bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Ninth-Graders' Attitudes toward Older Persons
Authors: Glass J. Conrad , Trent Curtis
Published: March 2007

The study examined ninth-grade students' attitudes toward older persons prior to, immediately following, and four to six weeks after participating in a two-week unit on aging. The analysis revealed small but significant positive changes in attitudes in the experimental group and no change in the control group immediately following the unit on aging. The changed attitudes of respondents did persist over a four-to six-month period.
Alcohol Use and Abuse, Life Crisis Events, and the Elderly
Authors: Borgatta Edgar F. , Montgomery Rhonda J.V. , Borgatta Marie L.
Published: March 2007

The literature on alcohol use and abuse among the elderly is less than consistent. Many clinical observations have been confused with "facts" about the elderly. One clear case of confusion is reported, with some tracing of the problem. Issues in the analysis of life crisis events are discussed, and data are presented based on the NORC General Social Survey. The lack of studies that are comprehensive is noted, and problems associated with designs of a limited nature for group comparisons are discussed.
The Social Activity/Subjective Well-Being Relation
Authors: Okun Morris A. , Stock William A. , Haring Marilyn J. , Witter Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize findings on the social activity/subjective well-being relation. We chose zero-order and first order associations as our dependent variables and several different measure, sample, and study quality characteristics as our independent variables. We found that social activity is positively and significantly related to subjective well-being. Contrary to activity theory, informal activities and activities with friends were not related to subjective well-being consistently more strongly than were formal activities and activities with neighbors. In addition, the remaining measure, sample, and study quality characteristics were not adequate predictors of variation in activity/subjective well-being associations.
Psychological Well-Being in the Aged
Authors: Lawton M. Powell , Kleban Morton H. , diCarlo Eric
Published: March 2007

This research concerned the multidimensionality of psychological well-being and some related domains of perceived quality of life. A pool of items used by others to measure a variety of such constructs was administered to four groups of older people ordered in presumptive overall well-being: retirement community, residents of an ordinary neighborhood, congregate housing, and clinically depressed people. Factors were derived by component analysis and adjusted on theoretical grounds. The resulting indices were subjected to a variety of psychometric analyses. The dimensionality of subjective well-being as revealed in these results is discussed in relation to several theoretical notions regarding mental health and aging.
Life Satisfaction of Subpopulations of Elderly
Authors: Fengler Alfred P.
Published: March 2007

Although research generally indicates a positive relationship between activity and well-being, the strength of the relationship depends upon the presence or absence of personal and social resources such as health, solvency, residence, and surviving spouse as well as the nature of the activity itself. When such resources diminish, remaining activities take on added significance for maintaining morale. The present study investigates the relationship between elders who are volunteers, employed, or participating in meal site programs, and life satisfaction. The responses of 1400 systematically selected elders to a needs assessment survey in a four-county area in northwestern New England suggest that those individuals experiencing the greatest number of resource deficits, such as living alone, residing in a city, and being in poor health, benefitted the most from participating in these formal activities. An unanticipated finding was that the strongest and most consistent predictor of life satisfaction for disadvantaged elders was participation as a volunteer for the Retired Senior Volunteer Program.
Elderly Persons without Family Support Networks and Use of Health Services
Authors: Coe Rodney M. , Wolinsky Fredric D. , Miller Douglas K. , Prendergast John M.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the use of health services by a random sample of 394 noninstitutionalized elderly. Elderly persons without family used hospital emergency rooms (ER) 7 to 30 times more often than elderly persons with family in the area. Differences among them for physicians' visits or hospital utilization, however, were not statistically significant. Because elderly without family in the area had similar health status as elderly with family, absence of family access to a lay referral system is thought to be the principal reason for increased use of ER services, especially for nonurgent care.
Intergenerational Relations and the Aged among Japanese Americans
Authors: Osako Masako M. , Liu William T.
Published: March 2007

Immigrant groups frequently experience a widening intergenerational gap as the younger generation improves in social status. That such ascendancy is accompanied by intergenerational conflict and strain is clearly borne out by the experience of many Japanese Americans. Using data gathered from over 100 pairs of mother and daughter respondents, this study explores the impact of social mobility of the younger generation of Japanese Americans upon relations with their first-generation parents. Also explored is the subsequent psychological well-being of the older Japanese immigrant, including a look at the structure of their social network.
Financial Assistance from Elderly Retirement-Age Sons to their Aging Parents
Authors: Seccombe Karen
Published: March 2007

