bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Host plant preference of Trioza erytreae on lemon and bitter orange plants
Authors: Benhadi-Marín Jacinto , Garzo Elisa , Moreno Aránzazu , Pereira José Alberto , Fereres Alberto
Published: August 2021

Trioza erytreae, the African citrus psyllid, is a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the causal agent of the citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing (HLB). The spread of the vector throughout the Iberian Peninsula has been continuous since its introduction in mainland Spain in 2014. The patterns of host preference and feeding behaviour largely depend on olfactory cues. Understanding these patterns is crucial to prevent further dispersion and develop management measures against the pest. In this work, a series of settlement, olfactometric, probing, and feeding experiments were conducted to assess the host preference of T. erytreae for lemon or bitter orange plants. The settlement experiment provided evidence on the preference of both sexes of T. erytreae for lemon plants, whereas males did not show any significant choice pattern in the case of the olfactometric assays. Forty EPG variables were analysed to describe and compare the probing and feeding behaviour of T. erytreae on lemon and bitter orange plants. The EPG variables indicated that T. erytreae has some difficulties in accepting the phloem of bitter orange plants. This suggests that lemon plants would be a better source for the acquisition of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) by T. erytreae since the psyllid spends much longer periods feeding from the phloem on lemon than on bitter orange.
Importance of sessile serrated lesions in a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Watanabe Motoki , Ishikawa Hideki , Ishiguro Shingo , Mutoh Michihiro
Published: August 2021

A 28-year-old male visited hospital because his mother had been diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) with a pathological variant of the APC gene. Total colonoscopy showed that he has more than 100 polyps distributed throughout the colorectum, and the APC gene variant was also detected. After he was diagnosed with FAP, he received information that surgery was currently the only way to prevent the development of colorectal cancer. However, he firmly declined to undergo surgical procedures and decided to have strict follow-up with frequent endoscopic polypectomy to prevent the development of colorectal cancer. At the first endoscopy, polypectomy was performed on 52 polyps. Histological analysis of the dissected polyps showed that they were all adenomas, but adenocarcinoma was not detected. The second endoscopic polypectomy was performed after 4 months later. We found a pale 20 mm wide flat, elevated type polyp in the ascending colon with an adherent mucus cap that was resistant to washing off. After endoscopic mucosal resection, histological analysis revealed that there were two lesions in the polyps, a sessile serrated lesion (SSL) and SSL with dysplasia. SSL is a high-risk lesion for colorectal cancer, but it was reported to be rare in patients with FAP, and the existence of SSL suggested another carcinogenesis pathway in patients with FAP in addition to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Our report may be significant not only in consideration of the pathogenesis of FAP but also useful to raise awareness of SSL for clinicians who perform endoscopic polypectomy to prevent the development of colorectal cancer in patients with FAP.
Geochemistry and petrology of selected sediments from Bukit Song, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia, with emphasis on organic matter characterization
Authors: Tavakoli Amin
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the type of source input, quality, quantity, the condition of depositional environment and thermal maturity of the organic matter from Bukit Song, Sarawak, which has not been extensively studied for hydrocarbon generation potential. Petrological and geochemical analyses were performed on 13 outcrop samples of the study location. Two samples, having type III and mixed kerogen, showed very-good-to-excellent petroleum potential based on bitumen extraction and data from Rock–Eval analysis. The rest of the samples are inert—kerogen type IV. In terms of thermal maturity based on vitrinite reflectance, the results of this paper are akin to previous studies done in the nearby region reported as either immature or early mature. Ph/n-C18 versus Pr/n-C17 data showed that the major concentration of samples is within peat coal environment, whilst two samples were associated with anoxic marine depositional environment, confirmed by maceral content as well. Macerals mainly indicated terrestrial precursors and, overall, a dominance of vitrinite. Quality of the source rock based on TOC parameter indicated above 2 wt. % content for the majority of samples. However, consideration of TOC and S2 together showed only two samples to have better source rocks. Existence of cutinite, sporinite and greenish fluorescing resinite macerals corroborated with the immaturity of the analysed coaly samples. Varying degrees of the bitumen staining existed in a few samples. Kaolinite and illite were the major clays based on XRD analysis, which potentially indicate low porosity. This study revealed that hydrocarbon-generating potential of Bukit Song in Sarawak is low.
Formation of nanocrystalline graphite in polymer-derived SiCN by polymer infiltration and pyrolysis at a low temperature
Authors: Li Mingxing , Cheng Laifei , Ye Fang , Zhang Conglin , Zhou Jie
Published: August 2021

The microstructure of polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) was closely related to processing. This study demonstrated that SiCN matrix prepared by polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) at 900 °C inside a Si3N4whisker (Si3N4w) preform with submicro-sized pores differed from its powder-consolidated analogue in both the content and structure of free carbon. Chemical analysis showed that PIP process had a higher free carbon yield. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation discovered a higher graphitization degree of free carbon and the existence of nanocrystalline graphite in SiCN matrix. Dielectric properties of Si3N4w/SiCN composites were greatly enhanced when volume fraction of SiCN matrix reached 24.5% due to dielectric percolation caused by highly-lossy free carbon. Reconsolidation of hydrocarbon released during pyrolysis by gas-state carbonization in Si3N4whisker preform was supposed to account for the high yield and graphitization degree of free carbon in PIP process.
FairLOF: Fairness in Outlier Detection
Authors: P Deepak , Abraham Savitha Sam
Published: August 2021

