bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase II Trial in Japan of Sequential Administration of Weekly Paclitaxel Followed by FEC as Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer [KBCSG0206 Trial: Kinki Breast Cancer Study Group (KBCSG)]
Authors: Taguchi Tetsuya , Masuda Norikazu , Nakayama Takahiro , Motomura Kazuyoshi , Tsukamoto Fumine , Shimazu Kenzo , Nomura Takashi , Morimoto Takashi , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Wakita Kazuyuki , Nakano Yoshiaki , Yoneda Kohri , Inaji Hideo , Takatsuka Yuichi , Noguchi Shinzaburo
Published: July 2010

Objective: We conducted a phase II trial in Japan to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of weekly paclitaxel followed by fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Methods: Patients with clinical stage IIIA–IIIB breast cancer received NAC consisting of 12 once-a-week cycles of paclitaxel followed by 4 once-every-third-week cycles of FEC. Results: Fifty patients with LABC were enrolled, 47 of whom were administered paclitaxel followed by FEC as NAC. The clinical response rate for all chemotherapies was 85.1%, and the pathological complete response rate was 27.7%. Regarding toxicity, grade 3–4 neutropenia was observed in 10% of patients. No serious toxicities requiring the discontinuation of treatment were encountered. The rate of breast conservation surgery was 31.9%, median survival had not been reached at the time of conclusion of this study, and the 3-year survival rate was 85.1%. Median disease-free survival was 40.2 months, and the 3-year disease-free survival rate was 62.1%. Conclusions: Weekly paclitaxel followed by FEC demonstrated efficacy and tolerable toxicity in a neoadjuvant setting for LABC.
The Expression of Sphingosine Kinase-1 in Head and Neck Carcinoma
Authors: Facchinetti María M. , Gandini Norberto A. , Fermento María E. , Sterin-Speziale Norma B. , Ji Youngmi , Patel Vyomesh , Gutkind J. Silvio , Rivadulla Maria G. , Curino Alejandro C.
Published: July 2010

Sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK1) modulates the proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of keratinocytes through the regulation of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate levels. However, studies on the expression of SPHK1 in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) specimens are lacking. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate SPHK1 expression in human primary HNSCCs and to correlate the results with clinical and anatomopathological parameters. We investigated the expression of this protein by immunohistochemistry performed in tissue microarrays of HNSCC and in an independent cohort of 37 paraffin-embedded specimens. SPHK1 expression was further validated by real-time PCR performed on laser capture-microdissected tissue samples. The positive rate of SPHK1 protein in the cancerous tissues was significantly higher (74%) than that in the nontumor oral tissues (23%), and malignant tissues showed stronger immunoreactivity for SPHK1 than normal matching samples. These results were confirmed by real-time PCR quantification of SPHK1 mRNA. Interestingly, the positive expression of SPHK1 was associated with shorter patient survival time (Kaplan-Meier survival curves) and with the loss of p21 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SPHK1 is upregulated in HNSCC and provide clues of the role SPHK1 might play in tumor progression.
High Neutrophil Numbers in Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Are Associated With Characteristics of Rupture-Prone Lesions
Authors: Ionita Mihaela G. , van den Borne Pleunie , Catanzariti Louise M. , Moll Frans L. , de Vries Jean-Paul P.M. , Pasterkamp Gerard , Vink Aryan , de Kleijn Dominique P.V.
Published: July 2010

Objective—

To score the number of plaque neutrophils and relate the score to plaque morphology and inflammatory status.

Methods and Results—

Neutrophils are inflammatory cells with tissue destruction capabilities that have been found at the site of an atherosclerotic plaque rupture or erosion. Poor evidence exists for neutrophil infiltration in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques, and its association with plaque morphology has not yet been described. A set of 355 human carotid plaques was stained for the neutrophil marker CD66b. High neutrophil numbers were found in plaques with a large lipid core, high macrophage numbers, and low collagen amount and smooth muscle cell numbers. High neutrophil numbers were associated with high interleukin 8 (
P
<0.001) and matrix metalloproteases 8 (
P
=0.005) and 9 (
P
<0.001) plaque levels. High microvessel density within plaques was correlated with high neutrophil numbers (
P
=0.01). In addition, low numbers of neutrophils were associated with female sex and use of β-blockers.

Conclusion—

For the first time to our knowledge, these results show that neutrophil numbers are strongly associated with the histopathologic features of rupture-prone atherosclerotic lesions and suggest a role for neutrophils in plaque destabilization.
Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Fichtlscherer Stephan , De Rosa Salvatore , Fox Henrik , Schwietz Thomas , Fischer Ariane , Liebetrau Christoph , Weber Michael , Hamm Christian W. , Röxe Tino , Müller-Ardogan Marga , Bonauer Angelika , Zeiher Andreas M. , Dimmeler Stefanie
Published: July 2010

Rationale:

MicroRNAs are small RNAs that control gene expression. Besides their cell intrinsic function, recent studies reported that microRNAs are released by cultured cells and can be detected in the blood.

