bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodistas y cine en Madrid (1907-1913). Aproximación a una recepción del cine de los primeros tiempos en la prensa
Authors: Rivas Morente Víctor
Published: June 2017

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una primera aproximación sobre la recepción del cine de los primeros tiempos en Madrid (1907-1913), a partir de los periodistas que escribía en la prensa del momento. Sus escritos dieron lugar a unos primeros discursos sobre el cine, que se convirtieron en una parte importante del proceso de institucionalización de la producción, distribución y exhibición cinematográfica. A la vez, es una oportunidad para dar nombre a una serie de periodistas que escribieron las primeras crónicas sobre el cinematógrafo. Se parte del análisis textual de los artículos sobre cine escritos por Julio Camba, Andrenio (Eduardo Gómez Baquero), Miquis (Anastasio Anselmo González), Carlos Luis de Cuenca y José María Jurado, considerados como un primer conjunto de fuentes que permiten conocer la recepción en la prensa madrileña de los primeros tiempos del cine. El resultado de este análisis es la constatación de la existencia de tres tipos de discursos sobre el cine: un discurso popular, un discurso educativo y un discurso estético. Fueron estos discursos los que pusieron las bases de una posterior crítica cinematográfica y, por consiguiente, facilitaron la aparición de una cultura cinematográfica autónoma, dentro de la cual se inició la paulatina consolidación institucional del cine en torno a los largometrajes narrativos de ficción.
BBC Alba: servicio público y representación gaélica en Escocia
Authors: Manias-Muñoz Miren , Martori Muntsant Aida
Published: June 2017

Gracias a su sólido espacio comunicativo, Escocia posee el mayor centro regional de producción de medios del Reino Unido. La televisión ha jugado un papel crucial en el desarrollo de su industria audiovisual y la promoción cultural. Los dos principales medios de difusión, BBC Scotland y Scottish Television (STV), proporcionan una considerable cantidad de contenidos a la audiencia escocesa. Sin embargo, la comunidad gaélica y su lengua ocupaban muy poco espacio hasta la creación del canal BBC Alba. El canal de televisión BBC Alba nació en 2008 con el objetivo de cubrir esta carencia. Es decir, dar cobertura informativa a esta comunidad, garantizar la presencia de su lengua y reflejar la diversidad cultural de las distintas naciones del país en el sistema comunicativo público nacional. El servicio público audiovisual es un elemento clave como herramienta de construcción y representación de la identidad. Esta comunicación se centra en el análisis del sistema de radiodifusión en Escocia, particularmente la representación gaélica en la BBC Alba, y evalúa el cumplimiento de los objetivos de servicio público audiovisual y diversidad cultural.
Posthuman Critical Theory
Authors: Braidotti Rosi
Published: June 2017

This article argues the case for posthuman critical theory within the context of the Anthropocene, as both the convergence of posthumanist and postanthropocentric discourses and their development in a qualitatively new and more complex direction. By adopting a cartographic approach to the posthuman, the article surveys recent scholarly production in the field and argues for the need to rethink subjectivity as a collective assemblage that encompasses human and nonhuman actors, technological mediation, animals, plants, and the planet as a whole. Resting on a monistic ontology drawn from critical Spinozism and Deleuzian vital materialism, the article makes the case for posthuman ethics as the expression of affirmative compositions of transversal, multiple, and collective practices of becoming-posthuman.
A Practical Guide to Posthumans
Authors: Warwick Kevin
Published: June 2017

In this article, different types of posthuman experimentation are described, including biohacking implants (of one sort or another) and neural implants. Actual practical results are presented for discussion, as opposed to mere theoretical or philosophical concepts. The possible impact and potential effect of such realizations are also considered. Based on these techniques, some realistic future scenarios involving the capabilities of posthumans, over and above those of normal humans (as we know them today), are discussed in terms of the implants introduced. These include extended/extra sensory input, nervous systems extended over networks, and communication by thought.
The Extended Generalized Gamma Geometric Distribution
Authors: Bortolini Juliano , Pascoa Marcelino A. R. , De Lima Renato Ribeiro , Oliveira Anderson C. S.
Published: June 2017

We propose and study the so-called extended generalized gamma geometric distribution. The proposed distribution has five parameters and it can be accommodate increasing, decreasing, bathtub and unimodal shaped hazard functions. The new distribution has a large number of well-known lifetime special sub-models such as the generalized gamma geometric, Weibull geometric, gamma geometric, exponential geometric, Rayleigh geometric, half-normal geometric among others. We provide a mathematical treatment of the new distribution including explicit expressions for moments, moment generating function, mean deviations, reliability and order statistics. The method of maximum likelihood and a Bayesian procedure are adopted for estimating the model parameters. Finally, an application of the new distribution is illustrated in a real data sets.
The Y-Shaped Designer—Connective Competences as Key to Collaboration across Disciplines
Authors: Eckert Jan
Published: June 2017