An outlier detection method may be considered fair over specified sensitive attributes if the results of outlier detection are not skewed toward particular groups defined on such sensitive attributes. In this paper, we consider the task of fair outlier detection. Our focus is on the task of fair outlier detection over multiple multi-valued sensitive attributes (e.g., gender, race, religion, nationality and marital status, among others), one that has broad applications across modern data scenarios. We propose a fair outlier detection method,FairLOF, that is inspired by the popularLOFformulation for neighborhood-based outlier detection. We outline ways in which unfairness could be induced withinLOFand develop three heuristic principles to enhance fairness, which form the basis of theFairLOFmethod. Being a novel task, we develop an evaluation framework for fair outlier detection, and use that to benchmarkFairLOFon quality and fairness of results. Through an extensive empirical evaluation over real-world datasets, we illustrate thatFairLOFis able to achieve significant improvements in fairness at sometimes marginal degradations on result quality as measured against the fairness-agnosticLOFmethod. We also show that a generalization of our method, namedFairLOF-Flex, is able to open possibilities of further deepening fairness in outlier detection beyond what is offered byFairLOF.
Trajectory optimization for the Horyu-VI international lunar mission
Authors: De Grossi Federico , Marzioli Paolo , Cho Mengu , Santoni Fabio , Circi Christian
Published: August 2021

The Horyu-VI nano-satellite is an international lunar mission with the purpose of studying the lunar horizon glow (LHG)—a still unclear phenomenon caused by electrostatically charged lunar dust particles. This study analyzes the mission trajectory with the hypothesis that it is launched as a secondary payload of the NASA ARTEMIS-II mission. In particular, the effect of the solar gravity gradient is studied; in fact, depending on the starting relative position of the Moon, the Earth, and the Sun, the solar gradient acts differently on the trajectory—changing it significantly. Therefore, the transfer and lunar capture problem is solved in several cases with the initial Sun–Earth–Moon angle as the key parameter. Furthermore, the inclination with respect to the Moon at capture is constrained to be equatorial. Finally, the problem of stabilization and circularization of the lunar orbit is addressed in a specific case, providing an estimate of the total propellant cost to reach the final orbit around the Moon.
Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert C. difficile diagnostic assay: an update meta-analysis
Authors: Bai Yuanyuan , Hao Yingying , Song Zhen , Chu Wenjun , Jin Yan , Wang Yueling
Published: August 2021

Background

Accurate and rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is critical for effective patient management and implementation of infection control measures to prevent transmission.

Objectives

We updated our previous meta-analysis to provide a more reliable evidence base for the clinical diagnosis of Xpert C. difficile (Xpert C. difficile) assay.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) databases to identify studies according to predetermined criteria. STATA 13.0 software was used to analyze the tests for sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). QUADAS-2 was used to assess the quality of included studies with RevMan 5.2. Heterogeneity in accuracy measures was tested with Spearman correlation coefficient and chi-square. Meta-regressions and subgroup analyses were performed to figure out the potential sources of heterogeneity. Model diagnostics were used to evaluate the veracity of the data.

Results

A total of 26 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for diagnosis was 0.97(0.95–0.98), and specificity was 0.96(0.95–0.97). The AUC was 0.99 (0.98–1.00). Model diagnostics confirmed the robustness of our meta-analysis’s results. Significant heterogeneity was still observed when we pooled most of the accuracy measures of selected studies. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses showed that the sample size and type, ethnicity, and disease prevalence might be the conspicuous sources of heterogeneity.

Conclusions

The up-to-date meta-analysis showed the Xpert CD assay had good accuracy for detecting CDI. However, the diagnosis of CDI must combine clinical presentation with diagnostic testing to better answer the question of whether the patient actually has CDI in the future, and inclusion of preanalytical parameters and clinical outcomes in study design would provide a more objective evidence base.
Estimation of genetic variability and frequency distribution in F2 generation of rice under normal and deficit water supply
Authors: Bassuony Nessreen N. , Zsembeli József , Juhász Csaba , Elshenawy Mostafa M.
Published: August 2021

The investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of the Rice Research and Training Centre, Kafr el Sheikh, Egypt, during the summer seasons from 2017 to 2019 using the experimental material consisting two populations with their two parents (P1, P2, F1 and F2) to study the variability in the F2 population of four crosses: IR 78,936-B-B-B-B (water deficit tolerant) x Giza 177 (water deficit sensitive), FL-496 (moderately water deficit tolerant) x Giza 177, IR 78,936-B-B-B-B (water deficit tolerant) x Giza 178 (moderately water deficit tolerant), FL-496 × Giza 178 under normal (NWS) and deficit water supply (DWS). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that the phenotypic values of the measured characters were significantly different between the two parents of all the studied crosses under the two water supply conditions. The means of all the studied characters under DWS were lower than the means under NWS, but the yields and the yield components under DWS varied greatly among the parents due to stress. The averages of the measured traits of the F1 plants and the F2 populations in all crosses were near the averages of those of the parents. The results showed no consistent reduction in heritability under DWS compared to NWS. High heritability in a broad sense coupled with high genetic advance (GA) was observed for grain yield in Cross 1 under the two studied conditions offering good scope for selection.
New era of synchrotron radiation: fourth-generation storage ring
Authors: Shin Seunghwan
Published: August 2021

