bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of CYP2D6 polymorphism in predicting liver fibrosis progression rate in Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Fishman Sigal , Lurie Yoav , Peretz Hava , Morad Tova , Grynberg Elisheva , Blendis Laurie M , Leshno Moshe , Brazowski Eli , Rosner Guy , Halpern Zamir , Oren Ran
Published: March 2006

Abstract: Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated that CYP2D6 polymorphism is associated with liver cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to find out whether CYP2D6*4, the poor metabolizer allele can predict fibrosis progression rate.

Methods: Seventy‐five Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection were recruited. They were divided into two groups, ‘fast fibrosers’ and ‘slow fibrosers’, according to Poynard's fibrosis progression curves. Sixty‐two patients underwent liver biopsy. Twenty healthy neonates were included as control population. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and CYP2D6*4 was tested by polymer chain reaction using fluorescent hybridization probes in a lightCycler instrument.

Results: Forty‐two patients were classified as ‘fast fibrosers’ and 33 patients as ‘slow fibrosers’. The frequency of CYP2D6*4 allele in the ‘fast fibrosers’ (34.5%) was significantly higher compared with the ‘slow fibrosers’ (15%) (P‐value=0.007). There was no significant difference between the frequency of CYP2D6*4 in the ‘slow fibrosers’ (15%) compared with the controls (12.5%). Carrier state of CYP2D6*4 was the only covariate that was significantly positively correlated with fast progression to cirrhosis (odds ratio=6.5, P=0.01).

Conclusion: This study indicates for the first time that CYP2D6 genotype might be a significant predictor of liver fibrosis progression rate in chronic hepatitis C patients.
Effect of Casting Procedures on Screw Loosening in UCLA‐Type Abutments
Authors: Kano Stefania C. , Binon Paul , Bonfante Gerson , Curtis Donald A.
Published: March 2006

Background:
Screw loosening of implant restorations continues to be a complication in implant prosthodontics. Screw joints are subjected to a loss of initially applied torque because of friction and component misfit. It has been suggested that the loss of applied torque is less in machined metal abutments than in cast plastic abutments.

Purpose:
This study compared the loss of applied torque (detorque) values in machined titanium and in cast UCLA‐type abutments for external hex abutment/implant interface.

Materials and Methods:
Four groups of 12 samples each were evaluated: (1) machined titanium abutments, (2) premachined palladium abutments cast with palladium, (3) plastic abutments cast with nickel‐chromium, and (4) plastic abutments cast with cobalt‐chromium. Each abutment was torqued to 30 Ncm according to the manufacturer's instructions and detorqued three times. The mean loss of applied torque (detorque) was recorded as a percentage of the torque applied. Group means were calculated and compared using ANOVA and Tukey's LSD test.

Results:
Mean detorque values were (1) 92.3 ± 2.9%, (2) 81.6 ± 5.0%, (3) 86.4 ± 4.6%, and (4) 84.0 ± 7.0%. Machined abutments demonstrated significantly greater detorque values compared with all cast groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found among cast groups.

Conclusion:
Machined abutments retained a significantly greater percentage of torque compared with cast abutments. Casting procedures decrease the percentage of applied torque, which may influence final screw joint stability.
Influence of Abutment Selection in Maxillary Kennedy Class II RPD on Elastic Stress Distribution in Oral Mucosa: An FEM Study
Authors: Wada Seiji , Wakabayashi Noriyuki , Tanaka Takehisa , Ohyama Takashi
Published: March 2006

Purpose:
The aim was to study the influence of abutment selection on elastic stress distribution in oral mucosa in a maxillary removable partial denture (RPD) by means of 3‐dimensional finite element models.

Materials and Methods:
Four RPD framework models of an equal size (by area) and underlying oral mucosa were produced for a Kennedy Class II arch. Each framework included an occlusal rest as part of a clasp assembly on one of four abutments (canine, first, and second premolars, and first molar) on the side contralateral to the edentulous ridge (tooth‐supported side). Movement of the alveolar surface of the mucosa and the occlusal rest on the abutment adjacent to the ridge were fixed in a vertical direction. Movement of the rest on the tooth‐supported side was restricted in all directions. Vertical or buccally oblique biting force was applied simultaneously on each of the locations representing three missing teeth.

Results:
The frameworks with the contralateral side rest on the canine or the first premolar were less resistant to lateral forces than other framework designs, showing greater saddle displacements under the oblique force than the vertical force. The framework with the rest on the second premolar demonstrated relatively good resistance to deflection; however, both vertical saddle intrusion and the maximum equivalent stress in mucosa shown in all the models were within small ranges.

Conclusion:
The saddle movement was influenced by the abutment selection on the tooth‐supported side, although resultant stress in the mucosa was insensitive to the abutment location.
Pressure Generated on a Simulated Mandibular Oral Analog by Impression Materials in Custom Trays of Different Design
Authors: Al‐Ahmad Adel , Masri Radi , Driscoll Carl F. , Von Fraunhofer Joseph , Romberg Elaine
Published: March 2006

Purpose: The purpose was to measure the pressure exerted under a simulated mandibular edentulous impression at different locations using commonly used impression materials and four impression tray configurations.

