bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Technology in Industrialized and Industrializing Societies
Authors: Shepard Jon M. , Kim Dong I. , Hougland James G.
Published: March 2007

We examine the impact of industrialization and technology on workers in two social and cultural settings—a highly industrialized societ (the United States) and a newly industrializing nation (Korea). Our major interest, stemming from convergence theory, is whether relationships between technology and workers' reactions (alienation and job satisfaction) are similar in different settings. Our data indicate that, while Korean workers are more alienated and less satisfied than American workers, the patterns of reactions to technology are similar. In both nations, workers in mechanized production situations are more alienated and less satisfied than those in craft and automated situations. The results are interpreted as indicating that convergence theory must be combined with attention to mechanisms of accomodation that develop as industrialization reaches higher levels.
Maintenance of Occupational Control
Authors: CHILD JOHN , FULK JANET
Published: March 2007

Contemporary conditions relevant to the maintenance of occupational control are examined for five professions (accounting, architecture, civil engineering, law, and medicine) in the United Kingdom and the United States as an impetus for the analysis of control by occupations in general. Four areas in which conditions affecting occupational control are analyzed include: restriction of access to the occupation's knowledge base; context of professional employment; power and authority in the relationship of client and professional; and relationships between the profession and agencies of the state. Differences across countries and between professions are described, and notations are made regarding generalizability to a broader set of occupations.
Occupational Differentiation, Prestige, and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: PARCEL TOBY L. , MUELLER CHARLES W.
Published: March 2007

We factor analyze numerous occupational skill and task characteristics to derive dimensions of occupational differentiation that are both cognitive (complexity, clerical aptitude, people-things, and uncertainty) and noncognitive (physical activity, physical dexterity, and unpleasantness of working conditions). These dimensions are discussed in relation to theories concerning occupational labor markets and relevant empirical literature. Regression analyses of the Duncan SEI and Siegel Prestige Scale on these dimensions suggest that complexity is the most important task determinant of both dependent variables. These data are used to inform debates concerning the “true nature” and construction of the traditionally used measures.
Sex, Family Wage-Earning Status, and Satisfaction with Work
Authors: MARTIN JACK K. , HANSON SANDRA L.
Published: March 2007

Past examinations of the job-related sources of worker satisfaction, though numerous, have ignored the possible influences of sex and family wage earning status. Developing logic to suggest that working women with combined family and occupational roles bring unique job requirements into the workplace, this article derives and evaluates two models of the antecedents of satisfaction for working men and women. Multiple regression and covariance analyses of the 1972-1973 Quality of Employment data indicate that men and women do respond differently to certain conditions of their employment. Specifically, nonbreadwinning working women are found to place greater emphasis on having convenient or comfortable jobs. This difference is shown to argue for interaction models of worker satisfaction. Explanations of these findings and their applied implications are discussed.
Social Construction of Skill
Authors: STEINBERG RONNIE J.
Published: March 2007

Conventional definitions of skill have been challenged by comparable worth. The pressures that contribute to simple definitions of skill are uncovered through an identification of the major sources of gender bias in job evaluation systems. Actual pay equity initiatives are examined to highlight the conflictual process by which new definitions of skill are socially constructed or blocked through political action. Research on comparable worth offers a unique opportunity to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the power relations that maintain the gendered character of the labor market.
The Macrosociology of Paid Domestic Labor
Authors: MILKMAN RUTH , REESE ELLEN , ROTH BENITA
Published: March 2007

This article poses the question: What explains variation in the proportion of the labor force employed in paid domestic labor? In contrast to an older, modernization-theory-based literature that argued that paid domestic labor declines and ultimately disappears in the course of economic development, the authors note the occupation's recent expansion in southern California and the wide variations among rich, developed countries in the proportion of the female workforce employed in it. The authors argue that a crucial, neglected factor in explaining such geographic variations is the extent of economic inequality. This factor is overlooked not only in the modernization-theory-based literature but also in recent microsociological studies of paid domestic labor, which highlight the ways in which race, ethnicity, and citizenship status are implicated in interactions between employers of domestics and the workers themselves, while ignoring the enduring significance of class in the employer/domestic relationship. By analyzing 1990 census data for the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States, the authors show that income inequality (as well as, but independent of, the proportion of the female labor force made up of African Americans and Latinas, the proportion of the female labor force that is foreign born, and maternal labor force participation), is a significant predictor of the proportion of the female labor force employed in domestic labor.
Damping Characteristics of Fiber Composites with Imperfect Bonding
Authors: Nanada Kishore N. , Ghosh A. , Agarwal B.D.
Published: March 2007