This paper reports on the re-development of our MA curriculum in design. Main objective of this development is a more practice- and project-based MA Curriculum that delivers connective competences for the collaboration across disciplines, rather than specializing in a specific design domain. For design education, we therefore propose a re-visited model of T-shaped skills by proposing the Y-shaped Designer, who acts in collaborations across disciplines thanks to a disciplinary root, a clearly perceived role and the ability to generate multimodal design outputs. The paper’s discussion is based on a study of the current shift in the Swiss Creative Economy, an alumni survey, a literature review focusing undisciplinarity and a series of expert-workshops, that led to the identification of the required skills our graduates need to successfully connect with a globalizing creative economy. First results are a re-definition of the competences and learning goals targeted in the new curriculum, as well as a set of didactical approaches extending the curriculum to what is meant to become a real-world lab for MA students in design.
Fast Identification of 1,3-Dimethylamylamine Using Direct Analysis in Real Time-QToF-MS
Authors: Avula Bharathi , Smillie Troy J , Wang Yan-Hong , Zweigenbaum Jerry , ElSohly Mahmoud A , Khan Ikhlas A
Published: June 2017

The central nervous system stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) has been found in preworkout products and dietary supplements. A fast direct analysis in real time-quadrupole time of flight-MS method was used for identification of DMAA in dietary supplements and to determine if this compound is present in geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) plants or oil. This method involved the use of [M+H]+ ions in the positive mode based on the exact mass of DMAA. The results of this investigation showed that DMAA was not detected from authentic samples of P. graveolens plant material or pelargonium oil or in multiple samples of commercially available pelargonium oil. DMAA was detected in three samples of dietary supplements. The LOD of DMAA was found to be 10 ng/mL.
Validation of the NeoFilm for Yeast and Mold Method for Enumeration of Yeasts and Molds in Select Foods
Authors: Caballero Oscar , Alles Susan , Le Quynh-Nhi , Mozola Mark , Rice Jennifer
Published: June 2017

NeoFilm Yeast and Mold (Y&M), also known as Sanita-kun Yeasts and Molds, is a simple, effective device used for the enumeration of yeasts and molds. It consists of a nonwoven fabric on which a layer of microbial nutrients is deposited in a film. A 1 mL sample homogenate is applied to the membrane and this, in turn, is incubated for 48–72 h at 25°C. Sample homogenates were prepared using two different diluents for customer convenience: phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and 0.1% peptone water. In comparative testing of breaded chicken nuggets, dry pet food, orange juice concentrate, yogurt, and cake mix, there were statistically significant differences in the counts obtained by the NeoFilm Y&M and U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference culture methods only in the following instances: medium level for orange juice with PBS as diluent and low level for pet food with 0.1% peptone water as diluent, where reference method counts were higher than those of NeoFilm; medium level for cake mix with PBS, and low and medium levels for cake mix with 0.1% peptone water, where NeoFilm produced higher counts than the reference method. In addition to the method comparison study with five matrixes, robustness and stability/lot-to-lot testing were also performed. Results of robustness testing showed no significant effect on results even with perturbation to three assay parameters simultaneously. Results of testing of three lots of devices ranging in age from 2 to 26 months post-manufacture showed no significant differences in performance.
Cellular Light Scattering for the Identification of Bacteria and Its Application to the Identification of Staphylococcus
Authors: Haavig David L , Hollen Kaylagh R , Debruin Abbey E , Lisecki Shelbi R , Shoup Nicole C , Stimac Mickey J H , Treloar Anthony M , Jodoin Zachary N , Bohm Margaret S , Sharp Josh S
Published: June 2017

Rapid identification of bacteria is critical in clinical and food safety applications. This paper describes a novel instrument and data analysis method for identifying bacteria based on the measurement of laser light scattering as the beam interacts with bacterial cells suspended in water. A description of the technology is followed by an identification performance study for a set of strains from the genus Staphylococcus (the inclusive target organisms) and a set of non-Staphylococcus strains (the exclusive organisms). Staphylococcus and non-Staphylococcus cells were grown on sheep blood agar (SBA), tryptic soy agar, brain heart infusion (BHI) agar, or Luria–Bertani (LB) agar and identified based on how cells scattered light. Bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus grown on solid media were correctly identified more than 92% of the time. To determine whether the system could also identify bacteria grown in liquid culture, six different Staphylococcus strains and six different non-Staphylococcus strains were grown in tryptic soy broth, BHI broth, or LB broth. This system accurately identified all targeted Staphylococcus samples tested, and no misidentifications occurred. A single-blind identification experiment was also performed on human clinical isolates obtained from the Upper Peninsula Health System. Ninety blind-coded clinical bacterial isolates on SBA were tested to determine whether they were from the genus Staphylococcus. All Staphylococcus were accurately identified, and no misidentifications occurred. This study demonstrated the proof of concept of a novel system that can rapidly and accurately identify bacteria from pure culture based on cellular light-scattering properties.
INVESTIGATION OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS OF GUANIDINE ACRYLATE WITH MAGNESIUM IONS
Authors: Isupova Zalina Y. , Zhansitov Azamat A. , Elcheparova Svetlana A. , Khashirova Svetlana Yu. , Ligidov Mohamed Kh. , Pakhomov Sergey I.
Published: June 2017