Objective:

To address the regulation of circulating microRNAs in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

Methods and Results:

To determine the regulation of microRNAs, we performed a microRNA profile using RNA isolated from n=8 healthy volunteers and n=8 patients with stable coronary artery disease that received state-of-the-art pharmacological treatment. Interestingly, most of the highly expressed microRNAs that were lower in the blood of patients with coronary artery disease are known to be expressed in endothelial cells (eg, miR-126 and members of the miR-17∼92 cluster). To prospectively confirm these data, we detected selected microRNAs in plasma of 36 patients with coronary artery disease and 17 healthy volunteers by quantitative PCR. Consistent with the data obtained by the profile, circulating levels of miR-126, miR-17, miR-92a, and the inflammation-associated miR-155 were significantly reduced in patients with coronary artery disease compared with healthy controls. Likewise, the smooth muscle–enriched miR-145 was significantly reduced. In contrast, cardiac muscle–enriched microRNAs (miR-133a, miR-208a) tend to be higher in patients with coronary artery disease. These results were validated in a second cohort of 31 patients with documented coronary artery disease and 14 controls.

Conclusions:

Circulating levels of vascular and inflammation-associated microRNAs are significantly downregulated in patients with coronary artery disease.
Temporal and Spatial Profile of Brain Diffusion-Weighted MRI After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Mlynash Michael , Campbell Dennis M. , Leproust Emily M. , Fischbein Nancy J. , Bammer Roland , Eyngorn Irina , Hsia Amie W. , Moseley Michael , Wijman Christine A.C.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is a promising technique to help predict functional outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. We aimed to evaluate prospectively the temporal-spatial profile of brain apparent diffusion coefficient changes in comatose survivors during the first 8 days after cardiac arrest.

Methods—

Apparent diffusion coefficient values were measured by 2 independent and blinded investigators in predefined brain regions in 18 good- and 15 poor-outcome patients with 38 brain magnetic resonance imaging scans and were compared with those of 14 normal controls. The same brain regions were also assessed qualitatively by 2 other independent and blinded investigators.

Results—

In poor-outcome patients, cortical structures, in particular the occipital and temporal lobes, and the putamen exhibited the most profound apparent diffusion coefficient reductions, which were noted as early as 1.5 days and reached a nadir between 3 and 5 days after the arrest. Conversely, when compared with normal controls, good-outcome patients exhibited increased diffusivity, in particular in the hippocampus, temporal and occipital lobes, and corona radiata. By qualitative magnetic resonance imaging readings, 1 or more cortical gray matter structures were judged to be moderately to severely abnormal in all poor-outcome patients except for the 3 patients imaged within 24 hours after the arrest.

Conclusions—

Brain diffusion-weighted imaging changes in comatose, postcardiac arrest survivors in the first week after the arrest are region and time dependent and differ between good- and poor-outcome patients. With increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging in this context, it is important to be aware of these relations.
Clinical and Radiological Courses Do Not Differ Between Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery-Positive and Negative Patients With Stroke After Thrombolysis
Authors: Ebinger Martin , Ostwaldt Ann-Christin , Galinovic Ivana , Rozanski Michal , Brunecker Peter , Nolte Christian H. , Endres Matthias , Fiebach Jochen B.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

After acute ischemic stroke, the proportion of patients with detectable lesions on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequences increases over time. We investigated whether thrombolysis was less effective in FLAIR-positive versus -negative patients.

Methods—

In this single-center hospital-based study, all consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who underwent an MRI before and 24 hours after thrombolysis between May 2008 and October 2009 were included. Patients were included if exact time of onset was known and thrombolysis was performed within 3 hours up until August 2008 and within 4.5 hours from September 2008 on. Blinded to time of symptom onset, 3 raters independently judged the visibility of lesions on FLAIR. Lesion volumes on diffusion-weighted imaging as well as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale before and 1 day after thrombolysis were determined.

Results—

Of 51 patients (25 females, mean age 71, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 6), 26 were FLAIR-positive. Neither lesion growth nor change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale differed significantly between FLAIR-positive versus -negative patients: median growth 2.6 mL (interquartile growth, −0.1 to 17.6) versus 0.8 mL (interquartile range, 0.1 to 17.8) and change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale −2.5 (interquartile range, −5 to 0) versus −2.0 (interquartile range, −5 to 0.5), respectively (
P
>0.5, Mann–Whitney rank sum test).

Conclusion—

Visibility of lesions on FLAIR in areas of diffusion restriction was not predictive of the response to thrombolysis.
Characterization of Critical Hemodynamics Contributing to Aneurysmal Remodeling at the Basilar Terminus in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Metaxa Eleni , Tremmel Markus , Natarajan Sabareesh K. , Xiang Jianping , Paluch Rocco A. , Mandelbaum Max , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Kolega John , Mocco J , Meng Hui
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Hemodynamic insult by bilateral common carotid artery ligation has been shown to induce aneurysmal remodeling at the basilar terminus in a rabbit model. To characterize critical hemodynamics that initiate this remodeling, we applied a novel hemodynamics–histology comapping technique.

