bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Value Of Partnership In Offshoring
Authors: St. John Jeremy , Guynes Carl S. Guynes , Vedder Richard
Published: February 2016

Partnership or strategic partnership is a label attributed to client-vendor relationships characterized as highly involved. This high involvement or collaboration is considered a partnership quality. This study uses the social exchange theory to examine the relationship between clients and vendors as partners in offshoring. Social exchange theory requires that as members of an exchange relationship receive benefit, they must return an equivalent amount of benefit to maintain relationship equilibrium (Homans, 1958).Trust is an important element in exchange relationships because it helpsto ensure equilibrium. Management of theclient-vendor relationship is critical for the success of the IT offshoring arrangement.
The Social Media As Echo Chamber: The Digital Impact
Authors: Yusuf Nadia , Al-Banawi Nisreen , Al-Imam Hajjah Abdel Rahman
Published: February 2016

The media serve as the channels used to deliver information or research data for any purpose. With media and technology combined, if today a person is sitting in one corner of the world, he or she can send knowledge and words to an unimaginable number of people without fear of being interrupted or argued with. This paper explores the impact of media technology in our lives. The advent of the social media is playing a role in all facets of our lives. Its overriding existence with free search engines has changed the trends in education, economics, politics, and our day-to-day routine. Here we highlight how the quest of technology in the form of social media has been an important aspect of getting this world expressed in terms of bytes. The social media include web-based technology that has changed communication into a more interactive dialogue. The social media have completely transformed the way we connect or reconnect with old friends and acquaintances, entertain ourselves, pursue our hobbies, shop, relax, and look for jobs. The social media are the primary communication medium today for a new generation of digitally aware consumers.
Managing The Re-Employment Of Military Veterans Through The Transition Assistance Program (TAP)
Authors: Faurer Judson , Rogers-Brodersen Apryl , Bailie Paul
Published: February 2016

With the drawdown of troops in Iraq and Afghanistan and a $1.05 trillion dollar cut in the Department of Defense budget over the next ten years, tens of thousands of veterans are flooding the job market at a time when millions of civilians cannot find employment. To fight this high number of unemployed veterans Congress passed the Veterans Employment Bill of President Obamas Jobs Bill in November 2011. This paper discusses the government sponsored military veteran Transition Assistance Programs (TAP) effectiveness in reducing the veteran unemployment rate and presents the results of a survey of 350 Army personnels perceptions of the utility of the services offered through the TAP.
Going Concern: Where Is It Going?
Authors: Ehoff Jr. Clemense , Gray Dahli
Published: February 2016

On June 26, 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued an exposure draft concerning disclosure of uncertainties surrounding the going concern presumption. This exposure draft is the FASBs most recent attempt to bring closure to a project that began in 2007. This paper examines the going concern presumption and the FASBs treatment of the going concern from 2007 to the present.
Distributional Characteristics And Stochastic Dominance versus Parametric Analysis In Testing Anomalies In The Emerging Market: Evidence From Jordan
Authors: Al-Khazali Osamah
Published: February 2016

Virtually all previous studies of seasonal variation in stock returns have used mean/variance analysis despite it being well documented that stock returns in developed and emerging markets are non-normally distributed. This paper details the distributional characteristics of emerging Amman financial market returns. Further more, it uses stochastic dominance and parametric analyses to investigate the turn-of-the-year and the-week effects from 1978 to 2001. Results indicate that returns of Amman financial market exhibit substantial deviation from normality. And parametric analysis tests show there is January and week effects. However, stochastic dominance results indicate that January and week effects are not exist in the AFM. This implies that the results of parametric analysis are being driven by violations of parametric assumptions.
An Experience With A Faculty-Driven Approach To Business Curriculum Revision And Faculty Reorganization
Authors: Holoviak Stephen J. , Marsh Michael T.
Published: February 2016

Technology issues, student feedback, faculty turnover, employers needs, administration guidance, and AACSB recertification requirements combined to force the need for significant changes in the core business curriculum within the John L. Grove College of Business at Shippensburg University. College leadership approached both the identification of key issues and potential solutions with round-robin participation and consensus decision making by faculty rather than administrative edicts. Faculty Town Meetings were held regularly to discuss a wide range of issues, plan courses of actions, and design a new core curriculum. Faculty agreed to accept responsibility for the end products and ultimately made the final decisions regarding the content and structure of the core curriculum. This paper provides details of the processes, issues, problems, successes, lessons learned, and final results.
Looking Backward To Costs And Forward To Rewards: The Influence Of Service Recovery And Relationship Structure On Customer Responses To Service Failure
Authors: Maute Manfred F.
Published: February 2016