Materials and Methods: This study was performed using an oral analog that simulated an edentulous mandibular arch. Three pressure transducers were embedded in the oral analog—one pressure transducer in the anterior ridge area, and the other two in the right and left buccal shelves. Four configurations of custom trays were fabricated: trays with no relief, with and without holes; and trays with relief, with and without holes. The impression materials tested were light body polysulfide, light body vinyl polysiloxane, medium body vinyl polysiloxane, and irreversible hydrocolloid. The custom tray and the oral analog were mounted using a reline jig, and a Satec universal testing machine was used to apply a constant pressure of 1 kg/cm2 over a period of 5 minutes on the loaded custom tray. Eighty impressions for the 16 groups (n = 5) were made, and pressures were recorded every 10 seconds. Factorial ANOVA and Tukey Multiple Comparison Test were used to analyze the results (p < 0.05).

Results: A significant difference was found in the pressure produced using different impression materials. Irreversible hydrocolloid and medium body vinyl polysiloxane produced significantly higher pressure than light body polysulfide and light body vinyl polysiloxane impression materials. The presence of holes and/or relief significantly altered the magnitude of pressure produced by irreversible hydrocolloid and medium body vinyl polysiloxane but not light body polysulfide and light body vinyl polysiloxane.

Conclusion: All impression materials produced pressure during simulated mandibular edentulous impression making. For making mandibular edentulous impressions, low‐viscosity impression materials—light body polysulfide and light body vinyl polysiloxane—are recommended. Tray modification was not important in changing the amount of pressure produced for the low‐viscosity impression materials.
Laser Welding of Cast Titanium and Dental Alloys Using Argon Shielding
Authors: Watanabe Ikuya , Topham D. Scott
Published: March 2006

Purpose:
This study investigated the effect of argon gas shielding on the strengths of laser‐welded cast Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb and compared the results to those of two dental casting alloys.

Materials and Methods:
Cast plates of Ti, Ti‐6Al‐7Nb, gold, and Co‐Cr alloy were prepared. After polishing the surfaces to be welded, two plates were abutted and welded using Nd:YAG laser at a pulse duration of 10 ms, spot diameter of 1 mm, and voltage of 200 V. Five specimens were prepared for each metal by bilaterally welding them with three or five spots either with or without argon shielding. The failure load and percent elongation were measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min.

Results:
The factor of argon shielding significantly affected the failure load and elongation of the laser‐welded specimens. The failure loads of argon‐shielded laser‐welded CP Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb were greater compared with the failure loads of specimens welded without argon shielding for both three‐ and five‐spot welding. Regardless of argon shielding, the failure loads of the laser‐welded gold alloy were approximately half that of the control specimens. In contrast, the failure loads of the nonshielded laser‐welded Co‐Cr alloy were greater. The percent elongations positively correlated with the failure loads.

Conclusions:
The use of argon shielding is necessary for effective laser‐welding of CP Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb but not for gold and Co‐Cr alloy.
Use of Stereolithographic Templates for Surgical and Prosthodontic Implant Planning and Placement. Part II. A Clinical Report
Authors: Lal Kunal , White George S. , Morea Dennis N. , Wright Robert F.
Published: March 2006

Eight implants were placed in the posterior part of the mandible using computer‐generated stereolithographic templates. Preoperative implant simulation was done on a 3D computer model created by reformatted computerized tomography data. The surgeon and the prosthodontist positioned the simulated implants in the most favorable position addressing all concerns with regard to anatomy, biomechanics, and esthetics. The length and diameter of each implant along with the angulation/collar of abutments required for a screw‐retained prosthesis were determined.

Stereolithographic templates were then fabricated by incorporating the precise spatial position of the implants within the bone as previously planned during the computer simulation. The templates were fabricated to seat directly on the bone and were stable. The first template was used to complete osteotomies with a 2‐mm twist drill followed by the second template for the 3‐mm drill. Implants were placed and allowed to integrate for 4 months. After second‐stage surgery, the definitive abutments were torqued into place followed by insertion of the definitive screw‐retained prostheses. Dimensions of all implants and abutments were the same as planned during the computer simulation.
Rehabilitation of a Spark Erosion Prosthesis: A Clinical Report
Authors: Berger Julie C. , Driscoll Carl F.
Published: March 2006

When complex prostheses are fabricated, it is expected that at some point maintenance will be necessary. This clinical report documents a 10‐year‐old maxillary spark erosion prosthesis that had been repaired many times, was discolored, and exhibited significant signs of wear. The metal superstructure was intact; therefore, only the acrylic resin base and teeth needed to be replaced. To reduce both cost and time without the prosthesis for the patient, the rehabilitation was completed within 24 hours.
Venture Capitalists’ Decision to Syndicate
Authors: Manigart Sophie , Lockett Andy , Meuleman Miguel , Wright Mike , Landström Hans , Bruining Hans , Desbrières Philippe , Hommel Ulrich
Published: March 2006

Financial theory, access to deal flow, selection, and monitoring skills are used to explain syndication in venture capital firms in six European countries. In contrast with U.S. findings, portfolio management motives are more important for syndication than individual deal management motives. Risk sharing, portfolio diversification, and access to larger deals are more important than selection and monitoring of deals. This holds for later stage and for early stage investors. Value adding is a stronger motive for syndication for early stage investors than for later stage investors, however. Nonlead investors join syndicates for the selection and value–adding skills of the syndicate partners.
Venture Capital Investment Strategy and Portfolio Failure Rate: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Dimov Dimo , De Clercq Dirk
Published: March 2006

