bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Image-space surface-related multiple prediction
Authors: Artman Brad , Alvarez Gabriel , Matson Ken
Published: March 2007

A very important aspect of removing multiples from seismic data is accurate prediction of their kinematics. We cast the multiple prediction problem as an operation in the image space parallel to the conventional surface-related multiple-prediction methodology. Though developed in the image domain, the technique shares the data-driven strengths of data-domain surface-related multiple elimination (SRME) by being independent of the earth (velocity) model. Also, the data are used to predict the multiples exactly so that a Radon transform need not be designed to separate the two types of events. The cost of the prediction is approximately the same as that of data-space methods, though it can be computed during the course of migration. The additional cost is not significant compared to that incurred by shot-profile migration, though split-spread gathers must be used. Image-space multiple predictions are generated by autoconvolving the traces in each shot-gather at every depth level during the course of a shot-profile migration. The prediction in the image domain is equivalent to that produced by migrating the data-space convolutional prediction. Adaptive subtraction of the prediction from the image is required. Subtraction in the image domain, however, provides the advantages of focused energy in a smaller domain since extrapolation removes some of the imperfections of the input data.
1D inversion and resolution analysis of marine CSEM data
Authors: Christensen Niels B. , Dodds Kevin
Published: March 2007

We present results from an investigation into 1D inversion of controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data. Based on inspection of a data set, we formulate a simple empirical noise model described by a few pragmatically determined parameters. We also investigate the effects of transmitter height above the seafloor and include the data uncertainty resulting from varying transmitter height in our noise model. Based on the noise model and assumptions about the available data, we analyze model parameter uncertainty estimates derived from the a posteriori model covariance matrix for a resistive layer buried at depth. We find that the layer parameters uncertainty primarily depends on the depth of burial and the thickness of the layer. We then formulate quantitative bounds for these parameters, within which we have a small uncertainty of the parameters of the resistive layer. The depth of burial and the transverse resistance of the layer become better determined the higher its resistance. We invert a field data set with multilayer and four-layer models and find a resistive layer at a depth of [Formula: see text] below the seafloor. Seismic results from the area indicate a depth of [Formula: see text].
Application of time-domain airborne electromagnetic induction to hydrogeologic investigations on the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Baldridge W. Scott , Cole Gregory L. , Robinson Bruce A. , Jiracek George R.
Published: March 2007