Service failure research has failed to consider the potential for rewards to influence customer retention while overlooking the role that relationship structure plays in shaping customer responses to service failure. Using the investment model of ongoing relationships as a conceptual framework, this study investigates the effects of recovery strategies that manipulate past service failure costs and customer loyalty strategies that manipulate future relationship rewards on customer responses to a core service failure. Service recovery strategy and customer loyalty strategy were observed to increase relationship satisfaction and decrease customer defection. Beyond influencing service failure responses directly, relationship structure variables such as current relationship rewards, costs, and investments, and alternative relationship value mediated service recovery effects on customer defection.
An Analysis Of The Return Dependence Between Large And Small Capitalization Stocks
Authors: Bali Rakesh , Guirguis Hany
Published: February 2016

In a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE) framework, we examine the Granger-causal linkages between the monthly returns of small and large market capitalization stocks. Our initial results confirm that the returns of large stocks lead those of smaller stocks as reported by Lo and MacKinlay (1988). However, such causality disappears once we account for the small-firm January effect, the feedback of monetary policy, and the expectation of a recession. Thus, we attribute the lead-lag pattern correlation to model misspecification that fails to incorporate the macroeconomic environment and its seasonality.
Ownership Structure And Market Valuation: The Case Of Very Small, Young, And Fast-Growing Firms
Authors: Barnes William , Harikumar T. , Roth Greg
Published: February 2016

In studies of primarily large, established firms, researchers find that increasing managerial ownership increases firm value, at least in some ranges of ownership.  This evidence suggests that increasing managerial ownership can decrease net agency costs.  Our study investigates managerial ownership and firm value for an atypical sample: very small, young, and fast-growing firms.  We argue that increasing managerial ownership likely increases net agency costs in small, entrepreneurial firms.  Consistent with this argument, we find that entrepreneurial firm value is positively related to outside board member ownership, but negatively related to inside board member ownership.
Two Staged Portfolio Optimizations
Authors: Ahmadi Hamid , Galindo Cesar
Published: February 2016

The primary goal of this work is to determine if an active portfolio optimization strategy utilizing a two staged optimization approach outperforms an ordinary optimization technique.   Both portfolio optimization models are based on Markowitz’s Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), which relies on assets’ mean, variance, and correlation to maximize returns at any given level of risk. For the two staged optimization approach the process of optimization is applied twice.  In the first stage, it is used to select an optimal portfolio of industries, and in the second stage optimization is applied to determine an optimal portfolio consisting of stocks within each industry. Our research indicates that portfolios formed based on ordinary optimization outperforms two staged portfolios and Market indexes by 37% during a bear market (2002) and outperforms Dow Jones Industrial Average and  S&P 500 by more than 13% during a bull market (2003). The performance of each model was determined by the capital gains and the dividend returns during the 2002 to 2003 time period.
Mutual Fund Management and Fund Performance
Authors: Poole Barbara S. , Bianco Candy A. , Giroux Craig
Published: February 2016

This study examines management characteristics, including education and experience, as determinants of mutual fund performance.  Managers with graduate degrees did not perform differently from managers without graduate degrees.  However, graduates of top 20 MBA programs outperformed MBAs from business schools not on the top 50 Wall Street Journal list.  Manager’s tenure was positively related to performance.
The Role Of Marketing In Making The Transition From State Of The Art Technology To Advanced Technology Products
Authors: Schmidt Stacy M. P. , Ralph David L. , Buskirk Bruce D.
Published: February 2016

This paper reviews the Technological Life Cycle with emphasis place on the shift between the State of the Art stage of Technology and the Advanced Stage of Technology.  Difficulties are discussed and recommendations are made to overcome technological stage shift difficulties.
Trading Room Educational Programs: Issues And Recommendations
Authors: Sinha Amit , Ferreira Eurico J. , Green Ronald
Published: February 2016

The last few decades have witnessed the transformation of financial markets in the United States. Electronic trading markets have now surpassed floor-based trading systems in terms of both trading volume and importance. The growth in technology-driven markets has led universities to evaluate and establish financial trading rooms in their College or School of Business. In this paper we discuss the purpose of such a room, the need for one, and how such a room fits into the overall mission of ‘excellence in teaching’ of a general College or School of Business. We find that the two most important factors to consider for a successful trading room program are faculty and curriculum.
The Relationship Between the Mid-Level Leader and Follower Commitment
Authors: Burrs Linda J.
Published: February 2016

The major goal of this research was to determine whether the mid-level leader’s emotional competence as perceived by followers influenced commitment. This quantitative research study attempted to establish whether follower commitment, influenced by follower perceptions of the leader’s emotional competence impacted change strategies. Correlation testing of the data indicated a strong relationship between the mid-level leader’s emotional competence and follower commitment. Results of the research suggest that as organizations continue to experience high levels of change, modifications in how the psychological contract is negotiated between mid-level leaders and their followers have created the need for a new paradigm shift. This justified shift may be needed to move from archaic forms of organizational commitment theory to a follower commitment theory that encourages higher levels of follower involvement in and commitment to leader-led vision and goals.
The Essential Role Of Renewable Energy In A Sustainable Future
Authors: Papachristou Patricia T. , Papachristou Gerald C.
Published: February 2016

