bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MATERNAL AND FETAL VENOUS PLASMA STEROIDS IN RELATION TO PARTURITION
Authors: Shearman Rodney P. , Jools N. D. , Smith Ian D.
Published: August 2005

This paper presents the results obtained from the study of Oestriol and pregnanediol in maternal peripheral venous plasma throughout normal pregnancy. Changes of oestriol pregnanediol and II‐hydroxysteroid levels throughout the day in late pregnancy were studied. The levels of these steroids found in maternal peripheral venous blood and umbilical venous blood in patients delivered normally and by elective Caesarean section have been compared.

The range of values of for plasma pregnanediol was to so large that furhter study had little to recommend it. In a relative sense there was good agreement between plasma oestriol and urinary 24‐hour oestriol excretion. There was no difference in fetal plasma levels of oestriol, pregnanediol or II‐hydroxysteroids when babies delivered vaginally were compared with those delivered by elective Caesarean section. The difference in maternal II‐hydroxysteroids in these two sitations approached significance.
SERIAL SERUM DIAMINE OXIDASE ESTIMATIONS IN NORMAL SINGLETON AND TWlN PREGNANCIES AND IN ABNORMAL PREGNANCIES
Authors: Ward Humphry , Whyley G. A. , Miller M. D.
Published: August 2005

Serum diamine oxidase was measured throughout pregnancy in 33 normal pregnancies and 133 women whose pregnancies were complicated. A specific and sensitive method was used. In normal pregnancy, the mean level rises sharply until 18 to 21 weeks, thereafter varying little. Because there is a wide scatter of normal values later in pregnancy, serial diamine oxidase has a restricted place as a placental function test. However, in abortion low or falling levels found. There is an appreciably higher level in twin pregnancy than in normal singleton pregnancies, whilst in the twin pregnancies with complications, the levels tended to fall within the range for normal singleton pregnancies.
ERYTHROCYTE VITAMIN B12 LEVELS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Harrison R. J.
Published: August 2005

In normal pregnant women vitamin B12 levels in erythrocytes tend to be subnormal despite a normal serum vitamin B12 and the absence of anaemia.
FETAL AND MATERNAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONCENTRATIONS AT DELIVERY AND POST PARTUM
Authors: Cochran T. E.
Published: August 2005

Concentrations of albumin and immunoglobulins G, A, and M, have been measured in paired maternal‐fetal sera obtained at vaginal delivery, elective Caesaren section and Caesarean section during labour. Maternal serum concentrations were also measured in the puerperium. The albumin level was significantly higher in cord than maternal serum in all groups, and the cord IgG concentration was significantly raised above the maternal level at vaginal delivery and Caesarean section during labour. A significant rise of cord above maternal serum IgG was evident following a short period in labour, and no further increase occured. Uterine activity of labour therefore appears to be associated with a specific maternofetal transfer of IgG. The fetus may maintain a higher serum albumin level than its mother even before the onset of labour. In infants delivered vaginally, IgM was present in all sera, but IgA was only detected in 32.5 per cent of cases. The puerperal IgA level was significantly higher than the level at delivery in patients who were breast feeding.
POSTPARTUM HAEMOLYTIC URAEMIC SYNDROME: CASE REPORT AND BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: Calvert G. D.
Published: August 2005

A 22‐year‐old woman developed postpartum acute renal failure due to intra‐renal intravascular coagulation. Treatment with heparin and streptokinase was unsuccessful. Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and persistent heart failure with probable cardiomyopathy were features of her illness, remitting with bilateral nephrectomy and a temporarily successful renal transplant.

The syndrome of postpartum haemolytic uraemia has recently been recognized. Its features, possible pathogenesis and treatment are discussed. The relevant literature is briefly reviewed. Theraphy with heparin has been successful in two reported cases.
THE USE OF DIAZEPAM AND HYDRALLAZINE IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Joyce D. N. , Kenyon V. G.
Published: August 2005

An intravenous infusion of diazapan and hydrallazine was given to 52 patients with severe pre‐eclampsia in labour. The results of this treatment have been compared with those from a similar group of patients treated with a lytic cocktail regime or rectal Avertin (tribromethanol). Diazepam and hydrallazine gave significantly better control of blood pressure than the lytic and Avertin regimes without producing any adverse reactions other than a tendency to hypothermia in the newborn. No patient developed eclampsia while being treated with diazepan and hydrallazine, but one patient had a fit while being treated with a lytic cocktail and had a further fit after subsequent Avertin treatment.
FETAL INTRAPERITONEAL PRESSURE CHANGES DURINGINTRAUTERINE TRANSFUSION
Authors: Holt E. M. , Boyd I. D. , Gillmer M. A. , Naylor C. J. , Thomas G.
Published: August 2005

The change in fetal intraperitoneal pressure during intrauterine transfusion was measured in 8 fetuses on 13 occasions. On 11 occasions a rise in pressure averaging 7 min. Hg was found. This was not thought to be sufficient to jeopardize the umbilical circulation seriously.
MALIGNANT DISEASE OF THE VULVA
Authors: Kelly John
Published: August 2005

