bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An efficient method to produce segregating populations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)
Authors: Emrani Nazgol , Hasler Mario , Patiranage Dilan S. R. , Nathaly Maldonado‐Taipe , Rey Elodie , Jung Christian
Published: November 2020

Quinoa offers a promising alternative for staple food, considering its outstanding nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses. To develop breeding programmes in quinoa, a reliable crossing method for increasing the genetic variation is required. In the following study, we aimed to develop segregating populations in quinoa. We tested the efficiency of three different crossing methods (hand emasculation, warm water emasculation and no emasculation). Moreover we developed a two‐stage selection strategy based on morphological traits and molecular markers for the selection of hybrid plants. We reported hand emasculation to be the most efficient crossing method, followed by warm water emasculation and no emasculation. Our results demonstrated that crosses in quinoa can be successfully performed, despite its complicated flower structure and high self‐pollination rate. Additionally, we developed 30 segregating populations from crosses between accessions of different origins with varying phylogenetic relationship, which offers a promising perspective for quinoa breeding programmes in the future.
Becoming a New Farmer: Agrarianism and the Contradictions of Diverse Economies*
Authors: Suryanata Krisnawati , Mostafanezhad Mary , Milne Nicole
Published: November 2020

A resurgence of agrarianism has motivated new farmers to enter farming, not for profit, but for lifestyle and socio‐ecological values which are frequently associated with diverse economies. Proponents of diverse economies argue for an ontological reframing that accounts for non‐capitalist forms of economic exchange. However, these perspectives have not fully addressed the conditions—often structured by race and class—that facilitate participation in diverse economies. This paper is based on mixed‐methods research on the life cycle of new farmers in Hawai‘i that include participants of farmer training programs. We investigate what drives new farmers into farming, by what mechanisms they are able (or not) to establish a farm, and what limits the duration of their participation. Our analysis reveals three contradictions of diverse economies in agriculture: (1) the inadvertent undervaluation of farmwork that undermines broader efforts to improve the welfare of farm labor; (2) the tension between the value of scaling up and the vulnerability of cooptation; and (3) the ways in which the duration of new farmers' engagement is structured by their ability to mobilize unpaid labor and external resources. These contradictions challenge long‐term and inclusive participation in diverse economies in ways that constrain their emancipatory potential.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*02:944 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Cargou Marine , Elsermans Vincent , Top Isabelle , Guidicelli Gwendaline , Visentin Jonathan
Published: November 2020

HLA‐A*02:944 differs from HLA‐A*02:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in Codon 114 in Exon 3.
Blood donor obesity is associated with changes in red blood cell metabolism and susceptibility to hemolysis in cold storage and in response to osmotic and oxidative stress
Authors: Hazegh Kelsey , Fang Fang , Bravo Marjorie D. , Tran Johnson Q. , Muench Marcus O. , Jackman Rachael P. , Roubinian Nareg , Bertolone Lorenzo , DʼAlessandro Angelo , Dumont Larry , Page Grier P. , Kanias Tamir
Published: November 2020

Background

Obesity is a global pandemic characterized by multiple comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to define the associations between blood donor body mass index (BMI) and RBC measurements of metabolic stress and hemolysis.

Study Design and Methods

The associations between donor BMI (<25 kg/m2, normal weight; 25‐29.9 kg/m2, overweight; and ≥30 kg/m2, obese) and hemolysis (storage, osmotic, and oxidative; n = 18 donors) or posttransfusion recovery (n = 14 donors) in immunodeficient mice were determined in stored leukocyte‐reduced RBC units. Further evaluations were conducted using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute RBC‐Omics blood donor databases of hemolysis (n = 13 317) and metabolomics (n = 203).

Results

Evaluations in 18 donors revealed that BMI was significantly (P < 0.05) and positively associated with storage and osmotic hemolysis. A BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater was also associated with lower posttransfusion recovery in mice 10 minutes after transfusion (P = 0.026). Multivariable linear regression analyses in RBC‐Omics revealed that BMI was a significant modifier for all hemolysis measurements, explaining 4.5%, 4.2%, and 0.2% of the variance in osmotic, oxidative, and storage hemolysis, respectively. In this cohort, obesity was positively associated (P < 0.001) with plasma ferritin (inflammation marker). Metabolomic analyses on RBCs from obese donors (44.1 ± 5.1 kg/m2) had altered membrane lipid composition, dysregulation of antioxidant pathways (eg, increased oxidized lipids, methionine sulfoxide, and xanthine), and dysregulation of nitric oxide metabolism, as compared to RBCs from nonobese (20.5 ± 1.0 kg/m2) donors.

