bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When brains expand: mind and the evolution of cortex
Authors: Kirkcaldie Matthew T. K. , Kitchener Peter D.
Published: June 2007

Objective:

To critically examine the relationship between evolutionary and developmental influences on human neocortex and the properties of the conscious mind it creates.

Methods:

Using PubMed searches and the bibliographies of several monographs, we selected 50 key works, which offer empirical support for a novel understanding of the organization of the neocortex.

Results:

The cognitive gulf between humans and our closest primate relatives has usually been taken as evidence that our brains evolved crucial new mechanisms somehow conferring advanced capacities, particularly in association areas of the neocortex. In this overview of neocortical development and comparative brain morphometry, we propose an alternative view: that an increase in neocortical size, alone, could account for novel and powerful cognitive capabilities. Other than humans’ very large brain in relation to the body weight, the morphometric relations between neocortex and all other brain regions show remarkably consistent exponential ratios across the range of primate species, including humans. For an increase in neocortical size to produce new abilities, the developmental mechanisms of neocortex would need to be able to generate an interarchy of functionally diverse cortical domains in the absence of explicit specification, and in this respect, the mammalian neocortex is unique: its relationship to the rest of the nervous system is unusually plastic, allowing great changes in cortical organization to occur in relatively short periods of evolution. The fact that even advanced abilities like self-recognition have arisen in species from different mammalian orders suggests that expansion of the neocortex quite naturally generates new levels of cognitive sophistication. Our cognitive and behavioural sophistication may, therefore, be attributable to these intrinsic mechanisms’ ability to generate complex interarchies when the neocortex reaches a sufficient size.

Conclusion:

Our analysis offers a parsimonious explanation for key properties of the human mind based on evolutionary influences and developmental processes. This view is perhaps surprising in its simplicity, but offers a fresh perspective on the evolutionary basis of mental complexity.
Low red cell folate levels are associated with poor response to nortriptyline in major depression
Authors: Beaglehole Ben , Luty Suzanne E. , Mulder Roger T. , Kennedy Martin A. , Joyce Peter R.
Published: June 2007

Background:

There has been a long interest in the relationship between folate and depression.

Methods:

In this paper, we report baseline measures of red cell folate that were collected during a randomized trial of 107 patients with major depression. Red cell folate levels were examined for association with percentage improvement in depressive symptoms during treatment with fluoxetine or nortriptyline. The influences of possible confounding factors were assessed.

Results:

The low red cell folate group (defined in relation to the median) had a significantly poorer response to nortriptyline. This effect of red cell folate levels was not present in those treated with fluoxetine. No relationships were found between red cell folate levels and possible confounding factors of age, nutritional status, alcohol history, depression subtype, depression severity and chronicity of depression.

Conclusion:

Response to nortriptyline was affected by red cell folate status. It may, therefore, be beneficial to consider folate augmentation in patients with major depression, particularly if treated with nortriptyline.
A splice variant of PGRP‐LC required for expression of antimicrobial peptides in Anopheles gambiae
Authors: LIN HUI , ZHANG LINGMIN , LUNA CORALIA , HOA NGO T. , ZHENG LIANGBIAO
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Members of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family play essential roles in different manifestations of immune responses in insects. PGRP‐LC, one of seven members of this family in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae produced several spliced variants. Here we show that PGRP‐LC, and not other members of the PGRP family nor the six members of the Gram‐negative binding protein families, is required for the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes (such as CEC1 and GAM1) under the control of the Imd‐Rel2 pathway in an A. gambiae cell line, 4a3A. PGRP‐LC produces many splice variants that can be classified into three sub‐groups (LC1, LC2 and LC3), based on the carboxyl terminal sequences. RNA interference against one LC1 sub‐group resulted in dramatic reduction of CEC1 and GAM1. Over‐expression of LC1a and to a lesser extent LC3a (a member of the LC1 and LC3 sub‐group, respectively) in the 4a3A cell line enhances the expression of CEC1 and GAM1. These results demonstrate that the LC1‐subgroup splice variants are essential for the expression of CEC1 and GAM1 in A. gambiae cell line.
Chemical constituents and fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Carum copticum against two stored product beetles
Authors: SAHAF BIBI ZAHRA , MOHARRAMIPOUR SAEID , MESHKATALSADAT MOHAMMAD HADI
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in plant‐insect interactions and therefore such compounds may have insecticidal or antifeedant activity against insects. Carum copticum C. B. Clarke (Apiaceae) is one of these plants that have medicinal effects on humans. The chemical composition of the essential oil from dry seeds of C. copticum was studied by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Thymol (41.34%), α‐terpinolene (17.46%) and ρ‐cymene (11.76%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. In fumigant toxicity tests with the essential oil against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at 27 ± 1°C and 60%± 5% RH, it was observed that S. oryzae (LC50= 0.91 μL/L) were significantly susceptible than T. castaneum (LC50= 33.14 μL/L). The mortalities of the insect species reached 100% at concentrations higher than 185.2 μL/L and 12‐h exposure time. The findings indicate the strong insecticidal activity of C. copticum oil and its potential role as a fumigant for stored‐product insects.
Influence of growing location and cultivar on Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infestation of rough rice
Authors: ARTHUR FRANK H. , BAUTISTA RUSTY C. , SIEBENMORGEN TERRENCE J.
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Long‐grain rice cultivars Cocodrie, Wells, and XP 723 grown in three locations (Hazen, MO; Essex and Newport, AR, USA), and medium‐grain rice cultivars Bengal and XP 713 grown in two locations (Jonesboro and Lodge Corner, AR, USA), were harvested and assayed for susceptibility to Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), the lesser grain borer, and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the rice weevil, on rice held at 27°C, 57% and 75% relative humidity (RH). Separate samples from the same harvest lots were also analyzed for the physical characteristics of brown rice yield, percentage whole kernels and kernel thickness. Progeny production and feeding damage of R. dominica were significantly different among long‐grain cultivars within two of the three locations (P < 0.05), but not for location or RH (P 0.05), while progeny production of S. oryzae was different among cultivars, location, and RH (P < 0.05). On medium‐grain rice, both cultivar and location were significant for progeny production of R. dominica, but not RH, while cultivar and RH were significant for progeny production of S. oryzae, but not location. On both rice types, feeding damage of R. dominica followed the same trends and was always strongly positively correlated with progeny production (P < 0.05), but for S. oryzae there were several instances in which progeny production was not correlated with feeding damage (P 0.05). Physical characteristics of both rice types were statistically significant (P < 0.01) but actual numerical differences were extremely small, and were generally not correlated with progeny production of either species. Results indicate that the location in which a particular rice cultivar is grown, along with its characteristics, could affect susceptibility of the rice to R. dominica and S. oryzae.
European Works Councils and the dark side of managing worker voice
Authors: Timming Andrew R.
Published: June 2007

