bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The bureau of ships rapid selector system
Authors: McMurray James P.
Published: June 2007

The microfilm rapid selector—a dream 30 years ago and a laboratory instrument as recently as five years ago—is today the basis of an operating information retrieval system saving time and money for the Navy Department's Bureau of Ships.

The present‐day Rapid Selector is a device for searching, selecting, and copying documents stored on microfilm. Readily adapted to the use of film made in any commercially available 35 mm microfilm camera, the Selector searches and selects at the rate of 100 document images per second. Copies of selected images are made on microfilm without any reduction in the speed of the film being searched. (A predictive search, in which copies are not made, is used to evaluate the question).

Present coding capability is 240 bits, arranged in 60 hexidecimal fields. A single field or combination of fields can be used as the basis for a search. Binary notation and superimposed random‐number coding are used extensively. Coded information includes usual bibliographic information, major subject‐matter designations, and secondary subject‐matter designations. Average time for indexing a document is 20 minutes. Average time for complete search, including processing, is 12 minutes. Average number of searches per month is 150. Studies of development rate and use rate of indexing terms are being conducted continually.

Convinced that high‐speed search and selection without high‐speed delivery of the results of the search creates an anomaly, the Bureau of Ships is presently testing newly‐developed fascimile equipment designed to deliver Rapid Selector output to remote destinations by microwave linkages.
A. I. Ch. E. Information‐retrieval activities
Authors: Morse R. D.
Published: June 2007

Beginning with the June 1961 issues of all A. I. Ch. E. publications and Petroleum Refiner, index information and an abstract provided by the author‐editor team is published with each article. The indexing terms used are selected from a thesaurus of chemical engineering terms published by the A. I. Ch. E. An overall program has been designed for application in small manual systems as well as the large automatic systems. Standards for use of the system, from author indexing with the use of key‐words to the building of an engineer's personal card file, were presented by the speaker and B. E. Holm in the May and June 1961 issues of Chemical Engineering Progress. Experiences with the program to date will be discussed.
Water Abstracts
Authors: Weisman Herman M. , Albertson Maurice L.
Published: June 2007

The National Science Foundation supported a study of the feasibility of setting up an abstracting and indexing service for the literature of Soil and Water at Colorado State University at Fort Collins. During the course of the study, it was found that the field of Soil was adequately covered by journals and abstracting services. In the field of Water, the investigation revealed that there would be little significant duplication with other abstracting services and that the duplication occurring could be readily handled by exchange agreements by those abstracting services covering aspects of water problems. The study revealed further that there was a strong likelihood of developing sponsors, subscribers and financial support for such a service. A new proposal has been submitted to the National Science Foundation for the issuance of a Pilot Abstracts Journal covering the Water field. The purpose of the pilot issue is to prepare, distribute and evaluate a sample publication of a proposed abstracting and indexing service covering the entire Water field as it relates to plants, soils and other aspects of human activity and natural resources. It would cover the field internationally. Specific objectives are:

To determine the most suitable organizational structure for such an abstracting service;

To prepare, publish and distribute the pilot issue to workers within the Water field and potential clientele;

To evaluate the pilot issue in terms of problems of the proposed service's usefulness, desirability, ultimate budget and cost; abstract or translator and editorial and other staffing; operational matters like exchanges with other abstracting services; sponsorship, subscribers and advertisers. The pilot issue would be mailed to approximately 1500 potential subscribers for evaluation. Their evaluation would determine the usefulness and desirability of the proposed Water Abstracting and Indexing Service. It would offer concrete data on the indicated problem.

The proposed service would publish not only an abstracts journal but would explore the feasibility of a microcard or microfiche which would have on one side an abstract in print readable to the eye and on the other side the complete article in microform in the language desired by the user. A discussion of the methodology of the preliminary study will be emphasized.
A polydimensional scheme for information retrieval
Authors: Johnson H. Thayne
Published: June 2007

A method is discussed for integrating a man and machine into a library retrieval system for overcoming certain deficiencies in today's manual systems and meeting certain additional criteria. One of the basic criteria is that the machine must extend the user's effective intellect by performing intelligence functions now performed by him and by enabling him to perform intelligence functions not now possible.

A hypothetical (although not impossible) man‐machine complex is advocated by assuming the Aristotelian concept that within the ameboid structure of knowledge are classes and that these classes can be logically defined to categorize all knowledge. Following this assumption, logical conceptional relationships can be structured using retrieval terms, with each term showing a readily apparent relationship to the whole field of knowledge. These poly‐dimensional relationships can be said to exist, not just in a vertical dimension, but also each term can have its own horizontal level of abstraction, a relative universe created by its relationships to multitudinous terms throughout the structure. Each term, its universe, and the concepts embodied in it constitute expanding concentric circles of categorical knowledge, with each circle showing a diminishing degree of conceptual synonymity with the central term.

