bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Multiobjective High-Level Synthesis for FPGAs
Authors: Reyes Fernandez de Bulnes Darian , Maldonado Yazmin , Trujillo Leonardo
Published: June 2020

Traditionally, the High-Level Synthesis (HLS) for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices is a methodology that transforms a behavioral description, as the timing-independent specification, to an abstraction level that is synthesizable, like the Register Transfer Level. This process can be performed under a framework that is known as Design Space Exploration (DSE), which helps to determine the best design by addressing scheduling, allocation, and binding problems, all three of which are NP-hard problems. In this manner, and due to the increased complexity of modern digital circuit designs and concerns regarding the capacity of the FPGAs, designers are proposing novel HLS techniques capable of performing automatic optimization. HLS has several conflicting metrics or objective functions, such as delay, area, power, wire length, digital noise, reliability, and security. For this reason, it is suitable to apply Multiobjective Optimization Algorithms (MOAs), which can handle the different trade-offs among the objective functions. During the last two decades, several MOAs have been applied to solve this problem. This paper introduces a comprehensive analysis of different MOAs that are suitable to perform HLS for FPGA devices. We highlight significant aspects of MOAs, namely, optimization methods, intermediate structures where the optimizations are performed, HLS techniques that are addressed, and benchmarks and performance assessments employed for experimentation. In addition, we show the analysis of how multiple objectives are optimized currently in the algorithms and which are the objective functions that are optimized. Finally, we provide insights and suggestions to contribute to the solution of major research challenges in this area.
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus Involving the Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Mucosae
Authors: Odani Kentaro , Itoh Akane , Yanagita Soshi , Kaneko Yasuhito , Tachibana Mitsuhiro , Hashimoto Takashi , Tsutsumi Yutaka
Published: June 2020

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP), an autoimmune mucocutaneous disorder involving the oral and bronchial mucosae, is a rare complication of hematologic malignancy. Serologically, serum autoantibodies against varied desmosome-related proteins are of notice. PNP is often lethal due to bronchiolitis obliterans and opportunistic infection. A 70-year-old Japanese male complained of dry cough, stomatitis, and sore throat. The lips and oral mucosa were severely eroded, and skin eruptions were seen on the chest and abdomen. The biopsy features were consistent with PNP, and the deposition of IgG and IgM was shown on the plasma membrane of the involved keratinocytes. Serological studies demonstrated autoantibodies to desmoglein-3, desmocollins-2 and -3, bullous pemphigoid antigen-1, envoplakin and periplakin. Systemic evaluation disclosed mantle cell lymphoma, stage 4B. After chemotherapy, partial remission was reached. PNP was treated with methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulins, and the oral lesion only temporarily responded. He died of respiratory failure two months after onset. Autopsy revealed residual indolent lymphoma and systemic opportunistic infections. Aspergillus colonized the eroded bronchial/bronchiolar mucosa, associated with extensive vascular invasion. Coinfection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Pneumocystis jirovecii caused interstitial pneumonia. The oropharyngeal, respiratory, esophageal, and gastrointestinal mucosae were diffusely infected by CMV. Bronchiolitis obliterans was observed in the peripheral lung. PNP-related acantholysis-like lesions were microscopically identified in the bronchial and gastrointestinal mucosa. IgG deposition and cleaved caspase-3-immunoreactive apoptotic cell death were proven in the involved mucosal columnar cells. Pathogenesis of the mucosal involvement is discussed.
Posterior-Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation in Patients over 40 Years of Age
Authors: Tañá-Rivero Pedro , Pastor-Pascual Francisco , Crespo Marceliano , Rodríguez-Prats José L. , Muñoz-Tomás José J. , Montés-Micó Robert
Published: June 2020

Purpose. To assess the efficacy, safety, and predictability of the Visian Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) model having a central port in patients over 40 years of age. Methods. This study included 33 eyes from 21 patients who underwent V4c ICL implantation for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. We assessed uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure (IOP), endothelial cell density (ECD), vault, and adverse events occurring over a 1-year period. Results. Mean age of the patients at the time of implantation was 43.52 ± 4.49 years (range: 40 to 56 years). Efficacy and safety indexes were 1 and 1.09, respectively. Surgical outcomes for CDVA were as follows: no eye lost any lines, 19 eyes (57.58%) showed no CDVA changes, 7 eyes (21.21%) gained 1 line, 4 eyes (12.12%) gained 2 lines, and 3 eyes (9.09%) gained ≥3 lines. Mean postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was −0.09 ± 0.47 D. A total of 29 eyes (87.8%) were within ±0.50 D and 31 eyes (93.9%) were within ±1.00 D of the desired SE. At 1-year, mean IOP was 15.27 ± 3.03 mmHg (range: 9 to 20 mmHg, p=0.12 pre vs. post) and mean ECD was 2516 ± 234 cells/mm2 (p=0.29 pre vs. post). Mean postoperative vault was 320 ± 136 μm, with 201–300 μm being the most prevalent vault range for 9 eyes (31.03%). None of the eyes showed a vault >701 μm. There were neither intraoperative nor postoperative complications; in fact, all ICL implantation procedures were uneventful. Conclusions. Our study’s findings support the use of this lens in patients over 40 years of age. A long follow-up period is advisable to monitor ICL position relative to the crystalline lens.
SAT: A Software for Assessing the Risk of Desertification in Spain
Authors: Martínez-Valderrama Jaime , Ibáñez Javier , Alcalá Francisco J. , Martínez Silvio
Published: June 2020

