bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roadmap for Optimization
Authors: Said Yasmin , Wegman Edward
Published: July 2009

This article, first published online on July 13, 2009 in Wiley Online Library (http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been revised at the request of the Editors‐in‐Chief and the Publisher. References and links have been added to aid the reader interested in following up on any technique. Please follow the link to the Supporting Information to view the original version of this article.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wics.16/suppinfo

This article is intended as a broad overview of optimization. While often considered as a subset of operations research, optimization is a central concept for statistical theory, e.g., maximum likelihood, least squares, minimum entropy, minimum loss and risk, and so on. As data set sizes become larger, the computational framework of optimization becomes more important. In this article we cover mathematical programming, linear programming, dynamic programming, calculus of variations, and metaheuristic methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Least Squares

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Convex Optimization

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Linear Programming

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Dynamic Programming

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Quadratic and Nonlinear Programming

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computing

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Simulated Annealing

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Maximum Likelihood Methods
Antithetic variates
Authors: Gentle James E.
Published: July 2009

Antithetic variates are used to reduce the experimental error in Monte Carlo experiments. Monte Carlo experiments use random numbers as the fundamental experimental units. The basic idea in antithetic variates is to introduce experimental units that are negatively correlated with other experimental units. The variance of the mean of two such units is the mean of their individual variances plus their negative covariance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Random Number Generation
ATP‐loaded liposomes for treatment of myocardial ischemia
Authors: Hartner William C. , Verma Daya D. , Levchenko Tatyana S. , Bernstein Eugene A. , Torchilin Vladimir P.
Published: July 2009

A major obstacle to drug therapy for treatment of potential myocardial infarction is the limited access to the ischemic myocardium by drugs in an active form. Encouraging results have been reported with liposomes loaded with ATP in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models. We describe methods for optimized encapsulation of ATP in liposomes, enhancement of their effectiveness by increasing circulation time, and targeting of injured myocardial cells with surface attached antimyosin. In isolated ischemic rat hearts, ATP‐loaded liposomes and ATP‐loaded immunoliposomes effectively protected myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion damage as measured by systolic and diastolic functional improvements. In vivo, in rabbits with induced localized myocardial ischemia, liposomal encapsulation of ATP significantly diminished the proportion of ventricular muscle at risk that was irreversibly damaged during reperfusion. Therefore, ATP encapsulated in liposomes can provide an effective exogenous source for in vivo application which can protect ischemically damaged hearts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease
Analysis of Iranian postage stamps belonging to the Qajar dynasty (18th–20th century's) by micro‐PIXE
Authors: Oliaiy P. , Agha‐Aligol D. , Shokouhi F. , Lamehi‐Rachti M.
Published: July 2009

Eighteen historical Iranian postage stamps belonging to the Qajar dynasty were analyzed by micro‐particle induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) and complementary techniques using Van de Graaff accelerator in the Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the elemental composition of different papers and inks of Iranian stamps printed in the Netherlands, Austria, France and Iran. The results obtained in this work show differences between elemental composition of stamps printed in different places and indicate that micro‐PIXE is a suitable technique for this kind of analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray Structure of the Isodiazomethane Complex Cr(CO)5C≡N‐NH2and [3+2]‐Cycloadditions to the Metallo‐Nitrile‐Imine [Cr(CO)5C≡N‐NH]–[1]
Authors: Fehlhammer Wolf Peter , Schoder Friedrich , Weinberger Bernd , Stolzenberg Heribert , Beck Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

The structure of [Cr(CO)5CNNH2] (1a) containing Eugen Müller’s “isodiazomethane” as a ligand has been determined by X‐ray diffraction. In its deprotonated form1aacts as a 1,3‐dipole of the (metallo) nitrile imine type, i.e., undergoes [3+2]‐cycloaddition reactions with acetylenes (MeO2CC≡CCO2Me), trifluoroacetonitrile,carbon disulfide and isocyanate (PhNCO). The new 16‐electron ligand [C≡N–NH]–is isoelectronic with isocyanomethanide [C≡N–CH2]–and the fulminate anion [C≡N–O]–. Further relations and derivations within these classes of compounds are discussed.
Effect of tannic acid on iron absorption in straw‐colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum)
Authors: Lavin Shana R. , Chen Zhensheng , Abrams Steven A.
Published: July 2009

Excessive absorption and subsequent storage of dietary iron has been found in a variety of captively held birds and mammals, including fruit bats. It is thought that feeding a diet that is low in iron can prevent the onset of this disease; however, manufacturing a diet with commonly available foodstuffs that contains a sufficiently low iron concentration is difficult. An alternative is to feed captive animals that may be susceptible to this disease potential iron chelators such as tannins that may bind to iron and block its absorption. Using stable isotope methods established in humans, we measured iron bioavailability in straw‐colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) and tested whether tannic acid significantly reduced the extent of iron absorption. Regardless of dose, tannic acid significantly reduced iron absorption (by 40%) and in the absence of tannic acid, iron absorption was extensive in this species (up to 30%), more so than in humans. Species susceptible to iron storage disease may efficiently absorb iron in the gut regardless of iron status, and supplementing these species with tannic acid in captivity may provide an alternative or additional means of preventing the development of this disease. Zoo Biol 29:335–343, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stabilized Infective Endocarditis and Altered Heparin Responsiveness During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Na Sungwon , Shim Jae Kwang , Chun Duk‐Hee , Kim Dae Hee , Hong Seong Wook , Kwak Young‐Lan
Published: July 2009

Background

Although active infective endocarditis (IE) is known as a risk factor for decreased heparin responsiveness during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), evidence is lacking in patients with stabilized IE. We investigated whether heparin responsiveness was still altered in stabilized IE patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a prospective, controlled trial.

