bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility and effectiveness of treatment strategy of tandem high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in combination with 131I‐MIBG therapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Suh Jin Kyung , Koh Kyung‐Nam , Min So Yoon , Kim Young Sun , Kim Hyery , Im Ho Joon , Namgoong Jung‐Man , Kim Dae Yeon , Ahn Seung Do , Lee Jong Jin , Seo Jong Jin
Published: January 2020

This study was performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of tandem HDCT/ASCT combined with targeted radiotherapy using 131I‐MIBG for high‐risk neuroblastoma. Patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma were treated with 8 to 10 cycles of induction chemotherapy before tandem HDCT/ASCT. Patients received 131I‐MIBG treatment before the second HDCT/ASCT. Local radiotherapy and maintenance therapy were performed after tandem HDCT/ASCT. Between 2012 and 2016, 19 patients were diagnosed with high‐risk neuroblastoma in our institution and 18 of them received tandem HDCT/ASCT combined with 131I‐MIBG therapy. For the first HDCT/ASCT regimen, 12 patients received busulfan/melphalan and six patients received melphalan/etoposide/carboplatin. The second HDCT included ThioCy. The median dose of 131I‐MIBG was 17.2 mCi/kg for the first eight patients, while 12 patients in the latter period of the study received reduced dose of 10.7 mCi/kg. The 5‐year OS and EFS rates were 79% and 61%, respectively, for all 19 patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma, and 83% and 64%, respectively, for 18 patients who completed tandem HDCT/ASCT combined with 131I‐MIBG therapy. Six patients experienced disease relapse and five patients died. Treatment‐related mortality was not observed. Among 15 evaluable patients, 11 patients (73%) developed hypothyroidism, six patients (40%) had CKD, and six patients (40%) had growth failure. Hypothyroidism and growth failure were less frequent in patients who received reduced doses of 131I‐MIBG therapy. Tandem HDCT/ASCT combined with HD 131I‐MIBG therapy could be feasible for patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma with acceptable toxicity profiles and favorable outcomes.
Sleep duration trajectories from age 3 to 48 months in The Pelotas (Brazil) 2004 Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Xavier Mariana Otero , Bielemann Renata Moraes , Carpena Marina Xavier , Barros Fernando C. , Matijasevich Alicia , Santos Iná S.
Published: January 2020

Background

Optimal sleep is essential for child growth, development, and immune function. Few studies have evaluated factors associated with sleep duration in childhood from a longitudinal perspective.

Objectives

This study aimed to identify trajectories of sleep duration in childhood and associated maternal and child characteristics.

Methods

Sleep duration was assessed by maternal report at 3, 12, 24, and 48 months among children from the Pelotas (Brazil) 2004 Birth Cohort. Independent variables included family income, maternal and child demographics, and clinical characteristics. Trajectory analysis was carried out using a semi‐parametric, group‐based modelling approach. Multinomial logistic regression provided odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between independent variables and sleep duration trajectory groups.

Results

A total of 3824 participants were included in the analyses. Three trajectories of sleep duration were identified: “short sleepers” (9.1%), “typical sleepers” (72.1%), and “initially longer sleepers” (18.8%). When compared to typical sleepers, children from less schooled mothers (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.26, 2.62) and those whose mothers reported depressive symptoms during pregnancy (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.02, 1.68) and consumed alcohol beverages at 3 months post‐partum (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.03, 2.50) were more likely to be short sleepers. Children who shared the bedroom with another child were about 40% (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07, 1.87) more likely to be short sleepers. None of the investigated maternal and child characteristics remained associated with the “initially longer sleeper” group.

Conclusions

Among the identified trajectories, the group with short sleep duration trajectory deserves special attention given the importance of adequate sleep duration in the first years of life for the child's growth and development and the high concomitance of other risk factors, such as less schooled mothers, and mothers who reported depressive symptoms during pregnancy and consumed alcohol at 3 months post‐partum.
Hormonal and metabolic profiles related to placental retention with emphasis on oxidative stress and serotonin receptors in pluriparous buffaloes
Authors: Elsayed Doaa H. , Abdelrazek Heba M. A. , El‐Azzazi Fakhri E. , Ismail Shimaa A. A. , Mahmoud Yasmina K.
Published: January 2020

