bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Checklists of Species of Ancylodiscoidid and Ancyrocephalid Monogeneans from Fishes of Iraq
Authors: Mhaisen Furhan T. , Abdul-Ameer Kefah N.
Published: May 2020

Surveying 59 references concerning the occurrence of the monogeneans of the families Ancylodiscoididae and Ancyrocephalidae parasitizing fishes of Iraq showed the occurrence of 11 taxa of the family Ancylodiscoididae (genera Ancylodiscoides, Bychowskyella, Chauhanellus, Hamatopeduncularia and Thaparocleidus) and 19 taxa of the family Ancyrocephalidae (genera Ancyrocephalus, Cichlidogyrus, Cleidodiscus, Haliotrema, Ligophorus and Mastacembelocleidus). These monogeneans were reported from 19 valid fish host species in Iraq. Apart from five parasite species which were recorded from marine habitats (Ancyrocephalus sp., Chauhanellus australis, Haliotrema mugilis, Hamatopeduncularia sp. and Ligophorus mugilinus), the remaining parasite species were recorded from freshwater habitats. Among the infected fishes with these parasites, the Tigris catfish Silurus triostegus was infected with the highest number of parasite species (11 species), the mugilid fishes (Planiliza abu and P. subviridis) were infected with eight and seven parasite species, respectively, while 11 fish species were infected with only one parasite species each. Among the parasite species, Thaparocleidus vistulensis was reported from nine fish host species, while 22 parasite species were reported from one host species each. So far, eight synonymous names were applied for seven valid names of parasites of these two families in Iraq.
Climate Change Adaptation Strategies among Tobacco Small Scale Growers at Kiloleli Village in Sikonge District, Tanzania
Authors: Kayombo Canisius John , Komba Lambert , Kashindye Almas
Published: May 2020

Climate change is being discussed regularly at the global level. The study was conducted to evaluate the adaptation strategies of the effects of climate change among tobacco small scale growers at Kiloleni Village in Tabora region, Tanzania. Yamane formula was used to calculate the sample size. Questionnaires and checklists were used as tools for data collection in the field. Secondary data were obtained by reviewing various published and unpublished documents. Data were analysed using the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) software. The indicators of climate change on small scale tobacco growers based on the respondents were an increase in temperature, crop wilting, increase in insects, decrease in river water, soil dryness, strong wind, infertility of soil, crop dwindled growth, low rainfall, an increase of diseases, dryness of wells and poor air quality. The identified effects of climate change were drought, floods, hunger, soil erosion, a decrease of area for pasture, death of crops, dryness of river and production is still decreasing and increase of diseases to tobacco. Climate change effects were revealed to be such a burning issue to the small-scale growers that needed strategies to minimize the effects of climate change. Among strategies for reducing the effects of climate change were tree planting as the most useful way of adapting to climate change of all other strategies. The other adaptation strategies to the effects of climate change were drought-resistant crop cultivation, education, agroforestry practices, formulation of bylaws, use of alternative sources of energy and crop rotation. Climate change has shown severe damage to small scale tobacco growers and thus reducing crop yields. This study sets the following recommendations; tree planting, application of agroforestry, education offered by extension officers, formulation of bylaws, also further study is needed and awareness creation on the effect of climate change and the mitigation strategies.
Persepsi Konsumen atas Risiko Pembelian Melalui Media Online
Authors: Ayu Stephanie Astrid
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate empirically the risk factors that will influence both simultaneously and partially on the customer's decision to make purchases through online media. This research was used by using questionnaires methods. Population of this study was student and employee at Darma Cendika Catholic University, Surabaya. Research involves to 220 respondent. The sampling technique in this study was used convenience sampling and purposive sampling. The technique of data analysis using factor confirmatory analysis and multiple linier regression analysis. The result of the research by factor analyze confirmatory showed that new factor risk is Psychological Risk. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicate Privacy Risk, Quality Risk, Purchase Behavior Risk, Information Risk, Product Delivery Risk, Psychological Risk, Health Risk, and Product Size Risk have a significant negative effect on customer Purchasing Decisions through online media.
Audit of cash assets: organization, problems and improvement
Authors: MATKIVSKA Tetiana , BONDARENKO Olha
Published: May 2020

