bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a particle in the surroundings of 67P using ImageJ
Authors: Marín-Yaseli de la Parra Julia , Kueppers Michael , Roger Jacint , Osiris Team and the
Published: September 2022

Comet 67P/C-G is a dusty object. As it neared its closest approach to the Sun in late July and August 2015, instruments on Rosetta recorded a huge amount of dust enshrouding the comet. This is tied to the comet’s proximity to our parent star, its heat causing the comet’s nucleus to release gases into space, lifting the dust along [10]. This disturbed, ejected material forms the ‘coma’, the gaseous envelope encasing the comet’s nucleus, and can create a beautiful and distinctive tail.

 

A single image from Rosetta’s OSIRIS instrument can contain hundreds of dust particles and grains surrounding the 4 km wide comet nucleus. The study of the dust behaviour is vital for understanding the global evolution of the comet and has direct consecuences in the research of the origins of the solar system. [1]

 

A simple image of the OSIRIS instrument can contain hundreds of dust and grain particles around a 4km sphere around the core. The images above show the level of complexity when processing an image. Partly, most image sequences are processed manually [5]

 

There is no universal method for calculating dust trajectories in comets [7]. To date, studies have been carried out on:

 

Trajectories close to the surface of the comet [2]

Calculation of trajectories through parallax between two cameras on board Rosetta [13], [15], [16]

Orbital determination for long periods of time [11]

 

To determine dust trajectories, neither of these methods would work individually, but a combination of them could be effective. Using the satellite's displacement as a parallax source the position and velocity could be determined if the particle remains long enough in the camera's field of view.

 

The biggest drawback is the large number of false positives (stars, cosmic rays, etc ...) that make real detections difficult.

 

We will present a method of calculating the trajectories with ImageJ [7] and SPICE [9]

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Fulle et al 2016 [2] Agarwal et al 2016 [3] Guttler et al 2016 [4] El Maary et al 2017 [5] Guttler et al 2017 [6] Timenez et 2017 [7] Chenuard N et al 2014. [8] Bertini et al 2015 [9] DOI: 10.5270/esa-tyidsbu [10] Blum et al 2015 [11] Davidsson et al 2016 [12] Bertini et al 2017 [13] Drolshagen & Ott et al 2017 [14] Davidsson et al 2015 [15] Drolshagen et al 2017 [16] Ott et al 2017 [17] Ott (IMC 2016) [18] Pfeifer et al 2022
The role of phyllosilicates in shaping the Galilean moons' density gradient
Authors: Mousis Olivier , Schneeberger Antoine , Lunine Jonathan , Glein Christopher , Bouquet Alexis , Vance Steven , Vinogradoff Vassilissa
Published: September 2022

A key feature among the Galilean satellites is their monotonic decrease in density, indicating an ice fraction that is zero in the innermost moon Io, and about half in the outer moons Ganymede and Callisto. So far, there is no formation scenario that explains this gradient while considering the moons grew in a water-depleted circumplanetary disk. Here, we investigate the possibility that the jovian circumplanetary disk was fueled with ice-free chondritic minerals, including phyllosilicates. To do so, we use a standard one-dimensional gas-starved accretion disk model derived from the literature [1, 2] coupled with gas and solids transport modules [3, 4] to investigate the evolution of vapors released by the dehydration of phyllosilicates. We show that the dehydration of such particles and the outward diffusion of the released water vapor allows condensation of significant amounts of ice in the formation region of Ganymede and Callisto in the Jovian circumplanetary disk. This mechanism naturally explains the presence of ice-rich moons around a water-depleted Jupiter.

[1] Canup, R.M., Ward, W.R. 2002. Formation of the Galilean Satellites: Conditions of Accretion. The Astronomical Journal 124, 3404–3423. doi:10.1086/344684

[2] Sasaki, T., Stewart, G.R., Ida, S. 2010. Origin of the Different Architectures of the Jovian and Saturnian Satellite Systems. The Astrophysical Journal 714, 1052–1064. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1052

[3] Birnstiel, T., Klahr, H., Ercolano, B. 2012. A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks. Astronomy and Astrophysics 539. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118136

[4] Anderson, S.E., Mousis, O., Ronnet, T. 2021. Formation Conditions of Titan's and Enceladus's Building Blocks in Saturn's Circumplanetary Disk. The Planetary Science Journal 2. doi:10.3847/PSJ/abe0ba
The Sample Analysis Laboratory at DLR at the core of a new curation and analysis facility in Berlin
Authors: Bonato Enrica , Schwinger Sabrina , Maturilli Alessandro , Helbert Joern
Published: September 2022

Laboratory measurements of extra-terrestrial materials like meteorites and ultimately materials from sample return missions can significantly enhance the scientific return of the global remote sensing data. This motivates the ongoing addition of a dedicated Sample Analysis Laboratory (SAL) to complement the work of well-established facilities like the Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory (PSL) and the Astrobiology Laboratories within the Department of Planetary Laboratories at DLR, Berlin. SAL is being developed in preparation to receive samples from sample return missions such as JAXA Hayabusa 2 and MMX missions, the Chinese Chang-E 5 and 6 missions as well as the NASA Osiris-REX mission. SAL will be focusing on spectroscopic, geochemical, mineralogical analyses at microscopic level with the ultimate aim to derive information on the formation and evolution of planetary bodies and surfaces, search for traces of organic materials or even traces of extinct or extant life and presence of water.

