bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Serologic Specificity of Crude and Purified Antigen Extracts of Escherichia Coli in Hemagglutination Reactions with Rabbit and Human Antisera
Authors: Vosti Kenneth L. , Monto Arnold S. , Older Jay J. , Rantz Lowell A.
Published: January 2023

The presence of a common antigen in crude and purified extracts of several strains of Escherichia coli has been confirmed by hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition.

The occurrence of both O and non-O specific antibody in a human serum was demonstrated by differential absorption. Non-O specific antibody did not interfere significantly with the measurement of O specific antibody in the sera of normal or diseased patients when red cells sensitized with either pure or crude extracts were employed.
Cholera Vaccines and Placental Transmission of Antibodies
Authors: Panse M. V. , Dutta N. K.
Published: January 2023

The placental transmission of cholera antibodies from mother to infant rabbits has been demonstrated. Ten-day-old rabbits derived from mothers immunized with live vibrio vaccine were immune to cholera infection, but those from mothers immunized with heat-killed or formolized vaccines were not. The agglutinin titer gave no indication of the protective power against vibrio challenge. The technique of placental transmission of antibodies could be used for the standardization of cholera vaccine. The use of live vibrio vaccine as a cholera prophylactic is suggested.
An Autoradiographic Study of the Stability of Plasma Cell Ribonucleic Acid in Rats
Authors: Miller John J.
Published: January 2023

The ribonucleic acid (RNA) of mature plasma cells was labeled by giving tritiated cytidine to rats during the proliferative phase of a secondary immune response. Autoradiography of smears of the popliteal nodes taken at intervals up to 30 days after the last dose of tritiated cytidine showed the presence of stable RNA in plasma cell cytoplasm and nuclei.

Restimulation with specific and nonspecific antigens had no effect on the number of labeled plasma cells or on their stable, persistent RNA.
Serologic Studies of Embryonic and Trophoblastic Tissues of the Mouse
Authors: Schlesinger Michael
Published: January 2023

The isoantigenicity of mouse embryonic and trophoblastic tissues was studied by quantitative absorptions of isohemagglutinins.

Isoantigenic activity was found in the earliest C3H embryos studied (10½ days old). The antigenicity of the liver increased rapidly between days 13½ and 15½, whereafter it remained constant. In preterm embryos the thymus was the most antigenic organ, having an antigenicity similar to that of the adult thymus. The placenta showed a relatively high antigenicity which remained unchanged throughout pregnancy.

The livers of (129 × C3H) F1 hybrids contained both paternal and maternal isoantigenic activity. The two antigens attained, at each developmental stage, about half the concentration found in homozygous embryos. Both the paternal and the maternal antigens were demonstrable in hybrid placentas.

No isoantigenic activity could be found in the trophoblastic growths resulting from grafts of 2½- to 3½-day-old fertilized C3H eggs into cryptorchid C57BL or 129 testes. It is concluded that the lack of H-2 isoantigenicity of the trophoblastic cells enables them to function as a barrier between the fetus and the mother.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Vitro
Authors: David John R. , Al-Askari S. , Lawrence H. S. , Thomas L.
Published: January 2023

The migration of peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin purified protein derivative, ovalbumin and diphtheria toxoid is markedly inhibited by the respective antigen, and such inhibition is specific. Cells from guinea pigs producing precipitating antibody are not inhibited by antigen. Sera from experimental animals exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity or sera containing precipitating antibody did not sensitize normal cells to antigen. The inhibition still occurs when heat-in-activated sera are used. The findings are consistent with the view of the primary importance of cells in manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and the in vitro system gives promise of further elucidation of the mechanism involved.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Vitro
Authors: David John R. , Lawrence H. S. , Thomas L.
Published: January 2023

Peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin and from normal animals were mixed in varying proportions, and their migration in the presence of specific antigens was studied. The results indicate that only a few cells in a mixed population need be specifically sensitive to influence the behavior of the whole population. Killing the sensitive cells abolishes their effect on normal cells. Some questions raised by these results are discussed.
The Effects of Heat on Antibody Activity
Authors: Farah Fuad S. , Kurban Amal K. , Chaglassian Hrant T.
Published: January 2023

Purified antibodies diluted in 0.15 M NaCl and heated at 70°C for 30 min showed no loss of ability to precipitate or to elicit the wheal and erythema responses. Antisera as well as purified antibodies diluted in normal serum, when heated at 70°C, showed a decrease in their ability to precipitate but retained their wheal and erythema reactivity. Purified antibody heated in the presence of serum had a monovalent behavior with respect to the antibody and was still capable of eliciting the wheal and erythema responses. It is postulated that heating produces changes in the antibody tertiary structure, which in the presence of serum allow for wedging of the albumin into the antibody molecule.
Cultivation of Rabies Virus in Human Diploid Cell Strain WI-38
Authors: Wiktor T. J. , Fernandes M. V. , Koprowski H.
Published: January 2023

In spite of the initial infectivity of three strains of rabies virus for the human diploid cell strain WI-38, the virus could not be serially propagated in this cell system with conventional methods of passaging infectious material. However, by following the mixing-cell transfer technique, three strains could finally be adapted so that they could propagate indefinitely. The adapted HEP virus caused a cytopathic effect in WI-38 and its infectivity, for four other tissue culture systems of different animal origins increased during the course of its propagation in WI-38.

