bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of Behavioural Traits in Goldendoodles and Labradoodles
Authors: Shouldice Victoria L. , Edwards A. Michelle , Serpell James A. , Niel Lee , Robinson J. Andrew B.
Published: December 2019

As crossbred dogs gain in popularity, how they express inherited behaviour traits in comparison to their purebred constituent breeds is of interest. We investigated behaviours exhibited by crossbred dogs by focusing on the popular Goldendoodle and Labradoodle crossbreds and comparing them to their corresponding constituent breeds: Standard and Miniature Poodle, Golden Retriever or Labrador Retriever. The data for this study was provided by 5141 volunteer dog owners who filled out the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) online survey. The survey results were used to analyse breed differences in fourteen representative behavioural trait scores: trainability, stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, dog-directed aggression, dog rivalry, dog-directed fear, stranger-directed fear, non-social fear, touch sensitivity, separation-related problems, excitability, attachment/attention-seeking behaviours, energy and chasing. As expected from a first-generation crossbred (F1), the crossbreds in our study tend to fall between the two constituent parent breeds with some exceptions. Our results suggest that the F1 Labradoodle differed significantly from one of the pure constituent breeds only in dog rivalry, whereas the F1 Goldendoodle behaviour varied from one or more pure constituent breeds in dog rivalry, dog-directed aggression, dog-directed fear, and stranger-directed fear. These results can help advise future dog owners on behavioural trends for particular crossbreds.
How Can Systematic Reviews Teach Us More about the Implementation of the 3Rs and Animal Welfare?
Authors: Ritskes-Hoitinga Merel , van Luijk Judith
Published: December 2019

This paper describes the introduction of the systematic review methodology in animal-based research and the added value of this methodology in relation to the 3Rs and beyond. The 3Rs refer to Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal studies. A systematic review (SR) is defined as a literature review focused on a single question that tries to identify, appraise, select, and synthesise all high-quality research evidence relevant to that question. Examples are given on how SRs lead to the implementation of the 3Rs and better science. Additionally, a broader context is given regarding societal, political, and scientific developments. Various examples of systematic reviews are given to illustrate the current situation regarding reporting, quality, and translatability of animal-based research. Furthermore, initiatives that have emerged to move further towards more responsible and sustainable research is of benefit for both animals and humans.
Effects of Dietary Chicory (Chicorium intybus L.) and Probiotic Blend as Natural Feed Additives on Performance Traits, Blood Biochemistry, and Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Khoobani Mohammadreza , Hasheminezhad Seyyed-Hamed , Javandel Faramin , Nosrati Mehran , Seidavi Alireza , Kadim Isam T. , Laudadio Vito , Tufarelli Vincenzo
Published: December 2019

The experiment was designed to determine the effect of different levels of chicory (Chicorium intybus L.) powder and a probiotic blend (PrimaLac®) on productive performance, blood biochemical parameters, and ileal microbiota in broiler chickens. A total of 225 one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design with five experimental diets as follows: 1—basal-diet without supplements (control-group); 2—basal-diet including probiotic blend; 3— basal-diet including 0.10% chicory; 4—basal-diet including 0.15% chicory; 5—basal-diet including 0.20% chicory. At 42 days of age, representative birds per replicate were randomly selected for blood samples and carcass measurements. Results showed that the body weight gain of broilers fed the probiotic blend or 0.10% chicory was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed on the other treatments. The abdominal fat pad was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in birds fed diets including chicory compared with control or probiotic. Blood triglycerides and LDL levels were reduced (P < 0.05) and HDL increased (P < 0.05) when fed probiotic or chicory whereas no significant effect on the other serum parameters was found. Broiler ileal microflora from the control group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher count of E. coli and lower Lactobacillus than those from the other groups. From findings, it is possible to conclude that dietary chicory powder supported positively growth performance and improved gut microbiota in broiler chickens. However, more research is needed on this subject to better understand the mode of action of feed additives used.
The Effect of External Fixator Configurations on the Dynamic Compression Load: An Experimental and Numerical Study
Authors: Martins Amaro Ana , Fátima Paulino Maria , Manuel Roseiro Luis , Augusta Neto Maria
Published: December 2019

