bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isospora citolli n. sp. from the Rock Squirrel, Citellus variegatus Utah*
Authors: Levine Norman D. , Ivens Virginia , Kruidenier Francis J.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. Isospora citelli n. sp. is described from the rock squirrel, Citellus variegatus Utah, from Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Its oocysts are subspherical, 22.4 by 21.5 μ, with a smooth, two‐layered wall, an oocyst refractile globule and a sporocyst residuum, but without a micropyle or oocyst residuum.
Macro nuclear Morphogenesis during Division of Blepharisma undulans*
Authors: McLoughlin Donald K.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The division cycle was followed in four strains of Blepharisma undulans. Animals were fixed and stained at regular intervals from the end of one division through completion of the next.

A comparative study of the present findings and those in the literature shows that in all strains in which the macronucleus is nodulated there is a similarity in the events that occur during division. These include a loss of some of the chromatin material, a fusion of macronuclear nodes into two masses, and a subsequent fusion of these two masses into one large, centrally located mass. This, in turn, elongates and divides into two daughter nuclei which either are nodulated at the time of separation or become so shortly after the division into daughter nuclei.

Great variation exists, among different strains, in the number of macronuclear nodes present. This fact, coupled with knowledge of nuclear morphogenesis during the division cycle, renders macronuclear form of little taxonomic value at infrageneric levels.
Pelomyxa palustris Greeff. I. Cultivation and general observations
Authors: Kudo R. R.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. A rich source of supply of Pelomyxa palustris has recently been found. The findings and views of previous investigators on the geographical and seasonal distribution, longevity in the laboratory and reproduction of this organism are reviewed and discussed. Clone and mass cultures were successfully obtained in Carrel flasks with Spirogyra as food. Feeding is an extremely slow process so that this Pelomyxa is incapable of capturing and ingesting actively motile organisms under ordinary circumstances. Multiplication is solely by simple or multiple plasmotomy.
A Redescription of an Eimerian Coccidian From the Flying Squirrel Glaucomys volans, Designating it Eimeria parasciurorum nov. sp.
Authors: Bond Beverly Burtis , Bovee Eugene C.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. An eimerian coccidian is described from the flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans, in Florida. It is identified as the same eimerian described by Roudabush from the flying squirrel in Iowa as Eimeria sciurorum. Evidence is presented that Roudabush incorrectly identified the organism. It is renamed as E. parasciurorum nov. sp. Mature oocysts have mean measurements of 29 × 16°, an index of 1.82, are cylindrical with rounded ends, have a dual membrane, and no extra residual body. Oocysts are without micropyle. Four egg‐shaped, mature sporocysts in the oocyst have mean measurements of 11.2 × 6.2°, an index of 1.81, contain an oval, granular, intraresidual body and two pyriform sporozoites 10 × 3.2°, index 3.11.
Achromatic Figure Formation by Multiple Centrioles of Barbulanympha
Authors: Cleveland L. R.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The role of centrioles in achromatic figure production is considered when the number present varies from 1–8. Each centriole after it becomes elongate produces astral rays from its distal end. Some of these rays remain free; some, by joining centromeres, become chromosomal fibers; and some, by joining and growing along those produced by one or more other centrioles, produce the central spindle portion of the achromatic figures. Thus, one centriole may function cooperatively with one to several others in the production of central spindles. But at least two centrioles must be present, and in the proper spacial relation to each other, to form a central spindle; one by itself can form only free astral rays, no central spindle or chromosomal fibers.

The flagellated areas (to which the centrioles are anchored anteriorly) play an important role in determining the position of the distal ends of the centrioles with respect to one another, and the position of these ends, in turn, in a large measure, determines the types of achromatic figures produced, particularly the number of central spindles.
The Biology of Trypanosoma diemyctyli, Tobey. III. Factors influencing the cycle of Trypanosoma diemyctyli in the vertebrate host Triturus v. viridescens.
Authors: BARROW JAMES H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effects of some environmental influences on the cycle of Trypanosoma diemyctyli in Triturus v. viridescens are described. Bleeding of the host produced a reduction in the number of trypanosomes but did not affect their growth rate. The temperature at which the host was maintained affected the cycle of the trypanosomes. The length of the post‐inoculation latent stage increased from 24 hours at 25°C. to an indefinitely long time at 5°C. The trypanosomes were found to be dimorphic. Adult parasites of the short form had a range of 45–75 μ and those of the long form of 76–116 μ. Growth rate of the trypanosomes was inhibited or greatly retarded at temperatures of 10°C. or lower and was greatest at 25°C. The size attained by the parasites and the number of parasites were greatest at 15°C. At this temperature the infection was pathogenic and the dimorphic parasites were in their long form. At the higher temperatures (20–25°C.) the infection was non‐pathogenic with the trypanosomes in their short form.

The infection is primarily one of adult newts. Experiments indicated that the larvae were resistant to the trypanosomes at all temperatures while the red efts were not. The latter are usually free from the trypanosomes because they are not exposed to them. Attempts to infect other newts and to locate any cryptic stages by the injection of blood and tissues from infected newts gave negative results.

