bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A High‐Volumetric‐Capacity Cathode Based on Interconnected Close‐Packed N‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanospheres for Long‐Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Hu Cheng , Kirk Caroline , Cai Qiong , Cuadrado‐Collados Carlos , Silvestre‐Albero Joaquín , Rodríguez‐Reinoso Francisco , Biggs Mark James
Published: August 2017

This study reports a Li–S battery cathode of high volumetric capacity enabled by novel micro‐ and mesostructuring. The cathode is based on monodisperse highly porous carbon nanospheres derived from a facile template‐ and surfactant‐free method. At the mesoscale, the nanospheres structure into interconnected close‐packed clusters of a few microns in extent, thus facilitating the fabrication of dense crack‐free high areal sulfur loading (5 mg cm−2) cathodes with high electrical conductivity and low cathode impedance. A combination of the nitrogen doping (5 wt%), high porosity (2.3 cm3 g−1), and surface area (2900 m2 g−1) at the microscale enables high sulfur immobilization and utilization. The cathode delivers among the best reported volumetric capacity to date, above typical Li‐ion areal capacity at 0.2 C over 200 cycles and low capacity fading of 0.1% per cycle at 0.5 C over 500 cycles. The compact cathode structure also ensures a low electrolyte requirement (6 µL mg−1), which aids a low overall cell weight, and further, among the best gravimetric capacities published to date as well.
Fenton‐like degradation of rhodamine B over highly durable Cu‐embedded alumina: Kinetics and mechanism
Authors: Sheng Yiyi , Sun Yang , Xu Jing , Zhang Jie , Han Yi‐Fan
Published: August 2017

Cu‐embedded mesoporous alumina, as a Fenton‐like catalyst prepared via a sol‐gel method, showed excellent activity and durability for the degradation of refectory compounds. The origin of active sites for the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were thoroughly studied using multitechniques. Cu, as the only active element, could be penetrated into the bulk of alumina and some Cu atoms were embedded into the framework. The dynamic structure of surface Cu species (the variety of Cu+/Cu2+ ratio) during the reaction were determined as well. Furthermore, the structure plasticity of catalyst has proved by optimizing preparation and reaction conditions. A 98.53% degradation of RhB was recorded within 30 min, following a pseudo‐first‐order reaction rate expression. Electron spin resonance spectra and •OH scavenging experiments have confirmed that •OH is the main reactive oxidant for the elimination of RhB. By the surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometer results, plausible pathways of RhB degradation were elaborated. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 538–549, 2018
Whither the genotype‐phenotype relationship? An historical and methodological appraisal
Authors: Fisch Gene S.
Published: August 2017

More than a century ago, Wilhelm Johannsen proposed the terms “genotype” and “phenotype” to study heredity. Much of what we know about genetics and behavior has evolved since then, especially how causality from genotypes can be inferred from observational studies of phenotypes. Unfortunately, there are genotypes that produce complex clinical‐behavioral phenotypes—pleiotropy. In addition, there are often many genotypes that produce the same phenotype, adding a layer of complexity in establishing valid genotype‐phenotype relationships. Unlike the relative simplicity of some phenotypes, behavioral phenotypes, especially those characteristics considered aberrant, are multidimensional and often not easily defined operationally. An alternate approach which attempts to identify less evident manifestations below the level of the phenotype but along the pathway to the prospective genotype—endophenotypes—could prove useful in detecting genes that generate these markers. However, operational definitions of intermediate phenotypes vary, less overt neurobiological expressions for some disorders—autism—have not been found, and studies of endophenotypes associated with schizophrenia have been not been very successful. Another approach, suggested by Sewall Wright, uses path analysis to identify causal variables that produce phenotypes. Innovative models of causality have been developed recently by genetic epidemiologists that incorporate Mendel's second law, and Mendelian randomization has been successful in identifying genotypes associated with some diseases, for example, diabetes and cancer. Regrettably, shortcomings regarding genetic markers associated with intermediate phenotypes have been found, although there are statistical procedures to remedy matters. As in any science, genetic researchers need to consider carefully the models of causality they choose.
Predictors of insubordinate aggression among captive female rhesus macaques
Authors: Seil Shannon K. , Hannibal Darcy L. , Beisner Brianne A. , McCowan Brenda
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Cercopithicine primates tend to have nepotistic hierarchies characterized by predictable, kinship‐based dominance. Although aggression is typically directed down the hierarchy, insubordinate aggression does occur. Insubordination is important to understand because it can precipitate social upheaval and undermine group stability; however, the factors underlying it are not well understood. We test whether key social and demographic variables predict insubordination among captive female rhesus macaques.

Materials and Methods

To identify factors influencing insubordination, multivariate analyses of 10,821 dyadic conflicts among rhesus macaque females were conducted, using data from six captive groups. A segmented regression analysis was used to identify dyads with insubordination. Negative binomial regression analyses and an information theoretic approach were used to assess predictors of insubordination among dyads.

Results

In the best models, weight difference (w = 1.0; IRR = 0.930), age (dominant: w = 1.0, IRR = 0.681; subordinate: w = 1.0, IRR = 1.069), the subordinate's total number of allies (w = 0.727, IRR = 1.060) or non‐kin allies (w = 0.273, IRR = 1.165), the interaction of the dominant's kin allies and weight difference (w = 0.938, IRR = 1.046), violation of youngest ascendancy (w = 1.0; IRR = 2.727), and the subordinate's maternal support (w = 1.0; IRR = 2.928), are important predictors of insubordination.

