bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spring temperature and precipitation affect tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, population growth and Tomato spotted wilt virus spread within patches of the winter annual weed Stellaria media
Authors: Morsello Shannon C. , Kennedy George G.
Published: December 2008

Effects of temperature and rainfall timing, amount, and duration on the spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae: genus Tospovirus; TSWV) and population growth of its primary vector, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), within patches of common chickweed, Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo (Caryophyllaceae), were examined during the spring of 2004, 2005, and 2006. Elevated temperature treatments were investigated in an attempt to alter the age structure of F. fusca populations and change the effect of precipitation, but an average increase in daily temperature of 1 °C did not increase population size until late spring. Populations of immature F. fusca were immediately and negatively influenced by large amounts of rainfall or by rainfall distributed over three or more consecutive days during late April and early May. However, when precipitation was distributed over 1–3 days during early May, it also delayed senescence of the chickweed and ultimately resulted in a larger F. fusca population late in the season. The majority of TSWV spread within patches of chickweed occurred after mid‐April. The fewest TSWV‐infected chickweed plants occurred in plots that received high levels of precipitation during April or throughout spring and the amount of spread was directly related to the size of the immature F. fusca population that developed in each plot.
Introduction to the special issue on the world food crisis
Authors: Masters William A. , Shively Gerald E.
Published: December 2008

This issue of Agricultural Economics contains articles on the causes and effects of rising food prices. All papers were subject to full, double‐blind peer review on an accelerated basis, in an effort to publish the best new research as quickly as possible. We received more than 60 submissions; referees were given three weeks to respond, and authors of candidate papers had an additional week to revise their work before final acceptance. Articles published use descriptive, econometric, and simulation methods for both global overviews and case studies.
Implications of higher global food prices for poverty in low‐income countries1
Authors: Ivanic Maros , Martin Will
Published: December 2008

In many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods have raised the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real‐world data. Results using household data for 10 observations on nine low‐income countries show that the short‐run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low‐income countries substantially.
The impact of food inflation on urban poverty and its monetary cost: some back‐of‐the‐envelope calculations
Authors: Dessus Sébastien , Herrera Santiago , De Hoyos Rafael
Published: December 2008

This article uses a sample of 72 developing countries to estimate the change in the cost of alleviating urban poverty brought about by the recent increase in food prices. This cost is approximated by the change in the poverty deficit (PD), that is, the variation in financial resources required to eliminate poverty under perfect targeting. The results show that, for most countries, the cost represents less than 0.2% of gross domestic product. However, in the most severely affected, it may exceed 3%. In all countries, the change in the PD is mostly due to the negative real income effect of those households that were poor before the price shock, while the cost attributable to new households falling into poverty is negligible. Thus, in countries where transfer mechanisms with effective targeting already exist, the most cost‐effective strategy would be to scale up such programs rather than designing tools to identify the new poor.
Is a slowdown in agricultural productivity growth contributing to the rise in commodity prices?
Authors: Fuglie Keith O.
Published: December 2008

A slowdown in the rate of agricultural productivity growth is thought by many observers to be contributing to the recent rise in agricultural prices. In this article I decompose sources of output growth in global agriculture into aggregate input and total factor productivity (TFP) components and examine whether productivity growth slowed substantially in the years leading up to the recent rise in commodity prices. Contrary to widely held perceptions, I find no evidence of a general slowdown in sector‐wide agricultural TFP, at least through 2006. If anything, the growth rate in agricultural TFP accelerated in recent decades. However, the results do show a slowdown in the growth of agricultural investment. Accelerating TFP growth largely offset decelerating input growth to keep the real output of global agriculture growing at about 2% per year since the 1960s. Regionally, however, agricultural productivity performance has been uneven. These findings have important implications for the appropriate supply‐side policy response to the current agricultural price crisis.
The impact of food price increases on caloric intake in China
Authors: Jensen Robert T. , Miller Nolan H.
Published: December 2008

World food prices have increased dramatically in recent years. We use panel data from 2006 to examine the impact of these increases on the consumption and nutrition of poor households in two Chinese provinces. We find that households in Hunan suffered no nutrition declines. Households in Gansu experienced a small decline in calories, though the decline is on par with usual seasonal effects. The overall nutritional impact of the world price increase was small because households were able to substitute to cheaper foods and because the domestic prices of staple foods remained low due to government intervention in grain markets.
Toward a green revolution in Africa: what would it achieve, and what would it require?
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Headey Derek , Johnson Michael
Published: December 2008

The current global food crisis has reemphasized the costliness of Africa's failure to achieve food security and poverty reduction. The instrument by which other more successful developing countries achieved these outcomes was a “Green Revolution” in agriculture. While previous research has provided largely discursive appraisals of the viability of an African Green Revolution, this article adopts a more rigorous methodology to address that question. First, an economy‐wide multimarket model, augmented with existing poverty–growth elasticities, is developed to assess the likely impacts of a rapid acceleration in food production (of the kind witnessed in previous Green Revolutions) on food prices, consumption and demand, farmer revenue, and poverty. Our results suggest that a rapid growth in staple production, together with more integrated regional markets, would reduce food prices by roughly 20–40% for consumers and 10–20% for producers among the major crops. This translates into a large rise in farm revenues, annual agricultural growth rates of 6.5% or higher, broader income growth and food security, and over 70 million Africans being lifted out of poverty. The article concludes by emphasizing the kinds of fundamental policy actions and resources that would be required for achieving these outcomes.
Old nests are cues for suitable breeding sites in the Eurasian penduline tit Remiz pendulinus
Authors: Gergely Zsófía , Mészáros Lídia A. , Szabad János , Székely Tamás
Published: December 2008

