bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-range transport of airborne microorganisms by Asian dust events: Bioaerosols relating to human health
Authors: Maki Teruya , Sano Itaru , Shimamoto Shigeru , Miyata Hiroki , Fujiwara Yua , Watanabe Koichi , Kurosaki Ysunori , Aoki Kazuma , Matsuki Atsushi , Noda Jun , Huang Zhongwei , Chen Bin , Iwasaka Yasunobu
Published: February 2023

The bioaerosols relating to human health are possibly transported by the westerly wind traveling at high altitudes over East Asia. However, the long-range transport of bioaerosols has not been demonstrated by analyzing the microbial communities in aerosols such as desert mineral particles and anthropogenic pollutants transported by the westerly wind. Here, airborne microbial compositions were investigated in high-altitude aerosols collected during the Asian dust events in Japan island. This was further compared to the ground-level aerosols collected sequentially at more than seven sampling sites distributed from Asian dust source region to downwind areas in East Asia (Asian desert; Tsogt-Ovoo, Asian continental cities; Erenhot, Beijing, Yongin, Japanese island cities; Yonago, Suzu, Noto Peninsula). The cell concentrations and taxonomic diversities of airborne bacteria decreased from the Asian continental area to the Japan island area. Terrestrial bacterial populations belonging to Firmicutes and Actinobacteria showed higher relative abundance at downwind areas during Asian-dust events. Additionally, some pathogenic microorganisms such as NTM-PD bacteria (Mycobacterium species) increased in relative abundance in correspondence to the increase of black carbon concentrations. In contrast, the food fermenting bacteria, such as Natto bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), were detected and isolated from the high-altitude aerosols and actually made Natto. Presumably, Asian dusts carry potential pathogen and fermenting microorganisms, thereby impacting upon the human societies.
A surrogate model for depth-averaged erosion and deposition closures using deep learning
Authors: Nikooei Mohammad , Edward Choi Clarence
Published: February 2023

Geophysical mass flows are commonly modelled using depth-averaged (DA) numerical models, which rely on closure relations to account for erosion and deposition. While erosion and deposition are grain scale phenomena, their physics is overlooked due to simplifications required in DA models. In this study, a framework is proposed to transfer the grain-scale physics of erosion and deposition to the continuum scale of DA models. A long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is coupled with a DA model to incorporate the grain-scale physics of erosion and deposition. As a surrogate model for the closure relation, the LSTM model is trained using computed results from grain-scale Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations. The surrogate model is evaluated by studying the deposition of an initially flowing granular mass over slope. The effective flow depth h and DA velocity u calculated by the DA-LSTM model are compared with DEM simulation results. The DA-LSTM model is demonstrated to provide more computational efficiency compared to DEM simulations. The newly proposed surrogate model offers a promising approach to calculating more complex closures using deep learning techniques.
Solar wind parameters influencing magnetosheath jet formation: low and high IMF cone angle regimes
Authors: Vuorinen Laura , Hietala Heli , LaMoury Adrian T.
Published: February 2023

Magnetosheath jets are dynamic pressure enhancements that are frequently observed downstream of the Earth's bow shock. Earthward propagating jets are significantly more likely to occur downstream of the quasi-parallel shock than the quasi-perpendicular shock. However, as the quasi-perpendicular geometry is the more common configuration at the Earth's bow shock, quasi-perpendicular jets can constitute a significant fraction of jets observed at Earth. Moreover, at other more quasi-perpendicular shock environments, such as at interplanetary shocks or the bow shocks of outer planets, they would be expected to form an even more significant portion of jets. We study the solar wind influence on jet formation in the quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular regimes by investigating jets in the Earth’s subsolar magnetosheath separately during low and high IMF cone angles. We find that during low IMF cone angles (downstream of the quasi-parallel shock) jet occurrence near the bow shock is not sensitive to other solar wind parameters. However, during high IMF cone angles (downstream of the quasi-perpendicular shock) jet occurrence is higher during low B, low n, high beta, and high MA conditions. This suggests that quasi-perpendicular jet formation is related to shock dynamics amplified by higher beta and MA. These observations from a wide range of solar wind parameters also allow us to make predictions of jet occurrence at other planetary systems.
Global High-Resolution mid-Mantle Imaging with Multiple-Taper SS-Precursor Estimates
Authors: Frazer William , Park Jeffrey
Published: February 2023

