bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Coolant Water and Intake Air Temperatures on Thermal Efficiency of Gasoline Engines
Authors: Hasegawa Naohiro , Moriyoshi Yasuo , Kuboyama Tatsuya , Iwasaki Mitsuru
Published: November 2023

An optimization of thermal management system in a gasoline engine is considered to improve thermal efficiency by minimizing the cost increase without largely changing the configuration of engine system. In this study, the influence of water temperature and intake air temperature on thermal efficiency were investigated using an inline four-cylinder 1.2L gasoline engine. In addition, one-dimensional engine simulations were conducted by using a software of GT-SUITE. Brake thermal efficiency for different engine speeds and loads could be quantitatively predicted with changing the cooling water temperature in the cylinder head. Then, in order to predict the improvement of the fuel consumption in actual use, vehicle mode running simulation and general-purpose engine transient mode simulation were carried out by GT-SUITE. As a result, it was found that by controlling the temperatures of the cooling water and intake gas, thermal efficiency can be improved by several percent.
Design of Motorcycle Front Fork for Impact Loads
Authors: Kokane Girish , Kalani Dinesh , Kharul Ravindra , Magdum Muragendra
Published: November 2023

With advancements in powertrain technologies & light weighting of vehicle structures, the average driving speeds of motorcycles are increasing. This makes it important to safeguard the vehicle structure from possible impact loads or crash events. The front suspension of a motorcycle typically consists of telescopic front fork which acts as a structural member as well. Thus modern vehicle front forks should be designed keeping in mind frontal impacts as well. Which means the structural stiffness of front fork needs to be optimally designed so that during impacts, the structure should deflect absorbing the bulk of the impact energy safeguarding the rest of the vehicle structure including chassis. At the same time the front fork should not break.

The popular design improvement techniques like increasing section modulus, heat treatments to increase strength may or may not have positive effect on impact strength. Even some of the finite element analysis techniques like linear and/or static analysis would not be able to simulate the impact dynamics. The impact testing would not be always feasible during new product development.

This paper focusses on a virtual simulation methodology for predicting the behavior of front fork under impact loads. Various design aspects, critical to impact performance are identified. An exhaustive impact testing is done for multiple design configurations. It is well known that the failure mechanism under impact events is different from the conventional failure modes & the impact simulation methodology successfully captures it well. Further based on the simulation, design philosophy & guidelines are arrived at to ensure design adequacy under impact loads.
Bosch On Board Diagnostic solutions for Motorcycles
Authors: Jessen H. , Kushal A. , Sabu A. , Hande S. , Tappe M.
Published: November 2023

EU OBD legislation requirements will bring new challenges for motorcycle engine control from 2020 and 2024 respectively. This paper gives a perspective on the Bosch solutions for On Board Monitoring functions to implement the legislation requirements. Specifically the approach and validation results for the monitor for Secondary Air Injection (SAI) will be highlighted. OBD is well established e.g. for passenger car systems in worldwide markets with Bosch solutions covering different system configurations and legislation requirements. While a large portion of the required OBD monitors for motorcycles can be carried over from passenger car solutions with modifications and enhancements where needed, some specific monitors had to be developed from scratch. These new monitors are required for subsystems and components which do not exist in the passenger car environment, e.g. a controlled valve between the intake manifold and engine outlet of the motorcycle to implement secondary air injection. Special focus of this presentation is on the OBD monitoring of the secondary air injection control valve, where robustness is a challenge given the boundary conditions of only binary lambda sensors available in the systems. Challenges are detection of the actual functioning of the secondary air valve with the binary downstream lambda sensor under real world operating conditions and completion of the diagnostic in the WMTC and on the road. A proof of the chosen conceptual approach is given by the implementation into series software and by validation test results on a 1-cylinder motorcycle. Measurements show, that a malfunction will be detected both in the WMTC and during normal driving.
Advanced 2-Wheeler Powertrain Test Setup for Dynamic Fuel Consumption Measurement with Increased Accuracy, Repeatability and Data Quality
Authors: Mayrhofer Harald , Gillespie Dr. David , Kastner Michael , Köck Karl , Berger Arnold
Published: November 2023

Specific test systems are essential for the development and optimization of powertrains for two-wheeler applications. The World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) is prevalently used for type approval certification in terms of emissions and fuel consumption. In this respect, decreasing fuel consumption and increasing efficiency within the WMTC is an important development goal. The aim of the development project presented in this paper was to investigate how the robustness and repeatability of the measurement data can be increased by using a specific measurement procedure and test setup. As fuel consumption and emission levels reach ever lower levels, any influencing factors related to performance and emissions are of particular interest within the powertrain development phase.

When it comes to the differentiation of specific influencing factors such as lube oil behavior and its contribution to fuel consumption, very high measurement-repeatability and accuracy must be maintained. High measurement repeatability enables the effects resulting from deliberate changes in engineering variabilities to be distinguished from unintended measurement uncertainties.

