bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonparametric harmonic regression for estuarine water quality data
Authors: Autin Melanie A. , Edwards Don
Published: July 2009

Periodicity is omnipresent in environmental time series data. For modeling estuarine water quality variables, harmonic regression analysis has long been the standard for dealing with periodicity. Generalized additive models (GAMs) allow more flexibility in the response function. They permit parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric regression functions of the predictor variables. We compare harmonic regression, GAMs with cubic regression splines, and GAMs with cyclic regression splines in simulations and using water quality data collected from the National Estuarine Reasearch Reserve System (NERRS). While the classical harmonic regression model works well for clean, near‐sinusoidal data, the GAMs are competitive and are very promising for more complex data. The generalized additive models are also more adaptive and require less‐intervention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multigrid convergence acceleration for implicit and explicit solution of Euler equations on unstructured grids
Authors: Ramezani Ali , Mazaheri Karim
Published: July 2009

The multigrid method is one of the most efficient techniques for convergence acceleration of iterative methods. In this method, a grid coarsening algorithm is required. Here, an agglomeration scheme is introduced, which is applicable in both cell‐center and cell‐vertex 2 and 3D discretizations. A new implicit formulation is presented, which results in better computation efficiency, when added to the multigrid scheme. A few simple procedures are also proposed and applied to provide even higher convergence acceleration. The Euler equations are solved on an unstructured grid around standard transonic configurations to validate the algorithm and to assess its superiority to conventional explicit agglomeration schemes. The scheme is applied to 2 and 3D test cases using both cell‐center and cell‐vertex discretizations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Poly (2,2′‐(1,4‐phenylene) 5,5′‐bibenzimidazole) (para‐PBI) and Phosphoric Acid Doped Membrane for Fuel Cells
Authors: Yu S. , Zhang H. , Xiao L. , Choe E.‐W. , Benicewicz B. C.
Published: July 2009

A detailed investigation of the polymerisation conditions for poly(2,2′‐(1,4‐phenylene)5,5′‐bibenzimidazole) (para‐PBI) in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) led to the preparation of high molecular weight polymer. The polymer solutions could be used directly to produce phosphoric acid (PA)‐doped PBI membranes by the PPA process. These membranes showed very high PA doping levels, i.e., up to ∼30 moles of PA per mole of PBI repeat unit. The ionic conductivity of the membranes was 0.24 S cm–1 at 160 °C. Fuel cell performance was measured at various operating conditions by changing temperature, pressure and gases and verified the high carbon monoxide (CO) tolerance of fuel cells operating at this temperature.
Is volatility risk priced in the KOSPI 200 index options market?
Authors: Yoon Sun‐Joong , Byun Suk Joon
Published: July 2009

The negative volatility risk premium is understood as a result for a hedging demand against market declines. Although this negative volatility risk premium is observed in most index options markets, there are some doubts about its presence in the KOSPI 200 index options market. The majority of KOSPI 200 index option holders do not possess any position in the underlying market; the composition of trading groups of the KOSPI 200 index options significantly differs from that of its underlying index; in this circumstance, the presence of a hedging demand is questionable. This study shows that volatility risk does not require a premium in the KOSPI 200 index options market. Rather, jump fears influence KOSPI 200 options. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:797–825, 2009
Genome‐wide high‐resolution analysis of DNA copy number alterations in NF1‐associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors using 32K BAC array
Authors: Mantripragada Kiran K. , de Ståhl Teresita Díaz , Patridge Chris , Menzel Uwe , Andersson Robin , Chuzhanova Nadia , Kluwe Lan , Guha Abhijit , Mautner Victor , Dumanski Jan P. , Upadhyaya Meena
Published: July 2009

Neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of both benign and malignant tumors. The lifetime risk for developing a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in NF1 patients is ∼10% with poor survival rates. To date, the molecular basis of MPNST development remains unclear. Here, we report the first genome‐wide and high‐resolution analysis of DNA copy number alterations in MPNST using the 32K bacterial artificial chromosome microarray on a series of 24 MPNSTs and three neurofibroma samples. In the benign neurofibromas, apart from loss of one copy of the NF1 gene and copy number polymorphisms, no other changes were found. The profiles of malignant samples, however, revealed specific loss of chromosomal regions including 1p35‐33, 1p21, 9p21.3, 10q25, 11q22‐23, 17q11, and 20p12.2 as well as gain of 1q25, 3p26, 3q13, 5p12, 5q11.2‐q14, 5q21‐23, 5q31‐33, 6p23‐p21, 6p12, 6q15, 6q23‐q24, 7p22, 7p14‐p13, 7q21, 7q36, 8q22‐q24, 14q22, and 17q21‐q25. Copy number gains were more frequent than deletions in the MPNST samples (62% vs. 38%). The genes resident within common regions of gain were NEDL1 (7p14), AP3B1 (5q14.1), and CUL1 (7q36.1) and these were identified in >63% MPNSTs. The most frequently deleted locus encompassed CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and MTAP genes on 9p21.3 (33% cases). These genes have previously been implicated in other cancer conditions and therefore, should be considered for their therapeutic, prognostic, and diagnostic relevance in NF1 tumorigenesis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal investigation of wandering behavior in department of veterans affairs nursing home care units
Authors: King‐Kallimanis Bellinda , Schonfeld Lawrence , Molinari Victor A. , Algase Donna , Brown Lisa M. , Kearns William D. , Davis Darlene M. , Werner Dennis H. , Beattie Elizabeth R. , Nelson Audrey L.
Published: July 2009

Objectives

To explore the extent of and factors associated with male residents who change wandering status post nursing home admission.