Desertification is a major global environmental issue exacerbated by climate change. Strategies to combat desertification include prevention which seeks to reverse the process before the system reaches the stable desertified state. One of these initiatives is to implement early warning tools. This paper presents SAT (the Spanish acronym for Early Warning System), a decision support system (DSS), for assessing the risk of desertification in Spain, where 20% of the land has already been desertified and 1% is in active degradation. SAT relies on three versions of a Generic Desertification Model (GDM) that integrates economics and ecology under the predator-prey paradigm. The models have been programmed using Vensim, a type of software used to build and simulate System Dynamics (SD) models. Through Visual Basic programming, these models are operated from the Excel environment. In addition to the basic simulation exercises, specially designed tools have been coupled to assess the risk of desertification and determine the ranking of the most influential factors of the process. The users targeted by SAT are government land-use planners as well as desertification experts. SAT tool is implemented for five case studies, each one of them representing a desertification syndrome identified in Spain. Given the general nature of the tool and the fact that all United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) signatory countries are committed to developing their National Plans to Combat Desertification (NPCD), SAT could be exported to regions threatened by desertification and expanded to cover more case studies.
Molecular Characterization of Norovirus Strains Isolated from Older Children and Adults in Impoverished Communities of Vhembe District, South Africa
Authors: Mulondo G. , Khumela R. , Kabue J. P. , Traore A. N. , Potgieter N.
Published: June 2020

Background. Human norovirus (NoV) is an etiological agent associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in both children and adults worldwide. However, very few studies have been reported on the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoV strains in children older than 5 years of age and adults with little or inadequate water and sanitation conditions. Objectives. The aim of this study was assessing the prevalence of the human norovirus in older children and adults suffering with diarrhoea from rural communities in the Vhembe district, Limpopo province. Methods. Between August 2017 and October 2018, stool samples were collected from outpatients suffering from AGE and screened for NoV strains using the RIDA©GENE norovirus I and II real-time one-step RT-PCR. RNA extracts of NoV-positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing to genotype the positive NoV strains. Results. Out of 80 collected stool samples, 13 (16%) were tested positive for norovirus. Genogroup GII was identified in 6/13 (46%) samples and genogroup GI in 7/13 (54%) samples. The sequence analyses showed multiple genotypes including GII.Pg, GII.1, GII.2, GII.4, and GI.3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the relatedness of NoV genotypes identified with other strains reported globally. Conclusion. Continued systematic surveillance to evaluate norovirus association with diarrhoea is needed to assist with epidemiological surveillance and disease burden in people of all the age groups.
Spatiotemporal Fusion of Remote Sensing Image Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Wang Xiaoyi
Published: June 2020

High spatial and temporal resolution remote sensing data play an important role in monitoring the rapid change of the earth surface. However, there is an irreconcilable contradiction between the spatial and temporal resolutions of the remote sensing image acquired from a same sensor. The spatiotemporal fusion technology for remote sensing data is an effective way to solve the contradiction. In this paper, we will study the spatiotemporal fusion method based on the convolutional neural network, which can fuse the Landsat data with high spatial but low temporal resolution and MODIS data with low spatial but high temporal resolution, and generate time series data with high spatial resolution. In order to improve the accuracy of spatiotemporal fusion, a residual convolution neural network is proposed. MODIS image is used as the input to predict the residual image between MODIS and Landsat, and the sum of the predicted residual image and MODIS data is used as the predicted Landsat-like image. In this paper, the residual network not only increases the depth of the superresolution network but also avoids the problem of vanishing gradient due to the deep network structure. The experimental results show that the prediction accuracy by our method is greater than that of several mainstream methods.
A Grey Target Group Decision Method with Dual Hesitant Fuzzy Information considering Decision-Maker’s Loss Aversion
Authors: Zhou Yufeng , Li Yufeng , Li Zhi
Published: June 2020

The uncertainty, complexity, and behavioral preference are widely existing in real-world decision-making problems. In this paper, different from the previous grey target decision method, we propose a novel grey target group decision method considering decision-maker’s loss aversion with positive and negative clouts under the dual hesitant fuzzy environment. Firstly, defining the dual hesitant fuzzy ideal optimization scheme as the positive clout and the ideal inferior scheme as the negative clout, positive and negative target-eye distances are measured by the normalized Hamming distances from the DHFEs to the positive clout and the negative clout. Then, a new comprehensive target-eye distance is proposed to evaluate alternatives between the positive and the negative clout. A nonlinear optimization model is established to obtain the optimal initial attribute weights with the goal of minimizing the comprehensive target-eye distance. Then, a grey target group decision method with dual hesitant fuzzy information considering decision-maker’s loss aversion and variable weights is proposed. Finally, a numeral example is given to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed model and method.
Laser-Assisted Endoscopic Cricotracheal Stenosis Resection (CTSR) in Paediatric Congenital Cartilaginous Subglottic Stenosis
Authors: Alshammari Jaber , Arafat Abdullah , Halawani Mohammed
Published: June 2020

