bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the improvement of the meat production in the romanian Teleorman Black Head sheep by crossing with meat breeds
Authors: Ghiţă E. , Lazăr C. , Pelmus R.S. , Ropota M. , Voicu I.
Published: December 2011

In Romania the main direction of sheep breeding was until two decades ago,
wool production, while the milk and meat productions were left in the
background. After the 1990s, particularly after the accession of Romania to
the European Union, sheep production redirected toward milk and meat
production focusing on the identification of the most adequate techniques to
increase these productions. One solution to restore this sector is to produce
suckling lambs or fat lambs, competitive on the foreign markets. Within this
context, the objective of our paper, part of a larger program, is to use
industrial crosses to improve meat production in the local sheep breeds. We
present here the results of crossing the local Teleorman Black Head (TBH)
with imported meat rams: Suffolk and German Black Head (GBH). The studies
monitored the performance of the (milk) hybrids F1 compared to the local
breed lambs. 60 lambs assigned to three groups (20 lambs per group) were
weaned at 2 months, when control slaughtering was used to determine: the
slaughter house and commercial yield, proportion of carcass parts, proportion
of butchery parts, meat to bone ratio for each part, carcass measurements,
chemical composition of the meat, fatty acids and cholesterol included. At
birth, the local breed lambs had 4.77 kg and a gain of 0.253 kg and reached
18.31 kg at slaughter. GBH hybrids lambs weighed 4.76 kg at birth, a gain of
0.277 kg and reached 20.63 kg at slaughter; Suffolk hybrids lambs weighed
5.36 kg at birth, 0.322 kg daily weight gain and 24.92 kg at 2 months. The
slaughterhouse yield, the meat to bone ratio and carcass dimensions were
better in the hybrids than in the local breed. The Suffolk and German Black
Head rams transmitted to their progeny a higher speed of growth, a
conformation specific to the meat breeds and a better dressing in muscles, a
higher slaughter yield and a better meat to bone ration than the local breed
lambs.
Leaf and stem chemical composition of divergent alfalfa cultivars
Authors: Milic D. , Karagic Dj. , Vasiljevic S. , Mikic A. , Mijic B. , Katic S.
Published: December 2011

Alfalfa is a perennial crop that provides a higher yield of proteins per unit
area than any field crop, which makes it highly desirable for the production
of hay and feed for domestic animals (especially ruminants). The objective of
this study was to determine the dry matter chemical composition in the whole
plant, leaves and stems of five divergent alfalfa cultivars. Variations were
found in the contents of proteins, hemicellulose, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose,
and minerals depending on genotype and plant part. Significant differences
existed between the cultivars in quality parameters, indicating that breeding
for high alfalfa quality is justifiable.
Effect of crop density on yield and quality of alfalfa forage from combined use (forage-seed)
Authors: Stanisavljevic R. , Milenkovic J. , Djokic D. , Terzic D. , Markovic J. , Bekovic D. , Djukanovic L.
Published: December 2011

In Serbia, alfalfa is the most important perennial forage legume that is
grown at 180-200 thousand hectares. Except for the classic production of
forage, alfalfa is very important for seed production. In our conditions
Alfalfa seed are produced from the second cut of alfalfa. Higher seed yields
are achieved in larger distances between rows. In this system of production
first and third cut are used for fodder. This trial tests three different
densities and four varieties in order to determine the impact on yield and
quality of forage dry matter. In the year of establishment, cultivars from
the treatment A1 achieved higher yields of dry matter for 2.3 t ha-1 in
relation to the treatment A2. In the second year, yield was higher by 1.4 t
ha-1, and in the third higher for 3.1 t ha-1. Treatment A1 compared to A3
treatment had a higher yield of 3.5 t ha-1 (52%). In the second year
treatment A1 achieved higher yields of forage then treatment A3 for 3.8 t
ha-1 (44%), and in the third year for 4.6 t ha-1 (56%). Cultivars were also
significantly affected the yield of forage dry matter at all densities.
Influence of density and variety to the chemical composition of forage and
the content of macro elements in the forage had no significant effect.
Yield and quality of winter common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) haylage depending on sowing method
Authors: Karagic Dj. , Vasiljevic S. , Katic S. , Mikic A. , Milic D. , Milosevic B. , Dusanic N.
Published: December 2011

In order to determine an optimum ratio of vetch and wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.) components in their mixture, there has been carried out a four-year trial
(autumn 2005 - spring 2009) aimed at the yield and quality of winter vetch
haylage. The sowing rate of winter vetch was 120 kg ha-1, while the sowing
rate of winter wheat was 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30 kg ha-1. An increased
proportion of the cereal in its mixture with vetch significantly decreases
the stand lodging, have a positive influence on forage yield, but haylage
quality is of a poorer quality. Quality characteristics such as crude protein
and lignin content, total digestible nutrients, dry matter intake and
relative feed value were highest in monoculture common vetch followed by
mixture with the lowest rate of wheat. Neutral detergent fiber content was
positively affected by intercropping. There were no significant differences
among treatments for acid detergent fiber content, digestible dry matter, and
net energy for lactation. The most favorable balance between the haylage
yield and quality, as well as the highest CP yield (1482 kg ha-1), was
achieved by the mixture of 120 kg ha-1 of the vetch seed and 15 kg ha-1 of
wheat.
The effect of modification of incubation factors on the quality of broiler chickens meat
Authors: Kanacki Z. , Stojanovic S. , Uscebrka G. , Zikic D.
Published: December 2011