This paper examines why renewable energy is essential to building a healthy, reliable, and secure future, that ultimately, will be both more cost efficient and beneficial to the environment. Despite the reluctance of the American national government to commit itself to renewable energy, several countries and California are demonstrating how renewable energy can become a significant part of their economy in less than a decade. While private corporations are important, government incentives and disincentives play a decisive role in the successful conversion to renewables.
Is It In The Name, Or In The Game? Can News Affect Firm Value? A Case For Athletes Sponsored By Nike, Inc.
Authors: Cohoon Lincoln , Extejt Marian , Melton Michael
Published: February 2016

Until recently, little of the celebrity endorsement literature has focused on how the activities of an athlete affect a company’s value.  Those that do, tend to focus on the impact of one star, such as Tiger Woods in golf, on a variety of companies.  This paper adopts the behavioral finance viewpoint and examines the impact of news relating to various sport stars’ performance, both on and off the field, on the sponsoring/endorsing firm’s value.  This research analyzes the impact across seven sports under Nike Inc.’s endorsement umbrella.  In doing so, this study finds that news pertaining to the very best “athletic stars” in their respective sports do not directly affect Nike’s stock price.  In fact, the only sport having a significant impact on stock price is professional golf.  Surprisingly, news relating to basketball, the sport generating one the largest endorsement expenses for Nike, Inc., did not have a significant influence on stock price.  Such results lead the authors to conclude that 1) the success of those sports stars under Nike’s endorsement umbrella does not directly add value to the firm, and 2) other factors may play a role in influencing investor behavior, to include airtime, public perception, and the size of the market, itself.
Evolution Of Technology And Skills In Production Workplaces Utilizing Advanced TPS
Authors: Yamaji Manabu , Sakai Hirohisa , Amasaka Kakuro
Published: February 2016

The Japanese industrial companies demand changes. Simultaneous achievement of consistent quality worldwide, simultaneous startup and QCD (Quality, Cost and Delivery) is necessary to achieve successful global production. The authors think that evolution of technology and skill to realize a guarantee of high quality in production workplaces of production shop is necessary for a global production strategy. Therefore, in this paper, the authors focus on “intellectual working value” and propose the basic principle of intellectual working value improvement and the “Working Value Improvement Management Model”. Furthermore the evolution of technology and skill realizing a high cycle of manufacturing technique in a Japanese offshore production factory was verified at Toyota Motor Corporation.
Assessing Board Members In The Nonprofit Organizational Arena: Increased Board Responsibilities Dictated By Sarbanes Oxley
Authors: Trudeau Gregory P.
Published: February 2016

Numerous corporate scandals of the 1990’s and 2000’s, coupled with public accounting firms generating high non-audit fees, eroded the publics’ confidence in the concept public accounting independence.  These scandals and the erosion of confidence in the auditor’s independence resulted in Congress passing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002.  While Sarbanes-Oxley applies mainly to publicly traded companies, proactive, progressive nonprofit organizations will also reap the benefits of Sarbanes-Oxley.  In fact, Board Source (2003) indicates, “Indeed, some state attorney generals are already proposing that elements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act be applied to nonprofit organizations.”  According to this author, whether this law eventually extends to the nonprofit arena or not, an increase in responsibility of board members of nonprofit organizations is inevitable. Due to the increased responsibilities board members assume, Boards would be well advised to increase their self assessment process.  This paper will look at assessing the Board of Directors in light of the new responsibilities Board Members assume in conjunction with the increased responsibilities resulting from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Compliance With Sarbanes-Oxley Requires Formal Ethics Training: Are You Doing It?
Authors: Galla Donna , Cavico Frank , Mujtaba Bahaudin
Published: February 2016

This paper focuses on the business environment post Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The premise of this paper is that after decades of an eroding of regulations to prevent corporate and personal self-serving behavior, the legislation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) is not enough to prevent unethical behavior. Kohlberg’s moral development theory states that cognitive ethical reasoning becomes more complex as one matures and gains cognitive processes. This theory assumes anyone with lower-order ethical reasoning is not able to process higher-order ethical reasoning. The theory is another indication that high ethical standards exhibited today do not guarantee the same standards tomorrow. Ethics theories and Rest’s four-component model is briefly discussed. This paper concludes with an ethical business training model which can serve as a guideline for accessing and improving individual organizational ethics standards of ethical behavior.
Is Tasting Believing? The Effect Of Peel-And-Taste Advertising On Product Feelings And Likelihood Of Purchase
Authors: Gerlich R. Nicholas , Browning Leigh , Westermann Lori
Published: February 2016