Design

Longitudinal design with secondary data analyses. Admissions over a 4‐year period were examined using repeat assessments with the Minimum Data Set (MDS) to formulate a model understanding the development of wandering behavior.

Setting

One hundred thirty‐four Veterans Administration (VA) nursing homes throughout the United States.

Participants

Included 6673 residents admitted to VA nursing homes between October 2000 and October 2004.

Measurements

MDS variables (cognitive impairment, mood, behavior problems, activities of daily living and wandering) included ratings recorded at residents' admission to the nursing home and a minimum of two other time points at quarterly intervals.

Results

The majority (86%) of the sample were classified as non‐wanderers at admission and most of these (94%) remained non‐wanderers until discharge or the end of the study. Fifty‐one per cent of the wanderers changed status to non‐wanderers with 6% of these residents fluctuating in status more than two times. Admission variables associated with an increased risk of changing status from non‐wandering to wandering included older age, greater cognitive impairment, more socially inappropriate behavior, resisting care, easier distractibility, and needing less help with personal hygiene. Requiring assistance with locomotion and having three or more medical comorbidities were associated with a decreased chance of changing from non‐wandering to wandering status.

Conclusion

A resident's change from non‐wandering to wandering status may reflect an undetected medical event that affects cognition, but spares mobility. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of dystrobrevin‐binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) on neural correlates of episodic memory encoding and retrieval
Authors: Thimm Markus , Krug Axel , Markov Valentin , Krach Sören , Jansen Andreas , Zerres Klaus , Eggermann Thomas , Stöcker Tony , Shah Nadim Jon , Nöthen Markus M. , Rietschel Marcella , Kircher Tilo
Published: July 2009

Episodic memory impairment is a frequently reported symptom in schizophrenia. It has been shown to be associated with reduced neural activity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Given the high heritability of schizophrenia the question arises if alterations in brain activity are modulated by susceptibility genes and might be detectable in healthy risk allele carriers. The present study investigated the effect of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1018381 (P1578) of the dystrobrevin‐binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) on brain activity in 84 healthy subjects assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they performed an episodic memory task comprising encoding and retrieval of faces. During encoding, the group of risk allele carriers (n = 29) showed enhanced neural activity in the left middle frontal gyrus (BA 11) and bilaterally in the cuneus (BA 17, 7) when compared with the nonrisk carrier group (n = 55). During retrieval, the risk group (compared to the non risk group) showed increased right hemispheric neural activity comprising the medial frontal gyrus (BA 9), inferior frontal gyrus (BA 9), and inferior parietal lobule (BA 40). Since there were no behavioral performance differences, increased neural activity of the risk group might be interpreted as a correlate of higher effort or differing cognitive strategies in order to compensate for a genetically determined slight cognitive deficit. Interestingly, the laterality of increased prefrontal activity is in accordance with the well known hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry (HERA) model of episodic memory. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 in embryonic hippocampal cells
Authors: Marini Francesca , Bartoccini Elisa , Cascianelli Giacomo , Voccoli Vladimir , Baviglia Maria Gioia , Magni Mariapia Viola , Garcia‐Gil Mercedes , Albi Elisabetta
Published: July 2009

Although the role of 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 in calcium homeostasis of bone tissue is clear, evidence of the involvement of vitamin D3 in the central nervous system functions is increasing. In fact, vitamin D3 regulates vitamin D receptor and nerve growth factor expression, modulates brain development, and reverses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Only few studies, however, address vitamin D3 effect on embryonic hippocampal cell differentiation. In this investigation, the HN9.10e cell line was used as experimental model; these cells, that are a somatic fusion product of hippocampal cells from embryonic day‐18 C57BL/6 mice and N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells, show morphological and cytoskeletal features similar to their neuronal precursors. By this model, we have studied the time course of vitamin D3 localization in the nucleus and its effect on proteins involved in proliferation and/or differentiation. We found that the translocation of vitamin D3 from cytoplasm to the nucleus is transient, as the maximal nuclear concentration is reached after 10 h of incubation with 3H‐vitamin D3 and decreases to control values by 12 h. The appearance of differentiation markers such as Bcl2, NGF, STAT3, and the decrease of proliferation markers such as cyclin‐1 and PCNA are late events. Moreover, physiological concentrations of vitamin D3 delay cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation of embryonic cells characterized by modification of soma lengthening and formation of axons and dendrites. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibition inhibits PI3K/AKT kinase activity in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Uddin Shahab , Ahmed Maqbool , Hussain Azhar , Assad Lina , Al‐Dayel Fouad , Bavi Prashant , Al‐Kuraya Khawla S. , Munkarah Adnan
Published: July 2009

