bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Function of Candida albicans Als3 by Heterologous Expression in Candida glabrata
Authors: Fu Yue , Phan Quynh T. , Luo Guanpingsheng , Solis Norma V. , Liu Yaoping , Cormack Brendan P. , Edwards John E. , Ibrahim Ashraf S. , Filler Scott G.
Published: April 2013

During hematogenously disseminated infection, blood-borne
Candida albicans
invades the endothelial cell lining of the vasculature to invade the deep tissues. Although the
C. albicans
Als3 invasin is critical for invasion and damage of endothelial cells
in vitro
, a
C. albicans als3
Δ/Δ mutant has normal virulence in the mouse model of disseminated infection. We hypothesized that the contribution of Als3 to virulence is obscured by the presence of additional
C. albicans
invasins. To elucidate the
in vivo
function of Als3, we heterologously expressed
C. albicans ALS3
in
Candida glabrata
, a yeast that lacks a close
ALS3
ortholog and has low virulence in mice. We found that following intravenous inoculation into mice, the
ALS3
-expressing strain preferentially trafficked to the brain, where it induced significantly elevated levels of myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and gamma interferon. Also, the
ALS3
-expressing strain had enhanced adherence to and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells
in vitro
, demonstrating a potential mechanism for
ALS3
-mediated neurotropism. In addition, upon initiation of infection, the
ALS3
-expressing strain had increased trafficking to the cortex of the kidneys. With prolonged infection, this strain persisted in the kidneys at significantly higher levels than the control strain but did not induce an elevated inflammatory response. Finally, the
ALS3
-expressing strain had increased resistance to neutrophil killing
in vitro
. These results indicate that during disseminated infection, Als3 mediates initial trafficking to the brain and renal cortex and contributes to fungal persistence in the kidneys.
Attenuation of Leishmania infantum chagasi Metacyclic Promastigotes by Sterol Depletion
Authors: Yao Chaoqun , Gaur Dixit Upasna , Barker Jason H. , Teesch Lynn M. , Love-Homan Laurie , Donelson John E. , Wilson Mary E.
Published: April 2013

The infectious metacyclic promastigotes ofLeishmaniaprotozoa establish infection in a mammalian host after they are deposited into the dermis by a sand fly vector. SeveralLeishmaniavirulence factors promote infection, including the glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane-anchored major surface protease (MSP). MetacyclicLeishmania infantum chagasipromastigotes were treated with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD), a sterol-chelating reagent, causing a 3-fold reduction in total cellular sterols as well as enhancing MSP release without affecting parasite viabilityin vitro. MβCD-treated promastigotes were more susceptible to complement-mediated lysis than untreated controls and reduced the parasite load 3-fold when inoculated into BALB/c mice. Paradoxically, MβCD-treated promastigotes caused a higher initialin vitroinfection rate in human or murine macrophages than untreated controls, although their intracellular multiplication was hindered upon infection establishment. There was a corresponding larger amount of covalently bound C3b than iC3b on the parasite surfaces of MβCD-treated promastigotes exposed to healthy human serumin vitro, as well as loss of MSP, a protease that enhances C3b cleavage to iC3b. Mass spectrometry showed that MβCD promotes the release of proteins into the extracellular medium, including both MSP and MSP-like protein (MLP), from virulent metacyclic promastigotes. These data support the hypothesis that plasma membrane sterols are important for the virulence ofLeishmaniaprotozoa at least in part through retention of membrane virulence proteins.
Wellens’ syndrome in a 24-year-old woman
Authors: Khan Beenish , Alexander John , Rathod Krishnaraj Sinhji , Farooqi Fahad
Published: April 2013

Wellens’ syndrome refers to specific ECG abnormalities in the precordial T-wave segment, which are associated with critical stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery culminating in an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI) if the patient is not urgently revascularised. We describe the youngest reported presentation of Wellens’ syndrome in a 24-year-old woman with unstable chest pain, characteristic ECG changes and slight troponin biomarker elevation. This was initially unrecognised by the emergency department as unstable coronary syndrome and she subsequently progressed to an anterior non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). Her coronary angiogram showed critical narrowing of the proximal LAD which was successfully treated with a drug-eluting stent.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A JPEG ENCODER MAPPED ONTO A VIRTUAL MPSoC-NoC ARCHITECTURE USING TLM 2.0.1
Authors: ESCOBAR-JUZGA F. A. , SEGURA-QUIJANO F. E.
Published: April 2013

Networks on Chip (NoCs) are commonly used to integrate complex embedded systems and multiprocessor platforms due to their scalability and versatility. Modeling tools used at the functional level use SystemC to perform hardware–software co-design and error correction concurrently, thus, reducing time to market.