Embryonic stage of development, in conditions of intensive broiler
production, is a period in which the dynamics of postnatal development and
the productive performance can be affected significantly. Green monochromatic
light and thermal conditioning are the most commonly used treatments that
have given satisfactory results in postnatal development. The aim of this
study was to examine the effect of these treatments on meat quality of
broiler chickens. Our study is based on the four experimental groups (control
and three different treatments). Each group was incubated in separate
incubator with 80 eggs, with controlled incubation parameters (temperature,
humidity, ventilation). The control group was incubated under standard
conditions (37.8 ?C, without light). The first treatment consisted of thermal
conditioning (raising the temperature to 39,8 ?C for 3 h on 16th, 17th and
18th day of incubation). Another treatment consisted of lighting a green
monochrome light (diffused LED lighting intensity of 0.1 W/m2) from 5th until
14th day of incubation, in the intermittent mode (15 min. light, 15 min.
darkness), and from 15th day of incubation under constant light regime. The
third treatment was a combination of first two treatments, with the
temperature and lighting changed by these regimes. Our results indicate a
significantly higher average body weight, protein content in meat, and less
progressive loss of moisture (drip loss) in all treated groups. The applied
treatments had no effect on mortality, conversion, or the content of fat and
ash in meat. The results also indicate a significant synergistic effects
achieved by the simultaneous application of both treatments.
Carcass and breast meat quality of broilers feed with extruded corn
Authors: Dzinic N. , Okanovic Dj. , Jokanovic M. , Tasic T. , Tomovic V. , Ikonic P. , Filipovic S.
Published: December 2011

The aim of this paper was to investigate the carcass and breast meat
(nutritional, technological and sensory) quality of chickens (line ROSS 308)
fed extruded corn. It was concluded that a diet with extruded corn increases
chilled carcass weight and the share of breast meat in chilled carcass. Also,
the breast meat of experimental group contains more protein and less free fat
comparing to the control group. Based on the parameters and criteria for
defining the quality of chicken breast meat (pHu and L
Welfare assessment of three chicken breeds (Gallus Gallus Domesticus) under different production systems
Authors: Bozakova N. , Gerzilov V. , Popova-Ralcheva S. , Sredkova V.
Published: December 2011

The objective assessment of welfare in poultry under different rearing
systems has gained an increasing importance. In particular, organic rearing
systems are examined in relation to improving poultry welfare and the quality
of poultry production at a worldwide scale. The aim of the present study was
to assess the welfare of parent flocks - White Plymouth Rock, Barred Plymouth
Rock (Line F) and New Hampshire, reared under two production systems - indoor
on a litter and organic (sleep houses and walk yards). The rearing and
microclimatic conditions, the poultry behaviour and blood plasma
corticosterone concentrations under both farming systems were examined. The
welfare assessment score of White Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire and Barred
Plymouth Rock, reared indoor on a litter was 60%, whereas in an organic
production system - 90%. The higher welfare of birds reared organically was
determined by the greater number of birds spending their time in dust bathing
(P<0.01) and feather cleaning (P<0.05) as well as by fewer episodes of
aggression (P<0.01) and plasma corticosterone levels (P<0.01), as compared to
chickens reared indoor on a litter.
The effect of various level of skipjack tuna bone meal (Katsuwonus pelamis L.) in ration on broiler carcass tenderness and abdominal fat
Authors: Lengkey H.A.W. , Bagau B. , Adriani L. , Ludong M.
Published: December 2011

Hundred day old chicks Arbor Acres CP-707 were used randomizedly in this
experiment, to study the effects of various levels skipjack tuna bone meal in
ration on broiler carcass tenderness and abdominal fat, and were studied for
six weeks. Research using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The dietary
treatments are: R0 basal diet as control, R1 basal diet + 2% tuna bone meal,
R2 basal diet + 4% tuna bone meal and R3 basal diet + 6% tuna bone meal, and
each treatments were repeated five times. Results indicated that the highest
carcass tenderness was get from the broiler that fed basal diet with 6% tuna
bone meal (125,4 mm/g/10sec) and the lowest was get from the broiler that fed
basal diet (107 mm/g/10sec). For the abdominal fat, the results is broiler
that adding skipjack tuna bone meal in the ration will give more abdominal
fat to the broiler (1.89% - 1.92%) versus 1.85% for basal diet.
The nutritive value of extruded corn in nutrition of broiler chickens
Authors: Ljubojevic D.B. , Milosevic N. , Bjedov S. , Stanacev V.
Published: December 2011