After adaptation to WI-38, the HEP strain seemed to lose its lethal properties for monkeys injected intracerebrally, while acquiring a high degree of immunizing capacity for the same species.

Inactivated vaccines prepared from two other strains of fixed virus (CVS and PM) were found to be highly antigenic after adaptation to WI-38. This fact and the availability of the WI-38-adapted live HEP virus seem to indicate that production of effective and safe anti-rabies vaccine for man is now feasible.

Finally, because of good antigenic properties demonstrated either by the live attenuated HEP virus or by inactivated CVS and PM viruses grown in WI-38, an ideal medium for the production of human vaccines, effective and safe immunization of man against rabies may not be too far away.
Inhibitors of Echovirus and Reovirus Hemagglutination
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Hoffman Marjorie N. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

Inhibitors of echovirus and reovirus hemagglutination (HA) have been demonstrated in infected and uninfected HeLa cell fluids, and also in fluids from uninfected cultures of certain nonprimate cells. The susceptibility of the inhibitor in uninfected HeLa cell fluids to chymotrypsin and papain (inhibitor for certain viral types) as well as to organic solvents suggests that it might be lipoprotein in nature. The occurrence of the inhibitor in cell culture fluids, rather than in cell homogenates, and its occurrence in cell cultures of nonprimate origin, as well as certain differences in susceptibility to physical and chemical agents, distinguish it from enterovirus inhibitors described by other investigators to be associated with cell receptors.
Further Studies of the Early Antibody in the Sera of Cattle and Guinea Pigs Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B. , Newman J. F. E.
Published: January 2023

The antibody found early after infection of cattle and guinea pigs with foot-and-mouth disease virus is a 19S γ-globulin. Reaction of this early antibody with mercaptoethanol destroys its neutralizing and precipitating properties.
Isolation and Immunochemical Properties of Haptenic Material from Timothy Pollen
Authors: Malley Arthur , Campbell Dan H. , Heimlich E. M.
Published: January 2023

The isolation of a fraction (WST-Fr2) from the dialysate of timothy grass pollen extract is described. This fraction (WST-Fr2) appears homogenous by chromatography on Sephadex-G25, Amberlite IRC-50 and electrophoresis, but immunologically heterogenous as demonstrated by inhibition of several lines of precipitation in agar diffusion. WST-Fr2 possesses haptenic properties as demonstrated by its inhibition of specific precipitation and inhibition of the formation of lines of precipitation in agar diffusions. The results indicate the importance of considering the possible presence and significance of haptenic material in pollen extracts for laboratory studies as well as for clinical use.
Immunologic Characterization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Strains
Authors: Henderson J. R.
Published: January 2023

Ten WEE strains and plaques derived from each were compared by the plaque reduction neutralization test with antisera prepared in guinea pigs. The analysis indicated that most of the strains were comprised of subpopulations of virus having antigenically distinct properties and that the quantitative distribution of common but distinct antigens determined in part the immunologic properties of each strain. Hyperimmune guinea pig sera prepared from plaque purified viruses were more specific in their cross-neutralizing properties than similar antisera prepared from unpurified strains.

The antigenic variations of 100 WEE strains were studied using goat antiserum prepared from antigenically distinct plaque viruses derived from the McMillan strain of WEE. Three antigenic groups (phases) of the virus could be differentiated, and these were designated aphasic, phase I and phase II variants. There appeared to be a general pattern in the geographic distribution of these variants.

The antigenic properties of phasic strains could be altered by serial intracerabral passage in infant mice or passage in primary rhesus monkey kidney cultures. No changes in antigenic properties were recognized when phasic strains were passaged in primary chick embryo cultures. Aphasic virus strains were antigenically stable when passaged in different host systems.
The Detection of Prostatic Acid Phosphatase by Antibody Reactions in Gel Diffusion
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Mamrod Louise , Gonder Maurice J. , Soanes Ward A.
Published: January 2023

