bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Thermophysical Characteristics in Tin Oxide: From Pressed Powder Compact to Fired Porous Body
Authors: Poulier Céline , Smith David S. , Viana Marylène , Absi Joseph
Published: February 2008

The thermal response of a ceramic body during firing will be controlled by its thermophysical characteristics. Laser flash measurements have been used to investigate the thermal conductivity of pressed powder compacts of pure tin oxide as a function of temperature. After an initial decrease up to 150°C attributed to removal of surface species, the thermal conductivity increases progressively with thermal treatment up to 1000°C. Because there is almost no variation in the pore volume fraction, the behavior is explained by grain boundary formation and neck growth, which increase the contact area between particles. Supporting evidence is given by an increase in mechanical strength. Finally, thermal treatment above 1000°C increases the thermal conductivity due to a reduction in the number of grain boundaries per unit length of heat path.
Processing and Piezoelectric Properties of (Na0.5K0.5)0.96Li0.04(Ta0.1Nb0.9)1−xCuxO3−3x/2 Lead‐Free Ceramics
Authors: Zuo Ruzhong , Ye Chun , Fang Xusheng , Yue Zhenxing , Li Longtu
Published: February 2008

The Cu‐modified (Na0.5K0.5)0.96Li0.04Ta0.1Nb0.9O3 lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics were fabricated at relatively low temperatures by ordinary sintering. The results indicate that the addition of copper oxide (CuO) does not change the crystal structure and the dielectric–temperature characteristic, but tends to slightly increase the loss tangent and significantly modify the ferroelectric and electromechanical properties. Moreover, the grains get clearly coarsened with increasing CuO content. When doped with <0.25% CuO, the materials get softer with slightly decreased coercive fields (Ec) and increased maximum electric field‐driven strains (Sm), and thus own enhanced piezoelectric properties; however, as the doping level becomes higher, the materials get harder, possessing larger Ec and reduced remanent polarization and Sm. The change in the electrical properties can be attributed to both the formation of oxygen vacancies by Cu2+ replacing Nb5+ and the modification of densification.
Structural and Thermophysical Properties of (PbO)0.5(SiO2)0.5 Glasses: Effect of SnO2 Incorporation
Authors: Goswami Madhumita , Sudarsan Vasanthakumaran , Shrikhande Vilas K. , Kothiyal Govind P. , Kulshreshtha Shailendra K.
Published: February 2008

119Sn and 29Si solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance studies on lead silicate glasses containing different amounts of SnO2 confirmed that tin exists in the glass as distorted SnO6 polyhedra and there is no direct interaction between tin and silicon structural units. Transmission electron microscopic studies have established that tin structural units are uniformly distributed in the glass. Significant changes in the values of glass transition temperature, microhardness, and thermal expansion coefficient with SnO2 incorporation into the glass have been attributed to the increased rigidity of the glass network brought about by the replacement of weaker Pb–O linkages with stronger Sn–O linkages.
Liquidus Prediction in Multicomponent Lithium Alumosilicate Glasses
Authors: Wondraczek Lothar , Beunet Lionel
Published: February 2008

An empirical nine‐parameter linear mixing model was developed to estimate the liquidus temperature of zirconia‐bearing technical lithium alumosilicate glasses that contain up to 12 major components. The model covers glasses that are suitable as precursor glasses for β‐quartz or β‐spodumene‐type glass ceramics with low coefficients of thermal expansion. Molar coefficients of liquidus temperatures are provided for each component. A self‐consistency test results in a standard deviation between predicted and measured liquidus temperatures of 7.5°C, within a range of approximately 200°C and for a typical experimental error of 10°C.
Morphology‐Controlled Synthesis and Characterization of Sr2Nb2O7 Nanocrystalline Powders by a Hydrothermal Process
Authors: Lin Botao , Ma Junfeng , Yao Yan , Liu Jun , Ren Yang , Jiang Xiaohui , Sun Yong , Liu Zhensen
Published: February 2008

Nanostructured Sr2Nb2O7 powders with different morphologies were synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction at 200°C for 24 h in a Sr2+–Nb2O5·nH2O–KOH system. X‐ray powder diffraction characterization indicated that 0.3–5M KOH solutions favored the formation of a Sr2Nb2O7 pure phase. On increasing the concentration of KOH from 0.3 to 5M, the morphology of Sr2Nb2O7 samples changed from nanoneedles to nanorods, nanosheets, and finally nano‐sized flakes, and their aspect ratios gradually reduced. Ultraviolet–Visible diffuse reflectance spectra analyses showed that the nanostructured Sr2Nb2O7 powders had good light absorption properties in the ultraviolet light region.
Fabrication of Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Coatings Using Electrophoretic Deposition: Packing Mechanism During Deposition
Authors: Ji Changzheng , Lan Weihua , Xiao Ping
Published: February 2008

