bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Energy Demand Scenarios for OECD Countries: Fairness, Feasibility and Potential Impacts on SDGs
Authors: Freeman Rachel , Seljom Pernille Merethe Sire , Valkering Pieter , Krook-Riekkola Anna
Published: June 2024

While the sustainable development goals (SDGs) are most challenging for developing countries, they apply equally to OECD member countries and are important to consider during these countries’ energy transition. Low energy demand (LED) scenarios, modelled with energy system optimisation models (ESOMs), show that there is potential for meeting national and global climate mitigation targets more economically and with less technological uncertainty, while buying time during the transition. Some LED scenario narratives envisage deeply transformative societal changes, while others are more focused on demand reduction with technology improvement measures such as energy efficiency. In a review of 11 LED modelling studies, demand reductions by 2050, compared to 2020, range from moderately (8%) to much higher (56%) than non-LED scenarios. SDG targets for OECD countries that are most likely to be negatively affected by a LED approach are poverty (1.2), overcoming inequality (10.1), and participatory decision making (16.7). Those SDGs more likely to see win-wins include access to energy (7.1), renewable energy (7.2), energy efficiency (7.3), and use of resources (12.2). When modelling LED scenarios in ESOMs, there should be more representation of the rebound effect and feedback between demand and economy, heterogeneity in societal responses to LED-type policies, and the idea of sufficiency to better reflect the novelty of pathways to achieving LED scenario narratives.
Assessing the Impact of Climate Variability on Wind Energy Potential in Decarbonization Scenarios in Energy Systems Models
Authors: Stecher Bryn , Jafari Taiba , Wu Lewis , Balyk Olexandr , Greene Áine , Glynn James
Published: June 2024

Anticipated changes in wind patterns and magnitudes due to climate change pose potential challenges to future wind energy potential. Using three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) across five global climate models, the impacts of climate variability on wind energy potential were assessed, utilizing the wind capacity factor as a comparable value. The evaluation includes all operating onshore and offshore wind farms globally over the remainder of the century. Adopting global statistical analysis methods and the TIMES United States model (TUSM), the influence of climate variability on wind energy is modeled, providing insights into how specific decarbonization scenarios impact the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Results reveal minimal variation in capacity factor values among the SSP scenarios, indicating that wind energy is likely to remain a robust power generation source, regardless of the chosen decarbonization scenario. These findings hold important implications for wind turbine design, deployment strategies, and regional energy planning and policy. The study underscores the need to consider climate variability in decarbonization strategies, emphasizing the role of wind energy in aligning with the objectives of SDG 7 and SDG 11.
Clean and Affordable Norwegian Offshore Wind to Facilitate the Low-Carbon Transition
Authors: Haaskjold Kristina , Seljom Pernille
Published: June 2024

Norwegian offshore wind power can be a significant electricity supply contributor to facilitate the Norwegian and European green transition. The Norwegian government aim to grant concessions of 30 GW offshore wind within 2040, however, the realisation of this target depends on numerous uncertainties, related to e.g., future development in technology, national energy demand, the European power market, as well as social acceptance of energy production and grid expansion. This chapter analyses the role and cost-competitiveness of offshore wind to facilitate the low-carbon transition towards 2050. The energy system model, IFE-TIMES-Norway, is used to quantify the techno-economic capacity and distribution of offshore wind towards 2050, along with its impact on the overall energy system. Our results demonstrate that the ambitions of the Norwegian government can be economically viable without the necessity of subsidies, however, the outcome depends on the future development of the European power market. Moreover, the correlation of the Norwegian offshore wind resources is relatively weak between the northern and southern regions, as well as with Northern European countries. Less simultaneity enables an overall smoother production across Europe, which can enhance energy security. Further, results show that Norwegian offshore wind can play a central role in the decarbonization of end-use sectors by enabling greater hydrogen production from electrolysis.
Frühe Sprachleistungen im Fragebogen ELFRA
Authors: Glaubitz Cynthia , Beck Rainer , Liebscher Tim , Aschendorff Antje , Kreibohm-Strauß Kerstin , Kronesser Dominique , Seebens Yvonne , Streicher Barbara , Kröger Stefanie
Published: June 2024

Hintergrund

Eine sehr frühe bilaterale Cochleaimplantat(CI)-Versorgung ist bei Kindern heute etablierter Standard. Die Erfassung präverbaler und verbaler Kompetenzen in sehr frühen Entwicklungsphasen gewinnt damit an Bedeutung. Diagnostisch erhobene Leistungsdaten werden für Kinderkohorten in Bezug auf deren Lebensalter (LA) und Höralter (HA) evaluiert und dargestellt.

Methodik

Die vorliegende Studie als Teil einer retrospektiven Multizenterstudie inkludierte 4 Kinderkohorten (n = 72–233) bilateral CI-versorgter Kinder ohne Zusatzbeeinträchtigungen und untersuchte deren Ergebnisse in den Elternfragebögen zur Früherkennung von Risikokindern (ELFRA‑1 bzw. ELFRA-2) unterteilt nach LA- und HA-bezogener Diagnostik. Die Daten wurden zudem hinsichtlich Mono‑/Bilingualität und CI-Versorgungsalter analysiert.