SAL will be set up in a cleanroom environment, and equipped with a vis-IR-microscope (Bruker Hyperion 2000), a Malvern Panalytical Empyrean X-ray diffraction (XRD) system with Bragg-Brentano geometry which can be switched to parallel beam geometry, equipped with a Cu Kα source, 1Der detector and automated incident beam optics, a Field Emission – scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), a JEOL iHP200F Field Emission – electron microprobe analyzer (FE-EMPA), petrographic and stereo microscopes, and a glovebox. All samples will be stored under nitrogen gas and dedicated nitrogen filled shuttles will be used for transporting samples between the instruments to avoid them to enter in contact with the external environment.

In collaboration with the Natural History Museum in Berlin, SAL will also have the expertise and facilities for carrying out curation of sample return material which will be made available for the whole European scientific community. DLR is already curating a 0.45 mg of Lunar regolith collected from the Luna 24 Soviet mission and the first analyses of the material are being planned. SAL will be a distributed European sample analysis and curation facility as discussed in the preliminary recommendation of EuroCares. Like other laboratory facilities at the DLR Institute of Planetary Research (such PSL and RMBL) which are part of the Europlanet RI, the new SAL will be from the start open to the scientific community. Our goal is to establish, also thanks to the support from the Geo.X research network, an excellence centre for sample analysis in Berlin within the next 5-10 years building on our collaborations with the Natural History Museum in Berlin, the Helmholtz Centre Berlin and local universities.
 Atmospheric processes affecting methane on Mars 
Authors: Grenfell John Lee , Wunderlich Fabian , Sinnhuber Miriam , Herbst Konstantin , Lehmann Ralph , Scheucher Markus , Gebauer Stefanie , Arnold Gabriele , Rauer Heike
Published: September 2022

It is currently uncertain as to whether methane exists on Mars. Data from the Curiosity Rover suggests a
background methane concentration of a few tenths parts per billion whereas data from the Trace Gas Orbiter
suggest an upper limit of twenty parts per trillion. If methane exists on Mars then we do not understand fully the
physical and chemical processes affecting its lifetime. Atmospheric models suggest an over-estimate in the
lifetime by a factor of around six hundred compared with earlier observations. In the present work we assume the
Curiosity Rover background methane value and estimate the uncertainty in atmospheric chemistry and mixing
processes in our atmospheric column model 1D TERRA. Results suggest that these processes can only explain a
factor of ~sixteen lowering in the methane lifetime. This implies that if methane is present then additional,
currently unknown processes are required to explain the observed lifetime.
DOPE: A science planning tool for the Destiny+ Dust Analyzer
Authors: Sommer Maximilian , Krüger Harald , Srama Ralf , Hirai Takayuki , Arai Tomoko , Kobayashi Masanori , Sasaki Sho , Moragas-Klostermeyer Georg , Strub Peter , Simolka Jonas
Published: September 2022

We present the science planning tool for dust instrument observations that is currently under development within the DESTINY+ project. The JAXA-led DESTINY+ mission (Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for Interplanetary voyage Phaethon fLyby and dUst Science), set to launch in 2024, carries two camera instruments intended to study the active asteroid 3200 Phaethon during a flyby in 2028, as well as the Destiny+ Dust Analyzer (DDA), an impact ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer which will sample Phaethon’s dust environment. During the 4-years voyage leading up to the flyby, DDA will also study interplanetary and interstellar dust particles as its second main science objective. For this phase, the science working team is preparing tools to produce suitable high-level science operations schedules.

As DESTINY+ relies on solar-electric propulsion to expand its Earth orbit and ultimately reach interplanetary space, a highly dynamic spacecraft attitude is required to achieve an optimal thrust vector and illumination of the solar panels. To maintain some pointing autonomy, DDA has a dual-axis pointing mechanism, granting a coverage of 1pi solid angle. The dynamic attitude combined with the flexibility of a pointing mechanism warrants elaborate planning to optimize coverage of directional dust fluxes, such as interstellar dust. Here we present the DDA Observation Planning Environment (DOPE), which is a graphical tool for intuitive campaign design, including visualizations such as spacecraft orientation or instrument footprint. Under the hood DOPE uses the SPICE toolkit for all geometric or time calculations, thus import of SPICE kernels for spacecraft trajectory, attitude, and clock is required. Here we describe the DDA science planning process to provide a contextual frame for the tool and demonstrate its functionality with emphasis on the geometrical capabilities.
Exploring Variability within the Col-OSSOS Sample
Authors: Buchanan Laura , Schwamb Megan , Fraser Wesley , Bannister Michele , Marsset Michaël , Pike Rosemary , Kavelaars JohnJ , Benecchi Susan , Lehner Matthew , Wang Shiang-Yu , Peixinho Nuno , Volk Kathryn , Alexandersen Mike , Chen Ying-Tung , Gladman Brett , Gwyn Stephen , Petit Jean-Marc
Published: September 2022

