bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Level(s) compared to European and Norwegian standards for life cycle assessment of buildings
Authors: Vandervaeren C , Fufa S M , Kallaos J
Published: September 2022

Launched in 2021, the EU Level(s) calculation method for Global Warming Potential (GWP) of buildings could get increasing attention and complement the standards that are currently used in Europe and Norway, EN 15978 and NS 3720. To understand the possibility and consequences of using Level(s) in Norway, we assess how the Level(s) GWP calculation method differs from EN 15978 and NS 3720, and whether it is more specific and provides more guidance. Comparing fifteen methodological aspects, eleven were treated differently in the three methods. Both Level(s) and NS 3720 are based on EN 15978, hence they provide more, though different, specifications and guidelines than EN 15978 for most of the aspects, such as scope of building elements, life cycle stages to include, and reference study period. Level(s) provides more guidance for the development of scenarios for the operational and end-of-life stages, and for assessing data reliability. NS 3720 lists the scope of building elements in detail and accounts for operational transport (stage B8). Overall, a building GWP calculated with NS 3720 would need some adjustment to reflect the prescriptions of Level(s). These findings inform LCA assessors about key differences, supporting the broader use of Level(s) in Norway as in Europe, and helping towards a harmonization of NS 3720 to Level(s).
Sustainable building arenas: Constructing a governance framework for a sustainability transition in Cambodia’s urban built environment
Authors: Jayaweera R , Nop S , Karagianni C , Waibel M , Schwede D
Published: September 2022

Transition governance approaches for the building sector have been discussed for more than a decade. Very little work has however moved beyond the socio-political contexts of the Global North to scrutinize the spatial-institutional challenges of sustainability transitions in the Global South, or more illiberal contexts. Consequently, this paper introduces a transition governance framework, a Sustainable Building Arena (SBA), that addresses the contextual particularities of the urban building regime and its de/stabilizing factors in the case of Cambodia to inform transformational change. The design of the SBA draws on the literature on urban transition management, transition management in the Global South, as well as transdisciplinary transition management arenas, and extends these concepts to Cambodia’s urban built environment. It furthermore builds upon the results of an extensive analysis of the socio-technical system and an evaluation of residential buildings in Phnom Penh, including indoor environmental conditions. The SBA is conceptualized as an informal institution and as a protected and co-creative space at the science-policy-business-civil society interface. It allows sustainability-minded but often marginalized actors to co-produce and pluralize knowledge - including the co-development of problem framings, visions and transition strategies – and facilitates cooperation, as well as the creation of alternative discourse coalitions and networks of social capital. Overall, the paper argues that such scientifically grounded and participatory processes, that are attentive to and designed for the particular spatial-institutional context, can indeed support the development of actionable knowledge, the empowerment of marginalized actors and support collective action for transformative change in the built environment sectors in contexts outside the Western liberal norm of transition studies.
Consequential impacts of a net-zero carbon design: life cycle assessment of an active building
Authors: Roberts M , Allen S , Marsh E , Clarke J , Coley D
Published: September 2022

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is becoming the predominant means for determining if a building design meets a carbon emission target. These target values are set to help building designers meet aspirational net-zero carbon targets. Within LCA, there are two modelling frameworks. Attributional LCA (ALCA) assigns a portion of global emissions to a specific product or process. Consequential LCA (CLCA) assesses the impacts from a market’s response to a change in demand for a product or process. A case study building, located in Swansea, UK, has been assessed to investigate the differences between ALCA and CLCA. The case study building employs: a modular off-site construction building fabric; on-site energy generation; and, on-site energy storage – all strategies that may be adopted at large scale to decarbonise the built environment. Based on global warming potential assessed over a 100-year time horizon (GWP100), the total upfront embodied impacts from CLCA are 19% higher than that from ALCA. Three differences exist within the rank order of building elements. The Frame presented the highest contribution to the GWP100 within the CLCA results, whereas External Walls contributed the most within the ALCA results. The differences arise mostly from how electricity production is modelled within attributional and consequential datasets and whether substitution or cut-off are used within the background processes. CLCA can capture the environmental impacts of decisions taken to create a net-zero built environment. However, CLCA should not be directly compared to ALCA without appreciating and recognising how the methods and scopes differ.
To weigh or not to weigh. Recommendations for communicating aggregated results of buildings LCA
Authors: Gomes V , Pulgrossi L , Gomes Da Silva M , Balouktsi M , Lützkendorf T , Frischknecht R
Published: September 2022

