bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal Efficiency of Calcium Hydroxide Intracanal Medicament with Er:YAG Laser: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Kourti Evriklia , Pantelidou Ourania , Kallis Antonis
Published: January 2017

Aim

This ex vivo study compared the efficiency of Er:YAG laser to remove calcium hydroxide from root canal walls, especially from the apical third, with manual and ultrasonic irrigation technique by using a scanning electron microscopic (SEM).

Materials and methods

Sixty-four single-rooted teeth were divided into 3 groups of 20 teeth each. The rest 4 teeth were used as control groups (2 positive and 2 negative control group). After coronal access, all teeth were instrumented by Protaper Next rotary files (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) up to size F3, followed an irrigation protocol and filled with pure calcium hydroxide powder mixed with saline. Teeth were stored in an incubator for 7 days and then calcium hydroxide was removed using 3 techniques: Manually (group I), by ultrasonic irrigation (group II), by laser Er:YAG and x-pulse tip (group III). The teeth of control groups were instrumented as the experimental groups; no removal technique was applied in positive group, whereas in negative one, the root canals were left empty. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally and observed under SEM. Results were statistically analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney test.

Results

The results showed significant difference between laser and the other two groups in coronal and middle root third, but no statistic difference in apical third.

Conclusion

Laser improved the removal of calcium hydroxide in comparison with conventional techniques.

How to cite this article

Kourti E, Pantelidou O, Kallis A. Removal Efficiency of Calcium Hydroxide Intracanal Medicament with Er:YAG Laser: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. Int J Laser Dent 2016;6(1):24-30.
Background aerosol over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau: observed characteristics of aerosol mass loading
Authors: Liu Bin , Cong Zhiyuan , Wang Yuesi , Xin Jinyuan , Wan Xin , Pan Yuepeng , Liu Zirui , Wang Yonghong , Zhang Guoshuai , Wang Zhongyan , Wang Yongjie , Kang Shichang
Published: January 2017

Abstract. To investigate the atmospheric aerosols of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (HTP), an observation network was established within the region's various ecosystems, including at the Ngari, Qomolangma (QOMS), Nam Co, and Southeastern Tibetan (SET) stations. In this paper we illustrate aerosol mass loadings by integrating in situ measurements with satellite and ground-based remote sensing datasets for the 2011–2013 period, on both local and large scales. Mass concentrations of these surface atmospheric aerosols were relatively low and varied with land cover, showing a general tendency of Ngari and QOMS (barren sites) > Nam Co (grassland site) > SET (forest site). Daily averages of online PM2.5 (particulates with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 µm) at these sites were sequentially 18.2 ± 8.9, 14.5 ± 7.4, 11.9 ± 4.9 and 11.7 ± 4.7 µg m−3. Correspondingly, the ratios of PM2.5 to total suspended particles (TSP) were 27.4 ± 6.65, 22.3 ± 10.9, 37.3 ± 11.1 and 54.4 ± 6.72 %. Bimodal mass distributions of size-segregated particles were found at all sites, with a relatively small peak in accumulation mode and a more notable peak in coarse mode. Diurnal variations in fine-aerosol masses generally displayed a bi-peak pattern at the QOMS, Nam Co and SET stations and a single-peak pattern at the Ngari station, controlled by the effects of local geomorphology, mountain-valley breeze circulation and aerosol emissions. Dust aerosol content in PM2.1 samples gave fractions of 26 % at the Ngari station and 29 % at the QOMS station, or  ∼ 2–3 times that of reported results at human-influenced sites. Furthermore, observed evidence confirmed the existence of the aerodynamic conditions necessary for the uplift of fine particles from a barren land surface. Combining surface aerosol data and atmospheric-column aerosol optical properties, the TSP mass and aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) generally decreased as land cover changed from barren to forest, in inverse relation to the PM2.5 ratios. The seasonality of aerosol mass parameters was land-cover dependent. Over forest and grassland areas, TSP mass, PM2.5 mass, MISR-AOD and fine-mode AOD were higher in spring and summer, followed by relatively lower values in autumn and winter. At the barren site (the QOMS station), there were inconsistent seasonal patterns between surface TSP mass (PM2.5 mass) and atmospheric column AOD (fine-mode AOD). Our findings implicate that HTP aerosol masses (especially their regional characteristics and fine-particle emissions) need to be treated sensitively in relation to assessments of their climatic effect and potential role as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei.
A statistical approach for estimating representative emission rates of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their determination for 192 plant species/genera in China
Authors: Li Lingyu , Li Yaqi , Xie Shaodong
Published: January 2017

