bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Khrushchev Constitution”: The path of a new constitutionalism
Authors:   Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Gataullin Anas G. , Zaynutdinov Dinar R. ,   Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov (IEML)
Published: March 2021

Introduction. Scientific research on the process of preparing and developing the draft Constitution of the USSR in 1964 began to appear only in the post-Soviet period. In Soviet times, this topic was banned, and the project itself, being in the archive, was not available for research. The study of the “Khrushchev Constitution” only started in the post-Soviet period. Since the constitutional reforms carried out in the last decade (2008, 2014, 2020) caused a heated discussion in the scientific community, the study of the draft Constitution of the USSR in 1964 is gaining new relevance, allowing us to look at the process of development of domestic constitutionalism more comprehensively. Theoretical analysis. The study on the development of Russian constitutionalism results in new theoretical material that can be used in Russian state building. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the experience of constitutional design of the Khrushchev Thaw period. The tasks of the research: finding the reasons for the emergence of a new need to develop the Basic Law; defining the attitude of Soviet society to the institution of the presidency; analyzing the content of the draft Constitution of the USSR in 1964. Еmpirical analysis. The end of the era of Stalinism and the beginning of the Khrushchev Thaw period required a conceptual revision of the foundations of the constitutional order in the Soviet state. During the reign of N. S. Khrushchev, there were clear trends towards decentralizing economic management and public administration, and a return to the idea of “socialist legality” became relevant. To solve these problems, the creation of an appropriate legislative base was required, which was supposed to proceed from the Basic Law of the country. However, the existing Constitution of the USSR in 1936 could not provide support for a broad liberalization of the state-party system. As a result of the challenges of the new era, the idea of adopting a new Basic law, called the “Khrushchev Constitution”, arose. Results. This article examines the development of Soviet constitutionalism during the reign of N. S. Khrushchev and concludes that the draft Constitution of the USSR of 1964 made a significant contribution to the formation of the constitutional image of the Soviet state until its collapse. In addition, the content of the “Khrushchev Constitution” allows us to emphasize its much greater democratic potential, in contrast to the USSR Constitutions of 1936 and 1977.
Social media in the context of Russian and German Constitutional Law
Authors:   Saratov State University, Lipchanskaya Maria A. , Privalov Sergej A. ,   Saratov State Law Academy
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The role of social media is objectively increasing in modern digital information space. They are much involved in shaping public opinion while democracy and civil society are being built and developed. Social media also contribute to the freedom of speech guaranteed by the Constitution. In the context of globalization, the development of state legal regulation often turns to the implementation of the rules which have already been tested in other countries. The fast development of relations in the field of social media and piecemeal legal regulation of this field in Russia make the foreign experience highly demanded. Theoretical analysis. Social media is one of the key actors in shaping public opinion. However, the current legislation of the Russian Federation very superficially regulates the legal status of this media institution. In turn, the Federal Republic of Germany has more experience in the legal regulation of social media. Based on a certain proximity of the state and legal mechanisms of Russia and Germany, as well as the high level of development of democratic institutions of the latter, the authors analyzed the status of social media in the constitutional and legal space of these countries in order to study the possibility of adapting the German experience to improve Russian legislation. Empirical analysis. The high degree of influence of social media on public opinion is due to a number of specific characteristics of their creation and functioning: the spontaneous nature of content creation, the high speed of information dissemination, the minimum level of external influence, the easily perceived nature of information. Taken together, these characteristics of the institution significantly complicate the implementation of legal regulation in relation to them, effective and efficient in practice, which also determines the conduct of the study. Results. We have studied common and individual features of the legal regulation of social media in the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany. Based on our conclusions, we are coming up with several proposals for the improvement of the Russian legislation on social media. Russia has significant weaknesses and conflicts of laws in the sphere of media production and information dissemination. Russian legislation in no way covers the social media not registered as mass media in the manner prescribed by law. In our opinion, the German legislation on social media also has certain deficiencies. However, some rules may be adapted to Russian legislation. Based on our research, we propose to draft a federal law on social media, which would partially reflect German experience.
Problems of realization of the right to use marine bioresources by the indigenous peoples of the Russian North
Authors:   Saratov State University, Vlasova Elena L. , Ustyantseva Olga V. ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of the Russian Federation received constitutional and legal status, due to which they have special guarantees, including priority access to the resources of aquatic ecosystems. The indigenous peoples of the Russian North are allowed to catch some species of mammals, which are under a special protection status, in order to maintain their traditional way of life. Theoretical analysis. Catching and commercialization of aquatic organisms, their use as food products, medicinal products, and household items generate negative consequences for biological resources and contribute to the social degradation of the indigenous peoples of the North. Empirical analysis. The previously applied strategy of preserving the indigenous peoples of the North intensified the crisis of small ethnic groups and contributed to the illegal extraction of aquatic biological resources. Today, the state is improving the mechanism for registering indigenous peoples for the exercise of their social and economic rights, draws attention to the need to comply with the principle of combining rights and obligations in the implementation of marine animal hunting. Results. Marine animals are an integral part the life of indigenous peoples of the North: they form the basis of the protein type of nutrition, are used in ethnomedicine, and allow to express the cultural potential through artistic craft and types of traditional activities. Marine hunting depletes natural resources of aquatic ecosystems, affects the spread of zoonotic pathogens, contributes to the development of illegal trade in marine animals and (or) their parts, exacerbates the problem of climate change. Recent changes in legislation indicate that the state is revising its attitude to aquatic biological resources based on the modern development of the indigenous peoples of the North.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Serotype Distribution of Streptococcus Pneumoniae in the Middle East Region: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis
Authors: Karimaei Samira , Tohidinik Hamid Reza , Afshar Davoud , Pourmand Mohammad Reza , Habibi Ghahfarokhi Soheila , Noori Goodarzi Narjes , Azarsa Mohammad
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to explore the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance levels, and serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae in the Middle East region. We conducted a systematic literature review by searching several databases including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar through 2000 to 2017 by using the following keywords: “Streptococcus pneumoniae”, “pneumococcus”, “serotype”, “Antibiotic resistance,” and “Middle East “in combination with “OR” and “AND” Boolean Operators within Title/Abstract/Keywords fields. We used a random-effects model to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for binomial variables. All statistical analyses were done using STATA 12.0 (STATA Corp, College Station, TX). We found 73 articles appropriate, on the word of inclusion and exclusion criteria, for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The result revealed that the pooled prevalence of S. pneumoniae carriage was 35% (95% CI: 26-44%). The most frequent pneumococcal serotypes were19, 19F, 6, 23 and 6A/B which were found in 19%,12%, 11%, 10% and 10% of isolates respectively. Pneumococcal resistance reported for azithromycin, cefaclor, clarithromycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline were 24%, 37%, 23%, 11%, 26%, and 29% respectively, while vancomycin resistance was not reported. The highest resistant prevalence was reported against co-trimoxazole (Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). For this antibiotic, a pooled resistance prevalence of 43% was identified. The present review demonstrates that the prevalence of S. pneumoniae carriage was high in the Middle East region. Surveillance must be continued in this region to evaluate. The resistance pattern and serotype distribution.
Evaluation of Impact of Life-Style-Related Risk Factors in Age-Related Cataract
Authors: Roustaei Gholam Abbas , Shomali Fatemeh , Gholinia Hemmat , Farzin Maral , Rasoulinejad Seyed Ahmad
Published: March 2021