Nest‐sites often have a major influence on avian reproductive success. The use of reliable cues that assist nest‐site selection should thus be favoured by natural selection. The old nests have been known to serve as a cue in nest‐site selection in several species. To find out whether the old nests act as cue in nest‐site selection in the Eurasian penduline tit Remiz pendulinus, we carried out two experiments in southern Hungary, where the penduline tits breed around fishponds and build sophisticated pendulous nests on tree branches that often hang over water. In April 2006, we choose 20 groups of two nearby trees, and hung an old nest on one of the trees in each group. The male penduline tits choose 12 of these groups to build a new nest, and every of the twelve nests were built on trees with an old nest. This suggests that the old nests serve as a cue in the selection of breeding sites for males when they enter a habitat. To find out whether the old nests are cues of plentiful nest building material, or to signal high quality breeding areas, we carried out a second experiment in 2007 by selecting 13 groups of three nearby trees. A “worn‐out” old nest was hung on one of the trees, a “re‐utilize” type of old nest on another tree, whereas the third tree was left without an old nest in each group. The rationale was that while the worn‐out material of the old nests is of no use in building the new nests, material of the “re‐utilize” nests is good enough to be used for building new nests. Males built a new nest in 10 of the 13 groups, and eight of the new nests were built on trees with an old nest. Of the eight new nests, five were built on trees with a “worn‐out” old nest and three on trees with a “re‐utilize” type of old nest. It appears that for the penduline tit males it is the presence of an existing old nest and not the quality of the old nest material that serves as cue during the selection of the suitable breeding sites.
Postelicitation model of allergic contact dermatitis for predicting the efficacy of topical drugs
Authors: Kammeyer Arthur , Bos Jan D. , Teunissen Marcel B. M.
Published: December 2008

Abstract:  To evaluate the anti‐inflammatory efficacies of topical drugs, models of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) can be used, but the conventional murine models of CHS need revision in this respect. These models utilize sensitized mice to study suppression of sensitization or elicitation by test compounds. To mimick the events occurring in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a modification of the murine model of CHS is needed in a way that a chronic postelicitation phase of CHS is maintained for studies of anti‐inflammatory effects of topical drugs, typically relevant for ACD therapy, not for ACD prevention. A method for the quantification of the suppression of ACD by a test compound is presented here. Two experimental drugs for topical use, imidazole‐4‐carboxylate and imidazole‐4‐acetate, were tested in parallel with the corticosteroid prednisolone. We found that prednisolone showed strong suppressive effects, while imidazole‐4‐carboxylate and imidazole‐4‐acetate showed mild suppressive effects during persistent ACD simulation. Multiple elicitations on the mouse ears led to scratching and the formation of abrasions and scabbings with, presumably, worsening of discomfort. Clear reduction of these side‐phenomena was achieved by tailoring the topical amount of contact sensitizer, while the ability of the ACD model to test anti‐inflammatory compounds, was not affected. By focussing on a prolonged postelicitation phase of CHS, a simulation of ACD has been established. We demonstrated that this model may provide an improved predictability for the clinical efficacies of (experimental) mild or strong anti‐inflammatory drugs.
Hotter or Not? Should we Believe Model Predictions of Future Climate Change?
Authors: Knutti Reto
Published: December 2008

Why should we believe predictions of climate change over the next century if we cannot predict the weather 3 days ahead?Reto Knutti explains why scientists have confidence in climate change models, how statistical methods can help to quantify their uncertainties—and why uncertainty is not an argument for delaying efforts to reduce the damage.
Investigation of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2
Authors: Anand Vasanti S. , Reichling Laurie J. , Lipinski Kerri , Stochaj Wayne , Duan Weili , Kelleher Kerry , Pungaliya Pooja , Brown Eugene L. , Reinhart Peter H. , Somberg Richard , Hirst Warren D. , Riddle Steven M. , Braithwaite Steven P.
Published: December 2008

Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) comprise the leading cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease, with age of onset and symptoms identical to those of idiopathic forms of the disorder. Several of these pathogenic mutations are thought to affect its kinase activity, so understanding the roles of LRRK2, and modulation of its kinase activity, may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for treating Parkinson’s disease. In this study, highly purified, baculovirus‐expressed proteins have been used, for the first time providing large amounts of protein that enable a thorough enzymatic characterization of the kinase activity of LRRK2. Although LRRK2 undergoes weak autophosphorylation, it exhibits high activity towards the peptidic substrate LRRKtide, suggesting that it is a catalytically efficient kinase. We have also utilized a time‐resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR‐FRET) assay format (LanthaScreen™) to characterize LRRK2 and test the effects of nonselective kinase inhibitors. Finally, we have used both radiometric and TR‐FRET assays to assess the role of clinical mutations affecting LRRK2’s kinase activity. Our results suggest that only the most prevalent clinical mutation, G2019S, results in a robust enhancement of kinase activity with LRRKtide as the substrate. This mutation also affects binding of ATP to LRRK2, with wild‐type binding being tighter (Km,app of 57 μm) than with the G2019S mutant (Km,app of 134 μm). Overall, these studies delineate the catalytic efficiency of LRRK2 as a kinase and provide strategies by which a therapeutic agent for Parkinson’s disease may be identified.
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION FOR FREEZE‐DRYING OF NATURAL ORANGE JUICE
Authors: KOROISHI ERIKA TOMIE , BOSS EDINARA ADELAIDE , WOLF MACIEL MARIA REGINA , MACIEL FILHO RUBENS
Published: December 2008

