bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Aromatic Trichromophore Systems Incorporating Anthracene Moieties. II. Crystal Structures of 2-(9-Anthryl)-1-(9-anthrylmethyl)ethyl 2-(9-Phenanthryl)-ethyl Succinate (A2PHEN) and 2-(9-Anthryl)-1-(9-anthrylmethyl)ethyl Methyl Succinate (A2SC) and Their Fluorescence in the Solid State
Authors: Cotrait M , Marsau P , Kessab L , Grelier S , Nourmamode A , Castellan A
Published: September 2010

The structures of 2-(9-anthryl)-1-(9-anthrylmethyl)ethyl 2-(9-phenanthryl)ethyl succinate (A2PHEN) and 2-(9-anthryl)-1-(9-anthrylmethyl)ethyl methyl succinate (A2SC) have been determined by X-ray diffraction, and the molecular fluorescence of the crystals has been established. The two crystals are monoclinic. A2PHEN: C 2/c, a 39.47(1), b 9.718(2), c 19.924(8) Ǻ; β 97.81(3)°; R 0.036 for 2903 unique reflections. A2SC: P 21/c, a 16.248(2), b 10.325(2), c 18.052(2) Ǻ. β 114.20(3)°; R 0.044 for 2586 unique reflections. For both structures, the bisanthracene moiety and a large part of the ester chain show similar conformations. The crystal cohesion is due to intermolecular π overlapping between one of the anthracene components of the bichromophore moiety and to numerous van der Waals interactions. No intramolecular interactions between the phenanthrene and the anthracene moieties are observed in A2PHEN. The fluorescence emissions of A2PHEN and A2SC are of excimer type, and correlate well with the intermolecular interactions between the anthracene rings.
Methanolysis of 4-Methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phospha-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-Oxide and 1-Sulfide: Mechanistic and Stereochemical Considerations
Authors: Kim JH , Gallagher MJ , Toia RF
Published: September 2010

Methanolysis of 4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide and 4-methyl-2,6,7- trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-sulfide have been studied by 31P n.m.r. spectroscopy. The trans-2-methoxy-5-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-r-5-methanol 2-oxide and trans-2-methoxy-5-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-r-5-methanol 2-sulfide are the initially formed products, respectively, but with time a product mixture comprising the trans- and cis -isomers and the acyclic dimethyl phosphate is formed. Methanolysis of the isolated trans-isomer, and of the isolated acyclic dimethyl phosphate under the same reaction conditions, suggests that the cis -isomer results from a recyclization reaction, rather than from the alternative ring opening of the bicyclic compound.
The Stereochemistry of Organometallic Compounds. LX. Rhodium-Catalyzed Reactions of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide With Alkenylanilines
Authors: Anastasiou D , Campi EM , Chaouk H , Fallon GD , Jackson WR , Mccubbin QJ , Trnacek AE
Published: September 2010

Rhodium- catalysed reactions of o- or p- cyano-N-allylanilines with H2/CO give N- arylpyrrolidine aldehydes resulting from a double hydroformylation sequence. In contrast reactions of o- or p-methyl-N-allylanilines or N- allylaniline itself with H2/CO give ' dimeric ' compounds resulting from self-condensation reactions of an initially formed hydroformylation product together with varying amounts of the double hydroformylation product. Similar reactions of o-cyano-N-but-3-enylanilines give low yields of double hydroformylation products and major products arising from hydrogenation or cross coupling of intermediate enamines. The structure of one of these products, N-2-cyanophenyl-5-(N′-2-cyanophenyl-3-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine (17) (IUPAC name: 2-[5-{1-(2-cyanophenyl)-3-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl] benzonitrile ) was confirmed by an X-ray single-crystal structure determination.
The Stereochemistry of Organometallic Compounds. LXI. The Preparation of Quinazolines and Quinazolinones Involving Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Alkenyl Anilines
Authors: Campi EM , Jackson WR , Mccubbin QJ , Trnacek AE
Published: September 2010

Rhodium-catalysed reactions of ortho-alkenylaminobenzylamines or benzamides with H2/CO give quinazolines and quinazolinones containing a fused alicyclic ring in excellent yields. Reactions of N- allyl derivatives give a single regioisomer. Reactions of but-3-enyl analogues give readily separable mixtures of pyrrolo and pyrido derivatives. Their 3-methylbut-3-enyl analogues give the pyrido derivatives (12) and (13) in reactions which show unusual diastereoselectivity.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Viscosity Data of Ethane-1,2-diol+1,4-Dioxan Binary Mixtures
Authors: Corradini F , Marchetti A , Tagliazucchi M , Tassi L , Tosi G
Published: September 2010

Kinematic viscosities (v) have been measured for pure ethane-1,2-diol, 1,4-dioxan and for nine of their mixtures covering the entire composition range and, where possible, at 19 temperatures from -10 to +80°C. The experimental values were converted into dynamic viscosities (η) and were correlated with temperature and binary composition by some empirical equations. Furthermore, the excess function ηE and the excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow ΔG*E have been evaluated. Negative deviations from ideality are always observed for this binary system, this fact indicating strong specific interactions between unlike entities in solution to form stable solvent- cosolvent adducts. Activation enthalpies and entropies for viscous flow have been derived, and their dependence on binary composition is also discussed.
Photochemical Electron Transfer in the System Polypyrrole-Methylene Blue
Authors: Matthews D , Altus A , Hope A
Published: September 2010