Drawing from case study research, the article explores managerial strategies in a UK‐based European Works Council (EWC), but from the perspective of workers' representatives. This methodological approach offers an alternative set of lens through which to view managerial strategy from the standpoint of those it is meant to affect. The evidence suggests that employers' representatives in central management appear to be proactively fragmenting worker voice, arguably in order to convert the EWC into a business‐friendly instrument and to assert managerial control. However, there is no empirical basis for arguing that such tactics yield organisational benefits. The employers' perceived strategies reflect the traditional cultural antagonisms that are historically played out between workers and managers in the particular sector in which the firm is embedded. The article has practical implications for HR managers who are viewed, rightly or wrongly, with suspicion and distrust by employee representatives.
Marriage and Family Counselor Licensure: Special Reference to Nevada*
Authors: Swain Karl L.
Published: June 2007

The background of licensure‐certification of marriage and family counselors is briefly sketched and major provisions of California compared. Special attention is given to the Nevada law. (Editor.)
“Take Me Along”‐A Marital Syndrome
Authors: Zemon‐Gass Gertrude , Nichols William C.
Published: June 2007

The work‐identity‐marriage relationship for females and males is examined. Physicians and their wives illustrate some of the patterns of a “take me along” marital syndrome involving contingent identity for the females. Implications are discussed.
Ethical Considerations in Sex Therapy
Authors: Lowry Thea Snyder , Lowry Thomas P.
Published: June 2007

The most ethical sex therapy is that which cures the symptom and improves the marital relationship in the briefest time at the least cost. Neither insight therapy, nor direct sexual interaction with the client satisfy these criteria. Examples are given of effective ethical therapies, useful in male and female sexual dysfunctions.
A Marital Conflict Resolution Model: Redefining Conflict to Achieve Intimacy*
Authors: Strong John R.
Published: June 2007

The approach to conflict resolution used in this model is to redefine conflict as alternative choices. Six assumptions about conflict are reviewed, suggesting it is the way conflicts are processed, not the conflict per se, which affects the relationship. The model is built on skills: Listening, speaking, deciphering basic needs, unlocking alternative choices, and introspection about the process. Some perspectives and principles provide a conceptual framework for use of the seven sequential procedures. Effectively processed conflicts result in greater personal and relationship understanding and potential for growth.
Some Implications of Training Psychiatric Nurses in Family Therapy
Authors: Shapiro Rodney J.
Published: June 2007

Psychiatric nurses were included in family therapy training, but few of them applied their new skills in their work settings. A seeming paradox was the lack of support given these trainees by the nursing administration. The situation became understandable when analyzed as a “family” problem; the nurses being members of the larger social system comprising the psychiatry department. Strategies were accordingly adopted to modify aspects of the system, and this facilitated more positive contributions by nurses as family therapists.
Counselor Involvement in Marriage and Family Counseling*
Authors: Hawkins James L.
Published: June 2007

