bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
K‐band backward diplexer in substrate integrated waveguide technology
Authors: Kordiboroujeni Z. , Bornemann J.
Published: August 2015

The first backward diplexer for K‐band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) operation is presented. The advantage of this compact diplexer is having input and two output port interfaces at the same side of the substrate, which advances the applications of SIWs to more complex feed system assemblies. The diplexer has two bands at 20 and 21 GHz. The bandwidth of each band is 0.4 GHz, which gives 2 and 1.9% bandwidth at lower and higher bands, respectively. The diplexer is designed and analysed with the mode‐matching technique, and its performance is verified by comparison with simulated and measured data. The in‐band measured return and insertion losses are 14.65 dB/2.75 dB in the lower band and 13 dB/3.05 dB in the upper band.
Data compression of excitatory postsynaptic potentials
Authors: An Hyejin , Cha Kab‐mun , Choi Se‐young , Shin Hyun‐Chool
Published: August 2015

Reducing the size of biosignal data is important because a huge amount of data is made by various experiments. In this reported work excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) which are one of the biosignal types are efficiently compressed. To the best of authors’ knowledge, EPSPs compression has not been studied yet. The EPSP signal has a feature that the adjacent signals in a single excitatory postsynaptic potential have similar characteristics. Using this feature, a method is proposed which removes the temporal redundancy and statistical redundancy of EPSPs. The compressed and reconstructed EPSPs are similar to the original signal without the loss of analytic information.
Output pressure enhancement of CMUTs by using multiple Helmholtz resonance apertures
Authors: Yu Yuan Yu , Cao Xue Wen , Pun Sio Hang , Mak Peng Un , Vai Mang I
Published: August 2015

Multiple Helmholtz resonance apertures are proposed to enhance the output pressure of air‐coupled capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) for non‐contact ultrasound imaging applications. The methodologies of defining the design parameters of CMUTs and the resonant apertures on the membrane of CMUTs are discussed. In comparing certain configurations of resonant apertures with conventional CMUTs, simulation results show that a prospective improvement of output pressure (up to 32.1%) can be achieved.
Single‐mode microdisk laser with two ports for heptagonal coupled mode lasing
Authors: Zou Ling Xiu , Huang Yong Zhen , Lv Xiao Meng , Ma Xiu Wen , Xiao Jin Long , Yang Yang De , Du Yun
Published: August 2015

A two‐port microdisk laser connected to two radial waveguides is investigated using two‐dimensional finite‐difference time‐domain methods for realising single transverse mode lasing with a heptagonal mode field distribution. Based on the experimental results, it is found that two‐port microdisk lasers at the proper angles are easier to realise single transverse mode lasing compared with the one‐port microdisk laser.
Expanding dictionary for robust face recognition: pixel is not necessary while sparsity is
Authors: Zhao Zhong‐Qiu , Cheung Yiu‐ming , Hu Haibo , Wu Xindong
Published: August 2015

Since sparse representation (SR) was first introduced into robust face recognition, the argument has lasted for several years about whether sparsity can improve robust face recognition or not. Some work argued that the robust sparse representation (RSR) model has a similar recognition rate as non‐sparse solution, while it needs a much higher computational cost due to the larger feature dimensionality in the pixel space. In this study, the authors reveal that the standard RSR model, which expands the dictionary with the identity matrix to reconstruct corruption or occlusion in face images, is essentially a non‐sparse solution with a relatively large residual. The reason why the RSR model underperforms may be its inappropriately expanded bases rather than the sparsity itself. Thereby, this study proposes to design a dictionary with an expanded noise bases set which can precisely reconstructs any corruption or occlusion in face images in a subspace. Experimental results show that the algorithm can greatly improve recognition rates for robust face recognition. In addition, the algorithm can be simply performed in a subspace with a small feature dimensionality, thus efficient enough for real systems. This study makes us come to the conclusion that solving the approximation problem in raw pixel space is not necessary for robust face recognition, while solving in a subspace with a much smaller feature dimensionality is enough when the dictionary is well expanded. Finally, this study also confirms that the sparsity plays an important role in SR based classification.
Detection and classification of faults in transmission lines using the maximum wavelet singular value and Euclidean norm
Authors: Guillen Daniel , Paternina Mario Roberto Arrieta , Zamora Alejandro , Ramirez Juan Manuel , Idarraga Gina
Published: August 2015

In this study, a novel algorithm for detecting and classifying faults in high‐voltage transmission lines is proposed. The algorithm is based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The DWT is used for extracting the currents’ high‐frequency components under fault conditions. Signals under each fault condition are scaled in frequency, in order to build a wavelet matrix. By means of the SVD, the maximum singular value is calculated and employed in this proposal. The attained results exhibit that the maximum singular value represents a good indicator for the issue. This novel approach for detecting and classifying faults in power systems is called maximum wavelet singular value. Phase‐to‐ground, two‐phase to ground, and three‐phase faults’ simulations under different fault impedances are carried out by DIgSILENT Power Factory. The analysed fault conditions are evaluated demonstrating that the proposal reduces the computational burden and the time detection.
Islanding detection method for inverter‐based distributed generation with negligible non‐detection zone using energy of rate of change of voltage phase angle
Authors: Samet Haidar , Hashemi Farid , Ghanbari Teymoor
Published: August 2015

