bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimensionality of the Marital Communication Inventory and Marital Conventionalization: A Third Report
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Race Gary S. , Morris Janet E. , Anderson Stephen A. , Griffin Charles L. , McCutchen Mary B. , Benigas Jonathan E.
Published: September 2011

The Marital Communication Inventory was administered to a random sample of 238 female respondents in a midwestern community. Through common factor analysis, three factors were identified. A further correlational analysis indicates that the inventory is heavily contaminated by a marital conventionalization response set. Continued use of the inventory's total score as a unidimensional measure of marital communication cannot be recommended, although scales formed from the factors offer promise for research.
Punishment Initially Facilitates and Then Suppresses Irritable Aggression
Authors: Hynan Michael T.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the effects of punishing shock-induced aggression in rats by increasing the intensity of shock when fighting occurred. Aggressor rats, given 1-mA ac inducing shocks, experienced 2-mA punishing shocks whenever they fought with a restrained target. Non-punished controls received the same frequency and duration of either 1-mA or 2-mA inducing shocks. During the first session, punished aggressors fought more frequently than 1-mA controls and also fought at a level which approximated that of the 2-mA controls. Only the control groups showed increases in fighting over the three sessions, and in the third session punished rats fought less than both control groups. This initial acceleration and delayed suppression of fighting by punishment was interpreted within the context of similar effects observed when punishment is superimposed on a variety of aversively motivated behaviors. The data suggest that punishment is an inefficient control procedure for aggression which is aversively motivated.
On the Distinction between Illogical and Irrational Beliefs and Their Relationship to Anxiety
Authors: Lohr Jeffrey M. , Bonge Dennis
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationship between dysfunctional cognitions and anxiety, 242 undergraduates completed the Irrational Beliefs Test, the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The former is said to measure Ellis' irrational beliefs and the latter is said to measure attitudes related to Beck's measure of depressed affect. While these two scores and the anxiety measures were all significantly correlated, a canonical correlation analysis showed that the relationship between measures of anxiety and of cognitive dysfunction could be almost entirely accounted for by the simple relationship between the score on irrational beliefs and Trait Anxiety.
Analysis of Relationships among Hypnotic Susceptibility, Personality Type, and Vividness of Mental Imagery
Authors: Van Dyne Willis T. , Stava Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to clarify the rather elusive nature of hypnotic susceptibility by examining its relationship to Jungian personality types and vividness of mental imagery. The results evidenced minimal and nonsignificant relationships among all variables for the total sample of subjects. However, since there was a significant difference between mean scores of 22 males and 33 females on hypnotic susceptibility, a further examination of these relationships was undertaken within each sex. Once again, neither personality type nor mental imagery correlated significantly with hypnotic susceptibility for either sex. However, a rather interesting relationship emerged between the measures of extraversion and mental imagery for the male subjects.
Positive Mood-Inhibiting Potential of Human Crowding
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research on the effects of crowding on human behavior has concentrated on aggression and other negative outcomes. This study focused on the possible inhibiting effect of crowding on the development of positive mood states. 48 college men and 48 women were examined under conditions of high and low spatial density. Subjects were provided with positive mood-producing stimuli or neutral stimuli during crowding conditions. Neither positive nor negative moods were directly produced by crowding. Influence of crowding centered around inhibiting the effectiveness of positive mood-producing stimuli. Outcomes occurred for both men and women subjects.
Knowledge, Utility and Sense of Efficacy as Determinants of Environmentally Responsible Behavior
Authors: Buunk Bram
Published: September 2011

A cognitively oriented approach was chosen for the prediction of behavior. The degree in which environmentally responsible behavior could be predicted from utility, knowledge, and sense of efficacy was investigated in a sample of 204 respondents. It was shown that knowledge was the most important determining factor, although only 25% of the variance could be explained.
Effects of Alcohol, Caffeine and Methyl Chloride on Man
Authors: Putz-Anderson Vernon , Setzer James V. , Croxton Jack S.
Published: September 2011