Cataract is a multifactorial ocular disease, resulting in turbidity or opacity of the lens of the eyes, which leads to blindness or reduction of visuality. The different environmental, socio-economical, and lifestyle factors indicate as risk factors of age-related cataracts. The aim of this study was the evaluation of daily activity, dietary regimen, residence location and etc., as risk factors of age-related cataracts. In this census, a crosssectional study was performed on 353 patients with age-related cataract underwent surgery, who referred to Rouhani Hospital in Babol, Iran from 2018 to 2019, and 343 healthy individuals. The lifestyle-related information was collected from all individuals via the designed questionnaire. Our results showed that there were significant correlations between the birth/residence in the village (comparing to city, P<0.001), abnormal sleeping time (P<0.001), daily activity (and being outdoor, P<0.001), and use of solid oil (P<0.001) with increasing in age-related cataracts. Furthermore, the use of antioxidant-containing fruits significantly reduces the risk of age-related cataracts. Our results established that lifestyle clearly has a golden impact on age-related cataracts. The reduction in daily activity, normal sleeping time, and more use of antioxidant-containing dietary regimen play a preventive role in age-related cataracts.
Mechanisms in Which Smoking Increases the Risk of COVID19 Infection: A Narrative Review
Authors: HE Yue , SUN Jian , DING Xiaoqian , WANG Qiang
Published: March 2021