One hundred and sixty‐four consecutive cases of malignant disease of the vulva have been analyzed with regard to their clinical features and treatment. Delay in seeking treatment or being referred to a specialist was common. The lesions were staged by three different methods and the classification proposed by the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (FIGO) showed the closest correlation with the five‐year survival rate. In general, vulvectomy with simultaneous bilateral inguinal and femoral lymphadenectomy is the treatment of choice but the extent of the operation should be tailored to the individual patient. With a small lesion (less than 2 cm. in diameter) and in the absence of suspiciously enlarged lymph nodes in the groin a more limited procedure might be justified particularly if the patient is a poor surgical risk. In the few cases with spread of neoplasm to the vatina or anus, pelvic lymphadenectomy will be indicated and possibly some from of exenteration.
ASSESSMENT OF REDUCTION IN THE VOLUME OF LIQUOR AMNII
Authors: Barnes J. S. , Hamlett J. D. , Hibbard B. M. , Randle G. H.
Published: August 2005

Liquor volume studies were made on 96 women in late pregnancy. Assessment of the amount of liquor by clinical observation and amnioscopy were compared with measurements of volume made by using a radio‐isotope dilution technique. Technical difficulties prevented completion of the latter investigation in 13 cases. When the measured liquor volume was normal (≥500 ml.) a correct prediction was made in 39 of 53 (74 per cent) cases by abdominal palpation and in 41 of 53 (77 per cent) cases by amnioscopy.

When the measured liquor volume was reduced (<500 ml.) a correct prediction was made by abdominal palpation in 8 of 30 (27 per cent) cases and by amnioscopy in 18 of 30 (60 per cent) cases.

Abdominal palpation is an unreliable method of detecting a reduction in liquor volume. Although amnioscopy is more reliable it gives rise to false consclusions in up to per cent cases.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF BLIGHTED OVUM BY SONAR
Authors: Donald Ian , Morley Patricia , Barnett Ellis
Published: August 2005

The outcome of 141 cases of bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy has been correlated wit the findings obtained at the first and subsequent ultrasonic examinations. In 66 patients who aborted the ultrasonic appearances suggested a diagnosis of blighted ovum in 57. In 10 of the 75 patients in whom pregnancy continued the ultrasonic appearance was abnormal on at least one occasion.
FETAL HEART RATE PATTERNS FOLLOWING EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA AND OXYTOCIN INFUSION DURING LABOUR
Authors: Schifrin BarryS.
Published: August 2005

By direct continuous electronic monitoring 360 fetuses were observed for cardiac decelerations occurring late in the uterine contraction cycle during labour in four maternal treatment groups. Neither epidural anaesthesia nor oxytocin stimulation was used in 119 patients (Group A); oxytocin stimulation with other forms of anaesthesia was used in 41 patients (Group B); epidural anaesthesia without oxytocin in 135 patients (Group C); and the combination of epidural anaesthesia and oxytocin stimulation in 65 patients (Group D). The frequency of uteroplacental insufficiency (Hon, 1967), patterns in Group A was 16.8 per cent; Group B, 26.8 per cent; Group C, 24.4 per cent and Group D, 40 per cent.

When a fall in maternal systolic blood pressure of greater than 20 mm. Hg occurred during epidural anaesthesia, 72 per cent of fetuses developed utero‐placental insufficiency patterns. When uterine hypertonus developed during oxytocin infusion 50 per cent of fetuses, including 5 of 7 fetuses subjected to tetanic contractions, developed late decelerations.

Most fetuses who developed late decelerations had normal heart rate patterns before treatment. Control of oxytocin infusion and correction of hypotension by maternal hydration and avoidance of the supine position were usually accompanied by improvement in these ominous fetal heart rate patterns. There was no difference in neonatal outcome among the various treatment groups.
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BENIGN STROMATOSIS OF THE OVARY
Authors: Hughesdon P. E.
Published: August 2005

A lesion consisting of isolated foci of endometrial stroma in the ovarian cortex is discribed. These become common from about the age of 40 years, although they are sometimes present earlier, and effect more than a third of all ovaries. Evidence is offered that these foci develop from the implantation of endometrial stromal cells shed during menstraution and probably at other times. When deprived of their blood supply these cells some to resemble a cluster of histiocytes or serosal cells, and they migrate in this from through the uterine tube to the ovarian surface. Here they become revascularized to resume their familiar form of a loose but cellular network, forming islands in the ovarian cortex. The component cells may then evolve into histiocytes, decidual cells or smooth muscel, but most lesions become hyaline with loss of cellularity and the formation of elastic tissue. Such lesions are very common and are found in most ovaries from patients over the age of 45 years. The term “benign stromatosis” is proposed for this lesion which probably forms the basis of ectopic decidual reactions and some forms of ovarian pathology.
FEMALE GENITAL INFECTION WITH TRIC AGENTS IN A TRACHOMATOUS POPULATION
Authors: Shaaban MamdouhM. , Shokeir AbdorrhmanA. , Wasfy IsmailA. , Al‐Hussaini M.Khalaf
Published: August 2005

TRIC agents were isolated by egg culture from the genital tract of 10 women out of 41 studied. Four isolates were obtained from 24 women having evident cervical or vaginal lesions, 3 from 6 mothers of infants with ophthalmia neonatorum due to TRIC agents, and 3 from 11 women without evident gynaecological abnormality. There was one case of carcinoma of the cervix and TRIC agents were demonstrated in her cervical scraping by both egg culture and the finding of inclusion bodies.
PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATIONS AS AN INDEX OF OVULATION AND CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION IN NORMAL AND GONADOTROPHIN‐STIMULATED MENSTRUAL CYCLES
Authors: Black W. P. , Martin B. T. , Whyte W. G.
Published: August 2005

The occurrence of ovulation cab be deduced and corpus luteum function assessed in spontaneous and gonadotrophin‐induced menstrual cycles by appropriately timed plasma progesterone estimations. A screening procedure is suggested for the selection of suspect menstrual cycles requiring more detailed study of the luteal phase.
BLOOD COAGULATION STUDIES DURING EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
Authors: Chadd M. A. , Gray O. P. , Hole D. J.
Published: August 2005

