bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cybersecurity and Online Formation of Companies in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany
Authors: Salemink Tom , Wolters Pieter , De Wulf Hans
Published: May 2024

67Within the European Member States, it should now be possible to establish a limited liability company fully online. This study compares how the Directive which mandates online formation, has been implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. In particular, it examines whether and, if so, how these countries approach the various cybersecurity risks involved in online formation. The Directive considers these cybersecurity risks, however, the focus is mainly on the requirements regarding the availability of online formation and to a lesser extent the requirements pertaining to the authentication of the founders, as well as the authenticity and integrity of electronic documents. The primary emphasis of the Directive is strongly placed on achieving the objective of facilitating easier, quicker, and more time- and cost-effective company formation. The approach taken by the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany in implementing the Directive and enabling online formation demonstrates a notable level of similarity. All have made sure to safeguard the traditional role of notaries in company formation in these countries. Despite the Directive’s emphasis on availability, the primary concern for these Member States lies in ensuring the security of online formation. All impose strict requirements regarding cybersecurity and opted for the highest standards regarding authentication (assurance level ‘high’) and authenticity (qualified electronic signatures).
Insights on cognitive reorganization after hemispherectomy in Rasmussen’s encephalitis. A narrative review
Authors: Borne Anna , Perrone-Bertolotti Marcela , Ferrand-Sorbets Sarah , Bulteau Christine , Baciu Monica
Published: May 2024

Rasmussen’s encephalitis is a rare neurological pathology affecting one cerebral hemisphere, therefore, posing unique challenges. Patients may undergo hemispherectomy, a surgical procedure after which cognitive development occurs in the isolated contralateral hemisphere. This rare situation provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate brain plasticity and cognitive recovery at a hemispheric level. This literature review synthesizes the existing body of research on cognitive recovery following hemispherectomy in Rasmussen patients, considering cognitive domains and modulatory factors that influence cognitive outcomes. While language function has traditionally been the focus of postoperative assessments, there is a growing acknowledgment of the need to broaden the scope of language investigation in interaction with other cognitive domains and to consider cognitive scaffolding in development and recovery. By synthesizing findings reported in the literature, we delineate how language functions may find support from the right hemisphere after left hemispherectomy, but also how, beyond language, global cognitive functioning is affected. We highlight the critical influence of several factors on postoperative cognitive outcomes, including the timing of hemispherectomy and the baseline preoperative cognitive status, pointing to early surgical intervention as predictive of better cognitive outcomes. However, further specific studies are needed to confirm this correlation. This review aims to emphasize a better understanding of mechanisms underlying hemispheric specialization and plasticity in humans, which are particularly important for both clinical and research advancements. This narrative review underscores the need for an integrative approach based on cognitive scaffolding to provide a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms underlying the reorganization in Rasmussen patients after hemispherectomy.
Vergleich von Industrie-4.0-Technologien
Authors: Otte Simon , Stoffels Maximilian , Fleischer Jürgen
Published: May 2024

Produzierende Unternehmen spüren die Auswirkungen von Industrie 4.0 und müssen sich weiterentwickeln, um die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit beizubehalten. Neben Digitalen Zwillingen und KI-Algorithmen zählen auch Technologien wie Cloud Computing, Edge Computing und Blockchain zu den Methoden der Industrie 4.0. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht diese Verfahren anhand von Kriterien wie Datenintegrität, Performance und Latenz. So wird einen Überblick über die Anwendungsfelder, insbesondere in der Batteriezellproduktion, gegeben.
Musical Advantage in Lexical Tone Perception Hinges on Musical Instrument
Authors: Choi William , Ling Cheuk Lam Katie , Wu Chun Him Jason
Published: May 2024

Different musical instruments have different pitch processing demands. However, correlational studies have seldom considered the role of musical instruments in music-to-language transfer. Addressing this research gap could contribute to a nuanced understanding of music-to-language transfer. To this end, we investigated whether pitched musicians had a unique musical advantage in lexical tone perception relative to unpitched musicians and nonmusicians. Specifically, we compared Cantonese pitched musicians, unpitched musicians, and nonmusicians on Thai tone discrimination and sequence recall. In the Thai tone discrimination task, the pitched musicians outperformed the unpitched musicians and the nonmusicians. Moreover, the unpitched musicians and the nonmusicians performed similarly. In the Thai tone sequence recall task, both pitched and unpitched musicians recalled level tone sequences more accurately than the nonmusicians, but the pitched musicians showed the largest musical advantage. However, the three groups recalled contour tone sequences with similar accuracy. Collectively, the pitched musicians had a unique musical advantage in lexical tone discrimination and the largest musical advantage in level tone sequence recall. From a theoretical perspective, this study offers correlational evidence for the Precision element of the OPERA hypothesis. The choice of musical instrumental may matter for music-to-language transfer in lexical tone discrimination and level tone sequence recall.
Dinámicas de supervisión administrativa: perspectivas regulatorias, colaboración y desafíos
Authors: Ojeda Amaya Camilo Ernesto
Published: May 2024