SS precursor imaging has long been used to detect sharp interfaces within Earth’s mid-Mantle. The topography of the 410- and 660-km discontinuities, the major interfaces in the mantle transition zone (MTZ), can provide valuable insight into the temperature of and material flow within the mantle. Additionally, negative velocity gradients and possible partial melt surrounding the MTZ in some regions provide evidence for a hydrogen-enriched mid-mantle, a feature that may have implications for global water circulation and long-term (~100 Ma) ocean-mass regulation. Here, we apply a novel SS-precursor deconvolution technique based on multiple-taper correlation (MTC). Typical SS-precursor techniques require tightly bandpassed signals (e.g., 0.02-0.1 Hz), limiting both vertical and horizontal resolution. Higher-frequency content allows for the detection of finer structure in and around the MTZ. MTC-based SS-precursor estimates can increase the frequency cutoff to above 0.5 Hz, thereby increasing vertical resolution to under 10 km. We conduct this analysis on a global data set of over 300,000 SS waveforms recorded on the permanent GSN, GEOSCOPE, and GEOFON networks as well as the temporary EarthScope TA and AlpArray. Such a large dataset provides unprecedented bounce-point density, particularly in the North Pacific Ocean. Preliminary results suggest a global average depth of ~409 km and ~665 km for the 410- and 660-km discontinuities respectively. In this work we used time-delays calculated for the 1-D ak135 velocity model. In general, we find moderate agreement with previous low-frequency SS precursor analysis. Additionally, we identify a sharp feature above the MTZ, north of the Hawaiian Islands, that was interpreted previously from an asymmetry in sidelobe amplitudes, suggesting a low-velocity zone with a sharp interface (<10-km thickness), rather than a thick wavespeed gradient. Further results will include corrections for 3-D structure with various mantle tomography models and focus on potential impacts to the solid-Earth water cycle.
Aerosol effective height retrieval using O4 absorption property based on GEMS measurements
Authors: Choi Wonei , Lee Hanlim , Kim Seung Hee , Kafatos Menas
Published: February 2023

In this study, we developed an aerosol effective height (AEH) retrieval algorithm based on O4 absorption properties at 477 nm from the hyperspectral measurements of the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS). The GEMS, successfully launched in February 2020 onboard Geostationary Korea Multi-Purpose SATellite (GeoKOMPSAT-2B), is currently monitoring the air quality (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, and aerosol) over Asia. In the AEH retrieval algorithm, an O4 slant column density (SCD) is retrieved using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique, then the O4 air mass factor (AMF) is derived by dividing O4 SCD by O4 vertical column density (VCD) to account for the variation of O4 VCD associated with changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure. A spatiotemporal variation of O4 VCD and its effect on AEH retrieval accuracy was investigated. In addition, a temperature-dependent cross-section for O4 (TDCS) was applied to the O4 AMF calculation. The AEHs were retrieved from hyperspectral radiance from the GEMS measurements for the Asian dust period in 2021. Additionally, we tried to compare the retrieved GEMS AEH with lidar measurement data to validate the performance of our retrieval.
The Pacific basal mantle structure could be older than the African one
Authors: Flament Nicolas , Bodur Omer , Williams Simon , Merdith Andrew , Muller Dietmar , Cannon John , Tetley Michael , Cao Xianzhi , Zahirovic Sabin
Published: February 2023

Plate tectonics shapes Earth’s surface and is linked to motions within its deep interior. Cold oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle, and hot mantle plumes rise from the deep Earth, leading to volcanism. Volcanic eruptions over the past 320 million years have been linked to two large structures at the base of the mantle presently under Africa and the Pacific Ocean. This has led to the hypothesis that these basal mantle structures could have been stationary over geological time, in contrast to observations and models suggesting that tectonic plates, subduction zones, and mantle plumes have been mobile and that basal mantle structures are presently deforming. Here we reconstruct mantle flow from one billion years ago to the present day to show that the history of volcanism is statistically as consistent with mobile basal mantle structures as with fixed ones. In our reconstructions, cold lithosphere sank deep into the African hemisphere between 740 and 500 million years ago, and from 400 million years ago the structure beneath Africa progressively assembled, pushed by peri-Gondwana slabs, to become a coherent structure as recently as 60 million years ago. In contrast, the structure beneath the Pacific Ocean was established between 400 and 200 million years ago. These results confirm the link between basal mantle structures and surface volcanism, and they suggest that basal mantle structures are mobile, and aggregate and disperse over time, similarly to continents at Earth’s surface. This implies that the present-day shape and location of basal mantle structures may not be a suitable reference frame for the motion of tectonic plates.
Observed and modelled surface meltwater-induced flexure and fracture on north George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Banwell Alison , MacAyeal Douglas , Willis Ian , Stevens Laura , Dell Rebecca
Published: February 2023

Hundreds of surface lakes are known to form each summer on north George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. To investigate surface-meltwater induced ice-shelf flexure and fracture, we obtained Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations and ground-based timelapse photography over north George VI for three melt seasons from November 2019 to November 2022In particular, we used these field observations to characterize the flexure and fracture behaviour of a pre-existing doline (i.e. drained lake basin) on north George VI during the record-high melt season of 2019/2020. The GNSS displacement timeseries shows a downward vertical displacement of the doline centre with respect to the doline rim of ~80 cm in response to loading from the development of a central meltwater lake. Viscous flexure modelling indicates that this vertical displacement likely generates flexure stresses of ~> 75 kPa. The GNSS data also show a 10s of days episode of rapid-onset, exponentially decaying horizontal displacement where the horizontal distance from the rim of the doline with respect to its center increases by ~70 cm. We interpret this event as the initiation and/or widening of a single fracture, possibly aided by the availability of surface meltwater (i.e. hydrofracture). Our observations document for the first time the initiation and/or widening of a “ring fracture” on an ice shelf, equivalent to those fractures proposed to be part of the chain reaction lake drainage process involved in the breakup of Larsen B Ice Shelf in 2002.
Cosmogenic nuclide dating applied to human evolution
Authors: Granger Darryl
Published: February 2023

