bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of a tannin-based organic polymer to harvest Chlorella vulgaris biomass from swine wastewater digestate phycoremediation
Authors: Mezzari M. P. , da Silva M. L. B. , Pirolli M. , Perazzoli S. , Steinmetz R. L. R. , Nunes E. O. , Soares H. M.
Published: September 2014

This study investigated the efficiency of an organic tannin polymer alone or amended with polyacrylamide to harvest Chlorella vulgaris biomass grown in a laboratory-scale photobioreactor treating swine wastewater digestate. The effect of biomass concentration, tannin (TAN) dosages and changes in pH were evaluated in jar test experiments. Among the TAN concentrations tested (11, 22, 44, 89, 178 mg L−1), 11 mg L−1 showed the highest biomass recovery (97%). The highest coagulation/ flocculation efficiencies were obtained at pH 5 to 7. Flocculation efficiency improved from 50 to 97% concomitant with the increasing biomass concentrations from 45 to 165 mg L−1, respectively. Recovery efficiencies above 95% were achieved with the same TAN dosage (11 mg L−1) irrespective of the concentration of organic carbon present (75 to 300 mg TOC L−1). Overall, the results suggest that TAN could become an interesting alternative choice of non-toxic organic polymer for harvesting Chlorella sp. from organic-rich wastewater.
Surface water quality management using an integrated discharge permit and the reclaimed water market
Authors: Jamshidi Shervin , Niksokhan Mohammad Hossein , Ardestani Mojtaba
Published: September 2014

Water quality trading is a sustainable framework for surface water quality management. It uses discharge permits to reduce the total treatment costs. For example, the case of Gharesoo River in Iran shows that the nitrogen permit market between point and non-point sources is 37% more economical than the command and control framework. Nevertheless, the cost saving may be reduced to 6% by the end of the study period (2050). This depression may be due to the limited technical support for wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, an integrated market is recommended in which the discharge permits and the reclaimed water are traded simultaneously. In this framework, the allocation of secondary treated domestic wastewater for irrigation can provide capacity for other pollutants to discharge into the surface water. This innovative approach may decrease the total treatment costs by 63% at present, while 65%, may be achieved by the end of the study period. Furthermore, this market is able to determine the environmental penalty, trading permits, and reuse prices. For example, the maximum ratio of the average reuse price to the penalty cost is determined as 1 to 10. It is introduced as an incentive indicator for stakeholders to consider the integrated market. Consequently, the applicability and the efficiency of using this approach are verified long term.
An experimental study on bioremediation and photolysis of enrofloxacin
Authors: Zamanpour Ghasem , Mehrabani-Zeinabad Arjomand
Published: September 2014

Recent studies have identified the occurrence of a vast number of pharmaceuticals into the municipal wastewater through excreted urine and feces. Some of these pharmaceutical compounds are degraded in the environment. However, there have been reports on the presence of pharmaceutical active compounds in drinking water. Concerns have been raised over the potential adverse effects of these pharmaceuticals on public health and the aquatic environment. In order to investigate the removal process of pharmaceutical enrofloxacin, a unit consisting of a structured packing rotating biological contactor (spRBC) was designed and constructed as a biological treatment unit. The removal rate reached a maximum of 70% in this biological unit. In the meantime, the effect of photolysis process on the effluent of the biological unit was also studied. In the direct photolysis, the removal performance reached 51% and by adding H2O2 the removal efficiency was increased to 87%. The removal efficiency for the entire system including spRBC and an ultraviolet radiation unit was 94%.
Performance-Based Incentive for Improving Quality of Maternal Health Services in Bangladesh
Authors: Rob Ubaidur , Alam Mohammad Masudul
Published: September 2014