Given the importance and prevalence of new venture failure, having a better understanding of the factors that affect its occurrence is a paramount research objective. In view of the increased focus on venture capital firms (VCFs) as important stakeholders for entrepreneurial ventures, in this study we examined the relationship between VCFs’ investment strategies and their portfolio failure rates. We examined two aspects of a VCF's investment strategy: (1) the extent to which the VCF develops specialized expertise and (2) the extent to which the VCF undertakes investments in cooperation with other investors through syndication. We tested our hypotheses on longitudinal data of the realized strategies of 200 U.S.–based VCFs over a 12–year period. We found that a VCF's specialized development stage expertise had a negative effect on the proportion of defaults in the VCF's portfolio. We also found that the level of syndication positively—rather than negatively—affected the proportion of defaults. We discuss our findings from both theoretical and practical points of view.
Entrepreneurial Team Formation: An Exploration of New Member Addition
Authors: Forbes Daniel P. , Borchert Patricia S. , Zellmer–Bruhn Mary E. , Sapienza Harry J.
Published: March 2006

We explored in this article the process of entrepreneurial team formation. As theory specific to this topic is scant, we drew first on disparate views of team formation and its correlates; we then called upon in–depth interviews to provide deeper, nuanced insights into this dynamic process of creation. Our focus is team member addition. We identified resource–seeking and interpersonal attraction as primary alternative motivators for new teammate addition; however, we also illustrated how these motivations may be complementary in practice. Finally, we considered in some depth how new member identification and selection processes may unfold as new ventures are formed.
Interorganizational Commitment in Syndicated Cross–Border Venture Capital Investments
Authors: Mäkelä Markus M. , Maula Markku V.J.
Published: March 2006

Cross–border venture capital has become increasingly common in recent years. Little is known, however, about the antecedents of venture capitalists’ commitment to portfolio firms in international settings. We used a multiple case study to build a grounded model of interorganizational commitment in cross–border syndication networks. The model proposes that changes in a venture's prospects influence investors’ commitment levels. This relationship is amplified by the remoteness of the investor and is mitigated by the investor's embeddedness in local syndication networks and the relative investment size. The model contributes to the literature on cross–border venture capital and interorganizational commitment in international settings.
Venture Capital in Emerging Economies: Networks and Institutional Change
Authors: Ahlstrom David , Bruton Garry D.
Published: March 2006

Emerging economies are characterized by fundamental and comprehensive institutional transformations as their economies begin to mature. How venture capitalist functions in environments that differ so fundamentally from those of the mature markets where venture capital was initially developed has only begun to be addressed. This article builds a framework to further the understanding of venture capital practice in emerging markets. Specific attention is focused on the impact of networks in the model, in particular, how networks and other informal institutions can act to supplement or replace formal institutions when they are weak. The article goes on to examine what the implications are for venture capital and the role of informal institutions in emerging economies as formal institutions become more established. The research and resulting model is grounded in 65 semistructured interviews with venture capitalists in emerging economies around East Asia. This article contributes to the literature by drawing attention to the impact of networks and changing institutional environments on venture capital during different phases of an economic transition process in emerging economies. The findings have implications for understanding institutional impact on venture capital activity as well as entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial ventures that seek venture capital financing in emerging economies.
Inherited Conduction System Abnormalities—One Group of Diseases, Many Genes
Authors: WOLF CORDULA M , BERUL CHARLES I
Published: March 2006

The cardiac conduction system can be anatomically, developmentally, and molecularly distinguished from the working myocardium. Abnormalities in cardiac conduction can occur due to a variety of factors, including developmental and congenital defects, acquired injury or ischemia of portions of the conduction system, or less commonly due to inherited diseases that alter cardiac conduction system function. So called ‘idiopathic’ conduction system degeneration may have familial clustering, and therefore is consistent with a hereditary basis. This ‘Molecular Perspectives’ will highlight several diverse mechanisms of isolated conduction system disease as well as conduction system degeneration associated with other cardiac and non‐cardiac disorders. The first part of this review focuses on channelopathies associated with conduction system disease. Human genetic studies have identified mutations in the sodium channel SCN5A gene causing tachyarrhythmia disorders, as well as progressive cardiac conduction system diseases, or overlapping syndromes. Next, the importance of embryonic developmental genes such as homeobox and T‐box transcription factors are highlighted in conduction system development and function. Conduction system diseases associated with multisystem disorders, such as muscular and myotonic dystrophies, will be described. Last, a new glycogen storage cardiomyopathy associated with ventricular preexcitation and progressive conduction system degeneration will be reviewed. There are a myriad of mutations identified in genes encoding cardiac transcription factors, ion channels, gap junctions, energy metabolism regulators, lamins and other structural proteins. Understanding of the molecular and ionic mechanisms underlying cardiac conduction is essential for the appreciation of the pathogenesis of conduction abnormalities in structurally normal and altered hearts.
Temporary Esophageal Stenting Allows Healing of Esophageal Perforations Following Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Procedures
Authors: BUNCH T. JARED , NELSON JENNIFER , FOLEY TOM , ALLISON SCOTT , CRANDALL BRIAN G. , OSBORN JEFFREY S. , WEISS J. PETER , ANDERSON JEFFREY L. , NIELSEN PETER , ANDERSON LARS , LAPPE DONALD L. , DAY JOHN D.
Published: March 2006

Background: Left atrial catheter ablation (LACA) has emerged as a successful method to eliminate atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent reports have described atrio‐esophageal fistulas, often resulting in death, from this procedure. Temporary esophageal stenting is an established therapy for malignant esophageal disease. We describe the first case of successful temporary esophageal stenting for an esophageal perforation following LACA.