Methods

A total of 16 patients with stabilized IE without signs of active inflammation (IE group) and 48 patients without systemic infection (control group) undergoing valve surgery were included. Heparin responsiveness was assessed using the heparin sensitivity index (HSI), whereas heparin resistance was defined as an activated clotting time (ACT) occurring less than 400 s after the initial heparinization.

Results

Preoperative antithrombin III activity was lower and fibrinogen level was higher in the IE group. ACT after initial heparinization was shorter in the IE group. The HSI was lower and the number of patients with HSI <1.0 was greater in the IE group. Heparin resistance occurred more frequently in the IE group.

Conclusions

Heparin responsiveness during CPB was significantly reduced in the IE group, and it seems to be associated with preoperative hypercoagulability and reduced antithrombin III activity. Therapeutic measures such as the administration of antithrombin III concentrate should be considered in these patients even when they are in a stabilized condition without active inflammation.
Epidemiology of Injuries at a Tertiary Care Center in Malawi
Authors: Samuel Jonathan C. , Akinkuotu Adesola , Villaveces Andres , Charles Anthony G. , Lee Clara N. , Hoffman Irving F. , Miller William C. , Baloyi Paul , Hoffman Mariah , Brown Lillian B. , Muyco Arturo P.
Published: July 2009

Background

Injury surveillance is an ongoing process required for primary, secondary, and tertiary injury prevention. In Malawi, hospital‐based injury data are not available.

Methods

From February to June 2008 we collected data on injured patients presenting to Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. The sample (n = 1,474) was predominantly male (75.7%), and age distribution was bimodal (peak age groups <5 years and 26–30 years). Road‐traffic injury (RTI) was the most common reason for treatment (43.4%), followed by assault (24.0%), which was more common than expected. The most common injuries were lacerations, contusions, and abrasions. We observed both gender‐ and age‐specific patterns in injury mechanism: Injured females were more likely than injured males to have suffered an injury as a passenger in a car or on a bicycle, or to have suffered from falls, foreign bodies, and burns; injured males were more likely than injured females to have suffered an injury as an automobile driver or bicyclist, or from an assault. Falls, burns, and foreign bodies affected younger victims, whereas bicyclists, automobile drivers, and motorcycle operators were generally older persons.

Results

The hospital admission rate was 26.8%. Most patients arrived by private vehicle (43.8%), which was also the fastest means of transportation. There were 25 mass casualties leading to 102 admissions; all but one were due to RTIs, and seven were associated with at least one fatality.

Conclusions

This study elucidated injury epidemiology in Malawi and identified questions for future research. Other developing countries should conduct such prospective data collection to identify region‐specific injury patterns and to promote injury prevention.
Technical Standardization of Laparoscopic Herniorraphy in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Esposito Ciro , Montinaro Leonardo , Alicchio Francesca , Scermino Silvia , Basile Angela , Armenise Tommaso , Settimi Alessandro
Published: July 2009

Background

Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair is rarely reported in pediatric patients. We report our experience on this topic to show the standardization of the technique.

Methods

In a 3‐year period we operated 315 patients for unilateral inguinal hernia using laparoscopy. Fifty of the 315 patients (15.9 %) were younger than 1 year old. The age ranged from 1 month to 8 years (median 3.2) with a median body weight of 14.3 kg. We always used three trocars, and we used the modified laparoscopic herniorraphy according to Montupet. After sectioning the sac distally to the ring, the periorificial peritoneum was closed with a purse‐string suture of nonresorbable suture material.

Results

The operating time averaged 25 min. All the procedures were performed in a day‐hospital setting. In 123/315 patients (39 %), at operation we found a contralateral patency of the processus vaginalis. In these 123 cases we performed a bilateral herniorraphy. In one girl (0.3 %) we found a coexistence of oblique external hernia and a direct hernia, and both orifices were sutured in laparoscopy. We recorded only 1 minor complication: a problem with needle extraction. With a minimum follow‐up of 1 year, there were 2 recurrences (0.6 %).