At present, COVID-19 continues to spread around the world. People are generally susceptible to SARSCoV-2. The elderly, serious chronic underlying diseases, high-risk pregnancy, severe obesity and other factors are related to the progression of COVID-19 to severe, critical illness, and even death caused by deterioration of the disease. The relationship between smoking and COVID-19 seems to be controversial. The smoking rate of hospitalized COVID-19 patients is significantly lower than that of the general population. Therefore, smoking can reduce COVID-19 infection and protect the respiratory tract. Subsequently, many scholars have carried out research on this, thinking that this is a wrong and misleading conclusion. According to WHO, smoking is significantly related to the severity of COVID-19, which is one of the important risk factors for the deterioration and poor prognosis of COVID-19. This article reviews the mechanism of smoking increasing the risk of COVID-19 infection.
The Status of Health Literacy in Students Aged 6 to 18 Old Years: A Systematic Review Study
Authors: JAFARI Alireza , TAVAKOLY SANY Seyedeh Belin , PEYMAN Nooshin
Published: March 2021

Background: Adolescents and children are a core target population for health literacy (HL) studies and practice. There is limited knowledge regarding the HL skills and abilities that help young people and children in making health decisions. This study aimed to evaluate the status of HL in ongoing school students.
Methods: Literature searching was performed using nine databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, Magiran, Scientific Information Database) without restriction in time until January 2019, and database searches were supplemented with reference hand searches and gray literature. Cross-sectional and experimental studies with focuses on validated measures of HL in ongoing students were included.
Results: This systematic review of identified 17 studies and 199714 samples specifically studied on ongoing school students aged 6-18 years. Students and their mothers have a moderate level of HL in four dimensions of menstrual health, physical activity, breast self-test, and iron deficiency anemia, and most of them have a high level of HL only in terms of nutrition. The relationship of HL with health outcomes, health promotion behaviors, self-efficacy, self-mutilating behaviors, and self-care abilities was statistically significant. HL status is related to parents’ education level, socio-economic determinants (culture, family income, and environmental contextual factors), age groups, and media/digital communication channels.
Conclusion: This review identified seven main determinates that significantly affect HL status in the target group. This systematic review shows most of the ongoing school students had an inadequate level of HL skills. HL strategies have a potential impact on improving students’ health behaviors and life quality.
The Reasons for Using Smokeless Tobacco: A Review
Authors: SOLHI Mahnaz , FATTAHI Esmaeil , MANZARI Zahra Sadat , C. GUPTA Prakash , KARGAR Mehdi , KASMAEI Parisa , BARATI Hadis
Published: March 2021

Background: Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem in some parts of the world. The major objective of this study was to investigate the reasons and factors of consumption.
Methods: A content analysis was conducted on articles for the past thirty years (1989-2019). We reviewed and selected 400 abstracts of original articles from PubMed databases by the search strategy, and reviewed one by one. Among these, 45 abstracts were selected, in which the patterns of use, the reasons for using, and the determinants and predictors were described. Eleven papers were selected based on the results and related to the research objectives. The results of these articles were evaluated precisely word by word and phrase by phrase with content analysis method and inductive approach.
Results: The reasons for the use of smokeless tobacco fell in two main themes: socio-cultural structure; and, beliefs, each contained Sub-themes such as "culture and living conditions", "laws", "family and peer relationships", "beliefs related to psychological" and "beliefs related to physical influences", "beliefs", "The role of harm perceptions ".
Conclusion: There was a difference between beliefs, cultures and social conditions among the people about using of smokeless tobacco and the association of these factors is investigated in future studies. We also suggest for the prevention and control of smokeless tobacco use, cultural norms and beliefs will need to address adequately.
The Risk Factors-Based Nursing Case Management Could Effectively Reduce the Incidence of Pressure Sores in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: JIANG Hong , LIANG Yanwen , LIU Xinmei , YE Donghong , PENG Mengmiao , CHEN Yun , CHEN Shuang , CHEN Wanying , LI Haiyan , ZHANG Shuyao
Published: March 2021

Background: To explore the effects of risk factors-based nursing management on the occurrence of pressure sores in hospitalized patients.
Methods: From Jan 2018 to Jun 2018, 289 hospitalized patients were divided into pressure sores group [100] and control group [189] for retrospective analysis. Overall, 260 hospitalized patients from Jun 2018 to Dec 2018 were followed up for nursing intervention. Overall 130 patients received risk factors-based nursing case management were in the intervention group, whereas 130 patients who received routine nursing care were in the control group. The chi-square test and t-test were used to compare the count data and the measurement data between groups, respectively.
Results: Age, body weight and proportions of patients with impaired nutritional intake, diabetes or stroke in pressure sores group were higher than those in normal group (P<0.05). Hospital stay and operative time in pressure sores group was longer than those in normal group (P<0.05). The frequency of assistant activity in pressure sores group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05).In addition, the score of uroclepsia in pressure sores group was lower than that in normal group (P<0.05). Patients in the intervention group showed lower risk for pressure sores and more satisfied than patients in control group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Advanced age, high body weight, diabetes and stroke, long hospital stay, long operative time, poor nutritional status and severe uroclepsia were independent risk factors of pressure sores. Risk factorsbased nursing case management can effectively reduce the occurrence and risk of pressure sores for hospitalized patients.
Prediction of Breast Cancer Survival by Machine Learning Methods: An Application of Multiple Imputation
Authors: LOTFNEZHAD AFSHAR Hadi , JABBARI Nasrollah , KHALKHALI Hamid Reza , ESNAASHARI Omid
Published: March 2021