Metal ions in a composition of the polymer compounds can serve as model objects of biological systems and show a number of important biological functions. Particular practical interest are represent polymeric materials containing stabilized metal ions such as silver; copper; iron; cobalt; nickel and magnesium. It is known that the guanidine-containing polymers have intrinsic antibacterial properties. Therefore; the combination of properties polyguanidines (biological activity; bactericidal and hydrodynamic properties) and metal ions (optical; biological; thermal; electrical properties) causes the forward-received new features based on these polymeric metal complexes. By IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction the structure of resulting polymer complex compound was studied. Infrared spectral studies have shown that the addition of magnesium ions to the structure of the polyacrylate guanidine leads to significant changes in their IR spectra. It was found that the Mg2+ ions actively interact with the oxygen atom of a carboxylate ion; and the nitrogen atom of the amino group of guanidine polyacrylate forms a new coordination compound. X-ray data showed that the initial polymer polyacrylate guanidine has diffraction pattern of the crystalline substance. The complex polymer of polyacrylate guanidine/Mg2+ has a more amorphous structure; as indicated by characteristic broad lines (halo) on the X-ray pattern. It was found that the obtained complex compound of polyacrylate guanidine/Mg2+ does not preserve the original features of the polymer. This is possible due to the fact that magnesium ions penetrating into the polymer matrix partially destroy it and form a new complex compound.Forcitation:Isupova Z.Yu.; Elcheparova S.A.; Zhansitov A.A.; Khashirova S.Yu.; Ligidov M.Kh.; Pakhomov S.I. Investigation of complex compounds of guanidine acrylate with magnesium ions. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 63-67
MPI depletion enhances O-GlcNAcylation of p53 and suppresses the Warburg effect
Authors: Shtraizent Nataly , DeRossi Charles , Nayar Shikha , Sachidanandam Ravi , Katz Liora S , Prince Adam , Koh Anna P , Vincek Adam , Hadas Yoav , Hoshida Yujin , Scott Donald K , Eliyahu Efrat , Freeze Hudson H , Sadler Kirsten C , Chu Jaime
Published: June 2017

Rapid cellular proliferation in early development and cancer depends on glucose metabolism to fuel macromolecule biosynthesis. Metabolic enzymes are presumed regulators of this glycolysis-driven metabolic program, known as the Warburg effect; however, few have been identified. We uncover a previously unappreciated role for Mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI) as a metabolic enzyme required to maintain Warburg metabolism in zebrafish embryos and in both primary and malignant mammalian cells. The functional consequences of MPI loss are striking: glycolysis is blocked and cells die. These phenotypes are caused by induction of p53 and accumulation of the glycolytic intermediate fructose 6-phosphate, leading to engagement of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), increased O-GlcNAcylation, and p53 stabilization. Inhibiting the HBP through genetic and chemical methods reverses p53 stabilization and rescues the Mpi-deficient phenotype. This work provides mechanistic evidence by which MPI loss induces p53, and identifies MPI as a novel regulator of p53 and Warburg metabolism.
Modeling of temporal variation of very low frequency radio waves over long paths as observed from Indian Antarctic stations
Authors: Sasmal Sudipta , Basak Tamal , Chakraborty Suman , Palit Sourav , Chakrabarti Sandip K.
Published: June 2017

Characteristics of very low frequency (VLF) signal depends on solar illumination across the propagation path. For a long path, solar zenith angle varies widely over the path and this has a significant influence on the propagation characteristics. To study the effect, Indian Centre for Space Physics participated in the 27th and 35th Scientific Expedition to Antarctica. VLF signals transmitted from the transmitters, namely, VTX (18.2 kHz), Vijayanarayanam, India, and NWC (19.8 kHz), North West Cape, Australia, were recorded simultaneously at Indian permanent stations Maitri and Bharati having respective geographic coordinates 70.75°S, 11.67°E, and 69.4°S, 76.17°E. A very stable diurnal variation of the signal has been obtained from both the stations. We reproduced the signal variations of VLF signal using solar zenith angle model coupled with long wavelength propagation capability (LWPC) code. We divided the whole path into several segments and computed the solar zenith angle (χ) profile. We assumed a linear relationship between the Wait's exponential model parameters effective reflection height (
), steepness parameter (β), and solar zenith angle. The
and β values were later used in the LWPC code to obtain the VLF signal amplitude at a particular time. The same procedure was repeated to obtain the whole day signal. Nature of the whole day signal variation from the theoretical modeling is also found to match with our observation to some extent.
The periodic topography of ice stream beds: Insights from the Fourier spectra of mega‐scale glacial lineations
Authors: Spagnolo Matteo , Bartholomaus Timothy C. , Clark Chris D. , Stokes Chris R. , Atkinson Nigel , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Ely Jeremy C. , Graham Alastair G. C. , Hogan Kelly A. , King Edward C. , Larter Robert D. , Livingstone Stephen J. , Pritchard Hamish D.
Published: June 2017