There had been remarkable progress in developing third-generation electron storage rings as the main sources of very bright photon beams. Fourth-generation storage rings based on the multi-bend achromat lattice concept may be able to surpass the brightness and coherence that are attained using present third-generation storage rings. In this paper, we survey ongoing work around the world to develop concepts and designs for fourth-generation electron storage rings.
Integrated approach enabling robust and tolerance design in product concept development
Authors: Goetz Stefan , Kirchner Philipp , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: September 2021

Along with the ever-increasing customer demands, early consideration of variation in terms of robust design is important to avoid expensive iterations in the product development. However, existing methods are detached from the development process and can therefore only be applied at a late stage or only with comprehensive expert knowledge. Especially in the concept stage, where the geometry of a product is not yet defined and the optimisation potential is high, effective solution proposals for systematic consideration of variation are lacking. Therefore, this paper describes a new integrated approach facilitating robust and tolerance design in the concept stage. The novelty of the approach using ontologies and graph-based visualisation is the close linkage of product development and tolerance knowledge, which allows automation and helps to avoid time- and cost-intensive iteration loops. As a result, a robust and tolerance-compliant concept design, an initial qualitative tolerance specification and instructions for the further tolerancing process are already available at the end of the concept stage. The applicability and the benefits of the approach are illustrated by representative case studies and a user study allowing a critical comparison between the conventional, mostly subjective procedure and the presented approach.
Flavonoid subclasses and CHD risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Fan Ze-kai , Wang Chong , Yang Ting , Li Xueqi , Guo Xiaofei , Li Duo
Published: September 2021

Epidemiological studies have shown that higher intake of flavonoid is inversely associated with CHD risk. However, which flavonoid subclass could reduce CHD risk has remained controversial. The present meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies aimed to quantitatively assess the associations between flavonoid subclasses and CHD risk. A systematic literature search was implemented from PubMed and Web of Science databases up to March 2021, and eligible studies were identified. Multivariate-adjust relative risks (RR) with corresponding 95 % CI were pooled by using a random-effects model. A restricted cubic spline regression model was performed for non-linear dose–response analysis. A total of 19 independent prospective cohort studies with 894 471 participants and 34 707 events were included. The results showed that dietary intakes of anthocyanins (RR = 0·90; 95 % CI: 0·83, 0·98), proanthocyanidins (RR = 0·78; 95 % CI: 0·65, 0·94), flavonols (RR = 0·88; 95 % CI: 0·79, 0·98), flavones (RR = 0·94; 95 % CI: 0·89, 0·99) and isoflavones (RR = 0·90; 95 % CI: 0·83, 0·98) were negatively associated with CHD risk. Dose–response analysis showed that increment of 50 mg/d anthocyanins, 100 mg/d proanthocyanidins, 25 mg/d flavonols, 5 mg/d flavones and 0·5 mg/d isoflavones were associated with 5 % reduction in CHD risk, respectively. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were used to further support these associations. The present results indicate that dietary intakes of fruits and vegetables abundant five flavonoid subclasses, namely anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones and isoflavones, are associated with a lower risk of CHD.
Ten-year experience with multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic sinusitis
Authors: Elwany S , Ibrahim A A , Hussein W K A , Medra A M , Elwany N
Published: September 2021

Background

Odontogenic sinusitis is an underdiagnosed entity and is one cause of failure of conventional treatments of sinusitis. Unfortunately, there is no consensus so far on the best management protocol. This retrospective study aimed to suggest a practical management protocol that can reduce misdiagnosis and improve treatment outcomes.

Methods

The study included 74 patients with confirmed odontogenic sinusitis who were diagnosed and treated over 10 years (2010–2019). The patient data were recorded and analysed.

Results

Dental pain was reported in only 31.1 per cent of patients. Fifty-six patients (75.7 per cent) had received dental treatment during the last year, but only 13 (23.1 per cent) reported it. Dental pathology was missed on initial computed tomography evaluation in 24 patients (32.4 per cent). Forty-one patients (55.4 per cent) were successfully treated by dental procedures and antibiotics. Fourteen patients needed functional endoscopic sinus surgery in addition to dental procedures.

