bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Spectrum of Vestibular Migraine: Clinical Features, Triggers, and Examination Findings
Authors: Beh Shin C. , Masrour Shamin , Smith Stacy V. , Friedman Deborah I.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To assess the ictal symptoms, interictal symptoms, psychiatric comorbidities, and interictal neuro‐otologic examination findings in vestibular migraine (VM).

Methods

Retrospective chart review of 491 patients seen from August 2014 until March 2018 at a tertiary neurology referral center for vestibular disorders to identify patients fulfilling the 2012 VM criteria.

Results

One hundred and thirty‐one patients (105 women) were identified. Mean age of VM onset was 44.3 (±13.7) years. Preceding the onset of vestibular symptoms, most had migraine (57.3%) and motion sickness (61.1%). It was common to have a family history of migraine (50.8%) and episodic vestibular symptoms (28.1%). Common ictal symptoms were triggered (visually induced and head‐motion) and spontaneous vertigo, accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia (118/131 [90.1%] patients), nausea (105/131 [80.2%] patients), aural symptoms (79/131 [60.3%] patients), and headache (65/131 [49.6%] patients). Interictally, many experienced visually induced (116/131 [88.6%] patients), head‐motion (86/131 [65.6%] patients), and persistent (67/131 [51.1%] patients) dizziness. Psychiatric comorbidities include anxiety (92/131 [70.2%] patients), depression (53/131 [40.5%] patients), insomnia (38/131 [29.0%] patients), phobic disorders (15/131 [11.5%] patients), and psychogenic disorders (11/131 [8.4%] patients). Common triggers were stress (52/131 [39.7%] patients), bright lights (35/131 [26.7%] patients), weather changes (34/131 [26.0%] patients), and sleep deprivation (34/131 [26.0%] patients). Interictal neuro‐otologic examination was abnormal in 56/131 (42.7%), usually hyperventilation‐induced, head‐shaking‐induced, vibration‐induced, and positional nystagmus. The most common balance‐test finding was impaired sharpened Romberg’s test (22/130 [16.9%] patients).

Conclusions

In this single center study, we found that VM typically affects women in their 40s, with a personal and family history of migraine. Typical ictal symptoms were triggered and spontaneous vertigo, associated with photophobia and phonophobia, nausea, aural symptoms, and headache. Interictal vestibular symptoms, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and non‐specific interictal neuro‐otologic findings were common.
Relating Photophobia, Visual Aura, and Visual Triggers of Headache and Migraine
Authors: Hayne Daniel P. , Martin Paul R.
Published: February 2019

Objective

This study investigated a potential association between visual factors and symptoms related to migraine. It was predicted that photophobia and visual aura would be positively associated with interictal light sensitivity and visual headache triggers (flicker, glare, and eyestrain), and that these 2 visual symptoms would also be associated.

Background

Previous studies have found independent neurophysiological associations between several visual factors and symptoms related to headache disorders. Many of these connections appear to be associated with increased cortical hypersensitivity, a phenomenon that might be in part due to repeated avoidance and reduced tolerance to triggers. If true, and if associations between visual factors and symptoms can be established, this may have implications for an exposure‐based treatment for migraine symptoms.

Methods

Four hundred and ninety‐one participants (411 female, 80 male) were recruited through Griffith University (AUS), Headache Australia, Pain Australia, and through social media. Participants were grouped based on the presence of headache disorder symptoms and the presence or absence of photophobia and/or visual aura. A cross‐sectional online survey design was utilized to gather information pertaining to interictal light sensitivity, visual triggers, and visual symptoms.

Results

With respect to interictal light sensitivity and photophobia, a significant difference (P < .001, eta squared [η2] = 0.084) was found between the 3 groups, where headache disorder participants with photophobia (group A1; mean [M] = 2.5, standard deviation [SD] = 0.97) reported significantly greater light sensitivity than participants with headache disorder and no photophobia (A2; M = 1.68, SD = 0.62) and control group participants (A3; M = 1.82, SD = 0.85). This pattern was repeated for participants reporting flicker as a headache trigger (P < .001, η2 = 0.061), with group A1 (M = 2.45, SD = 1.24) significantly higher than groups A2 (M = 1.68, SD = 0.83) and A3 (M = 1.68, SD = 0.89), and was also seen for glare as a headache trigger (P < .001, η2 = 0.092), with group A1 (M = 2.92, SD = 0.96) significantly higher than A2 (M = 2.31, SD = 0.89) and A3 (M = 2.09, SD = 0.93). This pattern of results was not replicated for headache disorder participants with and without visual aura. A significant association (P < .001) was found between photophobia and visual aura in headache disorder participants based on a chi‐square test of independence, with 86/136 participants reporting either both or neither visual symptom.

Conclusions

This study supports a link between certain visual phenomena in headache disorder populations, and supports future research into exposure‐based treatments for migraine symptoms.
Health information in the digital age: an empirical study of the perceived benefits and costs of seeking and using health information from online sources
Authors: Ren Cong , Deng Zhaohua , Hong Ziying , Zhang Wei
Published: February 2019

Objective

This paper aims to explore the determinants of the online health information seeking (OHIS) and usage (OHIU) behaviours of consumers based on the perceived benefits and costs of such activities.