The dramatic increase in the number of persons over the age of 85 suggests that their care will be a critical policy issue for the future. This study explores both the extent and predictors of financial support made by retirement-age sons to their parents who are members of this oldest-old cohort. From a sample of males aged 65 and over, 13% report that they contribute financially to the support of an aging parent. The frequency of intergenerational interaction is a predictor of parental support.
Senior Center Linkages with Community Organizations
Authors: Krout John A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the working relationships, or linkages, senior centers have with other organizations in the community, using a national sample of 246 centers. Referral activity is reported to be the most widespread form of linkage and involves an average of 10 organizations, and informal linkages are much more prevalent than formal ones. The nature of the linkage organization varies for different services, but public agencies (e.g., AAAs, recreation and parks departments) as well as private entities (e.g., doctors, hospitals) are involved in this process. Finally, multiple regression analysis reveals considerable variation in the correlates of the number of organizations with which senior centers work for different linkage types.
More Evidence on Women (and Men) in the Middle
Authors: Spitze Glenna , Logan John
Published: March 2007

A recent article by Rosenthal, Matthews and Marshall (1989) focused on two related questions: How typical is Brody's "woman in the middle" and how "normative" is parent care? This research builds on their work by presenting similar analyses for a somewhat larger probability sample of middle-aged women from a U.S. metropolitan area, by presenting parallel analyses for men in the same age groups, and by presenting data on more active measures for an expanded set of roles and role combinations not included in the original article. The four major roles analyzed by Rosenthal et al. (spouse, paid worker, adult child of aging parent, and parent) are found to be typical of those in their forties and early fifties, but each falls off rapidly after that point. Men are almost as likely to experience each of these as are women, and more likely to be married. When measures of more active involvement in these roles are examined, much smaller percentages of women or men are seen participating at any given age, and the combination of full-time work, active parenting, and helping or living with parents is uncommon. It is suggested that the situation described by Brody is not typical of middle-aged women or men in the U.S. today at any given time, but that collection of data on histories of caregiving is needed.
Feasibility and Efficacy of Verbal Consents
Authors: Brod Meryl S. , Feinbloom Richard I.
Published: March 2007

Refusal rates for participation in geriatric research have been surprisingly high. This may be due in part to inherent difficulties with a written consent procedure. A simple, easily administered, standardized verbal consent procedure (VCP) for the institutionalized elderly was developed to address this problem. Of 114 patients eligible for enrollment in a study evaluating outcomes of group psychotherapy, 100 gave verbal consent. When written consent was requested, 60 signed immediately; 35, only after substantial coaxing. Five patients refused to sign a consent form, although verbally agreeing to participate. It is estimated that the number of study participants would have been reduced by 40% had written consent been required. The findings raise ethical and logistical issues pertaining to a verbal consent procedure.
Use of Paid Home Care by the Chronically Disabled Elderly
Authors: Hanley Raymond J. , Wiener Joshua M.
Published: March 2007

Determinants of paid home care use among the chronically disabled elderly were analyzed using the 1982 National Long-Term Care Survey. In 1982, about one quarter of the elderly disabled had a paid home care provider. Using logistic regression, the analysis found the predictors of any use of paid home care were age, sex, marital status, number of daughters and sons, ADL problems, a prior nursing home stay, an overnight hospital stay, income, home equity, and Medicaid enrollment. Using ordinary least-squares regression, the study also identified predictors of the amount of formal home care used in the last week. For elderly with a paid home care provider, greater age, disability level, not being married, fewer daughters, and cognitive impairment signal significantly more use.
The Existence and Emotional Closeness of Relationships with Children, Friends, and Spouses
Authors: Mullins Larry C. , Mushel Mary
Published: March 2007

Based on a social support model, the authors analyzed the association between the experience of loneliness and the emotional closeness older persons have in their social relationships with their children, friends, and spouses. The effects on loneliness of age, sex, subjective health status, economic situation, need for attachment, and need for social integration were also examined and controlled. Results are based on 1,071 participants in the congregate and home-delivered meal programs of the Senior Citizens Nutrition and Activities Program in Hillsborough County, Florida. An analysis of covariance showed that the loneliness expressed by these older persons was related, not to variation in age, but to their gender, health status, and economic condition; their needs for affection and security, and desire to be part of a social network; and the existence, but not the emotional commitment, to a set of friends. Whether these persons had children or spouses or not, and if they had either, and were emotionally close or not, made no difference in their assessment of how lonely they felt. Theoretically, the results lend only partial support to the social support perspective.
A Multidimensional Examination of Depression among the Elderly
Authors: Mitchell Jim , Mathews Holly F. , Yesavage Jerome A.
Published: March 2007

