bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why the changing American economy calls for twenty‐first century learning: Answers to educators' questions
Authors: Levy Frank , Murnane Richard J.
Published: August 2006

A host of data on the makeup of the twenty‐first century workforce suggests that educators focus on a new level of skills, including expert thinking and complex communication.
Molecular Structures of some Tellurium Derivatives of 1,2‐Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12)
Authors: Herberhold Max , Milius Wolfgang , Jin Guo‐Xin , Kremnitz Walter , Wrackmeyer Bernd
Published: August 2006

The insertion of tellurium into the carbon‐lithium bonds of lithiated ortho‐carborane, C2B10H12, in solution can be used to generate organometallic derivatives with Te2 units.

In addition to di(ortho‐carborane‐1‐yl) ditellane, (C2B10H11)2Te2 (2c), two cylic compounds containing each two annellated [(dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborano)] units, (C2B10H10)2Te4 (3c) and (C2B10H10)2Te2(SnMe2) (4c), have been structurally characterized.
Synthesis, Rietveld Analysis and Solid State Raman Spectroscopy of K4SrSi3O9
Authors: Kahlenberg Volker , Kaindl Reinhard , Többens Daniel M.
Published: August 2006

The crystal structure of K4SrSi3O9 has been determined from laboratory X‐ray powder diffraction data using polycrystalline material prepared from solid state reactions. The compound crystallizes with 16 formula units in a cubic primitive unit cell (a = 16.16957(5) Å, V = 4227.62(2) Å3) and adopts space group $Pa{\bar 3}$. The structure belongs to the group of cyclosilicates and is isotypic with Na4CaSi3O9 and other similar silicates and germanates. It contains puckered twelve‐membered [Si12O36]‐rings centered on the ${\bar 3}\rm -axes$. The rings are connected by seven different M‐sites occupied by potassium or strontium atoms. Five of the seven crystallographically independent alkaline and alkaline earth cations are surrounded by six oxygen ligands in the form of distorted octahedra. The octahedra share opposite triangular faces, building non‐intersecting columns parallel to the body diagonals of the cubic unit cell. The arrangement of these rods corresponds to one of the cubic cylinder or rod packings. The remaining two potassium sites have more irregular coordination environments with eight next oxygen neighbors. Structural investigations are completed by solid state Raman spectroscopy.
New Intermetallic Compounds Nd4Co2Mg3 and Sm4Co2Mg3 – an Intergrowth of AlB2 and CsCl Related Slabs
Authors: Tuncel Selcan , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Heying Birgit , Chevalier Bernard , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: August 2006

The new magnesium based intermetallic compounds Nd4Co2Mg3 and Sm4Co2Mg3 were synthesized by induction melting of the elements in sealed tantalum tubes in a water‐cooled sample chamber. The compounds were studied by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffractometer data: P2/m, a = 765.42(14), b = 380.53(5), c = 832.47(16) pm, β = 109.79(1)°, wR2 = 0.0489, 1026 F2 values for Nd4Co2Mg3, a = 760.12(15), b = 377.11(6), c = 826.84(16) pm, β = 109.68(1)°, wR2 = 0.0518, 731 F2 values for Sm4Co2Mg3 with 30 variable parameters for each refinement. These ternary magnesium compounds crystallize with a new structure type. They are simple 1:3 intergrowth variants of distorted AlB2 and CsCl related slabs of compositions RECo2 and REMg. The Co–Co distance within the AlB2 related slab is 237 pm in Nd4Co2Mg3 and 235 pm in Sm4Co2Mg3. The crystal chemistry of this new structure type is discussed in line with the related structures of Mn2AlB2 and Mo2FeB2 which are 1:1 intergrowth variants of the two slabs.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the novel T‐shaped Organotellurium(II) Dihalides (PyH)[mesTeClBr] and (PyH)[mesTeX2] (Py = pyridine; mes = mesityl; X = Cl, Br)
Authors: Faoro Eliandro , Manzoni de Oliveira Gelson , Schulz Lang Ernesto
Published: August 2006

(MesTe)2 and bromine or chlorine react with pyridinium bromide and pyridinium chloride to give (PyH)[mesTeBr2] (1), (PyH)[mesTeClBr] (2) and (PyH)[mesTeCl2] (3), respectively. The TeII atoms in 1, 2 and 3 adopt a three‐coordinate, T‐shaped configuration and the trans tellurium‐halogen bonds present different distances, since the X(1)‐halogens {Br (1), Cl (2, 3)} attain hydrogen bondings toward the N–H group of the pyridinium cations. The title compounds do not reproduce the dimeric assembling of some newly reported parent tellurium dihalides.
A Monomeric, Base‐Free Samarium(II) Thiophenolate with a π‐Encapsulated Rare‐Earth Metal
Authors: Cofone Alexandro , Niemeyer Mark
Published: August 2006

The deep purple, alkane‐soluble complex Sm(SAr*)2 (1) (Ar* = 2,6‐Trip2C6H3; Trip = 2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2) has been prepared by salt metathesis reaction of SmI2 with KSAr*. The solid‐state structure shows monomeric units with the metal atom bonded to sulfur atoms of two terminal thiolate ligands (av. Sm–S: 281.6 pm). Additional η6‐π‐arene interactions are observed to two C6H2 rings of the flanking Trip substituents (av. Sm···C: 307.1 pm).
Lanthanum Dibromide Complexes of Sterically Demanding Aminopyridinato and Amidinate Ligands
Authors: Kretschmer Winfried P. , Meetsma Auke , Hessen Bart , Scott Natalie M. , Qayyum Sadaf , Kempe Rhett
Published: August 2006