This work analyzes a JPEG encoding algorithm mapped onto a configurable M × N, mesh/torus, NoC platform described in SystemC with the transaction level modeling (TLM) standard; timing constraints for both, the router and network interface controller, are assigned according to a hardware description language (HDL) model written for this purpose. Processing nodes are also described as SystemC threads and their computation delays are assigned depending on the amount and cost of the operations they perform. The programming model employed is message passing.

We start by describing and profiling the JPEG algorithm as a task graph; then, four partitioning proposals are mapped onto three NoCs of different size. Our analysis comprises changes in topology, virtual channel depth, routing algorithms, network speed and task-node assignments. Through several high-level simulations we evaluate the impact of each parameter and we show that, for the proposed model, most improvements come from the algorithm partitioning.
Economic Dependence and Reputation Concern for the Audit Firm, Audit Groups, and Individual Auditors — The Case of Taiwan
Authors: Shu Pei-Gi , Chen Tsung-Kang , Hung Wen-Jye , Chiang Tsui-Lin
Published: April 2013

Using a sample of 3,274 firm-year data from an internationally renowned accounting firm, we investigate the effects of auditor–client relationship on auditor quality (measured by absolute discretionary accruals (ABSDA)) from the perspectives of audit firm, audit group, and individual auditor, respectively. Our empirical results show that after taking account of the client size effect, the client's fee contribution to audit firm and to audit group is positively related to the client firm's ABSDA. The finding that audit firms and audit groups allow their important clients a higher level of ABSDA supports the economic-dependence hypothesis. Moreover, the economic dependence effect is more saliently found prior to the enactment of 2002 Sarbanes–Oxley Act. Furthermore, the other finding that senior individual auditors require their clients a lower level of ABSDA holds the reputation-concern hypothesis. A synopsis of the overall findings indicates that the argument of economic dependence prevails in the analysis of the audit firm and audit group, while the reputation concern prevails in the analysis of the individual auditor.
ESTIMATION OF FRAME SEQUENCE NOISE WITH REMOVAL OF JPEG ARTIFACTS
Authors: ANAGNOSTOPOULOS VASILEIOS I. , SARDIS EMMANUEL S. , VARVARIGOU THEODORA A.
Published: April 2013

This paper proposes a method to remove JPEG noise artifacts from frame sequences. Using extensive experimental results we show how an online system with periodic noise estimation functionality can estimate the real frame noise even if the images are in JPEG format. We present the mathematical basis of the methodology and show in real content that we can have reliable measurements. We also present the results obtained on a real network camera and show that our method can provide a much better estimation of the noise standard deviation compared to common practice but comparable inter-channel and spatial intra-channel correlation estimates. We also provide some guidelines for capturing datasets necessary to apply computer vision tasks. Our approach exploits the well known stochastic linearization phenomenon which we prove that is present in our case.
Is Poststroke Depression a Major Depression?
Authors: da Rocha e Silva Carlos E. , Alves Brasil Marco A. , Matos do Nascimento Emilia , de Bragança Pereira Basilio , André Charles
Published: April 2013

Background: Poststroke depression (PSD) is the most common neuropsychiatric consequence of stroke. A large number of studies have focused on the pathogenesis of PSD, but only a few aimed to characterize its psychopathology; these studies yielded results that are difficult to compare because of the different methods utilized. The current study aimed to characterize the symptom profile of PSD in an attempt to better understand the disease and allow a more accurate diagnosis. Methods: The study sample comprised 64 patients divided into three groups: stroke patients without diagnosis of depression (n = 33), stroke patients diagnosed with PSD (PSD group, n = 14) and patients diagnosed with major depression (MD) but with no clinical comorbidity (MD group, n = 17). All patients were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). The initial diagnostic interview was complemented by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Rankin Scale, and four scales for the assessment of the intensity of symptoms of anxiety and depression: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression General Scale (HADS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). The Star Plot, a graphical method of data visualization, was used to analyze the results. The t test was used for independent samples (two-tailed analysis). Results: As measured by the BDI, HAM-D and HAM-A scales and HADS depression subscale, the average total scores of symptoms for the sample of patients diagnosed with MD without clinical comorbidity was significantly higher than that of the PSD patients (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained by plotting the BDI data on Star Plot. The PSD patients showed mild typical depressive symptoms such as less depressed mood, anhedonia, disinterest, guilt, negative thoughts, depreciation, suicidal ideation and anxiety, when evaluated by the HAM-A scale. Moreover, the somatic symptoms of depression did not lead to increased diagnosis of major depression in stroke patients. Conclusions: The results indicate that the PSD clinical picture comprised, in general, symptoms of mild/moderate intensity, especially those considered as pillars for the diagnosis of depression: depressed mood, loss of pleasure and lack of interest. Given the imprecision of boundaries that separate the clinical forms of depression from subclinical and nonpathological forms, or even from the concepts of demoralization and adjustment disorders, we situate PSD in a complex biopsychosocial context in which a better understanding of its psychopathological profile could provide diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives best suited to the difficult reality experienced by stroke patients.
Three-Year Visual Outcome and Injection Frequency of Intravitreal Ranibizumab Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Muniraju Ramu , Ramu Jayashree , Sivaprasad Sobha
Published: April 2013

