bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
External Intervention or Internal Coordination? Incentives to Promote Sustainable Development through Green Supply Chains
Authors: Tong Yang , Li Yina
Published: August 2018

To encourage firms to engage in green production, two different types of investment funding, namely external funds from agencies outside the supply chain (e.g., government subsidy), and internal funds from supply chain partners (e.g., greening cost-sharing with the retailer), are investigated in this paper. Based on game theory, the decision-making behavior and profits of a competitive supply chain consisting of a green manufacturer, a regular manufacturer, and a retailer are analyzed under both funding schemes. The results show that while both government subsidy and greening cost-sharing contract can achieve the goals of increasing a product’s degree of greenness and increasing the sales of green products, there are differences between these two methods in reaching these goals. Further, both via theoretical and numerical analysis, we find that although both the green manufacturer and the retailer can greatly benefit from government subsidy and greening cost-sharing contract, they may have different preferences regarding these two methods, which are mainly related to the size of the government subsidy, the fraction of greening cost-sharing with the retailer, the Research and Development (R&D) cost coefficient, the greenness sensitivity coefficient, and price sensitivity coefficient. Finally, the supply chain members’ behaviors (including the production and pricing decisions and, the choice of funds investment) are largely affected by the government subsidy mechanism.
Carbon Emissions Cost Analysis with Activity-Based Costing
Authors: Tsai Wen-Hsien , Jhong Shi-Yin
Published: August 2018

Due to growing awareness about environmental issues, consumers are becoming more likely to purchase environmentally friendly products that involve lower carbon emissions (CE). Environmental regulations are being enforced and lower-carbon products are being produced in order to maintain competitiveness when complying with such regulations. This paper aims to explore the effect of CE on profit through three kinds of models using the activity-based costing (ABC) approach. The results indicate that governmental policy makers can effectively decrease CE by Total Quantity Control (TQC) to resolve problems of environmental degradation. Governmental policy makers can control CE by limiting the quantities of CE, thereby forcing manufacturers to decrease CE during production. Furthermore, policy makers can set up regulations on CE quotas to control CE well instead of imposing carbon taxes. Therefore, manufacturers will try their best to find methods of improving production processes, equipment, and/or materials to decrease the CE quantity and achieve maximum profit under the restricted carbon emissions quotas.
A Dynamic Adjusting Novel Global Harmony Search for Continuous Optimization Problems
Authors: Chiu Chui-Yu , Shih Po-Chou , Li Xuechao
Published: August 2018

A novel global harmony search (NGHS) algorithm, as proposed in 2010, is an improved algorithm that combines the harmony search (HS), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and a genetic algorithm (GA). Moreover, the fixed parameter of mutation probability was used in the NGHS algorithm. However, appropriate parameters can enhance the searching ability of a metaheuristic algorithm, and their importance has been described in many studies. Inspired by the adjustment strategy of the improved harmony search (IHS) algorithm, a dynamic adjusting novel global harmony search (DANGHS) algorithm, which combines NGHS and dynamic adjustment strategies for genetic mutation probability, is introduced in this paper. Moreover, extensive computational experiments and comparisons are carried out for 14 benchmark continuous optimization problems. The results show that the proposed DANGHS algorithm has better performance in comparison with other HS algorithms in most problems. In addition, the proposed algorithm is more efficient than previous methods. Finally, different strategies are suitable for different situations. Among these strategies, the most interesting and exciting strategy is the periodic dynamic adjustment strategy. For a specific problem, the periodic dynamic adjustment strategy could have better performance in comparison with other decreasing or increasing strategies. These results inspire us to further investigate this kind of periodic dynamic adjustment strategy in future experiments.
Going (Reo)Viral: Factors Promoting Successful Reoviral Oncolytic Infection
Authors: Bourhill Tarryn , Mori Yoshinori , Rancourt Derrick , Shmulevitz Maya , Johnston Randal
Published: August 2018

Oncolytic viruses show intriguing potential as cancer therapeutic agents. These viruses are capable of selectively targeting and killing cancerous cells while leaving healthy cells largely unaffected. The use of oncolytic viruses for cancer treatments in selected circumstances has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the US and work is progressing on engineering viral vectors for enhanced selectivity, efficacy and safety. However, a better fundamental understanding of tumour and viral biology is essential for the continued advancement of the oncolytic field. This knowledge will not only help to engineer more potent and effective viruses but may also contribute to the identification of biomarkers that can determine which patients will benefit most from this treatment. A mechanistic understanding of the overlapping activity of viral and standard chemotherapeutics will enable the development of better combinational approaches to improve patient outcomes. In this review, we will examine each of the factors that contribute to productive viral infections in cancerous cells versus healthy cells. Special attention will be paid to reovirus as it is a well-studied virus and the only wild-type virus to have received orphan drug designation by the FDA. Although considerable insight into reoviral biology exists, there remain numerous deficiencies in our understanding of the factors regulating its successful oncolytic infection. Here we will discuss what is known to regulate infection as well as speculate about potential new mechanisms that may enhance successful replication. A joint appreciation of both tumour and viral biology will drive innovation for the next generation of reoviral mediated oncolytic therapy.
Functional Genomics and Immunologic Tools: The Impact of Viral and Host Genetic Variations on the Outcome of Zika Virus Infection
Authors: Yun Sang-Im , Song Byung-Hak , Frank Jordan C. , Julander Justin G. , Olsen Aaron L. , Polejaeva Irina A. , Davies Christopher J. , White Kenneth L. , Lee Young-Min
Published: August 2018