El artículo aborda la compleja red de interacciones en el sector público, destacando la racionalidad que impulsa la maximización de beneficios individuales. Se analiza el papel económico del Estado y las actividades que realiza en las economías de mercado, señalando virtudes y defectos. En el contexto colombiano, se examina la institucionalización de entidades públicas. Se destaca la importancia de la independencia de las autoridades de supervisión para evitar influencias políticas y garantizar un enfoque técnico. También, se aborda la falta de claridad en los procedimientos de inspección, y se sugiere la necesidad de una teoría general que guíe estas actividades de manera proporcional y eficaz.
Por otra parte, se explora el papel de los sujetos supervisados, destacando la colaboración como deber jurídico y la importancia de los deberes de información para reducir desbalances. En el contexto de la globalización jurídica, las instituciones supranacionales y multilaterales desempeñan un papel crucial en la supervisión administrativa, influenciando las regulaciones y prácticas de los Estados en áreas como la política pesquera y el gobierno corporativo.
La colaboración público-privada se evidencia en entidades auditoras y certificadoras que, bajo regulación estatal, verifican el cumplimiento de normativas, contribuyendo a la eficiencia y calidad en las actividades económicas, aunque plantea desafíos en la aplicación del Derecho Administrativo y la necesidad de adaptarse a la velocidad del desarrollo económico.
Ontology and Fuzzy Theory Application in Information Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Kalibatienė Diana , Miliauskaitė Jolanta , Slotkienė Asta
Published: May 2024

Ontologies are used to semantically enrich different types of information systems (IS), ensure a reasoning on their content and integrate heterogeneous IS at the semantical level. On the other hand, fuzzy theory is employed in IS for handling the uncertainty and fuzziness of their attributes, resulting in a fully fuzzy IS. As such, ontology- and fuzzy-based IS (i.e. ontology and fuzzy IS) are being developed. So, in this paper, we present a bibliometric analysis of the ontology and fuzzy IS concept to grasp its main ideas, and to increase its body of knowledge by providing a concept map for ontology and fuzzy IS. The main results obtained show that by adding ontologies and fuzzy theory to traditional ISs, they evolve into intelligent ISs capable of managing fuzzy and semantically rich (ontological) information and ensuring knowledge recognition in various fields of application. This bibliometric analysis would enable practitioners and researchers gain a comprehensive understanding of the ontology and fuzzy IS concept that they can eventually adopt for development of intelligent IS in their work.
On the value-distribution of Matsumoto zeta-function on the complex plane
Authors: Kačinskaitė Roma
Published: May 2024

There is not abstract.
Insulating sets and tensor products in Procesi category
Authors: Kaučikas Algirdas
Published: May 2024

There is not abstract.
On a modified Dirichlet type problem for the elliptic equation degenerating on a line
Authors: Rutkauskas Stasys
Published: May 2024

There is not abstract.
Teaching geometry with computer
Authors: Lipeikienė Joana
Published: May 2024

The article describes possibilities to use the geometrical packages of MAPLE for teaching geometry in secondary schools.
Mathematical modelling of wood drying process
Authors: Čiegis Raimondas , Starikovičius Vadimas , Volkas Audrius
Published: May 2024

This work discusses issues on the design of finite difference schemes for modelling the mois­ture movement process in the wood. A new finite difference scheme is proposed. The stability and convergence in the maximum norm are proved.
On the accuracy of aposteriori error estimators
Authors: Čiegis Raimondas , Suboč Olga
Published: May 2024

The analysis of the accuracy of the  a posteriori error estimation procedure for finite-element solutions is presented. Simple error estimators of residual type are constructed, they allow error estimation in any norm with little extra effort. Results of numerical experiments are presented.
The general solutions of difference vector-equations with constant coefficients
Authors: Štikonas Artūras
Published: May 2024

This paper deals with general solutions of difference vector-equations with constant coeffici­ents. We find the simple formulae between solution of the first order homogeneous differential equations and solution of difference equation. This allows easily get all solutions of difference equations if we know the differential solution.
Alpine routes reinforced with geonet
Authors: Wästerlund Iwan
Published: May 2024

Peatlands in the alpine area are very soft and when the carex (sedge) vegetation and roots are destroyed, the sinkage could be more than 0.5 m deep because the bearing capacity is very low and only water filled ruts remain. In this project the aim to design both methods and technics to reinforce used routes for sami people working in this area with their reindeers but also travelling to their alpine cottages. By including a strong geonet to reinforce the ground a multi-passing on the routes could be achieved with ATVs without rutting the ground but only good products should be used that withstand the traffic.
Black–White Disparities in Asthma Hospitalizations and ED Visits Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children
Authors: Smith Laura Barrie , O’Brien Claire , Kenney Genevieve M. , Waidmann Timothy A.
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Asthma is a common, potentially serious childhood chronic condition that disproportionately afflicts Black children. Hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits for asthma can often be prevented. Nearly half of children with asthma are covered by Medicaid, which should facilitate access to care to manage and treat symptoms. We provide new evidence on racial disparities in asthma hospitalizations and ED visits among Medicaid-enrolled children.

METHODS

We used comprehensive Medicaid claims data from the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System. Our study population included 279 985 Medicaid-enrolled children with diagnosed asthma. We identified asthma hospitalizations and ED visits occurring in 2019. We estimated differences in the odds of asthma hospitalizations and ED visits for non-Hispanic Black versus non-Hispanic white children, adjusting for sex, age, Medicaid eligibility group, Medicaid plan type, state, and rurality.