(1) Objective: External fixation systems are commonly used by surgeons to ensure stabilization and consolidation of bone fractures, especially in patients who are at high risk for systematic complications. Both rigid and elastic external fixations are important in the fracture healing process. This study aims to evaluate the behavior of the Orthofix Limb Reconstruction System (LRS)® in the dynamic compression mode. (2) Methods: Experimental and numerical setups were developed using a simplified model of a human tibia which consisted of a nylon bar with a diameter of 30 mm. The bone callus was included in both setups by means of a load cell-based system, which consisted of two carbon epoxy laminated composite plates with a final stiffness of 220 N/mm. The system was evaluated experimentally and numerically, considering different numbers of pins and comparing distances between the external fixator frame and the bone, achieving a good correlation between experimental and numerical results. (3) Results: The results identified and quantified the percental load transferred to the fracture and its sensibility to the distance between the external fixator and bone. Additionally, LRS locking stiffness was evaluated which resulted from the clamp-rail clearances. The results show that the blocking effects of the free clamp movement are directly related to the fixator configuration and are responsible for changes in the amount of load that crosses the bone callus. (4) Conclusions: From the biomechanical point of view, the results suggest that the average bending span of Schanz pins and the weights of the patients should be included into clinical studies of external fixators comparisons purpose.
Low-Code as Enabler of Digital Transformation in Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Sanchis Raquel , García-Perales Óscar , Fraile Francisco , Poler Raul
Published: December 2019

Currently, enterprises have to make quick and resilient responses to changing market requirements. In light of this, low-code development platforms provide the technology mechanisms to facilitate and automate the development of software applications to support current enterprise needs and promote digital transformation. Based on a theory-building research methodology through the literature and other information sources review, the main contribution of this paper is the current characterisation of the emerging low-code domain following the foundations of the computer-aided software engineering field. A context analysis, focused on the current status of research related to the low-code development platforms, is performed. Moreover, benchmarking among the existing low-code development platforms addressed to manufacturing industry is analysed to identify the current lacking features. As an illustrative example of the emerging low-code paradigm and respond to the identified uncovered features, the virtual factory open operating system (vf-OS) platform is described as an open multi-sided low-code framework able to manage the overall network of a collaborative manufacturing and logistics environment that enables humans, applications, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices to seamlessly communicate and interoperate in the interconnected environment, promoting resilient digital transformation.
Prediction of Ambient PM2.5 Concentrations Using a Correlation Filtered Spatial-Temporal Long Short-Term Memory Model
Authors: Ding Yuexiong , Li Zheng , Zhang Chengdian , Ma Jun
Published: December 2019

Due to the increasingly serious air pollution problem, air quality prediction has been an important approach for air pollution control and prevention. Many prediction methods have been proposed in recent years to improve the prediction accuracy. However, most of the existing methods either did not consider the spatial relationships between monitoring stations or overlooked the strength of the correlation. Excluding the spatial correlation or including too much weak spatial inputs could influence the modeling and reduce the prediction accuracy. To overcome the limitation, this paper proposes a correlation filtered spatial-temporal long short-term memory (CFST-LSTM) model for air quality prediction. The model is designed based on the original LSTM model and is equipped with a spatial-temporal filter (STF) layer. This layer not only takes into account the spatial influence between stations, but also can extract highly correlated sequential data and drop weaker ones. To evaluate the proposed CFST-LSTM model, hourly PM2.5 concentration data of California are collected and preprocessed. Several experiments are conducted. The experimental results show that the CFST-LSTM model can effectively improve the prediction accuracy and has great generalization.
State-of-the-Art of Colloidal Silica-Based Soil Liquefaction Mitigation: An Emerging Technique for Ground Improvement
Authors: Zhao Mingzhi , Liu Gang , Zhang Chong , Guo Wenbo , Luo Qiang
Published: December 2019

In the booming field of nanotechnology, colloidal silica (CS) has been introduced for ground improvement and liquefaction mitigation. It possesses a great ability to restrain pore pressure generation during seismic events by using an innovative stabilization technique, with the advantages of being a cost-effective, low disturbance, and environmentally friendly method. This paper firstly introduces molecular structures and some physical properties of CS, which are of great importance in the practical application of CS. Then, evidence that can justify the feasibility of CS transport in loose sand layers is demonstrated, summarizing the crucial factors that determine the rate of CS delivery. Thereafter, four chemical and physical methods that can examine the grouting quality are summed and appraised. Silica content and chloride ion concentration are two effective indicators recommended in this paper to judge CS converge. Finally, the evidence from the elemental tests, model tests, and field tests is reviewed in order to demonstrate CS’s ability to inhibit pore water pressure and lower liquefaction risk. Based on the conclusions drawn in previous literature, this paper refines the concept of CS concentration and curing time being the two dominant factors that determine the strengthening effect. The objective of this work is to review CS treatment methodologies and emphasize the critical factors that influence both CS delivery and the ground improving effect. Besides, it also aims to provide references for optimizing the approaches of CS transport and promoting its responsible use in mitigating liquefaction.
Influence of Multiple-Support Excitation on Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridges
Authors: Savor Novak Marta , Lazarevic Damir , Atalic Josip , Uros Mario
Published: December 2019

