bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Sources of Particulate Matter from the Tajgaon Industrial Area, Dhaka
Authors: Begum Bilkis A , Tazmin A , Rabbani KA , Biswas Swapan K , Nasiruddin M
Published: July 2009

Air particulate matter (PM) level and its constituents (black carbon, organic carbon and selected trace metals) were investigated from samples of a field campaign from Tajgaon Industrial area in Dhaka City.  The sampling was done from November 2006 to April 2007 using MiniVol Portable AirMetrics samplers. The samples were collected in two fractions of 0-2.5 µm and 0-10 µm sizes using two samplers simultaneously.  It has found that both PM10 and PM2.5 values were higher than the 24-h average Bangladesh national ambient air quality standard. From statistical analysis of the PM composition data coupled with reconstructed mass (RCM) technique, five major local sources could be identified those contributing to PM mass. Although PM samples were collected from an industrial area, vehicular emissions constituted the major source of air pollution and possibly some regional emission sources are also responsible for high PM2.5 and BC concentrations in Dhaka, especially during wintertime. It is also observed that PM2.5, PM10 and BC concentration levels at a receptor site largely depend on the meteorological conditions including rainfall, wind speed and wind direction. Key words: PM10, PM2.5, MiniVol sampler DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i1.2952 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 71-85, 2009
Transgressing Boundaries? Romance, Power and Sexuality in Contemporary South African English Young Adult Fiction
Authors: Inggs Judith
Published: July 2009

Although sexuality is now regarded as one of the dominant ways of representing access to power in young adult fictions, adolescent sexuality, and even teenage romance, has remained relatively unexplored in South African examples of the genre. Works that do depict sexual relationships have generally worked to deliver didactic warnings of the potential dangers of engaging in any form of sexual activity. This article explores and examines whether, and how, adolescent sexuality is depicted and portrayed in contemporary South African young adult fiction written in English. The focus is on a range of works published during the years of the transition to democracy in South Africa, beginning in 1989. The article posits three broad categories of the genre, and concludes that the third of these at last gives evidence of a welcome move towards more openness and innovation.
Knowledge and Implementation of the New European Guide in the Management of Arterial Hypertension. The Cigema Survey
Authors: Pérez de Isla Leopoldo , Ruilope Luis Miguel , De la Sierra Alejandro , Zamorano José
Published: July 2009

Knowledge of guideline implementation pitfalls allows anticipation and solving of problems and may help to promote implementation. The aims of this study were: 1) to find out how much is known among medical professionals about the recommendations for the Management of Arterial Hypertension; 2) to study in depth the extent of implementation and 3) to evaluate the manner in which this guide will be applied to daily medical practice. The Delphi method was used for this work. The total estimated sample size was 2,250 physicians. The carefully selected experts answered questionnaires in two or more rounds. The final sample size was 2,475 physicians. Results of the study are detailed in the article. Among the resultsIt is noteworthy that the guide is viewed as needed among all those who have been interviewed and this agreement about its need is generalised and that the improvement in medical practice, together with individual treatment and cardiovascular risk stratification are viewed positively in opinions reached by consensus by the majority of physicians, regardless of whether they are specialists or general practitioners. The main results of this study emphasize the fact that physicians need a guideline for the management of hypertensive patients and that most of physicians agree with them. The new guidelines on arterial hypertension management are widely known among physicians and there appears to be a global agreement regarding the need for the implementation of the new recommendations.
Hearing Aid Outcomes: Effects of Gender and Experience on Patients' Use and Satisfaction
Authors: Williams Victoria A. , Johnson Carole E. , Danhauer Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2009

Purpose: To use the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA) with patients having advanced hearing aid technology to assess their satisfaction and benefit focusing on gender and experience effects, compare to norms, and use the IOI-HA and a practice-specific
questionnaire to monitor the quality of the services provided by a dispensing practice. Research Design: A study of 160 potential participants who had worn their newly purchased multichannel digital hearing aids having directional microphones for at least three months, completed a trial
period, and should have had time to acclimatize to them. English-speaking, private or insurance paying, competent, adult patients from a private practice were mailed a 12-item practice-specific questionnaire and the seven-item IOI-HA. Results: Of the160 questionnaires mailed, 73 were
returned for a 46% return rate. Of those, 64 were useable. Participants included male (34) and female (30), new (30) and previous (34) hearing aid users, who self-selected their participation by returning the questionnaires. The practice-specific questionnaire assessed patients' demographics
and the quality of services received. The IOI-HA was analyzed according to an overall score and on two different factor scores. A power analysis revealed that 19 respondents per group were needed for the IOI-HA results to have a statistical power of .80 and probability of a Type II error of
.20 for detecting a significant difference at the p < 0.05 level. Similar to earlier studies, no significant differences were observed either for any of the main effects or interactions for gender or user experience for the two IOI-HA factors and overall scores. A significant, but weak,
positive correlation (r  =  .34; df  =  63; p < .05) was observed between patients' overall satisfaction as indicated from the IOI-HA and the practice-specific quality assurance satisfaction question. T-tests on IOI-HA items 4 (satisfaction) and 7 (quality of life) revealed
that the present participants' responses were significantly higher than for those in the normative study. Conclusions: Gender and hearing aid experience did not influence these patients' responses on the IOI-HA, and all respondents were satisfied with their hearing aids and the practice
that dispensed them. No major differences were found between these patients' IOI-HA results and normative data suggesting that both sets of respondents were satisfied with their hearing aids. However, limited statistical comparisons for the satisfaction and quality of life items revealed significant
differences in favor of these participants' scores over those in the normative study. This suggested that the advanced hearing aid technology used here had a positive effect on patients' ratings and that the IOI-HA norms should be updated periodically to reflect changes in technology.
SCID Dogs: Similar Transplant Potential but Distinct Intra-Uterine Growth Defects and Premature Replicative Senescence Compared with SCID Mice
Authors: Meek Katheryn , Jutkowitz Ari , Allen Lisa , Glover Jillian , Convery Erin , Massa Alisha , Mullaney Tom , Stanley Bryden , Rosenstein Diana , Bailey Susan M. , Johnson Cheri , Georges George
Published: July 2009