Background: To assess the 3-year visual outcome and injection frequency for patients on ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NV-AMD). Methods: Retrospective case-note review of 174 treatment-naïve eyes of 156 patients with NV-AMD with 3-year follow-up was done at specific time points closest to 12, 24 and 36 months. Results: The median baseline visual acuity (VA) of 50 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (mean 48.2 ± 16.9) improved significantly to 55 (mean 51.2 ± 18.7) by the end of 12 months (p = 0.04). At 24 months, the median letter score remained unchanged at 55 (mean 50.4 ± 20.8; p = 0.14 as compared to baseline) and at 36 months, the median VA was 54 letters (mean 49.1 ± 21.7; p = 0.34 compared to baseline). The mean numbers of injections were 4.8 ± 2.2 at 1 year, 7.8 ± 4.2 at 2 years (2.9 in the second year) and 10.2 ± 6.2 at the end of the third year (2.4 in the third year). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the efficacy of a variable dosing regimen of ranibizumab for the treatment of NV-AMD. The mean gain in VA is inversely proportional to the baseline VA and did not correlate with the number of injections.
Preferential traits for breeding Nguni cattle in low-input in-situ conservation production systems
Authors: Tada Obert , Muchenje Voster , Dzama Kennedy
Published: April 2013

A cross-sectional study was conducted in communal and small-scale Nguni cattle enterprises to determine preferential traits for improvement under low-input cattle breeding programs. Forty-one farmers participated in ranking six specific traits of breeding bulls and cows. Kruskal-Wallis test and ordinal logistic regression were used to determine mean ranks of traits and odds ratios of predictors (enterprise ownership, gender, farmer age, education level, agriculture training) on specified trait ranks, respectively. Preferential traits for breeding bulls were in the order; aggression and mating behaviour (1.86), tick and disease resistance (1.90), body condition score (2.69), scrotal circumference (4.52), body size and conformation (4.71) and coat colour (5.02). For breeding cows,preferential order were; tick and disease resistance (1.55), reproductive efficiency (2.02), body condition score (3.14), body size and conformation (4.21), coat colour (4.74) and milk yield (5.31). Less old farmers (< 50 years) and those from communal enterprises preferred bull coat colour more than scrotal circumference. Farmers with primary education and those with formal agriculture training had the least odds ratio estimates on the poorly ranked bull coat colour. The informally trained farmers, older age group (> 50 years), females and those from small-scale enterprises had odds ratio estimates less than one for the sixth ranked milk yield in Nguni cows. It was concluded that trait preference in breeding bulls and cows is significantly influenced by socio-economic and demographic factors. It is recommended to consider farmer preferences in trait selection and designing communal breeding programs.
Assignment of Arrival Slots
Authors: Schummer James , Vohra Rakesh V
Published: April 2013

Industry participants agree that, when inclement weather forces the FAA to reassign airport landing slots, incentives and property rights should be respected. We show that the FAA's Compression algorithm is incentive compatible, but fails to guarantee a form of property rights. This is significant since these conditions were the motivation for introducing Compression a decade ago. We give an alternative mechanism that does satisfy these conditions. It has the flavor of Top Trading Cycle variants of Abdulkadiroğlu and Sönmez (1999) and Pápai (2000) for related but distinct models. Finally, both mechanisms may fail another condition: the incentive to vacate unusable landing slots. (JEL D45, D82, L93, L98, P14, R41)
Surgical treatment of physeal injuries of the lateral aspect of the clavicle
Authors: Rashid A. , Christofi T. , Thomas M.
Published: April 2013

Lateral clavicular physeal injuries in adolescents are frequently misinterpreted as acromioclavicular dislocations. There are currently no clear guidelines for the management of these relatively rare injuries. Non-operative treatment can result in a cosmetic deformity, warranting resection of the non-remodelled original lateral clavicle. However, fixation with Kirschner (K)-wires may be associated with infection and/or prominent metalwork. We report our experience with a small series of such cases.

Between October 2008 and October 2011 five patients with lateral clavicular physeal fractures (types III, IV and V) presented to our unit. There were four boys and one girl with a mean age of 12.8 years (9 to 14). Four fractures were significantly displaced and treated operatively using a tension band suture technique. One grade III fracture was treated conservatively. The mean follow-up was 26 months (6 to 42).

All patients made an uncomplicated recovery. The mean time to discharge was three months. The QuickDASH score at follow-up was 0 for each patient. No patient developed subsequent growth disturbances.