This paper describes a measurement procedure to increase repeatability by using a dedicated test system for full 2-wheeler vehicle applications. This test setup utilizes a virtual driver unit to exclude uncertainties due to variable human driver behavior. An advanced mechanical test setup was employed to eliminate unwanted variations of powertrain properties such as wheel-slip or drive chain losses. The test system control mode was adopted to guarantee enhanced actuation stability and consistency. Additional measures to control boundary conditions were applied, for example test logic and measurement procedures were aligned to avoid drifts caused by external factors. In total, the derived test setup provided statistical cycle work measurement stability during transient test cycle operation with a coefficient of variation (CoV) in the magnitude of less than 0.07%. This improved measurement data quality is key for future technology improvements to meet market demands and legislative requirements.
Friction Reduction of an All-aluminum Cylinder for Motorcycles by a Mirror Finished Bore with Dimples
Authors: Murase Yuta , Kumagai Hideya
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the demand for fuel economy of small engines has been increasing for further improvement of product competitiveness. As a solution for this issue, a lot of developments on reduction of friction losses of engine components have been actively performed by engine manufacturers, especially the friction loss between the cylinder bores and pistons or piston rings is main issue to solve because these frictions highly contribute to the fuel economy for the small engines. In this study, focusing on the effect of the texture of the all-aluminum cylinder bore on friction loss, we verified the friction loss of all-aluminum cylinders having several kinds of surface textures by a floating liner method. For the evaluation, we prepared cylinders which have the texture of the following three types, 1) plateau type (having conventional cross-hatches), 2) mirror finished type (having no cross-hatches and no irregular surface characteristics), 3) dimple type (most of part is mirror finished but small dimples are given at a limited part). As a result of the evaluation, it was confirmed that FMEP of mirror type was 14.1% lower and dimple type (optimized for low friction) was 19.5% lower than plateau type. In addition, when comparing FMEP for each crank angle, it was revealed that mirror type was effective evenly in all strokes of intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust, and the dimple showed a large effect particularly on the expansion stroke.
Endurance of Micro-Perforated Elements in Unmanned Ground Vechicle's Small Diesel Engine Silencer Application
Authors: Rämmal Hans , Lavrentjev Jüri
Published: November 2023

As a suitable replacement for prevalent but environmentally hazardous fibrous materials used in exhaust system silencers, innovative micro-perforated (MP) elements have been progressively implemented for internal combustion engine noise control during the past decades. Although MP elements are already massproduced for IC engine noise control, surprisingly few scientific publications can still be found on the endurance of these MP elements. Recently the reliability of MP element was studied by the authors for a small four-stroke petrol engine silencer application. The results clearly demonstrated that the performance of the micro-perforated elements is influenced by the contamination of residual combustion products of the exhaust gas. In this paper the endurance of MP element tested in small industrial diesel engine application of a novel unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) has been treated. The MP element has been incorporated into specific exhaust system custom designed for the military UGV. During the test cycle the vehicle has been operated for more than 200 hours including severe off-road conditions. The acoustic performance together with the flow resistance of the silencer unit has been investigated by performing a series of comparative tests before and after the test cycle. Contamination of micro-perforated apertures by diesel soot particles in the hot exhaust gas flow as the most critical source for degradation together with metal erosion and structural deformations have been observed. This paper presents the first results on the endurance of micro perforated elements in diesel engine noise control.
Development of an Injection System for Small Engines with Adaptive Control for Sensorless Lambda Operation
Authors: Ernst Bernhard , Lajda Marek
Published: November 2023

With increasing requirements for small engines in terms of functionalities and emission standards, it is essential to be able to offer an integrated full-featured injection system that will meet future requirements. The system described is particularly suitable for small to medium-sized combustion engines, such as power generators, lawnmowers and small motorcycles, and has a corresponding cost structure, compactness and a high degree of integration. The main subject of the development is an electronic fuel injection system, which can provide information about the current air-fuel mixture through model-based software algorithms and also has an integrated ignition coil.

This article describes the procedure and the status of the research results of this development project. The basis of the method as already known from similar approaches of stimulating the running engine by a defined feedforward control of the injection quantity. The engine response is analyzed by the developed algorithm and conclusions about the actual air-fuel ratio are drawn. Thus, without the need for a hardware sensor, an engine operation in the application-specific lambda range can be realized. The studies have been performed with a mechanical and an electronic speed governor, as well as different moment of inertia of the flywheel in terms of function, accuracy and required time on a single-cylinder 4-stroke gasoline engine.
Application of Porous Material as Heat Storage Medium to a Turbocharged Gasoline Engine
Authors: Dong Dongsheng , Moriyoshi Yasuo , Kuboyama Tatsuya , Shen Fuchao , Hasegawa Naohiro
Published: November 2023