Using a communications framework, a rationale is suggested for determining when a counselor's use of four basic communication styles is likely to be helpful, neutral, or harmful. High disclosure counselor styles are generally seen to be less harmful than may have been previously supposed. Counselor involvement in the style of the high disclosure speech, which conveys an attitude of openness to the clients' reality, is seen as the most. effective form of confrontation. Withholding self by failing to use high disclosure styles, especially in the presence of high rapport, is considered less than satisfactory counselor activity
Fair‐Fight For Change: A Therapeutic Use of Aggressiveness in Couple Counseling*
Authors: Dayringer Richard
Published: June 2007

Fair‐fight‐for‐change is a technique in the creative use of aggression in marriage counseling as proposed by George R. Bach, PhD. Its purpose is to utilize anger constructively, teach communication skills, and produce behavior change. The author's use of this technique is presented step‐by‐step in a verbatim account of an actual counseling session that was also video‐taped.
An Operational Framework for Working with Rural Families in Crisis*
Authors: Anderson Dorothy Bruhl
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a variation of short term crisis treatment adapted to the specific needs of rural families in Northern New Hampshire. The life style and culture of the client population are seen through the eyes of a formerly “urban” therapist. The intent of the paper is to validate existing tenents of family crisis therapy with some slight modifications and emphases; suggesting that crisis intervention may well be the treatment of choice in a rural setting.
Marital Therapy: An Integrative Behavioral‐Learning Model*
Authors: Tsoi‐Hoshmand Lisa
Published: June 2007

An Integrative Model of marital therapy, based on behavioral‐learning approaches and other current conceptions and marital therapy practices, was tested in' a four‐stage therapy program. Treatment couples, as opposed to normal controls and clinical couples in a waiting‐list condition, showed significant increase in caring (as measured by Shostrom's Caring Relationship Inventory) and satisfaction with the relationship (as measured by the Kelly‐Tharp Marriage Role Questionnaire). Furthermore, the observed changes were attributable to the incremental treatment procedures, and positively correlated with gain scores on a learning‐in‐therapy measure. The clinical utility of the model, and the theoretical and methodological implications of the study are discussed.
Family Therapy by a Husband‐Wife Team*
Authors: Lazarus Lawrence W.
Published: June 2007

Marital and family therapy has traditionally been carried out by a solo therapist or colleaguel co‐therapists. Theoretical and clinical advantages and potential difficulties of a husband‐wife team will be discussed and comparisons made to the colleaguel co‐therapy model. Phases in the development of a husband‐wife therapy team and illustrative clinical vignettes will be presented.
Book Review‐Editorial
Authors: Nichols William C.
Published: June 2007

Book Reviewed in this article:

Olson, David H. L. (Ed.). Treating relationships.
Family Therapy: Clinical Hodgepodge or Clinical Science?
Authors: Zuk Gerald H.
Published: June 2007

A summary of my viewpoint in family therapy is given which supplies basic principles of what I believe is a comprehensive theory and technique. Critics are saying today, with some justification, that family therapy is a hodgepodge of part‐theories and part‐techniques; that it is more an art form than clinical science. Therefore, those that claim an integrated theory and technique have an obligation to set it out in simple, straightforward terms which invite rigorous evaluation. Summaries aid such a goal when they reduce claims to basic principles.
Dimensions of Family Assessment: A Critical Review*
Authors: Fisher Lawrence
Published: June 2007

A review of the literature on dimensions of family assessment is presented. Assessment strategies are grouped into four types: single concept notions, theoretical notions, broadly based clinical lists, and empirically derived approaches; and each is critically reviewed. A summary of major assessment dimensions and an ordering of these dimensions using cultural and developmental principles as contextual assessment categories is presented.
A Behavioral Group Treatment Program for Sexually Dysfunctional Couples*
Authors: McGovern Kevin , Kirkpatrick Carole , LoPiccolo Joseph
Published: June 2007

A behavioral treatment program, previously effective with individual couples, was designed for a group setting. Four couples were treated in a group format for primary inorgasmic dysfunctions and premature ejaculation. Results indicated a high degree of success. This preliminary study, then, suggests that group treatment for sexually dysfunctional couples can be an effective treatment mode with specific advantages over individual therapy. Several possible problems with this treatment mode were discussed, including the possibility that the overall reinforcement value of the group process was underestimated. This variable should be carefully examined by other therapists utilizing group treatment procedures for couples with sexual dysfunctional problems, along with continuing efforts to reduce treatment time.
Utilization of Family Photos and Movies in Family Therapy
Authors: Kaslow Florence W. , Friedman Jack
Published: June 2007