We advocate the surgical treatment of significantly displaced Grade IV and V fractures to avoid cosmetic deformity. A tension band suture technique avoids the problems of retained metalwork and the need for a secondary procedure. Excellent clinical and radiological results were seen in all our patients.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:664–7.
The 2012 ABC orthopaedic fellowship in North America
Authors: Yates P. , Kellett C. , Huntley J. S. , Whitwell D. , Reed M. R. , Beadel G. , Snyckers C.
Published: April 2013

In May 2012, in airports across the globe, seven orthopaedic surgeons bravely said goodbye to their loved ones, and slowly turned towards their respective aircraft. Filled with expectation and mild trepidation they stepped into the unknown… the ABC fellowship of 2012.
Correspondence
Authors: Pijls B. G. , van der Heide H. J. L. , Nelissen R. G. H. H.
Published: April 2013

We welcome letters to the Editor concerning articles that have recently been published. Such letters will be subject to the usual stages of selection and editing; where appropriate the authors of the original article will be offered the opportunity to reply.
Exam Corner – May 2013
Authors: Khanduja V.
Published: April 2013

The FRCS (Tr & Orth) examination has three components: MCQs, Vivas and Clinical Examination. The Vivas are further divided into four sections comprising Basic Science, Adult Pathology, Hands and Children’s Orthopaedics and Trauma. The Clinical Examination section is divided into Upper and Lower limb cases. The aim of this section in the Journal is to focus specifically on the trainees preparing for the exam and to cater to all the sections of the exam. The vision is to complete the cycle of all relevant exam topics (as per the syllabus) in four years.
Regulation of the hyaluronan system in ovine endometrium by ovarian steroids
Authors: Raheem Kabir A , Marei Waleed F , Mifsud Karen , Khalid Muhammad , Wathes D Claire , Fouladi-Nashta Ali A
Published: April 2013

In this study, we investigated steroid regulation of the hyaluronan (HA) system in ovine endometrium including HA synthases (HAS), hyaluronidases, and HA receptor-CD44 using 30 adult Welsh Mountain ewes. Eight ewes were kept intact and synchronized to estrous (day 0). Intact ewes were killed on day 9 (luteal phase; LUT;n=5) and day 16 (follicular phase; FOL;n=3). The remaining ewes (n=22) were ovariectomized and then treated (i.m.) with vehicle (n=6) or progesterone (n=8) for 10 days, or estrogen and progesterone for 3 days followed by 7 days of progesterone alone (n=8). Estradiol and progesterone concentrations in plasma correlated with the stage of estrous or steroid treatment. Our results showed trends (P<0.1) and statistically significant effects (P<0.05, byt-test) indicating that LUT had lowerHAS1andHAS2and higherHAS3andCD44mRNA expression compared with FOL. This was reflected in immunostaining of the corresponding HAS proteins. Similarly, in ovariectomized ewes, progesterone decreased HAS1 and HAS2 and increased HAS3 and CD44, whereas estradiol tended to increase HAS2 and decrease CD44. Sometimes,HASmRNA expression did not follow the same trend observed in the intact animals or the protein expression. HA and its associated genes and receptors were regulated by the steroids. In conclusion, these results show that the level of HA production and the molecular weight of HA in the endometrium are regulated by ovarian steroids through differential expression of different HAS both at the gene and at the protein levels.
Charles Darwin’s Mitochondria
Authors: Hayman John
Published: April 2013

Charles Darwin’s long-term illness has been the subject of much speculation. His numerous symptoms have led to conclusions that his illness was essentially psychogenic in nature. These diagnoses have never been fully convincing, however, particularly in regard to the proposed underlying psychological background causes of the illness. Similarly, two proposed somatic causes of illness, Chagas disease and arsenic poisoning, lack credibility and appear inconsistent with the lifetime history of the illness. Other physical explanations are simply too incomplete to explain the range of symptoms. Here, a very different sort of explanation will be offered. We now know that mitochondrial mutations producing impaired mitochondrial function may result in a wide range of differing symptoms, including symptoms thought to be primarily psychological. Examination of Darwin’s maternal family history supports the contention that his illness was mitochondrial in nature; his mother and one maternal uncle had strange illnesses and the youngest maternal sibling died of an infirmity with symptoms characteristic of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS syndrome), a condition rooted in mitochondrial dysfunction. Darwin’s own symptoms are described here and are in accord with the hypothesis that he had the mtDNA mutation commonly associated with the MELAS syndrome.
Gastroesophageal Reflux: Management Guidance for the Pediatrician
Authors: Lightdale Jenifer R. , Gremse David A. ,   SECTION ON GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, AND NUTRITION, Heitlinger Leo A. , Cabana Michael , Gilger Mark A. , Gugig Roberto , Hill Ivor D.
Published: April 2013