Money belongs to the category that has always been very relevant in economic thought. Cash is considered the most liquid assets of the enterprise. Under current market conditions, most businesses lack cash assets, so it is important to rationally distribute and use them. To do this, it is necessary to properly organize the accounting and audit of funds. It should be noted that in the course of work the cashier can commit irregularities that in the future lead to significant penalties.
Thus, the audit of cash and bank transactions helps to establish the legality and reliability of the performed money transactions and their correctness in accounting, to detect mistakes and abuses during such transactions.
The purpose of the paper is to highlight the organizational and methodological aspects of conducting audit of cash assets, to identify the main problems that arise in the audit of money transactions, and to provide recommendations for their resolution.
The audit of cash assets plays a significant role in determining the financial position of an entity. Based on the results of the audit of cash assess customers can assess the effectiveness of spending their money. Unfortunately, there may be issues that need to be addressed in the course of organizing and conducting the audit. There are many abuses and irregularities in the conduct of money transactions that the auditor needs to effectively identify. Therefore, resolving these issues and improving the audit of cash assets is very relevant.
Features of outstanding outsourcing in the system of personnel management
Authors: BUDІAKOVA Antonina
Published: May 2020

Global globalization, increased competition in domestic and global markets, the volatility of the market environment, require any modern company or organization to respond quickly and effectively to change. Today in order to survive, more and more businesses are forced to look for new effective methods of enterprise management and personnel management in particular. The paper reveals the main features of the differences, the content and critical assessment of the concepts of outsourcing staff. The analysis of the anti-crisis method of applying outsourcing by dividing the existing personnel of the company into three categories taking into account the results of an objective assessment of their activities, achievements and opportunities. The peculiarities of the outsourcing market for personnel management services in Ukraine and the main trends in this area are clarified. The essence of the concept of "staff outstaffing" is revealed. The experience of using outstaffing as an effective tool of personnel management is considered. The basic prerequisites for using outstaffing are revealed. Its positive and negative sides are identified. The prospects of using outstaffing in project management have been clarified. Outsourcing should not be considered as a universal tool for solving business issues and problems, as there are tasks that cannot be outsourced to independent professionals. Any business strategy of the company must be consistent with the likely risks. Quite often the use of outsourcing, for example, can create additional difficulties.
Information systems and their role in economic management
Authors: FATIEIEVA Anastasiia
Published: May 2020

The paper defines the role and place of information systems in the management of economic objects. The main tasks that are solved by the economic information system are formulated. Theoretical provisions on the necessity of introduction of information technologies in enterprise management are grounded. The concept of "economic object information system" is disclosed. The components of the economic information system are highlighted.
The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that in order to solve any task using a computer, you need to create information support (provide the calculations with the necessary data) and mathematical support (to create a mathematical model for solving the problem, which compiles a computer program).
The purpose of the paper is to highlight the main problems, to substantiate the theoretical propositions regarding the need for the introduction of information systems and technologies in the management of economic objects.
Economics management is information based and generates new information. The effectiveness of the economy of any object (enterprise, organization) depends largely on the ability of managers at different levels to carefully prepare and justify the decisions made. The conditions of a market (competitive) economy make serious demands on quality, timeliness, completeness, reliability of economic information, depth of analysis of economic indicators. The information system not only reflects the functioning of the control object, but also affects it through the controls. It is a set of information processes to meet the need for information at different levels of decision making, its purpose is to produce information for use (consumption) by the administrative apparatus. Accordingly, it provides for the accumulation, transmission, storage, processing and compilation of bottom-up information, as well as the concretization of top-down information. The purpose of IP is to describe the economic object, its states, interactions, which are expressed through economic indicators. It is intended to provide the management authorities with the necessary and sufficient information in a timely manner to make decisions, the quality of which ensures the highly efficient operation of the management entity.
Theory of double entry in accounting
Authors: HOLOVACH Volodymyr , HOLOVACH Tetiana
Published: May 2020

The paper considers the existing theories of double entry, which took place at different historical stages of the existence of the accounting science. The main attention is paid to legal, economic, philosophical and balance theories. As a result of their analysis, it was found that the process of theoretical cognition of the double entry had natural character. Its formation began with the content definition of the economic phenomena's dual nature in the economic activity sphere. Scientists later tried to find out the causes of such phenomena and their impact on the double entry. In many cases such intentions didn't have a full scientific basis. In such studies visibility in the form of the economic phenomena's dual nature was perceived as the essence of economic activity, the basis of which, in reality, forms dialectically contradictory commodity production and property relations. Based on the analysis of concepts and paradigms for determining the place and role of double entry in accounting, it is established that double-entry bookkeeping forms the essential basis for the emergence and development of double accounting at the entire stage of its existence and transformation into a modern accounting system. At the appropriate scientific level with using the philosophical and general scientific approaches it is substantiated that the double entry is conditioned by the economic phenomena's dual nature in the economic activity sphere, the essence of which is a dialectical contradiction inherent in commodity production and property relations. It is concluded that the double entry performs the lead methodological function in the accounting system and can't be equated to such elements of the accounting method as documentation and inventory, valuation and calculation, accounts, balance sheet and reporting.
Investment risks in the information technology industry
Authors: MAKOVETS Oksana
Published: May 2020