Cosmogenic nuclides have become a well-established tool in geomorphology for quantifying surface process rates and for dating landforms and sedimentary deposits such as terraces, alluvial fans, lakes, and cave infills.  In many cases, these sedimentary deposits can tell us not only about landscape evolution, but if they contain artifacts or fossils, they can also inform us about human evolution, migration, and the development of stone tool technology.   Burial dating with 26Al and 10Be is becoming increasingly important in archaeology and paleoanthropology, particularly in areas that lack volcanic rocks suitable for dating. The development of isochron methods has improved both the precision and reliability of dating results, lending confidence to the age interpretations.  However, because cosmogenic nuclides reflect the exposure and burial history of rocks near the ground surface, it is important to recognize that properly interpreting the depositional age requires understanding the surface processes responsible for sediment erosion and deposition. Cosmogenic nuclides have now been applied to archaeology and human evolution at a variety of sites across Africa, Asia, and Europe.  In most cases, the new dates conform to pre-existing models and provide a fuller picture of human occupation of the landscape.  However, a few sites have challenged current paradigms.  I will present recent studies from caves and terraces in South Africa and China that have produced surprising results, pushing the boundaries of where early humans were found. 
Using pitch angle index to quantify anisotropies in the outer radiation belt
Authors: Greeley Ashley , Kanekal Shrikanth , Schiller Quintin
Published: February 2023

Changes in pitch angle distributions can be a useful indicator of various changes in the radiation belts. Many methods of observing pitch angle distributions are qualitative. We present a method of studying pitch angle distributions that allows for a quantitative analysis of pitch angle distributions over time and energy channels, which allows for closer monitoring of spatial and temporal changes in the radiation belts. We use Van Allen Probes data from both spacecraft in fit pitch angle distributions with the form J0sinnα, tracking ‘n’ over time. We use this method of tracking pitch angle distributions to establish a connection between very localized wave particle interactions and particle scattering.
The European alpine transport corridor – investigating the systemic impact of compounding disasters within the PARATUS project
Authors: Marr Philipp , Glade Thomas , Donato Alejandra Jiménez , Gspan Klaus , Preissler Astrid , Adams Marc , Pittore Massimiliano , Cocuccioni Silvia , Hürlimann Marcel
Published: February 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic as well as the climate crisis, to name two examples only, have taught us the importance of the systemic impact of compounding disasters. Stakeholders in disaster risk management are faced with the challenge to adapt their risk reduction policies and emergency plans but lack the tools to account for the cross-sectoral impacts and dynamic nature of the risks involved. The EU Horizon project PARATUS (Promoting disaster preparedness and resilience by co-developing stakeholder support tools for managing the systemic risk of compounding disasters – CL3-2021-DRS-01) aims to develop an open and online, user-centred platform for systemic risk assessment with the possibility for analysing and evaluating multi-hazard impact chains, risk reduction measures and disaster response scenarios incorporating systemic vulnerabilities and uncertainties. This platform is co-developed with stakeholders and addressing the dynamic physical, socio-economic, and environmental aspects. 

The development of this platform will be achieved by learning from past events to understand their dynamic and interactive behaviour of hazards and related risks. Disaster histories will be collected through the analysis of representative past events in so-called learning case studies. From the gained knowledge a generic methodology will be developed for a systemic multi-sectoral and multi-hazard risk assessment which will be applied within the PARATUS project in four application case study areas. The application case study in the European Alps will be introduced in this contribution and refers to the stretch between Innsbruck (Austria) and Bozen (Italy). Here, we focus on the impact of the interruption of cross-border transportation of the Brenner highway caused by extreme events in a mountainous environment, such as extreme wind, floods and flash floods, landslides including rockfall, debris- and mudflow, snow avalanches, and heat. Besides the experiences of the responsible stakeholder ASFiNAG, another focus will be on local communities.  For instance, the future regional economic impact will be projected for various climate and hazard scenarios related to the interruption of cross-border transportation due to compounding events. Additionally, the involvement of Austrian and Italian local and regional stakeholders in the above-mentioned activities will foster the co-development of the project platform with their experiences. The final platform will allow the access to additional information in order to support and foster the local and regional developments to achieve a safer environment. 
Recurrent humid phases interrupt an overall aridity trend in Arabia over the past 8 million years creating windows of opportunity for biogeographic dispersals
Authors: Markowska Monika , Vonhof Hubert B. , Groucutt Huw S. , Petraglia Michael D. , Scholz Denis , Weber Michael , Gerdes Axel , Martinez-Garcia Alfredo , Stewart Matthew , Martin Ashley N. , Drake Nicholas , Breeze Paul S. , Nicholson Samuel L. , Fleitmann Dominik , Haug Gerald
Published: February 2023