Blood coagulation before and after exchange transfusion in babies affected by haemolytic disease of the newborn has been studied. Coagulation defects may be present at the end of an exhange transfusion; they include severe thrombocytopenia and prolonged kaolin cephalin clotting times. The platelet count often remains low for several days. There is a rise in plasminogen levels during the exchange transfusion. Infants who have a severe consumption coagulopathy may be improved, however, by a exchange transfusion.
STERILIZATION BY POSTERIOR COLPOTOMY
Authors: John A. Howard , Dunster GeoffreyD.
Published: August 2005

The technique for sterilization by posterior colpotomy and the Pomeroy method is described. The operation was attempted in 128 cases and was successful in 123. The main cause of failure was gross obesity. The main advantage over abdominal sterilization is the relatively trivial postoperative pain and the short duration of hospital stay (3.3 days compared with 7.2 days for abdominal sterilization).
FREE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF HUMAN AMNIOTIC FLUID AT TERM
Authors: Cockburn F. , Giles M. , Robins S. P. , Forfar J. O.
Published: August 2005

Patterns of free amino acid concentrations in maternal venous plasma, umbilical arterial plasma, fetal urine, amniotic fluid and neonatal urine from eight infants delivered at term by elective Caesarean section before the onset of labour were determined. Concentrations of amino acids were in general greater in fetal plasma than in maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, fetal urine and neonatal urine. There was little correlation between amniotic fluid amino acid composition and the composition of fetal urine, fetal plasma or maternal plasma. Urine excreted during the first 24 hours after birth had a higher osmolality and greater amino acid concentrations than fetal urine in the bladder at the time of delivery. When compared with the urine in the bladder of fetuses delivered at 15 to 20 weeks, fetal urine at term has a lower osmolality and a different amino acid composition which is partially explained by reduced fetal plasma amino acid concentrations in later pregnancy and by alterations in the endogenous renal clearance of some amino acids.
SERUM SEROMUCOID LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH PREVIOUS SEVERE PRE‐ECLAMPSIA OR ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Good W. , Jenkins D. M. , Collins M. C. , Cumberbatch K. N.
Published: August 2005

The levels of serum seromucoid were determined in 16 patients who had severe preeclampsia or eclampsia in their last pregnancy, 6 to 24 months previously. In about one‐third of these patients the serum seromucoid levels fell within the normal, non‐pregnant range, while in the remaining two‐thirds, the serum seromucoid level was above normal. The results suggest that pre‐eclampsia or eclampsia could be due to two disease states of different aetiology. Alternatively, the severity of the condition may be related to serum seromucoid level. The immunological implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
CITRIC ACID IN AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Anteby S. O. , Zukerman H. , Gedelia I. , Weistreich V.
Published: August 2005

Citric acid concentration in amniotic fluid decreases progressively with advancing pregnancy.
THE EFFECT OF INTRA‐AMNIOTIC OESTRIOL SULPHATE ON UTERINE CONTRACTILITY AT TERM
Authors: Klopper Arnold , Farr Valerie , Dennis K. John
Published: August 2005

A double blind trial of the effect of oestriol sulphate on myometrial contractility was performed on 20 post‐mature primigravidae. One half were given oestriol sulphate by intra‐amniotic injection and the others the solvent vehicle only. The effect of these injections on spontaneous uterine activity was observed for four hours. The membranes were then ruptured and recordings of uterine contractions were made for a further five hours in order to determine whether pre‐treatment with oestriol affected the response of the uterus to rupture of the membranes. The oestrogen‐treated group did not differ from the placebo group either in endogenous activity or in response to rupture of the membranes.
BRACHIAL PALSY
Authors: Tan K. L.
Published: August 2005

Brachial palsy is caused by traction injury to the brachial plexus during delivery. The present study demonstrates the very high incidence in breech deliveries if the Mauriceau‐Smellie‐Veit manoeuvre is used. This method should be abandoned in favour of forceps delivery for the aftercoming head.
A FRESH LOOK AT PREGNANCY HEARTBURN
Authors: Atlay R. D. , Gillison E. W. , Horton A. L.
Published: August 2005

Recent surveys on pregnancy heartburn in Sheffield and Liverpool, and Chicago, U.S.A., have shown the incidence to be similar in both countries, and that it occurred in about two‐thirds of all pregnancies analyzed. Negro women suffered from this symptom as much as Caucasian women, though it occurred later in the pregnancy in the former group. Using a radiological test, a significant association was found between the symptom of heartburn and incompetence of the pyloric sphincter.
THE RESULTS OF SCREENING BY CERVICAL CYTOLOGY AND OF HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF GYNAECOLOGICAL OPERATION SPECIMENS
Authors: Lederer H. , Lambourne A.
Published: August 2005

Results of cervical cytology during a five‐year period 1966 to 1970 in a District Hospital serving a population of about 250,000 (84,000 of which are women over 25 years of age) are reviewed and analyzed. In all, 44,201 cervical smears were examined. The incidence of Grade IV and Grade III smears was 0.55 and 0.48 per cent respectively, and a false negative error rate of 12 per cent and much higher false positive rates were obtained. In addition, a report is made on the results of histological examination of 3,486 operation specimens. A high rate of residual malignancy was found in patients who had a cone biopsy of the cervix for invasive or in situ carcinoma.
EFFECT OF DYDROGESTERONE (DUPHASTON) ON HAEMOSTASIS AND LIVER FUNCTION
Authors: Vermylen J. , Verstraete M. , Brosens I.
Published: August 2005