Conclusions

Obesity is associated with significant changes in RBC metabolism and increased susceptibility to hemolysis under routine storage of RBC units. The impact on transfusion efficacy warrants further evaluation.
Development Approach of Actuators for High Loads Based on Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Maiwald Daniel , Bucht André , Zorn Wolfgang , Drossel Welf-Guntram
Published: November 2020

In order to increase precision and productivity in production systems, active components are increasingly being used which operate on the basis of conventional principles such as electrodynamics, hydraulics or pneumatics. An increasing performance range leads to larger demands in terms of function and energy density, which conventional actuators can only fulfil to a limited extent. Thermal shape memory alloys are the basis of an actuator technology that can overcome these challenges, but have recently been researched and used mainly as wire actuators. The associated drawbacks regarding realizable forces and large installation space may be the reasons why shape memory alloys have not yet been established in the field of production technology. This paper presents an alternative form of using shape memory alloys, which makes it possible to realize significantly higher energy densities. Starting from specific use cases, the basic design is discussed and a developed design methodology for such actuators is presented. This methodology is validated by measurements. Finally, an exemplary actuator concept is presented.
Resistance-Based Temperature Monitoring Using Machine Learning and Adapted Activation for an SMA Locking System in Aircraft Interiors
Authors: Theren Benedict , Fahle Simon , Weirich Antonia , Kuhlenkötter Bernd
Published: November 2020

This work presents a scenario in which machine learning (ML) adds value to the usability of an SMA actuator. The considered actuator is a locking device which is actuated by two antagonistically arranged SMA wires. The wires are activated using joule heating. The actuator is operated in aircraft interiors at ambient temperatures between −20°C and 70°C. Preliminary work has shown that the locking device can only be reliably operated in a temperature range from approx. 4°C to 40°C without adjusting the activation parameters. Below these temperatures, the wires must receive more heating energy to actuate the device. Above 40°C, the heating energy must be decreased. Otherwise, the wires could be severely damaged. Currently, a temperature sensor and thus an additional component is required for temperature detection. It is known from literature review and from our preliminary work that the characteristic course of electrical resistance during activation of SMA wires depends, among other things, on the ambient temperature. Therefore, it is possible to eliminate the temperature sensor and determine the ambient temperature by monitoring the electrical resistance during activation of the actuator wires. However, the resistance is additionally influenced by the state of wear which in turn is influenced by the actuator-specific load case and the activation frequency. Thus, temperature detection using monitoring the electrical resistance during activation is difficult to generalize beyond a specific load case. In this paper, the authors examined whether an ambient temperature between −20°C and 75°C can be correctly matched to a 5°C interval using a neural network trained with data from the course of the resistance and taking into account the state of wear for a specific actuator. To generate the necessary data, the actuator is operated in a climatic chamber until one of the wires breaks. The ambient temperature is varied between the two end temperatures. This test was carried out twice in total. A neural network was trained to test whether the ambient temperature of the wires can be determined. This procedure worked within the experiments. In a second step, the network was trained with data from experiment 1 to determine the ambient temperatures of experiment 2 and vice versa. This did not lead to a satisfactory result. Two different persons installed the wires in the actuator for the two different experiments. Therefore it can be concluded, that the installation of the actuator wires has a considerable influence on the applicability of machine learning in this scenario.
Data Analytics Supported Quality Control of Serial-Produced SMA-Actuators for Space Applications
Authors: Roj Robin , Theiß Ralf , Dültgen Peter , Schummer Florian , Bachler Jakob , Konlechner Roland , Würl Sebastian
Published: November 2020

Due to their manifold application possibilities, shape memory alloys (SMA) become more and more common in all kinds of industrial tasks. For an operation in mass-manufactured products, it is inevitable to investigate the fundamental properties of the respective material and to perfect the fabrication process. A potential use of SMAs in aerospace is even more demanding, since the testing and qualification is quite complex, and the components are solely built in small batch series. In order to prove possible approaches for manufacturing, for this paper several specimens of two generations of an intelligent redundant spacecraft actuator were assembled. Evaluating the intrinsic effect of SMA-wires, it was possible to detect signs of fatigue in the material and realize preventive maintenance. Beside a description of the manufacturing steps of both generations, the test results are presented in detail and it can be concluded that the second generation is, due to its design, more suitable for a serial production as well as more robust and efficient. It is shown that over the lifetime of the actuator the properties of the SMA-material are continuously changing.
SMA Antagonistic-Micro-Wire Bundle: First Measurement Results
Authors: Kirsch Susanne-Marie , Welsch Felix , Bevilacqua Domenico , Naso David , Seelecke Stefan , Rizzello Gianluca , Motzki Paul
Published: November 2020

Shape memory alloys (SMA) are used as an attractive technology in the field of actuators and sensors due to their versatile geometry, lightweight, high energy density, and low cost. The thermal activation principle, however, makes SMA application generally suitable for low-frequency (few Hz) regimes. In this work, a novel SMA-based antagonistic actuation system and its manufacturing process are presented for the first time. The main feature of the novel actuator concept is the possibility of being operated at frequencies up to at least 20 Hz. It spares the usual complex and time-consuming manufacturing of such a system. First parameter studies of a rotary actuation system are performed. The relationship existing between the pulse energy, frequency, and the resulting rotation angle is investigated through an extensive experimental campaign.
An Affordable and Portable Palpable System for Sensing Breast Tissue Abnormalities
Authors: Clarke Cody J. , Eberz Simeon R. , Zegeye Ephraim F.
Published: November 2020