Data from 868 eastern North Carolina elders are used to examine the effects of variables hypothesized to moderate the impact of life strain on depression. Principal components factor analysis is used to categorize depression into subdimensions of life satisfaction, withdrawal, and general depressive affect. Although independent variables such as instrumental activities of daily living limitations as an indicator of life strain are found to affect the subdimensions, differences pertaining only to certain subdimensions of depression are found. The findings support the importance of subdimensions of depression and suggest variability among subpopulations within a primarily nonurban sample.
Nonparticipation of Older Adults in a Heart Disease Self-Management Project
Authors: Dodge Julia A. , Clark Noreen M. , Janz Nancy K. , Lhang Jersey , Schork M. Anthony
Published: March 2007

Nonparticipation is an important issue in gerontological research. However, literature describing factors influencing participation of older adults in disease management programs is limited. This article contributes to the understanding of nonparticipation in older adults by reviewing the relevant literature and delineating a strategy for assessing the impact of nonparticipation on the generalizability of findings. Involvement in a study of an educational intervention for teaching self-management skills was investigated. Four hundred elderly cardiac patients were divided into three groups: participants in the self-management program evaluation; nonparticipants who declined involvement in the study, but agreed to provide a limited amount of information via telephone interview; and those who refused involvement of any kind. Participants were most likely to be male, with more formal education, who were more worried about their heart conditions, and less likely to perceive that help was available to them. Nonparticipants mentioned "time constraints," "transportation," and "physical limitations" as primary barriers to involvement.
Surname Analysis as a Means of Estimating Minority Elderly
Authors: Rosenwaike Ira
Published: March 2007

Estimates of the age, sex, and geographic distribution of four elderly Asian-origin populations residing in the United States are constructed using surname data obtained for 1990 from the Medicare enrollment files. The generally close correspondence of the results with baseline data for these four groups from the 1990 decennial census demonstrate the applicability of a surname approach. Surname analysis can be used as a means of drawing samples of ethnic minority groups, of estimating the current size of ethnic populations, and as an alternative method of deriving additional demographic information, for example, mortality statistics, for selected groups.
Social Skills and Psychosocial Problems among the Elderly
Authors: Segrin Chris
Published: March 2007

The disruption of communication behaviors as a result of aging led to the hypothesis that elderly subjects would exhibit more problematic social skills than younger subjects. These social skills deficits were further hypothesized to be associated with rejection from others and a number of psychosocial problems. Elderly and young subjects engaged in two different interactions, with an age-matched partner, and an age-unmatched partner, from which social skills and interpersonal rejection were assessed. Subjects also completed self-report measures of social skills and psychosocial problems. Elderly subjects did not differ from young subjects on most measures of social skill, nor on the measure of interpersonal rejection. However, the elderly reported more symptoms of dysphoria and lower self-esteem than did young subjects. The lack of young-elderly differences in social skills may be due to the high level of functioning evident in the elderly sample.
Health Care Needs and Services Delivery for Older Persons with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Crystal Stephen , Sambamoorthi Usha
Published: March 2007

This article brings together information on age differences in HIV health care needsand use patterns to shed light on distinctive aspects of health services needs and useby older individuals with HIV. Age differences in social and economic characteristics,medical comorbidity, psychiatric comorbidity, survival, access to medical care, andpatterns in use of inpatient services are examined. Existing literature suggests thatdelayed diagnosis, biologically based differences in progression of HIV disease, andcomorbid health conditions unrelated to HIV all may contribute to the shorter timefrom diagnosis to death among patients. Event history analyses of the hazard andduration of hospitalization among individuals with AIDS in the New Jersey Medicaidprogram indicated that those age 50 and older were hospitalized somewhat less oftenbut for longer stays, suggesting that there may be opportunities to substitute care athome for some care provided in the hospital to older people with HIV.
AIDS and Injecting Drug Use in Later Life
Authors: Levy Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Despite substantial progress in slowing the epidemic among substance-abusing populations, new cases of HIV increasingly can be attributed directly to injecting drug use through contaminated needles or indirectly through sexual transmission. While many studies examine factors related to drug use practices and AIDS among young and middle-aged substance abusers, few studies have considered how HIV is contracted or experienced among older addicts. This article reviews what is known about HIV and older substance abusers with special emphasis on the age-related factors that shape the experience of AIDS for this population. Next, drawing on findings from the Partners in Community Health Project, the analysis explores factors that underlie older injectors' and other substance abusers' risk for HIV. Next, issues related to treatment of older HIV-positive injecting drug users are explored. Finally, priorities for future research are identified.
Multiculturalism and Social Integration in Europe
Authors: Dijkstra Steven , Geuijen Karin , de Ruijter Arie
Published: March 2007