Measurements of blood coagulability and liver function parameters were made on alternate weeks in 14 young unmarried female volunteers for two months before and for three months during fortnightly intramuscular injections of 100 mg. of dydrogesterone (Duphaston Depot). No difference, significant at the 5 per cent level, was found for the following: fibrinogen, the prothrombin‐proconvertin complex, factor VII, factor X, partial thromboplastin time with or without previous kaolin activation, euglobulin lytic activity, antiplasmin, platelet count, collagen induced platelet aggregation or platelet adhesiveness to a glass bead column. A small but statistically significant reduction of factor VIII and plasminogen was noted in association with dydrogesterone administration. No significant difference of serum glutamic pyruvic or serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminases levels or of thymol and zinc sulphate turbidity tests was observed between the samples taken before and during dydrogesterone administration. A slight but statistically significant reduction of alkaline phosphatase and of total bilirubin was, however, noted.
INFLUENCE OF THE PROGESTOGENIC COMPONENT OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ON TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM
Authors: Rose D. P. , Adams P. W. , Strong R.
Published: August 2005

Patients taking 0.05 mg. of ethinyl oestradiol and 2.5 mg. of lynestrenol (Minilyn) showed, at most, only a mild rise in xanthurenic acid excretion in urine, while very marked rises in xanthurenic acid secretion were found in patients taking 0.05 mg. of ethinyl oestradiol with 1 mg. of norethisterone (Minovlar), or 3 mg. of norethisterone (Gynovlar) or 1 mg. of ethynodiol diacetate (Ovulen 50). Patients taking 0.05 mg. of mestranol with 1 mg. of norethisterone (Norinyl 1) showed a smaller rise in the urinary excretion of kynurenine or 3‐hydroxykynurenine than did those taking Minovlar.
SENSITIVITY OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Authors: Paredes F. R. , Hawkins D. F.
Published: August 2005

The trichomonacidal activities in vitro of six drugs were compared using strains of Trichomonas vaginalis freshly isolated from patients. Metronidazole, nitrimidazine and nifuratel were all active in concentrations of the order of 1 μg./ml. Amphotericin B, a mixture of polyethylene glycols, and natamycin was much less active. Three out of ten strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were resistant to 1 mg./ml. of natamycin. Since nitrimidazine and nifuratel are less therapeutically effective than metronidazole, it is possible that some substance in vaginal tissues or secretion tends to protect the organisms against these drugs.
RETROPERITONEAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Authors: Hall J. St. Elmo , Harris M. , Levy R. C. , Walrond E. R.
Published: August 2005

A case of retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy is described.
A RECONSIDERATION OF THE SECRETORY FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN ENDOMETRIUM
Authors: Datnow A. D.
Published: August 2005

Data concerning endometrial secretory activity are reviewed in relation to synthesis, storage and release during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. It is concluded, contrary to current thinking, that both production and release of secretions are greatly reduced as progesteronal activity is established and that the major changes observed in the post‐ovulatory endometrium result from retention of small quantities of secretion. Consideration is given to the implications of this new concept.
STUDIES OF NOCTURIA IN NORMAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Parboosingh J. , Doig A.
Published: August 2005

Observations were made on mean urine flow and the urinary excretion of total solute, sodium, potassium, urea and glucose in a 24 hour study and in an overnight study, each involving 100 pregnant and 100 non‐pregnant women. The findings reveal that the major cause of nocturnal frequency of micturition in the first and second trimesters is an increase in overnight urine flow, the increment being large in comparison with the change in 24 hour output. Overnight sodium excretion was also raised and was mainly responsible for the increase in urine flow. There was a reduction in the overnight excretion of urea relative to total solute excretion in the first and second trimesters and an absolute reduction in both overnight and 24 hour urea excretion in the third trimester; the significance of this observation is discussed. In a survey of 873 pregnant patients, the incidence of nocturia in the first, second and third trimesters was respectively 58, 57 and 66 per cent. Although the increment in mean overnight urine flow was smallest in the third trimester, measurements of urine voiding volumes suggest that in late pregnancy a decrease in functional bladder capacity is an additional cause of nocturia.
DISTRIBUTION OF PARENTERAL AMPICILLIN AND CEPHALOSPORINS IN LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Stewart K. S. , Shafi M. , Andrews J. , Williams J. D.
Published: August 2005

When ampicillin is given by intramuscular injections at six‐hourly intervals to pregnant women, it reaches levels in the fetus which are almost one‐third of the maternal levels. The delay in reaching the liquor amnii is less than after oral administration of antibiotic and after four to six hours reaches 4 μg. per ml. There is no evidence of accumulation with repeated dosage. Cephaloridine behaves in a similar manner to ampicillin and there is no evidence of accumulation in the fetus. Cephalothin produced short‐lived high levels in the maternal serum but in the liquor amnii levels of 4 μg. per ml. were reached very rapidly and sustained. Only small quantities of cephalothin were found in the fetus and it is considered that this was related to the route of administration. The findings suggest that when ampicillin, cephaloridine or cephalothin are used to treat severe intrauterine infections during labour, both the intravenous and intramuscular routes of administration should be used as the former quickly give high levels of antibiotic in liquor amnii, while the latter give sustained levels in the fetus.
A COMPARISON OF ORAL PROSTAGLANDIN E2 AND INTRAVENOUS SYNTOCINON IN THE INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Authors: Kelly John , Flynn Anna M. , Bertrand Philip V.
Published: August 2005