We conducted a time-domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey of part of the semiarid Pajarito Plateau of northern New Mexico to determine depths and lateral extent of perched aquifers in the vadose zone and depths and pathways of infiltration to the regional aquifer. The electrical resistivity of the plateau ranged over three orders of magnitude ([Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]) to a depth of at least [Formula: see text]. Borehole and surface-derived data allow the correlation of resistivity images with the hydrogeology of the plateau. As expected, water exerts a significant control on resistivity. However, the presence of large amounts (up to 90%) of clay in some units, in conjunction with water, also has a significant effect, lowering resistivity (to [Formula: see text]) more than the presence of clay-free saturated zones alone. Because of the resulting low resistivity, we are able to better delineate a large,known volume of clay-altered volcaniclastic rock and postulate the presence of another. Resistivity values of [Formula: see text] cor-relate with depths to saturated zones where no clay is present, but they do not allow us to distinguish between one large or several smaller perched groundwater zones and the underlying regional zone of saturation. We imaged a region of significant infiltration related to a sewage treatment plant and to near-surface hydrogeo-logic conditions conducive to infiltration and correlated with a region of preferential transport of anthropogenic chemicals through the vadose zone. AEM data provide an important synop-tic view of the shallow (few hundred meters) resistivity structure of the plateau. Although interpretation of the data is not unique, when combined with borehole geologic, hydrologic, and geo-chemical data, it can provide relative depths to saturated zones, delineate regions of high clay content (zones of alteration), and image regions of recharge to the regional aquifer.
Implications of Resilience Concepts for Scientific Understanding
Authors: RUTTER MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Resilience is an interactive concept that refers to a relative resistance to environmental risk experiences, or the overcoming of stress or adversity. As such, it differs from both social competence positive mental health. Resilience differs from traditional concepts of risk and protection in its focus on individual variations in response to comparable experiences. Accordingly, the research focus needs to be on those individual differences and the causal processes that they reflect, rather than on resilience as a general quality. Because resilience in relation to childhood adversities may stem from positive adult experiences, a life‐span trajectory approach is needed. Also, because of the crucial importance of gene–environment interactions in relation to resilience, a wide range of research strategies spanning psychosocial and biological methods is needed. Five main implications stem from the research to date: (1) resistance to hazards may derive from controlled exposure to risk (rather than its avoidance); (2) resistance may derive from traits or circumstances that are without major effects in the absence of the relevant environmental hazards; (3) resistance may derive from physiological or psychological coping processes rather than external risk or protective factors; (4) delayed recovery may derive from “turning point” experiences in adult life; and (5) resilience may be constrained by biological programming or damaging effects of stress/adversity on neural structures.
Risk, Resilience, and Gene × Environment Interactions in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: SUOMI STEPHEN J.
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Recent research with both humans and rhesus monkeys has provided compelling evidence of gene–environment (GxE) interactions throughout development. For example, a specific polymorphism (“short” allele) in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) gene is associated with deficits in neurobehavioral functioning during infancy and in poor control of aggression and low serotonin metabolism throughout juvenile and adolescent development in monkeys who were reared with peers but not in monkeys who were reared with their mothers and peers during infancy. In contrast, monkeys possessing the “long” allele of the 5‐HTT gene exhibit normal neurobehavioral functioning, control of aggression, and serotonin metabolism regardless of their early social rearing history. One interpretation of these GxE interaction data is that the “long” 5‐HTT allele somehow confers resiliency to adverse early attachment relationships on those individuals who carry it (“good genes”). An alternative interpretation of the same data is that secure attachment relationships somehow confer resiliency to individuals who carry alleles that may otherwise increase their risk for adverse developmental outcomes (“maternal buffering”). These two interpretations are not mutually exclusive, but the difference in their respective implications for developing prevention and even intervention strategies is considerable. Moreover, the allelic variation seen in certain genes in rhesus monkeys and humans but apparently not in other primate species may actually contribute to their remarkable adaptability and resilience at the species level.
Cumulative, Human Capital, and Psychological Risk in the Context of Early Intervention
Authors: KLEBANOV PAMELA , BROOKS‐GUNN JEANNE
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  This article examines the effects of risks for a sample of low birth weight children (2,001 to 2,500 g and family income‐to‐needs at 250% of the poverty threshold or less; n= 228) using data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP, an experiment testing the efficacy of early intervention). Cognitive test scores (IQ) are assessed at 3, 5, and 8 years of age. Links with risks at each age point are examined using three different models—cumulative, human capital, and psychological risks. Similar decrements in IQ scores are found at all ages for the cumulative and human capital models but not for the psychological risk model. Treatment effects are found at 3 years of age (when the intervention ended) for all levels of risk and for all models. Sustained effects of the treatment were found at 5 and 8 years of age for children with moderate levels of human capital risk but were not found for any levels of psychological risk. Implications for early childhood intervention programs are discussed.
Prevention Approaches to Enhance Resilience among High‐Risk Youth
Authors: KUMPFER KAROL L. , SUMMERHAYS JULIA FRANKLIN
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  This article synthesizes research on resilience theory and its implications for prevention interventions to increase resilience in high‐risk children and adolescents. In addition, this response to both the articles by Drs. Greenberg and Dishion summarizes their key points. Their papers discuss the neuroscience substrate behind two major mediators of antisocial behaviors, namely lack of self‐regulation and executive function problems. In addition, we present an overall Resilience Framework that will help the reader organize the aspects of resilience discussed by these two researchers into a transactional process model. This article extends prior researchers' suggestion that resilience is the product of the interaction of genetic, biological, and environmental precursors to a further consideration of higher‐level cognitive precursors, such as purpose in life and existential meaning. The relevance of resilience to the prevention of negative outcomes in high‐risk children of alcoholics (COAs) and substance abusers is covered. Within this third wave of resilience research on prevention interventions, we present data suggesting that family strengthening approaches have the greatest impact on increasing resilience.
Arousal Regulation, Emotional Flexibility, Medial Amygdala Function, and the Impact of Early Experience
Authors: MAYES LINDA C.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  The balance between optimal levels of emotional arousal and cognitive performance reflects the integration of several dopaminergically and adrenergically regulated neural systems. The amygdalar system is a key region for gating stimulation to cortical regions and the medial amygdala appears to play an especially key role in mediating the fear response. More generally, these arousal regulatory neural systems are key to frustration or stress impact prefrontal cortical function. Further, the threshold for when the level of stress is overwhelming and hence impairs cognitive function reflects minimally genetic and experiential influence. An important interface between Drs. Lewis and Davis's work is how early experience, especially through early parenting, may set the threshold of responsiveness for these arousal regulatory neural systems.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Development of Alcoholism
Authors: ENOCH MARY‐ANNE
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  The physiological changes of adolescence may promote risk‐taking behaviors, including binge drinking. Approximately 40% of alcoholics were already drinking heavily in late adolescence. Most cases of alcoholism are established by the age of 30 years with the peak prevalence at 18–23 years of age. Therefore the key time frame for the development, and prevention, of alcoholism lies in adolescence and young adulthood. Severe childhood stressors have been associated with increased vulnerability to addiction, however, not all stress‐exposed children go on to develop alcoholism. Origins of resilience can be both genetic (variation in alcohol‐metabolizing genes, increased susceptibility to alcohol's sedative effects) and environmental (lack of alcohol availability, positive peer and parental support). Genetic vulnerability is likely to be conferred by multiple genes of small to modest effects, possibly only apparent in gene–environment interactions. For example, it has been shown that childhood maltreatment interacts with a monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene variant to predict antisocial behavior that is often associated with alcoholism, and an interaction between early life stress and a serotonin transporter promoter variant predicts alcohol abuse in nonhuman primates and depression in humans. In addition, a common Met158 variant in the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene can confer both risk and resilience to alcoholism in different drinking environments. It is likely that a complex mix of gene(s)—environment(s) interactions underlie addiction vulnerability and development. Risk–resilience factors can best be determined in longitudinal studies, preferably starting during pregnancy. This kind of research is important for planning future measures to prevent harmful drinking in adolescence.
Stress and the Adolescent Brain
Authors: ROMEO RUSSELL D. , McEWEN BRUCE S.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  During adolescence the brain shows remarkable changes in both structure and function. The plasticity exhibited by the brain during this pubertal period may make individuals more vulnerable to perturbations, such as stress. Although much is known about how exposure to stress and stress hormones during perinatal development and adulthood affect the structure and function of the brain, relatively little is known about how the pubertal brain responds to stress. Furthermore, it is not clear whether stressors experienced during adolescence lead to altered physiological and behavioral potentials in adulthood, as has been shown for perinatal development. The purpose of this review is to present what is currently known about the pubertal maturation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, the neuroendocrine axis that mediates the stress response, and discuss what is currently known about how stressors affect the adolescent brain. Our dearth of knowledge regarding the effects of stress on the pubertal brain will be discussed in the context of our accumulating knowledge regarding stress‐induced neuronal remodeling in the adult. Finally, as the adolescent brain is capable of such profound plasticity during this developmental stage, we will also explore the possibility of adolescence as a period of interventions and opportunities to mitigate negative consequences from earlier developmental insults.