Methods—

Eight rabbits received bilateral common carotid artery ligation to increase basilar artery flow. Three underwent sham operations. Hemodynamic insult at the basilar terminus was assessed by computational fluid dynamics. Bifurcation tissue was harvested on day 5; histology was comapped with initial postligation hemodynamic fields of wall shear stress (WSS) and WSS gradient.

Results—

All bifurcations showed internal elastic lamina loss in periapical regions exposed to accelerating flow with high WSS and positive WSS gradient. Internal elastic lamina damage happened 100% of the time at locations where WSS was >122 Pa and WSS gradient was >530 Pa/mm. The degree of destructive remodeling accounting for internal elastic lamina loss, medial thinning, and luminal bulging correlated with the magnitude of the hemodynamic insult.

Conclusions—

Aneurysmal remodeling initiates when local hemodynamic forces exceed specific limits at the rabbit basilar terminus. A combination of high WSS and positive WSS gradient represents dangerous hemodynamics likely to induce aneurysmal remodeling.
Everhardus Booth Een Irenist?
Authors: Op T Hof WJ
Published: July 2010

Everhardus Booth an irenicist? Eleven years ago F.G.M. Broeyer wrote an article in which he claims that Utrecht preacher Everard Booth's translation of William Perkins' A Reformed Catholike was not intended to be an anti-Roman polemic, but rather was of an irenic nature, and that Booth himself was an irenicist. The author of this article demonstrates that this view is refuted by what Perkins himself says in his dedication to William Bowes and in his preface. Further, according to Broeyer, the translation was a carefully considered initiative by Booth himself and was deliberately intended to foster religious peace in Utrecht. However, these views are in direct conflict with a note written to Booth by Richard Schilders, the publisher of the translation. Finally, we should not overlook the significance of an earlier translation by Booth, in which the very title demonstrates its strongly anti-Romanist nature. Conclusion: Booth's translation of Perkins' tract as well as Booth himself has nothing to do with irenicism.17
Een Nederlandse Vertaling Van Heinrich Bullingers Vroegste Tractaat Tegen De Dopers
Authors: Nissen Peter J.A.
Published: July 2010

Der Schweizer Reformator Heinrich Bullinger hat namentlich durch seine Schrift Der Widertöufferen ursprung (1560) einen beträchtlichen Einfluss sowohl auf das geschichtliche Bild vom Täufertum wie auf die theologische Bekämpfung der Täufer ausgeübt. Die Schrift erschien 1569 in einer vom reformierten Pfarrer Gerardus Nicolai verfassten niederländischen Übersetzung Teghens de Wederdoopers (15802, 16173), die um wichtige Einschübe, die die niederländische Situation miteinbeziehen, erweitert ist. Dass jedoch auch Bullingers um drei Jahrzehnte ältere Schrift gegen die Täufer, Von dem unverschampten fräfel (1531), in einer niederländischen Übersetzung existiert, war bislang unbekannt. Die Übersetzung ist in einer Handschrift der Koninklijke Bibliotheek zu 's-Gravenhage (131 G 46), die wahrscheinlich um 1540-1545 zu datieren ist, überliefert. Der unbekannte Übersetzer hat nachweisbar die 1535 gedruckte, von Leo Jud verfasste, lateinische Übersetzung der antitäuferischen Schrift Bullingers als Vorlage verwendet. Der Aufsatz stellt die Handschrift, ihre Geschichte und ihren Inhalt vor; der Anhang bietet eine Ubersicht über den Inhalt der einzelnen Kapitel.
'De Zuivering Der Leer'. Over Protestantiserende Katholieken En Protestanten in Groningen in 1556.1
Authors: Woltjer J.J.
Published: July 2010

Even after its incorporation in the realm of Charles V in 1536, Groningen remained independent. It continued to be so in the early years of Philip II's reign. The town authorities made the local church tolerant and broad. Even the separatist Mennonites were accepted until the government in Brussels forced the local magistrates to take action against secret conventicles. Between the broad "established church" and the Mennonites, there was hardly room for a Reformed community. It thus remained small until 1566.
Relieken, Legenden En Poëzie. De Verering Van De Heilige Basilia Bij De Cisterciënzers Van Mariënhaven in Warmond
Authors: Overgaauw E.A.
Published: July 2010

