bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance to the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum L.) tubers
Authors: Gurr GM , Symington CA
Published: April 2007

Tests were undertaken with tubers of four potato cultivars to determine whether differences were apparent in susceptibility to the insect pest the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella). Under choice test conditions, in which neonates were allowed to invade intact potato tubers, there was no significant difference in the numbers of larval mines established within the tubers of four potato cultivars. However, significantly more mines were initiated in the vicinity of tuber eyes than elsewhere for all cultivars. Under non‐choice test conditions, in which neonates were placed on the surface of intact tubers, resistance was indicated by significantly fewer larvae surviving to eclose as adults on tubers of cultivar Sequoia than on cultivars Kennebec and Tarago. Cultivar Netted Gem yielded an intermediate number of adults. In a third experiment using cultivar Kennebec alone, survival of neonates to adults was significantly increased by pricking the tuber surface immediately prior to inoculation, indicating that the tuber periderm may constitute a significant barrier to invasion. Results are discussed in relation to possible resistance mechanisms and further work required for developing host plant resistance against this pest.
Influence of spray volume and oil concentration on the efficacy of petroleum spray oil against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Herron GA , Beattie GAC , Kallianpur A , Barchia I
Published: April 2007

A Potter spray tower was used to assess the efficacy of petroleum spray oils against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Increasing spray volume (1.00–5.65 mL) of C23 D‐C‐Tron NR resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) increase in aphid mortality when oil deposits were held constant (40 g/cm2). The practical implications of this result are discussed. LC95 (μg oil/cm2) values of 107, 147 and 87 against C20 Total Citrole, C21 Caltex Lovis and C23 Ampol D‐C‐Tron NR, respectively, were calculated using a 35 mm Petri dish. These values are higher than those previously recorded for M. persicae using a large 70 mm Petri dish which restricted air flow and reduced deposit.
Successful parasitoid control of Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Carica papaya L.
Authors: Elder RJ , Smith D , Bell KL
Published: April 2007

The role of three parasitoids in controlling oriental scale, Aonidiella orientalis, in papaya in coastal areas of central and northern Queensland was assessed during 1989–1995. Comperiella lemniscata Compere and Annecke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced from Hainan Island in China and from the Torres Strait in northern Queensland, and reared and released in 1991 at the rate of 2000 per property. Within 12 months, parasitisation mainly of the third‐instar scales rose to as high as 80% and rejection of fruit for the market dropped from 20–30% to 1–2%. Aphytis melinusDeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was augmentatively released in papaya plantations in central and northern Queensland at a rate of 25 000 per ha. Parasitisation mainly of the third‐instar scales was boosted by these releases from 0% to between 10 and 30%, but these levels persisted for only a few months and the parasitoid had to be continually re‐released. Encarsia citrina (Craw) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) occurred naturally at parasitisation levels of up to 80% in mainly the second‐instar scales and was important in the biological control of the scale.
Erixestus zygogrammae Cave and Grissell (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): an exotic egg parasitoid of Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Australia
Authors: Withers TM , Christensen JA , Burwell CJ
Published: April 2007

The solitary endoparasitoid Erixestus zygogrammae has been identified from eggs of the parthenium weed biocontrol agent Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister laid on ragweed in Brisbane. It has been recorded recently as an egg parasitoid of Z. magica Stål in Honduras, Central America. Possible sources of introduction of this parasitoid into Australia are discussed.
Controlling feral honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), populations in Australia: Methodologies and costs
Authors: Oldroyd Benjamin P
Published: April 2007

The level of impact of feral honey bees on the Australian ecosystems is controversial but may include competition with native fauna for floral resources or nesting sites, inadequate pollination of native flora or undesirable pollination of exotic flora. The precautionary principle suggests that control of feral bees in areas of high conservation value would be desirable. This raises the question of the feasibility and cost of controlling or eradicating feral bees in conserved areas. Possible methods for controlling feral bees in Australia are reviewed. It is concluded that eradication is not feasible on a broad scale, but would be in small areas that are heavily used by the public.
Biology and host range of Pomponatius typicus Distant (Heteroptera: Coreidae), a potential biological control agent for the paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia, in southern Florida
Authors: Burrows Damien W , Balciunas Joe K
Published: April 2007