In this Part of the paper a method is presented to find the improvement of damping capacity of high fiber volume fraction composites by deliberate in troduction of slip at the interface. Modified analysis of the one described in Part I of this paper for low fiber volume fraction composites is presented. It is shown that under specific combinations of parameters the loss factor can be as high as 0.12.
On the Stress Concentration Around a Spherical Inclusion
Authors: Tsuchida E. , Mura T.
Published: March 2007

The paper of Lindeman, Witemberg-Perzyk and Perzyk claiming that Goodier's solution for the stress concentration around a spherical inclusion under tension is in correct is criticized. It is concluded that Goodier's solution is still correct.
Relationship Between Gage Length and Tensile Strength of Metal Matrix Composites Wires
Authors: Boan Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Designers attempting to use graphite-reinforced aluminum or magnesium are faced with the dilemma of deciding what values of tensile strength can be reliably used. This is true since there is a tremendous variation in strength data found in technical literature. This research attempts to explain some of these variations. Samples of each composite were cut and bonded to braided glass sleeves for tensile testing. The data reveals an inverse relationship between specimen length and strength of graphite/ magnesium, but no relationship was found between specimen length and strength of graphite/aluminum.
Sensitivity Study of Modified Micromechanics Relations for Composite Materials
Authors: Donaldson Steven L.
Published: March 2007

Simple modified rule of mixture relations to determine the elastic properties of a composite ply are taken from the literature and studied. Fiber properties are back calculated for AS1 fibers. Plots are given to emphasize the sensitivity of the ply proper ties to perturbations in each of the constituent material properties. Particular attention is paid to ply transverse modulus.
Friction and Wear of Epoxy Resin Containing Graphite
Authors: Subramanian C. , Asaithambi P. , Kishore
Published: March 2007

The influence of graphite additions on the friction and wear behaviour of moulded epoxy resin has been evaluated using a pin-on-disc wear unit under dry sliding conditions. Graphite addition reduces the friction coefficient. Further, wear loss drops significantly when graphite is present in small amounts in the resin. The tests conducted on the com posites containing 3 wt % or more of graphite yielded extremely small amounts of wear. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the surface features of the worn samples.
Tensile and Compressive Notched Strength of PEEK Matrix Composite Laminates
Authors: Tan S.C.
Published: March 2007

Some quasi-isotropic and orthotropic laminates of the XAS/APC-1 and AS4/APC-2 material systems containing a circular opening or a slanted crack have been tested under tensile and compressive load. It is shown that the ultimate notched strength of these PEEK matrix composite laminates can be predicted quite well using the first-ply-failure fracture criteria. When the characteristic lengths are expressed in a two-parameter form, the pre dicted notched strength has excellent agreement with the experimental data.
On the Design of Polymeric Composite Structures for Cold Regions Applications
Authors: Lord Harold W. , Dutta Piyush K.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses attention on low-temperature hygrothermal effects which influence the short- and long-term behavior and characterization of polymeric composite materials. A review of the literature reveals a scarcity of low-temperature material performance data needed for design of composite materials for cold regions applications. Four problem areas are identified: (1) hygrothermal residual stresses, (2) material degradation due to low-temperature environmental cycling, (3) moisture effects on freeze-thaw cycling, and (4) long-term synergistic effects of combined loading history and environmental exposure on material durability. A brief review of past work is presented and areas identified where more research is needed to develop the data base required for design of composite materials for cold environments.
A Comprehensive Technique for Determination of Safety Factors in Composites
Authors: Daoust J. , Hoa S.V.
Published: March 2007

A three-dimensional quadratic failure criterion is used [2] to determine if a particular strain vector can be applied to a given laminate. This criterion is represented by an ellipsoid using ∈1, ∈2 and ∈6 as its three axes. A strain vector is safe when its ex tremity lies within the ellipsoid's envelope.
Tensile Stress Acoustic Constants of Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Prosser W.H.
Published: March 2007

Previously, the stress acoustic constants (SACs) of unidirectional graphite/ epoxy composites were measured to determine the nonlinear moduli of this material. These measurements were made under compressive loading in order to obtain the suffi cient number of values needed to calculate these moduli. However, because their strength in tension along fiber directions can be several times greater, most composites are used under tensile loading. Thus, it is important to characterize the nonlinear properties of these materials in tension as well.
Observation of the Secondary Failure Near the Tip of Transverse Cracks in a GFRP Cross-Ply Laminate
Authors: Ohira Hiroichi , Uda Nobuhide
Published: March 2007