Ice stream bed topography contains key evidence for the ways ice streams interact with, and are potentially controlled by, their beds. Here we present the first application of two‐dimensional Fourier analysis to 22 marine and terrestrial topographies from 5 regions in Antarctica and Canada, with and without mega‐scale glacial lineations (MSGLs). We find that the topography of MSGL‐rich ice stream sedimentary beds is characterized by multiple, periodic wavelengths between 300 and 1200 m and amplitudes from decimeters to a few meters. This periodic topography is consistent with the idea that instability is a key element to the formation of MSGL bedforms. Dominant wavelengths vary among locations and, on one paleo ice stream bed, increase along the direction of ice flow by 1.7 ± 0.52% km−1. We suggest that these changes are likely to reflect pattern evolution via downstream wavelength coarsening, even under potentially steady ice stream geometry and flow conditions. The amplitude of MSGLs is smaller than that of other fluvial and glacial topographies but within the same order of magnitude. However, MSGLs are a striking component of ice stream beds because the topographic amplitude of features not aligned with ice flow is reduced by an order of magnitude relative to those oriented with the flow direction. This study represents the first attempt to automatically derive the spectral signatures of MSGLs. It highlights the plausibility of identifying these landform assemblages using automated techniques and provides a benchmark for numerical models of ice stream flow and subglacial landscape evolution.
The most intense electrical currents in the solar wind: Comparisons between single‐spacecraft measurements and plasma turbulence simulations
Authors: Podesta John J. , Roytershteyn Vadim
Published: June 2017

Three‐dimensional hybrid simulations of solar wind turbulence near the orbit of the Earth are used to investigate the plasma current density over the range of scales from 0.5 proton inertial lengths to hundreds of proton inertial lengths. The data are analyzed along a simulated spacecraft trajectory in order to directly compare the results against single‐spacecraft measurements. The most intense current densities are identified using an amplitude threshold technique and the properties of 5σ events identified in the true current density are compared to the properties of 5σ events identified using a proxy for the current density designed for studies of single‐spacecraft solar wind measurements. The proxy is proportional to the magnitude of the directional derivative of the magnetic field along the spacecraft trajectory. The results from the simulation show that the average properties of 5σ events observed in the proxy are quantitatively similar to those observed in the true current density, properties such as the spatial size of the events, the nearest neighbor distance, and the peak current density of the events. This provides some justification for the use of the proxy for the statistical analysis of solar wind data even though the simulation indicates that the occurrence times of large‐amplitude events in the proxy are not always a reliable indicator of the occurrence times of large‐amplitude events in the true current density. The physical properties of 5σ events in simulated spacecraft data show remarkable quantitative agreement with the properties of 5σ events observed in solar wind data.
A sporadic low‐velocity layer atop the 410 km discontinuity beneath the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wei S. Shawn , Shearer Peter M.
Published: June 2017

Waveforms of SS precursors recorded by global stations are analyzed to investigate lateral heterogeneities of upper mantle discontinuities on a global scale. A sporadic low‐velocity layer immediately above the 410 km discontinuity (LVL‐410) is observed worldwide, including East Asia, western North America, eastern South America, the Pacific Ocean, and possibly the Indian Ocean. Our best data coverage is for the Pacific Ocean, where the LVL‐410 covers 33–50% of the resolved region. Lateral variations of our LVL‐410 observations show no geographical correlation with 410 km discontinuity topography or tomographic models of seismic velocity, suggesting that the LVL‐410 is not caused by regional thermal anomalies. We interpret the LVL‐410 as partial melting due to dehydration of ascending mantle across the 410 km discontinuity, which is predicted by the transition zone water filter hypothesis. Given the low vertical resolution of SS precursors, it is possible that the regions without a clear LVL‐410 detection also have a thin layer. Therefore, the strong lateral heterogeneity of the LVL‐410 in our observations suggests partial melting with varying intensities across the Pacific and further provides indirect evidence of a hydrous mantle transition zone with laterally varying water content.
Novel, adventure
Authors: Deane Bradley
Published: June 2017

Victorian adventure novels follow the exciting stories of protagonists who pass beyond the reach of a secure and familiar social order into a perilous realm where, by heroically enduring a series of challenges, they demonstrate not only their own virtues but also the potential power of the social order from which they come. Among the most popular literary forms of the nineteenth century, these novels placed themselves at the center of literary controversies – such as disputes over the aims of juvenile literature or over the relative merits of romance and realism – and of wide‐reaching cultural debates, especially those concerned with the meanings of masculinity and the mission of British imperialism. Following the earlier work of Daniel Defoe and Walter Scott, Victorian adventure novelists included celebrated children's authors such as Captain Frederick Marryat and R. M. Ballantyne – and, later, such giants of popular fiction as Robert Louis Stevenson, H. Rider Haggard, and Arthur Conan Doyle.
Arctic, the
Authors: Hill Jen
Published: June 2017