The native Australian broad‐leaved paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia, is a major weed in southern Florida. Among the potential biological control agents studied for this weed is a coreid bug, Pomponatius typicus, whose adults and nymphs feed on the sap of young, fresh growing tips, causing wilting. Female P. typicus may lay 31 or more eggs. The nymphs emerge after 11–13 days and pass through five instars in approximately 2 months. Adults live for 4 months or more, and have been observed to enter an apparent diapause for up to 2 months. Parasites have been reared only from its eggs. Results of laboratory and field host‐range studies indicate that this bug is restricted to Melaleuca spp., especially the Melaleuca leucadendra complex to which M. quinquenervia belongs, and Callistemon spp. (especially Callistemon viminalis). As C. viminalis is of only minor importance as an introduced ornamental in Florida and is also considered a weed, P. typicus was approved in 1996 for further studies in quarantine in the USA.
GUST SPECTRUM FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN CANDIDATE SKIN MATERIALS
Authors: WANHILL R. J. H.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Flight simulation fatigue crack propagation tests were carried out on 2024‐T3, 7475‐T761 and mill annealed Ti‐6A1‐4V sheet in thicknesses up to 3 mm and representative for transport aircraft lower wing skin stiffened panels of end load capacities 1·5 and 3 MN/m. The performance of 2024‐T3 was much superior, owing mainly to greater retardation of crack growth after severe flights. The effect of load truncation was also greater for 2024‐T3. The significance of the results for the choice of advanced structural concepts and materials and the choice of truncation level is discussed. A recommendation for further investigation is given.
ASSESSMENT OF CRACK TIP CLOSURE IN AN ALUMINUM ALLOY BY ELECTRONFRACTOGRAPHY
Authors: PELLOUX R. M. , FARAL M. , McGEE W. M.
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Crack tip closure measurements were performed in a 2124 T3 51 aluminum alloy by electronfractography. The technique makes use of high resolution fractography to correlate a closure in striation spacing with a sudden change of the stress intensity factor range following steady state crack growth. The crack growth tests under programmed loads were performed with a servohydraulic machine interfaced to a digital computer. An average value ofKop/Kmaxequal to 0·15 was found in the range of 10 MPa√m < ΔK< 35 MPa√m. The higher closure developing after overloads was found a suitable explanation for crack growth retardation.
INVERSION OF THE STRAIN‐LIFE AND STRAIN‐STRESS RELATIONSHIPS FOR USE IN METAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS
Authors: MANSON S. S.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Two methods are described for inverting the strainrange/life and strainrange/stressrange equations commonly used in fatigue analysis in order to obtain closed‐form expressions for life and stressrange in terms of strainrange. In the Collocation approach the form used is Nf=A(Δε—Δε0)γ or Nf=A(Δε)Ψ(Δε—Δε0)γ. In the Spline‐Function approach the curve is divided into two regions. At strainranges above where the elastic and plastic lines intersect the equation is Nf=NTR1/c exp δRα; at lower strainranges it is Nf=NTR1/b exp δRβ, where NT is transition life, R is strainrange normalised to transition strainrange, and b, c, α, β, δ are constants determinable from the constants of the equation to be inverted. Similar expressions are derived for the cyclic stress/strain curve in terms of the same constants. The methods are illustrated by an example, and found to have close conformity to the basic equations to be inverted.
HIGH TEMPERATURE CYCLIC DEFORMATION OF NICKEL
Authors: BHAT SHRIKANT P. , LAIRD CAMPBELL
Published: April 2007

Abstract—High temperature cyclic deformation in nickel is investigated by comparing its cyclic hardening curves at constant strain amplitudes at four temperatures with the monotonic hardening curves and by detailed electron microscopic examination of the bulk. Just as at ambient temperature, there are broad similarities between the cyclic and monotonic hardening of nickel at high temperatures, but there are also significant differences in detail. It is shown that, as in monotonic deformation, increased dynamic recovery with increasing temperature is the main cause for the reduction in flow stress at high temperatures. However, the increased vacancy concentration produced by cyclic straining causes a linear reduction in flow stress (as distinct from the “athermal” behavior observed in monotonic deformation over a limited temperature range). Also the tendency for dislocations to agglomerate into sign‐balanced, low energy configurations requires a temperature higher than that observed for monotonic deformation before high temperature softening is observed.
BIAXIAL CYCLIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF STEELS
Authors: BROWN M. W. , MILLER K. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract—The cyclic stress‐strain curves for 1% Cr‐Mo‐V steel and AISI 316 stainless steel were determined under biaxial loading conditions at various temperatures and strain rates. It is shown that these curves may be correlated in terms of the maximum shear stress and strain amplitudes. It is argued that, even though metals obey the von Mises yield criterion for monotonie loading, the micromechanisms of slip which produce the stabilized cyclic stress‐strain behaviour are governed by the Tresca criterion.
A FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE MECHANISM IN TITANIUM
Authors: WALKER N. , BEEVERS C. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Fatigue crack closure in commercial titanium has been investigated by examining the crack profile using a two‐stage replica technique and by monitoring the crack raouth opening displacement. The replicas show that when closure occurs the crack does not close back from the crack tip but at discrete contact points along the crack faces. The observed closure mechanism is therefore quite different from the generally accepted model. Assuming that the contact points wedge the crack open, the stress intensity at the minimum load is greater than expected and the range of the stress intensity is effectively reduced. Also, it was found that the crack growth rates measured in the range 0·05 ≦R≦ 0·7 showed a singular dependence on the parameter Δθ which for SEN specimens approximates to the change in angle subtended by the crack faces. It is therefore suggested that there is a direct link between Δθ and the effective stress intensity amplitude.
INITIATION AND GROWTH OF CRACKS IN BIAXIAL FATIGUE
Authors: BROWN M. W. , MILLER K. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Observations of fatigue crack growth in smooth specimens under biaxial loading are reviewed, with particular reference to the Stage I to Stage II and Stage II to Stage I transitions. Further results are presented for 1% Cr‐Mo‐V steel and AISI 316 stainless steel at various temperatures, showing that all cracks may be classed as either Stage I or Stage II. Predictive criteria are suggested for the typè of crack obtained, and the mechanisms for elevated temperature crack initiation are discussed.
HIGH‐TEMPERATURE LOW‐CYCLE FATIGUE RESISTANCE UNDER SUPERIMPOSED STRESSES AT TWO FREQUENCIES
Authors: MAKHUTOV N. , ROMANOV A. , GADENIN M.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Damage accumulation in both strain and stress control type fatigue tests are considered under duplex frequency loading conditions. The damage accumulation can be considered as a summation of damage due to static loading plus damage at each of the frequencies studied. An equation is derived that illustrates the distribution of total damage to failure under a variety of loading conditions.
CYCLIC INDUCED CREEP OF A PLAIN CARBON STEEL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Authors: PILO D. , REIK W , MAYR P. , MACHERAUCH E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Plain carbon steel specimens subjected to cyclic and superimposed mean stresses show significant plastic strain at intermediate life due to cyclic creep deformation at room temperature. Cyclic creep strains can also be observed in the high cycle region with Nf > 2. 106. An extended Haigh‐diagram provides information about the resulting mean strain at predetermined cycles.
TESTS ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF 304 L STAINLESS STEEL UNDER CONSTANT STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH CYCLIC STRAIN
Authors: LEBEY J. , ROCHE R.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Mechanical analyses of structures, to be efficient, must incorporate materials behaviour data. Among the mechanisms liable to cause collapse, progressive distorsion (or ratcheting) has been the subject of only a few basic experiments, most of the investigations being theoretical. In order to get meaningful results to characterize materials behaviour, an experimental study on ratcheting of austenitic steels has been undertaken at the C.E.A.