A unique machine application is discussed to allow the user to perceive the relationships between terms. The system enables the user to place himself at a known spot in the entire field of knowledge and with the aid of machine coordination move in any direction from concept to concept until the desired retrieval point is reached.
Relevancy and pertinency in indexing
Authors: Rees Alan M.
Published: June 2007

Underlying all types of subject analysis—descriptors, uniterms, subject headings, telegraphic abstracting, etc.—is the fundamental problem of selection of significant concepts and characteristics from a document to be recorded as reference points for use in future retrieval operations. Faced with several thousands of words normally found in a typical document, the analyst selects those words and ideas which seem significant, based upon his subjective knowledge of the subject matter. Such a selection is conditioned by his academic training, observance of the frequency of occurrence of certain words, knowledge of the pattern of use of the literature, acquaintance with the terminology used in the phrasing of questions to be put to the file, and comparative knowledge and ignorance of the association of ideas or relationships between the concepts recorded in the document. Pertinency is therefore in the eyes of the beholder and is relevant to the state of knowledge at any given time.

The difficulty in subject analysis is one of recording characteristics for retrieval at a later date when the implications inherent in future requests are unknown at the time of recording and when the terminology has not yet crystallized into any standardized form. In the absence of a permanent description, information requests can either be translated into the archaic language and frozen concepts of the file or the file itself can be updated to match modern concepts and associations and to bring out implications subsequently made apparent by continually evolving technology. The continuous shift in traditional interests is illustrated in the current awareness type of literature search where the constant rearrangement of concepts is seen in the attempt to define interests whose relevance is not yet established.

Superimposed on this is the problem of finding suitable words which characterize these shifting concepts. The words of the document are not necessarily those which are in current use, nor will they always be the same words used to characterize an information request put to the file at a later date. Thus it is necessary to use an artificial language (code, authority, list, notation, etc.) into which the natural language of the text and the languge of the request can be converted. This language should be such that it would serve as a more permanent and regularized language which would cut through the tangle of synonyms and infinity of syntactic structures. The coded thesaurus is suggested as a means of providing for this intermediary language at the same time as performing the function of being a means of bringing into coincidence the vocabularies of the future searches and retrieval system and indicate networks of related meaning and associated ideas. The association of ideas in the semantic code is suggested as a yardstick of predetermined relevancy. Experimental data will be presented to facilitate the establishment of objective criteria of relevancy and pertinency in searching operations.
Patent indexing by concept coordination using links and roles
Authors: Montague Barbara A.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents the development and installation of a practical, working system for the storage and retrieval of patent information for the Polychemicals Department of the du Pont Company using concept coordination and an inverted system. False retrieval usually associated with such systems is overcome by using syntactical controls such as links and roles. Rapid, inexpensive access to patents selected from the polyolefin art is provided to the patent attorney saving him long hours of discouraging searching with cumbersome, conventional filing systems. A valuable source of technical information seldom utilized in the past is made readily available to the research man, the manufacturing engineer and the salesman. The system provides the capability to search for anticipation and as well as for domination. Techniques were devised to handle the peculiar language of patents and a systematic vocabulary of terms was developed for the extensive naming of generic classes of chemical compounds. A cross section of the patent literature is represented in the system which includes all types of patents such as articles of manufacture, process, composition of matter and apparatus. Retrieval of the patent information by electronic computer as well as by a manual search device is discussed.
The world's technical journal literature: An estimate of volume, origin, language, field, indexing, and abstracting
Authors: Bourne Charles P.
Published: June 2007

A quantitative estimate is made of the magnitude of the world's scientific and technical journal literature problem. Using a number of basic sources of statistical information, a composite picture is established to show such things as the total volume, linguistic and national origins, breakdown by subject field, and degree of coverage by the abstracting and indexing services.
Secondary publication in cardiovascular, endocrine and psychopharmacologic research
Authors: Orr Richard H. , Crouse Eleanor M.
Published: June 2007