Poor motivation of providers, primarily caused by low remuneration and/or non-existence of financial incentives, has been a key challenge to improve the quality of maternal health services in the public sector health facilities in rural Bangladesh. An operations research study examined the impact of performance-based incentive for service providers at the institutional level to improve the quality of maternal health services. Quality of care was assessed through monitoring visits of professionals from higher-level health facilities, which contributed to improved service provision within the facilities. Quality scores of the facilities increased from 55% to 78% in 14 months of intervention with significant improvement in antenatal care, postnatal counseling, and institutional delivery ( p < 0.01). Importantly, client satisfaction increased remarkably in the intervention facilities. Performance-based incentive has the potential for motivating service providers in improving the quality of maternal health services and for increasing the utilization of facilities for maternal health services in Bangladesh.
Librarian-Initiated HIV/AIDS Prevention Intervention Program Outcome in Rural Communities in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ajuwon G. A. , Komolafe-Opadeji H. O. , Ikhizama B.
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study was to meet the HIV/AIDS information and service needs of citizens living in selected rural, underserved communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. This was a librarian-initiated intervention program (pre-post) study of heads of rural households in Oyo State. A questionnaire was used for pre- and post-intervention assessment. The education covered knowledge about HIV/AIDS, routes of transmission, prevention strategies, and attitude toward persons living with HIV. It increased participants' knowledge about AIDS and improved attitude toward those living with HIV. Provision and dissemination of information on HIV/AIDS through librarians to rural settlers is an important prevention strategy and librarians can make major contributions.
The effect of gastric juice on the development of erosive changes in hard dental tissue
Authors: Stojsin Ivana , Brkanic Tatjana , Zivkovic Slavoljub
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an esophageal
disorder where the refluxed gastric contents enters first into the esophagus
followed by the pharynx, oral cavity, larynx, airway and middle ear, causing
a range of disorders and symptoms. Hydrochloric acid from the gastric
contents is responsible for the demineralization of dental hard tissues and
release of matrix metalloproteinase from the dentin. Objective. The aim of
this study was to verify the SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis of
the surface enamel, the enamel-dentin border and dentine after the exposure
of intact teeth to filtrate of gastric contents obtained during routine
endoscopy. Methods. Material used in the research was 10 extracted human
impacted third molars. The coronal part of the tooth was divided into two
parts, and then the two halves of teeth were exposed to the filtrate of
gastric juice obtained during routine gastroscopy, which had been frozen
until the moment of the experiment initiation. All samples of teeth were
immersed in the filtrate of the content at a temperature of 20?C for 60
minutes. The prepared samples were observed by the SEM in the area of the
enamel, the enamel-dentin border and in the area of dentin at different
magnification. Results. The SEM analysis showed that both enamel and dentin
had a significant demineralization of these tissues. Enamel surface resembled
a demineralization similar to that of acid conditioning before the
application of composite restorations. The degree of mineralization was more
intense towards the enamel - dentin border, and at this area the enamel
prisms were not fully recognizable. The dentin had a complete loss of
peritubular dentin, the entry points of the dentin tubules were expanded and
intertubular dentin demineralization was also registered. Conclusion. SEM
analysis showed a significant degree of destruction of enamel and dentin.
Significant changes in the surface structure of enamel and dentin were also
registered. The filtrate of the gastric juice degrades enamel pellicle and
the dentin organic component.
Anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome and anti-C1q antibodies as disease activity markers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Zivkovic Valentina , Stankovic Aleksandra , Cvetkovic Tatjana , Mitic Branka , Kostic Svetislav , Nedovic Jovan , Stamenkovic Bojana
Published: September 2014

