bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple deterministic epidemic in several related growing communities
Authors: Gani J.
Published: April 2006

This paper first considers a simple deterministic epidemic in a growing population. It then examines a simple deterministic epidemic in several related growing communities, where infection is transmitted between individuals both within and across the communities. An explicit parametric solution is derived for the number of susceptibles in these communities as a function of time.
Shortest common superstrings of random strings
Authors: Alexander Kenneth S.
Published: April 2006

Given a finite collection of strings of letters from a fixed alphabet, it is of interest, in the contexts of data compression and DNA sequencing, to find the length of the shortest string which contains each of the given strings as a consecutive substring. In order to analyze the average behavior of the optimal superstring length, substrings of specified lengths are considered with the letters selected independently at random. An asymptotic expression is obtained for the savings from compression, i.e. the difference between the uncompressed (concatenated) length and the optimal superstring length.
Stochastic scheduling for a two-machine open shop
Authors: Righter Rhonda
Published: April 2006

We study the problem of preemptive scheduling of jobs in a two-machine open shop. Jobs require processing on both machines, but the order does not matter. We define the D-LERPT (double longest expected remaining processing time) policy as the policy that first processes jobs that have not yet been processed by either machine (double jobs), in decreasing order of expected remaining processing times, and then processes jobs that require processing on only one machine in any order. We show that D-LERPT stochastically minimizes the makespan when preemption is not permitted and jobs (but not machines) are stochastically identical, and that D-LERPT minimizes the makespan in the increasing convex sense when preemption is permitted and the machines are stochastically identical and processing times are exponential or geometric with a job dependent rate.
Coherent structures and unimodality
Authors: Sabnis S. V. , Nair Mini R.
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with the preservation of unimodality under coherent structures of independent components having a common life distribution function. This result in a way generalizes a result of Alam [1], as Alam's result indirectly also deals with preservation of unimodality for (n – i + 1)-out-of-n systems of independent and identically distributed components. The usefulness of this property of coherent systems in obtaining sharper upper bounds on the reliability of the concerned system has been illustrated below for a bridge structure with components having a gamma life distribution function.
Some majorization orderings of heterogeneity in a class of epidemics
Authors: Tong Y. L.
Published: April 2006

The theory of majorization is applied to investigate the effects of heterogeneity in a class of epidemics. In particular, the heterogeneity of the components of the contact vector of a given susceptible is studied. It is shown that if the heterogeneity can be partially ordered through majorization, then the probability functions of escaping infection can be similarly ordered. The results can be applied to AIDS research on the spread of the HIV virus.
An optimal stopping problem for random walks with non-zero drift
Authors: Roters Markus
Published: April 2006

In this paper we give a solution of an optimal stopping problem concerning random walks with non-zero drift, thereby proving the necessity of the existence of ESτ for Wald's equation ESτ = ES1 · Ετ to hold, even if attention is restricted to non-randomized stopping times τ. This answers a question of Robbins and Samuel (1966).
Large deviations and the Bayesian estimation of higher-order Markov transition functions
Authors: Papangelou F.
Published: April 2006

In the Bayesian estimation of higher-order Markov transition functions on finite state spaces, a prior distribution may assign positive probability to arbitrarily high orders. If there are n observations available, we show (for natural priors) that, with probability one, as n → ∞ the Bayesian posterior distribution ‘discriminates accurately' for orders up to β log n, if β is smaller than an explicitly determined β0. This means that the ‘large deviations' of the posterior are controlled by the relative entropies of the true transition function with respect to all others, much as the large deviations of the empirical distributions are governed by their relative entropies with respect to the true transition function. An example shows that the result can fail even for orders β log n if β is large.
On closure of some partial orderings under mixtures
Authors: Nanda Asok K. , Jain Kanchan , Singh Harshinder
Published: April 2006

Recently new partial orderings s-SFR, s-FR, s-ST, s-CV and s-CX have been defined in the literature. These are more general in the sense that most of the earlier known partial orderings reduce to particular cases of these orderings. Moreover, these orderings have helped in defining a new and useful ageing criterion. In this paper, we discuss preservation properties of these orderings under mixtures. Results are expected to be useful in engineering and reliability, where mixtures of distributions arise naturally in numerous situations. Moreover, existing results, specifically for LR, FR and ST orderings under the operation of mixtures, reduce to special cases.
Stochastic orders based on ratios of Laplace transforms
Authors: Shaked Moshe , Wong Tityik
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to study two notions of stochastic comparisons of non-negative random variables via ratios that are determined by their Laplace transforms. Some interpretations of the new orders are given, and various properties of them are derived. The relationships to other stochastic orders are also studied. Finally, some applications in reliability theory are described.
Effect of spinal flexion on the conus medullaris: a case series using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Fettes P. D. W. , Leslie K. , McNabb S. , Smith P. J.
Published: April 2006