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particles on metal substrates has been examined as a function of EPD conditions and suspension properties. The packing density of particles, i.e., volume occupation of particles in a wet deposit, depends on the deposition time, applied voltage, and the electrical conductivity and solid concentration of the suspension. In addition, the packing density of particles in a wet deposit further increased when the deposit was immersed in a pure acetylacetone solvent with application of a constant electric field. The packing mechanism of YSZ particles in the wet deposit was discussed based on the electro‐osmotic flow mechanism of YSZ particles during EPD.
Slip‐Cast Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 Cone‐Shaped SOFC
Authors: Sui Jing , Liu Jiang
Published: February 2008

Cone‐shaped Sm‐doped CeO2 (Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9, SDC) electrolyte cylinders have been fabricated using the slip‐casting technique. A single solid oxide fuel cell has been prepared by applying a Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 cathode on the outside of the cylinders and a NiO–SDC (7:3 wt%) anode on the inside. The open circuit voltage of the cell was 0.93 V at 400°C, and a maximum power density of about 300 mW/cm2 at 700°C was obtained with humidified hydrogen (3% H2O) as the fuel and ambient air as the oxidant. Impedance results showed that the performance of the cell was mainly influenced by the ohmic resistance of the electrolyte.
Use of platelet gel with connective tissue grafts for root coverage: a randomized‐controlled trial
Authors: Keceli Huseyin Gencay , Sengun Dilek , Berberoğlu Atilla , Karabulut Erdem
Published: February 2008

Background: Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) was speculated to be a promoter of periodontal regeneration. There are only a few clinical comparative studies using PRP in the treatment of gingival recession.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare connective tissue graft (CTG)+PRP with CTG alone in the treatment of gingival recession.

Material and Methods: Forty patients with Miller I/II recessions were included. Each recession was randomly treated with either CTG+PRP or CTG. Clinical variables were recorded at baseline and at 6 weeks, 6 and 12 months. Root coverage (RC) and attachment gain (AG) were also calculated.

Results: Probing depth, recession depth, clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue width and recession width (RW) were improved in both study groups. However, no difference was observed between groups, except RW. RW in the control group was statistically lower than the test group at all follow‐up periods.

Conclusion: Treatment of recession with CTG or a CTG–PRP combination resulted in favourable clinical outcomes. However, no difference could be found between CTG and CTG+PRP. Whether much longer follow‐up studies with higher statistical power may change these results remains questionable.
A randomized, single‐blind, parallel‐group clinical study to evaluate the effect of soluble β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan on experimental gingivitis in man
Authors: Preus Hans R. , Aass Anne M. , Hansen Bjørn F. , Moe Brit , Gjermo Per
Published: February 2008

Background: Gingivitis is an inflammatory disorder of the periodontium induced by dental plaque bacteria. Soluble β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan (SBG) is known to enhance infection defense by preventing excessive inflammatory responses caused by bacterial endotoxins.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of SBG on experimental gingivitis in man.

Material and Methods: Experimental gingivitis was induced over a period of 24 days in 30 healthy volunteers who were simultaneously treated with SBG. Two groups (n=10/group) rinsed twice daily with an SBG mouthwash that was either swallowed or expectorated. A third group (n=10) received a water rinse as a control. Plaque index (Pl.I), gingival index (GI), and amount of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were assessed at baseline and at six times during the study.

Results: The results showed that in the SBG groups, GCF decreased significantly during the study. The swallow group experienced a significant increase in GCF during the first week. The control group followed the expected pattern of experimental gingivitis, with a significant increase in the gingival fluid secretion during the test period. There was a significant increase in GI and Pl.I during the study for all groups, with no significant differences between them. No adverse effects of SBG were recorded.

Conclusions: In this 24‐day experimental gingivitis study of subjects who used either a SBG or a control mouthrinse: (1) all subjects had increased plaque and gingivitis, (2) GCF increased in control‐rinse subjects and GCF decreased in SBG‐rinse subjects. The only statistically significant difference between the SBG‐rinse and control‐rinse subjects was an increase in GCF at day 7 for subjects who rinsed and swallowed SBG.
Periodontal conditions in patients with coronary heart disease: a case–control study
Authors: Johansson Carin Starkhammar , Richter Arina , Lundström Åsa , Thorstensson Helene , Ravald Nils
Published: February 2008

Aim: This study examined periodontal conditions in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and subjects with no history of CHD.

Material and Methods: Participants were 161 patients (40–75) with severe angina pectoris (diagnosed as CHD by coronary angiography) who subsequently underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and 162 control subjects with no history of CHD. Periodontal status was recorded. Bone loss was determined on radiographs. Periodontal disease experience was classified into five groups according to Hugoson & Jordan.

