bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microphysical properties of cold frontal rainbands†
Authors: Crosier J. , Choularton T. W. , Westbrook C. D. , Blyth A. M. , Bower K. N. , Connolly P. J. , Dearden C. , Gallagher M. W. , Cui Z. , Nicol J. C.
Published: June 2013

Observations have been obtained within an intense (precipitation rates > 50 mm h−1) narrow cold‐frontal rainband (NCFR) embedded within a broader region of stratiform precipitation. In situ data were obtained from an aircraft which flew near a steerable dual‐polarisation Doppler radar. The observations were obtained to characterise the microphysical properties of cold frontal clouds, with an emphasis on ice and precipitation formation and development.

Primary ice nucleation near cloud top (−55°C) appeared to be enhanced by convective features. However, ice multiplication led to the largest ice particle number concentrations being observed at relatively high temperatures (> −10°C). The multiplication process (most likely rime splintering) occurs when stratiform precipitation interacts with supercooled water generated in the NCFR. Graupel was notably absent in the data obtained.

Ice multiplication processes are known to have a strong impact in glaciating isolated convective clouds, but have rarely been studied within larger organised convective systems such as NCFRs. Secondary ice particles will impact on precipitation formation and cloud dynamics due to their relatively small size and high number density. Further modelling studies are required to quantify the effects of rime splintering on precipitation and dynamics in frontal rainbands. Available parametrizations used to diagnose the particle size distributions do not account for the influence of ice multiplication. This deficiency in parametrizations is likely to be important in some cases for modelling the evolution of cloud systems and the precipitation formation. Ice multiplication has significant impact on artefact removal from in situ particle imaging probes.
Theoretical study of electronic structure of rhodium mononitride and interpretation of experimental spectra
Authors: Du Ranran , Suo Bingbing , Han Huixian , Lei Yibo , Zhai Gaohong
Published: June 2013

Potential energy curves of 22 electronic states of RhN have been calculated by the complete active space second‐order perturbation theory method. The X1Σ0+ is assigned as the ground state, and the first excited state a3Π0+ is 978 cm−1 higher. The 1Δ(I) and B1Σ+ states are located at 9521 and 13,046 cm−1 above the ground state, respectively. The B1Σ+ state should be the excited state located 12,300 cm−1 above the ground state in the experimental study. Moreover, two excited states, C1Π and b3Σ+, are found 14,963 and 15,082 cm−1 above the X1Σ+ state, respectively. The transition C1Π1–X1Σ0+ may contribute to the experimentally observed bands headed at 15,071 cm−1. There are two excited states, D1Δ and E1Σ+, situate at 20,715 and 23,145 cm−1 above the X1Σ+ state. The visible bands near 20,000 cm−1 could be generated by the electronic transitions D1Δ2–a3Π1 and E1Σ+0–X1Σ+0 because of the spin–orbit coupling effect. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study on effects of scan parameters on the image quality and tip wear in AFM tapping mode
Authors: Xue Bo , Yan Yongda , Hu Zhenjiang , Zhao Xuesen
Published: June 2013

Due to the tip‐sample interaction which is the measurement principle of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), tip wear constantly occurs during scanning. The blunt tip caused by the wear process makes more tip geometry information involved in the image, and correspondingly it increases the measurement error. In the present study, the scan parameters of AFM in tapping mode which affect the wear of single crystal silicon tips, such as the approaching rate, the scan rate, the scan amplitude, and the integral gain are investigated. By proposing a parameter reflecting the imaging quality, the tip state tracing the sample surface is evaluated quantitatively. The influences of scan parameters on this imaging quality parameter are obtained by experiments. Finally, in order to achieve the perfect images with little tip wear influence, tip wear experiments are carried out and then the optimal parameter settings which can lighten the tip wear are obtained. SCANNING 36:263–269, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeted Liposome‐Loaded Microbubbles for Cell‐Specific Ultrasound‐Triggered Drug Delivery
Authors: Geers Bart , De Wever Olivier , Demeester Joseph , Bracke Marc , De Smedt Stefaan C. , Lentacker Ine
Published: June 2013

One of the main problems in cancer treatment is disease relapse through metastatic colonization, which is caused by circulating tumor cells (CTCs). This work reports on liposome‐loaded microbubbles targeted to N‐cadherin, a cell–cell adhesion molecule expressed by CTCs. It is shown that such microbubbles can indeed bind to N‐cadherin at the surface of HMB2 cells. Interestingly, in a mixture of cells with and without N‐cadherin expression, binding of the liposome‐loaded microbubbles mainly occurs to the N‐cadherin‐expressing cells. Importantly, applying ultrasound results in the intracellular delivery of a model drug (loaded in the liposomes) in the N‐cadherin‐expressing cells only. As described in this paper, such liposome‐loaded microbubbles may find application as theranostics and in devices aimed for the specific killing of CTCs in blood.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Disruption of Diselenide‐Containing Layer‐by‐Layer Films: Toward Combination of Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ren Huifeng , Wu Yaoting , Li Yang , Cao Wei , Sun Zhiwei , Xu Huaping , Zhang Xi
Published: June 2013