Abstract. To obtain more and accurate biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission rates for more plant species in China and further improve the accuracy of emission rates used in BVOC emission inventories, we conducted field measurements and developed a statistical approach for estimating representative emission rates. We performed field measurements of BVOC emissions from 50 plant species at nine locations in China using our established semi-static enclosure system. The emissions of 102 VOCs, including isoprene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and other VOC species, were analyzed with a custom-built online gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector system. From the results, broadleaf trees were the greatest potential emitters of isoprene, while needle-leaf trees emitted more pinene. Shrubs had lower isoprene and pinene emission potentials, but higher emission potentials for other VOCs. Methyl methacrylate, isopropylbenzene, isopentane, acetone, ethane, propane, toluene, and xylene were the dominant species among other VOCs, probably with high emission intensities. Therefore, their emissions should be considered in future global and regional BVOC estimation studies. Next, we summarized our field measurements along with reported emission rates from China and abroad. The emission intensity categories were produced based on statistics, with more detailed categories, accurate emission rate intervals and representative rates compared to previous studies. The results showed that the BVOC emission intensities of plants displayed different categories, such as lowest, lower, low, moderate, high, higher, and highest. The isoprene emission rate intervals and representative rates were: lowest, 0.08–0.11 and 0.1 μg C gdw−1 h−1; lower, 0.9–1.3 and 1.0 μg C gdw−1 h−1; low, 5.2–6.5 and 5.8 μg C gdw−1 h−1; moderate, 13.1–15.3 and 14.4 μg C gdw−1 h−1; high, 31.1–37.0 and 33.6 μg C gdw−1 h−1; higher, 67.2–75.1 and 70.1 μg C gdw−1 h−1; and highest, 135.1–157.6 and 142.5 μg C gdw−1 h−1. The monoterpene emission rate intervals and representative rates were: lowest, 0.08–0.11 and 0.1 μg C gdw−1 h−1; lower, 0.17–0.22 and 0.2 μg C gdw−1 h−1; low, 0.5–0.7 and 0.6 μg C gdw−1 h−1; moderate, 1.2–1.5 and 1.4 μg C gdw−1 h−1; high, 2.8–3.3 and 3.0 μg C gdw−1 h−1; and higher, 11.1–14.9 and 12.6 μg C gdw−1 h−1. Using these established emission intervals, we determined the isoprene and monoterpene emission rates for 192 plant species/genera in China, including 30 dominant tree species, 149 shrub and grass genera, and 13 crop species. These estimations would be further improved by integrating larger quantities of rigorous field measurements from China in the future.
Evaluation and enhancement of a low-cost NDIR CO2 sensor
Authors: Martin Cory R. , Zeng Ning , Karion Anna , Dickerson Russell R. , Ren Xinrong , Turpie Bari N. , Weber Kristy J.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors are a low-cost way to observe carbon dioxide concentrations in air, but their specified accuracy and precision are not sufficient for some scientific applications. An initial evaluation of six SenseAir K30 carbon dioxide NDIR sensors in a lab setting showed that without any calibration or correction, the sensors have an individual root mean square (RMS) error between ~ 5 to 21 parts per million (ppm) compared to a research-grade greenhouse gas analyzer using cavity enhanced laser absorption spectroscopy. Through further evaluation, after correcting for environmental variables with coefficients determined through a multivariate linear regression analysis, the calculated difference between the each of six individual K30 NDIR sensors and the higher-precision instrument had for one minute data a standard deviation of between 1.6 ppm and 4.4 ppm. The median standard deviation improved from 8.08 for off the shelf sensors to 1.89 ppm after correction and calibration, demonstrating the potential to provide useful information for ambient air monitoring.
The Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model (AnOHM v1.0):
Methodology to Determine Bulk Storage Heat Flux Coefficients
Authors: Sun Ting , Wang Zhi-Hua , Oechel Walter , Grimmond Sue
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The net storage heat flux is not only a large part of the urban surface energy balance (SEB) but its determination remains a significant challenge. The diurnal hysteresis behaviour found between the net storage heat flux (ΔQS) and net all-wave radiation (Q*) has been captured in the Objective Hysteresis Model (OHM) parametrization of ΔQS. Although, successfully used in urban areas, the limited availability of coefficients for OHM hampers application. To facilitate use, and enhance physical interpretations of the OHM coefficients, an analytical solution of the 1-dimensional advection-diffusion equation of coupled heat and liquid water transport in conjunction with the SEB is conducted, allowing development of AnOHM (Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model). A sensitivity test of AnOHM to surface properties and hydrometeorological forcing is undertaken using a stochastic approach (the Subset Simulation). From this albedo, Bowen ratio and bulk transfer coefficient, solar radiation and wind speed are identified as being critical. AnOHM, driven by local meteorological conditions at five different land use areas, is shown to simulate the ΔQS flux well (RMSE values of ~30 W m−2). The intra-annual dynamics of OHM coefficients to are explored which offers significant potential to enhance modelling of the surface energy balance over a wider range of conditions.
Data assimilation and uncertainty assessment in 3D geological modeling
Authors: Schweizer Daniel , Blum Philipp , Butscher Christoph
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The quality of a 3D geological model strongly depends on the type of integrated geological data, their interpretation and associated uncertainties. In order to improve an existing geological model and effectively plan further site investigation, it is of paramount importance to identify existing uncertainties within the model space. Information entropy, a voxel based measure, provides a method for assessing structural uncertainties, comparing multiple model interpretations and tracking changes across consecutively built models. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of data assimilation on model uncertainty, model geometry and overall structural understanding. Several geological 3D models of increasing complexity, incorporating different input data categories, were built for the study site Staufen (Germany). We applied the concept of information entropy in order to visualize and quantify changes in uncertainty between these models. Furthermore, we propose two measures, the Jaccard and the City-Block distance, to directly compare dissimilarities between the models. The study shows that different types of geological data have disparate effects on model uncertainty and model geometry. The presented approach using both information entropy and distance measures can be a major help in the optimization of 3D geological models.
ÁGUA COMO DIREITO HUMANO: ESTUDO COMPARADO DE SUA PROTEÇÃO NAS ESFERAS JUDICIAIS INTERAMERICANA E EUROPEIA
Authors: Strakos Paula
Published: January 2017

