bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Approaches to Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Blumenfeld Hoadley Judi , Calvert Sarah , Restivo Gustavo , Thorpe Mark
Published: April 2019

This paper discusses three styles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy commonly practiced in Aotearoa New Zealand. Judi Blumenfeld Hoadley writes on object relations, Gustavo Restivo on the Lacanian orientation, and Sarah Calvert on relational psychoanalysis and the relational movement. Each author discusses their specific orientation towards psychoanalytic psychotherapy in terms of the historical origins, seminal theorists, and philosophical views. They also articulate the key theoretical concepts, clinical techniques, and unique links to the therapeutic relationship. Finally, the authors point out the specific organisations, training, and conferences available in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Waitara
Ko tā tēnei tuhinga he matapakinga o ētahi momo kakenga mahi whakaora hinengaro mahia ai i Aotearoa Niu Tireni. Ko tā Hūria Purumanawheri Hoari, arā, Judi Blumenfeld Hoadley he titiro ki ngā pānga tupua, ko tā Karitawa Rehitio, arā, Gustavo Restivo, he titiro ki te aronga ā-Rakaniana, ā, ko tā Hera Kariwhata, arā Sarah Calvert, he titiro ki te whaiaro tātarihanga me ōna pānga nekenekehanga. Ka huri ia kaituhi ki tōna ake tūranga whakapā atu ki te tūnga a te tātarihanga whakaora hinengaro mai i ōna pūnga ake, ngā whakapaenga whakahiranga me ngā tirohanga wānanga. Ka whakaarahia ake hoki e rātou ngā aroro ariā, ngā momo haumanu, me ngā here ki te piringa haumanu. I te mutunga, ka tohua ake e ngā kaituhi ngā rōpū.
The Taonga of the New Zealand Association of Psychotherapists
Authors: Hunter Burke
Published: April 2019

In this paper the importance of the taonga, treasures, of the New Zealand Association of Psychotherapists, representing the four directions and balance, is explained. Included is how they were used in the opening and closing ceremonies at the Conference in Nelson, 2017. The purpose of this paper is to keep their awareness alive in our Association.
WhakarāpopotongaKo tā tēnei tuhinga, he whakatairanga i ngā taonga ā Te Roopū Whakaora Hinengaro o Aotearoa, te whakamārama hoki i ngā ahunga me te whakatairitenga mai i ngā hua e whā. Ka tāpirihia te whakatinanatanga o ēnei i te whakatuwheratanga me nga katinga o te Hui Wānanga i Whakatū i te tau 2017. Ko te kaupapa o tā tēnei pepa he whakamau ake i tō rātau aroā i roto i tō tātau Roopū.
Home and Hearth
Authors: Bassett Barbara
Published: April 2019

While it is generally agreed that family time nourishes the young, gives purpose to those in middle years and accompanies the elders, the reality is that family time competes with contemporary social trends such as increased use of social media, the reality of dispersed families, or contends with the need or wish of caregivers to work outside the home; all of which create a life-in-the-fast-lane pace of living. However, “hearth-time”, as a metaphor for a warm place to arrive at and feel a sense of belonging, is alive with potential in Aotearoa New Zealand. This paper aims to identify and highlight the potentials that support the benefits of the hearth and time spent together and, by reviewing the origins and purpose of the hearth, build awareness of already existing hearth potentials; including our consulting rooms and the hearth-tending dynamics that abide within. To support the notion that hearth and subsequent primacy of heartfelt experiences needs more centrality in our homes, communities and even our thinking, I will draw on and extrapolate from the Greek myth of Hestia, Virgin Goddess of the hearth, drawing parallels between the principles of the myth and the value our profession and cultures offer.
Whakarāpopotonga
Ahakoa, ki tā te nuinga, e whakaaehia ana ko te wā o te whānau te wā poipoihia ai ngā kōhungahunga, whai hua ai ngā pākeke, whai takahoa ai ngā kuia, koroua, ki te āta matawaihia e whakataetae kē ana tēnei wā ki ngā mahi omaoma haeretanga ki te whai oranga i roto i tēnei ao hurihuri. Heoi anō, kua whakaritea he “wā takuahi” hai wāhi taunga mahana kia rongo ai i te kiritau o te tūrangawaewae, e torohū ake ana i Aotearoa nei. Ko te whāinga a tēnei pepa he tohu kātahi ka whakahira ake i ngā torohūnga tautoko i ngā painga o tēnei wāhi arā te takuahi, me te wā noho tahi ai. Mā te tātari haeretanga i ngā tīmatatanga me ngā take o te takuahi e whakarahi ake ngā rongo o ngā huanga takuahi me ō tātau wāhi haumanu me ōna whakahaerenga takuahi. Hai tautoko ake i te whakaaro ko te tauahi me te hiranga o ngā wheako manawapā whakaarahia ake me whai wāhi ki waenganui i ō tātau kāinga, hāpori me ō tātau whakaaro hoki. Ka huri au ki te pūrākau a ngā Kiriki mō Hētia te Atua Puhi o te takuahi, hai whakaatu i ngā ōritenga i waenga i ngā mātāpono o te pūrākau me te ūara o tō tātau ūmangae me o tātau ahurei.
“Dance Me Through the Panic Till I’m Gathered Safely In”
Authors: Buchanan Sandra
Published: April 2019