In an era of increasing cultural diversity within nation-sates and the deterritorialization of cultures and peoples, the notion of a national citizenship signifying a single, homogenized culture shared by all citizens has become obsolete. A possible alternative is presented in which an uncoupling of nationality and culture would lead to open and equal communication between citizens and the development of transmigrants’ identities as members of a transnational and multicultural global society who may have ties with two or more nation-states.
Africa and International Relations: Regional Lessons for a Global Discourse
Authors: Nkiwane Tandeka C.
Published: March 2007

Case studies, theories, and examples from Africa are exceedingly rare in international relations. Indeed, examples from Africa are, at best, valued for their nuisance potential. This article argues that the study of international relations is limited by this interpretation of Africa, and by a larger ignorance of African contributions. Key debates on the African continent surrounding the central concepts of mainstream international relations, including the state, power, and self-determination, are interrogated with a view to expanding their use in contemporary international relations. The examples of apartheid South Africa, the African debate on political economy and development, and African perspectives on questions raised by the liberal paradigm, are used to illustrate the importance of the region to the more global discourses. In examining the important contribution of African scholarship to debates central to international relations, this article highlights the necessity for engaging African scholars in the broader discourses of international relations.
The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections
Authors: Schedler Andreas
Published: March 2007

In developing an analytical framework for the comparative study of processes of democratization by elections, this article first lays out the techniques of electoral manipulation authoritarian rulers employ to control electoral outcomes. It argues next that manipulated elections tend to trigger two-level games in which electoral competition is “nested” inside electoral reform, and outlines the causal interaction and strategic interdependence of the two levels. It describes the basic strategic choices and strategic dilemmas actors face in iterative cycles of conflict. It analyzes the uncertainties of results, relations of power, and strategic responses that characterize the game. Finally, it explains how actors may cope with its ambivalent and uncertain nature—they may devise “mixed” strategies or privilege one level of the game over the other.
Debate: Goods, Games, and Institutions—Part 1
Authors: Wallner Klaus
Published: March 2007

“Goods, Games, and Institutions” (Aggarwal and Dupont, 1999) models the provision of a public good in a static, simultaneous-move game. The authors allow for strategies where each player's action depends on what the rival does, which by the simultaneous-moves assumption it cannot know. Thus, the strategies are invalid, and this analytical flaw renders all main claims in the article invalid. Considering the appropriate strategies shows that if provision of the good is socially desirable and feasible, there are always cost-sharing Nash equilibria in which the good is provided. If the players can vary their levels of contribution, there exists a large number of cost-sharing equilibria with differing welfare characteristics. Within the model, the main role of institutions is not to ensure provision of the good, but to determine the individual cost burden. Lastly, the static normal form game framework is ill suited to capture the salient features of public goods provision in international relations.
Transnationalization, Socio-political Disorder, and Ethnification as Expressions of Declining Global Hegemony
Authors: Friedman Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the formation of new sodalities and solidarities in an era of increasing disorder in the world system. It attempts to show the way in which declining hegemony is linked to these new phenomena. Transnational movements of people are not, of course, particularly new and migration itself is no explanation for the increasing establishment of diasporas, for ethnification and ethnic/national conflict. Rather, it might be hypothesized that these phenomena are related to reidentifications that cross national boundaries, to sub- as well as transnational identity formations that challenge national identities and cause them to activate themselves. The result is a serious escalation of identity politics that has risen to alarming proportions. Migration has not led to ethnification. Rather, migration has become ethnified in a period in which assimilation and weaker forms of integration have failed. This is not, of course, a mere question of identity, but also a reordering of political and economic relations in the world arena.
The Troubled Triangle: Populism, Islam and Civil Society in the Arab World
Authors: Ibrahim Saad Eddin
Published: March 2007

