bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of nanometric TiO2 in aqueous solution by soft chemistry: obtaining of anatase, brookite and rutile with controlled shapes
Authors: Koelsch Magali , Cassaignon Sophie , Jolivet Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2012

Nanometric particles of titania, exhibiting anatase, brookite or rutile polymorphs, were synthesized by thermohydrolysis of TiCl4 in aqueous medium. The adjustement of physico-chemical parameters (acidity, ionic strength, anions, temperature) allows to tune the crystalline structure, the size and the morphology of the particles. Brookite results from the precipitation of titanium in HCl, HBr or HNO3 whereas anatase is formed in H2SO4 medium. Adding salts in HCl medium leads to ionic strength or complexation effect. Varying the temperature of thermohydrolysis implies modification on yield, size and morphology of the particles.
Epitaxial Chemical Deposition of ZnO Nanocolumns from NaOH Solutions
Authors: Peterson Renee B. , Fields Clark L. , Gregg Brian A.
Published: September 2012

A new method of depositing epitaxial ZnO nanocolumns on sputter-coated ZnO substrates is described that utilizes supersaturated zincate species in sodium hydroxide solutions and requires no complexing agents. Uniform arrays of columns are grown reproducibly over entire substrates in 10 to 50 min. Columns are 50 to 2000 nm long and 50 to 100 nm wide. Strict substrate cleaning and/or preparations are not necessary with this method, in contrast to many other techniques. Films grow only on substrates pre-coated with ZnO, not on bare glass or ITOor SnO2-coated glass. Factors affecting the column growth are elucidated and experimental observations are correlated with crystal growth theory.
Characterization of Vapor Deposited, NanoStructured Membranes
Authors: Jankowski Alan F. , Cherepy Nerine J. , Ferreira James. L. , Hayes Jeffrey P.
Published: September 2012

The vapor deposition methods of planar magnetron sputtering and electron-beam evaporation are used to synthesize materials with nanostructured morphological features that have ultra-high surface areas with continuous open porosity at the nanoscale. These nanostructured membranes are used in a variety of fuel cells to provide electrode and catalytic functions. Specifically, stand alone and composite nickel electrodes for use in thin film solid-oxide, and molten carbonate fuel cells are formed by sputter deposition and electron beam evaporation, respectively. Also, a potentially high-performance catalyst material for the direct reformation of hydrocarbon fuels at low temperatures is deposited as a nanostructure by the reactive sputtering of a copper-zinc alloy using a partial pressure of oxygen at an elevated substrate temperature.
THE EFFECTS OF VERBAL OPERANT TRAINING AND RESPONSE INTERRUPTION AND REDIRECTION ON APPROPRIATE AND INAPPROPRIATE VOCALIZATIONS
Authors: Colón Candice L. , Ahearn William H. , Clark Kathleen M. , Masalsky Jessica
Published: September 2012

Past research has shown that response interruption and redirection (RIRD) can effectively decrease automatically reinforced motor behavior (Hagopian & Adelinis, 2001). Ahearn, Clark, MacDonald, and Chung (2007) found that a procedural adaptation of RIRD reduced vocal stereotypy and increased appropriate vocalizations for some children, although appropriate vocalizations were not targeted directly. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of directly targeting appropriate language (i.e., verbal operant training) on vocal stereotypy and appropriate speech in 3 children with an autism spectrum disorder. The effects of verbal operant (i.e., tact) training were evaluated in a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across participants. In addition, RIRD was implemented with 2 of the 3 participants to further decrease levels of vocal stereotypy. Verbal operant training alone produced slightly lower levels of stereotypy and increased appropriate vocalizations for all 3 participants; however, RIRD was required to produce acceptably low levels of stereotypy for 2 of the 3 participants.
AN ANALYSIS OF MODIFICATIONS TO THE THREE‐STEP GUIDED COMPLIANCE PROCEDURE NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE COMPLIANCE AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Wilder David A. , Myers Kristin , Fischetti Anthony , Leon Yanerys , Nicholson Katie , Allison Janelle
Published: September 2012

After a 3‐step guided compliance procedure (vocal prompt, vocal plus model prompt, vocal prompt plus physical guidance) did not increase compliance, we evaluated 2 modifications with 4 preschool children who exhibited noncompliance. The first modification consisted of omission of the model prompt, and the second modification consisted of omitting the model prompt and decreasing the interprompt interval from 10 s to 5 s. Each of the modifications effectively increased compliance for 1 participant. For the remaining 2 participants, neither modification was effective; differential reinforcement in the form of contingent access to a preferred edible item was necessary to increase compliance. Problem behavior varied across participants, but was generally higher during guided compliance conditions and lower during differential reinforcement conditions.
AN EVALUATION OF PROGRESSIVELY INCREASING INTERTRIAL INTERVALS ON THE ACQUISITION AND GENERALIZATION OF THREE SOCIAL SKILLS
Authors: Francisco Monica T. , Hanley Gregory P.
Published: September 2012