The Saharo-Arabian desert is part of the largest near-continuous chain of drylands stretching from north-western Africa to the northern China. This harsh and often hyper-arid belt acts as a transition zone separating major biogeographic realms, including the Palearctic, Afrotropics and Indomalayan. This aridity is thought responsible for the creation of unique geographic endemism between Africa and Eurasia. However, there are no direct hydroclimate records from the Arabian hyper-arid interior before the mid-Pleistocene, leaving the terrestrial hydroclimate and the role of Arabia as a biogeographic crossroads or barrier largely unknown.We use desert speleothems preserved from the northern Arabian interior to identify past humid phases over the last 8 million years. These are particularly useful terrestrial climate archives as they act as underground rain gauges, requiring a minimum of ~300 mm a-1 precipitation, pedogenesis and vegetation cover to form. Moreover, they can be accurately and precisely dated and are subsequently a valuable tool in identifying past large-scale hydrological and vegetation changes in ancient drylands. Our data reveal evidence of multiple ‘windows of opportunity’ of climate amelioration, allowing biogeographic exchange and dispersals to occur across the Arabian hyper-arid zone. Further, the novel analyses of the isotopic composition (d18O and d2H) of speleothem fluid inclusion waters, representing ‘fossil rainwater’, reveal the diminishing influence of tropical rain-belt precipitation in Arabia across Earth’s transition from a largely ‘ice-free’ northern hemisphere to an ‘ice-age’ world. The extent of Arabian aridity may thus be important in controlling biogeographic dispersals through the Arabian corridor, becoming increasingly less favourable through time. This is supported by fossil evidence which suggest that exchange between biogeographic regions across the Old World Savannah Biome were favoured in the Late Miocene, but became increasingly latitudinally fragmented from the Pliocene onwards. These results have significant implications for understanding the drivers of dryland aridity in non-polar deserts globally. 
A multi-sensor approach to the study of geomorphic, vegetation and hydrogeologic patterns of Alpine peatlands
Authors: Silvestri Sonia , Sartori Anna , Assiri Marco , Faelga Regine A. , Giambastiani Beatrice M.S.
Published: February 2023

Geomorphic and vegetation patterns within peatlands are strictly related, and reflect the interactions among topography, hydrogeology, and climate. Vegetation patterns are closely related to soil moisture, drainage patterns, bulk density and carbon content, and the spatial distribution of different plant species as well as the spatial variability of vegetation density may provide important information on key hydrogeological variables at the peatland scale. Therefore, the accurate mapping of vegetation patterns is a fundamental step to study the spatial distribution of peat properties and hydrogeological variables in the near-surface layer, where the roots of living plants develop, and peat accumulation and degradation processes occur. In this study we present the results obtained on two Alpine peatlands located in the Italian Dolomitic area, using field and UAV-based observations. Concurrent acquisitions of LiDAR, VIS/NIR Hyperspectral and VIS/NIR Multispectral sensors onboard of UAV systems were performed in July 2021 and July 2022. Field observations started in spring 2020 and ended in October 2022, including: water table summer monitoring (levels and temperature), soil sampling and analyses (bulk density, carbon content, peat layer thickness), vegetation sampling (plant associations, above- and below-ground biomass), and organic matter degradation assessment (based on the Tea Bag Index – TBI, Keuskamp et al. 2013). The combined analysis of field and UAV data allowed us to explore the correlation between vegetation, microtopography and hydrogeological patterns across the studied peatlands, determining the plant associations that best adapt to specific hydrogeological conditions (a phenomenon called “zonation”). Our results show that plant distribution, leaf area index and biomass are related to microtopography and water table levels and that they can be successfully mapped and monitored using UAV systems. Moreover, applying the TBI we explored the variability of the organic matter decomposition across the different plant associations as well as with depth (from the soil surface to the saturated zone). Our results show that the decomposition rate decreases with depth at all sites, while the stabilization factor increases, showing a significant correlation with the depth of the water table. Since the microtopography spatial variation is strongly linked to different soil moisture conditions, and therefore to different vegetation associations, we show that such associations can be used to map different hydrogeological conditions. The results of this study will be used to calibrate and validate an eco-hydrological model to forecast the future development of Alpine peatlands in different climate-change scenarios.
Geospatial Use Cases Enabling Interoperability of Digital Twins
Authors: Saligoe-Simmel Jill , Belayneh Tamrat
Published: February 2023

