bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Italy
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

The Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) took place against the backdrop of an ongoing recovery of the financial system. Since the global financial crisis (GFC), financial regulation has been substantially enhanced by the implementation of euro area-wide (EA-wide) regulatory and supervisory frameworks. Furthermore, the Italian authorities have implemented important measures that improved governance, facilitated capitalization, raised prudential requirements, and improved asset quality. In response, Italian banks have made substantial progress tackling legacy non-performing loans (NPLs) and improving solvency ratios.
Republic of Moldova
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
Published: August 2020

In response to a request from the European Department, a Public-Sector Debt Statistics (PSDS) technical assistance (TA) mission was conducted in Chisinau during October 2–8, 2019. The mission funded by the Data for Decisions (D4D) multi-donor trust fund and followed up on a D4D Public Sector Debt Statistics (PSDS) workshop held in Vienna, Austria during July 2019, where participants from Moldova identified data gaps with current compilation of debt statistics. The mission primarily worked with the Ministry of Finance (MOF) Public Debt Department (PDD), but also had discussions with the Budget and Treasury Department. Outside the MOF, the mission had meetings with the Public Property Agency (PPA), the Municipality of Chisinau and the National Bank of Moldova (NBM). Finally, the mission also held a joint meeting with representatives of a separate IMF TA Mission on sectoral accounts with Treasury and attended the concluding meeting of that mission with the NBM.
United States
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

This technical note considers the regulation and supervision of fund management and equity and derivatives trading in the United States (U.S.). As one of the main destinations for household savings and a key provider of funding to U.S. corporates, investment funds play a major role in the U.S. financial system. Distortions to equity trading could cause significant loss of confidence in markets, while international post-crisis reforms for OTC derivatives have underlined the importance of greater transparency and the value of central clearing. U.S. companies have also traditionally raised more finance through equity and other capital markets than through bank lending, and so capital markets are of greater structural significance in the U.S. than in some other jurisdictions.
United States
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

The heterogeneity of the United States (U.S.) financial markets and complex regulatory and supervisory institutional setup in the United States underscore the importance of enhancing systemic risk oversight and building effective macroprudential tools. An effective framework would encompass identification and prioritization of system-wide risks and vulnerabilities to spur timely policy action. Structures that ensure interagency sharing of information, identify possible emerging regulatory gaps, obtain a good overview of systemic risks, and develop a cooperative framework to address identified threats to financial stability would be necessary components of such a framework. This Technical Note reviews those processes in the United States, as well as examining the issues of systemic liquidity.
United States
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

The U.S. financial system is very large, well-diversified, and home to numerous financial institutions which are significant at a global scale. Eight Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) are incorporated in the U.S., as well as several other large financial institutions, such as asset managers, insurers, and money market funds. Assets of the financial system amounted to about US$100 trillion at end-2019 and accounted for 500 percent of GDP. While the eight G-SIBs dominate the U.S. banking landscape, banking system assets represent only about 22 percent of total financial system assets. The systemic risk assessment (including stress testing) of this FSAP reflect the highly diversified nature of the U.S. financial system and focuses on banks, mutual and money market funds, insurance companies as well as cross-institutional and cross-sectoral linkages and exposures.
Denmark
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

The FSAP developed a novel multi-layer contagion model to analyze financial system interconnectedness using a new and comprehensive database. This new infrastructure, based on securities data and newly-released confidential credit register data, plays a pivotal role in the development of an advanced contagion model that distinguishes the transmission of shocks between eight different exposure types or layers (loans, deposits, reverse repos, covered bonds, other debt securities, equities, unlisted shares, and other claims). The exercise focuses on the banking system (banks and MCIs), and on interconnections through the covered bond market, as the cornerstones of the overall financial system. However, it also includes exposures vis-a-vis non-bank financial institutions (insurer, pension and investment funds) and non-financial sectors
(households, corporates), both domestically and abroad. The simulation exercise consists of a series of idiosyncratic shocks, where the default of each node is triggered iteratively. The model introduces a repricing channel on traded securities to capture cascade effects arising from market reactions to changes in an entity’s solvency condition.
Norway
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

This note presents a targeted review of selected aspects in the regulation and supervision of banks in Norway. The review is carried out as part of the 2020 Norway Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) and the findings and recommendations are based on the regulatory framework in place and the supervisory practices employed at end-October 2019. The note focuses on the powers and responsibilities, independence, and resourcing of Finanstilsynet (FSA); its supervisory approach and enforcement powers and practices; key aspects of the prudential framework; and mechanisms to prevent abuse of financial services.
Norway
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

Norway has made substantial progress in strengthening its framework for financial crisis management and bank safety nets since the 2015 FSAP. The Norwegian authorities have implemented the EU framework. The Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) has been transposed into the Norwegian legal framework mainly by amendments to the Financial Institutions and Financial Groups Act and accompanying regulations. Finanstilsynet (the Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway, FSA) has been designated as Norway’s resolution authority. Resolution financing options were broadened by establishing a resolution fund. While the Deposit Guarantee Scheme Directive (DGSD) has yet to be brought into the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement, Norway has, in fact, already transposed it into the Norwegian law. This provides the Norwegian authorities with a broadened and detailed regulatory framework for dealing with weak banks.
Norway
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