The Arctic and Arctic exploration held a prominent place in Victorian popular and print culture. Admiralty support for Arctic exploration missions in the early century produced exploration accounts that the polar regions and the Arctic in particular as a space that tested and affirmed English ingenuity and resolve. Yet as a space of radical geographical alterity that challenged existent technologies, geopolitical definitions, and human limits, narrative attempts to incorporate them into dominant aesthetic categories or paradigms of conquest and British mastery sometimes fell short. Following the mid‐century disappearance of Sir John Franklin and the exploration ships
The Erebus
and
Terror
, print debates about national character arose after evidence of possible cannibalism by the expedition surfaced. The long and expensive search for the Franklin expedition and public debate about its end was responsible in part for the Arctic's persistent presence in popular culture and for its depiction and deployment in literature. Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Charlotte Brontë, R. M. Ballantyne, and other writers, as well as visual artists and journalists used the Arctic as a representational space in which to rehearse arguments about nation, empire, gender, race, and human endeavor.
Browning, Robert
Authors: Slinn E. Warwick
Published: June 2017

A hugely prolific poet, Robert Browning blended rhythmic and figurative skill with psychological subtlety in order to develop a revisionary mode of dialogical writing. Best known for his dramatic monologues, he immersed himself in the Victorian expansion of print culture, exploring the dominion of words as a medium for understanding and perception, and realizing the uncertainties that underpin both tactical argumentation and lyrical expressiveness. He explored an array of contemporary issues: historiography, aesthetics, mental health, emotional violence, love, evolution, spiritualism, religious authority, Higher Criticism, institutional discourse. Fascinated by those who live on moral margins, by stranglers, frauds, and skeptical bishops, by egotism and self‐persuasion, as well as by the inflections of intimacy and desire, he reconfigured poetry as an art that depicts immediate social action, the mediations and ironies of human speech acts.
Caribbean in literature
Authors: Watson Tim
Published: June 2017

Caribbean settings and themes were rarer in the literature of the Victorian period than in the previous 150 years. Nevertheless, for major authors like Charlotte Brontë, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Robert Louis Stevenson, along with writers less well remembered today like Frederick Marryat, Charles Kingsley, and Michael Scott, the Caribbean retained its appeal as a place of social, racial, and sexual conflict; as a pioneering site of colonial settlement and exploitation; and as a setting for maritime adventure. Some iconic figures and settings in Victorian literature are West Indian, like Bertha Mason, the creole Jamaican “madwoman in the attic” in Brontë'sJane Eyre(1847), and Skeleton Island, the uninhabited Caribbean setting for Stevenson'sTreasure Island(1883). Economically and politically, the Caribbean territories became outposts of the Empire in the Victorian era, but they retained the capacity to produce literary ferment.
China and Literature
Authors: Chang Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

China occupied a range of positions in Victorian literature, as both challenging contemporary empire and exotic imaginary fantasyland. Fiction and nonfiction alike thematized China's land, people, and material objects in efforts to both exemplify China's difference and integrate its advances.
Dialect poetry
Authors: Ruthven K. K.
Published: June 2017

In focusing primarily on verse written in standard English, studies of Victorian poetry overlook a sizable corpus of poems written in England's various regional dialects. Dismissed at the time as the work of vulgar rhymesters in obsolescent vernaculars, they evince our underestimation of the extraordinary vocal range of Victorian poetry.
Dickens, Charles, travel writing
Authors: Winter Sarah
Published: June 2017

Charles Dickens published full‐length travelogues, journalistic accounts of his trips within Britain and abroad, and depictions of travel in his novels.American Notes for General Circulation(1842) describes his first trip to the United States in 1842, andPictures from Italy(1846) his travels and residence in Italy in 1844–45. These books were not travel guides, but rather chronicles of Dickens's impressions and experiences, including his opinions of the customs, cities, food arrangements for travelers, and political and religious institutions of the places he visited. In a series of articles in the 1860s inAll the Year Round, Dickens adopted the persona of the “uncommercial traveller,” a sympathetic observer of the ways of life of ordinary people.
Dixon, Ella Hepworth
Authors: Fehlbaum Valerie
Published: June 2017

Due to renewed interest in her 1894 novel
The Story of a Modern Woman
, Ella Hepworth Dixon is now mostly associated with the phenomenon of the New Woman. This, however, was an epithet she, for various reasons, rejected. In a career which spanned over forty years, she made a vast number of contributions, both fiction and nonfiction, to a wide variety of periodicals and was very much a pioneer in her field of journalism.
Ethics
Authors: Schramm Jan‐Melissa
Published: June 2017

While Victorians enjoyed lyric poetry and nonsense verse, many Victorian realist novels were highly didactic, with the experience of reading ideally directed toward the moral and spiritual renovation of the reading subject. Influenced by the teaching of the New Testament, many nineteenth‐century novels advocate the practice of “goodness,” an ethics of mutual sympathetic identification which promotes self‐sacrifice as the means by which to reconcile the sometimes competing claims of the individual and the community to which they belong. But at the same time, imaginative literature is always richly complex and Victorian novels often illustrate the human costs of these moral transactions, thus problematizing and even undermining the idea of sympathy as the foundation of a wider ethical or political system.
FitzGerald, Edward
Authors: Drury Annmarie S.
Published: June 2017