A photoresponsive polyelectrolyte multilayer film containing a diselenide functional group is fabricated using an unconventional layer‐by‐layer method. The polycation backbone is constructed through copolymerization of di‐(1‐hydroxylundecyl) diselenide and 1,4‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)piperazine with 2,4‐diisocyanatotoluene. A common polyanion poly(styrene sulfonate) is selected as the polyanion. The obtained film can be gradually disrupted under the irradiation of mild visible light, and this process can be monitored with UV–vis spectroscopy. The residue of the film is estimated to be 17% after 5 h of irradiation. The intensity of the visible light can be as low as 50 mW cm−2, which is even weaker than the sunlight. The cytotoxicity of the building blocks is evaluated in MTT assays using human hepatic cell line (L‐02), and the results are satisfactory. Further tests show that cells can grow in a regular manner on this film, indicating good biocompatibility. In addition, the film can be used to achieve cargo loading and controlled release. Considering that light can not only trigger controlled release but also act as part of the therapy itself (photodynamic therapy), this system shows hope for further development into a platform for the combination of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, especially for applications concerning skin.
Leichtbau 3.0: Material, Struktur, Energie
Authors: Englhardt Oliver
Published: June 2013

Leichtbau im Bauwesen bedeutet grundsätzlich das Streben nach Konstruktionen mit einem minimalen Gewicht bei optimaler Ausnutzung der Werkstoffeigenschaften. Dieses wird zukünftig durch eine maximale Reduzierung des gesamtenergetischen Beitrags bzw. des kumulierten Energieaufwands ergänzt. Am Beispiel hybrider Hüllkonstruktionen wird diese Entwicklung zum Leichtbau 3.0 aufgezeigt. Neben dem Heranziehen sämtlicher Bauteile für den lastabtragenden Einsatz sind hier besonders funktionale Anforderungen aus der Hochbautechnologie zu lösen. Das Flächentragverhalten der Glaselemente, die zugehörigen Lasteinleitungsmechanismen und Randbedingungen sind hierbei von besonderer Bedeutung. Die Konzepte des Leichtbaus sind dabei Grundlage ganzheitlichen Entwickelns und Konstruierens. Das Beispiel zeigt, dass die Fassade als Teil unserer Infrastruktur neue Möglichkeiten für weitere Entwicklungen und Innovationen im Engineering für das Bauwesen bietet.

Leichtbau 3.0: material, structure, energy. Lightweight constructions basically mean the striving to design structures with a minimal weight compared with a full use of the material properties. In future this has to be complemented by a maximum reduction of the cumulative energy demand (amount of energy consumed over the whole lifetime) for structures. The example of the development of a hybrid building envelope will demonstrate that evolution of the so‐called Leichtbau 3.0. Each component of the structure has to act as a load‐bearing member and has to fulfil the functional requirements of a building envelope at the same time. In this respect, the use of the glass elements as surface structures, the load transmission and the boundary conditions become particularly important. The concepts of lightweight construction are the basic principles of a holistic development and design in building construction. The example shows that façades and building envelopes as part of our infrastructure are offering new development opportunities and innovations in structural engineering and design.
Anwendungsbeispiele zur Optimierung verformungsempfindlicher Tragwerke
Authors: Sundermann Wolfgang , Eilbracht Gert , Holzinger Christoph
Published: June 2013

Verformungsempfindliche Tragwerke benötigen wesentliche Anteile ihres Materials zur gezielten Erhöhung der Steifigkeit hinsichtlich verformungskritischer Punkte, wie z. B. die Feldmitte bei Brückentragwerken oder der Kopfpunkt bei Hochhaustragwerken. Insbesondere bei komplexen Strukturen stößt eine nur händische vorgenommene Optimierung solcher Tragwerke schnell an ihre Grenzen. Die hier angewandte Methode der Verformungsreduzierung durch Materialumverteilung (MVM) bietet ein praxistaugliches Instrument, um die Materialmengen innerhalb eines geometrisch festgelegten Tragwerkes so umzulagern, dass die für die kritische Verformung wichtigen Stäbe mehr Material erhalten. Dabei bleibt die Gesamtmasse des Tragwerkes erhalten. Die im Text dargestellten Beispiele einer Stahl‐Fachwerkbrücke und einer Stahl‐Glas‐Dachkonstruktion als Gitterrost zeigen die Möglichkeiten des praktischen Einsatzes dieser Optimierungsmethode auf.