Conclusion

Successful management of odontogenic sinusitis requires good communication between rhinologists, radiologists and dentists. Dental treatment should be the logical first step in the treatment protocol, unless otherwise indicated.
Glossing and vocabulary learning
Authors: Boers Frank
Published: September 2021

This article offers a critical review of research on the use of glossing and its contribution to second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition. Discussion topics include the complexity of estimating the effectiveness of glossing relative to reading non-glossed texts, the quest for optimal implementations of glossing, issues of ecological validity, and ambiguity around the nature of vocabulary learning from glosses. The general conclusion is that, despite the substantial number of research studies on this subject, many questions remain to which only tentative and provisional answers are currently available. This is partly owing to the wide diversity in research designs across studies and the lack of transparency of many research reports. Suggestions are made for further research on glossing with a view to enabling future systematic reviews to produce more nuanced answers and more informed recommendations for the design of L2 reading materials.
On the edit distance function of the random graph
Authors: Martin Ryan R. , Riasanovsky Alex W. N.
Published: September 2021

Given a hereditary property of graphs
$\mathcal{H}$
and a
$p\in [0,1]$
, the edit distance function
$\textrm{ed}_{\mathcal{H}}(p)$
is asymptotically the maximum proportion of edge additions plus edge deletions applied to a graph of edge density p sufficient to ensure that the resulting graph satisfies
$\mathcal{H}$
. The edit distance function is directly related to other well-studied quantities such as the speed function for
$\mathcal{H}$
and the
$\mathcal{H}$
-chromatic number of a random graph.

Let
$\mathcal{H}$
be the property of forbidding an Erdős–Rényi random graph
$F\sim \mathbb{G}(n_0,p_0)$
, and let
$\varphi$
represent the golden ratio. In this paper, we show that if
$p_0\in [1-1/\varphi,1/\varphi]$
, then a.a.s. as
$n_0\to\infty$
,
\begin{align*} {\textrm{ed}}_{\mathcal{H}}(p) = (1+o(1))\,\frac{2\log n_0}{n_0} \cdot\min\left\{ \frac{p}{-\log(1-p_0)}, \frac{1-p}{-\log p_0} \right\}. \end{align*}
Moreover, this holds for
$p\in [1/3,2/3]$
for any
$p_0\in (0,1)$
.

A primary tool in the proof is the categorization of p-core coloured regularity graphs in the range
$p\in[1-1/\varphi,1/\varphi]$
. Such coloured regularity graphs must have the property that the non-grey edges form vertex-disjoint cliques.
Conceptualizing the Transnational Regulation of Plastics: Moving Towards a Preventative and Just Agenda for Plastics
Authors: Johnson Hope , Nay Zoe , Maguire Rowena , Barner Leonie , Payne Alice , Taboada Manuela
Published: September 2021

This article categorizes and evaluates how regulatory regimes conceptualize plastics, and how such conceptualizations affect the production, consumption, and disposal of plastics. Taking a doctrinal and policy-oriented approach, it identifies four ‘frames’ – that is, four distinct and coherent sets of meanings attributed to plastics within transnational regulation – namely, plastics as waste to be managed; a material to be prevented; a good (or waste) to be traded freely; and inputs or outputs in production-consumption systems. Based on this analysis, three significant deficiencies in the transnational regulation of plastics are identified: the failure to frame plastics in terms of environmental justice and human rights issues; insufficient focus on plastics prevention (rather than management); and the role of law in reinforcing its production and consumption.
An Implicit Air Quality Bias Due to the State of Pristine Aerosol
Authors: Zhao Xueying , Allen Robert J. , Thomson Erik S.
Published: September 2021

Air pollution is largely attributed to anthropogenic aerosols, with the role of natural aerosols, including sea salt, dust, and other terrestrial emissions considered to be less important. However, natural aerosols have strong geographic gradients and this suggests that spatially invariant air quality guidelines may handicap regions close to natural sources. We use climate models to construct a view of pre‐industrial “pristine” air quality, including fine particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 µm (). Under pristine conditions, levels over regions in geographic proximity to dust sources, including parts of Africa and Asia, exceed World Health Organization air quality guidelines. We estimate that this pristine air pollution, which is unassociated with human activities, impacts up to about one billion people globally. The results show that natural aerosols, with strong geographic gradients, can lead to poor air quality over regions close to sources, and that in many areas no amount of anthropogenic emission reductions will result in clean air.
TRICE 2 Observations of Low‐Energy Magnetospheric Ions Within the Cusp
Authors: Sawyer R. P. , Fuselier S. A. , Kletzing C. A. , Bonnell J. W. , Roglans R. , Bounds S. R. , Kim M. J. , Vines S. K. , Cairns I. H. , Moser C. , LaBelle J. , Moen J. I. , Trattner K. J. , Petrinec S. M. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , George D.
Published: August 2021