Methods

This study applies questionnaires and empirical research methods. A questionnaire is designed according to the hypothesis model. A total of 282 questionnaires are obtained from patients and their accompanying families in two large hospitals, and the SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 17.0 (IBM, Almond, NY, USA) software are used to analyse the sample data and to test the research models.

Results

Three key findings are obtained from the analysis. Firstly, functional, learning, social and personal integrative benefits positively affect the OHIS intent of consumers. Secondly, cognitive costs negatively influence the OHIU behaviour of consumers. Thirdly, personal integrative benefits and OHIS behaviour significantly influence the OHIU behaviour of consumers.

Conclusion

This paper highlights the differences between OHIS and OHIU based on their impact factors and applies social exchange theory to understand such factors. Online health information providers must improve the ease of use of their websites or applications, enhance the quality of their health information and focus on their functionality.
Development of a search filter to identify reports of controlled clinical trials within CINAHL Plus
Authors: Glanville Julie , Dooley Gordon , Wisniewski Susi , Foxlee Ruth , Noel‐Storr Anna
Published: February 2019

Background

Evidence synthesis reviews in health care rely on the efficient identification of research evidence, particularly evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). There are no recently validated filters to identify RCTs in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL Plus).

Objectives

To develop, test and validate a search filter to identify reports of RCTs from CINAHL Plus.

Methods

Nine sets of relevant and irrelevant records were identified to develop and test search filters iteratively. Two sets were used to validate the sensitivity and precision of the filters. The performance of two previously published filters and the filter built into EBSCOhost was evaluated.

Results

We present a validated filter which offers sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.77–0.95) and precision of 0.36 (95% CI: 0.31–0.41). This is comparable to the sensitivity of published filters, but has much better precision.

Conclusions

A sensitive and precise filter, developed using records selected based on title and abstract information, is available for identifying reports of RCTs in the CINAHL Plus database via EBSCOhost. Using this filter is likely to reduce the number of results needing to be screened to a quarter of those retrieved by other published filters.
A QM protein from Bombyx mori negatively regulates prophenoloxidase activation and melanization by interacting with Jun protein
Authors: Zhou X.‐S. , Chen C. , Li T.‐H. , Tang J.‐J. , Zhu B.‐J. , Wei G.‐Q. , Qian C. , Liu C.‐L. , Wang L.
Published: February 2019

The QM gene that encodes for the ribosomal protein L10 was firstly identified from human tumour cells as a tumour suppressor. In this study, a QM gene was identified in silkworm Bombyx mori (BmQM) and its immunomodulatory function was explored. BmQM messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were highly expressed in the silk gland and fat body, and expressed in all stages of silkworm growth. After challenged with four different microorganisms, the expression levels of BmQM mRNA in fat body or haemocytes were significantly upregulated compared with the control. After knock‐down of BmQM gene, the expressions of some immune genes (PGRPS6, Gloverin0, Lysozyme and Moricin) were affected, and the transcripts of prophenoloxidase1 and prophenoloxidase2 have different degrees of change. The phenoloxidase activity was significantly reduced when the purified recombinant BmQM protein was injected. Recombinant BmQM protein inhibited systemic melanization and suppressed prophenoloxidase activation stimulated by Micrococcus luteus, but it did not affect phenoloxidase activity. Far‐western blotting assays showed that the BmQM protein interacted with silkworm BmJun protein, which negatively regulates AP‐1 expression. Our results indicated that BmQM protein could affect some immune gene expression and negatively regulate the prophenoloxidase‐activating system, and it may play an important role in regulation of the innate immunity in insects.
Modular cis‐regulatory logic of yellow gene expression in silkmoth larvae
Authors: Suzuki T. K. , Koshikawa S. , Kobayashi I. , Uchino K. , Sezutsu H.
Published: February 2019

Colour patterns in butterflies and moths are crucial traits for adaptation. Previous investigations have highlighted genes responsible for pigmentation (ie yellow and ebony). However, the mechanisms by which these genes are regulated in lepidopteran insects remain poorly understood. To elucidate this, molecular studies involving dipterans have largely analysed the cis‐regulatory regions of pigmentation genes and have revealed cis‐regulatory modularity. Here, we used well‐developed transgenic techniques in Bombyx mori and demonstrated that cis‐regulatory modularity controls tissue‐specific expression of the yellow gene. We first identified which body parts are regulated by the yellow gene via black pigmentation. We then isolated three discrete regulatory elements driving tissue‐specific gene expression in three regions of B. mori larvae. Finally, we found that there is no apparent sequence conservation of cis‐regulatory regions between B. mori and Drosophila melanogaster, and no expression driven by the regulatory regions of one species when introduced into the other species. Therefore, the trans‐regulatory landscapes of the yellow gene differ significantly between the two taxa. The results of this study confirm that lepidopteran species use cis‐regulatory modules to control gene expression related to pigmentation, and represent a powerful cadre of transgenic tools for studying evolutionary developmental mechanisms.
Effect of hydrothermal corrosion on the fracture strength of SiC layer in tristructural‐isotropic fuel particles
Authors: Xie Xin , Liu Bing , Guo Yi , Liu Rongzheng , Zhao Xiaofeng , Ni Na , Guo Fangwei , Xiao Ping
Published: February 2019