Beyond the orbit of Neptune lies a sea of small icy bodies known as the Kuiper belt. The surfaces of these Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) have remained relatively unprocessed since their formation as a consequence of their distance from the Sun. This means that we can investigate their formation conditions in the early Solar System by studying their surfaces today. Generally, the small and most numerous KBOs are quite dim (r mag > 22), and so it is difficult to study their surfaces spectroscopically. Instead, we can use broadband photometry to take effectively very low-resolution spectra of their surfaces.

When studied spectroscopically, the surfaces of smaller KBOs have generally shown very flat and featureless spectra within certain wavelength ranges. This means that broadband photometry (within those wavelength ranges) can reveal enough information to characterise the optical and near-infrared spectral slopes of these planetesimals. The Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (Col-OSSOS) has obtained optical and near-infrared broadband photometry of a sample of 92 KBOs, at unprecedented precision (~ ±0.03 mag in optical wavelengths). These broadband surface colours allow small, dynamically excited KBOs to be characterised into a bimodal colour distribution (as with previous colour surveys), along with the identification of potentially outlying surface colours.

As a side effect of Col-OSSOS’s observing technique we have a sample of objects with repeated optical colours, and some repeated near-infrared colours. We also have taken additional optical photometry of a small sample of KBOs with outlying surface colours. This allows us to investigate the possibility of photometric variation across multiple epochs for this sample of objects. Col-OSSOS observed sequential broadband filters on timescales less than the typical periods of small KBOs. Therefore, we can simultaneously fit a linear lightcurve and photometric colours to our photometry and potentially rule out lightcurve effects causing photometric variations. This means that differing colours across multiple epochs implies either differing surface composition, or that our approximation of linear brightness variability across the observing sequence is invalidated. We will present this sample and discuss implications for the spectrovariable population within the Kuiper belt.
The ICAPS & Laplace experiments to investigate the initial stage of planet formation
Authors: von Borstel Ingo , Blum Jürgen , Schräpler Rainer , Aktas Coskun , Balapanov Daniyar , Vedernikov Andrei , Brisset Julie , Molinski Noah , Schubert Ben
Published: September 2022

The ICAPS setup was flown in 2019 on the Texus-56 sounding rocket and its successor, the Laplace facility, is planned for a usage on the ISS in 2023. Both experiments allow to investigate the very first stages of planet formation. The relevant growth processes require observation of many-particle processes consisting of millions of µm-sized particles in a low-density gas environments (typical a few 10s of Pa, such that Knudsen numbers of >>1 are achieved) for prolonged time. The latter requirement make it necessary to perform these investigations in a microgravity environment. The ICAPS and Laplace setups allow to actively protect the dust cloud against diffusion and other external residual forces and also allow concentration of the dust cloud by means of a unique actively-controlled thermophoretic trap acting on all three axes.

Simultaneously, the dust cloud is made available to a number of observational instruments. As a whole, the cloud is observed in 3D from two perpendicular overview cameras while also making a small central volume of 1 mm² cross-section accessible to a dedicated long-distance microscope with high-speed imaging to facilitate non-destructive in-situ analysis of the growing dust aggregates. An extinction sensor allows to measure the extinction throughout the cloud as a whole. Measurements of the electric charges of the individual particles can be conducted repeatedly by means of a controlled DC or AC fields in order to determine charge and charge evolution.

We will present the design and techniques of the ICAPS and Laplace setups, the current status of the Laplace facility and demonstrate its capabilities on a few select data from the Texus-56 flight of ICAPS.
Models and physical properties of asteroids from optical and infrared data
Authors: Tan Hanjie , Durech Josef
Published: September 2022

In our study, we used the convex inversion thermophysical models (CITPM) by Durech et al. [1] to constrain asteroid's shape model and parameters, including thermal inertia, geometric albedo, and surface roughness simultaneously from optical and infrared data. We collected size and spin state as input parameters from lightcurve inversion and published results, and they were also improved in our running.

 

Using the latest optical photometry data from ground-based big surveys and long-term thermal observations at different wavelengths from three infrared space missions: IRAS, AKARI, and WISE. By comparing our results with a large set of thermal properties of asteroids by Hung et al. [2] and asteroid models in DAMIT [3], we were not only able to optimize thousands of asteroids' parameters but also enlarge the database of asteroid models.

 

In our future work, we plan to collect more asteroids' photometry data from a variety of surveys, especially from Gaia DR3 which will be released in June 2022, and the first light of LSST (Vera C. Rubin Observatory) is expected in 2023. The new parameters of asteroids will be useful to analyze asteroid population distribution and the physical mechanism behind it.