This paper gives the first results of tests at room temperature on thin tubes of 304 L steel submitted to an axial constant stress (primary stress) to which is added a cyclic shearing strain (secondary stress). The tests cover a large combination of the two loading modes. The main results consist of curves of cumulative iso‐deformation in the primary and secondary stress field (Bree type diagrams). Results are given for plastic deformations ranging from 0·1 to 2·5% up to N= 100 cycles.
EXOELECTRON MEASUREMENTS OF THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE
Authors: BAXTER WILLIAM J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The development of fatigue damage in metals can be detected and assessed by means of exoelectron emission. The surface of the fatigue specimen is scanned by a focused u.v. laser beam, and the distribution of exoelectron emission identifies the localized regions where fatigue damage has accumulated. The onset of damage is detected after only 1% of the fatigue life, and the intensity of exoelectron emission is a measure of the severity of the damage and can be used to predict the fatigue life.
PREDICTION OF FATIGUE LIFE BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION METHODS
Authors: PANGBORN R. N. , WEISSMANN S. , KRAMER I. R.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— X‐ray double crystal diffractometry and reflection topography were employed to examine the defect structure induced by fatigue of A1 2024 specimens. Analysis after various amounts of tension compression cycling revealed that the excess dislocation density in the surface layer increased rapidly early in the fatigue life, and maintained virtually a plateau value from 20 to 90% of the life. Beyond 90%, the excess dislocation density increased rapidly again to a critical value at failure. Investigation of the defect distribution in depth showed that the excess dislocation density in the bulk material, by contrast to the surface layer, increased more gradually during the life. Using deeply penetrating molybdenum radiation, the grains in the bulk could be analyzed, and thus the fatigue life and onset of failure could be predicted nondestructively. It was also shown that, after removal of the surface layer, the defect structure induced in the bulk by prior cycling was unstable. The resultant extension of fatigue life by surface layer removal was explained on the basis of this structural instability of the bulk material.
IMPROVEMENT OF FATIGUE LIFE OF 1080 STEEL BY THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESSING
Authors: QUERALES A. , BYRNE J. G.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Many thermomechanical treatments (TMT) have been applied in the past to alloys in order to improve the balance between various static mechanical properties. The current research has applied a given type of TMT to the improvement of fatigue behavior in eutectoid steel. The TMT involved the cold rolling of annealed eutectoid steel to a reduction in thickness of 75% followed by rapid heating in liquid lead to a temperature just above the A1 temperature for a short time period and an air cool to room temperature. This type of TMT produces very oriented cementite in recrystallized ferrite. Plane bending cantilever fatigue tests with constant maximum load were run at 30 Hz and zero mean stress (R=−1·0). In terms of S–N fatigue curves the annealed condition is inferior to both the TMT and cold rolled conditions, however, there is no apparent advantage of the TMT over the cold rolled condition. There is, however, a considerable advantage in the TMT which becomes evident with normalization of all S–N curves with respect to the ultimate tensile strength. One thus finds that the TMT is quite superior, on an equivalent strength basis, to both the cold rolled and annealed conditions. The same was true on a basis of hardness normalization. This means that by TMT one can produce fatigue properties in a material of much higher formability which are equivalent to or better than those in a cold rolled material. Samples oriented in the cross‐roll direction had total fatigue lives longer than for those oriented in the roll direction. This is explained in terms of mechanical fibering of pearlite colonies and inclusions, and by a crystallographic texturing of the ferrite matrix. TMT strength is a result of austenite grain size refinement, reduction of interlamellar spacing, fiber strengthening and both solid solution and precipitate hardening.
DETERMINATION OF FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION LIFE
Authors: IBRAHIM M. F. E. , MILLER K. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract—A reanalysis has been carried out on the results of Zachariah. An elastic‐plastic analysis based onS‐Ndata indicates that the mechanism of growth of very small cracks is similar to that expressed by linear elastic fracture mechanics, i.e. crack growth in mild steel is given by