When Leonard Cohen died in November 2016, many people the world over felt very sad and indeed bereft, at the loss of such a great artist, poet and songwriter. It felt, in Auden’s (1958) words on Freud’s death, another example of:
For every day they dieamong us, those who were doing us some good, who knew it was never enough buthoped to improve a little by living. (p. 68) 
The title of this paper comes from Leonard’s 1984 song “Dance Me to the End of Love”, and has often seemed a powerful description of what a mother provides for her baby and what we as therapists provide to our clients. We try to help them “dance through the panic” and ultimately to feel safely gathered in — firstly with us, within the therapeutic relationship, and in due course within themselves. We provide a “promise of home”, or at least some hope for our clients that they might be able to find that individual sense of self within themselves and connection to others, which feels like “home”.
Whakarāpopotonga
I te matenga o Leonard Cohen i te Whiringa-a-rangi 2016, pōuri kau ana te tini te mano huri noa i te ao mōteatea kau ana i te ngarohanga atu o te tohunga tito waiata, toikupu mahi toi nei. E ai ki tā Ōtene kī (1958) i te matenga o Whoritu:
Mō ia rā taki hingarō ngai tātau, rātau e whai hua nei mō tātau, mōhio tonu kore rawa i rahi engaritōminahia mā te kaiao e whakawhanake. (w. 68)
I ahu mai te pane o tēnei pepa mai i te waita a Renana o te tau 1984 “Kanikanihia au ki te Mutunga o te Aroha”, ā, tērā ia e whakaarohia ana he whakaahuatanga mārohirohi o te o te āhua whakarato a te whaea i tana pēpē me tā tātau ngā kaiwhakaora hinengaro hoki ki ā tātau kiritaki. Ko tā tātau he nana ki te āwhina i a rātau, “pīkarikari i te maurirere” ā, taioreore kia tau te mauritau ki a tātau, i tō tātau whanaungatanga haumanutau tae atu ki te wā e tau ai tō rātau ake mauri. Ko tā tātau he whakarato “oati mauri tau”, he maramara wawata rānei e kitea ai e ā tātau kiritaki he kiritau, he whanaungatanga ki ētahi atu pēnei tonu i te “kāinga”.
Editorial
Authors: Poutu Morice Margaret , Tudor Keith , Woodard Wiremu
Published: April 2019

E ngā mana, e ngā reo, e ngā manu tioriori, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou katoa!
Te Tipu Haere
Authors: Balfour Crispin
Published: April 2019

For many years my practice of psychotherapy has been informed by two papers written nearly 60 years ago by Donald Winnicott: “The Capacity to be Alone” in 1958 and “The True and False Self” in 1960. I often find myself sitting with the experience of someone searching in me for themselves, sometimes insisting that I explain how they should be in the world, as if I am supposed to know who they are better than them; sometimes there is a sense of seduction associated with this experience. Recently I connected with a quote from Uri Bronfenbrenner: “In order to develop normally, a child requires progressively more complex joint activity with one or more adults who have an irrational emotional relationship with the child. Somebody’s got to be crazy about that kid. That’s number one. First, last, and always”. In this paper I consider how my patients have taught me both how to be alone with them and also be crazy about them, so they can grow themselves.
Whakarāpopotonga
Kua hia tau au e huri ana ki ngā whakaakoranga mai o ngā tuhinga e rua ā Tānara Winikoti i tuhia e ono tekau tau ki muri: “Te Kaha ki te Tūtahanga” i te tau 1958 me “Te Tuakiri Pono te Tuakiri Hewa” i te tau 1960. He wā anō ka puta ake he hau pēnei i te mea e kimi haere ana he tangata i a ia i roto i a hau, ka tohe mai hoki māku e whakamārama atu me pēhea tōnā āhua i roto i te ao i runga i te whakaaro he mōhio ake au i a rātau ko wai rātau; i ētahi wā puta mai ai he āhua hīanga. I kō tata tonu ake nei ka tūpono au ki tētahi kīanga a Uri Porohenaperena: “E whanake maori ai, me āta whakaraupapa kia piki haere ake te uaua o ngā tākarotahi a te tamaiti me tētahi pakeke, ētahi pākeke he heahea noa iho nei te whakapiri ki te tamaiti. Me piripono tonu he tangata ki taua tamaiti. Koinā te tuatahi. Tuatahi, tuamutunga, ākē ākē”. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka whakaarohia ake e au te whakaakohanga mai a āku tūroro me pēhea te noho tūtāhanga i ō rātau taha i tua atu i te noho kaingākau ki a rātau kia kaha ai rātau ki te whakatipu ake i a rātau anō.
Accumulation by Dispossession
Authors: Fenton Robert P.
Published: April 2019