Interpreting contradictory results of multiple midpoint environmental indicators is challenging task. Hence, partial or full aggregation into building single scores has gained ground for the clear message they convey. This paper helps to improve understanding of the possibilities and limitations of such practice. Partial aggregated scores of five buildings were explored, limited to the environmental indicators shared by the methods examined and inventoried for the case studies. In general, the buildings’ single score ranking was maintained regardless of the aggregation approach, but rank reversal is possible if e.g., ecotoxicity impact indicators are considered. Such indicators are directly influenced by the mass of metals used in a building. Furthermore, uncertainties on their results, in LCI data and in impact and damage assessment are high, and experience with them is still limited. No single best aggregation stands out per se. All of them can play their part if officially supported to ensure that coherent weights/factors are built upon solid, up-to-date data and fair intergenerational and income equity valuation procedures. In such cases, LCA practitioners are encouraged to use single scores in addition to environmental profiles or selected indicators. Overall aggregation procedures shall be transparently described, and zero pure time preference rate and equity weighting applied and explicitly declared. Sensitivity/uncertainty analysis shall be performed to assess results robustness, potential ranking reversal risks, and the effect of different discount rates. When partial aggregation is alternatively pursued, it shall be based on endpoint categories.
The influence of EPD data on LCA results
Authors: Tozan B , Stapel E , Sørensen C , Birgisdóttir H
Published: September 2022

The built environment is responsible for reaching global climate targets such as the Paris agreement and carbon neutrality in 2050. It is a well-known fact that buildings stand for 37% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where 10% is due to emissions from the production of building materials, while the remaining 27% comes from energy consumption [1]. The awareness of the major contribution to global GHG emissions from the built environment has enabled a great interest in developing more sustainable buildings, reducing the contribution to GHG emissions, and conducting life cycle assessments (LCA) of buildings in Denmark. In March 2021 a national strategy towards more sustainable buildings was introduced, which requires an LCA of new buildings, and compliance with the limit value of 12 kg CO2e/m2/year for new buildings with > 1000 m2. The strategy underlines the urgency of educating the Danish construction sector in conducting LCAs of new buildings and gaining knowledge in environmental product declarations (EPD) available for the Danish sector to apply. Eventually, this will enable more specific and transparent LCA results of Danish buildings. We investigate the availability and applicability of EPDs from a Danish perspective in the first part of the study, and in the second part, we investigate the influence on LCA results when applying industry- or product-specific data instead of generic data (Ökobau 2020 II). Three exterior wall types A, B and C are outlined based on the same U-value, and generic data are replaced with EPD data. The results show the various combinations possible with applying the EPD data. Secondly, the LCA results are highly dependent on the chosen materials and their corresponding EPD data.
The Construction Material Pyramid - Integrating health and toxicity parameters
Authors: Munch-Petersen P , Lewis M
Published: September 2022

This article investigates how hazardous substances and toxicity information can be integrated into the Construction Material Pyramid [Pyramid] in order to showcase the potential health impacts of material choices in architecture. The current Pyramid indicates different materials’ upfront environmental impacts in the initial life phase of a building product, specifically in the Life Cycle Assessment phases A1-A3. The success of the Pyramid hinges on its communicative strength of conveying complex data in a simple format, easily understood by architects and planners. Can other aspects of material impacts be conveyed with a similar graphic ease to provide a more complete material assessment? Material health and toxicity is notoriously difficult to assess, as data is insufficient and hard to acquire due to proprietary concerns from manufacturers and lack of proper legislation to ensure transparency. The Pyramid has not yet dealt with health and toxicity as a parameter and there exists no predefined method as to how these problems can be included in a comparative model such as the Pyramid. This article’s first line of inquiry is to discuss a suitable methodology to disclose the potential health impacts of construction materials and their associated, often invisible, chemical products applied for mounting, finishing, mold or fire resistance. The Swedish Chemicals Agency’s and the European Chemicals Agency’s evaluation of substances will inform the framework for a comparative system. Secondly, the article will address how the model can graphically convey the potential health and environmental impacts from the production and construction phases of prime and associated materials. This augmentation of the Pyramid would enable architects and designers to more easily obtain information regarding potential health impacts resulting from hazardous chemical content and could provide incentives for selecting less-toxic alternatives. By drawing on H-phases and SundaHus’s product assessment, a ‘stop-sign method’ is used to indicate hazard levels of construction materials.
Real-world Laboratories in the Building Sector - Strategies for Transformation and Leap Innovations
Authors: Jansen S V , Pawlicki N , Crabbe M , Roswag-Klinge E
Published: September 2022