Introduction. The development of Ukraine's economy in the context of global crisis foresees the activation of investment activity. One of the areas, where even in a crisis situation investment attractiveness remains, is the IT technology field. This leads to increased attention to investment development in this area.
The purpose of the paper is to study the nature of investment risks for IT companies, deepening the classification varieties of investment risks, emphasizing the risk factors due to risk actions and ranking investment risks depending on their specific weight. The study will provide information for business management and plan the effective investment policy.
Results. The essence of risks and investments is investigated, the dynamics of IT services development is characterized. It is established that favorable conditions for the IT industry development are factors in the development of the country's economy. The trends of investing in the IT industry in Ukraine and the volumes of IT services exports outside the country are revealed by the analysis methods, and this allowed to confirm the conclusion about their competitiveness at international investment markets. It is established that the favorable conditions, which are created for the functioning of relevant field of activity, justify the positive dynamics of investment in the future, which is confirmed by the financial indicators of the industry.
The author singled out ten main types of investment risks: personnel risk, migration risk, investment loss risk, legislative changes risk, tax burden risk, legal arbitrariness risk, interest rate risk, currency risk, unpredictable inflation risk, credit risk. A brief description of the effects of risky events on the investment process with taking into account the industry specifics is given. The investment risks are ranked depending on their specific weight and the impact of each on the IT company's overall investment strategy, that with the help of graphic image provides the clear description of the investment risks structure.
The conclusion about investment activity processes development with taking into account risky events of the IT enterprises is made.
Research dynamics and structure of the unemployed population in Ukraine
Authors: SVYDLO Hanna
Published: May 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of the number of unemployed in Ukraine.
In the article it is determined that the socio-economic development of the country is characterized by the level and quality of life of the population, that the acquisition of goods and the satisfaction of material, intellectual and spiritual needs depends on the offer of appropriate life goods in the market of goods and services, as well as the possibility of earning a person of working age.
The author analyzed literary sources and distinguished domestic and foreign researchers who were engaged in the analysis of employment and unemployment. The article also substantiates the relevance of studying the unemployment rate in the country.
The main purpose of the paper is to identify trends in the number of unemployed in Ukraine and its Regions.
The methodological basis of the article is scientific works, materials of periodicals, Internet resources, regulatory legal acts and data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the State Employment Center of Ukraine and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine.
The article presents the categorical apparatus in accordance with the methodological provisions on the classification and analysis of the economic activity of the population.
The author analyzes the unemployment rate, the number of unemployed, the number of registered unemployed in the country for 2000-2019 years and compared with indicators of population and the number of economically active population of the corresponding period. The article presents data on the number of unemployed in a monthly context, as well as by professional groups for the period March 2019 – March 2020. The author presents an analysis of the structure of the number of unemployed in the regions of Ukraine relative to the number of unemployed in the country.
Organizational and legal aspects of activities in the field of agrobiology in Ukraine: improvement of the situation and problems of legal regulation
Authors: VINNYK Ivan
Published: May 2020

Introduction. The article is devoted to question of legal regulation of activities for repulse to armed aggression against Ukraine. In general the study was carried out through the prism of the armed aggression of Russian Federation, which began on February 20, 2014 in Ukraine and continues to this day. The study of the raised question was based on the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On Defense of Ukraine" and other regulations that determine the grounds, the procedure for repel the armed aggression, and which concern the competence of the authorized subjects in the specified sphere. The position on the presence of a number of shortcomings in the legislation that regulates question of repel the armed aggression against Ukraine is expressed.
The purpose of the paper is to study the evolution of Ukrainian legislation, which served as a tool to repel the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, to carry out the analysis of key regulations that regulate the repulse the armed aggression against Ukraine, and based on the analysis to identify the main shortcomings of this legal regulation, which, in turn, may negatively affect the effective repulse the armed aggression against Ukraine.
Results. It is determined that at the initial step of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation the President of Ukraine did not take all the necessary actions, which arised from his duties, and, in particular, related to its effective repulse. The main reasons that served such inaction are identified. The main shortcomings of the legal regulation of the fight against armed aggression are singled out, concerning the procedure for the President to make decision on mobilization, imposition of martial law, use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, other military formations, declaration of war, and approval by the Verkhovna Rada.
Conclusion. The position is expressed on the need to improve the legal mechanisms for making decisions on general or partial mobilization, the imposition of martial law in Ukraine or its localities, the use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, other military formations formed according to laws of Ukraine, and on declaration of war in case of armed aggression against Ukraine or the threat of attack on Ukraine, including the establishment of a special (abbreviated) procedure for the removal of the President of Ukraine from office, in case of his inaction to repel troops aggression, as well as the establishment of criminal liability for these actions.
Forming the enterprises strategy of focusing as a method of achieving its competitive advantages
Authors: ROZHENKO Oleksandra
Published: May 2020