We evaluated the effects of different intertrial intervals (ITIs; time between programmed learning opportunities) on the acquisition and generalization of 2 preschoolers' social skills. Independent and generalized skills were observed only when the daily ITI was gradually increased from short to progressively longer intervals.
USING HIGH‐PROBABILITY FOODS TO INCREASE THE ACCEPTANCE OF LOW‐PROBABILITY FOODS
Authors: Meier Aimee E. , Fryling Mitch J. , Wallace Michele D.
Published: September 2012

Studies have evaluated a range of interventions to treat food selectivity in children with autism and related developmental disabilities. The high‐probability instructional sequence is one intervention with variable results in this area. We evaluated the effectiveness of a high‐probability sequence using 3 presentations of a preferred food on increasing acceptance in a child with autism who refused a few specific foods. The high‐probability sequence increased acceptance of 3 foods. We then systematically faded the intervention for 2 foods.
A COMPARISON OF INTRAVERBAL TRAINING PROCEDURES FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Kodak Tiffany , Fuchtman Rashea , Paden Amber
Published: September 2012

We compared the effectiveness of three training procedures, echoic and tact prompting plus error correction and a cues‐pause‐point (CPP) procedure, for increasing intraverbals in 2 children with autism. We also measured echoic behavior that may have interfered with appropriate question answering. Results indicated that echoic prompting with error correction was most effective and the CPP procedure was least effective for increasing intraverbals and decreasing echoic behavior.
VOUCHER‐BASED REINFORCEMENT FOR ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE USING THE ETHYL‐GLUCURONIDE ALCOHOL BIOMARKER
Authors: Mcdonell Michael G. , Howell Donelle N. , Mcpherson Sterling , Cameron Jennifer M. , Srebnik Debra , Roll John M. , Ries Richard K.
Published: September 2012

This study assessed the effects of a contingency management (CM) intervention for alcohol consumption in 10 alcohol‐dependent participants. An ABCA design was used. Vouchers were provided contingent on results of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) urine tests (an alcohol biomarker with a 2‐day detection period) and alcohol breath tests during the C phase. The percentage of negative urines was 35% during the first baseline phase, 69% during the C phase, and 20% during the return‐to‐baseline phase. Results suggest that EtG urine tests may be a feasible method to deliver CM to promote alcohol abstinence.
TEACHING COIN DISCRIMINATION TO CHILDREN WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS
Authors: Hanney Nicole M. , Tiger Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2012

We taught 2 children with visual impairments to select a coin from an array using tactile cues after hearing its name and then to select a coin after hearing its value. Following the acquisition of these listener (receptive language) skills, we then observed the emergence of speaker (expressive language) skills without direct instruction.
REDUCING COVERT SELF‐INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY AUTOMATIC REINFORCEMENT THROUGH A VARIABLE MOMENTARY DRO PROCEDURE
Authors: Toussaint Karen A. , Tiger Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2012

Covert self‐injurious behavior (i.e., behavior that occurs in the absence of other people) can be difficult to treat. Traditional treatments typically have involved sophisticated methods of observation and often have employed positive punishment procedures. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a variable momentary differential reinforcement contingency in the treatment of covert self‐injury. Neither positive punishment nor extinction was required to produce decreased skin picking.
TEACHING CHILDREN WITH AUTISM TO SEEK HELP WHEN LOST IN PUBLIC
Authors: Bergstrom Ryan , Najdowski Adel C. , Tarbox Jonathan
Published: September 2012

Children with autism may not develop safety skills (e.g., help‐seeking behaviors) without explicit teaching. One potentially hazardous situation is when a child with autism becomes separated from caregivers in a retail establishment or other public setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a treatment package (rules, role playing, and praise) delivered in the natural environment for teaching 3 boys with autism to seek assistance from store employees when they became lost. Treatment was effective, and help‐seeking behaviors generalized to untrained stores for all participants.
EFFECTS OF BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING ON PARENTAL TREATMENT OF CHILDREN'S FOOD SELECTIVITY
Authors: Seiverling Laura , Williams Keith , Sturmey Peter , Hart Sadie
Published: September 2012

We used behavioral skills training to teach parents of 3 children with autism spectrum disorder and food selectivity to conduct a home‐based treatment package that consisted of taste exposure, escape extinction, and fading. Parent performance following training improved during both taste sessions and probe meals and was reflected in increases in children's acceptance of bites and decreases in their disruptive behavior. Parents also reported that increases in diet variety were maintained at follow‐up.
EFFECTS OF TEXT MESSAGED SELF‐MONITORING ON CLASS ATTENDANCE AND PUNCTUALITY OF AT‐RISK COLLEGE STUDENT ATHLETES
Authors: Bicard David F. , Lott Valorie , Mills Jessica , Bicard Sara , Baylot‐Casey Laura
Published: September 2012

This study examined the effects of text messaging class arrival to an academic counselor on the attendance and punctuality of 4 college student athletes. Each participant had a history of class tardiness and was considered to be at risk for academic failure. Class attendance and punctuality improved for all participants.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF A CHINESE TUTORING PACKAGE
Authors: Wu Hang , Miller L. Keith
Published: September 2012