Starvation, sodium salicylate, and treatments used to control fungus infection of the newts had no detectable effects on the trypanosomes.
Purine Biosynthesis by the Trypanosomid Flagellate, Strigomonas oncopelti*
Authors: NATHAN H. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The steps leading to purine ring closure were examined in Strigomonas oncopelti. The flagellate has an obligate adenine requirement (hypoxanthine and guanine are inert) when grown without p‐aminobenzoic acid. The imidazole counterpart of adenine but not the imidazole counterpart of hypoxanthine was active. A pathway for purine biosynthesis compatible with these results is sketched.
Genetic Studies of the Serine Mutant in Variety Nine of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: ELLIOTT ALFRED M. , CLARK GORDON M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Crosses between serine requiring and non‐requiring clones from natural habitats give rise to progeny that are numerically equally distributed between the two categories. Most of the progeny from crosses between two serine requiring parental clones require serine with a few segregating out that do not need the amino acid. These data indicate that the gene or genes controlling the serine non‐requirement are recessive to the wild type which requires serine. Growth of the F1 progeny was highly variable. Some clones failed to survive on serine deficient media and were therefore tentatively assigned the genotype +/+. The remaining clones were of two classes: one grew slowly on serine deficient media and was given the genotype of the heterozygote, +/s; the other grew without serine, hence was given the double recessive genotype, s/s. The F2 progeny from matings of s/s and s/s need no serine whereas the cross of +/s and s/s gave equal numbers of serine requiring and serine non‐requiring progeny. The cross of two heterozygotes, +/s and +/s, yield progeny approximating the 3:1 ratio in favor of serine requiring clones. Crosses at the F3 level produced non‐viable offspring in all cases except one. Progeny from this cross with the genotype s/s were mated giving rise to F4 progeny all of which grew without serine. The data support an outbreeding economy for this organism with selection in favor of the heterozygote. Although the data seem to favor a single‐gene hypothysis, suppressor genes may be involved. With selection favoring the heterzygote, distorted genetic ratios make the data difficult to analyze.
On the Parasitic Protozoa of Liberia. II. The Malaria Parasites of Agamid Lizards.
Authors: BRAY R. S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. 45% of the agamid lizards captured in the Harbel area of Liberia harboured haemosporidia. These were Haemamoeba (=Plasmodium) agamae, H. giganteum and a Haemoproteus.

A full description of H. agamae and H. giganteum blood forms is made and the discovery is reported of exo‐erythrocytic forms of H. agamae in the spleen and of H. giganteum in the brain and liver. One oöcyst of H. agamae is reported in Aedes aegypti.
Carbon Nutrition and Metabolism of Polytomella caeca*
Authors: WISE DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Polytomella caeca utilizes as sole carbon sources in chemically defined media: acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, pyruvate, succinate, ethyl, butyl, amyl, and hexyl alcohols. Glyceraldehyde and α‐ketoglutarate sustain very small populations. Caproate, caprylate, fumarate, malate, propyl, heptyl, and octyl alcohols and the iso‐compounds iso‐butyrate, iso‐butyl and iso‐hexyl alcohols are inadequate.

Acetate is not assimilated <pH 5.0, propionate and butyrate <pH 6.0, and valerate <pH 7.0. Optimum for utilization of succinate is pH 3.0, for pyruvate pH 4.0, utilized also at pH 2.0 Fatty acids are utilized dissociated; succinate and pyruvate are utilized undissociated. Alcohols are assimilated throughout pH 4.0–7.4, except hexanol at pH 7.4. Alcohol availability is proportional to molecular length‐1.

pH after growth of fatty acid media is 8.4 ± 0.4; stable in pH 2.0 pyruvate and pH 3.0 succinate media; 3.5 ± 0.3 in alcohol media with initial pH <6.0. Longer alcohols cause less pH decrease during growth.

Acetate concentrations <0.2% do not support maximum populations; concentrations of 0.2–1.0% do. pH after growth increases in these media to pH 8.5 with maximum populations.

Malate, fumarate, α‐ketoglutarate, and lactate seem not to penetrate the cell, but are metabolized by homogenates. Methylene blue reduction by homogenates indicates the presence of lactic, malic, succinic and α‐ketoglutaric dehydrogenases, fumarase and glutamic transaminase. Extracts contain Embden‐Meyerhof phosphate esters, ATP, and ADP.
The Relation of the Stage of the Population Growth Curve to the Survival of Tritrichomonas foetus upon Freezing in the Presence of Glycerol*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , McCAUL WILLIAM E. , MIZELL MERLE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When grown in CPLM medium or in a similar medium containing glucose instead of maltose as its sugar, Tritrichomonas foetus, Strain O, was much more sensitive to injury when frozen to ‐21d̀ C. in the presence. of 1 m glycerol during the initial and logarithmic phases of its population growth curve than at its peak and for some time thereafter. In 7 experiments in which the population peak occurred an average of 28.1 hours after inoculation, the average culture age at which the protozoa first survived freezing was 20.3 hours, at which time the population had reached 52.6% of its peak. The optimum culture age for survival after 1 day of freezing averaged 37.7 hours at which time the population averaged 75.6% of its peak. The optimum culture age for survival after 7 to 15 days of freezing averaged 32.3 hours, at which time the population averaged 82.7% of its peak. Better survival upon freezing was obtained in those experiments in which the population peak was reached relatively rapidly.
Macronuclear Changes in a Strain of Blepharisma undulans during the Divisional Cycle*
Authors: HELSON LAWRENCE , PECORA PAULINE , HIRSHFIELD HENRY I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Specimens of Blepharisma undulans were transferred from young clone cultures to a rotocompressor with 3 mm3 of culture medium. The organisms were slightly compressed and photographed at various intervals with dark field illumination. The sequence of macronuclear and cytoplasmic changes was compared with similarly followed Feulgen preparations.

