, a threshold that represents the transition between freshwater and brackish environments was calculated using the Sr:Ca ratio of the otolith edge of specimens captured in the first section of the La Plata Estuary (salinity ≥ 0.5 PSU). The percentage of fish using the estuary was higher in the Paraná (37%) than the Uruguay River (5%). Change-point analysis showed that fish entered the estuary between 1 and 3 times throughout life at a wide range of ages (0-15 years). These incursions had no obvious periodicity. This information should be integrated into future management actions, which should also be specific to each area since migration patterns differ between the major rivers of the basin.
Learning through research: from teaching science to the sphere of nursing care
Authors: Silva Ítalo Rodolfo , Leite Joséte Luzia , Trevizan Maria Auxiliadora , Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa , Silva Thiago Privado da , Lins Silvia Maria de Sá Basílio
Published: August 2017

Abstract Objective: To understand the connections established between the teaching of research in undergraduate school and reflections on the context of nursing care based on the meanings assigned by nurses and undergraduate nursing students. Method: Qualitative research, the theoretical and methodological frameworks of which were Complexity Theory and Grounded Theory. Sixteen nurses and nine undergraduate nursing students participated. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Results: The study revealed that aspects that structure and maintain the scientific practice of nurses are connected with the teaching of nursing in undergraduate school. The transversality of teaching of research and strategies adopted by professors influence this process. Conclusion: In the nursing field, learning through research requires strategies that contextualize research within the context of care delivery, so that students perceive science as an element that structures their profession. For that, research should be a non-linear, transversal procedure that takes place over the course of the undergraduate program.
Women's perception of prenatal and delivery care in cases of neonatal death
Authors: Gaíva Maria Aparecida Munhoz , Palmeira Ellen Whate Morais , Mufato Leandro Felipe
Published: August 2017

Abstract Objective: To analyze women's perception of care in prenatal and delivery care in cases of neonatal death. Method: A qualitative study was carried out with women whose children died in the neonatal period. Data were collected through open-ended interviews and analyzed according to the thematic analysis technique. Results: The professional-patient relationship in which there is dialogue is associated with good prenatal experience for women. Guidelines and information about health are seen as a positive aspect to achieve quality of care. The difficulty of access to exams and the lack of preparation of women for childbirth appear as negative aspects for care. Conclusions: Negative health care factors are reflected in a biographical way on these women. Implications for practice: Include results that can serve as a warning for professionals who provide care for pregnant and parturient women.
Instrumento de rastreio para disfagia orofaríngea no Acidente Vascular Encefálico - Parte I: evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo e nos processos de resposta
Authors: Almeida Tatiana Magalhães de , Cola Paula Cristina , Pernambuco Leandro de Araújo , Magalhães Junior Hipólito Virgílio , Magnoni Carlos Daniel , Silva Roberta Gonçalves da
Published: August 2017

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar as evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo e nos processos de resposta de um instrumento de Rastreamento para disfagia orofaríngea no Acidente Vascular Encefálico (RADAVE). Método Os critérios para elaborar os itens do instrumento foram baseados na revisão de literatura. Um grupo de juízes com 19 profissionais distintos e da área da saúde avaliaram a relevância e representatividade das questões e o resultado foi analisado por meio do índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC). Para evidência de validade baseada nos processos de resposta, 23 profissionais da saúde aplicaram o instrumento e analisaram as questões por meio de escala estruturada e entrevista cognitiva. Resultados O RADAVE foi estruturado para ser aplicado em duas etapas. A primeira versão foi constituída por 18 questões na etapa I e 11 questões na etapa II. Oito questões da etapa I e quatro questões da etapa II não atingiram o IVC mínimo, sendo realizadas reformulações pelos autores. A entrevista cognitiva demonstrou a necessidade de novos ajustes que resultaram na versão final com 12 questões na Etapa I e seis questões na Etapa II. Conclusão Foi possível desenvolver um instrumento de rastreamento para a disfagia no Acidente Vascular Encefálico com adequadas evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo e nos processos de resposta. As duas evidências de validade obtidas até o momento permitiram ajustar o instrumento em relação ao seu constructo. Os próximos estudos irão analisar as demais evidências de validade e as medidas de acurácia.
Cities and Water Security in the Anthropocene: Research Challenges and Opportunities for International Relations
Authors: Pereira Joana Castro , Freitas Miguel Rodrigues
Published: August 2017