 

 

References

[1] Durech et al., 2017, Astronomy & Astrophysics 604, A27.

[2] Hung et al., 2022, The Planetary Science Journal, 3, 56.

[3] Durech et al., 2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics 513, A46.

 
Geological History Of Maram Corona And Link With Host Parga Chasmata, Venus   
Authors: Mghazli Kamal , El Bilali Hafida , Ernst Richard , Youbi Nasrrddine
Published: September 2022

The strong association between coronae and chasma has been extensively discussed (e.g.[1], [2]). One example of this relationship is the 10,000 km long Parga Chasmata which connects Atla Regio with Themis Regio. Based on detailed mapping of graben fissure systems and interpreted rift faults along a 1500 km long segment of Parga Chasmata, Graff et al. [2] recognized that many coronae represent the locus of local triple junction rift centres within the broader rift zone. 
We have selected a region along Parga Chasmata, about 2000 km southeast from Atla Regio, for detailed study. For this area the grouping of rift segments and coronae into local triple junction centres [2]. The goal of this present research is to provide detailed mapping (1:500,000 scale) of the graben fissure systems, lava flows and rift faults integrated with the topographic changes in order to provide insights into setting of these corona within the rift. Our mapping builds on the previous reconnaissance-scale mapping (1:5,000,000 scale) of Taussig Quadrangle (V–39) by [3].
11000 grabens have been mapped and  are provisionally grouped and colour-coded into distinct sets (with radiating, circumferential and linear geometries) which are interpreted to represent dyke swarms. Notably there is an impressive radiating swarm centred on Maram corona, a possible radiating swarm focussed on a second centre, and a circumferential system surrounding a third centre Additional extensive linear swarms are present which may belong to giant radiating systems linked to magmatic centres outside the map area. 
Along with continued mapping of grabens, the research will also turn to mapping of flows and integrating the flows and grabens into a geological history. The nature of the sharp topographic changes across Maram corona will also be addressed. 

References: 
[1]    V. E. Hamilton and E. R. Stofan, “The geomorphology and evolution of Hecate Chasma, Venus,” Icarus, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 171–194, 1996, doi: 10.1006/icar.1996.0077.
[2]    J. R. Graff, R. E. Ernst, and C. Samson, “Evidence for triple-junction rifting focussed on local magmatic centres along Parga Chasma, Venus,” Icarus, vol. 306, pp. 122–138, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2018.02.010.
[3]    B. A. W. Brian, E. R. Stofan, and J. E. Guest, “Geologic Map of the Taussig Quadrangle ( V – 39 ), Venus,” 2005.

 
A revision of the CH4 concentration in Jupiter's upper atmosphere from near-IR measurements
Authors: López-Puertas Manuel , Sánchez-López Alejandro , García-Comas Maya , Funke Bernd , Fouchet Thierry , Snellen Ignas
Published: September 2022

Methane has a driving role in establishing the thermal structure of Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Hence, to know its spatial distribution, both in altitude and latitude, is essential for understanding that atmospheric region.
The abundance of CH4 in Jupiter's upper atmosphere has been (or will soon be) derived using a number of different methods, e.g., solar occultation, the measurements of He and Ly-alpha airglow, and from the observations of near-IR emission near 3.3 µm (ISO/SWS, JUNO/JIRAM so far and, in the near future, from JWST/NIRSpec). 
The retrieved values derived from these techniques show rather different values, particularly around the homopause. Even different studies of the same ISO/SWS spectral radiance yield very different CH4 volume mixing ratio profiles.
Here, we will discuss the important role and the adequate use of the collisional relaxation of the CH4 high-energy levels when deriving CH4 abundances near the mesopause from NIR emission radiances. Further, we will also show some results on the important role of spectrocopic data of the CH4 3.3 µm hot bands for those analyses. Those studies will be presented for the particular case of the ISO/SWS measurements, although they are equally applicable to other measurement sets such as those of JUNO/JIRAM and JWST/NIRSpec. 
Inspiring the Next Generation of Space and Planetary Scientists: The 2022 EXPLORE Junior Lunar Data Challenge. 
Authors: Le Corre Daniel , Heward Anita , Pedreira-Segade Ulysse , Nodjoumi Giacomo , Rossi Angelo , Valencia Javier
Published: September 2022

Currently in its piloting phase, the EXPLORE Junior Lunar Data Challenge will give early secondary school students the opportunity to develop their scientific knowledge and problem-solving skills by investigating real space data taken by satellites of the Moon’s surface. The range of activities aim to give young pupils an understanding of the fields of lunar exploration and machine learning (and the potential careers linked to them) by conducting engaging, curriculum-linked, hands-on tasks in the classroom.

The 2022 EXPLORE Lunar Data Challenges (https://exploredatachallenges.space) are the first in a series of data challenges planned by EXPLORE, a project funded through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme. The EXPLORE project is an international consortium of 8 partners with expertise in a range of different technologies and space sciences. The goal of EXPLORE is to develop new tools that will enable and promote the exploitation of space science data, and to develop a user community for these services, aided by the EXPLORE Data Challenges.