Concerning the nonlinear behavior of a glass/epoxy cross-ply laminate under tension, an experiment was performed to verify our previous predictions that some secondary failure will be produced near the tip of transverse cracks and the failure will prevail at relatively high load. Results were satisfactory. The secondary failure is a tree- shaped cracking. Based on the results, a new failure mechanism is proposed.
Geometry and Loading Effects on the Compressive Strength of Fibrous Composites
Authors: Lagoudas D.C. , Saleh A.M.
Published: March 2007

This work addresses the important engineering problem of the com pressive strength of fibrous laminated composites, bridging the micromechanics relevant to compressive failure due to fiber kinking with the global characteristics of a composite structure Simple modeling incorporates the influence of boundary conditions, laminate thickness and layup configuration, as well as the importance of the microgeometry. The mechanism of failure under compression is assumed to be microbuckling of fibers that localizes at points with the maximum initial imperfection and leads to the formation and, under critical conditions, propagation of kink bands. To analyze the mechanics of kinking and to calculate the critical compressive stress, a steady state kink propagation model is utilized for the layers under compression in the fiber direction. The analysis results are used to gain a better understanding of the influence of the macrogeometry (laminate thick ness and gauge length) in addition to the microgeometry (fiber diameter and fiber volume fraction), and the fiber and matrix material properties The predictions of the model are compared with experimental results for carbon/thermoplastic unidirectional laminates under direct compression and cross-ply laminates under four-point bending.
Void Formation in RTM
Authors: Lundstrom T.S. , Gebart B.R. , Lundemo C.Y.
Published: March 2007

The problem of void formation in composites processing is very important since the physical and mechanical properties as well as the finish of the product are strongly influenced by the presence of voids. Examples of properties that are adversely affected by voids are the strength and the weather resistance of the composite. The knowl edge about void formation in the RTM process is still very limited compared to what is known about autoclave production of composites, and it is not clear whether the voids are created by diffusion growth, mechanical entrapment or some other mechanism.
Coping in Later-Life: An Optimistic Assessment
Authors: Hyer Lee , Barry John , Tamkin Arthur , McConatha Douglas
Published: March 2007

Aging is an area of study that has undergone considerable change in the recent past. At present, methodological flaws and researcher biases are giving way to a view of aging as a highly individualized and variable process, rich in experience and potential. From this new perspective this paper reviews older age coping and defines it as a healthy and positive process characteristic of development at later ages. Coping is regarded as a critical strategy, allowing the older population to appraise their situation, access needed skills, and face critical, radically distinct life tasks. In support of this position the traits of defensiveness and rigidity, often regarded as characteristic of the aged, are discussed and found to be inappropriate.
Perceptual Learning Styles of Older Adults
Authors: James Waynne B. , Galbraith Michael W.
Published: March 2007

The concept of personal learning style implies that each individual possesses a unique manner of learning. Knowledge of an individual's best learning style(s) for the acquisition of knowledge or for the accomplish ment of a specific project will assist the learning process. A learningstyle is composed of a series of different modalities that together make up each person's unique style. This article summarizes the results of a research study that investigated the perceptual learning styles of adults of all ages from a variety of occupational groups. Additionally, results of the mean scores of adults below 60 years of age and those over age 60 are discussed.
Ethnic Inequalities in Old Age: Some Comparisons Between Britain and the United States
Authors: Blakemore Ken
Published: March 2007

Issues of ethnicity and aging are much discussed in the U.S.A., but have only recently begun to emerge in Britain. This paper sets out to review some of the main findings of the British research on the elderly of Asian and West Indian ethnic minorities and to compare these with American evidence on the position of the minority aged. Some of the difficulties in making valid comparisons are noted, particularly in view of the heterogeneity of ethnic groups, differences in migration patterns, social and welfare contexts and the paucity of evidence on ethnic minority aging in Britain. However, preliminary findings on income, health, satisfaction and social interaction do offer a basis for general, if not detailed, comparisons. Each of these aspects of social inequality is examined, using survey data from a study of minority ethnic groups in Birmingham, England. Inequalities in income and health are found to be marked, when old Asians and West Indians are compared with old white counterparts in the inner city; evidence on life satisfaction and social interaction is mixed, and the implications of these findings for the double jeopardy hypothesis are discussed.
Factors Contributing to Mental Health Treatment of the Elderly
Authors: Schonfeld Lawrence , Garcia Juanita , Streuber Patricia
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to understand the factors which contribute to the need for mental health treatment, the present study compared two groups of elderly individuals age 55 or older. One group was in an outpatient mental health program and the other attended senior nutrition sites. Comparison of variables known to affect mental health status were made between the admission characteristics of the treatment group and those already attending the nutrition sites. Discriminant analyses suggested that age, depression, and the number of friends an elderly person has were potential predictors of the need for mental health treatment. Those who completed the treatment program began to resemble their counterparts at the nutrition sites in terms of lowered depression scores, improved life satisfaction, and increased social contacts. Implications for mental health intervention for the elderly, particularly the importance of the social support network, are discussed.
Using Volunteers with the Elderly in Health Care Settings
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Thibault Jane M.
Published: March 2007