Zika virus (ZIKV) causes no-to-mild symptoms or severe neurological disorders. To investigate the importance of viral and host genetic variations in determining ZIKV infection outcomes, we created three full-length infectious cDNA clones as bacterial artificial chromosomes for each of three spatiotemporally distinct and genetically divergent ZIKVs: MR-766 (Uganda, 1947), P6-740 (Malaysia, 1966), and PRVABC-59 (Puerto Rico, 2015). Using the three molecularly cloned ZIKVs, together with 13 ZIKV region-specific polyclonal antibodies covering nearly the entire viral protein-coding region, we made three conceptual advances: (i) We created a comprehensive genome-wide portrait of ZIKV gene products and their related species, with several previously undescribed gene products identified in the case of all three molecularly cloned ZIKVs. (ii) We found that ZIKV has a broad cell tropism in vitro, being capable of establishing productive infection in 16 of 17 animal cell lines from 12 different species, although its growth kinetics varied depending on both the specific virus strain and host cell line. More importantly, we identified one ZIKV-non-susceptible bovine cell line that has a block in viral entry but fully supports the subsequent post-entry steps. (iii) We showed that in mice, the three molecularly cloned ZIKVs differ in their neuropathogenicity, depending on the particular combination of viral and host genetic backgrounds, as well as in the presence or absence of type I/II interferon signaling. Overall, our findings demonstrate the impact of viral and host genetic variations on the replication kinetics and neuropathogenicity of ZIKV and provide multiple avenues for developing and testing medical countermeasures against ZIKV.
Correction: Oubennaceur, K., et al. Uncertainty Analysis of a Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Model. Water 2018, 10, 272
Authors: Oubennaceur Khalid , Chokmani Karem , Nastev Miroslav , Tanguy Marion , Raymond Sebastien
Published: August 2018

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
Operating Cost Reduction of In-line Coagulation/Ultrafiltration Membrane Process Attributed to Coagulation Condition Optimization for Irreversible Fouling Control
Authors: Yoo Sung Soo
Published: August 2018

This study examined the optimum coagulation conditions for reducing irreversible fouling during the in-line coagulation/ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process and assessed the decrease in operating cost. The coagulation conditions that generated charge-neutralization, sweep-flocculation, and under-dosing mechanisms were obtained by a jar-test, and a pilot-scale in-line coagulation/UF membrane process was operated under the coagulation conditions. Charge-neutralization and sweep-flocculation mechanisms reduced irreversible fouling effectively, and the under-dosing mechanism was able to reduce irreversible fouling only when flocs of a certain size or larger were formed. This revealed that floc size was a more important factor in reducing irreversible fouling than floc structure, and once initial cake layers were created by flocs of a fixed size, the structure of formed cake layers had only a minor effect on irreversible fouling. Regarding reduction in operating cost, 0.5 mg/L and 3 h, which were necessary to produce an under-dosing mechanism, were deemed the optimum coagulant dosage and coagulant injection time, respectively, to reduce irreversible fouling. In order to analyze the operating cost reduction effect, a pilot plant was operated under optimum operating conditions, and the total operating cost was approximately 11.2% lower than without in-line coagulation.
Direct access cancer testing in primary care: a systematic review of use and clinical outcomes
Authors: Smith Claire Friedemann , Tompson Alice C , Jones Nicholas , Brewin Josh , Spencer Elizabeth A , Bankhead Clare R , Hobbs FD Richard , Nicholson Brian D
Published: August 2018

Background

Direct access (DA) testing allows GPs to refer patients for investigation without consulting a specialist. The aim is to reduce waiting time for investigations and unnecessary appointments, enabling treatment to begin without delay.

Aim

To establish the proportion of patients diagnosed with cancer and other diseases through DA testing, time to diagnosis, and suitability of DA investigations.

Design and setting

Systematic review assessing the effectiveness of GP DA testing in adults.

Method

MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Where possible, study data were pooled and analysed quantitatively. Where this was not possible, the data are presented narratively.

Results

The authors identified 60 papers that met pre-specified inclusion criteria. Most studies were carried out in the UK and were judged to be of poor quality. The authors found no significant difference in the pooled cancer conversion rate between GP DA referrals and patients who first consulted a specialist for any test, except gastroscopy. There were also no significant differences in the proportions of patients receiving any non-cancer diagnosis. Referrals for testing were deemed appropriate in 66.4% of those coming from GPs, and in 80.9% of those from consultants; this difference was not significant. The time from referral to testing was significantly shorter for patients referred for DA tests. Patient and GP satisfaction with DA testing was consistently high.