O manejo de água de forma a garantir a prioridade de seu uso para as necessidades básicas biológicas humanas às presentes e futuras gerações é um tema de interesse global e nacional, cuja urgência tem crescido no território brasileiro. Visando tal interesse, o direito humano à água vem ganhado força política internacional nas últimas décadas e assim também vem gradativamente se consolidando na arena jurídica. O artigo analisa a conjuntura do direito à água no direito internacional, passando então à análise de sua implementação nos sistemas de proteção de direitos humanos interamericano e europeu, em especial quanto à jurisprudência disponível, a fim de fazer uma comparação entre esses, bem como entender a aplicabilidade, eficácia e obrigações estatais decorrentes do direito. Conclui-se que o reconhecimento do direito humano à água funciona como importante instrumento para proteção de direitos imediatos individuais, bem como de direitos mediatos difusos, diante da atual ordem político-econômica global.
UMA CRÍTICA FOUCAULTIANA À CRIMINALIZAÇÃO DO FEMINICÍDIO: REFLEXÕES SOBRE UM DIREITO PÓS-IDENTITÁRIO PARA A DIMINUIÇÃO DA VIOLÊNCIA DE GÊNERO
Authors: Borges Clara Maria Roman , Bortolozzi Jr. Flavio
Published: January 2017

Com base na obra de Michel Foucault, cujas reflexões influenciam os principais estudos de gênero brasileiros, europeus e estadunidenses, analisa-se criticamente a recente criminalização do feminicídio de modo a demonstrar a inaptidão do direito penal para promover a diminuição da violência de gênero, não sem deixar de considerar as peculiaridades da sociedade brasileira, marcada por uma histórica desigualdade racial e econômica. Para alcançar tal intento, discute-se a contribuição do discurso jurídico para o processo de heteronormalização perpetrado no contexto de uma biopolítica neoliberal, articulada para governar as populações nas sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas. Inclusive investiga-se como esse discurso, que permeia os movimentos feministas e suas práticas direcionadas ao reconhecimento de direitos às identidades femininas a partir da criminalização do machismo, reproduz a normalização dos corpos, de sua sexualidade, sem avançar na desconstrução dos discursos identitários binaristas de sexo e gênero fundados no padrão da heterossexualidade. Por fim, ousa-se refletir sobre a possível contribuição de um direito pós-identitário, para a diminuição da violência de gênero.
THE INTER-AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CONTEXTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION: A BRIEF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL COURTS’ DECISIONS
Authors: Fachin Melina Girardi , Robl Filho Ilton Norberto , Tomio Fabricio Ricardo de Limas
Published: January 2017

Os sistemas regionais de proteção aos direitos humanos inserem-se em complexo mecanismo protetivo composto também por mecanismos nacionais e globais. Uma das importantes vantagens dos sistemas regionais em comparação com instrumentos globais de proteção aos direitos humanos reside na menor dificuldade daqueles sistemas em firmar consensos sobre esses direitos. Inegavelmente, os sistemas interamericano e europeu são os mais estruturados e desenvolvidos, sendo objeto de análise específica neste trabalho. Após uma reflexão sobre a construção do Direito Internacional dos Direito Humanos e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, apresentam-se os dados de pesquisa empírica sobre as decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos no período de 2006 a 2012. Posteriormente, realiza-se uma comparação com os julgamentos produzidos pela Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos no período de 2009 a 2015. É importante registrar que este artigo utiliza, além de literatura especializada, uma forte análise comparativa entre os sistemas americano e europeu de direitos humanos e, em especial, técnicas de estudos legais empíricos com um grande número (Large-N) de dados. A hipótese a ser testada consiste na afirmação de que os sistemas americano e europeu possuem muitas peculiaridades por circunstâncias culturais, legais e históricas, mas um estudo comparativo desses sistemas é relevante para compreender alguns problemas comuns e para analisar diferentes formas de realizar a proteção dos direitos humanos. Como será demonstrado no artigo, a hipótese é verdadeira porque, por exemplo, o número de processos é muito diverso, mas ambos os sistemas têm fortes problemas para fazer cumprir adequadamente suas decisões.
The Determinants of Export Documentary Credit in Lebanon
Authors: Azar Samih Antoine
Published: January 2017

The empirical literature on documentary credit is notoriously lacking. The main reason is the absence of clean statistics. Lebanon is an exception. Documentary credit can be either for import or for export purposes. This paper dwells on export documentary credit. The determinants of such credit can be classified into factors that are derived from the demand for exports, and additional unique factors. The derived factors are foreign demand, and the value of the exchange rate. The unique factors are borrowing costs and business and consumer confidence. Three types of export documentary credit have available data series: opened, utilized, and outstanding. The decision to open depends on all four factors. When the credit is utilized the collateral loans are repaid. Hence borrowing costs should not matter. The other three factors remain statistically significant. Outstanding documentary credit depends solely and surprisingly on foreign demand.
The Educational and Social Profile of the Indigenous People of Ecuador: A Multidimensional Analysis
Authors: Castellano José Manuel , Stefos Efstathios , Williams Goodrich Lisa Gaye
Published: January 2017

The objective of the study is to examine the educational level and the social profile of the indigenous people of Ecuador by means of a descriptive and multidimensional statistical analysis of this sector of the Ecuadorian population, based on data from the National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment from 2015. The descriptive analysis shows the frequency and percentages of the variables used in the investigation, while the multidimensional statistical analysis is used in order to show the principal and most important criteria of differentiation and classification among the groups of people investigated. These methods involve a factorial analysis of multiple correspondences which demostrates the criteria of differentiation and a hierarchical cluster analysis to define groups of people according to their common traits.
Staatssteun. Wat is dat?
Authors: Saanen N.
Published: January 2017

Staatssteun. Wat is dat?