In poultry farming is increasing effort to increasing profitability and
decreasing of feed cost. Behind the components that are part of the mixture,
the most of cost makes processing of nutrients. Extrusion is process which is
increasingly used in order to enhance the quality of different feed for
poultry. The aim of this research was comparative testing of nutritional
value of extruded and nonextruded corn in nutrition of broiler chicken. The
experiment was conducted under experimental growing conditions, in duration
of 42 days. The following parameters were measured: growth, feed intake and
vitality of broilers. The experiment was divided into two groups of chickens
hybrid Ross-308, which were grown separately by sex with 8 replication. The
first group was fed standard pelleted mixtures for growing chickens, in which
the entire amount of corn in the mixture was extruded, and the second,
control group was fed the same food in which corn was not extruded. In the
second week of rearing the body weight was 437 g in both groups. In 4th week
of age the average body weight was 1439g in group I, and 1419 in group II.
For the first group conversion was 1,69 and for the second it was 1,71. The
final body weight amounted 2595g for the first group and 2609 for the control
group. In the first group conversion was 1,91, mortality 4,39% and the
production index had a value of 309, and in the second 1,92; 4,56% and 306.
In this study excellent production effects were achieved, so it was not
expected that extrusion could achieve better production effects. These
results showed that extrusion process does not always give the expected
effects.
Challenge for the revitalization of traditional production: Control of Newcastle disease in Belgrade district
Authors: Miljkovic B. , Velhner M. , Milicevic V. , Plavsic B. , Pavlovski Z.
Published: December 2011

The global situation of Newcastle Disease (ND) is characterized by enzootic
infection in many developing countries where village chickens are considered
to be the main reservoir of the virus (Awan et al., 1994). Newcastle disease
has been eradicated in most countries, but in developing countries occasional
outbreaks occur and are mandatory reported to OIE. Development of new
technologies in production of eggs of special, guaranteed quality by using
hens housed in free ranges is becoming very popular trend in our country
(Pavlovski et al., 2010). In order to further develop such practice our
country must be free of ND. The latest notifaction of ND in Serbia and
Belgrade, was in the period from 2006 to 2007. Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
caused sporadic outbreaks among non-vaccinated domestic fowl (backyard
chickens). The comparative serological data prior to the outbreak (in one
district) has shown high titers in unvaccinated backyard flocks. This finding
suggested that the virus was not dormant. The distribution of the high
antibody titers tends to suggest close contact with infected birds and/or
other means of virus transmission that contributes to ND spreading. In the
Republic of Serbia preventive vaccination is mandatory for all commercially
raised chickens, turkeys, game birds raised in farms and carrier pigeon
participating in exhibitions. Control of effectiveness of the vaccine is
regularly performed, only in commercial chicken flocks. A serological survey
of domestic fowl is done periodically. After the outbreak occurred, small
chicken flocks (less then 350 chickens in the household), were vaccinated
with La Sota strain. Subsequently the blood samples were collected and
investigated in order to estimate the level of protection and to identify
vaccinated birds. Continual vaccination programs currently offer the only
sustainable prospect for control of ND. The authors give information on the
NDV antibody status of the poultry population in one Belgrade district
estimated by recommended serological tests.
The effect of feeding fermented kombucha tea on HLD, LDL and total cholesterol levels in the duck bloods
Authors: Adriani L. , Mayasari N. , Angga A , Kartasudjana R.
Published: December 2011

Kombucha have high content of glucoronic acid, a substance that could
neutralized cholesterol deposit, changed to another compound that more
soluble in water. The experiment concerns the effects of supplementary
fermented kombucha tea on HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol levels in the duck
bloods. It was carried out at the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas
Padjadjaran. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of
giving different levels of fermented kombucha tea on High Density Lipoprotein
(HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and the total cholesterol levels of duck
bloods. This research used an experimental methods with completely randomized
design (CRD). There were five treatments (P0 = 0%, P1 = 10%, P2 = 15%, P3 =
20%, and P4 = 25%) and four replications. Results indicated that all
treatment decreased significantly LDL and total cholesterol levels, and
increased HDL. The conclusion is, the addition of fermented kombucha tea up
to 25% will decrease LDL and total cholesterol, and increase HDL in the duct
blood.
Production results of various categories of pheasants reared under controlled conditions
Authors: Popovic Z. , Djordjevic N. , Beukovic M. , Beukovic D. , Djordjevic M.
Published: December 2011

The overview of domestic and foreign investigations of the effects of various
intensity of ant feeding technique in various categories of pheasants. With
the aim to increase number of pheasants in our country and in the world, for
decades pheasant chicks are produced in pheasant farms up to the age of 5-8
weeks, and body mass of 400-450 g, after which they are released into the
hunting grounds. The capacity of pheasant farms in Serbia is about 900.500
hatched chicks, and in the past four decades several tens of millions of
artificially reared pheasants were released. The quality of feeding the brood
stock of pheasants, which produce eggs for hatching incubator has a direct
influence on number, mass and fertility of eggs, and on the mass of newly
hatched chicks. The feed conversion ratio in chicks depends on the first
place on energy and protein level, and also on biological value of protein.
In domestic investigations of pheasant chicks feeding with the concentrate
mixture with higher protein value (30% to 28 days of age and 24% to 42 days
of age) and with lower stocking density (450 individuals in the group), had
significantly bigger Final body mass (457.07 g) and higher daily gain (4.22 g
in the first 13:31 and g in the second period), and with better feed
conversion ratio.
In vivo prediction of live weight and carcass traits using body measurements in indigenous guinea fowl
Authors: Ogah D.M.
Published: December 2011