image

where Δγpis the plastic shear strain range andais the crack length.

Crack initiation occurs within a single grain and crack propagation is given by the above equation for cracks which can be smaller than a few microns. The size of an initiated crack is a function of stress level varying from 0·1–1·0 μm in the high strain fatigue regime to 2·3 μm close to the fatigue limit. The period of crack initiation is negligible in the HSF regime whilst the initiation period can dominate lifetime at low stress levels.
FATIGUE RESISTANCE AND STRUCTURE
Authors: PLUMBRIDGE W. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— This paper comments on the eleven papers presented in the “Materials Behaviour” section of the Extension Seminar of I.C.M.3 and reported in Vol. 2, No. 1 of this Journal. It is hoped that this permanent recording of the opinions stated during the Conference will stimulate further discussion as to the directions future work in this field should take. For conciseness, points of detail and specific aspects not related to the “Microstructure‐Fatigue Resistance” theme have been omitted.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CREEP‐FATIGUE‐ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN A Ni‐BASE SUPERALLOY
Authors: FLOREEN S. , KANE R. H.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— This work was conducted to study the significant increases in fatigue crack growth rates at low frequencies commonly observed at high temperature. Creep tests and fatigue tests at 0·01, 0·1 and 1·0 Hz were conducted at 650°C in air and in helium on samples of INCONEL alloy 718 in two different heat treatments. Creep crack growth rates were 50–100 times greater in air than in helium. Fatigue tests in helium showed little sensitivity to frequency, but tests in air showed considerable increases in crack growth rates at lower frequencies. The results indicate the air environment played a predominant role in both the creep and the fatigue tests. Oxygen diffusion into grain boundaries appeared responsible for the accelerated crack growth in air. An overaging heat treatment reduced the crack growth rates.
EFFECT OF RESIDUAL STRESSES OF SHOT PEENING ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF A HIGH STRENGTH STEEL*
Authors: RENZHI WANG
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The effects of shot‐peening residual stresses on bending fatigue behaviour of welded plate and surface‐flawed plate were investigated. The results show that shot peening residual stresses may significantly increase fatigue strength as well as the threshold stress‐ intensity factor range of a surface‐flawed plate. This paper presents a simple analytical method for determining the residual stresses. The calculated values are essentially in agreement with the experimental results.
A FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS OF LOW CYCLE FATIGUE IN A SUPERALLOY*
Authors: ZHOU F. G. , CAI Q. G.
Published: April 2007

Abstract— This paper introduces an analytical procedure for predicting engineering crack formation life of high temperature turbine components. This procedure is based upon elastic‐plastic fracture mechanics rather than linear elastic fracture mechanics. State of the art, some experimental results and future developments are discussed.
CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE UNDER RANDOM LOADS
Authors: OKAMURA H. , SAKAI S. , SUSUKI I.
Published: April 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a simple algorithm of hysteresis loop counting to make on‐line data processing much easier. It involves a modification of the range pair counting method and the rain flow method and yields practically the same result as these methods. In addition, the applicability of the present method to cumulative damage estimation is examined in experiments on fatigue crack growth rates under stationary random loads and low cycle fatigue lives under stationary random loads together with non‐stationary random loads such as seismically excited loads.
FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE AND DELAY EFFECTS UNDER MODE I SPECTRUM LOADING: AN EFFICIENT ELASTIC–PLASTIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
Authors: NAKAGAKI M. , ATLURI S. N.
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Results of an elastic–plastic finite element analysis of crack closure effects under mode I Spectrum loading are presented. Various factors that cause crack growth acceleration or retardation under low‐to‐high, high‐to‐low, and single overload cyclic loadings are discussed.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN PRE‐STRAINED AND MEAN STRESSED SPECIMENS
Authors: HAGIWARA Y. , YOSHINO T. , KUNIO T.
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A method for quantifying the effect of plane stress, plane strain, mean stress and pre‐strain on fatigue crack propagation rates in plates of different thicknesses is proposed. Experimental verification was carried out on mild steel plates of 0·2, 0·4, 0·6, 0·8, 1·0, 1·2 and 1·4 mm thick specimens. The conflicting effects of variations in stress intensity factors along the crack front and changes from plane stress to plane strain conditions along the crack front are also discussed.
ELASTIC–PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT FOR A MATERIAL WITH SMALL FLAWS
Authors: USAMI* S. , SHIDA S.
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Fatigue tests were carried out on mild steel with small cracks for which linear fracture mechanics is not effective. A fatigue limit criterion, based on the cyclic plastic zone size at a crack tip being a material constant at the fatigue limit, can effectively evaluate the effects of crack length and stress ratio. Regarding flaws as cracks, the theory gives fatigue limit values close to those obtained in experiments on specimens with natural defects, such as surface roughness, micro‐shrinkage cavities, inclusions etc. The effect of water corrosion was also investigated.
CRACK GROWTH AND PREDICTION OF ENDURANCE IN THERMAL‐MECHANICAL FATIGUE OF 12Cr—Mo—V—W STEEL
Authors: KOIZUMI T. , OKAZAKI M.
Published: April 2007