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was administered by mouth to induce labour in 49 patients. A similar number of matched controls were induced by Syntocinon intravenously. PGE2 was successful in 47 patients and Syntocinon in 46. There was no significant difference between the two groups for the induction to delivery interval, for the Apgar scores of the babies at one and five minutes, or for the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage. The resting uterine tone, frequency of uterine contractions and incidence of inco‐ordinate uterine activity were, however, all significantly greater in the Syntocinon group. Vomiting and diarrhoea appeared to be more common in the patients induced with PGE2 but no statistical comparison was possible because these side effects were only specifically recorded in the patients in the PGE2 series. The greater incidences of pyrexia and acetonuria in the Syntocinon group were not statistically significant.
THE ACTION OF SHEEP PROLACTIN ON HUMAN FALLOPIAN TUBES IN VITRO
Authors: Mugambi M. , Mati J. K. G. , Manku M. S.
Published: August 2005

Sheep prolactin at a concentration of 10 μg./ml. significantly reduces spontaneous activity of human Fallopian tubes in vitro. This effect may be of importance in the migration of the ovum through the Fallopian tube.
FETAL HEART MONITORING DURING INTRAUTERINE TRANSFUSION
Authors: Brown Robert , Robertson Euan G.
Published: August 2005

Experience with fetal heart monitoring during intrauterine transfusion has led to the introduction of modifications in the technique of transfusion. A fall in the fetal heart rate during transfusion was an ominous sign and if this was not correctible by the methods outlined fetal death occurred. Whilst the severity of the disease process is a major feature contributing to the fetal outcome, careful control and supervision of the intrauterine transfusion seemed to improve the prognosis. The stillbirth rate in this series was 35 per cent and the neonatal death rate was 8.1 per cent.
THE MANAGEMENT OF ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
Authors: Lunan C. Burnett
Published: August 2005

The management of abruptio placentae at the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital over the five years 1966 to 1970 has been reviewed. There were 379 cases in 29,456 deliveries representing an incidence of 1.3 per cent or 1 in 78 deliveries. The overall perinatal mortality was 38 per cent and there was one maternal death. The perinatal loss related to prematurity and clot size was examined as well as the loss of fetuses which were alive on admission to hospital. Nineteen babies were probably saved by Caesarean section but 13 babies, weighing over 2000 g. and with clinical evidence of fetal distress died in uteroand might have been saved by abdominal delivery. A 4.4 per cent incidence of fetal abnormality was noted. The role of fetal monitoring and Caesarean section are briefly discussed.
EVIDENCE THAT FETAL LUNG FLUID AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS PASS INTO AMNIOTIC FLUID IN LATE HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Biggs J. S. G. , Gaffney T. J. , McGeary Heather M.
Published: August 2005

Estimates of fetal maturity by measurement of amniotic fluid phospholipids are based on the belief that there is passage of fetal respiratory tract fluid into the amniotic cavity, but there is little evidence of such a transfer. Analysis of serial samples of newly‐formed amniotic fluid has given new grounds for believing that the fetal lung contributes fluid and surface‐active lecithin to amniotic fluid in late human pregnancy. Sphingomyelin appears to have a different origin.
TUBAL STERILITY: PATENCY TESTS AND RESULTS OF OPERATION
Authors: Boyd Iain E. , Holt Edmund M.
Published: August 2005

Part I: Patency tests

The records were reviewed of 294 patients who had a laparoscopy or laparotomy following a hysterosalpingogram which showed tubal obstruction or peritubal adhesions. A single hysterosalpingogram seemed unreliable particularly in the diagnosis of intratubal block. Laparoscopy was a useful supplement to hysterosalpingogram and often demonstrated patency in tubes which radiologically had shown “fill but no spill”. Sometimes the site of tubal obstruction varied with the patency test employed.

Part II: Results of operation

In 197 patients there were 32 pregnancies, of which 10 were extrauterine. Success was related to the extent of tubal damage more than to operative technique or postoperative management.
METAPLASIA IN ENDOCERVICAL TISSUE MAINTAINED IN ORGAN CULTURE–AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
Authors: Fink C. G. , Thomas G. H. , Allen J. M. , Jordan J. A.
Published: August 2005

Endocervical columnar epithelium with stroma intact, was maintained in organ culture for up to ten days. Many explants showed a progressive dedifferentiation, pyknosis and eventual loss of columnar cells with a gradual replacement of these with metaplastic cells apparently of stromal origin. This was a progression of changes similar to squamous metaplasia seen in vivo. Studies of the surface characteristics of the cultured tissue, with the scanning electron microscope, showed a change of cell type from columnar cells with closely packed micro‐villi, to a flattened squamous type with interdigitating cell boundaries and a mixed surface structure of micro‐ridges and micro‐villi.