We have previously described DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) mutations in horses and dogs that result in deficits in V(D)J recombination, DNA repair, and SCID. In this paper, we document substantial developmental growth defects in DNA-PKcs-deficient dogs that are not apparent in SCID mice. Fibroblast cell strains derived from either fetal or adult SCID dogs proliferate poorly in culture and undergo premature replicative senescence, somewhat reminiscent of cells derived from Ku-deficient mice. A limited number of animals have been immune reconstituted (by bone marrow transplantation) so that they can be maintained in a normal environment for long periods. Several of these animals have developed conditions associated with premature ageing at 2–3 years of age, roughly 20% of their expected lifespan. These conditions include intestinal malabsorption and primary neural cell neoplasia. These results suggest that DNA-PKcs deficiency is not tolerated equally in all species, perhaps providing insight into why DNA-PKcs deficiency has not been observed in humans. Finally, this study demonstrates the feasibility of maintaining SCID dogs for extended periods of time and documents their utility for bone marrow transplantation studies and as hosts for the propagation of xenografts. In sum, SCID dogs may present researchers with new possibilities for the development of animal models of human disease.
Activation of FcγRI on Monocytes Triggers Differentiation into Immature Dendritic Cells That Induce Autoreactive T Cell Responses
Authors: Tanaka Motoyuki , Krutzik Stephan R. , Sieling Peter A. , Lee Delphine J. , Rea Thomas H. , Modlin Robert L.
Published: July 2009

The formation of immune complexes results in activation of the innate immune system and subsequent induction of host inflammatory responses. In particular, the binding of IgG immune complexes to FcγR on monocytes triggers potent inflammatory responses leading to tissue injury in disease. We investigated whether activation of monocytes via FcγR induced cell differentiation, imparting specific inflammatory functions of the innate immune response. Human IgG alone induced monocytes to differentiate into cells with an immature dendritic cell (iDC) phenotype, including up-regulation of CD1b, CD80, CD86, and CD206. Differentiation into CD1b+ iDC was dependent on activation via CD64 (FcγRI) and induction of GM-CSF. The human IgG-differentiated iDC were phenotypically different from GM-CSF-derived iDC at the same level of CD1b expression, with higher cell surface CD86, but lower MHC class II, CD32, CD206, and CD14. Finally, in comparison to GM-CSF-derived iDC, IgG-differentiated iDC were more efficient in activating T cells in both autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions but less efficient at presenting microbial Ag to T cells. Therefore, activation of FcγRI on monocytes triggers differentiation into specialized iDC with the capacity to expand autoreactive T cells that may contribute to the pathogenesis of immune complex-mediated tissue injury.
NKp44 Receptor Mediates Interaction of the Envelope Glycoproteins from the West Nile and Dengue Viruses with NK Cells
Authors: Hershkovitz Oren , Rosental Benyamin , Rosenberg Lior Ann , Navarro-Sanchez Martha Erika , Jivov Sergey , Zilka Alon , Gershoni-Yahalom Orly , Brient-Litzler Elodie , Bedouelle Hugues , Ho Joanna W. , Campbell Kerry S. , Rager-Zisman Bracha , Despres Philippe , Porgador Angel
Published: July 2009

Dengue virus (DV) and West Nile virus (WNV) have become a global concern due to their widespread distribution and their ability to cause a variety of human diseases. Antiviral immune defenses involve NK cells. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between NK cells and these two flaviviruses. We show that the NK-activating receptor NKp44 is involved in virally mediated NK activation through direct interaction with the flavivirus envelope protein. Recombinant NKp44 directly binds to purified DV and WNV envelope proteins and specifically to domain III of WNV envelope protein; it also binds to WNV virus-like particles. These WNV-virus-like particles and WNV-domain III of WNV envelope protein directly bind NK cells expressing high levels of NKp44. Functionally, interaction of NK cells with infective and inactivated WNV results in NKp44-mediated NK degranulation. Finally, WNV infection of cells results in increased binding of rNKp44 that is specifically inhibited by anti-WNV serum. WNV-infected target cells induce IFN-γ secretion and augmented lysis by NKp44-expressing primary NK cells that are blocked by anti-NKp44 Abs. Our findings show that triggering of NK cells by flavivirus is mediated by interaction of NKp44 with the flavivirus envelope protein.
Cutting Edge: IL-7 Regulates the Peripheral Pool of Adult RORγ+ Lymphoid Tissue Inducer Cells
Authors: Schmutz Sandrine , Bosco Nabil , Chappaz Stephane , Boyman Onur , Acha-Orbea Hans , Ceredig Rhodri , Rolink Antonius G. , Finke Daniela
Published: July 2009