The Norwegian insurance sector is well-capitalized. In recent years, the authorities have taken steps to recapitalize weak insurers and to boost capital for the overall industry. Risk-resilience has been strengthened by stronger retention of profits leading to accumulation of reserves, better risk management, and higher capital in the run-up to the implementation of the Solvency II regulatory regime.
Norway
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2020

While Norway’s institutional arrangement for macroprudential policy is uncommon, the authorities have shown strong willingness to act. The Ministry of Finance (MoF) is the sole macroprudential decision-maker in Norway, which is rare in international comparison. However, Norges Bank and the Finanstilsynet (FSA) play important advisory roles. In recent years, the authorities have taken substantive and wide-ranging macroprudential policy actions in response to growing systemic vulnerabilities—and these seem to have been effective in slowing down some of the riskier trends. The macroprudential policy toolkit is well stocked and actively used.
New evidence for atmospheric mercury transformations in the marine boundary layer from stable mercury isotopes
Authors: Yu Ben , Yang Lin , Wang Linlin , Liu Hongwei , Xiao Cailing , Liang Yong , Liu Qian , Yin Yongguang , Hu Ligang , Shi Jianbo , Jiang Guibin
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The marine boundary layer (MBL) is the largest transport place and
reaction vessel of atmospheric mercury (Hg). The transformations of
atmospheric Hg in the MBL are crucial for the global transport and deposition of
Hg. Herein, Hg isotopic compositions of total gaseous mercury (TGM) and
particle-bound Hg (PBM) collected during three cruises to Chinese seas in
summer and winter were measured to reveal the transformation processes of
atmospheric Hg in the MBL. Unlike the observation results at inland sites,
isotopic compositions of TGM in the MBL were affected not only by mixing
continental emissions but also largely by the oxidation of Hg0
primarily derived by Br atoms. Δ199Hg values of TGM were
significantly positively correlated with air temperature in summer,
indicating that processes inducing positive mass-independent fractionation
of odd isotopes in TGM could be more active at low temperatures, while the
relative processes might be weak in winter. In contrast, the positive
Δ199Hg and high ratios of Δ199Hg∕Δ201Hg in PBM indicated that alternative oxidants other than Br or Cl
atoms played a major role in the formation of Hg(II) in PBM, likely
following the nuclear volume effect. Our results suggest the importance of
local Hg environmental behaviors caused by an abundance of highly reactive
species and provide new evidence for understanding the complicated
transformations of atmospheric Hg in the MBL.
A mass-weighted atmospheric isentropic coordinate for mapping chemical tracers and computing inventories
Authors: Jin Yuming , Keeling Ralph F. , Morgan Eric J. , Ray Eric , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Stephens Britton B.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. We introduce a transformed isentropic coordinate Mθe, defined as the dry air mass under a given equivalent potential temperature surface (θe) within a hemisphere. Like θe, the coordinate Mθe follows the synoptic distortions of the atmosphere, but unlike θe, has a nearly fixed relationship with latitude and altitude over the seasonal cycle. Calculation of Mθe is straightforward from meteorological fields. Using observations from the recent HIPPO and Atom airborne campaigns, we map the CO2 seasonal cycle as a function of pressure and Mθe, where Mθe is thereby effectively used as an alternative to latitude. We show that the CO2 cycles are more constant as a function of pressure using Mθe as the horizontal coordinate compared to latitude. Furthermore, short-term variability of CO2 relative to the mean seasonal cycle is also smaller when the data are organized by Mθe and pressure than when organized by latitude and pressure. We also present a method using Mθe to compute mass-weighted averages of CO2 on a hemispheric scale. Using this method with the same airborne data and applying corrections for limited coverage, we resolve the average CO2 seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere (mass weighted tropospheric climatological average for 2009–2018), yielding an amplitude of 7.8 ± 0.14 ppm and a downward zero-crossing at Julian day 173 ± 6.1 (i.e., late June). Mθe may be similarly useful for mapping the distribution and computing inventories of any long-lived chemical tracer.
COMBINING ENVIRONMENTAL AND LANDSAT ANALYSIS READY DATA FOR VEGETATION MAPPING: A CASE STUDY IN THE BRAZILIAN SAVANNA BIOME
Authors: Bendini H. N. , Fonseca L. M. G. , Schwieder M. , Rufin P. , Korting T. S. , Koumrouyan A. , Hostert P.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The Cerrado biome in Brazil covers approximately 24% of the country. It is one of the richest and most diverse savannas in the world, with 23 vegetation types (physiognomies) consisting mostly of tropical savannas, grasslands, forests and dry forests. It is considered as one of the global hotspots of biodiversity because of the high level of endemism and rapid loss of its original habitat. This work aims to analyze the potential of Landsat Analysis Ready Data (ARD) in combination with different environmental data to classify the vegetation in the Cerrado in two different hierarchical levels. Here we present results of a pixel-based modelling exercise, in which field data were combined with a set of input variables using a Random Forest classification approach. On the first hierarchical level, with the three classes savanna, grasslands and forest, our model results reached f1-scores of 0.86, 0.87 and 0.85 leading to an overall accuracy of 0.86. In the second hierarchical level we differentiated a total of 12 vegetation physiognomies with an overall accuracy of 0.77.
Thermo-mechanical numerical modelling of the South American subduction zone: a multi-parametric investigation
Authors: Strak Vincent , Schellart Wouter P.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The South American subduction zone remains a topic of debate with long-lasting questions involving the origin of non-collisional orogeny and the effect of very large trench-parallel extent, slab sinking to great mantle depths, and aseismic ridge subduction. A key to help solve those issues is through studying the subduction zone dynamics with buoyancy-driven numerical modelling that uses constrained independent variables in order to best approximate the dynamics of the real subduction system. We conduct a parametric investigation on the effect of upper mantle rheology (Newtonian or non-Newtonian), subduction interface yield stress and slab thermal weakening. As a means of constraining those model variables we attempt to find best-fits by comparing our model outcomes with the present-day upper- and lower-mantle slab geometry observed on tomography models and obtained from earthquake hypocentre locations, as well as with estimates of Cenozoic velocities obtained from kinematic reconstruction. Key ingredients that need to be reproduced are slab flattening close to the surface, strong oscillation of the Farallon-Nazca subducting plate velocity and progressive decrease in trench retreat rate after a long period of time. We include these ingredients to define a model fitting score that contains a total of 9 criteria. Our best fitting model involves significant slab thermal weakening in order to attain the fast Farallon-Nazca subducting plate velocity and to better reproduce the subduction partitioning in the past 48 Myr, due to strong reduction of the shear stresses resisting downdip slab sinking and of the slab bending resistance. We further find that a non-Newtonian upper mantle rheology promotes slab folding and realistic associated oscillation of the subducting plate velocity. Our parametric study also indicates that the subduction interface must be weak in agreement with earlier laboratory subduction models, but not too weak, with a yield stress of ~ 14–21 MPa, otherwise the fit becomes poor. Our models moreover suggest that slab folding at the 660 km discontinuity can be a cause of the Farallon-Nazca subducting plate velocity oscillation. Whether and how this slab folding process induces periodic/episodic variations in deformation of the Andes remains an open question that requires further research.
On Sexual Consent in Canada
Authors: Birtles Bryan
Published: August 2020

