bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Philippine National Recording Systems on International Migration
Authors: Cariño Benjamin V.
Published: June 2018

The Philippines is a country of emigration that has been the source of significant migration flows heading mostly to the United States and, since the mid-seventies, to the labor importing countries of the Middle East. However, despite the importance of international migration for national policy, efforts to correct the serious data limitations in the area of migration statistics have been limited and uncoordinated. In fact, most estimates of emigration levels from the Philippines still rely heavily on the data gathered by receiving countries. Filipino data sources and the operation of government agencies charged with gathering migration data will be reviewed briefly below.
Repatriation: Its Role in Resolving Africa's Refugee Dilemma
Authors: Rogge John R. , Akol Joshua O.
Published: June 2018

The literature on Africa's refugees has grown dramatically over the past decade. Two issues, however, remain relatively unresearched and poorly understood — the plight of urban refugees and the problems associated with repatriation. This article examines the dimensions of the latter. After placing repatriation into the context of contemporary durable solutions applied to the African refugee dilemma, the article examines some of the problems, concerns and frustrations associated with African repatriation exercises in terms of cultural, economic and political obstacles encountered in the process of repatriation and the concomitant rehabilitation of refugees in their areas of origin. The article is illustrated with examples drawn from the Southern Sudanese repatriation of the early 1970s.
Language and Culture in Australian Public Policy: Some Critical Reflections
Authors: Jayasuriya Laksiri
Published: June 2018

This article examines the rationale and philosophical underpinnings of Australian public policy relating to language and culture, especially as they have emerged in relation to nonindigenous ethnic minorities, i.e., migrants and ethnic groups. An underlying theme is that the concepts of language and culture as they have evolved in relation to the ideologies of multiculturalism are not neutral but contested concepts which need understanding and critical analysis. The article has three main objectives. The first is to show how, historically, language—in particular English—has been an important public issue in matters of migrant settlement. Second, it examines the hidden and often unstated assumptions of social theory implicit in policies relating to language and culture by analyzing the way in which the key concepts of culture and ethnicity have been used in policies. Third, it presents the case for a paradigm shift in public policy and argues that the issue of language and culture should be re-examined and restructured to serve new and emerging social needs.
Recruitment of Labor Migrants for the Middle East: The Sri Lankan Case
Authors: Eelens Frank , Speckmann J.D.
Published: June 2018

This article deals with the social, economic and demographic aspects of labor migration from Sri Lanka to the Middle East. The findings are based on a survey covering 891 return migrants and 866 family members of current migrants, as well as a total of 407 nonmigrants who were interviewed as a control group. Although the elasticity of the demand for female domestic personnel is much smaller than that for male migrants, it was found that recruitment for female labor migrants has increased considerably in recent years. The enormous demand for foreign employment has led to a thriving recruitment sector and to numerous illegal activities also among authorized employment agents. Currently, prospective labor migrants have to incur huge debts to finance migration.
Foreign-born Canadian Emigrants and Their Characteristics, (1981–1986)
Authors: Michalowski Margaret
Published: June 2018

This article provides estimates of levels and structures of recent return migration from Canada. Estimates are distinguished according to sex, period of immigration and place of birth of foreign-born emigrants. Special attention is paid to propensity to return. The impact of return migration on change of foreign-born populations is also evaluated.
Caribbean Immigrants: A Black Success Story?
Authors: Model Suzanne
Published: June 2018

This article examines the 1980 earnings and earnings attainment process of Afro-Caribbean immigrants relative to Afro-Americans, native-born whites and foreign-born whites. Controlling for gender, the comparisons consider Caribbean Islanders as a whole and disaggregated by nation of origin. The results indicate that, in 1980 at least, fact did not justify the opinion that any West Indian subgroup had higher gross or net earnings than native-born blacks. Rather, a few non-English speaking subgroups fared worse. In addition, regardless of national background, Caribbean-born men experienced vast earnings disparities relative to white men. This was not the case for West Indian women, whose net earnings were, at minimum, equivalent to those of white women. Further analysis suggests that, for most Caribbean groups, West Indian background adds little to an understanding of the earnings attainment process that cannot be obtained from other measurable characteristics.
Sponsorship and Employment Status among Indochinese Refugees in the United States
Authors: Tran Thanh V.
Published: June 2018

This study examines the relationships between types of sponsorship and employment status among three ethnic groups of Indochinese refugees who arrived in the United States between 1978 and 1982. A sample of 1,960 refugees between the ages of 18 and 64 was used. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that refugees who were sponsored by voluntary agencies were more likely to be employed than those who were sponsored by their ethnic relatives. Other factors which had significant effects on employment status were health, education and urban residence in the original country, English proficiency, length of residence in the United States and age. The findings revealed no significant interaction effects between ethnic groups and types of sponsorship.
German-Polish Migration: The Elusive Search for a German Nation-State
Authors: O'Brien Peter
Published: June 2018