RESULTS

In 2019, among Black children with asthma, 1.2% had an asthma hospitalization and 8.0% had an asthma ED visit compared with 0.5% and 3.4% of white children with a hospitalization and ED visit, respectively. After adjusting for other characteristics, the rates for Black children were more than twice the rates for white children (hospitalization adjusted odds ratio 2.45, 95% confidence interval 2.23–2.69; ED adjusted odds ratio 2.42; 95% confidence interval 2.33–2.51).

CONCLUSIONS

There are stark racial disparities in asthma hospitalizations and ED visits among Medicaid-enrolled children with asthma. To diminish these disparities, it will be important to implement solutions that address poor quality care, discriminatory treatment in health care settings, and the structural factors that disproportionately expose Black children to asthma triggers and access barriers.
Estimating Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth Populations in Health Systems and Survey Data
Authors: Kahn Nicole F. , Sequeira Gina M. , Asante Peter G. , Kidd Kacie M. , Coker Tumaini R. , Christakis Dimitri A. , Karrington Baer , Aye Tandy , Conard Lee Ann E. , Dowshen Nadia , Kazak Anne E. , Nahata Leena , Nokoff Natalie J. , Voss Raina V. , Richardson Laura P.
Published: May 2024

OBJECTIVES

To identify and examine demographic variation in estimates of gender-diverse youth (GDY) populations from the PEDSnet learning health system network and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS).

METHODS

The PEDSnet sample included 14- to 17-years-old patients who had ≥2 encounters at a member institution before March 2022, with at least 1 encounter in the previous 18 months. The YRBS sample included pooled data from 14- to 17-year-old in-school youth from the 2017, 2019, and 2021 survey years. Adjusted logistic regression models tested for associations between demographic characteristics and gender dysphoria (GD) diagnosis (PEDSnet) or self-reported transgender identity (YRBS).

RESULTS

The PEDSnet sample included 392 348 patients and the YRBS sample included 270 177 youth. A total of 3453 (0.9%) patients in PEDSnet had a GD diagnosis and 5262 (1.9%) youth in YRBS self-identified as transgender. In PEDSnet, adjusted logistic regression indicated significantly lower likelihood of GD diagnosis among patients whose electronic medical record-reported sex was male and among patients who identified as Asian, Black/African American, and Hispanic/Latino/a/x/e. In contrast, in the YRBS sample, only youth whose sex was male had a lower likelihood of transgender identity.

CONCLUSIONS

GDY are underrepresented in health system data, particularly those whose electronic medical record-reported sex is male, and Asian, Black/African American, and Hispanic/Latino/a/x/e youth. Collecting more accurate gender identity information in health systems and surveys may help better understand the health-related needs and experiences of GDY and support the development of targeted interventions to promote more equitable care provision.
Aclimatización de plántulas de yampí (Dioscorea trifida) y ñame (D. alata) producidas in vitro
Authors: Chacón Ana Gabriela , Gómez Luis , Torres Sergio , Saborío Francisco
Published: May 2024

La siembra de yampí (Dioscorea trifida) y ñame (D. alata) en Costa Rica se realiza primordialmente con fines de exportación a Europa y Norteamérica. La producción nacional se ve seriamente limitada por la falta de semilla libre de plagas y enfermedades. Aunque la producción in vitro de semilla representa una alternativa, una sobrevivencia baja de las plántulas durante la aclimatización limita la aplicación comercial de esta tecnología. Se evaluó el efecto del paclobutrazol, la edad al trasplante, la humedad durante el período de aclimatización y el uso de un antitranspirante. Se encontró que la edad al trasplante y la regulación de la humedad durante las primeras etapas de la fase de aclimatización son factores importantes en la sobrevivencia de las plántulas de Dioscorea producidas in vitro, y su crecimiento durante las primeras 6 semanas ex vitro.
Absorción de nutrimentos en el cultivar de papa MNF-80
Authors: Cabalceta Gilberto , Saldias Miren , Alvarado Alfredo
Published: May 2024

Se determinaron las curvas de crecimiento y absorción de nutrimentos de la variedad de papa MNF-80 en 2 zonas en las laderas del volcán Irazú, una situada a 3000 msnm (Irazú) y otra a 1500 msnm (Juan Viñas), en Andisoles de fertilidad moderada. Cada 15 días después de la siembra (DDS) se tomaron muestras, las cuales se dividieron en parte aérea, tubérculo y raíz, para medir su peso fresco y seco y la concentración de nutrimentos. La tasa de crecimiento fue mayor en Juan Viñas (80-90 días a madurez) que en Irazú (135 días), debido a que a mayor altitud, la temperatura, la luminosidad y la velocidad de desarrollo disminuyen. Los nutrimentos absorbidos en mayor cantidad en ambas fincas fueron K y N ( > 100 kg ha-1), seguidos por P, Ca, Mg y S (8- 20 kg ha-1). En la finca Irazú, para un rendimiento de 36 t ha-1, se absorbió 110, 15, 166, 12, 10, y 11 kg ha-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S, respectivamente. También, 904, 68, 162, 317, y 42 g ha-1 de Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn y B, respectivamente. En la finca Juan Viñas, para un rendimiento de 28 t ha-1, se absorbió 133, 8, 173, 22, 10, y 10 kg ha-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S, respectivamente. También, 1097, 68, 181, 651, y 84 g ha-1 de Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, y B, respectivamente. En Irazú la mayor absorción de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S ocurrió hasta los 60 DDS, y a excepción del Ca, los demás nutrimentos presentan otro momento de absorción al final del ciclo. En la finca Juan Viñas la mayor absorción total de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S ocurrió hasta los 45 DDS.
Los Laboratorios de Análisis de Suelos y Foliares en Costa Rica: Informe del Comité de Laboratorios de Análisis de Suelos, Plantas y Aguas
Authors: Corrales Marco , Bertsch Floria , Bejarano José Antonio
Published: May 2024

