bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transport in Tropical Africa
Authors: Moriarty Patrick , Beed Clive S.
Published: November 2008

This short article examines the present land transport situation in tropical Africa, and discusses the severe economic constraints facing continuation of even the present low levels of vehicular activity. In addition, some new approaches to both passengers and freight are suggested in line with existing difficulties.

As defined here, tropical Africa includes all the countries in the continent except Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, and Egypt, as well as South Africa and Namibia. In 1984, the population was just over 400 million, but is expected to reach about 650 million by the year 2000.1 Overall, the region is characterised by low levels of income per head, a high proportion of the workforce employed in agriculture (over 50 per cent everywhere), and correspondingly low levels of urbanisation. Given the great differences between the region and the industralised countries, it is possinle that transport policies appropriate to the West may not be particularly relevent.
The Politics of Economic Decline in Sierra Leone
Authors: Luke David Fashole , Riley Stephen P.
Published: November 2008

The fact that Sierra Leone is one of Africa's little-known states is an acknowledgement of its marginalisation and reversal of fortunes since independence from Britain in 1961. But this observation is also a reminder that under colonial rule, Sierra Leone had received considerable notoriety for several reasons: an important naval base, commercial centre, and seaport; a hot-bed of political agitation and perennial challenge to British authority; and a centre of education – the so-called ‘Athens of West Africa’.1In more recent times, however, Sierra Leone jas not caught the attention of international commentators and the world press. It has not achieved the strategic or international political significance of such major African states as Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Nigeria, Zambia, or Zimbabwe. And looking back to the 1950s and 1960s, it was not led to independence by the charismaticpersonaof a Kwame Nkrumah, who hoped to achieve the rapid transformation of Ghana to a modern industrial economy and society, ot by a romantic like Julius Nyerere, who hoped to turn Tanzanian peasants into citizens of modern communes.
Israel and the Socio-Economic Status of South Africa's Jewish Community
Authors: Marmont Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2008

During a visit to Kenya in June 1987, Yitzhak Shamir defended Israel's relations with Pretoria by claiming that everyone knows ‘our only interest in ties with South Africa is the existence there of a large Jewish community’. Although most analysts might claim that pragmatism and realpolitik are the sole foundations for Israeli–South African ties, the Prime Minister's explanation is in line with similar authoritative statements made in the past, namely: that Israel's national concerns in its relations with South Africa have been influenced by the collective interests of the latter's Jewish population.
Decentralisation: Comparative Experience in Commonwealth Africa
Authors: Tordoff William
Published: November 2008

Until the late 1980s, decentralisation experiments in sub-Saharan Africa tended in the majority of states to reinforce central control rather than enhance local autonomy. However, recent moves towards political pluralism have brought a switch in emphasis to more meaningful types of local participation. These have taken the form of political decentralisation, understood in the sense used by Philip Mawhood to denote the devolution of powers to representative local councils, each with its separate legal existence and its own budget, and with the authority to allocate resources and to carry out multiple functions. However, a number of African regimés also intend to transfer power from the centre to officials of the central government in the field. They therefore attach a broader meaning to the concept of decentralisation, using it to cover both political devolution and the deconcentration of administrative authority. The two processes are, in fact, often complementary rather than separate.
Structural Adjustment in Africa: a Failing Grade So Far
Authors: Schatz Sayre P.
Published: November 2008

The success of World Bank policy has recently been proclaimed in Adjustment in Africa: reforms, results, and the road ahead (New York, published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press, 1994), which maintains that the Bank's macro-economic policies have improved economic performance, and that, in general, the greater the degree of implementation, the better the results. My review of this policy research report is intended to show that the presented data fail to support this claim and even bolster the contrary thesis.
Lancing the Swollen African State: Will it Alleviate the Problem of Corruption?
Authors: Theobald Robin
Published: November 2008

International concern over the pathology of political corruption increases apace. The last five years have witnessed a proliferation of organisations, conferences, and meetings dedicated to analysing the phenomenon as well as proposing workable policies of containment and control.This rising concern is a consequence partly of accelerating globalisation which not only increases awareness of the incidence and appalling scale of corruption but, more seriously, allows the contagion to infect the international system of trade and finance as a result of the activities of organised crime syndicates, money launderers, arms dealers, and the like. Furthermore, the ending of the cold war has meant that the ‘great’ powers are now having to confront the consequences of their longstanding indulgence, in the interests of political expediency, of sundry seedy dictators and their cronies; kleptocrats who seemed to devote much of their incumbency to transferring millions of dollars, sometimes billions, from the public treasury into Swiss bank accounts.
Soldier and State in Africa
Authors: Welch Claude E.
Published: November 2008