This experiment evaluated the effects of training tutors to use an instructional package to teach pronunciation and translation of the Chinese language. Tutors' correct use of the package increased from 68% of trials to 92% after training, and student correct pronunciation increased from 45% to 90%, with similar effects for translation. Continued use of the package, high social validity, and extended follow‐up suggest that use of the package may be sustainable.
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH‐PREFERENCE PROBLEMS ON THE COMPLETION OF NONPREFERRED MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS
Authors: Lee David L. , Lylo Brooke , Vostal Brooks , Hua Youjia
Published: September 2012

Failure to initiate and remain engaged in academic tasks can have long‐lasting effects for students. In this study, we investigated the effects of high‐preference sequences on both digits correct per minute and latency to initiate nonpreferred mathematics problems for 3 students with emotional and behavioral disorders. We found that high‐preference sequences had negligible positive effects on rate of problem completion but had larger effects on problem initiation. This study replicates and extends prior work on the effects of high‐preference sequences on mathematics problem initiation and completion.
REVIEW OF HEYMAN'S ADDICTION: A DISORDER OF CHOICE
Authors: Kurti Allison N. , Dallery Jesse
Published: September 2012

Gene Heyman's Addiction: A Disorder of Choice (2009) advances the important, albeit controversial, view that addiction is not a chronic, relapsing brain disease, but instead is an example of typical everyday choice that is both voluntary and self‐destructive. This review highlights Heyman's arguments for conceptualizing addiction as choice and discusses the utility of the treatment implications that are derived from the melioration model in which Heyman frames addiction. Self‐control and behavioral economics are presented as additional complementary frameworks for understanding addiction as choice, from which pragmatic, evidence‐based treatments for addiction (e.g., contingency management) might more easily be derived.
ELIMINATION OF POSITION‐BIASED RESPONDING IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
Authors: Bourret Jason C. , Iwata Brian A. , Harper Jill M. , North Stephen T.
Published: September 2012

Five individuals with autism or other developmental disabilities participated in paired‐stimulus preference assessments during repeated baseline probes. All subjects initially showed a pronounced bias by typically selecting the stimulus placed in either the left or right position. Biased responding for 3 subjects was eliminated when training trials were conducted in which a stimulus of known lesser quality was presented as one of the choices. Reinforcer‐quality training was unsuccessful for 2 subjects, as was a condition in which reinforcer magnitude was modified to favor unbiased responding. These subjects' biased responding was eliminated only when a correction procedure (repetition of error trials) was implemented.
THE EMERGENCE OF UNTRAINED MANDS AND TACTS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Finn Heather E. , Miguel Caio F. , Ahearn William H.
Published: September 2012

Despite Skinner's (1957) assertion that verbal operants are initially functionally independent, recent studies have suggested that in some cases the acquisition of one verbal operant (e.g., mand) gives rise to the other (e.g., tact) without explicit training. The present study aimed to evaluate the functional independence of mands and tacts during instruction with children with autism. Four boys with autism (3 to 6 years old) were taught to construct two 4‐piece structures. Two participants were taught directly to mand, whereas the other 2 were taught to tact the names of the pieces. The effects of training were evaluated in a multiple probe design across verbal operants and tasks. Three of the 4 participants demonstrated an immediate transfer of control from 1 verbal operant to the other. These results were consistent with previous research with typically developing young children.
COMPARING THE TEACHING INTERACTION PROCEDURE TO SOCIAL STORIES FOR PEOPLE WITH AUTISM
Authors: Leaf Justin B. , Oppenheim‐Leaf Misty L. , Call Nikki A. , Sheldon Jan B. , Sherman James A. , Taubman Mitchell , McEachin John , Dayharsh Jamison , Leaf Ronald
Published: September 2012

This study compared social stories and the teaching interaction procedure to teach social skills to 6 children and adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder. Researchers taught 18 social skills with social stories and 18 social skills with the teaching interaction procedure within a parallel treatment design. The teaching interaction procedure resulted in mastery of all 18 skills across the 6 participants. Social stories, in the same amount of teaching sessions, resulted in mastery of 4 of the 18 social skills across the 6 participants. Participants also displayed more generalization of social skills taught with the teaching interaction procedure to known adults and peers.
A COMPUTER‐BASED PROGRAM TO TEACH BRAILLE READING TO SIGHTED INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Scheithauer Mindy C. , Tiger Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2012

Instructors of the visually impaired need efficient braille‐training methods. This study conducted a preliminary evaluation of a computer‐based program intended to teach the relation between braille characters and English letters using a matching‐to‐sample format with 4 sighted college students. Each participant mastered matching visual depictions of the braille alphabet to their printed‐word counterparts. Further, each participant increased the number of words they read in a braille passage following this training. These gains were maintained at variable levels on a maintenance probe conducted 2 to 4 weeks after training.
AN EVALUATION OF THE STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE PARADIGM TO TEACH SINGLE‐SUBJECT DESIGN TO DISTANCE EDUCATION STUDENTS VIA BLACKBOARD
Authors: Walker Brooke D. , Rehfeldt Ruth Anne
Published: September 2012