Ergebnisse

Die verbalen Leistungen fielen bezogen auf das LA geringer aus als bezogen auf das HA. Die präverbalen Kompetenzen waren weitestgehend LA-adäquat. Kinder mit bi-/multilingualem Spracherwerb zeigten signifikant geringere Leistungen. Für den ELFRA‑2 waren die LA-bezogenen verbalen Leistungen negativ mit dem CI-Versorgungsalter korreliert.

Schlussfolgerung

Bei früher CI-Versorgung sollte das LA als Bezugsmaß in der Diagnostik dem HA vorgezogen werden, um den individuellen Leistungsstand exakter zu erfassen und Ergebnisverzerrungen zu vermeiden. Die ermittelten Perzentile eignen sich begrenzt als allgemeingültige Referenzwerte für die individuelle Leistungseinschätzung bilateral CI-versorgter Kinder. Weitere Multizenterstudien sind anzustreben.
Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Children with Atrial Septal Defects Improves After Closure by Means of Increased Hydraulic Force
Authors: Sjöberg Pia , Clausen Henning , Arheden Håkan , Steding-Ehrenborg Katarina , Liuba Petru , Hedström Erik
Published: June 2024

Hydraulic force aids diastolic filling of the left ventricle (LV) by facilitating basal movement of the atrioventricular plane. The short-axis atrioventricular area difference (AVAD) determines direction and magnitude of this force. Patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) have reduced LV filling due to the left-to-right shunt across the atrial septum and thus potentially altered hydraulic force. The aims were therefore to use cardiac magnetic resonance images to assess whether AVAD and thus the hydraulic force differ in children with ASD compared to healthy children, and if it improves after ASD closure. Twenty-two children with ASD underwent cardiac magnetic resonance before ASD closure. Of these 22 children, 17 of them repeated their examination also after ASD closure. Twelve controls were included. Left atrial and ventricular areas were delineated in short-axis images, and AVAD was defined as the largest ventricular area minus the largest atrial area at each time frame and normalized to body height (AVADi). At end diastole AVADi was positive in all participants, suggesting a force acting towards the atrium assisting the diastolic movement of the atrioventricular plane; however, lower in children both before (6.3 cm2/m [5.2–8.0]; p < 0.0001) and after ASD closure (8.7 cm2/m [6.6–8.5]; p = 0.0003) compared to controls (12.2 cm2/m [11.3–13.9]). Left ventricular diastolic function improves after ASD closure in children by means of improved hydraulic force assessed by AVAD. Although AVADi improved after ASD closure, it was still lower than in controls, indicating diastolic abnormality even after ASD closure. In patients where AVADi is low, ASD closure may help avoid diastolic function deterioration and improve outcome. This could likely be important also in patients with small shunt volumes, especially if they are younger, who currently do not undergo ASD closure. Changes in clinical routine may be considered pending larger outcome studies.
Factors impacting the microbial production of eicosapentaenoic acid
Authors: Sousa Sérgio , Carvalho Ana P. , Gomes Ana M.
Published: June 2024

The increasing applications for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the potential shortfall in supply due to sustainability and contamination issues related with its conventional sources (i.e., fish oils; seafood) led to an extensive search for alternative and sustainable sources, as well as production processes. The present mini-review covers all the steps involved in the production of EPA from microorganisms, with a deeper focus on microalgae. From production systems to downstream processing, the most important achievements within each area are briefly highlighted. Comparative tables of methodologies are also provided, as well as additional references of recent reviews, so that readers may deepen their knowledge in the different issues addressed.

Key points

• Microorganisms are more sustainable alternative sources of EPA than fish.

• Due to the costly separation from DHA, species that produce only EPA are preferable.

• EPA production can be optimised using non-genetic and genetic tailoring engineering.
Bronchial artery embolization using small particles is safe and effective: a single center 12-year experience
Authors: Sheehan Frances , Graham Alison , Tait N. Paul , Ind Philip , Alsafi Ali , Jackson James E.
Published: June 2024

Background

Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) using particles is an established treatment for hemoptysis. The use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a particle size of 300 µm or larger is thought to reduce the risk of non-target embolization but may result in more proximal vessel occlusion than is ideal, resulting in a high rate of early recurrent hemorrhage.

Objective

This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of BAE using PVA particles with a size of less than 300 µm.

Methods

All patients who underwent BAE between 2010 and 2022 at a tertiary center were included. Demographic data, etiology and volume of hemoptysis, technical and clinical success, procedure-related complications, and follow-up information were collected from patients’ electronic records. 150–250 µm PVA particles were used to commence embolization in all patients with the subsequent use of larger-sized particles in some individuals. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate recurrence and survival rates.

Results

One hundred forty-four patients underwent 189 embolization procedures between 2010 and 2022 and were followed up for a median of 35 months [IQR 19–89]. 150 µm to 250 µm PVA particles were used as the sole embolic agent in 137 cases. Hemoptysis recurred within 30 days in 7%. The median time to repeat intervention was 144 days [IQR 42–441]. Seventeen out of 144 patients had a pulmonary artery branch pseudoaneurysm. The rate of major complications was 1% with no instances of stroke or spinal artery ischemia. Thirty-day mortality was 2% (4/189).