Discussion

These results show that both intrinsic and social factors influence insubordinate behavior. This adds to evidence of the importance of intrinsic factors and flexibility in a social structure thought to be rigid and predetermined by external factors. Further, because insubordination can precipitate social overthrow, determining predictors of insubordination will shed light on mechanisms underlying stability in nepotistic societies.
The N‐Terminal Domain of ALS‐Linked TDP‐43 Assembles without Misfolding
Authors: Tsoi Phoebe S. , Choi Kyoung‐Jae , Leonard Paul G. , Sizovs Antons , Moosa Mahdi Muhammad , MacKenzie Kevin R. , Ferreon Josephine C. , Ferreon Allan Chris M.
Published: August 2017

Transactivation response element (TAR) DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) misfolding is implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases characterized by aggregated protein inclusions. Misfolding is believed to be mediated by both the N‐ and C‐terminus of TDP‐43; however, the mechanistic basis of the contribution of individual domains in the process remained elusive. Here, using single‐molecule fluorescence and ensemble biophysical techniques, and a wide range of pH and temperature conditions, we show that TDP‐43NTD is thermodynamically stable, well‐folded and undergoes reversible oligomerization. We propose that, in full‐length TDP‐43, association between folded N‐terminal domains enhances the propensity of the intrinsically unfolded C‐terminal domains to drive pathological aggregation.
Von Vorläuferpulvern zu CsPbX3‐Perowskit‐Nanodrähten: Eintopfreaktion, Wachstumsmechanismus und gerichtete Selbstassemblierung
Authors: Tong Yu , Bohn Bernhard J. , Bladt Eva , Wang Kun , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Bals Sara , Urban Alexander S. , Polavarapu Lakshminarayana , Feldmann Jochen
Published: August 2017

Die Synthese kolloidaler Nanokristalle sowie die Herstellung von Halbleiter‐Nanodrähten (NWs) sind ein wichtiger Aspekt der aktuellen Forschung. Wir berichten über eine einstufige, Liganden‐kontrollierte Synthese von kristallinen CsPbBr3‐Perowskit‐NWs direkt aus den Vorläuferpulvern. Untersuchungen des Reaktionsprozesses sowie der Entstehung der Kristallmorphologie zeigen, dass sich die eingangs hergestellten CsPbBr3‐Nanowürfel in einem gerichteten Mechanismus aneinandergereiht zusammenfügen und NWs bilden. Die optischen Eigenschaften der NWs können über die gesamte Breite des sichtbaren Spektrums kontrolliert werden, indem die Halogenzusammensetzung aus Cl, Br und I durch nachträglichen Halogenaustausch verändert wird. Die Beobachtung einzelner Partikel ergab, dass diese NWs stark polarisiertes Licht mit einer Polarisationsanisotropie von 0.36 emittieren. Zudem können wir zeigen, dass die NWs sich selbstständig in einer quasi‐geordneten Art an Luft/Flüssigkeit‐Grenzflächen ansammeln können. Dieser Prozess sollte einfach auf andere Perowskit‐Nanokristalle angewendet werden können, um deren Morphologie in Hinblick auf ihre Verwendung in zukünftigen optoelektronischen Vorrichtungen im Nanobereich zu beeinflussen.
Zwischen Lokalisierung und Delokalisierung: Ru(cod)2+‐Einheiten in den Zintl‐Clustern [Bi9{Ru(cod)}2]3− und [Tl2Bi6{Ru(cod)}]2−
Authors: Lichtenberger Niels , Spang Nils , Eichhöfer Andreas , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: August 2017

Reaktionen von [K(crypt‐222)]2(TlBi3)⋅0.5en (1 b) mit [Ru(cod)(H2CC(Me)CH2)2] (A) in 1,2‐Diaminoethan (en) führten zur Bildung zweier Verbindungen mit neuen, Bi‐reichen Clusteranionen, [K(crypt‐222)]3[Bi9{Ru(cod)}2]⋅1.5en (2) und [K(crypt‐222)]2[Tl2Bi6 {Ru(cod)}]⋅2tol (3), sowie zur Bildung des Salzes eines binären nido‐Clusters, [K(crypt‐222)]3(Tl4Bi5)⋅2en (4). Die Anionen in 2 und 3 gehören zu den seltenen heterometallischen Clustern mit Ru‐Atomen. Da in beiden Fällen je ein cod‐Ligand pro Ru‐Atom gebunden blieb, lassen sich die Anionen als Intermediate auf dem Weg zur Bildung größerer, Liganden‐freier intermetalloider Cluster ansehen. Quantenchemischen Studien zufolge liegen im Anion von 2 elektronenpräzise und elektronendefizitäre Bereiche kombiniert vor. Elektrospray‐Ionisations‐Massenspektrometrie (ESI‐MS) weist auf eine schrittweise Fragmentierung der Cluster hin.
Synthesis of Phenalenyl‐Fused Pyrylium Cations: Divergent C−H Activation/Annulation Reaction Sequence of Naphthalene Aldehydes with Alkynes
Authors: Yin Jiangliang , Tan Meiling , Wu Di , Jiang Ruyong , Li Chengming , You Jingsong
Published: August 2017