Direct military intervention, aimed at unseating civilian governments and replacing them with ruling councils drawn largely from the army, is a relatively recent phenomenon in Africa. With the exception of the Sudan, where officers led by General Ibrahim Abboud seized control in November 1958, no supplanting of civilian authority by a military junta occurred until 19 June 1965 (Algeria). Then, in rapid succession, the Governments of Congo-Kinshasa (25 November 1965), Dahomey (22 December 1965), Central African Republic (1 January 1966), Upper Volta (4 January 1966), Nigeria (15 July 1966), Ghana (24 February 1966), Nigeria once again (29 July, 1966), Burundi (28 November 1966), Togo (13 January 1967), and Sierra Leone (23 March 1967) fell victims tocoups d'état.
Seminar on Correspondence Courses for Adults in Africa
Authors: Edström Lars-Olof
Published: November 2008

The full title of this seminar, sponsored by the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, was ‘The Use of Correspondence Instruction in Adult Education: means, methods, and possibilities’. The 21 participants came from ministries of education, universities, and other official institutions in Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, and from the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa; during the initial phase, U.N.E.S.C.O. was represented by an observer. The seminar was led by a directorate of three: Miss Renee Erdos from Australia, author of a U.N.E.S.C.O. source book on correspondence education, Roy Prosser, Edinburgh University, formerly director of extramural studies, Nairobi, and Dr Lars-Olof Edström, educational adviser, Swedish International Development Authority.
Conference on Liberian Research and Scholarship
Authors: Lowenkopf Martin
Published: November 2008

The research conference syndrome has finally reached Liberia. Heretofore, Africa's oldest republic has been one of the least researched countries on the continent, and in terms of scholarly inquiry remains one of the least known. Not that there are not a number of books about Liberia; but there are so few by serious scholars, and of those even fewer of recent vintage. As Professor Warren D'Azavedo, one of the conference organisers and its chairman, pointed out, there is a dearth of basic ethnographic studies; in fact, we still do not know the delineations of Liberia's tribal map—nor, it may be added, its complete physical geography.
Economic Integration in Southern Africa
Authors: Robson Peter
Published: November 2008

An example of a long-standing arrangement for economic integration in Africa which operates in a very special environment is the case provided by Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland (BLS), the former High Commission Territories. Geographically and ethnically these three independent countries—Swaziland shortly to be so—are closely related to the Republic of South Africa. For many years they have had the closest of economic ties with that country. Indeed, for most of their history as separate territories, it was assumed both by Britain and by South Africa that they would ultimately be absorbed within the latter.
Rural Africana: research notes for social scientists
Authors: Miller Norman
Published: November 2008

A research bulletin entitled Rural Africana is now being produced by the African Studies Center at Michigan State University. It is designed to serve as an informal means of exchanging information concerning politics, anthropology, and development economics in the rural areas of independent Africa south of the Sahara. The origin of the bulletin dates from the 1966 meeting of the (U.S.A.) African Studies Association. A small group of political scientists who had for some years emphasised local-level research in Africa met with several anthropologists who had been oriented to the earlier works by Professors Evans-Pritchard, Schapera, and Gluckman. In discussion, it was evident that the individuals in this group, although in different disciplines, overlapped in their area of interest, their theoretical orientations, and levels of analysis. It was suggested that an informal bulletin might serve to crossfertilise ideas in these and related fields, and that the emphasis should be on the rural areas—a sector of or contemporary importance which had been largely neglected save for anthropological research.
Questionnaires and Interviews in African Studies
Authors: Ojo G. J. A.
Published: November 2008

Many of the fundamental data required for the study of history, sociology, politics, or economics in Africa are stored up in the memories of a few elders, chiefs, priests, palace and town historians, and in the general knowledge of the average man and woman. To make such data available, the techniques of questionnaires and interviews are increasingly being employed to tap these unwritten sources. But great care needs to be taken in preparing the questions, studying the problems likely to arise where they are used, and in assessing the results. The care necessary on these matters has been well indicated by Girard:
Second International Congress of Africanists
Authors: Oliver Roland
Published: November 2008

Despite the superb hospitality of the President of Sénégal and his Government, and of the rector and staff of Dakar University, the second meeting of the International Congress of Africanists in December 1967 must be accounted a disaster on such a scale as to endanger the whole future of the organisation. Intending participants were given wholly insufficient notice to produce papers worthy of such an occasion, and those who nevertheless complied with the invitation were cruelly disappointed to find on arrival that their contributions had not been translated or duplicated for circulation in advance of the sessions at which they were to be presented. Neither a programme nor even a provisional list of participants was available in advance of the meeting. Even so, there were persons billed as chairmen of sections and leading speakers who failed to put in an appearance. As a result, most of the discussions at most of the sessions had to be improvised. True, one of the admirable team of U.N.E.S.G.O. interpreters was heard to say ‘J’ai vu pire’, but when pressed he could think of only one worse example. No doubt individual participants could point to fresh contacts which made the occasion not wholly a waste of time, but there must be few who could conscientiously ask their employers to provide the expenses of attending another meeting without the assurance that it would be of a very different character from this one.
University of East Africa Social Science Conference
Authors: Lonsdale John
Published: November 2008