Subglottic stenosis (SGS) in children can be a congenital condition or acquired through injury such as from prolonged intubation. Surgeons face challenges in choosing the best SGS treatment for a particular patient because of variability in the success rate of each technique. Conventional open surgical resection and reconstruction have been proven effective but, in recent years, endoscopic surgery has become more prevalent as it eliminates the incision and reduces the surgery time and subsequent hospital stay. The purpose of this retrospective case study was to report on an endoscopic technique using a CO2 laser for cricotracheal stenosis resection (CTSR) for high-grade congenital SGS. From forty-five paediatric patients who underwent endoscopic intervention as a primary modality of treatment for high-grade SGS in a tertiary referral centre, a total of eight patients who met the inclusion criteria have been included in our study. This small patient series is the first to use a CO2 laser alone as a single excision tool to eliminate complex congenital SGS and restore airway patency. The procedure’s goal was to return the airway to an early stage of postintubation injury prior to scar formation; therefore, surgical sessions at intervals of 2–3 weeks were performed to ensure natural epithelization, to remove any granulation tissue, and manage fibrosis. Successful treatment was defined as a resolution of symptoms, restoration of a normal patent airway with no stenosis, and decannulation. The success rate was 75%. Two outcomes need to be highlighted. First, the CO2 laser should be reconsidered as an excision tool for congenital SGS because of its low risk of exacerbating preexisting stenosis. It allows the surgeon to restore and augment the airway without the need for open surgery or dilatation. Second, the shorter interval between procedures is crucial for controlling the healing process and making sure that it is proceeding properly.
Prevalence and Determinants of Peripheral Neuropathy among Type 2 Adult Diabetes Patients Attending Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019, an Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Abdissa Daba , Hamba Nigusse , Kene Kumsa , Bedane Deriba Abera , Etana Guluma , Muleta Dassalegn , Gerbi Asfaw
Published: June 2020

Background. Diabetes chronic complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality, among which diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) stands out. One of the tools to screen DPN is the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument. However, there is no data compiled using this tool to assess the prevalence and its determinants in Jimma. So, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of DPN and its determinants among patients with diabetes mellitus at Jimma University Medical Center. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Jimma University Medical Center on 366 type 2diabetic patients. Data were collected using pretested structured questionnaire and entered into EpiData 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were employed to identify factors associated with DPN. A variable having a p value of < 0.25 in the bivariate model was subjected to multivariate analysis to avoid confounding variable’s effect. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated at 95% confidence interval and considered significant with a p value of ≤ 0.05. Results. The mean age of participants was 50.1±14.28 years. The study finding showed that the prevalence of DPN was 53.6% among study participants. According to the multivariate logistic regression age above 40 years (AOR=4.57; 95% CI: 1.50, 13.9), above 50 years (AOR=6.5; 95% CI: 2.24, 18.79), duration of diabetes above 5 years (AOR=3.06; 95% CI: 1.63, 5.77), duration above 10 years (AOR=7.1; 95% CI: 2.99, 17.28), physical inactivity (AOR=2.02; 95% CI: 1.14, 3.55), and smoking (current smoker AOR=7.96, 95% CI: 3.22, 19.64; former smoker (AOR=2.65; 95% CI: 1.22, 5.77) were independent predictors of DPN among study participants. Conclusion. Almost half of the study participants had DPN. Age above 40 years, diabetes duration of above 5 years, physical inactivity, and smoking were significantly associated with DPN. Early detection and appropriate interventions are important among patients with age above 40 years, physically inactive, smokers, and diabetes duration of above 5 years.
Thermomechanical Fatigue of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite in Space
Authors: Anvari Ali
Published: June 2020

Thermomechanical fatigue is one of the challenges for spacecrafts during space missions. As a result of the extreme temperature variation in space, thermal cycles are created, and due to the imposed mechanical loads to spacecrafts such as engine loads while they turn on and off, mechanical cycles are created. The worst structural fatigue for spacecrafts occurs when both thermal and mechanical cycles happen, simultaneously. The reason is that both thermal and mechanical cycles could cause stress concentration in the spacecraft structure. Therefore, the probability of crack initiation or propagation in the spacecraft structure increases. In this study, for the first time, novel thermomechanical fatigue relations are introduced to evaluate the safety of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composite in the space environment. This composite material has been used in the spacecraft structure due to its lightweight and high strength. Furthermore, with applying thermal fatigue relations, thermally-safe planets, moons, and asteroids in the solar system for unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composite are identified.
Measurement Tool of Chemotherapy Sensitivity in Advanced Ovarian Cancer
Authors: May Taymaa , Oza Amit M.
Published: June 2020

The modeled Ca125 ELIMination rate constant K (KELIM) can be used as a measure of chemotherapy sensitivity in women with newly diagnosed advanced epithelial ovarian cancer who are being treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This marker may aid in decision-making regarding surgical resection and alternate systemic treatments in this cohort.