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between live
measurements and carcass traits, and develop linear regression models to
predict live weight and set of carcass traits in an indigenous guinea fowl.
Twenty eight adult indigenous birds of both sexes were used for the study.
Live weight and body measurements were obtained before slaughter while
carcass traits were taken on hot carcass. Result obtained from descriptive
statistics showed that, mean performance were 1208?6.86 g, 22.17?0.13 cm,
8.94?0.07 cm, 2.96?0.03 cm, 34.23?0.19 cm, 850.15?7.18 g, 267.23?1.69 g,
72.39?0.64 g and 70.38% for body weight, body length, thigh length, keel
length, chest circumference, carcass weight, breast weight, thigh weight and
dressing percentage. All the traits except for keel length were positively
(P<0.001) correlated to body weight. Chest circumference had the highest
predictive power in live weight estimate (R2 .558), while body weight stand
out as the single most important variable in carcass weight and breast weight
prediction (R2 .820 and .902) This suggest that that carcass weight and
breast weight prediction can best be obtained using body weight, providing
direction in developing model for selection and improvement of guinea fowl
for meat production.
Fatty acid composition of milk from Teteven nativ sheep in mountain region
Authors: Gerchev G. , Mileva A. , Naydenova N. , Yankov I. , Mihaylova G.
Published: December 2011

The study was performed on individual milk samples obtained on the monthly
basis during the lactation period from 5 Teteven sheep reared in the Sredna
Stara Planina mountain region. The fat extraction of milk samples was done by
the Rose-Gottlieb method. Fatty acid composition was determined on a gas
chromatograph with flame ionization detector and capillary column. The trends
in fatty acid concentrations in sheep milk during the lactation were
variable. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in Teteven sheep milk
during the lactation was relatively high and varied from 70.34 to 72.19%.
Variations in myristic acid concentrations by months were not significant
(11.49-11.83%). The total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the
studied milk was relatively low and with similar values for the 4 months
spent on pastures (3.78-4.11%). For this period, monounsaturated fatty acids,
represented mainly by oleic acid (S18:1) decreased from 25.76 to 24.20%. The
short-chain fatty acid concentrations were the highest in milk samples
obtained in April and May, of medium-chain ones - in June and July, whereas
long-chain fatty acids concentrations were similar over the grazing period.
The influence of the time of implementation of PMSG on some of the reproductive parameters in sheep with synchronized oestrus
Authors: Hristova Ts. , Stoycheva S. , Maslev Ts. , Ralchev I.
Published: December 2011

Different schemes of PMSG treatment on some reproductive parameters in sheep
were studied. Two groups of 6 sheep each at the end of the non breeding
season were treated with vaginal sponges Chrono-gest (Intervet, Holland)
containing 30 mg fluorogeston acetate (FGA). The sponges were removed 12 days
after insertion. Sheep of the experimental group were injected with 500UI
Folligon (Intervet, Holland) 48 hours before sponge removal whilst the
corresponding control sheep were treated with the same dose Folligon at the
day of of sponge withdrawal. The clinical signs of oestrus, plasma
progesterone concentrations and changes in the ovarian morphology during the
observation period were registered. The conception rate, fertility and
twinning rate were also recorded. The results show that the earlier
application of the gonadotropin influence positively the reproductive traits
in ewes.
The content of nutrients, preservatives and contaminants in selected animal-origin products from different manufacturers
Authors: Surma-Zadora M. , Sadowska-Rociek A. , Cieślik E. , Walczycka M. , Sieja K. , Wałkowska L.
Published: December 2011

The aim of this study was to compare the quality of animal - origin products
from different leading manufacturers. The research material were kabanos,
black pudding, sausage, luncheon meat, homogenized sausage, liverwurst,
headcheese, ham, bacon and minced meat. A dry matter, nutrient content,
preserwatives (nitrates, phosphates and salt) and contaminants (heavy metals
and pesticides) were determined in all samples. The total phosphorus content
(expressed as P) was determined using vanadomolybdate method (UV-Vis
spectrophotometry). The determination of salt was conducted using Mohr
titration method. For nitrate and nitrites amount determination enzymatic
method was used. The fat content was determined using Soxhlet method
extraction. Truspec was used for proteins content determination. Heavy metal
and minerals were determined using AAS. The total phosphorus content in meat
products ranged from 82 mg/100g (liverwurst) to 313 mg/100g (ham). The sodium
chloride content in the samples ranged from 0.39% (minced meat) to 2.67%
(kabanos). For nitrates and nitrites the results ranged from 3.11 mg/kg
(kabanos) to 69.90 mg/kg (bacon) nitrates and from 3.52 mg/kg (black pudding)
to 78.71 mg/kg (homogenized sausage) nitrites. The obtained results for fat
content were ranged from 48.7 g/100g (bacon) to 3.5 g/100g (ham). The results
for proteins content ranged from 7.9 g/100g (liverwurst) to 26.6 g/100g
(kabanos). The results ranged from 53.88 mg/kg (liverwurst) to 289.61 mg/kg
(luncheon meat) for calcium, from 40.41 mg/kg (liverwurst) to 274.96 mg/kg
(kabanos) for magnesium, from 0.65 g/kg (minced meat) to 4.70 g/kg (kabanos)
for potasium, from 0.65 g/kg (minced meat) to 15.2 g/kg (kabanos) for sodium,
from 0.12 mg/kg (luncheon meat) to 1.15 mg/kg (liverwurst) for copper, from
5.38 mg/kg (backon) to 58.54 mg/kg (black pudding) for iron, from 0.08 mg/kg
(backon) to 2.44 mg/kg (black pudding) for manganese, from 8.35 mg/kg
(homogenized sausage) to 33.24 mg/kg (minced meat) for zinc and from 0.001
mg/kg (homogenized ham) to 0.011 mg/kg (black pudding) for cadmium.
A Path Analysis Study of School Culture and Teachers' Organisational Commitment
Authors: Karadağ Engin , Baloğlu Nuri , Çakir Abdullah
Published: December 2011