This article discusses a technique the authors have designated Family Photo Reconnaisance. They describe the rationale for and process of utilizatizing family photographs and movies in family therapy sessions to evoke past events and memories and to uncover feelings about these occurrences and the people involved in them. Through their utilization, how one has changed over time is vividly seen. Who is missing from the constellation and when they “dropped out of the family orbit becomes obvious as do distorted memories. Family members reexperiencing the past together around their photographs come to better appreciate one another's current feelings and behavior and often are enabled to gain mastery over unresolved conflicts.
Some Observations on the Use of TA in Marriage Counseling*
Authors: O'Connor William J.
Published: June 2007

Most marital difficulties are seen as a function of childhood problems leading to childhood solutions. This paper emphasizes the symbiotic aspect to marital problems both in terms of the individual's existential position and his racket/ racketeering behavior. The goal of treatment is to have the individual utilize his resources for himself and to negotiate these resources for his mate. A group of spouse and non‐spouse members, coupled with a Transactional Analysis orientation, is seen as the most useful approach to effect change in a person, as well as in his relationship to his spouse.
A Developmental Stage Hypothesis For Non‐Marital Dyadic Relationships*
Authors: Coleman Sandra B.
Published: June 2007

Within diverse sets of nonmarital relationships it is postulated that similar developmental stages emerge. Delineation of these stages provides a framework for understanding the many complexities of nonmarital interacting systems. Such a paradigm further helps those who encounter these relationships, either professionally or personally, to face the resulting conflicts in a way which does not impede future growth of the relationships. Five hypothetical developmental stages are presented and applied to two types of nonmarital dyads. Case studies further explain the conceptual model.
Fathers in Family Therapy: A Survey of Family Therapists
Authors: Berg Berthold , Rosenblum Neil
Published: June 2007

Sixty family therapists were surveyed in an investigation of resistance by family members to family therapy. Consistent with other investigations, the father was viewed as the most resistant along a number of dimensions. Therapist behaviors that related to difficulties with the father, specifically, and to family therapy generally, were identified. The implication of these results and possible strategies to reduce the resistance of the father are discussed.
Methods of Self‐Confrontation in Family Therapy
Authors: Daitzman Reid J.
Published: June 2007

The research, clinical applications, and effects of audiotape and videotape self‐confrontation techniques to family therapy are reviewed. A variety of new applications, such as cross‐confrontation and interpersonal process recall, are integrated into the practice of family therapy. Thirteen specific audiovisual self‐confrontation methods are reviewed along with reported positive and negative effects of their use. As most novel additions to a therapists “bag of tricks”, self‐confrontation methods are being abused, applied randomly and unsystematically. There is an urgent need for well‐designed and relevant research in the area.
Family Therapy Training in Israel*
Authors: Wertheimer Dror
Published: June 2007

In Israel the difficulties met with in training social workers in family therapy arise from inherent resistance to change in social and other professional agencies and from insufficient experience in the methodology of training. The family in Israel—a developing country—is undergoing wide‐reaching social and cultural changes, which make for additional difficulty in using training models developed in other countries. Nevertheless, graduates of the family therapy program of the Institute for Training and Continued Education of Social Workers in Tel‐Aviv, Israel, have shown substantial improvement in several areas of working with problem families.
A Ritualized Prescription in Family Therapy: Odd Days and Even Days
Authors: Palazzoli Mara Selvini , Boscolo Luigi , Cecchin Gianfranco , Prata Giuliana
Published: June 2007

This article presents a therapeutic tactic called ritualized prescription which is specifically aimed at breaking up those behaviors through which each parent disqualifies and sabotages the initiatives and directions of the other parent in his relation with the children. On the fundamental principle of the conceptual systemic model it is evidenced how this prescription, even in cases when it is not followed, inevitably supplies the therapists with relevant information for the understanding of the family's functioning. With families following the prescription, fast and satisfying changes are observed.
Treating Chronic Crisis Bearers and Their Families*
Authors: Doyle Averil Marie , Dorlac Charles
Published: June 2007

This article presents a method for family crisis intervention, utilizing a case history approach. The goal is extended from restoring the crisis bearing unit to its pre‐crisis level of coping to a basic restructuring of maladaptive pre‐crisis behaviors. It is aimed at general behavior change as well as resolution of the immediate situation. It adapts crisis intervention theory to intervention involving chronic crisis bearers and their families. It eliminates the tendency to identify one member of the family unit as the patient without considering the impact of the other members. This approach consists of short term intensive treatment combined with selected traditional techniques.
Working With Families Within Inpatient Settings
Authors: Biddle Jerald R.
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the family's experience of psychiatric hospitalization. It considers the ways in which the family therapist can help keep the family system intact and involve it in the inpatient treatment process. Family‐related and hospital‐related obstacles to family involvement are discussed, along with suggestions for dealing with them. Also presented are family problems characteristic of an adult hospitalization population and suggested treatment strategies.
Decentering and Family Process: A Marriage of Cognitive Therapies*
Authors: Steinfeld George J.
Published: June 2007