On December 08, 2018 the Twin Rocket Investigation of Cusp Electrodynamics 2 (TRICE 2) mission was successfully launched. The mission consisted of two sounding rockets, each carrying a payload capable of measuring electron and ion distributions, electric and magnetic fields, and plasma waves occurring in the northern magnetospheric cusp. This study highlights the ion and wave observations obtained by TRICE 2 in the cusp and observations from the magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft at the low‐latitude magnetopause two hours prior to the TRICE 2 traversal of the cusp. Within the cusp, typical ion cusp features were observed, that is, energy‐latitude dispersion of injected magnetosheath plasma. However, a lower energy population was also measured near the equatorward edge of the cusp on open field lines. Pitch‐angle distributions of the low‐energy ions suggest that this population was magnetospheric in origin, and not from ionospheric upflows. Data from MMS show that counterstreaming ions were present in the outer magnetosphere and low‐latitude boundary layer at similar energies to those observed by TRICE 2 in the cusp. Correlations between the low‐energy ions within the cusp and broadband extremely low frequency waves suggest that the low‐energy magnetospheric ions that filled the flux tube may have undergone wave‐particle interactions. These interactions may cause pitch‐angle scattering of low‐energy magnetospheric ions closer to the loss cone, thereby allowing them to precipitate into the cusp and be measured by the TRICE 2 sounding rockets.
Modulated Upper‐Hybrid Waves Coincident With Lower‐Hybrid Waves in the Cusp
Authors: Moser C. , LaBelle J. , Roglans R. , Bonnell J. W. , Cairns I. H. , Feltman C. , Kletzing C. A. , Bounds S. , Sawyer R. P. , Fuselier S. A.
Published: August 2021

During the Twin Rockets to Investigate Cusp Electrodynamics (TRICE‐2) High‐Flyer rocket's passage through the cusp the high frequency (HF) radio wave receiver observed three intervals of banded upper‐hybrid (UH) waves. The bands begin at the UH frequency (1.2–1.3 MHz), descending to as low as 1.1 MHz, with amplitudes of hundreds of mV/m. The spacing of the bands are 4.5–6 kHz and the number of bands ranges from 3 to 10. Simultaneously, the very low frequency (VLF) radio wave receiver observed lower‐hybrid (LH) waves with amplitudes ranging from 1 to 10 mV/m and frequencies of 4.5–6 kHz. Slight variations of the spacings of the bands in the UH waves were closely correlated with variations in the LH peak frequencies. Two possible wave‐wave interactions are explored to explain this phenomenon: decay of an UH wave into a lower frequency UH wave and a LH wave, and coalescence of independent UH waves and LH waves that spawn UH waves. Using a dispersion relation calculator with electron and ion distribution functions based off those observed by the particle instruments suggests that UH waves, and to a lesser degree LH waves, can be excited by linear instabilities. Kinematic analysis of the waves dispersion relations and the wave matching conditions show that wave‐wave interactions linking UH and LH modes are possible through either decay or coalescence. This analysis along with comparisons of the energy densities of the waves, and the ratio of their occupation numbers suggest that the decay process is more likely than coalescence.
The Fall and Rise of the Global Climate Model
Authors: Mülmenstädt Johannes , Wilcox Laura J.
Published: August 2021

Global models are an essential tool for climate projections, but conventional coarse‐resolution atmospheric general circulation models suffer from errors both in their parameterized cloud physics and in their representation of climatically important circulation features. A notable recent study by Terai et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002274) documents a global model capable of reproducing the regime‐based effect of aerosols on cloud liquid water path expected from observational evidence. This may represent a significant advance in cloud process fidelity in global models. Such models can be expected to give a better estimate of the effective radiative forcing of the climate. If this advance in cloud process representation can be matched by advances in the representation of circulation features such as monsoons, then such models may also be able to navigate the complex tangle between spatially heterogeneous aerosol–cloud interactions and regional circulation patterns. This tight link between aerosol and circulation results in anthropogenic perturbations of climate variables of societal importance, such as regional rainfall distributions. Upcoming global models with km‐scale resolution may improve the regional circulation and be able to take advantage of the Terai et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002274) improvement in cloud physics. If so, an era of significantly improved regional climate projection capabilities may soon dawn. If not, then the improvement in cloud physics might spur intensified efforts on problems in model dynamics. Either way, based on the rapid changes in aerosol emissions in the near future, learning to make reliable projections based on biased models is a skill that will not go out of style.
PCA-based unsupervised feature extraction for gene expression analysis of COVID-19 patients
Authors: Fujisawa Kota , Shimo Mamoru , Taguchi Y.-H. , Ikematsu Shinya , Miyata Ryota
Published: August 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is raging worldwide. This potentially fatal infectious disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the complete mechanism of COVID-19 is not well understood. Therefore, we analyzed gene expression profiles of COVID-19 patients to identify disease-related genes through an innovative machine learning method that enables a data-driven strategy for gene selection from a data set with a small number of samples and many candidates. Principal-component-analysis-based unsupervised feature extraction (PCAUFE) was applied to the RNA expression profiles of 16 COVID-19 patients and 18 healthy control subjects. The results identified 123 genes as critical for COVID-19 progression from 60,683 candidate probes, including immune-related genes. The 123 genes were enriched in binding sites for transcription factors NFKB1 and RELA, which are involved in various biological phenomena such as immune response and cell survival: the primary mediator of canonical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity is the heterodimer RelA-p50. The genes were also enriched in histone modification H3K36me3, and they largely overlapped the target genes of NFKB1 and RELA. We found that the overlapping genes were downregulated in COVID-19 patients. These results suggest that canonical NF-κB activity was suppressed by H3K36me3 in COVID-19 patient blood.
Living supramolecular polymerization of an AIE-active Ir(iii) complex with irregular emission
Authors: Chen Yan , Zhang Liyan , Wang Lei , Guo Lin , Liu Chun
Published: September 2021