Prostatic acid phosphatase was demonstrated in electrophoretic patterns of prostatic fluid in the region corresponding to the serum α2- and β-globulins. In gel diffusion precipitation, this enzymatic activity was localized in two distinct bands of dense brown, speckled appearance. The titration end point of the major band varied with the sample of prostatic fluid; some were as high as 1:16000. In immunoelectrophoresis, the activity was again localized in two of the precipitin bands that were formed with the homologous antiserum. These bands were clearly of different electrophoretic mobility, suggesting that there are two different molecules having similar enzymatic properties. A number of organ extracts were tested for this phosphatase activity, namely, seminal vesicle, kidney, testicle, liver, lung and prostate gland. All of these were negative except for prostate extract, which did show one line of reaction. Normal serum was also negative. Serum from patients with carcinoma of the prostate were also positive, but only in some of the experiments. This is being further studied.
A Bioassay for Estimation of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide in Unresponsive (Paralyzed) Mice
Authors: Siskind Gregory W. , Paterson Philip Y.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A bioassay is described for estimating the amount of pneumococcal polysaccharide present in intact mice and capable of binding antibody. The method is based upon measurement of the amount of antibody required to passively protect mice from pneumococcal challenge. The half-life of immunologically titratable SII was found to be 5 days for the first 10 days after administration and 50 days from 11 to 70 days after administration, and to be independent of the dose of antigen injected (5 to 100 µg). Approximately 0.8 µg of a rabbit anti-type II pneumococcal polysaccharide given intravenously will protect 50% of mice from pneumococcal challenge 24 hr later. Mice, 10 days after immunization with 0.05 µg of SII, had approximately 13 µg of specific antibody available for binding with administered SII as measured by the decrease in the amount of passively administered antibody required to protect them from pneumococcal challenge. The results are supportive of the hypothesis that immunologic paralysis is the result of a block in antibody synthesis rather than of the combining of antibody formed with excess antigen present.
The Immune Response in the Presence of Delayed Hypersensitivity or Circulating Antibody
Authors: Coe John E. , Salvin S. B.
Published: January 2023

A specific anamnestic response to the hapten of a hapten-protein conjugate develops if delayed hypersensitivity to the protein, such as that produced by sensitization 10 days earlier with 1 µg of hen egg albumin in saline, is present at the time of challenge with the conjugate. A specific depression of the immune response to the hapten of a hapten-protein conjugate occurs if circulating antiprotein antibody, such as that resulting from sensitization 10 to 15 days earlier with hen egg albumin in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, is present. This specific suppression is not effected by administration of large amounts of passive antiprotein antibody or by concomitant injection of large amounts of protein antigen in saline. Little or no specific serologic reaction between the hapten-protein conjugate used in this study and anti-protein antibody could be detected with various in vivo and in vitro techniques. A specific anamnestic response to the hapten of a hapten-protein conjugate occurs if a preliminary injection of the protein in Freund's complete adjuvant is given 15 days prior to injection of the conjugate. Skin tests with the hapten-protein conjugate indicate that animals sensitized with protein in Freund's incomplete adjuvant develop a transient phase of delayed hypersensitivity to the conjugate which disappears coincidentally with the appearance of circulating anti-protein antibody. In contrast, animals sensitized with protein in Freund's complete adjuvant demonstrate a persisting state of delayed hypersensitivity after the appearance of circulating antibody.
An Anti-Mycobacterial Principle of Peritoneal Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Ramseier Hansruedy , Suter Emanuel
Published: January 2023

A factor inhibiting the growth of tubercle bacilli was found in disrupted peritoneal mononuclear cells from normal and BCG-immunized guinea pigs. It was shown that mononuclear cells from immunized guinea pigs were, on the average, 4 times as active as were cells from normal animals. However, great variability existed among individual guinea pigs immunized with BCG with respect to yield of inhibitory material.

Serum did not increase the action of the cell-bound inhibitor but, in some instances, seemed to neutralize its action.

The growth inhibitor proved to be directed against tubercle bacilli only, and other facultative intracellular organisms, such as Brucella or Salmonella, were not inhibited when tested under similar conditions.

Delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein and yield of anti-mycobacterial principle of mononuclear cells from BCG-immunized guinea pigs or animals injected with complete Freund's adjuvant were unrelated.

Cells obtained from guinea pig lymph nodes or spleen contained on a per cell basis less antimycobacterial substance than peritoneal mononuclear cells, whereas lysed cells from guinea pig liver or kidney proved to be highly inhibitory for tubercle bacilli.
Biologic Properties of Polynucleotides
Authors: Yachnin Stanley , Rosenblum Daniel , Chatman Donald
Published: January 2023

The kinetics of inactivation of whole guinea pig complement (C′) by polyinosinic (poly I) acid have been investigated by the use of polyadenylic (poly A) acid as a stopping agent. The inactivation of whole serum C′ by poly I is a time-consuming reaction which can be slowed slightly by reduced temperatures. The inactivation of C′ activity by the addition of poly I to whole C′ requires the presence of Ca++. By means of sensitized red cell-complement component intermediates poly I-inactivated whole C′ can be shown to be deficient, not only in C′1 activity, but in C′4 as well. Poly I, when added to purified C′4, is incapable of C′4 inactivation; the inactivation of C′4 by poly I proceeds only in the presence of a source of C′1. The mechanism of C′ inactivation by poly I resembles in many respects the fixation (or inactivation) of C′ by aggregated γ-globulin or antigen-antibody complexes.
Five Allelic Genes at the Asa Locus Which Control γ-Globulin Allotypic Specificities in Mice
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Dray Sheldon
Published: January 2023

Isoantibodies can distinguish γ-globulins of different allotypic (antigenic) specificities existing among individuals of the same species (1–3). In mice, two such γ-globulin allotypic specificities have been identified (4–7). In a previous study, two mouse γ-globulin allotypic specificities, Asa1 and Asa2, were identified by ascitic fluid isoprecipitins using agar gel methods and were found to be inherited by codominant autosomal alleles (7). The sera of each of 38 inbred strains reacted with either the anti-Asa1 or anti-Asa2 antibodies but never with both (7).