It is report on synthesis and structure of Ap*LaBr2(THF)3 and Am*LaBr2(THF)3 (Ap*‐H = {(2,6‐diisopropyl‐phenyl)[6‐(2,4,6‐triisopropyl‐phenyl)‐pyridin‐2‐yl]‐amine}, Am*‐H = N,N′‐bis‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)benzamidine). X‐ray crystal structure analyses of the two seven coordinated complexes were carried out to compare the steric demand of the two amido ligands. A similar overall primary coordination site bulkiness for both ligands and distinct differences regarding this bulkiness for different directions were observed. A better shielding of the second coordination sphere was observed for the aminopyridinate.
Electronic Structures of Organometallic Complexes of f Elements. 62 Parametric Analysis of the Crystal Field Splitting Pattern of Pseudo Trigonal Planar Nd(η5‐C5Me4H)3
Authors: Reddmann Hauke , Karbowiak Mirosław , Amberger Hanns‐Dieter , Drożdżyński Janusz
Published: August 2006

The absorption spectrum of pseudo (Ψ) trigonal planar Nd(η5‐C5Me4H)3 (1) has been measured at room and low temperatures. From the spectra obtained, a truncated crystal field (CF) splitting pattern could be derived, and simulated by fitting the parameters of a phenomenological Hamiltonian. For 38 assignments, a reduced r.m.s. deviation of 30.7 cm−1 was achieved. On the basis of the CF parameters used, the global CF strength experienced by the Nd3+ central ion is estimated. The obtained Slater parameter F2 and the spin‐orbit coupling parameter ξ4f allow the insertion of compound 1 into truncated nephelauxetic and relativistic nephelauxetic series. Besides, the experimentally based non‐relativistic molecular orbital scheme (in the f range) of complex 1 is set up and compared with the results of an SW‐Xα calculation on the fictive trigonal planar model complex NdCp3.
Pentanuclear Heterobimetallic 3d‐4f‐Complexes – Structure and Luminescence
Authors: Siebold Matthias , Eidner Sascha , Kelling Alexandra , Kumke Michael U. , Schilde Uwe , Strauch Peter
Published: August 2006

Planar bis(1,2‐dithiooxalato)nickelates(II) react in aqueous solutions of lanthanide ions to form pentanuclear, heterobimetallic complexes of the general composition [{Ln(H2O)n}2{Ni(dto)2}3]·x H2O (Ln = Y3+, La3+−Lu3+; n = 4 or 5; x = 9−12). With [{Ce(H2O)5}2{Ni(S2C2O2)2}3]·xH2O (x = 10−12) we were able to isolate another complex of this series as single crystals, which were characterized by X‐ray structure analysis. Depending on the individual ionic radii of the lanthanide ions, the compounds crystallise in two different crystal systems. The Ce2Ni3 complex crystallizes with the unit cell parameters: monoclinic in P21/c with a = 10.3894(6), b = 11.6000(7), c = 20.8964(11) Å, β = 98.431(4)° and Z = 2. The channels and cavities appearing in the crystal packing of the complex molecules are occupied by uncoordinated water molecules. The Eu2Ni3 and Tb2Ni3 complexes were investigated in steady‐state and time‐resolved luminescence measurements. Luminescence of the isostructural Tb2Ni3 complex has been observed at room temperature.
The Octanuclear Europium Cluster [bmpyr]6[Eu8(μ4‐O)(μ3‐OH)12(μ2‐OTf)14 (μ1‐Tf)2](HOTf)1.5 Obtained from the Ionic Liquid [bmpyr][OTf]
Authors: Babai Arash , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: August 2006

The octanuclear europium cluster compound [bmpyr]6[Eu8(μ4‐O)(μ3‐OH)12(μ2‐OTf)14(μ1‐OTf)2](HOTf)1.5 has been crystallized from the ionic liquid [bmpyr][OTf]. Structural characterization by single crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed an Eu8 cluster unit which is centered by an oxide anion. The Eu8‐cluster polyhedron can be described as a bicapped octahedron or a triangulated dodecahedron. Each of the triangular faces of the cluster is capped by one μ3‐hydroxo group. Fourteen μ2‐triflate (CF3SO3−) anions bridge via oxygen the cluster edges. Together with two μ1‐terminal coordinating triflate anions they complete the cluster unit. Six cations from the ionic liquid counterbalance the cluster charge. Additionally, 1.5 HOTf molecules per Eu8‐cluster unit are incorporated in the crystal structure of the title compound.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Behaviour of Gd(ClF2CCOO)3(H2O)(bipy)
Authors: John Daniela , Urland Werner
Published: August 2006

Single crystals of Gd(ClF2CCOO)3(H2O)(bipy)2 have been obtained by reaction of Gd(ClF2CCOO)3(H2O)3 with 2,2′‐bipyridyl in a solution of ethanol and water. The compound crystallises in the triclinic space group $P{\bar 1}$ (Nr. 2, Z = 2, a = 1005.0 pm, b = 1175.7 pm, c = 1181.5 pm, α = 98.79°, β = 109.84°, γ = 105.61°). The Gd3+ ions are bridged by carboxylate groups to dimers and are eightfold coordinated by six oxygen and two nitrogen atoms.

The magnetic behaviour of the compound was investigated in the temperature range of 2 to 300 K. The magnetic data indicate an antiferromagnetic interaction within the dimeric units.
M3NS3 (M = La – Nd, Sm, Gd – Dy): Struktur und Magnetismus von 3:1:3‐Typ‐Nitridsulfiden dreiwertiger Lanthanide
Authors: Lissner Falk , Meyer Monika , Kremer Reinhard K. , Schleid Thomas
Published: August 2006

M3NS3 (M = La – Nd, Sm, Gd – Dy): Structure and Magnetism of 3:1:3‐Type Nitride Sulfides of Trivalent Lanthanides

