bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic crisis and social policy reform in Korea
Authors: Kwon Soonman
Published: March 2003

The economic crisis that broke out in Korea in December 1997 has had a chilling impact on social development in the country. Today unemployment is the highest that Korea has experienced in the past thirty years. This paper aims to examine the impact of the economic crisis on social development and the role of public policy to mitigate the problems caused by the crisis. The economic crisis has hit vulnerable groups harder, increased the proportion of part‐time and daily workers, and reversed the trend of steady improvement of income distribution. The economic crisis along with the trend of aging population, globalization, and competition calls for an expanded role of social policy, which the Korean government has neglected for a long time. The main targets of social policy reform in Korea include the expansion of government programs and safety nets for the unemployed and redesigning the national pension and health insurance scheme to provide adequate income security as well as to improve the system sustainability.
Norway: relevance of the social development model for post‐War welfare policy
Authors: Dahl Espen , Drøpping Jon Anders , Lø Ivar
Published: March 2003

This article examines the extent to which social policies in post‐War Norway fit three key features of the social development model, namely productivism, social investment and universalism. The historical review shows that the pursuit of a social development model changes in line with economic development and the expansion of the welfare state. It reveals that policies to promote full employment have been central to the country's economic and welfare policies throughout the post‐War period. Nevertheless, the extent to which the productivist objective has been emphasised and implemented has fluctuated over time. In contrast to the 1970s and 1980s, the 1990s witnessed a strengthening of the work ethic but also a continued commitment to de‐commodification. The extent to which the combination of productivism and social investment is pursued is examined with reference to services for the insured and uninsured. The article concludes that the ways in which the social development perspective understands and defends universalism and social investment only partially applies to the mature Norwegian welfare state.
A Common Denominator? Swedish Employers, Trade Unions and Vocational Training
Authors: Lundahl Lisbeth
Published: March 2003

The big organisations of the Swedish labour market have taken a con‐siderable role in the making of vocational education policy in the post‐war period. Here it is argued that the ‘Swedish model’ of co‐operation between the Social Democratic government and the strong central organisations of employers and trade unions respectively has had a substantial impact on the debate over the reform of vocational education.
Cognitive Style and Learning Strategies: Some Implications for Training Design
Authors: Riding Richard J. , Sadler‐Smith Eugene
Published: March 2003

In designing learning materials there is often the assumption that all trainees will learn in a similar manner. This approach ignorees the important issue of individual differences in cognitive style. Cognitive style may be defined as an individual’s consistent approach to organising and processing information during thinking. Style does not appear to be related to intelligence and reflects qualitative rather than quantitative differences between individuals in their thinking processes. Here the authors argue that conventional training design methodologies (whilst acknowledging learning style) appear to lack the theoretical and empirical bases to acknowledge the important role played by cognitive style in determining learning performance. The aim of the article is to consider the relationship between learning performance, learning strategies and cognitive style and to suggest ways in which human resource development practitioners may accommodate individual differences in style in order that the effectiveness of training and development interventions may be improved.
Factors Affecting Motivation to Transfer Training
Authors: Seyler Dian L. , Holton III Elwood F. , Bates Reid A. , Burnett Michael F. , Carvalho Manuel A.
Published: March 2003

This study examines the relationship of motivation to transfer skills and knowledge learned in a computer‐based training programme with five groups of variables: individual or general attitudes, situational specific attitudes, reactions, learning, and work environment factors. Hierarchical regression analysis produced a model which explained 60.5% of the variance in motivation to transfer. Individual attitudes and environmental variables explained most of the variance in motivation. A number of mediated relationships were suggested.
Evaluating the contribution of competency‐based training: an enterprise perspective
Authors: Mulcahy Dianne , James Pauline
Published: March 2003

The article reports the findings of a national evaluation study conducted in 1998 of the contribution of competency‐based training (CBT) to outcomes in vocational education and training in Australia. The study found that CBT has made significant contributions to employers, its main benefit being that learning can be achieved on‐the‐job. Thus the key advantage for enterprises is relevant training where relevance means ‘specific skills for specific jobs’. The conclusion is drawn that three key issues in relation to the practice of competency training in Australia need to be addressed: (i) recognition of the role of the expert practitioner in augmenting, and thus improving, CBT; (ii) recognition of the limitations of CBT with regard to the provision of knowledgeable skill; and (iii) recognition of the importance of defining learning in terms of outcomes and process.
Computer‐assisted learning design for reflective practice supporting multiple learning styles for education and training in pre‐hosplital emergency care
Authors: Jones Indra , Cookson John
Published: March 2003

