bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PPDM DESA SARUMANA SEBAGAI PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN KAKAO RAKYAT DI SULAWESI TENGAH
Authors: Pasaru Flora , Patadungan Yosep , Toana Moh. Hibban
Published: June 2020

Kakao merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan sektor perkebunan yang turut memberi andil dalam meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat terutama di pedesaan. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan produktivitas kakao saat ini mengalami penurunan antara lain: (1). tanaman kakao rakyat sudah berumur lebih dari 15 tahun; (2) serangan hama penggerek buah kakao (PBK) Conopomorpha cramerella (3). serangan penyakit pembuluh kayu atau vascular streak dieback(VSD) (4). serangan penyakit busuk buah Phythopthora palmivora dan (5) kurang perawatan oleh petani.Hasil rembug dengan anggota kelompok tani mitra bersama dengan kepala desa disepakati untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang dianggap prioritas untuk segera diatasi dalam pelaksanaan program pengembangan desa mitra (PPDM). Program Pengembangan Desa Mitra (PPDM) bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Desa Sarumana sebagai pusat kakao rakyat di Sulawesi Tengah melalui peningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan anggota masyarakat dalam perakitan teknologi budidaya berdaya hasil tinggi, teknologi pengendalian hama dan penyakit, teknologi pengembangan pupuk organik untuk kesinambungan produksi kakao, dan teknologi penanganan hasil kakao agar dapat bernilai jual tinggi. Metode yang diterapkan dalam  pencapai tujuan tersebut adalah: pelatihan, demonstrasi teknologi, demplot, pendampingan dan pembinaan yang dilakukan secara partisipatif dan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pengembangan kakao berdaya hasil tinggi. Pada pelaksanaan pelatihan diberikan materi tentang teknik grafting, pengendalian hama PBK menggunakan predator Dolichoderus thoracicus,pengendalian penyakit Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) dengan mikroba antagonis, pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao dengan biofungisida, dan pembutan pupuk organik berbahan baku limbah kulit buah kakao. Hasil yang diperoleh bertambahnya wawasan dan pengetahuan masyarakat sasaran melalui programpenyuluhan, pelatihan dan pendampingan serta pemberdayaan, serta terjadi perubahan sikap maupun pola pikir dari masyarakat khususnya kelompok tani mitra tentang pentingnya pengembangan kakao. Terbentuknya 2 demplot yakni demplot teknologi pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) dengan sarang buatan Dolichoderus thoracicus dan infus akar Trichoderma cair , dan demplot budidaya tanaman kakao dengan teknologi side grafting pada tanaman kakao, terbentuknya 2 unit bak pengomposan pada kelompok tani mitra, bertambahnya skill masyarakat  dalam mengelola sumber daya alam maupun limbah pertanian melalui program pelatihan pembuatan pupuk kompos berbahan baku limbah kulit buah kakao,dan pupuk organik cair (MOL) dari limbah rumah tangga.
PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS LAHAN PEKARANGAN MELALUI PEMANFAATAN SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK DI DESA LANTAPAN KECAMATAN GALANG KABUPATEN TOLITOLI
Authors: Salawati Salawati , Hikmah Nur , Nurmala Nurmala , Rasud Yulianti , Ende Sjarifuddin , Henrik Henrik
Published: June 2020

Lahan pekarangan di desa Lantapan Kecamatan Galang Kabupaten Tolitoli cukup luas tetapi belum termanfaatkan secara efisien, Demikian halnya dengan sampah organik rumah tangga masyarakat yang di buang begitu saja berpotensi mencemari lingkungan. Pengabdian ini bertujuan meningkatkan produktivitas lahan pekarangan melalui pemanfaatan sampah rumah tangga dalam pembuatan pupuk organik cair pada kelompok ibu-ibu rumah tangga, melalui penyuluhan dan demo pembuatan pupuk organik cair  berbahan dasar limbah rumah tangga. Program ini diawali dengan penyuluhan pemanfaatan pekarangan, selanjutnya demo pembuatan pupuk organik cair dan aplikasi pada tanaman sayuran di pekarangan. Hasil yang dicapai meningkatnya semangat ibu-ibu PKK dalam memanfaatkan pekarangan dan mengolah limbah organik rumah tangga menjadi pupuk organik cair.
PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH DAN PENGOLAHAN BIJI KAKAO DI DESA UENUNI KECAMATAN PALOLO KABUPATEN SIGI
Authors: Laude Syamsuddin , Rahim Abdul , Kadir Syahraeni , Lamusa Arifuddin , Ismail
Published: June 2020

Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah merupakan penghasil kakao terbesar di Indonesia dan oleh karena itu, kakao ditetapkan sebagai salah satu komoditas unggulan daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Adapun mitra yang terlibat pada program pengabdian adalah Masyarakat Di Desa Uenuni Kecamatan Palolo Kabupaten Sigi Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah melalui kelompok tani Fajar Baru. Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mitra adalah rendahnya pengetahuan terkait dengan pembuatan pupuk organik (bokashi) dari limbah kakao dan teknologi pengolahan biji kakao menjadi pasta cokelat, bubuk cokelat dan pembuatan aneka produk olahan kakao. Program pengabdian bertujuan untuk membantu masyarakat sasaran dalam memanfaatkan limbah kakao dan mengolah biji kakao untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Target khusus yang ingin dicapai adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat untuk pembuatan pupuk kompos dari limbah kakao dan pengolahan biji kakao menjadi bubuk cokelat, pasta cokelat dan produk olahan lainnya. Pelaksanaan program pengabdian melibatkan 3 (tiga) dosen yang memiliki kepakaran multidisiplin meliputi ilmu hortikultura, teknologi pengolahan hasil pertanian dan ilmu manajemen. Hasil pengabdian meliputi pembuatan bokashi dari kulit kakao secara berkelanjutan dan teknologi pengolahan biji kakao menjadi bubuk coklat, pasta cokelat dan olahan produk lainnya seperti silver quin dan susu cokelat. Program pengabdian tersebut dapat meningkatkan keterampilan petani kakao dalam pembuatan bokashi untuk pupuk perkebunan kakao, meningkatkan pengetahuan terkait dengan teknologi pengolahan biji kakao menjadi aneka produk olahan kakao yang telah dilatihkan sehingga masyarakat petani dapat menciptakan usaha bisnis pertanian berbasis kakao untuk meningkatkan pendapatan petani.
The association between anthropometric, lower limb strength, and balance variables with 5-repetition sit-to-stand test performance in physically active elderly women
Authors: Kováčiková Zuzana , Sarvestan Javad , Gonosova Zuzana , Linduska Petr , Zemkova Erika , Janura Miroslav
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND:

Sit-to-stand test is very often used as measure of lower limb strength in elderly adults. However, the recent findings indicate that performance in this test is also influenced by other factors.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the association between anthropometric, lower limb strength, and balance variables with the 5-repetition sit-to-stand test (5RSTST) in elderly women.