The cycle falls into several phases: (1) an interphase (12–24 hr.) in which the organism increases in size while cytoplasmic and macronuclear appearances remain unchanged. During this phase, the macronucleus consists of 3 to 5 nodes of various sizes connected by strands. (2) a pre‐condensation phase (1 hr.) in which a new posterior peristome and cytopyge appear without visible macronuclear change. (3) a condensation phase (10–20 min.) in which the macronuclear nodes coalesce into a round mass without dissolution of the central nodes or strands. (4) a postcondensation phase (1 hr.) characterized by: (a) elongation of the condensed macronucleus into a rod‐like shape followed by typical nodal formation; or (b) elongation of the condensed macronucleus into a form resembling the letter “J”, followed by nodal formation, and resulting in a double row of nodes in one daughter and a single row in the other. Separation occurs at this time, initiating the new interphase. The development of the j‐form macronucleus. the lack of obliteration of the central nodes, and the characteristic interphase condition distinguish this strain of B. undulans from others described elsewhere.
Studies on the Fine Structure of a Gregarine Parasitic in the Gut of the Grasshopper, melanoplus differentialis*
Authors: BEAMS H. W. , TAHMISIAN T. N. , DEVINE R. L. , ANDERSON EVERETT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Materials within the endoplasm of both the protomerite and deutomerite may be displaced and stratified by ultracentrifugation. Animals are not killed by this treatment, and in time a redistribution of stratified materials may occur. The electron microscope reveals numerous ultramicroscopic folds in the surface envelope which is composed of 3 membranes; the outer and middle cover the surface of the folds while the inner one continues as a smooth membrane over the ectoplasm. The contact surfaces of animals in syzygy do not show the small folds to be interlocked; instead, they are in fold‐to‐fold contact. Numerous relatively dense bodies which appear to be filamentous are sometimes observed immediately underneath or within the middle or inner membrane. Within the ectoplasm is an ultramicroscopic net‐like fibrillar structure much denser than the surrounding cytoplasm. This system of fibrils is composed of anastomosing elements varying from ∼ 50 to 200 Å in diameter. Certain of the larger fibrils are directly attached to the surface envelope at positions between the folds. A second filamentous structure within the ectoplasm appears to be tubular. Elements of this system also appear to join and penetrate the surface envelope by means of pores.

A large amount of gelatinous secretion forms at the surface of the sporont; as it glides forward a trail of mucous is left behind. The actual mechanism involved in the gliding movement was unobserved, but evidence is lacking to support the view that the gliding movement is engendered by posteriorly directed “jets” of mucus.
Some Physiological Characteristics of the Mating Types and Varieties of Tetrahymena pyriformis*†
Authors: HOLZ GEORGE G. , ERWIN JOSEPH A. , DAVIS ROBERT J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Differences in temperature‐tolerance, generation time, nutritional requirements, osmoresistance, pigment production, and sensitivity to high hydrogen or hydroxyl ion concentration have been observed among varieties, and among mating types within varieties of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The usefulness of these differences to taxonomists and geneticists is discussed.

The nutrition of a temperature‐tolerant strain, mating type II, variety 1, was given special attention and a chemicallydefined medium devised to support rapid growth at 35d̀ C. At 40d̀, growth in this medium failed, but was good in a crude medium. Temperature factors are suggested. Permeability of this ciliate, as inferred by utilization of nucleotides, was high.
Trypanosoma granulosae n. sp. from the newt, Taricha granulosa twittyi*
Authors: LEHMANN DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma granulosae n. sp. was found in the salamander, Taricha granulosa twittyi, from Dutch Bill Creek, Sonoma County, California. This polymorphic trypanosome has an anterior nucleus containing a definite endosome. The kinetoplast is rod‐shaped and never contained within a vacuole. Myonemes are occasionally seen in slender individuals.
Studies on Trichomonads. III. Inhibitors, Acid Production, and Substrate Utilization by 4 Strains of Tritrichomonas foetus
Authors: DORAN DAVID J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Inhibitors, acid production, and substrate utilization by 4 strains of Tritrichmonas foetus (BP‐3, BP‐4, A‐1, and A‐2) were studied manometrically. All used glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, glycogen, starch, lactate, and pyruvate. Strain A‐1, with the highest aerobic and anaerobic endogenous rates, used these substrates less than did the others. Strain BP‐3 did not use lactose; strains BP‐4 and A‐2 did not use raffinose aerobically and only slightly anaerobically; strain A‐1 used both nearly as well as maltose and sucrose. All were strongly inhibited by iodoacetate and, if tested in the presence of glucose, aerobically or anaerobically, by fluoride, arsenite, hydroxylamine, and 8‐hydroxyquinoline. Aerobically, 2,4‐dinitrophenol produced stimulation which was greater in the presence of glucose; anaerobically, it produced inhibition which was, in some cases, comparable to the effects produced by the other inhibitors. Fluoride, arsenite, azide, and hydroxylamine, although producing insignificant inhibitory effects on endogenous O2 consumption, reduced and, in some cases, abolished motility of all strains. All 4 strains produced acid under anaerobic and aerobic conditions; strain A‐1 produced more than the others. Lactic acid accounted for 30–51% of the acid produced in all strains.