Case: A 48‐year‐old man with symptomatic drug refractory lone AF underwent an uneventful LACA. Fifty‐nine ablations with an 8‐mm tip ablation catheter (30 seconds, 70 Watts, 55°C), as guided by 3‐D NavX™ mapping, were performed in the left atrium to isolate the pulmonary veins as well as a left atrial flutter and roof ablation line. In addition, complex atrial electrograms in AF and sites of vagal innervation were ablated. Two weeks later, he presented with sub‐sternal chest pain, fever, and dysphagia. A chest CT showed a 3‐mm esophageal perforation at the level of the left atrium with mediastinal soiling and no pericardial effusion. An urgent upper endoscopy with placement of a PolyFlex removable esophageal stent to seal off the esophago‐mediastinal fistula was performed. After 3 weeks of i.v. antibiotics, naso‐jejunal tube feedings, and esophageal stenting, the perforation resolved and the stent was removed. Over 18 months of follow‐up, there have been no other complications, and he has returned to a physically active life and remains free from AF on previously ineffective anti‐arrhythmic drugs.

Conclusion: Early diagnosis of esophageal perforations following LACA may allow temporary esophageal stenting with successful esophageal healing. Prompt chest CT scans with oral and i.v. contrast should be considered in any patient with sub‐sternal chest pain or dysphagia following LACA.
Functional Complementation of the Yeast P‐type H+‐ATPase, PMA1, by the Pneumocystis carinii P‐type H+‐ATPase, PCA1
Authors: GRIGORE DANIELA , MEADE JOHN C.
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT. The opportunistic fungus Pneumocystis is the etiologic agent of an interstitial plasma cell pneumonia that primarily afflicts immunocompromised individuals. Like other fungi Pneumocystis maintains a H+ plasma membrane gradient to drive nutrient uptake and regulates intracellular pH by ATP‐dependent proton efflux. Previously, we identified a Pneumocystis gene, PCA1, whose predicted protein product was homologous to fungal proton pumps. In this study, we show by functional complementation in a Saccharomyces strain whose endogenous PMA1 proton pump activity is repressed that the Pneumocystis PCA1 encodes a H+‐ATPase. The properties of PCA1 characterized in this system closely resemble those of yeast PMA1. Yeast expressing PCA1 grow at low pH and are able to acidify the external media. Maximal enzyme activity (Vmax) and efficiency of substrate utilization (Km) in plasma membranes were nearly identical for PCA1 and PMA1. PCA1 contains an inhibitory COOH‐terminal domain; removal of the final 40 amino acids significantly increased Vmax and growth at pH 6.5. PCA1 activity was inhibited by proton pump inhibitors omeprazole and lansoprazole, but was unaffected by H+/K+‐ATPase inhibitor SCH28080. Thus, H+ homeostasis in Pneumocystis is likely regulated as in other fungi. This work also establishes a system for screening PCA1 inhibitors to identify new anti‐Pneumocystis agents.
Chlamydia pneumoniae infections augment atherosclerotic lesion formation: a role for serum amyloid P
Authors: EZZAHIRI R. , STASSEN F. R. M. , KURVERS H. R. M. , DOLMANS V. , KITSLAAR P. J. E. H. M. , BRUGGEMAN C. A.
Published: March 2006

Multiple reports have demonstrated an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) and cardiovascular disease. In this study we evaluated the effect of Cpn infections on early lesion progression in C57BL/6J mice. Since plaque formation in these mice does not develop past the initial stage, we thought these mice might be a better model for unravelling the effect of Cpn infection on early lesion type progression. C57BL/6J mice were fed an atherogenic diet and injected 10 times with 5 · 107 IFU Cpn or mock. At sacrifice, lesion number, size and type were analysed. To study the role of Cpn in inflammation, serum amyloid P (SAP) in plasma was determined as well as T‐cells, macrophages and SAP in the lesions. In the aortic sinus of both groups, type 2 lesions were found. Cpn infection resulted in a 2.2‐fold increase in total lesion size (Cpn: 10821±2429 μm2vs mock: 5022±1348 μm2; p=0.04). No difference in lesion number was observed. Also, Cpn infection increased SAP in the lesions from 1.10−4±0.1.10−4 SAP‐positive cells/lesion area to 10.10−4±1.10−4 SAP‐positive cells/lesion area (p=0.05). The influx of T‐lymphocytes and macrophages in the lesions as well as SAP plasma levels were not different between groups. Multiple Cpn infections resulted in a significant increase in total lesion size of C57BL/6J mice. Increase in total SAP‐positive area in infected mice suggests a role for this acute‐phase protein in lesion enlargement.
Low‐molecular‐weight heparins and angiogenesis
Authors: NORRBY KLAS
Published: March 2006

