bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Exercise Headache
Authors: Upadhyaya Parth , Nandyala Arathi , Ailani Jessica
Published: April 2020

Purpose of Review

Primary exercise headache has gone through many descriptors in the past but generally is a headache that is precipitated by strenuous exercise without significant intracranial pathology. Its presentation can remain vague, often confused with other primary and secondary headache disorders and thus undertreated. This review aims to discuss primary exercise headache in the context of epidemiology, presentation, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment.

Recent Findings

Two large epidemiological studies in Iran and Japan have further characterized a predilection for female patients, comorbidity with migraine, and frequent bilateral nature of headache.

While large-scale epidemiological studies have aided in further characterization and determining varying prevalence, a lack of randomized clinical trials in the treatment of primary exercise headache remains. Indomethacin and beta-blocker use remain the mainstays of treatment based on case series with several case reports that urge caution when diagnosing said headache.
Thermal ablation—an option in curative treatment of HCC
Authors: Putzer Daniel , Schullian Peter , Eberle Gernot , Bale Reto Josef
Published: April 2020

Minimally invasive thermal ablation techniques are an integral part of international treatment guidelines in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Due to highly effective local tumor control in nonresectable liver tumors with a relatively low rate of morbidity and mortality, thermal ablation even challenges the surgical approach as the first-line treatment in selected patients. Ablation outcome is largely dependent on the size and location of the HCC as well as on the applied ablation technique and image guidance. The creation of a sufficient ablation margin (A0 ablation in analogy to R0 resection) is prerequisite to assure low recurrence rates. In large tumors, tumor-free margins can be achieved only by overlapping ablation zones, which can be accomplished using stereotactic multiprobe ablation techniques (stereotactic radiofrequency ablation [SRFA], stereotactic microwave ablation [SMWA], stereotactic irreversible electroporation [SIRE]) in combination with 3D trajectory planning and image fusion for intraoperative evaluation of treatment results.
The effect of drying temperature of milk thistle seeds on quality and bioactive compounds in the lipid fraction
Authors: Marszałkiewicz Sylwia , Siger Aleksander , Gawrysiak-Witulska Marzena , Kmiecik Dominik , Rudzińska Magdalena
Published: April 2020

Milk thistle oils are available on the market and appeal to consumers because of their healthy properties as cold-pressed oils. The raw material for producing such oils is purchased from a range of domestic and foreign sources. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of drying temperature on the peroxide value, acid value, fatty acid composition, tocopherol and phytosterol contents in the lipid fraction extracted from milk thistle seeds. The seeds were purchased in three different farms and were dried in a thin layer at 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, and 140 °C. The level of phytosterols and the fatty acid composition were determined using GC-FID, while tocopherols concentrations were determined using HPLC. The study showed that the quality of seeds used in the production of oil varies. The drying of milk thistle seeds using air cooler than 80 °C caused no statistically significant changes in AV, p-AnV, phytosterol levels, tocopherols, or SFA levels. Drying temperatures in the 100–140 °C range caused significant losses of phytosterols and tocopherols and also resulted in changes in fatty acid composition. When seeds were dried at 140 °C, phytosterol levels dropped by 19–23%, tocopherols by 10–23%, MUFA by 30%, and PUFA by 11%.
A chelating agent system for the removal of barium sulfate scale
Authors: Luo Zhifeng , Zhang Nanlin , Zhao Liqiang , Wang Chunlei , Wu Lin , Liu Pingli , Ji Hongyu
Published: April 2020

This study aimed to prepare a chelating agent SA-20 using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and low molecular weight sodium polyacrylate raw material for the removal of barium sulfate (BaSO4) scale. The morphology of the resulting chelating agent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The BaSO4 scale removal ability of SA-20 was comprehensively evaluated by the dissolving ability, particle size analysis, corrosion performance, and fracture conductivity before and after the scale removal. The results showed that the SA-20 has a good BaSO4 scale removal ability due to the chelation, lattice distortion, and dispersion of DTPA and low molecular weight sodium polyacrylate.
Integrated production optimization of an oil field based on constructing of a proxy model using DOE methods
Authors: Rajabi-Kochi Mahyar , Khamehchi Ehsan
Published: April 2020

An integrated model of the PUNQ-S3 reservoir in the North Sea was constructed. Then, 16 parameters with the highest impact on target functions were selected for sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis was based on the two-level Plackett–Burman design of experimental method. Finally, seven variables with the highest impact on the target functions were selected. Net present value, cumulative oil production, and cumulative water production were three target functions. The proxy model was constructed using the three-level Box–Behnken experimental design for each of the three target functions, taking into account the effect of the variable’s interactions on each other. Then the compliance and predictivity of the proxy model for each target function were validated according to the decision variables. In the end, multiobjective optimization was conducted with the aim of maximizing net present value and cumulative oil production and minimizing cumulative water production using a parameter called composite desirability.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Food Reward: Review and Conceptual Synthesis of Evidence from Observational, Acute, and Chronic Exercise Training Studies
Authors: Beaulieu Kristine , Oustric Pauline , Finlayson Graham
Published: April 2020

Purpose of Review

This review brings together current evidence from observational, acute, and chronic exercise training studies to inform public debate on the impact of physical activity and exercise on food reward.