Conclusions

We believe that laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia in expert hands is a safe and effective procedure. It makes it possible to repair all forms of inguinal hernia simultaneously, together with contralateral patencies, which has cemented its role as an alternative to conventional repair.
Survival estimation in a long‐lived monitor lizard: radio‐tracking of Varanus mertensi
Authors: Smith James G. , Griffiths Anthony D. , Brook Barry W.
Published: July 2009

The population dynamics of varanids (large monitor lizards) is poorly understood. We report on the most detailed study to date of a population of one of Australia's largest semi‐aquatic varanids, Varanus mertensi. Survival of V. mertensi was derived from known‐fate modelling of radio‐tracked individuals over two and a half years. We demonstrate empirically what intuition suggests; that apparent survival probability in long‐lived lizards is high over short sampling periods, with body size and gender influencing these estimates. Survival estimation in long‐lived species such as varanids clearly requires long‐term studies.
Percutaneous CT-Guided Treatment of Lumbar Facet Joint Synovial Cysts
Authors: Chang Anthony
Published: July 2009

Symptomatic intraspinal lumbar facet joint synovial cysts can be managed both conservatively and surgically. Diagnosis of the lumbar facet joint cyst is made through cross-sectional imaging of the spine, either by computerized tomography (CT) scan, myelography, or most commonly magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative treatment by facet joint injection can be performed under fluoroscopic or CT guidance, although only CT guidance provides direct visualization of the cyst confirming accurate needle placement. This case report illustrates the use of percutaneous CT-guided facet joint cyst treatment as a temporizing measure or alternative to surgical treatment in the proper clinical scenario.
Value transmissions between parents and children: Gender and developmental phase as transmission belts
Authors: Roest Annette M.C. , Dubas Judith Semon , Gerris Jan R.M.
Published: July 2009

This study applied the gender role model of socialization theory, the developmental aging theory, and the topic salience perspective to the investigation of parent–child value transmissions. Specifically, we examined whether the bi‐directionality and selectivity of value transmissions differed as a function of parents' and children's gender and children's developmental phase (adolescence versus emerging adulthood). Transmissions between parents and children from 402 Dutch families on the topics of work as duty and hedonism were studied across a 5‐year period using structural equation modeling. As expected, we did not find convincing support for the general models of gender socialization and developmental aging. Instead, parent–child value transmissions appeared to be qualified by value salience. Particularly, high salience of work as duty for fathers was related with great paternal involvement in transmissions on this value orientation and high salience of hedonism for sons and adolescents was linked to transmissions from these groups to parents.
Methods for Detecting Sporozoits and Zygotes in Mosquitos infected with Malaria
Authors: Stephens J. W. W.
Published: July 2009

Select a village or any small collection of native huts where you know, either from a blood examination or from spleen palpation, that the children are infected with malaria.
A new Mosquito from Uganda
Authors: Carter H. F.
Published: July 2009

Head black with pale scales; palpi black; proboscis black. Thorax and scutellum purplish brown. Abdomen black, with curved apical bands on the second, third, fourth and fifth segments and with lateral apical spots on the fifth, sixth and seventh segments. Legs black, unbanded.
Diary notes on the Tsetse-flies observed during a journey down the Rovuma River, Portuguese East Africa
Authors: Barrett H. T.
Published: July 2009

August 17th, 1910. Between Lupitanguo Pool and Namiwawa (1).* Bright day; steady easterly breeze; fly scarce, though present throughout journey; more plentiful by pools in shade. Country thickly wooded. Water plentiful. Buffalo country.
A new Fly of the genus Agromyza from Egypt
Authors: Collin James E.
Published: July 2009

Belonging to the reptans group; thorax dark dove-grey with a faint greenish tinge; abdomen dark green, shining; legs entirely black; wings hyaline, iridescent, with pale veins, squama whitish with white fringes, halteres pale yellow with a darkened stem.
Observations on African Scale Insects (Coccidæ)
Authors: Newstead Robert
Published: July 2009

The insects referred to in this paper were collected in various parts of Africa: those from Egypt by Mr. F. C. Willcocks, Entomologist to the Khedivial Agricultural Society, Cairo; those from Uganda by Mr. C. C. Gowdey, the Government Entomologist; and the remainder by Mr. S. A. Neave. The collections comprise several species which are known to be destructive to cultivated crops and fruits in various parts of the world; and others, judging by their numbers, must at least be considered of potential economic importance. Out of the total of 32 species, ten are new to science, and the lac-producing Tachardia decorella, Maskell, has not hitherto been recorded from Africa
On a new genus of Psyllidæ from Nyasaland
Authors: Newstead Robert
Published: July 2009

The remarkable insect herein described belongs to the family Psyllidæ, of which relatively few species have hitherto been recorded from Africa. The pupa? (and possibly also the larvas) cover themselves with dense masses of white flocculent or wool-like wax, the separate strands of which are sometimes over one inch in length. These flocculent coverings are arranged together in large patches on both the leaves and stems of the food-plant so that they are thereby rendered most conspicuous. The habit of secreting coverings of white wax is common to many members of this family of the Homoptera; but the great length to which it attains in this species is quite exceptional and noteworthy.
Notes on the habits of Blood-sucking Flies observed in Dowa District, Nyasaland
Authors: Sanderson Meredith
Published: July 2009