In juli 2016 is de Mededeling van de Europese Commissie betreffende het begrip staatssteun gepubliceerd. Daarin geeft de Commissie een overzicht van vaste jurisprudentie van het Hof van Justitie en het Gerecht ten aanzien van de interpretatie van de constitutieve bestanddelen van het begrip staatssteun. De Commissie vult dit soms aan met een eigen interpretatie. Het is een informatief document dat richting kan bieden wanneer moet worden vastgesteld of een maatregel een steunmaatregel in de zin van artikel 107 lid 1 VWEU is.

Mededeling van de Commissie betreffende het begrip ‘staatssteun’ in de zin van artikel 107, lid 1, VWEU, PbEU 2016, C 262/1.
PLANT REGENERATION OF KAMCHATIC PLANTAIN (PLANTAGO CAMTSCHATICA LINK) THROUGH CALLUS INDUCTION
Authors: N.V. Ay , M.V. Duy , O. Baatartsogt , Kh. Altantsetseg , V. Enkhchimeg
Published: January 2017

In vitro seedling offspring of Plantago camtschatica Link was investigated regarding induction of somatic embryogenesis in petiole/leaf explants from shoot tissue and shoot proliferation. The aim of study was to investigate the medium supplemented with suitable concentration of plant growth regulators in order to induce somatic embryogenesis, plant regeneration and shoot multiplication. The results showed that: (i) Petiole/young leaf of immature stem induced the highest ratio of calli induction and compact calli formation on MS medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgL-1 BA; (ii) From created calli, somatic embryogenesis could be induced on MS medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 TDZ or 1 mgL-1 TDZ and 0.5 mgL-1 NAA; (iii) MS medium supplemented with 5-7 mgL-1 BA shown the most effective on shoot development stage; (iv) Rooting of shoot was the best on 1/2 solid MS medium with activated charcoal (2 gL-1), and 0.5-4 mgL-1 NAA; and (v) acclimatization of micropropagated plants could be planted in plastic pots containing a mixture of decayed straw : rice husk ashes, (1:1, v/v), sand : soil (1:1, v/v) or soil, showed a high survival rate and most seedlings grew normally.
EFFECT OF MINERALS ON SOME BIOMETRICAL PARAMETERS OF GREEN HOUSE TOMATO
Authors: P. Tsolmon , A. Choijamts
Published: January 2017

In the present study, the length of growth and developmental stages and some biometrical parameters of tomato grown in winter greenhouse were investigated in relation to mineral fertilizer doses and combinations. Results of the study demonstrated that flowering synchrony of both the variants P150K150N150 and P150K150N350, basic norms of nitrogen in which increased by 100 to 200 kg and the variants N250P250K250, basic norms of triangular mineral fertilizer in which, increased by 100 kg was later by 5 to 10 days than the variants, which have no fertilizers and other combined doses. It also revealed growth of vegetative organs of the plant is stimulated, whereas the growth of reproductive organs inhibited. Investigation of growth rates of main stem of the tomato plant for each variants shows height of main stem is 368 cm for no fertilizer variant, 381 cm for N150P150, and 387 cm for N150P150K250 variant, which is the tallest among other variants. It is taller by 19 cm than control.
Accompanying the Destitute and Dying
Authors: Perkins Ignatius ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2017

The experiences of clinicians who care for the sick and dying after withdrawal of treatment are rarely documented. This may be because these narratives, which offer insight into the intentionality and character of the clinician, do not lend themselves to clinical reports. The experience of palliative care touches clinicians in different ways and often confronts them with complex ethical dilemmas about care and treatment. This article explores the character of the clinician in relation to the telos of medicine and the experience of accompanying the dying after withdrawal of treatment.
Navigating an Impasse in the Embryo Adoption Debate
Authors: Robertson Charles ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2017

This essay responds to an article by Elizabeth Bothamley Rex titled “The Magisterial Liceity of Embryo Adoption” (NCBQ, Winter 2015), specifically to Rex’s critique that his objections to the liceity of embryo transfer distort magisterial documents. He then draws out the implications of the differences between his view and Rex’s on the relation between maternity and pregnancy. The essay concludes by pointing out that, if they are to change their minds, opponents of embryo adoption need to be convinced that it is morally licit to impregnate, or “introduce an order to birth,” in a woman by means other than the marriage act.
Assisted Nutrition and Hydration as Supportive Care during Illness
Authors: Golder Barbara , Ely E.Wesley , Raphael John , Fernandes Ashley K. , Hosie Annmarie ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2017