St Basilia is one of the 11.000 Virgins who formed the suite of St Ursula. According to the Life of St Ursula, they were martyred by the Huns in Cologne. St Basilia owes her literary existence to the revelations of Elisabeth of Schönau (1129-64), who attributed names and biographies to several of the human remains discovered in Cologne in the middle of the 12th cent. It was generally assumed that these were the relics of the 11.000 Virgins. The biographical data on St Basilia and her relatives were brought together into a separate Life, closely related to the Life of St Ursula. At the beginning of the 15th cent. the relics of St Basilia were brought from the Cistercian abbey of Camp in the Rhineland to the newly founded abbey of Mariënhaven in Warmond near Leiden. The Life of St Basilia in MS. Paris, B.N. lat. 10886 (Antwerp, 1527) refers explicitly to the relics in Warmond. The same MS. contains carmina about St Basilia by Frederick of Heilo and by an anonymous Dutch poet. These carmina, the Life of St Basilia and its Middle Dutch translation in MS. Leiden, U.L. Ltk 263 (Warmond ?, early 16th-cent.), as well as a letter by the abbot of Camp on the authenticity of the relics of St Basilia, are published for the first time in this article. The edition is preceded by a survey of the development of the legend of St Ursula, and a study of the place of the Life of St Basilia in this development.
Observations On the Oviposition Behaviour of Polemon Liparae Gir
Authors: Mook J.H.
Published: July 2010

Polemon liparae Gir. is an important parasite of the chloropid fly Lipara lucens Mg. which induces the formation of a gall on Common Reed (Phragmites communis Trin.). The females of Polemon search for the eggs of Lipara, that are attached to the leaves and stem of the plant. They walk up and down the reed culms with the antennae touching as great a part of the surface of the plant as possible. When an egg is found the insect shifts its position in such a way that the mouthparts touch the far end of the spindle-shaped egg. Next the abdomen is bent forward under the thorax and the egg shell is stroked by the ovipositor. The stroking may be followed by oviposition. This always occurs at the end of the egg. It is suggested that the stroking serves egg recognition and the distinction of parasitized from unparasitized eggs. Contacts with unparasitized eggs lead to oviposition in a much greater proportion of cases than those with eggs that are already parasitized. Only about one half of an egg is tested at a time in this way. The result is that, under laboratory conditions, some host eggs are parasitized two times, receiving a parasite egg at either end. Polemon is an egg larval parasite.
The Influence of Selection and Temperature On a Mutant Character (CiD) in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Scharloo W.
Published: July 2010

1. In the mutant ciD of Drosophila melanogaster the relative length of the 4th vein was used as a quantitative character. Divergent selection during 30 to 40 generations for long and short vein length was practised in three unrelated base populations. 2. Selection progress continued through about 20 to 30 generations, sometimes with alternating periods of advance and stability. In all three base populations heritability was approximately 0.3, and similar selection limits were reached far beyond the ranges of the base populations. 3. During the course of selection there were striking changes in the appearance of the frequency distributions (bimodality), particularly in the lines selected for a long, i.e. more normal vein. 4. An explanation for this is proposed, which is based on the assumption that the factors (genetic or environmental) influencing the expression of a character are in their effect dependent on the relative length of the vein. Temperature experiments are described which strongly support this hypothesis. Expression, in response to temperature, appeared to be very sensitive to change in a particular expression range. 5. This view implies that vein determination is governed by two at least partially independent genetic systems, one controlling the relative length of the vein and the other relating modifying influences to their phenotypic effects. 6. Thus, the variability in this mutant character seems to be governed in large measure by the properties of its developmental system. 7. The results are discussed in terms of their significance in the fields of quantitative genetics, developmental genetics, and evolution.
The Place of Animal Being: Following Animal Embryogenesis and Navigation to the Hollow of Being in Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Morris David
Published: July 2010

This article pursues overlapping points about ontology, philosophical method, and our kinship with and difference from nonhuman animals. The ontological point is that being is determinately different in different places not because of differences, or even a space, already given in advance, but in virtue of a negative in being that is regional and rooted in place, which Mer-leau-Ponty calls the “hollow.” The methodological point is that we tend to miss this ontological point because we are inclined to what I call transportable thinking, which conceives of things and spatial determinacy itself as being what they are independent of where they are. I argue that we are inclined this way because, in contrast to other animals, we have a weak sense of where we are. We are lost animals. To compensate for lostness, we abstract ourselves from place and conceptualize ourselves and things by way of a transportable, Cartesian “view from above.”
Life beyond Biologism
Authors: Toadvine Ted
Published: July 2010

In a move that has puzzled commentators, Derrida’s The Animal that Therefore I Am rejects claims for continuity between the human and the animal, aligning such claims with the ideology of “biologistic continuism.” This problematization of the logic of the human-animal limit holds implications for how we are to understand life in relation to auto-affection, immanence in relation to transcendence, and naturalism in relation to phenomenology. Derrida’s abyssal logic parallels the “strange kinship” described by Merleau-Ponty, though only if this strangeness is intensified as “hetero-affection” by incorporating death into life. Following Merleau-Ponty and Elizabeth Grosz, we locate the creative moment of this abyssal intimacy in the transformative productions of sexual difference. This positive account of the excess of hetero-affection reconciles phenomenology with evolution and offers a figure for thinking the thickening and multiplying of the differences between human and non-human, living and nonliving, corporeal and cosmic.
Prosperity Gospel: A Case Study of Benue State in North-Central Nigeria
Authors: Akper Godwin
Published: July 2010