A simple technique is proposed in this study, aimed at the islanding detection of an inverter‐based distributed generation (DG). The main advantage of the proposed technique is its reliance on a simple approach for islanding detection with negligible non‐detection zone and keeping the unchanged output power quality. This work attempts to detect islanding conditions through computing the rate of change of voltage phase angle (ROCOVPA) of the point of common coupling by phase‐locked loop (PLL) in inverter controllers. Because almost all inverter systems are equipped with the PLL, its implementation for inverter‐interfaced DGs is simple and economical. Simulation results show that the durability energy of ROCOVPA is different for islanding and non‐islanding conditions. In fact, in non‐islanding condition the energy of ROCOVPA reduces to a negligible value after a certain time, but in islanding conditions it has considerable variation. The proposed method is evaluated using the conditions dictated by the IEEE 1547 and UL 1741 standards. The simulation results are presented to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed technique. In addition, the proposed method is compared with several passive and intelligent methods and it is confirmed that the proposed method has better performance and more accuracy.
Compact rat‐race ring coupler with meander high‐impedance transmission line and port impedance matching
Authors: He Jun , Wang Bing‐Zhong
Published: August 2015

A novel compact rat‐race ring coupler with meander high‐impedance transmission line and port impedance matching is presented in this Letter. First, a ring coupler with high port impedance is designed using meander lines. Secondly, an impedance matching section is designed to match the high port impedance to ordinary 50 Ω. The proposed coupler effectively reduces occupied area to 16.8% of conventional one. The design is validated both by simulation and measurement.
Welche Papille ist glaukomverdächtig? Der strukturierte Sehnervencheck
Authors: Budde W.
Published: August 2015

Für die (Früh-)Diagnose einer Glaukomerkrankung ist die Beurteilung der Papille von entscheidender Bedeutung. Das Spektrum von High-Tech-Geräten zur Papillenbeurteilung hat sich in den letzten Jahren erweitert und die Anwendung ist in der klinischen Praxis angekommen 1. Voraussetzung für die sinnvolle Anwendung und Interpretation dieser Gerätedaten ist und bleibt aber weiterhin der Blick des Augenarztes. Im klinischen Alltag entscheidet zunächst der ophthalmoskopische Befund durch die ggf. nicht erweiterte Pupille: Glaukomverdacht ja oder nein?

Wie jede biologische Struktur kennt das Erscheinungsbild der Papilla nervi optici eine sehr große Variationsbreite, sodass der kurze Blick schnell zu einer Fehldiagnose führen kann. Ziel dieses Refreshers ist es, eine strukturierte Untersuchungsanleitung in Erinnerung zu rufen, die das „klinische Bauchgefühl“ unterstützen soll.
Dependence of the ferroelectric domain shape on the electric field of the microscope tip
Authors: Starkov Alexander S. , Starkov Ivan A.
Published: August 2015

A theory of an equilibrium shape of the domain formed in an electric field of a scanning force microscope (SFM) tip is proposed. We do not assume a priori that the domain has a fixed form. The shape of the domain is defined by the minimum of the free energy of the ferroelectric. This energy includes the energy of the depolarization field, the energy of the domain wall, and the energy of the interaction between the domain and the electric field of the SFM tip. The contributions of the apex and conical part of the tip are examined. Moreover, in the proposed approach, any narrow tip can be considered. The surface energy is determined on the basis of the Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire theory and takes into account the curvature of the domain wall. The variation of the free energy with respect to the domain shape leads to an integro-differential equation, which must be solved numerically. Model results are illustrated for lithium tantalate ceramics.
Characteristics of microdomains and microdomain patterns recorded by electron beam irradiation on Y-cut LiNbO3 crystals
Authors: Kokhanchik L. S. , Gainutdinov R. V. , Lavrov S. D. , Volk T. R.
Published: August 2015

We present the results of investigations of planar domain patterns (isolated domains and domain gratings) fabricated by irradiation of the nonpolar Y-surface of LiNbO3 crystals by an electron beam (EB) incident normally onto the surface. The EB recorded domains were investigated using atomic force microscopy, confocal second harmonic generation microscopy, and chemical etching as an auxiliary method. The dependence of the domain characteristics on irradiation conditions (acceleration voltage U, EB current I, and irradiation time tirr) were determined. The length Ld of both isolated domains and domain gratings along the polar axis Z grows linearly with tirr (at U, I = const) with no tending to saturation. The plots Ld(tirr) obtained for U = 10 and 15 kV are practically identical, whereas the values of Ld for U = 5 kV are essentially lower. The domain thickness Td along the Y-direction, i.e., the depth of the switched layer grows with acceleration voltage U. These results are discussed in terms of space-charge fields formation arising under EB irradiation of insulators. The linearity of Ld(tirr) is accounted for by the frontal domain growth via the viscous friction law. The experimental dependence of Td on U supports the suggestion that the domain thickness is determined by the penetration depth Re of primary electrons, which in turn is governed by U. The difference in Ld(tirr) plots for different U is accounted for by different electron emission σ. Indirect evidences of a defect structure modification in a thin surface layer with respect to the crystal bulk are obtained.
Piezoresponse and magnetic properties of multiferroic (1−x)Bi0.9Dy0.1FeO3–xPbTiO3 solid solution
Authors: Zhuang Jian , Wu Hua , Ren Wei , Ye Zuo-Guang
Published: August 2015

