bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Adjuvants in the Treatment of Surgically Refractory Arteriovenous Malformations of the Head and Face: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Govindarajan Vaidya , Burks Joshua D. , Luther Evan M. , Thompson John W. , Starke Robert M.
Published: July 2021

Background: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain and face present unique challenges for clinicians. Cerebral AVMs may induce hemorrhage or form aneurysms, while facial AVMs can cause significant disfigurement and pain. Moreover, facial AVMs often draw blood supply from arteries providing critical blood flow to other important structures of the head which may make them impossible to treat curatively. Medical adjuvants may be an important consideration in the management of these patients. Summary: We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify other instances of molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors used as medical adjuvants for the treatment of cranial and facial AVMs. We also present 2 cases from our own institution where patients were treated with partial embolization, followed by adjuvant therapy with rapamycin. After screening a total of 75 articles, 7 were identified which described use of rapamycin in the treatment of inoperable cranial or facial AVM. In total, 21 cases were reviewed. The median treatment duration was 12 months (3–24.5 months), and the highest recorded dose was 3.5 mg/m2. 76.2% of patients demonstrated at least a partial response to rapamycin therapy. In 2 patients treated at our institution, symptomatic and radiographic improvement were noted 6 months after initiation of therapy. Key Messages: Early results have been encouraging in a small number of patients with inoperable AVM of the head and face treated with mTOR inhibitors. Further study of medical adjuvants such as rapamycin may be worthwhile.
Assessment of Skin Photoallergy Risk in Cosmetics Containing Herbal Extract Ingredients
Authors: Pan Nannan , Xia Yue , Hou Wenyi , Zhu Gouxing , Zhang Jie , Lai Wei , Zheng Yue
Published: July 2021

Background/Objective: In recent years, herbal extracts are becoming increasingly popular ingredients added in cosmetics; however, the assessment of their potential adverse effects on the skin remains unclear. As Coptis, Phellodendron amurense, curcumin, and shikonin are herbs currently used in cosmetic ingredients, the aim of this study was to assess their skin photoallergy (PA) potential and the concentrations at which they could safely be used. Methods: In the patch test, Coptis, P. amurense, curcumin, and shikonin with 5, 10, 25, and 50% concentration were applied on 33 healthy Chinese subjects using the T.R.U.E. TEST® patch test system for 48 h. Photopatch testing was performed on 206 Chinese subjects with predisposed photosensitivity history using the Scandinavian photopatch series, and subjects were irradiated by 50% UVA minimum erythema dose. Photopatch testing of herbal extracts was then performed on subjects diagnosed with PA. Results: Thirty-three subjects (14 with type III skin and 19 with type IV skin) completed contact patch testing of herbal extracts. Coptis induced a contact allergy (CA) reaction on 2 subjects at 25% concentration and on 2 subjects at 10% concentration. P. amurense induced a CA reaction on 1 subject at 10% concentration and on 1 subject at 5% concentration. Shikonin induced a stimulating reaction on 1 subject at 10% concentration. Curcumin induced a stimulating reaction on 1 subject at 10% concentration. Of the 206 Chinese subjects predisposed for photosensitivity, 10.19% had PA, 16.5% showed CA, and 1.45% had both PA + CA. PA-induced substances were promethazine hydrochloride (15%, n = 31), chlorpromazine hydrochloride (10.84%, n = 19), perfume mix (5.82%, n = 12), atranorin (3.39%, n = 7), 6-methyl coumarine (3.39%, n = 7), balsam Peru (1.94%, n = 4), fentichlor (1.94%, n = 4), 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachloro salicylanilide (0.97%, n = 2), hexachlorophene (0.97%, n = 2), chlorhexidine digluconate (0.97%, n = 2), and 4-aminobenzoic acid 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (0.97%, n = 2). Coptis at 25, 10, and 5% concentration and P. amurense, shikonin, and curcumin each at 10 and 5% concentration induced negative photopatch test results in all 10 photosensitive subjects. Conclusion: We have shown that Coptis, shikonin, or curcumin at 5% concentration in cosmetics could be applied safely without inducing contact allergic and photosensitive reactions on the skin. These findings advance the understanding of herbal extract use in cosmetic ingredients as related to the fields of dermatopharmacology and dermatotoxicology.
Engineering Fiber-Based Nervous Tissue Constructs for Axon Regeneration
Authors: Siriwardane Mevan L. , Derosa Kathleen , Collins George , Pfister Bryan J.
Published: July 2021