In this study, the direct and indirect relations between school culture and the organisational commitment of primary school teachers were analyzed. The subjects of the research consisted of primary school teachers who worked at a district in Istanbul in the academic year 2007–2008. The sampling group was defined by the cluster sampling method. In total 200 teachers participated. Two scales were used to collect data, the organisational commitment scale (OCS) and the school culture scale (SCS). Linear regression and path analysis were used to explain the influence of school culture on organisational commitment, and LISREL 7 was used as a structural equation model. The findings indicated that although there was a positive correlation between school culture and organisational commitment, the direct effect of school culture on organisational commitment was not meaningful.
Recent development in capillary ion chromatography technology
Authors: Yang Bingcheng , Zhang Feifang , Liang Xinmiao
Published: December 2011

This review summarizes the development of capillary ion chromatography (CIC) over approximately the last 5 years. It mainly focuses on the technologic aspects of several key components associated with CIC, including micropump, microscale electrodialytic eluent generator, microscale suppressor and the detector.
Hereditary Angioedema: Management of Laryngeal Attacks
Authors: Christiansen Sandra C. , Zuraw Bruce L.
Published: December 2011

Background

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) patients suffering from laryngeal attacks in the United States faced severely limited treatment options until 2008. These potentially life-threatening episodes occur in over one-half of the patients affected by HAE during their lifetimes. Acute therapy had been relegated to supportive care, intubation, and consideration of fresh frozen plasma (FFP)–-the latter with the potential for actually accelerating the speed and severity of the swelling.

Methods

In this article we will review the recently approved and emerging HAE treatments that have evolved from the recognition that bradykinin generation is the fundamental abnormality leading to attacks of angioedema.

Results

Acute therapy for laryngeal attacks will be discussed including purified plasma–derived C1 inhibitor (C1INH), recombinant C1INH, an inhibitor of plasma kallikrein (ecallantide), and a B2 receptor antagonist (icatibant). Prophylactic care has also been transformed from a reliance on attenuated androgens with their attendant side effects to C1INH replacement.

Conclusion

The arrival of these novel therapies promises to transform the future management of HAE.
Critical Theory on Morningside Heights: From Frankfurt Mandarins to Columbia Sociologists
Authors: Wheatland Thomas
Published: December 2011

The Frankfurt School's first years on Morningside Heights progressed very smoothly. Based on the group's activities and accomplishments, it is clear that its members had not misrepresented themselves to Columbia's sociologists and administrators. The emphasis that had been placed on scientific social research had not been an empty marketing scheme. Members of the Institute for Social Research were throughout the 1930s. This was never more true than during the first five years on Morningside Heights. Although members of the Horkheimer Circle later played up stories of their anonymity and isolation at Columbia, evidence that suggests that such claims were greatly exaggerated. heavily engaged in social research
Rwanda and the Politics of Memory
Authors: Helm Jutta
Published: December 2011

This article examines the German response to Rwanda's genocide, an important concern that previous research largely has ignored. Like the United States, Great Britain, France (up to mid-June l994) and other powers, Germany chose the role of bystander, observing and condemning the genocide, but failing to act. At first glance, this might appear unsurprising. The frequently cited "culture of reticence" in foreign affairs would seem to explain this posture of inaction. However, a second look uncovers several factors that could lead one to expect a German engagement in efforts to halt the genocide. By l994, Germany had contributed military and medical units to ten humanitarian efforts, including two United Nations missions in Cambodia (1991-1993) and in Somalia (1992-1994). Moreover, the Federal Republic's staunch support for human rights, as well as its considerable diplomatic and foreign aid presence in Rwanda, might have suggested a visible response to the mounting evidence of genocide. Why did this not occur? Why was there so little public discussion of German obligations to take steps to halt the genocide? On the one hand, answers to these questions are important in order to test previous research on the factors that led to states' participation in humanitarian interventions. On the other, they are significant for the inner-German debate about history and memory. Can the memory of the Holocaust inform debates about Germany's international obligations? How and under what circumstances might considerations of political morality shape foreign policy decisions?
Public Policy or Popular Demand?
Authors: Thompson Gregory
Published: December 2011

