bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment Performance Across Generations of Iraqi Indigenous Brown Chickens Under Selection for High Egg Production
Authors: Hassan Bushra F. , Razuki Waleed M. , Al-Nedawi Ahmed M.
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted to evaluate sexual and productive performance of Iraqi indigenous brown chickens. Data were descended from 2234 females across six-generation of selection for high egg production. Data of age at first egg [AFE], body weight at first egg [BWFE], first egg weight [FEWT], egg weight [EW], egg number [EN], and egg mass [EM] were recorded individually. The average of AFE, BWFE, FEWT, EW, EN and EM was 149.31d, 1489.59g, 35.7g, 44.44g, 110.39 egg\hen, and 4895.01g, respectively. Monthly gg number was 10.07, 20.35, 21.16, 20.12, 19.36, 18.13 egg\hen from moth 1 to 6 respectively. Monthly egg weights were 37.69, 41.51, 44.23, 45.78, 47.46, 48.72 g from moth 1 to 6 respectively. Monthly egg mass was 379.91, 849.78, 935.46, 921.31, 918.84, and 882.43 g from moth 1 to 6 respectively. The effect of generation, hatch and season showed highly significant effect on sexual and productive traits. The higher FEWT and BWFE shown in the second generation compared to other generations. The cumulative EN and EM from the onset of lay to 43 weeks of age varied between generations where the highest EN and EM was recorded in the six-generation compared to the first generation. EW achieved better values in the second generation [47.60g] while the lowest was recorded in the third to the sixth generations [ca 43.0g]. EW increased with age-progressive. The hatch effect had a significant effect on FEWT, BWFE, AFE, EN, EW, and EM. Hens hatched first achieved better performance compared to the second hatch. The effect of season was significant on FEWT, BWFE, AFE, EN, EW, and EM. Birds hatched in the spring season achieved higher FEWT, BWFE, EW, and greater days to reach maturity. The overall EN for the hens hatched in the spring season was significantly lower than their counterparts hatched in the other season times. Birds hatching in the winter season achieved higher EN than in other seasons. Results suggest that Iraqi brown local chickens shown in the current work have good potential for egg-productive traits and could be used as a gene pool for enhancing egg production through selection approaches.
Effect of Breed and some Non-Genetic Factors on Productive Performance in Two Sheep Breeds
Authors: Alwan Ibrahim Hussein , Aljubouri Thamer R. S.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted with the animal field of Al-Kafeel Company/Barakat Aba Al-Fadl (peace be upon him) station during the period from December 2021 to July 2022, the experiment included 200 lambs (100 lambs of Iranian Karakul breed, 100 lambs of local Hamdani) The number of male lambs was 88 while the female was 112, this study aims to compare the productive performance between the two breeds from birth to the age of 6 months, and to study the effect of non-genetic factors (dam’s weight, dam age, and sex of lambs) in productive traits, Birth and weaning weights were recorded at the age of six months, and body measurements for both breeds (body length, height at the wither and rump, chest and abdomen circumference) The results indicated a highly significant (P<0.01) superiority of the Karakul lambs over the local Hamdani breed in body weights, chest circumference at birth, body weight, chest and abdominal circumference at weaning, body weight and all body measurements at six months of age, Highly significant (P<0.01) for male lambs over females in body weights and body length, wither and rump height at weaning, body weight, all body measurements at six months of age, for both breeds. In addition to the presence of a highly significant difference (P<0.01) for the weight of lambs produced from dams with a high weight of more than 50 kg compared with lambs produced from dams with a weight of 30-49 kg at birth and weaning and at the age of six months, respectively, and most of the body measurements, While the non-significant effect of the age Dam on the weights of the lambs was on the weights of the lambs and most of the body measurements of both breeds. The results showed a positive and significant correlation (P < 0.01) between the weight of dams and lambs weight at birth and weaning and at six months of age, also to the correlation of the weights of the previous lambs with the subsequent weights of both breeds, Thus The possibility of using these factors of lambs in breeding programs for early selection of lambs and improving productive performance near marketing.
The Effect of Adding Xylanase Enzyme to Diets of Broilers Containing De-Hulled Sunflower Meal as a Substitute for Soybean Meal on Growth, Gastrointestinal Mass, Biology, and Intestinal Morphology, Blood Serum Biochemical Traits
Authors: Al-molah Mohammed Ibrahim , Kloor Ibrahim Said , Al-Taee Raghad Nabeel Dawood
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in the Poultry Research Hall of the Department of Animal Production/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul, with the aim of studying the effect of adding xylanase enzyme to broiler rations containing de-hulled sunflower meal instead of soybean meal on digestive mass, biology and morphology of the intestines, and serum biochemicals Traits. It used 360 non-sexed broiler chicks (Ross-308), with an average hatching weight of 41.50 grams. the chicks were randomly distributed in a factorial experiment with two factors (4×2) to eight feeding treatments, with three replicates for each treatment and 15 chicks for each replicate, homogeneous in their weights. And for a period of 42 days of age. The results indicated that the substitution of de-hulled sunflower meal by 33% did not have a significant effect on live body weight, feed consumption, intestinal morphology and biology, and blood serum biochemistry compared with the control treatment. While it was observed that a significant deterioration (P≤0.05) occurred in all of these characteristics when the substitution level was increased to 66 and 100%, these two treatments also caused an increase in the relative weight of the gizzard and small intestine and in the number of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli) compared with the control treatment. The results of the statistical analysis of the interference case showed a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) for the partial and total substitution treatments (66 and 100% Dh-SFM with or without xylanase enzyme) in the live body weight, with a deterioration in the morphological characteristics of the jejunum segment and an increase in the relative weight of the gizzard. And small intestine compared with the negative and positive control treatments.