The significance of these results and the use of this organ culture system as a model in the study of the actiology of cervical malignancy is discussed.
A COMPARISON OF VACUUM ASPIRATION OF THE UTERUS AND CONVENTIONAL CURETTAGE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING
Authors: Mathews D. D. , Kakani A. , Bhattacharya A.
Published: August 2005

Outpatient vacuum aspiration of the uterus without anaesthesia was compared with conventional curettage in the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding. Vacuum aspiration was more effective in producing material for histological examination but was less often practicable than conventional curettage, and was less effective in the investigation of postmenopausal and prolonged bleeding. The apparent therapeutic effectiveness of the two procedures in non‐malignant cases is about equal. The factors limiting the scope of each procedure are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS LUMBAR EPIDURAL ANALGESIA ON THE ACID‐BASE STATUS OF MATERNAL ARTERIAL BLOOD DURING THE FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR
Authors: Pearson James F. , Davies Paul
Published: August 2005

The maternal arterial acid‐base status and arterial lactate concentrations were measured in parturient women before the onset of clinically detectable labour, at the beginning of the active phase of labour and at full dilatation of the cervix. Of the patients studied, 43 were provided with continuous lumbar epidural analgesia, and 30 were managed conventionally. Epidural analgesia was associated with less alteration in acid‐base status during the first stage of labour than was seen in suitable controls. The possible cause of this finding is discussed briefly.
THE EFFECT OF VAGINAL BLEEDING IN EARLY PREGNANCY ON THE INFANT BORN AFTER THE 28TH WEEK OF PREGNANCY
Authors: South Joanna , Naldrett Janet
Published: August 2005

A study has been made of 7824 mothers with singleton pregnancies. Of these 1226 had some vaginal bleeding before the 28th week of pregnancy. The mean birthweight of the babies was considerably reduced following bleeding in early pregnancy. The risk of premature labour and congenital abnormalities was greater in the women who bled between the 16th and 28th weeks of pregnancy. There was a significant rise in the proportions of light‐for‐dates babies born to mothers who bled before 28 weeks. The high perinatal mortality rate is discussed.
A STUDY OF PLACENTAL SIZE AND CHORIO‐AMNIONITIS IN A CONSECUTIVE SERIES OF HOSPITAL DELIVERIES
Authors: Pryse‐Davies J. , Beazley J. M. , Leach G.
Published: August 2005

Placental size and the incidence of chorio‐amnionitis was estimated in a consecutive series of 243 livebirths. Placental size did not vary significantly with the sex of the baby. Trimmed placental weight correlated with birthweight as did placental area and volume. The mean placental weight and standard deviation near term (38 to 43 weeks) was 489±97 g. and the mean ratio of placental weight to birthweight (the P/F ratio) was 14.6±2.3 per cent. The incidence of chorio‐amnionitis was 28 per cent and significantly related to prolongation of labour and the duration of ruptured membranes.
INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF YEAST SPECIES AND OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS IN THE VAGINA OF PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Hurley Rosalinde , Leask Barbara G. S. , Faktor J. A. , Ivy de Fonseka C.
Published: August 2005

This paper reports the distribution of yeast‐like fungi in 1538 of 6629 vaginal swabs sent for diagnosis of vulvovaginitis over a five‐year period, and compares it with the distribution obtaining in two groups of 1031 and 1085 women studied prospectively. C. albicans was isolated from approximately 95 per cent of yeast‐containing swabs taken from patients with symptoms or signs of vulvovaginitis and from 75 to 80 per cent of yeast‐containing swabs taken from patients being screened in an antenatal booking clinic. Torulopsis glabrata was isolated next most frequently. Only C. albicansandT. glabrata were associated with pruritus. The possible role of T. glabrata in the pathogenesis of mycotic vulvovaginitis is discussed.

Six per cent of 1031 women were found to harbour Trichomonas vaginalisand the Trichomonas : yeast ratio was 1:3. Trichomonas infection occurred more frequently in winter than in spring. The incidence of simultaneous infection with yeasts and trichomonads was 0.8 per cent.
KARYOTYPIC PROFILES OF WOMEN AFTER CLOMIPHENE CITRATE THERAPY
Authors: Charles D. , Turner J. H. , Redmond C.
Published: August 2005

Cytogenetic studies were made before and after clomiphene therapy on endometrial tissue obtained from seven patients with anovulation. In a further six subjects, endometrial karyotypic patterns were studied before drug administration. Statistical analysis of a large number of cells revealed that after treatment there was an increase in heteroploidy as well as in chromatid lesions and aberrations. The biological significance of these findings remains uncertain. They may reflect the action of the compound at the cellular level and could thus explain the occurrence of persistent infertility despite the successful induction of ovulation.
URETERO‐UTERINE FISTULA AFTER LOWER SEGMENT CAESAREAN SECTION
Authors: Jequier Anne M. , Piper J. V.
Published: August 2005

A case of uretero‐uterine fistula following lower segment Caesarean section is described. Its features and method of management are compared with previously reported cases whose number is only 30.
A CASE OF ABDOMINAL PAIN AND JAUNDICE IN SEVERE PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Hay David M.
Published: August 2005

A case history is presented of a patient who survived after developing abdominal pain and jaundice as a result of involvement of the liver by pre‐eclampsia.
SERUM HEAT STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE LEVELS IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PREGNANCIES
Authors: Merrettand J. D. , Hunter R. J.
Published: August 2005

A regression equation has been derived to predict the serum heat stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) levels of women with “normal” pregnancies from their period of gestation. In many instances, an HSAP level significantly above that predicted from the regression equation has been observed before the onset of preeclampsia. Furthermore, the analyses strongly suggest that raised HSAP levels are associated with low birthweight infants. Abnormally high HSAP levels may also be associated with a history of unexplained stillbirth, accidental haemorrhage, second trimester threatened abortion and rhesus iso‐immunization of severe degree.
RENAL EXCRETION OF WATER AND SOLUTES DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Parboosingh J. , Doig A. , Michie E. A.
Published: August 2005