AbstractFractography and fracture mechanics were used to study the behaviour of a crack that emanated from a starter notch on a specimen surface subjected to thermal cycles, and which grew in the direction perpendicular to the surface, under out‐of‐phase loading conditions. A 12Cr–Mo–V–W steel was used as representative of an elevated temperature material, and one that is frequently employed for vessels or heat‐exchanger tubes. A low power travelling microscope observed crack length changes on the specimen surface. It was shown that the growth rate of a part‐through crack could be expressed in terms of a strain intensity factor range and two constants, and that the striation spacings agreed with the microscopically observed crack growth rate. The integration of the crack growth rate equation gave an approximate evaluation of thermal fatigue life of smooth specimens.
A strong species–area relationship for eukaryotic soil microbes: island size matters for ectomycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Peay Kabir G. , Bruns Thomas D. , Kennedy Peter G. , Bergemann Sarah E. , Garbelotto Matteo
Published: April 2007

While the effects of habitat size and isolation have been successfully studied for macro‐organisms, there is currently debate about their relative importance in explaining patterns of microbial species richness. In this study, we examine the species richness of a dominant group of eukaryotic soil microbes, ectomycorrhizal fungi, on ‘tree islands’ of constant age and host composition that range in size from < 10 to > 10 000 m2. Our results show that ectomycorrhizal species richness is significantly reduced on smaller and more isolated tree islands, and the species–area slope that we observe (0.20–0.23) is similar to average slopes reported for macro‐organisms. Additionally, species’ occurrence patterns across tree islands and investment trends in fungal fruit bodies suggest that a trade‐off between competition and dispersal could play an important role in structuring ectomycorrhizal assemblages.
A novel Dps‐type protein from insect gut bacteria catalyses hydrolysis and synthesis of N‐acyl amino acids
Authors: Ping Liyan , Büchler Rita , Mithöfer Axel , Svatoš Aleš , Spiteller Dieter , Dettner Konrad , Gmeiner Sophie , Piel Jörn , Schlott Bernhard , Boland Wilhelm
Published: April 2007

A novel type of a microbial N‐acyl amino acid hydrolase (AAH) from insect gut bacteria was purified, cloned and functionally characterized. The enzyme was obtained from Microbacterium arborescens SE14 isolated from the foregut of larvae of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua. The substrates of AAH are N‐acyl‐glutamines previously reported to elicit plant defence reactions after introduction into the leaf during feeding. The isolated AAH catalyses the hydrolysis of the amide bond (Km = 36 μmol l−1) and, less efficient, the formation (Km = 3 mmol l−1) of the elicitor active N‐acyl amino acids. The AAH from M. arborescens SE14 shows no homology to known fatty acyl amidases (EC 3.5.1.4) but belongs to the family of Dps proteins (DNA‐binding protein from starved cell). In line with other DPS proteins AAH is a homododecamer (monomer 17 181 Da) and contains iron atoms (c. 1–16 iron atoms per subunit). Unlike genuine DPS proteins the enzyme does not significantly bind DNA. Amino acid hydrolase is the first member of the DPS family that catalyses the cleavage or formation of amide bonds. The participation of a microbial enzyme in the homeostasis of N‐acyl‐glutamines in the insect gut adds further complexity to the interaction between plants and their herbivores.
Campylobacter lari: genotype and antibiotic resistance of isolates from cattle, wildlife and water in an area of mixed dairy farmland in the United Kingdom
Authors: Leatherbarrow A. J. H. , Griffiths R. , Hart C. A. , Kemp R. , Williams N. J. , Diggle P. J. , Wright E. J. , Sutherst J. , Houghton P. , French N. P.
Published: April 2007