Due to the high cost of equipment and lack of trained personnel, manual palpation is a preferred alternative breast examination technique over mammography. The process involves a thorough search pattern using trained fingers and applying adequate pressure, with the objective of identifying solid masses from the surrounding breast tissue. However, palpation requires skills that must be obtained through adequate training in order to ensure proper diagnosis. Consequently, palpation performance and reporting techniques have been inconsistent. Automating the palpation technique would optimize the performance of self-breast examination, optimize clinical breast examinations (CBE), and enable the visualization of breast abnormalities as well as assessing their mechanical properties. Various methods of reconstructing the internal mechanical properties of breast tissue abnormalities have been explored. However, all systems that have been reported are bulky and rely on complex electronic systems. Hence, they are both expensive and require trained medical professionals. The methods also do not involve palpation, a key element in CBE. This research aims in developing a portable and inexpensive automated palpable system that mimics CBE to quantitatively image breast lumps. The method uses a piezoresistive sensor equipped probe consisting of an electronic circuit for collecting deformation-induced electrical signals. The piezoresistive sensor is made by spraying microwave exfoliated graphite/latex blend on a latex sheet. Lumps can be detected by monitoring a change in electrical resistance caused by the deformation of the sensor which is induced by abnormalities in the breast tissue. The electrical signals are collected using a microcontroller and a pixelated image of the breast can be reconstructed. The research is still in progress, and this report serves as proof of concept testing by pressing the probe with hand pressure and reconstructing the electrical signals using Microsoft Excel. Four maps were created for qualitatively analyzing the result. The pressure maps clearly display areas where pressure was applied, indicating the potential of the probe in detecting breast tissue abnormalities. The pressure maps show the feasibility for using such a sensor for the application in CBE. Furthermore, a sensor such as this is also possible of detecting the depth and size of masses within breast tissue, which, may lead to a more accurate diagnosis. Better manufacturing, accuracy, precision, and realtime data feeds are areas of future consideration for this project. This project involves knowledge and applications from mechanical, electrical, computational, and materials engineering.
Characterization and Design of Programmable Self-Folding Polymer Films
Authors: George Derosh , Madou Marc , Peraza Hernandez Edwin A.
Published: November 2020

This paper presents the characterization and design aspects of a novel fabrication method that integrates photolithography and self-folding to create polymer polyhedral structures. A two-step UV exposure process is used to produce patterned polymer films with flexible folds of low cross-linking density and stiff faces of high cross-linking density. Solvent is diffused into the folds during the development step of the photolithography process due to their low cross-linking density. The solvent concentration is non-uniform across the thickness of the folds and causes a strain gradient at these regions when the solvent is removed by heating the films, which enables self-folding. Experiments are performed to calibrate an equation that relates the dimensions of the folds and their achieved fold angle. An analytical model is introduced to elucidate the form of the equation and provide physical meaning to the calibration parameter. The formula is incorporated into a computational implementation of the unfolding polyhedra method that considers smoothly bent folds. This method, enhanced with the experimentally calibrated formula, enables the design of planar films programmed to self-fold into target three-dimensional shapes when heated. Polyhedral shapes are fabricated to demonstrate the developed method for origami-based fabrication. A parametric study quantifying the accuracy of the designed polyhedral forms with smooth folds as compared against those with idealized creased folds is performed.
Enhancing Adaptable Topological Wave Bandwidth in Piezoelectric Metamaterials via Circuitry and Lattice Symmetry Control
Authors: Dorin Patrick , Wang K. W.
Published: November 2020

Recently, an electromechanical metamaterial with integrated resonant circuit elements was developed that enables on-demand tailoring of the operating frequency and interface routes for topological wave transmission. However, limitations to the operating frequency region still exist, and a full exploration of the adaptive characteristics of the topological electromechanical metamaterial has yet to be undertaken. To advance the state of the art, this study investigates the ability to enhance the range of operating frequencies for topological wave transmission in a piezoelectric metamaterial by the reconfiguration of lattice symmetries and connection of negative capacitance circuitry. In addition, the capability to modify the interface mode localization is analyzed. The plane wave expansion method is utilized to define a working frequency region for protected topological wave transmission by evaluating a local topological charge. Numerical simulations verify the existence of topologically protected interface modes and illuminate how the localization and shape of these modes can be altered via external circuit parameters. Results show that the reconfiguration of the lattice structure and connection to negative capacitance circuity enhances the operating frequency bandwidth and interface mode localization control, greatly expanding the adaptive metamaterial capabilities.
Highly Stretchable Resistive Strain Sensors Using Multiple Viscous Conductive Materials
Authors: Shi Hongyang , Qi Xinda , Cao Yunqi , Sepúlveda Nelson , Wang Chuan , Tan Xiaobo
Published: November 2020