David Harvey, one of the most influential urban theorists of the last 40 years, attempted to overcome a perceived gap in Marxist theory centered on noncapitalistic forms of accumulation necessary for capitalism to function. Accumulation by dispossession is his attempt to bridge that gap. By exploring the intellectual roots of the concept, its own historical context, as well as some of the internal limitations of the concept, this entry will situate accumulation by dispossession within the sometimes divergent interests of Marxist analysis and urban and regional studies. It is the tension between the general‐historical contours of accumulation by dispossession and its more particular application in urban studies that can push research in new directions.
Alun‐Alun
Authors: Mahatmanto  , Prawoto Eko
Published: April 2019

As a concept of space,alun‐alunhas its roots in the open field located in front of the house of the village chief, a phenomenon that is found across the Indonesian archipelago. Historically, the termalun‐alunwas related to urban planning in inland Java, becoming the symbol of an ocean wave in which the city's population came together. As it developed in later periods the termsalun‐alun utaraandalun‐alun selatanbegan to be used by the inland government administrations, and the concept underwent symbolic elaboration. The idea of the core (axis mundi) was being embodied in urban planning through the open space ofalun‐alunand the assembled buildings surrounding it. Modern urban planning in Indonesia follows the development of modern cities but continues to strengthen the components of the city center based on the concept ofcatur tunggal, which is applied to the spatial organization of all districts throughout Indonesia.
Blockbusting
Authors: Edward Orser W.
Published: April 2019

Blockbusting played a significant role in the massive racial change which transformed many American central cities in the 1950s and 1960s. The 1968 Civil Rights (or Fair Housing) Act specifically listed blockbusting as an illegal practice. Blockbusting in the post‐War
II
period typically referred to transactions in which white fear of black settlement was used by operatives, termed “blockbusters,” to produce panic sales at prices well below market value, then to charge African American purchasers prices considerably above market value. While such practices did produce increased housing opportunity for African Americans, they often were on the basis of exploitative prices and shaky financial mechanisms.
Capital Cities, Ex‐Novo
Authors: Gordon David L. A.
Published: April 2019

A capital city is an urban area containing the seat of government for a nation‐state or subnational province or state. Capital cities built ex novo, on new sites, are high‐profile and controversial urban development projects, requiring vast resources, careful planning, and special implementation powers. New capital cities are built for regional economic planning purposes or for better defense, climate, or resiliency against natural disasters. They may be located for political considerations, on sites not identified with a dominant ethnic, language, or religious group. Leading examples of ex‐novo capital cities are Brasília (Brazil), Canberra (Australia), New Delhi (India), and Washington (USA).
Caracas
Authors: Myers David J.
Published: April 2019

Caracas became the political hub of Venezuela during the colonial era. It is currently Venezuela's “primate city.” During the second half of the twentieth century millions of peasants flooded into Caracas. They settled in shantytowns that surround the historic center of the city. Residents of these shantytowns (ranchos) challenged the traditional ruling and middle classes for political and economic power.Ranchoresidents gained unprecedented power and influence after Hugo Chávez came to power in 1999. The Chávez government reduced investment in Caracas. The city's built environment decayed and public services deteriorated. The dynamism of Caracas has been stoked by several petroleum‐fueled economic bonanzas. Sharp declines in the national government's income from petroleum in 2014 and 2015 led to economic crisis. Class conflict intensified. Public services deteriorated. Meaningful improvement in Caracas's conflictual political milieu or urban services in the near future (as of early 2016) appears unlikely.
C
hicago
Authors: Hwang Jackelyn
Published: April 2019

Chicago is a major US city with a rich history of rapid development and population growth and a diverse yet segregated population. It has served as a center for immigration, strong political machines, innovative arts and architecture, and is a major intellectual site in the development of urban studies.
Density
Authors: Lehmann Steffen
Published: April 2019

Urban densityis a term used in urban planning and design to refer to the number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area.Densityandcompactnessare two closely related, but different, criteria relevant for the transformation of cities to become more resilient to climate change. While a high degree of compactness is desirable, too much density can be detrimental to liveability, health, and social well‐being. More compact cities are an advantage and will help in curbing urban sprawl, but a consolidated urban form requires urban infill at densities that support compact self‐reliant districts and mixed‐use neighborhoods. The social dimension of such density increase is likely to be a future challenge and face community resistance.
Segregation/Desegregation
Authors: Arapoglou Vassilis P. , Maloutas Thomas
Published: April 2019

Desegregation is a process bringing different social groups and ethnicities into greater proximity. New waves of international migration have initiated a process of ethnic and racial desegregation in many cities, and social class desegregation has been halted by growing economic inequality, the financial crisis, and the housing crash. Civil rights and social justice movements have historically contributed to shaping policies for desegregation, especially in city planning, housing, and education. Redistributive welfare policies are more efficient for addressing the structural forms of segregation, and local development policies, urban renewal, targeted housing, and mixing are considered more efficient than residential mobility and population reallocation.
East Asian Urbanization
Authors: Iossifova Deljana
Published: April 2019