This study was designed to investigate the hormonal and metabolic factors associated with placental retention in buffaloes with respect to the roles of oxidative stress biomarkers and serotonin receptors. Blood samples were collected at weeks 3, 2 and 1 pre‐partum and at calving from 37 buffaloes; thirty normally dropped their placentae (Non‐RFM group) and 7 dropped their placentae after 12 hr post‐calving (RFM group). Serum progesterone (P4), oestradiol, cortisol, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), antioxidant/oxidant biomarkers and mineral concentrations were assessed. Histopathology and histochemistry were implemented to detect collagen in foetal placental tissues. Immunohistochemistry for serotonin receptors in placental tissues was performed. Significant elevations in P4, cortisol, NEFA, BHBA and oxidative biomarkers concentrations were observed in the RFM group. However, oestradiol, antioxidants and mineral concentrations were significantly lower in RFM buffaloes than Non‐RFM group. Histopathological examination revealed degenerative changes and necrosis in retained placental tissue compared with that in normal placental tissues. Serotonin receptors were significantly expressed with collagen condensation in retained placental tissues. Furthermore, inferior reproductive performance was pronounced in the retained group. In conclusion, retained foetal membranes in buffaloes were associated with hormonal imbalance, metabolic perturbation, oxidative stress, serotonin receptor upregulation and markedly reduced fertility indices.
The Effect of Race and Gender on Attributions of Stalking
Authors: Duff Simon C. , Hay Jonathan , Kerry Jessica , Whittam Alyssa
Published: January 2020

Objective

This study is concerned with examining the impact of the extralegal factors of race and gender in attributions of stalking and motivation in examples of heterosexual, low‐level stalking behavior.

Methods

A 4 (race pairing of protagonist and target) × 2 (gender pairing of protagonist and target) between‐ participants design, using a vignette incorporating faces of the protagonist and target, asked participants to identify the extent to which they considered the behavior stalking, the motivation for that behavior, and provide responses to measures of racism and sexism.

Results

The results identify that intraracial behavior is considered more like stalking than interracial behavior, that female‐to‐male behavior is considered more like stalking than male‐to‐female, and that gender and race do not impact on the attributed motivations for the behavior. Both racism and sexism do contribute to attributions of stalking.

Conclusion

The influence of race on attributions of stalking mirrors that of findings in other areas of crime and is important in understanding decision making.
Green Crime Havens: A Spatial Cluster Analysis of Environmental Crime
Authors: Thomson Ryan , Espin Johanna , Samuels‐Jones Tameka
Published: January 2020

Objectives

The following study contributes to the bridging green criminology's quantitative research gap by analyzing the spatial distribution of environmental crimes throughout the United States. In doing so, we consider the possibility of green crime havens; areas with elevated health risks associated with dense concentrations of green criminal behavior.

Methods

Using data obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ECHO database, we conduct a spatial cluster analysis to identify counties bearing a disproportionate number of the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act violations.

Results

Findings affirm the existence of numerous green crime havens with violations occurring both within and across different types of pollution cases.

Conclusions

The study concludes with a theoretical reflection of the treadmill of crime and corresponding series of policy recommendations.
Laser Surface Modification of Wire-Electric Discharge Machined Graphene Nanoparticle Reinforced SiC Composites
Authors: Singh Meinam Annebushan , Hanzel Ondrej , Singh Ramesh Kumar , Šajgalík Pavol , Marla Deepak
Published: January 2020

Electrical discharge machining of conducting ceramics is often associated with high roughness and porosity, which hinders their application. This porosity-laden surface morphology necessitates a postprocessing technique to reduce the severity of the surface defects. Hence, this study focuses on the utilization of a nanosecond pulsed laser as a surface modification tool to minimize the debris and pores formed on the surface after the wire-electrical discharge machining process. This paper presents a study on the influence of laser parameters, viz., power, number of scans, scanning speed, and pulse repetition rate on the overall surface characteristics. The concentration of surface debris and pores were observed to significantly decrease with laser surface modification (LSM). The improvement in the surface characteristics after laser processing with low fluence was mainly attributed to melting, vaporization, and subsequent flow of molten material, which led to filling of the surface pores. This resulted in a more even surface postlaser surface modification. The surface roughness was observed to decrease by ∼49% after the laser processing at lower values of laser power, number of scans, and scanning speed and at higher values of pulse repetition rate. Furthermore, spatial, hybrid, and functional volume characteristics were observed to improve postlaser modification. However, at higher laser fluence, the processed surfaces were observed to get further worsened with the formation of deep ridges.
A C-Legged Monopedal Robot and Its Transition From Multiple Locomotion Modes
Authors: Bai Guochao , Thomaszewski Bernhard
Published: January 2020

This paper introduces a minimalistic design of a monopedal robot (monobot) with C-shaped legs which can achieve multiple locomotion modes (multi-mode) such as walking, leaping, as well as backward and forward flipping. The monobot contains an actuator, speed controller, 3D-printed base frame and legs, and battery set. The weight of the whole robot is less than 80 g. Dimensional parameters are optimized to simplify the design process and to identify effective factors for locomotion. Potential locomotion modes of the robot are analyzed by dynamics simulation. A simplified virtual prototype is tested within the multibody simulation software. An experimental platform of the monobot is also developed. The speed of the platform is adjusted to verify the correspondence between the actuator speed and locomotion mode as obtained by simulation. Potential applications of the multi-mode monobot include disaster rescue, planet exploration, and reconnaissance.
Stability Analysis of Arteries Under Torsion
Authors: Emuna Nir , Durban David
Published: January 2020