Background: The low breast cancer survival rates in less developed countries are critical. The machine learning techniques predict cancers survival with high accuracy. Missing data are the most important limitation for using the highest potential of these techniques to predict cancers survival. Multiple imputation (MI) was implemented and analyzed in detail to impute the missing data of a breast cancer dataset.
Methods: The dataset was from The Omid Treatment and Research Center Urmia, Iran between Jan 2006 and Dec 2012 and had information from 856 women. The algorithms such as C5 and repeated incremental pruning to produce error reduction were applied on the imputed versions of the original dataset and the non-imputed dataset to predict and extract clinical rules, respectively.
Results: The findings showed the performance of C5 in all the evaluation criteria including accuracy (84.42%), sensitivity (92.21%), specificity (64%), Kappa statistic (59.06%), and the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve (0.84), was improved after imputation.
Conclusion: The dataset of the present study met the requirements for using the multiple imputation method. The extracted rules after the application of MI were more comprehensive and contained knowledge that is more clinical. However, the clinical value of the extracted rules after filling in the missing data did not noticeably increase.
Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of fungal laryngitis
Authors:   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow Health Department  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Kunel’skaya V. Ya. , Kunel’skaya N. L. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow Health Department  Moscow, 117152, Russia,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University,  the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russia, Moscow, 117997, Russia, Kirasirova E. A. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow Health Department  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Romanenko S. G. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow Health Department  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Shadrin G. B. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow Health Department  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Krasnikova D. I. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow Health Department  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Lesogorova E. V. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow Health Department  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Yakovlev V. S. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow Health Department  Moscow, 117152, Russia
Published: March 2021

The article describes the present-day approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of fungal infections of the larynx. The proportion of laryngomycosis in chronic inflammatory pathology is up to 24%, the main causative agents of laryngomycosis are yeast-like Candida fungi (up to 98%). The specific feature of treatment of patients with laryngomycosis is the combination of antimycotic therapy with complex laryngitis therapy. The optimal fungal laryngitis treatment method is the combined treatment with both systemic and topical antimycotics for 3 weeks using itraconazole (100–200 mg/day) or fluconazole (50–150 mg/day) and inhalations of 0.01% benzyldimethyl-myristoilamine-propylammonium solution or inhalations of amphotericin B. In case of combination of mycosis of larynx and pharynx, the treatment must be supplemented with topical pharyngomycosis therapy. The best results in the treatment of patients with fungal laryngitis are provided by combined antifungal therapy for 3 weeks in combination with endolaryngeal PhDT using 0.01% amethylene blue aqueous solution as a photosensitizer, and 0.3–0.5W laser radiation for 90–120 s under the control of indirect light guide microlaryngoscopy with diffusing tip using the apparatus Kreolka. Such combination of pharmacological and physical treatment methods has provided good results even in the patients in which the previous courses of antifungal therapy were ineffective.
3D visualization in otosurgery
Authors:   Mechnikov Northwest State Medical University,  Saint Petersburg, 191015, Russia, Kuz’min D. M. , Fedotova A. A. ,   Mechnikov Northwest State Medical University,  Saint Petersburg, 191015, Russia
Published: March 2021

The main priority of middle ear surgery is to create a safe and optimal view of the surgical field, as well as the most accurate visualization of anatomical structures, which is a driving factor in the evolution of otosurgery. The additional information provided by three-dimensional (3D) images has been proven to improve understanding of the temporal bone anatomy and improve the operator’s ability to assess associated diseases, thereby optimizing surgical management. In the presented experimental research work, a new technique for visualizing the surgical field is described, which improves the quality of the operator’s work and expands the possibilities of middle ear surgery. On the basis of the Chair of Otorhinolaryngology of the Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University a remote adapter for an endoscopic tube was created, which allows you to broadcast the video image received from its distal end to virtual reality glasses. For a detailed understanding of the principle of information transmission in a new three-dimensional reality, we used concepts such as disparity and stereopsis. All research results were evaluated according to the NASA Task Load Index scale. Analyzing the results of the experiment, in the conditions of three-dimensional visualization of the surgical field, a lower level of subjective workload was revealed, which was regarded as a positive effect of the realization of the phenomenon of stereopsis, when performing manipulations on the middle ear.
Educação, recomeços
Authors: Dias Júnior Antonio Carlos
Published: March 2021