Industrial workers are frequently exposed to organic solvents, such as methyl chloride, and also voluntarily ingest quantities of alcohol or caffeine, all of which affect the nervous system. The purpose was to assess the behavioral effects of such substances alone and when combined. 84 paid volunteers were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups. Each individual was then tested before and during both the treatment or control procedures on three performance tasks. The results indicated that an alcohol dose sufficient to register blood levels of 0.08% produced a significant impairment of 10% on all three tests, which included eye-hand coordination and alertness. A caffeine dose equivalent to two cups of coffee (200 mg.) produced a small, but significant impairment on only the eye-hand coordination test. However, participants who were exposed to MeCl for 3.5 hr. at levels equivalent to the current legal standard did not experience any significant impairments on the tests. Moreover, when the solvent was combined with each drug individually, the effect was essentially equivalent to the sum of the separate effects; hence, no behavioral interaction was found.
Attributional versus Persuasive Messages and Explanations for Task Performance
Authors: Hall Tamra , Pope William R.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of manipulating the content of a message (effort vs ability) and the style of a message (attributional vs persuasive) on the causal attributions an individual makes concerning his performance on a perceptual motor task. It was hypothesized that subjects receiving an attributional message would report either effort or ability, corresponding to the content of the message they received, as having a greater influence on their behavior than individuals who received a persuasive message. Subjects receiving an attributional message of ability saw luck as less important than subjects who received an attributional message of effort. In contrast, subjects who received a persuasive message of ability saw luck as being more important than effort. All other effects were nonsignificant.
The Career Decision Scale: A Test of Concurrent Validity
Authors: Osipow Samuel H. , Schweikert Debra
Published: September 2011

To assess the concurrent validity of the Career Decision Scale a number of correlations between the scale and Harren's measure were computed. Predictions about relationships between Harren's types and Indecision scale scores were stated. Some of the predicted correlations were found; a modest degree of concurrent validity for the scale has been demonstrated.
Pet Ownership and Self-Perceptions of Older People
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Feldmann Bruce Max
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the relationships between pet-ownership or non-ownership among elderly subjects and scores on the Adjective Check List scales. It was hypothesized that pet-owners would score higher on the Self-confidence and Personal Adjustment scales and lower on the Abasement, Deference, and Succorance scales than non-owners. 104 adults completed an experimenter-designed questionnaire and the check list. An analysis of variance was performed on the standardized T scores for each scale. For owners and non-owners combined, the Scheffé test showed that males were significantly higher on the Need for Achievement and Endurance scales, while females were significantly higher on the Lability scale. Pet-owners were significantly higher on the number of adjectives checked and on the Nurturance scale and significantly lower on the Succorance and Abasement scales than non-owners. Two of the interactions were significant. Male pet-owners scored significantly higher on the Defensiveness scale and male non-owners scored significantly higher on the number of unfavorable adjectives checked than did the other three groups. The differences suggest that pet-ownership may be psychologically advantageous to the elderly. Further research is needed.
Maternal Behavior and the Development of Empathy in Preschool Children
Authors: Jensen Larry , Peery Craig , Adams Gerald , Gaynard Laura
Published: September 2011

60 preschool children were administered the Borke Empathy Scale. Their mothers completed a modified version of the Rollins Child-rearing Scale. The mothers' child-rearing scores plus children's age and sex were used in a multiple regression analysis to predict the children's empathy scores. Intelligence, female gender, high support, use of reasoning, and low-rule-orientation in the home predicted higher empathy scores among preschool children. The finding that low use of rules or inconsistency was associated with high levels of empathy appears significant for understanding the relationship between child-rearing and the development of empathy. Because the Rollins Child-rearing Scale is new and psychometric analysis is limited, replication is required.
Effects and Implications of the Experimental Double Bind
Authors: Dush David M. , Brodsky Marvin
Published: September 2011

Patterns of paradoxical communication with certain punitive features have been termed double binds (Bateson, Jackson, Haley, & Weakland, 1956) and viewed as etiological factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. Empirical support to date of the proposed etiological role has been weak. The present study replicated an experimental analogue of the double bind which produced increased anxiety in normals (Smith, 1976). A battery of dependent measures was chosen for their potential in discriminating between normals and schizophrenics. The features of the double bind were arranged in a factorial design. 100 male and female undergraduates participated. Significant effects were found for digit recall which implicate exposure to the full array of double-bind features in producing patterns of recall similar to those observed in schizophrenics. Issues for subsequent research were discussed.
Geographical Mobility and Machiavellianism
Authors: Martinez Daniel C. , Magliery Mark , Wair Richard
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that frequency of geographical mobility would be related positively to Machiavellianism the Nachamie Kiddie Mach Scale was administered to a group of 101 high-school students. Total moves made by the respondents' families correlated –.11 with scores on the Mach scale, which did not support the hypothesis. A subsequent analysis of mobility during the first grade did show that respondents who moved were about seven points higher on the Mach scale than respondents who did not move.
Comparison of APA and Turabian Reference Styles on Readers' Recall and Preference
Authors: Thompson James J. , Vitulli William F.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the ability of readers to recall references when two different styles, Turabian and American Psychological Association, were both presented to subjects in a counterbalanced design. Also an attitude scale was administered to determine readers' preferences for the two styles. The results showed no significant differences either in recall or preference due to the sequence of styles. Implications regarding the cost of typing manuscripts are offered.
Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, a Diagnostic Interview in Evaluations of Insanity: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Rogers Richard , Cavanaugh James L. , Dolmetsch Robert
Published: September 2011

The Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) is described, including its potential applicability to insanity evaluations. A small sample ( N = 28) of evaluations are examined with significant differences observed between sane and insane groups on over-all psychopathology, delusions and hallucinations.
Use of Assertive Training in Teaching the Expression of Positively Assertive Behavior
Authors: Nesbitt Eric B.
Published: September 2011

In teaching positively assertive responses for interpersonal situations requiring such responses, subjects were assigned to either a Videotaped Modeling, Practice Control, Bibliotherapy, or Positive-thinking Control group ( ns = 10 college students). There was a significant over-all increase in level of assertiveness from pretest to posttest, and a significant effect of group. An analysis of the adjusted posttest means indicated that the Videotaped Modeling and Practice Control Groups were significantly more effective than the Positive-thinking Control Group, and the mean posttest score of the combined treatment groups was significantly different from that of the control group.
Effects of Distance from Interviewer and Intimacy of Topic on Verbal Productivity and Anxiety
Authors: Rogers Peter , Rearden John J. , Hillner William
Published: September 2011

To examine the effect of E. T. Hall's interpersonal distances on verbal productivity and self-reported anxiety, 36 interviewees of both sexes were interviewed by two females at three distances. Personal, social, and academic topics were discussed in each 15-min. interview and sequence of topics was controlled. Anxiety was least at the 5-ft. intermediate distance and greatest while discussing personal matters. Verbal productivity increased as the interview progressed, and men talked more than women. Academic topics produced less anxiety and elicited longer utterances. A moderate correlation was noted between verbal productivity and state anxiety measures. The experiment supports, in part, the Argyle-Dean equilibrium theory of intimacy.
Transcending the Iatrogenic Approach to Treating Mentally Retarded and Learning Disabled Persons
Authors: Morgan Robert F. , Fevens Stanley K.
Published: September 2011

Selected milestone and local programs from Canada and the United States of America are reviewed to illustrate the need to transcend the iatrogenic or socially harmful pseudo-scientific defeatism which often blocks meaningful investment by a community in efforts designed to return mentally impaired persons to normal functioning. The matetial presented attempts to bridge the gap between the specialized literature of psychological research and the very practical interpretations demanded of community psychologists in the field. Local context evaluations and replications are encouraged.
Continuous vs Discrete Semantic Differential Rating Scales
Authors: Albaum Gerald , Best Roger , Hawkins Del
Published: September 2011

This study examined the equivalence of information obtained from a five-category semantic differential rating scale and a continuous scale of the same length. Data from 176 university students showed that equivalent information was obtained for comparisons of scale means, variances, and shapes of the response distributions. Because continuous rating scales can provide the same aggregate information yet provide greater discrimination at an individual level of measurement, continuous semantic differential rating scales have an advantage in studies where individual differences are important.
Through the One-Way Mirror
Authors: Van Heerden J. , Hoogstraten Joh.
Published: September 2011

Three laboratory experiments allow description of how the presence of a one-way mirror raises feelings of vulnerability and test anxiety. It turned out that, despite some occasional differences, task performance was not a function of the presence of a one-way screen in the experimental room. The absence of significant results raises the question of how certain one can be that in general no meaningful effects can be ascribed to this feature of the situation. Four reasons are discussed for accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis without reserve.
Attitudes of Wolof Adolescents toward Peers and Parents as Revealed on a Sentence-Completion Test
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

A sentence-completion test given 955 secondary school students showed their attitudes toward peers of the opposite sex are less positive than those toward peers of the same sex and that attitudes toward the mother are more positive that those towards the father. These adolescents seem to be looking to parents more than to peers.
Group Composition and Machiavellianism
Authors: Martinez Daniel C.
Published: September 2011

Christie's model of Machiavellianism is generally precise within the parameters it uses but it leaves out certain factors included in this study. Using the Mach IV and Mach V scales subjects were classified according to their mach level and asked to play in a Parcheesi-type board game. Results showed that the effects of Machiavellianism in bargaining are stronger than those of equity, that the composition of the group affects the winnings of high- and low-machs, and that Machiavellianism as a whole is more predictive of game winnings than either of its two main components, tactics or cynicism. Over-all, the Christie model is still very suitable and the present findings can make it more general.
An Empirical Analysis of the Eriksonian Bipolar Theory of Personality
Authors: Varghese Raju
Published: September 2011

Responses to an Eriksonian personality instrument by 174 female subjects were statistically analyzed to examine the factor structure of the scale and also to consider whether the results are consistent with earlier findings. The two factors derived, termed retrogression and actualization, seemed to support the bipolar nature of the instrument and to be consistent with the two basic dimensions of human personality suggested by Erikson.
Sex-Role Identity and Sex as Predictors of Leadership Style
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Butterfield D. Anthony , Mainiero Lisa A.
Published: September 2011

