bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Aromatic Amines with Ethyl Glyoxylate Catalyzed by Chiral Titanium(IV) Complexes: Practical Synthesis of Aminomandelic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Yuan Yu , Wang Xingwang , Li Xin , Ding Kuiling
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New and Convenient Route to Synthesis of Enynones and Dienones from TosMIC.
Authors: Tandon Vishnu K. , Garg Vidisha , Kumar Manoj , Singh Kunwar A. , van Nispen Simon P. J. M. , van Leusen Albert M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New and Facile Iodine(III)‐Mediated Approach for the Regioselective Alkoxylation of 2,5‐Dihydroxyacetophenone.
Authors: Prakash Om , Pundeer Rashmi , Kaur Harpreet
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Methacrylamide Anion and Its Application to the Synthesis of the Anticancer Drug Bicalutamide.
Authors: Chen Bang‐Chi , Zhao Rulin , Gove Stacey , Wang Bei , Sundeen Joseph E. , Salvati Mark E. , Barrish Joel C.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile One‐Pot Benzylation of Sodium Enolates Using Trifluoromethansulfonic Anhydride and Diphenyl Sulfoxide.
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Onishi Jim Yoshitaka , Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of 1,2‐Dinitroethenes with Thiourea and N,N′‐Diphenylthiourea.
Authors: Kretser T. Yu. , Kuz'mina N. V. , Lipina E. S. , Berkova G. A. , Berestovitskaya V. M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Medium‐Sized Cyclophanes. Part 65. ipso‐Bromination of Di‐tert‐butyl[n.2]metacyclophanes.
Authors: Yamato Takehiko , Okabe Ryo , Yamada Yuta
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Heterogeneous Copper‐Free Pd‐Zeolites.
Authors: Djakovitch Laurent , Rollet Patrick
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Donor—Acceptor Tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzenes.
Authors: Miller Jeremie J. , Marsden Jeremiah A. , Haley Michael M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrochemical Carboxylation of Bicyclo[n.1.0]alkylidene Derivatives.
Authors: Chowdhury Morshed Alam , Senboku Hisanori , Tokuda Masao
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Annulations Using Phosphonium Salts and Enolate Anions — A Direct Route to Naphthalenes.
Authors: Kraus George A. , Choudhury Prabir K.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Synthesis of 7‐Halo‐1‐indanones and 8‐Halo‐1‐tetralones.
Authors: Nguyen Phong , Corpuz Evelyn , Heidelbaugh Todd M. , Chow Ken , Garst Michael E.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Ready Access to Unprecedented N‐Anilinopyrazolino[60]fullerenes
Authors: Delgado Juan L. , de la Cruz Pilar , Lopez‐Arza Vicente , Langa Fernando
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Monosubstituted Ethynylcorannulenes.
Authors: Jones Carissa S. , Elliott Eric , Siegel Jay S.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Investigation of Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza‐Diels—Alder Reactions of 2H‐Azirines.
Authors: Sjoeholm Timen Aasa , Somfai Peter
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Uniquely Accessible Route to the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Azetine Derivatives.
Authors: Ambhaikar Narendra B. , Herold Marike , Liotta Dennis C.
Published: April 2004