Strain A‐1 more closely resembled the nasal trichomonad of swine (strain PN‐610) than did strain BP‐1. (Doran(3)). The writer believes that the swine nasal strain is a highly adapted strain of T. foetus.
On the Parasitic Protozoa of Liberia. V. Coccidia of Liberian Rodents.
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , BRAY R. S. , IVENS VIRGINIA , GUNDERS A. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In a survey of coccidia of rodents from Harbel, Libera, the following species of Eimeria were found and described: E. musculoidei n. sp. from Mus (Leggada) musculoides; E. separata Becker & Hall, 1931 from Rattus (Dephomys) defua (new host record); E. praomysis n. sp. from Rattus (Praomys) tullbergi rostratus; E. dasymysis n. sp. from Dasymys incomptus rufulus; E. lemniscomysis n. sp. from Lemniscomys striatus striatus; and E. lophuromysis n. sp., E. sikapusii n. sp., E. liberiensis n. sp., E. harbelensis n. sp., E. africana n. sp., and E. kruidenieri n. sp. from Lophuromys sikapusi sikapusi.
Serial Passage of Trypanosoma lewisi in the Heterologous Mouse Host. I. Development in Calorically‐restricted Hosts.
Authors: LINCICOME DAVID RICHARD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two isolates (“A” and “B”) of Trypanosoma lewisi from the same rat stock source were serially transferred in calorically‐restricted mice supplemented daily with normal rat serum. The “A” strain was transferred consecutively through 300 mice over a period of more than 3 years and was voluntarily discontinued. The “B” strain died out spontaneously after 43 consecutive passages in mice. The developmental histories of these 2 isolates were analyzed and compared with respect to duration of the parasitemic period, interval to the next subsequent passage in mice, day of death of each host animal, proportion of host animals that died, intensity of parasitemia in mouse tail blood, interval required for development of the observed maximal parasitemia, and duration of maximal parasitemia.

“A” appeared to have become progressively adapted to the mouse as judged by a decrease in parasitemic period with successive transfer associated with a progressive increase in trypanosome population, and declines in the interval required for development of the observed maximal parasitemia and in the duration of this maximal response. There did not appear to be any correlation of the percentage of animals that died with any other factor. The “B” strain did not appear to have adapted itself to mice as judged by the foregoing criteria.
Malayan Protozoa 2. Hepatozoon Miller (Sporozoa : Coccidia), with an unusual host record for H. canis (James)*
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. H. canis (James) is reported from three of 36 stray dogs at Singapore and one of 34 palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Pallas) from Jeram, Selangor. H. muris (Balfour) was found at Singapore in 10 of 61 examples of Rattus norvegicus (Erxleben) and five of 23 of R. rattus diardi (Jentinck), and is also recorded from six of 139 examples of R. r. jarak (Bonhote) from Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca. Neutrophils of P. hermaphroditus containing gametocytes of H. canis exhibit pronounced karyorrhexis, while most of the parasites themselves show signs of pyknosis.
The Susceptibility of the Higher Primates to Piroplasms
Authors: GARNHAM P. C. C. , BRAY R. S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The chimpanzee is shown to behave like man to infection with Babesia divergens or bovis: the intact animal is totally resistant, whereas the splenectomized animal develops a fulminating infection accompanied by blackwater. The splenectomized rhesus monkey reacts in the same way also, but splenectomized rabbits are insusceptible. In the chimpanzee the typical accolé position of the “divergens” organisms (as seen in cattle) is absent, but occurs in the rhesus. It is suggested that latent piroplasmosis in man may exist on a large scale in rural populations in infected localities.
Identification of Free and Bound Amino Acids in Three Strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis using Paper Chromatography*
Authors: WELLS CAROLYN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The free and bound amino acids of 3 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis (variety 6) have been identified by filter paper chromatography. Twenty bound amino acids were qualitatively and quantitatively alike in each strain. The same 17 free amino acids were identified in all 3 strains; however, quantitative variations among the cultures were noted. Strain 002. an F1 progeny clone obtained from a cross between strains EU 6000 and EU 6001, exhibited a combination of parental characteristics. The F1 organisms resembled one parental strain, EU 6000, in the ratio of free arginine to alanine, and the other parental strain, EU 6001, in the ratio of free isoleucine to leucine. The possible genetic significance of these results is noted, and the value of chromatographic analysis as an aid to genetic study is discussed.
Isolation of Ergosterol from Euglena gracilis; Distribution Among Mutant Strains*
Authors: STERN ARTHUR I. , SCHIFF JEROME A. , KLEIN HAROLD P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Ergosterol was isolated from the non‐saponifiable lipids of Euglena. For this, after saponification of the cells, the petroleum‐ether extract was chromatographed on deactivated alumina. Development was achieved by pet. ether and 10% (v/v) benzene in pet. ether, and the sterol fraction was subsequently eluted with 10% (v/v) ethyl acetate in pet. ether. This sterol was identified as ergosterol by a) precipitation with digitonin, b) The Liebermann‐Burchard reaction, c) co‐chromatography with known ergosterol, d) ultraviolet absorption spectrum, e) conversion to the acetate with determination of the melting and mixed melting points and !” infra‐red absorption spectrum of the acetate derivative. By these techniques, ergosterol content was measured in the‐following strains of Euglena gracilis under various conditions of nutrition and illumination: bacillaris and Z strains, and several albino and pigment mutants derived from them. A. functional chloroplast seems unnecessary for ergosterol synthesis; the ergosterol content of cells (dry weight basis) was constant regardless of strain and growth conditions.
New Species of Coccidia from the Meadow Mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus
Authors: SAXE L. H. , LEVINE NORMAN D. , IVENS VIRGINIA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Eimeria wenrichi n. sp., Isospora mcdowelli n. sp. and Caryospora microti n. sp. are described from the cecal contents of the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Pennsylvania. C. microti is the first member of the genus to be reported from mammals.
The Morphology and Incidence of the Trichomonads of Swine, Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond), Tritrichomonas rotunda, n. sp. And Trichomonas buttreyi, n.sp.*
Authors: HIBLER CHARLES P. , HAMMOND DATUS M. , CASKEY FLOYD H. , JOHNSON A. EARL , FITZGERALD PAUL R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