In a time of government retrenchment, volunteers may be a great benefit, yet they can present extensive problems if not appropriately trained and supervised. We examine two types of programs using volunteers to work with the elderly in health care settings. One program type uses volunteers as health care guardians, attempting to alleviate the hospitalization-rehospitalization syndrome. A second type program is state sponsored and mandated by the Older Americans Act. Volunteers are representatives of the state ombudsman and work with elderly persons in long-term care. Both types of programs use volunteers, yet they serve under different auspices. Basic principles, however, apply to these advocacy roles. Managing volunteers, professional-volunteer relationships, and implications for practice are examined.
Ethnicity as a Career for the Elderly: The Serbian-American Case
Authors: Simic Andrei
Published: March 2007

The study of elderly Serbian-Americans in Northern California reveals that ethnicity for many assumes a greater importance in retirement and later life. It not only provides an alternative system of values to those of the American mainstream, but a familiar social arena in which many of the skills learned in the larger society may again be put to use. Moreover, ethnic knowledge gained during childhood can be reactivated, creating a sense of cultural continuity. In this respect, it is largely the elderly who have the time needed to maintain the complex institutions and associations that characterize the Serbian-Americans. Thus, there is a circular relationship between such core ethnics and the larger ethnic community in terms of fulfillment of needs.
Administrative Correlates of Senior Center Programs
Authors: Litwin Howard
Published: March 2007

This article examines administrative correlates of senior center programs in Israel. Ipresent interorganizational relationships, membership recruitment means, a staff profile, and evaluation of programs for the elderly, using scales of selected administrative functions and a measure of program scope. The data point to the prevalence of the informal participatory social club character of most senior center programs, as opposed to a more-formalized social agency format.
Perceptions of Old Age Among a Sample of Aging Mentally Retarded Persons
Authors: Erickson Marji , Krauss Marty Wyngaarden , Seltzer Marsha Mailick
Published: March 2007

This study presents a typology of perceptions of old age based on a sample of 47 aging mentally retarded persons. Using data collected through in-person interviews, a content analysis yielded six general types of responses to the question, "What does getting old mean to you?" Next, we conducted three analyses investigating the relation of respondents'perceptions of aging to specific sample member characteristics. Persons who were currently working were more likely to anticipate changes in their social lives than were persons who were not employed. Further, work-related changes were more likely to be anticipated by persons living in community- based settings than those in an institutional setting, and by respondents who were age 60 or younger than by persons older than 60. Finally, most of the sample members defined the age of an older person as being more advanced than their current age. We discuss the programmatic, research, and policy implications of the study.
Differential Health Screening of the Well Elderly by Gender and Age: Appropriate Care or Bias?
Authors: Lubben James E. , Chi Iris , Weiler Philip G.
Published: March 2007

We use data from a random sample of 5,454 elderly participants in the California Preventive Health Care for the Aging Program to identify gender and age differences in health screening practices. We present a framework to facilitate an evaluation of current targeting of services by gender and age. This framework clarifies where targeting based on age and gender is appropriate or inappropriate and where more or less targeting might be needed. With use of this framework, some inappropriate age bias is indicated. The oldest-old often receive less health screening than their younger counterparts. Gender-based targeting is less frequent and is usually appro priate when it occurs. We discuss implications for practice and future program evaluations.
Predictors of Case Management for Persons with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ginther Shawn Damon , Webber Pamela , Fox Patrick J. , Miller Leonard
Published: March 2007

This study examines case management service allocations to a clinical, nonrandom sample of persons with Alzheimer's disease (N = 822). Service allocation rules are estimated using logistic regression. The latent index of the likelihood of providing case management services is regressed on patients' enabling, need, and predisposing characteristics and organization affiliation. Significant predictors include patient unmanageability, memory problems, gender, previous case management use, no other service use, family problems, and center affiliation. Less functional patients may receive case management services when more functional patients may not, thus indicating a temporal dimension to case management allocation because people later in their disease trajectory are more likely to be directed toward case management services. This suggests that the efficacy of case management services may depend on the timing of the help in relation to the client's disease severity.
Including Small Group Activities in Large Special Care Units
Authors: Martichuski Diane K. , Bell Paul A. , Bradshaw Barbara
Published: March 2007