The German Federal Environment Agency’s (UBA) goal is a climate-neutral and resource-conserving building sector by latest 2050. To reach these targets radical innovation is needed in all areas from material and construction development to the lifecycle-compatible design and adaptability of entire buildings. To accelerate this kind of radical innovation in various areas of the economy, real-world laboratories or regulatory sandboxes are already employed. These are physical or theoretical spaces where legislative frameworks in targeted areas can be lowered or abolished – allowing researchers and businesses to operate in less restrictive regulatory environments. Real-world laboratories have the potential to function as what Schaepke and Steltzer call transformative research – research that drives societal change processes by transforming knowledge. In the building sector, this approach can facilitate the necessary rapid development of new material and construction techniques, while simultaneously valuing the communicative exchange and transfer processes through which these advances can be societally co-produced, validated and legitimized. Planning culture is plagued by outdated and often counterintuitive norms and regulations, making it extremely difficult and economically unviable to apply experimental techniques, materials, and approaches in real-world projects. In this context, the Real-world Laboratories model has great potential to drive innovation in the planning disciplines through new inter- and transdisciplinary approaches that can integrate actors from civil society at an early stage, thus anchoring newly produced knowledge and innovation in society. Universities are well placed to initiate and drive such processes. Especially in architecture training, projects with a strong link to real contexts, actors, and materials allow learners to access new understandings of how planning processes can function. By working on eye level with clients, administrators, lawmakers and those from other disciplines, a new blueprint for real practice can be developed. This paper analyses the characteristics of the Real-world Laboratory method specifically for the building sector. Principles to successfully implement the method in practice are derived from a series of transdisciplinary projects undertaken as part of the research, practice and teaching at Natural Building Lab, TU Berlin.
Does energy retrofitting pay off? An analysis of German multifamily building data
Authors: Groh A , Kuhlwein H , Bienert S
Published: September 2022

Several studies have investigated the relationship between the energy performance of buildings and housing prices. First, this paper identifies a price premium for energy efficiency within the German rental market. Then, the generated price differences and associated marginal benefits are compared to the marginal costs of energy retrofits. An extensive database of Germany’s largest online platform for housing over a time span from 2016 to 2020 is used in a hedonic regression approach. Additionally, to extract the marginal costs of energy consumption abatement, a dataset of 1.048 rental units regarding green-retrofit measures is utilized. While a significant green premium is identified in the rental market, the findings suggest that it is not high enough to compensate landlords for the money they have to spend to retrofit. The marginal costs exceed the marginal benefits by far. Furthermore, it is found that the German government’s recent plans to split the CO2 tax between landlords and tenants does not change this because the price per metric ton of carbon is insufficiently high. The findings can help both tenants and landlords in their decision-making, as well as policy makers in the implementation of decarbonization efforts.
Reducing the carbon footprint of municipal infrastructures
Authors: Kytzia S , Brändli H
Published: September 2022

Developers of municipal infrastructures have focused so far mainly on the operation of infrastructure networks (e.g. roads) or facilities (e.g. district heating facilities) and their impacts on climate change. Only recently, the focus shifts to optimizing CO2 emissions embodied in building materials and caused by processes and transports related to construction, maintenance, overhaul and renewal of civil engineering works. The European standard EN 15643-5:2017 provides specific principles and requirements for the assessment of their environmental performance and a new standard for calculation methods will be published in 2022 including an assessment of embodied C02 emissions. But, how can this information be used to systematically reduce the carbon footprint for municipal infrastructures? In an ongoing research project, we want to answer this question and develop a management cycle for optimizing the carbon footprint of municipal infrastructures. In a first step, we used expert interviews with infrastructure operators, planers and builders focusing on roads to define use cases where information on embodied CO2 emissions is needed. In a second step, we studied construction projects (completed in the past) to analyze data availability at different stages of the planning process. Based on our preliminary results, a management cycle should include the following four use cases for using information on embodied CO2 emissions for decision support. First, it should be used for monitoring of infrastructure networks (as part of scope 3 accounting for operators). Second, it supports priority setting for renewal and overhaul planning when used to analyse representative project portfolios. And, it will help developing project specific benchmarks for optimization at early design stages as well as before public tender. In the next step of our project, we will adapt existing calculation methods in collaboration with operators of municipal road networks to meet information requirements in the identified use cases.
The Methods of Deep Learning and Big Data Analysis in Promoting Sustainable Architecture
Authors: Yazdi H , Vukorep I , Bazazzadeh H
Published: September 2022

These days, sustainability in different aspects has been among the main discussions of architecture and building science. At the same time, historic architecture has evolved over centuries and has adapted to environmental conditions, it can be a great source of inspiration in using smart ways to achieve sustainable architecture. A good illustration of this adaptation can be found in using vernacular materials, the spatial configuration according to climate conditions, and different elements of historic architecture that have helped to improve the occupant’s comfort. In response, one plausible solution for improving the sustainability of architecture is translating the concept of the sustainable elements and features of historic architecture to be used in contemporary architecture. Therefore, these elements need to be studied thoroughly to comprehend their features and characters. There are several studies, investigating sustainable historic architecture to find and measure sustainable solutions by using conventional methods. Although the accuracy of studying the sustainable historic elements has been fairly high, the number of features and variety of these elements in historic architecture have made this task highly challenging. It has been suggested to study and evaluate a considerable number of these elements in different historic architecture to reduce the errors and increase the reliability of results. Since the conventional methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly, this paper proposed a robust AI method to study the sustainable elements of historic architecture by using Deep Learning. In this study, by introducing and developing a new method for detecting sustainable elements in historic architecture, their features were comprehensively extracted by means of mining meaningful data from areal images of historic cities to produce big data. The proposed method has a sophisticated workflow starting from subdividing the High-Resolution Aerial Images to detecting the sustainable elements and using data science to analyze the extracted features of the segmented objects. Results of a sample analysis of this method showed its high accuracy and its applicability in analyzing sustainable elements of historic architecture, by which designers are expected to design more sustainable buildings inspired by historic architecture.
Methods for In-Silico Environmental Resilience, 2018 to 2100
Authors: Spiegelhalter T , Werner L C
Published: September 2022