Scratch-and-sniff product samples have been used as surrogate methods of inducing product trial since the 1990s, but to date tasting a product required either in-store or in-home interactions with actual products. Peel-and-Taste flavor strips were introduced in 2007 as a means of putting product sample substitutes in the hands of many by virtue of being attached to advertising pieces in magazines, newspaper blow-ins, and direct mail. This study utilized a sample of female consumers (the targeted recipients of the ads) to allow them to interact with advertising samples using Peel-and-Taste, and measuring various resulting attitudes. Results showed that ratings of flavor pleasantness and the Peel-and-Taste method itself were positive significant predictors of Feelings Toward the Product (FTP), and that  FTP and the participant’s resulting mood state were positive significant predictors of Likelihood To Purchase (LTP) the product. In aggregate, though, FTP was modest at best, and LTP was virtually indifferent. It was concluded that the Peel-and-Taste method, while favorably linked to FTP and LTP, was not so strong as to be a significant stimulus to purchase the product.
Senior Citizens, Social Security, And Healthcare Costs
Authors: Pritchard Robert E. , Potter Gregory C.
Published: February 2016

Based on an extensive literature review this paper discusses the interrelationships among the increasing numbers of Senior Citizens and the costs of Social Security and healthcare. This discussion includes information on Social Security pertaining to its funding and the Social Security Trust Funds. The paper notes that both the costs of Social Security and healthcare are directly related to improving healthcare. The ongoing improvements in healthcare result in increasing numbers of Senior Citizens who demand further improvements in healthcare. This leads to increases in longevity adding to healthcare and Social Security costs. Finally, the paper demonstrates the underlying complexities and the lack of consensus of possible changes to improve healthcare.
Pharmaceutical Price Convergence In The EU: Preliminary Results From The Panel Data Unit Root Test
Authors: Timur Aysegul
Published: February 2016

This paper explores the case of market integration and price convergence in the European Union, specifically in the pharmaceutical industry. The EU has been experiencing market integration since 1992, through the removal of trade barriers, the establishment of a single market, and the reduction of exchange rate volatility. In addition, there have been several structural reforms in product markets designed to increase competition, monitor cross-country price differences and increase transparency. One anticipated effect of market integration is price convergence, because of the reduced potential for price discrimination across the EU. This paper is aimed to analyze market integration and price convergence in the European pharmaceutical market, which is the fifth largest industry in the EU. Since 1985, many EU directives have been adopted to achieve a single EU-wide pharmaceutical market, with the aim of enhancing the quality of life for European citizens and the European pharmaceutical industrys competitiveness and research and development capability. Using annual 19942003 IMS Health panel data from five EU countries on prices of drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease and controlling drug and market characteristics; this paper examines how the integration process has affected cross-country drug price dispersion in the EU through the preliminary results from the panel data unit root test. Finally, the results show some evidence of price convergence in the pharmaceutical market, with long term price differences arising from country fixed effects.
Management Changes And Performance: The Case Of REITs
Authors: Price Russell M.
Published: February 2016

Managements (board of directors or executive officers) contribution to a firm is difficult to directly observe, although stock return performance can be a source of information. This study extends the work of McIntosh et al (1994) and Friday et al (2006) by analyzing management changes involving Real Estate Investment Trusts from 1996 to 2008. I find that there is a significant relationship between negative performance and a management change from a period three months prior to the change in management. REITs specializing in office properties have the largest negative performance prior to management changes. Negative performance prior to management changes was highest during the tech bubble period.
Efficiency Wages, Unemployment, And Labor Discipline
Authors: Pacitti Aaron
Published: February 2016

This paper explores the economic implications of unemployment by appealing to efficiency wage models. Agency issues in labor markets are first surveyed and discussed, providing the foundation for a detailed analysis and synthesis of two shirking models using uniform language and terminology. The use of a class-based analysis shows that unemployment disciplines both unemployed and employed labor, and explains the presence of unemployment as an equilibrium phenomenon. The economic effects of unemployment on wages, employee effort, labor surveillance, and other aspects, such as unemployment duration, are developed and explored.
Accounting Editorial Board Membership And Research Output
Authors: Bates Homer L. , Waldrup Bobby E. , Shea Vincent J. , Heflin Whitney L.
Published: February 2016