During fetal life, CD4+CD3− lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells are required for lymph node and Peyer’s patch development in mice. In adult animals, CD4+CD3− cells are found in low numbers in lymphoid organs. Whether adult CD4+CD3− cells are LTi cells and are generated and maintained through cytokine signals has not been directly addressed. In this study we show that adult CD4+CD3− cells adoptively transferred into neonatal CXCR5−/− mice induced the formation of intestinal lymphoid tissues, demonstrating for the first time their bona fide LTi function. Increasing IL-7 availability in wild-type mice either by IL-7 transgene expression or treatment with IL-7/anti-IL-7 complexes increased adult LTi cell numbers through de novo generation from bone marrow cells and increased the survival and proliferation of LTi cells. Our observations demonstrate that adult CD4+lineage− cells are LTi cells and that the availability of IL-7 determines the size of the adult LTi cell pool.
NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeProtein E Binds Vitronectin and Is Important for Serum Resistance
Authors: Hallström Teresia , Blom Anna M. , Zipfel Peter F. , Riesbeck Kristian
Published: July 2009

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) commonly causes local disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract and has recently been shown to interfere with both the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. The terminal pathway of the complement system is regulated by vitronectin that is a component of both plasma and the extracellular matrix. In this study, we identify protein E (PE; 16 kDa), which is a recently characterized ubiquitous outer membrane protein, as a vitronectin-binding protein of NTHi. A PE-deficient NTHi mutant had a markedly reduced survival in serum compared with the PE-expressing isogenic NTHi wild type. Moreover, the PE-deficient mutant showed a significantly decreased binding to both soluble and immobilized vitronectin. In parallel, PE-expressing Escherichia coli bound soluble vitronectin and adhered to immobilized vitronectin compared with controls. Surface plasmon resonance technology revealed a KD of 0.4 μΜ for the interaction between recombinant PE and immobilized vitronectin. Moreover, the PE-dependent vitronectin-binding site was located at the heparin-binding domains of vitronectin and the major vitronectin-binding domain was found in the central core of PE (aa 84–108). Importantly, vitronectin bound to the surface of NTHi 3655 reduced membrane attack complex-induced hemolysis. In contrast to incubation with normal human serum, NTHi 3655 showed a reduced survival in vitronectin-depleted human serum, thus demonstrating that vitronectin mediates a protective role at the bacterial surface. Our findings show that PE, by binding vitronectin, may play an important role in NTHi pathogenesis.
Distinct Responses of Human Monocyte Subsets to Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia
Authors: Serbina Natalya V. , Cherny Mathew , Shi Chao , Bleau Sharon A. , Collins Nancy H. , Young James W. , Pamer Eric G.
Published: July 2009

Aspergillus fumigatus is an environmental fungus that causes life-threatening infections in neutropenic patients. In the absence of intact innate immunity, inhaled A. fumigatus spores (conidia) germinate in the lung, forming hyphae that invade blood vessels and disseminate to other tissues. Although macrophages and neutrophils are postulated to provide defense against invasive fungal infection, animal models and human studies suggest that circulating monocytes also contribute to antifungal immunity. Although human monocyte subsets, defined as either CD14+CD16− or CD14+CD16+, have been extensively characterized, their respective roles during fungal infection remain undefined. We isolated CD14+CD16− and CD14+CD16+ monocytes from healthy allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation donors and compared their ability to phagocytose and inhibit A. fumigatus conidia. Both monocyte subsets efficiently phagocytose conidia, but only CD14+CD16− monocytes inhibit conidial germination yet secrete little TNF. In contrast CD14+CD16+ do not inhibit conidial germination and secrete large amounts of TNF. Although CD14+CD16− and CD14+CD16+ monocytes differ in their response to dormant conidia, responses are similar if conidia are already germinated at the time of monocyte uptake. Our study demonstrates that functional CD14+CD16− and CD14+CD16+ monocytes can be isolated from allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation donors and that these subsets differ in their response to A. fumigatus conidia.
Two Compensatory Pathways Maintain Long-Term Stability and Diversity in CD8 T Cell Memory Repertoires
Authors: Naumova Elena N. , Gorski Jack , Naumov Yuri N.
Published: July 2009