In a follow‐up of earlier studies, Biological Abstracts (BA), Chemical Abstracts (CA), Excerpta Medica (EM), Psychological Abstracts (PA) and Current List of Medical Literature (CL) were searched for 240 published articles that resulted from oral research reports given at bio‐medical meetings in 1957 and 1958. Seventy per cent of the 240 papers appeared in at least one of the four abstracting services, and almost 90% were indexed in CL; however, no single abstracting service covered more than about one‐half of all the papers in any of the three research fields. The average time‐lag between primary and secondary publication for cardiovascular and endocrine papers was about four months in CL, four in CA, six in BA, and eight to ten months in EM. For psychopharmacologic papers, all of the services were slower. This “tracer” technique makes possible and practical a continuous assessment of how a given research field is being served by abstracting and indexing services.
The scan‐column index
Authors: O'Connor John
Published: June 2007

The scan‐column index is a book‐form coordinate index. Each document is entered at just one place, and the documents can be in almost any order. A document identification may be anything from a serial number to several dozen words of description, depending on the amount of space used. Speed of searching might be anywhere from several hundred to perhaps one thousand or more documents per minute, depending to a considerable extent on column density, which depends in turn on the amount of space used. Error and fatigue also depend considerably on column density. Some possible format variations are described. Advantages and disadvantages of the scan‐column index are described and compared with some other common retrieval devices such as peek‐a‐boo cards, edge‐notched cards, etc. A number of possible applications for a scan‐column index are suggested. A motorized scroll form of scan‐column index and its possible use for subject‐searching microfilm reels are also suggested.
Compilation of an experimental citation index from scientific literature
Authors: Lipetz Ben‐Ami
Published: June 2007

Several forms of citation index were compiled with the aid of punched card techniques from 11,000 citations appearing in a coherent body of scientific literature which contained more than 740 citing papers. Preliminary statistics on citation patterns are given. The potential uses of various types of citation indexes are discussed and are related to problems in recording and standardizing data.
The walnut system: A large capacity document storage and retrieval system
Authors: Bradshaw P. D.
Published: June 2007

This report describes a prototype information system being developed by the IBM Advanced Systems Development Division for the Central Intelligence Agency. Using conventional 35‐millimeter film and IBM Descriptor Cards or Paper Tape as input, the system houses both the index and abstracts of documents as well as microimages of the documents themselves. There are no plans to market this particular system commercially. Out of this effort, however, technology will emerge that will no doubt influence the design and fabrication of future 1/R Systems.
The information system: Too big and growing
Authors: Schultz Louise
Published: June 2007

Available equipment and procedures exhibit little prospect of coping successfully with the dynamic problems of information generation, transmission, and use created by the current scientific and technological “explosion.” Present attempts at devising new equipment and procedures are bogged in the basic problem—information is not satisfactorily disseminated to those who need it. The discrepancy is the more obvious because the techniques and devices being discovered and developed—those of automatic information processing—are based on principles derived from and applied in a broad range of scientific disciplines. Merging the efforts of many disciplines and universally using the results depend upon effective intercommunication. ADI is urged to accept the broadest possible responsibility for cross‐disciplinary intercommunication in all aspects of the Information System.
Methods of disseminating scientific information, and science information activities in the USSR
Authors: Tareev Boris M.
Published: June 2007

[The following is a slightly condensed and consolidated translation of two papers, “Research Journals as a Means of Disseminating Scientific Information” and “Organization of Scientific Information Activities in the Soviet Union and the Methods Used in the Preparation of the Referativnyi Zhurnal (Abstract Journal) at the Institute of Scientific Information of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR” by Professor B. M. Tareev, Chief Editor of Rererativnyi Zhurnal—Elektrotekhnika i Energetika (Abstract Journal— Electrical and Power Engineering) of the Institute of Scientific Information of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. These papers were prepared for the Section of Scientific Information of the Tenth Pacific Science Congress, August 1961, Honolulu, Hawaii].
Machinelike indexing by people
Authors: Montgomery Christine , Swanson Don R.
Published: June 2007

A study of several thousand entries in a classified bibliography of article titles (the Index Medicus) revealed that a large proportion of the title entries contained words identical to or synonymous with words of the corresponding subject heading. It is inferred that a major part of the bibliography studied could have been compiled by a machine procedure operating on titles alone, provided the machine were supplied with a suitable synonym dictionary.
An analysis of soviet metallurgical literature
Authors: Westbrook J. H. , Peat A. J.
Published: June 2007

Analysis of five metallurgical abstract series provides information on the extent of Soviet contribution to the literature, its distribution by fields, the media in which it appears, and the laboratories from which it evolves. It is observed that the Soviets publish about a quarter of the world's metallurgical literature, that this literature is not thoroughly abstracted or translated by Western agencies, and that a few hundred highly prolific Soviet authors, concentrated in a relatively small group of laboratories, are responsible for a large fraction of the Soviet metallurgical literature.
A model for the study of scientific communications
Authors: Chapin Richard E. , Shilling Charles W.
Published: June 2007