Effects of Therapeutic Interventions for Foster Children on Behavioral Problems, Caregiver Attachment, and Stress Regulatory Neural Systems
Authors: FISHER PHILIP A. , GUNNAR MEGAN R. , DOZIER MARY , BRUCE JACQUELINE , PEARS KATHERINE C.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Young children in foster care are exposed to high levels of stress. These experiences place foster children at risk for poor social, academic, and mental heath outcomes. The role of adverse events in stimulating neurobiological stress responses presumably plays a role in shaping neural systems that contribute to these problems. Systematic and developmentally well‐timed interventions might have the potential to change developmental trajectories and promote resilience. Moreover, understanding how specific dimensions of early adversity affect underlying stress response systems and how alterations in these systems are related to later psychosocial outcomes might facilitate more precise and targeted interventions. Data are drawn from two ongoing randomized trials involving foster infants/toddlers and preschoolers. Consistent with prior animal models of early adversity, these studies have shown that early adversity—particularly neglect, younger age at first foster placement, and higher number of placements—is associated with altered hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis function. The interventions under investigation have produced evidence that it is possible to impact many areas that have been negatively affected by early stress, including HPA axis activity, behavior, and attachment to caregivers.
Psychobiological Processes of Stress and Coping
Authors: COMPAS BRUCE E.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  The significance of psychosocial stress and ways of coping with stress for understanding resilience in childhood and adolescence are reviewed. Psychological and biological processes of reactivity to and recovery from stress are central in understanding the physical and emotional tolls that result from prolonged exposure to chronic stress. A central theme of this article is that stress exerts a double toll on physical and emotional health and well‐being. First, as a consequence of allostatic load, stress contributes to disease and disorder. And second, because of effects on specific brain regions, chronic stress takes a second toll by disrupting function in those regions primarily responsible for coping and self‐regulation. Implications for future research on resilience and the development of interventions to promote resilience are highlighted.
Maternal Sensitivity Is Related to Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Stress Reactivity and Regulation in Response to Emotion Challenge in 6‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: BLAIR CLANCY , GRANGER DOUGLAS , WILLOUGHBY MICHAEL , KIVLIGHAN KATIE ,   THE FAMILY LIFE PROJECT INVESTIGATORS
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  This study examined relations between maternal sensitivity as observed in a free play interaction and changes in levels of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol in response to procedures designed to elicit negative affect in 6‐month old infants. The sample included 1,292 families in predominantly rural and low‐income communities in Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Results indicated that infants of more sensitive mothers had lower levels of cortisol at baseline and increased cortisol reactivity and regulation in response to the emotion procedures. Maternal negativity was unrelated to infant cortisol. Findings highlight the need for further research on variation in early caregiving and the development of the stress response in young children.
Ultrasound Consultation to Reduce Risk and Increase Resilience in Pregnancy
Authors: BOUKYDIS ZACK
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Clinical evidence indicates the influence of viewing ultrasound on women's investment in health during pregnancy. Ongoing work on the effects of ultrasound consultation (UC) include: establishing a replicable UC and demonstrating validity of the UC by examining effects of UC on behavioral and physiological indicators of increased resilience in maternal health and pregnancy outcome. The study indicated that UC significantly increased maternal–fetal attachment, decreased maternal anxiety, and increased positive attitudes toward health during pregnancy. Ongoing research involves using UC in two protocols with pregnant women, for instance, those experiencing moderate‐to‐severe depression and those at risk for noncompliance in treatment for gestational diabetes.
Preventing Co‐Occurring Depression Symptoms in Adolescents with Conduct Problems
Authors: CUTULI J.J. , CHAPLIN TARA M. , GILLHAM JANE E. , REIVICH KAREN J. , SELIGMAN MARTIN E.P.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Children who exhibit elevated levels of conduct problems are at increased risk for developing co‐occurring depression symptoms, especially during adolescence. This study tests the effectiveness of a manualized after school intervention (the Penn Resiliency Program [PRP]) for the prevention of depression symptoms among a subset of middle‐school‐aged students who exhibited elevated levels of conduct problems, but not depression symptoms, at the start of the study. Longitudinal analyses demonstrate that the program successfully prevented elevations in depression symptoms across early‐ to mid‐adolescence compared to no‐intervention controls.
Maternal Depression and Psychotropic Medication Effects on the Human Fetus
Authors: EMORY EUGENE K. , DIETER JOHN N.I.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Ultrasound studies examined fetuses of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Fetuses of depressed mothers were more active during mid‐gestation and exhibited lower baseline heart rate and moved less during late‐term vibratory stimulation. Mid‐gestation heightened activity and late‐term diminished responsivity may be a prenatal manifestation of the “general adaptation syndrome.” Color Doppler technology measured blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery of fetuses whose mothers were prescribed SSRIs or lithium. SSRIs were associated with velocity increases and lithium with velocity decreases. The effects of psychotropic medications on prenatal neurobehavioral development require further study to document potential benefits and adverse effects.
More Than Maternal Sensitivity Shapes Attachment
Authors: FUERTES MARINA , SANTOS PEDRO LOPES DOS , BEEGHLY MARJORIE , TRONICK EDWARD
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the effect of a set of factors from multiple levels of influence: infant temperament, infant regulatory behavior, and maternal sensitivity on infant's attachment. Our sample consisted of 48 infants born prematurely and their mothers. At 1 and 3 months of age, mothers described their infants' behavior using the Escala de Temperamento do Bebé. At 3 months of age, infants' capacity to regulate stress was evaluated during Tronick's Face‐to‐Face Still‐Face (FFSF) paradigm. At 9 months of age, mothers' sensitivity was evaluated during free play using the CARE‐Index. At 12 months of age, infants' attachment security was assessed during Ainsworth's Strange Situation. A total of 16 infants were classified as securely attached, 17 as insecure‐avoidant, and 15 as insecure‐resistant. Mothers of securely attached infants were more likely than mothers of insecure infants to describe their infants as less difficult and to be more sensitive to their infants in free play. In turn, secure infants exhibited more positive responses during the Still‐Face. Infants classified as insecure‐avoidant were more likely to self‐comfort during the Still‐Face and had mothers who were more controlling during free play. Insecure‐resistant exhibited higher levels of negative arousal during the Still‐Face and had mothers who were more unresponsive in free play. These findings show that attachment quality is influenced by multiple factors, including infant temperament, coping behavior, and maternal sensitivity.
Biobehavioral Indices of Emotion Regulation Relate to School Attitudes, Motivation, and Behavior Problems in a Low‐Income Preschool Sample
Authors: MILLER ALISON L. , SEIFER RONALD , STROUD LAURA , SHEINKOPF STEPHEN J. , DICKSTEIN SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Effective emotion regulation may promote resilience and preschool classroom adjustment by supporting adaptive peer interactions and engagement in learning activities. We investigated how hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (HPA) regulation, cardiac reactivity, and classroom emotion displays related to adjustment among low‐income preschoolers attending Head Start. A total of 62 four‐year‐olds completed a laboratory session including a baseline soothing video; emotion‐eliciting slides/video clips, and recovery. Salivary cortisol, heart rate, and vagal tone were measured throughout. Independent coders used handheld computers to observe classroom emotion expression/regulation. Teachers rated child motivation, persistence/attention, learning attitudes, and internalizing/externalizing symptoms. Results reveal associations between biobehavioral markers of regulatory capacity and early school adjustment.
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
Authors: SHEINKOPF STEPHEN J. , LAGASSE LINDA L. , LESTER BARRY M. , LIU JING , SEIFER RONALD , BAUER CHARLES R. , SHANKARAN SEETHA , BADA HENRIETTA , HIGGINS ROSEMARY , DAS ABHIK
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Cardiac vagal tone (VT) was studied as a resilience factor in children prenatally exposed to cocaine and nonexposed controls (n= 550). A cumulative risk index was derived and used to classify children as high versus low risk. VT was measured during mildly stressful observations at 1 and 36 months of age. Children were classified as having consistently high, consistently low, or fluctuating VT. Risk and VT interacted to predict adaptive behaviors. For high‐risk children, low VT was related to higher ratings of adaptive behaviors. This finding suggests that regulatory functioning, as indexed by VT, may be a protective factor in prenatal CE.
Association of Direct Exposure to Terrorism, Media Exposure to Terrorism, and Other Trauma with Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Preschool Children
Authors: WANG YANPING , NOMURA YOKO , PAT‐HORENCZYK RUTH , DOPPELT OSNAT , ABRAMOVITZ ROBERT , BROM DANIEL , CHEMTOB CLAUDE
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  This study examined the differential impact of various types of trauma exposure on emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children. Participants were 95 mothers of 1‐ to 4‐year‐old children in Israel. Results suggested a differential pattern of associations between the types of trauma exposure (i.e., direct exposure to terrorism, media exposure to terrorism, and other trauma) and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. This line of research is important for the identification of risk factors and the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies to promote resilience in preschool children exposed to specific type(s) of trauma.
Combinatorial actions of patterning and HLH transcription factors in the spatiotemporal control of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing spinal cord
Authors: Sugimori Michiya , Nagao Motoshi , Bertrand Nicolas , Parras Carlos M. , Guillemot François , Nakafuku Masato
Published: March 2007