Application studies to optimize deformation sensitive structures. Many building structures are designed in such a way that the deflection in a critical point of the structure is reduced as much as possible (e. g. the middle span of a bridge or the top level of a high rise building). This often requires a lot of material. In addition optimizing these kinds of structures by hand is quite difficult and time consuming. This article demonstrates the practical usage of an optimization method (called MVM), which allows an engineer to redistribute the material within a geometrically given structure in such a way that the deflection in a critical point is reduced as much as possible. The demonstrated case studies are a steel truss bridge over four spans and a steel roof structure for a bus station.
The First Space Weather Prediction
Authors: Cade William B.
Published: June 2013

Key Points

Pehr Wargentin made the first space weather prediction on February 28, 1749
Tetsuo Nozoe's “Autograph Books by Chemists 1953–1994”: An Essay
Authors: Nakanishi Koji
Published: June 2013

Note from the Editor:

It is with special pleasure and a warm feeling of gratitude that I introduce Koji Nakanishi's essay which accompanies the publication of the fifth segment of the Tetsuo Nozoe Autograph Books. This project, “Bonding beyond Borders,” is a symbol of the ever‐increasing connectivity among the many members of the chemistry community. Both Nakanishi and Nozoe wrote autobiographies in the Profiles, Pathways and Dreams series that I edited from 1985 to 1997. I learned from their books how close they were as friends and as colleagues. My interest in publishing the Nozoe Autograph Books goes back many years but was stymied by the difficulty of finding a publisher. This interest was rekindled when, in 2006, Nakanishi told me about – and eventually lent me – a one volume specially printed commemorative collection of the Nozoe Autograph Books. At an ACS National meeting, I rushed to show this book to Eva Wille who could not put it down. This was the entry, the personal connection, that led to the publication of the Nozoe Autograph Books by Wiley‐VCH in The Chemical Record. This is another example of bonding, of enthusiasm and commitment, within our community.

Jeffrey I. Seeman

Guest Editor,

University of Richmond

Richmond, Virginia 23173, USA
Electroencephalogram‐sleep study
Authors: Piryatinska Alexandra
Published: June 2013

The study of sleep, and in particular electroencephalogram (EEG)‐sleep recordings, is important in several areas of medicine. Next to pain, sleep anomalies are the most significant indicators of illness. During sleep the human brain goes through several physiological stages; therefore, the problem of automated detection of sleep stages usingEEGdata naturally arises in neurosciences. A two step procedure of computerized scoring of sleep stages is considered, with the first step involving features extractions via spectral and nonlinear dynamics characteristics and the second step in which sleep classifications can be accomplished.WIREs Comput Stat2013, 5:326–333. doi: 10.1002/wics.1261

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification

Applications of Computational Statistics > Health and Medical Data/Informatics

Applications of Computational Statistics > Signal and Image Processing and Coding

Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
Experimental QTAIM Analysis of the Electron Density in TiB2
Authors: Terlan Bürgehan , Akselrud Lev , Baranov Alexey I. , Borrmann Horst , Grin Yuri
Published: June 2013

Topological aspects of the experimental electron density in TiB2reconstructed on base of the multipole model are obtained from high‐resolution single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The features of electron density are compared with quantum chemical calculations and analysed in terms of Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules for the interpretation of atomic interactions. In spite of some differences in the Laplacian, both experimental and calculated density confirmed two main bonding interactions. The B–B bond critical point suggests a shared‐type interaction with pronounced ellipticity in the boron layer, whereas B–Ti bond critical point reveals an interaction intermediate between shared and closed‐shell type. Both, theory and experiment indicate a non‐structured spherical topology in the penultimate shell of Ti. Integration of the electron density over the atomic basins reveals a charge transfer of 1.1 e (experiment) and 1.4 e (theory) from titanium to boron network, respectively.
Variable Coordination Modes of Potentially Tetradentate Phosphino‐ and Arsinoarylthiolato Ligands Derived from E(2‐SHC6H4)3 (E = P, As) in Gallium(III) Complexes
Authors: Vălean Ana‐Maria , Gómez‐Ruiz Santiago , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Luminita , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: June 2013

P(2‐SHC6H4)3 (PS3H3) reacts with GaMe3 (1:1) to give GaMe{P(2‐SC6H4)2(2‐SHC6H4)‐κ3S,S′,P} (1), which could be deprotonated with NEt3 to give [NEt3H][GaMe{P(2‐SC6H4)3‐κ3S,S′,P}] (2). The 1:2 reaction of E(2‐SHC6H4)3 [E = P (PS3H3), As (AsS3H3)] with GaMe3 gave the dinuclear complexes GaMe{E(2‐SC6H4)2(2‐S{GaMe2(THF)}C6H4)‐κ3S,S′,E} [E = P (3), As (4)]. Serendipitous hydrolysis of 4 resulted in small amounts of the hexanuclear gallium hydroxide complex cyclo‐{GaMe(μ‐OH)}6{As(2‐SC6H4)3‐κS,S′,S′′}2 (5). Complexes 1–4 were fully characterized, complexes 2–5 also by X‐ray crystallography.
The natural course and complications of alpha‐mannosidosis—a retrospective and descriptive study
Authors: Malm Dag , Riise Stensland Hilde Monica Frostad , Edvardsen Øyvind , Nilssen Øivind
Published: June 2013