Biomaterial-based scaffolds used in nerve conduits including channels for confining regenerating axons and 3-dimensional (3D) gels as substrates for growth have made improvements in models of nerve repair. Many biomaterial strategies, however, continue to fall short of autologous nerve grafts, which remain the current gold standard in repairing severe nerve lesions (<20 mm). Intraluminal nerve conduit fibers have also shown considerable promise in directing regenerating axons in vitro and in vivo and have gained increasing interest for nerve repair. It is unknown, however, how growing axons respond to a fiber when encountered in a 3D environment. In this study, we considered a construct consisting of a compliant collagen hydrogel matrix and a fiber component to assess contact-guided axon growth. We investigated preferential axon outgrowth on synthetic and natural polymer fibers by utilizing small-diameter microfibers of poly-L-lactic acid and type I collagen representing 2 different fiber stiffnesses. We found that axons growing freely in a 3D hydrogel culture preferentially attach, turn and follow fibers with outgrowth rates and distances that far exceed outgrowth in a hydrogel alone. Wet-spun type I collagen from rat tail tendon performed the best, associated with highly aligned and accelerated outgrowth. This study also evaluated the response of dorsal root ganglion neurons from adult rats to provide data more relevant to axon regenerative potential in nerve repair. We found that ECM treatments on fibers enhanced the regeneration of adult axons indicating that both the physical and biochemical presentation of the fibers are essential for enhancing axon guidance and growth.
New Endeavors of (Micro)Tissue Engineering: Cells Tissues Organs on-Chip and Communication Thereof
Authors: Ahmed Haysam M.M.A.M. , Moreira Teixeira Liliana S.
Published: July 2021

The development of new therapies is tremendously hampered by the insufficient availability of human model systems suitable for preclinical research on disease target identification, drug efficacy, and toxicity. Thus, drug failures in clinical trials are too common and too costly. Animal models or standard 2D in vitro tissue cultures, regardless of whether they are human based, are regularly not representative of specific human responses. Approaching near human tissues and organs test systems is the key goal of organs-on-chips (OoC) technology. This technology is currently showing its potential to reduce both drug development costs and time-to-market, while critically lessening animal testing. OoC are based on human (stem) cells, potentially derived from healthy or disease-affected patients, thereby amenable to personalized therapy development. It is noteworthy that the OoC market potential goes beyond pharma, with the possibility to test cosmetics, food additives, or environmental contaminants. This (micro)tissue engineering-based technology is highly multidisciplinary, combining fields such as (developmental) biology, (bio)materials, microfluidics, sensors, and imaging. The enormous potential of OoC is currently facing an exciting new challenge: emulating cross-communication between tissues and organs, to simulate more complex systemic responses, such as in cancer, or restricted to confined environments, as occurs in osteoarthritis. This review describes key examples of multiorgan/tissue-on-chip approaches, or linked organs/tissues-on-chip, focusing on challenges and promising new avenues of this advanced model system. Additionally, major emphasis is given to the translation of established tissue engineering approaches, bottom up and top down, towards the development of more complex, robust, and representative (multi)organ/tissue-on-chip approaches.
COVID-19, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, and Down Syndrome: A Short Review and a Case Report
Authors: Arafat Ahmed , Sadykova Dinara , Ziatdinov Ayrat , Senek Svetlana , Samoilova Natalya , Makarova Tamara
Published: July 2021

SARS-CoV-2 which causes COVID-19 has been a great challenge to treat and deal with; despite strict measures that had been implemented by governments and organizations, worrying rates of morbidity and mortality are still being reported. Although available data have expressed that moderate or even mild forms of the disease are expected amongst most pediatrics cases, minimal data are available on the prognosis and the disease’s complications on the immunocompromised, especially oncology patients. We report a case of relapsed precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia of a child with Down syndrome and COVID-19 and outline the treatment regimen that we used.
When the World Breaks Down: A 3-Stage Existential Model of Nihilism in Schizophrenia
Authors: Klar Philipp , Northoff Georg
Published: July 2021