Conclusion

BAE using 150–250 µm PVA particles is safe and effective with few complications and low rates of early hemoptysis recurrence.

Clinical relevance statement

BAE using small particles is likely to improve outcomes, particularly the rate of early recurrence, in patients with hemoptysis, without an increase in procedural complications.

Key Points

BAE is a safe and effective treatment for patients with hemoptysis.

Using small PVA particles in BAE has few complications and low rates of early recurrence.

Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms should be actively sought in those with hemoptysis undergoing BAE.
Cerebral glucose metabolic correlates of cognitive and behavioural impairments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Lehto Annaliis , Schumacher Julia , Kasper Elisabeth , Teipel Stefan , Hermann Andreas , Kurth Jens , Krause Bernd Joachim , Prudlo Johannes
Published: June 2024

Objective

Half of ALS patients are cognitively and/or behaviourally impaired. As cognition/behaviour and cerebral glucose metabolism can be correlated by means of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), we aimed to utilise FDG-PET, first, to replicate group-level differences in glucose metabolism between non-demented ALS patients separated into non-impaired (ALSni), cognitively impaired (ALSci), behaviourally impaired (ALSbi), and cognitively and behaviourally impaired (ALScbi) groups; second, to investigate glucose metabolism and performance in various cognitive domains; and third, to examine the impact of partial volume effects correction (PVEC) of the FDG-PET data on the results.

Methods

We analysed neuropsychological, clinical, and imaging data from 67 ALS patients (30 ALSni, 21 ALSci, 5 ALSbi, and 11 ALScbi). Cognition was assessed with the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen, and two social cognition tests. FDG-PET and structural MRI scans were acquired for each patient. Voxel-based statistical analyses were undertaken on grey matter volume (GMV) and non-corrected vs. PVE-corrected FDG-PET scans.

Results

ALSci and ALScbi had lower cognitive scores than ALSni. In contrast to both ALSni and ALSci, ALScbi showed widespread hypometabolism in the superior- and middle-frontal gyri in addition to the right temporal pole. Correlations were observed between the GMV, the FDG-PET signal, and various cognitive scores. The FDG-PET results were largely unaffected by PVEC.

Interpretation

Our study identified widespread differences in hypometabolism in the ALScbi-ni but not in the ALSci-ni group comparison, raising the possibility that cerebral metabolism may be more closely related to the presence of behavioural changes than to mild cognitive deficits.
Xenoliths of the bode dike system: evidence for early Devonian arc-type magmatism and late Carboniferous–Permian crust reworking beneath the eastern Harz Mountains (Germany)
Authors: Zeh Armin , Friedel Carl-Heinz , Tietz Olaf , Dunkl István
Published: June 2024

Xenoliths recovered from the post-Variscan Bode dike system of the eastern Harz Mountains provide evidence for the existence of an Early Devonian magmatic arc system hidden beneath very low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Rhenohercynian Zone, but also for Late Carboniferous–Early Permian crust reworking. This interpretation is based on petrographic observations and whole-rock geochemical analyses of granite xenoliths, in addition to results of zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotope analyses. Zircon grains recovered from variably deformed granite xenoliths yield ages between 419 and 393 Ma, interpreted to reflect the timing of granite intrusion. Rare zircon xenocrysts of Archean (ca. 2.92–2.65 Ga) and Proterozoic age (ca. 1.5 to 0.56 Ga), all with subchondritic εHf420 Ma values (− 0.8 to − 5.5) indicate reworking of older crust. Compilation of age-Hf isotope data further suggests that the pre-Variscan granitoids beneath the Harz Mountains belong to the same magmatic arc system exposed widespread in the adjacent Mid-German Crystalline Zone, and interpreted to result from NW-ward subduction of the Rheic Ocean beneath Avalonia-Baltica. Zircon in xenoliths with granophyric texture yields ages at 400 Ma and 295–310 Ma, indicating re-melting of Devonian granitoid basement during post-Variscan rift-related magmatism, immediately prior to Bode dike intrusion.

Graphical abstract

Left: Late Devonian intrusion of magmatic arc granites during NW-ward subduction of the Rheic ocean beneath Avalonia-Baltica. Right: Formation of the Bode dike system and Harz granites during Late Carboniferous-Permian extension.
Neurobrucellosis Presenting with Motor Damage or Hearing Loss, and Use of Steroids are Associated with a Higher Risk of Sequelae or Relapse: A Systematic Review of Individual Participant Data
Authors: Fusetti Chiara , Petri Francesco , Murad Mohammad H. , Merli Stefania , Giorgi Riccardo , Rizzardini Giuliano , Gori Andrea , Passerini Matteo
Published: June 2024

Background

Neurobrucellosis presents diverse clinical challenges and risks of long-term complications.

Objective

We aimed to assess the relationship between the duration of antibiotic therapy, clinical factors, and the outcome of neurobrucellosis with a case report combined with a systematic review of the literature.