The involvement of the vascular system in malignancy encompasses not only angiogenesis, but also systemic hypercoagulability and a pro‐thrombotic state, and there is increasing evidence that pathways of blood coagulation and angiogenesis are reciprocally linked. In fact, cancer atients often display hypercoagulability resulting in markedly increased thromboembolism, which requires anti‐coagulant treatment using heparins, for example. Clinical trials reveal that treatment with various low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWHs) improves the survival time in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy compared with those receiving unfractionated standard heparin (UFH) or no heparin treatment, as well as in cancer patients receiving LMWH as thrombosis prophylaxis during primary surgery. This anti‐tumor effect of the heparins appears to be unrelated to their anti‐coagulant activity, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Tumor growth and spread are dependent on angiogenesis and it is noteworthy that the most potent endogenous pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic factors are heparin‐binding proteins that may be affected by systemic treatment with heparins. Heparin and other glycosaminoglycans play a role in vascular endothelial cell function, as they are able to modulate the activities of angiogenic growth factors by facilitating the interaction with their receptor and promoting receptor activation. To date, preclinical studies have demonstrated that only LMWH fragments produced by the heparinase digestion of UFH, i.e. tinzaparin, exert anti‐angiogenic effects in any type of tissuein vivo. These effects are fragment‐mass‐specific and angiogenesis‐type‐specific. Data on the effect of various LMWHs and UFH on endothelial cell capillary tube formation and proliferationin vitroare also presented. We hope that this paper will stimulate and facilitate future research designed to elucidate whether the anti‐angiogenic or anti‐tumor effects of commercial LMWHs in their own right are agent specific and whether anti‐angiogenic properties increase the anti‐tumor properties of the LMWHs in the clinic.
Antibacterial effects of human group IIA and group XIIA phospholipase A2 against Helicobacter pylori in vitro
Authors: HUHTINEN HEIKKI T. , GRÖNROOS JUHA O. , GRÖNROOS JUHA M. , UKSILA JAAKKO , GELB MICHAEL H. , NEVALAINEN TIMO J. , LAINE V. JUKKA O.
Published: March 2006

Group IIA phospholipase A2 (PLA2‐IIA) is an enzyme which has important roles in inflammation and infection. Recently, a novel human secretory PLA2 called group XIIA PLA2 (PLA2‐XIIA) has been identified. Both PLA2‐IIA and PLA2‐XIIA are bactericidal against Gram‐positive bacteria like many other secretory PLA2s. However, PLA2‐XIIA is the only known PLA2 displaying significant bactericidal activity against the Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli. We examined the antibacterial properties of recombinant human PLA2‐IIA and PLA2‐XIIA against Helicobacter pylori, a Gram‐negative bacterium, in vitro. PLA2‐IIA was not bactericidal against H. pylori, whereas PLA2‐XIIA effectively killed H. pylori at a concentration of 50 μg/ml but was not bactericidal at concentrations of 0.5 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml.
Soluble haemoglobin scavenger receptor (sCD163) in patients with suspected community‐acquired infections
Authors: GAÏNI SHAHIN , KOLDKJÆR OLE G , PEDERSEN SVEND S. , PEDERSEN COURT , MOESTRUP SØREN K. , MØLLER HOLGER J.
Published: March 2006

The aim of our study was to evaluate soluble haemoglobin scavenger receptor (sCD163) as a molecular marker in patients with community‐acquired infections. One hundred and ninety‐four adult patients admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine, Odense University Hospital, with suspected community‐acquired infection were included in a prospective study. Plasma and serum were sampled from all patients on day of admission and sCD163 and interleukin‐6 levels were measured. Demographic data, co‐morbidity, microbiological aetiology, biochemical parameters, focus of infection, severity score and mortality on day 28 were recorded. Median age was 68 (range 18–92) years. Mortality rate among infected patients on day 28 was 3.8%. sCD163 concentrations (median and range) were: 2.99 mg/l (1.22–12.65) in non‐infected patients, 3.62 mg/l (1.59–74.04) (p=0.08) in infected patients without systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 3.2 mg/l (0.54–22.51) (p=0.4) in patients with sepsis, 3.63 mg/l (1.71–28.4) (p=0.01) in patients with severe sepsis, and 4.9 mg/l (2.66–28.4) (p=0.003) in patients with bacteraemia. In this cohort dominated by mild infections, a moderate elevation of sCD163 was observed only in patients with severe sepsis and/or bacteraemia. sCD163 did not discriminate between infected and non‐infected patients.
Alginate lyase enhances antibiotic killing of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilms
Authors: ALKAWASH MUSTAFA A. , SOOTHILL JAMES S. , SCHILLER NEAL L.
Published: March 2006