The time-dependent changes of human memory T cell repertoires are still poorly understood. We define a T cell memory repertoire as the pool of clonotypic lineages participating in a recall response to the influenza M158–66 epitope. In HLA-A2 individuals, this response predominantly uses BV19 chains with Arg-Ser (RS) in the CDR3 loop. We previously showed that the repertoire is polyclonal with a large fraction of clonotype that are only observed once. In this study, we perform longitudinal analyses of memory repertoires in three middle-aged individuals at times that spanned from 7 to 10 years. In these individuals, who are well into thymic involution, a substantial number of clonotypes were stable, e.g., detected at two times. The shape of the repertoire was stable over time as reflected by a number of repertoire characteristics, including singletons, i.e., the fraction of clonotypes observed only once, and repertoire diversity. However, the RS-clonotype subset showed a significant decline in the fraction of singletons and in clonotypic diversity. Thus, repertoire structure is maintained over time by a recruitment of non-RS-clonotypes and a shift of existing RS-clonotypes into higher frequencies. The recruitment of new clonotypes into the low-frequency component of the repertoire implies a role for these clonotypes.
TLR4- and TLR2-Mediated B Cell Responses Control the Clearance of the Bacterial Pathogen, Leptospira interrogans
Authors: Chassin Cécilia , Picardeau Mathieu , Goujon Jean-Michel , Bourhy Pascale , Quellard Nathalie , Darche Sylvie , Badell Edgar , d'Andon Martine Fanton , Winter Nathalie , Lacroix-Lamandé Sonia , Buzoni-Gatel Dominique , Vandewalle Alain , Werts Catherine
Published: July 2009

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans that are transmitted by asymptomatic infected rodents. Leptospiral lipoproteins and LPS have been shown to stimulate murine cells via TLRs 2 and 4. Host defense mechanisms remain obscure, although TLR4 has been shown to be involved in clearing Leptospira. In this study, we show that double (TLR2 and TLR4) knockout (DKO) mice rapidly died from severe hepatic and renal failure following Leptospira inoculation. Strikingly, the severe proinflammatory response detected in the liver and kidney from Leptospira-infected DKO mice appears to be independent of MyD88, the main adaptor of TLRs. Infection of chimeric mice constructed with wild-type and DKO mice, and infection of several lines of transgenic mice devoid of T and/or B lymphocytes, identified B cells as the crucial lymphocyte subset responsible for the clearance of Leptospira, through the early production of specific TLR4-dependent anti-Leptospira IgMs elicited against the leptospiral LPS. We also found a protective tissue compartmentalized TLR2/TLR4-mediated production of IFN-γ by B and T lymphocytes, in the liver and kidney, respectively. In contrast, the tissue inflammation observed in Leptospira-infected DKO mice was further characterized to be mostly due to B lymphocytes in the liver and T cells in the kidney. Altogether these findings demonstrate that TLR2 and TLR4 play a key role in the early control of leptospirosis, but do not directly trigger the inflammation induced by pathogenic Leptospira.
IDO Activates Regulatory T Cells and Blocks Their Conversion into Th17-Like T Cells
Authors: Baban Babak , Chandler Phillip R. , Sharma Madhav D. , Pihkala Jeanene , Koni Pandelakis A. , Munn David H. , Mellor Andrew L.
Published: July 2009

TLR ligands are effective vaccine adjuvants because they stimulate robust proinflammatory and immune effector responses and they abrogate suppression mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Paradoxically, systemic administration of high doses of CpGs that bind to TLR9 ligands stimulated Tregs in mouse spleen to acquire potent suppressor activity dependent on interactions between programmed death-1 and its ligands. This response to CpG treatment manifested 8–12 h and was mediated by a rare population of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (CD19+ pDC) induced to express the immunosuppressive enzyme IDO after TLR9 ligation. When IDO was blocked, CpG treatment did not activate Tregs, but instead stimulated pDCs to uniformly express the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, which in turn reprogrammed Foxp3-lineage Tregs to express IL-17. Thus, CpG-induced IDO activity in pDCs acted as a pivotal molecular switch that induced Tregs to acquire a stable suppressor phenotype, while simultaneously blocking CpG-induced IL-6 expression required to reprogram Tregs to become Th17-like effector T cells. These findings support the hypothesis that IDO dominantly controls the functional status of Tregs in response to inflammatory stimuli in physiological settings.
Antigen-Driven Evolution of B Lymphocytes in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Burioni Roberto , Canducci Filippo , Saita Diego , Perotti Mario , Mancini Nicasio , De Marco Donata , Clementi Nicola , Chieffo Alaide , Denaro Maurizio , Cianflone Domenico , Manfredi Angelo A. , Colombo Antonio , Maseri Attilio , Clementi Massimo
Published: July 2009

Recent data indicated that adaptive immunity is involved in the process of atherogenesis. Oligoclonal recruitment of T lymphocytes has been described in coronary plaques of patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, the nature of immune response remains to be determined. In the present study, we examined the Ab response in six coronary plaques obtained by endoluminal directional atherectomy. The IgG1/κ-coding gene repertoires of B lymphocytes present in circulating blood and in coronary plaques were cloned and analyzed. In all of the six plaques, we observed 1) a skewed usage of heavy and light IgG1/κ Ab-coding genes, 2) an oligoclonal distribution of VK, JK, and VH, DH, and JH genes with overrepresentation of some rarely used IgG genes, and 3) the unequivocal signs of Ag-driven clonal expansion and evolution of B cells. The data document for the first time the presence of a local Ag-driven clonal evolution of B cells in human atherosclerotic plaques.
A Default Pathway of Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation after Dendritic Cell Immunization Is Deflected by Encounter with Inflammatory Cytokines during Antigen-Driven Proliferation
Authors: Pham Nhat-Long L. , Badovinac Vladimir P. , Harty John T.
Published: July 2009