2022’s EXPLORE Lunar Data Challenges will be split into separate, but closely linked, Senior and Junior events. Both Challenges have a particular focus on the Moon, with the Senior Lunar Data Challenge’s task being to detect hazardous and scientifically-interesting lunar surface features for a hypothetical rover mission. Meanwhile, the Junior Lunar Data Challenge will provide easy-to-implement activities and on-demand educational material to teachers in order to engage young students in both planetary and computer science. The Junior Lunar Data Challenge will also be open to any school internationally who wishes to take part.

Teachers will be provided with all of the necessary materials for running this challenge, which will be designed in consultation with teachers to be simple and in-expensive to implement into lessons. The intention is for teachers to be able to choose from a range of activities those that they feel will engage their pupils most. The main focus of these activities is to introduce pupils to the concept of machine learning and how it is a crucial tool for analysing large amounts of data - particularly lunar/space data. Schools will also be able to submit their pupils' work for a chance to win prizes.

In this poster for the Europlanet Science Congress 2022 we present the initial feedback from schools about their experience with the EXPLORE Lunar Data Challenge. This is with a view to sharing lessons learned and incorporating them into plans for the next set of challenges in 2023.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101004214.
BepiColombo as upstream solar wind monitor for Mars’ ionosphere
Authors: Sanchez-Cano Beatriz , Lester Mark , Joyce Simon , Witasse Olivier , Benkhoff Johannes , Heyner Daniel , Pinto Marco , Moissl Richard , Vainio Rami
Published: September 2022

BepiColombo is a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to the planet Mercury. It was launched in October 2018 and it is due to arrive at Mercury in late 2025. It consists of two spacecraft, the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) built by ESA, and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO) built by JAXA, as well as a Mercury Transfer Module (MTM) for propulsion built by ESA. The cruise phase to Mercury will last ~7 years and constitutes an exceptional opportunity for studying the evolution of the solar wind, solar transients, as well as for planetary science and planetary space weather. On this last topic, BepiColombo is proving to be an important upstream solar wind monitor for the terrestrial planets. This is especially important for case of Mars where we currently do not have many observations of the upstream interplanetary magnetic field or solar wind. As consequence, the analysis and interpretation of ionospheric observations is challenging, especially when coronal mass ejections and solar energetic particles hit Mars and we do not have Earth plasma observatories in good alignment with Mars to provide the space weather context. While Mars missions such as Mars Express or MAVEN are able to investigate the impact of the solar wind on the ionosphere, BepiColombo can be the solar wind sentinel for Mars, so we can see the cause and effect. Therefore, this work focuses on the response of the Martian ionosphere to solar transient events which have been previously detected by BepiColombo, and for which we can provide the right upstream solar wind context, such as during the last months of 2021. The objective is to evaluate the response of the Martian ionosphere and its dynamics with more accuracy knowing the exact energy inputs from the solar wind as detected in-situ in the solar wind by BepiColombo.
Parametrizing the thermal evolution of a convective mantle that becomes conductive
Authors: Knibbe Jurrien , Zhao Yue , Rivoldini Attilio , Van Hoolst Tim
Published: September 2022

2-dimensional and 3-dimensional dynamical fluid flow simulations can resolve the thermo-physical processes that are most relevant for the thermal evolution of planetary mantles, but their high numerical costs make them impractical for investigating large parameter spaces. For this reason, 1-dimensional parametrized thermal evolution models that are calibrated to mantle convection simulations are often used to study the influence of mantle properties on the planet’s thermal evolution.

Parametrized thermal evolution models capture well the evolution of a mantle in vigorously convective state. This is usually appropriate for planets with a relatively thick mantle, such as Venus, Earth, Mars, and the Moon. However, the ~420 km thin mantle of Mercury is likely not vigorously convective at present, and may even be conductive. The current parameterized models do not take into account the decrease of convective visor and the Nusselt number as the mantle approaches a conductive state. This results in a poorly calibrated mantle evolution in quasi-convective state and a non-realistic discontinuity with time of heat flux at the core-mantle boundary at the cessation of convection.

We present a fully energy-conserving parametrized thermal evolution model that smoothly evolves from a convective to a conductive state. We calibrate our model to dynamical mantle convection simulations for Mercury such that it reproduces the main features of the latter.
An Agent-Based Model to evaluate the performance of water allocation methodologies in coupled human-water irrigation systems: the case of the Formoso River Basin (Brazil).
Authors: Sousa Déborah , Alves Conceição , Ghedini Célia , Vergara Fernán
Published: September 2022

The interface of water systems with political, social and economic contexts adds complexity to water allocation issues, especially in river basins characterized by water access conflicts. Traditional modeling approaches have failed to consider social interactions and impacts in the representation of hydrological processes when considering human actions as fixed boundary conditions. As an alternative, agent-based models (ABMs) have demonstrated flexibility to represent the complexity of individuals or institutions behavior in the modeling of water resources systems. This work presents an ABM for the Formoso River Basin (FRB) in central region of Brazil. The FRB model uses a new cognitive agent architecture based on the BDI (Belief-Desire-Intention) (Bratman, 1987) paradigm integrated into the GAMA modeling platform (Taillandier et al., 2016).