Methylene Blue incorporated into colloidal oxidized polypyrrole was investigated by absorption spectroscopy and laser flash photolysis. The absorption spectra of Methylene Blue and polypyrrole were unaffected by incorporation. Flash photolysis transients of Methylene Blue and triplet Methylene Blue in ethanol were affected by 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,4-benzoquinol but not by the long-chain naphthoquinone Vitamin K1. Incorporation of Methylene Blue in polypyrrole produced distinct changes in the flash photolysis transients of Methylene Blue and triplet Methylene Blue. Very long-lived transients, with lifetimes of the order of 10 ms, were observed. These effects were accompanied by long-lived changes in the absorption spectrum of Methylene Blue. The transients were modified by the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone but not 1,4-benzoquinol. The results indicate photochemical reduction of oxidized polypyrrole by triplet Methylene Blue with the production of stable long-lived species capable of reducing 1,4-benzoquinone.
Heterocyclic Synthesis With Azides. III. Reactions of Triazolines Made From Arylmethylidenemalonates
Authors: Prager RH , Razzino P
Published: September 2010

Ethyl alkylidenemalonates reacted with sodium azide in dimethyl sulfoxide to give principally triazoles via the first-formed 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,3-tiriazoles. The triazolines themselves, and other compounds derived from them, were isolated in trace amounts. Ethyl alkylidenemalonates combined with benzyl azide in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction to give 1-benzyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,3-triazoles. When treated with potassium t- butoxide in dimethyl sulfoxide , these adducts either aromatized to the corresponding triazoles, underwent deethoxycarbonylation but did not aromatize, or lost nitrogen to give ethyl benzylaminomethylidenemalonates. The proclivity for each of these three processes was determined by the C5 substituent of the 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,3-triazole. Treatment of the 1-benzyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,3-triazoles with trifluoroacetic acid gave ethyl diazomalonate.
Photochemical Processes in a Copolymer of 2-(2'-Hydroxy-4'-methacryloyloxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole and Methyl Methacrylate
Authors: Dux R , Ghiggino KP , Vogl O
Published: September 2010

The temperature-dependent (10-300 K) fluorescence behaviour of films of a copolymer of 2-(2′-hydroxy-4′-methacryloyloxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole and methyl methacrylate (HMPB-co-MMA) has been studied. The emission spectra consist of a short-wavelength band and a highly Stokes-shifted emission with maxima at 390 and 550 nm respectively. The temperature- insensitive 390 nm emission is assigned to a non- intramolecular hydrogen-bonded form of HMPB while the red-shifted emission is due to the species formed following excited-state intramolecular proton transfer. The temperature dependence of the 550 nm fluorescence is complex and does not allow a linear Arrhenius plot. Possible mechanisms for the temperature-dependent deactivation processes are proposed. Irradiation studies indicate that the non-planar HMPB entities are more photolabile than the intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded form. The relevance of the results to the application of HMPB as an ultraviolet absorber and photostabilizer in polymers is discussed.
Photochemical Nitration by Tetranitromethane. XVII. The Regiochemistry of Adduct Formation in the Photochemical Reaction of 1-Methylnaphthalene and Tetranitromethane
Authors: Calvert JL , Eberson L , Hartshorn MP , Maclaga n , Robinson WT
Published: September 2010

Photolysis of the 1-methylnaphthalene/tetranitromethane charge-transfer complex yields the triad of 1-methylnaphthalene radical cation, nitrogen dioxide and trinitromethanide ion. Recombination of this triad gives predominantly 4-methyl-t-2-nitro-r-1-trinitromethyl-1,2- dihydronaphthalene (1), the epimeric 1-methyl-1-nitro-4-trinitromethyl-1,4-dihydronaphtha-lenes (2) and (3), 8-methyl-c-4-trinitromethyl-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-r-l-ol (4), nitro cyclo -adduct (5), 8-methyl-c-4-trinitromethyl-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-r-l-ol (6), hydroxy cyclo-adduct (7) and 4-methyl-t-1-trinitromethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-r-2-ol (8). Adducts (1)- (3), (5), (7) and (8) are formed by attack of the trinitromethanide ion at C4 of the 1-methylnaphthalene radical cation, while adducts (4) and (6) are formed by corresponding attack at C5. Adduct (1) undergoes thermal cycloaddition to give the nitro cycloadduct (5) and it is assumed that the hydroxy cycloadduct (7) is formed in analogous manner from 4-methyl-t-1-trinitromethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-r-2-ol (8). X-Ray crystal structure determinations are reported for adducts (1), (3)-(5) and (7).
Alkylation Reactions of 2-Methylpropyl 3-(2-Methylpropoxy)-5-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate
Authors: Mokbel L , Savage GP , Simpson GW
Published: September 2010

The anion derived from 2-methylpropyl 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-5-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate was reacted with methyl iodide to give cis and trans isomers of 2-methylpropyl 6-methyl-3-(2-methylpropoxy)-5-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate. The reaction proceeded with high regioselectivity. A combination of n.m.r. experiments was used to determine that the major diastereoisomer was in a trans configuration. The dianion derived from 2-methylpropyl 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-5-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate methylated at C1 and C6 with a roughly equal proportion of cis and trans isomers. When treated with 1 equiv. of 1-bromo-3-chloropropane the same dianion alkylates at C1 to give 2-methylpropyl 1-(3-chloropropyl)-3-(2-methylpropoxy)-5-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (±)-(cis-6-Methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl)acetic Acid
Authors: Varelis P , Graham AJ , Johnson BL , Skelton BW , White AH
Published: September 2010