Nitride sulfides of the trivalent lanthanides with the composition M3NS3 (M = La – Nd, Sm, Gd – Dy) can be prepared by the oxidation of the respective lanthanide metal with sulfur, sodium azide (NaN3), and the corresponding lanthanide tribromide (MBr3) when an additional flux (NaBr) is used. Temperature ranges from 800 to 900 °C for the thermal treatment of the reaction mixtures in evacuated silica tubes secure the formation of bright to dark brown, transparent, lath shaped single‐crystals. The orthorhombic crystal structure (Pnma, Z = 4) was determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data (La3NS3: a = 1215.13(5), b = 415.90(2), c = 1322.12(5) pm, Ce3NS3: a = 1206.28(4), b = 410.16(1), c = 1307.18(5) pm, Pr3NS3: a = 1205.45(7), b = 405.35(2), c = 1297.58(8) pm, Nd3NS3: a = 1207.82(5), b = 401.31(1), c = 1295.20(4) pm, Sm3NS3: a = 1201.58(6), b = 394.84(2), c = 1285.63(7) pm, Gd3NS3: a = 1197.17(7), b = 388.22(3), c = 1286.92(8) pm, Tb3NS3: a = 1191.62(7), b = 385.07(3), c = 1282.44(8) pm, and Dy3NS3: a = 1187.66(7), b = 382.55(3), c = 1276.77(8) pm). There are three crystallographically different M3+ cations present in coordination of both the N3− and the S2− anions. However, [NM4]9+ tetrahedra connected via two common corners (c) to form linear chains $^{1}_{\infty}\rm \{[N(M1)^{t}_{1/1}(M2)^{t}_{1/1}(M3)^{c}_{2/2}]^{6+}\}$ along [010] build up the main structural feature. A non‐linear behaviour for the decreasing lattice constants of the pseudo‐isotypic series from La3NS3 to Dy3NS3 concerning the a‐ and c‐axes is observed along with the lanthanoid contraction caused by the diminishing coordination sphere of (M1)3+ (CN = 7) and (M3)3+ (CN = 7) moving from the light to the heavier lanthanides. Curie‐Weiss‐type magnetic behaviour for Dy3NS3 with μeff = 10.3(1) μB for DyN1/3S corresponding to a 6H15/2 groundstate for Dy3+ at higher temperatures and antiferromagnetic ordering of the Dy3+ moments below 5 K is observed.
Sexual dimorphism in clonal growth forms and ramet distribution patterns in Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae)
Authors: Fujitaka Teruya , Sakai Satoki
Published: August 2006

We investigated clonal traits in the dioecious herb Rumex acetosella to characterize sexual dimorphism in clonal forms and to correlate below‐ground clonal patterns and above‐ground ramet distributions. We recorded creeping root length, branching patterns, ramet and clump (caespitose ramets from the same position on the root) sprouting patterns, and biomass allocations in three females and males. We also estimated the patch size of flowering ramets within a quadrat. No sexual dimorphism was detected in the frequencies of branches and flowering ramets per root length. Male plants allocated proportionally more biomass to below‐ground organs. Total root length did not differ between the sexes. Females sprouted more clumps with fewer flowering ramets per root length than males, which sprouted fewer clumps with more flowering ramets, which meant that clump sprouting patterns were phalanx‐like in females and guerrilla‐like in males. Flowering ramets were aggregately distributed in both females and males and patch sizes were similar between sexes, indicating that the spreader propagations were not found in the guerrilla‐like males. We assumed that sexual dimorphism occurred in response to physiological integration for higher reproductive effort in females.
Vertical distribution and seasonal pattern of fine‐root dynamics in a cool–temperate forest in northern Japan: implication of the understory vegetation, Sasa dwarf bamboo
Authors: Fukuzawa Karibu , Shibata Hideaki , Takagi Kentaro , Satoh Fuyuki , Koike Takayoshi , Sasa Kaichiro
Published: August 2006

We measured the vertical distribution and seasonal patterns of fine‐root production and mortality using minirhizotrons in a cool–temperate forest in northern Japan mainly dominated by Mongolian oak (Quercus crispula) and covered with a dense understory of dwarf bamboo (Sasa senanensis). We also investigated the vertical distribution of the fine‐root biomass using soil coring. We also measured environmental factors such as air and soil temperature, soil moisture and leaf area indices (LAI) of trees and the understory Sasa canopy for comparison with the fine‐root dynamics. Fine‐root biomass to a depth of 60 cm in September 2003 totaled 774 g m−2, of which 71% was accounted for by Sasa and 60% was concentrated in the surface soil layer (0–15 cm), indicating that understory Sasa was an important component of the fine‐root biomass in this ecosystem. Fine‐root production increased in late summer (August) when soil temperatures were high, suggesting that temperature partially controls the seasonality of fine‐root production. In addition, monthly fine‐root production was significantly related to Sasa LAI (P<0.001), suggesting that fine‐root production was also affected by the specific phenology of Sasa. Fine‐root mortality was relatively constant throughout the year. Fine‐root production, mortality, and turnover rates were highest in the surface soil (0–15 cm) and decreased with increasing soil depth. Turnover rates of production and mortality in the surface soil were 1.7 year−1 and 1.1 year−1, respectively.
Preoperative Considerations with Herbal Medicines
Authors: Murphy Jane M.
Published: August 2006

More patients are using herbal remedies. Even though herbs are natural products, they often act like medications and may interact with or potentiate other medications. During a preoperative evaluation, nurses should ask patients about their use of herbal remedies. Certain herbs are dangerous and should never be taken, and others must be avoided before elective surgery. Today's perioperative health care professionals must become familiar with basic information about herbs to carry out thorough assessments. At times, caregivers may need to educate and counsel consumers about benefits and harmful aspects of herbal preparations. AORN J 69 (Jan 1999) 173–183.
Management of Hysteroscopic Surgery Complications
Authors: Morrison Donna M.
Published: August 2006