Consent is an extremely important principle within the law—so important it is defined twice within the Criminal Code: first in s. 265, the assault provision which also governs the law of sexual assault, and again in s. 273.1, where the Code provides additional definition specifically within the context of sexual assault. The limits of consent have been further defined through case law, especially in R v Ewanchuk.

Canadians would be surprised to discover that Ewanchuk determined it is illegal to initiate sexual activity via sexual touching, or to kiss a sleeping spouse. To keep people safe from inappropriate sexual touching, we have outlawed activities most intimate partners would not object to: this creates a dilemma about when protection exceeds its necessity and becomes inappropriate control of sexual autonomy. It is this dilemma this article addresses.

Ultimately, this article argues that Canada’s sexual assault laws must change for two reasons: first, by criminalizing behaviour that is not morally wrong, the criminal law is overbroad and doesn’t fulfil its expressive function, and; while enacted with the noble goal of protecting the sexual autonomy of women, our consent laws serve to restrict the sexual autonomy of women in ways that are objectionable.
Conflict Resolution Strategies and Workplace Frustration and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Mairaj Aimen , Siddiqui Danish Ahmed
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between conflict resolution strategies (accommodating, avoiding, compromising, collaborating, and competing) with workplace frustration and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) with the moderating role of trait emotional intelligence (EI) on their relations. Data was collected through a close-ended questionnaire from 298 employees (male = 197, female =101) working at different private organizations of the manufacturing and service industry within the city of Karachi. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modeling. The results indicated that accommodating and avoiding strategies don’t seem to have any effect on both frustration and OCB. Accommodating seems positively and significantly affect both. Compromising significantly and positively affect OCB, however, dominating is affecting frustration. Emotional Intelligence also seems to influences both OCB and frustration. EI also complements accommodating and collaboration strategies with workplace frustration. This study is first of its kind in the local context in private sectors and paves the way for further research in the public sector.
Examining Mobile Banking Adaptation among College Students Using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Authors: AlAli Musaed S. , AlAli Lamyaa S.
Published: August 2020