The title compound (1) has been synthesized in seven steps and in 42% overall yield from the nucleophilic diene (2). The relative configuration of (1) has been confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray study.
DNA Binding Compounds. VI. Synthesis and Characterization of 2,5'-Disubstituted Bibenzimidazoles Related to the DNA Minor Groove Binder Hoechst-33258
Authors: Kelly DP , Bateman SA , Hook RJ , Martin RF , Reum ME , Rose M , Whittaker ARD
Published: September 2010

A series of compounds have been synthesized in which the basic 2-phenylbibenzimidazole structure of Hoechst 33258 has been modified to include various combinations of bromo, iodo, methoxy, amino, alkylamino and nitro groups in the terminal phenyl ring. Both sequential and convergent synthetic routes have been followed using coupling reactions of both imino ethers and aldehydes to 1,2-diamines. All these compounds were characterized by a combination of f.a.b . Mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy including inverse detection of long-range heteronuclear CH correlations (HMBC).
Boronialatenolide: a Novel Pentanortriterpene From the Aerial Parts of Boronia alata (Rutaceae)
Authors: Ahsan M , Armstrong JA , Gray AI , Waterman PG
Published: September 2010

From the aerial parts of Boronia alata a known protolimonoid niloticin and a novel pentanortriterpene boronialatenolide have been isolated. The structure of the novel limonoid was established by extensive n.m.r. studies.
A Synthetic Route to Epoxyalkyl β-Laminaribiosides, Especially Suitable for Radiolabeling
Authors: Best WM , Stick RV , Tilbrook DMG
Published: September 2010

The major products in the controlled benzylation (NaH/PhCH2Cl) of allyl and but-3-enyl β-D-glucopyranosides were the 2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl ethers. Subsequent glycosidations of these tribenzyl ethers gave derivatives of allyl and but-3-enyl β- laminaribioside, the latter being subsequently transformed into 3,4-epoxybutyl β- laminaribioside.
A Convenient, Regiospecific Synthesis of Dimethyl 4-Oxocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate
Authors: Burnes P , Cristiano D , Glover MR , Tsanaktsidis J
Published: September 2010

A regiospecific synthesis of dimethyl 4-oxocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (2) is described.
Imidazo[1,2-b]Pyridazines. XVI. Synthesis and Central Nervous System Activities of Some 6-(Chloro, Alkylthio, Phenylthio, Benzylthio or Pyridinylmethylthio)-3-(unsubstituted, benzamidomethyl or methoxy)-2-(styryl or benzoyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines
Authors: Barlin GB , Davies LP , Harrison PW , Jacobsen NW , Willis AC
Published: September 2010

Some 6-( chloro, alkylthio, phenylthio, benzylthio or pyridinylmethylthio )-3-( unsubstituted , benzamidomethyl or methoxy )-2-styrylimidazo[1,2-b] pyridazines and 6-chloro-3-( unsubstituted and benzamidomethyl )-2-benzoylimidazo[1,2-b] pyridazines have been prepared and tested for their ability to displace [3H]diazepam from rat brain plasma membranes. The structures of 6-chloro-2-benzoyl[and 6-fluoro-2-(4′-tolyl)] imidazo [1,2-b] pyridazine have been confirmed by X-ray analyses. The reactions of 6-methylthio(and 6-phenylthio)pyridazin-3-amines with 3-bromo-1-phenylpropane-1,2-dione also have been investigated. The 6-substituted 3-unsubstituted 2-styryl(and benzoyl ) imidazo [1,2-b] pyridazines did not bind strongly to rat brain benzodiazepine receptors; nor did the 3-benzamidomethyl or 3-methoxy derivatives (cf. the 2-phenyl analogues). However, 3-benzamidomethyl-6-(pyridin-3-ylmethylthio)-2-styrylimidazo[1,2-b] pyridazine was an exception with IC50 68 nM.
Synthesis of Dibromohydrins From Glycerol by Using an Ion Exchange Resin as Catalyst
Authors: Bouillaud A , Dargelos M , Borredon ME
Published: September 2010

Bromination of glycerol by 48% hydrobromic acid in the presence of an acid ion exchange resin (C264 or A19) led to the formation of a mixture of 1,3- and 2,3-dibromohydrins in a yield of around 70%. The side products were essentially brominated polyglycerols.
Reduction of 6,6,9,9-Tetramethylhexahydroimidazo[2,1-d][1,2,5]dithiazepine With Borane
Authors: Jackson TW , Kojima M , Lambrecht RM , Marubayashi N , Hiratake M
Published: September 2010

Treatment of 6,6,9,9-tetramethylhexahydroimidazo[2,1-d][1,2,5]dithiazepine (3) with borane- tetrahydrofuran complex (BH3.thf) gave trihydro(6,6,9,9-tetramethylhexahydroimidazo[2,1-d] [1,2,5]dithiazepine-KN1)boron (5) which was reduced to 3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-1,2-dithia-5,8- diazacyclodecane (2) upon treatment with hydrochloric acid. Reduction of 3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-1,2-dithia-5,8-diazacyclodeca-4,8-diene (1) gave a mixture of (5) and trihydro(3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-1,2-dithia-5,8-diazacyclodecane-KN5)boron (6) as intermediates which were converted into (2) with hydrochloric acid. The structures of (2), (5) and (6) were determined by X-ray crystallography.
Structural and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1): a review of growth, characterization, transfer doping and hydrogen intercalation
Authors: Riedl C , Coletti C , Starke U
Published: September 2010