Sex did not predict students' preferred style of leadership as measured by the Least Preferred Co-worker Scale. However, scale scores were negatively related to the masculinity dimension of sex-role identity, indicating a positive association between task orientation and masculinity.
Is Self-Concept a Reliable Predictor of Economic Status?
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

To determine the extent to which self-concept could reliably predict whether black high school students would be correctly classified as having advantaged (middle) or disadvantaged (lower) economic status 200 middle- and 200 lower-status boys and girls from five high school grades of a large southeastern city were given the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. The model utilizing 8 variables correctly classified 266 subjects as 180 advantaged and 220 disadvantaged. More correct classifications (143) were made for disadvantaged than for advantaged (123). More students in lower grades were correctly placed; more students in upper grades were classified as disadvantaged. Fewer misclassifications (30.5%) of girls were made than of boys (36.5%). Variables with the highest standardized discriminant coefficients were Identity and Personal Self.
Language and Play of Preschool Children Learning English as a Second Language and Native English Speakers
Authors: Wall Shavaun M. , Pickert Sarah M.
Published: September 2011

To study the frequency and complexity of language in relation to levels of social play, 5 preschool children learning English as a second language and 5 English-speaking peers were observed during free play in the fall and 6 mo. later in the spring. In the fall native English speakers were observed proportionately more often in group play. In the spring, both groups were observed more in group play and less in solitary play. All children spoke more often and used more complex speech during group play than during solitary or parallel play. Observed social interactions were primarily positive for both groups. The relation between developing language and play is discussed in the context of the total social environment.
Comparison of Responses to the Behavior Rating Profile for Mild to Moderate Behaviorally Disordered Subjects
Authors: Reisberg L. E. , Fudell Iris , Hudson Floyd
Published: September 2011

The Behavior Rating Profile of Brown and Hammill was administered to respondents who were evaluating 15 behaviorally disordered students. Ratings of each student were completed by parents, three different teachers, and the students themselves. Results indicated that regular classroom teachers tended to rate students higher than did special educators or paraprofessionals. Students rated themselves higher in school behaviors than did any of the teacher groups. On home behaviors, students rated themselves higher than did their parents. These results are similar to those found in the original validation study.
Relationship between Humor in Introductory Textbooks and Students' Evaluations of the Texts' Appeal and Effectiveness
Authors: Klein David M. , Bryant Jennings , Zillmann Dolf
Published: September 2011

In a field study, 180 naive students evaluated a randomly assigned chapter in an introductory textbook as to its interest level, enjoyableness, persuasiveness, credibility, capacity for teaching, and its potential to encourage more reading. Next the chapters were content analyzed by 90 pairs of students for humor content. Following the content analysis, 90 correlation coefficients were computed between the frequencies and types of humor utilized within the chapters and the students' evaluations of those chapters. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was also performed. The analyses indicate that, while use of humor is significantly related to the enjoyment of a text, it is not strongly related to interest, persuasiveness, capacity for learning, nor capacity to read more. Also, amount of humor was significantly negatively related to author's credibility.
Psychological Issues Raised in the California Supreme Court Case People vs Collins
Authors: Kaplan Robert M. , Atkins Cathie J.
Published: September 2011

In a California armed robbery trial one member of the jury was dismissed after a significant period of deliberation. Shortly after an alternate was added to the jury the defendant was found guilty. Upon appeal the California State Supreme Court upheld the conviction but defined a new procedure requiring judges to instruct the jury to forget their prior deliberation and begin anew upon the substitution of a new juror. In a simulation of the situation, half of the subjects were assigned to juries in which two confederates argued for conviction while the other half were assigned to juries without confederates. A poll of the jury showed that the confederates were effective in persuading more subjects to favor conviction. Then a late juror was introduced and judges' instructions to begin deliberations anew were read. The new California procedure assumes that a judge's instructions can serve to negate the effect of prior deliberations. Contrary to this assumption the judge's instructions were not effective as a means of eliminating differences between the two types of jury.
A Computer Method for Solving Dilemmas
Authors: Wagman Morton
Published: September 2011

The results of two studies which have assessed the effectiveness of Dilemma Counseling on plato and the reaction of students to computerized counseling are reported. Dilemma Counseling is a generic problem-solving method for psychological dilemmas. The method was taught to college students through individual interaction with the plato computer. In addition to the method itself, over 400 sample solutions to more than 70 problems were available on plato. The problems and solutions cover a wide range of topics such as dating, study habits, and occupational choice. In two experiments evaluating plato Dilemma Counseling, a randomized pre-, post-, follow-up measurement design was used. In one experiment, plato Dilemma Counseling ( N = 41) was as effective as standard eclectic counseling ( N = 31) in solving student problems. In a second experiment, students exposed to plato Dilemma Counseling ( n = 48) showed significantly ( p < .01) greater improvement than an untreated control group ( n = 62). These findings and favorable subjective reactions to the teaching and counseling functions of PLATO suggested that a modern computer system can be helpful in solving psychological dilemmas.
Stereotypic and Automanipulative Behavior of Autistic Children
Authors: Akyürek Aladìn , Kalverboer Alex F.
Published: September 2011