Genetic and Phenotypic Trend and Inbreeding Effects for Sexual and Egg Production Traits of Iraqi Local Chickens
Authors: Al-Ghabban A. J. SH. , Razuki Waleed M. , Al-Anbari E. H.
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted to estimate genetic and phenotypic trend and inbreeding effect on a sexual and egg production trait in Iraqi brown local chickens. Data on 2234 hens raised in poultry research stations from successive 6 generations of selection for high egg production during the first 24 weeks of production were used. Data of age at sexual maturity (ASM), body weight at sexual maturity (BWSM), first egg weight (FEWT), egg weight (EW), egg number (EN), and egg mass (EM) were recorded individually. The univariate animal models under Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood (AI-REML) of Wombat package were applied to estimate the heritability, BLUP-breeding value and inbreeding rate. The heritability estimates based on individual animal model was 0.39±0.05, 0.42±0.05, 0.17±0.04, 0.68±0.04, 0.40±0.05 and 0.40±0.05 for the traits mentioned above respectively. Average breeding values across generation tend to be positive in productive traits but it was negative in ASM, BWSM and FEW. The overall predicted genetic gains, after 6 generations of selection, estimated by the regression coefficients of the breeding value on generation number were equal to -0.010, 0.029, 0.033, -0.397, -1.514, and -41.541, for ASM, BWSM, FEWT, EW, EN and EM, respectively. In conclusion, the moderate to high heritability estimated for egg production traits suggested that these traits could be improved through selection. The effect of the inbreeding rate negatively on some traits and positively on other traits suggested that both traits could not be improved simultaneously using additive selection. The inconsistency between phenotypic and genetic trends suggests that genetic progress was not achieved in a higher magnitude.
Association Between Genetic Polymorphism of Mutation (G5736A) in the BMP-15 Gene with Productive Performance of Local and Shami Goats
Authors: Hussein Dalaf A. , Al-Khazraji Wasan J. , Ajeel Hmod. M.
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted at the ruminant research station of the Agricultural Research Department / Ministry of Agriculture on a sample consisting of 44 local goats and 52 Shami goats, while the laboratory part was conducted in Scientific Progress Laboratory, for the period from 12/20/2021 to 9/1/2022. The nucleotide sequencing technique was used to detect mutations in The second exon region of the (BMP15) gene to determine the relationship of the resulting genotypes to economic traits (growth, milk production and litter size). The results showed that there are two genotypes, the wild (GG) and the hybrid (GA), as the percentage of individuals carrying the wild genotype was (90.91, 67.31) % compared to the hybrid individuals (9.09, 32.6) % respectively, in the local and Shami goat samples, and the allelic frequency of the wild allele G in both groupss was (0.95, 0.66)% compared to the mutant allele A (0.05, 0.34)%. for both groupss goats, the wild type individuals were superior in birth weight and did not show any significant effect of this mutation on the rest of the growth traits (19.03, 21.0) kg, as for the characteristics of milk production, the individuals carrying the wild genotype also excelled in the characteristic of total milk production in both groupss. (467.4, 490.4) kg compared to individuals carrying the hybrid genotype GG (422.1, 457.1) kg respectively, While no significant effect of the mentioned mutation appeared in litter size for both groups.
Biochemical Blood Plasma Changes of Awassi Sheep Using Different Levels of Olive Pulp
Authors: Al-Yasery Ahmed Jawad , Manaf Faiza Hashim Abdul , Al-Gharawi Jassim Kassim
Published: December 2023

16 male Awassi lambs were used, four months age weaning was diagnosed bythe teeth, it was placed in the animal field and left to acclimate for 14 days, then the actual experiment was introduced for a period of three months. The lambs were reared in four standard barns with a stage containing feeders and water troughs, it was divided from the inside by iron partitions into three sections. Four lambs, each treated under hygienic conditions, were placed in each section, underwent a treatment and vaccination program that supported to ensure her safety and that she was free from diseases. The animals were divided into four groups were T1: was fed on a diet devoid of olive pulp (control group). And fed on a diet containing 5, 10 and 15% olive pulp were T2, T3 and T4 respectively. fed on a diet containing 15% olive pulp. The results indicated that all olive pulp treatments led to a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, uric acid, ALP and ALT, with a significant increase in HDL, total protein, albumin, globulin, phosphorus and calcium compared to the control treatment. The addition of 15% olive pulp in the diets of Awassi lambs gave the best results compared to a concentration of 5 and 10% olive pulp.
The Effect of Adding Moringa Leaf Powder to the Adapted Quail Diet During the Egg Production Stage on the Productive Performance and some Biochemical Blood Characteristics
Authors: Al-Jabari Qana H. , Shaker Ahmed S.