Conclusion

GP DA testing performs as well as, and on some measures better than, consultant triaged testing on measures of disease detection, appropriateness of referrals, interval from referral to testing, and patient and GP satisfaction.
Antibiotherapy management in respiratory infections in ambulatory in Tunisia
Authors: Chakroun Mohamed , Chakroun Amine , Hsairi Mohamed
Published: August 2018

Acute respiratory tract infections are the commonest acute conditions managed in general practice and the main causes of antibiotic use. In Tunisia, the rates of antibiotic prescriptions remain high in general practice. In order to assess antibiotics prescribing practices of 23 general practitioners when facing an ENT or a respiratory tract infection, we conducted an observational study from February 1st, 2014 to November 25th, 2014.

The study involved 374 patients, 45.6 mean age of years, among them 193 men (51.6%) and 174 (51.9%) with comorbidities. Tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis and acute bronchitis are the main diagnosis, accounting for over 90% of ENT and respiratory tract infection. The diagnosis of these infections was based on clinical criteria, additional tests were prescribed for only 75 patients (20%).

An antibiotic was prescribed for 360 patients (96.2%). β-lactams were the main prescribed class of antibiotics (58.3%). The antibiotic treatment was considered as inappropriate in 42.5% of prescriptions. The main causes were the prescription of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid during tonsillitis, non-antipneumococcal fluoroquinolones, when streptococci or streptococcus pneumoniae are presumed to be responsible for infection (tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, pneumonia), and unnecessary combination of antibiotics.

A concomitant treatment was prescribed for 365 patients (97.6%). The most prescribed drugs were antipyretics (71.4%), corticosteroids (44.7%) and mucolytic (30.2%).

The outcome was favorable in 333 cases (89%) and unfavorable in 26 cases (7.1%). The total average cost of an infectious episode was 79.776 ± 36.988 TND (45 ± 20 USD)., with a minimum and maximum values respectively 19.5 and 315.5 TND (35 to 558 USD).

This study highlights the frequency of antibiotics prescription (96.2%) during supposed viral infections such as acute bronchitis, tonsillitis or when antibiotic prescription has to be debatable such as in acute otitis media, sinusitis maxillary or exacerbations of COPD.

The over-use of antibiotics is an important concern in many countries of the region leading to emergence of bacterial resistance. National guidelines should be developed in order to promote rational use of antibiotics.
Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in a Tertiary Care Center in Bahrain (2010-2014)
Authors: AlSalaman Jameela , AlShehabi Khadija , Salah Sara , Ahmed Fatima , Khudhair Hasanin , Sabt Sajeda , Redha Hussain , Mahdi Muneer , Madan Ali , AlBalooshi Noor , Kamal Hawra
Published: August 2018

Objective:

To describe the epidemiology of invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease during a 5-year period in a major hospital in Bahrain.

 

Design and Setting:

Retrospective study of cases of pneumococcal diseases among patient ≥ 14 years old during a five-year period (2010-2014), who attended Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain.

 

Patients and Methods:

Laboratory data was obtained on Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Patients ≥14 years old of age, both inpatient and outpatient with cultures positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae were included. Only samples from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pleural fluid, sputum, deep tracheal aspirate (DTA), bronchial wash, eye discharge and middle ear fluid were included. Demographics and clinical records from medical files were then reviewed.

 

Results:

A total of 130 culture samples met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. One-hundred twenty-six patients with pneumococcal disease were identified; with 65% being non-invasive and 35% being invasive pneumococcal disease. Overall, non-bacteremic Pneumonia was the most frequent manifestation, followed by bacteremia. Pneumococcal disease was more common among male patients (62.7%). Mean age was 57.67 (15-95 years). The most common comorbidities were hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus followed by cardiovascular disease. Twenty-seven patients received mechanical ventilation during their admission, 13 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 6 patients developed para-pneumonic effusion as a complication. In-hospital Mortality rate was 13.5%.  

 

Conclusion: 

This study supports the current literature where pneumococcal infection is more prevalent in elderly and those with comorbidities. Mortality was related to age, certain chronic medical illness, admission to intensive care unit and need for mechanical ventilation.
Gut bacterial composition in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Perez-Pardo P. , Dodiya H.B. , Engen P.A. , Naqib A. , Forsyth C.B. , Green S.J. , Garssen J. , Keshavarzian A. , Kraneveld A.D.
Published: August 2018