Campylobacter lari is a rare human pathogen most commonly associated with birds and shellfish. Little information has been published regarding its prevalence in other environments, or on its potential role as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we characterized 109 C. lari isolated from a range of hosts using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis of macro‐restricted chromosomal DNA, and by determining their susceptibility to a panel of four antibiotics. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis analysis showed C. lari to be genetically diverse, particularly in isolates from wild birds and environmental water. The most common composite macro‐restriction profile (cMRP) was found in multiple hosts (cattle, badgers, wild birds and rabbits), and seven other cMRPs were recovered from more than one host. All isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Resistance to erythromycin and ampicillin was uncommon, but was observed in isolates from wild birds, cattle, wild mammals and water samples. The presence of the same cMRP in multiple hosts provides further evidence of transmission between livestock, wildlife and the environment, or for a common source of infection.
Sponge disease: a global threat?
Authors: Webster Nicole S.
Published: April 2007

Sponges are the most simple and primitive metazoans, yet they have various biological and ecological properties that make them an influential component of coral‐reef ecosystems. Marine sponges provide refuge for many small invertebrates and are critical to benthic‐pelagic coupling across a wide range of habitats. Reports of sponge disease have increased dramatically in recent years with sponge populations decimated throughout the Mediterranean and Caribbean. Reports also suggest an increased prevalence of sponge disease in Papua New Guinea, the Great Barrier Reef and in the reefs of Cozumel, Mexico. These epidemics can have severe impacts on the survival of sponge populations, the ecology of the reef and the fate of associated marine invertebrates. Despite the ecological and commercial importance of sponges, the understanding of sponge disease is limited. There has generally been a failure to isolate and identify the causative agents of sponge disease, with only one case confirming Koch's postulates and identifying a novel Alphaproteobacteria strain as the primary pathogen. Other potential disease agents include fungi, viruses, cyanobacteria and bacterial strains within the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera. There is some evidence for correlations between sponge disease and environmental factors such as climate change and urban/agricultural runoff. This review summarizes the occurrence of sponge disease, describes the syndromes identified thus far, explores potential linkages with environmental change and proposes a strategy for future research towards better management of sponge disease outbreaks.
A randomized controlled trial examining combinations of repaglinide, metformin and NPH insulin
Authors: Davies M. J. , Thaware P. K. , Tringham J. R. , Howe J. , Jarvis J. , Johnston V. , Kitchener D. L. , Skinner T. C. , McNally P. G. , Lawrence I. G.
Published: April 2007

Aims  To compare combination use of repaglinide, metformin and bedtime Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin with conventional approaches of insulin initiation in patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods  Eighty‐two patients with T2DM with suboptimal glycaemic control on oral glucose‐lowering agents were randomized to one of three treatment regimens for 4 months. Group 1 received metformin and twice daily biphasic 30/70 human insulin mixture (n = 27), group 2 metformin and bedtime NPH insulin (n = 26) and group 3 metformin, bedtime NPH insulin and mealtime repaglinide (n = 25).

Results  Seventy‐five patients completed the study. Baseline and end‐point mean HbA1c levels fell from 9.0 ± 1.1 to 7.9 ± 1.1% in group 1, 10.0 ± 2.2 to 9.2 ± 1.4% group 2 and 10.0 ± 1.7 to 8.1 ± 1.5% in group 3, respectively. All groups showed improvements in HbA1c. There was no significant difference between groups in the proportions of patients experiencing hypoglycaemia (29.6, 25.0 and 16.7%, respectively; P = 0.55) or in mean weight gain (2.9, 0.7 and 2.2 kg, respectively; P = 0.06). By 4 months, insulin doses were 0.63 ± 0.32 IU/kg in group 1, 0.58 ± 0.21 IU/kg in group 2 and 0.37 ± 0.22 IU/kg in group 3 (group 3 vs. groups 1 and 2: P < 0.002).

Conclusions  The approach using repaglinide, metformin and NPH insulin improved glycaemic control with a similar safety profile to conventional insulin initiation in T2DM and produced final glycaemic control similar to metformin and a twice daily biphasic insulin mixture.
THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION FACES THE PROBLEM OF ECONOMIC PLANNING
Authors: THOMAS Albert
Published: April 2007

Raw materials are there. Stocks are not diminishing. They are increasing. Men, labour are there and there are 25 millions offering their services. Even the credits whose absence has been blamed are there. What, then, is wanting? What we want is organisation the possibility of co‐ordinating all the necessary factors, the will to set all the factors to work, and to set them to work in accordance with the requirements of social justice. What we lack is the supreme initiative which will permit international decisions to be made.

Surely employers and workers should agree with one another and with the Governments in demanding, in the name of the International Labour Conference, a monetary policy concerted internationally with a view to the restoration of a normal situation.

The monetary unity of the world requires a return to the gold standard, but a gold standard the purchasing power of which is properly controlled and stabilised, subject of course to the inevitable minor fluctuations.

A planned economy, in order to succeed, must be first of all a conscious economy, an economy in which everyone concerned is fully conscious both of its objects and of its possibilities.

The development of industrial relations in undertakings is tending to promote a deeper consciousness of the general interest and this creates possibilities for economic reconstruction.