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Synthesis of Functionalized Carbon—Sulfur [5]Helicene: Pd‐Catalyzed Negishi Cross‐Coupling Between the β‐Positions of Thiophenes.
Authors: Miyasaka Makoto , Rajca Andrzej
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 4‐ and 6‐Substituted Nitroindoles.
Authors: Moskalev Nikolai , Barbasiewicz Michal , Makosza Mieczyslaw
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Amino Derivatives of Condensed Imidazole Systems.
Authors: Koroleva M. G. , Dyablo O. V. , Pozharskii A. F. , Starikova Z. A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Access to Chiral Cyclic ω‐Oxygenated β‐Enamino Esters by Intramolecular Aminocyclization Reactions.
Authors: David Olivier , Vanucci‐Bacque Corinne , Fargeau‐Bellassoued Marie‐Claude , Lhommet Gerard
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Imidazo[5,1‐b]thiazoles or Spiro‐β‐Lactams by Reaction of Imines with Mesoionic Compounds or Ketenes Generated from N‐Aryl‐thiazolidine‐2‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Cremonesi Giuseppe , Dalla Croce Piero , La Rosa Concetta
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Fungicidal Benzothiazole Methoxyacrylates: Synthesis, Conformational Analysis and Fungicidal Activity
Authors: Ra Choon Sup , Jung Bon Young , Park Gyoosoon
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Aromatic Substitution of 6,8‐Dihydroxy‐4‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2H‐isoquinolin‐1‐one Derivatives Using the Stille Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Ouchi Hidekazu , Kawata Yoko , Ono Mikako , Morita Yasuo , Yamamoto Yutaka , Takahata Hiroki
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Functionally Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3‐g]‐ and Pyrrolo[3,2‐f]quinolines from 5‐Amino‐2‐phenyl‐ and 5‐Amino‐1‐methyl‐2‐phenylindoles.
Authors: Yamashkin S. A. , Romanova G. A. , Romanova I. S. , Yurovskaya M. A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Perfluoroalkylation of 2‐Thiopyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Sipyagin A. M. , Enshov V. S.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Pyrido and Pyrazinodithienodipyrimidine‐4,8(3H,9H)‐dione Derivatives by the Aza‐Wittig Methodology.
Authors: Vazquez Vilarelle David , Peinador Veira Carlos , Quintela Lopez Jose M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mineral‐Supported Syntheses of Benzoxazine‐2‐thiones under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Yadav Lal Dhar S. , Yadav Beerendra S. , Dubey Suman
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
E‐2‐Aroylmethylene‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones — A New Class of Heterocyclic Enamino Ketones
Authors: Novikov A. A. , Vostrov E. S. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
PPh3/DDQ as a Neutral System for the Facile Preparation of Diethyl α‐Bromo, α‐Iodo and α‐Azidophosphonates from Diethyl α‐Hydroxyphosphonates.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Sobhani Sara
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2,6‐Bis(2‐oxazolinyl)phenylplatinum(II) NCN Pincer Complexes by Direct Cyclometalation. Catalysts for Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation
Authors: Fossey John S. , Richards Christopher J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies on Pyrrolidones. An Improved Synthesis of N‐Arylmethyl Pyroglutamic Acids
Authors: Bourry Anne , Akue‐Gedu Rufine , Rigo Benoit , Henichart Jean‐Pierre , Sanz Gerard , Couturier Daniel
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stable Organophosphorus Analogues of S‐Adenosylmethionine and S‐Methylmethionine.
Authors: Alferov Kirill V. , Zhukov Yurii N. , Khurs Elena N. , Khomutov Radii M.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Absolute Stereochemistry of Grenadamide.
Authors: Al Dulayymi Juma'a R. , Baird Mark S. , Jones Keith
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Arene Organometallic Complexes of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten
Authors: Kuendig E. P. , Pache S. H.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metal Complexes Containing All‐Carbon Ligands
Authors: Bruce Michael I. , Low Paul J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Free Radical Mediated Acylation and Carboxylation Reactions
Authors: Kim Sunggak
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biofouling and Antifouling
Authors: Fusetani Nobuhiro
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hermann Staudinger and the Origin of Macromolecular Chemistry
Authors: Muelhaupt Rolf
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hermann Staudinger and the Future of Polymer Research Jubilees — Beloved Occasions for Cultural Piety
Authors: Ringsdorf Helmut
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Trifluoromethylated Vinylic and Aromatic Compounds from α‐(Trifluoromethyl)allyl Alcohols.
Authors: Radix‐Large Sylvie , Kucharski Stephanie , Langlois Bernard R.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Silicones and Silicone‐Modified Materials: A Concise Overview
Authors: Clarson Stephen J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalysed Synthesis of Mono‐esters, ‐ketones and ‐aldehydes/alcohols
Authors: Pugh Robert I. , Drent Eite
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multiproperty Molecular Material: TTF‐Based Conducting and Magnetic Molecular Materials
Authors: Ouahab Lahcene , Enoki Toshiaki
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biosynthesis of Metal Sites
Authors: Kuchar Jason , Hausinger Robert P.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electron Transfer by Copper Centers
Authors: Rorabacher David B.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Significance of subclassifying high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions into moderate dysplasia/CIN II versus severe dysplasia/CIN III/CIS in the Bethesda system terminology
Authors: Howell Lydia P. , Zhou Heidi , Wu Wendy , Davis Robin
Published: April 2004

Recent revisions of the Bethesda System (TBS III) did not modify the original two‐tiered low‐grade and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL/HSIL) terminology and continued to offer the option of subclassifying HSIL into moderate dysplasia/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II) and severe dysplasia/CIN III. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the significance of the HSIL moderate dysplasia/CIN II subclassification and the causes of Pap test‐biopsy discordance for this subclassification. HSIL/moderate dysplasia/CIN II Pap tests were identified from the University of California Davis Medical Center laboratory file for a 5‐yr period (1997–2001) and correlated with follow‐up cervical biopsies. Cervical biopsies with CIN II diagnoses were identified from the laboratory file for the same time period, and correlated with their preceding Pap test. Discordant Pap test‐biopsy pairs from either group were reviewed by two pathologists for the following causes for discordance: cytologic overcall or undercall, biopsy overcall or undercall, and sampling error or possible lesion regression. During the review period, 161 of 378 total HSIL Pap tests had a HSIL/CIN II result (42%), and 81/161 (50%) had a follow‐up cervical biopsy. 38/81 (47%) were concordant, and 43 (53%) were discordant; 39/43 discordant cases had both Pap test and biopsy slides available for review. CIN I was the most common discordant biopsy diagnosis. Sampling error was the most common cause of discordance and was three times more common than the other causes; 536 CIN cervical biopsies with CIN were identified in the laboratory files during this review period, and 108/536 (20%) received a diagnosis of CIN II. Sixty‐seven of 108 (62%) had a preceding Pap test result available; 32 of the 67 (48%) had a concordant preceding Pap test with a HSIL/CIN II result, and 35 (52%) were discordant; 32/35 discordant cases had both Pap test and biopsy slides available for review. LSIL was the most common discordant Pap test diagnosis. Sampling error was also the most common cause of discordance, and was also three time more frequent than any other cause for discordance. HSIL/CIN II is a meaningful subclassification in our laboratory. We support the TBS III recommendation for optional subclassification of HSIL and suggest that individual laboratories may wish to monitor use of this subclassification through internal correlation studies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:362–366. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral synchronous pleomorphic adenoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Keldahl Mark L. , Zarif Adil , Gattuso Paolo
Published: April 2004