Inflammatory cytokines induced by infection or vaccination with adjuvant act directly or indirectly on CD8 T cells to modulate their expansion, contraction, and acquisition of memory characteristics. Importantly, the initial exposure of naive T cells to inflammatory cytokines may occur before, during, or after their interaction with stimulating dendritic cells (DC) and it is unknown whether and how the timing of cytokine exposure impacts the CD8 T cell response. In this study, we use an immunization strategy with peptide-coated mature DC that, in the absence of inflammatory cytokines, results in a transient effector phase followed by the accelerated acquisition of memory characteristics by the responding CD8 T cells. Induction of inflammatory cytokines by TLR agonists, at the time of DC immunization or 2–4 days after DC immunization, prevented the early acquisition of memory characteristics by the responding CD8 T cells. Interestingly, although induction of inflammatory cytokines at the time of DC immunization increased the effector response, induction of inflammatory cytokines after DC immunization did not promote further expansion of the responding CD8 T cells but still prevented their early acquisition of memory characteristics. In contrast, induction of inflammatory cytokines 2 days before DC immunization did not prevent the CD8 T cells from early acquisition of memory characteristics. Furthermore, TLR ligand-induced inflammatory cytokines had the most significant impact on the phenotype and function of proliferating CD8 T cells. These data suggest that a default pathway of memory CD8 T cell differentiation is deflected toward sustained effector commitment by encounter with inflammatory cytokines during Ag-driven proliferation.
TNFR1-Dependent Regulation of Myeloid Cell Function in Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis
Authors: Raveney Ben J. E. , Copland David A. , Dick Andrew D. , Nicholson Lindsay B.
Published: July 2009

Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis is an autoimmune disease induced in mice, which involves the infiltration of CD11b+ macrophages and CD4+ T cells into the normally immune-privileged retina. Damage is produced in the target organ following the activation of Th1 and Th17 T cells and by the release of cytotoxic mediators such as NO by activated macrophages. The majority of immune cells infiltrating into the retina are CD11b+ myeloid cells, but, despite the presence of these APCs, relatively limited numbers of T cells are observed in the retina during the disease course. These T cells do not proliferate when leukocytes are isolated from the retina and restimulated in vitro, although they do produce both IFN-γ and IL-17. T cell proliferation was restored by depleting the myeloid cells from the cultures and furthermore those isolated myeloid cells were able to regulate the proliferation of other T cells. The ability of macrophages to regulate proliferation depends on activation by T cell-produced IFN-γ and autocrine TNF-α signaling in the myeloid cells via TNFR1. In the absence of TNFR1 signaling, relative T cell expansion in the retina is increased, indicating that regulatory myeloid cells may also act in vivo. However, TNFR1 signaling is also required for macrophages, but not T cells, to migrate into the target organ. Thus, in TNFR1 knock out mice, the amplification of autoimmunity is limited, leading to resistance to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis induction.
RobustH∞filtering for uncertain Markovian jump systems with mode‐dependent distributed delays
Authors: Zhao Huanyu , Xu Shengyuan , Zou Yun
Published: July 2009

This paper deals with the problem of robustH∞filter design for Markovian jump systems with norm‐bounded time‐varying parameter uncertainties and mode‐dependent distributed delays. Both the state and the measurement equations are assumed to be with distributed delays. Sufficient conditions for the existence of robustH∞filters are obtained. Via solving a set of linear matrix inequalities, a desired filter can be constructed. The developed theory is illustrated by a simulation example. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivery of Nucleic Acids via Disulfide‐Based Carrier Systems
Authors: Bauhuber Sonja , Hozsa Constantin , Breunig Miriam , Göpferich Achim
Published: July 2009

Nucleic acids are not only expected to assume a pivotal position as “drugs” in the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases, but could also act as molecular cues to control the microenvironment during tissue regeneration. Despite this promise, the efficient delivery of nucleic acids to their side of action is still the major hurdle. One among many prerequisites for a successful carrier system for nucleic acids is high stability in the extracellular environment, accompanied by an efficient release of the cargo in the intracellular compartment. A promising strategy to create such an interactive delivery system is to exploit the redox gradient between the extra‐ and intracellular compartments. In this review, emphasis is placed on the biological rationale for the synthesis of redox sensitive, disulfide‐based carrier systems, as well as the extra‐ and intracellular processing of macromolecules containing disulfide bonds. Moreover, the basic synthetic approaches for introducing disulfide bonds into carrier molecules, together with examples that demonstrate the benefit of disulfides at the individual stages of nucleic acid delivery, will be presented.
Potential and Bottlenecks of Bioreactors in 3D Cell Culture and Tissue Manufacturing
Authors: Wendt David , Riboldi Stefania A. , Cioffi Margherita , Martin Ivan
Published: July 2009