The hydrothermal corrosion behavior of SiC layer in tristructural‐isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles and its effect on the fracture strength were investigated. The corrosion test was performed using the static autoclave at 400°C/10.3 MPa. The SiC layer exhibited a thickness loss and the corrosion rate followed a linear law. During corrosion, carbon was formed on the SiC surface due to the loss of Si. The corrosion was found preferentially occurred at the grain boundary of SiC, leading to the grain detachment and pit formation. The rate determining step of the corrosion was SiO2 formation rather than SiO2 dissolution in the hydrothermal environment. The fracture strength of SiC shell after corrosion was evaluated using the crush test. It showed a slight decrease with an increase in corrosion time, due to the thickness reduction in SiC layer. The results of this study demonstrated that the SiC in TRISO particles has good corrosion resistance in the hydrothermal environment.
Study on structure, microstructure and microwave dielectric characteristics of CaV2O6 and (Ca0.95M0.05)V2O6 (M=Zn, Ba) ceramics
Authors: Pirvaram Atousa , Taheri‐Nassaj Ehsan , Taghipour‐Armaki Hamid , Lu Wen‑Zhong , Lei Wen , Barzegar Bafrooei Hadi
Published: February 2019

In this study, the (Ca0.95M0.05)V2O6 (M = Zn, Ba) and the CaV2O6 ceramics were synthesized through a solid‐state reaction method, and the effects of Zn2+ and Ba2+ substitution on the structure, sintering temperature, densification, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of CaV2O6 ceramic were analysed. The XRD patterns of the sintered samples indicated a single‐phase of CaV2O6 in all temperatures. Substitution of Zn2+ caused a lower sintering temperature and improved the densification of the CaV2O6 ceramic. While the dielectric properties of the (Ca0.95Ba0.05)V2O6 compound were not desirable, the (Ca0.95Zn0.05)V2O6 sample sintered at 650°C for 4 hours showed significant dielectric properties, with εr = 10.29, Q × f ~  53 000 GHz (at 15.5 GHz) and τf = −72.37 ppm/°C. Moreover, the chemical compatibility of the CaV2O6 ceramic with Al electrode was examined.
Acupuncture for patients with mild hypertension: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zheng Hui , Li Juan , Li Ying , Zhao Ling , Wu Xi , Chen Jie , Li Xiang , Huang Yin‐Lan , Chang Xiao‐Rong , Liu Mi , Cui Jin , Wang Rui‐Hui , Du Xu , Shi Jing , Guo Tai‐Pin , Liang Fan‐Rong
Published: February 2019

Acupuncture may be beneficial for patients with mild hypertension, but the evidence is not convincing. We aimed to examine the effect of acupuncture on blood pressure (BP) reduction in patients with mild hypertension. We conducted a multicenter, single‐blind, sham‐controlled, randomized trial in eleven hospitals in China. The trial included 428 patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 140 to 159 mm Hg and/or with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from 90 to 99 mm Hg. The patients were randomly assigned to receive 18 sessions of affected meridian acupuncture (n = 107) or non‐affected meridian acupuncture (n = 107) or sham acupuncture (n = 107) during 6 weeks, or to stay in a waiting‐list control (n = 107). All patients received 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring at weeks 6, 9, and 12. We included 415 participants in the intention‐to‐treat analysis. The two acupuncture groups were pooled in the analysis, since they had no difference in all outcomes. SBP decreased at week 6 in acupuncture group vs sham acupuncture vs waiting‐list group (7.2 ± 11.0 mm Hg vs 4.1 ± 11.5 mm Hg vs 4.1 ± 13.2 mm Hg); acupuncture was not superior to sham acupuncture (mean difference 2.7 mm Hg, 95% CI 0.4 to 5.9, adjusted P = 0.103) or waiting‐list control (2.9 mm Hg, 95% CI −0.2 to 6.0, adjusted P = 0.078). However, acupuncture was superior to sham acupuncture (3.3 mm Hg, 95% CI 0.2 to 6.3, adjusted P = 0.035) and waiting‐list control (4.8 mm Hg, 95% CI 1.8 to 7.8, P < 0.001) at week 9. Acupuncture had a small effect size on the reduction of BP in patients with mild hypertension.
Case of fulminant type 1 diabetes induced by the anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 antibody, avelumab
Authors: Shibayama Yui , Kameda Hiraku , Ota Shoichiro , Tsuchida Kazuhisa , Cho Kyu Yong , Nakamura Akinobu , Miyoshi Hideaki , Atsumi Tatsuya
Published: February 2019

With the expansive use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the frequency of immune‐related adverse events, including autoimmune type 1 diabetes, has been exponentially increased. The anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 antibody, avelumab, has recently been approved for metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma therapy. Here, we report a patient that developed fulminant type 1 diabetes during avelumab treatment. An 81‐year‐old woman with no history of diabetes received avelumab for metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Elevated plasma glucose level (483 mg/dL), hemoglobin A1c level (7.5%) and ketosis were observed after 10 courses of avelumab without any symptoms related to hyperglycemia. As the laboratory tests showed insulin depletion, we diagnosed her with fulminant type 1 diabetes induced by avelumab. This is the first reported case of avelumab‐induced type 1 diabetes, illustrating the necessity for close monitoring of glycemic control during avelumab therapy, as well as other immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Accuracy of Dynamic Virtual Articulation: Trueness and Precision
Authors: Hsu Michael R. , Driscoll Carl F. , Romberg Elaine , Masri Radi
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To study the effects of altering condylar settings and pin openings on the trueness and precision of virtual articulators vs. mechanical articulators.