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign neoplasm of the parotid gland. However, bilateral synchronous pleomorphic adenomas occur infrequently. We report a case of bilateral synchronous pleomorphic adenoma involving the parotid gland in a 50‐yr‐old man diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:356–358. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of bronchial acinic cell carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Watanabe Kazuo , Ono Nobutaka , Hoshi Toshiyuki , Hanzawa Miyoko , Ishida Takashi
Published: April 2004

Salivary gland‐type carcinomas of the lung are rare but well‐known tumors. Among them, acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is extremely rare and its cytological features have not been reported. We present a case of bronchial ACC and describe its cytological characteristics. The tumor occurred in a 58‐yr‐old man as a 15‐mm polypoid lesion at the right middle lobar bronchus and filled its lumen. Transbronchial brush cytology and a biopsy failed to collect tumor cells but transbronchial fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology was successful. The smear obtained was richly cellular and a large number of thick‐layered or monolayered sheet‐like tumor cell clusters and dissociated tumor cells were observed. Cribriform globular spaces were common and a lobulated acinar structure was found focally. The tumor cells had a fine granular large polygonal cytoplasm and rather uniform round or ovoid nuclei. The nuclei were situated eccentrically or centrally and the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was consistently low. These cytological features were essentially similar to those of ACC of the head and neck region. The patient underwent a lobectomy and the tumor was resected completely. Transbronchial FNA cytology was useful for diagnosing bronchial ACC and differentiating it from other conventional and salivary gland type carcinomas. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:359–361. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of low boiling solvents in liquid formulations by gas chromatography [H‐VIII 2a (Status: 01.10.2003)]
Authors: Spilker R. , Hirschen M.
Published: April 2004

The following method was tested by the “Gemeinschaftsausschuss für die Analytik von Tensiden (GAT)” in an interlaboratory test. GAT puts the method up for discussion and invites readers to make comments to the referees above. Afterwards it is intended to include this method in Section H – Surfactants, Chapter VIII of the DGF Standard Methods
Paracellular pathway in the shell epithelium of Anodonta cygnea
Authors: Bleher Reiner , Machado Jorge
Published: April 2004

Ultrastructural study of cell‐cell connections in the outer mantle epithelium (OME) on high‐pressure‐frozen specimens revealed zonula adherens, septate junctions and gap junctions in Anodonta cygnea. In order to evaluate the permeability of the paracellular pathway, the OME was incubated under gradients of lanthanum and calcium. After lanthanum incubation (4 mM) from the basal side, the septate junctions were penetrated completely by this tracer. When applied from the apical side, lanthanum deposits were located similarly over the entire length of the septate junctions up to the first dilatations of the intercellular space. Calcium deposits were also present in paracellular areas only when OME had been incubated simultaneously with calcium (6 mM) and lanthanum (4 mM) gradients. Lanthanum and calcium deposits were detected with ESI (Electron Spectroscopic Imaging) and identified with EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy). On the other hand, electrophysiological observations showed a 48% reduction of conductance when the OME was bathed on both sides with solutions containing lanthanum (4 mM) and calcium (6 mM), compared to bathing with lanthanum‐free solution (control). The conductance reduction was 52% when calcium was removed from the control solution. Supported by morphological and physiological evidence, it appears that, under in vivo conditions, calcium ions may diffuse paracellularly from the haemolymph towards the extrapallial fluid and vice‐versa across the septate junctions in the OME of A. cygnea. Permeability of the septate junctions depended proportionally on the calcium concentration in fluids. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:419–427, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significant differences in proton trimethyl ammonium signals between human gastrocnemius and soleus muscle
Authors: Hu Jiani , Xia Yang , Shen Yimin , Li Jun , Zuo Chun S. , Xuan Yang , Jiang Quan
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To study the apparent heterogeneous characteristics of trimethyl ammonium (TMA) in healthy human muscles at rest, and to illustrate the importance of establishing the baseline characteristics of proton metabolites in muscles with a West Nile patient.

Materials and Methods

Point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) with lipid suppression and optional outer‐volume presaturation were used to acquire 1H spectra of human muscles at rest at 1.5 Tesla. A total of 28 subjects (27 normal volunteers and 1 patient with West Nile disease) between the ages of 22 and 76 participated in the study.