Most alpha‐mannosidosis patients described have been children and information on the natural course of the disorder has been based on a very limited number of observations. In order to assess the disease presentation in detail and to study disease characteristics, a study was started in 1991 and has been ongoing for over 20 years. Patients with confirmed alpha‐mannosidosis were recruited through The International Society for Mannosidosis and Related Diseases (ISMRD) where families affected with alpha‐mannosidosis received a questionnaire on general clinical information to be filled out by the responsible physician. The questionnaire was returned by 125 patients (64 %). Of these, 45 patients were 15 years old or older at the time of evaluation. The questionnaire allowed us to assess the following features: Facial dysmorphism, columnar disease, arthritis, myopathy, hearing impairment, mental impairment, psychosis, bone disease and motor function as well as general health. This study describes the progression of alpha‐mannosidosis and may be helpful in determining the clinical characteristics for assessments of prognosis.
Cysteine‐rich protein 61 (CCN1) and connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) at the crosshairs of ocular neovascular and fibrovascular disease therapy
Authors: Yan Lulu , Chaqour Brahim
Published: June 2013

The vasculature forms a highly branched network investing every organ of vertebrate organisms. The retinal circulation, in particular, is supported by a central retinal artery branching into superficial arteries, which dive into the retina to form a dense network of capillaries in the deeper retinal layers. The function of the retina is highly dependent on the integrity and proper functioning of its vascular network and numerous ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular degeneration and retinopathy of prematurity are caused by vascular abnormalities culminating in total and sometimes irreversible loss of vision. CCN1 and CCN2 are inducible extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins which play a major role in normal and aberrant formation of blood vessels as their expression is associated with developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Both CCN1 and CCN2 achieve disparate cell‐type and context‐dependent activities through modulation of the angiogenic and synthetic phenotype of vascular and mesenchymal cells respectively. At the molecular level, CCN1 and CCN2 may control capillary growth and vascular cell differentiation by altering the composition or function of the constitutive ECM proteins, potentiating or interfering with the activity of various ligands and/or their receptors, physically interfering with the ECM‐cell surface interconnections, and/or reprogramming gene expression driving cells toward new phenotypes. As such, these proteins emerged as important prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in neovascular and fibrovascular diseases of the eye. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current knowledge and understanding of the most recent data linking CCN1 and CCN2 signaling to ocular neovascularization bolstering the potential value of targeting these proteins in a therapeutic context.
Measures of Balance Performance Are Affected by a Rested Versus Fatigued Testing Condition in People With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Jackson Kurt , Bigelow Kimberly Edginton
Published: June 2013

Objective

To investigate the effects of a rested and fatigued testing condition on measures of balance in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Academic research laboratory.

Participants

Fifteen ambulatory adults with relapsing remitting or secondary progressive MS with moderate disability.

Methods

Measures of postural control, dynamic balance, and fatigue were assessed during a “rested” and “fatigued” testing condition on separate days.

Main Outcome Measurements

Static posturography was used to assess postural control. The Mini‐Balance Evaluation Systems Test and Dynamic Gait Index were used to assess dynamic balance. The chronic fatigue level was measured by using the Fatigue Severity Scale, and acute fatigue was assessed by using a visual analog scale at multiple time points during testing.

Results

During the fatigued condition, the participants reported a significant (P < .05) increase in acute fatigue levels (visual analog scale) and demonstrated a significant (P < .05) decrease in performance on measures of postural control and dynamic balance when compared with the rested condition. However, no significant relationship was identified between the changes in fatigue and changes in balance performance.

Conclusions

Measures of balance performance and acute fatigue may be affected by rested versus fatigued testing conditions in people with MS. However, no significant relationships between changes in balance and fatigue were identified. Therefore, clinicians should use caution when making assumptions about the influence of fatigue on balance performance and should test for individual responses. Clinicians and researchers should also consider controlling for factors such as time of day and prior physical activity when administering standardized measures of balance in people with MS.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the circulation after sumatriptan
Authors: Hansen Jakob Møller , Fahrenkrug Jan , Petersen Jesper , Wienecke Troels , Olsen Karsten Skovgaard , Ashina Messoud
Published: June 2013

Background and purpose

The origin of migraine pain is still elusive, but increasingly researchers focus on the neuropeptides in the perivascular space of cranial vessels as important mediators of nociceptive input during migraine attacks. The parasympathetic neurotransmitters, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide-38 (PACAP38) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may be released from parasympathetic fibres and activate sensory nerve fibres during migraine attacks. Triptans are effective and well tolerated in acute migraine management but the exact mechanism of action is still debated. Triptans might reduce circulating neuropeptides. To examine this question, we examined the effect of sumatriptan on VIP and PACAP levels in vivo, under conditions without trigeminovascular system activation.