Abstract Cities have become important actors in international relations, and integral to security and environmental politics. We are living in an increasingly urban world, dominated by human settlements and activities. The central role now played by humans in shaping the planet has led us into an uncertain, unstable, and dangerous geological epoch – the Anthropocene – that poses great and additional challenges to security. Local and global spheres are connected as never before, generating ‘glocal’ issues in which water plays a central role. Water is the element that interconnects the complex web of food, energy, climate, economic growth, and human security. In a rapidly urbanising world, cities influence the hydrological cycle in major but uncertain ways, affecting water resources beyond their boundaries. There is no doubt that these issues are highly relevant to the discipline of International Relations (IR). However, IR scholars have been slow to engage with them, and most academic studies of cities and water security still emanate from the natural sciences. This article examines the ways in which cities in the Anthropocene challenge water security, and why IR needs to reinvent itself if it wants to sustain its contribution to global security.
Fragile Cities: a Critical Perspective on the Repertoire for New Urban Humanitarian Interventions
Authors: Miklos Manoela , Paoliello Tomaz
Published: August 2017

Abstract At the end of the 1990s, researchers involved in the debate on the new wars introduced discussion about the urban dimension of contemporary conflicts into the International Relations discipline. The innovative debate about urban fragility is one of the many lines of inquiry that emerge within the framework of the relationship between cities and contemporary conflicts. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the concept of ‘fragile city’ offers a new and relevant analytical framework for understanding contemporary urban violence and inequality. Moreover, this same concept could also be instrumental in making fragile cities the new locus of international humanitarianism. The notion of fragile city emerges to describe new emergency situations more closely linked to urban contexts than to national dynamics, as previously described in the literature on fragile states. The concept of fragile city is a groundbreaking tool for understanding the human consequences of inequality in urban settings, but might also be used as a rhetorical vehicle for the reproduction of old dynamics and the inauguration of new intervention practices in urban areas that were previously inaccessible to humanitarian action, especially cities in Latin America.
A View from the South: The Global Creation of the War on Drugs
Authors: Cruz Giovanni Molano
Published: August 2017

Abstract The paper claims that it is necessary to seriously consider facts and phenomena beyond the ‘West’ in order to understand and theorise the complex social practices that shape the world. From a Latin American standpoint, it questions the traditional approach to a global matter: the War on Drugs. Researchers usually see this phenomenon in Latin America as reflecting US domination in the region. However, by identifying how and why the drug issue became a matter of security in Latin America and by specifying the collective countermeasures adopted, Latin American participation becomes more apparent in the construction of the international process that gave rise to the normative framework that holds up the War on Drugs: the 1988 Vienna Convention.
Coagulação com semente de moringa oleifera preparada por diferentes métodos em águas com turbidez de 20 a 100 UNT
Authors: Franco Camila Silva , Batista Magno Deyvisson Arcanjo , Oliveira Luiz Fernando Coutinho de , Kohn Gabriel Passos , Fia Ronaldo
Published: August 2017

RESUMO A semente de Moringa oleifera é composta por proteínas catiônicas, podendo ser aplicada como eficiente coagulante na clarificação de águas para consumo humano. Objetivou-se identificar o melhor método de preparação de Moringa oleifera, o melhor tempo para sedimentação e a concentração ótima para diferentes valores de turbidez bruta. Para concentrações de 100 a 500 mg L-1, a semente foi descascada, triturada, peneirada e diluída (método 1); secada, triturada, peneirada, diluída e filtrada (método 2); triturada, peneirada, diluída e filtrada (método 3). Os ensaios de Jartest foram realizados em triplicata para cada método, em águas com turbidez de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 UNT e a cinética de sedimentação para 30, 60, 90 e 150 min. Não houve diferenças significativas na remoção de turbidez entre os métodos de preparo pelos testes F e t de Student. No entanto, a filtração pode evitar incrustrações e incremento de matéria orgânica à água tratada (método 3). A adição de Moringa oleifera produz eficiente remoção de turbidez em águas acima de 40 UNT. O tempo máximo para sedimentação foi de 129,6 min, para remoção de turbidez em 90,5%.
Políticas de democratização da educação superior brasileira: limites e desafios para a próxima década
Authors: Paula Maria de Fátima Costa de
Published: August 2017