Published: December 2023

The current experiment was carried out at the poultry farm of the Animal Production department, College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk from 5/12/2021 until 1/2/2022. To study the effect of different levels of Moring leaves powder (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5)% on the production diet. Forty-eight quail were used at 30 days old and randomly allocated to four treatment groups with each treatment three replication with 4 birds each. The egg weight of the birds was weighed daily with a sensitive electronic balance (0.01) g. The feed intake was determined by weighing the bucket and feed before and after consumption before the next refilling of the bucket. Egg production was monitored daily and recorded for each replicate. The external egg traits were measured by using a clipper vernier (0.01) mm. and the internal egg traits were measured by using an electronic balance (0.01) g. General linear model (GLM) within the SAS program was used to calculate mean, standard error, and significance. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to test the differences between the means. The egg production and feed intake significantly differed between the treatments, it was highest in treatment four and lower production in the control group. The egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion were non-significant between the treatments. All the external and internal egg traits were non-significant between the groups.
Improving the Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed on Diets Containing the Mixture “Toxbond Forte”
Authors: Jasim Abeer Sweed , Bahauddin Mohammed Sabah , Mustafa Nidhal Abdulghani
Published: December 2023

The current study is conducted to study the use of the mixture called “Toxbond Forte” and its effect on the productive characteristics of broiler chickens in the fields of Kosar Company – Erbil. The experiment took 35 days and it was from 20/7/2022 to 25/8/2022. 120 unsexed chicks from Rose 308 type one day old with an initial weight of 42 ± 3 g per chick have been used in this experiment. The chicks were randomly distributed into 5 treatments with 3 replicates for each treatment 8 birds/repeater. The experimental treatments were as follows: the first treatment T1: control treatment without any additions, the second treatment T2 : adding the compound by 0.5 g / kg of feed, the third treatment T3: adding the compound by 1 g / kg of feed, the fourth treatment T4: adding the compound by 1.5 g / kg of feed, and the fifth treatment T5: adding the compound by 2 g / kg of feed. The results of the analysis showed that there significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in the average body weight in the fourth and fifth week, while the weekly weight was gained in the second, fourth, and fifth weeks. In contrast to that, there were significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in the rate of the weekly feed consumption in the first and fourth weeks, but it was noted that the consumed feed decreased in the fifth week in favor of the additional groups when comparing with the control treatment. Lastly, the research showed that there were no significant differences in the first, second, and third weeks, but there were significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in the fourth and fifth weeks for the additional treatments when compared with the control group in the factor of food conversion.
The Physiological Effect of Different Types of Water used to Thermally Stressed Ewes During the Summer Season
Authors: Al-Mafarji Dalal Ali Talib , Alsaadi Sarmad Abdul Razak Abood
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in the sheep field of the Department of Animal Production-Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk for the period from 15/6/2021 to 15/9/2021, The study targeted the role of water types in influencing some of the chemical and biological qualities of ewes exposed to heat stress in the summer. 20 sexually mature ewes were used at the age of 1.5 year with an average weight of 44.12 kg, The animals were divided into four groups, each group included five ewes of homogeneous weights, and then randomly divided the coefficients into groups, The first treatment was irrigated with tap water, the second treatment was irrigated with well water, the third treatment was irrigated with tap water treated magnetically (1500 gauss) and the fourth treatment was irrigated with well water treated magnetically (1500 gauss). The results of the study showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the level of glucose and the level of AST and ALT enzymes for magnetically treated water groups. The results did not show significant differences between the treatments in the level of total protein, as there were differences mathematically, where the two groups outperformed the treatment with magnetically treated water, as well as showed a significant increase (p≤0.05) in the level of creatine and cortisol in the second treatment and decreased in the magnetically treated water totals.
Bioaccumulation of some Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Copper and Zinc) in Three Tissues of the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L. Collected from a Mud Culture
Authors: Joudah Sarah Kadhim , Fahad Kamil kadhim
Published: December 2023

The current study was conducted to find out the bioaccumulation of the three elements cadmium, copper and zinc, in tissues of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L., they were gills, muscles and viscera. Cultivated in three mud ponds in Thi Qar Governorate - Nasiriyah city, Shatrah district, in the village of Al-Ajjah Al-Buhan, near Al-Ghamouqa Valley, it is 55 km away from the center of Al-Nasiriyah. The fish were distributed to the lakes with uniform densities for the period from 5/11/2022 to 5/4/2023, by 1000 fish/m3 were used, it was divided into three lakes equally, with an average weight of 20 gm. A standard local diet was used to feed the fish, standard methods were used to estimate the concentrations of heavy metals in tissues, by a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results were recorded in tissues for cadmium in gills, muscles and viscera. The highest values were in the autumn season for gills and muscles, respectively (12.13-12.77 μg/gm dry weight). The highest concentration recorded in spring for tissues was (8.3 μg/gm dry weight). Copper recorded the highest value in gills, muscles and viscera, in the spring season (222.14, 334.77 and 110.65μg/gm dry weight), respectively. Zinc recorded high concentrations in the gills, viscera, and muscles, i In autumn (350.34, 259.17 and 303.34 μg/g dry weight), respectively. The results showed that the accumulation of elements; Heavy was in the following order: Zinc > copper > cadmium. Cadmium: gills > viscera > muscles. Copper: gills > muscles > viscera. Zinc: gills > viscera > muscles.
