bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to a novel context following contextual fear conditioning enhances the induction of hippocampal long‐term potentiation
Authors: Motanis Helen , Maroun Mouna
Published: July 2010

The prior behavioral experience of an animal can influence the direction and the probability of long‐term plasticity induced at the activated synapses. In the present study, we compared alterations in long‐term potentiation in the rat CA1 of the hippocampus following post‐fear conditioning exposure to the conditioning context vs. a novel context. Furthermore, we examined whether the alterations in long‐term potentiation are dependent on the prior formation of context–shock fear memory association. Whereas retrieval of fear memory 1 h after conditioning in the conditioning context was associated with impairment in the magnitude of long‐term potentiation, exposure to a novel context at the same time point was associated with a robust increase in long‐term potentiation. This effect was time‐dependent, as exposure to a novel context 24 h after conditioning resulted in impaired long‐term potentiation. Furthermore, preventing the formation of a fear context–shock association resulted in different modifications to long‐term potentiation levels, regardless of whether association formation was prevented behaviorally (i.e. using a minimal context–shock association) or pharmacologically (using the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid receptor antagonist MK801). Our findings suggest that exposure to a novel environment following fear conditioning induces a form of metaplasticity that enhances the acquisition of novel information and could prevent acute stress‐associated impairments in long‐term potentiation.
Drug injecting in patients in New Zealand Methadone Maintenance Treatment programs: An anonymous survey
Authors: JUDSON GRAEME , BIRD RUPERT , O'CONNOR PATRICK , BEVIN TIM , LOAN RICHARD , SCHRODER MARTIN , MCGRATH RICHARD , WEATHERALL MARK , MORIARTY HELEN , ROBINSON GEOFF
Published: July 2010

Introduction and Aims. To investigate the prevalence and nature of injecting behaviour among patients on Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) programs. Design and Methods. A self‐reported questionnaire was handed to 423 patients enrolled in MMT across six clinics in the lower North Island of New Zealand. Results. A total of 151 patients responded, giving a 35.6% response rate. One hundred and twenty (79.5%) respondents reported they had injected methadone while enrolled in MMT, 84 (55.6%) had injected methadone in the last year and of those 43 (35.8%) had injected methadone in the last week. Reasons given for injecting of methadone included: rapid onset of effect, needle fixation and euphoria. Time on the methadone programme was negatively associated with ever injecting methadone [odds ratio (95% CI) 0.92 (0.85–0.99), P = 0.029] and injecting other substances [odds ratio (95% CI) 0.93(0.87–1.0), P = 0.046]. More frequent pharmacy‐observed consumption was associated with increased injecting of other substances [odds ratio (95% CI) 1.32 (1.09–1.59), P = 0.005] but not methadone. The time a person had been enrolled on the methadone programme was associated with decreased use of other substances [odds ratio (95% CI) 0.93 (0.87–1.0), P = 0.046]. Discussion and Conclusions. Many individuals on MMT continue to inject their methadone. In this sample, the frequency of injection of methadone did not correlate with prescribed dose or takeaway arrangements. The beneficial impact of time on the programme emphasises the importance of retention in treatment. It is suggested that these results also indicate a need for routine education concerning safe injecting.[Judson G, Bird R, O'Connor P, Bevin T, Loan R, Schroder M, McGrath R, Weatherall M, Moriarty H, Robinson G. Drug injecting in patients in New Zealand Methadone Maintenance Treatment programs: An anonymous survey. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
DOES THE RIVER SPILL OVER? ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC RETURNS TO ATTENDING A RACIALLY DIVERSE COLLEGE
Authors: ARCIDIACONO PETER , VIGDOR JACOB L.
Published: July 2010

This article evaluates the frequently argued but heretofore little tested hypothesis that increasing minority representation in elite colleges generates tangible benefits for majority‐race students. Using data on graduates of 30 selective universities, we find only weak evidence of any relationship between collegiate racial composition and the postgraduation outcomes of white or Asian students. Moreover, the strongest evidence we uncover suggests that increasing minority representation by lowering admission standards is unlikely to produce benefits and may in fact cause harm by reducing the representation of minority students on less selective campuses. While affirmative action may still be desirable for the benefits it conveys to minority students, these results provide little support for “spillover” effects on majority‐race students. (JEL I2, J15, J24)

[T]he attainment of a diverse student body… is a constitutionally permissible goal for an institution of higher education.… The atmosphere of ‘speculation, experiment and creation’—so essential to the quality of higher education—is widely believed to be promoted by a diverse student body.