Methods

In 16 healthy volunteers we measured VIP and PACAP levels before and after administration of subcutaneous sumatriptan. We simultaneously collected blood samples from the internal and external jugular, the cubital veins and the radial artery, thereby covering both the cerebral and systemic circulation. VIP and PACAP determinations were assayed blindly with respect to timing and vascular compartments, but with all samples of a patient in the same assay, to minimize the influence of interassay variation.

Results

We found no difference in VIP and PACAP concentrations between the internal and external jugular, the cubital veins and the radial artery, (P>0.05), and the circulating levels of VIP and PACAP did not change over time (P>0.05). We found excellent agreement between neuropeptide levels in the internal and the external jugular system.

Conclusion

Sumatriptan did not change the levels of circulating VIP and PACAP in the intra or extra cerebral circulation in healthy volunteers. Under baseline conditions, without trigeminovascular activation, sumatriptan does not affect the release of neuropeptides VIP and PACAP.

Implications

Our results indicate no effect of 5-HT1B/D receptor activation on circulating levels of VIP and PACAP in humans without trigeminovascular activation. Given that neuropeptides play an important role for migraine it would be interesting to conduct a similar study in a migraine population.
Representation Theorems in Hardy Spaces
Authors: Mashreghi Javad
Published: June 2013

The theory of Hardy spaces has close connections to many branches of mathematics including Fourier analysis, harmonic analysis, singular integrals, potential theory and operator theory, and has found essential applications in robust control engineering. For each application, the ability to represent elements of these classes by series or integral formulas is of utmost importance. This self-contained text provides an introduction to a wide range of representation theorems and provides a complete description of the representation theorems with direct proofs for both classes of Hardy spaces: Hardy spaces of the open unit disc and Hardy spaces of the upper half plane. With over 300 exercises, many with accompanying hints, this book is ideal for those studying Advanced Complex Analysis, Function Theory or Theory of Hardy Spaces. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students will find the book easy to follow, with a logical progression from basic theory to advanced research.
Charles I and the Aristocracy, 1625–1642
Authors: Cust Richard
Published: June 2013

This is a major study of Charles I's relationship with the English aristocracy. Rejecting the traditional emphasis on the 'Crisis of the Aristocracy', Professor Richard Cust highlights instead the effectiveness of the King and the Earl of Arundel's policies to promote and strengthen the nobility. He reveals how the peers reasserted themselves as the natural leaders of the political nation during the Great Council of Peers in 1640 and the Long Parliament. He also demonstrates how Charles deliberately set out to cultivate his aristocracy as the main bulwark of royal authority, enabling him to go to war against the Scots in 1639 and then build the royalist party which provided the means to fight parliament in 1642. The analysis is framed throughout within a broader study of aristocratic honour and the efforts of the heralds to stabilise the social order.
Social Variation and the Latin Language
Authors: Adams J. N.
Published: June 2013

Languages show variations according to the social class of speakers and Latin was no exception, as readers of Petronius are aware. The Romance languages have traditionally been regarded as developing out of a 'language of the common people' (Vulgar Latin), but studies of modern languages demonstrate that linguistic change does not merely come, in the social sense, 'from below'. There is change from above, as prestige usages work their way down the social scale, and change may also occur across the social classes. This book is a history of many of the developments undergone by the Latin language as it changed into Romance, demonstrating the varying social levels at which change was initiated. About thirty topics are dealt with, many of them more systematically than ever before. Discussions often start in the early Republic with Plautus, and the book is as much about the literary language as about informal varieties.
Law and Piety in Medieval Islam
Authors: Reid Megan H.
Published: June 2013

The Ayyubid and Mamluk periods were two of the most intellectually vibrant in Islamic history. Megan H. Reid's book, which traverses three centuries from 1170 to 1500, recovers the stories of medieval men and women who were renowned not only for their intellectual prowess but also for their devotional piety. Through these stories, the book examines trends in voluntary religious practice that have been largely overlooked in modern scholarship. This type of piety was distinguished by the pursuit of God's favor through additional rituals, which emphasized the body as an instrument of worship, and through the rejection of worldly pleasures, and even society itself. Using an array of sources including manuals of law, fatwa collections, chronicles, and obituaries, the book shows what it meant to be a good Muslim in the medieval period and how Islamic law helped to define holy behavior. In its concentration on personal piety, ritual, and ethics the book offers an intimate perspective on medieval Islamic society.
Matrices and Graphs in Geometry
Authors: Fiedler Miroslav
Published: June 2013

Simplex geometry is a topic generalizing geometry of the triangle and tetrahedron. The appropriate tool for its study is matrix theory, but applications usually involve solving huge systems of linear equations or eigenvalue problems, and geometry can help in visualizing the behaviour of the problem. In many cases, solving such systems may depend more on the distribution of non-zero coefficients than on their values, so graph theory is also useful. The author has discovered a method that in many (symmetric) cases helps to split huge systems into smaller parts. Many readers will welcome this book, from undergraduates to specialists in mathematics, as well as non-specialists who only use mathematics occasionally, and anyone who enjoys geometric theorems. It acquaints the reader with basic matrix theory, graph theory and elementary Euclidean geometry so that they too can appreciate the underlying connections between these various areas of mathematics and computer science.
A Concise History of Switzerland
Authors: Church Clive H. , Head Randolph C.
Published: June 2013