During development, the three major neural cell lineages, neurons,oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, differentiate in specific temporal orders at topologically defined positions. How the timing and position of their generation are coordinately regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that the transcription factors Pax6, Olig2 and Nkx2.2(Nkx2-2), which define the positional identity of multipotent progenitors early in development, also play crucial roles in controlling the timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing ventral spinal cord. We show that each of these factors has a unique ability to either enhance or inhibit the activities of the proneural helix-loop-helix (HLH) factors Ngn1 (Neurog1),Ngn2 (Neurog2), Ngn3 (Neurog3) and Mash1 (Ascl1), and the inhibitory HLH factors Id1 and Hes1, thereby regulating both the timing of differentiation of multipotent progenitors and their fate. Consistent with this, dynamic changes in their co-expression pattern in vivo are closely correlated to stage- and domain-specific generation of three neural cell lineages. We also show that genetic manipulations of their temporal expression patterns in mice alter the timing of differentiation of neurons and glia. We propose a molecular code model whereby the combinatorial actions of two classes of transcription factors coordinately regulate the domain-specific temporal sequence of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing spinal cord.
Rectal chlamydial infection among men who have sex with men: Partner notification as a means of nucleic acid amplification test validation
Authors: Mcmillan Alexander , Young Hugh
Published: March 2007

Nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of rectal chlamydial infection are not yet licenced. However, the detection of urethral Chlamydia trachomatis in sexual contacts of men who have sex with men (MSM) with rectal chlamydiae might support the validity of such tests. This was a retrospective study of the outcome of partner notification among MSM with rectal chlamydia who consecutively attended a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. During the study period, 5213 MSM attended the Department as new or ‘return new’ patients. There were 243 (5%) episodes of rectal chlamydial infection. In 87 men, at least one sexual partner was identified and attended the clinic. Overall, 34 (39%) of the 87 evaluable sexual contacts had urethral chlamydial infection. The finding of urethral C. trachomatis infection in a sizeable proportion of sexual contacts of men with rectal chlamydiae lends further support to the validation of the test system for the diagnosis of rectal chlamydia.
Knowledge and attitudes of young people in Guyana to HIV/AIDS
Authors: J O'toole Brian , Mcconkey Roy , Casson Karen , Goetz-Goldberg Debbie , Yazdani Arash
Published: March 2007

HIV prevalence in Guyana is the third highest in the Caribbean which, in turn, is the second-most-affected region in the world. Over 2000 young people aged 12–20 years completed self-report questionnaires that examined their knowledge of HIV/AIDS, their attitudes to sexual behaviours and their intentions with regard to virginity and use of condoms. Nearly one-quarter of young people aged 12–14 were sexually active and this rose to over one-third for youths aged 15 years and over, but condoms were only used consistently by two in five of these persons. Attitudes and intentions towards sexual behaviour were significantly influenced by religious teaching as well as by gender and age. Hence, prevention strategies for the spread of HIV/AIDS should harness religious belief and practice, especially in societies such as Guyana where religious affiliation remains strong.
Who returns for HIV screening test results?
Authors: Chan Ellen , Mcnulty Anna , Tribe Kate
Published: March 2007