—Lewis Powell, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (438 U.S. 265, 1978, pp. 311–12, quoting Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234, 1957, p. 263)
Bergmann's Rule – what's in a name?
Authors: Meiri Shai
Published: July 2010

Despite the great interest it generates, the definition of Bergmann's Rule is vague and often contested. Debate focuses on whether the rule should be described in terms of pattern or process, what taxa it should apply to and what taxonomic level it should be associated with. Here I review the historical development of studies of Bergmann's Rule. I suggest that Bergmann thought that his rule should be strongest at the intra‐specific level, rather than between closely related species as is usually thought. I argue that the rule is a pattern that can be studied regardless of mechanism in any taxon and at any taxonomic level.
Transactions costs as an obstacle to fisheries self‐governance in New Zealand
Authors: Townsend Ralph E.
Published: July 2010

When faced with opportunities for greater self‐governance, the New Zealand fishing industry managed to make only limited progress. Why industry was unable to progress self‐management more effectively remains an interesting question. This paper argues that the benefits of greater self‐governance were probably less than the significant transactions costs to self‐organise. The benefits were probably smaller in New Zealand than elsewhere, because reform had already reduced the costs of fisheries administration. And the transactions costs confronting industry were substantial. First, unanimous agreement was required for self‐governance, which created high transactions costs. Second, the tools for private enforcement were limited. Third, policy failed to specify clearly the expectations of self‐governance, so the investments in self‐governance are unusually risky. The government had unrealistic expectations that self‐governance would solve third‐party environmental externalities as well as fishing externalities. This implied high transactions costs to negotiate with third parties, such as environmental groups. Fourth, the standards for accountability were difficult to specify. This experience identifies four key policies if devolved fisheries governance is to be promoted: non‐unanimous decision‐making; private enforcement; clarity on areas for self‐governance; and clarity on accountability standards.
Marine protected areas in spatial property‐rights fisheries*
Authors: Costello Christopher , Kaffine Daniel T.
Published: July 2010

Marine protected areas (MPAs) and spatial property rights (TURFs) are two seemingly contradictory approaches advocated as solutions to common property failures in fisheries. MPAs limit harvest to certain areas, but may enhance profits outside via spillover. TURFs incentivize local stewardship but may be plagued by spatial externalities when the TURF size is insufficient to capture all dispersal. Within a numerical model parameterized to a California marine species, we explore the economic and ecological effects of imposing MPAs on a TURF‐regulated fishery. Whether MPAs can enhance or diminish profits (or fish abundance) hinges critically on the level of coordination already occurring between TURF owners. If coordination is complete, private MPAs may already emerge in some TURFs; implementing additional MPAs reduces profits. However, to the extent that coordination is incomplete, strategically sited MPAs may be an effective complement to spatial property rights‐based fisheries, increasing both fishery profits and abundance.
Controlling excess capacity in common‐pool resource industries: the transition from input to output controls*
Authors: Squires Dale , Jeon Yongil , Grafton R. Quentin , Kirkley James
Published: July 2010

Overcapacity is a major problem in common‐pool resources. Regulators increasingly turn from limited entry to individual transferable use rights to address overcapacity. Using individual vessel data from before and after the introduction of individual harvest rights into a fishery, the paper investigates how characteristics of rights, scale of operations and transition period affect changes in individual and fleet capacity utilisation and excess capacity. The results indicate that individual harvest rights in both theory and practice offer the potential to address the problem of overcapacity in common‐pool resources currently managed with limited‐entry regulations.
Nationalism and Politics in Australia before 1855
Authors: GOLLAN ROBIN
Published: July 2010

“Outside of nationality there is neither art, nor truth, nor life‐there is nothing.”‐ I. S. Turgenev.
The Australian Reaction to the Suez Crisis: July‐December, 1956
Authors: BALL W. MACMAHON
Published: July 2010

Because of its predominant importance this article in the series “Problems of Australian Foreign Policy” deals exclusively with the Suez crisis; other aspects of Australian foreign policy will be brought up to date in the next number of the Journal.
The Chinese and the Philippine Political Process
Authors: JIANG JOSEPH P. L.
Published: July 2010

Philippine Chinese contributed liberally to politics but without asking anything openly for themselves. They habitually concealed their wealth, having been taught what comes of envy on the part of a government which they cannot control1
Emigration to the New Worlds: Migration Systems in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: July 2010

The spirit of immigration is very great. People have got impatient and though you cannot stop the road it is yet in your power to mark the way. (George Washington, 1784)
The Asian Rejection?: International Refugee Law in Asia*
Authors: Davies Sara E.
Published: July 2010

The majority of Asian states have not signed onto the major international refugee law instruments which promote refugee recognition and protection. Yet, second to Africa, the Asian region has had the highest number of refugees since the Second World War. Three explanations are usually offered to explain this puzzle —“good neighbourliness”, “economic costs” and “social disruption”. In this article I argue that each is flawed in important ways and then develop an alternative by explaining how limited Asian involvement in the drafting of international refugee law has led Asian states to reject Eurocentric refugee recognition practices.
Russian Terror/ism and Revisionist Historiography
Authors: Suny Ronald Grigor
Published: July 2010

Interest in the violence of the Soviet regime has been a concern primarily of more conservative historians, while those on the Left have either been discomforted by the excessive brutality of the Russian Civil War and Stalinism or have looked for rationalizations for the necessity of violence. One tendency in the historiography has been to see violence as deeply embedded in the Bolshevik project, part of the Marxist or Leninist effort to transform the world or perfect the human being. Revolutionary and Stalinist violence are seen as similar or intimately linked, and differences between them have been largely effaced. This essay argues that the violence and terror of the Civil War years is best understood as part of wartime exigencies as well as choices made by the Bolsheviks and their enemies, while Stalinist violence was much more the product of the will of Stalin and his closest collaborators in their consolidation of autocratic power, and was far more gratuitous and irrational than the violence of the fledgling Soviet regime.
Securing the German Domestic Front in the Second World War: Prosecution of Subversion before the People's Court
Authors: Welch Steven R.
Published: July 2010