The FRB is characterized by an intense agricultural activity as it provides water for the second largest public irrigation project in Brazil. The high level of irrigation water demand combined with limited water availability led to a critical water shortage event in 2016 resulting in temporary suspension of water allocation in the region. As a result, conflicts among water users were intensified.

The production of soybean seeds during the dry season (May-Sep) with the practice of subsurface irrigation defines the region’s critical period in terms of water scarcity. By coupling hydrological scenarios with an ABM to represent both farmers and water regulators as BDI agents in the FRB socio-hydrological system, our model aims to provide a framework to illustrate the performance of different management strategies, such as negotiable water allocation, collective/private water allocation, water allocation based on water level rules. These alternatives were evaluated in terms of their effectiveness to reduce the conflicts among water users (farmers) in the FRB. The reasoning of farmers decision was based in three main behavioral profiles: 1) cooperative; 2) undefined; 3) resistant. The water regulators were represented in two main behavioral profiles: 1) active; 2) ineffective. The performance of the management strategy was analyzed using economic (farmers income), ecological (water level) and social (farmers equity) performance metrics.

We believe that this work may contribute to important discussions related to the 18th UPH.
Addressing hydrological science problems in the Yangtze River: An integrated water systems approach
Authors: Xia Jun
Published: September 2022

The Yangtze River is the largest river and is called the mother river in China. Since the economic reform initiated in 1979, remarkable economic growth has been associated with large campaigns of exploitation in the Yangtze River Basin. Under the impacts of climate change and land-use and cover change, the Yangtze River Basin faces a series of challenges in massive flooding/drought and eco-environmental health related problems. While the past few decades have witnessed the apparent deterioration of the Yangtze River ecosystem, the public has called for the restoration of ecosystem services and the promotion of sustainable socioeconomic development, which largely depends on water and ecosystem security. This overview addresses eco-water security and sustainable development in the Yangtze River basin under a changing environment. Looking forward to a healthy Yangtze River in the future, there are still uncertainties regarding how to assess and wisely manage the Yangtze River through a systematic, integrated approach applied to multiple dimensions, water, biodiversity, ecological services, and resilience, for the sustainable development of ecosystems and human beings. We designed the Yangtze Simulator, which is an integrated modelling system for the evaluation of eco-water security in the Yangtze River Basin powered by artificial intelligence and interdisciplinary science. The Yangtze Simulator will serve as a robust tool for good governance of the Yangtze River Basin.
Using flood process information to support flood trend studies
Authors: Stein Lina , Woods Ross , Wasko Conrad , Pianosi Francesca
Published: September 2022

Floods are a common natural hazard with costly and often fatal consequences. Under changing climatic conditions, extreme precipitation events have increased in severity. This is expected to affect flood magnitude. However, several previous studies were not able to reach comparable conclusions in regard to direction of flood trends and their drivers. We investigate some potential explanations for this inconsistency. These include (1) the importance of climate-dependent differences in flood generating processes and (2) the effect of alternative event sampling methods. We investigate these two aspects using a quasi-global dataset comprising catchment data from Australia, Brazil, Chile, Great Britain, and the United States. The compiled dataset represents a wide range of climates.

We first evaluate how streamflow reacts to precipitation under different initial soil moisture conditions. It is well known that extreme precipitation is more likely to cause flood events under high soil moisture conditions. Our results show that this interaction of precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow changes with aridity. This indicates that the influence of soil moisture on flood trends might change with climate zone and should be considered in future flood projections.

Secondly, we compare two sampling strategies that are currently in use: sampling events by extreme precipitation and sampling events by extreme flow. Sampling events by extreme precipitation is likely to miss some significant flood events and include lower flow events due to the strong interaction between precipitation and soil moisture resulting in misclassification of flood trends. To summarise, we recommend that future studies of flooding (i) should stratify large samples according to flood process, e.g. by using climate as an indicator of process and (ii) should include extreme flow events which are caused by moderate precipitation combined with high initial soil moisture.
(Sub-) surface hydrology of photovoltaic green roofs revisited under extreme rainfall conditions
Authors: Förster Kristian , Westerholt Daniel , Lösken Gilbert
Published: September 2022