Confusion surrounds Catholic teaching on the use of assisted nutrition and hydration (ANH), specifically the question of when, if ever, its refusal or removal is ethical. This paper focuses on two often-neglected considerations: (1) the relationship between means (feeding) and mechanism (how the food is delivered), and (2) an assessment of proportionality of the mechanism from the patient’s perspective. The authors draw on two critical principles of Catholic moral teaching: only ordinary means are required, and proportionality is subject to the perspective of the patient, not just that of experts or the culture. The mechanisms that provide food and water have distinct benefits and burdens. Their proportionality is properly subject to analysis by the patient or surrogate, who determines which mechanism is acceptable in the patient’s situation.
Self-Gift: The Heart of Humanae vitae
Authors: Smith Janet E. , Grabowski John S. , Budziszewski J. , Fedoryka Maria ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2017

It is possible to defend the Church’s teaching that contraception is incompatible with God’s plan for sexuality in many different ways. This essay sketches the fundamental views of reality common to all the defenses and the main lines of the most prominent defenses, some based on natural law (of which there are several versions), on the theology of the body, and on the physical, psychological, and social consequences of the use of contraception. While all the defenses have merit, the argument based on the recognition that sexual intercourse is meant to be a complete self-gift has a special power of its own.
Valoración del dolor en pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente de hernioplastia con cirugía ambulatoria en el Hospital Universitario Santa María del Rosell
Authors: Asuar Lopez Maria Angeles
Published: January 2017

Introducción/Objetivos: Se realiza un estudio para valorar la calidad del manejo del dolor hospitalario y extrahospitalario durante las primera 24 horas con la Escala Analógica Visual y Verbal del dolor (EVA) en cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) de los pacientes intervenidos de hernioplastia, conocer los analgésicos más utilizados y confirmar que tienen un adecuado control del dolor (EVA ≤ 3).

Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, longitudinal y descriptivo para valorar el Dolor Agudo Postquirúrgico (DAP) y los analgésicos precisos para controlar el dolor; desarrollado en el Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación del Hospital Universitario Santa Mª del Rosell del Área II de Cartagena durante los meses de octubre a diciembre de 2014. Los participantes fueron individuos mayores de edad intervenidos quirúrgicamente de hernioplastia con riesgo anestésico según el sistema de clasificación American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II, y III muy seleccionados. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS para Windows versión 19.0.

Resultados: Participaron 70 individuos. Refirieron EVA≤1 un 80% al ingreso en reanimación, un 98,6% al alta en reanimación, un 82,6% al alta del CMA y un 87% en su domicilio. Todos fueron infiltrados con anestésico local y los analgésicos más utilizados fueron los “no opiáceos”.

Conclusiones: La mayoría de los individuos durante las primeras 24 horas postquirúrgicas refirieron un EVA ≤ 1 presentando un adecuado  control del dolor, siendo los analgésicos “no opiáceos” los más utilizados junto con las infiltraciones locales
Estudio de la ansiedad del profesional de enfermeria de cuidados intensivos ante el proceso de la muerte
Authors: Díaz Tobajas María Celia , Juarros Ortiz Natividad , García Martínez Blanca , Sáez Gavilán Carolina
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: La muerte en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) es un proceso que la enfermeras presenciamos frecuentemente. Este colectivo es quien más tiempo pasa con el enfermo y familia, y esta proximidad espacial y temporal conlleva reacciones emocionales que de no ser canalizadas adecuadamente, terminan en situaciones de ansiedad y estrés. Por ello decidimos analizar con datos concretos el grado de ansiedad de los profesionales ante este hecho.

Material y método: Estudio descriptivo transversal llevado a cabo entre los profesionales de enfermería de  la UCI del Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Burgos (CAUB), mediante la escala de valoración de ansiedad de Templer y un cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas.

Resultados: Un porcentaje mayor del 40% de las enfermeras de la UCI del CAUB superaba los valores considerados normales de ansiedad. Esta ansiedad no se relacionó con ninguna de las variables estudiadas.
Terapia compressiva para o tratamento de úlceras venosas: uma revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Rezende de Carvalho Magali , De Oliveira Beatriz Guitton Renaud Bautista
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Identificar artículos indexados que tienen que ver con el uso de la terapia de compresión elástica o inelástica como propuesta terapéutica para los pacientes con úlceras venosas.

Métodos: Revisión sistemática de búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos electrónicas Medline / Pubmed; Medline y Journals @ Ovid / Ovidio; CINAHL; Lilas y Cochrane, las estrategias de búsqueda utilizan los siguientes descriptores y palabras clave: leg ulcer; varicose ulcer; bandage; “stockings, compression”; venous ulceration; venous ulcer;  compressive therapy; compression therapy; stocking.

Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 25 artículos. El uso del vendaje con compresión fue más eficaz que el vendaje sin compresión. Los vendajes multicapa contribuyen a la curación de las úlceras venosas. El uso de medias de compresión y la cirugía correctora del flujo sanguíneo están asociados con la prevención de la recurrencia de las úlceras.