Students are becoming more engaged in technology in general and with mobile technology in particular. Banks try to get the most of that knowledge by offering new services to attract that market segment. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the adoption of mobile banking (m-banking) services by college of business students at the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET) in Kuwait. The theoretical framework for this study is based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) – TAM for mobile services is used to explore the factors that influence users’ adaptation of m-banking. The model uses the number of times student uses their mobile banking application per week as the dependent variable while the usefulness of the application, the security the application provides for the user and how easy it is to use the application as independent variables. Results obtained from this research showed that the usefulness of the mobile banking application was the most important factor affecting the adaptation of the application followed by ease in using the application and the safety variable came as the least important.
Commercial Relations Between Brazil and India: An Analysis of Trade Chain and the Challenger for the Coming Years
Authors: Nunes Alessandro da Silva , Silva Tuany Esthefany Barcellos de Carvalho , Frias Tayla Jamylle Martins Bonfá , Santos Daiane Rodrigues dos
Published: August 2020

Brazil and India are distinct countries in many fields such as culture, politics and religion, but some similar characteristics are noted. When it comes to territorial extension and population, the two countries are classified as emerging and are currently members of the BRICS Summit. The proximity of countries has become evident in the 21st century, where they seek to achieve the same goal, a greater participation in the world order. The trade relationship between them aims at positive impacts on both economies. This paper seeks to present the characteristics of the Brazil-India trade relationship and its implications for Brazil. Part of the scope of this research was the study of the relationship between the Brazil-India Trade Chain and some macroeconomic variables of these countries, for that a nonlinear causality test was applied, and the Factorial Analysis (main components) was also used. Finally, three methodologies were applied to model and forecast the Trade Chain (cross-validated LASSO, Neural Networks and non-tuned Random Forest) and a comparison was made between the metric performances, thus generating a satisfactory result, where was it noted that India presents a growing share of its trade balance on the GDP, which makes this market attractive to Brazil, because there is a significant increase in commercial relations.
Related works
Authors: Smith John
Published: August 2020

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Open innovation: a study about the 3M and Natura – Brazil companies
Authors: Aro Edson Rodrigues de , Perez Gilberto , Perez Tatiana Cristina
Published: August 2020

Objetivo do Trabalho: O objetivo geral deste estudo consiste em verificar como as empresas 3M Brasil e Natura compreendem a inovação aberta em suas práticas cotidianas.Metodologia: O método utilizado foi a pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório. A estratégia adotada para coleta e análise dos dados baseou-se na abordagem da Grounded Theory orientados pelo trabalho de Charmaz (2009) em três etapas distintas. Em cada fase da coleta e análise, os dados foram codificados de forma aberta (inicial), seguida de codificação focalizada e codificação teórica.Originalidade: Neste estudo buscou-se enriquecer o conhecimento sobre o tema inovação aberta, por meio de pesquisa nas empresas 3M Brasil e Natura, permitindo relacionar Inovação aberta com estratégia organizacional e como complemento para o processo inovativo.Principais Resultados:Os resultados apontam que a inovação aberta é compreendida pelas empresas como a estratégia que permeia o ecossistema para o complemento de recursos, capacidades, tecnologia e conhecimento valiosos em seus relacionamentos no processo de inovação.  Contribuições Teóricas: Esta pesquisa contribui empiricamente no sentido de ampliar o entendimento de inovação aberta como estratégia da empresa. Os resultados revelam a inovação aberta enquanto estratégia que permeia o ecossistema, no intuito de trazer como complemento, recursos, capacidades, tecnologias e conhecimentos que agreguem valor ao processo de inovação.
Speech without words? An Essay Endeavouring a Probability That the Language of China Has No Words
Authors: Eifring Halvor
Published: August 2020

This essay argues that traditional criteria for wordhood do not work well for Chinese. Stress plays a minor role and cannot be used to determine phonological wordhood. There is little or no inflection to help us define the morphological word. Morphological compounds and syntactic word combinations are based on the same structures. Morpheme combinations are seldom absolutely inseparable. Wordlike usage of so-called bound forms is extremely common. It seems natural to conclude that Chinese has no words, only morpheme combinations with varying degrees of cohesion. Keywords: word, morpheme, lexical item, Chinese, compound, syntax vs. morphology.
Afanasiy Nikitin’s Journey Beyond the Three Seas: An Orthodox Russian in Medieval India
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry
Published: August 2020

Afanisy Nikitin (? - 1472) as a Russian merchant from Tver, a city not far from Moscow. Nikitin visited India in 1446-1472 and described his travels in a short travelogue known as The Journey Beyond Three Seas The story was first discovered in a monastary by Nikolai Karamzin, one of the leading historians of 10th century Russia; and since that time. Journey has fascinated both Russian and Western historians as well as political-thinkers who envisage Russia's special role in Asia. In fact, a bibliography of Journey exists in the Western and RUssian languages. What is the significance of The  Journey Beyond Three Seas?
Antiquity of the divyakṣetras in Pāṇḍināḍu
Authors: Rajarajan R.K.K
Published: August 2020