Introduction. In spite of the growing number of reports on the study of
anti-nucleosome and anti-C1q antibodies, there are still controversies on
their significance as disease activity markers in patients with systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE) and their use in everyday clinical practice.
Objective. Our aim was to assess the presence of anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome
and anti-C1q antibodies in SLE patients, as well as to establish their
sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and their
correlation with SLE and lupus nephritis clinical activity. Methods. The
study enrolled 85 patients aged 45.3?9.7 years on the average, with SLE of
average duration 10.37?7.99 years, hospitalized at the Institute ?Niska
Banja? during 2011, and 30 healthy individuals as controls. Disease activity
was assessed using Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index
(SLEDAI). In all examinees the levels of anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome and
anti-C1q antibodies were measured using the ELISA method with Alegria Test
Strips Orgentec (Germany). Results. Patients with active lupus nephritis had
a higher presence of anti-C1q antibodies and higher co-positivity of
anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, and anti-C1q antibodies compared to those with
inactive lupus nephritis (77.77% vs. 21.74%; p<0.01). SLE patients with
SLEDAI ?11 had a higher presence of antinucleosome (93.75% vs. 64.15%;
p<0.01) and anti-C1q antibodies (46.87% vs. 22.64%; p<0.05), as well as a
higher mean level of anti-nucleosome antibodies (107.79?83.46 U/ml vs.
57.81?63.15 U/ml; p<0.05), compared to those with SLEDAI of 0-10. There was a
positive correlation between the SLEDAI and the level of anti-dsDNA (r=0.290;
p<0.01), anti-nucleosome (r=0.443; p<0.001), and anti-C1q antibodies
(r=0.382; p<0.001). Only anti-C1q antibodies demonstrated correlation with
proteinuria (r=0.445; p<0.001). Conclusion. Anti-nucleosome and anti-C1q
antibodies demonstrated association with SLE and lupus nephritis activity,
suggesting their potential usefulness in making predictions about lupus
nephritis and assessment of disease activity.
Depression and quality of sleep in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: Trbojevic-Stankovic Jasna , Stojimirovic Biljana , Bukumiric Zoran , Hadzibulic Edvin , Andric Branislav , Djordjevic Verica , Marjanovic Zoran , Birdjozlic Fatmir , Nesic Dejan , Jovanovic Dijana
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Sleep disorders and psychological disturbances are common in
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. However, despite their frequency and
importance, such conditions often go unnoticed, since all patients do not
clearly manifest fully expressed symptoms. Objective. This study aimed to
determine the prevalence of depression and poor sleep quality and to examine
the association between these disorders and demographic, clinical and
treatment-related characteristics of ESRD patients on hemodialysis (HD).
Methods. The study included 222 patients (132 men and 90 women), mean age
57.3?11.9 years, from 3 HD centers in Central Serbia, which provided us with
biochemical parameters and demographic data. Sleep quality and depression
were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Beck
Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. Results. The average BDI was
16.1?11.3. Depressed patients were significantly older (p=0.041), had a
significantly lower dialysis adequacy (p=0.027) and a significantly worse
quality of sleep (p<0.001), while they did not show significant difference as
regarding sex, employment, marital status, comorbidities, dialysis type,
dialysis vintage, shift and laboratory parameters. The average PSQI was
7.8?4.5 and 64.2% of patients were poor sleepers. Poor sleepers were
significantly older (p=0.002), they were more often females (p=0.027) and had
a significantly higher BDI (p<0.001), while other investigated variables were
not correlated with sleep quality. A statistically significant positive
correlation was found between BDI and PSQI (r=0.604; p<0.001). Conclusion.
Depression and poor sleep quality are frequent and interrelated among HD
patients.
Phenotypic detection of beta-lactamases production in enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Cirkovic Ivana , Pavlovic Ljiljana , Konstantinovic Neda , Kostic Katarina , Jovanovic Snezana , Djukic Slobodanka
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Beta-lactam antibiotics are the most commonly used
antibacterial drugs. However, many bacteria have developed resistance to
these antibiotics, and the most common form of resistance is the production
of beta-lactamase enzymes. Many members of the Enterobacteriaceae family
produce different types of these enzymes. Objective. The aim of this study
was to perform phenotypic detection of production and identification of
beta-lactamase type in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from different clinical
specimens from patients hospitalized in the Clinical Center of Serbia.
Methods. The strains of Enterobacteriaceae were collected between November
2011 and January 2012 in the laboratory of the Clinical Center of Serbia.
The isolates were identified according to the standard microbiology
procedures and confirmed by the Vitek2 automated system. Antimicrobial
susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method, and the
phenotypic detection of production and identification of betalactamases was
performed according to previously described methodologies. Results. In this
study, a total of 172 Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated. Further
testing was performed on 54/145 (37.2%) strains showing decreased
susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics: 13/85 (15.3%) Escherichia coli,
31/46 (67.4%) Klebsiella pneumoniae and 10/14 (71.4%) Proteus mirabilis.
Among them, 40/145 (27.6%) strains produced extended spectrum betalactamases
(ESBLs), 9/145 (6.2%) - AmpC, 1/145 (0.7%) - K1 beta-lactamase and 4/145
(2.8%) - carbapenemases. Carbapenemases were predominantly detected in K.
pneumoniae (75%). Conclusion. Enterobacteriaceae produce different types of
betalactamases, and the most common type in our study was ESBLs. Production
of carbapenemases detected in Enterobacteriaceae is also an associated
problem.
Accidental macular hole following Neodymium:YAG posterior capsulotomy
Authors: Munteanu Mihnea , Petrovic Zarko , Stanca Horia , Rosca Cosmin , Jianu Adelina , Boruga Ovidiu
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the commonest
complication of cataract surgery, occurring in up to one-third of patients
in a period of five years. The treatment of choice is the Neodymium:YAG
laser posterior capsulotomy. This treatment can be associated with several
complications, some of them severe. A rare complication of this procedure is
the accidental induced macular hole. Case Outline. A 54-year-old female
patient was referred to our Department because of a severe loss of vision
and a central scotoma at the right eye. The patient underwent a Nd:YAG
posterior capsulotomy 2 days ago, for a PCO. The fundus examination at
presentation revealed a round retinal defect in the macular region, a
massive inferior preretinal hemorrhage and a mild vitreous hamorrhage. A
6-months follow-up of the case, including retinography and fluorescein
angiography, is presented. Conclusion. Although the Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy
is a safe, noninvasive, and effective outpatient procedure to improve vision
hindered by PCO, it must be recognized that it carries a low but definite
risk of serious complications. Physicians and patients should be aware of
these rare but severe complications regarding this otherwise safe procedure.
Fortunately, most of the complications related to this procedure are
transient and can be managed by proper medication.
Comparison of shear bond strength of brackets recycled using micro sandblasting and industrial methods
Authors: Montero Manuela M. Haro , Vicente Ascensión , Alfonso-Hernández Noelia , Jiménez-López Manuel , Bravo-González Luis-Alberto
Published: September 2014

Objective: 

To evaluate in vitro the shear bond strength of brackets recycled by sandblasting with aluminum oxide particles of different sizes or reconditioned industrially after successive rebonding.

Materials and Methods: 

Eighty brackets were bonded and debonded sequentially three times. After the first debonding, brackets were divided into four groups: (group 1) sandblasting with aluminum oxide particles of 25 μ, (group 2) 50 μ, and (group 3) 110 μ, and (group 4) industrial recycling. Bond strength and adhesive material remaining on debonded bracket bases were evaluated for each successive debond.