Anatomy textbooks state that the conus medullaris moves cephalad when the vertebral column is flexed. This could confer protection against spinal cord damage during dural puncture, but has not been demonstrated in vivo. We therefore imaged the spine of 10 volunteers using magnetic resonance imaging to determine if such movement occurs with the spine in the neutral and flexed positions. The position of the conus medullaris in relation to the superior endplate of the L1 vertebra was determined. On spinal flexion, the conus medullaris moved cephalad in three subjects and caudad in three subjects, with no change in the remaining four. The median overall movement (95% CI [range]) was 0 mm (4 mm caudad to 1 mm cephalad [3 mm caudad to 1 mm cephalad]; p = 1.0). Whilst spinal flexion may facilitate needle insertion during dural puncture, it is unlikely to confer extra protection against spinal cord damage.
Helping families when child sexual abuse is suspected but not proven
Authors: Tjersland Odd Arne , Mossige Svein , Gulbrandsen Wenke , Jensen Tine K. , Reichelt Sissel
Published: April 2006

This paper reports from a project investigating reactions within families when intra‐familial child sexual abuse was suspected, and family members’ responses to a therapeutic approach. Data were obtained from therapeutic sessions and follow‐up interviews with mothers, children and alleged perpetrators. Before treatment the mothers felt uncertain as to how to interpret the children’s unclear signs. The children had severe symptoms, but had seldom disclosed abuse. The alleged perpetrators were often not informed about the suspicions. The families were in a state of crisis and shock, and communication within the family was characterized by uncertainty about what to talk about and whether the suspicions should be shared. In most cases after treatment the conflicts had been reduced, the children had few symptoms, supervised contact had been established, and the clients were satisfied with the treatment. One conclusion is that therapeutic sessions, where family members share information about concerns and take part in the decisions of how to protect children, seem relevant and helpful to the clients in unclear abuse cases.
Longitudinal assessment of insulin sensitivity in pregnancy. Validation of the homeostasis model assessment
Authors: Cohen Ohad , Epstein Gil S. , Weisz Boaz , Homko Carol J. , Sivan Eyal
Published: April 2006

Objective  To validate the use of the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) for measurement of insulin sensitivity in obese women during gestation and the postpartum period.

Design  Three consecutive measurements of insulin resistance (IR) were performed during and after pregnancy to compare the homeostasis model assessment insulin sensitivity index (HOMA‐IR) to glucose utilization rates obtained during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamps (GRd).

Patients  Six obese women (mean second trimester BMI = 30·4 kg/m2) with normal glucose tolerance were studied during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and once in the postpartum period. Thus, there were a total of 18 measurements for analysis.

Results  Correlations between the rate of glucose disappearance (GRd) (the gold standard) and the HOMA‐derived metabolic parameters of insulin sensitivity were significant, with a multiple R2 of 43·5% (P = 0·003). However, when controlling for variations between patients using dummy variables, we observed that one patient differed from the other five in the relationship between GRd and HOMA‐IR. Applying this regression we obtained a R2 of 72·6% (P < 0·001). When the regression constant was omitted, we observed that the individual trends during pregnancy and postpartum in two patients differed statistically from the other patients between the two assessments, and we obtained a multiple R2 of 97·3% (< 0·001).

Conclusions  HOMA estimation of insulin resistance is appropriate for use during both the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum in obese women with normal glucose tolerance. It lacks sensitivity for the evaluation of individuals, where more precise measures of insulin sensitivity should be utilized.
Model‐based uncertainty in species range prediction
Authors: Pearson Richard G. , Thuiller Wilfried , Araújo Miguel B. , Martinez‐Meyer Enrique , Brotons Lluís , McClean Colin , Miles Lera , Segurado Pedro , Dawson Terence P. , Lees David C.
Published: April 2006

Aim  Many attempts to predict the potential range of species rely on environmental niche (or ‘bioclimate envelope’) modelling, yet the effects of using different niche‐based methodologies require further investigation. Here we investigate the impact that the choice of model can have on predictions, identify key reasons why model output may differ and discuss the implications that model uncertainty has for policy‐guiding applications.

Location  The Western Cape of South Africa.

Methods  We applied nine of the most widely used modelling techniques to model potential distributions under current and predicted future climate for four species (including two subspecies) of Proteaceae. Each model was built using an identical set of five input variables and distribution data for 3996 sampled sites. We compare model predictions by testing agreement between observed and simulated distributions for the present day (using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and kappa statistics) and by assessing consistency in predictions of range size changes under future climate (using cluster analysis).

Results  Our analyses show significant differences between predictions from different models, with predicted changes in range size by 2030 differing in both magnitude and direction (e.g. from 92% loss to 322% gain). We explain differences with reference to two characteristics of the modelling techniques: data input requirements (presence/absence vs. presence‐only approaches) and assumptions made by each algorithm when extrapolating beyond the range of data used to build the model. The effects of these factors should be carefully considered when using this modelling approach to predict species ranges.