Graphene, a monoatomic layer of graphite, hosts a two-dimensional electron gas system with large electron mobilities which makes it a prospective candidate for future carbon nanodevices. Grown epitaxially on silicon carbide (SiC) wafers, large area graphene samples appear feasible and integration in existing device technology can be envisioned. This paper reviews the controlled growth of epitaxial graphene layers on SiC(0 0 0 1) and the manipulation of their electronic structure. We show that epitaxial graphene on SiC grows on top of a carbon interface layer that—although it has a graphite-like atomic structure—does not display the linear π-bands typical for graphene due to a strong covalent bonding to the substrate. Only the second carbon layer on top of this interface acts like monolayer graphene. With a further carbon layer, a graphene bilayer system develops. During the growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) the number of graphene layers can be precisely controlled by monitoring the π-band structure. Experimental fingerprints for in situ growth control could be established. However, due to the influence of the interface layer, epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) is intrinsically n-doped and the layers have a long-range corrugation in their density of states. As a result, the Dirac point energy where the π-bands cross is shifted away from the Fermi energy, so that the ambipolar properties of graphene cannot be exploited. We demonstrate methods to compensate and eliminate this structural and electronic influence of the interface. We show that the band structure of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) can be precisely tailored by functionalizing the graphene surface with tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) molecules. Charge neutrality can be achieved for mono- and bilayer graphene. On epitaxial bilayer graphene, where a band gap opens due to the asymmetric electric field across the layers imposed by the interface, the magnitude of this band gap can be increased up to more than double its initial value. The hole doping allows the Fermi level to shift into the energy band gap. The impact of the interface layer can be completely eliminated by decoupling the graphene from the SiC substrate by a hydrogen intercalation technique. We demonstrate that hydrogen can migrate under the interface layer and passivate the underlying SiC substrate. The interface layer alone transforms into a quasi-free standing monolayer. Epitaxial monolayer graphene turns into a decoupled bilayer. In combination with atmospheric pressure graphitization, the intercalation process allows the production of quasi-free standing epitaxial graphene on large SiC wafers and represents a highly promising route towards epitaxial graphene based nanoelectronics.
Current status of self-organized epitaxial graphene ribbons on the C face of 6H–SiC substrates
Authors: Camara Nicolas , Tiberj Antoine , Jouault Benoit , Caboni Alessandra , Jabakhanji Bilal , Mestres Narcis , Godignon Philippe , Camassel Jean
Published: September 2010

The current status of long, self-organized, epitaxial graphene ribbons grown on the (0 0 0 −1) face of 6H–SiC substrates is reviewed. First, starting from the early stage of growth it is shown that on the C face of 6H–SiC substrates the sublimation process is not homogeneous. Most of the time it starts from defective sites, dislocations or point defects, that define nearly circular flakes surrounded by bare SiC. These flakes have a volcano-like shape with a graphite chimney at the centre, where the original defect was located. At higher temperatures a complete conversion occurs, which is not yet homogeneous on the whole sample. This growth process can be modified by covering the sample with a graphite cap. It changes the physics of the surface reconstruction during the Si-sublimation process and, on the C face, makes more efficient the reconstruction of few selected terraces with respect to the others. The net result is the formation of strongly step-bunched areas with, in between, long and large reconstructed terraces covered by graphitic material. Despite the low intrinsic optical absorption of a few graphene layers on SiC, micro-transmission experiments, complemented by micro-Raman spectroscopy, demonstrate that most of this graphitic coverage is made of one or two homogeneous graphene layers. We show also that most of the thermal stress between the graphene layer and the 6H–SiC substrate is relaxed by pleats or wrinkles which are clearly visible on the AFM images. Finally, the results of transport experiments performed on the graphitic ribbons reveal the p-type character of the ribbons.
Rapid differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci and meticillin susceptibility testing directly from growth-positive blood cultures by multiplex real-time PCR
Authors: Jukes Leanne , Mikhail Jane , Bome-Mannathoko Naledi , Hadfield Stephen J. , Harris Llinos G. , El-Bouri Khalid , Davies Angharad P. , Mack Dietrich
Published: September 2010

This study evaluated a multiplex real-time PCR method specific for the mecA, femA-SA and femA-SE genes for rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and non-S. epidermidis coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and meticillin susceptibility testing directly in positive blood cultures that grew Gram-positive cocci in clusters. A total of 100 positive blood cultures produced: 39 S. aureus [12 meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 31 % of all the S. aureus]; 30 S. epidermidis (56.6 % of the CoNS), 8 Staphylococcus capitis (15.1 %), 3 Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5.7 %), 4 Staphylococcus hominis (7.5 %), 3 Staphylococcus haemolyticus (5.7 %), 2 Staphylococcus warneri (3.8 %), 1 Staphylococcus cohnii (1.9 %) and 2 unidentified Staphylococcus spp. (3.8 %); and 1 Micrococcus luteus in pure culture. Two blood cultures had no growth on subculture and five blood cultures grew mixed CoNS. For the 95 blood cultures with pure growth or no growth on subculture, there was very good agreement between real-time PCR and the BD Phoenix identification system for staphylococcal species categorization in S. aureus, S. epidermidis and non-S. epidermidis CoNS and meticillin-resistance determination (Cohen's unweighted kappa coefficient κ=0.882). All MRSA and meticillin-susceptible S. aureus were correctly identified by mecA amplification. PCR amplification of mecA was more sensitive for direct detection of meticillin-resistant CoNS in positive blood cultures than testing with the BD Phoenix system. There were no major errors when identifying staphylococcal isolates and their meticillin susceptibility within 2.5 h. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical benefit of using such a rapid test on the consumption of glycopeptide antibiotics and the alteration of empiric therapy in the situation of positive blood cultures growing staphylococci, and the respective clinical outcomes.
FIBRILLIN4Is Required for Plastoglobule Development and Stress Resistance in Apple and Arabidopsis
Authors: Singh Dharmendra K. , Maximova Siela N. , Jensen Philip J. , Lehman Brian L. , Ngugi Henry K. , McNellis Timothy W.
Published: September 2010