This article describes and discusses a unique project in the field of RP, CAL and Learning Styles. Reflective Practice (RP) is a method that can be used to assist the student to learn from experience using a carefully structured framework. This has been shown to result in new learning and improved practice. In PHEC the application of RP is seen as essential for clinical effectiveness and continuing professional development in paramedic practices. Evidence from Canada indicates that while PHEC work would be expected to attract convergers (as categorised by Kolb, 1984), in fact, the data did not support that expectation. No particular learning style was dominant. The teaching process for RP at the University of Hertfordshire normally uses the lecture‐discussion method between teacher/facilitators and students based largely on the presentation of scenarios and case studies with a wide‐ranging, but focused dialogue and discussion. The design problem discussed here was to provide computer–student interaction which offers the students additional opportunities to develop their own preferred styles as well as to achieve the same learning outcomes as the taught content.
Policy borrowing: lessons from European attempts to transfer training practices
Authors: Turbin Jill
Published: March 2003

Globalisation has provided an impetus to the borrowing of policies and ‘best practices’ between countries. This article looks specifically at such borrowing in the field of Continuing Vocational Training (CVT). Using case study data drawn from a wider evaluation of a European programme, the FORCE programme, it illustrates some of the barriers encountered when attempting to transfer training principles, practices and delivery systems from one country to another, focusing on structural and institutional factors rather than cultural ones. While acknowledging the importance of ‘learning’ at a broader level, the article argues that ET systems are embedded within a wider societal, institutional and cultural context that limits the success of transfer.
The manager’s role in enhancing the transfer of training: a Turkish case study
Authors: Gumuseli Ali Ilker , Ergin Banu
Published: March 2003

The process of the transfer of training has a great impact on job productivity, effectiveness and satisfaction. Studies focusing specifically on the role of managers in the process have, however, been limited in number. The general aim of this study is to determine the impact of managers’ reinforcement on participants’ job attitude, productivity, effectiveness and satisfaction in the process of the transfer of knowledge, skill and attitude to be acquired through a training programme into the workplace. The study involves a group of sales representatives participating in the Basic Sales Training Program for Sales Representatives and their supervisors in the Coca‐Cola Bottlers of Turkey. Using experimental and control groups, the study is based on Kirkpatrick’s four–stage evaluation model. The findings obtained are discussed and evaluated with respect to the roles of managers in the transfer of training.
Value, Exchange and the Social Economy: Framework and Paradigm Shift in Urban Policy.
Authors: Fasenfest David , Ciancanelli Penelope , Reese Laura A.
Published: March 2003

A market paradigm has been dominant in the field of community development, defining how governmental officials, development professionals and even academics view the world, and influencing the way problems are identified, the kind of questions asked, the solutions considered, the criteria for ‘success’ and even the evaluative methodologies employed. This article maintains that the market paradigm has not succeeded from the micro‐social perspective of the residents or the development of their communities as a whole. By problematizing two concepts embedded in the market economy paradigm, value (both monetized and non‐monetized) and exchange (terms of trade), we offer a concrete vision of urban policy analysis from a social economy paradigm.
The Effects of Industry Governance on Offshore Oil Development in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Baxter Vern
Published: March 2003

This article presents an historical analysis of the way governance arrangements in the petroleum industry have affected development of offshore oil resources in the Gulf of Mexico. Global competition over differential rents and natural value available from petroleum extraction were instrumental in the construction of oil prices high enough to support profitable investment offshore. Attention to the social construction of oil prices illustrates how political discourse on national security and conservation helps translate economic logic into strategic political coalitions and state action. The article shows how the unequal flow of resources in a global extractive industry, as organized by transnational corporations and states, interacts with marginal costs and differential rents to influence economic development. Development of Louisiana offshore oil after the second world war was protected by a private international price cartel, federally enforced import quotas and tax laws. Competition in the industry and the OPEC price increases of the 1970s undermined US domination of world oil, but higher oil prices further stimulated investment offshore. The subsequent breakdown of stable governance in the 1980s drove down oil prices, hastened restructuring of the petroleum industry and caused a rapid decline in Louisiana offshore investment.
Social Conditions and Economic Performance: The Bond Between Social Structure and Regional Growth in Western Europe
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pose Andrés
Published: March 2003

This article tries to assess, by resorting to the use of cluster analysis techniques, the relationship between economic growth and social structure at a regional level in western Europe. It is argued that the processes of socio‐economic restructuring and structural change have rendered the traditional factors determining the location of economic activity more mobile. Hence, since regional disparities tend to persist, the connection between growth and the underlying social conditions has become more visible. The empirical results of the analysis show that there is a robust association between economic growth and the local social forces, and that this relationship is not only evident in the so‐called ‘new growth spaces’, as pinpointed by most of the literature on structural change, but in almost any type of region. Moreover, the results reveal that there is no unique social mix associated with low or high growth, and that similar levels of economic growth might be achieved in very different social environments.