For many years geospatial users have been building 3d scenes and worlds for various use cases: replicating the physical world, modeling various scenarios using geo design techniques, generating analytical results using geospatial tools, predicting outcomes using Deep Learning and AI workflows, and lately, consuming massive 3d geospatial content in game engines.
Lately, geospatial users have started sharing and modeling these use cases as Digital Twins – be it as an Environmental Digital Twin used for modeling air quality, noise, climate, or groundwater projects, a Planning Digital Twin used in the visualization of urban development scenarios, an Operations Digital Twin for managing building and facility operation, or simply as a Reality Capture Digital Twin used to model the as-built environment, particularly useful in the creation of a 3D City Model.
In this brief paper, we’ll cover digital twin concepts, explore use cases and examples in geospatial that are priorities in creating a digital twin of the earth and how it can be achieved in an interoperable manner using both Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) and Commercial of the Shelf (COTS) solutions. We’ll do so by highlighting and dissecting various use cases including visualizing atmospheric or oceanic data, a geological underground model, or space-time cubes as voxel layers. We also show the power of digital twins by demonstrating the fusing of a 3D mesh layer and Building Information Model (BIM) with voxel layers to model and visualize an underground borehole with temporally variable construction models planned in an area.
Geospatial users expect a digital twin to be multidimensional and interconnected throughout its lifecycle and ideally, to be powered by an open format/standard. Open standards foster interoperability and composability increasing the consistent delivery of 3D content. We will conclude the paper with a review of one such OGC 3D streaming standard, I3S, as a 3d streaming standard of choice for digital twins.
The nonlinear interactions of whistlers in the ionospheric plasma during strong thunderstorms
Authors: Blecki Jan , Wronowski Roman , Jujeczko Paweł
Published: February 2023

  It is not new knowledge that whistler are always present in the ionosphere during the thunderstorms. The terrestrial ionosphere is mainly a plasma region which is very sensitive for different disturbances. A wide range of plasma instabilities can develop  in this region, which are often nonlinear processes and leading to the development of plasma turbulence.  Turbulence is one of the most universal events phenomena in nature. It plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the space plasma processes. The turbulence appears when some physical parameter exceeds a certain level. It can have place during strong thunderstorms. The ionosphere is sometimes treated as plasma physics laboratory with unique possibility to study fundamental plasma processes. The use of ionospheric satellite  gives the chance to perform insitu measurement of plasma parameters during dynamic processes. For our analysis we used set of selected data  of the electric and magnetic fields variations in ELF and VLF ranges originating from the all French microsatellite DEMETER which was operating on the circular orbit with inclination of about 800 at altitude of 660 km from July 2004 until December 2010.The  Fourier, wavelet and bispectral analysis of these signals has been performed. The 3 waves processes has been identified during few very strong strokes. In some cases the nonlinear interactions of whistlers with VLF signals of ground based transmitters. The character of spectra suggests the presence of Richardson’s cascade. Our conclusion is that these results are related to whistler turbulence.
Stem-methane emissions from the Amazon floodplains: controls and variability
Authors: Pangala Sunitha , Nunes-Sousa Rodrigo , Blincow Holly , Gomez Carla , Reis Leonardo Pequeno
Published: February 2023

Methane emission from wetland trees is an overlooked source of methane, with poor resolution of their global significance and mechanisms. Our ongoing work in the Amazon basin has revealed that wetland trees are the largest source of methane, emitting the equivalent of all the methane emitted from the Arctic. Factors controlling and mechanisms driving these emissions remain unclear. Tree stem surfaces are no longer considered passive conduits for soil-produced methane; instead, they are active surfaces driving both methane production and oxidation.Over the past five years, using methane flux measurements, wood incubation experiments, stable carbon isotopic composition of methane measurements and wood structure and traits analysis, we attempt to unravel the following questions:  Where is methane produced? How is methane transported and emitted from the tree stems? What controls the flux strength of methane eventually released at the stem surface?So far, results suggest that soil is the predominant source of tree stem-released methane; however, certain tree species display strong internal methane production, increasing from the wet to dry season. The methane transport pathway is also tree species-specific, with some trees showing strong evidence of diel variability and others displaying minimal to zero diel variability. Internal wood methane concentration and stable isotopic measurements corroborate this. A strong presence of tree-methane oxidation was observed, which again was tree species-specific, despite the net fluxes measured at the stem surface always being positive. Methane oxidation within the tree stems was dominant, with methane oxidation in the bark only playing a minor role. Wood structure and traits analysis revealed that wood density could be used as a proxy to predict stem methane fluxes at an ecosystem level. However, species-level variability was controlled by other species-specific wood traits, making it harder to fully explain the variability we observe in methane emitted at the stem surface. 
Soil water retention parameters in the dry range—what is the physics?
Authors: Nimmo John R.
Published: February 2023