Results: Periodontal disease experience groups 4 and 5 were more common in the CHD group (25%) compared with the control group (8%). The mean bone level (the distance from the CEJ to the most coronal level of the alveolar bone) was 3.0±1.0 mm in CHD subjects and 2.6±0.8 mm in controls. CHD patients had significantly lower numbers of natural teeth, higher numbers of periodontal pockets 4–6‐mm and higher bleeding on probing (%). In a stepwise regression analysis, the factor periodontal disease experience groups 4+5 gave an odds ratio of 5.74 (2.07–15.90) for having CHD after controlling for smoking and age.

Conclusion: Severe periodontal disease expressed by several clinical and radiographic parameters was more prevalent among subjects with CHD than among controls. Analysis, the factor periodontal disease experience groups 4+5 gave an odds ratio of 5.74 (2.07–15.90) for having CHD after controlling for smoking and age.
Correlation between periodontal status and biting force in patients with chronic periodontitis during the maintenance phase of therapy
Authors: Takeuchi Noriko , Yamamoto Tatsuo
Published: February 2008

Aim: The association between periodontal status and biting force is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between periodontal status and biting force in patients with chronic periodontitis during the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment.

Material and Methods: A total of 198 patients, who had entered a periodontal maintenance programme, were examined for the presence of restorations on the occlusal surface, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing, and mobility of teeth. Quantitative analysis of total biting force, occlusal contact area and biting pressure (defined by biting force per 1 mm2 of occlusal contact area) was performed using microcapsular pressure‐sensitive sheets.

Results: A multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that total biting force and occlusal contact area were positively associated with the number of present teeth and negatively associated with female gender, mean CAL and mean probing pocket depth. Biting pressure was positively associated with CAL.

Conclusions: Reduced periodontal support was found to be associated with decreased total biting force and with increased biting pressure (defined as force per 1 mm2 of occlusal contact area).
Association between interleukin‐6 promoter haplotypes and aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Nibali Luigi , Griffiths Gareth S. , Donos Nikos , Parkar Mohamed , D'Aiuto Francesco , Tonetti Maurizio S. , Brett Peter M.
Published: February 2008

Background: Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) polymorphisms have been shown to affect IL‐6 promoter activity. This study investigated the possible role of IL‐6 genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes in the predisposition to aggressive periodontitis (AgP).

Material and Methods: A case–control association study on 224 AgP patients and 231 healthy controls was performed in order to detect differences in genotype distributions of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the promoter region of the IL‐6 gene.

Results: The IL‐6 −1363 polymorphism was associated with a diagnosis of AgP in subjects of all ethnicities (p=0.006, adjusted logistic regression). The −1480 SNP was associated with LAgP in subjects of all ethnicities (p=0.003). The −1480 and −6106 polymorphisms were associated with Localized AgP in Caucasians (n=24) (p=0.007 and 0.010, respectively). Haplotypes determined by the −1363 and −1480 polymorphisms were also associated with LAgP (p=0.001) in Caucasians.

Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis of a link between IL‐6 genetic factors and AgP and highlights the importance of two IL‐6 polymorphisms (−1363 and −1480) in modulating disease phenotype and susceptibility.
Characterization of progressive periodontal lesions in chronic periodontitis patients: levels of chemokines, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase‐13, periodontal pathogens and inflammatory cells
Authors: Silva Nora , Dutzan Nicolas , Hernandez Marcela , Dezerega Andrea , Rivera Oriana , Aguillon Juan Carlos , Aravena Octavio , Lastres Pedro , Pozo Patricia , Vernal Rolando , Gamonal Jorge
Published: February 2008

Background and aims: Periodontitis is an infection with an episodic nature of tissue support destruction. The aim of this work was to determine the levels of chemokines, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase‐13, periodontal pathogens and inflammatory cells in periodontal sites characterized by active periodontal connective tissue destruction.

Material and Method: Fifty‐six patients with moderate or advanced severity of chronic periodontitis were selected. Periodontitis was characterized by at least six sites with probing depth 5 mm, clinical attachment level 3 mm and radiographic bone loss. Periodontitis progression was determined by the tolerance method. Receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B‐ligand (RANK‐L), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐1β, MMP‐13, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsithia and inflammatory cells levels were determined. Statistical analysis was performed using the Stata® 7.0 software. Data were expressed as mean±SD and paired samples t‐test and χ2 tests were used.

Results: Higher RANK‐L, IL‐1β and MMP‐13 activity levels were observed in active sites (p<0.05). The proportion of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia and the number of CD4+ T were higher in active than in inactive sites (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The detection of periodontopathic bacteria, host matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines in periodontitis patients with lesions undergoing episodic attachment loss could partially explain the mechanisms associated with the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth.
Gingival crevicular fluid and serum matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 levels in renal transplant patients undergoing different immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Emingil Gülnur , Afacan Beral , Tervahartiala Taina , Töz Hüseyin , Atilla Gül , Sorsa Timo
Published: February 2008

Aim: We investigated gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) levels from renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine‐A (CsA) and having gingival overgrowth (GO), from patients receiving CsA therapy and having no GO and patients receiving tacrolimus therapy.