Once mucoid (alginate‐producing) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have become established in the respiratory tracts of cystic fibrosis patients they can rarely be eliminated by antibiotic treatment alone; we have investigated, in an in vitro biofilm system, the putative role of co‐administration of alginate lyase with antibiotic. Biofilms were maintained in continuous flow culture in a medium resembling sputum from CF patients. Antibiotics and/or alginate lyase were added to some of the cultures. Biofilms of two mucoid CF strains of P. aeruginosa were, in most cases, not eradicated by a one‐week course of treatment with 64 μg/ml of gentamicin; the same concentration of gentamicin, under the same conditions, led to the apparent elimination of all biofilms of non‐mucoid derivatives of these strains. When alginate lyase and gentamicin were administered together the apparent elimination of mucoid bacteria from biofilms was achieved, whereas the mucoid bacteria in most control biofilms treated only with gentamicin persisted. Ceftazidime treatment of biofilms was more effective against those containing the non‐mucoid strains than those with mucoid strains. These studies support the view that co‐administration of antibiotics with alginate lyase, which degrades the exopolysaccharide produced by mucoid strains of P aeruginosa, might benefit CF patients by increasing the efficacy of antibiotic in the respiratory tract.
Prevalence, susceptibility profile and proteinase production of yeasts causing vulvovaginitis in Turkish women
Authors: OZCAN SEMA KECELI , BUDAK FATMA , YUCESOY GULSEREN , SUSEVER SERDAR , WILLKE AYSE
Published: March 2006

In this study the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), antifungal susceptibility and proteinase production of isolated Candida species were investigated. Vaginal swabs were collected from symptomatic women with vulvovaginitis attending the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of Kocaeli University, Turkey. The relation between risk factors, such as pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, antibiotic and corticosteroid use, history of sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptive methods, was recorded. Candida spp. were identified by conventional methods, then evaluated for proteinase secretion in a medium containing casein. Antifungal susceptibility was determined according to the NCCLS microdilution method. The prevalence of women with vulvovaginitis was 35.7% (170/6080) and 16% (28/170) of them were diagnosed as VVC. Candida albicans was the dominant species: 21 (75%), followed by 4 C. glabrata (14%), 2 C. tropicalis (7%), and one C. krusei (3.5%). All isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B, except one C. krusei, one C. glabrata and one C. albicans that were resistant to fluconazole. Proteinase production was determined in 19 (90.5%) C. albicans and in all C. tropicalis isolates. Proteinase activity was not associated with antifungal resistance. No association was found between risk factors and VVC.
Veterinary and medical aspects of abortion in Danish sheep
Authors: AGERHOLM JØRGEN S. , AALBÆK BENT , FOG‐LARSEN ANNE MARIE , BOYE METTE , HOLM ELISABETH , JENSEN TIM K. , LINDHARDT TINA , LARSEN LARS E. , BUXTON DAVID
Published: March 2006

The Danish sheep population totals around 144,000 animals, but little is known of the causes and prevalance of diseases. This study focuses on the causes of abortion in Danish sheep. During one breeding season, aborted foetuses and stillbirths with signs of intrauterine death or malformation were submitted for laboratory examination from a population of 3,758 breeding ewes. Samples from 24 incidents of abortion and 21 ewes delivering malformed lambs or lambs with ante partum decomposition were submitted. A specific aetiology was established in 66.7% and 14.3% of the cases, respectively. Bacterial pathogens were the most prevalent cause of abortion. Several of the abortifacients were zoonotic microorganisms, for example Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii. The identified microorganisms probably represent the most common causes of abortion in Danish sheep but occurrence in Denmark of other pathogens such as Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydophila abortus cannot be excluded. Due to the high prevalence of zoonotic microorganisms, precautions must be taken in handling abortions or assisting lambing, especially for pregnant women.
Progressive nodular histiocytosis – rare variant of cutaneous non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Lüftl Matthias , Seybold Heidi , Simon Miklós , Burgdorf Walter
Published: March 2006

Progressive nodular histiocytosis is an extremely rare skin disease is clinically characterized by the coincidence of two distinct lesions, namely, superficial xanthomatous papules up to 5 mm and deep nodules and tumors 1–3 cm. Histologically the nodules represent spindle cell xanthogranulomas. We report a 24‐year‐old women with these findings. The distinction from other non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses, in particular multiple juvenile xanthogranulomas, which may be more likely to show spontaneous remission, is somewhat unclear; patients with progressive nodular histiocytosis usually follow a serious and disfiguring clinical course.
Intraoperative labeling of sentinel lymph nodes with a combination of vital dye and radionuclide tracer – results in sentinel lymph node‐positive patients
Authors: Pfützner Wolfgang , Kunte Christian , Weiss Mayo , Flaig Michael I. , Konz Birger
Published: March 2006

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy enhances the accuracy of tumor staging in patients with malignant melanoma and can help select candidates for regional lymphadenectomy. There are two techniques for identifying the sentinel lymph node: intradermal injection of a radionuclide tracer or of a blue dye. We evaluated both methods to determine how they can be best utilized to locate a sentinel lymph node.

Patients and methods: In a retrospective study, 323 patients with melanoma (tumor thickness ≥ 0.75 mm) who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy after both radionuclide and blue dye injection were evaluated. The labeling of lymph nodes showing micrometastasis by histopathological examination was determined.

Results: 63 patients showed sentinel lymph nodes with micrometastasis. All of these nodes (100 %) were labeled with radionuclide tracer, but only 90 % with blue dye. In 5 patients, only radionuclide labeling identified the histopathologically‐positive lymph node. In 36 patients, several sentinel lymph nodes were identified, with the histopathologically‐positive nodes usually showing a higher radioactive signal intensity than the negative ones.