METHODS:

Forty physically active elderly women [Formula: see text] 60 years underwent the 5RSTST and anthropometric, balance, and lower limb strength assessment. Anthropometric measurements included height and weight. Balance was quantified in the bipedal upright stance on the basis of the centre of pressure sway in the anteroposterior (CoP[Formula: see text]) and mediolateral (CoP[Formula: see text]) direction. Bilateral concentric strength of the ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors, knee flexors and extensors, and hip extensors was measured.

RESULTS:

The time to complete the 5RSTST was significantly but mildly associated with height ([Formula: see text] 0.356, [Formula: see text] 0.024), ankle dorsiflexor strength ([Formula: see text]0.413, [Formula: see text] 0.017), knee flexor strength ([Formula: see text]0377, [Formula: see text] 0.030), knee extensor strength ([Formula: see text]0.411, [Formula: see text] 0.017), hip flexor strength ([Formula: see text]0.359, [Formula: see text] 0.040) on dominant limb, and balance in both directions (AP, [Formula: see text] 0.651, [Formula: see text] 0.001; ML, [Formula: see text] 0.647, [Formula: see text] 0.001). Balance control in AP direction and knee extensor strength on dominant limb were the only factors that contributed independently to 5RSTST, accounting for 55% of the variance. Balance control in AP direction alone explained 41% of the variance in 5RSTST.

CONCLUSIONS:

Balance control in AP seems to be the most important factor explaining the 5RSTST performance.
Enfriamiento de la economía.
Authors: Redacción Consejo de
Published: June 2020

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Los inmigrantes extranjeros: "excluidos y agredidos"
Authors: Justicia Cristianisme I
Published: June 2020

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Перспективний напрям наукової роботи магістрів-психологів
Authors: Шуневич Богдан
Published: June 2020

У статті проведено аналіз теперішніх напрямів дослідження курсантів і студентів у формі курсових, бакалаврських і магістерських робіт кафедри практичної психології та педагогіки Львівського державного університету безпеки життєдіяльності, обґрунтовано необхідність, стан і перспективи нового напряму підготовки та захисту магістерських робіт на основі досліджень психологічних і педагогічних особливостей укладання дистанційних курсів, організації дистанційного і комбінованого навчання в закладах вищої освіти України з урахуванням вітчизняного досвіду у цій сфері, і особливо навчання курсантів ЛДУ БЖД, які часто поєднують навчання і роботу в екстремальних умовах під час постійних короткострокових і довгострокових виїздів на пожежі та інші надзвичайні ситуації впродовж всього періоду навчання в університеті. Автором показана можливість проведення таких досліджень на кафедрі практичної психології та педагогіки, тому що курсанти студенти з перших днів навчання в університеті працюють з дистанційними курсами, запропонованими викладачами кафедри практичної психології, інших кафедр Навчально-наукового інституту психології і соціального захисту та інших інститутів, можуть оцінити організацію їх використання, поки що, як додатковий навчальний матеріал, а також ДК, які пропонують, наприклад, громадський проект масових відкритих онлайн-курсів Прометеус (Prometheus) і компанія онлайн освіти Курсера (Coursera), побачити своє місце в удосконаленні університетських і в перспективі своїх майбутніх власних ДК як фахівців в галузі психології, провести дослідження на рівні курсової, бакалаврської та магістерської робіт. Описано також досвід проведення подібних досліджень, які стосуються організації дистанційного навчання і прикладної лінгвістики студентами Львівської політехніки під керівництвом професора Б. Шуневича у 2005–2007 рр.
Методологія історико-педагогічних досліджень
Authors: Пліско Євген
Published: June 2020

Стаття є теоретичним доробком із проблеми методології історико-педагогічних досліджень, який може використовуватися при написанні дисертаційних робіт. Представлено деякі особливості побудови методології в галузі дослідження історії педагогіки. Зроблено аналіз термінів «методологія», «методологія педагогіки», «методологія історії педагогіки», «метод», «методика» та «науковий метод». Обґрунтовано методологічні ідеї сучасних науковців, які займаються аналізом і вивченням методологічної бази історико-педагогічних досліджень. Представлено декілька різновидів концепцій досліджень, кожний із яких має свій варіант методологічного апарату дослідження. Виділено ряд методологічних підходів і методів, які виокремлюють науково-методологічний інструментарій історико-педагогічних досліджень. Встановлено і теоретично обґрунтовано, що організація методологічного забезпечення історико-педагогічного дослідження повинна складатися з трьох основних взаємозалежних концептів: методологічного, технологічного й історичного.
Pemanfaatan Daging Trimmed dan Belly Ikan Todak (Tylosurus crocodilus) pada Pembuatan Abon Ikan
Authors: Sinambela Tioko Arzeti , Putri R. Marwita Sari , Apriandi Azwin
Published: June 2020