Main conclusions  We highlight an important source of uncertainty in assessments of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and emphasize that model predictions should be interpreted in policy‐guiding applications along with a full appreciation of uncertainty.
Intestinal sensitivity testing by transmucosal electrical nerve stimulation: stimulus parameters to induce conscious perception
Authors: Accarino A. M. , Azpiroz A. , Malagelada J.‐r.
Published: April 2006

Abstract  Intestinal sensitivity can be tested using transmucosal electrical nerve stimulation. The aim of this study was to establish the stimulus characteristics that determine perception. In six healthy subjects constant current electrical stimuli were applied via an intrajejunal bipolar electrode while measuring perception. Intensity–response tests with stimuli trains of various frequencies (5 and 100 Hz) and pulse durations (50 and 1000 μs) were performed. All stimuli within the broad range tested induced similar‐type abdominal sensations, but the intensity of the stimuli to produce perception differed depending on both pulse duration and frequency. A 20‐fold increase in pulse duration decreased the intensity of perceived stimuli by a factor of 0.34 ± 0.04 (P < 0.05); a similar increase in pulse frequency decreased the intensity by a 0.63 ± 0.07 factor (P < 0.05). When the frequency and duration concomitantly increased, the stimulus intensity decreased by the product of both factors (0.22 ± 0.04). Transmucosal electrical nerve stimulation of the intestine induces perception within a broad range of stimuli. However, the intensity of the stimuli required to activate sensory pathways is primarily weighted by the duration rather than by the frequency of the pulses.
Sudden hypoxia during anesthesia in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome
Authors: DYLAN BOULD M. , GOTHARD JOHN W.W.
Published: April 2006

We report a case of anesthesia in an adolescent with recurrent left pneumothorax, Kartagener's syndrome, and severe learning disability with behavioral difficulties. After induction of anesthesia, he rapidly developed severe desaturation as measured on pulse oximetry. Placement of an intercostal chest drain did not remedy the situation and he was found to have blocked the left main bronchus with viscous secretions. Subsequent suctioning relieved the obstruction. Despite successful postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia and minitracheostomy for bronchial toilet, he developed bronchopneumonia that resolved with antibiotics. We discuss anesthesia for patients with Kartagener's syndrome and for patients with pneumothorax.
Anesthesia in a child with newly diagnosed Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: KAPLANIAN SERGE , CHAMBERS NEIL A.
Published: April 2006

We report the initial resuscitation and subsequent management of a child with newly diagnosed Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM), which presented as an out of hospital cardiac arrest. HCM is an autosomal dominant condition that is uncommonly encountered in the pediatric setting and is an important cause of sudden death. Here, we describe the safe use of an anesthetic technique for insertion of an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator that ensured strict hemodynamic stability and modest bradycardia.
Mental health and social support: a pioneering study on the physically disabled in southern China
Authors: Wu Qiaobing , Mok Bongho
Published: April 2006

This is a pioneering study examining the effect of different types of social support on the mental health of the physically disabled in mainland China. With a random sample of 204 physically disabled people in Guangzhou, the biggest metropolis in southern China, results of this study showed that perceived social support was more effective in maintaining the mental health of the physically disabled than received social support. With respect to received social support, the attitude of the supporters, satisfaction with the support, the reciprocity of support relationships and the personal agency of the support recipients were found to be predictive of mental health. However, received daily‐care support unexpectedly showed a significantly negative effect on mental health, while received economic and emotional support appeared to be irrelevant to the mental health of the physically disabled.
Development of taxon‐specific markers for high‐throughput screening of microbial‐feeding nematodes
Authors: JONES KENNETH L. , TODD TIMOTHY C. , HERMAN MICHAEL A.
Published: April 2006

In an effort to assess the taxonomic identity of large‐scale samplings of nematodes from the Konza Tallgrass Prairie, we sequenced a portion of the 18S rRNA gene and its associated internally transcribed spacer (ITS1) from 74 nematodes encompassing four taxonomic families. From these sequences, we have developed a series of molecular probes to distinguish 16 distinct microbivorous nematode taxa. Using a combination of low power microscopy and taxon‐specific real‐time probes, the 74 nematodes were correctly assigned to their respective taxonomic groups. This optimized method provides a high‐throughput assay to determine nematode identities across larger data sets.
Prospective Study of Fever and Pneumonia After Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Older People
Authors: Kanemoto Kouji , Satoh Hiroaki , Ishikawa Hiroichi , Ishikawa Shigemi , Ohtsuka Morio , Sekizawa Kiyohisa
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of fever and pneumonia after fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in older people and to evaluate increased risk for these two adverse events with increasing age.

DESIGN: Prospective study.

SETTING: University hospital system.

PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred fifty‐eight patients, with 165 (46.1%) patients aged 70 and older, undergoing bronchoscopy.

MEASUREMENTS: Indications, abnormal bronchoscopic findings, sampling procedures, final diagnosis, and fever and pneumonia after bronchoscopy.

RESULTS: With regard to the indication for bronchoscopy and abnormal bronchoscopic findings, there was no statistical difference between elderly patients (≥70) and younger patients (<70). Procedures such as forceps biopsy, brushing, and curetting were not performed more often in elderly patients, although final diagnosis of lung cancer was significantly more common in the elderly group (P=.002). The overall incidence of fever after FOB was 6.7%, and that of pneumonia after FOB was 5.6%. The patients aged 70 and older had an incidence of fever after FOB of 3.6% and an incidence of pneumonia of 4.2%, which were not higher than those in patients younger than 70.