Porous materials, which have large surface areas, have been used for heat storage. However, porous Si-SiC material, as heat storage medium to be applied to a turbocharged gasoline engine has not been investigated extensively. In this study, porous Si-SiC material was used in the upstream of the turbine as heat storage medium and a model was thereby developed for further study. Substrate surface area and substrate volume of Si-SiC were calculated for structure model calibration. Following these calculations and test results, the pressure loss and thermal model were validated. Results show that the weaken exhaust gas pulsation amplitude by porous Si-SiC leads to better turbine performance and BSFC in steady engine condition for a turbocharged gasoline engine. In addition, its transient operation response needs to be improved under transient engine conditions. Hence the possibility of improving the transient response is investigated with characteristics of porous Si-SiC material. It was observed that less time was required for the engine to reach the target torque in transient conditions.
Performance Investigation of a PFI Gasoline Engine by Applying Various Kinds of Fuel Injectors
Authors: Shen Fuchao , Moriyoshi Yasuo , Kuboyama Tatsuya , Iio Toshiya , Miyatani Yudai , Tsunoi Akira
Published: November 2023

In this report, the effect of injection specification, such as droplet size, lengths of nozzle tip and spray angle, on the engine performance was investigated using a 1.2 L port fuel injection (PFI) four-cylinder gasoline engine. The experimental conditions were selected to cover the daily operating mode, including the cold start and catalyst heating process. The experiments were conducted by varying not only the injectors but also the injection timing which was shifted from the exhaust to intake stroke. The results were evaluated by the fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. When these tests were conducted on a production engine, a carefully designed tumble generator was installed at the intake port to enhance the intake air flow. As a result, the injection specifications showed a potential to obtain less fuel consumption and lower engine-out emissions was evaluated.
Piston Temperature Measurement during Engine Warm-up and Application for Analysis of Piston Behavior
Authors: Ishibashi Akira , Hiraoka Kunihiko , Saito Masanobu , Kubota Shinya
Published: November 2023

In recent years, internal-combustion engines have been required to satisfy various performance standards against emission regulations and fuel-efficiency targets. To this end, accurate measurement of piston temperature under various engine operating conditions is important.

Some studies reported the use of wireless methods to confirm the reliability of the measurement system at the highest engine speed and create a piston temperature map under all operating conditions. However, previous case studies only considered relatively large displacement engines, and the advantage of wireless methods—a high degree of freedom for design—was not used. In terms of engine operating conditions, few cases focus on the piston to cylinder wall clearance during engine warm-up conditions. Thus, wireless methods are still space to use their features.

In this study, we develop and implement a telemetry-type method for a motorcycle engine, which has smaller displacement and is therefore more restrictive relative to measurement system design than past case studies. The temperature distribution in the entire piston is measured, considering the temperature distribution of a cylinder bore wall surface during the period between a cold start and the completion of the warm-up. Temperature measurement data are continuously obtained under transient operating conditions. In addition, the measurement results are input to a model that simulates piston behavior to improve the calculation results of piston slap noise.
Simulation Analysis of the Scavenging Process of a Uniflow and Loop Scavenging Concept
Authors: Sturm Stefan , Lang Michael , Schmidt Stephan
Published: November 2023

The two-stroke engine, as a today unconventional concept in automotive applications, has a great potential for a relaunch in the fast-growing market of Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) or Range Extender Electric Vehicle (REX) [2, 3, 4, 8, 9]. An efficient scavenging to remove the in-cylinder burnt gases and to fill the cylinder with fresh charge, performed at the same time is one of the major challenges, as losses of fresh air and fuel towards the exhaust line should be avoided when operating a lambda = 1 concept necessary for a 3-way catalyst aftertreatment system.

A prior study [1] of different gas exchange designs for two-stroke engines concludes that two possible concepts cover this purpose. In this paper, 3D-CFD simulation is used to compare these two different scavenging concepts, a uniflow and a loop scavenging type with control elements for the gas exchange process. As boundary conditions, it is assumed that both concept types have nearly the same displacement, are used with an external scavenging blower and have a lubrication system like a conventional oil sump similar to a four-stroke engine. Additionally, a high-pressure direct injection fuel system is applied to guarantee oil- and fuel-free air for the scavenging process.