Methods

We present a case of a 31 years-old man successfully treated at our Institution. We then searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus for articles that encompassed neurobrucellosis cases, duration of treatment, and outcome. The primary outcome was to assess an association between the duration of treatment and the risk of sequelae or relapses. Univariate, multivariate and sensitivity analysis were carried out to define which variables affect​ed​ the clinical outcome. Quality assessment was performed using a dedicated tool.

Results

A total of 123 studies were included, totaling 221 patients. Median duration of treatment was 4 months (IQR 3 – 6), 69% patients recovered without sequelae, 27% had sequelae. Additionally, five patients had a relapse, and 4 patients died. Multivariate analysis found that the duration of treatment, age, and the use of ceftriaxone were not associated with a higher risk of sequelae or relapses. A significant association was found for corticosteroids use (OR 0.39, 95% IC 0.16 – 0.96, p = 0.038), motor impairment (OR 0.29, 95% IC 0.14 – 0.62, p = 0.002), and hearing loss (OR 0.037, 95% IC 0.01 – 0.11, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study highlights the variability in clinical presentations and treatment approaches for neurobrucellosis. Patients with factors indicating higher sequelae risk require meticulous follow-up.
Minimally invasive approach for retrorectal tumors above and below S3: a multicentric tertiary center retrospective study (MiaRT study)
Authors: Bardol T. , Souche R. , Druet C. , Bertrand M. M. , Ferrandis C. , Prudhomme M. , Borie F. , Fabre J.-M.
Published: June 2024

Background

Retrorectal tumors are uncommon lesions developed in the retrorectal space. Data on their minimally invasive resection are scarce and the optimal surgical approach for tumors below S3 remains debated.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent minimally invasive resection of retrorectal tumors between 2005 and 2022 at two tertiary university hospital centers, by comparing the results obtained for lesions located above or below S3.

Results

Of over 41 patients identified with retrorectal tumors, surgical approach was minimally invasive for 23 patients, with laparoscopy alone in 19, with transanal excision in 2, and with combined approach in 2. Retrorectal tumor was above S3 in 11 patients (> S3 group) and below S3 in 12 patients (< S3 group). Patient characteristics and median tumor size were not significantly different between the two groups (60 vs 67 mm; p = 0.975). Overall median operative time was 131.5 min and conversion rate was 13% without significant difference between the two groups (126 vs 197 min and 18% vs 8%, respectively; p > 0.05). Final pathology was tailgut cyst (48%), schwannoma (22%), neural origin tumor (17%), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (4%), and other (19%). The 90-day complication rates were 27% and 58% in the > S3 and < S3 groups, respectively, without severe morbidity or mortality. After a median follow-up of 3.3 years, no recurrence was observed in both groups. Three patients presented chronic pain, three anal dysfunction, and three urinary dysfunction. All were successfully managed without reintervention.

Conclusions

Minimally invasive surgery for retrorectal tumors can be performed safely and effectively with low morbidity and no mortality. Laparoscopic and transanal techniques alone or in combination may be recommended as the treatment of choice of benign retrorectal tumors, even for lesions below S3, in centers experienced with minimally invasive surgery.
Linear and Nonlinear Formulation of Phase Field Model with Generalized Polynomial Degradation Functions for Brittle Fractures
Authors: Tabiei Ala , Meng Li
Published: June 2024

The classical phase field model has wide applications for brittle materials, but nonlinearity and inelasticity are found in its stress–strain curve. The degradation function in the classical phase field model makes it a linear formulation of phase field and computationally attractive, but stiffness reduction happens even at low strain. In this paper, generalized polynomial degradation functions are investigated to solve this problem. The first derivative of degradation function at zero phase is added as an extra constraint, which renders higher-order polynomial degradation function and nonlinear formulation of phase field. Compared with other degradation functions (like algebraic fraction function, exponential function, and trigonometric function), this polynomial degradation function enables phase in [0, 1] (should still avoid the first derivative of degradation function at zero phase to be 0), so there is no $$\Gamma $$
Γ
convergence problem. The good and meaningful finding is that, under the same fracture strength, the proposed phase field model has a larger length scale, which means larger element size and better computational efficiency. This proposed phase field model is implemented in LS-DYNA user-defined element and user-defined material and solved by the Newton–Raphson method. A tensile test shows that the first derivative of degradation function at zero phase does impact stress–strain curve. Mode I, mode II, and mixed-mode examples show the feasibility of the proposed phase field model in simulating brittle fracture.
Characterising pharmacists’ interventions in chronic non-cancer pain care: a scoping review
Authors: Goetschi Aljoscha Noël , Meyer-Massetti Carla
Published: June 2024

Background

Chronic non-cancer pain may affect up to 51% of the general population. Pharmacist interventions have shown promise in enhancing patient safety and outcomes. However, our understanding of the scope of pharmacists’ interventions remains incomplete.

Aim

Our goal was to characterise pharmacists’ interventions for the management of chronic non-cancer pain.

Method

Medline, Embase, PsycINFO via Ovid, CINAHL via EBSCO databases and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Abstracts and full texts were independently screened by two reviewers. Data were extracted by one reviewer, and validated by the second. Outcomes of studies were charted using the dimensions of the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT).