A Tritrichomonas foetus‐likt flagellate was found in the stomach, small intestine, and cecum as well as in the nasal cavity of pigs. Xo appreciable differences in morphology or response to cultivation could be found among the trichomonads from the different sites; therefore, it is considered that they.belong to a single species, Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond). a description of which is given. This organism could be grown indefinitely in various media, and, after a short period of cultivation, it was the only species surviving in cultures that originated from cecal samples containing 2 or 3 species. T. suis was found in the nasal cavity in 55 of 100 pigs, in the stomach in 41 (8.0%) of 512, in the small intestine in 3 of 100. and in the cecum in 215 (43.370) of 496. A T. batrachorum‐type trichomonad, herein described as Tritrichomonas rotunda n. sp., was found in the cecum in 52 (10.5%) of 496 pigs. This species is typically broadly pyriform or rotund (average length 8.95 ± 0.83 ii, range, 6.83‐11.4), with 3 equal or subequal anterior flagella slightly longer than the body, a relatively low undulating membrane extending y2 to 2/1 of the length of the body, and a posterior free flagellum usually a little shorter than the body. The narrow axostyle, expanded anteriorly into a curved capitulum closely associated with the large, spherical, anteriorly located nucleus, projects from the posterior surface of the flagellate for a distance which equals about 2/3 half of the body length. The parabasal apparatus is biramus. This species could be maintained only temporarily in media not containing extracts of cecal contents. A Trichomonas pronazeki‐typt flagellate, found in the cecum in 126 (25.4%) of 496 pigs and in the small intestine in 1 of 100. is described as Trichomonas buttreyi n. sp. This organism is relatively small (average length 5.92 ± 0.79 μ, range 4.55‐7.49). ellipsoidal in shape, with 5 to 4 flagella up to twice as long as the body, a relatively high undulating membrane of body length, a narrow axostyle with an inconspicuous capitulum closely associated with the usually oval nucleus, a projecting part of the axostyle that equals about j; of the body length, and a disc‐shaped parabasal body lying dorso‐lateral to the nucleus. In media without cecal extract this species could not be subcultured.
The Fine Structure of the Heliozoan, Actinosphaerium nucleofilum*
Authors: ANDERSON EVERETT , BEAMS H. W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Actinosphaerium nucleofilum has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Thin sections of this organism reveal the relatively compact endoplasm to consist of numerous vacuoles and mitochondria. Scattered in the cytoplasm are dense particles, presumably ribonucleoprotein particles, endoplasmic reticulum of the rough variety and a tubular endoplasmic reticulum of the smooth variety. The many nucleido not appear to be randomly scattered in the cytoplasm but rather to be arranged in a circular pattern. Each is bounded by a double membrane envelope. A Golgi complex, consisting of isolated bodies with an ultrastructure similar to that described by others, is usually seen associated with each nucleus.

The ectoplasm contains many vacuoles of varying diameter, each of which is limited by a thin membrane; vacuoles containing dense granular material, and mitochondria.

The radially arranged axiopodia are extensions of the ectoplasm. The periphery is largely composed of vacuoles, some of which contain dense granules, and mitochondria. The axial rod is birefringent and consists of many fine filaments oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the axiopodium. The constituent filaments penetrate deep into the endoplasm where they end in the vicinity of nuclei. The fibrillar component of the axiopodia may represent contractile units.
Observations sur quelques Ciliés astomes des Oligochétes du lac d'Ohrid (Yougoslavie). II. Families des Hoplitophryidae (Hoplitophryinae et Maupasellinae), des Intoshellinidae et des Anoplophryidae.
Authors: DE PUYTORAC PIERRE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Seven species of astomatous Infusoria from the alimentary tract of the Oligochaeta from Ochrida Lake are described. One of them, belonging to Hoplitophrya, shows many transitional characteristics between Juxtaradiophrya and Hoplitophrya and proves the coherence of the group Radio‐phryinae‐Hoplitophryinae‐Mesnilellinae. Two species are Maupasellinae, parasites from Glossoscolecidae. Buchneriella and Maupasella, both parasites from Criodrilus lacuum, a cosmo politan worm, are also present in C. ohridensis, endemic species coexistent with the preceding, at Ohrid. Two other sro belong to Intoshellina. A discussion about the actual systematic state of Intoshellinidae is given, affinities of this family remaining uncertain. The two last species described are a typical Anoplophrya and a representative cf a new genus Corlissiella, having many morphological and biological similarities to the primitive thigmotrichs. Heterogeneity of the Anoplophryidae is discussed.
Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Chlamydomonas reinhardi
Authors: SCHWINCK ILSE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The purification procedure for native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi is described, using a modified detergent lysis, salt extractions, and alcohol precipitations. A tracer experiment with the addition of a bacterial transforming principle from Hemophilus influenzae demonstrated a recovery of mere than 30% of the bacterial transforming principle in an extensively purified DNA preparation.
Phase Contrast Microscopy of Cytoplasmic Organelles in the Gymnostome Ciliate Chlamydodon pedarins
Authors: KANEDA MASAO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Chlamydodon pedarius has peculiar and interesting cytoplasmic organelles, such as the pharyngeal basket and the cross‐striped band, and exhibits plasmotomy of an uncommon type at the division stage. For comparison of the results of observations on fixed and stained material and on living material examined with phase contrast, and because of finding important differences in such a comparison, this morphological study of the cytoplasmic organelles was undertaken.