The multiferroic solid solution of (1−x)[0.9BiFeO3–0.1DyFeO3]–xPbTiO3 with compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary has been synthesized in the form of ceramics and characterized by Piezoresponse Force Microscope (PFM) and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device. Both the original local polar domain structure and the domain evolution after poling have been studied by PFM. The PFM phase imaging has revealed some interesting details of poling and domain switching process: The out-of-plane phase image shows a uniform direction of polarization along the applied electric field, while the in-plane phase image indicates two kinds of domains with antiparallel polarizations. This kind of poled domain structure is explained based on the orientations of the polarization as permitted by the rhombohedral crystal symmetry in grains of different crystallographic orientations. The magnetic properties measured within the temperature range from 1.8 K to 300 K reveal an interesting sequence of magnetic transitions from a weakly ferromagnetic order (WFM1) to an antiferromagnetic state (AFM), and then to another weak ferromagnetic phase (WFM2), upon cooling. A preliminary magnetic phase diagram is proposed for BDF-34PT.
Stabilizing the ferroelectric phase in doped hafnium oxide
Authors: Hoffmann M. , Schroeder U. , Schenk T. , Shimizu T. , Funakubo H. , Sakata O. , Pohl D. , Drescher M. , Adelmann C. , Materlik R. , Kersch A. , Mikolajick T.
Published: August 2015

The ferroelectric properties and crystal structure of doped HfO2 thin films were investigated for different thicknesses, electrode materials, and annealing conditions. Metal-ferroelectric-metal capacitors containing Gd:HfO2 showed no reduction of the polarization within the studied thickness range, in contrast to hafnia films with other dopants. A qualitative model describing the influence of basic process parameters on the crystal structure of HfO2 was proposed. The influence of different structural parameters on the field cycling behavior was examined. This revealed the wake-up effect in doped HfO2 to be dominated by interface induced effects, rather than a field induced phase transition. TaN electrodes were shown to considerably enhance the stabilization of the ferroelectric phase in HfO2 compared to TiN electrodes, yielding a Pr of up to 35 μC/cm2. This effect was attributed to the interface oxidation of the electrodes during annealing, resulting in a different density of oxygen vacancies in the Gd:HfO2 films. Ab initio simulations confirmed the influence of oxygen vacancies on the phase stability of ferroelectric HfO2.
Local piezoresponse and polarization switching in nucleobase thymine microcrystals
Authors: Bdikin Igor , Heredia Alejandro , Neumayer Sabine M. , Bystrov Vladimir S. , Gracio José , Rodriguez Brian J. , Kholkin Andrei L.
Published: August 2015

Thymine (2-oxy-4-oxy-5 methyl pyrimidine) is one of the four nucleobases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In the DNA molecule, thymine binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds, thus stabilizing the nucleic acid structure and is involved in pairing and replication. Here, we show that synthetic thymine microcrystals grown from the solution exhibit local piezoelectricity and apparent ferroelectricity, as evidenced by nanoscale electromechanical measurements via Piezoresponse Force Microscopy. Our experimental results demonstrate significant electromechanical activity and polarization switchability of thymine, thus opening a pathway for piezoelectric and ferroelectric-based applications of thymine and, perhaps, of other DNA nucleobase materials. The results are supported by molecular modeling of polarization switching under an external electric field.
Nanoscale mapping of electromechanical response in ionic conductive ceramics with piezoelectric inclusions
Authors: Seol Daehee , Seo Hosung , Jesse Stephen , Kim Yunseok
Published: August 2015

Electromechanical (EM) response in ion conductive ceramics with piezoelectric inclusions was spatially explored using strain-based atomic force microscopy. Since the sample is composed of two dominant phases of ionic and piezoelectric phases, it allows us to explore two different EM responses of electrically induced ionic response and piezoresponse over the same surface. Furthermore, EM response of the ionic phase, i.e., electrochemical strain, was quantitatively investigated from the comparison with that of the piezoelectric phase, i.e., piezoresponse. These results could provide additional information on the EM properties, including the electrochemical strain at nanoscale.
Direct observation of conductive filament formation in Alq3 based organic resistive memories
Authors: Busby Y. , Nau S. , Sax S. , List-Kratochvil E. J. W. , Novak J. , Banerjee R. , Schreiber F. , Pireaux J.-J.
Published: August 2015