This paper presents the results of further immunochemical and genetic studies with new immune ascitic fluids and sera obtained by immunization of recipient inbred mice with γ-globulin of donor inbred mice of other strains. With the availability of antibodies of greater specificity from new donor-recipient combinations, the previously reported precipitin reactions of the anti-Asa1 with the sera of some of the inbred strains (7) were found to be the result of cross-reactions with three new γ-globulin allotypes Asa3, Asa4 and Asa5.
Specificity of Reaction to Antigenic Stimulation in Lymph Nodes of Immature Rabbits
Authors: Cohen M. W. , Thorbecke G. J.
Published: January 2023

Experiments are described which show that animals made tolerant to a specific antigen have a total absence of response to local stimulation by that antigen.

Neonatal rabbits were used as the experimental animals, because of their lack of spontaneous morphologic activity, and bovine serum albumin was used as the antigen. Tolerance was induced by intraperitoneal injection of soluble BSA, and local stimulation was by alum precipitated BSA in the footpad. Stimulated nodes were studied with regard to secondary nodule and plasma cell formation.

Results indicate that tolerant animals stimulated with the antigen to which tolerance was induced lack the specific histological changes associated with γ-globulin formation. In very young animals, reactivity in regional nodes could be suppressed or markedly diminished by systemic treatment given within 24 hr of local stimulation. A proper sequence of injections will allow the demonstration of unresponsiveness within one lymph node in the presence of reactivity to the same antigen in the regional lymph node of the opposite side in the same animal.
Studies on Immunization against Plague
Authors: Chen T. H. , Larson A. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

The tested vaccines were all atoxic, except that after intracutaneous injection of 0.2 ml of 3.26 × 109 organisms/ml with adjuvant, a hard papule persisted for a few weeks.

The potency ratio as tested in mice increased according to the number of organisms in the vaccine. The Al(OH)3 adsorbed vaccine appeared to be three times as effective as the aqueous one.

In guinea pigs, the protective single dose is about 1.5 × 109 organisms. Given in two equal doses, 0.652 × 109 to 6.52 × 109 organisms effectively protect all the animals. However, the group given the large dose had better antibody titers and developed smaller buboes after infection. About 1.0 × 109 organisms, given in two basic immunization doses with 1 booster, also revealed a stronger immune reaction and smaller buboes. These findings suggest that the frequency of small doses of vaccine is likewise important in that the use of small doses can be compensated for by more frequent inoculations. One sensitizing dose for basic immunization is adequate to prepare for the booster effect, as demonstrated in both the guinea pig and primate experiments.

A total dose of 4.89 × 109 organisms protected 90% of the guinea pigs when challenged by the intranasal route.

In primates, a total dose of 4.89 × 109 and 8.15 × 109 organisms protected all animals from a challenge dose of 9.9 × 106 195/P organisms given intraperitoneally.

In the animal experiments, the degree and duration of immunity was largely determined by the antigenic stimulation, enhanced by the aluminum adjuvant effect. The effective antigenic range of the tested vaccine preparations was relatively broad. When a good potential immunity exists in the host, an increase in antibody production can be obtained with a small booster dose.
Demonstration of Antibody in Rabbit Alveolar Macrophages with Failure to Transfer Antibody Production
Authors: Hunt William B. , Myrvik Quentin N.
Published: January 2023

Under the experimental conditions described neither lung fragments nor alveolar macrophages were able to transfer the production of antibody to normal recipient rabbits. Equal weights of spleen and comparable numbers of spleen cells when transferred resulted in measurable antibody in the recipient serum. Extracts of alveolar macrophages contained relatively large amounts of antibody whether obtained from actively or passively immunized animals. The mechanism involved in the latter phenomenon is not clear from these experiments, but does not appear to be related to antibody production by these cells.
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Aladjem Frederick
Published: January 2023

Computational analyses of quantitative immunodiffusion data are reported. Two alternative boundary conditions of the diffusion equation were used: a) free diffusion, i.e., diffusion of neither reactant, antigen or antibody, is influenced by the other, and b) existence of a “time-invariant sink” at the location where the zone of precipitation will form, i.e., antigen and antibody react only at that location, form complexes and eventually precipitate there. For the boundary condition of free diffusion, concentrations were computed for diffusion from a point source, as well as for diffusion from the area source. For the boundary condition of the time-invariant sink two solutions were derived and the computational results are given for both; one is an approximate solution which does not take into account the increased rate of diffusion which occurs as a consequence of the sink, and the other is an exact solution. The amounts of antigen and antibody in the initial zone of precipitation were computed to be of the order of 10-7 g/cm. It was found that for any given zone of precipitation the computed antibody-antigen ratios are independent of the assumed boundary conditions, provided the area source is considered in free diffusion. For the different zones of precipitation of each antigen-antibody system, i.e., at different initial concentration of reactants, computed antibody-antigen ratios were found to differ widely (for the egg albumin-rabbit anti-egg albumin system, for example, the computed antibody-antigen weight ratios vary between 4 and 40). The results are interpreted to indicate that the assumed boundary conditions represent good first approximations to describe immunodiffusion, but that other processes besides those which were considered are also occurring, and that the extent of these processes depends upon the initial concentrations of antibody and antigen in the system. It is suggested that the principal process which occurs and which was not considered in the present analysis is, what was previously termed the “moving sink,” i.e., that antigen-antibody complex formation occurs at locations other than that where the initial zone of precipitation eventually becomes visible. Required experimental data and a computational scheme are indicated which may permit a rigorous analysis of immunodiffusion.
The Effect of Endotoxin on Skin Homografts in Rabbits
Authors: Al-Askari Salah , Zweiman B. , Lawrence H. S. , Thomas L.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Administration of endotoxin to rabbits results in the accelerated rejection of first-set skin homografts. The production of endotoxin tolerance suspends this effect of endotoxin on first-set skin homografts. This action of endotoxin is limited to homografts and does not affect autografts.
Pathogenesis of Scrub Typhus Infection (Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi) as Studied by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Kundin W. D. , Liu Chien , Harmon Patricia , Rodina Patricia
Published: January 2023