Material and Methods: GCF samples were collected from sites with GO (GO+) and without GO (GO−) in CsA patients having GO; and GO− sites in CsA patients having no GO; sites from tacrolimus, gingivitis and healthy subjects. GCF and serum MMP‐8 and TIMP‐1 levels were determined by a time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: GO+ sites in CsA patients having GO had elevated GCF MMP‐8 levels compared with those of CsA patients having no GO, tacrolimus and healthy subjects (p<0.005), but these levels were similar to those of gingivitis. The GCF MMP‐8 level was higher in GO+ compared with GO− sites in CsA patients having GO (p<0.05). GCF TIMP‐1 levels were similar between groups. Tacrolimus patients had lower GCF MMP‐8 levels than gingivitis (p<0.005), but levels similar to the healthy group.

Conclusion: These results show that CsA and tacrolimus therapy has no significant effect on GCF MMP‐8 levels, and gingival inflammation seems to be the main reason for their elevations.
Comparison between two surgical techniques for root coverage with an acellular dermal matrix graft
Authors: Andrade Patrícia F. , Felipe Maria Emília M. C. , Novaes Arthur B. , Souza Sérgio L. S. , Taba Mário , Palioto Daniela B. , Grisi Márcio F. M.
Published: February 2008

Aim: The aim of this randomized, controlled, clinical study was to compare two surgical techniques with the acellular dermal matrix graft (ADMG) to evaluate which technique could provide better root coverage.

Material and Methods: Fifteen patients with bilateral Miller Class I gingival recession areas were selected. In each patient, one recession area was randomly assigned to the control group, while the contra‐lateral recession area was assigned to the test group. The ADMG was used in both groups. The control group was treated with a broader flap and vertical‐releasing incisions, and the test group was treated with the proposed surgical technique, without releasing incisions. The clinical parameters evaluated before the surgeries and after 12 months were: gingival recession height, probing depth, relative clinical attachment level and the width and thickness of keratinized tissue.

Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for all parameters at baseline. After 12 months, there was a statistically significant reduction in recession height in both groups, and there was no statistically significant difference between the techniques with regard to root coverage.

Conclusions: Both surgical techniques provided significant reduction in gingival recession height after 12 months, and similar results in relation to root coverage.
Histological and biomechanical evaluation of phosphorylcholine‐coated titanium implants
Authors: Susin Cristiano , Qahash Mohammed , Hall Jan , Sennerby Lars , Wikesjö Ulf M. E.
Published: February 2008

Objective: Compounds considered for drug delivery from oral implant surfaces in support of local bone formation might themselves influence osseointegration. Phosphorylcholine (PC) polymers have been shown to enhance the biocompatibility of medical devices and to serve as drug delivery systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate local bone formation and osseointegration at PC and positively charged PC (PC+)‐coated endosseous implants in an established rabbit model.

Material and Methods: Sixteen adult female New Zealand White rabbits were used. Eight animals received PC‐coated and control titanium porous oxide surface implants placed in the left and right distal femural condyle (trabecular bone) and proximal tibial metaphysis (cortical bone) using aseptic routines. The remaining eight animals similarly received PC+ and control implants. One implant was placed in each femural condyle and two implants in each tibial metaphysis. Experimental and control implants were alternated between the left and right hind legs. Fascia and skin were closed in layers. The animals were euthanized following a 6‐week healing interval for biomechanical (removal torque) and histometric analyses.

Results: Peri‐implant bone density was considerably greater at tibial compared with femoral sites within as well as immediately outside the implant threads. However, there were no significant differences in bone density among PC, PC+, and control implants. Nevertheless, bone–implant contact was significantly lower at PC compared with PC+ and control implants in cortical bone (p<0.05). Numerical differences in trabecular bone did not reach statistical significance. The removal torque evaluation revealed significantly lower values for PC compared with PC+ and control sites (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The histometric and biomechanical analyses suggest that PC coating may influence biological processes and ultimately osseointegration of endosseous implants. Apparently, incorporation of cationic charges may reverse or compensate for this scenario. Nevertheless, both PC coatings exhibited clinically acceptable osseointegration. In perspective, PC technology appears to be a viable candidate delivery system for agents in support of local bone formation at endosseous implant surfaces.
Metastatic Crohn’s disease: a histopathologic study of 12 cases
Authors: Emanuel Patrick O. , Phelps Robert G.
Published: February 2008