Effect of Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors on Male Sexual Performance in Awassi Rams
Authors: Al-Dulaim Makki Khalaf , Hamid Talib Ahmed , Al-Kaabi Laith Karim Obaid , Hamza Dalal Omran , Alsherify Bahaa AbdUlameer Hadi
Published: December 2023

The study was determined to conducted in private farm for sheep breeding located in the middle of Iraq through the year 2020 2021 by using 21 Local Awassi rams and 13 Turkish Awasssi rams divided in to tow groups (less than 3 years and more than 3 years age). Results showed a real significant effects (P≤0.01) of ram breed on semen traits, the volume of semen was 1.04 mil as average in local Awassi breed compared with the Turkish Awassi rams breed namely, 1,72 ml. The abnormality rate of sperms was differed significantly (P≤0.01) according the rams breed, the highest abnormality rate was recorded in Turkish breed namely, 9.09%. A significant effect (P≤0.05) of ram breed on somatic cells count in semen, the highest count was recorded in Local breed (4.19×106/ml) while the lowest count was in Turkish breed (2.16×106/ml). Results showed a significant effects of ram age (P≤0.05) on semen volume in Turkish Awassi breed, the lowest volume of semen was recorded in rams with less than three years of age compared with the rams with more than three years of age namely, 1.43 and 2.01 ml respectively. Abnormality rate differed significantly (P≤0.01) according age also, the rams less than three years of age recorded the lowest abnormality rate (4.61%) compared with the Turkish rams with more than three years old which recorded 7.61%. Somatic cells count in semen differed significantly by rams age in Turkish Awassi rams and it about 1.85×106/ml in younger rams and increased to 2.47×106/ml in older rams and no significant difference in motility rate according age in the Local breed.
Iraqi Awassi Lambs Performance Fed Nano Clay Minerals
Authors: Sundos F. M. , Al-Sudani H. M. K. , Al-Salmany A. S. M.
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding natural and Nano clay minerals on the digestibility, rumen characteristics, blood parameters, and meat muscle in Iraqi Awassi lambs. The study was conducted at the animal farm of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, using 25 lambs aged between 3 and 4 months, with an average weight of 16 kg. The animals were divided into five groups, each containing five lambs. The first group served as the control group (T1) and did not receive any supplement to their food. The diets of the other groups (T2, T3, T4, and T5) contained clay minerals in proportions of 2% and 4% natural clay, and 2.4 g of nano-clay minerals per animal per day, respectively. To provide a balanced diet, alfalfa hay was introduced as a roughage feed, and concentrate feed was added at 3% of the lambs’ body weight. The feed intake was measured weekly for a duration of 90 days. The study showed significant differences in organic digestibility, no significant in the pH and concentration of ammonia. Volatile fatty acids showed significance (P≤0.05) in Group T3. Moreover, significant differences (P≤0.01) were found in glucose levels and (P≤0.05) in cholesterol and triglyceride levels (mg/dl). The chemical analysis of muscle indicated a significant increase (P≤0.01) in protein percentages.
Relationship of Body Condition Score at Calving with Reproductive Performance, some Blood Metabolites and some Pathological Conditions in Holstein Cows
Authors: Mohammed Waleed Ahmed , Ali Hafedh Mossa , Aljanabi Hameed Razzak Abbas
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted at The Great Diwaniyah cows station, located at the southern entrance of Al-Dagarah district - Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, from 6/12/2021 to 25/2/2023, to examine the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and reproductive traits, blood biomarkers, and metabolic diseases in Iraqi Holstein-Friesian cows. The 50 cows in parity2 were divided by body condition at calving into three groups (BCS1 = 2.5-3 point (17 cows), BCS2 = 3-4 point (20 cows), and BCS3 = 4 -5 point (13 cows)) based on 1-5 point scal. They were milked twice a day, morning and evening, by an automatic milking machine. The study found a substantial decrease (P≤0.01) in days open for BCS1 (77.18 days) compared to BCS2 (84.05 days) and BCS3 (88.23 days). The BCS2 group had considerably fewer days available (P≤0.01). Compared to BCS3. The study found a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in inter-calving interval for BCS1 group (354.59 days) compared to BCS2 and BCS3 groups (360.95 and 365.69 days, respectively). BCS2 group showed considerably shorter duration (P≤0.01) compared to BCS3 group. The study found no significant influence on inseminations per pregnancy or pregnancy length in the three cow groups. The study found that the BCS2 group had significantly higher glucose concentration (62.19 mg/100 ml) post-calving compared to BCS3 group (57.86 mg/100 ml), but BCS1 group did not differ significantly (59.30 mg/100 ml). The study found a substantial rise (P≤0.01) in BHB concentration (0.922 mmol/L) in the BCS3 group compared to BCS2 and BCS1 (0.743 and 0.674 mmol/L, respectively). BCS3 group showed a substantial increase (P≤0.01) in NEFA concentration (0.590 mmol/L) compared to BCS2 and BCS1 groups (0.476 and 0.461 mmol/L, respectively). During peak production, BCS2 group had a significant increase (P≤0.05) in glucose concentration (64.04 mg/100 ml) compared to BCS3 group (58.97 mg/100 ml), while BCS1 group did not differ significantly (60.97 mg/100 ml). BCS3 group showed a substantial increase (P≤0.01) in BHB concentration (0.434 mmol/L) compared to BCS2 and BCS1 groups (0.297 and 0.318 mmol/L, respectively). The study found a substantial increase (P≤0.01) in NEFA concentration in the BCS3 group (0.290 mmol/L) compared to BCS2 and BCS1 (0.205 and 0.215 mmol/L, respectively). The study found a significant (P≤0.05) increase in ketosis in Holstein cows with BCS2 and BCS3 groups, with rates of 1 (5.0%) and 2 (15.38%), respectively, compared to the BCS1 group with no injury. No significant changes were seen in placental retention, metritis, mastitis, and neonatal mortality between cows. According to the study, bodily condition during calving is linked to reproductive features, blood metabolites, and disease infection in cows.