Although post-earthquake observations identified spatial variation of ground motion (i.e., multiple-support excitation) as a frequent cause of the unfavorable response of long-span bridges, this phenomenon is often not taken into account in seismic design to simplify the calculation procedure. This study investigates the influence of multiple-support excitation accounting for coherency loss and wave-passage effects on the seismic response of reinforced concrete deck arch bridges of long spans founded on rock sites. Parametric numerical study was conducted using the time-history method, the response spectrum method, and a simplified procedure according to the European seismic standards. Results showed that multiple-support excitation had a detrimental influence on response of almost all analyzed bridges regardless of considered arch span. Both considered spatial variation effects, acting separately or simultaneously, proved to be very important, with their relative significance depending on the response values and arch locations analyzed and seismic records used. Therefore, it is suggested that all spatially variable ground-motion effects are taken into account in seismic analysis of similar bridges.
Wind-Load Response and Evacuation Efficiency Analysis of Marine Evacuation Inflatable Slide
Authors: Kong Fankai , Liu Hengxu , Wang Binghan , Ding Huaqiu , Jiang Zhen , Chen Hailong , Pan Hongli , Su Weiming
Published: December 2019

Flexible inflatable membrane structure has the characteristics of light weight, large span, and small stiffness, and it is very sensitive to wind load. Aiming at the dynamic response of marine evacuation inflatable slides under complex and changeable wind loads at sea, the response law of the inflatable slide under different wind directions, wind speeds, and internal pressure conditions is studied by using fluid–solid coupling theory. The most dangerous conditions of evacuation system installation and the ideal internal pressure of the inflatable slide meeting the stability requirements are deduced. The LS-DYNA module is used to simulate the inflation process of the slide. The evacuation sliding is rationally simplified. By changing the inflatable internal pressure of the slide, the variation law of displacement, deformation, and sliding speed of the slide is obtained, and the optimal inflation internal pressure satisfying the evacuation efficiency requirement is obtained. The results show that the inflow wind direction angle of 30° is the most dangerous condition for slideway installation, and the internal pressure of 4000 Pa is the ideal internal pressure to meet the double standards of stability and evacuation efficiency. The numerical results obtained are valuable for analyzing wind resistance of offshore inflatable membrane structures and their practical design and application in evacuation systems.
Self-Insulating Joint Design for Live-Line Operation Based on the Cable-Driven Parallel-Series Mechanism
Authors: He Jiahong , Xu Weilun , Gao Bingtuan
Published: December 2019

This paper proposes a self-insulating joint design based on the cable-driven parallel-series (CDPS) mechanism and electrical insulation analysis. The design provides the motions, mechanic support, and electrical insulation for robotic arms in live-line operation, which can maintain the equipment without manual intervention and power interruption. This CDPS mechanism can integrate four degrees of freedom (DOFs) motion in one joint, while the traditional series joint can only realize one DOF independently. The cable forces in the CDPS are calculated by the inverse kinematics to ensure the safe and flexible operation of the mechanism. The self-insulating joint has certain advantages over other designs because the electrical insulation is integrated into the joint instead of the traditional extra insulation layer. This integration reduces the weight of the arm mechanic structure. In addition, the structural complexity and weight are further reduced by separating the actuators and motors from the joint by using CDPS. Electric field distribution near the joint is calculated by the charge simulation method to analyze the insulation performance under the voltage of 35 kV. The cable forces and electric field distribution of the mechanism are measured to validate the simulation models. The inverse kinematics and insulation models of the self-insulating joint can provide detailed information for the mechanic and insulation design of the robotic arms.
Strongly Focused Circularly Polarized Optical Vortices Regulated by a Fractal Conical Lens
Authors: Liu Zhirong , Huang Kelin , Yang Anlian , Wang Xun , Jones Philip H.
Published: December 2019

In this paper, a recently-proposed pure-phase optical element, the fractal conical lens (FCL), is introduced for the regulation of strongly-focused circularly-polarized optical vortices in a high numerical aperture (NA) optical system. Strong focusing characteristics of circularly polarized optical vortices through a high NA system in cases with and without a FCL are investigated comparatively. Moreover, the conversion between spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the focused optical vortex in the focal vicinity is also analyzed. Results revealed that a FCL of different stage S could significantly regulate the distributions of tight focusing intensity and angular momentum of the circularly polarized optical vortex. The interesting results obtained here may be advantageous when using a FCL to shape vortex beams or utilizing circularly polarized vortex beams to exploit new-type optical tweezers.
Spatial Prediction of Landslides Using Hybrid Integration of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms with Frequency Ratio and Index of Entropy in Nanzheng County, China
Authors: Chen Wei , Fan Limin , Li Cheng , Pham Binh Thai
Published: December 2019