The article deepens the theoretical and methodological foundations of strategic management of determining and achieving competitive advantages of the enterprise. To objectify the evaluation parameters of competitive advantages, a technique of competitive advantage analysis is proposed, which includes the following sequence of stages: determination of the basic strategy of enterprise development by the Thompson-Strickland model, determination of the competitive strategy of enterprise development by the Porter model, analysis of the competitive forces of the enterprise by the Porter model, systematization of components strategic potential of the enterprise according to the Borden-McCarry model; and determination of sustainable competitive advantage of the enterprise. According to the proposed method of analysis of competitive advantages of the enterprise, the following components of strategic potential are attributed to the directions of its strategic focus: product, price, promotion, place, people, process, physical environment. Most focus is on sustainable competitive advantage. According to the results of strategic analysis of a subsidiary's enterprise, its stable competitive advantage is formed. The method of analysis of competitive advantages of the enterprise is described. The essence of forming a focus strategy as a way of achieving competitive advantages of the enterprise is revealed. The disclosure of formation of competitive advantages of the investigated enterprise is improved. The technique of the analysis of competitive advantages of the enterprise through the mechanism of focusing on them is offered. The strategy of focusing the enterprise as a way to achieve its competitive advantages has been formed. The strategy of focusing of the conditional enterprise as a way of achieving its competitive advantages is formed. It is determined that the conditional enterprise has a strong competitive position and slow market growth. A competitive product focus strategy means leading the niche in the services provided, focusing all of the conditional enterprise's efforts on the quality of the services provided.
Organizational and economic support to the management of the international supply chains in the conditions of globalization transformations
Authors: KOVTUNENKO Kseniia , KRAVCHENKO Oksana , MANICHEVA Anastasiia
Published: May 2020

Introduction. In recent years, the organizational and economic support of managing international supply chains, in a time of competitive pressure and changing economic climate, has forced many countries and executives of international companies to re-evaluate their work and capabilities. Because of this, they have a need to direct their supply chain in search of new, more profitable and economical ways in the context of globalization. Firms' resources and capabilities play an important role in border logistics supply decisions.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the organizational and economic support of managing international supply chains in the context of globalization, using research methods: analysis, observation and conclusions.
Results. Global processes that permeate all spheres of economic activity, flatten national borders, expand opportunities to capture new markets for goods and services, integrate the world space into a single area with logistics chains. This topic has become very relevant in modern life in both domestic and foreign activities of the country. This article reviews the organizational and economic support for managing international supply chains. Their importance in the activity of the countries and at the enterprises is considered. The concepts of supply chain and the means to evaluate their effectiveness are explored.
Conclusion. The further development of world trade and the desire of many countries to accelerate the pace of integration into the global trading system will depend not only on maintaining an open global economic system, but also on enhancing the number and effectiveness of support structures such as managing the economic and organizational support of logistics chains. Using the right and up-to-date processes, the tools of organizational and economic management of international chains will lead to profit for companies and the country.
Formation of the bank's intellectual capital management mechanism
Authors: CHERNYSHOVA Liliia , OLEINIKOVA Olena , BOIKO Alina
Published: May 2020