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression contributes to tumor growth and invasion in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). COX‐2 inhibitors exhibit important anticarcinogenic potential against EOC, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect and relation with PI3‐kinase/AKT signaling remain the subject of intense investigations. Therefore, the role of COX‐2 in EOC and its cross talk with PI3‐kinase/AKT pathway were investigated using a large series of EOC tissues in a tissue micro array (TMA) format followed byin vitroandin vivostudies using EOC cell lines and NUDE mice. Clinically, COX‐2 was overexpressed in 60.3% of EOC and was significantly associated with activated AKT (p< 0.0001). Cox‐1 expression was seen in 59.9% but did not associate with AKT. Our in vitrodata using EOC cell line showed that inhibition of COX‐2 by aspirin, selective inhibitor NS398 and gene silencing by COX‐2 specific siRNA impaired phosphorylation of AKT resulting decreased downstream signaling leading to cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. Finally, treatment of MDAH2774 cell line xenografts with aspirin resulted in growth inhibition of tumors in NUDE miceviadown‐regulation of COX‐2 and AKT activity. These data identify COX‐2 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in distinct molecular subtypes of ovarian cancer.
The bisphosphonate zoledronic acid has antimyeloma activityin vivoby inhibition of protein prenylation
Authors: Guenther Andreas , Gordon Sharon , Tiemann Markus , Burger Renate , Bakker Frank , Green Jonathan R. , Baum Wolfgang , Roelofs Anke J. , Rogers Michael J. , Gramatzki Martin
Published: July 2009

Nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates (N‐BPs) are effective antiosteolytic agents in patients with multiple myeloma. Preclinical studies have also demonstrated that these agents have direct antitumor effectsin vitroand can reduce tumor burden in a variety of animal models, although it is not clear whether such effects are caused by direct actions on tumor cells or by inhibition of bone resorption. N‐BPs prevent bone destruction in myeloma by inhibiting the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase in osteoclasts, thereby preventing the prenylation of small GTPase signaling proteins. In this study, utilizing a plasmacytoma xenograft model without complicating skeletal lesions, treatment with zoledronic acid (ZOL) led to significant prolongation of survival in severe combined immunodeficiency mice inoculated with human INA‐6 plasma cells. Following treatment with a clinically relevant dose of ZOL, histological analysis of INA‐6 tumors from the peritoneal cavity revealed extensive areas of apoptosis associated with poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of tumor homogenates demonstrated the accumulation of unprenylated Rap1A, indicative of the uptake of ZOL by nonskeletal tumors and inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. These studies provide, for the first time, clear evidence that N‐BPs have direct antitumor effects in plasma cell tumorsin vivoand this is executed by a molecular mechanism similar to that observed in osteoclasts.
A novel D‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate binding protein, a truncated albumin, with D‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitory property
Authors: Roy Amrita , Bera Soumen , Patra Subrata , Ray Subhankar , Ray Manju
Published: July 2009

We have purified a novel protein from mice muscle, which through N‐terminal amino acid sequencing was identified as a truncated form of mouse albumin. The protein was found to be a monomer of ∼64 kDa and located in the cytosol. The purified protein strongly crossreacted with commercial albumin antibody. Presence of this protein was observed in different mouse organs. Further biochemical studies as well as CD spectroscopy indicated that the protein binds D‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate limiting the availability of the substrate to the enzyme D‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity. The implication of this protein in the control of glycolysis has been discussed. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(10): 995–1000, 2009
Synthesis and biological screening of some fluorinated dibenzofuran containing 3‐chlorochromones and benzothiazepines
Authors: Randhavane Pratibha , Karale Bhausaheb
Published: July 2009

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Variously substituted chalcones were synthesized from 4‐difluoromethoxy‐dibenzofuran‐1‐carboxaldehyde. These chalcones were converted into corresponding 3‐chlorochromones and dihydro‐benzothiazepines. Synthesized compounds were tested for their antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant activities. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Microwave‐assisted multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of new and significative bisfunctional compounds containing two furo[3,4‐b]quinoline and acridinedione skeletons
Authors: Wang Xing‐Han , Hao Wen‐Juan , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Cao Xu‐Dong , Yan Shu , Wu Shan‐Shan , Han Zheng‐Guo , Shi Feng
Published: July 2009

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In this study, a series of new and significative bisfunctional compounds containing two furo[3,4‐b]quinoline and acridinedione skeletons has been synthesized through a rapid one‐pot three‐component reaction of dialdehydes with N‐aryl enaminones and cyclic‐1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds (tetronic acid and cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione) in mixed solvent of glacial acetic acid and N,N‐dimethylformamide under microwave irradiation without catalyst. This method has the advantages of good yield and simple workup procedure. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Primary cilia are highly oriented with respect to collagen direction and long axis of extensor tendon
Authors: Donnelly Eve , Ascenzi Maria‐Grazia , Farnum Cornelia
Published: July 2009