Patient awareness of their HIV status is a major component of HIV prevention strategies. The failure to return for HIV screening results appears to be a consistent problem in many sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics. This study reviews the proportion of patients of Sydney Sexual Health Centre (SSHC) who returned for HIV results and compares their characteristics and risk behaviours with those who did not re-attend. Between 1995 and 2004, 79.7% of 8715 patients returned for results within one month. Return was associated with being male, men who have sex with men (MSM), more than five sex partners or overseas sex partners in the past 12 months and being overseas-born. Predictors of non-return included injection drug use (IDU) and commercial sex work (CSW). Different factors were associated with return for men and women. Overall return rates at SSHC were high.
Gender identity disorder: Treatment and post-transition care in transsexual adults
Authors: Jain A , Bradbeer C
Published: March 2007

As sex reassignment surgeries become more common and advanced, health professionals are more likely to see patients with gender identity disorders (GID) in their clinics. This can be challenging in many ways, and the challenges continue even after gender reassignment surgery as each case may present with unique anatomy. This article reviews the definition and treatment of GID, service provision in National Health Service and post-transition care of such patients.
Relationship between markers of HIV-1 disease progression and serum β-carotene concentrations in Kenyan women
Authors: M Baeten Jared , Scott Mcclelland R , H Wener Mark , D Bankson Daniel , Lavreys Ludo , Mandaliya Kishorchandra , J Bwayo Job , K Kreiss Joan
Published: March 2007

Observational studies have suggested that low serum β-carotene concentrations may influence HIV-1 disease progression. However, randomized trials have not demonstrated beneficial effects of β-carotene supplementation. To understand this discrepancy, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 400 HIV-1-seropositive women in Mombasa, Kenya, to correlate serum β-carotene concentrations with several measures of HIV-1 disease severity. β-Carotene concentrations were significantly associated with biologic markers of HIV-1 disease progression (CD4 count, HIV-1 plasma viral load, serum C-reactive protein [CRP] concentration, and serum albumin level). In multivariate analysis, β-carotene concentrations below the median were associated with elevated CRP (>10mg/l, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.99–5.53, P <0.001) and higher HIV-1 plasma viral load (for each log10 copies/mL increase, aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01–1.88, P = 0.04). In the context of negative findings from randomized trials of β-carotene supplementation in HIV-1-seropositive individuals, these results suggest that low β-carotene concentrations primarily reflect more active HIV-1 infection rather than a deficiency amenable to intervention.
It's just the worry about not being able to control it! A qualitative study of living with overactive bladder
Authors: Nicolson Paula , Kopp Zoe , Chapple C. R. , Kelleher C.
Published: March 2007

Objectives. This study reports the perceptions of patients with a diagnosis of OAB and people with undiagnosed OAB symptoms about their health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and psychological consequences.

Design. A qualitative study which employed a series of in‐depth, semi‐structured individual and group interviews using thematic and interpretive techniques of data analysis.

Methods. A mixture of previously diagnosed patients and people bothered by OAB symptoms were recruited from three British cities. The interviews explored issues around HRQL. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically to draw out the context in which people experience OAB. The study design was reviewed by a Multi‐Centre Research Ethics Committee and subjected to local research governance.

Results. OAB has devastating consequences for sufferers of both sexes which impact upon their HRQL, self‐esteem and relationships. OAB without incontinence causes anxiety, fear of incontinence, a sense of depression and hopelessness all of which are worse for those with incontinence. Many sufferers feel too embarrassed to seek medical care.