Materials and Methods

Maxillary and mandibular typodonts with fiducial markers were mounted on a mechanical Artex‐CR articulator, and the mandibular teeth were prepared to allow guidance solely by the posterior determinants of the articulator and the incisal table. The relationship of the mounted typodonts was preserved digitally by scanning using manufacturer transfer plate adaptors. On the mechanical articulator, pattern resin was allowed to set between the maxillary and mandibular occlusal surfaces (area #25‐30) at the endpoints of dynamic movements at 3 condylar inclinations (SCI): 10°, 30°, and 45°, n = 12/inclination, or at 3 incisal pin openings (2, 5, and 10 mm, n = 12/opening). All other articulator settings were kept constant. Resin specimens attached to the typodonts were scanned within 5 minutes of setting, then removed, and the articulated typodonts rescanned. Fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) #25‐30 were designed on the virtual articulator using identical parameters to the mechanical articulator. Dynamic virtual movements were used to sculpt the design, and a file of the design was saved. The files of both types of samples were aligned and overlaid. Interocclusal separation was measured in triplicate at the indentation created by the mesiolabioincisal point angle on the incisal edge of #8 and the mesiobucco‐occlusal point angle of #3. Trueness and precision of both types of articulators were calculated and compared using one‐way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05).

Results

There was no statistically significant difference at altered pin openings in either trueness (F = 0.202, p = 0.37) or precision (F = 3.134, p = 0.09) for the majority of measurements. The only significant difference was in the precision between the 2 types of articulators at 5 mm incisal opening, and only at the anterior measurement point (F = 15.134, p = 0.0008); however, these differences were less than 100 μm. When the SCI was altered, there was no statistically significant difference (F = 3.624, p > 0.05) between the virtual and mechanical articulators in trueness for 5 of the 6 measurements obtained (F = 3.624, p = 0.07) or for all of the precision measurements (F = 3.529, p = 0.07). The one trueness measurement that was significantly different (F = 9.237, p = 0.006) occured at SCI of 10°, and it was less than 100 µm.

Conclusions

Dynamic movements on the virtual articulator were shown to be as true and precise as to the mechanical articulator. When there were deviations, these deviations were less than 100 µm and thus, these deviations may not be clinically relevant.
Make it simpler: Alien species decrease functional diversity of coastal plant communities
Authors: Tordoni Enrico , Petruzzellis Francesco , Nardini Andrea , Savi Tadeja , Bacaro Giovanni
Published: February 2019

Questions

(a) Are there differences in abundance‐weighted functional trait values between native and alien species in coastal plant communities? (b) Which functional traits are associated with a higher level of invasion in these communities? (c) Do functional diversity patterns differ between native and alien species? (d) Is alien species occurrence linked to small‐scale functional homogenization effects on the resident native species?

Location

N‐Adriatic coastal ecosystems (Marano and Grado lagoon, Friuli Venezia Giulia region, Italy).

Methods

We sampled coastal vegetation within two habitats (foredunes and saltmarshes) along nine belt transects in two sampling sites. Plant species richness and abundance were assessed in 128 plots along with a suite of plant functional traits. We tested for differences in community‐weighted means between native and alien species within the two habitats, and Linear Mixed Models provided insights into traits fostering the invasion success among alien species. To check for potential functional homogenization driven by alien species invasion, we explored functional diversity patterns of native and alien species (β and γ functional diversity) and the relationship between α functional diversity and alien cover.

Results

Alien species had lower functional diversity than natives and were characterized by lower leaf construction costs coupled with lower drought resistance and higher water transport efficiency. The most abundant aliens were the ones minimizing carbon investment for leaf construction. In addition, we also found evidence for small‐scale functional homogenization driven by alien invasion.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that native species adopt a resource conservative strategy whereas alien species are characterized by a higher resource acquisition capacity (i.e., acquisitive strategy). Our data also confirmed that alien species are less functionally diverse than natives, potentially driving the community towards small‐scale functional homogenization, resulting in a loss of species and a reduction in the functional space.
In vivo evaluation of tooth colour alterations during orthodontic retention: A split‐mouth cohort study
Authors: Karamouzos Andreas , Zafeiriadis Anastasios A. , Kolokithas George , Papadopoulos Moschos A. , Athanasiou Athanasios E.
Published: February 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To assess in vivo colour alterations of teeth following removal of fixed orthodontic appliances during retention.

Setting and Sample Population

The Department of Orthodontics at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Forty‐eight patients after orthodontic treatment.

Material and Methods

Debonding and cleaning procedures after orthodontic treatment were performed using two different carbide burs attached to a low or high‐speed handpiece, respectively, in a non‐blinded cohort study with split‐mouth design. Spectrophotometric colour data of teeth were recorded: (a) after debonding, (b) three months later, prior to and following finishing with Soflex discs, and (c) after 1 year. The CIE Lab colour parameters were measured for each tooth, and the corresponding ΔΕ differences were calculated. The effect on colour was assessed with 3‐way mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni's comparisons test (a < 0.05).