The participation of employers and workers in a national or international economic organisation would appear to be a useful means of supplementing the system of industrial relations establishet in undertakings or corporations. It seems calculated to inspire and vitalise the new system of industrial relations from top to bottom.
The Structure of the Belgian Social Security System. An Essay in Sociological Analysis
Authors: DOUCY Arthur
Published: April 2007

I. Introduction. – II. The mechanism and characteristics of the system. – III. Examination, of several points relating to the administration of the social security organisms. – IV. The social role of the social security organisms.
The International Collective Economy Congress Geneva, 28–31 May 1953
Authors: MILHAUD Edgard
Published: April 2007

1. The invitation to the Congress. — n. Supplementary information. — III. A bird's‐eye view: Collective Economy through a century and as it is today. — IV. The mission of the Congress.
Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of Jean Jaurès
Authors: Mllhaud Edgard
Published: April 2007

The editors of the Annals, feeling that they have a duty to associate themselves with all the tributes that have been paid to Jean Juurès both inside and outside France, offer their own tribute in the form of an article about him by one of the few living persons who were closely associated with him in his life‐time. They also have pleasure in announcing the establishment of a society for the study of Jaurès’life and works in Paris. The French edition of the Annals also contains two extremely important articles by Jaurès himself, one entitled “Provisional Outline of Industrial Organisation” and the other “Socialist Production” (N° 555–556, September‐October 1959. pp. 341–396).
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY AND THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Marchal André
Published: April 2007

In 1962 an article by Mr. Angelos Angelopoulos, professor at the Pantheios School of Political Sciences (Athens), entitled “The Third World, the European Common Market and the West”, was published in the Annals. In that article the author described, with the freedom which is by tradition allowed to all contributors to the Annals, the fears and anxieties of the newly developing countries regarding the European Economic Community.

In the present article Mr. André Marchal, lecturer at the Faculty of Law and Economics of the University of Paris, discusses the same problem with the same freedom and a viewpoint radically different from that of Professor Angelopoulos.
CONFLICT IN THE CO‐OPERATIVE RETAIL SOCIETY
Authors: Stephenson T.E.
Published: April 2007

This paper considers the nature of organizational conflict in general and conflict in the co‐operative society in particular.

It examines the unitary and pluralistic views of organizations and considers the suggestions that conflict is necessary for the independence of the individual, is constructive for the organization and is inevitable in any form of society. It investigates the proposed mechanisms for restraining conflict so that it is constructive.

It is then argued that the co‐operative retail society is a pluralistic organization comprising a number of different interest groups with their own sets of values. These groups tend to be engaged in an evaluation of the other groups and this evaluation carries with it the framework for competition rather than co‐operation.

It is contended that when economic conditions are favourable and there is a substantial surplus in the society the different groups can be satisfied and the inherent conflict remains submerged. The evaluation process is, in these conditions, latent, and internal competition is likely to be minimal. When economic conditions are unfavourable it is suggested that the divergent interests come to the surface. There is less dividend available for the members, the demands of managers and staff for higher wages and salaries may be difficult to meet, the members may be concerned about their capital and wish to draw it at a time when management want to retain it in the society. Within management the competition for scarce resources becomes sharper, and between management and staff there is increased tension as the former increase the pressure for greater efficiency. Economic values predominate and the holders of social values feel their position within the society to be threatened. To reassert themselves, they may stress the need for more effective democratic control. This emphasis on democratic control is a part of a wider feeling of anti‐professionalism. This may take a number of forms, all, of which are aimed to redress the balance between managers and laymen. The attempt to establish firmer democratic control and the broader issue of anti‐professionalism are both likely to intensify the conflict situation in a retail society at a time of economic stress.
THE UK WORKER CO‐OPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN 1988
Authors: HOBBS Phil
Published: April 2007

Abstract: This short paper reports on the results of the 1988 Survey of Worker Co‐operatives, which was carried out as part of a wider enquiry into the economic performance of the British co‐operative sector.

Based on an interim analysis of survey data it is argued that the co‐operative sector has reached a degree of equilibrium in terms of the growth in numbers and employment. Regional and industrial distributions have shown some degree of realignment in the period 1986/88 and this may be a reflection of certain structural and environmental factors. Not least of these is the relative strength of the service economy in the UK and the decline in the role and extent of local Co‐operative Development Agencies.
THE POSTAL SERVICE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC MONOPOLY OR COMPETITIVE MARKET?: A transaction cost approach
Authors: COMANDINI Vincenzo VISCO
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: *

The paper discusses the relevant institutional and economic aspects of the postal service, and analyses both the arguments for abolishing the statutory monopoly and those for retaining it. The main thesis of the paper is that public and private postal services differ from each other in many aspects: transaction costs, the willingness of the customer to pay, market structure, and possibilities of substituting the service with other communication instruments. Therefore, a simple privatisation will not solve per se the efficiency problems of the service. furthermore, the European Commission, which published in 1992 a green paper on postal services, is considering the possibility of harmonising the quality of the service within the EU and gradually reducing the gap in national postal prices. This seems to be an effective device to force firms towards the greater efficiency required in a Continental market. In future, the competition will take place not so much between private firms (more interested in running the high‐value segments), as between national public carriers, as shown by the phenomenon of remail.
PUBLIC RADIO STATIONS ARE REALLY, REALLY NOT PUBLIC GOODS: Charitable contributions and impure altruism
Authors: KINGMA Bruce R. , McClelland Robert
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: *