Perhaps, the most intriguing cutaneous sequela of Crohn’s disease (CD) is ‘metastatic’ CD, defined as sterile granulomatous skin lesions arising at sites discontinuous from the gastrointestinal tract. Though various histopathologic patterns have been described, a lack of a large series has precluded a comprehensive characterization and distinction from the pathologic differential diagnoses. The histopathology features of 12 new cases of metastatic CD were reviewed. Non‐supperative granulomata with a slight cuff of lymphocytes in a nodular or diffuse pattern with an associated superficial and deep perivascular mixed inflammatory infiltrate was the most common pattern. Other common features included an accompanying infiltrate which was often rich in eosinophils, and ulceration of the overlying epidermis. These features are emphasized as potentially useful in distinguishing this entity from its greatest mimicker, cutaneous sarcoidosis.
Cerebellar abscess in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Villano Jason So , Ogden Bryan , Goh Angela , Hui Lai Siang , Chow Pierce K.H.
Published: February 2008

Background  A cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) presented with decreased appetite, lethargy, ataxia, disorientation and visual impairment. It was used in a hepatitis B (HBV) study involving injections of HBV plasmid construct (450 μg) and aflatoxin B1 (25 μg/kg) in an effort to develop a model of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods  The case work‐up included physical examination, including assessment of hydration, thoracic and abdominal radiographs and abdominal ultrasound. Clinical pathology included complete blood counts and tests for levels of plasma ammonia (NH3) and serum electrolytes, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and gamma‐glutamyl transferase. Serum samples had also been serially tested for the presence of HBsAg, anti‐HBc antibodies, HBV e‐antigen, and HBV DNA. With a tentative diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy, treatment with lactulose, antibiotics, and fluid therapy was initiated.

Results  Clinical pathology and diagnostic imaging performed on the animal revealed no abnormalities except for the hyperammoniemia. Absence of HBV markers in the serum indicated unsuccessful inoculation. Not fully responding to therapeutic intervention, the animal was euthanized. Necropsy revealed fibrous peritoneal adhesions and an abscess in the cerebellopontine angle. Exudate culture indicated the presence of alpha‐hemolytic streptococcus, Eubacterium lentum, and Bacteroides stercoris.

Conclusions  Brain abscesses are uncommon in non‐human primates. This case of cerebellar abscess is characterized by important features similar to that found in humans, including the presenting signs and the presence of the above‐cultured bacteria.
Dermatitis in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Wilk Jennifer , Lewis Anne , Lukas Victor
Published: February 2008

Dermatopathies are common with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, affecting an estimated 90% of HIV patients. Opportunistic infections are common and include viral, bacterial and fungal etiologies. Dermal eruptions from highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) or antibiotics such as trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMS) are also common, and can be challenging to differentiate from other causes of dermatitis. Presented is a challenging dermatology case involving a six year old male rhesus macaque experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Skin cultures identified multi‐antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with incomplete resolution following appropriate antibiotic treatment. Skin biopsy results indicated non‐specific dermatitis not consistent with typical SIV dermatitis and with a hypersensitivity component. Fungal culture revealed aspergillosis, and the patient responded favorably to oral itraconazole therapy.
Establishing a standardized dental record‐keeping system for a small investigational colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Gibson B.W. , McGuffey L. , Raflo C.P. , Niemiec B.A.
Published: February 2008

Background  Dental hygiene is becoming an increasingly important component of quality health care for laboratory animals, especially non‐human primates (NHPs). One key to a successful health care program is an effective and efficient record‐keeping system.

Methods  To standardize a dental hygiene program for a small colony of NHPs, we developed a dental recording chart specific for rhesus monkeys. This dental chart was developed using the modified Triadan system. This system numbers teeth across species according to location.

Results  An illustrative case report was presented to demonstrate the accurate record keeping and spatial relationship generated from this Old World NHP dental chart design.

Conclusion  The development and implementation of a standardized dental chart, as part of a dental hygiene program will help minimize variables that may affect research data.
Sudden cardiac death in 13 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Lammey Michael L. , Lee D. Rick , Ely John J. , Sleeper Meg M.
Published: February 2008

Sudden cardiac death (SCD), presumed secondary to fatal arrhythmias, is a common cause of mortality in captive chimpanzees at the Alamogordo Primate Facility. Over the 6‐year period at the Alamogordo Primate Facility between 2001 and 2006, 13 animals were defined as sudden cardiac death (11 male and 2 female) on the basis of clinical presentation which was 38% of all deaths. All animals had annual physical exams, including electrocardiograms and serial blood pressures. Six of the 13 animals underwent a complete cardiac evaluation by a veterinary cardiologist and all six of these animals were diagnosed with various degrees of cardiomyopathy. Systemic hypertension was noted in two of the 13 cases and antemortem cardiac arrhythmias were seen in all 13 animals. Histological examination of the hearts revealed myocardial fibrosis in 12 chimpanzees. Most of the animals (10/13) that died of sudden cardiac death had cardiomegaly (increased heart weight/body weight ratio) and some degree of myocardial fibrosis noted. Additional data as well as serial diagnostic evaluations will be needed to identify the possible causes of sudden cardiac death in captive chimpanzees.
Assessment of progestin‐only therapy for endometriosis in macaque
Authors: Maginnis G. , Wilk J. , Carroll R. , Slayden O.D.
Published: February 2008