Skeletal tissues adapt to their mechanical environments by modulating gene expression, cell metabolism, and extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture; however, the mechanosensory mechanisms for these processes are incompletely understood. Primary cilia have emerged as critical components of the cellular mechanosensory apparatus and have been hypothesized to participate in establishment of cellular and ECM orientation, but their function in skeletal tissues is just beginning to be examined. Here we focused on tendon, a tissue with an oriented matrix that is ideal for analysis of spatial relationships between primary cilia and the ECM. The objective of this study was to characterize the incidence and orientation of tenocyte primary cilia in their native ECM. Primary cilia, nuclei, and collagen were analyzed three‐dimensionally in immunofluorescently labeled rat extensor tendon using multiphoton microscopy and semiautomated morphometry. Primary cilia were observed in 64% of tenocytes. The cilia were highly oriented with respect to the ECM: cilia were aligned parallel to the collagen fibers and the long axis of the tendon. This study represents the first quantification of the in situ incidence and orientation of primary cilia in tendon. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:77–82, 2010
Osteogenesis induced by extracorporeal shockwave in treatment of delayed osteotendinous junction healing
Authors: Qin Ling , Wang Lin , Wan‐nar Wong Margaret , Wen Chunyi , Wang Gang , Zhang Ge , Chan Kai‐ming , Cheung Wing‐hoi , Leung Kwok‐sui
Published: July 2009

Healing at the osteotendinous junction (OTJ) is challenging in orthopedic surgery. The present study aimed to test extracorporeal shockwave (ESW) in treatment of a delayed OTJ healing. Twenty‐eight rabbits were used for establishing a delayed healing (DH) model at patella‐patellar‐tendon (PPT) complex after partial patellectomy for 4 weeks and then were divided into DH and ESW groups. In the ESW group, a single ESW treatment was given at postoperative week 6 to the PPT healing complex. The samples were harvested at week 8 and 12 for radiographic and histological evaluations with seven samples for each group at each time point. Micro‐CT results showed that new bone volume was 1.18 ± 0.61 mm3 in the ESW group with no measurable new bone in the DH group at postoperative week 8. Scar tissue formed at the OTJ healing interface of the DH group, whereas ESW triggered high expression of VEGF in hypertrophic chondrocytes at week 8 and regeneration of the fibrocartilage zone at week 12 postoperatively. The accelerated osteogenesis could be explained by acceleration of endochondral ossification. In conclusion, ESW was able to induce osteogenesis at OTJ with delayed healing with enhanced endochondral ossification process and regeneration of fibrocartilage zone. These findings formed a scientific basis to potential clinical application of ESW for treatment of delayed OTJ healing. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:70–76, 2010
Versatility of polymethacrylate monoliths for chromatographic purification of biomolecules
Authors: Roberts Michael W. H. , Ongkudon Clarence M. , Forde Gareth M. , Danquah Michael K.
Published: July 2009

Polymethacrylate monoliths, specifically poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) or poly(GMA‐co‐EDMA) monoliths, are a new generation of chromatographic supports and are significantly different from conventional particle‐based adsorbents, membranes, and other monolithic supports for biomolecule purification. Similar to other monoliths, polymethacrylate monoliths possess large pores which allow convective flow of mobile phase and result in high flow rates at reduced pressure drop, unlike particulate supports. The simplicity of the adsorbent synthesis, pH resistance, and the ease and flexibility of tailoring their pore size to that of the target biomolecule are the key properties which differentiate polymethacrylate monoliths from other monoliths. Polymethacrylate monoliths are endowed with reactive epoxy groups for easy functionalization (with anion‐exchange, hydrophobic, and affinity ligands) and high ligand retention. In this review, the structure and performance of polymethacrylate monoliths for chromatographic purification of biomolecules are evaluated and compared to those of other supports. The development and use of polymethacrylate monoliths for research applications have grown rapidly in recent times and have enabled the achievement of high through‐put biomolecule purification on semi‐preparative and preparative scales.
Knowledge‐oriented process portal with BPM approach to leverage NPD management
Authors: Rozenfeld Henrique , Amaral Creusa Sayuri Tahara , da Costa Janaina Mascarenhas Hornos , Jubileu Andrea Padovan
Published: July 2009

New product development (NPD) processes can be improved through change projects managed in a context of business process management (BPM). In order to fully characterize and implement NPD process change projects it is necessary to be able to identify and adequately describe “to‐be” processes. These “to‐be” processes should be based on best practices, which can be structured into NPD reference models and body of knowledge (BOK). Despite the availability of NPD BOKs today, they are not easily applicable to process improvement, since they are published in on‐ and off‐line guidelines that are unsuitable for dynamic updating by a collaborative network such as a community of practice (CoP). A proposal is therefore put forward for the collaborative systematization of best practices through a two‐level portal external and internal to an organization, enabling users to participate in creating generic and public NPD reference models and BOKs. The proposal allows for the selection of a specific reference model and an existing BOK as required. This paper presents the main concepts underlying the proposal and its methodology, which focuses on agile project management (APM). It also describes the portal vision and the main deliverables of this research, with emphasis on the concept of the knowledge‐oriented process (KOP) portal. Three prototypes based on this concept are shown, which represent the evolutionary development of the KOP portal. Finally, the main results of the application are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real Space and Wave‐Number Space Studies of the Phase Structure and Morphology of iPP/PEOc Blends Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Zhu Lin , Song Na , Xu Xinhua
Published: July 2009