Utilisant des techniques d’analyse de groupe, cet article essaie d’évaluer la relation entre la croissance économique et la structure sociale à un niveau régional en Europe occidentale. Je soutiens que les processus de restructuration socio‐économique et le changement structurel ont rendu plus mobiles les facteurs traditionnels qui déterminent où les activités économiques sont situées. Le lien entre la croissance et les conditions sociales fondamentales est donc rendu plus apparent puisque les disparités régionales tendent à persister. Les résultats empiriques de l’analyse montrent qu’il y a une forte association entre la croissance économique et les forces sociales locales, et que cette relation n’est pas seulement évidente dans les soi‐disant ‘nouveaux espaces de croissance», comme il est indiqué dans de nombreux écrits sur le changement structurel, mais dans presque tous les types de régions. De plus, les résultats révèlent qu’aucun mélange social n’est associéà un niveau bas ou à un niveau élevé de croissance, et que des niveaux de croissance similaires peuvent être achevés dans des environnements sociaux très différents.
Regulations and Governance in European Cities
Authors: Le Galès Patrick
Published: March 2003

In Europe today, the state is being challenged, and this is leading to renewed questioning of the linkages between social regulation and political regulation. Territories, or sub‐national levels (particularly towns and cities), can constitute one level on which different types of regulation are enmeshed and structured, and where a mode of governance is structured. This paper reviews the uses of the concept of governance by those institutionalist or regulationist economists who address the issue of territory, and then proposes an analytical framework — a sociological conception of governance.

La remise en cause de l’État en Europe amène à réinterroger l’articulation entre régulations sociales et régulations politiques. Les territoires, ou niveaux infranationaux (en particulier les villes) peuvent constituer l’un des niveaux d’enchevêtrement et de structuration de différents types de régulation, de structuration d’un mode de gouvernance. Ce papier passe en revue les utilisation du concept de gouvernance chez les économistes institutionnalistes ou régulationnistes qui prennent en compte le territoire, afin de proposer un cadre d’analyse, une conception sociologique de la gouvernance.
The internationalization of post‐1980 property cycles and the Japanese ‘bubble’ economy, 1986–96
Authors: Dehesh Alizera , Pugh Cedric
Published: March 2003

Cyclicity has long been a characteristic of urban land and property markets. In some periods, especially in times of macro‐economic stability, it is subdued and readily manageable, and in other periods it is exceptional in terms of its amplitude, periodicity and overall economic impacts. In the post‐1980 period, however, not only have some cycles been exceptional in the above sense, they have also been exceptional in the sense that their causes and consequences are internationally transmitted. Accordingly, the post 1980 exceptional cyclicities merit theoretical and situational explanation. The purpose of this article is to explain the exceptional cycles occurring since 1980 from a theoretical point of view, focusing mainly on the situation in Japan where the impacts have been most significant and extreme.

Les cycles constituent depuis longtemps une des caractéristiques des terrains urbains et du marché immobilier. À; certaines époques, particulièrement aux moments de stabilite ?? macro‐économique, elle est contenue et aisée a` gérer, alors qu’a` d’autres moments son amplitude, son état périodique et son impact économique général sont exceptionnels. Cependant, dans la période d’après 1980, non seulement certains cycles ont été exceptionnels dans le sens ci‐dessus, mais ils ont aussi été exceptionnels dans le sens que leurs causes et leurs conséquences sont transmises dans le monde entier. Par conséquent, les cycles exceptionnels d’après 1980 demandent une explication théorique et contextuelle. Le but de cet article est d’expliquer les cycles exceptionnels qui ont eu lieu depuis 1980 d’un point de vue théorique, en examinant principalement la situation du Japon ou` les impacts ont été les plus significatifs et les plus extrêmes.
Ethical Frameworks and Planning Theory
Authors: Campbell Heather , Marshall Robert
Published: March 2003

The turbulence which characterized the 1980s created uncertainty as to the role and purpose of planning in liberal democracies. Instrumental rationality is no longer defensible as a guiding doctrine and major questions arise concerning the relationship of planning to the market economy and the political process. The realization that the problems confronting planners are not amenable to technocratic solutions has led to recognition of the political and therefore essentially ethical nature of the planning activity. However, whilst there is widespread recognition that fundamental ethical dilemmas underpin both planning practice and theory, little explicit consideration has been given to the nature of the normative frameworks available. The purpose of this paper is to critically review the ethical frames of reference implied in the most influential theories within planning and to evaluate their relevance to practice. The paper highlights the extent to which debate has been, and continues to be, dominated by procedural questions, the rejection of universalism in favour of relativity and subjectivity, and a focus on individual interests rather than more general concern with the common good. Reluctance to engage with debates of a more foundational nature concerning ends and values is questioned and planning theorists are urged to reconnect with the fundamental issue of planning’s contribution to the creation of desirable futures.