This article examines past and present migrations to Germany from the perspective of nation-state formation. Much of modern German history has been characterized by repeated (and failed) attempts to establish and sustain a strong, independent nation-state like France or Britain. But each attempt, including the recent reunification, has forced Germany to absorb large numbers of non-Germans either as a result of 1) expanding borders and annexations and/or 2) the appeal and labor needs of a robust economy. Focusing on the many experiences with the Polish minority (ranging from the eighteenth century to the present), this essay suggests that Germans have never discovered an acceptable and workable approach for dealing with large non-German minorities in the German nation-state. Rather, different regimes at different times have vacillated between an exclusive approach founded on nationalist principles and practices and an inclusive one founded on liberal principles and practices. In the current migration crisis, brought on by the raising of the Iron Curtain, both approaches, despite the contradictions between them, are being employed to determine who should and should not be permitted to immigrate to the “new” Germany. The confusion over the two approaches produces not only a confused immigration policy, but also reflects deep-seated confusion over the definition of the new German state and identity of the newly united German nation.
The Internal Migration and Spatial Redistribution of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 1965–70 and 1975–80
Authors: Belanger Alain , Rogers Andrei
Published: June 2018

This article examines the importance of place of birth on the internal migration and spatial redistribution patterns of the foreign-born population in the United States during the 1965–70 and the 1975–80 periods, relying principally on the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) files for our input data. The diverse nationalities are aggregated into eight different regions of origin: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Rest of South and Central America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania, Canada and the Rest of the World. First, the regional distribution of these eight groups at the 1970 and 1980 censuses are examined. Next, the spatial redistribution of the foreign-born population and its changes over time are studied. The age patterns of migration for the different foreign-born groups are analyzed, and the article concludes by examining decadal changes in redistributional tendencies using multiregional life table analyses.
From School to Work: Public Policy and Underclass Formation among Young Turks in Germany during the 1980s
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: June 2018

This article analyzes the entry of young Turkish immigrants into German labor markets during the 1980s. In comparative perspective, Germany shows a high degree of public responsibility for job training of school leavers. The German apprenticeship, or dual system of vocational and job training, has resulted in high rates of training and low youth unemployment rates. However, while the participation rate of young Turks in the dual system has increased over the past decade, a high degree of ethnic inequality has persisted. Ethnically-specific access to job training and employment has developed. This finding applies even more strongly to young Turkish women than to Turkish men. Nevertheless, no ethnic underclass emerged during the 1980s. It remains to be seen, however, how the process of European integration will affect the insertion of the descendants of Turkish migrants.
Unauthorized Workers and Immigration Reform: What Can We Ascertain from Employers?
Authors: Lowell B. Lindsay , Jing Zhongren
Published: June 2018

This article estimates the unauthorized U.S. labor force and explores employers’ initial reactions to the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). A sample of businesses, undertaken to evaluate IRCA impact, supplies information on hiring practices. A selectivity correction model is used to impute 2.6 million unauthorized workers in the entire sample which compares favorably with other estimates. The estimate is tabulated by questions about IRCA: the findings suggest that a large proportion of the unauthorized labor force uses fraudulent documents, many without the knowledge of their employer. This may be associated with the apparent lack of marked change in patterns of unauthorized hiring in the period immediately following IRCA passage.
Peasant Struggles and Social Change: Migration, Households and Gender in a Rural Turkish Society
Authors: Ilcan Suzan M.
Published: June 2018

This article sheds light on the interrelationship of seasonal migration, subsistence production and peasant relations in a community (Sakli) located in Turkey's northwestern countryside. Most studies argue that rural outmigration is either an adaptation to persistent unemployment or a phenomenon resulting from pressures and counterpressures in the social relations of production. These approaches tend to overlook the specific features of rural culture and power in determining conditions for seasonal migration and its effects on social relations. While migrant labor is understood by local villagers as forming part of a continual battle to preserve local tradition and kinship ties, this article shows how it reduces the dominion of landlords while creating internal household differentiation and gendered hierarchies.
German American Bilingualism: Cui malo? Mother Tongue and Socioeconomic Status among the Second Generation in 1940
Authors: Kamphoefner Walter D.
Published: June 2018