Effects of Glycitein Injections on Native Chickens’ Ability to Reproduce, Sex Ratio in Offspring
Authors: Al-Mousawi Noha A. , Al-Hayani Waleed Kh. , Alate Yousif M.
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to improve the reproductive ability of native Iraqi chickens with the use of glycitein. The Studie was conducted on a of 120 Iraqi native chickens, consisting of 100 hens and 20 roosters. The chickens were 26 weeks old at the time of the study. The chickens were divided into four treatment groups, with each group consisting of 25 chicks. The experimental design consisted of four groups: the first group served as the non-injection control (referred to as T1), while the remaining groups (T2, T3, and T4) were treated with injections of glycitein at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg body weight, respectively. These injections were given subcutaneously in the neck region, with a frequency of once every 28 days across a span of three periods. Subsequently, an examination was conducted on the percentages of fertility and hatchability, as well as the primary and secondary sex ratios pertaining to female subjects. The results of the study showed that the use of glycitein injection had a beneficial impact on fertility, hatching, as well as primary and secondary sex ratios. Therefore, it can be concluded that the impact of glycitein yields a favourable outcome on both the primary and secondary sexual ratios.
The Impact of Fertilizer Type on Iron Availability in the Rhizosphere of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Al-Hasmoti Safaa Jassem Hussein , Jarallah Raid Shaalan
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to investigate the effect of different fertilizer sources on iron availability at different growth periods in the rhizosphere of maize crop. Different treatment levels of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) 400 and 200 kg ha-1, humic acid 500 and 250 cm l-1 per dunum, and organic fertilizer (sheep waste) 8 and 4 tons ha-1 were used in addition to the control were used. The treatment levels were considered the recommended and half the recommended dose for each. A Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) was used with three replications. The seeds of the local maize variety were sown in 9 m2 (3m × 3m) plots. The available iron was estimated in the rhizosphere and bulk soils × 70 and 100 days of maize planting. The results showed that urea, humic acid, and sheep manure increased the concentration of available iron in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. The highest values were in the rhizosphere, and bulk soils with the treatment of the recommended level of sheep manure, and the lowest was the treatment of half of the recommended level in mineral fertilization in both periods of 70 and 100 days of cultivation. This refers to the role of organic matter in the processing of iron. The results present a decrease in the concentration of available iron in 100 days compared to 70 days of cultivation in the rhizosphere and bulk soils.
The Effect of Soil Depth and its Management on the Stability of Soil Aggregates of Different Pedons in Basra Governorate
Authors: Saleh Saadia M.
Published: December 2023

Four soils were selected by different departments of Basra Governorate, namely Abu Al-Khasib, Al-Tanuma, Al-Nashwa, and Al-Deir (i.e., cultivated and uncultivated) in the area confined between longitudes 30.980 and 47.460 N and latitudes 30.452 and 47.967 E for the study. Estimation of soil stability of eight cultivated and uncultivated Bedoons. In the province of Basra, in addition to studying some chemical properties such as organic matter and calcium carbonate, The results showed the effect of soil management on the average weighted diameter and the organic matter, where clear differences were found in the soil layers, especially in the cultivated areas compared to the uncultivated areas, especially in the surface layers of Abu al-Khasib and. Bedons al-Nashwa, while it decreases in the surface layers of Pedon l-Deir and Tanumah, and excludes among them the Bedons Abu al-Khasib. It is not cultivated as it decreases in the surface layer and increases with depth compared to other crops due to the presence of palm roots.
The Effect of the Temperature and Bacteria (Pseudomonas) and Tichoderma in the Pygical Decade of the Glyphosate in the Growth of Potatoes
Authors: Mohammed Sara Jasim , Ali Hala Arshad , Khadhum Ali A , Saleh Jasim Mohammed
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out in two phases during the 2022-2023 agricultural season in the Faculty of Agriculture/Anbar University field and in the Euphrates Basin Research Centre laboratory. To determine the impact of glyphosate pesticides on the potato jungle, pesticide residue levels in soil and plants, and active ingredient loadings within 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ranges. Experiments were conducted by designing an entirely random sector RCBD and three remedies by cultivating the potato crop Borina. In a second experiment, soil and potato crops were analyzed in the laboratory to determine pesticide residues in the soil and plants, and the extent to which heat level affected pesticide degradation. Studies have shown that storage duration affects the growth of pseudomonas. This is because the longer the culture time and the higher the concentration factor, the more positive the process and the greater the degradation of pesticides. Percentages of 5%, 10%, and 15% indicated 20% pesticide degradation per day. On day 2 and his 3rd day, bacterial growth became negative after his 4th day. The results of the study also showed that the temperature was 37 degrees Celsius, which is the optimum concentration for pesticide decomposition, 5, 10, and 15% in three proportions. Researchers recommend an association with the use of proportionate concentrations.