Low-water content soil moisture relations are increasingly important given current trends of climate change, desertification, and growing interest in extreme environments like those of Antarctica and Mars. Whereas most parametric models of soil water retention were developed for the intermediate and wet ranges of moisture, some alternatives published in the last three decades address water retention down to oven dryness. Such models can be strengthened and made more versatile with a deeper understanding of the physical meaning of parameters used in them.For the shape of the dry-range retention curve, a logarithmic relation has repeatedly been shown to work well, and is consistent with accepted theories of adsorption. Fitted values of the log function’s coefficient relate closely to the specific surface area of the medium.The lower limits of water content and matric potential require more explication. Various observers have noted problems that arise with the use of a nonzero residual water content as the lower limit. In practice, this quantity is not measured but obtained as a fitting parameter, whose value depends not on a physical property but on how far the available measurements extend into the dry range. In parametric models it can be useful for applications in which the water content never goes below the intermediate range dominated by capillary processes.The actual lower limit of water content depends on how its zero is defined. The most common definition is based on equilibration in an oven at a particular temperature, commonly 105° C. Ambiguity arises from the dependence of the soil water on the generally uncontrolled relative humidity within the oven. Application of the Kelvin equation with reasonable assumptions about the outside air and its exchange with the inside air can indicate an equivalent matric potential of the oven-dry state, typically about -1 GPa. Logarithmic extrapolations of dry-range retention measurements intersect the water content=0 axis at values comparable to this, with variations likely related to particular conditions in the lab and oven. A way of resolving this ambiguity is to define zero water content not in terms of oven temperature but rather a specified matric potential of equilibration. An attractive possibility, convenient in SI units, is to make it exactly -1 GPa.Neither the traditional nor this proposed definition of zero water content identifies a state where no water molecules remain in the soil. Measurements at temperatures of hundreds of degrees C show that soil water contents can be lower than these defined zero levels by as much as 2% or more. Our standard scale of water content, therefore, is a relative scale, analogous to the Celsius scale for temperature. Consequently negative values of soil water content have a valid physical meaning. To acknowledge this fact and resolve ambiguities, more rigorous definitions as proposed here are thus necessary for applications dealing with the extremely dry conditions that are becoming increasingly important.
Seasonal land-ice-flow variability and its drivers in the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Boxall Karla , Christie Frazer D. W. , Willis Ian C. , Wuite Jan , Nagler Thomas
Published: February 2023

Ice flow of the Antarctic Ice Sheet has experienced multi-annual acceleration in response to increased rates of ice thinning and retreat. Despite the well-documented seasonality of ice flow in Arctic and Alpine regions, little to no observations exist of seasonal ice-flow variability in Antarctica, due largely to a lack of systematic, high temporal-resolution satellite imagery. Accordingly, the mechanisms driving any such seasonality remain similarly undetermined. Such information is critical for understanding, modelling, and ultimately refining projections of the ongoing and future contribution of Antarctica to global sea-levels.Here, we use high spatial- and temporal- (6/12-daily) resolution Copernicus Sentinel-1a/b synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations spanning 2014 to 2020 to provide evidence for seasonal flow variability of land ice feeding George VI Ice Shelf (GVIIS), Antarctic Peninsula. Between 2014 and 2020, the flow of glaciers draining to GVIIS from Palmer Land and Alexander Island increased during the austral summertime (December – February) by ~15% relative to baseline rates of flow. This speedup is corroborated by independent observations of ice flow as imaged by the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager.To identify the likely drivers of this seasonality, we carry out statistical time-series analyses on an array of remotely sensed and reanalysis datasets of potential environmental forcing mechanisms. We find that both surface and oceanic forcing act as statistically significant precursors to summertime ice-flow acceleration. Ultimately, these findings imply that seasonality may be present elsewhere in Antarctica where comparable forcing mechanisms exist.
An Integrated Variational Framework for Coupled Estimation of Evapotranspiration and Recharge by Assimilating Land Surface Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature Data
Authors: Farhadi Leila , Mahmood Asif
Published: February 2023

Evapotranspiration (ET) and recharge fluxes are fluxes at the land-atmosphere interface. Evaporative flux links the surface and atmospheric systems and the recharge flux links the surface and subsurface systems. These are two critical fluxes in the water cycle that have major impact on agriculture, water supply, climate, biogeochemical cycles and etc. These fluxes are interconnected and depend on the soil moisture content.  In situ measurements of ET and recharge are costly, limited and cannot be readily scaled to regional scales relevant to weather and climate studies. Sequence of land surface state observations of moisture (SM) and temperature (LST), widely available from remote sensing across a range of scales, contain implicit information that can be used for characterization and mapping of evapotranspiration and recharge fluxes.In this work, A variational data assimilation (VDA) framework is developed to estimate key parameters of ET and recharge flux by assimilating Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) soil moisture and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) land surface temperature data into a coupled dual-source energy and water balance model. These parameters include neutral bulk heat transfer coefficient (CHN) and evaporative fraction from soil (EFS) and canopy (EFC)) that regulate the partitioning of available energy, and the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and bore size index (B) that regulate the movement of moisture into the soil column. The uncertainties of the retrieved parameters are estimated through the inverse of the hessian of the cost function, obtained using the lagrangian methodology. Analysis of the second-order information provides a tool to identify the optimum parameter estimates and guides towards a well-posed estimation problem.The proposed framework is implemented over the US Southern great plain (SGP) and Oklahoma Panhandle region (with computational grid size of 0.05 degree) to map evapotranspiration and recharge fluxes across a range of temporal scales. Comparison with in-situ observations from the USCRN and the Mesonet sites show that the proposed assimilation framework can accurately estimate the temporal variability of root zone soil moisture profile. The evapotranspiration estimates show good agreement with the in-situ data from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites at different locations and the estimated annual recharge flux values are within the range suggested in the literature for this region. Results demonstrate the success of the proposed assimilation framework in estimating key water cycle components and their interrelations across a range of spatial and temporal scales from remotely sensed near surface soil moisture and temperature data.
Structural overshoot and post-drought recovery depend on site and species-specific characteristics in Mediterranean mixed forests
Authors: Italiano Santain Settimio Pino , Camarero Jesús Julio , Rita Angelo , Colangelo Michele , Borghetti Marco , Ripullone Francesco
Published: February 2023