Freeze‐drying is a method of dehydrating frozen materials by a process of sublimation under vacuum, usually for the purpose of preservation. It is a procedure relatively expensive compared to other possible techniques; however, better results may be achieved when freeze‐drying is used, especially for thermally sensitive components.

The performance of the freeze‐drying process is strongly dependent on the adequate operational conditions, and so it is necessary to have extensive analysis of effects of process variables mainly in terms of process time and quality of the obtained product. In the present work, a parametric sensitivity analysis based on the experimental data is presented and a suitable statistical procedure is applied. In order to obtain a product with the market requirements as well as with high productivity and lower costs, process improvement is necessary. Optimization through factorial design using response surface methodology was carried through extensive experimental study. In order to verify the product quality, infrared humidity and water activity were used and it was shown that the process performance might be significantly improved if optimal operating conditions were used.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The stability, storage and distribution of certified reference materials, which may consist of liquid or frozen fruit juices, are rather problematic. A possible alternative solution to this problem is the storage and the transport in powdered form. Orange juice powder by freeze‐drying is a very interesting alternative to recompose the juice with practically all the properties of the natural product. Several specific applications may be visualized either to the food industry or to pharmaceutical use.

Among others, a fundamental factor affecting the quality of the dried product when conventional procedures (as evaporation for instance) are used is the thermal damage during the concentration and drying steps leading to loss of flavor as well as of some vitamins and difficulty of redispersion. Because of the low temperatures involved and the highly porous structure formed, freeze‐drying is one of the processes that most minimize these effects.

A process for the freeze‐drying of natural orange juice was developed. The best operational conditions were identified so that high performance is achieved both in terms of operation time and product quality.
EFFECTS OF KERNEL PROPERTIES AND POPPING METHODS ON POPCORN QUALITY OF DIFFERENT CORN CULTIVARS
Authors: ERTAŞ NILGÜN , SOYLU SÜLEYMAN , BILGIÇLI NERMIN
Published: December 2008

Three popcorn genotypes, Koç Cin (composite), Nermin Cin and Ant Cin‐98 (hybrid) were investigated for the effects of kernel size (4 < D < 5 and 5 < D < 6), popping methods (conventional and microwave) and moisture content (10, 12 and 14%) on popcorn quality. The relationships between physical kernel properties and popping characteristics were also researched. The Nermin Cin popcorn cultivar had the highest expansion volume, flake size and the lowest percentage of unpopped kernel values among genotypes. 5 > D > 6 mm kernel fraction and the conventional method produced higher popcorn quality in all popcorn cultivars. The optimum moisture levels for the highest expansion volume changed between 12 and 14% for different cultivars. The correlation coefficient between kernel properties (width, sphericity, L, a and b) and expansion volume were found significant (P < 0.01) in microwave popping method. Color a had high direct effects on expansion volume in conventional and microwave popping methods according to path coefficient analysis. L values of popcorn cultivars negatively correlated with expansion volume in both popping methods.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Physical parameters like width, sphericity and color values were found important in predicting popping quality. Color values should be used to predict expansion volume instead of classic physical properties for ease ofmeasurement. Conventional popping method, 5 > D > 6 kernel size and 12–14% moisture content parameters should be used for optimum popcorn quality.
MODELING OF RESPIRATION RATE OF SAPOTA FRUIT UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS
Authors: DASH K.K. , RAVINDRA M.R. , GOSWAMI T.K.
Published: December 2008

Accurate measurement of respiration rate is an important aspect to the success of design and operational features of techniques like controlled and modified atmosphere storage. Two different models based on regression analysis and enzyme kinetics were developed with the help of respiration data generated at temperatures of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30C for sapota fruit using a closed system method. Temperature was found to influence the model parameters. In the model based on enzyme kinetics, the dependence of respiration rate on O2 and CO2 was found to follow the uncompetitive inhibition. The developed models were tested for its validity at 12C. The models showed good agreement with the experimentally estimated respiration rate, although the model based on enzymatic kinetic with Arrhenius‐type temperature dependence was found to have a closer agreement than the other model studied. The levels of agreement between the respiration rates of sapota at 12C predicted by regression analysis and that obtained through experiments were 18.44 and 22.18% for O2 consumption and CO2 evolution, respectively, while those for the model based on enzyme kinetics were found to be 16.79 and 12.12%.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Manipulation of respiration rate is the underlying principle behind storage techniques like controlled atmosphere (CA) storage and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). However, besides being specific to horticultural parameters, respiration rate is also dependent on factors like storage temperature and composition of storage atmosphere. Hence, a mathematical approach to predict the respiration rate under given conditions would be an immense help in both design and process control of such storage systems. For example, predictive models for respiration rate would aid in the selection of packaging material of appropriate permeability for MAP. Also, it would help in protocols for the control of gas compositions in CA systems. In this study, mathematical models have been developed and tested to predict the respiration rate of sapota (cv. Calcutta).
OPTIMIZATION OF BLANCHING PROCESS FOR CARROTS
Authors: SHIVHARE U.S. , GUPTA M. , BASU S. , RAGHAVAN G.S.V.
Published: December 2008