The mechanism of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unknown but it has been hypothesised that the intestinal tract could be an initiating and contributing factor to the neurodegenerative processes. In PD patients as well as in animal models for PD, alpha-synuclein-positive enteric neurons in the colon and evidence of colonic inflammation have been demonstrated. Moreover, several studies reported pro-inflammatory bacterial dysbiosis in PD patients. Here, we report for the first time significant changes in the composition of caecum mucosal associated and luminal microbiota and the associated metabolic pathways in a rotenone-induced mouse model for PD. The mouse model for PD, induced by the pesticide rotenone, is associated with an imbalance in the gut microbiota, characterised by a significant decrease in the relative abundance of the beneficial commensal bacteria genusBifidobacterium. Overall, intestinal bacterial dysbiosis might play an important role in both the disruption of intestinal epithelial integrity and intestinal inflammation, which could lead or contribute to the observed alpha-synuclein aggregation and PD pathology in the intestine and central nervous system in the oral rotenone mouse model of PD.
Intended Hydration Strategies and Knowledge of Exercise-Associated Hyponatraemia in Marathon Runners: A Questionnaire-Based Study
Authors: Leggett Thomas , Williams Jonathan , Daly Colm , Kipps Courtney , Twycross-Lewis Richard
Published: August 2018

Context: 

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is a potentially fatal condition that can be prevented by avoiding excessive fluid intake. Running has become more popular in recent years, so it is important to assess the safety of runners' hydration strategies.

Objective: 

(1) To explore the intended hydration strategies of a sample of marathon runners before the 2014 London Marathon, (2) to examine their sources of information and knowledge about fluid intake and their understanding of EAH, and (3) to compare these findings with the results of a similar study carried out before the 2010 London Marathon.

Design: 

Cross-sectional study.

Setting: 

The 2014 London Marathon.

Patients or Other Participants: 

A total of 298 runners (148 males, 150 females), 0.83% of all race finishers.

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

Planned frequency, type, and volume of hydration; sources of information about appropriate drinking; and understanding of hyponatremia were explored. Comparisons were made with data collected from a sample of participants at the 2010 London Marathon. Data relating to the 2014 cohort are presented in descriptive form. Comparisons of the 2010 and 2014 cohorts were conducted using parametric and nonparametric methods.

Results: 

A total of 48.7% of the 2014 cohort listed drinking to thirst as the most important factor affecting their hydration strategy during the race. This compared with 25.3% of runners from the 2010 cohort and represented an increase (χ2 = 29.1, P = .001); 5.8% of the 2014 cohort planned on drinking more than 3.5 L, compared with 12% of the 2010 cohort (χ2 = 4.310, P = .038).

Conclusions: 

The number of sampled individuals using thirst to guide hydration strategies in the 2014 London Marathon increased from 2010. However, more than half of the 2014 cohort was not planning to drink to thirst. Runners still need to be educated about the risks of overdrinking as they continue to demonstrate a lack of knowledge and understanding.
Right-sided bronchial isomerism diagnosed in adulthood
Authors: Leitch A , Roditi G , Stevenson R
Published: August 2018

This case report describes a diagnosis of right-sided isomerism and specifically right-sided bronchial isomerism in a patient who was being investigated for deteriorating bronchiectasis. Right-sided bronchial isomerism is a variation of the normal bronchial anatomy (situs solitus) consisting of a left lung that is identically configured at the bronchial and lobar level to the right. It is sometimes referred to as bilateral right lung and is usually associated with congenital asplenia and therefore impaired immunity with susceptibility to pneumococcal sepsis and cardiac abnormalities which may be severe and result in a high mortality in infancy.1 Ivemark syndrome (also known as right atrial isomerism) combines these associations with malrotation of the gut and a midline liver.2 Interestingly, left-sided isomerism is associated with polysplenia as well as midline liver, malrotation of the gut, partially anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and cardiac septal defects.3 To the best of our knowledge cases of right-sided isomerism are sufficiently rare in adulthood that there are only two other reports in the literature and only one of the patients had bronchial isomerism.4,5
Methadone replacement therapy: tried, tested, effective?
Authors: Robertson JR , Daniels AM
Published: August 2018

Methadone prescription is a controversial topic. While many believe that it is an effective treatment for opiate dependency, others argue that it is not successful in reducing either the addiction or even injecting behaviour. In this debate, Dr Robertson makes the case that methadone has been well tested, is cheap and acceptable to the patient and results in visible improvement. Dr Daniels argues that methadone treatment is philosophically ill-conceived, ethically dubious, and costly. He also highlights evidence that the treatment is potentially harmful to both patients and those in contact with them.
Acute kidney injury
Authors: Anathhanam S , Lewington AJP
Published: August 2018

Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a medical emergency associated with poor clinical outcomes. The international guideline group Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) has defined AKI according to rises in serum creatinine and/or reductions in urine output. Any patient who meets the criteria for AKI should be reviewed to ascertain the cause of AKI and the severity of the injury should be staged. Patients with more severe AKI are at greater risk of progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The 2009 National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcomes and Death (NCEPOD) reported that only 50% of patients who died with a diagnosis with AKI received good care. The mortality from AKI has remained unchanged for the last four decades and there are currently no specific therapies for the majority of cases of AKI. Patients with rarer forms of AKI need urgent renal referral for specific therapy. At present, serum creatinine and urine output remain the best biomarkers for detecting AKI. However, significant kidney damage has usually occurred by the time changes in these biomarkers are manifest and newer biomarkers are under investigation. Management of AKI is based upon general supportive measures, which includes treatment of the underlying cause and the initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with complications refractory to medical management. The optimal choice of intravenous fluid therapy remains controversial. There is currently renewed interest in more specific therapies for AKI secondary to hypoperfusion and/or sepsis, which have been previously unsuccessful. A number of therapeutic strategies are presently being explored in clinical trials.
Predicting and preventing avoidable hospital admissions: a review
Authors: Purdy S , Huntley A
Published: August 2018

The strongest risk factors for avoidable hospital admission are age and deprivation but ethnicity, distance to hospital, rurality, lifestyle and meteorological factors are also important, as well as access to primary care. There is still considerable uncertainty around which admissions are avoidable. In terms of services to reduce admissions there is evidence of effectiveness for education, selfmanagement, exercise and rehabilitation, and telemedicine in certain patient populations, mainly respiratory and cardiovascular. Specialist heart failure services and end-of-life care also reduce these admissions. However, case management, specialist clinics, care pathways and guidelines, medication reviews, vaccine programmes and hospital at home do not appear to reduce avoidable admissions. There is insufficient evidence on the role of combinations or coordinated systemwide care services, emergency department interventions, continuity of care, home visits or pay-by-performance schemes. This highlights the importance of robust evaluation of services as they are introduced into health and social care systems
Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Services in Mental Health Practice
Authors: Swarbrick Margaret , Noyes Susan
Published: August 2018

National behavioral health care efforts have opened opportunities to reignite occupational therapy mental health practice and research. The profession’s person-centered and occupation-based practice fits well with the growing needs of people with serious mental illness (SMI) served in community-based settings. The nine articles in this special issue provide a growing body of evidence to support the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for adults with SMI to enhance health management skills and promote independence in living a balanced and satisfying life. However, much more high-level research is required to explicitly investigate the contributions of occupational therapy in all areas of occupation for adults with SMI and to broaden the available evidence base to inform occupational therapy practice.
Imagining Communities
Authors: Blok Gemma , Kuitenbrouwer Vincent , Weeda Claire , Henkes Barbara , Zijlstra Suze , Jensen Lotte , Lajosi Krisztina , Stutje Klaas , Rensen Marleen , Pas Niek , Dhoest Alexander
Published: August 2018

In his groundbreaking Imagined Communities, first published in 1983, Benedict Anderson argued that members of a community experience a "deep, horizontal camaraderie." Despite being strangers, members feel connected in a web of imagined experiences.

Yet while Anderson’s insights have been hugely influential, they remain abstract: it is difficult to imagine imagined communities. How do they evolve and how is membership constructed cognitively, socially and culturally? How do individuals and communities contribute to group formation through the act of imagining? And what is the glue that holds communities together?

Imagining Communities examines actual processes of experiencing the imagined community, exploring its emotive force in a number of case studies. Communal bonding is analysed, offering concrete insights on where and by whom the nation (or social group) is imagined and the role of individuals therein. Offering eleven empirical case studies, ranging from the premodern to the modern age, this volume looks at and beyond the nation and includes regional as well as transnational communities as well.
Virtue Ethics and Education from Late Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Hellerstedt Andreas , Eliasson Erik , Tjällén Biörn , Eyice Mari , Preste Tania , Fogelberg Rota Stefano , Kolrud Kristine , Lindberg Bo , Nell Jennie , Vance Michaela
Published: August 2018

This book argues that pre-modern societies were characterized by a common quest for human flourishing or excellence, i.e. virtue. The history of virtue is a particularly fruitful approach when studying pre-modern periods. Systems of moral philosophy and more day-to-day moral ideas and practices in which virtue was central were incredibly important in pre-modern societies within and among diverse scholarly, literary, religious and social communities. Virtue was a cornerstone of pre-modern societies, permeating society in many different ways, and on many different levels, and it was conveyed in erudite and pedagogical texts, ritual, performance and images. The construction of virtues such as wisdom, courage, and justice helped shape identities and communities, but also served to legitimize and reinforce differences pertaining to gender, social hierarchies, and nations. On a more fundamental level, studying the history of virtue helps us understand the guiding principles of historical action. Thus, we believe that the history of virtue is central to understanding these societies, and that the history of virtue, including criticisms of virtue and virtue ethics, tells us important things about how men and women thought and acted in ages past.
The Exemplifying Past
Authors: Akker Chiel
Published: August 2018