Article Five of the Special Wartime Penal Code served as the basis for the prosecution of the crime of Wehrkraftzersetzung (“subversion”) in the Third Reich. Using a sample of sixty‐six cases dealing with defeatist statements tried before the People's Court, this article argues that these subversion cases clearly demonstrate the politicisation of the judicial process under the Nazi regime. The application of an extraordinarily broad interpretation of the term “public”— virtually obliterating any notion of a private sphere — as well as a draconian use of the death penalty (two‐thirds of defendants were sentenced to death and executed) both provide evidence that the prosecution of subversion can be understood as one component of a broader effort by the Hitler regime to achieve total control over society in pursuit of total war.
The Economics of the “Final Solution”*
Authors: Feldman Gerald D.
Published: July 2010

The economics of the Holocaust is a many‐facetted subject that is an integral part of the Holocaust's history. This paper describes some of the results of the new research since 1990 and discusses the economic rationalities employed by the perpetrators in despoiling the Jews. Economic considerations accompanied the timing and pace of the expropriation of Jewish assets and their “Aryanization.” The new research also shows that there was widespread collaboration in the expropriation of the Jews by private interests both inside Germany and in German‐controlled Europe and that networks of bureaucrats and private interests joined to achieve Nazi goals. The combination of expropriation and mass murder was one of the aspects of the Holocaust that made it unique.
The Polish Shipyard: Myth, Economic History and Economic Policy Reform in New Zealand*
Authors: Goldfinch Shaun , Malpass Daniel
Published: July 2010

The New Zealand economy before the election of the Fourth Labour Government in 1984 is often portrayed as something not only highly regulated — but as something uniquely so amongst developed nations, with a stagnant economy declining in the post‐war era and nearing collapse by the 1984 election — the Polish shipyard. We show that New Zealand was not overly‐regulated by the standards of the time, with many of its policies reflecting development elsewhere; it was generally liberalising in the post‐war era and its economic decline and supposed collapse have been considerably overstated. This invented history gave impetus to radical economic reform after 1984 by framing the apparently failed and bizarre past as forcing inevitable solutions. It is an important constraint on policy‐making in New Zealand, allowing policy to develop only along certain “appropriate” paths. It provided cohesion for policy makers in the face of less than certain results and harnessed emotional and intellectual energy towards the free‐market quest, while legitimating certain policy directions and de‐legitimating others.
Facing the Inevitable: Britain's Entry into the European Community and Australia's Policy, 1970‐72
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea
Published: July 2010

While Australia's response to Britain's 1961‐63 bid to join the European Community has been examined in almost every possible detail, Australian policy towards Britain's 1970‐72 application has drawn very little scholarly attention. This article therefore aims to fill this gap by drawing on newly released archival material from the National Archives of Australia in Canberra and the National Archives in London. In doing so, the article examines the impact of Britain's 1971‐72 application to join the EC on Australian policy and the Anglo‐Australian relations. It argues that while far from provoking the same widespread uproar as the Macmillan government's original application in 1961, Britain's final bid had important political and economic implications for Australian foreign policy.
From Missionary to Ministerial Adviser: Constance Duncan and Australia‐Japan Relations 1922‐1947
Authors: Summy Hilary
Published: July 2010

The contribution of A. Constance Duncan (1896‐1970) to Australia‐Japan relations has been overlooked in mainstream historiography. This article examines her role in the development of these relations from 1922 to 1947. She was one of the few women to be accepted into the elite inner‐circle of intellectuals influencing Australian foreign policy during this period. In 1922 she embarked on a career in Japan as a missionary, or “foreign secretary”, for the Young Women's Christian Association. She returned to Australia in 1933 and took up a position with the Bureau of Social and International Affairs. Her familiarity with Japanese culture and society, together with an abiding interest in promoting world peace, led naturally to her participation in the world of international relations at a time of heightened interest in the Asia‐Pacific region and Japan in particular. She was part of an intellectual movement that considered an educated Australian public to be of paramount importance in future Australia‐Japan relations and international relations generally. This article traces her activities and examines her influence in the educational field and on Australian foreign policy‐making.
“We Have Wines of All Kinds: Red, White, and Green”: Romanian Reactions to the Hungarian Uprising in 1956*
Authors: Granville Johanna
Published: July 2010