Abon merupakan salah satu produk berbasis tradisional yang populer di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia. Abon ikan adalah ikan olahan yang dibuat dari daging ikan dan diproses secara tradisional melalui perebusan, pemberian bumbu dan penggorengan / penyangraian. Penelitian ini bertujuan  untuk menghasilkan formulasi terbaik pada pembuatan abon ikan berbasis daging trimmed dan belly ikan todak, mengetahui tingkat kesukaan produk abon ikan todak. Hasil pengujian organoleptik yang terbaik adalah formulasi A4 dengan konsentrasi 35% belly dan 15% trimmed memberikan nilai rata – rata kenampakan (3,40) aroma (3,43) rasa (3,27) tekstur (3,5). Hasil analisa proksimat berdasarkan perlakuan terbaik didapatkan nilai kadar air (15,27), kadar abu (8,16), kadar lemak (19,34), dan kadar protein (32,28). Hasil pengujian asam amino esensial tertinggi yaitu didapatkan nilai lisin (2,68 ± 0,007) sedangkan hasil analisa asam amino non esensial tertinngi yaitu didapatkan nilai asam glutamat (4,84 ± 0,028). Hasil analisa kadar logam Pb dan Hg abon ikan dengan nilai rata-rata yaitu (0,1 mg/kg) dan hasil analisa Hg dengan nilai rata-rata yaitu (0,18 mg/kg).
Değirmen Kitabı Üzerinden Osmanlı’da Bilgi Ağlarına Yönelik Bir İnceleme
Authors: CENGİZ Özge
Published: June 2020

Bu çalışmada Reşat Nuri Güntekin’in 1944 senesinde yayımladığı Değirmen kitabından hareketle, Osmanlı Devleti’nin son dönemindeki iletişim ağları incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma ile Osmanlı Devleti’nin son döneminin bilgi ağları ile ilgili unsurları Değirmen kitabı üzerinden irdelemek ve edebi-sanatsal ürünleri geçmişe yönelik bilgi ağlarına erişmede kaynak olarak kullanarak literatürü genişletmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikli olarak Reşat Nuri Güntekin’in edebi kimliğine değinilmiş ve Değirmen kitabının genel özellikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun ardından Osmanlı Devleti’nde 19. yüzyılda bilginin paylaşımı üzerinde kısaca durulmuş, sonrasında ise elde edilen veriler tematik analiz yöntemiyle “iktidar, taşra-merkez, basın ve kadın” başlıkları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak iletişim ağlarının kurulmasında iktidarın ve diğer otorite merkezlerinin büyük bir önem taşıdığı; ancak iktidar ve otorite yapılarının merkezin dışında kalan çevreyle iletişim kurmada zorlandığı görülmüştür. Merkezde yaşayanlar taşra ile iletişim kurmakta zorluk yaşamaktadırlar ve bu iletişim eksikliği taşra ile merkez arasında anlaşmazlıklara sebep olmaktadır. İktidar merkezlerinin taşra üzerinde etkili olduğu ve otoritenin bu kurumlar aracılığıyla sağlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Merkez ve taşra ayrımında basının belirgin bir fark göstermediği, gazetecilerin hem merak uyandıran hem de korku yaratan bir kesim oldukları görülmektedir. Gazetecilerin varlığı ve iş yapma biçimleri hem taşrada hem de merkezde yaşayanları rahatsız etmektedir. Kadınların ise iletişim ağı içerisinde erkeklere göre daha dezavantajlı bir pozisyonda oldukları anlaşılmaktadır.
Konferans Salonunda Dağıtık Biliş: Andaş Çeviri Sürecine Yeni Bir Bakış
Authors: KUMCU Alper
Published: June 2020

Dağıtık biliş, bilişsel görevlerin tek bir biyolojik organizmanın kafatası ile sınırlı zihninde gerçekleştirilmesi yerine, bilişin bireysel ve izole zihinden taşarak çevredeki biyolojik/biyolojik olmayan yapılara dağılması/yayılması şeklinde özetlenebilecek bir zihin yaklaşımıdır. Dağıtık biliş, bilgi-işlemsel zihin kuramına tepki olarak ortaya çıkmış; bellek ve dil gibi temel bilişsel yetileri yeniden değerlendirmek için kullanılmış; bilişsel yük boşaltma, geçişken bellek ve tekno-sosyal sistem gibi çeşitli kavramların ortaya çıkmasına öncülük etmiştir. Çeviribilim kapsamında yazılı çeviri, bilgisayar-destekli çeviri, teknik iletişim ve çeviri eğitimi bağlamlarında ele alınan bu araştırma programının, sözlü, özellikle de konferans ortamındaki profesyonel andaş çeviri sürecini daha iyi anlamak ve araştırmak için potansiyel taşıdığı düşünülmektedir. Dağıtık biliş ve dağıtık bilişle kavramsal düzeyde aynı şemsiye altında yer alan yayılmış zihin ve gömülü-bedenlenmiş biliş tezleri, 1990’lardan bu yana zihin felsefesi, bilişsel bilimler ve bilişsel psikoloji içinde varlığını sürdürmektedir. Ancak alan yazınında andaş çeviriyi bu çerçevede sistematik olarak inceleyen bir çalışma mevcut değildir. Bu boşluğu gidermeyi amaçlayan bu kuramsal çalışmada, 1960’lardan bu yana bilgi-işlemsel zihin kuramı ve bilgi işleme yaklaşımı temelinde ve çoğu kez akış şemaları ile modellenen andaş çeviri, dağıtık biliş kapsamında yeniden ele alınmış ve buna uygun bir yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. Gelecekteki çalışmaların bu yaklaşımı test edecek ve önceki modellerle karşılaştıracak deneysel veriler sunması büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Köy Yaşamında Engelli Birey Olma Deneyimi: Nitel Bir Araştırma Örneği
Authors: SU Gamze , BURCU SAĞLAM Esra
Published: June 2020