The influence of blend composition on the phase structure and morphology of poly(propylene)/poly(ethylene‐co‐octene) blends was studied using SEM. A diameter dg was defined and calculated in real space to discuss the phase structure and morphology of iPP/PEOc blends. The figure‐estimation method was introduced to determine the distribution width of dg. It was shown that the distribution of dg obeys a log‐normal distribution and the distribution width σ of dg was calculated. In wave‐number (h) space, the correlation distance, ac, was defined by applying light scattering theory to power spectrum images obtained by 2D Fourier transformation. Moreover, a fractal dimension, Dc, was introduced to describe the uniformity of the spatial distribution.

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In vitro digestion methods for assessing the effect of food structure on allergen breakdown
Authors: Wickham Martin , Faulks Richard , Mills Clare
Published: July 2009

This article reviews the in vitro digestion models developed to assess the stability of food allergens during digestion. It is hypothesised that food allergens must exhibit sufficient gastro‐intestinal stability to reach the intestinal mucosa where absorption and sensitisation (development of atopy) can occur. The investigation of stability of proteins within the gastrointestinal tract may provide prospective testing for allergenicity and could be a significant and valid parameter that distinguishes food allergens from nonallergens. Systematic evaluation of the stability of food allergens that are active via the gastrointestinal tract is currently tested in traditional pepsin digestibility models. The human gastrointestinal tract however is very complex and this article points out the importance of using physiologically relevant in vitro digestion systems for evaluating digestibility of allergens. This would involve the simulation of the stomach/small intestine environment (multi‐phase models) with sequential addition of digestive enzymes, surfactants such as phospholipids and bile salts under physiological conditions, as well as the consideration of the effect of the food matrices on the allergen digestion.
Utility of animal models for evaluating hypoallergenicity
Authors: Fritsché Rodolphe
Published: July 2009

The goal of this article is to describe the use of in vitro methods as well as in vivo and ex vivo animal models to assess residual allergenicity of hypoallergenic (HA) foods, especially infant formulas. These animal models are also used for testing the oral tolerance‐inducing capacities of infant formula; thus, they are very helpful in predicting allergenicity and the tolerogenic potential of HA infant formulas, and in helping to prevent adverse reactions in sensitive infants.
Protein hydrolysates from β‐conglycinin enriched soybean genotypes inhibit lipid accumulation and inflammation in vitro
Authors: Martinez‐Villaluenga Cristina , Dia Vermont P. , Berhow Mark , Bringe Neal A. , Gonzalez de Mejia Elvira
Published: July 2009

Obesity is a worldwide health concern and a well recognized predictor of premature mortality associated with a state of chronic inflammation. The objective was to evaluate the effect of soy protein hydrolysates (SPH) produced from different soybean genotypes by alcalase (SAH) or simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGIH) on lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. The anti‐inflammatory effect of SPH produced by alcalase on LPS‐induced macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line was also investigated. SAH (100 μM) derived from soybean enriched in β‐conglycinin (BC) (up to 47% total protein) decreased lipid accumulation (33–37% inhibition) through downregulation of gene expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). SGIH (100 μM) inhibited lipid accumulation to a lesser extent (8–14% inhibition) through inhibition of LPL gene expression. SAH (5 μM) decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO) (18–35%) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (47–71%) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (31–53%) and cycloxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) (30–52%). This is the first investigation showing that soy hydrolysates inhibit LPS‐induced iNOS/NO and COX‐2/PGE2 pathways in macrophages. Soybeans enriched in BCs can provide hydrolysates that limit fat accumulation in fat cells and inflammatory pathways in vitro and therefore warrant further studies as a healthful food.
Response to glucocorticoids and toxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Role of polymorphisms of genes involved in glucocorticoid response
Authors: Marino Sara , Verzegnassi Federico , Tamaro Paolo , Stocco Gabriele , Bartoli Fiora , Decorti Giuliana , Rabusin Marco
Published: July 2009

Background

Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a fundamental role in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but therapy with these agents often results in a number of severe side effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between polymorphisms of genes encoding for proteins involved in the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of these drugs and the occurrence of side effects, in particular infections, in a small population of ALL children.

Procedure

Common polymorphisms of NR3C1, ABCB1, glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST)‐M1, GST‐P1, GST‐T1, and IL‐10 genes were analyzed in 36 pediatric patients with ALL, treated according to the AIEOP‐BMF ALL 2000 study protocol. Toxicities occurring during the induction and reinduction periods were assessed and their association with genotypes was evaluated.