The process and compexity of scientific communication is presented in graphic form. A plan is presented for the development of a library network involving the National Agricultural Library and a selected group of libraries of land‐grant colleges. The proposal is to cover the entire literature in the field of biology and agriculture by the method of each library assuming responsibility for a collection in depth in a given special subject area, and then, through an AIBS central clearing house, furnishing information and actual articles to all participating libraries.
Computer requirements for inverted coordinate indexes
Authors: Costello John C.
Published: June 2007

The use of computers for processing coordinate indexes creates a number of operational limitations and constraints which very realistically can reduce or eliminate the obvious advantages. The pros and cons are presented in such a way that they may be applied as guides by those who are about to “mechanize.” The discussion is limited to principles which may be applied to computers in general, and no specific types of computers are considered.
A generalized computer method for index production
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Schwartz Phyllis A.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents block diagrams for the process of Index‐making by computer, as well as explanatory text, based on experience in the application of the diagram to the production of two different indexes. The method described is called a generalized method because, first of all, its presentation is in general terms, and secondly, because its property of generality makes it suitable to a “first‐cut” analysis of a great variety of index‐making applications. More detailed flow charts for two different applications (one of them proposed) of the generalized method are given, as well as a diagram for combining an information retrieval system with a system for index production.
A note on descriptors
Authors: Jaster Josephine J.
Published: June 2007

A curious inconsistency in the contention that descriptors are different from Uniterms is described. In the actual operation of a descriptor system, Uniterms play an important, if not critical, role. In fact, the descriptor itself is dispensable, its sole purpose being to code Uniterms.
Maximum‐depth indexing for computer retrieval of english language data
Authors: Simmons Robert F. , McConlogue Keren L.
Published: June 2007

One of the simplest and yet most powerful methods for organizing natural language data for deep retrieval is the complete index. Such an index completely characterizes a text corpus for computer retrieval operations without prohibitive cost in space or time. A general‐purpose indexer that has been programmed for the IBM 7090 is described and discussed. This system, starting with unedited English text, produces an index of all or any subset of words in that text. For each word indexed, the volume, chapter, paragraph, and sentence number for each of its occurrences in the text is cited. Words with the same root, such as farmer and farming, are cross referenced to each other. Words that are almost precisely synonymous such as Britain and England are also cross referenced. Uses of the index for finding information relevant to answering English questions are briefly described.
Roles and links—or forward to cutter
Authors: Artandi Susan , Hines Theodore C.
Published: June 2007

Modifications and changes introduced by users since the introduction of the Uniterm System of Coordinate Indexing by Mortimer Taube in 1952 are discussed in this paper. Many of these modifications and changes seem to represent a movement toward conventional specific subject heading and indexing techniques in the choice of entries, although this is obscured by the terminology. The authors suggest that conventional terminology be used where it is applicable, that the literature has largely concerned the method of choice of subject entry words rather than the principle of bibliographic coordination, and that users of the system might have profited by more direct comparison of their work with conventional techniques derived from Cutter's work of 1876.
Labor costs, conversion costs, and compatibility in document control systems
Authors: Lipetz Ben‐Ami
Published: June 2007

Manpower limitations in libraries may be overcome to a large extent by using machines in the creation and processing of the various related families of records. However, conversion of existing collections of records to a machine‐usable medium requires human labor, the thing to be conserved. Gradual conversion from manual to machine record systems without impairment of service may be achieved by preparing new records in manual and machine‐usable media simultaneously. Design of the input format is of critical importance in determining the capabilities and equipment cost of the ultimate machine system. A description is given of techniques and special equipment which have been developed for simultaneous production of manual and machine‐usable book cataloging records as a first step in introducing a machine record system in a major scientific research library.
An analysis of output costs and procedures for an operational searching service
Authors: Overmyer La Vahn
Published: June 2007