Investigations were carried out to study the effects of selected blanching treatments on the quality of carrots over a temperature range of 80–100C. The blanching treatments selected were steam, water, 0.05 N acetic acid solution and 0.2% calcium chloride solution. These blanching treatments were evaluated with respect to the inactivation time of peroxidase (POD) and catalase, and the process was optimized on the basis of the maximum yield of carrot juice and minimum loss of vitamin C andβ‐carotene. The most effective blanching treatment was 5 min in hot water at 95C. At this time–temperature combination, POD and catalase were completely inactivated and the yield of carrot juice and vitamin C andβ‐carotene contents were found to be 55%, 8.192 mg/100 g and 3.18 mg/100 g, respectively. The kinetics of thermal inactivation of POD in carrot juice using various enzyme inactivation models available in the literature was critically evaluated. The Weibull distribution model provided a good description of the kinetics of the inactivation of POD in carrot juice over the temperature range of 80–100C.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Blanching is an important unit operation before processing fruits and vegetables for freezing, pureeing or dehydration. The findings of this study would be useful in determining the process parameters for blanching carrots with maximal retention of nutrients. The enzyme residual activity curve indicates the destructive effect of heat on the affected enzymes. A successful modeling will enable the processors to modulate their process according to different time–temperature combinations.
EXTRACTION OF ACID‐SOLUBLE COLLAGEN FROM GRASS CARP (CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA) SKIN
Authors: WANG LINGZHAO , YANG BAO , DU XIUQIAO
Published: December 2008

Grass carp is a freshwater fish species widely known by consumers over the world. Its skin has abundant collagen which has many healthy effects. Four variables (acetic acid concentration, temperature, time, solvent to material ratio) were taken to investigate their effects on the extraction efficiency of collagen from grass carp skin. From the results obtained, each of them showed a significant role in the extraction. The yield of collagen increased with the increase of acetic acid concentration to 0.5 M, and thereafter decreased. Elevation of temperature during extraction could also lead to the increase of collagen yield. However, when the temperature was above 20C, a negative effect was observed. The yield of collagen increased with the extension of time, especially when the time was shorter than 24 h. A positive relation was also observed between solvent to material ratio and yield of collagen.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Grass carp is widely consumed over the world for its delicious taste and healthy effect. A large amount of collagen exists in the skin tissues. Development of collagen from grass carp skin can bring added value for the fish processing industry. In this work, extraction of collagen from grass carp skin was investigated and effects of acetic acid concentration, temperature, time and solvent to material ratio on the extraction efficiency were determined. The results indicated that the above variables were influential for the extraction process. It is important to define the level of these variables in practical application so that the extraction efficiency can be improved, and a time‐saving, cost‐efficient process can be obtained.
ISOLATION AND SELECTION OF ETHANOL‐RESISTANT AND OSMOTOLERANT YEASTS FROM REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL SOURCES IN MEXICO
Authors: ORTIZ‐ZAMORA O. , CORTÉS‐GARCÍA R. , RAMÍREZ‐LEPE M. , GÓMEZ‐RODRÍGUEZ J. , AGUILAR‐USCANGA M.G.
Published: December 2008

In Mexican alcohol distilleries using sugarcane molasses, one reason for low alcoholic fermentation efficiency is the use of inferior yeast cultures. The objective of the present study was to isolate and select yeast strains from alcoholic fermentations of natural sources (sugarcane molasses, grape juice, cane juice and pineapple) from Veracruz city market and Mexican distilleries, and to evaluate their performance under laboratory conditions in an effort to select superior strains for industrial fermentations. Ethanol production, glucose composition, growth rate, “Killer” activity, ethanol and glucose tolerance of the most promising strains were monitored on synthetic and molasses media. A total of 112 yeast strains were isolated by their capacity to produce ethanol, and from these, only 58 were selected on the basis of best ethanol theoretical yields (88–96%). These strains were exposed several times to high concentrations of glucose and ethanol in order to select ethanol‐ and glucose‐tolerant yeast; 10 were obtained that adapted best to these conditions and that showed “Killer” activity. Of these strains, U3‐11, M11, JC10 and U2‐10 (obtained from grape juice, sugarcane molasses and cane juice) demonstrated the highest adaptation to both ethanol (5–7% w/v) and glucose (20% w/v). The maximum yield obtained was 0.46 g/g (90% theoretical yield) in a 20‐L bioreactor with cane molasses under nonsterile conditions.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The selected yeasts could be introduced into industrial processes in Mexican distilleries using sugarcane molasses in order to improve productivity and diminish contamination problems.
VERTICAL HYDROCARBON MIGRATION: A MAJOR EXPLORATION PARAMETER
Authors: Pratsch J.‐C.
Published: December 2008