Recent Findings

Low levels of physical activity are associated with higher liking and wanting for high-energy food. Acute bouts of exercise tend to reduce behavioral indices of reward for high-energy food in inactive individuals. A dissociation in liking (increase) and wanting (decrease) may occur during chronic exercise training associated with loss of body fat. Habitual moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with lower liking and wanting for high-fat food, and higher liking for low-fat food.

Food reward does not counteract the benefit of increasing physical activity levels for obesity management. Exercise training appears to be accompanied by positive changes in food preferences in line with an overall improvement in appetite control.
Study on the critical stress threshold of weakly cemented sandstone damage based on the renormalization group method
Authors: Song Zhaoyang , Ji Hongguang , Liu Zhiqiang , Sun Lihui
Published: April 2020

During the microstructural analysis of weakly cemented sandstone, the granule components and ductile structural parts of the sandstone are typically generalized. Considering the contact between granules in the microstructure of weakly cemented sandstone, three basic units can be determined: regular tetrahedra, regular hexahedra, and regular octahedra. Renormalization group models with granule- and pore-centered weakly cemented sandstone were established, and, according to the renormalization group transformation rule, the critical stress threshold of damage was calculated. The results show that the renormalization model using regular octahedra as the basic units has the highest critical stress threshold. The threshold obtained by iterative calculations of the granule-centered model is smaller than that obtained by the pore-centered model. The granule-centered calculation provides the lower limit (18.12%), and the pore-centered model provides the upper limit (36.36%). Within this range, the weakly cemented sandstone is in a phase-like critical state. That is, the state of granule aggregation transforms from continuous to discrete. In the relative stress range of 18.12%– 36.36%, the weakly cemented sandstone exhibits an increased proportion of high-frequency signals (by 83.3%) and a decreased proportion of low-frequency signals (by 23.6%). The renormalization calculation results for weakly cemented sandstone explain the high–low frequency conversion of acoustic emission signals during loading. The research reported in this paper has important significance for elucidating the damage mechanism of weakly cemented sandstone.
The Effect of Temperature Gradients on Elastic Wave Propagation in Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars
Authors: Walley Stephen M.
Published: April 2020

If it is desired to obtain high rate mechanical data of materials at non-ambient temperatures using the split Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar technique, it is necessary either to consider what effect a temperature gradient has on the propagation of elastic waves along a metallic rod or to design a mechanism that minimises the exposure of the Hopkinson bars to heating or cooling. Two main mechanical systems have been devised: the first where the bars are brought into contact with the specimen a short time (less than one second) before the specimen is dynamically loaded; the second where the specimen is moved into position just before it is dynamically loaded. As these mechanisms are complex to design and build, many researchers choose the simpler option of heating (or cooling) the ends of the bars as well as the specimen. This review summarises issues that should be considered if this option is taken.
When different norms lead to same billiard trajectories?
Authors: Akopyan Arseniy , Karasev Roman
Published: April 2020

Extending a result of Milena Radnović and Serge Tabachnikov, we establish conditions for two different non-symmetric norms to define the same billiard reflection law.
Explanation or Modeling: a Reply to Kellen and Klauer
Authors: Ragni Marco , Johnson-Laird P. N.
Published: April 2020

In Wason’s “selection” task, individuals often overlook potential counterexamples in selecting evidence to test hypotheses. Our recent meta-analysis of 228 experiments corroborated the main predictions of the task’s original theory, which aimed to explain the testing of hypotheses. Our meta-analysis also eliminated all but 1 of the 15 later theories. The one survivor was the inference-guessing theory of Klauer et al., but it uses more free parameters to model the data. Kellen and Klauer (this issue) dissent. They defend the goal of a model of the frequencies of all 16 possible selections in Wason’s task, including “guesses” that occur less often than chance, such as not selecting any evidence. But an explanation of hypothesis testing is not much advanced by modeling such guesses with independent free parameters. The task’s original theory implies that individuals tend to choose items of evidence that are dependent on one another, and the inference-guessing theory concurs for those selections that are inferred. Kellen and Klauer argue against correlations as a way to assess dependencies. But our meta-analysis did not use them; it used Shannon’s measure of information to establish dependencies. Their modeling goal has led them to defend a “purposely vague” theory. Our explanatory goal has led us to defend a “purposely clear” algorithm and to retrieve long-standing evidence that refutes the inference-guessing theory. Individuals can be rational in testing a hypothesis: in repeated tests, they search for some examples of it, and then exhaustively for counterexamples.
Promoting Behavioral Change Using Text Messages: A Case Study of Blackberry Farmers in Ecuador
Authors: Carrión-Yaguana Vanessa D. , Alwang Jeffrey , Barrera Victor H.
Published: April 2020