O artigo tem como objetivo discutir as políticas de democratização adotadas nas universidades federais brasileiras, implementadas a partir do Governo Lula, tais como Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI), Política de Cotas para ingresso de estudantes de escolas públicas, com vagas reservadas para setores de baixa renda e para as minorias étnicas e Políticas de Assistência Estudantil. A pesquisa baseia-se em revisão bibliográfica e análise documental sobre o tema. A primeira parte do texto traz um panorama da educação superior brasileira nas últimas décadas e a segunda parte analisa os problemas e limites dessas políticas, sobretudo no que se refere à inclusão das camadas desfavorecidas socialmente e das minorias étnicas nos cursos de alta demanda / elevado prestígio social. O texto demonstra que o incremento das políticas de acesso e de assistência estudantil, com aumento de vagas e ingressantes, não tem sido acompanhado da permanência dos estudantes no sistema, com taxas de diplomação e de conclusão dos cursos de graduação decrescentes, nos últimos anos. Nessa perspectiva, inclusão e exclusão, acesso/permanência/evasão devem ser vistos em conjunto e não separadamente. Nas considerações finais, são levantadas questões no sentido de problematizar a inclusão de novos perfis de estudantes em um modelo de universidade que, em grande medida, não se alterou, sendo apontados os principais desafios para a próxima década.
Nível socioeconômico e ensino superior: cálculo e aplicações
Authors: Rodrigues Erica Castilho , Matos Daniel Abud Seabra , Ferreira Aline dos Santos
Published: August 2017

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: a) elaborar uma medida do nível socioeconômico para o ensino superior, a partir da técnica da Teoria de Resposta ao Item; b) ilustrar a aplicação do indicador de nível socioeconômico por meio da análise da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP); c) analisar e comparar o nível socioeconômico dos cursos de graduação e institutos da UFOP. Usamos os dados do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) de 1.210 alunos ingressantes na UFOP em 31 cursos de graduação no primeiro semestre de 2013. Utilizamos a Teoria de Resposta ao Item, mais especificamente o modelo para respostas graduadas. Dentre os principais resultados, destacamos: a UFOP apresentou um percentual expressivo de alunos nos estratos mais baixos de nível socioeconômico; uma grande discrepância quando comparamos os cursos de graduação e institutos da UFOP; os alunos que utilizaram política afirmativa no SISU para ingressar na UFOP possuem mediana menor do nível socioeconômico em comparação com estudantes que não utilizaram política afirmativa (evidência empírica de que as cotas estão cumprindo uma função de inclusão social); a importância da utilização de indicadores educacionais como o nível socioeconômico para que a instituição possa planejar e monitorar adequadamente suas políticas de gestão educacional.
Oil Price Pass-Through into Core Inflation
Authors: Conflitti Cristina , Luciani Matteo
Published: August 2017

We estimate the oil price pass-through into consumer prices both in the US and in the euro area. In particular, we disentangle the specific effect that an oil price change might have on each disaggregate price, from the effect on all prices that an oil price change might have since it affects the whole economy. To do so, we first estimate a Dynamic Factor Model on a panel of disaggregate price indicators, and then we use VAR techniques to estimate the pass-through. Our results show that the oil price passes through core inflation only via its effect on the whole economy. This pass-through is estimated to be small, but statistically different from zero and long lasting.
An evaluation of cardiac murmurs in new-born
Authors: Pillai Preethi S. , Narayanan Neelima , Chacko Lyla
Published: August 2017