This paper is a report of a study conducted in Benue State—Nigeria among members of a Reformed church (NKST) and those of a Pentecostal church (Living Faith). The purpose of the study was to investigate the imaging of Christ in that region with special reference to prosperity gospel. Furthermore, how popular is this view? The result of the research reveals that Reformed and Pentecostal believers see Christ as Lord the Messiah, but also, the giver of prosperity as a blessing to His true believers.
Becoming One Self: A Critical Retrieval of 'Choice Biography'
Authors: de Lange Frits
Published: July 2010

The modern life course is described as a 'choice biography.' Rationality and control, and life planning and self-management are central notions. Instead of rejecting the notion categorically, this article opts for a more balanced approach. The Protestant tradition shares central characteristics with choice biography, as Calvin, Edwards, and Bunyan show. However, there are dissimilarities as well. Fundamental in 'choice biography' is its lack of transcendence. Modern individualism threatens to collapse into one-dimensional secularism and egoism. In retrieving Kierkegaard's legacy, the notion 'choice biography' might undergo a critical re-appraisal. In his philosophy, we find both the absolute value of the individual's choices, and a plea for transcendence.
'That God May Have Mercy Upon All': A Review-Essay of Matthias Gockel's Barth and Schleiermacher on the Doctrine of Election
Authors: Goroncy Jason
Published: July 2010

The doctrine of election lies at the heart of Reformed theology. This essay offers a review of Matthias Gockel's recent comparison between two of Reformed theology's greatest voices: that of Friedrich Schleiermacher and Karl Barth. Gockel outlines Schleiermacher's contribution to the doctrine before turning to consider its modifications in Barth's work. The advance of these two thinkers on this issue has significant implications for the ongoing questions of universal election and universal salvation. Consequently, the possibility of an apokatastasis panton arises naturally from their theology. This possibility is briefly explored.
From Moral Authority to Insignificant Minority: The Precarious State of the Dutch Reformed Church in a Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Theron P.F. (Flip)
Published: July 2010

This article focuses on the transformation of the 'dearly beloved church' of the Afrikaners from a formerly mighty social institution in the 'old' South Africa to just another minority group in the 'new.' It argues that the Reformed tradition needs a 'political theology' in which the church's message of the cross is not compromised in search of social glory and political power.
The Bible and Epistemology
Authors: Sell Alan
Published: July 2010

The contents of the book are described; the idea of considering biblical epistemology in relation to current philosophy is welcomed; a number of points of interest are noted; and the question is raised how far the Christian world view shared by all the contributors is so taken for granted as to warn off many of the philosophers with whom conversation is sought.
Personhood as Particularity: John Zizioulas, Colin Gunton, and the Trinitarian Theology of Personhood
Authors: Awad Najeeb G.
Published: July 2010

One of the dimensions of this paper’s twofold purpose is to examine the validity of John Zizioulas’ definition of personhood as communion, and whether or not this produces a coherent understanding of the ontological relation of ‘being’ and ‘communion.’ The second dimension of this paper’s purpose points to Colin Gunton’s similar attempt at understanding personhood by emphasizing unity-in-particularity, rather than communion alone, in the Trinity. In Gunton’s contribution to this issue, I find both a correction to Zizioulas’ reduction of personhood into mere communion, as well as an invitation for understanding personhood from the angle of an understanding of the notion of ‘hypostasis’ that takes personhood beyond ‘in-communion’ into ‘freedom-in-trans-communion,’ making this last as constitutive of personhood as the first.
Teaching International Business Negotiation: Reflections on Three Decades of Experience
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W.
Published: July 2010

The author has taught international business negotiation in a wide variety of university courses and executive training programs throughout the world during the last three decades. He has taught international business negotiation both as an end in itself and as a means to teach law, an approach that he calls “the law in the shadow of negotiation.” This article examines three fundamental dimensions of that experience: pedagogical goals, course content and teaching methods. His principal pedagogical goals in international business negotiation courses have been three-old: better negotiation analysis, improved negotiation skills, and increased international business knowledge. Depending on the time available, the content of his international business negotiation courses covers three broad areas: the fundamentals of conflict analysis and the negotiation process, basic themes in international negotiation, such as the importance of negotiation, preparation and the management of internal negotiations, and the special obstacles faced in international business negotiation, such as cultural differences among the parties, the actual or potential role of governments in the negotiation process, and challenges to the stability of negotiated agreements. The author’s teaching relies heavily on experiential methods and materials, such as exercises, simulations and cases, although more didactic methods also have a role.
A Response to John P. Meier's 'Did the Historical Jesus Prohibit All Oaths?'
Authors: Hagner Donald
Published: July 2010