The fibrillins are a large family of chloroplast proteins that have been linked with stress tolerance and disease resistance. FIBRILLIN4 (FIB4) is found associated with the photosystem II light-harvesting complex, thylakoids, and plastoglobules, which are chloroplast compartments rich in lipophilic antioxidants. For this study, FIB4 expression was knocked down in apple (Malus 3 domestica) using RNA interference. Plastoglobule osmiophilicity was decreased in fib4 knockdown (fib4 KD) tree chloroplasts compared with the wild type, while total plastoglobule number was unchanged. Compared with the wild type, net photosynthetic CO2 fixation in fib4 KD trees was decreased at high light intensity but was increased at low light intensity. Furthermore, fib4 KD trees produced more anthocyanins than the wild type when transferred from low to high light intensity, indicating greater sensitivity to high light stress. Relative to the wild type, fib4 KD apples were more sensitive to methyl viologen and had higher superoxide levels during methyl viologen treatment. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) fib4 mutants and fib4 KD apples were more susceptible than their wild-type counterparts to the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato and Erwinia amylovora, respectively, and were more sensitive to ozone-induced tissue damage. Following ozone stress, plastoglobule osmiophilicity decreased in wild-type apple and remained low in fib4 KD trees; total plastoglobule number increased in fib4 KD apples but not in the wild type. These results indicate that FIB4 is required for plastoglobule development and resistance to multiple stresses. This study suggests that FIB4 is involved in regulating plastoglobule content and that defective regulation of plastoglobule content leads to broad stress sensitivity and altered photosynthetic activity.
Validation of experimental charge densities: refinement of the macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin
Authors: Holstein J. J. , Luger P. , Kalinowski R. , Mebs S. , Paulman C. , Dittrich B.
Published: September 2010

Multipole refinements of larger organic molecules have so far been limited to a few exceptional cases. We report an investigation of the detailed experimental electron-density distribution (EDD) of roxithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic consisting of 134 atoms. Although the experimental multipole refinement on high-resolution synchrotron data converged smoothly, validation of the electron density by calculation of an `experiment minus invariom' difference density revealed conformational disorder of the H atoms. Hydrogen disorder is shown to affect the EDD, the electrostatic potential and atomic properties as defined by Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules. A procedure to obtain the electron density distribution in the presence of disorder is proposed.
Symmetry of platelet defects in diamond: new insights with synchrotron light
Authors: Bosak Alexei , Chernyshov Dmitry , Krisch M. , Dubrovinsky Leonid
Published: September 2010

Mapping of reciprocal space for Ia-type diamond single crystals with synchrotron radiation has uncovered a variety of diffuse scattering features, some of them have not been observed before. The main component of diffuse scattering in the form of diffuse rods corresponds to a set of platelets which join together blocks of diamond structure. The platelets are ordered structural entities with lattice periodicity 8^{1/2} a_0 \times (1/2)^{1/2} a_0 \times 0.55a_0, where a_0 is a unit-cell dimension of diamond. Intensity distribution along the rods has been measured and used for recognition of symmetry elements of the platelet structure. These findings, together with previously reported transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, provide strong constraints for atomistic modelling of the platelet structure.
36. Observations on the Development of the Sympathetic Nervous System and Suprarenal Bodies in the Sparrow.
Authors: Rau A. Subba , Johnson P. H.
Published: September 2010

The primary sympathetic primordia originate from the apinal cord, and are hence ectodermal in origin.

The primordia of the ganglin of the primary sympathetic chain are laid down metamerically at inter‐somitic points.

The constituent cells of the primordia are derived from

The neural crest;

The dorsal root ganglia;

The neural tube by way of the ventral root.

The primordia extend cranially and candally to form a continuous chain on either side.

The primaly ganglionic swellings extend dorso‐laterally. The free ends of these extensions enlarge and becoming separated from the primary ganglia give origin to the definitive Sympathetic ganglia.

As in the case of the primary ganglia these definitive ganglis extend cranio‐caudally and unite to form a continuous chain.