The Āḻvārs in their hymns, the Nālāyirativviyappirapantam, have listed 108 sacred venues or centers of worship of Viṣṇu in the Indian subcontinent, called divyadeśa. The 108 are brought under certain topographical segmentations such as Malaināḍu (Kerala), Pāṇḍinaḍu (south of River Kāviri), Cōḻanāḍu (Kāviri delta), Vaṭanāḍu (North India) and so on. Among these 18 are found in the Pāṇḍya country. The hymns present a cavalcade of data bearing on these sthala/kṣetras, dealing with the Mūrti, tīrtha, vkṣa, ecology, landscape, flora and fauna, pūjās and utsavas, mythologies bearing on Viṣṇu and so on. The impact of the Vedas and Sanskritic purāṇas such as the Harivaṃśa and Viṣṇu Purāṇa may be found in them. Besides, the Āḻvārs have recast the theme to the Tamil taste to suit the local cultural traditions. The present article presents a summary of data bearing on the 18 divyadeśas, trying to locate the roots in an ancient poem, called Paripāṭal. The date of the Āḻvārs is briefly discussed. Among the twelve only seven have extolled the divyadeśas in Pāṇḍināḍu. Of the 24 integral wings of the Nālāyiram eleven talk of these sthalas. The Āḻvārs have presented a picture of the deśas as they found these around the 6th-9th century CE. Later the temples under study have developed at the hands of the successive rulers of the land down to the 18th century CE. The photographic evidences we have presented relate to such a later phase while in some cases such as Tirumeyyam the early medieval rock-cut temples and images are to be found. The text is supported by maps and photographic evidences.
Zum ägyptischen Lautwandel zwischen „a“ und Gutturalen
Authors: Bojowald Stefan
Published: August 2020

In this article, the exchange of “a“ and gutturals is investigated in detail. Research so far has dealt only with the exchange of “a” and “q”. The current contribution extends the treatment to the two other gutturals “k” and “g”. It will be shown that the same rule applies to all three gutturals. Keywords: Old Egyptian language, phonetic changes/shifts in the Egyptian language, phonetic change/shift between “a“ and gutturals. Der Lautwandel zwischen „a“ und Gutturalen stellt in der bisherigen ägyptologischen Forschung ein Randthema dar. Die einzige Behandlung scheint er bei Westendorf1 erhalten zu haben, durch den die wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit zum ersten Mal in größerem Ausmaß auf diesen Tatbestand aufmerksam geworden ist. In der Zeit davor hatte Sethe2 lediglich auf die Umstellung von „a“ und „q“ im Wort „Xaq“ „scheren“ verwiesen, das sich im Koptischen als „xwwke“ erhalten hat, aber noch nicht an den Lautwandel als Ursache dafür gedacht. In der Literatur ist offenbar sonst kein Hinweis auf dieses Phänomen zu finden. In der vor genau fünfzig Jahren erschienenen Arbeit hatte Westendorf nur den Wechsel zwischen „a“ und „q“ betrachtet, was zum Teil wohl an der begrenzten Textauswahl gelegen hatte. Die These hatte Westendorf auf drei sichere Beispiele stützen können. Im ersten Fall hatte er das Augenmerk auf die Schreibung „car“ in Sm 46 (15, 20) anstelle von „cqr“ „Schlag“ in Sm 46 (16, 13) gelenkt. Die Beweisführung hatte er durch die Heranziehung der Schreibung „arf“ „zusammenschliesen“ anstelle von „qrf“ fortgesetzt. Der Schlussstrich unter die Argumentation war mit dem Rekurs auf die Schreibung „qrf“ für „arf“ „Beutel“ gezogen worden. Die Erscheinung hatte Westendorf außerdem aus der „mna.t“ 3
In search of language contact between Jarawa and Aka-Bea: The languages of South Andaman
Authors: Abbi Anvita , Kumar Pramod
Published: August 2020

The paper brings forth a preliminary report on the comparative data available on the extinct language Aka-Bea (Man 1923) and the endangered language Jarawa spoken in the south and the central parts of the Andaman Islands. Speakers of Aka-Bea, a South Andaman language of the Great Andamanese family and the speakers of Jarawa, the language of a distinct language family (Abbi 2006, 2009, Blevins 2008) lived adjacent to each other, i.e. in the southern region of the Great Andaman Islands in the past. Both had been hunter-gatherers and never had any contact with each other (Portman 1899, 1990). The Jarawas have been known for living in isolation for thousands of years, coming in contact with the outside world only recently in 1998. It is, then surprising to discover traces of some language-contact in the past between the two communities. Not a large database, but a few examples of lexical similarities between Aka-Bea and Jarawa are investigated here. Words for comparison are selected from the Automated Similarity Judgment Programme-list ASJP (Holman et al. 2008, Brown et al. 2007, 2008, Wichmann 2010) as well as from the Loan Word Typology research (Haspelmath and Tadmor 2009). Although we have data only for 100 items, we further compared the lexical items against the Swadesh list (1955) (see appendix 5). The result achieved exposes for the first time, the possibility of language contact between Aka-Bea and Jarawa in the past. We pose a very relevant question here: can enmities and rivalries induce changes in languages which can be ascribed to contact of a very special kind? We conclude by claiming that prototypical least borrowable lexical items can also be borrowed in a very specific context despite the absence of interactive communication between the two communities.
The Indo-European Etymology of Burushaski -·-skir ‘father-inlaw’ and -·-skus ‘mother-in-law’
Authors: Čašule Ilija
Published: August 2020