This paper proposes a highly stretchable strain sensor using viscous conductive materials as resistive element and introduces a simple and economic fabrication process by encapsulating the conductive materials between two layers of silicone rubbers Ecoflex 00-30. The fabrication process of the strain sensor is presented, and the properties of the viscous conductive materials are studied. Characterization shows that the sensor with conductive gels, toothpastes, carbon paint, and carbon grease can sustain a maximum tensile strain of 200% and retain good repeatability, with a strain gauge factor of 2.0, 1.75, 3.0, and 7.5, respectively. Furthermore, strain sensors with graphite and carbon nanotubes mixed with conductive gels are fabricated to explore how to improve the gauge factor. With a focus on the most promising material, conductive carbon grease, cyclic stretching tests are conducted and show good repeatability at 100% strain for 100 cycles. Lastly, it is demonstrated that the stretchable strain sensor made of carbon grease is capable of measuring finger bending. With its easy and low-cost fabrication process, large strain detection range and good gauge factor, the conductive materials-based strain sensors are promising for future biomedical, wearable electronics and rehabilitation applications.
Part Authentication Using Indirect Electromechanical Impedance Measurements
Authors: Albakri Mohammad I. , Tarazaga Pablo A.
Published: November 2020

Motivated by its success as a structural health monitoring solution, electromechanical impedance measurements have been utilized as a means for non-destructive evaluation of conventionally and additively manufactured parts. In this process, piezoelectric transducers are either directly embedded in the part under test or bonded to its surface. While this approach has proven to be capable of detecting manufacturing anomalies, instrumentation requirements of the parts under test have hindered its wide adoption. To address this limitation, indirect electromechanical impedance measurement, through instrumented fixtures or testbeds, has recently been investigated for part authentication and non-destructive evaluation applications.

In this work, electromechanical impedance signatures obtained with piezoelectric transducers indirectly attached to the part under test, via an instrumented fixture, are numerically investigated. This aims to better understand the coupling between the instrumented fixture and the part under test and its effects ON sensitivity to manufacturing defects. For this purpose, numerical models are developed for the instrumented fixture, the part under test, and the fixture/part assembly. The frequency-domain spectral element method is used to obtain numerical solutions and simulate the electromechanical impedance signatures over the frequency range of 10–50 kHz. Criteria for selecting the frequency range that is most sensitive to defects in the part under test are proposed and evaluated using standard damage metric definitions. It was found that optimal frequency ranges can be preselected based on the fixture design and its dynamic response.
Design of Compliant Joints for Large Scale Structures
Authors: Nastevska Angela , Jovanova Jovana , Frecker Mary
Published: November 2020

Large scale structures can benefit from the design of compliant joints that can provide flexibility and adaptability. A high level of deformation is achieved locally with the design of flexures in compliant mechanisms. Additionally, by introducing contact-aided compliant mechanisms, nonlinear bending stiffness is achieved to make the joints flexible in one direction and stiff in the opposite one. All these concepts have been explored in small scale engineering design, but they have not been applied to large scale structures. In this paper the design of a large scale compliant mechanism is proposed for novel design of a foldable shipping container. The superelasticity of nickel titanium is shown to be beneficial in designing the joints of the compliant mechanism.
Development and Experimental Demonstration of a Shape Memory Alloy-Based Adaptive Two-Phase Radiator for Space Applications
Authors: Lilly Jared , Hansen Bethany , Lotz Ryan , Hartl Darren , Cognata Thomas , Nizio Priscilla , Joyce Connor
Published: November 2020

Future space exploration, such as the Artemis program, journeys to Mars, and future lander missions will require thermal control systems (TCSs) with the ability to adapt to a wide range of thermal loads due to vastly fluctuating external temperatures. Current TCSs employ radiators that can achieve a turndown ratio (defined as the ratio of the maximum to minimum heat rejection rates) of 12:1 by utilizing regenerative heat exchangers and a two-fluid-loop system, both of which are heavy and complex. However, future missions will demand radiators that can provide turndown ratios of 12:1 while remaining light, functionally passive, and simply designed. Previous work has investigated using shape memory alloy (SMA) components in single phase radiator prototypes to achieve efficient heat rejection. Preliminary analysis shows that SMA-based radiators can enable turndown ratios as high as 37:1. In this paper, the design, fabrication, and testing of an SMA torque tube driven radiator prototype is discussed. The SMA torque tube is attached to a heat rejecting panel that resembles flat radiator panels currently installed on the International Space Station. As the temperature of the working fluid in the TCS increases, the SMA torque tube actuates and rotates the panel, allowing for more radiative heat rejection to occur. This new design matures the concept past a previous prototype that merely demonstrated actuation under single-phase (e.g., liquid water) flow. The current radiator prototype has been designed to function not only with closed-loop, single-phase fluid flow, but also in conjunction with a two-phase TCS and even as a heat pipe. Both approaches take advantage of phase transformation of the working fluid to improve overall TCS efficiency and decrease complexity. During testing, a heated two-phase working fluid was circulated through the system, resulting in a maximum angular actuation of 67 degrees, thus demonstrating two-phase operation for the first time. These results give confidence that an SMA torque tube-driven radiator can outperform current radiators as development continues.
Posable Tensegrity-Constrained Inflatable Kinematic Graphical Analysis
Authors: Wihardja Adeline , Patel Kunj , Giner Munoz Laura , Kim Ellen , Luntz Jonathan , Brei Diann , Kim Wonhee , Alexander Paul
Published: November 2020