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the essence of the concept of "intellectual capital", as well as the study of the structural components of the Bank's intellectual capital. The chosen topic is urgent and relevant to the realities of banking business, which is explained by the need for qualitative changes in the direction of ensuring the sustainable development of modern credit institutions.
The purpose of the paper is to systematize the research of various scientists regarding the interpretation of the scientific category "intellectual capital", improve its structuring and develop a mechanism for managing it in modern economic realities.
The article offers a General scheme of the Bank's intellectual capital management mechanism, provides elements of its strategic management system, and develops recommendations to Bank management on effective strategic management of a certain strategic banking component. It is also noted that in modern banking accounting of our country there are certain shortcomings in the reflection of intellectual capital in the reporting, which significantly complicates the process of monitoring it. To some extent, this is due to the imperfection of determining the value of intangible assets. This approach to managing the intellectual capital of a banking institution will help to identify and solve many internal problems of credit institutions, and its use along with other assets will allow banking organizations to obtain real competitive advantages and ensure a dominant position in the market.
Features of crisis management at industrial enterprises
Authors: AKULIUSHYNA Maryna , HYZHYTSIA Mariia
Published: May 2020

Introduction. Modern market conditions over the past decades are characterized by fluctuations from a stable state to a crisis. All businesses, regardless of scale and type of activity, suffer from crises. The larger the enterprise, the more stable its position and the better its management system. However, manufacturing enterprises have their own characteristics that must be taken into account. They have high costs, a lot of staff, the strength of the market and competitors.
The purpose of the paper is to identify the main signs and directions of diagnosing crisis phenomena at production enterprises for effective crisis management.
Results. The main characteristic features of crisis management for manufacturing enterprises are proposed to highlight such as the dependence on time, mobility and dynamism of resource support, the efficiency and prudence of managerial decision-making and the use of the program-target method. Moreover, in the context of strategic management, it is important to diagnose factors of the internal state of the enterprise and the external environment, assess the formation of the value of products and how competitive it is in the market in a crisis. Without a clear statement of the problems that led to the crisis in the enterprise, it is impossible to start developing anti-crisis measures. These measures include making small changes to the strategy of the enterprise, or a complete revision of the strategy and the development of a new one. The value chain reflects the process of creating the value of a product and includes various activities and, as a result, profit. The manager controlling the entire process finds a weak link in the chain and can manage each individually without harming the overall result.
Conclusion. The market economy is developing in waves from a stable state to a crisis, and managers always need to be prepared for such conditions. Management of a manufacturing enterprise is always special to management. Crisis management is no exception. To maintain a competitive position, strategic plans must be constantly adjusted, changed depending on the influence of the external environment. The adoption of anti-crisis management decisions should be quick, balanced, dynamic, timely.
Trends of innovative development of intermediary activities of consulting services
Authors: KOVALENKO Albina , KOVTUNENKO Kseniia , PRODIUS Yuliia
Published: May 2020

Introduction. The international practice of mediation confirms the effectiveness of consulting services in solving problems of formation and development of innovative infrastructure in the economy of developed countries. Many research studies.An analysis and implementation of innovative trends requires constant th improvement and helps provide better services.
The purpose of this paper is to formulate the main tendencies of innovative development of the intermediary activity of consulting services.
Results. The popularity of consulting in Ukraine has been progressively relative to developed countries. The modern activity of various intermediary companies providing consulting services is aimed at qualitative innovative changes. The essence of mediation consulting services is a tool for developing partnerships that arise between the state, business, science and education, with regard to the rational use of information and intellectual resources in the enterprise innovation management system. For mediation, it is important to form a team of consultants who would possess quality information and intellectual resources and are able to turn them into professional services. Сonsulting services include: general tendency of globalization of economy, possibility of using thinking, ideas and experience of manager-consultant, adaptation of foreign experience to the conditions of national economy.
Conclusion. Based on the conducted research it can be determined that the current stage of development of the intermediary activity of consulting services in Ukraine is transitional. It is innovation that promotes dynamic self-development and ensures the competitiveness of the enterprise in the market. Provided that the positive trends of innovative development for intermediary enterprises are analyzed and implemented, the country's economy will be able to occupy a worthy place in the global process of economic development.
FUZZY INFERENCE BASED STABILITY OPTIMIZATION FOR IOT DATA CENTERS DC MICROGRIDS: IMPACT OF CONSTANT POWER LOADS ON SMART GRID COMMUNICATION OVER THE POWERLINE
Authors: Oyekanlu Emmanuel
Published: May 2020

Direct Current (dc) microgrids due to their efficiency and energy savings are being deployed to provide power for servers in Internet of Things (IoT) data centers, in more electric aircrafts (MEA), electric ships and in rail systems round the word. In this paper, Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference method is used to establish a Lyapunov stability candidate for a 380 V ring bus dc microgrid modeled with Matlab. To determine suitability of using powerline communication (PLC) to monitor stability condition on the 380 V dc microgrid, impact of distortion caused by microgrid constant power loads (CPL) on signals transmitted over the dc microgrid PLC channel is examined. It is shown in this paper that while Lyapunov asymptotic stability is maintained on the dc bus, increasing CPL on the microgrid causes the dc microgrid PLC channel to experience growing signal distortion.
NEUTRAL POINT CONNECTIONS IN MV POWER NETWORKS WITH GROUNDING ZIGZAG TRANSFORMERS – ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS
Authors: Bernadić Alen , Anane Zahira
Published: May 2020