Hysteroscopic surgery is considered a safe, routine gynecologic procedure performed in the OR and in office settings. Complications are rare; however, when complications do occur they can be severe and rapid. The surgical team members must understand the significance of patient monitoring and proper equipment operation to ensure positive patient outcomes. This article discusses complications from intravasation of various distending media used during hysteroscopy and the complication of hyponatremia. A physiologic approach to these problems enhances awareness of the significance of patient monitoring during hysteroscopic procedures. AORN J 69 (Jan 1999) 194–209.
Wound Infections After Hysterectomy: Opportunities for Practice Improvement
Authors: Coughlin Maryanne K.
Published: August 2006

WOUND INFECTIONS AFTER HYSTERECTOMY: OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRACTICE IMPROVEMENT, G Taylor, T Herrick, M Mah, American Journal of Infection Control, 26, June 1998, 254–257
Coronary Artery Bypass Patients' Perceptions of Acute Postoperative Pain
Authors: Graling Paula R.
Published: August 2006

Coronary Artery Bypass Patients' Perceptions of Acute Postoperative Pain, KG Kuperberg, L Grubbs, Clinical Nurse Specialist, 11, 3, 1997, 116–122
Pain Management Secrets
Authors: Garrett Caroline K.
Published: August 2006

Pain Management Secrets By Ronald Kanner 1997, 262 pp $35.95 paperback
The Role of the Preceptor
Authors: Lagueux Donna
Published: August 2006

The Role of the Preceptor Edited by Jean Pieri Flynn 1997, 160 pp $32.95 hardcover
Laparoscopic Paraesophageal Hernia Repair with Nissen Fundoplication
Authors: Rogers Mary A. , Cox Joyce A.
Published: August 2006

Laparoscopic approach to paraesophageal hernia repair is a recent application of minimally invasive videoscopic surgery. Procedures such as paraesophageal hernia repair with Nissen fundoplication that previously could only be performed as open techniques now can be performed laparoscopically. Laparoscopic approach of this major surgical repair benefits patients because of the reduced surgical time, decreased length of hospital stay, reduced hospital costs, and a reduction in loss of work time. AORN J 67 (March 1998) 536–551.
RN First Assistants Expand Their Perioperative Role
Authors: Hlozek Christopher C. , Zacharias Walter M. , Mizener Karl A.
Published: August 2006

At the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, the RN first assistant (RNFA) role has expanded to include radial artery (RA) harvesting for coronary artery bypass surgery. This new role encompasses preoperatively assessing the RA with the Allen's test and perfusion index; intraoperatively removing the RA, dissecting the RA as a pedicle, and maintaining hemostasis and wound closure; and postoperatively collaborating with the postoperative nurse clinician during patient care and management in the intensive care unit. This article outlines the RNFA's expanded role in this detailed surgical procedure. AORN J 67 (March 1998) 560–566.
Perioperative Maintenance of Normothermia Reduces the Incidence of Morbid Cardiac Events
Authors: Steelman Victoria M.
Published: August 2006

Perioperative Maintenance of Normothermia Reduces the Incidence of Morbid Cardiac Events, SM Frank, Jama, Vol 277, April 9, 1997, 1127–1134
Arthroscopic Repairs of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears
Authors: Baehser‐Griffith Patricia , Bednar John M. , Osterman A. Lee , Culp Randall
Published: August 2006

Technical advancements in arthroscopic wrist procedures have improved our knowledge of normal and abnormal intraarticular wrist function. Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears from trauma injuries are a common source of ulnar‐sided wrist pain. Fortunately, the TFCC is a structure that can be evaluated and treated arthroscopically with results that are comparable to open surgical procedures. Successful arthroscopic repairs of TFCC tears depend on a coordinated team effort between perioperative nurses, orthopedic surgeons, nurse practitioners, and occupational hand therapists, as well as cooperation from patients and family members. This article reviews the anatomy and physiology of the TFCC, the biomechanics of the wrist and mechanisms of injury, and arthroscopic repairs of TFCC tears. AORN J 66 (July 1997) 101‐111.
Advanced Perioperative Nursing Elective for Baccalaureate Students
Authors: Beitz Janice M. , Houck Phyllis M.
Published: August 2006

Recruiting baccalaureate nursing students and experienced RNs into perioperative nursing is essential if RNs are to continue their presence in surgical settings. The advanced elective described in this article is the second part of a two‐elective sequence in perioperative nursing at La Salle University, Philadelphia. This collaborative program between nursing education and nursing practice contains both didactic and clinical components and broadens the exposure of basic baccalaureate and RN‐baccalaureate nursing students to perioperative nursing. This experience increases graduates' marketability, provides perioperative staff members opportunities to recruit new nurses into their specialty, and creates a pool of potential perioperative staff nurses. AORN J 66 (July 1997) 119‐129.
Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis with Intraocular Implants
Authors: Costabile Bruce S.
Published: August 2006

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis affects 20% to 40% of patients with AIDS and is the leading cause of vision loss associated with AIDS. Three treatment options currently exist (ie, IV administration of antiviral medications, intravitreal injections of ganciclovir, surgical implantation of devices that provide sustained release of ganciclovir). As patients with AIDS live longer, perioperative nurses may care for more patients with CMV retinitis who undergo implantation of these devices. AORN J 67 (Feb 1998) 356–368.
From the organism of a body to the body of an organism: occurrence and meaning of the word ‘organism’ from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries
Authors: CHEUNG TOBIAS
Published: August 2006

This paper retraces the occurrence of the word ‘organism’ in writings of different authors from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. It seeks to clarify chronological and conceptual shifts in the usage and meaning of the word. After earlier uses of the word in medieval sources, the Latin word organismus appeared in 1684 in Stahl's medico-physiological writings. Around 1700 it can be found in French (organisme), English (organism), Italian (organismo) and later also in German (Organismus). During the eighteenth century the word ‘organism’ generally referred to a specific principle or form of order that could be applied to plants, animals or the entire world. At the end of the eighteenth century the term became a generic name for individual living entities. From around 1830 the word ‘organism’ replaced the expressions ‘organic’ or ‘organized body’ as a recurrent technical term in the emerging biological disciplines.
Online randomized controlled trial of brief and full cognitive behaviour therapy for depression
Authors: CHRISTENSEN H. , GRIFFITHS K. M. , MACKINNON A. J. , BRITTLIFFE KYLIE
Published: August 2006

Background. Effective internet-based programs for depression usually incorporate a component that provides telephone or email contact. Open access websites, without such contact, show high rates of attrition and poorer outcomes. The present study was designed as an exploratory investigation of the parameters that influence the effectiveness and retention of users on open access websites. We investigated whether brief cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) was as effective as an extended version, whether add-on components of behaviour therapy or stress management contributed to positive outcomes, and whether longer programs were associated with greater attrition.