This essay examines the transition from a rail-based intercity transportation system in California in 1910 to a road/private auto-based system thirty years later, with hypotheses that the transition could be explained by either corporate and state decisions for supplying infrastructure or by public demand. The essay examines trends of automobile ownership, road investment, bus organization and service provision, intercity passenger rail service provision, and intercity rail revenues, both within California and to and from California in each of the three decades. It concludes that public preference for private automobility explains most of the transition but that unserved demand remained for fast passenger train service between the state's large metropolitan areas. Failure to serve that demand derived from California's legacy of popular disdain for the private railroad industry.
Assessment Of Nutritive Value In Milled Rice Grain Of Some Indian Rice Landraces And Their Molecular Characterization
Authors: Banerjee S , Chandel G , Mandal N , Meena BM , Saluja T
Published: December 2011

The study was aimed at the evaluation of nutritive values in terms of total protein and some essential amino acid content of a set of 258 diverse rice landraces maintained in the Germplasm Section of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University at Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Protein content of milled grains ranged from 4.91% to 12.08% with the mean of 6.63%. Similarly wide variation was recorded in lysine content which varied from 1.73 to 7.13 g/l6g N, the mean being 4.62 g/I6g N. Grain protein and lysine levels varied two to three folds. Variation for lysine content (CV 23.68%) was higher than that of protein content (CV 12.45%). This clearly indicated the existence of wide genetic variability for protein and lysine contents in rice. Two sets of ten elite lines each containing high levels of protein and lysine were further analyzed separately for another essential amino acid tryptophan. In the set with high protein, the tryptophan levels varied from 0.36-0.88 g/16 g N, the mean being 0.642 g/l6 g N. Among the landraces containing high levels of lysine, the tryptophan content ranged from 0.256 to 0.86 g/16 g N, the average being 0.514. A positive correlation of tryptophan with lysine content (r = 0.076) and a strong negative correlation with total protein content (r = - 0.923) were recorded. Donor lines for breeding rice varieties with optimum protein quality were identified as potential donor parents for genetic improvement of rice for nutritious grains. Fourteen SSR primer sets were used to investigate the level of polymorphism among the ten elite landraces of extra early maturity group. The estimated similarity ranged from 20.18 to 69.00% reflecting much variation at the DNA level. Keywords: Milled rice grain; protein; lysine; tryptophan; nutritive value of rice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9265 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 369-380
In Vitro Regeneration Of Brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.)
Authors: Ray BP , Hassan L , Nasiruddin KM
Published: December 2011

The effect of different explants and concentrations of BAP and NAA on induction of callus and plant regeneration of brinjal cv. Jhumki were investigated. The treatment combinations were BAP (0. 2.0. 3.0, and 4.0 mg/l) and NAA (0. 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/l). The rate of callus formation varied in different treatments. The highest amount of callus (48.66%) was produced on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA from stem, and 8.2 days required for callus induction. The highest fresh weight of callus was 1.12g from stem and 0.48g from root. The number of shoot regenerated through callus from stem containing 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA was 3.4 (23.287%) and days required for 38.8 days. All regenerated plantlets survived in normal environment. Keywords: NAA; BAP; regeneration; brinjal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9268 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 397-406
Profitability Of Onion Cultivation In Some Selected Areas Of Bangladesh
Authors: Haque MA , Miah MA Monayem , Hossain S , Rahman MS , Moniruzzaman M
Published: December 2011

The present study was conducted in three major onion growing districts to estimate the profitability of onion cultivation. Total of 150 onion farmers taking 50 farmers from each area were selected randomly. The cost of onion cultivation was found to be Tk 93517 per hectare on total cost basis. Seedling cost (41%) was the major cost item followed by human labour cost (24%). The yield of onion was found 9869 metric tons per hectare. The gross margin and net return were found to be Tk. 85308 and 79487 per hectare, respectively. The benefit cost ratio was found 1.85. Inputs like human labour, seedling, manures, urea, TSP, irrigation, and insecticide had positive effect on the yield of onion. The profit obtained from onion cultivation was found higher than that of other competitive crops like mustard, groundnut, and cabbage. Non-availability of HYV onion seed at proper time, lack of technical knowledge, high price and non-availability of fertilizer in time, lack of appropriate storage facility were the major problems of onion cultivation in the study areas and needs immediate attention to solve these problems. Keywords: Onion; input use pattern; profitability DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9271 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 427-435
Estimate Of Heterosis In Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Ahmad S , Quamruzzaman AKM , Islam MR
Published: December 2011

A study was conducted to estimate heterosis of 21 tomato cross combinations involving seven parents at the experimental field of Olericulture Division of HRC, BARI during the winter season of 2005-2006. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences for all the characters suggesting the presence of genetic variability among the studied materials. Three combinations (P2 × P3, P3 × P4, P3 × P5) showed significant early flowering, while two P1 × P7 (16.67%) and P1 × P2 (12.44%) for individual fruit weight. In the study, the cross combinations P4 × P7 (62.31%), P2 × P6 (37.44%), P4 × P6 (34.77%), P2 × P7 (33.67%), P3 × P7 (32.09%), and P3 × P4 (29.82%) manifested higher heterosis over better parent for yield per plant. Keywords: Heterosis; tomato; genetic variability. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9280 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 521-527
Rethinking the Thinking on Democracy in Education: What Are Educators Thinking (and Doing) About Democracy?
Authors: Zyngier David
Published: December 2011