To compare these different two-stroke scavenging concepts, this study focuses on the scavenging and compression phase using 3D-CFD simulation in order to evaluate the scavenging characteristics and the in-cylinder charge motion. The goal of this study is to prepare a basis for discussion of the best configuration, which will be designed, built and tested on the engine test-bench.
Study on Oil Consumption in Compact Motorcycle Engines
Authors: Kohno Taichi , Suda Naoyuki , Ninomiya Yoshinari
Published: November 2023

Because the scooter is convenient, the market continues increasing. As a result of market survey, it was revealed that the scooter repeated sudden acceleration and deceleration. Therefore, the oil consumption may occur in special pattern. The oil consumption is an important development target. On the other hand, the oil consumption is complicated phenomenon. In this study, the sulfur trace method was used for measurement of the oil consumption. When a throttle was closed and the intake pipe became the negative pressure, the SO2 emission (oil consumption) increases. Then, using a glass cylinder and a high-speed camera, motion of the engine oil was observed. It was revealed that the engine oil rises to the combustion chamber after stopping at the 4th Land. By a combination of the sulfur trace test and the visualization test, oil consumption phenomenon of the scooter was able to be understood.
An Analysis of Diesel Spray Characteristics with Small Injection Amount under Similarity Law Condition
Authors: JIN Yu , ZHAI Chang , NISHIDA Keiya , OGATA Yoichi
Published: November 2023

In this paper, the Diesel spray characteristics were studied by HS video camera and the Laser Absorbing Scattering (LAS) technique means of the combustion deterioration problem caused by the engine downsizing based on the geometrical similarity was investigated. In the experiments, three Diesel injectors with the hole diameters of 0.07mm, 0.101mm and 0.133mm were used. The injection pressures of the injectors with three different diameters were 45MPa, 93MPa and 160MPa, respectively. The Diffused Background Illumination (DBI) method was employed for the nonevaporating spray experiment to obtain spray tip penetration and spray angle at room temperature. The LAS technique was employed for the evaporating spray experiment to obtain the equivalence ratio distributions, evaporation rate, and vapor phase tip penetration. Moreover, the Wakuri Momentum Theory was applied to analyze the data obtained by both the non-evaporating and the evaporating spray experiments. The non-evaporating results show that the spray tip penetrations scaled by the similarity law matched well from the injectors of different hole diameters. However, the scaled spray angle of the injector with smaller hole diameter is smaller than that of the injector with larger hole diameter. Furthermore, the spray of the smaller hole diameter injector seems to have smaller mean equivalence ratio than that of the larger hole diameter injector. The scaled vapor phase penetration of the injector with medium hole diameter is larger than that of other injectors. The fuel spray from the injector with smaller hole diameter has slower evaporation rate.
Effects of Spray Internal EGR Using CO 2 Gas Dissolved Fuel on Combustion Characteristics and Emissions in Diesel Engine
Authors: Mukayama Tomoyuki , Hattori Yoshitaka , Kuribayashi Masaki , Asai Go , Matsumura Eriko , Senda Jiro
Published: November 2023

We have proposed the application of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) gas dissolved fuel which might improve spray atomization through effervescent atomization instead of high injection pressure. Since EGR gas is included in the spray of EGR gas dissolved fuel, it directly contributes to combustion, and the further reduction of NOx emissions is expected rather than the conventional external EGR. In our research, since highly contained in the exhaust gas and highly soluble in the fuel, CO2 was selected as the dissolved gas to simulate EGR gas dissolved. In this paper, the purpose is to evaluate the influence of the application of CO2 gas dissolved fuel on the combustion characteristics and emission characteristics inside the single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. As a result, by use of the fuel, smoke was reduced by about 50 to 70%, but NOx reduction does not have enough effect. However, NOx emissions is reduced with external EGR, and the effect of NOx reduction is effective by combined the external EGR and the CO2 gas dissolved fuel.
Pass-by Noise Prediction of a Vehicle
Authors: B. RajaGopal , Gannu Santosh , M Abhilash , Krishnamurthy GS , Giles Rod
Published: November 2023

The forthcoming pass-by noise regulations have impacted the automotive sector, which further leads to the reduction of noise in the vehicle. The prediction of pass-by noise at an early stage will reduce the overall cost as well as time for an automobile industry and helps to reduce the overall product development life cycle. This supports the design activities of a vehicle.

Msc ACTRAN/NASTRAN/ADAMS and GT Suite are major tools used in the present study to develop a simulation method to mimic the predefined testing norms. In Actran interior and exterior noise propagation is performed. Interior noise flow obtained by compressible flow analysis which uses exhaust/intake line velocity/temperature as boundary condition. The exterior noise propagation obtained by direct frequency response using acoustic duct mode with unit pressure injected into the intake and exhaust system and compressible flow field map results as input, this will take care of both noise propagation. Similarly for engine exterior noise radiation done by Nastran unit frequency response analysis and later actual loads from multi-body dynamics multiplied with direct frequency response analysis in Actran.

Finally the python script is developed to find the acoustic transfer function between the unit pressure pulse in Actran/Unit frequency response in Nastran, also the actual intake/exhaust pressure pulse excitation from 1D GT suite model/Actual engine Multibody loads that all are simultaneously multiply one by one for each engine revolution result gives the overall sound pressure levels radiated noise (OSPL) of the motorcycle.