The research focuses on Genetic Water-Energy-Food Nexus Design Research Scenarios for Miami’s Greater Islands. The Paris Agreement - 21st international Conference of Parties (COP 21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) supports professional and municipal architecture and urban design practice emphasizing greenhouse gas reductions and carbon-neutral city planning and operations. In this respect, Miami benefits through multiple large-scale grants focusing on strategic solutions to combat and adapt to the effects of global warming, sea-level rise, flooding, hurricane impacts, and salt-water intrusion [1]. This paper presents research findings funded by a four-year transdisciplinary research project CRUNCH by EU agencies and the US-National Science Foundation in partnership with nineteen partners from six countries. It illuminates two transdisciplinary methods to produce bio-inspired infrastructural, architectural, and urban scale scenarios from 2018 to 2100. The silico-oriented research location is in Miami, proposing a trans-locational application envisaged in Berlin. The first method is based on parametric-algorithmic, generative design research workflows. The second utilizes synthetic biology through bio-scripting in collaboration with Autodesk. Both methods merge through the integration of cloud-based artificial intelligence and machine learning simulation engines. The research goals are to support international governments regarding sustainability master plans, and secondly, to raise and increase awareness towards urgent and societal relevant resilience topics for the future of human habitats. Scenario simulations are generated by the Florida International University (FIU) Miami research team at the Urban Living Lab (ULL), the GIS department, and two coastal cities in Miami Dade with low-lying areas. The ULL’s research sectors include green-blue infrastructures to combat sea-level rise, synthetic biology scripting, robotic urban farming, local food production and hydroponics, mixed renewable energy design. In addition, and carbon-neutral power generation with adaptive infrastructure projects that support the local and regional Food-Energy-Water Nexus.
Analysis of Sustainable Urban Landscape in Karawang HSR Station Area
Authors: Herdini H R , Gamal A , Hadi A
Published: September 2022

This research presents a qualitative study that examined the sustainable urban landscape based on the land value aspect by mapping the potentials of an area in the land value by synthesizing the results of a theory on specific factors that affect land values in examining the spatial direction of land value determination by mapping the potentials of an area of land value. This study looks from a different perspective. In previous studies, it was seen how land use could change prices, but in this study, it is more seen how land value maps can also map the spatial changes of a city. Future researchers are encouraged to confirm the results of this finding in quantitative research that links the determinants of land value which can be later used to calculate the value of vacant lands.
Ecotourism to improve the quality of Deli riverscape, Medan City, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Abus Achdial Farhan , Lubis Tasnim , Saputra Nanda , Delima Delima
Published: September 2022

The research objective was to propose the Deli riverscape concept through ecotourism. The data were collected by doing depth-interview and participant observation. The anthropology of landscape approach was implied in this study to analyze the spatial concept in Deli riverscape toward building ecotourism. The planning stages were survey, data inventory, data analysis, synthesis, and riverscape concept. The result of this study was the basic concepts of ecotourism development, which were realized in the form of the Deli riverscape. The riverscape concept consists of spatial planning, green planning, circulation, facilities and utilities, and activity. It indicated the need for local community participation in ecotourism through environmental management activities in waste processing. In addition, there is a need for tree planting, which is a social activity in presenting spaces for ecotourism. There is a straight line between Deli riverscape formed and improvement riverscape quality for ecotourism development. It can be concluded that there are four infrastructure developments, namely the main tourist space, supporting space, primary circulation path, and secondary circulation zone.
Urban community perception on social vulnerability to disaster: the case of Bukit Antarabangsa, Malaysia
Authors: Kamarudin K H , Razak K A , Motoyama E
Published: September 2022

This article aims to determine the perception of urban communities living in Bukit Antarabangsa regarding the issue of social vulnerability (SV) to landslide and landslide-related disasters. Bukit Antarabangsa is widely known as one of the highly urbanized areas near the metropolitan of Kuala Lumpur which are highly susceptible to landslides. Few communities which currently under the SeDAR project (i.e., a join-community-based disaster risk reduction/CBDRR program between Selangor State Disaster Management Centre – JICA – Local NGO: SlopeWatch Bukit Antarabangsa) were selected as a case study. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and household surveys were conducted during Conditional Movement Order (CMCO) on March 27th 2021 and April 11th 2021 to gather relevant information on the researched topic. The questionnaire for the survey was formulated based on the proposed detailed list of SV components, indicators, sub-indicators and weightage which was derived from a review of the literature and internal consultation among disaster experts. The data analysis process in this study served to achieve the objective of social and economic vulnerability assessment in general based on the usage of sub-indicators to point out the score value and level of performance of each sub-indicator based on the survey of local stakeholders. Results from data analysis were translated into spatial context through the production of an SV map of the study area. In summary, the integrated approach to the assessment of SV involving data analysis and mapping/spatial representation has offered some valuable insights towards strengthening local community resilient to disaster and should be considered for inclusion into the establishment of a long-term community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) planning and assessment, and in formulating DRR strategies at local and/or municipal context.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Emergence of Creative Cities in Indonesia: Comparative Studies from Pekalongan, Yogyakarta, and Surakarta During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nugroho Prihadi , Artiningsih Artiningsih , Tyas Wido Prananing , Asyifa Ikrima
Published: September 2022