Bireyin biyolojik ve fiziksel eksiklikleri ya da farklılıkları olarak tanımlanan “engellilik” kavramı, günümüzde engelli bireyin kendisi ve diğerleriyle kurduğu ilişkileri dikkate alarak sosyal ve kültürel bağlamda yeniden tanımlanmaktadır. “Engel durumu”, bireyin bedenine işaret eden ve bedensel aktivitelerinin kısıtlılık hali ile ilgili olmakla birlikte “engelli olma durumu” bireyin günlük hayatında, iş ve arkadaş çevresinde, aile bireyleriyle olan iletişiminde kısacası sosyal yaşamında karşılaştığı olumsuz tutum ve eylemlerle inşa edilen bir durumdur. Bireyin engellilik durumu sahip olduğu sosyal ve kültürel ortama göre diğer bir ifadeyle yaşadığı sosyal ve kültürel çevreye göre göreli bir hal alabilir. Buna göre bireyin kırsalda yaşaması ile kentte ve hatta kentin hangi mahallesinde yaşadığı onun sosyal engellenmelerle karşılaşmasında belirleyici olabilir. Bu bağlamda engellilik farklı sosyal faktörlerle birlikte düşünülmelidir. Çalışmada, yaşanılan mekânın kırsal odağına dikkat çekilmek istenmiş ve köyde yaşam süren engelli bireylerin deneyimleri anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bireylerin kendi bakış açılarında engelliliği nasıl tanımladıklarının ve “köyün” onların yaşamında sosyal engellenmeler açısından nasıl bir rol oynadığının sergilenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde derinlemesine görüşmeler ve katılımlı gözlemle bir saha çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, engelli bireylerin ihtiyaçlarının yaşadıkları mekânların özelliklerine göre şekillendiği görülmüştür. Bu durum köyde yaşayan engelli bireyleri sosyal hak ve hizmetlere erişimde dezavantajlı bir konuma getirmektedir. Diğer bir sonuç ise köyde yaşayan engelli bireyler ‘acıma’, ‘dışlanma’, ‘alay edilme’ gibi olumsuz kültürel tanımlamalara maruz kalmaktadırlar.
Kapadokya Kaya Kiliselerinde Buhurdan Tasvirleri
Authors: ALTUN Feride İmrana
Published: June 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bizans İmparatorluğu döneminde Kapadokya bölgesindeki kayaya oyma kiliselerde tespit edilen buhurdan tasvirlerinin hangi sahnelerde görüldüğünü, hangi figürlerin ellerinde taşıdığını belirlemek, söz konusu tasvirleri, örnekler eşliğinde Bizans maden sanatı içinde değerlendirmektir. Kapadokya bölgesi erken yüzyıllardan itibaren önemli manastır yerleşimlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Manastıra bağlı kiliseler bölgede yaşayan toplumun ibadetlerini gerçekleştirdiği mekânlardır. Bu mekânlardaki yapıların duvarlarında yer alan duvar resimlerinde ve konulu sahnelerin detaylarında litürji sırasında kullanılan dinsel objelerin (haç ve buhurdan gibi) benzerleri görülür. Konumuzun özünü oluşturan Bizans buhurdanları form ve süsleme açısından yüzyıllar içinde değişmiştir. Ancak Bizanslı sanatçılar tarafından benimsenen formlar, geleneksel olarak konulu sahnelerin detaylarında tasvir edilmeye devam etmiştir. Bizans İmparatorluğu döneminde farklı tören ve ayinlerde kullanılan buhurdanlar kısaca kokulu bitkilerin yakıldığı kaplar olarak tanımlanabilir. Ortodoks inancının vazgeçilmez dinsel objelerinden biri olan buhurdanlar, kutsal eşyaların korunduğu mekanların tütsülenmesinde, kilisede gerçekleştirilen çeşitli ayinlerde, cenaze törenlerinde, hatta imparatorluk seremonilerinde kullanılırdı. Çalışma kapsamında Kapadokya kaya kiliselerinde buhurdan tasvirleri, ölüm ve cenaze törenleri ile ilgili “Meryem’in Ölümü (Koimesis)” ve “Boş Mezar Başında Kadınlar (Myrophoros)” sahnelerinde ve kiliselerde yürütülen ayinler ile ilgili diakon azizler Stephanos, Romanos’un betimlendiği resimlerde görülür. Meryem’in Ölümü (Koimesis) sahnesi; Göreme Kılıçlar Kuşluk Meryemana, Çeltek Acıözü Güney, Gülüdere Ayvalı, Gülşehir Karşı Kilise’de; Boş Mezar Başında Kadınlar (Myrophoros) sahnesi Göreme, Elmalı, Karanlık, Çarıklı, Gülşehir Karşı ve Nevşehir Tatların iki nolu Kilise’de, diakon azizler Ihlara Yılanlı, Erdemli Aziz Eusthatios, Belisırma Aziz Georgios, Bezirhane, Ürgüp Ayvalı, Gülşehir Karşı ve Niğde Eski Gümüş Manastırı Kilisesi’nde bulunur. Sahnelerin detaylarına bakıldığında figürlerin ellerinde taşıdıkları buhurdanlar çeşitli formda resmedilmiştir. Söz konusu görsel örneklerde yer alan buhurdanların somut olarak benzerlerini yurt içinde ve dışındaki müzelerde ve koleksiyonlarda bulmak mümkündür.
Color, Chaos and Matisse: The Cleaning Lady's 'Work of Art' in A.S. Byatt's Art Work
Authors: UCAR Asya Sakine
Published: June 2020

British writer A.S. Byatt is known for her fictions foregrounding descriptions of art and artists. Published in 1993, The Matisse Stories, a collection of three stories, is a good example of her fascination with art as each narrative is inspired by a painting of French artist Henri Matisse. Of the three, “Art Work” thematizes art and color as reminiscent of Matisse and Byatt creates her story through a tension between Robin, the father, and Mrs. Brown, the cleaning lady of the house who are both Matisse-inspired artists in different approaches. Robin embraces a rigid color theory based on harmony and pureness and he is completely obsessed with his works ignoring his wife, Debbie’s personal sacrifices. Unlike Robin, Mrs. Brown represents a more colorful, creational and even experimental practices derived from her ethnic origins as well as abilities of knitting and collaging unusual materials. Besides her own creativity and free spirit, Mrs. Brown gets the material and ideas from the household like pieces of fabric or the vacuum cleaner but recycles and transforms them in such a flamboyant and innovative way that it gains a showing in a gallery and her exhibit becomes an overnight success. Her colorful, chaotic and collage work of art does not just serve as an embodiment of Matisse’s art but she also finds an artistic medium of expression to transplant her emotions as a servant or woman as her personal endeavor and talent turn into a secret work of art addressing certain inequalities of gender, class and race.
A Muslim Pasha in the Center of Eastern Question: Muhammed Ali of Egypt
Authors: TULASOĞLU Gülay
Published: June 2020