—

Les troubles et difficultés des années quatre‐vingt ont créé une incertitude quant au rôle et aux objectifs de la planification dans les démocracies libérales. La rationalité instrumentale comme doctrine dirigeante n’est plus défendable et des questions importantes se posent quant à la relation de la planification avec l’économie de marché et le processus politique. Les responsables de la planification ont puis conscience du fait que les problèmes qu’ils recontraient ne pouvaient pas être résolvé de manière technocratique – cela les a conduit à prendre en compte la dimension politique et donc fondamentalement éthique de la planification. Néanmoins, malgré la reconnaissance générale des dilemmes éthiques qui sont derrière la pratique et la théorie de la planification, la nature des structures normatives disponibles a rarement été puis en compte. Le but de cet article est de faire une revue critique des systèmes de référence implicites dans les théories de la planification les plus influentes et d’évaluer leur applicabilité pratique. L’article souligne à quel point le débat a été et reste dominé par des questions de procédure, par le rejet de l’universalisme en faveur de la relativité et de la subjectivité, et par une attention particulière donné aux intérêts individuels plutôt que par une préoccupation plus générale pour le bien commun. Le refus de considérer des problèmes plus fondamentaux concernant les fins et les valeurs est mis en cause. Les théoriciens de la planification doivent revenir à la question fondamentale de la contribution de la planification à la création d’un avenir meilleur.
Migration and remittances in island microstates: a comparative perspective on the South Pacific and the Caribbean
Authors: Connell John , Conway Dennis
Published: March 2003

For several decades there has been extensive migration from the small island states of the South Pacific and the eastern Caribbean to metropolitan countries, resulting in absolute population decline in some states and new social, economic and political relationships between these island regions and distant worlds. Early research on the consequences for island development of return migration and remittances dwelt upon the unproductive nature of expenditures and the various problems return migration and remittances cause. Questioning this view, a new conceptualization of the influences of migration, circulation and remittances on recipient families, communities and societies in the island states of the South Pacific and the Caribbean is presented. Regional similarities and differences are recognized, yet commonalities of island microstates’ experiences emerge. Remittances are a very significant private transfer of capital and return migrants represent people endowed with human capital, capable of enriching the social and cultural capital stocks of their island communities. In both insular regions, the consolidation of transnational linkages emphasizes the significance of diaspora relations for migrant households at home and abroad and offers some prospects for sustainable development, beyond those offered solely by domestic economic opportunities.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, une migration considérable s’est développée des petites îles états du Pacifique du sud et des Antilles de l’est vers les pays métropolitains. Le résultat est un déclin du nombre absolu de la population dans certains de ces états et de nouvelles relations sociales, économiques et politiques entre ces régions des îles et les mondes éloignés. Les premières recherches sur les conséquences pour le développement des îles de la migration de retour et des envois de fonds insistaient sur la nature improductive des dépenses et sur les différents problèmes causés par la migration de retour et les envois de fonds. Questionnant ce point de vue, nous présentons une nouvelle conception des influences de la migration, de la circulation et des envois de fonds sur les familles qui en bénéficient, sur les communautés et sur les sociétés des îles états du Pacifique du sud et des Antilles. Bien que les similarités et des différences régionales soient reconnues, des points communs dans les expériences des micro‐états émergent. Les envois de fonds sont un tranfert privé de capital très significatif et les émigrants qui reviennent sont dotés de capital humain, capables d’enrichir le domaine social et culturel de leurs communautés des îles. Dans les deux régions insulaires, la consolidation des liens transnationaux démontre la signification des relations de la diaspora pour les familles migratrices chez elles et à l’étranger et offre des possibilités de développement durable au‐delà de ceux offerts uniquement par les opportunités économiques intérieures.
The Political in the Era of Globalization and Finance: Focus on Some Régulation School Research
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: March 2003

This article analyses macroeconomic developments of the 1990s in the light of recent propositions from régulation theory. These are concerned, firstly, with taking into account interdependencies between the political and economic spheres, with notions of the complementary nature and hierarchy of institutions, with the endogeneity of transition from growth to crisis and with the position of the nation‐state in a situation of greater international interdependence. Thus, they go on to demonstrate that ‘globalization’ relates, above all, to finance and is more the expression of a political project than of economic determinism. The extension of market adjustments has simply not led to the recovery of dynamic efficiency. The viability of various forms of capitalism depends greatly on the international configuration and on the political strategies of the various governments. Finally, the viability of a finance‐dominated or, perhaps, a property‐owning growth regime may prove problematic, as much from a theoretical as from an empirical point of view.