This study utilizes language data from the 1940 Census Public Use Sample to measure the socioeconomic impact of foreign mother tongue by comparing second-generation Germans who grew up speaking German and English respectively. The most striking contrast between the two groups was the much higher proportion of German speakers in the farm population. While Germanophones showed slightly lower levels of income, this was balanced by greater social stability. In fact, German speakers showed higher levels of homeownership and self-employment. As a whole, the disadvantages of a foreign mother tongue proved to be relatively minor, indeed negligible for this group.
Population Movement in the Asia Pacific Region: Singapore Perspective
Authors: Low Linda
Published: June 2018

Inequalities in wages and incomes, accompanied by flows of trade, capital and technology and the phenomenon of globalization, may be some reasons for the significant movement of people in the Asia Pacific region. Changes in topologies, magnitude, composition and the direction of such movement of people have been identified in the literature. This article takes these trends into the context of Singapore as both an importer and exporter of labor. Of significance is its regionalization policy which allows it to export its capital to tap the land and labor resources as well as markets of emerging economies in Asia. In this respect, its policy to train foreign workers as is similarly done in South Korea to upgrade skills and technology transfer may initiate a new outlook toward movement of people. In contrast to the traditional view that population movement is disruptive and threatening to both recipient and sending countries, it may be viewed more positively and as contributing to economic growth and development.
The Migration of Egyptian Human Capital to the Arab Oil-Producing States: A Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Hadley Lawrence H.
Published: June 2018

The rate of return analysis is utilized to evaluate the profitability of exporting human capital from Egypt to the Arab oil-producing states from two alternative perspectives. A preliminary estimate of the internal rate of return from the perspective of the welfare of Egyptian nationals is extremely high in the case of Egyptian teachers in Saudi Arabia. From the alternative perspective of economic development in Egypt, existing gaps in the data make impossible at this time an accurate estimate of the rate of return. However, if Egyptians employed in the Gulf States were required to remit fixed portions of their income to Egypt and significant foreign transfer payments were received from the host countries, the migration of educated Egyptians would almost certainly be profitable from the second perspective as well.
The Social Process of Undocumented Border Crossing among Mexican Migrants
Authors: Singer Audrey , Massey Douglas S.
Published: June 2018

In this article a theoretical model is developed that views undocumented border crossing as a well-defined social process influenced by the quantity and quality of human and social capital that migrants bring with them to the border, and constrained by the intensity and nature of U.S. enforcement efforts. Detailed histories of border crossing from undocumented migrants originating in 34 Mexican communities are employed to estimate equations corresponding to this model. On first trips, migrants rely on social ties to locate a guide to help them across the border. As people gain experience in border crossing, they rely less on the assistance of others and more on abilities honed on earlier trips, thus substituting migration-specific human capital for general social capital. The probability of apprehension is influenced by different factors on first and later trips. On initial trips, crossing with either a paid (coyote) or unpaid (a friend or relative) guide dramatically lowers the odds of arrest; but on subsequent trips mode of crossing has no effect on the odds of apprehension, which are determined primarily by the migrant's own general and migration-specific human capital. On all trips, the intensity of the U.S. enforcement effort has little effect on the likelihood of arrest, but INS involvement in drug enforcement sharply lowers the odds of apprehension.
Immigrant Trajectories into Homeownership: A Temporal Analysis of Residential Assimilation
Authors: Myers Dowell , Lee Seong Woo
Published: June 2018

Homeownership is an important symbol of a middle-class standard of living and residential assimilation in the United States. This study explores the rate of advancement into homeownership of immigrants, relative to native borns, in Southern California, a principal region of immigrant settlement. Application of a double cohort method enables longitudinal trends for immigrants, due to both aging and assimilation, to be distinguished from the cohort levels observable by cross-sectional techniques. Recent immigrants as well as young native borns are newcomers to the housing market and have lower attainment levels than earlier arrivals or older cohorts. Cohort trajectories are tracked from 1980 to 1990, adjusting for the influence of income, education, English proficiency, and marital status. Asian immigrants achieved extraordinarily high levels of homeownership soon after arrival, whereas Hispanic immigrants demonstrated sustained advancement into homeownership from initially very low levels.
Geographic Mobility of the Foreign-Born Chinese in Large Metropolises, 1985–1990
Authors: Fang Di , Brown David
Published: June 2018

The spatial assimilation and ethnic resources models, two major theoretical explanations of the adaptation of immigrants, provide different views on the mechanism of spatial mobility of immigrants. We used the 1990 census 5 percent Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) to analyze the migration of foreign-born Chinese in three large metropolises — New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. We tested the two explanations in this study and argue that our results largely support the assimilation model. In addition, we contend that macroeconomic conditions of ethnic enclaves and characteristics of ethnic economies are also important in affecting the geographic redistribution of immigrants.
Labor Unions and Immigration Policy in France
Authors: Haus Leah
Published: June 2018