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is defined as a structural abnormality of the heart or intrathoracic great vessels that is actually or potentially of functional significance. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of congenital heart disease in new-borns with cardiac murmurs and to study the spectrum of cardiac diseases in new-borns with cardiac murmur.Methods: All the new-borns with cardiac murmurs were evaluated with ECG, Chest X ray and ECHO. They were classified into normal, mild, moderate and severe heart disease.Results: Of the 3375 babies analysed, 80 babies had murmur. ECHO could not be done in 8 babies. Of the 72 babies, 75% of new-borns with murmur had cardiac disease. The prevalence of cardiac disease in this population is 16 per 1000 new-borns. The prevalence of cardiac disease in new-borns with murmur is 750 in 1000 new-borns .94.5% had acyanotic heart disease and 5.5% had cyanotic heart disease. VSD was the most common lesion. 13.9% had severe heart disease, 20.8% had moderate heart disease and 40.3% had mild cardiac disease. There was good correlation between the degree of murmur and the severity of the cardiac disease. Chest X ray contributed only 12.5% to diagnosis of cardiac disease and ECG contributed only 5.3% to the diagnosis. If both ECG and Chest X ray were abnormal,there was  100% association with significant cardiac disease. No correlation was found between gestational age and birth weight and severity of heart Disease.Conclusions: Present study has proved that any murmur in newborn requires evaluation with ECHO as 75% of new-borns with audible murmur had cardiac disease of which 34.7% was moderate to severe heart disease. Abnormal ECG and Chest X ray was 100% associated with severe heart disease.
E-cigarettes: promise or threat?
Authors: Nachiappan Arun C. , Selvavinayagam T. S.
Published: August 2017

Use of the electronic cigarette or electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) is increasing globally. Its vapour delivers nicotine without the 6000 odd chemicals released during cigarette smoking and the associated harm. Experts are divided on whether ENDS promise reduction in tobacco use or threaten tobacco control. This review presents up-to-date evidence. Two trials showed an increase in cessation, but not a reduction in cigarette use. Eight cohort studies showed no increase in cessation, and two cohort studies and a recent trial showed an increased reduction in cigarette use. A US population study showed association between ENDS use and smoking cessation. Nicotine addiction and potential harm to non-smokers who use ENDS are key concerns. Nicotine affects lung and brain development. An increase in accidental poisoning, though mild, is reported in children. No significant short term health effects are reported. When heated, ENDS may emit potential toxic and carcinogenic substances such as aldehydes, acrolein, flavouring agents etc. at very low levels - but their long term impact is not known. ENDS bring potential benefits to smokers, but there are concerns about their potential for nicotine addiction, gateway effect and renormalisation of smoking. However, in the UK and the US, a rise in ENDS use is associated with a fall in the prevalence of smoking. Countries differ in their approach to ENDS. India seems to be edging towards a total ban. India should collect local data and conduct research to monitor the impact and make informed, evidence based decisions, where needed.
Analysis of Non-Pivotal Bioequivalence Studies Submitted in Abbreviated New Drug Submissions for Delayed-Release Drug Products
Authors: Kaur Paramjeet , Jiang Xiaojian , Stier Ethan
Published: August 2017

The US FDA’s rule on “Requirements for Submission of Bioequivalence Data” requiring submission of all bioequivalence (BE) studies conducted on the same formulation of the drug product submitted for approval was published in Federal Register in January 2009. With the publication of this rule, we evaluated the impact of data from non-pivotal BE studies in assessing BE and identified the reasons for failed in vivo BE studies for generic oral delayed-release (DR) drug products only. We searched the Agency databases from January 2009 toDecember 2016 to identify Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) submitted for DR drug products containing non-pivotal BE studies. Out of 202 ANDAs, 43 ANDAs contained 102 non-pivotal BE studies. Forty-nine non-pivotal BE studies were conducted on the to-be-marketed (TBM) formulation and 53 were conducted on formulations different from the TBM formulation. These experimental formulations primarily differed in the ratio of components of the enteric coating layer and/or amount (i.e., %w/w) of enteric coating layer. Of the 49 non-pivotal BE studies conducted on the TBM formulation, 41 failed to meet the BE acceptance criteria. The majority of failed non-pivotal BE studies on the TBM DR generic products had insufficient power, which was expected as these studies are exploratory in nature and not designed to have adequate power to pass the BE statistical criteria. In addition, among the failed non-pivotal BE studies on the TBM DR generic products, the most commonly failing pharmacokinetic parameter was Cmax. The data from these non-pivotal BE studies indicate that inadequate BE study design can lead to failure of the BE on the same formulation. Also, the non-pivotal BE studies on formulations different from the TBM formulation help us link the formulation design to the product performance in vivo. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Intravaginal Delivery Approaches for Contraception: An Overview with Emphasis on Gels
Authors: Gupta Sonia , Prabha Vijay
Published: August 2017