Recent comprehensive guidelines developed by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition define the common entities of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) as the physiologic passage of gastric contents into the esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as reflux associated with troublesome symptoms or complications. The ability to distinguish between GER and GERD is increasingly important to implement best practices in the management of acid reflux in patients across all pediatric age groups, as children with GERD may benefit from further evaluation and treatment, whereas conservative recommendations are the only indicated therapy in those with uncomplicated physiologic reflux. This clinical report endorses the rigorously developed, well-referenced North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines and likewise emphasizes important concepts for the general pediatrician. A key issue is distinguishing between clinical manifestations of GER and GERD in term infants, children, and adolescents to identify patients who can be managed with conservative treatment by the pediatrician and to refer patients who require consultation with the gastroenterologist. Accordingly, the evidence basis presented by the guidelines for diagnostic approaches as well as treatments is discussed. Lifestyle changes are emphasized as first-line therapy in both GER and GERD, whereas medications are explicitly indicated only for patients with GERD. Surgical therapies are reserved for children with intractable symptoms or who are at risk for life-threatening complications of GERD. Recent black box warnings from the US Food and Drug Administration are discussed, and caution is underlined when using promoters of gastric emptying and motility. Finally, attention is paid to increasing evidence of inappropriate prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors in the pediatric population.
A Family Policy Agenda to Enhance Families' Transactional Interdependencies over the Life Span
Authors: Zimmerman Shirley L.
Published: April 2013

Taking a broad rather than a narrow approach to family policy, this paper identifies three trends that call for responses that could become a part of a family policy agenda in the future: growing wage and income disparities among American families, the increased labor force participation of mothers with young children, and increased life expectancy. The latter is discussed within the context of Social Security reform and the need for opportunity structures to accommodate changing demographic realities. In that vein, it also addresses labor force participation of mothers with young children, within the context of the need for a family care system to accommodate parents' expanded roles in the face of societal expectations. An agenda created around each of these three interrelated trends could help to ensure the viability of families as social systems and their ability to perform their functions over the life span, bringing into better balance transactional interdependencies within families, and between families and the systems in their environment with which they interact. Implications for family policy advocates, educators, and researchers are discussed.
Ideology, Scientific Theory, and Social Work Practice
Authors: Robbins Susan P. , Chatterjee Pranab , Canda Edward R.
Published: April 2013

This article discusses the philosophical and ideological nature of theory and examines the ways ideology becomes infused into social work theory and practice. The use of critical thought and specific evaluation criteria based on consistency with social work values are proposed.
Barriers to Children's Domestic Violence Counseling: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Peled Einat , Edleson Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2013

Children appear to underutilize domestic violence counseling services. The aim of this qualitative study was to learn about the factors that former adult clients of a domestic violence agency identify as barriers to their child's participation in and completion of available services. Findings are based on interviews with 105 parents of 205 children. Less than one-third of the parents enrolled their children in a specialized group-counseling program for children exposed to domestic violence. Parents identified six categories of barriers to their children enrolling in or completing the program: (1) technical difficulties; (2) violence-related stress; (3) parent perceptions of children's need for services; (4) parental opposition to child's participation; (5) agency's acceptance of men's parenting role; and (6) child opposition to participation. Study results are discussed within two general explanatory categories: family related factors and agency related factors.
New Identities for the New Century
Authors: Freud Sophie
Published: April 2013

In view of our postmodern Zeitgeist, and our shrinking world, we come upon identity as a concept that needs to be reconsidered. This paper examines the various categories that constitute identity, such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, race and even family. Each category forms a collection of values. These categories are viewed as socially constructed, usually with fuzzy boundaries, and have often been used for malignant purposes such as warfare, persecution, and discrimination. If people become identified with only one or two categories, either out of choice or through coercion, the identification negates the many elements that constitute the self, and it may lead to hostility and warfare against all “outsiders.” Identity is not viewed as a static structure, since different categories become foreground or background, depending on social, political, and historical circumstances. The author uses her own identity-voyage to illustrate her thoughts. Mental health professionals should try to propagate manifold categories for many-sided selves that will avoid pitting groups of people against each other and promote inclusive rather than exclusive identities. Therapists should be in the forefront in dialogues about values for the new century and this paper is a step in this direction.
Learning Strengths-Based Practice: Challenging our Personal and Professional Frames
Authors: Blundo Robert
Published: April 2013

The strengths perspective challenges our personal and professional conventions, our habits of the mind. Shifting from the world of traditional practice to that of a strengths frame challenges our cultural and professional traditions that assume that “truth” is discovered only by looking at underlying and often hidden meanings that only professional understanding and expertise can decipher and amend. This paper explores this challenge as necessary if practitioners are to truly embrace a practice based upon strengths, resilience, and empowerment.
“Just like Baking a Cake”: Women Describe the Necessary Ingredients for Successful Reentry after Incarceration
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: April 2013