This work explores resistive switching mechanisms in non-volatile organic memory devices based on tris(8-hydroxyquinolie)aluminum (Alq3). Advanced characterization tools are applied to investigate metal diffusion in ITO/Alq3/Ag memory device stacks leading to conductive filament formation. The morphology of Alq3/Ag layers as a function of the metal evaporation conditions is studied by X-ray reflectivity, while depth profile analysis with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is applied to characterize operational memory elements displaying reliable bistable current-voltage characteristics. 3D images of the distribution of silver inside the organic layer clearly point towards the existence of conductive filaments and allow for the identification of the initial filament formation and inactivation mechanisms during switching of the device. Initial filament formation is suggested to be driven by field assisted diffusion of silver from abundant structures formed during the top electrode evaporation, whereas thermochemical effects lead to local filament inactivation.
Effect of substrates on magnetization of BiFeO3 films
Authors: Xu Tingting , Kan Yi , Jin Yaming , Lu Xiaomei , Wu Huarui , He Ju , Lu Xueliang , Zhu Weili , Huang Fengzhen , Zhu Jinsong
Published: August 2015

BiFeO3 (BFO) films were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si and single crystalline LiNbO3 (LN) substrates using metal organic decomposition method and annealed in N2/O2. Magnetizations of these films were systematically characterized. It is found that BFO films prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates exhibit stronger saturation magnetization (MS) than those prepared on LN substrates, and their magnetizations rely more on annealing atmosphere. We consider that both oxide feature of LN substrates and in-plane compressive stress introduced by LN reduce the Fe2+ content in the top BFO films and further stabilize the films against post-treatment. This work provides a valuable guidance for fabricating high quality magnetic oxide films.
Fabric and greasy wool handle, their importance to the Australian wool industry: a review
Authors: Preston J. W. V. , Hatcher S. , McGregor B. A.
Published: August 2015

Handle-related properties of woollen fabrics have been demonstrated to be major factors affecting consumer buying attitudes. Handle is the combination of both textural and compressional attributes. Compressional handle has demonstrated processing advantages in woven and knitted fabrics. The handle of processing lots can be manipulated using a variety of technologies but direct manipulation of textural greasy wool handle pre-processing is still crude. On-farm, there is documented evidence that including handle assessment in a selection index provides additional improvements in genetic gain. However, the assessment of greasy wool handle is based on a tactile evaluation of the wool staple by sheep and wool classers, and its application is affected by a lack of framework that instructs assessors on a standard method of assessment. Once a reliable and repeatable protocol is developed, further understanding of the effect greasy wool handle has on final garment quality will be possible.
Interesting anaerobes in the environment
Authors: Blackall Linda L
Published: August 2015

Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) have a wide range of capacities to survive by generating energy in environments and situations lacking oxygen, which abound on Earth. Anaerobic metabolic strategies include anaerobic respiration (numerous types – e.g. nitrate reduction – Paracoccus denitrificans; sulfur respiration – Desulfuromonadales; methanogenesis – Methanosarsina spp.; iron reduction – Geobacter spp.; dehalorespiration – Dehalococcoides ethenogenes) and fermentation (sugars converted to simpler organic compounds like acids, gases and alcohols – e.g. Lactobacillus spp.). Relatively novel environmental anaerobic strategies include anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox – e.g. Brocadia spp.) and anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO)1, which is a syntrophic association between anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-, iron-, manganese- or nitrate-reducing bacteria2. The classic anaerobic synthrophic example is interspecies hydrogen/formate transfer between a hydrogen/formate producing fatty acid oxidising bacterium (the syntroph) and a hydrogen/formate consumer (methanogen or sulfate-reducer)3. Microbes vary in their oxygen tolerance and are described as obligate anaerobes if they are killed by atmospheric levels of oxygen due to the lack of catalase and superoxide dismutase that provide oxygen radical protection.
An error budget for soil salinity mapping using different ancillary data
Authors: Huang J. , Zare E. , Malik R. S. , Triantafilis J.
Published: August 2015

Secondary soil salinisation occurs as a function of human interaction with the landscape. Increasing salinity is a major constraint to crop yield. The electrical conductivity of a saturated soil-paste extract (ECe, dS m–1) defines the level of salinity in soil. In order to manage salinity, farmers need to map its variation. However, ECe determination is time-consuming and expensive. Digital mapping of ECe is possible by using ancillary data such as easy-to-obtain digital elevation model, gamma-ray spectrometry and electromagnetic (EM) induction data. In this paper, we used these ancillary data and empirical best linear unbiased prediction (E-BLUP) to make a digital map of ECe. In this regard, we found that elevation, radioelement of thorium (Th) and logEM38-v were the most statistically useful ancillary data. We also developed an error-budget procedure to quantify the relative contributions that model, input (for all the ancillary datasets), and combined and individual covariate (for each of the ancillary datasets) error made to the prediction error of our map of ECe. The error-budget procedure used ordinary kriging, E-BLUP and conditional simulation to produce numerous realisations of the data and their underlying errors. Results show that the combined error of model error and input error was ~4.44 dS m–1. Compared with the standard deviation of observed soil ECe (3.61 dS m–1), the error was large. Of this error, most was attributable to the input error (1.38 dS m–1), which is larger than the model error (0.02 dS m–1). In terms of the input error, we determined that the larger standard deviation is attributable to the lack of ancillary data, namely the ECa in areas adjacent to the Darling River and on the aeolian dune where data collection was difficult owing to dense native vegetation.
Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA mediates Epstein–Barr virus infection of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells
Authors: Xiong Dan , Du Yong , Wang Hong-Bo , Zhao Bo , Zhang Hua , Li Yan , Hu Li-Juan , Cao Jing-Yan , Zhong Qian , Liu Wan-Li , Li Man-Zhi , Zhu Xiao-Feng , Tsao Sai Wah , Hutt-Fletcher Lindsey M. , Song Erwei , Zeng Yi-Xin , Kieff Elliott , Zeng Mu-Sheng
Published: August 2015