The rising population with grave ramifications for the future is a fundamental issue, demanding for newer and better contraceptive modalities. Also, in order to achieve the contraceptive purpose, the choice of the most suitable delivery system is of unquestionable importance. Out of all dosage forms, vaginal gel formulations present indubitable benefits for contraceptive administration. Therefore, this review summarizes the history of research in the field of vaginal delivery systems with special emphasis on the development of vaginal gels containing safer and more effective contraceptive agents. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Clofibrate Attenuates ROS Production by Lipid Overload in Cultured Rat Hepatoma Cells
Authors: Chen Yufei , Li Wei , Wang Guqi , Burczynski Frank J
Published: August 2017

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of clofibrate on inducing liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1) following a high-fat load in a hepatocyte cell culture model. METHODS: Rat hepatoma cells (CRL-1548) were treated with a fatty acid (FA) mixture consisting of oleate:palmitate (2:1) in the presence of 3% albumin. Cells were treated with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 mM FA for 24 and 48 hr, or further treated with 500 µM clofibrate (CLO) to induce FABP1 levels. Cytotoxicity was determined using the WST-1 assay. Intracellular lipid droplets were quantitated following staining with Nile Red. Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) was used to assess the extent of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS: Cell viability decreased (p < 0.01) with an increase in lipid concentration. Intracellular lipid droplets accumulated significantly (p < 0.001) with an increase in long-chain fatty acid load, which was associated with a statistical increase (p < 0.05) in ROS levels. Early clofibrate treatment showed significant increases in intracellular FABP1 levels with significant decreases in ROS levels (p < 0.05). Silencing FABP1 expression using siRNA revealed that FABP1 was the main contributor for the observed intracellular ROS clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristic cellular damage resulted from released ROS following a high fat load to hepatoma cells. The damage was attenuated through early treatment with clofibrate, which may act as a hepatoprotectant by inducing FABP1 expression and in this manner, suppress intracellular ROS levels. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Allohernioplasty Laparoscopic Postoperative Ventral Hernias
Authors: Ivanov Yury Viktorovich , Panchenkov Dmitry Nikolaevich , Terehin Aleksey Alekseevich , Shablovsky Oleg Radomirovich
Published: August 2017

Relevance. Currently, the problem of effective treatment of postoperative ventral hernias is still not completely solved. The recurrence rate of the disease ranges from 15% to 50%, and repeat surgery causes increasing of the rate up to 20-65%.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the results of laparoscopic hernioplasty in patients with postoperative ventral hernias.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the immediate and remote results of surgical treatment of 140 patients with postoperative ventral hernias. Patients of the main group (63) laparoscopic hernia repair method "ipom" patients in the comparison group (73) – open hernioplasty by the method of "onlay" and "inlay".

Results. The use of laparoscopic hernioplasty by the method of "ipom" allow to significantly reduce the number of early and overall postoperative complications (3.7%), duration of hospitalization (from 9.8 ± 1.3 per day to 5.4 ± 0.7 per day), the period of temporary incapacity (from 28.9 ± 3.4 days to 17.2 ± 2.3 days), as well as reduce the number of relapses (from 8.2% to 3.0%).

Discussion Laparoscopic hernioplasty is an effective method of treatment of postoperative ventral hernias. The obvious advantages of laparoscopic hernioplasty are: low invasiveness, fewer complications, rapid medical and social rehabilitation of patients. There is an undoubted advantage of laparoscopic hernioplasty over an open operation with the patient several postoperative ventral hernias.