Described herein is the synthesis of stable oxonium‐doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by the rhodium‐catalyzed C−H activation/annulations of naphthalene‐type aldehydes with internal alkynes. This protocol provides four divergent reaction types, including two unexpected annulations with an oxygen transposition process, which lead to diverse types of phenalenyl‐fused pyrylium cations comprising a four‐, five‐, or six‐ring‐fused π‐conjugated core. The annulations exhibit an exquisite regioselectivity and a high tolerance of sensitive functional groups. These PAHs feature intriguing photophysical properties such as full‐color tunable fluorescence emission, high quantum yield, and positively charged core, and can be reduced easily to the phenalenyl radicals.
Modification of bitumen emulsion via heterocoagulation with SIS triblock copolymer latex
Authors: Xia Chunmiao , Luo Yingwu
Published: August 2017

Bitumen emulsions have often been modified by styrene–butadiene rubber latex. The modified bitumen can have excellent low‐temperature cracking resistance, but rutting resistance at high temperature still remains poor. In the current work, for the first time, a stable poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) (SIS) triblock copolymer latex is synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization. Based on this, a simple heterocoagulation process is developed to prepare the bitumen emulsions modified by SIS. The heterocoagulation results in hybrid particles of SIS shell and bitumen core. With addition of 5 wt % SIS, a continuous polymer‐rich phase could be formed in the modified bitumen once the modified emulsion was broken down. The bitumen modified by 5 wt % SIS shows a significant increase in complex modulus at high temperature and a significant decrease in loss tangent, suggesting excellent resistance to rutting at high temperature, which is consistent with the significant increase in softening point from 41 °C for the base bitumen up to 64 °C. Meanwhile, the ductility at 5 °C of the modified bitumen is also dramatically increased from 1.4 cm for the base bitumen to 40 cm, indicating the low‐temperature cracking resistance should also be much enhanced. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45510.
Fully bio‐based poly(ɛ‐capolactone)/poly(lactide) alternating multiblock supramolecular polymers: Synthesis, crystallization behavior, and properties
Authors: Shi Xuetao , Jing Zhanxin , Zhang Guangcheng , Xu Yan , Yao Yao
Published: August 2017

Supramolecular poly(ɛ‐capolactone)/poly(lactide) alternating multiblock copolymers were prepared by UPy‐functionalized poly(lactide)‐b‐poly(ɛ‐capolactone)‐b‐poly(lactide) copolymers. The prepared supramolecular polymers (SMPs) exhibit the characteristic properties of thermoplastic elastomers. The stereo multiblock SMPs (sc‐SMPs) were formed by blending UPy‐functionalized poly(l‐lactide)‐b‐PCL‐b‐poly(l‐lactide) (l‐SMPs) and UPy‐functionalized poly(d‐lactide)‐b‐PCL‐b‐poly(d‐lactide) (d‐SMPs) due to stereocomplexation of the PLLA and PDLA blocks. Sc‐SMPs with low content of d‐SMPs (≤20%) are transparent, elastic solids, while those having high d‐SMPs content are opaque, brittle solids. The effects of l‐SMPs/d‐SMPs mixing ratios on thermal, crystallization behaviors, crystal structure, mechanical and hydrophilic properties of sc‐SMPs were deeply investigated. The incorporation of UPy groups depresses the crystallization of polymer, and the stereocomplex formation accelerates the crystallization rate. The used initiator functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes causes a different effect on the crystallization of PLA and PCL blocks. The tensile strength and elongation at break of ld/dd‐SMPs (d represents the initiator diethylene glycol) are significantly larger than that of lp/dp‐SMPs (p represents the initiator polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes), and their heat resistance and hydrophilicity can be also modulated by the l‐SMPs/d‐SMPs mixing ratios and the different initiators. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45575.
Kurtonitj stone house: Excavation of a mid‐nineteenth century Aboriginal frontier site from Gunditjmara country, south‐west Victoria
Authors: MCNIVEN IAN J. , DUNN JULIAN E. , CROUCH JOE ,   GUNDITJ MIRRING TRADITIONAL OWNERS ABORIGINAL CORPORATION
Published: August 2017

This paper provides the first detailed excavation report published for an Aboriginal stone house from south‐west Victoria. Stone house sites have generated considerable debate in Australian archaeology in terms of late Holocene intensification and claims for village‐scale settlements and sedentism. Fine‐grained excavation of KSH‐1 within the Budj Bim (stony rises) cultural landscape revealed house construction directly on to lava bedrock. Shallow sediments contained numerous flaked flint and bottle glass artefacts, and a remarkable cache of 34 iron nails. Taphonomic analysis suggests that most, if not all, stone artefacts (including a backed artefact) predate the contact objects and possibly construction of the stone house. Low quantities of cultural materials and large glass artefacts lying horizontally at various levels suggest multiple, short‐term occupation events. Dating of metal objects to c.1840–1870 points to occupation during the period of violent resistance to European pastoral invasion in the 1840s and/or during the subsequent period of negotiated resistance while living and working on pastoral properties during the 1850s and 1860s. Key challenges for future excavations are documenting stone houses dating unambiguously to before European contact and determining how their history of use integrates with the development of eel trapping facilities over the past 6600 years.
Selective Oxidations of Cyperenoic Acid by Slightly Reshaping the Binding Pocket of Cytochrome P450 BM3
Authors: Li Yuxin , Qin Bin , Li Xiaoqin , Tang Jun , Chen Yu , Zhou Lina , You Song
Published: August 2017