East Asia's urbanization has taken place five to ten times faster than urbanization in Europe, North America, and elsewhere. The region includes Japan, South and North Korea, China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Mongolia. Although cultural and social differences in the region have led to distinct sociocultural, political, and economic dynamics, spatial polarization, the emergence of mega‐urban regions, world cities, and regional, international, and transborder development strategies are characteristic of East Asia's urbanization. Major challenges facing the region include sustainable economic growth, environmental sustainability, balanced urban development, spatial and administrative fragmentation, and the provision of affordable housing and services.
Enclave Urbanism
Authors: He Shenjing , Wang Kun
Published: April 2019

Enclave
denotes an internally homogeneous territorial unit dominated by distinct social, cultural, and economic features, demarcated by a clear boundary, either visible or invisible, to differentiate insiders from outsiders. Scholars have examined the global spread of enclave urbanism from political economy, technological, and sociopsychological perspectives. It has been widely perceived that enclave urbanism threatens social integration and causes widening social segregation. Yet, urban enclaves are highly heterogeneous and often lead to divergent sociospatial consequences in different contexts. We thus call for a context‐sensitive and relational approach to decipher the global diffusion of enclave urbanism and its sociospatial implications through looking beyond the conventional forms of urban enclaves.
Flâneur
Authors: Nuvolati Giampaolo
Published: April 2019

The notion of
flâneur
– employed since the late nineteenth century to designate poets, artists, and intellectuals who critically observed people's behavior while strolling among the crowds, and codified in Benjamin's influential work on the “passages” of Paris – is once again of interest as a tool for identifying a specific mode of travel and exploration of places, a particular type of reflective relationship with people and spaces. Relocated from the Parisian arcades to contemporary suburbs and commercial malls, the concept of
flâneur
seems to reflect the modern sense of bewilderment, as well as the craving for new relationships with both places and their inhabitants. Moreover,
flânerie
, the activity of strolling and looking carried out by the
flâneur
, moves toward new methodological perspectives for studying urban context, complementing more traditional research approaches in urban studies.
Gendered Aspects of the Everyday
Authors: Lykogianni Rouli
Published: April 2019

The entry argues for the everyday as an approach that unveils the gendered aspects of the processes that constitute (parts of) the city. Such a perspective prioritizes the diversity of the urban experience and contributes to understanding the mutual constitution of gender and the city.
Homelessness
Authors: Boesveldt N. F. (Nienke)
Published: April 2019

Homelessness has grown and has become more visible since the 1970s, especially in urban areas. It remains difficult to measure because of different definitions and policy interests. Typologies of homelessness are helpful in the study of the issue. Subpopulations have also been identified such as homeless migrants, youth, and women, each with different characteristics and needs. Until recently, there was little acknowledgment that homelessness existed in rural areas, and the understanding of rural homelessness is minimal compared to that of urban homelessness. Structural causes of homelessness include changes in mental healthcare, trends in substance abuse, and lower housing availability. Mortality rates are extremely high across homeless populations. Responses to homelessness have seen important changes from the staircase model to the Housing First model. Urban governance responses to homelessness have been limited in their effectiveness, apart from in Finland. A greater role for a citizenship agenda should be encouraged to address this problem.
Housing Career
Authors: Coulter Rory , van Ham Maarten
Published: April 2019

The housing career describes the succession of housing states, events, and transitions that individuals experience over time. The structure of housing careers is influenced by the trajectory of people's lives, their links to other individuals, and the contextual opportunities and constraints they encounter. The life‐course perspective provides a rich framework for conceptualizing and examining housing careers and the ways in which these may be changing over time.
Mixed‐Income Developments
Authors: Joseph Mark L. , Yoon Miyoung
Published: April 2019

A mixed‐income development can be defined as a complex with housing and other amenities such as parks, schools, and community centers that has the mixing of income groups as a fundamental part of its financial and operating plan. Mixed‐income development is a housing policy that has been implemented in the USA and around the world to deconcentrate poverty, particularly in public housing developments. Mixed‐income development engages private real estate developers to produce public housing and thus exemplifies the shift in the 1990s to a neoliberal approach to urban development and other social services. Mixed‐income development has proven to be an extremely complex endeavor that has successfully promoted physical transformation and neighborhood revitalization but has failed to achieve social cohesion and integration or economic mobility for low income residents.
Neighborhood Outcomes
Authors: Cordes Sarah A. , Laurito Agustina
Published: April 2019

Neighborhood outcomes are the tendency for neighborhood‐level characteristics to affect individual‐level outcomes. Neighborhoods can affect individuals in a variety of ways including access to high quality schools, employment opportunities, and amenities such as grocery stores and open spaces. Identifying neighborhood effects is difficult both because it is hard to define what is meant by a neighborhood and because individuals tend to sort across neighborhoods so that they live with other people like themselves. Research tends to show mixed evidence about the effects of neighborhoods, although moving to higher quality neighborhoods appears to increase college attendance and earnings, improve mental health outcomes and result in lower levels of welfare dependency.
Neoliberalism
Authors: Alexandri Georgia , Janoschka Michael
Published: April 2019