The main object of this study is to introduce hybrid integration approaches that consist of state-of-the-art artificial intelligence algorithms (SysFor) and two bivariate models, namely the frequency ratio (FR) and index of entropy (IoE), to carry out landslide spatial prediction research. Hybrid integration approaches of these two bivariate models and logistic regression (LR) were used as benchmark models. Nanzheng County was considered as the study area. First, a landslide distribution map was produced using news reports, interpreting satellite images and a regional survey. A total of 202 landslides were identified and marked. According to the previous studies and local geological environment conditions, 16 landslide conditioning factors were chosen for landslide spatial prediction research: elevation, profile curvature, plan curvature, slope angle, slope aspect, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), sediment transport index (STI), distance to roads, distance to rivers, distance to faults, lithology, rainfall, soil, normalized different vegetation index (NDVI), and land use. Then, the 202 landslides were randomly segmented into two parts with a ratio of 70:30. Seventy percent of the landslides (141) were used as the training dataset and the remaining landslides (61) were used as the validating dataset. Next, the evaluation models were built using the training dataset and compared by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. The results showed that all models performed well; the FR_SysFor model exhibited the best prediction ability (0.831), followed by the IoE_SysFor model (0.819), IoE_LR model (0.702), FR_LR model (0.696), IoE model (0.691), and FR model (0.681). Overall, these six models are practical tools for landslide spatial prediction research and the results can provide a reference for landslide prevention and control in the study area.
Photodynamic Opening of the Blood–Brain Barrier Using Different Photosensitizers in Mice
Authors: Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya Oxana , Borisova Ekaterina , Mantareva Vanya , Angelov Ivan , Eneva Ivelina , Terskov Andrey , Mamedova Aysel , Shirokov Alexander , Khorovodov Alexander , Klimova Maria , Agranovich Ilana , Blokhina Inna , Lezhnev Nikita , Kurths Jurgen
Published: December 2019

In a series of previous studies, we demonstrated that the photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a widely used tool for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), also site-specifically opens the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in PDT-dose and age-related manner via reversible disorganization of the tight junction machinery. To develop the effective protocol of PDT-opening of the BBB, here we answer the question of what kind of photosensitizer (PS) is the most effective for the BBB opening. We studied the PDT-opening of the BBB in healthy mice using commercial photosensitizers (PSs) such as 5-aminolevulenic acid (5-ALA), aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate (AlPcS), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and new synthetized PSs such as galactose functionalized ZnPc (GalZnPc). The spectrofluorimetric assay of Evans Blue albumin complex (EBAC) leakage and 3-D confocal imaging of FITC-dextran 70 kDa (FITCD) extravasation clearly shows a revisable and dose depended PDT-opening of the BBB to EBAC and FITCD associated with a decrease in presence of tight junction (TJ) in the vascular endothelium. The PDT effects on the BBB permeability, TJ expression and the fluorescent signal from the brain tissues are more pronounced in PDT-GalZnPc vs. PDT-5-ALA/AlPcS/ZnPc. These pre-clinical data are the first important informative platform for an optimization of the PDT protocol in the light of new knowledge about PDT-opening of the BBB for drug brain delivery and for the therapy of brain diseases.
Design and Control of a 1-DOF Robotic Lower-Limb System Driven by Novel Single Pneumatic Artificial Muscle
Authors: Tsai Tsung-Chin , Chiang Mao-Hsiung
Published: December 2019

This study determines the practicality and feasibility of the application of pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) in a pneumatic therapy robotic system. The novel mechanism consists of a single actuated pneumatic artificial muscle (single-PAM) robotic lower limb that is driven by only one PAM combined with a torsion spring. Unlike most of previous studies, which used dual-actuated pneumatic artificial muscles (dual-PAMs) to drive joints, this design aims to develop a novel single-PAM for a one degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) robotic lower-limb system with the advantage of a mechanism for developing a multi-axial therapy robotic system. The lower limb robotic assisting system uses the stretching/contraction characteristics of a single-PAM and the torsion spring designed by the mechanism to realize joint position control. The joint is driven by a single-PAM controlled by a proportional pressure valve, a designed 1-DOF lower-limb robotic system, and an experimental prototype system similar to human lower limbs are established. However, the non-linear behavior, high hysteresis, low damping and time-variant characteristics for a PAM with a torsion spring still limits its controllability. In order to control the system, a fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) is used to control the path tracking for the PAM for the first time. This control method prevents approximation errors, disturbances, un-modeled dynamics and ensures positioning performance for the whole system. Consequently, from the various experimental results, the control response designed by the joint torsion spring mechanism can also obtain the control response like the design of the double-PAMs mechanism, which proves that the innovative single-PAM with torsion spring mechanism design in this study can reduce the size of the overall aid mechanism and reduce the manufacturing cost, can also improve the portability and convenience required for the wearable accessory, and is more suitable for the portable rehabilitation aid system architecture.
A Time-Delayed Control Scheme Using Adaptive Law with Time-Varying Boundedness for Robot Manipulators
Authors: Baek Jaemin , Baek Hyeongboo
Published: December 2019