The selective hydroxylation of unactivated C−H bonds in complex natural products represents a formidable challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Cyperenoic acid, a sesquiterpenoid isolated from Croton crassifolius, possesses an antiangiogenic‐promoting effect. Its C7‐ and C9α‐hydroxylated products can significantly inhibit the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To prepare these hydroxylated products, cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase was chosen as a catalyst for the hydroxylation of cyperenoic acid. A simple and fast strategy, slightly reshaping the binding pocket of P450 BM3, was described to expedite the development of highly regio‐ and stereoselective P450 catalysts. P450 BM3 was evolved through one or two generations of mutations, and a highly enriched mutant library that contained fewer than 30 variants was then constructed. The obtained P450 BM3 variants achieved selective hydroxylation at positions C7 (94 % selectivity in the case of the F87A/A330W/F331L mutant) and C9 (90 % regioselectivity and 100 % stereoselectivity in the case of the L75V/F87A/T88F/A330W mutant) of cyperenoic acid and were also used to prepare the desired hydroxylated products at a preparative scale with high isolated yields.
Shell of Planet Earth – Global Batch Bioreactor
Authors: Hanika Jiri , Solcova Olga , Kastanek Petr
Published: August 2017

Our planet Earth, precisely speaking its surface shell, might be considered as a huge multiphase batch biochemical reactor heated by the Sun, whose energy is a unique resource. The Sun ensures our earthly life unconditionally; moreover, it compensates the heat losses of land, water, and ice by radiation emitted from the Earth surface to its surrounding space at night. It is evident that in this macroreactor the complex transport phenomena occur in many phases, involving mass, heat, and momentum. Obviously, such a responsive batch system is strongly limited by raw resources of all elements including carbon materials necessary for a good living standard and utilized both in the energy production and for the main industrial chemical processes.
Binding Mode and Selectivity of a Scorpiand‐Like Polyamine Ligand to Single‐ and Double‐Stranded DNA and RNA: Metal‐ and pH‐Driven Modulation
Authors: Inclán Mario , Guijarro Lluis , Pont Isabel , Frías Juan C. , Rotger Carmen , Orvay Francisca , Costa Antoni , García‐España Enrique , Albelda M. Teresa
Published: August 2017

The interaction of a polyazacyclophane ligand having an ethylamine pendant arm functionalized with an anthryl group (L), with the single‐stranded polynucleotides polyA, polyG, polyU, and polyC as well as with the double‐stranded polynucleotides polyA–polyU, poly(dAT)2, and poly(dGC)2 has been followed by UV/Vis titration, steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, and thermal denaturation measurements. In the case of the single‐stranded polynucleotides, the UV/Vis and fluorescence titrations permit to distinguish between sequences containing purine and pyrimidine bases. For the double‐stranded polynucleotides the UV/Vis measurements show for all of them hypochromicity and bathochromic shifts. However, the fluorescence studies reveal that both polyA–polyU and poly(dAT)2 induce a twofold increase in the fluorescence, whereas interaction of poly(dGC)2 with the ligand L induces a quenching of the fluorescence. Cu2+ modulates the interaction with the double‐stranded polynucleotides due to the conformation changes that its coordination induces in compound L. In general, the spectroscopic studies show that intercalation seems to be blocked by the formation of the metal complex. All these features suggest the possibility of using compound L as a sequence‐selective fluorescence probe.
Catalyzed Radical Termination in the Presence of Tellanyl Radicals
Authors: Ribelli Thomas G. , Rahaman S. M. Wahidur , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof , Poli Rinaldo
Published: August 2017

The decomposition of the diazo initiator dimethyl 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyrate) (V‐601), generating the Me2C.(CO2Me) radical, affords essentially the same fraction of disproportionation and combination in media with a large range of viscosity (C6D6, [D6]DMSO, and PEG 200) in the 25–100 °C range. This is in stark contrast to recent results by Yamago et al. on the same radical generated from Me2C(TeMe)(CO2Me) and on other X‐TeR systems (X=polymer chain or unimer model; R=Me, Ph). The discrepancy is rationalized on the basis of an unprecedented RTe.‐catalyzed radical disproportionation, with support from DFT calculations and photochemicaL V‐601 decomposition in the presence of Te2Ph2.
On assessing the effect of breast cancer screening schemes
Authors: Brawley Otis W.
Published: August 2017

Our goal should be to provide truthful, balanced information so that women can make informed choices about when to start screening for breast cancer. A woman who is making a decision about screening is more interested in her personal chances of benefit and risk of harm and is less interested in the benefits to the population.See also pages 3673‐80.
Comparison of recommendations for screening mammography using CISNET models
Authors: Arleo Elizabeth Kagan , Hendrick R. Edward , Helvie Mark A. , Sickles Edward A.
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Currently, there are several different recommendations for screening mammography from major national health care organizations, including: 1) annual screening at ages 40 to 84 years; 2) screening annually at ages 45 to 54 years, then biennially at ages 55 to 79 years; and 3) biennial screening at ages 50 to 74 years.

METHODS

Mean values of six Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) models were used to compare these three screening mammography recommendations in terms of benefits and risks.