Most oil‐ and gasfields result from the migration of hydrocarbons from the generating source bed to the reservoir and trap. Exceptions are producing source‐bed formations (coal‐bed gas, e.g. the Permian Spraberry Trend, West Texas). Where vertical hydrocarbon migration is active, oil/gas accumulations can be found in reservoirs of geological ages which are considerably different from those of the generating source beds. In such cases (e.g. the North Sea gas province; Louisiana offshore; Niger Delta; Vienna Basin), early recognition of vertical migration may well bring about the most effective exploration results. In many basins, vertical migration is less evident than lateral migration, leading to distinct, vertically‐stacked hydrocarbon systems isolated from each other (e.g. the Po Valley, Powder River and Sirte Basins). Vertical migration from one source‐bed level, or the mixing of hydrocarbons from different hydrocarbon systems, occurs where major faults or vertically‐rising materials (salt, igneous rocks) create critical vertical pathways. In such cases, vertical migration can be an important factor in the location and existence of hydrocarbon accumulations.
The Nature of the Growth‐Promoting Substances in the Embryonic Tissue Juice.
Authors: FISCHER ALBERT
Published: December 2008

Twenty years of investigations (hitherto not published) on the chemical and physical nature of the growth‐promoting substance in the embryonic tissue juice are summarized by the author.

The use of various methods for determination of the activity of the substances is discussed.

Fractionation experiments on genuine chick‐embryo juice are described.

On account of the extreme lability of the active substances, special methods were devised for obtaining sterile, active fractions. In spite of all precautions a purification was not obtained.

It meant a great progress of the work, when it was found ‘that the carefully desiccated tissue juice Was resistant to extraction with chloroform, benzene a. o., whereby inactive fats and lipoids were removed and the extract rendered sterile.

Purification experiments Were undertaken with large quantities of dried, fat‐free beef‐embryo extract. The nucleoproteins, isolated according to the method of Hammarsten, were found to be more active than the whole extract.

Contrary to the genuine extract the solution of the nucleoproteins passes readily through a Berkefeld filter maintaining its full activity. The solution is rendered inactive by heating to 5°C for 15 min., likewise after a short digestion with trypsin or pepsin. It is more resistant towards acids than towards alkali. The activity of the solutions is maintained after dialysis. The activity seem to be linked to a protein. A purification could not be obtained by the high‐speed centrifuging.

The ratio P/N of the nucleoproteins is rather low, about 12 per cent. The active substances contain thymonucleic acid as well as ribosenucleotides. Neither the nucleic acids nor the protein compound alone were active. Finally reprecipitations of the nucleoproteins led to inactive products, whereby proteins are denatured. The characteristics of various fractions are described.

The chemical analysis of the products, whether active or inactive, have so far given no directive facts for further purifications. The activity of the substances depend probably on the intactness of an extremely labile component system, a special phosphoprotein or a nucleoprotein.

The active substance did not show any dipeptidase or polypeptidase activity. Nor was there any evidence of activity due to a cathepsin.
The Action of Bile Salts on Intestinal Peristalsis
Authors: EMMELIN NILS
Published: December 2008

It is demonstrated on guinea pig's small intestine that the sodium salts of glycocholic and taurocholic acids stimulate peristalsis when applied on the mucous side of the gut and that they inhibit peristalsis when applied on the serous side.
Die Wirkung Yon Carfoaminoylcholin und Ace‐tyl‐β‐Methylcholin auf Herzminutenvolumen und Atmung des gesunden Menschen.
Authors: GOLDBERG L. , LILJESTRAND G.
Published: December 2008

Bei drei Versuchspersonen wurde eine massige Zunahme des Herzminutenvolumens nach Zufuhr von Doryl beobachtet. Bei zwei Versuchspersonen ergab auoh Mecholyl Vergrosserung des Herzminutenvolumens.

Sowohl Doryl wie Mecholyl fiihrten zu einer Erregung der Atmung, die sich in einer primaren Zunahme und sekundaren Abnahme des respiratorischen Quotienten zeigte.
Die Einwirkung von Blutdrucksänderungen im Carotissinus auf die Atmung bei der Katze
Authors: H. BJURSTEDT  , HESSER. C. M.
Published: December 2008

Mit Hilfe der beschriebenen Versuchsanordnungen sind die folgenden Beobachtungen an Atmungsreflexen bei endosinualen Druckvariationen bei der Katze gemacht worden:

Endosinuale Druckänderungen brauchen keinerlei Veränderung der Atmung herbeizuführen, selbst wenn typische Blutdrucksreflexe auftreten.

Unter gewissen Bedingungen können endosinuale Druckänderungen Atmungsvariationen herbeiführen, auch wenn keine Blutdrucksreflexe auslösbar sind.