This year it was the turn of Dar es Salaam to act as host to the social scientists, now numbering nearly 200, from the three constituent colleges of the University of East Africa, together with visitors from the Universities of Malawi and Zambia, from Tanzanian government ministries, and places as widely separated as Kinshasa and Leeds. As at last year's conference (reported by Martin Lowenkopf in The Journal of Modern African Studies, IV, 4, 1966), the discussions were trans-disciplinary, even if the tight timetable of parallel disciplinary panels prevented delegates from taking full advantage of this. This reporter was unable to range far beyond the history meeting-room.
Africa Christian Press
Authors: Chaplin Joyce
Published: November 2008

The Africa Christian Press was established in January 1964 as a new publisher in Africa. The aim was to provide Christian books relevant to the African situation. The means of attaining this has been to find Africans with a genuine Christian faith, and to encourage them to put something of that faith into writing. English is the medium, enabling a book written in West Africa to be enjoyed in East Africa, and vice versa. Writers in 12 English-speaking countries are sharing in this work, and to date 14 small titles have been published.
The Basotho Nation-State: What Legacy for the Future?
Authors: Weisfelder Richard F.
Published: November 2008

Virtuallyall analyses of Lesotho's political framework have agreed that strong elements of national identity have neither forestalled domestic conflict nor served to promote a unified assault on awesome economic problems. Hence many writers imply that a major asset, rarely found in independent Africa, has been wasted.1Roger Leys has perceptively applied dependency theories of a ‘labour reserve’ economy to Lesotho,2and spends considerable effort on historical analysis aimed at demonstrating the duration and pervasiveness of this process of systematic underdevelopment. In his conclusion he suggests that ‘the long and courageous battle of the Basotho to assert their dignity and worth is in fact a resource and political weapon of incomparable significance in the long-term battle for the liberation of southern Africa.’ Leys infers that national and class identities are interrelated, and possibly reinforcing, when he says that ‘the history of the struggle of the Basotho people and the very degree of their integration into the black working class of South Africa is a formidable weapon.’3
Revenue Sharing in the Nigerian Federation
Authors: Rupley Lawrence A.
Published: November 2008

Changes in the nature of federal financial relations were among the most striking features of the nearly 14 years of military rule in Nigeria. At the time of the January 1966 coup there was a great imbalance in the size of the four Regions, with a consequential built-in tendency for political instability. At the resumption of civilian rule in October there were 19 States of relatively balanced size, with an important rôle for the Federal Government as a mediator between them as well as an initiator of change.
Crises and Socialism in Tanzania
Authors: Samoff Joel
Published: November 2008

A strikingcommentary on Tanzania: two respected scholars, having studied the same country, having relied largely on the same data, reach opposing conclusions. There is not only disagreement here, but confusion on the nature of change in Tanzania. There is also misunderstanding of the processes of change in the Third World more generally. The first task in the analysis of the recent Tanzanian experience, therefore, is to free ourselves of encumbrances. To make sense of what has happened we must first sort through some of the major confusions and distractions that unfortunately permeate the literature.
Inter-Governmental Meeting on Youth Employment and National Development
Authors: Callaway Archibal
Published: November 2008

Organised by the Economic Commission for Africa, with the Government of Niger as host, this meeting brought together delegates from 16 African Governments (11 French-speaking, 5 English-speaking) and observer/ participants from the United Nations and its specialised agencies (I.L.O., U.N.E.S.C.O., U.N.I.C.E.F., F.A.O., W.H.O.), the O.A.U., the World Assembly of Youth, the World Y.W.C.A., the Organisation internationale des employeurs, and the All Africa Conference of Churches.
On Machiavelli and the Mercenaries
Authors: Grundy Kenneth W.
Published: November 2008

The use of mercenaries in Africa has been almost universally condemned. Africans in particular loathe foreign mercenaries. Small wonder, with the memory and reality of the Congo experience still fresh. So pejorative has the label ‘mercenary’ become in Africa that at one point in August 1962, when United Nations troops had been occupying a none-too-quiescent Katanga, the Katangan Minister of the Interior passed a U.N. road-block manned by Indian troops and cursed them by shouting across the barrier, ‘Mercenaries, mercenaries!’1 And this came from a member of the very Government that had hired the first contingent of mercenaries in the independent Congo.
Self-Reliance in Africa
Authors: Ewing A. F.
Published: November 2008