Green roofs are particularly effective means of nature-based solutions (NBS) in urban areas: They increase evapotranspiration at the expense of surface runoff and thus effectively reduce heat islands. Thus, they provide important ecosystem services, similar to other NBS. This way, green roofs are a key feature in transforming grey to green cities in the light of climate change adaptation. However, there is an urgent need for climate change mitigation efforts, requesting a transformation of energy production, which also suggests a massive increase of rooftop photovoltaic installations. The last decade has seen numerous studies demonstrating the successful combination of both green roofs and rooftop photovoltaic installations. However, in many cases preference is given to either green roofs or rooftop photovoltaic installations. One question that has been little studied so far, is how the runoff coefficient changes due to solar panels, as they spatially redistribute rainfall. Therefore, we scrutinize the impact of solar panels on (sub-) surface hydrology under extreme rainfall conditions in laboratory experiments and a subsequent numerical modelling study. Finally, some recommendations are given on suitable green roof geometries – including rooftop photovoltaic installations – that still have particularly high retention effects.
Flood damage assessment and mapping within the MOVIDA project: a glance to expected impacts on roads and railway infrastructures
Authors: Petruccelli Natasha , Gallazzi Alice , Molinari Daniela , Hammouti Mohammed , Zazzeri Marco , Sterlacchini Simone , Ballio Francesco , Brath Armando , Domeneghetti Alessio
Published: September 2022

With the intent to be compliant with the European Floods Directive (2007/60/EC) duties, the Po River District Authority gathered the expertise of 20 Italian Universities and the Italian National Research Council (CNR) active on hydrology (including climate change effects), hydraulics and damage modelling. Within this research framework, the MOVIDA project is developed by a consortium dedicated to flood damage modelling (8 Universities and CNR) and intends to provide an Information System capable to perform an analytical evaluation and mapping of expected damage, overcoming the limitations of present maps where the evaluation of risk remains highly qualitative and subjective. Proper damage assessment tools were identified for all the five categories of exposed elements foreseen by the EU Directive: population, infrastructures, economic activities, environmental and cultural heritage, and na-tech sites. A dedicated Open Source Geographic Information System (i.e. QGIS plugin) was developed and transferred to Regional Authorities for flood damage evaluation and mapping to all areas at significant risk in the Po District.  
In particular, the methodology defined for road and railway infrastructures qualitatively estimates the potential damage impacts of a flood event for those infrastructures. Different impact classes (High, Medium, Low and Null) are assigned in relation to roads category (i.e., Highways, Main, Secondary, Service, Other) and railways type (high-speed train or not), taking into account both the importance of the infrastructure itself (as well as its topographic characteristics: e.g. tunnel, bridge, etc.) and the magnitude of the expected event (i.e., hazard). The results enable to spatially identify the extent of the impacted infrastructures, as to drive the evaluation of potential mitigation measures and to support the competent bodies in the organization of the rescue. 
Efficiency of shallow geothermal systems in heterogeneous media, how to manage uncertainty
Authors: Zarlenga Antonio , Di Dato Mariaines , D'Angelo Claudia , Casasso Alessandro
Published: September 2022

Shallow geothermal systems represent a unique opportunity for heating and cooling of buildings with green energy and low operational costs. So far, the geothermal system studies have been built on simplifying assumption such as homogeneous porous medium or purely advective flow. However, solutions based on equivalent conductivity and effective macrodispersion coefficients may not be able to grasp the effects of aquifer heterogeneity on geothermal systems.

The aim of our research is to investigate how thermo-hydrological and engineering parameters impact the different heat transport dynamics and how they result in the GS efficiency. The study considers an open loop GS made by a well doublet placed into a confined heterogeneous aquifer of constant thickness; groundwater is abstracted upstream and, after the heat exchange, it is reinjected downstream with a constant altered temperature. The efficiency of GS is intrinsically related to the behavior of the breakthrough time distribution, i.e. the distribution of the travel time the water particles employ to move from the injection to the extraction well, and the recirculating ratio. By means of accurate numerical simulations that mimic the heat transport through a Lagrangian procedure we identify and explore the effect of hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity, pore scale dispersion, thermal diffusion, pumping rate and geometrical parameters.

The analysis hints that the hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity has a strong impact on the early operational time: due to channeling, the thermal plume travels faster in the highly conductive layers. As a result, the first breakthrough time, the key parameter adopted in the design of GS, decreases with heterogeneity, moreover, the uncertainty associated with early arrivals increases with heterogeneity.

The heterogeneity, as well as dispersion and convection, has a negligible effect on the long-term period.The recirculating ratio depends strongly on the pumping rate and other geometrical parameters.

Given that well screens usually cross a short depth we perform a detailed analysis on the uncertainty related to the ergodicity issue. Result of a single realization can significantly differ from its ergodic counterpart. As a practical consequence, a thermal feedback occurring in a heterogeneous medium could significantly differ from the expected theoretical one.
Analyzing the Effects of Climate Change for the Water Tower of Mesopotamia, Turkey
Authors: Uysal Gokcen , Dogan Yusuf Ogulcan , Civelek Huseyin Soykan , Sorman Ali Arda , Sensoy Aynur
Published: September 2022