For more than two years the Center for Documentation and Communication Research of Western Reserve University has been actively engaged in operating the American Society for Metals Documentation Service. Since this has been a new venture in information retrieval, it is thought to be of sufficient interest to others to justify a report on our cost and operational experiences thus far. Five previous reports prepared under grant number G‐10338 for the National Science Foundation have been concerned primarily with the ‘input’ portion of an information retrieval system. Although this is the sixth in the series, it is the first to report specifically on the ‘output,’ i.e., the provision of answers to questions by means of machine searching. It discusses in detail the procedures and costs of conducting searches, and it exposes several of the important but not easily predicted variables which affect the entire cost structure. Unlike Report No. IV, which analyzed the ‘input’ costs of the Service and formulated a final figure of $6.503 per abstract, Report No. VI presents ranges of costs which are applicable only to given situations. Future papers will expand on the phases of ‘output’ which are mentioned only briefly here and will report on the progress made in improving and refining procedures and in establishing a more compact cost structure.
Criteria for acceptable abstracts: A survey of abstracters' instructions
Authors: Borko Harold , Chatman Seymour
Published: June 2007

The need for criteria by which to judge the adequacy of an abstract is felt most strongly when evaluating machine‐produced abstracts. In order to develop a set of criteria, a survey was conducted of the instructions prepared by various scientific publications as a guide to their abstracters in the preparation of copy. One‐hundred‐and‐thirty sets of instructions were analyzed and compared as to their function, content, and form. It was concluded that, while differences in subject matter do not necessarily require different kinds of abstracts, there are significant variations between the informative and the indicative abstracts. A set of criteria for the writing of an acceptable abstract of science literature was derived. The adequacy of these criteria is still to be validated, and the authors' plans for future research in this area are specified.
Resources of foreign scientific literature: Acquisition on a national scale
Authors: Orne Jerrold
Published: June 2007

Beginning with the premise that information, like education, is a group responsibility rather than an individual one, a brief historical summary moves swiftly to the present‐day framework which serves information to the country.

The current acquisition of information on a national scale requires the participation of federal agencies, academic institutions, commercial enterprise, and individuals. Up to this time, the possibilities for coordinating the efforts of all these diverse sources are not a national systematic program. Even now it is not practical to regiment such diverse parts into a cohesive whole. Nevertheless, there have been recent indications of implicit recognition of the federal responsibility for leadership in this field. Equally important are new, coordinated efforts by groups of academic institutions, by growing numbers of commercial sources, and even by ever‐greater numbers of individuals through their professional associations, each to carry its proper measure of the full load.

A plea is made for calm and logical planning by all together in the common interest of assuring full availability, by using carefully articulated physical decentralization with centralized bibliographic control.
The new “termatrex” line of I.R. Systems—the “Minimatrex” line of I.R. Systems
Authors: Jonker Frederick
Published: June 2007

In 1960, Jonker Business Machines introduced the first model of its Termatrex line of I.R. equipment. Since then, a number of new Termatrex systems have been added. At present, a new line, the Minimatrex line, is being introduced. This article describes the complete line of Termatrex equipment and the line of Minimatrex equipment. Both the Termatrex and Minimatrix lines can be integrated with conventional punched card systems, computers, and microform document stores. Also described in this article is the integration of the conventional data‐processing equipment and the Termatrex and Minimatrex “inverted Data Processing” equipment.
Citation indexes in sociological and historical research
Authors: Garfield Eugene
Published: June 2007

The use of citation data in the computer construction of historical network diagrams is proposed. A new “critical path method” of evaluating the impact of individual scientific discoveries is described as well as a “critical impact” factor which measures the arborization of specific papers or ideas through the subsequent literature. The danger of indiscriminate. unqualified use of quantitative citation data in sociological evaluations is emphasized. However, citation indexes do make thorough qualitative evaluations possible by providing a practical tool for locating subsequent criticisms of particular papers by specified authors.
Use of meta‐language in information retrieval systems
Authors: Goffman W. , Verhoeff J. , Belzer Jack
Published: June 2007

This article attempts to point out the usefulness of meta‐language in designing information retrieval systems. In its three sections, it first, sets the stage for the introduction of the meta‐language concept with general remarks on information retrieval systems.

Second, it discusses meta‐language in general. Last, it considers certain theoretical implications pointing to the implementation of meta‐language in literature‐searching systems.
Direct documentation, analogue documentation, and information‐retrieval
Authors: Schweizer Robert F. E.
Published: June 2007

Definitions are given of documentation and information‐retrieval. Attention has been given especially to the analogue side of documentation, with emphasis on the need to keep man out of documentation as much as possible. Transducing has been indicated without having been explained. Keywords in Context with compliments to Mr. H. P. Luhn.: Documentation, Information‐retrieval, man, language, machine, analogue, transducing, document, data, information.
A technique for determining index requirements
Authors: Jahoda G.
Published: June 2007