The sombre picture of the economic situation in most developing countries, and not least in Africa, has become increasingly familiar in the last two or three years. Foreign aid is at best not increasing and the terms on which it is offered are hardening. There has been little or no relaxation of the obstacles to increased trade between the developed and the under-developed world. The growth of many poor countries has been limited; and, indeed, within the developing world, the gap between those at the top and those at the bottom is growing, as is that between the developed and the under-developed world as a whole.
African Studies at Karl Marx University, Leipzig
Authors: Weinhold H.-J.
Published: November 2008

In connection with the reform of higher education in the D.D.R. [East Germany], the Afrika-Institut and certain other regional institutes concerned with developing countries were recently incorporated under common control, when a Section for Asian and African Studies was established in 1966 at Karl Marx University, Leipzig. This increased the scope of interdisciplinary and interregional academic co-operation.
Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden
Authors: Bayer A. E.
Published: November 2008

The need for systematic research into African problems was, in the Netherlands as elsewhere, increasingly felt after World War II, when the non- industrial world began to grow in importance. As a result, the interdisciplinary Africa Study Centre was founded in Leiden in 1947; it became a national foundation in 1958. The aims of the Study Centre are: (a) to promote the study of Africa, especially in the field of the humanities; (b) to promote the co-operation of all Dutch institutions engaged in the study of Africa; and (c) to promote the spread of academic knowledge about Africa.
Regional School Building Centre for Africa, Khartoum
Authors: Jack Kamal El
Published: November 2008

The construction of educational buildings has been given special attention by the general conference of U.N.E.S.C.O. at several sessions. Resolution 1. 221, passed at the 13th session, reads as follows: ‘Member States are invited to develop educational building programmes to meet their needs as part of their overall economic and social development, and in particular to establish, where appropriate, national educational building centres, and to ensure close co-operation between national and appropriate regional centres in matters relating to the development of techniques and procedures concerning educational buildings.’
Seminar on a Comparative Approach to Community Development and Animation Rurale
Authors: Wadlow René V. L.
Published: November 2008

Experts in the problems of community development and animation rurale from Africa, France, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States were brought together in this seminar sponsored by the Institut de recherche d'application des méthodes de développement (I.R.A.M., Paris) and the Geneva–Africa Institute to discuss, in the quiet, academic setting of the Institute, the differences in methods, techniques, and trends between ‘community development’—largely an outgrowth of British and American techniques—and ‘animation rurale’—developed mainly in the French-speaking world.
The Future of the Algerian Revolution
Authors: Boumediène Houari
Published: November 2008

Political speeches by African leaders are seldom fully reported outside the country concerned; and it is especially difficult for English-speaking research workers to track down the ephemeral political documents of Francophone Africa. It therefore seems appropriate to publish the following extracts from an important speech delivered by President Boumediène to senior officials— les cadres de la nation—meeting at the Palais des Nations, Algiers, on 19 June 1968.
Urgent Problems of African Economic Development
Authors: Goncharov L.
Published: November 2008

The newly independent countries of Africa are now in the second stage of their anti-imperialist revolution. This stage is characterised by their struggle to overcome cultural and economic backwardness, to achieve economic independence, to raise the living standards of vast masses of their peoples. These problems are closely related to the nature, rate, and scope of the social transformation taking place in these countries, which in turn depends to a great degree on economic development.
Co-operatives and Agricultural Development in the Sudan
Authors: Khider Mahassin , Simpson Morag C.
Published: November 2008

Economic progress in many developing African countries depends mainly on raising productivity. Agricultural development is required to free resources—especially labour—for the expansion of industry and the creation of the infrastructure of a modern state. At the same time the physical volume of output must rise, both to provide food and raw materials for the expanding urban areas, and to earn foreign exchange.
Frantz Fanon and the African Revolution
Authors: Grohs G. K.
Published: November 2008

The theory of the African revolution, which is still in many respects only in its initial stage, found a most powerful inspiration in the West Indian psychiatrist, Frantz Fanon. His writings were at first confined to the French-speaking public, and even after their initial translation into English (published by Présence africaine) they remained almost unknown. But the growing race tensions in Africa and the United States are drawing more and more attention to this original thinker.
Centre africain de formation et de recherche administratives pour les développement, Tanger
Authors: Morales Rafael Gallarza
Published: November 2008

The African Training and Research Centre in Administration for Development (C.A.F.R.A.D.) was established at the suggestion of King Hassan II. This royal initiative helped to give concrete form to the resolution proposed by Morocco and adopted at the 12th session of the U.N.E.S.C.O. General Conference, which authorised the Organisation to co-operate in establishing such an African regional institution with its headquarters in Tangier. The guidelines for the project were laid down in a provisional agreement between the Moroccan authorities and U.N.E.S.C.O., signed in May 1964.
Biennial Conference of the African Studies Association of the U.K.
Authors: Foster Philip J.
Published: November 2008