The existential crisis of nihilism in schizophrenia has been reported since the early days of psychiatry. Taking first-person accounts concerning nihilistic experiences of both the self and the world as vantage point, we aim to develop a dynamic existential model of the pathological development of existential nihilism. Since the phenomenology of such a crisis is intrinsically subjective, we especially take the immediate and pre-reflective first-person perspective’s (FPP) experience (instead of objectified symptoms and diagnoses) of schizophrenia into consideration. The hereby developed existential model consists of 3 conceptualized stages that are nested into each other, which defines what we mean by existential. At the same time, the model intrinsically converges with the phenomenological concept of the self-world structure notable inside our existential framework. Regarding the 3 individual stages, we suggest that the onset or first stage of nihilistic pathogenesis is reflected by phenomenological solipsism, that is, a general disruption of the FPP experience. Paradigmatically, this initial disruption contains the well-known crisis of common sense in schizophrenia. The following second stage of epistemological solipsism negatively affects all possible perspectives of experience, that is, the first-, second-, and third-person perspectives of subjectivity. Therefore, within the second stage, solipsism expands from a disruption of immediate and pre-reflective experience (first stage) to a disruption of reflective experience and principal knowledge (second stage), as mirrored in abnormal epistemological limitations of principal knowledge. Finally, the experience of the annihilation of healthy self-consciousness into the ultimate collapse of the individual’s existence defines the third stage. The schizophrenic individual consequently loses her/his vital experience since the intentional structure of consciousness including any sense of reality breaks down. Such a descriptive-interpretative existential model of nihilism in schizophrenia may ultimately serve as input for future psychopathological investigations of nihilism in general, including, for instance, its manifestation in depression.
The Comparison of Fecal Microbiota in Left-Side and Right-Side Human Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Miyake Toru , Mori Haruki , Yasukawa Daiki , Hexun Zhang , Maehira Hiromitsu , Ueki Tomoyuki , Kojima Masatsugu , Kaida Sachiko , Iida Hiroya , Shimizu Tomoharu , Ohno Masashi , Andoh Akira , Tani Masaji
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Microbiomes play a vital role in the development and progression of cancer. The clinical status, including prognosis, genetic mutations, and sensitivity to chemotherapy, differs depending on the location of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the association between gut microbiota and the location of CRC is not entirely understood. This study was conducted to evaluate the differences in the gut microbiota in patients with CRC according to the location of the tumor. Methods: Fifty-six patients who underwent surgery for CRC between August 2018 and November 2019 were included in the study. Three patients who had received neoadjuvant therapy or antibiotic treatment within 1 month before surgery were excluded. The metagenomes of microbiota in preoperative feces were assessed using the V3–V4 region of 16s rRNA amplicon sequences. Results: The beta diversity of the Bray-Curtis distance was significantly higher in left-sided than in right-sided CRC. Fusobacterium predominated in left-sided CRC according to the linear discriminant analysis effect size method. Blautia, Eryspelotrichales, Holdemanella, Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, and Dorea constituted the dominant intestinal flora in right-sided CRC. Pathway analysis revealed that L-lysine fermentation and cob(II)yrinate a,c-diamide biosynthesis I were predominant in left-sided CRC. Discussion: This study demonstrated that fecal microbiota in left-sided CRC constitutionally and functionally differ from those in right-side CRC. These results will help to elucidate the biological differences according to tumor location and develop treatments for human CRC.
On the Threshold of Scientific Medicine: Gerard van Swieten and His Perception of the Pathophysiology in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Schijns Olaf E.M.G. , Koehler Peter J.
Published: July 2021

Gerard van Swieten (1700–1772), famous pupil of Professor Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738) of Leiden University and personal physician of Austrian Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa (1717–1780). Herman Boerhaave was a renowned Dutch physician inside and outside Europe in the 18th century. He was not only appointed professor in medicine, chemistry, and botany but also a chancellor of the Leiden University in 1714 and published his well-known Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis in 1709. Gerard van Swieten commented upon Boerhaave’s aphorisms and demonstrated actual knowledge, less well-known among the medical community, about the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury which half a century later (19th century) became known as the Monro-Kellie doctrine. Using the original commentaries upon Boerhaave’s aphorisms by van Swieten himself, we explored his way of formulating the pathophysiological concept of traumatic brain injury, which still is valid today.
Atopische Dermatitis: IL-13-Antikörper macht Hoffnung auf gut verträgliche und lang wirkende Therapieoption
Authors: Philipp Sandra
Published: July 2021

Background: Tralokinumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, specifically neutralizes interleukin-13, a key cytokine driving peripheral inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD). In phase II studies, tralokinumab combined with topical corticosteroids provided early and sustained improvements in AD signs and symptoms. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tralokinumab monotherapy in adults with moderate-to-severe AD who had an inadequate response to topical treatments. Methods: In two 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trials, ECZTRA 1 and ECZTRA 2, adults with moderate-to-severe AD were randomized (3 : 1) to subcutaneous tralokinumab 300 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W) or placebo. Primary endpoints were Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA) score of 0 or 1 at week 16 and ≥ 75% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI 75) at week 16. Patients achieving an IGA score of 0 or 1 and/or EASI 75 with tralokinumab at week 16 were rerandomized to tralokinumab Q2W or every 4 weeks or placebo, for 36 weeks. The trials were registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03131648 and NCT03160885. Results: At week 16, more patients who received tralokinumab vs. placebo achieved an IGA score of 0 or 1: 15·8% vs. 7·1% in ECZTRA 1 [difference 8·6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4·1–13·1; P = 0·002] and 22·2% vs. 10·9% in ECZTRA 2 (11·1%, 95% CI 5·8–16·4; P < 0·001) and EASI 75: 25·0% vs. 12·7% (12·1%, 95% CI 6·5–17·7; P < 0·001) and 33·2% vs. 11·4% (21·6%, 95% CI 15·8–27·3; P < 0·001). Early improvements in pruritus, sleep interference, Dermatology Life Quality Index, SCORing Atopic Dermatitis and Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure were observed from the first postbaseline measurements. The majority of week 16 tralokinumab responders maintained response at week 52 with continued tralokinumab treatment without any rescue medication (including topical corticosteroids). Adverse events were reported in 76·4% and 61·5% of patients receiving tralokinumab in ECZTRA 1 and ECZTRA 2, respectively, and in 77·0% and 66·0% of patients receiving placebo in ECZTRA 1 and ECZTRA 2, respectively, in the 16-week initial period. Conclusions: Tralokinumab monotherapy was superior to placebo at 16 weeks of treatment and was well tolerated up to 52 weeks of treatment.
Salt-Inducible Kinase 3 Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Arterial Restenosis by Regulating AKT and PKA-CREB Signaling
Authors: Cai Yujun , Wang Xue-Lin , Lu Jinny , Lin Xin , Dong Jonathan , Guzman Raul J.
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Arterial restenosis is the pathological narrowing of arteries after endovascular procedures, and it is an adverse event that causes patients to experience recurrent occlusive symptoms. Following angioplasty, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) change their phenotype, migrate, and proliferate, resulting in neointima formation, a hallmark of arterial restenosis. SIKs (salt-inducible kinases) are a subfamily of the AMP-activated protein kinase family that play a critical role in metabolic diseases including hepatic lipogenesis and glucose metabolism. Their role in vascular pathological remodeling, however, has not been explored. In this study, we aimed to understand the role and regulation of SIK3 in vascular SMC migration, proliferation, and neointima formation.