Treatment of transformer neutral point in middle-voltage (MV) networks become an important issue with increasing proportion of MV cables in power networks. As consequence, overall capacitance of MV network is increased and moreover earth fault currents magnitudes. In MV networks with feeding transformer winding in delta connection (isolated networks), that earth fault current increase requires  forming of artificial ground point – a neutral connection point on a three-phase ungrounded power system. Grounding transformer use, in zigzag or delty-wye connection, is common, well-known solution for constructing neutral connection in power systems. Physical characteristics of grounding transformers, protection principles, short-circuit calculations with symmetrical components and simulation techniques are presented in this paper.  Characteristical operational modalities of MV power networks are also revieved on practical examples.
ESTIMATING DEMAND OF TURKISH ENERGY MARKET: A MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION MODEL
Authors: Ugurlu Erginbay
Published: May 2020

Energy is a fundamental factor for economic development. Although in recent years there is a development in studies on an energy economics they are focused on specific energy sources. In this study natural gas, electricity and oil consumption which are the energy sources that the greatest market share of world and Turkey are investigating. In this investigation multivariate linear regression model is used. MVR model is a system of linear regression equations having the same set of independent variables. In this model within-equation, linear restrictions are testable on an equation-by-equation basis using a standard F test. The aim of the study is estimating demand of these three energy sources which are mentioned above. For this purpose, the regression model estimated which has a natural gas, electricity and oil consumption as dependent variables and price of these sources, income and population as independent variables by using 2001:01-2010:06 monthly data. Except for oil prices, coefficients of the model are statistically significant in all models. Coefficients are interpreted economically and determined that supply and demand move peculiar to Turkish energy markets despite the general expectations.
CUSTOMER EMPOWERMENT STRATEGY AND SHAPING MARKETS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
Authors: Krnić Ivan
Published: May 2020

A large number of energy companies in the world today a faced with global transformative trends which devastatingly affect their business results. Therefore, energy companies in the world were very slow in investing and adopting renewable energy sources and become significantly overcapacitated by coal and gas fired power plants which are now unprofitabile due to low marginal costs of renewables and their priority dispatching into a power system. Also increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the structure of electricity generation, the decline in primary energy prices (fossil fuels) the stagnation of consuption and the surplus of supply in relation to electricity demand caused a drop in wholesale electricity prices by half compared to 2008. Furthemore, the operation of coal fired power plants is burdened with carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, there has been a significant reduction in revenues, falling stock values andthe collapse of credit rating of many energy companies in the world. This article analyzes the implementation of the strategy of empowering customers and shaping markets that the E.ON Group has carried out as a „response“ to global transformative trends in the energy market environment by which the former company was divided into two less dynamic and more focused companies into a new or conventional energy world. This strengthens the competitiveness of all previous business activities due to stronger focus on the development of necessary skills and process. Furthemore, from on investor perspective it has been shown that the risk profiles associated with conventional energy production differ from those related to the „new“ energy world, ie the activities covered by the business portfolio of the E.ON Group, and the activities covered by the business portfolio of the Uniper Group attract different types of investors.
STRATEGIC ROLE OF OIL PIPELINES IN EU ENERGY SUPPLY
Authors: Sekulić Gordana , Kovačević Dragan , Vrbić Damir , Veselica Vladislav , Kovačević Dominik
Published: May 2020

The oil pipelines have a strategic importance in the energy supply of the European Union (EU), especially given the fact that in the next two decades the crude oil will continue to be a dominant energy source, accounting for approx. 30% of the primary energy consumption, along with a reduction in the petroleum product consumption and growth in renewables.

Europe has a widespread network of oil pipelines of approx. 22,5 thousand kilometres (without Russia), connecting refineries to import oil ports or to land-based crude oil sources. The refineries of the Central Eastern Europe are supplied mainly from the Druzhba oil pipeline. Recently, these refineries have diversified their crude oil supply routes and sources, by sea imports from the North Sea, the Middle East, Canada and others (Poland) or by the TAL – IKL oil pipelines (Czech Republic) and the JANAF oil pipeline (Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic). Given the insufficient diversification of crude oil supply precisely of the Central Eastern European region, particularly the landlocked countries (and refineries respectively), the EU has envisaged, among the projects of common interests, also six connection oil pipelines with terminals. At the same time, they are the only pipelines planned to be constructed in Europe and financed by the oil companies’ funds.