Over the last decade, we have witnessed an increased recognition of the importance of 3D culture models to study various aspects of cell physiology and pathology, as well as to engineer implantable tissues. As compared to well‐established 2D cell‐culture systems, cell/tissue culture within 3D porous biomaterials has introduced new scientific and technical challenges associated with complex transport phenomena, physical forces, and cell–microenvironment interactions. While bioreactor‐based 3D model systems have begun to play a crucial role in addressing fundamental scientific questions, numerous hurdles currently impede the most efficient utilization of these systems. We describe how computational modeling and innovative sensor technologies, in conjunction with well‐defined and controlled bioreactor‐based 3D culture systems, will be key to gain further insight into cell behavior and the complexity of tissue development. These model systems will lay a solid foundation to further develop, optimize, and effectively streamline the essential bioprocesses to safely and reproducibly produce appropriately scaled tissue grafts for clinical studies.
Highly Efficient Halogenation of Organic Compounds with Halides Catalyzed by Cerium(III) Chloride Heptahydrate Using Hydrogen Peroxide as the Terminal Oxidant in Water
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Kazemi Somayeh , Ghaderi Arash , Garzan Atefeh
Published: July 2009

In this article a new environmentally friendly catalytic method is described for the efficient monoiodination and bromination of arenes and also iodoetherification and iodolactonization of olefins using hydrogen peroxide as the terminal oxidant. The method is based on using sodium iodide or sodium bromide, hydrogen peroxide (35%) and cerium(III) chloride as an effective catalyst in water at room temperature or under reflux conditions. By this protocol, iodination of anilines proceeded with high regioselectivity at the para position with the formation of small amounts of the ortho isomers. However, bromination of anilines proceeded with absolute regioselectivity to give the para isomers as the sole products in high yields. Iodinations and brominations of m‐xylene, toluene, chloro‐ and bromobenzenes were proceeded with excellent regioselectivity to produce the para isomers as the sole products. Benzene was also halogenated by this catalytic system to give the monohalogenated benzene in good yields. Iodoetherification and iodolactonization of olefins also proceeded easily in high yields at room temperature. However, the bromination of olefins by this protocol failed and the starting materials were detected intact.
Combining Fluorous and Triazole Moieties for the Tagging of Chiral Azabis(oxazoline) Ligands
Authors: Rasappan Ramesh , Olbrich Tobias , Reiser Oliver
Published: July 2009

New fluorous‐tagged azabis(oxazoline) ligands were prepared using the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition as ligation method. The resulting ligands were tested in copper‐catalyzed asymmetric benzoylations (up to 99% ee), nitroaldol (up to 90% ee), and Michael reactions (up to 82% ee). The combination of unpolar fluorinated alkyl chains and polar triazole moieties imposes properties that are beneficial for the catalysts with respect to recyclability and selectivity. The scope and limitation of this strategy in comparison to analogous catalysts immobilized on methoxypolyethylene glycol (MeOPEG) or polystyrene is discussed. Moreover, this study shows that the choice of solvent for a given reaction is crucial to arrive at highly recyclable bis(oxazoline) catalysts.
A Convenient and Efficient Rhenium‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Ketones and Aldehydes
Authors: Dong Hailin , Berke Heinz
Published: July 2009

The easily available rhenium(I) complex [Re(CH3CN)3Br2(NO)] catalyzes the homogeneous hydrosilylation of a great variety of organic carbonyl compounds (ketones and aldehydes). The reaction is quite sensitive to the solvent applied. Chlorobenzene was found to be superior over all the other solvents used. Various aliphatic and aromatic silanes were tested. Excellent yields were achieved at 85 °C in chlorobenzene using triethylsilane, the reaction affording TOF values of up to 495 h−1. A possible reaction mechanism for the hydrosilylation is presented.
Imidazolium‐2‐Carboxylate as an Efficient, Expeditious and Eco‐Friendly Organocatalyst for Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis
Authors: Naik Prashant U. , Petitjean Laetitia , Refes Karima , Picquet Michel , Plasseraud Laurent
Published: July 2009

An improved and greener approach towards the synthesis of glycerol carbonate, via transesterification, using 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐2‐carboxylate as catalyst is described. The catalyst loading as low as 1% was sufficient to yield quantitative conversions. A plausible mechanism is proposed for the catalytic cycle leading to product formation.
Retraction: Iron‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Bézier David , Darcel Christophe
Published: July 2009

The following article from Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, “Iron‐Catalyzed Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction” by David Bézier and Christophe Darcel, published online on July 27, 2009, in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), and in print in Volume 351, Issue 11+12, 2009, pages 1732–1736, has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor, Joe P. Richmond, and Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. The retraction has been agreed due to the following.
Cold Molecules: Preparation, Applications, and Challenges
Authors: Schnell Melanie , Meijer Gerard
Published: July 2009

Research with cold molecules has developed rapidly in recent years. There is now a variety of established methods for cooling molecules into the millikelvin range. Nevertheless, a focal point of current research is directed toward finding new ways to bring the temperature of molecules even closer to absolute zero. Samples of cold molecules offer not only important applications for high‐resolution spectroscopy, which benefit from the increased interaction time of slow molecules with electromagnetic radiation; they also promise access to an exotic regime of chemical reactivity, in which phenomena such as quantum tunneling and quantum resonances predominate. This review begins with an introduction to the methods by which cold molecules can be prepared, with special emphasis on Stark deceleration and traps. In addition to applications of cold molecules that have already been partially achieved, an important focus of the review concentrates on possible future applications, and both aspects are illustrated with selected examples.
Synthesis and Anti‐HIV‐1 Activity of 1‐Substiuted 6‐(3‐Cyanobenzoyl) and [(3‐Cyanophenyl)fluoromethyl]‐5‐ethyl‐uracils
Authors: Loksha Yasser M. , Pedersen Erik B. , Loddo Roberta , La Colla Paolo
Published: July 2009