Edward FitzGerald (1809–83) created one of the most popular translations in English literature, the
Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám
(1859). His rendering of quatrains by the eleventh‐century Persian poet has inspired imitators, parodists, visual artists, and composers. FitzGerald's accounts of his methods have been important to scholars of translation theory and of historical translation practice. He translated many other texts, from languages including Spanish and Greek, and showed a lifelong interest in adapting the work of others. His undergraduate years at Cambridge University were important to his formation of literary friendships. He lived mainly in Suffolk.
Haggard, H. Rider
Authors: Monsman Gerald
Published: June 2017

H. Rider Haggard published
King Solomon's Mines
,
She: A History of Adventure
, and
Nada the Lily
, books that portrayed an idealistic British imperialism as “the rule of law.” His famous fictional characters included Allan Quatermain based on F. C. Selous, King Twala, Umslopogaas the tribal warrior, and Ayesha or “She‐who‐must‐be‐obeyed.” Personal memories from the colony of Natal, the annexation of the Republic of the Transvaal, the Anglo‐African War, and tribal life, diamond mining, and elephant hunting animated his fantasy and realism.
Novel, historical
Authors: de Groot Jerome
Published: June 2017

Historical novels were an important new genre during the period. They reflect the changing attitudes to History itself during the period. Key practitioners include Sir Walter Scott, whose example influenced novelists and historians for decades. Other key writers who considered the relationship between history and fiction were Thomas Macaulay, Wilkie Collins, and Thomas Carlyle. Many female novelists used the historical mode, including Margaret Oliphant.
Historical writers and writing
Authors: Burstein Miriam Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

Although narratives of Victorian historiography usually emphasize its transformation into an academic profession, domiciled in the universities, this model leaves out many other threads in the story of nineteenth‐century historical writing, including women's authorship and popular history. “Scientific” history, the antecedent of modern academic historiography, sits alongside the demand for synthetic popular histories, moralizing histories of all sorts, historical fiction, and children's history. Despite modern history's new institutional credentials, many professional historians sought financial success by tapping the popular market, just as many novelists sought to cross over into historical authorship proper.
Hood, Thomas
Authors: O'Brien Ellen L.
Published: June 2017

Thomas Hood (1799–1845) was a writer, artist, and editor. Though he published in diverse forms and genres, he is best known for his comic ingenuity in meters, rhymes, and puns and his political poetry about industrial capitalism and exploited labor. Crossing lines between high and low culture, and between the Romantic and Victorian eras, Hood and his work were well known and highly regarded throughout the nineteenth century but marginalized in twentieth‐century formulations of literary canons and periods. Recent scholarship on print and popular culture has renewed interest in his work.
Hopkins, Gerard Manley
Authors: Neilsen Kate , Bizup Joseph
Published: June 2017

Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889), poet and Jesuit priest, was raised in a middle‐class professional family. He attended Balliol College, Oxford, where he was influenced by the Oxford Movement. In 1866, he converted to Roman Catholicism, and in 1868, he burned copies of his existing poetry and joined the Society of Jesus. He began writing poetry again in 1875, with “The Wreck of the Deutschland.” As a poet, he is known for his religious themes, attention to detailed observation of the natural world, intricate wordplay, and bold experiments with rhythm and meter. Although he went largely unpublished in his lifetime, he is now regarded as one of the most distinctive of Victorian poetic voices.
Illustration
Authors: Kooistra Lorraine Janzen
Published: June 2017

The literature of the Victorian period regularly appeared in illustrated form, regardless of genre, format, and audience. The explosion of illustrated books and periodicals came about through both social and technological changes. By the end of the century, illustrated literature in diverse forms was available for Victorians across generations and classes. The knowledge that their work would be illustrated affected writers, while the interplay of picture and word contributed to readers’ understanding of genre and interpretation. As a multimedia form combining image and text, illustrated works highlighted collaborative authorship and trained readers in verbal/visual literacy, contributing to modern visual culture in a newly industrialized and urbanized society.
Irish Famine
Authors: Scholl Lesa
Published: June 2017

The Great Famine (ca. 1845–52) redefined the representation of Ireland and Irishness in literature. The harmless, bumbling Irishman was replaced by a violent, alien figure. The mass migration and nomadic nature of the Irish figure was treated with distrust by English, Anglo‐Irish, and Irish writers alike, while the absentee landlord was held accountable for the economic mismanagement of the nation. The starving Irish figure was viewed with both guilt and contempt, both pitied and feared, reflecting the complexities of the British government's political and economic responsibility, while Irish novels, plays and poetry, particularly written from the diaspora, featured pastoral elegies of pre‐famine Ireland.
Irish poetry, 1832–1880
Authors: Wright Julia M.
Published: June 2017

Irish poetry in this period between Romanticism and the early rise of modernism is rich and diverse. The focus here is on canonical streams in three periods – the period immediately after Catholic Emancipation, Young Ireland poetry, and responses to the Great Famine – and the shifting emphasis on redefining Ireland and understanding it in global and historical terms. Masculinist ideals and nostalgia give a reactionary edge to a radical poetics tied to a nationalist resistance to British rule, while ongoing sectarian tensions cannot overshadow the importance of faith and myriad efforts to understand the colonial situation in those terms.
James, George Payne Rainsford
Authors: Bragg Tom
Published: June 2017