RESULTS

Mean mortality reduction was greatest with the recommendation of annual screening at ages 40 to 84 years (39.6%), compared with the hybrid recommendation of screening annually at ages 45 to 54 years, then biennially at ages 55 to 79 years (30.8%), and the recommendation of biennial screening at ages 50 to 74 years (23.2%). For a single‐year cohort of US women aged 40 years, assuming 100% compliance, more breast cancers deaths would be averted over their lifetime with annual screening starting at age 40 (29,369) than with the hybrid recommendation (22,829) or biennial screening ages 50‐74 (17,153 based on 2009 CISNET estimates, 15,599 based on 2016 CISNET estimates). To achieve the greatest mortality benefit, this single‐year cohort of women would have the greatest total number of screening mammograms, benign recalls, and benign biopsies performed over the course of screening by following annual screening starting at age 40 years (90.2 million, 6.8 million, and 481,269, respectively) than by following the hybrid recommendation (49.0 million, 4.1 million, and 286,288, respectively) or biennial screening at ages 50 to 74 years (27.3 million, 2.3 million, and 162,885, respectively).

CONCLUSION

CISNET models demonstrate that the greatest mortality reduction is achieved with annual screening of women starting at age 40 years. Cancer 2017;123:3673–3680. © 2017 American Cancer Society
Performance of ovarian cyst fluid fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Zhou Amy G. , Levinson Kimberly L. , Rosenthal Dorothy L. , VandenBussche Christopher J.
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Although ovarian fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is not commonly used as a primary modality of diagnosis for patients with ovarian lesions, many ovarian cysts are aspirated intraoperatively and occasionally for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, the ability to interpret these specimens remains critical. Previous studies have suggested a high specificity but low sensitivity as a limitation. The objective of the current study was to further explore the use and performance of ovarian cyst FNA for diagnosing malignancy at the study institution.

METHODS

The electronic database was searched from 1998 through 2016 for ovarian cyst fluid cytology specimens; any concurrent or follow‐up surgical pathology; and clinical information including patient age, radiology findings, and procedure type. Test performance was calculated using the surgical pathology diagnosis as the gold standard.

RESULTS

A total of 459 ovarian cyst FNA specimens had the following diagnoses: 416 (90.6%) were diagnosed as benign, 32 (7.0%) as atypical, 4 (0.9%) as suspicious, and 7 (1.5%) as malignant. Overall, 300 specimens (65.4%) had a corresponding surgical pathology specimen. On follow‐up, the rate of malignancy (including borderline neoplasms) for benign FNA was 10 of 264 specimens (3.8%), that for atypical FNA was 0 of 24 specimens (0%), that for suspicious FNA was 5 of 5 specimens (100%), and that for malignant FNA was 7 of 7 specimens (100%). Test sensitivity was 54.0% and test specificity was 100%. The positive predictive value was 1.00 and the negative predictive value was 0.97, with a disease (malignancy) prevalence of 7.33%.

CONCLUSIONS

Ovarian cyst fluid cytology is highly specific and moderately sensitive for the detection of ovarian malignancies. A negative FNA is reassuring for patients with a low pretest probability of malignancy. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:112‐21. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Comment on “Commercially Available WO3 Nanopowders for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Photocurrent versus Oxygen Evolution”
Authors: Augustynski Jan , Solarska Renata
Published: August 2017

This Correspondence, in response to an article published by Niederberger and co‐workers (ChemPlusChem 2016, 81, 935–940), comments on misleading conclusions of the authors of that paper regarding the fate of the aqueous methanesulfonic acid electrolyte during photoelectrolysis performed using the WO3 photoanode. It is shown that the suggested formation of the acid dimer is in striking contrast with numerous literature reports.
Multicolor flow cytometric analysis of TLR2 and TLR9 expression and function in NK cells from patients with ANCA‐associated vasculitis
Authors: Scrivo Rossana , Peruzzi Giovanna , Gattamelata Angelica , Gross Catharina C. , Carletti Raffaella , Di Gioia Cira , Brandt Jessica , Priori Roberta , Morrone Stefania , Santoni Angela , Valesini Guido
Published: August 2017

Background

The primary objective of this study was to provide an assessment of NK cells in patients with ANCA‐associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods

Patients were classified based on the presence or absence of ANCAs and compared with healthy controls (HCs). By multiparameter flow cytometry, we evaluated the number and proportion of NK cells (CD3‐CD56+) and the CD56dim, CD56bright, CD56dimCD57bright subsets; TLR2 and TLR9 expression; intracellular IFN‐γ production upon stimulation with TLR2 and TLR9 ligands; degranulation activity; serum cytokines; immunohistochemical staining of available biopsies.

Results

No differences in the number and proportion of NK cells between patients and HC were observed, except for a lower proportion of CD56dim subset in ANCA‐negative patients than in HC (P = 0.02). With respect to HC, TLR2 expression levels were reduced in NK cells from ANCA‐negative patients (P = 0.03), in the CD56dim subset of ANCA‐positive (P = 0.02) and ANCA‐negative patients (P = 0.01), in the CD56bright subset of ANCA‐positive patients (P = 0.007), and in the CD56dimCD57bright subset of ANCA‐positive (P = 0.04) and ANCA‐negative patients (P = 0.03). No differences between patients and HC were found concerning IFN‐γ production and degranulation activity. IL‐22 levels were lower in ANCA‐positive patients than in HC (P = 0.01). The immunohistochemical analysis showed sporadic CD56+ cells in one renal biopsy, and a diffuse and moderate infiltrate of IL‐22+ cells in all renal biopsies and in skin tissue.