Inflatable devices have been used in various applications due to their low cost, light weight, simplicity, and ability to compactly stow yet deploy to large sizes with complex shape. Recently, soft robotics has added active shape change to inflatables’ otherwise static functionality. However, the required complex multi-chamber structures and active pressure control sacrifice many inherent advantages including simplicity and stowability. Many applications require only passive shape change (posability), where users manipulate a device manually, and the device simply holds its new posed shape. This paper explores a new approach using internal string-like tensile elements to provide posability while maintaining stowability and other inherent advantages of inflatables, leveraging concepts in the field of tensegrity mechanisms. Tensegrity constrained inflatables provide posable motion by allowing internal tensile strings to thread through loops as the shape is changed, where friction between the strings and loops retain the new pose. Graphical instantaneous center kinematic analysis techniques for traditional linkage systems are extended to include threaded tensegrity mechanisms, enabling analysis and design of complex posable tensegrity structures. A simple example prototype implementing bending with 1 DOF, demonstrates posable behavior, quantified in terms of the force required to change pose at different angles and pressures. The resulting bistable behavior is explained using the IC kinematic analysis. The kinematic techniques are also applied to the design of one degree of freedom functional building blocks which combine to create tensegrity configurations providing 2 DOF posability in two and three dimensions which are demonstrated through multiple hardware prototypes. The novel technology and design methods presented in this paper provide a foundation for the development of a class of new user-interactive inflatable devices with posable functionality and deploy and stow capability.
A Phenomenological Model for Shape Memory Alloys With Uniformly Distributed Porosity
Authors: Zaki Wael , Viet N. V.
Published: November 2020

A phenomenological model is proposed for shape memory alloys considering the presence of uniformly distributed voids. The model is developed within a modified generalized standard materials framework, which considers the presence of constraints on the state variables and ensures thermodynamic consistency. Within this framework, a free energy density is first proposed for the porous material, wherein the influence of porosity is accounted for by means of scalar state variables accounting for damage and inelastic dilatation. By choosing key thermodynamic forces, derived from the expression of the energy, as sub-gradients of a pseud-potential of dissipation, loading functions are derived that govern phase transformation and martensite detwinning. Flow rules are also proposed for damage and inelastic dilatation in a way that ensures positive dissipation. The model is discretized and the integration of the time-discrete formulation is carried out using an implicit formulation, whereby a return mapping algorithm is implemented to calculate increments of dissipative variables including inelastic strains. Comparison with data from the literature is finally presented.
A Fiber Optic Conjugate-Stress Sensor for Prognostic Health Monitoring of Fatigue
Authors: Kordell Jonathan , Yu Miao , Dasgupta Abhijit
Published: November 2020

A fiber optic conjugate stress sensor (FOCSS) is explored for monitoring fatigue in aluminum cantilever beams. It is known that as damage accumulates due to fatigue, microstructural changes result in an altered modulus; so in this work, fatigue is continuously monitored by measuring the evolution of the effective modulus of the host. Conjugate stress sensing extracts host modulus from two extensometers of different stiffnesses (termed the stiff and compliant sensors) by using a known transfer function from sensor strains to host modulus. The sensing concept is explained and the transfer function is determined from a lumped-mass spring model. Finite element modeling is carried out, which reveals the host modulus assessed by the FOCSS is more sensitive to fatigue damage of a structure than its natural frequency (another commonly used macroscale measure of fatigue). The FOCSS capabilities are next verified in aluminum beam fatigue experiments. The FOCSS estimated modulus is seen to decrease with accumulation of fatigue damage. However, fatigue of the glue used to attach the sensors to the specimen is found to obscure the sensor’s response to host fatigue, thus presenting an important source of experimental error. Future work aims to deconvolve FOCSS sensitivity to glue fatigue from the response to host fatigue. Our finite element simulation results indicate that the FOCSS can significantly hasten early warning and extend the prognostic horizon, which can greatly reduce logistical burden and increase consumer confidence.
Automotive Grille Shutter Using Passive Shape Memory Alloy Actuation
Authors: Smith Anthony L. , Kim Wonhee , Brown Jeffrey
Published: November 2020