The Eastern Question of the 19th century is a short-hand for the problems between the Christian subjects of the Sultan and the Sublime Porte as well as the efforts of the European states to mediate between them. In addressing this issue, participants sought to maintain the balance between small and great powers of the Europe, while at the same time trying to satisfy both the Sublime Porte and the Christian subjects of the Sultan. In actual fact, however, the Eastern Question of the 1830s focused on the relationship, or rather the crisis, between the Sublime Porte and its Muslim Pasha of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, who threatened to destroy the Ottoman Empire twice in the third decade of the 19th century. The present study analyses the Eastern Question on the basis of the available literature as well as the testimonies of contemporary witnesses. It argues that the positioning of the great powers not only vis-à-vis the Ottoman reforms themselves, but also their assessment of the Ottomans’ ability and inclination for reform, was the result of their real political considerations about the crisis between the Sultan and Muhammad Ali. Not surprisingly, the support of and even push for reform in the Ottoman Empire which became a fundamental principle of British foreign policy in the 1830s was shaped by the Eastern Question.
Mayıs 1968 ve Görsel Kültüre Etkisi
Authors: GÜRDAŞ Bora
Published: June 2020

1960’ların başında Amerika’nın Vietnam’a müdahalesini takip eden süreçte muhalif sesler 1968 Mayıs’ında yükselmiş, tüm dünya ülkelerindeki öğrenci hareketleri ve özgürlükçü söylemlerin dile getirilmesi ivme kazanmıştır Dünya çapında hak ve özgürlük arayışındaki bireylerin yeni söylemler, ifade/dışavurum biçimleri geliştirmelerine olanak sağlayan Mayıs 1968 olayları, 1960’ların başından itibaren tırmanan bir gerilimin sonucudur. Söz konusu arayışlar Mayıs 1968 ile evrensel bir çehre kazanmış, bazı değişim ve eğilimler dünya çapında dolaşıma girmiş, bu arayışlar en dolaysız ifadesini afiş, resim ve sinema alanında bulmuştur. Atelier Populaire ve ODTÜ Devrimci Afiş Atölyesi’nin üretimleri, Mario Merz, James Rosenquist, Renato Guttuso, Peter Sorge, Wolfgang Petrick, Abidin Dino, Tiraje Dikmen ve Altan Gürman gibi sanatçıların enstalasyon ve resimleri, Jean- Luc Godard, Agnes Varda ve Artun Yeres gibi sinemacıların filmleri Mayıs 1968’in ruhunu yansıtan örneklerdir. Bu çalışmada, Batı’da ve Türkiye’de Mayıs 1968’in nasıl yaşandığı incelenecek, 1960’ların sonunda Türkiye’de görsel sanatlar alanında dolaşımda olan imge, medya, tema ve söylemlerin batılı örneklerle ortak paydaları ve farklılaştıkları noktalar görsel kültür üzerinden irdelenecektir.
A Text-Based Analysis of Turkish Existential Sentences
Authors: YARAR Emine
Published: June 2020

This study analyses and discusses the use of existential sentences in texts in terms of the existential predicates used and types of these constructions. The sample of the study includes forty government programs published in Turkey between 1950 and 2016. As a result of the analysis 192 existential sentences are identified in the sample. Existential sentences are described and categorized based on the existential predicates and the sentence types. The findings show that the default form of the existential predicates is var+DIr in official documents although there are other predicates employed in existential constructions, including yok “not exist”, mevcut “exist”, sahip “have” and ait “belong to”. Of them the first three are the predicates of existence, and the remaining two are the predicates of possession. It should be noted that all of these existential predicates are mostly attached with –DIr. Concerning the types of existential sentences it is found that the government programs analysed include four different types and mostly contain possessive type of existentials. The other three types of existential constructions found in the sample are as follows: locative existentials, modal existentials and bare existentials. It is also identified that these existential constructions have specific structural properties which vary based on the existential predicates used. Each type of existential constructions performs several textual functions which are consistent with their structural and semantic properties. In regard to the existential predicates it is found that the predicates of existence, namely var “exist”, yok “not exist” and mevcut “exist”, are much more productive than those of possession, sahip “have” and ait “belong to”. Because the latter type is limited to the possessive type of existential sentences and is not employed in other three types of existential constructions.
Identifying Unmarked Crosswalks at Bus Stops in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Hosford Kate , Tremblay Sarah , Winters Meghan
Published: June 2020

Taking transit to and from a destination typically involves crossing the street, however, not all bus stops have a marked pedestrian crossing. This study aimed to 1) identify bus stops in Vancouver, Canada with unmarked crosswalks and 2) assess whether unmarked crosswalks at bus stops are inequitably distributed across the city. Of the 1,892 bus stops in Vancouver, 8% (n=151) did not have a traffic signal or marked crosswalk at the nearest intersection. Unmarked crossings were more likely to be at bus stops in higher income neighbourhoods compared to bus stops in lower income neighbourhoods.
Osteopathic correction in the treatment of pain in the lower back
Authors: Belash V. O. , Novikov Yu. O.
Published: June 2020

According to experts of the World Health Organization the lower back pain (LBP) prevalence in developed countries reaches the pandemic size, and it is a serious medical and socio-economic problem. Acute back pain is transformed into chronic in 10–20 % of working age patients′ cases; this causes serious psychological disorders appearing, forms painful behavior and persists even when the initial pain trigger is eliminated. Data from metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials indicate the effectiveness of the osteopathic approach in the treatment of LBP patients. At the same time the osteopathic correction is effective not only for acute pain, but also for chronic pain. A case from clinical practice is described demonstrating the possibility of osteopathic correction of a LBP patient.
Postural role of the foot and its disturbance in case of fl at feet (literature review)
Authors: Mironov A. A. , Khalili V. D. , Potekhina Yu. P. , Pervushkin E. S.
Published: June 2020

The review presents data about the role of the foot in maintaining of the human postural balance. The foot is considered as a receptive field and an organ-effector of the postural system. Data of the etiology, pathogenesis and methods of flatfoot correction are presented.
Effects of Osteopathic Care on patients suffering with pudendal neuralgia: a prospective monocentric study
Authors: Tessier A. , Morin M.-P.
Published: June 2020

Introduction. Pudendal neuralgia is a canal syndrome. Patients present, among other symptoms, with chronic neuropathic pain, allodynia and dyspareunia; the chronicity of which impact their everyday life.