See related article by You et al., p. 4625
Differential Impact of Cognitive Impairment in MCI Patients: A Case-Based Report
Authors: Pergher Valentina , Schoenmakers Birgitte , Demaerel Philippe , Tournoy Jos , Van Hulle Marc M.
Published: June 2020

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) traditionally refers to an intermediate stage between healthy individuals and early Alzheimer disease. Evidence shows grey and white matter volume changes and decrease in several executive functions, albeit the relation between cognitive performance and brain volume remains unclear. Here, we discuss 3 individual cases of MCI by investigating their MRI scans and cognitive test performance. We also recruited age-matched healthy older adults serving as gold standard for both grey and white matter volume and cognitive test outcomes. Our results show the impact of cognitive impairment on cognitive test performance and grey and white matter volumes, and the role played by cognitive and brain reserve on mitigating cognitive decline. Furthermore, we add evidence to previous studies by showing an increase in white matter volume compared to healthy controls, in all 3 patients. This pattern of increased white matter volume might help us to better understand the pathological mechanisms underlying MCI which in turn could contribute to future investigations.
Removal of a Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant and Fibrous Adhesion for Refractory Mechanical Strabismus
Authors: Morino Mai Ueda , Akagi Tadamichi , Miyata Manabu , Tsujikawa Akitaka
Published: June 2020

Although strabismus is a well-known complication of glaucoma implant surgery, its surgical treatment is still challenging. We present a case with refractory strabismus after Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) surgery, which was not sufficiently improved by strabismus surgery, but by removal of the BGI and fibrous adhesion. The patient was a 35-year-old woman who had multiple surgeries for secondary glaucoma. She had severe limitations of the movement of her right eye and binocular diplopia in all gaze positions after BGI surgery. Although she underwent two strabismus surgeries, the strabismus was not resolved. The surgery was performed by two specialists in glaucoma and strabismus. The BGI plate and the fibrous capsule were carefully removed. The fibrous tissue involved the muscle bellies of the inferior and particularly lateral rectus (LR) muscles and induced tight and wide adhesion between the muscle bellies and sclera. The adhesion was released after tenotomy at the insertion of the LR muscle, and the LR muscle was additionally resected by 6.0 mm. The ocular position and movement dramatically improved; however, intraocular pressure (IOP) increased immediately after the surgery. Then, Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation was performed 5 days after BGI removal. The IOP decreased and has been controlled. The improvement of ocular position and movement remained 9 months postoperatively and she obtained cosmetic satisfaction without diplopia or worsening of visual acuity. Removal of BGI and fibrous adhesion is a potential option for refractory mechanical strabismus following BGI surgery; however, it is important to prepare additional procedures for the subsequent IOP increase in advance.
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Population Spans Multiple Protected Areas in the Albertine Rift
Authors: Rich Alicia M. , Wasserman Michael D. , Hunt Kevin D. , Kaestle Frederika A.
Published: June 2020

We used mitochondrial DNA to examine gene flow in a region of western Uganda that has received little attention regarding chimpanzee population dynamics. The area is critical to gene flow between isolated Democratic Republic of Congo populations and the rest of East Africa. None of the chimpanzees in each of the 4 protected areas under consideration (Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Semuliki National Park, Rwenzori Mountains National Park and Itwara Central Forest Reserve) are fully habituated. Therefore, it is not clear whether one or more populations have historically used this fragmented landscape for (1) regular ranging and/or (2) infrequent dispersal. We incorporated the published sequences of the first hypervariable region of the D-loop of the mitochondrial genome from 3 previously sampled sites (n = 39) while also contributing the first extensive genetic sampling of chimpanzees in Toro-Semliki (n = 80). Our goal was to generate a historical baseline model of metapopulation dynamics in this region and determine which, if any, of these protected areas forms a fragmented landscape for a single chimpanzee population. According to a discriminant analysis of principal components, the haplotypes at Toro-Semliki form a central cluster, and Itwara is its nearest genetic neighbor. Rwenzori Mountains National Park is the most distant neighbor of all protected areas. We performed an analysis of molecular variance for 14 different population models that divided the samples from the 4 protected areas into 2, 3 or 4 populations. The best fit model included 3 populations: Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve and Itwara Forest Reserve comprised a single population; Semuliki National Park and Rwenzori Mountains National Park formed 2 additional separate populations (variance among = 9%, p = 0.014). The results indicated that some protected areas comprised distinctive populations, while others formed a fragmented landscape for a population’s ranging for foraging purposes. Therefore, the edges of a protected area do not always define a chimpanzee population. We propose a closer examination of those dynamics through renewed sampling. Advances in DNA extraction and next-generation sequencing will allow us to compare thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genomes of unhabituated chimpanzees living in each of these protected areas.
Implementation of PD-L1 22C3 IHC pharmDxTM in Cell Block Preparations of Lung Cancer: Concordance with Surgical Resections and Technical Validation of CytoLyt® Prefixation
Authors: Lou Si Kei , Ko Hyang Mi , Kinoshita Tomonari , MacDonald Scott , Weiss Jessica , Czarnecka-Kujawa Katarzyna , Boerner Scott L. , Yasufuku Kazuhiro , Tsao Ming-Sound , Schwock Joerg
Published: June 2020