Automotive grille shutters are used to reduce the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle when cooling requirements are low by blocking a portion of the airflow through the condenser, radiator, and fan module (CRFM); the lower aerodynamic drag improves fuel economy. A passively actuated SMA grille shutter was designed as a less complex and lower overall cost solution to current electro-mechanical designs. This paper presents the design and calibration process for the automotive grille shutter SMA actuator using passive temperature control. The initial design target opening and closing temperatures of the grille shutter system were determined by climatic wind tunnel and vehicle road tests measuring motor-driven grille shutter position versus CRFM exhaust temperature. The initial SMA actuator design almost met the temperature requirements; subsequent road testing confirmed the need to shift the start to close and fully closed temperatures at least 6 °C higher to meet specifications. The transformation temperatures of the SMA actuator were calibrated by varying stress on the SMA wires by means of the total cross-sectional area and biasing force. Tests were performed in an environmental chamber to characterize the temperature-position behavior during heating and cooling cycles, the best candidate improved the hysteresis band by 3 °C from the initial design. This study presents an industry need for the development of lower hysteresis SMA wires/springs for passive applications, which can maximize the benefit of SMA actuation by utilizing the temperature-stress-strain coupling behavior of SMA.
Mutation-induced remodeling of the BfmRS two-component system in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
clinical isolates
Authors: Cao Qiao , Yang Nana , Wang Yanhui , Xu Chenchen , Zhang Xue , Fan Ke , Chen Feifei , Liang Haihua , Zhang Yingchao , Deng Xin , Feng Youjun , Yang Cai-Guang , Wu Min , Bae Taeok , Lan Lefu
Published: November 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
mutations associated with chronic infection rewire two-component signaling.
Gβγ is a direct regulator of endogenous p101/p110γ and p84/p110γ PI3Kγ complexes in mouse neutrophils
Authors: Rynkiewicz Natalie K. , Anderson Karen E. , Suire Sabine , Collins Daniel M. , Karanasios Eleftherios , Vadas Oscar , Williams Roger , Oxley David , Clark Jonathan , Stephens Len R. , Hawkins Phillip T.
Published: November 2020

PI3Kγ complexes containing p101 or p84 are directly activated by Gβγ in a GPCR-dependent manner in neutrophils.
MTORC1-dependent reprogramming
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: November 2020

DDIT4 and IFRD1 trigger the inhibition and reactivation of MTORC1 during regenerative repair.
Repeated Oral Vaccination of Cattle with Shiga Toxin-Negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 Reduces Carriage of Wild-Type E. coli O157:H7 after Challenge
Authors: Shringi Smriti , Sheng Haiqing , Potter Andrew A. , Minnich Scott A. , Hovde Carolyn J. , Besser Thomas E.
Published: November 2020

The bacterium
E. coli
O157:H7 causes foodborne disease in humans that can lead to bloody diarrhea, kidney failure, vascular damage, and death. Healthy cattle are the main source of this human pathogen. Reducing
E. coli
O157:H7 in cattle will reduce human disease. Using a randomized comparison, a bovine vaccine to reduce carriage of the human pathogen was tested. A detoxified
E. coli
O157:H7 strain, missing genes that cause disease, was fed to cattle as an oral vaccine to reduce carriage of pathogenic
E. coli
O157:H7. After vaccination, the cattle were challenged with disease-causing
E. coli
O157:H7. The vaccinated cattle had decreased
E. coli
O157:H7 during the first 7 days postchallenge and shed the bacteria for a shorter duration than the nonvaccinated control cattle. The results support optimization of the approach to cattle vaccination that would reduce human disease.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Salinispora
sp. Strain H7-4, Isolated from Deep-Sea Sediments of the Shikoku Basin
Authors: Ulanova Dana , Uenaka Yuka , Sakama Masazumi , Sakurai Tetsuya
Published: November 2020

Salinispora
spp. are obligate marine actinomycetes reported mainly from shallow tropical and subtropical marine habitats. In this announcement, we present the isolation and the draft genome sequence of
Salinispora
sp. strain H7-4 of a new 16S rDNA phylotype from deep-sea sediments of the Shikoku Basin.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Clostridium algidicarnis Strains Isolated from Meat Juice Samples of Chilled Vacuum-Packed Lamb Meat
Authors: Wambui Joseph , Cernela Nicole , Stevens Marc J. A. , Ghielmetti Giovanni , Stephan Roger
Published: November 2020

Clostridium algidicarnis
causes blown-pack spoilage of vacuum-packed meat. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of
C. algidicarnis
strains CM002 and CM003, isolated from unspoiled chilled vacuum-packed lamb. The genome sequences of CM002 and CM003 comprise 2,950,326 and 2,870,995 bp, respectively, and each have a GC content of 30.1%.
Complete Genome Sequence of Campylobacter fetus Isolated from a Sheep
Authors: Costa Daniela , Aráoz Virginia , Barcellos Maila , Caffarena Rubén Darío , Fraga Martín , Giannitti Federico , Monesiglio Cecilia , Pérez Ruben , da Silva Silveira Caroline , Calleros Lucía
Published: November 2020

Campylobacter fetus
is an important reproductive pathogen of ruminants that occasionally infects humans. Here, we describe the complete circularized genome of a strain of
Campylobacter fetus
subsp.
fetus
isolated from a sheep. The final assembly consisted of a unique contig with a length of 1,849,237 bp.
Complete Genome Sequences of the Escherichia coli Donor Strains ST18 and MFD
pir
Authors: Jackson Simon A. , Fellows Bridget J. , Fineran Peter C.
Published: November 2020