Increasing drought severity can affect the healthy status of forests and determine changes in structural and ecophysiological responses to such extreme climate events. Reduced canopy cover, productivity and tree growth and recent dieback phenomena are widespread responses to drought. However, favourable climatic conditions can improve the post-drought recovery capacity of forests, but also make them vulnerable to drought damage through structural overshoot by altering the root to shoot ratio due to wet conditions. Due to the lack of integrated and retrospective field data, the patterns and responses of forests to wet-dry climate variability are still poorly understood. In this work we used remote sensing data (NDVI) to characterise the canopy conditions and combined them with field and tree-ring width data to assess the effects of the summer 2017 drought on Mediterranean tree species in southern Italy (Fraxinus ornus, Quercus pubescens, Acer monspessulanum, Pinus pinaster). By comparing radial growth and resilience indices we found that growth responses to drought depended not only on tree species but also on site conditions. Overall, the growth decline due to drought was followed by a rapid recovery, while negative legacies to drought were found at lower quality sites, which corresponded to sites with the lowest NDVI values. Indeed, trees at these sites showed high growth rates before drought, in response to wet winter-spring conditions, and then suffered more from drought stress. Our results demonstrated how structural overshoots predisposes to drought damage and induced negative legacies. Specific knowledge on the effects of drought overshoot over time is important for analysing and understanding current forest responses and dynamics.
Comparative metagenomics of terrestrial organic matter degradation in the Western Arctic
Authors: Kazmiruk Zakhar , Collins Eric
Published: February 2023

The Arctic Ocean receives more terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM) on a per volume basis than any other ocean, resulting in Arctic coastal waters harboring the highest concentration of tDOM among the world’s oceans. Due to climate change induced intensification of the hydrological cycle, permafrost thaw, and coastal erosion, tDOM input into Arctic coastal waters has been steadily increasing. Nguyen et al. (2022) have speculated that the increasing presence of tDOM in the Arctic Ocean is causing a shift in the local microbiological communities. This may significantly affect CO2 fluxes and food web dynamics in the ocean. Despite recent incubation experiments reporting substantial biodegradation of tDOM in Arctic coastal waters, very few studies have attempted to examine the genetic capacity of Arctic marine microorganisms to process lignocellulose and other recalcitrant aromatic compounds of terrestrial origin. In this study, we perform comparative metagenomics in order to assess the diversity and distribution of microbial genes responsible for tDOM degradation in the Western Arctic. We searched 361 seawater metagenomes from the Bering Shelf, Bering Strait, and Chukchi Shelf for orthologs responsible for ring-opening reactions associated with degradation of tDOM (Grevesse et al., 2022). Like others, we identified Rhodobacterales as important contributors to microbial communities encoding the ring-opening reactions required for degradation of aromatic compounds such as tDOM and petroleum products, including members of the Roseobacteraceae (Sulfitobacter, Roseomonas) and Rhodobacteraceae (Planktomarina, Ascidiaceihabitans, and uncultured taxa). We found the presence of degradation genes to be widely distributed across temperature-, salinity-, depth-, and latitudinal gradients, with no clear patterns in the richness of genes. Future work will investigate the relative abundance of these functional genes among metagenome assembled genomes derived from these samples. Doing so, we hope to elucidate the environmental factors supporting the presence of tDOM degrading microorganisms. This study will contribute to the accumulating knowledge on adaptability of marine microorganisms to inputs of recalcitrant organic compounds.
Dignidad Humana “la quimera de los Derechos Humanos en el marco de un Estadosocial de Derecho”
Authors: Fula Marco
Published: February 2023

Este artículo tiene como principal propósito seguir “la pita” el cual, nos conducirá a la utopía de los Derechos Humanos en el interior de un Estado social de derecho. Al mismo tiempo es necesario resaltar que, naturalmente están cimentados en el derecho, y respeto a la dignidad humana.
El Viejo Dilema Del Periodismo Vs La Literatura
Authors: Fula Marco
Published: February 2023

Muchos autores dicen que este dilema es falso, pero creo que en las actuales circunstancias es legítimo volver a él. ¿La ficción y la realidad, en términos de escritura, deben separarse y más cuando se ejerce el periodismo? Existen dos bandos, trato aquí de describirlos.
Mensajes semióticos a través de las campañas publicitarias
Authors: Vigoya Rodríguez Diana Margarita
Published: February 2023