Conclusion: Since in some patients histopathologically‐positive lymph nodes are only labeled by radionuclide tracer, radionuclide labeling is indispensable for locating sentinel lymph nodes. In contrast, labeling with blue dye represents a supplementary method, which can simplify the recognition of the sentinel lymph node during surgery.
Umbilical endometriosis
Authors: Krumbholz Andi , Frank Undine , Norgauer Johannes , Ziemer Mirjana
Published: March 2006

A 40‐year‐old woman with a history of a growing erythematous nodule in the umbilicus was diagnosed histopathologically with endometriosis. This umbilical endometriosis occurred spontaneously without any previous surgical procedures. The lesion was partially removed surgically; she then entered menopause with a spontaneous involution of the residuum during the following months so that further invention was not required. Umbilical endometriosis is very rare with an estimated incidence of 0.5 to 1% of all patients with endometrial ectopia. As the clinical appearance of umbilical endometriosis may share features with a variety of other disorders, we discuss the clinical picture and differential diagnostic considerations in detail.
Relativistic force-free electrodynamic simulations of neutron star magnetospheres
Authors: McKinney Jonathan C.
Published: March 2006

The luminosity and structure of neutron star magnetospheres are crucial to our understanding of pulsar and plerion emission. A solution found using the force-free approximation would be an interesting standard with which any model with more physics could be compared. Prior quasi-analytic force-free solutions may not be stable, while prior time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic models used unphysical model parameters. We use a time-dependent relativistic force-free electrodynamics code with no free parameters to find a unique stationary solution for the axisymmetric rotating pulsar magnetosphere in a Minkowski space–time in the case of no surface currents on the star. The solution is similar to the force-free quasi-analytic solution found in 1999 by Contopoulos, Kazanas & Fendt and the numerical magnetohydrodynamic solution found in 2006 by Komissarov. The magnetosphere structure and the usefulness of the classical y-point in the general dissipative regime are discussed. The pulsar luminosity is found to be L≈ 0.99 ± 0.01 μ2Ω4★/c3 for a dipole moment μ and stellar angular frequency Ω★.
QPOs during magnetar flares are not driven by mechanical normal modes of the crust
Authors: Levin Yuri
Published: March 2006

QPOs have been observed during three powerful magnetar flares, from SGR 0526−66, SGR 1806−20 and SGR 1900+14. These QPOs have been commonly interpreted as being driven by the mechanical modes of the magnetar's solid crust which are excited during the flare. Here we show that this interpretation is in sharp contradiction with the conventional magnetar model. Firstly, we show that a magnetar crustal mode decays on the time-scale of at most 1 s due to the emission of Alfvén waves into the neutron star interior. A possible modification is then to assume that the QPOs are associated with the magnetars' global modes. However, we argue that at the frequencies of the observed QPOs, the neutron star core is likely to support a continuum of magnetohydrodynamic normal modes. We demonstrate this on a completely solvable toy model which captures the essential physics of the system. We then show that the frequency of the global mode of the whole star is likely to have a significant imaginary component, and its amplitude is likely to decay on a short time-scale. This is not observed. Thus we conclude that either (i) the origin of the QPO is in the magnetar's magnetosphere, or (ii) the magnetic field has a special configuration: either it is expelled from the magenta's core prior to the flares, or its poloidal component has very small coherence length.
THE TRANSSEXUAL IN SOCIETY
Authors: Matto Michele S.
Published: March 2006

Because transsexuals possess bodies that their minds cannot accept, they are trapped between society's demand to conform to the anatomical self thrust on them by birth and their own desire to conform to a different interior self, Although the transsexual dresses and behaves as a member of the morphologically opposite sex, this is neither a case of transvestism nor homosexualiy. Psyahologically. the transsexual is a female within a male body, or a male within a female body. In the past these distinctions were virtually ignored by the medical world. Recently, however, attempts have been made, particularly at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, to determine precisely what constitutes transsexualism and to treat surgically those suffering from it. As important as the need to identify and heat the problem itself is the need to combat the emotionalism and prejudice surrounding the subject, which hamper serious research [Green and Money, 1969: Inside cover notes].
THE STATUS OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: BALL JOHN C.
Published: March 2006

There is a general absence of criminological research within the federal government. Three reasons are advanced to this neglect: (1) criminol ogy is generally considered to be a developing and untried discipline; (2) the legal profession is viewed as encompassing the study of criminal behavior; and (3) the scientific investigation of deviant behavior is perceived as threatening to basic values of society. Following considera tion of impediments to the development of criminology, future prospects and directions for our discipline are discussed.
THE FEDERAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM
Authors: CANNON MARK W.
Published: March 2006

Since Chief Justice Taft's highly activist tenure, many people have looked to the Supreme Court for leadership in efforts to modernize federal judicial administration. This article reviews the role of the Chief Justice of the United States in federal judicial administration. as well as organizational and procedural improvements in court management at all three tiers of the federal court system, as seen by one trained in public administration Although improvement is apparent. other needed steps include less emphasis on the number of judgeships and more careful long‐range planning and experimentation with new techniques
HIERARCHICAL MANAGEMENT MONITORING: A Regional Data Collection System in Delinquency
Authors: CARTWRIGHT DESMONDS. , HUNTER ROBERT M. , HOWARD KATHERINE , HUIZINGA DAVID
Published: March 2006