Background  Endometriosis is a condition where endometrium‐like tissue forms lesions at ectopic sites outside the uterus. In women, oral contraceptive pills and progestins are often prescribed as therapy for early stage endometriosis. In contrast, in macaques the disease is frequently advanced at the time of diagnosis and ovariectomy is the standard therapy. However, surgery is contraindicated in many patients. A review of 15 endometriosis cases over the past 10 years at the Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC) revealed that 5 failed to show improvement after ovariectomy and were subsequently euthanized. Therefore, our goal was to assess the feasibility of treating endometriosis in macaques with chronic progesterone (P) as an alternative therapy for the disease.

Methods  Seven adult rhesus macaques with advanced endometriosis were identified by clinical symptoms and endometriosis was confirmed by abdominal palpation, ultrasound examination, and/or aspiration of menstrual blood from abdominal cysts. The patients were chronically treated with Silastic capsules that released 5–7 ng P /ml in blood for up to 20 months. During treatment the patients were assessed daily and scored numerically for appetite, activity, attitude, abdominal discomfort and menstruation by the Clinical Veterinary staff. The patients were then re‐examined by abdominal palpation and ultrasound for the disease at the end of treatment.

Results  During the first 2 weeks of treatment, endometriotic symptoms improved significantly in all the patients (P < 0.05). This was associated with a significant increase in body weight and significant reduction in abdominal discomfort and menstrual bleeding. Two of the patients gradually developed increased symptoms of the disease after 5 months of treatment. Post‐treatment abdominal examination revealed that 2/5 patients continued to have an abdominal mass even though symptoms were suppressed.

Conclusions  We conclude that continuous P treatment of rhesus monkeys provides therapeutic benefit to reduce symptoms of endometriosis and may provide an option for cases where ovariectomy is contraindicated. Supported by RR‐00163.
Cervicovaginal evaluation in macaques used as a model for topical microbicide safety studies
Authors: Scorpio Diana G. , Ruben Dawn S. , Liao Zhaohao , Hildreth James E. , Fletcher Craig A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction  Macaques are a commonly used non‐human primate (NHP) model to evaluate safety and efficacy of topically applied vaginal microbicides. Cervicovaginal evaluation for topical microbicide safety studies requires proper technique, equipment, supplies, and sequence of sample collection.

Materials and methods  Eleven rhesus macaques received a comprehensive sequential cervicovaginal examination under sedation before treatment and 24 hours post‐instillation of test material. Examination was initiated with colposcopy, followed by diagnostics including vaginal culture, pH determination, cervicovaginal lavage, and cervicovaginal biopsy.

Results  Overall, the methods performed yielded samples that were appropriate for diagnostic evaluation and interpretation, and the macaques experienced minimal discomfort and complications.

Discussion  This paper provides a descriptive summary of compiled techniques required to conduct a safety evaluation for topically applied vaginal microbicides. This novel method‐based approach should be methodically executed when evaluating a vaginally‐applied, topical microbicide candidate.
Diagnosis and prevention of dissemination of tuberculosis in a recently imported rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Shipley Steven T. , Coksaygan Turhan , Johnson David K. , McLeod Charles G. , DeTolla Louis J.
Published: February 2008

Thirty‐four (34) days after arrival at our facility, a recently imported rhesus macaque demonstrated a grade 4/5 reaction to intradermal testing with mammalian old tuberculin and a strong positive response in a serum interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) stimulation assay (Primagam®). The affected animal was euthanized to prevent further exposure of the other rhesus in the quarantine room. Necropsy revealed enlarged, caseating mediastinal lymph nodes. Further analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms. Strict isolation measures were initiated and intensive testing of all animals in the affected room began immediately. After 13 weeks of additional testing, none of the animals in the room showed any positive response and all were released from quarantine. This case illustrates the importance of prolonged quarantine of non‐human primates (NHP) and illustrates the usefulness of serology‐based diagnostics as an adjunct to intradermal testing (molecular‐based diagnostics typically refers to polymerase chain reaction, whereas this assay is really serology based, even though it is an in vitro IFN‐γ stimulation assay). It also demonstrates that with proper isolation procedures, the spread of tuberculosis can be prevented in NHP facilities.
Reproductive abnormalities in aged female Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Wilkinson Michele , Walters Sherry , Smith Taryn , Wilkinson Andrew
Published: February 2008

Background  Spontaneous reproductive tract abnormalities occurred in six female wild‐caught, Philippine‐origin, Macaca fascicularis. These animals were between 19 and 22 years of age and maintained in captivity for approximately 15 years. Clinical presentations ranged from asymptomatic to painful menses manifested as cyclical recumbency and lethargy. All animals had masses in the caudal ventral abdomen.