This paper presents an adaptive time-delayed control based on the sliding-mode (ATDC-SM). The proposed ATDC-SM provides a new adaptive law imposing time-varying boundedness that is developed to adjust the control gains appropriately while suppressing the negative impact generated by the robot manipulators. Moreover, the control gains are constructed as a continuous function with a fast adaptation rate and hence can remedy chattering and fluctuation inherent in the existing adaptive time-delayed control. These synergistic effects provide a fast convergence rate while producing stable control gains. Besides, the proposed ATDC-SM uses one-sample delayed estimation to cancel out complex nonlinear dynamics and unknown disturbances. Thus, it produces a simple structure but effective approach due to this estimation. From these benefits, the proposed ATDC-SM provides precise tracking performance without undesired side effects. It is shown that the tracking errors are uniformly ultimately bounded through a Lyapunov function. The effectiveness of the proposed ATDC-SM is illustrated through simulation with a one-link robot manipulator, which is compared to that of the existing control approaches.
Debonding Detection of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Beam with Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) Pre-stressed Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Plates Using Embedded Piezoceramic Smart Aggregates (SAs)
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Ming , Yin Xinfeng , Huang Zhou , Wang Lei
Published: December 2019

The application of reinforced concrete (RC) beam with near-surface mounted (NSM) pre-stressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates has been increasingly widespread in civil engineering. However, debonding failure occurs easily in the early loading stage because of the prestress change at the end of CFRP plate. Therefore, it is important to find reliable, convenient and economical technical means to closely monitor the secure bonding between CFRP and concrete. In this paper, an active sensing approach for generating and sensing stress wave by embedded smart aggregates (SAs) is proposed, which provides a guarantee for the secure connection between CFRP and concrete. Two specimens with different non-pre-stressed bond lengths were fabricated in the laboratory. Six SAs were installed at different positions of the structure to monitor the degree of debonding damage during the loading process. The experiments showed that the optimal length of non-pre-stressed CFRP bond section (300 mm) can significantly improve the load characteristics and enhance the service performance of the structure. The theoretical analysis of wavelet packet shows that increasing the length of non-pre-stressed CFRP bond section can slow down the occurrence and propagation of debonding cracks. The debonding crack in the tension end region is earlier than that in the bond end region. The research results reflect that the developed approach can monitor the damage process caused by debonding cracks and provide early warning for the initial damage and the debonding failure.
Impact Evaluation of Track Girder Bearing on Yeongjong Grand Bridge
Authors: Choi Jung-Youl , Kim Sun-Hee
Published: December 2019

The line track bearings used in the Yeoungjong Grand Bridge experienced cracks and deformations, which result in significant accelerations and displacements of the track. This study measured an acceleration and a displacement of 0.5 g and 0.5 mm, respectively. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed to predict the behavior of railway tracks. However, when low-maintenance cylindrical bearings were used instead of line bearings, the displacement was decreased by 93%, and the acceleration was decreased by 82%. Furthermore, it turned out that the maximum displacement of the track girder was decreased by 45% when cylindrical bearings were used.
Accuracy of Five Intraoral Scanners and Two Laboratory Scanners for a Complete Arch: A Comparative In Vitro Study
Authors: Kang Byung-hyun , Son Keunbada , Lee Kyu-bok
Published: December 2019

This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of five different intraoral scanners and two different laboratory scanners for a complete arch. A computer-aided design (CAD) reference model (CRM) was obtained using industrial scanners. A CAD test model (CTM) was obtained using five types of intraoral scanners (CS3500, CS3600, Trios2, Trios3, and i500) and two types of laboratory scanners (3shape E1 and DOF) (N = 20). In addition, the CRM and CTM were superimposed using a 3D inspection software (Geomagic control X; 3D Systems) and 3D analysis was performed. In the 3D analysis, the accuracy was measured by the type of tooth, the anterior and posterior region, and the overall region. As for the statistical analysis of the accuracy, the differences were confirmed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test (α = 0.05). Also, the differences between the groups were analyzed by post-hoc tests including Mann–Whitney U-test and Bonferroni correction method (α = 0.0017). There was a significant difference in the scanning accuracy of the complete arch according to the type of scanner (P < 0.001). The i500 Group showed the lowest accuracy (143 ± 69.6 µm), while the 3Shape E1 Group was the most accurate (14.3 ± 0.3 µm). Also, the accuracy was lower in the posterior region than in the anterior region in all types of scanners (P < 0.001). Scanning accuracy of the complete arch differed depending on the type of scanner. While three types of intraoral scanners (CS3500, CS3600, Trios3) can be recommended for scanning of a complete arch, the two remaining types of intraoral scanners (Trios2 and i500) cannot be recommended.
Improved Joint Estimation of Set Information and Frequency Offset for LTE Device-to-Device Communications
Authors: Jung Yong-An , Song Hyoung-Kyu , You Young-Hwan
Published: December 2019