Results: 

No significant differences were detected between the four groups following the first recycle (P > .05). After the second recycle, bond strength was significantly greater for the industrially recycled group than the other groups (P < .016). When shear bond strength was compared within each recycling method, the bond strength of sandblasted brackets decreased with the increase of particle size and with each recycle; for the industrially recycled group, no significant differences were detected between the three sequences (P > .016). In the evaluation of bond material remnant, the industrially recycled group left significantly less bond material after successive recycling than the other groups did (P < .016). Within each recycling method, the adhesive remnant decreased significantly after successive debond (P < .016).

Conclusions: 

Industrial recycling obtained better results than sandblasting after three successive debondings. The brackets' shear bond strength decreased as the size of the aluminum oxide particle used for sandblasting increased and as recycling was repeated.
Qualitative study of the communication expectations of clients accessing oncology care at a tertiary referral center for dogs with life-limiting cancer
Authors: Stoewen Debbie L. , Coe Jason B. , MacMartin Clare , A. Stone Elizabeth , E. Dewey Catherine
Published: September 2014

Objective—To describe the process aspects (communication) of the information expectations of clients accessing oncology care services at a tertiary referral center for dogs with life-limiting cancer.

Design—Qualitative analysis of data acquired during in-person single and dyadic interviews.

Sample—43 dog owners participating in 30 interviews.

Procedures—Independent in-person interviews were conducted with standardized open- and closed-ended questions from April to October 2009. Thematic analysis was performed on transcripts of the interview discussions.

Results—The participants expected information to be communicated in a forthright manner; in multiple formats; with understandable language; in an unrushed environment wherein staff took the time to listen, answer all questions, and repeat information when necessary; on a continuous basis, with 24-hour access to address questions or concerns; in a timely manner; with positivity; with compassion and empathy; with a nonjudgmental attitude; and through staff with whom they had established relationships.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the manner in which information is communicated is vitally important to clients of dogs with life-limiting cancer in that it not only facilitates comprehension but also creates a humanistic environment from which clients derive the psychosocial support needed to successfully cope with their pet's condition.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic repair of a grade IV rectal tear in a postparturient mare
Authors: Stewart Suzanne G. , Johnston Janet K. , Parente Eric J.
Published: September 2014

Case Description—An 8-year-old multiparous Thoroughbred broodmare was admitted for evaluation of a rectal tear sustained during parturition.

Clinical Findings—On initial evaluation, the mare had mild signs of abdominal discomfort. A full-thickness rectal tear located 30 cm cranial to the anus and extending approximately 15 cm longitudinally along the surface of the small colon between the 4 and 6 o'clock positions, when viewed from behind, was diagnosed on examination per rectum.

Treatment and Outcome—Laparoscopic evaluation of the abdomen was performed to assess the tear and extent of peritoneal contamination. A hand-assisted repair via a flank incision was performed. The tear was closed in a single-layer, simple continuous pattern with size-0 polydioxanone with a handheld needle holder. Subsequently, a ventral midline celiotomy was performed, and intestinal contents were evacuated via a pelvic flexure enterotomy and a typhlotomy. Following surgery, the mare was managed with IV fluid therapy, partial parenteral nutrition, antimicrobials, and NSAIDs for 5 to 7 days before being gradually reintroduced to a complete pelleted feed and alfalfa hay. Prior to discharge, examination per rectum revealed no stricture formation associated with repair. The mare was discharged from the hospital and performed successfully as a broodmare, with the delivery of a live foal 1 year after surgery.

Clinical Relevance—Successful repair with an excellent outcome was achieved in this mare. Hand-assisted laparoscopic repair should be considered as a possible treatment option in horses with grade IV rectal tears.
Effect of the Atmosphere on the Performances of Aviation Turbine Engines
Authors: Balicki Włodzimierz , Głowacki Paweł , Szczecinski Stefan , Chachurski Ryszard , Szczeciński Jerzy
Published: September 2014

The paper presents how the parameters defining the state of the atmosphere: pressure, temperature, humidity, are affecting performance of the aircraft turbine engines and their durability. Also negative impact of dust pollution level is considered as an important source of engine deterioration. Article highlights limitation of the aircraft takeoff weight (TOW) and requirements for length of the runways depending on weather condition changes. These problems stem from the growing “demand” of gas turbine engines for an air. The highest thrust engines have air mass flow more than 1000 kg/s. Engine inlet ice formation is presented as a result of weather conditions and inlet duct design features.
Stress Distribution in a Composite Coating by Local Loading of the Free Surface
Authors: Kulchytsky-zhyhailo Roman , Kołodziejczyk Waldemar
Published: September 2014

A three-dimensional problem of the theory of elasticity for halfspace with multilayered coating with periodical structure is considered. The fundamental layer consists of two layers with different thicknesses and different mechanical properties. The coating is described by the homogenized model with microlocal parameters. The solution is derived by using integral Fourier transform. Calculations were conducted with the assumption of elliptical distribution of normal and tangential tractions applied to the surface of the layered system in a cir-cular area. Analysis of the stresses was restricted to the first principal stress distribution.
Stress Concentration Resulting from Irregular Shape of Explosively Cladded Materials Connections - Fem Simulation
Authors: Kurek Andrzej , Niesłony Adam , Kurek Marta
Published: September 2014