This paper applies the censored regression model under several distributional assumptions to data on charitable giving to public radio stations. The authors show that charitable contributions are positively affected by the level of use of a pure public good. Wing this factor into account they additionally show thd contributions to public radio do not support the public good hypothesis, but rather donors behave as impure altruists.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND VOUCHER BUY‐OUTS IN RUSSIA
Authors: FILATOTCHEV Igor , WRIGHT Mike , BUCK Trevor
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: *

This paper examines the issues which may create pressures and incentives to introduce efficiency‐enhancing governance structures in enterprises which are privatized through voucher schemes in Russia. These pressures emphasize the need to view buy‐outs created on privatization as transitory organizational forms with a three‐stage process being suggested as the most feasible for developing governance mechanisms which produce efficiency gains, The paper uses illustrative case studies of the first major enterprises to experience post‐privatization ownership changes.
COOPÉRATIVES ET GESTION COMMUNALE EN ÉLEVAGE: Un aperçu cornparatif entre pays en voie de développement anglophones et francophones
Authors: BLANC François , MATTHEWMAN Richard W.
Published: April 2007

RESUME*: La gestion communale et les coopératives en élevage difèrent entre pays anglophnes et francophones. Les origines de ces différences remontent aux poliliques coloniales. Les pays francophones ont misé surl‘amélioration des systèmes traditionnels existant, les pays anglophones sur l'installation de colons transférant des systèmes importés et lapromotion d‘élites locales. Ilen résulte une tendance forte à la privatisation du foncier en zone anglophone qui s‘oppose à la recherche d‘une gestion comanunale de l‘espace en pays francophone; aux initiatives des entrepreneurs anglophones népondent des programmes francophones de structuration du milieu éleveur. Onpeut encore souligner que les coopératives des PVD sont communément différentes de celles des pays industrialisés, notammentpar un moindre fonctionnement démocratique et une plus grande implication étatique.
IS THERE A (DOWNWARD SLOPING) DEMAND CURVE FOR VOLUNTEER LABOUR?
Authors: EMANUELE R.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT*: Are organizations that use volunteers content to accept all of the volunteer labour offered to them, or do they make some sort of demand‐side decision as to how much volunteer labour to use? This paper looks for evidence of such a demand curve for volunteer labour in data collected by the Urban Institute in the early 1980s. Evidence is found that organizations are consistent over time in their use of volunteer labour.
CORPORATE GOODWILL:
Authors: WEBB Natalie J. , FARMER Amy
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT**: Corporate contributions to charity, like advertising expenditures, may have a long‐term effect on a firm's image and profits. Recent examples of corporate giving show that many gifts are made in the ‘enlightened self‐interest’ of the donor. One way to view corporate giving is as a managerial tool that affects the firm's profits. This paper examines charitable spending, where firms treat goodwill expenditures in both the product and factor markets as strategic variables. Contributions may be enhanced or impaired by contributions made by other firms. The model allows firms to make decisions about corporate giving that are cooperative or noncooperative, where efficiency is gained through cooperation. Market conditions determine whether cooperation is sustainable. As the time horizon lengthens, the discount factor of future earnings rises, or the level of industry cooperation rises, and firms are more likely to cooperate in charitable giving.
Knowledge organization and its role in representation and interpretation for time‐varying data: the ALVEN system
Authors: Tsotsos John K.
Published: April 2007

The so‐called “first generation” expert systems were rule‐based and offered a successful framework for building applications systems for certain kinds of tasks. Spatial, temporal, and causal reasoning, knowledge abstractions, and structuring are among topics of research for “second generation” expert systems. It is proposed that one of the keys for such research is knowledge organization. Knowledge organization determines control structure design, explanation and evaluation capabilities for the resultant knowledge base, and has strong influence on system performance. We are exploring a framework for expert system design that focuses on knowledge organization, for a specific class of input data, namely, continuous, time‐varying data (image sequences or other signal forms). Such data are rich in temporal relationships as well as temporal changes of spatial relations, and are thus a very appropriate testbed for studies involving spatio‐temporal reasoning. In particular, the representation formalism specifies the semantics of the organization of knowledge classes along the relationships of generalization/specialization, decomposition/aggregation, temporal precedence, instantiation, and expectation‐activated similarity. Á hypothesize‐and‐test control structure is driven by the class organizational principles, and includes several interacting dimensions of search (data‐driven, model‐driven, goal‐driven temporal, and failure‐driven search). The hypothesis ranking scheme is based on temporal cooperative computation, with hypothesis “fields of influence” being defined by the hypothesis’ organizational relationships. This control structure has proven to be robust enough to handle a variety of interpretation tasks for continuous temporal data. A particular incarnation, the ALVEN system, for left ventricular performance assessment from X‐ray image sequences, will be summarized in this paper.