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a key enabler to facilitate the realization of the Internet of Things in which direct communication between mobile users is allowed without the intervention of the base station. One of the most challenging issues in the D2D cellular network is a low-complexity and reliable initial synchronization. To solve this issue, an efficient joint detection of integer carrier frequency offset (IFO) and set information (SI) is proposed for D2D communication in a long term evolution (LTE) system. Unlike the conventional approach, the primary sidelink synchronization signal (PSSS) and secondary sidelink synchronization signal (SSSS) transmitted in the LTE-D2D system are used together to remove the effect of channel fading and symbol timing offset (STO). In addition, the conjugate property between two PSSS sequences is utilized. This design facilitates robust sequential detection of the IFO and SI without priori information on two synchronization signals when residual STO is present. It has been demonstrated that the inherent properties of the PSSS and SSSS sequences are effectively used for efficient cell search in the presence of residual STO, compared to existing methods.
Object Detection and Classification of Metal Polishing Shaft Surface Defects Based on Convolutional Neural Network Deep Learning
Authors: Jiang Qingsheng , Tan Dapeng , Li Yanbiao , Ji Shiming , Cai Chaopeng , Zheng Qiming
Published: December 2019

Defective shafts need to be classified because some defective shafts can be reworked to avoid replacement costs. Therefore, the detection and classification of shaft surface defects has important engineering application value. However, in the factory, shaft surface defect inspection and classification are done manually, with low efficiency and reliability. In this paper, a deep learning method based on convolutional neural network feature extraction is used to realize the object detection and classification of metal shaft surface defects. Through image segmentation, the system methods setting of a Fast-R-CNN object detection framework and parameter optimization settings are implemented to realize the classification of 16,384 × 4096 large image little objects. The experiment proves that the method can be applied in practical production and can also be extended to other fields of large image micro-fine defects with a high light surface. In addition, this paper proposes a method to increase the proportion of positive samples by multiple settings of IOU values and discusses the limitations of the system for defect detection.
A Hydraulic Experimental Study of a Movable Barrier on a Revetment to Block Wave Overtopping
Authors: Lee Byeong Wook , Seo Jihye , Park Woo-Sun , Won Deokhee
Published: December 2019

This paper presents a design for a movable barrier on the revetment of the Haeundae Marine City in Busan, the Korea. This movable barrier was developed to use as a tourist deck in a normal state and to block wave overtopping in an abnormal state. To carry out the physical experiment in a wave flume, the model structure was reduced to a scale of 1/36 compared to the field structure. The discharge of the wave overtopping, the uplift pressure acting on the under surface of a non-standing barrier, and the wave pressure acting in front of a standing barrier were measured to analyze the hydraulic characteristics of the movable barrier. The results show that the impulsive pressure acts on the movable barrier, although the overtopping discharge is less than the allowable limit. When designing a movable barrier at a full scale, engineers should consider the impulsive pressure to secure the barrier’s stability on the target site.
An Experimental and Numerical Study on the Flexural Performance of Over-Reinforced Concrete Beam Strengthening with Bolted-Compression Steel Plates: Part II
Authors: Alasadi Shatha , Ibrahim Zainah , Shafigh Payam , Javanmardi Ahad , Nouri Karim
Published: December 2019

This study presents an experimental investigation and finite element modelling (FEM) of the behavior of over-reinforced simply-supported beams developed under compression with a bolt-compression steel plate (BCSP) system. This study aims to avoid brittle failure in the compression zone by improving the strength, strain, and energy absorption (EA) of the over-reinforced beam. The experimental program consists of a control beam (CB) and three BCSP beams. With a fixed steel plate length of 1100 mm, the thicknesses of the steel plates vary at the top section. The adopted plate thicknesses were 6 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm, denoted as BCSP-6, BCSP-10, and BCSP-15, respectively. The bolt arrangement was used to implement the bonding behavior between the concrete and the steel plate when casting. These plates were tested under flexural-static loading (four-point bending). The load-deflection and EA of the beams were determined experimentally. It was observed that the load capacity of the BCSP beams was improved by an increase in plate thickness. The increase in load capacity ranged from 73.7% to 149% of the load capacity of the control beam. The EA was improved up to about 247.5% in comparison with the control beam. There was also an improvement in the crack patterns and failure modes. It was concluded that the developed system has a great effect on the parameters studied. Moreover, the prediction of the concrete failure characteristics by the FE models, using the ABAQUS software package, was comparable with the values determined via the experimental procedures. Hence, the FE models were proven to accurately predict the concrete failure characteristics.
Influence of Phosphogypsum Dump on the Soil Ecosystem in the Sumy region (Ukraine)
Authors: Plyatsuk Leonid , Balintova Magdalena , Chernysh Yelizaveta , Demcak Stefan , Holub Marian , Yakhnenko Elena
Published: December 2019