As a global platform, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have reinforced country’s institutional capacity to meet the international standard compliance. Creative city concept is one among those linking the SDGs targeting agenda to the local development policy. This study investigates if the implementation of creative city concept may succeed the fulfilment of SDGs targets. We selected three cities in Indonesia for comparative study: Pekalongan, Yogyakarta, and Surakarta. Our observation completed during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. We combined targeted questionnaire to academics, business, community, and government (ABCG) stakeholders with content analysis of the government publications and regulations. The result shows that Pekalongan City Government has managed well in actualising creative city concept from the policymaking to program implementation. The Yogyakarta City Government seems inconvenience in specifying targeted creative industry to promote local economy. For the Surakarta case, the targeted creative industry has little support in the local development policy. Lack of institutional capacity and trained staffs might be the main reasons for slow implementation of these ideas into local government context. Consequently, creative city concept and SDGs agenda are more favoured as a short- to medium-term project rather than a long-lasting city development vision.
The Changes in Public Spaces Usages for Performing Arts Sector After Covid-19 Disruption in Surakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Khofifah Ainun , Werdiningtyas Ratri , Kusumastuti Kusumastuti
Published: September 2022

The existence of a public space enables all creative actors in the world to arrange performing arts activities at the local, national, and international levels. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the capability of the communities to interact with each other, changing the public space requirements of different types of performing art. This article is aimed to identify the differences between public spaces’ usages for the performing arts sector before and after the pandemic Covid-19. In this research, Surakarta is chosen as the study case as it is one of the creative cities which is dependent on performing arts sectors. The determination of interviewees is done through the purposive sampling technique to find stakeholders as representatives that know well about the performing art sector in Surakarta. Through content analysis of the stakeholder perspectives, we identify the change in public space usage in promoting each type of performing art in Surakarta. We found that there are new parameters in determining the use of public space for the performing arts: the area, the scale of the public space, and the public space design. These three new parameters explain the different public space capacities in Surakarta to promote performing arts in Surakarta. Thus, the present work can be used to understand more what is needed to make public space reliable to adapt to the new normal era.
The Vlasov–Poisson–Landau system in the weakly collisional regime
Authors: Chaturvedi Sanchit , Luk Jonathan , Nguyen Toan
Published: September 2022

Consider the Vlasov–Poisson–Landau system with Coulomb potential in the weakly collisional regime on a

3
3

-torus, i.e.
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout 1st Row partial-differential Subscript t Baseline upper F left-parenthesis t comma x comma v right-parenthesis plus v Subscript i Baseline partial-differential Subscript x Sub Subscript i Subscript Baseline upper F left-parenthesis t comma x comma v right-parenthesis plus upper E Subscript i Baseline left-parenthesis t comma x right-parenthesis partial-differential Subscript v Sub Subscript i Subscript Baseline upper F left-parenthesis t comma x comma v right-parenthesis equals nu upper Q left-parenthesis upper F comma upper F right-parenthesis left-parenthesis t comma x comma v right-parenthesis comma 2nd Row upper E left-parenthesis t comma x right-parenthesis equals nabla normal upper Delta Superscript negative 1 Baseline left-parenthesis integral Underscript double-struck upper R cubed Endscripts upper F left-parenthesis t comma x comma v right-parenthesis normal d v minus integral minus Subscript double-struck upper T cubed Baseline integral Underscript double-struck upper R cubed Endscripts upper F left-parenthesis t comma x comma v right-parenthesis normal d v normal d x right-parenthesis comma EndLayout">

∂
t

F
(
t
,
x
,
v
)
+

v
i

∂

x
i

F
(
t
,
x
,
v
)
+

E
i

(
t
,
x
)