An activity program for groups of 6 to 8 residents was implemented for 51 residents of 3 dementia units. Nursing assistants, not the activity director, led the small group activities. Observations across a 16-week period indicate that, after the program began, residents walked with others more, sang more, frowned less, and were physically restrained less. In addition, psychotropic medications were reduced for 7 of 20 who were on this type of medication. These results suggest that an inexpensive small group activity program, ifused in conjunction with a supportive, caring staff, is valuable in avoiding some excess disabilities of residents of special care units.
Gaps in Discharge Planning
Authors: Bull Margaret J. , Kane Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Discharge from an acute care hospital stresses continuity, an important aspect of care for frail, older persons. Secondary analysis of qualitative data from two studies indicated that gaps in communication were a fundamental source of discontinuity. This article describes gaps in discharge planning, identifies the constraints encountered in planning for discharge, and discusses possible solutions.
Standards for Criminal Justice Structure and Organization: The Impact of the National Advisory Commission
Authors: Skoler Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

The structure and organization of criminal justice services is an important building block in the quest for improved institutional performance. Virtually every national study commission and standardetting group has offered recommendations on structure, usually as part of larger bodies of reform doctrine. Yet, structural proposals have rarely been sorted out, compared and analyzed across the criminal justice comonents.

In 1973, the National Advisory Commission on Criinal Justice Standards and Goals issued a comprehensive set of improvement standrds. Its structural proposals evolved from prior concepts, models and trends. However, they exhibited interesting variations and emphases. With respect to court and correctional systems, the Commission took a stronger stand on statewide unification and administration than vir ually any prior group. In prosecution and defense, the Commission re isted pressures toward centralization (other than central financing) and largely endorsed the current local autonomy of service delivery, par icularly for prosecution. In the highly fragmented police area, a multi aceted program of small department consolidation, local and regional combination of services and functions, and state level staff support was offered. This was essentially "mainline" in reform wisdom, but some hat more aggressive and specific than past formulations. On total system organization, the Commission seemed to envision no structural or hierarchical linkages between system components, relying on cross ystem planning and improved information and communication capabilities to achieve coordination within the "nonsystem. "

Activity among the states in the three years since the National Ad isory Commission analysis shows a significant amount of new planning and implementation of structural reform measures, normally a politically difficult arena for change. These were undoubtedly influenced by the Commission contribution but probably reflect, in greater degree, the cumulative impact of the many groups to urge similar changes during the past decade's "rediscovery"of the criminaljustice system.
Explaining Cynicism among City and County Police
Authors: Regoli Robert M. , Poole Eric D.
Published: March 2007

This research extends our understanding of the determinants of police cynicism. The focus of the research is on contrasting levels of cynicism among police officers fiom varying organizational types.

The data for the project came from responses of 189 law enforcement officers (73 from the county agency; 1 16 from the city agency.) Each officer responded to a survey instrument which had him indicate his agreement or disagreement with a set of police cynisicm items. The data were analyzed through gamma correlation coefficients. The findings revealed specific areas of difference between members of the two types of agencies, particularly on the dimensions of police cynicism likely to develop in each.

The significance of this project is that it demonstrates the importance of exploring the relationship of alternative variables, from those traditionally used in the past, with the development and continuance of police cynicism. Further, the research suggests ap propriate avenues of inquiry for additional research.
Law Enforcement-Juvenile Court Relations: The Impact on Decision Making
Authors: Griffiths Curt Taylor
Published: March 2007

Studies ofjuvenile court decision making have tended to focus on the role played in the dispositional process by social-biographical attributes of the juvenile and the circumstances surrounding the offense. Such inquiries have produced conflicting results and no clear understanding of the determinants of juvenile court decision making. Examination of the literature on complex organizations and of descriptive studies of the juvenile court suggest that agencies which comprise the court 's task environment may have a significant impact on the dispositions of the court. A primary component of the juvenile court's task environment is the law enforcement community which tends to pressure the court for dispositions designed to control the behavior ofjuveniles in the community. To assess the influence of law enforcement agencies on the decision making of the juvenile court, the dispositions made by a main office and two satellite offices of a juvenile court in a rural western state were analyzed. The results indicate that juveniles handled in the two satellite offices received more severe types of dispositions and longer periods of time on the disposition ofprobation than did their counterparts in the main office of the court. Examination of the interview and observational data gathered in the three offices of the court indicated that police-court relations were a primary determinant of the differential patterns of decision making which were evident. The implications of these findings for further research on juvenile court decision making are discussed.
Self-Evaluation of Criminal Justice Curricula
Authors: Pelfrey William V.
Published: March 2007