Vascular tortuosity may impede blood flow, occlude the lumen, and ultimately lead to ischemia or even infarction. Mechanical loads like blood pressure, axial force, and also torsion are key factors participating in this complex mechanobiological process. The available studies on arterial torsion instability followed computational or experimental approaches, yet single available theoretical study had modeled the artery as isotropic linear elastic. This paper aim is to validate a theoretical model of arterial torsion instability against experimental data. The artery is modeled as a single-layered, nonlinear, hyperelastic, anisotropic solid, with parameters calibrated from experiment. Linear bifurcation analysis is then performed to predict experimentally measured stability margins. Uncertainties in geometrical parameters and in measured mechanical response were considered. Also, the type of rate (incremental) boundary conditions (RBCs) impact on the results was examined (e.g., dead load, fluid pressure). The predicted critical torque and twist angle followed the experimentally measured trends. The closest prediction errors in the critical torque and twist rate were 22% and 67%, respectively. Using the different RBCs incurred differences of up to 50% difference within the model predictions. The present results suggest that the model may require further improvements. However, it offers an approach that can be used to predict allowable twist levels in surgical procedures (like anastomosis and grafting) and in the design of stents for arteries subjected to high torsion levels (like the femoropopliteal arteries). It may also be instructive in understanding biomechanical processes like arterial tortuosity, kinking, and coiling.
Formulation of Bearing Friction Torque in Threaded Joints With Nonflat Contact
Authors: Gerini Romagnoli Marco , Nassar Sayed A. , Lee Joon Ha
Published: January 2020

A novel experimentally validated formulation is provided for the bearing friction torque component in threaded joints with spherical and conical contact geometry, by extending two-dimensional Motosh model for various scenarios of contact pressure. Data for the corresponding effective bearing friction radius is generated, using constant or sliding speed-dependent friction coefficient models. Generated bearing friction radius data are used in Motosh model for torque–tension test data to obtain the bearing friction coefficient, which is found to be reasonably comparable to published bearing friction data.
A Hybrid Decision-Making Method for the Selection of a Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Gaddala Uma Maheswararao , Devanuri Jaya Krishna
Published: January 2020

Phase change materials (PCMs) are considered to be promising contenders for thermal energy storage (TES) due to their high latent heat and nearly constant temperature during the intake/release of heat. The present study focuses on providing the most suitable PCM for low-temperature (40–80 °C) heat storage applications. However, the selection of the most suitable one from the wide range of PCMs for an application needs a thorough insight of their thermophysical properties, thermal stability, compatibility, and melting and solidification behavior. Among the PCMs available for low-temperature heat storage applications, organic PCMs stand as an attractive option. Based on melting point temperature, latent heat, cost, and ease of availability, five widely used organic PCMs, viz., lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA), stearic acid (SA), paraffin wax (PW), and palmitic acid (PA), are selected. Initially, thermophysical properties are measured and tabulated. Subsequently, thermal stability experiments up to 1500 melting/freezing cycles, compatibility studies with container materials (aluminum and stainless steel (SS)), and melting and solidification experiments giving total melting and solidification times are performed. Further, a hybrid multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) method is employed to select the best PCM based on the obtained experimental results. During the selection process at first, the subjective weights of the attributes are measured according to the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Later, the PCMs are ranked based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The hybrid MADM results show that among the selected PCMs, paraffin wax is the optimal PCM for low-temperature heat storage applications.
Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of a Confined Circular Cylinder With Slit
Authors: Jadon Liladharsingh , Arumuru Venugopal
Published: January 2020

Heat transfer and flow characteristics of channel-bounded circular cylinder with a slit vent parallel to the flow direction are numerically investigated using openfoam. The interesting feature of this configuration is the formation of the separation bubble behind the cylinder, which significantly alters the near wake characteristics. In this study, the emphasis is given to understand the effect of the slit on forced convection from the cylinder. Simulations were performed by varying the slit width from 0 to 0.25 (in steps of 0.05) for the range of Reynolds number (Re) 60–240. Re is defined based on the diameter of the cylinder (d) and centerline velocity (Uc) at the inlet of the channel. The influence of s/d and Re on the separation bubble, aerodynamic forces, and heat transfer characteristics are studied in detail. Results demonstrate that the slit can manipulate the flow to mitigate adverse effects of vortex shedding and thus can be used as a passive flow control technique. It was observed that the inclusion of the slit in the cylinder delays the onset of vortex shedding, and it also reduces the fluctuations in aerodynamic forces up to 99%. Compared with the solid cylinder, around 38% increase in vortex shedding frequency, a 16% reduction in drag, and a 10% increase in average Nusselt number is observed when the slit width is 0.25d. It was found that the introduction of slit vent in the cylinder not only enhances the heat transfer along with the reduction in expenditure of pressure loss across the cylinder but also suppresses the fluctuations in aerodynamic forces, which causes vortex-induced vibrations and thus improves structural stability and integrity.
Numerical Investigation of Charging and Discharging Processes of a Shell and Tube Nano-Enhanced Latent Thermal Storage Unit
Authors: Nedjem Khaoula , Teggar Mohamed , Ismail Kamal Adbel Radi , Nehari Driss
Published: January 2020