Within the wider framework of the hypothesis of the genetic affiliation of the Burushaski language with Indo-European an etymology is proposed for two kinship terms. Burushaski -·-skir ‘father-in-law’ is derived from Indo-European *su̯ék̂uros ‘father-inlaw’ and Burushaski -·-skus ‘mother-in-law’ from Indo-European *su̯ek̂rúhas ‘mother-in-law’. The etymological analysis and the Burushaski evidence strengthens the position of Indo-Europeanists who have derived Indo-European *su̯ék̂u(H)ros from *su̯é- ‘one’s own’ + *k̂uh1ros ‘powerful’ (: ‘experienced man, man with authority, master, lord’), and the word for ‘mother-in-law’ from that of the ‘father-in-law’
Überlegungen W. Bangs zu komanisch *kär balık „Acipenser huso”
Authors: Knüppel Michael
Published: August 2020

The following article deals with W. Bang’s attempts to give an etymology of an assumed Qoman *kar ~ kär balık „sturgeon” to which he traces back a name of the Sea of Azov given in the „Chiliads” by Tzétzis. The author of the present article explains *kar ~ kär balık as a language taboo and gives an equivalent to this from Yakut (xatïïs „sturgeon”).
Book Reviews Acta Orientalia 39
Authors: Orientalia Acta
Published: August 2020

Book reviews in Acta Orientalia 39
QUEM OCUPA CONSTRÓI CONTRACONDUTAS
Authors: Lopes Marcela Silviano Brandão , Bragança Luciana Souza , Coelho Matheus Silva , Guinho Luiza da Anunciação
Published: August 2020

Este artigo pretende discutir sobre as formas de intervenções urbanísticas em territórios socialmente vulneráveis, tendo como referenciais teóricos os conceitos foucaultianos sobre racionalidade neoliberal e contraconduta, e o conceito decolonial sobre pré-existências como forma de resistência. Para fomentar o debate, será apresentada uma ação extensionista, o Parque das Ocupações, desenvolvida junto a dois projetos de pesquisa e ancorada no reconhecimento das existências de híbridos naturais culturais em curso no território. Subversões metodológicas e epistemológicas foram necessárias para a construção de uma postura não colonial por parte dos envolvidos nessa ação.
LUGARES DO SABER KAINGANG: CULTURA E ESPAÇO ESCOLAR
Authors: Dill Fernanda  Machado , Bueno Ayrton Portilho
Published: August 2020

Este artigo trata da análise dos diversos espaços voltados para a educação indígena Kaingang na Aldeia Kondá. Ao analisar a comunidade percebe-se que a educação das futuras gerações transcende o espaço escolar formal e transita por outros lugares que possibilitam o protagonismo tanto das crianças quanto de anciãos e professores da comunidade. A partir da observação participante e dos registros de história oral, essas novas formas de aprender e de ensinar são discutidas e relacionadas frente à cultura e à legislação vigente sobre a educação escolar indígena.
Befunderhebung oder Diagnose?
Authors: Kniepert Cornelius
Published: August 2020

Der einfache Befunderhebungsfehler ist einer der praktisch wichtigsten Fälle der Beweislastumkehr im Arzthaftungsprozess. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zunächst eine möglichst präzise begriffliche Abgrenzung der ärztlichen Behandlungsabschnitte und dazugehörigen Behandlungsfehler erarbeitet. Auf dieser Grundlage wird die Rechtsprechung zum einfachen Befunderhebungsfehler dargestellt und auf die Abgrenzung zu Diagnosefehlern eingegangen. Für diese Abgrenzung werden Abgrenzungskategorien entwickelt, welche die Kommunikation zwischen Richter und Sachverständigen unterstützen kann. Abschließend wird in einem ökonometrischen Teil der Arbeit untersucht, ob die Rechtsprechung Auswirkungen auf das Befunderhebungsverhalten von Ärzten hatte.
Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung im Spiegel zeitgenössischer Betrachtung
Authors: Kühne Jörg-Detlef
Published: August 2020

Es bleibt zu schmal, auf die Entstehung der vor gut 100 Jahren geschaffenen Weimarer Reichsverfassung einzugehen, wenn man neben ihren bekannten internationalen Belastungen durch den Versailler Vertrag nicht auch auf politische Mentalitäten eingeht, die sich seit der Novemberrevolution in verfassungsrelevanten Ängsten, Erwartungen, Warnungen und Enttäuschungen der zeitgenössischen Deutschen niedergeschlagen haben. Die vorliegende verfassungshistorische Schrift geht dem anhand etlicher Beispiele näher nach und gelangt zu sehr zwiespältigen Bedingungen für die erste volldemokratische Verfassung Deutschlands, und zwar stärker als bisher bewusst schon ab ihrem Beginn 1919. Dies unterstreicht ein angefügter brillanter Zeitungsbeitrag von damals.
Parteipolitik im Bundesrat
Authors: Müller Markus M. , Sturm Roland , Finke Patrick , Souris Antonios
Published: August 2020