Criminal justice education is in the throes of confusion as to the most appropriate curriculum and the most viable means of evaluation. Accreditation guidelines have been established, yet to impose these standards on what seems to be a disorganized discipline would be an exercise infutility. The proposal in this article isfor the implementation of an objective self-evaluation of curriculum through Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. A pilot study evaluating and comparing the criminal justice courses of three universities shows that Bloom 's Taxonomy is a viable selfevaluation tool with manifest and latentfunctions. The implementation of a standard method of evaluation is a necessary intermediate step toward external evaluation and accreditation.
Community Restitution for Juveniles: An Approach and Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Shichor David , Binder Arnold
Published: March 2007

Restitution to victims ofjuvenile offenders is based upon the principle of holding an individual responsiblefor his or her actions. Recently several juvenile restitution projects have been established as a result of disenchantment with traditional rehabilitation programs and the increasing interest in victims of crimes. This article reviews the major theoretical premises of this kind of program and concentrates on a description and preliminary evaluation of the Community Restitution Project in Orange County, California. The evaluation shows several promising features of this project in handling nonviolent juvenile offenders. Finally, several suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of the restitution program are presented.
Values Clarification in Criminal Justice Education
Authors: Potts Lee W.
Published: March 2007

Three major branches of philosophy are of special relevance to education. Metaphysics is concerned with reality. Epistemology is concerned with the origin and nature of knowledge. Axiology is concerned with values. This article presents an approach to incorporation of axiological considerations into criminal justice education. Its thesis is that identification and understanding of the ends to be achieved by the administration of justice and the effects of individual and organizational behavior on those ends can be promoted through use of criminal justice-relevant literary and dramatic works.
Race, Income, and Penetration of the Justice System
Authors: Sigler Robert T. , Horn Melody
Published: March 2007

A great deal of interest and controversy has focused on the impact of race on crime and justice system status. Some have suggested that the overrepresentation of identifiable racial minorities in our system can be attributed to discrimination; others suggest that this can be attributed to the higher levels of poverty observed in these groups. This study addressed this issue by the use of available summary data in the census, Department of Corrections reports, and law enforcement information from the State Criminal Justice Information System. The findings provide partial support for the hypothesis that when economic status is held constant, blacks will be more likely to be processed by the justice system than whites. Race does not appear to have an effect, with economic status controlled, at the arrest level. However, blacks are more likely to be incarcerated than whites, indicating that race has an impact on the degree of penetration of the system.
Police Resentment of the Upper Class
Authors: Sparger Jerry R. , Giacopassi David J.
Published: March 2007

Social class, or socioeconomic status, is an important determinant of individual behavior. Criminologists have generally examined the variable in three ways: social class of the police, reflection of middle class values in the law, and the clash between the values behind the law and values held by the lower class. This paper enters a new area, attempting to determine police perceptions of the upper class and their perception of how members of this. class are treated by the criminal justice system.

Fifty-four officers with two years of police experience in a large Southern city completed a detailed questionnaire to assess their attitudes toward the upper class. They were also asked to categorize themselves as members of the lower, middle or upper class. Findings indicate that police officers see the wealthy as possessing different values and being accorded a privileged status by the criminal justice system, resulting in some resentment on the part of the police. Also, a number of statistically significant findings result when self-perceived class background of the officers is cross-tabulated with their perceptions of the behavior and attitudes of the wealthy.
Judges in their Own Case: A Lockean Critique of Law Enforcement Asset Sharing in Drug Forfeiture Law and Practice
Authors: Zalman Marvin
Published: March 2007

This article is an exercise in applied political theory. It applies the Lockean paradigm of political liberty, republican government, and the rule of law to one facet of current drug asset forfeiture policy-that of sharing forfeited assets with law enforcement agencies that initiate forfeitures (asset sharing). It is concluded that asset sharing violates fundamental political precepts, i.e., Lockean precepts, on which American government is founded. The key principle is that public servants' official actions must be guided by law: by policies enacted by the majority will and for the public good. Once public officers engage in official activity primarily for personal or institutional self-aggrandizement, they become judges in their own case and thus violate a basic principle of civil government. Even though asset sharing is authorized by statute, requires judicial authorization in some instances, and would probably be deemed constitutional, it violates Lockean principles nonetheless. Asset sharing has been publicly criticized because it has led to a number of egregious abuses, but it is the author's belief that, even if all abuses could be prevented, asset sharing must still be ended. This article advances a "substantive" and a "methodological" goal. Substantively, it joins a chorus of policy and legal critics of federal drug asset forfeiture policy. The methodological goal isto encourage application of political-theoretical analysis to the multidisciplinary field of criminal justice.
The Gender Gap in Fear of Crime, 1973-1994: A Methodological Approach
Authors: Haynie Dana L.
Published: March 2007