This species is not common. It is found mostly in native gardens or in gardens now fallow, preferring maize or long grass. It differs from other species in that it does not bite quickly, but “settles” itself first, as though to get a comfortable position for the legs, etc.; also in that it bites with its wings extended. H. vittata is very quick on the wing and is difficult to capture. It seems more prevalent on dull days, and was not found till the rains had well set in and the herbage was some feet high.
Results obtained from a monthly examination of the native domestic water-receptacles at Lagos, Southern Nigeria, in 1910–1911
Authors: Graham W. M.
Published: July 2009

Last year an attempt was made to collect the mosquito larva; breeding in the vicinity of the Institute at Yaba, near Lagos, and to identify them with their imagines. This year it was decided to conduct a similar investigation in the township of Lagos itself. My attention had been directed to the importance of the subject by the occurrence of an outbreak of Yellow Fever in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast; and further, I had been requested to suggest a set of instructions such as would enable the native Sanitary Inspectors in Lagos to identify the larva of Stegomyia fasciata.
A Fish that preys on mosquito larvæ in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Graham W. M.
Published: July 2009

During a seach for mosquito larvae at Yaba, near Lagos, my attention was drawn to their complete absence from a swamp about a mile from the Medical Research Institute. The pools in the swamp appeared to be well suited for the growth of mosquito larvae, and I caught female mosquitos full of eggs in the adjoining fringe of bush. The absence of larvae was therefore evidently not due to any lack of fertile female mosquitos. An examination of the pools showed that they all contained small, active, surface-feeding fish,* belonging to the family Cyprinodontidæ, and it seemed probable that it was by their agency that the pools were kept free from larvae.
Notes on the Blood-sucking Flies of Oshogbo and Ilesha Districts, Southern Nigeria
Authors: Mayer T. F. G.
Published: July 2009

The Oshogbo and Ilesha districts of Southern Nigeria are contiguous and are situated in the north-east corner of the Western Province. They are bounded on the north and east by Northern Nigeria, on the west by the Oyo district, and on the south by the Ibadan and Ondo districts of the Western Province, and by a small part of the Central Province.
Notes on the preliminary stages of Glossina Morsitans, Westw
Authors: Kinghorn Allan
Published: July 2009

Seeing that Glossina morsitans, the typical “tsetse” fly of writers on South Africa, has been well known for perhaps a longer period than any other member of the genus, it is a matter for great surprise that much of its life history is yet entirely unknown. A large mass of literature, dealing with its general habits, is extant, but the breeding habits and the larva have not been described. It is noteworthy that only last year a single specimen of the puparium was discovered for the first time, and when the wide distribution, the great plentitude, and the economic importance of the fly are considered, this becomes all the more remarkable.
Entomological Research in British West Africa. II. Northern Nigeria
Authors: Simpson Jas. J.
Published: July 2009

The following report on recent entomological investigations in Northern Nigeria is based on a short tour made by the writer, from the 11th of August, 1910, to the 21st of January, 1911. But incorporated with my own observations are numerous records made by several medical officers and other officials in the Protectorate. The present work deals exclusively with the blood-sucking insects and other arthropods which are, or may be, implicated in the transmission of disease in West Africa, and is therefore an extension of my previous report on the same subject in relation to the Gambia.
On a new genus and species of Clinocoridae (Cimicidae) from Uganda
Authors: Rothschild N. Charles
Published: July 2009

Reflexed margin of pronotum very narrow. Scutellum transversely oblong, produced into a small point in the centre of the hind margin. Elytra transverse, widest towards the suture. Tibia with a pseudo-joint at about four-fifths.
Notes on the Occurrence and Habits of Glossina Fuscipes in Uganda
Authors: McConnell Robert E.
Published: July 2009

When I assumed duty in the Nile Province of the Uganda Protectorate, it was known to me that Dr. Shircore had taken a tsetse-fly near Nimule, which he considered to be nearly allied to, but distinct from, G. palpalis. I had been asked to take an early opportunity of examining the haunt of these insects and capturing further specimens. On several occasions I therefore repaired to the site of Dr. Shircore's find, and along some two miles of the bank succeeded in taking a large number of Glossina. These did not appear to differ in any noticeable degree from those one had seen on Lake Victoria, or on the smaller rivers of this Province, and as Dr. Shircore had reported that he had frequently seen the fly in question with the larger palpalis, especially near Nimule, I came to the conclusion that I had been very unfortunate in not taking a single specimen.
Notes on the Mosquitos Observed at Bole, Northern Territories, Gold Coast
Authors: Ingram A.
Published: July 2009

Bole is a small town situated just north of the 9th parallel N. lat. and about 15 miles from the Black Volta, which forms the western boundary of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast.
Observations on the occurrence of Glossina in the Mongalla Province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: King Harold H.
Published: July 2009