Civil society in the Arab world has revitalized itself in the last two decades due to internal, regional, and international factors. Internally, new socio-economic formations have been growing steadily, as the autocratic and/or populist regimes have no longer been able to accommodate or completely suppress them. Regionally, protracted armed conflicts have weakened the state, exposed its impotence in managing such conflicts, and drained its resources. Meanwhile, other regional developments have unwittingly empowered new and old constituencies within each Arab state. Internationally, the patron-client relationship between Arab regimes and the two superpowers has either ended or been greatly altered. The global wave of democratization has also had its marked demonstration effect on the expanding Arab middle class. The responses by Arab regimes to their civil societies indicate as many prospects for further democratization as against it. The modernizing monarchies, namely of Jordan and Morocco, have impressively engineered a smooth transition toward more democratic governance. Their example may tilt the balance toward greater democratic prospects in the entire region, prospects that promise to enhance the peaceful settlement of some of the region's protracted conflicts while also growing in strength from such settlements.
Economic Circumstances and the Stability of Nonmarital Cohabitation
Authors: WU ZHENG , POLLARD MICHAEL S.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the first two waves of Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (1993 to 1994), this article examines the role of economic circumstances in cohabitation dissolution through legal marriage or union separation. Data are analyzed using discrete-time event history methods separately for women and men and for each of the competing exits. The results show economic deprivation contributes to union instability; an overall deterioration in household economic circumstances increases the risk of union separation. Conversely, for both cohabiting women and men, an increase in personal earnings raises the likelihood of union separation, indicative of an independence effect. Whereas semiprofessional and skilled women are more likely to dissolve their unions through separation, professional and semi-professional men are more apt to marry their partners. Furthermore, women with incomes below the low-income cut-off point are more likely to separate than women with higher incomes. Implications of these results are discussed.
Fertility Following Marital Dissolution
Authors: BROWN SUSAN L.
Published: March 2007

Surprisingly, nearly one third of all nonmarital births in the United States are to formerly married mothers. The author uses data from the National Survey of Families and Households to investigate the level and timing of such births as well as their determinants. Discrete time-event history analyses are used to evaluate the associations between various life course factors and postmarital childbearing. The present study improves on prior research by examining the role of postmarital cohabitation experience in fertility following marital dissolution. Postmarital cohabitation experience more than doubles the odds of having a postmarital birth. In fact, about 20% of postmarital births occur to cohabiting mothers.
Eldercare in the United States and South Korea
Authors: LEVANDE DIANE I. , HERRICK JOHN M. , SUNG KYU-TAIK
Published: March 2007

Despite a variety of differences in size, location, population characteristics, social organization, and cultural values and traditions, South Korea and the United States face dramatic increases in the numbers and proportions of older adults. Population aging raises profound questions about current and future eldercare arrangements in both countries. This article compares eldercare in the informal system of family caregiving and the formal system of government policies and public and private services in the United States and South Korea. Critical issues about changing conditions in each country and the impact of such changes for eldercare planning are addressed with attention to how the experiences of providing care for vulnerable elders in each country may be informative for the other.
Television's Role in Family Interaction
Authors: GOODMAN IRENE F.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to argue that exploring the role of television in family life is not solely a matter of studying its effects on family members; it also involves looking at TV as a phenomenon that serves a whole range of social purposes the study of which can shed light on general family functioning. In this review, existing theoretical models and research are discussed in order to show why a new model—family systems—is being proposed. The application of the family systems model to the arena of television use in the family is one that has not been previously explored. Emphasis will be placed on two family systems principles that are important in the study of the family's use of and interaction around television. Current measurement techniques will be examined to illustrate that a new approach, reflecting interaction and process, is needed. Components of a family systems model—structure, development, and adaptation—are adapted in order to discuss TV's function in the family. Suggestions for future research and implications for therapy are offered.
Family Care Providers
Authors: BIRENBAUM ARNOLD , RE MARY ANN
Published: March 2007

Family care providers for the developmentally disabled, like all role incumbents, must function with some degree of role performance ambiguity, and reconcile different expectations from role partners. Interviews were conducted with 20 caretakers and involved 51 open-ended questions. The discussion of the day-to-day management of this role focused on three inherent difficulties and mechanisms used by incumbents to cope with them: (1) a need to negotiate the altered relationship with the community at large that results from the voluntary assumption of the care of a stigmatized person; (2) the role strains resulting from the adoption of a natural parent analogy, the selection of which is almost inevitable, given the situation of foster care applicants; and (3) the necessity to manage the incompatibility of subordinating parent discretion to agency supervision, by means of redefining relations with the agency in the person of the case manager. The directions in which this conceptualization of the role of the family care provider might take this service are discussed, particularly in the light of other human service occupational ideologies.
Who Divorces and Why
Authors: KITSON GAY C. , BABRI KAREN BENSON , ROACH MARY JOAN
Published: March 2007

This review of recent literature on the whos and whys of divorce examines data on the frequency of divorce and research on the predivorce period. The still lingering emphasis on a pathological perspective to explain marital dissolution is posited as a reason for the focus of much of the divorce literature on demography rather than process or outcome. Societal and legal explanations for the increase in the divorce rate are explored. Demographic correlates, mental and physical health issues, and the reasons the divorced themselves give for the decision to end their marriages are reviewed. The article concludes with an examination of techniques and topic areas that would help move future research away from static descriptions and toward an integrated explanation of the divorce process.
Husband-Wife Interaction in Second Careers
Authors: LIEBERMAN LESLIE , LIEBERMAN LEONARD
Published: March 2007