This study measures the effect of text message receipt on behavioral change by Ecuadorean blackberry farmers. We examine whether text messages affect knowledge about specific technologies or serve as reminders to farmers to employ practices as part of their crop management strategy. Drawing from well-known theories of behavioral change, we identify pathways relevant to technology adoption. We then describe results from a randomized experiment and measure the impact of the intervention through these pathways. Results suggest that in the blackberry context, timely text messages remind farmers about recommended practices and increase adoption. Effects on knowledge enhancement are not significant.
Operational concept and validation of a new airport low-level wind information system
Authors: Iijima T. , Matayoshi N. , Ueda S.
Published: April 2020

Pilots are sometimes not provided with sufficient information to avoid go-arounds or other operational disruptions that result from low-level wind disturbances. We identified issues with existing windshear alerting systems and developed three types of airport low-level wind information systems to enhance pilot situational awareness of wind conditions by providing landing aircraft with quantitative and visualised wind information for ultimately mitigating air service disruptions due to low-level wind disturbances. The three systems, Airport Low-level Wind Information (ALWIN) and Low-level Turbulence Advisory System (LOTAS), both of which use Doppler radar/lidar, and Sodar-based Low-level Wind Information (SOLWIN), which uses Doppler SOnic Detection And Ranging (SODAR), have different costs and capabilities that allow the most cost-effective system to be selected for an airport according to its scale and local weather characteristics. This paper presents the operational concepts of our newly developed airport low-level wind information systems and describes their validation.
National Health Preparedness and Response Centers: Revisiting the Increasingly Critical Need to Expand Cooperative Emergency Response Capabilities in the United States
Authors: Donahue Donald A. , Burkle Frederick M. , Blanck Ronald R.
Published: April 2020

In 1999, a robust National Health Preparedness and Response Center was conceptualized and piloted, but never fully operationalized. This study revisits the expansive, coordinated efforts invested in this concept, considered an overdue remedy for persistent shortfalls in medical Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High Yield Explosives training, proficiency, and preparation. The concept defined a robust mission for longstanding, proven programs for prepositioning equipment and associated training of personnel. This study explores the reasons that ended military and governmental support, attendant funding, and operations of the created Joint/Interagency Civil Support Center, which ceased on September 30, 2006. Unfortunately, the concept remains relevant. Major gaps in disaster medical response capabilities have been recognized for decades. Experts from the Institute of Medicine, United States Northern Command, and multiple academic centers and professional organizations have identified these shortcomings, but the national response posture remains disjointed, under-resourced, and based upon obsolete planning premises. Given increasing threats, the authors recommend revisiting the collaboration of military, civilian, academic, and governmental resources that once established the Joint/Interagency Civil Support Center as a multidisciplinary and trans-disciplinary model for a new National Health Preparedness and Response Center coordinated framework for enhanced resilience and operational response capabilities on a national level.
INTERPERSONAL TRUST AND CONFIDENCE IN LABOR UNIONS: THE CASE OF SOUTH KOREA
Authors: Son Byunghwan
Published: April 2020

How do ordinary citizens view labor unions? The importance of public opinion about unions has rarely been highlighted in the contemporary literature on labor politics. Using five waves of the World Value Surveys on South Korea, this article suggests that public confidence in labor unions is significantly affected by individuals’ interpersonal trust, conditional on their perception of the political representation of labor. Unlike those with high levels of trust, low-trust individuals view unions as an agent seeking their exclusionary interests at the expense of the rest of the society. The difference between high- and low-trust individuals’ confidence in labor unions is more pronounced when a liberal, rather than a conservative, government is in power because of the public perception that labor interests are already well-represented by the liberal government and union functions are redundant in such a circumstances. The empirical findings are found robust to alternative theoretical arguments and empirical techniques.
Charged particle dynamics near an X-point of a non-symmetric magnetic field with closed field lines
Authors: Elbarmi Elena , Sengupta Wrick , Weitzner Harold
Published: April 2020

Understanding particle drifts in a non-symmetric magnetic field is of primary interest in designing optimized stellarators in order to minimize the neoclassical radial loss of particles. Quasisymmetry and omnigeneity, two distinct properties proposed to ensure radial localization of collisionless trapped particles in stellarators, have been explored almost exclusively for magnetic fields with nested flux surfaces. In this work, we examine radial particle confinement when all field lines are closed. We then study charged particle dynamics in the special case of a non-symmetric vacuum magnetic field with closed field lines obtained recently by Weitzner & Sengupta (Phys. Plasmas, vol. 27, 2020, 022509). These magnetic fields can be used to construct magnetohydrodynamic equilibria for low pressure. Expanding in the amplitude of the non-symmetric fields, we explicitly evaluate the omnigeneity and quasisymmetry constraints. We show that the magnetic field is omnigeneous in the sense that the drift surfaces coincide with the pressure surfaces. However, it is not quasisymmetric according to the standard definitions.
Feeding brown fat: dietary phytochemicals targeting non-shivering thermogenesis to control body weight
Authors: Horvath Carla , Wolfrum Christian
Published: April 2020