Approach and Results:

We observed that SIK3 expression was low in contractile aortic SMCs but high in proliferating SMCs. It was also highly induced by growth medium in vitro and in neointimal lesions in vivo. Inactivation of SIKs significantly attenuated vascular SMC proliferation and up-regulated p21
CIP1
and p27
KIP1
. SIK inhibition also suppressed SMC migration and modulated actin polymerization. Importantly, we found that inhibition of SIKs reduced neointima formation and vascular inflammation in a femoral artery wire injury model. In mechanistic studies, we demonstrated that inactivation of SIKs mainly suppressed SMC proliferation by down-regulating AKT (protein kinase B) and PKA (protein kinase A)-CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) signaling. CRTC3 (CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 3) signaling likely contributed to SIK inactivation-mediated antiproliferative effects.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that SIK3 may play a critical role in regulating SMC proliferation, migration, and arterial restenosis. This study provides insights into SIK inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating restenosis in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Digital Peripheral Arterial Tonometry and Cardiovascular Disease Events: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Cooper Leroy L. , Wang Na , Beiser Alexa S. , Romero José Rafael , Aparicio Hugo J. , Lioutas Vasileios-Arsenios , Benjamin Emelia J. , Larson Martin G. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Mitchell Gary F. , Seshadri Sudha , Hamburg Naomi M.
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:

Novel noninvasive measures of vascular function are emerging as subclinical markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and may be useful to predict CVD events. The purpose of our prospective study was to assess associations between digital peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) measures and first-onset major CVD events in a sample of FHS (Framingham Heart Study) participants.

Methods:

Using a fingertip PAT device, we assessed pulse amplitude in Framingham Offspring and Third Generation participants (n=3865; mean age, 55±14 years; 52% women) at baseline and in 30-second intervals for 4 minutes during reactive hyperemia. The PAT ratio (relative hyperemia index) was calculated as the post-to-pre occlusion pulse signal ratio in the occluded arm, relative to the same ratio in the control (nonoccluded) arm, and corrected for baseline vascular tone. Baseline pulse amplitude and PAT ratio during hyperemia are measures of pressure pulsatility and microvascular function in the finger, respectively. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to relate PAT measures in the fingertip to incident CVD events.

Results:

During follow-up (median, 9.2 years; range, 0.04–10.0 years), 270 participants (7%) experienced new-onset CVD events (n=270). In multivariable models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors, baseline pulse amplitude (hazard ratio [HR] per 1 SD, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.90–1.21];
P
=0.57) and PAT ratio (HR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.84–1.08];
P
=0.43) were not significantly related to incident composite CVD events, including myocardial infarction or heart failure. However, higher PAT ratio (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.61–0.94];
P
=0.013), but not baseline pulse amplitude (HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 0.89–1.49];
P
=0.29), was related to lower risk for incident stroke. In a sensitivity analysis by stroke subtype, higher PAT ratio was related to lower risk of incident ischemic stroke events (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.53–0.86];
P
=0.001).

Conclusions:

Novel digital PAT measures may represent a marker of stroke risk in the community.
Treatment and Outcomes of Patients With Ischemic Stroke During COVID-19
Authors: Srivastava Pratyaksh K. , Zhang Shuaiqi , Xian Ying , Xu Hanzhang , Rutan Christine , Alger Heather M. , Walchok Jason G. , Williams Joseph H. , de Lemos James A. , Decker-Palmer Marquita R. , Alhanti Brooke , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Messé Steve R. , Smith Eric E. , Schwamm Lee H. , Fonarow Gregg C.
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created challenges in the delivery of acute stroke care. In this study, we analyze the characteristics, evaluation, treatment, and in-hospital outcomes of patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19.

Methods:

Get With The Guidelines-Stroke is a national registry of adults with stroke in the United States. Using this registry, we identified patients with a diagnosis of AIS before (n=39 113; November 1, 2019–February 3, 2020) and after (n=41 971; February 4, 2020–June 29, 2020) the first reported case of COVID-19 in the registry. Characteristics, treatment patterns, quality metrics, and in-hospital outcomes were compared between the 2 groups.