This new volume on the Bundesrat as institution and how it works is a groundbreaking study. For the first time empirical work focusses on the votes in the Bundesrat committees. More than 51.000 decisions are scrutinized to find out whether the hypothesis of a party politicization of the Bundesrat can be verified. Additional information is provided by interviews with practitioners and detailed case studies related to specific committees, such as the Finance Committee, and decision-making procedures, including the legislative initiatives of the Bundesrat. The book also investigates the role of smaller parties in the Bundesrat and the importance of decision-making beyond party politics.
Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)
Authors: Navarro-Rodríguez Claudia Isabel , Valdez-Mondragón Alejandro
Published: August 2020

Based on an integrative taxonomic approach, a new species of the genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832, is described from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. is described based on DNA barcoding using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and morphology. For species delimitation, four molecular methods were implemented: 1) corrected p-distances under neighbor joining (NJ); 2) automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD); 3) general mixed yule coalescent model (GMYC) and 4) Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP). The new species morphologically resembles L. jaca, another species from Hidalgo, but there are morphological differences mainly in the tibiae of the male palp, the seminal receptacles of the females and also the high genetic p-distances. CO1 was more informative than ITS2 for the genetic separation; however, both concatenated genes (CO1 + ITS2) present robust evidence for species delimitation. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. is considered a unique species for four reasons: 1) it can be diagnosed and distinguished by morphological characters (of the male palps mainly, but also of the seminal receptacles of the females); 2) the genetic p-distances with CO1 were high (>10%); 3) the molecular species delimitation methods were congruent under CO1 and CO1 + ITS2; and 4) under CO1 and CO1 + ITS2, the new species is a putative sister group of L. jaca + L. tenango.
Editorial Comment
Authors: Johnson David C.
Published: August 2020

In this second issue of JRME the Editorial Board has again attempted to provide the reader with a variety of topics. While the subjects are primarily elementary school children, the areas of research include strategies for solving multiplication combinations, discovery learning, instructional strategies, and the relationship between teacher expectancy and student achievement.
Teacher Expectancy and Mathematics Achievement
Authors: Brager Gary L.
Published: August 2020

The phenomenon of experimenter bias (E-bias) was investigated in a fourth-grade arithmetic lesson by using a modified programmed learning task on division in the five-family (five is one of the factors.) E-bias predicts a relation between teacher expectancies and outcomes despite standardization of tasks. Six schools were randomly assigned across three treatments: positive, negative, and neutral bias. Two teachers from each school were randomly selected. The two-stage nested ANOVA was not significant (p<.20), although the treatment means were ordered positive bias, neutral bias, negative bias (high to low.)
Some Strategies for Solving Simple Multiplication Combinations
Authors: Jerman Max
Published: August 2020

A total of 11 process models for simple multiplication combinations were fit to data obtained in the course of the daily operation of a CAI program in elementary arithmetic. Ten models were tested in a pilot study and retested in a follow-up study using a larger number of students the following school year. In the pilot study Model 6 gave the best overall fit at all grade levels, but did not give the best fit to each combination individually the largest number of times. Children appeared to alter the strategy used, as indicated by the model that gave the best fit, as a function of the combination itself. Further, the strategies that students apparently used at grade 3 were also used for the same combinations by grade 6 students in 72% of the cases.
The Effects of Studying Decimal and Nondecimal Numeration Systems on Mathematical Understanding, Retention, and Transfer
Authors: Diedrich Richard C. , Glennon Vincent J.
Published: August 2020

What are the effects of studying 1, 3, or 5 place-value systems of numeration? Each of 3 experimental 4th grade groups received 30 minutes of instruction for 9 consecutive school days. A 4th group served as control. Statistical procedures included multivariate analysis of covariance. The results suggest: for the group under consideration (1) a study of the decimal system alone tends to be just as effective as a study of 3 or 5 systems in promoting understanding of the decimal system; (2) a study of either 3 or 5 place-value systems of numeration appears to be more effective than a study of the decimal system alone in promoting understanding of the general principles of place-value systems of numeration.
Editorial Comment
Authors: Johnson David C.
Published: August 2020