It is observed that the final pass-by noise simulation results the main contributions of exhaust system are in acceptable range.
Impact of Soot and Engine Oil Additive Characteristics on Metallic Wear using Electron Microscopy and Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Rungsritanapaisan Panyakorn , Karin Preechar , Amornprapa Warawut , Tanprayoon Dhritti , Tongsri Ruangdaj , Hanamura Katsunori
Published: November 2023

Soot particles are produced inside the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engines and will later be exhausted into the thermosphere. Part of these particles will contaminate the engine oil. When this happens, diesel engine abrasion or, in a worst-case scenario, lubricant starvation will occur. This circumstance will eventually cause engine wear. This research uses X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique to analyze the additive element in engine oil. For wear test, this research uses tribology Four ball wear tester to substitute point contact wear mechanism. Then the worn surface is analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Confocal Microscope are used to study the effect of additive on soot dispersion in engine oil, which affects the metal wear mechanism. This research use Laser Particle Size Analyzer to investigate performance of soot dispersant additive in each engine oil. The results show that, the wear scar diameters significantly increased when the American Petroleum Institute (API) CD standard engine oil is contaminated with soot. On the other hand, American Petroleum Institute (API) CF-4 standard engine oil which contains higher amount of additive has a lower roughness value, because its soot dispersant additive improves the dispersing of carbon black (CB). When the CB is dispersed, it will serve to polish the ball’s surface, resulting in a lower roughness value in the CB contaminated high amount of additive engine oil, than the low amount of additive engine oil that has soot contaminating.
The Effect of Ethanol Fuels on the Power and Emissions of a Small Mass-Produced Utility Engine
Authors: Paliwal Saager , Bower Glenn R.
Published: November 2023

The effect of low level ethanol fuel on the power and emissions characteristics was studied in a small, mass produced, carbureted, spark-ignited, Briggs and Stratton Vanguard 19L2 engine. Ethanol has been shown to be an attractive renewable fuel by the automotive industry; having anti-knock properties, potential power benefits, and emissions reduction benefits. With increasing availability and the possible mandates of higher ethanol content in pump gasoline, there is interest in exploring the effect of using higher content ethanol fuels in the small utility engine market. The fuels in this study were prepared by gravimetrically mixing 98.7% ethanol with a balance of 87 octane no-ethanol gasoline in approximately 5% increments from pure gasoline to 25% ethanol. Alcor Petrolab performed fuel analysis on the blended fuels and determined the actual volumetric ethanol content was within 2%.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance and emissions of a small utility engine across several load points. Compared to previous works, this study concentrated on engine operation at wide open throttle as any decrease in engine power output due to a fuel's ethanol content would negatively impact an engine's sales potential; small engines developed for this market sector are engineered to meet a certain horsepower rating. For this study, the engine governor was set at 3800 rpm. After the engine governor was adjusted to its maximum position (i.e. 3800 rpm), the engine was loaded by a hydraulic dynamometer. As the load was increased, the engine speed slowly decreased as the dynamometer's torque was increased. Full load engine operation down to an engine speed of approximately 2800 rpm, just higher than the engine's torque peak, was investigated. In addition to engine out emissions and shaft power, exhaust temperatures and cylinder pressure were recorded.

Overall, the experimental results showed increasing ethanol content results in a small gain in power output even though the energy content of the fuel was decreasing. It was found that nitrogen oxides plus hydrocarbons emissions slightly decreased or stayed equivalent while the carbon monoxide emissions were reduced by 10% for the E10 blend and by 20% for the E15 blend. Finally, cylinder pressure and heat release analysis showed that the addition of ethanol increased peak cylinder pressure and advanced the main heat release closer towards top dead center.
Improvements to a CFR Engine Three Pressure Analysis GT-Power Model for HCCI and SI Conditions
Authors: Pulpeiro Gonzalez J. , Waqas M. U. , Kolodziej C. P. , DelVescovo D. , Ross T. G.
Published: November 2023

While experimental data measured directly on the engine are very valuable, there is a limitation of what measurements can be made without modifying the engine or the process that is being investigated, such as cylinder temperature. In order to supplement the experimental results, a Three Pressure Analysis (TPA) GT-Power model of the Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine was previously developed and validated for estimating cylinder temperature and residual fraction. However, this model had only been validated for normal and knocking spark ignition (SI) combustion with RON-like intake conditions (naturally aspirated, <52 °C). This work presents improvements made to the GT-Power model and the expansion of its use for HCCI combustion. The burn rate estimation sub-model was modified to allow for low temperature heat release estimation and compression ignition operation. After this, several updates were made in the GT-Power model parameters so that the air and fuel charge mass was correctly predicted under these different combustion (SI vs. HCCI) and intake conditions (boosted or heated). Thermodynamic verifications were made to compensate for uncertainty in some of the measured operating parameters, such as compression ratio, in the CFR engine. The updated CFR model was used to obtain the cylinder pressure-temperature trajectories of both HCCI and SI cases under different levels of intake pressure, intake temperature, and speed. Two additional common cylinder temperature estimation methods were compared to the results of the GT-Power model.
Visualization and Analysis of Droplets Behavior in Aftertreatment Systems:II. Improvement of Vaporization Efficiency by Surface Texturing
Authors: SUGIYAMA Naoki , NOHARA Tetsuo , OCHIAI Masayuki
Published: November 2023