Conclusions

Our data suggest a role of infectious stimuli triggering NK cells in AAV pathogenesis. Poor detection of NK cells in affected tissues suggests a marginal involvement in local inflammatory responses. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity for externalizing behavior: Testing an integrated developmental model of genetic and temperamental sensitivity to the environment
Authors: Tung Irene , Morgan Julia E. , Noroña Amanda N. , Lee Steve S.
Published: August 2017

Although both gene‐ and temperament‐environment interactions contribute to the development of youth externalizing problems, it is unclear how these factors jointly affect environmental sensitivity over time. In a 7‐year longitudinal study of 232 children (aged 5–10) with and without ADHD, we employed moderated mediation to test a developmentally sensitive mechanistic model of genetic and temperamental sensitivity to prenatal and postnatal environmental factors. Birth weight, a global measure of the prenatal environment, moderated predictions of child negative emotionality from a composite of dopaminergic polymorphisms (i.e., DRD4 and DAT1), such that birth weight inversely predicted negative emotionality only for children with genetic plasticity. Negative emotionality, in turn, predicted externalizing behavior 4–5 years later, beyond genetic and postnatal parenting effects. Finally, birth weight moderated the indirect effect of dopaminergic genotypes on externalizing problems through negative emotionality, partially supporting a prenatal programming model. We discuss theoretical and empirical implications for models of environmental sensitivity.
The intersensory redundancy hypothesis: Extending the principle of unimodal facilitation to prenatal development
Authors: Lickliter Robert , Bahrick Lorraine E. , Vaillant‐Mekras Jimena
Published: August 2017

Selective attention to different properties of stimulation provides the foundation for perception, learning, and memory. The Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (IRH) proposes that early in development information presented redundantly across two or more modalities (multimodal) selectively recruits attention to and enhances perceptual learning of amodal properties, whereas information presented to a single sense modality (unimodal) enhances perceptual learning of modality‐specific properties. The present study is the first to assess this principle of unimodal facilitation in non‐human animals in prenatal development. We assessed bobwhite quail embryos’ prenatal detection of pitch, a modality‐specific property, under conditions of unimodal and bimodal (synchronous or asynchronous) exposure. Chicks exposed to prenatal unimodal auditory stimulation or asynchronous bimodal (audiovisual) stimulation preferred the familiarized maternal call over a novel pitch‐modified maternal call following hatching, whereas chicks exposed to redundant (synchronous) audiovisual stimulation failed to prefer the familiar call over the pitch‐modified call. These results provide further evidence that selective attention is recruited to specific stimulus properties of events in early development and that these biases are evident even during the prenatal period.
Fit to predict? Eco‐informatics for predicting the catchability of a pelagic fish in near real time
Authors: Scales Kylie L. , Hazen Elliott L. , Maxwell Sara M. , Dewar Heidi , Kohin Suzanne , Jacox Michael G. , Edwards Christopher A. , Briscoe Dana K. , Crowder Larry B. , Lewison Rebecca L. , Bograd Steven J.
Published: August 2017

The ocean is a dynamic environment inhabited by a diverse array of highly migratory species, many of which are under direct exploitation in targeted fisheries. The timescales of variability in the marine realm coupled with the extreme mobility of ocean‐wandering species such as tuna and billfish complicates fisheries management. Developing eco‐informatics solutions that allow for near real‐time prediction of the distributions of highly mobile marine species is an important step towards the maturation of dynamic ocean management and ecological forecasting. Using 25 yr (1990–2014) ofNOAAfisheries’ observer data from the California drift gillnet fishery, we model relative probability of occurrence (presence–absence) and catchability (total catch per gillnet set) of broadbill swordfishXiphias gladiusin the California Current System. Using freely available environmental data sets and open source software, we explore the physical drivers of regional swordfish distribution. Comparing models built upon remotely sensed data sets with those built upon a data‐assimilative configuration of the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), we explore trade‐offs in model construction, and address how physical data can affect predictive performance and operational capacity. Swordfish catchability was found to be highest in deeper waters (>1,500 m) with surface temperatures in the 14–20°C range, isothermal layer depth (ILD) of 20–40 m, positive sea surface height (SSH) anomalies, and during the new moon (<20% lunar illumination). We observed a greater influence of mesoscale variability (SSH, wind speed, isothermal layer depth, eddy kinetic energy) in driving swordfish catchability (total catch) than was evident in predicting the relative probability of presence (presence–absence), confirming the utility of generating spatiotemporally dynamic predictions. Data‐assimilativeROMScircumvent the limitations of satellite remote sensing in providing physical data fields for species distribution models (e.g., cloud cover, variable resolution, subsurface data), and facilitate broad‐scale prediction of dynamic species distributions in near real time.
Demographic drivers of functional composition dynamics
Authors: Muscarella Robert , Lohbeck Madelon , Martínez‐Ramos Miguel , Poorter Lourens , Rodríguez‐Velázquez Jorge Enrique , van Breugel Michiel , Bongers Frans
Published: August 2017