Estimation of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity using Pedotransfer Function (PTFS) in Gypsiferous Soil
Authors: Fattah Ahmed A. , Shihab Ramzi M.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of pedotransfer functions (PTFS) in estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity in gypsum soil. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured for 26 unexcited samples using the permeability of the falling head, and then some chemical and physical properties of the study soil were measured. Rosetta and a number of models were used to predict the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Three statistical criteria, namely NSE, RMSE, and R2, were used to evaluate the performance of the models. The results showed that the second model of Rosetta, which depends on sand, silt, clay, and bulk density as input, is the best, as the values of NSE and RMSE were -13.28 and 0.31, respectively, while the other models, Puckett, Smettem, Bristow, and Saxton, were the best in predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivity of Among the models, the RMSE values were 0.52, 0.54, and 0.47, respectively, and the NSE values were 0.92, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively.
Influence of Magaterium (Bacillus) Bacterial Biofertilizer on Phosphorus and Vermicompost on Selected Potato Physiological Characteristics
Authors: Jaber Zeina Kareem , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal
Published: December 2023

The addition of bacterial biofertilizer to treatment B1 was the highest rate of plant height at 50.27 cm, leaf area at 4291 (cm2 plant-1), and shoot total dry weight at 4.24 (mcg ha-
1). The addition of phosphorous sources to treatment P2 increased yield. The greatest leaf area rate was 4727 (cm2 plant-1) and plant height was 55.38 cm. It had the highest average vegetative total dry weight rate of 5.10 (mcg ha-1) and the highest rate with vermicompost in treatment F2. Plant height was 51.67 cm and delivered the greatest rate. The leaf area was 4956 (cm2 plant-1) and had the greatest vegetative total dry weight of 5.09 (mcg ha-1). The binary overlap treatment B1P2 had the maximum plant height of 54.07 cm and leaf area of 5337 (cm2 plant-1). Binary overlap B1F2 has the highest increase rate. The plant was 54.16 cm and had the maximum leaf area rate of 4961 (cm2 plant-1) and vegetative total dry weight of 4.52 (mcg ha-1). The binary overlap treatment P2F2 had the maximum plant height of 60.20 cm and leaf area of 5541 (cm2 plant-1). The highest plant height was 58.17 cm and leaf area was 6252 (cm2 plant-1). It also had the greatest shoot dry weight of 6.35 (mcg ha-1).
Effect of the Agricultural Sulfur Levels and Thiobacillus Bacteria on the Availability of some Nutrients and Broccoli Productivity
Authors: Jasim Donia Jabbar , Al-Tameemi Ali Jasim Hadi
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in an experimental field affiliated with the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, during the fall season of 2022 to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizer and agricultural sulfur levels on the availability of nutrients and broccoli’s productivity. Split plot order in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) of three replicates was used comprising three levels of sulfur (0, 500, and 1000kg.ha-1) symbolized by S0, S1, and S2 forming the main plots, added to the soil before planting by two months, while the subplots were the bio-fertilizers represented by B0 and B1. Results showed the superiority of the third level of agricultural sulfur, giving the highest traits involving the sulfur concentration in the soil after 30, 60, and 90 days from planting, reaching 45.4, 50.9, and 58.0 mg S.kg soil-1, nitrogen concentration after 45 and 90 day from planting that was 41.50 and 26.52 mg N. kg soil-1, phosphorous concentration after 45 days from planting that was 29.21 mg P. kg soil-1, and potassium concentration 45 and 90 days after planting that was 255.2 and 235.3 mg K. kg soil-1. The bio-fertilization was also superior in increasing elements in the soil, including sulfur concentration after 30, 60, and 90 days after planting was 44.7, 44.9, and 51.2 mg S. kg soil-1, nitrogen concentration 45 and 90 days after planting was 35.3 and 22.53 mg N. kg soil-1, phosphorous concentration 45 and 90 days after planting was 24.15 and 15.55 mg P. Kg soil-1, and potassium concentration 45 and 90 days after planting was 227.6 and 207.3 mg K. kg soil-1 as well as in the total yield in a value of 43.6 t.ha-1. For the binary interaction, the treatment of bio-fertilization with the third level of agriculture sulfur was superior, giving the highest values of element concentrations in the soil, including sulfur 30, 60, and 90 days after planting was 47.4, 55.5, and 66.1 mg S. kg soil-1, nitrogen concentration 45 and 90 days after planting was 43.6 and 27.9mg N.kg soil-1, phosphorous concentration after 45 days from planting that was 30.12 mg P.kg soil-1, and potassium concentration 45 and 90 days after planting was 271.9 and 246.4 mg K. kg soil-1 in addition to the total yield that was 45.7t.ha-1.
The Effect of Various Plant Covers on the Adsorption and Desorption of Copper Ions in Calcareous Soil
Authors: Al-Janabi Yasir Hmood Ijresh , Saleh Ahmed Dhary , Sirhan M. M.