The literature on fear of crime consistently finds much higher levels of reported fear among women than among men (Baumer, 1978; Ferraro, 1996; Warr, 1984). Thus we know which segment of the population is most fearful, and we know some of the correlates associated with that fear, but there has been little research that has examined social change in respondents' fear of crime, particularly in regard to the question of whether the gender gap in fear of crime has changed over time. In the present article, using data from the General Social Survey from 1973 to 1994 and data from the Uniform Crime Reports, five methods of studying social change are applied in examining this question: proximate decomposition, trend analysis, pooled time-series analysis, a changing parameter model, and a hierarchical linear regression model. These methods will be used to answer three questions. First, did fear of crime increase from 1973 to 1994, and is that change attributable to individual attitude change or to population turnover? Second, has the gender gap in reported fear of crime narrowed or widened over time? Third, can relevant variables be identified, such as the nation's violent crime rate, to account for changes in the gender gap?

Findings from these analyses indicate that, overall, a gradual rise in levels of reported fear of crime has occurred, but this masks considerable variation, including periods of declining fear of crime. Although women are much more likely to fear crime, the gender gap has narrowed as men's reported fear of crime has gradually increased over time while women's has remained stable (albeit at a high level). Although no variables are found to explain the gender gap in fear of crime, hierarchical linear models reveal that the nation's violent crime rate is associated with men's rising fear of crime over time.
Physico-chemical characterization and leaching of tannery wastes
Authors: Font R. , Gomis V. , Fernandez J. , Sabater M.C.
Published: March 2007

The toxicity of tannery wastes was examined and discussed using several analytical methods and tests: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning electron microscopy X-ray spectrometer dispersive energy microanalysis (SEM-EDX); gas chromatog raphy + mass spectrometry (GC-MS); acid nitric digestion; EP toxicity test; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES); biotoxicity tests with Photobacte rium phosphoreum, Daphnia magna and Sprague-Dawley (rats); and other conventional tests. A comparison between the ele ments detected by X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy + X-ray spectrometer dispersive energy microanalysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emis sion spectrometry after nitric acid digestion was carried out. A valoration of toxicity, considering the elements and com pounds detected and the biotoxicity tests was done for each type of waste. Twenty-four samples of semi-processed leather trimmings and shavings, crust or finished chrome-tanned leather trim scraps and sludges from settling in the effluent streams were analyzed.
Degradation patterns of organic material in batch and fed-batch composting operations
Authors: Nakasaki Kiyohiko , Akakura Naoki , Atsumi Kunio , Takemoto Minoru
Published: March 2007

Using dog food as a model organic waste for composting raw materials, the degradation patterns of organic materials in dog food during batch and fed-batch operations were compared. The degradation pattern of the organic materials was con firmed by continuously measuring the quantity of CO 2 evolu tion during the composting process. The CO2 evolution rate in the batch operation peaked at 30 h, then gradually decreased, whereas the rate in the fed-batch operation peaked daily every time the dog food was added. In the fed-batch operation, the conversion of carbon and the population den sity of bacteria dropped when new dog food was added, but quickly recovered. While the conversion of carbon fluctuated from day to day by a few percent, on average, approximately 80% of the carbon added had been converted by around the 8th day of composting of the fed-batch operation.
Waste facility impacts on property values
Authors: Zeiss C.
Published: March 2007

Noxious facilities and impacts are intuitively expected to affect residential property values (PV). This research analyzes the results of 69 PV studies in 10 categories of noxious facilities to test for consistency of significant, negative PV impacts. Waste facilities were one of the categories. Consistent PV impacts occur with airports and roads and where there are direct effects on air quality and visibility impacts, as well as landslide and flood zones as a result of observable, specified and quantified physical impacts. Property values decrease by between 2 and 22.5%. In contrast, PV impacts are inconsistent near nuclear plants, waste facilities, urban developments, electrical power plants and transmission lines. In order to clarify the reasons for these counterintuitive results, the facility characteristics and impacts perceived by prospective buyers must be quantified and correlated with PV changes.
The evolution of the UK's system for education, training and competence in the waste management industry
Authors: Townend William K.
Published: March 2007