The majority of French unions favored restrictionist immigration policy measures in the interwar period. In contrast, French unions have adopted more nuanced policy preferences in recent years, despite high unemployment levels. While they continue to favor some restrictionist measures, they have modified their positions with respect to a number of aspects of French immigration policy and have opposed some restrictionist measures considered or adopted by various French governments in the 1980s and 1990s. This study seeks to understand this multidimensional approach of unions and to account for the variation in preferences of unions at those times when unemployment hit in the interwar period and in recent years. The study asks to what extent the explanation is enhanced by considering changing union assumptions on the ability of the state to control effectively migration due to economic internationalization. The data suggest that this theme helps to explain union immigration policy preferences in recent years, although a thorough explanation also requires considering other causes.
Supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Banaschewski Tobias , Belsham Brendan , Bloch Michael H , Ferrin Maite , Johnson Mats , Kustow James , Robinson Sarah , Zuddas Alessandro
Published: June 2018

While pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions are recommended as the primary frontline treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), alternative approaches to managing ADHD are becoming increasingly popular among patients and their families. Supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is an example of this. PUFA supplementation is not recommended by guidelines for managing ADHD; however, patients may still decide to use it. To provide direction to healthcare professionals (HCPs) managing ADHD, eight international experts in the field of adult and child ADHD came together for the Continuum Education Board: Omega Supplements in ADHD meeting. This commentary summarises the panel's consensus that current evidence suggests PUFA supplementation has a small beneficial effect on behaviour in children with ADHD, and that further high-quality research is needed to clearly evaluate and define its role in the management of ADHD of children, adolescents and adults. The panel concluded that in cases where patients use PUFA supplementation, HCPs should be comfortable explaining the potential gains that they may have and their possible side effects. The panel also concluded HCPs should not reinforce the idea that PUFA supplementation should replace treatment approaches with a more robust evidence base for managing ADHD.
Lens-specific deletion of the Msx2 gene increased apoptosis by enhancing the caspase-3/caspase-8 signaling pathway
Authors: Yu Ziyan , Yu Wenting , Liu Jia , Wu Danhong , Wang Chunxia , Zhang Jinsong , Zhao Jiangyue
Published: June 2018

Objective

To investigate the influence of Msx2 conditional gene knockout during lens development in mice.

Methods

Lens-specific Msx2 knockout mice were generated using the Cre-loxP system. The eyes of Msx2 conditional knockout ( Msx2CKO) and wild-type ( Msx2WT) mice were examined during embryonic and early postnatal periods using histological, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mRNA microarray analyses.

Results

Msx2CKO mice exhibited small lens formation and microphthalmia after birth, while Msx2CKO embryos exhibited a persistent lens stalk, small lens formation, and microphthalmia. Conditional deletion of Msx2 also led to an increased apoptosis rate, a significant reduction in FoxE3 expression, and an upregulation of Prox1 expression in the lens vesicle during the early embryonic period. Microarray comparison of Msx2CKO and Msx2WT lens transcriptomes identified a large number of differentially expressed genes. Real-time PCR showed that Casp8 and Casp3 expression was upregulated in Msx2CKO mice at post-natal day 1.

Conclusion

The activation of apoptosis through the caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling pathway, together with the downregulation of FoxE3 expression, appeared to account for the smaller lens formation in Msx2CKO mice.
Analysis of the fatigue life estimators of the materials using small samples
Authors: Barbosa Joelton Fonseca , Carlos Silverio Freire Júnior Raimundo , Correia Jose AFO , De Jesus Abilio MP , Calçada RAB
Published: June 2018

Knowledge of the stochastic nature of fatigue life of composite materials can be modeled by the failure time with the Weibull distribution. This task becomes complex when the samples are small and scattered. In this way, it is necessary to know and to improve robust models of estimation of the parameters of the distribution of Weibull. The aim of this work is to compare the performance of least squares, least squares weighted, maximum likelihood estimator and momentum method and to suggest a method that obtains better performance in life behavior to fatigue with small samples. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the distribution parameters with different sample sizes and an application with real fatigue data that compares performance using goodness-of-fit. The results of the simulations showed that the weighted least squares estimation was able to generate more reliable estimators for fatigue behavior during its useful life. In this way, it is possible to conclude that small samples make the real representation of life difficult to the material fatigue, but using the weighted least squares estimation method, it is possible to obtain more estimates.
Changes in medication cost observed in chronic cluster headache patients treated with sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) stimulation: Analysis based on 1-year data from the Pathway R-1 Registry
Authors: Pietzsch Jan B , Weber Simon A , Lund Nunu , Gaul Charly
Published: June 2018

Background

On-demand stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) by means of an implantable neurostimulation system has been shown to be a safe and effective therapy for treatment-refractory cluster headache patients. Our objective was to estimate changes in cluster headache medication cost observed in SPG-treated chronic patients.