Phase change materials (PCMs) generally suffer from low thermal conductivity which limits their application in thermal systems. The effective thermal conductivity may be improved by including fins, metallic powders, fine wires, and nanoparticles. The objective of this study is to investigate the thermal performance of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) dispersed in small quantities in 1-tetradecanol (C14H30O) PCM. This nano-enhanced PCM (NPCM) is placed in the annular space of a shell and tube in a solar thermal storage unit. The numerical simulations have been carried out using a numerical model based on the enthalpy-porosity and the control volume methods. The numerical model has been successfully validated by comparison with experimental data available in the literature. The numerical results showed that the higher the GNPs concentration, the lower the stored energy. The higher the GNPs concentration the shorter the discharging time. But, during the charging process, though the reduction in the melting time by 9.5% for GNPs concentration increase from 0 to 1 wt%, the melting time increased in contrast by 10.5% for GNPs content increasing from 1 to 3 wt%. For the GNPs concentration of 3 wt%, the heat transfer rate enhancement was limited by an undesirable increase in viscosity which led to weak natural convection and hence a longer charging time. Thus, the GNPs concentration of 1 wt% showed better thermal performance than that of 3 wt% concentration. These results may guide the improvement of solar thermal storage by dispersing GNPs in PCM.
Teaching Design Freedom: Understanding the Effects of Variations in Design for Additive Manufacturing Education on Students’ Creativity
Authors: Prabhu Rohan , Miller Scarlett R. , Simpson Timothy W. , Meisel Nicholas A.
Published: January 2020

Additive manufacturing (AM) processes offer unique capabilities (i.e., opportunities) yet inherent limitations (i.e., restrictions) due to the layer-by-layer fabrication of parts. Despite the newfound design freedom and increased use of AM, limited research has investigated how knowledge of the AM processes affects the creativity of students’ ideas after being exposed to AM. This study investigates this gap through an experimental study with 343 participants recruited from a junior-level mechanical engineering design course. The participants were exposed to three variations in design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) education: (1) no DfAM, (2) restrictive DfAM, and (3) opportunistic and restrictive (dual) DfAM education. The effects of these three interventions were measured through differences in (1) participants’ self-reported use of DfAM in a design challenge and (2) expert assessment of the creativity of the outcomes from the said design challenge. The results of the study indicated that variations in DfAM content did not result in differences in the participants’ self-reported use of either opportunistic or restrictive DfAM, with all three groups reporting similar levels of emphasis. Further, participants from all three groups reported higher use of restrictive DfAM techniques, compared with opportunistic DfAM. Moreover, while variations in the content had no effect on the creativity (uniqueness and usefulness) of the participants’ design outcomes, teaching both opportunistic and restrictive DfAM did result in the generation of designs with greater AM technical goodness—a novel and significant finding in our study. The results of this study highlight the need for DfAM educational interventions that encourage students to not only learn about but also integrate both opportunistic and restrictive concepts effectively into their creative design process. This would result in the generation of innovative products that leverage the design freedom enabled by AM, yet addressing the limitations inherent in the process.
Influence of Sliding Friction on the Dynamic Characteristics of a Planetary Gear Set With the Improved Time-Varying Mesh Stiffness
Authors: Luo Wei , Qiao Baijie , Shen Zhixian , Yang Zhibo , Cao Hongrui , Chen Xuefeng
Published: January 2020

Acting as an important internal excitation, sliding friction can cause the vibration and noise of the planetary gear set. In this paper, a dynamic model is developed to study the influence of sliding friction on the dynamic characteristics of the planetary gear set by including the time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS), sliding friction forces and torques. An improved analytical model is proposed to calculate the TVMS with sliding friction. The explicit analytical expressions of the sliding friction forces and torques are also derived. Three kinds of different models are applied to investigate the influence of sliding friction: (1) the basic model: sliding friction is neglected in the dynamic model; (2) the improved model I: only the sliding friction forces and torques are considered in the dynamic model; and (3) the improved model II: both the influence of sliding friction on the TVMS and the sliding friction forces and torques are introduced into the dynamic model. The planetary gear set with three equally spaced planet gears is applied to analyze the dynamic characteristics under sliding friction. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics can be enhanced or disturbed by sliding friction. In the end, the dynamic model is validated by the experiments. Therefore, the influence of sliding friction is non-negligible when investigating the dynamic characteristics of the planetary gear set. The developed dynamic model provides a feasible dynamic research scheme for the planetary gear set with sliding friction.
Shared-Gaussian Process: Learning Interpretable Shared Hidden Structure Across Data Spaces for Design Space Analysis and Exploration
Authors: Xing Wei , Elhabian Shireen Y. , Keshavarzzadeh Vahid , Kirby Robert M.
Published: January 2020