Conclusion. In modern conditions, laparoscopic hernia repair can be recommended as the operation of choice in patients with postoperative ventral hernia.
Vasili Ivanovich RAZUMOVSKY (to the 160th anniversary since the birth)
Authors: Andreev Alexandr Alexeevich , Ostroushko Anton Petrovich
Published: August 2017

Vasili Ivanovich Razumovsky, a Russian and Soviet surgeon, doctor of medicine (1884), Professor (1887), Honored scientist of the RSFSR (1934), one of the founders and the first rector of Saratov (1909-1912), Tbilisi (1918) and the Baku state University (1919), Hero of Labor (1923), holder of the order of St. Prince Vladimir III and IV degrees, St. Anne's I, II and III degree, St. Stanislaus 3 degrees.
Vasili Ivanovich Razumovsky was born March 27, 1857. In 1875, after graduating from high school with a gold medal goes to the medical faculty of Kazan University, from which he graduated in 1880. In 27 years he successfully defended his doctoral thesis on the topic: "the question of atrophic processes in the bones after cutting the nerves."
In 1885 he was appointed prosector in 1886 – assistant Professor, in 1887, is an extraordinary Professor in the Department of operative surgery, in 1894 – ordinary Professor, Department of hospital surgery, in 1896 – was transferred to the Department of faculty surgical clinic, 1905 – Dean of the medical faculty of Kazan University. In the years 1909-1912, the first rector of the organized Imperial Saratov University. After the February revolution V. I. Razumovsky was appointed the chief surgeon of the Caucasian front. In 1917 he organized in Tiflis was one of the first in the USSR, the trauma of the institutions involved in the organization and construction of the Caucasian-Russian (Tbilisi) and Azerbaijan University (Baku) and becomes its first rector. In 1920 V. I. Razumovsky returned to Saratov and head of the Department of General surgery of medical faculty of Saratov University. In 1923 received the Title of Hero of Labor (1923). In 1930 V. I. Razumovsky retired and lived in the Philippines, working as a consultant. In 1934 he became the Honored science worker of the RSFSR.
7 July 1935 Razumovsky died. Was a knight of the order of St. Prince Vladimir III and IV degrees, St. Anne's I, II and III degree, St. Stanislaus 3 degrees.
In honor named after V. I. Razumovsky Saratov state medical University (2009), to which it is a monument (2009), 2nd city clinical hospital, street in the resort of Essentuki, street in Baku, the ship "Surgeon Razumovsky" (1961). Plaques installed in Essentuki and Baku. In Essentuki historical Museum to them. V. P. Shpakovsky created a memorial room of the scientist.
História e crítica em direito internacional na América Latina: revisitando discussões pretéritas sobre ensino jurídico na região
Authors: Carvalho Veçoso Fabia Fernandes
Published: August 2017

Este trabalho tem como objetivo revisitar os questionamentos articulados no âmbito das cinco Conferências de Faculdades de Direito Latino-Americanas realizadas entre 1959 e 1974 em nossa região. Sem pretender uma reconstrução histórica exaustiva sobre esses encontros, este estudo busca lançar luz em antigas discussões sobre ensino jurídico na América Latina. De forma semelhante, não se busca discutir o quanto efetivamente foi alterado na organização e nas atividades das faculdades de direito a partir das recomendações adotadas nas  referidas conferências, mas sim explorar questionamentos pretéritos sobre o papel do direito em projetos políticos de transformação. A retomada dessas discussões é importante para embasar reflexões inovadoras sobre o ensino do direito internacional na América Latina na atualidade, pois mudanças foram propostas a partir de uma sensibilidade latino-americana, revelando-se a necessidade de atrelar projetos políticos a iniciativas de reforma pedagógica. Considerando que estudos históricos em direito internacional necesariamente contém um certo elemento de anacronismo, tal como afirmado por Anne Orford em ¿El passado como derecho o como historia? La relevancia del imperialismo para el derecho internacional moderno, esta contribuição aborda a dimensão histórica dos debates sobre ensino jurídico na América Latina como esforço necessário para as reflexões empreendidas atualmente no contexto do projeto “Repensar la educación en derecho internacional en América Latina” (redial).
KADAR BIKARBONAT SALIVA PENDERITA KARIES DAN BEBAS KARIES
Authors: Suryadinata Arief
Published: August 2017