Mechanisms of community assembly and ecosystem function are often analyzed using community‐weighted mean trait values (CWMs). We present a novel conceptual framework to quantify the contribution of demographic processes (i.e., growth, recruitment, and mortality) to temporal changes in CWMs. We used this framework to analyze mechanisms of secondary succession in wet tropical forests in Mexico. Seed size increased over time, reflecting a trade‐off between colonization by small seeds early in succession, to establishment by large seeds later in succession. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf phosphorus content decreased over time, reflecting a trade‐off between fast growth early in succession vs. high survival late in succession. On average, CWM shifts were driven mainly (70%) by growth of surviving trees that comprise the bulk of standing biomass, then mortality (25%), and weakly by recruitment (5%). Trait shifts of growing and recruiting trees mirrored the CWM trait shifts, and traits of dying trees did not change during succession, indicating that these traits are important for recruitment and growth, but not for mortality, during the first 30 yr of succession. Identifying the demographic drivers of functional composition change links population dynamics to community change, and enhances insights into mechanisms of succession.
Patterns of protective associations differ for antibodies to P. falciparum‐infected erythrocytes and merozoites in immunity against malaria in children
Authors: Chan Jo‐Anne , Stanisic Danielle I , Duffy Michael F , Robinson Leanne J , Lin Enmoore , Kazura James W , King Christopher L , Siba Peter M , Fowkes Freya JI , Mueller Ivo , Beeson James G
Published: August 2017

Acquired antibodies play an important role in immunity to P. falciparum malaria and are typically directed towards surface antigens expressed by merozoites and infected erythrocytes (IEs). The importance of specific IE surface antigens as immune targets remains unclear. We evaluated antibodies and protective associations in two cohorts of children in Papua New Guinea. We used genetically‐modified P. falciparum to evaluate the importance of PfEMP1 and a P. falciparum isolate with a virulent phenotype. Our findings suggested that PfEMP1 was the dominant target of antibodies to the IE surface, including functional antibodies that promoted opsonic phagocytosis by monocytes. Antibodies were associated with increasing age and concurrent parasitemia, and were higher among children exposed to a higher force‐of‐infection as determined using molecular detection. Antibodies to IE surface antigens were consistently associated with reduced risk of malaria in both younger and older children. However, protective associations for antibodies to merozoite surface antigens were only observed in older children. This suggests that antibodies to IE surface antigens, particularly PfEMP1, play an earlier role in acquired immunity to malaria, whereas greater exposure is required for protective antibodies to merozoite antigens. These findings have implications for vaccine design and serosurveillance of malaria transmission and immunity.
Versatility of Terpyridine‐Functionalised Aryl Tetrazoles: Photophysical Properties, Ratiometric Sensing of Zinc Cations and Sensitisation of Lanthanide Luminescence
Authors: Wright Phillip J. , Kolanowski Jacek L. , Filipek Wojciech K. , Lim Zelong , Moore Evan G. , Stagni Stefano , New Elizabeth J. , Massi Massimiliano
Published: August 2017

Four new tetrazole‐containing species, in conjugation with terpyridine moieties through phenyl or pyridyl linkers, have been synthesised and characterised. In the series, the tetrazole functional groups are either in their acidic form or are alkylated at the N2 position with a methyl group. The photophysical properties of the species reveal moderate UV or efficient blue fluorescent emission, with photoluminescence quantum yields of around 30 % and 80 % for UV and blue emission, respectively. The spectral profiles can be reversibly modulated through protonation/deprotonation, with changes being consistent with an increase of the electron density on the tetrazole rings upon deprotonation or a decrease of the electron density on the terpyridines through protonation. The tetrazole‐containing species were also investigated for fluorescence sensing of biologically and environmentally important metal ions, highlighting a ratiometric response to the presence of Zn2+. Furthermore, this ratiometric response could be well discriminated from that of interfering Cd2+ ions. Lastly, the species have been investigated as ligands for Eu3+ and Yb3+ cations, revealing efficient sensitisation, to give typical red and near‐infrared emissions, respectively.
A Simple Enzymatic Process to Produce Functional Lipids From Vegetable and Fish Oil Mixtures
Authors: Marín‐Suárez Marta , Morales‐Medina Rocío , Guadix Emilia M. , Guadix Antonio
Published: August 2017

Functional lipids (e.g., those triacylglyerols containing EPA and DHA, besides others) are related to the prevention and treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, fatty acids located at the central bond (sn‐2) of triacylglycerols are more efficiently absorbed via lymphatic route. Hence, the aim of this work is to increase the Omega‐3 content at the sn‐2 position of vegetable and fish oils (high oleic sunflower and sardine oil), via enzymatic interesterification. To that end, direct interesterification and a two‐step treatment (in situ hydrolysis and re‐esterification) were evaluated using Lipozyme TL IM and Novozyme 435. For both lipases, direct esterification led to a minor production of by‐products, that is, free fatty acids and diacylglycerols (<10 mol%), and to an increase of EPA and oleic acid at the sn‐2 position, regardless of the oil mixture composition. The best result was obtained using pure sardine oil and Lipozyme TL IM, (at sn‐2 position, the content of EPA and oleic acid were doubled, while DHA presented an increase of 20%). This is an easy process by which the composition of the oils used in food fortification can be improved.

Practical Applications: The regiodistribution of mixtures of fish and vegetables oils is modified using two enzymatic processes with random and 1,3‐specific lipases. Direct interesterification produced minor by‐products (<10 mol%) compared to hydrolysis and in situ re‐esterification. Final triacylglycerols possess double EPA and 20% more DHA at the sn‐2 position, thus, improving the composition of oils intended for Omega‐3 fortified formulations.