Diesel engines contain Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gases, and is considered to be problematic in view of the environment. For worldwide NOx emission control, Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) dosing systems are widely used in aftertreatment systems. A mixer of the urea aqueous solution is placed between the injector and SCR catalysts and is used to provide good ammonia uniformity in SCR catalysts. It is very important to mix and evaporate the urea aqueous solution at short-distance using the optimum the mixer blade geometry. In this paper, the collision behavior of droplets into textured mixer surface materials are investigated by visualization experiment by backlight method. Then, several surface texture types were proposed as a means to improve the atomization performance of droplets by the mixer. In order to verify the performance of droplet atomization by the textures, a visualization experiment of droplet behavior was conducted using a simple experimental device including high-speed camera. Furthermore, the droplet diameter distribution before and after collision was calculated using the visualization results. Various conditions of droplet diameters were measured and the vaporization performances of the surface textures were studied. According to the results, 30 micron of pitch texture demonstrated good micronizing and evaporating of the droplets. This time, our study has established new visualization experiment methods for the aftertreatment systems, especially micro-scale of SCR dosing systems. It was found that improvement of the vaporization efficiency by surface texturing on the mixer or exhaust pipes.
Numerical Study on Characteristics of Spray under Air Flow in Gasoline Engine
Authors: Guo Min , Nishida Keiya , Wu Chaoqun , Fan Qingrong
Published: November 2023

The air flow affects the spray feature and mixture significantly in gasoline engine. The effects of air flow with atmosphere and pressurized ambient pressure were investigated experimentally in the previous work, the gasoline spray characteristics and air flow are analyzed using CFD method in this study. By polishing the model of droplet breakup according to the experimental results, the simulations are taken with various air flow conditions. Modeling of spray injected under typical condition of crossflow is employed to compare the numerical results with experimental results, using the corrected model the more calculation are carried out simulating the real conditions. With changing the injection and air flow conditions, the spray feature, droplet size, droplet movement, and droplet distribution are calculated by a commercial software. The effects of air flow on spray are clearer by numerical method than that in experimental measurements, the bended spray outline is varied with changing air flow speed, ambient pressure and injection angle, the penetration decreases when the cross-flow speed is increased and better second droplet breakup; Droplet size increases when the ambient pressure is increased, the tiny droplets appears in the area downstream the air flow even after the spray column near nozzle, the coalescence between droplets happens, which case large droplets appear downstream air flow; the small droplets are easy to be mingled with air flow, which is distinct in bottom of spray, the air flow field is also changed by the spray, turbulence appears downstream flow after spray; air flow most enhance the distribution of spray when the spray angle is 90°, decreasing or increasing the spray angle case the more weaken distribution of spray. The numerical results agree with the experimental measurement, it is meaningful to optimize the air flow parameters during design and control.
Sensor Integrated Substrate for Future Exhaust System of Two Wheelers
Authors: ITO KOSAKU , SEIFERT SVEN , JAYAT FRANCOIS , CARTUS THOMAS
Published: November 2023

By upcoming new global two wheelers emission legislation, it is expected that it will become more and more challenging to control exhaust emissions. Therefore, not only optimized catalyst specifications to meet OBDII or RDE, but also new components will be required for future applications in two-wheeler exhaust systems. In such applications, beneath applying new components, it is necessary to ensure mountability while maintaining vehicle design but improving function of the exhaust system at the same time. As exhaust system layout of two wheelers is generally strongly limited by many factors, such as steeply bended exhaust pipes and catalysts which are hard to resize, one of the most challenging tasks is the positioning of sensor behind the catalyst, due to two wheelers unique exhaust design. In order to overcome the challenge, this work describes designs like the catalyst with integrated lambda sensor, which is developed to contribute to high efficient future two wheelers exhaust systems.
An Effect of Cooled-EGR on Diesel Engine Performance Fueled with Coconut-oil Methyl Ester
Authors: Yoshida Koji
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study is to explore an effect of cooled-EGR on the diesel engine performance fueled with coconut-oil methyl ester (CME). The exhaust gas was cooled by the water at room temperature and was fed to the intake manifold, and the EGR rate was changed from 0 % to 30 % at every 10 %. The engine performances were measured at several EGR rates, fuel injection pressures and timings. Test fuels were CME and commercial diesel fuel. In the case of high EGR rate at which the compression ignition was deteriorated, the ignition timing of CME was always earlier than that of diesel fuel, therefore CME had good ignitability as compared with diesel fuel under EGR application. When the fuel injection pressure was increased at high EGR rate, the ignition delay was improved by the fuel atomization and air-fuel mixing effect. The COV of indicated mean effective pressure was not so influenced by the EGR rate for CME and diesel fuel and the brake thermal efficiency of CME was almost the same as that of diesel fuel at any EGR rates. At high EGR rate, NOx emission remarkably decreased and brake thermal efficiency slightly decreased, and THC, CO and smoke emissions were increased for both fuels. In any EGR rates, THC, CO and smoke emissions of CME was slightly lower than those of diesel fuel. Therefore, NOx emission was could be reduced by the cooled EGR when the CME was used, although CO, THC and smoke emissions increased.
Performance and Emission Parameters of an LHR Engine Run on Jatropha Biodiesel and its Diesel blend.
Authors: Nair Sanju Sureshan , Pandey Krishna Kumar , Debasish Debidutta , Murugan S.
Published: November 2023