Neoliberalism refers to the contemporary transformation of capitalism. While claiming to extend laissez‐faire economic principles such as free markets and unhampered trade, neoliberalism essentially seeks state support and intervention for enhancing capital circulation. Prospering from the dismantling of the welfare state and the privatization of public assets, it asks for deregulation and reregulation policies that allow higher revenues for the private sector. Neoliberalism tends to favor financial and corporate elites, whose share of income and political power has substantially increased while the vast majority of society tackles the negative outcomes of neoliberalism such as increasingly privatized education, healthcare, and housing systems, as well as environmental degradation stemming from extensive exploitation of resources. Moreover, neoliberalism depreciates deprived and vulnerable populations that increasingly face displacement in economic, political, and symbolic terms.
Overurbanization
Authors: Timberlake Michael
Published: April 2019

Overurbanization is a concept used by urbanization and development scholars to describe a situation in which a country's urban population is considerably larger than expected on the basis of that country's level of economic development. In some formulations, it refers to the national‐level ratio of percentage of the population living in urban areas to the percentage of the population employed in either nonagricultural occupations in general or manufacturing occupations specifically. Its immediate cause is rural to urban migration, and its underlying causes are the subject of theory and research, and they include dependency and urban‐biased national policies. Among its theorized consequences are that it is presumed to be a barrier to successful economic growth, and it is also sometimes linked to increased risk of political conflict in urban areas. From the 1960s into the 1980s, overurbanization was the focus of considerable attention from scholars of development and policy‐makers.
Postindustrial Economy
Authors: Lois González Rubén C.
Published: April 2019

The term “postindustrial economy” refers to the stage of recent history in which manufacturing and industrial activities have ceased to be hegemonic in the economic structure of a nation, region, or metropolitan area. The postindustrial economy is consolidated when the secondary sector of activity – that formed by works dedicated to the production of goods and objects – is replaced by the tertiary or service sector. Although it has a diversified and heterogeneous composition, the postindustrial economy focuses on the importance of innovative and creative activities, research, and the transfer of new services to companies. In this way, the economic efficiency of the territories originally depending on the total resources allocated to the public and private research and development (R&D) sector now depends on the number of patents registered, and the set of activities (or clusters) that generate new procedures and economic knowledge. It is assumed that an efficient economy, at any scale, must be postindustrial. This is understood as a way of overcoming a classic productive base to mobilize a large number of factory workers. The postindustrial qualification also refers to those territories of a developed economy that have benefited from an intense presence of manufacturing companies throughout its history.
Postmetropolis
Authors: Borch Christian
Published: April 2019

The notion of the postmetropolis was introduced by the American urbanist Edward W. Soja to analyze a shift from metropolitan urbanization to regional urbanization. The postmetropolis is characterized by post‐Fordist industrial production, new divisions of labor, expansion beyond traditional urban geographical confines, intensified socioeconomic inequalities, and novel types of social control, as well as a rearrangement of the urban imaginary.
Postpolitical City
Authors: Davidson Mark
Published: April 2019

The contentious concept of the “postpolitical” identifies the absence of the possibility of structural social reform. In democratic societies, this means that reforms which might reaffirm the founding premise that citizens are equal is silenced. The postpolitical city is therefore a space lacking in certain political claims. Conflicts might abound, but these are not framed in ways that challenge the very structures of the society in which the conflicts emerge. Postpolitical cities therefore domesticate the potentially unruly side of democratic politics. Once cities were viewed as the crucible of democracy, but many scholars now find the converse relationship to be true.
Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation
Authors: Ruiz‐Tagle Javier
Published: April 2019

Racial/ethnic residential segregation refers to the relegation of racially or ethnically discriminated groups to separate areas within cities. Although the causes of such discrimination and the intensity of spatial divisions are different in each historical, socioeconomic, and political context, segregation is one of the most common problems in all cities of the world, and thus it may be the most discussed subject in urban studies' history. Residential segregation, based on externally imposed physical categorizations (race) or on collectively ratified and expressed identities (ethnicity), has existed since cities were established, as an urban division to reinforce political and economic inequalities and dissections in a given society. Depending on the degree of voluntariness and the function that a given zone fulfills for its residents, racial/ethnic segregation has taken several forms in world history, ranging from the “classic” ghetto, through ethnic enclaves, to gated communities, to name some of the most famous.
Real Estate Development
Authors: Artioli Francesca
Published: April 2019

After presenting both the social and the scientific relevance of real estate development, this entry offers an overview of the main scholarly approaches to its study. It then focuses on the varieties of real estate development, intended as the diverse configurations of state–market relations that organize the production of the built environment. It finally identifies some major debates about current changes in both the politics and capital of real estate development.
R
omero,
J
osé
L
uis
Authors: Romero Luis Alberto
Published: April 2019