El presente trabajo presenta la situación de los Laboratorios de Análisis de Suelos y Foliares en Costa Rica. Se describe las características y metodologías de cada uno de los laboratorios y los resultados de los Programas de Intercambio Nacional que se han implementado entre todos ellos desde hace 6 años y que se denominan PINAS para suelos y PINAF para foliares. Para cada una de las determinaciones, tanto de suelo como foliares, se resaltan los logros en cuanto a homologación de metodologías y se discuten los estimados de la variabilidad intrínseca que se han obtenido, producto de ejecutar muestras control. Con los resultados de las muestras control que se han analizado en 15 laboratorios nacionales se procedió a evaluar la variabilidad interna de cada uno, se compararon entre ellos, y se efectuaron estimaciones de la variabilidad intrínseca que presenta cada una de las determinaciones. En PINAS se han procesado más de 60 muestras control de suelos, con 2 soluciones extractoras (KCl-Olsen Modificado y Mehlich 3), y con 3 a 6 repeticiones por solución, y en PINAF el número de muestras foliares asciende a 16, también repetidas 3 veces en cada laboratorio. En general, la variabilidad interna de los laboratorios es baja; para las determinaciones de suelo, la variación entre laboratorios fluctuó entre 10-20%, y para las foliares la fluctuación fue aún menor (10-15%). Se estima que contar en el país con estas variaciones entre los resultados de diferentes laboratorios es bastante aceptable pero mejorable.
Composición nutricional y características fermentativas del ensilaje de maní forrajero
Authors: WingChing-Jones Rodolfo , Rojas-Bourrillón Augusto
Published: May 2024

Mediante la técnica de microsilos, se determinó el efecto de la edad de rebrote (8 y 12 semanas), de la deshidratación parcial (con oreo y sin este) y de la adición de melaza (0, 3, y 6%) sobre las características fermentativas y el valor nutritivo del ensilaje de maní forrajero de 2 ecotipos (CIAT 17434 Y CIAT 18744). Se ensiló 1 kg de material en cada bolsa, para un total de 24 tratamientos, con 5 repeticiones. El proceso de ensilado se prolongó por 45 días. Los valores de materia seca fueron afectados significativamente por la frecuencia de corta, el oreo y la adición de melaza, no así por el ecotipo ensilado (p=0,08). En cambio, el ecotipo y la frecuencia de corta afectaron el contenido de proteína cruda (p < 0,0001). Los contenidos de fibra detergente neutro y fibra detergente ácida fueron afectados significativamente por los 4 efectos principales. El valor de pH, al igual que la concentración de ácidos acético, butírico y láctico, variaron significativamente en respuesta a la adición de melaza y el oreo, no así por la edad de rebrote y el ecotipo ensilado; en cambio, la capacidad buffer fue alterada por los efectos principales (p < 0,0001). El contenido de nitrógeno amoniacal varió por efecto del contenido de melaza, edad de rebrote y ecotipo ensilado, no así por el oreo (p < 0,621). El tratamiento que obtuvo los mejores parámetros de calidad nutricional y fermentativos fue el ensilaje del ecotipo 17434, con una edad de rebrote de 8 semanas, sin oreo, y con la aplicación de 6% de melaza.
Cultivando el mar
Authors: Radulovich Ricardo
Published: May 2024

Las conocidas y crecientes limitaciones a la agricultura, pesca y disponibilidad de agua para riego tienen pocas soluciones viables y muy probablemente se acrecentarán con el cambio climático. Para contrarrestar estos y otros problemas, estamos desarrollando con y para pobladores costeros empobrecidos, unos sistemas productivos flotantes altamente innovativos, a mar abierto, en aguas protegidas de alto oleaje -comenzando en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, que es un sitio representativo que cubre miles de km2-. Estos sistemas de propósito múltiple, y de multi-estratos, que hemos probado por 3 años y que describimos aquí, consisten de: hortalizas orgánicas u otros cultivos de alto valor, en macetas sobre isletas o jardineras flotantes, construidas con botellas plásticas recicladas y otros materiales de bajo costo; maricultura de poco insumo bajo el agua (peces, crustáceos, otros) con cultivo de algas flotando en la superficie; producción de agua dulce para riego y otros usos por destilación solar pasiva y cosecha de agua de lluvia; pesca desde las estructuras flotantes; facilidades para recreación; y, todavía por explorar, producción alternativa de energía. Se considera aquí también una variedad de aspectos relacionados con el ambiente y la biodiversidad. Estos sistemas compuestos, únicos en el mundo a la fecha, tienen una productividad general alta al sumar la productividad de todo el año de cada uno de varios componentes eco-amigables y de bajo insumo, lo cual permite optimizar la rentabilidad en función ambiental. Esperamos que, una vez que estén validados, la implementación equitativa a escala de estos nuevos sistemas proveerá a los pobladores costeros, alrededor del mundo tropical y subtropical, oportunidades para derivar su ingreso a partir de esta generación de nueva riqueza, incrementándose así y ganando en seguridad la capacidad mundial de producción de alimentos y agua, practicándose a la vez un uso de los recursos naturales eficiente y sostenible.
Diversidad y abundancia de colémbolos edáficos en un bosque primario, un bosque secundario y un cafetal en Costa Rica
Authors: Guillén Cesar , Soto Adames Felipe , Springer Monika
Published: May 2024