Mean urine flow and the urinary excretion of total solute, sodium, potassium and urea were measured continuously throughout one menstrual cycle in nine healthy women on an unrestricted diet. The results obtained in the first and second halves of the cycle were compared in respect of 24 hour, day and night periods. The greatest differences occurred between the ovulatory and the early luteal phases, there being a significant increase after ovulation in mean 24 hour urine flow and the excretion of total solute, sodium and urea; mean night sodium excretion was disproportionately increased and was associated with an increase in night potassium excretion.
OVARIAN TUMOURS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: Rome Robert M. , Laverty Colin R. , Brown James B.
Published: August 2005

Thirty‐eight postmenopausal women with ovarian tumours were studied by urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol analyses before operation and the results were compared with evidence of hormone activity provided by the history of bleeding, by vaginal cytology and by histology of the endometrium. The tumour, the ovary containing the tumour and the contralateral ovary were examined for stromal changes. Biochemical evidence of hormone production was found in 14 of the 30 patients with tumours of the surface epithelium, in the two patients with tumours which had metastasized from other sites and in four of the five patients with tumours of the sex‐cord mesenchyme. The one patient with a germ cell tumour had normal oestrogen values. The oestrogen and pregnanediol values correlated poorly with the history of bleeding and only partially with the histology of the endometrium. There was a significant correlation with the evidence of hormonal activity provided by vaginal cytology. The best correlation was obtained with the presence or absence of stromal changes in the tumour or ovary.
PRIMARY ERYTHROCYTOSIS AND PREGNANCY
Authors: Baxandall J. D. C.
Published: August 2005

Pregnancy in a woman with primary erythrocytosis appeared to have a beneficial effect on the disease. The pregnancy and labour were normal.
THE USE OF DOXAPRAM IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Gupta P. K. , Moore J.
Published: August 2005

Infants born to mothers who have received narcotic analgesics or general anaesthetics often show respiratory depression. By serial analysis of arterialized capillary blood samples it was observed that the maximal effects in terms of pH, Pco2 and base excess values occurred at 10 minutes after birth in a group of babies who had only normal routine resuscitation. In another similar group of babies, in addition to the routine resuscitation measures, 0.5 to 3.0 mg./kg. of doxapram hydrochloride was injected into the umbilical vein immediately after the first sample of blood was taken. It was seen that doxapram–treated infants had less fall of pH and no rise of Pco2 at 10 minutes after birth. The pHand Pco2 values, however, returned to normal physiological limits by 4 to 24 hours in both groups, though the doxapram–treated group had a faster recovery. Further analysis of the data showed that the optimum dose of doxapram was 2 to 3 mg./kg.
SERUM TRANSFERRIN IN CORD BLOOD AND MATERNAL BLOOD
Authors: Chang L. L. , Sivasamboo R.
Published: August 2005

The concentration of transferrin was measured in the blood of mothers during parturition and in the cord blood of their infants at delivery. The mean serum transferrin level in maternal blood was 361 mg./100 ml. (±71), that in cord blood was 179 mg./l00ml. (±32). There was a highly significant correlation between the level of serum transferrin in mother and infant (r = 0.427, p<0.001). The mean serum transferrin concentration of mothers who produced infants of low birth‐weight was found to be lower than that in other mothers.
APPLICATION OF THE POTENTIATING EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 AND OXYTOCIN TO INDUCED SECOND TRIMESTER ABORTION
Authors: Alderman Brian , Thelwall‐Jones Hugh
Published: August 2005

Termination of pregnancy was performed in 28 patients who were 11 to 22 weeks pregnant by the simultaneous administration of intravenous oxytocin and intrauterine (extra–amniotic) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Abortion occurred in a mean time of 10.1 hours (range 5.5 to 18.3 hours). In seven additional patients PGE2 alone was inserted into the extra–amniotic space. Abortion occurred in each patient and the mean induction–abortion interval was 21.3 hours (range 13 to 33 hours). There were no troublesome side effects in this series.
INDUCTION OF ABORTION BY THE EXTRA–AMNIOTIC ADMINISTRATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN GELS
Authors: Lippert T. H. , Modly T.
Published: August 2005

By the extra–amniotic administration of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2α gels, abortion was successfully induced in 20 patients in the second trimester of pregnancy. The mean induction to abortion intervals for the fourteen patients treated with prostaglandin E2 gel and for the six patients treated with prostaglandin F2α gel were respectively 11.5 and 17.6 hours.
HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN (HPL) LEVELS IN ABNORMAL PREGNANCIES
Authors: Lindberg Bo S. , Nilsson Bo A.
Published: August 2005

Human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in plasma were measured by a rapid radioimmunoassay in patients with pre–eclampsia, rhesus isoimmunization, diabetes and retarded intrauterine fetal growth. Patients with pre–eclampsia had lower mean plasma HPL levels than patients with normal pregnancies. In the patients with severe pre–eclampsia the mean values were usually lower than in those with mild pre–eclampsia. No intrauterine fetal deaths occurred in pre–eclamptic patients with plasma HPL values higher than 4 μg./ml. Infants of mothers with pre–eclampsia and plasma HPL values below 4.0 μMg./ml. had a high perinatal mortality, and a high incidence of low birthweights and low Apgar scores. All mothers with intrauterine fetal growth retardation had low plasma HPL values. In diabetes and rhesus isoimmunization the mean plasma HPL levels were the same as those in normal pregnancies. However, in patients who had a stillbirth due to severe rhesus isoimmunization a very sharp rise in plasma HPL values occurred before death of the fetus.
INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION DURING PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM
Authors: Hyde Elisabeth , Joyce David , Gurewich Victor , Flute Peter T. , Barrera Samuel
Published: August 2005