Durante o ano de 2020, excepcional em diversos sentidos, a Revista ETD – Educação Temática Digital publicou, em seus quatro números, três dossiês e um volume com originais recebidos em demanda contínua, num total de 63 textos divididos da seguinte maneira: 23 textos temáticos (dossiês); 25 artigos; 3 relatos de experiência, 2 entrevistas, 2 relatos de pesquisa e 1 resenha, além de 3 textos de apresentação (dossiês) e 4 editoriais. A partir da valiosa contribuição de pesquisadoras e pesquisadores brasileiras/os e estrangeiras/os, publicamos em proporção quase equivalente manuscritos nas três línguas oficiais do periódico: português, inglês e espanhol. Somos gratas/os às autoras e aos autores por escolherem a ETD como meio de circulação de suas pesquisas, bem como agradecemos o trabalho valioso e imprescindível das/dos pareceristas que contribuíram na avaliação de originais durante todo o ano.
A Statistical Inference of the Principle of Maximum Entropy Production
Authors: Veening Martijn
Published: March 2021

The maximization of entropy S within a closed system is accepted as an inevitability (as the second law of thermodynamics) by statistical inference alone. The Maximum Entropy Production Principle (MEPP) states that not only S maximizes, but $\dot{S}$ as well: a system will dissipate as fast as possible. There is still no consensus on the general validity of this MEPP, even though it shows remarkable explanatory power (both qualitatively and quantitatively), and has been empirically demonstrated for many domains. In this theoretical paper I provide a generalization of entropy gradients, to show that the MEPP actually follows from the same statistical inference, as that of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. For this generalization I only use the concepts of super-statespaces and microstate-density. These concepts also allow for the abstraction of 'Self Organizing Criticality' to a bifurcating local difference in this density, and allow for a generalization of the fundamentally unresolved concepts of 'chaos' and 'order'.
Photophysical, Thermal and Structural Properties of Thiophene and Benzodithiophene-Based Copolymers Synthesized by Direct Arylation Polycondensation Method
Authors: Tegegne Newayemedhin A. , Abdissa Zelalem , Mammo Wendimagegn
Published: March 2021

Three low band gap copolymers based on isoindigo acceptor units were designed and successfully synthesized by direct arylation polycondensation method. Two of them were benzodithiophene(BDT)-isoindigo copolymers (PBDTI-OD and PBDTI-DT) with 2-octlydodecyl(OD) and 2-decyltetradecyl (DT) substituted isoindigo units, respectively. Thiophene donor and DT-substituted isoindigo acceptor units were copolymerized to synthesize PTI-DT. The copolymers have broad absorption range that extends to over 760 nm with a band gap ~ .5 eV. The photophysical property studies showed the BDT based copolymers have non-polar ground states. Their emission exhibited the population of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in polar solvents and tightly bound excitonic state in non-polar solvents due to self-aggregation. On the contrary, the emission from the thiophene based copolymers was only from the tightly bound excitonic state. The thermal decomposition temperature of the copolymers was above 380 oC. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the three copolymers showed a halo due pi-pi stacking. A second sharper peak was observed in the BDT-based copolymer with longer side chain on the isoindigo unit (PBDTI-DT) and the thiophene based copolymers with PTI-DT exhibiting a better structural order.
Insight the Liquid-Liquid Extraction System AuCl4-/HCl/A327H+Cl- Ionic Liquid/Toluene
Authors: Alguacil F. J. , Lopez Félix A.
Published: March 2021

The ionic liquid A327H+Cl- is generated by reaction of the tertiary amine A327 (industrial mixture of tri-octil and tri-decyl amines) and hydrochloric acid solutions. Further, the extraction of Au(III) by A327H+Cl- ionic liquid under various variables, including metal and ionic liquid concentrations, has been investigated. Results indicate that A327H+AuCl4- is formed, by an exothermic (ΔHº= -3 kJ/mol) reaction, in the organic solution. Aqueous ionic strength influences the formation constants values and the specific interaction theory (SIT) is used to estimate the interaction coefficient between AuCl4- and H+. Gold (III) is stripped using thiocyanate media, and from the strip solutions, gold is precipitated as gold nanoparticles.
Limitations of Postless Hip Arthroscopy for a Patient with Coxa Profunda
Authors: Meek Wendy M. , Abraham Paul F. , Kucharik Michael P. , Martin Scott D.
Published: March 2021

Case:

A 27-year-old man with coxa profunda and a right acetabular labral tear presented for surgical re-evaluation after a postless arthroscopic labral repair was attempted at an outside institution and aborted because of inadequate distraction during portal placement. Arthroscopic labral repair with a perineal post was subsequently performed without complications.