Conclusions. The psychological and HRQL consequences for OAB sufferers overlap with trajectories associated with chronic illness. However, because many sufferers avoid admitting to the condition and/or seeking treatment the psychological costs to them are even greater than with a diagnosed illness because the disruption remains unacknowledged and therefore unresolved.
I have your head on my wall: Sylvia Plath and the Rhetoric of Cold War America
Authors: Bayley Sally
Published: March 2007

Sylvia Plath's work has been consistently situated in the realm of the personal, subsuming such related categories as the psychological, the feminine and the nature of illness. However, Plath's use of the first person pronoun is never as straightforwardly personal as we might like to
believe. An important context for the nature of the Plathean I is an awareness of the nature of observation, being observed and the powers of rhetoric. I argue that this comes from the cultural context in which Plath wrote and it is the purpose of this paper to situate the Plathean I of The
Bell Jar and Ariel within that context; namely, the terrifying and mad cultural phenomenon of the paranoid style of American cold war politics, in order to link cultural context to poetics.
Is the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for water and sanitation on track? Target 10 revisited
Authors: Anand P. B
Published: March 2007

Target 10 of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDG-7) expresses the global commitment to halve the proportion of population without access to water and sanitation by 2015. Preliminary assessments of prospects for achievement of this goal show that much progress has been made to date
with regard to improving access to safe water. The proportion of population with improved access to water is estimated to have increased from 77 per cent in 1990 to 83 per cent in 2002. However, there is considerable regional disparity since much of this increase is in south and south-east
Asia, with hardly any improvement of the situation in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, forecasts with regard to sanitation suggest that at the present rate, the set target might not be met by 2015. This paper examines some of the major challenges that would be encountered
in the course of implementing Target 10 and sets in context issues that are of significance for research and policy aimed at addressing strategies for enhancing access to water and sanitation for the poor.
Cooperative environmental governance and waste-to-energy technologies in Asia
Authors: Forsyth Tim
Published: March 2007

The concept of cooperative environmental governance has been proposed as a means of increasing citizens' participation in environmental policy and technological choice in order to make policy processes more deliberative and socially inclusive. This paper critically analyzes the concept
in relation to cases of waste management and waste-to-energy investment in the Philippines and India, and especially the choice between the technologies of incineration, pyrolysis and biomethanation. The paper argues that, despite much progress towards local inclusion, there is still too much
optimism about the ability for local people to influence technological choice, and powerful actors can shape the identities and roles played by local people. Consequently, cooperative environmental governance needs to incorporate a greater political understanding of how and by whom technological
debates are framed, using insights from discursive politics.
Slim pickin's: Supporting waste pickers in the ecological modernization of urban waste management systems
Authors: Scheinberg Anne , Anschtz Justine
Published: March 2007

Informal sector scavengers or waste pickers have been unrecognized stakeholders on the fringes of the urban waste landscape since the nineteenth century. Although solid waste systems of both rich and poor countries continue to change radically in the process of (ecological) modernization, the living conditions and position of waste pickers have changed little, and then usually for the worse. Development approaches focusing on pickers' welfare, capacities and rights consistently fail to help. A systems approach that instead focuses on the opportunities provided by the modernization process provides a stronger framework for legitimizing the role of pickers and strengthening their livelihoods.
Sustainability prospects for water utilities privatization in Kenya
Authors: K'Akumu O.A
Published: March 2007

Privatization of water utilities is widely practiced in the belief that market forces may help achieve conservation as per the Dublin Principles (Fourth Principle). Kenya has adopted the privatization strategy with the commercialization, inter alia, of its water utilities. This paper
looks at the legal, political, social, economic, commercial and environmental implications of this policy move in Kenya. It concludes that although commercialization of water utilities may generally lead to sustainability of services through economic pricing and the application of efficiency-sensitive
private sector business practices, there is still no firm evidence to show privatization as an appropriate strategy for sustainable development, particularly when seen on social, political and environmental grounds.
Nation and diaspora: Rethinking multiculturalism in a transnational context
Authors: Karim Karim H
Published: March 2007

Multiculturalism has redefined the nation as comprising a culturally pluralist population. However, the increased linkages between countries, produced by accelerated globlisation, have also engendered intricate transnational networks between diasporas residing in several states. The
telephone, internet, satellite television and other media help construct a web of connections among these transnations enabling them to maintain and enhance their cultural identities. Diasporas have creatively engaged with transnational media and are participating in a globalisation-from-below.
An increasingly cosmopolitan outlook has been fostered by the inter-continental links. But multiculturalism policies tend erroneously to continue viewing members of immigrant communities as having engaged in a oneway trajectory that breaks ties with their past. The current conceptualisation
of multiculturalism as fixed within the context of the nation-state does not allow for a well-considered response to the transnational contexts in which immigrants live out their lives. Some migrant-producing states have begun to address these circumstances, but those of immigrant-receiving
governments have generally been reluctant to acknowledge them.
The Palestinians in Britain, news and the politics of recognition
Authors: Matar Dina
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with how migrants address the politics of recognition from below, or through the politics of theeveryday. It uses a synthesis of theory and original empirical material to address questions of identity, belonging, recognition and participation through their everyday
use of various news media. In doing so, it addresses the contexts under which minority and/or diasporic group members may adopt claims to cultural distinctiveness and group rights to challenge perceptions of exclusion from and misrepresentation in the political public sphere, arguing that
these politics may be understood as contestations of and negotiations over the right to the public sphere.
Borrowed identities: Mathieu Kassovitz and Djamel Bensalah
Authors: Griffiths Kate
Published: March 2007