Methods

Detailed patient-level data of 71 chronic patients treated with the Pulsante® SPG Microstimulator System were available from the Pathway R-1 Registry through 12 months’ follow-up. We used utilization data of preventive and acute medications reported at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months to estimate annualized drug costs for SPG-treated patients and compared it to baseline. Cost estimates for all drug/dosage combinations were developed based on German medication prices for 2016.

Results

In the base case analysis, mean annual acute and preventive medication costs decreased from €14,178 to €6924 (−€7254; −51%), and €559 to €328 (−€231; −41%), respectively, leading to total estimated annual drug cost savings of €7484, 97% of which were attributable to acute medications.

Conclusions

Our analysis suggests that SPG stimulation for the treatment of chronic cluster headache is associated with pronounced reductions in cluster headache medication usage that might lead to sizable annual savings in medication costs.
Nonstandard Employment and Health in South Korea: The Role of Gender and Family Status
Authors: Lim Sojung , Jeon Sun Young , Kim Joongbaeck , Woo Hyeyoung
Published: June 2018

Using nationally representative longitudinal data collected in South Korea from 2006 to 2013, this study evaluates the associations between nonstandard employment and various health outcomes with a focus on gender differences. We also examine to what extent family status, that is, marital status and parenthood, conditions these associations for men and women. Our results reveal an important role of selection in that many of the significantly negative associations between nonstandard/self-employment and health outcomes disappear in fixed-effects models when time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity is taken into account. Such negative selection appears to be more pronounced for men than for women. We also find a significant association between nonstandard/self-employment and health, which differs by gender and particular health outcomes examined. As for the moderating role of family status, our results show that mothers do benefit from self-employment in terms of lower depressive symptoms.
Landfill siting based on optimisation, multiple decision analysis, and geographic information system analyses
Authors: Spigolon Luciana MG , Giannotti Mariana , Larocca Ana P , Russo Mario AT , Souza Natália da C
Published: June 2018

Sanitary landfill remains the most common methodology for final treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste worldwide, the cost per tonne depends on its scale. The bigger the landfill, the cheaper the cost of treatment, so the consortium of municipalities is the solution to achieve an economic scale. However, the growth of waste production introduces pressure for adequate solutions and therefore has been increasing sanitary landfill site selection studies. This study proposes a methodology for siting sanitary landfills and optimising the transport of municipal solid waste for a locality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Environmental, social, and economic criteria were established. Their correlated attributes were categorised into suitability levels and weighted according to multiple decision analysis. The data were organised and mapped within a geographic information system. Considering sites where landfills are prohibited, two scenarios were generated. The Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming mathematical model is used to minimise the costs of transporting municipal solid waste and operating sanitary landfills. In Scenario 1, the results indicated that 64% of the area was suitable as a potential sanitary landfill site, 9% of the area exhibited medium suitability, and 27% of the area was classified as restricted. In Scenario 2, the results indicated that 25% of the area was suitable as a potential sanitary landfill site, 4% of the area had medium suitability, and 71% of the area was classified as restricted. The optimal solutions for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 enabled sites to be determined for five landfills and four landfills, respectively.
Lamb wave-based experimental and numerical studies for detection and sizing of corrosion damage in metallic plates
Authors: Sedaghati Adel , Honarvar Farhang , Sinclair Anthony N
Published: June 2018

Lamb waves are ultrasonic-guided waves with applications in inspection and monitoring of plate-like structures. These waves can be used for detecting, locating, and sizing of defects. In this paper, a new method is proposed for in situ measurement of the location and size of circle-like corrosion defects in thin plates. A novel technique for omnidirectional generation of Lamb waves is also proposed. The probe is placed on at least three different points around the defect and the arrival times of reflected echoes are measured. An algorithm then estimates the location and size of the defect based on the arrival times of reflected echoes. A finite element model is also developed for modeling the process and studying various aspects of the method. The proposed method is then tested on an aluminum plate. The center location and radius of a 5-mm hole in a 0.5-mm thick aluminum plate is estimated with uncertainties of ±1 mm (1%) and ±0.25 mm (5%), respectively. Various aspects of the proposed method are discussed, and uncertainties in measurements are estimated. Effectiveness of the proposed method is also assessed by sizing actual corrosion defects. The proposed method is fast, flexible, and portable and shows better accuracy in comparison to similar existing methods.
Predicting the Ideal Patient for Ambulatory Cleft Lip Repair
Authors: Chang Victor , O’Donnell Brendan , Bruce William J. , Maduekwe Uma , Drescher Max , Mendez Bernardino M. , Kothari Anai N. , Patel Parit A.
Published: June 2018

Background:

The utilization of ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs) for cleft lip repair is increasing to reduce costs. This study better defines the patient population appropriate for ambulatory cleft repair with uplift modeling, a predictive analytics technique.