Three basic types of subject indexes, the alphabetic subject index, the hierarchically classified index and the coordinate index, were examined for similarities and differences. Differences dependent upon type of index were determined to be: (1) number of steps required to get at identifications of potentially pertinent documents, and (2) specificity of access point and number of concepts in a search heading. These differences were used to formulate types of searches best answered by a particular type of index. Index requirements of an internal reports collection were then determined by translating 142 subject searches of this collection into types of searches best answered by each of the three types of indexes.
A survey on the information practices of engineers at western electric
Authors: Levy N. P.
Published: June 2007

A stratified random sample of engineers by vertical classification (engineers, occupational engineers and senior engineers), from locations thought to be representative of all locations in the Company, were asked to complete a survey on Company information practices. Through the use of statistical tests and analyses of the trends of the data, it can now be assumed that the engineers, regardless of vertical engineering classification or location, are similar in respect to their technical information activities and needs. Furthermore, we determined the information activities and needs of engineers and adequacy of the information facilities. Based on the results of the survey, we established that a Company‐Wide Technical Information Storage and Retrieval System is needed at Western Electric. Such a system should keep the engineer informed on what he needs to know and reduce the amount of unknown duplication of effort.
Correlation of indexing headings and title words in three medical indexing systems
Authors: O'Connor John
Published: June 2007

The Montgomery‐Swanson study of Index Medicus heading‐title correlations is discussed. Some presently unanswered questions relevant to practical use of their automatic indexing technique are indicated. Contrasted with the 86% heading‐title correlation figure which they found for Index Medicus are the following ranges (based on small samples): Index‐Handbook of Cardiovascular Agents: 19‐45%; Merck Sharp and Dohme Retrieval System: 40‐68%; NIH Research Grants Index: 13‐39%.
Index‐abstract evaluation and design
Authors: Delucia Al
Published: June 2007

A brief description of the program of Abstracting and Indexing Design and Evaluation being carried out in the Information Processing Laboratory of the Rome Air Development Center. The objectives of the program are the definition of use and the determination of significant variables in the design of indexing and abstracting systems.
Machine compilation and editing of printed alphabetical subject indexes
Authors: Slamecka Vladimir
Published: June 2007

By defining and isolating certain generic relationships between index terms as invariably valid for all documents in a collection, the items under such “formally related” terms may be manipulated to produce automatically printed alphabetical subject indexes, tailor‐made for the volume of information they contain. The technique rapidly generates single‐issue and cumulative subject indexes having approximately constant “optimum” average numbers of items under given terms. A cross reference structure is produced automatically and individually for each index. Some implications of the technique for cooperative indexing are discussed.
Chemical documents and their titles: Human concept indexing vs. KWIC‐machine indexing
Authors: Ruhl Mary Jane
Published: June 2007

The machine‐produced, key‐word‐in‐context title index was introduced as a temporary bridge between current literature and its indexes. Due to the lower cost and more rapid production, some researchers might substitute these indexes for the conventional ones, but valuable research findings might be lost if titles omit important descriptive words. Comparing the indexing of the same documents in Chemical Titles and Chemical Abstracts Subject Index shows that more than half of the titles included all concepts, or their equivalents, as indexed by Chemical Abstracts. However, in many cases, more definitive titles might have been assigned to the documents. Authors and editors must continue to upgrade their titles by examining each title word. Does each word define some aspect of the report? Have words been included in the title to describe, as nearly as possible, each important new development reported?
Effective information‐searching strategies without “perfect” indexing
Authors: Tritschler R. J.
Published: June 2007

Computer searching of an information file offers significant advantages over manual searching when it can utilize strategies that are impractical for a human searcher to use. This paper examines several existing strategies, and then suggests that increased emphasis be placed on one that is relatively tolerant of “imperfect” indexing. Since “perfect” indexing does not exist, such a strategy would have considerable value. The general procedure consists of counting the number of search‐matched index terms and then calculating a relevance factor for each item found, thus enabling the final search‐output listing to be prepared in order of probable relevance. This technique is essentially the same as the strategy used successfully in such diverse tasks as identifying criminal suspects by their modus operandi, selecting suitable gifts for department store shoppers, and locating misspelled names in an airlines reservation file.
A novel index tailored to plastics specialists
Authors: Anzalone Alfred M. , Brokars Carol A. , Cohn Gunther
Published: June 2007