Results:

Stroke presentations decreased by an average of 15.3% per week in the during COVID-19 time period when compared with similar months in 2019. Compared with patients with AIS in the pre-COVID-19 era, patients in the COVID-19 time period had similar rates of intravenous alteplase and endovascular therapy, and similar door to computed tomography, door to needle, and door to endovascular therapy times. In adjusted models, inpatient mortality was similar between those presenting with AIS pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 (4.8% versus 5.2%; odds ratio, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.97–1.13]).

Conclusions:

Among hospitals participating in Get With The Guidelines-Stroke, patients presenting with AIS during COVID-19 received, with few exceptions, similar quality care and experienced similar risk-adjusted outcomes when compared with patients with AIS presenting pre-COVID-19. These findings demonstrate that stroke care in the United States remains robust during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Aflibercept, a VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)-Trap, Reduces Vascular Permeability and Stroke-Induced Brain Swelling in Obese Mice
Authors: Kim Il-doo , Cave John W. , Cho Sunghee
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:

Brain edema is an important underlying pathology in acute stroke, especially when comorbidities are present. VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) signaling is implicated in edema. This study investigated whether obesity impacts VEGF signaling and brain edema, as well as whether VEGF inhibition alters stroke outcome in obese subjects.

Methods:

High-fat diet-induced obese mice were subjected to a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. VEGF-A and VEGFR2 (receptor) expression, infarct volume, and swelling were measured 3 days post-middle cerebral artery occlusion. To validate the effect of an anti-VEGF strategy, we used aflibercept, a fusion protein that has a VEGF-binding domain and acts as a decoy receptor, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with rVEGF (recombinant VEGF; 50 ng/mL) for permeability and tube formation. In vivo, aflibercept (10 mg/kg) or IgG control was administered in obese mice 3 hours after transient 30 minutes middle cerebral artery occlusion. Blood-brain barrier integrity was assessed by IgG staining and dextran extravasation in the postischemic brain. A separate cohort of nonobese (lean) mice was subjected to 40 minutes middle cerebral artery occlusion to test the effect of aflibercept on malignant infarction.

Results:

Compared with lean mice, obese mice had increased mortality, infarct volume, swelling, and blood-brain barrier disruption. These outcomes were also associated with increased VEGF-A and VEGFR2 expression. Aflibercept reduced VEGF-A-stimulated permeability and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Compared with the IgG-treated controls, mice treated with aflibercept had reduced mortality rates (40% versus 17%), hemorrhagic transformation (43% versus 27%), and brain swelling (28% versus 18%), although the infarct size was similar. In nonobese mice with large stroke, aflibercept neither improved nor exacerbated stroke outcomes.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates that aflibercept selectively attenuates stroke-induced brain edema and vascular permeability in obese mice. These findings suggest the repurposing of aflibercept to reduce obesity-enhanced brain edema in acute stroke.
Names, Light Nouns, and Countability
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: July 2021

Making use of Kayne’s (2005, 2010) theory of light nouns, this article argues that light nouns are part of (simple) names and that a mass/count distinction among light nouns explains the behavior of certain types of names in German as mass rather than count. The article elaborates the role of light nouns with new generalizations regarding their linguistic behavior in quantificational and pronominal NPs, their selection of relative pronouns in German, and a general difference in the support of plural anaphora between English and German.
Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation
Authors: Haynes Naomi
Published: July 2021

This article traces some of the North American theological influences on contemporary Christian nationalism in Zambia. Beginning with an overview of key tenets of Christian Reconstruction and the New Apostolic Reformation, I show how these movements have influenced the writing of some key players in Zambia’s Christian nationalist project. I also demonstrate how these authors have modified the Western ideas that have shaped their thought. This analysis responds to calls in the anthropology of Christianity for better documentation of the various forms Christian nationalism takes around the world, perhaps especially outside the West. It also challenges easy arguments about the influence of Western Christian activists on Christian politics in Africa by foregrounding the agency of local writers and theologians, even as they engage with theological ideas that originated in the West.
Pashtuns’ Tribal Islam: The Beginning of Written History
Authors: Pelevin Mikhail
Published: July 2021

The complicated process of the Pashtun tribes’ conversion to Islam is indirectly reflected in tribal genealogies, which bear traces of artificial Islamification. Recorded in the early 17th century, these genealogies are poorly consistent with apocryphal Hadiths and hagiographies intended to prove that Pashtuns had steadily adhered to Sunni Islam since the times of the Prophet Muḥammad. The politicised concept of the primordial adherence of Pashtuns to Islam was likely to have been released for wide circulation during the reign of the Lodī sultans in the late 15th century. By the mid-17th century, it became an integral part of Pashtun ethnic identity. However, written sources in Pashto and Persian dating from the same period and originating from tribal areas are unanimous in describing Pashtuns’ religious beliefs and practices as a motley assemblage of Pīrī-murīdī and Pīrparastī customs conforming to the tribalistic ideology of a segmentary Islamic society. More sophisticated forms of Pashtuns’ tribal Islam emerged with the progress of literature in the native vernacular.
Radical-Nationalist Podcasting under a Post-Fascist Condition
Authors: Lundström Tomas Poletti , Lundström Markus
Published: July 2021