Methods:

Pediatric patients who underwent cleft lip repair were identified in the 2007 to 2011 California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database and State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Database. The 2-model uplift approach was utilized using multivariate logistic regressions fit to assess the effect of ASCs, age, comorbidities, and procedure type on mortality or 30-day readmission.

Results:

Of the pediatric cleft lip repairs in California between 2007 and 2011, 2383 (83%) were conducted in inpatient facilities and 498 (17%) in ASCs. The 30-day readmission rates were 2.01% and 1.93% for ASC repairs and inpatient repairs, respectively ( P = .909). Uplift modeling predicts that of the 2881 patients, approximately 40% of patients would have benefit from an ASC repair and an ASC repair would have had no effect on the remaining 60%. Patients likely to benefit from an ASC repair were more likely younger than 1 year old, nonsyndromic, not to have a respiratory or neurologic diagnosis, have less number of procedures, and to have undergone an isolated cleft lip repair.

Conclusion:

Uplift modeling predicts that approximately 40% of patients would benefit from an ASC cleft lip repair. Targeting patients younger than 1 year old, nonsyndromic, with no respiratory or neurologic diagnosis for ASC cleft lip repair, may be a safe and cost-saving endeavor.
Quantitative Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibition and Hepatotoxicity in HepaRG 3-D Spheroids
Authors: Shin Dae-Seop , Seo Hyewon , Yang Jung Yoon , Joo Jeongmin , Im So Hee , Kim Seong Soon , Kim Sang Kyum , Bae Myung Ae
Published: June 2018

Predicting drug–drug interactions (DDIs) is an important step during drug development to avoid unexpected side effects. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is the most abundant human hepatic phase I enzyme, which metabolizes >50% of therapeutic drugs. Therefore, it is essential to test the potential of a drug candidate to induce CYP3A4 expression or inhibit its activity. Recently, 3-dimensional (3-D) mammalian cell culture models have been adopted in drug discovery research to assess toxicity, DDIs, and pharmacokinetics. In this study, we applied a human 3-D spheroid culture protocol using HepaRG cells combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to assess its ability to predict CYP3A4 inhibition. Levels of midazolam, a specific substrate of CYP3A4, were used to determine the long-term metabolic capacity of CYP3A4. Midazolam was decreased in the 3-D HepaRG culture system by ∼80% over 7 days, whereas its primary metabolite, 1-hydroxymidazolam, increased by ∼40%. Next, we assessed hepatotoxicity by determining the cytotoxicity of known hepatotoxicants in HepaRG spheroids, HepG2 cells, and primary human hepatocytes. Significant differences in cytotoxicity were detected in the system using 3-D HepaRG spheroids. These results suggest that 3-D HepaRG spheroids are a good model for prediction of CYP inhibition and hepatotoxicity in screening of early drug candidates.
Light, mind and spirit: Paul Willis’s Learning to Labour revisited on and beyond its 40th anniversary
Authors: Trondman Mats , Lund Anna
Published: June 2018

This article is an introduction to a Special Issue dedicated to Paul Willis’s classic Learning to Labour at its 40th anniversary, and beyond. His theoretically informed and theorizing ethnographic study is read, explored, and utilized all around the globe. Its use also stretches across the borders of social, cultural and educational sciences and to manifold research areas and settings. Besides laying out its main content, that is, the answers to the question of how working-class kids let themselves get working-class jobs, this article argues that the most significant contribution of Willis’s study is the way it illuminates, both theoretically and empirically, the meaning of cultural production and cultural autonomy in the midst of ongoing social reproduction of class. This introduction ends by presenting the eight contributions to the actual Special Issue, and with an invitation to Paul Willis himself to take issue with cultural production and cultural autonomy.
The life and death construct in heart transplant patients
Authors: Palmar-Santos Ana M , Pedraz-Marcos Azucena , Zarco-Colón Juan , Ramasco-Gutiérrez Milagros , García-Perea Eva , Pulido-Fuentes Monserrat
Published: June 2018

Background:

The technological advances of medicine, and specifically the techniques of organ transplants, have allowed crossing the border of life and death. This is especially relevant in the case of heart transplant, since its symbolism requires a redefinition not only of these traditional concepts, but also of the body or of one’s own identity.

Aims:

To explore the experiences of patients after receiving a heart from a donor.