L'article analyse lévolution macroéconomique des années quatre‐vingt‐dix à la lumière des avancées récentes de la th'éorie de la régulation. Elles concernent d'abord la prise en compte des interdépendances entre sphères politique et 'économique, les notions de complémentarit'é et hiérarchie institutionnelle, l'endogén'éit'é du passage de la croissance à la crise et la place de l'État‐Nation face à une plus grande interdépendance internationale. Ainsi, la ‘globalisation’ porte surtout sur la finance et constitue plus l'expression d'un projet politique que d'un d'éterminisme économique. L'extension des ajustements de marché est loin d'avoir conduit au redressement de l'efficacité dynamique. La viabilité des diverses formes de capitalisme dépend beaucoup de la configuration internationale et des stratégies politiques des divers gouvernements. Enfin, la viabilité d'un r'égime de croissance financiarisé ou encore patrimonial s'avère problématique tant d'un point de vue théorique qu'empirique.
Social Control, Urban Planning and Ethno‐class Relations: Mizrahi Jews in Israel's ‘Development Towns’
Authors: Yiftachel Oren
Published: March 2003

Urban planning is usually portrayed as a benign and progressive societal force. This interpretation is critically examined through an evaluation of Israel's development town project. According to the ‘best’ planning concepts available during the 1950s, Israel built 28 new towns, mainly on the country's peripheral ‘frontiers’. New immigrants, chiefly low‐income Mizrahi Jews, were housed in the towns, which provided a cornerstone of Israel's national project of ‘Judaising’ the country. The evidence shows that the planning of the towns has had many regressive consequences: it reinforced and reproduced patterns of deprivation and inequality through the creation of segregated and low‐status Mizrahi ethnic spaces. In the longer term, this spawned continuing grievances and protest, fluctuating political orientation and the emergence of a low‐status Mizrahi ethno‐class. The case in hand casts doubt over the notion of planning solely as a progressive force, and highlights its potential to act as an instrument of control and domination in the hands of societal elites. In Israel, promotion of the ‘national imperative’ of settling the frontiers, the advent of ‘modern urban planning’, and later ‘corrective’ policies to close the centre‐periphery gap, all worked to obscure the regressive stratifying processes caused by the development town project.

La planification urbaine est généralement vue comme une force sociale bégnine et progressive. Cette interprétation est examinée de facon critique avec une évaluation du projet de développement de la ville en Israël. Suivant les ‘meilleurs’ concepts de planification des années cinquante, Israël a construit 28 villes nouvelles, principalement sur les ‘frontières’ périphériques du pays. Les nouveaux immigrants, avant tout des juifs Mizrahi qui avaient des revenus bas, furent logés dans les villes, qui étaient au centre du projet national israélien de rendre le pays plus judaïque. L'évidence montre que la planification des villes a eu de nombreuses conséquences régressives: elle a renforcé et reproduit les modèles de privation et d'inégalité par la création d'espaces ethniques Mizrahi de bas standing et isolés. À long terme, cela a donné lieu à des protestations et des doléances continuelles, à une orientation politique changeante et à la naissance d'une ethno‐classe Mizrahi de statut peu élevé. Ce cas d'étude met en doute le fait que la notion de planification soit uniquement une force progressive, et illumine le fait qu'elle peut servir d'instrument de contröle et de domination pour les élites sociales. En Israël, la promotion de ‘l'impératif national’ de stabilisation des frontières, l'arrivée de la ‘planification moderne urbaine’ et la récente politique ‘corrective’ pour réduire la distance entre le centre et la périphérie, ont toutes contribuéà obscurcir les processus régressifs de stratification dus au projet de développement des villes.
The Centrality of Community Capacity in State Low‐income Housing Provision in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Oldfield Sophie
Published: March 2003

The development of low‐income housing continues to be a political imperative and an urban reconstruction priority for the post‐apartheid South African state. But, even though policies for housing construction and delivery by the state are in place, in practice many homeless families initiate, direct and drive the process through which they secure state‐provided housing. I analyse in this study two such cases where homeless residents in peripherally located, poor areas of the Cape Metropolitan Area successfully accessed state‐provided housing. In both instances, homeless families organized around the different sets of capacities that structured the nature of the linkages that each forged to resources outside of their respective areas, and thus the ways in which they pursued their need for housing. I argue in this study that uneven and place‐specific, community‐based capacity often directs the manner in which communities interpret, interface with and access state‐run urban reconstruction projects such as housing provision. An analysis of community‐based capacity thus proves useful to investigate the potential and the problems that underlie state initiatives for development and the manner in which communities participate and engage with urban reconstruction and development.

L'expansion du logement social reste un impératif politique et une priorité de la reconstruction urbaine pour l'État sud‐africain de l'après‐apartheid. Des politiques de construction et de fourniture de logements par l'État ont été mises en place mais, en pratique, de nombreuses familles sans‐domicile induisent, orientent et mènent le processus par lequel elles s'assurent un logement public. Cette étude analyse deux de ces cas dans lesquels des sans‐domicile vivant dans des quartiers pauvres à la périphérie de la zone métropolitaine du Cap ont réussi à se loger. Dans les deux situations, les familles se sont organisées autour des capacités spécifiques qui structuraient la nature des liens établis pour trouver des ressources hors de leurs quartiers respectifs, définissant ainsi leurs modalités d'action pour obtenir un logement. L'étude démontre qu'une capacité inégale, particulière à un lieu et à un groupe, oriente souvent la manière dont les communautés interprètent, interagissent avec et accèdent aux projets de reconstruction urbaine menés par l'État tels que la fourniture de logement. Il apparaît donc utile d'analyser la capacité propre à une communauté, si l'on veut déterminer non seulement le potentiel et les problèmes fondamentaux des initiatives gouvernementales de développement, mais aussi la manière dont les communautés participent et contribuent à la reconstruction et à l'aménagement urbains.
Strategies of Waste: Bidding Wars in the Brazilian Automobile Sector
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pose André , Arbix Glauco
Published: March 2003