The cilia, arranged in about forty rows only on the ventral surface, the anterior part of which shifts out of the dorsal body, bending to the dorsal side, are almost the same everywhere, about 5 μ in length. The cross‐striped band, encircling the body surface so as to divide it into dorsal and ventral parts, has the power of movement, such as folding of the semicircular trichites and closing or opening of them. The oral apparatus, composed of a membranous system and a pharyngeal basket, is an elaborate organelle. The membranous system shows such movement as seen in a sphincter muscle, moving the triangular trichites in a manner which opens or closes the cytostome. Each of the triangular trichites is con nected with the expanded end of a long trichite; together these structures. 11–13 in number, constitute the pharyngeal basket. The ridges, the long trichites and the semicircular trichites are composed of fibrillar elements, but their twisted figures may be produced artificially by staining methods.

Binary fission of Chlamydodon pedarius, under natural conditions in the season from April to October, occurs daily during the period 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Each of the fissions takes about 2 hours. In the first half of this fission time: the V‐area consisting of four central ciliary systems gives rise to transitions in the arrangement of the ciliary rows and ridges on both its anterior and middle portions; the pharyngeal basket falls down into the cytoplasm; and rosettes appear in the above two fields. On the other hand, plasmotomy arises in a fission furrow from the right side of the fission line. In the second half of the fission process, the oral apparatuses develop from the rosettes, while the old basket is dissolved into the cytoplasm; and, as the fission furrow extends leftward, two transverse bands and the frontal pellicle of the posterior daughter ciliate are organized on the surface of the fission furrow.
Observations on Excystment and Encystment of Vorticella microstoma*
Authors: FINLEY HAROLD E. , LEWIS AMOS C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Vorticellas were maintained on Bacillus cereus in a medium composed of unbuffered Proteose‐Peptone, Cero‐phyl, and the filtrate from boiled wheat kernels. Vorticella‐free aliquots of culture medium were analyzed at critical intervals, beginning immediately before encystment and until re‐encystment. Control aliquots changed insignificantly; significant changes were detected in the experimental cultures. Osmolality increased from 14 to 18 milliosmols/1, Na+ stayed in the range 2 to 3 milliequivalents/1, K+ decreased slightly below the initial value of 5 mEq/1, Ca++ decreased from 5.7 to 4 mg.%, CI fluctuated slightly down and up from 112 mg.% during the initial 8 hr., then down to < 104 mg.%, phosphate decreased steeply from 14 to < 0.6 mg.%, pH increased from 6.7 to 8.5.

The results indicate that suboptimal levels of K+ Ca++ and phosphate impose upon V. microstoma a physiological stress which leads to encystment. The role played by Na+ and CI‐ was not clear. Osmolality was a major factor in excystment but not in encystment.
Protozoa of the Mountain Lake Region, Giles County, Virginia*
Authors: BOVEE EUGENE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

A survey of protozoa was made from twelve varied sites in the region of the Mountain Lake atop Salt Pond Mountain, about 8 direct miles NNW of Newport, in Giles County, Virginia. Identifications for these sites and for 6 others previously sampled by other investigators which are recorded in unpublished reports are included. Species identified total 576; in 243 other instances genus is identified, but not species. Organisms seen but not identified to generic level are omitted. One hundred fifty‐one mastigophoran species are listed; with 101 instances of generic, but not specific identification being made. Of these 102 are phytomastigophorean species; and generic placements 77 times are also listed. Seven orders, 7 suborders and 49 genera are represented. Forty‐nine zoomastigophorean species are noted; and 24 other times a genus was identified. Five orders, two suborders, 18 families and 35 genera are included. Eighty‐one species of sarcodina are noted. Seventy‐four of these are rhizopods, and 7, actinopods. Genus, but not species was established for certain sarcodina in 52 instances. Three orders, 10 suborders, 13 families and 44 genera are represented. Ciliophora, including opalinids and suctorians, number 144 species in this list. Three are opalinds, and 141 (including the suctorians) are euciliates. In 88 observations, genus, but not species of ciliophorans was identified. Two classes, two subclasses, 11 orders, 8 suborders, 43 families and 97 genera are included. Two sporozoa are included, being unidentified species of the telosporidian genus Eimeri a, and the sarcosporidian genus, Sarcocystis

Some data are given relative to the nature of the sites of collection. The restricted distribution of certain organisms in certain habitats is discussed. The sites are geographically located by altitude, latitude and longitude, as well as on a map of the region.