We describe a systematic way of collecting and organizing information on juvenile delinquency. Monthly data are collected from agencies such as police, courts, and corrections, by county and city. These data are aggregated into figures for different levels of administrative responsibility (such as counties, districts, areas, states, and region as a whole). Trends in monthly values are automatically detected, and sudden changes in rates are signaled. Agencies at each administrative level receive appropriate feedback of data on rates, trends, and signals.
PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES IN GAINING RESEARCH ACCESS IN POLICE ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: FOX JAMES C. , LUNDMAN RICHARD J.
Published: March 2006

“Access” is conceived of as involving passage through two gates: one manned by the top‐level authority figures of the organization, and the other by the proposed subjects of one's study. Within this framework, informal contacts, contingent acceptance at successive organizational levels, and self‐selection are identified and discussed as the factors most central to an understanding of our successful access into three police organizations and our failures to gain access to two police organizations.
PATTERNS OF REPORTING NONCRIMINAL INCIDENTS TO THE POLICE
Authors: MEYER JOHN C.
Published: March 2006

Abstracts

Reasons for citizen reporting to the police have not been systematically studied. This paper presents the results of an inquiry into the patterns of reporting noncriminal incidents. These events far outnumber crimes reported to the police in most jurisdictions and present unique opportunities for research. Four reporting patterns are presented and discussed: maintaining social boundaries: relieving unpleasant situations; counter‐reporting; and correcting hazardous situations. The consequences of these patterns for policing and criminology are outlined in terms of citizens defining the most probable outcomes of situations.
SUTHERLAND'S PROFESSIONAL THIEF
Authors: VASOLI ROBERTH , TERZOLA DENNIS A.
Published: March 2006

By virtue of its influence on differential association theory, on the study of criminal behavior systems, and its sheer longevity, The Professional Thief ranks among criminology's “classics” Although some uncertainty surrounds the authorship of the book's first eight chapters, sposedly written by thief Chic Conwell, the “Introduc tion,” the last two chapters, and all the annotated footnotes are clearly the work of Edwin H. Sutherland. Purportedly, the extensive annotations supplement and validate Conwell's description of professional theft. Content analysis shows them to be more reiterative than supplement at thus narrowing the book's representation of professional theft.
CRIME AND THE POLICE A Multivariate Analysis
Authors: WELLFORD CHARLES R.
Published: March 2006

In an effort to assess the correlates of the variations in the rate of crime aggregated at a city level, data are analyzed using multiple correlation analysis that includes indicators of socioeconomic and social control (police) characteristics of the cities The results indicate that the rate of police and money budgeted to police contributes little to the explained variation in rates of crime. In addition, these indicators of social control variations do not correlate with variations in clearance rates The data are interpreted in terms of their implications for public policy, evaluation of police, and deterrence theory.
THE OPERATIONAL USE OF AN EXPERIENCE TABLE
Authors: HOFFMAN PETER B. , GOTTFREDSON DON M. , WILKINS LESLIE T. , PASELA GUY E.
Published: March 2006

One objective of the Parole Decision‐Making project was the develop ment of experience tables for operational use by the U.S. Board of Parole to aid in individual case deckion‐making. This report describes the interaction of parole board members and project staff in the development of an experience table acceptablc to the parole board for operational use. In addition, it describes the development of a research design to test the impact of the presentation of the experience table upon paroling decisions, the implementation of this design, and the initiol evaluation of results.
CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING WITH JUVENILE OFFENDERS
Authors: FITZGERALD THOMAS J.
Published: March 2006

This study was designed to test whether or not juvenile subjects who were on probation and were under a court order to pay fines would show an increased rate of work when positive contingencies of reinforcement were used in the form of contingency contracts.
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH AND MARIJUANA SMOKING A Successful Approach
Authors: LUCAS WAYNE L. , GRUPP STANLEY E. , SCHMITT RAYMOND L.
Published: March 2006

This paper reports on specific methods that were used in a longitudinal study in which 94% of the subjects cooperated at the time or at recontact after a two‐year interval. The probable factors responsible for this success are described, including details regarding the preparation prior to the study, approaching the subject, establishing rapport at initial contact, and the maintenance of rapport throughout the study. It is hoped this description will encourage others to provide similar reports on their methods and be helpful to those pursuing comparable research.
SELF‐ESTEEM AND PAROLE ADJUSTMENT
Authors: BENNETT LAWRENCE A.
Published: March 2006

Abrtract

Self‐esteem and parole adjustment is examined in this study. Earlier studies reported on the development of an instrument to measure self‐esteem in a reliable manner. Changes in self‐esteem as a result of incarceration and other experiences have been examined. However, no studies of the relationship between the self‐esteem of prison inmates and their post‐institutional adjustment have been reported. The findings of this study, based on measured self‐esteem of 142 inmates just prior to release, suggest a small but statistically significant positive correlation (R = .25) between pre‐release self‐esteem and parole adjustment. Further areas of study are suggested.