Background: Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used as biomarker for pembrolizumab therapy in advanced stage lung cancer patients. However, data permitting direct performance comparison between cytology and surgical specimen types are limited since both specimens from a single tumor site are infrequently available. In addition, alcohol fixation used with cytology specimens requires technical validation of the PD-L1 IHC assay before clinical use. We here report our experience with implementation of the PD-L1 22C3 IHC pharmDxTM assay for cytologic samples at a large tertiary cancer center. Study Design: Archival formalin-fixed (FF), paraffin-embedded cell blocks (CBs) and subsequent lung tumor resections (LTRs) from the same anatomical site were used for a direct comparison of PD-L1 tumor proportion scores (TPSs). TPS values were independently determined by one surgical lung pathologist and two cytopathologists blinded to the specimen pairs. An interim analysis was performed to facilitate the pooling of expertise among observers. After PD-L1 22C3 IHC pharmDxTM implementation for FF cytology specimens, dual-processed samples were used for a prospective technical validation of CytoLyt® prefixation (CF). Digital image analysis was performed for a subset of dual-processed specimens. Results: Eighty-one CBs and LTRs were included for comparison of the specimen types. PD-L1 assessment in CBs had an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 88.9/72.8, 66.7/73.5, 95.2/72.3, 80.0/65.8, and 90.9/79.1% for the ≥50/≥1% cutoff, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76, 0.90), and it improved after interim analysis (before: 0.79 and after: 0.92). The overall concordance between CF and FF for the categories defined by the ≥50/≥1% cutoff values was 90.4% (95% CI: 79.0, 96.8). Similar assay performance was confirmed by digital analysis. Conclusions: PD-L1 22C3 IHC pharmDxTM shows good reliability if used with CB preparations. CF does not impact assay results significantly. Clinical validation with outcome data is needed, and digital methods of assessment should be further investigated.
Crohn’s versus Cancer: Comparison of Functional and Surgical Outcomes after Right-Sided Resections
Authors: Grass Fabian , Zhu Emilie , Brunel Christophe , Hübner Martin , Schoepfer Alain , Demartines Nicolas , Hahnloser Dieter
Published: June 2020

Background: The objective of this study was to compare functional and surgical outcomes of patients undergoing ileocecal resection for Crohn’s disease (CD) to patients undergoing oncological right colectomy. Methods: Retrospective single-center cohort study including consecutive patients undergoing right colectomy for adenocarcinoma (oncological resection) or CD (mesentery-sparing resection) between July 2011 and November 2017. Outcome measures were pathological details (lymph node yield), postoperative recovery (pain levels, return to flatus and stool, intake of fluids, weight change, and mobilization), and early (30-day) outcomes (surgical/medical complications, hospital stay, readmissions). Results: A total of 195 patients (153 [78%] with cancer and 42 [22%] with CD) were included. Overall compliance with the institutional enhanced recovery protocol was comparable between the 2 groups (compliance ≥70%: 60% in CD patients vs. 62% in cancer, p = 0.458). The adenocarcinoma group had a larger lymph node yield than the CD group (26 ± 13 vs. 2.4 ± 5, respectively, p < 0.001). While the CD group experienced significantly more pain (3.7 ± 1.9/10 vs. 2.8 ± 2.5/10, p = 0.007, patients requiring opioids: 65 vs. 28%, p = 0.001), return of flatus (2.3 ± 1.2 days vs. 2.4 ± 2.8 days, p = 0.642) and stool (4.1 ± 6.0 vs. 3.0 ± 1.8 days, p = 0.292) was no different in both groups. No difference was observed regarding postoperative complications, length of stay, and readmission rate. Conclusion: This study revealed no differences in both functional and surgical outcomes in CD and cancer patients undergoing mesentery-sparing or formal oncological right colectomy, respectively.
Rui Barbosa: o Plantador de Carvalho
Authors: Leite Orlando da Silva
Published: June 2020

A publicação da obra é uma homenagem à memória de seu autor, Orlando da Silva Leite, e decorridos 40 anos de seu falecimento e 71 anos do momento em que foi escrita, esta obra também é uma oportunidade de o público inteirar-se mais um pouco sobre o importante brasileiro que foi Rui Barbosa, o tema do livro de Orlando. É importante ressaltar que o texto aqui publicado no formato de livro eletrônico foi escrito em 1949 como monografia, para comemorar o centenário de nascimento de Rui Barbosa. Existem muitos livros sobre esse grande brasileiro, referido como o “Plantador de Carvalho”. O texto é antigo, mas, como o carvalho, não envelheceu nesses 70 anos decorridos de sua redação.
Behavioral responses of tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Anura: Bufonidae) to cues of starved and fed dragonfly larvae
Authors: Mogali Santosh M. , Saidapur Srinivas K. , Shanbhag Bhagyashri A.
Published: June 2020