Perhaps a major decision that must be made by the organisers of professional conferences is whether to structure them in terms of a particular theme or alternatively to allow for a wide diversity of presentation and topics. If the former course is followed there is some danger that specificity of focus will be achieved at the expense of over-all attendance, but this did not appear to be the case at the recent meeting of the A.S.A., attended by over ioo members. Fortunately, the subject of the conference, ‘Education in Africa: current experiment and research’, was itself diffuse enough to enable contributions to be forthcoming from a wide variety of disciplines and from scholars whose research preoccupations were extremely diverse.
The Politics of Security: South Africa under Verwoerd, 1961–6
Authors: Stulitz Newell M.
Published: November 2008

This article suggests that a ‘politics of security’ characterised white South Africa from 1961 to at least the time of the death of Prime Minister H. F. Verwoerd in 1966. It is still too early to know whether under Dr Verwoerd's successor, B. J. Vorster, South African politics will assume another character, although at the end of the article I will suggest that change is unlikely. I wish to argue, however, that over the last five years of the Verwoerd premiership politics in South Africa was qualitatively different from that which existed before the creation of the Republic in 1961.
Pan-Africanism in Paris, 1924–1936
Authors: Langley J. Ayo
Published: November 2008

‘THE story, the spirit of Pan-Africanism, although originating in America and France, was brought to our country by a man whose name and memory I should like to recall here. I am speaking of Marc Kodio Tovallo Queno, who—as an authentic African forerunner of the movement—claimed his negritude even before the word was coined. He brought us to know Marcus Garvey, Dr Du Bois, and so many others; when I was a child I heard my parents speak of these names and evoke these problems. That is to say, if the first sketch of this movement was begun in America and Paris, it had, before it was publicly evident, repercussions and an extension in Africa.’1
On the Politics of Nationalism and Social Change in Ghana
Authors: Kraus Jon
Published: November 2008

There has been a high level of debate over critical features of politics in Ghana during the Nkrumah period, for example, on the role of ethnicity, the mass party, authoritarian rule, and strategies of economic development. This review of studies of Ghanaian politics focuses on the treatment devoted to only a few areas of political inquiry: (1) the nature of the socio-economic, political, and territorial framework within which political action occurred; (2) the kinds of political structures which developed in Ghana, with primary attention to parties and the party—state relationship but also to certain state structures—for example, the civil service and national assembly; and (3) the types of political demands which were made upon the system, how they entered the system, the capability of the system in terms of these demands, and the degrees of legitimacy and institutionalisation of political roles, structures, or processes involved.
Seminar on Improving the Effectiveness of the Public Services
Authors: Ouko Robert J.
Published: November 2008

Delegates from 15 English-speaking African states together with special guests and observers attended the seventh in an annual series of public administration seminars. The first had been held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 1962, with subsequent seminars in Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia, the U.A.R., and Ghana, each being sponsored jointly by the host government and the Ford Foundation. Their purpose is two-fold: first, to provide an opportunity for Africa's senior administrators to meet and exchange experiences, and secondly, to enable the participants to discuss common problems and to consider ways and means of improving the administration of the public services.
Conference on Inter-University Co-operation in the Promotion of Development
Authors: Sabourin Louis
Published: November 2008

This, the fourth conference of the Association des universités partiellement ou entièrement de langue française (A.U.P.E.L.F.), was attended by more than 150 people, from a score of countries, representing not only the French-speaking universities, but also several national and international organisations. Dean Chidhi Ayari, of the Faculty of Law and Economics in Tunis, presided over the sessions.
Research Notes on Network Analysis
Authors: Packard Philip C.
Published: November 2008

In the economic literature, one approach to development has centred on capital accumulation. This leads to an emphasis upon public finance, foreign aid, and such-like measures designed to raise funds for governments to invest. In the sub-Saharan situation, capital accumulation poses a dilemma: on the one hand there are great institutional deficiencies for raising capital; on the other, the amount of capital which most observers feel can be raised is much less than the ‘needs’ of African societies. This concentration on the problems of capital and its accumulation is what economists call the ‘macro’ approach. It asks what over-all amounts of capital are needed. It does not in the usual case relate the total capital to its different uses.
Economic Co-operation in East Africa
Authors: Mead Donald C.
Published: November 2008