The purpose of the current study was to examine the degree to which instruction based on stimulus equivalence procedures could be used to teach single‐subject design methodology to graduate‐level professionals through a Web‐based course management system known as Blackboard (see http:www.blackboard.com). Specifically, we used the stimulus equivalence paradigm to teach relations among the names, definitions, graphical representations of the designs, and two practical scenarios of when it would be appropriate to implement each design. Most participants demonstrated the emergence of untaught relations, and some participants showed generalization to novel vignettes and graphs. Relations largely were not maintained at follow‐up but were retaught.
INCREASING ACCURATE PREFERENCE ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH PYRAMIDAL TRAINING
Authors: Pence Sacha T. , Peter Claire C. , Tetreault Allison S.
Published: September 2012

Preference assessments directly evaluate items that may serve as reinforcers, and their implementation is an important skill for individuals who work with children. This study examined the effectiveness of pyramidal training on teachers' implementation of preference assessments. During Experiment 1, 3 special education teachers taught 6 trainees to conduct paired‐choice, multiple‐stimulus without replacement, and free‐operant preference assessments. All trainees acquired skills necessary to implement preference assessments with 90% or greater accuracy during the training sessions and demonstrated generalization of skills to their classrooms or clinic. During Experiment 2, 5 teachers who served as trainees in Experiment 1 trained 18 preschool teachers. All preschool teachers met the mastery criterion following training. Training teachers to implement preference assessments may increase teachers' acceptance and use of behavior‐analytic procedures in school settings.
PROGRESSING FROM IDENTIFICATION AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PRECURSOR BEHAVIOR TO TREATMENT OF SELF‐INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR
Authors: Dracobly Joseph D. , Smith Richard G.
Published: September 2012

This multiple‐study experiment evaluated the utility of assessing and treating severe self‐injurious behavior (SIB) based on the outcomes of a functional analysis of precursor behavior. In Study 1, a precursor to SIB was identified using descriptive assessment and conditional probability analyses. In Study 2, a functional analysis of precursor behavior was conducted. Finally, Study 3 evaluated the effects of a treatment in which precursor behavior produced the maintaining variable identified in the precursor functional analysis. Studies 1 and 3 were conducted in two settings in the participant's natural environment, where data collection was ongoing throughout the course of the study. Results showed that it was possible to identify a precursor to infrequent but severe SIB, that a functional analysis of precursor behavior suggested a clear operant function, and that treatment based on the results of the precursor functional analysis reduced SIB in the natural environment.
A TUTORIAL ON THE USE OF EXCEL 2010 AND EXCEL FOR MAC 2011 FOR CONDUCTING DELAY‐DISCOUNTING ANALYSES
Authors: Reed Derek D. , Kaplan Brent A. , Brewer Adam T.
Published: September 2012

In recent years, researchers and practitioners in the behavioral sciences have profited from a growing literature on delay discounting. The purpose of this article is to provide readers with a brief tutorial on how to use Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and Excel for Mac 2011 to analyze discounting data to yield parameters for both the hyperbolic discounting model and area under the curve. This tutorial is intended to encourage the quantitative analysis of behavior in both research and applied settings by readers with relatively little formal training in nonlinear regression.
SCRIPT FADING TO PROMOTE UNSCRIPTED BIDS FOR JOINT ATTENTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Pollard Joy S. , Betz Alison M. , Higbee Thomas S.
Published: September 2012

We used a script‐fading procedure to teach 3 children with autism to initiate bids for joint attention. We examined the effects of (a) scripts, (b) varied adult scripted responses, and (c) multiple‐exemplar script training on promoting unscripted language during bids for joint attention. All 3 participants learned to initiate bids for joint attention, and the response generalized to untrained stimuli, conversation partners, and the classroom environment.
EFFECTS OF ACCESS TO A STIMULATING OBJECT ON INFANT BEHAVIOR DURING TUMMY TIME
Authors: Kadey Heather J. , Roane Henry S.
Published: September 2012

Placing infants in a prone position for “tummy time” often is recommended to ensure appropriate infant development and to combat the effects associated with infants spending extended periods of time in a supine position. However, tummy time may be associated with inappropriate infant behavior such as crying and noncompliance. We provided continuous access to a preferred stimulus to decrease negative vocalizations and to increase the duration of an infant's head being elevated during tummy time.
THE EFFECTS OF VIDEO MODELING WITH VOICEOVER INSTRUCTION ON ACCURATE IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCRETE‐TRIAL INSTRUCTION
Authors: Vladescu Jason C. , Carroll Regina , Paden Amber , Kodak Tiffany M.
Published: September 2012

The present study replicates and extends previous research on the use of video modeling (VM) with voiceover instruction to train staff to implement discrete‐trial instruction (DTI). After staff trainees reached the mastery criterion when teaching an adult confederate with VM, they taught a child with a developmental disability using DTI. The results showed that the staff trainees' accurate implementation of DTI remained high, and both child participants acquired new skills. These findings provide additional support that VM may be an effective method to train staff members to conduct DTI.
EFFECTS OF A MOTIVATING OPERATION MANIPULATION ON THE MAINTENANCE OF MANDS
Authors: O'Rreilly Mark , Aguilar Jeannie , Fragale Christina , Lang Russell , Edrisinha Chaturi , Sigafoos Jeff , Lancioni Giulio , Didden Robert
Published: September 2012