Published: December 2023

Four soils calcareous with different plant covers (tree cover, vegetable cover, field crop cover, and natural grass cover) were selected from Erbil city of northern Iraq. Six samples (2g form each sample) were prepared in the laboratory for four soils. The samples placed in plastic containers and treated with a solution containing copper sulfate. The concentration of copper ions was (0,5,10,25,50,100, and 200) mg L-1, shaken 24 hours, then left to settle down, then was filtered and the soil used was preserved. It was treated with the solution of Calcium chloride (0.01 M) to remove copper from the soil samples. Left for 4 hours with shaking then left to settle down and then filtered. Copper was measured in adsorption and filters by using AAS at 293 K where the amount of adsorption and liberation for copper was calculated. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations were chosen to detect the ability of soil to hold and release copper. A comparison between the two equations was done to choose the best one for describing adsorption using the coefficient of determination, which proved the superiority of the Langmuir equation at a rate of (91%), the four soils showed a high ability to hold copper, with a remarkable superiority for the soil of trees and vegetables, if the adsorption values ranged between (909-5000) mg kg-1. It was highest in the soil of trees and lowest in the soil of field crops. As for the binding energy, it was ranged between 1.16-7.0 mg L-1. The highest values were in the soil of vegetables and the lowest in the soil of grasses. In addition, Maximum buffering capacity was calculated, and its values ranged (1932-29950) L. Kg-1 had the highest values in the soil of trees and the lowest in the soil of grasses. As for the release process, the four soils showed a high ability to hold copper, and the percentages of release ranged (2.12-4.4%), the highest in the soil of grasses and the lowest percentages in the soil of trees.
Preparation of Land Cover and Land Use Maps for the Period 1976-2022 in Northern Kirkuk
Authors: Noori Noffa Wahab , Ismaeal Ammar S.
Published: December 2023

A region representative of dry lands in northern Iraq in Kirkuk Governorate was chosen to prepare and map agricultural land uses based on remote sensing data in satellite images for a period of time from 1976 to 2022 and to calculate the volume of the area variation in the distribution of land cover Remote sensing software and applications were used by digital classification to distinguish. There are six spectral classes that represent, in fact, six classes represented by agricultural lands exploited for the cultivation of field crops (wheat and yellow corn), the class of barren lands and the class of pastures, as well as the class of mountainous regions and rocky outcrops, and the class of water and urban areas. Barren lands and poor use of agricultural lands Which occupies an area of 26.2 km2 of the region’s area is 350.81 square kilometers’, For 47 years, the region is still being exploited by cultivating very small areas which negatively affecting the increase in the volume of the desertification of the region and the deterioration of agricultural lands, and the region needs environmental re-planning by providing irrigation sources and requirements for successful land management to increase the area of agricultural lands that lead to achieving sustainable development that ensures the preservation of environmental resources natural.
Effect of Heavy Metals in the Tigris River Waters Behind Al-Kut Dam 2022-2023
Authors: Tuama Husam Mohammed , Rahman Jamal Nasser Abdul
Published: December 2023

The experiment was applied for the waters of the Tigris River, at the back of the Al-Kut Dam for the studied sections. The study period was 10 months, which six sections of the Tigris River at the back of the Al-Kut Dam were selected. The distance between one section and another was 1000 meters. Divide the cross-section of the river into six sections, the distance between one section and another was 1000 m. the level of concentration of some heavy elements (cadmium, Pb, lead (Cd), and chromium (Cr) was studied. The results showed that the analysis of the lead metals in the Tigris River behind Al-Kut Dam in the months of the study period was the highest value in the third section S3, which was 6.11 ug/L (0.0061 mg/L). It was measured in water samples on April, 2023. The lowest value was 2.62 ug/L (0.0026 mg/L) in the first section S1. The water samples were measured on January, 2023. The percentage of cadmium in the study sections ranged from the lowest value to 3.53 ug/L (0.00353 mg/L) for the fourth segment S4 in September, 2023. The highest value was 6.50 ug/L (0.0065 mg/L) for the fifth segment S5, April, 2023. The results of the chromium analysis showed between 1.58 ug/L (0.00158 mg/L) for the sixth section S6, which water samples were obtained on February, 2023. The fourth section samples were obtained on August gave the highest value 5.97 ug/L (0.0059 mg/L). All the results of heavy elements showed that the water samples of the studied sections of the Tigris River at the back of the AlKut Dam were within the permissible limits.
Effect of Irrigation with Acidified Water and Phosphorous, Iron and Zinc on Nutrients Concentration, Growth and Yield of Cabbage
Authors: Ahmed Firas W. , Al-Tameemi Ali Jasim Hadi
Published: December 2023

To investigate the impact of acidified water and phosphorous, iron, and zinc on the concentration of nutrients, growth, and yield of Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L.), a field experiment was conducted in an agricultural field (Research Station F) at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad in Iraq during the autumn season of 2021. On a bed of silty loam, The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) factorial with three replicates, with the main panels corresponding to acidified water (Sulphuric acid H2SO4) at concentrations of 0 and 2 ml L-1, added with irrigation water using the drip irrigation system. There were five treatments: no fertilizer added, fertilizer added at zero, fifty, seventy-five, and one hundred percent of the fertilizer recommended (65 kg P h-1) fertilizer added at ten kilograms of iron per hour and five kilograms of zinc per hour, and no fertilizer applied. Results showed that sulfuric acid, phosphorus, iron, and zinc applications, as well as their interactions, significantly impacted leaf phosphorus, iron, and zinc concentrations, chlorophyll content, dry weight, and yield. However, the interference between the addition of sulfuric acid, phosphorus, iron, and zinc to the soil (2 ml L-1 + 65 kg P h-1 +10 kg Fe h-1 + 5 kg Zn h-1) resulted in the highest leaf phosphorus,
Preparing Maps of the Distribution of Organic Matter and Calcium Carbonate in Northern Iraq
Authors: Noori Noffa Wahab , Ismaeal Ammar S.