Conclusion:

Indications and limitations of postless hip distraction are seldom discussed in the literature. This report examines possible limitations of postless hip distraction for a patient with coxa profunda. Careful radiographic evaluation of hip anatomy may be essential for patients with deep hip sockets to determine the best-suited distraction technique.
Implementation of Calf Endurance Training in a Touring Group of Professional Circus Performers: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Ganderton Charlotte , Henry Michael , Walker Andrew , McGinley Paul , Verhagen Evert
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND: Demanding performance schedules in modern professional circus can result in less time for injury rehabilitation and strength and conditioning for injury prevention. Lower limb injuries are a common injury presentation in Cirque du Soleil touring show performers. OBJECTIVE:
To examine the feasibility of introducing a calf raise exercise program in an established professional touring circus show over a 9-week period. METHODS: Twenty-nine professional Cirque du Soleil circus performers were recruited (mean age 31.28 [SD 4.99] yrs). Performers completed the Oslo
Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse (OSTRC) questionnaire each week for 18 weeks. In the second 9-week period, performers completed one set of single-leg calf raises to fatigue on each limb, once per day, every workday. Health problems between each 9-week period were compared. Feasibility
was measured via program adherence and an end-of-study survey. Calf endurance was assessed by measuring the number of single leg calf raises to fatigue. RESULTS: Adherence was high throughout the program, with 93.5% of all exercise sessions completed. Endurance increased by a mean of 22.62
(SD 27.99) calf raises. No significant changes in the prevalence of self-reported soreness and injury were found: 51.9 (95%CI 44.4, 57.5) of the population reported lower limb injuries during the pre-intervention period and 52.5 (95%CI 49.2, 55.8) during the intervention. Similarly, no significant
changes were found in severity scores: 20.7 (95%CI 17.7, 23.7) pre-intervention and 20.9 (95%CI 19.4, 22.4) during intervention. CONCLUSION: A single-leg calf raise exercise program can be feasibly introduced into a touring, performing professional circus show without increasing injury numbers
or self-reported soreness. Furthermore, gains in calf raise endurance can be obtained during a 9-week intervention period.
The Snorre A 2004 Blowout and Its Impact on Drilling and Well Operations Today
Authors: van der Zwaag Claas H. , Paulsen Thor
Published: March 2021

The Snorre A blowout on well P-31 A on November 28, 2004, was a well control incident that sent percussions into our national and corporate HSE management systems. These percussions still resonate in our everyday work as a part of a comprehensive set of rules which encompass national regulations, industry standards, corporate functional, technical, or work requirements, as well as an integrated governing work process management system. Some of these rules have been embraced with a positive attitude and are now a natural part of our day-to-day work. They prepare for technical, organizational, and operational barriers that secure the safety of all personnel, shield the value of our investments and assets, and protect the environment. Some of these rules, however, may be perceived as dead weight and barriers in the sense of hindrances that may hamper an efficient workday and fill our agenda with many formal demands and obligations.

This paper pinpoints and reviews "the change in rules" that the Snorre incident caused regarding planning, execution, and follow-up of drilling and well (D+W) operations on government, industry, and corporate level. The major failures that the investigations of the incident revealed have been handled diligently in our corporate system. In this paper, we track how management involvement, management of change, and "compliance and leadership" work in practice. The day-to-day tasks to prepare for safe D+W operations and to secure the integrity of wells in operations are explained. As an illustrative exercise, we are setting up a hypothetical plan for Snorre P-31 A as the D+W operations would have been planned today. This is done by outlining well barrier schematics, risk assessments, and the processes to handle deviations from technical or work requirements.