The following is a report on the distribution of the tsetse-flies, Glossina palpalis, R. D., and G. morsitans, Westw., in the Lado District, through which I travelled during the first six months of 1911, together with some brief notes on their bionomics. My route and the localities in which the tsetse-flies were seen are shown approximately on the attached map, and owing to the impossibility of showing them accurately—most of the khors and villages over and through which I passed are not marked on the map—a route report is also appended. From December 30th, when I left Shambe, till March 8th, when I reached Meredi, I travelled in company with El Bimb. C. M. Drew, M.C., and from May 2nd, when I arrived at Kajo Kaji till July 2nd, when I reached Rejaf, I was with El Bimb. C. H. Stigand, Inspector of the Rejaf and southern portion of the Lado District, to whom I am indebted for much valuable assistance.
Notes on Glossina morsitans in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Lloyd Ll.
Published: July 2009

Roubaud has recently recorded (cf. Sleeping Sickn. Bull., I l l, p. 419) that in West Africa G. morsitans is intolerant of high temperatures, as he has found that specimens exposed to 40° C. (104° F.) died within an hour. This species is however adapted to withstand such a temperature in the Luangwa Valley; for during the hot months of October and November the shade thermometer frequently registers from 106° to 108° F., seemingly without any ill results to the tsetses.
Notes on African blood-sucking midges (Family Chironomidae, Sub-family Ceratopogoninae), with descriptions of new species
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The identity of Culicoides habereri, Becker, with C. grahamii, Austen, is conclusively established as the result of a comparison of the typical series of the former with the type and para-types of the latter, which are preserved in the British Museum (Natural History). For the opportunity of making this comparison and thus proving the synonymy given above, the present writer is indebted to Dr. Kurt Lampert, of the Königl. Naturaliensammlung, Stuttgart, where the original material of C. habereri is preserved; with the most obliging courtesy Dr. Lampert not only forwarded for comparison the typical series described by Becker, but also presented three para-types of C. habereri to our National Collection.
Notes on the haunts and habits of Glossina Tachinoides, near Geidam, Bornu Province, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Moiser Bernard
Published: July 2009

The following notes are presented in the simple form in which they were jotted down at the time, as it seems to me that this will be the best way to give a clear idea of what was observed.
Some Observations on the Bionomics and Breeding-Places of Anopheles in Saint Lucia, British West Indies
Authors: Nicholls Lucius
Published: July 2009

The following article has been written from notes of observations and experiments extending over nearly three years—April 1909 to December 1911. Its main object is an attempt to demonstrate that a true conception of the production of Auopheline mosquitos in a definite country or district can only be formed by a large amount of continual work throughout the seasons of the year. At the present time very numerous observations are still to be made before much generalising should be allowed concerning the breeding-grounds and bionomics of these insects.
Notes on the blood-sucking insects of Eastern Tropical Africa
Authors: Neave S. A.
Published: July 2009

Owing to the very limited time available during my stay in England, it has not seemed advisable to attempt any general account of so extensive a region as that covered by my recent journey through Tropical East Africa. This region extends practically from the Zambesi River to the Upper Nile, and is included in 12 degrees of longitude and no less than 22 parallels of latitude. It comprises all types of country from open plains to dense forests, and elevations from sealevel to 10,000 feet. This area includes, in addition to a large portion of the Eastern Tropical subregion, a small portion of the South African subregion and. in Uganda, of the Western Tropical subregion. The entomological study of so large an area involves a great variety of interesting questions and an even more bewildering diversity of insect life. The economic relations of these numerous species with man and his domestic animals present a large number of problems, in regard to many of which much additional evidence is required.
Revised Keys to the Known Larvae of African Culicinae
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

When, early in the present year, Dr. A. Ingram sent in to the Entomological Research Committee his collection of larvae and bred adults of culicinae from Bole, Northern Territories, Gold Coast, the writer decided to describe these as soon as possible, and the opportunity seemed favourable to include a thorough revision of the known larvae of the African culicinae. The results of this work are given in the following tables. The difficulties of classification might have been considerable, but for the valuable pioneer work of Messrs. Dyar and Knab* in America, and the present author is glad to express his indebtedness to these writers, and would like to add his testimony, if any were needed, to the soundness of their general classification. The paper by Wesché† in this journal is also very important, as it is the only one devoted to a study of the larvae of African culicidae. Figures of most of the species not illustrated here will be found in it.
Anoplura from African Hosts
Authors: Cummings Bruce F.
Published: July 2009

The following notes and descriptions are based on material received by the Entomological Research Committee, who have kindly presented the types of the new species to the National Collection.
On the Structure of the Buccal Cavity, Pharynx and Spermatheca in South American Phlebotomus
Authors: Theodor O.
Published: July 2009

Through the kindness of Prof. Mazza, Buenos Aires, Dr. P. A. Buxton, of the London School of Tropical Medicine, and Prof. Brumpt, Paris, I have had the opportunity of examining a collection of sandflies from South America. It appears that, as in the sandflies of the Old World, the structure of the buccal cavity and spermatheca, and to a smaller degree that of the pharynx, affords an easy mean of distinguishing the five species at my disposal.
The Biology ofErythroneura (Zygina) pallidifrons, Edwards
Authors: MacGill Elsie I.
Published: July 2009