An industrial design process is often highly iterative. With unclear relationships between the quantity of interest (QoI) trade-offs and the design solution, the definition of the cost function usually undergoes several modifications that mandate a continued interaction between the designer and the client to encode all design and mission requirements into an optimization-friendly mathematical formulation. Such an iterative process is time consuming and computationally expensive. An efficient way to accelerate this process is to derive data-driven mappings between the design/mission and QoI spaces to provide visual insights into the interactions among different QoIs as related to their corresponding simulation parameters. In this paper, we propose Shared-Gaussian process (GP), a generative model for the design process that is based on a Gaussian process latent variable model. Shared-GP learns correlations within and across multiple, but implicitly correlated, data spaces considered in the design process (i.e., the simulation parameter space, the design space, and the QoI spaces) to provide data-driven mappings across these data spaces via efficient inference. Shared-GP also provides a structured low-dimensional representation shared among data spaces (some of which are of very high dimension) that the designer can use to efficiently explore the design space without the need for costly simulations.
Grounded Electrode Size Effect on Forced Convection Enhancement by a Single Stage EHD Gas Pump
Authors: Mazumder A. K. M. Monayem H.
Published: January 2020

In this study, forced convection enhancement in a square channel by a single stage electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pump is numerically examined. The EHD gas pump having three different sizes of grounded electrode configurations: 0.5-inch, 1-inch, and 2-inch wide respectively are investigated for their effectiveness in the enhancement of forced convection and pumping power requirement. The EHD gas pump with 28 emitting electrodes is evaluated for a wide range of operating voltages starting from 20 kV up to 28 kV. The influence of electric field on the flow and temperature fields is also examined for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The three-dimensional governing equations for the flow and temperature fields are solved using the finite volume method. The Reynolds numbers (Re) considered in this study varies in a range between 100 and 2000. At Re = 100, a maximum increase of 55% in the average Nusselt number is achieved with an applied voltage of 28 kV. The overall effectiveness of the EHD gas pump in heat transfer enhancement is evaluated by the thermal hydraulic performance parameter, (Nu/Nu0)/(f/f0), which is always greater than unity. These results disclose that EHD technique has a great potential for many engineering applications, particularly for thermal management.
Robust Design of Aero-Engine Assembly Using Taguchi Method Based on Jacobian-Torsor Model
Authors: Ding Siyi , Zheng Xiaohu , Bao Jinsong , Zhang Jie
Published: January 2020

Aero-engine assembly is the core tache in the whole process of aero-engine manufacturing. Assembly variations are unavoidable due to parts’ geometrical errors. Statistical variation analysis is an effective method for robust design that can quantitatively predict product quality in the original design stage. However, traditional methods focus on the modeling of plane dimension chain and extremum analysis, which is difficult to comprehensively consider the rich geometrical errors and their relationship to each other; meanwhile, the precision prediction is too conservative to reduce the parts’ rework frequency and adjusting difficulty; in addition, traditional methods overemphasize the promotion of parts’ machining precision, and ignore the means of overall stack optimization. To overcome these problems, firstly, Jacobian-Torsor (J-T) model is used to build the variation propagation, which is well suited to a complex assembly that contains large numbers of joints and geometric tolerances; secondly, combining with Monte Carlo simulation and J-T statistical contribution solution, the percentage contribution of each part could be solved; Finally, Taguchi multi-objective optimization method is adopted for robust design of the whole system. A case study on an entire aero-engine assembly is presented to illustrate the proposed method and the results show that this new method can effectively evaluate the assembly performance and determine the optimal assembly plan, which has strong practical guiding significance.
Preliminary Results: The Design, Instrumentation, and Performance of FSBE Tooling for Aluminum Tubes
Authors: Emblom William J. , Wagner Scott , Olayinka Ayotunde , Richard Courtnei , Anglada Quinn , Cutright Paige , Granger Andrew , Matthysen Jonathan , Wahab Muhammad A.
Published: January 2020

Friction stir back extrusion (FSBE) has been identified as a manufacturing method for producing tubing with both stronger and more ductile tubing for applications such as hydroforming, biomedical, energy, and MEMS. Additionally, FSBE has been identified as a technology that can be potentially down scaled. However, the process is still not fully understood because of the multitude of process parameters such as geometry, work piece material, friction and heat transfer, and other parameters that go into producing tubes.

The goal of this project was to design and test instrumented tooling for FSBE that were capable of producing a wide variety of tubing diameters, measure temperature and force in real-time both, and save process data for further analysis.