Despite its position at the heart of Europe and its quintessentially European nature, Switzerland's history is often overlooked within the English-speaking world. This comprehensive and engaging history of Switzerland traces the historical and cultural development of this fascinating but neglected European country from the end of the Dark Ages up to the present. The authors focus on the initial Confederacy of the Middle Ages; the religious divisions which threatened it after 1500 and its surprising survival amongst Europe's monarchies; the turmoil following the French Revolution and conquest, which continued until the Federal Constitution of 1848; the testing of the Swiss nation through the late nineteenth century and then two World Wars and the Depression of the 1930s; and the unparalleled economic and social growth and political success of the post-war era. The book concludes with a discussion of the contemporary challenges, often shared with neighbours, that shape the country today.
Collier's Conflict of Laws
Authors: Rogerson Pippa
Published: June 2013

This reworked version of Conflict of Laws introduces a new generation of students to the classic. It has been completely rewritten to reflect all the recent developments including the increased legislation and case law in the field. The author's teaching experience is reflected in her ability to provide students with a clear statement of rules which sets out a framework to the subject, before adding detail and critical analysis. Recognising that the procedural aspect of the subject challenges most students, the book explores conflict of laws in its practical context to ensure understanding. Teachers will appreciate the logical structure, which has been reworked to reflect teaching in the field today. Retaining the authority that was the hallmark of the previous edition, this contemporary and comprehensive textbook is essential reading.
The Cambridge Introduction to Franz Kafka
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin
Published: June 2013

Franz Kafka (1883–1924) is one of the most influential of modern authors, whose darkly fascinating novels and stories - where themes such as power, punishment and alienation loom large - have become emblematic of modern life. This Introduction offers a clear and accessible account of Kafka's life, work and literary influence and overturns many myths surrounding them. His texts are in fact far more engaging, diverse, light-hearted and ironic than is commonly suggested by clichés of 'the Kafkaesque'. And, once explored in detail, they are less difficult and impenetrable than is often assumed. Through close analysis of their style, imagery and narrative perspective, Carolin Duttlinger aims to give readers the confidence to (re-)discover Kafka's works without constant recourse to the mantras of critical orthodoxy. In addition, she situates Kafka's texts within their wider cultural, historical and political contexts illustrating how they respond to the concerns of their age, and of our own.
Earth
Authors: Lunine Jonathan I.
Published: June 2013

Fully updated throughout, including revised illustrations and new images from NASA missions, this new edition provides an overview of Earth's history from a planetary science perspective for Earth science undergraduates. Earth's evolution is described in the context of what we know about other planets and the cosmos at large, from the origin of the cosmos to the processes that shape planetary environments and from the origins of life to the inner workings of cells. Astronomy, Earth science, planetary science and astrobiology are integrated to give students the whole picture of how the Earth has come to its present state and an understanding of the relationship between key ideas in different fields. The book presents concepts in nontechnical language and mathematical treatments are avoided where possible. New end-of-chapter summaries and questions allow students to check their understanding and critical thinking is emphasized to encourage students to explore ideas scientifically for themselves.
Capitalism, Corporations and the Social Contract
Authors: Mansell Samuel F.
Published: June 2013

In whose interests should a corporation be run? Over the last thirty years the field of 'stakeholder theory' has proposed a distinctive answer: a corporation should be run in the interests of all its primary stakeholders - including employees, customers, suppliers and financiers - without contradicting the ethical principles on which capitalism stands. This book offers a critique of this central claim. It argues that by applying the political concept of a 'social contract' to the corporation, stakeholder theory in fact undermines the principles on which a market economy is based. The argument builds upon an extensive review of the stakeholder literature and an analysis of its philosophical foundations, particularly concerning the social contract tradition of John Rawls and his predecessors. The book concludes by offering a qualified version of Milton Friedman's shareholder theory as a more justifiable account of the purpose of a corporation.
Clause Structure
Authors: Gelderen Elly van
Published: June 2013

Clause structure is the most widely-studied phenomenon within syntactic theory, because it refers to how words and phrases are embedded within a sentence, their relationships to each other within a sentence, and ultimately, how sentences are layered and represented in the human brain. This volume presents a clear and up-to-date overview of the Minimalist Program, synthesizes the most important research findings, and explores the major shifts in generative syntax. As an accessible topic book, it includes chapters on framework, the clause in general, and the semantic, grammatical and pragmatic layers. Designed for graduate students and researchers interested in syntactic theory, this book includes a range of examples taken from data acquisition, typology and language change, alongside discussion questions, helpful suggestions for further reading and a useful glossary.
The Physics and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Netzer Hagai
Published: June 2013