CONCLUSION: Increasing age is not associated with increasing fever and pneumonia after FOB, and chronological age should not be considered a limiting factor in the decision of whether to perform FOB when it is clinically indicated.
Ethical Issues in Mobile Psychiatric Treatment with Homebound Elderly Patients: The Psychogeriatric Assessment and Treatment in City Housing Experience
Authors: Blass David M. , Rye Rebecca M. , Robbins Beatrice M. , Miner Mary M. , Handel Sharon , Carroll John L. , Rabins Peter V.
Published: April 2006

Unique and challenging ethical difficulties arise during mobile psychiatric treatment of elderly patients. This article outlines and analyzes five of these challenges that have been encountered during nearly 20 years of experience with the Psychogeriatric Assessment and Treatment in City Housing Program in Baltimore, Maryland. The ethical challenges reviewed are: establishing the treatment contract versus the right to refuse treatment, protecting confidentiality versus patient protection, protecting autonomy versus asserting beneficence, treatment termination versus open‐ended treatment, and cost versus benefit of care. Ethical challenges with homebound elderly patients are unique because of patient characteristics as well as features of the treatment environment.
Fatal transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease in an immunocompetent recipient of a volunteer unit of red cells
Authors: Triulzi Darrell , Duquesnoy Rene , Nichols Lawrence , Clark Kenneth , Jukic Drazen , Zeevi Adriana , Meisner Dennis
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND:  Transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (TAGVHD) is a lethal complication of transfusion of nonirradiated cellular blood components to a susceptible recipient.

CASE REPORT:  An 82‐year‐old man underwent cardiac surgery during which he received 6 units of red cells (RBCs) and a 6‐unit pool of platelets (PLTs). He was discharged with a normal white blood cell (WBC) count and hemoglobin (Hb) level and a PLT count of 104 × 109 per L. He was readmitted 2 weeks later with a diffuse erythematous rash, a sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. His WBC count was 2.1 × 109 per L, his Hb level was 12.0 g per dL, and his PLT count was 131 × 109 per L. The next day he had worsening cytopenias: WBC count, 1 × 109 per L; Hb level, 10.9 g per dL; PLT count, 104 × 109 per L. He also had diarrhea. A marrow biopsy showed a severe hypoplasia without evidence of malignancy. A skin biopsy showed Grade II GVHD. The patient worsened and despite aggressive therapy he expired on Postoperative Day 42. DNA‐based HLA testing of the 12 blood donors was performed. One of the RBC donors was found to be homozygous for an HLA Class I and Class II haplotype in the patient.

CONCLUSION:  This is the first reported case in the United States of fatal TAGVHD from RBCs in an immunocompetent patient who received a randomly selected unit of RBCs from a donor who was homozygous for a shared HLA haplotype. The policy of selective irradiation should be reexamined.
A pilot study of continuous ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure in repeated preoperative autologous blood donation
Authors: Weisbach Volker , Schnabel Lothar , Zimmermann Robert , Zingsem Jürgen , Eckstein Reinhold
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND:  The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of hypotension in the 24‐hour period after preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) in patients with and without hypertension.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  In 20 patients, 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed before PABD was started and on every donation day in two repeated phlebotomies.

RESULTS:  Seven patients had no hypertension and 11 patients had hypertension. In 2 additional patients, hypertension was diagnosed during the study. Overall, the mean systolic BP (SBP) decreased from 131 ± 15 mmHg before donation to 128 ± 13 and 127 ± 10 mmHg after Donations 1 and 2; the corresponding values for the diastolic BP (DBP) were 77 ± 9, 75 ± 9, and 73 ± 7 mmHg, both without significant differences between the groups with and without hypertension. In single patients, substantial decreases of BP occurred, especially during the night. Two patients with and 2 without hypertension showed a nightly decrease in SBP and DBP of more than 10 percent (in 1 of these patients, more than 20%). Concerning diurnal BP variability, 1 patient with and 1 without hypertension, the latter showing a nightly decrease of SBP and DBP of more than 10 percent, also changed to the pattern of a nightly “extreme dipper” after PABD.

CONCLUSION:  In 25 percent of the patients, changes of BP were observed during the 24‐hour period after PABD, especially during the night, which are known to be associated with an increased risk of cerebral or myocardial ischemia. Whether those changes of BP lead to major morbidity or mortality requires further investigation.
Macular oedema in central retinal vein occlusion treated with intravitreal triamcinolone
Authors: Gelston Christopher D. , Olson Jeffrey L. , Mandava Naresh
Published: April 2006

Purpose:  To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone as treatment for macular oedema in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).

Methods:  We conducted a retrospective comparative case series of nine patients with macular oedema associated with CRVO (six non‐ischaemic and three ischaemic) treated with an intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide, compared with 10 control (observation) patients (six non‐ischaemic and four ischaemic). Examination included visual acuity (VA) tests and complete ophthalmic examinations at baseline, 1, 2 and 6 months postoperatively.