This article explores the prospects for co-ordinated co-operative economic advance in East Africa. Its frame of reference reaches wider than simply an analysis of the 1967 Treaty.1 This broader viewpoint is important for two major reasons. In the first place, there are a number of aspects of economic interdependence which are not covered at all in the Treaty; the implication is that these will be of no direct concern to the institutions of the new East African Community (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). For example, the level of the external tariffs of the three countries is obviously crucial to the operation of the Common Market; among other reasons, this is because the maximum permissible transfer tax is defined in terms of the external tariff. Yet the committee responsible for setting external tariffs is not linked in any direct way with the institutional set-up in Arusha; it seems likely that decisions of the tariff committee will not be subject to discussion or appeal through these community institutions.
The Study of African Trade Unionism
Authors: Allen V. L.
Published: November 2008

The phenomenon of trade unionism in tropical Africa has only recently become the subject of serious social inquiry. In the main, academic attention has been focused on labour as a commodity rather than as a social movement. Through the activities of the National Institute for Personnel Research in Johannesburg and the Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South of the Sahara, labour research interests have been primarily concentrated on productivity, efficiency, labour turnover, selection, control, and training. The volume of such work has been small compared with similar work in western industrialised countries, but it has been large in comparison with that concerning the collective action of African labour.
Italian Studies on Africa
Authors: Costanzo Guiseppe A.
Published: November 2008

During colonial times, Italian studies on Africa were always concentrated within narrow academic limits. Even after the increasing Italian expansion in Northern Africa (Libya) and Eastern Africa (Eritrea and Somalia), when Italian interests in Africa increased considerably, only small groups of scholars focused their studies on the African continent. Today, by contrast, since the independence of the former Italian colonies (and of almost all the European colonies), there is in Italy, as throughout the world, a strong tendency to extend and encourage research work on Africa, and particularly to develop university teaching programmes on Africa.
Institute for Development Studies, University College, Nairobi
Authors: Coleman James S.
Published: November 2008

This Institute was established in October 1965 for the purpose of initiating and directing research on socio-economic and cultural problems relating to the over-all development of Kenya in particular and East Africa in general. Related functions are: to promote and co-ordinate interdisciplinary research programmes; to provide research opportunities and experience for East African students interested in academic careers; to develop instructional materials for university and other teaching purposes; to undertake contract research for, and to co-operate in study projects with, agencies of the Kenya Government; and to provide a centre with which research workers from other countries of Africa and from overseas may be associated.
University of East Africa Social Science Conference
Authors: Nursey-Bray P. F.
Published: November 2008

The secretary-general of the East African Community, Z. H. K. Birgirwenkya, formally opened this year's Social Science Council conference—the largest to date, not only in terms of the numbers attending and the papers presented, but also in terms of the number of disciplines and countries which contributed. In addition to participants from Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, papers were presented by academics from Zambia, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Observers from the Congo (Kinshasa) were also present. Representatives of the three East African governments also participated in several sessions. John Hutton, director of economic research at Makerere, was chairman of the planning committee which organised the over-all framework of the conference, while Mrs Anna Gourlay, as secretary, did immense amounts of work to ensure that all ran smoothly.
Reflections from Afar on the Ninth Session of the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa
Authors: Ewing A. F.
Published: November 2008

The latest annual session of E.C.A. was also a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the organisation, in the presence of H. I. M. Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, and U Thant, Secretary-General of the United Nations. Only those who were there can hope to evaluate fully the proceedings, but the reflections of one who attended the five previous sessions in a working capacity, and is now able to view E.C.A. from a more distant perspective, may be not without interest.
Political Competition and One-party Dominance in Zambia
Authors: Rasmussen Thomas
Published: November 2008

Thisarticle concerns two important arenas of political competition in Zambia: on the one hand, between parties and, on the other, within the ruling party itself. Competition between political parties exists especially between the United National Independence Party (U.N.I.P.) and two small party rivals, the African National Congress (A.N.C.) and the United Party (U.P.). Many U.N.I.P. officials at various levels have looked forward to the establishment of a one-party state in Zambia, on the familiar grounds that minor opposition parties appeal to parochial loyalties: that they oppose constructive programmes irresponsibly and hamper their implementation: and that political opposition is a luxury which diverts time, energy, and money away from the important tasks of development. In pursuit of its objective of eliminating inter-party competition, U.N.I.P. has generally employed two different sets of tactics, based on different assumptions about the strength and potential of the two minor parties.
The Portuguese Army in Angola
Authors: Wheeler Douglas L.
Published: November 2008

War and military institutions have played a crucial part in the history of Angola. Colonial wars, auxiliary armies, expeditions, and soldiergovernors fill the pages of this history, and it is no exaggeration to recall that military expenses have, except for some years during 1930–58, represented the major item in annual budgets since the sixteenth century, when the Portuguese began to conquer the Luanda hinterland. The character and role of the armed forces in Angola, however, have undergone changes: especially since 1961, new developments promise possibly important influences on future events in that territory, events which may not follow traditional patterns in history.
Socialism and Social Change in Rural Mali
Authors: Hopkins Nicholas S.
Published: November 2008