The current status of this project is that the die has been fully instrumented and tested for measuring temperature, a design for the tool holder and probe capable of measuring plunge force for a CNC mill has been completed, and sample tests measuring temperature have been performed. In addition, a simple steady state heat transfer analysis has shown that the work pieces were approximately 29 degrees hotter than the temperature at the thermal couple. Those temperatures are above the recrystallization temperature of 150°C.

Tooling geometry, and a comparison of test results are presented and the future uses for this tooling are discussed.
Analysis of Tube Expansion Using 3D Digital Image Correlation and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Abbassi Fethi , Ahmad Furqan , Karrech Ali , Islam Md. Saiful
Published: January 2020

Solid Expandable Tubular Technology (SETT) finds its extensive applications in the oil and gas industries where it is used for well completion and remediation. The purpose of his work is to investigate the material behavior upon expansion and to optimize the parameters that are relevant to the expansion process. Tube expansion tests have been performed using a newly designed experimental setup. Seamless stainless steel (AISI 304) tubes have been deformed and monitored using a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system to measure the full field displacement. A parametric study has been performed in order to study the effect of key expansion parameters such us mandrel geometry (angle), expansion ratio, mandrel-tube friction on the tube expansion and its buckling. The commercial code VIC-3D has been used to process the strain and displacement data obtained by the charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. Moreover, the tests have been modeled numerically using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to gain further insight into the stress and strain distributions during metal forming. A good correlation has been observed between the numerical and experimental results.
Computational Analysis of Cryogenic Stirling Refrigerator
Authors: Domenikos G.-R. , Bitsikas P. , Rogdakis E.
Published: January 2020

In the present work, a system consisting of two combined cryocoolers is simulated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and ANSYS Fluent software. The cryocoolers operate with frequency of 1 Hz and at temperature below 1 K. Instead of a matrix containing a regenerator, each of the machines employs a recuperator. The two recuperators exchange heat with each other, combining thus the two machines into one system. The working gas of the cryocoolers is helium-3 (He-3), the properties of which are obtained by the available literature for cryogenic temperatures.

The setup of the presented simulation is based on a one-dimensional (1D) analytical model. The model is used to describe conducted experiments, in which ideal He-3 is the working gas of a similar system of Stirling cryocoolers and superfluid helium-4 (He-4) can pass through the pistons (super leak).

The simulations results, including the fluctuation of gas temperature in the machine’s spaces, pressure drop, work and heat exchanged are presented.
A Review on Techniques to Improve Performance and Reduce Emissions of Diesel Engine Running With Higher Viscous Fuels (HVFs)
Authors: Bari Saiful , Hossain Shekh Nisar , Saad Idris
Published: January 2020

Due to skyrocketing fuel price and demand, engine manufacturers and researchers have been thriving to find alternative sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel and vegetable-based fuels are prospective substitutes for petro-diesel fuel for compressions ignition (CI) or diesel engines, and favourable over petro-diesel fuel in terms of sustainability and environmental friendliness. It is found from the literatures that higher viscous fuels (HVFs) and biodiesel fuels have substandard engine performance and emissions especially in the case of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque and NOx emissions compared to those of the engines using petro-diesel. This is mainly due to their higher viscosity and density as well as lower volatility and calorific value and thus, they are termed as higher viscous fuels. Furthermore, the higher viscosity and density of HVFs retard the combustion efficiency since HVFs are less prone to evaporate, diffuse and mix properly with the in-cylinder air. Based on these findings, researchers have put effort into improving the performance of CI engines running with HVFs. Generally, three techniques are very popular by the researchers, namely, blending the HVFs with petro-diesel (known as fuel blend), preheating the HVFs, and altering the injection strategy from the original engine-settings for petro-diesel operation. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on these techniques to improve the performance of CI engines run on HVFs.
Experimental Study of Partial Fuel Substitution With Hydroxy and Energy Recovery in Low Displacement Compression Ignition Engines
Authors: Duarte Jorge , Duarte Forero Natalia , Hernandez Brando , Vanegas Marley , Stand Ricardo
Published: January 2020

Internal combustion engines only take advantage of a quantity of the energy available in the combustion process. In addition to this, the emissions generated alter the balance and natural composition of the air, which represents a current risk to human health. Because of this, to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and minimize the harmful emissions to the environment of this type of thermal machines, in this work, the implementation of an exhaust gas energy recovery system is proposed. With the recovered energy, is hydroxy through the electrolysis process, and so that partial substitution of diesel fuel with the gaseous fuel produced. For the experimental study, a diesel engine SOKAN SK-MDF300 is coupled to a thermoelectric generator formed by Peltier modules, which transform thermal energy into electrical energy. This energy was used to generate hydroxy, reaching a generation maximum of 1.37 L / min. The influence of the partial substitution using diesel fuel and B10 fuel was studied. The experimental results allow us to conclude that a 3% reduction in fuel was achieved with diesel fuel. In addition to this, CO2 emissions were reduced in 13%, CO in 11.66%, NOx in 35.38%, SOx in 14.84% and 21.69% of reduction in smoke opacity, in the condition of maximum load during the test in the engine. The implementation of the TEG, coupled with the HHO gas generation system increases the overall efficiency of the engine by 4.2%.
Dynamic Response and Analytical Approach on a Double Catalyst Muffler System Mounting on a Table
Authors: Oh Gyoko , Akei Masahiro
Published: January 2020