Data were obtained on the amounts of stereotypies and automanipulates emitted by 9 autistic children who were exposed to six trials graded in complexity in an observational experiment. As expected, automanipulates decreased with increasing complexity. On the other hand, the results did not support the expected increases in stereotypies. A suggestion for future research is offered.
Sex Differences in Implicit Theories of Leadership: An Initial Investigation
Authors: Graves Laura M. , Powell Gary N.
Published: September 2011

Individuals' implicit theories of leadership, or common-sense notions about leadership, were examined by asking subjects to indicate what traits and behaviors an effective leader should possess. Men and women differed in traits, but not behaviors used to describe an effective leader. Males mentioned more instrumental traits, while females preferred expressive traits. Both men and women endorsed structuring and consideration-oriented behaviors.
Entropy in Alphabetization of Words in Various Languages
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: September 2011

This study correlated the systematic occurrence of the alphabetization of words in both printed and spoken language. Degree of entropy was computed for initial letters as they occurred in two telephone directories. Main result appears to be an external structure of language which precedes conceptualization.
Comment on Readability of Marital Assessment Measures Used by Behavioral Marriage Therapists
Authors: Kahn Sue , Kahn Malcolm
Published: September 2011

Dentch, O'Farrell, and Cutter analyzed the readability of nine marital assessments with the Forbes method. This method is questioned because it relies on an outmoded dictionary of word usage as well as the inappropriate manner in which it was employed. Alternative methods of readability assessment are recommended.
Repression-Sensitization and Flood Hazard Appraisal in Carman, Manitoba
Authors: Simpson-Housley Paul , Moore Robert J. , Larrain Patricio , Blair Danny
Published: September 2011

Floods causing extensive property damage and personal hardship have occurred in Carman, Manitoba, a Canadian settlement of about 2400 located on the Boyne River, 50 miles southwest of Winnipeg, in 1970, 1974, and 1979. 116 floodplain residents were interviewed concerning their perceptions of, feelings about, and responses to the possibility of future flooding as well as completing the Revised Repression-Sensitization Scale. Repressers evidenced a higher incidence of measures taken to mitigate against the effects of future floods. Verbalized negative emotions in response to flood hazard occurred less frequently in extreme repressers and sensitizers than in respondents classified as neutral.
Age Differences in Organization and Recall: An Analysis of Rehearsal Processes
Authors: Jackson D. K. , Schneider H. G.
Published: September 2011

Organizational processing and free recall in younger (mean age = 18.0 yr.) and older (mean age = 71.9 yr.) adults were examined in an overt rehearsal procedure monitoring spontaneous rehearsal strategies. Subjects learned one of two equivalent lists of 18 unrelated nouns. Although a significant interaction of age × list was obtained in total recall, significant age differences in recall from long-term memory were associated with quality of rehearsal. No significant effect of age emerged in subjective organization or frequency of item rehearsal. Younger adults, recalling more, tended to rehearse in an active fashion by rehearsing the currently displayed item with several others. Results provide direct evidence that the elderly may suffer from a decrement in organizational processing in long-term memory with unstructured material, possibly stemming more from acquisition than retrieval-related mechanisms.
Psychological Variables in the Treatment of Cancer: Search for a Paradigm
Authors: Tyre Timothy E. , Yanchar Richard J. , Tyre Christopher T.
Published: September 2011

Work on psychological mechanisms and cancer is discussed in relation to the hypothetical-deductive model in applied medical research. The need for a significant increase in focused psychological research, adequate therapeutic models, and testable hypotheses is underscored.
Relationship of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised and the Wide-Range Achievement Test for a Selected Sample of Young Children
Authors: Kitson Donald L. , Vance Hubert Booney
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised and the Wide-Range Achievement Test for a selected sample of 36 young children. There were 21 boys and 15 girls whose chronological ages ranged from 6-0 to 9-6, with a mean age of 7-3. Pearson product-moment correlations were obtained between the measures and t tests for independent means were computed. Regression analyses used all three Wide-Range Achievement subtests as criteria and the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs of the WISC-R as predictors. The results support the concurrent validity of the WISC-R.
Preparation for Research and Attitudes toward Research among School Psychologists and Teachers
Authors: Kaplan Howard B.
Published: September 2011