The paper contains a numerical analysis of interface zone steel-titanium bimetal obtained by explosive cladding method. Due to the waviness of the zone, and various properties of the constituent material of the materials type contain structural notch. Therefore it is important inter alia in terms of presentation of the results of fatigue are the maximum stresses that occur just in the area of the zone. In the paper the stress concentration factor and the proposed method of modelling the joint zone of a sinusoidal profile, characterized by the same coefficient of stress concentration at the actual profile.
Buckleyella ornata n. sp. (Nematoda: Philometridae) from the abdominal cavity of the talang queenfish Scomberoides commersonnianus (Perciformes: Carangidae) off the northern coast of Australia
Authors: Moravec F. , Diggles B. , Barnes L. , Macbeth W.
Published: September 2014

A new nematode species, Buckleyella ornata n. sp. (Philometridae), is described from female specimens found in the abdominal cavity (mesenteries) of the talang queenfish Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepède (Carangidae, Perciformes) caught in Darwin Harbour, northern Australia. Based on light and scanning electron microscopical examination, the new species mainly differs from the only other congeneric species B. buckleyi Rasheed, 1963 in having a markedly shorter oesophagus (2.04–2.75 mm long), by the absence of a cephalic mound around the mouth aperture, by the presence of four submedian cephalic papillae of the inner circle, and by a somewhat different arrangement of cuticular ornamentations on the body surface. Three protruding oesophageal teeth and large, dome-shaped cephalic papillae of the external circle present in the smallest gravid female of B. ornata are atrophied in larger conspecific gravid females. Buckleyella ornata is the first known nominal species of a philometrid parasitizing carangid fishes in Australian waters.
Tunability of discrete diffraction in photonic liquid crystal fibres
Authors: Rutkowska K. , Laudyn U. , Jung P.
Published: September 2014

In this paper theoretical and experimental results regarding discrete light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibres (PLCFs) are presented. Particular interest is focused on tunability of the beam guidance obtained due to the variation in either external temperature or optical power (with assumption of thermal nonlinearity taking place in liquid crystals). Highly tunable (discrete) diffraction and thermal self-(de)focusing are studied and tested in experimental conditions. Specifically, spatial light localization and/or delocalization due to the change in tuning parameters are demonstrated, with possibility of discrete spatial (gap) soliton propagation in particular conditions. Results of numerical simulations (performed for the Gaussian beams of different widths and wavelengths) have been compared to those from experimental tests performed in the PLCFs of interest. Owning to the limit of experimental means, direct qualitative comparison was not quite accessible. Nevertheless, a qualitative agreement between theoretical and experimental data (obtained in analogous conditions) has been achieved, suggesting a compact and widely-accessible platform for the study of tunable linear (and nonlinear) discrete light propagation in two-dimensional systems. Proposed photonic structures are of a great potential for all-optical beam shaping and switching.
Slab waveguide with air core layer and anisotropic left-handed material claddings as a sensor
Authors: Taya S.
Published: September 2014

A three-layer slab waveguide with air core layer and anisotropic left-handed material claddings is investigated for sensing applications. Different from the waveguide mode sensors and surface plasmon resonance sensors in which the analyte is placed in the evanescent field region, the proposed sensor contains the sample in the core region that supports the oscillating field. Due to the strong concentration of the electromagnetic field in the analyte medium, the proposed device exhibits unusual sensitivity enhancement. The simulations revealed that the sensitivity improvement of TE3 mode compared to conventional evanescent wave sensor is approximately a factor of 20.
Enhanced image processing for infrared non-destructive testing
Authors: Lopez F. , Maldague X. , Ibarra-Castanedo C.
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a review and in-depth analysis of three of the most popular techniques for processing PT images: differential absolute contrast, thermographic signal reconstruction and pulsed phase thermography. The fundamental concepts of the three techniques are reviewed and their application on thermal data obtained from the PT inspection on a carbon fibre reinforced specimen is analysed. Furthermore, a new promissory technique based on multivariate statistical analysis is also introduced and evaluated. The performance of the techniques is evaluated in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio at maximum signal contrast.
Engagement, Resistance and Restructuring: A Legal Challenge
Authors: Seuffert Nan
Published: September 2014

The raft of neoliberal and new public management policies and discourses that have risen to prominence in universities in the last few decades, combined with steep decreases in public funding, have resulted in profound changes to all aspects of university functions across not just Australia and New Zealand, but many countries with comparable public university sectors. These changes have impacted on strategic priorities, faculty and administrative structures, terms and conditions of academic and administrative staff employment, academic freedom and the role that universities play in a democracy. Scholarship on the impact of neoliberal economic and new public management policies in universities has blossomed in recent years. This scholarship has included some discussion of the extent to which individual and collective resistance to these changes, by academics and others, is possible, and the potential challenges of such resistance. This article considers a legal challenge to a restructuring, or ‘organisational change’, proposal at a New Zealand university. It begins by analysing the legal challenge in the context of neoliberal economic and new public management policies in universities in Australia and New Zealand, with a focus on the implications of the changing governance policies and structures in universities, and academic engagement with, and resistance to, those policies. It then discusses the case, considering the issue raised in light of recent scholarship. It argues that the case is relevant today as an example of a form of collective resistance to problematic aspects of new public management policies in universities.
Hydrothermal Carbonization of Spent Osmotic Solution (SOS) Generated from Osmotic Dehydration of Blueberries
Authors: Singh Kaushlendra , Sivanandan Litha
Published: September 2014