José Luis Romero studied the Western city in Europe and Latin America and developed an original historical‐cultural perspective on the urban world. A city is the creation of its society, which builds the habitat, where it organizes its social and political relationships, and unfolds its ways of life, mentalities, and ideologies. He initially studied the rise of cities and bourgeoisies in the European feudal world of the eleventh century, and followed their development until the twentieth century. On the sixteenth century, the city was transplanted to Latin America. On the periphery of the Western world, the metropolitan impulses and their reception and local adaptations constituted successive models: the noble cities of the Indies, the creole cities, the patrician cities, the bourgeois cities, and the cities of the masses.
Shrinking Cities
Authors: Bernt Matthias
Published: April 2019

“Shrinking” cities are cities that have lost a considerable number of inhabitants over a certain amount of time. While most authors consider population losses a central feature, the exact definition of shrinkage is still a matter of debate. There are a variety of theories available for explaining urban shrinkage, which leads to numerous problems in urban development.
Singapore
Authors: Savage Victor R.
Published: April 2019

As a small city‐state in a complex and rapidly changing globalizing world, Singapore has to contend with staying politically relevant, economically reliable, and environmentally sustainable. It has been a remarkable development from Third to First World in 50 years (1965–2015) which has become a benchmark for other developing countries to emulate its success. This entry outlines some salient features of Singapore's remarkable journey of development in the tropical world.
Slumdog Cities
Authors: Gandhi Kanchan
Published: April 2019

This entry is about communities living in informal settlements in the “Global South.” The Hollywood movie
Slumdog Millionaire
, which associated the plight of slum‐dwellers with that of dogs was met by protests from the communities it represented. Although the struggles of people represented in the movie were stark, the word “slumdog” did not resonate well with a large number of people in the Majority World. The subaltern school particularly challenges this dystopic view of the slum. Scholars across the world have written about how slums not only are sites of great deprivation, injustice, and violence but also represent collective spirit, resilience, innovation, and resistance. More specifically, Ananya Roy argues that there is a need to challenge this dualistic thinking regarding slums by interrogating the peripheries, informality, zones of exception, and the gray spaces which they represent.
Smart City
Authors: Das Diganta
Published: April 2019

This entry explores “smart cities,” a concept that has appeared in the urbanization discourse in recent decades. Being a relatively new concept, there are different understandings of what being “smart” constitutes. Therefore, this entry seeks to explore the ways in which “smart cities” have been characterized in the realm of geography and urban studies. Different ways of measuring “smartness” are analyzed, and different examples of “smart city” initiatives in the world are examined. While these cities face vastly different challenges, they share a common pursuit of “high tech solutions.”
S
now,
J
ohn
Authors: Banerjee Jacqueline
Published: April 2019

John Snow (1813–1858) is famous for his early use of anesthetics, and for his discovery that cholera is a waterborne disease. His successful administration of chloroform to Queen Victoria during her last two childbirths helped to overcome prejudice against it, and his investigations of the cholera outbreak in London's Soho district led to a new understanding of what caused the disease, and how it could be prevented and handled. This was a major milestone both in epidemiology and the wider field of public health, helping to safeguard the populations of cities and smaller communities alike.
S
outheast
A
sia
Authors: Goh Daniel P. S.
Published: April 2019

The expansion of the capitalist world system into Southeast Asia, and its transformation through the two centuries from the 1800s, explains the form and thrust of urbanization in the region. This history could be heuristically divided into three overlapping periods marked by the dominance of mercantile, industrial, and postindustrial capitalism. In each period, the urbanization driven by political and economic forces turned on a specific axis. During the colonial period, the rise of port cities challenged the hegemony of old primate cities, and gave rise to urban primacy. The nationalism period saw the relationship between urban centers and rural hinterlands and the political balancing of the relationship emerge as key problems for the newly independent states. The globalization period is marked by political decentralization and transnational economic liberalization, which, together with the dominance of centralizing developmental states in the nationalism period, form the central tension in the postcolonial era. Together with the increasing importance of urban agency, the growth of mega‐urban regions and the rise of secondary cities characterize the period.
Special‐Purpose Authorities
Authors: Smith James M.
Published: April 2019

Special‐purpose authorities have become a key feature of large‐scale urban development over the past century. Such authorities are designed to administer, finance, and manage local policy focused on one policy area such as transportation, waste management, or urban development. Special‐purpose authorities differ from general‐purpose government in their structure (leadership is generally made up of an appointed board of directors), fiscal powers, and specific focus. The structure of special‐purpose authorities has led some to critique their accountability or transparency, while public officials have come to rely on special‐purpose authorities as a source of public financing when other budget resources are limited.
Speculative Urbanism
Authors: Sood Ashima
Published: April 2019