Results:  The mean baseline VA was 20/161 for CRVO treatment group patients and 20/75 for observation group patients (p = 0.15). No significant difference in VA between CRVO treatment group patients (20/99) and controls (20/282) was observed at the final 6‐month visit (p = 0.33). Subgroup analysis of the non‐ischaemic CRVO treatment patients compared with the non‐ischaemic controls also showed no significant difference at the 6‐month visit (20/59 and 20/100, respectively; p = 0.20). At 6 months, five of the six non‐ischaemic treated patients had VA ≥ 20/100, compared with five of the six non‐ischaemic control patients. All patients tolerated the procedure well, but there was a significant increase in intraocular pressure by the 2‐month visit (p = 0.015).

Conclusions:  Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone may not be effective for treatment of macular oedema in all CRVO patients or all non‐ischaemic CRVO patients. A trend towards VA improvement was noted but was not statistically significant. Although our treatment was not hindered by severe complications, there was a significant increase in IOP in the 2 months following treatment.
Inert intraocular eyelash foreign body following phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Authors: Islam Niaz , Dabbagh Ahmed
Published: April 2006

Introduction:  We describe the first reported case of tolerated eyelash inoculation following phacoemulsification surgery, with 4 years follow‐up, that did not result in endophthalmitis or low grade chronic uveitis.

Case report:  A 79‐year‐old man with bilateral cataracts underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in the right eye. Three months later, he was found to have an eyelash within the right anterior chamber. The patient opted to leave his asymptomatic right eye alone. Four years later, he was referred to our hospital for review of his intraocular foreign body. He had remained asymptomatic with bilateral 6/6 vision, and without pain, photophobia or monocular diplopia. He declined surgery to remove the foreign body and opted for annual review.

Discussion:  Intraocular implantation of cilia is a rare surgical complication following cataract surgery. The reaction of the eye to cilia has been reported to be variable and unpredictable, varying from absolute lack of reaction to endophthalmitis. Careful preoperative preparation can prevent similar incidents with potential complications. The position of the cilium is an important consideration. In contrast to other organic materials, a cilium is relatively inert and is rarely associated with infection. Acute inflammation most commonly occurs within days or after a few months, although the eye can tolerate the cilium for many years. Some ophthalmologists prefer observation, particularly when there is no inflammation present. We believe that each patient should be considered on an individual basis. The decision to remove an intraocular eyelash remains controversial and should be considered at the onset of inflammatory or infective clinical signs.
Prevention of psoriasis‐like lesions development in fsn/fsn mice by helminth glycans
Authors: Atochina Olga , Harn Donald
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  The helminth glycan LNFPIII is an immunomodulatory molecule, driving CD4+ Th2‐type biasing as well as immune suppression. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease where the immune mechanisms as well as the antigens responsible for development of immune autoreactivity are still not known. In the absence of defined immunological mechanisms, we asked whether LNFPIII would function as novel therapy for psoriasis. We tested the therapeutic efficacy of LNFPIII using the flaky skin (fsn)/fsn mutant mouse model of psoriasis‐like lesion development. We found that treatment of mice with LNFPIII prevented the appearance of psoriatic skin lesions on fsn/fsn mice. Examination of the skin 2 weeks after treatment demonstrated that prevention of skin lesions was associated with maintenance of normal epidermis thickness in LNFPIII‐treated mice as compared with a significantly thickened epidermis in control treated and diseased mice. In addition, cells from skin of LNFPIII‐treated mice produced lower amounts of interferon‐γ as compared with cells from skin of control treated diseased mice. Examination of macrophages and T cells from peripheral lymph nodes of control and LNFPIII‐treated fsn/fsn mice showed that glycan treatment reduced the numbers of Gr1+F4/80+ macrophages and the numbers of CD8+ T cells, restoring the numbers of these two cell populations as well as the CD4 : CD8 ratio to near normal levels. Overall, the results from this study suggest that the helminth immunomodulatory glycan LNFPIII functions to prevent development of psoriatic‐like skin lesions in fsn/fsn mice.
P‐Selectin and CD63 Use Different Mechanisms for Delivery to Weibel–Palade Bodies
Authors: Harrison‐Lavoie Kimberly J. , Michaux Grégoire , Hewlett Lindsay , Kaur Jasber , Hannah Matthew J. , Lui‐Roberts Winnie W. Y. , Norman Keith E. , Cutler Daniel F.
Published: April 2006

The biogenesis of endothelial‐specific Weibel–Palade bodies (WPB) is poorly understood, despite their key role in both haemostasis and inflammation. Biogenesis of specialized organelles of haemopoietic cells is often adaptor protein complex 3‐dependent (AP‐3‐dependent), and AP‐3 has previously been shown to play a role in the trafficking of both WPB membrane proteins, P‐selectin and CD63. However, WPB are thought to form at the trans Golgi network (TGN), which is inconsistent with a role for AP‐3, which operates in post‐Golgi trafficking. We have therefore investigated in detail the mechanisms of delivery of these two membrane proteins to WPB. We find that P‐selectin is recruited to forming WPB in the trans‐Golgi by AP‐3‐independent mechanisms that use sorting information within both the cytoplasmic tail and the lumenal domain of the receptor. In contrast, CD63 is recruited to already‐budded WPB by an AP‐3‐dependent route. These different mechanisms of recruitment lead to the presence of distinct immature and mature populations of WPB in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).
Rab23: What Exactly Does it Traffic?
Authors: Wang Ya , Ng Ee Ling , Tang Bor Luen
Published: April 2006