Eighteen female ex-prison inmates describe the strengths they used to manage their reentry after release from prison. As a group, the women stressed that a mix of personal resiliency, interpersonal capacities, and social resources facilitated their successful transition. On the basis of study findings, the author suggests practice and policy changes to assist women in the transition from institution to community.
Research Implications for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Harder Jeanette
Published: April 2013

Child abuse and neglect is a problem of vast proportions. Research on the effectiveness of child abuse and neglect prevention programs is critical for the provision of effective and efficient services. This article is a critical analysis of the research methodologies on child abuse and neglect prevention programs at the secondary and tertiary levels as represented in the empirical literature. The article describes child abuse and neglect prevention programs, describes and analyzes the research conducted on these programs, and suggests ways to improve and validity of future research. There is a need for greater quantity and quality of research on child abuse and neglect prevention programs, including the increased use of comparison groups, larger sample sizes, and follow-up measurement.
Co-CEOs: A New Leadership Paradigm for Social Service Agencies
Authors: Fischbach Linda Mercuri , Smerz Carol , Findlay Ginni , Williams Crystal , Cox Amy
Published: April 2013

Increased accessibility of information, cross-functional workplace challenges and financial belt-tightening have led organizations since the 1990s to consider a collaborative leadership style where leaders embrace teamwork and empower staff through motivation rather than wielding traditional authoritarian power. For females in particular, a collaborative style fits with feminist principles of relationship/consensus building and power sharing. The authors introduce a new type of collaborative leadership, the Co-CEO model, in a study by two experienced female executives who lead a mid-sized community behavioral health center in a Midwestern city. They address advantages and disadvantages of adopting the Co-CEO model for social service agencies and offer recommendations for further study.
The Rise of Cyberactivism: Implications for the Future of Advocacy in the Human Services
Authors: McNutt John G. , Menon Goutham M.
Published: April 2013

These are hard times for social welfare advocates. Globalization, devolution, and a conservative political climate have challenged our traditional approaches to advocacy. New advocacy methods that use technology to change public policy have been developed and provide us with new avenues to address the changed political economy of social welfare. Collectively called cyberactivism, these techniques can be used to advantage by social work advocates. This article looks at recent cyberactivist campaigns, examines barriers to cyberactivism, and suggests actions that social work advocates can take to use these new tools and ideas. We conclude that these techniques have been widely used by social activists to contribute to policy change and have excellent potential as part of the social work advocacy arsenal.
Difference in Parenting Style between African American Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Parents
Authors: Mupier Robert , Rodney H. Elaine , Samuels Lorraine A.
Published: April 2013

This study set out to investigate differences in parenting style to which children of alcoholics (COAs) were subjected as opposed to the children of nonalcoholics (non-COAs) in a sample of 1,000 African American adolescent males aged 13 to 17 living in a Midwestern city. Data were gathered using the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) and the Children's Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (C-SAGA) specifically in its subsections which deal with parent's time spent with the child, discipline in the home, adults as role models, and family rules. Following the Baumrind categorization of parenting style as authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive, a composite index was constructed which discriminated the children between those who were subjected to a more authoritative (strict but warm discipline) parenting style and those who were not. Results showed that the COAs were associated with less favorable outcomes than the non-COAs in every aspect of the comparison. Implications for social service are suggested.
Multigenerational Patterns and Internal Structures in Families in which Grandparents Raise Grandchildren
Authors: Goldberg-Glen Robin , Sands Roberta G. , Cole Ralph D. , Cristofalo Carolyn
Published: April 2013

‘Skipped generation’ families, consisting of grandparents and grandchildren with parents absent from the home, are frequently served in social work agencies. These families have unique multigenerational patterns and family structures that are important for service providers to recognize. This paper uses a multigenerational systems perspective to highlight the diversity among grandparent-headed households.

Twenty families who were previously part of a larger study of stress, well-being, and life satisfaction among caregiving grandparents constituted a follow-up case study involving videotaped family interviews one year after the first study. Three families representing the range of diversity among the twenty are described with accompanying genograms. Differences in structure, interactional processes, and links with prior generations are identified in each case. These examples reveal the strengths and vulnerabilities, as well as the diversity, of grandparent-headed families.
A 21st-century Map for Healthy Communities and Families
Authors: McKnight John L.
Published: April 2013

Social policymakers traditionally focus on systems and individuals and tend to ignore local communities and associations. However, these local structures are vital components of any process that seeks to address social problems successfully. A social policy that attempts to deal with the modem condition of families and their children will necessarily include local community structures as well as systems. Understanding the function of these local structures will require a paradigm shift in policy assumptions. Systems will assume a secondary support role and policy will primarily address the basic associational community that is the primary family environment.
Adapting Life-Review Therapy for Elderly Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: McInnis-Dittrich Kathleen
Published: April 2013