The primary sympathetic gives origin to

The secondary sympathetic chains;

The chromaffin cells of the medulla of the suprarend body;

The cœliac and other ganglia;

The unpaired ganglia in the cervical region.
CD10‐bearing fibroblast inhibits matrigel invasive potency of interleukin‐1α‐producing squamous cell carcinoma by diminishing substance P levels in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Xie Lining , Moroi Yoichi , Tsuji Gaku , Liu Min , Hayashida Sayaka , Takahara Masakazu , Fukagawa Shuji , Takeuchi Satoshi , Shan Baoen , Nakahara Takeshi , Uchi Hiroshi , Yokomizo Takehiko , Furue Masutaka
Published: September 2010

CD10 is a neutral endopeptidase, which cleaves various peptide substrates including substance P. CD10 expression has been detected in peritumoral fibroblasts (Fb) within the invasive area of various cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, the biological significance of CD10‐bearing Fb remains largely unknown. We examined dynamic interactions of Fb with tumorigenic A431 SCC cells or non‐tumorigenic HaCaT squamous cells. The SCC and HaCaT cells did not synthesize CD10, while Fb constitutively expressed CD10. When co‐cultured, SCC markedly upregulated fibroblastic CD10 expression compared with HaCaT, which was mainly attributable to SCC‐derived interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α). Both SCC and Fb autonomously secreted substance P, which eventually enhanced the invasive capacity of SCC in a matrigel invasion assay by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 and MMP‐2, but not MMP‐9. Transfection of siRNA for CD10 successfully knocked down the CD10 expression in Fb (CD10ND‐Fb). In the presence of CD10ND‐Fb, substance P levels in supernatants as well as MMP production and the invasive potency of SCC were significantly augmented compared with control scramble RNA‐transfected Fb. We also transfected CD10 vector to Fb and found that the matrigel invasive ability of SCC cells was downregulated co‐cultured with CD10 vector‐transfected Fb rather than empty vector‐transfected Fb. In conclusion, the CD10‐bearing Fb generated by SCC‐derived IL‐1 inhibited the invasive capacity of SCC by diminishing the microenvironmental concentration of substance P. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2570–2578)
Duloxetine hepatotoxicity: a case‐series from the drug‐induced liver injury network
Authors: Vuppalanchi R. , Hayashi P. H. , Chalasani N. , Fontana R. J. , Bonkovsky H. , Saxena R. , Kleiner D. , Hoofnagle J. H. ,   the Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN)
Published: September 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1174–1183

Background  Case reports suggest that duloxetine hepatotoxicity may arise, but risk factors, presenting features and clinical course are not well‐described.

Aim  To describe the presenting features and outcomes of seven well‐characterized patients with suspected duloxetine hepatotoxicity.

Methods  Patients enrolled in the Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network Prospective Study underwent an extensive laboratory and clinical evaluation to exclude competing aetiologies of liver injury as well as a standardized assessment for causality and disease severity.

Results  Between 1/2006 and 9/2009, six of the seven cases of DILI attributed to duloxetine were assessed as definite or very likely. Median patient age was 49 years, six (86%) were women and the median latency from drug initiation to DILI onset was 50 days. Six patients developed jaundice and the median peak alanine aminotransferase in the five patients with acute hepatocellular injury was 1633 IU/L. Ascites developed in one patient and acute renal dysfunction in two others (29%). All patients recovered without liver transplantation even though three had pre‐existing chronic liver disease. Liver histology in four cases demonstrated varying patterns of liver injury.

Conclusions  Duloxetine hepatotoxicity developed within 2 months of drug intake and led to clinically significant liver injury. A spectrum of laboratory, histological and extra‐hepatic features were noted at presentation.
Production of interleukin‐5, ‐10 and interferon‐γ in cord blood is strongly associated with the season of birth
Authors: Keski‐Nisula L. , Lappalainen M. H. J. , Mustonen K. , Hirvonen M.‐R. , Pfefferle P. I. , Renz H. , Pekkanen J. , Roponen M.
Published: September 2010

Background
The effect of labour and different labour‐related factors on the cord blood (CB) cell cytokine production is still relatively unknown.

Objective
To study the relationships between the production of IL‐5, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ in CB samples and maternal, early neonatal and birth‐related factors.

Methods
Whole‐blood samples were collected after birth (n=423) and they were stimulated for 24 and 48 h with a combination of phorbol ester and ionomycin. Production of IL‐5, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ was determined using ELISA. Maternal, early neonatal and birth‐related variables were recorded prospectively during pregnancy, and during and after delivery.

Results
After multivariable adjustment for confounders, the strongest predictor of IL‐5, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ production in CB cell samples was the season of birth. Children born in the spring had significantly lower cytokine responses compared with those born in the fall. IL‐5 production was inversely associated with female gender of the child and maternal smoking. If corrections for white blood cell (WBC) counts were not performed, IL‐5 production was also significantly associated with the mode of delivery. Respectively, the production of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ was inversely associated with prostaglandin induction before birth.

Conclusion
Environmental exposure to pollen and ultraviolet irradiation during gestation may have an effect on the cytokine profile of the offspring in CB because children born in the spring or winter showed the lowest IL‐5, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ responses. The production of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ was also inversely associated with prostaglandin labour induction before birth. Other labour‐related factors were not significantly associated with production of IL‐5, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ after WBC count correction.

Cite this as: L. Keski‐Nisula, M. H. J. Lappalainen, K. Mustonen, M.‐R. Hirvonen, P. I. Pfefferle, H. Renz, J. Pekkanen and M. Roponen, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1658–1668.
The effects of an educational program on knowledge of breast cancer, early detection practices and health beliefs of nurses and midwives
Authors: Ceber Esin , Turk Meral , Ciceklioglu Meltem
Published: September 2010

Aim.  To determine the effectiveness of an educational program concerning knowledge of breast cancer, early detection practices and health beliefs of nurses and midwives.

Background.  Educational programs play an important role in breast cancer preventive behaviour.

Design.  The study was designed as an experimental post‐test only, control group design. The educational program was applied only to the experimental group. The study group included 157,134 nurses and midwives respectively in the experimental and the control group.