An ideological orientation on the part of a government is an important impetus to social change in many of the countries of the under-developed world. As Clifford Geertz has pointed out, an ideology is a model for the ideal arrangement of all aspects of life, and the active propagation of such a view of the world by those in positions of power and authority in a society is bound to have an effect on the normal processes of social change.1In so far as this model is successfully turned into an effective programme for directed social change, we may observe the exciting spectacle of a people carrying out changes which they are convinced are necessary, and modernising themselves in an atmosphere of enthusiasm and progress. This process usually amounts to a social revolution. But there are many pitfalls, and it is easy for proposed programmes of social change to get bogged down in the intricate networks of political relations between leaders and people, or to founder on hard economic realities.
American Political Science and African Politics
Authors: Fleming William G.
Published: November 2008

Within the past few years military coups have ended civil rule in ten African nations. These events, and similar earlier upheavals in the Sudan and East Africa, indicate the intense strain which their politics are enduring. Should social scientists remain mute while this process continues throughout the continent? Are there no general principles of political science and comparative political history which can be utilised to assist the new states to adjust, to control their social environments, and to avoid the abyss of authoritarianism? A potential alliance of military and bureaucratic élites in guiding the political destiny of much of Africa must now be viewed as probable.
Business Analysis for Africa, New York
Authors: Semonin Paul
Published: November 2008

Business Analysis for Africa is a specialised agency which organises development projects in Africa involving private business. It was created in early 1968 by specialists from the academic world and technical professions who sought to involve themselves directly in the business of economic development. The founding group included an African specialist, a tropical agriculturist, an economist, and a business lawyer. Their basic desire was to combine effectively their various talents for consulting work on development projects in Africa, for which practical research on business conditions in the United States was lacking. The agency now offers a range of co-ordinated services to firms, international agencies, African governments, and businessmen who need assistance with technical studies, financing, market research, and the promotion or negotiation of contracts.
The Origins of African Political Consciousness in South Africa
Authors: Walshe A. P.
Published: November 2008

Theorigins of African political consciousness in Southern Africa can be traced back to the first half of the nineteenth century, to the impact of the Christian missions and to the development of a non-racial constitution in the Cape. As the century progressed, mission-educated Africans came to exercise a limited but real influence within Cape politics, and the Native policy of that Colony was seen to contrast favourably with those policies developing in the Boer Republics and Natal. By the turn of the century a new African élite had emerged, committed to non-racial ideals gleaned from Christianity and supported by the theory, and to some extent the practice, of Cape politics.
On the Teaching of Economics in Africa
Authors: Kimble Helen
Published: November 2008

The past two years, 1968–9, have seen the publication of a significant handful of economic textbooks, designed for first-year university students in Africa. Their specific aims, their precise range, and their technical quality naturally vary widely; but the important thing is that they have been published at all. This marks the culmination of a long, slow revolution, since the time when the then University College of the Gold Coast began to teach economics in 1949–50, following unmodified London syllabuses. There seemed to be no anxiety to work out any appropriate local substitute for papers in such topics as British industrial history, although this was possible under the regulations; and one of the lecturers told me, ‘There is no need for an African textbook— economic principles are the same all over the world.’
Modernisation and Political Disintegration: Nigeria and the Ibos
Authors: Anber Paul
Published: November 2008

On 30 May 1967, Lt.-Col. C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, Military Governor of Nigeria's Eastern Region, announced the secession of Eastern Nigeria from the Federation and the creation of the sovereign and independent state called the Republic of Biafra. The birth of Biafra was the product of a long and bitter blood feud between the conservative, Muslim, Hausa-Fulani people of the North and the progressive, Christian Ibos of the East. The roots of the hostility are deep, but the immediate impetus for the break-up began with the militarycoup d' étatof I 5 January 1966, in which the civilian régime of Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa was overthrown and several leaders assassinated.
The Dilemma of South African Jewry
Authors: Weisbord Robert G.
Published: November 2008

In September 1966, possibly for the first time in history, large numbers of Jews paid homage to a man with a notorious anti-Semitic past—Dr Hendrik F. Verwoerd, the late Prime Minister of South Africa, assassinated while he sat in his parliamentary seat. London's Jewish Chronicle reported that in Johannesburg overflow crowds attended memorial services in the city's Great Synagogue and Temple Israel. Verwoerd was eulogised by a rabbi as ‘one of the greatest Prime Ministers, if not the greatest’ that South Africa had ever had; and in Cape Town, the chief rabbi stated that Verwoerd had been the first man to give apartheid a ‘moral basis’1
African Studies in Poland
Authors: Kowalski Ignacy
Published: November 2008