Die obengenannten Versuchsergebnisse liefern keine Stütze für die Annahme, dass Atmungsreaktionen bei endosinualen Druckänderungen bei der Katze über die Barorezeptoren unter normalen Bedingungen erfolgen, sondern stehen vielmehr im Einklang mit der Auffassung, dass die Atmungsveränderungen über die Chemorezeptoren ausgelöst werden.
The Distribution of the Blood between the Lower Extremities and the Rest of Body
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING
Published: December 2008

The amount of blood present in the legs under different conditions of work and rest is determined by means of the CO‐method on two subjects. During rest in the horizontal position it was 12 and 15 pCt of the total blood volume. On tilting the subjects 60° to a head‐up position it increased to 22 and 19 pCt, and on tilting the subjects 60° to a head‐down position it was 13 and 11 pCt, respectively. In free standing it was 17 and 15 pCt of the total blood volume. During work (410 and 820 mkg/min.) it was but slightly changed (17 and 11 pCt in one subject, 17 and 18 the other subject) whereas after work it was markedly increased in both subjects (to 26 pCt and 25 pCt).
Die Wirkung von Pervitin auf den Kreislauf und die Atmung beim Menschen.
Authors: BERSÉUS S.
Published: December 2008

In 11 Versuchen an 7 gesunden Versuchspersonen wurde die Wirkung von Pervitin auf Kreislauf und Atmung untersucht. Pervitin wurde in intrainuskulärer Injektion in einer Dosis von 15 mg. per 70 kg. Körpergewicht gegeben. Das Herzminutenvolumen wurde mittels der Acetylenmethode von GROLLMAN bestimrnt.

Eine halbe Stunde nach der Injektion wurde eine Steigerung des Herzminutenvolumens von 39 % des Normalwertes festgestellt, die nach 1 und l½ Stunde immer noch etwa 20 % ausmachte. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch stieg mässig. Die Ventilation und der respiratorische Quotient wurden in den meisten Fällen nicht beeinflusst, aber zwei der Versuchspersonen reagierten mit einer kräftigen Hyperventilation und einer Steigerung des Quotienten bis über 1.
The Excitability of the Respiratory Centre daring Sleep and during Evipan Anaesthesia.
Authors: ØSTERGAARD TORSTEN
Published: December 2008

Determinations are described of the excitability of the respiratory centre during a waking state during spontaneous sleep and evipan sleep and during evipan anaesthesia by studying the reactions to the breathing of CO2 mixtures (Lindhard 1933).

2 experiments with spontaneous sleep show in both cases reduced excitability in the respiratory centre during sleep. 3 experiments with sleep after giving of evipan in hypnotic doses show a larger reduction in the excitability which is solely due to deeper sleep, as it can be proved, that the evipan in hypnotic doses does not affect the centre depressively. From this the conclusion is drawn, that the reduction in excitability during sleep increases in proportion to the depth of the sleep.

Finally 8 experiments with evipan anaesthesia show that the excitability of the respiratory centre, even during light anaesthesia, is affected far more in a depressive direction than during sleep. The results of the experiments further show thak this depression is increasing with the depth of the anaesthesia — i.e. with the concentration of evipan in the blood. At a certain concentration ‐ as a rule this occurs by a sudden overdosing ‐ the centre as the first of the vital ones will be put out of function, and the respiration paralysed.

During sleep ventilation was decreased 20–38 %, during anaesthesia falls of 48–80 % appeared. While during deep the percentage fall occasionally was about the same with atmospheric and CO2 breathing, a proportionally larger fall was caused by CO2 during anaesthesia.

The tension of carbon dioxide in alveolar air rose during sleep 3–6 mm, during anaesthesia up to 8–9 mm. The fall in ventilation during sleep was first and foremost due to a reduction in frequency, during anaesthesia on the other hand both to reduction in frequency and in depth of respiration.
The Localization of Rlineral Salts in Striated Muscle‐Fibres.
Authors: ENGSTRÖM ARNE
Published: December 2008

Comparative ultraviolet and micro‐incineration studies of striated muscles have been made by the author. In order to obtain a distinct correlation between ultraviolet absorption and ash content, a material was used in which the muscle partitions are of considerable height (the leg muscles from Drosophila funebris and the subcutaneous muscles from larvae of Chironomus Thummi). One and the same section was used for ultraviolet microphoto‐graphy (wave‐length 2570 Å) and microincineration, which made it possible to obtain an exact localization of the ash. The result of the comparison was the finding that ash was regularly yielded by the intensely absorbing isotropic segments, which, on absorption measurement, were found to contain nucleotides (adenylic acids), whereas the anisotropic, weakly absorbing segments were practically devoid of ash. On account of these experimental findings it seems probable that the major part of the phosphagene is situated in the isotropic segments.
Studies on Nucleic Acid Metabolism in Plasma Cells
Authors: BING JENS , FAGRÆUS ASTRID , THORELL BO
Published: December 2008

In order to study the endocellular formation of antibodies, plasma cells produced by injection of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine or horse serum in rabbits, have been analysed with microspectrographical and microchemical methods. The successive examination of plasma cells after the injection showed that during the first stage of immunization the most frequently occuring type of plasma cell in cytochemical organization corresponds to the rapidly growing blood stemcell. During the latter stage of the immunization, with the constantly high titre level, a type of cell, identical with the mature plasma cell predominated. The transition from the rapidly growing cell to the mature cell is similar to the maturation of the blood‐cell, but with the difference that the ribose‐polynucleotide concentration in the cytoplasm remains unchanged. Together with the immunological data, this seems to indicate, that the formation of antibody protein proceeds essentially in a similar way as the protein synthesis in cells in general, namely in the presence of nucleic acids.
Further Investigations on the Effect of Adenosine Triphosphate and Related Phosphorus Compounds on Isolated Striated Muscle Fibres
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , DEUTSCH ADAM , KNAPPEIS G. G.
Published: December 2008

In agreement with previous results it was found that ATP prepared in different ways initiates contraction and changes birefrigence when applied in minute amounts to isolated striated muscle fibres of the frog. ATP is evenly distributed in the muscle and not localized specially in the region of the motor end plate.