Method. An online randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted between 13 January 2005 and 26 May 2005 (19 weeks). A total of 2794 registrants (1846 women and 948 men; median age category 35–44 years) with elevated scores on the Goldberg Depression Scale of 5·96 (S.D.=2·09) elected online to be randomized to one of six versions of a CBT website. The versions were compiled consisting of various components of brief CBT, extended CBT, behaviour strategies, stress management and problem solving.

Results. A total of 20·4% of participants completed the assigned intervention. The interaction of measurement occasion and treatment version was significant [F(13,131)=2·20, p=0·01]. A single module of brief introductory CBT was not effective in reducing depression symptoms. However, extended CBT with or without the addition of behaviour strategies resulted in the reduction of depression.

Conclusions. Brief CBT-based interventions are not as effective as extended interventions. However, longer programs are associated with higher rates of dropout.
Towards a unified understanding of basic notions and terms in humanoid robotics
Authors: Vukobratović M. , Borovac B. , Potkonjak V.
Published: August 2006

The intention of this paper is to contribute towards a unified understanding of the basic notions and terms in the domain of humanoid robotics, having in mind that the same notions are sometimes interpreted in different ways (some interpretations are contradictory, and some even erroneous). Hence, the first part of the paper is devoted to defining some basic notions, walk and gait being among the first. Then, the paper deals with the notion of dynamic balance and stability, particularly the difference between them, since these essentially different notions are often confused and, rarely, regarded as identical. As dynamic balance is directly related to the notion of zero-moment point (ZMP), it was necessary to touch upon some misunderstandings concerning the ZMP. Gait stability is an especially delicate category, as humanoid locomotion systems have certain specific features that are not possessed by other systems. Namely, because of external disturbances, there may appear unpowered (passive) degrees of freedom that cause loss of dynamic balance. Hence, these unpowered degrees of freedom cannot be overlooked in the stability analysis. As the stability of motion of humanoid robots is inseparably linked with control, it was also necessary to pay due attention to this notion. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion of posture and postural stability with all their specificities. The authors hope that this paper will contribute to a clearer understanding of the basic notions of humanoid robotics, especially concerning robots with high dynamic and control performances.
Trends in encephalitis-associated deaths in the United States
Authors: KHETSURIANI N. , HOLMAN R. C. , LAMONTE-FOWLKES A. C. , SELIK R. M. , ANDERSON L. J.
Published: August 2006

The United States national mortality statistics and HIV/AIDS surveillance data were analysed to determine trends in encephalitis-associated deaths and to assess the impact of HIV infection on those deaths during 1979–1998, a period when ICD-9 codes were used for coding deaths in the United States. A total of 25 125 encephalitis deaths were reported; 4779 of them (19%) had concurrent HIV infection. Overall encephalitis death rates remained stable, but they increased for groups where HIV infection was common and declined or remained unchanged for others. For persons without HIV infection, the rates declined in all demographic groups. Encephalitis deaths in HIV-infected persons followed general trends for HIV deaths in the United States. The rates in the HIV-infected population were several hundred- to thousand-fold higher than in the HIV-uninfected population. HIV infection was largely responsible for the lack of overall decline in the considerable mortality associated with encephalitis in the United States during 1979–1998.
Hydrogenogenic CO Conversion in a Moderately Thermophilic (55 °C) Sulfate‐Fed Gas Lift Reactor: Competition for CO‐Derived H2
Authors: Sipma Jan , Lettinga Gatze , Stams Alfons J. M. , Lens Piet N. L.
Published: August 2006

Thermophilic (55 °C) sulfate reduction in a gas lift reactor fed with CO gas as the sole electron donor was investigated. The reactor was inoculated with mesophilic granular sludge with a high activity of CO conversion to hydrogen and carbon dioxide at 55 °C. Strong competition for H2 was observed between methanogens and sulfate reducers, while the homoacetogens present consumed only small amounts of H2. The methanogens appeared to be more sensitive to pH and temperature shocks imposed to the reactor, but could not be completely eliminated. The fast growth rates of the methanogens (generation time of 4.5 h) enabled them to recover fast from shocks, and they rapidly consumed more than 90% of the CO‐derived H2. Nevertheless, steep increases in sulfide production in periods with low methane production suggests that once methanogenesis is eliminated, sulfate reduction with CO‐rich gas as electron donor has great potential for thermophilic biodesulfurization.
Mikroalbuminurie – ein neuer Marker für kardiovaskuläres Risiko?
Authors: Eisenberger  , Huynh-Do
Published: August 2006