Results

The apparent T2 values of TMA for soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in normal volunteers are 180 ± 50 and 80 ± 20 msec, respectively. This difference has profound effects on the apparent spectral pattern of 1H metabolites. The TMA/total creatine (tCr) spectral pattern of the soleus muscle of a West Nile patient resembles that of gastrocnemius muscle of healthy volunteers.

Conclusion

There are significant differences in the apparent T2 values of TMA between healthy soleus and gastrocnemius muscles at rest. It is important to establish the baseline characteristics of proton metabolites before clinical or physiological studies can be performed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:617–622. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MR‐guided intravascular procedures: Real‐time parameter control and automated slice positioning with active tracking coils
Authors: Bock Michael , Volz Steffen , Zühlsdorff Sven , Umathum Reiner , Fink Christian , Hallscheidt Peter , Semmler Wolfhard
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To implement and optimize a real‐time pulse sequence and user interface to perform intravascular interventions using active catheter tracking.

Materials and Methods

In magnetic resonance (MR)‐guided interventions, small radio‐frequency coils can be used to rapidly determine the device position (active tracking). In this work, active catheter tracking was combined with a dedicated real‐time pulse sequence and user interface. The pulse sequence offered the imaging contrasts fast low angle shot (FLASH), true Fast imaging with steady state precession (TrueFISP), and projection MR digital subtraction angiography (MR‐DSA), which could be selected by the radiologist from within the scanner room at any time during the intervention. Automatic slice positioning was added to the real‐time pulse sequence so that the location of the tracking coils defined the image slice position and orientation. The technique was assessed in phantoms and animal experiments.

Results

At a reaction time of 24 msec and a frame rate of three images per second, the movement of an active intravascular catheter could be monitored in the aorta and the renal arteries of a pig. With interactive contrast and orientation changes, the renal vasculature could be assessed by a fully MR‐guided catheterization in less than 10 minutes.

Conclusion

With carefully designed active catheters, a dedicated user interface, and an optimized pulse sequence intravascular interventions can successfully be performed by a single operator from within the MR scanner room. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:580–589. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of large focal hepatic lesions and metabolite change of hepatocellular carcinoma before and after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using 3.0‐T MR scanner
Authors: Kuo Yu‐Ting , Li Chun‐Wei , Chen Chao‐Yun , Jao Jochi , Wu Ding‐Kwo , Liu Gin‐Chang
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To investigate the value of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the assessment of large focal hepatic lesions and to measure the metabolite change of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using 3.0‐T scanner.

Materials and Methods

In this prospective study, 43 consecutive patients with large (not less than 3 cm in diameter) hepatic tumors and eight normal volunteer were included. MRS of the lesions in addition to uninvolved liver parenchyma was carried out using a whole‐body 3.0‐T scanner. Among the patients with proven HCC, eight lesions were evaluated before and two to five days after TACE. The choline‐to‐lipid (cho/lipid) ratio was measured by dividing the peak area of choline at 3.2 ppm by the peak area of lipid at 1.3 ppm. The sensitivity and specificity profiles of MRS in the diagnosis of malignant hepatic tumors were determined by plotting empirical receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The mean cho/lipid ratios in different groups before and after TACE were also measured.

Results

The technical success rate for MRS was 90% (53/59). The ROC curve showed proton MRS has moderate discriminating ability in diagnosing malignant hepatic tumors, although the sensitivity was less than 50% while 1‐specificity was less than 20%. The area under the curve was 0.71 (P < 0.05). The mean ± 1 standard error (SE) of cho/lipid ratios for uninvolved liver (N = 8), benign tumor (N = 8), and malignant tumor (N = 21; 19 HCC, one angiosarcoma, and one lymphoma) were 0.06 ± 0.02, 0.02 ± 0.02, and 0.17 ± 0.05, respectively. A significantly statistical difference (ANOVA planned contrast test, P = 0.01 and Games‐Howell procedure, P = 0.03) was achieved in the mean cho/lipid ratio between malignant and benign tumors. The mean cho/lipid ratios were significantly decreased from 0.23 ± 0.11 before TACE to 0.01 ± 0.00 after the treatment (t = 2.01, P < 0.05, one‐tail paired t‐test; z = −2.37, P < 0.05, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test).

Conclusion

In vivo proton MRS is technically feasible for the evaluation of focal hepatic lesions. The technique has potential in the detection of early metabolite change in malignant liver tumors after TACE but limitation still exists in clear differentiation between normal liver and benign and malignant tumor. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:598–604. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐domain simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in saturating ferromagnetic materials
Authors: Paul J. , Christopoulos C. , Thomas D. W. P.
Published: April 2004

A method for the time‐domain simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in ferromagnetic materials displaying frequency‐dependence and saturation is developed. The technique is based on incorporating into transmission‐line modelling (TLM) a non‐linear system to describe the frequency‐dependent permeability and saturation properties of a ferromagnetic material. The approach is validated for the linear (small‐signal) case by the calculation of the normal incidence reflection coefficient of a metal backed ferrite tile. Results are also shown for the non‐linear (large‐signal) case where the material is driven into saturation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Split‐component PML absorbing conditions for SS‐TLM
Authors: Le Maguer S. , Ney M. M.
Published: April 2004