The goal of research — is to measure the impact of osteopathic care on pudendal neuralgia′s pain.

Materials and methods. Four females and eight males suffering from pudendal neuralgia received two osteopathic treatments within 15 days. Pain was the main outcome measure. We assessed pain through a simple verbal pain rating scale. The scale was used on three occasions: before the first session, before the second one and 15 days later.

Results. 10 out of 12 patients find their pain decreased by 40 % or more. On inclusion, the main pain level is 6,3, before the second session it goes down to 4,5, then to 2,5 after 15 days. This decrease is very highly significant (p<0,0001). Every patient from this study would recommended this approach to a friend suffering from this neuralgia.

Conclusion. Osteopathy seems to be interesting to consider in the global management of pudendal neuralgia. A comparative randomized trial would be necessary to confirm these first results. It would be interesting to compare results obtained with the osteopathic protocol with results from transcutaneous neuroelectric stimulation in order to assess if the action of osteopathy is linked with pain perception only.
The rationale for the joint use of osteopathic correction and kinesiotherapy in the humeroscapular periarthrosis syndrome (humeroscapular periarthropathy) treatment
Authors: Lebedev E. B. , Miroshnichenko D. B.
Published: June 2020

Introduction. The humeroscapular periarthrosis syndrome (humeroscapular periarthropathy) is characterized by a high prevalence — shoulder pain is observed in 7–26 % of the population, such patients account for up to 18 % of paid sick leave. The term «humeroscapular periarthrosis» combines lesions of both the muscles and the joint capsule itself. To date, the scientific literature notes that in most cases the conservative therapy is effective in the form of pharmacotherapy and non-drug methods, including manual therapy, osteopathy and kinesiotaping. It should be noted that today there are no studies aimed to study the combination of osteopathic correction and kinesiotaping method, each of which is individually recognized as sufficiently effective in the treatment of the humeroscapular periarthrosis syndrome (humeroscapular periarthropathy).

The goal of research — is to substantiate the feasibility of combining osteopathic correction and kinesiotaping in the treatment of the humeroscapular periarthrosis (humeroscapular periarthropathy).

Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the period from February 1, 2018 to January 1, 2019 in the Neurological Department of the Rehabilitation Center Tula Regional Clinical Hospital. The study involved 43 patients with the syndrome of humeroscapular periarthrosis, duration of the disease — 1–5 months. By simple randomization the patients were divided into two groups: experimental — 22 patients receiving osteopathic correction in combination with kinesiotaping; control — 21 patients receiving only osteopathic correction. In both groups, at the beginning and at the end of the study, an osteopathic examination was performed with the formation of an osteopathic conclusion, the severity of pain on a visual-analog scale, and the shoulder joint state was assessed by the Swanson scale. The obtained data were processed using parametric (student′s t-test for independent groups and student′s paired t-test) and nonparametric (McNemar′s criterion and Fisher′s exact test) statistics.

Results. Both osteopathic correction and combination of osteopathic correction and kinesiotaping are accompanied by a statistically significant (p<0,05) decrease in the detection frequency of some dysfunctions at the regional and local level, a decrease in the pain intensity, and an improvement in the shoulder joint state. The combination of osteopathic correction and kinesiotaping is accompanied by a statistically significant (p<0,05) more pronounced improvement in the shoulder joint state.

Conclusion. Statistically significantly more pronounced improvement in the shoulder joint state of the experimental group patients compared with the control group patients suggests that the combination of osteopathic correction with kinesiotaping could be more effective in the treatment of the humeroscapular periarthrosis syndrome (humeroscapular periarthropathy).
Polonika w Bibliotece Uniwersytetu Stanforda w Kalifornii: unikalne kolekcje, trudności w gromadzeniu i udostępnianiu
Authors: Nafpaktitis Barbara Krupa, Margarita
Published: June 2020

W artykule omówiono unikalne (przynajmniej w Stanach Zjednoczonych) polonika (książki, efemera, archiwalia) w kolekcji Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Stanforda w Kalifornii oraz trudności związane z rozwojem, opracowaniem i konserwacją materiałów polskich w amerykańskiej bibliotece akademickiej, w tym m.in. preferowanie uzupełniania zbiorów w języku rosyjskim, brak zalinkowanych rekordów podobnych kolekcji lub stan fizyczny poloników wymagających zabiegów konserwatorskich. W pierwszej części przedstawiono kolekcje związane z polską emigracją, m.in. efemera wydane w Paryżu w latach 1830-1840, oraz z literaturą emigracyjną i rynkiem wydawniczym w USA, Europie i Polsce po II wojnie światowej: Archiwum Zygmunta Haupta, Kolekcję listów Zdzisława Ruszkowskiego oraz Archiwum Wydawnictwa Rój. W drugiej części artykułu omówiono nowsze kolekcje jako obiekty mogące potencjalnie zainteresować badaczy kultury i historii polskiej, takie jak: seria fotografii Allena Ginsburga (1926-1997), ikony poezji amerykańskiej, przedstawiciela tzw. Beat Generation, z jego pobytu w Polsce (1986, 1993) oraz maszynopis tekstu Agnieszki Holland o stanie polskiego kina z 1984 r. z jej odręcznymi poprawkami.
Średniowieczne polonika rękopiśmienne w zbiorach obcych
Authors: Potkowski Edward
Published: June 2020