The aggregation mechanism of an AIE-active Ir(iii) complex 1 with irregular emission has been studied. The living supramolecular polymerization of 1 has been successfully performed and the sizes of supramolecular polymers can be controlled.
Animal fats as a suitable feedstock for co-processing with atmospheric gas oil
Authors: de Paz Carmona Héctor , Vráblík Aleš , Hidalgo Herrador José Miguel , Velvarská Romana , Černý Radek
Published: September 2021

Effects of animal fat addition in hydrotreated gas oil.
Signatures of extended radio emission from escaping electrons in the Lighthouse Nebula
Authors: Bordas P. , Zhang X. , Bosch-Ramon V. , Paredes J. M.
Published: September 2021

Several supersonic runaway pulsar wind nebulae (sPWNe) with jet-like extended structures have been recently discovered in X-rays. If these structures are the product of electrons escaping the system and diffusing into the surrounding interstellar medium, they can produce a radio halo extending for several arcmins around the source. We model the expected radio emission in this scenario in the Lighthouse Nebula sPWN. We assume a constant particle injection rate during the source lifetime, and isotropic diffusion into the surrounding medium. Our predictions strongly depend on the low- and high-energy cutoffs given in the particle distribution. Our results indicate that extended radio emission can be detected from the Lighthouse Nebula without the need to invoke extreme values for the model parameters. We provide synthetic synchrotron maps that can be used to constrain these results with observations by current highly sensitive radio instruments.
Venous Thromboembolism in Pediatric Cancer Patients with Central Venous Catheter—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hansen Rasmus Søgaard , Nybo Mads , Hvas Anne-Mette
Published: September 2021

Pediatric cancer patients hold an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to their cancer. Central venous catheters (CVCs) further increase the VTE risk. This systematic literature review elucidates the VTE incidence in pediatric cancer patients with CVC. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched in August 2020 without time limits. We included studies reporting original data on patients ≤18 years with any CVC type and any cancer type, who were examined for VTE with ≥7 days follow-up. In total, 682 unique records were identified, whereof 189 studies were assessed in full text. Altogether, 25 studies were included, containing 2,318 pediatric cancer patients with CVC, of which 17% suffered VTE. Fifteen studies (n = 1,551) described CVC-related VTE and reported 11% CVC-related VTE. Concerning cancer type, 991 children suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 616 from solid tumors. Meta-analysis revealed VTE incidence (95% confidence interval) of 21% (8–37) for ALL and 7% (0.1–17) for solid tumors. Additionally, 20% of children with tunneled or nontunneled CVC and 12% of children with implantable ports suffered VTE. In conclusion, pediatric cancer patients with CVC have substantial VTE risk. Children with ALL and CVC have higher VTE incidence than children with solid tumors and CVC. Implantable port catheter should be preferred over tunneled or nontunneled CVC to reduce VTE risk. Thrombophilia investigation does not seem relevant in pediatric cancer patients with CVC and VTE. To prevent VTE, intensified catheter care is recommended, especially in children with ALL.
‘Braining’ psychiatry: an investigation into how complexity is managed in the practice of neuropsychiatric research
Authors: de Boer Bas , Molder Hedwig te , Verbeek Peter-Paul
Published: August 2021

Neuropsychiatry searches to understand mental disorders in terms of underlying brain activity by using brain imaging technologies. The field promises to offer a more objective foundation for diagnostic processes and to help developing forms of treatment that target the symptoms of a specific mental disorder. However, brain imaging technologies also reveal the brain as a complex network, suggesting that mental disorders cannot be easily linked to specific brain areas. In this paper, we analyze a case study conducted at a neuropsychiatry laboratory to explore how the complexity of the human brain is managed in light of the project of explaining mental disorders in terms of their neurological substrates. We use a combination of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis to show how previously assigned diagnostic labels are constitutive of interpretations of experimental data and, therefore, remain unchallenged. Furthermore, we show how diagnostic labels become materialized in experimental design, in that the linking of symptoms of mental disorders to specific brain areas is treated as indicative of successfully designed experimental stimuli. In conclusion, we argue that while researchers acknowledge the complexity of the brain on a generic level, they do not grant this complexity to the brains of individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder.
Tandem Oxidation-Dehydrogenation of (Hetero)Arylated Primary Alcohols via Perruthenate Catalysis
Authors: Bettencourt Christian J. , Chow Sharon , Moore Peter W. , Read Christopher D. G. , Jiao Yanxiao , Bakker Jan Peter , Zhao Sheng , Bernhardt Paul V. , Williams Craig M.
Published: August 2021