1‐Substiuted 6‐(3‐cyanobenzoyl) and [(3‐cyanophenyl)fluoromethyl]‐5‐ethyl‐uracils were synthesized and evaluated in cell‐based assays against HIV‐1 wild‐type and its clinically relevant non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐resistant mutants. Some of the synthesized compounds showed activity against HIV‐1 wild‐type in the same range as Emivirine (MKC‐442). 3‐{[3‐(Allyloxymethyl)‐5‐ethyl‐2,6‐dioxo‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐4‐yl]fluoromethyl}‐benzonitrile11bshowed moderate activity against the Y181C HIV‐1 mutant strain.
Application of the RASCAN holographic radar to cultural heritage inspections
Authors: Capineri L. , Falorni P. , Borgioli G. , Bulletti A. , Valentini S. , Ivashov S. , Zhuravlev A. , Razevig V. , Vasiliev I. , Paradiso M. , Inagaki M. , Windsor C. , Bechtel T.
Published: July 2009

This paper explores the application of the RASCAN holographic radar for non‐destructive subsurface imaging of works of art and architecture. This radar provides high‐resolution plan‐view images of the shallow subsurface in dielectric materials. The radar is particularly sensitive to small metallic targets, but also to variations in moisture content. Originally developed for detection of hidden bugging devices, sounding of building construction details, and detection of landmines, here the utility of the RASCAN radar for art and architectural preservation studies is demonstrated by several bench‐top experiments on stone and wood items with different subsurface defects and features, as well as actual field tests on a decorative marble medallion in the floor of the Temple of San Biagio in Montepulciano, Italy, and Frescoes in the Church of San Rocco in Cornaredo, Italy. Historical research indicates that the medallion in San Biagio was laid circa 1590 during the funeral ceremony of a Prelatio of the family Casata Cervini. The actual burial place of the Prelatio is not recorded, but a radar scan of the medallion, and follow‐up scans of a bench‐top model suggest the possibility of a cavity that could contain remains or relics. In San Rocco, small delaminations were detected behind the frescos. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zu den Akten. Verlags‐ und Wissenschaftsstrategien der frühen Wiener Psychoanalyse
Authors: Windgätter Christof
Published: July 2009

Towards the Files. Psychoanalysis and Its Publishing House Strategies. The following case study deals with the Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, founded 1919 in Vienna by a group around Sigmund Freud and shut down in 1938 by the Gestapo. During that time the Verlag published the titles of the contemporary psychoanalytic movement, including the first psychoanalytic dictionary, the Almanach as a yearbook, the four authoritative journals, as well as the first complete edition of Freud's writings. A single publishing house became thus responsible for the appearance of an entire theory – a unique situation without historical comparison. My thesis here is that the Verlag initiated certain strategies of publicising (e.g. centralising the movement, enforcing the company's name, labelling its activities) that were, prior to arguments and contents, constitutive for the development of psychoanalysis as well as its implementation within the field of science. Consequently, these strategies cannot be found through interpretations of psychoanalytical texts, but in the genuine files and in view of the material products (books, journals, blurbs, advertisements etc.) that were passed down from the Verlag. As an opening step, this essay explores several of those Viennese files, showing that the Verlag not only struggled with monetary and personal problems but rather and foremost launched branding, marketing and public relation campaigns as key concepts to make sciences and its particular knowledge acceptable. As a result the Verlag changed from a commercial and distributive institution to an epistemic medium.
Design and facile solid‐phase synthesis of peptide‐based LPS‐inhibitors containing PEG‐like functionalities
Authors: Mas‐Moruno Carlos , Cascales Laura , Mora Puig , Cruz Luis J. , Pérez‐Payá Enrique , Albericio Fernando
Published: July 2009

LPS release from Gram‐negative bacteria can result in sepsis, a serious systemic inflammatory response to infection that can lead to septic shock and multiple organ failure. Thus, easy‐to‐synthesize, effective, and safe LPS‐inhibitors are required to develop new agents for the treatment of sepsis. On the basis of the chemical features of the toxic part of LPS, lipid A, here we present peptide‐based LPS‐neutralizers that can be readily obtained using solid‐phase methodologies. The presence of PEG‐like moieties yielded the most active compounds, thereby indicating that these functionalities may be of great value in the design of new inhibitors. In this regard, the substitution of several amino acids by PEG‐like chains in a previously reported cyclic anti‐LPS peptide (the peptide RLKWc) rendered a new derivative that retained the activity of the original peptide. We foresee that this strategy could be successfully applied to other LPS‐neutralizing peptides. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 92: 508–517, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The lateral calcaneal artery: Anatomic basis for planning safe surgical approaches
Authors: Elsaidy Mohamed A. , El‐Shafey Khaled
Published: July 2009