Published: December 2023

The study area was chosen within the agricultural lands in the north of Kirkuk governorate to prepare a map of organic matter and calcium carbonate content. It identified three sites in Kalwor, Shwan, and Altun Kupri and collected 20 representative surface samples of the soil of agricultural lands in these sites. The maps were prepared in a software environment Arc GIS. 20 surface samples of soil from sites north of Kirkuk were chosen, representative of the nature of land uses, including field crops, rangeland, and barren soils, to study the spatial variations of some chemical soil characteristics of Kirkuk Governorate. The results revealed the nature of spatial variations in the content of organic matter, as it ranged between (0.58-19.54) g kg-1, where the highest value was reached in ton coopers in lands exploited by growing field crops represented by corn, while the calcium carbonate content ranged between (208-365) g kg-1. In conclusion, moderate organic matter content was dominant, specifically in exploited agricultural lands that follow a good soil management system, while the very abundant and plentiful variety was in lands that were not agriculturally exploited. The very high content of calcium carbonate is prevalent in most of the lands of the study area, which need agricultural land management, especially because they suffer from a specific factor, which is the high content of calcium carbonate, and in the future, it may lead to desertification of these lands.
Isolated and Diagnose of some Fusarium Species Causing Head Blight in Wheat in the Southern Region of Iraq
Authors: Al-Dairi Sabah S. J. , Al-Waily Dhia S.
Published: December 2023

The survey results conducted in the fields of Basrah, Maysan, and Thi Qar provinces showed varying infection rates of the wheat stripe rust disease. The highest infection rate of Basrah was recorded in Qurna at 59.12%, while the lowest was in Nushwa at 48.37% in Basrah province. In Maysan province, the highest rate was in Qamit at 65.45%, and the lowest was in Qal’at Salih at 39.88%. In Thi Qar province, the highest rate was in Qal’at Sukkar at 30.71%, and the lowest was in Al-Gharraf area at 27.04%. Isolation confirmed the pathogenicity of the fungi Fusarium pseudograminearum, F.graminearum, F. boothii, and F. culmorum from wheat plants. F. boothi is considered the first recorded registration of its kind on wheat in Iraq, and the diagnosis of isolated fungi was confirmed by molecular diagnosis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. All fungi showed the ability to infect wheat with head blight disease.
Development of a Solar Precooling Evaporative Chamber to Improve the Storage Indicators of Tomato Fruits in Desert Conditions
Authors: Alkhafaji Ayad Jameel , Alrubaye Alyaa
Published: December 2023

Precooling is one of the most important processing to improve storage indicators and shelf life for fruits and vegetables, especially in desert regions. An Evaporative cooling unit operating with solar energy was used to store summer tomato fruits. The main component is a developed evaporating wchamper, its consists of three walls, the inner wall was made of high conducting non-rust metal, water wall wich represented the middle part and the outer wall is made of highly porous pottery panels. On the other hand, an evaporative cooling unit was added to one of the store’s walls in order to provide humidity and cool air. The results were compared with a traditional storage room and field sorage in the same field conditions. The results showed a significant superiority of the developed pre-cooling champer parameters compared to the normal storage room and field storage the superiority of the two air speeds treatments (3.6 and 4.3 m.sec-1) compared to the non-operation of the evaporative cooling unit. the superiority was observed in indicators of fruits temperature, hardness, TSS, lost weight ratio and number of storage days of tomato fruits. This result comes from the good conditions of temperature and humidity in the pre-cooling chamber.
Study on the development of waste banks post-pandemic in semarang city
Authors: Samadikun B P , Nugraha W D , Rahayu A P , Napitupulu J C W , Fuad T S , Amartia N U , Rachmayani A H , Rahma A S G
Published: December 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic has hampered many activities, one of which is the waste bank activity. As the pandemic period has passed, many activities have returned to normal.There are several waste bank units in Semarang City, one of which is in the Gedawang Village, Banyumanik District, which is still active after the pandemic. The purpose of this study is to find out the development of waste banks post-pandemic. Research techniques using survey methods, with in-depth interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documentation. The analysis technique uses quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that in 2023 the number of active waste banks in Gedawang Village, Banyumanik District, will be 23 units spread throughout the urban village area with an average number of customers for each waste bank of around 140 families. After the pandemic, the development of waste banks has increased, as evidenced by the answers from 63.6% of respondents who came from waste bank managers. The reason for this development is the government’s encouragement and concern for the environment (45.5% of respondents). The level of enthusiasm from the community is still relatively moderate (54.5%) and the increase in post-pandemic waste bank performance is 54.5%.