Saliva plays a role as a buffer so that the ups and downs of the degree of acidity (pH) can be retained. salivary buffer capacity is determined by the bicarbonate concentration of 85%, 14% is determined by the concentration of phosphate and 1% by salivary proteins. Bicarbonate is the main component of saliva to neutralize the acid thus inhibiting the caries process. Based on the role of  bicarbonate in maintaining the pH of saliva to remain normal, there may be differences in levels of salivary bicarbonate in subjects  with caries and caries-free. This is because subjects with dental caries have the potential for acid formation and a decrease in pH higher than subjects with caries-free. This study aims to determine differences in levels of salivary bicarbonate in subjects  with caries and caries-free, studies are observational analytic study. Based on the result showed average levels of bicarbonate in the saliva of caries-free sample is 188.9440 ± 7.11846 ppm while in samples with high caries intensity is 150.9905 ± 9.76628 ppm, then the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test p-value of 0.200 obtained (p> 0.05) in the sample with high intensity of caries and caries-free sample group. The results of the statistical test T-test two sample unpaired in getting the value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05), This means there are significant differences between the levels of salivary bicarbonate in subject with caries and caries-free.
Psychosocial Maladjustment at Student and Classroom Level as Indicators of Peer Victimization
Authors: Söderberg Patrik , Korhonen Johan , Björkqvist Kaj
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of aggressive behavior, anxiety, and peer rejection as multilevel indicators of peer victimization. A cross-sectional sample of 1,115 Finnish 9th grade students nested in 76 classrooms (mean age 15 years) were used to conduct multilevel models. All forms of psychosocial maladjustment, as well as student family economy, were found to predict peer victimization within classrooms. In addition, classrooms with more aggressive behavior and a higher proportion of rejected students suffered more peer victimization, beyond compositional effects of aggressive and rejected students being victimized.
Marker-assisted selection in poultry
Authors:   University of Edinburgh, UK, Hocking P. M. , Hickey J. ,   University of Edinburgh, UK
Published: August 2017

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a form of indirect selection that depends on the accuracy of measuring the marker and the genetic correlation between them. This chapter describes the development of large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with high-throughput automated technology, which has made MAS applicable to whole-genome prediction of breeding values. The chapter explores how these techniques have been successfully trialled in commercial poultry breeding programmes, as well as suggesting how future technological developments may permit the use of whole-genome sequencing rather than high-density SNP chips for prediction of breeding values of selection candidates.
Maintaining the safety of poultry feed
Authors:   BIOMIN America Inc., USA, Murugesan G. Raj , Pender Chasity M. ,   BIOMIN America Inc., USA
Published: August 2017

Natural and artificial contaminants in poultry feed may result in deteriorated feed quality, reduced performance and increased incidence of disease in poultry, ultimately leading to a significant economic loss for producers. Moreover, since poultry are raised to produce meat and eggs for human consumption, contaminants in poultry feed may also pose risks to human health. This chapter focuses on those contaminants considered to pose the most significant risk to poultry and human health: mycotoxins, dioxins and bacterial pathogens. Each section will discuss the negative effects of these factors as well as possible control measures that may be implemented to reduce feed contamination and secure feed and food safety.
O esporte na agenda governamental das políticas públicas para pessoas com deficiência
Authors: Pancotto Heloísa Pereira
Published: August 2017

O esporte se apresenta como um dos requisitos indispensáveis para que a pessoa com deficiência possa atingir a dimensão total da inclusão social. Neste contexto surge o seguinte questionamento: As políticas públicas para pessoas com deficiência, no Brasil, consideram o esporte como um meio para a inclusão social? O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a evolução da Agenda Governamental das Políticas Públicas para pessoas com deficiência na questão do esporte em plano nacional. A pesquisa foi de carácter qualitativo e utilizou-se o método da análise documental. Como resultado principal, tem-se que nos Planos Plurianuais a discussão sobre a inclusão social de pessoas com deficiência, começa a ter uma maior visibilidade a partir de 2004, com enfoque no cidadão e nos direitos humanos. Porém a relação esporte, inclusão social e as pessoas com deficiência, são tratados como temas específicos e não dentro de um todo, tanto nos planos plurianuais, quanto nas políticas públicas. Ao longo da história a pessoa com deficiência vem ganhando espaço na sociedade e consequentemente sendo mais discutida dentro da Agenda Governamental, porém, na prática, os investimentos e ações com relação ao esporte não se tornam, em grande dimensão, um meio para a inclusão de pessoas com deficiência.
O esporte como ferramenta de reconhecimento e valorizacão da pessoa com deficiência no Brasil
Authors: Gorla José Irineu , Calegari Decio Roberto
Published: August 2017