Excessive adipose accumulation, which is the main driver for the development of secondary metabolic complications, has reached epidemic proportions and combined pharmaceutical, educational and nutritional approaches are required to reverse the current rise in global obesity prevalence rates. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a unique organ able to dissipate energy and thus a promising target to enhance BMR to counteract a positive energy balance. In addition, active BAT might support body weight maintenance after weight loss to prevent/reduce relapse. Natural products deliver valuable bioactive compounds that have historically helped to alleviate disease symptoms. Interest in recent years has focused on identifying nutritional constituents that are able to induce BAT activity and thereby enhance energy expenditure. This review provides a summary of selected dietary phytochemicals, including isoflavones, catechins, stilbenes, the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin and resveratrol as well as the alkaloids berberine and capsaicin. Most of the discussed phytochemicals act through distinct molecular pathways e.g. sympathetic nerve activation, AMP-kinase signalling, SIRT1 activity or stimulation of oestrogen receptors. Thus, it might be possible to utilise this multitude of pathways to co-activate BAT using a fine-tuned combination of foods or combined nutritional supplements.
Rational rationalization and System 2
Authors: De Neys Wim
Published: April 2020

In this commentary, I highlight the relevance of Cushman's target article for the popular dual-process framework of thinking. I point to the problematic characterization of rationalization in traditional dual-process models and suggest that in line with recent advances, Cushman's rational rationalization account offers a way out of the rationalization paradox.
Quantifying the prevalence and adaptiveness of behavioral rationalizations
Authors: Tierney Warren , Uhlmann Eric Luis
Published: April 2020

Critical aspects of the “rationality of rationalizations” thesis are open empirical questions. These include the frequency with which past behavior determines attitudes (as opposed to attitudes causing future behaviors), the extent to which post hoc justifications take on a life of their own and shape future actions, and whether rationalizers experience benefits in well-being, social influence, performance, or other desirable outcomes.
Rationalization in the pejorative sense: Cushman's account overlooks the scope and costs of rationalization
Authors: Ellis Jonathan , Schwitzgebel Eric
Published: April 2020

According to Cushman, rationalization occurs when a person has performed an action and then concocts beliefs and desires that would have made it rational. We argue that this isn't the paradigmatic form of rationalization. Consequently, Cushman's explanation of the function and usefulness of rationalization is less broad-reaching than he intends. Cushman's account also obscures some of rationalization's pernicious consequences.
Cognitive dissonance processes serve an action-oriented adaptive function
Authors: Harmon-Jones Eddie , Harmon-Jones Cindy
Published: April 2020

The action-based model of cognitive dissonance proposes an adaptive function for rationalization that differs from the one offered by Cushman. The one proposed by Cushman is concerned more with the cold construction of cognitions, whereas the one proposed by the action-based model is a motivated protection of a strongly held cognition.
What kind of rationalization is system justification?
Authors: Laurin Kristin , Jettinghoff William M.
Published: April 2020

Cushman uses rationalization to refer to people's explanations for their own actions. In system justification theory, scholars use the same term to refer to people's efforts to cast their current status quo in an exaggeratedly positive light. We try to reconcile these two meanings, positing that system justification could result from people trying to explain their own failure to take action to combat inequality. We highlight two novel and contested predictions emerging from this interpretation.
Heroes of our own story: Self-image and rationalizing in thought experiments
Authors: Ullman Tomer David
Published: April 2020

Cushman's rationalization account can be extended to cover another part of his portrayal of representational exchange: thought experiments that lead to conclusions about the self. While Cushman's argument is compelling, a full account of rationalization as adaptive will need to account for the divergence in rationalizing one's actions compared to the actions of others.
Rationalization of emotion is also rational
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: April 2020

Cushman seeks to explain rationalization in terms of fundamental mental processes, and he hypotheses a selected-for function: information exchange between “rational” and “non-rational” processes in the brain. While this is plausible, his account overlooks the importance – and information value – of rationalizing the emotions of ourselves and others. Incorporating such rationalization would help explain the effectiveness of rationalization and its connection with valuation, as well as raise a challenge to his way of bifurcating “rational” and “non-rational” processes.
Stories students tell about their lived experiences of spirituality in the Dalcroze class
Authors: Habron John , van der Merwe Liesl
Published: April 2020

This article is a narrative inquiry of the lived spiritual experiences of students participating in Dalcroze Eurhythmics training. Previous studies have located Jaques-Dalcroze’s own writings and thought within the context of spirituality and have explored the spiritual experiences of Dalcroze teachers, but students’ perspectives remain to be investigated. We interviewed seven students, broadly defined as anyone currently attending regular Dalcroze training or who have recently attended Dalcroze courses and still consider themselves Dalcroze students. Various strategies for narrative data analysis were synthesised into our own coding scheme. Themes emerged from the data analysis: situation, continuity, personal interaction, social interaction and significant moments. The themes helped us construct a fictive conversation between the participants, using direct quotations from the interviews. Implications for practice focus on what inhibits and promotes experiences of spirituality in the Dalcroze class. This research will be relevant to music educators, as it gives clear, evidence-based guidelines on how opportunities for spirituality can be created in the Dalcroze classroom. It also offers an original synthesis of existing coding schemes for other researchers undertaking narrative inquiries.
Influence of experience, interest, knowledge and learning source on children’s attitudes towards extensive grassland conservation
Authors: Špur Natalija , Škornik Sonja , Šorgo Andrej
Published: April 2020