The primary purpose of this article is to examine whether the university affiliation of faculty members on the editorial boards of three top academic accounting journals is related to the university affiliation of the faculty that publish in these journals. The journals selected The Accounting Review (AR); The Journal of Accounting Research (JAR); and, Accounting, Organizations and Society (AOS), were identified by Chan, et al. (2009) as the top three accounting research journals. The board members (as of January 1, 2007) of these three journals were categorized by university affiliation (both current employer and doctoral-degree granting), and cross referenced with the authors (including co-authors) of all main articles published in these three journals during the calendar years of 2007-2009. The results indicate that the majority of the authors at JAR and AOS had academic affiliations different from the editorial board members. In the AR, however, over 60% of the authors had the same academic affiliations as the 101 members of the AR editorial review board. Secondary results provide that a small handful of university affiliations dominate the U.S.-based journal boards, however this connection was not as strong in the non-U.S. AOS. Overall, less than 11% of AACSB accredited business programs are represented on these collective boards, although AACSB accounting specific accreditation does increase this ratio to a 14% representation.
Developing An Economic Partnership Framework Between The Lheidli T'enneh First Nation And Initiatives Prince George Development Corporation
Authors: Petrucci Franca , Tallman Rick
Published: February 2016

Both non-aboriginal corporations and First Nation bands are recognizing the benefits of forming economic partnerships. Each First Nation is unique and economic partnerships have to be designed to fit the partners capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of a framework for an economic partnership between the Lheidli Tenneh First Nation and the Initiatives Prince George Development Corporation. This framework was intended to offer structure, engagement, and guidance to that partnership. The economic development framework was created by a committee composed of representatives from the two parties with one of the authors acting as the facilitator. The committee identified nine elements that were deemed important to their relationship. It expanded on each of these elements under the headings of our definition, strategic actions and performance measures. The framework developed by the committee is intended for the Lheidli Tenneh First Nation and the Initiatives Prince George Development Corporation but can serve as a guide for other parties.
The Economic Impact Of The Film And Video Production And Distribution Industry On The Charlotte Regional Economy
Authors: Connaughton John E. , Madsen Ronald A.
Published: February 2016

This report provides measurement of the 2008 economic impacts of the film and video production and distribution industry on the Charlotte regional economy. Officially known as the Charlotte USA Region, this 16 county area is one of Americas fastest-growing metropolitan regions and supports a well established and expanding film and video production and distribution industry. Four different types of economic impacts generated by the film and video production and distribution industry were estimated based on the 2008 information. These impacts include: (1) output impacts; (2) employment impacts; (3) employee and freelancers compensation impacts; and (4) value added impacts. The results are disaggregated to identify the direct economic impact of the film and video production and distribution industry, the indirect (supply chain) impact of the industry, and the induced (re-spending) impact of the industry. The total impact of the industry is then the sum of direct, indirect, and induced impacts.
The Informativeness Of Cash Flow Forecasts And The Regulation FD Environment
Authors: Petruska Karin A.
Published: February 2016

Prior literature shows that analysts forecast estimates serve as a proxy for the markets and investors beliefs which are unobservable. For decades, analysts have generated forecasts for use in valuation models including future estimates of earnings and growth. Yet, only recently, analysts have begun to voluntarily provide cash flow per share forecasts at the same time they are producing earnings per share forecasts for firms they follow. This study addresses whether the tendency of analysts to issue cash flow per share forecasts, as a result of changes in the regulatory environment, affects forecast properties. By examining the time frame surrounding Regulation FD, the analysis provides evidence that both the mere existence and the relative measure of analysts cash flow per share forecasts differ in explaining analysts earnings forecast accuracy. Specifically, the empirical results demonstrate that the relative value of analysts cash flow forecasts, the implied value of unexpected accruals, and cash flow forecast errors facilitate the reduction in analysts earnings forecast errors subsequent to the passage of Regulation FD. Further, the inverse relation between these analysts inputs and earnings forecast errors appear to be driven by firms with more accurate cash flow forecasts.
Perceptions Of Status Consumption And The Economy
Authors: Eastman Jacqueline K. , Eastman Kevin L.
Published: February 2016

This paper looks at the relationship between status consumption, economic perceptions, price consciousness, brand consciousness, and value consciousness. Based on a convenience online sample of adults in the Southeast USA, most consumers are not motivated by status. There was a significant negative relationship between the level of status consumption and levels of price consciousness and value consciousness. Additionally, there was a significant negative relationship between level of status consumption and the view that it is frivolous to buy status products in an economic downturn. There was a significant positive relationship between status consumption and brand consciousness, indicating that those more motivated to consume for status are both more brand-name conscious and more likely to see a higher price as indicative of higher quality. For managers of luxury brands in this economy, the results suggest that although the status market may be smaller, status consumers are brand conscious and not price conscious. Consumers, however, may also feel that inexpensive products and discount stores can meet their status needs.
Asset Size Distribution Of U.S. Banks Since Riegle-Neal
Authors: Heiney Joseph N.
Published: February 2016