Se estudió la diversidad y abundancia de los colémbolos del suelo en 3 ecosistemas: un bosque primario; un bosque secundario; y un cafetal, en el Parque Nacional Tapantí, Costa Rica. Mensualmente, se tomó 8 muestras de suelo en cada ecosistema, para un total de 360 muestras. Se encontró un total de 23751 colémbolos distribuidos en 9 familias y 16 especies, de las cuales 10 no habían sido descritas. Dentro de esas especies se encontró a Harlomillsia oculata como nuevo informe para Centroamérica. De los 3 ecosistemas, el bosque primario fue el más diverso (H'=2,406), seguido por el bosque secundario (H'=2,174) y por último el cafetal, que presentó la menor diversidad (H'=1,651). Contrario a lo sucedido con la diversidad, la mayor abundancia se encontró en el cafetal con 10111 colémbolos.
Nivel crítico de zinc en suelos de Costa Rica
Authors: Molina Eloy , Bornemisza Elemer
Published: May 2024

Se determinó el nivel crítico de Zn disponible en 4 órdenes de suelos de Costa Rica (Ultisoles, Vertisoles, Inceptisoles y Andisoles, 25 de cada uno), con 5 soluciones extractoras: Olsen Modificado (OM), Mehlich 3 (M3), Morgan Modificado (MM), DTPA y HCl. La metodología de Cate y Nelson fue utilizada para establecer los niveles críticos. Los niveles críticos de Zn en Ultisoles, expresados en mg l-1, fueron: 2,0 (OM), 1,5 (M3), 0,5 (MM), 0,5 (DTPA), y 4,0 (HCl). En Vertisoles: 3,0 (OM), 3,0 (M3); 0,8 (MM), 1,0 (DTPA), y 1,5 (HCl). En Inceptisoles: 2,3 (OM), 1,7 (M3), 0,6 (MM), 0,8 (DTPA), y 2,5 (HCl). En Andisoles: 3,0 (OM), 2,5 (M3), 0,5 (MM), 1,0 (DTPA), y 3,3 (HCl). Al agrupar los suelos sin dividir en órdenes, hubo una dispersión mayor de los datos en los gráficos de Cate y Nelson, con una gran cantidad de puntos en los cuadrantes superior izquierdo e inferior derecho. Los niveles críticos de Zn en los 100 suelos, expresados en mg l-1, fueron: 2,0 (OM), 2,0 (M3), 0,3 (MM), 0,7 (DTPA), y 3,8 (HCl). Los resultados demostraron la importancia de dividir los suelos en ordenes, para obtener valores críticos mas precisos. La mayoría de estos valores concordaron con los ámbitos de nivel crítico informados por otros investigadores en suelos de diferentes regiones. La solución Mehlich 3 mostró un comportamiento promisorio para identificar problemas de disponibilidad de Zn en suelos de Costa Rica.
La biodiversidad en plantaciones de banano del trópico húmedo, donde han sido usados compuestos fitosanitarios por períodos prolongados
Authors: Vargas Ronald
Published: May 2024

La biodiversidad en plantaciones de banano del trópico húmedo, donde han sido usados compuestos fitosanitarios por períodos prolongados. El cultivo del banano, es afectado por plagas y enfermedades que requieren para su control de compuestos fitosanitarios. Entre los compuestos fitosanitarios se cita: fungicidas, nematicidas, insecticidas y herbicidas. En Costa Rica, el público y la comunidad ambientalista comúnmente asumen que el impacto de estos compuestos es severo. Por esto, las industrias bananera y de compuestos fitosanitarios han sido fuertemente criticadas, asumiendo que se generan impactos negativos en la fauna que habita dentro o cerca de las plantaciones comerciales. El presente trabajo resume los resultados publicados en relación con el impacto biológico causado por la utilización de diferentes compuestos fitosanitarios usados dentro de las áreas cultivadas, así como el efecto del establecimiento de áreas de protección y reforestación alrededor de las plantaciones bananeras. Se señala la necesidad de implementar Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas, incluyendo el Manejo Integrado de Plagas como mecanismo de uso sostenible de los compuestos fitosanitarios, en aras de reducir al máximo los posibles efectos colaterales, junto con las prácticas de conservación y reforestación de vías de agua y linderos de finca. También se establece una categorización de los compuestos usados, con base en los indicadores biológicos analizados, de menor a mayor riesgo de impacto: herbicidas < fungicidas < insecticidas < nematicidas.
Limitaciones y oportunidades para el desarrollo de la producción pecuaria orgánica en Costa Rica
Authors: Rojas-Bourrillón Augusto
Published: May 2024