Zmarły 31 VII 2017 r. Edward Potkowski przywiązywał szczególną wagę do rejestracji i możliwie szczegółowego opisu rękopisów – powstałych w Polsce, spisanych przez Polaków za granicą, sporządzonych dla polskiego odbiorcy, bądź znajdujących się na terytorium Polski – zarówno przechowywanych w zbiorach polskich, jak i zagranicznych. Często wyrażał przekonanie, że nie uzyskamy pełnego obrazu kultury książki w polskim średniowieczu bez studiów nad kodeksami, które znajdują się lub czasowo znajdowały się w zbiorach obcych. O nich właśnie traktuje tekst przygotowany przez E. Potkowskiego do niniejszego tomu. Omawia w nim przykłady trzech ksiąg: odnaleziony przez siebie w Neapolu Kodeks Mikołaja Suleda oraz Kodeks Matyldy i Psałterz Floriański, których skomplikowane dzieje dowodzą konieczności utworzenia centralnego katalogu rękopisów średniowiecznych związanych z Polską, w celu rozwoju dalszych studiów nad rodzimą kulturą wieków średnich.
Kolekcja Joachima Lelewela w Dziale Druków Rzadkich Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego
Authors: Vaitkevičiūtė Viktorija
Published: June 2020

Historyk, kartograf, teoretyk księgoznawstwa Joachim Lelewel (1786-1861) swoją  bibliotekę prywatną zapisał w testamencie Uniwersytetowi Wileńskiemu. Dział Druków Rzadkich Biblioteki UW przechowuje kolekcję książek i broszur uczonego, liczącą 3684 pozycje (5400 tomów). Jest ona ciekawa ze względu na tematykę oraz zachowane proweniencje. W artykule zostały przedstawione dzieje powstania zbioru i okoliczności włączenia go do Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego, a także krótka charakterystyka tematyczna. Najwięcej uwagi poświęcono jednak różnym wpisom, pieczęciom i ekslibrisom. Sporą część kolekcji stanowią książki z dziedziny geografii, kosmografii, dziejów antycznych i czasów najnowszych oraz relacje z podróży do różnych krajów. Ważne miejsce zajmują też prace samego historyka. Zachowane na książkach notatki J. Lelewela ukazują go jako badacza o rozległych zainteresowaniach oraz świetnego bibliografa. Natomiast dedykacje potwierdzają, że był on naprawdę znanym i cenionym naukowcem. Proweniencje wielu osób i instytucji z różnych okresów wskazują na to, że J. Lelewelowi nie zależało na nabywaniu wyjątkowych, cennych książek, a  zwracał on uwagę przede wszystkim na treść publikacji.
Archiwum Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie (1919-1939/1942). Historia, stan i perspektywy badawcze
Authors: Supruniuk Anna Supruniuk, Mirosław A.
Published: June 2020

Archiwum Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie jest jednym z licznych polskich zespołów archiwalnych dotyczących okresu dwudziestolecia międzywojennego, które znajdują się w Litewskim Centralnym Archiwum Państwowym w Wilnie. I jednym z nielicznych, który zachował się niemal w całości. Przez wiele lat kolekcję uważano za zaginioną. Po 1990 r. zaczęto ją wykorzystywać do badań nad historią nauki w Wilnie. Najgłębiej zbiór jest eksploatowany przez polsko-litewski zespół badaczy przygotowujących monografię USB na 2019 r. Brak zainteresowania państwa polskiego losami archiwum spowodował, że pomimo przygotowanych projektów badawczych pozostaje ono nieuporządkowane i nieopracowane, a w dużej części wymaga natychmiastowej interwencji konserwatorskiej. Istnieje obawa, że w niedalekiej przyszłości zasób ten – po opracowaniu w języku litewskim – będzie trudno dostępny dla wielu badaczy z Polski.
Polonika w zbiorach francuskiej Biblioteki Narodowej (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
Authors: Walle Elisabeth
Published: June 2020

Francuska Biblioteka Narodowa (Bibliothèque nationale de France) posiada jeden z najbogatszych i najcenniejszych zbiorów poloników znajdujących się poza granicami Polski. Polonika, rozumiane w sensie estreicherowskim, obejmują rękopisy, inkunabuły, druki zwarte i ciągłe, ryciny, mapy, muzykalia, numizmatykę. Rękopisy i starodruki od XVI do XVIII w. odzwierciedlają historię stosunków dyplomatycznych między Francją i Polską od elekcji Henryka Walezego na tron Polski w 1573 r. do epoki oświecenia i okresu rozbiorów. Na przestrzeni XIX i XX w. kolejne fale polskiej emigracji politycznej i ekonomicznej do Francji sprzyjały rozwojowi piśmiennictwa polonijnego i emigracyjnego. Publikacje te wpłynęły do francuskiej książnicy jako egzemplarze obowiązkowe. Sekcja polska, powołana w 1951 r., kontynuuje prace nad wzbogacaniem zbioru poloników drogą zakupów, wymiany i darów, a także jego opracowaniem i promocją. Portal tematyczny France Pologne – Francja Polska opracowany we współpracy m.in. z Biblioteką Narodową w Warszawie jest przykładem działań mających na celu ukazanie zasobności i różnorodności poloników w BnF.
Structure and Values in Bukoba Panglimo Awang Tradition Pasir Pengaraian Society
Authors: Nofrita Misra , Putri Delia , Ningsih Asih Ria
Published: June 2020

Koba Panglimo Awang is one of traditions in Pasir Pengaraian, Rokan Hulu. Which is, the existence of this tradition has begun to diminish its interest and inheritance. For this reason, research is needed. To examine more deeply about koba Panglimo Awang. The purpose of this study was to describe the structure and values of education contained in Koba Panglimo Awang. Data collection is done through two stages. The first stage is the recording of Bukoba oral literature. Informant's speech about Bukoba's oral literature is recorded using a recording device. The second stage is collecting data about the storytelling environment and analyzing the recorded data. The results of this study indicate that First, the structure in Koba Panglimo Awang is there, theme, characterization, plot, setting and message. Second, the educational values contained in Koba Panglimo Awang are religious values, such as sincere, and grateful and moral values.
THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF HAPPINESS USING FORCE IMAGE SCHEMA IN HUNGER GAMES TRILOGY BOOKS: COGNITIVE SEMANTIC STUDIES
Authors: Raiyasmi Dean , Sari Puspita
Published: June 2020

This research analyses the conceptualization of happiness using force image schema in hunger games trilogy books. This research is aimed at elaborating how the process of conceptualizing happiness by using force image schema and analyzing force image by using image schema and other image schema that plays an important role in determining happiness itself as force. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method. The data are elaborated and described by using conceptual metaphor and force image schema. The results of the conceptualization of happiness using force image schema are occurred due to the lexical items used in each data. Even though these data are classified as happiness using force image schema, each data has different process due to the lexical items used in each sentence. Moreover, one of the data shows a complicated process which involves several image schemas to create a concept of happiness as force.
O viés social da ordem econômica nacional
Authors: Nagasaki Jéssica Yume , Assis Ana Elisa Spaolonzi Queiroz
Published: June 2020