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel which can be obtained from transesterification of vegetable oils, animal fat, and algae. Edible and non-edible oils can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. It is considered to be a potential renewable fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. It can be used as a sole fuel or in a blended form with diesel. In India, research work is focused on the utilization of non-edible oils for biodiesel production. Particularly rigorous research works have been carried out on the use of biodiesel obtained from Jatropha Curcas, Madhuca Indica, Pongamia Pinnata, Karanja etc. The thermal efficiency of CI engines run on Jatropha biodiesel or its blends is less than 40%. Heat loss through cooling water, exhaust, and unaccounted losses are the reasons for lower thermal efficiency. Reduction of heat loss from CI engines shall increase the thermal efficiency of the engine. In this aspect, low heat rejection (LHR) engines offer increased thermal efficiency and reduced particulate emissions. In this experimental research work, an attempt was made to use Jatropha biodiesel (JME) and its 20% diesel blend (JME20) in an LHR engine. For this purpose, a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine developing a power output of 4.4kW at a constant speed of 1500 rpm was converted into LHR engine. The piston crown of the test engine was coated with YSZ+ Cerium Oxide (CeO2) using plasma spray coating technique. The original injection timing, nozzle opening pressure and compression ratio of the test engine are 23obTDC, 200bar and 17.5 respectively. For the investigation, the injection timing, nozzle opening pressure and compression ratio were set at optimized conditions for JME which were 24.5obTDC, 220 bar and 17.5 respectively. The performance and emission parameters of the LHR engine run on JME20 and JME were assessed and compared with those of the JME and conventional diesel operation at a different power output.
Replacement of a 50cc Two-stroke Engine with an Electric Powertrain
Authors: Beeker Jesse
Published: November 2023

As global regulations look to create a dramatic reduction in CO2 emission and other forms of pollution, companies with products that rely on engine technology must be ready to take on the electrification challenge. Applications that remain using two-stroke engine technology continue to exist due to their very high power density requirements. However, their history of higher pollution compared to four-stroke engines makes them a target to be regulated out of existence.

Such high power two-stroke applications include high performance off-road motorcycles. In this type of product, electrification can solve not only pollution challenges but market challenges, such as ridership and public perception. By addressing the core problems presented by the two-stroke engine and turning challenges into opportunity, a strong attraction is created to convert a two-stroke engine motorcycle to an electric vehicle.

With Automotive electric vehicle technology paving the way, the basis for cost effective electric motorcycle powertrain is explored for a 50cc off-road motorcycle application. The 50cc engine and motorcycle represent a special product where size, performance, and cost have a high sensitivity. The 50cc product also represents an area of great opportunity for the product as it is connected to the youth riding segment that establishes the future of motorcycle riding. With both strong opportunity and strong challenges, the electrification solution for a 50cc application provides broad justification for mass market adoption across the motorcycle industry.

Challenges will be presented towards a OEM level product where design change is to be minimized without compromising performance. Various challenges include system design, packaging, supply chain, product lifecycle, competition readiness, safety, and cost. Opportunities will be discussed in the context of how the electrified powertrain can create a better product for the rider and solve challenges to enable the next generation of motorcycling. These opportunities include manufacturing advantages, environmental harmony, and new features.
Experimental Investigation of Plastic Pyrolysis Oil in DI Diesel Engine to Analyze Performance and Emission Characteristics
Authors: Sebastian Jilse , Jose Sachin , Vijayakumar Anandhu
Published: November 2023