Known as alternate direct implicit (ADI) or split‐step (SS) schemes, a new class of time‐domain algorithms has recently been proposed. Their salient feature concerns their numerical stability, regardless the time‐step used. Thus, significant computational advantages can be obtained when non‐uniform mesh is used. To study open structures or determine S‐parameters, absorbing boundary conditions (ABC) have to be used. The perfectly matched layers (PML) technique based on split field component is implemented for the SS‐TLM algorithm. The complete set of updating equations is provided and the new PML is validated. It is shown to provide high accuracy even better than that of classical PML‐TLM scheme. In addition, it is found that using a high time‐step does not seem to degrade significantly the accuracy of PML. Thus, the PML technique is very well adapted to SS‐TLM as confirmed by various applications. Finally, unlike all classical TLM‐PML schemes, the technique is found to be stable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in male breast cancer
Authors: Cimmino Vincent M. , Degnim Amy C. , Sabel Michael S. , Diehl Kathleen M. , Newman Lisa A. , Chang Alfred E.
Published: April 2004

Background

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is rapidly becoming the standard of care in the treatment of women with early stage breast cancer. Male breast cancer although relatively rare, has typically been treated with mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Men who develop breast carcinoma have the same risk as their female counterparts of developing the morbidities associated with axillary dissection. SLNB has been championed as a procedure aimed at preventing those morbidities. We recently have evaluated the role of SLNB in the treatment of men with early stage breast cancer.

Methods

Among the 18 men treated at the University of Michigan Medical Center for breast cancer from May 1998 to November 2002, 6 were treated with SLNB.

Results

The mean tumor size was 1.6 cm. The mean patient age was 59.8 years. All of the patients had one or more sentinel lymph nodes identified. Two of the six did not have confirmatory axillary dissection. Three of the six had positive sentinel lymph nodes (50%). Only one of the three patients with a positive sentinel node had more nodes positive. One of the six patients had a positive node on frozen section and underwent immediate complete axillary dissection. This patient had no additional positive nodes. No patients in our series had immunohistochemical studies of the lymph nodes.

Conclusions

Men with early stage breast carcinoma may be offered the management option of SLNB since in the hands of experienced surgeons it has a success rate apparently equal to that in their female counterparts. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:74–77. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal or appendiceal origin: Correlation of preoperative CT with intraoperative findings and evaluation of interobserver agreement
Authors: de Bree Eelco , Koops Wim , Kröger Robert , van Ruth Serge , Witkamp Arjen J. , Zoetmulder Frans A.N.
Published: April 2004

Background and Objectives

In patients with colorectal cancer, it is important to diagnose peritoneal carcinomatosis as well as to detect location and size of peritoneal tumor dissemination in view of treatment planning. The aim of this study was to investigate the detection accuracy of computed tomography (CT).

Methods

Preoperative CT‐scans from 25 consecutive patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal or appendiceal origin were independently blindly reviewed by 2 radiologists. The presence and diameter of tumor deposits were noted in seven abdominopelvic areas. Intraoperative findings were regarded as the gold standard. Agreement was assessed using the Kappa index and the chi‐square test.

Results

The presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis was detected in 60 and 76% of those patients by each of the radiologist. Detection of individual peritoneal implants was poor (κ = 0.11/0.23) and varied from 9.1%/24.3% for tumor size <1 cm to 59.3%/66.7% for tumor size >5 cm. Overall sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for tumor involvement per area were 24.5%/37.3%, 94.5%/90.4%, 53.0%/60.0%, 86.2%/84.4%, and 47.3%/50.8%, respectively. Accuracy of tumor detection varied widely per anatomic site. Statistically significant interobserver differences were noted, specifically for tumor size of 1–5 cm (P = 0.007) and localization on mesentery and small bowel (κ = 0.30, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

In colorectal cancer, CT detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis is moderate and of individual peritoneal tumor deposits poor. Interobserver differences are statistically significant. Therefore, preoperative CT seems not to be a reliable tool for detection of presence, size, and location of peritoneal tumor implants in view of treatment planning in patients with colorectal cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:64–73. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic value of von Willebrand factor, CD34, CD31, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in women with uterine leiomyosarcomas
Authors: Poncelet Christophe , Fauvet Rafaelle , Feldmann Gérard , Walker Francine , Madelenat Patrick , Darai Emile
Published: April 2004

Background and Objectives

To compare uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMS) and leiomyomas (LM) with normal myometrium in terms of microvessel density (MVD), and to correlate this parameter with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and clinical/pathological parameters.

Methods

An immunohistochemical technique, using antibodies against von Willebrand factor (FvW), CD34, CD31, and VEGF, was applied to formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples of 32 normal myometria, 32 uterine LM, and 12 LMS. MVD was calculated by a digital image analyzer.