We assessed the maintenance of newly acquired mands under presession reinforcer access (reinforcer efficacy abolished) and no presession reinforcer access (reinforcer efficacy established) conditions with 3 children with autism spectrum disorder. Results suggested that the no presession access condition established the value of the reinforcer and evoked responding relative to the presession access condition. Results are discussed in the context of implications for assessing maintenance of previously acquired skills.
EVALUATION OF A SELF‐INSTRUCTION PACKAGE FOR CONDUCTING STIMULUS PREFERENCE ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Graff Richard B. , Karsten Amanda M.
Published: September 2012

Research suggests that inexperienced individuals cannot accurately implement stimulus preference assessments given written instructions alone. Training that includes written instructions supplemented with feedback from a professional with expertise in conducting preference assessments has proven effective; unfortunately, expert‐facilitated direct training may not be widely available. In the current study, we used multiple baseline designs to evaluate the efficacy of an antecedent‐only self‐instructional package to train staff members to implement two methods of stimulus preference assessments. Accuracy was low when participants had access to written instructions alone. When access to enhanced written instructions was provided (i.e., technical jargon was minimized; instructions included pictures, diagrams, and step‐by‐step examples), inexperienced staff accurately implemented the assessments. Results are discussed in terms of opportunities to disseminate behavior‐analytic technologies through self‐instruction and print resources.
COMPARISON OF UPRIGHT AND FLIPPED SPOON PRESENTATIONS TO GUIDE TREATMENT OF FOOD REFUSAL
Authors: Sharp William G. , Odom Ashley , Jaquess David L.
Published: September 2012

The current study examined the effects of bite placement with a flipped versus upright spoon on expulsion and mouth clean (product measure of swallowing) in the treatment of 3 children diagnosed with a pediatric feeding disorder and oral‐motor deficits. For all 3 participants, extinction in the form of nonremoval of the spoon led to improvements in inappropriate mealtime behavior and acceptance of bites; however, re‐presentation did not reduce expulsion or improve mouth clean. Results showed a lower level of expulsion and higher percentage of mouth clean during flipped spoon presentations and re‐presentations for all participants. Findings from follow‐up analyses supported transitioning back to an upright spoon in all 3 cases, although the time required for this to occur differed across participants.
USING A CHASER TO DECREASE PACKING IN CHILDREN WITH FEEDING DISORDERS
Authors: Vaz Petula C. M. , Piazza Cathleen C. , Stewart Victoria , Volkert Valerie M. , Groff Rebecca A. , Patel Meeta R.
Published: September 2012

Packing is a problematic mealtime behavior that is characterized by pocketing or holding solids or liquids in the mouth without swallowing. In the current study, we examined the effects of a chaser, a liquid or solid consistently accepted and swallowed by the child, to decrease packing of solid foods in 3 children with feeding disorders. During the chaser procedure, the therapist presented the chaser immediately for 2 children or 15 s after each bite presentation for 1 child. The chaser was effective in decreasing packing for all 3 children. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical importance of the findings and directions for future research.
Microcystin-LR in surface water of Ponjavica river
Authors: Natic Dejan , Jovanovic Dragana , Knezevic Tanja , Karadzic Vesna , Bulat Zorica , Matovic Vesna
Published: September 2012

Background/Aim. Cyanobacterial toxins befall a group of various compounds
according to chemical structure and health effects on people and animals. The
most significant in this large group of compounds are microcystins. Their
presence in water used for human consumption causes serious health problems,
liver beeing the target organ. Microcystins are spread all over the world.
Waterblooms of cyanobacterias and their cyanotoxins are also common in the
majority of surface waters in Serbia. The aim of this study was to propose
HPLC method for determination of mikrocystin-LR, to validate the method and
to use it for determination of microcystin-LR in the surface water of the
river Ponjavica. The Ponjavica is very eutrophic water and has ideal
conditions for the cyanobacterial growth. Methods. Sample of water form the
Ponjavica river were collected during the summer 2008. Coupled columns (HLB,
Sep-Pak), were used for sample preparation and HPLC/PDA method was used for
quantification of microcystin- LR. Results. Parameters of validation show
that the proposed method is simple, fast, sensitive (0.1 mg/L) and selective
with the yield of 89%-92%. The measuring uncertainty of ?? 5% was obtained.
The obtained results for surface water show that microcystin concentration
reached the maximum level during August and September (1.5 ?g/L). The value
is higher than maximum allowable concentration of microcystin in drinking
water (1 ?g/L) proposed by WHO. Conclusion. This study contributes to the
issue of pollution of the National Park Ponjavica. Besides, literature data
and WHO clearly point out harmfulness of cyanobasterias and their toxins and
implicate the necessity of legislation concerning determination and
monitoring of these toxins in our country. Method used for quentification of
mycrocystin-LR was shown to be sensitive, selective, rapid and simple and
could be recommended for routine determination of this toxin.
Evaluation of the quality of life in patients with segmental dystonia
Authors: Basurovic Natasa , Svetel Marina , Pekmezovic Tatjana , Kostic Vladimir
Published: September 2012