This report will examine the development of the education and training regime in the United Kingdom for the waste management industry over the past 100 years and will focus on the delivery of professional education and training and the development of acceptable qualifications obtained at Further and Higher educational establishments. It will give an appraisal of the National Vocational Qualification System in the UK and explain how technical competence relates to that system. It will describe the formation, organization and operation of the Waste Management Industry Training and Advisory Board (WAMITAB). It will also set out how technical competence for the operation of waste management facilities is encompassed in UK legislation. Finally it will discuss how education, training and qualifications can be developed internationally and the role that ISWA might play.
Modelling separation strategies of municipal solid waste in Finland
Authors: Tanskanen Juha-Heikki , Melanen Matti
Published: March 2007

The first Finnish National Waste Plan follows the waste policy of the European Union by setting high recovery rate targets, i.e., 50%wt by the end of 2000 and 70%wt by 2005, for municipal solid waste management (MSWM). A computer model, TASAR (Tool for Analysing Separation Actions and Recovery), was developed to study recovery levels reached by different separation strategies in Finland. The model includes a special method which was developed for the analysis of interdependence between the on-site obligation limits and the coverage of on-site collection systems. In the study TASAR proved to be a useful tool in calculating the recovery rates attained with various separation strategies. The recovery rate targets set in the National Waste Plan cannot be reached by source separation alone. This conclusion holds true regardless of the source separation strategy used. Even when the source separation activity of waste producers was increased by 15 to 30% the 70%wt target required an all-inclusive on site collection for all recoverable waste components and all waste producers. Consequently, central separation of mixed waste must be added to the MSWM strategies pursued in order to improve the efficiency of source separation.
Design for recyclability and the avoidance of waste: the case of printed paper in Germany
Authors: Pento Tapio
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the generation of process waste in printed paper recycling and some factors affecting the amount of de-inking waste. The effects on waste generation by paper grades, which are designed for improved recyclability, are pointed out. The amount of waste generated is considered as the improvement in recyclability. This corresponds to a reduction in the use of materials that cannot be recycled, which, in the case of paper means lowering their mineral content. Two scenarios of a dynamic model of the fluxes of printed paper in Germany between 1993 and 2000 are used to analyse the amount of waste generated. No product changes are assumed in the first scenario, whereas improved recyclability in the form of less non-recyclable materials is presumed in the second scenario. Results show that improved product recyclability would produce around 800 000 tonnes less waste annually by the year 2000.
Comparative assessment of settlement models for municipal solid waste landfill applications
Authors: El-Fadel M. , Shazbak S. , Saliby E. , Leckie J.
Published: March 2007

The biodegradation of organic matter in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills increases the void ratio and weakens the structural strength of the refuse within a landfill leading to a substantial loss of volume and settlement. Development of completed landfill sites, which has become highly desirable particularly in land-limited locations, is invariably hindered by this settlement. Estimating long- term landfill settlements becomes an integral part of the plans for the final closure of a site and its ultimate reuse. The rate and magnitude of landfill settlement depend primarily on refuse composition and operational management practices which affect biodegradation and stabilization processes within landfills. Field scale experiments were conducted to measure refuse settlement rates, amongst other parameters, under different operational management practices including leachate recirculation, and addition of water, pH buffer and microbial seed. The effect of these practices on settlement rates and magnitude is evaluated. Field test data are used to calibrate mathematical models that are traditionally used in soil consolidation. The model parameters obtained can be used as guidance in simulating landfill settlement rates and correlating these rates to refuse biodegradation and stabilization processes within landfills.
Health Care Costs and Public Policy Toward Employee Health Plans
Authors: Chollet Deborah J. , Friedland Robert B.
Published: March 2007

The growing cost of health care and health insurance have become major public policy issues, since these costs affect governments in several roles: as borrowers in financial markets, as major purchasers of health care, as employers, and—at the state and local level—as payers of last resort. This paper reviews various public policy initiatives that are part of the government's concern about health care costs: proposals to reduce tax preferences for employer contributions to health insurance; changes in public employee group health insurance plans to contain cost; and emerging public policy toward the growing problem of health care indigency. Although public-employee health insurance plans are only one source of health care costs for government, government responses to other sources of health care costs may also affect public employee plans.
Managing the States' Personnel Systems
Authors: Grady Dennis O. , Hunt Brian
Published: March 2007

Relying on data supplied by the directors of personnel systems in 41 states, this work examines who is involved in the determination and implementa tion of state personnel policy, the role orientation of state personnel directors, and the issues currently confronting state personnel systems. The results show that state personnel directors take their primary policy cues from their governors (or state personnel boards where that structure still exists), are heavily engaged as expert advisors to their legislatures, and spend considerable effort negotiating with labor leaders and federal officials over changes in equal employment and fair labor statutes and regulations .