Behavioral responses of tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Anura: Bufonidae) to cues of starved and fed dragonfly larvae. Tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus use chemoreception to detect kairomonal cues and excretory metabolites from predatory anuran tadpoles (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) that consume them. We describe here the behavioral responses of tadpoles of D. melanostictus to predatory dragonfly larvae (Pantala flavescens). The predator’s kairomones (water conditioned by the starved predator) or its diet-derived metabolites released in excreta of predator after consumption of conspecific prey tadpoles were used to simulate predation risk. The tadpoles of D. melanostictus had no behavioral response to predator kairomones. However, the larvae reduced swimming movements and overall time spent in swimming, and had a higher burst speed/swimming velocity in response to water borne cues released from the excreta of predators fed conspecific prey. Thus, just the presence of dragonfly larvae does not elicit defense behaviors in tadpoles of D. melanostictus, but when predation risk is recognized as real (i.e., when tadpoles are exposed to excretory metabolites of predators fed conspecific tadpoles), defense behaviors are activated.
Modeling Pathways From the Perinatal Factors to the Vascular Risk Phenotype at the End of the Second Decade of Life
Authors: Amaral Marconi Satuf , Ribeiro Cecilia Claudia Costa , Alves Maria Teresa Seabra de Britto e , Ribeiro Maria Jacqueline Silva , Nascimento Joelma Ximenes Prado Teixeira , Simões Vanda Maria Ferreira , Ferraro Alexandre Archanjo , Barbieri Marco Antônio , Silva Antônio Augusto Moura da
Published: June 2020

Risk factors act around birth increasing future vascular risk. In this study, we analysed the pathways from perinatal factors to the vascular risk phenotype (VRP) in adolescents including indirect pathways mediated by obesity in adolescence. Data from a Brazilian cohort were collected at birth and at 18 to 19 years (follow-up). A theoretical model was constructed to analyze the association between variables at birth (socioeconomic status, prepregnancy body mass index, mother’s age, history of maternal hypertension, maternal smoking, gestational age at birth, birth weight, sex, delivery type) and at follow-up (smoking and excess weight) with the VRP, using structural equation modeling. VRP was a continuous latent variable, representing the shared variance of blood pressure indictors and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Males had higher VRP (standardized coefficient [SC], 0.561;
P<
0.001). Higher prepregnancy body mass index was associated with higher VRP (SC, 0.140;
P
=0.032). Gestational age <34 weeks had a total (SC, 0.259;
P
=0.002) and direct effect (SC, 0.354;
P
=0.018) on VRP. Cesarean delivery had a total effect, albeit borderline, on VRP (SC, 0.159;
P
=0.066). Excess weight at follow-up was the main determinant of a high VRP (SC, 0.470;
P<
0.001). Male sex, cesarean section, gestational age <34 weeks, pregestational excess weight, and excess weight in adolescents were associated with increased VRP at 18 to 19 years of age.
EKONOMİK VE POLİTİK BELİRSİZLİKLERİN YUNANİSTAN’DAKİ GENÇ İŞSİZLİĞE ETKİLERİ: AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ
Authors: POLAT Mehmet Ali
Published: June 2020

Bu çalışmada; ekonomik ve politik belirsizliklerin Yunanistan’daki genç işsizlik oranı üzerindeki etkileri, 1998:Q1-2019:Q2 dönemi için 10 farklı belirsizlik endeksi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda; Yunanistan ekonomisinde, genç işsizlik oranı ile ekonomik ve siyasi belirsizlikler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin varlığı tespit edilmiş ve bu bağlamda, ekonomi politikalarında görülen belirsizlikteki artışların Yunanistan’daki genç işsizliği en fazla artıran faktör olduğu belirlenmiştir. Uzun dönem analizinde, Yunanistan’daki ekonomik büyüme artışlarının genç işsizliğini önemli ölçüde azalttığı, dolayısıyla da bu ekonomide Okun Yasasının geçerli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kısa dönem analizinde ise genç işsizliği, ekonomik büyümenin kısa dönemde de azalttığı, faiz oranlarının artırdığı, ancak, bu etkilerin uzun dönemdekilerden daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak; Yunanistan’da genç işsizlik oranının düşürülebilmesi için ekonomik ve siyasal belirsizliklerin azaltılmasının şart olduğu, bunun, ayrıca, güçlü ekonomik büyüme, düşük faiz oranları ve genişletici para ve maliye politikaları ile desteklenmesinin gerekli olduğu ifade edilebilir.
TÜRKİYE'DE ASGARİ ÜCRETİN MAKROEKONOMİK DEĞİŞKENLERLE İLİŞKİSİ
Authors: GÜMÜŞ İskender , AKGÜNEŞ Ahmet Oğuz
Published: June 2020

Asgari ücret, farklı makroekonomik büyüklükler üzerinde etkisi olan bir sosyal politika aracı olduğu için asgari ücretin tespiti önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 1982-2018 dönemi dikkate alınarak asgari ücret, enflasyon (TÜFE), işsizlik ve gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYH) değişkenleri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışmada bu değişkenlerin birbirleri ile olan ilişkileri ampirik olarak ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada ARDL sınır testi kullanılmış olup ayrıca değişkenlerin birbirleri ile olan ilişkisi Granger Nedensellik Testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre işsizlik oranındaki artışlar kısa dönemde; enflasyon oranındaki artışlar ise kısa ve uzun dönemde GSYH’da azalmalar meydana getirmektedir. GSYH’daki artışlar kısa ve uzun dönemde işsizlik oranını azaltırken, enflasyon oranındaki artışlar kısa dönemde işsizlik oranını azaltmakta, uzun dönemde ise arttırmaktadır. Ayrıca asgari ücrette meydana gelen artışlar işsizlik oranını arttırmaktadır. GSYH oranı ve işsizlik oranı çift yönlü olarak; enflasyon oranı ve GSYH ise asgari ücrete doğru tek yönlü olarak birbirlerinin granger nedeni oldukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
VELİEFENDİ BASMA FABRİKASI’NDA İŞÇİ ÜCRETLERİ (1848-1876)
Authors: GÜVEN Tamer , KARAOĞLU Ömer
Published: June 2020