This study reports the results of a survey related to the research training and attitudes toward research for a sample of 83 teachers and 49 school psychologists, 54% of the 244 contacted. Responses suggest that, although the school psychologists appear to be both better prepared to conduct research and more amenable to keeping up with research, they do not otherwise value research or engage in research more than the teachers sampled.
Correlations of Scores on the Nelson-Denny Reading Test, Form E, and Measures of Academic Aptitude, Academic Achievement, Readers' Attitude, and Students' Self-Concept
Authors: Hawes Kathryn , Heerman Charles E. , Lamb Bill , Lowenstein C. Kay , Seltzer Kathryn N.
Published: September 2011

Correlations between the Nelson-Denny Reading Test, Form E and ACT composite scores are similar to those reported in the manual which supports the test author's suggestion that the Nelson-Denny can be used to predict academic success. A low correlation was found between self-reported GPA and scores on the reading test, Form E and between Nelson-Denny scores, Form E and attitudes toward reading but none with students' self-concepts.
Victim's Provocativeness and Victim's Attractiveness as Determinants of Blame in Rape
Authors: Best John B. , Demmin Herbert S.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies of rape have emphasized the attractiveness of the victim as a determinant in people's judgments of the victim's blameworthiness. The present study provided 120 undergraduates with four hypothetical rape stories in which the victim's pre-rape behavior and attractiveness were independently varied. The results indicate that the victim's attractiveness is not a determining factor of the victim's blameworthiness when subjects are given descriptions of victim's pre-rape behavior. The results were discussed in the context of a “just world” hypothesis.
Pavlovian Trace Conditioning and Inhibition of Fear in Shuttlebox-Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Zielinski P. , Cotton M. M.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of rats ( n = 12) were given unsignalled avoidance training in a shuttlebox. Two groups were given three days of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Group 1 was trained with a tone (CS1) and a tone-light compound (CS2) followed immediately by shock. Group 2 was trained with CS1 followed immediately by shock and CS2 followed 5 sec. later by shock. Group 3 received only unsignalled avoidance sessions. When CS1 and CS2 were superimposed upon unsignalled avoidance both CSs accelerated avoidance responding for Group 1, CS1 accelerated responding and CS2 depressed responding for Group 2, and neither CS significantly altered the rate of responding for Group 3. Results can be interpreted in part in terms of Denny's (1971) relaxation theory.
Intuition and Decision Making: Some Empirical Evidence
Authors: Cosier Richard A. , Aplin John C.
Published: September 2011

Research on the role that intuition plays in decision making is sadly lacking. This may be a serious oversight, especially given the frequent references to intuition made by some of our most successful business leaders. This study separated subjects into groups with high and low intuition depending on the ability to identify cards before actually seeing the cards. Subjects then made a series of simulated managerial decisions. The subjects in the highly intuitive group made significantly better decisions in the simulated decision task than other subjects. These results suggest that some individuals may have unique intuitive abilities which may assist in decision making.
Intrusions of Prior Knowledge in Prose Recall as a Function of Age and Exhortations to Remember
Authors: Townsend Michael A. R.
Published: September 2011

18 children from each of Grades 3, 4, 6 and 11 listened to two passages about familiar activities. Three successive prompts exhorted the children to recall as much as possible. The proportion of intrusions to recall of text was greatest for the youngest children. The results suggest that exhortations to remember do not greatly increase recall for most children and may give a distorted picture of performance from memory.
Early Recollections and Expected Leisure Activities
Authors: Rule Warren R. , Traver Michael D.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between choices of leisure and individual lifestyle characteristics is of considerable interest. This study focused on an abbreviated measurement of social interest in individual early recollections as related to selected expectations of choices of leisure. Based on abbreviated social interest scores in early recollections, the two most extreme groups of 14 subjects (positive-active and negative-passive) were selected from an original sample of 400 college students. The expected choices of leisure were determined by responses to the Ego Recognition Future Scale and the Adventure Future Scale of the Leisure Activities Blank. Significant differences in expected choices of leisure were found between the two extreme groups of subjects for ego recognition but not for choices related to adventure.
Role of Shared Experience: A Preference Study
Authors: Celotta Beverly , Bode Patricia
Published: September 2011

In this study the role of shared experience was investigated by analyzing the preferences of 30 counseling students for 6 counselor characteristics, including shared experience. Subjects assigned to three different types of problems marked their preferences for these variables. Significant effects for counselors' characteristics were noted. There were no significant differences among the types of problems, however. The students preferred a counselor with professional experience with a particular problem significantly more than one with personal experience. However, they preferred to have a counselor with personal experience more than ones of a certain socio-economic status or of a certain race. The characteristics of age and sex were preferred as much as personal experience.
Experiential Correlates of Peak Intellectual Performance
Authors: Privette Gayle
Published: September 2011