This paper examines perspectives and perceptions of democracy of pre- and in-service teachers as well as teacher-education academics in Australia in order to develop a robust and critical democratic education. Using data from an on-line survey the paper presents the quantitative analyses, and the qualitative responses of contrasting understandings of democracy, citizenship and the role of education in the promotion and development of an active and thick democracy the paper critiques the neo-liberal (thin) democratic discourse of contemporary Australian academic research that suggests that the Civics and Citizenship Education project only requires some augmentation highlighting issues like sustainability and globalization while ignoring social justice issues. It begins by outlining the concepts of thick and thin democracy, and revisits the state of civics and citizenship education (CCE) in Australia. It is argued that while the pre-service teachers in this study may have a more critical and thicker understanding of democracy that is mirrored in the views of their teacher-education professors, the practicing teachers, on the other hand, have largely adopted the mainstream neo-liberal discourse, presenting a tendency to view democracy in a very narrow or thin way that may impact on their classroom practice. The paper concludes with recommendations related to what a thick democracy might actually look like in school education.
Perceptions of Heat-Susceptibility in Older Persons: Barriers to Adaptation
Authors: Hansen Alana , Bi Peng , Nitschke Monika , Pisaniello Dino , Newbury Jonathan , Kitson Alison
Published: December 2011

The increase in the frequency of very hot weather that is a predicted consequence of climate change poses an emerging threat to public health. Extreme heat can be harmful to the health of older persons who are known to be amongst the most vulnerable in the community. This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the ability of older persons to adapt to hot conditions, and barriers to adaptation. A qualitative study was conducted in Adelaide, Australia, involving focus groups and interviews with stakeholders including key personnel involved in aged care, community services, government sectors, emergency services and policy making. Findings revealed a broad range of factors that underpin the heat-susceptibility of the aged. These were categorized into four broad themes relating to: physiology and an age-related decline in health; socioeconomic factors, particularly those influencing air conditioning use; psychological issues including fears and anxieties about extreme heat; and adaptive strategies that could be identified as both enablers and barriers. As a consequence, the ability and willingness to undertake behavior change during heatwaves can therefore be affected in older persons. Additionally, understanding the control panels on modern air conditioners can present challenges for the aged. Improving heat-health knowledge and addressing the social and economic concerns of the older population will assist in minimizing heat-related morbidity and mortality in a warming climate.
Biotransformation of (1S)-2-Carene and (1S)-3-Carene by Picea abies Suspension Culture
Authors: Dvorakova Marcela , Valterova Irena , Saman David , Vanek Tomas
Published: December 2011

Biotransformation of (1S)-2-carene and (1S)-3-carene by Picea abies suspension culture led to the formation of oxygenated products. (1S)-2-Carene was transformed slowly and the final product was identified as (1S)-2-caren-4-one. On the other hand, the transformation of (1S)-3-carene was rapid and finally led to the formation of (1S)-3-caren-5-one and (1S)-2-caren-4-one as equally abundant major products. The time-course of the reaction indicates that some products abundant at the beginning of the reaction (e.g. (1S,3S,4R)-3,4-epoxycarane and (1R)-p-mentha-1(7),2-dien-8-ol) were consumed by a subsequent transformations. Thus, a precise selection of the biotransformation time may be used for a production of specific compounds.
The Effects of Artesunate on the Expression of EGFR and ABCG2 in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells and a Xenograft Model
Authors: Ma Hu , Yao Quan , Zhang An-Mei , Lin Sheng , Wang Xin-Xin , Wu Lei , Sun Jian-Guo , Chen Zheng-Tang
Published: December 2011

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Clinical and laboratory studies have suggested that multi-targeting approaches against neoplastic cells could help to increase patient survival and might reduce the emergence of cells that are resistant to single-target inhibitors. Artesunate (ART) is one of the most potent and rapidly acting antimalarial agents known, and it also exerts a profound cytotoxic activity toward cancer cells and reverses multi-drug resistance. In the present study, we found that artesunate inhibited NSCLC A549 cell growth and proliferation, induced apoptosis and suppressed tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner in A549 cells and a mouse xenograft model. Furthermore, artesunate down-regulated the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Akt and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) at the mRNA and protein levels in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, artesunate is an effective anti-cancer drug that may enhance the effectiveness of other anticancer drugs and may reverse multi-drug resistance by suppressing the transcription of ABCG2, which inhibits drug efflux.
Electromagnetic Imaging Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation Applications
Authors: Deng Yiming , Liu Xin
Published: December 2011

Electromagnetic nondestructive tests are important and widely used within the field of nondestructive evaluation (NDE). The recent advances in sensing technology, hardware and software development dedicated to imaging and image processing, and material sciences have greatly expanded the application fields, sophisticated the systems design and made the potential of electromagnetic NDE imaging seemingly unlimited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of research works on electromagnetic imaging methods for NDE applications, followed by the summary and discussions on future directions.
The Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line EKVX Produces an Infectious Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Cmarik Joan L. , Troxler Jami A. , Hanson Charlotte A. , Zhang Xiang , Ruscetti Sandra K.
Published: December 2011