Los cambios en la perspectiva del consumidor, en cuanto a su salud y a una mayor conciencia ambiental, aunados a las experiencias de los productores, debido al uso excesivo de pesticidas y costos de los mismos, han venido promoviendo el cambio hacia sistemas orgánicos de producción. En Costa Rica la producción agrícola orgánica se ha incrementado un 47% en sólo 3 años, pasando de 7102 a 14900 ha; sin embargo, la producción nacional pecuaria orgánica está rezagada. Entre las causas están: 1. desvinculación del componente animal y el de cultivos en sistemas integrados; 2. problemas de conceptualización del sistema; 3. falta de insumos alimenticios y para la salud animal certificados orgánicamente; 4. factibilidad económica real de desarrollo de la actividad es desconocida. Con base en las características actuales de producción de las explotaciones pecuarias, se sugiere una clasificación por grado de facilidad de transformación: ganado de carne (mayor facilidad); ganado de doble propósito; ganado caprino; ganado lechero especializado; aves y cerdos (menor facilidad). Se enfatiza la necesidad de una política nacional para el desarrollo científico, tecnológico y la promoción de dicha actividad, tanto a nivel del productor como del consumidor.
Detección de Meloidogyne incognita en tubérculos de papa en Costa Rica
Authors: Montero Zeidy , García Catalina , Salazar Luis , Valverde Roberto , Gómez-Alpízar Luis
Published: May 2024

Especies del género Meloidogyne causan importantes daños al cultivo de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L) alrededor del mundo. Su efecto puede ser directo al disminuir el rendimiento o indirecto al infectar los tubérculos y causar agallas o protuberancias, que les confiere una apariencia verrugosa, que afecta su calidad y reduce su valor comercial. En Capellades y Llano Grande de Cartago, Costa Rica, fueron encontrados tubérculos de papa, de la variedad Floresta y del clon Bananito, con numerosas protuberancias en su superficie. De las protuberancias se extrajo hembras ovígeras de Meloidogyne spp. Estudios morfológicos (diseño perineal de las hembras) y moleculares (PCR y PCRRFLP) mostraron que las hembras extraídas de las protuberancias pertenecen a la especie M. incognita. Se recomienda estudiar las causas que promueven la infección de los tubérculos en ambas localidades, ya que cerca del 90% del área cultivada de papa en el país corresponde a la variedad Floresta. En adición, se debe prestar especial atención a las zonas semilleristas, ya que los tubérculos-semilla podrían servir como fuente de inóculo y contribuir a la diseminación del patógeno a otras áreas.
Ipecacuana. Un Producto no Maderable Cultivado Bajo el Bosque en Costa Rica. 1980-2000
Authors: Ocampo Rafael
Published: May 2024

La ipecacuana o raicilla, hierba nativa de América, es la única planta medicinal del trópico húmedo de Costa Rica cultivada bajo el bosque. Es cultivada en la región Huetar Norte, limítrofe con Nicaragua; la raíz seca de ipecacuana se ha comercializado en Costa Rica como materia prima para la industria farmacéutica internacional desde principios del siglo XX. De acuerdo con las estadísticas oficiales, las exportaciones de raicilla desde Costa Rica en los últimos 20 años han significado un promedio de 64 t año-1. Este trabajo resume actividades relacionadas con la descripción y cultivo de la planta, así como algunos de los aspectos agroecológicos de su cultivo.
Sistemas de producción bufalinos en Costa Rica. I. Cuantificación de la población y caracterización de los sistemas
Authors: Rosales Rodríguez Rodrigo , WingChing-Jones Rodolfo
Published: May 2024

El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar los sistemas de producción bufalinos y cuantificar la población a nivel nacional. Para la localización de los sistemas se consultó 40 oficinas regionales del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, 3 sedes regionales de las universidades estatales, y 4 subastas ganaderas en todo el país. Se encontró que el hato bufalino nacional está conformado por 617 animales, distribuidos en 29 unidades productivas. Los sistemas censados no presentan un manejo apropiado de los animales, realizan monta continua, pastorean las zonas más problemáticas de la finca, no son suplementados, ni existe un manejo sanitario apropiado. En general el búfalo es visto como un animal de zoológico y no se optimiza su potencial como animal productor de carne, leche, y trabajo.
Direct somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica L. cvs. Caturra and Catuaí: effect of tricontanol, light condition, and medium consistency
Authors: Gatica-Arias Andrés M. , Arrieta Griselda , Espinoza Ana M.
Published: May 2024

Se investigó la influencia de la concentración de triacontanol (TRIA) y su interacción con el ácido indolacético (AIA) en la inducción de la embriogénesis somá- tica directa en Coffea arabica L. cvs. Caturra y Catuaí. Adicionalmente, se evaluó el efecto de la condición de la luz y de la consistencia del medio de cultivo (semisólido vs. líquido). Se determinó que la mayor cantidad de embriones somáticos por explante fue de 3,9±0,5 en Caturra y 3,6±0,5 en Catuaí, en el medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (1962) al 50%, complementado con BAP (1,1 µM), IAA (2,85 µM) y TRIA (4,55 µM). Para la consistencia del medio, la mayor cantidad de embriones somáticos en Caturra (3,2±0,2) y Catuaí (6,0±0,4) se obtuvo con el medio semisó- lido de Yasuda et al. (1985). En Catuaí, la mayor cantidad de embrioides se obtuvo con 16 h luz (7,6±1,0) y oscuridad (6,2±0,6) y para Caturra, con oscuridad (4,2±0,4) y 16 h luz (3,8±0,5). No se observó la formación de embriones somáticos en los explantes de Caturra y Catuaí después de 12 semanas de cultivo, en el medio líquido descrito por Yasuda et al. (1985) ni bajo ninguna de las condiciones de luz.
Flexible, photoluminescent 0D Cs4PbX6 (X = Br, Br/I)–PMMA composite films for white LED via water-induced recrystallization
Authors: Ji Yuang , Wang Shihai , Yang Haohan , Lin Donghai , Shih Wan Y. , Shih Wei-Heng
Published: May 2024