Hydrothermal carbonization of spent osmotic solution (SOS), a waste generated from osmotic dehydration of fruits, has the potential of transformation into hydrochars, a value-added product, while reducing cost and overall greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste disposal. Osmotic solution (OS) and spent osmotic solution (SOS) generated from the osmotic dehydration of blueberries were compared for their thermo-chemical decomposition behavior and hydrothermal carbonization. OS and SOS samples were characterized for total solids, elemental composition, and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, hydrothermal carbonization was performed at 250 °C and for 30 min to produce hydrochars. The hydrochars were characterized for elemental composition, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, particle shape and surface morphology. TGA results show that the SOS sample loses more weight in the lower temperature range than the OS sample. Both samples produced, approximately, 40%–42% (wet-feed basis) hydrochar during hydrothermal carbonization but with different properties. The OS sample produced hydrochar, which had spherical particles of 1.79 ± 1.30 μm diameter with a very smooth surface. In contrast, the SOS sample produced hydrochar with no definite particle shape but with a raspberry-like surface.
Spatial-Temporal Variation and Prediction of Rainfall in Northeastern Nigeria
Authors: Bibi Umar , Kaduk Jörg , Balzter Heiko
Published: September 2014

In Northeastern Nigeria seasonal rainfall is critical for the availability of water for domestic use through surface and sub-surface recharge and agricultural production, which is mostly rain fed. Variability in rainfall over the last 60 years is the main cause for crop failure and water scarcity in the region, particularly, due to late onset of rainfall, short dry spells and multi-annual droughts. In this study, we analyze 27 years (1980–2006) of gridded daily rainfall data obtained from a merged dataset by the National Centre for Environmental Prediction and Climate Research Unit reanalysis data (NCEP-CRU) for spatial-temporal variability of monthly amounts and frequency in rainfall and rainfall trends. Temporal variability was assessed using the percentage coefficient of variation and temporal trends in rainfall were assessed using maps of linear regression slopes for the months of May through October. These six months cover the period of the onset and cessation of the wet season throughout the region. Monthly rainfall amount and frequency were then predicted over a 24-month period using the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Model. The predictions were evaluated using NCEP-CRU data for the same period. Kolmogorov Smirnov test results suggest that despite there are some months during the wet season (May–October) when there is no significant agreement (p < 0.05) between the monthly distribution of the values of the model and the corresponding 24-month NCEP-CRU data, the model did better than simply replicating the long term mean of the data used for the prediction. Overall, the model does well in areas and months with lower temporal rainfall variability. Maps of the coefficient of variation and regression slopes are presented to indicate areas of high rainfall variability and water deficit over the period under study. The implications of these results for future policies on Agriculture and Water Management in the region are highlighted.
Factors Associated With Pupil Toilet Use in Kenyan Primary Schools
Authors: Garn Joshua , Caruso Bethany , Drews-Botsch Carolyn , Kramer Michael , Brumback Babette , Rheingans Richard , Freeman Matthew
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to quantify how school sanitation conditions are associated with pupils’ use of sanitation facilities. We conducted a longitudinal assessment in 60 primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya, using structured observations to measure facility conditions and pupils’ use at specific facilities. We used multivariable mixed regression models to characterize how pupil to toilet ratio was associated with toilet use at the school-level and also how facility conditions were associated with pupils’ use at specific facilities. We found a piecewise linear relationship between decreasing pupil to toilet ratio and increasing pupil toilet use (p < 0.01). Our data also revealed significant associations between toilet use and newer facility age (p < 0.01), facility type (p < 0.01), and the number of toilets in a facility (p < 0.01). We found some evidence suggesting facility dirtiness may deter girls from use (p = 0.06), but not boys (p = 0.98). Our study is the first to rigorously quantify many of these relationships, and provides insight into the complexity of factors affecting pupil toilet use patterns, potentially leading to a better allocation of resources for school sanitation, and to improved health and educational outcomes for children.
A Conceptual Framework to Measure Systems’ Performance during Emergency Preparedness Exercises
Authors: Savoia Elena , Agboola Foluso , Biddinger Paul
Published: September 2014