Results

Forty-eight reports were included. Interventions ensuring appropriate drug prescription occurred in 37 (79%) studies. Patient education and healthcare professional education were reported in 28 (60%) and 5 (11%) studies, respectively. Therapy monitoring occurred in 17 (36%) studies. Interventions regularly involved interprofessional collaboration. A median of 75% of reported outcome domains improved due to pharmacist interventions, especially patient disposition (adherence), medication safety and satisfaction with therapy.

Conclusion

Pharmacists’ interventions enhanced the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Underreported outcome domains and interventions, such as medication management, merit further investigation.
Perspectives of pharmacy staff on provision of self-care and minor ailment education in primary schools: a qualitative study
Authors: Osman Samira , Paudyal Vibhu , Jalal Zahraa , Hirsch Christine
Published: June 2024

Background

Pharmacy professionals, given their health expertise, can play a role in enhancing health education within their communities and among patients. The potential of the pharmacy workforce to enhance health education among primary school children is underexplored.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the perspectives of pharmacy staff on the provision of education regarding self-care and treatment of minor ailments to primary school-aged children and to identify roles that pharmacists could play in this regard.

Method

Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted online with frontline pharmacy staff in the UK who had patient facing roles with primary school-aged children and parents. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic data analysis was applied to the transcripts.

Results

A total of 17 participants were recruited. Participants included 12 pharmacists, two pharmacy technicians and three pharmacy dispensers. All participants worked within community, hospital or primary care facilities.

Five themes emerged from the data analysis: sources of health knowledge accessed by children and parents; a perceived lack of knowledge regarding self-care and treatments for minor ailments among children and parents; a perceived positive impact of education on self-care; barriers to health education; and the potential role of pharmacy staff in self-care education in schools.

Conclusion

Pharmacy staff recognise the value of integrating health education into primary school curricula. A collaborative approach with educational institutions could bridge the gap in knowledge regarding self-care and treatment of minor ailments, and could empower children and reduce unnecessary use of healthcare resources.
Learning how to learn by self-tuning reinforcement
Authors: Torsell Christian , Barrett Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2024

Humans and many animals are capable of learning and learning how to learn better. We are concerned here with one way that reinforcement learners might learn how to learn better. In an experiment described by Harlow in (Psychol Rev 56:51–65, 1949) a group of rhesus monkeys learn a new way of learning in the context of a specific type of problem. We will consider how such agents might coevolve a new learning dynamics and new attendant saliences. To this end, we propose a self-tuning dynamics that illustrates one way that a reinforcement learner might acquire forms of learning that are well-suited to context-specific problems.
IGF-1’s protective effect on OSAS rats’ learning and memory
Authors: Zeng Ling , Yu Ting , Liu Haijun , Li Mi , Wang Jin , Wang Changsheng , Xu Ping
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) frequently experience cognitive dysfunction, which may be connected to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is thought to be closely associated with cognitive function, but its role in cognitive impairment caused by OSAS is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of IGF-1 on cognitive impairment in OSAS rats.

Methods

Healthy male SD rats (n = 40) were randomly assigned into four groups: control group, CIH group, NS + CIH group, and IGF-1 + CIH group. All experimental rats except for those in the control group were exposed to intermittent hypoxic (IH) environments for 8 h per day over 28 days. Prior to daily exposure to IH, rats in the IGF-1 + CIH group received subcutaneous injections of IGF-1. The Morris water maze test was conducted on all experimental rats. Brain tissue testing methods included Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting.

Results

The rat model of OSAS was successfully established following exposure to CIH and exhibited significant cognitive impairment. However, daily subcutaneous injections of IGF-1 partially restored the impaired cognitive function in OSAS rats. Compared with the control group, there was a significant decrease in the expression levels of IGF-1, p-IGF-IR, and SYP in the CIH group; however, these expression levels increased significantly in the IGF-I + CIH group.

Conclusion

In OSAS rats, IGF-1 enhances learning memory; this effect may be linked to increased p-IGF-1R and SYP protein production in the hippocampus.
Ordinal Outcome State-Space Models for Intensive Longitudinal Data
Authors: Henry Teague R. , Slipetz Lindley R. , Falk Ami , Qiu Jiaxing , Chen Meng
Published: June 2024

Intensive longitudinal (IL) data are increasingly prevalent in psychological science, coinciding with technological advancements that make it simple to deploy study designs such as daily diary and ecological momentary assessments. IL data are characterized by a rapid rate of data collection (1+ collections per day), over a period of time, allowing for the capture of the dynamics that underlie psychological and behavioral processes. One powerful framework for analyzing IL data is state-space modeling, where observed variables are considered measurements for underlying states (i.e., latent variables) that change together over time. However, state-space modeling has typically relied on continuous measurements, whereas psychological data often come in the form of ordinal measurements such as Likert scale items. In this manuscript, we develop a general estimation approach for state-space models with ordinal measurements, specifically focusing on a graded response model for Likert scale items. We evaluate the performance of our model and estimator against that of the commonly used “linear approximation” model, which treats ordinal measurements as though they are continuous. We find that our model resulted in unbiased estimates of the state dynamics, while the linear approximation resulted in strongly biased estimates of the state dynamics. Finally, we develop an approximate standard error, termed slice standard errors and show that these approximate standard errors are more liberal than true standard errors (i.e., smaller) at a consistent bias.
Vascular dysfunction occurs prior to the onset of amyloid pathology and Aβ plaque deposits colocalize with endothelial cells in the hippocampus of female APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice
Authors: Waigi Emily W. , Pernomian Laena , Crockett Alexia M. , Costa Tiago J. , Townsend Paul , Webb R. Clinton , McQuail Joseph A. , McCarthy Cameron G. , Hollis Fiona , Wenceslau Camilla F.
Published: June 2024