Methods  Diagnostics included physical examination, complete blood counts, clinical chemistries, radiography, and ultrasonography. All animals had an ovariosalpingohysterectomy.

Results  Histologic diagnoses included ovarian granulosa cell tumor, ovarian pseudocystic cavitation with encapsulating fibrosis, uterine smooth muscle hyperplasia, uterine leiomysarcoma, and uterine leiomyoma with possible adenomyosis.

Conclusions  The abnormalities discovered in these animals present novel insight into the reproductive diseases prevalent in geriatric female M. fascicularis, which vary from that previously reported in other non‐human primate species.
Are International Merchants Stupid? Their Choice of Law Sheds Doubt on the Legal Origin Theory
Authors: Voigt Stefan
Published: February 2008

In economics, there is currently an important discussion on the role of “legal origins” or “legal families.” Some economists claim that legal origins play a crucial role even today. Usually, they distinguish between common‐law, French, Scandinavian, and German legal origin. When these legal origins are compared, countries belonging to the common‐law tradition regularly come out best (with regard to many different dimensions) and countries belonging to the French legal origin worst. In international transactions, contracting parties can choose the substantive law according to which they want to structure their transactions. In this article, this choice is interpreted as a revealed preference for a specific legal regime. It is argued that the “superiority‐of‐common‐law view” can be translated into the hypothesis that sophisticated and utility‐maximizing actors would rationally choose a substantive law based on common‐law tradition, such as U.K. or U.S. law. Although exact statistics are not readily available, the evidence from cases that end up in international arbitration courts (such as the International Court of Arbitration run by the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris) demonstrates that this is not the case. Hence, this evidence sheds some doubt on the superiority‐of‐the‐common‐law view.
Partisanship, Ideology, and Senate Voting on Supreme Court Nominees
Authors: Shipan Charles R.
Published: February 2008

Ideological concerns play a major role in determining whether a senator will vote to confirm or reject a Supreme Court nominee. Much less is understood, however, about the effects of partisanship on confirmation votes. This study investigates two aspects of partisanship: first, whether confirmation voting has become more partisan over time, even when controlling for other factors, including ideology; and second, whether partisanship modifies the influence of ideology. The results demonstrate that partisanship has played an increasing role over time and that the effects of ideology are contingent on partisanship.
Cultures of Claiming: Local Variation in Malpractice Claim Frequency
Authors: Hart Kevin D. , Peters Philip G.
Published: February 2008

Several studies have examined rates of malpractice claims at state levels, but there is little systematic work looking at variations of claiming rates within a state. This study reports on small‐area variations in malpractice claim rates within New York State over a 14‐year period. Counties with high rates generally had high rates over the entire period, while counties with low rates maintained low rates. Rates across counties varied considerably, with an almost five‐times difference between the rates for the lowest county and the highest county. In a multivariate analysis using claim data from five years, we found median family income was one of the strongest factors positively associated with the claim rate. A measure of the risk of hospital admissions for an adverse outcome also had a strong association with the county's malpractice claim rate, but the risk factor was negatively associated with high claim rates, perhaps suggesting an association with quality of care and malpractice claims.
Daubert in the Law Office: Routinizing Procedural Change
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M.
Published: February 2008

The U.S. Supreme Court's pronouncements on the standards that should govern the admission of scientific and other expert testimony, what is commonly referred to as the Daubert Trilogy, has produced substantial legal commentary and a growing body of empirical research. Most of that research focuses on decisions by courts on Daubert challenges; while there are some speculative discussions on the broader impact of Daubert, there is minimal empirical research assessing the impact of Daubert more broadly on the litigation process. Drawing on a combination of observation in a law firm and a series of interviews with practitioners, this article describes the process of decision making about Daubert‐related issues. The conclusion drawn from the analysis is that Daubert has become a routinized aspect of the litigation process in a range of cases, few of which deal with the kind of controversial or innovative science at the heart of the original Daubert case.
Amici Curiae and Dissensus on the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Collins Paul M.
Published: February 2008

A great deal of empirical research has focused on explaining why U.S. Supreme Court Justices partake in nonconsensual opinion writing. However, little attention has been paid to the role of organized interests in contributing to a Justice's decision to write or join a separate opinion. I argue that a Justice's decision to engage in this behavior is a partial function of interest group amicus curiae participation in the Court. By providing the Justices with a myriad of information regarding how cases should be resolved, organized interests create ambiguity in the Justices' already uncertain decision making, at the same time providing them with a substantial foundation for concurring or dissenting opinions. I subject this argument to empirical validation by examining the Justices' decisions to author or join regular concurring, special concurring, and dissenting opinions during the 1946–1995 terms. The results indicate that organized interests play a considerable role in increasing dissensus on the Supreme Court.
Alternative Methods of Appellate Review in Trade Remedy Cases: Examining Results of U.S. Judicial and NAFTA Binational Review of U.S. Agency Decisions from 1989 to 2005
Authors: Colares Juscelino F.
Published: February 2008