For preventing fatigue failures caused by the vibration stresses in a moving vehicle or an operating machine, it is important to clarify and predict dynamic response behaviors. Assuming a rigid installation, the vibration transmissibility of a double catalyst muffler system mounting on a table was examined through a vibration machine. Based on the measured data and by systematically taking vibration theories into consideration, a new prediction method of the vibration modes and parameters was proposed that takes account of vibration coupling and damping. A lumped vibration model with the eight-element and two mass points was set up, and the vibration response parameters were analyzed accurately from simultaneous equations of motion. In the vibration test, resonance peaks from the mounting table and muffler parts of two units were confirmed in three excitation drives. The first resonance peaks caused by the mounting table had lower frequency, but the vibration magnitudes from other parts at higher frequency were damped to a considerable degree. With examples where the mounting table was reinforced by a damping material bracket, and where the spring coefficient of the connecting pipe between the two units in the sample was changed, the resonance frequencies and transmissibilities were obtained by calculation using the analytical model, demonstrating the model’s general versatility as a prediction method.
Intrusion Detection of Cyber-Physical Attacks in Manufacturing Systems: A Review
Authors: Wu Mingtao , Moon Young B.
Published: January 2020

Cyber-physical manufacturing system is the vision of future manufacturing systems where physical components are fully integrated through various networks and the Internet. The integration enables the access to computation resources that can improve efficiency, sustainability and cost-effectiveness. However, its openness and connectivity also enlarge the attack surface for cyber-attacks and cyber-physical attacks. A critical challenge in defending those attacks is that current intrusion detection methods cannot timely detect cyber-physical attacks. Studies showed that the physical detection provides a higher accuracy and a shorter respond time compared to network-based or host-based intrusion detection systems. Moreover, alert correlation and management methods help reducing the number of alerts and identifying the root cause of the attack.

In this paper, the intrusion detection research relevant to cyber-physical manufacturing security is reviewed. The physical detection methods — using side-channel data, including acoustic, image, acceleration, and power consumption data to disclose attacks during the manufacturing process — are analyzed. Finally, the alert correlation methods — that manage the high volume of alerts generated from intrusion detection systems via logical relationships to reduce the data redundancy and false alarms — are reviewed. The study show that the cyber-physical attacks are existing and rising concerns in industry. Also, the increasing efforts in cyber-physical intrusion detection and correlation research can be utilized to secure the future manufacturing systems.
Upper Body Development of Full-Sized Humanoid, HART, for Vehicle-Driving Task
Authors: Sohn Kiwon , Markiewicz Mark
Published: January 2020

In this paper, the development of an upper body for the full-sized humanoid, HART is presented. The main design objective of HART platform is to enable the bipedal robot to drive off-the-shelf vehicles in real world environments. Continued from the previous efforts which focused on the lower body, the same technical design requirements, kinematic adaptation and low cost manufacturing, were kept being explored for HART’s upper body building in this study. First, the control system architecture and whole body hardware configuration of the robot are presented. Then, the mechanical and electrical components of each joint and its design process are described. The kinematic analysis and motion trajectory generation are also provided for the vehicle-driving task such as steering-wheel manipulation. Last, the built platform is tested through experimentation using physical vehicles to evaluate the presented design.
Review of Design Techniques of Armored Vehicles for Protection Against Blast From Improvised Explosive Devices
Authors: Kamel Hisham
Published: January 2020

This review paper covers the subject of vehicle design for protection against the blast of improvised explosive devices. It summarizes the most recent techniques in the design of vehicle structures for blast protection. This review pinpoints the challenges in designing a vehicle for blast protection and maintaining acceptable mobility at the same time. In addition, this paper reveals and summarizes key design principles based on the critical assessment of the published literature. This review covers the state of the art design methods for each individual part of vehicle structure. It also identifies the role of human protective gear and its effectiveness in mitigating blast related injuries. This review suggests future trends in developing innovative protective structures that are inspired by nature or manufactured. The aim of this review is to guide and advance the research of vehicle design for blast protection.
A Simple Immersed Boundary Method for Modeling Forced Convection Heat Transfer
Authors: Yao Guangfa
Published: January 2020