Increasing evidence shows that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). It is unknown whether systemic vascular dysfunction occurs prior to the development of AD, if this occurs in a sex-dependent manner, and whether endothelial cells play a role in the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. We hypothesized that vascular dysfunction occurs prior to the onset of amyloid pathology, thus escalating its progression. Furthermore, endothelial cells from female mice will present with an exacerbated formation of Aβ peptides due to an exacerbated pressure pulsatility. To test this hypothesis, we used a double transgenic mouse model of early-onset AD (APPswe/PSEN1dE9). We evaluated hippocampus-dependent recognition memory and the cardiovascular function by echocardiography and direct measurements of blood pressure through carotid artery catheterization. Vascular function was evaluated in resistance arteries, morphometric parameters in the aortas, and immunofluorescence in the hippocampus and aortas. We observed that endothelial dysfunction occurred prior to the onset of amyloid pathology irrespective of sex. However, during the onset of amyloid pathology, only female APP/PS1 mice had vascular stiffness in the aorta. There was elevated Aβ deposition which colocalized with endothelial cells in the hippocampus from female APP/PS1 mice. Overall, these data showed that vascular abnormalities may be an early marker, and potential mediator of AD, but exacerbated aortic stiffness and pressure pulsatility after the onset of amyloid pathology may be associated with a greater burden of Aβ formation in hippocampal endothelial cells from female but not male APP/PS1 mice.

Graphical Abstract
Evaluating compliance with the care standard of proactively assessing bone health in patients with diabetes: a pilot audit of practice across Asia by the Asia Pacific Consortium on Osteoporosis (APCO)
Authors: Chandran M. , Aftab N. , Amin A. , Amphansap T. , Bhadada S. K. , Chadha M. , Chan D. C. , Hew F. L. , Kaur S. , Khan A. H. , Kwee A. K. , Ho-Pham L. T. , Lekamwasam S. , Minh D. C. , Prasanth A. , Sharma R. , Valleenukul T. , Zehra N. , Mithal A.
Published: June 2024

This pilot audit explored how bone health is assessed patients with diabetes in diverse centres across Asia. Only 343 of 1092 (31%) audited patients had a bone health assessment, 27% of whom were diagnosed with osteoporosis. Quality improvement strategies are needed to address gaps in patient care in this area.

Purpose

The Asia Pacific Consortium on Osteoporosis (APCO) Framework outlines clinical standards for assessing and managing osteoporosis. A pilot audit evaluated adherence to clinical standard 4, which states that bone health should be assessed in patients with conditions associated with bone loss and/or increased fracture risk; this report summarises the audit findings in patients with diabetes. A secondary aim was to assess the practicality and real-world use of the APCO bone health audit tool kit.

Methods

Eight centres across Asia participated in the pilot audit, selecting diabetes as the target group. Participants reviewed their practice records for at least 20 consecutively treated patients with the target condition. Questions covered routine investigations, bone health assessment, osteoporosis diagnosis, and patient referral pathways. Data were summarised descriptively.

Results

The participants represented public hospitals, university medical centres, and private clinics from India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam that see an estimated total of 95,000 patients with diabetes per year. Overall, only 343 of 1092 audited patients (31%) had a bone health assessment. Osteoporosis was subsequently diagnosed in 92 of 343 (27%) patients.

Conclusion

Bone health was not assessed in most patients with diabetes. The results provide insight into current practices across diverse Asian centres and demonstrate the practical value of the audit tool kit. Participant feedback has been used to improve the tool kit. Results of this pilot audit are being used in the respective centres to inform quality improvement projects needed to overcome the gap in patient care.
Residual Stress Analysis of Re-autofrettage of a Swage-Autofrettaged Tube by Computer Modeling Incorporating Accurate Material Representation
Authors: Hu Zhong , Parker Anthony P.
Published: June 2024