This book addresses a wide range of philosophical problems about history and the semantics of time. The point of departure is the distinction between events under the description of past witnesses and their contemporaries and events under the description of historians. Its main claim is that a thesis on the past is exemplified rather than being justified by the available evidence. Such thesis, the book argues, retroactively becomes concrete in the past under consideration. This book will not only appeal to philosophers and historians, but to students and scholars across the humanities.
Air quality simulations for London using a coupled regional-to-local modelling system
Authors: Hood Christina , MacKenzie Ian , Stocker Jenny , Johnson Kate , Carruthers David , Vieno Massimo , Doherty Ruth
Published: August 2018

Abstract. A coupled regional-to-local modelling system comprising a regional chemistry–climate model with 5 km horizontal resolution (EMEP4UK) and an urban dispersion and chemistry model with explicit road source emissions (ADMS-Urban) has been used to simulate air quality in 2012 across London. The study makes use of emission factors for NOx and NO2 and non-exhaust emission rates of PM10 and PM2.5 which have been adjusted compared to standard factors to reflect real-world emissions, with increases in total emissions of around 30 % for these species. The performance of the coupled model and each of the two component models is assessed against measurements from background and near-road sites in London using a range of metrics concerning annual averages, high hourly average concentrations and diurnal cycles. The regional model shows good performance compared to measurements for background sites for these metrics, but under-predicts concentrations of all pollutants except O3 at near-road sites due to the low resolution of input emissions and calculations. The coupled model shows good performance at both background and near-road sites, which is broadly comparable with that of the urban model that uses measured concentrations as regional background, except for PM2.5 where the under-prediction of the regional model causes the coupled model to also under-predict concentrations. Using the coupled model, it is estimated that 13 % of the area of London exceeded the EU limit value of 40 µg m−3 for annual average NO2 in 2012, whilst areas of exceedances of the annual average limit values of 40 and 25 µg m−3 for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively were negligible.
No robust evidence of future changes in major stratospheric sudden warmings: a multi-model assessment from CCMI
Authors: Ayarzagüena Blanca , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Langematz Ulrike , Akiyoshi Hideharu , Bekki Slimane , Butchart Neal , Dameris Martin , Deushi Makoto , Hardiman Steven C. , Jöckel Patrick , Klekociuk Andrew , Marchand Marion , Michou Martine , Morgenstern Olaf , O'Connor Fiona M. , Oman Luke D. , Plummer David A. , Revell Laura , Rozanov Eugene , Saint-Martin David , Scinocca John , Stenke Andrea , Stone Kane , Yamashita Yousuke , Yoshida Kohei , Zeng Guang
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Major mid-winter stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) are the largest
instance of wintertime variability in the Arctic stratosphere. Because SSWs
are able to cause significant surface weather anomalies on intra-seasonal
timescales, several previous studies have focused on their potential future
change, as might be induced by anthropogenic forcings. However, a wide range
of results have been reported, from a future increase in the frequency of
SSWs to an actual decrease. Several factors might explain these contradictory
results, notably the use of different metrics for the identification of SSWs
and the impact of large climatological biases in single-model studies. To
bring some clarity, we here revisit the question of future SSW changes,
using an identical set of metrics applied consistently across 12 different
models participating in the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative. Our analysis
reveals that no statistically significant change in the frequency of SSWs
will occur over the 21st century, irrespective of the metric used for the
identification of the event. Changes in other SSW characteristics – such as
their duration, deceleration of the polar night jet, and the tropospheric
forcing – are also assessed: again, we find no evidence of future changes over
the 21st century.
Net radiative effects of dust in the tropical North Atlantic based on integrated satellite observations and in situ measurements
Authors: Song Qianqian , Zhang Zhibo , Yu Hongbin , Kato Seiji , Yang Ping , Colarco Peter , Remer Lorraine A. , Ryder Claire L.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. In this study, we integrate recent in situ measurements with satellite
retrievals of dust physical and radiative properties to quantify dust
direct radiative effects on shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation
(denoted as DRESW and DRELW, respectively) in the tropical North
Atlantic during the summer months from 2007 to 2010. Through linear regression of
the CERES-measured top-of-atmosphere (TOA) flux versus satellite aerosol optical
depth (AOD) retrievals, we estimate the instantaneous DRESW efficiency
at the TOA to be -49.7±7.1 W m−2 AOD−1 and
-36.5±4.8 W m−2 AOD−1 based on AOD from MODIS and CALIOP,
respectively. We then perform various sensitivity studies based on recent
measurements of dust particle size distribution (PSD), refractive index, and
particle shape distribution to determine how the dust microphysical and
optical properties affect DRE estimates and its agreement with the above-mentioned
satellite-derived DREs. Our analysis shows that a good agreement with the
observation-based estimates of instantaneous DRESW and DRELW can be
achieved through a combination of recently observed PSD with substantial
presence of coarse particles, a less absorptive SW refractive index, and
spheroid shapes. Based on this optimal combination of dust physical
properties we further estimate the diurnal mean dust DRESW in the region
of −10 W m−2 at TOA and −26 W m−2 at the surface, respectively, of
which ∼ 30 % is canceled out by the positive DRELW. This
yields a net DRE of about −6.9 and −18.3 W m−2 at TOA and the surface, respectively. Our study suggests that the LW flux contains useful
information on dust particle size, which could be used together with SW
observations to achieve a more holistic understanding of the dust radiative
effect.
Fracture-controlled fluid transport supports microbial methaneoxidizing