Significance

EBV causes nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), an endemic disease in southern China. Unlike EBV infection of B lymphocytes, the molecular mechanisms and outcomes of EBV infection of epithelial cells are poorly understood. In vitro, EBV infects B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1)-immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (NPECs) poorly. We have now established a protocol to infect sphere-like cells derived from monolayer NPECs with EBV. Using this model system, we identified nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA) as an important host factor to mediate EBV infection of NPECs. NMHC-IIA knock-down substantially decreased NPEC EBV infection. This improved EBV infection model is likely to enable new insights into the mechanisms of EBV epithelia cell infection and will be useful for the understanding EBV’s role and effects in conversion of NPECs to NPC.
Structural characterization of muropeptides from
Chlamydia trachomatis
peptidoglycan by mass spectrometry resolves “chlamydial anomaly”
Authors: Packiam Mathanraj , Weinrick Brian , Jacobs William R. , Maurelli Anthony T.
Published: August 2015

Significance

The existence of peptidoglycan (PG) in pathogenic Chlamydiae is supported by genetic data and antibiotic susceptibility, but the failure to isolate PG from pathogenic Chlamydiae has led to the “chlamydial anomaly.” Moreover, the lack of a transglycosylase domain in some
Chlamydia
penicillin-binding proteins suggests that Chlamydiae may possess a “glycanless PG.” We successfully enriched
Chlamydia
muropeptides from
Chlamydia
-infected cell lysates using nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2)-dependent NF-κB activation as a biomarker for the presence of PG fragments in specific fractions. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of chlamydial muropeptides and classified chlamydial PG as type A1γ in the Schleifer and Kandler classification. This study disproves the glycanless PG hypothesis and is, to our knowledge, the first structural confirmation of chlamydial PG in pathogenic species.
Réécritures, variations, imitations et traductions sans original dans les œuvres de Joseba Sarrionandia
Authors: Jaka Aiora
Published: August 2015

The study presented in this article analyses the influence that translation has exerted on the work of Basque writer and translator Joseba Sarrionandia. This analysis shows that the interaction between his original works and his translations is bidirectional, and that the distinction between creation and recreation is much more confused that it can seem in the beginning. By means of intertextual references, rewriting of poems, variations or imitations of texts written by his predecessors, or even by composing translations without originals, Sarrionandia throws into question some of the notions of the modern discourse of translation, and suggests a new way of understanding literature and translation. His strategies aim to demonstrate that it is impossible to create from scratch, that each poet writes over the traces left by the poets he has read, and that each of his texts will necessarily be a conversion or a translation of the literary tradition he has inherited. Therefore, there is no original text, and each text is no more than a translation of a translation. However, the links and relations that each writer/translator suggests with regard to this literary tradition will be new and original, and it is in these new relations that the creating power of translation lies.
Antipassive/associative polysemy in Cilubà (Bantu, L31a)
Authors: Dom Sebastian , Segerer Guillaume , Bostoen Koen
Published: August 2015

Antipassive constructions are commonly associated with languages with a predominantly ergative alignment. In this article, we show that antipassive constructions can also occur in predominantly accusative languages such as Cilubà, a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is expressed by the verbal suffix-angan-, deriving an intransitive clause from a transitive one by omitting the object noun phrase. This suffix functions canonically as a reciprocal marker and is also used to express sociativity/reciprocity and iterativity. An analysis of the suffix’ polysemy is provided on three levels: We argue that (i) plurality of relations is the underlying concept that semantically accounts for its different meanings, (ii) that its use in an antipassive clause is syntactically derived from its use as a canonical reciprocal marker by the demotion and omission of the second participant, and (iii) that the suffix is diachronically bimorphemic and originally consisted of two suffixes that still exist in Cilubà today, with the sum of its individual meanings not straightforwardly reflecting the synchronic polysemy of-angan-.
Ideology and Arabic translations of news texts
Authors: Bazzi Samia
Published: August 2015

Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis, the present paper seeks to identify the ideological factors that may characterize politically motivated news texts and the text strategies that articulate them in an English-Arabic translation context. Two hundred source texts and target texts representing political turmoil and conflict in the Middle East (2011–2014) were examined for contrastive analysis. Data were collected through archival research of Assafir, the leading national newspaper in Lebanon, in addition to international media outlets, such as Reuters, AFP, and the BBC. The descriptive analysis of both source and target texts reveals that the functional organization of clauses and sentences, lexical categorization, and modal expressions in the news language can be seen as representing sectarian discourses, and the exercise of power found in the media in times of political struggle. The ideological factors identified in this study are related to the notions of hegemony, the rhetoric of worthy versus unworthy victims, interpellation of subjects, and group schema.
What has Changed with Peace? Local Perceptions of Empowerment in Mozambique
Authors: Maschietto Roberta Holanda
Published: August 2015

Democracy promotion and economic liberalisation have been two pillars of contemporary peacebuilding practices. Whereas several studies have discussed the implementation of such reforms, much less has been written about their long-term effects, including repercussions in terms of changing people's perception about their own power and ability to influence political spaces. Addressing this gap in the literature, this article analyses local perceptions of change following the peace accords in Mozambique. The analysis is based on interviews and focus groups conducted in Northern Mozambique in 2012, as well as on two surveys on democracy conducted by the Afrobarometer project in 2002 and 2012. This article concludes that whilst democratisation has contributed to people's empowerment by creating formal spaces for participation, economic liberalisation has instead contributed to the reverse; in failing to tackle poverty, it has negatively affected the very spaces for empowerment created by democratisation.
Beyond Fragmentation: Integrating Diversity within Development Cooperation as a Contribution to International Peacebuilding
Authors: Benitez-Schaefer Florencia
Published: August 2015

While fostering human diversity is a principal goal of peace and development work, plurality has itself become an immense challenge. The practical reality of fragmentation is of concern to the international development community due to the risk of inefficiency and rupture that it implies. Rooted in the conflict transformation approach of Lederach and Dietrich, this article advances a transdisciplinary perspective for fostering an integrated plurality within development work. Grounded in a relational approach, this article explores (1) the conceptual frame of development cooperation and its challenges for integrating plurality; (2) key premises to consider when building structures of development cooperation; and (3) the method of Theme-Centred Interaction as a useful tool of humanistic psychology for addressing the challenge of plurality in development work. This transdisciplinary approach may usefully serve in the critical examination of current development projects and the initiation of new ones.
Random Vibration
Authors: Le Bot A.
Published: August 2015

This chapter introduces the terminology of random processes and their properties; stationarity, correlation function, power spectral density, and the Wiener–Khinchin theorem. The theory of linear, causual, and time-invariant systems is presented, as is and their characterization in terms of impulse response and frequency response function. Response to random input is next examined. The correlation functions and power spectral densitites of output in terms of those of input are given.
Transient Phenomena
Authors: Le Bot A.
Published: August 2015

This chapter investigates transient phenomena in sound and vibration. Sabine’s theory of reverberation is first presented, with applications in room acoustics. The extension to statistical energy analysis and coupled subsystems is next studied. The conditions of an exponential law for time decay and the notion of reverberation time are finally discussed.
Evolutionary Syntax
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: August 2015

This book makes a case for a gradualist, adaptationist (Darwinian) approach to the evolution of syntax/grammar, subject to natural selection. It provides a specific framework for studying the evolution of syntax, with postulates that are at the right level of granularity to allow a synergy among the fields of evolutionary biology, theoretical syntax, typology, neuroscience, and genetics. This book pursues an internal reconstruction of the stages of grammar based on the syntactic theory associated with Chomskyan Minimalism, to arrive at very specific, testable hypotheses, which are corroborated by an abundance of theoretically analyzed ‘living fossils’ for each postulated stage, drawn from a variety of languages. What also distinguishes this approach is that it shows how these fossil structures do not just coexist side-by-side with more modern structures, but that they are in fact literally built into the very foundation of more complex structures, leading to quirks and complexities that best befit a gradualist evolutionary scenario. Importantly, the postulated stages clearly reveal the selection pressures that would have driven the progression through stages. By reconstructing a particular path along which syntax evolved, this approach is able to shed light on the crucial properties of language design itself, as well as on the major parameters of crosslinguistic variation. As a result, this reconstruction can be meaningfully correlated with the hominin timeline, as well as with the quickly accruing genetic evidence.
Conclusion
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: August 2015

This chapter highlights the conclusions and achievements of the reconstruction arrived at in this book, as well as identifies future prospects. The reconstructed stages in the evolution of syntax are specific and incremental enough to be targeted by the forces of natural/sexual selection. For each postulated stage, including the absolutive-like two-word stage, and the hierarchical transitive and TP (Tense Phrase) stages, this monograph identifies clear and tangible communicative benefits. Not only that, but the granularity of this proposal is at the right level to forge synergy among the (sub)disciplines of syntactic theory, evolutionary biology, neuroscience, language variation (typology), and genetics. Last but not least, this proposal can shed light on the hominin timeline, as it is able to discriminate among some competing hypotheses in this regard.
Crystals and crystal structures
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