Results

Using anti‐FvW, mean ± SD MVD in myometrium, LM, and LMS was 107.0 ± 53.6, 66.2 ± 55.4, and 64.4 ± 44.2, respectively (P = 0.001). MVD was lower in LMS (P = 0.021) and in LM (P = 0.0004) than in normal myometrium. Using anti‐CD34, mean ± SD MVD in myometrium, LM, and LMS was 187.6 ± 91.2, 106.1 ± 55.5, and 114.2 ± 98.8, respectively (P = 0.001). MVD was lower in LMS (P = 0.012) and LM (P = 0.0004) than in normal myometrium. No such differences were found using anti‐CD31 and anti‐VEGF. No correlation was found between MVD and VEGF expression. In women with uterine LMS, low MVD (assessed with anti‐FvW) correlated with recurrence (P = 0.04) and poor overall survival (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Uterine smooth muscle tumors exhibit a lower MVD than normal myometrium, as assessed using anti‐FvW or anti‐CD34 antibodies. A reduced MVD, as assessed by FvW staining, has prognostic value in uterine LMS. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:84–90. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do monetary operations impact tourism demand? The case of Turkey
Authors: Demir Cengiz
Published: April 2004

All monetary operations such as revaluation and devaluation have some degree of impact on tourism demand at different significance levels. The purpose of this study was to explain how devaluation and revaluation affect tourism demand (domestic and international) and what the government should do to obtain the greatest benefits from them. Turkey has one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world, and has been experiencing high inflation at a very significant level since the 1970s. The Turkish Government sometimes makes value adjustments on the Turkish national currency, the ‘Lira’, and these adjustments have influenced domestic and international tourism demand in Turkey. The case of Turkey is discussed specifically. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of microstructural changes on corrosion behaviour of thermally aged Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy
Authors: Thair L. , Kamachi Mudali U. , Asokamani R. , Raj Baldev
Published: April 2004

Solution treatment and ageing (STA) is an effective strengthening method for α + β titanium alloys. This paper reports the effect of solution treatment and aging on the corrosion behaviour of Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy in a simulated body fluid (Ringer's solution). Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy is hot rolled in the α + β field and subjected to solution treatment above and below its beta transus temperature (1283 K). The solution treated specimens are water quenched (WQ), air‐cooled (AC), and furnace cooled (FC) at three different rates, and subsequently aged at 823 K for 4 h. Microstructural changes were examined using optical microscopy and phases developed were analyzed using XRD. The influence of microstructure on the corrosion performance of the alloys are discussed in detail based on the Open Circuit Potential (OCP), passive current density and area of repassivation loop values obtained from the cyclic polarization study in Ringer's solution. The passive current density was low (0.5 μA/cm2) for the specimen with duplex microstructure obtained for specimen solution treated at 1223 K, air‐cooled, and aged, in comparison with that for as‐rolled specimen (1.5 μA/cm2). The corrosion aspects resulting from various heat treatments are discussed in detail.
First Nitroxide‐Mediated Controlled/Living Free Radical Polymerization in an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Ryan Julia , Aldabbagh Fawaz , Zetterlund Per B. , Yamada Bunichiro
Published: April 2004

Summary: The controlled/living radical polymerizations of methyl acrylate in 50% v/v of an ionic liquid initiated by the alkoxyamine generated in situ from 4‐oxo‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyl‐N‐oxyl (4‐oxo‐TEMPO) and 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 140–155 °C are reported. The number‐average molecular weights increased linearly with conversion, and polydispersity indices are approximately 1.4 in the best case. The rates of polymerization were greater than in anisole, and similar to the rate of spontaneous polymerization in the ionic liquid.

$\overline M _{\rm n}$ (filled symbols) and $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ (open symbols) vs. conversion for the MA polymerization in the presence of [4‐oxo‐TEMPO]/[AIBN] (2.8:1) in 50% v/v anisole with 0.03 M AIBN (squares) and 50% v/v [hmim][PF6] with 0.03 M AIBN (circles), and 0.06 M AIBN (triangles).

image

$\overline M _{\rm n}$ (filled symbols) and $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ (open symbols) vs. conversion for the MA polymerization in the presence of [4‐oxo‐TEMPO]/[AIBN] (2.8:1) in 50% v/v anisole with 0.03 M AIBN (squares) and 50% v/v [hmim][PF6] with 0.03 M AIBN (circles), and 0.06 M AIBN (triangles).
4.2 Chemical characteristics of cellulose acetate
Authors: Heinze Thomas , Liebert Tim
Published: April 2004

The chemical structure of cellulose acetates (CA), different synthesis paths, analysis strategies and the correlation of these structural features with properties, especially with the solubility are summarized. Alternative paths, in particular homogeneous procedures, for the synthesis of CA are described focusing on the application of new media and the in situ activation of acetic acid. The preparation of selectively substituted CA is reviewed including the defined hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions. Strategies for the structure analysis by means of 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and by means of chromatographic methods are discussed. In addition, the preparation and the application of a variety of mixed CA ethers and esters are described.
5.6 Cellulose acetate in separation technology
Authors: Shibata Tohru
Published: April 2004