Research into active galactic nuclei (AGN) – the compact, luminous hearts of many galaxies – is at the forefront of modern astrophysics. Understanding these objects requires extensive knowledge in many different areas: accretion disks, the physics of dust and ionized gas, astronomical spectroscopy, star formation, and the cosmological evolution of galaxies and black holes. This new text by Hagai Netzer, a renowned astronomer and leader in the field, provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory underpinning our study of AGN and the ways that we observe them. It emphasizes the basic physics underlying AGN, the different types of active galaxies and their various components, and the complex interplay between them and other astronomical objects. Recent developments regarding the evolutionary connections between active galaxies and star-forming galaxies are explained in detail. Both graduate students and researchers will benefit from Netzer's authoritative contributions to this exciting field of research.
A Primer on American Labor Law
Authors: Gould IV William B.
Published: June 2013

A Primer on American Labor Law is an accessible guide for non-specialists and labor lawyers - labor and management representatives, students and general practice lawyers, and trade unionists, government officials and academics from other countries. It covers topics such as the National Labor Relations Act, unfair labor practices, the collective bargaining relationship, dispute resolution, the public sector and public-interest labor law. This updated fifth edition contains extensive new materials covering developments that include the repeal or change in public employee labor law and the development of case law relating to wrongful dismissals and pension reform in the public sector; bankruptcy in both the private and public sector; ADA litigation and 2008 amendments of that statute; new cases on all subjects, but particularly Bush and Obama NLRB decisions, sexual harassment, sexual orientation, and retaliation; and the globalization of labor disputes in labor-management relations in the United States, with particular reference to professional sports disputes and the extraterritoriality of American labor law generally.
Professional Secrecy of Lawyers in Europe
Authors: The Bar of Brussels
Published: June 2013

This book examines the lawyer's duty of professional secrecy (also known as the attorney-client privilege) in the twenty-seven Member States of the European Union, the three Member States of the European Economic Area, and Switzerland. It provides valuable information for those working on transactions or litigations which involve several countries – they can use this book to find out to what extent any information shared with or any advice received from a lawyer is protected in each of these countries.
Systematic Program Design
Authors: Liu Yanhong Annie
Published: June 2013

A systematic program design method can help developers ensure the correctness and performance of programs while minimizing the development cost. This book describes a method that starts with a clear specification of a computation and derives an efficient implementation by step-wise program analysis and transformations. The method applies to problems specified in imperative, database, functional, logic and object-oriented programming languages with different data, control and module abstractions. Designed for courses or self-study, this book includes numerous exercises and examples that require minimal computer science background, making it accessible to novices. Experienced practitioners and researchers will appreciate the detailed examples in a wide range of application areas including hardware design, image processing, access control, query optimization and program analysis. The last section of the book points out directions for future studies.
Diophantine type of interval exchange maps
Authors: KIM DONG HAN
Published: June 2013

Roth type irrational rotation numbers have several equivalent arithmetical characterizations as well as several equivalent characterizations in terms of the dynamics of the corresponding circle rotations. In this paper we investigate how to generalize Roth-like Diophantine conditions to interval exchange maps. If one considers the dynamics in parameter space one can introduce two non-equivalent Roth type conditions, the first (condition (Z)) by means of the Zorich cocycle [Finite Gauss measure on the space of interval exchange transformations. Lyapunov exponents. Ann. Inst. Fourier 46(2) (1996), 325–370], the second (condition (A)) by means of a further acceleration of the continued fraction algorithm by Marmi–Moussa–Yoccoz introduced in [The cohomological equation for Roth type interval exchange maps, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 18 (2005), 823–872]. A third very natural condition (condition (D)) arises by considering the distance between the discontinuity points of the iterates of the map. If one considers the dynamics of an interval exchange map in phase space then one can introduce the notion of Diophantine type by considering the asymptotic scaling of return times pointwise or with respect to uniform convergence (respectively conditions (R) and (U)). In the case of circle rotations all the above conditions are equivalent. For interval exchange maps of three intervals we show that (D) and (A) are equivalent and imply (Z), (U) and (R), which are equivalent among them. For maps of four intervals or more we prove several results; the only relation that we cannot decide is whether (Z) implies (R) or not.
Periodic attractors of perturbed one-dimensional maps
Authors: KOZLOVSKI O.
Published: June 2013

In this paper we investigate how many periodic attractors maps in a small neighbourhood of a given map can have. For this purpose we develop new tools which help to make uniform cross-ratio distortion estimates in a neighbourhood of a map with degenerate critical points.
The Changing Basis of Party Competition: Education, Authoritarian–Libertarian Values and Voting
Authors: Stubager Rune
Published: June 2013