This first chapter considers the nature of the crystalline state by constructing crystal structures. It then moves on to look at interstitial, covalent and ionic structures, stacking faults, and twins. It also looks at the crystal chemistry of inorganic compounds, coordination polyhedra, erovskites, tetrahedral, and octahedral structures. Finally, the chapter deals with the structures of iron hydroxides, silicates, silica, ice, water, and carbon.
The physical properties of crystals and their description by tensors
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

The chapter starts with a general introduction of the topics covered here. If provides an ‘everyday’ example or analogy of a tensor property and a description of suffix notation. The chapter then gives consideration to symmetrical second rank tensors; principal axes (eigenvectors); the representation quadric; Neumann's principle, pyroelectricity and ferroelectricity; and second rank tensors which describe stress, strain, and atomic displacements. It provides the optical properties of crystals: the indicatrix, elliptically polarised light, and optical path differences. Finally, it looks at third rank tensors (the piezoelectric effect) and fourth rank tensors (elasticity, matrix notation, and elastic properties of cubic crystals).
Setting the Scene
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe
Published: August 2015

Chapter 3 maps out the history and foundations of policymaking in Ethiopia. Economic growth has been impressive although structural transformation lags far behind, and manufacturing has played an almost insignificant role in the Ethiopian economy. The Ethiopian government has certainly engaged in policy experiments and largely maintained its autonomy. This chapter suggests that Ethiopia in recent years has exhibited features of ‘developmental state’. This chapter introduces the main industrial policies and policy instruments developed in Ethiopia in recent years. This is done both to clarify the context of policymaking in different sectors and to identify national-level patterns in policymaking institutions. Thus, as well as providing a valuable reference resource, this chapter sets out the broader framework relevant to understanding the industrial policy in the different sectors addressed in this book.
Curing an Underperformer? Leather and Leather Products
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe
Published: August 2015

Chapter 6 focuses on the same issues as the previous two chapters, but in relation to leather and leather goods, where performance has been very different from that of floriculture and cement. Why has a country with the largest livestock population in Africa and with a century of manufacturing experience in the sector behind it been unable to achieve more than sluggish and erratic growth? Industrial policy relating to leather and leather products has been unable to reverse this poor performance and fully exploit the potential for linkage effects and competitive integration into the global value chain. However, recent developments have begun to yield more investment, better quality, and more exports of higher-end products. This chapter explores this history and the recent changes, providing insights into the policy process, the constraints on the sector’s expansion, and the structure of the sector.
Failing Better
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe
Published: August 2015

What are the insights that emerge from the comparative analysis of the three sectors in previous chapters? Synthesizing the research material on Ethiopian manufacturing and industrial policy, the chapter explores uneven growth and unevenly effective policies despite a common foundation in industrial development strategy and industrial policy. It shows the limitations of conventional views in explaining this dilemma, and provides an alternative perspective. This chapter shows that overall, what matters for the evolution and effectiveness of industrial policy is the way that three key factors—industrial structure, linkage dynamics, and politics/political economy—interact. The interrelational dynamics among these variables have significant implications for policy design and implementation. And from its emphasis on ‘failing better’, it draws out and highlights areas with significant implications for policymaking. This chapter also shows that industrial policymaking in Ethiopia is a work in progress, and shows the challenges of catching up in twenty-first-century Africa.
Augustine on the Varieties of Understanding and Why There is No Learning from Words
Authors: Nawar Tamer
Published: August 2015

This chapter examines Augustine’s views on language, learning, and testimony in De Magistro. It is often held that, in De Magistro, Augustine is especially concerned with explanatory understanding (a complex cognitive state characterized by its synoptic nature and awareness of explanatory relations) and that he thinks testimony is deficient in imparting explanatory understanding. The chapter argues against this view and gives a clear analysis of the different kinds of cognitive state Augustine is concerned with and a careful examination of his arguments concerning the deficiencies of testimony in producing these cognitive states.
The Logic of Dead Humans
Authors: Cameron Margaret
Published: August 2015

Interest in philosophical anthropology in the early twelfth century was limited to the logical question of how to think and speak about dead humans. This question was prompted by the logic of living and dead humans based on the doctrine of substance found in Aristotle’s Categories and in the division of substance, as outlined by Porphyry to exemplify the logic of genus and species relations in the Isagoge. Abelard held the view that there is no such thing as a dead human, and this provoked an intense response from his contemporaries. Abelard’s contemporaries, including Alberic of Paris and other anonymous authors, mounted a number of arguments against Abelard’s views. The stakes were high for them: as realists about species and genera, Abelard’s denial that there are dead humans threatened their entire interpretation of the structure of species and genera, and thereby their theory of universals.
Together
Authors: Francis Kimberly A.
Published: August 2015