Previous research considered the immediate impact of the Riegle-Neal Act on the asset size distribution within the U.S. banking industry. That research discovered a decrease in the number of banking institutions in the smallest asset size categories and growth in the number at large and intermediate asset size categories. This paper will extend that previous research to determine whether these changes in the asset size distribution among U.S. banks which occurred during the time and immediately after Riegle-Neal became fully effective have continued in the longer term. Therefore, it will examine the asset size distribution among U.S. banks from 1998 to the present.
Consolidation, Concentration, And Valuation In The Banking Industry
Authors: Bendeck Yvette M. , Waller Edward R.
Published: February 2016

We assess whether gains in wealth associated with bank consolidation are the result of reduced competition by examining effects of merger announcements on values of bidders, targets and rivals. The results suggest that gains in wealth are not due to increases in market power at the level of individual banks. Specifically, we find that returns to bidders, targets and rivals are unrelated to the effects of mergers on concentration.
A Review of Research on the Effects of LREs on L2 Development
Authors: Ismail Lilliati
Published: February 2016

Swain and Lapkin’s (1998, 2001, 2002) language-related episodes (LREs) have generated greater interest among ESL (English as a Second Language) practitioners and researchers on the effects of addressing linguistic issues during learner-learner interaction in the course of completing pedagogic tasks on interlanguage development. This paper reviews the results of various studies that measured the effects of LREs on L2 development. This paper concludes that LREs could have beneficial effects on L2 learning as reflected by the amount of negotiation and learning opportunities that occurred, the rate of successful outcomes of the repair practices, and L2 achievements in posttests. This paper also suggests that future research could further analyse the exchanges that occur during LREs to gain a greater understanding of interaction-oriented learning opportunities.
he semiotic atoms of its grammatical narration as much as the semiotic atoms of its spatial narration in poetic narrative texts to develop and improve the theories of poetic narratology and expand its studies from macro-studies to micro-studies.
 
Revisiting Input and Output Hypotheses in Second Language Learning
Authors: Birkner Victor A.
Published: February 2016

This article discusses the impact that both input and output hypotheses have on second language learning. For decades, there have been opposing ideas in this regard. Several studies were consulted to have a clearer view of which approach is more recommendable for people involved in language teaching. For several years teachers of second language strongly believed that learning a new language depended on the exposition of learners to the target language. For effective learning, the exposition should be higher than the students’ level but comprehensible enough for them to understand. However, this hypothesis was rejected when a new study revealed that the exposition was not enough. Students need to use the language they have learnt. These new ideas emerged from the output hypothesis that had a significant impact on the field of language teaching. The article concludes that both approaches can be used complementarily although more study is still needed. atology and expand its studies from macro-studies to micro-studies.
 
Tindak Pidana Credit/Debit Card Fraud dan Penerapan Sanksi Pidananya dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia
Authors: Kian Antonius Maria Laot
Published: February 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaturan hukum dan penerapan sanksi pidana terhadap tindak pidana credit/debit card fraud di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan mengelompokan ketentuan-ketentuan yang relevan dengan tindak pidana credit/debit card fraud yaitu berdasarkan Undang- Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik; selain itu digunakan pula Convention on Cybecrime 2001. Analisis bahan hukum dilakukan melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach) untuk menciptakan suatu ius constituendum mengenai penerapan sanksi pidana terhadap kejahatan credit/debit card fraud. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pengaturan dan sanksi pidana terhadap tindak pidana credit/debit card fraud di Indonesia masih tergolong minim. Pertama, belum dikomodasinya ketentuan yang secara langsung mengatur mengenai computer related fraud. Kedua, belum diaturnya sanksi pidana berbentuk tindakan yang bersifat restitutif bagi pelakunya.
Pengendalian Efektif sebagai Cara Akuisisi Teritorial: Analisis Kasus Sipadan - Ligitan
Authors: Hendrapati Marcel , Napang Marthen , Mochtar Syamsuddin , Yudhariksawan Yudhariksawan
Published: February 2016

Berbagai cara seperti cession, prescription, discovery dalam memperoleh hak atas suatu wilayah dapat dilakukan oleh suatu negara, asal saja negara tersebut dapat menjalankan pengendalian efektif (effective occupation) atas wilayah itu. Pengendalian yang berlangsung lama, terus menerus dan damai yang disertai dengan pengakuan tidak memiliki karakter fisik semata-mata, tetapi terutama terkait dengan pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi pemerintahan sebagai manifestasi kedaulatan teritorial, sebagaimana ditemukan melalui berbagai yurisprudensi, seperti kasus Sipadan - Ligitan. Hak Malaysia atas kedua pulau itu tidak semata-mata terkait prinsip ‘effective occupation’, tetapi juga terkait dengan sulitnya menghindari pengaruh eksternal di balik putusan Mahkamah Internasional. Argumentasi dan pertimbangan mahkamah sarat dengan alibi atau permainan kata dalam mematahkan pendirian pihak Indonesia sehingga dirasakan adanya ketidakadilan.
Hakikat Labelisasi Halal terhadap Perlindungan Konsumen di Indonesia
Authors: Lahaling Hijrah , Makkulawuzar Kindom , Rukka Singkeru
Published: February 2016