Enzymatic interesterification is used to enrich vegetable oil with Omega‐3 at sn‐2 for functional lipids used in food fortification.
Recent Advances in Metal Halide‐Based Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kumawat Naresh K. , Gupta Dhritiman , Kabra Dinesh
Published: August 2017

Metal‐halide perovskite materials are crystalline semiconductors that can be processed at room temperature using solution‐processible deposition techniques. In only a few years, perovskite‐based solar cell efficiencies have seen a huge increase from 3 % to 22.1 %. These direct‐bandgap materials are potential candidates for other optoelectronic device applications such as photodetectors, light‐emitting transistors, and light‐emitting diodes. In this Review, we present the current state‐of‐the‐art in the research and development of perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) based on metal halide perovskite semiconductors with an emphasis on size of crystallites and its effects on optical properties, device architectures, and PeLED performance parameters. A uniform pinhole‐free morphology with small grain size is essential for high‐performance PeLEDs. For this purpose, a p‐i‐n type device architecture with a p‐type poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) layer was found to be more suitable than the n‐i‐p type. In PeLEDs based on bulk‐phase perovskites, the average size of the crystallites is in the range 100–500 nm. The efficiency can be improved further by using perovskite nanoparticles with size <100 nm. Color of the emitted light from these materials can be tuned over a wide range, that is, from NIR (775 nm) to near‐UV (410 nm), simply by changing the halide ion and the stoichiometric ratio between halide ions in the mixed‐halide‐type perovskites. Change of stoichiometry also affects the structural properties and the final film morphology, which in turn influences the radiative and non‐radiative recombination rates of the charge carriers and hence the device performance. Furthermore, we also provide recent developments in PeLEDs based on inorganic perovskite nanocrystals that complement the efforts being made in hybrid PeLEDs.
Case report of induced medical abortion following depot administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate
Authors: Kendall Paige D. , Chen Melissa J.
Published: August 2017

Medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol was successful for a patient following the recent administration of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate.
Leaving the placenta in situ versus conservative and radical surgery in the treatment of placenta accreta spectrum disorders
Authors: Kutuk Mehmet S. , Ak Mehmet , Ozgun Mahmut T.
Published: August 2017

Objective

To compare different treatment methods in the management of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders.

Methods

In a retrospective cohort study, medical records were retrieved for patients who underwent elective surgery at 24 weeks of pregnancy or more after a diagnosis of PAS disorder (creta, increta, or percreta) at a center in Turkey between May 2, 2010, and August 10, 2016. The final analysis included patients whose diagnosis was confirmed intraoperatively and for whom complete data were available. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 included those who underwent hysterectomy without placental removal, group 2 included patients whose placenta was left in situ, and group 3 included those who underwent placental removal and conservative surgery.

Results

Among 79 included patients (33 creta, 18 increta, 28 percreta), 27 (34%) were in group 1, 15 (19%) in group 2, and 37 (47%) in group 3. Total blood loss and the amounts of blood products transfused were lowest in group 2; significant differences between groups were noted (all P ≤ 0.001). Surgical complication rates were similar between groups (4/27 [15%], 1/15 [7%], and 11/37 [30%], respectively; P=0.119). Overall uterine preservation rates were not significantly different between groups 2 and 3 (14/15 [93%] vs 33/37 [89%]; P>0.99).

Conclusion

Leaving the placenta in situ could become the treatment of choice for PAS disorders.
PATERNAL AND MATERNAL REFLECTIVE FUNCTIONING IN THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN PEEL CHILD HEALTH STUDY
Authors: Cooke Dawson , Priddis Lynn , Luyten Patrick , Kendall Garth , Cavanagh Robert
Published: August 2017

While past research on the care of infants has been mostly with mothers, in recent times there has been a renewed attention to the father–infant relationship. This study examined differences between mother and father parental reflective functioning (PRF) or parental mentalizing; that is, the parental capacity to reason about their own and their children's behaviors by taking into consideration intentional mental states. Data were collected from 120 couples with a 1‐year‐old child who were participants in the West Australian Peel Child Health Study. Parental mentalizing was assessed using the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ; Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens, & Fonagy, ). Results showed that mother and father mentalizing with their children was independent and that mothers scored slightly higher levels of mentalizing than did fathers. Paternal mentalizing was weakly associated with family income and father education, and was more strongly associated with family functioning than with maternal mentalizing. Implications for theorizing on PRF and fatherhood more generally are discussed.
Pit initiation on nitinol in simulated physiological solutions
Authors: Pound Bruce G.
Published: August 2017

Inclusions appear to play a crucial role in the initiation of pitting on nitinol, but the reason remains unclear. Furthermore, it has not been established whether the type of inclusion is a central factor. In this study, potentiodynamic polarization together with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy were used to provide more insight into the initiation of pits on electropolished nitinol wire. Corrosion was limited to a single primary pit on each of the few wire samples that exhibited breakdown. The pit contained numerous Ti2NiOx inclusions, but secondary pits that developed within the primary pit provided evidence that these inclusions were the sites of pit initiation. Although several theories have been proposed to account for pit initiation at inclusions in mechanically polished and electropolished nitinol, titanium depletion in the adjacent alloy matrix appears to provide the most viable explanation. The key factor appears to be the size of the inclusion and therefore the extent of titanium depletion in the alloy matrix. The type of inclusion evidently plays a secondary role at most. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1605–1610, 2018.