Results

Orthodontic debonding and cleaning procedures were found to have statistically significant effects on the CIE colour parameters of treated teeth, since the L* values decreased 0.6 units (P < 0.001), a* values were stable (0.0 units) and b* values increased 1.4 units (P < 0.001), during the first retention year. Finishing temporarily decreased the enamel colour differences. Total ΔΕ differences for all types of teeth measured ranged from 1.4 to 2.1 units. The greatest changes were exhibited during the first 3 months in teeth on which high‐speed rotary instruments were used (1.6 units).

Conclusion

The clinical relevance of this study points out that the colour of natural teeth following removal of fixed orthodontic appliances changes in long‐term.
Role of mammary serine protease inhibitor on the inflammatory response in oral lichen planus
Authors: Xu Na , Li Baoyin , Liu Zhuanzhuan , Gao Ruifang , Wu Shujuan , Dong Ziyu , Li Huifang , Yu Feiyan , Zhang Fang
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition with an unclear pathological mechanism. IκB kinase α (IKKα)‐regulated mammary serine protease inhibitor (MASPIN) has been shown to mediate inflammation, particularly in cancers. Here, we explored the expression of MASPIN in OLP and its role in the inflammatory response.

Materials and Methods

Immunohistochemistry staining and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect the subcellular localization and expression of MASPIN and IKKα in OLP and healthy control tissues. Levels of the inflammatory factors were compared with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. MASPIN and IKKα were overexpressed and silenced, respectively, in an inflammation model of human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Results

Mammary serine protease inhibitor expression was down‐regulated, whereas IKKα expression was up‐regulated in OLP tissues (p < 0.01). The levels of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐6 in OLP tissues were increased compared to those of healthy controls (p < 0.01). MASPIN overexpression in LPS‐stimulated HOK cells inhibited the levels of IKKα and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. By contrast, IKKα silencing promoted the expression of MASPIN and inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusion

Both MASPIN and IKKα are involved in the inflammatory process of OLP, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.
Root volatiles in plant–plant interactions I: High root sesquiterpene release is associated with increased germination and growth of plant neighbours
Authors: Gfeller Valentin , Huber Meret , Förster Christiane , Huang Wei , Köllner Tobias G. , Erb Matthias
Published: February 2019

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plant leaves can influence the physiology of neighbouring plants. In contrast to leaf VOCs, little is known about the role of root VOCs in plant–plant interactions. Here, we characterize constitutive root VOC emissions of the spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and explore the impact of these VOCs on the germination and growth of different sympatric plant species. We show that C. stoebe roots emit high amounts of sesquiterpenes, with estimated release rates of (E)‐β‐caryophyllene above 3 μg g−1 dw hr−1. Sesquiterpene emissions show little variation between different C. stoebe populations but vary substantially between different Centaurea species. Through root transcriptome sequencing, we identify six root‐expressed sesquiterpene synthases (TPSs). Two root‐specific TPSs, CsTPS4 and CsTPS5, are sufficient to produce the full blend of emitted root sesquiterpenes. VOC‐exposure experiments demonstrate that C. stoebe root VOCs have neutral to positive effects on the germination and growth of different sympatric neighbours. Thus, constitutive root sesquiterpenes produced by two C. stoebe TPSs are associated with facilitation of sympatric neighbouring plants. The release of root VOCs may thus influence plant community structure in nature.
Glutathione S‐transferase polymorphisms in patients with photosensitive and non‐photosensitive drug eruptions
Authors: Ben Ami Tal , Sarig Ofer , Sprecher Eli , Goldberg Ilan
Published: February 2019

Background

Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) play a critical role in cellular protection against oxidative damage. Polymorphisms in three major GST loci have been described. A number of studies have looked for an association between GSTs and skin diseases.

Purpose

To ascertain the possibility that polymorphisms in the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes may predict the development of photo‐induced and non‐photo‐induced drug eruptions.

Methods

A cohort of 40 patients with drug eruptions, 10 of whom had developed a photo‐induced drug reaction, and matched controls (116 for GSTM1 and GSTT1, 120 for GSTP1) were studied. Genotyping was conducted using direct sequencing and polymerase chain reaction.

Results

The GSTP1 Val/Val genotype was significantly associated with non‐photosensitive drug eruptions (OR = 3.64, P value = 0.038), whereas associations observed between GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1 polymorphisms and photosensitive drug eruptions did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

Variations in GSTP1 may affect the risk to develop non‐photo‐induced drug eruptions. These results warrant confirmatory studies in a larger patient sample.
Myoepithelioma‐like tumor of the vulvar region showing infiltrative growth and harboring only a few estrogen receptor‐positive cells: A case report
Authors: Kojima Yui , Tanabe Mikiko , Kato Ikuma , Motoi Toru , Kimura Mariko , Sawazumi Tomoe , Tanaka Reiko , Chiba Sawako , Otani Masako , Inayama Yoshiaki
Published: February 2019

Recently, a new entity “myoepithelioma‐like tumor of the vulvar region (MELTVR)” was proposed as a rare mesenchymal neoplasm arising in vulvar regions of adult women. While MELTVRs morphologically resemble soft tissue myoepitheliomas and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, they have a unique immunohistochemical profile (positive for epithelial membrane antigen and estrogen receptor, negative for S100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and loss of INI1/SMARCB1 expression), and lack EWSR1 and NR4A3 gene rearrangement, as seen by fluorescence in situ hybridization. MELTVRs are usually well‐demarcated tumors, with no reports of extensive infiltrative growth. In the current report, we present an unusual case of MELTVR showing infiltrative growth and harboring only a few estrogen receptor‐positive cells, which might indicate a variation in this rare tumor.
The regulation of P700 is an important photoprotective mechanism to NaCl‐salinity in Jatropha curcas
Authors: Cerqueira João V. A. , Silveira Joaquim A. G. , Carvalho Fabrício E. L. , Cunha Juliana R. , Lima Neto Milton C.
Published: February 2019