The concept of “speculative urbanism” has over the space of only a few years informed a large and growing literature on the intersections of real estate capital flows and processes of urban planning and governance in cities of the Global South. Speculative urbanism can be said to embody urban governance as “investment strategy”; it represents the turbulent trajectory of world‐class city‐making projects in an era where the returns to capital are their primary driving force and metric. Based on a case study of Bangalore, India, speculative urbanism brings to light a number of undercurrents hitherto missed by global city theorists, such as the rise of transnational policy networks, processes of interreferencing, and the rise of entrepreneurial parastatals as key actors in land acquisition and development.
Favelas/Squatter Settlements
Authors: Lara Fernando Luiz
Published: April 2019

Favelas, being so different from the systematized processes of planning in the developed world, are often demonized by those who look only at the numbers and romanticized by those who look only at the photographs. In reality, favelas have a wide range of qualities and vulnerabilities but do share some very specific characteristics that require further research and systematization.
State‐Led Gentrification
Authors: López‐Morales Ernesto
Published: April 2019

State‐led gentrification is a form of gentrification planned, commanded, or promoted by state agencies at national, regional, metropolitan or municipal level, as part of either a nationwide or local‐level restructuring agenda, aimed at generating specific urban and land conditions for gentrification to occur. It is the result of one of several policies designed to promote the opening of economic opportunities for upper income housing production, or even the prescription or direct application of social displacement policies on originally low income residential areas or public spaces now zoned for upgrading redevelopment. The strong presence of the state in this form of gentrification is increasingly prevalent globally. State‐led gentrification is a different phenomenon from the classical narratives of gentrification which were seen in the 1960s and 1970s in the Western hemisphere, where it was agent‐led neighborhood‐level forms of redevelopment that formed the basis of gentrification; however, its roots can be tracked in the nineteenth‐century Haussmann Plan for Paris as a first well‐documented case of urban gentrification proper.
Street Trade
Authors: Linares Lissette Aliaga , Roever Sally
Published: April 2019

Street trade is an ancient economic activity found in virtually every major city around the world. The use of public space for vending, however, has always been a subject of political contention. The socially embedded, yet contentious, nature of street trade provides a unique insight into urban life across cities.
Subprime Lending/Foreclosure Crisis
Authors: Rugh Jacob S.
Published: April 2019

Subprime mortgage lending in the USA rose alongside home prices and lasted about 15 years, ending abruptly in late 2007, setting off a national foreclosure crisis. Between 2007 and 2012 there were 9 to 12 million foreclosures filings and 4 to 5 million completed foreclosures. The ensuing foreclosure crisis stemmed more from falling home prices but its unequal distribution across society by race and space was also the product of legacies of exclusion and a shared consensus on the expansion of mortgage credit and homeownership. Modest federal interventions to buffer communities and homeowners from the crisis likely reinforced the unequal impact.
Suburbia/Postsuburbia
Authors: Herzog Lawrence A.
Published: April 2019

Suburbia/postsuburbia refers to both the physical spaces lying outside of traditional downtowns and the sociocultural and urban planning narratives these spaces embody. The first significant suburbs emerged on the edges of industrializing cities in the late nineteenth century. After World War II, a wave of mass‐produced, very low density suburbs unfolded across the USA; meanwhile the peripheries of cities in Europe and other parts of the world were experiencing suburban growth, but at much higher densities. By the 1990s, the era of postsuburbia had begun; in southern California and elsewhere in the USA, the new suburbs were no longer dependent on the central city. There are two challenges facing suburbia/postsuburbia in the twenty‐first century. First, how to overcome the unsustainability and nonresilience of oil‐dependent, autocentric urban sprawl. Second, how to address the growing sociospatial polarization of the rich and poor in the new global suburbs that are spreading across the planet.
Technopole
Authors: Pelkonen Antti
Published: April 2019

Technopole is a broad concept that can be loosely defined as a geographically limited area whose existence is dominated by the presence of high technology in the form of research, development, or manufacturing activities. Technopoles typically aim at spatially gathering high tech firms and R&D organizations and hence creating synergies and collaboration, especially between universities and industry. In practice, however, there is a lot of variation among technopoles, and various terms have been used to to denote them, such as science park, technology park, science city, technopark, incubation center, and so on. Inspired by the example of Silicon Valley, technopoles have been widely used around the world as an instrument to support high technology development, technology transfer, and regional economic growth. While technopoles were very popular among policy‐makers, especially in the 1980s and 1990s in the USA, Europe, and Asia, as a concept and approach it still has an important role in regional technology and innovation policies.
Transnational Urbanism
Authors: Collins Francis L.
Published: April 2019

Transnational urbanism refers to the ways in which mobilities and connections that cross borders are involved in the political economy, social and cultural formations, and everyday life of cities. Transnational urbanism has been most commonly used to explore the connections between migrants and cities, but it also has applicability to other kinds of urban developments that connect with material and imaginative processes that cross borders. It is a term and an approach that places emphasis on agency and everyday practices as key components of connecting cities into globalizing or transnational affairs. The value of this approach rests principally on the invocation to recognize the ways in which seemingly global and transnational affairs are generated in local settings and the wide range of actors that are involved in establishing and negotiating the contested politics of urban places.
Urban Art
Authors: Douglas Gordon C. C.
Published: April 2019