Autofrettage processes allow engineers to reduce the thickness of thick-walled cylinders or components in high-pressure applications without sacrificing strength, life, or safety. However, during the autofrettage process, residual stresses will be generated due to plastic deformation. The complex tube material behavior is dominated by the Bauschinger effect. A better understanding and accurate prediction of the residual stress field is critical, which will enable better piping design strategies to minimize deformation and stresses under operating conditions. This study aims to predict and analyze residual stresses resulting from hydraulic re-autofrettage of a swage-autofrettaged thick-walled cylinder by computer modeling. A case study was performed on a thick-walled cylinder of A723 alloy with a radial interference of 2.5%. In order to investigate the effect of the chosen material constitutive representation, results based on the true material constitutive model were compared with the simplified prevalent material model of bi-linear kinematic strain hardening. Computer implementation for the true material was via a user-developed subroutine that incorporates the complex Bauschinger effect. The results indicate that an accurate material constitutive representation is crucial for better and more accurate prediction and understanding of residual stresses induced by autofrettage processes. Computer modeling based on the true material constitutive representation will likely prove to be a powerful tool for the design of autofrettage processes in general and thick-walled cylinders in particular.
Development of vitamin K analysis method using column switching high-performance liquid chromatography method and analysis results of various food items for vitamin K content
Authors: Tanaka Rina , Tanaka Ryusuke
Published: June 2024

In this study, we developed a column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection for the analysis of vitamin K. Column-switching is accomplished by changing the direction of flow using a switching valve with a set time program. Using this method, three vitamin K, phylloquinone (PK), menaquinone-4 (MK-4), and menaquinone-7 (MK-7), were separated and identified with high sensitivity, and impurities were eliminated. This method was used to determine the vitamin K content in meat, fish meat, snails, bivalves, sea urchins, seaweeds, vegetables, tea, soy products, milk products, and supplements. The results showed that chicken showed the highest content of MK-4 (15.35 ± 0.35 μg/100 g), matcha showed the highest content of PK (3069.66±80.10 μg/100 g), and dried natto showed the highest content of MK-7 (3997.57±79.42 μg/100 g). This method can also be used to analyze vitamin K in supplements and pharmaceuticals. The results of this study revealed that different manufacturers add different types of vitamin K to their commercial supplements and infant formulas. The developed method provides highly reproducible and quantitative results and allows for the rapid analysis of the three vitamin K types. Thus, the method developed in this study may aid the sequential analysis of vitamin K in different samples to assess food nutrients.
On linear algebra of r-Hankel and r-Toeplitz matrices with geometric sequence
Authors: Shi Baijuan , Kızılateş Can
Published: June 2024

Matrix theory plays a crucial role in solving practical problems and performing computational operations. In particular, specific types of matrices and their linear algebraic properties are of paramount significance for these processes. In this paper, we study the properties of r-Hankel and r-Toeplitz matrices whose entries are geometric sequences, and then the determinants, inverse matrix, generalized inverse matrix (the Moore-Penrose inverse), and spectral norms of such matrices are obtained.
Hepatitis E Virus RNA Detection in Liver and Muscle Tissues Sampled from Home Slaughtered Domestic Pigs in Central Italy
Authors: Ferri Gianluigi , Giantomassi Giorgia , Tognetti Daniele , Olivastri Alberto , Vergara Alberto
Published: June 2024

Hepatitis E virus is a worldwide emerging foodborne pathogen; raw or undercooked meats and liver pork products can cause infection through the orofecal route. In Central-Southern Italy, small traditional farming method, associated with the possibility of environmental sharing with wild species, can facilitate HEV diffusion and persistence. The aim of this study was to determine HEV genotype and subtype in Marche region from home slaughtered domestic pigs involved in small and traditional food chains. A total of 236 liver and muscle tissues and 6 pooled salami samples were screened. Laboratory workflow started with homogenization, followed by RNA extraction. Nested reverse transcription PCR and qRT-PCR were used to amplify specific parts of overlapping open reading frames belonging to the HEV genome. A total of 42/236 (17.79%) liver and 8/236 (3.39%) diaphragm specimens were positive; none of the pooled salami specimens showed positive HEV signal. The discovered HEV3c presented high nucleotide similarities with ones amplified from wild boar populations hunted in the same province. Extensive farming methods and environmental sharing with wild animal species support cross-infection infections, as observed in the present study. Although salami resulted negative for HEV RNA detection, the effects of food technologies on viral loads remain unclear. Therefore, further scientific investigations coupled with efficacious standardized laboratory procedures will be the next challenge.
Trust in Public and Private Providers of Health Apps and Usage Intentions
Authors: Binzer Björn , Kendziorra Jennifer , Witte Anne-Katrin , Winkler Till J.
Published: June 2024

Mobile health apps, particularly personal health records (PHRs), play a vital role in healthcare digitalization. However, the varying governance approaches for providing PHR platforms have led to a growing debate on the adequate regulation of health technology with regard to their adoption. This article investigates how provider governance, whether public or private, influences users’ intentions to use and decisions to download a PHR app. Drawing on institutional trust, privacy calculus, and privacy control frameworks, the study develops hypotheses about how provider governance affects the pathways through which trust influences users’ intentions to adopt the app. Data acquired from an online experiment in the German market reveals that users exhibit a higher level of trust in public providers compared to the same app provided by private companies. Furthermore, provider governance significantly alters the paths in how trust influences usage intentions through perceived benefits, perceived risks, and privacy control. These findings contribute to the development of a sectoral theory of privacy calculus and privacy control in Information Systems (IS). Moreover, they offer practical insights for healthcare regulators and health app providers with the aim of promoting the acceptance and usage of PHRs and other mobile health apps.
Chemotherapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with decreased anti-tumor immune response through MHC molecule and B7 family members
Authors: Ge Jing , Yin Xiaoxuan , Sun Xin , Kou Liduo , Xue Xin , Ma Juan
Published: June 2024