Salinity commonly affects photosynthesis and crop production worldwide. Salt stress disrupts the fine balance between photosynthetic electron transport and the Calvin cycle reactions, leading to over‐reduction and excess energy within the thylakoids. The excess energy triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction that causes photoinhibition in both photosystems (PS) I and II. However, the role of PSI photoinhibition and its physiological mechanisms for photoprotection have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of 15 consecutive days of 100 mM NaCl in Jatropha curcas plants, primarily focusing on the photosynthetic electron flow at PSI level. We found that J. curcas plants have important photoprotective mechanisms to cope with the harmful effects of salinity. We show that maintaining P700 in an oxidized state is an important photoprotector mechanism, avoiding ROS burst in J. curcas exposed to salinity. In addition, upon photoinhibition of PSI, the highly reduced electron transport chain triggers a significant increase in H2O2 content which can lead to the production of hydroxyl radical by Mehler reactions in chloroplast, thereby increasing PSI photoinhibition.
Spillovers from Us Monetary Policy: Evidence from a Time Varying Parameter Global Vector Auto-Regressive Model
Authors: Crespo Cuaresma Jesús , Doppelhofer Gernot , Feldkircher Martin , Huber Florian
Published: February 2019

The paper develops a global vector auto-regressive model with time varying parameters and stochastic volatility to analyse whether international spillovers of US monetary policy have changed over time. The model proposed enables us to assess whether coefficients evolve gradually over time or are better characterized by infrequent, but large, breaks. Our findings point towards pronounced changes in the international transmission of US monetary policy throughout the sample period, especially so for the reaction of international output, equity prices and exchange rates against the US dollar. In general, the strength of spillovers has weakened in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Using simple panel regressions, we link the variation in international responses to measures of trade and financial globalization. We find that a broad trade base and a high degree of financial integration with the world economy tend to cushion risks stemming from a foreign shock such as US tightening of monetary policy, whereas a reduction in trade barriers and/or a liberalization of the capital account increase these risks.
The impact of a multimodal approach to vancomycin discontinuation in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCT) with febrile neutropenia (FN)
Authors: Perreault Sarah , McManus Dayna , Bar Noffar , Foss Francine , Gowda Lohith , Isufi Iris , Seropian Stuart , Malinis Maricar , Topal Jeffrey E.
Published: February 2019

Background

Current guidelines recommend adding vancomycin to empiric treatment of FN in patients who meet specific criteria. After 48 hours, the guidelines recommend discontinuing vancomycin if resistant Gram‐positive organisms are not identified. Based on these recommendations, a vancomycin stewardship team defined criteria for discontinuation of vancomycin at 48 hours and increased surveillance of vancomycin usage through a multimodal approach. The purpose of this retrospective analysis is to assess the impact of this multimodal approach on the discontinuation of empiric vancomycin at 48 hours in FN.

Methods

This retrospective analysis included a pre‐ and post‐intervention cohort of 200 HSCT recipients with FN from 2015 to 2018. Criteria for continued vancomycin use beyond 48 hours included culture‐documented resistant Gram‐positive infection, positive Methicillin‐Resistant S aureus (MRSA) nasal swab with evidence of pneumonia, or hemodynamic instability with concern for sepsis. The following patient characteristics were collected: previous MRSA infection, MRSA nasal swab collection and results, culture results, duration of vancomycin use, rationale for continuation of vancomycin beyond 48 hours, and re‐initiation of vancomycin.

Results

In the post‐intervention cohort, vancomycin discontinuation at 48 hours increased from 31% (95% CI 21.94‐40.05) to 70% (95% CI 61.02‐78.97; P < 0.0001). An additional 23% of vancomycin orders were discontinued at 72 hours. Off criteria vancomycin use decreased from 33% in pre to 1% in the post‐implementation cohort.

Conclusion

Establishing define criteria for vancomycin use in FN patients with a multimodal approach of physicians from hematology and infectious diseases, clinical pharmacists and the antibiotic stewardship team significantly improved vancomycin discontinuation.
Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury: cellular therapy and outcome measures
Authors: Cox Charles S. , Juranek Jennifer , Bedi Supinder
Published: February 2019

Clinical trials for traumatic brain injury (TBI) have not successfully produced a new therapeutic for neuroprotection or neurorestoration, despite multiple attempts. Stem cell–based therapies and/or cellular therapies have been developed over the past 20 years such that clinical trials are now in Phase II and III stages for neurologic diseases such as TBI and stroke. Many of the vexing issues from past clinical failures still exist today, namely, preclinical data that may not translate to clinical trial because of design and injury heterogeneity that poorly stratifies enrolled patients. Recognition of these problems has led us to advocate for outcome measures that are clinically meaningful, but do not represent a global functional “score.” Specifically, we seek to measure those early physiologically relevant outcomes (intracranial pressure, edema, and therapeutic intensity) and later structural outcomes in regions of interest that are linked to putative mechanisms of action of cell based therapies. Early approval of therapeutics that are successful by these metrics would then allow further access to treatments that could be further tested via patient registries and other surveillance for ultimate adoption. Continuing to do the same thing with each iterative trial will assure the same results.
Seroprevalence for norovirus genogroups GII and GIV in captive non‐human primates
Authors: Di Profio Federica , Sarchese Vittorio , Melegari Irene , Palombieri Andrea , Massirio Ivano , Bermudez Sanchez Sandra , Friedrich Klaus Gunther , Coccia Federico , Marsilio Fulvio , Martella Vito , Di Martino Barbara
Published: February 2019