Experiential correlates of superior intellectual functioning were examined, using a peak performance paradigm. The construct, “peak performance,” is identifiable and measurable and refers to a superior level of functioning, irrespective of type of activity. A tentative topology of peak intellectual performance was based partially on the retrospective self-reports of 21 adult respondents and a factor structure of peak performance reported by 120 adults. These respondents identified spontaneity, clear focus on self, an identifiable recognition of self, peak experience, and fascination as key discriminators of the peak intellectual performance. Similarities and significant differences between peak intellectual performance and other optimal functioning were examined. Implications for teaching and learning were considered.
Parent Effectiveness Training: Adolescents' Responses
Authors: Taylor Paula B. , Swan Raymond W.
Published: September 2011

This study measured the outcome of Parent Effectiveness Training using parents who were trained and a matched control group. The responses of the trained parents were contrasted with the perceptions of their adolescent children in the use of P.E.T. techniques. Responses from the Parent Effectiveness Training test were used as a basis for comparison. Analysis of the data did not support the claim that trained parents were any better equipped to use P.E.T. techniques than parents who had no training. The reports of adolescents of parents trained in P.E.T. confirmed that their parents did not use P.E.T. techniques with high frequency in the home.
Effects of Intensive Meditation on Sex-Role Identification: Implications for a Control Model of Psychological Health
Authors: Shapiro Deane H. , Shapiro Johanna , Walsh Roger N. , Brown Dan
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the impact of a 3-mo. meditation retreat on 15 respondents' self-perceived masculinity and femininity. As hypothesized, male and female subjects, who on pretest perceived themselves to be more stereotypically feminine than normative samples, on posttest reported a significant shift to even greater endorsement of feminine adjectives and less endorsement of masculine adjectives.
Clinical Psychologists in the Community: Perceptions of British Family Physicians
Authors: Reid Peter , Smith Howard
Published: September 2011

24 family physicians in Britain, 12 of whom had made direct referrals to clinical psychologists and 12 of whom had not, rated their agreement on a 7-point scale with 12 statements concerning the merits and demerits of such direct referrals. The degree of agreement of the two subgroups did not differ significantly on any statements, and there were generally favourable perceptions of the system.
One-Day Dropouts from Correctional Drug Treatment
Authors: Robinson Kenneth D. , Little Gregory L.
Published: September 2011

13 one-day dropouts of treatment scored on the MMPI more impulsive, antisocial, and pathological than the stayers with whom they were matched. Dropouts also had used drugs longer (6.46 vs 3.23 yr.).
Divergent Thinking and Temperamental Traits
Authors: Bachtold Louise M.
Published: September 2011

To assess temperamental differences between high and low scorers on divergent thinking tasks, 178 undergraduate university students were administered Buss and Plomin's Temperament Survey and Torrance's Incomplete Figures and Unusual User Tests. In comparisons with low scorers, verbal elaborators were more emotional; figural elaborators were more active; and verbally flexible and original persons were less sociable and more impulsive. Differences in temperament according to style of divergent thinking suggest field specificity of temperaments among creative people.
Conversational Topic as a Function of Role and Gender
Authors: Haas Adelaide , Sherman Mark A.
Published: September 2011

The frequency of same-sex conversational topics was ascertained by self-reports from 110 men and 166 women. Respondents were asked how often they discussed each of 22 topics with same-sex friends, co-workers, siblings, parents, and children. The most frequent topic in each role was the same for both sexes: the other sex was discussed most often with friends, work with co-workers, and family with siblings, parents, and children. Beyond that, however, there were substantial sex and role differences in popularity of topics.
Will the Real Achievement Anxiety Test Please Stand up: Effects of Removing Buffer Items and Altering Item Format of the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test
Authors: Tuck J. Porter
Published: September 2011

50 subjects were randomly assigned to each of six versions of the Achievement Anxiety Test which varied in terms of three item formats and the omission vs inclusion of the neutral buffer items. An analysis of covariance indicated a significant effect of item format on the Facilitative and Debilitative scales of the test. The internal consistency reliability of the Facilitative and Debilitative scales varied as a function of item format and removal of the buffer items. The results suggest that removal of the buffer items may improve the reliability of the two anxiety scales. This study replicated and extended an earlier study which investigated the effects of alterations on the Achievement Anxiety Test. The results of this study underscore the importance of precise and thorough description of all procedural details in published research for facilitating replication and cross-study comparisons of results.
Sex-Role Orientation and Smoking
Authors: Dicken Charles
Published: September 2011