Conclusión: El tratamiento de las úlceras venosas utilizando algún tipo de compresión fue eficaz en el proceso de curación.
Shape-Based Quality Metrics for Large Graph Visualization
Authors: Eades Peter , Hong Seok-Hee , Nguyen An , Klein Karsten
Published: January 2017

The scalability of graph layout algorithms has gradually improved for many years. However, only recently a discussion has started to investigate the usefulness of established quality metrics, such as the number of edge crossings, in the context of increasingly larger graphs stemming from a variety of application areas such as social network analysis or biology.
Initial evidence suggests that the traditional metrics are not well suited to capture the
quality of corresponding graph layouts.
We propose a new family of quality metrics for graph drawing; in particular, we concentrate on larger graphs.
We illustrate these metrics with examples and apply the metrics to data from previous experiments,
leading to the suggestion that the new metrics are effective.
An Incremental Layout Method for Visualizing Online Dynamic Graphs
Authors: Crnovrsanin Tarik , Chu Jacqueline , Ma Kwan-Liu
Published: January 2017

Having the ability to draw dynamic graphs is key to better understanding evolving relationships and analyzing the patterns and trends in a network. Traditional force-directed methods are not suitable for laying out dynamic graphs because of their design for static graphs. An alternative is to create an incremental version of the force multilevel multi-pole method ($FM^3$); however, previous solutions are more susceptible to graph degradation, that is, graph illegibility due to long edges or edge crossings. This is typically caused when distant components are connected, resulting in long and overlapping edges. We present our incremental version of $FM^3$ with a refinement scheme, which solves this problem by ``refining" the parts of the graph with high energy. Our resulting visualization maintains readability of the graph structure and is efficient in laying out these changing networks. We evaluate the effectiveness of our method by comparing it with two previous online dynamic graph methods.
The Utility of Untangling
Authors: Dujmović Vida
Published: January 2017

In this note we show how techniques developed for untangling planar graphs by Bose et al. [Discrete & Computational Geometry 42(4): 570-585 (2009)] and Goaoc et al. [Discrete & Computational Geometry 42(4): 542-569 (2009)] imply new results about some recent graph drawing models. These include column planarity, universal point subsets, and partial simultaneous geometric embeddings (with or without mappings). Some of these results answer open problems posed in previous papers.
Éveil aux langues et évolution des représentations d’élèves plurilingues sur leur répertoire linguistique
Authors: Lory Marie-Paule , Armand Françoise
Published: January 2017

Même si les bénéfices d’une éducation plurilingue sont largement documentés, la diversité linguistique et culturelle ne fait pas toujours l’objet d’une valorisation par le système scolaire. À Montréal notamment, où la diversité linguistique est prégnante, les élèves plurilingues sont susceptibles de vivre, à des degrés divers, des rapports de force entre les langues qui les entourent. Il semble que le système éducatif québécois promeuve aujourd’hui encore prioritairement, voire uniquement, la langue et la culture de la majorité. C’est pour cette raison qu’au moyen de l’implantation d’activités pédagogiques d’éveil aux langues nous avons étudié, sur deux ans, les représentations de cinq élèves plurilingues scolarisés en fin de cycle du primaire sur les langues de leur répertoire linguistique. Plus particulièrement, les résultats de la recherche qualitative présentés dans cet article s’articulent autour de trois dimensions qui ont participé à la dynamisation des répertoires linguistiques des participants à la recherche : le temps, le contexte et les interlocuteurs.
L’intégration des élèves nouveaux arrivants d’origine africaine dans les écoles de la division scolaire franco-manitobaine
Authors: Atangana-Abe Jacob , Ka Mamadou
Published: January 2017

Pour un pays comme le Canada, né de l’immigration et qui continue à se développer sur la base du multiculturalisme, l’intégration des nouveaux arrivants en milieu scolaire est un enjeu de taille. En effet, les écoles d’aujourd’hui sont composées de jeunes issus de milieux culturels et socioéconomiques divers. Au Manitoba en particulier, le nombre d’immigrants francophones s’est considérablement accru au sein de la communauté franco-manitobaine au cours des dix dernières années. Cela s’est traduit, au niveau des écoles de la Division scolaire franco-manitobaine (DSFM), par un accroissement de la population d’élèves nouveaux arrivants (ÉNA), population considérée à juste titre comme un enrichissement de cette communauté et de ses écoles, mais qui présente en même temps pour la division scolaire francophone des défis sur les plans de la pédagogie et de la communication, entre autres.

Basé sur une recherche empirique auprès des comités de parents des écoles de la DSFM, cet article porte sur le vécu des élèves nouveaux arrivants d’origine africaine dans ces écoles, avec l’objectif de comprendre comment elles font face à une telle réalité et de proposer des solutions pour une meilleure intégration de ces élèves.
Socialisations concurrentes et appropriation des héritages historiques par les collégiens français minoritaires et majoritaires
Authors: Nyambek Kanga-Mebenga Nnana Francine
Published: January 2017

Considérant l’histoire scolaire comme un lieu de confrontation de discours et savoirs issus d’espaces de socialisation en concurrence (l’école, la famille, les médias), nous nous intéressons au travail d’éducation à la citoyenneté et aux défis que lui posent ces socialisations plurielles. Dans un contexte d’importante médiatisation des débats sur la reconnaissance des mémoires de minorités en France et de leur entrée dans les programmes scolaires du collège en 2008, comment les élèves s’approprient-ils les « questions socialement vives » de l’immigration, la colonisation, et la décolonisation ? En outre, comment s’effectue dans ce contexte l’apprentissage de la citoyenneté et du principe politique qui la fonde dans la tradition scolaire républicaine ? À partir de l’analyse de contenu d’un corpus composé d’une centaine d’entretiens semi-directifs menés entre 2007 et 2010 auprès de collégiens de 3e (fin du premier cycle du secondaire et de la scolarisation obligatoire), nous analysons et mettons en évidence des interprétations contrastées de ces héritages par les élèves majoritaires et les élèves minoritaires, respectivement alimentées par les catégories du débat public et les récits familiaux. Nous montrons, à la suite des travaux relevant de la sociologie des programmes scolaires, que l’apprentissage de la citoyenneté à la lumière de ces héritages historiques résulte de la confrontation des élèves aux discours et savoirs issus des différents espaces auxquels ils prennent part. Mais il est surtout le produit de leur prise de position face à ces héritages historiques, selon leurs expériences sociales et le rôle qu’ils confèrent à ces histoires dans la construction d’une identité et une appartenance communes.
Inclusion, diversité et approche personnalisée : l’articulation d’un « nouveau » cadre éducatif en Colombie-Britannique
Authors: Jacquet Marianne
Published: January 2017