Methods.  Participants in the experimental group received an educational program on the breast cancer. One year after the educational program was delivered, data were collected from the two groups using a personal data form and the Turkish version of Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale. Descriptive statistics, paired samples t‐test, chi‐square test and Fisher’s exact test were conducted in the course of the data analyses.

Results.  The mean total knowledge score was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. The application percentage of mammography and clinical breast examination was higher in the experimental group. There were no significant differences between two groups in performing breast self‐examination. The experimental group was significantly more likely to feel confident and motivated, and their total score on the health belief scale was much better than that of the control group.

Conclusions.  The results of this study showed that educational intervention had a positive impact on knowledge of breast cancer, on practices related to breast cancer, on early detection and on the health beliefs in the experimental group.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The educational programs, including techniques to increase the motivation and skills for early detection of breast cancer, should be made widespread in nursing and midwifery. Health beliefs should be considered in planning educational programs about breast cancer. Interventions should be designed to enhance nurses’ and midwives’ confidence and motivation.
Managing the deteriorating patient in a simulated environment: nursing students’ knowledge, skill and situation awareness
Authors: Cooper Simon , Kinsman Leigh , Buykx Penny , McConnell‐Henry Tracy , Endacott Ruth , Scholes Julie
Published: September 2010

Aim. To examine, in a simulated environment, the ability of final‐year nursing students to assess, identify and respond to patients either deteriorating or at risk of deterioration.

Background. The early identification and management of patient deterioration has a major impact on patient outcomes. ‘Failure to rescue’ is of international concern, with significant concerns over nurses’ ability to detect deterioration, the reasons for which are unknown.

Design. Mixed methods incorporating quantitative measures of performance (knowledge, skill and situation awareness) and, to be reported at a later date, a qualitative reflective review of decision processes.

Methods. Fifty‐one final‐year, final‐semester student nurses attended a simulation laboratory. Students completed a knowledge questionnaire and two video‐recorded simulated scenarios (mannequin based) to assess skill performance. The scenarios simulated deteriorating patients with hypovolaemic and septic shock. Situation awareness was measured by randomly stopping each scenario and asking a series of questions relating to the situation.

Results. The mean knowledge score was 74% (range 46–100%) and the mean skill performance score across both scenarios was 60% (range 30–78%). Skill performance improved significantly (p < 0·01) by the second scenario. However, skill performance declined significantly in both scenarios as the patient’s condition deteriorated (hypovolaemia scenario:p = 0·012, septic scenario:p = 0·000).

The mean situation awareness score across both scenarios was 59% (range 38–82%). Participants tended to identify physiological indicators of deterioration (77%) but had low comprehension scores (44%).

Conclusion. Knowledge scores suggest, on average, a satisfactory academic preparation, but this study identified significant deficits in students’ ability to manage patient deterioration.

Relevance to clinical practice. This study suggests that student nurses, at the point of qualification, may be inadequately prepared to identify and manage deteriorating patients in the clinical setting.
Discharged after stroke – important factors for health‐related quality of life
Authors: Almborg Ann‐Helene , Ulander Kerstin , Thulin Anders , Berg Stig
Published: September 2010

Aims.  This study examines different correlates to health‐related quality (HRQoL) of life after discharge in patients with stroke.

Background.  HRQoL is an important aspect of life after suffering a stroke. Previous research has revealed several variables associated with poststroke quality of life, including age, gender, depression, fatigue, length of hospital stay, functional status and amount of social participation. However, the time span after stroke varies greatly in the different studies. Although the multiple factors that contribute to short‐term postdischarge HRQoL have potential importance for discharge planning, to our knowledge, these factors have not been systematically investigated during the earlier days following discharge.

Design.  Cross‐sectional study.

Methods.  The sample consisted of 188 consecutively included individuals (mean age 74 years, 56% men) from a stroke unit in southern Sweden. The interviews were performed two to three weeks after discharge and included use of the SF‐36, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Barthel Index, the Frenchay Activities Index, performance of interests and survey of patients’ perceived participation in discharge planning. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify variables associated with HRQoL.

Results.  Multiple regression analyses with the eight scales of SF‐36 as dependent variables revealed eight models, one for each scale, which were statistically significant. Depressive symptoms were associated with lower HRQoL. Ability to perform personal and social activities, interests, younger age, education (elementary school) and shorter hospital stay were related to higher HRQoL. Patients’ perceived participation in discharge planning was both positively and negatively associated with HRQoL.

Conclusions.  Several variables were related to good HRQoL two to three weeks post‐discharge, particularly fewer depressive symptoms, participation in social activities such as outdoor activities and performance of interests.

Relevance to clinical practice.  These results can be used to design needs assessment forms of discharge planning to promote adaptation and recovery after stroke.
Metabolic syndrome and its components are underdiagnosed in cardiology clinics
Authors: Fujiyoshi Akira , Murad Mohammad H , Luna Max , Rosario Adriana , Ali Shamsa , Paniagua David , Molina Joanna , Lopez Marcos , Jacobs Sarah , Lopez‐Jimenez Francisco
Published: September 2010

Background  Although metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important clinical condition, evidence is scarce on how often doctors successfully diagnose this syndrome.

Aims  To assess the extent of doctors' diagnosis of MetS and its components in cardiology outpatient setting and whether such diagnosis affects the way patients are counselled on lifestyle modification.