Smoking behavior and sex-role orientation were investigated in two groups of women ( Ns, 487 and 376) and two of men ( Ns, 234 and 150). The hypotheses that persons with an androgynous orientation (high on both masculinity and femininity) would be less likely to smoke and better able to stop smoking were not confirmed. In the older female sample (median age 34 yr.), masculine orientation was associated with high rates of smoking and cessation, and feminine orientation with a low smoking rate. The data were discussed relative to women's smoking and difficulties in cessation, sex-role socialization and conflict, and the measurement of sex-role orientation.
Observed Format of Seminar/Discussion Groups among College Students
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Recently Meredith (2, p. 869) reported that college students described the instructional format of 365 lecture courses as “mostly lecture with some group discussion.” In addition, students preferred significantly more discussion than they received. The seminar-and-discussion group format provides a small group setting, and increased social interaction among participants (1). The empirical questions were formulated: (a) How do college students describe the format of seminar/discussion groups? (b) Does observed format predict course/instructor satisfaction?
The Altruism Paradox
Authors: Rimland Bernard
Published: September 2011

A simple classroom experiment is described which helps explicate the relationship between selfishness and happiness. The data ( N = 1,988) prove paradoxical and provide striking empirical support for the Golden Rule.
Training the Skill of Mental Elaboration in Adults
Authors: Cox William F. , Haefner Barbara J. , Rinda Stanley J.
Published: September 2011

Training of 24 students in mental elaboration was attempted using strategies analogous to the four developmentally keyed conditions necessary to evoke elaboration. Memorization times, corrected for pretest results, were generally similar across all conditions, suggesting that developmental and training keyed conditions are not identical. However, the occurrence of increased score variability and longer posttest than pretest scores, while indicating an effect of training, also clearly cautions that training should be matched to learners' strategies as well as task requirements.
Methodological Concerns for Homogeneity and Purification: Separation of Rejection
Authors: Ruznisky Sonja A. , Thauberger Patrick C. , Cleland John F.
Published: September 2011

The publication of the Jackson Personality Research Form popularized a sequential strategy of constructing psychometric scales which bolstered the hopes (at least temporarily) of constructors of personality tests. Just at the point where even the stalwart seriously considered following their colleagues in abandoning measurements of personality, the Jackson demonstration breathed new life to the belief that content scales could be developed with respectable psychometric properties of homogeneity, bipolarity, convergent, and discriminant validity. Also these could be relatively free of the stylistic response variances of acquiescence and social desirability that consistently plagued most psychometric scales of personality. While scales with purity of content are perhaps laudable their construction is not without cost, one that narrows the meaning of the general content area. This paper briefly describes a demonstration of the inverse effect of content purification on homogeneity, using procedures to separate three varieties of rejection (of self, by others, and of others) from each other. Results using an item pool of approximately 450 items on rejection and a sample of 402 individuals suggest that homogeneity and content separation are bound inversely to each other. Implications for methodology of measurement are discussed.
Neuroticism and Extraversion of Female Homosexuals
Authors: Wilson M. Lee
Published: September 2011

Analysis of whether differing sex-object choices by 46 female heterosexuals and 46 female homosexuals are associated with significant differences in scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory indicated heterosexual women were higher on the Neuroticism scale. No differences were found on the Lie or Introversion/Extraversion scales. Neither group scored above or below what is considered to be normal T-ranges of 30 to 70 on any scale.
Use of Behavioral-Consistency in Selection of Graduate Students in Applied Child Psychology
Authors: Murphy Gregory C. , Hudson Alan M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the validity of three selection indices (previous academic grade, personal suitability, and simulated work sample) for predicting the clinical competence of 27 students in applied child psychology. Only the simulated work sample correlated significantly with the major criterion variable, although two of the predictors, previous academic grade and simulated work sample, correlated significantly with the second criterion variable, academic performance in a course. Results may support the usefulness of a behavioral-consistency approach to selection.
Machiavellianism: Sex Differences in the Profession of Purchasing Management
Authors: Chonko Lawrence B.
Published: September 2011

122 purchasing managers were higher in Machiavellian orientation than most groups previously examined. 24 female purchasing managers were higher in Mach orientation than the 98 male managers.
Self-Actualization and Conceptual Structure
Authors: Hageseth Jon A. , Schmidt Lyle D.
Published: September 2011

Many theorists have written about personality structures associated with positive mental health (2, 3). Conceptual systems theory provides one framework for identifying these structures (5). The purpose of this study was to replicate Wexler's finding that self-actualization is related to conceptual structure for 117 female undergraduates who completed four measures of conceptual structure and a measure of self-actualization not used in the original Wexler study, the Personal Orientation Inventory. The measures of conceptual structure included the Interpersonal Discrimination Test (1), the Wyer Integration Test (6), the Interpersonal Topical Inventory (4), and the Paragraph Completion Tesr.