Specialists at the Plastics Technical Evaluation Center needed a retrieval tool in their field of technology. An index was developed which consists of a list of precoordinated subject terms, machine arranged and printed. The index is property and use oriented. In contrast with uniterms, coordinated terms have fewer postings per term; hence, desired indexing depth can be achieved with only about eight postings per document. We believe this type of index to be ideal for limited collections. It is speedy and economical. However, vocabulary control needs refinement.
Indexing and dependency logic for answering english questions
Authors: Simmons Robert F. , Klein Sheldon , McConlogue Keren
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a computer system which uses a combination of coordinate indexing and structure matching techniques to extract from English questions many criteria which can be used for selecting and recognizing answers. A complete index of all content words in text is first searched to find information‐rich statements which may be answers to the question. Each of these statements is then dependency analyzed to determine if the words (or synonyms) which correspond to question words maintain the dependency relations holding in the question. A simple semantic evaluation of structurally acceptable answers follows. A human editor working with the computer system helps to resolve syntactic ambiguities which are otherwise a major stumbling block in question‐answering systems.
A proposed improvement in the printing of chemical structures, which results in their complete computer codes
Authors: Feldman Alfred
Published: June 2007

The traditional vehicle for the dissemination of information is and has been the printed page. Chemistry, however, has been notoriously refractory to modern printing techniques. In the following, we are proposing an improved method for composing chemical structures on typesetting machines. Besides its advantages in the printing process, this method will produce, as an automatic byproduct, coded tapes of the printed structures, which may be used for chemical information retrieval by computer.
Methodology for the comparative analysis of information storage and retrieval systems: A critical review
Authors: Klempner Irving M.
Published: June 2007

Several studies extant utilizing the Historical, Normative Survey or Experimental Method for the comparative analysis of information storage and retrieval systems are critically reviewed. Indicated are evolutionary trends in the refinement of comparative analysis methodology and the need to utilize more than one research method for the analysis of a system's internal and external factors.
Measuring the reliability of subject classification by men and machines
Authors: Borko Harold
Published: June 2007

Procedures for measuring the consistency of document classification are described. Three subject specialists classified 997 abstracts of psychological reports into one of eleven categories. These abstracts were also mechanically classified by a computer program using a factor‐score computational procedure. Each abstract was scored for all categories and assigned to the one with the highest score. The three manual classifications were compared with each other and with the mechanical classifications, and a series of contingency coefficients was computed. The average reliability of manual classification procedures was equal to 870. The correlation between automatic and manual classification was .766.
Some clumping experiments for associative document retrieval
Authors: Dale A. G. , Dale N.
Published: June 2007

The paper describes a computational procedure for defining associations between words used to index a collection of documents. Using association structures generated by the procedure in a small document collection, a retrieval model is described and the results of trial retrievals are evaluated. The techniques described appear to be applicable in practice for retrieval in large collections.
A quantitative measure of user circulation requirements and its possible effect on stack thinning and multiple copy determination
Authors: Trueswell Richard W.
Published: June 2007

The strategy outlined in this article describes a possible aid to the librarian for thinning a library's stacks according to the criterion of user needs. The method uses the last circulation date as a parameter of user circulation requirements. The resulting stack collection would, by design, satisfy over 99 percent of the user circulation requirements and yet be of minimum size. Preliminary, but not yet fully validated research, indicates that the number of volumes in a library's holdings may be reduced by 60 to 70 percent and yet satisfy well over 99 percent of the user requirements. It may also be possible to determine which books should have multiple copies in order that user disappointment can be minimized. The effective result of this approach is that there now may be a quantitative method of maintaining the library's holdings at a reasonable level and, in addition, a reduction in the disappointment of the user who is unable to find the book he wants because of use by another.
Matching of question and answer terminology in an education research file
Authors: Tague Jean
Published: June 2007

The hypothesis that relevant answers in a computer output may be distinguished from peripherally relevant and nonrelevant answers by the relative frequency with which question words and other related terms match words in the title, abstract, and machine index to these answers is investigated, using a sample of 14 questions searched against a pilot information file for education research. The frequencies of (1) significant words of the question, (2) words related thesaurally to the question words by the semantic code, and (3) words added to the original statement by the question analyst as answer index terms are used to determine empirically a function indicating the indexing and evaluating effectiveness of each. Similarly, the frequencies of question words in titles, conventional abstracts, and machine indexes are used to compare the indexing and evaluating effectiveness of these three forms of index.
Improvement of the selectivity of citation indexes to science literature through inclusion of citation relationship indicators
Authors: Lipetz Ben‐Ami
Published: June 2007