Rab23 is the product of the gene mutated in the mouse open brain1 phenotype, which displays neural tube defects. It appears to antagonize sonic hedgehog (Shh)‐mediated signaling during mouse development, presumably by regulating the intracellular trafficking of one or more of Shh's‐signaling components. The Shh receptor Patched1 (Ptch1) and its downstream effector Smoothened (Smo) were initial prime suspects as they are membrane proteins whose cellular dynamics are modulated by the Shh signal. However, Rab23 mutants do not appear to affect the localization and dynamics of either protein. Genetic analyses have now shown that Rab23 functions downstream of Smo and affects the function of the Shh‐regulated Gli family of transcription factors in a more direct manner than previously thought. A plethora of proteins that influence Shh signaling and whose cellular trafficking could potentially be regulated by Rab23 has also emerged. These include members of the intraflagellar transport complex, as well as motor proteins responsible for their assembly at the cilia. Rab23 is also expressed in adult mouse neurons and may thus have functions beyond embryonic developmental stages and Shh signaling. We discuss these new findings and explore the myriad of possibilities whereby Rab23 may function.
Transport of Ricin from Endosomes to the Golgi Apparatus is Regulated by Rab6A and Rab6A′
Authors: Utskarpen Audrun , Slagsvold Hege Holte , Iversen Tore‐Geir , Wälchli Sébastien , Sandvig Kirsten
Published: April 2006

Ricin is transported from early endosomes and/or the recycling compartment to the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) and subsequently to the endoplasmic recticulum (ER) before it enters the cytosol and intoxicates cells. We have investigated the role of the Rab6 isoforms in retrograde transport of ricin using both oligo‐ and vector‐based RNAi assays. Ricin transport to the TGN was inhibited by the depletion of Rab6A when the Rab6A messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were reduced by more than 40% and less than 75%. However, when Rab6A mRNA was reduced by more than 75% and Rab6A′ mRNA was simultaneously up‐regulated, the inhibition of ricin sulfation was abolished, indicating that the up‐regulation of Rab6A′ may compensate for the loss of Rab6A function. In addition, we found that a near complete depletion of Rab6A′ gave approximately 40% reduction in ricin sulfation. The up‐regulation of Rab6A mRNA levels did not seem to compensate for the loss of Rab6A′ function. The depletion of both Rab6A and Rab6A′ gave a stronger inhibition of ricin sulfation than what was observed knocking down the two isoforms separately. In conclusion, both Rab6A and Rab6A′ seem to be involved in the transport of ricin from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus.
Attitudes to Animals: Demographics Within a Community Sample
Authors: Taylor Nicola , Signal Tania
Published: April 2006

The results of various studies have suggested a range of demographic and personality variables that may affect attitudes toward the treatment of nonhuman species; however, the literature has reached little consensus. Various limited populations have used The Attitude to Animals Scale (AAS), developed initially by Herzog, Betchart, and Pittman (1991), as a quantitative measure of attitudes toward the treatment of nonhuman species. The current study administered the AAS to a large community sample within Australia, resulting in approximately 600 respondents. The study found demographic variables such as age, educational level, presence of children in the current dwelling, current, and past companion animal ownership to have no statistically significant effect on AAS scores. The study found both occupation and income to have an effect on AAS scores. This paper examines and discusses all of these variables and their effects (or lack thereof).
Is male song quality important in maintaining pair bonds?
Authors: Adkins-Regan Elizabeth , Tomaszycki Michelle
Published: April 2006

This study investigated a possible mechanism for maintaining long-term pair bonds in a socially monogamous songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Only males sing in this species. Song is thought to be important in female choice, and our earlier research showed that distortion of song by tracheosyringeal nerve transection (TS) and temporary muting by puncturing the interclavicular air sac (AS) both had profound effects on female's choice of male mates and pair formation. Males continue to sing when paired, though function and importance of this song is not well understood. The current study investigated whether these same vocal manipulations affected the maintenance of pair bonds. A total of 27 males and females formed pairs in aviaries. After 3 weeks of pairing and one week after the start of egg laying, males were experimentally manipulated. Eggs were then removed, so that females were forced to decide whether or not to engage in another breeding attempt with their mate. Novel unpaired males and females were added to the aviaries for potential extra pair copulation partners or new mates and pairs were then observed for four weeks. Only two pairs separated after song-altering surgery (both in the TS group), and one of these TS males quickly paired with another female. Of the pairs that remained together, there were no significant differences in courtship or pairing behaviors compared with control pairs. These results suggest that song quality has surprisingly little effect on female pairing decisions once the pair has formed, and that the song quality mechanisms of pair bond formation are not required in the maintenance of the pair bond.
Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and optic neuritis
Authors: Sotgiu S , Arru G , Söderström M , Mameli G , Serra C , Dolei A
Published: April 2006