The association between insects and virus diseases of plants and the suspicion which at present rests onJassidae, amongst others, may result in members of this family becoming of increased importance as potential vectors of virus diseases of crop plants. In America leaf-hoppers are already serious pests of cereals and of grape-vines, and in the cotton-growing area of Central and South Africa a Jassid forms one of the most important obstacles to the successful cultivation of this crop, so that in these countries a considerable amount of attention has been demanded by this group of insects. In this country, however, the leaf-hoppers have only been regarded as of minor importance, though in recent years increasing interest has been taken in certain species infesting potatoes and glasshouse crops. It was suggested to the writer that further knowledge of the biology of these insects was desirable, especially in view of the extreme importance of a nearly related species in many of the African cotton-growing areas, and it was accordingly decided to use the common species infesting glass-houses as a type for investigation with cotton as the food-plant.
Notes on two Locusts of minor economic Importance in the Sudan
Authors: Johnston H. B.
Published: July 2009

The so-called short-horned locusts are frequently, for convenience sake, regarded as comprising two classes: the true locusts (Arabic: Girad) and the short-horned grasshoppers (Arabic : Gabura). It is difficult, however, to find definitions of these classes by means of which every species may be correctly assigned to its true place. The swarming habits of the true locust are often cited as connoting this class only, involving, as these habits do, the periodical appearance of excessive numbers of both hoppers and adults. Moreover the true locust is gregarious, in that the hoppers move in bands from one place to another, and the adults fly in vast swarms often over long distances. The fact that the grasshoppers are solitary in habit and manifest mutual independence of action is often taken as their chief distinguishing character. There is no doubt that these features do partly separate these two classes of insects from each other, but there are certain species which appear to occupy a position intermediate between the two. One normally solitary may, in certain circumstances, multiply rapidly and give rise to hoppers, which in certain respects act like those true locusts. Moreover the winged adults may undertake short massed flights resembling the migrations of swarms. On the other hand the fact, now fully established, that most true gregarious locusts have their solitary forms, which never associate, places even them in this respect with the grasshoppers.
Notes on Dutch East Indian Mosquitos
Authors: Brug S. L
Published: July 2009

In the collections received during recent years by the Geneeskundig Laboratorium in Batavia there were some specimens that seemed to represent new species. Moreover by rearing isolated larvae the hitherto undescribed larval and pupal stages of some species have been studied. In this paper are also included figures of the hypopygia of some species, already described, but not yet figured by other authors.
The Reactions of the Desert Locust,Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.), (Orthoptera, Acrididae) to Physical Factors, with special Reference to Relative Humidity
Authors: Aziz S. A.
Published: July 2009

Reactions of 3-day-old first- and fourth-instar hoppers ofSchistocerca gregaria(Forsk.) of phasegregaria, to three physical factors, namely to relative humidity, temperature and light have been studied in an alternative chamber apparatus designed to give an enclosed space with gradients of humidity. The responses to each factor independent of the others, and to the interactions of these factors, were considered.

It was found that both the first- and the fourth-instar hoppers respond strongly to humidity. They are agitated by low, and even more by very high, humidities, but become more quiescent within a zone of 60–70 per cent. R.H., where they spend more time. Within this zone they hop and turn less and this decrease in activity appears to be a response which is independent of both temperature and of light intensity. This zone of decreased agitation has been called “the zone of minimum activity”. However, the speed of walking in contrast to the other types of activity, increased progressively with humidity.

Increase in light intensity raises the level of activity at all humidities,i.e., it increases the duration of activity within the limits of experimental time and the speed of walking. With rise in temperature there is an increase in hopping, in klinokinesis and orthokinesis.
A Calliphorid Host of Thyridanthrax abruptus (Lw.) in Nigeria (Diptera, Bombyliidae)
Authors: McDonald W. A.
Published: July 2009

The range of Thyridanthrax abruptus (Lw.), a widespread puparial parasite of Glossina morsitans Westw. in East Africa, is now extended to British West Africa where this species has been found parasitising a Calliphorid fly, Rhyncomyìa pìctìfacìes Big. Puparia of R. pictifacies were collected in the stream-bed sand of dry-season breeding sites of Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) and G. morsitans submorsitans Newst. at the following localities in Northern Nigeria: Gamagira, Zaria Province; Mando Road (25 miles NNW. of Kaduna), Zaria Province; Rahama, Bauchi Province. All were collected during January and February 1957. During February, eight adults of Thyridanthrax emerged from a total of 33 puparia of R. pictifacies found at Rahama.
A Study of the Age of Females of Simulium ornatum Mg. (Diptera) attracted to Cattle
Authors: Davies L.
Published: July 2009

Females of Simulium ornatum Mg. were found to contain abundant fat-body on emergence from the pupa. Unengorged individuals fed on sucrose solution in the laboratory at 16–18°C. and 22–23°C. showed depletion of the fat-body until little remained after 14 days. Females engorged on cattle in the field and kept in the laboratory at 16–18°C. became gravid in 4–5 days, when virtually no fat-body remained.
Individual and Group Marking Methods for Fly-population Studies
Authors: MacLeod John , Donnelly Joseph
Published: July 2009