When the United States and Canada agreed to replace U.S. judicial review of trade remedy cases with a new dispute mechanism under Chapter 19 of the Canada‐U.S. Free Trade Agreement (now the North American Free Trade Agreement), the U.S. Congress and trade negotiators stipulated that the new dispute settlement panels would apply the U.S. law and standard of review in the same manner as U.S. courts. This requirement was embodied in the text of the agreement and has at least nominally been applied by Chapter 19 panels ever since. Empirical analysis of 17 years of decisions now allows a conclusion with a high degree of confidence that Chapter 19 panels are far more likely than U.S. courts to overturn U.S. agency decisions. Not only that, but Chapter 19 panels have produced outcomes more favorable to Canadian importers than have U.S. courts. This outcome illustrates that the facial legal terms of an international agreement may give a misleading impression of how it will actually be implemented, and suggests that greater attention must be paid to how it will be interpreted and by whom.
RETHINKING THE BOUNDARIES AND BURDENS OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY OVER EDUCATION: A RESPONSE TO ROB REICH’S CASE STUDY OF HOMESCHOOLING
Authors: Glanzer Perry L.
Published: February 2008

Abstract Rob Reich’s claim that fruitful discussions about the balance among state, parental, and children’s educational interests would benefit by contemplating the widespread phenomenon of homeschooling is a welcome suggestion. His policy recommendations, however, place an unjustified burden on parents to show the adequacy of homeschooling arrangements instead of placing the burden on the state to clarify commonly agreed‐upon outcome measures. In this essay, Perry Glanzer argues that Reich places the burden on parents by overstating the threat that the freedom given to homeschooling parents represents to the interests of liberal democratic states and children. Reich, Glanzer contends, also underestimates the state’s tendency to use regulation to weaken the civil society essential for liberal democracy. To counter Reich’s proposal, Glanzer offers recommendations regarding the proper limits of parental authority in education in general and in the case of homeschooling in particular.
GOVERNING FOR RESPONSIBILITY AND WITH LOVE: PARENTS AND CHILDREN BETWEEN HOME AND SCHOOL
Authors: Baez Benjamin , Talburt Susan
Published: February 2008

Abstract In this essay, Benjamin Baez and Susan Talburt analyze the U.S. Department of Education’s Helping Your Child Series to consider how the government of children, families, and schools reflects a concern with two seemingly unrelated political objectives of neoliberal projects: creating responsible, self‐reliant citizens and making schools more efficient. Where these two objectives converge is in their techniques: they both use the parent‐child relationship and what appears to motivate it. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s conceptualization of government as “the conduct of conduct,” Baez and Talburt analyze two pamphlets with an eye to several themes: the “commonsensical” nature of its address to loving parents; the “responsibilization” of parents and children; the insidious entry of school goals and behavioral norms into homes; and the seeming empowerment of the parent as partner in his or her child’s learning. Finally, the authors discuss how the logic of modern forms of governing families and schools might be contested.
JOHN DEWEY’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Authors: Danforth Scot
Published: February 2008

Abstract Leading researchers describe the field of special education as sharply divided between two different theories of disability. In this article Scot Danforth takes as his project addressing that division from the perspective of a Deweyan philosophy of the education of students with intellectual disabilities. In 1922, John Dewey authored two articles in New Republic that criticized the use of intelligence tests as both undemocratic and impractical in meeting the needs of teachers. Drawing from these two articles and a variety of Dewey’s other works, Danforth puts forward a Deweyan educational theory of intellectual disability. This theory is perhaps encapsulated in Dewey’s observation that “The democratic faith in human equality is belief that every human being, independent of the quantity or range of his personal endowment, has the right to equal opportunity with every other person for development of whatever gifts he has.”1
THE AFFECTIVE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF VYGOTSKY’S ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Levykh Michael G.
Published: February 2008

Abstract Many recent articles, research papers, and conference presentations about Lev Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) emphasize the “extended” version of the ZPD that reflects human emotions and desires. In this essay, Michael G. Levykh expands on the extant literature on the ZPD through developing several new ideas. First, he maintains that there is no need to expand ZPD to include emotions, as its more ”conservative” dimensions (cognitive, social, cultural, and historical) already encompass affective features. Second, Levykh emphasizes that an emotionally positive collaboration between teachers and students in a caring and nurturing environment must be created from the outset. Finally, he asserts that culturally developed emotions must mediate successful establishment and maintenance of the ZPD in order to be effective. According to Levykh, Vygotsky’s notion that learning can lead development represents a crucial contribution to our understanding of teaching and learning by clearly showing that emotions are vital to human learning and development.