Noroviruses (NoVs) are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in children and adults. Several pieces of evidence suggest that viruses genetically and antigenically closely related to human NoVs might infect animals, raising public health concerns about potential cross‐species transmission. The natural susceptibility of non‐human primates (NPHs) to human NoV infections has already been reported, but a limited amount of data is currently available. In order to start filling this gap, we screened a total of 86 serum samples of seven different species of NPHs housed at the Zoological Garden (Bioparco) of Rome (Italy), collected between 2001 and 2017, using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on virus‐like particles (VLPs) of human GII.4 and GIV.1 NoVs. Antibodies specific for both genotypes were detected with an overall prevalence of 32.6%. In detail, IgG antibodies against GII.4 NoVs were found in 18 Japanese macaques (29.0%, 18/62), a mandrill (10.0%, 1/10), a white‐crowned mangabey (16.6%, 1/6) and in an orangutan (33.3%, 1/3). Twelve macaques (19.3%, 12/62), five mandrills (50.0%, 5/10), two chimpanzees (100%, 2/2) and a white‐crowned mangabey (16.6%, 1/6) showed antibodies for GIV.1 NoVs. The findings of this study confirm the natural susceptibility of captive NHPs to GII NoV infections. In addition, IgG antibodies against GIV.1 were detected, suggesting that NHPs are exposed to GIV NoVs or to antigenically related NoV strains.
Superadiabatic population transfer in a three-level superconducting circuit
Authors: Vepsäläinen Antti , Danilin Sergey , Paraoanu Gheorghe Sorin
Published: February 2019

We experimentally demonstrate robust superadiabatic population transfer close to the quantum speed limit.
Multimaterial 3D laser microprinting using an integrated microfluidic system
Authors: Mayer Frederik , Richter Stefan , Westhauser Johann , Blasco Eva , Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Wegener Martin
Published: February 2019

An instrument brings 3D laser printing to a new level, exemplified by 3D fluorescent microstructures composed of five materials.
New tolerance factor to predict the stability of perovskite oxides and halides
Authors: Bartel Christopher J. , Sutton Christopher , Goldsmith Bryan R. , Ouyang Runhai , Musgrave Charles B. , Ghiringhelli Luca M. , Scheffler Matthias
Published: February 2019

Simple and interpretable data-driven descriptor accurately predicts the synthesizability of single and double perovskites.
Biomimetic potassium-selective nanopores
Authors: Acar Elif Turker , Buchsbaum Steven F. , Combs Cody , Fornasiero Francesco , Siwy Zuzanna S.
Published: February 2019

A nanopore decorated with crown ether and DNA is selective to potassium ions over sodium ions at concentrations up to 1 M.
Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice
Authors: Farhan Alan , Saccone Michael , Petersen Charlotte F. , Dhuey Scott , Chopdekar Rajesh V. , Huang Yen-Lin , Kent Noah , Chen Zuhuang , Alava Mikko J. , Lippert Thomas , Scholl Andreas , van Dijken Sebastiaan
Published: February 2019

We present direct, real-time observations of emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in highly frustrated artificial spin ice.
Multifactorial heterogeneity of virus-specific T cells and association with the progression of human chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Cheng Yang , Zhu Yuan O. , Becht Etienne , Aw Pauline , Chen Jinmiao , Poidinger Michael , de Sessions Paola Flórez , Hibberd Martin Lloyd , Bertoletti Antonio , Lim Seng Gee , Newell Evan W.
Published: February 2019

Comprehensive epitope mapping and high-dimensional analyses uncover complex relationships of virus-specific memory T cells in CHB.
Myeloid cells in the central nervous system: So similar, yet so different
Authors: Quintana Francisco J.
Published: February 2019

Dissection of the heterogeneity of CNS myeloid cells reveals functionally distinct subsets that govern encephalitogenic T cells. See related Research Articles by

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Platforms and Analytical Tools Used in Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Microbial Genotyping Procedures
Authors: MacCannell Duncan
Published: February 2019

In the decade and a half since the introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the technical feasibility, cost, and overall utility of sequencing have changed dramatically, including applications for infectious disease epidemiology. Massively parallel sequencing technologies have decreased the cost of sequencing by more than 6 orders or magnitude over this time, with a corresponding increase in data generation and complexity. This review provides an overview of the basic principles, chemistry, and operational mechanics of current sequencing technologies, including both conventional Sanger and NGS approaches. As the generation of large amounts of sequence data becomes increasingly routine, the role of bioinformatics in data analysis and reporting becomes all the more critical, and the successful deployment of NGS in public health settings requires careful consideration of changing information technology, bioinformatics, workforce, and regulatory requirements. While there remain important challenges to the sustainable implementation of NGS in public health, in terms of both laboratory and bioinformatics capacity, the impact of these technologies on infectious disease surveillance and outbreak investigations has been nothing short of revolutionary. Understanding the important role that NGS plays in modern public health laboratory practice is critical, as is the need to ensure appropriate workforce, infrastructure, facilities, and funding consideration for routine NGS applications, future innovation, and rapidly scaling NGS-based infectious disease surveillance and outbreak response activities.