A typology of husband-wife interaction is developed from interviews with 68 currently married artists age 50 or older who were engaged in art and craft fairs as a second career. The study provides an example of the linkages between work and family by indicating the extent to which the nature of work can influence the interactions of husbands and wives and the way in which husband-wife interactions can support work activities.
Wives' Orientation Toward Breadwinning
Authors: HAAS LINDA
Published: March 2007

In both Sweden and the United States, married women have the right to seek employment outside the home. American wives, however, are regarded as having the option of employment, while Swedish wives are urged to see themselves as obligated to bring in family income. The purpose of this article is to report research findings on the breadwinning orientation of Swedish and American working wives. Comparisons are made to see if Swedish wives have in fact adopted the breadwinning role more than their American counterparts. Factors associated with variations in employed wives' breadwinning orientation are also explored.
Effects of Children on Parental Sex-Role Orientation
Authors: GANONG LAWRENCE H. , COLEMAN MARILYN
Published: March 2007

The bidirectional approach to sex-role socialization provided the conceptual framework for determining if the sex-role self-concept of parents was affected more by the presence of sons than by the presence of daughters. The Bem Sex Role Inventory was administered to 153 parental dyads who had daughters only (n=41), sons only (n=41), or an equal number of both sons and daughters (n=71). Sex of child, especially sons, did appear to have an effect on parents' femininity. Fathers with sons have lower femininity scores than fathers with daughters only, and mothers with sons have higher femininity scores than mothers with daughters only.
A Comparison of Intimacy in First-Married and Remarried Couples
Authors: LARSON JEFFRY H. , ALLGOOD SCOT M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study reported here was to compare intimacy in first-married and remarried couples. Data gathered from 33 first-married and 33 remarried couples with the Waring Intimacy Questionnaire revealed no significant differences between first-marrieds and remarrieds on total intimacy scores and seven subscale scores. Only one type of intimacy—conflict resolution—was significantly lower among the remarrieds. A comparison of the intimacy scores of couples married one year with those married five years (all couples—both first-marrieds and remarrieds) revealed significant differences in total intimacy, affection, cohesion, compatibility, and expressiveness. However, among remarrieds only, no significant differences between those married one and five years were found.
Changes in Work-Family Connections Among Highly Educated Men and Women
Authors: COONEY TERESA M. , UHLENBERG PETER
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, work and family roles have been less compatible for women than for men. Census data are used to describe changes in the work-family connection between 1970 and 1980 for highly educated men and women, aged 30 to 39. The analyses reveal that despite educational and occupational advances for women during the 1970s, gender differences in the connection between work and family experiences remained substantial over the decade. Marriage and parenting continue to be positively associated with work involvement and rewards for men, but are related to persistent employment disadvantages for women. The traditional pattern of men marrying less educated women, which has remained the norm across the 20th century, is offered as one explanation for this enduring gender gap in work-family connections.
Stepfathers With Minor Children Living at Home
Authors: MARSIGLIO WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

This study uses data from the National Survey of Families and Households to examine stepfathers' perceptions about their stepfather role and the quality of their relationship with their oldest minor stepchild living at home. The sample includes 195 stepfathers coresiding with a spouse or nonlegal partner. Results indicate that these stepfathers have diverse perceptions about seven different aspects of the stepfather role. Almost 52% of stepfathers disagree at least somewhat with the notion that it is harder to love stepchildren than your own children while 33% report that it is at least somewhat true that they are more like a friend than a parent to their stepchildren. Stepfathers who (a) live with both step- and biological children in the same household, (b) become a father figure to younger children, and (c) are happy with their marital/cohabitating partner are most likely to report having “fatherlike” perceptions. These data do not support hypotheses that predict that family structure variables and child's gender will be significant predictors of stepfather-stepchild relationship quality. However, stepfathers who have more fatherlike perceptions, socialization values that emphasize conformity to external authority and obedience, and a wife/partner who has a positive relationship with her eldest child report having a more positive relationship with their stepchildren.
The Influence of Parental Support, Depressed Affect, and Peers on the Sexual Behaviors of Adolescent Girls
Authors: WHITBECK LES B. , CONGER RAND D. , KAO MEEI-YING
Published: March 2007