1848-1876 arasında Veliefendi Basma Fabrikası çalışanlarının ücretlerine odaklanan bu çalışma, Osmanlı ücret tarihinde eksik olan sanayi işçileri ücretlerine katkı yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, söz konusu dönemde fabrikadaki çalışanlar için tutulmuş olan ücret defterlerini kullanarak bir ücret serisi oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. Elde edilen ücret serisi, daha önce tarım ve inşaat sektörleri için üretilmiş olan serilerin ilgili kısımları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, fabrikadaki yevmiyeler dönem içinde reel olarak azalmışken, aylık kazançlar daha fazla mesai pahasına artmıştır. Bu artış ise hem tarım hem de inşaat işçilerinin reel ücret artışlarından düşüktür.
Liberalism & Deferential Treatment
Authors: Weithman Paul
Published: June 2020

Legally preferential treatment of a religious organization is the legal conferral of a status that is more favorable than that accorded to other religious organizations. This essay introduces and analyzes the contrasting concept of deferential treatment. “Deferential treatment” refers to forms of favorable treatment that are cultural rather than legal. While the problems posed by legally preferential treatment of religion are well known, the problems posed by deferential treatment have received little attention. One problem is that when a religious organization receives deferential treatment, its authorities are not compelled to exercise their power in ways that track the interests of those over whom they exercise it. This leaves those subject to their power liable to abuse. Another is that deferential treatment encourages “benchmark traditionalism.” Benchmark traditionalism is problematic because it is politically unreasonable. These problems with deferential treatment give all citizens, including religiously committed citizens, reason to favor a culture of non-deference.
The Ironies of the New Religious Liberty Litigation
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: June 2020

The plaintiffs in recent religious liberty litigation are very different from plaintiffs in earlier cases. They are not marginalized or politically powerless. They seek to return the country to its conservative roots, rather than to escape the dominant liberal mindset. But their success has come at a cost to their own deep commitments. This essay will proceed as follows. First, I describe key elements of recent religious liberty cases, highlighting the ways in which they go beyond the older case law that ostensibly served as precedent. Second, I argue that these decisions ironically fall prey to the communitarian critiques of modern liberal democracy that have been prominent in conservative religious circles for thirty years or more. Finally, I sketch a new way forward, drawing on the notion of civic friendship and the Golden Rule, and suggest the question religious believers should be asking now is not “What are our legal rights?” but “What do we owe morally to fellow citizens who believe differently than we do?”
Conscience, Truth & Action
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo
Published: June 2020

Liberal democracies attempt to accommodate conscientious objections without having a clear understanding of the claims of conscience. This might lead to an Antigone claim, when conscience is irreconcilable with state authority. In this essay, I sketch three different models of conscience: a knowledge-based model where conscience gives priority access to moral norms; an emotional model that treats conscience as a natural capability that alerts us to wrongdoing; and a reflection model that argues that conscience works as our inner tribunal. Each model presents a different challenge to political authority. The conflict becomes tragic in Antigone's sense only when conscience is portrayed as providing knowledge of moral norms. The other two models can be squared with political authority in various ways, but they do not offer a final case for the authority of conscientious claims; at best, they show that political authorities should hear conscientious claims and engage with them in public deliberation. Conscience thus reconstructed can provide a constructive function in any society a) by holding political authorities to account; b) by forcing them to provide reasons for their actions; and, ultimately, c) by refining our deliberative and adjudicative practices to make sure that action is always anchored to truth.
Do Human Rights Have a Secular, Individualistic & Anti-Islamic Bias?
Authors: Gunn T. Jeremy
Published: June 2020

There is a widely shared belief, both within and outside the Muslim world, that Islamic law cannot be reconciled with the modern human rights regime that developed out of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (udhr). Many Muslims perceive that the purportedly individualistic, secular, and Western orientation of human rights is alien to Islamic values. Abdulaziz Sachedina and other scholars of Islam have argued that the underlying tenets of the udhr and its progeny are simply incompatible with Islamic law. In reality, the problem is not an underlying conflict between human rights and Islam, but the mistaken assumption that the modern nation-state is the proper institution for interpreting and enforcing Islamic law.
Against method: Exploding the boundary between qualitative and quantitative studies of science
Authors: Kang Donghyun , Evans James
Published: June 2020