Although the number of Africanists in Poland has never been large, a scholarly interest in Africa has long existed in this country. Among the scholars of the older generation, the most prominent were: L. Krzywicki, a sociologist with a wide interest in social change and development, who published several studies on the transition from traditional to modern societies, with special attention to Africa; J. Czekanowski, who was among the first explorers of Rwanda and other Interlacustrine kingdoms, publishing several extensive studies both in German and Polish; and B. Malinowski, who later established himself in Great Britain.
Conference on African Local Institutions and Rural Transformation
Authors: Muth Edward L.
Published: November 2008

The 50 participants in this conference included academics and practical workers, students of and from Africa. Four panels, each led by four members, shared experiences and research on these topics: ‘Local-National Government Activities in Community Development’, ‘The Place of Co-operatives in the Development of the Economy of the Region’, ‘Work at the Local Level on the Improvement of Agricultural Production’, and ‘The Role of Local Authorities as a Channel for Financial Assistance’.
The Context of African Political Thought
Authors: Clapham Christopher
Published: November 2008

The political ideas put forward by the leaders of the new states provide one of the most popular entrées to African politics, and they have now received a good deal of attention. This is understandable enough. Many African leaders are highly articulate, and their views, embodied in frequent speeches and writings by those who control the information media, are—unlike so much other information—easily accessible. The value and significance of these ideas may well have been exaggerated, but even so they cannot simply be ignored.
Nigerian Crisis: Economic Impact on the North
Authors: Zukerman Morris E.
Published: November 2008

In 1966 two military coups were executed in Nigeria, upsetting a tenuous political balance between ethnically different regions and unleashing bitter tribal antagonism. In the first coup, in January, politicians and soldiers primarily of Northern origin lost their lives, and Major-Gen. J. T. U. Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Ibo from the Eastern Region, acceded to power. In the second coup, in July, mainly Eastern officers and soldiers died, and Lt.-Col. (now Major-Gen.) Yakubu Gowon, a minority-tribe Northerner, became Head of State. Because the years before and after independence in 1960 had witnessed scarring interregional rivalries for dominion over Nigeria, the coups were regarded as a continuation of these struggles.1
Traditional Social Structure, the Islamic Brotherhoods, and Political Development in Senegal
Authors: Markovitz Irving Leonard
Published: November 2008

Traditionalsocial structures in new African states have not withered away according to the plans of modernising African leaders or the projections of western social scientists. Leaders and social interests of long ancestry continue to count, and often determine the policies of so-called modern governments. Many chiefs and religious figures have succeeded in maintaining their relative positions of powervis-à-vistheir former subjects.
Sectarian Allegiance & Political Authority: the Watch Tower Society in Zambia, 1907–35
Authors: Assimeng J. M.
Published: November 2008

Therelationship between religious movements and political authorities in Africa has been a growing problem in political and social development. So long as these institutions of cultural life were less differentiated, and the head of the political unit was automatically the leader of organised religion, the difficulties appeared less acute. Because regal and sacerdotal roles were performed by a single person, conflicts of authority and allegiance hardly arose.1Traditional African religion was also accommodating to foreign deities, a situation congruent with polytheism, and there was no assumption of religious exclusiveness.2But, with the advent of different brands of Christianity and Islam, the relations between religious and political authorities changed; the former increasingly became church missionaries and the latter the agents of the colony, and eventually of the state. Perhaps the most extreme religious rejection of secular authority is found in the Watch Tower movement, whose early relations with the state of Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia) are the main subject of this article.
Ethnohistory and Political Change
Authors: Wylie Kenneth C.
Published: November 2008

There is a reluctance on the part of many historians to use theoretical models for research, especially for ethnohistorical work, which is both unfortunate and unjustified. Much of the recent work in social anthropology and political science has been of great historical value precisely because the use of theory has rendered studies with an otherwise narrow scope more general in application. It is the intention of this article to examine some techniques for historical research into the process of political change among certain West African kingdoms and chiefdoms in the nineteenth century. While examining some of these techniques and the problems associated with them, it is also my intention to suggest ways in which they might be combined for use in the field.
Dag Hammerskjöld Seminar on the Legal Aspects of Economic Integration
Authors: Akiwumi A. M.
Published: November 2008

This seminar was intended for government servants, primarily from Eastern Africa, who wished to discuss some problems, concerning the establishment and functioning of institutions of regional economic co-operation, with which they were directly involved. The East African Community (E.A.C.) was a timely choice as the main subject for detailed study and discussion, having been established as recently as December 1967; it had for the first time introduced into existing co-operation the concept of a legally regulated common market as an integral part of the Community.