Using logitudinal data from self-reports and observer ratings of family interaction regarding 76 adolescent girls and their parents, this research investigated the effects of parental warmth and supportiveness on adolescents' depressed affect, attitudes about sexuality, peer influence, and sexual experience. The results indicated that girls with more emotionally distant parents were more likely to manifest symptoms of depression. Depressed affect, in turn, was associated with sexually permissive attitudes and having sexually active friends. Although there was a weak direct effect of Time 1 depressed affect on Time 2 sexual experience, the predominant influence on adolescent girls' sexual activity at Year 2 was their perception that their friends were sexually active during the previous year. The authors concluded that the effects of peer influence were due, in part, to the influence of the emotional climate of the girls' families.
Children in Single-Father Families in Demographic Perspective
Authors: EGGEBEEN DAVID J. , SNYDER ANASTASIA R. , MANNING WENDY D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the other (much more neglected) single-parent family type: those single-parent families headed by fathers. We use specially constructed child files from the 1960-1990 Public Use Microdata Samples data from the Census of Population to address two general questions: (a) To what extent has both the likelihood and the demographic characteristics of these families changed over time? (b) What are the consequences for children of living in different kinds of father-only families? We find that single-father families are comparatively rare, but increasing rapidly, especially since 1980. Increasingly, these families are formed by fathers who are young, never married, with low incomes, and fewer children. Analysis of the 1990 data reveal wide diversity in living arrangements among children in single-father families. Furthermore, the social capital of children's fathers, the availability of adults, and children's economic well-being vary markedly across these types of families.
An Overview of Less Commonly Taught Languages in the United States
Authors: Janus Louis
Published: March 2007

"Critical, rare, uncommon, neglected, exotic, strategic" are a few of the many terms that are used to describe languages as diverse as Amharic, Chinese, and Zulu. The author prefers the value-free and descriptive term "less commonly taught languages" (or LCTLs), in which he includes all human languages with the exception of English, French, German, and Spanish.
Foreign Language and Culture: Some Background and Some Ideas on Teaching
Authors: Fiorito Concetta
Published: March 2007

Foreign language learning offers teachers a great opportunity to help students become aware of different viewpoints; they learn to see the connections and relationships between foreign language Learning and culture learning.
Accommodations for Students with Disabilities: Removing Barriers to Learning
Authors: Byrnes MaryAnn
Published: March 2007

Secondary schoot principals frequently encounter questions about edu cating students with disabilities. Sometimes the questions revolve around seeking a deeper understanding of the disability and the best way to meet student needs. Other times, the questions focus on all the changes that must be made to ensure students receive an appropriate education. What questions do teachers ask about accommodations for students with a disability?
Avoiding the Pitfalls of Failing to Implement an IEP: Tips for Secondary School Principals and Guidance Counselors
Authors: Bugaj Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

This article identifies the major reasons why IEPs are not always imple mented as written, and describes the preventive steps that one Pennsylvania school district took to guarantee that all high school spe cial education students receive the services listed on their IEP.
Project P-BLISS: an Experiment in Curriculum for Gifted Disadvantaged High School Students
Authors: Gallagher Shelagh A.
Published: March 2007

Gifted disadvantaged students hide in the regular classroom with no reason to show what they can do, and many reasons why staying hid den seems like a good idea. Ultimately, the failure to find these stu dents and meet their needs is an enormous loss both to the individual student and to society. How can schools counteract the deterrents to achievement disadvantaged gifted students face?
Revisiting an Old Friend: this We Believe
Authors: Nevens Sandy
Published: March 2007

In This We Believe, a position paper of the National Middle School Association revised in 1995, 12 beliefs were identified that would "clarify a vision that will guide the decisions of those responsible for determining young adolescent educational programs..." Middle schools throughout the country have used these beliefs as guidelines in creat ing a vision and promoting change in their schools.
Class Size: Major Implications for School Leaders
Authors: Murray Gloria J.
Published: March 2007

A great deal of national attention, time, and money has been given to class size reduction in the United States recently. Even though the effects of class size have been studied since the early part of this cen tury, it is only recently that the issue has arrived at the right place and time in terms of school improvement and national politics. What are the implications for the principal?
Instructional Technology Academy: Empowering Teachers To Lead Instructional Change
Authors: Kalmbacher Staci , Maxson Diane
Published: March 2007

U.S. school systems are spending an ever-increasing amount on educa tionat technology. The Milken Exchange's Technology Counts '99 reports that from 1995 to 1999 there was an 87 percent increase in the aver age amount of state funding per student allotted for technology. But are schools spending it in the right places?
A New High School Design Focused on Student Performance: Part II
Authors: Codding Judy B. , Tucker Marc S.
Published: March 2007

Major changes are needed in high school classrooms in terms of what is taught, how it is taught, and how it is assessed, but these changes cannot be made classroom by classroom. They require major changes in the school as a whole—in its leadership, management, and organiza tion; in its climate, ethos, and priorities; in the way it uses the money and human resources available to it; in the things it values and its aspirations for its students.
Distance Learning: A Principal's Perspective on a New Kind of Graduate Program
Authors: Susko JoAnn
Published: March 2007