Mikroalbuminurie ist ein bekannter Risikofaktor für das Auftreten von Nierenerkrankungen, insbesondere bei Diabetikern. Die letzten Jahre waren gekennzeichnet von einer Fülle von Studien, welche den prädiktiven Wert der Mikroalbuminurie für die Mortalität bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen belegen. Dabei scheint Albuminurie von der subklinischen bis zur klinisch relevanten Proteinurie eng mit einer kontinuierlichen Risikozunahme assoziiert zu sein. Dieser Zusammenhang gilt unabhängig von «klassischen» kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren, wie Bluthochdruck, Hyperlipidämie und Rauchen. Betroffen sind nicht nur bekannte Risikopopulationen, wie Diabetiker oder niereninsuffiziente Patienten, sondern auch Hypertoniker und die Allgemeinbevölkerung. Neue antihypertensive Interventionsstrategien mit Angiotensin-Converting-Enzym-Inhibitoren und Angiotensin-II-Rezeptorantagonisten haben in Studien nicht nur renoprotektive sondern auch kardioprotektive Effekte gezeigt. Dabei scheint ein pathophysiologischer Zusammenhang zwischen der Verminderung der Albuminurie (auf bis zu 40%) und der effektiven Riskoreduktion der kardiovaskulären Mortalität unabhängig von der Blutdruckkontrolle zu bestehen. Offen bleibt derzeit die Frage nach dem niedrigsten «adäquaten» Zielwert der Albuminurie, der therapeutisch in der Praxis angestrebt werden sollte.
UroSurf – ein interaktives Lernprogramm zur Urindiagnostik
Authors: Woermann
Published: August 2006

Die Urinuntersuchung besitzt in der medizinischen Diagnostik einen großen Stellenwert. Dies kommt unter anderem in ihrer häufigen Verordnung zum Ausdruck. Entsprechend wurde die Urinuntersuchung in den Lernzielkatalog des Medizinstudiums und der Facharztausbildung in Innerer Medizin aufgenommen. Auf Grund der Einfachheit in der Handhabung, der Kostengünstigkeit und der vielen Messparameter ist die chemische Urinuntersuchung mittels Teststreifen eine ideale Screening-Methode. Im Gegensatz zum Teststreifen ist die Interpretation von Urinsedimenten nicht so einfach. Die Untersuchenden müssen im Erkennen typischer Veränderungen des Urinsediments geschult und erfahren sein. Das Erlernen der mikroskopischen Befundung ist bei Fehlen entsprechender technischer Hilfsmittel beschwerlich und zeitaufwändig. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass ein Urinsediment nicht konserviert werden kann. Hier bietet ein interaktives Lernprogramm zur Urindiagnostik wie UroSurf vielfältige Möglichkeiten, diese Problematik zu vermindern. UroSurf ist ein web-basiertes Lernprogramm, welches aus drei Modulen besteht. Im Modul «Urindiagnostik» wird lehrbuchartig die Urindiagnostik dargestellt. Im Modul «Klinische Fallbeispiele» wird die Urindiagnostik in einen klinischen Kontext gebracht. Im Modul «Urinsediment-Bilder» können die Lernenden ihre Fertigkeit in der Interpretation von Urinsedimenten üben und überprüfen.
Urindiagnostik in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Schlembach
Published: August 2006

Schwangerenvorsorge umfasst neben präventiven Maßnahmen auch das Screening bzw. die rechtzeitige Erkennung und Therapie von Schwangerschaftskomplikationen. In den jeweiligen Vorsorgerichtlinien sind neben der allgemeinen körperlichen und der vaginalen Untersuchung, dem Ultraschall und gegebenenfalls hämatologischen Untersuchungen auch die Untersuchung des Urins der Schwangeren vorgesehen. Derzeit wird routinemäßig der Urin der Schwangeren hinsichtlich Infektionszeichen, Glukosurie und Proteinurie untersucht. Während die Bestimmung der Glukosurie für die Detektion eines Gestationsdiabetes keinen Nutzen hat und als Screeningmethode nicht mehr empfohlen wird, kann durch die Untersuchung des Urins auf Bakterien und Infektionszeichen sowie eine frühzeitige Therapie eine Risikominimierung für maternale und neonatale Komplikationen erzielt werden. Den größten Stellenwert in der Urindiagnostik hat die Detektion und die Quantifizierung einer Proteinurie bei Patientinnen mit Hochdruckerkrankungen zur Diagnostik einer Präeklampsie, sowie zur Planung des geburtshilflichen Managements. Hierbei gilt nach wie vor die Quantifizierung der Eiweißausscheidung im 24-Stunden-Sammelurin als Methode der Wahl.
Urindiagnostik bei nierentransplantierten Patienten
Authors: Bubendorf  , Mihatsch
Published: August 2006

Die BK-Polyomavirusnephropathie (BKN) ist eine schwerwiegende Komplikation der hochaktiven immunosuppressiven Therapie nach Nierentransplantation. BKN tritt in 5% der Patienten auf und führt in etwa 50% zu einem Transplantatverlust. Der frühzeitige Nachweis einer BKN erlaubt eine rasche Intervention und kann so die Rate von Transplantatverlusten erheblich verringern. Die Urinzytologie – kombiniert mit der BK DNS Analyse im Serum – ist eine einfache, kostengünstige und zuverlässige Methode für die frühzeitige Identifikation von Patienten mit erhöhtem Risiko einer BKN. Ein BK-Virusinfekt führt zu einem Spektrum zytomorphologischer Veränderungen in Tubulusepithelien und Urothelien, die online am virtuellen Mikroskop studiert werden können (http://vmic.unibas.ch/patho/seminar/index.html). Diese BK infizierten Zellen werden auch Decoyzellen («Lockvogelzellen») genannt, weil sie mit Karzinomzellen verwechselt werden können. Daneben liefern morphologische Veränderungen des Urinsediments auch Hinweise auf eine drohende Abstoßungsreaktion. Früher war die Urinuntersuchung bei Patienten mit Nierentransplantation wegen Analgetikanephropathie besonders wichtig. Diese Patienten haben ein stark erhöhtes Risiko für die Entwicklung von Urothelkarzinomen, die sich im Urin nachweisen lassen.
Polyurie – Pathogenese, Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Treutler  , Ruf  , Beige
Published: August 2006