Drawing on memoirs, archival documents, and recent scholarship, this article examines the reverberations of the Hungarian revolution of 1956 in three Romanian cities, Bucharest, Cluj‐Napoca, and Timişoara. Before the collapse of communism in Romania in 1989, a stereotype prevailed that, in contrast to the youth in Hungary, as well as in Poland and Czechoslovakia, Romanian students were too “cowardly” to voice their opinion of the events of the 1950s, including the Hungarian revolt. After the communist regime's collapse, Romanian scholars working with new archival documents debunked this conception, claiming that a student protest “movement” and widespread “demonstrations” (manifestarile) did indeed occur throughout Romania. The truth lies somewhere in‐between. Romanian university students were neither too “timid” to speak their minds about the need for reforms, nor tightly united in a movement with a central leadership and specific agenda.
Politicians Using History
Authors: Clark Anna
Published: July 2010

The political potency of national history has been understood for generations. Yet there has been an unquestionable surge in history's political influence over the last twenty or thirty years, as the various history wars that have broken out around the world attest. Australia has been no exception: disputes over its national story continue to generate considerable controversy in the media, in politics and in public debate. But how has this politicisation of the past affected Australian political history in the present? This paper examines how history is practised in contemporary Australian politics — and notices an increasingly strategic use of the past by politicians in recent years.
CEO Stock‐Based Pay, Home‐Country Risk, and Foreign Firms' Capital Acquisition in the US Market
Authors: Carpenter Mason A. , Indro Daniel C. , Miller Stewart R. , Richards Malika
Published: July 2010

Manuscript Type: Empirical

Research Question/Issue: We ask two research questions: (1) How do CEO stock ownership and options influence the amount of equity capital that a foreign firm raises in US capital markets? (2) How does the foreign firm's home‐country risk moderate these relationships?

Research Findings/Insights: To test our hypotheses, we use a sample of firms from 40 countries that raised equity capital via ADR offerings between 1994 and 2005. Using a full‐information maximum likelihood approach to estimate a model that accounts for sample selection associated with non‐capital raising ADRs and non‐listed ADRs, as well as hot and cold equity markets, we found that CEO stock and option ownership lead to a higher level of equity capital raised. Interestingly, the level of home‐country risk of the issuing firm weakens the relationship between the CEO stock ownership and the amount of equity capital raised, but strengthens the relationship between CEO stock options and ADR equity capital raised.

Theoretical/Academic Implications: We develop a framework that draws on behavioral decision making and agency theory to suggest that executive risk taking varies across countries and different forms of monitoring (stock ownership versus options) and that agents may exhibit risk‐seeking as well as risk‐averse behaviors. We also examined the potential corporate governance costs associated with principal‐principal conflict as it relates to CEO stock‐based compensation and the implications for raising equity capital. Because stock ownership and stock options have different risk profiles, and foreign firms operate in countries with different home‐country risk, we theorize how home‐country risk will moderate the relationship between CEO stock ownership or options with the amount of equity capital raised by a foreign firm in US stock markets through the issuance of American Depository Receipts (ADRs).

Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our results show that US investors pay attention to the types of stock‐based executive compensation used by firms that raise capital in the US. In particular, CEOs of firms from higher risk countries need to consider US investors' perceptions of their stock‐based compensation because it may hamper the firm's effectiveness in raising capital in the US.
COORDINATION PROCESSES AND OUTCOMES IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE: THE CHALLENGE OF INTER‐ORGANIZATIONAL FOOD SAFETY COORDINATION IN NORWAY
Authors: LIE AMUND
Published: July 2010

In 2004 Norway implemented a food safety reform programme aimed at enhancing inter‐organizational coordination processes and outcomes. Has this programme affected inter‐organizational coordination processes and outcomes, both vertically and horizontally – and if so how? This article employs the concept of inter‐organizational coordination as an analytical tool, examining it in the light of two theoretical perspectives and coupling it with the empirical findings. The argument presented is that the chances of strong coordination outcomes may increase if inter‐organizational processes feature a clear division of labour, arenas for coordination, active leadership, a lack of major conflicting goals, and shared obligations.
THE FORMATION OF PEPTIDO‐AMINES FROM CONSTITUENT AMINO ACIDS AND HISTAMINE IN HYPOTHALAMIC TISSUE
Authors: Reichelt K. L. , Edminson P. D. , Kvamme E.
Published: July 2010

—The formation of peptido‐amines from acetylaspartic acid and histamine incubated with amino acids Glu, Gly, Ser, Ala and GABA is described. The incubation was performed using a 16000 g× 30 min supernatant extract of hypothalamic tissue which had been cleared of small molecular weight compounds by passage through a G‐25 Sephadex column.
Immunochemical Characterization of Peripheral Nervous System Myelin 170,000‐Mr Glycoprotein
Authors: Shuman Sandra , Hardy Mattie , Pleasure David
Published: July 2010