This paper investigates the influence of a phosphogypsum dump on the surrounding environment (soil ecosystem) in the Sumy region (Ukraine). Analysis of the surrounding soils was performed to study the possible presence of compounds leaching from the dump. For physical chemical analysis of samples, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) were used. XRF analysis did not confirm the contamination of soils around the phosphogypsum dump, and the soil fluoride levels measured in this study were comparable to the average soil fluoride concentration of soils globally. The colonization of the surface of the phosphogypsum dump by living organisms after the reclamation process was also analyzed. Field research was carried out on the routes, which specify the boundaries of the contours of plant communities, for description of phytocenoses in the territory of the dump, where the pH value ranged from 2.5 to 5.3, depending on the age of phosphogypsum terraces. Annual and perennial herbaceous plants are dominant on the reclaimed dump slopes. On the third and fourth phosphogypsum terraces (20 and 25 years old, respectively), tree forms have begun to settle, represented mainly by Populus tgemula, Populus alba, Betula pendula, and Robinia pseudoacacia. The studied patterns of ecological groups of plants growing under natural change of species can be used for the complete reclamation of the dump.
Polysaccharides-Reinforced Bitumens: Specificities and Universality of Rheological Behavior
Authors: Porto Michele , Caputo Paolino , Loise Valeria , De Filpo Giovanni , Oliviero Rossi Cesare , Calandra Pietro
Published: December 2019

The rheological properties of bitumens can be modified by the addition of specific chemical additives. Taking into account the molecular complex aggregation pattern, we hypothesized that macromolecules characterized by long, flexible, and hydrophilic chains can establish soft bridges connecting the different polar aggregates of asphaltenes, strengthening their overall hierarchical supra-structures, and consequently increasing rheological performance at higher temperatures. Here, we propose the use of low cost and high availability polysaccharides as chemical additives to improve the rheological characteristics of a bitumen and to strengthen its thermal resistance. Fourteen different low-cost and high-availability polysaccharides, (flours, gums, and extracts from vegetable products) have been tested. While alghae euchemae have proved to be the most effective additive, corn and 00 flours are the least effective. Attempts to explain their differences have been made considering their chemical interactions with the polar molecules of asphaltenes within the complex framework of their supramolecular hierarchical structures. Through Arrhenius analysis, a correlation between activation energy and preexponential factor has been found, which can be useful for practical purposes, together with an unexpected consistency with the behavior of simple liquids, despite the striking differences in structure. Furthermore, a qualitative model has been suggested. The added value of this work is the focus on polysaccharides constituting low-cost, high availability materials which are sometimes even found as waste in industrial processes, all factors which, together with the environmental issues connected with their use, can be considered for large-scale applications.
Systematic Literature Review of Predictive Analysis Tools in Higher Education
Authors: Liz-Domínguez Martín , Caeiro-Rodríguez Manuel , Llamas-Nistal Martín , Mikic-Fonte Fernando A.
Published: December 2019

The topic of predictive algorithms is often regarded among the most relevant fields of study within the data analytics discipline. They have applications in multiple contexts, education being an important one of them. Focusing on higher education scenarios, most notably universities, predictive analysis techniques are present in studies that estimate academic outcomes using different kinds of student-related data. Furthermore, predictive algorithms are the basis of tools such as early warning systems (EWS): applications able to foresee future risks, such as the likelihood of students failing or dropping out of a course, and alert of such risks so that corrective measures can be taken. The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of the current state of research activity regarding predictive analytics in higher education, highlighting the most relevant instances of predictors and EWS that have been used in practice. The PRISMA guidelines for systematic literature reviews were followed in this study. The document search process yielded 1382 results, out of which 26 applications were selected as relevant examples of predictors and EWS, each of them defined by the contexts where they were applied and the data that they used. However, one common shortcoming is that they are usually applied in limited scenarios, such as a single course, evidencing that building a predictive application able to work well under different teaching and learning methodologies is an arduous task.
Development and Evaluation of Crack Band Model Implemented Progressive Failure Analysis Method for Notched Composite Laminate
Authors: Yoon Donghyun , Kim Sangdeok , Kim Jaehoon , Doh Youngdae
Published: December 2019

Progressive failure analysis (PFA) is widely used to predict the failure behavior of composite materials. As a structure becomes more complex with discontinuities, prediction of failure becomes more difficult and mesh dependence must be taken into account. In this study, a PFA model was developed using the Hashin failure criterion and crack band model. The failure initiation was evaluated using the Hashin failure criterion. If failure initiation occurred, the damage variables at each failure mode (fiber tension and compression; matrix tension and compression) were calculated according to linear softening degradation and they were then used to derive the damaged stiffness matrix. This matrix reflected a degraded material, and PFA was continued until the damage variables became “1,” implying complete material failure. A series of processes were performed using the finite element method program ABAQUS with a user-defined material subroutine. To evaluate the proposed PFA model, experimental results of open-hole composite laminate tests were compared with the obtained numerical results. The strain behaviors were compared using a digital image correlation system. The obtained numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Erratum: An ECCD—Electronic Charge Compensation Device—As a Quantum Dissipative System. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 4879
Authors:   Applied Sciences Editorial Office
Published: December 2019