Using the concept of decentering, as formulated by Piaget, to describe how the child comes to understand his impersonal world, the author has extended the concept to understand family patterns. After describing decentering, he shows how it can be used with Rational Emotive Therapy and Transactional Analysis, both cognitively oriented therapies. These theoretical ideas have served as the basis for a cognitive model of therapy which the author calls TARET Systems, a major goal of which is the increasing of awareness through shifting perspective on oneself and others.
Education of Marriage and Family Therapists: Some Trends and Implications*
Authors: Nichols William C.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a brief description of the development of education and training in marriage and family therapy with special attention historically to the marriage counseling/marital therapy branch of the field. The outcome of decades of experience is reflected in a core curriculum. The relationship of education and training to other professional issues also is examined.
ABSTRACTS
Authors: Taggart Morris
Published: June 2007

Gurman, A. S. & Knudson, R. M. Behavioral marriage therapy: I. A psychodynamic systems analysis and critique.

Gurman, A. S. & Kniskern, D. P. Behavioral marriage therapy: II. Empirical perspective.

Jacobson, N. & Weiss, R. L. Behavioral marriage therapy: III. The contents of Gurman, et al., may be hazardous to our health.

Gurman, A. S., Knudson, R. M. & Kniskern, D. P. Behavioral marriage therapy: IV. Take two aspirin and call us in the morning.
An Open‐Systems Approach to Teaching Family Therapy*
Authors: Skynner A.C. Robin , Skynner Prudence M.
Published: June 2007

Through systems concepts are increasingly employed in family and marital therapy, they are usually employed in a limited way, excluding some aspects of the total system. Systems ideas are applied most fully to the nuclear and extended family of the referred patient, and increasingly to the therapist's family of origin. The interface between the influence of the family of origin of the professional and difficulties in his practice is also scrutinized, though more often in a teaching and supervisory context than during therapy. The relationships among the therapist's family of origin, his marriage and family of procreation, and his professional work are more often neglected, and the influence of all three on the dynamics of institutions, training programs and staff groups is least often explored.

The authors, a married couple who work together professionally, occupied fin‐several years a crucial leadership role in developing the first multi‐disciplinary teaching programs in the London area, bringing together key teachers from all the main institutions, with widely differing theoretical orientations, in a group which now forms the Institute of Family Therapy (London). This paper describes their attempt to facilitate a more consistently open‐systems approach which appeared to stimulate unusually rapid growth, learning, and group cohe‐siveness.
Family‐Oriented Treatment of Chronic Pain*
Authors: Hudgens Alletta Jervey
Published: June 2007

The medical field is beginning to experiment with family‐oriented treatment and with integrating systems theory and learning theory into traditional treatment programs. This paper describes the outcome of a short‐term, family‐centered, behavioral approach to chronic pain at the University of Minnesota Hospitals. Family members were taught operant conditioning techniques which rewarded non‐pain oriented behavior in the patient.

Twenty‐four patients and their families completed the Pain Treatment Program in 197A and 1975. The paper reports their level of functioning before and after the program and the work with the family system during treatment. The goals of treatment included improving family relationships, regaining occupational roles, eliminating prescription pain medication, increasing tolerance for selected exercises, and reducing use of the health care system. By treating the total family, 75% of the patients and families were able to lead normally active and satisfactory lives again.
Therapy with Families of a Mentally Retarded Child
Authors: Turner Andrew L.
Published: June 2007

Professional services to the families of mentally retarded children have traditionally centered around educational/vocational training and placement of the MR child. With increased social and legislative emphasis on services for exceptional children, helping professionals now have the opportunity to deal with the broader problem of family adjustment and reorganization following the birth of an MR child. Family therapy offers an effective means of dealing with the continued crises facing such families, through a shift in emphasis from the identified patient to overall family systems and members. Major goals, periods of crisis, family reactions, and basic techniques are suggested.
Sentence‐Completion as an Aid to Sex Therapy
Authors: Gumina James M.
Published: June 2007

Sentence‐completion methods have traditionally been used by professionals in a psychodiagnostic fashion. With some modifications, however, the author has adapted this basic framework to his work with sex/marital therapy cases; hence, the focus here has shifted to the therapeutic process itself rather than exclusively diagnosis. A sample set of instructions, a clinical example, and some additional sentences are provided to acquaint the reader with the actual process of sentence‐completion as a potential aid to therapists' normative therapeutic regimes. Finally, the author discusses the implications of new treatment modalities, such as sentence‐completion, to the overall therapeutic process.
Towards an Interdisciplinary Commitment: A Divorce Lawyer Proposes Attorney‐Therapist Marriages or, at the Least, an Affair
Authors: Steinberg Joseph L.
Published: June 2007