Labelisasi halal tidak sekedar sarana pemenuhan kebutuhan lahiriah, tetapi sekaligus kebutuhan spiritual. Kehalalan dan keharaman makanan biasanya mudah diketahui bila dalam keadaan segar. Tetapi jika setelah mengalami proses pengolahan, maka akan sulit menentukan kehalalannya. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui aspek perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen untuk secara nyaman dapat melakukan transaksi terhadap produk makanan yang dikehendaki, untuk mengetahui Kewenangan MUI sebagai pihak yang berwenang dan memiliki otoritas mengeluarkan fatwa di Indonesia terkait kehalalan dan keharaman produk pangan; dan untuk mengetahui sejauhmana pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah, LPKSM, dan masyarakat sebagai pihak yang berperan penting dalam melakukan pengawasan terhadap produk atau barang yang beredar di pasaran. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masih lemahnya perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen, tidak maksimalnya pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah, LPKSM, dan masyarakat. Selain itu hadirnya UU JPH No. 33 Tahun 2014 masih menuai polemik salah satunya terkait monopoli kewenangan oleh MUI.
Penerapan Konsep Rechtsvinding dan Rechtsschepping oleh Hakim dalam Memutus Suatu Perkara
Authors: Tumpa Harifin A.
Published: February 2016

Hakim tidak boleh menolak untuk memeriksa dan memutus perkara yang diajukan padanya sekalipun dengan dalih hukumnya tidak jelas atau tidak ada. Hakim dituntut untuk dapat menggali nilai-nilai dan rasa keadilan yang tumbuh dan hidup dalam masyarakat. Konsep keadilan di sini bukanlah hasil dari intelektual manusia, melainkan dari jiwanya. Suatu keadilan tidak bisa muncul atau lahir dari suatu teori, sebab keadilan itu lahir alami dari hati nurani yang paling dalam dari seorang hakim yang juga manusia. Hati nurani yang murni dari seseorang tidak dapat datang tiba-tiba, melainkan ia lahir dari suatu proses dan latihan atau kebiasaan. Penemuan hukum (rechtsvinding) ataupun penciptaan hukum (rechtsschepping) haruslah dalam koridor untuk memberikan keadilan bagi pencari keadilan. Penerapan konsep rechtsvinding ataupun rechtsschepping hanya boleh dilakukan hakim apabila: Pertama, tidak ditemukannya aturan hukum yang relevan dalam perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Kedua, diatur dalam perundang-undangan tetapi tidak jelas maknanya atau mengandung pelbagai penafsiran. Ketiga, aturan yang ada di dalam perundang-undangan tidak lagi memenuhi rasa keadilan masa kini (out of date). Keempat, didasarkan pada suatu yurisprudensi atau pendapat ahli.
Spatial Distribution and Sequential Sampling of the Banana Root Borer
Authors: Maldonado Walter , Barbosa José Carlos , Pavarini Ronaldo , Maruyama Wilson Itamar , Oliveira Rodrigo Alves
Published: February 2016

The banana root borer, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major pest in many banana (Musa spp.)‐producing regions of the world, causing yield losses of up to 100%. The aims of this study were to define the spatial distribution pattern of C. sordidus in banana plantations, to determine the probability distribution model that best describes the sampling data, and to develop a sequential sampling plan for this pest. Aggregation was investigated using aggregation indices and theoretical frequency distributions. To quantify the number of insects, 80 traps were distributed in a commercial banana plantation with an area of 4 ha and inspections were performed every 2 wk from 2005 to 2008. The sequential sampling plan was based on Wald's sequential probability ratio test. The calculated indices indicated moderate aggregation, with a common k parameter of the negative binomial distribution equal to 3.29. The best model for predicting the spatial distribution of the insects was the negative binomial distribution, which fit 93% of the inspections, followed by the Neyman Type A distribution, which fit 90% of the surveys, and Poisson's distribution, which fit only one survey. A sequential sampling plan was generated with Type I and II error rates of 5%, for which 19 was the maximum expected number of samples required to reach a decision for an infestation mean of approximately 3.7 insects per trap. The validation showed that the constructed plan is reliable and provides correct recommendations for decision‐making in pest control.

The banana root borer has an aggregated spatial distribution in the field.

Negative binomial distribution is the best model to explain species spatial pattern.

A sequential sampling plan was developed and validated.

The sequential sampling plan showed reliable decision rates.