Large-scale public health emergencies require a sophisticated, coordinated response involving multiple entities to protect health and minimize suffering. However, the rarity of such emergencies presents a barrier to gathering observational data about the effectiveness of the public health response before such events occur. For this reason, public health practitioners increasingly have relied on simulated emergencies, known as “exercises” as proxies to test their emergency capabilities. However, the formal evaluation of performance in these exercises, historically has been inconsistent, and there is little research to describe how data acquired from simulated emergencies actually support conclusions about the quality of the public health emergency response system. Over the past six years, we have designed and evaluated more than seventy public health emergency exercises, collaborating with public health agencies, hospitals and others to test a wide variety of systems and their capabilities. Using the data and experience that we gathered, we have developed a conceptual framework that describes the essential elements necessary to consider when applying performance measurement science to public health emergency exercises. We suggest that this framework may assist practitioners and researchers who wish to better measure performance in exercises and to improve public health emergency preparedness.
IPNs from Cyclodextrin:Chitosan Antioxidants: Bonding, Bio-Adhesion, Antioxidant Capacity and Drug Release
Authors: Perchyonok V. , Grobler Sias , Zhang Shengmiao
Published: September 2014

IPNs are unique “alloys” of cross-linked polymers in which at least one network is synthesized and/or cross-linked in the presence of the other. IPNs are also known as entanglements of polymer networks that are ideally held together only by permanent topological interactions. The objectives of this study are to evaluate novel chitosan-based functional drug delivery systems that can be successfully incorporated into “dual action bioactive tooth restorative materials”. These materials should be capable of inducing an improved wound healing prototype. The novel hydrogels will be investigated with respect to the antioxidant capacity of conventional antioxidants, such as resveratrol, b-carotene and propolis, as a designer drug delivery system, with the use of SEM imaging for the characterization of the surfaces, bio-adhesive property, antioxidant capacity, free radical defence, antioxidant, active ingredient stability and reactive features of novel materials. The additional benefit of the site-specific “functional restorative material” for use in dressings to deliver antibiotics to wound sites can provide tissue compatibility and reduced interference with wound healing. The materials were tested using an effective in vitro free radical generation model as functional additive prototypes for further development of “dual function restorative wound healing materials”. We quantified the effects of functional designer biomaterials on the dentin bond strength of a composite and evaluated the bio-adhesive capacity of the materials in the two separate “in vitro” systems. The added benefits of the chitosan/vitamin C/cyclodextrin (CD) host:guest complex-treated hydrogels involved a positive influence on the tetracycline release, increased dentin bond strength, as well as a demonstrated in vitro “built-in” free radical defence mechanism and, therefore, acting as a “proof of concept” for functional multi-dimensional restorative wound healing materials with a built-in free radical defence mechanism. Based on our results, we can conclude that the CD:chitosan-antioxidant-containing hydrogels are a suitable carrier for tetracycline to be slow-released. Within the limitations of the study design, chitosan-based hydrogels are suitable materials for functional restorative and wound healing applications in vitro. Cytotoxicity data are currently being evaluated in our laboratory.
Enhanced Antioxidant Capacity and Anti-Ageing Biomarkers after Diet Micronutrient Supplementation
Authors: Balcerczyk Aneta , Gajewska Agnieszka , Macierzyńska-Piotrowska Ewa , Pawelczyk Tomasz , Bartosz Grzegorz , Szemraj Janusz
Published: September 2014

A growing number of studies confirm an important effect of diet, lifestyle and physical activity on health status, the ageing process and many metabolic disorders. This study focuses on the influence of a diet supplement, NucleVital®Q10 Complex, on parameters related to redox homeostasis and ageing. An experimental group of 66 healthy volunteer women aged 35–55 supplemented their diet for 12 weeks with the complex, which contained omega-3 acids (1350 mg/day), ubiquinone (300 mg/day), astaxanthin (15 mg/day), lycopene (45 mg/day), lutein palmitate (30 mg/day), zeaxanthine palmitate (6 mg/day), L-selenomethionine (330 mg/day), cholecalciferol (30 µg/day) and α-tocopherol (45 mg/day). We found that NucleVital®Q10 Complex supplementation significantly increased total antioxidant capacity of plasma and activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, with slight effects on oxidative stress biomarkers in erythrocytes; MDA and 4-hydroxyalkene levels. Apart from the observed antioxidative effects, the tested supplement also showed anti-ageing activity. Analysis of expression of SIRT1 and 2 in PBMCs showed significant changes for both genes on a mRNA level. The level of telomerase was also increased by more than 25%, although the length of lymphocyte telomeres, determined by RT-PCR, remained unchanged. Our results demonstrate beneficial effects concerning the antioxidant potential of plasma as well as biomarkers related to ageing even after short term supplementation of diet with NucleVital®Q10 Complex.
Assessing Seasonal Backscatter Variations with Respect to Uncertainties in Soil Moisture Retrieval in Siberian Tundra Regions
Authors: Högström Elin , Trofaier Anna , Gouttevin Isabelle , Bartsch Annett
Published: September 2014