Four different methods of marking insects are described in detail. Although they have been applied by the present authors only to the British Calliphorinae, they should be of value in ecological studies of mobile arthropods in general. These methods are: individual marking with paints, mass powdering with dyes, radioactive labelling with 32P, and a combination of the last two. A fifth method, in which the emerging fly labels itself with fluorescent dust, is briefly described. The circumstances affecting the choice of method are outlined.
The Effect of extreme Temperatures on different Stages ofAëdes aegypti(L.)
Authors: Bar-Zeev Micha
Published: July 2009

Earlier investigations of the effects of extreme temperatures on different stages ofAëdes aegypti(L.) were supplemented by studies of eggs, larvae and pupae in water, and of eggs and adult females in air at various relative humidities.

Larvae of the same stage, young pupae (defined as those less than half-an-hour old) and old pupae (at least 36 hours old), in groups of 100, 25 and 25, respectively, were kept for various periods at low temperatures in incubators, or, at high temperatures in glass cylinders closed at their lower ends by cloth filters and inserted into water baths, and then transferred to water at 28°C. and the mortality determined from the numbers surviving 24 hr. later (in the case of larvae) or becoming adult (in the case of pupae). Eggs in batches of 1,000 were similarly treated, except that periods of 24 hr. in water at 28°C. with yeast as food added were alternated with 24-hr. periods of drying, and mortality determined on the number that hatched and survived to the third or fourth stage. Adult females (four days old) were exposed in groups of 50 for various periods in jars over appropriate solutions giving a complete range of relative humidities and kept at low, medium and high temperatures. Eggs in batches of 1,000 were subjected to the same treatments. The adults were kept at 28°C. and 60 per cent. R.H. before treatment and for 24 hr. afterwards and mortality then determined. Mortality of eggs was determined after alternate 24-hr. periods of wetting and drying at 28°C., as in the case of eggs treated in water. The results of all the experiments were expressed as the exposure-times required to give 50 per cent. mortality (T50), calculated from the observed data.
Notes on theSimulium neaveiGroup of Simuliidae with particular Reference toS. nyasalandicumandS. woodi
Authors: McMahon J. P.
Published: July 2009

Simuliid larvae and pupae found in phoretic association with the fresh-water crab,Potamonautes niloticus(M.-Edw.) in Kenya rivers far from the haunts ofSimulium neaveiRoub. gave rise to adults which proved to beS. nyasalandicumDe Meillon, a member of theneaveigroup. Very similar larvae, and pupae that exhibited minor differences from those ofS. nyasalandicum, were found in the exhalant passages from the gill chamber of the crab. These yielded adults ofS. woodiDe Meillon, and no other species was found in this particular situation; nor were examples ofS. woodifound on the external surface of the crab. As many as three larvae were found in one passage and, in another crab, a fully grown larva and pupa caused complete obstruction of the passage on one side. Apart from the security enjoyed by the larva in the sheltered position, it is thought probable that the association is essentially a commensal one.
Quantitative Studies on Tyroglyphid Mite Populations
Authors: Melville Colin
Published: July 2009

The quantitative study of Tyroglyphid populations involves their separation from the food material, for which existing methods are not entirely satisfactory A new method is described which depends on chemical treatment to remove the bulk of the flour. It is made quantitative and independent of moisture-content variation by application of the lycopodium-spore method of Wallis. A techniqul for determining the numbers of hatched and unhatched eggs per unit weight of flour is described. It provides information on the rate of increase or decreas in the number of eggs (natality rate per unit time) and hence on the ability the species to survive in a particular environment. The egg distribution in an undisturbed culture of Tyroglyphus farinae (Deg.) is found to be uneven. The technique is applied to the study of a population of Thyreophagus entomophagus (Lab.) under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity and the results discussed.
Studies on the Responses of the female Aëdes Mosquito
Authors: Burgess L. , Brown A. W. A.
Published: July 2009

The responses of females of Aëdes aegypti (L.) to beef blood have been investigated. Paired comparisons were made of the numbers of mosquitos attracted to test and control materials.

Vapours emanating from the heparinised blood were found to be significantly more attractive than water vapour in an olfactometer. When the blood vapour was passed through an aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2 this attractiveness disappeared.

Exposure of heparinised blood on filter paper proved it to be two to four times as attractive as water or washed corpuscles suspended in saline. Plasma proved to be 4·7 times as attractive as water, indicating that the attraction of blood lies entirely in the plasma.

Treatment of blood with BaCl2 and a vacuum, thus rendering it incapable of evolving CO2, removed its attractiveness to mosquitos. Treatment with vacuum alone, which may be expected to remove the volatile substances, did not completely remove the attractiveness; nor did the treatment with BaCl2 alone, which removes the bicarbonates in the blood.

The attractiveness of blood was completely removed by desiccation and was not returned by remoistening. No attractive substance was isolated in an ether extract of blood.