The author describes the use of life-review therapy in the resolution of childhood sexual abuse with older women through four case illustrations of older women in rural Appalachia. Therapists must take great care to preserve functional defense mechanisms for the survivor, utilize nonverbal techniques to process intense feelings and assist in the memory retrieval process, and incorporate creative techniques to address family-of-origin issues. The author discusses the importance of choice in empowering clients, even when clients reject treatment as an expression of empowerment.
Needs of Parents of Young Children with Developmental Delay: Implications for Social Work Practice
Authors: Bosch Lois A.
Published: April 2013

Recent legislation (P.L. 99–457, Part H) requires that parental needs be addressed in the service delivery to families of infants and toddlers with a developmental delay. The author reviews the historical, empirical, and conceptual factors in early intervention services as well as the literature on parental needs and sources of social support for parents of young children with developmental delays. Seven practice principles to guide social work practice in early intervention are presented. These principles include professional competence, addressing the instrumental and emotional needs of parents, and the need for parental involvement in service plans. Recommended practice principles also include focus on parental strengths, the ecological context of families. and consideration of cultural diversity.
Systemic Regulation of the Age-Related Decline of Pancreatic β-Cell Replication
Authors: Salpeter Seth J. , Khalaileh Abed , Weinberg-Corem Noa , Ziv Oren , Glaser Benjamin , Dor Yuval
Published: April 2013

The frequency of pancreatic β-cell replication declines dramatically with age, potentially contributing to the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in old age. Previous studies have shown the involvement of cell-autonomous factors in this phenomenon, particularly the decline of polycomb genes and accumulation of p16/INK4A. Here, we demonstrate that a systemic factor found in the circulation of young mice is able to increase the proliferation rate of old pancreatic β-cells. Old mice parabiosed to young mice have increased β-cell replication compared with unjoined old mice or old mice parabiosed to old mice. In addition, we demonstrate that old β-cells transplanted into young recipients have increased replication rate compared with cells transplanted into old recipients; conversely, young β-cells transplanted into old mice decrease their replication rate compared with young cells transplanted into young recipients. The expression of p16/INK4A mRNA did not change in heterochronic parabiosis, suggesting the involvement of other pathways. We conclude that systemic factors contribute to the replicative decline of old pancreatic β-cells.
The influence of (5′R) and (5′S)-5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine for the electronic properties of nucleosides pairs. The theoretical quantum mechanics studies
Authors: Karwowski Boleslaw
Published: April 2013

Oxidatively generated damage to DNA frequently appears in the human genome as the effect of aerobic metabolism or as the result of exposure to exogenous oxidizing agents such as ionization radiation. In this paper, for the first time, the electronic properties of nucleoside pairs containing 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA) in their 5′R and 5′S diastereomeric forms (cdA(R)::T and cdA(S)::T) as the simplest model of ds-DNA have been discussed. The following values of the selected electronic parameters, measured in eV, were found for cdA(R)::T, cdA(S)::T, and dA::T, respectively, adiabatic/vertical electron affinity: 0.39/0.24, 0.35/0.18, 0.33/0.21; and adiabatic/vertical ionization potential: 7.27/7.50, 7.7.25/7.49, 7.03/7.27. Moreover, based on the results of the relaxation energy, the presence of cdA(S)::T should provide the highest barrier for electron transfer in ds-DNA. Analyses of hydrogen bond length deviations reveal that the formation of cationic forms results in higher elongation than that of anionic forms. Moreover, during the electron attachment or detachment for the investigated cdA(R)::T, cdA(S)::T, and dA::T nucleoside pairs, the same scheme of changes in hydrogen bond length was noted.
Pour une philosophie de la linguistique
Authors: Formigari Lia
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT: Philosophy of linguistics is the sum of research programs concerned both with the methodology of the language sciences and the study of the conditions of verbal performances. Its area is defined by contiguity with the study of the abstract prerequisites of speech and the description of natural languages. The aim of this paper is the demarcation of the epistemological ground of the discipline against the two main trends of language philosophy at the turn of 20th century, Chomsky’s rationalism and hermeneutics. In spite of their differences, they share a common idealistic presupposition: the idea of historicoempirical realizations of language as spontaneous actualizations of transcendental structures. Such a premise rejects the consideration of the technologies through which structures adjust to the complexities of symbolic interaction and anthropogenesis, thus hindering all philosophical investigations of the ways functions develop from structures and competences.
Le traitement du sens par les épithètes et les synonymes au 16e s. : approche de la définition lexicale
Authors: Leclercq Odile
Published: April 2013

The first French monolingual dictionary, the Dictionnaire de l’Académie, published in 1694, invents a type of definition based on synchronic use. During the preparatory period for this dictionary, a number of works, which could be called «partial lexicons» were published. Although these books have been mostly neglected by historians of lexicography, who only take into account the important bilingual dictionaries French-Latin dating to the same period, we believe that they have contributed to establishing the conception that word descriptions must be usage-based and have thus played an important role in the lexicalization of the French language. In this article we will present two of these «partial lexicons», the first dealing with epithets, the second with synonyms. We will try to show that, by working with these notions along with that of context,, these lists, without explicitly theorising, betray the first signs of organising the French lexicon into units of sense.
L’émergence de la lexicostatistique et de la glottochronologie en France au 19e s. : Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Jules Dumont d’Urville et Paul Broca
Authors: Métoz Laurent
Published: April 2013