Since the mid‐1990s, Brazil has become one of the main recipients of foreign direct investment in the automobile sector. As in the late 1950s and early 1960s, world car manufacturers are investing heavily in the building of new car plants. The renewed interest of car companies in Brazil is a result of the huge and expanding internal market and the relatively stable macroeconomic panorama of the mid‐1990s. However, and in contrast to what happened in the 1950s and 1960s, most new car plants are being located outside the São Paulo metropolitan area, the traditional hub of the Brazilian motor industry. Although some argue that, among other reasons, this is the result of lower labour costs elsewhere in Brazil and of improved infrastructure in the country, this article aims to demonstrate that the recent decentralization of the Brazilian motor industry is basically linked to perverse territorial competition among Brazilian states. This sort of territorial competition – known in Brazil as the ‘fiscal wars’– represents a pure waste of resources, both for the states engaged in them, as well as for Brazil as a whole.

Depuis le milieu des annès 1990, le Brésil est devenu l'une des principales destinations de l'investissement direct à l'étranger dans le secteur de l'automobile. Comme vers la fin des années 1950 et le début des années 1960, les fabricants mondiaux de véhicules investissent massivement dans la construction de nouvelles usines. Le regain d'intérêt de ces sociétés pour le Brésil résulte en partie de la taille et de l'expansion du marché intérieur, ainsi que de la relative stabilité du paysage macroéconomique du milieu des années 1990. Pourtant, et contrairement au phénomène précédent, la plupart des nouvelles usines s'implantent hors de la zone métropolitaine de São Paulo, centre traditionnel de l'industrie automobile brésilienne. Pour certains, ce choix provient, entre autres raisons, du fait que les co?ts du travail sont plus faibles partout ailleurs au Brésil et que les infrastructures se sont améliorées; cependant, cet article vise à démontrer que la récente décentralisation de l'industrie automobile brésilienne est fondamentalement liée à une concurrence territoriale perverse entre états brésiliens. Ce type de compétition – appelé au Brésil les ‘guerres fiscales‘– constitue un pur gaspillage de ressources, à la fois pour les états protagonistes et pour le pays tout entier.
Physical Place and Cyberplace: The Rise of Personalized Networking
Authors: Wellman Barry
Published: March 2003

Computer networks are social networks. Social affordances of computer‐supported social networks – broader bandwidth, wireless portability, globalized connectivity, personalization – are fostering the movement from door‐to‐door and place‐to‐place communities to person‐to‐person and role‐to‐role communities. People connect in social networks rather than in communal groups. In‐person and computer‐mediated communication are integrated in communities characterized by personalized networking.

Les réseaux informatiques sont des réseaux sociaux. Les possibilités sociales qu’offrent les réseaux sociaux informatisés – bande passante plus large, portabilité sans fil, connectivité mondiale, personnalisation – sont en train de favoriser le passage de communautés de porte‐à‐porte et de lieu‐à‐lieu vers des communautés d’individu‐à‐individu et de rôle‐à‐rôle. Ainsi, les gens se lient davantage dans des réseaux sociaux que dans des collectivités. Les communications directes et via l’informatique sont intégrées dans des communautés caractérisées par un maillage personnalisé.
Radical Intellectuals: What Happened to the New Urban Sociology?
Authors: Milicevic Aleksandra Sasha
Published: March 2003

This article is about the rise and fall of radicalism among ‘new urban sociologists’ during the 1960s and 1970s. First, I analyze the social and theoretical developments of that time and demonstrate the novelty of the questions that the new urban sociologists posed. Second, I examine the features of the practical engagements and motivations of the members of this group and show how they changed over time. Finally, I discuss the processes of institutionalization of this group. The story of the new urban sociologists is the story of members of the same generation who, dissatisfied with the development of theory in their field, developed a distinct approach to urban problems. The project that they developed combined elements of both intellectual and political projects. I consider both aspects of this project in light of Gouldner’s sociology of intellectuals, and show that de‐radicalization was a consequence of a peculiar combination of political disillusionment, theoretical triumph and a successful project of professionalization.
Plural Cities and Ethnic Enclaves: Introducing a Measurement Procedure for Comparative Study
Authors: Poulsen Michael , Johnson Ron , Forrest James
Published: March 2003

World cities attract two major streams of migrants – those who occupy the upper levels of their occupational hierarchies (the ‘globalized professionals’) on the one hand and marginalized, low–skill workers on the other. These two groups are often of different ethnic status, and it is argued that multicultural world cities are thus fractured in both their labour and housing markets along ethnic as well as economic lines. There has been little formal testing of these ideas, however. In this introductory article we introduce a method that can be used for comparative studies of residential fragmentation – an index of residential concentration – and apply it to three cities which have experienced rapid, multiethnic immigration in recent decades (New York, Sydney and Auckland). The patterns displayed indicate much greater fragmentation in New York than in the other two cities, suggesting that the ‘conventional wisdom’ regarding ethnic residential patterns may over–emphasize ‘American exceptionalism’.