One prognostic factor for early multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to develop a definite MS may be the presence of the MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We designed a specific study on a cohort of optic neuritis (ON) patients to evaluate the MSRV-dependent conversion to MS relative to the prediction conferred by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CSF abnormalities. At follow-up, 33.3% MSRV+ and 0% MSRV− ON patients developed MS ( P=0.03). The prediction value is lower than that given by CSF and MRI abnormalities (42.3%). This intriguing finding is discussed in the light of the abundant discrepancies observed in the MSRV literature.
Evaluation of high dynamic range photography as a luminance data acquisition system
Authors: Inanici MN
Published: April 2006

In this paper, the potential, limitations and applicability of the High Dynamic Range (HDR) photography technique are evaluated as a luminance mapping tool. Multiple exposure photographs of static scenes were taken with a commercially available digital camera to capture the wide luminance variation within the scenes. The camera response function was computationally derived by using Photosphere software, and was used to fuse the multiple photographs into an HDR image. The vignetting effects and point spread function of the camera and lens system were determined. Laboratory and field studies showed that the pixel values in the HDR photographs correspond to the physical quantity of luminance with reasonable precision and repeatability.
Epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS in west China
Authors: Hu Zhi , Qin Xia , Zhu Min-Zhen , Yang Sen , Zhang Xue-Jun
Published: April 2006

China is facing a major crisis because of the increasing epidemic of HIV/AIDS, especially in the western areas. The purpose of this paper is to enhance understanding of the crisis by analysing the published literature on the epidemiology, demographic features, routes of infection, and risk factors of HIV/AIDS infection in the 12 provinces in the west of China. HIV/AIDS has increased rapidly in recent years. The situation is urgent and requires comprehensive action. China's health care system is decentralized and under-funded, and access to treatment by the poor is seriously limited. There is a lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS in the general public and health care workers. The HIV/AIDS epidemic emerged initially in western areas of the country by means of intravenous drug use, but sexual risk behaviour and mother-to-child transmissions in the west of China are becoming important for HIV transmission.
BINOMES MÉCONNUS DE GATERAU (1789)
Authors: Raynal J.
Published: April 2006

Gaterau's publication Description des plantes qui croissent aux environs de Montauban … of 1789 contains 73 names by Gaterau of which 50 are not listed in the Index kewensis. These names are all validly published but illegitimate because proposed as new names for earlier legitimate ones which were considered inappropriate. The fifty names not taken up by the Index kewensis are here listed in accordance with their nomenclatural status (later homonyms, earlier homonyms, earlier publications of the same name and names totally absent from the Index kewensis).
DIE GATTUNG OTOZAMITES
Authors: Küpper Karl
Published: April 2006

In continuation of the history, nomenclature, and systematic of some mesozoic genera the genusOtozamiteswill be discussed. The name of this genus is an illegitimate synonym ofOtopterisLindley & Hutton. A conservation is proposed. There are given some remarks on the systematic position, anatomical features, nomenclature, and the oldest species. 1843OtozamitesFr. Braun in Münster: 36, nomen conserv. prop. (240) 1834OtopterisLindley & Hutton: 142, pro syn., sed cum prior.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CERTAIN FORMS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Davidson Robert A. , Dunn Rosalie A.
Published: April 2006

A 3‐dimensional model based upon a modified discriminant function analysis is considered to be a valuable aid to concepts of evolutionary relations between Froelichia (cottonweed; Amaranthaceae) species. To test whether the model's configuration is a reflection of multivariate relationships rather than merely an artefact, a computer program was designed to simulate the kind of evolutionary change which characterizes Froelichia and many other “closely related” taxa. A 3‐dimensional discriminant function model based upon five simulated taxa accurately portrayed the relationships programmed. This result, plus others not cited here, are taken as initial support for the validity of such models when applied to real biological objects.
DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY FOR CYSTOLITH AND RAPHID BEARING PLANT ORGANS
Authors: Sreemadhavan C. P. , Henry A. N. , Subramanyam K.
Published: April 2006

The term ‘furuncle’ (Lat. swelling; adj. furunculate) is proposed for use in describing plant organs having ‘cystoliths' or ‘raphids' as cell‐inclusions, discernible in herbarium specimens as elevated areas on the surfaces of leaves and other organs.
CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM Schauer replaces “CLERODENDRUM FRAGRANS”
Authors: Howard Richard A. , Powell Dulcie A.
Published: April 2006

The correct name for the plant commonly cultivated and escaped in tropical areas currently known in horticulture as “Clerodendrum fragrans” is Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer. The name is here lectotypified; the main synonymy is listed.
NOTES ON THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE FOR THE PREPARATION OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS
Authors: Steyermark Julian A.
Published: April 2006

During the past seven years, while collecting plants in Venezuela, the author has resorted, whenever deemed necessary or expedient, to the use of formaldehyde. By using this liquid, it has been possible, within the confines of a limited budget, to devote more time in the field to the task of collecting plants, as well as to prepare a much greater number of specimens in greater quantity for the herbarium in a relatively shorter time, and at the same time to cut down on the bulk of equipment and labor costs for transportation of this equipment.