Abstract: A recently described 170,000‐Mr glycoprotein, specific to peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin, was purified from rat PNS myelin by preparative sodium do‐decyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and used to immunize guinea pigs and rabbits. The resultant antisera proved specific for 170,000‐Mr glycoprotein by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, by immunoprecipitation of the appropriate peptide from solubilized PNS myelin, and by immunoblot analysis of rat PNS myelin. The anti‐rat 170,000‐Mr glycoprotein antisera cross‐reacted with proteins of similar molecular weight in human and bovine PNS myelin, but such proteins were not detected in human or rat CNS myelin or other rat tissues. The 170,000‐Mr glycoprotein was also detected by this immunoblot procedure in recently isolated rat Schwann cells but not in those kept in culture for 3 days. By indirect immunofluorescent microscopy, anti‐rat 170,000‐Mr glycoprotein antibody bound to rat PNS myelin sheaths but not to other rat tissues. Together, these studies indicate the 170,000‐Mr glycoprotein is specific to PNS myelin of several species and that a neuronal influence may be required for its expression by Schwann cells.
Neurosteroid transport by the organic solute transporter OSTα–OSTβ
Authors: Fang Fang , Christian Whitney V. , Gorman Sadie G. , Cui Mei , Huang Jiaoti , Tieu Kim , Ballatori Nazzareno
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 220–233.

A variety of steroids, including pregnenolone sulfate (PREGS) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) are synthesized by specific brain cells, and are then delivered to their target sites, where they exert potent effects on neuronal excitability. The present results demonstrate that [3H]DHEAS and [3H]PREGS are relatively high affinity substrates for the organic solute transporter, OSTα–OSTβ, and that the two proteins that constitute this transporter are selectively localized to steroidogenic cells in the cerebellum and hippocampus, namely the Purkinje cells and cells in the cornu ammonis region in both mouse and human brain. Analysis of Ostα and Ostβ mRNA levels in mouse Purkinje and hippocampal cells isolated via laser capture microdissection supported these findings. In addition, Ostα‐deficient mice exhibited changes in serum DHEA and DHEAS levels, and in tissue distribution of administered [3H]DHEAS. OSTα and OSTβ proteins were also localized to the zona reticularis of human adrenal gland, the major region for DHEAS production in the periphery. These results demonstrate that OSTα–OSTβ is localized to steroidogenic cells of the brain and adrenal gland, and that it modulates DHEA/DHEAS homeostasis, suggesting that it may contribute to neurosteroid action.
Amphetamine regulates NR2B expression in Go2α knockout mice and thereby sustains behavioral sensitization
Authors: Brunk Irene , Sanchis‐Segura Carles , Blex Christian , Perreau‐Lenz Stéphanie , Bilbao Ainhoa , Spanagel Rainer , Ahnert‐Hilger Gudrun
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 234–246.

The α‐subunit of Go2 is a regulator of dopamine (DA) homeostasis. Deletion of the protein results in an imbalance of the direct and indirect DA pathway by reducing D1 and increasing D2 receptors. As a result, cocaine‐induced behavioral sensitization is abolished. Here we show that repeated amphetamine injections in Go2α−/− mice induced a similar D1/D2 receptor ratio shift as cocaine but surprisingly the knockouts developed normal behavioral sensitization. DA receptor signaling following either cocaine or amphetamine treatment was also similar in Go2α−/− mice suggesting another mechanism involved in the differential behavioral response. Evidence is increasing that DA–glutamate interactions in the striatum determine psychostimulant action. In this line, repeated amphetamine injections led to a twofold increase in the amount of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B in Go2α−/− mice resulting in an enhanced inhibition of the indirect DA pathway. This effect is not seen after cocaine treatment. Furthermore, amphetamine but not cocaine treatment maintained the ratio between the glutamate receptor mGluR1/5 interacting proteins Homer and Homer1a in the knockouts thereby sustaining the direct pathway. We conclude that amphetamine provokes behavioral sensitization in Go2α−/− mice by an enhanced inhibition of the indirect pathway without disturbing the direct pathway thereby overcoming the imbalance in the DArgic system.
Alterations of glutamate release in the spinal cord of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Marte Antonella , Cavallero Anna , Morando Sara , Uccelli Antonio , Raiteri Maurizio , Fedele Ernesto
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 343–352.

We have investigated the spontaneous and the depolarisation‐induced release of [3H]d‐aspartate ([3H]d‐ASP), a non‐metabolisable analogue of glutamate, in spinal cord slices, synaptosomes and gliosomes from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at 13, 21 and 55 days post‐immunisation (d.p.i.), representing onset, peak and chronic phases of the pathology. At 13 and 21 d.p.i., the KCl‐evoked, calcium‐dependent overflow of [3H]d‐ASP in spinal cord slices was significantly lower (30–40%), whereas at 55 d.p.i. it was significantly higher (30%), than that elicited in matched controls. When the release was measured from spinal cord synaptosomes and gliosomes in superfusion, a different picture emerged. The spontaneous and the KCl(15 mM)‐induced release of [3H]d‐ASP were significantly increased both in synaptosomes (17% and 45%, respectively) and gliosomes (26% and 25%, respectively) at 21, but not at 13, d.p.i. At 55 d.p.i., the KCl‐induced [3H]d‐ASP release was significantly increased (40%) only in synaptosomes. Finally, uptake of [3H]d‐ASP was markedly (50–60%) increased in spinal cord synaptosomes, but not in gliosomes, obtained from EAE mice at 21 d.p.i., whereas no differences could be detected at 13 d.p.i. Our data indicate that glutamatergic neurotransmission is altered in the spinal cord of EAE mice.
Possibilities for therapeutic interventions in disrupting Chlamydophila pneumoniae involvement in atherosclerosis
Authors: Deniset Justin F. , Pierce Grant N.
Published: July 2010