∂

v
i

F
(
t
,
x
,
v
)
=
ν
Q
(
F
,
F
)
(
t
,
x
,
v
)
,

E
(
t
,
x
)
=
∇

Δ

−
1

(

∫

R

3

F
(
t
,
x
,
v
)

d

v
−

∫

−

T

3

∫

R

3

F
(
t
,
x
,
v
)

d

v

d

x
)
,

\begin{align*} \partial _t F(t,x,v) + v_i \partial _{x_i} F(t,x,v) + E_i(t,x) \partial _{v_i} F(t,x,v) = \nu Q(F,F)(t,x,v),\\ E(t,x) = \nabla \Delta ^{-1} (\int _{\mathbb R^3} F(t,x,v)\, \mathrm {d} v - {{\int }\llap {-}}_{\mathbb T^3} \int _{\mathbb R^3} F(t,x,v)\, \mathrm {d} v \, \mathrm {d} x), \end{align*}

with

ν
≪
1

\nu \ll 1

. We prove that for

ϵ
>
0

\epsilon >0

sufficiently small (but independent of

ν
\nu

), initial data which are

O
(
ϵ

ν

1

/

3

)

O(\epsilon \nu ^{1/3})

-Sobolev space perturbations from the global Maxwellians lead to global-in-time solutions which converge to the global Maxwellians as

t
→
∞

t\to \infty

. The solutions exhibit uniform-in-

ν
\nu

Landau damping and enhanced dissipation.

Our main result is analogous to an earlier result of Bedrossian for the Vlasov–Poisson–Fokker–Planck equation with the same threshold. However, unlike in the Fokker–Planck case, the linear operator cannot be inverted explicitly due to the complexity of the Landau collision operator. For this reason, we develop an energy-based framework, which combines Guo’s weighted energy method with the hypocoercive energy method and the commuting vector field method. The proof also relies on pointwise resolvent estimates for the linearized density equation.
A Nakano carrier theorem for polynomials
Authors: Boyd Christopher , Ryan Raymond , Snigireva Nina
Published: September 2022

We use a localisation technique to study orthogonally additive polynomials on Banach lattices. We derive alternative characterisations for orthogonal additivity of polynomials and orthosymmetry of

m
m

-linear mappings. We prove that an orthogonally additive polynomial which is order continuous at one point is order continuous at every point and we give an example to show that this result does not extend to regular polynomials in general. Finally, we prove a Nakano Carrier theorem for orthogonally additive polynomials, generalising a result of Kusraev [Orthosymmetric bilinear operators, Vladikavkaz, preprint, 2007].
Harmonic analysis of covariant functions of characters of normal subgroups
Authors: Ghaani Farashahi Arash
Published: September 2022

This paper considersL1L^1-spaces of covariant functions of characters of normal subgroups. Assume thatGGis a locally compact group with the group algebraL1(G)L^1(G)andNNis a closed and normal subgroup ofGG. Suppose thatT\mathbb {T}is the circle group andξ:N→T\xi :N\to \mathbb {T}is a character. We introduce the Banach spaceLξ1(G,N)L_\xi ^1(G,N)of covariant functions ofξ\xionGGand present an operator theoretic approach to study structure ofLξ1(G,N)L^1_\xi (G,N). It is proven thatLξ1(G,N)L^1_\xi (G,N)and a quotient space ofL1(G)L^1(G)are isometrically isomorphic. The paper is concluded by constructive characterizations for covariant functions ofξ\xi.
On modified Einstein tensors and two smooth invariants of compact manifolds
Authors: Labbi Mohammed Larbi
Published: September 2022

Let

(
M
,
g
)

(M,g)

be a Riemannian

n
n

-manifold, we denote by

R
i
c

Ric

and

S
c
a
l

Scal

the Ricci and the scalar curvatures of

g
g

. For each real number

k
>
n

k>n

, the modified Einstein tensors denoted

E
i
n

k

\mathrm {Ein}_k

is defined to be

E
i
n

k

≔
S
c
a
l

g
−
k
R
i
c

\mathrm {Ein}_k ≔Scal\, g -kRic

. Note that the usual Einstein tensor coincides with one half of

E
i
n

2

\mathrm {Ein}_2

and

E
i
n

0

=
S
c
a
l
.
g

\mathrm {Ein}_0=Scal.g

. It turns out that all these new modified tensors, for

0
>
k
>
n

0>k>n

, are still gradients of the total scalar curvature functional but with respect to modified integral scalar products. The positivity of

E
i
n

k

\mathrm {Ein}_k

for some positive

k
k

implies the positivity of all

E
i
n

l

\mathrm {Ein}_l

with

0
≤
l
≤
k

0\leq l\leq k

and so we define a smooth invariant

E
i
n

(
M
)

\mathbf {Ein}(M)

of

M
M

to be the supremum of positive k’s that renders

E
i
n

k

\mathrm {Ein}_k

positive. By definition

E
i
n

(
M
)
∈
[
0
,
n
]

\mathbf {Ein}(M)\in [0,n]

, it is zero if and only if

M
M

has no positive scalar curvature metrics and it is maximal equal to

n
n

if

M
M

possesses an Einstein metric with positive scalar curvature. In some sense,

E
i
n

(
M
)

\mathbf {Ein}(M)

measures how far

M
M

is away from admitting an Einstein metric of positive scalar curvature.