The pathogenesis of R. tsutsugamushi in infected suckling and weanling mice was studied by the use of fluorescein-labeled antibodies. Although the areas of involvement differed with the route of inoculation, rickettsial antigen was observed primarily in connective tissues of mesenchymal origin. X-irradiation increased the mortality, shortened the incubation period and intensified the antigenic involvement. Rickettsiae could be found by infectivity titrations but not by fluorescent antibody staining in mice infected up to a year before. Attempts to cause a recrudescence by the use of various stresses were unsuccessful.
Purification of Highly Conjugated Precipitins and Globulins Containing Reagins with Silk Hydrolysate
Authors: Rappaport B. Z. , Walker J. M. , Booker B. F.
Published: January 2023

Highly conjugated human globulins containing reaginic antibodies against egg albumin, ragweed pollen and cottonseed and conjugated rabbit precipitins against egg albumin and ragweed pollen were purified by adsorption with silk hydrolysate. The purified antibodies were still highly conjugated and gave satisfactory specific staining of antigen in allergic human skin. The reduction in nonspecific staining was probably due to adsorption of noncovalently bound dye by the silk hydrolysate.

The presence of antibody-bound antigen in epithelial cells of challenged, allergic skin was confirmed. The epithelial cells of histamine-challenged, allergic skin were capable of binding specific antigen when this was supplied in vitro.

The human reaginic globulins and the rabbit precipitins gave similarly effective staining and inhibition results and the localization of antigen demonstrable with either antibody was the same.
Studies on the “Transfer Factor” of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in Animals
Authors: Tsuji Shusuke , Oshima Shunsaku , Oshiro Morio , Izumi Takateru
Published: January 2023

Passive transfer of tuberculin hypersensitivity was accomplished with nonviable cellular constituents of alveolar macrophages of sensitized and challenged rabbits. Although cellular extracts per se had no activity to confer sensitivity on negative recipients, certain fractions obtained from them by electrophoresis, dialysis or treatment with ammonium sulfate, showed apparent activity to confer sensitivity. Thus, “transfer factor” is apparently present in rabbits as well as in man.

“Transfer factor” is contained, but in inactive form, mainly in the supernatant fraction separated from particulate components of cells by 20,000 × G centrifugation. After dialysis of this supernatant, “transfer factor” appears in full activity. Dialyzed sera of sensitized and challenged rabbits also showed apparent activity to confer sensitivity, although serum per se had no activity. These facts led us to postulate the existence of a low molecular weight inhibitor.

Reasons for these successes in effecting passive transfer with nonviable materials, despite many unsuccessful previous investigations in guinea pigs, have been discussed; in particular, the procedure of “challenge” by injecting BCG 4 days before harvesting the cells is thought to be very important for these positive results.
Mechanisms of Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Neeper Carolyn A.
Published: January 2023

In studying the response of mice at various stages of maturity to a wide range of dosages of type I pneumococcal polysaccharide the following observations were made: The greatest susceptibility to immunologic paralysis appeared at 2 weeks of age when the capacity to respond to this antigen was undergoing rapid development.Spontaneous transition to complete immunity occurred in paralyzed animals 7 to 9 weeks after a paralyzing dose was given.Age had no effect on the relative rates of development of earliest demonstrable immunity following either paralyzing or immunizing amounts of polysaccharide.It appears that immunologically competent cells are susceptible to high concentrations of polysaccharide at some late stage in their development, paralysis being the end result of the suppression or destruction of these cells. The immunologic distinction between adult and newborn mice is apparently due to a difference in numbers of competent immunogenic cells.
Immunologic Properties of Products Obtained by Mild Reduction of Human and Guinea Pig γ-Globulins
Authors: Nussenzweig Victor , Franklin Edward C. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: January 2023