Decisions made by grassland owners are crucial for the conservation of extensive grasslands (EGs); however, the predispositions determining how adults decide to act in certain situations are developed during childhood. Children are future decision-makers and potential grassland owners; therefore, the factors that form and affect their attitudes towards EG conservation need to be examined. Positive attitudes could be developed during environmental education, and this study aimed to understand the influence of elementary school children’s interest in and knowledge of grasslands, sources of learning about grasslands and experience working with grasslands on their attitudes towards preserving EGs. Principal component analysis and structural equation modelling results showed that interest in grasslands directly influenced attitudes towards preserving EGs, while experience and learning also indirectly influenced these attitudes. Children’s interest should be stimulated through gathering experience with grasslands and education in order to resolve any potential misconceptions about EG management.
Utilizing End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide to Diagnose Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Prehospital Patients with Hyperglycemia
Authors: Hunter Christopher , Putman Monty , Foster Jermaine , Souers Amy , Rodriguez Alexa , Zuver Christian , Papa Linda
Published: April 2020

Background:

Early identification of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) may improve clinical outcomes. Prior studies suggest exhaled end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) provides a non-invasive, real-time method to screen for DKA in the emergency department (ED).

Methods:

This a retrospective cohort study among patients who activated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) during a one-year period. Initial out-of-hospital vital signs documented by EMS personnel, including ETCO2 and first recorded blood glucose level (BGL), as well as in-hospital records, including laboratory values and diagnosis, were collected. The main outcome was the association between ETCO2 and the diagnosis of DKA.

Results:

Of the 118 patients transported with hyperglycemia (defined by BGL >200), six (5%) were diagnosed with DKA. The mean level of ETCO2 in those without DKA was 35mmHg (95% CI, 33-38mmHg) compared to mean levels of 15mmHg (95% CI, 8-21mmHg) in those with DKA (P <.001). The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve (AUC) for ETCO2 identifying DKA was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.92-1.00). The correlation coefficient between ETCO2 and serum bicarbonate (HCO3) was 0.436 (P <.001) and the correlation coefficient between ETCO2 and anion gap was -0.397 (P <.001).

Conclusion:

Among patients with hyperglycemia, prehospital levels of ETCO2 were significantly lower in patients with DKA compared to those without and were predictive of the diagnosis of DKA. Furthermore, out-of-hospital ETCO2 was significantly correlated with measures of metabolic acidosis.
Two-year outcomes of moderately hypofractionated 70 Gy in 28 fractions, intensity-modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy for localised prostate cancer
Authors: Ortiz Arce Cindy Sharon , Leon Solorio Cristian Salvador , Calderon Mendoza David , Ornelas Lopez Jose de Jesus , Nava Sierra Ana Luisa , Esqueda Guerrero Placido Domingo , Souto del Bosque Rosalia , Rodríguez Camacho Alejandro , Cruz Cruz Jose Alais , Reyes Nava Juan Antonio , Olmos Guzman Alejandro
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

Standard external beam radiotherapy is a treatment option for patients with localised prostate cancer and is used in patients with low-, intermediate- and high-risk disease with androgen deprivation according to the risk of the disease. In the last few years, hypofractionated radiotherapy has been demonstrated to be as safe as standard radiotherapy if given over a shorter time than standard radiotherapy with larger doses per fraction. External radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer typically delivers 37–42 fractions of 1·8–2·0 Gy per fraction given 5 days per week over 7·5–8·5 weeks. Hypofractionated radiotherapy delivers 20–28 fractions of 2·5–2·6 Gy per fraction given 5 days per week over 4–5·6 weeks.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of assessment of 30 patients was undertaken from 2016 to 2018. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 2-year outcomes of 30 patients with prostate cancer treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy 70 Gy in 28 fractions.

Results:

Biochemical failure with hypofractionated radiotherapy was found in a total of 20% of patients. In the classification by risk groups, there were no biochemical failures in low-risk patients; in the low intermediate course, 3·3% of patients; in the high intermediate group, 3·3% patients; and in the high-risk group, the largest documented biochemical failure was in 13·3% of patients. For acute urinary toxicity, grade I was 56·6%; grade II, 6·6%. For acute rectal toxicity, grade I was 46·6%; grade II, 3·3%.