communities at the Vestnesa Ridge
Authors: Yao Haoyi , Hong Wei-Li , Panieri Giuliana , Sauer Simone , Torres Marta E. , Lehmann Moritz F. , Gründger Friederike , Niemann Helge
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We report on a rare observation of a mini-fracture in near-surface sediments (30 cm below the seafloor) visualized using rotational scanning X-ray of a core recovered from the Lomvi pockmark, Vestnesa Ridge west of Svalbard (1200 m water depth). Porewater geochemistry and lipid biomarker signatures revealed clear differences in the geochemical and biogeochemical regimes of this core compared with two additional ones recovered from pockmarks sites at Vestnesa Ridge, which we attribute to differential methane transport mechanisms. In the sediments core featuring the shallow mini-fracture at pockmark Lomvi, we observed high concentrations of both methane and sulfate throughout the core in tandem with moderately elevated values for total alkalinity, 13C-depleted dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and 13C-depleted lipid biomarkers (diagnostic for the slow-growing microbial communities mediating the anaerobic oxidation of methane with sulfate – AOM). In another core recovered from the same pockmark about 80 m away from the fractured core, we observed complete sulfate depletion in the top centimeters of the sediment and much more pronounced signatures of AOM than in the fractured core. Our data indicate a gas advection-dominated transport mode in both cores facilitating methane migration into sulfate-rich surface sediments. However, the more moderate expression of AOM signals suggest a rather recent onset of gas migration at the site of the fractured core, while the geochemical evidence for a well-established AOM community at the second coring site at the Lomvi pockmark suggest that gas migration has been going on for a longer period of time. A third core recovered from Lunde pockmark was dominated by diffusive transport with only weak geochemical and biogeochemical evidence for AOM. Our study highlights that advective fluid and gas transport supported by mini-fractures can be important in modulating methane dynamics in surface sediments.
Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the twentieth century: Arthur Casagrande
Authors: Galindo-Aires Rubén , Lara-Galera Antonio , Guillán-Llorente Gonzalo
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Arthur Casagrande (1902–1981) is one of the main people responsible for the geotechnics that we know today. Born in Haidenschaft, now Slovenia, he went to the United States in 1926 to participate in major civil engineering projects: he graduated in 1924 from the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, Austria. On this visit to the USA he met Karl Terzaghi (1883–1963), the father of soil mechanics and geotechnology, who taught him the basic concepts of this discipline to which Casagrande dedicated the rest of his life. In his early years of work with Terzaghi, Casagrande focused on research studies, such as the development on the limits of Atterberg published in 1932, and the development of equipment for soil trials, such as the Casagrande spoon also developed in 1932. Casagrande not only dedicated himself to research in his early years, but he also carried out studies throughout his professional career, such as those carried out on liquefaction, which he began in 1937 and continued throughout his life. Casagrande not only made important contributions in the field of geotechnology, but also lectured at Harvard University, which he joined in 1932. He also consulted and was involved in several projects for the Army Corps of Engineers of the United States. In addition, Casagrande made an important contribution to the 1st International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering that took place at Harvard University in 1936. The aim of this paper is to analyze, through the biography of Casagrande, his contribution to the field of geotechnics, based on his research, teaching, and consulting work. Moreover, Casagrande influenced other important people in the field, such as Terzaghi, Peck, and even the work with his brother Leo, and, of course, the influence of these people on Casagrande's team.
Changes in ground deformation prior to and following a large urban
landslide in La Paz, Bolivia revealed by advanced InSAR
Authors: Roberts Nicholas J. , Rabus Bernhard T. , Clague John J. , Hermanns Reginald L. , Guzmán Marco-Antonio , Minaya Estela
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We characterize and compare creep preceding and following the 2011 Pampahasi landslide (∼ 40 Mm3 ± 50 %) in the city of La Paz, Bolivia, using spaceborne RADAR interferometry (InSAR) that combines displacement records from both distributed and point scatterers. The failure remobilised deposits of an ancient landslide in weakly cemented, predominantly fine-grained sediments and affected ∼ 1.5 km2 of suburban development. During the 30 months preceding failure, about half of the toe area was creeping at 3–8 cm/a and localized parts of the scarp area showed displacements of up to 14 cm/a. Changes in deformation in the 10 months following the landslide are contrary to the common assumption that stress released during a discrete failure increases stability. During that period, most of the landslide toe and areas near the headscarp accelerated, respectively, to 4–14 and 14 cm/a. The extent of deformation increased to cover most, or probably all, of the 2011 landslide as well as adjacent parts of the slope and plateau above. The InSAR-measured displacement patterns – supplemented by field observations and by optical satellite images – indicate that kinematically complex, steady-state creep along pre-existing sliding surfaces temporarily accelerated in response to heavy rainfall, after which the slope quickly achieved a slightly faster and expanded steadily creeping state. This case study demonstrates that high-quality ground-surface motion fields derived using spaceborne InSAR can help to characterize creep mechanisms, quantify spatial and temporal patterns of slope activity, and identify isolated small-scale instabilities. Characterizing slope instability before, during, and after the 2011 Pampahasi landslide is particularly important for understanding landslide hazard in La Paz, half of which is underlain by similar, large paleolandslides.
Padroniza��o de processos: um estudo de caso em uma institui��o de educa��o infantil
Authors: Santana Jaqueline Carolina , Sanches Fernanda Cristina
Published: August 2018