L’éducation inclusive représente « la voie de l’avenir » selon le Conseil des ministres de l’Éducation du Canada, et plusieurs initiatives à cet effet ont été mises en oeuvre dans différentes provinces canadiennes. En Colombie-Britannique (C.-B.), la démarche inclusive se déploie dans les politiques éducatives de reconnaissance de la diversité (langue, culture, « race », religion, genre, etc.) et s’inscrit également en creux des principes d’égalité, de respect des droits, de dialogue interculturel et de justice sociale. Ces principes se déclinent dans l’ensemble des programmes scolaires, du primaire et du secondaire, ainsi que dans les objectifs de formation des enseignants au niveau universitaire. Plus récemment, le ministère de l’Éducation de la C.-B. s’est engagé dans une refonte majeure de son système éducatif afin de répondre aux exigences d’un monde en changement et aux besoins des apprenants du 21e siècle. Quelle forme prend alors la dyade « inclusion-diversité » dans la réforme des programmes en cours dans cette province ? Sur quels principes s’appuie-t-elle ? Nous traiterons dans cet article du Plan éducatif récent et de la manière dont l’inclusion de la diversité ethnoculturelle se décline dans ces nouveaux programmes scolaires.
Photoelectron detection from transient species in organic semiconducting thin films by dual laser pulse irradiation
Authors: Hosokai Takuya , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki , Furube Akihiro , Nakamura Ken
Published: January 2017

An Nd3+:YAG pulsed laser was employed as a light source for two-photon photoemission from organic semiconducting thin films in low vacuum and air. Photoionization by the two-photon process was confirmed in both the environments by measuring photoemission current. By constructing a pump–probe system, photoemissions from transient species formed by the pump light irradiation were detected by probe light irradiation as a result of a linear increase in the photocurrent with the pump power via a one-photon process. Thus, we propose a novel method called two-photon photoelectron yield spectroscopy to determine the excited-state energy levels in ambient environments.
High-performance enhancement-mode Al2O3/InAlGaN/GaN MOS high-electron mobility transistors with a self-aligned gate recessing technology
Authors: Zhang Kai , Kong Cen , Zhou Jianjun , Kong Yuechan , Chen Tangsheng
Published: January 2017

The paper reports high-performance enhancement-mode MOS high-electron mobility transistors (MOS-HEMTs) based on a quaternary InAlGaN barrier. Self-aligned gate technology is used for gate recessing, dielectric deposition, and gate electrode formation. An improved digital recessing process is developed, and an Al2O3 gate dielectric grown with O2 plasma is used. Compared to results with AlGaN barrier, the fabricated E-mode MOS-HEMT with InAlGaN barrier delivers a record output current density of 1.7 A/mm with a threshold voltage (V
TH) of 1.5 V, and a small on-resistance (R
on) of 2.0 Ω·mm. Excellent V
TH hysteresis and greatly improved gate leakage characteristics are also demonstrated.
Computational materials design for efficient red luminescence: InGaN codoped with Eu and the donor–acceptor pair of Mg and O
Authors: Masago Akira , Uemoto Mitsuharu , Fukushima Tetsuya , Sato Kazunori , Katayama-Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: January 2017

We propose that InGaN is superior to GaN as a host material for GaN-based red-light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In our previous paper, we proposed that codoping of Eu and a Mg and O pair generates an efficiently luminescent center in GaN. This is caused by the quantum confinement of the quantum dot constructions generated by the codoping method. The present report illustrates that InGaN allows the expansion of such electronic structures throughout the crystal owing to spontaneous phase decomposition. This can be used for self-organized fabrication and self-regenerated products.
CTLA-4 polymorphisms associate with breast cancer susceptibility in Asians: a meta-analysis
Authors: Dai Zhiming , Tian Tian , Wang Meng , Liu Xinghan , Lin Shuai , Yang Pengtao , Liu Kang , Zheng Yi , Xu Peng , Liu Meng , Yang Xuewen , Dai Zhijun
Published: January 2017