In this paper, we prove that

E
i
n

(
M
)
≥
2

\mathbf {Ein}(M)\geq 2

, for any closed simply connected manifold

M
M

of positive scalar curvature and with dimension

≥
5

\geq 5

. Furthermore, for a compact

2
2

-connected manifold

M
M

with dimension

≥
6

\geq 6

and of positive scalar curvature, we show that

E
i
n

(
M
)
≥
3

\mathbf {Ein}(M)\geq 3

. We demonstrate as well that the invariant

E
i
n

(
M
)

\mathbf {Ein} (M)

of a manifold

M
M

increases after doing a surgery on

M
M

or by assuming that

M
M

has higher connectivity. We show that the condition

E
i
n

(
M
)
≤
n
−
2

\mathbf {Ein}(M)\leq n-2

does not imply any restriction on the first fundamental group of

M
M

. We define and prove similar properties for an analogous invariant namely

e
i
n

(
M
)

\mathbf {ein}(M)

. The paper contains several open questions.
The non-arithmetic cusped hyperbolic 3-orbifold of minimal volume
Authors: Drewitz Simon , Kellerhals Ruth
Published: September 2022

We show that the 1-cusped quotient of the hyperbolic space

H

3

\mathbb {H}^3

by the tetrahedral Coxeter group

Γ
∗

=
[
5
,
3
,
6
]

\Gamma _*=[5,3,6]

has minimal volume among all non-arithmetic cusped hyperbolic 3-orbifolds, and as such it is uniquely determined. Furthermore, the lattice

Γ
∗

\Gamma _*

is incommensurable to any Gromov-Piatetski-Shapiro type lattice. Our methods have their origin in the work of C. Adams [J. Differential Geom. 34 (1991), pp. 115–141; Noncompact hyperbolic 3-orbifolds of small volume, de Gruyter, Berlin, 1992]. We extend considerably this approach via the geometry of the underlying horoball configuration induced by a cusp.
Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Bacq Sophie , Kickul Jill R.
Published: September 2022

Social entrepreneurship is an ever-growing and ever-changing field. Known as the process of identifying, evaluating, and exploiting opportunities aiming at social value creation by means of commercial, market-based activities and of the use of a wide range of resources, social entrepreneurship combines market elements with a societal purpose. An overview of the evolution of social entrepreneurship as a field of research from its origins in the 1980s to date, and analysis of the themes presented at The Annual Social Entrepreneurship Conference over more than a decade, show how the core components of social entrepreneurship remained as the field evolved—social value creation, business model, and social entrepreneurial intentions, with the addition of nuances and complexities over time. These trends demonstrate the importance—and unique opportunities—for social entrepreneurship researchers to pursue further research on scaling, impact measurement, and systems change. Social entrepreneurship bears the promise and potential to revisit, and potentially challenge, the theoretical assumptions made in traditional entrepreneurship and management scholarship, embracing a multiplicity of salient stakeholders, other levels of analysis, or the relevance of community.
Facilitation in Informal STEM Education as a Complex Practice
Authors: Hladik Stephanie
Published: September 2022

Museums, zoos, aquariums, parks, after-school clubs, summer camps, community workshops, and other informal education spaces are becoming the sites of new teaching and learning for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In all of these settings, facilitators (alternatively known as docents, explainers, educators, volunteers, or leaders) are key individuals who create learning opportunities with visitors of all ages and interests. They provide demonstrations of STEM concepts, lead tours and school groups, design activities, and support learners in making and tinkering activities—and this work is inherently complex and is intertwined with strands of pedagogy, role negotiation and identity, and labor. Educational approaches of constructivism and constructionism are clear in facilitators’ commitments to creating opportunities for learners to connect their own personal knowledge and experiences with STEM and to build new things from a variety of analog and digital technologies that can be displayed and shared with others. These pedagogical interactions are also social interactions, and facilitators work to invite learners into activities, guide and encourage them, and introduce new STEM content learning goals, even as they negotiate tensions involved in balancing these learning goals with interactional power dynamics and individual learner interests. Additionally, traditional tensions arising from the perceived binary of child-centered and adult-centered pedagogies are being challenged by research that highlights the ways in which intergenerational and equitable teaching and learning can take place as joint activity between adult facilitators and youth in informal STEM settings. Rather than trying to classify facilitation practices as child-centered or adult-centered, we should attend to the when and how of facilitation practices, which highlights their complexity and has implications for how to design and facilitate equitable informal STEM learning opportunities. Finally, the complexity of informal STEM facilitation is made visible when educational researchers consider the impact of institutional constraints on pedagogy and labor, factors that are often invisible or missing in observational studies of facilitator practices. Facilitators also adapt and improvise around these constraints to perform the behind-the-scenes labor of infrastructuring—the emergent, ongoing creation of support systems involving people, objects, and practices that are necessary for the success of new educational innovations. Future directions for research in informal STEM facilitation include greater attention to settings other than science museums, further research into informal computing and mathematics facilitation, and an explicit focus on equity in informal STEM facilitation.
Engineering Education and Social Justice
Authors: Leydens Jon A. , Lucena Juan C. , Riley Donna M.
Published: September 2022