In the course of preparation of specimens by the formaldehyde method, the author has made use of certain techniques and practises which he has found convenient. These methods may be of interest to his botanical colleagues in other areas, and are explained in the following paragraphs. Finally, some observations have been made on the subject of the preservation of specimens prepared with formaldehyde and the deterrent effects on herbarium beetles.
BEMERKUNGEN ZUR BENENNUNG DER BASTARDE
Authors: Natho Günther
Published: April 2006

The naming of hybrids is insufficiently solved by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Terrell (1963) proposed to use the signs < and > in naming the products of introgressive hybridization. When there are hybrids with three components the number of signs is high. It is now proposed to use the Greek letter Θ (symbol for a double arrow) in naming introgressive hybrids (e.g. Betula pendula Θ Betula pubescens; B. Θ aschersoniana). In the case of dominance of one parent in the hybrid, this may be shown by an arrow (e.g. B. pendula ← B. pubescens, in the case of dominant B. pendula).
THE NOMENCLATURE OF INFRASPECIFIC CHEMICAL TAXA
Authors: Tétényi P.
Published: April 2006

The recognition of infraspecific chemical differentiation and the existence of several infraspecific taxa at a definite moment of the metabolism, has resulted in some differences in scientific concepts. The author sets forth his suggestions in connection with some of these problems. The polychemism known to occur now in more than 600 species and the recognition in general of chemical taxa, makes compulsory a wider application of the rules of nomenclature as put forward e.g. by Tétényi in 1958 and 1960.
RAMARIA [HOLMSKJOLD] S. F. GRAY VERSUS RAMARIA (FRIES) BONORDEN
Authors: Petersen Ronald H.
Published: April 2006

The common acceptance of Holmskjold as the original author makes typification of Ramaria Holmskjold per S. F. Gray with R. coralloides var. alba apicibus purpurascentibus advisable. Ramaria (Fries) Bonorden is then simply a later homonym and need not be conserved.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRUS AS A TOOL IN PHYLOGENY
Authors: Scora R. W. , Malik M. N.
Published: April 2006

The rough lemon group was investigated as to its coherence and affinity to the true lemon group. The probable affiliation of the Moroccan rough lemon was scrutinized. The possible origin of the true lemons were studied with the help of genetic and essential oil analysis. A divergence diagram of these groups and of a few old‐line species is presented based upon an essential oil discriminant computer analysis.
TAUTONYMS AND CONFUSION IN THE INTERNATIONAL CODE
Authors: Wood C. E. , Webster G. L.
Published: April 2006

Under the present provisions of Articles 19, 22, and 26 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, various taxa between the ranks of family and genus and genus and species and below the rank of species can have two equally correct names without any change whatever in circumscription, position, or rank. This circumstance, which is in direct contradiction to Principle IV and Article 11 of the Code, has come about through too broad extension of the tautonymic principle whereby the names of various taxa which include the nomenclatural type of the next higher taxon must be based either on the same stem as that name or must repeat the name or epithet of the next higher taxon unaltered. This principle works excellently for the names of taxa which include the nomenclatural types of families, genera, and species, respectively, but when extended to all taxa between the ranks of family and genus, to all subgenera and sections, and to all subspecific categories, it results in the possibility for two correct names for some taxa (without change in circumscription, position, or rank), depending solely upon whether or not the next higher rank is used in the taxonomic classification. Since the Code clearly specifies that a taxon can have only one correct name in a given circumscription, position, and rank, proposals are made to restrict the tautonymic principle to the taxa which include the nomenclatural types of families, genera, and species, thereby eliminating this conflict within the Code.
PROBLEMS WITH THE NAME “PLATYPHYLLUM”
Authors: Stone Jerry L.
Published: April 2006

The name Platyphyllum Dawson 1888, used for a form genus of flabelliform leaves is a later homonym of Platyphyllum Ventenat (1799, Lichenes). No other legitimate name being available, the name Flabellofolium is proposed as a substitute.
ONCIDIUM SPECIES DESCRIBED BY JACQUIN AND THE TYPIFICATION OF ONCIDIUM
Authors: Williams Norris H. , Dressler Robert L.
Published: April 2006

The identity of the species of Oncidium described by Jacquin (under Epidendrum) in his Enumeratio (1760) and in his Selectarum stirpium (1763) is discussed. The choice of Epidendrum altissimum as the lectotype of the generic name Oncidium ‐ originally made in 1874 ‐ is upheld.
DAS HERRENHÄUSER HERBAR IN GÖTTINGEN
Authors: Wagenitz Gerhard
Published: April 2006

The “Systematisch‐Geobotanisches Institut” of the University of Göttingen acquired as a gift the herbarium of the former Royal Gardens at Herrenhausen near Hannover. This herbarium contains plants from F. Ehrhart, types of plants described by Johann Christoph Wendland, Heinrich Ludolph Wendland and Hermann Wendland. Of importance is further the material collected by Hermann Wendland during his journey to Central America in 1856/57.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SARRACENIACEAE
Authors: DeBuhr Larry E.
Published: April 2006

Other than the insectivorous nature of the three families, there is little evidence supporting an alliance between the Sarraceniaceae, Droseraceae, and Nepenthaceae. Floral morphology and embryology indicate a relationship between the Sarraceniaceae and the Theales. The Sarraceniaceae are best placed as a suborder in the Theales.