3D CsPbX3 inorganic perovskite materials have attracted much attention in optoelectronic devices because of their strong absorbance, high photoluminescent quantum yield, tunable band gap, and narrow emission bandwidth. However, their practical usefulness is limited due to their poor stability in ambient conditions. Here, we created photoluminescent 0D Cs4PbX6 (X = Br, Br/I) suspensions in toluene by adding a small amount of water. The photoluminescent 0D Cs4PbX6 perovskite was mixed with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) forming 0D Cs4PbX6/PMMA composite films with higher PL, stability, transparency, and transmittance than that of the 3D CsPbX3/PMMA composite films prepared separately. Moreover, the PL intensity maintains 90% of the initial value after 30 days in water, showing excellent water stability. The flexible white-light LED device prepared by the composite films illustrated good luminescence performance with color rendering index 74.77, chromaticity coordinates (0.32, 0.33), and color temperature 6997 K.

Graphical abstract
Recycling the electric arc furnace waste after geopolymerization in bitumen: experimental analyses and LCA study
Authors: Katanalp Burak Yiğit , Tastan Murat , Ahmedzade Perviz
Published: May 2024

The conversion of solid waste materials into cleaner products for road paving. applications appears to be a promising and sustainable option. However, there is still a lack of attention given to quantifying the potential environmental benefits of recycling solid wastes in asphalt pavements, regarding the impact on asphalt performance. To address this gap, the present study investigates the effects of recycling electric arc waste based geopolymers on asphalt binder and mixture characteristics, as well as environmental outputs. For this purpose, geopolymers were incorporated into both neat and SBS-modified binders. A comprehensive rheological investigation was conducted using cutting-edge multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) analyses. Stability, Marshall quotient, and flow values, as well as dry and wetconditioned tensile strength were considered, to determine asphalt mixture properties. In the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), greenhouse gases resulting from fuel and energy consumption in each inventory phase were determined. The varying service lifetimes, maintenance and rehabilitation plans, and production and construction requirements of the different asphalt schemes were taken into account. Subsequently, the environmental impacts of the asphalt mixtures, including global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and smog formation potential, along with the total energy demand, were calculated across different stages of the LCA. The results show that the geopolymerization process results in important contributions in terms of both environmental savings and pavement performance.
Aquathermal effect of anomalous pressure generation in consolidating minefill
Authors: Lu G. D. , Selvadurai A. P. S. , Meguid M. A.
Published: May 2024

Recycling cement-amended tailings into subsurface cavities has delivered competitive socioeconomic revenue for underground mining. However, recent instances of anomalous thermal pressure in consolidating backfill have raised growing concerns over the current design philosophy. This study demonstrates that the excellent hydraulic sealing and considerable chemical energy inherent in cemented backfill can spontaneously generate substantial thermal pressurisation through constrained pore fluid expansion. An analytical solution is hence developed for characterising the non-isothermal behaviour of hydrating backfill based on classical thermo-poroelasticity. The influence of the preparation condition and mix design on the pressure evolution in the time domain and during spontaneous heat generation is then thoroughly examined, successfully pinpointing the causal mechanism responsible for typical thermal pressure anomalies. It is demonstrated that the anomalous pressure is attributable to both the conservative use of binder, which increases the intrinsic heat load, and the elevated initial temperature, which promotes water volume expansion. The fundamental influence of temperature-sensitive water expansivity on the path dependence of thermal pressurisation is also elucidated. This study thus contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the thermally correlated pressure anomalies that frequently occur in field operations. These critical findings would also hold practical implications for designing successful backfill solutions in challenging mine environments.
Reference Norms of Law: The Basis of Classification
Authors: Khovantsev Alexey
Published: May 2024