A study was made of the immunologic properties of the A and B fractions of human and guinea pig γ2-globulins obtained by reduction and alkylation in aqueous medium and separation by Sephadex in acid, using rabbit anti-γ-globulin antisera. In both cases the B fraction, containing the L chains, could be shown to possess only part of the antigenic determinants of the native γ-globulin, while the A fraction showed a reaction of complete identity with the parent molecule. Digestion by papain of the A fraction yielded three main fragments, one of which, SA, was shown to be immunologically identical to the S fragment obtained by papain digestion of the γ-globulin molecules. From 50 to 60% of the proteins of the A fraction from human γ-globulin could be specifically precipitated by a mixture of rabbit antisera against Bence-Jones protein types I and II. The possible reasons for the presence of large amounts of L chain antigenic determinants in the A fraction are discussed.
Studies on the Specificity of the Indirect Hemagglutination Test for Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Chordi Andres , Walls Kenneth W. , Kagan Irving G.
Published: January 2023

Evaluation of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test with the methylene blue dye (MBD) test for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis on 1020 sera revealed that 19.3% of the sera were positive in the IHA test and negative in the MBD test. The basis for the reactivity in some of these sera was investigated by hemagglutination inhibition with a variety of specific and nonspecific antigens. Sera were absorbed with Toxoplasma gondii infected mouse peritoneal antigen, sheep red cells, normal mouse and rabbit serum, and mouse leukocytes. Evaluation of 63 IHA positive human sera, 36 negative and 27 positive by the MBD test, revealed the part that each of the non-Toxoplasma antigens played in producing false-positive reactions in the IHA test. In 52% of the 36 MBD negative-IHA positive sera and in 96% of the 27 MBD positive-IHA positive sera, reactivity was specific. With 70% of the sera with IHA titers of 1:200 or less the reactivity of the sera was absorbed with nonspecific antigen. In contrast, the reactivity in all sera with IHA titers greater than 1:200 was specific and could only by absorbed with Toxoplasma antigen. A one-step absorption procedure to eliminate false positive hemagglutination titers was developed and evaluated.
Cellular Activities in Hypersensitive Reactions
Authors: Martins A. B. , Raffel Sidney
Published: January 2023

As has been shown in other studies, mononuclear infiltration is the chief cytologic feature which eventually distinguishes the tuberculin from the Arthus reaction. Although the earliest infiltrating cells in both cases are polymorphonuclears, these are followed, in the site of the tuberculin reaction, by large mononuclear cells (medium lymphocytes and monocytes) and small lymphocytes. The small lymphocyte seems to be implicated in the damaging aspects of the delayed reaction; this is especially evident in the epidermis which these cells invade. This may also be the cell involved in the initial damage to the vascular endothelium which triggers the reaction. The small lymphocyte may succumb to the reaction. The contribution of other mononuclear cells, which appear to transform almost completely into macrophages by about 48 hr after the injection of test antigen, is not known.

The “Jones-Mote” reaction unfolds cytologically as does the delayed one in general outline, but at a slower rate and with certain quantitative and qualitative differences. There is no invasion of epidermis or tissue death, and the number of small lymphocytes is low relative to that seen in the delayed reaction. A greater proportion of the mononuclear cells in this reaction eventually give rise to plasma cells. In view of the fact that in this hypersensitive state the reactivity just precedes the appearance of detectable humoral antibodies and often wanes rapidly thereafter, it is conceivable that small quantities of antibody produced by cells just entering into synthesis might bring about damage to the vascular endothelium with some subsequent cellular infiltration but without that component, i.e., cell damage, which in the delayed reaction is mediated by further interaction between antigen and the incoming sensitive small lymphocytes.
Nature of the Forssman Hapten from Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Diehl J. E. , Mallette M. F.
Published: January 2023

The Forssman hapten was isolated from erythrocyte stroma of sheep by a solvent fractionation method. The purified material contained 2.8% nitrogen, 11.5% hexosamine, 32.2% hexose and 0.08% phosphorus. It melted with decomposition at 203°C after discoloring over the temperature range of 155 to 191°C. Fatty acid, basic and neutral fractions were recovered after hydrolysis of the hapten. The fatty acid fraction consisted mainly of lignoceric acid along with smaller amounts of nervonic, behenic, stearic and palmitic acids. The basic material showed the same chromatographic properties as sphingosine. The neutral fraction was composed principally of galactose and galactosamine accompanied by traces of glucose and glucosamine. The significance of the proportions of the components was discussed.
Erythrocyte Chimerism and Acquired Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Wilson W. E. C. , Talmage David W.
Published: January 2023

DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice were injected with adult B6D2F1 spleen and bone marrow cells in the neonatal period and, after maturation, were grafted with skin from the opposite parent strain. A fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse globulin demonstrated isoantibody, specific for B6D2F1 antigens, bound to a small proportion of erythrocytes of 53 of 54 mice that had retained their skin grafts for a minimum of 100 days. The observations indicate that erythrocyte chimerism accompanies immunologic tolerance acquired after injection of newborn mice with viable hematopoietic cells.
Biochemical and Antigenic Properties of a Purified Neurotoxin of Vipera Palestinae Venom
Authors: Moroz-Perlmutter Chaya , Goldblum Natan , de Vries Andre
Published: January 2023

The various activities—neurotoxic, proteolytic and anticoagulant—contained in the DEAE cellulose neurotoxic fraction of Vipera palestinae venom can be adequately separated by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation. The recovery of the neurotoxin, free from protease(s) and anticoagulant, is in the vicinity of 35%. Electrophoretic analysis of the isolated neurotoxin shows three different fractions, of which only one, positively charged, has lethal activity in mice. This component produces a single precipitation line in an agar immune electrophoresis plate.