Our objective is to explain that risk management in the planning and the execution of D+W operations and for wells in operations is coherent. To avoid the recurrence of incidents such as Snorre P-31 A, a systematic and rigorous approach is in use that makes it likely to capture inadequate well integrity conditions. This approach links high-end government regulations to sharp-end detailed operational risk management in our HSE management system.
Successful Installations and Predictable Performance of Solid Expandable Drilling Liner in Greater Ekofisk Field, Offshore North Sea
Authors: Fitnawan Eko Awan , Holien Bjørn , Nevøy Harald
Published: March 2021

Drilling the lower overburden section in specific parts of the Greater Ekofisk Area (GEA) fields can be very troublesome. Wells in these parts may intersect shales with high gas content in the upper section (requiring high mud weight) and unstable zones with massive lost circulation risk (requiring low mud weight) near the base of the interval. These challenges have raised the need for a contingency drilling liner to "split" the section in two parts. Rather than changing the basic well design, the operator fronted the development of an 8-5/8″ expandable drilling liner with high collapse resistance for this purpose. This string provides 8.514″ post-expansion drift ID that accommodate an 8 ½″ bit size for the reservoir section, which is critical for GEA well design strategy.

In the past five years, the operator has successfully installed 31 800 ft of 8-5/8″ expandable liner in 27 different wellbores with near perfect track record. The average liner length installed is 1 140 ft per wellbore, with an average installation time of 2.8 rig days. The solid expandable tubular (SET) drilling liner has been utilized both as part of the planned well design and as contingency liner. It has, on occasions, been worked down with parameters outside the stated specifications and still been successfully expanded afterwards.

The 8-5/8″ expandable liner is now a proven system and has been one of the key enablers to achieve well objectives by maintaining hole size in a predictable manner. It provides a better drilling window for reservoir drilling and reservoir liner cementing compared to a conventional 7-3/4″ liner alternative. It also enables further contingency solutions in case other difficulties arise in the reservoir section.

This technical paper describes how the operator in the overcame a significant geological challenge by working with an expandable pipe supplier to develop a unique size and strength of expandable liner that fits with the base case GEA well design. The paper also reviews the installation experiences, associated risks, performance, and key learnings with expandable liners.
Buoyancy Force on a Plain or Perforated Portion of a Pipe
Authors: Cayeux Eric , Stokka Sigmund
Published: March 2021

Torque and drag models have been used for many decades to calculate tensions and torques along drill-strings, casing strings and liner strings. However, when applied to sand-screens, it is important to check that all the initial hypotheses used for torque and drag calculations are still valid. In particular, it should be checked whether the buoyancy force on a perforated tube may differ from the one applied to a plain tube.

The buoyancy force applied on a pipe, contributes to the sum of efforts at the contact between the pipe and the borehole and therefore influences torque and drag calculations. This contact force is local and should account for localized effects as well as the material internal forces, torques and moments on each side of the contact. As the buoyancy force is the result of the gravitational component of the pressure gradient on the surface of the pipe that is in contact with the fluid, the presence of holes in the pipe also influences the buoyancy force.

When applied to a portion of a pipe, buoyancy does not have contributions at the end caps of that portion of the drill-stem since these end caps are not in contact with the fluid, except at positions with a change of diameter. Therefore, one shall be cautious when calculating the local buoyancy force either on a plain or a perforated tube. The paper describes how to calculate the local buoyancy force on a portion of a drill-stem by application of the Gauss theorem accounting for the necessary corrections arising from the end caps not being exposed to the fluid.

An experimental setup has been built to verify that the tension inside a pipe subject to buoyancy does follow the derived mathematical calculations.

With complex well construction operations, for instance during extended reach drilling or when drilling very shallow wells with high kick-off rates, the slightest error in torques and drag calculations may end up in jeopardizing the chance of success of the drilling operation. It is therefore important to check that all initial calculation hypotheses are still valid in those contexts and that for instance, sand-screens may be run in hole safely after a successful drilling operation.
Development Field First - Directionally Drilling Through Challenging Muderong Shale and Highly Depleted Reservoir Sand with HPWBM
Authors: Lambert Tylan John , Mj Shiv Aanand , Clark Courtney
Published: March 2021

Advancement in High Performance Water Based Mud (HPWBM) coupled with a deeper understanding of shale and chemical interaction has taken a leap in recent years enabling the drilling of challenging wells whilst replacing Synthetic Based Mud (SBM) as the preferred technical option. The exceptional inhibition properties, versatility to chemical manipulation and stability, as well as being an environmentally beneficial alternative to SBM, HPWBM has proven to be a robust solution for drilling the challenging Muderong shale and highly depleted reservoir sands in the field.

Through a detailed field wide offset review focusing on wellbore stability and shale reactivity relationship observations, time dependent shale reactivity and an engineered bridging package was the basis of a successful fluid formulation and selection which then resulted in a flawless execution of the challenging well. Various testing of shale cuttings from the field paired with an offset review was key to understanding the extent of shale reactivity in relation to the type of shale being drilled and cause of shale instability in the area. These results were imperative in providing technical justification to utilise HPWBM for drilling through the Muderong shale. Applying detailed reservoir drilling fluid analysis to the overburden drilling fluids design and incorporating previous offset fluid design learnings, provided a robust and versatile drilling fluid system.