Strong sero‐epidemiologic, pathologic, and experimental evidence suggests that Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Cpn) infection may play a causative role in the development of atherosclerosis. Cpn is an obligate intracellular gram‐negative bacterium that is responsible for 10% of cases of community‐acquired pneumonia. In addition to its presence in the respiratory tract, live Cpn has been found within atherosclerotic plaques. Experimental findings have established Cpn’s ability to infect vascular cells and elicit important atherogenic responses. Furthermore, Cpn infection can promote atherosclerotic development in different animal models. To date however, large‐scale antibiotic clinical trials have not been effective in preventing major cardiovascular events. It is becoming apparent that Cpn undergoes a persistent state of infection, which is refractory to current chlamydial antibiotics. New treatment strategies that are effective toward acute and persistent forms of Cpn infection are needed in order to effectively eradicate the bacterium within the vascular wall. Possible therapeutics targets include Cpn‐specific proteins and machinery directly involved in their survival, replication and maintenance. Alternatively, selectively targeting host cell pathways and machinery required for Cpn’s actions in vascular cells also represent potential treatment strategies for atherosclerosis.
The need for harmonizing methodologies for assessing soil threats in Europe
Authors: Van Beek C. L. , Tóth T. , Hagyó A. , Tóth G. , Recatalá Boix L. , Añó Vidal C. , Malet J. P. , Maquaire O. , Van den Akker J. J. H. , Van der Zee S. E. A. T. M. , Verzandvoort S. , Simota C. , Kuikman P. J. , Oenema O.
Published: July 2010

Central to the EU thematic strategy for soil protection is that areas affected by soil degradation through erosion, soil organic matter (SOM) decline, compaction, salinization and landslides should be identified in a clear and consistent way. However, the current methodologies to achieve this often differ and this can result in different perceptions of risks amongst EU Member States. The aims of this paper are to: (i) assess the current status of assessment methodologies in Europe (EU27) associated with erosion, SOM decline, compaction, salinization and landslides and (ii) discuss the issues associated with harmonization of these methodologies throughout the EU27. The need for harmonization is assessed using the relative share of common elements between different methodologies. The results demonstrate that the need for harmonization in methodology is greatest for erosion and compaction and least for SOM decline and landslides. However, many of the methodologies which were investigated are still incomplete and there are significant differences in terms of: (i) understanding the threats, (ii) methods of data collection, (iii) processing and interpretation and (iv) risk perception. We propose two options for the harmonized assessment of soil threats: (i) a two‐tiered approach based on data availability and spatial scale and (ii) a combination of standardization and harmonization for each assessment methodology. Future assessments should focus on the advantages and disadvantages of these options as the current situation will result in endless discussions on differences and the merits of particular methodologies instead of taking appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate the actual threats.
Nitrate accumulation in soil profiles under seasonally open ‘sunlight greenhouses’ in northwest China and potential for leaching loss during summer fallow
Authors: Zhou J.‐B. , Chen Z.‐J. , Liu X.‐J. , Zhai B.‐N. , Powlson D. S.
Published: July 2010

Production of vegetables in greenhouses, having three solid walls and heated mainly or entirely by sunlight (‘sunlight greenhouses’), has expanded greatly in the northern areas of China. Excessive applications of manure and fertilizers are common, leading to nitrate accumulations in soil. We surveyed nitrogen application rates in more than 130 commercial greenhouses in Shaanxi Province, northwest China. Average application of fertilizer N was 753 and 600 kg/ha in the Yangling and Xian areas, respectively. In addition, N added in organic form in 31 greenhouses surveyed in Yangling averaged 699 kg/ha. We also surveyed nitrate in the soil profile in 70 commercial greenhouses. In 33 greenhouses in Yangling after harvest, the average NO3−‐N accumulation to 200 cm depth was 737 kg/ha; in 43 greenhouses in Xian it was 506 kg/ha to a depth of 100 cm. Vegetables are mainly grown during the winter, and in summer the plastic is removed and the soil left fallow, in part to allow accumulated salts in the soil to be leached out during a rainy period. But this procedure also leads to nitrate leaching. Nitrate loss depends on rainfall during the fallow period. In a wet year (2007), average N loss below 100 cm was estimated to be 158 kg/ha; but in a dry year (2006) nitrate accumulated in the profile, with little loss. In a wet year, summer fallow and removal of plastic is beneficial because it decreases salt accumulation in the upper soil layers. How to balance this with the loss of nitrate is a challenge for greenhouse management in the study region.
HIGH‐RESOLUTION (PIXE) ANALYSES OF CARBONATE DEPOSITS IN A ROMAN AQUEDUCT (FRÉJUS, SE FRANCE): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF PALAEOHYDROLOGICAL VARIABILITY AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN GAUL DURING THE ROMAN PERIOD*
Authors: BOBÉE C. , HUON S. , GUENDON J.‐L. , SALOMON J. , GÉBARA C. , MICHEL J.‐M. , REGERT M.
Published: July 2010