The oil pipeline and storage companies, as well as other oil companies, have a social responsibility as regards the energy supply, yet also a responsibility as regards their successful performance and development, thus investing considerable funds into modernisations, upgrades, protection, safety and security, etc. The oil pipeline companies hastily modify their strategies by expanding business and becoming more and more transport-storage-energy oriented, and by investing in the flow reversal of oil pipelines and connection pipelines, storage capacities, as well as in enhancement of efficiency and flexibility of oil pipeline and storage infrastructures.
Flicker spreading in a transmission network
Authors: Garma Tonko , Galzina Denisa
Published: May 2020

This paper reports the flicker spreading in the transmission network. Chapter 1 presents introduction containing brief background and key concepts, followed by description of the corresponding instrumentation in Chapter 2.  Key contribution of the paper is elaborated in Chapters 3 and 4.  Chapter 3 reports measurements of the flicker magnitude along the 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV transmission grid for various distances from flicker origin on 400 kV grid, and Chapter 4 gives cost-effective predictive model, enabling estimation of the flicker magnitude for arbitrary selected origin-to-spot distance base on non-linear regression approach. Paper is extension of the work presented at Smagrimet 2019 conference.
A Resistive Voltage Divider for Power Measurements
Authors: Dadić Martin , Sandrić Bruno , Mostarac Petar , Malarić Roman
Published: May 2020

The paper presents a resistive voltage divider (RVD), developed for power measurements at much higher frequencies than the traditional 50 Hz. The design of the RVD and the methods of its evaluation are described. The RVD is intended to be used in a digital sampling wattmeter application based on National Instruments PXI-4461 Dynamic Signal Analyzer. The design of the divider includes individual copper guards for each resistor, driven by the auxiliary chain of resistors. To reduce the leakage currents, the PTFE terminals are applied between pins of the resistors and the printed circuit board.
Synchrophasors Determination Based on Interpolated FFT Algorithm
Authors: Kunac Antonijo , Despalatović Marin , Šantić Dario
Published: May 2020

Within the standard IEEE C37.118 applications and proposed hardware structure of a phasor measurement unit (PMU) are described. This paper presents the concept of the system for measuring and transferring synchrophasors from a theoretical aspect. Synchrophasor algorithms are developed in MATLAB/Simulink for the purpose of easier verification and hardware deployment on today’s market available and affordable real time development kits. Analysis of the synchrophasor measurement process is performed gradually. Firstly, by defining the synchrophasor based on three-phase to αβ-transformation and then introducing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based on synchrophasor estimation algorithm. Later, accompanying adverse effects resulting from its application are analyzed by means of simulation. To increase accuracy and improve estimation algorithm interpolated discrete Fourier transform (IpDFT) with and without windowing technique is used. To further optimize algorithm performance convolution sum in recursive form has been implemented instead of classical DFT approach. This study was carried out in order to validate described measurement system for the monitoring of transients during island operation of a local power electric system. Finally, simulation and experimental results including error analysis are also presented.
Real Time Load Angle Application for Synchronous Generator Protection Purposes
Authors: Višić Ivan , Strnad Ivan , Tonković Tihomir
Published: May 2020

The out-of-step protection function is one of the key functions in generator protection. This function detects the loss of generator synchronism, and when such a fault occurs, it is necessary to disconnect the generator from the rest of the system as soon as possible in order to avoid major damages.The algorithms used in the out-of-step protection functions are based on the measurements of generator impedances and they use the impedance vectors to check if all stability criterions are met. This paper describes a new approach to realizing the out-of-step generator protection function by using the direct load angle measurement. The idea behind applying the real time load angle measurement is to faster detect the loss of synchronism.
Neuromuscular activation of postural neck muscles methods significance in rehabilitation of patients with cervical myofascial pain syndrome
Authors: Shimarova O.V. , Malakhovskiy V.V. , Zilov V.G.
Published: May 2020