Esta entrevista apresenta experiências práticas e vividas no esporte para pessoas com deficiências. O professor Vanilton Senatore foi um dos precursores dessa área, atuando na prática e exercendo liderança na construção e implantação de políticas públicas. Tem formação em Educação Física, licenciado pela PUC Campinas em 1972 e atuante na Educação Física Escolar e Esportes para Pessoas com Deficiência desde 1974.Participou da Carta de Batatais” em dezembro de 1986, que institui a disciplina de Educação Física Adaptada nos currículos de formação superior em Educação Física. Também atuou em vários projetos em nível nacional envolvendo pessoas com deficiências. As experiências apontadas pelo professor Vanilton certamente contribuíram e contribuem para os avanços da área da Educação Física e Esportes para Pessoas com Deficiências.
El efecto de los salarios mínimos en los ingresos laborales de México
Authors: Kaplan David S. , Pérez Arce Novaro Francisco
Published: August 2017

Este artículo analiza el efecto de los salarios mínimos en los ingresos laborales en México. Con paneles de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU) y con los registros administrativos del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) se muestra qué cambios en el salario mínimo real tienen un efecto de signo positivo en el cambio de los ingresos laborales para todos los grupos salariales. El efecto es más débil en los trabajadores que ganan varias veces el monto del salario mínimo. También se muestra que este efecto era más grande en el periodo que abarca de 1985 a 1993 que entre 1994 y 2001, lo cual sugiere que este efecto está perdiendo fuerza.
Modelos predictivos de lógica y lógica borrosa en índices bursátiles de América del Norte
Authors: Parisi F. Antonio , Parisi F. Franco
Published: August 2017

Este artículo continúa con la línea de investigación relativa a modelos predictivos de índices bursátiles: algoritmos genéticos y redes neuronales. Los modelos anteriores, paramétricos o no paramétricos, lineales y no lineales, buscan reconocer pautas de comportamiento y relaciones que se expresan en un lenguaje matemático, por medio de la estimación de coeficientes y su significación estadística. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los agentes que participan en el mercado bursátil utiliza un lenguaje que incorpora aspectos cualitativos para referirse, por ejemplo, al precio de un activo, a la rentabilidad de la inversión, etc. En este contexto, los modelos cuantitativos tienen dificultades para absorber esta información, lo que plantea la necesidad de desarrollar y analizar el uso de nuevas técnicas que permitan incorporar este tipo de referencias. La metodología de lógica borrosa, basada en la idea de que las variables deben ser manejadas no como un número sino más bien por las características que ellas presentan, responde a esta inquietud. Se utilizaron series históricas de cotizaciones diarias de los índices bursátiles norteamericanos DJI y Nasdaq (Estados Unidos), IPC (México) y TSE (Canadá), correspondientes al periodo comprendido entre el 8 de octubre de 1996 y el 7 de enero de 2005. Se construyó un modelo de lógica y otro de lógica difusa, para efectos de proyectar el signo de las variaciones de los índices bursátiles ya señalados. Los modelos de lógica y de lógica borrosa tuvieron una capacidad predictiva estadísticamente significativa. Además, ambos modelos lograron un rendimiento extranormal significativo y positivo al ser utilizados en una estrategia de comercio (trading), aun después de considerar los costos de transacción.
VÍCTOR L. URQUIDI, Otro Siglo Perdido. Las políticas de desarrollo en América Latina (1930-2005), México, Fondo de cultura Económica-El Colegio de México, 2005, 568 pp.
Authors: Carmagnani Marcello
Published: August 2017

Este libro de Víctor Urquidi es la suma tanto de su profundo y extenso conocimiento de la economía y de los mecanismos del desarrollo de la región latinoamericana como una poderosa reflexión crítica acerca de su propia acción como organizador en instituciones nacionales e internacionales. El resultado es un volumen que obliga al lector a reflexionar y a revisar las ideas corrientes respecto al presente y el futuro del desarrollo económico de la América Latina.