Knowledge of surface hydrology is essential for many applications, including studies that aim to understand permafrost response to changing climate and the associated feedback mechanisms. Advanced remote sensing techniques make it possible to retrieve a range of land-surface variables, including radar retrieved soil moisture (SSM). It has been pointed out before that soil moisture retrieval from satellite data can be challenging at high latitudes, which correspond to remote areas where ground data are scarce and the applicability of satellite data of this type is essential. This study investigates backscatter variability other than associated with changing soil moisture in order to examine the possible impact on soil moisture retrieval. It focuses on issues specific to SSM retrieval in the Arctic, notably variations related to tundra lakes. ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) Wide Swath (WS, 120 m) data are used to understand and quantify impacts on Metop (AAdvanced Scatterometer (ASCAT, 25 km) soil moisture retrieval during the snow free period. Sites of interest are chosen according to ASAR WS availability, high or low agreement between output from the land surface model ORCHIDEE and ASCAT derived SSM. Backscatter variations are analyzed with respect to the ASCAT footprint area. It can be shown that the low model agreement is related to water fraction in most cases. No difference could be detected between periods with floating ice (in snow off situation) and ice free periods at the chosen sites. The mean footprint backscatter is however impacted by partial short term surface roughness change. The water fraction correlates with backscatter deviations (relative to a smooth water surface reference image) within the ASCAT footprint areas (R = 0.91)
A Novel Position Estimation Method Based on Displacement Correction in AIS
Authors: Jiang Yi , Zhang Shufang , Yang Dongkai
Published: September 2014

A new position estimation method by using the signals from two automatic identification system (AIS) stations is proposed in this paper. The time of arrival (TOA) method is enhanced with the displacement correction, so that the vessel’s position can be determined even for the situation where it can receive the signals from only two AIS base stations. Its implementation scheme based on the mathematical model is presented. Furthermore, performance analysis is carried out to illustrate the relation between the positioning errors and the displacement vector provided by auxiliary sensors. Finally, the positioning method is verified and its performance is evaluated by simulation. The results show that the positioning accuracy is acceptable.
Application of an Online-Biomass Sensor in an Optical Multisensory Platform Prototype for Growth Monitoring of Biotechnical Relevant Microorganism and Cell Lines in Single-Use Shake Flasks
Authors: Ude Christian , Schmidt-Hager Jörg , Findeis Michael , John Gernot , Scheper Thomas , Beutel Sascha
Published: September 2014

In the context of this work we evaluated a multisensory, noninvasive prototype platform for shake flask cultivations by monitoring three basic parameters (pH, pO2 and biomass). The focus lies on the evaluation of the biomass sensor based on backward light scattering. The application spectrum was expanded to four new organisms in addition to E. coli K12 and S. cerevisiae [1]. It could be shown that the sensor is appropriate for a wide range of standard microorganisms, e.g., L. zeae, K. pastoris, A. niger and CHO-K1. The biomass sensor signal could successfully be correlated and calibrated with well-known measurement methods like OD600, cell dry weight (CDW) and cell concentration. Logarithmic and Bleasdale-Nelder derived functions were adequate for data fitting. Measurements at low cell concentrations proved to be critical in terms of a high signal to noise ratio, but the integration of a custom made light shade in the shake flask improved these measurements significantly. This sensor based measurement method has a high potential to initiate a new generation of online bioprocess monitoring. Metabolic studies will particularly benefit from the multisensory data acquisition. The sensor is already used in labscale experiments for shake flask cultivations.
PEDESTRIAN LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA FOR URBAN OFF-STREET FACILITIES IN MID-SIZED CITIES
Authors: Sahani Rima , Bhuyan Prasanta Kumar
Published: September 2014

Levels Of Service (LOS) evaluation criteria for off-street pedestrian facilities are not well defined in urban Indian context; hence an in-depth research is carried out in this regard. Defining Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) criteria is basically a classification problem; therefore a comparative study is made using three methods of clustering i.e. Affinity Propagation (AP), Self-Organizing Map (SOM) in Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic AlgorithmFuzzy (GA-Fuzzy) clustering. Pedestrian data are used on validation measure of clustering method to obtain optimal number of cluster used in defining PLOS categories. To decide the most suitable algorithm applicable in defining PLOS criteria for urban off-street facilities in Indian context, Wilk’s Lambda is used on results of the three clustering methods. It is observed from the analysis that GA-Fuzzy is the most suitable clustering analysis among the three methods. With the help of GA-Fuzzy clustering analysis the ranges of the four measuring parameters (average pedestrian space, flow rate, speed of pedestrian and volume to capacity ratio) are defined by using the data collected from two mid-sized cities located in the state of Odisha, India. It is also observed that at >16.53 m2/ped average space, ≤0.061 ped/sec/m flow rate, >1.21 speed and ≤0.34 v/c ratio pedestrians can move in their desired path at LOS ‘A’ without changing movements and it is the best condition for off-street facilities. But in the pedestrian facility having ≤4.48 m2/ped average space, >0.146 ped/sec/m flow rate, ≤0.62 average speed and >1.00 v/c ratio, pedestrian movement is severely restricted and frequent collision among users occurs. The ranges of the parameters used for LOS categories found in this study for Indian cities are different from that mentioned in HCM (Highway Capacity Manual 2010) because of differences in population density, traffic flow condition, geometric structure and some other factors.