Die Diagnose Polyurie bietet ein breites Spektrum an Ursachen und Differentialdiagnosen. Die Bestimmung der 24-Stunden-Urinausscheidung ist obligat. Verschiedene extra- und intrarenale Defekte (zentraler versus nephrogener Diabetes insipidus) führen zur verminderten Fähigkeit der Urinkonzentration. Häufige Ursachen bei Erwachsenen bestehen durch toxische Medikamentenwirkungen (Lithium, Diuretika, Analgetika). Erkrankungen, die mit Hyperkalzämie oder Hypokaliämie einhergehen, können ebenso eine Polyurie auslösen. Chronisches und akutes Nierenversagen können bekanntermaßen mit polyurischen Phasen verlaufen. Die psychogene Polydipsie ist von erhöhtem renalen Wasserverlust zu differenzieren. Sind Kinder betroffen, muss an hereditäre Formen des renalen Diabetes insipidus gedacht werden. Durch systematische diagnostische Vorgehensweise ist die zugrunde liegende Erkrankung zu identifizieren und eine kausale Behandlung anzustreben. Ist eine kausale Behandlung nicht möglich, kann bei nicht ausreichender ADH-Seketion das ADH-Analogon Desmopressin (Minirin®) substituiert werden. Bei nicht ausreichender ADH-Wirkung müssen die Elektrolyt- und Harnstofflast reduziert (Diät) sowie Diuretika und NSAR therapeutisch eingesetzt werden, um die notwendige (elektrolytarme) zusätzliche Flüssigkeitszufuhr aus Gründen der Lebensqualität so gering wie möglich zu halten.
Nicht-alkoholische Fettleberhepatitis (NASH)
Authors: Maier
Published: August 2006

Die nicht-alkoholische Steatohepatitis (NASH) ist definiert als eine Lebererkrankung mit den histologischen Zeichen einer alkoholischen Hepatitis bei Patienten ohne nennenswerten Alkoholkonsum. Die Erkrankung ist sehr häufig und bei den meisten Patienten assoziiert mit erheblichem Übergewicht und einem Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Pathogenetisch sind neben genetischen Faktoren die Insulinresistenz und der oxidative Stress bedeutsam. Klinisch sind die meisten Patienten beschwerdefrei oder klagen gelegentlich über geringe Oberbauchbeschwerden. Laborchemisch sind die Transaminasen mässiggradig erhöht, die Cholestaseparameter in der Regel normal. Die Verdachtsdiagnose wird durch die Leberbiopsie gesichert, die Stadieneinteilung ist für die Prognose bedeutsam. Eine etablierte medikamentöse Therapie der NASH existiert bislang nicht. Behutsame Gewichtsabnahme und eine optimale Einstellung des Diabetes sind nach wie vor die therapeutischen Meilensteine. In Einzelfällen kommt im Spätstadium der Erkrankung (dekompensierte Leberzirrhose, HCC) die Lebertransplantation in Frage.
Risikoklassifikationen bei Leberzirrhose
Authors: Strahl  , Maier
Published: August 2006

Vorhersagemodelle eignen sich zur Abschätzung des Schweregrades einer Erkrankung sowie der damit verbundenen Mortalität und dienen als Entscheidungshilfe in Bezug auf bestimmte medizinische Interventionen. Diese Modelle werden unter Anwendung analytischer Methoden entwickelt, mit denen sich die Auswirkungen der relevanten Variablen (z.B. Laborwerte) auf bestimmte Endpunkte, wie beispielsweise Tod, feststellen lassen. In der medizinischen Betreuung von Patienten mit chronischen Lebererkrankungen kommen zwei Modelle verbreitet zum Einsatz: der Child-Pugh-Score und der erst unlängst beschriebene MELD-Score (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease). Der MELD-Score ist ein prospektiv evaluiertes und validiertes Modell zur Beurteilung des Schweregrades chronischer Lebererkrankungen und zur Vorhersage der Mortalität unter Verwendung der Laborwerte für Bilirubin, Kreatinin und Gerinnung (INR). Er gilt als vielversprechendste Alternative zum Child-Pugh-Score. Derzeit ist jedoch noch ungewiss, ob der Child-Pugh-Score zukünftig durch den MELD-Score abgelöst wird. Im folgenden Artikel werden die Eigenschaften, Anwendungsbereiche und Einschränkungen dieser beiden Scores zusammengefasst und einander gegenübergestellt.
Talkgranulomatose bei Polytoxikomanie mit i.v.-Drogenabusus
Authors: Gessler Stähelin  , Nüesch
Published: August 2006

Wir berichten über einen 48-jährigen Patienten mit einer Polytoxikomanie in der Vorgeschichte, der wegen Husten und intermittierend pleuritischen Schmerzen abgeklärt wurde. Bei mikronodulärem Verschattungsmuster in der CT-Thorax-Untersuchung Durchführung einer Bronchoskopie mit BAL und Biopsie. Histologisch Diagnosestellung einer Talkgranulomatose. Im Verlauf war der Patient wenig symptomatisch, sodass keine Therapie notwendig wurde. Bei der Talkgranulomatose handelt es sich um eine seltene Erkrankung, die vorwiegend bei Drogenabhängigen vorkommt und klinisch ein sehr breites Spektrum zeigt (asymptomatische bis fulminante Verläufe). Bei symptomatischen Patienten initial meist Anstrengungsdyspnoe und Husten. Differentialdiagnostisch müssen opportunistische Infektionen, atypische Pneumonien, aber auch Neoplasien in Betracht gezogen werden, sodass eine Bronchoskopie mit BAL und Biopsie notwendig ist. Wichtigste Therapiemassnahme ist das Sistieren des Drogenkonsums, obschon auch dann progrediente Fälle vorkommen. Ansonsten gibt es keine etablierte Therapie. Gewisse Erfolge mit Kortikosteroiden wurden beschrieben, doch fehlen randomisierte kontrollierte Studien.
Shale diapirism in the Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Northern Apennine, Bologna, Italy
Authors: Borgia Andrea , Grieco Giovanni , Brondi Fabio , Badalì Marcello , Merle Olivier , Pasquarè Giorgio , Martelli Luca , di Nardo Teresa
Published: August 2006