A comparison of Mtisse and La Haine by Mathieu Kassovitz with Le Ciel, les oiseaux et ta mre and Le Raid by Djamel Bensalah makes clear the different approaches of these filmmakers. However, these works are linked in their exploration of the lack ethnic
others can experience in mirrors, be they literal or the figurative variety represented by the images of the media. Both directors investigate the power of borrowing as a tactic to combat this exclusion. Their characters construct an identity for themselves by borrowing from elsewhere. Moreover,
Kassovitz and Bensalah playfully point to their own directorial borrowing. The characters imitate a receding range of sources, creating an identity which, whilst it affords a sense of agency, has a deconstructive effect since it points to its own lack of origin. These performed identities
question the processes and images of representation, damaging cameras in the films of Bensalah and Kassovitz.
Multichannel Shopping: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Venkatesan Rajkumar , Kumar V. , Ravishanker Nalini
Published: March 2007

The authors explore the drivers of multichannel shopping and the impact of multichannel shopping on customer profitability. Through a longitudinal analysis, the authors provide evidence that multichannel shopping is associated with higher customer profitability. Using the social exchange theory, they develop hypotheses regarding the impact of several customer–firm interaction characteristics on customer channel adoption duration. They propose a shared-frailty hazard model for testing the proposed hypotheses. They use the customer database of an apparel manufacturer that sells through three distinct channels for the empirical analysis and find that frequency-related interaction characteristics have the greatest influence on second-channel adoption duration. In contrast, proportion of returns, a purchase-related interaction characteristic, has the greatest influence on third-channel adoption duration. Variation across customers in purchase-related attributes has a greater impact on the duration to adopt the second channel than the duration to adopt the third channel. In contrast, variation across customers in the channel-related attributes has a greater impact on the third-channel adoption duration than on the second-channel adoption duration. The customer–firm interaction characteristics identified in this study and the proposed model framework allow for forward-looking allocation of multichannel marketing resources.
Voices from the other Side of the Fence: Early Childhood Teachers' Experiences with Mandatory Regulatory Requirements
Authors: Bown Kathryn , Sumsion Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Guided by feminist research principles, the study reported in this article contributes to the growing research dialogue on early childhood teachers' experiences with, and perceptions of, the impact of regulatory requirements on their teaching and on their perceptions of themselves as professionals. Specifically, three teachers from metropolitan Sydney (Australia) offered insights into their experiences working under the state of New South Wales (NSW) Children's Services Regulation 2004 (‘the Regulation’), a mandatory Regulation applicable to all children's services in NSW. Three early childhood teachers participated in research conversations and a visual/textual enquiry process, which involved teachers collecting, developing and constructing seven panels using photography, artefacts, text and visual art media, to represent their ‘sense of place’ in their work environment in light of the impact of the Regulation. Themes emerging from the data were identified and considered in light of the regulatory intent for children's services, and possible unintended adverse consequences for teachers. The themes include regulatory tension, mistrust, surveillance, sacrifice, resistance, compliance, relationships, interpretation and ambiguity, and the stifling of an educational focus. The findings suggest that early childhood teachers may operate behind a metaphorical regulatory ‘fence’, which contributes to their perceptions of safety but impinges on their professional freedom, integrity and passion for teaching.
Mathematics and Fantasies of Effective Practice
Authors: Hanley Una , Jones Liz
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to deepen understanding of the ways in which trainees account for and justify their practice. The area of particular interest to the authors is early years education where, in England at least, centrally issued governmental curriculum advice can be viewed as calling upon conflicting conceptions of education. The article reports on a study in which trainee teachers describe aspects of their training experience. The study sought to encourage the trainees to reflect on their professional beliefs and practices relating to their teaching of mathematics from a personal perspective. Yet this personal perspective was derived from experience on a course steeped in government prescription. The analysis not only centred on how the trainees' rationalisations supported their beliefs and practices, but also on how these rationalisations struggled in certain areas. By drawing on the psychoanalytic theories of Jacques Lacan, the study sought to offer alternative accounts of how such rationalisations function in supporting the trainees' understanding of themselves. This supports an analysis of how these rationalisations are built out of ‘personal’ fantasies of what it is to teach, and how these fantasies result from the trainees' immersion in the discursive environment. Finally, the authors make clear the significance of such accounts in relation to their own role as tutors, where they are obliged to make decisions regarding the ‘professional effectiveness' of trainee teachers.