La era tecnológica está inmersa en los procesos y actividades cotidianas del ser humano, se ha convertido en un componente de carácter vital para el desarrollo de las actividades diarias, las TIC, ya hacen parte de la trasgresión del consumo de la sociedad que quiere pertenecer al círculo contemporáneo de la industria digital y visual.
Estereotipos en la publicidad
Authors: Romero Vargas Leidy Yurany , Matiz Daza Fran Santiago
Published: February 2023

La publicidad, al abandonar su función principal de buscar y persuadir al público para que tome la decisión de comprar un determinado producto, se ha convertido en creadora de distorsiones sociales, éticas e incluso psicológicas, y es sin duda también uno de los fenómenos más importantes y característicos de la modernidad de consumo.
Poesía: Mi única compañía
Authors: Vergara Ochoa Edier
Published: February 2023

La desolación y el encierro se unen para dar en mí, la peor versión de odio que tanto tiempo reprimí.
Reflexiones teóricas y prácticas de la ética empresarial dentro de la actualidad en Colombia
Authors: Peña Forero Santiago Andrés
Published: February 2023

La ética es un valor que debe estar presente dentro de las empresas, en todos los colaboradores y sin distinción de rangos jerárquicos. En los cargos directivos, por su ascendencia y poder sobre personas o grupos y por su manejo de información sensible con un impacto crítico en la organización, deben tener mucho más peso.
IMPACT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND OXALIC ACID ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WHEAT PLANT
Authors:   Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty city, Republic of Kazakhstan., Irkitbay A. , Sapakhova Z.B. ,   Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty city, Republic of Kazakhstan, Gabdulov M.А. ,   West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University named after Zhangir khan, Uralsk city, Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: February 2023

The issue which affected the quality and availability of wheat is not only abiotic and biotic stresses but also climate change.Approximately, a third of agricultural production is produced through out the use of pesticides. Pesticides have harmful impacts on the crops, beneficial microorganisms and the health of human beings. Thus, alternative or chemical-free methods of plant protection prevent from the risks of causing by chemicals. In this study, in order to gain constant dry weight of root an shoot, shoot and root of wheat at three leaves stage were pulled out from the soil then they are separated. In order to a get constant dry weight shoot and root of wheat in an thermostat set to 100 C for 30 minutes. Immediately after cooling, the plants were weighed on a scale. Salicylic acid rates were 0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM, and the oxalic acid rates were 0, 0.1, and 0.2 mM, which were applied via foliar vs. seed treatments. In this experiment the highest germination percentage observed in 0.50mM SA+0.20mM OA and 0.20Mm OA with 99% and 98% respectively compared to 87.7% germination in the control. When treated with salicylic acid and oxalic acid as chemical inducers by seed treatment or foliar spray, affected growth and yield of wheat (Tables 2-5). These studies can be important for research works which is to the proposed to protect wheat crops from abiotic and biotic stresses
O silêncio do PNLD e dos livros didáticos sobre o ciberplagiarismo
Authors: Rodrigues Sirlene , Lopes Carlos
Published: February 2023

O roubo cibernético de ideias nunca foi tão pungente, configurando-se, assim, o plágio ou o ciberplagiarismo, quando o estudante se apropria das informações oriundas do ciberespaço para a realização das suas tarefas escolares, sem atribuir os créditos ao autor do trabalho. Nesse sentido, este artigo analisa o tratamento que os livros didáticos do 3º ano do Ensino Médio e o Programa Nacional do Livro e do Material Didático (PNLD), no Brasil, dão à temática do plágio em correlação com a pesquisa na internet. Foi realizada a Análise de Conteúdo temático-categorial (BARDIN, 2011) em 12 livros didáticos e no Edital de Convocação 04/2015 do PNLD. Apenas três livros alertam para que os estudantes não copiem da internet e nenhum trata do plágio. A temática do plágio não está, assim, integrada às diretrizes de livros didáticos. A lacunar e insuficiente orientação sobre o tema é um elemento a mais que pode fomentar o plágio em estágios mais avançados do conhecimento. Negligenciar a prevenção e orientações quanto ao plágio é também incentivar a opacidade ética, comprometendo a integridade acadêmica.
Identifying Racism and Racial Stereotypes in Rainbow Rowellâ€™s Eleanor and Park
Authors: Sofyani Rizki Amelia , Rangkuti Rahmadsyah , Lubis Masdiana
Published: February 2023

The study aims to identify racism and racial stereotype in text structure, social cognition, and social context of Rainbow Rowellâ€™s Eleanor and Park. The study uses qualitative descriptive design and conducts Teun A. van Dijkâ€™s socio-cognitive approach to analyze words, phrases and sentences which contain racism and racial stereotype in Eleanor & Park. The result shows that racism in Eleanor and Park novel are in the form of implicit, explicit, internalized racism, and fetishism of Asian. The racial stereotypes in the novel are the stereotypes of Asian physical features, namely the description of a short body, slanted eyes, weak and helpless appearances, and also the use of the word "doll" to describe Asian women. The cause of racism and racial stereotypes in the novel are triggered by the inequality of access and power, lack of awareness about racial issues faced by Asian communities in western countries, and the development of the term "Model Minority" which makes an illusion that Asian community are privileged.