Escherichia coli
ST18 and MFD
pir
are donors commonly used to transfer
oriT
RP4
-containing plasmids to diverse bacteria via conjugation. ST18 and MFD
pir
were constructed via multiple genetic manipulations involving several
E. coli
strains. Here, we used Illumina and Nanopore sequencing to determine the complete genomes of these widely used strains.
Complete Genome Sequence of Gordonia rubripertincta SD5, a Soil Bacterium Isolated from a Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate-Degrading Enrichment Culture
Authors: Han Sang-Soo , Kang Hye Kyeong , Jo Bok Yeon , Ryu Byung-Gon , Jin Hyun Mi , Chung Eu Jin , Jung Ji Young
Published: November 2020

We report the complete genome sequence of
Gordonia rubripertincta
SD5, isolated from a soil-derived di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-degrading enrichment culture. The final genome assembly consists of a 5.10-Mbp chromosome and a plasmid (159 kbp). A total of 4,814 coding sequences were predicted, including 4,741 protein-coding sequences.
Draft Genome Sequences of Pantoea agglomerans Strains BD1274 and BD1212, Isolated from Onion Seeds, Reveal Major Differences in Pathogenicity and Functional Genes
Authors: Moloto Valery M. , Goszczynska Teresa , Hassen Ahmed Idris , Pierneef Rian , Coutinho Teresa
Published: November 2020

Pantoea agglomerans
strains BD1274 and BD1212 were isolated from
Allium cepa
seeds. Strain BD1274 induced a disease symptom on a healthy onion, whereas strain BD1212 did not and remains nonpathogenic. A comparative genomic study revealed that the strains differ in their genomic compositions, particularly in the genes that confer pathogenicity.
Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and pneumoperitoneum after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: Elmoheen Amr , Haddad Mahmoud , Bashir Khalid , Salem Waleed Awad
Published: November 2020

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopies are performed for several reasons. The overuse of endoscopy has negative effects on the quality of healthcare and pressurises endoscopy services. It also results in the complications. These complications include pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous pneumomediastinum. However, it is worth noting that these complications rarely occur during endoscopy of the upper GI tract. These complications, when they occur, indicate perforation of the retroperitoneal space or peritoneal cavity. In this article, we discuss a case of pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after upper GI endoscopy.
Core outcome set for diabetes after pregnancy prevention across the life span: international Delphi study
Authors: Wu Nancy , O'Reilly Sharleen , Nielsen Karoline Kragelund , Maindal Helle Terkildsen , Dasgupta Kaberi
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at high risk of future diabetes. An active area of research examines health behavior change strategies in women within 5 years of a GDM pregnancy to prevent diabetes after pregnancy. We aimed to develop a core outcome set (COS) to facilitate synthesis and comparison across trials.

Research design and methods

Candidate outcomes were identified through systematic review and scored for importance (1–9) by healthcare professionals, researchers, and women with prior GDM through an international two-round electronic-Delphi survey. Outcomes retained required round two scores above prespecified thresholds (≥70% scoring 7–9) or expert panel endorsement when scores were indeterminate. The panel organized the COS by domain.

Results

115 stakeholders participated in the survey and 56 completed both rounds. SD of scores decreased by 0.24 (95%CI 0.21 to 0.27) by round 2, signaling convergence. The final COS includes 19 domains (50 outcomes): diabetes (n=3 outcomes), other related diseases (n=3), complications in subsequent pregnancy (n=2), offspring outcomes (n=3), adiposity (n=4), cardiometabolic measures (n=5), glycemia (n=3), physical activity (n=2), diet (n=4), breast feeding (n=2), behavior change theory (n=5), diabetes-related knowledge (n=2), health literacy (n=1), social support (n=1), sleep (n=1), quality of life (n=1), program delivery (n=4), health economic evaluation (n=2), and diabetes risk screening (n=2). The seven outcomes endorsed by ≥90% were diabetes development and GDM recurrence, attending the postpartum diabetes screening and completing oral glucose tolerance testing and/or other glycemia measures, weight and total energy intake, and health behaviors in general. Among the 15 at the 80%–90% endorsement level, approximately half were specific elements related to the top 7, while the remainder related to diabetes knowledge, personal risk perception, motivation for change, program element completion, and health service use and cost.

Conclusion

Researchers should collect and report outcomes from the breadth of domains in the COS.
Chest drain aerosol generation in COVID-19 and emission reduction using a simple anti-viral filter
Authors: Duffy Clodagh , Kidd Andrew , Francis Sarah , Tsim Selina , McNaughton Laura , Ferguson Katie , Ferguson Jenny , Rodgers K Gary , McGroarty Claire , Sayer Robin , Blyth Kevin G
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has been characterised by significant in-hospital virus transmission and deaths among healthcare workers. Sources of in-hospital transmission are not fully understood, with special precautions currently reserved for procedures previously shown to generate aerosols (particles <5 μm). Pleural procedures are not currently considered AGPs (Aerosol Generating Procedures), reflecting a lack of data in this area.