 Lack or excess of calcium just as excess of magnesium increase the threshold value for ATP.

 While adenosine alone is without effect, it changes the contracture‐like effect of pyrophospate to a normal tetanus‐like contraction.

 Inosine triphosphate, thrice as active as ATP in initiating contraction is without effect on birefringence.

 Creatine phosphate has no effect on striated muscle, thus establishing the breakdown of ATP as the reaction nearest in time to contraction. Creatine phosphate + adenylic acid can replace ATP in the release of contraction and causes a reversible fall in birefringence. The time of restitution, however, is considerably longer than with ATP.

 Acetyl phosphate is without effect.

 Acetylcholine abolishes the effect of ATP on birefringence while it does not affect release of contraction. In denervated muscle previous application of acetylcholine prevents release of contraction by ATP. Contraction in denervated muscle is not accompanied by the slow changes in birefringence.
Intestinal Pain: An Electrophysiological Investigation on Mesenteric Nerves
Authors: GERNANDT B. , ZOTTERMAN Y.
Published: December 2008

Afferent impulses from the abdominal viscera have been recorded from the splanchnic nerve and from fine strands of mesenteric nerves of the cat. The Pacinian corpuscles of the exposed mesentery were found to be extremely sensitive to the most gentle pressure, such as faint puff of air.

The small intestine very rarely receives any large medullated fibres, and light mechanical stimuli such as slight pressure or touch do not give rise to any inflow of impulses. Fast impulses can be elicited only from those parts of the mesentery possessing Pacinian corpuscles.

Injurious stimuli such as pinching applied to the intestinal wall as well as to the mesentery produce δ‐ and C‐potentials. In addition to this, intense stimulation gives rise to large potentials waves apparently built up by slow C‐potentials.

It is thus concluded that nociceptive reactions from the intestine are not produced by afferent fibers belonging to the α‐or β‐group but by δ‐ and C‐fibers only.

Support is given for the view that the intestinal wall is supplied by afferent fibers able to produce nociceptive reactions in response to such mechanical stimuli which if applied to the skin, would elicit nociceptive reflexes. The sensibility of the intestine itself is thus to be looked upon as very much the same as that of the skin deprived of its fast‐conducting afferent fibers, which respond to vibratory and light mechanical stimuli as well as to stronger pressure.
Some Perfusion Experiments on Horse's Brain.
Authors: ASTRUP P. , STEENSHOLT G. , WAMBERG K.
Published: December 2008

The paper gives a report on some perfusion experiments on horse's brain. Results are given for the consumption of oxygen and glucose and for the respiratory quotient. Some anomalies and technical difficulties encountered in the experiments are briefly discussed.

The authors are glad to express their thanks to P. Carl Petersens Fond, for generous financial support of our work. We are likewise greatly indebted to Dr. E. Jorpes, Stockholm, and to Løvens Kemiske Fabrik, Copenhagen, for valuable gifts of heparin.
On the Correlation between Hyaluronidase Content, and Spermiogenesis in the Testes
Authors: KULONEN EINO
Published: December 2008

Investigations on the relation between morphological factors and the presence of hyaluronidase in bull testes are described. A very close correlation has been found to exist between the activity of the spermiogenesis and the hyaluronidase content. It would seem, however, that complete spermiogenesis is not required for the production of hyaluronidase. Thus the presence of hyaluronidase probably is a condition for fertility, but its occurrence is not per se an indication of the capacity to fertilize.

The size and the dry substance content of the testis possess a certain correlation with the hyaluronidase content.

The formation of hyaluronidase in cells in general is discussed.
The Sympathetic Vasomotor Innervation of the Skin of the Dog
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , FROST JØRGEN , HÆGER KNUT , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

No evidence was found for the existence of a sympathetic vasodilator innervation to the skin of the hind limbs or the ear of the dog.

Nor‐adrenaline has a pronounced vasoconstrictor action on cutaneous vessels. The observation agrees with the idea that the substance might be the transmitter at vasoconstrictor nerve endings.

Adrenaline has a pure vasoconstrictor action on cutaneous vessels, even in low concentrations.

Acetylcholine has a pronounced vasodilator action on cutaneous vessels. Thus it cannot be excluded as a possible transmitter at cutaneous vasodilator nerve enclings.
Intravascular Pressure as a Factor Regulating the Tone of the Small Vessels.1
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN
Published: December 2008

Observations are described which indicate that the permanent stretching of the vascular smooth muscles, effected by the blood pressure, constitutes a stimulus which elicits increased tone in the small blood vessels. Reduction, respectively elimination of this stimulus is thought to be a major factor in the vasodilatation oc‐curing in the first stage of reactive hyperaemia.
Experiments on the Oxydation of Propyl Alcohol in Rabbits
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L.
Published: December 2008

It is shown that injection of propyl alcohol gives rise to the formation of acid, which is ethersoluble, volatile and is extracted by toluene at the same rate as propionic acid, so that it is made very probable that this acid is formed.