The stress of exile took a heavy toll on Boulanger’s health, forcing her to take a leave of absence, at which point she chose to move to the West Coast and be closer to Igor and Vera Stravinsky. The years 1942–1945 encompass the richest moments in Stravinsky and Boulanger’s dialogue, a time when scores were exchanged like gift cards—including the Sonata for Two Pianos, written for Boulanger—with annotations and dedications written in Stravinsky’s hand on many of Boulanger’s copies. Boulanger stayed out west in Santa Barbara, California, for much of the remainder of World War II, reveling in creative conversations with Igor Stravinsky, including their core vision of the “Danse sacrale” movement of the Rite of Spring. Upon her departure, as a parting birthday present, Stravinsky sent Boulanger a copy of his newly completed Symphonie concertante (Symphony in Three Movements). It is the exchange shared during these years in the United States that laid the foundation for much of Boulanger’s later lectures and pedagogical work concerning Stravinsky.
Insider/Outsider
Authors: Francis Kimberly A.
Published: August 2015

Boulanger’s lack of direct contact with Stravinsky in his last years was in many ways circumvented by the myriad correspondents who reported to her about the composer’s activity and health. Chief among these correspondents was the composer’s older son, Theodore Stravinsky. Turning to Boulanger’s diaries and correspondence from the 1960s onward, the chapter traces her knowledge of Stravinsky’s failing health, drawing particularly on comments she sent not to the composer himself but to those around her, particularly her poignant responses to Theodore concerning his father’s treatment at the hands of Vera Stravinsky and Robert Craft. Ultimately, it considers how Boulanger’s perception of Stravinsky’s late care informed her public advocacy for him and private but loyal support of his children.
Intonational phonology of the regional varieties of Italian
Authors: Gili Fivela Barbara , Avesani Cinzia , Barone Marco , Bocci Giuliano , Crocco Claudia , D’Imperio Mariapaola , Giordano Rosa , Marotta Giovanna , Savino Michelina , Sorianello Patrizia
Published: August 2015

Italian shows large phonetic and prosodic variations that depend on the geographical and dialectal area the speakers come from. The chapter explicitly focuses on the intonational variation occurring in Italian and offers (1) the key elements of a shared transcription system able to take this into account and (2) an overview of the intonation patterns of thirteen varieties, spoken in cities and towns located in various areas of the Italian peninsula, i.e. Milan, Turin, Florence, Siena, Pisa, Lucca, Rome, Pescara, Naples, Salerno, Cosenza, Bari, and Lecce. The main novelty of the chapter is the clear and explicit effort made in offering analyses and transcriptions that always keep in mind cross-variety comparison to finally facilitate cross-language comparison as well. Importantly, this is the first work on Italian in which this is systematically achieved on the basis of a wide and representative set of sentence types, apart from the number of varieties considered.
Inflation and the Accelerating Universe
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei
Published: August 2015

The universe experienced a huge expansion in the earliest moments of the big bang. This cosmic inflationary epoch (with a large cosmological constant) can provide the correct initial conditions for the standard Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker cosmology. Inflation left behind a flat universe that could be compatible with the observed matter density and a cosmic age if there remained a small but nonvanishing cosmological constant—a dark energy. This would imply that the expansion of the universe is now accelerating. Measurements of high-redshift supernovae, together with the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background and large-structure surveys, have provided a concordant picture of a flat universe dominated by dark energy. Most matter is exotic cold dark matter, more than five times the amount of ordinary (baryonic) matter. In this Λ CDM cosmology, the cosmic age comes out to be close to the Hubble time of 14 billion years.
Bu-Shen-Jian-Pi-Yi-Qi Therapy Prevents Alcohol-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats
Authors: Ren Shu-Jun , Xing Guo-Li , Hu Nai-Wu , Xu Wei-Ming , Wang Yong-Qi , Dong Qing-Ping , Jiang Yi-Chang
Published: August 2015

Bu-Shen-Jian-Pi-Yi-Qi therapy, which refers to reinforcing kidney, regulating qi, and invigorating spleen, is a traditional Chinese medicine, and we investigated its efficacy in treatment of alcohol-induced osteoporosis and its underlying mechanism. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into alcohol-supplemented group, JIAN-GU-LING (JGL) group, calcium D3 + alfacalcidol group, and sham-treated group. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone biomechanical properties were assessed. Biochemical analyses of serum and urine specimens were detected. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA level of vitamin D receptor (VDR). There were markedly lower bone metabolic markers and biomechanical properties in alcohol-supplemented group compared with sham-treated group (all P < 0.05). BMD, BMC, 25(OH)D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 were elevated in JGL group relative to calcium D3 + alfacalcidol group (all P < 0.05). U-Ca/Cr and U-P/Cr in JGL group were higher than those in the calcium D3 + alfacalcidol group (all P < 0.05). VDR mRNA level in the JGL group was elevated markedly in comparison with alcohol + calcium D3 + alfacalcidol group (P < 0.05). Based on our results, Bu-Shen-Jian-Pi-Yi-Qi therapy inhibits bone loss, promotes bone formation, and effectively improves bone metabolism in rats with experimental alcoholic osteoporosis. The disease reversal is evidenced by increased BMD and BMC, improved biomechanical properties, elevated VDR mRNA level, enhanced response sensitivity of 1, 25(OH)2D3, and reduced S-Ca/P.