The cell lines of the NCI-60 panel represent different cancer types and have been widely utilized for drug screening and molecular target identification. Screening these cell lines for envelope proteins or gene sequences related to xenotropic murine leukemia viruses (X-MLVs) revealed that one cell line, EKVX, was a candidate for production of an infectious gammaretrovirus. The presence of a retrovirus infectious to human cells was confirmed by the cell-free transmission of infection to the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Amplification and sequencing of additional proviral sequences from EKVX confirmed a high degree of similarity to X-MLV. The cell line EKVX was established following passage of the original tumor cells through nude mice, providing a possible source of the X-MLV found in the EKVX cells.
DEVELOPING A COST-PAYMENT COORDINATION MODEL FOR PROJECT COST FLOW FORECASTING / SĄNAUDŲ IR MOKĖJIMO KOORDINAVIMO MODELIO, SKIRTO PROJEKTŲ SĄNAUDŲ SRAUTŲ PROGNOZĖMS, KŪRIMAS
Authors: Chen Hong Long , Chen Wei Tong , Wei Nai-Chieh
Published: December 2011

Project operating cash flow forecasting techniques have evolved to enable detailed predictions relating to individual projects. These techniques, principally the cost-schedule integration (CSI) model, extensively use project cost estimates and schedule data. Despite CSI models having gained general acceptance, they have not been without criticism. Such criticism includes the problems of differential schedules between network and cost activities, ignoring the important information of payment conditions composed of payment lags, components, and frequency, and the combined adverse effects of payment irregularity and uniform distribution of cost over time. To resolve and alleviate these problems, this study develops a set of cost-payment coordination mechanisms for creating interaction among cost and payment activities. These mechanisms are then developed into a model. The accuracy of the model is assessed by comparing the historical flows on two case projects. The result shows that the patterns of predicted cost flows created with the model closely match those of the historical flows.

Santrauka

Su projektų veikla susijusių pinigų srautų prognozavimo metodai atsirado siekiant sudaryti detalias prognozes atskiriems projektams. Šiuose metoduose, o dažniausia sąnaudų ir darbų grafiko integracijos (angl. Cost-schedule integration, CSI) modelyje dažnai naudojamos projektų sąmatos ir duomenys apie darbų grafiką. Nors apskritai sąnaudų ir darbų grafiko integracijos modeliai pripažinti tinkamais, jie buvo kritikuoti, nes kyla problemų dėl skirtingų tinklinių ir su sąnaudomis susijusios veiklos grafikų, taip pat ignoruojama svarbi informacija apie mokėjimo sąlygas, kurias sudaro mokėjimų vėlavimas, komponentai bei dažnis, ir bendrą neigiamą nereguliaraus mokėjimo bei vienodo sąnaudų pasiskirstymo laikui bėgant poveikį. Siekiant šias problemas sumažinti ir išspręsti, šiame tyrime sukuriama sąnaudų ir mokėjimo koordinavimo mechanizmų grupė, sukurianti sąveiką tarp veiklos, susijusios su sąnaudomis ir mokėjimu. Tuomet iš šių mechanizmų sudaromas modelis. Modelio tikslumas įvertinamas lyginant dviejų atvejui tirti pasirinktų projektų srautų istoriją. Rezultatas rodo, kad su modeliu sudarytose sąnaudų srautų prognozėse tendencijos labai artimos realių sąnaudų srautų istorijos tendencijoms.
MODAL ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES BY MEANS OF FORCED VIBRATION TESTS / TILTO KONSTRUKCIJŲ MODALINĖ ANALIZĖ TAIKANT PRIVERSTINĖS VIBRACIJOS TESTUS
Authors: Zwolski Jarosław , Bien Jan
Published: December 2011

New modern bridges and older structures exposed to accelerated deterioration need permanent condition monitoring. The major tools used in bridge condition evaluation are based on the results of the experimental modal analysis of bridge structures. This paper focuses on the methodology of Forced Vibration Tests performed by means of mechanical exciters. A comprehensive testing system called MANABRIS, developed at Wroclaw University of Technology, is presented. The system is equipped with a rotational eccentric mass exciter and dedicated software for programming and controlling the tests and for acquiring and processing measurement data. The results of a Forced Vibration Test carried out on a typical railway bridge are compared with the results of a conventional modal test of the structure excited by trains. The precision of the considered testing techniques is evaluated and the range of their effective application is proposed. Santrauka Naujų šiuolaikinių tiltų ir senesnių konstrukcijų, kurias veikia greitesnio nusidėvėjimo procesai, būklę reikia nuolat stebėti. Pagrindinės priemonės, taikomos tilto būklei vertinti, pagrįstos tilto konstrukcijų eksperimentinės modalinės analizės rezultatais. Šiame straipsnyje pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas priverstinės vibracijos testams (angl. Forced Vibration Tests), atliktiems naudojant mechaninio žadinimo generatorius. Pristatoma išsami bandymo sistema, pavadinta MANABRIS, kuri buvo sukurta Vroclavo technologijos universitete. Sistemoje yra sukamasis ekscentriškas masės sužadintuvas ir programinė įranga, skirta testams programuoti ir kontroliuoti, norint gauti ir apdoroti matavimų duomenis. Priverstinės vibracijos testo (angl. Forced Vibration Test), atlikto su įprastu geležinkelio tiltu, rezultatai lyginami su tradicinio modalinio testo rezultatais, gautais konstrukcijas veikiant traukiniais. Vertinamas testo tikslumas ir siūlomi jo efektyvaus pritaikymo būdai.