Les villes mondiales attirent deux grands flux de migrants: ceux qui occupent les niveaux supérieurs de leurs hiérarchies professionnelles (les ‘experts mondialisés’) d’une part, et les travailleurs peu qualifiés et marginalisés, de l’autre; ces deux groupes sont souvent de statut ethnique différent. De ce fait, ces grandes villes multiculturelles subissent, dit–on, une fracture de leurs marchés du travail et du logement selon des critères à la fois ethniques et économiques – affirmations qui ont rarement été mises à l’épreuve. Cet article introductif présente une méthode utilisable dans des études comparatives de fragmentation résidentielle – indice de concentration résidentielle – en l’appliquant à trois villes ayant connu une rapide immigration multiethnique au cours des dernières décennies (New York, Sydney et Auckland). Les modèles obtenus indiquent une fragmentation bien plus importante à New York que dans les deux autres villes, suggérant que la ‘croyance populaire’à l’égard des schémas résidentiels ethniques surestime peut–être ‘l’exception américaine’.
Whose Place is This Space? Life in the Street Prostitution Area of Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Tani Sirpa
Published: March 2003

In recent years, there has been growing interest in questions of gender, sexuality and space in geography and within this field of enquiry prostitution has been acknowledged as an important subject for geographical research. This article explores street prostitution in the Finnish context, where it has only been a widely known phenomenon since the 1990s. The subjective and intersubjective images attached to the issue will be interpreted through an analysis of two types of data: newspaper articles and in–depth interviews conducted among local residents and social workers. In addition to the subjective/intersubjective dimension, a narrative of the changing social geographies of prostitution will be reconstructed. The article focuses on the spatial strategies of women, (hetero)sexualization of the street and the process of ‘othering’. In Finland the expanding sex industry caused a huge stir in the media because prior to the 1990s prostitution had played a largely invisible role in society. Due to economic and social changes in the 1990s, the notion of Finland as a homogenous welfare state began to break down, and marginal groups became more visible in public space. The change was so sudden that no political or cultural practices to deal with these issues had been established, as the article shows.

On a pu récemment constater un intérÁt croissant pour les questions de genre, sexualité et espace en géographie et, dans ce domaine, la prostitution a été admise comme un sujet important de recherche géographique. Cet article étudie la prostitution sur la voie publique dans le cadre de la Finlande où elle n’est un phénomène largement connu que depuis les années 1990. Les images subjectives et intersubjectives liées à la question sont interprétées via l’analyse de deux types de données: des articles de journaux et des entretiens poussés menés auprès de travailleurs sociaux et résidents locaux. Outre la dimension subjective–intersubjective, est reconstitué un descriptif des géographies sociales évolutives de la prostitution. L’article s’attache aux stratégies spatiales des femmes, à l’(hétéro)sexualisation de la rue et au processus de ‘création de l’autre’. En Finlande, l’industrie florissante du sexe a provoqué d’énormes remous dans les média, car la prostitution avait joué un rôle quasi–invisible dans la société avant les années 1990. A cause des changements économiques et sociaux survenus ensuite, la notion de ‘Finlande, État–providence homogène’ a commencéà s’effondrer et des groupes marginaux ont alors gagné en visibilité dans l’espace public. L’évolution a été si soudaine qu’aucune méthode politique ou culturelle permettant de gérer ces problèmes n’a été définie, comme le montre l’article.
The cluster role in the development of the Thai car industry
Authors: Lecler Yveline
Published: March 2003

The Thai automotive industry first developed around Bangkok where Japanese car–makers were the first to open plants. During the 1980s, car–makers had to increase their local purchasing to cope with government local content policies. This led to a broader penetration of Japanese parts–makers who also tended to locate their plants close to their affiliated customer. In the 1990s, however, some changes appeared: firstly, the increasing market and the expectation of further growth pushed Japanese car–makers to establish new plants; secondly, the need to cut costs because of increased competition resulted in a new penetration of Japanese parts–makers and subcontractors; thirdly, the excessive concentration around Bangkok pushed the government to implement new policies to develop and industrialize peripheral areas by investing in infrastructures and offering incentives. Additional clusters appeared in several new industrializing areas outside the Bangkok suburb, mainly on the eastern seaboard, with Japanese car and parts–makers opening their new plants in these areas, and with Ford and GM, followed by American parts–makers, also choosing such locations. The article presents these changes in the clustering dynamics in relation to firms’ strategies and public policies, discussing these issues within the framework of the role of the Thai automobile industry in South–East Asia (ASEAN).