This paper will review the steps undertaken to validate the selection of HPWBM over SBM through detailed analysis of wellbore stability, shale reactivity, permeability assessment, pore throat sizing and pore pressure transmission. It will present the misnomer of comingling the wellbore stability requirement, primarily mud weight, with shale reactivity in the field as well as the relation between the plateauing of shale reactivity curves to near well wellbore swelling. Extensive laboratory testing was performed to formulate and demonstrate the efficacy of the bridging package in addressing differential sticking, losses and wellbore strengthening in highly depleted sands. In addition, this paper will also present actual field results on stability of the fluid properties along with resultant torque and drag throughout drilling of a directional well with no requirement for lubricants.

This paper should be of interest to all engineers and technologists who are involved in shale reactivity analysis, well design, drilling fluids design, selection and interaction as well as highly depleted reservoir sand drilling.
Well Design for Subsea Exploration Drilling in Shallow Formations of Barents Sea
Authors: Stanislawek Mikolaj
Published: March 2021

Subsea exploration drilling in relatively new and not yet fully recognized frontiers like Barents Sea continues to be a focus for Oil & Gas Companies. Safety and robust well barriers are important as ever. This paper describes well design process and execution of a challenging subsea exploration well in shallow formations of Barents Sea by Equinor.

Case study for planning and well design process is presented, followed by drilling experiences during execution. Several well design concepts and contingency scenarios that were evaluated and risk assessed in the planning phase are presented, which required extra focus on well design and well barriers. Compensating measures along with high focus on well control and well barriers in shallow drilling environment of Barents Sea were developed during planning phase of this well, and reviewed with planning and execution teams. Design approach encompasses casing design in shallow reservoir well with narrow margin between required formation integrity and fracture pressures, low kick tolerance, drilling in unstable formations, low temperature and pressures.

Robust well design in shallow and weak formations is feasible with conventional casing design approach, and well challenges can be overcome by proper planning and contingency measures involving additional preparation of drilling crew, and by use of advanced drilling technology and procedures. Safety and well control is the most important factor in well design. Relevant contingency scenarios should be prepared with equipment and procedures in place. Importance of drilling a pilot hole in unrecognized area near main well and its influence on main well design is crucial.

This is a good example of planning and drilling process for challenging well in unrecognized area with limited reference well data, challenging logistics, and weather conditions of Barents Sea. It will demonstrate how many contingency scenarios were fully prepared in planning phase and their rationale, versus encountered drilling experiences, to be a more precise reference for future wells in the area.
Improving Employee Wellbeing through a Five-Phase Psychological Model to Reduce Risk and Improve Performance
Authors: Seaton Simon , Jelley Thomas , Carthy Daphné
Published: March 2021

In its latest US Oil & Gas workplace safety report, the American Petroleum Institute (API) noted that the industry's incidence rate has decreased by 41% since 2008 due to an increased focus on the industry-wide goal of zero incidents (American Petroleum Institute, 2020). However, there continues to be a significant number of serious incidents directly related to human behaviours rather than a lack of control or processes. In a high-risk environment such as Oil & Gas sites, onshore or offshore, it is imperative to have a healthy workforce - both physically and mentally - and there is a link between worker wellbeing, stress, overall performance, and safety attitudes.

Many segments of the Oil & Gas industry require workers to leave home and family for extended periods, and this can have a significant impact on an employee's psychological wellbeing. This paper aims to inform individuals and organisations so they can better understand the effects of the experience of being away and increase the chances of maintaining their workers’ psychological wellbeing.

A five-phase model - from preparing to leave home through to being back at home - has been developed in consultation with academics, trade unions, expert insight from oil and gas, military and education sector perspectives. This model offers a new and practical way to think about and manage potential adverse impacts on psychological wellbeing while away in order to reduce risk. It was first set out by Seaton and Jelley (2015) and additional research has since been completed with new data that demonstrates the impact of the five-phase model.

The five-phase model has been tested among international students at universities in the UK (Smith, Smith and Jelley 2018) and in 2019 among foreign workers at an on-shore location in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Consistent with findings in the university context, the results of the latest field research suggest that greater use of strategies to cope with working away from home is associated with (a) greater positive wellbeing (happiness, life satisfaction) in life generally (b) a better quality of working life (c) more efficient operational performance.