Many other protozoa are undoubtedly present in the area, the ubiquity of many protozoa being well‐known. Little has been done to survey parasitic species, and other studies should later reveal more of the free‐living ones.
Morphogenesis in Glaucoma chattoni*
Authors: FRANKEL JOSEPH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The techniques of silver impregnation and of digitonin solubilization have been applied to an investigation of aspects of cortical morphogenesis in Glaucoma chattoni. The typical stages of the formation of new oral areas (stomato‐genesis), as well as of other related surface events, are described in detail. Estimates were made of the relative and absolute durations of these stages; these estimates indicate that for animals growing at 25°C. in bacterized culture, stomatogenesis and cell division together occupy about one third of the division cycle.

Certain atypical morphogenetic phenomena have been encountered and are briefly described. These include three cases of stomatogenesis along a kinety other than kinety 1, several instances of anterior stomatogenesis leading to replacement of existing oral areas, and numerous cases of spontaneous loss of oral areas.

Finally, the process of increase in number of kinetosomes along certain kineties has been submitted to intensive study. It has been found that comparatively little increase takes place during stomatogenesis and cell division; the bulk of kinetosomal increase along the kineties takes place during the first two‐thirds of the division cycle. Data relevant to this increase have been analyzed according to the method of Scherbaum & Rasch; this analysis reveals that the probable phases of most rapid kinetosomal increase, along kinety l at least, occur just after division, and just before the beginning of stomatogenesis.
Cytamoeba bacterifera Labbé, 1894. I. Morphology and Host Incidence of the Parasite in California.
Authors: LEHMANN DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

SVXOPSIS. Parasites belonging to the genus Cytamoeba have been found in amphibians from central and northern California. The infected animals and their numbers were (URODELA) Aneides flavipunctatus (2), A. lugubris (29), Batrachoseps a. atttnuatus (81). Dicamptodon ensatus (2), and (SALIENTIA) Rana b. boyli (1). The rates of infection varied between 0.6% and 29.3%, and the number of parasites per infected cell ranged from one to seven.

Preparations stained with haematoxylin and Romanowsky dyes indicated several types of parasite: some were homogeneous, others possessed several dark staining granules and some possessed large, dark staining central bodies or peripheral dark staining rims. Parasites were seen in the erythrocytes, the plasma and, occasionally, in endothelial cells and monocytes. They were found in the peripheral and heart blood and in the blood of the liver, spleen, kidneys and lungs. Cell division was common in erythrocytes, and yielded daughter cells of identical size. In some cases, chains of 3 to 5 individuals were seen and, rarely, three bodies, in a cloverleaf configuration, were produced as the result of a single division. Following acid hydrolysis, methylene blue‐stained parasites showed a peripheral ring of granules, and, in some, a few stained centrally located bodies.
Ophryoscolecid Fauna from the Stomach of the White‐tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis), and Observations on the Division of Entodinium dubardi Buisson 1923 (Ciliata Entodiniomorpha).
Authors: ZIELYK M. W.
Published: May 2007

The morphology and division of Entodinium dubardi dubardi Buisson 1923, found by the present writer in the rumen of a white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) from the state of New York, are described. E. longi‐nucleatum was found for the first time in this host. A transitional form of E. d. dubardi leading to E. d. cervi Sladecek 1946, was seen. Rotund or orbicular‐like individuals occurring in the material are the postdivisional stages of E. d. dubardi. Comparative study of preparations from the mule‐deer Odocoileus hemionis hemionis, O. hemionus Macrotis, and another white‐tailed deer gave the same results as in the study of the principal host. Very close resemblance of the post‐divisional stages of E. d. dubardi with E. bovis Wertheim and E. orbicularis Bush & Kofoid is noted. New data have been established to regard E. simplex Dogiel as a synonym of E. d. dubardi.
Further observations on Eimeria dolichotis, a coccidium of the Patagonian
Authors: ZWART P. , STRIK W. J.
Published: May 2007

In three Patagonian cavies (Dolichotis Patagonia) which died in Dutch zoological gardens, coccidia were found. They were determined as Eimeria dolichotis (Morini Boero & Rodriguez, 1955). Cross‐infection experiments with guinea‐pigs exclude the identity with Eimenc cmvimt.
Effect of Streptomycin on Chlorophyll Accumulation in Euglena gracilis*
Authors: KOSEN WALTER G. , GAWLIK STANLEY R.
Published: May 2007

Bleaching (interference with chlorophyll accumulation) by streptomycin (SM) is more effective when dark‐grown Euglena gracilis cells are exposed to SM in the dark for several days than when exposure of dark‐ or light‐grown cells is exclusively in light. Cells are also bleached when exposed to SM while lacking both chlorophyll and chloroplasts (i.e., exposed to SM in the dark and subcultured to SM‐free medium before transfer to light). Bleaching therefore involves inhibition of the formation of a plastid or pigment precursor, rather than breakdown of chlorophyll or interference with replication of mature chloroplasts. Bleaching by SM B prevented by addition to the medium of any of several fin cations, including Mg. Therefore it is proposed that bleaching results from chelation of Mg by SM. thus blocking a Mg‐requiring step in chlorophyll synthesis. Disruption by SM of chloroplast structure and/or development is considered a secondary consequence of the bleaching action, resulting from the essentiality of intact chlorophyll molecules for normal chloroplast structure.
Carbohydrate Metabolism of Trichomonads: Growth, Respiration, and Enzyme Activity in Four Species*
Authors: LINDBLOM GORDON P.
Published: May 2007

Tritrichomonas foetus, Pentatrichomonas gallinarum, and nasal and fecal forms of Trichomonas suis grew well in NIH Thioglycollate Broth with 1% beef serum, and produced acid end‐products. Succinic acid was the major acid produced by T. foetus P. gallinarum, and the nasal T. suis, accounting for over 50% of the total acid for each. The fecal T. suis produced more lactic than succinic acid; about 45% of the total acid was not accounted for. Pyruvic acid was found in small amounts in all cultures. The lactic/pyruvic ratio was about 2.5 for the two swine forms, and about 1.0 for the other two. The nasal form of T. suis produced much more total acid than the others.