The sequential sampling plan showed a reasonable number of required sample units.
Carbon Dioxide Flux from Bermudagrass Turf as Affected by Nitrogen Rate
Authors: Hamido Said A. , Wood C. Wesley , Guertal Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2016

Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have contributed to global climate change. Atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased by ≈43%, from 280 ppmv in 1850 to 400 ppmv in 2015. This increase is expected to alter the distribution of C among the atmosphere, vegetation, and soils. Despite its large‐scale presence in the urban ecosystem, the role of turfgrasses in C cycling has received limited attention, and studies with warm‐season turfgrasses are lacking. The objective of this study was to estimate CO2 flux from soil as affected by N applied to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy]. The study was initiated in March 2012 on 8‐yr‐old Tifway hybrid bermudagrass plots located at the Auburn University Turfgrass Research Unit on a Marvyn loamy (fine‐loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) sand soil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four N rates of 24, 49, 98, and 196 kg N ha−1 yr−1 that were replicated three times. Carbon dioxide flux was measured weekly for 95 wk using an automated soil CO2 flux system (LiCor LI‐8100A, LICOR, Inc., Lincoln, NE). Soil temperature and moisture were also determined during CO2 flux measurements. Results showed strong correlation between CO2 flux and N rate (r2 = 0.99∗∗). Accumulated CO2 flux increased by 35%, from 107 to 144 Mg ha−1 as N rate increased from 24 to 196 kg N ha−1, respectively. Data suggest that a lower N application rate may be a better choice for mitigation of CO2 emissions under bermudagrass management.

Core Ideas

Averaged daily fluxes of CO2 were significantly (r2 = 0.99∗∗) correlated with N rate.

Lower N application rate may be a better choice for mitigation of CO2 emissions under bermudagrass management.

Increasing soil temperature has increased CO2 fluxes.
Decomposition of Arboreal Legume Fractions in a Silvopastoral System
Authors: Apolinário Valéria X.O. , Dubeux José C.B. , Lira Mário A. , Ferreira Rinaldo L.C. , Mello Alexandre C.L. , Coelho Diego L. , Muir James P. , Sampaio Everardo V.S.B.
Published: February 2016

Deposition and decomposition of arboreal vegetation represent crucial but poorly understood soil nutrient and organic matter cycling components of warm climate silvopastoral systems. Biomass loss and nutrient release from decomposition bags with leaves (Exp. 1) or branches (Exp. 2) of the arboreal legumes gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth] and sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.) in a signal grass [Brachiaria decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster] silvopastoral system were measured in 2011 and 2012. In Exp. 2, branches were divided into 0‐ to 3‐, >3‐ to 9‐, and >9‐ to 20‐cm circumference classes. The incubated nylon bags were collected 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 d after placement on the soil surface. Gliricidia leaves and branches, in general, had higher N and lower acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentrations and ADL/N ratios than those of sabiá. Gliricidia leaf biomass loss rates were greater (P < 0.001; k = 0.0038 g g−1 d−1) than those of sabiá (k = 0.0012 g g−1 d−1), as were the branch biomass loss rates (gliricidia, k = 0.0018 g g−1 d−1; sabiá, k = 0.0005 g g−1 d−1). Leaf N release from the fixed amounts incorporated as annual litterfall corresponded to 47 and 14 kg N ha−1 from gliricidia and sabiá, respectively. The differences in concentrations and decomposition rates of the various fractions indicate that the two legume species differ in their nutrient recycling capacities.
Friction factor for water flow through packed beds of spherical and non-spherical particles
Authors: Kaludjerovic-Radoicic Tatjana , Boskovic-Vragolovic Nevenka , Garic-Grulovic Radmila , Djuris Mihal , Grbavcic Zeljko
Published: February 2016

The aim of this work was the experimental evaluation of different friction factor correlations for water flow through packed beds of spherical and non-spherical particles at ambient temperature. The experiments were performed by measuring the pressure drop across the bed. Packed beds made of monosized glass spherical particles of seven different diameters were used, as well as beds made of 16 fractions of quartz filtration sand obtained by sieving (polydisperse non-spherical particles). The range of bed voidages was 0.359?0.486, while the range of bed particle Reynolds numbers was from 0.3 to 286 for spherical particles and from 0.1 to 50 for non-spherical particles. The obtained results were compared using a number of available literature correlations. In order to improve the correlation results for spherical particles, a new simple equation was proposed in the form of Ergun?s equation, with modified coefficients. The new correlation had a mean absolute deviation between experimental and calculated values of pressure drop of 9.04%. For non-spherical quartz filtration sand particles the best fit was obtained using Ergun?s equation, with a mean absolute deviation of 10.36%. Surface-volume diameter (dSV) necessary for correlating the data for filtration sand particles was calculated based on correlations for dV = f(dm) and ? = f(dm).