Conclusion:

This is one of the first studies of hypofractionated radiotherapy in prostate cancer in Latin America, and the results of this study demonstrated that the outcomes were similar to the standard regimen in all risk groups.
Jobs at risk? Task routineness, offshorability, and attitudes toward immigration
Authors: Kaihovaara Antti , Im Zhen Jie
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we study the relationship between occupational vulnerability and attitudes toward immigration in Western Europe. We measure occupational vulnerability as the risk of unemployment due to routine-biased technological change and offshoring of jobs to other countries. Previous empirical studies in political economy have shown that individuals’ policy preferences echo their economic risks and prospects. Workers in low routine occupations are most worried about their job market prospects, most likely to demand social protection and least likely to support free trade. We find that attitudes toward immigration become considerably more negative as occupational task routineness increases. We do not find a similar association between occupational offshorability and immigration attitudes. Direct exposure to global competition is not associated with increased worries about immigration. However, offshorability seems to be associated with the polarization of attitudes toward immigration between routine and nonroutine workers.
Paleointensity.org: An Online, Open Source, Application for the Interpretation of Paleointensity Data
Authors: Béguin Annemarieke , Paterson Greig A. , Biggin Andrew J. , de Groot Lennart V.
Published: April 2020

Paleointensity.org is an online, open source, application to analyze paleointensity data produced by the most common paleointensity techniques. Our application currently supports four different methods: thermal Thellier (all variations), microwave Thellier, pseudo‐Thellier, and the multispecimen protocol. Data can be imported using a variety of input file formats such as ThellierTool files, the generic PmagPy file format, and a number of lab‐specific formats. The data for the individual paleointensity methods are visualized by the relevant graphs and parameters, which are updated dynamically while interpreting the data. Beyond manual interpretation, Paleointensity.org features an autointerpreter for specimen level Thellier‐type data. Interpretations and data can be exported to csv and MagIC files. Moreover, it is possible to export the local storage containing all data, saved interpretations, and settings. This file can be shared among researchers or attached to a paper as supporting information. Because of its many features and ease of use, Paleointensity.org is a major step forward in enhancing an open paleomagnetic community in which data can be shared, checked, and reused in line with the findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data principles.
Similarity and Difference in Interannual Sea Level Variations Between the Mid‐Atlantic Bight and the Nova Scotia Coast
Authors: Chen Nan , Han Guoqi , Yan Xiao‐Hai
Published: April 2020

Previous studies have identified coherent interannual sea level variations along the northwestern Atlantic coasts from New York to Nova Scotia and speculated on possible large‐scale forcing factors such as variations in the Gulf Stream strength and alongshore winds. Here we combine in situ measurements, satellite observations, and oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data to examine interannual sea level variations during 1993–2012 along the Mid‐Atlantic Bight and the Nova Scotia coast and to provide quantitative analyses of individual factors contributing to the interannual sea level variations. The present study shows not only spatial correlation of the sea level variations but also similarity and difference in their contributing factors in the two areas. The interannual sea level variations along the Nova Scotia coast and the Mid‐Atlantic Bight are mainly (41% and 52%) from the steric effect associated with the temperature and salinity changes, and to a less extent (33% and 31%) from the inverse barometric effect. However, the coastal sea level anomalies are significantly correlated with the Gulf Stream strength along the Mid‐Atlantic Bight only, with correlation coefficient of 0.64, while the correlation with alongshore winds is significant along the Nova Scotia coast only.
Sensitivity Analyses for the Retrievals of Ice Cloud Properties From Radiometric and Polarimetric Measurements in Sub‐mm/mm and Infrared Bands
Authors: Coy James J. , Bell Adam , Yang Ping , Wu Dong L.
Published: April 2020

Simulations of the radiometric and polarimetric properties of ice clouds based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 ice cloud model (aggregates in conjunction with the gamma distribution) are performed at wavelengths in the Infrared (IR) and Submillimeter/Millimeter (sub‐mm/mm) regimes. The scattering/absorption/polarization properties from the precalculated database are incorporated into a radiative transfer model, the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Model (ARTS). A number of sub‐mm/mm bands have been considered from radiometric and polarimetric studies for potential applications to retrieving ice cloud properties at shorter sub‐mm/mm wavelengths (higher frequencies). The IR atmospheric window has also been thoroughly investigated for its feasibility to observe ice clouds. However, in the literature there is a lack of studies utilizing these high frequency bands or polarimetric IR observations to infer ice cloud properties. This study focuses on performing simulations of ice clouds between 680 and 183 GHz (sub‐mm/mm regime) and between 8.6 and 12 μm wavelengths (IR‐window regime) toward determining potential applications to simultaneous retrievals of ice water path (IWP) and effective diameter (Deff) with a primary focus on optically thin cirrus clouds. IWP and Deff isoline plots (lookup tables) are created to conduct sensitivity analyses and to perform preliminary retrievals. Results reveal that the utilization of both sub‐mm/mm and IR wavelengths combined with linearly polarized and unpolarized measurements leads to the most accurate IWP and Deff retrievals with errors lower than 10%.
Linking Hydrology and Biogeochemistry in a Tropical Urban Estuary
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: April 2020

Low-lying coastal estuaries are intertwined with tropical cities around the world. Yet little is known about these water bodies, which affect millions of people globally.
Nonscientists Struggle to Separate Climate Fact from Fiction
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: April 2020