The presence of activated coagulation and fibrinolysis during pregnancy and the early puerperium was detected by measurement of fibrin monomer, fibrin degradation products (f.d.p.) and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) in 285 women during normal pregnancy, 57 women with a previous history of miscarriage, 35 women with pre–eclampsia, 253 women during the first week post partum and 15 women with postpartum complications including thromboembolic disease, infection and haemorrhage. The effects of age, parity, smoking, bacteriuria, ABO blood group, type of delivery, and postpartum administration of oestrogen for suppression of lactation were analyzed. Our findings indicated that activated coagulation and fibrinolysis are common occurrences during pregnancy and the puerperium. Primigravidae and women with pre–eclampsia, postpartum complications and a history of miscarriage had a significantly higher incidence and level of these fibrinogen derivatives than women with uncomplicated pregnancies and deliveries.
PLASMA VOLUME AND GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN PREGNANCY AND THEIR RELATION TO DIFFERENCES IN FETAL GROWTH
Authors: Gibson Helen M.
Published: August 2005

Plasma volume and glomerular filtration rate were measured serially during pregnancy and again three months after delivery in nine healthy multigravidae with normal past obstetric histories, and in eleven multigravidae who had a history of reproductive failure (“poor reproducers”).

The increase of plasma volume was less in the “poor reproducers” than in the normal women, largely but not entirely associated with babies of lower birthweight. As a reflection of the association there was a marked negative correlation between the birthweight of the baby and the lowest haemoglobin concentration reached by the mother.

The rise in glomerular filtration rate was also less in the “poor reproducers” than in the normal women and in pregnancies where the baby was small the rate tended to fall from its peak value during the second half of pregnancy.
SEX STEROID HORMONE LEVELS IN PLASMA FOLLOWING INTRA–AMNIOTIC INJECTION OF UREA AND PROSTAGLANDIN E2
Authors: Craft I. L. , Fergusson I. L. C. , Smith B. , Youssefnejadian E.
Published: August 2005

Plasma progesterone, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone, oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol were determined before and after the intra‐amniotic injection of urea and prostaglandin E2 for mid‐trimester abortion. A general decline in hormone levels resulted following the injection and preceding abortion. The decreases in plasma progesterone and oestriol were most marked, a significant fall resulting one hour after injection.
THE DETECTION OF FETAL MENINGOCOELE BY ULTRASOUND B SCAN
Authors: Michell R. C. , Bradley‐Watson P. J.
Published: August 2005

A case history is presented which led to recognition of the fact that a fetal meningocoele can be diagnosed antenatally because it can produce a characteristic pattern on an ultrasonic B scan.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENCES OF BIRTH TIMES UPON FETAL CONDITION IN NORMAL DELIVERIES
Authors: Wood Carl , Hing Ng Keng , Hounslow Dianne , Benning Hella
Published: August 2005

The influence of differences of birth time upon umbilical cord acid‐base and blood gas status was studied in 46 women. Fetal umbilical vein/?H was significantly lower when either on view to end of delivery times or distending the perineum to end of delivery times were prolonged.
EFFECT OF RHESUS HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE UPON BIRTHWEIGHT
Authors: Binks A. S. , Lind T. , McNay R. A.
Published: August 2005

A study of 3541 infants affected by rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn has shown that such babies are of lower birthweight for gestation than unaffected babies and that the degree to which birthweight is affected is related to the severity of the disease.
FETAL GROWTH AND PLACENTAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH PLACENTA PRAEVIA
Authors: Varma Thankam R.
Published: August 2005

Fetal growth was assessed by serial ultrasound cephalometry in 150 patients with uncomplicated placenta praevia and certain menstrual dates who were treated expectantly. Placental function was assessed by serial 24‐hour total maternal urinary oestrogen assays. There were 24 (16 per cent) small‐for‐dates infants, more accurately predicted by serial cephalometry than by serial maternal urinary oestrogen assays. There was good correlation between fetal growth and the number of episodes of bleeding in pregnancy.
PREDICTION OF DELIVERY DATE BY ULTRASOUND CEPHALOMETRY
Authors: Varma Thankam R.
Published: August 2005

The date of delivery was assessed by ultrasound cephalometry in 350 patients whose duration of pregnancy was uncertain. Because of retarded fetal growth 30 patients were excluded from the study three weeks after the first examination. Of the remaining 320 patients 274 went into spontaneous labour and of these 250 (91.2 per cent) did so within nine days of the estimated date of delivery as determined by ultrasound cephalometry.
THE REVERSIBILITY OF THE EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA ON HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE (HSD) ACTIVITY IN PLACENTAL VILLI MAINTAINED IN ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: Sharp Frank , Carty Matthew J. , Young Hamish
Published: August 2005

A placental organ culture system was designed to establish, using hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) histochemical techniques whether, by re‐oxygenation, changes in placental villi induced by an antecedent period of hypoxia could be reversed. Forty‐three cultures were studied. Using 17β‐HSD substrates, reversal was achieved, but was time‐limited. No reversal was achieved using a 3β‐HSD substrate. Possible underlying subcellular mechanisms are discussed.
TOTAL WATER CONTENT AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN EMBRYO, PLACENTA AND DECIDUA IN THE COURSE OF EARLY HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: GELLEN J. , Pinter S. , Falkay Gy. , Kovacs L.
Published: August 2005

Total water content and chloride concentration were measured in embryo, placenta and decidua from 90 early human pregnancies. The total water content of the embryo and placenta is greater than that of the decidua, and decreases with increasing gestational age. The chloride content of the decidua, placenta and embryo, and by implication the extracellular fluid space, does not change between the fortieth and ninetieth days of pregnancy.