L’industrie automobile thaïlandaise s’est dans un premier temps développé autour de Bangkok où les constructeurs automobiles japonais ont ouvert les premières lignes d’assemblage. Dans les années quatre–vingt, la politique de contenu national mise en uvre par le gouvernement a incité les constructeurs à augmenter leurs achats locaux, ce qui a conduit à l’implantation dans la même région, des fournisseurs japonais pour alimenter les usines de leurs clients. La décennie suivante a été marquée par plusieurs inflexions: la croissance effective et potentielle du marché a conduit les constructeurs japonais àédifier de nouvelles usines d’assemblage; le renforcement de la pression concurrentielle a rendu nécessaire une réduction des coûts, favorisant l’arrivée de nouveaux entrants dans l’industrie des composants; la concentration excessive dans la région de Bangkok a amené le gouvernement a mettre en uvre une politique de développement et d’industrialisation des régions périphériques par la construction d’infrastructures et des mesures volontaristes d’aide à l’aménagement du territoire. Des complexes automobile se sont édifiés dans de nouveaux espaces en dehors de Bangkok et sa banlieue, principalement vers le bord de mer au sud est. Les nouvelles implantations de constructeurs et fournisseurs japonais ont été suivies par l’arrivée des firmes américaines (Ford et GM). Le papier retrace l’évolution de ces dynamiques d’agglomération en Thaïlande, résultats des stratégies des firmes automobiles et des politiques publiques, tout en analysant la place que prend ce pays en Asie du Sud Est (ASEAN).
Regionalization, Economic Restructuring and Labour Migration in Singapore
Authors: Hui Weng‐Tat
Published: March 2003

This paper documents the impact of economic development on changes in employment and labour migration in Singapore.

High export‐led growth and the relaxation of immigration policies in the late 1960s enabled employment of substantial numbers of unskilled foreign labour in manufacturing, construction and domestic service sectors. Unskilled foreign labour in Singapore now totals about 350,000 or 20 per cent of the labour force. It has made possible an augmentation of domestic labour supply and skills which helped Singapore to achieve higher rates of economic growth. On the negative side, the influx of foreigners has been cited as one possible cause of low productivity growth in the 1970s. In addition to the increased demand on housing, the social costs of crime and the potential economic consequence arising from strained diplomatic ties with the source countries are also areas of concern.

Economic development in the 1990s, characterized by the regionalization drive which relocates relatively resource‐intensive operations of Singapore‐based companies overseas, has led to increased retrenchments and a moderation of demand for foreign workers. The upgrading of remaining production operations in Singapore is expected to increase demand for workers with higher skill levels. Emigration of highly educated and skilled professionals from Singapore became a national concern in the late 1980s. However, with regionalization, the new challenge in the 1990s has become one of encouraging Singaporeans to temporarily take up overseas positions.

The future foreign labour pool in Singapore is expected to comprise a growing proportion of skilled workers to sustain the 7–8 per cent economic growth rate in the medium term. Slower economic growth in the developed economies and the internationally competitive salaries paid to professionals in Singapore are expected to continue to reduce the outflow of permanent emigrants from Singapore.
Best of Times, Worst of Times, and Occupational Mobility: The Case of Soviet Immigrants in Israel
Authors: Raijman Rebeca , Semyonov Moshe
Published: March 2003

This article compares the incorporation of two groups of immigrants from the former Soviet Union into the Israeli labour market.

The first group arrived in Israel in 1979 and the second group arrived in 1990. The first period was characterized by a small number of immigrants (best of times), and the second period was characterized by mass migration (worst of times).

Using data sets assembled by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, labour force status of the two groups in Israel were examined four years after arrival (1983 and 1994, respectively). We found no difference in rate of labour force participation but considerable differences in the rate of occupational mobility between the two groups of immigrants.

Specifically, the data reveal that immigrants were able to find employment in both periods. However, during periods of mass migration, recent immigrants had experienced higher rates of downward occupational mobility and greater loss of occupational status.
Rejected Asylum Seekers: The Problem of Return
Authors: Noll Gregor
Published: March 2003

During this decade the return of rejected asylum seekers has become an issue of increasing concern to major asylum states in the industrialized world. This article exposes the various political and legal approaches taken by returning states as well as the constraints emerging from human rights law.

As a rigid control paradigm and related enforcement practices entail a considerable risk of human rights violations, it seems reasonable to focus on measures enhancing the voluntary compliance of all actors involved with norms governing return.

This means negotiating a broad political consensus between returning states and countries of origin, specifying the legal framework with a view to securing the human rights of the rejectee, arranging for impartial monitoring of return practices and rendering voluntary forms of return more attractive.