Methods:

A phenomenological qualitative approach, through Merleau Ponty and Levinas perspectives, was conducted to capture the subjective experiences of heart transplant patients. We conducted 22 in-depth interviews: 12 with heart transplant patients from two hospitals in Madrid (Spain), and 10 with relatives who lived with them.

Results:

The line between life and death is erased for heart transplant patients. Three main themes arose from the analysis: towards death, the frontier between life and death, and towards life. The need to redefine the concepts of life and death is structured around issues such as the thought of facing one’s own death and the concept of gift and resurrection.

Conclusion:

Organ transplant techniques open the door to a new definition of death, of the identity of the body and its parts and the limits of life. Considering the cultural, legal, psychological, social and symbolic elements involved in the heart transplant process, a qualitative approach provides new avenues of understanding the clinical process from the patients’ perspective.
Understand e-bicyclist safety in China: Crash severity modeling using a generalized ordered logit model
Authors: Wang Tao , Chen Jun , Wang Chen , Ye Xiaofei
Published: June 2018

A thorough crash modeling effort was made to examine e-bicyclists’ injury severity, using a generalized ordered logit model, which can capture the ordinal nature of injury severity and allow for heterogeneity across observations. A number of factors associated with injury severity of e-bicyclists are identified, including older e-bicyclists, heavy truck involved, e-bicyclist at fault, e-bicyclist turn left, e-bicyclist cross the road, driver turn right, industrial area, weekday, and tree separation. Safety countermeasures and interventions are thus proposed based on the modeling results, including developing educational programs for specific age groups (e.g. older e-bicyclists, female e-bicyclists, and inexperienced drivers), launching safety campaigns, improving geometric design and traffic control in low-developed area, curve roads, and signalized intersections. Moreover, some interesting research topics are also suggested, such as examining head-on e-bike crash mechanism, crash mechanism between e-bicyclists and heavy trucks and motorcycles, and safety effects of different separation treatments on e-bicyclists’ injury severity from kinetic and kinematic perspectives.
Dignity in the digital age: Broadcasting the Oscar Pistorius trial
Authors: Biber Katherine
Published: June 2018

Oscar Pistorius was tried for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp in South Africa in 2014. His trial was broadcast live, after media agencies applied to the court for comprehensive access to the courtroom. The decision to broadcast the trial followed a careful and deliberative court ruling about the constitutional principles of human dignity, freedom and equality. South Africa’s post-apartheid Constitution provides a framework for achieving social transformation, and open justice plays an important role in it. Despite concerns about sensationalism and voyeurism, the broadcast of the Pistorius trial functioned as a constitutional experiment. This article evaluates the principles and practices of open justice in South Africa through the broadcast of the Pistorius trial, and the roles played by the media, the courts and the public. It identifies significant events during the trial, including its reporting, which had the effect of testing the compatibility of open justice, on the one hand, and the proper administration of justice, on the other. The right of an accused to a fair trial, at times, confronted the sensitivities of the victim’s family, the rights of the media and the demands of the public to witness justice being done. This article examines the tangled relationship between dignity and justice, compounded by the technologies of digital media, in the unique context of post-apartheid South Africa.
ATF2, but not ATF3, participates in the maintenance of nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia
Authors: Salinas-Abarca Ana B , Velazquez-Lagunas Isabel , Franco-Enzástiga Úrzula , Torres-López Jorge E , Rocha-González Héctor I , Granados-Soto Vinicio
Published: June 2018

Transcription factors are proteins that modulate the transcriptional rate of target genes in the nucleus in response to extracellular or cytoplasmic signals. Activating transcription factors 2 (ATF2) and 3 (ATF3) respond to environmental signals and maintain cellular homeostasis. There is evidence that inflammation and nerve injury modulate ATF2 and ATF3 expression. However, the function of these transcription factors in pain is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of ATF2 and ATF3 to nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. L5/6 spinal nerve ligation induced tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, nerve damage enhanced ATF2 and ATF3 protein expression in injured L5/6 dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord but not in uninjured L4 dorsal root ganglia. Nerve damage also enhanced ATF2 immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord 7 to 21 days post-injury. Repeated intrathecal post-treatment with a small-interfering RNA targeted against ATF2 (ATF2 siRNA) or anti-ATF2 antibody partially reversed tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. In contrast, ATF3 siRNA or anti-ATF3 antibody did not modify nociceptive behaviors. ATF2 immunoreactivity was found in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord co-labeling with NeuN mainly in non-peptidergic (IB4+) but also in peptidergic (CGRP+) neurons. ATF2 was found mainly in small- and medium-sized neurons. These results suggest that ATF2, but not ATF3, found in strategic sites related to spinal nociceptive processing and participates in the maintenance of neuropathic pain in rats.
Assessing the Influence of No Child Left Behind on Gifted Education Funding in Texas: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Hodges Jaret
Published: June 2018