Results

In univariate analysis, the risk of severe infections was increased in subjects with the GST‐M1 null genotype, while patients with the GST‐M1 normal genotype had significantly more moderate degree infections. The results were confirmed by multivariate analysis. Selection from the reference models of independent variables based on Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) scores maintained the GST‐M1 genotype variable in the model to predict severe infections, and the ABCB1 C3435T and GST‐M1 genotype variables in the model for moderate infections.

Conclusions

GST‐M1 genotype may influence the severity of infections in ALL children during GC administration. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:984–991. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma‐Immersion‐Ion‐Implantation of Fluorine to Protect TiAl‐Components against High‐Temperature Oxidation
Authors: Donchev Alexander , Kolitsch Andreas , Schütze Michael , Yankov Rossen
Published: July 2009

Titanium aluminides are promising light weight materials for several high‐temperature applications, e.g., in aero engines but due to their insufficient oxidation resistance at temperatures above roughly 800 °C they cannot be used yet despite of their good mechanical high‐temperature properties. The oxidation behavior of TiAl‐alloys can be improved significantly by adding small amounts of fluorine into the subsurface zone of the components (microalloying). One possibility to apply fluorine to the surface of complex TiAl‐components is the PI3‐technique (plasma‐immersion‐ion‐implantation). The use of an Ar/CH2F2‐plasma for the F‐PI3 into small coupons led to a positive effect which was as good as the beamline implantation of elemental fluorine gas into samples of the same geometry. Turbine blades, as examples for real TiAl‐components, were implanted with an optimum set of parameters. Post‐exposure investigations like scanning electron microscopy revealed a thin protective alumina scale on the surface of the implanted samples in contrast to a thick mixed oxide scale (TiO2/Al2O3) growing on untreated samples during high‐temperature oxidation in air. The high‐temperature oxidation resistance of several TiAl‐alloys was improved by plasma‐immersion‐ion‐implantation of fluorine. Small coupons showed a much lesser oxidation during high‐temperature exposure after fluorine treatment than untreated samples. The performance of turbine blades for the low pressure compressor of a new generation of jet engines was also improved. Fluorine treated samples are covered with a thin, protective alumina scale after high‐temperature exposure in air instead of a fast growing, nonprotective mixed oxide (TiO2/Al2O3) scale which is found on untreated samples.

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Enhanced AP‐PE‐CVD Process Understanding and Control by Application of Integrated Optical, Electrical and Modelling Diagnostics
Authors: Sawtell David , Martin Philip A. , Sheel David W.
Published: July 2009

This paper reports the use of a multiple thrust methodology to monitor the atmospheric pressure plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PE‐CVD) of silica films on glass. Simultaneous spectroscopic analysis: optical emission spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy and in situ near‐infrared laser diode spectroscopy have been combined with electrical measurements to investigate the plasma during the deposition process. The experimentation has been carried out as a chemometric design so as to derive statistical models tying the affected variables to the measured results. Initial results confirm the viability of this approach for improved process understanding, process control and enhanced design capabilities.
Mapping the local protein interactome of the NuA3 histone acetyltransferase
Authors: Smart Sherri K. , Mackintosh Samuel G. , Edmondson Ricky D. , Taverna Sean D. , Tackett Alan J.
Published: July 2009

Protein–protein interactions modulate cellular functions ranging from the activity of enzymes to signal transduction cascades. A technology termed transient isotopic differentiation of interactions as random or targeted (transient I‐DIRT) is described for the identification of stable and transient protein–protein interactions in vivo. The procedure combines mild in vivo chemical cross‐linking and non‐stringent affinity purification to isolate low abundance chromatin‐associated protein complexes. Using isotopic labeling and mass spectrometric readout, purified proteins are categorized with respect to the protein ‘bait’ as stable, transient, or contaminant. Here we characterize the local interactome of the chromatin‐associated NuA3 histone lysine‐acetyltransferase protein complex. We describe transient associations with the yFACT nucleosome assembly complex, RSC chromatin remodeling complex and a nucleosome assembly protein. These novel, physical associations with yFACT, RSC, and Nap1 provide insight into the mechanism of NuA3‐associated transcription and chromatin regulation.
Global and local model quality estimation at CASP8 using the scoring functions QMEAN and QMEANclust
Authors: Benkert Pascal , Tosatto Silvio C. E. , Schwede Torsten
Published: July 2009

Identifying the best candidate model among an ensemble of alternatives is crucial in protein structure prediction. For this purpose, scoring functions have been developed which either calculate a quality estimate on the basis of a single model or derive a score from the information contained in the ensemble of models generated for a given sequence (i.e., consensus methods). At CASP7, consensus methods have performed considerably better than scoring functions operating on single models. However, consensus methods tend to fail if the best models are far from the center of the dominant structural cluster. At CASP8, we investigated whether our hybrid method QMEANclust may overcome this limitation by combining the QMEAN composite scoring function operating on single models with consensus information. We participated with four different scoring functions in the quality assessment category. The QMEANclust consensus scoring function turned out to be a successful method both for the ranking of entire models but especially for the estimation of the per‐residue model quality. In this article, we briefly describe the two scoring functions QMEAN and QMEANclust and discuss their performance in the context of what went right and wrong at CASP8. Both scoring functions are publicly available at http://swissmodel.expasy.org/qmean/. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An inherently mass‐conserving semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian discretisation of the shallow‐water equations on the sphere
Authors: Zerroukat M. , Wood N. , Staniforth A. , White A. A. , Thuburn J.
Published: July 2009