Tandem oxidative-dehydrogenation of primary alcohols to give α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in one pot are rare transformations in organic synthesis, with only two methods currently available. Reported herein is a novel method using the bench-stable salt methyltriphenylphosphonium perruthenate (MTP3), and a new co-oxidant NEMO·PF6 (NEMO = N-ethyl-N-hydroxymorpholinium) which provides unsaturated aldehydes in low to moderate yields. The Ley-Griffith oxidation of (hetero)arylated primary alcohols with N-oxide co-oxidants NMO (NMO = N-methylmorpholine N-oxide)/NEMO, is expanded by addition of the N-oxide salt NEMO·PF6 to convert the intermediate saturated aldehyde into its unsaturated counterpart. The discovery, method development, reaction scope, and associated challenges of this method are highlighted. The conceptual value of late-stage dehydrogenation in natural product synthesis is demonstrated via the synthesis of a polyene scaffold related to auxarconjugatin B.
A rare capture of two Japanese rubyfish (
Authors: Coulson P. G. , Moore G. I.
Published: August 2021

Due to advances in fish-finding equipment and vessel capabilities, commercial and recreational fishers are now regularly accessing deep waters off the edge of the continental shelf and catching fish species that are rarely encountered in shallower waters or that have not previously been caught. This study details the capture of two Japanese rubyfish (Erythrocles schlegelii) in deep, offshore waters on the south coast of Western Australia, and in waters further south than previously encountered. This study also provides the first age estimates from counts of growth (opaque) zones in sectioned sagittal otoliths. The estimated ages of 8 years for both individuals, one female and the other male, are much lower than what would have been expected based on age estimates for this species derived from scales undertaken in an earlier study. Understanding the biological characteristics of these deepwater fish species will assist in future management of these resources.
Maze-walkers and echoborgs
Authors: Mossop Brian
Published: September 2021

The article fills a gap in the existing array of translation metaphors by introducing maze-walkers as a metaphor
for translators at work. Ten similarities and five dissimilarities between translating and walking through a hedge maze are
discussed. Translators’ control over their actions is compared to that of maze-walkers and of four other metaphorical agents:
stage and musical performers, puppeteers, echoborgs and ghost-writers. Most existing metaphors convey attitudes toward
translations and translators, whereas the maze-walking metaphor captures the varied actions of a translating translator. The
metaphor may be of value to anyone explaining translation to students.
Identifying the evolving human imprint on heat wave trends over the United States and Mexico
Authors: M García-Martínez Ivonne , A Bollasina Massimo
Published: September 2021

Changes in frequency, duration and intensity of three heat wave (HW) types (compound, daytime, and nighttime) over the United States (U.S.) and Mexico during the second half of the 20th-century are investigated using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE). The individual role of anthropogenic aerosols and greenhouse gases (GHGs), as well as the contribution from internal variability (IV), are identified and contrasted by means of the CESM-LE single forcing experiments during two periods: 1950–1975, when North American aerosol emissions peaked, and 1980–2005, when aerosol emissions declined. HW changes are strongly affected by anthropogenic forcing. During 1950–1975, aerosols, via both aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions, dominate the decreasing trends in compound HWs over the central U.S., the daytime HWs in large parts of the domain and the nighttime HWs over Mexico. Conversely, all three HW types are considerably more frequent (

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2 HWs summer−1 decade−1), longer-lasting (with increases of up to 2 days HW−1 decade−1 in some regions) and more intense (e.g.,

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3

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C HW−1 decade−1 in compound HWs) across large regions of the domain during the 1980–2005 period. The results show that the decline in aerosol emissions and the continuous rise in GHGs lead to widespread warming and subsequent circulation adjustments, contributing to the positive HW trends. The contribution of IV is large during 1950–1975 (over 60% in most areas), and considerably reduced later on. This study provides a comprehensive picture of the role of anthropogenic forcing and IV on the marked HW changes in the recent decades and their underpinning physical mechanisms.
COVID-19 vaccine use in immunocompromised patients: A commentary on evidence and recommendations
Authors: Duly Kristine , Farraye Francis A , Bhat Shubha
Published: August 2021

Purpose

While COVID-19 vaccine emergency use authorization (EUA) deemed the vaccines to be effective and safe for public use, the phase 3 trials leading to EUA predominantly excluded patients with immunocompromising conditions. Immunocompromised patients make up a significant proportion of the population, and in light of recent mass vaccination efforts, we aim to review current evidence and recommendations of COVID-19 vaccines in 4 patient populations with immunocompromising disorders or conditions: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, solid organ transplantation, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Given the evolving data on the safety and efficacy of the approved COVID-19 vaccines in the immunocompromised population, it is vital that pharmacists and other immunizing providers understand the current data and recommendations and provide the public with accurate information. To date, the only immunocompromised subgroup included in phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trials have been those with HIV infection. However, recent retrospective trials have provided reassuring data on the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine in immunocompromised patients, and the interim analysis of the Moderna phase 3 trial produced promising data on efficacy in HIV-infected patients. Presently, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, British Society for Immunology, and various other governmental and professional societies and organizations endorse COVID-19 vaccination in the immunocompromised population.