People were much worse at identifying false statements about climate change than about general science, and they were overly confident in their answers.
Long-read DNA sequencing fully characterized chromothripsis in a patient with Langer–Giedion syndrome and Cornelia de Lange syndrome-4
Authors: Lei Ming , Liang Desheng , Yang Yifeng , Mitsuhashi Satomi , Katoh Kazutaka , Miyake Noriko , Frith Martin C. , Wu Lingqian , Matsumoto Naomichi
Published: April 2020

Chromothripsis is a type of chaotic complex genomic rearrangement caused by a single event of chromosomal shattering and repair processes. Chromothripsis is known to cause rare congenital diseases when it occurs in germline cells, however, current genome analysis technologies have difficulty in detecting and deciphering chromothripsis. It is possible that this type of complex rearrangement may be overlooked in rare-disease patients whose genetic diagnosis is unsolved. We applied long read nanopore sequencing and our recently developed analysis pipeline dnarrange to a patient who has a reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(8;18)(q22;q21) as a result of chromothripsis between the two chromosomes, and fully characterize the complex rearrangements at the translocation site. The patient genome was evidently shattered into 19 fragments, and rejoined into derivative chromosomes in a random order and orientation. The reconstructed patient genome indicates loss of five genomic regions, which all overlap with microarray-detected copy number losses. We found that two disease-related genes RAD21 and EXT1 were lost by chromothripsis. These two genes could fully explain the disease phenotype with facial dysmorphisms and bone abnormality, which is likely a contiguous gene syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome type IV (CdLs-4) and atypical Langer–Giedion syndrome (LGS), also known as trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPSII). This provides evidence that our approach based on long read sequencing can fully characterize chromothripsis in a patient’s genome, which is important for understanding the phenotype of disease caused by complex genomic rearrangement.
s-HBEGF/SIRT1 circuit-dictated crosstalk between vascular endothelial cells and keratinocytes mediates sorafenib-induced hand–foot skin reaction that can be reversed by nicotinamide
Authors: Luo Peihua , Yan Hao , Chen Xueqin , Zhang Ying , Zhao Ziying , Cao Ji , Zhu Yi , Du Jiangxia , Xu Zhifei , Zhang Xiaochen , Zeng Su , Yang Bo , Ma Shenglin , He Qiaojun
Published: April 2020

Hand–foot skin reaction (HFSR), among the most significant adverse effects of sorafenib, has been limiting the clinical benefits of this frontline drug in treating various malignant tumors. The mechanism underlying such toxicity remains poorly understood, hence the absence of effective intervention strategies. In the present study, we show that vascular endothelial cells are the primary cellular target of sorafenib-induced HFSR wherein soluble heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (s-HBEGF) mediates the crosstalk between vascular endothelial cells and keratinocytes. Mechanistically, s-HBEGF released from vascular endothelial cells activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on keratinocytes and promotes the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2), which stabilizes sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an essential keratinization inducer, and ultimately gives rise to HFSR. The administration of s-HBEGF in vivo could sufficiently induce hyper-keratinization without sorafenib treatment. Furthermore, we report that HBEGF neutralization antibody, Sirt1 knockdown, and a classic SIRT1 inhibitor nicotinamide could all significantly reduce the sorafenib-induced HFSR in the mouse model. It is noteworthy that nicotinic acid, a prodrug of nicotinamide, could substantially reverse the sorafenib-induced HFSR in ten patients in a preliminary clinical study. Collectively, our findings reveal the mechanism of vascular endothelial cell-promoted keratinization in keratinocytes and provide a potentially promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of sorafenib-induced HFSR.
Publisher Correction: Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology
Authors: Faktorová Drahomíra , Nisbet R. Ellen R. , Fernández Robledo José A. , Casacuberta Elena , Sudek Lisa , Allen Andrew E. , Ares Manuel , Aresté Cristina , Balestreri Cecilia , Barbrook Adrian C. , Beardslee Patrick , Bender Sara , Booth David S. , Bouget François-Yves , Bowler Chris , Breglia Susana A. , Brownlee Colin , Burger Gertraud , Cerutti Heriberto , Cesaroni Rachele , Chiurillo Miguel A. , Clemente Thomas , Coles Duncan B. , Collier Jackie L. , Cooney Elizabeth C. , Coyne Kathryn , Docampo Roberto , Dupont Christopher L. , Edgcomb Virginia , Einarsson Elin , Elustondo Pía A. , Federici Fernan , Freire-Beneitez Veronica , Freyria Nastasia J. , Fukuda Kodai , García Paulo A. , Girguis Peter R. , Gomaa Fatma , Gornik Sebastian G. , Guo Jian , Hampl Vladimír , Hanawa Yutaka , Haro-Contreras Esteban R. , Hehenberger Elisabeth , Highfield Andrea , Hirakawa Yoshihisa , Hopes Amanda , Howe Christopher J. , Hu Ian , Ibañez Jorge , Irwin Nicholas A. T. , Ishii Yuu , Janowicz Natalia Ewa , Jones Adam C. , Kachale Ambar , Fujimura-Kamada Konomi , Kaur Binnypreet , Kaye Jonathan Z. , Kazana Eleanna , Keeling Patrick J. , King Nicole , Klobutcher Lawrence A. , Lander Noelia , Lassadi Imen , Li Zhuhong , Lin Senjie , Lozano Jean-Claude , Luan Fulei , Maruyama Shinichiro , Matute Tamara , Miceli Cristina , Minagawa Jun , Moosburner Mark , Najle Sebastián R. , Nanjappa Deepak , Nimmo Isabel C. , Noble Luke , Novák Vanclová Anna M. G. , Nowacki Mariusz , Nuñez Isaac , Pain Arnab , Piersanti Angela , Pucciarelli Sandra , Pyrih Jan , Rest Joshua S. , Rius Mariana , Robertson Deborah , Ruaud Albane , Ruiz-Trillo Iñaki , Sigg Monika A. , Silver Pamela A. , Slamovits Claudio H. , Jason Smith G. , Sprecher Brittany N. , Stern Rowena , Swart Estienne C. , Tsaousis Anastasios D. , Tsypin Lev , Turkewitz Aaron , Turnšek Jernej , Valach Matus , Vergé Valérie , von Dassow Peter , von der Haar Tobias , Waller Ross F. , Wang Lu , Wen Xiaoxue , Wheeler Glen , Woods April , Zhang Huan , Mock Thomas , Worden Alexandra Z. , Lukeš Julius
Published: April 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: Discovery of Fe7O9: a new iron oxide with a complex monoclinic structure
Authors: Sinmyo Ryosuke , Bykova Elena , Ovsyannikov Sergey v. , McCammon Catherine , Kupenko Ilya , Ismailova Leyla , Dubrovinsky Leonid
Published: April 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Genome-wide scan highlights the role of candidate genes on phenotypic plasticity for age at first calving in Nellore heifers
Authors: Mota Lucio F. M. , Lopes Fernando B. , Fernandes Júnior Gerardo A. , Rosa Guilherme J. M. , Magalhães Ana F. B. , Carvalheiro Roberto , Albuquerque Lucia G.
Published: April 2020