The article provides a classification of the reference norms of law according to the most common criteria. Depending on the functional role, reference norms can be general, special and exceptional. If general reference norms are directed to legal prescriptions clarifying the initial provisions; then special ones – to a special rule that clearly and substantively reveals the features and specifics of the legal prescription, fixing special conditions for implementation, etc.; and exceptional ones – to exceptions from the rules that provide for the opposite version of regulation. The author notes that the logical continuation of the classification above can serve as a further differentiation of reference prescriptions in terms of content into norms-additions and norms-exceptions. Reference norms-additions expand the content of the rule, adding new rights and obligations of participants in public relations, the range of subjects by new persons, increasing the list of objects, conditions, circumstances and other factors, in the presence of which the provision of the reference norm begins to take effect, to be implemented. On the contrary, reference norms-exceptions can narrow the range of public relations covered by the provision by establishing requirements, qualities that are not characteristic of all relations within the scope of regulation of the initial provision. The article provides a grouping of reference norms according to other criteria: depending on which element of the rule of law the legal prescription refers to; according to the legal force of normative legal acts to which reference is made; to subjects formulating reference norms, etc. However, not all criteria for the classification of legal norms may be suitable for the systematization of reference norms. Finally, it is concluded that the above systematization of the reference norms of law shows the breadth of dissemination of these legal rules of conduct, which indicates the independence of the reference norms of law.
The Legacy of M.M. Speransky in Modern Financial Law
Authors: Pyatkovskaya Yulya , Vasiljeva Natalya
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the ideas of the famous statesman and public figure of the XIX century M.M. Speransky. His merits in the development of legal science and legal education in Russia are noted, as well as his achievements in the field of financial law are especially emphasized. The project of financial reforms prepared by M.M. Speransky, called the “Finance Plan”, is analysed. The economic situation that caused the financial transformations is considered, and the measures proposed by the great Russian reformer in the field of budget revenues and budget expenditures are examined in detail. The authors note the significant contribution of his idea to the formation of the principles of the budget system of Russia – the principle of budget balance, the principle of efficiency in the use of budget funds, the principles of budget independence and the delimitation of revenues, expenses and sources of financing budget deficits between the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation. The classification of budget expenditures proposed by M.M. Speransky for necessary, useful, excessive and excessive (useless) helps to reduce government costs and is very relevant for modern Russia. However, for its legislative consolidation, a clear system of criteria is required. It is also proposed to implement this idea by establishing the category of “priority expenses”, referring to them the so-called necessary expenses to be implemented in any state of affairs. The article indicates significant attention in the works of M.M. Speransky to the issues of proper order and the correct, transparent organization of a particular activity. It is also emphasized the relevance for the modern economy of Russia of its ideas on the reform of budget revenues, their unification, the consolidation of the principle of certainty of taxation and fees. The authors conclude that it is possible to further reform Russian financial legislation through the development of the ideas of M.M. Speransky.
Compliance as a Tool for Ensuring the Economic Security of an Organization: Problems and Prospects of Application
Authors: Sanina Liudmila , Gulyaeva Anastasia
Published: May 2024

Compliance is applicable in any organization and acts as one of the modern types of control, during which the compliance of the organization's activities with the norms of national legislation is monitored. This tool provides real protection against corruption, conflict of interest, and contains in its arsenal a whole range of elements that can be implemented in the organization's economic security system. Compliance allows you to identify the risks of the organization's functioning at the early stages of manifestation and prevent the application of sanctions by regulatory authorities, and subsequently prevent economic damage. The authors present approaches to the definition of the term, types of compliance, and a comparative analysis of compliance with other types of control, confirming its uniqueness. According to the authors, one of the disadvantages in the development of compliance is its reduction to a set of formal management standards and procedures. The authors concluded that this is not just an element of corporate governance, but also an effective way to prevent corruption crimes. The prospects of using this tool in modern conditions of global instability and the development of digital management methods are considered.
Promising Trends in the Development of Rural Settlement Architecture — the Trend Towards Eco-Settlements
Authors: Vorontsova Nina , Zhdanova Olga , Toropov Alexander
Published: May 2024

The purpose of the work is to study the architecture of eco-settlements. The relevance is due to the fact that the trend towards eco-settlements is one of the promising directions in the development of rural settlement architecture. This is due to the growing recognition of the need to develop sustainable, self-sufficient communities capable of meeting their own energy, food and water needs while minimizing their environmental impact. Eco-settlements are designed to be compact, comfortable for walking and integrated with the surrounding nature. As a rule, they feature buildings built using locally renewable materials and designed in such a way that they are energy efficient and low-cost. Renewable energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines are used to provide residents with electricity. In such settlements, attention is paid to the social interaction of residents, community involvement through the use of public spaces, public gardens and other amenities.
In the course of the work, the world experience was summarized and general trends were identified. It is concluded that the functional typology of settlements is a reflection of the foundations of its existence. It reflects the peculiarities of the industrial activity of the population, the role and place of the territory in the local economy, etc. The historical features of the emergence and development of rural settlements, the cultural traditions of the inhabitants, and the geographical characteristics of the area have an impact on the modern appearance. In general, the trend towards the spread of eco-settlements represents a promising step torward in the development of rural settlement architecture. By prioritizing sustainable development, self-sufficiency and community engagement, eco-settlements help to rethink what it means to live in a rural community in the 21st century.
Creation of a Unified Technological Solution for Automating the Activities of Educational Organizations
Authors: Sachkov Dmitry , Shishkin Yuri , Shedikov Andrei
Published: May 2024

The article examines the issue and substantiates the development of a standard technological solution (core) for automating the activities of educational organizations in order to ensure technological independence and sovereignty. The normative documents for the creation of a standard solution for automating the activities of educational organizations in the Russian Federation in the field of higher education of the domain «Education» are considered. The purpose of the proposed development is to achieve such an organization of work when the IP is created, accompanied and developed by the university of participants who are interested in it. In order for universities that do not have specialized areas and resources to freely receive the same quality solution as everyone else. It is proposed to define the norms of intellectual property law for the technologies and software being developed within the framework of the consortium (development, discussion, audit, formalization). development of the concept of a unified technological solution for automation of educational organizations (technological independence, software and hardware solutions).