Disposal of non-biodegradable plastic waste is one of the major hindrances for many countries. The research works in area of plastic waste management expands almost like every day. The conversion of waste to energy recovery is one of the promising techniques found to manage the waste plastic. Waste plastics have the dominating factor for fuel production since they have good heat of combustion and also their growing availability. The present work examines the potential of using blends of plastic oil (PO) with diesel in a direct injection diesel engine. The plastic oil is synthesized through pyrolysis process from mixed plastic waste, which has got more potential for scalable implementations. The present work includes the production of PO, characterization of the produced PO, performance and emission testing in a single cylinder four stroke VCR multi fuel engine. The engine is fueled with blends of plastic oil with diesel. Four blends of plastic oil with diesel (5% PO, 10% PO, 15% PO and 20% PO) are prepared on a volumetric basis. The test results show that brake thermal efficiency of blends is lower compared to diesel. Yet 10% PO shows similar performance to that of diesel fueled operation. The regulated emissions are reduced considerably when compared to Diesel fueling. Among all the test compositions, 10% PO shows better emission characteristics. 10% PO shows lower unburned hydrocarbon, CO, CO2 and smoke compared to other test fuels.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Drilling Parameters of Sesbaniarostrata Fiber Reinforced Polycaprolactone Biodegradable Polyester Resin Composites
Authors: Raja K , A Karthik , Senthil Kumar MS , P S Sampath
Published: November 2023

The requirement of the current scenario is to identify the sustainable material and process it into acceptable properties for current applications. The natural fiber is a prime sustainable material having the properties of biodegradability, plenty of availability, economical and adequate physical-mechanical property. Sesbania rostrata fiber is extracted from the stem of Sesbania rostrata plant which is cultivated along with Turmeric plants on 1000 acres annually as a nitrogen fixation plant. The fiber-reinforced composite is a tailor made material by altering the fiber and polymer weight proportion to achieve desired properties for applications. The natural fiber is a promising material to replace synthetic fiber to transform the composite into biodegradable. The making of holes in the biocomposite by the secondary process is essential for the assembly operation. The biocomposite was developed by reinforced Sesbania rostrata fiber in Polycaprolactone (PCL) biopolymer at the weight ratio of 20:80 and the mechanical properties and drilling parameters were investigated. The tensile, flexural and impact strength of the biocomposite was increased by 68%, 28% and 20.6% respectively compared with PCL biopolymer. The biocomposite was drilled by 4 mm at spindle speeds of 300, 750, and 1800 rpm with feed rates of 0.05, 0.12, and 0.25 mm/rev to evaluate the thrust force and delamination properties. The results showed that increasing spindle speed and feed rate resulted in higher thrust force and increased delamination in the composites. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanical properties and drilling behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber reinforced Polycaprolactone biodegradable composite and their potential use in various applications.
Mechanical and Microstructure Analysis of Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Dissimilar Duplex UNS32205 and Austenitic AISI 321 Stainless Steel Joints
Authors: Kumar S Praveen , Kilari Naveen
Published: November 2023

Dissimilar metal welding (DMW) gives a distinctive and complex process because each zone in the different welding area has unique structures and characteristics. The customized weld zone has a unique structure and may have a heating effect on weld metal properties. DMW is used in aerospace, marine, oil refineries, petrochemical industries, power plants including nuclear and other engineering applications due to economic considerations and offered lightweight in design. This paper's main objective is to investigate the microstructure evolution and impact strength of a joint Austenitic AISI 321 plates and Duplex UNS32205 stainless steel welded using pulsed current GTAW (PCGTAW). The base plates were joined by ER2209 filler metal and the microstructure of base and weld metal zones was observed. The selected filler metal was a duplex in nature and contains equal ratio of austenite and ferrite phase in the different weld metal zones of UNS32205 and AISI 321 weldments. The fractography studies of dissimilar joints UNS32205 and AISI 321 were done and investigated through scanning electron microscopic (SEM). Pipe joints in oil and gas and petrochemical industries make use of bimetallic combinations of different stainless steels.
Load Bearing Analysis of Titanium Surface Ground with CBN Wheel and 6% CNT-CBN Wheel
Authors: Stephen Deborah Serenade , V Praveena , Av Ramanathan , S Sujith
Published: November 2023

Surface integrity is an important factor in the effective functioning of a component. For this reason, the surface finish is given as meticulous attention as possible, while quality checks are rigorous. The process parameters affecting surface roughness are carefully controlled, with many preventive measures enforced to avoid deviation from the tolerance limits. Surface finish is an important part of the load-bearing properties of a surface as the asperities on its surface first come into contact with the mating surfaces. On contact, the asperities are flattened, and there is debris formation. These asperities are critical in joint replacements where Titanium is a material of choice, as the debris can react with bones and even cause necrosis of bone. The surface finish of Titanium is important as the asperities can function as points of stress when subjected to loads. Stress concentrators are detrimental to a material’s life; therefore, a part’s surface finish becomes critical. This research work has studied the surface finish of a titanium grade 5 alloy by grinding it with a novel grinding wheel with 6% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) electroplated along with cubic boron nitride (CBN) grits in a nickel matrix. The surface finish has improved from the commercially available grinding wheel and has increased the load-bearing capacities of the Titanium workpiece significantly.