John Meier's conclusion that Jesus' teaching in Mt 5:34-37 violates the Law of Moses is incompatible with the evangelist's insistence in 5:17 that Jesus did not come to abolish the Law. Jesus remains faithful to the Law by bringing it to its intended meaning, penetrating to the essence of its teaching. If the letter of the Law is violated, its spirit is upheld: the issue is not the oaths themselves, but the importance of unqualified truthfulness. This too is the meaning of the same material in Jas 5:12. The key to understanding Jesus and the Law is to be found in christological and eschatological realities associated with the person and mission of Jesus.
In Response to My Respondents: Jesus and the Eyewitnesses in Review
Authors: Bauckham Richard
Published: July 2010

This response replies individually to each of the responses by Samuel yrskog, David Catchpole, Howard Marshall, Stephen Patterson and Theodore Weeden who have written reviews of Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. Important issues discussed include: names as indications of eyewitness sources, variations between the Gospels, the identity of the Beloved Disciple, models of oral tradition, and Mark as a Petrine Gospel.
Kenneth Bailey's Theory of Oral Tradition: A Theory Contested by Its Evidence
Authors: Weeden, Sr. Theodore
Published: July 2010

This is a critique of Kenneth Bailey's theory of oral tradition, a theory which he calls 'informal oral controlled tradition'. Bailey contends that informal oral controlled tradition is an oral methodology employed historically by Middle Eastern societies to preserve and transmit accurately the essential, fundamental components, per Bailey, of their oral traditions. Bailey posits that the same methodology was utilized by the Jesus movement from its outset to at least the time of the Roman-Jewish War in order to preserve accurately and transmit faithfully the essential historical core of its remembrance of Jesus. However, this critique finds that the evidence Bailey marshals in support of his theory not only fails finally to support it but at critically important points witnesses against it.
De Tekst Van De Belijdenisgeschriften En Van De Liturgische Formulieren Der Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk
Authors: Bakhuizen Van Den Brink J.N.
Published: July 2010

De aanleiding tot het hier volgende onderzoek 1) is de nog steeds levende vraag, of er een bepaalde vaststelling van de tekst der Liturgie door de Kerk heeft plaats gehad, zodat zij er een geautoriseerde uitgave van zou kunnen bezitten. Gedurende ruim drie eeuwen schijnt de textuele redactie dezer Formulieren eenvoudig door de drukkers gemaakt te zijn. Een geldige tekst der belijdenisgeschriften heeft de Nationale Synode van Dordrecht 1618-19 uitgegeven, waarbij echter dient opgemerkt, dat de tekst van de Catechismus daarbuiten is gebleven. In zake de Liturgische Formulieren heerst onzekerheid wat de vaststelling betreft.
Disobedient Images
Authors: Kleeblatt Norman
Published: July 2010

Norman L. Kleeblatt discusses four works of art that present problems of interpretation and reception, each of which touches on visual and textual taboos. Avoidance of works of art with such problematic images is a natural response. However, confrontation of the meanings intended by the artists frequently open new avenues for investigation and interpretation, not to mention new iconographies that often contradict the assumptions of art at the intersection with Jewish culture.
The Tribe Versus the City-State: An Architectural Conundrum for the Jewish Project
Authors: Tigerman Stanley
Published: July 2010

“The Tribe versus the City-State” challenges the convention that suggests that the latter is preferable to the former. Throughout millennia the Jews struggled with tribalism, initially by building the First Temple as a means to coalesce tribal differences. Nonetheless, tribalism was used as a rationale to castigate Jews because it reinforced their being discrete from other, more homogenized populations. Over time, the City-State replaced tribalism because of its purported value as a melting pot that further coalesced differences into a more manageable whole. For the Jews however, the City-State exacerbated anti-Semitism in late Nineteenth Century Eastern European pogroms culminating in the Twentieth Century's holocaust. This paper addresses the architectural manifestations of these very different ways of aggregating populations. The Illinois Holocaust Museum project is presented as an example of building for the Jewish project in the context of temporality.
Holding Multilateral Development Banks to Account: Gateways and Barriers
Authors: Nanwani Suresh
Published: July 2010

This article offers an examination of the development and operation of accountability mechanisms in multilateral development banks. These mechanisms are gateways for citizens, as non-state actors, to file their grievances in projects that adversely affect them against these international organisations at the international level. The study focuses on the accountability mechanisms established at the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association) and the Asian Development Bank, and other initiatives and avenues provided by these institutions addressing accountability issues. The article offers an analysis of barriers encountered by claimants in accessing these mechanisms based on insights generated by way of claims filed and participation in accountability procedures. It suggests ways in which civil society's demands for accountability in multilateral development banks and other financial institutions can move forward.
Exploring the Legal Status of Non-Governmental Organisations under International Energy Treaties
Authors: Dick Katherine
Published: July 2010