Previous studies have investigated the association between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility, but the results remained inconsistent. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between four common CTLA-4 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk by a meta-analysis, aiming to derive a comprehensive and precise conclusion. We searched EMBASE, Pubmed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang databases until July 18th, 2016. Finally, ten eligible studies involving 4,544 breast cancer patients and 4,515 cancer-free controls were included; all these studies were from Asia. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the breast cancer risk in five genetic models. The results indicated that the CTLA-4 +49A>G (rs231775) polymorphism had a significant association with decreased breast cancer risk in allelic, homozygous, dominant and recessive models. Also, the +6230G>A (rs3087243) polymorphism reduced breast cancer risk especially in the Chinese population under homozygous and recessive models. In contrast, the −1661A>G (rs4553808) polymorphism increased breast cancer risk in allelic, heterozygous and dominant models, whereas −1722 T>C (rs733618) did not relate to breast cancer risk. In conclusion, CTLA-4 polymorphisms significantly associate with breast cancer susceptibility in Asian populations, and different gene loci may have different effects on breast cancer development. Further large-scale studies including multi-racial populations are required to confirm our findings.
Population dynamics of epidemic and endemic states of drug-resistance emergence in infectious diseases
Authors: Knipl Diána , Röst Gergely , Moghadas Seyed M.
Published: January 2017

The emergence and spread of drug-resistance during treatment of many infectious diseases continue to degrade our ability to control and mitigate infection outcomes using therapeutic measures. While the coverage and efficacy of treatment remain key factors in the population dynamics of resistance, the timing for the start of the treatment in infectious individuals can significantly influence such dynamics. We developed a between-host disease transmission model to investigate the short-term (epidemic) and long-term (endemic) states of infections caused by two competing pathogen subtypes, namely the wild-type and resistant-type, when the probability of developing resistance is a function of delay in start of the treatment. We characterize the behaviour of disease equilibria and obtain a condition to minimize the fraction of population infectious at the endemic state in terms of probability of developing resistance and its transmission fitness. For the short-term epidemic dynamics, we illustrate that depending on the likelihood of resistance development at the time of treatment initiation, the same epidemic size may be achieved with different delays in start of the treatment, which may correspond to significantly different treatment coverages. Our results demonstrate that early initiation of treatment may not necessarily be the optimal strategy for curtailing the incidence of resistance or the overall disease burden. The risk of developing drug-resistance in-host remains an important factor in the management of resistance in the population.
Comprehensive transcriptome analysis provides new insights into nutritional strategies and phylogenetic relationships of chrysophytes
Authors: Beisser Daniela , Graupner Nadine , Bock Christina , Wodniok Sabina , Grossmann Lars , Vos Matthijs , Sures Bernd , Rahmann Sven , Boenigk Jens
Published: January 2017

Background

Chrysophytes are protist model species in ecology and ecophysiology and important grazers of bacteria-sized microorganisms and primary producers. However, they have not yet been investigated in detail at the molecular level, and no genomic and only little transcriptomic information is available. Chrysophytes exhibit different trophic modes: while phototrophic chrysophytes perform only photosynthesis, mixotrophs can gain carbon from bacterial food as well as from photosynthesis, and heterotrophs solely feed on bacteria-sized microorganisms. Recent phylogenies and megasystematics demonstrate an immense complexity of eukaryotic diversity with numerous transitions between phototrophic and heterotrophic organisms. The question we aim to answer is how the diverse nutritional strategies, accompanied or brought about by a reduction of the plasmid and size reduction in heterotrophic strains, affect physiology and molecular processes.

Results

We sequenced the mRNA of 18 chrysophyte strains on the Illumina HiSeq platform and analysed the transcriptomes to determine relations between the trophic mode (mixotrophic vs. heterotrophic) and gene expression. We observed an enrichment of genes for photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism for phototrophic and mixotrophic strains that can perform photosynthesis. Genes involved in nutrient absorption, environmental information processing and various transporters (e.g., monosaccharide, peptide, lipid transporters) were present or highly expressed only in heterotrophic strains that have to sense, digest and absorb bacterial food. We furthermore present a transcriptome-based alignment-free phylogeny construction approach using transcripts assembled from short reads to determine the evolutionary relationships between the strains and the possible influence of nutritional strategies on the reconstructed phylogeny. We discuss the resulting phylogenies in comparison to those from established approaches based on ribosomal RNA and orthologous genes. Finally, we make functionally annotated reference transcriptomes of each strain available to the community, significantly enhancing publicly available data on Chrysophyceae.

Conclusions

Our study is the first comprehensive transcriptomic characterisation of a diverse set of Chrysophyceaen strains. In addition, we showcase the possibility of inferring phylogenies from assembled transcriptomes using an alignment-free approach. The raw and functionally annotated data we provide will prove beneficial for further examination of the diversity within this taxon. Our molecular characterisation of different trophic modes presents a first such example.
Henricia djakonovisp. nov. (Echinodermata, Echinasteridae): a new sea star species from the Sea of Japan
Authors: Chichvarkhin Anton
Published: January 2017

A new sea star species,H. djakonovisp.n., was discovered in Rudnaya Bay in the Sea of Japan. This is a sympatric species of the well-known and common speciesHenricia pseudoleviusculaDjakonov, 1958. Both species are similar in body size and proportions, shape of skeletal plates, and life coloration, which distinguishes them from the otherHenriciaspecies inhabiting the Sea of Japan. Nevertheless, these species can be distinguished by their abactinal spines: in both species, they are short and barrel-like, but the new species is the onlyHenriciaspecies in Russian waters of the Pacific that possesses such spines with a massive, smooth, bullet-like tip. The spines inH. pseudoleviusculaare crowned with a variable number of well-developed thorns. About half (<50%) of the abactinal pseudopaxillae in the new species are oval, not crescent-shaped as inH. pseudoleviuscula.