Neck pain is an actual problem of our time, one of the leading causes of temporary disability. Most often, cervical pain is non-specific, and is manifested by myofascial pain syndrome. Neck pain therapy is a big problem due to the lack of unified effective treatment protocols and at the same time with the abundance of methods offered. According to the results of some studies, the pain syndrome may be associated with a violation of proprioreception and dysfunction of the postural muscles of the neck. Accordingly, neuromuscular activation techniques can be effective in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome of the neck. The purpose of this pilot study is to research the various effects of using neuromuscular activation methods in patients with myofascial pain syndrome in neck muscles.
Features of electromyographic changes in patients with upper limb lesions during various exercise types performance
Authors: Vakhitov B.I. , Raginov I.S , Vakhitov I.H. , Bodrova R.A. , Izosimova A.V.
Published: May 2020

For the first time in clinical conditions a study was carried out for estimation of average amplitude (AA-EMG) and frequency of oscillations repetitions parameters during dynamic and static exercises performance. We found that in healthy individuals EMG amplitude depends on the character of physical exercises performed. The largest EMG amplitude was registered when performing static exercises. It was found that in acute stroke patients, while performing flexion and extension of fingers, low-amplitude EMG activity was registered stretched for entire movement cycle without a clear peak of extremum. When performing static exercises, the amplitude and frequency of EMG oscillations changed significantly in a positive way.
Modern approaches to the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with facial neuropathy
Authors: Zavaliy L.B. , Petrikov S.S. , Ramazanov G.R. , Kasatkin D.S. , Chekhonatskaya K.I.
Published: May 2020

Facial nerve neuropathy can manifest itself with gross organic and functional disorders. The esthetic defect worsens social adaptation and quality of life. However, there is no consensus, protocol or algorithm of treatment of the patient with this pathology. In article we present a modern way of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with neuropathy of a facial nerve of various etiology. Conservative and surgical types of treatment are applied during the different periods of a disease. Surgical methods of treatment can be divided into two groups: reconstructive, decompressive and also plastic. The choice of a type of operation is defined individually with many factors, including an etiology and time of a disease. Both the new and tested by time techniques are applied. Conservative therapy includes corticosteroids, antiviral, antibacterial drugs depending on a clinical situation. Traditionally specialists of policlinics and hospitals appoint additional therapy (group B vitamins, cholinesterase inhibitors, antioxidants, neuroprotectors, nootropic drugs), however single small researches couldn't enforce these drugs recommendations. Botulinum toxin type A is effective in the acute and chronic periods of a disease. Depending on a clinical situation of botulinum toxin type A are injected both in affected, and in healthy part of the face. Patients with incomplete eye closure are given keratoprotection as early as possible, and blepharography is performed in case of pronounced deficit. As an alternative method, botulinum toxin type A injections are used into the upper eyelid lifting muscle. One of the most effective methods of rehabilitation of patients with facial nerve neuropathy is therapeutic physical education such as neuromuscular retraining with biological feedback. The most optimal combination is the injection of botulinum toxin type A and therapeutic physical education.
Potential benefits and limitations of robotic exoskeleton usage in patients with spinal cord injury: a review
Authors: Karjakin N.N. , Belova A.N. , Sushin V.O. , Sheiko G.E. , Israeljan Y.A. , Litvinova N.Y.
Published: May 2020

Restoration of motor functions in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) is a priority problem of this patient’s category medical rehabilitation. Despite the achievements of modern medicine, the level of movement restoration after SCI is often insignificant, many patients stayed confined to a wheelchair. Secondary complications (osteoporosis, obesity, cardiovascular, respiratory, urogenital, trophic and other disorders) used to develop in the injured people as a result of low physical activity, they aggravate the course of the main disease and complicate the process of medical rehabilitation. A hope for rehabilitation specialist and patients is associated with the appearance of robotic exoskeletons (RES), that might become an innovation means for improving the mobility of patients with SCI. The purpose of the review is to provide information on the possible benefits and disadvantages of the use of RES in the rehabilitation of patients with SCI. This article discusses the general characteristics of modern exoskeletons and the conditions of their use for patients with paralysis of the lower extremities. The article presents Information on the effectiveness and safety of the use of exoskeleton devices in neurorehabilitation, as well as data on limitations and problems associated with exoskeleton use in clinical practice. The results of meta-analyses and randomized studies on the potential benefits of the RES usage both in everyday life and in rehabilitation of patients with SCI are presented. The influence of walking training in the exoskeleton on the degree of motor functions improvement, overall physical activity level and body weight in patients with SCI is highlighted. The article draws attention to the unsolved problems and further perspectives of RES application in patients with SCI. It emphasizes the necessity for protocols standardization and large randomized comparative clinical trials organization with prolonged observational period of patients in order to determine exoskeletons usage potential.