Background/Aim. Segmental dystonia is an abnormal movement, characterized by
involuntary, sustained and repetitive muscular contractions, causing twisting
and abnormal posturing of two or more adjacent body parts. It is not a
life-reducing condition, but it deteriorates physical, mental and social
functioning. The aim of the study was to define the basic demographic and
clinical characteristics of patients with segmental dystonia and to estimate
their quality of life. Methods. The study included patients treated at the
Clinic for Neurology - Clinical Center of Serbia (Department for Involuntary
Movements). The patients with idiopathic segmental dystonia fulfilled the
following questionnaires: general questionnaire, standard questionnaire for
estimation of the quality of life SF 36, a list of questionnaires related to
disease, and social participation scales. Statistical analysis involving the
methods of descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis was used for
predictive values of the characteristics. Results. The study included 28
patients with segmental dystonia, the mean age of 53.1 ? 15.8 years. Analysis
of SF 36 questionnaire item domains showed that patients with segmental
dystonia had the lowest score in the domain of body pain (30.6 ? 28.2) and
the highest in the domain of physical function (73.6 ? 19.6). Higher values
of the scale of the disease severity (?= -0.526, 95% CI -4.719, -0.996; p =
0.0004) and Hamilton depression scale (?= - 0.498, 95% CI -1.295, -0.227; p =
0.0007) were more significant predictors of low quality of life. Higher value
of the Leisure activities scale (?= 0.611, 95% CI 0.242, 0.772; p = 0.001)
was a significant predictor of better quality of life. Conclusion. The most
important predictors of low quality of life in patients with segmental
dystonia were disease severity, low acceptance of illness, depression and low
self-esteem.
Association between chronic periodontitis and serum lipid levels
Authors: Pejcic Ana , Kesic Ljiljana , Ilic Stevan , Pesic Zoran , Mirkovic Dimitrije
Published: September 2012

Background/Aim. Periodontitis is a local inflammatory process mediating
destruction of periodontal tissues triggered by bacterial insult. However,
this disease is also characterized by systemic inflammatory host responses
that may contrbute, in part, to the recently reported increased risk for
systemic diseases, including an altered lipid metabolism. On the other hand,
many people in the world are affected by hyperlipidemia, which is a known
risk faktor for atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the
relationship between periodontal disease and blood lipid levels. Methods. A
total of 50 patients with periodontitis included in this study had no
documented history of recent acute coronary events. The healthy,
non-periodontal subjects (comparison group) comprised 25 subjects. All the
patients were periodontology examined and completed a medical history. Dental
plaque index, probing depth, gingival index bleeding on probing and clinical
attechment levels were recorded. Blood samples were taken on admission for
measurements of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, hight density
lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and low density lipoprotein
cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol). Results. The obtained results showed that mean
levels of cholesterol (6.09 ? 1.61 mmol/L), triglycerdes (2.19+1.67mmol/l)
and LDL cholesterol (4.09 ? 1.40 mmol/L) in individuals with periodontitis
were higer, and levels od HDL (1.43 ? 0.51 mmol/L) was lower than those of
individuals without periodontitis (4.86 ? 1.37; 1.14 ? 0.71; 3.18 ? 0.64;
1.53 ? 0.32 mmol/L, respectively). Conclusion. This study confirms a
significant relationship between periodontal disease, regardless its
intensity, and blood lipid levels in the studied population. The results
imply that periodontitis may be a risk factor and may contribute to the
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However,
future prospective randomized studies have to determine whether periodontal
disease is a risk factor for the occurrence of CVD.
Organization of healthcare about patients with cerebrovascular disease in the Czech Republic
Authors: Jaganjacova Dubravka , Hava Petr , Kalvodova Eva
Published: September 2012

nema
Heart rate: Predictor of cardiovascular risk
Authors: Ivanovic Branislava , Tadic Marijana , Dincic Dragan
Published: September 2012

nema
Uncommon metastatic site from breast cancer
Authors: Nikolic Ivan , Ivkovic-Kapicl Tatjana , Kukic Biljana , Bogdanovic Bogdan , Petrovic Tomislav , Djan Igor , Smiljenic Dragana
Published: September 2012

Introduction. Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women
and the main leading cause of cancer death. The most frequent sites of
metastases from breast cancer are bones, lungs, the central nervous system,
the liver and soft tissue. Colonic metastases from breast cancer are rare.
Case report. We presented a 70-year-old woman with bulky obstructing lesion
of sigmoid colon. A physician in charge on our department examined the
patient and past history of breast cancer was found up. Surgery was performed
with removal of sigmoid colon and three of six lymph nodes were positive.
Pathological examination, including immunohistochemical stains, confirmed the
diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer to sigmoid colon. The multidisciplinary
oncology team suggested postoperative chemotherapy. The patient received four
cycles of chemotherapy with paclitaxel followed by anastrozole. On the first
control visit no disease activity was detected. Conclusion. In patients with
the past history of breast cancer the symptoms of hematochezia or anemia may
indicate colonic metastases.
Review of Treatment of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Authors: Ghosh JC , Hazra SC , Haque ME , Ghamsari PS , Singha SK
Published: September 2012