Energy is now firmly on the global agenda. Many of the international measures that seek to tackle environmental issues arising from energy production and use, and achieve global order in energy trade and investment, have been developed in consultation with non-governmental organisations. However, despite the significant contribution of non-governmental organisations in this area, little attention has been paid to the formal legal status of such organisations under international energy treaties. A wide range of elements are examined in this article and found to support a limited legal status on the part of non-governmental organisations under international energy treaties created within the United Nations system, which implies a conditional 'right' to participate. However this right is limited to a right to participate in setting the policy framework of those treaties only, rather than a right to participate in judicial disputes. Moreover, the current legal treatment of NGOs differs in the specific issue areas of energy, given this area has been dealt with in an ad hoc manner by means of numerous, largely unrelated international energy treaties. In particular, NGOs have a very limited legal status, if at all, under international energy treaties created outside the United Nations system.
Hunting by Indigenous Peoples of Charismatic Mega-Fauna: Does Human Rights Approach Challenge the Way Hunting by Indigenous Peoples is Regulated?
Authors: Hossain Kamrul
Published: July 2010

Two International Covenants (the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) in common Article 1 highlighted that 'all peoples' have the right to self-determination to freely determine their 'political status' and freely dispose of their 'natural wealth and resources'. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in Article 27 provides protection of the rights belonging to minority cultures, religion and language. The idea of 'indigenous peoples' was apparently an underdeveloped area at the time of the adoption of the Covenants. The concept of indigenous peoples' rights has developed relatively recently. Thus, whether indigenous peoples are 'peoples' within the meaning of the Covenant, and thereby may be capable of enjoying the right to self-determination has been an unsettled case. When in many countries indigenous peoples form a minority, they are, however, identical as distinct from other minority groups in those countries because of their own way of livelihood and preservation of traditional culture and knowledge. Recent normative development pronounced by the Human Rights Committee suggests that indigenous peoples should be treated as 'peoples' within the meaning of Article 1 of the Covenant and as 'people' they have right to enjoy their traditional way of livelihood including right to enjoy their culture. Thus, the main focus of the article is to examine whether a human rights approach to indigenous peoples' rights has evolved to challenge the international regulatory approach currently applicable to the management of Whale and Polar Bear regime and their traditional hunt by the indigenous peoples.
Recent Developments in Canadian Aboriginal Law: Overview of Case Law and of Certain Principles of Aboriginal Law
Authors: Ochman Patricia
Published: July 2010

The author reviews the most recent judgments rendered by the Supreme Court of Canada and certain provincial courts, in order to provide an update in the sphere of Aboriginal law practice in Canada, destined mainly for foreign lawyers and academics. Throughout the review of those recent judgments, the author provides an overview of certain key principles and concepts of Canadian Aboriginal law. Besides providing an overview of recent judgments in the sphere of Aboriginal law, the author seeks to illustrate how meaningful the protection and recognition of Aboriginal rights and treaty rights are in practice, through the overview of key concepts and principles of Canadian Aboriginal law and how they were recently interpreted by Canadian courts. The author briefly addresses Canada's vote against the adoption of the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Writing Resistance Into International Law
Authors: Buchanan Ruth
Published: July 2010

This essay considers the problem of theorizing resistance within international law through a close reading of two recent contributions to the TWAIL literature. It is concerned less with their critiques of contemporary developments, than with how these scholars map the possible spaces for resistance of Third World states and peoples to international legal institutions and discourses. Do they argue that Third World resistance has the potential to transform international law, and move us in the direction of a more just international order? If so, how is that process of change envisioned? While the answers to these questions are, not surprisingly, somewhat elusive; what is illuminated in the attempt is the productively contradictory nature of the TWAIL project itself.
Taking Stock of TWAIL Histories
Authors: Mickelson Karin
Published: July 2010

This paper traces the origins of Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) to a conference held in 1997, and explores the Vision Statement that was circulated among participants at that gathering. It focuses on the relationship of TWAIL to earlier Third World scholarship on international law, and argues that TWAIL should be seen as a part of a Third World tradition of international law scholarship rather than the overarching framework into which all Third World scholarship can be fit.
TWAIL: Past and Future
Authors: Anghie Antony
Published: July 2010

While TWAIL could be viewed as a methodology, it is a methodology that is still being developed. The work of current TWAIL scholars on particular areas of international law is of special importance to TWAIL as these studies will hopefully reveal particular ways in which the relationship between international law and the Third World plays out, and will thereby add to the analytical resources available to TWAIL scholars.
A Clash of Normativities: International Society and International Community
Authors: Buchan Russell
Published: July 2010

This paper will suggest that since the end of the Cold War liberal states have instituted a new regime of international relations and of international peace and security in particular. Historically, legitimate statehood could be situated virtually exclusively within international society; in their international relations all states subscribed to a common normative standard which regarded all states qua states as legitimate sovereign equals irrespective of the political constitution that they endorsed. With the end of the Cold War, however, an international community of liberal states has formed within international society which considers only those states that respect the liberal values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law as legitimate. Non-liberal states are not only denigrated as illegitimate but more significantly they are stripped of their previously held sovereign status where international community, motivated by the theory that international peace and security can only be achieved in a world composed of exclusively liberal states, campaigns for their liberal transformation. Finally, it will be suggested that despite the disagreement between liberal states over the decision to invade Iraq in 2003 international community survives, and thus its (antagonistic) relationship with non-liberal states continues to provide a useful method for theorising international peace and security in the contemporary world order.
Three Images of “Global Community”: Theorizing Law and Community in a Multicultural World
Authors: Alkoby Asher
Published: July 2010