When CO2-freed blood was treated with gaseous CO2 its attractiveness was significantly increased. When the treatment was such as to restore the normal CO2-producing capacity, the attractiveness was one-half that of whole blood. The attractiveness of whole blood was not increased by adding excess CO2.

It is concluded that the CO2 in beef blood is a definite element in its attractiveness, though probably not the most important one.
The Distribution of the Storage Species of Cryptolestes (Col., Cucujidae)
Authors: Howe R. W. , Lefkovitch L. P.
Published: July 2009

The present world distribution of six species of Cryptolestes found in stored produce is delineated from the evidence of specimens collected from a small number of countries and from specimens collected from produce examined in ships at British ports.

It is concluded that C. ferrugineus (Steph.) is worldwide, being found in temperate and tropical areas and in humid and dry zones. The range of C. minutus (Ol.) is limited by low temperature and low humidity but it is more abundant than C. ferrugineus in the wet tropics. C. pusilloides (Steel & Howe) is at present confined to the southern hemisphere but may be spreading slowly. It seems unlikely that this species entered stored products handled by the shipping trade much before 1944. C. turcicus (Grouv.) has been identified from Europe, North and tropical Africa, Turkey, North America, Uruguay and Argentina, and C. spartii (Curt.) only from Europe, North Africa and Turkey. C. ugandae Steel & Howe is rare, being found only from Uganda, Nigeria and Ghana.
The Effect of Current Speed on the Distribution of the Larvae of the Blackflies, Simulium variegatum (Mg.) and Simulium monticola Fried. (Diptera)
Authors: Phillipson J.
Published: July 2009

Field and laboratory studies on the water-velocity preferences of the larvae of Simulium monticola Fried, and S. variegatum (Mg.) show that both species occur in velocities of 0·5–2·5 m./sec. but aggregate in the velocity range 1·0–2·0 m./sec.

The velocity range that the larvae of different species of Simulium can withstand indicates that current speed plays an important part in governing the distribution of blackfly larvae, and perhaps isolating different species along watercourses.
Notes on the Laboratory Rearing and Biology of the Wheat Bulb Fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)
Authors: Bardner R. , Kenten Joyce
Published: July 2009

The laboratory rearing of all stages in the life-history of the Wheat Bulb Fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata, (Fall.), is described. The object of this work was to provide suitable material, in particular eggs and larvae, for insecticide experiments. Details of a container suitable for ovipositing adults are given. Several diets for the adults were compared and it was found that the greatest number of eggs was produced when the flies were fed on beef blood and a mixture of sweetened condensed milk and honey. Females were found to lay up to 244 eggs each; egg-laying commences 9–15 days after emergence and continues almost as long as the females live, but reaches a peak 3–5 weeks after emergence. Some females survived from late June until early November. In a small laboratory population, the average number of eggs laid by each female was 29·9 and mean length of life was 26·3 days for males and 41·6 days for females.

The eggs have a long obligatory diapause period. They have no effective water-proofing mechanism, but can recover from considerable temporary desiccation. A method of storage during diapause is described. The eggs normally hatch in late January or early February, but hatching can be delayed until much later in the year by storage below 0°C.

The effects of temperature on larval and pupal development are described. Larvae will grow at 20°C., but pupating larvae or young pupae are rendered sterile unless kept at temperatures of 15°C. or below. It is shown how a combination of delayed hatching and rapid larval and pupal development can produce fertile flies at unusual times of the year in the laboratory. It is suggested that this may make it possible to produce young larvae in the autumn for insecticide experiments.

In conclusion, some parasites and predators encountered in the field and the laboratory are mentioned.
Studies of Crop Loss following Insect Attack on Cotton in East Africa
Authors: McKinlay K. S. , Geering Q. A.
Published: July 2009

The loss of crop following insect attack on cotton was studied in 1950–54 at the Cotton Research Station, Namulonge, which is situated in the elephant-grass zone of Uganda, in which the principal pest of cotton was originally considered to be Lygus vosseleri Popp. In 1953, the main invasion of cotton by Lygus occurred during September and October, originating from cultivated crops of black gram (Phaseolus mungo) and sorghum and from the wild perennial legume, Pseudarthria sp., which earlier workers had considered important. Trials in this zone have demonstrated, over a number of years, that early June is the optimum date for sowing cotton, although such sowings receive the heaviest attack by L. vosseleri. Experiments to determine the maximum loss of yield due to Lygus should therefore be made with cotton sown at this time. Bollworms are also important pests, notably Heliothis armigera (Hb.) and Earias spp., their attacks following those of Lygus and being heaviest in October–November.
The biting habits of some JamaicanCulicoides. II. C.furens(Poey)
Authors: Kettle D. S. , Linley J. R.
Published: July 2009

Field studies on the biting habits ofCulicoides furens(Poey) were made near Montego Bay, Jamaica, during 1959 and 1960. Details of the experimental design and analysis have been given in the preceding article of this series.C. furenswas collected in eight experiments, six on Florida beach, one at East Florida and one at White Bay. Four of the experiments were conducted at sunset, three at dawn and one in the night.