A review study was done by searching literature through PubMed. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a life altering disease pathogenesis of which are not yet clearly known likewise its management protocol has not been established. Treatment of longstanding Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is empirical and of limited efficacy. This disease may lead to dreadful squeal which may need amputation for their management and few of these patients may even develop suicidal tendency. Patient with Reflex sympathetic dystrophy usually present late. It was found that the clinical presentation of RSD are too much variable, although different modalities of treatment are used either alone or in combination, the outcomes are often unpredictable and of variable efficacy. Understanding of the treatment modalities and proper selection of treatment option are essential for best outcome. Preventive measure does play a role in management of these patients. Option of treatment includes pharmacological method, sympathetic nervous system interruption, use of calcitonin and bisphosphonate. More study is required to find out the mechanism that triggers the pain and other clinical manifestation so that a standardized protocol for its management can be developed DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11714 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 03 July12
A review of some Antiretroviral therapies used in Management of HIV/AIDS in Ghana
Authors: Osonuga A , Osonuga OA , Osonuga AA , Osonuga IO
Published: September 2012

HIV is a RNA retrovirus that causes progressive weakening of the hosts immune system increasing susceptibility  to opportunistic infections. Antiretroviral drugs are currently used to manage the infection. This  paper reviews the benefits and the toxicity associated with ARTs currently used in Ghana. Google search,  PUBMED and Google scholar were used to gather information from different books, websites and peerreviewed  journal articles. ARTs significantly improved the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS  by increasing the CD4 count and reducing the viral load. ARTs have short and long term side effects which  may be life threatening. Toxicity may vary from drug to drug and from one drug class to the other. We conclude  that it is important to select a regimen that is not only effective but also safe. This requires consideration  of not only the toxicity potential of an ARV regimen but also an individual patients underlying conditions,  concomitant medications and history of drug intolerance.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11716   Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 03 July12
A Comparative Study Of Surgical Management Of Subtrochanteric Fractures In Children
Authors: Sahu RL , Gupta P
Published: September 2012

Introduction: Subtrochateric femoral fracture is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with lower extremity injuries. There have been no studies that have specifically looked at the management of subtrochanteric femoral fractures in skeletally immature adolescents. It was the purpose of this study to investigate the treatment of this injury in this unique patient population. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedic surgery in M. M. Medical College from July 2006 to November 2008. Thirty-four patients were recruited from Emergency and out patient department having closed subtrochanteric femoral fracture. All patients were operated under general or spinal anesthesia. All patients were    followed for twelve months. Results: All children achieved union in a mean time of 10 weeks (range from 6 - 16 weeks) depending on the type of long bone. Full weight bearing was possible in a mean time of 8.8 weeks. Mean duration of hospital stay was 9.8 days. The mean follow-up period was 28 months (17-48 months). Complications were recorded in 4 (11.77%) patients and included: two entry site skin irritations, one protrusion of the wires through the skin and one delayed union. The results were excellent in 97.06% and good in 2.97% patients. Conclusions: We conclude that Rigid and close interlocking nailing between  the age of 9-16 years offered excellent fracture stability allowing early mobilization (early weight bearing) and joint motion in comparisons to the other groups and between the age of 6-8 years titanium elastic nail and bridging plate offered excellent result. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11718 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 03 July12
An Over-View of Tuberculosis of Female Genital Tract With Reference To Experience in a Medical College in Rural Set-Up in West Bengal: A Retrospective Two Year Study
Authors: Datta J , Ghosh TK , Ghosh S , Guha D
Published: September 2012

Aim: To determine frequency of female genital tract (FGT) tuberculosis (TB) in the gynecological biopsies received in the Department of pathology of a peripheral medical college. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology of Burdwan Medical College & Hospital. Histopathological records of two year (2008-2010) were retrieved and searched for the cases of female genital tract TB. Relevant histopathological findings and clinical data were recorded and analyzed. Results: There were 1537 cases of gynecological biopsy and 9 cases were diagnosed as FGT tuberculosis based on histopathological and clinical findings. Ovarian benign cystic teratoma was seen in one case along with ipsilateral tuberculous salpingitis, one case showed B/L ovarian tuberculosis with involvement of both the tubes. Bilateral fallopian tubes were involved in 2 cases and endometrial tuberculosis was diagnosed in 5 cases with 1 case showing simultaneous involvement of the cervix. In one case omental biopsy received along with tubal specimen showed tuberculous granulomas. Conclusion: FGT tuberculosis was usually seen in  age 16-28 years and constituted 0.59% of total gynecological cases. Fallopian tubes, ovaries and endometrium and cervix were affected with the involvement of peritoneum or omentum, commonest being tuberculous endometritis. Histopathology, in association with clinical findings still remains gold standard for the diagnosis of FGT tuberculosis in our country despite advancement in diagnostic modalities; however, incidental histological detection in clinically unanticipated cases is not an uncommon event. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11719 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 03 July12
Efficacy and Safety of Hydroquinone, Kojic Acid and Glycolic Acid Combination in the Treatment of Melasma
Authors: Chowdhury WK , Wahab MA , Khondker L , Khan MSI , Shirajul IK
Published: September 2012