At the same time the concentration of another ethersoluble but not toluenesoluble acid increases. Probably it is an accumulation of lactic acid. Propionic acid seems to be formed and eliminated at a constant rate partly independent of the concentration of propyl alcohol.
The Effect of Acute Hypoxia on the Motor Cells of the Spinal Cord
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: December 2008

The main problems of this study were:

Which nerve cells are responsible for the hyperactivity that occurs in the muscles of the lower extremities after hypoxia of the lower part of the medulla?

Which cytological changes or signs of degeneration can be found in these cells?

It was tried to elucidate the problem by correlating the clinical cytological and electromyographical findings in rabbits with experimentally introduced anoxia in the lumbar marrow.

54 rabbits were used as experimental animals. The aorta was compressed by means of HAGGQVIST'S clamp for varying periods of time. The spasticity was examined electromyographically. EINAKSON'S specific staining method (gallocyanin‐chromalum) was used for the histological preparations. By means of this method a fairly accurate estimation of the nucleic acid content of the nerve cells can be obtained.

The results showed a good agreement between the histological findings and the clinical and electromyographical picture.
Die Wirkung der Sympnthomimetica und Dihydroergotnmin auf Dnphnien
Authors: FLÜCKIGCER EDW.
Published: December 2008

Es werden einige Beobachtungen iiber den Sauerstoffverbrauch der in den nachfolgenden Versuchen verwendeten reinen Linie von D. magna Straus mitgeteilt

 1‐Adrenalin, d‐Adrenalin und 1‐Noradrenalin erhohen den Sauerstoffverbrauch; die Beziehung Konzentration‐Wirkung ist logarithmisch. 1‐Adrenalin und d‐Adrenalin unterscheiden sich fast nicht in der Wirkung, 1‐Noradrenalin ist nur etwa 3 ma1 weniger wirksam als 1‐Adrenalin

 p‐Oxyphenyl‐aethanolmethylamintartrat (Sympatol) bewirkt eine maximal 20 % Steigerung dea 02,‐Verbrauchs, welche wahrscheinlich durch die allgemeine Aktivitatssteigerung der Tiere zustande kommt. Bei 1‐Ephedrin liegen wahrscheinlich ahnliche Verhaltnisse vor

 Dihydroergotamin‐methansulphonat vermindert den Sauerstoffverbrauch der Daphnien nicht und bewirkt auch keine Verminderung der Stoffwechselwirkung von Adrenalin

 1(+)Milchsaure steigert den Sauerstoffverbrauch, aber erst bei etwa 10 ma1 hoheren Konzentrationen als 1‐Adrenalin

 Karbaminoyl‐cholinchlorid, ein Parasympathomimeticum, steigert den Sauerstoffverbrauch in ahnlichem Ausmass wie 1‐Adrenalin
Rabbit Red Cell Haemolysing Property of Human Plasma
Authors: HIRSJÄRVI EVA
Published: December 2008

The rabbit red cell haemolysing property of human plasma was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Human plasma caused. in most cases, a decrease in the red cell count of rabbit blood in vitro as well as in vivo, though the reaction was stronger in vivo. Repeated injections of human plasma into rabbits decreased the susceptibility for haeniolvsis in vivo in vitro. Incubation with rabbit cells diminished the activity of human plasma to haemolyse rabbit cells in vitro.
The Effect of Certain Choline Esters on the Chemoceptor Activity in the Carotid Body
Authors: LILJESTRAND G. , ZOTTERMAN. Y.
Published: December 2008

Minute amounts of a number of choline esters, injected into the carotid artery, elicited increased chemoceptor activity of the sinus nerve. The effect was especially pronounced for acetyl‐, acetylthio‐ and butyrylthiocholine; propionyl‐ and butyrylcholine were slightly less active, whereas for benzoyl‐, acetyl‐β‐methyl‐and succinyl‐choline somewhat larger doses were required.

After local treatment of the carotid body with the anticholinesterase mintacol the responses to acetyl‐, propionyl‐, butyryl‐and benzoyl‐choline were greatly increased, but the sensitivity to the thiocholines was lowered. Oxygen lack led to a stronger stimulation after mintacol than before.

DFP, applied locally, also led to a sensitization of the cheinoceptors to acetyl‐, butyryl‐, propionyl‐ and benzoylcholine as well as for oxygen lack. Acetylcholine was again an exception.

The results support the view that acetylcholine or related substances are involved in the initiation of the chemoceptive discharge from the carotid body.
Comparative Studies on Temperature Effects upon the Electrocardiogram in some Vertebrates
Authors: BIÖRCK GUNNAR , JOHANSSON BENGT
Published: December 2008

Electrocardiograms have been recorded for dogs, hedgehogs, frogs and fishes at different temperatures. The variations in heart rate, P—R interval, QRS complex, Q—T interval, and Q—T in % of R—R are presented in graphs. Some peculiar electro‐cardio graphic alterations, like the initial P wave disturbance arid the “Osborn wave”, that appear during cooling are discussed in some detail. Some comparisons with electrocardiograms in human hypothermia are made.