This article sketches fascism’s ideological morphology under a post-fascist condition. It builds empirically on three years of ethnographic studies of the radical-nationalist podcast Motgift [Antidote], disclosing that (i) fascist multivocality characterizes and feeds the rhizomic structure of Swedish radical nationalism; (ii) fascist narration locates protagonists and antagonists in driving a plot of ‘genocide against the white race’; and (iii) fascist temporality reinforces ideas of a lost past and degenerated present – prompting a struggle for cultural rebirth and racial revival. The multivocality, narration, and temporality of Motgift illuminate the radical-nationalist politics at work under a post-fascist condition: the state of ideological reconfiguration pondering fascism’s historical downfall.
A World South-Side Up?
Authors: Huisman Frank , Tomes Nancy
Published: July 2021

In an attempt to decolonize (the history of) global health, this paper aims to do three things. First, it claims that transposing the Enlightenment notion of a social contract in public health from a European to a global context has been an artificial move, and is in fact an artefact of colonial times. Secondly, it suggests a new kind of periodization for public and global health, using three consecutive logics which connect the motives of rulers and administrators to the perceived needs of their populations. Finally, it identifies several ‘technologies of control’ which are strategically used to come to an understanding of the practices (rather than the ideologies or blueprints) of global health.
­Revision of the cricket subfamily Podoscirtinae Saussure, 1878 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) from China
Authors: ZHENG YANNA , XIN ZHIXIA , XIE LINGDE , MA LIBIN
Published: July 2021

The article revised Chinese Podoscirtinae species. Three new species of Aphonoides Chopard, 1940 were reported. Two species of the genera of Aphonoides Chopard, 1940 and Mistshenkoana Gorochov, 1990 were firstly recorded from China. Six synonyms of the genera of Zvenella Gorochov, 1988 and Phyllotrella Gorochov, 1988 were proposed. All species mentioned above and some relevant taxa were described and illustrated, and keys as well as distribution map were provided.
New species of Mesopsyche Tillyard, 1917 (Mecoptera: Mesopsychidae) from the Triassic of northwestern China
Authors: LIAN XINNENG , CAI CHENYANG , HUANG DIYING
Published: July 2021

Mesopsyche Tillyard, 1917 is an extinct genus of Mecoptera belonging to the long-proboscid-bearing Mesopsychidae, an adaptation probably associated with pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. Here, we describe two new species, Mesopsyche jinsuoguanensis sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic Tongchuan Formation in Shaanxi Province, and Mesopsyche liaoi sp. nov., from the Upper Triassic Huangshanjie Formation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The new discoveries highlight the diversity of the Mesopsyche in the region during the Mesozoic.
Morphological variations of Phrosina semilunata Risso, 1822 juveniles (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), new evidence from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: VIOLANTE-HUERTA MARCO , SANVICENTE-AÑORVE LAURA , HERMOSO-SALAZAR MARGARITA , MARRÓN-BECERRA AURORA
Published: July 2021

Lack of knowledge of morphological variations during growth of amphipod crustaceans can result in misidentification of species. In this study, we advance the knowledge of morphological variations of juveniles of the monotypic genus Phrosina Risso, 1822 collected in the oceanic province of the southern Gulf of Mexico. The juveniles differed from the adults mainly in the morphology of pereopods 3 & 4 in that the carpal process is parallel to the propodus, also the rami of the pleopoda consist of only four segments, uropoda 3 are more lanceolate, and the uropoda bear a large prominent spine terminally. These morphological variations have not been described for the species previously. Therefore, the current observations enrich the description of P. semilunata in the early stages of growth and support the need for further taxonomical studiest that could help identify species at different stages of development.
A case of allopatric speciation in the Central System (Iberian Peninsula): Leistus elpis sp. nov., a sibling species of Leistus constrictus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: ORTUÑO VICENTE M. , ARRIBAS OSCAR , MUÑOZ-SANTIAGO JOSÉ , PEÑA-AGUILERA PABLO
Published: July 2021

The aim of this work was to demonstrate that the Leistus (Leistus) constrictus Schaufuss 1862 populations from Sierra de Ayllón belong to a new sibling species of the true L. (L.) constrictus from Sierra de Guadarrama. We describe Leistus (Leistus) elpis sp. nov. The species were separated by the study of external morphology of qualitative characters, especially male genitalia, and quantitative characters (morphometric analysis). In L. (L.) constrictus the apical lamina of the aedeagus appears to be a long gutter flanked by lateral ridges with an open truncation in its anterior part; in L. (L.) elpis sp. nov. the apical lamina is completely ridged, even in the anterior part, forming a kind of labial thickening, enclosing the median lobe, and giving the apex a clearly closed and pointed outline. It is not possible, or very difficult, to distinguish between females of L. (L.) constrictus and females of L. (L.) elpis sp. nov., based on their external anatomy as they are practically identical. The female genitalia do not offer taxonomic information for discriminating between the species using the genital armour or the structure of the spermathecal complex. However, subtle differences were found through morphometric analysis, as well as for males of both species. Field surveys suggest that the pass Puerto de Somosierra is the geographical barrier that has led to this allopatric speciation.
Redescription of Rhyacophila yukii Tsuda 1942 and description of three new Rhyacophila species from Japan (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae)
Authors: TORII TAKAAKI , KOBAYASHI TOHRU
Published: July 2021