Methods  This is a multicentre cross‐sectional study on randomly selected clinical notes at ambulatory cardiology clinics in three academic centres in the USA. We abstracted data on cardiovascular risk factors, and examined whether doctors documented a diagnosis of MetS and its components.

Results  Of 511 participants who satisfied our inclusion criteria, the MetS was present in 246 participants (48%). The proportions with which a doctor correctly documented diagnoses were: MetS 9.3% (23/246), obesity 60% (119/197), elevated blood pressure 74% (305/412), elevated fasting glucose 17% (49/291), reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol 10% (18/190) and elevated triglycerides 20% (32/164). This pattern of diagnoses, less frequent with dyslipidaemia and elevated fasting glucose compared with the rest, was persistently observed regardless of sex, age, and presence or absence of MetS. Those diagnosed were more likely to receive a recommendation of weight loss or increase in physical activity than those undiagnosed: 91% (21/23) versus 37% (82/223) for weight loss, and 83% (19/23) versus 26% (58/223) for increase in physical activity (P < 0.001 for both).

Conclusions  Our data indicate that MetS and its components are commonly underdiagnosed in cardiology outpatient setting. Better diagnosis may lead to better counselling on lifestyle changes and improvement in the quality of care.
Association of doctor specialty with diabetic patient risk of hospitalization due to diabetic ketoacidosis: a national population‐based study in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Chih‐Ching , Chen Kai‐Ren , Chen Hua‐Fen , Huang Shiu‐Li , Chen Chu‐Chieh , Lee Ming‐Der , Ko Ming‐Chung , Li Chung‐Yi
Published: September 2010

Objectives  Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life‐threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, and its risks can be largely reduced by adequate and high‐quality ambulatory diabetic care. The aim of this study is to assess the risk and frequency of developing DKA in relation to the specialty of doctors who provide diabetes cares.

Methods  In searching for possible episodes of hospitalization due to DKA (ICD‐9‐CM: 250.1), we used a prospective cohort design in which 500 867 diabetic patients identified in the 1997 National Health Insurance (NHI) ambulatory care data set of Taiwan were linked to the 1997–2006 NHI inpatient claims data. The study subjects were categorized into four groups according to doctor specialty. A logistic regression model was used to assess the risk and frequency of DKA admission in relation to doctor's specialty.

Results  Compared with the patients routinely cared by endocrinologists, those not consistently cared by endocrinologists had significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) of DKA admission, ranging between 1.51 and 2.12. Moreover, the adjusted OR of the higher DKA admission frequency (≥0.133 times/person‐year) for the patients not regularly cared by endocrinologists was also significantly increased, between 4.45 and 6.93.

Conclusions  Doctor specialty significantly influenced the risk and frequency of DKA admission in diabetes patients in Taiwan. Local health care administrators and policy makers should therefore consider promoting the quality of diabetes care provided by non‐endocrinologists.
Identification and function of the RNA chaperone Hfq in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Lybecker Meghan C. , Abel Cassandra A. , Feig Andrew L. , Samuels D. Scott
Published: September 2010

Hfq is a global regulatory RNA‐binding protein. We have identified and characterized an atypical Hfq required for gene regulation and infectivity in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Sequence analyses of the putative B. burgdorferi Hfq protein revealed only a modest level of similarity with the Hfq from Escherichia coli, although a few key residues are retained and the predicted tertiary structure is similar. Several lines of evidence suggest that the B. burgdorferi bb0268 gene encodes a functional Hfq homologue. First, the hfqBb gene (bb0268) restores the efficient translation of an rpoS::lacZ fusion in an E. coli hfq null mutant. Second, the Hfq from B. burgdorferi binds to the small RNA DsrABb and the rpoS mRNA. Third, a B. burgdorferi hfq null mutant was generated and has a pleiotropic phenotype that includes increased cell length and decreased growth rate, as found in hfq mutants in other bacteria. The hfqBb mutant phenotype is complemented in trans with the hfq gene from either B. burgdorferi or, surprisingly, E. coli. This is the first example of a heterologous bacterial gene complementing a B. burgdorferi mutant. The alternative sigma factor RpoS and the outer membrane lipoprotein OspC, which are induced by increased temperature and required for mammalian infection, are not upregulated in the hfq mutant. Consequently, the hfq mutant is not infectious by needle inoculation in the murine model. These data suggest that Hfq plays a key role in the regulation of pathogenicity factors in B. burgdorferi and we hypothesize that the spirochete has a complex Hfq‐dependent sRNA network.
Mutualism variation in the nodulation response to nitrate
Authors: HEATH K. D. , STOCK A. J. , STINCHCOMBE J. R.
Published: September 2010

The evolution of mutualisms under novel selective pressures will play a key role in ecosystem responses to environmental change. Because fixed nitrogen is traded in plant–rhizobium mutualisms, increasing N availability in the soil is predicted to alter coevolution of these interactions. Legumes typically decrease the number of associations (nodules) with rhizobia in response to nitrate, but the evolutionary dynamics of this response remain unknown. We grew plant and rhizobium genotype combinations in three N environments to assess the coevolutionary potential of the nodule nitrate response in natural communities of plants and rhizobia. We found evidence for coevolutionary genetic variation for nodulation in response to nitrate (G × G × E interaction), suggesting that the mutualism response to N deposition will depend on the combination of partner genotypes. Thus, the nitrate response is not a fixed mechanism in plant–rhizobium symbioses, but instead is potentially subject to natural selection and dynamic coevolution.