Age at first calving (AFC) plays an important role in the economic efficiency of beef cattle production. This trait can be affected by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, leading to physiological changes in response to heifers’ adaptation to a wide range of environments. Genome-wide association studies through the reaction norm model were carried out to identify genomic regions associated with AFC in Nellore heifers, raised under different environmental conditions (EC). The SNP effects for AFC were estimated in three EC levels (Low, Medium, and High, corresponding to average contemporary group effects on yearling body weight equal to 159.40, 228.6 and 297.6 kg, respectively), which unraveled shared and unique genomic regions for AFC in Low, Medium, and High EC levels, that varied according to the genetic correlation between AFC in different EC levels. The significant genomic regions harbored key genes that might play an important biological role in controlling hormone signaling and metabolism. Shared genomic regions among EC levels were identified on BTA 2 and 14, harboring candidate genes associated with energy metabolism (IGFBP2, IGFBP5, SHOX, SMARCAL1, LYN, RPS20, MOS, PLAG1, CHCD7, and SDR16C6). Gene set enrichment analyses identified important biological functions related to growth, hormone levels affecting female fertility, physiological processes involved in female pregnancy, gamete generation, ovulation cycle, and age at puberty. The genomic regions highlighted differences in the physiological processes linked to AFC in different EC levels and metabolic processes that support complex interactions between the gonadotropic axes and sexual precocity in Nellore heifers.
Clinical Study on the Effectiveness of Three Products in the Treatment of Herpes Simplex Labialis
Authors: Boes Hanna , Goulioumis Vlasios , Wechsler Anna , Zimmer Stefan , Bizhang Mozhgan
Published: April 2020

Herpes simplex labialis (HSL) is a viral disease that affects the perioral region. No guidelines recommending an effective treatment exist. The treatment of HSL with three different products was examined. Herpatch Serum, a film-forming patch, was compared to Compeed Patches, a set of semiocclusive hydrocolloid patches, and Zovirax Cream (ingredient: 5% acyclovir). In this prospective, randomized, examiner-blind study, 180 patients with recurrent HSL were split into three groups (Compeed: n = 60, Herpatch: n = 60, Zovirax: n = 60) and examined within 24 hours of HSL outbreak (DRKS Registration No.: DRKS00007786). The primary endpoint was healing time. The secondary endpoints were the reaction rate and quality of therapy evaluated by the Clinician’s Global Assessment of Therapy (CGAT) and the Subject’s Global Assessment of Therapy (SGAT) (0 = no response; 10 = excellent response), respectively. There was no significant difference among the healing times for the different products. The mean (95% confidence interval) was 9.67 days (9.11–10.22) for Compeed, 9.30 days (8.75–9.85) for Herpatch, and 9.80 days (9.30–10.30) for Zovirax. The reaction rate and quality of therapy (CGAT and SGAT) of Herpatch were significantly higher than those of Compeed and Zovirax. Within the study limitations, Herpatch proved to be an effective, non-antiviral alternative in the treatment of HSL.