Engineering education and social (in)justice are connected in complex ways. Research indicates that while issues of social (in)justice are inherent in engineering practice, they are often invisible in engineering education. The mechanism by which social justice is rendered invisible involves mindsets and ideologies in engineering and engineering education. Hence, innovative strategies and practices need to address these mindsets and ideologies, rendering social justice visible in engineering education. Imagined future scenarios for social justice in engineering education indicate how social justice could be readily marginalized or accentuated, with accompanying detriments or benefits.
Sex Work during the Tokugawa Era
Authors: Lublin Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2022

In the early 1600s, the Tokugawa shogunate licensed prostitution as one of many policies that it implemented to establish order and to consolidate its control over a once war-torn Japan. The system that emerged confined legal sex work by women and girls to designated quarters, enclosed by walls and with their gates tightly regulated. The prostitutes within overwhelmingly came from impoverished commoner families who sold their daughters into indentured servitude to secure cash advances critical to their own survival. These transactions escaped condemnation due to the belief that girls so sold were fulfilling their filial duty. The absence of any stigma associated with officially authorized sex work conversely drew scores of men to the licensed quarters, and rapid expansion of the commercial sector of the economy, the increasing use of cash, and urbanization produced a commoner class able to vie with samurai, their political and supposed social superiors, for the affections of licensed prostitutes. By the 18th century, the licensed quarters had become destinations for the masses, integral components of the urban economy, and both site of and subject matter for a flourishing early modern culture. The very existence of the quarters helped to legitimize prostitution and, together with growing economic stratification, stimulated demand for cheaper sex. Sex work proliferated legally in the licensed quarters with female prostitutes and both semiofficially and illicitly in cities, market towns, ports, and post stations around Japan, with women and men and girls and boys selling and being sold for sex. While the shogunate tried to regulate clandestine female sex work where it could and periodically imposed harsh penalties where systematic oversight proved elusive, it largely turned a blind eye to male sex work. The vast majority of clients of male prostitutes were men themselves, and sexual relations between men not only had been a common practice within samurai society for centuries but also did not threaten the sanctity of the family or challenge gender norms. While the shogunate largely overlooked sex work with foreigners as well during the early Tokugawa period, beginning in the 1640s and coincident with restrictions on foreign trade, it sanctioned sexual labor but only by licensed brothel prostitutes. The easing of those restrictions through treaties in the 1850s and the influx of foreigners prompted the opening of legal brothels and quarters just for non-Japanese. Much more so than prostitutes with only Japanese clients, those servicing the foreign population were stigmatized by Japanese and foreigners, with the latter linking them to the threat of syphilis.
Migration Cooperation Between Africa and Europe: Understanding the Role of Incentives
Authors: Bah Abu Bakarr , Emmanuel Nikolas
Published: September 2022

The issue of mass migration and north–south relations are increasingly becoming complicated in international relations. In the case of the interactions between Africa and Europe, irregular migration has become a major problem that is also breeding new forms of relations between the two continents. Migration into Europe through the western Mediterranean corridor from Morocco into Spain is a central part in the development of this new relationship. In these changing relations, it is important to ask how the security concerns of mass irregular migration, the emergence of diverse efforts to manage mass migration, and the forms of collaborations that have emerged between the European Union and Spain on the one hand and Morocco on the other hand have had an impact on overall south–north human flows. In particular, this line of inquiry focuses on the way incentives (aid-based, diplomatic, legitimation, etc.) are deployed by Spain and the European Union to ensure that Morocco prevents irregular migrants from crossing into Europe. Overall, it is important to address two kinds of questions relating to the security issues in mass migration and the forms and nature of international collaborations to manage mass migration from Africa to Europe. The intersection of security issues with pragmatic collaboration in international relations is critical to examine. In terms of security, mass irregular migration is tied to human, cultural, and state security concerns. In terms of the management of migration, the various forms of incentives, mainly development assistance and diplomatic support, are used to get Morocco to enforce stringent anti-immigration practices. However, the system of incentives created by actors in the north also creates a form of mutual dependency between Morocco and Europe in a way that enhances the agency of Morocco in its relationship with Spain and the European Union as a whole.
Infrastructure
Authors: Niewöhner Jörg
Published: September 2022

The notion of infrastructure commonly refers to the networked technical support structures that facilitate the provision of services and the movement of goods, people, and ideas through space. In anthropology, the notion of infrastructure also designates an analytic. As such, infrastructure is sensitive to the constant interweaving of technical objects, social organization, knowledge practices, and moral orders. Three key perspectives have been formative for this analytic: historical materialism, the historical and social construction of technology, and the ethnography of infrastructure. The wealth of current infrastructure research revolves around the discussion of four current topics: technopolitics, poetics and promises, paradoxes, and thinking infrastructures. Infrastructure as a theoretical framework holds potential as a new Anthropocene anthropology through minor and terrestrial infrastructuring.