Conclusion

While additional data is needed to determine the effects of immunocompromising medical conditions and immunosuppressing medications on the efficacy of the vaccine, the benefits of vaccination is anticipated to outweigh theoretical risks. Thus, COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for immunocompromised patients at this time, and providers should make efforts to decrease vaccine hesitancy in this population through education and reassurance.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection in Crohn’s Disease Strictures: A Phase I–II Clinical Study
Authors: Vieujean Sophie , Loly Jean-Philippe , Boutaffala Layla , Meunier Paul , Reenaers Catherine , Briquet Alexandra , Lechanteur Chantal , Baudoux Etienne , Beguin Yves , Louis Edouard
Published: September 2021

Background and Aim

Mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs] have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties and could be a potential therapy for Crohn’s disease [CD] strictures. In this phase I–II pilot trial, we assessed safety and efficacy of local MSC injection to treat CD strictures.

Methods

CD patients with a short [less than 5 cm in length] non-passable stricture accessible by ileocolonoscopy were included. Allogenic bone-marrow derived MSCs were injected in the four quadrants of the stricture. Adverse events and clinical scores were evaluated at each follow-up visit and endoscopy and magnetic resonance enterography were performed at baseline, Week [W]12 and W48. The main judgement criterion for efficacy was the complete [defined by the ability to pass the ileocolonoscope] or partial [defined by a diameter increase] resolution of the stricture at W12. Second efficacy criteria included assessment of the stricture at W48 and evolution of clinical scores at W12 and W48.

Results

We performed 11 MSC injections in 10 CD patients [three primary and seven anastomotic strictures; one stricture injected twice]. MSC injections were well tolerated but four hospitalisations for occlusion were reported. At W12, five patients presented a complete or partial resolution of the stricture [two complete and three partial]. Seven patients were re-evaluated at W48 [one dilated, one operated, and one lost to follow-up] and four patients had a complete resolution. The evolution of clinical scores between W0, W12, and W48 was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

MSCs injection in CD stricture was well tolerated and may offer a benefit.
Mild Cognitive Impairment and Donepezil Impact Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Morris Jill K , McCoin Colin S , Fuller Kelly N , John Casey S , Wilkins Heather M , Green Zachary D , Wang Xiaowan , Sharma Palash , Burns Jeffrey M , Vidoni Eric D , Mahnken Jonathan D , Shankar Kartik , Swerdlow Russell H , Thyfault John P
Published: September 2021

Alzheimer's Disease (ad) associates with insulin resistance and low aerobic capacity, suggestive of impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. However, this has not been directly measured in AD. This study ( n  = 50) compared muscle mitochondrial respiratory function and gene expression profiling in cognitively healthy older adults (CH; n = 24) to 26 individuals in the earliest phase of ad-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n  = 11) or MCI taking the ad medication donepezil (MCI + med; n  = 15). Mitochondrial respiratory kinetics were measured in permeabilized muscle fibers from muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis. Untreated MCI exhibited lower lipid-stimulated skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration (State 3, ADP-stimulated) than both CH ( P = .043) and MCI + med (P = .007) groups. MCI also exhibited poorer mitochondrial coupling control compared to CH (P = .014). RNA sequencing of skeletal muscle revealed unique differences in mitochondrial function and metabolism genes based on both MCI status (CH vs MCI) and medication treatment (MCI vs MCI + med). MCI + med modified over 600 skeletal muscle genes compared to MCI suggesting donepezil powerfully impacts the transcriptional profile of muscle. Overall, skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration is altered in untreated MCI but normalized in donepezil-treated MCI participants while leak control is impaired regardless of medication status. These results provide evidence that mitochondrial changes occur in the early stages of AD, but are influenced by a common ad medicine. Further study of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the influence of transcriptional regulation in early ad is warranted.
1443A causal mediation analysis of the effect of disability on mental health mediated by employment
Authors: Aitken Zoe , Simpson Julie , Bentley Rebecca , Kavanagh Anne
Published: September 2021

Background

There is evidence that disability acquisition causes a decline in mental health, but few studies have examined the causal mechanisms through which the effect operates. This study used a novel approach to mediation analysis to quantify interventional indirect effects through employment and income.

Methods

We used four waves of longitudinal data to compare self-reported mental health between working aged individuals who acquired a disability (n = 233) and those who remained disability-free (n = 5419). We conducted a causal mediation analysis quantifying interventional indirect effects of disability acquisition on mental health operating through two distinct mediators: employment status and income. We used multiple imputation with 50 imputed datasets to account for missing data.

Results

The total causal effect of disability acquisition on mental health was estimated to be a 4.8-point decline in mental health score (estimated mean difference: -4.8, 95% CI -7.0, -2.7). The interventional indirect effect through employment was estimated to be a 0.5-point difference (-0.5, 95% CI -1.0, 0.0), accounting for 10.6% of the total effect, whereas there was no evidence that income explained any of the effect.

Conclusion

This study estimated that disability-related mental health inequalities could be reduced by 10.6% if employment rates were the same for people with disabilities as those without. The results highlight the need to implement measures to enable people with disabilities to remain in employment and improve employment and vocational training opportunities for people who acquire a disability.