Cellulose acetate has been utilized in a variety of separation and purification processes. In membrane separation, cellulosics, in particular cellulose acetate, have played important roles. Hemodialysis and desalination are the established fields where acetate membranes have been applied. Recently, a new application, that is the purification of drinking water, is growing. The history of cellulosic membranes, preparation of acetate membranes, and applications will be reviewed. Cellulose acetate is also useful in chromatography and related separation technologies. These application will also be reviewed and the relationship between the superstructure of cellulose triacetate and its adsorptive behavior is briefly mentioned.
Distal nerve elongation vs. nerve grafting in repairing segmental nerve defects in rabbits
Authors: Matsuzaki Hironori , Shibata Minoru , Jiang Baoguo , Takahashi Hideaki E.
Published: April 2004

Segmental nerve defects have been repaired with nerve grafts. However, regenerating fibers must go through two coaptation sites, and donor site morbidities are inevitable. We elongated the distal nerve segment using a tissue expander and reconnected the nerve. We compared these results with those of nerve grafting. Nerve injury models were created in the median nerves of both forelimbs in 27 rabbits. The right nerve was repaired by elongation, and the left by tibial nerve grafting. The length of the elongation was the same as that of the graft in each animal. Eight rabbits had a 10‐mm segment repaired, 9 had a 15‐mm segment repaired, and 10 had a 20‐mm segment repaired. Evaluated outcomes were nerve conduction velocity, contractile force of the flexor muscle, axons number, and fiber diameter. The elongated and grafted groups did not differ substantially on any outcome. Distal nerve elongation could be an alternative to nerve grafting for repairing large nerve defects. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bromodomain containing 2 (Brd2) is expressed in distinct patterns during ovarian folliculogenesis independent of FSH or GDF9 action
Authors: Trousdale Rhonda K. , Wolgemuth Debra J.
Published: April 2004

We previously observed high levels of Brd2 (also known as female sterile homeotic related gene‐1, Fsrg1) expression in several hormonally responsive tissues, including the ovary. Here, we report distinct localization patterns of Brd2 transcripts throughout ovarian folliculogenesis in normal mice as well as in two strains of mice with aberrant folliculogenesis: mice with mutated growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf9) and follicle stimulating hormone β (Fshb) genes. The highest level of expression was seen in granulosa cells of growing follicles. Within the oocyte, three patterns of Brd2 RNA localization were observed: diffuse distribution in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, then intense nuclear expression, followed by an absence of Brd2 transcripts from the nucleus. The transition from intense nuclear localization to nuclear exclusion was found to correlate with oocyte maturation and meiotic competence, as determined by nuclear chromatin patterns. These same expression patterns were also seen in oocytes from Gdf9−/− and Fshb−/− mice. Thus, Brd2 expression appears to correlate with stages of oocyte maturation, independent of FSH or GDF9 action and the subsequent disruption in normal follicle development in these models. The distinct patterns of Brd2 localization within the adult ovary supports a role for Brd2 in mitotic and possibly meiotic cell cycle regulation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 261–268, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatocyte growth factor promotes cell proliferation and inhibits progesterone secretion via PKA and MAPK pathways in a human granulosa cell line
Authors: Taniguchi Fuminori , Harada Tasuku , Deura Imari , Iwabe Tomio , Tsukihara Satoru , Terakawa Naoki
Published: April 2004

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mesenchymal‐derived paracrine factor that acts through a c‐met receptor. The activated c‐met receptor recruits various signal proteins. We used a steroidogenic human granulosa‐like tumor cell line (KGN cells) to analyze the biological function of HGF in human ovary cells. First, we designed a method to analyze local production and action of HGF in the human ovary. Although c‐met mRNA is expressed in KGN cells, granulosa lutein, theca, and ovarian stroma cells, we observed HGF mRNA only in theca and stroma cells. Adding HGF to the medium enhanced mitogenic activity in KGN cells. We next examined the activation of intracellular signal transduction molecules induced by HGF in KGN cells. Here, we showed that HGF activated the distinct phosphorylation of Raf‐1, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2, but did not induce phosphorylation of Akt. HGF enhanced the phosphorylation of Elk‐1 and c‐Jun as nuclear transcription factors. U0126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, completely abrogated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the cell proliferation in response to HGF. In contrast, H‐89, a protein kinase A inhibitor, further enhanced the HGF‐induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and cell proliferation. In addition, we revealed that HGF suppressed progesterone synthesis in KGN cells. Adding HGF suppressed the forskolin‐induced steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression, which is a key regulator in progesterone synthesis. Crosstalk signals between PKA and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway were mutually inhibitory. These results demonstrated for the first time that theca cell‐derived HGF may be capable of stimulating the proliferation of granulosa cells and suppressing progesterone synthesis via an activating MAPK pathway. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 335–344, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipid diffusion in sperm plasma membranes exposed to peroxidative injury from oxygen free radicals
Authors: Christova Yonka , James Peter S. , Jones Roy
Published: April 2004