A divorce is less likely to seriously traumatize the dissolving family when both the legal and emotional issues of divorce are addressed. Attorney‐therapist teams are proposed as an effective vehicle to help minimize the stress of the divorce experience. Some benefits of an interdisciplinary approach are enumerated as are a number of creative forms of collaboration.
Child Custody in Transition
Authors: Franklin Robin L. , Hibbs “B”
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses on four major areas of child custody in transition: parental preference, child preference, rights and responsibilities of custodial and noncustodial parents, and joint custody. These issues are addressed with regard to parent vs. parent custody decisions. Current legal and psychological trends in custody contests are reviewed.
Training in Family Assessment: A Comparison of Three Teaching Methods*
Authors: Tomm Karl , Leahey Maureen
Published: June 2007

Three methods of training in family assessment were evaluated. Method I employed traditional classroom lecture along with demonstration videotapes prepared by faculty. Method II used small group discussion with the same videotapes. Method III incorporated an experiential task in which the students conducted a family interview and presented their own videotapes for small group discussion. Parallel pre and post tests were developed to measure knowledge and skills in family assessment. Results showed a significant gain in scores between pre and post measures, but the gains did not differ significantly between the three teaching methods. Logistic considerations led to the conclusion that the method of choice is Method I.
Divorce Counseling or Marriage Therapy? A Therapeutic Option
Authors: Lazrus Arnold A.
Published: June 2007

Divorce, if properly orchestrated by a specially trained therapist, can be a liberating experience that promotes, rather than undermines, family solidarity. Of course, a happy marriage is preferable to an amicable divorce, but some marriages are beyond repair. Gross incompatibility often leads to “emotional blackmail” and other coercive states within an unhappy marriage. The present paper, through the use of several case histories, addresses the foregoing issues and also delineates effective marital therapy strategies. The rationale and implementation of creative divorce counseling is also described.
Graphic Family Therapy: An Affective Alternative to Structure and Strategy1
Authors: Schneider Thomas , Schonitzer D. Leigh , Friedrichs Sharon
Published: June 2007

A self‐discovery hypothesis regarding changing family dysfunctioning is suggested. From this hypothesis a method for treatment called Graphic Family Therapy has been developed. The four stages of this design—Analysis, Motivation, Evaluation and Research—are discussed. Specific graphic exercises for eight categories of family dysfunction are described. Two illustrative cases, one long‐term and one short‐term, are presented. Conclusions regarding results, future research, training and other clinical applications are offered.
The Paranoid Wife Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment*
Authors: Williams Arthur R. , Trick O. Lee , Troum Reita A.
Published: June 2007

The authors delineate and examine the psychodynamics of the paranoid wife syndrome and its concomitant characteristic intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamic phenomena. Diagnostic indications and treatment modalities and strategies are nated.
Sources of Influence in the Family Therapy Field: Publication Trends in Three Major Journals1
Authors: Gurman Alan S.
Published: June 2007

The institutional sources of all articles published in the three major marriage and family therapy journals through 1978 are identified. The journals reviewed include: Family Process, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, and the American Journal of Family Therapy. While no single center emerges as dominating the published family therapy literature, a small number of institutions clearly have exerted a profound impact on the literature of the field. Moreover, the absolute number of centers influencing the field is rapidly increasing, and these centers are becoming particularly influential in the newer journals in the field.
The Anatomy of Hope
Authors: Beavers W. Robert , Kaslow Florence W.
Published: June 2007

Hope and despair are antonyms that describe a person's emotional state, determine whether one receives a psychiatric label, and whether one experiences others as potentially loving or threatening. Patients come to the therapist, bereft of a sense of self‐esteem and personal potency, seeking the gift of hope which the therapist, who treasures life, is uniquely qualified to give. The cultivation of hope and the abolition of despair are prime ingredients in psychotherapy, yet have received little attention in the therapeutic literature. This article examines the nature and origin of hope and despair.
Paradox Redux
Authors: Dell Paul F.
Published: June 2007

Paradox is inherently an epistemological phenomenon. The “existence” of parodox requires the premises and beliefs of an observer. There are no phenomena which are paradoxical in themselves—apart from an observer. The major premise that generates “paradox” is the (false) assumption that we live in an Aristotelian universe. This premise requires that self‐recursive phenomena be considered to be somehow unreal or illusory. Such epistemological (and ontological) disqualification of self‐recursive phenomena leads to a variety of consequences, perhaps the least of which is “paradox.” This paper argues that recursive ness is a fundamental phenomenon which, when ignored or denied, leads to destructiveness in our interactions with others.
The Use of the Chronological Chart in General Systems Family Therapy
Authors: Duhl Frederick J.
Published: June 2007

The author describes a method for keeping track of family events and their impact on each of the family members by use of a chronological chart. Detailing the ways in which information from family stores can be collected and recorded, he indicates the chart's value in integrating and presenting information to families so that new options can be attempted.
The Dynamics, Implications and Treatment of Extramarital Sexual Relationships for the Family Therapist*
Authors: Elbaum Phillip L.
Published: June 2007