This article uncovers the normative commitments underlying discussions on compliance and institutional design in international law and international relations (IR) theory through an examination of the concept of “global community” in different disciplinary discourses. Three images of global community are conjured in these theoretical discussions: the pluralist, the solidarist, and the discursive. After outlining the first two and discussing the critiques waged against them, the article seeks to defend the third image, which offers an approach to global social integration that is both culturally attuned and ambitious in scope. Drawing on critical IR theory, political philosophy as well as discursive theories of law, the article argues that the proposed image of global community holds the potential to successfully resolve the inherent tension between order, justice and cultural diversity, and where international law may play a meaningful role.
Historicity and the Politics of Predication
Authors: Margolis Joseph
Published: July 2010

I begin with a kind of phenomenological reporting of the recent war between Israel and the Hezbollah in Lebanon, in order to explain the meaning of the thesis that "historicity is predication" – meaning by that to clarify the sense in which predication is a kind of political act (for good and sufficient philosophical reasons) and how the "objective" description of an evolving war illuminates such a philosophical reading of history.
Who's Afraid of Determinism? The Ambivalence of Macro-Historical Inquiry
Authors: Adcock Robert
Published: July 2010

This paper explores explanatory practices of macro-historical social science in light of philosophical stances on determinism versus indeterminism. Analysis of determinism and its implications show its compatibility with practices emphasizing causal complexity, contingency, and choice. It can, moreover, clarify and contain these practices in ways that extend the priority traditionally given to causal explanation by macro-historical social scientists. Analysis of indeterminism shows, by contrast, that each of its major varieties challenge macro-historical explanatory practices. To embrace indeterminism and follow through its implications would, in effect, terminate the tradition of macro-historical inquiry as pursued by American sociologists and political scientists.
A Collapse of Trust: Reconceptualizing the Crisis of Historicism
Authors: Paul Herman
Published: July 2010

This essay redefines the crisis of historicism as a collapse of trust. Following Friedrich Jaeger, it suggests that this crisis should be understood, not as a crisis caused by historicist methods, but as a crisis faced by the classical historicist tradition of Ranke. The "nihilism" and "moral relativism" feared by Troeltsch's generation did not primarily refer to the view that moral universals did not exist; rather, they expressed that the historical justification of bildungsbürgerliche values offered by classical historicism did no longer work. In Niklas Luhmann's vocabulary, this is to say that moral values could no longer be trusted on historical grounds. But when the "reduction of complexity" offered by classical historicism collapsed, Troeltsch's generation faced a justification problem: what other modes of justification, if any at all, were available in a time of increasing secularization and growing feelings of discontinuity with the past? In identifying the crisis of historicism with this moral justification problem, this essay helps explain why such debts of despair could be reached in the early-twentieth-century disputes over historicism.
Two Conceptions of Collectivity
Authors: Thalos Mariam
Published: July 2010

This paper distinguishes two conceptions of collectivity, each of which tracks the targets of classification according to their aetiology. Collectivities falling under the first conception are founded on (more-or-less) explicit negotiations amongst the members who are known to one another personally. Collectivities falling under the second (philosophically neglected) conception are founded – at least initially – purely upon a shared conception of "we", very often in the absence of prior acquaintance and personal interaction. The paper argues that neglect of collectivities of the second kind renders certain social phenomena (for example, sense of place and certain kinds of conflicted loyalty) inexplicable or invisible. And the paper also stresses that a conception referring to the second kind of collectivity will put us in position to revitalize a variety of important questions, including: Which conception of collectivity best serves the needs of a theory of justice? The paper will contrast the distinction between these two conceptions with the classical Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft distinction, as well as with the more recent attempts to articulate differences between groups according to membership-structuring norms.
Continuity of the Rational: Naturalism and Historical Understanding in Collingwood
Authors: Grigoriev Serge
Published: July 2010

It is sometimes suggested that Collingwood’s philosophy of history is decidedly anti-naturalist and argues for a complete separation between history and the natural sciences. The purpose of this paper is to examine this suggestion and to argue that Collingwood’s conception of the relationship between history and natural sciences is much more subtle and nuanced than such a view would allow for. In fact, there is little in Collingwood to offend contemporary naturalistic sensibilities reasonably construed. The impression that Collingwood’s views are incompatible with naturalism stems, in part, from an overly Kantian interpretation of the idea of rationality, as applied to historical agents, in terms of transcendentally fixed norms. This difficulty, however, does not arise if we opt for a more Hegelian interpretation of rationality in terms of continuity in thought, which Collingwood himself seemed to favor. Examining Collingwood’s pronouncements on these topics leads one to the conclusion that, while objecting to the excesses of early naturalism, Collingwood saw no insurmountable obstacles to the reconciliation of science and history and their potential collaboration in some areas.