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) has defined the past 15 years of public K-12 education. An incentive structure built around adequate yearly progress created an environment that was not aligned with gifted education. Texas, with over 11% of the total identified gifted population in the United States, state funding for gifted, and incentivized identification policies, made an ideal case study to analyze the ramifications of NCLB on gifted education. This article explores how Texas responded to NCLB and that response’s influence on district-level funding for gifted education. In total, 16 years of financial and enrollment data were analyzed for the 1,025 public school districts in Texas using the frame work of a longitudinal mixed model. Results indicated that there was an annual decline in the percentage of budget allocated to gifted education of 0.04 percentage points for rural school districts, 0.08 for suburban, 0.07 for town, and 0.05 for urban.
Cost-Utility Analyses in US Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Karhade Aditya V. , Kwon John Y.
Published: June 2018

Background. While investigations have been performed examining the quality of US-based cost-utility analyses for other orthopaedic subspecialties and have provided important insights, a similar analysis has not been performed examining the foot and ankle literature. Methods. A systematic review of foot and ankle studies was conducted to identify cost-utility analyses published between 2000 and 2017. Of 687 studies screened by abstract, 4 cost-utility studies were identified and scored by the Quality of Health Economic Studies instrument. Results. Of these 4 studies, 3 examined end-stage arthritis and 1 examined unstable ankle fractures. Cost-effective interventions identified by these studies included the performance of total ankle arthroplasty over ankle arthrodesis or nonoperative treatment for end-stage arthritis and suture button fixation over syndesmotic screws for unstable supination–external rotation ankle fractures. The mean Quality of Health Economic Studies scores for these studies was 87.5. Conclusion. Despite the increasing focus on value-based care delivery in the United States, there are few foot and ankle cost-utility analyses. Nonetheless, the quality of existing analyses is high. Certain interventions have been identified as cost-effective as highlighted above and the findings of this review can be used to help design future analyses in order to best demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of foot and ankle interventions.

Levels of Evidence: Level III: Systematic Review of level III studies
Reading Literary Fiction and Theory of Mind: Three Preregistered Replications and Extensions of Kidd and Castano (2013)
Authors: Kidd David , Castano Emanuele
Published: June 2018

Scholars from diverse disciplines have proposed that reading fiction improves intersubjective capacities. Experiments have yielded mixed evidence that reading literary fiction improves performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, a test of Theory of Mind. Three preregistered experiments revealed mixed results. Applying the “small telescopes” method developed by Simonsohn revealed two uninformative failures to replicate and one successful replication. On a measure of the importance of intentions to moral judgments, results were more mixed, with one significant effect in the expected direction, one nonsignificant effect, and one significant effect in the unexpected direction. In addition, two experiments yielded support for the exploratory but preregistered hypothesis that characters in popular fiction are perceived as more predictable and stereotypic than those in literary fiction. These findings help clarify the sociocognitive effects of reading literary fiction and refine questions for future research.
Group-Based Dominance and Authoritarian Aggression Predict Support for Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Womick Jake , Rothmund Tobias , Azevedo Flavio , King Laura A. , Jost John T.
Published: June 2018

In three convenience samples (combined N = 3,755) and one nationally representative survey ( N = 1,500), we investigated whether and how right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) were associated with support for Donald Trump during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. In all samples, facets of RWA and SDO predicted support for Trump (compared to other Republican, Democratic, and Libertarian candidates), even after adjusting for demographic factors and religious affiliation. In comparison with supporters of other Republican candidates, Trump supporters were consistently higher in group-based dominance and authoritarian aggression (but not submission or conventionalism). These results highlight the real-world significance of psychological theories and constructs and establish that Trump voters were uniquely driven by the desire to dominate out-group members in an aggressive manner.
Massive splenic epidermoid cyst in a child treated with laparoscopic partial splenectomy – case report and review of literature
Authors: Samarakoon Lasitha B , Si Min Goh Sharon , Cheong Yee Ling , Ong Lin Yin
Published: June 2018

Splenic cysts are extremely rare. We present the case of a young female child who presented with a massive splenic cyst arising from the lower pole of the spleen. We offered surgical intervention in view of persistent abdominal pain and the large size of the cyst, which was predisposing it to traumatic rupture and restricting the child’s normal activities. Cyst excision with splenic preservation was successfully achieved via a laparoscopic lower pole splenectomy. Histology confirmed a benign epidermoid cyst. The case presentation is followed by a brief review of literature.