Three new species of Rhyacophila (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) from Japan are described. Among them, R. hattorii n. sp. and R. kobayashii n. sp. are assigned to the Rhyacophila sibirica Group. Another new species, R. kuranishii n. sp. is assigned to the Rhyacophila anatina Group. The figures of “R. yukii” by Schmid (1970) are actually of R. hattorii, not R. yukii Tsuda 1942. We describe these three new species, redescribe R. yukii, and discuss the diversity of this genus.
Aerosol Properties in Cloudy Environments from Remote Sensing Observations: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge
Authors: Marshak A. , Ackerman A. , da Silva A. M. , Eck T. , Holben B. , Kahn R. , Kleidman R. , Knobelspiesse K. , Levy R. , Lyapustin A. , Oreopoulos L. , Remer L. , Torres O. , Várnai T. , Wen G. , Yorks J.
Published: July 2021

Aerosol properties are fundamentally different near clouds than away from clouds. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge of aerosol properties in the near-low-cloud environment and quantitatively compares them with aerosols far from clouds, according to remote sensing observations. It interprets observations of aerosol properties from different sensors using satellite, aircraft, and ground-based observations. The correlation (and anticorrelation) between proximity to cloud and aerosol properties is discussed. Retrieval artifacts in the near-cloud environment are demonstrated and quantified for different sensor attributes and environmental conditions. Finally, the paper describes the possible corrections for near-cloud enhancement in remote sensing retrievals. This study is timely in view of science definition studies for NASA’s Aerosol, Cloud, Convection and Precipitation (ACCP) mission, which will also seek to directly link aerosol properties to nearby clouds.
Climatology of Linear Mesoscale Convective System Morphology in the United States based on Random Forests Method
Authors: Cui Wenjun , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Feng Zhe
Published: July 2021

This study uses machine learning methods, specifically the random forest (RF), on a radar-based mesoscale convective system (MCS) tracking dataset to classify the five types of linear MCS morphology in the contiguous United States during the period 2004-2016. The algorithm is trained using radar- and satellite-derived spatial and morphological parameters, and reanalysis environmental information from 5-yr manually identified nonlinear and five linear MCS modes. The algorithm is then used to automate the classification of linear MCSs over 8 years with high accuracy, providing a systematic, long-term climatology of linear MCSs. Results reveal that nearly 40% of MCSs are classified as linear MCSs, in which half of the linear events belong to the type of system having a leading convective line. The occurrence of linear MCSs shows large annual and seasonal variations. On average, 113 linear MCSs occur annually during the warm season (through March to October), with most of these events clustered from May through August in the central eastern Great Plains. MCS characteristics, including duration, propagation speed, orientation, and system cloud size, have large variability among the different linear modes. The systems having a trailing convective line and the systems having a back-building area of convection typically move more slowly and have higher precipitation rate, and thus have higher potential in producing extreme rainfall and flash flooding. Analysis of the environmental conditions associated with linear MCSs show that the storm-relative flow is of most importance in determining the organization mode of linear MCSs.
Laceration of Aberrant Internal Carotid Artery Following Myringotomy: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Wadhavkar Neha , Goldrich David Y. , Roychowdhury Sudipta , Kwong Kelvin
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

The presence of an aberrant internal carotid artery (ICA) in the middle ear is rare. Patients may be asymptomatic or complain of conductive hearing loss, otalgia, pulsatile tinnitus, or aural fullness. Otoscopic exam findings can include a pulsating erythematous lesion on the tympanic membrane (TM). It may be misdiagnosed as a glomus tumor, hemangioma, or serous otitis media, or go unrecognized until surgical exploration. Early recognition is important as intraoperative discovery carries risk of iatrogenic injury, hemorrhage and subsequent neurologic sequelae. Prevention requires adequate preoperative suspicion and can be confirmed with radiologic examination via computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Management of iatrogenic injury of an aberrant ICA can include packing, vessel embolization and/or surgical ligation.

Patient case:

We report the case of an aberrant ICA injury in a pediatric patient undergoing a myringotomy with tube placement, who sustained neurologic deficits that eventually resolved following treatment with packing and coil embolization.