Background & Methodology: It was an opened clinical trial. The study was carried out from March 2009 to February 2011, in the outpatient department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bangabandhu Sheikh      Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Dhaka, Bangladesh to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of the combination therapy of hydroquinone(HQ), kojic acid(KA) and glycolic acid(GA) for the treatment of melasma. Patients suffering from melasma were selected as study population. Within the period of data collection, thirty patients of melasma were assigned purposively. The efficacy was evaluated using Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) Score. The severity of melasma of each of the four regions (forehead, right malar region, left malar region and chin) are assessed based on three variables, percentage of the total area involved (A), darkness (D) and homogenicity (H).Results:The study showed that majority (30%) of the cases were between 20 to 25 years, majority (77%) of patients were female, (50%) patients were housewives, (50%) were in graduation level of education, (50%) of patients was found as upper class and negative family history was present in majority (80%) of cases. It was seen that highest (93%) number of patients were malar type and 7% were centro-facial type. The study showed the change in MASI Score after treatment with combination therapy (GA 2%, HQ 2% and KA 1%). After 12 weeks of treatment, the average MASI score was decreased by 24.20% indicating mild reduction of the severity of melasma and 18%, 18%, 9% and 55% patients developed side -effects like itching, burning sensation, scaling, and erythema respectively. Conclusion: Combination therapy (GA 2%, HQ 2% and KA 1%) has a few lightening effect on melasma, with no remarkable side effects. Further study should be conducted with large number of sample and longer follow up. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11720 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 03 July12
Appendicitis- Histology Specific Incidence Trends In A Semi Urban Population In New Delhi: A Study Of 262 Cases
Authors: Sujata J , Zeeba JS , Safia R
Published: September 2012

Objectives: Acute appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix for which timely surgery is mandatory to prevent morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in incidences, age, sex and seasonal variations and to review the histological diagnoses of all the appendicectomy samples.Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent appendicectomy at the Hakeem Abdul Hameed Centenary Hospital, New Delhi during the period Jan 2007 to Oct 2010.All the relevant data were retrieved from the accompanying laboratory request forms or patients files records where available. All histology slides were also retrieved and reviewed. To overcome the lack of standardization which is inherent in a retrospective analyses of this type, on review, all the cases were grouped into histopathologic categories Results: Of the 262 cases reviewed, acute suppurative appendicitis accounted for the maximum cases(80,30.53%) and a negative appendicectomy rate of 7% was observed. Male predominance was seen with a M:F ratio of 1.4:1.A peak incidence of 35.1% was observed in the 21-30years age group. A seasonal trend of majority cases being confined to the months of June -August coinciding with the rainy season was noted. Conclusion: The vermiform appendix is a vestigial organ with no specific function. It comes into the limelight when a diagnosis of acute appendicitis is made by the surgeon based upon clinical features and physical examination. Histological examination of the appendix is therefore necessary to assess the surgeon's rate of negative appendicectomy as well as avoid missing a rare diagnosis or a malignancy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11722 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 03 July12
The analgesic and acute anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Paederia foetida (EEPF) on experimental animal models
Authors: Das S , Bordoloi P K , Saikia P , Kanodia L
Published: September 2012

Objective:To study the analgesic and acute anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Paederia foetida (EEPF) on experimental animal models. Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves were collected, air-dried, powdered, and percolated in 95% ethanol. Acute toxicity test was done according to OECD guidelines. Healthy albino rats (150-200 gm) of either sex were taken and divided into five groups with six animals in each group for central analgesic activity by tail flick method. Peripheral analgesic activity by 1% glacial acetic acid induced writhing test by taking albino mice (20-30 gm) of either sex which were divided into three groups with six animals in each. EEPF was used in a dose of 500 mg/kg bodyweight subcutaneously for tail-flick method and orally for writhing test. In tail-flick method the basal reaction time was taken and a cut-off period of 10 sec was observed. Reaction time were recorded at predrug, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after administration of drug . The standard drug used for central analgesic activity was pethidine 5 mg/kg bw, naloxone 1mg/kg as antagonist and naloxone 1mg/kg bw with 500mg/kg bw of EEPF to study the central mechanism of action. The standard drug used for peripheral analgesic activity was aspirin 100mg/kg bw orally. A control group was maintained in all the models. For anti-inflammatory study, three groups of animals of either sex (n = 6), weighing 150-200g of the species Rattus norvegicus were taken for the study. Group A was taken as control (Normal salie, 10 mL/kg body weight), Group B as test group (EEPF 500 mg/kg body weight), and Group C as standard (Aspirin 100 mg/kg body weight). The animals were studied for acute inflammation by Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Statistical analysis  was done by one-way analysis of variance followed by multiple comparison tests.Results: EEPF significantly increased the reaction time in tail-flick method (p<0.05) whereas the combination of naloxone and EEPF decreased the reaction time indicating that naloxone inhibits the analgesic effect of EEPF. In 1% glacial acetic acid induced writhing EEPF reduced writhing significantly In acute inflammation, there was significant inhibition of paw edema in Groups B, C in comparison with Group A (P < 0.05). Conclusion:The ethanolic extract of Paederia foetida has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i3.11723 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 03 July12