This article presents the dynamics, implications and treatment of extramarital sex. Historical and cultural perspectives, various types of infidelity experiences and family therapy implications will be discussed. Marital styles will be outlined as a frame of reference in understanding the topic and the importance of symptom generation vis‐a‐vis infidelity. Finally, specific recommendations for treatment and a brief consideration of extramarital relationships as a healthy alternative marital style will be offered.
Enrichment Role‐Playing as a Step in the Training of Family Therapists
Authors: Jessee Ed , L'Abate Luciano
Published: June 2007

In recent years increasing attention has been devoted to the training of family therapists. This paper focuses on the difficulties inherent in such training, and the benefits provided by an alternative model based on enrichment role‐playing. This technique provides a much needed step in the systemization of family therapy training. Specific benefits include: (a) an optimal environment for teaching basic relationship skills, (b) security for the student and clarity of perceptions for the supervisor, and (c) an opportunity for the trainee to learn family diagnostics. A brief review of family therapy training, marital and family enrichment, and role‐playing precedes discussion of the enrichment role‐playing technique. Case material is presented to illustrate the trainee's experience.
TREATING CONDUCT‐DISORDERED ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS BY WORKING WITH THE PARENTS
Authors: Roberts Randy
Published: June 2007

A method of therapy for families with an acting out adolescent or young adult is presented, as is a rationale for the method. The aim of the approach is to alter the underlying problem of immaturity that is hypothesized to exist in these families. Emphasis is placed on working with the parents in a systematic way over an extended period of time. As progress is made by the parents, an emotional crisis is created in the adolescent that can then be used by him as the basis for extensive change. The therapy of the parents proceeds in phases: 1) preparation for a long‐term effort; 2) rethinking and objectively evaluating the nature of the relationship with the adolescent in specific areas; 3) translation of the newly gained perspective into action positions vis‐à‐vis the adolescent; and 4) non‐child‐focused therapy.
PARENTAL REVERSALS: A FRAMEWORK FOR CONCEPTUALIZING AND IMPLEMENTING A CLASS OF PARADOXICAL INTERVENTIONS*
Authors: Schwartz Richard Carroll
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a class of paradoxical interventions the author calls parental reversals which involve inducing parents to reverse either their injunctions or their position regarding a problem with a child. A taxonomy, as well as guidelines for the selection and implementation of these paradoxical interventions, is presented.
THE IDENTIFIED PATIENT AND STAGE OF FAMILY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Fishbein Harold D.
Published: June 2007

The relationships between child vulnerability to stress, birth order, and stage of family development were assessed. Four stages were identified: Stage I involves 2 parents and their 2 or 3 natural children; Stage II, following divorce, involves mother and her 2 or 3 natural children; Stage III following remarriage, involves mother, stepfather, and mother's 2 or 3 natural children; and Stage IV involves mother, stepfather, mother's 2 or 3 natural children from her first marriage, and the single child from her current marriage. In general, vulnerability of first borns and last borns shifted across stages in a complementary fashion. First borns were most vulnerable in Stage III, least vulnerable in Stage IV, and at intermediate levels in Stages I and II. Last borns were most vulnerable in Stage IV and least vulnerable in Stage HI. The results were interpreted in terms of a linkage between emotional symptoms, gains and losses in privileged positions in the family, and changes in mother‐child closeness.
HETEROGENOUS COUPLES IN HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAGES: GAY MEN AND STRAIGHT WOMEN*
Authors: Bozett Frederick W.
Published: June 2007

This article, which is based on in‐depth interviews of gay men who had been married, focuses on the nature of the spousal relationship and the almost inevitable marital disruption. It describes the conditions which bring about the man's disclosure of his homosexuality, the means of disclosure he uses, the wife's response, and the interactional effects the disclosure and response have on the marriage relationship. Most of the marriages ended in divorce. Regardless of whether the wife was accepting or rejecting of her husband as a homosexual, she appeared to be an enabler of his transition to a homosexual lifestyle. Implications for counseling are discussed.
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING'S “FAMILY DISEASE”: ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Authors: Lewis Carol R.
Published: June 2007

What was Elizabeth Barrett Browning's mysterious and variously diagnosed “disease”? This study reviews biographical material in the light of modern family systems theory and develops a hypothesis that Elizabeth Barrett lived with her family of origin in “anorectic transaction”, and that chronic anorexia nervosa was embedded in the Victorian poet's lifestyle. The characteristics of anorectic families: enmeshment, overprotection, rigidity, and lack of conflict resolution, are shown to have been abundantly present in Barrett family patterns. Robert Browning is compared with a family therapist whose interventions restructure a system and free the anorectic from her dysfunctional symptom.
TREATMENT PRIORITIES IN A FAMILY‐ORIENTED ALCOHOLISM PROGRAM*
Authors: Nace Edgar P. , Dephoure Marilyn , Goldberg Martin , Cammarota Charles C.
Published: June 2007