This entry is a discussion of the life, works, and critical reception of Victorian historian and novelist George Payne Rainsford James (1799–1860). The entry follows James's career from his early successes and association with Sir Walter Scott to his most popular period in the 1840s and his decline in popularity in the 1850s. Also reviewed are his relationships with fellow novelists William Harrison Ainsworth and William Makepeace Thackeray and his 1850 relocation to the United States, where he served for nearly a decade as British consul. A brief account is provided of critical treatments of his work during the late twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries.
Jews
Authors: Gracombe Sarah
Published: June 2017

Victorian literature turned with surprising frequency and significance to representations of Jews and Jewishness. Literature was a major source of Victorians’ ideas of and debates about Jews, debates Anglo‐Jewish writers increasingly joined as the century progressed. Depictions of Jews as avaricious Shylocks, influenced by long‐standing anti‐Semitic narratives, appeared in Victorian plays, novels, and comic poems. But Victorian literature also depicted Jews in more complex and positive ways, drawing on ideas about special Judeo‐Christian connections and “Jewish” creativity. Because Victorian Jewishness shifted between religion, race, culture, and nation, it allowed writers to consider the way similar categories shaped Victorian Englishness. Nineteenth‐century novels, with their attention to domestic and psychological interiority, were especially adept at exploring whether Jewishness and Englishness were identities that could be learned, converted to, or only inherited. Fictional Jews thus facilitated the examination of the fiction of the nation and the workings of Victorian novels themselves.
Kingsley, Charles
Authors: Horrocks Clare
Published: June 2017

Charles Kingsley was born on June 12, 1819 at Holne Vicarage in Dartmoor. He is perhaps best known for writing the children's classic
The Water Babies
(1863). Among his other popular works were
Alton Locke
(1850),
Hypatia
(1853), and
Westward Ho!
(1855). Kingsley is most often remembered for his controversial views on sexuality and manliness, proselytized through the rhetoric of “muscular Christianity,” a narrative deployed by Christian socialists like Kingsley and the reverend F. D. Maurice. The standard edition of Kingsley's works is Macmillan's twenty‐eight‐volume
The Works of Charles Kingsley
(1879–1885). In this collection, however, there are many lectures, pamphlets, sermons, novels, plays and poems that have failed to attract critical attention. Kingsley was one of the most prolific writers of the nineteenth century, and yet the breadth of his work is rarely acknowledged. This entry provides a starting point from which to develop an understanding of the true scope of Kingsley's work.
Marsh, Richard
Authors: Wolfreys Julian
Published: June 2017

Although he produced around eighty novels and collections of short stories, Richard Marsh (1857–1915), born Heldmann, is chiefly known today for his 1897 horror fiction
The Beetle
. His publishing output included comedy, boys’ adventure stories, supernatural, gothic, and horror fiction, romance, crime, and works in other genres popular in the last decades of the nineteenth and first decade of the twentieth century. Largely neglected, Marsh remains a fascinating popular writer with a keen eye for contemporary social transformations and for the anxieties of his age.
Medievalism
Authors: Taylor Beverly
Published: June 2017

Victorian medievalism encompassed evocations, imitations, and reinterpretations of what Victorians understood to be the cultural practices, the aesthetics, and the religious, social, and political thought of the Middle Ages. The work of editors, linguists, and historians studying the medieval period extensively influenced architects, painters, and writers, as well as theologians and social reformers. Some writers and artists used medieval material to escape from modernity's challenges, while others critiqued the present through contrasts with the past. Major figures participating in the period's medievalism included Thomas Carlyle, Alfred Tennyson, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, and Pre‐Raphaelite painters, writers, and craftsmen such as Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Morris.
Memoirs and autobiography
Authors: Klaver Claudia
Published: June 2017

The genres of autobiography and memoir underwent two major transformations in nineteenth‐century Britain. Important literary and cultural figures, including Harriet Martineau and John Stuart Mill, secularized the spiritual autobiographical genre inherited from John Bunyan, participating in the construction of a new canonical form of autobiography. At the same time, writers marginalized by class and gender also engaged in projects of lifewriting that did not conform to the canonical model. Through these two tendencies, Victorian autobiography and memoir show how forms of lifewriting reflect the shape of their authors’ subjectivities, as well as the nature of these authors’ relationship with the historical moment.
Merrick, Leonard
Authors: Baker William
Published: June 2017

Leonard Merrick was an Anglo‐Jewish writer whose Victorian‐era career included stints as an actor and playwright; but he is perhaps best known for novels such as
The Position of Peggy Harper
,
Violet Moses
, and
The Quaint Companions
. Literary luminaries such as George Orwell, H. G. Wells, and Virginia Woolf have celebrated Merrick for his craftsmanship, use of theatrical setting, realism, and concern for exposing fraud.
New Woman fiction
Authors: Corbett Mary Jean
Published: June 2017