We use morphologic, stratigraphic, and structural data to identify a set of diapirs just southward (uphill) of the northern margin of the Northern Apennine Range. The diapirs consist mainly of Ligurid chaotic shaley units that reach a maximum thickness of over 3 km. We also reconstruct marine sedimentation/abrasion surfaces that record a 1 cm/a differential uplift induced by diapirism. On the basis of this data we use the lubrication approximation of the Navier‐Stokes equations and analogue experiments to show that thrusting of the Epiligurid units can be generated by diapirism of the underlying Ligurid units in addition to regional compression. Owing to a gravity component parallel to the strata, the structures formed by diapirism are similar to those generated by compressive tectonics, differing in that thrusting is lubricated by diapiric rise. Using the analogue experiments, we show that deformation begins with folding eventually evolving to thrusting, and we derive an empirical relation to infer the time remaining to the end of deformation. In our area, diapiric deformation is still in the folding regime, but it should eventually evolve to the thrusting regime and terminate in about 105 a. We suggest that the whole northeastern slope of the Northern Apennine is controlled by diapiric tectonics. Our interpretation contrasts with the more traditional one, which views regional tectonic compression as the only responsible for the structures observed in the field. Since our model is based on first principles, it could be applied to other areas with similar geology and topography.
Correcting the Dst index: Consequences for absolute level and correlations
Authors: Karinen A. , Mursula K.
Published: August 2006

We discuss here the consequences of the Dcx index which has recently been proposed as a corrected and extended version of the Dst index. Dcx corrects Dst for its excessive, seasonally varying quiet‐time level, the so‐called “nonstorm component” which is unrelated to magnetic storms. This correction can raise the Dst values by up to 44 nT for individual storms. The average increase of the Dst index is 6.0 nT for all SSC storms in 1932–2002 (5.7 nT in 1932–1956 and 6.1 nT in 1957–2002), implying a correction of about 23% to the average 7‐day storm level, and a 14% correction to the average minimum‐Dst value of 42.3 nT for all SSC storms. This correction is large enough to affect most previous storm studies and even the classification of storms to the different intensity levels. The correction has a strong seasonal variation with maxima around the equinoxes, especially in the vernal equinox. The largest monthly correction of about 12 nT is found for March. We verify that the main phase of an average storm is less intense and the recovery phase is longer in the early period (1932–1956) than in the later period (1957–2002), supporting the idea that storms in the early period were more typically driven by high‐speed streams rather than by strong CMEs. Moreover, we show that the correction of the Dst index improves its correlation with both sunspots and geomagnetic indices. Thus conclusions based on correlating Dst with sunspots or geomagnetic indices need to be revised using the Dcx index.
A global 2.5‐dimensional three fluid solar wind model with alpha particles
Authors: Li Bo , Li Xing , Labrosse Nicolas
Published: August 2006

A global 2.5‐dimensional three fluid solar wind model is presented. Two ion species, namely protons and alpha particles, are heated by an empirical energy flux while electrons are heated by the classical heat flux and Coulomb coupling with ions. It is found that for a reasonable relative speed between alpha particles and protons at 1 AU to be achieved, the alphas need to be preferentially heated in the inner corona. No external heating is applied in the streamer base, the closed magnetic field region. A hot coronal boundary, the electron heat flux, and Coulomb coupling keep plasma species in equilibrium inside the streamer, and a nonisothermal streamer is found. The abundance of alpha particles varies within the streamer base. It is small in the streamer core compared with streamer legs, and alphas continuously drain out of the streamer core along magnetic field due to gravitational settling. The settling operates over a timescale of several days. Alpha particles in the slow wind have a smaller abundance than in the fast wind at 1 AU, in agreement with observations. This is mainly determined in the near‐Sun region. For the coronal alpha abundances in the range 0.015–0.15, it is found that alpha particles play a negligible role in determining the magnetic field. In this sense, treating alphas as test particles is justified. However, alphas have an important impact on solar wind parameters. Coulomb collisions and heating drag alphas into the solar wind. The Coulomb friction with protons by itself is, however, unable to drive into the slow solar wind a flux of alphas flowing at roughly the same speed of protons as observed by in situ measurements at 1 AU.
Zonal‐mean temperature variations inferred from SABER measurements on TIMED compared with UARS observations
Authors: Huang Frank T. , Mayr Hans G. , Reber Carl A. , Russell James , Mlynczak Marty , Mengel John
Published: August 2006

In the zonal mean meridional winds of the upper mesosphere, oscillations with periods between 1 and 4 months have been inferred from UARS measurements and independently predicted with the Numerical Spectral Model (NSM). The wind oscillations tend to be confined to low latitudes and appear to be driven, at least in part, by wave‐mean‐flow interactions. Winds across the equator should generate, due to dynamical heating and cooling, temperature oscillations with opposite phase in the two hemispheres. Investigating this phenomenon, we have analyzed SABER temperatures from TIMED in the altitude range between 55 and 95 km to delineate with an empirical model, the year‐long variability of the migrating tides and zonal mean components. The inferred seasonal variations of the diurnal tide, characterized by amplitude maxima near equinox, are in substantial agreement with UARS observations and results from the NSM. For the zonal mean, the dominant seasonal variations in the SABER temperatures, with annual (12 months) and semiannual (6 months) periodicities, agree well with those derived from UARS measurements. The intraseasonal variations with periods between 2 and 4 months have amplitudes close to 2 K, almost half as large as those for the dominant seasonal variations. Their amplitudes are in qualitative agreement with the corresponding values inferred from UARS during different years. The SABER and UARS temperature variations reveal pronounced hemispherical asymmetries, consistent with meridional wind oscillations across the equator. The phase of the semiannual temperature oscillations from the NSM agrees with the observations from UARS and SABER. However, the amplitudes are systematically smaller, which may indicate that planetary waves are more important than is allowed for in the model. For the shorter‐period intraseasonal variations, which can be generated by gravity wave drag, the model results are generally in better agreement with the observations.