Quantitative and qualitative studies of science have historically played radically different roles with opposing epistemological commitments. Using large-scale text analysis, we see that qualitative studies generate and value new theory, especially regarding the complex social and political contexts of scientific action, while quantitative approaches confirm existing theory and evaluate the performance of scientific institutions. Large-scale digital data and emerging computational methods could allow us to refigure these positions, turning qualitative artifacts into quantitative patterns into qualitative insights across many scales, heralding a new era of theory development, engagement, and relevance for scientists, policy-makers, and society.
Gender, science, and academic rank: Key issues and approaches
Authors: Fox Mary Frank
Published: June 2020

In the social study of science, gender is a critical research site because relations of gender are hierarchical and inequality is a central feature of science. The focus here is on a key dimension of gender and scientific careers: academic rank, particularly that of full professor. This article concentrates on quantitative and qualitative approaches that have occurred in two focal problem areas related to gender, science, and rank: collaboration patterns and evaluative practices. The approaches encompass analyses of large and small groups and comparative cases, with surveys, bibliometrics, experiments, and interviews. This breadth of approaches reflects a search for explanations of the pervasive and persistent relationships between gender and academic rank. The analyses presented here point to the complexities of gender disparities in collaboration. These appear in team compositions, divisions of labor and power dynamics, integration into departmental units, and international coauthorship. The analyses also reveal ways that limited clarity in evaluation bears on gender disparities. Continuing understandings of gender, science, and rank will result in multi level analyses: those at organizational levels along with those of individual scientists.
Past as prologue: Approaches to the study of confirmation in science
Authors: Small Henry
Published: June 2020

In the 1970s, quantitative science studies were being pursued by sociologists, historians, and information scientists. Philosophers were part of this discussion, but their role would diminish as sociology of science asserted itself. An antiscience bias within the sociology of science became evident in the late 1970s, which split the science studies community, notably causing the “citationists” to go their own way. The main point of contention was whether science was a rational, evidence-based activity. To reverse the antiscience trend, it will be necessary to revive philosophical models of science, such as Bayesian confirmation theory or explanatory coherence models, where theory-experiment agreement plays a decisive role. A case study from the history of science is used to illustrate these models, and bibliometric and text-based methods are proposed as a source of data to test these models.
Pot, kettle: Nonliteral titles aren’t (natural) science
Authors: Thelwall Mike
Published: June 2020

Researchers may be tempted to attract attention through poetic titles for their publications, but would this be mistaken in some fields? Although poetic titles are known to be common in medicine, it is not clear whether the practice is widespread elsewhere. This article investigates the prevalence of poetic expressions in journal article titles from 1996–2019 in 3.3 million articles from all 27 Scopus broad fields. Expressions were identified by manually checking all phrases with at least five words that occurred at least 25 times, finding 149 stock phrases, idioms, sayings, literary allusions, film names, and song titles or lyrics. The expressions found are most common in the social sciences and the humanities. They are also relatively common in medicine, but almost absent from engineering and the natural and formal sciences. The differences may reflect the less hierarchical and more varied nature of the social sciences and humanities, where interesting titles may attract an audience. In engineering, natural science, and formal science fields, authors should take extra care with poetic expressions in case their choice is judged inappropriate. This includes interdisciplinary research overlapping these areas. Conversely, reviewers of interdisciplinary research involving the social sciences should be more tolerant of poetic license.
A typology of scientific breakthroughs
Authors: Wuestman Mignon , Hoekman Jarno , Frenken Koen
Published: June 2020

Scientific breakthroughs are commonly understood as discoveries that transform the knowledge frontier and have a major impact on science, technology, and society. Prior literature studying breakthroughs generally treats them as a homogeneous group in attempts to identify supportive conditions for their occurrence. In this paper, we argue that there are different types of scientific breakthroughs, which differ in their disciplinary occurrence and are associated with different considerations of use and citation impact patterns. We develop a typology of scientific breakthroughs based on three binary dimensions of scientific discoveries and use this typology to analyze qualitatively the content of 335 scientific articles that report on breakthroughs. For each dimension, we test associations with scientific disciplines, reported use considerations, and scientific impact. We find that most scientific breakthroughs are driven by a question and in line with literature, and that paradigm shifting discoveries are rare. Regarding the scientific impact of breakthrough as measured by citations, we find that an article that answers an unanswered question receives more citations compared to articles that were not motivated by an unanswered question. We conclude that earlier research in which breakthroughs were operationalized as highly cited scientific articles may thus be biased against the latter.
The Contact Hypothesis Revised: DOM in the South Slavic Periphery
Authors: Bužarovska Eleni
Published: June 2020

The aim of this paper is to provide an explanation of the emergence of dom in peripheral Macedonian dialects through a reevaluation of the contact hypothesis. The southern and south-western dialects in the contact zones with Greek and Aromanian use a dative-based pattern to mark specific, predominantly human and animate referents. However, the contact hypothesis cannot fully explain the origin of dom in the southernmost dialects because it overlooks the wider interlingual context within which this change occurred. Relying on the analysis of the examples from the oldest sources with dom, the author argues in favor of a multifactorial explanation of its origin: contact obscured the case marking functions of clitics and provided an analytic direct object pattern. The introduction of na-marking on direct objects satisfied both the semantic and pragmatic requirements of a successful message by discriminating between the syntactic functions and discourse prominence of the object participant.