Urban water was supplied to the Roman city of Forum Julii (Fréjus, southeastern France) for at least 200 years by a 39.4 km long aqueduct, operating in ad 50. Two perennial springs were successively collected, the Foux and the Siagnole, located at the outlet of Triassic and Jurassic karstic reservoirs, respectively. In this study, we performed high‐resolution PIXE (Particle‐Induced X‐ray Emission) measurements of Ca, Si, Fe and Sr concentrations on selected cross‐sections of laminated carbonate sampled along the sidewalls, before and after the connection of the two collection channels. Seasonal variations of water composition, suspended sediment load and discharge are recorded by alternating clear and dark layers, and can be traced by their Sr and Fe contents. On the basis of an annual bimodal high‐discharge regime for the two karstic reservoirs, the concentration measurements allow the derivation of a chronological record (117.5 years) of water supply and maintenance activities for a part of the operational period of the aqueduct. The water level in the channel was mainly controlled by the extent of carbonate deposition and by dredging, repair and maintenance operations rather than by the past hydrological regime of the two springs.
CONVERGENT OBLIQUES IN ANALYTICAL AERIAL TRIANGULATION
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes a method of aerial triangulation with convergent obliques that depends upon a computational rectification of the obliques through their nominal tilts and then proceeding as if the photographs were verticals. A solution is given to the problem of relating the two cameras carried in the aircraft.
THE CUT FILM CAMERA
Authors: Williamson S.
Published: July 2010

The suggestion is put forward that the employment of cut films instead of roll films for air photography or other purposes has many advantages. A description is given of the work that has been done in the development of a fully automatic camera and processing equipment for cut films. The camera and processor were demonstrated in operation and future potentialities discussed.
ANTI‐VIBRATION MOUNTINGS FOR AIRCRAFT CAMERAS
Authors: Fish R. W.
Published: July 2010

Discussion of the need for and functions of an anti‐vibration camera mounting is followed by the development of equations describing the effect of vibration upon image definition and further equations governing the nature of the vibrations experienced in an aircraft. The dynamics of resilient mountings are mathematically discussed under five headings and ways of choosing suitable design parameters in a number of typical cases are indicated. The testing of anti‐vibration mountings is investigated and the difficulties of detecting vibration by inspection of the negatives are considered.
IMAGE MOVEMENT IN AIR PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Attwell B. J.
Published: July 2010

The various forms of image movement to which an airborne camera is subject are discussed. The likely magnitudes of these movements and the acceptable tolerances for such movements are indicated. Possible remedies are mentioned.
BASKET PROCESSING OF PRINTS FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The classical method of processing contact prints in dishes is criticised as being very uneconomic. An alternative process is described for use when the exposure can be controlled by electronic printing. It is explained that this method very considerably reduces handling time, ensures an optimum quality of print, cuts the cost of chemicals by half, and occupies only a fraction of the space usually required for contact print production. The paper then describes a dark room layout and operating procedure which it is proposed to follow, designed to obviate the main bottleneck of contact printing which is concerned with the unwinding and subsequent winding up of long rolls of negative film.
DETERMINATION OF THE FLATNESS OF A SURFACE IN COMPARISON WITH A CONTROL PLANE
Authors: Hallert B.
Published: July 2010

The problem is to determine the flatness (the deflections) of the surfaces in comparison with a control plane of known and high precision, for instance a surface plate. The lack of flatness of the surface can be demonstrated with respect to a plane through three points which must be made accurately parallel to the control plane (the plate). The accuracy of the determination of the deflections of the surface is demonstrated and a criterion is constructed for judging whether an arbitrary point of the surface deviates significantly from the reference plane or not.†
THE RESURVEY OF THE SIX‐INCH MAPS OF SCOTLAND
Authors: Halliday A. J. D.
Published: July 2010

The lecturer described one of the tasks on which the Air Survey Branch of the Ordnance Survey is engaged–that of resurveying at 1/10560 scale parts of the Highlands of Scotland. The stages in which the work is done were described in sequence. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and exhibits of which some are reproduced with this article.
A NOTE ON EXPOSURE IN AIR PHOTOGRAPHY OF DESERT AREAS
Authors: Brock G. C.
Published: July 2010

It has been shown by controlled photography of a desert area that for vertical air photography of such terrain the effective photographic light intensity is proportional to the ground illuminance. Exposure tables based on the luminous density law, as used in tables for ground photography, give serious over‐exposure when applied to desert conditions, where the ground approximates to an unbroken plane.
LUNAR CARTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Arthur D. W. G.
Published: July 2010