The role of social structure as a determinant of electoral behaviour has been debated across Western countries, with one side in the debate arguing that the rise of the electoral conflict between authoritarian–libertarian values reflects the diminishing importance of socio-structural factors. In contrast, this article shows, using a unique representative sample from Denmark, how this conflict has its roots in an opposition between high- and low-education groups that divide over authoritarian–libertarian values, have developed education-based identities and group consciousness, and are influenced by these factors to vote for parties, each mobilizing their side in the conflict – that is, that the authoritarian–libertarian conflict is based on an education cleavage. Documenting for the first time the influence of education-based identity and group consciousness on voting, these findings demonstrate that socio-structural factors – partly through the voters’ social identities and consciousness – continue to play an important role for electoral behaviour in Western countries. Likewise, the findings suggest that the conflict over authoritarian–libertarian values will have lasting importance for politics in these countries. The logical next step, therefore, will be to extend the analyses to the comparative level.
The ghost of parasites past: eggs of the blood fluke Cardicola chaetodontis (Aporocotylidae) trapped in the heart and gills of butterflyfishes (Perciformes: Chaetodontidae) of the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: YONG R. Q-Y. , CUTMORE S. C. , MILLER T. L. , ADLARD R. D. , CRIBB T. H.
Published: June 2013

We explored the distribution of Cardicola chaetodontis in chaetodontid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef. We found just four infections of adult worms in 238 individuals of 26 chaetodontid species. By contrast, eggs were present in hearts of 75 fishes (31·5%) and 19 of 26 chaetodontid species (all Chaetodon species). In 10 cases eggs contained moving miracidia; all the others were dead and degenerating. Eggs were sought in the gills of 51 individual fish. There were 17 cases of eggs being present in gills while present in the heart, but also 13 cases where eggs were absent from gills but present in the heart, suggesting that eggs remain longer in heart tissue than in gills. ITS2 rDNA sequences from two adult worms and eggs extracted from gills of five fishes (all different species) were identical to previously reported sequences of C. chaetodontis except for a single base-pair difference in two samples. We conclude that aporocotylid eggs trapped in fish heart tissues may inform understanding of the distributions and host ranges of aporocotylids, especially where adult prevalence is low. The low host-specificity of C. chaetodontis contrasts with higher specificity of trematodes of chaetodontids that have trophic transmission.
Symposium: Methodologies in SLA
Authors: Deifell Elizabeth , Shimanskaya Elena
Published: June 2013

Two panel discussions presented at the Second Language Acquisition Graduate Student Symposium on 29 and 30 April 2011 at the University of Iowa.
Challenges and opportunities for faecal microbiota transplantation therapy
Authors: ROGERS G. B. , BRUCE K. D.
Published: June 2013

The incidence, morbidity, and mortality associated withClostridium difficilegastrointestinal infections has increased greatly over recent years, reaching epidemic proportions; a trend due, in part, to the emergence of hypervirulent and antibiotic-resistant strains. The need to identify alternative, non-antibiotic, treatment strategies is therefore urgent. The ability of bacteria in faecal matter transplanted from healthy individuals to displace pathogen populations is well recognized. Further, there is growing evidence that such faecal microbiota transplantation can be of benefit in a wide range of conditions associated with gut dysbiosis. Recent technical advances have greatly increased our ability to understand the processes that underpin the beneficial changes in bacterial community composition, as well as to characterize their extent and duration. However, while much of the research into faecal microbiota transplantation focuses currently on achieving clinical efficacy, the potential for such therapies to contribute to the transmission of infective agents also requires careful consideration.
Massenveranstaltungen – Gesundheitsrisiken und präventive Strategien
Authors: Steffen Robert
Published: June 2013

Die Erfahrung aus Massenveranstaltungen – üblicherweise von mehr als 25'000 Personen besucht – zeigt, dass deren etwa eine von Tausend eine der medizinischen Hilfsstellen konsultieren wird. Üblicherweise spielen Infektionskrankheiten hierbei eine untergeordnete Rolle; früher allerdings sind nach dem Hadsch in aller Welt unter anderem Ausbrüche von Meningokokken-Meningitis aufgetreten. Dank Impfungen und anderen Maßnahmen hat sich dies eindämmen lassen. Mehrheitlich ist die Belastung der Strukturen des regionalen Gesundheitswesens durch Unfälle und nicht übertragbare Krankheiten bedingt. Eine Mehrheit dieser Konsultationen betrifft Banalitäten. Persönliche und umgebungsbedingte Risikofaktoren können allerdings in einer dramatischen Steigerung der Rate der Konsultationen resultieren: Alter und vorbestehende Krankheiten spielen eine Rolle vor allem bei Pilgern (Hadsch, Lourdes), emotionale Faktoren beeinflussen das Verhalten und können allenfalls zu Aggressionen führen. Auch Alkohol und Drogen, letztlich ebenfalls die Dauer eines Events spielen hierbei eine zentrale Rolle. Extreme klimatische Verhältnisse, Hitze oder Kälte resultieren in oftmals dramatisch vermehrten Notfallkonsultationen. Die Infrastruktur muss der Volksmenge angepasst sein, insbesondere ist zu vermeiden, dass es in einem Nadelöhr zum Gedränge und Desaster kommt. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation und andere interessierte Gremien haben in den letzten Jahren Richtlinien zur Prävention formuliert.