Urban art is a broad term, which this entry approaches on several scales. First, it discusses the general historical relationship between the city and the arts and the role of cities and urban communities in the development of particular art movements and vice versa. Next, it describes important contemporary forms of art that are explicitly or inextricably urban, most notably graffiti and street art, but also hip‐hop culture, muralism, and public and interventionist art. Finally, the entry describes the place of the arts in urban planning and political economy, including the role of artists and art scenes in neighborhood identity, economic development, and gentrification.
Urban Bonds
Authors: Andreotti Alberta
Published: April 2019

Urban relations in the city have been conceptualized in different ways over time. At the end of the nineteenth century, social relations in cities were described as segmented, short, and instrumental. At the end of the twentieth century social relations are described again as superficial, elusive, and deterritorialized. The specific features of the city – size, social and spatial density, heterogeneity – were considered as major causes of the weakening of social relations in the nineteenth century, these same features are considered crucial to give new vitality to urban bonds in present times. This is visible in the emerging practices of the sharing or collaborative economy that are spreading in cities, based on trusting relations and reciprocity,
and
fostered by spatial proximity and density.
Urban Communication
Authors: McQuire Scott
Published: April 2019

Urban communication is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the wide range of communication practices and technologies that constitute urban social life. It has become more prominent with the growing impact of networked digital technologies such as smartphones on urban environments.
Urban Disaster
Authors: Hardoy Jorgelina
Published: April 2019

Disasters are the result of the interaction of hazards and vulnerable conditions and as such the product of the social, political, and economic environments. When disasters affect cities or urban areas (nonrural contexts) they are referred to as urban disasters. There is general agreement that urban disasters and risk are linked to broader development processes, and disaster risk reduction should be mainstreamed into the general development process. Risk is becoming highly urbanized, with increasing populations and assets exposed to hazards, combined with difficulties in addressing vulnerability and risk drivers, especially in low and middle income countries. The quality and capacity of city governments is highly relevant to the distribution of local risk levels, those associated with everyday life as well as less frequent, more extreme events. Tackling urban disasters and creating more resilient cities capable of managing disaster risk and climate change requires good governance.
Urban Economy
Authors: Kourtit Karima , Nijkamp Peter , Westlund Hans
Published: April 2019

This entry provides a broad overview of contemporaneous issues in modern cities and city systems, seen from an economic perspective. In our “urban century,” cities tend to become engines of economic, social, and political influence which may even have global footprints. On the basis of an extensive literature review, the strategic role of cities in the current dynamic and technologically advanced space economy is highlighted.
Urban Justice
Authors: Lois González Rubén C.
Published: April 2019

Urban justice indicates a set of policies and interventions in the city aimed at correcting the problems of social and spatial segregation and equal access to space. Urban justice expresses the general objective of correcting the imbalances that accompany the functioning of today's cities in any part of the world. Thus, in Latin America, Africa, or South Asia, it emerges as a constant demand for the eradication of poverty and exclusion, access to decent housing, a minimum wage guarantee, and necessary public services for the population. Urban justice stands as a central claim against the existence of very marked social inequalities. Among the developed countries, the expression tries to combat the processes of marginalization of minority, unemployed, or vulnerable groups. It also tries to correct the dynamics of real estate speculation and the contrasts in the treatment of the different neighborhoods of the city by local governments. In many cases, urban justice is presented as a utopian approach, although its objectives encourage concrete interventions in the correction of inequalities between the population and a set of reformist principles of improvement in the daily management of cities.
Urban Knowledge Economy
Authors: Winther Lars
Published: April 2019

The urban knowledge economy describes how urban areas support knowledge production and concentrations of knowledge‐intensive industries and human capital which draw on agglomeration economies. The “knowledge economy” is an economy in which the acquisition, creation, and utilization of knowledge are the key factors explaining the competitive advantages of firms, industries, and cities and regions. In this entry the term “the knowledge economy” is introduced, together with “urbanization economies” and “localization economies.” Two interrelated themes are then presented. First, the focus is on knowledge production, innovation, competitiveness, and urban and regional growth, including the recent emphasis on human capital and the creative class as a key input factor – this is a regional perspective. Second, there are a wide range of new economic sectors and industries whose location and contemporary urbanization are explained by a variety of urbanization economies, knowledge spillovers and modes of access to input–output relations, transportation, and communication networks – this is an industry perspective. Knowledge‐intensive business services provide a case study. Finally, some remarks are offered on the state of the urban knowledge economy since the financial crisis and its importance for small and medium‐size cities.
Urban Mobilities
Authors: Collins Francis L.
Published: April 2019

Movement is one of the defining features of urban life. The study of urban mobility focuses on a range of ways in which people, objects, and ideas move through urban space. Within this it is the movement of people through migration and settlement that has been most notable in urban scholarship. Initially viewed as a relatively linear process of arrival and settlement, migration is increasingly associated with more complex and uneven forms of urban mobility as migrants become increasingly transnationally involved and states take an active role in governing the presence and practices of different mobile subjects.