For the shallow‐water equations on the sphere, an inherently mass‐conserving semi‐Lagrangian discretisation (SLICE) of the continuity equation is coupled with a semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian discretisation of the momentum equations. Various tests from the literature (two with analytical nonlinear solutions) are used to assess the model's performance and also to compare it with that of a variant model that instead employs a standard non‐conserving semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian discretisation of the continuity equation. The mass‐conserving version gives results that are overall somewhat better than the non‐conserving one. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright
Comparative Evaluation of in Silico pKa Prediction Tools on the Gold Standard Dataset
Authors: Balogh György T. , Gyarmati Benjámin , Nagy Balázs , Molnár László , Keserű György M.
Published: July 2009

The predictive performance of five different pKa prediction tools (ACDpKa, Epik, Marvin pKa, Pallas pKa, and VCCpKa) was investigated on the 248‐membered Gold Standard dataset. We found VCC as the most predictive, high throughput pKa predictor. However since VCC calculates pKa for the most acidic or basic group only we concluded that ACD and Marvin are in fact the method of choice for medicinal chemistry applications. Analyzing the common outliers we identified guanidines, enolic hydroxyl groups and weak acidic NHs as most problematic moieties from prediction point of view. Our results obtained on the high quality, homogenous Gold Standard dataset could be useful for end‐users selecting a suitable solution for pKa prediction.
Hair protein and amino acid 13C and 15N abundances take more than 4 weeks to clearly prove influences of animal protein intake in young women with a habitual daily protein consumption of more than 1 g per kg body weight
Authors: Petzke Klaus J. , Lemke Susen
Published: July 2009

A high protein or meat intake might be a risk factor for metabolic disorders. Stable isotopic abundances (SIA) of hair can be used as biomarkers for animal protein intake due to characteristic isotopic patterns of food proteins. We investigated if an additional meat intake (M, 200 g pork fillet/day) or an omission of meat and meat products (NOM) can influence the natural 15N and 13C SIA within 4 weeks in hair and plasma of young women. The daily protein intake (means ± SD) was 1.40 ± 0.29, 2.25 ± 0.35, and 1.15 ± 0.26 g/kg at baseline, during M, and during NOM, respectively. At baseline the animal protein intake correlated with bulk SIA of hair (15N: R2 = 0.416; 13C: R2 = 0.664; n = 14). However, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analyses have not shown that hair and plasma SIA were changed significantly after M or NOM. Possible reasons were discussed. Urinary SIA were significantly lower after M than after NOM (15N: p = 0.039; 13C: p = 0.006) and close to those of pork fillet. Characteristic patterns of SIA were measured in individual amino acids (AA) by gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). The results confirmed considerable differences in SIA between AA (δ15N, up to 22‰; δ13C, up to 31‰). Plots of 15N versus 13C abundances in hair revealed characteristic differences between indispensable and dispensable AA. The intervention‐dependent changes of AA‐specific SIA were not as clear as expected. Although the AA‐specific SIA may reveal more detailed characteristics of physiological conditions, further methodological research is required. We suggest that the SIA of leucine can be potential markers of protein intake. The reliability of SIA as biomarkers of protein intake still have to be tested in longer lasting intervention studies in humans. The results may have implications in the assessment for possible benefits and risks of protein consumption. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multielement (H, C, N, O, S) stable isotope characteristics of lamb meat from different Italian regions
Authors: Perini Matteo , Camin Federica , Bontempo Luana , Rossmann Andreas , Piasentier Edi
Published: July 2009

The study focuses on the 2H/H, 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/16O and 34S/32S values of defatted dry matter (DFDM) and on the 2H/H, 13C/12C and 18O/16O values of the fat fraction of meat samples from various lamb types reared in seven Italian regions, following different feeding regimes (forage, concentrate, milk). The 13C/12C (r = 0.922), 2H/H (r = 0.577) and 18O/16O (r = 0.449) values of fat and DFDM are significantly correlated, the fat values being significantly lower for C and H and higher for O than for DFDM values and the differences between the two fractions not being constant for different lamb types. The feeding regime significantly affected the 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/16O and 2H/H of fat. The DFDM 2H/H, and 18O/16O values, excluding an outlier, are significantly correlated with the corresponding values in meteoric waters, thus allowing us to trace the variability of geoclimatic factors. 15N/14N is influenced by pedoclimatic conditions, whereas 34S/32S is influenced by the sea spray effect and the surface geology of the provenance area. By applying stepwise linear discriminant analysis only the 2H/H of fat was found not to be significant and 97.7% of the samples were correctly assigned to the lamb type and more than 90% cross‐validated. With the feeding regime, 97.7% of the samples were both correctly assigned and cross‐validated using a predictive model including 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/16O, 34S/32S of DFDM and 18O/16O of fat. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of hydrologic infrastructure on flow regimes of California's Central Valley rivers: Implications for fish populations
Authors: Brown Larry R. , Bauer Marissa L.
Published: July 2009