This paper gives a brief account of selenographic research at Yerkes Observatory under the direction of Dr. G. Kuiper. This involves the application of photogrammetric concepts and techniques in a context which is very different from that of aerial photogrammetry. The principal features of the programme are lunar photography, lunar cartography and the study of the lunar surface structures. Projected programmes deal more with the Moon's history and internal structure.
THE INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Robbins A. R.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this invited paper is to describe the new International Bibliography of Photogrammetry and the U.K. participation in its preparation.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LAND TENURE SURVEYS, UGANDA
Authors: Whittaker B. B.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes the difficulties, both technical and administrative, in survey for title of small rural holdings in Uganda, and is a follow‐up to a paper published in “The Photogrammetric Record” in 1959. No purely photogrammetrical method of survey is possible in present circumstances. In an attempt to reduce field costs and to undertake surveys on a sporadic basis for the more progressive farmers, a greater use of photo‐enlargements is being made, without relying on the enlargement for the restoration of boundaries.
PHOTOGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE SAHARA
Authors: Richard R.
Published: July 2010

Immediately after the war, the Institut Francois du Pétrole was faced with the task of preparing accurate maps of vast areas of the Sahara for mineral prospecting and oil exploration. Photogeology was selected as the only technique that would give rapid results. The procedure for obtaining geological information from a stereo‐pair is explained and a description is given of the production of maps at scales from 1/50,000 to 1/200,000.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY–A WORM'S EYE VIEW
Authors: Shewell Brigadier H. A. L.
Published: July 2010

Three unrelated matters are discussed. Firstly, the recent rapid advances in the application of precision engineering, electronics and digital computers to photogrammetric surveying operations are shown to be likely to result in a change of emphasis; from the need for great skill in making each particular map, to the need for even greater skill in making machines which, once made, will make many maps, largely automatically. This in turn is likely to have far‐reaching effects on the type and training of persons employed in the profession. Secondly, an example is quoted which suggests that the value of photogrammetric methods, as an aid to the work of professions other than land surveying, is not sufficiently recognised by the teaching faculties of some of our universities. Ways and means of improving the situation are considered. Thirdly, after a brief historical survey of the birth and growth of the Photogrammetric Record, arguments for and against some possible changes in editorial policy are stated and certain conclusions reached.
THE KERN PG 2 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PLOTTER
Authors: Yzerman H.
Published: July 2010

The author describes a new stereo‐plotter, the Kern PG 2, and gives a detailed explanation of the photogrammetric principles involved. The instrument depends on a unique selection of the five degrees of freedom required for the relative orientation. The mechanical construction is described with the aid of numerous illustrations and the author finally lists the practical procedures for setting the inner orientation and for accomplishing the relative orientation, absolute orientation and bridging.
THE RÉSEAU AS A MEANS OF DETECTING GROSS LACK OF FLATNESS OF FILM AT THE INSTANT OF EXPOSURE
Authors: Robinson G. S.
Published: July 2010

A brief description is given of experiments and tests which were initiated as a result of the detection of lack of flatness of the film in Ordnance Survey photography in 1953. A gradual standardisation of the testing routine is described and mention is made of the successful detection of a faulty magazine in 1962.
PLANE TABLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH A LEICA CAMERA IN THE PUNJAB HIMALAYA
Authors: Solari F. , Wild D. P.
Published: July 2010

A Leica camera on an indexing head was used to obtain photographic panoramas from three stations on a mountaineering expedition to Lahul in 1958. The field calibration of the camera presented some problems and various methods of calculating the focal length were investigated; a more convenient form of the Hotine method was derived. A map of the area at a scale of 1:50,000 was plotted from the photographs. The authors conclude that a good 35‐mm. camera has some advantages over a plane table for exploration mapping.
THE THOMPSON‐WATTS PLOTTER MODEL 2
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses the principal changes made to the Thompson‐ Watts plotter Model 1 as a result of experience gained with that instrument under test and in production. Some test results with the new instrument, Model 2, are given at the end of the paper. The opportunity is also taken to describe the variable magnification system of the instrument, not changed from Model 1.
THE ART OF TAKING AIR PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The author draws attention to the limitations of present methods of exposing and processing air negatives, and proposes a more rational approach based on the measurement of maximum and minimum terrain brightness.
A SLIDE RULE FOR THE COMPUTATION OF PRECISION TURNS IN AIR SURVEY NAVIGATION
Authors: Walker E.
Published: July 2010

Calculated precision turns can be valuable as an aid to visual navigation at all scales and under all conditions of air survey navigation. The turns can be performed either at a given rate of turn or at a given angle of bank, and a slide rule has been developed at the International Training Centre for Aerial Survey, Delft, on which the necessary calculations for either case can be performed quickly and easily. The accuracy of location aimed at is such that the threshold of the new run presents an angle‐off of not more than 3° on the completion of the turn. Examples show that this can be achieved in normal practice.
SOME CURRENT PROBLEMS IN IMAGE EVALUATION
Authors: Brock G. C.
Published: July 2010

The author compares the practical value of the traditional resolving power tests for image evaluation with new techniques based on transfer function measurements.
SWEDISH TEST FIELDS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Hallert B.
Published: July 2010

Rather than rely on laboratory calibration, test fields have been established in Sweden to enable photography from a tower or aircraft, and so simulate as nearly as possible actual operational conditions. Repeated experiments, followed by analysis of photography, and the application of statistical tests, have allowed the geometrical quality of the aerial photograph to be assessed, and systematic and irregular errors to be distinguished.