As non-body conforming numerical methods using simple Cartesian mesh, immersed boundary methods have become increasingly popular in modeling fluid-solid interaction. They usually do this by adding a body force term in the momentum equation. The magnitude and direction of this body force ensure that the boundary condition on the solid-fluid interface is satisfied without invoking complicated body-conforming numerical methods to impose the boundary condition. A similar path has been followed to model forced convection heat transfer by adding a source term in the energy equation. The added source term will ensure that thermal boundary conditions on the solid-fluid interface are imposed without invoking a boundary conforming mesh. These approaches were developed to handle the Dirichlet boundary condition (constant wall temperature). Few of them deal with the Neumann boundary condition (constant wall heat flux). This paper presents a simple new immersed boundary method. It can deal with the Dirichlet boundary condition, Neumann boundary condition and conjugated heat transfer by adding an energy source or sink term in the energy conservation equation. The presented approach is validated against the analytical solutions and a very good match is achieved.
Inspiring Engineering in the K12: Biomimicry As a Bridge Between Math and Biology
Authors: Sanne Fredrik , Risheim Inge , Impelluso Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

The discipline of biomimicry encourages engineers to take design inspiration from the nearly four billion years of research and development since life first appeared on Earth — nature is the greatest engineering designer. Rather than leveraging biomimicry as a discipline unto itself (a worthy approach, regardless), this project explores biomimicry as a tool to inspire K12 students to appreciate math and engineering. We conducted this project in four lesson modules and one lab. In the first module, we presented various types of engineering. In the second, we introduced certain aspects of mathematics from a qualitative perspective. In the third, we discussed the fundamental mathematics that undergirds thermodynamics, although qualitatively and visually. In the fourth, we introduced the students to the world of biomimicry. Then we integrated the mathematics and biomimicry with a laboratory experience in quantitative design, borrowed from an NSF sponsored project. In summary, efforts in biomimicry reside at either the quantitative arena of multi-phase physics, or the qualitative arena of biological interpretations. However, we have used it as a bridge to science, math and engineering.
A Semi-Empirical Approach to Determine Dynamic Stability of In-Flight Morphing Platforms
Authors: Marchelli Timothy , Sarigul-Klijn Nesrin
Published: January 2020

This paper presents a semi-empirical approach to estimate the flight dynamics and stability derivatives of in-flight morphed platforms. Morphing can be a result of either planned design choices to optimize performance during the different phases of flight, or unplanned events such as wing damage induced from MANPADS or from a midair collision. Mass, mass center, stiffness, and shape changes caused by morphing do not always allow vehicle symmetry to be preserved, therefore a new semi-empirical approach is developed that includes effects of asymmetry. This new approach, and the additional stability derivatives formulated in this research, should prove useful and must be included in the accurate evaluation of in-flight morphing vehicles and in development of flight simulations.
Non-Rigid Variation Simulation for Ready-to-Assemble Furniture
Authors: Wärmefjord Kristina , Söderberg Rikard , Lindkvist Lars , Dagman Andreas
Published: January 2020

Ready-To-Assemble (RTA) furniture is becoming increasingly popular due to attractive pricing compared to standard furniture. However, for this kind of furniture to be attractive to the customer, the assembly process must be smooth. If the assembly requirements are fulfilled or not is, for this kind of assembly, ruled by the tolerances on part level. In this paper, a methodology for variation simulation of RTA furniture is presented. By predicting the fulfillment of requirement on assembly level, reasonable tolerances on part level can iteratively be set, to guarantee a smooth assembly process. The methodology includes material models, flexibility and bending during assembly, contact modeling and modeling of fastener elements between parts. Variation simulation is commonly used in the automotive industry and a comparison of variation simulation methodologies between the two kinds of industries is conducted. A major difference between RTA furniture business and automotive industry is that no fixtures are used for RTA furniture. This must be reflected in the simulation procedure. Furthermore, the results from the variation simulation need to be evaluated, and the results are dependent on the context of the assembled product. Both the assemblability and esthetical requirements, like flush, gap, and parallelism, need to be evaluated.

The methodology is illustrated on a case study and future development and research needed to adapt variation simulation to furniture industry are discussed.
Low-Order Representation of Manufacturing Variations Based on B-Spline Morphing
Authors: Urbano Jose , Bestle Dieter , Gerstberger Ulf , Flassig Peter
Published: January 2020

Even small surface deviations arising from manufacturing may lead to critical performance losses of mechanical components as e.g. blade shape deviations in aeroengines. Supposed that such deviations are often associated with complex geometries, the nominal parametrization of the part may be inadequate to correctly describe them. Therefore, this paper proposes to re-parametrize the surface of interest as a B-spline surface with a higher number of control points to allow accurate coverage of surface deviations. Further, it is demonstrated how such a B-spline surface may be fitted to surface measurements by B-spline morphing and how manufacturing uncertainties may be described statistically by a few manufacturing modes only. Such a small data characterization may be used as an excellent basis for performing robust design. The proposed procedures are validated by an application to the hub endwall of a high-pressure turbine blade.