Citation indexes to large bodies of science literature can often list far more citing references under the known cited reference than the user can afford the time to look up. By providing some additional information, beyond the minimal association of the citing reference with the cited reference, a citation index could provide the means for the user to select from a long list those citing references which are most relevant to his immediate search requirement. Means of providing this selectivity are discussed. Particular attention is given to the possibility of adding short codes to the citation entries which would be informative on the way in which the citing publication is operationally related to the cited one (this method is an integral feature of the Shepard's legal citations). A scheme of citation relationships of potential value to users of science literature is presented. These relationships were tested on a sampling of physics literature. The suggested categories include indicators of the relation of the citing reference to the scientific process in general, as well as indicators of its relationship to the cited reference in particular. Assignment of the categories to a citation requires the exercise of judgment, as in subject indexing, but does not involve the use of subject terminology. An illustration is provided of the application of citation relationship indicators to an excerpt from a citation index to physics literature.
Improvements in a permuted title index
Authors: Voress Hugh E.
Published: June 2007

Improvements in a computer‐prepared, permuted‐title index are described. The improvements include adding words to present titles or synthesizing new titles when insufficient keywords are provided in the title, positioning singular and plural words and word variants so that one follows the other, identifying and adding cross‐references where needed, and exceptional efforts in removing words that have no value for information retrieval. The index was prepared for a radiobiology bibliography.
Publication patterns of scientific serials
Authors: Bishop David , Milner Arnold L. , Roper Fred W.
Published: June 2007

American libraries are undertaking computer‐controlled inventories of serials holdings. Such automated records are posited on predictability of serials receipts. Publication patterns of serials, falling into 24 distinct classes and two further categories, are developed for machine‐based prediction and record updating. The relationship between publication patterns and frequency/dating systems is examined. The publication patterns listed are considered universally applicable to machine methods.
Information science and liberal education
Authors: Cheydleur Benjamin F.
Published: June 2007

The scale of activity in Information Science and Retrieval, unique in the twentieth century, is plotted by surveying three areas of impingement between professional people and information systems. The first testimony cites the momentum in a major scientific society with respect to the reorganization and automation of publication and retrieval. The second projects the state of the art in the time‐sharing of computer programs and files to the degree that the exchange of information is becoming a completely economic and critical tool for education, with man‐machine interfaces provided for students and professors alike. The third deals with the rapid progress in the realization of man‐interface conversation in nearly natural English format, made possible by sophisticated programs and hardware. The prognostication of the impact of these increasing capabilities on the deepest concerns and activities of mankind is sketched. The immediate availability throughout the world of all information files will engender continual review and evaluation in the scientific spirit that welcomes reexamination of any data without fear. In liberal education, there must be a responsibility to prepare minds for this regimen in the world of scholarship of the 1970's, but there must be a concomitant exhilaration of the young human spirit in the seeking of the total view and of a value system for the individuality in the universe.
The norms of citation behavior: Prolegomena to the footnote
Authors: Kaplan Norman
Published: June 2007

The publications explosion has focused renewed attention on the lowly footnote. While we are all at least partially aware of the technical functions of the citation for both the writer and the reader of the scientific paper, little is known about the norms operating in actual practice. Even less is known about the operating norms with respect to the more sociological functions, including the acknowledgement of intellectual debts or the conferral of recognition upon the works of others. This paper reviews the state of our knowledge, raises questions, and proposes suggestions and hypotheses for studying the relationships between footnoting practices among scientists and the social system of science.
Adaptive information dissemination
Authors: Sage C. R. , Anderson R. R. , Fitzwater D. R.
Published: June 2007

Computer dissemination of information offers significant advantages over manual dissemination because the computer can use strategies that are impractical and in some cases impossible for a human. This paper describes the Ames Laboratory Selective Dissemination of Information1 system with emphasis on the effectiveness of user feedback. The system will accept any document, abstract, keywords, etc., in a KWIC2 or Science Citation Index3‐Source format. User profiles consist of words or word clusters each with an initially assigned significance value. These values are used in making the decision to notify a user that he may be interested in a particular document. According to responses, the significance values are increased or decreased and quickly attain an equilibrium which accurately describes the user's interests. The system is economical compared to other existing SDI systems and human intervention is negligible except for adding and deleting profile entries.
An experiment in automatic indexing
Authors: Damerau Fred J.
Published: June 2007

This report describes a method of indexing documents which is based on the assumptions, (1) that a subset of the words in a document can be an effective index to that document and, (2) that this subject can be approximated by selecting those words from the document whose frequencies are statistically unexpectedly high. The results of the experiment are encouraging, although not definitive because any index set chosen must be tested by using it for retrieval from a large collection.