Venom protease(s), free of neurotoxic and anticoagulant activity, enhance the lethal activity of neurotoxin. The nondialyzable neurotoxin is split by trypsin and the dialysate is toxic for mice.

Up to 1400 LD50 of the purified neurotoxin may be bound to and detoxified by 1 g of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The CMC-bound isolated neurotoxin is highly immunogenic in rabbits.
Plasmocytes in the Thymus of the Normal Rat
Authors: Sainte-Marie Guy
Published: January 2023

The thymus of normal rats was found to contain plasmocytes. Plasmocytes are located in the interlobular trabeculas, along the corticomedullary junction of each lobule as well as in the peripheral cortex. The mouse thymus also contains plasmocytes, but considerably fewer than that of the rat. It is not possible to determine the site of origin of these plasmocytes. However, the observations favor the possibility that at least the bulk of them have migrated into the thymus following their formation elsewhere rather than having originated from thymic parenchymal cells. It is concluded that the previous findings, by other authors, of the presence of plasmocytes in thymus of animals having received intrathymic antigen injections or in animals with an autoimmune disease, are not proof of the formation of plasmocytes by thymic parenchymal cells.
Studies on Lysolecithin Formation in Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Phillips Gerald B. , Middleton Elliott
Published: January 2023

The possibility that the hemolytic step of immune hemolysis is mediated through lysolecithin formed from lecithin through the action of a lecithinase activated by the reaction of antigen, antibody and complement was studied in a system of sheep red blood cells, rabbit antisheep red blood cell serum and guinea pig serum complement.

The presence of a hemolysin in the supernatant following centrifugation after immune hemolysis could not be demonstrated, even when lecithin had been included in the system as a substrate.

The inhibitory effect of albumin, which inhibits lysolecithin hemolysis, on immune hemolysis could be explained by its osmotic effect, as dextran similarly inhibited immune hemolysis without a comparable effect on lysolecithin hemolysis.

Cobra venom, which contains a lecithinase, did not produce hemolysis of the sheep red blood cells, even when the amount of complement was present as was needed for complete immune hemolysis of 0.015 ml of sheep red blood cells; nor did the venom lyse an EAC′1,4,2,3ab preparation of sheep red blood cells.

Direct lipid analysis of the pellet and supernatant following centrifugation of the immune hemolysate showed no formation of lysolecithin or decrease of lecithin. Complement fixation of human serum by heat-aggregated γ-globulin resulted in no lysolecithin formation or change in the concentration of the other phospholipids.

The small amount of lysolecithin present in the immune hemolysis system was not enough to account for the hemolysis and appeared to be a normal constituent of the red blood cells. Moreover, the lecithin present in the system was not enough to account for the hemolysis, even if it had been converted entirely to lysolecithin. An EAC′1,4,2,3ab preparation of sheep red blood cells showed no increase in susceptibility to lysolecithin lysis.

On the basis of these findings, lysolecithin did not appear to be responsible for the hemolysis in the immune hemolysis system studied.
A Comparison of Thymectomized and Antithymocyte Serum-Treated Mice in Their Development of Hypersensitivity to Protein Antigens
Authors: Russe Henry P. , Crowle Alfred J.
Published: January 2023

Mice of CF1 strain thymectomized at birth were compared with similar mice which had been sham-operated, treated with normal rabbit serum, or treated with rabbit antiserum to mouse thymus for various time intervals after birth, with respect to ability to develop immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin, and delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein. Hematologic and histologic changes in these various mice also were evaluated.

Mice treated with antiserum or thymectomized at birth either failed to develop hypersensitivities to antigens injected early in the experiment, or they developed these hypersensitivities with slower than normal tempo. Suppression of hypersensitization in antiserum-treated animals was proportional to the length of time over which they were treated with this antiserum. Neither thymectomy nor antiserum treatments interfered with development of anamnestic responsiveness to these initially injected antigens, nor was the immunosuppressive effect more than temporary; thymectomized and treated animals responded normally, developing immediate and delayed hypersensitivities to bovine serum albumin when this was injected into them at the end of the experiment 6 months after thymectomy and approximately 4 months after the last antiserum treatment. None of the animals developed wasting disease.