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Phase Variation ofStreptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Jing-Ren
Published: February 2019

Streptococcus pneumoniaeundergoes phase variation or spontaneous, reversible phenotypic variation in colony opacity, encapsulation, and pilus expression. The variation in colony opacity appears to occur in all strains, whereas the switches in the production of the capsule and pilus have been observed in several strains. This chapter elaborates on the variation in colony opacity since this phenomenon has been extensively characterized.S. pneumoniaeproduces opaque and transparent colonies on the translucent agar medium. The different colony phases are fundamentally distinct phenotypes in their metabolism and multiple characteristics, as exemplified by cell surface features and phenotypes in colonization and virulence. Opaque variants, which express more capsular polysaccharides and fewer teichoic acids, are more virulent in animal models of sepsis but colonize the nasopharynx poorly. In contrast, transparent variants, with fewer capsular polysaccharides and more teichoic acid, colonize the nasopharynx in animal models more efficiently but are relatively avirulent. Lastly, pneumococcal opacity variants are generated by differential methylation of the genome DNA variation. The reversible switch in the methylation pattern is caused by DNA inversions in three homologoushsdSgenes of the colony opacity determinant (cod) or SpnD39III locus, a conserved type I restriction-modification (RM) system. ThehsdSgene encodes the sequence recognition subunit of the type I RM DNA methyltransferase. The combination of DNA inversion and differential methylation, a complex mechanism of phase variation, generates a mixed population that may allow for the selection of organismsin vivowith characteristics permissive for either carriage or systemic infection.
Toxins and Superantigens of Group A Streptococci
Authors: Shannon Blake A. , McCormick John K. , Schlievert Patrick M.
Published: February 2019

Streptococcus pyogenes(i.e., the group AStreptococcus) is a human-restricted and versatile bacterial pathogen that produces an impressive arsenal of both surface-expressed and secreted virulence factors. Although surface-expressed virulence factors are clearly vital for colonization, establishing infection, and the development of disease, the secreted virulence factors are likely the major mediators of tissue damage and toxicity seen during active infection. The collective exotoxin arsenal ofS. pyogenesis rivaled by few bacterial pathogens and includes extracellular enzymes, membrane active proteins, and a variety of toxins that specifically target both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, including the superantigens; however, despite their role inS. pyogenesdisease, each of these virulence factors has likely evolved with humans in the context of asymptomatic colonization and transmission. In this article, we focus on the biology of the true secreted exotoxins of the group AStreptococcus, as well as their roles in the pathogenesis of human disease.
Sortases, Surface Proteins, and Their Roles inStaphylococcus aureusDisease and Vaccine Development
Authors: Schneewind Olaf , Missiakas Dominique
Published: February 2019

Sortases cleave short peptide motif sequences at the C-terminal end of secreted surface protein precursors and either attach these polypeptides to the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria or promote their assembly into pilus structures that are also attached to peptidoglycan. Sortase A, the enzyme first identified in the human pathogenStaphylococcus aureus, binds LPXTG motif sorting signals, cleaves between threonine (T) and glycine (G) residues, and forms an acyl enzyme between its active-site cysteine thiol and the carboxyl group of threonine (T). Sortase A acyl enzyme is relieved by the nucleophilic attack of the cross bridge amino group within lipid II, thereby generating surface protein linked to peptidoglycan precursor. Such products are subsequently incorporated into the cell wall envelope by enzymes of the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. Surface proteins linked to peptidoglycan may be released from the bacterial envelope to diffuse into host tissues and fulfill specific biological functions.S. aureussortase A is essential for host colonization and for the pathogenesis of invasive diseases. Staphylococcal sortase-anchored surface proteins fulfill key functions during the infectious process, and vaccine-induced antibodies targeting surface proteins may provide protection againstS. aureus. Alternatively, small-molecule inhibitors of sortase may be useful agents for the prevention ofS. aureuscolonization and invasive disease.
Solitary ascending colon ulcer diagnosed as gastrointestinal CMV disease
Authors: Case Jr Robert , Stoner Patrick , Myrick Samuel , Zimmermann Ellen
Published: February 2019

A 42-year-old woman with a history of cholangiocarcinoma on adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine presented with painless haematochezia. She was found to have an isolated twenty-five mm ulcer in the ascending colon. Biopsies of the ulceration demonstrated typical cytomegalovirus (CMV) inclusions and her peripheral blood CMV PCR was significantly elevated. This is an unusual case of a solitary proximal colon ulcer. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inflammatory bowel disease and malignancy, are the most frequent causes of isolated ulcers in the proximal colon. Gastrointestinal (GI) CMV disease most commonly causes CMV colitis and is considered rare outside of the transplant population and other severely immunosuppressed patient groups. Patients who have received chemotherapy may also be at risk for GI CMV disease. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients who present with haematochezia or watery diarrhoea within a broad window of time after receiving chemotherapy.