Methods

An underwater seal chest drain bottle (R54500, Rocket Medical UK) was set up inside a 60-litre plastic box and connected via an airtight conduit to a medical air supply. A multichannel particle counter (TSI Aerotrak 9310 Aerosol Monitor) was placed inside the box, allowing measurement of particle count/cubic foot (pc/ft3) within six channel sizes: 0.3–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–3, 3–5, 5–10 and >10 μm. Stabilised particle counts at 1, 3 and 5 L/min were compared by Wilcoxon signed rank test; p values were Bonferroni-adjusted. Measurements were repeated with a simple anti-viral filter, designed using repurposed materials by the study team, attached to the drain bottle. The pressure within the bottle was measured to assess any effect of the filter on bottle function.

Results

Aerosol emissions increased with increasing air flow, with the largest increase observed in smaller particles (0.3–3 μm). Concentration of the smallest particles (0.3–0.5 μm) increased from background levels by 700, 1400 and 2500 pc/ft3at 1, 3 and 5 L/min, respectively. However, dispersion of particles of all sizes was effectively prevented by use of the viral filter at all flow rates. Use of the filter was associated with a maximum pressure rise of 0.3 cm H2O after 24 hours of flow at 5 L/min, suggesting minimal impact on drain function.

Conclusion

A bubbling chest drain is a source of aerosolised particles, but emission can be prevented using a simple anti-viral filter. These data should be considered when designing measures to reduce in-hospital spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Neuroendocrine tumours of the breast: a genomic comparison with mucinous breast cancers and neuroendocrine tumours of other anatomic sites
Authors: Pareja Fresia , Vahdatinia Mahsa , Marchio Caterina , Lee Simon S K , Da Cruz Paula Arnaud , Derakhshan Fatemeh , da Silva Edaise M , Selenica Pier , Dopeso Higinio , Chandarlapaty Sarat , Wen Hannah Y , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Brogi Edi , Weigelt Britta , Reis-Filho Jorge S
Published: November 2020

Aims

Breast neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) constitute a rare histologic subtype of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, and their definition according to the WHO classification was revised in 2019. Breast NETs display histologic and transcriptomic similarities with mucinous breast carcinomas (MuBCs). Here, we sought to compare the repertoire of genetic alterations in breast NETs with MuBCs and NETs from other anatomic origins.

Methods

On histologic review applying the new WHO criteria, 18 breast tumours with neuroendocrine differentiation were reclassified as breast NETs (n=10) or other breast cancers with neuroendocrine differentiation (n=8). We reanalysed targeted sequencing or whole-exome sequencing data of breast NETs (n=10), MuBCs type A (n=12) and type B (n=11).

Results

Breast NETs and MuBCs were found to be genetically similar, harbouring a lower frequency ofPIK3CAmutations, 1q gains and 16q losses than ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancers. 3/10 breast NETs harboured the hallmark features of ER-positive disease (ie,PIK3CAmutations and concurrent 1q gains/16q losses). Breast NETs showed an enrichment of oncogenic/likely oncogenic mutations affecting transcription factors compared with common forms of ER-positive breast cancer and with pancreatic and pulmonary NETs.

Conclusions

Breast NETs are heterogeneous and are characterised by an enrichment of mutations in transcription factors and likely constitute a spectrum of entities histologically and genomically related to MuBCs. While most breast NETs are distinct from ER-positive/HER2-negative IDC-NSTs, a subset of breast NETs appears to be genetically similar to common forms of ER-positive breast cancer, suggesting that some breast cancers may acquire neuroendocrine differentiation later in tumour evolution.
Birth order is associated with an increased risk of obesity in young adults in Thailand
Authors: Aurpibul Linda , Butler Éadaoin M , Wongthanee Antika , Rerkasem Amaraporn , Pruenglampoo Sakda , Mangklabruks Ampica , Rerkasem Kittipan , Derraik José G B
Published: November 2020

Background

There is a growing body of evidence showing that early life events are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in adult life. However, there is a paucity of data in this field from Asian populations. In this study, we examined the association of birth order with obesity risk and cardiometabolic outcomes in young adults in Thailand.

Methods

Participants were the offspring from a birth cohort study in Chiang Mai (northern Thailand), who were followed up at ~20.5 years of age. Clinical assessments included anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting blood samples and carotid intima-media thickness. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Participants were stratified into two groups: first-borns and later-borns. Health outcomes between groups were compared using multivariable models adjusting for important confounders, in particular maternal body mass index (BMI).

Results

A total of 559 participants were studied: 316 first-borns (46% males) and 243 later-borns (47% males). Adjusted models showed anthropometric differences, with first-borns being 2.3 kg heavier (p=0.023) with a BMI 0.86 kg/m2greater (p=0.019) than later-borns. Thus, rates of obesity were higher in first-borns than in later-borns (6.6% vs 2.9%), so that first-borns had an adjusted relative risk of obesity 3.3 times greater than later-borns [95% CI 1.42 to 7.88; p=0.006]. There were no observed differences in cardiovascular or metabolic parameters assessed, including HOMA-IR.

Conclusion

As observed in other populations, first-borns in Thailand had greater BMI and an increased risk of obesity in young adulthood. However, we observed no other cardiometabolic differences between first- and later-borns.