Single or multiple treatments with antiserum to mouse thymocytes caused peripheral lymphocyte counts to drop significantly while numbers of tissue plasma cells and peripheral large lymphocytes remained normal. In vitro examination of the properties of this antiserum revealed that although it would fix complement in the presence of thymus antigens it did not cause thymocyte agglutination or lysis. In long-term treated mice there were, in addition to depressed peripheral lymphocyte counts, histologic changes consisting of decreased lymphoid mass and loss of splenic germinal centers. But thymus glands in these animals remained anatomically intact. Hence, immunosuppression effected by anti-thymus antiserum treatments may be viewed either as due to lymphocyte suppression or as evidence supporting recent reports that a humoral thymic factor may control immunocompetence. If the latter alternative proves true, then rabbit anti-mouse thymus antiserum may contain antibody to this humoral factor which neutralizes its biologic effects.
Influence of Heparin on Resistance of Rabbits to Infection with Fibroma Virus
Authors: Higginbotham R. D. , Murillo George J.
Published: January 2023

Results of this study have indicated that heparin can protect rabbits against the pathogenic effects of Shope's fibroma virus as measured by a reduction in virus titer and decrease in tumor size. Similar, but more marked, effects were obtained with polyanethol sulfonate, and assay of virus concentration in control and treated lesions suggested that the inhibitory effects of these polyanions were mediated through inhibition of virus proliferation.

The role of heparin as a natural inhibitor of fibroma virus infection in rabbits has been discussed, and it is suggested that blood basophils are the major source of heparin for this purpose and that this protective function is largely concerned with restriction of virus proliferation in the primary lesion and enhancement of tumor regression.
In Vitro Damage of Rabbit Platelets by an Unrelated Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Gocke D. J. , Osler A. G.
Published: January 2023

An in vitro experimental system for the study of mechanisms by which an antigen-antibody system unrelated to the platelet produces platelet damage has been described. The system involves the fluorometric measurement of histamine release from a standarized suspension of washed normal rabbit platelets by various rabbit antibodies and their homologous antigens.

Some of the general characteristics of this reaction are that 50% of the histamine release is obtained with antibody concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0 µg/ml and that optimal release occurs with ratios of antibody to antigen in antibody excess in relation to precipitin data. Pepsin digests of rabbit anti-human serum albumin are ineffective. The reaction requires the presence of fresh rabbit plasma. The plasma activity is present in low titer, is heat labile and is removed by absorption with an immune precipitate. Guinea pig plasma does not mediate the reaction with rabbit platelets and rabbit antibody. The time course of the reaction, the effect of varying platelet concentration, and the calcium and magnesium requirements are described.

Observations are presented which suggest that the reaction begins in the fluid phase. No evidence of fixation of antibody to the platelet could be found. The primary effect of the reaction on the platelet appears to be lysis, rather than agglutination. The histamine-releasing activity generated by the antigen-antibody reaction is unstable, half the activity being lost in 7 to 8 min at 37°C.
The Passive Transfer of Enhancement as Applied to Skin Homografts
Authors: Halasz Nicholas A. , Orloff Marshall J.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Blood and plasma from skin-sensitized rabbits, when perfused through the ears of the sensitizing animals, prolonged the survival of allogenic homografts taken from these ears. Simultaneously placed nonperfused homografts from the same donors were rejected in a normal fashion. Absorption of the antisera with the sensitizing tissue eliminated their enhancing effect.

These findings indicate that: a) Enhancement of normal tissue can be passively transferred with antiserum. b) There is no need to postulate a distinct “enhancing antibody”; antibodies formed in the course of homograft rejection appear to be effective. c) In the experimental situation evaluated, antisera act on the graft alone; they do not interfere with systemic sensitization or with the normal development of the mechanisms of the homograft reaction as they affect other, nonenhanced grafts.
A Twenty-One-Year Experience with Antigenic Variation among Influenza B Viruses
Authors: Hennessy Albert V. , Minuse Elva , Davenport Fred M.
Published: January 2023

Antigenic relationships among influenza B viruses isolated over the 21-year period from 1940 through 1961 were studied with the use of both infected ferret sera and sera obtained from persons of three age groups after vaccination with monovalent vaccines. Three antigenic clusterings having successive periods of prevalence could be distinguished but were not sufficiently different from each other to warrant classifying them as distinct antigenic families in analogy to the influenza A viruses.
Immune Lysis of Thymus and Spleen Cells of Embryonic and Neonatal Mice
Authors: Schlesinger Michael
Published: January 2023

The cytotoxic effect of H-2 isoantibodies and complement on thymus and spleen cells of embryonic and neonatal C3H mice was investigated. The sensitivity of the cytotoxic test employed was increased by using small numbers of cells and by washing the antibody-sensitized cells prior to the addition of complement.

Spleen cells showed a low though definite sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of isoantibodies and complement as early as on the 15½ day of gestation and throughout the rest of gestation. During the first days of life the sensitivity of the spleen cells increased rapidly, and thereafter it gradually increased further to adult levels.

The thymus of 15½-day-old embryos was almost completely refractory to the cytotoxic effect of isoantibodies and complement. In the 17½-day-old embryo the thymus cells had already developed a high sensitivity. The sensitivity of the thymus cells showed only minor fluctuations throughout the gestation period and remained unchanged during the 1st month of life. A higher sensitivity was found in thymus cells of 6-month-old mice.

Fresh guinea pig serum had a distinctive toxicity for mouse thymus cells, probably due to the action of heat-labile naturally occuring antibodies in the presence of complement. Sensitivity of the thymus cells to the toxic effect of guinea pig serum appeared between the 15½ and 17½ day of gestation.