The proximity of the lateral calcaneal artery (LCA) to surgical incisions applied to the lateral hindfoot makes it vulnerable to iatrogenic injury and subsequent postoperative skin necrosis. This study aimed to investigate the course of the LCA and to define anatomical points that can be used by surgeons during lateral approaches to the calcaneus. Thirteen leg‐ankle‐foot specimens were dissected and the superficial course of the LCA was outlined by three anatomic points: (a) tip of lateral malleolus, (b) the point where it pierces the deep fascia, and (c) the point where it crosses the line connecting the lateral malleoluswith the insertion of Achilles tendon. Fifteen healthy volunteers were investigated by color Doppler ultrasound where the diameter and depth of LCA were measured. The LCA pierced the deep fascia at a maximum height of 4.5 cm (mean 3.78) above the midpoint of a line extending from the lateral malleolus to the insertion of Achilles tendon. It crossed the previous line at a maximum distance of 3 cm (mean 2.6) posterior to lateral malleolus. At this point, its mean diameter was 1.75 mm on the right and 1.73 mm on the left sides, while its mean depth was 7.73 mm on the right and 8.0 mm on the left sides. A dangerous triangle that contained the superficial course of the artery was mapped out in the lower lateral part of the leg. This triangle should be considered during surgical approaches applied to the lateral hindfoot to avoid damage of the LCA. Clin. Anat. 22:834–839, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic confidence adjustment of visual cues in model‐based camera tracking
Authors: Park Hanhoon , Oh Jihyun , Seo Byung‐Kuk , Park Jong‐Il
Published: July 2009

Model‐based camera tracking is a technology that estimates a precise camera pose based on visual cues (e.g., feature points, edges) extracted from camera images given a 3D scene model and a rough camera pose. This paper proposes an automatic method for flexibly adjusting the confidence of visual cues in model‐based camera tracking. The adjustment is based on the conditions of the target object/scene and the reliability of the initial or previous camera pose. Under uncontrolled or less‐controlled working environments, the proposed object‐adaptive tracking method works flexibly at 20 frames per second on an ultra mobile personal computer (UMPC) with an average tracking error within 3 pixels when the camera image resolution is 320 by 240 pixels. This capability enabled the proposed method to be successfully applied to a mobile augmented reality (AR) guidance system for a museum. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitamin C and E combination modulates oxidative stress induced by X‐ray in blood of smoker and nonsmoker radiology technicians
Authors: Kayan Mustafa , Nazıroğlu Mustafa , Çelik Ömer , Yalman Kadir , Köylü Halis
Published: July 2009

X‐ray radiation is detrimental to human cells and may lead to development of life‐threatening diseases. Cigarette smoke contains about 500 chemicals that include organic and oxidant compounds whereas vitamin C and E (VCE) have scavenger effects on the compounds. We investigated effects of VCE administration on X‐ray‐induced oxidative toxicity in blood of smoker and nonsmoker X‐ray technicians.

Twenty technicians and 30 healthy age‐matched subjects control were used in the study. Ten of the X‐ray technicians and 15 of the control were smokers. Blood samples were taken from the control. Oral vitamin C (500 mg) and vitamin E (150 mg) were daily supplemented to the smoker and nonsmoker X‐ray technicians for 5 weeks. Blood samples were taken from the X‐ray technicians after and before 5 weeks. Plasma and erythrocytes lipid peroxidation (LP), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, erythrocytes glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and plasma antioxidant vitamin concentrations were investigated in control and X‐ray technicians with smoker and nonsmoker.

Plasma and erythrocytes LP levels were higher in the total X‐ray group and smoker X‐ray group than in control and nonsmoker X‐ray group, respectively although the LP level was decreased by the VCE treatment. The plasma vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, and β‐carotene concentrations were lower in the X‐ray group than in control although their concentrations were increased by the treatment. The erythrocytes GSH level and GSH‐Px activity were found to be higher in the treatment group than in the X‐ray group. Plasma GSH level was not found to be different in all group.

Reactive oxygen species may play role in the mechanism that has been proposed to explain the biological side effect of X‐ray radiation and smoke. VCE prevents the smoke and X‐ray‐induced oxidative stress to strengthen antioxidant vitamin concentrations in the blood of the technicians. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propionate Analogues of Zearalenone Bind to Hsp90
Authors: Ugele Markus , Sasse Florenz , Knapp Stefan , Fedorov Oleg , Zubriene Asta , Matulis Daumantas , Maier Martin E.
Published: July 2009

By replacement of an acetate with propionate through organic synthesis a range of zearalenone analogues were prepared. As key steps in the synthesis of the analogues we used the Noyori hydrogenation of methyl acetoacetate followed by Frater alkylation of the enantiomeric 3‐hydroxybutyrates. This converted the second acetate to a propionate. Through the derived alkyne, chain extension led to 3‐methylundec‐10‐en‐2‐ol derivatives. These were condensed with 2,4‐dimethoxy‐6‐vinylbenzoic acid. Ring‐closing metathesis of the obtained esters led to macrolactones, which were deproteced to give the zearalenone analogues. Several of the analogues showed cytotoxicity against the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line comparable to zearalenone (9 μM) itself. In the thermal‐shift assay, two analogues 35 and ent‐35 displayed stronger binding than the natural product geldanamycin to the chaperone Hsp90.