As ferramentas da qualidade consistem em t�cnicas que podem ser utilizadas com o intuito de definir, mensurar, analisar e propor solu��es para gargalos que eventualmente s�o encontrados nas organiza��es e que interferem no bom desempenho dos processos de trabalho. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar a aplica��o de ferramentas de gest�o da qualidade em um estudo de caso de padroniza��o de processos, realizado em uma institui��o de ensino. Para tanto, buscou-se atender ao seguinte questionamento: a padroniza��o pode influenciar na qualidade dos servi�os prestados e diminuir as anomalias em uma organiza��o? Para a coleta de dados para a pesquisa, realizou-se inicialmente um estudo bibliogr�fico, seguido de uma an�lise do ambiente e de uma pesquisa em dados prim�rios, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, bem como em dados secund�rios. Identificou-se, entre as principais dificuldades encontradas pela ger�ncia, a falta da padroniza��o em diversos processos da institui��o, que foi solucionada por meio da aplica��o de ferramentas de gest�o da qualidade.
A doc�ncia no Secretariado Executivo na Regi�o Sul do Brasil: tra�ando um perfil docente
Authors: Miranda Rosimeri Dos Santos , Tonieto Carina
Published: August 2018

Este trabalho tem como tema o perfil dos docentes que atuam nos cursos de Secretariado Executivo na Regi�o Sul do Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paran�). A pesquisa justifica-se pelo fato de n�o haver muitas publica��es e pesquisas sobre a tem�tica e por contribuir com a discuss�o acerca da doc�ncia como uma possibilidade de atua��o profissional. O objetivo principal � identificar o perfil dos docentes, a fim de destacar os seus campos de atua��o na educa��o superior e as compet�ncias necess�rias para exercer a profiss�o. Como objetivos espec�ficos, busca-se identificar os campos de atua��o do secretariado executivo na educa��o superior, o n�vel de forma��o exigido e as principais compet�ncias para esta atua��o. Metodologicamente, realizou-se uma revis�o bibliogr�fica e aplicou-se um question�rio para a coleta de dados. Dos 19 question�rios enviados, apenas 9 foram respondidos. Por meio da an�lise dos perfis coletados, foi poss�vel perceber que os docentes dos cursos de Secretariado Executivo s�o, na maioria, do sexo feminino, com idades entre 20 e 50 anos e com gradua��o em Secretariado Executivo. Deles, dois t�m especializa��o, quatro, mestrado, e cinco, doutorado. Al�m de atuarem como docentes, praticam atividades extras nas �reas de gest�o, pesquisa e extens�o na institui��o em que trabalham. Todos apontaram a necessidade de buscar forma��o complementar ao ingressar na carreira docente, e as compet�ncias que julgam mais importantes para a doc�ncia s�o a �tica, a inova��o, o dom�nio de conte�do e o dom�nio did�tico.
ADESÃO AO GRUPO DE CESSAÇÃO ENTRE TABAGISTAS DE UNIDADE BÁSICA DE SAÚDE
Authors: Pereira Antonio Augusto Claudio , Gritsch Lucas Johann , Passos Mariana Soares , Furtado Marcela Demitto
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: verificar o perfil de usuários tabagistas e compreender os aspectos relacionados à adesão ao grupode cessação. Método: estudo transversal com tabagistas de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Maringá, estado doParaná. A coleta e a análise descritiva dos dados ocorreram entre agosto e setembro de 2016. Resultados: participaramdo estudo 72 tabagistas; 51 desconheciam o Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo e a proposta de gruposde cessação. As barreiras identificadas para a não adesão aos grupos foram dificuldade de locomoção à unidade desaúde e incompatibilidade de horários com a rotina dos tabagistas. Entre os entrevistados, 42 mostraram interesse emparticipar de intervenção voltada ao controle do tabagismo, sugerindo maior acesso a informações e mudanças naabordagem das atividades. Conclusão: há a necessidade de valorizara busca ativa dos indivíduos na comunidade eabordar dinamicamente os grupos para atender a real necessidade dos participantes. As variáveis levantadas podemcontribuir para maior participação de tabagistas no programa e para a cessação do hábito de fumar.