What is distance learning? Is this something more than a mail order degree? Is this graduate program simply a correspondence course—an easy way to earn a master's degree? What do teachers actually learn? Is there any transfer of learning to what they actually do in the class room ?
Portrait of the “Ideal Principal”: Context and Self
Authors: Hausman Charles S. , Crow Gary M. , Sperry David J.
Published: March 2007

An idealized view of the principal's role ignores both the importance that context plays and the unique and dynamic quality of individual principals. Yet, there are three things that good principals do: understand the context, understand themselves, and focus on what is best for students. This article identifies the major community, school, and reform contexts in which principals work and discusses components of self-understanding that are important to enacting the role in a reform setting.
Recruiting and Developing Candidates for Principal
Authors: Kirkpatrick Richard
Published: March 2007

The selection process for principalship is the most significant factor in assuring quality candidates. Programs are available that focus on training and development in administration, communication, and technology. This article explains the Kentucky Principal Internship program, a collaborative effort of the Jefferson County Public School District and the University of Louisville.
The Power of Leadership in a Global Environment
Authors: Flanary Richard A. , Terehoff Irina I.
Published: March 2007

It is important for educational leaders to have a clear vision of the role of the school in today's complex world. Principals who look for opportunities beyond the United States and learn about American societal relationships from a global distance will be better able to provide proper stewardship of the most valued resources in education—teachers and students.
Who's Teaching Whom? Building a Culture of Learning in Your School
Authors: Mawhinney Thomas S.
Published: March 2007

A critical problem in American high schools is the lack of collegiality among teachers. This article relates a personal experience in the development of the “Teacher Learning Groups” model in which staff lead sessions on a topic of interest or expertise.
Student Voices: A Report from Focus Group Data
Authors: Kruse Sharon
Published: March 2007

Academic experiences of middle level, high school, and college students from both public and private schools were examined. Seventy-one participants from midwestern urban and rural communities reported their observations within the context of reform. Points discussed include instructional method, quality of teaching, school safety, and further implications.
Teaching Portfolios for Support of Teachers’ Professional Growth
Authors: Riggs Iris M. , Sandlin Ruth A.
Published: March 2007

Using standards-based teaching portfolios can prompt teachers to fully consider their range of professional abilities. Portfolios can enhance formative, summative, and self-assessment, and can make the teaching experience more tangible and permanent for novice and veteran teachers.
Results-Based Professional Development
Authors: Burke Kay
Published: March 2007

Departing from the traditional inservice model of professional development, a new results-based program supports a more focused and individualized growth plan. This approach encourages a community of learners in which teachers are motivated and empowered to improve the quality of education.
Facilitating the Transitions of Secondary English Language Learners: Priorities for Principals
Authors: Lucas Tamara
Published: March 2007

English language learners (ELLs) constitute a growing proportion of secondary school students in the United States. Their lives are complicated by the fact that they are in the midst of developmental, sociocultural, and institutional transitions. This article proposes six priorities for principals who seek to facilitate the transitions of ELLs into, through, and beyond secondary school.
Involving Students in Communicating About Their Learning
Authors: Davies Anne
Published: March 2007

There are short-term and long-term benefits to creating opportunities for students to present themselves as learners. This article describes four essential characteristics of successful communication and offers specific ways in which teachers can increase student communication about their learning.
Principal Support Essential for Retaining Special Educators
Authors: Ax Mary , Conderman Greg , Stephens J. Todd
Published: March 2007

Principals play a crucial role in the level of job satisfaction and the retention of special educators. This article highlights issues surrounding the need for administrative support, especially for teachers of children with emotional and/or behavioral disabilities (ED/BD).
Building Validity and Reliability into Classroom Tests
Authors: Weller L. David
Published: March 2007

Suggests that successful and effective assessments are gained using formal and informal evaluative techniques. Discusses the two types of assessments and suggests ways teachers can ensure content validity when devising their own tests for classroom use.
Tell-Tale Signs of the Inquiry-Oriented Classroom
Authors: Drayton Brian , Falk Joni
Published: March 2007

The rapid expansion of knowledge in all science domains, and the provisional nature of much new knowledge, present the science curriculum with several important challenges. The inquiry-based classroom approach is designed to struggle with the difficulties of the subject in a way that reflects best current understanding about teaching and learning. This article describes the features that characterize student and teacher roles and tasks in a classroom that is representative of a culture of inquiry. Suggestions for principals are included.