Discussion and conclusions:

An aberrant ICA can cause life-threatening complications without prior diagnosis in a routine myringotomy. Suspicious exam findings should prompt temporal bone CT to rule out aberrant ICA or other vascular pathology of the middle ear prior to surgery. In the case of iatrogenic injury of an aberrant ICA, there is no consensus in existing literature on optimal management. We reviewed 37 studies to compare therapeutic options and subsequent outcomes. Though complications are rare regardless of management, cases in which solely packing was utilized demonstrated an increased incidence of hemiparesis, aphasia, hearing loss, re-bleeding, and delayed pseudoaneurysm, as compared to an approach coupling packing with embolization or ligation, both of which have comparable outcomes.
The Relationship Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Pediatric Obesity: A Nationwide Analysis
Authors: Bachrach Kevin , Danis David O’Neil , Cohen Michael B. , Levi Jessica R.
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can have both acute and chronic consequences when untreated. We hypothesize that a link exists between childhood obesity and OSA at nationwide level, with race, gender, and socioeconomic status conferring their own risk for pediatric OSA.

Methods:

This study examined nationwide discharges in 2016 using the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID). The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes for obesity (E66.0) and OSA (G47.33) were used. Prevalence rates and odds ratios (ORs) were used to quantify associations between the obesity and OSA groups in the general pediatric inpatient population. Multiple binary logistic regression was utilized to compare cohorts of pediatric inpatient admissions.

Results:

There were 36 266 285 weighted discharges in the 2016 KID. Among patients included in our dataset, 0.426% (26 684) were diagnosed with obesity and 0.562% (35 242) had OSA. Obesity was independently associated with a significantly increased risk of OSA (OR = 22.89; 95% C.I. = 21.99-23.84). Within the OSA inpatient population, obesity was associated with non-Hispanic black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and Native American race/ethnicity (OR = 1.45, 1.32, 2.51; 95% C.I. = 1.33-1.58, 1.21-1.44, 1.73-3.63).

Conclusions:

Obesity is independently associated with OSA in children after controlling for adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Non-Hispanic black race and Hispanic ethnicity are independent risk factors for OSA and are associated with obesity in the OSA inpatient population, which suggests that obesity may play a role in the increased risk of OSA within these groups.
Becoming an Anti-Racist Music Educator: Resisting Whiteness in Music Education
Authors: Hess Juliet
Published: July 2021

In this article, I propose some ways that music educators might become anti-racist. I explore the ways that Whiteness manifests in music education and subsequently examine actions we might take to resist this Whiteness. Ultimately, I suggest anti-racism as a way forward for music education. I delineate some of the ways that Whiteness operates in music education, not to discourage educators but rather to encourage us to notice the way Whiteness pervades our field.
Practice Rooms and Practice Fields: Connections in Character Development
Authors: Critchfield Jared B.
Published: July 2021

Most music teachers desire to positively influence the development of their students’ character; however, the practicalities of doing so have been understudied in music education. This article draws on research from the related field of sports education and presents possible strategies for developing strong character in music students. Cultivating a moral atmosphere, developing a teaching orientation that encourages student mastery, and listening to student perceptions about their experience in the music classroom are research-driven approaches that music educators can use to encourage positive character development in music students.
Reconceptualizing Classroom Management in the Ensemble: Considering Culture, Communication, and Community
Authors: Martin Lisa D.
Published: July 2021

Classroom management is commonly understood as the structures and procedures that establish and reinforce a productive learning environment. However, traditional conceptualizations of classroom management are rife with culturally embedded norms, assumptions, power structures, and other roadblocks to a healthy classroom environment for all students. While certain routines can help set the stage for learning, teachers must critically examine such routines and expectations to establish a classroom environment that supports learners’ varying needs and backgrounds. This article unpacks several challenges with classroom management and offers offer a culturally responsive approach that supports community over compliance, moving toward democracy, mutual regard, and safe spaces.
Book review: S. Sitharaman and A. Chakrabarti (Eds.), Religion and Secularities: Reconfiguring Islam in Contemporary India
Authors: Sahoo Sarbeswar
Published: July 2021

S. Sitharaman and A. Chakrabarti (Eds.), Religion and Secularities: Reconfiguring Islam in Contemporary India. Hyderabad, India: Orient BlackSwan, 2020, vii–222 pp, ₹795 (hardback). ISBN 9789390122004.
Book review: Praveen Jha et al. (Eds.), Labouring Women: Issues and Challenges in Contemporary India
Authors: Das Amarendra
Published: July 2021

Praveen Jha et al. (Eds.), Labouring Women: Issues and Challenges in Contemporary India. Orient BlackSwan, 2020, 328 pp., ₹651 (paperback). ISBN 978-93-90122-07-3.
Using Task Analysis to Support Inclusion and Assessment in the Classroom
Authors: McConomy M. Addie , Root Jenny , Wade Taryn
Published: July 2021

Task analysis is an evidence-based practice that promotes independence and instruction in inclusive settings. Although task analysis has an extensive history in the field of special education, recent research extends the application to both teachers and students, a pro-active approach, and promotes self-monitoring. When students with extensive support needs are provided tools to self-monitor and self-prompt their academic independence increases. This article provides guidance for practitioners as they develop task analysis to support teachers and students during instruction and assessment within an inclusive classroom setting. Recent research to support the value of using task analysis as an educational tool to promote independence and mastery of academic and social instructional goals is reviewed. Readers will also gain practical skills for developing, designing and revising task analysis for individual students, small groups, whole class and teacher use.