We wish to make the following correction to the published paper [...]
Estimating Ensemble Flood Forecasts’ Uncertainty: A Novel “Peak-Box” Approach for Detecting Multiple Peak-Flow Events
Authors: Giordani Antonio , Zappa Massimiliano , Rotach Mathias W.
Published: December 2019

Ensemble flood forecasts are an established tool to provide information about the uncertainty of runoff predictions. However, their interpretation may not be straightforward, especially when dealing with extreme events; therefore, the development of new tools to enhance their understanding and visualization is necessary. Recently, the so-called “peak-box” approach has been developed to help decision makers in the interpretation and verification of peak-flow forecasts, receiving positive feedbacks within the hydrological community. However, this method has proven to be limited when multiple peak-flow events occur within the forecast, being unable to separate close discharge peaks. The aim of this paper is then to develop a new algorithm designed to accomplish this task. To do so, we consider runoff probabilistic forecasts obtained with a coupled hydrometeorological flood forecasting system formed by the high resolution meteorological Ensemble model COSMO-E and the hydrological model PREVAH, for the small Verzasca basin, Switzerland, during October and November 2018. The application of this new method, despite the limitation given by the small sample size considered in this study, indicates a successful implementation: the new algorithm is able to distinguish among different events and to provide sharper and more skillful forecasts, and its verification yields slightly better timing estimations compared to the former approach.
Analyzing the Influence of the North Atlantic Ocean Variability on the Atlantic Meridional Mode on Decadal Time Scales
Authors: Veiga Sandro F. , Giarolla Emanuel , Nobre Paulo , Nobre Carlos A.
Published: December 2019

Important features of the Atlantic meridional mode (AMM) are not fully understood. We still do not know what determines its dominant decadal variability or the complex physical processes that sustain it. Using reanalysis datasets, we investigated the influence of the North Atlantic Ocean variability on the dominant decadal periodicity that characterizes the AMM. Statistical analyses demonstrated that the correlation between the sea surface temperature decadal variability in the Atlantic Ocean and the AMM time series characterizes the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). This corroborates previous studies that demonstrated that the AMO precedes the AMM. A causal inference with a newly developed rigorous and quantitative causality analysis indicates that the AMO causes the AMM. To further understand the influence of the subsurface ocean on the AMM, the relationship between the ocean heat content (0–300 m) decadal variability and AMM was analyzed. The results show that although there is a significant zero-lag correlation between the ocean heat content in some regions of the North Atlantic (south of Greenland and in the eastern part of the North Atlantic) and the AMM, their cause-effect relationship on decadal time scales is unlikely. By correlating the AMO with the ocean heat content (0–300 m) decadal variability, the former precedes the latter; however, the causality analysis shows that the ocean heat content variability drives the AMO, corroborating several studies that point out the dominant role of the ocean heat transport convergence on AMO.
Seasonal Control of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 from Nanning, a Subtropical Monsoon Climate City in Southwestern China
Authors: Guo Wei , Long Chenkui , Zhang Zhongyi , Zheng Nengjian , Xiao Huayun , Xiao Hongwei
Published: December 2019

In this study, we measured the daily water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) concentration (including SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Cl−, Na+, Mg2+, and F−) of PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) throughout the year in Nanning (a typical subtropical monsoon climate city in southwestern China) to explore the influence of seasonal climate change on the properties of PM2.5 pollution. This suggested that SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ were the main component of WSIIs in Nanning. Secondary inorganic ions from fossil fuel combustion, agricultural activities, and automobile emissions were the main contributors to PM2.5, contributing more than 60% to PM2.5. Compared with the wet season, the contributions of different sources increased in the dry season (including pollution days); of these sources, automobile emissions and coal combustion emissions increased the most (about nine times and seven times, respectively). Seasonal weather and climate change affected the concentration level of WSIIs. During the wet season, higher temperatures and abundant rainfalls contributed to the volatilization and removal of WSIIs in PM2.5, while in the dry season and on pollution days, lower temperatures and less precipitation, higher emissions, and poor diffusion conditions contributed to the accumulation of WSIIs in PM2.5. NH4HSO4, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 were the main chemical forms of secondary inorganic ions. Sufficient NH3, intense solar radiation, and moist particulate matter surface promoted the formation of secondary inorganic ions. The higher temperature contributed to the volatilization of secondary inorganic ions.