In this paper it is recommended that family therapists not repeat a common error experienced in individual therapy: namely, seduction by the unfolding dynamics which lead to an exclusion of the very specific contributions to the family's malfunctioning by the process of alcoholism itself. There are clearly dynamic factors in alcoholism as a disease process which compromise the family's ability to face and alter its destructive effects. A family program, as part of a comprehensive alcoholism treatment program, is briefly described. The importance of providing cognitive input about the disease of alcoholism is emphasized. Combined individual and group intervention address the destructive family dynamics set in motion by alcoholism.
STRUCTURAL AND STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY: A BASIS FOR MARRIAGE, OR GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE?*
Authors: Fraser J. Scott
Published: June 2007

In reaction to a current move toward eclecticism in family therapy, the Structural and Strategic schools of therapy are examined. Both a conceptual and practical framework for relating these two, often contradictory, schools to one another is presented through the use of some of Gregory Bateson's recently presented views. The therapist's dilemma in trying to integrate these two approaches is discussed in the light of self‐fulfilling prophecies and the necessity for second‐order change as related to the therapist's actions. A conclusion is reached that conceptual integration of the approaches may be possible at a higher level, yet practical integration of the two by the practitioner may be difficult, if not impossible, due to the different units of analysis and subsequent action commanded by each approach.
FEMALE‐HEADED FAMILIES: EFFECTS ON CHILDREN AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS*
Authors: Cashion Barbara G.
Published: June 2007

The social psychological research pertaining to female‐headed families published between 1970–1980 is reviewed. The literature indicates that theoretically children do not need the presence of the same‐sex/opposite‐sex parents in the family in order to develop sex‐role behavior. Children in female‐headed families are likely to have good emotional adjustment, good self‐esteem except when they are stigmatized, intellectual development comparable to others in the same socioeconomic status, and rates of juvenile delinquency comparable to others in the same socioeconomic status. In light of these findings, suggestions are made for counseling women who head families.
PROBLEM MAINTENANCE IN FAMILY SYSTEMS: AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL*
Authors: Feldman Larry B. , Pinsof William M.
Published: June 2007

Cybernetic theory, social learning theory and psychodynamic theory often have been put forth as competing models of the maintenance of family problems. It is argued here that the relative absence in the field of attempts to integrate these perspectives has restricted severely the development of family assessment and therapy. After highlighting the essential features of these three models, an integrative model of family problem maintenance is proposed, and the model's applicability is demonstrated in an illustrative discussion of three major types of clinical problems: symptomatic spouse, symptomatic child, and conflictual couple. Implications of the model for clinical practice are also discussed.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MINNESOTA COUPLE COMMUNICATION PROGRAM: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH*
Authors: Wampler Karen Smith
Published: June 2007

Findings from a review of 19 research studies on the Minnesota Couple Communication Program (CCP) indicate that CCP has an immediate positive effect on communication behavior and relationship satisfaction. CCP does not alter reported levels of self‐disclosure or self‐esteem. Positive changes due to CCP persisted at follow‐up in some studies, but evidence of the durability of effects is weak. While research on CCP has improved over the last ten years, future research is needed on the issues of maintenance of effects, the types of individuals and couples with whom CCP is most effective, and the specific program components which are most crucial for improving marital communication skills.
FAMILY INTERVENTION IN A CASE OF MULTIPLE PERSONALITY
Authors: Levenson James , Berry Sandra L.
Published: June 2007

The authors report a case of multiple personality in which therapy was directed at the marital couple, rather than focusing on the multiple personality per se. The symptoms of the individual are seen as a disturbance in the family homeostasis and were treated from that standpoint. The functions of the symptom in the areas of impulse discharge, superego operation, boundaries of closeness‐distance, and self‐object representations for the couple and family are discussed.
READING ALOUD AS AN INITIAL ASSIGNMENT IN MARITAL THERAPY*
Authors: Hamburg Sam R.
Published: June 2007

This paper suggests conjoint reading aloud as an initial assignment in behavioral marital therapy. The spouses are directed to read a book on marital conflict and communication five times during the week following the initial interview. At that interview they negotiate an agreement on when they will do the reading. Conjoint reading is compared with two alternative initial assignments, Caring Days and the Spouse Observation Checklist. It is argued that the advantage of the conjoint reading is that it addresses the experientially salient problems of verbal conflict. Details for instigating the assignment are presented.
STRUCTURED MARITAL SEPARATION AS A MARITAL TREATMENT METHOD*
Authors: Granvold Donald K. , Tarrant Roxanne
Published: June 2007

This article describes therapist‐structured marital separation for distressed couples during their critical period of deciding whether to divorce or remain married. Characteristics of marital distress appropriate for structured marital separation are identified and discussed; potential benefits are explicated; and the design of the separation contract is specified. Issues addressed in the structure of the separation include the duration of the separation; the frequency of contact between partners; sexual contact between partners; dating; sexual contact with others; privacy; and contact with children.