Le but de cet article est de montrer, par l’étude des travaux de l’américain Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840) et des français Jules Dumont d’Urville (1790-1842) et Paul Broca (1824-1880), que la glottochronologie de Morris Swadesh, à la base de l’édifice «Nouvelle Synthèse» ne peut en aucun cas être considérée comme novatrice tant méthodologiquement qu’historiquement. Il s’agira donc par une analyse exhaustive de leurs travaux de comprendre le développement intrinsèque de la lexicostatistique et de la glottochronologie au 19e s. et de faire prendre conscience du rôle majeur mais souvent minoré des travaux de C. S. Rafinesque dans l’émergence de ces disciplines.
Les formants vocaliques et le barrissement des éléphants
Authors: Martin Philippe
Published: April 2013

The well known fact that the resonance frequency of a tube is inversely proportional to its volume reinforced the wide-spread belief of a large number of phoneticians that vowel formant frequencies were directly linked to the volume of the cavities defined by the articulation of a vowel. The first formant should then be determined by the largest cavity, the second by the next largest, etc. The advances of acoustic phonetics, and especially the use of the spectrograph, did eventually disturb some researchers (which very small cavity would then be responsible for a high-frequency formant ?), While the work of acousticians demonstrated as early as 1940-50 that formant frequencies did actually result from the interaction of articulatory cavities rather than from their dimensions, many years passed before this was considered independently and finally recognized, so that the popular belief on the origin of formant frequencies could finally be dropped.
Constitution du langage en objet du savoir et traditions linguistiques
Authors: Trabant Jürgen
Published: April 2013

Le langage – qui est déjà un savoir, cognitio clara confusa – devient objet du savoir quand il y a des problèmes communicatifs. Le premier savoir linguistique est un savoir pratique, didactique (cognitio distincta inadaequata), le lieu de sa tradition est l‘ Ecole. Le langage est un problème cognitif d‘ abord dans le contexte d’un questionnement philosophique sur la connaissance. Ensuite, quand les différentes langues deviennent plus importantes en Europe et quand l‘ Europe doit penser l‘ altérité des peuples américains, la diversité des langues s‘ avère être un problème cognitif et les langues deviennent objet d‘ un savoir scientifique (cognitio adaequata). Le lieu de cette tradition est la linguistique.
Hjelmslev et la « fonction sémiotique » : du modèle structural au modèle cognitif
Authors: Bondí Antonino
Published: April 2013

The article discusses the concept of semiotics function in Hjelmslev, finding sources of the theory of language’s stratification. The semiotic function, which is in Hjelmslev the principle underlying the dynamic layering, is identified here as both an attraction of two heterogeneous spaces and as a set of operations of sense’s establishment. At historiographic level, this article presents a new hypothesis of interpretation, that the hjelmslevian structuralism has not built a static theory of language, disinterested to the cognitive dimension, but a careful theory to operational aspects of semiosis.
Les Noms de la langue en latin
Authors: Rochette Bruno
Published: April 2013

This article is devoted to the study of the names for language in Latin. Two Latin words appear to designate language, sermo and lingua. The first is used for language as a means of communication, the second relates to a more theoretical level. To name Latin, the Romans created two series of expressions : the family of Latium and that of Roma. The first, the more important, designates the language of Rome in a neutral way, the second, which appears later, often has a political dimension and designates Latin as the language of the Imperium Romanum. The words belonging to the Latin series are often associated with a normative value, as shown by the study of the adverb Latine in two rhetorical treatises by Cicero, De oratore and Brutus.
Le nom des langues dans la Bible et la tradition hébraïque
Authors: Kessler-Mesguich Sophie
Published: April 2013

The issue of language in the Bible arises in numerous works, but these are essentially concerned with the origin of language and the myth of Babel. However, the biblical material is relatively thin : foreign (viz., non Hebraic) languages are especially mentioned in connection with other nations, allies or enemies, and the existence of dialectal variants is mentioned explicitly only once. In rabbinical texts, which elaborate on the background of multilingualism (Hebrew – Aramaic – Greek), foreign languages are approached within the framework of legal discussions, and narratives and interpretations concerning the primitive language and the language of Revelation. As for the Jewish grammarians of 10th-11th centuries, they aim at describing the language of the Bible and at allowing exegesis as exact as possible : they refer in the Aramaic and in the Arabic to the needs of exegesis.
The hospital internist of today and tomorrow: what skills are needed?
Authors: Chesi Giuseppe
Published: April 2013

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