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains challenging due to chemotherapeutic drug-resistance (CDR). Aberrant expression B7 family proteins are involved in tumors evasion. We wonder whether B7 family protein alteration in AML CDR further supports tumor escape. Here, we establish AML cytarabine-resistant cell line U937/Ara-C and report on the expression MHC molecule and B7 family member. HLA-ABC was highly expressed similarly on both cell lines. MIC (MHC class I chain related) A/B and B7-H6 was moderately expressed on the surface of U937 and decreased dramatically by U937/Ara-C. In contrast, enhanced expression of B7-H1 and B7-H7 by U937/Ara-C was observed. HLA-DR and other B7 family members including CD80, CD86, B7-DC, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, and B7-H5 were not detected by both cell lines. Compared co-cultured with U937, peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a decreased cytotoxicity when incubated with U937/Ara-C, as indicated by decreased levels of granzyme B and perforin production, accompanied with less TNF-α and lactate dehydrogenase secretion. In conclusion, AML CDR further evades the anti-tumor immune response which may through MHC molecule and B7 family members.
Systemische Sklerose
Authors: Kickinger David
Published: June 2024

Bei der systemischen Sklerose (SSc) handelt es sich um eine komplexe, chronische Autoimmunerkrankung, die sowohl zu einer Fibrose der Haut als auch der inneren Organe führen kann. Die Prognose hinsichtlich des Verlaufs ist dabei sehr variabel und unter anderem abhängig von der Organbeteiligung. Die medikamentöse Therapie konnte unter anderem durch den Einsatz neuer Substanzen erweitert werden und dadurch kann beispielsweise die interstitielle Lungenbeteiligung, die mit einer erhöhten Mortalität einhergeht, besser behandelt werden. Dennoch stellt die SSc weiterhin eine Erkrankung mit einer hohen Mortalität und Morbidität dar und es sind zukünftige Studien für eine weitere Verbesserung der medikamentösen Therapie notwendig.
Sex Working Parents: Surveilled in the Parenting Panopticon
Authors: Fuentes Kimberly , Coleman Sophia , Ye Kim , Lee Katherine , Madness Ashley
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Research suggests that many sex workers are parents. This paper furthers the literature’s understanding of everyday barriers plaguing sex working parents (SWP) that compound to complicate their ability to build connections with their child’s world and other sex workers.

Methods

This Participatory Action Research study employed five focus groups in 2022 with thirteen English-speaking SWP in Los Angeles. The focus groups utilized group discussion in tandem with an art-based exercise to explore the value of sex work to parenting and where SWP require support.

Results

SWP reported benefits of engaging in sex work in terms of strengthening their relationships with their children and a concurrent constant fear that they could lose their parental rights if they were outed. This study applies Foucault’s theoretical conceptualization of a discipline society (operating through the ever-present potential of punishment and surveillance, including by private actors) to the participant’s lived experiences and self-conceptualization.

Conclusions

The paper explores the value of a sex worker–driven critique of stigma discourse for a more targeted description of the apprehension SWP experience.

Policy Implications

SWP are positioned at the intersection of various forms of surveillance, criminalization, and stigma. Recommendations highlight a need for building interdependence and representation with SWP to combat carceral surveillance practices.
Microfluidics-on-a-chip for designing celecoxib-based amorphous solid dispersions: when the process shapes the product
Authors: Figueiredo Joana , Mendes Maria , Pais Alberto , Sousa João , Vitorino Carla
Published: June 2024

The fundamental idea underlying the use of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is to make the most of the solubility advantage of the amorphous form of a drug. However, the drug stability becomes compromised due to the higher free energy and disorder of molecular packing in the amorphous phase, leading to crystallization. Polymers are used as a matrix to form a stable homogeneous amorphous system to overcome the stability concern. The present work aims to design ASD-based formulations under the umbrella of quality by design principles for improving oral drug bioavailability, using celecoxib (CXB) as a model drug. ASDs were prepared from selected polymers and tested both individually and in combinations, using various manufacturing techniques: high-shear homogenization, high-pressure homogenization, microfluidics-on-a-chip, and spray drying. The resulting dispersions were further optimized, resorting to a 32 full-factorial design, considering the drug:polymers ratio and the total solid content as variables. The formulated products were evaluated regarding analytical centrifugation and the influence of the different polymers on the intrinsic dissolution rate of the CXB-ASDs. Microfluidics-on-a-chip led to the amorphous status of the formulation. The in vitro evaluation demonstrated a remarkable 26-fold enhancement in the intrinsic dissolution rate, and the translation of this formulation into tablets as the final dosage form is consistent with the observed performance enhancement. These findings are supported by ex vivo assays, which exhibited a two-fold increase in permeability compared to pure CXB. This study tackles the bioavailability hurdles encountered with diverse active compounds, offering insights into the development of more effective drug delivery platforms.

Graphical Abstract