In recent years the mathematics education community has expressed considerable interest in the effective use of performance or behavioral objectives. Two papers in this issue of JRME deal with this topic. Shepler uses performance objectives, a corresponding task analysis, and formative evaluation procedures to develop instructional materials in probability and statistics for the elementary classroom. The techniques used represent important, but often neglected aspects of curriculum development:
The Interaction of Cognitive Aptitudes with Sequences of Figural and Symbolic Treatments of Mathematical Inequalities
Authors: Young Courtney D. , Becker Jerry P.
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study was to search for interactions between six cognitive aptitudes and two different treatments or sequences of treatments concerned with mathematical inequalities. Outcome measures consisted of a midtest, retention test, and transfer test. One hundred seventeen subjects were administered the aptitude tests and then randomly assigned to experimental treatments. Subsequently, outcome measures were obtained. A regression analysis revealed two disordinal interactions. “Learning to learn” emerged as an important variable for investigation in future studies. The selection of more relevant aptitude measures and an improved design of outcome measures also appear to be important for future consideration.
An Alternative Model Describing Children's Spatial Preferences
Authors: Geeslin William E. , Shar Albert .
Published: August 2020

Piaget has proposed that children are initially able to deal with topological properties of figures and only at later stages develop the necessary cognitive structures for handling Euclidean properties. An alternative description of children's perceptions of figures based on figural distortion was proposed and investigated in this study. A test packet based on the distortion model that also allowed for examination of developmental differences was administered to children (N = 345) from the nursery school level through grade four. Results strongly supported the distortion model and gave little indication of the existence of developmental differences suggested by Piaget.
Brief Report: High School Calculus and First-Quarter College Calculus Grades
Authors: Dan Austin Joe
Published: August 2020

This article describes a study of the relation between high school calculus background and grades in first-quarter college calculus. The subjects were all Emory University students taking first-quarter calculus during the fall quarter of 1975.
Brief Reports: Children's Discrimination between Enjoyment and Value of Arithmetic
Authors: Shann Mary H.
Published: August 2020

Data that bear on the motivation of children to learn arithmetic—for its own enjoyment or as a means to other ends—were obtained in the evaluation of Unified Science and Mathematics for Elementary Schoois (Shann, 1977a, 1977b). It must be emphasized that the evidence is tentative, for students' attitudes toward arithmetic were not a primary concern of the USM ES evaluation, but the finding that even children can discriminate between enjoyment and value in their attitudes toward arithmetic should not go unnoticed. The clarity and consistency of the evidence from multiple indicators suggest that the issue is indeed a promising one for further investigation.
Oral Language and Readiness for the Written Symbolization of Addition and Subtraction
Authors: Hamrick Kathy B.
Published: August 2020

This study investigated the relationship between children's understanding of written mathematical symbolism and readiness for learning written mathematical symbols. The 38 first-grade students were classified as ready or not ready according to scores on a readiness test based on verbal facility with addition and subtraction. The students were paired and randomly assigned to immediate or delayed symbolization groups. All students received 12 weeks of instruction in introductory addition and subtraction, with variation in the time of introduction of written symbolization. There were no significant differences found between the posttest scores of the two groups of ready students. The students in the not ready group who experienced a delay in the introduction of written symbols scored significantly higher than those in the not ready group who experienced an immediate introduction of symbolization.
The Interaction of Learner Aptitude with Types of Questions Accompanying a Written Lesson on Logical Implications
Authors: Threadgill Judith
Published: August 2020

This study was designed to explore the interaction of a verbal aptitude measure with two types of questions following a prose selection on logical implications. The 252 tenth-grade students were randomly assigned to four treatments: text with applied questions, text with verbatim questions, text with no questions, and control text. Regression analysis yielded an ordinal interaction (p=.029) suggesting that applied questions were more effective than no questions for students with low aptitude scores, although not differentially affecting students with high aptitude scores. In addition, a disordinal interaction (p=.058) was identified suggesting that students with low aptitude scores learned more from verbatim questions whereas students with high aptitude scores learned more with no questions.
The Interaction of Field Dependence/Independence and the Level of Guidance of Mathematics Instruction
Authors: Adams Verna M. , McLeod Douglas B.
Published: August 2020

The relationship between the cognitive style variable of field dependence/independence and instructional treatments was investigated using high or low guidance in a unit on networks. The 97 prospective elementary teachers were tested on cognitive style (using the Group Embedded Figures Test) and on mathematical achievement (a measure of crystallized ability), and randomly assigned to treatments. Following instruction, students were tested for immediate achievement and then retested 5 weeks later. There were no interactions with field dependence/independence, but there was a significant (p < .05) interaction with crystallized ability on the retention test.
Brief Reports: Incorporating Instructional Objectives into the Rules for Playing a Game
Authors: Bright George W. , Harvey John G. , Wheeler Margariete Montague
Published: August 2020

This study followed up a recent study that investigated the use of games to retrain skills with multiplication basic facts (Bright, Harvey, & Wheeler, 1979). The question addressed was, “When instructional objectives of a game are incorporated directly into the rules, is learning interfered with or enhanced?” This question arose when teachers in the earlier study observed that their students often spent more time determining the best location for a game piece (a game goal) than determining the multiplication basic fact (the instructional objective). The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in skill achievement with multiplication basic facts when the modified game required the determination of two basic facts each time a game piece was played while the standard game required the determination of a single basic fact.