Alteration of natural flow regimes is generally acknowledged to have negative effects on native biota; however, methods for defining ecologically appropriate flow regimes in managed river systems are only beginning to be developed. Understanding how past and present water management has affected rivers is an important part of developing such tools. In this paper, we evaluate how existing hydrologic infrastructure and management affect streamflow characteristics of rivers in the Central Valley, California and discuss those characteristics in the context of habitat requirements of native and alien fishes. We evaluated the effects of water management by comparing observed discharges with estimated discharges assuming no water management (‘full natural runoff’). Rivers in the Sacramento River drainage were characterized by reduced winter–spring discharges and augmented discharges in other months. Rivers in the San Joaquin River drainage were characterized by reduced discharges in all months but particularly in winter and spring. Two largely unaltered streams had hydrographs similar to those based on full natural runoff of the regulated rivers. The reduced discharges in the San Joaquin River drainage streams are favourable for spawning of many alien species, which is consistent with observed patterns of fish distribution and abundance in the Central Valley. However, other factors, such as water temperature, are also important to the relative success of native and alien resident fishes. As water management changes in response to climate change and societal demands, interdisciplinary programs of research and monitoring will be essential for anticipating effects on fishes and to avoid unanticipated ecological outcomes. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Cassava Starch Attributes of Different Genotypes
Authors: Anggraini Vivi , Sudarmonowati Enny , Hartati N. Sri. , Suurs Luc , Visser Richard G. F.
Published: July 2009

The genetic variation of starch of Indonesian cassava genotypes with various morphological characteristics of roots and eco‐geographical origin was characterized and compared. The morphological characteristics of the roots of 71 collected cassava genotypes were classified into yellow and white for flesh colors, purple, pink, light brown, yellow, cream and white for cortex colors, dark brown and light brown for external colors, as well as conical and cylindrical for root shapes. Starch samples extracted from 17 genotypes showed that the amylose content varied from 17.1 to 21.3%. The mean particle size was around 7.3 to 9.7 µm, and the gelatinization onset temperature was in the range of 63.5‐66.1°C. Seven genotypes were analyzed in more detail for their physicochemical properties. The granule size distribution was in the range of 3.2 µm to 17.6 µm for d10 and d90 (i.e. 90% of the granules were bigger than 3.2 μm and 90% were smaller than 17.6 μm), respectively, and the median granule size was around 7.7‐10.8 µm. The gelatinization temperatures of the different cassava starches were in the range of 63.5‐66.1°C. The phosphate content varied from 23.5‐25.3 nmol/mg starch. Particle size distribution and gelatinization temperature as well as the phosphate content of the starch of the selected seven genotypes also showed minor differences among the genotypes. The swelling power of all starches showed some differences between genotypes, but the profiles were similar. The opacity of starch of all the tested genotypes increased twofold within six days, but no large differences among the different genotypes could be detected except for the genotype Ketan. Strength of the gels, which are indicated with force, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and elasticity, also did not show large differences.
Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Peng Ruiyun , Hu Xiangjun , Gao Yabing , Wang Shuiming , Zhao Li , Dong Ji , Su Zhentao , Xu Xinping , Gao Ronglian , Lei Cuiping
Published: July 2009

Studies were performed to determine the effects of microwave on synaptic vesicles and the expression of synaptic vesicular associated proteins including synapsin I, VAMP‐2, syntaxin, and synaptophysin. 25 Wistar rats were exposed to microwave which the average power density was 30 mW/cm2, and whole body average specific absorption rate was 14.1 W/kg for 5 min. Synaptosome preparations in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were obtained by isotonic Percoll/sucrose discontinuous gradients at 6 h, 1, 3, and 7 days after radiation. The expression of synaptic vesicular associated proteins was measured using Western blots and image analysis. The interaction between VAMP‐2 and syntaxin was examined by coimmunoprecipitation analysis. Synapsin I in the cerebral cortex were decreased at 3 days (P < 0.01) after radiation and in the hippocampus increased at 1 day (P < 0.01), decreased at 3 days (P < 0.01), increased again at 7 days (P < 0.01) after exposure, compared with the sham‐treated controls. Synaptophysin were increased in 1–7 days (P < 0.01) after exposure in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. VAMP‐2 were decreased at 1 and 3 days (P < 0.01) and syntaxin were decreased in 6 h to 3 days (P < 0.01) after radiation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The interactions between VAMP‐2 and syntaxin were decreased at 3–7 days (P < 0.01) after radiation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, compared with the sham‐treated controls. These results suggest that 30 mW/cm2 (SAR 14.1 W/kg) microwave radiation can result in the perturbation of the synaptic vesicles associated proteins: synapsin I, synaptophysin, VAMP‐2, and syntaxin. The perturbation could induce the deposit of synaptic vesicle, which might be relative to the dysfunction of the synaptic transmission, even the cognition deficit. Synapse 63:1010–1016, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.