The New Woman emerged in contemporary fiction and polemic of the 1880s and 1890s as a contested sign of broader social and cultural changes in the status and aspirations of upper‐ and middle‐class Englishwomen. As a fictional figure, she represented a departure from earlier Victorian norms for femininity, particularly those that cast marriage, maternity, and domesticity as the only really appropriate lot for bourgeois womanhood. The protofeminist figure of the New Woman in late century fiction challenged established boundaries by asserting her claims to bodily autonomy and personal independence. In the process, however, her authors sometimes disregarded the interests and experiences of others, who lacked the class and race privilege that enabled that independence. In literary terms, New Woman fiction furthered the late century critique of Victorian realism, anticipating stylistic experiments of the next modernist generation and articulating new points of view, which helped to change the terms for what constituted “realism” itself.
Newman, John Henry
Authors: Poston Lawrence
Published: June 2017

John Henry Newman (1801–90), priest, poet, religious controversialist, and theologian, was Victorian England's most famous convert to Roman Catholic Christianity and most prominent defender of the principle of dogma in religion. Best known for his autobiography,
Apologia pro vita sua
, and perhaps most widely admired in his years at Oxford for his afternoon sermons at St. Mary's, he became a leader in the Oxford Movement – a conservative reaction, within the Church of England, to liberal currents in contemporary religious theology and to the subordination of the claims of church to the state. Newman's much‐publicized decision to be received by the Roman Catholic Church in 1845 was followed by his appointment as father superior to a house of Oratorian fathers in Birmingham; a brief but intensive period as rector of the new Catholic University of Dublin; and two important works of theology, one of which he began as an Anglican while the other became widely influential for its inquiry into how a believer reaches certitude in religious matters. Despite many trials and tribulations, first with the Anglican, then with the Roman Catholic hierarchy, Newman ended his long life as a fellow of his undergraduate college, Trinity in Oxford, thus healing his breach with the church of his birth, and as a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, an appointment that signified acceptance within his adopted communion.
Newspapers
Authors: Mussell James
Published: June 2017

Newspapers were one of the principal venues for the publication of literature in the period. For writers, this meant that the newspaper press was an important source of publicity and income; for readers, it meant that literature was read in daily or weekly parts alongside the newspaper's other contents. However, newspapers were also one of the most common kinds of printed object in the period, with readers at all levels of Victorian society. The newspaper helped its readers make sense of the world around them, circulating a range of representations that writers could draw upon in their works. The newspaper was both a source of inspiration, offering textual representations that could find their way into literature, and an important part of the world that literary works described.
Photography
Authors: Novak Daniel A.
Published: June 2017

The Victorian period is the first photographic age, and the histories of photography and of the Victorian period unfold together. As a technologically produced image without an “author,” photography revolutionized how we understand representation itself and affected artistic forms far beyond those of the visual arts. Photography challenged the definitions of central aesthetic categories like realism, authenticity, authorship, time, memory, and the nature of art. Even from the beginning, photography is intertwined with literature, and it remained a popular subject for writers in a wide range of genres. Writers – from Charles Dickens, John Ruskin, and George Eliot to Arthur Conan Doyle, Bram Stoker, H. G. Wells, Thomas Hardy, and Amy Levy – used photography and the photographer as a metaphor to understand not only acts of perception and narration, but also the society around them. In turn, literature would influence photography in profound ways, providing both subject matter and a model for forms of visual imagination and narration.
Prisons
Authors: Grass Sean
Published: June 2017

The prison occupied a central position in many Victorian literary works, from the “Newgate novels” of Edward Bulwer‐Lytton and William Harrison Ainsworth during the late 1820s and 1830s to the novels of Charles Dickens, with their frequent returns to both convict and debtors’ prisons, and to the late century engagements with the prison that we find in works by Henry James, Oscar Wilde, and Joseph Conrad. The literary uses to which authors put the prison during the Victorian period remind us of both the prison's complex transformation during the nineteenth century and its remarkable cultural and imaginative significance for the social reformers, novelists, and poets of the age.
Prose, nonfiction
Authors: Camlot Jason
Published: June 2017

Nonfiction prose was not invented in the Victorian period, but it proliferated, flourished, and developed new generic and discursive forms and qualities within the growing complexity of Victorian society and its new technologies of textual dissemination. Victorian nonfiction prose taught, expressed, critiqued, and entertained new readers via a multifaceted infrastructure of publishing formats and venues, namely the significant proliferation of affordable books and periodicals. Some key genres of the period were reviews, essays, and other journalistic forms, philosophy, political economy and social criticism, sage writing and religious texts such as sermons, multiple forms of lifewriting, works of history, travel, science, and various specialized modes of academic writing.
Prosody
Authors: Martin Meredith
Published: June 2017

Prosody is an evolving and complicated discourse in the nineteenth century rather than a unified field. Dealing as it does with both pronunciation and versification, the concept of prosody is related to grammar, classical verse, music and speech, ideas about national origins, and the development of linguistics as a discipline distinct from English literary studies. Despite hundreds of prosodists arguing about how to measure English poetry, Victorian prosody in particular is often misunderstood. There is a vast and unexplored archive of Victorian prosody theory, primed to overturn many assumptions about the development of poetic genres and forms.