Considerando o contexto de desigualdade social no país, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a ordem econômica nacional na perspectiva econômica-social furtadiana, de modo que a inferência ao tema seja correlaciona-lo diretamente ao cumprimento do desenvolvimento econômico enquanto um dos objetivos da República Federativa do Brasil. Utilizou-se a investigação bibliográfica, adotando para o conceito de desenvolvimento o autor Celso Furtado, além de dados de órgãos nacionais e internacionais. Têm-se como resultado que o desenvolvimento econômico, perseguido na esfera nacional, é um campo de estudo ainda latente no Brasil, principalmente por manter uma tríplice relação de economia, política e questões sociais, vinculando objetivos distintos dentro de um mesmo panorama.
Null (Lightlike) $f$-Rectifying Curves in the Three Dimensional Minkowski Space $\mathbb{E}^3_1$
Authors: IQBAL Zafar , SENGUPTA Joydeep
Published: June 2020

A rectifying curve $\gamma$ in the Euclidean $3$-space $\mathbb{E}^3$ is defined as a space curve whose position vector always lies in its rectifying plane (i.e., the plane spanned by the unit tangent vector field $T_\gamma$ and the unit binormal vector field $B_\gamma$ of the curve $\gamma$), and an $f$-rectifying curve $\gamma$ in the Euclidean $3$-space $\mathbb{E}^3$ is defined as a space curve whose $f$-position vector $\gamma_f$, defined by $\gamma_f(s) = \int f(s) d\gamma$, always lies in its rectifying plane, where $f$ is a nowhere vanishing real-valued integrable function in arc-length parameter $s$ of the curve $\gamma$. In this paper, we introduce the notion of $f$-rectifying curves which are null (lightlike) in the Minkowski $3$-space $\mathbb{E}^3_1$. Our main aim is to characterize and classify such null (lightlike) $f$-rectifying curves having spacelike or timelike rectifying plane in the Minkowski $3$-Space $\mathbb{E}^3_1$.
Contact Hamiltonian Description of Systems with Exponentially Decreasing Force and Friction that is Quadratic in Velocity
Authors: DÜNDAR Furkan Semih
Published: June 2020

We have given a simple contact Hamiltonian description of a system with exponentially vanishing (or zero) potential under a friction term that is quadratic in velocity. We have given two applications: to cavity solitons and to a free body under air friction.
Certain Geometric Properties and Matrix Transformations on a Newly Introduced Banach Space
Authors: İLKHAN Merve
Published: June 2020

The main purpose of this study is to characterize some matrix classes from classical sequence spaces into a newly introduced space and find the norm of some special matrix operators. Also, we give certain geometric properties of this space.
What did Adam Smith learn from François Quesnay?
Authors: Carey Toni Vogel
Published: June 2020

Book IV of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations concerns two rival economic theories, Mercantilism and Physiocracy. The latter, François Quesnay's system, occupies only the ninth and final chapter, and it begins with a stunning dismissal. Yet, fifteen pages later, Smith praises this theory to the skies. That cries out for explanation. Like Mercantilism, Smith's system emphasizes commerce, whereas Quesnay's is confined to agriculture. But like Physiocracy, Smith's system is built on individual liberty, whereas Mercantilism is one of government control. Despite his initial put-down, Smith is naturally inclined more toward Quesnay's philosophy. And the main thesis of my paper is to suggest one reason for this that has not previously been brought to light, and that can explain Smith's extravagant praise for it. Quesnay employs a Newtonian scientific method different from the one emphasized in Smith's early ‘Astronomy’ treatise, a method Smith first prominently introduced a decade after his meetings with Quesnay, in Wealth of Nations and Smith's eulogy for Hume (1776), and in the sixth (1790) edition of his Theory of Moral Sentiments.
‘The story of the reel that went for a swim’: Cinema Memory and the History of the Highlands and Islands Film Guild as Narrated through Oral History Interviews and surrounding Metadata
Authors: Neely Sarah
Published: June 2020

This article draws from existing work relating to the creative writing strand of the Major Minor Cinema project, which was inspired by the surprising discovery of project's pilot study that some cinema-goers from the period of research had been inspired to write poems or stories in response to their experience of going to the Film Guild screenings. Building on an earlier publication in the journal Participations (May 2019), which largely focused on the project's use of creative methodologies and creative writing workshops as a way of exploring cinema memory, this article will consider the way which cinema memory was narrativised in project's oral history interviews and their surrounding metadata, focusing in particular on the specificities of cinema-going in rural Scotland, and taking into consideration the significance of Scotland's oral history and storytelling traditions in relation to the arrival of cinema to the Highlands and Islands.
Using Numbers to Persuade: Hidden Rhetoric of Statistics
Authors: BAŞÇI Sıdıka , HASSAN Nadia
Published: June 2020

Philosophy of current knowledge distinguishes facts from values. It maintains that facts are objective, indisputable, universally verifiable and do not require to persuade. Since rhetoric is persuasion it is assumed to be deceptive and overlook reality. Therefore, statistics in its current form disregards rhetoric and emphasizes only numbers. It ignores meanings and interpretation of numbers that involve subjectivity and value judgements. In real world, numbers and values are entangled in a way that it becomes impossible to avoid subjectivity. So, it is used with an appearance of objectivity. We illustrate how apparently objective statistics conceal subjective choices. Most of real-world experiences cannot be reduced to numbers, but scientific approach compels us to measure everything. In the attempt to measure the unmeasurables like trust, intelligence and wealth etc.it is inevitable make subjective choices. There is no objective way to reduce multiple measures into one. In the field of economics values are involved even in seemingly indisputable numbers like GDP. It is value laden for the choice of factors, weights and their signs. Making comparisons on such measures without awareness have harmful implications for policy development. Moreover, it is also desirable to understand hidden values to avoid deception.