Climate change drastically threatens water supply systems and ecosystems especially in water towers that maintain water demands downstream. Analyzing future implications in the timing and amount of snowmelt runoff is a crucial mission to develop required adaptation strategies against climate change effects. This study aims to estimate future snowmelt runoff and snow extent in terms of various metrics i.e. timing and the quantity for the Upper Euphrates Basin (41,109 km2). As the most upstream basin of the water tower Mesopotamia, the basin is located in the Eastern mountainous part of Turkey. The future characterization of snowmelt runoff and snow cover area is investigated taking the regional climate model projections into account through hydrological model applications. Furthermore, changes in snow line elevation and lag time in the snowmelt processes are examined. The basin is divided into two major sub-basins as Karasu Basin and Murat Basin. The conceptual hydrological models, HBV and HEC-HMS, have been utilized to establish a rainfall-runoff relationship. The models are calibrated and validated with observed daily total precipitation and average temperature data for the 1980-2010 period. Future projections are employed for 2025-2100 periods using EU-CORDEX data with various global circulation models.  CNRM-CM5 and HadGEM2-ES data sets and RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios are used for future projections. Climate data sets are subjected to local bias corrections. The preliminary results indicate decreases in snow cover extent, snow duration, and snowmelt runoff. The overall assessment will help us to understand how these changes will affect operations of water resources systems (downstream reservoirs) in terms of flood control, energy production, irrigation, and water supply, etc.
Towards a flash flood forecasting model for local crisis managers
Authors: Sadkou Salma , Artigue Guillaume , Ayral Pierre-Alain , Pistre Séverin , Sauvagnargues Sophie , Johannet Anne
Published: September 2022

Southern France is frequently hit with severe flash floods. These events have caused numerous casualties as well as considerable economic losses. In France, crisis inducing floods are managed at a local scale by municipalities. Current forecasting models are rarely used by these crisis managers. This is due to the fact that these models often fail to convey relevant information in an appropriate form. This work aims to determine the adequate output variable in a crisis management context with a special focus on the needs and vision of local crisis managers.

The study area is the 545 sq. km. sized Gardon in Anduze in the Cévennes range, France, which is often subject to important flash floods. A feed-forward multilayer perceptron, a type of neural networks where one of the inputs is the measured output, is used to forecast water discharge. Neural networks are good candidates to model nonlinear phenomenon. Both the properties of parsimony - they provide relevant results while requiring a limited number of parameters – and of universal approximation are very helpful in hydrology. Various rainfall and discharge measurements are considered as inputs. The output variable for this model is water flow. Data ranges from 2002 to 2019 at a 30 minutes’ time step. Events are extracted from this database to compose a training set, a test set and an early stopping set. Complexity and variable selection is made using cross-validation, allowing to select the most robust model. To make the model easier to understand by end users, discharges are replaced by water levels. Both these results are compared, especially regarding their ability to reach crisis management plans levels without delay. Secondly, ensemble models based on different initializations of the parameters of the neural model during the training step are developed. They give an uncertainty margin, often desired by end users.

The results are enriched through the collection of background information (end users’ opinions and habits) in order to enhance the assessment of performance. Further analysis is carried to determine the pros and cons of each approach (discharge or levels to crisis management plans levels and uncertainties representation and communication).
Multivariate and data-driven regional frequency analysis for rainfall extremes
Authors: Magnini Andrea , Lombardi Michele , Valtancoli Elena , Castellarin Attilio
Published: September 2022

Due to the limited length of locally available sequences of precipitation extremes, point rainfall depth associated with given duration and return period is usually estimated through regional frequency analysis. Several statistical regionalization methods proposed in the literature enable one to exploit sequences of precipitation extremes observed at homogeneous pooling groups of sites, that supposedly share the same frequency regime of rainfall extremes with the site of interest. Homogeneous sites can be identified by looking at specific climatic descriptors; for instance, some reliable authors successfully utilize Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) as the sole proxy for locally characterizing the frequency regime of sub-daily rainfall extremes, and for grouping sequences of rainfall extremes records. We aim at advancing this traditional approach (1) by relaxing the hypothesis of the existence of a homogeneous pooling group of sites characterized by a unique regional parent distribution and (2) by incorporating additional morphological and climatic information in the regional model. We rely on more than 2350 Annual Maximum Series of rainfall depth for different time-aggregation intervals between 1 and 24 hours, observed since 1928 to 2011 in a vast study area in Northern Italy.  We refer to MAP as well as to additional morphologic descriptors (e.g.  minimum distance to Tyrrhenian (Adriatic) Sea, mean elevation and slope around the station, etc.).

We train a probabilistic neural network that models the frequency regime of observed annual maxima of rainfall depth resorting to a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, whose parameters are data-driven functions of the local values of the selected descriptors and duration. Then, several cross-validation experiments are performed to assess the accuracy of the developed regional model relative to a simpler regional GEV model, whose parameters are functions of MAP and time-aggregation intervals.

Our analyses address several research problems: (a) identifying the most descriptive morphological proxies to combine with MAP for representing the frequency regime of sub-daily rainfall extremes in the study area, (b) highlighting limitations and potential of data-driven multivariate regional models of the frequency regime of rainfall extremes, (c) the advantages of a multivariate approach relative to a regionalization scheme based on MAP alone.