Unsaturated lipids in sperm plasma membranes are very susceptible to peroxidation when exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this investigation we have incubated ram spermatozoa in the presence of two ROS generating systems, ascorbate/FeSO4 and potassium peroxychromate (K3CrO8), and examined their effects on membrane fluidity by measuring fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of a lipid reporter probe 5‐(N‐octadecanoyl)‐aminofluorescein (ODAF). Peroxidation was monitored by malonaldehyde formation and changes in fluorescence emission of 4,4‐difluoro‐5‐(4‐phenyl‐1,3‐butadienyl)‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene‐3‐undecanoic acid (C11‐BODIPY581/591). Ascorbate/FeSO4‐induced peroxidation was inhibited by Vitamin E, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), 1,4‐diazobicyclo(2,2,2)octane (DABCO), and to a lesser extent by ethanol. Added superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluthathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase were ineffective scavengers. K3CrO8 induced very rapid peroxidation that could be delayed, but not prevented, by Vitamin E, BHT, DABCO, ethanol, and mannitol; once again SOD, GPX, and catalase were ineffective scavengers. Neither peroxidation with ascorbate/FeSO4 nor K3CrO8, or added H2O2 or malonaldehyde perturbed ODAF diffusion in any region of the sperm plasma membrane. Vitamin E tended to enhance diffusion rates. Exogenous cumene hydroperoxide, however, reduced ODAF diffusion to low levels on the sperm head. These results suggest that the adverse effects of ROS on spermatozoa are more likely to be caused by direct oxidation of proteins and membrane permeabilisation than disturbance of lipid fluidity. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 365–372, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hamster contraception associated protein 1 (CAP1)
Authors: Siva Archana B. , Sundareswaran Vetaikorumagan R. , Yeung Ching‐Hei , Cooper Trevor G. , Shivaji Sisinthy
Published: April 2004

Based on cDNA and amino acid sequence, we demonstrate that hamster contraception associated protein 1 (CAP1) protein (an homolog of DJ‐1 in mouse, CAP1/SP22/RS in rat and DJ‐1/RS in human) is conserved during evolution. Through solubilization studies, it was demonstrated that hamster CAP1 has a peripheral membrane localization. SDS–PAGE analysis revealed that the migration pattern for hamster CAP1 compared to the other rodent counterparts, rat and mouse was different; indicating species‐specific differences in the protein (possibly due to post‐translational modifications). This protein also shows a ubiquitous presence in both somatic and germ tissues, and has been localized to the sperm tail. It was noticed that hamster CAP1 was lost from the mid piece of spermatozoa during capacitation. Interestingly, following in vitro treatment with ornidazole, CAP1 was lost from the spermatozoa and immunofluorescence studies showed that the major loss was from the mid piece of the spermatozoa. Another interesting feature highlighted about hamster CAP1 is its tendency to exist in two pI isoforms. Summarily, hamster CAP1 appears to exhibit species‐specific differences compared to its rodent counterparts with respect to its unique peripheral localization, its size, two pI isoforms, and fate during capacitation, which may have implications in its functions. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 373–383, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in inhibin α and inhibin/activin βA and βB mRNA levels in the gonads during post‐hatch prepubertal development of male and female chickens
Authors: Onagbesan O.M. , Safi M. , Decuypere E. , Bruggeman V.
Published: April 2004

Dimeric inhibins and activins are barely detectable in the plasma during prepubertal development of male and female chickens. This may be misconstrued to indicate that the proteins are not produced in the gonads and have no functional significance during this period. Very few studies have actually determined the mRNA expression profile of the inhibin and activin subunits in the gonads prior to puberty in order to establish their secretion at the local level and postulate potential roles for the inhibin and activins at this developmental stage. In this study, the expression of the mRNA for the α‐, βA‐, and βB‐subunits was determined in the ovary and testis of chickens during prepubertal development. Gene expression was determined at 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 18 weeks of age by RT‐PCR. Messenger RNA level was quantified by competitive RT‐PCR at 3, 6, 12, and 18 weeks of age in order to detect any changes with development, suggest potential relationship to the profile of dimeric inhibins and activins reported previously and to suggest potential paracrine and endocrine roles for them. The results show that all the inhibin/activin subunit mRNAs are expressed in the testis of the chicken throughout the period of prepubertal development up to 18 weeks of age. However, in the ovary, only the βA‐ and βB‐subunits were detected at all ages whereas the α‐subunit mRNA could only be detected just before puberty. Quantification of the mRNA levels showed variation of each subunit with age. These temporal changes suggest relationship with paracrine functional role in the ovary or the testis. Quantitative changes in expression levels also suggests that there may be some relationship between mRNA levels and the type and amount of dimeric inhibins and activins produced at any developmental stage. There are major differences between the male and female gonads in the timing of the expression of different subunits. In conclusion, the expression of the mRNA subunits in the testis and ovary suggests that inhibins and activins are being produced but may be principally involved in autocrine/paracrine function within the gonads. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 319–326, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.