O2 uptake, CO2 production, H2 evolution, and anaerobic acid formation varied with age of organism. Respiratory activity was highest at 12 hours but varied considerably thereafter. The nature of the buffer used in manometric experiments also affected the results.

Glucose, mannose, fructose and galactose most stimulated respiration. Disaccharides were slowly utilized (lactose and sucrose were not used by P. gallinarum). In a few cases lactate, pyruvate, formate, and malate stimulated O2 uptake.

Evidence was obtained for hexokinase, phosphohexoisomer‐ase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and glucose‐6‐phcsphate dehydrogenase in all 4 organisms. Phosphoglucomutase was demonstrated in T. foetus and the fecal T. suis. T. foetus and P. gallinarum showed evidence of phosphoglyceromutase and enolase. T. suis (fecal) and P. gallinarum had malic dehydrogenase, and P. gallinarum gave evidence of “malic enzyme” activity. Formic dehydrogenase activity was marked in all and presumptive evidence for a formic hydrogenlyase system was obtained for T. foetus and P. gallinarum.

Study of reactions involving pyruvate and malate (with a possible linkage to a hexose monophosphate shunt) might perhaps provide a key to a better understanding of trichmonad metabolism.
Amino Acid Composition of Protozoa. Comparative Studies on Tetrahymena
Authors: LOEFER JOHN B. , SCHERBAUM OTTO H.
Published: May 2007

Patterns for free and protein amino acids and related substances were determined for Tetrahymena limacis and 7 strains of T. pyriformis from axenic stationary phase cultures grown at 25° C by means of 2‐dimensional chromatography in a butanol‐acetic acid and phenol solvent system with ninhydrin and other polychromatic indicators. A uniform protein amino acid (PAA) pattern was observed in all strains. There were 14 color spots indicating 19 amino acids (including cysteic acid), identified as follows: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine/cystine, cysteic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine/isoleucine/phenylalanine, lysine/histidine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine/methionine.

The following free amino acids and related substances (FAAs) were identified with 14 spots (several different from these for PAA patterns) found in all strains: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, leucine/isoleucine/phenylalanine, lysine histidine. proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine/methionine. T. limacis and strains LI and Gf‐J of T. pyriformis exhibited these only. Chromatograms of 5 strains of T. pyriformis (PR. F. L3 WH52, HS), however, also contained 1 to 4 spots representing certain of the following substances: Cysteic acid, cysteine/cystine, taurine, and the unknowns X1, X2, and X3, having Rf's of 0.33, 0.79, and 0.72 respectively in 4:1 phenol‐H2O system Excepting for F and L3, which were similar, the T. pyriformis strains showed quite different distributional patterns of these substances at 25°C. Other deviations in the distribution of the 6 compounds were noted in the chromatograms of 10° and 35° cultures of WH52 and HS. These findings on FAAs and PAAs are tabulated, along with those of previous investigators, to furnish comparisons on 13 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, T. limacis and 9 other species of protozoa.
The Nutrition of Glaucoma chaitoni A*
Authors: HOLZ G. G. , WAGNER BARBARA , ERWIN JOSEPH , KESSLER DONALD
Published: May 2007

Glaucoma chaitoni. A has been grown in a medium free from protein. Twelve amino acids, seven B‐vita‐mins, a purine and pyrimidine were essential. Long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids and their triglycerides, synthetic phosphatides, and carbohydrates were stimulatory. Oleic acid‐ containing lipids were best. The significance of the phosphatide activity and the applicability of the results of this work to problems in tissue cell and bacterial cultivation are discussed.
In vitro Cultivation of Histomonas meleagridis Free of Demonstrable Bacteria
Authors: LESSER ELLIOTT
Published: May 2007

Histomonas meleagridis was successfully cultured without demonstrable bacteria in a modified tissue culture medium enriched by fresh hamster liver and metal ions.
Ophryogleua hypertrophica n.sp. (Giliata Hymenostomatida)
Authors: SAVOIE ALBERT
Published: May 2007

Ophryoglena hypertrophica is distinguished by its tomites and its pyriform theronts; by its elliptical and flattened macronucleus with 2 or 3 coupled micronuclei; by its large trophont; by its tomont covered with a thin mucous layer at the interior of which are formed 4 or 8 tomites closely bound one to another. Its physiological evolution is characteristic; the tomite when it comes out of the tomont undergoes a secondary encystment and then becomes the theront. Sometimes the tomite is rostrated and is not attracted by the tissues; the tomite undergoes as before a secondary encystment, but divides inside the cyst. This type also produces complete or partial particular palintomies and regularly forms resistant cysts.